,9 g5]al1 italics are %[n ) l9es1 & boldface ) m>ks4 ,! symbol occurs 9 its own "r 9 ! section on prosody & v]sification1 b !re %\ld be no ambiguity4 ,s+le lett]s %[n z ,a1 ,b 7 pr9t$ 9 sans-s]if type4 ,spac$-out text1 prim>ily us$ to m>k v]b roots1 is %[n ) m>ks4 ,! plus sign occurs 9 a few sections1 b aga9 !re %\ld be no ambiguity4 ,to r$uce visual clutt]1 boldface m>k+s h be5 omitt$ 9 all tables & inset li/s 7pr9t$ ) ,lat9 text 9 bold1 translation 9 italics74 ,simil>ly1 spac$-out text is only m>k$ :5 ! text is n also bold4 ,9 ?is e-text1 ! notation oe- or -oe-1 ) braces1 repres5ts ! 8v>iable v[el0 describ$ 9 section #hbe4 ,9 pr9t x 0 %[n z a small rais$ o 7) or )\t lead+ hyph57 & a small l[]$ e-1 sep>at$ by a v]tical l9e4 ,! ,app5dix includes "s fairly specializ$ cont5t1 notably "u ,num]als & ,prosody4 ,if y are dissatisfi$ ) y\r device's display1 y may pref] ! ,,pdf file cov]+ ^! sections4 ,typographical errors are %[n at end end ( ea* numb]$ section4 ,non-trivial errors are li/$ aga9 at ! end ( ! e-text1 along ) notes on ! fir/ edition4 ,a ,,lat9 ,,gramm> ,,= ,,s*ools ,,& ,,colleges ,,by ,,george ,m4 ,,lane1 ,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,,pr(essor ,,em]itus ,,( ,,lat9 ,,9 ,,h>v>d ,,univ]sity ,,revis$ ,,edition ,,new ,,york ,,c9c9nati ,,*icago ,,am]ican ,,book ,,company ,copyright1 #ahih1 #aijc1 by ,,g>d9] ,m4 ,,lane & ,,l\isa ,,van ,,r5ssela]4 ,all rights res]v$4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,fir/ ,,edition4 ,george ,m>t9 ,lane di$ on ! ?irtie? ( ,june1 #ahig4 ,8 ,lat9 ,gramm>1 9 ! prep>ation ( :i* he _h be5 engag$1 dur+ ! int]vals ( tea*+ 9 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 = ne>ly ?irty ye>s1 0 at t "t approa*+ completion4 ,! fir/ two hundr$ & n9ety-"o pages _h be5 /]eotyp$2 ! pages imm$iately foll[+1 on ! ,relative ,s5t5ce & ! ,conjunctive ,p>ticle ,s5t5ce ?r\gh quod & quia 7pages #bib-cjb71 toge!r ) ! *apt] on ! ,inf9itive 7pages #cgd-chf71 7 ready = /]eotyp+2 ( ! rema9d] ( ! book1 pages #cjc-cgc & #chg-dcf 7 9 ! =m ( a fir/ draught2 f9ally1 he _h receiv$ a few weeks be=e 8 dea?1 b _h nev] exam9$1 ! manuscript ( ! *apt] on ,v]sification 7pages #ddb-dhe71 writt5 at 8 invitation by 8 =m] pupil1 ,dr4 ,h]man ,w4 ,hayley1 n[ ( ,wesleyan ,univ]sity4 ,x 0 f\nd t my de> & hon\r$ ma/] _h left a writt5 reque/ t 8 "w %\ld be complet$ by me1 9 consultation ) 8 colleagues1 ,pr(essors ,fr$]ic ,de ,=e/ ,all5 & ,clem5t ,lawr5ce ,smi?4 ,a mon? _h sc>cely pass$ :5 s*ol>s ev]y:]e _h ano!r heavy loss to m\rn 9 ! sudd5 dea? ( ,pr(essor ,all54 ,almo/ imm$iately aft]w>ds1 ,pr(essor ,smi? left ?is c\ntry1 to take *>ge = a ye> ( ! ,am]ican ,s*ool ( ,classical ,/udies 9 ,rome1 b n be=e we _h agre$ t circum/ances requir$ ! e>ly publication ( ! book1 not)/&+ 8 abs5ce4 ,i 0 ?us depriv$ ( two em95t c\nsellors1 ^: k & exp]i5ce w\ld h be5 ( ine/imable assi/ance4 ,ab\t "o hundr$ & tw5ty pages 7#cjc-cgc & #chg-dcf71 exclusive ( ,v]sification1 7 yet to receive _! f9al =m4 ,pr(essor ,lane _h det]m9$ ! ord] 9 :i* ! topics conta9$ 9 ^! pages %\ld be treat$1 & no *ange has be5 made 9 t ord]4 ,mo/ ( ! ma9 pr9ciples ( syntax1 too1 h be5 left exactly z !y 7 express$ 9 8 draught4 ,?is draught 0 writt5 "s ye>s ago1 &1 al?\gh he _h correct$ & annotat$ x f "t to "t1 !re is no d\bt t 9 writ+ x out afre% he w\ld h made _m alt]ations & improvem5ts :i* are n indicat$ 9 8 notes4 ,consequ5tly1 he is n to be held responsible = errors & omissions 9 ! pages :i* _h n receiv$ 8 f9al approval4 ,yet ,i conceiv$ x my duty to pres]ve1 s f> z possible1 ! v language ( 8 correct$ draught2 & ?is1 9 ! /atem5t ( almo/ all ! ma9 pr9ciples1 ,i h be5 able to d4 ,"s modifications & "s radical alt]ations 7 inevitable2 9 p>ticul>1 ! treatm5t ( quamvis1 qu&o1 qu91 ! ,sup9e1 & ,num]als seem$ to call = mu* amplification & re>rangem5t4 ,i h also deem$ x necess>y to add "s sev5ty sections#a "u v>i\s heads1 & ,dr4 ,hayley has be5 good en\gh to write sections #bdeh-beaj1 :i* prec$e 8 *apt] on ,v]sification4 ,b1 9 g5]al1 my pr9cipal function has be53 fir/1 to provide additional ,lat9 examples ( ! pr9ciples :i* ,pr(essor ,lane _h =mulat$2 secondly1 to ent]1 "u ! v>i\s pr9ciples1 hi/orical /atem5ts reg>d+ ! usage 9 ! ,lat9 writ]s1 drawn f ! be/ au?orities at my disposal4 ,footnote #a3 ,! sections :i* ,i h add$ are z foll[s3 #ahff1 #ahgc1 #ahgh1 #ahgi1 #ahhj1 #ahhg1 #ahij1 #aija1 #aijb1 #aijc1 #aijg1 #aiji1 #aiac1 #aibb1 #aibg1 #aice1 #aifd1 #aige1 #aigh1 #aigi1 #aihj1 #aiha1 #aihb1 #aihc1 #aihd1 #aihi1 #aiij1 #bjaa1 #bjab1 #bjac1 #bjad1 #bjae1 #bjfh1 #bjhf1 #bjhh1 #bjig1 #baaa1 #babb1 #baeb1 #baee1 #bbee1 #bbfd1 #bbfg1 #bbga1 #bbgc1 #bbge1 #bbgf1 #bbgg1 #bbha1 #bbhi1 #bbib1 #bcde1 #bceg1 #bdjj1 #bdjf1 #bdjg1 #bdjh1 #bdji1 #bdaj1 #bdaa1 #bdab1 #bdac1 #bdad1 #bgdj-bgde4 ,pr(essor ,lane's own me?od 0 f> f t ( a compil]4 ,he took no?+ = grant$ )\t ?or\gh inve/igation1 h[ev] well e/abli%$ x might seem1 & he foll[$ ! dictum ( no man1 h[ev] widely accept$ z an au?ority4 ,= example1 8 _m pupils & correspond5ts w rememb] h[ untir+ he 0 9 8 ef=ts to arrive at accuracy 9 ev5 ! m9ute/ po9ts ( inflection4 ,?us1 = ! ,li/ ( ,v]bs 7 #ibb-ajbb71 he made entirely new collections1 & admitt$ no =m among ! #8pr9cipal p>ts' unless actually f\nd repres5t$ 9 ! au?ors4 ,9 ! details ( syntax1 he 0 equally indefatigable2 ! sections on ! ,locative ,prop] 7#acca-acda71 = in/ance1 conta9 ! result ( an imm5se am\nt ( pa9ful rese>*4 ,he devot$ mu* anxi\s ?\ght to ! def9itions & ! titles ( ! v>i\s con/ructions3 ?us1 ! di/9ction betwe5 ! ,pres5t ( ,vivid ,n>ration 7#aeij7 & ! ,annali/ic ,pres5t 7#aeia7 seems obvi\s n[ t x is /at$2 b to rea* x _m pages ( examples 7 collect$ & comp>$4 ,he held t examples pr9t$ 9 ! gramm> to illu/rate syntactical pr9ciples %\ld nev] be manufactur$2 !y %\ld be accurately quot$ f ! au?ors1 )\t o!r alt]ation ?an ! omission ( words by :i* ! con/ruction "u illu/ration 0 n affect$4 ,he 0 c>eful1 also1 n to use an example 9 :i* !re 0 any s]i\s d\bt z to ! text 9 t "p :i* cov]$ ! pr9ciple illu/rat$ by ! example4 ,to #8,hidd5 ,quantity' he _h giv5 mu* att5tion1 & _m ( ! results ( 8 /udies 9 ?is subject 7 publi%$1 9 #ahhi1 9 ! ,s*ool ,diction>y by 8 fri5d ,dr4 ,lewis4 ,s9ce t "t he _h f\nd reason to *ange 8 views ) reg>d to "s words1 & ^! *anges are embodi$ 9 ! pres5t book1 9 :i* he m>k$ e v[el :i* he believ$ to be long 9 quantity4 ,! ord] 9 :i* ! divisions & subdivisions ( gramm> are "h pres5t$ w n seem /range to ^? :o are acqua9t$ ) ! rec5t gramm>s publi%$ by ,g]mans4 ,x is ! sci5tific ord] ( pres5tation1 :atev] ord] a tea*] may ?9k fit to foll[ 9 8 actual practice4 ,! table ( cont5ts has be5 made s full z to s]ve z a sy/ematic exposition ( ! s*eme1 & to make ne$less any fur!r words ^u x "h4 ,9 ! ,app5dix ,pr(essor ,lane w\ld h ins]t$1 out ( def]5ce to cu/om1 a *apt] on ! ,arrangem5t ( ,words2 b ! draught ( x :i* he left 0 too fragm5t>y = publication4 ,s9ce ! prop] prep>ation ( ! *apt] w\ld h greatly delay$ ! publication ( ! book1 x 0 ?\ght be/ to omit x altoge!r1 at lea/ = ! pres5t4 ,?is topic1 9 fact1 l "s o!rs 9 ! ,app5dix1 belongs r to a treatise on ,lat9 ,composition ?an to a ,lat9 ,gramm>4 ,= ! indexes1 & = mu* valuable help 9 pro( read+1 ,i he>tily ?ank ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,wald51 ano!r ( ,pr(essor ,lane's pupils4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 "w1 ,pr(essor ,lane frequ5tly consult$ 8 colleagues & o!r di/+ui%$ s*ol>s bo? 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,europe4 ,he gratefully welcom$ _! advice1 & c>efully consid]$ & (t5 adopt$ _! sugge/ions4 ,_h he liv$ to write a preface1 he w\ld d\btless h ?ank$ by "n ^? to :om he consid]$ himself z "u p>ticul> obligation1 :e!r f direct correspond5ce or ?r\gh ! use ( _! publi%$ works2 b x is obvi\s t ! in=mation 9 my possession w n all[ me to attempt ?is pleasant duty4 ,( ,pr(essor ,lane's pupils1 also1 n a few1 :ile 9 resid5ce z advanc$ /ud5ts at ! ,univ]sity1 7 f "t to "t engag$ 9 ! collection ( mat]ial :i* he us$ 9 ! gramm>4 ,!y1 l 8 o!r help]s1 mu/ n[ be cont5t ) ! ?\ght ( ! c\rte\s ackn[l$gm5t :i* !y w\ld h receiv$ f him4 ,,morris ,h4 ,,morgan4 ,,h>v>d ,,univ]sity1 ,,cambridge1 ,may1 #ahih4 ,,prefatory ,,note ,,to ,,! ,,revis$ ,,edition4 ,9 ?is ,revis$ ,edition _m *anges & corrections 9 details h be5 introduc$ ?r\gh\t ! book1 b no alt]ations h be5 made 9 ! treatm5t ( broad g5]al pr9ciples1 except 9 ! *apt] on ,s\nd 7 #af-agi74 ,?is has be5 v l>gely rewritt5 & ext5d$ f n9ete5 to ?irty-"o pages by my fri5d1 ,pr(essor ,hanns ,o]tel1 ( ,yale ,univ]sity1 :o has also be5 k9d en\gh to make ! *anges 9 ! *apt]s on ,=mation & ,inflection r5d]$ necess>y by 8 rewrit+ ( ! sections on ,s\nd4 ,9 ?is rewrit+ ,mr4 ,o]tel has proce$$ ^u ! ideas t 9 a s*ool gramm>1 ev5 an advanc$ "o1 phonology %\ld play a subord9ate "p2 t no?+ %\ld be introduc$ t _c be illu/rat$ f su* ,lat9 & ,greek z are available to ! /ud5t2 & t ^? po9ts %\ld be emphasiz$ :i* assi/ 9 ! analyz+ ( comp\nds & 9 ! und]/&+ ( ^w-=mation & inflection4 ,) ^! ideas1 :i* necess>ily prev5t ! introduction ( "s important topics treat$ 9 works on phonetics1 ,i am 9 entire sympa?y4 ,my ?anks are due to n a few s*ol>s & review]s :o h po9t$ out passages 9 ! fir/ edition :i* 9 _! op9ion call$ = *anges4 ,"s ( _! sugge/ions ,i h adopt$2 ) o!rs ,i h f\nd myself unable to agree4 ,m4 ,h4 ,m4 ,,h>v>d ,,univ]sity1 ,,cambridge1 ,may1 #aijc4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,! ,ref]5ces ,are ,to ,sections4 ,p>ts ( ,lat9 ,gramm>1 #a4 ,,"p ,,fir/3 ,,words1 #b-ajbb4 ,p>ts ( ,spee*1 #b-ae4 7,a47 ,,s\nd1 #af-agi4 ,alphabet1 #af-cj4 ,s\rces ( our ,pronunciation1 #ca4 ,v[els1 #cb-df4 ,long & ,%ort1 #cc-cf4 ,pronunciation1 #cg-db4 ,classification1 #dc-df4 ,diph?ongs1 #dg-ej4 ,nature & ,k9ds1 #dg1 #dh4 ,pronunciation1 #di1 #ej4 ,consonants1 #ea-ha4 ,pronunciation1 #ea-gb4 ,classification1 #gc-ha4 ,syllabic & ,unsyllabic ,function1 #hb1 #hc4 ,acc5t1 #hd-ih4 ,nature1 #hd4 ,m>ks ( ,acc5t1 #he4 ,! ,classical ,acc5t1 #hf-hh4 ,e>li] ,recessive ,acc5t1 #hi-ia4 ,proclitics & ,enclitics1 #ib-id4 ,*ange ( ,s\nd1 #ie-agd4 ,v[el ,*ange3 ,( ,diph?ongs1 #ie-aja2 #ajh4 ,( ,simple ,v[els1 #ajb-ajg4 ,loss1 #aaj-aac4 ,hiatus1 #aad-aaf4 ,synizesis1 #aag4 ,contraction1 #aah4 ,elision1 #aai4 ,comb9ation into ,diph?ongs1 #abj4 ,l5g!n+1 #aba-abc4 ,%ort5+1 #abd-acb4 ,transf] ( ,quantity1 #acc4 ,v>iation1 #acd4 ,quantitative ,v[el ,gradation1 #ace4 ,qualitative ,v[el ,*anges1 #acf-adc4 ,assimilation1 #add4 ,qualitative ,v[el ,gradation1 #ade4 ,consonant ,*ange3 ,disappe>ance or ,*ange ( ,s+le ,consonants1 #adf-afa4 ,*ange 9 ,consonant ,gr\ps1 #afb-agi4 ,assimilation1 #afc-aff4 ,consonantal ,glides1 #afg4 ,disappe>ance1 #afh-aga4 ,developm5t ( ,anaptyctical ,v[el1 #agb4 ,dissimilation1 #agc4 ,*anges )9 ,comp\nds1 #agd4 ,syllables1 #age-agi4 ,def9$1 #age1 #agf4 ,l5g? ( ,syllables1 #agg1 #agh4 ,loss1 #agi4 7,b47 ,,=mation1 #ahj-cif4 ,def9itions1 #ahj-aih4 ,roots1 #ahc-ahi4 ,pres5t ,/ems z ,roots1 #aij-aid4 ,/ems1 #aie-aig4 ,primitives & ,d5om9atives1 #aih4 ,=mation ( ! ,n\n1 #aii-cfd4 ,)\t a ,=mative ,suffix1 #aii4 ,=mative ,suffixes1 #bjj-bjc4 ,=mation ( ! ,sub/antive3 ,primitives1 #bjd-bde4 ,d5om9atives1 #bdf-bgi4 ,=mation ( ! ,adjective3 ,primitives1 #bhj-big4 ,d5om9atives1 #bih-cda4 ,comp>ison1 #cdb-cfd4 ,=mation ( ,d5om9ative ,v]bs1 #cfe-cge4 ,composition1 #cgf-cif4 ,( ,n\ns1 #cgi-cij4 ,( ,v]bs1 #cia-cif4 7,c47 ,,inflection1 #cig-ajbb4 ,def9ition1 #cig4 7,a47 ,,inflection ,,( ,,! ,,n\n1 #cih-gab4 ,g5]al ,pr9ciples1 #cih-dca4 ,case ,end+s1 #cih4 ,! ,/em1 #cii-dja4 ,g5d]1 #djb-dac4 ,numb]1 #dad-dah4 ,case1 #dai-dca4 ,! ,sub/antive1 #dcb-fjg4 ,/ems 9 -- 7,! ,fir/ ,decl5sion71 #dcb-dde4 ,/ems 9 -o- 7,! ,second ,decl5sion71 #ddf-dff4 ,consonant ,/ems 7,! ,?ird ,decl5sion71 #dfg-eab4 ,/ems 9 -i- 7,! ,?ird ,decl5sion71 #eac-efi4 ,g5d] ( ,consonant ,/ems & -i- ,/ems1 #egj-ehd4 ,/ems 9 -u- 7,! ,f\r? ,decl5sion71 #ehe-eie4 ,/ems 9 -- 7,! ,fif? ,decl5sion71 #eif-fjg4 ,! ,adjective1 #fjh-fdc4 ,/ems 9 -o- & --1 #fac-fbj4 ,consonant ,/ems1 #fba-fbf4 ,/ems 9 -i-1 #fbg-fcf4 ,num]al ,adjectives1 #fcg-fdc4 ,! ,pron\n1 #fdd-fie4 ,p]sonal & ,reflexive1 #fdd-fea4 ,p]sonal & ,reflexive ,possessive1 #feb-fee4 ,o!r ,pron\ns1 #fef-fei4 ,demon/rative1 #ffj-fgj4 ,det]m9ative1 #fga-fge4 ,pron\n ( ,id5tity1 #fgf-fgh4 ,int5sive1 #fgi-fhj4 ,relative1 ,int]rogative1 & ,indef9ite1 #fha-fid4 ,correlative ,pron\ns1 #fie4 ,! ,adv]b1 ,conjunction1 & ,preposition1 #fif-gab4 ,n\ns z ,adv]bs1 #fif-fih4 ,accusative1 #fii-gjb4 ,ablative1 #gjc-gjg4 ,locative1 #gjh-gji4 ,o!r ,end+s1 #gaj4 ,correlative ,adv]bs1 #gaa4 ,s5t5ces z ,adv]bs1 #gab4 7,b47 ,,inflection ,,( ,,! ,,v]b1 #gac-ajbb4 ,g5]al ,pr9ciples1 #gac-gdb4 ,! ,/em1 #gad-gbj4 ,! ,p]son ,end+1 #gba-gca4 ,n\ns ( ! ,v]b1 #gcb4 ,pr9cipal ,p>ts1 #gcc-gce4 ,designation ( ! ,v]b1 #gcf-gcg4 ,!me1 #gch-gdj4 ,classes ( ,v]bs1 #gda-gdb4 ,primitive ,v]bs1 #gdc-gia4 ,root ,v]bs1 #gdc-gdd4 ,inflection ( sum1 #gde-gej4 possum1 #gea-gec4 d1 #ged-geg4 bib1 s]1 si/1 #geh4 inquam1 #gei-gfa4 e1 #gfb-gfg4 que & neque1 #gfh4 ed1 #gfi-gga4 vol1 nl1 ml1 #ggb-ggi4 f]1 #ghj-gha4 ,v]bs 9 -ere 7,! ,?ird ,conjugation71 reg1 #ghb-ghc4 ,v]bs 9 -i1 -ere1 #ghd-gia4 capi1 #ghd-ghe4 i1 #ghf-ghg4 fi1 #ghh-gij4 ,o!rs 9 -i1 -ere1 #gia4 ,d5om9ative ,v]bs1 #gib-gig4 ,v]bs 9 -re 7,! ,fir/ ,conjugation71 laud1 #gib-gic4 ,v]bs 9 -re 7,! ,second ,conjugation71 mone1 #gid-gie4 ,v]bs 9 -re 7,! ,f\r? ,conjugation71 audi1 #gif-gig4 ,depon5t ,v]bs1 #gih-hja4 ,p]iphra/ic ,=ms1 #hjb-hjd4 ,defective ,v]bs1 #hje-hag4 ,r$undant ,v]bs1 #hah-hbc4 ,=mation ( ,/ems1 #hbd-iai4 ,v>iable ,v[el1 #hbd-hbg4 ,! ,pres5t ,sy/em3 ,pres5t ,indicative ,/em1 #hbh-hdj4 ,pres5t ,subjunctive1 #hda-hdc4 ,imp]ative1 #hdd-hdf4 ,imp]fect ,indicative1 #hdg-hdh4 ,imp]fect ,subjunctive1 #hdi-hej4 ,future1 #hea-hec4 ,! ,p]fect ,sy/em3 ,p]fect ,indicative ,/em1 #hed-hge4 ,p]fect ,subjunctive1 #hgf-hgh4 ,p]fect ,imp]ative1 #hgi4 ,plup]fect ,indicative1 #hhj4 ,plup]fect ,subjunctive1 #hha4 ,future ,p]fect1 #hhb-hhd4 ,%ort or ,old =ms ( ! ,p]fect ,sy/em1 #hhe-hic4 ,n\ns ( ! ,v]b3 ,! ,inf9itive1 #hid-hih4 ,g]undive & ,g]und1 #hii4 ,sup9e1 #ijj4 ,pres5t ,p>ticiple1 #ija-ijc4 ,future ,p>ticiple1 #ijd-ije4 ,p]fect ,p>ticiple1 #ijf-iai4 ,li/ ( ,v]bs arrang$ accord+ to ! ,pr9cipal ,p>ts1 #ibj-ajbb4 ,,"p ,,second3 ,,s5t5ces1 #ajbc-bbii4 ,def9itions1 #ajbc-ajfa4 ,! ,simple ,s5t5ce1 #ajbc-ajbe4 ,! ,subject1 #ajbf-ajcd4 ,! ,pr$icate1 #ajce-ajcf4 ,enl>gem5ts ( ! ,subject1 #ajch-ajdg4 ,enl>gem5ts ( ! ,pr$icate1 #ajdh-ajed4 ,comb9ation ( ,s5t5ces1 #ajee4 ,! ,comp\nd ,s5t5ce1 #ajef-ajeg4 ,! ,complex ,s5t5ce1 #ajeh-ajfa4 ,agreem5t1 #ajfb-ajih4 ,( ! ,v]b1 #ajfb-ajgf4 ,( ! ,sub/antive1 #ajgg-ajha4 ,( ! ,adjective1 #ajhb-ajih4 ,,! ,,simple ,,s5t5ce1 #ajii-afce4 7,a47 ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,n\n1 #ajii-adfh4 ,numb] & ,g5d]1 #ajii-aaaj4 ,case1 #aaaa-adcg4 ,,nom9ative1 #aaac-aabc4 ,nom9ative ( ,title1 #aaad-aaaf4 ,( ,exclamation1 #aaag4 ,vocative ,nom9ative & ,vocative ,prop]1 #aaah-aabc4 ,,accusative1 #aabd-aagd4 ,( ! ,object1 #aacb-aaci4 ,emphasiz+ or ,def9+1 #aadj-aadf4 ,( ! ,"p ,conc]n$1 #aadg4 ,( ! ,?+ ,put ,on1 #aadh4 ,( ,exclamation1 #aadi-aaej4 ,( ,space & ,"t1 #aaea-aaef4 ,( ! ,aim ( ,motion1 #aaeg-aaff4 ,two ,accusatives ,comb9$1 #aafg-aagd4 ,,dative1 #aage-abbe4 ,i4 ,! ,complem5t>y ,dative3 7#a47 ,! ,ess5tial ,complem5t3 ,) ,v]bs1 #aahj-aaii4 ,) ,adjectives1 #abjj-abjd4 7#b47 ,! ,optional ,complem5t3 ,( ! p]son or ?+ int]e/$1 #abje-abaj4 ,! ,emotional ,dative1 #abaa4 ,! ,dative ( ! ,possessor1 #abab-abaf4 ,( ,relation1 #abag-abah4 ,,ii4 ,! ,pr$icative ,dative3 ,( ,t5d5cy or ,result1 #abai-abbb4 ,( ,purpose or ,int5tion1 #abbc-abbe4 ,,g5itive1 #abbf-abie4 ,i4 ,) ,sub/antives3 ,9 ,g5]al1 #abbg-abca4 ,( ! ,subject1 ,cause1 ,orig91 or ,own]1 #abcb-abch4 ,( ,quality1 #abci-abdj4 ,p>titive1 #abda-abed4 ,( ,def9ition1 #abee-abei4 ,objective1 #abfj-abfb4 ,,ii4 ,) ,adjectives1 #abfc-abgj4 ,,iii4 ,) ,v]bs3 ,( ,valu+1 #abga-abge4 ,) rf]t & int]e/1 #abgf-abgi4 ,) ,judicial ,v]bs1 #abhj-abhb4 ,) ,imp]sonals ( ,m5tal ,di/ress1 #abhc-abhf4 ,) ,v]bs ( ,memory1 #abhg-abia4 ,( ,p>ticipation & ,ma/]y1 #abib4 ,( ,fulness & ,want1 #abic-abid4 ,,iv4 ,! ,g5itive ( ,exclamation1 #abie4 ,,ablative1 #abif-adjj4 ,i4 ,! ,ablative ,prop]3 ,( ,sep>ation & ,want1 & ( ,dep>ture1 #acjb-acaa4 ,( ,s\rce1 ,/uff1 or ,mat]ial1 #acab-acae4 ,( ,cause1 ,influ5ce1 or ,motive1 #acaf-acai4 ,( ,comp>ison1 #acbj-accj4 ,,ii4 ,! ,locative ,ablative3 ,! ,locative ,prop]1 #acca-acda4 ,! ,ablative us$ z ,locative3 ,( ,place 91 on1 or at :i*1 #acdb-acdi4 ,( ,"t at :i* or )9 :i*1 #acej-acee4 ,,iii4 ,! ,in/rum5tal ,ablative3 7#a47 ,! ,ablative ( ,att5dance3 ,( ,accompanim5t1 #acef-aceg4 ,( ,mann]1 #aceh-acfa4 ,ablative ,absolute1 #acfb-acgd4 ,ablative ( ,quality1 #acge4 ,( ! ,r\te ,tak51 #acgf4 7#b47 ,! ,in/rum5tal ,prop]3 ,( ,in/rum5t or ,means1 #acgg-achd4 ,( ,specification1 #ache4 ,( ,fulness1 #achf-achg4 ,( ,measure1 ,ex*ange1 & ,price1 #achh-acib4 ,( ! ,am\nt ( ,diff]5ce1 #acic-acii4 ,two or m ,ablatives ,comb9$1 #adjj4 ,use ( ,cases ) ,prepositions1 #adja-adcg4 ,9 ,g5]al1 #adja-adji4 ,) ! ,accusative1 #adaj-adaf4 ,) ! ,ablative1 #adag-adba4 ,) ! ,accusative or ! ,ablative1 #adbb-adbe4 ,comb9ation ( ,sub/antives by a ,preposition1 #adbf-adbh4 ,repetition or ,omission ( a ,preposition1 #adbi-adcj4 ,two ,prepositions ) "o ,sub/antive1 #adca-adcb4 ,position ( ,prepositions1 #adcc-adcg4 ,use ( ,adv]bs1 #adch-adec4 ,use ( ,degrees ( ,comp>ison1 #aded-adfh4 7,b47 ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,v]b1 #adfi-afce4 ,voice1 #adfi-adib4 ,active1 #adfi-adga4 ,passive1 #adgb-adhe4 ,depon5ts1 #adhf-adib4 ,mood1 #adic-aehf4 ,,! ,,indicative1 #adic-aecc4 ,9 ,decl>ations1 #adic-adih4 ,9 ,que/ions1 #adii-aecc4 ,yes or ,no ,que/ions1 #aejb-aeaj4 ,positive & ,negative ,answ]s1 #aeaa-aead4 ,alt]native ,que/ions1 #aeae-aebe4 ,pron\n ,que/ions1 #aebf-aecj4 ,"s ,applications ( ,que/ions1 #aeca-aecc4 ,,! ,,inf9itive ,,( ,,intimation1 #aecd-aeci4 ,,! ,,subjunctive1 #aedj-aegj4 ,! ,subjunctive 9 ,decl>ations3 ,i4 ,( ,desire3 ,( ,wi%1 #aedj-aedf4 ,( ,exhortation1 ,direction1 ,/atem5t ( ,propriety1 #aedg-aeeb4 ,( ,will+ness1 ,assumption1 ,concession1 #aeec4 ,,ii4 ,( ,action ,conceivable1 #aeed-aefb4 ,! ,subjunctive 9 ,que/ions1 #aefc-aegj4 ,,! ,,imp]ative1 #aega-aehf4 ,( ,comm&1 #aega-aehj4 ,( ,prohibition1 #aeha-aehf4 ,t5se1 #aehg-afce4 ,,( ,,! ,,indicative1 #aehg-afcc4 ,pres5t1 #aehg-aeic4 ,imp]fect1 #aeid-afja4 ,p]fect1 #afjb-afac4 ,plup]fect1 #afad-afah4 ,future1 #afai-afbe4 ,future ,p]fect1 #afbf-afcb4 ,! ,future ,active ,p>ticiple ) sum1 #afcc4 ,,( ,,! ,,subjunctive1 #afcd-afce4 ,,! ,,comp\nd ,,s5t5ce1 ,,or ,,coord9ation1 #afcf-agac4 ,)\t a ,connective1 #afcg-afdb4 ,) a ,connective1 #afdc-afib4 ,conjunctions1 #afdc4 ,copulative1 #afdd-afff4 ,disjunctive1 #affg-afge4 ,adv]sative1 #afgf-afhf4 ,o!r ,words z ,connectives1 #afhg-afib4 ,! ,int]m$iate ,coord9ate ,s5t5ce1 #afic-agac4 ,! ,subord9ate ,idea un9dicat$ by ! ,mood1 #afie-agjd4 ,! ,subord9ate ,idea indicat$ by ! ,subjunctive1 #agje-agac4 ,,! ,,complex ,,s5t5ce1 ,,or ,,subord9ation1 #agad-bbii4 ,def9itions & ,classifications1 #agad-agaf4 ,prim>y & ,second>y ,t5ses1 #agag4 ,virtual ,futures1 #agah4 ,mood ( ! ,subord9ate ,s5t5ce1 #agbj-agca4 ,! ,indicative1 #agba4 ,! ,subjunctive3 ,9 ,indirect ,disc\rse1 & 9 cases ( ,attraction1 #agbb-agbi4 ,( ,repeat$ ,action1 #agcj4 ,z 9 ! ,simple ,s5t5ce1 #agca4 ,t5se ( ! ,subord9ate ,s5t5ce1 #agcb-aggb4 ,( ! ,indicative1 #agcb-agci4 ,( ! ,subjunctive1 #agdj-aggb4 ,sequ5ce ( ,t5ses1 #agde-aggb4 ,t5se subord9ate to an ,indicative1 #agdf-agfa4 ,t5se subord9ate to a ,subjunctive1 #agfb-agfe4 ,t5se subord9ate to a ,n\n ( ! ,v]b1 #agff-agfi4 ,subjunctive due to ano!r ,subjunctive or to an ,inf9itive1 #aggj-aggb4 ,! ,indirect ,"q1 #aggc-agia4 ,9 ,g5]al1 #aggc-aggd4 ,yes or ,no ,que/ions1 #agge-aggg4 ,alt]native ,que/ions1 #aggh-aghd4 ,pron\n ,que/ions1 #aghe4 ,orig9al ,subjunctives1 #aghf4 ,indicative ,que/ions app>5tly ,indirect1 #aghg-agia4 ,! ,relative ,s5t5ce1 #agib-ahcg4 ,agreem5t ( ! ,relative1 #ahja-ahaa4 ,moods 9 ! ,relative ,s5t5ce1 #ahab-ahcj4 ,relative ,s5t5ces ( ,purpose1 #ahag4 ,( ,*>act]i/ic or ,result1 #ahah-ahbc4 ,( ,cause or ,concession1 #ahbd-ahcj4 ,correlative ,s5t5ces1 #ahca4 ,relative ,s5t5ces ,comb9$1 #ahcb-ahcd4 ,! ,relative introduc+ a ma9 ,s5t5ce1 #ahce-ahcg4 ,! ,conjunctive ,p>ticle ,s5t5ce1 #ahch-babb4 ,introduc$ by quod1 #ahch-ahee4 quia1 #ahef-aheh4 quom or cum1 #ahei-ahha4 quoniam1 #ahhb-ahhd4 quotins1 quotinscumque1 #ahhe-ahhg4 quam1 #ahhh-ahih4 quamquam1 #ahii-aijb4 quamvs1 #aijc-aijg4 tamquam1 #aijh-aiaj4 antequam1 priusquam1 #aiaa-aibb4 po/quam1 ub1 ut1 cum prmum1 simul atque1 #aibc-aicd4 ut1 #aice-aigj4 ub1 #aiga4 qu1 #aigb-aigf4 qum9us1 #aigg-aigi4 qun1 #aihj-aiij4 dum1 dnec1 quoad1 quamdi1 #aiia-bjji4 qu&1 #bjaj-bjad4 s1 #bjae-baae4 ets1 tamets1 etiams1 #baaf4 quasi1 tamquam s1 ut or velut s1 #baag-babb4 ,connection ( ,sep>ate ,s5t5ces or ,p]iods1 #babc-baei4 ,)\t a ,connective1 #babd-babg4 ,) a ,connective1 #babh-baeh4 ,affirmative ,coord9ation1 #baei4 ,n\ns ( ! ,v]b1 #bafj-bbii4 ,,! ,,inf9itive1 #bafj-bbcf4 ,def9itions1 #bafj-bafc4 ,! ,inf9itive ( ,purpose1 #bafd-bafe4 ,) ,adjectives1 #baff4 ,! ,inf9itive z ,object3 ,! ,complem5t>y ,inf9itive1 #bafh-baga4 ,! ,accusative ) ! ,inf9itive1 #bagb-bbjf4 ,! ,inf9itive z ,subject1 #bbjg-bbae4 ,! ,inf9itive ( ,exclamation1 #bbaf4 ,t5ses ( ! ,inf9itive1 #bbah4 ,pres5t1 #bbai-bbbb4 ,p]fect1 #bbbc-bbca4 ,future1 #bbcb-bbcf4 ,,! ,,g]undive ,,& ,,g]und1 #bbcg-bbfh4 ,def9itions1 #bbcg-bbdb4 ,nom9ative1 #bbdc-bbdi4 ,accusative1 #bbej-bbec4 ,dative1 #bbed-bbeg4 ,g5itive1 #bbeh-bbfd4 ,ablative1 #bbfe-bbfh4 ,,! ,,sup9e1 #bbfi-bbgg4 ,def9itions1 #bbfi4 ,sup9e 9 -um1 #bbgj-bbgc4 ,sup9e 9 -1 #bbgd-bbgg4 ,,! ,,p>ticiple1 #bbgh-bbii4 ,def9ition1 #bbgh4 ,"t ( ! ,p>ticiple1 #bbgi-bbha4 ,! ,attributive ,p>ticiple1 #bbhb-bbhf4 ,! ,sub/antive ,p>ticiple1 #bbhg-bbib4 ,! ,appositive ,p>ticiple1 #bbic-bbif4 ,! ,pr$icative ,p>ticiple1 #bbig-bbii4 ,,app5dix1 #bcjj-bgde4 ,"s ,occasional ,peculi>ities ( ,v]bs1 #bcjj-bcjg4 ,! ,conative ,use1 #bcja-bcjc4 ,! ,causative ,use1 #bcjd4 ,! ,pot5tial ,use1 #bcje4 ,! ,obligatory ,use1 #bcjf4 ,! ,p]missive ,use1 #bcjg4 ,indirect ,disc\rse1 #bcjh-bccd4 ,def9itions1 #bcjh-bcaa4 ,mood1 #bcab-bcbj4 ,t5se1 #bcba-bcbd4 ,pron\n1 #bcbe4 ,conditional ,p]iods 9 ,indirect ,disc\rse1 #bcbf-bccd4 ,use ( ,pron\ns1 #bcce-bdjc4 ,p]sonal1 #bcce4 ,reflexive1 #bccf-bcdc4 ,equival5ts = a ,reciprocal ,pron\n1 #bcdd-bcde4 ,possessive1 #bcdf4 ,demon/rative1 #bcdg-bcfd4 ,det]m9ative1 #bcfe-bcgj4 ,pron\n ( ,id5tity1 #bcga-bcgc4 ,int5sive1 #bcgd-bchd4 ,int]rogative1 #bche-bchf4 ,relative1 #bchg4 ,indef9ite1 #bchh-bdjc4 ,num]als1 #bdjd-bdbh4 ,classification1 #bdjd4 ,li/ ( ,num]als1 #bdje4 ,notation1 #bdjf-bdaa4 ,"s =ms ( ,num]als1 #bdab-bdah4 ,"s uses ( ,num]als1 #bdai-bdbb ,o!r ,num]als1 #bdbc4 ,fractions1 #bdbd-bdbh4 ,prosody1 #bdbi-bgci4 ,,rules ,,( ,,quantity1 #bdbi-bdgb4 ,9 ,classical ,lat91 #bdbi-bdeg4 ,position1 #bdeh4 ,hidd5 ,quantity1 #bdei-bdfc4 ,peculi>ities ( ,quantity 9 ,old ,lat91 #bdfd-bdfi4 ,iambic ,%ort5+1 #bdgj-bdgb4 ,,figures ,,( ,,prosody1 #bdgc-beaj4 ,hiatus1 #bdgc-bdhj4 ,elision1 #bdha-bdib4 ,ec?lipsis1 #bdic-bdif4 ,semi-,hiatus or ,semi-,elision1 #bdig4 ,synaloepha1 #bdih4 ,synizesis1 #bdii4 ,syna]esis1 #bejj4 ,dialysis1 #beja4 ,dia]esis1 #bejb4 ,h>d5+1 #bejc4 ,s(t5+1 #bejd4 ,dia/ol1 #beje-bejf4 ,sy/ol1 #bejg4 ,syncop1 #bejh4 ,tmesis1 #beji4 ,synapheia1 #beaj4 ,,v]sification1 #beaa-bgci4 ,def9itions1 #beaa-bedh4 ,num]i ,italici1 #bedi4 ,! ,saturnian1 #beej-beed4 ,dactylic ,rhy?ms1 #beee-behj4 ,iambic ,rhy?ms1 #beha-bfbg4 ,tro*aic ,rhy?ms1 #bfbh-bfdi4 ,logao$ic ,rhy?ms1 #bfej-bjgd4 ,dactylo-,tro*aic ,rhy?ms1 #bfge-bfha4 ,anapae/ic ,rhy?ms1 #bfhb-bfij4 ,cretic ,rhy?ms1 #bfia-bfig4 ,bac*iac ,rhy?ms1 #bfih-bgjf4 ,*oriambic ,rhy?ms1 #bgjg4 ,ionic ,rhy?ms1 #bgjh-bgag4 ,lyric ,metres ( ,horace1 #bgah-bgcg4 ,lyric ,/rophes ( ,catullus1 #bgch4 ,index ( ,horatian ,odes & _! metres1 #bgci4 ,abbreviations us$ 9 cit+ ! ,au?ors1 #bgdj-bgde4 ,index ( ,subjects4 ,index ( ,lat9 ,words4 ,,lat9 ,,gramm> #a4 ,lat9 ,gramm> has two p>ts4 ,i4 ,! fir/ "p treats ( words3 7,a47 _! s\nd2 7,b47 _! =mation2 7,c47 _! inflection4 ,,ii4 ,! second "p %[s h[ words are jo9$ toge!r 9 s5t5ces4 ,,"p ,,fir/ decoration ,,words ,,p>ts ,,( ,,spee*4 #b4 ,! pr9cipal k9ds ( words or ,,p>ts ,,( ,,spee* are ,n\ns1 ,v]bs1 & ,conjunctions4 #c4 ,i4 ,,n\ns are ,sub/antive or ,adjective4 #d4 7,a47 ,,n\ns ,,sub/antive1 o!rwise call$ ,sub/antives1 are divid$1 z to mean+1 into ,concrete & ,ab/ract4 #e4 7#a47 ,,concrete ,,sub/antives d5ote p]sons or ?+s4 ,concrete ,sub/antives are subdivid$ into ,prop] ,names1 :i* d5ote individual p]sons or ?+s3 z1 ,cic]1 ,cic]o2 ,rma1 ,rome2 & ,common ,names1 o!rwise call$ ,appellatives1 :i* d5ote "o or m ( a class3 z1 homo1 man2 taurus1 bull4 #f4 ,appellatives :i* d5ote a collection ( s+le ?+s are call$ ,collectives3 z1 turba1 cr[d2 ex]citus1 army4 ,appellatives :i* d5ote /uff1 quantity1 mat]ial1 ?+s n c\nt$1 b hav+ measure or weight1 are call$ ,mat]ial ,sub/antives3 z1 vnum1 w9e2 f]rum1 iron2 faba1 horsebeans4 #g4 7#b47 ,,ab/ract ,,sub/antives d5ote qualities1 /ates1 conditions3 z1 rubor1 r$ness2 aequits1 fairness2 slitd1 lonel9ess4 #h4 7,b47 ,,n\ns ,,adjective1 o!rwise call$ ,adjectives1 atta*$ to sub/antives1 describe p]sons or ?+s3 z1 rub]1 r$2 aequus1 fair2 slus1 alone4 #i4 ,,pron\ns are words ( univ]sal application :i* s]ve z sub/itutes = n\ns4 ,?us1 taurus1 bull1 names1 & rub]1 r$1 describes1 p>ticul> ?+s2 b ego1 ,i1 is univ]sally applicable to any speak]1 & meus1 m9e1 to any?+ belong+ to any speak]4 #aj4 ,,adv]bs are mo/ly cases ( n\ns us$ to d5ote mann]1 place1 "t or degree3 z1 subit1 sudd5ly2 =s1 out ( doors2 di1 long2 vald1 mightily1 v4 #aa4 ,,prepositions are adv]bs :i* are us$ to modify z prefixes ! mean+ ( v]bs1 or to def9e m nicely ! mean+ ( cases3 z1 voc1 ,i call1 voc1 ,i call out2 ex urbe1 f t[n4 #ab4 ,,ii4 ,,v]bs are words :i* d5ote action1 includ+ exi/5ce or condition3 z1 regit1 he guides2 e/1 he is2 latet1 he is hid4 #ac4 ,,iii4 ,,conjunctions connect s5t5ces1 n\ns1 or v]bs3 z1 et1 &2 s$1 b4 #ad4 ,,int]jections are cries :i* express feel+1 & are n usually a "p ( ! s5t5ce3 z1 1 ah2 heu1 alas4 #ae4 ,!re is no ,,article 9 ,lat93 ?us1 mnsa may d5ote table1 a table1 or ! table4 ,erratum3 #b 444 ,n\ns1 ,v]bs1 & ,conjunctions4 ,n\ns ,v]bs1 ,a4 ,,s\nd4 ,,alphabet4 #af4 ,9 ,cic]o's "t1 ! s\nds ( ! ,lat9 language 7 d5ot$ by tw5ty-"o lett]s 7,,dn4 #b1 #ic74 ,"* ,"n pron\nc$ ,a a ah ,b be bay ,c ce kay ,d de day ,e e eh ,f ef ef ,g ge gay ,h ha hah ,i i ee ,k ka kah ,l el el ,m em em ,n en en ,o o o ,p pe pay ,q qu koo ,r er air ,s es ess ,t te tay ,v u oo ,x ix eex ,! names giv5 above are ^? employ$ by ,roman gramm>ians4 ,! s\nd indicat$ by -ay is only approximate2 ! true s\nd is t ( ! ,fr5* 9 fte2 see #ci4 ,! names ( ! lett]s are indecl9able2 = _! g5d]1 see #dab4 #ag4 ,two o!r lett]s 7 also 9 use to repres5t ,greek s\nds 9 ,greek words2 ^! 7 always call$ by _! ,greek names1 & 7 plac$ at ! end ( ! alphabet2 !y are ,y1 nam$ 7#db71 & ,z1 nam$ zta 7#ga74 #ah4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,alphabet4 ,! ,lat9 alphabet1 :i* orig9ally consi/$ ( capitals only1 0 adapt$ f ! alphabet ( ,*alcidian colonies 9 ,italy4 #ai4 ,,spell+4 ,! signs = ! ,greek s\nds d5ot$ by & 1 & p]haps also t = 1 ^! ?ree s\nds be+ unkn[n 9 ,lat91 7 us$ z num]als 7#bdjg74 ,9 words borr[$ f ! ,greek ! ,romans at fir/ repres5t$ by t1 by p1 & by c3 z1 ts1 inc5se1 = 2 ,po51 ,punians1 = 2 calx1 *alk1 = 4 ,occasionally also ! ,lat9 mute 0 d\bl$3 z1 /ruppus1 /rap1 = 4 ,lat]1 ab\t ! middle ( ! second c5tury ,b4,c41 ?1 ph1 & * beg9 to be us$3 z1 co?urnus1 boot1 = 2 amphora1 j>1 = 2 ,a*aea = 4 ,9 "s in/ances ^! aspirates 7 next introduc$ ev5 into words purely ,lat93 z1 *ommodus1 affable1 = commodus1 an affectation ridicul$ by ,catullus 7,cat4 #hd7 & disapprov$ by ,qu9tilian 7#a1 #e1 #bj74 ,b pul*]1 pretty1 is ! usual spell+ = pulc] 7=m$ by ! suffix -cro- f ! /em ( ! v]b poli1 ,i poli%74 ,ev5 ,cic]o 7,o4 #afj7 aspirat$ ! c 9 ?is ^w z a concession to popul> usage1 z he did ! t 9 ,ce?gus1 ,k>?g1 & ! p 9 triumphus1 :ile he reta9$ ! unaspirat$ explosive 9 ! prop] names ,orcvius1 "n ( a #8g5s1' ,mat1 ,ot1 ,caepi1 & 9 sepulcrum1 tomb2 corna1 cr[n2 & lacrima1 te>4 ,9 a simil> mann] ,greek 0 at fir/ transcrib$ by r3 z1 rumpia1 a k9d ( weapon1 = 2 b lat] by rh3 z1 rhtor1 rhetorician1 = 4 #bj4 ,! lett]s ,c 7fir/ writt5 7 & ,k 7 at an e>ly p]iod us$ promiscu\sly1 & ,c /ood = bo? unvoic$ k & voic$ g3 z1 ,,virco1 virg1 virg94 ,aft]w>ds ,k dropp$ out ( g5]al use except 9 ! abbreviations ,k4 or ,kal4 = kal5dae1 fir/ ( ! mon?1 & ,k4 = ! prop] "n ,kaes 7,qu9t4 #a1 #g1 #aj74 ,ab\t #cjj ,b4,c4 ! sign or ,c 0 us$ = ! unvoic$ k alone1 :ile a sep>ate sign1 :i* became ,g1 0 set ap>t = ! voic$ g4 ,b ,c cont9u$ to be us$ = g 9 ! abbreviations ,c = ,gius1 = ,gia1 & ,cn4 = ,gnaeus4 ,occasionally q is writt5 = c1 almo/ always be=e ! v[els o & u3 z1 qum = cum1 )2 qolunt = colunt1 !y cultivate2 peqnia1 money4 ,b ord9>ily q is f\nd be=e unsyllabic 7consonantal7 u 7v7 only 7#bb74 #ba4 ,be=e ! introduction ( ,y & ,z 7#ag71 u 0 us$ = ! ,greek 3 z1 ,burrus1 lat] ,pyrrhus 7,cic4 ,o4 #afj72 & s1 or1 z a m$ial1 ss1 = 3 z1 sna1 belt1 lat] zna2 massa1 lump1 = 2 malaciss1 ,i s(t51 = 4 ,by a blund]1 y 0 occasionally introduc$ 9 words ( ,lat9 orig93 z1 lacryma1 te>1 = lacrima1 :i* 0 wrongly suppos$ to be d]iv$ f ,greek 4 #bb4 ,! *>act]s ,i & ,v repres5t n only ! two v[els i & u1 b also _! cognate semiv[els 7#eb7 i & 7#hc71 call$ commonly consonant i & u1 b ) less ambiguity unsyllabic i & u 7#hb2 #hc74 ,!y are equival5t to ! ,engli% y & w respectively4 #bc4 ,9 words l maior1 simple i 0 commonly writt5 = ! s\nd ( ii 7#aec1 #b2 #hb2 #hc74 ,b ,cic]o 9 su* cases wrote ii3 z1 aii1 ,i say1 ,maiia1 ,troiia 7,qu9t4 #a1 #d1 #aa74 ,9 ! same way ,lucretius spell$ ,graiiug5rum1 ( ,greek-born m51 & ,,eiivs1 ( him1 ,,cviivs1 ^:1 occur 9 inscriptions4 ,sometimes ! same s\nd is repres5t$ by a tall] lett]1 #8i longa1' especially 9 ! imp]ial age3 z1 ,,maior1 great]4 ,!re are also cases 9 :i* ! two designations 7 conf\nd$1 a d\ble i be+ writt51 & "o or ! o!r lett] made tall]3 z1 ,,eiivs or ,,eiivs1 ( him4 #bd4 ,! tall i1 ,i longa1 0 us$ n only to repres5t unsyllabic i 7#bb71 b1 beg9n+ ) ,sulla's "t1 also = long v[el i 7#bi1 #b1 b73 z1 ,,signa1 signs2 ,,qv9qve1 five4 ,x also repres5ts sometimes d\ble i3 z1 ,,vis = ,,vi,s1 9 ! roads4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( words x occurs )\t ref]5ce to quantity = bo? %ort & long i1 &1 by mi/ake1 ,i is else:]e f\nd = %ort i4 #be4 ,! emp]or ,claudius 7,a4,d4 #da-ed7 introduc$ a sep>ate sign = unsyllabic u 7#bb71 re/rict+ ! sign v to ! v[el u 7,qu9t4 #a1 #g1 #bf2 ,ta4 #aa1 #ad72 b x did n become curr5t4 #bf4 ,9 s*oolbooks & mo/ texts ( ! au?ors1 ! v[el u is pr9t$ ,u1 u1 & ! consonant ,v1 v4 ,a "*1 ,j1 j1 0 introduc$ 9 ! #ag? c5tury1 to indicate ! consonant i4 ,b ?is "* is no long] usual 9 editions ( ! au?ors or 9 s*oolbooks4 #bg4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 u & v is n always made v consi/5tly3 q has regul>ly1 & g & s h sometimes1 an aft]s\nd ( w1 be/ repres5t$ by v2 b ! usual practice is to write u1 z 9 ! foll[+ disyllables3 qurum1 ( :om2 anguis1 snake2 suvis1 sweet4 qu is always c\nt$ z a s+le s\nd 7#agg74 ,see also #bejd4 #bh4 ,= ! int]m$iate s\nd 7#ajc7 betwe5 i & u1 z 9 ! fir/ syllable ( lubet1 libet1 x pleases1 & 9 ! second syllable ( optimus1 optumus1 be/ 7,qu9t4 #a1 #d1 #h2 #g1 #ba71 ! emp]or ,claudius inv5t$ a sep>ate "*4 ,x fail$ ( acceptance1 z did also ! sign :i* he attempt$ to introduce = ps4 #bi4 ,! same *>act]s 7 ord9>ily us$ to d5ote bo? long & %ort v[els4 ,b at diff]5t p]iods long v[els 7 sometimes indicat$ 9 inscriptions ?us3 7#a47 ,long a1 e1 or u 0 sometimes d\bl$3 z1 ,,a>a1 alt>2 ,,paa/ores1 %eph]ds2 ,,leege1 by law2 ,,ivvs1 "r4 ,?is d\bl+1 :i* 0 nev] frequ5t1 seems to h be5 introduc$ into ,lat9 f ! ,oscan by ! poet ,accius4 ,x occurs mo/ frequ5tly 9 inscriptions ab\t ! ye> #aej ,b4,c41 b sporadically mu* lat]3 z1 ,,conv5tvvs1 ( ! assembly2 ,,arbitratvv1 by ! decree2 & 9 o!r /ems 9 -u- 7#eic74 7#b47 ,long i 0 (t5 d5ot$ 7a47 ,by ! spell+ ei 7aft] ! pronunciation ( ?is diph?ong _h be5 *ang$ to 1 #ih73 z1 ,,d>ei1 be giv52 ,,r$ieit1 ha? come back2 ,,int]iei/i1 ha/ di$4 ,"s ,roman gramm>ians prescrib$ ?is spell+ = e long i2 o!rs tri$ to regulate ! use ( ei = by special rules4 ,at ! end ( ! republic1 ! spell+ ,,ei _h giv5 way to uni=m ,i4 7b47 ,s9ce ! "t ( ,sulla1 by a tall] lett] 7#8i longa'73 z1 ,,fixa1 fa/5$ 7#bc1 #bd74 7#c47 ,a m>k call$ an apex 7illu/ration7 0 (t5 put ov] a long v[el3 z1 ,,fe,,cit1 made2 ,,horte,,nsivs2 ,,dvv,,mviratvs1 duumvirate4 ,! apex 0 writt5 9 ! imp]ial age2 ! =m -1 :i* occurs 9 an inscription1 0 adopt$ by ! gramm>ians1 & is /ill 9 use to m>k ! long v[els4 ,x may be m5tion$ t inscriptions :i* employ ! apex are by no means consi/5t 9 its use1 & t late inscriptions h x ov] %ort & long v[els1 app>5tly = decorative purposes4 ,qu9tilian #a1 #g1 #b prescribes x only = cases :i* o!rwise might be ambigu\s3 z1 ,m,,lvs 7mlus71 ma/1 to di/+ui% x f ,,malvs 7malus71 bad4 #cj4 ,9 s*oolbooks1 a long v[el is indicat$ by a horizontal l9e ov] x3 z1 ra1 alt>2 mnsis1 mon?2 rd1 s]ies4 ,a %ort v[el is sometimes indicat$ by a curv$ m>k3 z1 pr1 ?r\gh2 dx1 lead]2 b ?is m>k is unnecess>y if long v[els are sy/ematically m>k$4 ,usually ! quantity ( ! v[els 9 ea* ^w is def9itely fix$2 b 9 a few cases ! same v[el may be n[ %ort1 n[ long1 z 9 ,engli% ! ee ( be5 is pron\nc$ long by "s 7bean71 %ort by o!rs 7b974 ,?us 7#bddf7 mihi1 ibi 7 sometimes pyrrhics 71 #bebb71 sometimes iambi 7 -1 #beba74 ,see = o!r cases #acd1 #bddc1 #bdeb1 #bdec4 ,su* v[els ( v>iable quantity are t]m$ common & m>k$ or 3 z mih1 to me 7#bead74 ,,pronunciation4 #ca4 ,! pronunciation ( ,lat9 s\nds may be approximately det]m9$3 7a7 f ! description ( ! native gramm>ians & incid5tal allusions 9 o!r ,lat9 au?ors2 7b7 f v>iations 9 spell+2 7c7 f ! ,greek translit]ation ( ,lat9 words2 7d7 f ! ,lat9 translit]ation ( =eign words2 7e7 f ! developm5t ( ! s\nds 9 languages d]iv$ f ! ,lat94 ,,v[els4 #cb4 ,v[els are s\nds :i* are produc$ by ! vibrations ( ! vocal *ords 7?is may be easily felt by plac+ a f+] on ! ?roat at ! ,adam's apple7 & )\t any audible friction or any ob/ruction any:]e 9 ! passage above ! vocal *ords4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! s\nd ( ! v[els is due to ! diff]5t %ape :i* ! position ( ! tongue & ! lips gives 9 ea* case to ! cavity ( ! m\?4 ,dur+ ! pronunciation ( pure v[els no air escapes ?r\gh ! nose4 #cc4 ,! simple v[els1 a1 e1 i1 o1 u 7y71 are ei!r long or %ort4 ,! s\nd ( a long v[el is consid]$ to be twice ! l5g? ( t ( a %ort4 #cd4 ,t a long v[el is equal to two %orts is a rule ( metrical !ory 7see #beae74 ,9 actual pronunciation1 !re 7 und\bt$ly v>i\s degrees ( l5g?1 z 9 ,engli%3 e4g41 sea1 seize 7long71 cease 7half-long74 ,,quantity ,,( ,,v[els4 ,! quantity ( v[els mu/ 9 g5]al be le>n$ by obs]vation2 b "s conv5i5t helps = ! memory may be f\nd 9 #bdbi2 & ! quantity ( _m v[els may be asc]ta9$ by ! g5]al pr9ciples giv5 9 #ce & #cf4 ,except 9 ! case ( ,hidd5 ,quantity 7#bdei71 ! quantity ( v[els is 9 g5]al asc]ta9$ f v]se4 ,b "s in=mation may also be glean$ f su* rhetorical prose z exhibits well def9$ habits 9 ! rhy?mical end+s select$ = s5t5ces 7clausulae1 ,cic4 ,o4 #aia-bbf74 7,a47 ,,%ort ,,v[els4 #ce4 ,a v[el is %ort3 7#a47 ,be=e ano!r v[el or h 7#abd73 z1 es1 veh2 comp>e tace ) tacre4 ,= exceptions 9 classical ,lat91 see #abg2 = exceptions 9 e>ly ,lat9 see #abf4 7#b47 ,be=e nt & nd 7#abh7 if n ! result ( contraction3 z1 cal5dae1 c5tum2 comp>e amant1 am&us1 ) amre4 7#c47 ,be=e f9al t & m1 &1 9 words ( m ?an "o syllable1 be=e f9al r & l 7#acb73 comp>e amat1 amem1 ) ams & ams4 7,b47 ,,long ,,v[els4 #cf4 ,all v[els are long :i* are3 7#a7 ,weak5$ f a diph?ong 7#if-aja2 #ajh71 or :i* are ! result ( contraction 7#aah73 z1 concd f ca$2 cg f co-ag4 7#b7 ,l5g!n$ by comp5sation 7#aba73 z1 qun = 99qu9cn4 7#c7 ,be=e nf1 ns1 (t5 be=e nc foll[$ by a consonant1 &1 9 "s cases1 be=e gn 7#abb74 ,,pronunciation ,,( ,,v[els4 #cg4 ,! foll[+ ,engli% s\nds come ne>e/ to ! ,lat9 pronunciation ( ! v[els3 #ch4 ,,long ,,v[els4 _h ! s\nd ( a 9 fa!r2 t ( a 9 fate 7b see #ci72 t ( i 9 ma*9e2 t ( o 9 tone2 t ( u 9 rule4 #ci4 ,x mu/ be not$1 h[ev]1 t all ,engli% long v[els1 save a z 9 fa!r1 are m or less diph?ongal1 t is1 !y become gradually clos] 7#df72 a 9 fate ends 9 a vani%+ s\nd ( ee 7n he>d 9 ! ( ,fr5* fte71 & o 9 no ends 9 ! s\nd ( oo4 ,simil>ly ! long e s\nd 9 he becomes clos] & ends 9 a s\nd simil> to ! y 9 ye>4 ,9 ,lat9 all long v[els _h "o su/a9$ s\nd4 #dj4 ,,%ort ,,v[els4 a s\nd$ approximately l ! ,engli% a 9 ! fir/ syllable ( aha2 e1 i1 o1 & u s\nd$ l e 9 /ep1 i 9 pit1 o 9 obey1 & u 9 pull respectively4 #da4 ,lat9 %ort a did n diff]1 except 9 quantity1 f long 2 x nev] _h ! #8flat' s\nd ( ,engli% a 9 pat4 ,9 ! case ( ! o!r v[els1 i1 e1 o1 & u1 ! long v[els 7 clos] 7#df7 ?an ! %ort ones4 ,?is is ! same diff]5ce :i* ! ,engli% %[s 9 ke5 7long & close7 & k9 7%ort & op572 pool 7long & close7 & pull 7%ort & op574 ,= ?is reason1 op5 i is sometimes repres5t$ by e 9 inscriptions3 z1 ,,anema = anima1 s\l2 & vea 0 ! ru/ic pronunciation = via1 road 7,v>ro1 ,r4 ,r4 #a1 #b1 #ad74 #db4 ,y1 :i* 0 a s\nd borr[$ f ! ,greek 7#ag71 s\nd$ l ,g]man 4 ,! s\nd1 :i* is miss+ 9 ,engli%1 is =m$ ) ! tongue 9 position = i 79 k97 & ! lips r\nd$ z = oo 79 moon74 ,,classification ,,( ,,v[els4 #dc4 ,v[els are divid$ accord+ to ! position ( ! tongue4 ,lat9 i & e are call$ front v[els1 because ! front "p ( ! tongue is elevat$4 ,?is elevation is great] = i ?an = e4 ,lat9 o & u are call$ back v[els1 because !y require an elevation ( ! re> "p ( ! tongue4 ,?is elevation is great] = u ?an = o4 ,lat9 a holds an int]m$iate position1 no "p ( ! tongue be+ rais$1 :ile ! front "p is depress$4 #dd4 ,9 ! =mation ( i & e1 ! tongue approa*es ! h>d palate2 h5ce ^! two v[els are also call$ palatal v[els4 ,simil>ly1 o & u are call$ vel> or guttural v[els1 because 9 _! =mation ! tongue approa*es ! s(t palate 7vlum palt74 #de4 o & u require a r\nd+ ( ! lips 7labia72 h5ce !y are call$ labial v[els4 ,! same is true = y4 #df4 ,comp>+ ! v[els 9 ,engli% ke5 & k91 x w be not$ t ! passage betwe5 ! tongue & ! h>d palate is n>r[] 9 ! =m] ?an 9 ! latt] case4 ,! ee 9 ke5 is !re=e said to be a n>r[ or close v[el1 :ile ! i 9 k9 is wide or op54 ,see #da4 ,,diph?ongs4 #dg4 ,two unlike 7#dc-df7 v[els pron\nc$ "u "o /ress & z "o syllable =m a ,diph?ong4 ,all diph?ongs are long4 ,9 all diph?ongs ! transition f "o v[el to ! o!r is gradual4 ,a diph?ong is1 !re=e1 n =m$ simply by pron\nc+ two v[els 9 succession1 b ! vocal organs pass ?r\gh all ! int]m$iate positions & consequ5tly ! s\nd is con/antly *ang+4 #dh4 ,9 _! orig9 diph?ongs are ( two k9ds3 7a47 primitive diph?ongs3 z 9 fo$us1 treaty2 aurum1 gold2 or 7b47 second>y diph?ongs1 ! result ( v[els meet+ 9 =mation1 composition1 or inflection3 see #abj4 #di4 ,! diph?ongs :i* occur 9 classical ,lat9 are au1 ae1 oe1 & ! r>e ui & eu4 au s\nd$ l ou 9 h\se4 ae _h ! s\nd ( %ort ,lat9 a rapidly comb9$ ) ! s\nd ( e 9 ,engli% m54 ,b x is ! common practice n[ to give to ae ! s\nd ( ay or ai 9 ay1 aisle1 al?\gh ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,lat9 ae & ! e>li] ai f :i* x desc5d$ is ?us oblit]at$4 oe _h ! s\nd ( %ort ,lat9 o rapidly foll[$ by ! s\nd ( e 9 ,engli% m54 ,b x is n[ cu/om>y n to di/+ui% betwe5 ,lat9 oe & oi1 & to give to bo? ! s\nd ( oi 9 boil4 ui is pron\nc$ by comb9+ ,lat9 %ort u & i 7#dj1 #da7 ) ! /ress on ! i l ,fr5* oui2 eu by comb9+ ,lat9 %ort e & u ) /ress on ! u4 #ej4 ,besides ^!1 ! foll[+ diph?ongs occur 9 ! old] inscriptions3 ai pron\nc$ z ai 9 aisle2 ei z ei 9 eight2 oi z oi 9 boil2 & ou :i* s\nd$ v mu* l ! f9al o 9 no1 g1 :i* is really a diph?ong 7see #ci74 ,,consonants4 #ea4 ,consonants are =m$ by /opp+ ! brea? some:]e 9 ! cavity ( ! m\? or by squeez+ x ?r\gh a n>r[ *annel or ap]ture4 #eb4 ,,semiv[els4 ,!re is no %>p l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 consonants & v[els4 ,"s v[els 9 unsyllabic function 7#hb1 #hc7 notably i 7i7 & u 77 7correspond+ to ,engli% y & w71 ?\gh usually class$ z consonants1 are s closely relat$ to ! v[els t !y are t]m$ semiv[els 7#bejd74 ,to ^! may be add$ also ! liquids l & r4 ,contact ( ! semiv[els i & u ) _! correspond+ v[els i & u is avoid$ 9 classical times4 ,see = -vu- #ajg1 c2 = -quu- #aeg2 & = -ii- #ajd1 c 7on obiici72 #deh 7,b = 99,bi74 ,see #aec1 #c4 ,erratum3 #eb 444 ,see = -vu- #ajg1 c #ajg c ,,pronunciation ,,( ,,consonants4 #ec4 ,mo/ ( ! consonants are pron\nc$ z 9 ,engli%4 ,! foll[+ po9ts mu/ be notic$3 #ed4 b be=e a surd1 z s or t1 has ! s\nd ( p4 ,! spell+ b is "h simply etymological3 z1 abs1 pron\nc$ aps 7! b reta9$ 9 spell+ because ( ab72 urbs1 pron\nc$ urps 7! b reta9$ because ( ! oblique cases urbis1 urb1 etc472 obt]1 pron\nc$ opt] 7,qu9t4 #a1 #g1 #g71 :]e ! spell+ ( ! preposition ob 0 kept 7#afd74 #ee4 c has always ! s\nd ( ,engli% k4 #ef4 d be=e ! surd s is pron\nc$ t2 ! spell+ d is pres]v$ = etymological reasons only3 z1 adsum1 pron\nc$ atsum4 #eg4 g always has ! s\nd ( ,engli% g 9 g1 nev] t ( g 9 g5tle4 gu1 :5 x makes "o syllable ) ! foll[+ v[el1 is pron\nc$ l ,engli% gw3 z1 sangu9e l sangu9e4 #eh4 h has a weak s\nd z h 9 ,briti% ,engli% 7,s\!rn71 & by "s 0 n c\nt$ z a consonant4 ,consequ5tly ! same unc]ta9ty exi/$ z to initial h4 ,! omission ( initial h is recogniz$ 9 classical ,lat9 = ns] 7orig9ally 99hns]74 ,else:]e ! omission ( initial h 9 spell+1 z o/ia = ho/ia1 is r>e until ! ?ird c5tury ,a4,d4 ,v r>ely h is writt5 betwe5 two v[els to d5ote t ea* %\ld be pron\nc$ sep>ately 7l our dia]esis 9 coxt5sive73 z1 ahneus1 bronze1 ) a sep>ate 7#aaf a72 b aes1 bronze1 ) diph?ongal ae4 #ei4 ,unsyllabic 7#bb7 or consonant i has ! s\nd ( ,engli% y 9 ye>4 #fj4 ,!re 7 two v>ieties ( l4 ,"o 0 l ! ,engli% l1 guttural 9 "*1 because 9 its pronunciation n only ! blade 7front "p7 ( ! tongue t\*$ ! gums1 b 9 addition to ?is ! re> "p ( ! tongue 0 elevat$ t[>d ! s(t palate4 ,! o!r l 0 purely d5tal1 & =m$ )\t su* back elevation4 ,?is second v>iety appe>$ 9 ! comb9ation ll1 or :5ev] l 0 foll[$ by ! front v[els 7#dc7 e or i1 or :5 x 0 f9al4 ,else:]e l 0 guttural4 #fa4 ,f ! e>lie/ times f9al m 9 unacc5t$ syllables _h a fa9t s\nd or 0 ev5 inaudible 7,qu9t4 #i1 #d1 #ci74 ,consequ5tly x is (t5 omitt$ 9 writ+ 9 ! old] inscriptions bo? be=e an initial v[el or consonant3 z1 ,,pocolo = pcolom2 ,,o9o = o9om 7num71 & ! gramm>ian ,v]rius ,flaccus propos$ to write only half an ,m = f9al m be=e a v[el4 ,9 prosody1 !re=e1 f9al m did n prev5t elision 7#bdic74 ,! same is se5 9 prose 9 cases l animadv]t1 ,i pay he$ to1 f animum adv]t1 ,i turn my m9d t[>d 7#cie72 vnre1 to be sold = vnum re1 to g to sale 7#aafe74 ,b 9 monosyllables :]e m closes ! acc5t$ syllable1 x did n vani% 7#bdid1 #bdie71 & ?is diff]5ce 9 ! treatm5t ( f9al m is reflect$ 9 ! ,romance languages4 #fb4 n /&s = two s\nds4 ,x repres5ts ! d5tal nasal1 z n 9 ,engli% n[4 ,b be=e ! gutturals k1 c1 g1 q1 & ! comp\nd x 7 cs71 x repres5ts ! guttural nasal :i* is writt5 ng 9 ,engli% s+1 wrong4 ,?is second n is sometimes call$ n adult]num or #8spuri\s n1' ?us3 nc 79 avunculus7 z 9 uncle2 ng 79 angulus7 z 9 angle2 ngu 79 sangu9e7 z 9 sangu9e2 nqu 79 inquit7 z inkw 9 inkwip]2 nx 79 pnxit7 z 9 lynx4 #fc4 ,d5tal n be=e s _h a r$uc$ s\nd1 & is !re=e sometimes omitt$ 9 writ+3 z1 ,,cesor = cnsor2 ,,cosol = cnsul1 9 old] inscriptions2 & frmsus by ! side ( frmnsus2 vcsimus by ! side ( vcnsimus1 ,cic]o omitt$ ! n 9 ! adjective suffix -nsis3 z1 =sia1 ( ! =um2 hortsia1 g>d5 plants4 #fd4 q1 9 classical ,lat91 appe>s only 9 ! comb9ation qu1 s\nd$ l ,engli% qu or kw 7#bg74 r 0 trill$4 #fe4 s1 9 classical ,lat9 0 always unvoic$ 7surd1 #ge7 l ,engli% s 9 s1 s91 nev] voic$ 7sonant1 #ge7 z ,engli% s 9 ease4 su1 :5 x makes "o syllable ) ! foll[+ v[el1 is l sw 9 sweet 7#bg74 #ff4 ,9 old ,lat91 f9al s aft] a %ort v[el & be=e a consonant seems to h be5 r$uc$ 9 s\nd or to h disappe>$ altoge!r4 ,9 ! old] inscriptions x is (t5 omitt$ 9 ! end+ ( ! nom9ative s+ul> -u1 & 9 ! pre-,cic]onian poets f9al s (t5 does n make position 7#bdfh74 ,b su* omission 0 consid]$ vulg> 9 ,cic]o's "t 7,cic4 ,o4 #afa2 ,qu9t4 #i1 #d1 #ch74 #fg4 ,9 ! ar*aic p]iod ,lat9 s /ood also = ! voic$ sibilant 7,engli% s 9 ease1 z 9 zeal71 z 9 ,,asa1 alt> 7#aed74 #fh4 t is always s\nd$ z 9 "t1 nev] z 9 nation4 ,! pronunciation ( ci & ti ) ! c & t z sibilants 7z 9 ,engli% c9d]1 nation7 is v late4 #fi4 v is l ! ,engli% w4 #gj4 x is a comp\nd consonant1 /&+ = cs1 & s s\nd$1 nev] z ,engli% gs or gz4 #ga4 z1 be+ a ,greek s\nd1 %\ld h reta9$ its ,greek pronunciation4 ,?is diff]$ 9 ! diff]5t dialects2 9 ! ,attic ( ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c4 x 0 approximately t ( ,engli% z 9 zeal1 :ile its e>li] value 0 zd4 ,! ,romans _h great difficulty 9 pron\nc+ ?is s\nd 7,qu9t4 #ab1 #aj1 #bg f471 b ! gramm>ian ,velius ,longus expressly /ates t x %\ld n be pron\nc$ z a comp\nd s\nd 7zd74 #gb4 ,ab\t #ajj ,b4,c4 ! comb9ations *1 ph1 & ? 7 introduc$ 9 ,greek words to repres5t 1 1 & 2 z ,philippus1 = ! old] ,,pilipvs4 ,some:at lat] ^! comb9ations 7 9 g5]al use 9 "s ,lat9 words 7#ai74 * is ?\ght to h be5 pron\nc$ l kh 9 blockhead1 ph z 9 uphill1 & ? z 9 ho?\se4 ,b 9 practice * is usually s\nd$ z 9 ! ,g]man ma*5 or i*1 ph z 9 graphic1 & ? z 9 pa?os4 ,,classification ,,( ,,consonants4 #gc4 ,,explosives4 ,consonants :i* are =m$ by /opp+ ! brea? 9 ! oral cavity & !n sudd5ly remov+ ! ob/ruction are call$ explosives4 ,!y _c be prolong$ 9 s\nd4 ,!y are3 c1 k1 q1 g2 t1 d2 p1 b4 ,^! are (t5 call$ mutes4 #gd4 ,,cont9uants4 ,consonants :i* may be prolong$ 9 s\nd are call$ cont9uants4 ,!y are3 unsyllabic 7#hc7 i 7#ei7 & u 7#ff72 l 7#fj71 r2 l1 s1 f2 n 7#fb71 m4 #ge4 ,,voic$ & ,,unvoic$4 ,if dur+ ! emission ( brea? ! vocal *ords vibrate 7#cb71 ! consonant is said to be voic$ or sonant3 g2 d2 b2 n 7#fb71 m2 l 7#fj71 r2 unsyllabic 7#hc7 i 7#ei7 & u 7#fi72 o!rwise x is said to be unvoic$ or surd3 c1 k1 q2 t2 p2 h1 s1 f4 #gf4 ,,nasals4 ,9 ! majority ( consonants1 ! brea? escapes ?r\gh ! cavity ( ! m\?1 & ! cavity ( ! nose is clos$ 9 ! re> by means ( ! rais$ s(t palate4 ,^? consonants 9 :i* ! brea? escapes ?r\gh ! nose1 :ile ! oral cavity is clos$1 are call$ nasals3 z1 n1 m1 n adult]num 7see #fb74 #gg4 ,,classification ,,accord+ ,,to ,,place ,,( ,,=mation4 ,consonants are fur!r divid$ accord+ to ! place :]e ! brea? is /opp$ or squeez$4 7#a47 ,if ! brea? is /opp$ by ! lips1 z 9 p1 b1 m1 or squeez$ ?r\gh ! lips1 z 9 v 7,engli% w71 we speak ( labials4 7#b47 ,if ! brea? is =c$ ?r\gh an op5+ betwe5 ! upp] tee? & ! l[] lip1 z 9 f1 we speak ( a labiod5tal4 7#c47 ,s\nds :i* are produc$ by ! po9t ( ! tongue t\*+ ! upp] gums & tee?1 z t1 d1 n1 r1 or by ! =mation ( a n>r[ m$ian *annel 9 ! same place1 l s1 or ( a lat]al *annel1 l l 7#fj71 are call$ d5tals4 7#d47 ,palatals are =m$ by an elevation ( ! front "p ( ! tongue aga9/ ! =w>d section ( ! palate1 l i consonant 7,engli% y74 7#e47 ,if ! back ( ! tongue t\*es or approa*es ! re> "p ( ! palate z 9 k1 q1 c1 g1 n adult]num 7,engli% ng 9 s+71 & l 7#fj71 we speak ( gutturals 7vel>s72 see #dd4 #gh4 ,,spirants4 ,s\nds :i* are produc$ by friction ( ! brea? are call$ spirants3 z1 s1 f1 & h4 #gi4 ,,sibilants4 ,on acc\nt ( its hiss+ s\nd1 s is call$ a sibilant4 ,engli% s1 z1 ? are sibilants4 #hj4 ,,d\bl+ ,,( ,,consonants4 ,9 ,engli%1 d\ble consonants z ! tt1 nn1 pp1 mm 9 motto1 ,anna1 tapp+1 gramm>1 are s\nd$ exactly l ! correspond+ s+le consonants 9 cot1 pan1 tap1 ram4 ,9 ,lat91 on ! o!r h&1 d\ble consonants 7gem9tae7 7 pron\nc$ z !y are 9 mod]n ,italian4 ,9 ! case ( explosives 7#gc71 z 9 mitto1 aft] ! tongue _h come 9 contact ) ! ro( ( ! m\? 7 fir/ t7 a %ort pause ensu$ be=e ! explosion took place 7 second t74 ,9 ! case ( cont9uants 7#gd71 z 9 summus1 ,apollo1 ! mm or ll 0 s\nd$ appreciably long] ?an a s+le m or l1 & at ! beg9n+ ( ! second half ( ! long cont9uant !re 0 a slight increase ( =ce4 #ha4 ,consonants 7 n d\bl$ 9 writ+ till aft] #bjj ,b4,c43 z1 ,,fvise = fuisse1 to h be51 & = m ?an a c5tury aft]w>d ! usage is v>iable3 z1 9 ! same inscription1 ,,ess5t1 !y might be1 by ! side ( ,,svp]ases1 ?\ maye/ h conqu]$2 b x mu/ n be inf]r$ t !y 7 pron\nc$ z s+le consonants4 ,errata3 #gg4 ,,classification ,,accord+ ,,to ,,place ,,( ,,=mation4 f9al 4 invisible #gg 444 7#e47 ,if ! back ( ! tongue 4 invisible ,,syllabic ,,& ,,unsyllabic ,,function4 #hb4 ,:5ev] two or m s\nds are comb9$ 9 a syllable1 "o ( !m excels 9 ac\/ic prom95ce3 z1 a 9 ,engli% pat2 n 9 ! gr\p pnd 9 opnd 7op5$72 l 9 ! gr\p tld 9 bottld 7bottl$72 & s 9 ! gr\p p/4 ,?is s\nd is said to h syllabic function or to be syllabic2 9 ! examples giv51 a1 n1 l1 & s are respectively syllabic4 ,all ! o!r memb]s ( ea* gr\p are t]m$ unsyllabic4 #hc4 ,v[els are almo/ always us$ 9 syllabic function4 ,:51 9 r>e cases1 !y are unsyllabic1 ?is fact is usually indicat$ 9 phonetic works by an inv]t$ half-circle1 1 plac$ "u ! v[el2 s 9 ! case ( diph?ongs to indicate ! subord9ate memb]3 z ai1 o1 i 7#di74 ,lat9 omnia & ,engli% glori\s1 :5 pron\nc$ z words ( two syllables1 w\ld be writt5 omnia 7#bejc71 glorious4 ,:5 s\nds o!r ?an v[els h1 9 r>e cases1 syllabic function1 ?is fact is not$ 9 phonetic works by a po9t1 4 1 or circle1 1 "u ! lett]3 z1 ,lat9 99ags1 99agrs 7#aaa1 b71 ,engli% opd1 opnd4 ,,acc5t4 #hd4 ,! relative =ce ) :i* ! diff]5t syllables ( a ^w are utt]$ v>ies4 ,su* v>iation 9 emphasis is call$ /ress acc5tuation4 ,! degrees ( /ress are really inf9ite1 b = practical purposes x is suffici5t to di/+ui% betwe5 7#a47 ! /ronge/ /ress 7*ief acc5t72 7#b47 a weak] /ress 7second>y acc5t72 & 7#c47 abs5ce ( /ress 7atonic syllable74 ,9 ! ,engli% contradict1 ! la/ syllable has ! *ief acc5t1 a second>y acc5t falls on ! fir/1 & ! second syllable is un/ress$4 #he4 ,x is n cu/om>y to indicate ! place ( acc5ts 9 ,lat9 by special signs4 ,:51 = special reasons1 signs are us$1 d5otes ! *ief acc5t1 ! second>y acc5t1 :ile ! un/ress$ syllables are left unm>k$4 ,,! ,,classical ,,acc5t4 #hf4 ,9 classical ,lat9 ! place ( ! *ief acc5t may be det]m9$ by ! foll[+ rules4 7#a47 ,words ( two syllables h ! acc5t on ! p5ult 7#age73 z1 hmo2 c]4 7#b47 ,words ( m ?an two syllables h ! acc5t on ! p5ult :5 t syllable is long 7#agg72 o!rwise on ! antep5ult3 z1 pal/]1 on/us 7#agg72 mulebris1 gnetrx 7#agh72 rbors1 rbutus1 gladolus4 #hg4 ,a %ort p5ult reta9s ! acc5t 9 ! g5itive & vocative ) a s+le f /ems 9 -io- 7#def1 #dei73 z1 g5itive1 cnsl2 impr2 g5itive or vocative1 ,v]gl2 ,valr2 ,m]cr4 ,= calefcis1 c41 see #cid4 #hh4 ,9 a few words :i* h lo/ a syllable ! acc5t is reta9$ on ! la/ syllable2 su* are 7#a47 comp\nds ( ! imp]atives dc & dc 7#aac73 z1 dc2 7#b47 nom9atives ( prop] names 9 -s & -s = -tis & -tis3 z1 ,arpns1 = ,arpntis2 ,la5s2 ,maecns2 ,quirs2 ,samns2 also no/rs1 vo/rs2 7#c47 words comp\nd$ ) ! abbreviat$ 7#aac7 enclitics -c = -ce & -n = -ne3 z1 illc2 tantn2 aud/n 7= ! %ort5+ ( ! f9al syllable3 z1 vidn1 do/ see81 see #abi72 7#d47 audt1 contract$ f audvit 7#aed1 #hic74 ,! ,lat9 gramm>ians prescribe ! circumflex 7#ij7 = all ^! long syllables4 ,,e>li] ,,recessive ,,acc5t4 #hi4 ,9 ! prelit]>y p]iod ( ! ,lat9 language1 ! acc5t t5d$ to g z f> f ! end ( ! ^w z possible 7recessive acc5t74 ,?us1 :ile ! classical acc5tuation is inimcus1 ! old] p]iod acc5t$ nimcus4 ,9 lit]>y ,lat9 ?is e>ly recessive acc5t has surviv$1 only 9 ,plautus's acc5tuation ( words ( ! =m 7proceleusmatic or f\r? paeon1 see #beba71 9 :i* he /resses ! fir/ syllable3 z1 fcilius 7classical faclius72 vlu]at 7classical volerat74 ,b 9 _m in/ances ! e>ly recessive acc5t may be trac$ 9 lit]>y ,lat9 by ! phonetic *anges :i* x produc$ 7#ajb ff474 #ij4 ,,musical ,,elem5t4 ,! native ,lat9 gramm>ians slight ! /ress acc5tuation & pay mu* att5tion in/ead to ! v>iations 9 pit*4 ,b !y are s greatly dep5d5t on _! ,greek models t !y are unsafe guides 9 ?is matt]4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 probable t a /ress$ v[el 0 utt]$ on a high] key 7acute7 ?an an un/ress$ v[el 7grave71 & t 9 c]ta9 syllables ! long1 acc5t$ v[el %[$ a rise & fall 7circumflex73 z1 illc 7#hh74 #ia4 ,! =ce ( ! ,lat9 /ress acc5t mu/ h v>i$ at diff]5t p]iods & 9 diff]5t localities1 z x n[ v>ies 9 ! ,romance c\ntries4 ,! e>ly recessive acc5t seems to h be5 fairly emphatic2 b ! /ress 9 classical ,lat9 0 probably weak & ! diff]5ce betwe5 acc5t$ & unacc5t$ syllables 0 mu* less m>k$ ?an x is 9 ,engli%4 ,,proclitics ,,& ,,enclitics4 #ib4 ,proclitics are unacc5t$ words :i* are pron\nc$ z a "p ( ! foll[+ ^w2 !y are3 7#a47 ,! relative & indef9ite pron\ns & _! d]ivatives2 7#b47 ,prepositions4 7a47 ,?us1 qu di1 pron\nc$ qud2 qu vxit1 quvxit2 g5us unde ,latnum1 gnus unde,latnum4 ,simil>ly quamd1 z long z2 iamd1 ?is long "t4 ,a di/9ction is ?us made betwe5 ! int]rogative qulis 7#aebf71 :i* is acc5t$1 & ! relative qulis 7#ahca7 :i* is proclitic 7,qu9t4 #a1 #e1 #bf72 cf4 ! ,engli% :o1 :i* is acc5t$ :5 int]rogative1 & proclitic :5 relative4 7b47 circum ltora1 pron\nc$ circumltora2 ab rs1 pron\nc$ abrs 7,qu9t4 #a1 #e1 #bg72 9 inscriptions & manuscripts prepositions are (t5 unit$ 9 writ+ ) ! foll[+ ^w4 ,phrases l extempl1 sudd5ly1 invicem 7#id71 9 turn1 are commonly writt5 & acc5t$ z "o ^w4 ,b ! preposition is acc5t$ :5 x is foll[$ by a monosyllabic unemphatic 7& !re=e enclitic7 p]sonal pron\n3 z1 n m2 bs t 7b abs t1 if t is emphatic74 ,all prepositions us$ z adv]bs 7#adjb7 h an indep5d5t acc5t4 #ic4 ,,enclitics are words :i* h no acc5t ( _! own1 b are pron\nc$ z a "p ( ! ^w prec$+4 ,?is increase ( ! numb] ( syllables produc$ c]ta9 acc5tual *anges1 all ! details ( :i* are n cle>4 ,:5 ! enclitic 0 monosyllabic ! place ( ! acc5t seems to h be5 det]m9$ z 9 #hf2 ?us vds1 b vidsne2 ,lti1 b ,latique4 ,aga91 :5 by ! addition ( a monosyllabic enclitic ! acc5t falls on ! f\r? syllable f ! end1 a second>y 7#hd1 #he7 acc5t 0 probably plac$ on ! p5ult3 z1 p]cula1 b p]culque4 ,! ,roman gramm>ians agree1 h[ev]1 9 dem&+ t ev]y:]e ! syllable prec$+ ! enclitics -que1 -ne1 -ve1 & -ce %\ld be acc5t$4 ,9 de9de & sub9de !re is au?ority = plac+ ! acc5t on ! fir/ syllable4 ,enclitics are3 7#a47 ,unemphatic p]sonal & indef9ite pron\ns3 z1 9 m1 pron\nc$1 nm2 d mihi1 dmihi2 sc tibi1 sctibi2 s quis1 squis2 n quid1 nquid4 7#b47 ,v]bs :5 us$ z auxili>ies3 z1 possum = pt7e7 sum 7#geb72 qu libet 7#bdja72 vidlicet1 licet1 sclicet 7#gab72 qumvs 7#aijc72 ! =ms ( esse 9 comp\nd t5ses 7#gai71 s t e/ is frequ5tly comb9$1 ev5 9 writ+1 ) ! prec$+ pa/ p>ticiple 7#gdg74 7#c47 ,! p>ticles -ne 7-n71 -ve1 & -ce 7-c73 z1 satsne or %ort5$ satn2 ,hyrcnsve ,arabsve2 i/ce or %ort5$ i/c 7#ij71 adhc 7#ij74 7#d47 ,! copulative conjunction -que3 z1 ,latique1 lm9que4 7#e47 ,! preposition cum :5 x foll[s 7#adce7 its case4 7#f47 ,! p>ticle quidem3 z1 s quidem1 squidem 7#aca74 7#g47 ,o!r enclitics are3 -met 7#fej73 z1 egmet2 -dem3 z1 ibdem2 -nam3 z1 ubnam2 -dum 7#aegc73 z1 agdum2 -inde3 z1 dinde1 prinde 7:i* are disyllabic 9 v]se71 & sb9de2 -tum2 z1 etimtum2 -p]3 z1 p>mp]2 ! vocative :5 x 0 closely jo9$ to ! prec$+ ^w1 e4g4 an imp]ative3 z1 dc pu] 7#ajf74 #id4 ,two words express+ :at is really "o s+le idea are (t5 b\nd toge!r by "o acc5t1 "o ( !m act+ ! "p ( ei!r a proclitic or enclitic4 ,?us1 ) ! e>li] recessive acc5t 7#hi71 ,ipit] 7#acc2 #chi2 orig9ally a vocative :i* came to be us$ z nom9ative2 = ! *ange ( pat] to pit] see #ajd72 nvicem1 9 turn2 dnu = d nv 7#ajf72 ) ! lat]1 classical acc5t1 lgisltor1 pat]famlis1 orbi/]rrum1 extmpl1 imprms4 ,:5 unemphatic ille & i/e prec$$ _! n\n & _h practically ! value ( our def9ite article !y =m$ a unit ) ! foll[+ n\n & ?us ! acc5t might fall on _! la/ syllable3 z1 ill pat]1 i/ canis4 ,?is use is p>ticul>ly common 9 vulg> & late ,lat9 7see #aab74 ,erratum3 #ib;a 444 & proclitic :5 relative4 f9al 4 miss+ ,,*ange ,,( ,,s\nd4 7,a47 ,,v[el ,,*ange4 ,,*ange ,,( ,,diph?ongs ,,9 ,,acc5t$ ,,syllables4 #ie4 ,( ! six orig9al diph?ongs au1 ou1 eu1 & ai1 oi1 ei1 ! only "o :i* pres]v$ its orig9al s\nd 9 ! classical p]iod is au4 ,( ! re/ only ae 7= old] ai7 &1 9 a few words1 oe 7= old] oi7 rema9$ diph?ongs2 all ! o!rs _h become monoph?ongs4 #if4 ,,*ange ,,( ai4 ai is common 9 inscriptions3 z1 ,,aidilis1 ,,praitor4 ,t[>d ! end ( ! republic ! two elem5ts ( ! diph?ong _h be5 p>tially assimilat$ to ae 7#di73 z1 a$lis 7,qu9t4 #a1 #g1 #ah74 ,?is is its pronunciation 9 ! classical p]iod4 ,betwe5 #acj & #ajj ,b4,c4 ai is displac$ by ae 9 public docum5ts2 b ! old-fa%ion$ ai 0 (t5 reta9$ 9 private inscriptions4 ,/ill lat] ! two elem5ts completely conv]g$ to 4 ,9 prov9cial ,lat9 is f\nd z e>ly z #bjj ,b4,c43 z1 ,,cesvla = ,,caesvlla2 9 ,rome itself ! pronunciation #8,ccilius' = ,caecilius1 & #8prtor' = praetor 0 d]id$ z boori%2 b by #ga ,a4,d4 ae 0 v]g+ t[>d ev5 9 ! c\rt language3 ! co9s ( ,vespasian h ,,ivdea z well z ,,ivdaea4 ,9 ! #c;d & #d? c5tury ,a4,d4 became ! preval5t s\nd4 #ig4 ,,*ange ,,( au4 ,! diph?ong au1 :i* 0 pres]v$ 9 educat$ spee*1 0 *ang$ to 9 ru/ic & colloquial pronunciation 7see ! anecdote relat$ by ,suetonius1 ,vesp4 #bb73 z1 cp1 innkeep]1 = caup2 pl/rum = plau/rum 7b>ge71 c>t3 ,cldius = ,claudius4 ,"s ( ^! ga9$ lit]>y curr5cy3 z1 cdex1 book1 caudex1 block2 fcle1 neckclo?1 faucs1 ?roat4 ,! =m sds 7#aegb7 = si auds s auds 7,cic4 ,o4 #aed7 is a colloquialism4 #ih4 ,,*ange ,,( ei4 ei z a g5u9e diph?ong is common 9 old inscriptions3 z1 ,,sei2 ,,seive2 ,,adeitvr2 ,,deix]vnt2 ,,feida4 ,9 classical ,lat9 x has pass$ into 3 ?us1 s1 if2 sve1 ei!r2 adtur1 is approa*$2 dxrunt1 !y said2 fda1 fai?ful4 ,an int]m$iate /age betwe5 ! old diph?ong ei & ! classical 0 a v close 7#df7 3 z1 ,,ploirvme 7#dfe7 = plrim2 ,,iovre 7#eja1 #ejg7 = ir4 ,= ! or?ographical use ( ei z a spell+ = ! long -s\nd1 see #bi4 #ii4 ,,*ange ,,( oi4 ,! developm5t ( oi 0 p>allel to t ( ai4 ,x fir/ pass$ into oe3 z1 ,,coirav]vnt & ,,co]av]vnt1 !y c>$2 ,,oitile1 useful1 & ,,oeti1 to use2 ,,loidos & ,,lo$os1 play1--all 9 old ,lat94 ,9 classical ,lat9 x has fur!r be5 *ang$ 9 acc5t$ syllables to 3 z1 crvrunt1 tile1 t1 ldus4 ,b oe 0 reta9$ 9 classical ,lat9 7#a47 :5 a second>y diph?ong 7#dh71 ! result ( contraction 7#abj71 & 7#b47 9 a few words l fo$us1 treaty1 p]haps z an ar*aiz+1 legal t]m2 fo$us1 ugly2 po5a1 p5alty1 p]haps ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ,greek 79 ! v]b pnre1 to puni%1 ! regul> appe>s72 proelium1 skirmi%2 foetor1 /5*2 & mo5ia1 walls1 p]haps because !re 0 a ^w mnia1 s]vices4 ,! connection ( nn1 n1 ) no5um 7#dee2 #addd2 #fii7 is difficult because ( ! unusual developm5t ( oe to o1 = :i* ! ,pra5e/9e =m ,,corav]ont is ! only p>allel4 #ajj4 ,,*ange ( ou4 ou1 f\nd 9 inscriptions d[n to ab\t #ij ,b4,c41 pass$1 9 classical ,lat91 into 3 z1 ,,povblicom1 ,,novntiata1 ,,iovdex2 lat] pblicum1 public1 nntita1 notifi$1 idex1 judge4 #aja4 ,,*ange ,,( eu4 ,primitive 7#dh7 eu appe>s 9 classical ,lat9 only 9 ! int]jections eu1 heu1 heu1 heus4 ,e o!r orig9al eu _h1 ev5 9 old ,lat91 pass$ into ou & develop$ l ! latt]3 z1 99neum5 7,greek 7 became fir/ 99n\m51 !n 7#ajj7 nm54 ,) ! exceptions not$ above1 ! diph?ong eu1 z x appe>s 9 ,lat91 is always ( second>y orig9 7#dh71 ! result ( ! two v[els e & u meet+ 9 composition3 z1 neu1 nei!r1 f n-ve2 neutiquam1 f n & utiquam 7#abd74 ,,weak5+ ,,9 ,,unacc5t$ ,,syllables4 #ajb4 ,! v[el ( an un/ress$ 7atonic7 syllable is (t5 weak5$1 *ang+ its quantity or quality or bo?4 ,?is is especially ! case 9 syllables imm$iately prec$$ by ! *ief acc5t 7po/tonic syllables74 ,! foll[+ *anges took place at an e>ly p]iod :5 ,lat9 /ill possess$ ! old1 recessive acc5t 7#hi74 ,,weak5+ ,,( ,,simple ,,v[els ,,9 ,,m$ial ,,syllables4 #ajc4 7a47 ,,atonic ,,m$ial e be=e a s+le consonant 0 weak5$ 7) ! exceptions giv5 "u b47 to i3 z1 cllig1 collect1 f leg2 bside1 besiege1 f s$e2 crtm9is1 ( ! conte/1 f c]tm5 7#bbd72 flm9is1 f flm5 7#dgj74 ,& s probably hic 7#ffd7 arose f 99hec or 99hoc 7#aje1 g7 :5 us$ z proclitic 7#ib74 ,be=e ! labials p1 b1 f1 & m ?is weak5$ s\nd 0 int]m$iate betwe5 i & u 7#bh71 & bo? spell+s occur3 z1 quadrips & quadrups1 f\r-foot$2 alim5tum1 n\ri%m5t2 monum5tum1 monum5t4 ,! *oice ( i or u 0 probably gov]n$ by ! quality ( ! /ress$ v[el 9 ! prec$+ syllable3 viz41 u aft] o & u1 & i aft] a1 e1 & i4 ,b su* di/9ction is only imp]fectly ma9ta9$ 9 classical ,lat94 7b47 ,b be=e two consonants1 be=e r1 be=e v[els1 & aft] i1 atonic e does n *ange3 z1 lvm5tum 7#bbd71 b lvm9is1 ( consolation2 bsessus 7b bside71 possess$2 sciets1 society1 f ! /em socie- 7b nvits f ! /em nove-72 gn]is1 ( ! k9d2 deunt1 !y approa*4 #ajd4 7c47 ,atonic m$ial a1 except 9 ! cases m5tion$ bel[ "u 7d471 7e471 & 7f471 0 fir/ weak5$ to e & !n und]w5t ! same *anges z atonic m$ial e 7#ajc73 z 7be=e s+le consonants71 cnfici1 accompli%1 f faci2 nsili1 jump 91 f sali 7#ajai72 rdditus1 re/or$1 f datus2 trcipitem1 ?ree-head$1 f 99trcapitem 7caput71 ,cic4 ,o4 #aei2 occiput1 back ( ! head1 & s9ciput1 jole 7#dgh74 ,9 comp\nds ( iaci 7#idj71 -iaci is weak5$ 9 e>ly ,lat9 to -ieci 7z1 conieci1 #idj71 b lat] to -ici 7z1 subici74 ,?is la/ =m may be due to syncope 7#aaa1 a7 ( ! radical a4 ,! spell+ -iici 7z1 subiici7 is late & faulty 7#eb74 ,x does n occur 9 republican inscriptions & owes its orig9 to a confusion ( ! two =ms conieci & conici4 7,on ! quantity ( ! v[el ( ! prepositions 9 ^! comp\nds ( iaci1 see #abb e72 7be=e p1 b1 f1 m7 ccipi1 accept1 & ccup1 occupy1 f capi2 cntub]nlis1 room-mate1 f tab]na2 bripi1 to snat* away1 f rapi2 7be=e two consonants7 pp]c1 ,i h sp>$1 f p>c2 cc5tus1 acc5t1 f cantus2 7be=e r7 pp]1 ,i br\ght =?1 f p>i4 7d47 ,b an a 9 ! prec$+ syllable may protect ! atonic a3 z1 dagi1 dagium1 prov]b1 b prdigium1 miracle 7#add74 7e47 ,atonic m$ial a be=e ! guttural nasal 7#fb7 n foll[$ by g *ang$ to i 7#ach73 z1 tt+1 t\*1 f tang4 7f47 ,atonic m$ial a be=e l foll[$ by any consonant save l *ang$ to u 7bo? l & u be+ guttural1 #fj1 #dd73 z1 xsultre1 to leap up1 f saltre2 b ffell1 ,i deceiv$1 f fall4 #aje4 7g47 ,,atonic ,,m$ial o1 :5 foll[$ by a s+le consonant1 fir/ *ang$ to e & !n und]w5t all fur!r *anges ( m$ial atonic e3 z1 hm9is1 f 99homon-is 7#dhe72 mg9is1 = 99imgonis1 #bbf 7nom9ative img1 #dhe72 cpd9is1 = 99cupdonis1 #bbe1 7nom9ative cupd1 #dhe72 vrg9is1 = 99virgonis 7nom9ative virg1 #dgj72 lic1 f 999-sloc1 on ! spot 7#afi1 #d74 7h47 ,be=e two consonants or be=e guttural l 7#fj7 atonic m$ial o *ang$ to u3 z1 untis1 f 99ontis 7,greek 72 sdul1 f s dol 7#adag74 ,b a prec$+ v or u protects o 7#ajg1 c74 7i47 ,be=e r1 atonic m$ial o 0 reta9$3 z1 tmporis1 ( "t2 except :5 u 9 ! prec$+ syllable induc$ a *ange to u3 z1 flguris1 ( lightn+ 7= ! -r 9 ! nom9ative s+ul> fulgur in/ead ( -s1 see #aed74 #ajf4 7k47 ,m$ial -av-1 -ov-1 & -iv- 9 po/tonic syllables 7 weak5$ to u3 z1 dnu f dnov 7#id72 blu f ablav4 ,! =m pu]1 boy1 arose f ! old] ,,pov] 9 enclitic vocatives 7#ic1 #g7 & 0 !nce transf]r$ to ! nom9ative l pit] 9 ,ipit] 7#id74 ,erratum3 #aje;g 444 lic1 f 999-sloc1 on ! spot 7#afi1 #d7 7#afi1 #f7 ,,weak5+ ,,( ,,simple ,,v[els ,,9 ,,f9al ,,syllables4 #ajg4 7a47 ,9 f9al syllables unacc5t$ orig9al e be=e s & t 0 weak5$ to i3 z1 saltis1 ( safety1 f old] saltes 7#ejg74 7b47 ,f9al i became e3 z1 ante = 99anti 7,greek & anti-cipre72 nom9ative s+ul> m>e1 f ! /em m>i- 7#ebf74 7c47 ,9 f9al syllables o be=e consonants *ang$ to u except :5 prec$$ by u or v3 z1 flius1 son1 = old ,lat9 flios 7#deb72 f]unt1 !y c>ry1 = old] f]ont2 femur1 ?igh1 nom94 sg4 f ! /em femor- 7#dhi72 g5us1 k9d1 = 99g5os1 ,greek 2 b vvont1 !y live2 salvom1 safe4 ,n long be=e ! beg9n+ ( our era o "h also *ang$ to u & appe>s to h coalesc$ ) ! prec$+ v 7,qu9t4 #a1 #g1 #bf73 z1 9 inscriptions3 ,,+5vs 7nom94 sg47 = +5uos2 ,,s]vm1 slave 7acc4 sg471 = s]vom2 ,,novm = novom1 some?+ new2 s also b\m1 ox5 7g54 pl471 = bovom 7#did74 ,b inasmu* z ! majority ( =ms 9 ! p>adigms ( ^! words reta9$ _! v1 x 0 re/or$ 9 mo/ cases1 by analogy1 to ! =ms :i* _h lo/ x3 z1 s]vum = s]um1 because ( s]v1 s]v1 etc42 vvunt = vunt1 because ( vv1 vvis1 vvit1 etc4 7d47 ,:5 ! /ems fac- 7fac]e1 d71 cap- 7cap]e1 take7 appe> z second memb]s ( comp\nds1 _! a *anges 9 f9al syllables to e3 z1 artifex1 artisan2 auceps1 bird-cat*]4 ,aft] ! analogy ( ^! words1 comp\nds ) dc]e & re h e 9 ! nom4 sg43 z1 idex1 idicis1 judge 7f is & dc]e72 comes1 companion 7f com1 )1 & re72 see #acf1 #b4 ,errata3 #ajg 7b47 ,f9al i became e 7b7 #ajg;c 444 ,,+5vs 7nom94 sg47 = +5uos 4 aft] sg4 invisible ,,weak5+ ,,( ,,diph?ongs ,,9 ,,unacc5t$ ,,syllables4 #ajh4 ,diph?ongs1 :e!r m$ial or f9al1 are treat$ alike 9 atonic syllables4 7a47 ,atonic ei1 oi1 & ai 7ae7 became 3 z1 lup1 wolves 7nom4 pl471 = 99lupoi 7,gr4 72 bell1 9 w> 7loc4 sg41 #dfj1 #acch71 = 99bellei 7,greek 7 or 99belloi 7,greek 72 x/im1 ,i consid]1 f ae/im2 cncd1 ,i /rike d[n1 f ca$2 ,cic]o1 ,o4 #aei1 m5tions 9cum1 unfair1 = 99naecum1 & concsum = 99cncaesum2 s also1 probably1 hc1 ?is1 arose f hoic 7#ffb7 :5 us$ z a proclitic 7#ib74 7b47 ,atonic ou & au became 3 z1 ncld1 ,i include1 f claud2 ccsre1 to accuse1 f causa4 #aji4 ,!re are n a few cases 9 :i* ! atonic v[el does n con=m to ! rules giv5 above 7#ajb-ajh74 ,^! are usually comp\nds :i* %[ ! v[el ( ! simple v]b4 ,"s ( ^! 7 =m$ at a "t :5 ! e>ly recessive acc5t 0 no long] 9 =ce & consequ5tly !re 0 no cause = weak5+2 9 o!rs ! v[el ( ! simple v]b 0 by analogy sub/itut$ = ! weak5$ v[el ( ! comp\nd3 z1 appet1 ,i /rive aft]1 f pet1 :i* ought to h i l collig1 collect1 f leg2 int]m$ius1 int]m$iate1 b dmidius1 half2 dfraudre1 to *eat1 by ! side ( dfrdre f fraudre2 in/ead ( ! common r$>gu1 ,i refute1 ,scipio ,africanus m9or ,pauli filius 7#ahe-abi ,b4,c47 said r$]gu1 & p]tsum = p]taesum1 b bo? ,cic]o 7,o4 #aei7 & ,lucilius disc\nt5ance p]tsum z ! sign ( a p$antic prig4 ,9 a few cases ! rev]se process took place1 & ! weak5$ v[el :i* arose 9 ! comp\nd 0 transf]r$ to ! simple v]b3 z1 cld1 ,i close 7#ieh71 = claud1 :i* owes its to comp\nds l occld4 ,= a case :]e ! v[el ( ! prec$+ syllable act$ z a /ay to ! expect$ *ange1 see #ajd1 d4 ,,loss ,,9 ,,unacc5t$ ,,syllables4 #aaj4 ,only v[els :i* are %ort & atonic may be lo/4 ,! loss ( a m$ial v[el is call$ ,syncope2 ( an initial v[el1 ,apha]esis2 ( a f9al v[el ,apocope4 #aaa4 ,,syncope4 7a47 ,loss ( a po/tonic v[el1 entail+ ! loss ( a syllable1 occurs 9 ardus 7,lucil42 = see #abh7 = ! common ridus1 dry2 caldus by ! side ( calidus1 w>m 7,qu9t4 #a1 #f1 #ai72 reppul1 ,i pu%$ back1 & rettul1 ,i c>ri$ back1 /& = 99rpepul & 99rtetul 7#hfa72 p]g1 ,i proce$1 /&s = 99p]reg f reg 7cf4 cor-rig1 -rig1 :]e ! e is weak5$1 #ajc1 & porrig1 porg1 :]e x is ei!r weak5$ or lo/71 h5ce x =ms its p]fect p]rx 7#iec73 pn1 ,i place1 is = 99posn 7#agj1 #b7 f 99po-s9 7#aab71 h5ce x =ms its pa/ p>ticiple positus 7#igb72 = irg1 ,i blame4 ,plautus has irig2 99srip 7f sus & rap]e7 yields surp1 ,i utilize2 99gvide1 h5ce gvsus 7#hja71 gives gaudeo1 ,i rejoice1 conv]t+ to a be=e ! foll[+ d 7#abh72 9 a simil> way auceps1 bird-cat*]1 is =m$ f 99aviceps 7avis1 bird1 & cap]e1 cat*72 claud]e1 lock1 f 99clvid]e 7clvis1 key72 aets1 age1 = evits 7#bfb72 praec1 h]ald1 = 99previc 7#aje1 g7 prae-voc 7#baa72 also ) *ange ( ou to 7#ajj71 prdns1 prud5t1 = 99pr\dns f providns1 =esee+2 np]1 lately1 f 99novip]2 nntius1 mess5g]1 f 99nov5tius 7#ccc72 icundus1 joyful1 f iuvicundus 7,cic4 ,f94 #b1 #ad74 ,b =ms l pclum1 cup1 saeclum1 age1 d n belong "h1 z !y are orig9al & n d]iv$ by syncope f pculum1 saeculum2 cf4 #agb4 7b47 ,:]e1 ?r\gh ! loss ( a v[el1 l or r w\ld come to /& betwe5 two consonants1 or :]e !y w\ld be f9al & prec$$ by a consonant1 l & r become syllabic 7#hc7 & ! syllable is ?us ma9ta9$4 ,syllabic l is repres5t$ by ul1 syllabic r by er 7#agb1 #c74 ,! developm5t ( su* int]cal>y v[els z u be=e l & e be=e r is call$ ,anaptyxis 7#agb74 ,?us1 99sacri-dts 7cf4 sacri-legium7 became fir/ 99sacrdts by syncope1 !n sac]ds1 prie/1 by anaptyxis2 99cribus 7cf4 cri-mnia1 pung5cy7 fir/ became 99crbus !n c]bus1 pung5t2 99agrilos 7#bfg1 cf4 agri-cola1 f>m]7 became fir/ 99agrlos1 !n 99ag]los1 & f9ally1 by assimilation ( ! r to l 7#aff1 #g71 agellus1 small field2 f 99dis-ficilt] 7adv]b f dis- & facilis7 arose 99difficlt] & difficult]1 ) difficulty4 ,! nom9ative sg4 ( ! foll[+ words is to be expla9$ ?us4 ag] 7#dea7 0 orig9ally 99agros 7cf4 ,greek 71 :i* *ang$ successively to 99agrs1 99ag]s1 & ag] 7= ! loss ( -s see #aga1 #a & #c74 ,simil>ly 99cris1 pass+ ?r\gh ! /ages ( 99crs1 99c]s1 became c] 7#fbg71 & 99famlos by way ( 99famls1 99famuls1 became famul 7#dee71 to :i* lat] ! common end+ ( n\ns ( ! o-decl5sion 0 add$1 giv+ famulus4 #aab4 ,,apha]esis4 ,apha]esis h>dly occurs 9 lit]>y ,lat94 ,9 ! pron\n i/e ! initial i is sometimes dropp$ 7#ffg72 ?is loss implies an acc5t$ ultima 7#id74 ,a trace ( prehi/oric apha]esis is f\nd 9 ! prefix po- = 99apo 7,greek 7 9 pn1 ,i place1 = po-s7i7n 7#aaa1 a74 #aac4 ,,apocope4 ,"u ! same conditions "u :i* a m$ial v[el 0 syncopat$1 ! f9al v[el ( a ^w :i* /ood 9 close union ) ! foll[+ ^w1 z a preposition ) its n\n1 0 lo/4 ,9 ?is way 99p]i 7,greek 7 became p]2 99apo 7,greek 7 became ap1 ab 7#afd1 #b72 99eti 7,greek 7 became et4 ,simil>ly ! f9al -e ( ! enclitics -ce1 -ne1 n1 & -ne int]rogative 0 lo/3 99s-ce became sc1 s2 99qu-ne1 qun1 :y n2 habsne1 hab51 ha/ ?\2 ! imp]atives dc1 say1 dc1 lead1 & fac1 d1 /& = e>li] dce1 dce1 face 7#hdf72 ! %ort5$ =m em = eme 7imp]ative ( em]e1 take7 has be5 turn$ into an int]jection 7#aadi74 ,9 ! same way nec arose by ! side ( neque2 ac by ! side ( atque 7#aeh74 ,f9al -e has also be5 dropp$ 9 ! nom9ative sg4 ( a numb] ( polysyllabic neut] /ems 9 -li & -ri 7#edf73 z1 animal1 animal1 = 99animle1 exempl>1 patt]n1 = 99exemplre4 ,see #ecf1 #ecg4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be rememb]$ t 9 mo/ ( ! cases giv5 ! loss ( a f9al v[el w\ld also result f elision 7#aai7 be=e ! initial v[el ( ! foll[+ ^w4 ,,comb9ation ,,( ,,adjac5t ,,v[els4 #aad4 ,,hiatus4 ,a succession ( two v[el s\nds n mak+ a diph?ong is call$ ,hiatus4 ,:5 9 ! =mation ( words by means ( suffixes or prefixes or ?r\gh ! loss ( an int]v5+ consonant1 two v[els come into contact )9 a ^w we speak ( int]nal hiatus2 ! t]m ext]nal hiatus comprises ^? cases :]e1 9 connect$ disc\rse1 ! f9al v[el ( "o ^w comes into contact ) ! initial v[el ( ! foll[+ ^w4 ,= ! latt] k9d1 see #bdgd4 #aae4 ,! treatm5t ( v[els 9 int]nal hiatus is f\r-fold3 7#a47 ,! hiatus may rema92 7#b47 ! two v[els may be fus$ into "o 7,contraction72 7#c47 "o ( ! two v[els may be dropp$ 7,elision72 & 7#d47 ! two v[els may be comb9$ into a diph?ong4 #aaf4 ,,hiatus is ma9ta9$ 7a47 betwe5 two adjac5t v[els ! second ( :i* is long & acc5t$ 7accord+ to ! classical acc5tuation73 z1 cogi1 ,i =c$1 & coctus1 =c$ 7#icg72 b cg 7#aah1 #c74 ,= coepi1 in/ead ( cop1 ,i began1 see #abj4 7b47 ,9 _m prepositional comp\nds :5 ! memb]s 7 /ill felt to be indep5d5t3 z1 praeesse 7! contract$ =m praesse is f\nd 9 inscriptions72 derunt1 !y w be want+1 by ! side ( drunt2 coalsc1 gr[ toge!r 7! contract$ =m clsc appe>s 9 ,v>ro72 cooptre1 copt1 coop]i1 ,i cov] up 7by ! side ( r>e cptre1 cp]re72 cotus1 meet+1 by ! side ( coetus 7#abj74 7c47 ,a comp>atively l>ge numb] ( v[el comb9ations rema9 un*ang$3 z ea & e 9 eam1 h]1 & me1 by my 7fem4 s+472 ia & i 9 mria1 seas1 vitris1 ( ! travell]2 ua & u 9 blua1 mon/]1 su1 ?r\gh h] 7fem4 sg472 i 9 quis1 quiet2 u 9 lus1 pe/il5ce2 e 9 me1 ( me2 u 9 tu1 ( !e2 e 9 me1 by my 7masc4 s+474 #aag4 ,,synizesis4 ,9 ^! comb9ations ! fir/ v[el is sometimes made unsyllabic 7#hc74 ,?is is call$ synizesis 7#bdii7 & is n r>e 9 poets1 be+ (t5 ! only means ( adapt+ a ^w to ! requirem5ts ( c]ta9 metres4 ,?us1 =tutus 7- - 7 mu/ appe> 9 a hexamet] z =tvtus 7=ttus74 ,see #bdii1 #bejc4 #aah4 ,,contraction4 7#a47 ,two l v[els may unite 9 "o long v[el2 rapidity ( utt]ance 0 fav\rable to su* fusion4 ,9 comp\nds1 ! desire to keep ! memb]s di/9ct (t5 prev5t$ x4 ,s always nm1 nobody1 = 99neem f 99ne-hem1 no man 7= ! loss ( h1 see #eh1 #aej2 = e 9 99hem1 see #add72 & by ! side ( ! op5 =ms1 nl f nihil1 no?+2 vmns f vehemns1 rapid 7connect$ ) ! v]b veh72 r>ely drunt1 !y w be want+1 & dsse1 to be want+1 = derunt1 desse2 dlram1 ,i _h de/roy$1 f 99dleram = dlv]am 7= ! loss ( v1 see #aec71 see #hij2 passm1 ( paces1 = passuum 7#eia74 7#b47 ,a diph?ong absorbs ! foll[+ v[el3 z1 praetor1 old] praitor1 praetor1 f 99prai-itor1 :o goes be=e2 inscriptions %[ pra]unt = prae]unt1 !y w be be=e2 = praebre1 to furni%1 ! op5 =m praehibre occurs 9 ,plautus 7#ajjd74 7#c47 ,if two unlike v[els are contract$ at all1 !y usually unite 9 ! long s\nd ( ! fir/ v[el4 ,?us1 o & a yield 3 z1 cg1 ,i =ce1 f co-ag2 cgit1 ,i ?9k1 f co-agit4 ,simil>ly ,v>ro has clscat1 x may comb9e1 = co-alscat4 o & e yield 3 z1 prm1 br+ out1 cm1 put up1 = pro-em1 co-em 7#iec74 & a yield 3 z1 dg1 ,i pass away1 f d-ag 7#icg74 i & e 9 ! t]m9ation ( ! vocative ( -io- /ems probably contract$ to -2 z fl f 99flie1 #dei4 ,b 9 d5om9ative 7#cfe7 & o!r v]bs ( ! fir/ conjugation & contract into 3 z1 am1 ,i love1 f 99am- 7cf4 ,greek 72 & & into 3 z1 ams1 ?\ maye/ love1 = 99am-s4 #aai4 ,,elision4 ,only r>ely ! fir/ ( two successive v[els is dropp$3 z1 nllus1 no1 = 99ne-llus2 likewise ! f9al v[el ( ! fir/ memb] ( nom9al comp\nds3 z1 multangulus1 ) _m corn]s1 = 99multi-angulus 7cf4 multi-cavus1 ) _m holes72 flexanimus1 he>t-r5d+1 = 99flexi-animus 7cf4 flexi-ps1 ) b5t feet74 #abj4 ,,comb9ation ,,into ,,diph?ongs4 ,! union ( two successive v[els into a diph?ong is equally r>e3 o & i are comb9$ to oi1 oe1 9 coetus1 meet+1 by ! side ( ! op5 =m cotus 7#aaf1 b72 ! p]fect coep 7#hab71 ,i began1 owes its diph?ong oe to =ms 9 :i* ! e 0 %ort & unacc5t$1 su* z ! r>e pres5t =ms coepi = c-pi 7#hac72 = copi 7#hac1 #hfc7 w\ld h rema9$ un*ang$ 7#aaf1 a74 neut]1 ) ! acc5t on ! e1 0 pron\nc$ z ?ree syllables1 lat] eu became diph?ongal2 neutiquam ) synizesis 7#aag7 ( e4 e & sometimes contract to ei 9 ri 7#fja1 #fjb7 & 9 deinde1 d9 9 ! classic poets4 ,,l5g!n+4 #aba4 ,,comp5sative ,,l5g!n+4 ,:5 c]ta9 gr\ps ( consonants are simplifi$ by ! dropp+ ( a consonant1 its "t is absorb$ by a prec$+ %ort v[el1 :i* !reby becomes long4 ,?is is call$ ,comp5sation4 ,9 _m cases comp5sative l5g!n+ is due to ! loss ( a prelit]>y sonant s 7#agj1 #b73 z1 cnus1 gray1 f 99casnus 7cf4 cas-cus1 v old74 ,see = o!r cases ( ?is l5g!n+1 #agj1 #e1 qun1 = 99qu9cn2 #agj1 #f1 gnsc1 = 999-gnsc4 #abb4 ,,induc$ ,,l5g!n+4 ,be=e c]ta9 gr\ps ( consonants %ort v[els h a t5d5cy to become long3 z1 7a47 ,! prefixes 9- & con- be=e s or f l5g!n$ _! v[els 9 classical ,lat9 7,cic4 ,o4 #aei73 z1 nsnus1 mad2 nflx1 unhappy2 cnsuvit1 he grew us$ to2 cnfcit1 he accompli%$4 ,else:]e also ! v[el be=e ns & nf appe>s to h be5 l5g!n$3 z1 fns1 f\nta92 pnsus1 weighty 7,gell4 #i1 #f72 =nsis1 =5sic2 cnsor1 c5sor2 mnsa1 table2 mnsis1 m\?2 ,valns2 ,clmns2 ! o ( nsons1 guiltless1 h[ev]1 is m>k$ z %ort by ! gramm>ian ,probus4 7b47 ,a simil> l5g!n+ ( ! v[el be=e nc foll[$ by t or s appe>s3 z1 nctus1 ano9t$1 f ungu 7,gell4 #i1 #f72 inctus1 jo9$1 f iung 7#ied71 coninx1 sp\se1 g5it4 coniugis 7#dgb72 qunctus1 fif?1 :5ce quntus 7#agj1 #d7 & qunque1 five1 d]ive _! 2 snctus1 hall[$4 7c47 ,spell+s l ,,signvm1 sign 7well support$ 9 inscriptions71 & ,,digne1 wor?ily 7less well support$7 %[ t i 0 at times l5g!n$ be=e gn4 ,! gramm>ian ,priscian dem&s ?is l5g!n+ = all v[els prec$+ ! end+ -gnus1 -gna1 -gnum4 7d47 ,a l5g!n$ v[el be=e r foll[$ by a consonant is also c]ta9 = "s words l rd1 ord]2 frma1 %ape4 7e47 ,"s speak]s appe> to h l5g!n$ ! v[el ( prepositions l con-1 sub-1 ob-1 9 ! comp\nds ( iaci 7#ajd1 c72 z bicit4 ,?is practice1 :i* is disapprov$ by ,gellius 7#d1 #ag71 probably arose f ! transf] by analogy ( ! quantity ( ! fir/ syllable 9 =ms l conieciant 7#idj7 to t ( ! %ort5$ =m4 ,9 ! same way ! occasional spell+ ,c,,niv,,nx1 sp\se1 = coninx1 may owe its long to ! analogy ( ciunx1 ,c,,ivgi 7#agj1 #f74 7f47 ,_m v]b /ems end+ 9 -g h a long v[el 9 ! pa/ p>ticiple be=e ! suffix -to-3 z1 tctus1 cov]$1 f tego 7#iaf72 tctus1 t\*$1 f tang 7#ibe72 pctus1 fix$1 f pang 7#ibe72 fctus1 m\ld$1 f f+ 7#ied72 pctus1 pa9t$1 f p+4 ,! evid5ce = 9 maximus is v scanty3 "o case ( ,a ) ! apex 7#bi1 #c7 9 a faulty inscription4 7g47 ,( ! induc$ l5g!n+s enum]at$ above1 only ^? giv5 9 7a47 7b47 7f47 seem to h be5 univ]sal 9 classical ,lat94 ,! re/ appe> to h be5 local peculi>ities1 :i*1 :ile mak+ inroads ^u ! lit]>y language1 nev] ga9$ full recognition4 #abc4 7#a47 ,,analogical ,,l5g!n+4 ,9 n\n /ems 9 -o ! /em v[el is l5g!n$ 9 ! g5itive plural -rum 7#ddi1 #dfb71 by analogy to ! /ems 9 - 7#dce73 z1 s]vrum1 ( slaves1 l mnsrum1 ( tables4 ,= o!r cases see #abb1 e4 7#b47 ,,metrical ,,l5g!n+4 ,on ! l5g!n+ ( a v[el 7or a syllable7 "u ! influ5ce ( v]se-ictus1 see #beje4 ,,%ort5+4 #abd4 ,a v[el orig9ally long is regul>ly %ort5$ 9 classical ,lat9 be=e ano!r v[el1 ev5 ?\gh an h int]v5e3 z1 tace1 ,i am sil5t1 f ! /em tac- 7#cfe72 seorsum1 ap>t1 deorsum1 d[nw>d1 f s7v7orsum1 d7v7orsum 7#aec74 #abe4 ,9 simple words a diph?ong occurs be=e a v[el only 9 "o or two prop] names3 z1 ,gnaeus1 ,annaeus1 9 :i* x rema9s long1 & 9 ,greek words4 ,b ! diph?ong ae ( ! prefix prae is sometimes %ort5$ be=e a v[el3 z1 praeactus2 praeeunt2 praehibe2 h5ce preh5d = 99prae-h5d4 ,sometimes x coalesces ) a foll[+ v[el3 z1 praeoptv/4 #abf4 ,an increas$ t5d5cy to %ort5 a long v[el be=e ano!r v[el c be trac$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! language3 ?us1 classical fu1 ,i 01 = ,plautus's f 7#gej72 clue1 ,i am call$1 = ,plautus's cle2 p]fect pluit1 x ra9$1 = ,v>ro's plx 7cf4 plvit1 #hbc1 #idg72 pius1 pi\s1 = ,ennius's pu2 see also #gfe4 #abg4 ,b ev5 9 classical ,lat9 !re are cases :]e a v[el be=e ano!r v[el rema9s long3 ?us1 7#a47 ,regul>ly1 ! ( f1 ,i am made1 except be=e -er-1 z 9 fi]em 7#ghh1 #ghi74 7#b47 ,9 du1 godly1 = dvus 7#aec71 & ! old ablatives d1 d1 op5 sky 7us$ only 9 ! expression sub d1 sub d1 i4e4 sub dv74 7#c47 ,9 ! end+ ( ! g5itive & dative sg4 ( /ems 9 -- 7#fja7 :5 an i prec$es3 z1 di1 ( a day1 aci1 ( ! battle l9e1 b re1 ( ! ?+1 = old] r4 7#d47 ,x may be m5tion$ "h t r is said to occur 9 v]se #f times 7,plaut4 ,g4 #b1 ,lucr4 ,g4 #b1 ,d4 #b72 re #i times 7,plaut4 ,g4 #b1 ,t]4 ,g4 #d1 ,d4 #a1 ,juv4 ,g4 #a1 ,sulp4 ,apoll4 ,g4 #a72 rei #bg times 7,plaut4 ,g4 #b1 ,d4 #c1 ,enn4 ,d4 #a1 ,t]4 ,g4 #i1 ,d4 #h1 ,lucil4 ,g4 #a1 ,d4 #a1 ,lucr4 ,g4 #b74 fid ,g4 #c times 7,plaut41 ,enn41 ,lucr472 fide #aa times 7,enn4 ,d4 #a1 ,man4 ,g4 #b1 ,d4 #a1 ,sil4 ,g4 #d1 ,d4 #a1 ,juv4 ,g4 #b72 fidi #e times 7,t]4 ,g4 #a1 ,d4 #c1 ,hor4 #a74 #ce times 7,plaut4 #ah1 ,t]4 #h1 ,lucr4 #i72 e "s #ag times 7,plaut4 #ab1 ,t]4 #b1 ,g]man4 #a1 ,t]4 ,maur4 #b72 i #bc times 7,plaut4 #aa1 ,t]4 #h1 ,lucil4 #c1 ,cat4 #a74 7#e47 ,gius reta9s its be=e ! v[el i3 ?us1 ,gius 7trisyllabic74 7#f47 ,9 ! pronom9al g5itives 9 -u 7#fah71 ! quantity ( i v>i$4 ,! old] dramati/s use 2 lat]1 0 %ort5$1 b v>iations 9 its quantity seem to h cont9u$ until long aft] ! end ( ! republic2 ,cic]o1 ,,d4 #c1 #ahc1 measures illius2 ,qu9tilian #a1 #e1 #ah nu2 ! gramm>ian ,priscian prescribes -u = all except alt]ius1 :i* %\ld always h i1 & utrius1 9 :i* ! i is common 7#cj74 ,9 v]se ! i is (t5 %ort1 except 9 neutru2 utriusque has always %ort i4 7#g47 ,! p5ult is long 9 ! end+s -1 -s1 -1 -s1 & -1 -s1 f /ems 9 -io-1 -io-1 & -io- 7#deh7 or -i- 7#dcg73 z1 ,g1 ,b1 ,pmp1 plb3 ,gs1 ,bs1 ,pomps1 plbs1 ,bs2 aul1 pict4 7#h47 ,dana has z (t5 z 4 oh has 2 heu has 9 com$y1 o!rwise 4 7#i47 ,9 _m ,greek words a long v[el comes be=e ano!r v[el2 z1 r1 ,a5s1 ,mda4 ,b e>ly importations f ,greek foll[$ ! g5]al rule & %ort5$ ! v[el3 z1 plata 771 bal9um1 balnum 774 #abh4 ,a long v[el prec$+ unsyllabic i or foll[$ by a consonant is %ort5$3 z1 gaude = 99gude 7cf4 gvsus1 #aaa72 claudo = clud 7cf4 clis1 #aaa74 ,simil>ly a long v[el 7unless long by contraction3 z1 nntius1 #aaa1 a1 cnti7 prec$+ a liquid or nasal foll[$ by a consonant is %ort5$3 z1 syncopat$ ardus f ridus 7#aaa71 hab5tem1 f ! /em hab-4 ,= cases ( induc$ l5g!n+ ( ! v[el be=e n foll[$ by c]ta9 consonants1 see #abb4 #abi4 ,,iambic ,,%ort5+4 ,! law ( iambic %ort5+ 7#bdgj7 produc$ a numb] ( important *anges3 ?us1 7#a47 ,9 old dramatic v]se iambic words 7 -7 (t5 %ort5 ! long v[el4 ,! poets aft] ,plautus & ,t]5ce pres]ve ! long v[el4 7a47 ,n\ns2 ,g4 eri1 boni1 preti4 ,d4 cani1 ero1 malo4 ,l4 domi1 h]i4 ,ab4 levi1 manu1 domo1 bona1 fide4 ,plural3 ,n4 =es1 viri4 ,d41 ,ab4 bonis4 ,ac4 =is1 viros1 bonas4 7b47 ,v]bs3 eo1 volo1 ago2 ero1 dabo2 vides2 loces2 voles2 d$i1 d$92 roga1 v5i2 lat] poets sometimes reta9 cave1 vale1 & vide4 ,! v[el may also be %ort5$ :5 -n 7#aejc7 is add$ & s is dropp$ be=e -n 7#agj1 #b73 rogan1 ab92 vid5 is also reta9$ by lat] poets4 7#b47 ,9 a few pyrrhic words 7 7 9 -i1 :i* 7 orig9ally iambic 7 -71 ! poets 9 all p]iods reta9$ f9al - at pleasure3 ^! are1 mih1 tib1 sib2 ib1 ub2 also alicub4 ,! i ( bi is always %ort 9 ncubi & scubi1 & usually 9 ub9am1 ubivs1 & ubicumque2 ibidem is us$ by ! dramati/s1 ibdem 9 hexamet]4 ubque has always 4 #acj4 ,! foll[+ in/ances %[ t ?is law op]at$ 9 prose spee* also3 7#a47 ,9 iambic words ( ! - decl5sion 7#dcb7 ! f9al - ( ! nom9ative s+ul> 0 %ort5$2 h5ce 99equ became equa1 m>e4 ,f ^! iambic words %ort f9al -a spread s t all /ems 9 -- %ort5 ! f9al ( ! nom4 sg4 7#dcd74 7#b47 ,! f9al -a 9 ! nom9ative plural ( neut] n\ns ( ! o- decl5sion 7#ddf71 :i* appe>s 9 trg9t1 ?irty1 0 likewise %ort5$1 fir/ 9 iambic words l iuga1 yokes1 bona1 goods1 !n ev]y:]e 7#dfa74 7#c47 ,?is law expla9s ! %ort f9al v[el 9 homo 7#bddb7 by ! side ( s]m 7#bdcg1 c7 & simil> cases1 l ! adv]bs modo1 cito 7#bddb71 b5e1 male 7#bddj74 ,9 ! same way arose ! %ort f9al o ( ! fir/ p]son 9 conjugation 7#bddc73 z1 volo1 dabo1 dx]o by ! side ( scrb2 s also vid5 = vidn 7#abi1 #a2 #agj1 #b74 7#d47 ,( imp]atives only puta1 us$ adv]bially 7#bdch1 c71 ave1 h 7#hje2 ,qu9t4 i1 #f1 #ba2 b ,m>tial scans hav7 z a salutation & cave1 us$ z an auxili>y 7#agaa71 %[ ! %ort f9al v[el 9 classical ,lat94 ,else:]e ! long v[el has be5 re/or$1 z am1 mon 7#hde74 7#e47 ,accord+ to ?is rule calfaci1 maldc *ang$ to calefaci1 mal$c4 #aca4 ,a long f9al v[el is %ort5$ :5 an enclitic is add$ to ! ^w3 z siquidem f s2 quoque f qu4 #acb4 ,a long v[el is regul>ly %ort5$1 9 ! classical p]iod1 be=e f9al -t & -m &1 9 words ( m ?an "o syllable1 also be=e f9al r & l4 ,?us1 soror1 si/]1 = ,plautus's sorr1 f ! /em sorr- 7#dhg72 t>1 ,i may use1 = ,plautus's tr 7cf4 tris72 bac*anal = ,plautus's bac*anl2 animal1 exempl> f ! /ems animl- 7#ecj7 & exemplr- 7#ecg72 b ! long v[el is reta9$ 9 ! monosyllables fr1 ?ief1 sl1 sun2 pnbat1 he plac$1 = ,plautus's pnbt 7cf4 pnbs72 ibet1 he comm&$1 = ,plautus's ibt2 eram1 ,i 01 b ers2 rx]im1 ,i may h rul$1 b rx]s 7#hgg72 -um 9 ! g5itive plural ( -o- /ems is = -m 7#dfb72 mnsam1 table1 = 99mnsm f ! /em m5s-2 rem1 f r- 7rs71 spem f sp- 7sps74 ,errata3 #abe 444 praeoptv/ ,! v[els 8aeo0 are jo9$ ) a s+le ligature #acb 444 7cf4 tris7 7cf tris7 ,,transf] ,,( ,,quantity4 #acc4 7#a47 ,9 a few cases ! l5g? ( ! v[el has be5 transf]r$ to ! foll[+ consonant1 ! l5g? ( :i* is !n indicat$ by d\bl+ x 7#ha73 z1 litt]a = lt]a1 ,,leit]as2 ,iuppit] = ,ipit]2 p>ricda = pri-cda1 murd] ( a memb] ( ! same clan 799pro-1 memb] ( a clan1 ,doric 1 a relative72 cuppa = cpa1 b>rel4 ,! legal =mula s pret1 if x appe>1 0 vulg>ly pron\nc$ s p>ret 7,fe/us74 7#b47 ,s9ce ! d\bl$ unsyllabic i 7i7 betwe5 v[els 7#bc2 #aff1 #i2 #aec1 #b7 is commonly writt5 s+le1 ! v[el prec$+ x is (t5 errone\sly m>k$ long3 z1 i wrongly = ai1 i4e4 aii1 ,i say2 mior wrongly = maior1 i4e4 maiior1 great]2 pior wrongly = peior1 i4e4 peiior1 worse2 ius1 ( him1 cius1 ( :om1 hius1 ( him1 all wrongly = eius1 cuius1 huius i4e4 eiiu1 cuiiu1 huiiu 7#aec1 #b74 ,9 all ^! words ! fir/ syllable 0 long b n ! v[el4 ,,v>iations ,,( ,,quantity4 #acd4 7#a47 ,9 "s =eign prop] names & 9 a v few ,lat9 words ! quantity ( a v[el v>i$4 ,v]gil has ,s*aeus & ,sy*aeus )9 six v]ses2 also sia & ,asia1 ,lavnium & ,lvnius2 s also glmus 7,lucr471 glomus 7,hor472 cturnx 7,plaut41 ,lucr471 coturnx 7,ov474 7#b47 ,sometimes su* v>iations 9 v[el quantity are only app>5t3 ?us1 ! occasional long f9al - ( ! active inf9itive 7d>1 prm]7 has probably a diff]5t orig9 f ! usual -4 ,= metrical l5g!n+1 see #beje4 ,erratum3 #acd 444 glomus 7,hor47 7,hor7 ,,quantitative ,,v[el ,,gradation4 #ace4 ,! same /em (t5 %[s a long v[el 9 "s ( its =ms & a %ort v[el 9 o!rs4 ,9 mo/ cases ^! v>iations ( quantity 7 n develop$ on ,lat9 soil b inh]it$ f a mu* e>li] p]iod4 ,su* old inh]it$ diff]5ces 9 v[el quantity are call$ quantitative v[el gradation4 7#a47 ,in/ances ( ?is are pr = 99prd 7#adi2 cf4 prdesse7 & pro- 7,greek 72 n & ne- 9 nescius2 ! c\ples reg1 ,i rule1 & rx2 veh1 ,i draw1 vx2 v5i1 ,i come1 vn1 :]e ! long v[el is *>act]i/ic ( ! p]fect /em 7#hfb72 voc1 ,i call1 & vx1 voice2 reg1 ,i rule1 & rx1 rul]2 leg1 ,i read1 & lx1 bill2 s$e1 ,i sit1 & sds1 seat2 fids1 confid5ce1 & fd1 ,i tru/2 dux 7cf4 ducis71 lead]1 & dc1 ,i lead1 :]e v]b & n\n are diff]5tiat$ by ! quantity ( ! root v[el2 & _m o!rs4 7#b47 ,sometimes ! r$uction ( ! v[el 9 c]ta9 =ms am\nts to complete loss1 z 9 ! adv]bial end+ -is- 9 magis 7#cdf1 #cfc7 comp>$ ) ! comp>ative suffix -ios1 -is 7,nom4 -ior1 ,g5it4 -iris72 9 ! oblique cases ( ! /em c>n- 7nom94 sg4 c>1 #dig71 :]e ! suffix becomes -n- 7#ede71 g5itive c>-n-is2 9 ! suffix -t]1 :i* becomes -tr- 9 all cases b ! nom4 sg4 7pat]1 patris1 etc41 #dgj1 #dhg72 9 ! fem99e -tr--c- to ! suffix -tor-2 b ! nom4 s+4 ,caeclis 7#dfe7 = ,caeclios is probably due to syncope4 ,,qualitative ,,v[el ,,*anges4 #acf4 7#a47 i be=e an r :i* goes back to an e>li] voic$ s 7#aed7 0 *ang$ to e3 z1 c9]is1 ( a%es1 = 99c9isis1 f ! /em c9is 7#dia72 ,fal]i1 = 99,falisi1 cf4 ,falis-cus2 7=m$ l ,etrria1 = 99,etrsia1 cf4 ,etrs-c74 7#b47 ,9 ! nom9ative s+ul> ( comp\nds l idex1 judge 7f is & dc]e71 comes1 companion 7f com1 )1 & re1 g71 ! i ( ! second memb] ( ! comp\nds is *ang$ to e 7#dgj7 aft] ! analogy ( words l artifex1 artisan1 etc4 7#ajg1 d74 #acg4 e be=e -gn- became i3 z1 lignus1 f ! /em lec- 7cf4 lex74 #ach4 e be=e ! guttural nasal 7#fb7 foll[$ by a guttural mute 0 *ang$ to i3 z1 sept+5t1 f septem2 s+ul1 f ! /em sem- 9 semel 7= ! assimilation ( m see #afd1 #c72 obt+ 7#ibe71 ,i atta91 = 99bt5g 7#ajd1 c7 f 99ob-tang 7#ajd1 e74 #aci4 ,a simil> *ange took place 9 ! gr\p -enl- :i* became fir/ -inl- & !n -ill-3 z1 99signilum1 dim9utive ( sgnum 7= 1 see #abb1 c71 fir/ *ang$ by syncope 7#aaa7 f 99signilum to 99signlum1 !n to 99sig5lum 7#agb1 #c71 !n to 99sig9lum1 & f9ally to sigillum4 #adj4 o be=e nc became u3 z1 homunculus1 manik9 = 99homonculus1 f ! /em homon- 7#dhe72 nncupre1 "n1 = 99nn-cupre 7nn- = nm- 7#afd1 #c7 syncopat$ nm572 hunc1 him1 = 99honc1 f hom-ce 7#ffb74 #ada4 o be=e l foll[$ by any consonant save l 0 *ang$ to u3 z1 cultus1 till$1 = 99coltus1 f col]e2 multa1 f9e1 = old ,lat9 molta4 ,b o be=e ll is reta9$3 z1 collis1 hill4 #adb4 e be=e guttural l 7#fj7 0 *ang$ to o3 z1 solv1 ,i undo1 f 99selu 7se-1 z 9 se-cordia1 lu ,greek 72 culm51 top1 = 99celm51 f 99cell 9 ex-cell2 vol1 ,i wi%1 = 99vel2 b e is pres]v$ be=e d5tal l 7#fj73 z 9 velle1 velim 7#ggc74 ,be=e l foll[$ by any consonant save l ?is o *anges to u 7#ada73 z1 vult4 #adc4 ,9 a numb] ( words1 notably 9 vo/]1 y\r1 vorsus1 turn$1 vortex1 eddy1 & votre1 =bid1 ! =ms ) o 7 replac$1 ab\t ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 by =ms ) e3 z1 ve/]1 v]sus1 v]tex1 vetre 7,qu9t4 #a1 #g1 #be74 ,erratum3 #acf 7#b47 ,9 ! nom9ative s+ul> 7#b7 ,,assimilation4 #add4 ,9 a few cases a v[el is influ5c$ by ! v[el ( a neighb\r+ syllable3 z1 nisi1 unless1 = 99nesi2 is1 = es1 to !m 7#fga1 #fgd72 di1 dis1 gods1 = de1 des 7#dej72 nihil1 no?+1 = 99nehil2 hom1 man1 = 99hem 7cf4 nm1 f ne-hem1 #aah72 see also #ajd1 d2 #aje1 i4 ,,qualitative ,,v[el ,,gradation4 #ade4 ,! same /em (t5 %[s diff]5t v[els 9 diff]5t =ms4 ,9 mo/ ( ^! cases ?is diff]5ce 0 inh]it$ f a v e>ly p]iod & cont9u$ 9 ! ,lat94 ,su* old inh]it$ v>iation ( ! quality ( ! /em-v[el is call$ qualitative v[el gradation4 ,! qualitative v>iations may be accompani$ by quantitative *anges 7#ace74 ,(t5 ! v]b & ! n\n are ?us di/+ui%$ by diff]5t v[els3 z1 teg1 ,i cov]1 & toga1 a g>m5t1 toga2 precor1 ,i beg1 & procus1 suitor1 cf4 ,engli% to s+ & a song1 to b9d1 & a bond4 ,! diff]5t t5ses ( "s v]bs %[ a l gradation3 z1 capi1 ,i take1 cp2 faci1 ,i make1 fc1 cf4 ,engli% ,i s+1 ,i sang2 ,i br+1 ,i br\ght4 ,! same occurs 9 d]ivation3 z doce1 ,i tea*1 by ! side ( decet2 noce1 ,i h>m1 by ! side ( nex 7nec-s74 ,! two v[els :i* occur mo/ frequ5tly 9 su* gradation are e & o3 z 9 /ems 9 -o-1 dom9e1 dom9us 7= dom9os72 z v>iable v[el 7#hbd72 g5os 7g5us1 #ajg1 c7 9 ! nom4 sg4 by ! side ( 99g5es- 9 ! oblique cases 7g54 g5]is = 99g5esis1 #aed72 hons by ! side ( hones- 9 hones-tus2 modus1 measure1 = 99modos 7orig9ally a neut] -s- /em l g5us 7#dhg1 #dia71 b transf]r$ lat] to ! -o- decl5sion71 by ! side ( modes- 9 modes-tus1 seemly4 ,see #ahg4 7,b47 ,,consonant ,,*ange4 #adf4 ,9 a numb] ( words :i* belong m or less cle>ly to ! /em ( ! pron\n quo- 7#fha71 cu- 7#aeg71 ! initial c has disappe>$ be=e u3 z1 ut]1 :i* ( ! two1 ub1 :]e1 unde1 :5ce 7#gaa74 ,= ! conjunction ut1 ut1 t1 connection ) ?is pronom9al /em is mu* m d\btful4 ,! c- appe>s 9 ! comp\nds ) s & n3 z1 s-cub 7cf4 s-quidem1 s-qu&71 s-cunde1 n-cubi1 ne-cunde1 ne-cut]4 #adg4 d v>ies 9 a few words ) l3 z old ,lat9 dacruma1 te>1 = lat] lacrima2 d+ua1 tongue1 = lat] l+ua2 odor1 smell1 by ! side ( ole1 ,i smell4 #adh4 ,v r>ely1 be=e labials1 f9al d ( ! preposition ad v>ies ) r3 z1 old ,lat9 arfurunt1 !y 7 pres5t1 = lat] adfurunt 7#bbeg72 arvorsum1 aga9/1 = advorsum4 ,! only in/ances ( ?is 9 classical ,lat9 are arbit]1 umpire1 & arcss 7#igj71 ,i summon1 :i* %[s r be=e a guttural4 #adi4 7#a47 ,f9al d aft] a long v[el disappe>$ 9 classical ,lat93 ?us1 9 ! ablative s+ul> ( -- & -o- /ems 7#dbf71 & 9 ! ablative-accusative =ms md1 td1 sd 7#fdh74 ,! prepositions pr & s 7#adag7 orig9ally end$ 9 -d :i* is /ill se5 9 prdesse1 be ( advantage1 prd-re1 g =?2 sd-iti1 a go+-ap>t1 s$ition4 ,accord+ to ! gramm>ians1 ! negative haud pres]v$ its d be=e v[els1 b lo/ x be=e consonants 7#adej74 7#b47 ,late inscriptions confuse f9al -d & -t3 z ,,fecid 7#gbi71 ,,alivt = aliud4 ,b 9 v old ,lat9 -d 9 ! ?ird p]son s+ul> seems to be ! remnant ( a second>y end+ 7cf4 ! ,greek di/9ction ( prim>y - & second>y -74 #aej4 ,9 a numb] ( words f v>ies dialectically ) h4 ,9 "s ( ^! f appe>s to h be5 orig9al1 9 o!rs h3 z1 old ,lat9 =deum1 b>ley1 = classical hordeum2 old ,lat9 haba1 bean1 = classical faba4 ,! ^w flum1 ?read1 appe>s z 99hlum 9 nihil1 no?+1 = 99ne-hlum4 #aea4 h be+ a weak s\nd 7#eh7 0 (t5 lo/ betwe5 two l v[els1 especially 9 rapid utt]ance3 z1 nl1 no?+1 prnd]e1 take1 vmns1 rapid1 by ! side ( nihil1 preh5d]e1 vehemns2 & always nm1 nobody1 = 99ne-hem1 no man4 #aeb4 ,9 "s words h betwe5 two v[els is n orig9al1 b goes back to a guttural aspirate gh4 ,be=e consonants ?is guttural appe>s3 z1 veh1 ,i draw1 vectus 7#iec7 f a /em vegh-1 trah1 ,i drag1 tractus 7#iec7 f a /em tragh-4 #aec4 7#a47 v n infrequ5tly disappe>$ betwe5 two l v[els3 z1 dtior1 ri*]1 = dvitior2 ss 7,cic4 ,o4 #aed71 = s vs 7#ggd72 ltrna1 = lavatrna2 fnsse1 = fnvisse2 dlram1 = dlv]am2 & lat] also 9 p]fect =ms 9 :i* ! prec$+ & foll[+ v[el diff]$3 z1 amsse1 = amvisse4 ,! abbreviat$ =ms ( ! p]fects 9 -v 7#hij7 7 common 9 ,cic]o's 7,o4 #aeg7 & ,qu9tilian's 7#a1 #f1 #ag7 "t4 v also disappe>$ be=e o 9 deorsum1 seorsum4 7#b47 ,old & orig9al unsyllabic i 7#hb2 #hc7 disappe>$ ev]y:]e betwe5 v[els4 ,:]ev] unsyllabic i appe>s betwe5 v[els x repres5ts d\ble ii1 & is ! result ( ! assimilation ( g to i 7#aff1 #i71 or d to i 7#aff1 #i71 or ( ! comb9ation ( two i's3 z 9 ei-iu1 quoi-iu 7eius1 quoius cuius1 #fhh74 ,see #bc2 #aff1 #i4 ,9 all ^! cases ! fir/ i jo9$ to ! prec$+ v[el 7#hc7 =m$ ) x a diph?ong1 & ! syllable is ?us long 7#acc1 #b74 7#c47 ,! comb9ations ( unsyllabic 7#hc7 ) ! v[el u & ( unsyllabic i ) ! v[el i 7 avoid$ 9 classical ,lat92 see #eb4 7#d47 ,9 composition1 unsyllabic 7#hb7 i aft] a consonant became syllabic 9 quoniam1 s9ce1 = quomiam 7#afd1 #e71 & etiam1 also1 = etiam 7bo? comp\nds ) iam74 #aed4 ,9 e>ly ,lat9 s betwe5 two v[els 0 voic$ 7#ge71 & 9 ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c4 ?is voic$ s *ang$ into r4 ,accord+ to ,cic]o 7,fam4 #i1 #ba1 #b7 ,l4 ,paprius ,crassus1 consul 9 #ccf ,b4,c41 *ang$ 8 family "n ,papsius to ,paprius4 ,old inscriptions %[ frequ5tly s = r3 z1 ,,asa1 alt>1 ,,avselii4 ,?is *ange ( int]vocalic s to r plays an important "p 9 decl5sion1 conjugation1 & d]ivation3 z1 ,nom9ative is1 "r1 g5itive iris2 spr1 ,i hope1 d]iv$ f sps2 nefrius1 wick$1 f nefs2 g]1 ,i c>ry1 f a /em ges- :i* appe>s 9 ges-s1 ges-tus 7#iec72 er1 ,i %all be1 f ! /em es- 9 esse2 ! subjunctive end+ -sem 9 es-sem appe>s z -rem aft] v[els3 z1 /rem2 ! inf9itive end+ 7#hid1 #hie7 -se 9 es-se appe>s z -re aft] v[els3 z1 leg]e1 = 99legese1 to read1 /re1 = 99/se1 to /&4 ,:]e all oblique cases %[ -r- & only ! nom9ative s+ul> -s1 ! latt] is sometimes *ang$ to -r by analogy3 z1 arbor1 tree1 honor1 hon\r1 = orig9al arbs1 hons1 by analogy to ! oblique cases arboris1 arbor1 honris1 honr1 etc4 7#dhg1 #dhh74 ,! f9al -s ( ! prefix dis- foll[s ?is rule3 z1 dir-im1 ,i take ap>t1 = 99dis-em2 b an initial s- ( ! second memb] ( a comp\nd rema9s un*ang$3 z1 d-s91 ,i /op4 #aee4 ,:]ev] int]vocalic s is f\nd 9 classical ,lat9 x is n orig9al1 b ! result 7a47 ( e>li] -ns-3 z1 =msus1 h&some1 = =mnsus 7#fc72 7b47 ( e>li] -ss- 7#agj1 #g73 z1 sus = 99ssus1 use 7#aei72 causa1 ?+1 = caussa 7,qu9t4 #a1 #g1 #bj72 or 7c47 x occurs 9 borr[$ words l as9us1 ass4 7d47 ,!re are a few words 9 :i* an r 9 a neighb\r+ syllable seems to h prev5t$ ! *ange3 z mis]1 mis]able 7#agc74 #aef4 ,be=e ! o describ$ 9 #adb qu *ang$ to c3 z1 incola1 inhabitant1 = 99inquola1 f 99inquela2 ! /em quel- appe>s 9 9-quil-nus1 lodg]4 #aeg4 ,z v be=e u 7#ajg1 c71 s qu 0 n tol]at$ be=e u1 b *ang$ to c4 ,h5ce :51 ab\t ! beg9n+ ( our era1 ! o ( quom1 :51 sequontur1 !y foll[$1 *ang$ to u 7#ajg1 c71 !y became cum1 secuntur2 ?us equos b ecus1 horse 7#deb72 reliquom b ,,relicvm1 ! re/2 loquor1 ,i speak1 b loctus 7#igh74 ,mu* lat]1 9 ! second c5tury ( our era1 ! gramm>ians re/or$ ! qu be=e u by analogy to ^? =ms 9 ! p>adigm 9 :i* qu came be=e o!r v[els3 z1 sequuntur = secuntur by analogy to sequor1 sequ]is1 sequitur1 sequimur1 sequim9i1 etc42 equus1 equum1 = ecus1 ecum1 by analogy to equ1 equ1 eque1 equrum1 equs1 equs4 #aeh4 qu be=e consonants or :5 f9al *ang$ to c3 z1 relictus f ! /em liqu-1 leave 7pres5t1 l9qu1 #ich72 ac1 &1 = 99atc1 by apocope f atque2 nec1 nor1 by apocope f neque4 ,see also 99torctus 7#agj1 #c71 qunctus 7#agj1 #d74 #aei4 ,:5 9 ! process ( e>ly ^w =mation a t 0 foll[$ by ano!r t1 ! comb9ation tt1 unless foll[$ by r1 *ang$ to ss3 z1 obsessus1 besieg$1 sat ^u1 = 99obsettus1 f 99obs$-tus 7cf4 s$e74 ,aft] long v[els1 nasals1 & liquids ?is d\ble ss 0 simplifi$ to s 7#agj1 #g73 z1 sus f 99t-tus1 us$ 7cf4 tor72 scnsus1 climb$1 f 99scant-tus = 99sc&tus 7cf4 sc&74 ,9 ?is way arose a suffix -sus 7#ijf1 #iab7 = ! pa/ p>ticiple ( v]bs end+ 9 a d5tal1 & ?is spread to o!r v]bs 7#iab73 z mnsus1 /ay$1 f mane 7#ajjj71 pulsus1 pu%$1 f pell 7#icb74 ,! regul> p>ticiples ( ^! two v]bs /ill appe> 9 ! d]ivative v]bs mantre & pultre1 :i* presuppose ! pa/ p>ticiples 99mantus & 99pultus 7#cga74 ,if ! d\ble tt 0 foll[$ by r x *ang$ to /3 z1 asse/rx f 99assettrx1 :ile 99assettor *ang$ to assessor4 #afj4 ,b :]ev] ! comb9ation tt arose 9 hi/orical times x rema9$ un*ang$3 z1 att9e2 cette1 syncopat$ = c-d7i7te1 i4e4 ! p>ticle ce 7#ic1 #c7 :i* is "h proclitic1 & ! imp]ative date1 give4 #afa4 ,initial dv 7d7 *ang$ to b1 unless ! v 77 0 conv]t$ into ! correspond+ v[el3 z1 bis1 twice1 = 99dis 7cf4 duo72 bidns = 99did5s1 by ! side ( old ,lat9 duidns ) vocalic u2 bonus1 good1 = donus1 by ! side ( trisyllabic duonus2 bellum1 w>1 = 99dellum1 by ! side ( duellum ) vocalic u2 bs1 two ?irds1 = 99ds 7#bdbg74 ,cic]o 7,o4 #aec7 notes t ! *ange ( duellum to bellum affect$ ev5 ! prop] "n ,duellius 7"n ( ! admiral :o won ! naval victory ov] ! ,c>?ag9ians 9 #bfj ,b4,c47 :i* 0 *ang$ to ,bellius4 ,plautus always scans dellum disyllabic ) synizesis 7#bejc74 ,erratum3 #afa 444 won ! naval victory ov] ! ,c>?ag9ians 9 #bfj ,b4,c4 ,b ,c4 ,,*anges ,,( ,,consonant ,,gr\ps4 #afb4 ,_m gr\ps ( consonants und]go *anges 9 ord] to facilitate _! pronunciation 9 rapid spee*4 ,^! *anges involve 7a47 ,assimilation ( consonants2 7b47 ! developm5t ( consonantal glides2 7c47 ! loss ( "o memb] ( ! gr\p2 & 7d47 ! developm5t ( a v[el betwe5 ! consonants4 ,,assimilation4 #afc4 ,( two successive consonants belong+ to diff]5t syllables 7#age71 ! fir/ is1 z a rule1 assimilat$ to ! second 7regressive assimilation71 r>ely ! second to ! fir/ 7progressive assimilation74 ,a consonant may be assimilat$1 ei!r entirely or p>tially1 to ano!r consonant4 ,assimilation is v common 9 prepositions prefix$ to a v]b4 #afd4 ,,p>tial ,,assimilation4 7#a47 ,a voic$ mute be=e an unvoic$ consonant became unvoic$3 z1 rx1 k+1 = 99rgs 7cf4 rgis72 rx1 ,i guid$1 = 99rgs 7cf4 reg72 rctus1 guid$1 = 99rgtus2 scrps1 ,i wrote1 = 99scrbs 7cf4 scrib72 scrptus1 writt51 = 99scribtus2 trx1 ,i dragg$1 = 99trghs2 tractus1 dragg$1 = 99traghtus 7#aeb74 ,! spell+ did n always con=m to ?is pronunciation3 z1 urbs1 city1 pron\nc$ urps 7#ed7 b spell$ ) b by analogy to ! oblique cases urbis1 urbem1 etc42 obt9e1 ,i get1 pron\nc$ opt9e4 7#b47 ,an unvoic$ mute be=e a voic$ consonant became voic$4 ,! prepositions ob1 ab1 sub1 = 99op1 99ap1 99sup1 owe _! f9al b to _! frequ5t position be=e voic$ mutes3 z1 obdc1 abdc1 sub dv4 ,! =ms 99op 7/ill pres]v$ 9 op-eri1 ,i close1 #ajai7 99ap 7pres]v$ 9 ap-erio1 ,i op51 #ajai2 cf4 ,greek 7 & 99sup 7pres]v$ 9 ! adjective supnus1 sup9e7 7 !n cr[d$ out by ob1 ab1 & sub4 7#c47 ,nasals *ang$ _! place ( articulation to t ( ! foll[+ consonant4 ,?us1 d5tal n be=e ! labials p & b became labial m3 z1 imbib1 ,i dr9k 91 imp5de1 ,i hang ov]4 ,labial m be=e ! gutturals c & g became guttural n 7#fb73 z1 prnceps1 lead]1 s+ul1 sev]ally 7! orig9al labials appe> 9 prmus1 semel 7#ach772 hunc = 99homce 7#ffb74 ,labial m be=e ! d5tals t1 d1 s became d5tal n3 z1 cnsecr1 ,i consecrate1 f com 7cum7 & sacr2 tantus1 s great1 f tam2 quondam1 once1 f quom2 t&em1 at l5g?1 f tam4 ,b sometimes ! etymological spell+ 0 reta9$3 z1 quamdi1 z long z4 ,b m does n *ange to n be=e t or s 9 ! inflection ( v]bs & n\ns1 :]e mt1 ms develop into mpt1 mps 7#afg73 z1 smptus1 smps1 f sm4 7#d47 p & b be=e n *ang$ to m3 z1 somnus1 sleep1 = 99sop-nus 7cf4 sopor72 omnis1 all1 = 99op-nis 7cf4 ops72 ,samnium1 = 99,sabnium 7cf4 ,sabn74 7#e47 m be=e unsyllabic i 7i7 became n3 z1 quoniam 7) vocalic i2 #aec1 #d71 s9ce1 = 99quoniam f quom iam 7#ahhb72 coniung1 ,i jo9 toge!r1 = 99comiung4 7#f47 c betwe5 n & l1 & be=e m1 *ang$ to g3 z1 angulus1 corn]1 ) anaptyctical 7#agb7 v[el u = 99anglus1 f 99anclus 7cf4 ancus72 segm5tum1 section1 f ! /em sec- 9 secre4 #afe4 ,x appe>s t at a v e>ly p]iod ! neighb\rhood ( a nasal *ang$ an unvoic$ mute into a voic$ "o3 z1 -mung1 ,i clean out1 by ! side ( mcus2 pang1 ,i fix1 by ! side ( pc- 9 px1 peace 7g54 pc-is74 #aff4 ,,entire ,,assimilation4 7#a47 ,"o mute is assimilat$ to ano!r3 ?us p or b to c3 z1 suc-curr1 ,i assi/2 t or d to c3 z1 sic-cus1 dry 7cf4 sit-is1 ?ir/71 accipi1 ,i accept2 d to g3 z1 agglt91 ,i glue on2 t or d to qu3 z1 quicquam1 any?+2 t or d to p3 z1 appell1 ,i call2 quippe1 :y8 7#afij74 7#b47 ,a mute is assimilat$ to a spirant3 ?us1 p to f 9 (ficna1 work%op1 = 99opficna1 syncopat$ =m ( 99opificna2 d to f3 z1 aff]1 ,i br+ hi!r2 :5 t is ?us assimilat$ to s ! result is ss aft] a %ort v[el1 & s aft] a long v[el 7#agj1 #g7 or :5 f9al 7#aga72 z1 9 ! -s- p]fects1 concuss1 ,i %ook1 = 99concuts 7concuti1 #ifa72 messu1 ,i m[$1 = 99metsu 7met1 #hce72 sus1 ,i advis$1 = 99suts 7sude1 #ajjj72 claus1 ,i %ut1 = 99clauts 7claud1 #ieh72 haes1 ,i /uck1 = haes-s 7#hfh7 f ha]re1 /em haes- 7#aed72 9 ! same way possum1 ,i c1 = 99potsum 7cf4 pot-e/1 #geb72 prsum1 ,i am ( advantage1 = 99prtsum 7cf4 prd-esse72 legns1 read+1 = 99leg5ts 7f ! /em leg5t-1 cf4 g5itive leg5t-is74 ,an s is nev] assimilat$ to a foll[+ t3 z1 hau/us1 dra9$ 7#ajad71 f ! /em haus-1 pres5t hauri 7#aed74 ,=ms l ! r>e hausrus 7,v]g47 are made aft] ! analogy ( d5tal /ems4 7#c47 ,"o spirant1 s1 is assimilat$ to ano!r1 f3 z1 difficilis1 difficult1 diff]1 ,i am unlike1 f dis & facilis1 f]4 7#d47 ,a mute is assimilat$ to a nasal3 ?us d to m 9 mamma1 woman's brea/1 f ! /em mad- 7cf4 made1 #ajjf72 rmus1 bran*1 rm5tum1 spl9t]1 f ! /em rd- 7cf4 rd1 #ieh7 ) simplification ( ! d\ble m aft] ! long v[el4 d to n 9 m]cnrius1 hirel+1 f ! /em m]cd-1 rew>d1 7= m]c5n>ius1 see #acc1 #a72 p to m 9 summus1 highe/1 f ! /em sup- 7cf4 sup]74 ,a progressive assimilation ( nd to nn belongs to ! ,oscan dialect1 & occurs only v r>ely 9 ,lat93 z1 t5nitur 7,t]471 di/5nite 7,plaut474 ,see #ibd2 #iej4 7#e47 ,"o nasal1 n1 is assimilat$ to ano!r1 m3 z immtus1 unmov$4 ,b an m be=e n is nev] assimilat$3 z1 amnis1 riv]4 7#f47 ,mutes or nasals are assimilat$ to liquids2 ?us n to l3 z1 homullus1 manik91 = 99homon-lus 7cf4 homun-culus72 llus 7#bgd72 d to l3 z1 sella1 seat1 = 99s$-la f ! /em s$- 7cf4 s$e72 caelum1 *isel1 f ! /em ca$- 7cf4 ca$7 ) simplification ( ! d\ble l aft] ! diph?ong 7#agj1 #g72 n to r3 z1 irru1 ,i ru% 92 & ) progressive assimilation n to a prec$+ l3 z1 toll1 ,i lift1 = 99toln 7#hcc72 fall1 ,i *eat 7#icb72 pell1 ,i pu% 7#icb74 ,b no assimilation is to be assum$ = p>ricda1 :i* does n /& = patricda 7#acc1 #a74 7#g47 ,"o liquid1 r1 is assimilat$ to ano!r1 l3 z1 pellici1 ,i lead a/ray 7#ief71 = 99p]-lici2 agellus1 small field1 = 99ag]los2 pllus1 clean1 f 99prlos 7cf4 prus1 clean74 7#h47 ,a spirant1 s1 is assimilat$ to a prec$+ liquid 9 velle1 wi%1 = 99velse1 f]re1 c>ry1 = 99f]se 7! inf9itive end+ -se appe>s 9 es-se1 #hie72 facillimus1 easie/1 = 99facilsimus 7#cde72 sac]rimus1 holie/1 = 99sac]simus 7#cdd74 ,b :]e ls & rs are n orig9al b ! result ( light5+ 7#agj1 #c2 #aj7 !y rema9 un*ang$3 z1 ars1 ,i burnt1 = 99arts f ! /em ard- 7cf4 arde1 #ajjj72 als1 ,i felt cold1 = 99alcs f ! /em alg- 7cf4 alge1 #ajjj74 7#i47 g & d 7 assimilat$ to a foll[+ unsyllabic i 7i7 ! result be+ 7#aec1 #b7 ii 7ii72 ?us peiior1 worse1 = 99p$-ior1 f ! /em p$- 7#ecb71 :5ce also ! sup]lative pessimus = 99petsimus 7#aff1 #b72 maiior1 great]1 = 99mag-ior 7! /em mag- appe>s 9 magis72 aii1 ,i say1 = 99ag-i 7! /em ag- appe>s 9 ad-ag-ium1 prd-ig-ium1 #bai74 ,^! =ms 7 pron\nc$ by ,cic]o ) d\bl$ i 7#bc71 & traces ( ! spell+ ) d\ble ii are /ill f\nd 7#bc71 ?\gh 9 common practice only "o i is writt5 7#aec1 #b74 ,on ! confusion ( syllabic quantity ) v[el quantity 9 ^! words1 see #acc1 #b4 ,errata3 #afd 444 scrptus1 writt51 = 99scribtus2 writtn trx1 ,i dragg$1 = 99trghs2 99trghs1 #aff7d7 444 di/5nite 7,plaut474 la/ 4 invisible 7#f47 ,mutes or nasals 7#f74 ,,consonantal ,,glides4 #afg4 ,pronunciation ( two successive consonants is sometimes facilitat$ by ! ins]tion ( a consonant :i* s]ves z a glide4 ,su* ins]tion is n frequ5t4 ,9 inflection a p 0 ?us develop$ betwe5 m & s1 betwe5 m & l1 & betwe5 m & t 7else:]e mt *ang$ to nt1 see #afd1 #c73 z1 smps1 ,i took1 smptus1 tak51 f sm]e = 99sms1 99smtus2 & 9 ! correspond+ =ms ( cm1 dm1 prm 7#iec72 exemplum1 patt]n1 = 99exemlum f ! /em em-1 take 7cf4 exim]e1 #ajc1 a74 ,,disappe>ance4 #afh4 ,a ^w may be light5$ by ! disappe>ance ( an initial1 a m$ial1 or a f9al consonant4 ,disappe>ance ( an initial consonant is sometimes call$ ,apha]esis1 ( a m$ial1 ,syncope1 ( a f9al1 ,apocope4 #afi4 ,,initial ,,disappe>ance4 7#a47 ,initial tl *ang$ to l3 z1 ltus1 borne1 = 99tltus f toll 7#ahg1 #iag74 7#b47 ,initial gn *ang$ to n3 z1 ntus1 born1 = e>li] ,,gnatvs f ! /em g5-1 gn 7#ahg72 nsc1 ,i f9d out1 = gnsc1 ,,gnosci] 7#hig72 nrus1 kn[+1 = ! m frequ5t gnrus1 nvus1 active1 = gnvus4 ,cf4 ! comp\nds c-gntus1 c-gnsc1 -gnrus1 -gnvus 7#agj1 #f7 :i* pres]ve ! g4 ,b ,gnaeus reta9$ its ,g4 7#c47 ,initial d :5 foll[$ by consonant i 7i71 disappe>$3 z1 ,iovis1 ,ipit]1 = 99,diovis1 99,dipit]4 ,:]e ! i 0 vocalic1 d 0 reta9$3 z1 du4 7#d47 ,initial /l- fir/ *ang$ to sl & !n to l3 z1 ,old ,lat9 /locus1 place1 /ls1 law-suit 7,qu9t4 #a1 #d1 #af71 ,,/loc1 ,,slis1 classical locus1 ls2 also ltus1 wide1 = 99/ltus4 ,t a =m 99slocus exi/$ is prov$ by lic 7#fih1 #gjc7 f 999-sloc1 on ! spot 7#agj1 #b74 #agj4 ,,m$ial ,,disappe>ance4 7#a47 c1 g1 p1 & b disappe> be=e s foll[$ by an unvoic$ consonant3 z1 sesc5t1 six hundr$1 = 99sexc5t f sex2 ill/ris1 respl5d5t1 = 99illc/ris f lce2 disc1 ,i le>n1 f 99dicsc = 99di-tc-sc 7#hcd71 a r$uplicat$ pres5t f ! root dec- 7cf4 decet7 l gign 7f ! root g5-71 & sd 7= 99si-sd-1 #agj1 #b1 f ! root s$-1 #hbi74 ,sometimes prepositions foll[ ?is rule3 z1 asport1 ,i c>ry (f1 = 99absport1 suscipi1 ,i und]take1 = 99subscipi 7subs =m$ f sub l abs f ab2 sub-cipi gives succipi72 occasionally also ecf]1 = exf]1 ,i c>ry out4 ,b m frequ5tly prepositional comp\nds rema9 un*ang$3 z1 obscrus1 d>k2 abscd1 ,i )draw4 ,9 "s words ! lo/ consonant has be5 re/or$ by analogy3 z1 sextus1 six?1 = 99se/us 7cf4 ,s/ius7 aft] sex2 textor1 weav]1 = 99te/or aft] tex4 7#b47 s be=e voic$ consonants 0 voic$ 7#ge7 & is dropp$4 ,if a consonant prec$es ! s ?is is dropp$ also4 ,9 ei!r case ! prec$+ v[el is l5g!n$4 ,voic$ s alone is dropp$3 z1 prmus1 fir/1 = 99prs-mus 7cf4 prs-cus72 cnus1 gray1 = 99casnus 7cf4 cas-cus72 adv]b pne1 beh9d1 = 99posne 7cf4 pos1 #adaj72 dlb1 glide ap>t1 = 99dislbi2 dem1 ! same1 = ,,isdem 7#fgh72 idex1 judge1 = isdex2 trdecim1 ?irte51 = 99trsdecim4 ,& ) subsequ5t %ort5+ ( ! f9al syllable 7#acj1 #c7 ab91 goe/ ?\8 = abisn7e72 vid51 see/ ?\8 = vidsn7e74 ,voic$ s ) ! prec$+ consonant is dropp$3 z1 trdc1 ,i lead across1 trn1 ,i swim across1 = trnsdc1 trnsn2 b 9 ^! prepositional comp\nds ! -ns 0 (t5 reta9$3 z1 trnsmitt1 ,i s5d across2 sn1 six ea*1 = 99secsn2 smn/ris1 e six mon?s1 = secsmn/ris2 svir1 ! ,bo>d ( ,six1 = secsvir2 la1 w+1 = 99acsla 7cf4 ax-illa1 ,cic4 ,o4 #aec72 mvol 7#ggi7 = magsvol f magisvol1 #cif2 tles 7plural71 goit]1 = 99tnsles 7cf4 tnsillae1 tonsils72 plum1 pe/le1 = 99pnslum f pns]e1 cru%2 two consonants & voic$ s are dropp$ 9 scla1 /air1 = 99sc&-sla 7cf4 sc&74 7#c47 c falls away :5 x /&s betwe5 a liquid & t1 s1 m1 or n3 z1 ultus1 av5g$1 = 99ulctus f ulc-iscor 7#ihj72 muls = 99mulcs f bo? mulge1 ,i milk1 & mulce1 ,i /roke2 simil>ly o!r /ems 9 -c & -g 7#ajjj1 #ajad72 qu]nus1 oak51 = 99qu]cnus f qu]cus2 tortus1 turn$1 = 99torctus f torque 7= ! *ange ( qu to c1 see #aeh72 = =tis1 brave1 =ctis is f\nd 9 old ,lat94 7#d47 c drops out :5 x /&s betwe5 n & t3 z1 quntus1 fif?1 = old] qunctus 7#bdab71 f qunque 7= ! *ange ( qu to c1 see #aeh2 = ! long 9 qunque1 see #abb1 b74 ,b v]bs hav+ /ems 9 -nc or -ng reta9 ! c 9 _! pa/ p>ticiples3 z1 vnctus1 b\nd1 f v9cre 7#ajad72 inctus1 jo9$1 f iung]e 7#ied74 ,9 p/us 7#ife7 c has dropp$ out betwe5 s & t4 7#e47 ,! gr\p -ncn- 0 simplifi$ to simple -n-1 & ! prec$+ v[el 0 l5g!n$3 z1 qun1 five ea*1 = 99qunc-n 7#cag72 c-nve1 w9k & bl9k1 = con-cnve4 7#f47 n be=e gn 0 dropp$ & ! prec$+ v[el l5g!n$3 z1 -gnsc1 ,i =give1 = 999-gnsc1 c-gnsc1 ,i "k1 = 99con-gnsc4 ,9 ?is mann] 7#agj1 #e2 #f7 arises a =m c- by ! side ( con- 7#abb1 e73 z1 c-nect1 c-nubium1 c-ligtus 7,gell4 #b1 #ag1 #h74 7#g47 ,9 ! imp]ial age1 ss aft] long v[els & diph?ongs 0 regul>ly *ang$ to s3 z1 claus1 ,i clos$2 sus1 us$ 7#aff1 #b72 b always sse1 to eat 7#gfi72 ll *ang$ to l aft] diph?ongs3 z1 caelum1 *isel 7#aff1 #f72 also :5 prec$$ by & foll[$ by i3 z1 vlla1 c\ntry-place1 b vlicus 7adject472 mille1 ?\s&1 b mlia 7#fdb74 ,else:]e ll 0 reta9$ aft] long v[els3 z1 pllus 7#aff1 #g71 clean2 rllum1 pl\gh%>e1 f rd ) suffix -lo- 7#bji74 ,9 ,cic]o's "t 7,qu9t4 #a1 #g1 #bj7 ! spell+ 0 /ill caussa 7#aee1 b71 matt]2 cssus 7#icj71 fall52 divssi 7cf4 #iab71 division4 ,v]gil also1 accord+ to ,qu9tilian1 reta9$ ! d\bl$ consonants1 & ! be/ manuscripts ( bo? ,v]gil & ,plautus frequ5tly %[ ll & ss = lat] l & s1 z d inscriptions3 z1 ,,promeiss]it1 he might h promis$ 7#di ,b4,c472 ,,accvssasse1 to h accus$4 7#h47 ,aft] a long v[el d 0 dropp$ be=e consonant u 7v73 z1 svvis1 sweet1 = 99svdvis f svd- 7cf4 svde74 7#i47 r be=e / 0 dropp$3 z1 to/us1 roa/$ 7#ajjd7 = 99tor/us f ! /em tors- 7cf4 torreo ) assimilat$ -rs-1 #aff1 #h74 7#aj47 -rts- *ang$ to -rs3 z1 ars1 ,i burnt1 = 99arts 7#ajjj74 -rcsc- *ang$ to -sc-3 z1 posc1 ,i dem&1 = 99porcsc 7#hcd74 7#aa47 ,9 ipse1 self1 = 99is-pse1 an s has disappe>$ be=e -ps- 7#ab47 d 7t7 disappe>s betwe5 r & c3 z1 cor-culum = cord7i7-culum 7#bge74 #aga4 ,,f9al ,,disappe>ance4 7#a47 ,a ^w nev] ends 9 a d\bl$ consonant3 z1 es = 99es-s1 ?\ art1 :i* ,plautus & ,t]5ce /ill scan z a long syllable2 & ! foll[+ cases ( assimilation3 t] = 99t]r f 99t]s 7cf4 t]r-uncius1 a qu>t] ( an s1 a f>?+1 #abgb1 = 99t]s-uncius1 #aff1 #h72 fr1 spelt1 = 99f>r1 f 99f>s 7#dhi72 fel1 gall1 = 99fell1 f 99fels 7#dhb72 9 mles1 soldi]1 = 99mless f 99mlets 7cf4 ,g54 mlitis1 #dgg7 ! f9al syllable is /ill long 9 ,plautus4 hoc1 ?is1 = 99hocc f 99hod-c7e77! neut] 99hod f ! /em ho-1 z i/ud1 illud 7#ajg1 c7 f i/o-1 illo-7 c\nts z a long syllable ev5 9 classical poetry4 7#b47 ,no ,lat9 ^w c end 9 two explosives3 ?us1 f9al t is dropp$ 9 lac1 milk 7#dgh72 f9al d 9 cor1 he>t 7#dgf74 7#c47 ,:5 f9al s 0 prec$$ by r or l1 x 0 assimilat$ to ^! liquids1 & f9al rr & ll 7 !n simplifi$ to r & l4 ,see ! examples "u 7#a74 ,:]ev] f9al -rs & -ls appe> !y are n orig9al b ! result ( ! disappe>ance ( an int]v5+ consonant3 z1 puls1 pottage1 = 99pults 7#ecc72 p>s1 "p1 = 99p>ts 7#ecc72 all ) syncope 7#aaa7 ( ! v[el i 9 ! nom9ative sg4 7#d47 ,orig9al f9al ns 0 *ang$ to s & ! prec$+ v[el 0 l5g!n$3 z1 sangus1 blood 7#bdeb71 = 99sangu9s f ! /em sangu9- 7#dhf74 ,:]ev] f9al -ns appe>s x is n orig9al b ! result ( ! disappe>ance ( an int]v5+ consonant3 z1 f]ns1 c>ry+1 = 99f]5ts1 f ! /em f]5t-2 frns1 foliage1 = 99fronds1 f ! /em frond-4 7#e47 ,a d5tal mute be=e f9al s is dropp$3 z1 hrs1 heir1 = 99hrds 7#dge72 virts1 virtue1 = 99virtts 7#dgg72 nox1 night1 = 99nocts 7#ecc72 a labial or guttural mute is reta9$3 z1 =nx 7x cs71 furnace1 f ! /em =nc- 7#eca72 lx1 law1 f ! /em leg- 7#dgb72 urbs1 city1 f ! /em urb- 7#dhj72 ops f ! /em op-1 help 7#dhj74 ,errata3 #agj4b 444 idex1 judge1 = isdex2 isdex1 ab91 goe/ ?\8 = abisn7e72 abisn7e71 ,,developm5t ,,( ,,an ,,anaptyctical ,,v[el4 #agb4 ,c]ta9 consonant gr\ps1 notably ^? conta9+ a liquid1 are sometimes eas$ by ! ins]tion ( a v[el :i* develops betwe5 ! consonants4 ,?is is call$ ,anaptyxis 7,greek 1 unfold74 ,x is ! opposite ( syncope ( v[els 7#aaj1 #aaa74 7#a47 ,! suffix -clo- 7#bdb71 *ang$ to -culo-1 be+ ?us no long] di/+ui%able f ! dim9utive suffix -culo- 7#bfg73 z1 pculum1 cup1 = pclum 7,plaut472 vehiculum1 c>riage1 = vehiclum 7,plaut474 ,b -clo- is m common 9 ,plautus ?an -culo-1 especially aft] long v[els4 ,! suffixes -blo- 7#bde71 & -bli- 7#bid7 always %[ ! anaptyctical v[el4 ,its col\r dep5ds on ! nature ( ! l 7#fj73 z1 /abulum1 re/+-place2 /abilis1 /eady4 ,! gr\p -ngl- also *anges to -ngul-3 z1 angulus 7#afd1 #f74 7#b47 ,9 words borr[$ f ! ,greek an unfamili> sequ5ce ( consonants 0 s light5$2 z1 m9a1 m9a1 = 99mna 772 & 9 ,old ,lat9 dra*uma 7,plaut47 = lat] dra*ma1 dra*ma 772 te*9a1 trick1 f ,greek 2 ,tecumssa = ,tecmssa 774 7#c47 ,be=e syllabic 7#hc7 l & r a v[el is develop$ 7#aaa1 b73 z1 nc]tus1 unc]ta91 = 99ncrtus2 fcults1 capability1 = fclts4 ,likewise be=e syllabic n 7#aci74 ,,dissimilation4 #agc4 7#a47 ,to avoid ! repetition ( ! same liquid 9 successive syllables l is sometimes *ang$ to r3 z1 ca]uleus1 sky-blue1 = 99caeluleus1 f caelum2 ,p>lia1 by ! side ( ,pallia1 f ,pals2 ! suffix -clo- appe>s z -cro- aft] an l3 z1 lavcrum1 ba?1 simulcrum1 image 7#bda72 ! suffix -li- "u l conditions *anges to -ri-2 z1 molre1 ( a mill 7#cac71 b augurle1 ( an augur4 7#b47 ,9 a few cases repetition is avoid$ by dropp+ ! s\nd once3 z1 prae/giae1 juggl]y1 = prae/rgiae4 ,?is also applies to ! spirant s foll[$ by a consonant1 a comb9ation :i* is n tol]at$ 9 successive syllables3 z 9 ! r$uplicat$ p]fects /et1 = 99/e/2 spopond1 = 99spospond 7#hei71 :]e ! second syllable1 & 9 quisquiliae1 sweep+s1 = 99squisquiliae1 :]e ! fir/ syllable 0 light5$4 ,,*anges ,,)9 ,,comp\nds4 #agd4 ,! f9al syllable ( ! fir/ memb] ( comp\nds 7#aha7 sometimes und]goes c]ta9 *anges by analogy to o!r comp\nds3 7#a47 ,! f9al - ( -/ems1 by analogy to ! m frequ5t -o-/ems1 usually *ang$ to -o1 :i* 9 atonic syllables became -i 7#aje73 z1 li-g]1 w+$1 = 99lo-g] f l-4 7#b47 ,/ems 9 -on- sub/itute -o- = -on- by analogy to ! -o-/ems3 z1 homi-cda1 murd]]1 = 99homo-cda 7#aje7 f homon- 7,nom4 hom74 7#c47 ,"s /ems 9 -s sub/itute -o- by analogy to ! -o-/ems3 z1 fo$i-fragus1 treaty-break+1 = 99fo$o-fragus f ! /em fo$os- 7,nom4 fo$us1 ,g54 fo$]is2 #aed74 ,9 section #agd1 anomal\s =ms su* z -o-/ems 7)\t space7 are 9 ! orig9al4 ,,syllables4 #age4 ,a ^w has z _m syllables z x has sep>ate v[els or diph?ongs4 ,! la/ syllable is call$ ! ,ultima2 ! la/ syllable b "o is call$ ! ,p5ult2 ! la/ syllable b two is call$ ! ,antep5ult4 #agf4 ,! quantity ( s+le s\nds 7e4g4 ! quantity ( a v[el7 mu/ be c>efully di/+ui%$ f ! quantity ( ! gr\p ( s\nds or ! syllable ( :i* ! s+le s\nd =ms a "p4 ,,l5g? ,,( ,,syllables4 #agg4 ,a syllable is long if its v[el is long1 or if its v[el is foll[$ by two consonants or by x or z3 z1 dcbs2 volvunt4 ,9 dcbs bo? ! v[els & ! syllables are long2 9 volvunt ! v[els are %ort1 b ! syllables are long2 9 cases l ! la/ ! syllables 7n ! v[els7 are said to be long by position4 h does n c\nt z a consonant 7#eh7 & qu 7or qv1 #bg7 has ! value ( a s+le consonant only3 ?us1 9 adhc & aqua ! fir/ syllable is %ort4 #agh4 ,9 prose or old dramatic v]se a syllable ) a %ort v[el be=e a mute or f foll[$ by l or r is n long3 z t5ebrae4 ,9 o!r v]se1 h[ev]1 su* syllables are sometimes reg>d$ z long4 ,9 comp\nds su* syllables are long 9 any v]se3 z obruit4 ,,loss ,,( ,,syllables4 #agi4 ,! fir/ ( two successive syllables :i* beg9 ) ! same s\nd is sometimes lo/4 ,?is is call$ ,haplology4 ,?us1 smodius = smimodius1 half a bu%el2 calamitsus = 99calamittsus1 f ! /em calamitt- 7#bfb7 & suffix -oso- 7#ccf72 voluntrius1 = volunttrius 7#bfb1 #cji72 cnsutd1 = cnsutitd 7#bfd74 ,see also #bee2 #cgi4 ,b4 ,,=mation4 #ahj4 ,,=mation is ! process by :i* /ems are =m$ f roots or f o!r /ems4 #aha4 ,a ^w conta9+ a s+le /em is call$ a ,simple ^w3 z1 magnus1 great1 /em magno-2 animus1 s\l1 /em animo-4 ,a ^w conta9+ two or m /ems is call$ a ,comp\nd ^w3 z1 magnanimus1 great-s\l$1 /em magnanimo-4 #ahb4 ,mo/ inflect$ words consi/ ( two p>ts3 a /em1 :i* is usually a modifi$ root 7#aie71 & an inflection end+3 ?us1 9 ductr1 = a lead]1 ! root is duc-1 lead1 ! /em is ductr-1 lead]1 & - is ! inflection end+1 mean+ =4 ,,roots4 #ahc4 ,a ,,root is a monosyllable :i* gives ! fundam5tal mean+ to a ^w or gr\p ( words4 #ahd4 ,a root is n a real ^w2 x is nei!r a n\n1 nam+ some?+1 nor a v]b1 d5ot+ action4 ,?us iug-1 yoke1 does n mean a yoke nor ,i yoke2 x m]ely sugge/s some?+ ab\t yok+4 ,! root becomes a real ^w only :5 an inflection end+ is add$1 or1 m commonly1 bo? a =mative suffix & an inflection end+3 z1 iug-u-m1 a yoke4 #ahe4 ,roots are common to ,lat9 & its cognate languages1 su* z ! ,sanskrit & ! ,greek4 ,:5 a root is nam$ 9 ?is book1 ! specific ,lat9 =m ( ! root is meant4 ,?is (t5 diff]s some:at f ! =m ( ! root :i* is assum$ z applicable to all ! cognate languages4 #ahf4 ,almo/ all roots are n\n & v]b roots2 t is1 roots ) a mean+ :i* may be embodi$ ei!r 9 a n\n or 9 a v]b1 or 9 bo?4 ,besides ^! !re is a small class1 less ?an a doz5 9 numb]1 ( pron\n roots4 ,!re are _m words :i* _c be trac$ back to _! roots4 #ahg4 ,a root sometimes has two or m =ms3 z1 fd- 7= feid-71 fo$-1 fid-1 tru/2 g5-1 gn-1 sire2 tol1 tl1 be>2 see #ace1 #ade4 ,?us1 fd- is f\nd 9 fd-u1 tru/y1 fd-cia1 confid5ce1 fd-ci1 ,i pl$ge1 fd-cirius1 9 tru/1 fd-ere1 put tru/ 91 fd-ns1 c\rage\s1 fd-entia1 c\rage2 fo$- 9 fo$-u1 pl$ge ( fai?1 fo$-ertus1 b\nd by a pl$ge ( fai?2 fid- 9 fid-s1 fai?1 fid-lis1 fai?ful1 fid-lit]1 fai?fully1 fid-lits1 fai?fulness1 p]-fid-u1 fai?less1 p]-fid-ia1 fai?lessness1 p]-fid-isus1 full ( fai?lessness1 p]-fid-is1 fai?lessly4 g5- 9 g5-itor1 sire1 gn- 9 gi-gn-ere1 beget1 gn-- 9 gn-tus1 son4 #ahh4 ,a root end+ 9 a v[el is call$ a ,v[el ,root3 z1 da-1 give2 a root end+ 9 a consonant is call$ a ,consonant ,root3 z1 rup-1 break4 ,roots are conv5i5tly indicat$ by ! sign 3 z1 teg-1 to be read #8root teg-4' #ahi4 ,a root or a "p ( a root is sometimes d\bl$ 9 =m+ a ^w2 ?is is call$ ,r$uplication3 z1 mur-mur1 murmur2 tur-tur1 turtle-dove2 po-pul-u1 p2 ul-ul-re1 yell4 ,,pres5t ,,/ems ,,z ,,roots4 #aij4 ,_m n\ns are =m$ f ! pres5t /ems ( v]bs1 :i* take ! place ( roots4 ,/ems ?us us$ are mo/ly ^? ( v]bs 9 -re & -re4 ,?us1 f r-1 /em ( rre1 speak1 are =m$ r-tor1 speak]1 & r-ti1 spee*2 f aud-1 /em ( audre1 he>1 are =m$ aud-tor1 he>]1 & aud-ti1 he>+4 #aia4 ,v]bs 9 -re1 & ^? 9 -re & -re 9 :i* ! or is conf9$ to ! pres5t sy/em 7#hfh1 #hgd7 usually h p>allel n\ns =m$ directly f a root3 z1 doc-tor1 tea*]1 doc-um5tum1 lesson1 doc-ilis1 tea*able 7doc-1 docre72 sec-tor1 cutt] 7sec-1 secre72 dom-itor1 tam]1 dom-inus1 ma/]1 dom-itus1 tam$ 7dom-1 domre72 s>c-ina1 package 7s>c-1 s>cre74 #aib4 ,b a n\n is sometimes exceptionally =m$ f ! pres5t /em ( a v]b 9 -re3 z1 mon-ta1 m9t 7monre72 ac-tum1 v9eg> 7acre72 vir-tum1 a gre5 7virre72 sud-la1 p]suasion 7sudre72 hab-na1 re9 7habre72 eg-nus1 ne$y 7egre72 v]-cundus1 %amefa/ 7v]r72 val-td1 heal? 7valre74 #aic4 ,v]bs 9 -ere1 & p>ticul>ly su* z h a pres5t 9 -n1 -sc1 -t or -i 7#hcb71 usually h _! p>allel n\ns =m$ directly f a root3 z1 vic-tor1 conqu]or 7vic-1 v9c]e72 incr-m5tum1 gr[? 7cr-1 crsc]e72 pul-sus1 a pu% 7pol-1 pell]e74 #aid4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 n\ns are =m$ f su* v]b /ems1 & n f roots3 z1 lecti-/]n-ium1 a c\*-spread+ 7/]n]e1 /]-1 /r-72 v9c-ibilis1 conqu]able 7v9c]e1 vc-72 psc-uum1 pa/ure 7psc]e1 p-72 pect-en1 comb 7pect]e1 pec-72 fall-x1 deceitful 7fall]e1 fal-74 ,,/ems4 #aie4 ,a ,,/em is t "p ( a ^w :i* conta9s its mean+1 & is ei!r a root alone or m commonly a root ) an addition call$ a ,=mative ,suffix4 ,?us1 9 ! ^w ducis1 lead]'s1 ! /em1 :i* is id5tical ) ! root duc-1 means lead]2 a root ?us s]v+ z a /em is call$ a ,root ,/em2 9 ductris1 lead]'s1 ! /em is =m$ by ! =mative suffix -tr-1 d5ot+ ! ag5t1 atta*$ to ! duc-4 #aif4 ,new /ems are =m$ by add+ a suffix to a /em4 ,?us1 f rtr-1 speak]1 is =m$ by ! addition ( ! suffix -io-1 a new /em rtr-io-1 ,n4 rtrius1 speak]'s4 #aig4 ,! n\n has usually only "o =m ( ! /em4 ,! v]b has diff]5t /ems to indicate mood & t5se2 ^! /ems are all bas$ on two pr9cipal t5se /ems1 ! pres5t & ! p]fect active4 ,,primitives ,,& ,,d5om9atives4 #aih4 ,i4 ,a /em or ^w =m$ directly f a root or a v]b /em is call$ a ,primitive4 ,,ii4 ,a /em or ^w =m$ f a n\n /em is call$ a ,d5om9ative4 7a47 ,primitives3 f rg-1 reg-1 guide3 rx1 /em rg-1 k+2 rgnum1 /em rg-no-1 k+dom2 rctus1 /em rc-to-1 guid$2 reg]e1 /em reg-e-1 guide4 ,f r-1 /em ( rre1 speak3 rtor1 /em r-tr-1 speak]2 rti1 /em r-tin-1 spee*4 7b47 ,d5om9atives3 f n\n /em rg-1 k+3 rgna1 /em rg-n1 que52 rgius1 /em rg-io-1 rglis1 /em rg-li-1 royal4 ,f rtin-1 spee*3 rtincula1 /em rtin-cul-1 little spee*4 ,f rg-no-1 k+dom3 rgnre1 /em rgn-1 to rule4 ,f is1 law3 irre1 swe>1 /em ir 7#aed74 ,errata3 #aih;a 444 rtor1 /em r-tr- r tr- ) invisible hyph5 #aih;b 444 irre1 swe>1 /em ir /em ir 9 italics 7,a47 ,,=mation ,,( ,,! ,,n\n4 ,,)\t ,a ,,=mative ,,suffix4 #aii4 ,"s roots are us$ z n\n /ems3 z1 duc-1 ,n4 dux1 lead] 7duc-1 lead72 rg-1 ,n4 rx1 k+ 7rg-1 guide72 p>ticul>ly at ! end ( a comp\nd3 z1 con-iug-1 ,n4 coninx1 yoke-fell[1 sp\se 7com-1 jug-1 yoke72 tubi-c9-1 ,n4 tubic51 trumpet] 7tub-1 c-1 play74 ,,) ,a ,,=mative ,,suffix4 #bjj4 ,,simple =mative suffixes are v[els3 z1 --1 -o-1 -i-1 -u-2 also -io-1 -uo-1 7-vo-72 or su* little syllables z -mo-1 -m9-2 -ro-1 -lo-2 -n-2 -no-1 -ni-1 -nu-2 -to-1 -ti-1 -tu-2 -t]-1 -tr-2 -unt- 7-nt-72 -es- 7-er-71 -r-2 ^! syllables sometimes h slight modifications ( =m4 ,,comp\nd suffixes consi/ ( "o or m simple suffixes atta*$ to a simple suffix3 z1 -tr-io-1 -ti-mo-1 c41 c4 #bja4 ,! foll[+ are examples ( n\n /ems =m$ f roots or v]b /ems by simple suffixes add$3 ,,/em4 ,,nom9ative4 ,,f4 fug-- fuga1 flight fug-1 fly fd-o- fdus1 tru/y fd-1 tru/ ac-u- acus1 p9 ac-1 po9t od-io- odium1 hate od-1 hate pluv-i- pluvia1 ra9 plov-1 wet ar-vo- arvom1 til? ar-1 till al-vo- alvos1 belly al-1 nurture sal-vo- salvos1 safe sal-1 safe f-m- fma1 tale f-1 tell teg-m9- tegm51 cov] teg-1 cov] sel-l- sella1 seat s$-1 sit err-n- err1 /roll] err-1 /roll som-no- somnus1 sleep sop-1 sleep pl-no- plnus1 full pl-1 fill rg-no- rgnum1 realm rg-1 guide da-to- datus1 giv5 da-1 give lec-to- lectus1 b$ leg-1 lie g5-ti- gns1 race g5-1 beget /a-tu- /atus1 /& /a-1 /& rc-tr- rctor1 rul] rg-1 guide e-unt-1 ins1 go+ i-1 g rege-nt- regns1 guid+ rege-1 guide g5-er- g5us1 race g5-1 beget fur-r- furor1 madness fur-1 rave #bjb4 ,=mative suffixes are (t5 prec$$ by a v[el1 :i* 9 _m in/ances is a /em v[el1 real or presum$2 9 o!rs1 ! v[el has come to be reg>d$ z a "p ( ! suffix itself4 ,?us1 -lo-3 flio-lo-1 ,n4 flio-lu-s1 little son 7flio-72 hortu-lu-s1 little g>d5 7horto-1 #aje1 h72 b -ulo-3 rg-ulu-s1 petty k+ 7rg-72 g]-ulu-s1 port] 7ges-1 be>71 -ci-3 pugn-ci-1 ,n4 pugn-x1 full ( fight 7pugn-re72 b -ci-3 f]-x1 productive 7f]-1 be>71 -to-3 laud-to-1 ,n4 laud-tu-s1 prais$ 7laud-re72 b -to-3 d5t-tus1 too!d 7d5ti-74 -tu-3 equit-tu-1 ,n4 equit-tu-s1 cavalry 7equit-re72 b -tu-3 s5-tu-s1 s5ate 7s5-74 -l-3 sud-l-1 ,n4 sud-la1 p]suasion 7sud-re1 #aib72 b -l-3 loqu-la1 talk 7loqu-1 speak74 -tt-3 cvi-tt-1 ,n4 cvi-t-s1 citiz5%ip 7cvi-72 b -xt-3 auctr-x-s1 au?ority 7auctr-74 -cio-3 a$li-cio-1 ,n4 a$li-ciu-s1 ( an a$ile 7a$li-72 b -icio-3 patr-iciu-s1 patrician 7patr-74 -timo-3 fni-timo-1 ,n4 fni-timu-s1 bord]+ 7fni-72 b -itimo-3 lg-itimu-s1 ( ! law 7lg-74 #bjc4 ,!re are _m =mative suffixes ( n\ns4 ,! commone/ only c be nam$1 & ^! may be conv5i5tly gr\p$ z bel[1 by _! mean+s4 ,comp\nd suffixes are arrang$ ) ref]5ce to ! la/ elem5t ( ! suffix3 ?us1 "u ! adjective suffix -io- 7#cjd7 w be f\nd -c-io-1 -c-io-1 -tr-io-1 & -r-io-4 ,9 _m in/ances x is difficult to di/+ui% betwe5 simple & comp\nd suffixes4 ,errata3 #bja 7table7 444 f-m- f9al - miss+ or invisible e-unt-1 anomal\s comma may be int5tional 7?is & foll[+ ^w are bo? p>ticiples7 ,i4 ,,! ,,sub/antive4 7,a47 ,,primitives4 ,i4 ,,! ,,ag5t4 #bjd4 ,! suffixes -tr-1 -o-1 --1 -lo-1 & -n-1 are us$ to d5ote ! ,ag5t3 z1 ,,/em4 ,,nom9ative4 ,,f4 lc-tr- lctor1 read] lg-1 read scrb-- scrba1 writ] scrb-1 write fig-ulo- figulus1 pott] fig-1 m\ld err-n- err1 /roll] err-re1 /roll 7#a47 -tr- 7,n4 -tor74 #bje4 -tr-1 ,n4 -tor1 or -sr-1 ,n4 -sor 7#aei1 #bjb71 is ! commone/ suffix ( ! ag5t2 ! fem99e is -tr-ci-1 ,n4 -tr-x4 -tr- is sometimes us$ 9 a pres5t s5se1 ( action repeat$ or occurr+ at any "t1 & sometimes 9 a pa/ s5se4 #bjf4 7a47 -tr- 7-sr-71 9 ! pres5t s5se1 (t5 d5otes "o :o makes a regul> bus9ess ( ! action ( ! root or v]b4 r-tr-1 ,n4 r-tor1 spokesman1 speak] 7r-re72 lc-tor1 read] 7leg-1 read74 ,workm5 & tradesm53 ar-tor1 pl\ghman1 ps-tor1 %eph]d1 pc-tor1 pa9t]1 s-tor1 %oemak]4 ,semi-pr(essional3 capt-tor1 legacy-hunt]1 dl-tor1 pr(essional in=m]4 ,gov]nm5t (ficials3 cn-sor1 apprais]1 c5sor1 imp]-tor1 comm&]1 prae-tor1 7lead]71 praetor1 dict-tor1 lc-tor4 ,( ! law3 c-tor1 manag]1 accs-tor1 accus]1 spn-sor1 bondsman1 t-tor1 gu>dian4 ,f presum$ v]b /ems 7#bjb73 s5-tor1 s5ator 7s5-72 vi-tor1 wayf>] 7vi-72 fundi-tor1 sl+] 7fund-74 -tro-1 ,n4 -t]1 has ! mean+ ( -tr-3 z1 aus-tro-1 ,n4 aus-t] 7scor*]71 s\?-we/] 7aus-1 burn74 #bjg4 ,9 ! pres5t s5se -tr- 7-sr-7 is also us$ to indicate p]man5t "*1 quality1 capability1 t5d5cy1 likelihood3 z1 bell-tor1 a man ( w>1 w>like2 dlb]-tor1 a man ( caution2 cess-tor1 a loit]]2 dr-sor1 a mock]1 ironical2 cnsmp-tor1 apt to de/roy1 de/ructive2 a$ific-tor1 build+-mad4 #bjh4 7b47 -tr- 7-sr-71 9 a p]fect s5se1 is us$ p>ticul>ly 9 old ,lat91 or to d5ote an ag5t :o has acquir$ a p]man5t "n by a s+le conspicu\s action4 ,9 ?is s5se x usually has a g5itive ( ! object1 or a possessive pron\n3 ?us1 ca/g-tor meus1 my m5tor1 or ! man :o has upbraid$ me2 olvae inv5-tor1 ! devis] ( ! olive 7,ari/aeus72 rep]-tor vtis1 ! au?or ( ! v9e 7,bac*us72 patriae lb]-trs1 ! emancipators ( ! nation4 7#b47 -o- 7,n4 -u-s71 -- 7,n4 -a72 -lo- 7,n4 -lu-s72 -n- 7,n4 -74 #bji4 -o- & -- /ems may d5ote vocation or class2 _m are comp\nds4 -o-1 ,n4 -u-s3 coqu-o-1 ,n4 coqu-o-s or coc-u-s1 cook 7coqu-1 cook72 causidic-u-s1 plead] 7caus-1 dic-1 speak74 --1 ,n4 -a3 scrb--1 ,n4 scrb-a1 cl]k 7scrb-1 write72 agricol-a1 husb&man 7agro-1 col-1 till74 #baj4 -u-lo-1 ,n4 -u-lu-s 7#bjb73 g]-ulo-1 ,n4 g]-ulu-s1 be>] 7ges-1 be>72 fig-ulu-s1 pott] 7fig-1 %ape1 m\ld74 #baa4 -n-1 ,n4 --3 err-n-1 ,n4 err-1 /roll] 7err-re72 especially 9 comp\nds3 pra$-1 robb] 7pra$-r72 praec- = 99praevoc1 h]ald 7prae-voc-re72 combib-1 fell[-dr9k] 7com-1 bib-1 dr9k74 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,action4 #bab4 ,! suffixes --1 -io-1 -i-2 -m9-2 -i-n-1 -ti-n-2 -l-2 -m-1 -n-2 -t-1 -tu-2 -er-1 -or-1 -r-1 are us$ to d5ote ! ,action3 z1 ,,/em4 ,,nom9ative4 ,,f4 od-io- odium1 hate od-1 hate c-tin- cti1 action g-1 d ques-tu- que/us1 compla9t ques-1 compla9 fur-r- furor1 rage fur-1 rave #bac4 ,words d5ot+ action 7#adgj7 9 a sub/antive =m h a wide range ( mean+2 !y may d5ote1 accord+ to ! connection1 action intransitive1 transitive1 or passive1 complete or incomplete2 if ! v]b d5otes condition or /ate1 ! ^w ( action (t5 comes v ne> to d5om9atives ( quality2 fur!rmore ! idea ( action is (t5 lo/1 & passes ov] to result1 concrete effect1 means or in/rum5t1 or place4 7#a47 -- 7,n4 -a72 -io- 7,n4 -iu-m72 -i- 7,n4 -ia71 -i- 7,n4 -i-s74 #bad4 --1 ,n4 -a1 is r>e 9 words ( action3 fug--1 ,n4 fug-a1 flight 7fug-1 fly72 mo/ words are concrete3 mol-a1 mill 7mol-1 gr9d72 tog-a1 cov]+ 7teg-1 cov]74 #bae4 -r--1 ,n4 -r-a1 is r>e3 fig-r-1 ,n4 fig-ra1 %ape 7fig-1 %ape74 #baf4 -tr--1 ,n4 -tr-a1 or -sr--1 ,n4 -sr-a 7#aei1 #bjb71 ak9 to ! ag5t 9 -tr- 7-sr-73 arm-tr-1 ,n4 arm-tra1 equipm5t 7arm-re72 pc-tra1 pa9t+1 i4e41 act ( pa9t+ or picture 7pig-1 pa9t74 ,words p>allel ) (ficial p]sonal names 7#bjf7 d5ote (fice3 cn-sra1 tax+1 c5sor's (fice 7cf4 cnsr-72 prae-tra1 praetor%ip 7cf4 praetr-74 #bag4 -io-1 ,n4 -iu-m1 sometimes d5otes ! effect or ! object4 ,! l9e _c always be drawn v %>ply betwe5 ^! /ems 9 -io- 7_m ( :i* may be =m$ ?r\gh a presum$ n\n /em71 & d5om9atives 9 -io- 7#bdi74 #bah4 7a47 -io- is r>ely suffix$ to simple roots or v]b /ems3 od-io-1 ,n4 od-iu-m1 hate1 hateful ?+1 hateful conduct 7od-1 hate72 "s words become concrete3 lab-iu-m1 lip 7lab-1 lick74 #bai4 7b47 ,mo/ primitives 9 -io- are comp\nds3 z1 adag-iu-m1 prov]b 7ad1 ag-1 speak72 +5-iu-m1 disposition 791 g5-1 beget72 dscid-iu-m1 sep>ation1 exscid-iu-m1 de/ruction 7d-1 ex1 scid-1 cleave72 inc5d-iu-m1 conflagration 791 c&-1 light72 obsequ-iu-m1 compliance 7ob-1 sequ-1 foll[72 conloqu-iu-m1 p>ley 7com-1 loqu-1 talk72 obsid-iu-m1 siege 7ob1 s$-1 sit74 #bbj4 -t-io-1 ,n4 -t-iu-m3 spa-tio-1 ,n4 spa-tiu-m1 /ret* 7spa-1 span1 /ret*72 sl/i-tiu-m1 sun-/&1 sol/ice 7sl-1 /a-1 /&72 ini-tiu-m1 a beg9n+ 791 i-1 g74 #bba4 -i-1 ,n4 -ia3 fur-i-1 ,n4 fur-iae1 plural1 rav+s1 madness 7fur-1 rave72 pluvia1 ra9 7pluv-1 ra974 ,mo/ /ems 9 -i- are comp\nds1 us$ 9 ! plural only1 (t5 ) concrete or passive mean+3 dlic-iae1 allurem5ts1 pet 7d1 lac-1 allure72 excub-iae1 patrol 7ex1 cub-1 lie74 #bbb4 -i-1 ,n4 -i-s1 a v>iation ( -i-1 usually d5otes result 7#fjd73 s]-i-1 ,n4 s]-i-s1 r[ 7s]-1 /r+72 spec-i-s1 sight1 looks 7spec-1 spy1 see72 p]nic-i-s1 de/ruction 7p]1 nec-1 murd]74 #bbc4 -t-i-1 ,n4 -t-i-s3 p]mi-ti-1 ,n4 p]mi-ti-s1 wa/+ away 7p]1 mi-1 less74 7#b47 -m9- 7#ajc7 7,n4 -m572 -d9-1 -g9- 7#aje1 g7 7,n4 -d1 -g74 #bbd4 -m9-1 ,n4 -m5 7#bjb71 usually active1 occasionally passive1 is v common2 x sometimes d5otes ! means1 in/rum5t1 or effect4 c]t-m9-1 ,n4 c]t-m51 conte/ 7c]t-re72 cr-m51 *>ge 7c]-1 cr-1 sift72 spec-im51 :at is inspect$1 sample 7spec-1 spy1 see72 l-m51 light 7lc-1 light72 fl-m51 flood1 /ream 7flug-1 fl[72 ag-m51 :at is l$1 tra9 7ag-1 lead74 ,words 9 -m9- (t5 mean ne>ly ! same z ^? 9 -m5to- 7#bci73 z1 lev-m51 lev-m5tu-m1 light5+2 teg-um51 teg-um5tu-m1 cov]+4 #bbe4 -d9-1 --d9- 7#bjb73 --d9-1 ,n4 --d3 grav-d9-1 ,n4 grav-d1 7heav9ess71 cat>rh 7grav-1 heavy71 --d9-1 ,n4 --d3 cup-d9-1 ,n4 cup-d1 desire 7cup-1 desire72 lib-id1 :im 7lib-1 ye>n74 #bbf4 --g9-1 --g9- 7#bjb73 --g9-1 ,n4 --g3 vor-g9-1 ,n4 vor-g1 gulf 7vor-re72 im-g1 repres5tation 799im-1 cf4 imitr74 --g9-1 ,n4 --g3 or-g9-1 ,n4 or-g1 s\rce 7or-r72 cl-g1 d>kness 7cl-1 hide74 ,a few d5om9atives h --g9-1 ,n4 --g3 a]-g9-1 ,n4 a]-g1 copp] ru/ 7a]-74 7#c47 -i-n- 7,n4 -i-72 -ti-n- or -si-n- 7,n4 -ti- or -si-74 #bbg4 -i-n-1 ,n4 -i-3 opn-in-1 ,n4 opn-i1 notion 7opn-r72 condic-i1 agreem5t 7com-1 dic-1 say72 contg-i1 t\* 7com-1 tag-1 t\*74 ,"s words are concrete3 leg-i1 pick1 legion 7leg-1 pick74 ,a few are d5om9atives3 commn-i1 mutual p>ticipation 7commni-74 #bbh4 -ti-n-1 ,n4 -ti-1 or -si-n-1 ,n4 -si- 7#aei1 #bjb71 is v common1 & may d5ote action ei!r intransitive1 transitive1 or passive1 or ! mann] or possibility ( action4 cgit-tin-1 ,n4 cgit-ti1 a ?9k+1 a ?\ght 7cgit-re72 ex/im-ti1 judg+1 reputation 7ex/im-re72 cov5-ti1 commonly cn-ti1 meet+1 spee* 7com-1 v5-1 come72 dpul-si1 w>d+ (f 7d-1 pol-1 pu%72 oppugn-ti1 besieg+1 me?od ( besieg+ 7oppugn-re72 occult-ti1 hid+1 *ance to hide1 possibility ( hid+ 7occult-re74 ,"s words d5ote ! place :]e3 /a-ti1 a /& 7/a-1 /&72 "s become collectives or concretes3 salt-ti1 greet+1 levee1 gue/s at a levee 7salt-re72 mn-ti1 =tification1 i4e41 act ( =tify+ or works 7mn-re74 7#d47 --l- 7,n4 --la71 -t-l- 7,n4 -t-la74 #bbi4 --l-1 ,n4 --la 7#bjb73 sud-l-1 ,n4 sud-la1 p]suasion 7sud-r73 loqu-la1 talk 7loqu-1 talk72 qu]-la or qu]-lla1 compla9t 7ques-1 compla974 ,"s words are concrete3 c&-la1 c&le 7c&-re74 #bcj4 -t-l-1 ,n4 -t-la-3 conrup-tl-1 ,n4 conrup-tla1 a s$uction 7com-1 rup-1 spoil1 ru972 t-tla1 protection 7t-1 wat*1 protect74 7#e47 -m- 7,n4 -ma71 -n- 7,n4 -na72 -tr-n- 7,n4 -tr-na74 #bca4 -m- & -n- are r>e1 & d5ote result or some?+ concrete4 -m-1 ,n4 -ma3 f-m-1 ,n4 f-ma1 tale 7f-1 tell72 -n1 ,n4 -na3 ur-na1 pit*] 7urc- 9 urc-eus1 pit*]1 #agj1 #c72 ) orig9al suffix -sna 7#agj1 #b73 l-na1 moon 7lc-1 light72 scla1 /airs 7sc&-1 m\nt74 #bcb4 -9-1 ,n4 -ina3 ang-9-1 ,n4 ang-ina1 *ok+ 7ang-1 *oke72 pg-ina1 page 7pg-1 fa/572 s>c-ina1 package 7s>c-1 pat*74 -n-1 ,n4 -na 7#bjb73 ru-n-1 ,n4 ru-na1 d[nfall 7ru-1 tumble72 -n- is v common 9 d5om9atives3 pisc-na1 fi%-pond 7pisci-74 #bcc4 -tr-n-1 ,n4 -tr-na1 ak9 to ! ag5t 9 -tr-3 doc-trn-1 ,n4 doc-trna1 tea*+1 ei!r ! act ( tea*+ or :at is taught 7doc-1 tea*72 s-trna1 %oemak+1 %oemak]'s trade1 %oemak]'s %op 7s-1 sew74 7#f47 -t- or -s- 7,n4 -ta or -sa72 -tu- or -su- 7,n4 -tu-s or -su-s74 #bcd4 -t-1 ,n4 -ta1 or -s-1 ,n4 -sa 7#aei71 is r>e1 & sometimes d5otes result1 or some?+ concrete3 z1 no-t-1 ,n4 no-ta1 m>k 7gno-1 "k72 por-ta 7passage71 gate 7por-1 f>e72 fos-sa1 dit* 7fod-1 dig72 repul-sa1 repulse 7re-1 pol-1 pu%72 (fn-sa1 (f5ce 7ob1 f5d-1 /rike74 #bce4 -tu-1 ,n4 -tu-s1 or -su-1 ,n4 -su-s 7#aei1 #bjb71 d5otes ! action & its results3 ques-tu-1 ,n4 ques-tu-s1 compla9t 7ques-1 compla972 gem-itus1 groan 7gem-1 groan74 ,/ems 9 --tu-1 ,n4 --tu-s1 sometimes d5ote (fice or (ficials3 cnsul-tu-1 ,n4 cnsul-tu-s1 be+ consul1 consul%ip 7cnsul-72 s5-tu-s1 s5ate 7s5-74 -tu- is seldom passive3 v-su-s1 active1 sight1 passive1 looks 7vd-1 see72 app>-tu-s1 prep>ation1 ei!r a gett+ ready1 or :at is got ready 7app>-re74 ,! sup9e 7#bbfi7 is ! accusative or ablative ( sub/antives 9 -tu- 7-su-74 ,mo/ words 9 -tu- 7-su-7 are defective 9 case1 & are *iefly us$ 9 ! ablative 7#dcj74 ,erratum3 #bcd 444 z1 no-t-1 ,n4 no-ta1 m>k no t- ) invisible hyph5 7#g47 -er- = -es- 7,n4 -u72 -r- 7,n4 -or74 #bcf4 ,neut] /ems 9 -er- 7= -es-71 or 9 -or- 7= -os-71 ,n4 -u1 d5ote result1 or h a concrete mean+3 g5-er-1 ,n4 g5-u1 bir?1 race 7g5-1 beget72 op-er-1 ,n4 op-u1 "w 7op-1 "w72 frg-or-1 ,n4 frg-u1 cold 7frg-1 cold74 -s ) l5g!n$ is sometimes us$ 9 ! nom9ative ( g5d] words3 z1 nb-s1 cl\d 7nb-1 veil72 sd-s1 seat 7sd-72 vt-s1 b>d4 -n-er-1 -n-or-1 ,n4 -n-u3 vol-n]-1 ,n4 vol-nus1 w\nd 7vol-1 te>72 fac-inor-1 ,n4 fac-inus1 de$ 7fac-1 d1 #bjb74 #bcg4 -r- 7= an old] =m -s-1 #aed71 ,n4 -s1 commonly -or1 mascul9e1 d5otes a /ate4 ,_m sub/antives 9 -r- h a p>allel v]b1 usually 9 -re 7#cfh71 & an adjective 9 -ido- 7#bhg74 od-r-1 ,n4 od-s or od-or1 smell 7od-1 smell1 cf4 ol-re72 pall-or1 pal5ess 7cf4 pall-re72 cal-or1 w>m? 7cf4 cal-re72 m-or1 moi/ure 7cf4 m-re72 am-or1 love 7cf4 am-re72 ang-or1 *ok+1 angui% 7ang-1 *oke74 ,erratum3 #bcg 444 od-r-1 ,n4 od-s or od-or1 smell od-r- ,n4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,in/rum5t ,,or ,,means4 #bch4 ,! suffixes -m5-to-1 -tro-1 -cro- or -culo-1 -lo-1 -bro- or -bulo-1 are us$ to d5ote ! ,in/rum5t or ,means3 z1 ,,/em4 ,,nom9ative4 ,,f4 rn-m5to- rnm5tum1 embelli%m5t rn-re1 embelli% ar-tro- artrum1 pl\gh ar-re1 pl\gh p-culo- pculum1 dr9k+-cup p-1 dr9k p-bulo- pbulum1 fodd] p-1 fe$ #bci4 -m5-to-1 ,n4 -m5-tu-m 7#bjb71 is "o ( ! commone/ suffixes2 x sometimes d5otes result ( action1 r>ely action itself4 pig-m5to-1 ,n4 pig-m5tu-m1 pa9t 7pg-1 pa9t72 exp]-m5tu-m1 te/ 7exp]-r72 rn-m5tu-m1 ornam5t 7rn-re72 frag-m5tu-m1 fragm5t 7frag-1 break72 cae-m5tu-m1 qu>ri$ /one 7ca$-1 cut72 incr-m5tu-m1 gr[? 791 cr-1 gr[72 al-im5tu-m1 n\ri%m5t 7al-1 nurture72 doc-um5tu-m1 lesson 7doc-1 tea*74 ,see also -m9- 7#bbd74 -m5-t-1 ,n4 -m5-ta1 ,f41 is r>e3 ful-m5ta1 prop 7fulc-1 prop72 r-m5ta1 scrap+ 7rd-1 scrape74 #bdj4 -tro-1 ,n4 -tru-m 7#bjb73 ar-tro-1 ,n4 ar-tru-m1 pl\gh 7ar-re72 f]-etru-m1 bi] 7f]-1 be>72 rs-tru-m1 beak 7rd-1 peck74 ,sometimes -/ro-3 mn-/ru-m1 w>n+ 7mon-1 m9d72 lu-/ra1 plural1 f51 jungle 7lu-1 wa%72 l-/ru-m1 purification 7l\-1 wa%74 -tr-1 ,n4 -tra1 ,f43 mulc-tr-1 ,n4 mulc-tra 7also mulc-tru-m1 ,ne471 milk+-pail 7mulg-1 milk74 -es-tr-3 f5-e/ra1 w9d[4 #bda4 -cro-1 ,n4 -cru-m1 us$ :5 an l prec$es3 ful-cro-1 ,n4 ful-cru-m1 c\*-leg 7fulc-1 prop74 -cro- sometimes d5otes ! place :]e3 ambul-cru-m1 prom5ade 7ambul-re72 sometimes ! effect3 simul-cru-m1 lik5ess 7simul-re74 #bdb4 -culo-1 ,n4 -culu-m 7#bjb73 p-culo-1 ,n4 p-culu-m1 cup 7p-1 dr9k72 f]-culu-m1 tray 7f]-1 be>74 -culo- sometimes d5otes ! place :]e3 cub-iculu-m1 sleep+-room 7cub-1 lie72 cn-culu-m1 orig9ally d9+-room1 usually g>ret 7cn-re74 #bdc4 -u-lo-1 ,n4 -u-lu-m- 7#bjb73 *iefly aft] c or g3 v9c-ulo-1 ,n4 v9c-ulu-m1 bond 7v9c-1 b9d72 c+-ulu-m1 girdle 7c+-1 gird74 -u-l-1 ,n4 -u-la1 ,f41 rg-ula1 rule 7rg-1 guide74 #bdd4 -bro-1 ,n4 -bru-m 7#bjb73 cr-bro-1 ,n4 cr-bru-m1 sieve 7c]-1 cr-1 sift72 l-bru-m1 wa%-bas9 7lav-1 wa%74 -br-1 ,n4 -bra1 ,f43 dol-bra1 *isel1 mattock 7dol-re72 late-bra1 hid+-place 7lat-1 hide74 #bde4 -bulo-1 ,n4 -bulu-m 7#bjb73 p-bulo-1 ,n4 p-bulu-m1 fodd] 7p-1 keep72 vn-bulu-m1 hunt+-spe> 7vn-r72 pat-ibulu-m1 pillory 7pat-1 /ret*74 -bulo- sometimes d5otes ! place :]e3 /a-bulu-m1 /&+-place1 /all 7/a-1 /&74 -bul-1 ,n4 -bula1 ,f41 r>e3 s-bula1 awl 7su-1 sew72 ta-bula1 bo>d 7ta-1 /ret*72 f-bula1 talk 7f-1 talk74 7,b47 ,,d5om9atives4 ,i4 ,,! ,,quality4 #bdf4 ,! suffixes -io-1 -i-2 -t-1 -tt-1 -tt-1 -t-d9-1 are us$ to d5ote ! ,quality3 z1 ,,/em4 ,,nom9ative4 ,,f4 conlg-io- conlgium1 colleague%ip conlg-1 ,n4 conlga1 colleague audc-i- audcia1 boldness audci-1 ,n4 audx1 bold cvi-tt- cvits1 citiz5%ip cvi-1 ,n4 cvis1 citiz5 magni-td9- magnitd1 greatness magno-1 ,n4 magnus1 great #bdg4 ,^! ab/racts are fem99e1 & come *iefly f adjectives or p>ticiples1 except ^? 9 -io-1 :i* are neut]s1 & come mo/ly f sub/antives4 ,sometimes ! same /em takes two or m ( ^! suffixes3 z1 clri-tt- or clri-td9-1 brightness 7clro-72 iuv5-tt-1 9 poetry iuv5-tt- or iuv5-t-1 y\? 7iuv5-74 7#a47 -io- 7,n4 -iu-m71 -i- 7,n4 -ia71 -i- 7,n4 -is74 #bdh4 -i- sometimes occurs z collat]al =m to -i- 7#fjd72 -io- or -i- is sometimes atta*$ to o!r suffixes3 ?us1 -t-io-1 -t-i- 7-t-i-72 -mn-io-1 -mn-i-2 -c9-io-4 #bdi4 -io-1 ,n4 -iu-m1 *iefly us$ 9 comp\nds1 d5otes belong+ to1 ) a v wide range ( mean+2 _m ( ^! words are cle>ly neut] adjectives 9 -io- 7#cje74 ,suffix$ to p]sonal names -io- (t5 d5otes ! condition1 action1 or employm5t1 :i* gives rise to ! "n2 ?is mean+ sometimes passes ov] to t ( result1 relation ( p]sons1 collection ( p]sons1 or place4 #bej4 7a47 ,f simple n\n /ems3 s5-io-1 ,n4 s5-iu-m1 feeble old age 7s5-72 somn-iu-m1 dream 7somno-72 sv-iu-m1 love-kiss 7suvi-72 sil5t-iu-m1 sil5ce 7sil5ti-72 crepund-ia1 plural1 rattle 799crepundo-72 m5dc-iu-m1 lie 7m5dci-72 slc-iu-m1 com=t 799slci-1 com=t+74 #bea4 7b47 ,direct comp\nds 7#cgg73 aequ9oct-iu-m1 equ9ox 7aequo-1 nocti-72 contub]n-iu-m1 companion%ip 7com-1 tab]n-72 prvilg-iu-m1 special enactm5t 7prvo-1 lg-74 #beb4 7c47 ,indirect comp\nds 7#cgg71 *iefly f p]sonal names3 cnsil-iu-m1 delib]at+ toge!r1 faculty ( delib]ation1 conclusion1 advice1 delib]ative body 7cnsul-72 auspic-iu-m1 tak+ auspices1 auspices tak5 7auspic-72 rmig-iu-m1 r[+1 o>s1 o>sm5 7rmig-72 conlg-iu-m1 colleague%ip1 corporation 7conlg-72 a$ific-iu-m1 build+ 799a$ific-1 build]72 p]fug-iu-m1 asylum 7p]fug-74 #bec4 -t-io- ,n4 -t-iu-m1 r>e3 s]vi-tio-1 ,n4 s]vi-tiu-m1 slav]y1 slaves 7s]vo-72 calvi-tiu-m1 baldness 7calvo-74 #bed4 -mn-io-1 ,n4 -mn-iu-m 7#bjb73 te/i-mnio-1 ,n4 te/i-mniu-m1 evid5ce 7te/i-72 mtr-imniu-m1 m>riage 7mtr-72 patr-imniu-m1 patrimony 7patr-74 #bee4 -c9-io-1 ,n4 -c9-iu-m1 r>e3 latr-c9io-1 ,n4 latr-c9iu-m1 robb]y 7latrn-72 patr-c9iu-m1 protection 7patrno-74 #bef4 -i-1 ,n4 -ia1 is v common inde$1 =m+ ab/racts f n\ns1 mo/ly adjectives or pres5t p>ticiples4 audc-i-1 ,n4 audc-ia1 boldness 7audci-72 mis]-ia1 wret*$ness 7mis]o-72 abundant-ia1 pl5ty 7abundanti-72 sci5t-ia1 k 7sci5ti-72 mlit-ia1 w>f>e 7mlit-72 victr-ia1 victory 7victr-72 mt]-ia1 timb] 7mt]-72 cu/d-ia1 gu>d 7cu/d-74 #beg4 -i-1 ,n4 -i-s3 paup]-i-1 ,n4 paup]-i-s1 mod]ate means 7paup]-74 ,mo/ /ems 9 -i- are primitive 7#bbb74 #beh4 -t-i-1 ,n4 -t-ia1 is suffix$ to a few adjective /ems1 *iefly 9 -o-3 i/i-ti-1 ,n4 i/i-tia1 ju/ice 7i/o-72 mali-tia1 wick$ness 7malo-72 pudci-tia1 %amefa/ness 7pudco-72 tr/i-tia1 sadness 7tr/i-74 #bei4 -t-i-1 ,n4 -t-i-s1 p>ticul>ly z a collat]al =m ( -t-i- 9 ! ,n41 ,ac41 & ,ab4 s+ul> 7#fjd73 molli-ti-1 ,n4 molli-ti-s1 s(tness 7molli-74 #bfj4 -mn-i-1 ,n4 -mn-ia 7#bjb73 cri-mni-1 ,n4 cri-mnia1 %>pness 7cri-72 p>si-mnia1 economy 7p>so-74 ,analog\sly f roots1 qu]-imnia1 compla9t 7ques-1 compla972 al-imnia1 nurture 7al-1 nurture74 7#b47 -t- 7,n4 -ta71 -tt- 7,n4 -t-s71 -tt- 7,n4 -t-s71 -t-d9- 7,n4 -t-d74 #bfa4 -t-1 ,n4 -ta3 *iefly poetic3 iuv5-t-1 ,n4 iuv5-ta1 y\? 7iuv5-72 s5ec-ta1 age 7s5-ec-74 #bfb4 -tt-1 ,n4 -t-s 7#bjb71 is "o ( ! v commone/ suffixes4 pie-tt-1 ,n4 pie-t-s1 dutifulness 7pio-1 #aje72 flci-t-s1 happ9ess 7flci-72 cvi-t-s1 citiz5%ip1 ! community 7cvi-72 facili-t-s1 eas9ess1 facul-t-s1 ability 7facili-72 cri-t-s1 de>ness 7cro-72 auctr-x-s1 au?ority 7auctr-72 lb]-t-s1 fre$om 7lbro-1 #aaa1 b72 maies-t-s1 gr&eur 7mais-72 volun-t-s1 wi% 799volunti-1 #agi72 v5us-t-s1 grace 7v5u/o-1 #agi72 ae-t-s1 age 7aevo-1 #aaa1 a72 tempes-t-s1 k9d ( "t1 wea!r 7tempes-74 #bfc4 -tt-1 ,n4 -t-s1 only 9 iuv5-tt-1 ,n4 iuv5-t-s1 y\? 7iuv5-71 s5ec-t-s1 age 7s5ec-71 s]vi-t-s1 slav]y 7s]vo-71 & vir-t-s1 manhood 7viro-1 #aaa74 #bfd4 -t-d9-1 ,n4 -t-d1 suffix$ to adjective /ems3 magni-td9-1 ,n4 magni-td1 greatness 7magno-72 =ti-td1 c\rage 7=ti-72 & to a few p>ticiples3 cnsu-td1 cu/om 7cnsuto-1 #agi72 sollici-td1 anxiety 7sollicito-72 analog\sly val-td1 heal? 799valto-1 valre74 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,p]son ,,conc]n$4 #bfe4 ,! suffixes -rio-1 -n-1 -in-1 -li-1 -no-1 & "s o!rs1 are us$ to d5ote ! ,p]son conc]n$ or occupi$ ) a ?+3 z1 ,,/em4 ,,nom9ative4 ,,f4 sc-rio- scrius1 assass9 sc-1 ,n4 sca1 dagg] le-n- le1 gambl] le-1 ,n4 lea1 die ld-in- ldi1 play] ld-1 ,n4 ldus1 play a$-li- a$lis1 a$ile a$i-1 ,n4 a$is1 h\se trib-no- tribnus1 tribune tribu-1 ,n tribus1 tribe ,,iii4 ,,! ,,place4 #bff4 ,neut]s ) ! suffixes -trio-1 -rio-1 -li-1 -to-1 or -to- are (t5 us$ to d5ote ! ,place3 z1 ,,/em4 ,,nom9ative4 ,,f4 aud-trio- aud-trium1 lecture-room audtr-1 ,n4 audtor1 he>] a]-rio- a]rium1 treasury a]-1 ,n4 aes1 money ov-li- ovle1 %eepfold ovi-1 ,n4 ovis1 %eep murt-to- murtta1 myrtlegroves murto-1 ,n4 murtus1 myrtle ,,iv4 ,,dim9utives4 #bfg4 ,! suffixes -lo-1 -l-1 or -cu-lo-1 -cu-l-1 are us$ to =m sub/antives ) a ,dim9utive mean+4 ,dim9utives may d5ote3 #bfh4 7#a47 ,actual smallness3 z1 secricula1 a little hat*et2 v5tulus1 a bit ( w9d2 spcula1 a ray ( hope4 #bfi4 7#b47 ,imput$ smallness3 imply+1 7a47 admiration1 affection1 or compassion2 7b47 contempt or irony4 ,?is dim9utive1 :i* usually s]ves to add po9t to s5t5ces !mselves ( a playful1 patroniz+1 or slurr+ "*1 is v h>d to translate2 little & small are (t5 inadequate2 old or poor w sometimes d2 b usually rec\rse mu/ be _h to free translations adapt$ to ! p>ticul> context3 z1 rtiuncula1 a gem ( a spee*1 an attempt at a spee*2 mt]cula1 an anxi\s "m1 poor mamma1 de> mamma2 lectulus1 "o's own little b$2 nellus aureolus1 a gay gold r+2 ,graecul1 our ,greek c\s9s1 ! good p 9 ,greece2 ,graeculus1 a regul> ,greek1 y\r g5tleman f ,greece2 muli]cula1 a pretty girl1 a lady gay1 "o ( ! g5tl] sex1 a m]e woman1 an unprotect$ female1 a maid5 all =lorn2 lacrimula1 a wee te>1 a crocodile te>2 volpcula1 ,ma/] ,reyn>d1 dan ,russel2 tn/rcula1 a common b>b] girl2 popellus1 rabble2 nummul1 fil?y lucre2 m]cdula1 an apology = pay2 ratiuncula1 a fir/ rate reason2 caupnula1 a l[ tav]n4 #bgj4 ,"s dim9utives h entirely lo/ ! dim9utive mean+3 z1 puella1 girl1 n necess>ily little girl2 o!rs h *ang$ _! orig9al mean+3 z1 avunculus1 uncle1 orig9ally gr&papa2 angulla1 eel1 orig9ally little snake4 ,"s words are only f\nd 9 ! dim9utive =m3 z1 /lla1 /> 799/]-74 ,dim9utives usually h ! g5d] ( _! primitives2 exceptions are r>e3 z1 rna1 frog1 ,f41 rnunculus1 tadpole1 ,m4 ,erratum3 #bgj 444 ,f4 444 ,m4 anomal\s boldface 9 orig9al 7#a47 -lo- 7,n41 ,m4 -lu-s1 ,ne4 -lu-m71 -l- 7,n4 -la74 #bga4 ,/ems 9 -o-1 --1 or a mute 7-g-1 -c-1 -d-1 or -t-71 take -lo- or -l-1 :i* is usually prec$$ by -u- 7#bjb74 hortu-lo-1 ,n4 hortu-lu-s1 little g>d5 7horto-72 oppidu-lu-m1 hamlet 7oppido-72 s]ru-l-1 ,n4 s]ru-la1 little saw 7s]r-72 rg-ulu-s1 *iefta9 7rg-72 vc-ula1 a bit ( a voice 7vc-72 calc-ulu-s1 pebble 7calci-72 nept-ulu-s1 a gr&son de> 7nept-72 aett-ula1 t5d] age 7aett-74 #bgb4 ,/ems 9 -eo-1 -io-1 or -vo-1 reta9 -o- be=e -lo-2 /ems 9 -e-1 -i-1 or -v-1 also h -o- be=e -l-4 alveo-lo-1 ,n4 alveo-lu-s1 little tray 7alveo-72 gladio-lu-s1 little sword 7gladio-72 s]vo-lu-s1 little slave 7s]vo-72 nauseo-l-1 ,n4 nauseo-la1 a slight squeami%ness 7nause-72 b/io-la1 little animal 7b/i-72 flio-la1 little daught] 7fli-74 #bgc4 ,/ems 9 -lo-1 -ro-1 -no-1 & -l-1 -r-1 -n-1 commonly drop ! /em v[el & assimilate -r- or -n- to -l-3 ?us3 -el-lo-1 -el-l- 7#aaa1 b2 #aff1 #f1 #g74 catel-lo-1 = 99catululo-1 ,n4 catel-lu-s1 puppy 7catulo-72 agel-lu-s1 little field 7agro-72 asel-lu-s1 donkey 7as9o-72 fbel-l-1 ,n4 fbel-la1 %ort /ory 7fbul-72 umbel-la1 sun%ade 7umbr-72 pgel-la1 %ort page 7pg9-74 ,a few words are n ?us *ang$3 pu]u-lo-1 ,n4 pu]u-lu-s1 poor boy 7pu]o-71 z well z puel-lu-s4 #bgd4 ,ano!r v[el ?an e 7#agb1 #c7 appe>s 93 ,hispl-lu-s 7,hispno-71 ,messl-la 7,messn-71 prop] names2 corl-la1 *aplet 7corn-72 l-lu-s1 ! lea/ "o1 any at all 7no-72 ,sl-la 7,sr-71 prop] "n2 lapil-lu-s1 = 99lapid-lu-s1 pebble 7lapid-74 ,also homul-lu-s1 son ( ! du/ 7homon-74 ,erratum3 #bgc 444 -el-lo-1 -el-l- 7#aaa1 b2 #aff1 #f1 #g74 #aaa2 b2 7#b47 -cu-lo- 7,n41 ,m4 -cu-lu-s1 ,ne4 -cu-lu-m71 -cu-l- 7,n4 -cu-la74 #bge4 ,/ems 9 a cont9u\s s\nd 7-l-1 -n-1 -r-1 or -s-71 or 9 -i-1 -u-1 or --1 usually take -cu-lo- or -cu-l-4 s]mn-culo-1 ,n4 s]mn-culu-s1 small-talk 7s]mn-72 virgun-cul-1 ,n4 virgun-cula1 little maid 7virgon-72 homun-culu-s1 son ( e>? 7homon-72 arbus-cula1 t9y tree 7arbos-72 cor-culu-m1 he>t ( he>ts 7cord-1 #agj1 #ab72 igni-culu-s1 sp>k 7igni-72 ani-cula1 gr&am 7anu-72 di-cula1 brief day 7di-72 analog\sly1 volp-cula 7vix571 little fox 799volp-74 ,r>ely ) 3 c-cula1 little dog 7c-74 #bgf4 -un-culo-1 ,n4 -un-culu-s3 av-unculo-1 ,n4 av-unculu-s1 uncle 7avo-72 rn-unculu-s1 tadpole 7rn-74 -un-cul-1 ,n4 -un-cula3 dom-uncul-1 ,n4 dom-uncula1 little h\se 7domo-74 #bgg4 ,dim9utives are sometimes =m$ f o!r dim9utives3 ci/el-lu-la1 casket 7ci/el-la1 ci/u-la1 ci/-74 #bgh4 ,a few o!r suffixes h a dim9utive mean+3 z1 -cin-1 -leo-1 -a/ro-1 -tt-3 homun-ci1 manik91 *ild ( du/ 7homon-72 acu-leu-s1 /+ 7acu-72 ,antni-a/]1 regul> little ,antony2 pn-a/]1 ba/>d p9e2 ,ili-tta1 ,juliet 7,ili-72 ,plli-tta1 little ,polla 7,pll-74 ,v4 ,,patronymics4 #bgi4 ,patronymics1 or prop] names :i* d5ote desc5t f a fa!r or ance/or1 h /ems 9 -d- 7,n4 -d-s71 ,f4 -d- 7,n4 -s74 ,^! are *iefly ,greek names us$ 9 poetry4 ,prami-d-1 ,n4 ,prami-d-s1 scion ( ,priam's h\se2 ,tantali-d-1 ,n4 ,tantali-s1 daught] ( ,tantalus4 ,pl-d-s 7,pleu-s72 ,a5ea-d-s 7,a5-72 ,!/ia-d-s 7,!/io-72 ,lertia-d-s 7,lert-72 ,scpia-d-s 7,scpin-74 ,f4 sometimes -n or -n3 ,neptnn 7,neptno-72 ,acrisin 7,acrisio-74 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,adjective4 7,a47 ,,primitives4 #bhj4 ,primitive adjectives may usually be divid$ into active & passive2 b ! same suffix (t5 has ei!r an active or a passive mean+4 ,"u primitive adjectives belong ! p>ticiples2 b ^! w be m5tion$ 9 connection ) ! v]b4 ,i4 ,,) ,,an ,,active ,,mean+4 #bha4 ,! suffixes -o-1 -uo-1 -ci-1 -lo-1 & -d-1 are us$ to =m adjectives ) an ,active mean+3 z1 ,,/em4 ,,nom9ative4 ,,f4 vag-o- vagus1 w&]+ vag-1 w&] contig-uo- contiguus1 t\*+ com-1 tag-1 t\* m9-ci- m9x1 ?reat5+ m9-r1 ?reat5 cali-d- calidus1 w>m cal-1 w>m 7#a47 -o- 7,n4 -u-s72 -uo- 7,n4 -uu-s74 #bhb4 -o- 7,n4 -u-s73 su* words express nature or capacity3 vag-o-1 ,n4 vag-u-s1 roam+ 7vag-1 roam72 vv-u-s1 liv+ 7vv-1 live72 _m are comp\nds3 z1 male-dic-u-s1 abusive 7male1 dic-1 say72 pro-fug-u-s1 fly+ on 7pr-1 fug-1 fly74 ,passive3 fd-u-s1 tru/wor?y 7fd-1 tru/74 #bhc4 -uo-1 ,n4 -uu-s3 adsid-uo-1 ,n4 adsid-uu-s1 unremitt+ 7ad1 s$-1 sit72 contig-uu-s1 t\*+ 7com-1 tag-1 t\*72 p]pet-uu-s1 un9t]rupt$ 7p]1 pet-1 g74 ,"s words are passive3 z1 sal-vu-s1 safe 7sal-1 save72 vac-uu-s1 empty 7vac-1 empty72 relic-uo-s1 left beh9d 7re-1 liqu-1 leave71 lat] reliquos1 relicus1 reliquus 7#aeg74 7#b47 -ci- 7,n4 -x72 -lo- 7,n4 -lu-s72 -d- 7,n4 -du-s74 #bhd4 --ci-1 ,n4 --x 7#bjb71 d5otes capacity1 habit1 or incl9ation1 (t5 imply+ c5sure3 pugn-ci-1 ,n4 pugn-x1 full ( fight 7pugn-re72 m9-x1 ?reat5+ 7m9-ri72 f]-x1 productive 7f]-1 be>72 dic-x1 full ( "m-wit1 quick at a joke 7dic-1 say72 rap-x1 apt to snat* 7rap-1 snat*74 #bhe4 -u-lo-1 ,n4 -u-lu-s 7#bjb71 d5otes simple action3 z1 pat-ulo-1 ,n4 pat-ulu-s1 spread+ 7pat-1 spread72 or incl9ation3 z1 bib-ulu-s1 apt to dr9k 7bib-1 dr9k74 #bhf4 ,! suffixes -undo- 7-endo-71 -bundo-1 & -cundo- =m a gr\p & are possibly relat$ to ! suffix 9 -d-4 #bhg4 -d-1 ,n4 -du-s 7#bjb71 d5otes a /ate1 & usually has a p>allel v]b 9 -re 7#cfh73 cali-d-1 ,n4 cali-du-s w>m 7cf4 cal-re72 calli-du-s1 kn[+ 7cf4 call-re72 niti-du-s1 %9+ 7cf4 nit-re72 r>ely 9 -ere3 cup-idu-s1 desir\s 7cf4 cupe-re72 flui-du-s1 liquid 7cf4 flue-re72 rapi-du-s1 hurri$ 7cf4 rape-re74 -i-d- becomes -i-di- 9 viri-di-s1 gre5 7cf4 vir-re74 -d- sometimes occurs 9 d5om9atives3 h]bi-du-s1 grassy 7h]b-74 #bhh4 -undo- 7-endo-71 ,n4 -undu-s1 7-endu-s7 is ! suffix ( ! g]undive1 :i* 0 orig9ally nei!r active nor passive 7#bbch74 ,9 a few words f reflexives1 :i* h become adjectives1 x has a reflexive or active mean+3 lb-undo-1 ,n4 lb-undu-s1 glid+1 slipp+ 7lb72 ori-undu-s1 aris+ 7orr72 sec-undu-s1 foll[+ 7sequ72 volv-endu-s1 roll+ 7volv74 ,see #hii4 #bhi4 -bundo-1 ,n4 -bundu-s 7#bjb71 has ! mean+ ( an exagg]at$ pres5t p>ticiple3 freme-bundo-1 ,n4 freme-bundu-s1 mutt]+ away 7frem-1 ro>72 treme-bundu-s1 all 9 a flutt] 7trem-1 quiv]72 fur-ibundu-s1 hot ) rage 7fur-1 rave72 cntin-bundu-s1 speak+ a spee* 7cntin-r72 m9it-bundu-s1 brea?+ out ?reat5+s 7m9it-r72 vt-bundu-s1 =ev] dodg+ 7vt-re74 #bij4 -cundo-1 ,n4 -cundu-s1 d5otes p]man5t quality3 f-cundo-1 ,n4 f-cundu-s1 eloqu5t 7f-1 speak72 r-cundu-s1 *ol]ic 7r-sc72 i-cundu-s1 pleasant1 int]e/+ 7iuv-1 help74 ,,ii4 ,,) ,a ,,passive ,,mean+4 #bia4 ,! suffixes -li-1 -ti-li-1 -bili-1 -tvo-1 -no-1 & -m9o-1 are us$ to =m adjectives ) a ,passive mean+3 z1 ,,/em4 ,,nom9ative4 ,,f4 fac-ili- facilis1 easy to d fac-1 d duc-tili- ductilis1 ductile duc-1 draw am-bili- ambilis1 lovable am-re1 love mag-no- magnus1 great mag-1 increase 7#a47 -li-1 7,n4 -li-s72 -ti-li-1 -bili- 7,n4 -ti-li-s1 -bili-s74 #bib4 -i-li-1 ,n4 -i-li-s 7#bjb71 d5otes passive capability3 fac-ili-1 ,n4 fac-ili-s1 easy to d 7fac-1 d72 frag-ili-s1 breakable1 frail 7frag-1 break72 hab-ili-s1 manageable1 h&y 7hab-1 hold72 nb-ili-s1 m>riageable 7nb-1 veil74 #bic4 -ti-li-1 ,n4 -ti-li-s1 or -si-li-1 ,n4 -si-li-s 7#aei71 d5otes capability or quality3 z1 duc-tili1 ,n4 duc-tili-s1 capable ( be+ drawn out1 ductile 7duc-1 draw72 fis-sili-s1 cleavable 7fid-1 split72 r-sili-s1 scrap$ 7rd-1 scrape74 ,r>ely active3 z1 f]-tili-s1 productive 7f]-1 be>74 #bid4 -bili-1 ,n4 -bili-s 7#bjb71 d5otes passive capability l -i-li-1 b is f> m common3 horr-ibili-s1 excit+ a %udd] 7cf4 horr-re72 am-bili-s1 lovable 7am-re72 fl-bili-s1 lam5table 7fl-1 weep74 ,r>ely active3 z1 /a-bili-s1 t c /& 7/a-1 /&72 p5etr-bili-s1 pi]c+ 7p5etr-re74 -ti-bili- 7#aei71 passive1 r>e3 flexibili-s1 flexible 7flec-1 b5d1 #ifj74 #bie4 -tvo-1 ,n4 -tvu-s1 d5otes ! way a ?+ orig9at$3 z1 cap-tvu-s1 captive 7cap-1 take72 /a-tvu-s1 set 7/a-1 set74 7#b47 -no- 7,n4 -nu-s72 -m9o- 7,n4 -m9u-s74 #bif4 -no-1 ,n4 -nu-s1 an old passive p>ticiple suffix1 d5otes result3 mag-nu-s 7enl>g$71 great 7mag-1 great72 pl-nus1 full 7pl-1 fill74 ,neut] z sub/antive3 d-nu-m1 gift 7d-1 give74 ,sometimes active3 eg-nu-s1 ne$y 7eg-re1 #aib74 #big4 ,! suffix -m9o- 7= -m5o-1 #ajc1 a7 9 its weake/ =m 7#ace1 #b7 is f\nd 9 a few sub/antives3 z1 alu-mnu-s1 nursl+ 7al-1 nurse74 ,! end+s -m9 7#gcj7 & -m9 7#gca7 are app>5tly case =ms ( ! same suffix4 -m9 w\ld seem to be an ablative2 -m9 may be a nom9ative plural4 7,b47 ,,d5om9atives4 #bih4 ,d5om9ative adjectives may be divid$ into su* z d5ote3 ,i4 ,mat]ial or ,resemblance4 ,,ii4 ,appurt5ance3 imply+ sometimes possession1 (t5 fitness1 con=mity1 "*1 or orig94 ,,iii4 ,supply4 ,,iv4 ,dim9utives4 ,v4 ,comp>atives & ,sup]latives2 a few ( ^! are primitive4 ,i4 ,,mat]ial ,,or ,,resemblance4 #bii4 ,! suffixes -eo- & -n-eo- are us$ to =m adjectives d5ot+ ,mat]ial or ,resemblance3 z1 ,,/em4 ,,nom9ative4 ,,f4 aur-eo- aureus1 gold5 auro-1 ,n4 aurum1 gold ah-neo- ahneus1 bronze 7#eh7 aes-1 ,n4 aes1 bronze #cjj4 -eo-1 ,n4 -eu-s3 aur-eo-1 ,n4 aur-eu-s1 gold51 all gold1 z good z gold 7auro-72 f]r-eu-s1 iron 7f]ro-72 pulv]-eu-s1 all du/ 7pulv]-72 virg9-eu-s1 girli% 7virg9-74 #cja4 -n-eo-1 ,n4 -n-eu-s3 ah-neu-s1 bronze 7ah-1 #eh2 aes-72 qu]-neu-s1 oak5 7qu]cu-74 -no- is usually poetical3 z1 ebur-nu-s1 ivory 7ebur-72 qu]-nu-s1 oak5 7qu]cu-74 --neo-1 ,n4 --neu-s3 miscell-neu-s1 mix$ 7miscello-74 ,,ii4 ,,appurt5ance4 #cjb4 ,! suffixes -o-1 -io-1 -vo-2 -timo-1 -li-1 -no-2 -bri-1 -cri-1 -tri-2 -co-1 -ti-1 -si-1 are us$ to =m adjectives d5ot+ ,belong+ to3 z1 ,,/em4 ,,nom9ative4 ,,f4 rg-io- rgius1 k+ly rg-1 ,n4 rx1 k+ m>i-timo- m>itimus1 ( ! sea m>i-1 ,n4 m>e1 sea rg-li- rglis1 ( a k+ rg-1 ,n4 rx1 k+ c-no- cnus1 ( a dog c-1 ,n4 canis1 dog mulie-bri- muliebris1 womanly muli]-1 ,n4 muli]1 woman cvi-co- cvicus1 citiz5's cvi-1 ,n4 cvis1 citiz5 7#a47 -o- 7,n4 -u-s71 -io- 7,n4 -iu-s71 -vo- 7,n4 -vu-s74 #cjc4 -o-1 ,n4 -u-s3 decr-o-1 ,n4 decr-u-s1 becom+ 7decr-72 cr-u-s1 melodi\s 7cr-72 p]vius1 passable 7via-74 #cjd4 -io- is "o ( ! commone/ suffixes1 & is (t5 add$ to o!r suffixes2 ?us3 -c-io-1 -c-io-2 -tr-io- 7-sr-io-72 -r-io-4 #cje4 -io-1 ,n4 -iu-s3 rg-io-1 ,n4 rg-iu-s1 ( or l a k+ 7rg-72 patr-iu-s1 ( a fa!r 7patr-74 ,"h belong _m g5tile names3 z1 ,s/-iu-s 7,sexto-74 ,^! are us$ ) sub/antives z adjectives3 z1 lx ,cornl-ia1 lx ,il-ia4 ,fur!rmore patrial adjectives3 z1 ,cor9?-iu-s1 ,cor9?ian 7,cor9?o-74 ,9 "s1 consonant -io- is us$3 plb-iu-s1 ( ! commons 7plb-74 -io- is r>e 9 primitives3 exim-iu-s1 select 7ex1 em-1 take74 #cjf4 -c-io-1 ,n4 -c-iu-s 7#bjb73 a$li-cio1 ,n4 a$li-ciu-s1 ( an a$ile 7a$li-72 patr-iciu-s1 ( ! fa!rs 7patr-72 lat]-iciu-s1 ( brick 7lat]-74 #cjg4 -c-io-1 ,n4 -c-iu-s3 nov-cio-1 ,n4 nov-ciu-s1 new1 new-com] 7novo-72 ntl-ciu-s1 bir?day's 7ntli-72 caem5t-ciu-s1 rubble 7caem5to-74 ,usually suffix$ to p]fect p>ticiples to d5ote ! quality d]iv$ f ! pa/ act3 conduct-ciu-s1 hir$ 7conducto-72 trlt-ciu-s1 transf]r$ 7trlto-74 #cjh4 -tr-io-1 ,n4 -tr-iu-s1 or -sr-io-1 ,n4 -sr-iu-s1 f ! ag5t 7#bje7 9 -tr- 7-sr-71 is ! commone/ end+ ) -io-3 imp]-trio-1 ,n4 imp]-triu-s1 ( a comm&] 7imp]tr-74 ,! neut]1 z sub/antive1 d5otes ! place :]e 7#bff73 aud-triu-m1 lecture-room 7audtr-72 dvor-sriu-m1 inn 7dvorsr-74 #cji4 -r-io-1 ,n4 -r-iu-s1 v common1 is *iefly add$ to sub/antives3 z1 agr-rio-1 ,n4 agr-riu-s1 ( l& 7agro-74 ,(t5 z sub/antive3 n-riu-s 7#bfe71 /5ograph] 7n-72 a]-riu-m 7#bff71 trea/ury 7a]-72 sm9-riu-m1 nurs]y 7sm9-72 bell-ria1 plural1 goodies1 bonbons 7bello-74 #caj4 --vo-1 ,n4 --vu-s 7#bjb73 tempe/-vu-s1 seasonable 7tempe/t-1 #abf72 ae/-vu-s1 summ]'s 7ae/t-74 ,see #agi4 7#b47 -timo- 7,n4 -timu-s72 -li- 7,n4 -li-s72 -no- 7,n4 -nu-s74 #caa4 -timo-1 ,n4 -timu-s 7#bjb71 = an old] -tumo- 7#bh73 m>i-timo-1 ,n4 m>i-timu-s1 ( ! sea 7m>i-72 fni-timu-s1 ( ! bord] 7fni-72 lg-itimu-s1 lawful 7lg-74 #cab4 -li- ,n4 -li-s3 humi-li-1 ,n4 humi-li-s1 l[ly 7humo-72 b almo/ always 9 d5om9atives -li- is prec$$ by a long v[el 7#bjb71 usually -- or --1 ?us3 --li- 7--ri-71 --li2 --li-1 --li-4 #cac4 --li-1 ,n4 --li-s3 rg-li-1 ,n4 rg-li-s1 k+ly 7rg-72 decemvir-li-s1 ( a decemvir 7decemviro-72 ft-li-s1 fat$ 7fto-72 t-li-s1 su* 7/em to-1 t72 qu-li-s1 z 7quo-71 --ri-1 ,n4 --ri-s1 is us$ = -li- if an l prec$es 7#agc73 z1 mol-ri-1 ,n4 mol-ri-s1 ( a mill 7mol-72 mlit-ri-s1 ( a soldi] 7mlit-74 ,neut]s 9 -li- & -ri- (t5 become sub/antives 7#fjj73 fc-le1 neckclo? 7fauci-72 anim-al1 brea?+ ?+ 7anim-72 calc-ar1 spur 7calci-74 #cad4 --li-1 ,n4 --li-s3 cv-li-1 ,n4 cv-li-s1 ( a citiz5 7cvi-72 pu]-ili-s1 boyi% 7pu]o-74 ,! neut]1 z sub/antive1 sometimes d5otes ! place :]e 7#bff73 ov-le1 %eepfold 7ovi-74 #cae4 --li1 ,n4 --li-s3 fid-li-1 ,n4 fid-li-s1 fai?ful 7fid-72 crd-li-s1 cruel 7crd-72 patru-li-s1 c\s9 7patruo-74 --li-1 ,n4 --li-s3 trib-li-1 ,n4 trib-li-s1 tribesman 7tribu-74 #caf4 ,! old p>ticiple suffix -no- 7#bif7 is sometimes add$ at once to n\n /ems1 sometimes to o!r suffixes3 ?us1 --no-1 --no-2 -ti-no-1 -t-no-2 -er-no-1 -ur-no-4 #cag4 -no-1 ,n4 -nu-s1 is add$ to /ems =m$ ) ! comp>ative suffix -ero- or -t]o- 7#cdg71 d5ot+ place3 sup]-no-1 ,n4 sup]-nu-s1 above2 int]-nu-s1 int]nal 7int]72 ext]-nu-s1 outside2 s1 also1 alt]-nu-s1 e o!r 7alt]o-72 & to a v few sub/antives3 z1 pat]-nu-s1 fa!rly 7patr-72 frt]-nu-s1 bro!rly 7frtr-72 vr-nu-s1 ( spr+ 7vr-74 ,also to c>d9als1 mak+ di/ributives3 z1 b-n1 two by two 7= 99dn1 duo-1 #afa74 #cah4 --no-1 ,n4 --nu-s 7#bjb73 arc-no-1 ,n4 arc-nu-s1 secret 7arc-72 ,rma-nu-s1 ( ,rome 7,rm-72 mont-nu-s1 ( a m\nta9 7monti-72 oppid-nu-s1 ( a t[n 7oppido-74 -i-no-3 ,cic]n-ino-1 ,n4 ,cic]n-inu-s1 ,cic]o's4 ,r>ely --neo-3 m$it]r-neu-s1 midl& 7m$io-1 t]r-74 #cai4 --no-1 ,n4 --nu-s 7#bjb73 m>-no-1 ,n4 m>-nu-s1 ( ! sea2 rep5t-nu-s1 sudd5 7rep5ti-72 (t5e/ add$ to names ( liv+ be+s3 z1 c-nu-s1 ( a dog 7c-72 dv-nu-s1 ( a god 7dvo-72 --no-3 lani-nu-s1 ali-nu-s4 ,also to prop] names3 z1 ,plaut-no-1 ,n4 ,plaut-nu-s1 ( ,plautus 7,plauto-72 ,alp-nu-s1 ,alp9e 7,alpi-74 #cbj4 -ti-no-1 ,n4 -ti-nu-s1 is us$ 9 "s adjectives ( "t3 crs-t9u-s1 to-morr['s 7crs-72 di-t9u-s1 la/+ 7di72 prs-t9u-s1 ( a=etime 7pr-1 prae74 #cba4 -t-no-1 ,n4 -t-nu-s1 is us$ 9 a few words ( place & "t3 intes-tno-1 ,n4 intes-t9u-s1 inw>d 7intus72 vesp]-tnu-s1 at ev5tide 7vesp]o-74 #cbb4 ,f words l frt]-nus 7f 99fratr7i7-nus1 #aaa1 b71 pat]-nus1 ext]-nus1 int]-nus1 arose a new suffix -t]no-3 z1 hes-t]nus1 f ! /em hes- 7cf4 h]-1 #aed71 & -erno- 9 hodi]nus4 ,f ! adv]b 99noctur 77 0 d]iv$ noctur-nus1 by analogy to :i* diurnus 0 =m$4 ,else:]e ! -ur ( -urnus & ! -tur- ( -turnus belong to ! /em3 z1 ebur-nus2 tacitur-nus1 f ! ag5t 99taci-tor 7#bje74 7#c47 -bri-1 -cri-1 -tri- 7,n4 -b] or -bri-s1 c474 #cbc4 -bri-1 ,n4 -b] or -bri-s3 sal-bri-1 ,n4 sal-b]1 heal?y 7salt-72 mulie-bri-s1 womanly 7muli]-74 #cbd4 -cri-1 ,n4 -c] or -cri-s 7#bjb73 volu-cri-1 ,n4 volu-c]1 w+$ 799volo-1 fly+72 m$io-cri-s1 middl+ 7m$io-74 #cbe4 -tri-1 ,n4 -t] or -tri-s3 eques-tri-1 ,n4 eques-t]1 ( horsem5 7equit-1 #aeb72 sms-tri-s1 ( six mon?s 7sex1 mns-74 -es-tri- is us$ 9 a few words3 camp-e/]1 ( fields 7campo-72 silv-e/ri-s1 ( woods 7silv-74 7#d47 -co- 7,n4 -cu-s72 -ti-1 -si- 7,n4 -s1 -si-s74 #cbf4 -co- is (t5 suffix$ to -ti-1 sometimes to -es-ti-2 ?us3 -ti-co-1 -es-ti-co-4 #cbg4 -co-1 ,n4 -cu-s3 cvi-co-1 ,n4 cvi-cu-s1 ( a citiz5 7cvi-72 belli-cu-s1 ( w> 7bello-72 vli-cu-s1 bailiff 7vll-74 --co-1 --co-1 --co- 7#bjb73 m]-cu-s1 am-cu-s1 ant-cu-s1 apr-cu-s1 po/-cu-s1 pud-cu-s1 cad-cu-s4 -ti-co-1 ,n4 -ti-cu-s3 rs-tico-1 ,n4 rs-ticu-s1 ( ! c\ntry 7rs-74 -es-ti-co-1 ,n4 -es-ti-cu-s3 dom-e/icu-s1 ( a h\se 7domo-1 domu-74 #cbh4 -ti- or -si- d5otes belong+ to a place2 usually --ti-1 --ti-1 -es-ti-1 -en-ti-2 -n-si-1 or -i-n-si-4 #cbi4 -ti-1 ,n4 -s3 ,tbur-ti-1 ,n4 ,tbur-s1 ,tiburt9e 7,tbur-74 --ti-3 quoi-ti-1 ,n4 quoi--s1 :at c\ntryman8 7quoio-72 ,anti--s1 ( ,antium 7,antio-72 optim-ts1 good m5 & true 7optimo-74 --ti-3 ,samn-ti-1 ,n4 ,samn--s1 ,samnian 7,samnio-74 -en-ti-3 ,vi-enti-1 ,n4 ,vi-n-s1 ( ,vei 7,vio-74 -es-ti-1 ,n4 -es-ti-s3 agr-e/i-1 ,n4 agr-e/i-s1 ( ! fields 7agro-72 cael-e/i-s1 heav5ly 7caelo-74 #ccj4 -n-si-1 ,n4 -n-si-s 7#bjb71 f appellatives ( place or prop] names ( place3 ca/r-nsi-1 ,n4 ca/r-nsi-s1 ( a camp 7ca/ro-72 circ-nsi-s1 ( ! circus 7circo-72 ,hispni-nsi-s 7tempor>ily7 ( ,spa94 -i-nsi-3 ,k>?g9-insi-s1 ( ,c>?age 7,k>?g9-74 ,,iii4 ,,supply4 #cca4 ,! suffixes -to- or -s- are us$ to =m adjectives d5ot+ ,suppli$ or ,furni%$ )3 z1 ,,/em4 ,,nom9ative4 ,,f4 b>b-to- b>btus1 be>d$ b>b-1 ,n4 b>ba1 be>d ann-s- annsus1 full ( ye>s anno-1 ,n4 annus1 ye> 7#a47 -to- 7,n4 -tu-s72 -l5-to- 7,n4 -l5-tu-s74 #ccb4 -to-1 ! p]fect p>ticiple suffix1 is sometimes add$ at once to a n\n /em1 sometimes to o!r suffixes1 ?us3 -to-1 -to-1 -to-1 -to-1 -ento-1 -l5to-4 #ccc4 -to-1 ,n4 -tu-s3 onus-to-1 ,n4 onus-tu-s1 load$ 7onus-72 vetus-tu-s1 full ( ye>s 799vetus-1 ye>72 is-tu-s1 j 7is-72 hones-tu-s1 hon\rable 799hones-72 fnes-tu-s1 deadly 7fnes-74 --to-3 b>b-tu-s1 be>d$ 7b>b-72 d5t-tu-s1 too!d 7d5ti-72 --to-3 aur-tu-s1 long-e>$ 7auri-72 --to-3 corn-tu-s1 horn$ 7cornu-74 -en-to-1 ,n4 -en-tu-s3 cru-ento-1 ,n4 cru-entu-s1 all gore 799cru5ti-1 99crure74 ,z sub/antive1 arg-entu-m 7:ite metal71 silv]2 flu-enta1 plural1 /reams 7flu5ti-74 #ccd4 ,! neut] ( /ems 9 -to-1 z a sub/antive1 d5otes ! place :]e some?+1 g5]ally a plant1 is f\nd 7#bff73 arbus-tu-m1 v9ey>d 7arbos-72 commonly prec$$ by --1 =m+ --to- 7#bjb71 usually plural3 dm-ta1 ?orn-?ickets 7dmo-72 murt-ta1 myrtle-groves 7murto-74 #cce4 -l5-to-1 ,n4 -l5-tu-s 7#bjb73 vno-l5to-1 ,n4 vno-l5tu-s1 drunk5 7vno-72 sangu9-ol5tu-s1 all blood 7sangu9-72 lcu-l5tu-s1 bright 7lci-1 #bh72 pulv]-ul5tu-s1 du/y 7pulv]-74 ,a %ort] =m -l5ti- is r>e3 vi-ol5ti-1 ,n4 vi-oln-s1 viol5t 7vi-72 op-uln-s1 ri* 7op-74 7#b47 -s- 7,n4 -su-s74 #ccf4 -s- 7sometimes -nso-1 -sso-71 ,n4 -su-s1 full (1 is v common inde$1 -s- is sometimes atta*$ to o!r suffixes1 ?us3 -c-s-1 -ul-s-1 -c-ul-s-4 #ccg4 -s-1 ,n4 -su-s3 ann-s-1 ,n4 ann-su-s1 full ( ye>s2 frm-nsu-s1 frm-ssu-s or frm-su-s1 %apely 7frm-72 p]cul-su-s1 ) dang] fraught 7p]culo-72 mr-su-s1 priggi%1 cross 7mr-72 calamit-su-s1 full ( damage 7calamitt-1 #agi72 sup]/iti-su-s1 sup]/iti\s 7sup]/itin-1 #agi72 frctu-su-s1 fruitful 7frctu-1 #aaf1 c72 mont-usu-s1 full ( m\nta9s 7monti-1 #bjb72 cri-su-s1 full ( c>e 7cr-72 labr-isu-s1 toilsome 7labr-1 #bjb74 #cch4 -c-s-1 ,n4 -c-su-s3 belli-cs-1 ,n4 belli-csu-s1 w>like 7bello-1 bellico-74 -ul-s-1 ,n4 -ul-su-s3 =md-uls-1 ,n4 =mid-ulsu-s1 t]rible 7=md9-1 #agi74 -c-ul-s-1 ,n4 -c-ul-su-s3 met--culoso-1 ,n4 met--culsu-s1 skitti% 7metu-74 ,erratum3 #cch 444 met--culoso- pr9t$ met-_/-u- at l9e break ,,iv4 ,,dim9utives4 #cci4 ,dim9utives are =m$ f adjectives1 z f sub/antives 7#bfg74 -lo-1 ,n4 -lu-s3 aureo-lo-1 ,n4 aureo-lu-s1 all gold1 ( preci\s gold1 ( r$ r$ gold1 good z gold 7aureo-72 ebrio-lu-s1 tipsy 7ebrio-72 p>vo-lu-s1 or p>vu-lu-s1 smalli% 7p>vo-72 frgidu-lu-s1 *illy 7frigido-72 vet-ulus1 little old 7vet-72 t5ellu-lu-s1 s(t & sweet 7t5ello-1 t5]o-72 pul*el-lus1 sweet pretty 7pul*ro-72 bel-lu-s1 bonny 7bono-72 novel-lu-s1 newborn 799novolo-1 novo-74 -culo-1 ,n4 -culu-s3 paup]-culo-1 ,n4 paup]-culu-s1 poori% 7paup]-72 levi-culu-s1 some:at va9 7levi-74 #cdj4 ,a peculi> class ( dim9utives is =m$ by add+ -culo- to ! comp>ative /em -ius- 7#cdf73 z1 nitidius-culo-1 ,n4 nitidius-culu-s1 a trifle sleek] 7nitidius-72 longius-culu-s1 a bit long] 7longius-74 #cda4 ,adv]bs sometimes h a dim9utive =m3 z1 bell1 *>m+ly2 paullulum1 a little bit2 meliuscul1 a bit bett] 7#cdj74 ,erratum3 #cci 444 ( r$ r$ gold text un*ang$ ,v4 ,,comp>atives ,,& ,,sup]latives4 #cdb4 ,comp>atives & sup]latives are usually =m$ f ! /em ( ! positive3 z1 dignior1 wor?i]1 dignissimus1 wor?ie/1 f digno-1 /em ( dignus4 ,a few are =m$ directly f roots3 ?us1 maior1 great]1 & maximus1 greate/1 are =m$ f ! mag-1 & n f magno-1 /em ( magnus4 7#a47 ,,comp>ative -ior1 ,,sup]lative -issimus4 #cdc4 ,! nom9ative ( comp>ative adjectives ends usually 9 -ior1 & t ( sup]latives 9 -issimus3 ?us1 ,,comp>ative4 ,,sup]lative4 ,masc4 ,fem4 ,neut4 ,masc4 ,fem4 ,neut4 -ior -ior -ius -issimus -issima -issimum ,,positive4 ,,comp>ative4 ,,sup]lative4 altus1 high1 altior1 high]1 altissimus1 highe/4 tr/is1 sad1 tr/ior1 sadd]1 tr/issimus1 sadde/4 7#b47 ,,sup]lative -rimus4 #cdd4 ,adjectives ) ! nom9ative 9 -er h ! nom9ative ( ! sup]lative l ! nom9ative ( ! positive ) -rimus add$ 7#cej73 z1 ,,positive4 ,,comp>ative4 ,,sup]lative4 paup]1 poor1 paup]ior1 poor]1 paup]rimus1 poore/4 c]1 %>p1 crior1 %>p]1 c]rimus1 %>pe/4 mtrrimus occurs once 7,tac471 = mtrissimus1 positive mtrus1 ripe4 7#c47 ,,sup]lative -limus4 #cde4 humilis1 difficilis1 & facilis1 similis1 dissimilis1 & gracilis1 h ! nom9ative ( ! sup]lative 9 -limus1 foll[+ l ( ! /em 7#cej73 z1 ,,positive4 ,,comp>ative4 ,,sup]lative4 humilis1 l[ly1 humilior1 l[li]1 humillimus1 l[lie/4 ,,! ,,comp>ative ,,suffix4 #cdf4 ,! comp>ative suffix is -is-1 :i* becomes 9 ! s+ul>1 nom9ative mascul9e & fem99e1 -ior 7#aed2 #acb71 neut] nom9ative & accusative1 -ius 7#ajg1 c72 9 all o!r cases -ir- 7#aed74 #cdg4 ,o!r comp>ative suffixes are -ro- or -ero-1 & -tro- or -t]o-1 us$ 9 a few words1 pr9cipally designat+ place3 z1 sup-er1 ! upp] ones1 nf]1 ! ne!r ones2 ex-t]1 outsid]s1 po/]1 aft]-g5]ations2 alt]1 ! o!r2 ut]1 :e!r8 :i* ( ! two8 7= 99quo-t]1 #adf72 dext]1 "r4 #cdh4 ,"s words designat+ place h a d\bl$ comp>ative suffix1 -er-ir-1 or -t]-ir-3 z1 sup-er-ior1 upp]1 nf]ior1 l[]4 ci-t]-ior1 hi!r1 dt]ior 7l[]71 worse1 ext]ior1 out]1 int]ior1 inn]1 po/]ior1 h9d]1 aft]1 ult]ior1 fur!r1 dext]ior1 m to ! "r1 -is-tro- is us$ 9 two words :i* h become sub/antives3 m9-is-t] 7inf]ior71 s]vant1 & magi/] 7sup]ior71 ma/]4 ,,! ,,sup]lative ,,suffix4 #cdi4 ,! common sup]lative suffix is -issimo-1 nom9ative -issimus1 ) old] -issumo-1 nom9ative -issumus 7#bh74 #cej4 ,/ems :i* end 9 -ro-1 -ri-1 or -li- 7#cdd1 #cde7 take ! suffix -issimo- 7cf4 -simo-1 #cea7 ) syncope ( its initial i 7#aaa7 & assimilation ( ! f9al l or r 7#aff1 #h74 #cea4 ,! suffix -timo- is fur!r us$ 9 a few root sup]latives3 ci-timus1 dextimus1 extimus1 intimus1 optimus1 po/umus1 & ultimus2 & -simo- 9 maximus1 pessimus1 & proximus4 #ceb4 ,! suffix -mo- or -imo- is us$ 9 sum-mo-1 ,n4 summus1 highe/ 7sub72 m9-imo-1 ,n4 m9imus1 lea/2 prmus1 fir/1 septimus1 sev5?1 decimus1 t5?4 -mo- or -imo- is atta*$ to -is- 7#ace1 #b7 9 plrimus = 99pl-is-imo-s 7fulle/71 mo/ 7#ii72 & to -r- or -tr-1 possibly an adv]bial =m 7#gje71 9 suprmus1 extrmus1 & po/rmus4 ,,peculi>ities ,,( ,,comp>ison4 #cec4 ,"s positives h a comp>ative or sup]lative1 or bo?1 f a diff]5t =m ( ! /em3 su* are1 frg1 ?rifty1 frglior1 frglissimus4 nquam1 naughty1 nquior1 nquissimus4 iuv5is1 "y1 inior1 7nt m9imus74 s5ex1 old1 s5ior1 7nt maximus74 magnus1 great1 maior1 maximus 7#cea74 b5eficus1 k9dly1 b5efic5tior1 b5efic5tissimus4 honrificus1 complim5t>y1 honrific5tior1 honrific5tissimus4 magnificus1 gr&1 magnific5tior1 magnific5tissimus4 #ced4 iuv5ior1 y\ng]1 is late 7,s541 ,pl941 ,tac474 b5evolns1 k9dly1 b5evol5tior1 b5evol5tissimus1 & mal$cns1 abusive1 mal$c5tior 7once ea*1 ,plaut471 mal$c5tissimus1 h usually z positive b5evolus & mal$icus respectively4 #cee4 ,"s positives h a comp>ative or sup]lative1 or bo?1 f a :olly diff]5t /em3 su* are1 bonus1 good1 melior1 optimus 7#cea74 malus1 bad1 peior1 pessimus 7#cea74 multus1 mu*1 pls 7s+4 ,ne4 only71 plrimus 7#ceb74 p>vus1 little1 m9or1 m9imus 7#ceb74 p>vus has r>ely p>vissimus4 #cef4 ,f\r comp>atives 9 -erior or -t]ior1 d5ot+ place 7#cdh71 h two =ms ( ! sup]lative2 ! nom9ative mascul9e s+ul> ( ! positive is n 9 common use3 ext]ior1 extimus 7#cea71 or extrmus 7#ceb71 out]mo/4 nf]ior1 nfimus1 or mus1 l[e/4 po/]ior1 po/umus 7#cea71 la/born1 or po/rmus 7#ceb71 la/4 sup]ior1 summus 7#ceb71 or suprmus 7#ceb71 highe/4 #ceg4 ,six1 d5ot+ place1 h ! positive only z an adv]b or preposition3 cis1 ?is side1 cit]ior 7#cdh71 citimus 7#cea71 hi!re/4 d1 d[n1 dt]ior 7#cdh71 dt]rimus1 l[e/1 wor/4 91 91 int]ior 7#cdh71 intimus1 inmo/4 prae1 be=e1 prior1 prmus 7#ceb71 fir/4 prope1 ne>1 propior1 proximus 7#cea71 ne>e/4 uls1 beyond1 ult]ior 7#cdh71 ultimus 7#cea71 fur!/4 cior1 swift]1 cissimus1 has no positive4 #ceh4 ,^! h a sup]lative1 b no comp>ative3 bellus1 pretty1 falsus1 false1 inclutus1 fam$1 invictus1 unconqu]$1 invtus1 unwill+1 m]itus1 des]v+1 novus1 new2 vetus1 vet]rimus1 old1 sac]1 sac]rimus1 sacr$1 vaf]1 vaf]rimus1 sly2 malevolus1 malevol5tissimus 7twice1 ,cic471 spiteful2 maleficus1 malefic5tissimus 7once1 ,suet471 wick$1 mnificus1 mnific5tissimus 7inscrr42 ,cic4 once71 g5]\s1 mrificus1 mrificissimus 7twice1 ,acc41 ,t]471 /range4 ,plautus has ipsissumus1 8 v self4 #cei4 ,mo/ primitives 9 -ilis & -bilis 7#bib1 #bid71 h a comp>ative1 b no sup]lative2 b ^! h a sup]lative3 facilis & difficilis 7#cde71 easy & h>d1 tilis1 useful2 also f]tilis1 productive1 ambilis1 lovable1 mbilis1 movable1 nbilis1 well kn[n4 #cfj4 ,_m adjectives h no suffixes ( comp>ison1 & supply ! place ( ^! by magis1 m1 & maxim1 mo/3 z1 mrus1 /range1 magis mrus1 maxim mrus4 ,_m adjectives1 f _! mean+1 d n admit ( comp>ison4 ,erratum3 #ceh 444 7inscrr42 ,cic4 once71 g5]\s1 g5]\s4 ,,comp>ative ,,& ,,sup]lative ,,adv]bs4 #cfa4 ,adv]bs d]iv$ f adjectives h z _! comp>ative ! accusative s+ul> neut] ( ! comp>ative adjective2 ! sup]lative is =m$ l t ( ! adjective1 b ends 9 -3 z1 alt1 on high1 altius1 altissim4 crit]1 %>ply1 crius1 c]rim4 facile1 easily1 facilius1 facillim4 #cfb4 ,an old] sup]lative end+1 -d = -1 occurs 9 an inscription ( #ahf ,b4,c43 ,,facilvm$1 i4e4 facillim4 ,a few adv]bs h sup]latives 9 - or -um3 z1 m]itissim1 mo/ des]v$ly2 prm1 at fir/1 prmum1 fir/2 po/rm1 at la/1 po/rmum1 = ! la/ "t4 #cfc4 ,if ! comp>ison ( ! adjective has peculi>ities1 !y are reta9$ 9 ! adv]b likewise3 z1 b5e1 well1 melius1 optim2 male1 ill1 peius1 pessim2 multum1 mu*1 pls1 plrimum2 mtr1 betimes1 mtrius1 mtrissim 7,cic41 ,pl9471 or mtrrim 7,cic41 ,caes41 ,sall41 ,tac474 cius1 swift]1 no positive1 cissim4 m9us1 less1 is =m$ by ! nom9al suffix -es- 7#bcf71 f m9- 7m9u72 = magis1 m1 see #ace1 #b4 ,9 poetry magis sometimes becomes mage1 z if neut] ( an adjective 9 -i-4 #cfd4 ,a few adv]bs n d]iv$ f adjectives are comp>$3 z1 di1 long1 ditius1 ditissim2 saepe1 (t51 saepius1 saepissim2 np]1 lately1 no comp>ative1 np]rim2 secus1 o!rwise1 stius1 ! less2 temp]1 betimes1 temp]ius1 e>li]1 no sup]lative4 ,erratum3 #cfc 444 cius1 swift]1 no positive2 cissim4 positive4 7,b47 ,,=mation ,,( ,,d5om9ative ,,v]bs4 #cfe4 ,d5om9ative v]b /ems h pres5t inf9itives 9 -re1 -re1 or -re 7-r1 -r1 or -r71 & are =m$ f n\n /ems ( all end+s3 z1 ,,v]b4 ,,f ,,n\n4 fug-re1 r\t fug-1 ,n4 fuga loc-re1 place loco-1 ,n4 locus nm9-re1 "n nm9-1 ,n4 nm5 lev-re1 light5 levi-1 ,n4 levis s9u-re1 b5d s9u-1 ,n4 s9us alb-re1 be :ite albo-1 ,n4 albus mis]-r1 pity mis]o-1 ,n4 mis] flr-re1 blossom flr-1 ,n4 fls sord-re1 be dirty sordi-1 ,n4 sords pn-re1 puni% po5-1 ,n4 po5a cond-re1 season condo-1 ,n4 condus cu/d-re1 gu>d cu/d-1 ,n4 cu/s ve/-re1 dress ve/i-1 ,n4 ve/is ge/-re1 flutt] ge/u-1 ,n4 ge/us #cff4 ,^! pres5t v]b /ems are =m$ by add+ ! suffix -io-1 -ie- to ! n\n /em3 z 99fug-i1 ,i flee2 ! i betwe5 two v[els 0 dropp$ 7#aec1 #b7 & ! f9al v[el ( n\n /em 0 (t5 contract$ ) ! end+ 7#aah1 #c74 ,! n\n /em end+ is (t5 slightly modifi$4 #cfg4 ,9 a half a doz5 d5om9atives f /ems 9 -u- ! u ( ! n\n /em rema9s )\t modification1 & is n contract$ ) ! v>iable v[el 7#aaf1 c73 ^! are1 acu]e1 %>p5 7acu-71 metu]e1 fe>1 /atu]e1 set1 tribu]e1 assign2 argu]e1 make cle>1 btu]e1 beat4 #cfh4 ,v]bs 9 -re are by f> ! mo/ num]\s class ( d5om9atives2 !y are usually transitive2 b depon5ts (t5 express condition1 sometimes occupation3 z1 dom9r1 "l x1 play ! "l2 aqur1 get oneself wat]4 ,mo/ v]bs 9 -re also are transitive2 ^? 9 -re usually d5ote a /ate3 z1 calre1 be w>m2 b "s are causative3 z1 monre1 rem9d4 #cfi4 ,_m d5om9ative v]bs 9 -re conta9 a n\n suffix :i* is n actually f\nd 9 ! n\n itself2 su* suffixes are3 -co-1 -c9-1 -lo-1 -er-1 -ro-1 -to-1 c43 z1 -co-3 albi-cre1 be :ite 799albi-co-72 velli-cre1 pluck 799velli-co-1 pluck]74 -c9-3 latr-c9r1 be a robb] 7latrn-72 s]m-c9r1 disc\rse 7s]mn-74 -lo-3 grtu-lr1 give "o joy 799grtu-lo-72 vi-olre1 h>m 799vi-olo-72 heiu-lri1 cry #8heia' 799heiu-lo-74 -er-3 mod-err1 *eck 799mod-es-1 #bcf74 -ro-3 tole-rre1 endure 799tole-ro-72 flag-rre1 blaze 799flag-ro-74 -to-3 dbili-tre1 lame 799dbili-to-72 dubi-tre1 d\bt 799dubi-to-74 #cgj4 ,_m d5om9atives 9 -re are indirect comp\nds 7#cgg71 (t5 f comp\nd n\n /ems :i* are n actually f\nd4 ,s1 p>ticul>ly1 :5 ! fir/ "p is a preposition1 or ! second is f ! root fac-1 make1 ag-1 drive1 d1 or cap-1 take3 z1 opi-tul-r1 be> help 7opitulo-72 suf-fc-re1 suffocate 799suf-fc-o-1 fauci-72 a$i-fic-re 7h\sebuild71 build 799a$ific- or 99a$ifico-1 h\sebuild]72 sgni-fic-re1 give tok5 799sgnifico-72 fm-ig-re1 make smoke 799fmigo-1 smok]1 fmo-1 ag-72 nv-ig-re1 sail1 & rm-ig-re1 r[ 7nvi-1 %ip1 & rmo-1 o>72 mt-ig-re1 make mild 7mti-72 ir-ig-re1 commonly ir-g-re1 qu>rel 7ir-72 pr-ig-re1 commonly pr-g-re1 clean 7pro-72 gnr-ig-re1 tell 7gnro-1 n>rre1 #afi1 #b2 #acc1 #a72 anti-cip-re1 take be=eh& 799anticipo-1 ante1 cap-72 oc-cup-re1 seize 799occupo-72 re-cup-er-re1 get back 799recup]o-74 #cga4 ,_m v]bs 9 -tre 7-sre71 or -tr 7-sr71 express frequ5t1 int5se1 or sometimes attempt$ action4 ,^! are call$ ,frequ5tatives or ,int5sives2 !y are =m$ f p]fect p>ticiple /ems2 b /ems 9 --to- become -i-to-3 z1 cant-re1 s+ 7canto-72 cess-re1 loit] 7cesso-72 amplex-r1 embrace 7amplexo-72 habit-re1 live 7habito-72 pollicit-ri1 make ov]tures 7pollicito-72 dormt-re1 be sleepy 7dormto-72 neg-xre1 keep d5y+ 7= 99neg-tre1 ) suffix -i-tre1 #iaj74 #cgb4 ,"s frequ5tatives 9 -tre are =m$ f ! pres5t /em ( a v]b 9 -ere2 ! =mative v[el be=e -tre becomes i3 z1 agi-tre1 %ake 7age-re72 flui-tre1 float 7flue-re72 nsci-tre1 recognize 7nsce-re72 qua]i-tre1 keep seek+ 7qua]e-re72 scsci-tr1 enquire 7scsce-re72 vndi-tre1 try to sell 7vnde-re74 #cgc4 ,a few frequ5tatives add -t- to ! p]fect p>ticiple /em3 z1 cti-tre1 act (t5 7cto-72 facti-tre1 d repeat$ly 7facto-72 lcti-tre1 read aga9 & aga9 7lcto-72 ncti-tre1 ano9t (t5 7ncto-74 ,f a frequ5tative ano!r frequ5tative is sometimes d]iv$3 z1 dict-re1 dictate1 dicti-tre1 keep ass]t+ 7dicto-74 #cgd4 ,"s v]bs are f\nd only z frequ5tatives3 z1 gu/-re1 ta/e 799gu/o-1 gus-1 ta/e72 put-re1 ?9k 7puto-1 pu-1 clean72 aegrt-re1 be ill 7aegrto-74 #cge4 ,a few v]bs 9 -uri1 -urre1 express desire2 su* are call$ ,desid]atives3 z1 ss-urre or s-urre1 want to eat 7ed]e1 sse74 ,a few 9 -ss1 -ss]e1 express e>ne/ action2 su* are call$ ,m$itatives3 z1 lac-ss1 lac-ss]e1 provoke4 ,erratum3 #cfe 7table7 444 alb-re1 be :ite albo-1 ,n4 albus ,n albus ,,composition4 #cgf4 ,9 comp\nds1 ! fundam5tal ^w is usually ! second1 :i* has its mean+ qualifi$ by ! fir/4 #cgg4 ,a ,,direct ,,comp\nd is "o =m$ directly f two p>ts3 z1 con-iug-1 ,n4 coninx1 yoke-fell[ 7com-1 toge!r1 iug-1 yoke72 con-iung]e1 jo9 toge!r 7com-1 iung]e72 an ,,indirect ,,comp\nd is "o =m$ by ! addition ( a suffix to a direct comp\nd3 z1 idic-io-1 ,n4 iudicium1 trial 7idic-73 idic-re1 judge 7idic-74 #cgh4 ,a ,,real ,,comp\nd is a ^w ^: /em is =m$ f two /ems1 or an insep>able prefix & a /em1 fus$ into "o /em2 an ,,app>5t ,,comp\nd is =m$ by ! juxtaposition ( an inflect$ ^w ) ano!r inflect$ ^w1 a preposition1 or an adv]b4 ,i4 ,,composition ,,( ,,n\ns4 7,a47 ,,real ,,comp\nds4 ,,=m ,,( ,,comp\nds4 #cgi4 ,if ! fir/ "p is a n\n1 its /em is tak53 z1 ,ahno-b>bus1 ,r$be>d1 ,b>b>ossa2 usually ) weak5+ ( a /em v[el 7#ajc-aje73 z1 aurifex1 jewell] 7auro-74 ,on o!r *anges ( ! f9al v[el 9 ! fir/ memb] ( comp\nds1 see #agd4 ,sometimes ) disappe>ance ( a syllable 7#agi72 z1 99v5ni-ficus1 v5-ficus1 poison] 7v5no-72 or ( a v[el 7#aaa73 z1 man-ceps1 contractor 7manu-72 p>ticul>ly be=e a v[el 7#aai73 z1 magn-animus1 great-s\l$ 7magno-74 ,consonant /ems are (t5 ext5d$ by i be=e a consonant3 z1 mri-g]us1 complaisant 7mr-74 #chj4 ,/ems 9 -s-1 includ+ ^? 9 -er-1 -or- & -r- 7#bcf71 are sometimes comp\nd$ z above 7#cgi73 z1 nemori-vagus1 woodrang]2 honri-ficus1 complim5t>y2 b usually !y drop ! suffix & take i3 z1 opi-fex1 "w-man 7op]-72 fo$i-fragus1 truce-break] 7fo$]-72 volni-ficus1 w\nd+ 7voln]-72 mni-ficus1 g5]\s 7mn]-72 t]ri-ficus1 awe-inspir+ 7t]rr-72 horri-f]1 dreadful1 horri-sonus1 awful-s\nd+ 7horrr-74 #cha4 ,! second "p1 :i* (t5 has weak5+ ( ! v[el 7#ajb71 is sometimes a b>e root us$ z a /em 7#aii71 (t5] a root ) a =mative suffix2 or a n\n /em1 sometimes ) its /em end+ modifi$3 z1 i-dic-1 ,n4 idex1 juror 7dic-1 decl>e72 causi-dic-o-1 ,n4 causidicus1 plead] 7#bji72 9-g5-io-1 ,n4 +5ium1 disposition 7g5-1 beget1 #bai72 con-tg-in-1 ,n4 contgi1 t\*+ toge!r 7tag-1 t\*1 #bbg72 im-b]b-i-1 ,n4 imb]bis1 be>dless 7b>b-74 ,,mean+ ,,( ,,comp\nds4 #chb4 ,,det]m9atives are comp\nds 9 :i* ! second "p keeps its orig9al mean+1 ?\gh det]m9$ or modifi$ by ! fir/ "p4 ,! mean+ ( a det]m9ative may (t5 be be/ express$ by two words4 #chc4 7#a47 ,! fir/ "p ( a det]m9ative may be an adjective1 an adv]b1 a preposition1 or an insep>able prefix2 ! second "p is a n\n3 z1 lti-fundium1 i4e4 lt fund1 broad acres2 prvi-lgium1 i4e4 prva lx1 special act2 alti-sonns1 i4e4 alt sonns1 high-s\nd+2 con-discipulus1 i4e4 cum alt] discipulus1 fell[-pupil2 p]-magnus1 i4e4 vald magnus1 v great2 9-dignus1 i4e4 nn dignus1 unwor?y4 #chd4 7#b47 ,! fir/ "p ( a det]m9ative may repres5t ! oblique case ( a n\n1 g5]ally a sub/antive2 ! second "p is a n\n or v]b /em4 ,^! comp\nds are call$ ,objectives3 z1 ,accusative ( direct object 7#aacb71 armi-g]1 i4e4 qu arma g]it1 arm\r-be>]2 dative ( indirect object 7#abjh71 man-tle1 i4e4 manibus tla1 h&k]*ief1 napk92 g5itive 7#abbg71 sl-/itium1 i4e4 slis /ati1 sol/ice2 ablative in/rum5tal 7#acjj71 tubi-c51 i4e4 qu tub canit1 trumpet]2 locative 7#acca71 ,troiu-g5a1 i4e4 ,troiae ntus1 ,troy-born2 ablative locative 7#acej71 nocti-vagus1 night-w&]+2 monti-vagus1 m\nta9-rang+4 #che4 ,,possessives are adjective comp\nds 9 :i* ! mean+ ( ! second "p is *ang$4 ,! second "p ( a possessive is always =m$ f a sub/antive1 qualifi$ by ! n\n1 adv]b1 or insep>able prefix ( ! fir/ "p1 & ! :ole expresses an attribute :i* some?+ has3 z1 longi-manus1 long>ms1 long-arm$2 mis]i-cors1 t5d]-he>t$2 bi-l+uis1 two-tongu$2 magn-animus1 grea!>t1 great-he>t$2 im-b]bis1 be>dless4 7,b47 ,,app>5t ,,comp\nds4 #chf4 ,app>5t ,comp\nds are =m$3 #chg4 7#a47 ,by two n\ns comb9$1 "o ) an un*ang+ case end+1 ! o!r ) full inflections3 z1 aquae-ductus1 aqu$uct2 s5ts-cnsultum1 decree ( ! s5ate2 pat]-familis1 fa!r ( a family2 vr-similis1 l ! tru?2 9 ^! words1 aquae1 s5ts1 familis1 & vr are g5itives1 & rema9 g5itives1 :ile ! o!r "p ( ! comp\nd is decl9able4 #chh4 7#b47 ,by a sub/antive ) an adjective habitually agree+ ) x1 bo? p>ts be+ decl9$3 z1 rs pblica1 ! common-weal2 rs ge/ae1 exploits2 is ir&um1 oa?2 pecniae repetundae1 money claim4 #chi4 7#c47 ,by n\ns1 *iefly sub/antives1 9 ! same case plac$ loosely side by side & mak+ "o idea4 ,! two words may be us$3 7a47 ,copulatively3 z1 sus-frctus1 use & enjoym5t2 pactum-conv5tum1 b>ga9 & cov5ant2 duo-decim1 two & t51 twelve2 or 7b47 ,appositively3 "o ^w expla9+ ! o!r 7#ajde73 z1 ,iuppit]1 ,jove ! ,fa!r 7#id2 #acc72 ,mrspit]1 ,m>s ! ,fa!r1 = ,mrs pat]4 #cij4 7#d47 ,f an orig9al comb9ation ( an oblique case ) a preposition3 z1 prcnsul1 proconsul1 f pr cnsule1 = a consul2 gregius1 select1 f grege1 out ( ! h]d2 dlrus1 a/ray1 mad1 f d lr1 out ( ! furr[4 ,,ii4 ,,composition ,,( ,,v]bs4 7,a47 ,,real ,,comp\nds4 #cia4 ,real ,comp\nds are direct comp\nds ( a v]b ) a preposition2 ! root v[el or diph?ong ( ! v]b is (t5 weak5$ 7#ajb73 z1 p]-ag]e1 put ?r\gh1 accompli%2 ab-ig]e1 drive away2 ex-qur]e1 seek out4 ,! prefix1 :i* 0 orig9ally a sep>ate adv]b modify+ ! v]b1 is 9 poetry sometimes sep>at$ f ! v]b by ano!r ^w2 ! disyllabic prepositions 9 p>ticul> (t5 rema9 z juxtapos$ adv]bs 7#cif74 #cib4 ,"s prepositions are insep>able1 t is1 us$ only 9 composition3 ambi-1 r\nd1 an-1 up1 dis-1 9 two1 ap>t1 por-1 t[>ds1 r$-1 re-1 back1 sd-1 s-1 by oneself1 away3 z1 amb-re1 g r\nd to2 an-hlre1 brea! up2 dis-pell]e1 drive ap>t2 por-rig]e1 /ret* =?2 r$-d]e1 give back2 s-iung]e1 sep>ate4 7,b47 ,,app>5t ,,comp\nds4 #cic4 ,app>5t ,comp\nds are =m$ by ! juxtaposition (3 #cid4 7#a47 ,a v]b ) a v]b3 faci & f are add$ to pres5t /ems1 mo/ly ( intransitive v]bs 9 -re2 ! -e- ( ! fir/ v]b is sometimes long1 & sometimes %ort 7#acj1 #e73 z1 cal-fac]e1 make w>m 7calre72 exc&-fac]e1 make blaze 7c&re72 mad-fac]e1 make wet 7madre74 ,9 ^! app>5t comp\nds1 ! acc5t ( faci rema9s ! same z 9 ! simple v]b3 z1 calfcis4 #cie4 7#b47 ,a sub/antive ) a v]b3 z1 anim-adv]t]e1 pay he$ to1 animum adv]t]e2 vnum-d>e1 or vnd]e1 sell1 vnum d>e2 vn-re1 be sold1 vnum re2 lucr-fac]e1 make ga91 lucr fac]e2 man-mitt]e1 set free4 #cif4 7#c47 ,an adv]b ) a v]b3 z1 circum-d>e1 put r\nd2 satis-fac]e1 satis-d>e1 give satisfaction2 intro-re1 g inside2 mlle1 pref]1 = magis velle 7#agj1 #b72 nl1 be unwill+1 = ne vol2 ne-scre1 hau-scre1 n "k4 ,erratum3 #cif4 7#c47 7#b7 ,c4 ,,inflection4 #cig4 ,,inflection is ! *ange :i* n\ns1 pron\ns1 & v]bs und]go1 to indicate _! relation 9 a s5t5ce4 ,! inflection ( a n\n or pron\n is (t5 call$ ,decl5sion1 & t ( a v]b1 ,conjugation4 7,a47 ,,inflection ,,( ,,! ,,n\n4 #cih4 ,! n\n or pron\n is inflect$ by atta*+ case end+s to ! /em4 ,! end+s1 :i* are call$ case end+s = brevity1 indicate numb] z well z case1 & s]ve also to di/+ui% g5d] words f neut]s 9 ! nom9ative & accusative s+ul> ( "s /ems1 & ( all plurals4 ,^! end+s are ne>ly ! same = /ems ( all k9ds4 ,,! ,,/em4 #cii4 ,! /em conta9s ! mean+ ( ! n\n4 ,n\n /ems are arrang$ 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 7#a47 /ems 9 --1 9 -o-1 9 a consonant1 or 9 -i-2 ^! are sub/antive1 includ+ prop] names1 or adjective2 7#b47 /ems 9 -u- or --2 ^! are sub/antive only1 & include no prop] names4 #djj4 ,9 "s in/ances1 a f9al /em v[el is reta9$ be=e a case end+ :i* beg9s ) a v[el3 z1 urbi-um1 cri-a1 cornu-a1 portu-1 portu-um 7#aaf1 c72 9 o!rs ! /em v[el bl5ds insep>ably ) ! v[el ( ! case end+3 z1 mnss1 dom9s 7#ajh1 a74 #dja4 ,"s n\ns h m ?an "o =m ( ! /em3 z1 sds 7#dgf72 femur1 iecur 7#dhi72 vs1 mnsis 7#dib72 vrus1 volgus 7#dic72 it]1 nix1 s5ex1 c4 7#ejj72 vs 7#eah72 ca$s 7#ebc72 fams1 plbs 7#ebd72 domus 7#eid72 angiportus1 c4 7#eie74 ,_m n\ns h a consonant /em 9 ! s+ul>1 & an -i- /em 9 ! plural3 see #eaf2 mo/ sub/antives 9 -i- or -ti- h a collat]al =m 9 -i- or -ti- 7#fjd74 ,"s adjectives h two diff]5t /ems3 z1 hil>us1 hil>a1 hil>um1 & hil>is1 hil>e2 exanimus & exanimis4 ,,g5d]4 #djb4 ,!re are two g5d]s1 ,mascul9e & ,fem99e4 ,mascul9e & fem99e n\ns are call$ ,g5d] n\ns4 ,n\ns )\t g5d] are call$ ,neut]4 #djc4 ,g5d] is1 prop]ly speak+1 ! di/9ction ( sex4 ,9 ,lat91 a great _m ?+s )\t life h g5d] 9 gramm>1 & are mascul9e or fem99e4 #djd4 ,"s classes ( sub/antives may be br\ght "u g5]al heads ( signification1 z bel[1 l ! names ( riv]s & w9ds 7#dje71 :i* are usually ( ! mascul9e g5d]1 or ( plants 7#djg71 :i* are usually ( ! fem99e4 ,:5 ! g5d] _c be det]m9$ ?us1 x mu/ be le>n$ f ! special rules = ! sev]al /ems & _! nom9atives4 ,,g5d] ,,( ,,"s ,,classes ,,( ,,sub/antives4 ,,mascul9es4 #dje4 ,names ( male be+s1 riv]s1 w9ds1 & m\nta9s1 are mascul9e3 z1 ,caes>1 ,gius1 ,slla1 m5's names2 pat]1 fa!r2 erus1 ma/]2 scrba1 scriv5]2 ,tib]is1 ! ,tib]2 ,aquil1 a ,nor!r2 ,lcrtilis1 ,mt4 ,lucretilis4 #djf4 ,! riv] names3 ,allia1 ,dria1 ,sagra1 ,l?1 & ,/yx are fem99e4 ,also ! m\nta9 names ,alps1 plural1 ! ,alps1 & "s ,greek names ( m\nta9s 9 -a or -3 z1 ,aetna1 ,mt4 ,etna2 ,rhodop1 a ,?racian range4 ,a few are neut]1 z ,sracte4 ,,fem99es4 #djg4 ,names ( female be+s1 plants1 fl[]s1 %rubs1 & trees1 are fem99e3 z1 ,gia1 ,glyc]ium1 wom5's names2 mlus1 apple-tree2 qu]cus1 oak2 lex1 holm-oak2 abis1 fir4 #djh4 ,mascul9e are3 bltus1 mu%room1 c>duus1 ?i/le1 dm1 plural1 brambles1 intibus1 endive1 iuncus1 ru%1 olea/]1 ba/>d olive1 rubus1 bramble1 rumex1 sorrel1 scirpus1 bulru%1 & r>ely fcus1 fig4 ,also "s ( ,greek orig93 z1 acan?us1 amracus1 asp>agus1 & crocus4 ,neut] are3 apium1 p>sley1 balsamum1 balsam-tree1 rbur1 he>t ( oak1 & "s names ) /ems 9 -er- 7#egc74 ,,mobile1 ,,common1 ,,& ,,epic5e ,,n\ns4 #dji4 ,,mobile ,,n\ns h diff]5t =ms to di/+ui% sex3 z1 ,ilius1 a man1 ,julius1 ,ilia1 a woman1 ,julia2 c]vus1 /ag1 c]va1 h9d2 soc]1 fa!r-9-law1 socrus1 "m-9-law2 victor1 conqu]or1 victrx1 conqu]ess4 ,adjectives #8( ?ree end+s' 7#faa71 belong to ?is class4 #daj4 ,"s n\ns h "o end+1 b are applicable to ei!r sex4 ,su* are said1 to be ( ,common ,g5d]3 z1 adulscns1 "y man or "y woman2 dux1 lead]2 nfns1 baby1 *ild2 & _m o!r consonant /ems or /ems 9 -i-1 d5ot+ p]sons4 ,adjectives #8( two end+s' or #8( "o end+' 7#faa71 belong to ?is class4 #daa4 ,,epic5es h "o end+ & "o grammatical g5d]1 ?\gh applicable to animals ( ei!r sex4 ,?us1 aquila1 eagle1 is fem99e1 ?\gh x may d5ote a he-eagle z well z a %e-eagle2 anats1 ducks1 fem99e1 includes drakes4 ,erratum3 #daa 444 z well z a %e-eagle2 %e-eagle3 ,,neut]s4 #dab4 ,inf9itives1 words & expressions quot$ or expla9$1 & lett]s ( ! alphabet1 are neut]3 z1 vv]e ipsum1 m]e liv+2 i/c #8tace1' y\r #8,i won't m5tion2' longum vale1 a long goodbye2 o ,graecum1 ,greek ,o4 ,b ! lett]s h sometimes a fem99e adjective1 agree+ ) litt]a und]/ood4 ,,v>iable ,,g5d]4 #dac4 ,"s sub/antives h diff]5t g5d]s 9 ! two numb]s2 ! diff]5t g5d] is sometimes indicat$ by a diff]5ce ( /em3 z1 epulum1 neut]1 epulae1 fem99e1 fea/4 ,see balneum1 frnum1 jocus1 locus1 m>g>ta1 o/rea1 r/rum1 9 ! diction>y4 ,,numb]4 #dad4 ,!re are two numb]s1 ! ,s+ul> us$ ( "o1 ! ,plural ( m ?an "o4 #dae4 amb1 bo?1 & duo1 two1 nom9ative & accusative mascul9e & neut]1 are ! only remnants ( an old ,dual numb]1 d5ot+ two4 #daf4 ,"s sub/antives1 f _! mean+1 h no plural4 ,su* are3 prop] names3 z1 ,cic]1 ,cic]o2 ,rma1 ,rome2 mat]ial & ab/ract sub/antives3 z1 oleum1 oil1 vnum1 w9e1 i/itia1 ju/ice2 & g]unds3 z1 reg5d1 ( guid+4 ,= ! occasional use ( ! plural1 #aaje-aaaj4 #dag4 ,"s sub/antives1 f _! mean+1 h no s+ul>4 ,su* are3 names ( p]sons ( a class3 z1 mairs1 ance/ors2 sup]1 ! be+s above2 mns1 gho/s2 ( fea/s1 sacrifices1 days3 z1 ,sturnlia1 fe/ival ( ,saturn2 kal5dae1 fir/ ( ! mon?2 ( ?+s made ( p>ts or consi/+ ( a s]ies ( acts3 z1 arma1 arms2 arts1 jo9ts2 quadrgae1 f\r-9-h&2 exsequiae1 fun]al rites2 ( "s places3 z1 ,fal]i2 ,v2 ,pomp2 ,a?nae1 ,a!ns2 ,alps1 ! ,alps4 #dah4 ,"s sub/antives h diff]5t mean+s 9 ! two numb]s3 z1 a$is1 temple1 a$s1 h\se2 auxilium1 aid1 auxilia1 auxili>ies2 c>c]1 jail1 c>c]s1 race-b>ri]s2 ,ca/rum1 ,ca/le1 ca/ra1 camp2 comitium1 meet+-place1 comitia1 election2 cpia1 abundance1 cpiae1 troops2 facults1 ability1 facultts1 weal?2 fnis1 end1 fns1 b\nd>ies2 grtia1 fav\r1 grtiae1 ?anks2 imp$m5tum1 h9drance1 imp$m5ta1 baggage2 litt]a1 lett] 7( ! alphabet71 litt]ae1 epi/le2 r/rum1 beak1 r/ra1 speak]s /&4 ,see also aqua1 bonum1 =tna1 ldus1 op]a1 p>s1 9 ! diction>y4 ,,case4 #dai4 ,n\ns h five cases1 ! ,nom9ative1 ,g5itive1 ,dative1 ,accusative1 & ,ablative4 ,! nom9ative repres5ts a n\n z subject1 ! accusative z object2 ! g5itive d5otes ! relation ( (1 ! dative ( to or =1 & ! ablative ( f1 )1 91 or by4 ,b ! mean+s ( ! cases are be/ le>nt f read+4 ,all cases b ! nom9ative & vocative 7#dbj7 are call$ ,oblique ,cases4 #dbj4 ,t[n names & a few appellatives h also a case d5ot+ ! place :]e1 call$ ! ,locative4 ,mascul9e /ems 9 -o- & "s ,greek /ems ) o!r end+s h /ill ano!r =m us$ 9 address+ a p]son or ?+1 call$ ! ,vocative4 #dba4 ,! /em ( a n\n is be/ se5 9 ! g5itive2 9 ! g5itive plural x is pres]v$ )\t *ange1 except t o ( -o- /ems is l5g!n$ 7#abc74 ,9 diction>ies ! /em end+ is indicat$ by ! g5itive s+ul>1 ?us3 -ae1 -1 -is1 -s 7-71 indicate respectively /ems 9 --1 -o-1 a consonant or -i-1 -u-1 & --1 z foll[s3 ,,g5itive ,,s+ul>4 ,,g5itive ,,plural4 ,,/ems ,,94 -ae1 mnsae1 table -rum1 mns-rum --1 mns-1 ,n4 mnsa -1 dom91 ma/] -rum1 dom9-rum -o-1 dom9o-1 ,n4 dom9us -is1 rgis1 k+ -cons4 um1 rg-um -consonant1 rg-1 ,n4 rx -is1 cvis1 citiz5 -ium1 cvi-um -i-1 cvi-1 ,n4 cvis -s1 portus1 port -uum1 portu-um -u-1 portu-1 ,n4 portus 71 r71 ?+ 7-rum1 r-rum7 -1 r-1 ,n4 rs #dbb4 ,g5d] nom9atives usually add -s to ! /em3 z1 s]vo-s or s]vu-s1 slave1 rx 7#afd1 #a71 cvi-s1 portu-s1 r-s4 ,b /ems 9 -- or 9 a cont9u\s consonant 7-l-1 -n-1 -r-1 or -s-7 h no -s3 z1 mnsa1 cnsul1 consul1 flm51 special prie/1 pat]1 fa!r1 fls1 fl[]4 #dbc4 ,neut]s h ! nom9ative & accusative alike2 9 ! s+ul> ! /em is us$3 z nm51 "n2 or a %ort5$ /em3 z1 exempl>1 patt]n2 b /ems 9 -o- take -m3 z1 aevo-m or aevu-m1 age4 ,9 ! plural -a is always us$3 z1 rgna1 k+doms1 nm9a1 cornua1 horns4 ,= -s 9 adjectives #8( "o end+1' see #fab4 #dbd4 ,g5d] accusatives s+ul> add -m to ! /em3 z1 mnsa-m1 s]vo-m or s]vu-m1 nvi-m1 %ip1 portu-m1 die-m4 ,! consonant /ems h ! end+ -em3 z1 rg-em2 mo/ sub/antive /ems 9 -i- & all adjectives also drop -i- & take -em3 z1 ,n,v-,,em1 tr/-em1 sad4 ,9 ! plural1 g5d] /ems add -s be=e :i* ! v[el is long3 z1 mns-s1 s]v-s1 rg-s1 nv-s or nv-s1 port-s1 r-s4 #dbe4 ,! ablative s+ul> usually ends 9 ! long v[el ( ! /em3 z1 mns1 dom91 nv1 port1 r4 ,! ablative ( consonant /ems usually has -e 7r>ely --1 see #ejb73 z1 patre1 fa!r2 & t ( sub/antive -i- /ems has -e m commonly ?an -3 z1 nve4 #dbf4 ,! ablative s+ul> ( -- & -o- /ems end$ anci5tly 9 -d & -d respectively3 z1 ,,praidad1 ,,preivatod2 t ( consonant /ems 9 -d3 z1 ,,airid1 ,,cov5tionid4 ,b -d is almo/ entirely conf9$ to inscriptions & disappe>$ e>ly 7#adi74 #dbg4 ,! g5itive plural adds -rum to --1 -o-1 & -- /ems3 z1 mns-rum1 dom9-rum1 r-rum2 & -um to consonant /ems1 -i- /ems1 & -u- /ems3 z1 rg-um1 cvi-um1 portu-um4 #dbh4 ,! dative & ablative plural are always alike3 /ems 9 -- & -o- take -is1 :i* bl5ds ) ! /em v[el 7#djj73 z1 mnss1 dom9s2 o!r /ems h -bus1 be=e :i* consonant /ems are ext5d$ by i3 z1 rgi-bus1 nvi-bus1 portu-bus or porti-bus1 r-bus4 #dbi4 ,"s pron\ns & a few adjectives h "s peculi> case end+s2 see #fah-fid4 #dcj4 ,_m n\ns are defective 9 case4 ,?us1 _m monosyllables h no g5itive plural3 z1 aes1 copp]1 cor1 he>t1 cs1 :et/one1 ds1 d[ry1 s1 face1 px1 peace1 pix1 pit*1 rs1 dew1 sl1 salt1 lx1 light2 _m words h no g5itive1 dative1 or ablative plural3 z1 hiemps1 w9t]2 especially neut]s3 z1 fr1 spelt1 fel1 gall1 mel1 honey1 ps1 matt]1 rs1 c\ntry1 ts1 frank9c5se4 ,_m words 9 -tu- 7-su-7 h only ! ablative 7#bce74 ,= -- /ems1 see #fjj4 ,o!r words m or less defective are exlx1 exsps1 fs & nefs1 nfitis1 inquis1 n/>1 lus1 nm1 opis & vicis g5itives1 pond & sponte ablatives1 secus1 vs4 ,_m adjectives #8( "o end+' want ! nom9ative & accusative neut] plural & g5itive plural4 #dca4 ,"s adjectives are altoge!r indecl9able3 z1 frg1 ?rifty1 an old dative2 nquam1 naughty1 an old accusative2 quot1 h[ _m2 tot1 s _m2 & mo/ num]als 7#fcg74 ,^! adjectives are atta*$ to any case ( a sub/antive )\t v>y+ _! own =ms4 ,,! ,,sub/antive ,,/ems ,,9 --4 ,! ,fir/ ,decl5sion4 ,g5itive s+ul> -ae1 g5itive plural --rum4 #dcb4 ,/ems 9 -- include sub/antives & adjectives2 bo? sub/antives & adjectives are fem99e4 #dcc4 ,names ( males are mascul9e 7#dje73 z1 scrba1 writ]2 also ,hadria1 ! ,adriatic1 & r>ely damma1 de]1 & talpa1 mole4 #dcd4 ,! nom9ative ( /ems 9 -- ends 9 ! %ort5$ /em v[el -a4 #dce4 ,/ems 9 -- are decl9$ z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,example mnsa1 table1 mns-1 ,f4 ,/em & case ,/em end+s ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,s+ul> ,nom4 mnsa table1 a 7or !7 table -a ,g54 mnsae a table's1 ( a table -ae ,dat4 mnsae to or = a table -ae ,acc4 mnsam a table -am ,abl4 mns f1 )1 or by a table - ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,plural ,nom4 mnsae tables 7or !7 tables -ae ,g54 mnsrum tables'1 ( tables -rum ,dat4 mnss to or = tables -s ,acc4 mnss tables -s ,abl4 mnss f1 )1 or by tables -s ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,erratum3 ,,! ,,sub/antive head] suppli$ f ,table ( ,cont5ts ,,s+ul> ,,cases4 #dcf4 -- ( ! /em 0 %ort5$ 9 ! nom9ative & accusative s+ul> at an e>ly p]iod 7#acj1 #acb74 ,a few app>5t examples ( ! nom9ative 9 -1 f\nd 9 ! olde/ writ]s1 seem due to metrical causes3 z1 aquil 7,enn474 ,b - occurs 9 ,greek prop] names 7#dde74 ,a c\ple ( old mascul9e nom9atives 9 -s are quot$ 7#dbb73 pricds1 murd]]1 & ho/icaps1 tak] ( enemies4 ,9 ! accusative s+ul> -m occurs once3 inimcitim 7,enn474 #dcg4 ,! g5itive sometimes ends 7#a47 9 - 9 poetry3 z1 aul1 ( ! hall2 pct1 embroid]$2 7#b47 9 -s3 z1 mols1 ( a mill4 ,?is g5itive is r>e1 b 0 always kept up 9 ! ^w familis ) pat] or mt]1 sometimes ) flius or flia3 pat] familis1 ! goodman1 mt] familis1 ! h\sewife4 ,b pat] familiae1 or 9 ! plural patrs familirum1 is equally common4 #dch4 ,t[n names & a few appellatives h a locative case 9 -ae3 z1 ,rmae1 at ,rome1 9 ,rome2 mlitiae1 9 w>1 9 ! field1 9 ! army4 ,,plural ,,cases4 #dci4 ,comp\nds end+ ) -cola1 inhabit+1 & -g5a1 born1 & patronymics1 sometimes h ! g5itive plural 9 -m 9 poetry3 z1 caelicolm1 ( occupants ( heav52 ,graiug5m1 ( ,greek-born m52 ,a5eadm1 ( ,a5eas's sons2 also names ( peoples3 z1 ,lapi?m1 ( ! ,lapi?ae4 ,) ^! la/ -m occurs ev5 9 prose3 z1 ,crotnitm1 ( ! ,crotona p4 ,o!rs 9 -m are dra*mm1 amphorm4 #ddj4 ,9 ! dative & ablative plural1 -eis sometimes occurs 7#ddc73 z1 tueis +rtieis1 aga9/ y\r w 7,plaut474 ,n\ns 9 -ia h r>ely a s+le 3 z1 pecns1 by moneys 7,cic472 ta5s1 ) fillets 7,v]g472 nns ,ins1 on ! fif? ( ,june 7,cic474 ,see #bd4 #dda4 ,9 ! dative & ablative plural1 words 9 -ia1 or plural -iae1 h -s1 & ^? 9 -ia h -s 7#abg1 #g73 z ,,kal4 ,,mais1 on ! cal5ds ( ,may 7inscr472 ,bs1 at ,bajae 7,hor472 plbs1 plebeian4 #ddb4 ,! dative & ablative plural sometimes end 9 -bus1 p>ticul>ly 9 debus1 goddesses1 & flibus1 daught]s1 to di/+ui% !m f des1 gods1 & flis1 sons4 ambae1 bo?1 & duae1 two1 regul>ly h ambbus & dubus4 #ddc4 ,o!r case =ms are f\nd 9 inscriptions1 z foll[s3 ,g4 -ai1 :i* may be monosyllabic or disyllabic 9 pronunciation3 ,,pvl*rai2 ,,lav]nai2 -s1 aft] #hj ,b4,c41 *iefly 9 prop] names1 mo/ly ,greek3 ,,h]aes2 r>ely 9 appellatives3 ,,dom9aes2 -s3 ,,m9]ves2 -1 ,,ve/a2 ,,coira1 i4e4 ,crae4 ,d4 -ai1 9 all p]iods 7#if73 ,,filiai2 -3 ,,=tvna2 - 7#if73 ,,=tvne4 ,ac4 -a 7#fa73 ,,tavrasia2 ,,magna ,,sapi5tia4 ,ab4 -d 7#dbf73 ,,praidad4 ,loc4 -ai3 ,,romai4 ,plural3 ,n4 -ai 7#if73 ,,tabelai ,,datai2 -1 r>e3 ,,matrona2 -1 r>e & prov9cial 7#if73 ,,mv/e1 i4e4 my/ae4 ,d4 & ,ab4 -eis1 v (t5 7#ih73 ,,scribeis2 ,d4 -s1 once3 ,,devas ,,corniscas1 i4e4 dvs ,cornscs4 ,ab4 -s once 7#ih73 ,,nvges1 i4e4 ngs4 ,erratum3 #ddc 444 ,,tabelai ,,datai2 -1 r>e ,,datai3 ,,greek ,,n\ns4 #ddd4 ,greek appellatives always take a ,lat9 =m 9 ! dative s+ul> & 9 ! plural1 & usually ?r\gh\t3 ?us1 pota1 ,m41 poet1 & aula1 ,f41 c\rt1 are decl9$ l mnsa4 ,mascul9es h sometimes a nom9ative -s & accusative -n3 z1 anagn/s1 read]1 anagn/n2 r>ely an ablative -3 z1 sophi/1 sophi/4 ,greek fem99es 9 - sometimes h ,greek =ms 9 late writ]s3 z1 ,n4 grammatic1 philology1 ,g4 grammatics1 ,ac4 grammaticn1 ,ab4 grammatic 7,qu9til474 #dde4 ,greek prop] names sometimes h ! foll[+ =ms4 ,nom9ative mascul9e -s1 -s3 z1 ,prsis1 ,atrds2 fem99e -3 z1 ,gel1 ,pha$r2 -3 z1 ,circ4 ,g5itive fem99e -s3 z1 ,circs4 ,accusative mascul9e -n1 -dn3 z1 ,a5n1 ,pldn2 fem99e -n3 z1 ,circn4 ,ablative fem99e -3 z1 ,tsiphon4 ,vocative - or -a3 z1 ,atrd1 ,atrda1 ,?ye/a2 -t3 z1 ,bot2 -d3 z1 ,aeacid4 ,,/ems ,,9 -o-4 ,! ,second ,decl5sion4 ,g5itive s+ul> -1 g5itive plural --rum4 #ddf4 ,/ems 9 -o- include sub/antives & adjectives1 mascul9e or neut]4 #ddg4 ,mo/ names ( plants 9 -u are fem99e 7#djg72 also ! foll[+3 alvos or alvus1 belly1 colus1 di/aff1 domus1 h\se1 humus1 gr\nd1 vannus1 fan4 #ddh4 ,! nom9ative ( mascul9es ends1 includ+ ! /em v[el1 9 -o-s1 or usually -u-s2 "s end 9 -r2 neut]s end 9 -o-m1 or usually -u-m4 #ddi4 7#a47 ,/ems 9 -o- ) ! nom9ative 9 -u or -um are decl9$ z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,examples dom9us1 ma/]1 rgnum1 ,/em dom9o-1 ,m4 k+dom1 & case ,/ems rgno-1 ,ne4 end+s ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,s+ul> ,m4 ,ne4 ,nom4 dom9us1 a 7or !7 rgnum -u -um ma/] ,g54 dom91 a ma/]'s rgn - - ,dat4 dom91 to or = a ma/] rgn - - ,acc4 dom9um1 a ma/] rgnum -um -um ,abl4 dom91 f1 )1 rgn - - or by a ma/] ,voc4 dom9e1 ma/] -e ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,plural ,nom4 dom91 7!7 ma/]s rgna - -a ,g54 dom9rum1 ( ma/]s rgnrum -rum -rum ,dat4 dom9s1 to or = ma/]s rgns -s -s ,acc4 dom9s1 ma/]s rgna -s -a ,abl4 dom9s1 f1 )1 rgns -s -s or by ma/]s ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #dej4 deus1 god1 is decl9$ z foll[s3 ,n4 deus1 ,g4 de1 ,d4 & ,ab4 de1 ,ac4 deum4 ,plural3 ,n4 de1 dii1 commonly d1 ,g4 derum or dem1 ,d4 & ,ab4 des1 diis1 commonly ds1 ,ac4 des4 #dea4 7#b47 ,/ems 9 -o- ) ! nom9ative 9 -r or 9 -ius1 -ius1 or -ius are decl9$ z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,examples pu]1 boy1 ag]1 ,pompius1 pu]o-1 ,m4 field1 ,pompey1 ,/ems agro-1 ,m4 ,pompio-1 ,m4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,s+ul> ,nom4 pu]1 a 7or !7 ag] ,pompius boy ,g54 pu]1 a boy's1 agr ,pomp ( a boy ,dat4 pu]1 to or agr ,pompi = a boy ,acc4 pu]um1 a boy agrum ,pompium ,abl4 pu]1 f1 )1 agr ,pompi or by a boy ,voc4 ,pomp1 ,pompei ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,plural ,nom4 pu]1 7!7 boys agr ,pomp ,g54 pu]rum1 boys'1 agrrum ,pompirum ( boys ,dat4 pu]s1 to or agrs ,pomps = boys ,acc4 pu]s1 boys agrs ,pompis ,abl4 pu]s1 f1 agrs ,pomps )1 or by boys ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,s+ul> ,,cases4 #deb4 -u & -um 7 orig9ally -os & -om4 ,b -u 0 us$ 9 ! e>lie/ times1 -um some:at lat]1 & bo? became preval5t betwe5 #bah & #ee ,b4,c4 7#ajg1 c74 ,aft] u or v1 h[ev]1 ! -os & -om 7 reta9$ till t[>d #ej ,a4,d4 7#ajg1 c72 also aft] qu2 b -cus & -cum (t5 displac$ -quos & -quom 7#aeg73 z1 equos1 equom1 or ecus1 ecum1 horse2 antquos1 antquom1 or antcus1 antcum1 anci5t4 ,9 ! vocative -e 0 always us$1 & is reta9$ by ,plautus 9 pu]e1 ?\ boy4 #dec4 ,words 9 -rus ) a long p5ult1 z1 sevrus1 /]n1 & ! foll[+ sub/antives ) a %ort p5ult are decl9$ l domimus 7#ddi73 erus1 ma/] inip]us1 junip] num]us1 numb] um]us1 %\ld] ut]us1 womb ,= adjective /ems 9 -ro- ) nom9ative -rus1 see #fae4 #ded4 ,mascul9e /ems 9 -ro- prec$$ by a %ort v[el or a mute1 except ^? above 7#dec71 drop -os 9 ! nom9ative1 & h no vocative3 z1 /em pu]o-1 ,n4 pu]1 boy 7#aaa1 b74 ,mo/ mascul9es 9 -ro- h a v[el be=e r only 9 ! nom9ative -er 7#aaa1 b73 z agro-1 ,n4 ag]4 ,b 9 comp\nds end+ 9 -f] & -g]1 c>ry+1 hav+1 & ! foll[+1 ! v[el be=e -r is a "p ( ! /em1 & is f\nd 9 all ! cases3 adult]1 ,lb]1 p>am\r1 ,lib] g5]1 soc]1 son-9-law1 fa!r-9-law pu]1 vir1 boy1 man lb]1 vesp]1 *ildr51 ev5+ ,= ,mulcib]1 ,hibr1 & ,celtibr1 see ! diction>y2 = adjective /ems 9 -ro- ) nom9ative -r1 see #faf4 ,once soc]us 7,pl474 #dee4 nihilum1 no?+1 usually drops -um 9 ! nom9ative & accusative1 becom+ nihil or nl1 & simil>ly nn1 n1 may be = no5um1 naught 7#ii74 famul is us$ = famulus1 slave1 by ,ennius & ,lucretius1 once ea* 7#aaa1 b74 #def4 ,sub/antives end+ 9 -ius or -ium 7b nev] adjectives71 h commonly a s+le - 9 ! g5itive s+ul>3 z1 ,v]gilius1 ,g4 ,v]gl 7#hg72 flius1 son1 ,g4 fl2 cnbium1 m>riage1 ,g4 cnb4 #deg4 ,v]gil has once a g5itive -i1 fluvi1 riv]'s4 ,prop]tius has -i two or ?ree times2 ) ,ovid1 ,s5eca1 & lat] writ]s1 -i is common3 z1 gladi1 ( a sword2 ev5 9 prop] names1 :i* 7 ! la/ to take -i3 z1 ,t>qu9i2 b family names almo/ always reta9 a s+le -4 ,locatives h -i3 z1 ,iconi 7,cic474 #deh4 ,prop] names end+ 9 -ius1 -ius1 or -ius h -1 -1 or - 9 ! g5itive & vocative s+ul> & nom9ative plural1 & -s1 -s1 or -s 9 ! dative & ablative plural 7#abg1 #g73 z1 ,gius1 ,g41 ,v41 & ,n4 ,pl4 ,g1 ,d4 & ,ab4 ,pl4 ,gs2 ,pomp1 ,pomps2 ,b1 ,bs4 ,9 v]se - ( ! vocative is sometimes made "o syllable 7#abj73 z1 ,pompei2 ,voltei 7,hor474 #dei4 ,lat9 prop] names 9 -ius h ! vocative 9 - only3 z1 ,v]gilius1 ,v4 ,v]gl2 ,m]curius1 ,v4 ,m]cr 7#hg74 ,s1 also1 flius1 fl1 son2 g5ius1 g51 good angel2 volturius1 voltur1 vulture2 meus1 m1 my4 #dfj4 ,t[n names & a few appellatives h a locative case 9 -3 z1 ,ephes1 9 ,ephesus2 hum1 on ! gr\nd2 bell1 9 w>4 ,erratum3 #dee 444 no5um1 naught 7#ii74 f9al 4 invisible ,,plural ,,cases4 #dfa4 ,9 ! nom9ative plural mascul9e1 -ei sometimes occurs 7#dfe73 z1 ntei gem9ei1 tw9s born 7,plaut472 -eis or -s is r>e 7#dfe73 z1 ,s>deis1 ,s>dians2 oculs1 eyes2 n infrequ5tly hsce1 ^! "h 7,plaut472 mascul9e /ems 9 -io- h r>ely a s+le -3 z1 fl1 sons4 ,= -1 -1 or -1 see #deh4 ,! nom9ative & accusative plural ( neut]s end$ anci5tly 9 - 7#acj1 #b74 ,b - 0 %ort5$ at an e>ly p]iod4 #dfb4 ,9 ! common g5itive plural -rum1 ! -o- ( ! /em is l5g!n$ 7#abc74 ,a g5itive plural 9 -m 7or1 aft] v1 9 -m7 is common f dvos1 dvus1 & deus1 god2 f dnrius1 d5>1 modius1 peck1 nummus1 money1 s/]tius1 se/]ce1 & tal5tum1 tal5t1 ) num]als2 & f c>d9als & di/ributives 7#fda73 z1 dvm1 divm1 dem2 mlle s/]tim2 duc5tm2 bnm4 ,! u 0 orig9ally long 7#acb72 b x 0 %ort5$ be=e #ajj ,a4,d4 #dfc4 ,o!r mascul9e sub/antives h occasionally ?is g5itive3 z1 lb]m1 ( *ildr52 p>ticul>ly 9 set phrases & 9 v]se3 z1 c5turia fabrm1 c5tury ( me*anics2 ,graim1 ( ,greeks4 ,) neut] sub/antives1 z oppidm1 = oppidrum1 ( t[ns1 & ) adjectives x is r>e4 #dfd4 ,9 ! dative & ablative plural1 -eis is r>e 7#ih73 z1 ,epidamnieis 7,plaut474 ,/ems 9 -io- h r>ely a s+le 3 z1 fls1 = sons4 ,= -s1 -s1 or -s1 see #deh4 amb1 bo?1 & duo1 two1 h ambbus & dubus 7#fdj74 #dfe4 ,o!r case =ms are f\nd 9 inscriptions z foll[s3 ,n4 -os1 -om1 ) o reta9$ 7#ajg1 c73 ,,filios1 ,,tribvnos2 ,,pocolom2 9 prop] names -o 7#ff73 ,,cornelio2 -u1 r>e3 ,,lectv2 -is1 or -i1 = -ius 7#ace1 #b73 ,,caecilis2 ,,clavdi2 neut] -o 7#fa73 ,,pocolo4 ,g4 olde/ =m -3 ,,vrbani2 -ei1 f #adf ,b4,c4 to ,augu/us3 ,,popvlei2 ,,conlegei2 -i f /ems 9 -io- n be=e ,tib]ius3 ,,collegii4 ,ac4 -om 7#ajg1 c73 ,,volcanom2 -o 7#fa73 ,,optvmo ,,viro2 -u3 ,,gremiv4 ,ab4 -od1 n aft] #ahf ,b4,c4 7#dbf73 ,,poplicod1 ,,preivatod4 ,plural3 ,n4 -ei1 always common 7#ih73 ,,virei2 ,,filei2 -s1 -eis1 -s 7#dfa73 ,,atilies2 ,,coqves2 ,,leib]eis1 i4e4 ln]2 ,,magi/reis2 ,,magi/ris2 -1 r>e3 ,,ploirvme1 i4e4 plrum4 ,g4 -m or - 7#fa7 ,,romanom2 ,,romano2 -ro 7#fa73 ,,dvonoro4 ,d4 & ,ab4 -eis1 ! only =m d[n to ab\t #acj ,b4,c4 7#ih73 ,,antiqveis2 ,,proxsvmeis2 -s1 twice3 ,,cavatvr9es4 ,erratum3 #dfe 444 ,,collegii4 ,ac4 -om 7#ajg1 c73 ,,volcanom 7#ajg c7 ,,greek ,,n\ns4 #dff4 ,greek /ems 9 -o- are g5]ally decl9$ l ,lat9 n\ns1 b 9 ! s+ul> sometimes h -os 9 ! nom9ative1 -on 9 ! nom9ative or accusative neut]1 r>ely - 9 ! g5itive1 or - 9 ! fem99e ablative4 ,plural1 nom9ative sometimes -oe1 mascul9e or fem99e1 & g5itive1 *iefly 9 book-titles1 -n3 z1 ,nom9ative lios2 lion or lium4 ,g5itive ,m5&r1 ( ,m5&]4 ,ablative fem99e adjective lectc octphor1 9 a s$an ) eight be>]s4 ,plural3 nom9ative ,adelphoe1 ! ,bro!rs2 cphoroe1 basket-be>]s1 fem99e4 ,g5itive ,gergicn lib]1 book ( ,husb&ry4 ,= ,&roges1 ,a?s & ,pan?s1 see ! diction>y4 ,,consonant ,,/ems4 ,! ,?ird ,decl5sion4 ,g5itive s+ul> -is1 g5itive plural -um4 #dfg4 ,consonant /ems are mo/ly sub/antive1 & include bo? g5d] words & neut]s4 ,comp>atives & a few o!r words are adjective4 ,= ! g5d] ( sub/antives1 see #egj4 #dfh4 ,! nom9ative ( consonant /ems ends 9 -s 7or -x72 or 9 -n 7-71 -l1 -r1 or -s ( ! /em1 r>ely 9 -c or -t4 #dfi4 ,mo/ consonant /ems h "o syllable less 9 ! nom9ative ?an 9 ! g5itive4 ,su* words are call$ ,imp>isyllabic words or ,imp>isyllables3 z1 nom9ative rx1 k+1 "o syllable2 g5itive rgis1 ( a k+1 two syllables4 #dgj4 ,_m consonant /ems h a d\ble =m3 "o =m us$ 9 ! nom9ative s+ul> 7neut]s h ?is =m 9 ! accusative also71 ano!r =m 9 ! o!r cases3 z1 idex1 juror1 /em ( nom9ative idec- 7#acf1 #b71 ( o!r cases idic-2 flm5 7#ajc1 a71 special prie/1 flm9- 7#ajc1 a72 virg1 maid1 virg9- 7#aje1 g72 auceps 7#ajg1 d71 f[l]1 aucup- 7#ajd1 c72 ebur 7#ajg1 c71 ivory1 ebor-2 g5us1 race1 g5]- 7#ade2 #ajg1 c72 tr/ius 7#cdf71 sadd]1 tr/ir- 7#cdf72 corpus 7#ajg1 c71 body1 corpor- 7#aje1 i72 pat] 7#ace1 #b71 fa!r1 patr-4 ,9 su* in/ances ! /em ( ! oblique cases is tak5 = brevity to repres5t bo? =ms ( ! /em4 ,i4 ,,mute ,,/ems4 #dga4 7#a47 ,/ems 9 a guttural mute1 -g- or -c-1 are decl9$ z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,examples dux1 idex1 rx1 k+1 lead]1 juror1 ,case ,/ems rg-1 ,m4 duc-1 ,m4 idic-1 end+s ,m41 ,f4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,s+ul> ,nom4 rx1 a 7or !7 dux idex -s 7-x7 k+ ,g54 rgis1 a k+'s1 ( ducis idicis -is a k+ ,dat4 rg1 to or = duc idic - a k+ ,acc4 rgem1 a k+ ducem idicem -em ,abl4 rge1 f1 )1 duce idice -e or by a k+ ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,plural ,nom4 rgs1 7!7 k+s ducs idics -s ,g54 rgum1 k+s'1 ( ducum idicum -um k+s ,dat4 rgibus1 to or = ducibus idicibus -ibus k+s ,acc4 rgs1 k+s ducs idics -s ,abl4 rgibus1 f1 ducibus idicibus -ibus )1 or by k+s ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,9 ! nom9ative & accusative1 neut]s h no case end+ 9 ! s+ul>1 & -a 9 ! plural4 ,9 ! o!r cases !y h ! same case end+s z g5d] /ems4 #dgb4 7a47 ,examples ( /ems 9 -g-1 ) nom9ative -x1 g5itive -gis1 are3 -ex1 -egis grex1 ,m41 7,f471 h]d2 aquilex1 ,m41 spr+-hunt]1 hydraulic eng9e]4 -x1 -gis rx1 ,m41 k+2 int]rx1 reg5t2 lx1 ,f41 law2 & ,n4 & ,ac4 exlx1 exlgem1 beyond ! law1 adjective4 -ex1 -igis rmex1 ,m41 o>sman4 -x1 -gis /rx1 ,f41 scree*-owl4 -nx1 -gis coninx 7#abb1 e7 or coniux1 ,m41 ,f41 sp\se4 -x1 -gis frx1 ,f41 fruit4 #dgc4 7b47 ,examples ( /ems 9 -c-1 ) nom9ative -x1 g5itive -cis1 are3 -ax1 -acis fax1 ,f41 tor*1 no ,g4 ,pl4 9 good writ]s 7#dcj74 -x1 -cis px1 ,f41 peace1 ,pl4 only ,n4 & ,ac4 pcs2 lmx1 ,f41 snail4 -ex1 -ecis fa5isex1 ,m41 haycutt]2 nex1 ,f41 murd]2 prec1 ,d41 ,f41 pray]1 no ,n41 usually plural4 -x1 -cis v]vx1 ,m41 we!r2 allx1 ,f41 fi%-pickle1 also allc1 ,ne4 -ex1 -icis ,mascul9es mo/ly3 apex1 po9t2 crex1 ,f41 ru%2 caudex or cdex1 block1 book2 cmex1 bug2 cortex1 ,m41 ,f41 b>k2 culex1 gnat2 =fex1 ,m41 ,f41 %e>s2 frutex1 %rub2 lex1 ,f41 holm-oak2 illex1 ,m41 ,f41 s$uc]2 imbrex1 tile2 latex1 fluid2 mrex1 purple-%ell2 obice1 ,ab41 ,m41 ,f41 b>1 no ,n42 paelex1 ,f41 concub9e1 pollex1 ?umb2 plex1 flea2 pmex1 pumice-slone2 rmex1 blood-vessel2 rumex1 sorrel2 silex1 ,m41 ,f41 fl9t2 srex1 %rew-m\se2 vortex or v]tex1 :irl2 vtex1 ,f41 a %rub4 ,also "s comp\nds3 z1 idex1 juror2 artifex1 artisan2 auspex1 bird-view]4 -ix1 -icis ,fem99es mo/ly3 app5dix1 addition2 calix1 ,m41 cup2 filix1 f]n2 fulix1 gull2 =nix1 ,m41 ar*2 l>ix1 l>*2 pix1 pit*1 no ,g4 ,pl4 7#dcj72 salix1 will[2 vrix1 swoll5 ve92 vicis1 ,g41 *ange1 no ,n41 ,d41 or ,g4 ,pl4 7#dcj74 -x1 -cis ,fem99es3 c]vx1 neck2 cictrx1 sc>2 cornx1 cr[2 cturnx 7#fb71 quail2 ldx1 blanket2 rdx1 root2 /rux1 heap4 ,also cox5dx1 hip1 lat] cox5dix1 cox5dicis4 -x1 -cis vx1 ,f41 voice4 -ux1 -ucis crux1 ,f41 cross2 dux1 ,m41 ,f41 lead]2 nux1 ,f41 nut-tree1 nut2 trdux1 ,m41 v9elay]4 #dgd4 7#b47 ,/ems 9 a d5tal mute1 -d- or -t-1 are decl9$ z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,examples cu/s1 aets1 virts1 mles1 keep]1 age1 virtue1 soldi]1 ,/ems cu/d-1 ,m4 aett-1 ,f4 virtt-1 ,f4 mlit-1 ,m4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,s+ul> ,nom4 cu/s aets virts mles ,g54 cu/dis aettis virttis mlitis ,dat4 cu/d aett virtt mlit ,acc4 cu/dem aettem virttem mlitem ,abl4 cu/de aette virtte mlite ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,plural ,nom4 cu/ds aetts virtts mlits ,g54 cu/dum aettum virttum mlitum ,dat4 cu/dibus aettibus virttibus mlitibus ,acc4 cu/ds aetts virtts mlits ,abl4 cu/dibus aettibus virttibus mlitibus ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #dge4 7a47 ,examples ( /ems 9 -d-1 ) nom9ative -s1 g5itive -dis1 are3 -z1 -adis vas1 ,m41 ,f41 p]sonal surety1 no ,g4 ,pl4 7#dcj74 -aes1 -a$is praes1 ,m41 bondsman4 -es1 -idis obses1 ,m41 ,f41 ho/age2 praeses1 ,m41 ,f41 ov]se]4 99dses1 slo?ful1 adjective4 -s1 -edis ps1 ,m41 foot4 -s1 -dis hrs1 ,m41 ,f41 heir2 exhrs1 dis9h]it$1 adjective2 m]cs1 ,f41 rew>d4 -is1 -idis ,fem99es3 capis1 cup2 cassis1 helmet2 cuspis1 spe>-po9t2 prmulsis1 appetiz]2 lapis1 ,m41 /one4 -s1 -dis cu/s1 ,m41 ,f41 gu>d4 -aus1 -audis laus1 ,f41 praise4 -u1 -udis pecus1 ,f41 bea/1 head ( cattle4 -s1 -dis ,fem99es3 incs1 anvil2 pals1 swamp1 nom9ative once 9 ,horace palus1 z f an -o- /em2 subscs1 dovetail4 #dgf4 sds1 ,f41 seat1 has an -s- /em1 namely -s 7#bcf71 9 ! nom9ative1 & sd- 9 ! o!r cases 7#dja72 ,g4 ,pl4 sdum1 once sdium 7,vell4 ,pat474 ,! only example ( a neut] /em 9 -d-1 ) nom9ative -r1 g5itive -dis1 is cor 7#aga1 #b71 he>t1 cordis1 no ,g4 ,pl4 7#dcj74 #dgg4 7b47 ,examples ( /ems 9 -t-1 ) nom9ative -s1 g5itive -tis1 are3 -z1 -atis anas1 ,f41 duck2 ,g4 ,pl4 also anitum 7,cic471 & ,ac4 ,pl4 anits 7,plaut474 -s1 -tis aets1 ,f41 age2 also num]\s o!r fem99es 9 -ts 7#bfb74 -es1 -etis int]pres1 ,m41 ,f41 g-betwe52 seges1 ,f41 crop2 teges1 ,f41 mat4 -es1 -itis ,mascul9es mo/ly3 ames1 net-pole2 anti/es1 ,m41 ,f41 ov]se]2 caespes1 sod2 comes1 ,m41 ,f41 companion2 eques1 horseman2 fmes1 t9d]2 gurges1 :irlpool2 hospes1 ,m41 ,f41 gue/-fri5d2 lmes1 pa?2 m]ges1 ,f41 %eaf2 mles1 ,m41 ,f41 soldi]2 palmes1 v9e-spr\t2 p$es1 man afoot1 infantry2 poples1 h\gh2 /pes1 trunk2 t]mes1 b\gh2 trmes1 by-pa?2 dves1 ri*2 sspes1 safe2 sup]/es1 surviv+2 caelite1 ,ab41 occupant ( heav51 no ,n41 adjectives4 -s1 -etis abis1 ,f41 fir2 aris1 ,m41 ram2 p>is1 ,m41 wall4 -s1 -tis ,fem99es3 quis & requis1 re/1 no ,d41 ,ac4 (t5 requiem1 ,ab4 usually requi 7#fjc72 inquis1 unre/1 ,n4 only4 -os1 -otis compos1 ma/] (1 adjective4 -s1 -tis neps1 ,m41 gr&son1 pr(ligate2 sac]ds1 ,m41 prie/2 cs1 ,f41 :et/one1 no ,g4 ,pl4 7#acj72 ds1 ,f41 d[ry1 no ,g4 ,pl4 9 good writ]s 7#dcj72 dtum once 7,val4 ,max471 & dtium 9 ! juri/s4 -s1 -tis ,fem99es3 iuv5ts1 y\?2 sals1 exi/5ce2 s5ects1 old age2 s]vits1 slav]y1 all s+ul> only2 & virts1 virtue1 ) a plural4 #dgh4 vts1 b>d1 has an -s- /em1 namely -s 7#bcf71 9 ! nom9ative1 & vt- 9 ! o!r cases 7#dja72 ,g4 ,pl4 vtum1 b ?rice vtium 7,cic474 ,! only example ( a neut] /em 9 -t-1 ) nom9ative -t1 g5itive -tis1 is caput1 head1 capitis1 & its comp\nds occiput1 back ( ! head & s9ciput1 jole4 lac1 ,ne41 milk1 lactis1 has 9 old & late ,lat9 nom9ative & accusative lacte1 lact once 9 ,v>ro 7#aga1 #b72 acc4 lactem occurs 9 ,petronius once & lat]4 #dgi4 7#c47 ,/ems 9 a labial mute1 -b- or -p-1 are decl9$ z foll[s3 mniceps1 burgess1 /em mnicip-1 ,m41 ,f4 ,s+ul>3 ,n4 mniceps1 ,g4 mnicipis1 ,d4 mnicip1 ,ac4 mnicipem1 ,ab4 mnicipe4 ,plural3 ,n4 mnicips1 ,g4 mnicipum1 ,d4 mnicipibus1 ,ac4 mnicips1 ,ab4 mnicipibus4 #dhj4 ,examples ( /ems 9 -b- or -p-1 ) nom9ative -s1 g5itive -bis or -pis1 are3 -ebs1 -ibis caelebs1 unm>ri$1 adjective1 ! only /em 9 -b-4 ----1 -apis dapis1 ,g41 ,f41 fea/1 ,n4 & ,d4 ,s41 & ,g4 ,pl4 n us$ 7#dcj74 -eps1 -ipis adeps or adips1 ,m41 ,f41 fat1 no ,g4 ,pl2 =ceps1 ,m41 ,f41 p9c]s2 mniceps1 burgh]4 p>ticeps1 %>+1 & prnceps1 fir/1 adjectives4 -eps1 -upis auceps1 f[l]2 manceps1 contractor1 mancupis or mancipis4 ----1 -ipis /ipis1 ,g41 ,f41 small *ange1 no ,n4 -ops1 -opis ,ops1 ,f41 old ,opis 7,plaut471 goddess ( p[]2 opis1 ,g41 ,f41 help1 no ,n41 ,d4 once only1 ,pl4 ops1 means 7#dah74 ,errata3 #dgb 444 -x1 -gis -ux #dgc;b 444 cdex1 block1 book2 book3 #dgg;b 444 trmes1 by-pa?2 by-pa?4 ,,ii4 ,,/ems ,,9 ,a ,,cont9u\s ,,consonant4 #dha4 7#a47 ,/ems 9 -l- & -n- are decl9$ z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,examples cnsul1 le1 img1 nm51 consul1 lion1 lik5ess1 "n1 ,/ems cnsul-1 ,m4 len-1 ,m4 img9-1 ,f4 nm9-1 ,ne4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,s+ul> ,nom4 cnsul le img nm5 ,g54 cnsulis lenis img9is nm9is ,dat4 cnsul len img9 nm9 ,acc4 cnsulem lenem img9em nm5 ,abl4 cnsule lene img9e nm9e ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,plural ,nom4 cnsuls lens img9s nm9a ,g54 cnsulum lenum img9um nm9um ,dat4 cnsulibus lenibus img9ibus nm9ibus ,acc4 cnsuls lens img9s nm9a ,abl4 cnsulibus lenibus img9ibus nm9ibus ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #dhb4 ,examples ( /ems 9 -l-1 ) nom9ative -l1 g5itive -lis1 are3 -l1 -alis sl1 ,m41 salt1 sometimes ,ne4 9 ! s+ul>2 no ,g4 ,pl4 7#dcj74 -el1 -ellis fel 7#aga1 #a71 ,ne41 gall2 mel1 ,ne41 honey2 plural only fella1 mella4 -il1 -ilis mgil1 ,m41 mullet2 pgil1 ,m41 box]2 vigil1 ,m41 wat*man4 -l1 -lis sl1 ,m41 sun1 no ,g4 ,pl4 7#dcj74 -ul1 -ulis cnsul1 consul2 praesul1 head danc]2 exsul1 exile4 #dhc4 7a47 ,examples ( /ems 9 -n-1 ) nom9ative -en1 g5itive -inis1 are3 flm51 ,m41 prie/2 pect51 ,m41 comb2 tbc51 ,m41 pip]2 tubic51 ,m41 trumpet]2 sangu51 ,ne41 blood4 ,_m neut]s 9 -m5 7#bbd73 z1 c]tm51 conte/4 #dhd4 7b47 ,examples ( /ems 9 -n-1 ) nom9ative -1 g5itive -nis1 are3 ,_m mascul9e concretes3 z1 pugi1 dagg]2 words ( ! ag5t 7#baa73 z1 pra$1 robb]2 & family names3 z1 ,cic]4 ,fem99e ab/racts 9 -i 7#bbg71 & _m 9 -ti or -si 7#bbh73 z1 opni1 notion2 cgitti1 ?\ght4 #dhe4 7c47 ,examples ( /ems 9 -n-1 ) nom9ative -1 g5itive -inis1 are3 ,mascul9es3 ,apoll2 c>d1 h+e2 rd1 rank2 turb1 :irlw9d4 homo1 ,m41 ,f41 human be+2 nm1 nobody2 = ,g4 & ,ab41 nllu & nll are g5]ally us$2 m>g1 ,m41 ,f41 br9k4 ,fem99es3 gr&1 hail2 h>und1 re$2 hirund1 swall[2 hird1 lee*2 te/d1 tortoise2 virg1 maid54 ,_m 9 -d1 -d9is 7#bbe71 -g1 -g9is 7#bbf71 & -td1 -td9is 7#bfd73 z1 cupd1 also ,m41 desire2 img1 lik5ess2 slitd1 lonel9ess4 #dhf4 sangus1 ,m41 blood1 /em sangu9-1 takes -s 9 ! nom9ative 7#aga1 #d74 canis1 ,m41 ,f41 dog1 /em c-1 & uv5is1 ,m41 ,f41 "y p]son1 /em iuv5-1 h ! nom9ative =m$ l t ( -i- /ems4 ,= s5ex1 old man1 see #ejj4 #dhg4 7#b47 ,/ems 9 -r- & -s- are decl9$ z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,examples pat]1 dolor1 fls1 g5us1 fa!r1 pa91 fl[]1 race1 ,/ems patr-1 ,m4 dolr-1 ,m4 flr-1 ,m4 g5]-1 ,ne4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,s+ul> ,nom4 pat] dolor fls g5us ,g54 patris dolris flris g5]is ,dat4 patr dolr flr g5] ,acc4 patrem dolrem flrem g5us ,abl4 patre dolre flre g5]e ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,plural ,nom4 patrs dolrs flrs g5]a ,g54 patrum dolrum flrum g5]um ,dat4 patribus dolribus flribus g5]ibus ,acc4 patrs dolrs flrs g5]a ,abl4 patribus dolribus flribus g5]ibus ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #dhh4 ,_m /ems 9 -r- end$ orig9ally 9 -s-1 :i* became -r- betwe5 two v[els1 & 9 "s words 9 ! nom9ative also 7#aed73 z1 fls1 ,m41 fl[]1 ,g4 99flsis1 flris2 hons1 ,m41 hon\r1 ,g4 honris1 ,n4 honor4 #dhi4 7a47 ,examples ( /ems 9 -r-1 ) nom9ative -r1 g5itive -ris1 are3 -ar1 -aris bacc>1 ,ne41 a plant2 ib>1 ,ne41 r>ely ,m41 bright sky1 no ,pl4 -r1 -aris lr1 ,m41 h\sehold god2 ,g4 ,pl4 l>um2 two or ?ree times l>ium4 -r1 -arris fr 7#aga1 #a71 ,ne41 spelt2 ,pl4 only ,n4 & ,ac4 f>ra4 -er1 -eris ,mascul9es3 acipns]1 /urgeon2 agg]1 m\nd2 ns]1 r>ely ,f41 goose2 ass]1 pole2 c>c]1 jail2 lat]1 brick2 muli]1 ,f41 woman2 pass]1 sp>r[2 vm]1 pl\gh%>e4 ,neut]s3 cadv]1 corpse2 tb]1 swell+2 b]1 brea/2 v]b]is1 ,g41 la%1 no ,n41 g5]ally ,pl42 ac]1 maple1 & "s o!r plant names3 see #egc4 paup]1 poor1 adjective4 -t]1 -tris accipit]1 ,m41 hawk2 frt]1 ,m41 bro!r2 mt]1 ,f41 "m2 pat]1 ,m41 fa!r4 -r1 -ris vr1 ,ne42 no ,pl4 -or1 -oris aequor1 ,ne41 sea2 m>mor1 ,ne41 m>ble2 arbor1 ,f41 tree4 -or1 -ris olor1 ,m41 swan2 soror1 ,f41 si/]2 uxor1 ,f41 wife4 ,_m mascul9es 9 -or = -s 7#bcg73 z1 odor1 smell2 & 9 -tor1 -tris 7#bje73 z1 amtor1 lov]4 ,also g5d] comp>atives ( adjectives3 z1 tr/ior 7#cdf71 ,m41 ,f41 sadd]4 -ur1 -oris ,neut]s3 ebur1 ivory2 ,pl4 only ebora2 rbur1 he>t ( oak2 ,pl4 rbora common1 rborum & rboribus twice ea*4 ,also femur1?igh1 femoris or fem9is1 & iecur1 liv]1 iecoris1 iec9]is1 or ioc9]is4 -ur1 -uris augur1 ,m41 ,f41 augur2 furfur1 ,m41 bran2 turtur1 ,m41 ,f41 turtle-dove2 voltur or vultur1 ,m41 vulture4 ,neut]s3 fulgur1 lightn+2 guttur1 r>ely ,m41 ?roat2 murmur1 murmur2 sulpur1 sulphur4 cicur1 tame1 adjective4 -r1 -ris fr1 ,m41 ?ief4 #dij4 volucris1 ,f41 bird1 /em volucr-1 has its nom9ative =m$ l t ( -i- /ems4 #dia4 7b47 ,examples ( /ems 9 -s-1 or -r- = -s-1 ) nom9ative -s1 g5itive -ris1 are3 -aes1 -a]is aes1 ,ne41 copp]1 bronze2 9 ! ,pl4 only a]a & a]um are usual4 -s1 -eris ,c]s4 pbs1 mangr[n2 impbs1 immature1 adjectives2 = ! la/ m commonly impbis1 l brevis 7#fcj74 -is1 -eris c9is1 ,m41 a%es2 cucumis1 ,m41 cucumb]1 also ) -i- /em2 pulvis1 ,m41 du/2 vmis1 ,m41 pl\gh%>e4 -s1 -oris arbs1 ,f41 tree4 -s1 -ris ,mascul9es3 fls1 fl[]2 ms1 cu/om2 rs1 dew1 no ,g4 ,pl4 7#dcj72 leps1 grace2 hons or honor1 hon\r1 & "s old ,lat9 words = lat] -or3 z1 ods or odor1 smell 7#dhi74 s1 ,ne41 m\?1 face1 no ,g4 ,pl4 7#dcj74 -u1 -eris ,neut]s3 acus1 husk2 fo$us1 treaty2 fnus1 fun]al2 g5us1 race2 glmus 7#acd71 clew2 holus1 gre5 /uff2 latus1 side2 mnus1 gift2 onus1 burd52 opus1 "w2 pondus1 weight2 raudus or rdus1 piece ( copp]2 scelus1 crime2 sdus1 con/ellation2 ulcus1 sore2 vellus1 fleece2 vscus1 b[el1 usually plural2 volnus or vulnus1 w\nd4 ,also ,v5us1 ,f41 & vetus1 old1 adjective4 -u1 -oris ,neut]s3 corpus1 body2 decus1 grace2 ddecus1 disgrace2 fac9us1 de$2 fa5us1 int]e/2 frgus1 cold2 ltus1 %ore2 nemus1 grove2 pectus1 brea/2 pecus1 flock2 p5us1 /ore2 pignus1 pl$ge2 /]cus1 dung2 tempus1 "t2 t]gus1 back4 ,also lepus1 ,m41 h>e4 -u1 -ris ,neut] comp>atives ( adjectives3 z1 tr/ius 7#cdf71 sadd]4 -s1 -ris ,neut]s3 crs1 leg2 is1 "r1 ,pl4 ira1 ,g4 ,pl4 twice only 7,plaut42 ,cato71 no ,d4 or ,ab4 ,pl42 is1 bro?1 ps1 pus1 rs1 c\ntry1 ts1 frank9c5se1 ,pl4 only ,n4 & ,ac4 ira1 c4 tells1 ,f41 e>?4 #dib4 vs1 ,ne41 vessel1 ut5sil1 reta9s ! s betwe5 two v[els3 ,g4 vsis1 ,d4 vs1 ,ab4 vse1 plural ,n4 & ,ac4 vsa2 ! ,g4 vsrum1 & ,d4 & ,ab4 vsis1 are =m$ f an -o- /em1 vs- 7#dja74 mnsis1 ,m41 mon?1 mnsis1 has its nom9ative =m$ l t ( -i- /ems2 ,g4 ,pl4 mnsum1 sometimes mnsuum or mnsium4 os 7#aga1 #a7 ,ne41 bone1 ossis1 has no ,g4 ,pl4 9 good writ]s 7#dcj73 ossium late4 #dic4 ,! two neut]s vrus1 gall1 poison1 & volgus or vulgus1 ! cr[d1 h -o- /ems1 except 9 ! nom9ative & accusative 7#dja71 & no plural3 ?us1 ,n4 & ,ac4 volgus1 ,g4 volg1 ,d4 & ,ab4 volg4 ,a mascul9e accusative volgum is sometimes f\nd4 ,! ,greek neut] pelagus1 ! deep1 has also ,g4 pelag1 ,d4 & ,ab4 pelag1 ,pl4 ,n4 & ,ac4 pelag 7#ejh74 ,erratum3 #dhi;a 444 ,also femur1 ?igh femur ?igh ,,iii4 ,,/ems ,,9 -u- ,,or -v-4 #did4 ,f\r sub/antives ) /ems 9 -- or -v-1 grs1 ,f41 crane1 gruis2 ss1 ,m41 ,f41 s[1 sw9e1 suis2 bs1 ,m41 ,f41 ox1 c[1 bovis2 & nix1 ,f41 sn[1 nivis1 foll[ ! consonant decl5sion2 also ! g5itive ,iovis1 & ! o!r oblique cases ( ,iuppit] 7#ejj74 ,b ss has 9 ! plural dative & ablative suibus1 sbus1 or subus2 bs has 9 ! plural g5itive b\m or bovum1 r>ely bovom 7#ajg1 c71 & 9 ! dative & ablative bbus1 or (t5] bbus2 nix has no g5itive plural 9 good writ]s 7#dcj73 nivium late1 once nivum4 ,,s+ul> ,,cases4 #die4 7#a47 ,! nom9ative s+ul> ( g5d] /ems 9 a mute is =m$ by add+ -s to ! /em 7#dbb73 z1 rg-1 k+1 ,n4 rx 7#afd1 #a72 duc-1 lead]1 ,n4 dux 7#ace1 #a72 cu/d-1 gu>d1 ,n4 cu/s 7#aga1 #e72 aett-1 age1 ,n4 aets 7#aga1 #e72 caelib-1 unm>ri$1 ,n4 caelebs 7#ed72 mnicip-1 burgh]1 ,n4 mniceps4 hiem-1 w9t]1 ! only /em 9 -m-1 ,n4 hiemps 7#afg7 or hiems1 also takes -s4 #dif4 7#b47 ,/ems 9 a cont9u\s consonant1 -l-1 -n-1 -r-1 or -s-1 & neut]s h no nom9ative suffix 7#dbb1 #dbc73 z1 cnsul-1 consul1 ,n4 cnsul2 flm9-1 special prie/1 ,n4 flm52 agg]-1 m\nd1 ,n4 agg]2 ir- = is-1 "r1 ,n4 is4 ,= cor1 he>t1 see #dgf2 lacte1 lac1 milk1 #dgh2 sangus1 blood1 #dhf2 -s 9 neut] adjectives1 #fab4 #dig4 7a47 ,/ems 9 -n- drop -n- 9 ! nom9ative2 /ems 9 -9- = -on- drop -n-1 & end 9 -3 z1 len-1 lion1 ,n4 le2 img9- = imgon-1 lik5ess1 ,n4 img4 #dih4 7b47 ,/ems ( "o syllable 9 -r- = -s- usually reta9 -s 9 ! nom9ative3 z1 flr- = fls-1 ,m41 fl[]1 ,n4 fls2 ir- = is-1 ,ne41 "r1 ,n4 is4 ,"s ( m ?an "o syllable also reta9 -s3 see #dia2 b 9 o!rs -s is *ang$ to -r1 & 9 mascul9es a prec$+ is %ort5$3 z1 ods1 smell1 odor4 leps1 grace1 reta9s -s4 #dii4 7c47 ,f\r /ems 9 -er- = -is- h ! nom9ative s+ul> 9 -is3 c9is1 a%es1 c9]is2 cucumis1 cucumb]1 cucum]is or cucumis2 pulvs1 du/1 pulv]is2 & vmis1 (t5] vm]1 pl\gh%>e1 vm]is4 #ejj4 ,! foll[+ h ! nom9ative s+ul> =m$ f a diff]5t /em f t ( ! o!r cases 7#dja73 it]1 j\rney1 it9]is1 /ems it]-1 it9]-2 ,iuppit] 7#chi7 ,iovis2 supellx1 furniture1 supellctilis 7#ede72 s5ex1 old man1 man ( =ty or m1 s5is1 /ems s5ec-1 s5-4 ,= sds1 seat1 see #dgf2 vts1 b>d1 #dgh4 canis1 dog1 ,n4 also cs 7,plaut4 ,enn41 ,lucil471 iuv5is1 "y or middle-ag$ p]son 7#dhf71 volucris1 bird 7#dij71 & mnsis1 mon? 7#dib71 h _! nom9atives =m$ l ^? ( -i- /ems4 #eja4 ,an old dative 9 - is sometimes reta9$ 9 set phrases 7#ejg73 z1 a]1 money2 ir1 "r4 ,see #ih4 #ejb4 ,sub/antives h r>ely an ablative 9 - or -ei l -i- /ems3 z1 capit 7,catull471 head1 = capite2 dtei 7,plaut471 d[ry1 = dte4 ,sub/antives us$ z adjectives h sometimes -3 z artific man1 ) arti/ h&2 b (t5 -e3 z1 lite lps1 ) w+$ glide4 ,= - 9 old ,lat9 !re is no c]ta9 evid5ce4 #ejc4 ,adjectives 9 ! comp>ative degree h sometimes an ablative 9 -3 z1 melir1 bett]1 = melire4 ,adjectives #8( "o end+' ) consonant /ems 7#fbd7 h always -e1 except vetus1 old1 :i* has sometimes vet]4 #ejd4 ,t[n names & a few appellatives h a locative case 9 -3 z1 ,k>?g91 at ,c>?age2 rr1 a-field1 9 ! c\ntry4 ,erratum3 #ejb 444 z1 lite lps1 ) w+$ glide z4 ,,plural ,,cases4 #eje4 ,! nom9ative & accusative plural mascul9e & fem99e h r>ely -s1 l /ems 9 -i-3 z sac]dts1 prie/s2 melirs1 bett]4 ,= - 9 neut]s 9 old ,lat91 see #acj1 #b4 #ejf4 ,! g5itive plural ( /ems 9 -tt- 7#bfb7 is sometimes -ium1 l t ( -- /ems3 z1 cvittium1 communities2 volupttium1 pleasures 7,cic472 b *iefly 9 or aft] ! ,augu/an age4 mnsis1 mon?1 has mnsum1 b (t5 mnsuum1 sometimes mnsium4 les1 bird1 has sometimes lituum 9 hexamet] v]se4 ,= ! dative & ablative -bs1 see #beje4 #ejg4 ,o!r case =ms are f\nd 9 inscriptions1 z foll[s3 ,n4 ,,mvnicipes2 - = -s 7#ff73 ,,maio1 i4e4 mais or maior4 ,g4 -es1 z e>ly z #bah ,b4,c43 ,,salvtes2 -u1 f #ahf to #ajj ,b4,c43 ,,nom9vs2 -u 7#ff73 ,,caes>v4 ,d4 -ei3 ,,virtvtei1 soon aft] #bij ,b4,c42 ,,h]$ei1 #de ,b4,c42 -1 disappe>$ soon] ?an -ei except 9 set phrases 7#eja71 b is equally old3 ,,ivnone2 ,,iovre4 ,ac4 -e 7#fa73 ,,apice4 ,ab4 -d 7#dbf73 ,,conv5tionid1 i4e4 cntine2 -ei3 ,,virtvtei2 -3 ,,h]$i4 ,plural3 ,n4 -s3 ,,iovdicis4 ,g4 -om3 ,,povmilionom2 -ium3 ,,mvnicipivm4 ,d4 -ebus3 ,,tempe/atebvs4 ,ac4 -s3 ,,mvnicipis4 ,,greek ,,n\ns4 #ejh4 ,greek appellatives ( ! consonant decl5sion occasionally reta9 ,greek case end+s3 z1 lampas1 tor*1 ,g4 lampados1 ,ac4 lampada4 ,plural3 ,n4 lampades1 ,ac4 lampadas4 r1 air1 has usually ! accusative era1 & ae?r1 upp] air1 always has ae!ra4 ,9 ! plural nom9ative & accusative1 ctus1 swimm+ mon/]1 melos1 /ra9 ( music1 & pelagus 7#dic71 ! deep1 h -3 z1 ct4 ,g5itive -n1 r>e3 z1 epigrammatn1 epigrams4 ,dative & ablative -mats f words 9 -ma1 -matis3 z1 pomats1 poems 7#dja74 #eji4 ,greek prop] names ( ! consonant decl5sion are usually decl9$ l ,lat9 ones 9 old ,lat9 & prose4 ,f ,v]gil & ,prop]tius on1 ,greek case end+s gr[ m & m frequ5t1 especially 9 poetry2 !y are be/ le>n$ = e "n f ! diction>y2 ! commone/ =ms are3 ,g5itive -os3 z1 ,pn1 ,pnos2 -s1 ) nom9ative -3 z1 ,mant1 ,mants4 ,dative -i1 r>e3 z1 ,mnidi4 ,accusative -a1 common ) names ( p]sons 9 poetry1 n 9 prose1 m common ) ^? ( places1 & ev5 9 prose3 z1 ,a*]onta2 always ,pna2 -1 ) fem99es 9 -1 -s3 z1 ,dd4 ,vocative3 ,palls1 ,pall2 9 old ,lat9 ! nom9ative is commonly us$ in/ead ( ! vocative4 ,plural3 ,nom9ative -es3 z1 ,arcades4 ,dative -s91 r>e3 z1 ,lmnias94 ,accusative -z1 v common3 z1 ,lelegas2 9 prose1 ,mac$onas2 also 9 words n ,greek3 z1 ,allobrogas 7,caes474 #eaj4 ,names 9 -eus1 l ,orpheus1 are usually decl9$ l -o- /ems 7#ddi74 ,!y h less frequ5tly ,greek =ms3 z1 ,g4 ,orpheos1 ,d4 ,orphei or ,orph1 ,ac4 ,orphea4 ,accusative r>ely -a3 z1 lona4 #eaa4 ,"s names 9 -s h ! g5itive 9 -is or - & ! accusative 9 -em or -n 7#dja73 z1 ,scrats1 ,g4 ,scratis or ,scrat1 ,ac4 usually ,scratem1 also ,scratn4 ,a*ills & ,ulixs h 9 ! g5itive -e1 -ei1 or -4 ,names 9 -cls h r>ely ! accusative -clea3 z1 ,p]iclea4 #eab4 ,"s names 9 -is h =ms ei!r f a /em 9 -id-1 or f "o 9 -i-3 z1 ,p>is1 ,g4 ,p>idis1 ,d4 ,p>id1 ,ac4 ,p>idem1 ,p>im or ,p>91 ,v4 ,p>i4 ,,/ems ,,9 -i- ,,& ,,mix$ ,,/ems4 ,! ,?ird ,decl5sion4 ,g5itive s+ul> -is1 g5itive plural -i-um4 #eac4 ,/ems 9 -i- include bo? sub/antives & adjectives1 g5d] words & neut]s4 ,= ! g5d] ( sub/antives1 see #egj4 #ead4 ,! nom9ative ( g5d] /ems 9 -i- ends usually 9 -s 7or -x71 sometimes 9 -l or -r2 t ( neut] sub/antives has no suffix1 & ends usually 9 -e1 sometimes 9 -l or -r4 #eae4 ,mo/ /ems 9 -i- h z _m syllables 9 ! nom9ative z 9 ! g5itive4 ,su* words are call$ ,p>isyllabic words1 or ,p>isyllables3 z1 nom9ative cvis1 citiz51 two syllables2 g5itive cvis1 ( a citiz51 also two syllables4 #eaf4 ,/ems 9 -i- are decl9$ 9 ! ma9 l consonant /ems1 b h -im 9 ! accusative ( "s sub/antives1 & - 9 ! ablative ( adjectives1 ( "s g5d] sub/antives1 & ( neut]s2 9 ! plural !y h -ium 9 ! g5itive1 -s (t5 9 ! accusative ( g5d] words1 & -ia 9 ! nom9ative & accusative neut]4 ,i4 ,,p>isyllables4 #eag4 7#a47 ,p>isyllabic g5d] /ems 9 -i- ) ! nom9ative 9 -is are decl9$ z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,examplestussis1 turris1 amnis1 ho/is1 ,/em c\gh1 t[]1 riv]1 enemy1 & case ,/ems tussi-1 turri-1 amni-1 ho/i-1 end+s ,f4 ,f4 ,m4 ,m41 ,f4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,s+ul> ,nom4 tussis turris amnis ho/is -is ,g54 tussis turris amnis ho/is -is ,dat4 tuss turr amn ho/ - ,acc4 tussim turrim1 -em amnem ho/em -im1 -em ,abl4 tuss turr1 -e amne1 - ho/e -1 -e ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,plural ,nom4 tusss turrs amns ho/s -s ,g54 turrium amnium ho/ium -ium ,dat4 turribus amnibus ho/ibus -ibus ,acc4 tusss1 turrs1 amns1 ho/s1 -s1 -s -s -s -s -s ,abl4 turribus amnibus ho/ibus -ibus ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #eah4 7a47 ,l ! s+ul> ( tussis are decl9$ p>isyllabic names ( riv]s & places1 l ,tib]is1 ,hispalis4 ,also cucumis1 ,m41 cucumb] 7b see #dia71 & ! defectives sitis1 ,f41 ?ir/1 ,ac4 sitim1 ,ab4 sit1 no plural2 & vs1 ,f41 p[]1 ,ac4 vim1 ,ab4 v4 ,plural 7#dja73 ,n4 vrs1 ,g4 vrium1 ,d4 & ,ab4 vribus1 ,ac4 vrs or vrs4 7,! ,d4 v is only f\nd twice2 a ,n4 & ,ac4 ,pl4 vs is v r>e47 #eai4 7b47 ,! foll[+ fem99es are decl9$ l turris1 ) -im or -em 9 ! accusative1 & - or -e 9 ! ablative3 clvis1 key febris1 fev] nvis1 vessel puppis1 /]n sm5tis1 plant+ /rigilis1 sk9-scrap] ,s also 9 ! oblique cases1 ,lig]1 ! ,lig]4 ,ar>1 ! ,ar>1 has 9 ! accusative -im1 9 ! ablative -e or -4 #ebj4 secris1 axe1 messis1 crop1 & re/is1 rope1 also h -im or -em 9 ! accusative1 b only secr1 messe1 & re/e 9 ! ablative4 clis1 conduit1 has only -em 9 ! accusative1 & only - 9 ! ablative4 #eba4 7c47 ,! foll[+ are decl9$ l amnis1 ) -em 9 ! accusative1 & - or -e 9 ! ablative3 avis1 bird blis1 bile cvis1 citiz5 classis1 fleet f/is1 club ignis1 fire #ebb4 7d47 ,mo/ p>isyllabic /ems 9 -i-1 ) ! nom9ative 9 -is1 are decl9$ l ho/is3 z1 nsis1 ,m41 glaive2 piscis1 ,m41 fi%2 a$is1 ,f41 temple1 ,pl4 h\se 7#dah72 vtis1 ,f41 v9e2 & a great _m o!rs4 ,also g5d] =ms ( adjectives 9 -i- #8( two end+s' 7#fcj71 except ! ablative s+ul>1 :i* ends 9 -4 #ebc4 7#b47 ,p>isyllables 9 -i- ) ! nom9ative 9 -s h _! o!r cases l ^? ( ho/is3 su* are3 ca$s1 blood%$2 cauts1 rock2 clds1 disa/]2 indols1 native disposition1 no ,pl42 lbs1 fall2 mls1 pile2 nbs1 cl\d2 prls1 (fspr+1 no ,pl42 pbs1 "y population1 no ,pl42 rps1 crag2 saeps1 h$ge2 /rgs1 slaught]2 subols1 (fspr+2 tbs1 wa/+1 no ,pl41 fem99es2 & "s o!rs4 ,mascul9e3 v]rs1 bo>2 volps or vulps1 fox4 #ebd4 fams1 hung]1 has ,g4 twice fam 7,cato1 ,lucil471 ,ab4 always fam 7#fjc71 no ,pl42 plbs1 commons1 ,n4 also plbs or plps1 has ,g4 plbei 7#fjc71 plb or plbis1 no ,pl4 #ebe4 7#c47 ,a few /ems 9 -bri-1 -cri-1 or -tri-1 are decl9$ z foll[s3 imb]1 %[]1 /em imbri-1 ,m4 ,s+ul>3 ,n4 imb]1 ,g4 imbris1 ,d4 imbr1 ,ac4 imbrem1 ,ab4 imbr1 (t5] imbre4 ,plural3 ,n4 imbrs1 ,g4 imbrium1 ,d4 imbribus1 ,ac4 imbrs or imbrs1 ,ab4 imbribus4 ,s also lunt] or l9t]1 ,f4 7,m471 tub1 boat1 t]1 ,m41 lea!r bag1 & v5t]1 ,m41 belly1 b ) only -e 9 ! ,ab42 & ! mascul9e ( adjectives 9 -bri-1 -cri-1 -tri-1 ,n4 -er 7#fbh72 ^! la/ h 9 ! ,ab4 always -4 #ebf4 7#d47 ,p>isyllabic neut]s 9 -i- ) ! nom9ative 9 -e are decl9$ z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,examples s$le1 seat1 m>e1 sea1 ,/em & ,/ems s$li-1 ,ne4 m>i-1 ,ne4 case end+s ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,s+ul> ,plural ,s+ul> ,plural ,s4 ,pl4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,nom4 s$le s$lia m>e m>ia -e -ia ,g54 s$lis s$lium m>is -is -ium ,dat4 s$l s$libus m> - -ibus ,acc4 s$le s$lia m>e m>ia -e -ia ,abl4 s$l s$libus m> - -ibus ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #ebg4 m>e has r>ely ! ablative m>e 9 v]se3 9 ! plural only ! nom9ative & accusative are usual2 b a g5itive m>um is once quot$ 7,naev471 & ! ablative m>ibus is once us$ by ,caes>4 #ebh4 ,examples ( p>isyllabic neut]s 9 -i-1 ) ! nom9ative 9 -e1 g5itive -is1 are3 ancle1 sacr$ %ield2 aplu/re1 anci5t2 conclve1 suite ( rooms2 nsgne1 ensign2 praesaepe1 /all2 rte1 net1 ,ab4 rte4 ,also ! neut] ( adjectives 9 -i- #8( two end+s' 7#fcj71 & "s words 9 -le1 -le1 -re1 orig9ally adjectives 7#cac1 #cad73 z1 bble1 ox-/all2 fcle1 neckclo?2 coclere1 spoon4 ,erratum3 #ebb4 7d47 7d7 ,,ii4 ,,imp>isyllables4 #ebi4 ,sometimes a plural /em 9 -i- is comb9$1 9 ! s+ul>1 ) a /em 9 a mute1 9 -l1 or -r1 or r>ely 9 -s4 ,^! mix$ /ems ?us become imp>isyllables4 ,g5d] /ems ( ?is class are l consonant /ems 9 ! s+ul>1 except ! ablative ( adjectives1 :i* has usually -4 #ecj4 ,imp>isyllabic /ems 9 -i- are decl9$ z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,examples arx1 p>s1 urbs1 animal1 citadel1 "p1 city1 animal ,/ems arci-1 ,f4 p>ti-1 ,f4 urbi-1 ,f4 animli-1 ,ne4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,s+ul> ,nom4 arx p>s urbs animal ,g54 arcis p>tis urbis animlis ,dat4 arc "p urb animl ,acc4 arcem p>tem urbem animal ,abl4 arce p>te urbe animl ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,plural ,nom4 arcs "ps urbs animlia ,g54 arcium p>tium urbium animlium ,dat4 arcibus p>tibus urbibus animlibus ,acc4 arcs1 -s "ps1 -s urbs1 -s animlia ,abl4 arcibus p>tibus urbibus animlibus ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #eca4 ,examples ( /ems 9 -ci-1 ) nom9ative -x1 g5itive -cis1 are3 -x1 -cis =nx1 ,f41 furnace4 ,_m adjectives 7#bhd73 z1 audx1 d>+4 -aex1 -aecis faex1 ,f41 dregs1 no ,g4 ,pl4 7#dcj74 -ex1 -icis supplex1 suppliant1 ,ab4 -1 sometimes -e1 ,g4 ,pl4 supplicum4 ,adjectives3 duplex1 tw(old2 multiplex1 manifold2 quadruplex1 f\rfold2 septemplex1 sev5fold2 simplex1 simple2 triplex1 ?reefold4 ,! =ego+ h ,ab4 -3 z1 duplic2 duplice once 7,hor471 septemplice twice 7,ov42 ,/at472 ,g4 ,pl4 -ium1 ,ne4 ,pl4 ,n4 & ,ac4 -ia4 -x1 -cis flx1 happy2 p]nx1 nimble1 adjectives4 ,also _m fem99es ( ! ag5t 9 -trx 7#bje73 z1 victrx1 victori\s2 ^! sometimes h a ,ne4 ,pl4 ,n4 & ,ac43 z1 victrcia2 9 ! ,g4 ,pl4 !y h -ium1 or1 z sub/antives1 -um3 z1 ntrcum1 nurses4 -lx1 -lcis calx1 ,f4 7,m471 heel2 calx1 ,m41 ,f41 lime/one1 no ,g4 ,pl4 7#dcj72 falx1 ,f41 sickle4 -nx1 -ncis lanx1 ,f41 platt]1 no ,g4 ,pl4 7#dcj72 denx1 ,m41 elev5 twelf?s2 quncunx1 ,m41 five twelf?s4 -ox1 -ocis praecox1 ov]-ripe1 old] /em praecoqui-3 z1 ,g4 praecoquis2 r>ely ) -o- /em 7#dja73 z1 praecoquam4 -x1 -cis celx1 ,f41 clipp]4 atrx1 savage2 f]x1 wild2 vlx1 swift1 adjectives4 -rx1 -rcis arx1 ,f41 citadel1 ,g4 ,pl4 r>e & late2 m]x1 ,f41 w>e1 ,n4 9 old ,lat9 sometimes m]cs or m]s4 -ux1 -ucis ,adjectives3 trux1 savage1 ,ab4 - or -e1 ,g4 ,pl4 -ium2 r$ux1 return+1 ,ab4 - or -e 7#eeh72 no ,g4 ,pl4 & no ,ne4 ,n4 or ,ac4 7#dcj74 -aux1 ---- fauce1 ,f41 ,ab41 ?roat1 ,n4 faux once only & late1 g5]ally ,pl4 -x1 -cis lx1 ,f4 7#eha71 light1 ,ab4 sometimes -1 no ,g4 ,pl4 7#dcj74 #ecb4 7a47 ,examples ( /ems 9 -di-1 ) nom9ative -s1 g5itive -dis1 are3 -s1 -edis ,comp\nds ( ps1 foot3 comp$e1 ,f41 ,ab41 fett]1 no ,n41 ,g4 ,pl4 comp$ium2 adjectives3 z1 lips1 w+-foot$1 bips1 two-legg$1 quadrups1 f\r-foot$1 c41 ,ab4 -1 ,pl4 ,g4 -um only 7#efc71 ,ne4 ,n4 & ,ac4 -ia1 r>e & late4 -ns1 -ndis ,fem99es3 frns1 foliage2 glns1 acorn2 iglns1 walnut4 -rs1 -rdis concors1 l-m9d$1 adjective1 & o!r comp\nds ( cor1 ,ab4 - 7#eei7 ,ne4 ,pl4 ,n4 & ,ac4 -ia1 ,g4 ,pl4 n usual3 discordium1 at v>iance1 & vcordium1 frantic1 once ea*4 -aus1 -audis fraus1 ,f41 deceit1 ,g4 ,pl4 fraudium1 lat] fraudum4 #ecc4 7b47 ,examples ( /ems 9 -ti-1 ) nom9ative -s 7-x71 g5itive -tis1 are3 -s1 -tis ,arpns1 ( ,arp9um1 & adjectives f o!r t[n names2 optimts1 good m5 & true1 ,g4 ,pl4 -ium1 less (t5 -um2 p5ts1 gods ( ! h\sehold /ore4 -es1 -etis ,adjectives3 hebes1 dull2 t]es1 cyl9drical1 ,ab4 - 7#eei71 no ,g4 ,pl41 ,ne4 ,pl4 hebetia1 t]etia1 late & r>e2 p]pes1 la/+ ?r\gh1 ,ab4 p]pet1 late only2 praepes1 swift-w+$1 ,ab4 - or -e1 ,g4 ,pl4 -um1 no ,ne4 ,pl4 ,n4 or ,ac4 -s1 -tis locupls1 ri*1 adjective1 ,ab4 usually -e ( a p]son1 - (t5 ( a ?+1 ,g4 ,pl4 locupltium1 sometimes locupltum1 ,ne4 ,pl4 locupltia once4 -s1 -tis ls1 cont5tion2 ds1 ri*1 adjective1 ,ab4 always - 7#eei71 ,pl4 ,g4 -ium1 once -um 7,s5471 ,ne4 ,n4 & ,ac4 -ia4 ,quirs1 ,samns4 -ls1 -ltis puls1 pottage1 no ,g4 ,pl4 7#dcj74 -ns1 -ntis ,mascul9es3 dns1 too?3 fns1 f\nta92 pns1 bridge2 mns1 m\nta91 ,n4 once montis 7,enn472 factors ( twelve3 sextns1 "o six?2 quadrns1 trins1 ddrns1 dxtns4 ,fem99es3 frns1 =ehead2 gns1 clan2 mns1 m9d4 ,pres5t p>ticiples3 z1 regns1 guid+4 ,_m adjectives3 z1 +ns1 gigantic1 ,ab4 - 7#eei72 ,vins1 ( ,vei2 comp\nds ( mns3 z1 mns1 out ( "o's head2 ( dns3 z1 tridns1 ,ab4 -1 z sub/antive usually -e4 -eps1 -ipitis ,adjective comp\nds ( caput1 head3 anceps 7#edc71 two-head$1 once old] ancips 7,plaut472 biceps1 two-head$2 triceps1 ?ree-head$2 praeceps1 head-fir/1 old praecips 7,plaut42 ,enn471 ,ab4 - 7#eei71 no ,g4 ,pl41 ,ne4 ,pl4 ,n4 & ,ac4 -ia4 -rs1 -rtis ,fem99es3 ars1 art2 cohors1 cohort2 =s1 *ance2 mors1 dea?2 p>s1 "p2 sors1 lot1 ,n4 twice sortis 7,plaut42 ,t]474 ,adjectives3 cnsors1 %>+1 exsors1 n %>+1 no ,g4 ,pl42 exp]s1 )\t "p2 in]s1 unskill$1 soll]s1 all-skill$1 ,ne4 ,pl4 ,n4 & ,ac4 -ia4 -x1 -ctis nox1 ,f41 night2 ,ab4 also noct 7#dja72 an old adv]b =m is nox1 nights4 #ecd4 7a47 ,/ems 9 -bi-1 ) nom9ative -bs 7#adi71 g5itive -bis1 are3 trabs1 ,f41 beam1 old] ,n4 trabs 7,enn472 plbs1 ,f41 commons1 ,n4 sometimes plps1 = ! old] plbs 7#fjc71 no ,pl42 urbs1 ,f41 city4 #ece4 7b47 ,/ems 9 -pi-1 ) nom9ative -ps1 g5itive -pis1 are3 inops1 poor1 adjective1 ,ab4 - 7#eei71 ,g4 ,pl4 -um1 no ,ne4 ,pl4 ,n4 or ,ac4 7#dcj72 /irps1 ,f4 7,m471 trunk4 #ecf4 ,examples ( /ems 9 -li-1 ) nom9ative -l1 g5itive -lis1 are3 -al1 -lis ,neut]s1 orig9ally adjective 7#edf73 animal1 animal2 bac*nal1 %r9e or fea/ ( ,bac*us2 c]vcal1 bol/]2 puteal1 well-curb2 toral1 valance2 tribnal1 tribunal2 vectgal1 indirect tax4 ,only ,n4 or ,ac43 cubital1 elb[-cu%ion2 m9tal1 m9c$-fi%2 capital1 capitlia1 dea?1 capital crime4 -il1 -ilis vigil1 wide-awake1 adjective1 ,ab4 -1 z sub/antive -e 7#efa71 ,g4 ,pl4 vigilum 7#efc71 no ,ne4 ,pl4 ,n4 or ,ac4 7#dcj74 #ecg4 7a47 ,examples ( /ems 9 -ri-1 ) nom9ative -r1 g5itive -ris1 are3 -ar1 -ris ,neut]s1 orig9ally adjective 7#edf73 calc>1 spur2 columb>1 dove-cote2 exempl>1 patt]n2 lacn>1 panel-ceil+2 pulvn>1 c\*2 sublig>1 tights2 torcul>1 w9e-press4 -r1 -aris ,adjectives3 pr1 equal2 dispr1 impr1 unequal1 = ,ab41 see #efa2 ,g4 ,pl4 -ium1 ,ne4 ,pl4 ,n4 & ,ac4 -ia2 compr1 co-mate1 z sub/antive has ,g4 ,pl4 -um4 -er1 -eris ,adjectives3 dg5]1 deg5]ate1 ,ab4 - 7#eei71 no ,ne4 ,pl4 ,n4 or ,ac4 7#dcj72 b]1 fruitful1 ,ab4 -1 late -e1 ,ne4 ,pl4 b]a once only 7,acc474 -or1 -oris ,adjectives3 memor1 rememb]+2 immemor1 =getful1 ,ab4 - 7#eei71 ,g4 ,pl4 memorum 7#fcf7 once only 7,v]g471 no ,ne4 ,pl4 ,n4 or ,ac4 7#dcj74 -or1 -ris ,adjective comp\nds ( color3 z1 concolor1 ( l %ade1 discolor1 ( diff]5t %ade1 bo? ) ,ab4 - only2 v]sicolor1 pi$1 ,ab4 -1 r>ely -e1 ,ne4 ,pl4 ,n4 & ,ac4 -ia2 ! ,g4 ,pl4 ( ^! words is n usual1 b v]siclorum once4 #ech4 7b47 ,/ems 9 -ri-1 ) nom9ative -s ( ! /em1 g5itive -ris1 are gls1 ,f41 dorm\se1 glris2 ms1 ,m41 male1 m>is2 ms1 ,f41 m\se1 mris4 #eci4 ,! only imp>isyllabic /em 9 -si- is s 7#aga1 #a71 ,m41 unit1 an z1 ,g4 assis1 ) its comp\nds bs1 two ?irds1 ,g4 bessis1 & smis1 half an z1 half1 ,g4 smissis4 ,erratum3 #ecg 444 dg5]1 deg5]ate1 ,ab4 - 7#eei7 ,ab41 ,,s+ul> ,,cases4 #edj4 7#a47 ,! nom9ative s+ul> ( g5d] /ems 9 -i- is usually =m$ by add+ -s to ! /em 7#dbb74 ,b _m g5d] sub/antives h ! nom9ative 9 -s 7#bcf1 #dja73 z1 amni-1 riv]1 ,n4 amnis2 a$i-1 temple1 ,n4 a$is2 brevi-1 %ort1 ,n4 brevis4 ,) ,n4 -s3 nbi-1 cl\d1 ,n4 nbs2 = o!r examples1 see #ebc4 #eda4 ,"s sub/antives =m ! nom9ative 9 bo? ^! ways3 z1 valls & vallis1 valley1 equally common2 a$is1 temple1 lat] a$s2 = ca$s1 slaught]1 clds1 disa/]1 & mls1 pile1 ca$is1 c41 occur exceptionally4 #edb4 ,a few /ems 9 -bri-1 -cri-1 or -tri-1 drop -i- 9 ! nom9ative4 ,! end+s brs1 crs1 trs1 !n *ange to -b]1 -c]1 -t] 7#aaa1 b73 z1 imbr-1 %[]1 ,n4 imb] 7#ebe74 #edc4 ,( g5d] imp>isyllables1 "s h lo/ -i- ( ! /em be=e -s 9 ! nom9ative2 o!rs h orig9ally a consonant /em 9 ! nom9ative 7#ebi-ece74 ,?us1 monti-1 m\nta91 & sorti-1 lot1 h ,n4 mns & sors = an old] montis & sortis2 b dns1 too?1 & regns1 rul+1 h z orig9al /ems d5t- & reg5t-4 ,adjectives 9 -cipiti- h ,n4 -ceps 7#ecc74 #edd4 ,a few adjective /ems 9 -li- or -ri- drop -i- 9 ! nom9ative )\t tak+ -s 7#ecf1 #ecg73 z1 vigili-1 wide-awake1 ,n4 vigil2 p>i-1 equal1 ,n4 pr2 s also ,ar> & ,lig]4 ,?ree sub/antives 9 -ri- = -si- likewise drop -i-1 & end 9 ! orig9al -s 7#ech73 glri- = glsi-1 dorm\se1 ,n4 gls2 ms1 male2 ms1 m\se4 #ede4 ,= c>1 ,f41 fle%1 c>nis 7,ab4 -1 usually -e1 no ,g4 ,pl47 see #ace1 #b4 supellx1 ,f41 furniture1 supellctilis 7,ab4 - or -e1 no ,pl471 has ! nom9ative =m$ f a diff]5t /em f t ( ! o!r cases 7#dja74 #edf4 7#b7 ,neut] /ems 9 -i- h no nom9ative suffix1 & end 9 -e = -i- ( ! /em 7#ajg1 b73 z1 m>i-1 sea1 ,n4 m>e2 brevi-1 %ort1 ,n4 breve4 ,9 "s words1 orig9ally neut] adjectives 9 -le & -re1 ! -e is dropp$ & ! %ort5$3 z1 animle1 liv+ ?+1 animal 7#ecf72 exemplre 7,lucr471 patt]n1 exempl> 7#ecg74 ,"s neut] adjectives end 9 -l or -r 7#ecf1 #ecg72 & "s #8( "o end+' end 9 -s 7#fab74 #edg4 ,! accusative s+ul> ( g5d] sub/antives usually has -em1 l consonant /ems 7#dbd72 b a few sub/antives ) ! nom9ative 9 -is h -im only1 & "s h ei!r -im or -em4 #edh4 7a47 ,accusatives 9 -im ,are sitim1 tussim1 vim1 ?ir/1 c\gh1 /r5g? ,& brim1 cucumim4 pl\ghtail1 cucumb] #edi4 ,! accusative 9 -im is f\nd 9 _m adv]bs 7#gjj73 z1 p>tim1 9 "p2 9 "s adv]bial expressions3 z1 adamussim1 examussim1 to a ,t1 adfatim1 to satiety1 ad ravim1 to ho>s5ess2 9 "s names ( riv]s & cities3 z1 ,tib]im1 ,hispalim2 & 9 "s ,greek words 7#efe74 #eej4 7b47 ,six h ! accusative commonly 9 -im1 sometimes 9 -em3 febrim1 -em1 fev] pelvim1 -em1 bas9 puppim1 -em1 /]n re/im1 -em1 rope secrim1 -em1 axe turrim1 -em1 t[] #eea4 ,six h ! accusative commonly 9 -em1 sometimes 9 -im3 bip5nem1 -im1 two-edg$ axe clvem1 -im1 key messem1 -im1 crop nvem1 -im1 %ip sm5tem1 -im1 plant+ /rigilem1 -im1 sk9-scrap] #eeb4 ,9 ! ablative1 g5d] sub/antives h usually -e1 & neut]s & adjectives h -3 z1 ho/e1 enemy2 m>1 sea2 cr1 %>p1 brev1 %ort1 audc1 d>+4 #eec4 7#a47 ,( g5d] sub/antives ) ! nom9ative 9 -is1 a few h only - 9 ! ablative1 & _m h ei!r - or -e4 #eed4 7a47 ,^! ablatives h only -3 secr1 sit1 tuss1 v1 axe1 ?ir/1 c\gh1 /r5g? cl1 cucum1 conduit1 cucumb] ,"s names ( riv]s & cities h only -3 z1 ,tib]1 ,hispal4 ,! locative also ends 9 -3 z1 ,nepol1 at ,neapolis4 #eee4 7b47 ,^! ablatives ( g5d] sub/antives ) ! nom9ative 9 -is h - or -e3 amne1 -1 riv] ave1 -1 bird ble1 -1 bile cv1 -e1 citiz5 classe1 -1 fleet clv1 -e1 key febr1 -e1 fev] f/1 -e1 club ign1 -e1 fire nv1 -e1 %ip orb1 -e1 circle pupp1 -e1 /]n sm5t1 -e1 plant+ /rigil1 -e1 sk9-scrap] turr1 -e1 t[] #eef4 ,a few o!r words 9 -is h occasionally an ablative 9 -3 z1 anguis1 snake1 collis1 hill1 fnis1 end1 po/is1 po/1 unguis1 nail1 c4 sors1 lot1 imb]1 %[]1 & lx1 light1 h also -e or -2 supellx1 furniture1 has supellctil or -e2 ,ar> has -e or -2 ,lig]1 - or -e4 #eeg4 ,neut] names ( t[ns ) ! nom9ative 9 -e h -e 9 ! ablative3 z1 ,pra5e/e4 rte1 net1 has only rte2 m>e1 sea1 has r>ely m>e 7#ebg74 #eeh4 7#b47 ,adjectives #8( two end+s' ) /ems 9 -i- 7#fcj7 (t5 h -e 9 ! ablative :5 !y are us$ z sub/antives1 & sometimes 9 v]se1 :5 a %ort v[el is ne$$3 z1 adfn1 -e1 connection by m>riage2 a$le1 -1 a$ile2 familir1 -e1 fri5d4 ,b "s1 ev5 z sub/antives1 h -3 z1 aequl1 ( ! same age1 cnsulr1 ex-consul1 g5tl1 tribesman4 ,adjectives ( place 9 -nsis 7#ccj7 usually h -1 b sometimes -e3 z1 ,t>qu9inse4 ,prop] names h usually -e3 z1 ,iuv5le4 #eei4 ,adjectives #8( "o end+' ) /ems 9 -i- 7#fcb71 h commonly - 9 ! ablative4 ,! foll[+ ablatives h only -3 m5t1 fr5zi$1 ancipit1 two-head$1 praecipit1 head-fir/1 concolr1 ( l hue1 concord1 h>moni\s1 discord1 at v>iance1 scord1 imp]ceptive1 dg5]1 deg5]ate1 dt1 ri*1 t]et1 r\nd$1 +5t1 huge1 inop1 )\t means1 memor1 rememb]+1 immemor1 =getful4 #efj4 ,pres5t p>ticiples1 :5 us$ z adjectives1 h - 9 ! ablative1 o!rwise -e3 z1 sapi5t vir1 by a wise man2 adulsc5te1 y\?1 sub/antive2 ,rmul rgnante1 9 ! reign ( ,romulus1 ablative absolute 7#acfb74 #efa4 ,o!r adjectives #8( "o end+' occasionally h -e 9 ! ablative :5 us$ z sub/antives or z epi!ts ( p]sons1 or 9 v]se :5 a %ort syllable is ne$$3 z1 cnsort1 %>+1 p>1 equal1 vigil1 wide-awake1 flc1 happy1 z adjectives2 b cnsorte1 c41 z sub/antives2 9 prose1 imp>1 disp>1 unequal2 9 v]se1 imp>e1 disp>e4 ,prop] names h -e3 z1 ,flce4 ,,plural ,,cases4 #efb4 ,9 ! plural1 g5d] nom9atives h -s1 r>ely -s or -es1 & g5d] accusatives h -s or -s indiff]5tly1 sometimes -eis2 aft] ab\t #ej ,a4,d41 -s 0 ! preval5t end+ = bo? cases4 ,neut]s add -a to ! /em1 mak+ -ia2 = -i 9 old ,lat91 cf4 #beje4 #efc4 ,9 ! g5itive plural1 pres5t p>ticiples1 "s sub/antive /ems 9 -nt7i7-1 & "s adjectives #8( two end+s' 7#fca7 h occasionally -um3 z1 amantum1 lov]s2 rud5tum1 rigg+2 agre/um1 c\ntry folk2 caele/um1 heav5's t5antry4 apis1 bee1 has commonly -um2 ca$s1 slaught]1 & fraus1 deceit1 h r>ely -um4 ,= -um 9 "s adjectives #8( "o end+1' see #fcf2 = -bs 9 ! dative & ablative 9 old ,lat91 see #beje4 #efd4 ,o!r case =ms are f\nd 9 inscriptions1 z foll[s3 ,n4 )\t -is3 ,,vectigal1 i4e4 vectglis1 adjective2 -e = -is 7#ff1 #da73 ,,milit>e1 i4e4 mlitris1 adjective2 -s 7#edj73 ,,aidiles1 i4e4 a$lis2 ,,cives1 i4e4 cvis4 ,g4 -u1 f #ahf to #ajj ,b4,c43 ,,p>tvs1 i4e4 p>tis4 ,d4 -ei3 ,,vrbei4 ,ac4 -i 7#fa73 ,,p>ti1 i4e4 p>tem2 -e3 ,,aide1 i4e4 a$em4 ,ab4 -ei3 ,,fontei2 -e3 ,,s]vile1 i4e4 s]vl4 ,plural3 ,n4 -s3 ,,f9es2 -eis3 ,,f9eis2 -s3 ,,f9is4 ,,greek ,,n\ns4 #efe4 ,greek /ems 9 -i- are usually decl9$ l ,lat9 ones1 ) ! accusative 9 -im1 & ablative 9 -4 ,b ! accusative sometimes has -n3 z1 pos91 poetry1 ,*>ybd92 simil>ly ,capyn2 & a vocative occurs3 z1 ,*>ybdi4 ,! plural g5itive ,metamorphsen1 & z ablative ,metamorphses91 occur z titles ( books4 ,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,/ems ,,9 -i-4 #eff4 ,p>isyllables ) nom9atives 9 -is1 -s1 or -e1 & a few 9 -er2 & imp>isyllables ) nom9atives 9 -al1 & 9 -ar = -re1 h /ems 9 -i-4 ,b canis1 iuv5is 7#dhf71 volucris 7#dij71 mnsis 7#dib71 sds 7#dgf71 & vts 7#dgh71 h consonant /ems4 #efg4 ,"u -i- /ems may also conv5i5tly be gr\p$ ! foll[+ classes1 :i* h usually a consonant =m 9 ! s+ul>1 & an -i- =m 9 ! plural3 #efh4 7a47 ,imp>isyllabic adjectives ) ! g5itive 9 -is1 except comp>atives & ! doz5 ) consonant /ems 7#fbd71 & imp>isyllables ) a nom9ative 9 -s or -x prec$$ by any consonant except p4 ,b cninx 7#dgb7 & caelebs 7#dhj7 h consonant /ems4 #efi4 7b47 ,! foll[+ monosyllables3 s1 unit1 an z1 faex1 dregs1 fraus1 deceit1 gls1 dorm\se1 ls1 /rife1 lx1 light1 ms1 male1 ms1 m\se1 nox1 night1 /irps1 trunk1 vs1 /r5g?4 ,also fauce1 ?roat1 & comp$e1 fett]1 bo? ,ab41 no ,n41 & =nx1 furnace4 ,,g5d] ,,( ,,consonant ,,/ems ,,& -i- ,,/ems4 #egj4 ,! g5d] ( _m ( ^! sub/antives is det]m9$ by _! mean+ 7#djd-dab72 t ( p>ticiples us$ z sub/antives foll[s ! g5d] ( ! sub/antive und]/ood2 ,greek sub/antives foll[ ! ,greek g5d]4 ,! g5d] ( o!r words may be conv5i5tly arrang$ = ! memory accord+ to ! nom9ative end+s z foll[s4 ,,mascul9e4 #ega4 ,imp>isyllables 9 -es or -s & sub/antives 9 -er1 -1 -or1 & -s are mascul9e3 z1 caespes1 sod2 ps1 foot2 agg]1 m\nd2 s]m1 spee*2 pallor1 pal5ess2 fls1 fl[]4 #egb4 ,^! imp>isyllables 9 -es or -s are fem99e3 m]ges1 %eaf1 seges1 crop1 teges1 mat2 requis & quis1 re/2 comp$s1 plural1 fett]s2 m]cs1 rew>d4 aes1 copp]1 bronze1 is neut]4 #egc4 ,^! sub/antives 9 -er are neut]3 cadv]1 corpse1 it]1 way1 tb]1 swell+1 truffle1 b]1 udd]1 v]b]is1 la%1 g5itive1 no nom9ative2 also names ( plants 9 -er3 z1 ac]1 maple1 cic]1 *ickpea1 papv]1 poppy1 pip]1 pepp]1 sil]1 osi]1 sis]1 skirret1 sb]1 corktree4 l9t]1 tub1 boat1 is fem99e1 once mascul9e4 vr1 spr+1 is neut]4 #egd4 ,sub/antives 9 -1 ) g5itive -inis 7#dhe71 are fem99e2 z1 img1 img9is1 lik5ess2 also c>1 c>nis1 fle%1 & words ( action 9 -i & -ti 7#bbg1 #bbh74 ,b c>d1 h+e1 rd1 rank1 & turb1 :irlw9d1 are mascul9e4 m>g1 br9k1 & cupd1 desire1 are sometimes mascul9e4 #ege4 ,^! sub/antives 9 -or are neut]3 ador1 spelt1 aequor1 sea1 m>mor1 m>ble1 cor1 he>t4 arbor1 tree1 is fem99e4 #egf4 ,^! sub/antives 9 -s are fem99e3 cs1 :et/one1 arbs1 tree1 ds1 d[ry4 s1 ris1 m\?1 face1 is neut]1 also os1 ossis1 bone4 ,erratum3 #ege 444 cor1 he>t4 4 miss+ ,,fem99e4 #egg4 ,p>isyllables 9 -s1 & sub/antives 9 -s1 -aus1 -is1 -s prec$$ by a consonant1 & -x1 are fem99e3 z1 nbs1 cl\d2 aets1 age2 laus1 praise2 nvis1 %ip2 urbs1 city2 px1 peace4 #egh4 s1 assis1 p5ny1 is mascul9e4 vs1 vessel1 ut5sil1 & ! defectives fs1 "r1 & nefs1 wrong1 are neut]4 #egi4 ,sub/antives 9 -nis are mascul9e2 also tw5ty-n9e o!rs 9 -is1 z foll[s3 axis1 callis1 caulis1 anguis1 axle1 pa?1 cabbage1 snake fascis1 f/is1 lapis1 sangus1 bundle1 club1 /one1 blood piscis1 po/is1 pulvs1 nsis1 fi%1 po/1 du/1 glaive torquis1 torris1 unguis1 mnsis1 twi/$ coll>1 firebr&1 nail1 mon? vectis1 v]mis1 vmis1 collis1 lev]1 worm1 pl\gh%>e1 hill gls1 clis1 also follis1 dorm\se1 conduit1 ball casss1 s5ts1 veprs1 orbis1 nets1 brambles1 ?orns1 plurals1 circle cucumis1 & sometimes corbis4 cucumb]1 basket brim1 pl\ghtail1 accusative only1 is also mascul9e4 ,a few ( ! above are sometimes fem99e3 z1 amnis1 anguis1 callis1 clis1 c9is1 fnis1 fnis1 torquis1 veprs1 c4 #ehj4 ,f\r 9 -s prec$$ by a consonant are mascul9e3 dns1 too?1 fns1 f\nta91 pns1 bridge1 mns1 m\nta92 also factors ( twelve3 sextns1 "o six?1 quadrns1 trins1 ddrns1 dxtns2 rudns1 rope1 once4 adeps1 fat1 & =ceps1 p9c]s1 are mascul9e or fem99e4 /irps1 /ock1 is sometimes mascul9e4 #eha4 calix1 cup1 =nix1 ar*1 & trdux1 v9elay]1 are mascul9e2 also sub/antives 9 -nx & -ex2 except nex1 murd]1 & prec1 pray]1 dative1 no nom9ative1 :i* are fem99e2 also r>ely grex1 h]d4 cortex1 b>k1 =fex1 scissors1 silex1 fl9t1 & obice1 b>ri]1 ablative1 no nom9ative1 are ei!r mascul9e or fem99e4 calx1 heel1 & calx1 lime1 are sometimes mascul9e1 also lx1 light1 9 ! ablative 9 old ,lat94 ,erratum3 #egg 444 sub/antives 9 -s1 -aus -s -aus ,,neut]4 #ehb4 ,sub/antives 9 -c1 -e1 -l1 -n1 -t1 9 -ar1 -ur1 -u1 & -s1 are neut]3 z1 lac1 milk2 m>e1 sea2 animal1 animal2 c>m51 song2 caput1 head2 calc>1 spur2 fulgur1 lightn+2 corpus1 body2 is1 "r4 #ehc4 sl1 sun1 pect51 comb1 lin1 sple51 rns1 kidneys1 plural1 & furfur1 bran1 are mascul9e4 ,s usually sl1 salt1 b sometimes neut] 9 ! s+ul>4 fr1 spelt1 is neut]4 #ehd4 pecus1 bea/1 is fem99e2 also tells1 e>?1 & ! sub/antives 9 -s :i* h -dis 7#dge7 or -tis 7#dgg7 9 ! g5itive3 z1 pals1 m>%2 iuv5ts1 y\?4 ,,/ems ,,9 -u-4 ,! ,f\r? ,decl5sion4 ,g5itive s+ul> -s1 g5itive plural -u-um4 #ehe4 ,/ems 9 -u- are sub/antive only1 & mo/ly mascul9e4 #ehf4 ,!re are only ?ree neut]s 9 common use1 corn1 horn1 g51 knee1 & v]1 a spit4 ,b "s cases ( o!r neut]s are us$3 z1 ablative pec1 flock2 plural nom9ative & accusative artua1 limbs 7,plaut472 ,,ossva1 bones 7inscr474 #ehg4 ,! nom9ative ( /ems 9 -u- ends1 includ+ ! /em v[el1 9 -u-s 9 g5d] words1 & 9 l5g!n$ - ( ! /em 9 neut]s4 #ehh4 ,mo/ sub/antives 9 -u- are mascul9es 9 -tu- or -su-1 (t5 defective 9 case 7#bce74 ,! foll[+ words are fem99e3 acus1 p91 ne$le1 domus1 h\se1 manus1 h&1 porticus1 colonnade2 tribus1 tribe2 & ! plurals ds1 ides1 & qunqutrs1 fea/ ( ,m9]va2 r>ely p5us1 /ore1 & specus1 cave4 #ehi4 ,/ems 9 -u- are decl9$ z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,examples flctus1 wave1 corn1 ,/em & horn1 case ,/ems flctu-1 ,m4 cornu-1 ,ne4 end+s ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,s+ul> ,m4 ,ne4 ,nom4 flctus1 a 7or corn -u - !7 wave ,g54 flcts1 a wave's1 corns -s -s ( a wave ,dat4 flctu1 -1 to corn -u1 - or = a wave - ,acc4 flctum1 a wave corn -um - ,abl4 flct1 f1 )1 corn - - or by a wave ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,plural ,nom4 flcts1 7!7 cornua -s -ua waves ,g54 flctuum1 waves'1 cornuum -uum -uum ( waves ,dat4 flctibus1 to or cornibus -ibus -ibus = waves ,acc4 flcts1 waves cornua -s -ua ,abl4 flctibus1 f1 cornibus -ibus -ibus )1 or by waves ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,,s+ul> ,,cases4 #eij4 ,9 ! g5itive1 ! uncontract$ =m -uis sometimes occurs3 z1 anuis1 old woman 7,t]474 ,a g5itive 9 -t is r common3 z1 adv5t1 arrival2 rnt1 embelli%m5t 7,t]472 s5t1 s5ate4 ,9 ! dative1 - is regul>ly f\nd = -u 9 neut]s & (t5 9 g5d] words4 ,,plural ,,cases4 #eia4 ,9 ! g5itive plural1 a %ort] =m 9 -um is occasionally f\nd3 z1 passum1 /eps 7,plaut41 ,m>t472 currum1 *>iots 7,v]g472 ,,ex]citvm4 ,! quantity ( ! u & ! orig9 ( ?is end+ are unc]ta94 #eib4 ,9 ! dative & ablative plural1 ! foll[+ reta9 -u-bus3 acus1 p91 ne$le1 arcus1 b[1 p>tus1 bir?1 tribus1 tribe4 ,! foll[+ h -u-bus or -i-bus 7#bh73 arts1 plural1 jo9ts1 lacus1 lake1 portus1 hav51 specus1 cave1 g51 knee1 v]1 a spit4 ,all o!r words h -i-bus only4 #eic4 ,o!r case =ms are f\nd 9 inscriptions1 z foll[s3 ,g4 -uos3 ,,s5atvos2 - 7#ff7 ,,s5atv2 -uus1 9 ! imp]ial age 7#bi1 #a73 ,,ex]citvvs4 ,d4 -uei 7#bi1 #b73 ,,s5atvei4 ,ac4 -u 7#fa73 ,,manv4 ,ab4 -uu 7#bi1 #a73 ,,arbitratvv2 -u1 once1 by "s ?\ght to be = -d 7#dbf72 ,,magi/ratvo4 ,plural3 ,n4 -uus 7#bi1 #a73 ,,magi/ratvvs4 #eid4 domus1 h\se1 ,f41 has /ems ( two =ms1 domu- & domo- 7#dja72 x is decl9$ z foll[s3 ,n4 domus1 ,g4 doms1 r>ely dom1 ,d4 domu or dom1 ,ac4 domum1 ,ab4 dom or dom1 ,locative dom1 r>ely domu4 ,plural3 ,n4 doms1 ,g4 domuum1 lat] domrum1 ,d4 & ,ab4 domibus1 ,ac4 doms1 less commonly doms4 #eie4 ,"s o!r sub/antives h an -u- /em 9 "s ( _! cases1 & an -o- /em 9 o!rs3 see angiportus1 arcus1 cae/us1 colus1 corn1 cornus1 cupressus1 fcus1 fretus1 gelus1 laurus1 murtus1 p5us1 pnus1 qu]cus1 rctus1 tonitrus1 9 ! diction>y4 ,,/ems ,,9 --4 ,! ,fif? ,decl5sion4 ,g5itive s+ul> -1 g5itive plural --rum4 #eif4 ,/ems 9 -- are sub/antive only1 & fem99e4 #eig4 dis1 day1 is always mascul9e 9 ! plural1 & commonly 9 ! s+ul>2 b ! fem99e is common :5 dis d5otes l5g? ( "t or a set day4 m]dis1 midday1 is mascul9e & s+ul> only4 #eih4 ,! nom9ative ( /ems 9 -- ends1 includ+ ! /em v[el1 9 --s4 #eii4 ,/ems 9 -- are ( two classes3 #fjj4 7#a47 ,/ems ( ! fir/ class h "o or two syllables2 !re are f\r ( !m3 rs1 ?+1 sps1 hope1 dis1 day1 & fids1 fai?4 ,( ?is class1 rs & dis h a plural ?r\gh\t2 sps has only ! nom9ative & accusative plural1 & fids has no plural4 #fja4 ,/ems 9 -- ( ! fir/ class are decl9$ z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,examples rs1 ?+1 dis1 day1 ,/em & ,/ems r-1 ,f4 di-1 ,m4 case end+s ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,s+ul> ,nom4 rs1 a 7or !7 dis -es ?+ ,g54 ri1 rei1 a ?+'s1 di1 -1 -1 -ei ( a ?+ diei ,dat4 ri1 rei1 to di1 -1 -1 -ei or = a ?+ diei ,acc4 rem1 a ?+ diem -em ,abl4 r1 f1 )1 di - or by a ?+ ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,plural ,nom4 rs1 7!7 ?+s dis -s ,g54 rrum1 ?+s'1 dirum -rum ( ?+s ,dat4 rbus1 to or dibus -bus = ?+s ,acc4 rs1 ?+s dis -s ,abl4 rbus1 f1 )1 dibus -bus or by ?+s ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #fjb4 fids is decl9$ l rs2 x has once a g5itive fids 7,plaut474 ,= r1 re1 or rei1 & fid1 fide1 or fidei1 see #abg1 #d4 dis has r>ely a g5itive dis 7,enn47 or di 7,v]g474 sps has only ! g5itive & dative spei 9 v]se4 ,a g5itive or dative 9 - is sometimes f\nd3 z1 r1 di1 fid4 #fjc4 ,a few cases ( o!r words sometimes foll[ ?is class 7#dja73 z1 plbs 7#ebd71 commons1 ,g4 plbei or plb2 fams 7#ebd71 hung]1 ,ab4 always fam2 requis 7#dgg71 re/1 ,g4 requi 7,sall471 ,ac4 requiem1 ,ab4 requi2 tbs 7#ebc71 wa/e1 ,ab4 tb1 99contgs1 contact1 ,ab4 contg 7,lucr471 c4 #fjd4 7#b47 ,/ems ( ! second class are =m$ by ! suffix -i- or -ti-1 & h ?ree or m syllables4 ,?is class1 :i* is p>allel to /ems 9 -i-1 has usually no g5itive1 dative1 or plural4 ,_m /ems1 especially ^? 9 -ti-1 h also a collat]al =m 9 -i-1 & ! g5itive & dative1 :5 us$ at all1 are commonly f a /em 9 -i-4 #fje4 ,/ems 9 -- ( ! second class are decl9$ z foll[s3 lxuris1 extravagance1 /em lxuri-1 ,f4 ,nom4 lxuris1 ,acc4 lxuriem1 ,abl4 lxuri4 #fjf4 ,a few examples ( ! g5itive ( ^! /ems are f\nd3 z1 p]nici1 p]nicis1 or p]nici1 ru9 7,cic472 rabis1 fury 7,lucr472 aci1 edge ( battle 7,sall41 ,caes41 auct4 ,b4 ,afr471 faci1 make 7,plaut41 ,lucil471 speci1 looks 7,caes472 aci 7auct4 ,b4 ,afr474 ,& a v few ( ! dative3 z1 aci twice 7,caes472 p]nici1 p]nici 7,nep472 p]nici 7,liv474 #fjg4 luvis1 (fsc\r+1 wa%1 has ! nom9ative ( ! plural1 & glacis1 ice1 has ! accusative ( ! plural4 ,five words only h ! nom9ative & accusative plural3 s]is1 acis1 r[1 edge1 specis1 facis1 look1 make1 effigis1 lik5ess4 ,erratum3 #fja 7table7 444 rs1 7!7 ?+s rs 7!7 ,,! ,,adjective4 #fjh4 ,adjectives are decl9$ l sub/antives1 & x has be5 %[n already h[ _! cases are =m$4 ,b !y diff] f sub/antives 9 hav+ diff]5t =ms 9 "s ( _! cases to d5ote diff]5t g5d]s2 x is conv5i5t !re=e to put _! complete decl5sion toge!r4 #fji4 ,adjective /ems end 9 -o- & --1 9 a consonant1 or 9 -i-4 #faj4 ,an accusative plural ( a /em 9 -u-1 anguimans1 ) a s]p5t = a h&1 is once us$ 7,lucr474 ,!re are no adjective /ems 9 --4 #faa4 ,adjectives are (t5 conv5i5tly said to be #8( ?ree end+s1' #8( two end+s1' or #8( "o end+4' ,by ! #8end+' is meant ! end+ ( ! nom9ative s+ul>3 ?us1 bonus1 bona1 bonum1 good1 & c]1 cris1 cre1 %>p1 are #8( ?ree end+s' 7#dji72 brevis1 breve1 %ort1 is #8( two end+s' 7#daj72 & audx1 bold1 is #8( "o end+' 7#daj74 #fab4 ,adjectives #8( "o end+' :i* =m a g5d] nom9ative 9 -s1 reta9 ! -s irrationally 9 ! nom9ative & accusative neut] s+ul>3 z1 ,n4 ,m4 & ,f4 audx1 ,n4 & ,ac4 ,ne4 also audx4 ,,/ems ,,9 -o- ,,& --4 #fac4 ,mo/ adjectives ) /ems 9 -o- & -- are decl9$ z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,example ,m4 bonus1 ,f4 bona1 ,ne4 bonum1 good ,/ems bono-1 bon-4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,nom4 bonus bona bonum boni bonae bona ,g54 bon bonae bon bonrum bonrum bonrum ,dat4 bon bonae bon bons bons bons ,acc4 bonum bonam bonum bons bons bona ,abl4 bon bon bon bons bons bons ,voc4 bone ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #fad4 ,/ems 9 -io- & -i- h no consonant i 9 cases end+ 9 -i or -s 7#aec1 #c73 z plbius1 plebeian1 ,g4 ,s4 ,m4 & ,ne41 & ,n4 ,pl4 ,m4 plb1 ,d4 & ,ab4 ,pl4 plbs4 #fae4 ,/ems 9 -ro- prec$$ by a long v[el reta9 -u 9 ! nom9ative s+ul> mascul9e & are decl9$ l bonus 7#dec73 z1 sevrus1 /]n2 also f]us1 m]us1 wild1 unmix$ mrig]us1 complaisant praepo/]us1 rev]s$ prop]us1 ha/y prsp]us1 lucky triquetrus1 ?ree-corn]$ #faf4 7#a47 ,"s /ems 9 -ro- prec$$ by a %ort v[el end 9 -r 9 ! nom9ative s+ul> mascul9e & h no vocative 7#ded72 !y are decl9$ z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,example ,m4 lb]1 ,f4 lb]a1 ,ne4 lb]um1 free1 ,/ems lb]o-1 lb]-4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 lb] lb]a lb]um lb] lb]ae lb]a ,g54 lb] lb]ae lb] lb]rum lb]rum lb]rum ,dat4 lb] lb]ae lb] lb]s lb]s lb]s ,acc4 lb]um lb]am lb]um lb]s lb]s lb]a ,abl4 lb] lb] lb] lb]s lb]s lb]s ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,su* are3 comp\nds1 *iefly poetical1 end+ 9 -f] & -g]1 be>+1 c>ry+1 hav+3 z1 caelif]1 heav5-uphold+2 cornig]1 horn$2 also ! foll[+3 7alt]1 #fah71 asp]1 o!r1 r\gh lac]1 lb]1 torn1 free gibb]1 mis]1 hump-back$1 =lorn satur1 smif]1 full1 half-bea/ t5]1 ,trv]1 t5d]1 ,trev]an dext]1 "r1 has dext]a1 dext]um1 or dextra1 dextrum1 ,g4 dext]1 or dextr1 c4 s9i/]1 left1 has usually s9i/ra1 c41 r>ely s9i/]am 7,plaut41 ,t]474 asp] has a plural accusative asprs 7,/at471 & ablative asprs 7,v]g474 #fag4 7#b47 ,o!r /ems 9 -ro- h a v[el be=e r only 9 ! nom9ative s+ul> mascul9e -er 7#ded72 !y are decl9$ z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,example ,m4 aeg]1 ,f4 aegra1 ,ne4 aegrum1 ill1 ,/ems aegro-1 aegr-4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 aeg] aegra aegrum aegr aegrae aegra ,g54 aegr aegrae aegr aegrrum aegrrum aegrrum ,dat4 aegr aegrae aegr aegrs aegrs aegrs ,acc4 aegrum aegram aegrum aegrs aegrs aegra ,abl4 aegr aegr aegr aegrs aegrs aegrs ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #fah4 ,n9e adjectives or adjective pron\ns h ! pron\n =m -u 9 ! g5itive s+ul> & - 9 ! dative s+ul>1 = mascul9e1 fem99e1 & neut] alike2 !y are ! foll[+3 alius1 ano!r slus1 alone ttus1 :ole nus1 "o llus1 any at all nllus1 no alt]1 ! o!r ut]1 :i* ( ! two neut]1 nei!r #fai4 ,( ! above words1 ^? ) ! nom9ative 9 -u are decl9$ l nus 7#fch74 ,b alius has ,n4 & ,ac4 ,ne4 aliud 7#fei72 = ! ,g41 alt]u is mo/ly us$1 except 9 ! comb9ation alu mod1 ( ano!r sort2 ! ,n4 ,m4 is r>ely alis1 ,ne4 alid1 ,d4 r>ely al4 alt] is decl9$ l lb] 7#faf71 except 9 ! g5itive s+ul> alt]u 7#abg1 #f7 & dative alt]4 ,= ut] & its d]ivatives1 see #fic4 #fbj4 ,! ord9>y g5itive & dative ( -o- & -- /ems1 f "s ( ! above words1 is sometimes f\nd3 ,g4 & ,d4 aliae1 slae1 alt]ae1 ,d4 ali1 alt]ae1 c4 ,,consonant ,,/ems4 ,,( ,,two ,,end+s4 #fba4 ,! only consonant /ems ( two end+s are comp>atives 7#cdf72 !y are decl9$ z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,example ,m4 & ,f4 tr/ior1 ,ne4 tr/ius1 sadd]1 ,/ems tr/ir-1 tr/ius-4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,masc4 ,,& ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,& ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 tr/ior tr/ius tr/irs tr/ira ,g54 tr/iris tr/iris tr/irum tr/irum ,dat4 tr/ir tr/ir tr/iribus tr/iribus ,acc4 tr/irem tr/ius tr/ires tr/ira ,abl4 tr/ire tr/ire tr/iribus tr/iribus ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #fbb4 ,! ablative r>ely has - = -e3 z1 melir 7#ejc72 ! accusative plural mascul9e & fem99e r>ely h -s3 z1 melirs 7#eje74 #fbc4 pls1 m1 has 9 ! s+ul> only ,ne4 ,n4 & ,ac4 pls1 ,g4 plris1 & ,ab4 plre4 ,plural3 ,n4 ,m4 & ,f4 plrs1 ,ne4 plra1 ,g4 plrium1 ,d4 & ,ab4 plribus1 ,ac4 ,m4 & ,f4 plrs or plrs1 ,ne4 plra4 complrs1 a good _m1 plural only1 has ,n4 ,m4 & ,f4 complrs1 ,ne4 ,n4 & ,ac4 complria or complra1 ,g4 complrium1 ,d4 & ,ab4 complribus1 ,ac4 ,m4 & ,f4 complrs or complrs4 ,,( ,,"o ,,end+4 #fbd4 ,a doz5 adjectives #8( "o end+1' mo/ly words apply+ to p]sons1 ) consonant /ems ?r\gh\t1 h no nom9ative or accusative neut] plural2 !y are3 caelebs1 compos1 unm>ri$1 ma/] ( 99dses1 dves1 lazy1 ri* p>ticeps1 prnceps1 %>+1 fir/ pbs1 impbs1 mangr[n1 immature sspes1 sup]/es1 safe1 surviv+ paup]1 cicur1 poor1 tame #fbe4 ,:5 ^! adjectives h a neut]1 x is ! same z ! g5d] =ms1 except 9 ! accusative s+ul>2 !y are decl9$ z foll[s3 ,m4 ,f4 & ,ne4 dves1 ri*1 /em dvit-4 ,s+ul>3 ,n4 dves1 ,g4 dvitis1 ,d4 dvit1 ,ac4 ,m4 & ,f4 dvitem1 ,ne4 dves1 ,ab4 dvite4 ,plural3 ,n4 & ,ac4 ,m4 & ,f4 dvits1 ,g4 dvitum1 ,d4 & ,ab4 dvitibus4 #fbf4 ,! plural caelits1 heav5ly1 occupants ( heav51 is also decl9$ l ! plural ( dves2 ! s+ul> ,ab4 caelite occurs a c\ple ( times4 vetus1 old1 ,g4 vet]is1 is also decl9$ l dves1 b has a ,ne4 ,pl4 ,n4 & ,ac4 vet]a2 ! ,ab4 ,s4 is regul>ly vet]e1 b vet] is sometimes us$4 ,,/ems ,,9 -i-4 ,,( ,,?ree ,,end+s4 #fbg4 ,a doz5 adjectives ) /ems 9 -bri-1 -cri-1 or -tri-1 h a di/9ctive =m 9 -er = ! mascul9e nom9ative s+ul>2 !y are3 celeb]1 ?rong$ salb]1 heal?y c]1 ke5 alac]1 lively voluc]1 w+$ campe/]1 ( a pla9 eque/]1 cavalry- pal/]1 ( a swamp p$e/]1 foot- put]1 rott5 silve/]1 woody t]re/]1 l&- ,s also cel]1 swift4 ,! names ( mon?s1 ,septemb]1 ,octb]1 ,novemb]1 ,decemb]1 are also adjectives ) /ems 9 -bri-1 b are n us$ 9 ! neut]4 ,o!r adjectives ) /ems 9 -bri-1 -cri-1 or -tri-1 h no di/9ctive =m = ! mascul9e nom9ative s+ul>3 z1 muliebris1 m$iocris1 inl/ris4 #fbh4 ,^! adjectives are decl9$ z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,example ,m4 c]1 ,f4 cris1 ,ne4 cre1 %>p ,/em cri-4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 c] cris cre cres cres cria ,g54 cris cris cris crium crium crium ,dat4 cr cr cr cribus cribus cribus ,acc4 crem crem cre crs1 -s acrs1 -s cria ,abl4 cr cr cr cribus cribus cribus ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #fbi4 ,9 all cases b ! mascul9e nom9ative s+ul> ^! adjectives are j l ^? 9 -i- #8( two end+s' 7#fcj74 ,b ! ablative always has -1 nev] -e1 & ! g5itive plural always has -ium1 nev] -um4 ,9 cel] ! second e belongs to ! /em3 ,m4 cel]1 ,f4 cel]is1 ,ne4 cel]e2 ! g5itive plural1 :i* is cel]um1 is f\nd only z a sub/antive4 ,mo/ ( ^! adjectives h n[ & !n a mascul9e 9 -is1 l adjectives #8( two end+s' 7#fcj71 & 9 old ,lat9 ! nom9ative -er is r>ely fem99e4 ,,( ,,two ,,end+s4 #fcj4 ,adjectives #8( two end+s' ) /ems 9 -i- are decl9$ z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,example ,m4 & ,f4 brevis1 ,ne4 breve1 %ort ,/em brevi-4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,,masc4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,neut4 ,,& ,,fem4 ,,& ,,fem4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,nom4 brevis breve brevs brevia ,g54 brevis brevis brevium brevium ,dat4 brev brev brevibus brevibus ,acc4 brevem breve brevs1 -s brevia ,abl4 brev brev brevibus brevibus ---------------------------------------- ---------- #fca4 ,! ablative is sometimes -e :5 ^! adjectives are us$ sub/antively or 9 v]se 7#eeh74 ,! g5itive plural is r>ely -um = -ium 7#efc74 ,,( ,,"o ,,end+4 #fcb4 ,mo/ adjectives #8( "o end+' h a consonant =m ( ! /em 9 ! s+ul>1 except usually 9 ! ablative 7#fcc71 & an -i- /em 9 ! plural2 !y are decl9$ z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,example ,m4 ,f4 & ,ne4 audx1 ,m4 ,f4 ,ne4 regns1 rul+1 bold1 ,/ems audc7i7- reg5t7i7- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,s+ul> ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 audx audx regns regns ,g54 audcis audcis reg5tis reg5tis ,dat4 audc audc reg5t reg5t ,acc4 audcem audx reg5tem regns ,abl4 audc audc reg5te1 - reg5te1 - ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,plural ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 audcs audcia reg5ts reg5tia ,g54 audcium audcium reg5tium reg5tium ,dat4 audcibus audcibus reg5tibus reg5tibus ,acc4 audcs1 -s audcia reg5ts1 -s reg5tia ,abl4 audcibus audcibus reg5tibus reg5tibus ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #fcc4 ,pres5t p>ticiples h - 9 ! ablative1 :5 !y are us$ z adjectives1 o!rwise -e 7#efj74 ,= - or -e 9 o!r words1 see #eei1 #efa4 ,= -ium or -um 9 ! g5itive plural1 #efc4 #fcd4 ,mo/ adjectives #8( "o end+' 9 -i- are decl9$ z above 7#fcb72 "s ( !m h peculi>ities 9 "s ( _! cases1 z foll[s3 #fce4 7#a47 trux 7#eca71 savage1 has ,ab4 - or -e1 ,g4 ,pl4 -ium1 no ,ne4 ,pl4 ,n4 or ,ac4 r$ux 7#eca71 return+1 has ,ab4 - or -e1 no ,g4 ,pl4 or ,ne4 ,pl4 ,n4 or ,ac4 hebes1 dull1 t]es1 cyl9drical 7#ecc71 & comp\nds ( caput1 head1 z anceps1 7#ecc71 two-head$1 h ,ab4 -1 no ,g4 ,pl42 a ,ne4 ,pl4 ,n4 or ,ac4 -ia is r>e4 ,= locupls1 ri*1 see #ecc4 #fcf4 7#b47 ,! foll[+ h - 9 ! ablative1 b -um ( consonant /ems 9 ! g5itive plural1 & no nom9ative or accusative neut] plural3 inops 7#ece71 )\t means1 vigil 7#ecf71 wide-awake1 memor 7#ecg71 rememb]+1 dg5]1 deg5]ate1 b] 7#ecg71 prolific1 has ,ab4 -1 twice -e1 ,ne4 ,pl4 once -a 7,acc474 ,comp\nds ( ps1 z1 bips 7#ecb71 two-legg$1 h a late & r>e ,ne4 ,pl4 ,n4 & ,ac4 -ia4 ,,! ,,num]al ,,adjective4 #fcg4 ,( ! c>d9als1 nus1 duo1 trs1 & ! hundr$s except c5tum are decl9$4 ,! o!r c>d9als are n decl9$4 #fch4 nus1 "o1 is decl9$ z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 nus na num n nae na ,g54 nu nu nu nrum nrum nrum ,dat4 n n n ns ns ns ,acc4 num nam num ns ns na ,abl4 n n n ns ns ns ,voc4 ne ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,9 v]se1 ! g5itive s+ul> is (t5 nius4 #fci4 duo1 two1 & trs1 ?ree1 are decl9$ z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,masc ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 duo duae duo trs tria ,g54 durum durum durum trium trium ,dat4 dubus dubus dubus tribus tribus ,acc4 duo or dus dus duo trs or trs tria ,abl4 dubus dubus dubus tribus tribus ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #fdj4 ,9 dramatic v]se1 duo1 c41 is common4 ,9 ! g5itive plural1 duo sometimes has dum 7#dfb74 amb1 bo?1 is decl9$ l duo1 b has - 9 ! nom9ative & accusative1 & only ambrum & ambrum 9 ! g5itive plural4 ,= ! =ms duo1 amb1 see #dae2 dubus1 dubus1 #dfd1 #ddb4 #fda4 ,hundr$s are decl9$ l ! plural ( bonus 7#fac73 z1 duc5t1 duc5tae1 duc5ta1 two hundr$1 ,g4 duc5trum or duc5tm 7#dfb71 c4 #fdb4 ,! adjective mlle1 ?\s&1 is n decl9$4 ,! sub/antive has 9 ! s+ul> only ,n4 ,ac4 ,ab4 mlle1 or ,ab4 mll2 plural3 ,n4 & ,ac4 mllia 7mlia71 ,g4 mllium 7mlium71 ,d4 & ,ab4 mllibus 7mlibus74 #fdc4 ,ord9als1 z prmus1 fir/1 & di/ributives1 z bn1 two ea*1 are decl9$ l bonus 7#fac74 ,b di/ributives seldom h a s+ul>1 & (t5 h ! g5itive plural -m 7#dfb73 z1 bnm4 ,,! ,,pron\n4 7,a47 ,,! ,,p]sonal ,,& ,,reflexive ,,pron\n4 #fdd4 ,! pron\n ( ! fir/ p]son1 ego1 ,i1 ( ! second p]son1 t1 ?\1 & ! reflexive pron\n1 su1 s1 himself1 h]self1 itself1 !mselves1 are decl9$ z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ego1 ,i tu1 ?\ sui1 self ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,s+4 ,plur4 ,s+4 ,plur4 ,s+4 ,plur4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,nom4 ego ns t vs ,g54 me no/rm1 -tr tu ve/rm1 -tr su ,dat4 mih1 mi nbs tib vbs sib ,acc4 m ns t vs s ,abl4 m nbs t vbs s ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #fde4 ,! nom9atives ego & t1 & ! accusatives m1 t & s1 h no case end+4 ,! la/ v[el ( ego is r>ely long 9 ,plautus1 long or %ort 9 ,lucilius4 ,! nom9ative ego has a diff]5t /em f t ( its o!r cases1 & ! plurals ( ego & t h a diff]5t /em f t ( ! s+ul>4 #fdf4 me1 tu1 & su1 :i* are (t5 monosyllables 9 old v]se1 7 orig9ally ! g5itive ( ! neut] possessives1 us$ sub/antively4 ,an old g5itive ms is quot$1 & ts occurs r>ely 9 ,plautus4 #fdg4 ,! relation ( ! end+ -bs 9 vbs to -b 9 tib may be due to analogy ) ills1 ill4 nbs is =m$ aft] vbs4 #fdh4 ,9 old ,lat91 ! ablative is md1 td1 sd 7#dbf71 :i* =ms are also us$ irrationally = ! accusative4 ,b by ,t]5ce's "t ! -d 0 no long] us$ 7#adc74 #fdi4 ,old] =ms = ve/rm & ve/r are vo/rm & vo/r4 ,! g5itive plural 0 orig9ally a g5itive ( ! possessive3 t 9 - be+ ! neut] s+ul>1 t 9 -m ! mascul9e or fem99e plural4 ,9 old ,lat91 no/rrum1 no/rrum1 vo/rrum1 vo/rrum also occur4 #fej4 ,emphasis is giv5 7#a47 by r$uplication 7#ahi73 ,ac4 & ,ab4 mm1 tt1 r>e2 ss1 v common4 7#b47 by -te add$ to ! ,n4 ( t3 tte4 7#c47 by -met add$ to any case b ! g5itive plural3 z1 egomet2 b t has only ttemet or ttimet4 #fea4 ,9 inscriptions1 ! datives ,,mihei1 ,,tibei1 & ,,sibei occur1 s writt5 9 v]se sometimes ev5 :5 ! la/ syllable is %ort2 & ,,mihe1 ,,tibe4 ,plural3 ,d4 & ,ab4 ,,vobeis4 ,ac4 ,,enos 9 an old hymn2 ,,seese 7#bi1 #a74 ,,! ,,p]sonal ,,& ,,reflexive ,,possessive4 #feb4 ,! possessives ( ego1 t1 & su1 are meus1 m9e1 tuus1 ?9e1 & suus1 81 h]1 its1 _! 7own71 decl9$ l bonus 7#fac71 except t meus has m 9 ! vocative s+ul> mascul9e 7#dei72 ^? ( ns & vs are no/]1 our1 & vo/]1 lat] ve/]1 y\r1 decl9$ l aeg] 7#fag74 #fec4 ,old =ms are tuos1 tuom1 & suos1 suom 7#deb74 ,9 old v]se meu1 mei1 c41 tuos1 tui1 c41 suos1 sui1 c41 (t5 occur4 ss = sus1 ss = sus1 & ss = sus1 are old & r>e4 #fed4 ,o!r case =ms are f\nd 9 inscriptions1 z foll[s3 ,,meeis1 ,,mieis1 monosyllable2 ,,tovam2 ,,svei1 ,,sovom1 ,,sovo1 ,,svvo1 ,,soveis1 ,,sveis1 ,,svieis4 #fee4 ,emphasis is giv5 7#a47 by -met add$ to su1 su1 sus1 & to mea & sua1 neut] plural3 z1 sumet2 7#b47 by -pte1 :i* is (t5e/ f\nd ) ! ablative3 z1 supte4 7,b47 ,,o!r ,,pron\ns4 #fef4 ,"s pron\ns h a peculi> g5itive s+ul> 9 -u & dative s+ul> 9 -1 = mascul9e1 fem99e1 & neut] alike4 ,^! are3 i/e1 ille1 ipse1 ut]1 & _! d]ivatives4 ,"s o!r words ( a pron\n "* also h ?is =m ( ! g5itive & dative3 see #fah4 #feg4 ,9 v]se1 ! -- ( ! g5itive is (t5 %ort5$1 & always 9 utriusque2 b neutru is n f\nd ) %ort i4 ,9 dramatic v]se1 ! g5itive s+ul> ( i/e1 ille1 or ipse1 is (t5 two syllables4 #feh4 hc1 is1 qu or quis1 & _! d]ivatives h ! g5itive s+ul> 9 -ius1 ?us3 huius1 eius1 & quoius or cuius2 9 dramatic v]se1 ^! g5itives are (t5 "o syllable4 ,_! datives are huic = hoice1 or ei1 & quoi or cui4 #fei4 ,six words h a peculi> neut] nom9ative & accusative s+ul> 9 -d3 id1 illud1 i/ud1 quid1 quod1 aliud1 & d]ivatives4 ,9 manuscripts1 -t is sometimes f\nd = -d3 z1 x1 illut1 i/ut1 c42 sometimes also 9 inscriptions ( ! empire4 ,9 hoc = 99hod-ce & 9 i/uc & illuc = 99i/ud-ce1 99illud-ce1 ! d has vani%$ 7#aff1 #a2 #aga1 #a74 ,,! ,,demon/rative ,,pron\n4 #ffj4 ,! demon/rative pron\ns are hc1 ?is1 ?is ne> me2 i/e1 i/ic1 t1 t ne> y2 & ille1 illic1 yond]1 t4 #ffa4 ,! demon/rative pron\n hc1 ?is1 ?is ne> me1 is decl9$ z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 hc haec hoc h hae haec ,g54 huius huius huius hrum hrum hrum ,dat4 huic huic huic hs hs hs ,acc4 hunc hanc hoc hs hs haec ,abl4 hc hc hc hs hs hs ---------------------------------------- ---------- #ffb4 ,! /em ( hc is ho-1 h-2 to mo/ ( its cases a demon/rative -c = -ce is atta*$4 ,! mascul9e & fem99e nom9ative s+ul> & nom9ative & accusative neut] plural take an -i-3 hc = 99ho-i-ce 7#ajh1 a72 haec = ha-i-ce 7#if74 hunc1 hanc1 are = 99hom-ce1 99ham-ce4 ,= ! quantity ( ! fir/ syllable ( huius1 see #aec1 #b2 ( hoc1 #aga1 #a4 #ffc4 ,old =ms ) ! full end+ -ce are r>e except aft] -s3 ,plural ,ne4 ,acc4 haece 7,enn472 ,g4 ,f4 hrumce 7,cato72 also ,g4 hrunc1 hrunc 7,pl41 ,t472 hsce1 ,d4 & ,ab4 hsce 7,pl41 ,t474 ,aft] #ajj ,b4,c41 ! full =m -ce is n f\nd1 except occasionally aft] -s3 huiusce1 hsce1 hsce1 hsce4 ,be=e -ne int]rogative x is reta9$ 9 ! weak5$ =m -ci-3 z1 hc9e4 ,b hcne1 hocne1 huicne1 c41 are f\nd1 ?\gh r>ely4 #ffd4 ,! nom9ative hic or hic9e f\nd 9 ! dramati/s & r>ely lat] is probably = 99ho-c1 99he-c 7#ajc1 a74 ,a nom9ative plural fem99e haec is f\nd 9 writ]s ( all ages4 ,o!r & r>e =ms are3 ,pl4 ,n4 ,m4 hsce 7#dfa71 ,d4 or ,ab4 hbus4 #ffe4 ,o!r case =ms ( hc are f\nd 9 inscriptions1 z foll[s3 ,n4 ,m4 ,,hec1 ,,hic4 ,g4 ,,hoivs1 ,,hviivs 7#bc71 ,,hvivs1 ,,hoivsce1 ,,hoivsqve1 ,,hvivsqve4 ,d4 ,,hoice1 ,,hoic1 ,,hoi1 ,,hvic1 ,,hvi4 ,ac4 ,m4 ,,honc1 ,,hoc2 ,f4 ,,hance2 ,ne4 ,,hoce1 ,,hvc4 ,ab4 ,m4 & ,ne4 ,,hoce2 ,f4 ,,hace1 (t5] ?an ,,hac 9 republican inscriptions2 ,,haace 7#bi1 #a74 ,loc4 ,,heice1 ,,heic4 ,plural3 ,n4 ,m4 ,,heisce1 ,,heis1 or ,,hei1 ,,hisce or ,,82 ,,hi1 n be=e ,augu/us2 ,ne4 ,n4 & ,ac4 ,,haice1 ,,haece4 ,g4 ,,horvnc4 ,d4 & ,ab4 ,,heisce1 ,,hibvs4 ,ac4 ,f4 ,,hasce4 #fff4 ,! demon/rative pron\ns i/e1 t1 t ne> y1 & ille1 yond]1 are decl9$ alike1 z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 ille illa illud ill illae illa ,g54 illu illu illu illrum illrum illrum ,dat4 ill ill ill ills ills ills ,acc4 illum illam illud ills ills illa ,abl4 ill ill ill ills ills ills ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #ffg4 ,! fir/ syllable ( i/e & ille is (t5 %ort 9 ! dramati/s4 ,old =ms ( i/e are3 ,n4 i/us1 ,g4 i/1 9 i/mod1 ,d4 ,f4 i/ae4 ,! initial i ( i/e & ( i/ic 7#ffi71 is sometimes n writt53 z1 /a rs 7,cic471 /c p]culum 7,t]474 ,old =ms ( ille are3 ,n4 olus 7#ha72 ollus or olle1 c43 z1 ,d4 ,s4 or ,n4 ,pl4 oll1 ,d4 ,pl4 olls4 ,g4 ill1 9 illmod1 ,d4 ,f4 illae4 ,! dramati/s h ecci/am1 eccilla1 eccillud1 eccillum1 eccillam1 = ecce i/am1 c41 & ellum1 ellam1 = em illum1 c4 #ffh4 ,o!r case =ms ( ille are f\nd 9 inscriptions1 z foll[s3 ,d4 ,f4 ,,illae4 ,plural3 ,n4 ,m4 ,,illei4 ,g4 ,,olorvm 7#ha74 ,d4 & ,ab4 ,,olleis1 ,,illeis4 #ffi4 i/ic & illic1 comp\nd$ ( i/e1 ille1 & -ce or -c1 are decl9$ alike1 z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 illic illaec illuc illc illaec illaec ,acc4 illunc illanc illuc illsce illsce illaec ,abl4 illc illc illc illsce illsce illsce ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #fgj4 ,r>e =ms are3 ,n4 & ,ac4 ,ne4 i/oc1 illoc1 ,g4 illusce1 ,d4 illc1 ,ab4 ,f4 i/ce1 illce4 ,plural3 ,n4 ,m4 illsce 7#dfa71 illc1 ,ac4 illsce1 illsce4 ,be=e -ne int]rogative1 -ce becomes -ci-3 ,n4 illic9e1 i/uc9e1 ,ac4 illanc9e1 ,ab4 i/c9e1 i/c94 ,pl4 ,ac4 i/sc9e4 ,,! ,,det]m9ative ,,pron\n4 #fga4 ,! det]m9ative pron\n is1 t1 ! a=esaid1 ! "o1 is decl9$ z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 is ea id e1 i1 eae ea or ,g54 eius eius eius erum erum erum ,dat4 es1 is1 es1 is1 es1 is1 or s or s or s ,acc4 eum eam id es es ea ,abl4 e e e es1 is1 es1 is1 es1 is1 or s or s or s ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #fgb4 is & id 7#fei7 are =m$ f a /em -i-1 & ! o!r p>ts f a /em eo-1 e-4 ,! g5itive is sometimes writt5 9 ,cic]o & ,plautus eiius2 = ! quantity ( ! fir/ syllable ( eius1 see #aec1 #b2 = i1 see #abg1 #c1 & #abg1 #d4 #fgc4 ,9 old v]se1 ! g5itive s+ul> r>ely has ! fir/ syllable %ort4 ,old & r>e =ms are3 ,d4 ,f4 eae1 ,ac4 ,m4 im or em4 ,pl4 ,d1 & ,ab4 bus1 ,f4 ebus 7#ddb74 ,9 dramatic v]se1 eum1 eam1 ei1 eo1 ea1 & ei1 eorum1 earum1 eos1 ez1 eis1 are (t5 f\nd2 also eccum1 eccam1 eccs1 eccs1 ecca1 = ecce eum1 c4 #fgd4 ,o!r case =ms ( is are f\nd 9 inscriptions1 z foll[s3 ,n4 ,,eis1 #abd ,b4,c4 ,g4 ,,eivs1 ,,eiivs1 ,,eiivs or ,,eiivs 7#bc74 ,d4 ,,eiei1 #abc ,b4,c42 ,,eei1 ,,iei2 ,,ei1 #abc ,b4,c41 & common 9 all p]iods4 ,plural3 ,n4 ,,eeis1 ,,eis1 ,,ieis1 till ab\t #ej ,b4,c42 ,,eei1 ,,ei1 ,,iei4 ,d4 & ,ab4 ,,eeis1 ,,eieis1 ,,ieis1 ,,is2 aft] ! republic1 ,,iis1 ,,iis4 #fge4 ,a r>e & old pron\n equival5t to is is sum1 sam1 accusative s+ul>1 ss1 accusative plural1 & ss1 dative plural4 ,,! ,,pron\n ,,( ,,id5tity4 #fgf4 ,! pron\n ( id5tity1 dem1 ! same1 is decl9$ z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 dem eadem idem edem ea$em eadem or dem ,g54 eiusdem eiusdem eiusdem erundem erundem erundem ,dat4 edem edem edem esdem esdem esdem or sdem or sdem or sdem ,acc4 eundem e&em idem esdem esdem eadem ,abl4 edem edem edem esdem esdem esdem or sdem or sdem or sdem ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #fgg4 ,9 manuscripts & editions1 ! plural nom9ative mascul9e is (t5 writt5 idem1 & ! dative & ablative isdem4 ,! s+ul> nom9ative mascul9e is r>ely eisdem or isdem 7,plaut41 ,enn471 eidem 7,cic41 ,v>r471 neut] dem 7,plaut474 ,9 v]se1 eundem1 e&em1 eidem1 eodem1 eadem1 & eidem1 ea$em1 eorundem1 eosdem1 easdem1 are (t5 f\nd4 #fgh4 ,o!r case =ms ( dem are f\nd 9 inscriptions1 z foll[s3 ,n4 ,m4 ,,eisdem1 #abc ,b4,c41 ,,isdem1 #ei ,b4,c41 bo? common till ,caes>'s "t2 ,,eidem2 ,ne4 ,,eidem1 #ga ,b4,c4 ,d4 ,,idem4 ,plural3 ,n4 ,m4 ,,eisdem1 ,,isdem1 ,,eidem1 till ,caes>'s "t2 ,,iidem1 once only4 ,d4 & ,ab4 ,,isdem1 v r>ely ,,iisdem4 ,,! ,,int5sive ,,pron\n4 #fgi4 ,! int5sive pron\n ipse1 himself1 /ems ipso-1 ips-1 is decl9$ l ille 7#fff71 b has ! nom9ative & accusative neut] s+ul> ipsum4 #fhj4 ,9 dramatic v]se1 ipse has r>ely ! fir/ syllable %ort1 & (t5 has ! old] =m ipsus4 ,plautus has ^! =ms3 ,n4 ,f4 eapse1 ,ac4 eumpse1 eampse1 ,ab4 epse1 epse1 equival5t to ipsa1 c4 ,s repse = r ips4 ,,! ,,relative1 ,,int]rogative1 ,,& ,,indef9ite ,,pron\n4 7#a47 qu ,,& quis4 #fha4 ,! /em qui-1 or quo-1 qu-1 is us$ 9 ?ree ways3 z a relative1 :o1 :i*2 z an int]rogative1 :o8 :i*8 :at8 z an indef9ite1 any4 #fhb4 7a47 ,! relative qu1 :o1 :i*1 is decl9$ z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 qu quae quod qu quae quae ,g54 cuius cuius cuius qurum qurum qurum ,dat4 cui cui cui quibus quibus quibus ,acc4 quem quam quod qus qus quae ,abl4 qu qu qu quibus quibus quibus ---------------------------------------- ------------- #fhc4 7b47 ,! int]rogative adjective qu1 quae1 quod1 :i*8 :at8 is decl9$ l ! relative qu 7#fhb74 #fhd4 ,! int]rogative sub/antive has 9 ! nom9ative s+ul> quis1 quid1 :o8 :at8 ! re/ is l qu 7#fhb74 ,9 old ,lat91 quis is bo? mascul9e & fem99e1 b a sep>ate fem99e =m quae is us$ ?ree or f\r times4 #fhe4 quis int]rogative is sometimes us$ adjectively ) appellatives3 z1 quis s5tor8 :at s5ator8 ,& qu is sometimes us$ sub/antively3 z1 qu prmus ,am]iam nntiat8 :o is ! fir/ to br+ ! tid+s to ,am]ia8 #fhf4 7c47 ,! indef9ite quis or qu1 "o1 any1 has ! foll[+ =ms3 quis & quid mascul9e & neut] sub/antives1 qu & quod adjectives2 fem99e s+ul> nom9ative & neut] plural nom9ative & accusative commonly qua1 also quae4 ,! re/ is l qu 7#fhb74 #fhg4 quis1 quem1 quid1 & quibus come f ! /em qui-2 ! o!r p>ts come f quo-1 qu-4 quae /&s = an old] quai 7#fij74 ,= quid & quod1 see #fei4 #fhh4 ,old =ms ( ! g5itive s+ul> are quoius1 & ( ! dative quoiei1 quoi1 or quoi1 also 9 d]ivatives ( qu or quis4 ,a g5itive plural quim is old & r>e4 ,! dative & ablative plural is sometimes qus f quo-1 qu-4 ,a nom9ative plural int]rogative & indef9ite qus is r>e 7,pacuv474 #fhi4 ,! ablative or locative is sometimes qu1 f ! /em qui-3 z an int]rogative1 h[8 z a relative1 :]e)1 :]eby1 mascul9e1 fem99e1 or neut]1 9 old ,lat9 sometimes ) a plural antec$5t2 especially ref]r+ to an indef9ite p]son1 & ) cum atta*$1 qucum2 & z an indef9ite1 someh[4 #fij4 ,o!r case =ms ( qu or quis & _! d]ivatives are f\nd 9 inscriptions1 z foll[s3 ,n4 ,,qvei1 preval5t 9 republican inscriptions2 also ,,qvi2 once ,,qve4 ,g4 ,,qvoivs1 regul>ly 9 republican inscriptions2 ,,cviivs1 ,,cviivs1 ,,cviivs 7#bc71 once ,,qvivs 7#bj74 ,d4 ,,qvoiei1 ,,qvoi2 once ,f4 ,,qvai4 ,ab4 ,,qvei4 ,plural3 ,n4 ,m4 ,,qvei1 b aft] #abj ,b4,c41 occasionally ,,qvi2 ,,qves1 indef9ite2 ,f4 & ,ne4 ,,qvai4 ,g4 ,,qvoivm4 ,,d]ivatives ,,( qu ,,& quis4 #fia4 ,! d]ivatives ( qu & quis h commonly quis & quid z sub/antives1 & qu & quod z adjectives4 ,=ms requir+ special m5tion are nam$ bel[3 #fib4 quisquis1 :oev]1 :atev]1 ev]ybody :o1 ev]y?+ :i*1 an indef9ite relative1 has only ^! =ms 9 common use3 ,n4 ,m4 quisquis1 sometimes ,f4 9 old ,lat91 ,ne4 ,n4 & ,ac4 quicquid or quidquid1 ,ab4 ,m4 & ,ne4 z adjective ququ4 ,r>e =ms are3 ,n4 ,m4 ququ1 ,ac4 quemquem1 once ,ab4 ,f4 ququ1 z adv]b ququ1 once ,d4 quibusquibus4 ,a %ort =m ( ! g5itive occurs 9 quoiquoimod or cuicuimod1 ( :atsoev] sort4 aliquis or aliqu1 aliqua1 once aliquae 7,lucr471 aliquid or aliquod1 "s "o1 "s2 ,ab4 ,m4 sometimes1 ,ne4 (t5 aliqu 7#fhi74 ,pl4 ,ne4 ,n4 & ,ac4 only aliqua2 ,d4 & ,ab4 sometimes aliqus 7#ffh74 ecquis or ecqu1 ecqua or ecquae1 ecquid or ecquod1 any8 ,besides ! nom9ative only ^! =ms are f\nd3 ,d4 eccui1 ,ac4 ecquem1 ecquam1 ecquid1 ,ab4 ,m4 & ,ne4 ecqu4 ,pl4 ,n4 ecqu1 ,ac4 ,m4 ecqus1 ,f4 ecqus4 qucumque1 quaecumque1 quodcumque1 :oev]1 :i*ev]1 ev]ybody :o1 ev]y?+ :i*4 ,! cumque is sometimes sep>at$ f qu by an int]v5+ ^w4 ,an old] =m is ququomque1 c4 qudam1 qua$am1 quiddam or quoddam1 a1 a c]ta91 "s "o1 s & s2 ,ac4 qu5dam1 qu&am4 ,pl4 ,g4 qurundam1 qurundam4 qulibet1 quaelibet1 quidlibet or quodlibet1 any y please4 quisnam1 r>ely qunam1 qua5am1 quidnam or quodnam1 :o ev]8 :o 9 ! _w8 ,sometimes nam quis1 c4 quispiam1 quaepiam1 quippiam1 quidpiam or quodpiam1 any1 any "o2 ,ab4 also qupiam 7#fhi71 sometimes z adv]b1 9 any way4 quisquam1 quicquam or quidquam1 anybody at all1 any?+ at all1 g5]ally a sub/antive1 less frequ5tly an adjective1 any at all4 ,!re is no di/9ctive fem99e =m1 & quisquam & quemquam are r>ely1 & 9 old ,lat91 us$ z a fem99e adjective4 ,ab4 also ququam 7#fhi71 sometimes z adv]b1 9 any way at all4 ,no plural4 quisque1 quaeque1 quicque1 quidque or quodque1 ea*4 ,sometimes nus is prefix$3 nusquisque2 bo? p>ts are decl9$4 quisque & quemque are sometimes fem99e4 ,ab4 ,s4 quque 7#fhi7 r>e1 ,ab4 ,pl4 qusque 7#fhh7 once 7,lucr474 quvs1 quaevs1 quidvs or quodvs1 :i* y w2 ,ab4 also quvs 7#fhi74 7#b47 ut]4 #fic4 ut]1 utra1 utrum1 :e!r8 :i* ( ! two8 has ! g5itive s+ul> utru1 & ! dative s+ul> utr4 ,! re/ is l aeg] 7#fag74 ut] is sometimes relative1 :i*soev]1 or indef9ite1 ei!r ( ! two4 ,,d]ivatives ,,( ut]4 #fid4 ,! d]ivatives ( ut] are decl9$ l ut]2 !y are3 neut]1 nei!r ( ! two1 g5itive neutru1 always ) 7#feg74 ,:5 us$ z a grammatical t]m1 neut]1 ! g5itive is always neutr3 z1 g5]is neutr1 ( nei!r g5d]4 ut]cumque1 utracumque1 utrumcumque1 :i*ev] ( ! two1 ei!r ( ! two4 ut]libet1 :i*ev] y please4 ut]que1 :i*soev]1 bo?4 ,g4 always utriusque 7#feg74 ut]vs1 :i*ev] y wi%4 alt]ut]1 ,f4 alt]a utra1 ,ne4 alt]utrum or alt]um utrum1 "o or ! o!r1 ,g4 alt]u utru1 once late alt]utru1 ,d4 alt]utr1 ,ac4 ,m4 alt]utrum or alt]um utrum1 ,f4 alt]utram once 7,pl947 or alt]am utram1 ,ab4 alt]utr or alt] utr1 ,f4 alt] utr4 ,no ,pl41 except ,d4 alt]utrs once 7,pl9474 ,,correlative ,,pron\ns4 #fie4 ,pron\ns (t5 correspond ) ea* o!r 9 mean+ & =m2 "s ( ! commone/ correlatives are ! foll[+3 ,int4 ,int]rogative ,indef4 ,indef9ite ,dem41 ,det4 ,demon/rative1 ,det]m9ative1 c4 ,rel4 ,relative4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,k9d4 ,int4 ,indef4 ,dem41 ,det4 ,rel4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,simple quis1 qu1 quis1 qu1 hc1 i/e1 qu ,simple :o8 aliquis ille1 is1 quisque ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,alt]- ut]1 :i* ut]1 ut]que ut]1 qu native ( ! two8 alt]ut] ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,numb] quot1 h[ aliquot tot quot _m8 7#dca7 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,quantity quantus1 h[ aliquantus1 tantus quantus l>ge8 7#fac7 quantusvs ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,quality qulis1 qulislibet tlis qulis ( :at sort8 7#fcj7 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,! ,,adv]b1 ,,! ,,conjunction1 ,,& ,,! ,,preposition4 ,i4 ,,n\ns ,,z ,,adv]bs4 #fif4 ,adv]bs1 conjunctions1 & prepositions are *iefly n\n or pron\n cases :i* h become fix$ 9 a specific =m & ) a specific mean+4 ,_m ( ^! words 7 /ill felt to be live cases1 ev5 9 ! develop$ p]iod ( ! language2 ) o!rs ! consci\sness ( _! n\n "* 0 lo/4 #fig4 ,?ree cases are us$ adv]bially3 ! accusative1 ! ablative1 & ! locative4 #fih4 ,! r indet]m9ate mean+ ( ! accusative & ! ablative is sometimes m exactly def9$ by a preposition4 ,! preposition may ei!r accompany its usual case3 z1 adamussim1 admodum1 lic2 or x may be loosely prefix$1 ) m ( ! nature ( an adv]b ?an ( a preposition1 to a case ) :i* x is n ord9>ily us$3 z1 examussim1 int]e4 ,sometimes x /&s aft] ! n\n3 z1 p>ump]1 a little :ile4 ,besides ! ?ree cases nam$ above1 o!r =ms occur1 "s ( :i* are und\bt$ly old case end+s1 ?\gh !y c no long] be recogniz$ z su*3 see #gaj4 ,erratum3 #fih4 4 invisible 7#a47 ,,accusative4 7a47 ,,accusative ,,( ,,sub/antives4 #fii4 domum1 homew>d1 home2 rs1 afield2 =s1 out ( doors 799=-72 vicem1 in/ead2 p>tim1 9 "p2 old no5um or no5u1 common nn1 = ne-o5um1 i4e4 num1 n "o1 naught1 n2 admodum1 to a degree1 v2 adamussim1 examussim1 to a ,t2 adfatim1 to satiety2 invicem1 9 turn1 ea* o!r4 #gjj4 ,_m adv]bs 9 -tim & -sim d5ote mann] 7#edi73 z1 cautim1 w>ily1 /atim1 at once1 snsim1 p]ceptibly1 gradually2 /itim1 door by door1 virtim1 man by man1 frtim1 /eal?ily4 7b47 ,,accusative ,,( ,,adjectives ,,& ,,pron\ns4 #gja4 ,neut]s3 all comp>ative adv]bs 9 -ius 7#cfa73 z1 doctius1 m le>n$ly2 s m9us1 less1 magis1 m 7#cfc74 prmum1 fir/1 secundum1 secondly1 c42 tum1 !n 7to-1 t73 commodum1 j 9 "t2 m9imum1 at lea/1 potissimum1 9 pref]5ce1 po/rmum1 at la/1 summum1 at mo/2 v]sum1 t[>d1 rursum1 russum1 rsum1 back2 facile1 easily1 impne1 scotfree1 recns1 lately1 semel1 once 7simili-71 simul1 toge!r 7simili-74 ,plural3 ct]a1 = ! re/2 quia1 because 7qui-72 9 old ,lat9 fr/ra1 9 va9 7fraud-74 #gjb4 ,fem99es3 bifriam1 tw(old2 cram1 face to face 7com- or co-1 99r-72 tam1 s 7t-1 t72 quam1 z1 h[4 ,plural3 alis1 on o!r occasions4 7#b47 ,,ablative4 7a47 ,,ablative ,,( ,,sub/antives4 #gjc4 dom1 f home1 rre1 f ! c\ntry2 hodi1 to-day 7ho-1 di-71 volg1 publicly1 vesp]e1 by twilight1 noct1 by nights1 nights1 lce1 by light1 tempore1 9 times1 betimes2 sponte1 volunt>ily1 =te1 by *ance2 quotanns1 ye>ly2 grtis or grts1 = no?+1 +rtis or +rts1 aga9/ "o's w2 lic1 on ! spot 7#afi1 #d2 #agj1 #b71 =s1 out ( doors 799=-74 7b47 ,,ablative ,,( ,,adjectives ,,& ,,pron\ns4 #gjd4 ,_m adv]bs 9 - are =m$ f adjectives ( "t3 z1 p]petu1 to ! end1 crbr1 frequ5tly1 rr1 seldom1 rep5tn1 sudd5ly1 sr1 late1 prm1 at fir/4 ,_m d5ote mann]3 z1 arcn1 privily1 sri1 9 e>ne/4 ,"s are =m$ f p>ticiples3 z1 auspict1 ) auspices tak52 composit1 by agreem5t4 ,a plural is r>e3 alt]ns1 alt]nately4 #gje4 ,in/ead ( -1 neut] ablatives commonly h -3 z1 long1 f>1 doct1 wisely4 ,s also sup]latives3 facillim1 mo/ easily1 anci5tly ,,facilvm$ 7#cfb74 ,consonant /ems h -e3 z1 rep5te1 sudd5ly4 #gjf4 ,f pron\ns "s end 9 - 7#fhi73 z1 qu1 h[8 indef9ite1 qu1 someh[2 atqu1 b someh[2 qu-quam1 9 any way at all4 #gjg4 ,fem99es3 _m 9 -3 n1 toge!r2 circ1 ar\nd2 contr1 aga9/ 7com-1 #cdg72 extr1 outside 7ex1 #cdg72 9 classical ,lat91 fr/r1 9 va9 7fraud-74 ,s1 especially1 adv]bs d5ot+ ! #8r\te by :i*3' hc1 ?is way2 rct1 /raightway4 7#c47 ,,locative4 #gjh4 ,9 -1 f names ( t[ns & a few o!r words3 ,k>?g91 at ,c>?age2 ,rmae1 = ,rm1 at ,rome2 dom1 at home2 ill1 commonly ill-c1 !re 7illo-71 i/1 commonly i/-c1 :]e y are1 h-c1 "h 7ho-72 old sei1 common s1 at t1 9 t case1 s1 if2 sc1 s 7s1 -ce74 #gji4 ,9 -b1 f "s pron\ns3 ib1 !re 7i-72 ub 7= 99quob1 #adf71 :]e2 alicub1 some:]e2 s-cubi1 if any:]e1 n-cubi1 le/ any:]e4 ,erratum3 #gjh 444 dom1 at home2 2 miss+ ,,o!r ,,end+s4 #gaj4 ,besides ! above1 o!r end+s are also f\nd 9 words ( ?is class3 z1 -s 9 abs1 f1 ex1 out (2 simil>ly u-que1 9 e case1 ev]1 u-quam1 any:]e at all4 -tus has ! mean+ ( an ablative3 z1 intus1 f )91 )92 antquitus1 f old times1 anci5tly2 funditus1 f ! bottom1 entirely4 - d5otes ! #8place to :i*' 9 adv]bs f pron\n /ems3 z1 e1 ?i!r2 qu1 :i!r2 ill1 or illc1 = illoi-ce1 ?i!r1 aft] hc2 hc1 commonly hc1 p]haps = hoi-ce 7#ii7 hi!r4 -im d5otes ! #8place f :i*3' z1 i/im1 commonly i/9c1 f :]e y are2 illim1 commonly ill9c1 f yond]2 h9c1 h5ce2 exim1 !reupon2 also -de3 z1 unde1 :5ce 7quo-1 #adf71 s-cunde1 if f any place1 n-cunde1 le/ f any:]e4 -t]3 z comp>ative 7#cdg73 praet]1 fur!r1 beyond1 int]1 betwe52 d5ot+ mann]3 crit]1 %>ply2 amant]1 affectionately2 r>ely f -o- /ems3 z1 firmit]1 /eadfa/ly4 ,,correlative ,,adv]bs4 #gaa4 ,adv]bs d]iv$ f pron\n /ems (t5 correspond ) ea* o!r 9 mean+ & =m2 "s ( ! commone/ correlatives are ! foll[+3 ,int4 ,int]rogative ,indef4 ,indef9ite ,dem41 ,det4 ,demon/rative1 ,det]m9ative1 c4 ,rel4 ,relative4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,int4 ,indef4 ,dem41 ,det4 ,rel4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ub1 :]e8 alicub hc1 i/c ub usquam illc uspiam ib1 ubivs ibdem ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,place qu1 aliqu hc1 i/c1 qu :i!r8 qulibet illc quvs e1 edem quorsum1 aliqu- horsum1 quorsum :i!r- vorsum i/orsum w>d8 ---------------------------------------- -------------- unde1 alicunde h9c1 unde :5ce8 undelibet i/9c1 ill9c inde1 indidem ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- qu&1 aliqu& nunc1 tum1 quom or cum :58 umquam tunc ,"t quotins1 aliquotins totins quotins h[ (t58 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,way qu1 by aliqu hc1 i/c1 qu :at way8 quvs illc e1 edem ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,mann] ut or ut1 aliqu ita1 sc ut or ut h[8 7#adf7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,degree quam1 h[8 aliquam tam quam ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,ii4 ,,s5t5ces ,,z ,,adv]bs4 #gab4 ,"s adv]bs are cond5s$ s5t5ces3 z1 licet1 y may g1 /raightway 7re licet72 sclicet1 y may "k1 obvi\sly1 ( c\rse 7scre licet72 vidlicet1 y c see1 pla9ly 7vidre licet72 ndiu/]tius1 n[ is ! ?ird day1 day be=e ye/]day 7num dius1 i4e4 dis1 t]tius72 =sitan1 maybe 7=s sit an72 mrum quantum1 /range h[ mu*1 a/oni%+ly2 nesci qu pact1 nesci qumodo1 someh[ or o!r1 un=tunately4 7,b47 ,,inflection ,,( ,,! ,,v]b4 #gac4 ,! v]b is inflect$ by atta*+ p]son end+s to ! sev]al /ems4 ,,! ,,/em4 #gad4 ,! /em conta9s ! mean+ ( ! v]b1 & also d5otes ! mode 7mood7 & ! "t 7t5se7 ( ! action z view$ by ! speak]4 #gae4 ,!re are ?ree ,,moods1 ,indicative1 ,subjunctive1 & ,imp]ative4 #gaf4 ,!re are six ,,t5ses 9 ! indicative1 ?ree ( ! pres5t sy/em1 ,pres5t1 ,imp]fect1 & ,future2 & ?ree ( ! p]fect sy/em1 ,p]fect1 ,plup]fect1 & ,future ,p]fect4 ,! subjunctive lacks ! futures2 ! imp]ative has only ! pres5t4 #gag4 ,! mean+s ( ! moods & t5ses are be/ le>nt f read+4 ,no satisfactory translation c be giv5 9 ! p>adigms1 especially ( ! subjunctive1 :i* requires a v>iety ( translations = its v>i\s uses4 #gah4 ,! v]b has two pr9cipal /ems3 ,i4 ,! ,pres5t /em1 :i* is ! base ( ! pres5t sy/em2 ,,ii4 ,! ,p]fect /em1 :i* is ! base ( ! p]fect active sy/em4 #gai4 ,! p]fect sy/em has no passive2 its place is suppli$ by ! p]fect p>ticiple ) a =m ( sum1 am1 or less frequ5tly ( fu1 am become4 #gbj4 ,_m v]bs h only ! pres5t sy/em3 z1 ma]e1 m\rn2 "s h only ! p]fect sy/em3 z1 mem91 rememb]4 ,"s v]bs h a pres5t & p]fect sy/em made up ( two sep>ate roots or /ems3 z1 pres5t indicative f]1 c>ry1 p]fect indicative tul1 & p]fect p>ticiple ltus2 pres5t possum1 c1 p]fect potu4 ,,! ,,p]son ,,end+4 #gba4 ,! p]son end+ limits ! mean+ ( ! /em by po9t+ out ! p]son ( ! subject4 ,!re are ?ree ,,p]sons1 ! ,fir/1 us$ ( ! speak]1 ! ,second1 ( :at is spok5 to1 & ! ,?ird1 ( :at is spok5 (4 ,! p]son end+ fur!rmore indicates numb] & voice4 #gbb4 ,!re are two ,,numb]s3 ! ,s+ul>1 us$ ( "o1 & ! ,plural1 us$ ( m ?an "o4 #gbc4 ,!re are two ,,voices3 ! ,active1 indicat+ t ! subject acts1 & ! ,passive1 indicat+ t ! subject acts on himself1 or m commonly is act$ on by ano!r4 #gbd4 ,only transitive v]bs h all p]sons ( ! passive4 ,intransitive v]bs h 9 ! passive only ! ?ird p]son s+ul>1 us$ imp]sonally2 ! p>ticiple 9 ?is con/ruction is neut]4 #gbe4 ,"s v]bs h only ! passive p]son end+s1 b ) a reflexive or an active mean+2 su* are call$ ,depon5ts3 see #gih4 #gbf4 ,! p]son end+s are z foll[s3 ,,active ,,voice4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,mood4 ,,ind4 ,,sub4 ,,imp]ative4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,numb]4 ,,s+4 ,,plur4 ,,s+4 ,,plur4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,fir/ p]son4 -m -mus n us$ n us$ ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,second p]son4 -s -tis none1 -t -te1 -tte ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,?ird p]son4 -t -nt -t -nt ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,,passive ,,voice4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,mood4 ,,ind4 ,,sub4 ,,imp]ative4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,numb]4 ,,s+4 ,,plur4 ,,s+4 ,,plur4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,fir/ p]son4 -r -mur n us$ n us$ ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,second p]son4 -ris1 -re -m9 -re1 -tor -m9 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,?ird p]son4 -tur -ntur -tor -ntor ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #gbg4 ,9 ! p]fect indicative active1 ! second p]son s+ul> ends 9 -t1 & ! ?ird p]son plural 9 -runt = an old] -ront1 or 9 -re4 -re is mo/ us$ 9 poetry & hi/ory1 & by ,cato & ,sallu/2 -runt by ,cic]o1 & almo/ always by ,caes>4 #gbh4 ,9 ! indicative -m is n us$ 9 ! pres5t 7except 9 sum1 am1 & inquam1 quo? ,i71 9 ! p]fect or future p]fect1 or 9 ! future 9 -b4 -s is n us$ 9 es = ess1 ?\ art1 & 9 s1 eate/ 7#aga1 #a74 #gbi4 ,9 inscriptions1 -d sometimes /&s = -t 7#adi1 #b7 9 ! ?ird p]son s+ul>1 & sometimes -t is n us$3 z1 ,,fecid1 made1 = fcit2 ,,d$e1 gave1 = d$t or d$it4 ,& o!r =ms ( ! ?ird p]son plural ( ! indicative active are sometimes us$3 z1 ,pisaurian ,,d$rot1 ,,d$ro 7) syncope1 #aaa7 = d$]unt1 gave2 ,,em]v1 b\ght1 = mrunt2 once ,,d$]i1 probably = d$re 7#hef74 #gcj4 ,9 ! passive second p]son s+ul>1 ,t]5ce has always1 ,plautus commonly -re2 lat] x is unusual 9 ! pres5t indicative1 except 9 depon5ts2 b 9 o!r t5ses -re is pref]r$1 especially 9 ! future -b]e1 by ,cic]o1 -ris by ,livy & ,tacitus4 ,! second p]son plural passive is want+2 its place is suppli$ by a s+le p>ticipial =m 9 -m91 :i* is us$ )\t ref]5ce to g5d]1 = g5d] words & neut]s alike 7#big74 #gca4 ,depon5ts h r>ely -m9o1 9 ! imp]ative s+ul>3 z1 second p]son1 prgr$im9o1 /ep =w>d ?\ 7,plaut472 9 laws1 z ?ird p]son3 ,,frvim9o1 let him enjoy2 or -t & -nt = -tor & -ntor3 z1 tit1 let him use2 tunt1 let !m use4 ,9 a real passive1 -nt is r>e3 z1 ,,c5s5to1 let !m be rat$4 ,,n\ns ,,( ,,! ,,v]b4 #gcb4 ,! v]b is accompani$ by "s n\ns1 :i* are conv5i5tly1 ?\gh n q accurately1 reckon$ p>ts ( ! v]b2 !y are3 ,?ree ,inf9itives1 ,pres5t ,active & ,passive1 & ,p]fect ,active1 sometimes call$ ! ,inf9itive ,mood4 ,= ! future active & passive & ! p]fect passive1 comp\nd =ms are us$4 ,! ,g]und & ! ,g]undive4 ,two ,sup9es4 ,?ree ,p>ticiples1 ,pres5t & ,future ,active1 & ,p]fect ,passive4 ,,pr9cipal ,,p>ts4 #gcc4 ,! sev]al v]b /ems c readily be f\nd1 :5 once ! pr9cipal p>ts are kn[n2 ^! are giv5 9 ! diction>y4 #gcd4 ,! ,,pr9cipal ,,p>ts ( a v]b are ! ,pres5t ,indicative ,active1 ,pres5t ,inf9itive ,active1 ,p]fect ,indicative ,active1 & ,p]fect ,p>ticiple3 z1 ,,pres4 ,,indic4 ,,pres4 ,,inf94 ,,p]f4 ,,indic4 ,,p]f4 ,,"p4 reg1 rule reg]e rx rctus laud1 praise laudre laudv laudtus mone1 advise monre monu monitus audi1 he> audre audv auditus #gce4 ,! ,pr9cipal ,p>ts ( depon5ts are ! ,pres5t ,indicative1 ,pres5t ,inf9itive1 & ,p]fect ,p>ticiple3 z1 ,,pres4 ,,indic4 ,,pres4 ,,inf94 ,,p]f4 ,,"p4 qu]or1 compla9 qu] que/us mror1 wond] mrr mrtus v]eor1 fe> v]r v]itus p>tior1 %>e "pr "ptus ,,designation ,,( ,,! ,,v]b4 #gcf4 ,a v]b is usually nam$ by ! pres5t indicative active fir/ p]son s+ul>3 z1 reg2 laud1 mone1 audi2 or by ! pres5t inf9itive active3 z1 reg]e2 laudre1 monre1 audre4 ,depon5ts are nam$ by ! correspond+ passive =ms3 z1 qu]or2 mror1 v]eor1 p>tior2 or qu]2 mrr1 v]r1 "pr4 #gcg4 ,= conv5i5ce1 v]bs ) -ere 9 ! pres5t inf9itive active are call$ ,v]bs 9 -ere2 ^? ) -re1 -re1 or -re1 ,v]bs 9 -re1 -re1 or -re1 respectively4 ,9 l mann] depon5ts are designat$ z ,v]bs 9 -2 or ,v]bs 9 -r1 -r1 or -r1 respectively4 ,,!me ,,( ,,! ,,v]b4 #gch4 ,! sev]al /ems ( ! v]b come f a =m call$ ! ,!me4 ,9 primitives1 ! !me is a root2 9 d5om9atives1 ! !me is a n\n /em4 ,?us1 reg- 9 reg- is a root2 :ile ve/i- 9 ve/i-1 dress1 is a n\n /em4 ,! n\n /em is sometimes modifi$ 9 =m4 ,(t5times ! n\n /em is only presum$3 z1 audi- 9 audi-4 #gci4 ,"s v]bs h a d5om9ative !me 9 ! pres5t sy/em1 & a primitive !me 9 ! p]fect sy/em1 o!rs h ! rev]se4 #gdj4 ,mo/ v]bs ) an inf9itive ( m ?an two syllables 9 -re1 -re1 or -re1 or1 if depon5t1 9 -r1 -r1 or -r1 are d5om9ative2 mo/ o!r v]bs are primitive4 ,?us1 laudre1 monre1 audre2 mrr1 v]r1 "pr1 are d5om9ative2 :ile esse1 d>e1 7d7lre1 reg]e1 qu]1 are primitive4 ,a few v]bs1 h[ev]1 :i* h ! appe>ance ( d5om9atives1 are ?\ght to be primitive 9 _! orig94 ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,! ,,v]b4 #gda4 ,v]bs are divid$ into two classes1 accord+ to ! =m ( ! pres5t sy/em3 ,i4 ,root v]bs1 & v]bs 9 -ere1 mo/ly primitive2 ,,ii4 ,v]bs 9 -re1 -re1 or -re1 mo/ly d5om9ative4 #gdb4 ,v]bs are sometimes arrang$ )\t reg>d to diff]5ce ( k9d1 9 ! alphabetical ord] ( ! v[el be=e -s ( ! second p]son s+ul> ( ! pres5t indicative active1 1 1 i1 3 ?us1 lauds1 mons1 regis1 auds1 sometimes call$ ! fir/1 second1 ?ird1 & f\r? conjugation respectively4 ,i4 ,,primitive ,,v]bs4 #gdc4 ,a few ( ! olde/ & commone/ v]bs ( ev]yday life h a b>e root z /em 9 ! pres5t indicative or 9 p>ts ( x2 & "s ( !m h o!r peculi>ities2 su* are call$ ,root ,v]bs1 or by "s1 irregul> 7#gdd-gha74 ,mo/ primitives are v]bs 9 -ere1 l reg 7#ghb74 7,a47 ,,root ,,v]bs4 ,irregul> ,v]bs4 7a47 ,,) ,a ,,preval5t ,,b>e ,,root4 #gdd4 ,primitives ) ! b>e root z pres5t indicative /em 9 almo/ all _! =ms are sum1 am1 d1 give1 put1 & comp\nds2 & ) ! root d\bl$1 bib1 dr9k1 s]1 s[1 & si/1 set4 7#a47 sum1 am 7es-1 s-74 #gde4 sum1 am1 is us$ only 9 ! pres5t sy/em 7#gbj74 ,! p]fect sy/em is suppli$ by =ms ( fu 7fu-74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,pr9cipal ,,p>ts4 ,,pres4 ,,indic4 ,,pres4 ,,inf94 ,,p]f4 ,,indic4 ,,p]f4 ,,"p4 sum esse 7fu7 ---- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,,pres5t ,,t5se4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 sum1 ,i am sumus1 we are es1 ?\ art e/is1 y are e/1 he is sunt1 !y are ,,imp]fect ,,t5se4 eram1 ,i 0 ermus1 we 7 ers1 ?\ w]t ertis1 y 7 erat1 he 0 erant1 !y 7 ,,future ,,t5se4 er1 ,i %all be erimus1 we %all be eris1 ?\ wilt be eritis1 y w be erit1 he w be erunt1 !y w be ,,p]fect ,,t5se4 fu1 ,i h be51 fuimus1 we h be51 or 0 or 7 fui/1 ?\ ha/ be51 fui/is1 y h be51 or w]t or 7 fuit1 he has be51 furunt or -re1 or 0 !y h be51 or 7 ,,plup]fect ,,t5se4 fu]am1 ,i _h be5 fu]mus1 we _h be5 fu]s1 ?\ had/ be5 fu]tis1 y _h be5 fu]at1 he _h be5 fu]ant1 !y _h be5 ,,future ,,p]fect ,,t5se4 fu]1 ,i %all h be5 fu]imus1 we %all h be5 fu]is1 ?\ wilt h be5 fu]itis1 y w h be5 fu]it1 he w h be5 fu]9t1 !y w h be5 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,subjunctive ,,mood4 ,,pres5t ,,t5se4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 sim1 may ,i be smus1 let u be ss1 may/ ?\ be stis1 be y1 may y be sit1 let him be1 may he be s9t1 let !m be1 may !y be ,,imp]fect ,,t5se4 essem1 ,i %\ld be essmus1 we %\ld be esss1 ?\ w\ld/ be esstis1 y w\ld be esset1 he w\ld be ess5t1 !y w\ld be ,,p]fect ,,t5se4 fu]im1 ,i may h be5 fu]mus1 we may h be5 fu]s1 ?\ may/ h be5 fu]tis1 y may h be5 fu]it1 he may h be5 fu]nt1 !y may h be5 ,,plup]fect ,,t5se4 fuissem1 fuissmus1 ,i %\ld h be5 we %\ld h be5 fuisss1 fuisstis1 ?\ w\ld/ h be5 y w\ld h be5 fuisset1 fuiss5t1 he w\ld h be5 !y w\ld h be5 ,,imp]ative ,,mood4 es or e/1 be ?\1 e/e or e/te1 be y1 ?\ %alt be y %all be e/1 he %all be sunt1 !y %all be ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,n\ns ,,( ,,! ,,v]b4 ,,inf9itive4 ,,p>ticiple4 ,pres4 esse1 to be ,pres4 ,see #gdi ,p]f4 fuisse1 to h be5 ,p]f4 ---- ,fut4 futrus esse1 ,fut4 futrus1 go+ to be to be go+ to be ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #gdf4 ,= ! fir/ p]son sum1 ,v>ro m5tions esum z an ar*aic =m4 ,?is e 0 probably prefix$ by analogy ) ! o!r =ms2 = ! -m1 & = es1 see #gbh4 ,= sim1 c41 & siem1 c41 see #hda4 ,9 ! imp]fect eram1 c41 & ! future er1 c41 s has become r 7#aed74 #gdg4 ,! indicative & imp]ative es is = old] ess 7#aga1 #a71 & is regul>ly us$ long by ,plautus & ,t]5ce4 ,! e ( es & e/ is n pron\nc$ aft] a v[el or -m1 & is (t5 omitt$ 9 writ+3 z exp]rcta es1 pron\nc$ exp]rctas2 epi/ula e/1 pron\nc$ epi/ula/2 cnsilium e/1 pron\nc$ cnsilium/4 ,9 ! dramati/s1 -s prec$$ by a v[el1 :i* is usually %ort1 unites ) a foll[+ es or e/3 ?us1 t s]vos es becomes t s]vos2 similis e/1 simili/2 virts e/1 virt/2 rs e/1 r/4 #gdh4 ,old =ms are3 ,,sont 7inscr4 ab\t #abj ,b4,c472 ) suffix -sc 7#hcd71 escit 7= 99esscit71 gets to be1 w be1 escunt2 pres5t subjunctive1 siem1 sis1 siet1 & si5t 7#hda71 common 9 inscriptions d[n to #ajj ,b4,c41 & 9 old v]se2 also 9 comp\nds2 imp]ative e/d r>e4 #gdi4 ,! pres5t p>ticiple is us$ only z an adjective4 ,x has two =ms3 sontem 7accusative1 no nom9ative71 :i* has entirely lo/ its orig9al mean+ ( be+1 actual1 ! real man1 & has only ! second>y mean+ ( guilty1 & nsns1 innoc5t2 & -sns 9 absns1 away1 praesns1 at h&1 d cns5ts1 gods collective2 also once ,,ins5tibvs4 sum has no g]und or g]undive4 #gej4 ,a subjunctive pres5t fuam1 fus1 fuat1 & fuant occurs 9 old ,lat92 & an imp]fect =em1 =s1 =et1 & =5t1 9 all p]iods4 ,! pres5t inf9itive =e1 to get to be1 become1 has a future mean+4 ,old =ms 9 ! p]fect sy/em are ,,fvveit 7#bi1 #a71 ,,fvet2 fx1 fimus1 ferim1 ferit1 fer9t1 fisset 7,plaut41 ,enn474 fu has no p]fect p>ticiple or sup9e4 #gea4 possum1 c4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,pr9cipal p>ts3 possum1 posse2 7potu1 see #hge47 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 ,pres4 possum1 potes1 possumus1 pote/is1 pote/ possunt ,imp4 pot]am1 pot]s1 pot]mus1 pot]tis1 pot]at pot]ant ,fut4 pot]1 pot]is1 pot]imus1 pot]itis1 pot]it pot]unt ,,subjunctive ,,mood4 ,pres4 possim1 posss1 possit possmus1 posstis1 poss9t ,imp4 possem1 posss1 posset possmus1 posstis1 poss5t ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,inf9itive4 ,,p>ticiple4 ,pres4 posse ---- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #geb4 possum is =m$ f pote1 able1 & sum1 juxtapos$ 7#aff1 #b2 #cif74 ,! sep>ate =ms potis sum1 c41 or pote sum1 c41 are also us$1 & sometimes ev5 potis or pote alone takes ! place ( a v]b2 9 ei!r case potis & pote are indecl9able1 & are appli$ to g5d] words & neut]s bo?4 #gec4 t is reta9$ be=e a v[el1 except 9 possem1 c41 = potessem1 c41 & 9 posse2 t be=e s *anges to s 7#aff1 #b74 ,old =ms are3 possiem1 c41 7#gdh71 potessem1 potisset1 potesse4 ,r>e =ms are ,,pote/o 7inscr4 #eh ,b4,c471 & passives1 z pote/ur1 c41 ) a passive inf9itive 7#adhd74 possum has no p>ticiples2 ! p]fect sy/em1 potu1 c41 is l fu1 c4 7#gde74 7#b47 d1 give1 put 7d-1 da-74 #ged4 ,!re are two v]bs d1 "o mean+ give1 & "o mean+ put4 ,! d mean+ put is (t5e/ us$ 9 comp\nds2 ! simple v]b has be5 cr[d$ out by pn4 ,! pres5t sy/em ( d is z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,pr9cipal p>ts3 d1 d>e1 d$1 datus4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,active ,,voice4 ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 ,pres4 d1 ds1 dat damus1 datis1 dant ,imp4 dabam1 dabs1 dabat dabmus1 dabtis1 dabant ,fut4 dab1 dabis1 dabit dabimus1 dabitis1 dabunt ,,subjunctive ,,mood4 ,pres4 dem1 ds1 det dmus1 dtis1 d5t ,imp4 d>em1 d>s1 d>et d>mus1 d>tis1 d>5t ,,imp]ative ,,mood4 d or dat1 dat date or datte1 dant ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,inf9itive4 ,,p>ticiple4 ,pres4 d>e dns ,,g]und4 ,g54 d&1 c4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,passive ,,voice4 ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 ,pres4 ----1 damur1 d>is or -re1 dam91 datur dantur ,imp4 dab>1 dabmur1 dabre or -ris1 dabm91 dabtur dabantur ,fut4 dabor1 dabimur1 dab]e or -ris1 dabim91 dabitur dabuntur ,,subjunctive ,,mood4 ,pres4 ----1 ----1 dre or -ris1 dm91 dtur d5tur ,imp4 d>]1 d>mur1 d>re or -ris1 d>m91 d>tur d>5tur ,,imp]ative ,,mood4 d>e or dator1 dator dam91 dantor ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,inf9itive4 ,,g]undive4 ,pres4 d> d&us ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #gee4 ,9 ! pres5t sy/em a is %ort ?r\gh\t 9 ! fir/ syllable1 except 9 ds & d4 ,= d$1 datus1 & sup9es datum1 dat1 see #hei & #ijj4 #gef4 ,old =ms3 danunt ( unc]ta9 orig9 7#hcc7 = dant4 ,f ano!r =m ( ! root come duis1 duit2 int]du1 concrdu1 p]fect concrdu2 subjunctive duim1 dus 7dus71 duit & du9t 7#hda71 & comp\nds1 us$ especially 9 law language1 & 9 pray+ & curs+2 crduam1 crdus or crdus1 crduat or crduit4 #geg4 ,real comp\nds ( d h a pres5t sy/em l reg 7#ghb72 9 ! p]fect & ! p]fect p>ticiple1 e & a become i3 z1 abd1 put away1 abd]e1 abdid1 abditus2 crd1 put tru/ 94 p]d1 =do1 de/roy1 & vnd1 put = sale1 h g]undives p]d5dus1 vndundus1 & p]fect p>ticiples p]ditus1 vnditus2 ! re/ ( ! passive is suppli$ by =ms ( p]e & vne4 r$d1 give back1 has future r$dib #c times 7,plaut474 ,9 ! app>5t comp\nds ) circum1 pessum1 satis1 & vnum1 d rema9s )\t *ange1 z 9 #ged4 ,erratum3 #gef4 4 miss+ 7#c47 bib1 s]1 & si/4 #geh4 bib1 dr9k1 s]1 s[ 7= 99si-s1 #aed71 & si/1 set1 =m _! pres5t /em by r$uplication ( ! root 7#ahi74 ,! v[el be=e ! p]son end+s is ! root v[el1 :i* becomes v>iable1 l a =mative v[el 7#hbd74 ,^! v]bs h ! pres5t sy/em l reg 7#ghb74 7b47 ,,) ,,! ,,b>e ,,root ,,9 ,,p>ts4 inquam1 e1 & que4 #gei4 inquam1 e1 & que h ! b>e root z pres5t /em1 9 almo/ all _! p>ts2 9 a few p>ts only ! root is ext5d$ by a =mative v[el 7#hbi74 7#a47 inquam1 say ,i1 quo? ,i4 #gfj4 inquam1 say ,i1 is *iefly us$ 9 quot+ a p]son's direct words2 &1 f its mean+1 is naturally v defective4 ,! only p>ts 9 common use are ! foll[+3 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 ,pres4 inquam1 inquis1 inquit ----1 ----1 inquiunt ,fut4 ----1 inquis1 inquiet ----1 ----1 ---- ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #gfa4 ,r>e =ms are3 subjunctive inquiat 7,cornif471 indicative imp]fect inquibat 7,cic471 us$ twice ea*2 indicative pres5t inquimus 7,hor471 p]fect inqui 7,catull471 inqu/ 7,cic471 once ea*2 imp]ative inque1 #d times 7,plaut4 #b1 ,t]4 #b71 inquit1 #c times 7,plaut474 ,= inquam1 see #gbh4 #gfb4 7#b47 e1 g 7- = ei-1 i-7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,pr9cipal p>ts3 e1 re1 i1 itum4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 ,pres4 e1 s1 x mus1 tis1 eunt ,imp4 bam1 bs1 bat bmus1 btis1 bant ,fut4 b1 bis1 bit bimus1 bitis1 bunt ,p]f4 i1 /1 it or t iimus1 /is1 irunt or -re ,plup4 i]am1 i]s1 i]at i]mus1 i]tis1 i]ant ,f4 ,p4 i]1 i]is1 i]it i]imus1 i]itis1 i]9t ,,subjunctive ,,mood4 ,pres4 eam1 es1 eat emus1 etis1 eant ,imp4 rem1 rs1 ret rmus1 rtis1 r5t ,p]f4 i]im1 i]s1 i]it i]mus1 i]tis1 i]9t ,plup4 ssem1 sss1 sset ssmus1 sstis1 ss5t ,,imp]ative ,,mood4 or t1 t te or tte1 eunt ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,inf9itive4 ,,p>ticiple4 ,pres4 re ins1 ,g54 euntis ,p]f4 sse itum ,fut4 xrus esse xrus ,,g]und4 ,,sup9e4 ,g54 eund ,dat4 eund ,acc4 eundum ---- ,abl4 eund ---- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #gfc4 ,! passive is only us$ imp]sonally1 & has a neut] g]undive eundum & p>ticiple itum2 b transitive comp\nds1 z ade1 g up to1 h a complete passive3 z1 adeor1 adris1 c4 ambi1 g r\nd1 canvass1 foll[s d5om9atives 9 -re 7#gif71 b has once or twice ! imp]fect ambbat1 ambbant1 ambbtur 7,liv41 ,tac41 ,pl94 ,ep471 & once ! future ambbunt 7,pl9472 future p]fect ambssit1 ambss9t1 once ea* 7prol4 ,plaut474 #gfd4 ,! is weak5$ f ei 7#ih73 z1 eis1 eit1 eite1 abeis1 abei 7,plaut472 ,,eitvr1 ,,abei1 ,,adeitvr 7inscr4 #acj ,b4,c471 ,,v5eire 7#di ,b4,c471 ,,praet]eis4 ,be=e o1 u1 or a1 ! root becomes e4 ,= u 9 euntis1 see #ijb4 #gfe4 ,old =ms are3 er 7,plaut471 1 erant 7,t]471 once ea* 7#abf72 9 an inscription ( #ahf ,b4,c41 ,,adieset1 ,,adies5t1 ,,adiese1 & ( #adf ,b4,c41 ,,r$ieit 7#bi1 #b2 #acb72 ,,int]iei/i4 ,a future 9 -iet1 z trnsiet 7,s5471 is late & r>e4 #gff4 ,a d\ble i is f\nd 9 iisss & iisset once ea* 7,ciris1 ,nepos71 also sometimes 9 comp\nds ( ^! =ms3 z r$iisss1 int]iisset4 ,comp\nds sometimes h x also 9 ! p]fect inf9itive & 9 ! second p]son s+ul> ( ! p]fect indicative3 z1 abiisse1 abii/2 also 9 r$ii/is once 7,/at474 ,9 ! fir/ p]son ( ! p]fect indicative a s+le long is f\nd r>ely 9 late writ]s 9 ! s+ul>3 z1 ad 7,val4 ,fl474 #gfg4 ,a few examples are f\nd ( a p]fect sy/em ) v1 z v1 c4 ,?is =m is conf9$ almo/ exclusively to poetry & late prose4 7a7 ,examples ( simple =ms ) v are3 visse 7,plaut471 vit 7,cato71 v 7,v>ro71 v]at 7,catull474 7b7 ,comp\nd =ms3 exv 7,plaut471 obvit 7,v]g471 subvit 7,/at472 trnsvisse 7,claud4 ap4 ,tac471 9vimus1 trnsv1 trnsvimus 7,curt471 trnsvit1 trnsv]ant 7,s5471 exvit 7,gell474 ,app>5t comp\nds 7#cif73 ntr vit 7,c4 ,grac*41 ,piso1 ,gell474 7#c47 que1 c4 #gfh4 que1 c1 & neque1 c't1 h ! p]fect quv1 ! re/ l e 7#gfb72 b !y h no imp]ative1 g]undive1 or future p>ticiple1 & ! pres5t p>ticiple is r>e4 que is commonly us$ ) a negative1 & "s p>ts only s4 ,passive =ms are r>e1 & only us$ ) a passive inf9itive 7#adhd74 ed2 vol 7nl1 ml7 & f]4 7#a47 ed1 eat 7ed-1 d-74 #gfi4 ed1 eat1 has a pres5t sy/em ) a =mative v[el l reg ?r\gh\t 7#ghb72 b 9 "s p>ts ( ! pres5t1 & ( ! imp]fect subjunctive1 p>allel root =ms are usually f\nd1 ) d ( ! root *ang$ to s1 & ! v[el l5g!n$ 7#ace71 z may be se5 9 ! foll[+3 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,pr9cipal p>ts3 ed1 sse1 d1 sus4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 ,pres4 ed1 s or edis1 edimus1 /is or editis1 / or edit edunt ,,subjunctive ,,mood4 ,pres4 edim1 eds1 edit edmus1 edtis1 ed9t or or edam1 eds1 edat edmus1 edtis1 edant ,imp4 ssem1 sss1 sset ssmus1 ----1 ss5t or or ed]em1 ed]s1 ed]et ed]mus1 ed]tis1 ed]5t ,,imp]ative ,,mood4 s or ede1 /e or edite / or edit ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,inf9itive4 ,,p>ticiple4 ,pres4 sse edns ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #ggj4 ,= s1 see #gbh2 = edim1 c41 #hda4 ,9 ! passive1 ! indicative pres5t /ur is us$1 & imp]fect subjunctive sstur4 ,! p]fect p>ticiple sus is = an old] ssus 7#agj1 #g74 ,sup9es ssum1 ss 7,plaut474 #gga4 com$1 eat up1 has also ! foll[+ root =ms3 coms1 com/1 com/is2 com/2 comsse2 comsss1 comsset1 comssmus4 ,! pres5t subjunctive has also com$im1 com$s1 com$9t4 ,! p>ticiple p]fect is comssus1 comsus1 or com/us1 future comssrus4 ex$1 eat out1 has ex/ & exsse2 subjunctive ex$9t4 ad$1 eat at1 has ad/4 #ggb4 vol 7nl1 ml7 & f] h ! b>e root 9 "s p>ts only ( ! pres5t sy/em2 9 o!r p>ts ! root ext5d$ by a =mative v[el1 l reg 7#ghb74 vol 7nl1 ml7 lack "s =ms1 z w be se5 bel[4 #ggc4 7#b47 vol1 w1 wi%1 want1 am will+ 7vol-1 vel-74 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,pr9cipal p>ts3 vol1 velle1 volu1 ----4 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 ,pres4 vol1 volumus1 vs1 voltis or vultis1 volt or vult volunt ,imp4 volbam1 volbmus1 volbs1 volbtis1 volbat volbant ,fut4 volam1 volmus1 vols1 voltis1 volet vol5t ,p]f4 volu1 voluimus1 volui/1 volui/is1 voluit volurunt or -re ,plup4 volu]am1 volu]mus1 volu]s1 volu]tis1 volu]at volu]ant ,f4 ,p4 volu]1 volu]imus1 volu]is1 volu]itis1 volu]it volu]9t ,,subjunctive ,,mood4 ,pres4 velim1 velmus1 vels1 veltis1 velit vel9t ,imp4 vellem1 vellmus1 vells1 velltis1 vellet vell5t ,p]f4 volu]im1 volu]mus1 volu]s1 volu]tis1 volu]it volu]9t ,plup4 voluissem1 voluissmus1 voluisss1 voluisstis1 voluisset voluiss5t ---------------------------------------- ----- ,,inf9itive4 ,,p>ticiple4 ,pres4 velle volns ,p]f4 voluisse ---------------------------------------- ----- #ggd4 volo = vol is r>e 7#bddc74 volt & voltis became vult & vultis ab\t ! "t ( ,augu/us 7#ada74 ,= volumus1 see #adb2 velim1 c41 #hda2 vellem1 c41 velle1 #aff1 #h4 ss1 an ?\ wilt1 is common = s vs 7,plaut41 ,t]41 ,cic41 ,liv474 sultis1 an #8t please y1 is us$ by ,plautus = s voltis4 #gge4 nl1 won't1 is =m$ f ne-1 n1 & vol1 juxtapos$1 & ml1 l bett]1 abbreviat$ f mvol = 99magsvolo 7#ggi1 #agj1 #b74 #ggf4 nl1 won't1 don't want1 object1 am n will+4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,pr9cipal p>ts3 nl1 nlle1 nlu1 ----4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 ,pres4 nl1 nlumus1 nn vs1 nn voltis or vultis1 nn volt or vult nlunt ,imp4 nlbam1 nlbmus1 nlbs1 nlbtis1 nlbat nlbant ,fut4 ----1 nlmus1 nls1 nltis1 nlet nl5t ,,subjunctive ,,mood4 ,pres4 nlim1 nlmus1 nls1 nltis1 nlit nl9t ,imp4 nllem1 nllmus1 nlls1 nlltis1 nllet nll5t ,,imp]ative ,,mood4 nl or nlt1 nlte or nltte1 nlt nlunt ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,,inf9itive4 ,,p>ticiple4 ,pres4 nlle ---- ---------------------------------------- ----------- #ggg4 nevs & nevolt1 f ne-1 n1 are f\nd 9 ,plautus4 nl has usually no p>ticiples1 b oblique cases ( nlns are us$ a few times by po/-,augu/an writ]s 7,cels41 ,luc41 ,qu9til41 ,ta41 ,juv41 ,m>t41 ,pl9474 ,! p]fect sy/em1 nlu1 c41 is l t ( vol 7#ggb74 #ggh4 ml1 l bett]1 *oose r4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,pr9cipal p>ts3 ml1 mlle1 mlu1 ----4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 ,pres4 ml1 mlumus1 mvs1 mvoltis or mvultis1 mvolt or mvult mlunt ,imp4 mlbam1 mlbmus1 mlbs1 mlbtis1 mlbat mlbant ,fut4 ----1 mlmus1 mls1 mltis1 mlet ml5t ,,subjunctive ,,mood4 ,pres4 mlim1 mlmus1 mls1 mltis1 mlit ml9t ,imp4 mllem1 mllmus1 mlls1 mlltis1 mllet mll5t ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,,inf9itive4 ,,p>ticiple4 ,pres4 mlle ---- ---------------------------------------- ----------- #ggi4 ,old =ms are mvol1 mvolunt2 mvolet2 mvelim1 mvels1 mvelit2 mvellem4 ,! p]fect sy/em1 mlu1 c41 is l t ( vol 7#ggb74 ,errata3 #ggc 7table7 444 velmus1 1 miss+ #ggd 444 s vs 7,plaut41 ,t]41 ,cic41 ,liv47 ,plaut4 ,t]41 #gge 444 mvol = 99magsvolo pr9t$ z %[n3 error = magsvol8 7#c47 f]1 c>ry 7f]-74 #ghj4 f]1 c>ry1 is us$ only 9 ! pres5t sy/em 7#gbj74 ,! o!r p>ts are suppli$ by =ms ( toll1 lift 7tol-1 tl-74 ,! pres5t sy/em ( f] is z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,pr9cipal p>ts3 f]1 f]re2 7tul1 ltus74 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,active ,,voice4 ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 ,pres4 f]1 f]s1 f]t f]imus1 f]tis1 f]unt ,imp4 f]bam1 f]bmus1 f]bs1 f]btis1 f]bat f]bant ,fut4 f]am1 f]s1 f]et f]mus1 f]tis1 f]5t ,,subjunctive ,,mood4 ,pres4 f]am1 f]s1 f]at f]mus1 f]tis1 f]ant ,imp4 f]rem1 f]rs1 f]ret f]rmus1 f]rtis1 f]r5t ,,imp]ative ,,mood4 f] or f]t1 f]t f]te or f]tte1 f]unt ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,inf9itive4 ,,p>ticiple4 ,pres4 f]re f]ns ,,g]und4 ,g54 f]5d1 c4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,passive ,,voice4 ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 ,pres4 f]or1 f]imur1 f]ris or -re1 f]im91 f]tur f]untur ,imp4 f]b>1 f]bmur1 f]bre or -ris1 f]bm91 f]btur f]bantur ,fut4 f]>1 f]mur1 f]re or -ris1 f]m91 f]tur f]5tur ,,subjunctive ,,mood4 ,pres4 f]>1 f]mur1 f]re or -ris1 f]m91 f]tur f]antur ,imp4 f]r]1 f]rmur1 f]rre or -ris1 f]rm91 f]rtur f]r5tur ,,imp]ative ,,mood4 f]re or f]tor1 f]im91 f]tor f]untor ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,inf9itive4 ,,g]undive4 ,pres4 f]r f]5dus ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #gha4 ,= tul1 see #hfj2 ! full =m tetul1 c41 is f\nd 9 old ,lat91 & ,,toli1 c41 9 inscriptions2 ! comp\nd ) re- is rettul = 99retetul 7#hfa74 ,= ! p>ticiple ltus1 see #afi1 #a4 7,b47 ,,v]bs ,,9 -ere4 ,! ,?ird ,conjugation4 #ghb4 reg1 rule4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,pr9cipal ,,p>ts4 ,,pres4 ,,indic4 ,,pres4 ,,inf94 ,,p]f4 ,,indic4 ,,p]f4 ,,"p4 reg reg]e rx rctus ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,active ,,voice4 ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,,pres5t ,,t5se4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 reg1 ,i rule1 regimus1 we rule1 or am rul+ or are rul+ regis1 ?\ rule/1 regitis1 y rule1 or art rul+ or are rul+ regit1 he rules1 regunt1 !y rule1 or is rul+ or are rul+ ,,imp]fect ,,t5se4 regbam1 ,i 0 rul+1 regbmus1 we 7 rul+1 or ,i rul$ or we rul$ regbs1 ?\ w]t rul+1 regbtis1 y 7 rul+1 or ?\ rul$/ or y rul$ regbat1 he 0 rul+1 regbant1 !y 7 rul+1 or he rul$ or !y rul$ ,,future ,,t5se4 regam1 ,i %all rule regmus1 we %all rule regs1 ?\ wilt rule regtis1 y w rule reget1 he w rule reg5t1 !y w rule ,,p]fect ,,t5se4 rx1 ,i h rul$1 rximus1 we h rul$1 or ,i rul$ or we rul$ rxi/1 ?\ ha/ rul$1 rxi/is1 y h rul$1 or ?\ rul$/ or y rul$ rxit1 he has rul$1 rxrunt or -re1 or he rul$ !y h rul$1 or !y rul$ ,,plup]fect ,,t5se4 rx]am1 ,i _h rul$ rx]mus1 we _h rul$ rx]s1 ?\ had/ rul$ rx]tis1 y _h rul$ rx]at1 he _h rul$ rx]ant1 !y _h rul$ ,,future ,,p]fect ,,t5se4 rx]1 rx]imus1 ,i %all h rul$ we %all h rul$ rx]is1 rx]itis1 ?\ wilt h rul$ y w h rul$ rx]it1 rx]9t1 he w h rul$ !y w h rul$ ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,subjunctive ,,mood4 ,,pres5t ,,t5se4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 regam1 may ,i rule regmus1 let u rule regs1 may/ ?\ rule regtis1 may y rule regat1 let him rule regant1 let !m rule ,,imp]fect ,,t5se4 reg]em1 ,i %\ld rule reg]mus1 we %\ld rule reg]s1 ?\ w\ld/ rule reg]tis1 y w\ld rule reg]et1 he w\ld rule reg]5t1 !y w\ld rule ,,p]fect ,,t5se4 rx]im1 rx]mus1 ,i may h rul$ we may h rul$ rx]s1 rx]tis1 ?\ may/ h rul$ y may h rul$ rx]it1 rx]9t1 he may h rul$ !y may h rul$ ,,plup]fect ,,t5se4 rxissem1 rxissmus1 ,i %\ld h rul$ we %\ld h rul$ rxisss1 rxisstis1 ?\ w\ld/ h rul$ y w\ld h rul$ rxisset1 rxiss5t1 he w\ld h rul$ !y w\ld h rul$ ,,imp]ative ,,mood4 rege or regit1 regite or regitte1 rule1 ?\ %alt rule rule1 y %all rule regit1 he %all rule regunt1 !y %all rule ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,n\ns ,,( ,,! ,,v]b4 ,,inf9itive4 ,,p>ticiple4 ,pres4 reg]e1 to rule ,pres4 regns1 rul+ ,p]f4 rxisse1 to h rul$ ,fut4 rctrus esse1 ,fut4 rctrus1 to be go+ to rule go+ to rule ,,g]und4 ,,sup9e4 ,g54 reg5d1 ( rul+ ,dat4 reg5d1 = rul+ ,acc4 reg5dum1 rul+ ,acc4 99rctum1 to rule1 n us$ ,abl4 reg5d1 by rul+ ,abl4 99rct1 9 rul+1 n us$ ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,v]bs ,,9 -ere4 ,! ,?ird ,conjugation4 #ghc4 regor1 am rul$4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,passive ,,voice4 ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,,pres5t ,,t5se4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 regor1 ,i am rul$ regimur1 we are rul$ reg]is or -re1 ?\ art rul$ regim91 y are rul$ regitur1 he is rul$ reguntur1 !y are rul$ ,,imp]fect ,,t5se4 regb>1 regbmur1 ,i 0 rul$ we 7 rul$ regbre or -ris1 regbm91 ?\ w]t rul$ y 7 rul$ regbtur1 regbantur1 he 0 rul$ !y 7 rul$ ,,future ,,t5se4 reg>1 regmur1 ,i %all be rul$ we %all be rul$ regre or -ris1 regm91 ?\ wilt be rul$ y w be rul$ regtur1 reg5tur1 he w be rul$ !y w be rul$ ,,p]fect ,,t5se4 rctus sum1 ,i h be51 rct sumus1 we h be51 or 0 rul$ or 7 rul$ rctus es1 ?\ ha/ be51 rct e/is1 y h be51 or w]t rul$ or 7 rul$ rctus e/1 he has be51 rct sunt1 !y h be51 or 0 rul$ or 7 rul$ ,,plup]fect ,,t5se4 rctus eram1 rct ermus1 ,i _h be5 rul$ we _h be5 rul$ rctus ers1 rct ertis1 ?\ had/ be5 rul$ y _h be5 rul$ rctus erat1 rct erant1 he _h be5 rul$ !y _h be5 rul$ ,,future ,,p]fect ,,t5se4 rctus er1 rct erimus1 ,i %all h be5 rul$ we %all h be5 rul$ rctus eris1 rct eritis1 ?\ wilt h be5 rul$ y w h be5 rul$ rctus erit1 rct erunt1 he w h be5 rul$ !y w h be5 rul$ ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,subjunctive ,,mood4 ,,pres5t ,,t5se4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 reg>1 regmur1 may ,i be rul$ may we be rul$ regre or -ris1 regm91 may/ ?\ be rul$ may y be rul$ regtur1 regantur1 let him be rul$ let !m be rul$ ,,imp]fect ,,t5se4 reg]]1 reg]mur1 ,i %\ld be rul$ we %\ld be rul$ reg]re or -ris1 reg]m91 ?\ w\ld/ be rul$ y w\ld be rul$ reg]tur1 reg]5tur1 he w\ld be rul$ !y w\ld be rul$ ,,p]fect ,,t5se4 rctus sim1 rct smus1 ,i may h be5 rul$ we may h be5 rul$ rctus ss1 rct stis1 ?\ may/ h be5 rul$ y may h be5 rul$ rctus sit1 rct s9t1 he may h be5 rul$ !y may h be5 rul$ ,,plup]fect ,,t5se4 rctus essem1 rct essmus1 ,i %\ld h be5 rul$ we %\ld h be5 rul$ rctus esss1 ?\ w\ld/ rct esstis1 h be5 rul$ y w\ld h be5 rul$ rctus esset1 rct ess5t1 he w\ld h be5 rul$ !y w\ld h be5 rul$ ,,imp]ative ,,mood4 reg]e or regitor1 be rul$1 regim91 ?\ %alt be rul$ be rul$ regitor1 reguntor1 he %all be rul$ !y %all be rul$ ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,n\ns ,,( ,,! ,,v]b4 ,,inf9itive4 ,,g]undive4 ,pres4 reg1 reg5dus1 to be rul$ to be rul$ ,p]f4 rctus esse1 ,,p]fect ,,p>ticiple4 to h be5 rul$ rctus1 rul$ ,fut4 99rctum r1 to be go+ to be rul$1 n us$ 7#bbgc7 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,v]bs ,,9 -i1 -ere4 #ghd4 ,v]bs 9 -i1 -ere1 z capi1 cap]e1 take 7cap-71 drop an i 9 "s =ms ( ! pres5t & imp]fect4 ,! pres5t sy/em is z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,,active ,,voice4 ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 ,pres4 capi1 capimus1 capis1 capitis1 capit capiunt ,imp4 capibam1 capibmus1 capibs1 capibtis1 capibat capibant ,fut4 capiam1 capimus1 capis1 capitis1 capiet capi5t ,,subjunctive ,,mood4 ,pres4 capiam1 capimus1 capis1 capitis1 capiat capiant ,imp4 cap]em1 cap]mus1 cap]s1 cap]tis1 cap]et cap]5t ,,imp]ative ,,mood4 cape or capit1 capite or capitte1 capit capiunt ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,,inf9itive4 ,,p>ticiple4 ,pres4 cap]e capins ,,g]und4 ,g54 capi5d1 c4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,,passive ,,voice4 ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 ,pres4 capior1 capimur1 cap]is or -re1 capim91 capitur capiuntur ,imp4 capib>1 capibmur1 capibre or -ris1 capibm91 capibtur capibantur ,fut4 capi>1 capimur1 capire or -ris1 capim91 capitur capi5tur ,,subjunctive ,,mood4 ,pres4 capi>1 capimur1 capire or -ris1 capim91 capitur capiantur ,imp4 cap]]1 cap]mur1 cap]re or -ris1 cap]m91 cap]tur cap]5tur ,,imp]ative ,,mood4 cap]e or capitor1 capim91 capitor capiuntor ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,,inf9itive4 ,,g]undive4 ,pres4 capi capi5dus ---------------------------------------- ------------ #ghe4 ,!re are a doz5 v]bs 9 -1 -ere1 l capi1 & ?ree depon5ts 9 -ior1 -1 all =m$ f consonant roots ) a %ort v[el3 see #hcf4 ai1 say1 & f1 gr[1 become1 h c]ta9 peculi>ities aris+ f ! bl5d+ ( ! root ) ! suffix4 ,errata3 #ghd 7table7 444 capi pr9t$ z %[n3 error = cap8 #ghe 444 v]bs 9 -1 pr9t$ z %[n3 error = -i8 7#a47 ai1 say1 say ay1 av\* 7ag-74 #ghf4 ai1 say1 is defective1 & has only ^! p>ts 9 common use3 ------------------------------------- ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 ,ind4 ,pres4 ai1 ----1 ais1 ----1 ait aiunt ,ind4 ,imp4 aibam1 aibmus1 aibs1 aibtis1 aibat aibant ,subj4 ,pres4 ----1 ----1 ais1 ----1 ait ---- ------------------------------------- #ghg4 ,= ai1 sometimes writt5 aii 7#bc71 see #aec1 #b4 ,old =ms are3 pres5t ais1 as1 ais1 or ) -n int]rogative 91 a92 at1 ait1 or ax2 imp]fect aibam1 aibs1 aibat1 & aibant2 imp]ative once only1 a 7,naev474 ,a p>ticiple ai5tibus1 affirmative1 occurs once 7,cic474 ,errata3 #ghf 7table7 444 ait pr9t$ z %[n3 error = aiat8 #ghg 444 int]rogative 91 a9 pr9t$ z %[n3 9 error = an8 7#b47 f1 become1 am made4 #ghh4 f1 become1 & factus sum supplem5t ea* o!r3 9 ! pres5t sy/em1 ! passive ( faci1 make1 except ! g]undive1 faci5dus1 is n us$1 f1 c41 tak+ its place2 9 ! p]fect sy/em1 only factus sum1 c41 is us$4 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 ,ind4 ,pres4 f1 ----1 fs1 ----1 fit funt ,ind4 ,imp4 fbam1 fbmus1 fbs1 fbtis1 fbat fbant ,ind4 ,fut4 fam1 fmus1 fs1 ftis1 fet fent ,subj4 ,pres4 fam1 fmus1 fs1 ftis1 fat fant ,subj4 ,imp4 fi]em1 fi]mus1 fi]s1 fi]tis1 fi]et fi]5t ,imp]4 f fte ---------------------------------------- ------- ,inf94 ,pres4 fi] ,"p4 ,pres4 ---- ---------------------------------------- ------- #ghi4 ,9 f1 c41 repres5ts an old] ei1 se5 9 ,,fei5t 7inscr4 #de ,b4,c474 ,! inf9itive fi] = fi]ei owes its passive end+ to analogy2 ! active =m fi]e occurs twice 7,enn41 ,laev474 ,! v[el be=e -er- 9 fi]em1 c41 & fi]1 is sometimes long 9 ! dramati/s1 :]e a cretic 7- -7 is requir$1 b o!rwise always %ort4 #gij4 -f is us$ 9 app>5t comp\nds 7#cid73 z1 patfit4 ,9 real comp\nds commonly -ficior3 z1 cnficior2 b sometimes -f3 z1 cnfit1 cnfunt1 cnfat1 cnfi]et1 cnfi]5t1 cnfer2 dfit1 dfet1 dfat1 dfi]2 effit1 effant1 ecfer2 nfit2 int]fat1 int]fer2 sup]fit1 sup]fat4 #gia4 ,"s v]bs 9 -i1 -ere 7or -ior1 -71 h occasionally ! =m ( v]bs 9 -re 7or -r71 9 "s p>ts ( ! pres5t sy/em1 (t5e/ be=e an r1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ! passive inf9itive3 z1 fodr1 #c times 7,cato1 ,col4 #b71 circumfodr 7,col471 ecfodr 7,plaut472 adgr$r 7adgr$ri]71 #d times 7,plaut471 prgr$r 7,plaut472 morr #f times 7,plaut4 #d1 ,pomp41 ,ov471 morr twice 7,plaut41 ,t]472 orr1 always2 p>re1 twice 7,plaut41 ,enn472 usually potr 7potri]74 ,also cupret 7,lucr472 adgr$re1 adgr$bor1 adgr$mur 7,plaut472 mormur 7,enn472 orris 7,v>r41 ,s5471 adortur 7,lucil41 ,lucr471 orrtur 7,cic41 ,nep41 ,sall41 ,liv471 adorrtur 7,liv41 ,suet472 p>bis 7,pomp471 ,,p>iret 7inscr472 potris 7,manil471 pottur 7,lucil41 ,ov471 c41 c4 ,errata3 #gia 444 orr1 always orr4 adortur 7,lucil41 ,lucr471 f9al 1 pr9t$ 4 ,,ii4 ,,d5om9ative ,,v]bs4 7#a47 ,,v]bs ,,9 -re4 ,! ,fir/ ,conjugation4 #gib4 laud1 praise4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,pr9cipal ,,p>ts4 ,,pres4 ,,indic4 ,,pres4 ,,inf94 ,,p]f4 ,,indic4 ,,p]f4 ,,"p4 laud laudre laudv laudtus ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,active ,,voice4 ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,,pres5t ,,t5se4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 laud1 ,i praise1 laudmus1 we praise1 or am prais+ or are prais+ lauds1 ?\ praise/1 laudtis1 y praise1 or art prais+ or are prais+ laudat1 he praises1 laudant1 !y praise1 or is prais+ or are prais+ ,,imp]fect ,,t5se4 laudbam1 ,i 0 prais+1 laudbmus1 or ,i prais$ we 7 prais+1 or we prais$ laudbs1 ?\ w]t prais+1 laudbtis1 y 7 or ?\ prais$/ prais+1 or y prais$ laudbat1 he 0 prais+1 laudbant1 !y 7 or he prais$ prais+1 or !y prais$ ,,future ,,t5se4 laudb1 ,i %all praise laudbimus1 we %all praise laudbis1 ?\ wilt praise laudbitis1 y w praise laudbit1 he w praise laudbunt1 !y w praise ,,p]fect ,,t5se4 laudv1 ,i h prais$1 laudvimus1 we h prais$1 or ,i prais$ or we prais$ laudvi/1 ?\ ha/ laudvi/is1 y h prais$1 or ?\ prais$/ prais$1 or y prais$ laudvit1 he has prais$1 laudvrunt or -re1 or he prais$ !y h prais$1 or !y prais$ ,,plup]fect ,,t5se4 laudv]am1 ,i _h prais$ laudv]mus1 we _h prais$ laudv]s1 laudv]tis1 ?\ had/ prais$ y _h prais$ laudv]at1 he _h prais$ laudv]ant1 !y _h prais$ ,,future ,,p]fect ,,t5se4 laudv]1 laudv]imus1 ,i %all h prais$ we %all h prais$ laudv]is1 laudv]itis1 ?\ wilt h prais$ y w h prais$ laudv]it1 laudv]9t1 he w h prais$ !y w h prais$ ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,subjunctive ,,mood4 ,,pres5t ,,t5se4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 laudem1 may ,i praise laudmus1 let u praise lauds1 may/ ?\ praise laudtis1 may y praise laudet1 let him praise laud5t1 let !m praise ,,imp]fect ,,t5se4 laudrem1 ,i %\ld praise laudrmus1 we %\ld praise laudrs1 laudrtis1 ?\ w\ld/ praise y w\ld praise laudret1 he w\ld praise laudr5t1 !y w\ld praise ,,p]fect ,,t5se4 laudv]im1 laudv]mus1 ,i may h prais$ we may h prais$ laudv]s1 laudv]tis1 ?\ may/ h prais$ y may h prais$ laudv]it1 laudv]9t1 he may h prais$ !y may h prais$ ,,plup]fect ,,t5se4 laudvissem1 laudvissmus1 ,i %\ld h prais$ we %\ld h prais$ laudvisss1 laudvisstis1 ?\ w\ld/ h prais$ y w\ld h prais$ laudvisset1 laudviss5t1 he w\ld h prais$ !y w\ld h prais$ ,,imp]ative ,,mood4 laud or laudt1 praise1 laudte or laudtte1 praise1 ?\ %alt praise y %all praise laudt1 he %all praise laudant1 !y %all praise ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,n\ns ,,( ,,! ,,v]b4 ,,inf9itive4 ,,p>ticiple4 ,pres4 laudre1 ,pres4 laudns1 to praise prais+ ,p]f4 laudvisse1 to h prais$ ,fut4 laudtrus esse1 ,fut4 laudtrus1 to be go+ to praise go+ to praise ,,g]und4 ,,sup9e4 ,g54 laud&1 ( prais+ ,dat4 laud&1 = prais+ ,acc4 laud&um1 prais+ ,acc4 laudtum1 to praise ,abl4 laud&1 by prais+ ,abl4 99laudt1 9 prais+1 n us$ ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,erratum3 #gib 7table7 444 ,abl4 laud& 4 miss+ or invisible ,,v]bs ,,9 -re4 ,! ,fir/ ,conjugation4 #gic4 laudor1 am prais$4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,passive ,,voice4 ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,,pres5t ,,t5se4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 laudor1 laudmur1 ,i am prais$ we are prais$ laudris or -re1 laudm91 ?\ art prais$ y are prais$ laudtur1 laudantur1 he is prais$ !y are prais$ ,,imp]fect ,,t5se4 laudb>1 laudbmur1 ,i 0 prais$ we 7 prais$ laudbre or -ris1 laudbm91 ?\ w]t prais$ y 7 prais$ laudbtur1 laudbantur1 he 0 prais$ !y 7 prais$ ,,future ,,t5se4 laudbor1 laudbimur1 ,i %all be prais$ we %all be prais$ laudb]e or -ris1 laudbim91 ?\ wilt be prais$ y w be prais$ laudbitur1 laudbuntur1 he w be prais$ !y w be prais$ ,,p]fect ,,t5se4 laudtus sum1 ,i h be51 laudt sumus1 we h be51 or 0 prais$ or 7 prais$ laudtus es1 ?\ ha/ be51 laudt e/is1 or w]t prais$ y h be51 or 7 prais$ laudtus e/1 he has be51 laudt sunt1 or 0 prais$ !y h be51 or 7 prais$ ,,plup]fect ,,t5se4 laudtus eram1 laudt ermus1 ,i _h be5 prais$ we _h be5 prais$ laudtus ers1 laudt ertis1 ?\ had/ be5 prais$ y _h be5 prais$ laudtus erat1 laudt erant1 he _h be5 prais$ !y _h be5 prais$ ,,future ,,p]fect ,,t5se4 laudtus er1 laudt erimus1 ,i %all h be5 prais$ we %all h be5 prais$ laudtus eris1 laudt eritis1 ?\ wilt h be5 prais$ y w h be5 prais$ laudtus erit1 laudt erunt1 !y w he w h be5 prais$ h be5 prais$ ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,subjunctive ,,mood4 ,,pres5t ,,t5se4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 laud]1 laudmur1 may ,i be prais$ may we be prais$ laudre or -ris1 laudm91 may/ ?\ be prais$ may y be prais$ laudtur1 laud5tur1 let him be prais$ let !m be prais$ ,,imp]fect ,,t5se4 laudr]1 laudrmur1 ,i %\ld be prais$ we %\ld be prais$ laudrre or -ris1 laudrm91 ?\ w\ld/ be prais$ y w\ld be prais$ laudrtur1 laudr5tur1 he w\ld be prais$ !y w\ld be prais$ ,,p]fect ,,t5se4 laudtus sim1 laudt smus1 ,i may h be5 prais$ we may h be5 prais$ laudtus ss1 ?\ may/ laudt stis1 h be5 prais$ y may h be5 prais$ laudtus sit1 laudt s9t1 he may h be5 prais$ !y may h be5 prais$ ,,plup]fect ,,t5se4 laudtus essem1 laudt essmus1 we %\ld ,i %\ld h be5 prais$ h be5 prais$ laudtus esss1 ?\ laudt esstis1 y w\ld w\ld/ h be5 prais$ h be5 prais$ laudtus esset1 he w\ld laudt ess5t1 !y w\ld h be5 prais$ h be5 prais$ ,,imp]ative ,,mood4 laudre or laudtor1 laudm91 be prais$1 be prais$ ?\ %alt be prais$ laudtor1 laudantor1 he %all be prais$ !y %all be prais$ ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,n\ns ,,( ,,! ,,v]b4 ,,inf9itive4 ,,g]undive4 ,pres4 laudr1 laud&us1 to be prais$ to be prais$ ,p]f4 laudtus esse1 ,,p]fect ,,p>ticiple4 to h be5 prais$ laudtus1 prais$ ,fut4 99laudtum r1 to be go+ to be prais$1 n us$ 7#bbgc7 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- 7#b47 ,,v]bs ,,9 -re4 ,! ,second ,conjugation4 #gid4 mone1 advise4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,pr9cipal ,,p>ts4 ,,pres4 ,,indic4 ,,pres4 ,,inf94 ,,p]f4 ,,indic4 ,,p]f4 ,,"p4 mone monre monu monitus ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,active ,,voice4 ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,,pres5t ,,t5se4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 mone1 ,i advise1 monmus1 we advise1 or am advis+ or are advis+ mons1 ?\ advise/1 montis1 y advise1 or art advis+ or are advis+ monet1 he advises1 mon5t1 !y advise1 or is advis+ or are advis+ ,,imp]fect ,,t5se4 monbam1 ,i 0 advis+1 monbmus1 we 7 advis+1 or ,i advis$ or we advis$ monbs1 ?\ w]t advis+1 monbtis1 y 7 advis+1 or ?\ advis$/ or y advis$ monbat1 he 0 advis+1 monbant1 !y 7 advis+1 or he advis$ or !y advis$ ,,future ,,t5se4 monb1 ,i %all advise monbimus1 we %all advise monbis1 ?\ wilt advise monbitis1 y w advise monbit1 he w advise monbunt1 !y w advise ,,p]fect ,,t5se4 monu1 ,i h advis$1 monuimus1 we h advis$1 or ,i advis$ or we advis$ monui/1 ?\ ha/ advis$1 monui/is1 y h advis$1 or ?\ advis$/ or y advis$ monuit1 he has advis$1 monurunt or -re1 or he advis$ !y h advis$1 or !y advis$ ,,plup]fect ,,t5se4 monu]am1 ,i _h advis$ monu]mus1 we _h advis$ monu]s1 ?\ had/ advis$ monu]tis1 y _h advis$ monu]at1 he _h advis$ monu]ant1 !y _h advis$ ,,future ,,p]fect ,,t5se4 monu]1 monu]imus1 ,i %all h advis$ we %all h advis$ monu]is1 monu]itis1 ?\ wilt h advis$ y w h advis$ monu]it1 monu]9t1 he w h advis$ !y w h advis$ ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,subjunctive ,,mood4 ,,pres5t ,,t5se4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 moneam1 may ,i advise monemus1 let u advise mones1 may/ ?\ advise monetis1 may y advise moneat1 let him advise moneant1 let !m advise ,,imp]fect ,,t5se4 monrem1 ,i %\ld advise monrmus1 we %\ld advise monrs1 ?\ w\ld/ advise monrtis1 y w\ld advise monret1 he w\ld advise monr5t1 !y w\ld advise ,,p]fect ,,t5se4 monu]im1 monu]mus1 ,i may h advis$ we may h advis$ monu]s1 monu]tis1 ?\ may/ h advis$ y may h advis$ monu]it1 monu]9t1 he may h advis$ !y may h advis$ ,,plup]fect ,,t5se4 monuissem1 monuissmus1 ,i %\ld h advis$ we %\ld h advis$ monuisss1 monuisstis1 ?\ w\ld/ h advis$ y w\ld h advis$ monuisset1 monuiss5t1 he w\ld h advis$ !y w\ld h advis$ ,,imp]ative ,,mood4 mon or mont1 advise1 monte or montte1 advise1 ?\ %alt advise y %all advise mont1 he %all advise mon5t1 !y %all advise ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,n\ns ,,( ,,! ,,v]b4 ,,inf9itive4 ,,p>ticiple4 ,pres4 monre1 ,pres4 monns1 to advise advis+ ,p]f4 monuisse1 to h advis$ ,fut4 monitrus esse1 ,fut4 monitrus1 to be go+ to advise go+ to advise ,,g]und4 ,,sup9e4 ,g54 mon5d1 ( advis+ ,dat4 mon5d1 = advis+ ,acc4 mon5dum1 advis+ ,acc4 99monitum1 to advise1 n us$ ,abl4 mon5d1 by advis+ ,abl4 monit1 9 advis+ ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,erratum3 #gid 7table7 444 ,acc4 mon5dum1 advis+ 4 miss+ or invisible ,,v]bs ,,9 -re4 ,! ,second ,conjugation4 #gie4 moneor1 am advis$4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,passive ,,voice4 ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,,pres5t ,,t5se4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 moneor1 monmur1 ,i am advis$ we are advis$ monris or -re1 monm91 ?\ art advis$ y are advis$ montur1 mon5tur1 he is advis$ !y are advis$ ,,imp]fect ,,t5se4 monb>1 monbmur1 ,i 0 advis$ we 7 advis$ monbre or -ris1 monbm91 ?\ w]t advis$ y 7 advis$ monbtur1 monbantur1 he 0 advis$ !y 7 advis$ ,,future ,,t5se4 monbor1 monbimur1 ,i %all be advis$ we %all be advis$ monb]e or -ris1 monbim91 ?\ wilt be advis$ y w be advis$ monbitur1 monbuntur1 he w be advis$ !y w be advis$ ,,p]fect ,,t5se4 monitus sum1 ,i h be51 monit sumus1 we h be51 or 0 advis$ or 7 advis$ monitus es1 ?\ ha/ be51 monit e/is1 y h be51 or w]t advis$ or 7 advis$ monitus e/1 he has be51 monit sunt1 !y h be51 or 0 advis$ or 7 advis$ ,,plup]fect ,,t5se4 monitus eram1 monit ermus1 ,i _h be5 advis$ we _h be5 advis$ monitus ers1 monit ertis1 ?\ had/ be5 advis$ y _h be5 advis$ monitus erat1 monit erant1 he _h be5 advis$ !y _h be5 advis$ ,,future ,,p]fect ,,t5se4 monitus er1 monit erimus1 ,i %all h be5 advis$ we %all h be5 advis$ monitus eris1 monit eritis1 ?\ wilt h be5 advis$ y w h be5 advis$ monitus erit1 monit erunt1 !y w he w h be5 advis$ h be5 advis$ ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,subjunctive ,,mood4 ,,pres5t ,,t5se4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 mone>1 monemur1 may ,i be advis$ may we be advis$ monere or -ris1 monem91 may/ ?\ be advis$ may y be advis$ monetur1 moneantur1 let him be advis$ let !m be advis$ ,,imp]fect ,,t5se4 monr]1 monrmur1 ,i %\ld be advis$ we %\ld be advis$ monrre or -ris1 monrm91 ?\ w\ld/ be advis$ y w\ld be advis$ monrtur1 monr5tur1 he w\ld be advis$ !y w\ld be advis$ ,,p]fect ,,t5se4 monitus sim1 monit smus1 ,i may h be5 advis$ we may h be5 advis$ monitus ss1 ?\ may/ monit stis1 h be5 advis$ y may h be5 advis$ monitus sit1 monit s9t1 he may h be5 advis$ !y may h be5 advis$ ,,plup]fect ,,t5se4 monitus essem1 monit essmus1 we %\ld ,i %\ld h be5 advis$ h be5 advis$ monitus esss1 ?\ w\ld/ monit esstis1 y w\ld h be5 advis$ h be5 advis$ monitus esset1 monit ess5t1 !y w\ld he w\ld h be5 advis$ h be5 advis$ ,,imp]ative ,,mood4 monre or montor1 monm91 be advis$1 be advis$ ?\ %alt be advis$ montor1 mon5tor1 he %all be advis$ !y %all be advis$ ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,n\ns ,,( ,,! ,,v]b4 ,,inf9itive4 ,,g]undive4 ,pres4 monr1 mon5dus1 to be advis$ to be advis$ ,p]f4 monitus esse1 ,,p]fect ,,p>ticiple4 to h be5 advis$ monitus1 advis$ ,fut4 99monitum r1 to be go+ to be advis$1 n us$ 7#bbgc7 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- 7#c47 ,,v]bs ,,9 -re4 ,! ,f\r? ,conjugation4 #gif4 audi1 he>4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,pr9cipal ,,p>ts4 ,,pres4 ,,indic4 ,,pres4 ,,inf94 ,,p]f4 ,,indic4 ,,p]f4 ,,"p4 audi audre audv audtus ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,active ,,voice4 ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,,pres5t ,,t5se4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 audi1 ,i he>1 audmus1 we he>1 or am he>+ or are he>+ auds1 ?\ he>e/1 audtis1 y he>1 or art he>+ or are he>+ audit1 he he>s1 audiunt1 !y he>1 or is he>+ or are he>+ ,,imp]fect ,,t5se4 audibam1 ,i 0 he>+1 audibmus1 we 7 he>+1 or ,i he>d or we he>d audibs1 ?\ w]t he>+1 audibtis1 y 7 he>+1 or ?\ he>d/ or y he>d audibat1 he 0 he>+1 audibant1 !y 7 he>+1 or he he>d or !y he>d ,,future ,,t5se4 audiam1 ,i %all he> audimus1 we %all he> audis1 ?\ wilt he> auditis1 y w he> audiet1 he w he> audi5t1 !y w he> ,,p]fect ,,t5se4 audv1 ,i h he>d1 audvimus1 we h he>d1 or ,i he>d or we he>d audvi/1 ?\ ha/ he>d1 audvi/is1 y h he>d1 or ?\ he>d/ or y he>d audvit1 he has he>d1 audvrunt or -re1 or he he>d !y h he>d1 or !y he>d ,,plup]fect ,,t5se4 audv]am1 ,i _h he>d audv]mus1 we _h he>d audv]s1 ?\ had/ he>d audv]tis1 y _h he>d audv]at1 he _h he>d audv]ant1 !y _h he>d ,,future ,,p]fect ,,t5se4 audv]1 audv]imus1 ,i %all h he>d we %all h he>d audv]is1 audv]itis1 ?\ wilt h he>d y w h he>d audv]it1 audv]9t1 he w h he>d !y w h he>d ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,subjunctive ,,mood4 ,,pres5t ,,t5se4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 audiam1 may ,i he> audimus1 let u he> audis1 may/ ?\ he> auditis1 may y he> audiat1 let him he> audiant1 let !m he> ,,imp]fect ,,t5se4 audrem1 ,i %\ld he> audrmus1 we %\ld he> audrs1 ?\ w\ld/ he> audrtis1 y w\ld he> audret1 he w\ld he> audr5t1 !y w\ld he> ,,p]fect ,,t5se4 audv]im1 audv]mus1 ,i may h he>d we may h he>d audv]s1 audv]tis1 ?\ may/ h he>d y may h he>d audv]it1 audv]9t1 he may h he>d !y may h he>d ,,plup]fect ,,t5se4 audvissem1 audvissmus1 ,i %\ld h he>d we %\ld h he>d audvisss1 audvisstis1 ?\ w\ld/ h he>d y w\ld h he>d audvisset1 audviss5t1 he w\ld h he>d !y w\ld h he>d ,,imp]ative ,,mood4 aud or audt1 audte or audtte1 he>1 ?\ %alt he> he>1 y %all he> audt1 he %all he> audiunt1 !y %all he> ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,n\ns ,,( ,,! ,,v]b4 ,,inf9itive4 ,,p>ticiple4 ,pres4 audre1 ,pres4 audins1 to he> he>+ ,p]f4 audvisse1 to h he>d ,fut4 audtrus esse1 ,fut4 audtrus1 to be go+ to he> go+ to he> ,,g]und4 ,,sup9e4 ,g54 audi5d1 ( he>+ ,dat4 audi5d1 = he>+ ,acc4 audi5dum1 he>+ ,acc4 audtum1 to he> ,abl4 audi5d1 by he>+ ,abl4 audt1 9 he>+ ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,v]bs ,,9 -re4 ,! ,f\r? ,conjugation4 #gig4 audior1 am he>d4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,passive ,,voice4 ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,,pres5t ,,t5se4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 audior1 audmur1 ,i am he>d we are he>d audris or -re1 audm91 ?\ art he>d y are he>d audtur1 audiuntur1 he is he>d !y are he>d ,,imp]fect ,,t5se4 audib>1 audibmur1 ,i 0 he>d we 7 he>d audibre or -ris1 audibm91 ?\ w]t he>d y 7 he>d audibtur1 audibantur1 he 0 he>d !y 7 he>d ,,future ,,t5se4 audi>1 audimur1 ,i %all be he>d we %all be he>d audire or -ris1 audim91 ?\ wilt be he>d y w be he>d auditur1 audi5tur1 he w be he>d !y w be he>d ,,p]fect ,,t5se4 audtus sum1 ,i h be51 audt sumus1 we h be51 or 0 he>d or 7 he>d audtus es1 ?\ ha/ be51 audt e/is1 y h or w]t he>d be51 or 7 he>d audtus e/1 he has be51 audt sunt1 !y h or 0 he>d be51 or 7 he>d ,,plup]fect ,,t5se4 audtus eram1 audt ermus1 ,i _h be5 he>d we _h be5 he>d audtus ers1 audt ertis1 ?\ had/ be5 he>d y _h be5 he>d audtus erat1 audt erant1 he _h be5 he>d !y _h be5 he>d ,,future ,,p]fect ,,t5se4 audtus er1 audt erimus1 ,i %all h be5 he>d we %all h be5 he>d audtus eris1 audt eritis1 ?\ wilt h be5 he>d y w h be5 he>d audtus erit1 audt erunt1 he w h be5 he>d !y w h be5 he>d ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,subjunctive ,,mood4 ,,pres5t ,,t5se4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 audi>1 may ,i be he>d audimur1 may we be he>d audire or -ris1 audim91 may y be he>d may/ ?\ be he>d auditur1 let him be he>d audiantur1 let !m be he>d ,,imp]fect ,,t5se4 audr]1 audrmur1 ,i %\ld be he>d we %\ld be he>d audrre or -ris1 audrm91 ?\ w\ld/ be he>d y w\ld be he>d audrtur1 audr5tur1 he w\ld be he>d !y w\ld be he>d ,,p]fect ,,t5se4 audtus sim1 audt smus1 ,i may h be5 he>d we may h be5 he>d audtus ss1 audt stis1 ?\ may/ h be5 he>d y may h be5 he>d audtus sit1 audt s9t1 he may h be5 he>d !y may h be5 he>d ,,plup]fect ,,t5se4 audtus essem1 audt essmus1 ,i %\ld h be5 he>d we %\ld h be5 he>d audtus esss1 ?\ w\ld/ audt esstis1 h be5 he>d y w\ld h be5 he>d audtus esset1 audt ess5t1 !y w\ld he w\ld h be5 he>d h be5 he>d ,,imp]ative ,,mood4 audre or audtor1 be he>d1 audm91 be he>d ?\ %alt be he>d audtor1 audiuntor1 he %all be he>d !y %all be he>d ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,n\ns ,,( ,,! ,,v]b4 ,,inf9itive4 ,,g]undive4 ,pres4 audr1 audi5dus1 to be he>d to be he>d ,p]f4 audtus esse1 ,,p]fect ,,p>ticiple4 to h be5 he>d audtus1 he>d ,fut4 audtum r1 to be go+ to be he>d 7#bbgc7 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,! ,,depon5t ,,v]b4 #gih4 ,depon5ts1 t is1 v]bs ) passive p]son end+s & a reflexive or an active mean+ 7#gbe71 h ^! active n\n =ms3 p>ticiples1 ! future inf9itive1 ! g]und1 & ! sup9es4 ,! p]fect p>ticiple is usually active1 b sometimes passive2 ! g]undive always passive4 ,! foll[+ is a synopsis ( depon5ts3 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,pr9cipal ,,p>ts4 qu]or1 compla91 qu]1 que/us mror1 wond]1 mrr1 mrtus v]eor1 fe>1 v]r1 v]itus p>tior1 %>e1 "pr1 "ptus ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,i4 - ,,ii4 7#a47 -r 7#b47 -r 7#c47 -r ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,pres4 qu]or mror v]eor p>tior ,imp4 qu]b> mrb> v]b> p>tib> ,fut4 qu]> mrbor v]bor p>ti> ,p]f4 que/us sum mrtus sum v]itus sum "ptus sum ,plup4 que/us mrtus v]itus "ptus eram eram eram eram ,f4 ,p4 que/us er mrtus er v]itus er "ptus er ,,subjunctive ,,mood4 ,pres4 qu]> mr] v]e> p>ti> ,imp4 qu]]] mrr] v]r] "pr] ,p]f4 que/us sim mrtus sim v]itus sim "ptus sim ,plup4 que/us mrtus v]itus "ptus essem essem essem essem ,,imp]ative ,,mood4 qu]]e mrre v]re "pre ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,p>ticiples4 ,pres4 qu]ns mrns v]ns p>tins ,p]f4 que/us mrtus v]itus "ptus ,fut4 que/rus mrtrus v]itrus "ptrus ,,inf9itive4 ,pres4 qu] mrr v]r "pr ,p]f4 que/us mrtus v]itus "ptus esse esse esse esse ,fut4 que/rus mrtrus v]itrus "ptrus esse esse esse esse ,,g]und ,,& ,,g]undive4 ,g54 qu]5d1 mr&1 v]5d1 p>ti5d1 c4 c4 c4 c4 qu]5dus mr&us v]5dus p>ti5dus ,,sup9e4 ,acc4 que/um 99mrtum 99v]itum 99"ptum ,abl4 99que/ mrt 99v]it 99"pt ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #gii4 ,?ree depon5ts 9 -ior1 -1 gradior1 walk1 morior1 die1 & patior1 suff]1 & _! comp\nds1 h a pres5t sy/em l ! passive ( capi 7#ghd74 ,b adgr$ior & prgr$ior & morior & morior h sometimes ! =ms ( v]bs 9 -r2 = ^!1 & = orior1 arise1 orr1 ortus1 & potior1 become ma/] (1 potr1 pottus1 see #gia4 ,by f> ! l>ge/ numb] ( depon5ts are v]bs 9 -r1 l mror1 mrr 7#cfh74 #hjj4 ,"s v]bs wav] betwe5 active & passive p]son end+s3 z1 ads5ti1 agree1 ads5tre1 & ads5tior1 ads5tr2 popul1 ravage1 populre1 & populor1 populr3 see #adha4 #hja4 ,a few v]bs are depon5t 9 ! pres5t sy/em only3 z1 dvortor1 turn 91 p]fect dvort2 revortor1 turn back1 p]fect revort1 b ) active p]fect p>ticiple revorsus4 ,f\r are depon5t 9 ! p]fect sy/em only3 fd1 tru/1 fd]e1 fsus1 & ! comp\nds1 cnfd1 diffd2 & aude1 d>e1 audre1 ausus1 gaude1 feel glad1 gaudre1 gvsus1 & sole1 am us$1 solre1 solitus4 ,mo/ imp]sonals 9 -re h bo? an active & a depon5t =m 9 ! p]fect sy/em3 see #hae1 #haf4 ,,p]iphra/ic ,,=ms4 #hjb4 7#a47 ,! future active p>ticiple ) a =m ( sum is us$ to d5ote an int5d$ or future action3 z1 rctrus sum1 ,i am go+ to rule1 int5d to rule4 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 ,pres4 rctrus sum1 rctr sumus1 es1 e/is1 e/ sunt ,imp4 rctrus eram1 rctr ermus1 ers1 ertis1 erat erant ,fut4 rctrus er1 rctr erimus1 eris1 eritis1 erit erunt ,p]f4 rctrus fu1 rctr fuimus1 fui/1 fui/is1 fuit furunt ,plup4 rctrus fu]am1 rctr fu]mus1 fu]s1 fu]tis1 fu]at fu]ant ,,subjunctive ,,mood4 ,pres4 rctrus sim1 rctr smus1 ss1 stis1 sit s9t ,imp4 rctrus essem1 rctr essmus1 esss1 esstis1 esset ess5t ,p]f4 rctrus fu]im1 rctr fu]mus1 fu]s1 fu]tis1 fu]it fu]9t ,plup4 rctrus fuissem1 rctr fuissmus1 fuisss1 fuisstis1 fuisset fuiss5t ---------------------------------------- --------- ,,inf9itive4 ,pres4 rctrus esse ,p]f4 rctrus fuisse ---------------------------------------- --------- #hjc4 ,a future p]fect is h>dly ev] us$3 z1 fu]it victrus 7,s5474 ,9 ! imp]fect subjunctive1 =em1 =s1 =et1 & =5t are sometimes us$ 7,nep41 ,sall41 ,liv41 ,vell474 #hjd4 7#b47 ,! g]undive ) a =m ( sum is us$ to d5ote action :i* requires to be done3 z1 reg5dus sum1 ,i am to be rul$1 mu/ be rul$4 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 ,pres4 reg5dus sum1 reg5d sumus1 es1 e/is1 e/ sunt ,imp4 reg5dus eram1 reg5d ermus1 ers1 ertis1 erat erant ,fut4 reg5dus er1 reg5d erimus1 eris1 eritis1 erit erunt ,p]f4 reg5dus fu1 reg5d fuimus1 fui/1 fui/is1 fuit furunt ,plup4 reg5dus fu]am1 reg5d fu]mus1 fu]s1 fu]tis1 fu]at fu]ant ,,subjunctive ,,mood4 ,pres4 reg5dus sim1 reg5d smus1 ss1 stis1 sit s9t ,imp4 reg5dus essem1 reg5d essmus1 esss1 esstis1 esset ess5t ,p]f4 reg5dus fu]im1 reg5d fu]mus1 fu]s1 fu]tis1 fu]it fu]9t ,plup4 reg5dus fuissem1 reg5d fuissmus1 fuisss1 fuisstis1 fuisset fuiss5t ---------------------------------------- --------- ,,inf9itive4 ,pres4 reg5dus esse ,p]f4 reg5dus fuisse ---------------------------------------- --------- ,erratum3 #hjd 7table7 444 ,,subjunctive ,,mood4 4 miss+ or invisible ,,defective ,,v]bs4 #hje4 7#a47 ,"s v]bs h only a few =ms3 z1 inquam1 quo? ,i 7#gfj72 ai1 av\* 7#ghf74 ,see also apage1 avaunt1 get !e beh9d me1 c$o1 give1 tell1 fr1 to lift up "o's voice1 hav or av & salv1 all hail1 ovat1 triumphs1 & quaes1 pri!e1 9 ! diction>y4 #hjf4 7#b47 ,_m v]bs h only ! pres5t sy/em2 su* are3 #hjg4 7a47 sum1 am 7#gde72 f]1 c>ry 7#ghj72 f1 gr[1 become 7#ghh74 #hjh4 7b47 ,"s v]bs 9 -ere3 ang1 ?rottle1 bt1 g1 clang1 s\nd1 claud or claude1 hobble1 fatsc1 gape1 glsc1 wax1 glb1 peel1 hsc1 gape1 temn1 scorn1 vd1 g1 v]g1 slope4 ,also _m inceptives 7#hcd73 z1 dtsc1 get ri*1 dulcsc1 get sweet1 c41 c4 #hji4 7c47 ,"s v]bs 9 -re3 albe1 am :ite1 ave1 long1 calve1 am bald1 cne1 am gray1 clue1 am call$1 hight1 flve1 am yell[1 hebe1 am blunt1 imm9e1 ?reat51 lacte1 suck1 lve1 look d>k1 ma]e1 m\rn1 polle1 am /rong1 r5de1 am radiant1 squle1 am scaly1 me1 am wet4 #haj4 7d47 ,"s v]bs 9 -re3 balbti1 sputt]1 f]i1 /rike1 ganni1 yelp1 inepti1 am a fool1 sup]bi1 am /uck up1 tussi1 c\gh4 ,also mo/ desid]atives 7#cge74 #haa4 ,_m v]bs are n att5d$ by a p]fect p>ticiple1 & lack 9 consequ5ce ! p]fect passive sy/em1 or1 if depon5t1 ! p]fect active sy/em4 #hab4 7#c47 ,"s v]bs h only ! p]fect sy/em3 s p>ticul>ly coep1 h begun1 began 7#abj72 & ) a pres5t mean+1 d1 h come to hate1 hate2 & mem91 h call$ to m9d1 rememb]4 ,! foll[+ is a synopsis ( ^! ?ree v]bs3 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,active4 ,passive4 ,active4 ,active4 ,p]f4 coep coeptus sum d mem9 ,plup4 coep]am coeptus eram d]am mem9]am ,f4 ,p4 coep] coeptus er d] mem9] ,,subjunctive ,,mood4 ,p]f4 coep]im coeptus sim d]im mem9]im ,plup4 coepissem coeptus essem dissem mem9issem ,,imp]ative ,,mood4 ,p]f4 ---- ---- ---- mem5t1 mem5tte ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,inf9itive4 ,p]f4 coepisse coeptus esse disse mem9isse ,,p>ticiples4 ,p]f4 coeptus ---- ---- ,fut4 coeptrus srus ---- ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #hac4 ,a few =ms ( ! pres5t sy/em ( coep occur 9 old writ]s3 z1 coepi 7,plaut471 coepiam 7,caec41 ,cato71 coepiat 7,plaut471 coep]et 7,t]471 & coep]e 7,plaut472 p]fect once copit 7,lucr474 sus sum or fu 7,plaut41 ,c4 ,grac*41 ,gell471 exsus sum 7,v]g41 ,s541 ,curt41 ,gell471 & p]sus sum 7,suet41 ,col41 ,qu9t471 are sometimes us$ z depon5ts4 mem9 is ! only v]b :i* has a p]fect imp]ative active4 d & mem9 h no passive4 #had4 coeptrus is r r>e & late 7,liv4 #b1 ,pl941 ,suet471 once z future inf9itive 7,qu9t472 & srus is v r>e 7,cic41 ,gell474 exsus & p]sus1 z active p>ticiples1 hat+ bitt]ly1 are n uncommon 9 writ]s ( ! empire2 ! simple sus is n us$ z a p>ticiple4 #hae4 7#d47 ,imp]sonal v]bs h usually only ! ?ird p]son s+ul>1 & ! inf9itive pres5t & p]fect3 z1 7a47 pluit1 x ra9s1 tonat1 x ?und]s1 & o!r v]bs d5ot+ ! op]ations ( nature4 7b47 ,also a few v]bs 9 -re d5ot+ feel+3 z1 mis]et 7or mis]tur1 mis]scit71 x di/resses1 mis]itum e/2 pa5itet1 x rep5ts1 pa5ituit2 piget1 x grieves1 piguit or pigitum e/2 pudet1 x %ames1 puduit or puditum e/2 ta$et1 x is a bore1 taesum e/4 #haf4 ,"s o!r v]bs1 less correctly call$ imp]sonal1 ) an inf9itive or a s5t5ce z subject1 are likewise defective3 z1 lubet or libet1 x suits1 lubitum or libitum e/1 lubuit or libuit2 licet1 x is all[$1 licuit or licitum e/2 oportet1 x is prop]1 oportuit2 r f]t or rf]t1 x conc]ns1 r f]re or rf]re1 r tulit or rtulit4 ,= ! imp]sonal use ( ! ?ird p]son s+ul> passive1 z pugntur1 !re is fight+1 pugn&um e/1 !re mu/ be fight+1 see #gbd4 #hag4 ,( ! imp]sonals 9 -re1 "s h o!r =ms besides ! ?ird p]son s+ul> & ! inf9itives3 z1 pa5itns1 rep5t+1 pa5it5dus1 to be regrett$1 late2 pig5dus1 irksome2 pudns1 mode/1 pud5dus1 %ameful1 puditrum1 go+ to %ame2 lubns or libns1 ) will+ m9d1 gladly1 v common inde$2 imp]ative ,,liceto1 be x all[$ 7inscrr4 #acc-aaa ,b4,c471 licns1 unre/ra9$1 licitus1 all[able2 g]unds pud5dum1 pud5d1 pig5dum4 ,erratum 79 table73 #hab 7table7 444 d di ,,r$undant ,,v]bs4 #hah4 7#a47 ,"s v]bs h m ?an "o =m ( ! pres5t /em3 ?us1 #hai4 7a47 ,v]bs 9 -ere h r>ely =ms ( v]bs 9 -re 9 ! pres5t sy/em3 z1 abnue1 nod no1 abnubunt 7,enn471 = abnu1 abnu5t2 congrure1 to agree 7,t]471 = congru]e4 ,= v]bs 9 -i1 -ere 7or -ior1 -71 ) =ms ( v]bs 9 -re 7or -r71 see #gia4 ,once pnsbant 7,enn474 #hbj4 7b47 ,"s v]bs 9 -re h occasionally a pres5t /em l v]bs 9 -ere3 z1 lavis1 wa%e/1 lavit1 c41 = lavs1 lavat1 c42 sonit1 s\nds1 sonunt1 = sonat1 sonant4 ,o!rs h occasionally a pres5t /em l v]bs 9 -re3 z1 dnse1 ?ick51 dnsr1 = dns1 dnsr4 #hba4 7c47 ,"s v]bs 9 -re h occasionally a pres5t /em l v]bs 9 -ere3 z1 f]vit1 boils1 f]vont1 = f]vet1 f]v5t4 ,see also fulge1 ole1 scate1 /rde1 t]ge1 tueor 9 ! diction>y4 cie1 set a go+1 sometimes has a pres5t /em 9 -re1 p>ticul>ly 9 comp\nds3 z1 cmus1 ciunt1 = cimus1 ci5t4 #hbb4 7d47 ,"s v]bs 9 -re h occasionally a pres5t /em l v]bs 9 -ere3 z1 v5unt1 turn out1 = v5iunt2 v5at1 v5ant1 = v5iat1 v5iant1 & adv5at1 p]v5at1 = adv5iat1 p]v5iat 7,plaut474 #hbc4 7#b47 ,"s v]bs h m ?an "o =m ( ! p]fect /em3 z1 e1 g1 old 7#gfe71 common i1 r>ely v 7#gfg72 pluit1 x ra9s1 pluit1 sometimes plvit4 ,see also pang1 p>c1 clep1 voll or vell1 intelleg1 pn1 nect1 & adnect1 sali & nsili1 applic1 explic & implic1 dmic & nec 9 ! diction>y4 ,"s comp\nd v]bs h a =m ( ! p]fect :i* is diff]5t f t ( ! simple v]b3 z1 c1 make music1 cec91 conc9u1 occ9u2 pung1 pun*1 pupug1 compunx1 expunx2 leg1 pick up1 lg1 dlx1 intellx1 neglx2 em1 take1 buy1 m 7adm1 exm71 cmps1 dmps1 prmps1 smps4 ,,=mation ,,( ,,/ems4 ,,v>iable ,,v[el4 #hbd4 ,! f9al v[el ( a t5se /em is said to be v>iable :5 x is -o- 9 "s ( ! =ms1 & -u-1 -e-1 or -i- 9 o!rs4 #hbe4 ,! sign = ! v>iable v[el is -oe-3 ?us1 regoe-1 :i* may be read #8rego- or rege-1' repres5ts rego- or regu-1 rege- or regi-1 z se5 9 rego-r or regu-nt1 rege-re or regi-t4 #hbf4 ,! v>iable v[el occurs 9 ! pres5t ( v]bs 9 -ere1 except 9 ! subjunctive1 9 ! future 9 -b or -bor1 & 9 ! future p]fect1 z may be se5 9 ! p>adigms4 ,x is usually %ort2 b 9 ! active1 o is long3 z1 reg1 laudb1 laudv]2 & poets r>ely l5g!n i 9 ! second & ?ird p]son s+ul> ( ! pres5t4 ,= ! future p]fect1 see #hhb4 #hbg4 ,9 old ,lat91 ! /em v[el ( ! ?ird p]son plural ( ! pres5t 0 o3 z1 ,,cos5tiont2 o 0 long reta9$ aft] v1 u1 or qu 7#ajg1 c73 z1 vvont1 ruont1 sequontur2 or1 if o 0 n reta9$1 qu became c3 z1 secuntur4 ,i4 ,,! ,,pres5t ,,sy/em4 ,,pres5t ,,indicative ,,/em4 ,i4 ,,primitives4 7,a47 ,,root ,,v]bs4 #hbh4 ,a root )\t addition is us$ z ! pres5t /em1 9 ! pres5t t5se or p>ts ( ! pres5t t5se1 9 root v]bs 7#gdd-gha73 z1 es-t1 is2 da-t1 gives2 inqui-t1 quo? he2 i-t1 goes2 nequi-t1 c't2 s-t1 eats2 vol-t1 w2 f]-t1 c>ries4 ,) r$uplicat$ root 7#ahi73 bibi-t1 dr9ks2 s]i-t1 s[s2 si/i-t1 sets4 7,b47 ,,v]bs ,,9 -ere4 #hbi4 7#a47 ,! pres5t /em ( _m v]bs 9 -ere is =m$ by add+ a v>iable v[el -oe-1 :i* appe>s 9 ! fir/ p]son s+ul> active z -1 to a root end+ 9 a consonant or 9 two consonants3 z1 ,,pres5t ,,/em4 ,,v]b4 ,,f ,,!me4 regoe- reg1 guide reg- v]toe- v]t1 turn v]t- ,o!r examples are3 teg1 cov]1 pet1 make =2 m]g1 dip1 s]p1 creep2 p5d1 weigh2 dc1 say1 fd1 tru/1 scrb1 write1 ) long = ei 7#ih72 dc1 lead1 ) long = eu1 ou 7#ajj72 ld1 play1 ) long = oi1 oe 7#ii72 la$1 hit1 claud1 %ut2 rd1 scrape1 cd1 move along1 fg1 fix1 rd1 gnaw1 glb1 peel4 99fur1 rave2 ag1 drive1 al1 nurture4 gign1 beget1 7g5-1 gn-71 has r$uplication1 & sd1 settle1 light 7s$-1 sd-71 is also ! result ( an anci5t r$uplication 7#ahi74 #hcj4 ,9 "s pres5t /ems an orig9al consonant has be5 modifi$3 z1 g]1 c>ry 7ges-71 r1 burn 7#aed72 trah1 draw 7tragh-71 veh1 c>t 7#aeb72 or has disappe>$3 z1 flu1 fl[ 7flgu-74 #hca4 ,"s roots 9 a mute h a nasal be=e ! mute 9 ! pres5t /em3 z1 frang1 break 7frag-74 ,o!r examples are3 iung1 jo91 l9qu1 leave1 pang1 fix1 p+1 pa9t2 f9d1 cleave1 fund1 p\r2 -cumb1 lie1 lamb1 lick1 rump1 break 7#afd1 #c74 ,! nasal sometimes runs ov] into ! p]fect or p]fect p>ticiple1 or bo?4 #hcb4 7#b47 ,! pres5t /em ( _m v]bs 9 -ere is =m$ by add+ a suffix end+ 9 a v>iable v[el -oe-1 :i* appe>s 9 ! fir/ p]son s+ul> active z -1 to a root3 ?us1 -n1 -sc1 -t1 -i3 z1 ,,pres5t ,,/em4 ,,v]b4 ,,f ,,!me4 l9oe- l91 besme> li- crscoe- crsc1 gr[ cr- pectoe- pect1 comb pec- capioe- capi1 take cap- #hcc4 7a47 -n is add$ to roots 9 a v[el1 or 9 a cont9u\s s\nd1 -m-1 -r-1 or -l-4 ,s regul>ly l91 besme>1 s91 let2 temn1 scorn1 c]n1 sift1 sp]n1 spurn1 only4 ,! ?ird p]sons plural danunt 7,naev41 ,plaut47 = dant1 prdnunt1 r$nunt 7,enn47 = prdeunt1 r$eunt h>dly belong "h2 _! =mation is obscure4 ,9 a few v]bs1 -n is assimilat$ 7#aff1 #f73 z1 toll1 lift4 ,sometimes ! d\bl$ l runs into ! p]fect 7#hee73 z1 vell1 fefell4 m9u1 less51 & /]nu1 sneeze1 h a long] suffix -nuoe-4 #hcd4 7b47 -sc1 usually mean+ #8beg9 to1' =ms pres5ts call$ ,inceptives or ,in*oatives4 -sc is atta*$3 fir/1 to roots3 z1 nscor1 am born1 nsc1 le>n1 psc1 fe$1 scsc1 resolve2 consonant roots h 1 less commonly 1 be=e ! suffix3 z1 tremsc or tremsc1 fall a-trembl+1 nancscor1 get 7#hca72 b disc1 le>n 7#agj1 #a71 & posc1 dem& 7#agj1 #aj71 are %ort5$2 see #afh4 ,secondly1 to a =m ( ! pres5t /em ( d5om9ative v]bs1 especially ( ^? 9 -re3 z1 clrsc1 bright52 ! /em is (t5 assum$ only1 z 9 invet]sc1 gr[ old1 mtrsc1 get ripe4 ,_m inceptives are us$ only 9 composition3 z1 extimsc1 get sc>$1 obdormsc1 drop asleep4 #hce4 7c47 -t occurs 9 ! foll[+ pres5ts f guttural roots3 flect1 turn1 nect1 /r+1 pect1 comb1 plector1 am /ruck1 amplector1 hug1 complector1 clasp4 ,f a l+ual root vid-1 comes vs1 g to see1 call on 7#aec74 ,f v[el roots3 bt or bt1 g1 & met1 m[4 #hcf4 7d47 -i is usually add$ to consonant roots ) a %ort v[el2 ! foll[+ h pres5ts =m$ by ?is suffix3 capi1 take1 cupi1 want1 faci1 make1 fodi1 dig1 fugi1 run away1 iaci1 ?r[1 p>i1 br+ =?1 quati1 %ake1 rapi1 seize1 sapi1 h s5se1 & _! comp\nds2 ! comp\nds ( 99laci1 lure1 & speci or spici1 spy1 & ! depon5ts gradior1 /ep1 morior1 die1 & patior1 suff]1 & _! comp\nds4 ,= occasional =ms l ^? ( v]bs 9 -re 7or -r71 see #gia4 ,= ai1 see #ghf2 = f1 #ghh4 #hcg4 ,a few pres5t /ems are =m$ by add+ a v>iable v[el -oe-1 = an old] -ioe-1 to a v[el root3 z1 ru1 tumble d[n1 rui-s1 rui-t1 rui-mus1 rui-tis1 ruu-nt 7#aad74 ,v[el roots 9 --1 --1 or -- h a pres5t /em l t ( d5om9atives3 z1 /1 /&1 /-s1 /a-t1 /-mus1 /-tis1 /a-nt2 fle1 weep1 fl-s1 fle-t1 fl-mus1 fl-tis1 fle-nt2 ne1 sp91 has once neu-nt = ne-nt 7,tib472 sci1 "k1 sc-s1 sci-t1 sc-mus1 sc-tis1 sciu-nt4 #hch4 ,mo/ pres5t /ems =m$ by add+ ! suffix -i to a root end+ 9 -l-1 -r-1 or -n-1 & all =m$ by add+ -i to a long syllable1 h ! =m ( d5om9atives 9 -re 9 ! pres5t sy/em3 z1 sali1 leap1 salre1 ap]i1 op51 ap]re1 v5i1 come1 v5re2 f>ci1 cram1 f>cre4 ,errata3 #hcj 444 7tragh-7 444 7flgu-74 ,9 ^! two roots1 ! pairs 8gh0 & 8gu0 are pr9t$ toge!r1 :ile ! o!r lett]s ( ! root are spac$ z usual4 #hcd 444 less commonly 1 be=e ! suffix 4 be=e #hce 444 pect1 comb pect comb ,,ii4 ,,d5om9atives4 #hci4 ,! pres5t /em ( d5om9atives is =m$ by atta*+ a v>iable v[el -oe-1 = an old] -ioe-1 to a !me consi/+ ( a n\n /em3 z1 ,,uncontract$ ,,pres5t ,,/em4 ,,v]b4 ,,f ,,!me4 cnaoe- cn1 d9e cn- flreoe- flre1 blossom flre- ve/ioe- ve/i1 dress ve/i- acuoe- acu1 po9t acu- ,! n\n /em end+ is (t5 slightly modifi$ 9 =m+ ! !me3 ?us1 laud- becomes laud- 9 laud = 99laud-1 & flr- becomes flre- 9 flre-4 #hdj4 ,9 _m ( ! =ms1 ! f9al v[el ( ! !me is contract$ ) ! v>iable v[el3 z1 plant1 plants 7#aah1 #c7 = 99planti1 99planties 7#aec1 #b72 mons = 99monies 7#aah1 #a71 auds = 99audies 7#aah1 #c74 ,! long 1 1 or 1 is regul>ly %ort5$ 9 "s ( ! =ms3 z1 scit1 arat1 habet1 = ,plaut9e sct1 art1 habt4 ,9 a few =ms no contraction occurs3 z1 mone1 audi1 audiu-nt1 audie-ntis1 c41 audie-ndus1 c4 7#aad74 ,d5om9atives f /ems 9 -u-1 z acu1 are n contract$1 & s h ! =ms ( v]bs 9 -ere 7#cfg74 ,,pres5t ,,subjunctive4 #hda4 ,! suffix ( ! pres5t subjunctive ( sum1 am1 is --1 :i* becomes -i- be=e -m1 -t1 & -nt3 si-m1 s-s1 si-t1 s-mus1 s-tis1 si-nt 7#ce1 #b1 #c74 ,s also 9 ! s+ul> & 9 ! ?ird p]son plural1 dui-m1 c4 7#gef71 & edi-m1 c4 7#gfi71 & 9 all ! p]sons1 veli-m1 c4 7nli-m1 c41 mli-m1 c474 ,an old suffix is -i- 7-ie-71 9 sie-m1 si-s1 sie-t1 & sie-nt4 #hdb4 7#a47 ,! pres5t subjunctive /em ( v]bs 9 -ere1 -re1 & -re1 ends 9 --1 :i* becomes -a- 9 "s ( ! p]sons2 ?is suffix replaces ! v>iable v[el ( ! indicative3 z1 rega-m1 reg-s1 rega-t1 reg-mus1 reg-tis1 rega-nt2 capia-m1 capi-s1 c42 monea-m1 mone-s1 c42 audia-m1 audi-s1 c4 ea-m1 quea-m1 f]a-m1 & ! old fua-m 7#gej71 also h ! =mative subjunctive v[el4 #hdc4 7#b47 ,! pres5t subjunctive /em ( v]bs 9 -re ends 9 --1 :i* becomes -e- 9 "s ( ! p]sons3 z1 laude-m1 laud-s1 laude-t1 laud-mus1 laud-tis1 laude-nt4 d1 give1 also has de-m1 d-s1 c4 ,erratum3 #hdb 444 monea-m1 mone-s1 c42 4 miss+ ,,imp]ative4 #hdd4 ,root v]bs h a root z imp]ative /em 7#gde-ghj73 z1 es1 c41 f]1 c4 ,b ! imp]ative ( nl has a /em 9 --1 l v]bs 9 -re3 ?us1 nl1 nl-t1 nl-te1 nl-tte4 #hde4 ,! imp]ative /em ( v]bs 9 -ere1 & ( v]bs 9 -re1 -re1 & -re1 is ! same z t ( ! indicative3 z1 rege1 regi-t1 regu-nt1 rege-re2 cape1 capi-t1 capiu-nt2 f2 laud1 c42 mon1 c42 aud1 c4 #hdf4 ,! second p]son s+ul> imp]ative active ( dc1 dc1 & faci1 is usually dc1 dc1 & fac1 respectively1 ?\gh ! full =ms1 dce1 c41 are also us$1 & are common] 9 old ,lat94 ,comp\nds ( dc may h ! %ort =m3 z1 dc4 +] has once +] 7,catull474 sci has regul>ly ! s+ul> sc-t1 plural sc-tte1 r>ely sc-te4 ,,imp]fect ,,indicative4 #hdg4 ,! imp]fect indicative /em ends 9 -b-1 :i* becomes -ba- 9 "s ( ! p]sons3 z1 daba-m1 dab-s1 daba-t1 dab-mus1 dab-tis1 daba-nt2 ba-m2 quba-m4 ,9 v]bs 9 -ere & -re1 ! suffix is prec$$ by a =m end+ 9 --3 z1 regba-m2 monba-m2 s also volba-m 7nlba-m1 mlba-m71 & f]ba-m2 9 v]bs 9 -i1 -ere1 & 9 -i1 -re1 by a =m end+ 9 -i-3 z1 capiba-m2 audiba-m2 9 v]bs 9 -re1 by "o end+ 9 --3 z1 laudba-m4 ,9 v]se1 v]bs 9 -re sometimes h -- be=e ! suffix 7,plaut41 ,t]41 ,catull41 ,lucr41 ,v]g41 c473 z1 audba-t4 i1 say1 has sometimes aiba-m1 c4 7#ghg74 #hdh4 ,! suffix ( ! imp]fect indicative ( sum1 am1 is --1 :i* becomes -a- be=e -m1 -t1 & -nt 7#ce1 #b1 #c7 ! s becomes r betwe5 ! v[els 7#aed73 era-m1 er-s1 era-t1 er-mus1 er-tis1 era-nt4 ,erratum3 #hdh 444 -m1 -t1 & -nt 7#ce1 #b1 #c7 ! s becomes r pr9t$ z %[n3 miss+ punctuation or conjunction8 ,,imp]fect ,,subjunctive4 #hdi4 ,! imp]fect subjunctive /em ends 9 -r-1 :i* becomes -re- 9 "s ( ! p]sons3 z1 d>e-m1 d>-s1 d>e-t1 d>-mus1 d>-tis1 d>e-nt2 re-m1 =e-m1 f]re-m4 ,9 v]bs 9 -ere1 ! -r- is prec$$ by a =m end+ 9 -e-3 z1 reg]e-m1 cap]e-m2 9 v]bs 9 -re1 -re1 & -re1 by "o end+ 9 --1 --1 or --1 respectively3 z1 laudre-m1 monre-m1 audre-m4 #hej4 ,! suffix ( ! imp]fect subjunctive ( sum1 am1 is -s-1 :i* becomes -se- 9 "s ( ! p]sons2 esse-m1 ess-s1 esse-t1 ess-mus1 ess-tis1 esse-nt2 s also ss-s1 c4 7#gfi74 vol1 wi%1 nl1 won't1 & ml1 pref]1 h velle-m1 nlle-m1 & mlle-m respectively 7#aff1 #h74 ,erratum3 #hej 444 respectively 7#aff1 #h74 7#aff1 #h47 ,,future4 #hea4 ,! future /em ( sum1 am1 is eroe-3 er1 eri-s1 eri-t1 eri-mus1 eri-tis1 eru-nt4 d has dab1 e has b1 & que has qub4 #heb4 7#a47 ,! future /em ( v]bs 9 -ere & -re ends 9 -a- 9 ! fir/ p]son s+ul>1 o!rwise 9 --1 :i* becomes -e- 9 "s ( ! p]sons3 z1 rega-m1 reg-s1 rege-t1 reg-mus1 reg-tis1 rege-nt2 capia-m1 capi-s1 c42 audia-m1 audi-s1 c4 ,! fir/ p]son s+ul> is n a future =m1 b ! subjunctive pres5t1 us$ ) a future mean+ 7#hdb72 =ms 9 -em occur 9 manuscripts ( ,plautus3 z1 faciem1 s9em4 ,v]bs 9 -re sometimes h -boe-1 *iefly 9 ! dramati/s3 z1 scb1 opp]bo-r 7,plaut41 ,t]471 lnbu-nt 7,prop472 r>ely v]bs 9 -ere 7#hai73 z1 exsgb 7,plaut474 ,= r$dib1 in/ead ( ! usual r$dam1 see #geg4 #hec4 7#b47 ,! future /em ( v]bs 9 -re & -re ends 9 -boe-1 :i* is prec$$ by a =m end+ 9 long -- or -- respectively3 z1 laudb1 laudbi-s1 laudbi-t1 laudbi-mus1 laudbi-tis1 laudbu-nt4 monb1 monbi-s1 c4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,p]fect ,,sy/em4 ,,p]fect ,,indicative ,,/em4 #hed4 ,!re are two k9ds ( p]fect /ems3 7,a47 ,"s v]bs h z p]fect /em a root1 g5]ally ) "s modification1 b )\t a suffix 7#heh-hff74 7,b47 ,"s p]fects are =m$ ) a suffix1 -s-1 or -v- or -u- 7#hfg-hge74 #hee4 ,"s p]fects ( primitives are =m$ n f a root1 b f ! pres5t /em )\t ! =mative v[el1 treat$ z a root3 z1 preh5d1 seiz$1 f preh5d- 7#hff72 poposc1 ask$1 fefell1 deceiv$ 7#heh72 inx1 jo9$ 7#hfg74 #hef4 ,! fir/ p]son ( ! p]fect ends 9 -1 sometimes writt5 ei 7#bi1 #b74 -t1 -/1 sometimes writt5 -/ei 7#bi1 #b71 -/is1 & -mus are prec$$ by %ort i2 -re is always1 & -runt is usually1 prec$$ by long 3 z1 rx1 rxi-/1 rxi-t1 rxi-mus1 rxi-/is1 rx-runt 7rxe-runt71 or rx-re4 #heg4 ,sometimes -t is prec$$ by long 3 z1 it1 petit1 ,,r$ieit 7#bi1 #b74 -runt is sometimes prec$$ by %ort e 7,plaut41 ,t]41 ,lucr41 ,hor41 ,ov41 ,v]g41 ,pha$r474 ,?is is ! orig9al =m2 -- is by analogy to -re4 7,a47 ,,p]fect ,,/em ,,)\t ,a ,,suffix4 #heh4 7#a47 ,"s v]bs 9 -ere =m _! p]fect /em by prefix+ to ! root its initial consonant ) ! foll[+ v[el1 :i*1 if a1 is usually repres5t$ by e2 ?is is call$ ! ,r$uplicat$ ,p]fect1 & ! fir/ syllable is call$ ! ,r$uplication3 z1 ,,p]fect ,,/em4 ,,v]b4 ,,f ,,!me4 pu-pug- pung1 pun* pug- pe-pig- pang1 fix pag- ,o!r examples are3 cad1 fall1 cecid 7cad-1 #ajd1 c72 p>i1 br+ =?1 pep] 7p>-1 #ajd1 c72 pell1 pu%1 pepul 7pol-1 #aje1 h72 posc1 dem&1 poposc 7#hee72 fall1 deceive1 fefell 7#hee1 #ajd1 c72 see also #ibc-icb4 ca$1 cut1 has cecd 7#ajh1 a72 & a few old =ms are quot$ f v]bs hav+ an o or an u 9 ! root ) e 9 ! r$uplication3 z1 memord1 pepug4 #hei4 ,f\r v]bs ) v[el roots also h a r$uplicat$ p]fect /em3 d1 give1 put1 d>e1 d$2 bib1 dr9k1 bib]e1 bib2 /1 /&1 /re1 /et1 & si/1 set1 si/]e1 -/it1 r>ely /it4 ,also f\r v]bs 9 -re3 morde1 bite1 momord1 p5de1 hang1 pep5d1 sponde1 promise1 spopond1 tonde1 clip1 -totond4 ,9 ! root syllable ( spopond1 promis$1 /et1 /ood1 /it1 set1 & ! old scicid1 clove1 an s is dropp$ 7#agc1 #b74 #hfj4 ,9 comp\nds ! r$uplication is commonly dropp$3 z1 cecid1 fell1 comp\nd concid1 tumbl$ d[n4 ,comp\nds ( cucurr1 ran1 sometimes reta9 ! r$uplication3 z1 prcucurr4 ,comp\nds ( bib1 drank1 didic1 le>n$1 poposc1 ask$1 /it1 set1 /et1 /ood1 & d$1 gave1 put1 reta9 x1 ! la/ two weak5+ e to i3 z1 re/it1 /aid back4 abscondid1 hid away1 usually becomes abscond2 9 app>5t comp\nds1 e is usually reta9$3 z1 circum /et1 /ood r\nd1 vnum d$1 put = sale4 ,! r$uplication is also lo/ 9 ! simple v]bs tul1 c>ri$1 old tetul1 & 9 sc9d1 split1 scid1 :i* la/ is r>e z a simple v]b4 #hfa4 ,"s comp\nds ) re- drop only ! v[el ( ! r$uplication 7#aaa1 a73 z1 reccid1 fell back2 rettul1 br\ght back 7see also #gha72 repp]1 f\nd2 rettud1 beat back4 ,"s p]fects occur only 9 composition3 z1 ,,p]cell1 knock d[n1 p]cul2 cntund1 sma% to pieces1 contud2 diff9d1 split ap>t1 diffid2 b fid also occurs a c\ple ( times z a simple v]b4 #hfb4 7#b47 ,"s v]bs 9 -ere h a p]fect /em consi/+ ( a consonant root ) a long v[el 7#ace1 #a73 z1 ,,p]fect ,,/em4 ,,v]b4 ,,f ,,!me4 d- ed1 eat ed- lg- leg1 pick up1 read leg- ,o!r examples are3 fodi1 dig1 fd2 fund1 p\r1 fd2 l9qu1 leave1 lqu2 see #icf-idf4 ,?ree v]bs 9 -re also h ?is =m1 s$e1 sit1 sd1 /rde1 grate1 /rd1 vide1 see1 vd2 & "o 9 -re1 v5i1 come1 vn4 #hfc4 ,! foll[+ v]bs 9 -ere ) a 9 ! pres5t /em1 h long 9 ! p]fect /em 7#ade73 ag1 d1 g1 frang1 break1 frg1 pang1 fix1 r>ely pg1 b always compg1 impg1 oppg2 capi1 take1 cp1 faci1 make1 fc1 iaci1 ?r[1 ic4 ,s also ! old co-p1 began1 common coep4 #hfd4 ,two v]bs 9 -re & "s 9 -re h a p]fect /em consi/+ ( a root :i* ends 9 -v- & has a long v[el3 iuv1 help1 iuvre1 iv1 lav1 wa%1 lavre or lav]e1 lv2 cave1 look out1 cavre1 cv2 see #iif4 #hfe4 ,v]bs 9 -u1 -u]e1 bo? primitives & d5om9atives1 h usually a p]fect /em 9 %ort u ( ! !me 7#abd73 z1 lu1 pay1 lu2 acu1 %>p51 acu3 see #idg1 #idh4 ,=ms ) long are old & r>e 7#abf73 z1 f1 adn1 cn/it1 n/it4 flu1 fl[1 & /ru1 pile1 h flx & /rxi 7#hcj74 #hff4 7#c47 ,"s v]bs 9 -ere f roots end+ 9 two consonants h a p]fect /em consi/+ ( ! root3 z1 ,,p]fect ,,/em4 ,,v]b4 ,,f ,,!me4 m&- m&1 *ew m&- p&- p&1 op5 p&- ,o!r examples are3 vort or v]t1 turn1 vort or v]t2 sc&1 climb1 -sc5d2 preh5d1 seize1 preh5d 7#hee72 voll or vell1 pluck1 voll or vell2 see #idi-iea4 ,simil>ly f]ve1 boil1 f]v]e or f]vre1 has f]v or f]bu 7#hbc71 & pr&e1 lun*1 pr&re1 has pr&4 7,b47 ,,p]fect ,,/em ,,9 -s-1 ,,or ,,9 -v- ,,or -u-4 ,,p]fect ,,/em ,,9 -s-4 #hfg4 ,_m v]bs 9 -ere =m _! p]fect /em by add+ ! suffix -s- to a root1 :i* g5]ally ends 9 a mute3 z1 ,,p]fect ,,/em4 ,,v]b4 ,,f ,,!me4 c>p-s- c>p1 pluck c>p- scalp-s- scalp1 dig scalp- ges-s- g]1 be> ges- dx- dc1 say dc- ,o!r examples are3 dc1 lead1 dx 7#ajj72 f+1 m\ld1 fnx 7#hee72 ld1 play1 ls 7#aff1 #b72 scrb1 write1 scrps 7#afd1 #a72 /ru1 pile1 /rx 7#afd1 #a72 vv1 live1 vx 7#ih74 ,"s v]bs ) a %ort v[el 9 ! pres5t1 h a long v[el 9 ! p]fect3 z1 reg1 guide1 rx 7#ace72 intelleg1 und]/&1 intellx 7#hbc72 teg1 cov]1 tx2 iung1 jo91 inx 7#hee74 ,& "s v]bs ) a long v[el 9 ! pres5t1 h a %ort v[el 9 ! p]fect3 z1 r1 burn1 uss 7#hcj74 ,see #ieb-ifa4 #hfh4 ,"s v]bs 9 -re also h a p]fect 9 -s-3 z alge1 am cold1 als 7#agj1 #c72 ha]e1 /ick1 haes 7#aff1 #b73 see #iii1 #ajjj4 ,also "s 9 -re3 z1 s>ci1 pat*1 s>s 7#agj1 #c73 see #ajad1 #ajae4 ,errata3 #hfg 444 scalp-s- f9al - miss+ scrb1 write scrb write ,,p]fect ,,/em ,,9 -v- ,,or -u-4 #hfi4 7#a47 ,"s v]bs 9 -ere1 ) v[el roots1 & almo/ all v]bs 9 -re or -re1 =m _! p]fect /em by add+ ! suffix -v- to a !me end+ 9 a long v[el3 z1 ,,p]fect ,,/em4 ,,v]b4 ,,f ,,!me4 cr-v- crsc1 gr[ cr- laud-v- laud1 praise laud- aud-v- audi1 he> aud- ,= o!r v]bs 9 -ere ) a p]fect /em 9 -v-1 & p>ticul>ly t]1 c]n1 sp]n1 & /]n1 see #ifb-igj4 #hgj4 ,a few v]bs 9 -ere h a p]fect /em 9 -v- atta*$ to a presum$ !me 9 long 3 z1 cupi1 want1 cupv2 pet1 aim at1 petv2 qua]1 inquire1 quaesv2 arcss1 fet*1 arcssv2 see #iff-igj4 #hga4 ,a few v]bs 9 -re also h a p]fect /em 9 -v-3 z1 fle1 weep1 flre1 flv2 see #ajja-ajjc4 ,& ?ree v]bs 9 -sc]e h a p]fect /em 9 -v- atta*$ to a presum$ !me 9 long 3 -olsc1 gr[1 -olv2 quisc1 get quiet1 quiv2 susc1 get us$1 suv4 #hgb4 ,"o v]b 9 -sc]e has a p]fect /em 9 -v- atta*$ to a presum$ !me 9 long 3 advesp]scit1 x gets dusk1 advesp]vit4 #hgc4 7#b47 ,_m v]bs 9 -ere =m _! p]fect /em by add+ ! suffix -u- to a consonant root3 z1 ,,p]fect ,,/em4 ,,v]b4 ,,f ,,!me4 al-u- al1 nurture al- g5-u- gign1 beget g5- ,o!r examples are3 col1 cultivate1 colu2 cnsul1 consult1 cnsulu2 -cumb1 lie1 -cubu2 frem1 ro>1 fremu2 lici1 draw out1 licu2 mol1 gr9d1 molu2 rapi1 snat*1 rapu2 s]1 /r+1 -s]u2 /]t1 snore1 -/]tu2 /rep1 make a racket1 /repu2 tex1 weave1 texu2 vol1 w1 volu2 compesc1 *eck1 compescu 7#hee72 see #iga-igf4 #hgd4 ,"s v]bs 9 -re also h a p]fect /em 9 -u-3 z1 crep1 rattle1 crepre1 crepu 7#iic72 & _m 9 -re3 z1 mone1 w>n1 monre1 monu3 see #ajjd-ajjf2 also f\r 9 -re3 z1 sali1 leap1 salre1 salu 7#ajai74 #hge4 ,! p]fect potu to ! pres5t possum 7#gea7 is f a lo/ pres5t 99pote1 99potre 7#ibb74 pn]e 7= 99po-s9]e1 #aab2 #agj1 #b7 =ms an old p]fect posv 7#ifd71 lat] posu1 z if pos- 7 ! /em4 ,,p]fect ,,subjunctive4 #hgf4 ,! p]fect subjunctive /em ends 9 -er-1 = :i* -eri- is sometimes us$ 7#ce1 #b1 #c73 z1 rx]i-m1 rx]-s1 rx]i-t1 rx]-mus1 rx]-tis1 rx]i-nt4 #hgg4 ,9 ! p]fect subjunctive1 long is f\nd be=e ! p]son end+s -s1 -mus1 & -tis1 "s #be times1 z foll[s3 -s1 #ah times 7,plaut4 #c1 ,pac41 ,enn41 ,t]41 ,hor41 ,tib41 ,s541 inscr41 once ea*1 ,ov4 #h71 -mus1 #d times 7,plaut4 #c1 ,t]4 #a71 -tis1 #c times 7,plaut4 #b1 ,enn4 #a74 #hgh4 ,9 ! p]fect subjunctive1 %ort i is f\nd1 z 9 ! future p]fect1 "s #i times1 ?us3 -is1 #h times 7,plaut4 9 anape/s #c1 ,v]g4 #b1 ,hor4 #c71 -imus once 7,v]g474 ,b be=e -tis1 %ort i is n f\nd4 ,,p]fect ,,imp]ative4 #hgi4 ,"o v]b only1 mem91 rememb]1 has a p]fect imp]ative2 9 ?is imp]ative1 ! p]son end+s are n prec$$ by a v[el1 ?us3 mem5-t1 mem5-tte4 ,,plup]fect ,,indicative4 #hhj4 ,! plup]fect indicative /em ends 9 -er-1 :i* becomes -era- 9 "s ( ! p]sons3 z1 rx]a-m1 rx]-s1 rx]a-t1 rx]-mus1 rx]-tis1 rx]a-nt4 ,,plup]fect ,,subjunctive4 #hha4 ,! plup]fect subjunctive /em ends 9 -iss-1 :i* becomes -isse- 9 "s ( ! p]sons3 z1 rxisse-m1 rxiss-s1 rxisse-t1 rxiss-mus1 rxiss-tis1 rxisse-nt4 ,,future ,,p]fect4 #hhb4 ,! future p]fect /em ends 9 -er- & -eri-3 z1 rx]1 rx]i-s1 rx]i-t1 rx]i-mus1 rx]i-tis1 rx]i-nt4 #hhc4 ,9 ! future p]fect1 %ort i is f\nd be=e ! p]son end+s -s1 -mus1 & -tis1 "s #dj times1 z foll[s3 -is1 #bi times 7,plaut4 #b1 ,cic4 #a1 ,catull4 #a1 ,v]g4 #g1 ,hor4 #ab1 ,ov4 #d1 ,g]m4 #a1 ,juv4 #a72 -imus1 #c times 7,plaut41 ,t]41 ,lucr472 -itis1 #h times 7,enn4 #a1 ,plaut4 #e1 ,ov4 #b74 #hhd4 ,9 ! future p]fect1 long is f\nd1 z 9 ! p]fect subjunctive1 "s #cc times1 ?us3 -s1 #bh times 7,plaut4 #c1 ,hor4 #e1 ,ov4 #ae1 ,prop41 ,/at41 ,m>t41 ,priap41 inscr41 once ea*71 -mus1 once 7,catull471 -tis1 #d times 7,ov4 #c1 ,priap4 #a74 ,,%ort ,,or ,,old ,,=ms4 #hhe4 7#a47 ,"s %ort] =ms 9 ! p]fect sy/em are pr9cipally f\nd 9 old ,lat94 #hhf4 7a47 ,%ort] =ms 9 ! p]fect indicative1 ! plup]fect subjunctive1 & ! inf9itive1 mo/ ( !m f p]fects 9 -s- 7#hfg71 occur *iefly 9 v]se3 ?us1 ,p]fect indicative1 second p]son s+ul>1 common3 z1 dxt 7,plaut41 ,t]41 ,cic472 plural1 r>e3 z1 acce/is 7,v]g474 ,plup]fect subjunctive s+ul>1 n v common3 z1 ex/nxem 7,v]g471 intellxs 7,plaut471 vxet 7,v]g472 plural1 once only1 rpsmus 7,hor474 ,inf9itive1 dxe 7,plaut471 cnsmpse 7,lucr474 #hhg4 7b47 ,a p]fect subjunctive /em 9 -s- or 9 -ss-1 & a future p]fect indicative /em 9 -soe- or 9 -ssoe-1 occur *iefly 9 old laws & pray]s1 & 9 dramatic v]se3 z1 ,p]fect subjunctive3 faxim1 faxs1 ,,faxseis 7inscr4 #ade ,b4,c471 faxit1 faxmus1 faxtis1 fax9t2 ausim1 auss1 ausit2 locssim1 amsss1 s]vssit1 amss9t1 prohibsss1 prohibssit1 cohibssit1 licssit4 ,future p]fect indicative3 fax1 faxis1 faxit1 faxitis1 caps1 receps1 iuss1 occsit1 capsimus2 levss1 invtssitis1 mulcssitis1 exoculssitis1 prohibssis1 prohibss9t4 ,d5om9atives 9 -re h also1 9 old ,lat91 a future p]fect inf9itive3 z1 impetrss]e4 #hhh4 ,passive inflections1 z future p]fect faxitur1 turbssitur1 depon5t ,,m]cassitvr 7inscr4 #aaa ,b4,c471 are v r>e2 &1 inde$1 ) ! exception ( fax & ausim1 ev5 ! active =ms _h become antiquat$ by #aej ,b4,c4 ,d5om9atives 9 -re nev] h ! above =mations4 ,b ambi1 canvass1 is ?\ght to h a future p]fect ambssit twice 7,plaut4 prol474 #hhi4 7#b47 ,%ort5$ =ms f p]fect /ems =m$ by ! suffix -v- 7#hfi7 are v common 9 all p]iods4 #hij4 7a47 ,9 t5ses =m$ f p]fect /ems 9 -v-1 -v-1 & -v-1 v is (t5 dropp$ be=e -is-1 -r-1 or -er-1 & ! v[els ?us br\ght toge!r are contract$ 7#aec1 #a73 z1 laudvi/1 laud/2 laudvi/is1 laud/is2 laudvrunt1 laudrunt 7b ! =m 9 -re1 z laudvre1 is nev] contract$72 laudv]im1 laudrim1 c42 laudv]am1 laudram1 c42 laudvissem1 laudssem1 c42 laudv]1 laudr1 c42 laudvisse1 laudsse4 -plvi/1 -pl/2 -plvi/is1 -pl/is2 -plvrunt1 -plrunt2 plv]im1 -plrim1 c42 -plv]am1 -plram1 c42 -plvissem1 -plssem1 c42 -plv]1 -plr1 c42 -plvisse1 -plsse4 nvi/1 n/2 nvi/is1 n/is2 nvrunt1 nrunt2 nv]im1 nrim1 c42 nv]am1 nram1 c42 nvissem1 nssem1 c42 nv] always reta9s ! v1 b cgnr1 c42 nvisse1 nsse4 #hia4 ,! v]bs 9 :i* v belongs to ! root 7#hfd71 are n ?us %ort5$1 except move1 mo/ly 9 comp\nds4 ,f iuv1 iu]9t 7,catull471 adiu] 7,enn471 once ea*1 & twice adiu]it 7,plaut41 ,t]47 are unnecess>y em5dations4 #hib4 ,contractions 9 ! p]fect be=e -t & -mus are r>e3 z1 inrtt1 di/urbt2 sumus or suemus 7,lucr471 nmus 7,enn471 cnsuemus 7,prop474 #hic4 7b47 ,9 t5ses =m$ f p]fect /ems 9 -v-1 v is (t5 dropp$ be=e -is-1 -r-1 or -er-2 b contraction is common only 9 ! =ms :i* h -is-3 z1 audvi/1 aud/2 audvi/is1 aud/is2 audvrunt1 audirunt2 audv]im1 audi]im1 c42 audv]am1 audi]am1 c42 audvissem1 audssem1 c42 audv]1 audi]1 c42 audvisse1 audsse4 ,sometimes audi1 audiit1 audt4 ,int]m$iate betwe5 ! long & ! %ort =ms are auders & auderit1 once ea* 7,t]474 ,9 ! p]fect subjunctive1 s9 has sv]s 7,plaut41 ,cato71 srs 7,plaut41 ,cato1 ,liv471 sreis 7,pac471 or seirs 7,plaut471 srit 7,plaut41 ,liv471 srtis 7,plaut471 sv]9t 7,plaut41 ,curt471 si]9t 7,cic41 ,curt471 or sr9t 7,plaut474 ds9 is ?\ght to h dsmus 9 ! p]fect indicative a c\ple ( times 7,s541 ,pl94 ,ep474 ,,n\ns ,,( ,,! ,,v]b4 ,,inf9itive4 #hid4 ,! active inf9itive has ! end+ -re 9 ! pres5t1 & -isse 9 ! p]fect3 z1 d>e2 reg]e1 cap]e2 laudre1 monre1 audre4 rxisse2 laudvisse or laudsse1 monuisse1 audvisse or audsse4 #hie4 ,= -r 9 old ,lat91 see #acd1 #b4 ,! inf9itive ( f1 become1 ends 9 -r1 fer1 ) a passive end+ 7#ghi72 twice fere 7,enn4 ,laev474 ,an old] =m = -re is -se1 f\nd 9 esse1 to be1 sse1 to eat1 & _! comp\nds4 ,= velle1 to wi% 7mlle1 nlle71 see #aff1 #h4 ,9 ! p]fect1 e1 g1 sometimes has -iisse 9 comp\nds 7#gff71 & 9 poetry1 pet1 g to1 has r>ely petiisse4 #hif4 ,! pres5t inf9itive passive ( v]bs 9 -ere has ! end+ -2 t ( o!r v]bs has -r3 z1 reg1 cap2 laudr1 monr1 audr4 f]1 c>ry1 has f]r4 ,! l5g? ( ! is sometimes indicat$ by ! spell+ ei 7#bi1 #b73 z1 ,,d>ei4 #hig4 ,a long] =m 9 -i] = -1 & -ri] = -r1 is common 9 old laws & dramatic v]se1 & occurs sometimes 9 o!r poetry3 z1 ,,figi]1 to be po/$1 ,,gnosci]1 to be read 7inscr4 #ahf ,b4,c472 dci]1 to be said1 crri]1 to be look$ aft] 7,plaut472 dom9ri]1 to be "l p>am\nt 7,v]g474 #hih4 ,! place ( ! p]fect passive1 future active1 & future passive inf9itive is suppli$ by a circumlocution1 z se5 9 ! p>adigms4 ,= ! future p]fect -ss]e1 see #hhg4 ,,g]undive ,,& ,,g]und4 #hii4 ,! g]undive /em is =m$ by add+ -ndo-1 nom9ative -ndus1 -nda1 -ndum1 to ! pres5t /em3 z1 d&us1 /em d&o-2 reg5dus1 capi5dus2 laud&us1 mon5dus1 audi5dus4 ,v]bs 9 -ere & -re (t5 h -undus1 :5 n prec$$ by u or v1 especially 9 =mal /yle3 z1 capiundus2 e1 g1 always has eundum1 & orior1 rise1 oriundus4 ,= ! adjective use1 see #bhh4 ,! g]und is l ! oblique cases ( ! neut] s+ul>4 ,= -bundus1 see #bhi2 -cundus1 #bij4 ,,sup9e4 #ijj4 ,! sup9e /em is =m$ by ! suffix -tu-1 :i* is (t5 *ang$ to -su- 7#iab74 ,?is suffix is atta*$ to a root or to a =m ( ! pres5t /em aft] ! mann] ( ! p]fect p>ticiple 7#ijf73 z1 nntitum1 to report1 nntit1 9 report+1 /em nntitu-4 ,_m ( ! commone/ v]bs h no sup9e3 z1 sum1 e1 f]2 reg1 em1 teg2 am1 dle1 doce1 c41 c4 ,,pres5t ,,p>ticiple4 #ija4 ,! pres5t p>ticiple /em is =m$ by add+ -nt- or -nti-1 nom9ative -ns1 to ! pres5t /em3 z1 dns1 giv+1 /ems dant-1 danti-2 regns1 capins2 laudns1 monns1 audins4 #ijb4 ,! adjective sontem 7accusative1 no nom9ative71 :i* 0 orig9ally ! p>ticiple ( sum1 has o be=e ! suffix1 & absns & praesns h e2 ! p>ticiple ( e has 9 ! nom9ative s+ul>1 o!rwise u1 ins1 euntis1 c4 n r>ely drops be=e -s 7#fc73 z1 ,,libes 7inscr471 exsults 7,enn471 anims 7,lucr474 #ijc4 ,"s adjectives :i* 7 orig9ally pres5t p>ticiples h no v]b3 z1 clmns1 m]ciful1 legns1 *oice1 vidns1 cle>1 frequns1 ?ick1 petulns1 wanton1 recns1 fre%1 repns1 sudd51 c41 c4 ,= potns1 p[]ful1 see #ibb4 ,,future ,,p>ticiple4 #ijd4 ,! future p>ticiple suffix is -tro-1 nom9ative -trus1 -tra1 -trum1 :i* is (t5 *ang$ to -sro-1 nom9ative -srus1 -sra1 -srum 7#iab74 ,?is suffix is add$ to a !me aft] ! mann] ( ! p]fect p>ticiple 7#ijf73 z1 rctrus1 go+ to guide2 laudtrus1 go+ to praise4 #ije4 ,"s future p>ticiples h a diff]5t =mation f t ( ! p]fect p>ticiple3 z1 mortuus1 dead1 moritrus2 see also 9 ! diction>y argu1 fruor1 orior1 ru1 sec4 ,& "s v]bs h two =ms ( ! future p>ticiple3 z1 gnsc1 gnsc1 hauri1 iuv1 p>i4 ,"s v]bs :i* h no p]fect p>ticiple h a future p>ticiple3 z1 acquisc1 appre1 arde1 cale1 c>e1 dole1 suri1 fugi1 ha]e1 incid1 iace1 -nu1 p>c1 rauci1 recid1 son1 /1 vale4 ,,p]fect ,,p>ticiple4 #ijf4 ,! p]fect p>ticiple suffix is -to-1 nom9ative -tus1 -ta1 -tum1 :i* is (t5 *ang$ to -s-1 nom9ative -sus1 -sa1 -sum 7#iab74 #ijg4 ,! p]fect p>ticiple 0 orig9ally active z well z passive1 & "s p>ticiples h reta9$ ! active mean+3 z1 adultus1 gr[n up2 m]sus1 ris+ out f2 exsus1 p]sus1 hat+ bitt]ly2 placitus1 engag+2 irtus1 sworn1 conirtus1 conspir+2 prnsus1 hav+ lun*$1 cntus1 hav+ d9$1 ptus1 drunk1 c4 ,! p]fect p>ticiples ( depon5ts are usually active1 b sometimes passive3 z1 m$ittus1 hav+ /udi$1 or /udi$4 ,_m v]bs are n accompani$ by a p]fect p>ticiple 7#haa71 p>ticul>ly v]bs 9 -re1 ) a p>allel adjective 9 -idus 7#bhg74 ,intransitive v]bs h usually only ! neut]4 ,a p]fect active p>ticiple mem9ns is said to h be5 us$ twice 7,plaut41 ,laev474 #ijh4 ,! p]fect p>ticiple is =m$ 9 "o ( two sep>ate ways3 #iji4 7#a47 ,f a !me consi/+ ( a root2 9 ?is way ! p>ticiples ( mo/ v]bs 9 -ere & -re are =m$3 z1 ge/us1 c>ri$1 aptus1 fit1 soltus1 loos$ 7#adb71 inctus1 jo9$ 7#hca71 sp>sus1 spr9kl$ 7#agj1 #c72 doctus1 taught4 #iaj4 ,9 "s consonant root p>ticiples ( v]bs 9 -ere1 -re1 or -re1 :i* h ! suffix -u- 9 ! p]fect /em 7#hgc71 ! -to- is prec$$ by a %ort i3 z1 g5itus1 born 7#iga-igf72 domitus1 tam$ 7#iic72 monitus1 w>n$ 7#ajjc1 #ajjd1 #ajji74 ,9 old ,lat91 e occurs3 z1 ,,m]eta 7#da72 e is reta9$ 9 vegetus1 sprightly4 ,"o p>ticiple has -tuo-3 mortuus1 dead4 #iaa4 ,"s v]bs 9 -re h p>ticiples f consonant roots3 z1 frictus1 rubb$1 fric1 fricre2 see #iic4 ,also "s 9 -re3 z1 f>tus1 /uff$ 7#agj1 #c71 f>ci1 f>cre2 fultus1 propp$1 fulci1 fulcre2 see #ajaa-ajae1 & #ajag1 #ajai1 #ajbj4 #iab4 ,roots 9 -d- & -t- *ange -to- to -s-1 be=e :i* ! d5tals *ange to s 7#aei74 ,aft] long v[els1 nasals1 & liquids ! d\ble ss is simplifi$ to s3 z1 fossus1 dug1 b dvsus1 divid$2 vorsus or v]sus1 turn$4 ,! suffix -s- is also f\nd ) "s roots 9 -l-1 -m-1 or -r- & a few o!rs3 z1 pulsus 7#aei74 #iac4 7#b47 ,f a !me 9 long or 9 long 2 9 ?is way p>ticiples are regul>ly =m$ f d5om9atives 9 -re or -re respectively3 z1 laudtus1 prais$2 audtus1 he>d4 #iad4 ,a few p]fect p>ticiples ( v]bs 9 -ere are =m$ f a presum$ !me 9 long 1 or long 1 or f "o 9 long 3 z1 pettus1 aim$ at2 exoltus1 gr[n out2 see #ifg-igj2 tribtus1 assign$2 see #idg1 #idh4 #iae4 7#a47 ,_m p]fect p>ticiples =m$ f consonant roots h a %ort root v[el 7#ace1 #a73 z1 adspectus1 beheld2 captus1 tak52 coctus1 cook$2 comm5tus1 devis+2 cultus1 till$2 dictus1 said1 v]b dc2 ductus1 l$1 dc2 factus1 made2 fossus1 dug2 ge/us1 c>ri$2 inlectus1 allur$2 que/us1 compla9+2 raptus1 seiz$2 t]sus1 neat2 textus1 wov52 vorsus1 turn$4 #iaf4 7#b47 ,"s p]fect p>ticiples =m$ f consonant roots h a long root v[el1 sometimes ev5 :5 ! v[el ( ! p>allel pres5t /em is %ort 7#ace1 #a2 #abb1 f73 z1 fxus1 fa/5$1 v]b fg2 -flctus1 da%$1 -flg2 p/us1 f$1 psc2 pollctus1 (f]$ up1 pollce2 scrptus1 writt51 scrb2 -csus1 fall51 cad4 ,also ctus1 driv51 ag2 vsus1 se51 vide2 frctus1 enjoy+1 fruor2 lctus1 cull$1 leg2 pctus1 pa9t$1 p+2 rctus1 rul$1 reg2 sus1 eat51 ed2 /rctus1 pil$1 /ru2 tctus1 cov]$1 teg2 nctus1 ano9t$1 ungu2 frctus1 brok51 frang2 pctus1 fix$1 pang4 ,fur!rmore1 inctus1 jo9$1 iung2 snctus1 hall[$1 sanci 7#hca72 also1 fnctus1 hav+ p]=m$1 fungor4 #iag4 7#a47 ,mo/ p]fect p>ticiples =m$ f v[el roots h a long root v[el3 z1 ltus1 borne 7#afi1 #a72 ntus1 born2 -pltus1 fill$2 trtus1 worn2 ntus1 kn[n2 stus1 sew$4 ,s also an isolat$ rtus1 9 ! law phrase rta caesa1 or rta et caesa1 digg+s & cutt+s1 i4e4 m9]als & timb]4 #iah4 7#b47 ,t5 p]fect p>ticiples =m$ f v[el roots h a %ort root v[el2 !y are3 citus1 datus1 hurri$1 giv5 itum1 ratus1 gone1 ?9k+ -rutus1 satus1 fall51 plant$ situs1 /atus1 ly+1 set litus1 quitus1 besme>$1 be5 able #iai4 ,z citus1 s always p]citus & incitus 7once inctus1 d\btful72 usually concitus1 r>ely conctus2 excitus & exctus equally common2 always acctus4 ambtus always has long 7#gfc74 gnitus1 recogniz$1 cgnitus1 kn[n1 & ! adjectives inclutus or inclitus1 ( high r5[n1 & putus1 clean1 h a %ort root v[el4 ,= dfrtum1 dfrutum1 see #acd1 #a4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,v]bs ,,arrang$ ,,accord+ ,,to ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,p>ts4 #ibj4 ,i4 ,! pr9cipal p>ts ( root v]bs & ( v]bs 9 -ere are =m$ 9 a v>iety ( ways & are be/ le>n$ sep>ately = e v]b 7#ibb-ihf74 #iba4 ,,ii4 ,! pr9cipal p>ts ( v]bs 9 -re1 -re1 & -re1 are usually =m$ z foll[s3 laud1 praise laudre laudv laudtus mone1 advise monre monu monitus audi1 he> audre audv audtus ,= o!r =mations1 see #ihi-ajbb4 ,i4 ,,primitive ,,v]bs4 7,a47 ,,root ,,v]bs4 #ibb4 ,root v]bs h _! pr9cipal p>ts z foll[s3 sum1 am esse ---- ---- ----1 become1 get1 am =e fu ---- ,= fuam1 c41 =em1 c41 =e1 see #gej4 fu1 c41 s]ves z ! p]fect sy/em ( sum4 pos-sum1 c pos-se ---- ---- ----1 c ---- potu ---- potu1 c41 s]ves z ! p]fect sy/em ( possum4 ,( ! pres5t sy/em ( potu1 only potns1 p[]ful1 is us$1 & only z an adjective4 d1 give1 put d>e d$ datus ,= comp\nds1 see #geg4 bib1 dr9k bib]e bib ptus ,s ! comp\nds1 ) ! r$uplication pres]v$ 9 ! p]fect sy/em 7#hfj74 s]1 s[ s]]e sv satus ,comp\nds h i = a 9 ! p]fect p>ticiple3 z1 cn-situs4 si/1 set si/]e -/it1 /atus r>ely /it inquam1 quo? ,i ---- inqui once ---- e1 g re i1 itum1 -itus v r>ely v que1 c qure quv quitus ne-que1 c't ne-qure ne-quv ne-quitus ed1 eat sse d sus vol1 w1 velle volu ---- wi%1 want nl1 won't nlle nlu ---- ml1 l bett] mlle mlu ---- f]1 c>ry f]re 7tul7 7ltus7 ,= tul1 old tetul1 & ltus1 see #ghj2 = ! p]fect ( re-f]1 #hfa4 7,b47 ,,v]bs ,,9 -ere4 7,a47 ,,p]fect ,,/em ,,)\t ,a ,,suffix4 #ibc4 7#a a47 ,! foll[+ v]bs 9 -ere h a r$uplicat$ p]fect /em 7#heh71 & ! p]fect p>ticiple1 :5 us$1 9 -tus3 #ibd4 7a47 ,) ! pres5t /em 9 -oe- 7#hbi74 c1 make music can]e cec9 7canttus7 ,= con-c91 oc-c91 & prae-c91 see #iga & #hbc4 t5d1 /ret* t5d]e tet5d t5tus ,= t5nitur 7,t]471 dis-t5nite 7,plaut471 see #aff1 #d2 late p>ticiple tnsus4 ,comp\nds h -t5d 7#hfj7 & -t5tus4 ,b sometimes ex-tnsus1 & 9 late writ]s1 d-tnsus1 dis-tnsus1 os-tnsus1 & re-tnsus4 #ibe4 7b47 ,) ! pres5t /em 9 a nasaliz$ root foll[$ by -oe- 7#hca74 pang1 fix pang]e pepig1 agre$ pctus ,9 mean+1 ! p]fect pepig corresponds to pacscor2 pnxit1 made1 set 9 v]se 7,enn471 pnx]it1 set 7,col471 pgit 7,pac471 pg]it 7,cic471 fix$1 once ea*4 ,= com-p+ & im-p+1 see #ich4 pung1 pun* pung]e pupug pnctus ,= com-pung & ex-pung1 see #ied & #hbc4 tang1 t\* tang]e tetig tctus ,9 old ,lat93 tag 7,turp471 tagit1 tagam 7,pac474 ,comp\nds h i = a 9 ! pres5t sy/em3 z1 con-t+1 con-t+]e1 con-tig 7#hfj71 con-tctus2 9 old ,lat93 at-tigs 7,plaut41 ,t]41 ,acc41 ,pac471 at-tigat 7,pac471 at-tigtis 7,plaut41 ,pac474 #ibf4 7c47 ,) ! pres5t /em 9 -loe- 7#hcc74 toll1 take (f toll]e 7sus-tul7 7sub-ltus7 ,z ! p]fect & p]fect p>ticiple ( toll are appropriat$ by f]1 toll takes ^? ( sus-toll4 ,! orig9al p]fect is tetul 7#hfj74 #ibg4 7d47 ,) ! pres5t /em 9 -scoe- 7#hcd74 disc1 le>n disc]e didic ---- posc1 dem& posc]e poposc ---- ,= poposc1 see #hee4 ,= -didic & -poposc1 see #hfj4 #ibh4 7e47 ,) ! pres5t /em 9 -ioe- 7#hcf74 p>i1 br+ =? p>]e pep] p>tus ,= =ms 9 -re1 see #gia4 com-p]i1 #ajab2 re-p]i1 #ajaa4 #ibi4 7#a b47 ,! foll[+ v]bs 9 -ere h a r$uplicat$ p]fect /em 7#heh71 & ! p]fect p>ticiple1 :5 us$1 is -sus 7#iab74 #icj4 7a47 ,) ! pres5t /em 9 -oe- 7#hbi74 cad1 fall cad]e cecid -csus ,comp\nds h i = a 9 ! pres5t sy/em3 z1 oc-cid1 oc-cid]e1 oc-cid 7#hfj71 oc-csus4 ,r>ely e 9 ! pres5t & p]fect sy/ems 7,enn41 ,lucr41 ,v>r473 z1 ac-c$]e1 ac-c$isset 7#aji74 ,= ! p]fect ( re-cid1 see #hfa4 ca$1 fell1 cut ca$]e cecd caesus ,comp\nds h = ae3 z1 ac-cd1 ac-cd]e1 ac-cd 7#hfj71 ac-csus4 p>c1 sp>e p>c]e pep]c ---- pep]c1 c4 7regul>ly 9 ,cic41 ,caes41 ,hor41 ,ov41 ,m>t42 ,nep4 once2 also ,plaut4 twice1 ,t]4 once74 ,old p>s1 c4 7,plaut4 #h1 ,cato1 ,t]41 ,nov41 ,nep41 once ea*72 once p>cuit 7,naev474 ,comp\nds3 com-p]ce 7,plaut471 con-p>sit 7,t]471 9-p]ce1 im-p]cit1 re-p]cis 7,plaut471 re-p>c5t 7,lucr474 p5d1 weigh1 pay p5d]e pep5d pnsus #ica4 7b47 ,) ! pres5t /em 9 a nasaliz$ root foll[$ by -oe- 7#hca74 tund1 p\nd tund]e tutud n us$ tnsus ,= ! p]fect ( re-tund1 see #hfa2 o!r comp\nds h ! p]fect -tud 7#hfa71 b once con-tdit 7,enn474 ,p]fect p>ticiple1 tsus 7,pl941 ,m>t472 comp\nds3 con-tnsus 7,pl9471 con-tsus 7,cato1 ,v>r41 ,caes41 ,lucr41 ,sal41 ,v]g41 c472 ob-tnsus 7,plaut41 ,v]g41 ,liv41 ,s5471 op-tsus1 ob-tsus 7,lucr41 ,s541 ,qu9til41 ,tac472 p]-tssus 7,plaut471 p]-tsus 7,cato1 ,lucr41 ,liv41 ,s541 c472 re-tnsus 7,plaut41 ,v]g471 re-tsus 7,cic41 ,lucr41 ,hor472 sub-tsus 7,tib474 #icb4 7c47 ,) ! pres5t /em 9 -roe-1 or -loe- 7#hcc74 curr1 run curr]e cucurr cursum ,= p]fect ( comp\nds1 see #hfj4 fall1 *eat fall]e fefell falsus ,comp\nd re-fell1 re-fell]e1 re-fell 7#hfj71 ----4 pell1 pu% pell]e pepul pulsus ,= ! p]fect ( re-pell1 see #hfa4 ,o!r comp\nds h -pul 7#hfj74 #icc4 7#a c47 ,! foll[+ v]bs 9 -ere are )\t ! r$uplication 7#hfa73 #icd4 7a47 ,) ! pres5t /em 9 a nasaliz$ root foll[$ by -oe- 7#hca74 f9d1 split ap>t f9d]e -fid1 r>ely fid fissus sc9d1 r5d sc9d]e -scid1 r>ely scid scissus #ice4 7b47 ,) ! pres5t /em 9 -loe- 7#hcc74 p]-cell1 knock d[n p]-cell]e p]-cul p]-culsus #icf4 7#b a47 ,! foll[+ v]bs 9 -ere h a p]fect /em consi/+ ( a consonant root ) a long v[el 7#hfb71 & ! p]fect p>ticiple1 :5 us$1 9 -tus3 #icg4 7a47 ,) ! pres5t /em 9 -oe- 7#hbi74 ag1 drive ag]e g ctus ,real comp\nds h i = a 9 ! pres5t sy/em3 z1 ab-ig1 ab-ig]e1 ab-g1 ab-ctus2 b p]-ag reta9s a4 cg & dg are contract$3 cg1 cg]e1 co-g1 co-ctus2 dg1 dg]e1 ----1 ----4 em1 take1 buy em]e m emptus co-em reta9s e 9 ! pres5t sy/em1 & usually int]-em & p]-em2 o!r comp\nds h -im4 ,= cm1 dm1 prm1 & sm1 see #ieb4 ----1 /rike ---- c ictus ,=ms ( ! pres5t sy/em are cit 7,plaut41 ,lucr471 citur 7,pl9471 cimur 7,lucr474 leg1 pick up1 read leg]e lg lctus ,comp\nds ) ad1 int]1 nec-1 p]1 prae1 & re-1 h -leg 9 ! pres5t sy/em1 o!rs -lig4 ,= d-lig1 intel-leg1 neg-leg1 see #ieb4 #ich4 7b47 ,) ! pres5t /em 9 a nasaliz$ root foll[$ by -oe- 7#hca74 com-p+1 fix toge!r com-p+]e com-pg com-pctus ,a comp\nd ( pang 7#ibe1 #hbc74 frang1 sma% frang]e frg frctus ,comp\nds h i = a 9 ! pres5t sy/em3 z1 cn-fr+1 cn-fr+]e1 cn-frg1 cn-frctus4 im-p+1 drive 9 im-p+]e im-pg im-pctus ,a comp\nd ( pang 7#ibe1 #hbc74 ,s also op-pg4 l9qu1 leave l9qu]e lqu -lictus rump1 bur/ rump]e rp ruptus ,s ! comp\nds4 ,b ,plautus has con-rumptus & dir-rumptus4 v9c1 conqu] v9c]e vc victus #ici4 7c47 ,) ! pres5t /em 9 -scoe- 7#hcd74 pavsc1 get afraid pavsc]e ex-pv ---- #idj4 7d47 ,) ! pres5t /em 9 -ioe- 7#hcf74 capi1 take cap]e cp captus ,comp\nds h i = a 9 ! pres5t sy/em & e 9 ! p]fect p>ticiple3 z1 9-cipi1 9-cip]e1 9-cp1 9-ceptus4 ,9 ! pres5t sy/em1 e is r>e3 z1 re-cepit 7,lucr472 u is frequ5t 9 old ,lat94 coepi1 beg9 r>e coep]e once coep coeptus ,see #hab-had4 faci1 make fac]e fc factus ,= fac1 see #hdf2 = passive1 #ghh4 ,comp\nds h i = a 9 ! pres5t sy/em & e 9 ! p]fect p>ticiple3 z1 ef-fici1 ef-fic]e1 ef-fc1 ef-fectus4 fugi1 run away fug]e fg ---- iaci1 ?r[ iac]e ic iactus ,comp\nds h -ici 7#ajd1 c71 -ic]e1 -ic1 -iectus3 z1 -ici1 -ic]e1 -ic1 -iectus4 ,9 old ,lat9 ! pres5t sy/em has r>ely -ieci2 -iec]e4 dis-sici is sometimes us$ 7,lucr41 ,v]g47 = dis-ici4 #ida4 7#b b47 ,! foll[+ v]bs 9 -ere h a p]fect /em consi/+ ( a consonant root ) a long v[el 7#hfb71 & ! p]fect p>ticiple1 :5 us$1 9 -sus 7#iab74 #idb4 7a47 ,) ! pres5t /em 9 -oe- 7#hbi74 cd1 hamm] cd]e -cd -csus #idc4 7b47 ,) r$uplication & -oe- 9 ! pres5t /em 7#hbi74 sd1 settle sd]e sd1 -sd1 -sd -sessus #idd4 7c47 ,) ! pres5t /em 9 a nasaliz$ root foll[$ by -oe- 7#hca74 fund1 p\r fund]e fd fsus #ide4 7d47 ,) ! pres5t /em 9 -soe- = -toe- 7#hce74 vs1 g to see vs]e vs ---- #idf4 7e47 ,) ! pres5t /em 9 -ioe- 7#hcf74 fodi1 dig fod]e fd fossus ,= =ms 9 -re1 see #gia4 #idg4 7#b c47 ,! foll[+ v]bs 9 -ere 7#cfg7 ) ! pres5t /em 9 -oe- 7#hcg1 #hdj71 h ! p]fect /em 9 -u- or 9 -v- ( ! !me 7#hfe71 & ! p]fect p>ticiple1 :5 us$1 9 -tus3 acu1 %>p5 acu]e acu actus adjective argu1 make cle> argu]e argu argtus r>e con-gru1 agree con-gru]e con-gru ---- ex-u1 d(f ex-u]e ex-u ex-tus im-bu1 give a smack ( im-bu]e im-bu im-btus ind-u1 don ind-u]e ind-u ind-tus 9-gru1 imp5d 9-gru]e 9-gru ---- lu1 pay1 atone = lu]e lu -ltus1 wa%$ metu1 fe> metu]e metu mettus once -nu1 nod -nu]e -nu ---- pluit1 x ra9s plu]e pluit1 plvit ---- ru1 tumble d[n ru]e ru -rutus s-lv1 loose s-lv]e s-lv s-ltus spu1 spit spu]e -spu ---- /atu1 set /atu]e /atu /attus ,comp\nds h i = a ?r\gh\t3 z1 cn-/itu1 cn-/itu]e1 c4 volv1 roll volv]e volv voltus su1 sew su]e -su stus tribu1 assign tribu]e tribu tribtus #idh4 ,two v]bs 9 -ere ) ! pres5t /em 9 -nuoe- 7#hcc71 h ! p]fect /em 9 -nu- 7#hfe71 & ! p]fect p>ticiple1 :5 us$1 9 -tus3 m9u1 less5 m9u]e m9u m9tus /]nu1 sneeze /]nu]e /]nu ---- #idi4 7#c47 ,! foll[+ v]bs 9 -ere h a p]fect /em consi/+ ( a root end+ 9 two consonants 7#hff71 & ! p]fect p>ticiple 9 -sus 7#iab73 #iej4 7a47 ,) ! pres5t /em 9 -oe- 7#hbi72 mo/ h a nasal 7#hca74 -c5d1 light -c5d]e -c5d -cnsus -f5d1 hit -f5d]e -f5d -fnsus m&1 *ew m&]e m& once mnsus p&1 op5 p&]e p& passus1 pnsus ,= dis-p5nite 7,plaut471 see #aff1 #d4 dis-p&1 dis-p5d1 has p]fect p>ticiple dis-pessus 7,plaut41 ,lucr471 dis-pnsus 7,lucr41 ,pl941 ,suet474 pre-h5d1 seize pre-h5d]e pre-h5d pre-hnsus ,r>ely prae-h5d2 b v (t5 prnd1 prnd]e1 prnd1 prnsus4 sc&1 climb sc&]e -sc5d -scnsus ,comp\nds h e = a ?r\gh\t3 z1 d-sc5d1 d-sc5d]e1 c4 vorr1 v]r1 sweep vorr]e1 -vorr1 -v]r vorsus1 v]sus v]r]e vort1 v]t1 turn vort]e1 vort1 v]t vorsus1 v]sus v]t]e #iea4 7b47 ,) ! pres5t /em 9 -loe- 7#hcc74 voll1 vell1 te> voll]e1 vell]e voll1 vell volsus1 vulsus ,late p]fect vuls 7,s541 ,luc472 -vuls 7,lab]41 ,col41 ,s541 ,luc474 ,errata3 #ibe 444 ,= com-p+ & im-p+ com-p+o #icj4 7a47 ,) ! pres5t /em 9 -oe- o-e- 7#hbi74 7#hbi47 7,enn41 ,lucr41 ,v>r47 ,enn4 ,lucr41 #icg 444 ,comp\nds ) ad1 int]1 nec-1 p]1 prae p]4 prae #ich 444 com-p+1 fix toge!r com-p+o 7,b47 ,,p]fect ,,/em ,,9 -s-1 ,,or ,,9 -v- ,,or -u-4 ,,p]fect ,,/em ,,9 -s-4 #ieb4 7#a a47 ,! foll[+ v]bs 9 -ere h ! p]fect /em 9 -s- 7#hfg71 & ! p]fect p>ticiple1 :5 us$1 9 -tus3 #iec4 7a47 ,) ! pres5t /em 9 -oe- 7#hbi74 c>p1 nibble1 pluck c>p]e c>ps c>ptus ,comp\nds h e = a3 z1 d-c]p1 d-c]p]e1 d-c]ps1 d-c]ptus4 com-br1 burn up com-br]e com-buss com-b/us cm1 put up cm]e cmps cmptus ,comp\nd ( com- & em 7#icg1 #hbc74 ,see also dm1 prm1 sm4 coqu1 cook coqu]e cox coctus dm1 take away dm]e dmps dmptus dc1 say dc]e dx dictus ,= dc1 see #hdf4 d-lig1 e/eem d-lig]e d-lx d-lctus ,comp\nd ( dis- & leg 7#icg1 #hbc74 ,see also intel-leg & neg-leg4 dc lead dc]e dx ductus ,= dc1 -dc1 see #hdf4 -flg1 sma% -flg]e -flx -flctus ,( ! simple v]b1 flgit occurs 7,l4 ,&r471 flgbant 7,lucr471 & flg 7,l4 ,&r41 ,acc474 g]1 c>ry g]]e gess ge/us intel-leg1 und]/& intel-leg]e intel-lx intel-lctus neg-leg1 disreg>d neg-leg]e neg-lx neg-lctus ,9 ! p]fect sy/em v r>ely intel-lg & neg-lg 7#hfb1 #hbc74 nb1 veil1 nb]e nps npta m>ry 7a man7 prm1 take out prm]e prmps prmptus reg1 guide1 rule reg]e rx rctus ,9 ! pres5t sy/em1 con-rig & -rig2 commonly por-rig1 sometimes porg2 r>ely sur-rig1 commonly surg2 always p]g4 rp1 creep rp]e rpsi ---- scalp1 dig scalp]e scalps scalptus scrb1 write scrb]e scrps scrptus sculp1 c>ve sculp]e sculps sculptus /ru1 build up /ru]e /rx /rctus sg1 suck sg]e sx suctus sm1 take up sm]e smps smptus teg1 cov] teg]e tx tctus trah1 drag trah]e trx tractus r1 burn r]e uss u/us veh1 c>t veh]e vx vectus vv1 live vv]e vx ---- #ied4 7b47 ,) ! pres5t /em 9 a nasaliz$ root foll[$ by -oe- 7#hca74 c+1 gird c+]e cnx cnctus com-pung1 prick ov] com-pung]e com-pnx com-pnctus ,a comp\nd ( pung 7#ibe1 #hbc74 -mung1 clean out -mung]e -mnx -mnctus ex-pung1 prick out ex-pung]e ex-pnx ex-pnctus ,a comp\nd ( pung 7#ibe1 #hbc74 f+1 m\ld f+]e fnx fctus iung1 jo9 iung]e inx inctus p+1 pa9t p+]e pnx pctus plang1 beat plang]e plnx plnctus /+u1 poke1 poke out /+u]e -/nx -/nctus /r+1 peel1 graze /r+]e /rnx /rctus t+1 wet t+]e tnx tnctus ungu1 ano9t ungu]e nx nctus ,sometimes ung1 ung]e1 c41 9 ! pres5t sy/em4 #iee4 7c47 ,) ! pres5t /em 9 -noe- 7#hcc74 temn1 scorn temn]e 7con-temps7 7con-temptus7 #ief4 7d47 ,) ! pres5t /em 9 -ioe- 7#hcf74 ad-lici1 lure ad-lic]e ad-lex ---- 9-lici1 inveigle 9-lic]e 9-lex 9-lectus pel-lici1 lead a/ray pel-lic]e pel-lex pel-lectus -spici1 spy -spic]e -spx -spectus ,=ms ( ! simple v]b are old & r>e3 z1 specitur1 spicit1 spece 7,plaut471 specimus 7,v>r471 spiciunt 7,cato71 spxit 7,naev41 ,enn474 #ieg4 7#a b47 ,! foll[+ v]bs 9 -ere h ! p]fect /em 9 -s- 7#hfg71 & ! p]fect p>ticiple1 :5 us$1 9 -sus 7#iab73 #ieh4 7a47 ,) ! pres5t /em 9 -oe- 7#hbi74 cd1 move along cd]e cess cessus claud1 %ut claud]e claus clausus ,sometimes cld1 cld]e1 cls1 clsus4 ,comp\nds h = au ?r\gh\t4 d-vid1 sep>ate d-vid]e d-vs d-vsus fg1 p9 fg]e fx fxus1 twice fctus flu1 fl[ flu]e flx fluxus adjective la$1 hurt la$]e laes laesus ,comp\nds h = ae ?r\gh\t3 z1 9-ld1 9-ld]e1 c4 ld1 play ld]e ls lsus mitt1 s5d mitt]e ms missus m]g1 dip1 duck m]g]e m]s m]sus plaud1 clap plaud]e plaus plausus ,also ap-plaud1 ap-plaud]e1 c4 ,o!r comp\nds h usually = au ?r\gh\t3 z1 ex-pld1 c42 b ex-plaud 7,lucr474 prem1 squeeze prem]e press pressus ,comp\nds h i = e 9 ! pres5t sy/em3 z1 com-prim1 c4 rd1 scrape rd]e rs rsus rd1 gnaw rd]e rs rsus sp>g1 scatt] sp>g]e sp>s sp>sus ,comp\nds usually h e = a ?r\gh\t3 z1 cn-sp]g1 c4 trd1 %ove trd]e trs trsus vd1 g vd]e -vs -vsus #iei4 7b47 ,) ! pres5t /em 9 -scoe- 7#hcd74 algsc1 get cold algsc]e als ---- ardsc1 flame out ardsc]e ars 7ex-ars7 ---- lcsc1 gr[ light lcsc]e -lx ---- ,sometimes 9 ! pres5t sy/em lcsc1 lcsc]e1 c4 frgsc1 gr[ cold frgsc]e -frx ---- vvsc1 get alive vvsc]e 7re-vx7 ---- ,9 composition1 also re-vvsc1 re-vvsc]e4 #ifj4 7c47 ,) ! pres5t /em 9 -toe- 7#hce74 flect1 turn flect]e flex flexus nect1 b9d toge!r nect]e nex1 nexu nexus ,p]fect sy/em r>e3 nexit 7,lucil41 ,acc472 nexuit1 ad-nexu]ant 7,sall474 pect1 comb pect]e pex pexus once #ifa4 7d47 ,) ! pres5t /em 9 -ioe- 7#hcf74 quati1 %ake quat]e -cuss quassus ,comp\nds drop ! a 7#aaa1 a73 z1 9-cuti1 9-cut]e1 9-cuss1 9-cussus4 ,errata3 #ied 444 nasaliz$ root foll[$ by -oe- 7#hca74 f9al 4 miss+ #ief 444 spiciunt 7,cato71 spxit 7,naev41 ,enn474 text un*ang$3 error = spexit8 ,,p]fect ,,/em ,,9 -v-4 #ifb4 7#b a47 ,! foll[+ v]bs 9 -ere h ! p]fect /em 9 -v-1 prec$$ by a long v[el ( ! root 7#hfi71 & ! p]fect p>ticiple1 :5 us$1 9 -tus3 #ifc4 7a47 ,) ! pres5t /em 9 -oe- 7#hbi74 t]1 rub t]]e trv trtus ,p]fect inf9itive once 9 p5tamet] v]se 7#hbc7 at-t]uisse 7,tib474 #ifd4 7b47 ,) ! pres5t /em 9 -noe- 7#hcc74 c]n1 sift1 c]n]e crv1 c]tus1 -crtus sep>ate1 see decid$ l91 besme> l9]e lv1 litus r>ely lv ,9 ! pres5t sy/em "s =ms 9 -re are us$ by late writ]s4 s91 leave1 let s9]e sv situs ,p]fect sy/em =ms ( s9 & d-s9 9 -v- are3 sv 7,plaut41 ,t]41 ,cic472 d-svit 7,s5471 svi/is 7,cic471 once ea*2 sv]s 7,plaut41 ,cato71 d-sv]it 7,cato1 ,gell471 sv]9t 7,plaut41 ,curt471 svisset 7,cic41 ,liv474 ,mu* (t5] )\t -v-3 z1 d-si 7,s5471 s/ 7,plaut41 ,cic472 d-s/ (t51 siit once 7,t]471 d-siit 7,v>r41 ,s541 c471 d-st 7,m>t41 c471 d-siimus 7,l5t471 d-smus 7#hic71 s/is2 d-sirunt 7,cic41 ,liv472 d-si]at1 d-si]it 7,cic472 d-sssem1 c41 ssset1 sss5t1 d-ssse4 ,= srs1 c41 see #hic2 = pn1 #igb4 sp]n1 spurn sp]n]e sprv sprtus /]n1 /rew /]n]e /rv /rtus #ife4 7c47 ,) ! pres5t /em 9 -scoe- 7#hcd74 crsc1 gr[ crsc] crv crtus nsc1 get to "k nsc]e nv ntus adjective ,comp\nds3 -gnsc1 -gnv1 -gntum2 -gnsc1 -gnv1 -gnitus2 c-gnsc1 c-gnv1 c-gnitus2 d-nsc1 d-nv1 r>ely d-gnsc1 d-gnv1 ----2 int]-nsc1 int]-nv1 ----4 ,old passive inf9itive ,,gnosci] 7inscr4 #ahf ,b4,c474 psc1 fe$ psc]e pv p/us scsc1 enact scsc]e scv sctus #iff4 7#b;b47 ,! foll[+ v]bs 9 -ere h ! p]fect /em 9 -v-1 prec$$ by ! long v[el ( a presum$ d5om9ative /em 7#hgj71 & ! p]fect p>ticiple1 :5 us$1 9 -tus3 #ifg4 7a47 ,) ! pres5t /em 9 -oe- 7#hbi74 pet1 aim at pet]e petv pettus ,9 ! p]fect1 sometimes peti 7,cic41 ,ov41 ,liv41 ,val4 ,fl41 ,pl94 ,ep471 ,,petiei 7inscr471 pet late 7,s541 ,/at472 petiit 7,cic41 ,hor41 ,tac41 ,suet471 pett 7,v]g41 ,ov41 ,pha$r41 ,s541 ,luc41 ,suet471 petiisse 7,v]g41 ,hor41 ,ov41 ,val4 ,fl41 ,/at474 qua]1 inquire qua]]e quaesv quaestus ,comp\nds sometimes reta9 ae 9 old ,lat91 b usually h = ae ?r\gh\t3 z1 con-qur1 con-qur]e1 c4 #ifh4 7b47 ,) ! pres5t /em 9 -scoe- 7#hcd74 ab-olsc1 vani% away ab-olsc]e ab-olv ---- ad-olsc1 gr[ up ad-olsc]e ad-olv ad-ultus con-cupsc1 hank] = con-cupsc]e con-cupv con-cuptus -dormsc1 fall asleep -dormsc]e -dormv ---- ex-olsc1 gr[ out ex-olsc]e ex-olv ex-oltus 9-vet]sc1 get set 9-vet]sc]e 9-vet]v ---- obs-olsc1 obs-olsc]e obs-olv obs-oltus get worn out adj4 quisc1 get /ill quisc]e quiv quitus adjective re-sipsc1 come to re-sipsc]e re-sipv ---- susc1 get us$ susc]e suv sutus vesp]scit1 gets dusk vesp]sc]e vesp]vit ---- #ifi4 7c47 ,) ! pres5t /em 9 -ioe- 7#hcf74 cupi1 want cup]e cupv cuptus ,once ) a =m 9 -re 7#gia71 cupret 7,lucr474 sapi1 h a smack sap]e sapv ---- ,comp\nds h i = a3 z1 re-sipi1 c4 #igj4 7d47 ,) ! pres5t /em 9 -ssoe- 7#cge74 ar-css1 s5d = ar-css]e ar-cssv ar-csstus ,sometimes ac-c]s1 c42 inf9itive r>ely ar-cssr or ac-c]sr4 capss1 und]take capss]e capssv ---- facss1 d1 make (f facss]e facssv facsstus ,p]fect sy/em r>e3 facssi]s or facss]s 7,cic471 facsssset 7,tac474 9-css1 attack 9-css]e 9-cssv ---- lacss1 provoke lacss]e lacssv lacsstus ,erratum3 #ifg 444 7,v]g41 ,ov41 ,pha$r41 ,s541 ,luc41 ,suet47 ,v]g1 ,ov41 ,,p]fect ,,/em ,,9 -u-4 #iga4 7#c47 ,! foll[+ v]bs 9 -ere h ! p]fect /em 9 -u- 7#hgc71 & ! p]fect p>ticiple1 :5 us$1 9 -tus2 9 "s p>ticiples -tus is prec$$ by a %ort i1 ?us1 -itus 7#iaj73 #igb4 7a47 ,) ! pres5t /em 9 -oe- 7#hbi74 al1 br+ up al]e alu altus1 r>ely alitus col1 till1 col]e colu cultus /ay r\nd1 c\rt con-c91 *ime ) con-c9]e con-c9u ---- ,a comp\nd ( c 7#ibd1 #hbc74 ,see also oc-c9 & prae-c94 cn-sul1 consult cn-sul]e cn-sulu cn-sultus deps1 knead deps]e depsu dep/us frem1 gr[l frem]e fremu ---- gem1 groan gem]e gemu ---- mol1 gr9d mol]e molu molitus oc-c91 s+ om9\sly oc-c9]e oc-c9u ---- ,once ) r$uplication1 oc-cec9]it 7,liv474 oc-cul1 hide oc-cul]e oc-culu oc-cultus ps1 pns1 bray ps]e1 pns]e pnsu1 psv pi/us ,once 7#hah1 #hdg7 pnsbant 7,enn474 ,p]fect once pnsu 7,pomp471 once 7#hbc1 #hic7 psirunt 7,v>r474 ,p]fect p>ticiple (t5 pnstus 7,col471 once pnsus 7,vitr474 pn1 place pn]e po-su po-situs ,a comp\nd ( po- & s9 7#ifd74 ,p]fect 9 old ,lat9 po-sv 7#hic72 po-su is fir/ us$ by ,ennius 7#hge74 ,p]fect p>ticiple 9 v]se sometimes1 po-/us1 -po-/us2 inf4 inpossse 7,plaut474 prae-c91 play be=e prae-c9]e prae-c9u ---- s]1 /r+ s]]e -s]u s]tus /]t1 snore /]t]e 7d-/]tu7 ---- /rep1 make a racket /rep]e /repu ---- tex1 weave tex]e texu textus trem1 quake trem]e tremu ---- vom1 ?r[ up vom]e vomu ---- #igc4 7b47 ,) r$uplication & -oe- 9 ! pres5t /em 7#hbi74 gign1 beget gign]e g5u g5itus ,pres5t sometimes also )\t r$uplication1 g5it1 c4 7,v>r41 ,lucr474 #igd4 7c47 ,) ! pres5t /em 9 a nasaliz$ root foll[$ by -oe- 7#hca74 ac-cumb1 lie by ac-cumb]e ac-cubu ac-cubitus ,s also 9-cumb2 dis-cumb has dis-cubu1 dis-cubitum4 ,comp\nds ) d1 ob1 pr1 re-1 & sub1 h -cubu1 ----4 #ige4 7d47 ,) ! pres5t /em 9 -ioe- 7#hcf74 -lici1 coax out -lic]e -licu -licitus rapi1 seize rap]e rapu raptus ,comp\nds h i = a 9 ! pres5t & p]fect sy/ems1 & e 9 ! p]fect p>ticiple3 z1 -ripi1 -rip]e1 -ripu1 -reptus4 ,old ,lat9 has u 9 d-rupi] & 9 sub-rupi1 sub-rup]e1 sub-rupu1 sub-ruptus2 %ort5$ =ms are3 surpuit1 surpu]it 7,plaut471 surpit 7,plaut4 prol471 surp]e 7,lucr471 surpite1 surpu]at 7,hor474 ,= sub-repsit 7,plaut471 see #hhg4 #igf4 7e47 ,) ! pres5t /em 9 -scoe- 7#hce72 = com-pscu1 see #hee4 acsc1 get s\r acsc]e -acu ---- alsc1 gr[ up alsc]e 7co-alu7 7co-alitus7 rsc1 dry up rsc]e -ru ---- calsc1 get w>m calsc]e -calu ---- c&sc1 get :ite c&sc]e -c&u ---- cnsc1 get grey cnsc]e cnu ---- clrsc1 get bright clrsc]e clru ---- com-pesc1 *eck com-pesc]e com-pescu ---- con-ticsc1 con-ticsc]e con-ticu ---- get all /ill ,also 9 ! pres5t sy/em1 con-ticsc1 con-ticsc]e1 c4 crbrsc1 get common crbrsc]e -crbru ---- crdsc1 wax bad crdsc]e 7re-crdu7 ---- -dolsc1 get pa9$ -dolsc]e -dolu ---- drsc1 get h>d drsc]e dru ---- -vlsc1 get *eap -vlsc]e -vlu ---- f]vsc1 boil up f]vsc]e -f]bu1 -f]v ---- flrsc1 blossom out flrsc]e -flru ---- horrsc1 bri/le up horrsc]e -horru ---- langusc1 get weak langusc]e langu ---- latsc1 hide away latsc]e -litu ---- liqusc1 melt liqusc]e 7d-licu7 ---- madsc1 get moi/ madsc]e madu ---- m>csc1 p9e away m>csc]e 7-m>cu7 ---- mtrsc1 rip5 mtrsc]e mtru ---- nigrsc1 get black nigrsc]e nigru ---- ntsc1 get kn[n ntsc]e ntu ---- ob-mtsc1 get /ill ob-mtsc]e ob-mtu ---- ob-surdsc1 get deaf ob-surdsc]e ob-surdu ---- oc-callsc1 get h>d oc-callsc]e oc-callu ---- pallsc1 gr[ pale pallsc]e pallu ---- ptsc1 get soak$ ptsc]e ptu ---- rigsc1 /iff5 up rigsc]e rigu ---- rubsc1 r$d5 rubsc]e rubu ---- snsc1 get well snsc]e -snu ---- s5sc1 gr[ old s5sc]e -s5u ---- /upsc1 get daz$ /upsc]e 7ob-/upu7 ---- ,also op-/ipsc or ob-/ipsc1 op-/ipu or ob-/ipu4 tbsc1 wa/e away tbsc]e tbu ---- tepsc1 get lukew>m tepsc]e tepu ---- -timsc1 get sc>$ -timsc]e -timu ---- torpsc1 get numb torpsc]e torpu ---- tremsc1 quake tremsc]e 7con-tremu7 ---- ,also 9 ! pres5t sy/em1 con-tremsc1 con-tremsc]e1 c4 tumsc1 swell up tumsc]e -tumu ---- valsc1 get /rong valsc]e -valu ---- vnsc1 wane vnsc]e 7-vnu7 ---- ,errata3 #igb4 7a47 4 invisible ,once 7#hah1 #hdg7 pnsbant pnsb>t #igf 444 = com-pscu1 see #hee4 f9al 4 miss+ ,,depon5ts ,,9 -4 #igg4 7#a47 ,! foll[+ depon5ts 9 - h ! p]fect p>ticiple 9 -tus1 except morior1 :i* has -tuus3 #igh4 7a47 ,) ! pres5t /em 9 -oe- 7#hbi74 fruor1 enjoy fru frctus loquor1 speak loqu loctus qu]or1 compla9 qu] que/us sequor1 foll[ sequ sectus #igi4 7b47 ,) ! pres5t /em 9 a nasaliz$ root foll[$ by -oe- 7#hca74 fungor1 get quit fung fnctus #ihj4 7c47 ,) ! pres5t /em 9 -scoe- 7#hcd74 apscor1 lay hold ( apsc aptus ,comp\nds h i & e = a3 z1 ad-ipscor1 ad-ipsc1 ad-eptus4 com-m9scor1 devise com-m9sc com-m5tus ex-p]gscor1 /ret* myself1 ex-p]gsc ex-p]-rctus wake ,p]fect p>ticiple r>ely ex-p]gitus 7,lucil41 ,lucr474 nancscor1 get nancsc nactus1 nnctus nscor1 am born nsc ntus ob-lvscor1 =get ob-lvsc ob-ltus pacscor1 b>ga9 pacsc pactus ,comp\nds3 d-pecscor1 d-pecsc1 d-pectus2 com-pectus4 pro-ficscor1 />t on pro-ficsc pro-fectus ulcscor1 av5ge ulcsc ultus #iha4 7d47 ,) ! pres5t /em 9 -ioe- 7#hcf74 morior1 die mor mortuus orior1 rise orr ortus potior1 ma/] potr pottus ,= =ms 9 -r ( ^! ?ree v]bs1 see #gia4 ,= potr1 twice pot 7,enn41 ,pac474 #ihb4 7#b47 ,! foll[+ depon5ts 9 - h ! p]fect p>ticiple 9 -sus 7#iab73 #ihc4 7a47 ,) ! pres5t /em 9 -oe- 7#hbi74 lbor1 tumble d[n lb lapsus ntor1 re/ on nt nsus1 nxus tor1 use t sus #ihd4 7b47 ,) ! pres5t /em 9 -scoe- 7#hcd74 d-fetscor1 get tir$ out d-fetsc d-fessus #ihe4 7c47 ,) ! pres5t /em 9 -toe- 7#hce74 am-plector1 hug r\nd am-plect am-plexus com-plector1 hug up com-plect com-plexus #ihf4 7d47 ,) ! pres5t /em 9 -ioe- 7#hcf74 gradior1 /ep grad gressus patior1 suff] pat passus ,comp\nds ( ^! two v]bs h e = a3 z1 ad-gr$ior1 p]-petior1 p]-pessus2 = =ms ( -gr$ior 9 -r1 see #gia4 ,erratum3 #igh4 7a47 7a74 ,,ii4 ,,d5om9ative ,,v]bs4 #ihg4 ,mo/ v]bs 9 -re1 -re1 & -re 7or 9 -r1 -r1 & -r71 are d5om9atives4 #ihh4 ,"s primitives f v[el roots h ! =m ( d5om9atives 9 ! pres5t sy/em1 or ?r\gh\t2 & "s v]bs ) a d5om9ative pres5t sy/em h ! p]fect & p]fect p>ticiple =m$ directly f a root4 7#a47 ,,v]bs ,,9 -re4 7,a47 ,,p]fect ,,/em ,,)\t ,a ,,suffix4 #ihi4 7#a47 ,! foll[+ v]b 9 -re has a r$uplicat$ p]fect /em 7#hei73 /1 /& /re /et ---- ,= -/it1 see #hfj4 ,! comp\nd prae-/ has r>ely ! p]fect p>ticiple prae-/tus 7,brut41 ,pl9471 & prae-/itus 7,liv474 #iij4 7#b47 ,! foll[+ v]bs 9 -re h a p]fect /em consi/+ ( a root :i* ends 9 -v- & has a long v[el 7#hfd71 & ! p]fect p>ticiple 9 -tus3 iuv1 help iuvre iv itus once ,9 ! p]fect sy/em1 iuv]9t1 adiuv]1 & adiuv]it occur once ea* 9 ,catull41 ,enn41 ,plaut41 & ,t]42 see #hia4 ,p]fect p>ticiple usual only 9 ! comp\nd ad-itus4 lav1 ba! lavre lv lautus ,=ms 9 -ere are v common 9 ! pres5t t5se 7#hbj73 lavis 7,plaut41 ,hor471 lavit 7,plaut41 ,lucr41 ,catull41 ,v]g41 ,hor471 lavimus 7,hor471 lavitur 7,val4 ,fl471 lavit 7,cato71 lav]e (t51 lav 7,pomp474 ,p]fect p>ticiple (t5 ltus 9 writ]s ( ! empire2 sup9e1 lautum1 lavtum4 ,erratum3 #iij 444 once ea* 9 ,catull41 ,enn41 ,plaut41 & ,t]42 & ,t]2 7,b47 ,,p]fect ,,/em ,,9 -v- ,,or -u-4 ,,p]fect ,,/em ,,9 -v-4 #iia4 7#a;a47 ,two v]bs 9 -re h ! p]fect /em 9 -v- 7#hfi71 & ! p]fect p>ticiple1 :5 us$1 9 -tus1 bo? prec$$ by a long -- ( ! root3 fl1 bl[ flre flv fltus n1 swim nre nv ---- #iib4 7#a;b47 ,mo/ v]bs 9 -re h ! p]fect /em 9 -v- 7#hfi71 & ! p]fect p>ticiple 9 -tus1 bo? prec$$ by a =m ( ! pres5t /em 9 long --3 z1 laud1 praise laudre laudv laudtus lb]1 free lb]re lb]v lb]tus nm91 "n nm9re nm9v nm9tus spr1 hope sprre sprv sprtus ,,p]fect ,,/em ,,9 -u-4 #iic4 7#b47 ,! foll[+ v]bs 9 -re h ! p]fect /em 9 -u 7#hgd71 & ! p]fect p>ticiple1 :5 us$1 9 -tus2 9 "s p>ticiples1 -tus is prec$$ by a %ort i1 ?us1 -itus 7#iaj73 crep1 rattle crepre crepu 79-crepitus7 ,=ms ( ! p]fect sy/em 9 -v- 7#hbc7 are3 9-crepvit 7,plaut471 dis-crepvit 7,v>r471 9-creprit 7,suet474 cub1 lie cubre cubu ---- ,=ms ( ! p]fect sy/em 9 -v- 7#hbc7 are3 ex-cubv]ant 7,caes471 cubris 7,prop471 9-cubvre 7,pl9471 cubsse 7,qu9til474 ,comp\nd p]fect p>ticiple 9-cubitus 7,pl9474 dom1 tame domre domu domitus -nec1 murd] -necre -necu -nectus ,! simple v]b has necv1 nectus2 twice necuit 7,enn41 ,pha$r474 -nec sometimes has i = e 9 ! pres5t & p]fect sy/em2 once 7#hbc7 -nicvit1 & once 7#hhg7 -nicss 7,plaut472 p]fect p>ticiple also -nectus 7,pl9474 fric1 rub d[n fricre fricu frictus ,p]fect p>ticiple also frictus 7,vitr471 cn-frictus 7,v>r41 ,pl9471 d-frictus 7,catull41 ,col41 ,pl9471 n-frictus 7,col41 ,pl9471 p]-frictus 7,vitr41 ,pl9474 mic1 quiv] micre micu ---- ,s ! comp\nds2 except d-mic1 d-micv1 d-mictum2 twice 9 p5tamet] v]se 7#hbc7 d-micuisse 7,ov474 -plic1 fold -plicre -plicu -plicitus ,a few =ms ( ! pres5t sy/em ( ! simple v]b occur4 ,9 ! p]fect & p]fect p>ticiple usually -plicv1 -plictus2 b sometimes ap-plicu 7,cic4 once1 ,tib41 ,ov41 ,liv41 ,s541 c472 com-plicu 7,s5471 ex-plicu 7,v]g41 ,hor41 ,liv41 ,s541 c471 im-plicu 7,v]g41 ,tib41 ,ov41 ,s541 c472 ap-plicitus 7,col41 ,qu9til41 ,pl94 ,ep471 ex-plicitus 7,caes41 ,s541 ,pl94 ,ep471 im-plicitus 7,plaut41 ,cic41 ,liv472 once re-plictus 7,/at474 sec1 cut secre secu sectus ,! comp\nd ) ex sometimes has i = e2 once 7#hbc7 exicv]is 7,cato74 son1 s\nd sonre sonu ---- ,also 7#hbj7 sonit1 sonunt 7,enn41 ,acc471 son]e 7,acc41 ,lucr472 re-sonunt 7,enn474 ,p]fect 7#hbc7 re-sonr9t 7,hor471 re-sonvit 7,man471 sontrus 7,hor474 ton1 ?und] tonre tonu 7at-tonitus7 ,once 7#hbj7 tonimus 7,v>r474 ,p]fect p>ticiple once 9-tontus 7,hor474 vet1 =bid vetre vetu vetitus ,9 old ,lat91 vot1 c4 7#adc74 ,p]fect once 7#hbc7 vetvit 7,p]s474 ,erratum3 #iic 444 re-sonvit 7,man471 sontrus 7,hor474 f9al 4 miss+ ,,depon5ts ,,9 -r4 #iid4 ,!re are _m depon5ts 9 -r1 ) ! p]fect p>ticiple 9 -tus3 z1 hortor1 exhort hortr horttus ,= ! primitive fr1 speak1 & comp\nds1 see ! diction>y4 7#b47 ,,v]bs ,,9 -re4 7,a47 ,,p]fect ,,/em ,,)\t ,a ,,suffix4 #iie4 7#a47 ,! foll[+ v]bs 9 -re h a r$uplicat$ p]fect /em 7#hei71 & ! p]fect p>ticiple1 :5 us$1 9 -sus 7#iab73 morde1 bite mordre momord morsus ,! comp\nd prae-morde has once 7#hbc7 prae-morsisset 7,plaut474 p5de1 am hung p5dre pep5d ---- ,! comp\nd pr-p5de has ! p]fect p>ticiple pr-pnsus4 sponde1 cov5ant spondre spopond spnsus ,= d-spond & re-spond1 see #hfj2 r>ely d-spopond 7,plaut474 tonde1 %e> tondre -totond1 -tond tnsus ,= d-tondunt 7,v>r471 see #hba4 ,p]fect only 9 ! comp\nds at-tond & d-tond 7#hfj72 once d-totond]at 7,v>r471 & p]haps d-totondit 7,enn474 #iif4 7#b;a47 ,! foll[+ v]bs 9 -re h a p]fect /em consi/+ ( a root :i* ends 9 -v- & has a long v[el 7#hfd71 & ! p]fect p>ticiple1 :5 us$1 9 -tus3 cave1 look out cavre cv cautus fave1 am fri5dly favre fv ---- fove1 w>m1 *]i% fovre fv ftus move1 move movre mv mtus ,= %ort =ms 9 ! p]fect sy/em1 p>ticul>ly 9 comp\nds1 see #hia4 vove1 v[ vovre vv vtus #iig4 7#b;b47 ,?ree v]bs 9 -re h a p]fect /em consi/+ ( a consonant root ) a long v[el 7#hfd71 & ! p]fect p>ticiple 9 -sus 7#iab73 s$e1 sit s$re sd -sessus ,real comp\nds h i = e 9 ! pres5t sy/em3 z1 ob-side1 c4 ,comp\nds ) dis-1 prae1 & re- h no p]fect p>ticiple4 /rde1 grate /rdre /rd ---- ,(t5 ) a pres5t sy/em 9 -ere 7#hba74 vide1 see vidre vd vsus #iih4 7#c47 ,! foll[+ v]bs 9 -re h a p]fect /em end+ 9 two consonants 7#hff71 & ! p]fect p>ticiple1 :5 us$1 9 -sus 7#iab73 f]ve1 boil f]vre f]v1 f]bu ---- ,sometimes ) =ms 9 -ere 7#hba7 9 v]se4 ,! p]fect sy/em is r>e4 pr&e1 lun* pr&re pr& prnsus 7,b47 ,,p]fect ,,/em ,,9 -s-1 ,,or ,,9 -v- ,,or -u-4 ,,p]fect ,,/em ,,9 -s-4 #iii4 7#a;a47 ,! foll[+ v]bs 9 -re h ! p]fect /em 9 -s- 7#hfh71 & ! p]fect p>ticiple1 :5 us$1 9 -tus3 auge1 increase augre aux auctus 9-dulge1 am k9d 9-dulgre 9-duls ---- lce1 beam lcre lx ---- lge1 m\rn lgre lx ---- torque1 twi/ torqure tors tortus #ajjj4 7#a;b47 ,! foll[+ v]bs 9 -re h ! p]fect /em 9 -s- 7#hfh71 & ! p]fect p>ticiple1 :5 us$1 9 -sus 7#iab73 alge1 feel cold algre als ---- arde1 blaze ardre ars ---- c-nve1 w9k & bl9k c-nvre c-nx1 c-nv ---- ,! p]fects c-nx 7,turp471 c-nv 7,crass471 occur once ea*4 fulge1 fla% fulgre fuls ---- ,=ms ( ! pres5t 9 -ere 7#hba7 occur 9 v]se3 fulgit 7,pomp41 ,lucil41 ,lucr471 fulg]e 7,pac41 ,acc41 ,lucil41 ,lucr41 ,v]g472 ef-fulg]e 7,v]g41 ,claud474 ha]e1 /ick ha]re haes ---- iube1 ord] iubre iuss iussus ,9 old ,lat91 ,,iovbeo1 aft] ,,iovsi 7,,ivsi72 lat] iuss1 iussus1 aft] iube4 mane1 /ay manre mns mnsum mulce1 /roke mulcre muls mulsus adjective ,p]fect p>ticiple p]-mulsus r>e 7,cornif41 ,v>r474 mulge1 milk mulgre muls mulsus once rde1 laugh rdre rs -rsus sude1 advise sudre sus susus t]ge1 wipe t]gre t]s t]sus ,= =ms 9 -ere 9 ! pres5t1 z t]git1 c4 7,v>r41 ,prop41 ,/at41 ,col471 see #hba4 turge1 am swell+ turgre turs once ---- ,( ! p]fect sy/em1 turs]at 7,enn474 urge1 pu% urgre urs ---- ,erratum3 #iii 444 lge1 m\rn lgeo ,,p]fect ,,/em ,,9 -v- ,,or -u-4 ,,p]fect ,,/em ,,9 -v-4 #ajja4 7#a;a47 ,! foll[+ v]bs 9 -re h ! p]fect /em 9 -v- 7#hfi71 & ! p]fect p>ticiple 9 -tus1 bo? prec$$ by a long -- ( ! root3 d-le1 wipe out d-lre d-lv d-ltus fle1 weep flre flv fltus ne1 sp9 nre nv ---- ,= neunt 7,tib471 see #hcg4 -ple1 fill -plre -plv -pltus #ajjb4 7#a;b47 ,! foll[+ v]b 9 -re has ! p]fect /em 9 -v- 7#hfi71 prec$$ by long --1 & ! p]fect p>ticiple 9 -tus1 prec$$ by %ort -i- ( ! root3 cie1 set a go+ cire cv citus ,some:at defective2 also ) a =m 9 -re 7#hba74 ,= ! p]fect p>ticiple ( comp\nds1 see #iai4 #ajjc4 7#a;c47 ,! foll[+ v]b 9 -re has ! p]fect /em 9 -v- 7#hfi71 & ! p]fect p>ticiple 9 -itus 7#iaj73 ab-ole1 de/roy ab-olre ab-olv ab-olitus ,,p]fect ,,/em ,,9 -u-4 #ajjd4 7#b;a47 ,mo/ v]bs 9 -re h ! p]fect /em 9 -u- 7#hgd71 & ! p]fect p>ticiple1 :5 us$1 9 -tus1 :i* is usually prec$$ by a %ort i 7#iaj73 z1 doce1 tea* docre docu doctus habe1 h habre habu habitus ,s also po/-habe2 o!r comp\nds h i = a3 z1 pro-hibe1 pro-hibre1 pro-hibu1 pro-hibitus2 twice contract$1 prbet1 prbeat 7,lucr474 ,comp\nds ) d & prae are regul>ly contract$1 dbe1 praebe1 c43 b 9 ,plautus once de-hibui/1 & regul>ly prae-hibe1 c41 ?r\gh\t4 m]e1 e>n m]re m]u m]itus ,(t5 depon5t 7#hjj73 m]eor1 m]r1 m]itus4 misce1 mix miscre miscu mixtus1 mi/us ,! pres5t /em is an ext5sion ( ! suffix -scoe- 7#hcd72 -sc- ( ! pres5t runs ov] into ! p]fect4 mone1 advise monre monu monitus place1 am pleas+ placre placu placitus ,s ! comp\nds com-place & p]-place2 dis-plice has i = a ?r\gh\t4 tace1 hold my tongue tacre tacu tacitus adjective ,! comp\nd re-tice has i = a & no p]fect p>ticiple4 t5e1 hold t5re t5u -t5tus ,comp\nds h i = e 9 ! pres5t & p]fect3 z1 d-t9e1 d-t9u1 d-t5tus4 t]re1 sc>e t]rre t]ru t]ritus torre1 roa/ torrre torru to/us #ajje4 7#b;b47 ,! foll[+ v]b 9 -re has ! p]fect /em 9 -u- 7#hgd71 & ! p]fect p>ticiple 9 -sus 7#iab73 cnse1 c\nt1 rate cnsre cnsu cnsus #ajjf4 7#c47 ,! foll[+ v]bs 9 -re h ! p]fect /em 9 -u- 7#hgd71 & no p]fect p>ticiple 7#ijg73 arce1 *eck arcre arcu ---- ,! comp\nds co-erce & ex-erce h e = a1 & p]fect p>ticiples co-ercitus & ex-ercitus4 cale1 am w>m calre calu ---- c&e1 gl[ :ite c&re c&u ---- c>e1 h n c>re c>u ---- dole1 a*e dolre dolu ---- ege1 ne$ egre egu ---- ,! comp\nd ind-ige1 ind-igre1 ind-igu1 ----1 has i = e4 -m9e1 /ick out -m9re -m9u ---- flre1 bloom flrre flru ---- horre1 bri/le up horrre horru ---- iace1 lie iacre iacu ---- late1 lie hid latre latu ---- lice1 am rat$ licre licu ---- lique1 am melt$ liqure licu ---- made1 am soak$ madre madu ---- nite1 %9e nitre nitu ---- noce1 am hurtful nocre nocu ---- ole1 smell olre olu ---- ,= =ms 9 -ere 9 ! pres5t sy/em1 see #hba4 palle1 look pale pallre pallu ---- pre1 wait on1 am ob$i5t prre pru ---- pate1 am op5 patre patu ---- rige1 am /iff rigre rigu ---- sile1 am sil5t silre silu ---- sorbe1 suck up sorbre sorbu ---- ,! p]fect sy/em ( ! simple v]b is r>e3 sorbuit1 sorbu]9t 7,pl9472 also 7#hbc7 sorpsit 7,val4 ,max472 ab-sorbe & ex-sorbe h -sorbu2 b ab-sorps 7,pl941 ,luc41 ,macr471 ex-sorps 7,s5474 /ude1 am eag] /udre /udu ---- /upe1 am daz$ /upre /upu ---- "t1 fe> timre timu ---- vale1 am /rong valre valu ---- vige1 feel /rong vigre vigu ---- #ajjg4 ,= aude1 gaude1 & sole1 see #hja2 = lubet or libet1 licet1 mis]et1 oportet1 pa5itet1 piget1 pudet1 ta$et1 see #hae & #haf4 ,errata3 #ajjd 444 b 9 ,plautus once de-hibui/ pr9t$ z %[n3 expect$ =m d-hibui/ #ajjf 444 b ab-sorps 7,pl941 ,luc41 ,macr47 macron invisible ,,depon5ts ,,9 -r4 #ajjh4 7#a;a47 ,! foll[+ depon5t 9 -r has ! p]fect p>ticiple 9 -tus3 reor1 reckon1 ?9k rr ratus #ajji4 7#a;b47 ,! foll[+ depon5ts 9 -r h ! p]fect p>ticiple 9 -tus1 :i* is prec$$ by a %ort i 7#iaj73 liceor1 bid licr licitus mis]eor1 pity mis]r mis]itus ,p]fect p>ticiple also mis]tus 7,val4 ,max41 ,s541 ,curt474 ,active =ms are3 mis]te1 mis]r5t 7,enn471 mis]es 7,t]471 mis]et 7,lucr471 mis]5t 7,val4 ,fl474 ,passive =ms are sometimes us$ imp]sonally 7#gbd73 z1 mis]tur1 c4 tueor1 look to1 protect tur tuitus late ,=ms 9 - also occur 9 v]se 7#hba74 ,z p]fect p>ticiple1 g5]ally tttus4 v]eor1 am aw$ at v]r v]itus #ajaj4 7#b47 ,"o depon5t 9 -r has ! p]fect p>ticiple 9 -sus 7#iab73 fateor1 confess fatr fassus ,comp\nds h i & e = a3 z1 cn-fiteor1 cn-fessus4 7#c47 ,,v]bs ,,9 -re4 7,a47 ,,p]fect ,,/em ,,)\t ,a ,,suffix4 #ajaa4 7#a;a47 ,! foll[+ v]b 9 -re has a r$uplicat$ p]fect /em 7#hfa71 & ! p]fect p>ticiple 9 -tus3 re-p]i1 f9d re-p]re re-pp] re-p]tus #ajab4 7#a;b47 ,! foll[+ v]b 9 -re has no r$uplication 9 ! p]fect /em1 & ! p]fect p>ticiple 9 -tus3 com-p]i1 f9d out com-p]re com-p] com-p]tus ,z depon5t3 com-p]i> 7,t]471 com-p]ior 7,sall41 ,tac474 #ajac4 7#b47 ,! foll[+ v]b 9 -re has a p]fect /em consi/+ ( a consonant root ) a long v[el 7#hfb71 & ! p]fect p>ticiple 9 -tus3 v5i1 come v5re vn v5tum1 -v5tus ,= -v5unt1 -v5at1 -v5ant1 ad-v5at1 p]-v5at1 see #hbb4 7,b47 ,,p]fect ,,/em ,,9 -s-1 ,,or ,,9 -v- ,,or -u-4 ,,p]fect ,,/em ,,9 -s-4 #ajad4 7#a47 ,! foll[+ v]bs 9 -re h ! p]fect /em 9 -s- 7#hfh71 & ! p]fect p>ticiple 9 -tus3 f>ci1 /uff f>cre f>s f>tus ,comp\nds h usually e = a ?r\gh\t4 fulci1 prop fulcre fuls fultus hauri1 dra9 haurre haus hau/us ,a p]fect subjunctive hauri]9t is quot$ f ,v>ro 7#hbc74 saepi1 h$ge 9 saepre saeps saeptus sanci1 hall[ sancre snx snctus adjective ,p]fect p>ticiple r>ely sanctus 7,lucr41 ,liv474 ,a plup]fect sanci]at is quot$ f ,pomponius ,secundus 7#hbc74 s>ci1 pat* s>cre s>s s>tus v9ci1 b9d v9cre vnx vnctus #ajae4 7#b47 ,! foll[+ v]b 9 -re has ! p]fect /em 9 -s- 7#hfh71 & ! p]fect p>ticiple 9 -sus 7#iab73 s5ti1 feel s5tre sns snsus ,! comp\nd ) ad is g5]ally depon5t 7#hjj74 ,,p]fect ,,/em ,,9 -v-4 #ajaf4 7#a;a47 ,! foll[+ v]b 9 -re has ! p]fect /em 9 -v- 7#hfi71 & ! p]fect p>ticiple 9 -tus1 bo? prec$$ by a long ( ! root3 sci1 "k scre scv sctus #ajag4 7#a;b47 ,! foll[+ v]b 9 -re has ! p]fect /em 9 -v- 7#hfi71 & ! p]fect p>ticiple 9 -tus3 sepeli1 bury sepelre sepelv sepultus #ajah4 7#a;c47 ,mo/ v]bs 9 -re h ! p]fect /em 9 -v- 7#hfi71 & ! p]fect p>ticiple 9 -tus1 bo? prec$$ by a =m ( ! pres5t /em 9 long --3 z1 audi1 he> audre audv audtus ,,p]fect ,,/em ,,9 -u-4 #ajai4 7#b47 ,! foll[+ v]bs 9 -re h ! p]fect /em 9 -u- 7#hgd71 & ! p]fect p>ticiple1 :5 us$1 9 -tus3 am-ici1 don am-icre am-icu am-ictus ,p]fect r>e3 once am-icu 7,brut471 once am-ix 7,v>r474 ap-eri1 op5 ap-erre ap-eru ap-ertus op-eri1 cov] ov] op-erre op-eru op-ertus sali1 leap salre salu ---- ,comp\nds h i = a ?r\gh\t3 z1 n-sili4 ,a p]fect sy/em 9 -v- 7#hbc1 #hic71 z ex-silv1 occurs 9 late writ]s 7,col41 ,s541 ,pl941 c474 ,,depon5ts ,,9 -r4 #ajbj4 7#a;a47 ,! foll[+ depon5ts 9 -r h ! p]fect p>ticiple 9 -tus3 ex-p]ior1 try ex-p]r ex-p]tus op-p]ior1 wait = op-p]r op-p]tus ,p]fect p>ticiple once op-p]tus 7,plaut474 #ajba4 7#a;b47 ,! foll[+ depon5ts 9 -r h ! p]fect p>ticiple 9 -tus3 bl&ior1 am agreeable bl&r bl&tus l>gior1 %[] l>gr l>gtus m5tior1 tell lies m5tr m5ttus mlior1 "w h>d mlr mltus p>tior1 %>e "pr "ptus sortior1 draw lots sortr sorttus #ajbb4 7#b47 ,! foll[+ depon5ts 9 -r h ! p]fect p>ticiple 9 -sus 7#iab73 mtior1 measure mtr mnsus rdior1 beg9 rdr rsus ,,"p ,,second decoration ,,s5t5ces ,,! ,,simple ,,s5t5ce ,,& ,,its ,,p>ts4 #ajbc4 ,a ,,s5t5ce is a ?\ght express$ by means ( a v]b4 ,! ,,subject is t :i* is spok5 (4 ,! ,,pr$icate is t :i* is said ( ! subject4 #ajbd4 ,a ,,simple ,,s5t5ce is "o :i* has only "o subject & "o pr$icate4 ,?us1 ,rhodanus fluit1 ! ,rhone fl[s1 is a simple s5t5ce3 ! subject is ,rhodanus & ! pr$icate is fluit4 #ajbe4 ,! s5t5ce may be decl>ative1 /at+ a fact1 exclamatory1 cry+ out ab\t some?+1 int]rogative1 ask+ a "q1 or imp]ative1 giv+ a comm&4 ,,! ,,subject4 #ajbf4 ,! subject is a sub/antive1 or any ^w or words hav+ ! value ( a sub/antive4 #ajbg4 ,! subject ( a v]b is 9 ! nom9ative case4 #ajbh4 ,! subject may be express$1 or may be m]ely indicat$ by ! p]son end+4 #ajbi4 7#a47 ,) ! fir/ or ! second p]son1 ! subject is express$ by a p]sonal pron\n 7ego t1 ns vs7 only :5 some:at emphatic1 or 9 an indignant "q4 ,o!rwise ! v]b ( ! fir/ or second p]son is n att5d$ by a p]sonal pron\n3 z1 eram1 ,i 01 ers1 ?\ w]t4 #ajcj4 ,! subject is regul>ly omitt$ :5 x is g5]al & indef9ite1 9 ! fir/ p]son plural2 z1 intellegimus1 we und]/&2 & second p]son s+ul>1 z3 putrs1 y1 or anybody w\ld h ?\ght4 #ajca4 ,! subject ( ! fir/ or second p]son is sometimes a sub/antive1 contr>y to ! ,engli% idiom3 z1 ,hannibal pet pcem1 ,i ,hannibal am su+ = peace4 p>s specttrum scs1 a "p ( y spectators kn[s4 exorire aliquis no/rs ex ossibus ultor1 f out our bones may/ "s av5g] spr+4 trec5t conirvimus1 ?ree hundr$ ( u h sworn an oa? toge!r4 #ajcb4 7#b47 ,) ! ?ird p]son ! subject is regul>ly express$1 unless ! g5]al #8he %e x1' or #8!y' impli$ 9 ! p]son end+ is def9ite en\gh4 #ajcc4 ,! ?ird p]son plural (t5 ref]s to p 9 g5]al1 p>ticul>ly ( v]bs mean+ say1 "n or call1 ?9k1 &1 ) volg add$1 ( o!r v]bs also3 z1 f]unt1 !y say1 p say1 or ! _w says4 ,! s+ul> v]b inquit1 is r>ely us$ 9 ! s5se ( says somebody1 x w be said1 or quo?a4 #ajcd4 ,"s v]bs h no subject at all 9 ! ?ird p]son s+ul>2 ^! are call$ ,imp]sonal4 ,su* are3 a few v]bs express+ #8op]ations ( nature1' five v]bs ( #8m5tal di/ress1' & any v]b us$ to d5ote m]ely ! occurr5ce ( action1 )\t ref]5ce to any do]3 z1 7a47 lcet1 x is light1 lcscit1 x is gett+ light2 pluit1 x ra9s1 fulget1 x light5s1 tonat1 x ?und]s4 7b47 mis]et1 x moves to pity1 pa5itet1 x rep5ts1 piget1 x grieves1 pudet1 x puts to %ame1 ta$et1 x bores4 7c47 b5e erat1 x w5t well2 pugntur1 !re is fight+1 pugntum e/1 !re 0 fight+4 ,see also #haf4 ,,! ,,pr$icate4 #ajce4 ,! pr$icate is ei!r a v]b alone1 or a v]b ( indet]m9ate mean+ ) a pr$icate nom9ative add$ to complete ! s5se4 ,v]bs ( indet]m9ate mean+ are su* z mean am 7some?+71 become1 rema91 seem1 am ?\ght1 am call$ or nam$1 am *os54 #ajcf4 ,! v]b is sometimes omitt$1 :5 x is easily und]/ood4 ,s p>ticul>ly su* ev]yday v]bs z mean am1 d1 say1 come1 & g1 9 prov]bs & maxims1 9 %ort que/ions1 & 9 emphatic or lively ass]tion or description3 z1 quot hom9s1 tot s5t5tiae1 sc4 sunt1 z _m m51 s _m m9ds4 omnia praeclra rra1 sc4 sunt1 all t's v fair is r>e4 mortuus ,cms1 sc4 e/1 he di$ at ,cumae4 b5e mih1 sc4 sit1 be x well ) me1 i4e4 a heal? to me4 haec hct5us1 sc4 dcam1 ?us mu* only1 or no m ( ?is4 ,,enl>gem5t ,,( ,,! ,,simple ,,s5t5ce4 #ajcg4 ,! p>ts ( ! simple s5t5ce may be enl>g$ by additions4 ,! commone/ enl>gem5ts ( ! subject & ( ! pr$icate are ! foll[+4 #ajch4 ,i4 ,! subject may be enl>g$ by ! addition ( attributes1 appositives1 or objects4 #ajci4 7#a47 ,an ,,attribute is an ess5tial addition to a sub/antive1 unit+ ) x z "o idea4 ,! attribute may be3 #ajdj4 7a47 ,g5itive ( a sub/antive ( diff]5t mean+1 d5ot+ ! ag5t1 possessor1 or ! l3 z1 metus ho/ium1 fe> ( ! enemy1 i4e4 :i* !y feel4 ho/ium ca/ra1 camp ( ! enemy4 #ajda4 7b47 ,g5itive or ablative ( a sub/antive ) an adjective 9 agreem5t3 z1 pu] sdecim annrum1 a boy ( sixte5 ye>s2 bovs mr speci1 k9e ( wondr\s beauty4 #ajdb4 7c47 ,a n\n 9 ! same case1 ei!r an adjective or p>ticiple1 or else a sub/antive us$ adjectively3 z1 pugna ,cannnsis1 ! battle ( ,cannae2 cvitts victae1 ! conqu]$ communities2 victor ,rmulus rx1 victori\s k+ ,romulus4 #ajdc4 7d47 ,a sub/antive 9 ! accusative or ablative ) a preposition3 z1 pugna ad ,canns1 ! battle ne> ,cannae4 vir s9e met1 a man )\t fe> 7#adbg74 #ajdd4 ,an attribute is r>ely atta*$ imm$iately to a prop] "n3 z1 =tem ,gyn1 ,gyas ! brave4 ,q4 ,lcnius1 eiusdem rd9is1 ,lucanius1 ( ! same rank4 ,x is mu* (t5] atta*$ to a g5]al ^w 9 apposition ) ! prop] "n3 z1 vir clrissimus1 ,m4 ,crassus1 ! illu/ri\s ,crassus4 #ajde4 7#b47 ,an ,,appositive is a sep>ate sub/antive add$ z an explanation to ano!r sub/antive1 & 9 ! same case1 b n l ! attribute unit+ ) x z "o idea3 z1 avtum malum1 rgn cupd1 ! ance/ral curse1 ambition = a cr[n4 ,hamilc>1 ,mrs alt]1 ,hamilc>1 a second ,m>s4 ,cornlia1 mt] ,grac*rum1 ,cornelia1 "m ( ! ,grac*i4 ,teutomatus1 ,ollivicnis flius1 rx ,nitiobrogum1 ,teutomatus1 ! son ( ,ollivico1 ! k+ ( ! ,nitiobroges4 #ajdf4 7#c47 ,! ,,object ( a sub/antive is ano!r sub/antive ( diff]5t mean+ 9 ! g5itive1 d5ot+ t on :i* action is ex]t$3 z1 metus ho/ium1 fe> ( ! enemy1 i4e4 :i* is felt t[>ds !m4 vnditi bonrum1 sale ( ! goods4 #ajdg4 ,a sub/antive 9 any case may be modifi$ l ! subject4 #ajdh4 ,,ii4 ,! pr$icate may be enl>g$ by ! addition ( accusatives1 datives1 pr$icate n\ns1 or adv]bial adjuncts4 #ajdi4 7#a47 ,! ,,accusative d5otes ! object ( ! v]b2 also ext5t1 duration1 & aim ( motion4 ,see #aabd4 #ajej4 7#b47 ,! ,,dative d5otes t = or to :i* some?+ is or is done4 ,see #aage4 #ajea4 7#c47 ,a pr$icate n\n1 ei!r sub/antive or adjective1 d5ot+ #8(fice1 "t1 age1 ord]1 condition1' or ! l1 is (t5 add$ to o!r v]bs besides ^? ( indet]m9ate mean+ 7#ajce73 z1 ,inius a$em dicttor ddicvit1 ,junius d$icat$ a temple 9 8 capacity z dictator1 n ,junius ! dictator4 litt]s ,graecs s5ex didic1 ,i le>n$ ,greek :5 ,i 0 an old man4 prnceps 9 proelium bat1 ultimus excdbat1 he 0 always ! fir/ to g into battle1 ! la/ to come out4 ,= ! pr$icative dative ( ! sub/antive1 see #abai4 #ajeb4 ,9 l mann] a n\n may be add$ z a pr$icate 9 agreem5t ) a sub/antive 9 any oblique case3 z1 s incolums recipiunt1 !y come back safe4 ante m cnsulem1 be=e my consul%ip4 ,dolbell ho/e dcrt1 ,dolabella hav+ be5 vot$ an enemy4 ntr duce1 ) nature z a guide4 #ajec4 7#d47 ,an ,,adv]bial ,,adjunct is ei!r an oblique case ( a n\n1 (t5 ) a preposition1 or an adv]b d5ot+ #8place1 "t1 ext5t1 degree1 mann]1 cause1' or #8circum/ances' g5]ally3 z1 sil5ti pr(icscitur1 he m>*es 9 sil5ce4 9 e flm9e pns erat1 ov] t riv] !re 0 a bridge4 #ajed4 ,a pr$icate sub/antive may be modifi$ l ! subject4 ,an adjective ei!r ( ! subject or ( ! pr$icate1 may be modifi$ by an oblique case or by an adv]b4 ,erratum3 #ajdj;a 444 ho/ium ca/ra1 camp ( ! enemy4 4 miss+ ,,comb9ation ,,( ,,s5t5ces4 #ajee4 ,simple s5t5ces may be comb9$ 9 two diff]5t ways4 ,! add$ s5t5ce may be ,i4 ,coord9ate2 or ,,ii4 ,subord9ate4 ,?us1 9 he di$ & we liv$1 ! two s5t5ces are coord9ate1 t is1 ( equal rank4 ,b 9 he di$ t we might live1 ! s5t5ce beg9n+ ) t is subord9ate4 ,9 ei!r comb9ation ! sep>ate s5t5ces are (t5 call$ ,clauses or ,memb]s1 9 contradi/9ction to ! m compreh5sive s5t5ce ( :i* !y are p>ts4 ,i4 ,,! ,,comp\nd ,,s5t5ce4 #ajef4 ,a ,,comp\nd ,,s5t5ce is "o :i* consi/s ( two or m coord9ate simple s5t5ces3 z1 t m ams1 ego t am1 ,pl4 ,mo/4 #cje1 ?\ art 9 love ) me1 ,i'm 9 love ) !e4 nox erat et cael fulgbat lna s]n int] m9ra sd]a1 ,h4 ,epod4 #ae1 #a1 'twas night1 & 9 a cl\dless sky1 bright rode ! moon amid ! less] lights4 t pet1 m df5ds1 ,fam4 #ae1 #h1 ,i ask x ( y1 protect me4 #ajeg4 ,a comp\nd s5t5ce is usually abridg$ :5 ! memb]s h p>ts 9 common3 z1 valbant precs et lacrimae1 ,mil4 #cd1 pray]s & te>s _h weight1 comp\nd subject1 = valbant precs et valbant lacrimae4 rogat ratque t1 ,,ra4 #add1 he begs & entreats y1 comp\nd pr$icate1 = rogat t ratque t4 arma virumque c1 ,v4 #a1 #a1 arms & ! man ,i s+1 comp\nd object1 = arma c virumque c4 di atque crit] pugntum e/1 #a1 #bf1 #a1 !re 0 long & %>p fight+1 = di pugntum e/ atque crit] pugntum e/4 ,errata3 #ajeg 444 he begs & entreats y1 4 = 1 arma virumque c1 ,v4 #a1 #a ,v #a1 #a ,,ii4 ,,! ,,complex ,,s5t5ce4 #ajeh4 ,a ,,complex ,,s5t5ce is "o :i* consi/s ( a ma9 & a subord9ate s5t5ce3 z1 c5turins praemittit 7ma9 s5t5ce71 qu locum idneum ca/rs dligant 7subord9ate s5t5ce71 #b1 #ag1 #a1 he s5ds "s (fic]s ahead to select a suitable spot = ! camp1 nunc scio 7ma9 s5t5ce71 quid sit ,amor 7subord9ate s5t5ce71 ,v4 ,e4 #h1 #dc1 n[1 n[ ,i "k :at ,eros is4 t pet 7ma9 s5t5ce71 ut m df5ds 7subord9ate s5t5ce71 ,fam4 #ae1 #g1 ,i ask x ( y t y protect me4 #ajei4 ,sev]al s5t5ces are (t5 subord9ate to "o & ! same ma9 s5t5ce1 & subord9ate s5t5ces may 9 _! turn be ma9 s5t5ces to o!r subord9ate s5t5ces4 ,?us1 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ce b is subord9ate to ,a1 & c to ,ab3 7c47 qulis esset ntra montis1 7b47 qu cgnsc]5t1 7,a47 msit1 #a1 #ba1 #a1 he s5t "s p to see :at ! "* ( ! hill 04 #ajfj4 ,subord9ate s5t5ces may be coord9at$ ) ea* o!r1 z well z ma9 s5t5ces4 ,?us1 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ce1 b & b are bo? subord9ate to ,a1 b coord9ate ) ea* o!r3 7,a47 hs rbus fibat1 7b47 ut et m9us lt vagr5tur 7b47 et m9us facile fnitims bellum nf]re poss5t1 #a1 #b1 #d1 s x came to pass t1 9 ! fir/ place1 !y did n roam r\nd mu*1 & secondly1 !y c\ld n s easily make aggressive w> on _! neighb\rs4 #ajfa4 ,a subord9ate s5t5ce introductory 9 ?\ght to ! ma9 s5t5ce1 ?\gh n necess>ily fir/ 9 ! ord] ( ! words1 is call$ a ,protasis2 ! ma9 s5t5ce :i* completes ! ?\ght is call$ an ,apodosis3 z1 quom vidbis 7protasis71 tum scis 7apodosis71 ,pl4 ,b4 #ade1 :5 ?\ see'/1 !n ?\'lt "k4 ut sm5tem fc]is 7protasis71 ita mets 7apodosis71 ,,d4 #b1 #bfa1 z a man s[e?1 s %all he reap4 s sunt d 7protasis71 b5efic 9 hom9s sunt 7apodosis71 ,div4 #b1 #ajd1 if !re are gods1 !y are k9d to m54 ,,agreem5t4 7,a47 ,,( ,,! ,,v]b4 #ajfb4 ,a v]b agrees ) its subject 9 numb] & p]son3 z1 pra$ia mea t possids1 ego alin mis]icordi vv1 ,,ra4 #ade1 y1 sir1 hold my e/ates1 x is by ! compassion ( o!r p t ,i am support$4 ,rhodanus fluit1 #a1 #f1 #b1 ! ,rhone fl[s4 ns1 ns1 dc ap]t1 cnsuls dsumus1 ,c4 #a1 #c1 x is ourselves1 yes1 ourselves1 ,i w speak )\t res]ve1 ! consuls1 :o fail 9 our duty4 vs vbs cnsulite1 #g1 #ej1 #d1 d y look out = y\rselves4 diffgre nivs1 ,h4 #d1 #g1 #a1 scatt]$ & gone are sn[s4 #ajfc4 ,) a comp\nd subject1 two con/ructions are admissible1 z foll[s4 #ajfd4 7#a47 ,) two or m s+ul> subjects1 ! v]b is (t5 9 ! plural3 z1 7a47 ,)\t connectives3 p]sons3 isdem f] temporibus furunt ,c4 ,cotta1 ,p4 ,sulpicius1 ,q4 ,v>ius1 ,cn4 ,pompnius1 ,br4 #ahb1 9 ab\t ! same times liv$ ,cotta1 ,sulpicius1 ,v>ius1 & ,pomponius4 ,?+s3 fids ,rmna1 i/itia imp]tris 9 = et cri celebrantur1 ,l4 #e1 #bg1 #aa1 ! *ivalr\s pr9ciple ( ,rome & ! squ>e deal+ ( h] capta9 are trumpet$ 9 m>ket place & c\ncil hall4 7b47 ,) atque1 et1 or -que3 p]sons3 ex hs ,cotta et ,sulpicius facile prms tulrunt1 ,br4 #ahb1 ( ^! ,cotta & ,sulpicius indisputably bore ! palm4 ,?+s3 nox et amor vnumque nihil mod]bile sud5t1 ,o4 ,am4 #a1 #f1 #ei1 d>kness & love & w9e to no?+ gov]nable tempt4 cum s5tus populusque ,rmnus pcem comprobv]9t1 ,l4 #cg1 #de1 #ad1 :5 ! s5ate & ! p ( ,rome sanction peace4 7c47 ,) et 4 4 4 et3 p]sons3 et ,q4 ,maximus et ,l4 ,paullus is temporibus furunt1 ,fam4 #d1 #f1 #a1 bo? ,maximus & ,paullus liv$ 9 su* times4 ,?+s3 utrsque et laudis cupidits et timor gnm9iae excitbant1 #g1 #hj1 #e1 bo? ( ^! eag]ness = glory 9 ! fir/ place & secondly fe> ( disgrace spurr$ on4 #ajfe4 ,! plural is sometimes dem&$ by ! mean+ ( ! v]b3 z1 is et iniria ntr didicantur1 ,leg4 #a1 #dd1 "r & wrong are naturally di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r4 #ajff4 7#b47 ,(t51 h[ev]1 ) two or m s+ul> subjects1 ! v]b is put 9 ! s+ul>3 z1 7a47 ,)\t connectives3 p]sons3 tum ,gorgis1 ,?rasyma*us1 ,prodicus1 ,hippis 9 magn honre fuit1 ,br4 #cj1 at t "t ,gorgias1 ,?rasyma*us1 ,prodicus1 & ,hippias 7 9 high r5[n4 ,?+s3 p]susit nox1 amor1 vnum1 adulsc5tia1 ,t4 ,ad4 #dgj1 ! wit*]y 0 night1 flirtation1 w9e1 & y\?4 7b47 ,) atque1 et1 or -que3 p]sons3 cr ,lsis et ,hyp]ds amtur8 ,br4 #fh1 :y is a ,lysias & a ,hyp]ides idoliz$8 ,?+s3 ,galls ,belgs ,matrona et ,squana dvidit1 #a1 #b1 #a1 ! ,matrona & ,sequana cut (f ! ,gauls f ! ,belgians4 s5tus populusque ,rmnus voluit1 ,l4 #ba1 #dj1 #c1 s5ate & p ( ,rome orda9$4 7c47 ,) et 4 4 4 et3 p]sons3 illam ratinem et ,pompius et ,flaccus sectus e/1 ,flacc4 #cb1 t rule bo? ,pompey & ,flaccus foll[$4 ,?+s3 tlis s5trum et dignits et multitd fuit1 ,ph4 #ac1 #ac1 bo? ! position & numb] ( ! s5ators 0 su*4 #ajfg4 ,) two or m s+ul> subjects d5ot+ ?+s1 & mak+ a comp\nd idea1 a s+ul> v]b is v common1 agree+ ei!r ) ! subjects tak5 z a unit1 or ) ! ne>e/3 z1 7a47 cum tempus necessitsque po/ulat1 dc]t&um man e/1 ,(f4 #a1 #ha1 :5 ! em]g5cy requires1 we mu/ fight x out by h&4 tanta laetitia ac grtulti fuit1 ,l4 #aj1 #bf1 #d1 s great 0 ! demon/ration ( joy4 7b47 ,c+etorg prnciptus atque imp]ium e/ trditum1 #f1 #h1 #i1 ! head%ip & comm& 0 assign$ to ,c+etorix4 #ajfh4 7#c47 ,) mix$ subjects1 s+ul> & plural1 ! v]b may likewise be ei!r plural or s+ul>3 z1 7a47 vta mors1 dvitiae paup]ts omns hom9s p]mov5t1 ,(f4 #b1 #cg1 life & dea?1 ri*es & pov]ty1 tell mu* on ev]ybody4 7b47 quant 9 p]cul et ca/ra et legins et imp]tor v]srtur1 #b1 #bf1 #e1 9 :at imm95t p]il camp & legions & comm&] 7 involv$4 hc mih et ,p]ipattic et ,acadma concdit1 ,ac4 #b1 #aac1 ?is po9t bo? ,p]ipatetics & ,academy grant me4 #ajfi4 ,! plural is sometimes us$ ) a s+ul> subject limit$ by an ablative ) cum1 )3 z1 ,syrus cum ill vo/r cnsusurrant1 ,t4 ,hau4 #dgc1 ,syrus & yon man ( y\rs are :isp]+ toge!r4 ,boc*us cum p$itibus po/rmam ,rmnrum aciem invdunt1 ,s4 ,i4 #aja1 #e1 ,boc*us ) ! infantry falls on ! r]ew>d l9e ( ! ,romans4 ,cic]o commonly uses a s+ul> v]b 9 ?is comb9ation1 ,caes> has ! plural once only4 #ajgj4 7#d47 ,:5 ! subjects are connect$ by nec 4 4 4 nec1 aut1 or aut 4 4 4 aut1 ! v]b is likewise ei!r plural or s+ul>3 z1 7a47 neque multitd ho/ium neque tlrum vs arcre impetum eius vir poturunt1 ,l4 #bf1 #e1 #ag1 nei!r ! numb]s ( ! enemy nor ! %[] ( missiles c\ld arre/ ! onslaught ( t intrepid s\l4 s quid ,scrats aut ,ari/ippus fc]9t1 ,(f4 #a1 #adh1 if a ,socrates or an ,ari/ippus _h done any?+4 7b47 neque ps neque mns satis suom (ficium facit1 ,t4 ,eu4 #gbi1 nor foot nor m9d its duty do? aright4 s ,scrats aut ,anti/h5s dc]et1 ,,td4 #e1 #bf1 if a ,socrates or an ,anti/h5es %\ld say x4 #ajga4 ,collectives h usually a s+ul> v]b4 ,b ! plural is sometimes us$1 especially :5 ! subject is sep>at$ f its v]b1 or is to be suppli$ f a prec$+ clause3 z1 cum tanta multitd lapids conic]5t1 #b1 #f1 #c1 :5 su* a ?rong 7 ?r[+ /ones4 is cvitt p]susit1 ut d fnibus sus exr5t1 #a1 #b1 #a1 ?is p]son succe$$ 9 induc+ ! community to leave _! t]ritory4 #ajgb4 ,! v]b sometimes agrees ) an appositive expla9+ ! subject1 or ) a sub/antive 9 ! pr$icate3 z1 7a47 flammae lt fsae1 c]tiris cldis indicium1 prgr$ longius prohibuit1 ,l4 #aj1 #dc1 #aa1 wide-spread flames1 sign ( a sur] disa/]1 prev5t$ a fur!r advance4 ,:5 urbs1 oppidum1 cvits1 or ! l1 is add$ to plural names ( places1 ! pr$icate usually agrees ) ! appellative3 z1 ,coriol oppidum captum1 ,l4 #b1 #cc1 #i1 ,corioli t[n 0 tak54 7b47 amantium rae amris integrti/1 ,t4 ,&r4 #eee1 lov]s' tiffs are love's r5ewal4 summa omnium furunt ad mlia ,,ccclxviii1 #a1 #bi1 #c1 ! gr& total 0 ab\t ?ree hundr$ & sixty-eight ?\s&4 ,! v]b regul>ly agrees ) ! pr$icate sub/antive :5 ! subject is an inf9itive3 z1 cont5tum sus rbus esse maximae sunt dvitiae1 ,p>4 #ea1 = a man to be cont5t ) 8 own e/ate is ! greate/ possible ri*es4 #ajgc4 ,! v]b sometimes agrees ) a sub/antive introduc$ by su* words z quam1 quantum1 nisi1 or praet]quam3 z1 quis illum cnsulem nisi latrns putant8 ,ph4 #d1 #i1 :o b brig&s ?9k t man a consul8 ,s also a pr$icate adjective or p>ticiple3 z1 mih nn tam cpia quam modus qua]5dus e/1 ,,ip4 #c1 ,i mu/ aim n s mu* at compreh5siv5ess z at mod]ation4 #ajgd4 ,a speak] 9 ref]r+ to himself sometimes uses ! fir/ p]son plural1 z a m mode/ =m ( expression3 z1 ,moln d$imus op]am1 ,br4 #cjg1 we att5d$ ,molo's in/ruction1 i4e4 ,i4 ,simil>ly ns 9 all its cases = ego1 c41 & no/]1 c41 = meus1 c4 #ajge4 ,! s+ul> imp]ative age is sometimes us$ 9 address+ m ?an "o1 p>ticul>ly 9 old ,lat93 z1 age licm91 ,pl4 ,/4 #bba1 come1 p1 give a bid4 age igitur intr abte1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #ibh1 come !n g 94 ,simil>ly1 cave drumptis1 ,pl4 ,po54 #aag1 m9d y don't break x (f4 ,simil>ly a94 #ajgf4 ,if ! subjects are ( diff]5t p]sons1 ! fir/ p]son is pref]r$ to ! second or ! ?ird1 & ! second to ! ?ird3 z1 s t et ,tullia1 lx no/ra1 valtis1 ego et suvissimus ,cic] valmus1 ,fam4 #ad1 #e1 #a1 if y & ,tullia1 our sunbeam1 are well1 d>l+ ,cic]o & ,i are well4 ,b sometimes 9 contra/s ! v]b agrees ) ! ne>e/ p]son3 z1 quid indicat aut ipse ,cornlius aut vs8 ,sull4 #ed1 :at in=mation does ,cornelius himself give1 or y p8 ,errata3 #ajff;a 444 s5ate & p ( ,rome orda9$4 l9e-end hyph5 9 or-_/da9$ invisible #ajga 444 ,b ! plural is sometimes us$1 us$4 #ajgb;a 444 plural names ( places1 places4 #ajgd 444 =m ( expression3 z1 ,moln d$imus op]am z4 7,b47 ,,( ,,! ,,n\n4 7#a47 ,,! ,,sub/antive4 #ajgg4 ,a sub/antive :i* expla9s ano!r sub/antive ref]r+ to ! same ?+ is put 9 ! same case4 ,?is applies to ! sub/antive us$ z attribute1 appositive1 or pr$icate4 ,! two sub/antives (t5 diff] 9 g5d] or numb]1 or bo?4 7a47 ,attribute3 trne ex]cit1 ,fam4 #g1 #c1 #b1 ) a raw army4 mm uxre1 ,ph4 #b1 #bj1 f an actress-wife4 m5dcs hom9s1 ,pl4 ,/4 #ace1 begg>-m54 ocul hom9is hi/rinis1 ,,d4 #b1 #aic1 ! eyes ( an actor man4 nm9 hom91 ,pl4 ,z4 #dff1 to no human be+4 s]vom hom9em1 ,t4 ,ph4 #bib1 a s]vant man4 hom9s scris1 ,,ra4 #h1 pr(essional bravoes4 7b47 ,appositive3 quid dcam d ?saur rrum omnium1 memori8 ,,d4 #a1 #ah1 :at %all ,i say ( t univ]sal /oreh\se1 ! memory8 duo fulm9a no/r imp]1 ,cn4 et ,p4 ,scpins1 ,balb4 #cd1 ! two ?und]bolts ( our realm1 ! ,scipios1 ,gnaeus & ,publius4 7c47 ,pr$icate3 ra furor brevis e/1 ,h4 ,e4 #a1 #b1 #fb1 wra? is a madness brief4 ,dolbell ho/e dcrt1 ,ph4 #aa1 #af1 ,dolabella hav+ be5 vot$ a public enemy4 ,"s app>5t exceptions w be notic$ f "t to "t h]eaft]4 #ajgh4 ,mobile sub/antives take also ! g5d] & numb] ( ! mascul9es or fem99es !y expla93 z1 /ilus optimus dc5d magi/]1 ,,d4 #a1 #aej1 p5 is ! be/ pr(essor ( rhetoric4 vta r/ica p>simniae magi/ra e/1 ,,ra4 #ge1 c\ntry life is a tea*] ( ?rift4 fluvirum rx ridanus1 ,v4 ,g4 #a1 #dhb1 ,eridanus1 ( riv]s k+4 et g5us et frmam rgna pecnia dnat1 ,h4 ,e4 #a1 #f1 #cg1 bo? bir? & %ape ! almighty doll> gives4 ut omittam ills omnium doctrnrum inv5trcs ,a?ns1 ,,d4 #a1 #ac1 to say no?+ ( ! great orig9ator ( all intellectual pursuits1 ,a!ns4 #ajgi4 ,a sub/antive expla9+ two or m sub/antives1 is put 9 ! plural3 z1 fo$us int] ,rmam ,lvniumque urbs r5ovtum e/1 ,l4 #a1 #ad1 #c1 ! treaty betwe5 ! cities ( ,rome & ,lav9ium 0 r5ew$4 ,cn4 et ,p4 ,scpins1 ,balb4 #cd1 ! ,scipios1 ,gnaeus & ,publius4 #ajhj4 ,a plural subject1 express$ or impli$1 is sometimes def9$ by a s+ul> ^w1 :i* is g5]ally a collective or di/ributive3 z1 ut amb ex]cits sus quisque abr5t doms1 ,l4 #b1 #g1 #a1 s t bo? armies w5t back to _! respective homes4 ut]que erum ex ca/rs ex]citum dcunt1 ,caes4 ,c4 #c1 #cj1 #c1 !y br+ _! army out ( camp1 ea* ( !m4 heus =s exte hc aliquis1 ,pl4 ,e4 #cih1 hallo1 y boys1 come out ( doors "h1 somebody4 alius alium p]contmur1 ,pl4 ,/4 #cgj1 we ask ( "o ano!r4 cum accidisset ut alt] alt]um vidrmus1 ,f94 #c1 #h1 :5 x came to pass t we ea* saw ! o!r4 ,! v]b sometimes agrees ) ! def9+ s+ul>3 z1 qu& duo cnsuls1 alt] morb1 alt] f]r p]iisset1 ,l4 #da1 #ah1 #af1 s9ce ! two consuls _h di$1 "o a natural dea?1 ! o!r by ! sword4 #ajha4 ,a sub/antive 9 ! accusative or nom9ative is sometimes 9 apposition to a ?\ght or clause3 z1 mans int5tants1 causam discordiae1 ,ta4 #a1 #bg1 %ak+ _! fi/s1 a provocation to qu>rel4 p>s +5t subire f]etr1 tr/e m9i/]ium1 ,v4 #f1 #bbb1 a "p put %\ld] to ! mighty bi]1 a s]vice sad4 nec ,homrum audi1 qu ,ganymdn ab ds raptum ait propt] frmam2 nn i/a causa cr ,lom$ont tanta fi]et iniria1 ,,td4 #a1 #fe1 nor w ,i l5d an e> to ,hom]1 :o ass]ts t ,ganym$e 0 c>ri$ (f by ! gods = 8 beauty2 no j reason = do+ ,laom$on su* inju/ice4 ,errata3 #ajgg 444 7a47 444 ,,d4 #a1 #ah ,,d #a 444 7b47 ,balb4 #cd ,balb #cd 7#b47 ,,! ,,adjective4 #ajhb4 ,an adjective1 adjective pron\n1 or p>ticiple1 agrees ) its sub/antive 9 numb]1 g5d]1 & case3 z1 vir bonus1 ,h4 ,ep4 #a1 #af1 #dj1 a good man1 bona uxor1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #fhd1 a good wife1 oleum bonum1 ,cato1 ,,rr4 #c1 good oil4 ,gallia e/ omnis dvsa 9 "ps trs1 #a1 #a1 #a1 ,gaul1 includ+ ev]y?+ "u ! "n1 is divid$ into ?ree p>ts4 et v>iae volucrs nemora via p]volitants era p] t5]um liquids loca vcibus oppl5t1 ,lucr4 #b1 #ade1 & motley birds1 9 pa?less woods t flit ?r\gh li!r sky1 fill space ) c>ols cle>4 #ajhc4 ,an adjective or p>ticiple1 ei!r attributive or pr$icate1 sometimes takes ! numb] & g5d] ( ! p]sons or ?+s impli$ 9 ! sub/antive3 z1 7a47 concursus popul mrantium quid r esset1 ,l4 #a1 #da1 #a1 a ga!r+ ( ! public1 wond]+ :at 0 ! matt]4 7b47 p>s subeuntium obrut1 p>s cnfx1 ,ta4 ,h4 #b1 #bb1 a "p ( ^? :o came up 7 cru%$1 a "p 7 run ?r\gh4 ,samntium caes tria mlia duc5t1 ,l4 #aj1 #cd1 #c1 ( ! ,samnites 7 sla9 ?ree ?\s& two hundr$4 #ajhd4 7#a47 ,an attributive adjective ref]r+ to sev]al sub/antives is commonly express$ ) "o only1 g5]ally ) ! fir/ or ! la/3 z1 rs erat multae op]ae et labris1 #e1 #aa1 #e1 x 0 a job t requir$ mu* "w & tr\ble4 semp] amv +5ium1 /udia1 mrs tus1 ,o4 #cc1 ,i h always admir$ y\r ability1 y\r s*ol>ly ta/es1 & y\r "*4 ,9 lively /yle1 ! adjective is (t5 us$ ) e sub/antive4 #ajhe4 ,two or m attributive adjectives 9 ! s+ul> connect$ by a conjunction may belong to a plural sub/antive3 z1 circ ports ,collnam squilnamque1 ,l4 #bf1 #aj1 #b1 ab\t ! gates1 ! ,coll9e & ! ,esquil9e4 ,b ! sub/antive may also be 9 ! s+ul>3 z1 int] squilnam ,collnamque portam1 ,l4 #bf1 #aj1 #a1 betwe5 ! ,esquil9e & ! ,coll9e gate4 #ajhf4 ,! comb9$ idea ( a sub/antive ) an attributive adjective may be qualifi$ by "o or m adjectives3 z1 nvs longs trg9t vet]s1 ,l4 #bg1 #bb1 #ab1 ?irty old m5-(-w>4 prvta nvis on]ria mxima1 ,v4 #e1 #acf1 a v l>ge private freight+ vessel4 t] alinus canis1 ,t4 ,ph4 #gjf1 a /range black dog4 #ajhg4 7#b47 ,a pr$icate adjective or p>ticiple ref]r+ to two or m sub/antives is usually 9 ! plural2 its g5d] is det]m9$ z foll[s3 #ajhh4 7a47 ,if ! sub/antives d5ote p]sons ( ! same g5d]1 t g5d] is us$2 if !y d5ote p]sons ( diff]5t g5d]1 ! mascul9e is us$3 z1 v5n absmpt ,hannibal et ,philopoemn1 ,l4 #ci1 #eb1 #h1 x 0 by poison t ,hannibal & ,philopoem5 7 tak5 (f4 quam prdem pat] mih et mt] mortu ess5t1 ,t4 ,eu4 #eag1 h[ long my fa!r & my "m _h be5 dead4 #ajhi4 7b47 ,if ! sub/antives d5ote ?+s1 & are ( diff]5t g5d]s1 ! neut] plural is us$2 also commonly :5 !y are fem99es d5ot+ ?+s3 z1 mrus et porta d cael tcta erant1 ,l4 #cb1 #bi1 #a1 ! wall & t[n-gate _h be5 /ruck by lightn+4 ra et avritia imp]i pot5tira erant1 ,l4 #cg1 #cb1 #ac1 hot blood & gre$ prov$ /rong] ?an au?ority4 #ajij4 7c47 ,if ! sub/antives d5ote bo? p]sons & ?+s1 ei!r ! g5d] ( ! sub/antives d5ot+ p]sons is us$1 or ! neut]4 ,! g5d] ( ! sub/antives d5ot+ ?+s is v r>ely us$3 z1 et rx rgiaque classis n pr(ect1 ,l4 #ba1 #ej1 #aa1 ! k+ too & ! k+'s fleet set sail 9 8 company4 inimca int] s lb]am cvittem et rgem1 ,l4 #dd1 #bd1 #b1 t a free /ate & a mon>* 7 irreconcilable ?+s4 ,dolopas et ,a?amniam repts sib qu]ns1 ,l4 #ch1 #aj1 #c1 compla9+ t ! ,dolopians & ,a?amania 7 wre/$ f him4 #ajia4 ,:5 ! v]b is atta*$ to ! ne>e/ only ( two or m subjects1 a pr$icate p>ticiple or adjective naturally takes ! g5d] ( t sub/antive3 z1 ib ,orgetorgis flia atque nus flis captus e/1 #a1 #bf1 #e1 !re ! daught] ( ,orgetorix & "o ( ! sons too 0 made prison]4 ut br*ia atque um] lb] esse poss5t1 #g1 #ef1 #d1 s t _! arms & %\ld]s might be unhamp]$4 #ajib4 ,! ablative s+ul> abs5te is us$ once ea* by ,t]5ce & ,afranius ) a plural sub/antive3 abs5te nbs1 ,t4 ,eu4 #fdi1 :ile we 7 out4 #ajic4 ,a neut] adjective or pron\n is sometimes us$ z a sub/antive 9 ! pr$icate 7#aaja73 z1 tr/e lupus /abuls1 ,v4 ,e4 #c1 #hj1 a baleful ?+ ! wolf = folds4 quod ego fu ad ,trsum5num1 id t hodi1 ,l4 #cj1 #cj1 #ab1 :at ,i 0 myself at ,trasum5e1 t y are today4 #ajid4 ,a demon/rative1 det]m9ative1 or relative pron\n us$ sub/antively takes ! numb] & g5d] ( ! sub/antive x repres5ts2 ! case dep5ds on ! con/ruction ( ! clause 9 :i* x /&s3 z1 erant p$its1 qus dlg]ant2 cum hs 9 proelis v]sbantur2 ad es s recipibant2 h concurrbant1 #a1 #dh1 #e1 !re 7 foot-soldi]s :om !y _h pick$ out2 ) ^! m5 !y kept company 9 action2 ^u !m !y w\ld fall back2 ^! p w\ld always rally4 ,hippis glritus e/ nulum quem habret1 pallium qu amictus1 soccs quibus indtus esset1 s su man cnfcisse1 ,,d4 #c1 #abg1 ,hippias bragg$ he _h made ) 8 own h& ! r+ :i* he wore1 ! cloak 9 :i* he 0 wrapp$2 & ! slipp]s :i* he _h on4 #ajie4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! numb] & g5d] ( ^! pron\ns are det]m9$ by ! s5se1 & n by ! =m ( ! sub/antive repres5t$3 z1 equittum omnem praemittit1 qu videant1 #a1 #ae1 #a1 he s5ds all ! horse ahead1 = !m to see4 hc sunt qunque m9ae4 hoc tb erus m iussit f]re1 ,pl4 ,ps4 #aadi1 "h are five m9ae2 ?is my ma/] bade me br+ = !e4 ,domitius ,massiliam p]v5it atque ab is receptus urb praeficitur1 ,caes4 ,c4 #a1 #cf1 #a1 ,domitius arriv$ at ,massilia1 & 0 receiv$ by ! p & put 9 *>ge ( ! t[n4 ad hirund9num ndum vsa/ smia adscnsinem ut fac]et admlri]2 neque es rip]e qubat inde1 ,pl4 ,r4 #eih1 up to a swall[-ne/ me?\ght an ape did /rive to climb2 nor c\ld %e snat* ! ne/l+s !nce2 ! es ref]s to hirund9s1 impli$ 9 hirund9num4 #ajif4 ,a pron\n repres5t+ two or m sub/antives sometimes takes ! numb] & g5d] ( ! ne>e/4 ,b usually x is plural1 & its g5d] is det]m9$ l t ( an adjective 7#ajhg74 #ajig4 ,a demon/rative1 det]m9ative1 or relative pron\n us$ sub/antively is g5]ally attract$ to ! numb] & g5d] ( a pr$icate sub/antive 9 its own clause3 z1 haec e/ nbilis ad ,trsum5num pgna1 ,l4 #bb1 #g1 #a1 su* is ! f>-fam$ fight at ,trasum5e1 #bag ,b4,c4 i/a quidem vs e/1 ,suet4 ,iul4 #hb1 n[ t ,i call an outrage1 ,caes>'s dy+ words1 #dd ,b4,c4 ,b ) a negative1 sometimes ! neut]3 z1 nec sopor illud erat1 ,v4 #c1 #agc1 nor 0 t sleep4 #ajih4 ,a demon/rative1 det]m9ative1 or relative pron\n 9 agreem5t ) a sub/antive is (t5 equival5t to a g5itive limit+ ! sub/antive3 z1 hc met vagr prohibbat1 #e1 #ai1 #b1 by fe> ( ?is he /opp$ ! pr[l+ r\nd4 is pavor p]culit ,rmns1 ,l4 #ba1 #df1 #g1 ! panic occasion$ by ?is demoraliz$ ! ,romans4 qu sp adduct1 #d1 #f1 #d1 impell$ by ! hope ( ?is4 ,erratum3 #ajig 444 haec e/ nbilis ad ,trsum5num pgna text un*ang$3 ^w g5]ally spell$ 8pugna0 7see endnote on fir/ edition7 ,,! ,,simple ,,s5t5ce4 7,a47 ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,n\n4 ,,numb] ,,& ,,g5d]4 #ajii4 ,! s+ul> ( a ^w d5ot+ a p]son is sometimes us$ 9 a collective s5se4 ,?is s+ul> is g5]ally a milit>y designation3 z1 mles1 eques1 p$es1 ho/is1 ,rmnus1 ,po5us4 ,b o!r sub/antives & adjectives are occasionally ?us us$4 #aajj4 ,a sub/antive or adjective d5ot+ a p]son is (t5 us$ 9 ! s+ul> z repres5tative ( a class1 p>ticul>ly :5 two p]sons are contra/$3 z1 s tabulam d naufrgi /ultus adripu]it1 extorqubitne eam sapins8 ,(f4 #c1 #hi1 if a fool has seiz$ a plank f a wreck1 w ! sage twit* x away8 #aaja4 ,! neut] s+ul> ( c]ta9 adjectives is us$ z an ab/ract sub/antive4 ,^! adjectives h commonly /ems 9 -o-1 & are (t5 us$ 9 ! p>titive g5itive 7#abej74 ,! nom9ative is r>e1 also ! accusative & ablative1 except 9 prepositional con/ructions4 ,su* are3 bonum1 malum2 rctum1 prvum2 decrum1 indecrum2 hone/um2 vrum1 falsum2 i/um1 ini/um2 aequum2 ambiguum2 rdiculum4 tile1 9ne1 commne1 nsgne1 simile1 c4 #aajb4 ,c]ta9 adjectives1 :i* orig9ally agre$ ) an appellative d5ot+ a ?+1 h dropp$ ! appellative & become sub/antives4 ,su* are3 fricus1 sc4 v5tus2 frica1 sc4 t]ra2 calda1 sc4 aqua2 cn sc4 capill2 circnss1 sc4 ld2 decuma1 sc4 p>s2 f]a1 sc4 b/ia2 hb]na1 sc4 ca/ra2 m]um1 sc4 vnum2 ntlis1 sc4 dis2 patria1 sc4 t]ra2 praetexta1 sc4 toga2 summa1 sc4 rs2 trirmis1 sc4 nvis1 & _m o!rs4 #aajc4 ,c]ta9 adjectives d5ot+ relation%ip1 fri5d%ip1 ho/ility1 connection1 or age1 may be us$ 9 bo? numb]s z sub/antives4 ,su* are3 7a47 adfnis1 cgntus1 cnsangu9eus1 g5tlis1 necessrius1 propnquus2 7b47 adv]srius1 amcus1 inimcus1 familiris1 ho/is1 intimus1 invidus1 socius1 sodlis2 7c47 contub]nlis1 manipulris1 vcnus2 7d47 adulscns1 aequlis1 iuv5is1 s5ex4 #aajd4 ,! mascul9e plural ( _m adjectives is us$ sub/antively to d5ote a class4 ,su* are3 bon1 ! good1 ! well-dispos$1 cons]vatives1 patriots1 our p>ty2 improb1 ! wick$1 ! dang]\s classes1 revolutioni/s1 an>*i/s1 ! opposite p>ty2 doct1 indoct2 pi1 impi1 & ! l4 #aaje4 ,prop] names ( m5 are us$ 9 ! plural to d5ote diff]5t p]sons ( ! same "n1 or z appellatives to express "*1 (t5e/ good "*3 z1 duo ,metell1 ,cel] et ,neps1 ,br4 #bdg1 ! two ,metelluses1 ,cel] & ,nepos4 quid ,crasss1 quid ,pompis v]tit8 ,j4 #aj1 #ajh1 :at ov]?rew a ,crassus1 ,pompey :at8 i4e4 m5 l ,crassus & ,pompey4 #aajf4 ,! neut] plural ( adjectives ( all degrees ( comp>ison is v (t5 us$ z a sub/antive4 ,su* adjectives are usually 9 ! nom9ative or accusative1 & may h a pron\n1 a num]al1 or an adjective1 agree+ ) !m4 ,9 ,engli% ! s+ul> is (t5 pref]r$4 ,su* are3 bona1 mala2 vra1 falsa2 haec1 ?is2 omnia1 ev]y?+2 haec omnia1 all ?is1 c41 c4 #aajg4 ,names ( c\ntries are sometimes us$ 9 ! plural :5 ! c\ntry consi/s ( sev]al p>ts :i* are call$ by ! same "n z ! :ole c\ntry3 z1 ,galliae1 ! ,gauls2 ,g]mniae1 ! ,g]manies4 #aajh4 ,mat]ial sub/antives are (t5 us$ 9 ! plural to d5ote diff]5t sorts ( ! sub/ance designat$1 its con/itu5t p>ts1 or objects made ( x3 z1 a]a1 lumps ( bronze1 bronzes1 copp]s4 aquae1 wat] 9 diff]5t places1 m$ic9al spr+s4 crae1 pieces ( wax1 tablets1 wax masks1 waxworks4 m>mora1 k9ds ( m>ble1 blocks ( m>ble1 works ( m>ble4 nivs1 sn[flakes1 sn[drifts1 sn[/orms1 repeat$ sn[s4 spmae1 masses ( foam4 sulpura1 lumps ( sulphur4 vna1 w9es1 diff]5t k9ds ( w9e4 #aaji4 ,ab/ract sub/antives are (t5 us$ 9 ! plural to d5ote diff]5t k9ds or in/ances ( ! ab/ract idea1 or an ab/ract idea p]ta9+ to sev]al p]sons or ?+s3 z1 sunt dome/icae =titd9s nn nf]irs mlitribus1 ,(f4 #a1 #gh1 !re are cases ( h]oism 9 civil life fully equal to ^? 9 w>4 t cnsci5tiae /imulant maleficirum turum1 ,p>4 #ah1 y are torm5t$ by pricks ( consci5ce = y\r s9s4 propt] siccitts paldum1 #d1 #ch1 #b1 because ! swamps 7 dry ev]y:]e4 #aaaj4 ,! plural is sometimes us$ 9 g5]alizations1 & 9 poetry to magnify a s+le ?+1 to give my/]y to ! /atem5t1 or (t5 m]ely = metrical conv5i5ce3 z1 advnisse familirs dcit1 ,pl4 ,am4 #cec1 say t ! p ( ! h\se are come1 ! plural familirs d5ot+ "o p]son4 ,priam dum rgna manbant1 ,v4 #b1 #bb1 :ile ,priam's realms /ill /ood4 ext]ns optte ducs1 ,v4 #h1 #ejc1 *oose capta9s f a =eign /r&1 i4e4 ,a5eas4 ,,case4 #aaaa4 ,!re are two gr\ps ( cases1 ! pr9cipal & ! second>y4 #aaab4 ,! pr9cipal cases are ! nom9ative & ! accusative4 ,! pr9cipal cases1 :i* h m complete inflections ?an ! second>y1 express ! two *ief relations ( ! n\n 9 ! s5t5ce1 ^? ( ! subject & ( ! object4 ,! second>y cases are us$ to express subord9ate or supplem5t>y relations4 ,,! ,,nom9ative4 #aaac4 ,! nom9ative is pr9cipally us$ z ! subject or pr$icate n\n ( a v]b or ( an inf9itive4 ,besides ?is use1 ! nom9ative occurs 9 titles1 exclamations1 & addresses 7#aaad-aabc74 ,,! ,,nom9ative ,,( ,,title4 #aaad4 ,! nom9ative is us$ 9 inscriptions1 notices1 titles1 or head+s3 z1 ,l ,,cornelivs ,,cn ,f ,,cn ,n ,,scipio1 ,,cil4 ,i1 #cd1 on a tomb1 ,lucius ,cornelius ,scipio1 son 7flius7 ( ,gnaeus1 gr&son 7neps7 ( ,gnaeus4 ,,labyr9?vs ,,hic ,,habitat ,,m9otavrvs1 ,,cil4 ,,iv1 #bcca1 on a plan ( ! ,labyr9? scrat*$ by a ,pompei s*oolboy1 ,! ,maze4 ,"h lives ,m9otaur4 ,,privatvm ,,prec>io ,,adeitvr1 ,,cil4 ,i1 #abae1 ,private ,gr\nds4 ,no ,admittance )\t leave4 ,!mi/ocls1 ,neocl flius1 ,a?ninsis1 ,n4 #b1 #a1 ,!mi/ocles1 son ( ,neocles1 ( ,a!ns4 #aaae4 ,! title prop] ( a book is (t5 put 9 ! g5itive1 dep5d5t on lb] or libr3 z1 ,cornl ,tacit ,hi/orirum ,lib] ,prmus1 ,tacitus's ,hi/ories1 ,book ,fir/4 ,or prepositional expressions are us$3 z1 ,m4 ,tull ,cic]nis d ,ft ,lib]1 ,cic]o1 ,fate1 9 ,"o ,book4 ,cornl ,tacit ab ,excess dv ,augu/ ,lib] ,prmus1 ,tacitus's ,roman ,hi/ory f ! ,demise ( ! sa9t$ ,augu/us1 ,book ,fir/4 #aaaf4 ,sometimes ! nom9ative ( a title or exclamation is reta9$ 9 a s5t5ce = "s o!r case3 z1 ,gabni cgnm5 #8,cau*ius' surpre concessit1 ,suet4 ,cl4 #bd1 he all[$ ,gab9ius to take ! surname #8,cau*ius2' 7comp>e ,cat quasi cgnm5 habbat ,sapi5tis1 ,l4 #f1 ,cato _h ! virtual surname ( ! ,wise74 #8,m>sya' nm5 habet1 ,o4 #f1 #djj1 x has ! "n ( #8,m>syas2' 7comp>e nm5 ,dnuvium habet1 ,s4 ,fr4 #c1 #ee1 x has ! "n ,danube71 reson5t mihi #8,cyn?ia' silvae1 ,prop4 #a1 #ah1 #ca1 let woods ree*o #8,cyn?ia' = me2 7comp>e t1 ,ttyre1 frmsam resonre docs ,am>yllida silvas1 ,v4 ,e4 #a1 #d1 ?\1 ,tityrus1 do/ tea* ! woods to e*o ,am>yllis ,fair74 ,,! ,,nom9ative ,,( ,,exclamation4 #aaag4 ,! nom9ative is sometimes us$ 9 exclamations3 z1 =tnae flius1 omns1 ,h4 ,s4 #b1 #f1 #di1 #8! *ild ( ,=tune1' all exclaim4 ,?is nom9ative is (t5 accompani$ by an int]jection1 su* z ecce1 n1 heu1 1 pr1 vh3 z1 n ,priamus1 ,v4 #a1 #dfa1 lo1 ,priam "h4 f/us dis1 ,t4 ,eu4 #efj1 oh day ( *e]4 ,= eccilla1 see #ffg4 ,,! ,,vocative ,,nom9ative ,,& ,,vocative ,,prop]4 #aaah4 ,! vocative nom9ative is us$ :5 a p]son or ?+ is address$3 z1 qu usque t&em abtre1 ,catilna1 pati5ti no/r8 ,c4 #a1 #a1 9 heav5's "n1 h[ long1 ,catil9e1 wilt trifle ) our pati5ce8 valte1 dsd]ia mea1 valte1 ,fam4 #ad1 #b1 #d1 good bye1 my abs5t loves1 good bye4 ,in/ead ( a prop] "n1 an emphatic t is (t5 us$3 z1 advorte animum ss t1 ,pl4 ,cap4 #aaj1 j pay att5tion1 sirrah1 please4 #aaai4 ,mascul9e /ems 9 -o- commonly use ! special =m = ! second p]son s+ul> call$ ! vocative3 z1 urbem1 urbem1 m ,rfe1 cole1 ,fam4 #b1 #ab1 #b1 /ick to t[n1 de> ,rufus1 yes1 to t[n4 ,b ! vocative nom9ative is sometimes us$ ev5 ( -o- /ems3 z1 aud t1 populus ,albnus1 ,l4 #a1 #bd1 #g1 he> ?\1 ! p ( ,alba4 #aabj4 ,poets use ! vocative nom9ative or vocative prop] v freely1 sometimes = livel9ess1 b (t5 simply 9 place ( o!r cases n all[$ by ! metre3 z1 ra mansque tu lavimus1 ,frnia1 lymph1 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #e1 #bd1 our faces & our h&s1 ,f]onia1 9 ?y /ream we wa%4 occid]at ,tatius1 populsque aequta dubus1 ,rmule1 ira dabs1 ,o4 #ad1 #hje1 n[ dead 0 ,tatius1 & to peoples twa9 ?\ gave/1 ,romulus1 imp>tial laws4 longum tibi1 ,da$ale1 crm51 ,o4 #h1 #bdj1 a la/+ /igma1 ,da$alus1 to !e4 ,9 ^! ?ree examples1 ,frniae1 ,rmulus1 & ,da$al w\ld be impossible4 ,9 poetry1 ! vocative is p>ticul>ly common 9 que/ions4 #aaba4 ,nom9ative =ms & vocative =ms are (t5 comb9$3 z1 dulcis amce1 ,h4 ,e4 #a1 #g1 #ab1 sweet fri5d4 m vir1 ,pl4 ,am4 #gaf1 my husb&4 ,ine pat]1 ,j4 #f1 #cid1 ?\ fa!r ,janus4 #aabb4 ,9 v]se ! vocative is occasionally us$ ev5 9 ! pr$icate3 z1 qu moritre ruis8 ,v4 #aj1 #haa1 :i!r1 on dea? int5t1 flie/ ?\8 quibus1 ,hector1 ab rs exspectte v5s8 ,v4 #b1 #bhb1 out ( :at limboes1 ,hector1 do/ ?\ gladly welcom$ come8 #aabc4 ,! vocative nom9ative or vocative prop] is sometimes accompani$ by 1 b only 9 impassion$ addresses3 z1 =tnte adulscns1 ,ar*4 #bd1 oh ?\ ?rice ble/ y\?2 also by pr 9 addresses to gods1 by eho & heus 9 calls on m54 ,r>ely by au1 ehem1 hem1 heu1 eia or heia1 i4 ,erratum3 #aabj 444 ra mansque tu lavimus1 ,frnia1 lymph1 f9al 1 miss+ ,,! ,,accusative4 #aabd4 ,! accusative is us$ prim>ily ) v]bs1 or ) expressions equival5t to v]bs4 ,! relations express$ by ! accusative are all ( "o g5]al k9d2 b !y v>y some:at1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! v]b4 #aabe4 ,i4 ,) mo/ v]bs1 ! accusative ei!r 7a47 d5otes t :i* is affect$ or appreh5d$1 or is produc$ by ! action ( ! v]b 7#aacb72 or1 less frequ5tly 7b47 x repeats ! mean+ ( ! v]b 9 ! =m ( a sub/antive 7#aadj74 ,su* accusatives1 call$ accusatives ( ! ,object1 are nev] att5d$ by a preposition1 & become nom9ative 9 ! passive con/ruction4 #aabf4 ,,ii4 ,) "s v]bs1 ! accusative d5otes 7a47 ext5t or duration 7#aaea72 ) o!rs x d5otes 7b47 aim ( motion 7#aaeg74 ,bo? ^! accusatives sometimes h _! places tak5 by a prepositional expression1 or by an adv]b2 9 ! passive con/ruction1 !y are n conv]tible into a nom9ative1 b rema9 accusative4 #aabg4 ,two or ev5 ?ree accusatives are sometimes us$ ) "o & ! same v]b3 see #aafg-aagd4 #aabh4 ,! accusative is sometimes dis5gag$ f ! v]b1 ) :i* x orig9ally /ood1 & us$ ) a n\n or a preposition4 #aabi4 7#a47 ,) sub/antives1 ! accusative is r>e2 x is us$ 7a47 9 a few attributive expressions1 *iefly old set =ms1 & r>ely to d5ote 7b47 aim ( motion4 ,?us 7a47 ! pr$icative id aettis1 9 id aettis iam sumus1 we are n[ ( t age1 becomes attributive 9 hom9s id aettis1 p ( t age4 ,& 7b47 z domum1 home1 is us$ ) ! v]b r$e1 g back1 s also r>ely ) ! sub/antive r$iti1 a return4 #aacj4 ,) adjectives1 ! accusative is commonly t ( ext5t3 s ) altus1 high1 ltus1 wide1 & longus1 long1 sometimes ) crassus1 ?ick4 ,?us1 9 es surculs facit s9t long p$s bns1 see t ! scions be two feet long1 ! accusative p$s1 :i* belongs ) ! pr$icate s9t long1 may be us$ ) ! attributive adjective longus alone1 ?us3 surcul long p$s bns1 scions two feet long4 #aaca4 7#b47 ,! accusative is us$ ) _m prepositions3 see #adaj4 ,erratum3 #aacj 444 & longus1 long longus4 ,i4 ,,! ,,accusative ,,( ,,! ,,object4 #aacb4 ,! object ( a v]b is put 9 ! accusative3 z1 7a47 oppida sua omnia inc5dunt1 #a1 #e1 #c1 !y set all _! t[ns afire4 cnspexit adrsum qu5dam1 ,h4 ,e4 #a1 #g1 #di1 he spi$ a man all %av5 & %orn4 7b47 dus fosss p]dxit1 #g1 #gb1 #c1 he made two tr5*es4 ,?is accusative1 is1 z may be se5 above1 ei!r 7a47 receptive1 i4e4 exi/+ indep5d5tly ( ! action ( ! v]b1 & only affect$ or appreh5d$ by x2 or 7b47 ( product1 i4e4 produc$ by ! action ( ! v]b4 #aacc4 ,v]bs ?us us$ ) an object are said to be us$ transitively4 ,su* v]bs may also be us$ intransitively1 t is )\t an object1 :5 /ress is put on ! action m]ely3 ?us1 7a47 ,transitively3 t m ams1 ego t am1 ,pl4 ,mo/4 #cje1 ?\ love/ me1 & ,i love !e4 nova druunt1 alia a$ificant1 ,s4 ,c4 #bj1 #ab1 !y pull d[n new /ructures1 & build up o!rs4 7b47 ,intransitively3 am1 ,pl4 ,b4 #eaa1 ,i'm 9 love4 druit1 a$ificat1 ,h4 ,e4 #a1 #a1 #ajj1 x pulle? d[n1 x builde? up4 #aacd4 ,"s v]bs1 9 addition to ! accusative1 (t5 take an inf9itive also3 ?us1 eum vid5t s$re1 ,v4 #e1 #ajg1 !y see him sit1 !y see t he is sitt+4 ,"h ! accusative eum1 orig9ally ! object1 !y see him1 becomes at ! same "t ! subject ( ! new /atem5t app5d$1 s$re1 sit1 ?us giv+ rise to ! con/ruction kn[n z ! accusative ) ! inf9itive4 #aace4 ,in/ead ( ! prop] accusative ( ! object1 ano!r accusative is sometimes sub/itut$1 d5ot+ ! ultimate result3 z1 rpre viam1 ,l4 #b1 #ej1 #aj1 !y broke a pa?1 i4e4 !y broke ?r\gh ! ob/acles1 & s made a pa?4 fo$usque f]1 ,e4 #cc1 & /rike a cov5ant1 i4e4 /rike a victim1 & s make a cov5ant4 #aacf4 ,9 ,plautus1 quid tib ) a sub/antive ( action 9 -ti & e/1 has an accusative l a v]b us$ transitively3 z1 quid tib hanc crti/ rem8 ,pl4 ,am4 #eai1 :at bus9ess ha/ ?\ ) ?is8 #aacg4 ,_m v]bs ord9>ily us$ intransitively1 p>ticul>ly v]bs ( motion1 h a transitive use :5 comp\nd$ ) a preposition4 ,su* prepositions are1 ad1 circum1 ex1 91 ob1 p]1 prae1 praet]1 trns1 & "s o!rs3 z1 plrs paucs circumsi/bant1 #d1 #bf1 #b1 a good _m took _! /& r\nd a few4 ,caes> omnem agrum ,pcnum p]currit1 ,caes4 ,c4 #a1 #ae1 #a1 ,caes> runs ov] ! :ole ,pic5e t]ritory4 praet]re nm pri/rnum pote/1 ,pl4 ,cap4 #hjh1 no man c pass ! mill4 flm5 trnsirunt1 #d1 #d1 #g1 !y cross$ ! riv]4 #aach4 ,a few v]bs ) a transitive use1 h1 :5 comp\nd$ ) circum & trns1 besides ! accusative ( ! object1 a second accusative ( ! ?+ to :i* ! preposition ref]s3 z1 i/um circumdce hsce a$s1 ,pl4 ,mo/4 #hdc1 take t man r\nd ?is h\se4 ,caes> funditrs pontem trdcit1 #b1 #aj1 #a1 ,caes> takes ! sl+]s ov] ! bridge4 trnsf] lm5 aureols p$s1 ,cat4 #fa1 #aff1 ov] ! ?re%old put ?y little gold5 foot4 ,9 ! passive1 ! accusative connect$ ) ! preposition is sometimes reta9$3 z1 ,apollniam praet]vehuntur1 ,caes4 ,c4 #c1 #bf1 #a1 !y sail by ,apollonia4 #aaci4 ,v]bs ( weep+ & wail+1 & "s o!r v]bs ( feel+1 :i* commonly h an intransitive use1 sometimes h a transitive use ) an accusative3 z1 7a47 lget s5tus1 ma]et eque/] rd1 ,mil4 #bj1 ! s5ate is 9 m\rn+1 ! eque/rian ord] betrays its sadness4 7b47 mtrnae eum lxrunt1 ,l4 #b1 #g1 #d1 ! m>ri$ wom5 wore m\rn+ = him4 ma]e csum eius mod1 ,fam4 #ad1 #b1 #b1 ,i _c help %[+ my grief ov] a mis=tune ( su* a k9d4 quid mortem congemis ac fls1 ,lucr4 #c1 #icd1 :y do/ ?\ dea? bewail & weep8 ,su* v]bs are fle1 weep1 gem1 wail1 lm5tor1 qu]or1 bewail1 dole1 am di/ress$1 lge1 m\rn1 ma]e1 betray sadness4 ,simil>ly1 horre1 %udd]1 re=md1 am 9 dread1 fa/di1 feel disda91 rde1 laugh1 c41 c4 ,! object is (t5] a ?+ ?an a p]son1 & passive con/ructions are r>e1 & mo/ly conf9$ to poetry4 ,errata3 #aace 444 !y broke a pa?1 i4e4 !y broke ?r\gh ! ob/acles1 & s made a pa?4 fo$usque f]1 ,e4 #cc1 & /rike a cov5ant1 i4e4 punctuation z pr9t$3 !y broke a pa?1 i4e !y broke ?r\gh ! ob/acles4 & s made a pa?4 fo$usque f]1 ,e4 #cc1 & /rike a cov5ant1 i4e ,,! ,,emphasiz+ ,,or ,,def9+ ,,accusative4 #aadj4 ,! mean+ ( a v]b1 ev5 ( "o ord9>ily intransitive1 may be emphasiz$ or m exactly def9$ by an accusative ( k9dr$ d]ivation add$4 7a47 ,seldom )\t an adjective3 z1 dum vtam vvs1 ,pl4 ,p]4 #did1 z long z life ?\ liv'/1 i4e4 z long z y ev] live & brea!4 qurum mairum nm s]vittem s]vvit1 ,t4 #bi1 ( ^: ance/ors n "o has s]v$ s]vitude1 i4e4 be5 a regul> slave4 vid n fac9us facis1 ,f94 #b1 #ie1 m9d y don't d a de$1 i4e4 a misde$4 7b47 ,commonly ) an adjective3 z1 scele/am s]vittem s]viunt1 ,pl4 ,cu4 #dj1 a wick$ s]vitude !y s]ve4 fac9us memorbile fci/is1 ,l4 #bd1 #bb1 #af1 y h done a de$ well wor? m5tion+4 mrum atque nsctum somniv somnium1 ,pl4 ,r4 #eig1 a /range & silly dream dream$ ,i4 #aada4 ,! v]b sometimes has an accusative ( k9dr$ mean+1 b ( diff]5t d]ivation3 z1 ut vvs aettem mis]1 ,pl4 ,am4 #ajbc1 t ?\ may/ live ?y days 9 woe4 nn pugnvit +ns dom5eus ,/h5elusve slus dc5da ,mss proelia1 ,h4 #d1 #i1 #ai1 n t[]+ ,idom5eus nor ,/h5elus alone has battles f\ght = ,muses to rehe>se4 #aadb4 ,! neut] s+ul> accusative ( a descriptive adjective is us$1 p>ticul>ly by ! poets1 to d5ote mann]3 z1 magnum clmat1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #hbc1 he's bell[+ big4 suve locus vc resonat conclsus1 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #d1 #gf1 sweet to ! voice ! p5t-up place r+s back4 suve rubns hyac9?us1 ,v4 ,e4 #c1 #fc1 sweet-blu%+ hyac9?4 cr tam c]nis actum8 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #c1 #bf1 :y do/ ?\ see s %>p8 ,! plural is n s common3 z1 asp]1 ac]ba tuns1 ,lucr4 #e1 #cc1 ,v4 #i1 #gid1 r\gh1 />+ savag5ess4 #aadc4 ,"s v]bs ( smell & ( ta/e h an accusative def9+ :at ! smell or ! ta/e is3 z1 p/ills ,rfillus olet1 ,g>gnius hrcum1 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #b1 #bg1 ( loz5ges ,rufillus smells1 ,g>gonius ( ! goat4 doctrnam r$olet pu]lem1 ,,d4 #b1 #aji1 x smacks ( ,a ,b ,c /udies4 nn omns possunt ol]e ungu5ta extica1 ,pl4 ,mo/4 #db1 n e man c ( import$ o9tm5ts reek4 melira ungu5ta sunt quae t]ram quam quae crocum sapiunt1 ,cic4 9 ,pl94 ,,nh4 #ag1 #e1 #c1 #ch1 ess5ces t smell ( e>? are bett] ?an ^? t smell ( saffron4 #aadd4 ,any v]b or v]bal expression may be def9$ 9 a g5]al way by ! neut] accusative ( a pron\n or ( an enum]ative ^w3 z1 id gaude1 ,t4 ,&r4 #cfb1 ,i'm glad ( t4 id mae/a/1 ,pl4 ,r4 #cig1 %e's m\rnful ov] ?is4 id prde1 ,t4 ,eu4 #ajje1 ,i'm com+ out = ?is4 ct]a ads5tior ,crass1 ,,d4 #a1 #ce1 on all ! o!r po9ts ,i agree ) ,crassus4 ,s also quod1 = :i*1 on acc\nt ( :i*1 aliquid1 quicquam1 nihil1 c41 c41 & p>ticul>ly quid1 :y1 9 :at respect1 :]e91 :at1 or :at 444 =3 z1 quid vni/1 ,pl4 ,am4 #cgg1 :y art ?\ come8 quid tib ob/1 ,,ra4 #ade1 :]e9 d ,i /& 9 y\r way8 #aade4 ,! accusative ( an appellative is r>ely us$ adv]bially3 z1 magnam p>tem ex iambs no/ra cn/at rti1 ,o4 #ahi1 our own spee* is made up a great deal ( iambs4 maximam p>tem lacte vvunt1 #d1 #a1 #h1 !y live on milk ! mo/ "p1 i4e4 *iefly4 ,prepositional expressions are common]3 z1 magn ex p>te1 #a1 #af1 #f1 pr9cipally4 ,= vicem1 in/ead (1 =1 or l1 see ! diction>y4 #aadf4 ,! accusative is sometimes dis5gag$ f a v]b1 & qualifies a sub/antive z an attribute1 *iefly 9 a few set expressions 7#aabi73 z1 rtins aut aliquid id g5us1 ,att4 #ac1 #ab1 #c1 spee*es or some?+ t k9d4 aucupium omne g5us1 ,cat4 #aad1 #c1 f[l+ ( e k9d4 ngs hoc g5us1 ,h4 ,s4 #b1 #f1 #dc1 small talk--?is k9d4 hoc g5us 9 rbus1 ,lucr4 #f1 #iag1 9 matt]s ( ?is k9d4 cum id aettis fli1 ,clu4 #ada1 ) a son ( t age4 ,simil>ly dis qundecim supplicti1 #b1 #ce1 #d1 a =tnight ?anksgiv+4 ,erratum3 #aadd 444 ,s also quod1 = :i*1 = :i*4 ,,! ,,accusative ,,( ,,! ,,"p ,,conc]n$4 #aadg4 ,poets use ! accusative to express ! "p conc]n$1 especially a "p ( ! human body3 z1 tremit arts1 ,lucr4 #c1 #dhi1 ,v4 ,g4 #c1 #hd1 he %iv]s 9 8 limbs4 tremis ossa pavre1 ,h4 ,s4 #b1 #g1 #eg1 ?\ tremble/ 9 ?y bones ) fe>4 virid membra sub arbut /rtus1 ,h4 #a1 #a1 #ba1 /ret*+--8 limbs--b5ea? an arbute gre54 s um]sque de similis1 ,v4 #a1 #ehi1 9 face & %\ld]s l a god4 ,,! ,,accusative ,,( ,,! ,,?+ ,,put ,,on4 #aadh4 ,! accusative is us$ ) reflexive v]bs 9 poetry to d5ote ! ?+ put on3 z1 comantem ,&roge galeam induitur1 ,v4 #b1 #cia1 ,&rogeus' high-hair$ helm he dons4 exuvis indtus ,a*ill1 ,v4 #b1 #bge1 clad 9 ,a*illes' spoils4 ,r>ely to d5ote ! ?+ tak5 (f3 z1 prirs exuitur vults1 ,/4 ,?4 #aj1 #fdj1 %e d(fs h] =m] looks4 ,,! ,,accusative ,,( ,,exclamation4 #aadi4 ,! accusative is us$ 9 exclamations1 sometimes m]ely to call att5tion to some?+1 b g5]ally ) a pr$icate to express a judgm5t ) emphasis4 7a47 ,9 call+ att5tion1 ecce or em is us$ 9 old ,lat93 z1 ecce m1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #ffc1 behold1 y\r humble s]vant4 em ,dvom tib1 ,t4 ,&r4 #hdb1 !re1 ,davos sir4 ,= ellum1 eccillum1 c41 see #ffg & #fgc4 ,also1 f ,cic]o on1 n3 z1 n quattuor rs1 ,v4 ,e4 #e1 #fe1 see1 alt>s f\r4 7b47 ,9 emphatic judgm5ts sometimes ! accusative alone3 z1 =tntum ,ncoblum1 ,pl4 ,b4 #dee1 lucky man t ,nicobulus4 te/s gregis1 ,cael4 #fc1 mighty f9e witnesses2 sometimes ) an int]jection3 z1 imp]trem probum1 ,pl4 ,b4 #gei1 oh :at a good comm&]2 r>ely s ) ca/or1 edepol1 eug1 bravo1 heu1 licet1 all's up1 heu4 ,int]rogatively3 hanc9e impud5tiam8 ,v4 #e1 #fb1 possible1 %amelessness l ?is8 #aaej4 ,! accusative is us$ 9 excit$ ord]s1 appeals1 & que/ions1 )\t any v]b express$1 or ev5 di/9ctly felt3 z1 ,tib]ium 9 ,tib]im1 ,suet4 ,tib4 #ge1 ,tib]ius to ! ,tib]4 d vo/ram fidem1 ,t4 ,&r4 #gaf1 ye gods y\r help4 pr fidem1 ,?bn cvs1 ,pl4 ,am4 #cgf1 oh help1 or murd]1 ye citiz5s ( ,!bes4 ,s ) unde1 qu1 & qu&1 (t5 foll[$ by mih or tib3 z1 qu mihi =tnam1 s nn concditur t8 ,h4 ,e4 #a1 #e1 #ab1 :y weal? = me1 if weal? ,i may n use8 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,accusative ,,( ,,space ,,& ,,"t1 ,,& ,,( ,,aim ,,( ,,motion4 ,,! ,,accusative ,,( ,,space ,,& ,,"t4 #aaea4 ,ext5t ( space or duration ( "t is d5ot$ by ! accusative3 z1 7a47 mlia passuum ,,xx prcdit1 #e1 #dg1 #a1 he pu%es on tw5ty miles4 trdu viam prgress1 #d1 #d1 #d1 hav+ advanc$ ?ree days j\rney4 agg]em ltum p$s ,,cccxxx1 altum p$s ,,lxxx ex/rxrunt1 #g1 #bd1 #a1 !y built up a m\nd ?ree hundr$ & ?irty feet wide1 & eighty feet high 7#aacj74 7b47 mtrnae annum lxrunt1 ,l4 #b1 #g1 #d1 ! m>ri$ wom5 wore m\rn+ a ye>4 ndvg9t anns ntus erat1 ,br4 #bbi1 he 0 n9ete5 ye>s old4 sectae sunt cont9us complrs dis tempe/ts1 #d1 #cd1 #d1 !re foll[$ a good _m days a succession ( /orms4 tri5nium vagt1 #d1 #d1 #b1 hav+ l$ a nomad life ?ree ye>s4 num diem supplicti habita e/1 ,l4 #aj1 #dg1 #g1 a ?anksgiv+ 0 held "o day4 dis qundecim supplicti1 #b1 #ce1 #d1 a =tnight ?anksgiv+ 7#aabi74 ,sometimes p] is add$3 z1 ld p] decem dis fact sunt1 ,c4 #c1 #bj1 games 7 celebrat$ t5 days long4 #aaeb4 ,! idea ( trav]s+ is sometimes n express$3 z1 mlia passuum tria ab erum ca/rs ca/ra pnit1 #a1 #bb1 #e1 he pit*es camp ?ree miles away f _! camp4 quadr+5ts inde passs cn/ituit sgna1 ,l4 #cd1 #bj1 #d1 f\r hundr$ paces f !re he set up ! /&>ds4 ,see #acii4 #aaec4 ,) absum & di/1 ! ablative ( am\nt ( diff]5ce is sometimes us$ 7#acic73 z1 c]tior factus e/ ,ariovi/ cpis no/rs mlibus passuum quattuor et ,,xx abesse1 #a1 #da1 #e1 he 0 in=m$ t ,ariovi/us's troops 7 f\r & tw5ty miles away f ours4 ,if ! place is n m5tion$ f :i* di/ance is reckon$1 ab or is sometimes us$ be=e ! expression ( di/ance3 z1 posits ca/rs mlibus passuum ,,xv1 #f1 #g1 #c1 pit*+ camp fifte5 miles away4 #aaed4 ,! accusative is us$ ) abh9c1 ago3 z1 quae/or fui/ abh9c anns quattuordecim1 ,v4 #a1 #cd1 y 7 a quae/or f\rte5 ye>s ago4 ,r>ely ! ablative 7#acic73 z1 qu tempore8 abh9c anns ,,xv1 ,,rc4 #cg1 :58 fifte5 ye>s ago2 & once or twice ) abh9c1 mean+ be=e 7#acic73 z1 comitis abh9c dibus trg9t facts1 ,v4 #b1 #acj1 ! election hav+ be5 held ?irty days be=e4 #aaee4 ,! accusative s+ul> is us$ ) ord9als1 to %[ ! numb] ( days1 mon?s1 or ye>s s9ce a p>ticul> ev5t1 includ+ ! day1 mon?1 or ye> ( ! ev5t itself3 z1 quod annum iam t]tium et vcsimum rgnat1 ,,ip4 #g1 ! circum/ance t he has n[ be5 on ! ?rone two & tw5ty ye>s4 #aaef4 ,! accusative 9 "s pronom9al expressions & adv]bs passes ov] f #8"t ?r\gh :i*' to a loose #8"t at :i*'3 z1 id temporis1 ,,ra4 #ig1 at t "t4 hoc noctis1 ,pl4 ,am4 #afc;b1 at ?is "t ( night4 tum1 !n1 num1 nunc1 n[1 nunc ipsum1 ,pl4 ,b4 #idj1 ,att4 #aj1 #d1 #aj1 ?is v m9ute1 commodum1 j 9 "t4 ,= ! locative ablative exceptionally us$ to d5ote duration1 see #acee4 ,errata3 #aaea;a 444 #d1 #cd1 #d #d1 #cd4 #d #aaed 444 ,,rc4 #cg ,,rc1 ,,! ,,accusative ,,( ,,! ,,aim ,,( ,,motion4 #aaeg4 7#a47 ,prop] names ( t[ns & ( little isl&s or p59sulas are put 9 ! accusative to d5ote ! aim ) expressions ( motion3 z1 ,labinus ,lutetiam pr(icscitur1 #g1 #eg1 #a1 ,labi5us />ts = ,lutetia4 ,leucadem vnimus1 ,fam4 #af1 #i1 #a1 we came to ,leucas4 nocturnus introitus ,zmyrnam1 ,ph4 #aa1 #e1 ! entrance into ,smyrna by night 7#aabi74 ,plautus uses ,ac*]ns a few times l a t[n "n3 z1 vvom m acc]sunt ,ac*]untem mortu1 ,mo/4 #eji1 ! dead are tak+ me to ,a*]on alive4 #aaeh4 ,) s+ul> names ( t[ns & little isl&s1 ,plautus has ! accusative alone tw5ty times1 & tw5ty times ) 92 ,t]5ce has1 includ+ ,lmnum1 ,ph4 #efg1 & ,cyprum1 ,ad4 #bbd1 #bcj1 ! accusative alone six times1 & twice ) 91 9 ,lmnum1 ,ph4 #ff1 & 9 ,cyprum1 ,ad4 #bgh4 ,plural t[n names nev] h 94 #aaei4 ,an appellative urbem or oppidum accompany+ ! accusative ( a t[n "n is usually prec$$ by 9 or ad3 z1 ad urbem ,fdns t5dunt1 ,l4 #d1 #cc1 #aj1 !y make = ! city ( ,fid5ae4 ,iugur?a ,?alam p]vnit1 9 oppidum magnum1 ,s4 ,i4 #ge1 #a1 ,jugur?a arriv$ at ,?ala1 a l>ge t[n4 #aafj4 ,:5 m]ely #8motion t[>ds' or #8ne>ness' is meant1 ad is us$3 z1 trs viae sunt ad ,mut9am1 ,ph4 #ab1 #bb1 !re are ?ree roads to ,mut9a4 mles ad ,capuam pr(ectus sum1 ,,cm4 #aj1 ,i w5t to ! w> z a private1 to ! region r\nd ab\t ,capua4 #aafa4 ,prop] names ( c\ntries are also sometimes put 9 ! accusative 9 poetry1 to d5ote aim ( motion3 z1 abit lidem1 ,pl4 ,cap4 #egc1 he w5t away to ,elis4 ,s 9 prose also1 ,aegyptus 9 ,cic]o1 ,caes>1 ,nepos1 ,livy1 & ,tacitus3 z1 ,g]mnicus ,aegyptum pr(icscitur1 ,ta4 #b1 #ei1 ,g]manicus sets out = ,egypt4 ,r>ely & 9 poetry names ( peoples3 z1 siti5ts bimus frs1 ,v4 ,e4 #a1 #fd1 to ?ir/-p>*$ ,afrians we %all g4 ,9 g5]al ! accusative ( c\ntry names is prec$$ by 9 or ad1 z are also appellatives regul>ly 9 prose2 b 9 poetry1 ev5 appellatives )\t a preposition are common4 #aafb4 7#b47 ,! accusatives domum1 rs1 & =s1 are us$ l prop] names ( t[ns3 z1 7a47 e domum1 ,pl4 ,m]4 #fei1 ,i'm go+ home4 equits domum cont5drunt1 #b1 #bd1 #d1 ! cavalry hurri$ home4 domum r$itinis sp sublt1 #a1 #e1 #c1 ! hope ( a return home be+ out ( ! "q 7#aabi74 7b47 rs b1 ,t4 ,eu4 #baf1 ,i %all g out ( t[n4 7c47 effg =s1 ,t4 ,eu4 #ide1 ,i ran out ( doors4 #aafc4 ,! s+ul> domum is always reta9$ by ,caes>1 ev5 :5 two or m sep>ate p]sons or p>ties are spok5 (4 ,plautus1 ,sallu/1 & ,nepos1 h ! plural doms once ea*1 & ,cic]o & ,livy use x occasionally4 #aafd4 ,! accusative domum or doms sometimes has an attribute1 usually a possessive pron\n3 z1 domum suam quemque rev]t1 #b1 #aj1 #d1 = e man to g back to 8 home4 alius alium doms sus invtant1 ,s4 ,i4 #ff1 #c1 !y invite ea* o!r to _! homes4 aurum domum rgiam comportant1 ,s4 ,i4 #gf1 #f1 !y br+ all ! gold to ! h\se royal4 cum domum rgis dv]tisss1 ,d4 #ag1 :5 y w5t to /ay at ! k+'s palace4 ,! preposition 9 is sometimes us$ :5 ! attribute is a g5itive or a possessive pron\n1 & commonly :5 x is any adjective b a possessive pron\n4 #aafe4 7#c47 ,9 old ,lat91 exsequis & nfitis are also us$ ) e1 & sometimes malam crucem & malam rem1 ?\gh ^! la/ m commonly h 93 z1 exsequis ,*remt re1 ,t4 ,ph4 #ajbf1 to g to ,*remes's fun]al4 ut es malam crucem1 ,pl4 ,m54 #cbh1 t ?\ may/ get !e to ! accurs$ cross4 ,lat] writ]s1 z ,nepos1 ,livy1 & ,qu9tilian1 use nfitis e aga91 &1 f ,sallu/ on1 vnum e & vnum d sometimes occur = vne & vnd4 #aaff4 ,) ! accusative 9 -tum 7or -sum71 call$ ! sup9e1 ! idea ( #8aim' passes ov] into t ( #8purpose3' z mlittum abit1 ,t4 ,hau4 #aag1 he's gone away a soldi]+ 7#bbgj74 ,erratum3 #aaeg 444 ! entrance into ,smyrna by night 7#aabi74 f9al 4 miss+ ,,two ,,accusatives ,,comb9$4 ,,object ,,& ,,pr$icate4 #aafg4 ,_m v]bs may take two accusatives1 an object & a pr$icate4 ,su* are v]bs signify+ make1 keep1 *oose1 "n or call1 h1 ?9k1 recognize or f9d1 %[ oneself1 c41 c43 z1 longirem mnsem faciunt1 ,v4 #b1 #abi1 !y make ! mon? long]4 eum c]tirem faciunt1 #e1 #cg1 #g1 !y let him "k4 ,ancum ,mrcium rgem populus crevit1 ,l4 #a1 #cb1 #a1 ! p made ,ancus ,m>cius k+4 m cpre arbitrum1 ,t4 ,hau4 #ejj1 !y've *os5 me z ref]ee4 ,duellium #8,bellium' nm9vrunt1 ,o4 #aec1 ,duellius !y nam$ #8,bellius4' vcnam ,capres insulam #8,aprgopolim' appellbat1 ,suet4 ,aug4 #ih1 ! isl& next to ,capreae he call$ #8! ,ca/le ( ,indol5ce4' conlgs aditrs habbat1 ,se/4 #hg1 he _h 8 colleagues z assi/ants4 t sapi5tem ex/imant1 ,l4 #f1 !y consid] y a sage4 quem virum ,p4 ,crassum vdimus1 ,,cm4 #fa1 :at a man we saw 9 ,crassus4 sevrum m praebe1 ,c4 #d1 #ab1 ,i %[ myself /]n4 ,9 ! passive bo? ! object & ! pr$icate become nom9atives3 z1 ,caes> c]tior factus e/1 #c1 #ai1 #e1 ,caes> 0 in=m$4 #aafh4 ,9 ! s5se ( consid] z equival5t to1 dc & habe1 less frequ5tly put1 h ! ablative ) pr4 ,o!r con/ructions ) ^! & ! above v]bs may be f\nd 9 ! diction>y4 ,,p]son ,,& ,,?+4 #aafi4 7#a47 ,"s v]bs ( tea*+ & hid+1 dem&+ & que/ion+1 may take two accusatives1 "o ( a p]son & "o ( a ?+4 ,! commone/ ( ^! v]bs are doce & its comp\nds1 & cl2 flgit1 r1 posc1 & rog1 int]rog4 ,! ?+ is usually ! neut] ( a pron\n or enum]ative ^w 7#aadd73 z1 7a47 peior magi/] t i/aec docuit1 nn ego1 ,pl4 ,b4 #afc1 a worse in/ructor taught !e t1 n ,i4 quid t litt]s doceam8 ,pis4 #gc1 :y %\ld ,i tea* y y\r ,a ,b ,c's8 7b47 nn t clv s]mnem ,t4 ,ampi1 ,fam4 #b1 #af1 #c1 ,i h n kept y 9 ! d>k ab\t ! talk ) ,ampius4 7c47 int]im ctdi ,caes> ,a$us frm5tum flgitre1 #a1 #af1 #a1 meantime ,caes> e day a dunn+ ! ,a$uans = ! gra94 ,mlsis nvem poposcit1 ,v4 #a1 #hf1 he call$ on ! ,miletus p = a vessel4 quid me i/ud rogs8 ,f94 #e1 #hc1 :y d y ask me t8 ,racilius m s5t5tiam rogvit1 ,q,fr4 #b1 #a1 #c1 ,racilius ask$ me my op9ion4 #aagj4 ,) doce1 mean+ in=m1 cl1 rog1 & int]rog1 ! ablative ( ! ?+ ) d is also us$4 ,& ) flgit & posc1 sometimes ! ablative ( ! p]son ) ab1 ) cl ! ablative ( ! p]son ) d4 #aaga4 ,9 ! passive ! p]son becomes ! subject1 & ! accusative ( a neut] pron\n or adjective is reta9$3 z1 nsne hoc clts tam di1 ,t4 ,hec4 #fde1 = u n to be told ( ?is s long2 r>ely ) rev]s$ con/ruction3 qur haec clta m sunt8 ,pl4 ,ps4 #dij1 :y 0 ?is hid f me8 ,accusatives ( appellatives are r>e3 z1 omns mlitiae arts doctus fu]at1 ,l4 #be1 #cg1 #c1 he _h be5 ?or\ghly taught all ! arts ( w>4 int]rogtus s5t5tiam1 ,l4 #cf1 #g1 #a1 be+ ask$ 8 op9ion4 ,o!r con/ructions ( doctus1 & ( ! passive ( cl1 flgit1 posc1 rog & int]rog1 may be f\nd 9 ! diction>y4 #aagb4 7#b47 ,v]bs ( wi%+1 rem9d+1 induc+1 & accus+1 & "s o!rs1 also sometimes take an accusative ( ! p]son & "o ( ! ?+4 ,su* are vol1 mone & its comp\nds1 hortor & cg2 accs1 argu1 nsimul1 obirg4 ,! ?+ is usually ! neut] ( a pron\n or enum]ative ^w 7#aadd73 z1 quid m voltis8 ,pl4 ,m]4 #hfh1 :at d y want ( me8 illud t esse admonitum velim1 ,cael4 #h1 on ?is po9t ,i want y to be rem9d$ 7#aaga74 ,9 old ,lat91 accusatives ( appellatives also are ?us us$1 & sometimes also ) dn & condn4 #aagc4 7#c47 ,! def9+ accusative is sometimes comb9$ ) an accusative ( ! p]son3 z1 tam t bsia multa bsire1 ,cat4 #g1 #i1 !e to kiss s _m kisses 7#aadj74 ,b usually ) an accusative ( ! p]son1 ! ablative takes ! place ( ! def9+ accusative3 z1 dissem t odi ,vatnin1 ,cat4 #ad1 #c1 ,i %\ld hate !e ) a ,vat9ian hate4 ,erratum3 #aafi 444 ctdi ,caes> ,a$us frm5tum flgitre1 #a1 #af1 #a1 #a1 #af1 #a4 ,,object ,,& ,,ext5t1 ,,duration1 ,,or ,,aim4 #aagd4 ,! accusative ( ext5t or duration1 or ( aim ( motion is (t5 comb9$ ) t ( ! object3 z1 7a47 mlia passuum decem novem mrum p]dcit1 #a1 #h1 #a1 he makes a wall n9ete5 miles 7#aaea74 mtrnae annum eum lxrunt1 ,l4 #b1 #g1 #d4 ! m>ri$ wom5 wore m\rn+ = him a ye> 7#aaea74 7b47 ,ancus multitd9em omnem ,rmam trdxit1 ,l4 #a1 #cc1 #a1 ,ancus mov$ ! :ole population ov] to ,rome 7#aaeg74 es domum remittit1 #d1 #ba1 #f1 he s5ds !m home aga9 7#aafb74 ,= o!r comb9ations1 see #aach1 #aaih1 & #bbgj4 ,,! ,,dative4 #aage4 ,! dative d5otes t = or to :i* a ?+ is or is done1 & ei!r accompanies s+le words1 su* z v]bs1 adjectives1 sometimes adv]bs1 r>ely sub/antives1 or s]ves to modify ! entire s5t5ce4 ,x has two pr9cipal uses4 #aagf4 ,i4 ,! dative is us$ z a complem5t4 ,complem5ts may be r\ghly di/+ui%$ z ess5tial or optional4 ,b ^! two complem5ts are n always sep>at$ by a %>p l9e1 & ! same dative may sometimes be ref]r$ indiff]5tly to ei!r head4 #aagg4 7#a47 ,! ,,ess5tial ,,complem5t is a dative ( ! p]son or ?+ add$ to an idea :i* is felt z incomplete )\t ! dative 7#aahj74 ,?us1 pret1 he is ob$i5t1 is a /atem5t :i* is felt z incomplete )\t a dative add$ to d5ote :at x is he is ob$i5t to1 9 ! s5t5ce pret s5tu1 he is ob$i5t to ! s5ate4 ,b :5 /ress is put on ! action m]ely1 )\t ref]5ce to its be>+1 su* a v]b may be us$ )\t a dative3 z1 pret1 he is ob$i5t1 he yields ob$i5ce4 #aagh4 7#b47 ,! ,,optional ,,complem5t1 t is1 ! dative ( int]e/1 advantage1 or disadvantage1 adds some?+ to an idea t is already complete 9 itself 7#abje74 ,?us1 c>m9a cant1 ,i *ant v]ses1 is a /atem5t entirely complete 9 itself2 x may be modifi$ or n1 at option1 by a dative1 ?us3 c>m9a virg9ibus pu]sque cant1 v]ses = maids & boys ,i *ant4 #aagi4 ,,ii4 ,! dative ( c]ta9 sub/antives is us$ pr$icatively 7#abai74 ,i4 ,,! ,,complem5t>y ,,dative4 7#a47 ,,! ,,ess5tial ,,complem5t4 ,,! ,,dative ,,) ,,v]bs4 #aahj4 ,_m v]bs require a dative to complete _! mean+4 ,,) ,,v]bs ,,( ,,intransitive ,,use4 #aaha4 7#a47 ,_m v]bs ( intransitive use1 p>ticul>ly su* z d5ote a /ate1 disposition1 feel+1 or quality1 take ! dative3 z1 quodne vbs placeat1 displiceat mih8 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #fad1 %all t :i* pleases y1 displeas+ be to me8 s ,asici causa pls prfuit quam invidia nocuit1 ,cael4 #bc1 if 8 case has be5 m helpful to ,asicius ?an ! ho/ility has be5 damag+4 imp]at aut s]vit collcta pecnia cuique1 ,h4 ,e4 #a1 #aj1 #dg1 = e man 8 g>n]$ ho>d or ma/] is or slave4 nnne huic lg resi/tis8 ,agr4 #b1 #he1 w y n /& out aga9/ ?is law8 gymnasis indulg5t ,graecul1 ,traj4 9 ,pl94 ,ep4 #dj #di1 #b1 our ,greek c\s9s are p>tial to gymnasiums4 gnscs velim huic fe/ntin meae1 9 a lett]1 ,fam4 #e1 #ab1 #a1 please excuse ha/e4 huic legin ,caes> cnfdbat maxim1 #a1 #dj1 #ae1 ,caes> tru/$ ?is legion mo/ ( all4 an ,c4 ,trebni ego p]sus8 cui n sudre quidem ausus essem1 ,ph4 #b1 #bg1 or 0 x ,i t br\ght conviction to ,trebonius8 a man to :om ,i %\ld n h presum$ ev5 to (f] advice4 ,9 ! passive1 su* v]bs are us$ imp]sonally1 ! dative rema9+ 7#ajcd72 p]sonal con/ructions are r>e & poetical4 #aahb4 ,?is dative is us$ ) su* v]bs or v]bal expressions z mean am pleas+ or displeas+1 helpful or injuri\s1 comm&1 yield1 or am ob$i5t1 am fri5dly1 p>tial1 or oppos$2 sp>e1 p>don1 ?reat51 tru/1 advise1 p]suade1 happ51 meet4 ,b ! ,engli% translation is n a safe guide3 _m ( ! v]bs us$ ) a dative are repres5t$ transitively 9 ,engli%2 & "s v]bs ( ! mean+s above are us$ transitively 9 ,lat93 z1 dlect1 iuv1 la$1 c41 c4 #aahc4 ,! dative is r>ely us$ ) a =m ( sum & a pr$icate n\n correspond+ 9 mean+ ) ! v]bs above 7#aaha73 z1 quid mihi scele/ tib erat auscultti8 ,pl4 ,r4 #ejb1 i4e4 quid tib auscultbam8 :y did ,i1 ill-/>r$ wret*1 l5d e> to !e8 qu /udisus rei nll aliae/1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #hjb1 i4e4 qu /udet1 :o l5ds 8 s\l to no?+ else4 ,or imm$iately ) a n\n3 z1 s]vits opul5t hom91 ,pl4 ,am4 #aff1 slav]y to a millionaire4 optemp]ti lgibus1 ,leg4 #a1 #db1 ob$i5ce to ! laws4 aemula labra ross1 ,m>t4 #d1 #db1 #aj1 lips rivall+ ! rose4 #aahd4 ,"s v]bs h a v>iable use )\t any diff]5ce ( mean+3 ?us1 cr1 decet1 & vt1 h sometimes ! dative 9 old ,lat91 b usually ! accusative4 ,9 ,cic]o1 adlor has ! accusative2 f ,nepos on1 ! dative z well4 m$eor1 m$icor1 & prae/lor take ei!r ! accusative or ! dative4 #aahe4 ,"s v]bs h an accusative ) "o mean+1 a dative ( ! complem5t1 ess5tial or optional1 ) ano!r3 see aemulor1 cave1 comitor1 cnsul1 conv5i1 cupi1 dspr1 mane1 metu1 mod]or1 prspici1 temp]1 "t1 & ! diff]5t uses ( invide1 9 ! diction>y4 #aahf4 ,9 poetry1 v]bs ( union1 ( cont5tion1 & ( diff]5ce1 (t5 take a dative3 z1 7a47 ha]et lat] ltlis h>und1 ,v4 #d1 #gc1 /icks to h] side ! deadly %aft4 ,s ) co1 concurr1 ha]e1 & simil>ly ) iung1 misce4 7b47 quid enim cont5dat hirund cycns8 ,lucr4 #c1 #f1 = h[ c swall[ cope ) swans8 ,s ) bell1 c]t1 cont5d1 pugn4 7c47 nfd scurrae di/bit amcus1 ,h4 ,e4 #a1 #ah1 #d1 a fri5d w diff] f a fai?less hang]-on4 ,s ) diff]1 discrep1 diss5ti1 di/4 #aahg4 ,a v]b (t5 takes ! dative1 :5 comb9$ ) adv]sum1 obviam1 or prae/1 also ) b5e1 male1 or satis1 & ! l3 z1 fit ob viam ,cldi1 ,mil4 #bi1 he runs across ,clodius4 cui b5e dxit umquam bon8 ,se/4 #aaj1 = :at patriot _h he ev] a good ^w8 ns1 vir =ts1 satis fac]e r pblicae vidmur1 ,c4 #a1 #b1 we d\ghty *ampions flatt] ourselves we are do+ our :ole duty by ! /ate4 ,simil>ly ) v]bs ( transitive use4 #aahh4 7#b47 ,_m v]bs ( intransitive use comp\nd$ ) a preposition take a dative connect$ 9 s5se ) ! preposition3 z1 manus extrma nn accessit op]ibus eius1 ,br4 #abf1 ! la/ t\* 0 n put ^u 8 works4 omnibus adfuit hs pugns ,dolbella1 ,ph4 #b1 #ge1 ,dolabella 0 on h& 9 all ^! battles4 pont nox incubat tra1 ,v4 #a1 #hi1 ov] ! deep1 night broode? black4 cgnitinibus d ,*r/ins int]fu numquam1 ,pl94 ,ep4 ad ,trai4 #if #ig1 #a1 ,i h nev] be5 to any ( ! trials ( ! ,*ri/ians4 #aahi4 ,! prepositions are *iefly ad1 ante1 com-1 91 int]1 ob1 prae1 sub1 or sup]4 ,9 _m comp\nds ( ^! prepositions1 h[ev]1 ! dative is due to ! g5]al mean+ ( ! v]b1 z 9 cnfdit mih1 he puts all tru/ 9 me 7#aaha71 z contra/$ ) cns5tit mih1 he feels ) me1 ne>ly equival5t to s5tit mcum 7#aahh74 #aaij4 ,in/ead ( ! dative1 su* v]bs (t5 h a prepositional con/ruction1 p>ticul>ly :5 place1 lit]al or figurative1 is di/9ctly to be express$3 z1 accd]e 9 fnus1 ,leg4 #b1 #ff1 to g to a fun]al4 9 morbum incidit1 ,clu4 #age1 he fell ill4 #aaia4 ,"s v]bs ( intransitive use take1 :5 comp\nd$1 ei!r ! dative or ! accusative4 ,see adiace1 antecd1 antee1 praecurr1 prae/1 incd1 inld1 nsult1 invd1 9 ! diction>y4 ,& "s comp\nds acquire a transitive use altoge!r1 z obe1 oppugn3 see #aacg4 ,errata3 #aahh 444 ,ph4 #b1 #ge1 ,dolabella 0 on h& 9 all ^! battles4 ,ph #b1 #ge1 pont nox incubat tra1 ,v4 #a1 #hi pont nox incubat tra4 ,,) ,,v]bs ,,( ,,transitive ,,use4 #aaib4 7#a47 ,_m v]bs ( transitive use take ! dative3 z1 fliam suam 9 mtrimnium dat1 #a1 #c1 #e1 he gives ?is p]son 8 own daught] 9 m>riage4 decima legi grtis git1 #a1 #da1 #a1 ! t5? legion gave him ?anks4 huic f]t subsidium ,puli1 #e1 #dd1 #ac1 to him ,pulio br+s aid4 mults idem m9tur ,antnius1 ,ph4 #aa1 #b1 to _m ,antony ?reat5s ! same4 reliqu ss fugae m&runt1 #a1 #ab1 #c1 ! re/ betook !mselves to flight4 comm5d vbs meum p>vum flium1 ,c4 #d1 #bc1 unto y\r keep+ d ,i commit ! little son ( m9e4 mult s alinissims crdidrunt1 #f1 #ca1 #d1 _m p put !mselves 9 ! h&s ( utt] /rang]s4 equits imp]at cvittibus1 #f1 #d1 #f1 he issues ord]s to ! communities = horse4 #aaic4 ,?is dative is us$ ) su* v]bs z d1 trd1 tribu1 dvid1 f]1 praebe1 prae/1 polliceor1 prmitt1 dbe1 neg1 mn/r1 dc1 nrr1 m&1 praecipi1 c41 c4 ,9 ! passive con/ruction1 ! accusative becomes nom9ative1 ! dative rema9+4 #aaid4 7#b47 ,_m v]bs ( transitive use comp\nd$ ) a preposition take a dative connect$ 9 s5se ) ! preposition3 z1 nihil nov vbs adf]am1 ,,rp4 #a1 #ba1 ,i %all n lay any novelty be=e y4 lgs omnium saltem s+ulrum salt antepnunt1 ,f94 #c1 #fd1 ! law always puts ! g5]al safety be=e ! safety ( ! individual4 timrem bons inici/is1 ,agr4 #a1 #bc1 y h /ruck t]ror into ! he>ts ( patriots4 nlurunt f]s corpus obic]e1 ,,ra4 #ga1 !y w\ld n ca/ 8 p]son be=e rav5\s bea/s4 nm9em huic praef]1 ,n4 #h1 #a1 #a1 !re is nobody ,i put be=e him4 hb]ns ,labinum praeposuit1 #a1 #ed1 #b1 he put ,labi5us ov] ! w9t]-qu>t]s4 anitum va gallns saepe suppnimus1 ,,dn4 #b1 #abd1 we (t5 put ducks' eggs "u h5s4 #aaie4 ,! prepositions are circum1 d1 ex1 po/1 or ^? nam$ 9 #aahi4 ,9 _m comp\nds ( transitive use1 h[ev]1 ! dative is due to ! g5]al mean+ ( ! v]b1 z ) ^? spok5 ( 9 #aahi4 #aaif4 ,) ^! v]bs1 a prepositional con/ruction is (t5 us$1 z ) ! v]bs ( intransitive use 7#aaij73 z1 iam di nihil nov ad ns adf]btur1 ,fam4 #b1 #ad1 no news has got to u ?is long "t4 ,= comp\nds ( circum & trns ) two accusatives1 see #aach4 #aaig4 ,v]bs ( transitive use comp\nd$ ) com- h (t5] ! ablative ) cum3 z1 cnf]te hanc pcem cum ill bell1 ,v4 #d1 #aae1 j comp>e ?is peace ) t w>4 ,see also 9 ! diction>y1 coniung & compn2 also ! indirect comp\nds comp>1 comp>e1 f compr1 & commnic4 #aaih4 ,) a few comp\nds ( ad or 91 a second accusative is exceptionally us$3 z1 arbitrum illum adgit1 ,(f4 #c1 #ff1 he _h ! o!r man up be=e a daysman4 ,s ) inmitt1 ,pl4 ,cap4 #edh1 ns9u1 ,lucr4 #a1 #aaf1 c41 c4 ,regul>ly ) animum adv]t3 z1 animum adv]t columellam1 ,,td4 #e1 #fe1 ,i notic$ a mode/ %aft4 qu r animum adv]s1 ,caes4 ,c4 #a1 #hj1 #d1 ?is fact be+ paid he$ to3 comp>e #aach4 #aaii4 ,a few comp\nd v]bs admit ei!r ! dative ( ! p]son or ?+ & accusative ( ! ?+1 or ! accusative ( ! p]son or ?+ & ablative ( ! ?+2 su* are adsp]g & nsp]g1 circumd1 circumfund1 exu & indu1 imp]ti1 int]cld2 also ! uncomp\nd$ dn3 z1 pra$am mlitibus dnat1 #g1 #aa1 #i1 he pres5ts ! booty to ! soldi]s4 scrbam tuum nul dn/1 ,v4 #c1 #ahe1 y pres5t$ y\r cl]k ) a r+4 ,= ! diff]5t con/ructions ( int]dc1 see ! diction>y4 ,,! ,,dative ,,) ,,adjectives4 #abjj4 ,! dative ) _m adjectives & "s adv]bs d5otes t to :i* ! quality is direct$4 ,su* h ! mean+ ( useful1 necess>y1 fit1 easy1 agreeable1 kn[n1 ne>1 belong+1 fri5dly1 fai?ful1 l1 & mo/ ( _! opposites2 ! adjective is (t5 pr$icative3 z1 vr tile silvs 7#ajcf71 ,v4 ,g4 #b1 #cbc1 ! spr+ is good = woods4 e/ s5tr necessrium nsse rem pblicam1 ,leg4 #c1 #da1 = a s5ator x is indisp5sable to be conv]sant ) gov]nm5t4 rtinis g5us pompae quam pugnae aptius1 ,o4 #db1 a /yle bett] suit$ to ! p>ade ?an to ! field4 conv5i5t] ntrae vv]e1 ,(f4 #c1 #ac1 to live 9 t\* ) nature4 #abja4 ,"s adjectives ( ?is class h ! dative ( a p]son1 ! accusative ) ad ( a ?+3 s accommodtus1 aptus1 idneus1 necessrius1 & tilis2 & "s d5ot+ feel+ h also ! accusative ) a preposition3 aequus1 9quus1 fidlis ) 91 b5evolus ) erg1 & impius ) adv]sus4 propior & proximus sometimes accompany an accusative1 l prope1 propius1 & proxim4 #abjb4 ,! adjectives commnis1 proprius or alinus1 sac]1 ttus1 (t5 accompany ! con/ruction ( ! g5itive ( ! own]3 see #abch4 ,= alinus ) ! ablative1 see #acjf4 ,sometimes alinus has ! ablative ) ab4 #abjc4 ,"s adjectives d5ot+ relation%ip1 connection1 fri5d%ip or ho/ility1 become sub/antives1 & z su*1 admit ! g5itive also 7#aajc73 su* are 7a47 adfnis1 cgntus2 7b47 aequlis1 familiris1 fnitimus1 pr & dispr1 propnquus1 vcnus2 7c47 adv]srius1 amcus1 inimcus1 necessrius4 #abjd4 ,9 ,plautus & ,t]5ce1 similis1 ! l1 ! c\nt]p>t1 & its comp\nds1 regul>ly take ! g5itive4 ,! dative1 z well z ! g5itive1 is also us$ f ,ennius on1 p>ticul>ly ( a limit$ or approximate lik5ess3 see ! diction>y4 7#b47 ,,! ,,optional ,,complem5t4 #abje4 ,! dative ( a p]son or ?+ int]e/$1 b5efit$1 h>m$1 may be add$ at option to almo/ any v]b3 z1 cns]vte p>5t flium1 p>5tem fli1 ,cael4 #hj1 save ! son = ! fa!r1 ! fa!r = ! son4 mea domus tib patet1 mih clausa e/1 ,,ra4 #ade1 ! v h\se ,i own is op5 = y1 is %ut ^u me4 cui flvam religs comam1 simplex munditis8 ,h4 #a1 #e1 #d1 = :om b9d'/ ?\ 9 wrea?s ?y gold5 hair1 pla9 9 ?y neatness8 nn audret fac]e haec viduae muli]1 quae 9 m fcit1 ,t4 ,hau4 #iec1 he dur/ n to an unprotect$ female d :at he ha? done t[>ds me4 #abjf4 ,! place ( a v]b ) ! dative ( int]e/ is sometimes fill$ by an int]jection1 ecce1 ei1 em1 or vae3 z1 ei mihi qulis erat1 ,e4 #a1 #g1 ,v4 #b1 #bgd1 ah me1 h[ gha/ly he did look4 vae vcts1 ,pl4 ,ps4 #acag1 said by ,br5nus1 #cij ,b4,c41 ,l4 #e1 #dh1 #i1 woe wor? ! wor/$4 vae capit atque aett tuae1 ,pl4 ,r4 #cge1 a murra9 on ?y head & life4 #abjg4 ,! dative is (t5 add$ to ! entire s5t5ce1 :]e ei!r a g5itive or a possessive pron\n limit+ a sub/antive might be us$4 ,9 su* cases ! dative expresses int]e/1 advantage1 or disadvantage1 :ile ! g5itive w\ld simply indicate ! own] or ! object3 z1 trnsfgitur sctum ,pulini1 #e1 #dd1 #g1 un=tunately = ,pulio1 8 %ield gets pi]c$ ?r\gh & ?r\gh4 mlitant 9 ,hispni pat] moritur1 ,l4 #bi1 #bi1 #f1 :ile s]v+ 9 ,spa9 he _h ! mis=tune to lose 8 fa!r4 huic ego m bell ducem pr(iteor1 ,c4 #b1 #aa1 ,i "h proclaim myself capta9 = ?is w>4 ss ,caes> ad p$s pricrunt1 #a1 #ca1 #b1 !y ca/ !mselves at ,caes>'s feet4 no/rs mlitibus spem m9uit1 #e1 #cc1 #e1 x da%$ ! hopes ( our soldi]s4 ext]g tibi mans1 ,pl4 ,mo/4 #bfg1 wipe (f ?y h&s4 vellunt tibi b>bam lascv pu]1 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #c1 #acc1 ! wanton gam9s pull ?y be>d1 poor s\l4 #abjh4 ,?is dative is sometimes deta*$ f ! v]b1 & us$ imm$iately ) a sub/antive1 in/ead ( ! g5itive3 z1 ,philocmasi cu/s1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #bga1 ! keep] = ,philocomasium4 rctor iuv51 ,ta4 #a1 #bd1 a m5tor = ! "y man4 ,s p>ticul>ly ) a g]undive 9 (ficial expressions3 z1 crtor mrs refici5ds1 ,,og4 #ai1 commission] = rebuild+ ! walls4 #abji4 ,v]bs ( w>d+ (f sometimes take a dative1 especially 9 poetry1 also ^? ( robb+ & ridd+3 z1 7a47 hunc quoque arcbis gravid pecor1 ,v4 ,g4 #c1 #aed1 him also wilt ?\ = ! pregnant h]d keep f>4 sl/itium pecor df5dite4 ,v4 ,e4 #g1 #dg1 ! summ]'s heat keep di/ant = ! flock4 7b47 torquem dtrxit ho/1 ,f94 #a1 #ce1 he pull$ a torque away f 8 enemy4 ripis mih hunc errrem1 ,att4 #aj1 #d1 #f1 y w rid me ( ?is mi/ake4 #abaj4 ,) v]bs ( motion ! dative ( ! p]son int]e/$ d5otes 9 poetry ! end ( motion also3 z1 mults ,danam dmittimus ,orc1 ,v4 #b1 #cih1 we s5d d[n _m a ,danaan = ! ne!r k+4 ,s also ! dative ( p]sonifi$ words ( place3 z1 x clmor cael1 ,v4 #e1 #dea1 up goes a %\t = heav51 i4e4 heav5 he>s a %\t4 sdibus hunc ref] ante sus1 ,v4 #f1 #aeb1 fir/ be> him duly to 8 place ( re/1 i4e4 let 8 expectant grave receive him4 ,,! ,,emotional ,,dative4 #abaa4 ,! dative ( ! p]sonal pron\n is (t5 us$ ) expressions ( emotion1 int]e/1 surprise1 or d]ision3 z1 quid mihi ,celsus agit8 ,h4 ,e4 #a1 #c1 #ae1 h[ f>es me ,celsus8 ,tongilium mih dxit1 ,c4 #b1 #d1 he took out ,tongilius1 bless my s\l4 at tib rep5te1 cum m9im exspectrem1 vnit ad m ,cnius mne1 ,fam4 #i1 #b1 #a1 b bless y1 sir1 :5 ,i lea/ dreamt ( x1 :o %\ld drop 9 on me all at once b ,can9ius1 bright & e>ly4 ,,! ,,dative ,,( ,,! ,,possessor4 #abab4 ,! dative is us$ ) =ms ( sum to d5ote ! possessor3 z1 e/ hom9 cum de similitd1 ,leg4 #a1 #be1 man has a resemblance to god4 an nescs longs rgibus esse mans8 ,o4 ,e4 #af1 #aff1 do/ possibly n "k k+s h long arms8 suos quoique ms1 ,t4 ,ph4 #ded1 to e man 8 own pet way4 ,s also ) ! comp\nds absum1 dsum1 sup]sum3 z1 hoc num ,caes> dfuit1 #d1 #bf1 #e1 ?is 0 all ,caes> lack$4 #abac4 7#a47 ,) mih e/ nm51 ! "n is put ei!r 9 ! dative or 9 ! nom9ative3 z1 mih nom5 e/ ,ili1 or mih nm5 e/ ,ilius1 ,gell4 #ae1 #bi1 #a1 my "n is ,julius4 ,9 old ,lat9 & 9 ,sallu/1 ! dative3 z1 nm5 ,m]curi/ mih1 ,pl4 ,am4 prol4 #ai1 my "n is ,m]cury2 lat] ! nom9ative3 z1 canibus pigrs nm5 erit ,p>dus1 ,tigris1 ,leo1 ,j4 #h1 #cd1 ! crav5 cur %all sport ! "n ( #8,lion1 ,tig]1 ,p>d4' ,cic]o uses ! nom9ative or r>ely ! dative1 ,livy (t5] ! dative ?an ! nom9ative4 ,tacitus puts adjectives 9 ! dative1 sub/antives 9 ! nom9ative1 r>ely 9 ! g5itive4 ,caes> does n use ! con/ruction4 #abad4 7#b47 ,) ! actives nm5 d1 ind1 pn1 tribu1 c41 ! "n may be 9 ! dative or 9 ! accusative2 ) ! passive ( ^! expressions1 ! "n may be 9 ! dative or 9 ! nom9ative3 z1 qu tibi nm5 nsn posure1 ,h4 ,s4 #b1 #c1 #dg1 :o've put on !e ! nickname ,crank4 qu flis ,philippum atque ,alex&rum nm9a inposu]at1 ,l4 #ce1 #dg1 #e1 :o _h giv5 8 sons ! names ,philip & ,alex&]4 ,a g5itive dep5d5t on nm5 is us$ once by ,tacitus & 9 v late ,lat94 #abae4 ,) a g]undive1 ! dative ( ! possessor d5otes ! p]son :o has ! action to d3 see #bbdc4 ,= ! ablative ) ab1 or = habe1 see #bbdc1 #bbde4 #abaf4 ,?is dative is sometimes us$ ) ! p]fect p>ticiple1 & ! t5ses =m$ ) x3 z1 mih e/ labrtum1 ,caecil4 #dj1 ,i h x all work$ out4 c>m9a nlla mih sunt scrpta1 ,o4 ,tr4 #e1 #ab1 #ce1 no poetry h ,i ready made4 ,r>ely ) passives ( ! pres5t sy/em3 z1 nlla placre di nec vv]e c>m9a possunt1 quae scrbuntur aquae ptribus1 ,h4 ,e4 #a1 #ai1 #b1 no v]se c take or be longliv$ t by teetotall]s is writ4 ,,! ,,dative ,,( ,,relation4 #abag4 ,! dative may d5ote ! p]son view+ or judg+3 z1 eris mihi magnus ,apoll1 ,v4 ,e4 #c1 #ajd1 ?\ %alt to me ! great ,apollo be4 ,quntia frmsa e/ mults1 mihi c&ida1 longa1 rcta e/1 ,cat4 #hf1 #a1 9 _m eyes is ,qu9tia fair1 to me %e's bonny1 tall1 & /raight4 ,f ,caes> on1 p>ticiples are (t5 us$ to d5ote ! p]son view+ or judg+3 z1 e/ urbe gresss tumulus1 ,v4 #b1 #gac1 !re is1 z y get out ( t[n1 a m\nd4 9 niv]sum ae/imant1 ,ta4 ,g4 #f1 look+ at x g5]ally4 #abah4 ,9 imitation ( a ,greek idiom1 volns1 cupins1 or invtus1 is us$ by ,sallu/ & ,tacitus 9 agreem5t ) a dative dep5d5t on a =m ( sum1 ! comb9ation be+ equival5t to a subject ) a =m ( vol1 cupi1 or invtus sum1 respectively3 z1 ct]s remanre vol5tibus fuit1 ,ta4 ,h4 #c1 #dc1 i4e4 ct] remanre volurunt1 ! re/ 7 m9d$ to bide :]e !y 74 ,once 9 ,livy4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,pr$icative ,,dative4 ,,! ,,dative ,,( ,,t5d5cy ,,or ,,result4 #abai4 7#a47 ,c]ta9 datives are us$ ) a =m ( sum to d5ote :at a ?+ t5ds to1 proves1 or is4 ,?is dative is g5]ally accompani$ by a dative ( ! p]son int]e/$3 z1 auxili s fuit1 ,pl4 ,am4 prol4 #ib1 he 0 a help to !m4 odi sum ,rmns1 ,l4 #ce1 #ai1 #f1 ,i am an abom9ation 9 ! eyes ( ,rome4 pote/ne bonum cuiquam mal esse8 ,p>4 #g1 c good prove bad = any human be+8 ,l4 ,cassius id5tidem qua]]e solbat1 cui bon fuisset1 ,,ra4 #hd1 ,cassius us$ to ask = ev] & ev]1 :o ! p]son b5efit$ 01 or :o ! ga9] 04 nm9 meus adv5tus labr aut smptu fuit1 ,v4 #a1 #af1 my visit did n prove a bo!r or an exp5se to a s\l4 rs et =tnae tuae mih maximae crae sunt1 ,fam4 #f1 #e1 #a1 y\r money-matt]s are an all-absorb+ int]e/ to me4 #abbj4 ,!re are _m ( ^! datives1 mo/ly ab/racts & all s+ul>1 "s ( ! commone/ are crae1 su1 praesidi1 cord1 odi1 auxili1 imp$m5t1 salt1 voluptt4 ,! adjectives magnus1 maior1 maximus1 or tantus & quantus1 are sometimes us$ 9 agreem5t ) !m2 & ! dative frg sometimes has bonae4 #abba4 ,in/ead ( ! dative ( t5d5cy1 a pr$icative nom9ative or accusative is r>ely us$3 ?us1 possessinem lb]am ,d>daniae slci =e1 ,l4 #dj1 #eg1 #i1 t ! unre/rict$ occupancy ( ,d>dania w\ld prove com=t+1 b1 dome/ica quis slcium fuit1 ,l4 #f1 #cj1 #i1 ! peace t prevail$ at home 0 a solid com=t4 ,prepositional expressions ) pr & 9 also occur4 #abbb4 7#b47 ,! dative is also us$ ) a few v]bs ( consid]+ or acc\nt+ to d5ote :at a ?+ is acc\nt$4 ,s ) su* v]bs z d1 dc1 habe1 tribu1 & v]t3 z1 viti mih dant1 quod mortem hom9is necessri gravit] f]1 ,matius 9 ,fam4 #aa1 #bh1 #b1 ! _w scores x aga9/ me t ,i take ! murd] ( a ne> & de> fri5d to he>t4 po/quam paup]ts probr habr coepit1 ,s4 ,c4 #ab1 #a1 aft] lack ( weal? began to c\nt z a /igma4 ,,! ,,dative ,,( ,,purpose ,,or ,,int5tion4 #abbc4 ,a few datives are us$ to d5ote :at a ?+ is int5d$ to be4 ,?is dative is g5]ally accompani$ by a dative ( ! p]son int]e/$4 ,s 7a47 dn & mn]3 z1 mit eam dn mih1 ,t4 ,eu4 #ace1 he b\ght h] z a gift = me4 c5tum bovs mlitibus dn d$it1 ,l4 #g1 #cg1 #c1 he gave ! soldi]s a hundr$ ox5 z a pres5t4 ,also 7b47 auxili1 praesidi1 & subsidi1 us$ ( milit>y op]ations1 *iefly ) v]bs ( motion3 z1 i1 qu praesidi contr ca/ra erant relict1 subsidi sus irunt1 #g1 #fb1 #h1 ! m5 t _h be5 left z a protection aga9/ ! camp1 w5t z a re9=cem5t to _! own side4 #abbd4 ,= ! datives dn & mn]1 a pr$icative nom9ative or accusative is sometimes us$3 z1 cornam ,iov dnum 9 capitlium mittunt1 ,l4 #b1 #bb1 #f1 !y s5d a cr[n to ! capitol z a pres5t = ,jupit]4 ,prepositional expressions are also us$ = auxili1 c43 z1 ad praesidium1 ,l4 #c1 #e1 #c1 9 praesidium1 ,l4 #ca1 #af1 #g1 = protection1 auxili caus1 ,l4 #b1 #bd1 #d1 to help4 #abbe4 ,! dative receptu is also us$ 9 milit>y language to d5ote purpose3 z1 ,caes> receptu c iussit1 #g1 #dg1 #a1 ,caes> ord]$ ! retreat s\nd$4 ,qunctius receptu can]e iussit1 ,l4 #cd1 #ci1 #ac4 ,?is dative is sometimes atta*$ imm$iately to a sub/antive3 z1 receptu sgnum1 ,ph4 #ac1 #ae1 ! trumpet = retreat4 ,erratum3 #abbd 444 z1 ad praesidium z4 ,,! ,,g5itive4 #abbf4 ,! g5itive is pr9cipally us$ ) n\ns1 less frequ5tly ) v]bs4 ,sometimes ev5 :5 x seems to be dep5d5t on a v]b1 x really dep5ds on a sub/antive und]/ood1 or on a n\n virtually conta9$ or impli$ 9 ! v]b4 ,"s v]bs require an accusative also1 9 addition to ! g5itive4 ,i4 ,,! ,,g5itive ,,) ,,sub/antives4 #abbg4 ,a sub/antive is (t5 limit$ by ano!r sub/antive 9 ! g5itive4 ,! ?+s d5ot$ by ! two words are usually di/9ct3 z1 metus ho/ium1 ! fe> ( ! enemy1 i4e4 ei!r 7a47 :i* !y feel 7#abca71 or 7b47 :i* is felt t[>ds !m 7#abfj72 magn pond]is saxa1 /ones ( great weight 7#abci74 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 !y are m or less ! same3 z1 mlitum p>s1 "p ( ! soldi]s 7#abdb72 magna multitd p]ditrum hom9um1 a p]fect sw>m ( desp]adoes 7#abee74 #abbh4 ,two or ev5 ?ree g5itives express+ diff]5t relations1 sometimes limit "o sub/antive3 z1 sup]irum dirum ,sabn cunctti1 #c1 #ah1 #f1 ,sab9us's dilator9ess 9 days prec$+4 erum dirum cnsutd9e it9]is no/r ex]cits p]spect1 #b1 #ag1 #b1 /udy+ up ! ord] ( m>* foll[$ by our army 9 ^? days4 #abbi4 ,! limit$ sub/antive is (t5 omitt$1 :5 x is obvi\s f ! context3 z1 v5tum erat ad ,ve/ae1 sc4 a$em1 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #i1 #ce1 to ,ve/a's 7 we come1 i4e4 to h] temple4 ab]am bdu1 sc4 it]1 ,att4 #e1 #ag1 #a1 ,i 0 two days di/ant4 ,usually s1 :5 x is express$ ) ano!r g5itive1 :i* g5]ally prec$es3 z1 quis e/1 qu possit cnf]re vtam ,trebn cum ,dolbellae8 ,ph4 #aa1 #i1 :o is !re t c comp>e ! life ( ,trebonius ) ,dolabella's8 #abcj4 ,in/ead ( ! g5itive dep5d+ on a sub/antive1 an equival5t adjective or a prepositional expression is (t5 us$4 ,su* sub/itutions w be m5tion$ bel[ 9 _! appropriate places4 #abca4 ,! relations express$ by ! limit+ g5itive v>y v mu* accord+ to ! context4 ,^! relations may be put 9 classes1 z bel[ 7#abcb-abfj74 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t z ! g5itive connects sub/antives 9 a loose way1 ! same con/ruction may sometimes be ref]r$ to m ?an "o head4 ,,! ,,g5itive ,,( ,,! ,,subject1 ,,cause1 ,,orig91 ,,or ,,own]4 #abcb4 7#a47 ,! g5itive is us$ to d5ote t :i* does ! action1 or :i* causes1 orig9ates1 or possesses ! object designat$ by ! sub/antive x limits3 z1 metus ho/ium1 ,gell4 #i1 #ab1 #ac1 ! fe> ( ! enemy1 i4e4 :i* !y feel4 adv5tus ,caes>is1 #f1 #da1 #d1 ! arrival ( ,caes>4 bellum ,v5etrum1 #c1 #af1 #a1 ! w> ) ! ,v5etans4 illud ,solnis1 ,,cm4 #ej1 ,solon's memorable words4 ,cana* sgna1 ,br4 #gj1 /atues by ,cana*us4 ,cupd9is sgnum1 ,v4 #d1 #ace1 ! /atue repres5t+ ,cupid4 huius sgns1 ,v4 #c1 #i1 ) /atues belong+ to ?is man4 pcem ,ariovi/1 #a1 #cg1 #b1 a peaceful policy on ,ariovi/us's "p4 ,cannrum pugna1 ,l4 #bc1 #dc1 #d1 ! battle ( ,cannae 7#adbg74 abac vsa omnia1 ,v4 #d1 #ce1 all ! vessels on ! sidebo>d4 prdi eius di1 #a1 #dg1 #b1 ! day be=e t day 7#adac74 labrrum t5us1 ,lucr4 #a1 #idj1 ! l5g? ( ! lips 7#adbj74 #abcc4 ,in/ead ( ! g5itive1 an adjective is (t5 us$ to express su* relations2 less frequ5tly a prepositional con/ruction3 z1 7a47 odium pat]num1 ,n4 #bc1 #a1 #c1 ! hatr$ felt by 8 fa!r4 s]vl tumult1 #a1 #dj1 #e1 9 ! slave insurrection4 bell ,cassin1 #a1 #ac1 #b1 9 ! w> ) ,cassius4 illud ,cassinum1 cui bon fu]it1 ,ph4 #b1 #ce1 ,cassius's te/ "q1 #8:o ! ga9] 04' erlis patria1 ,pl4 ,b4 #agj1 my ma/]'s bir?place4 intr dome/ics p>iets1 ,c4 #b1 #a1 )9 ! walls ( our h\ses4 ,s usually ) names ( c\ntries & ( t[ns3 z1 anus ,cor9?ia1 ,t4 ,hau4 #fjj1 an old woman ( ,cor9?4 pugna ,cannnsis1 ,l4 #bb1 #ej1 #a1 ! battle ( ,cannae4 ,(t5 9 a g5]aliz+ s5se3 z1 pat]nus mt]nusque sangus1 ,,ra4 #ff1 ! blood ( a fa!r & ( a "m4 7b47 ad ,canns pugnam1 ,l4 #bb1 #eh1 #a1 ! battle ( ,cannae4 #abcd4 ,! possessive pron\n is regul>ly us$ in/ead ( ! possessive g5itive ( a p]sonal or reflexive pron\n 7#abcj73 z1 mea domus1 ,,ra4 #ade1 my own h\se4 9 tu qudam epi/ol1 ,att4 #i1 #aj1 #c1 9 a lett] ( y\rs4 ,b sometimes1 = emphasis1 ! g5itive ( ! p]sonal or reflexive is us$3 z1 magn su cum p]cul1 #d1 #bh1 #b1 ) great p]sonal risk2 commonly s ) omnium or utriusque3 z1 voluntt ve/rm omnium pru1 ,,d4 #c1 #bjh1 ,i yield$ to y\r jo9t wi%2 see h[ev] #abce4 #abce4 ,a ^w 9 apposition ) ! possessive pron\n is put 9 ! g5itive3 z1 me nu op]1 ,pis4 #f1 by my sole in/rum5tality4 ad ve/ram omnium ca$em1 ,c4 #d1 #d1 = ! murd] ( y all 7#abcj74 ,s p>ticul>ly ipse1 omnis1 slus1 & nus4 #abcf4 ,! g5itive is (t5 us$ pr$icatively ) v]bs mean+ am1 belong1 become1 make1 seem1 am acc\nt$1 c41 c43 z1 litt]ri i/a sunt ld1 ,qu9t4 #a1 #d1 #bg1 su* que/ions belong to ! infant s*ool4 hc v]sus ,plaut nn e/1 hc e/1 ,fam4 #i1 #af1 #d1 ?is l9e is n ,plautus's1 ?is "o is4 omnia1 quae muli]is furunt1 vir funt1 ,top4 #bc1 ev]y?+ :i* 0 ! woman's becomes ! man's4 neque s idicre ,galliam potius esse ,ariovi/ quam popul ,rmn1 #a1 #de1 #a1 & t he did n ?9k ,gaul 0 any m ,ariovi/us's ?an x 0 ! ,romans'4 ho/ium/ potta1 ,pl4 ,e4 #efb1 into ! foem5's h&s %e fell4 #abcg4 ,! possessive g5itive ( a p]son or ( an ab/ract is p>ticul>ly common :5 ! subject ( ! v]b is an inf9itive or s5t5ce3 z1 7a47 scyphs pugnre ,?rcum e/1 ,h4 #a1 #bg1 #a1 to fight ) b[ls is ,v&al "w4 erat m5tis1 cum aciem vidrs1 pcem cgitre1 ,lig4 #bh1 x 0 a madman's act1 dream+ ( peace :5 y saw ! troops 9 battalia4 tempor cd]e semp] sapi5tis e/ habitum1 ,fam4 #d1 #i1 #b1 %ap+ y\r c\rse to circum/ance has always pass$ z ! sign ( a wise man4 m5tr nn e/ meum1 ,t4 ,hau4 #edi1 tell+ lies is n my /yle 7#abcd74 7b47 nn e/ pudris me1 m prpugntrem ,p4 ,scpinis pr(itr1 ,v4 #d1 #hj1 x is n 9 keep+ ) my delicacy to set up z ! *ampion ( ,scipio4 hrum rrum esse dfnsrem magn anim e/1 ,se/4 #ii1 to be ! def5d] ( ^! int]e/s takes h]oism4 hoc s5tre prd5tiae e/1 fac]e =titd9is1 ,se/4 #hf1 to ?9k ?us %[s wisdom1 to act ?us1 c\rage4 negvit mris esse ,graecrum1 ut 9 convvi virrum accumb]5t muli]s1 ,v4 #a1 #ff1 he said x 0 n mann]s among ! ,greeks to h wom5 at table at a m5's d9n]-p>ty4 #abch4 ,) ! possessive g5itive1 ! limit$ sub/antive is sometimes def9$ by commnis1 proprius or alinus1 sac]1 or ttus add$3 z1 hoc proprium virttis ex/imant1 #f1 #bc1 #b1 ?is !y consid] a special *>act]i/ic ( brav]y4 omnia quae no/ra erant propria1 ,,ra4 #aej1 ev]y?+ :i* 0 our peculi> prop]ty 7#abcd74 illa nsula erum derum sacra puttur1 ,v4 #a1 #dh1 t isl& is consid]$ ! hall[$ prop]ty ( ^? gods4 iam m ,pomp ttum esse scs1 ,fam4 #b1 #ac1 #b1 y are aw>e t ,i am become ,pompey's1 out & out4 ,,! ,,g5itive ,,( ,,quality4 #abci4 7#b47 ,! g5itive ) an adjective 9 agreem5t is us$ to d5ote quality1 ei!r attributively or pr$icatively3 z1 7a47 ,attributively3 magn pond]is saxa1 #b1 #bi1 #c1 /ones ( great weight4 summae spe adulsc5ts1 #g1 #fc1 #i1 "y m5 ( high promise4 dirum vg9t supplicti1 #d1 #ch1 #e1 a tw5ty day ?anksgiv+4 blua multrum es capitum1 ,h4 ,e4 #a1 #a1 #gf1 a _m-head$ bea/ art ?\4 eius mod cnsilium1 #e1 #bi1 #e1 su* a plan4 dmitt auriculs ut 9quae m5tis asellus1 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #i1 #bj1 ,i drop my e>s l ,n$dy 9 ! sulks 7#bfi74 vll p$um ,,ix1 #e1 #db1 #a1 ) a n9e foot palisade4 7b47 ,pr$icatively3 magnae habitus auctrittis1 #g1 #gg1 #c1 pass+ = a man ( great influ5ce4 flm9is erat altitd circit] p$um trium1 #b1 #ah1 #c1 ! dep? ( ! riv] 0 ab\t ?ree feet4 ,! g5itive ( quality resembles ! ablative ( quality 7#acge72 ! two are sometimes comb9$3 z1 hom9em maxim corporis t]ribilque faci1 ,n4 #ae1 #d1 #a1 a man ( gigantic frame & ) an awe-inspir+ pres5ce4 ,b ! g5itive is common 9 designations ( size & numb]4 #abdj4 ,a sub/antive express+ quality ) aequus1 pr1 similis1 or dissimilis 9 agreem5t1 is put n 9 ! g5itive1 b 9 ! ablative1 by ,cic]o1 ,caes>1 ,nepos1 & ,livy4 ,,! ,,p>titive ,,g5itive4 #abda4 7#c47 ,! p>titive g5itive d5otes a :ole ( :i* ! limit$ sub/antive d5otes a "p4 ,!re are two k9ds ( p>titive g5itive1 ! num]ical & ! quantitative3 z1 7a47 mlitum p>s1 #f1 #dj1 #h1 "p ( ! soldi]s1 num]ical p>titive 7#abdb74 7b47 multum ae/tis1 #e1 #bb1 #d1 mu* ( ! summ]1 quantitative p>titive 7#abdg74 #abdb4 7a47 ,! num]ical p>titive is a plural or a collective1 limit+ a ^w express+ "p ( ! numb]3 z1 mlitum p>s1 #f1 #dj1 #h1 "p ( ! soldi]s4 p>s equitts1 #d1 #af1 #b1 "p ( ! cavalry4 alt] cnsulum1 ,l4 #f1 #ce1 #e1 "o ( ! two consuls4 ut] e/ nsnior hrum8 ,h4 ,s4 #b1 #c1 #ajb1 :i* ( ^! two is crazi]8 erum neut]1 ,pis4 #fb1 nei!r ( ! two4 multae i/rum arborum1 ,,cm4 #ei1 _m ( ! trees y see !re4 quis omnium mortlium8 ,v4 #e1 #agi1 :o among all ! sons ( m58 nm no/rm1 ,,ra4 #ee1 n "o ( u4 nihil hrum1 ,,ra4 #ach1 none ( ^! ?+s4 ,/]t9ius1 sapi5tum octvus1 ,h4 ,s4 #b1 #c1 #bif1 ,/]t9ius1 ( sages eigh?4 maior iuv5um1 ,h4 ,,ap4 #cff1 ,o eld] ( ! y\?s4 hrum omnium =tissim sunt ,belgae1 #a1 #a1 #c1 ( all ^! ! /\te/ fight]s are ! ,belgians4 ,also ) sup]lative adv]bs3 z1 derum maxim ,m]curium colunt1 ,ta4 ,g4 #i1 ( ! gods1 !y rev]e ,m]cury mo/4 m9um g5tium1 ,pl4 ,po54 #fij1 ,t4 ,eu4 #fbe1 no1 nev] 9 ! _w4 #abdc4 ut]que1 ea*1 bo?1 (t5 takes ! g5itive plural ( a pron\n3 z1 qurum ut]que1 ut]que erum1 hrum1 no/rm1 c42 sometimes ( a sub/antive & pron\n comb9$3 z1 utriusque hrum rrum1 ,,td4 #a1 #fe1 ( ea* ( ^! ?+s4 qurum cvittum utraque1 ,v4 #e1 #ef1 ea* ( ^! communities4 ,) a sub/antive alone1 x is (t5] attributive3 z1 ut]que dux1 ,m>c4 #bd1 ea* comm&]2 & sometimes ) neut] pron\ns3 z1 quod utrumque1 ,brut4 9 ,fam4 #aa1 #a1 #a1 ,n4 #be1 #b1 #d4 ,! plural utrque is us$ bo? ways3 z1 ab utrsque ve/rm1 ,fam4 #aa1 #ba1 #e1 & ab utrsque nbs1 ,brut4 9 ,fam4 #aa1 #bj1 #c4 #abdd4 ,! plurals tot1 totidem1 & quot1 are n us$ p>titively1 & omns & cnct only s by poets & late prose writ]s4 plrque is us$ ei!r way1 9 agreem5t1 or ) ! g5itive4 #abde4 ,! num]ical p>titive is exceptionally us$ 9 poetry ) ! positive ( a descriptive adjective3 z1 sncte derum1 ,v4 #d1 #egf1 ?\ holy ( ! gods4 ,& 9 late prose1 p>ticul>ly ) words d5ot+ a class ( p]sons3 z1 cum dlcts p$itum1 ,l4 #bf1 #e1 #c1 ) ! pick ( ! infantry4 levs cohortium1 ,ta4 #c1 #ci1 ! light-arm$ ( ! cohorts4 #abdf4 ,in/ead ( ! num]ical p>titive1 a prepositional expression ) ante1 int]1 or 91 or ) ex or d1 is sometimes us$3 z1 ante alis acceptissimus1 ,l4 #a1 #ae1 #h1 mo/ welcome be=e o!rs4 ,s p>ticul>ly qudam & nus1 duo1 trs1 ) ex or d3 z1 qudam ex hs1 #b1 #ag1 #b1 "o ( ^!4 nus d mults1 ,f94 #b1 #ff1 "o ( ! common h]d4 ,b nus sometimes has ! g5itive3 z1 nus multrum1 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #i1 #ga4 ,& usually s 9 a s]ies1 :5 nus is foll[$ by alt]1 alius1 t]tius1 c4 #abdg4 7b47 ,! quantitative p>titive is usually a s+ul>1 limit+ a neut] s+ul> ^w d5ot+ am\nt4 ,! limit$ ^w is ei!r a nom9ative1 or an accusative )\t a preposition4 ,?is g5itive (t5 bord]s v closely on ! g5itive ( def9ition 7#abee73 z1 multum ae/tis1 #e1 #bb1 #d1 mu* ( ! summ]4 amplius obsidum1 #f1 #i1 #g1 some?+ m ext5sive 9 ! way ( ho/ages4 m9us dubittinis1 #a1 #ad1 #a1 less ( hesitation4 quam m9imum spati1 #c1 #ai1 #a1 z little "t z possible4 id aettis1 ,,d4 #a1 #bjg1 at t "t ( life4 id temporis1 ,f94 #e1 #a1 at t "t ( day4 quid causae e/8 ,ac4 #a1 #aj1 :at e>?ly reason is !re8 hoc litt]ulrum1 ,att4 #ab1 #a1 #a1 ?is apology = a lett]1 or ?is ha/y l9e4 hoc sib slc prpnbant1 #g1 #ae1 #b1 !y laid ?is flatt]+ unction to _! s\ls4 #abdh4 ,su* neut]s are3 multum1 plrumque1 plrimum1 amplius1 pls1 paulum1 m9us1 m9imum1 tantum1 quantum1 tantundem1 nimium2 9 poetry & late prose1 also _m o!r adjectives s+ul> & plural4 ,fur!rmore1 id1 hoc1 illud1 quod1 quid1 c41 & nihil2 also abunde1 adfatim1 l>git]1 nimis1 p>tim1 p>um1 & satis4 #abdi4 ,a few adjectives ( place & "t indicat+ a p>ticul> "p ( an object1 are commonly us$ 9 imm$iate agreem5t ) _! sub/antives3 z1 summus mns1 #a1 #bb1 #a1 ! highe/ "p ( ! m\nta91 or ! m\nta9-top4 extrm hieme1 m$i ae/te1 ,,ip4 #ce1 at ! end ( ! w9t]1 9 midsumm]4 ,su* are3 prmus1 intimus1 m$ius1 extrmus1 po/rmus1 ltimus1 summus1 nfimus1 mus1 reliquus4 ,b ! neut] is sometimes us$ p>titively3 z1 ae/tis extrmum erat1 ,s4 ,i4 #ij1 #a1 x 0 ! end ( summ]4 summa pectoris1 ,fam4 #a1 #i1 #ae1 ! upp] p>ts ( ! brea/4 #abej4 ,! limit+ g5itive is (t5 ! neut] s+ul> ( an adjective us$ sub/antively3 z1 aliquid bon1 ,t4 ,&r4 #cih1 some?+ good4 aliquid mal1 ,t4 ,eu4 #iii1 some?+ bad4 numquid t&em nov8 ,br4 #aj1 no?+ new1 pray8 ,?is use is ord9>ily conf9$ to /ems 9 -o-2 r>ely o!rwise3 z1 pls 9nis1 ,lucr4 #a1 #cfe1 m ( ! void3 & usually only :5 jo9$ ) an -o- /em3 z1 nihil solid1 nihil m95tis1 ,,dn4 #a1 #ge1 no solidity1 no projection4 #abea4 ,! p>titive con/ruction sometimes ext5ds to ! pr$icate3 z1 id erit sgn m invtum fac]e1 ,,ra4 #hc1 ?is w be some?+ ( an indication t ,i act ) reluctance2 sgn is "h 9 ! pr$icate1 & yet made dep5d5t on id4 quid erg e/ tu cnsul8 ,brut4 9 ,fam4 #aa1 #a1 #c1 :at !n is y\r advice8 quid su cnsil sit o/5dit1 #a1 #ba1 #b1 he expla9s :at 8 plan is4 quid e/ enim huic reliqu8 ,sull4 #hi1 = :at is !re left = my cli5t8 h mlits nihil reliqu victs fcre1 ,s4 ,c4 #aa1 #g1 ^! soldi]s left no?+ ov] to ! conqu]$4 nihil ad cel]ittem sib reliqu fcrunt1 #b1 #bf1 #e1 z = spe$1 !y left no ef=t unsp>$4 #abeb4 ,! accusative ) a preposition also sometimes has ! g5itive1 z1 9 id r$ctus sum loc1 ,t4 ,ph4 #igi1 ,i am r$uc$ to su* a /rait4 ad id loc1 ,s4 ,c4 #de1 #c1 to t spot4 ad id locrum1 ,s4 ,i4 #fc1 #f1 up to t "t4 9 multum di1 ,l4 #i1 #dd1 #aa1 till late 9 ! day4 ,9 ,cic]o1 also ! ablatives e1 edem1 & qu1 ) loc3 z1 e loc1 ,se/4 #fh1 9 t position4 ,& 9 lat] writ]s1 o!r ablatives1 ) or )\t a preposition1 also h a g5itive4 #abec4 ,"s appellatives ( place are put 9 ! g5itive ) adv]bs ( place3 z1 ub9am g5tium8 ,pl4 ,m]4 #dcd1 ,c4 #a1 #i1 :]e 9 ! _w8 nusquam g5tium1 ,t4 ,ad4 #edj1 n[h]e 9 ! _w4 ,simil>ly1 loc ) adv]bs ( "t or ord]1 z ) int]e 9 ,plautus & ,t]5ce1 po/ide 9 ,plautus1 po/e 9 ,sallu/1 & inde 9 ,lucretius2 also locrum ) adhc & po/id 9 ,plautus4 #abed4 ,9 ,sallu/1 ,livy1 & ,tacitus1 g5itives ( ab/racts are us$ ) ! adv]bs e1 qu1 & hc3 z1 e mis]irum1 ,s4 ,i4 #ad1 #c1 to t pit* ( di/ress4 ,ones ) ut3 ut quisque aud5tiae habuisset1 adcurr]5t1 ,ta4 #ae1 #ec1 !y %\ld run up1 ) a spe$ comm5surate 9 e case to _! d>+4 ,errata3 #abda 444 7b47 4 invisible #abdb;a 444 ,/]t9ius1 sapi5tum octvus octvos #abej 444 ,lucr4 #a1 #cfe #a4 #cfe ,,! ,,g5itive ,,( ,,def9ition4 #abee4 7#d47 ,! g5itive is us$ to def9e t ( :i* a ?+ consi/s3 z1 magna multitd p]ditrum hom9um1 #c1 #ag1 #d1 a p]fect sw>m ( desp]adoes4 innum]bile pondus aur1 ,se/4 #ic1 a weight ( gold too great to c\nt4 mlle num] nvium clssem1 ,v4 #a1 #dh1 an armada a ?\s& sail /rong4 #abef4 ,! g5itive ( an explicit ^w conta9+ ! lead+ idea is sometimes us$ to def9e a m g5]al ^w2 z1 pra$ae pecudum hom9umque1 ,l4 #bd1 #bj1 #e1 booty consi/+ ( cattle & human be+s4 pignora coniugum ac lb]rum1 ,l4 #b1 #a1 #e1 pl$ges 9 ! %ape ( wives & *ildr54 cnfsus mntine fossae1 ,caes4 ,c4 #a1 #db1 #c1 rely+ on ! def5sive works 9 ! %ape ( a moat4 ,r>ely 9 poetry & late prose1 ! prop] "n ( a place1 ) urbs1 prmunturium1 c43 z1 urbem ,patav1 ,v41 #a1 #bdg1 ! city ( ,patavium 7#ajde74 ,p>ticul>ly ) ! words vx1 nm51 g5us1 & especially causa3 z1 haec vx volupttis1 ,f94 #b1 #f1 ?is ^w #8pleasure4' nm5 amcitiae1 ,f94 #b1 #gh1 ! "n #8fri5d%ip4' ,comp>e nm5 frt]num1 #a1 #cf1 #e1 ! "n ( bro!rs 7#abcc74 haec gnm9iae causa1 ,clu4 #abj1 ?is reason1 namely ! c5sor's /igma4 p>vulae causae vel falsae suspcinis vel t]rris rep5tn1 ,caes4 ,c4 #c1 #gb1 #d1 insignificant causes1 z = in/ance ungr\nd$ suspicion or a panic4 propt] eam causam scel]is i/u1 ,v4 #d1 #aac1 = ?is reason1 namely ! crime ( ! def5dant4 #abeg4 ,! g5itive ( def9ition is v common ) caus1 less common ) grti1 to def9e :at ! motive or cause is3 z1 amcitiae caus1 #a1 #ci1 #b1 f motives ( fri5d%ip4 ,comp>e ve/r magis hoc caus volbam1 quam me1 ,,d4 #a1 #afd1 ,i wi%$ ?is m = y\r sake ?an = my own 7#abcd74 hone/tis amplitd9isque grti1 ,,ra4 #ae1 9 complim5t to _! respectability & high social /&+4 ,s also sometimes ) nm9e1 & 9 old or (ficial ,lat91 ) erg4 #abeh4 ,conv]sely1 ! g5itive ( a g5]ic ^w d5ot+ a p]son is sometimes add$ to a lead+ ^w def9+ ! k9d ( a p]son3 z1 fr/um pu]1 ,pl4 ,p]4 #hdi1 ?\ bit ( a boy4 mn/rum hom9is1 ,t4 ,eu4 #fif1 ?\ fi5d 9 human %ape4 qua$am pe/s hom9um1 ,fam4 #e1 #h1 #b1 "s regul> plagues 9 ! %ape ( m54 #abei4 quidquid e/1 quantum e/1 quod e/1 or quodcumque e/1 ) a g5itive1 is equival5t to an emphatic omnis3 z1 quidquid patrum e/1 ,l4 #c1 #ag1 #e1 :atev] !re is 9 ! %ape ( s5ators1 i4e4 e s+le s5ator4 quod e/ pecniae1 trdit1 ,caes4 ,c4 #b1 #bj1 #h1 :at !re is 9 !-way ( money1 he h&s ov]4 ,simil>ly tantum = tot3 z1 tantum hom9um1 ,pl4 ,po54 #fai1 su* a mass ( m54 ,,! ,,objective ,,g5itive4 #abfj4 7#e47 ,! objective g5itive d5otes ! object ( ! action express$ 9 ! limit$ sub/antive3 z1 metus ho/ium1 ,gell4 #i1 #ab1 #ac1 ! fe> ( ! enemy1 i4e4 :i* is felt t[>ds !m4 vnditi bonrum1 ,,ra4 #aaj1 sale ( ! goods4 lct fl1 ,,d4 #b1 #aic1 f grief = 8 son4 ,?is con/ruction is freely us$1 ev5 :5 ! p>allel v]b has a dative1 an ablative1 or a prepositional expression3 z1 fdci loc1 #g1 #ai1 #b1 f confid5ce 9 ! position4 lb]tinem culpae1 ,lig4 #a1 acquittal f guilt4 mlitiae vactinem1 #f1 #ad1 #a1 exemption f milit>y s]vice4 opnine trium leginum diectus1 #e1 #dh1 #a1 disappo9t$ 9 8 hope ( ?ree legions4 derum opni1 ,,td4 #a1 #cj1 a conception ( ! gods4 mis]rima e/ cont5ti honrum1 ,(f4 #a1 #hg1 a scramble = (fice is a pitiful ?+4 #abfa4 ,in/ead ( ! objective g5itive1 a prepositional expression is sometimes us$ ) great] precision3 z1 metus v atque r derum1 ,,dn4 #a1 #de1 fe> ( ! might & wra? ( ! gods4 ,s especially ! accusative1 usually d5ot+ a p]son1 ) 91 erg1 or adv]sus1 comb9$ ) sub/antives d5ot+ feel+3 z1 odium 9 hom9um niv]sum g5us1 ,,td4 #d1 #be1 hatr$ to all mank9d4 ve/ra erg m volunts1 ,c4 #d1 #a1 y\r good-w t[>ds me4 #abfb4 ,a possessive pron\n or adjective is sometimes us$ = ! objective g5itive3 z1 7a47 odi tu1 ,t4 ,ph4 #ajaf1 f hate to !e4 tu fdci1 ,v4 #e1 #agf1 f 8 reliance on y4 aspectque su1 ,lucr4 #a1 #ia1 & at ! sight ( h]4 7b47 metus ho/lis1 ,s4 ,i4 #da1 #b1 fe> felt ( ! enemy4 s]vlis p]contti1 ,,d4 #b1 #cbg1 crossque/ion+ ( ! s]vant-girls4 firmus adv]sus mlitrem l>gtinem1 ,ta4 ,h4 #b1 #hb1 dead-set aga9/ any l>gess to ! milit>y4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,g5itive ,,) ,,adjectives4 #abfc4 7#a47 ,! g5itive is us$ ) _m adjectives to d5ote ! object4 ,su* are *iefly adjectives mean+ 7a47 desir\s1 7b47 kn[+1 or rememb]+1 7c47 p>ticipat+1 controll+1 or guilty1 7d47 full1 & mo/ ( _! opposites3 z1 7a47 aur cupidus1 ,pl4 ,po54 #agi1 eag] = gold4 sapi5tiae /udiss1 id e/ enim philosophs1 ,,td4 #e1 #i1 devotees ( wisdom1 = t is :at #8philosoph]s' means4 ,s also aemulus1 avidus1 fa/disus1 invidus4 7b47 gnrus r pblicae1 ,br4 #bbh1 famili> ) gov]nm5t4 r mlitris p]tissimus1 #a1 #ba1 #d1 a ma/] ( ! art milit>y4 hom9s adulsc5tuls1 inp]ts rrum1 ,t4 ,&r4 #iaj1 m]e hobbl$ehoys1 n up 9 ! _w's ways4 imp]tus mrum1 ,,ra4 #adc1 beh9d ! times4 immemor b5eficirum1 memor patriae1 ,ph4 #b1 #bg1 =getful ( k9dnesses1 nev] =gett+ 8 c\ntry4 ,s also cnscius1 cnsultus1 nscius1 nsolns1 nsolitus1 nsutus1 iinus1 prvidus1 prdns1 rudis4 7c47 pra$ae p>ticips1 ,caes4 ,c4 #c1 #hb1 #a1 %>+ 9 ! booty4 manife/us tant scel]is1 ,s4 ,i4 #ce1 #h1 caught 9 committ+ ?is atroci\s crime4 exp]s glriae1 ,,ip4 #eg1 )\t a %>e 9 ! glory4 ,s also adfnis1 compos1 cnsors1 exhrs1 potns1 reus4 7d47 negt plnus1 ,pl4 ,ps4 #chj1 full ( bus9ess4 fns plnissimus piscium1 ,v4 #d1 #aah1 a f\nta9 sw>m+ ) fi%4 ref]t pra$num m>1 ,,ip4 #ca1 :5 ! sea 0 cramm$ ) corsairs4 ,s also f]tilis1 inops1 lb]lis1 ndus1 prfsus4 #abfd4 ,9 poetry & late prose1 a great _m o!r adjectives ( ^! mean+s1 besides ^? m5tion$ above1 are also us$ ) ! g5itive4 ,su* are pr9cipally3 7a47 avrus1 crisus1 incrisus1 scrus4 7b47 nescius1 praesgus1 praescius1 sctus4 7c47 exsors1 immnis1 impos1 impotns1 innocns1 innoxius1 nsns1 noxius1 suspectus4 7d47 abundns1 dves1 egnus1 9nis1 indigus1 l>gus1 p>cus1 paup]1 prdigus1 /]ilis1 vacuus4 #abfe4 ,) cnscius & ! g5itive ( a ?+1 ! dative ( a p]son is sometimes add$3 z1 tot flgitirum ex]citu me cnscius1 ,ta4 #a1 #dc1 a p>ticipant ) my army 9 s _m outrages4 ,sometimes cnscius has ! dative ( a ?+3 z1 mns cnscia facts1 ,lucr4 #c1 #ajah1 ! m9d ( guilt aw>e4 #abff4 7#b47 ,! g5itive ( ! object is (t5 us$ ) pres5t p>ticiples :i* express p]man5t condition4 ,^! p>ticiples are *iefly f v]bs :i* h a transitive use4 ,n common 9 old ,lat93 z1 amantem uxris1 ,pl4 ,z4 #heg1 devot$ to 8 wife1 fugitns ltium1 ,t4 ,ph4 #fbc1 incl9$ to dodge a suit at law4 ,v common 9 ,cic]o3 z1 semp] appet5ts glriae praet] ct]s g5ts fui/is1 ,,ip4 #g1 y h always be5 m hungry = glory ?an any o!r nation4 ,especially 9 set expressions3 z1 homo amantissimus patriae1 ,sull4 #cd1 vir amantissimus r pblicae1 ,c4 #d1 #ac1 ev] a devot$ patriot4 negt g]5ts1 ,se/4 #ig1 bus9ess m54 alin appetns1 ,,d4 #b1 #ace1 ,s4 ,c4 #e1 #d1 always hank]+ aft] o!r p's ?+s4 ,9 ,caes> seldom3 z1 fugins labris1 ,c4 #a1 #fi1 #c1 apt to %irk ex]tion4 #abfg4 ,! g5itive is h>dly ev] f\nd ) adjectives 9 -x 7#bhd73 z1 huius rei m5dcem1 ,pl4 ,z4 #hee1 untru?ful 9 ?is po9t4 ,b 9 poetry1 f ,v]gil & ,horace on1 & 9 late prose1 a few g5itives occur ) adjectives ^: p>allel v]bs h a transitive use1 su* z capx1 edx1 t5x1 c43 z1 tempus edx rrum1 ,o4 #ae1 #bcd1 ?\ all-dev\r]--"t4 #abfh4 ,"s ( ! adjectives :i* usually take ! g5itive h occasionally o!r con/ructions4 ,?us1 ) adfnis ! dative also occurs 7#abjj71 r>ely ) aemulus 7#aahc72 ! ablative ) adjectives ( fulness1 z dves1 plnus1 & ref]tus 7#achg72 ire ) cnsultus & p]tus 7#ache74 ,= vacuus1 c41 see #acjf4 ,prepositional con/ructions also occur ) ^! adjectives1 su* z ! accusative ) ad or 91 or ! ablative ) ab1 d1 or 93 see ! diction>y4 #abfi4 ,= ! g5itive1 ) words d5ot+ relation%ip1 connection1 fri5d%ip1 or ho/ility1 see #abjc2 ) similis1 #abjd4 ,) dignus & indignus1 wor?y & unwor?y1 ! ablative is regul>ly us$ 7#acib72 r>ely ! g5itive3 z1 nn ego sum dignus saltis8 ,pl4 ,tri4 #aaec1 don't ,i des]ve a greet+ too8 indignus avrum1 ,v4 #ab1 #fdi1 unwor?y ( my sires4 #abgj4 7#c47 ,9 poetry & late prose1 ! g5itive is us$ v freely ) _m adjectives ( v>i\s mean+s1 (t5 m]ely to indicate :at !y apply to3 z1 nm mlitris r callidior habbtur1 ,ta4 ,h4 #b1 #cb1 at soldi]+ nobody 0 ?\ght to h a great] knack4 vetus op]is ac labris1 ,ta4 #a1 #bj1 an old h& at ! toil & moil ( army life4 aev mtrus ,ace/s1 ,v4 #e1 #gc1 ,ace/es1 ripe 9 ye>s4 sr /udirum1 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #aj1 #ba1 :at lagg>ds at y\r books4 integ] vtae scel]isque prus1 ,h4 #a1 #bb1 #a1 ! man unspott$ 9 8 life & clean ( s94 fess rrum1 ,v4 #a1 #agh1 9 travail sp5t4 sat9 t snu's m5tis aut anim tu8 ,pl4 ,tri4 #ded1 art ?\ q "r 9 ?y five wits8 7#acci74 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,g5itive ,,) ,,v]bs4 ,,v]bs ,,( ,,valu+4 #abga4 ,a few neut] adjectives ( quantity are put 9 ! g5itive ) v]bs ( valu+ to d5ote ! am\nt ( e/imation2 su* g5itives are3 magn1 plris1 plrim2 p>v1 m9ris1 m9im2 tant1 quant4 ,! v]bs ) :i* ^! g5itives are us$ are ae/im1 dc1 faci1 habe1 p5d1 put1 & sum2 r>ely ex/im3 z1 magn op]a eius ae/imta e/1 ,n4 #bd1 #a1 #b1 8 s]vices 7 rat$ high4 nn magn p5d1 ,pl4 ,z4 #dfj1 ,i don't c>e mu*4 sua p>v p5d]e1 ,s4 ,c4 #ab1 #b1 a sett+ small /ore by :at !y _h ( _! own4 ,v]rsne tib tant fuit8 ,v4 #a1 #gg1 0 ,v]res s important 9 y\r eyes8 e/ mih tant4 ,c4 #b1 #ae1 x is well wor? my :ile4 quant is cvibus sus fi]et gnrbs8 ,v4 #d1 #ai1 did n y "k h[ ! man 0 priz$ by 8 own t[nsm58 ,r>ely maxim3 z1 maxim ae/imre1 ,clu4 #aei1 to ?9k all ! _w (4 #abgb4 ,9 expressions ( wor?lessness1 o!r g5itives are also us$ ?us2 su* are nihil1 or1 usually ) a negative1 ssis1 flocc1 nauc1 pil1 t]unc3 z1 nn ssis facis8 ,cat4 #dc1 #ac1 c>'/ n a doit8 ,s also huius3 z1 huius nn faciam1 ,t4 ,ad4 #afc1 ,i %all n c>e a snap4 #abgc4 ,) ae/im1 ! ablatives magn & p]magn are sometimes us$3 z1 quid8 t i/a p]magn ae/ims8 ,v4 #d1 #ac1 tell me1 d y rate t sort ( ?+ v high y\rself8 ,comp>e #acij4 #abgd4 ,! g5itives tant & quant1 plris & m9ris are also us$ ) v]bs ( buy+ & sell+1 hir+ & lett+1 & co/+4 ,b o!r words are put 9 ! ablative ) ^! v]bs3 see #acia4 ,= magn1 c41 ) rf]t & int]e/1 see #abgi4 #abge4 ,a simil> g5itive occurs 9 "o or two set =ms1 su* z aequ bonque dc1 or faci1 aequ faci1 & bon cnsul3 z1 i/c1 ,*rems1 aequ bonque faci1 ,t4 ,hau4 #ghg1 ,i c\nt t1 ,*remes1 fair & good4 aequ i/c faci1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #ghd1 t's all ! same to me4 ,,! ,,v]bs rf]t ,,& int]e/4 #abgf4 rf]t & int]e/1 x conc]ns1 are mu* alike 9 mean+ & 9 con/ruction4 ,b ! use ( rf]t is *>act]i/ic ( old ,lat9 & poetry2 9 prose f ,cic]o on x is almo/ supplant$ by int]e/1 especially :]e p]sons are conc]n$4 #abgg4 7#a47 ,) rf]t & int]e/1 a fir/ or second p]son conc]n$ is d5ot$ by ! possessive pron\n =ms me1 tu1 no/r1 ve/r2 &1 f ,cic]o on1 ! ?ird p]son reflexive by su3 z1 7a47 quid id rf]t me8 ,pl4 ,cur4 #cie1 :at's t to me8 tu i/c rf]t maxum1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #cai1 t is ( mo/ conc]n to !e4 nn su rf]re1 ,qu9ct4 #ai1 t x did n conc]n him4 nn no/r magis quam ve/r rf]t vs nn rebellre1 ,l4 #cd1 #ag1 #g1 x is n m = our int]e/ ?an = y\r own t y %\ld n make w> aga94 ,)\t ! v]b3 z1 quid i/c no/r1 or quid id no/r8 ,t4 ,ph4 #hjj1 #idj1 :at's t to u8 7b47 tu et me maxim int]e/ t valre1 ,fam4 #af1 #d1 #d1 y\r heal? is a matt] ( ! highe/ importance to y & to me4 ve/r hc maxim int]e/1 ,sull4 #gi1 ?is is ( vital mom5t to y4 #abgh4 7#b47 ,) int]e/1 f ,cic]o on1 a ?ird p]son or ?+ conc]n$ is d5ot$ by ! g5itive4 ,also ) rf]t1 a few times f ,sallu/ on3 z1 7a47 quid eius int]]at8 ,,ra4 #if1 :at conc]n 0 x ( 88 int]esse r pblicae s cum ,pompi colloqu1 ,caes4 ,c4 #a1 #bd1 #e1 t x 0 ( importance to ! common weal t he %\ld h a p>ley ) ,pompey4 7b47 faciundum aliquid1 quod illrum magis quam su rtulisse vidrtur1 ,s4 ,i4 #aaa1 #a1 t he mu/ d some?+ :i* %\ld seem m = ! o!r side's good ?an 8 own4 ,= ! accusative ) ad ) ^! v]bs1 or = ! dative ) rf]t1 see ! diction>y4 #abgi4 ,! matt] ( conc]n is express$ by a s5t5ce or inf9itive1 or by a neut] pron\n2 r>ely by an appellative3 z1 nn qu me int]esset loc ntra1 ,att4 #c1 #ai1 #a1 n t ! "* ( ! place conc]n$ me4 ,! degree ( conc]n is express$ by an adv]b1 z magnop]e1 by a neut] accusative1 z multum1 or by a g5itive ( e/imation1 magn1 p]magn1 plris1 p>v1 tant1 quant 7#abga74 ,erratum3 #abgg;a 444 ,t4 ,ph4 #hjj1 #idj ,ph #hjj ,,judicial ,,v]bs4 #abhj4 ,v]bs ( accus+1 convict+1 condemn+1 & acquitt+1 take a g5itive ( ! *>ge3 z1 ,c4 ,v]rem nsimulat avritiae1 ,v4 #a1 #abh1 he *>ges ,v]res ) av>ice4 accstus e/ prditinis1 ,n4 #a1 #g1 #e1 he 0 *>g$ ) treason4 capitis arcss]e1 ,d4 #cj1 accuse on a capital *>ge4 prditinis damntus e/1 ,n4 #b1 #h1 #b1 he 0 convict$ ( treason4 ,pollis pecniae pblicae e/ condemntus1 ,flacc4 #dc1 ,pollis 0 condemn$ = embezzlem5t ( gov]nm5t money4 maie/tis absolt sunt p]mult1 ,clu4 #aaf1 a good _m 7 acquitt$ ( high treason4 ,) ?is g5itive1 an ablative1 crm9e1 idici1 nm9e1 or lge1 is sometimes express$ 7#acgg73 z1 n quem umquam innoc5tem idici capitis arcsss1 ,(f4 #b1 #ea1 t y are nev] to accuse any innoc5t man on a *>ge affect+ 8 /atus z a citiz54 #abha4 ,! *>ge is sometimes d5ot$ by a prepositional con/ruction3 z1 sesc5t sunt1 qu int] scris et d v5ficis accsbant1 ,,ra4 #ij1 !re are hundr$s & hundr$s t br\ght *>ges ( murd]1 by /eel & by poison4 ,s also d le1 ( gambl+1 9 ,cic]o regul>ly d pecnis repetunds1 ( extortion1 & necess>ily d v1 ( an act ( viol5ce1 z vs has no g5itive4 ,= ! neut] accusative1 see #aagb4 #abhb4 ,! p5alty also is sometimes d5ot$ by ! g5itive3 z1 cupi octupl damnr ,aprnium1 ,v4 #c1 #bh1 ,i want to h ,apronius condemn$ to a paym5t ( eightfold4 damntusque long ,ssyphus ,aeolids labris1 ,h4 #b1 #ad1 #ai1 & ,sisyphus ! ,aeolid1 am]c$ ) p5ance long4 ,sometimes by ! ablative3 z1 capite1 ,v4 #e1 #aji4 ,s usually f ,livy on1 :5 ! p5alty is a def9ite sum ( money or fractional "p ( a ?+4 ,,imp]sonal ,,v]bs ,,( ,,m5tal ,,di/ress4 #abhc4 ,a g5itive ( ! ?+1 commonly ) an accusative ( ! p]son1 is us$ ) five imp]sonals ( m5tal di/ress3 mis]et1 pa5itet1 piget1 pudet1 ta$et3 z1 tui m mis]et1 mei piget1 ,e4 9 ,div4 #a1 #ff1 ,i pity !e1 ,i loa! myself4 frtris m pudet pigetque1 ,t4 ,ad4 #cia1 my bro!r /irs my %ame & my disgu/4 m pat]1 m tui pudet1 ,t4 ,ad4 #fha1 de> fa!r1 9 ?y pres5ce ,i'm aba%$4 galetum sro duell pa5itet1 ,j4 #a1 #afi1 too late1 ) casque on head1 a combatant rep5te? him ( w>4 ,s also mis]tur1 & 9 old ,lat9 inceptively1 mis]scit1 commis]scit4 #abhd4 ,^! v]bs sometimes h a s5t5ce or a neut] pron\n z subject3 z1 nn t haec pud5t8 ,t4 ,ad4 #ged1 does n ?is make !e blu% = %ame8 ,r>ely an appellative3 z1 m quidem haec condici nn pa5itet1 ,pl4 ,/4 #ea1 = my "p1 ) my w$d$ /ate ,i'm well cont5t4 ,or a p]son3 z1 pude1 ,pl4 ,cas4 #hgg1 ,i feel a%am$4 ,= p>ticiples & g]undives1 see #hag4 #abhe4 ,! g5itive is us$ ) ! p]sonals mis]eor or mis]e1 & 9 poetry ) mis]sc3 z1 aliqu& mis]m9 socirum1 ,v4 #a1 #gb1 d take pity on y\r allies1 x is high "t4 nm9is mis]re c]tum/1 quia mei mis]et nm9em1 ,pl4 ,cap4 #gfd1 ,i'm b\nd to c>e = nobody1 z no "o c>es = me4 ,arcadi mis]scite rgis1 ,v4 #h1 #egc1 take pity on ! k+ ( ,arcady4 #abhf4 ,p]sonal v]bs ( desir+1 loa?+1 admir+1 & dread+1 sometimes take ! g5itive3 z1 pol1 quamquam dom cupi1 opp]i>1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #hda1 al?\gh ,i ye>n = home1 ,i v[ ,i'll wait 7#abfc74 fa/dit me1 ,pl4 ,aul4 #bde1 he views me ) disda9 7#abfc74 i/itia5e prius mr]1 bellne labrum8 ,v4 #aa1 #abf1 ?y ju/ice fir/ %all ,i admire8 ?y toils 9 w>8 n tu quidem te/imn v]itus1 ,att4 #h1 #d1 #a1 n hav+ any awe ab\t y\r recomm5dation ei!r4 ,,v]bs ,,( ,,memory4 #abhg4 ,! g5itive is us$ ) v]bs ( rememb]+ & =gett+ :5 !y d5ote an inh]5t /ate ( memory or ( =getfulness3 z1 faciam ut me mem9]s dum vtam vvs1 ,pl4 ,p]4 #did1 ,i'll make y rememb] me z long z y live4 num potu magis oblvsc temporum merum1 mem9isse ctinum8 ,fam4 #a1 #i1 #h1 c\ld ,i h be5 m =getful ( my pres5t int]e/s1 m m9dful ( my pa/ c>e]8 rem9sc]tur incommod popul ,rmn1 #a1 #ac1 #d1 he _h bett] be> 9 m9d ! rebuff dealt out to ,rome4 obltusque merum oblvsc5dus et ills1 ,h4 ,e4 #a1 #aa1 #aj1 ( fri5ds =getful & by fri5ds =got4 ,see #abfc4 #abhh4 ,! accusative is us$ ) ^! v]bs :5 !y d5ote ! m]e intellectual ex]cise ( memory or a failure to rememb]3 z1 equid mem9i/ tuom p>5tum nm9a8 ,pl4 ,po54 #ajfb1 d y rememb] y\r p>5ts' names8 ,c9nam mem9 vd ,sllam1 ,ph4 #e1 #ag1 ,i c rememb] ,c9na1 ,i h se5 ,sulla4 ut9am mmet possim oblsci]6 ,accius ap4 ,non4 #ejj1 #e1 oh t myself ,i c\ld =get6 subit ttam causam obltus e/1 ,br4 #bag1 sudd5ly he =got ! :ole case4 #abhi4 recordor has once ! g5itive 7,pis4 #ab71 b f its mean+ br+ to he>t x is naturally f\nd (t5] ) ! accusative4 ,) x & ) mem91 ! ablative ) d also occurs4 ,! r>e rem9scor has ! g5itive once ea* 9 ,caes> & ,nepos2 twice lat]2 (t5] ! accusative4 ,neut] pron\ns are 9 ! accusative ) all ^! v]bs4 #abij4 ,! imp]sonal v5it 9 m5tem also takes ! g5itive3 z1 v5it mih ,platnis 9 m5tem1 ,f94 #e1 #b1 ,plato comes into my head2 v exceptionally ! ablative ) d4 ,b ! v]b 9 ?is comb9ation is (t5 us$ p]sonally1 ) ! ?+ occurr+ to ! m9d z ! subject1 & regul>ly 9 ,cic]o1 :5 x is rs or g5us1 or a neut] pron\n4 #abia4 ,v]bs ( rem9d+ take ! accusative ( a p]son & sometimes ) x ! g5itive ( a ?+3 z1 admonbat alium ege/tis1 alium cupidittis suae1 ,s4 ,c4 #ba1 #d1 he rem9d$ "o man ( 8 begg>y1 ano!r ( 8 gre$4 ,s also commone1 commonfaci1 &1 9 ,tacitus only1 mone4 ,(t5] h[ev] ! ?+ is 9 ! ablative ) d1 or1 if x is a neut] pron\n or adjective1 9 ! accusative 7#aagb74 ,r>ely a sub/antive equival5t to a neut] pron\n3 z1 eam rem ns locus admonuit1 ,s4 ,i4 #gi1 #a1 ! place has rem9d$ me ( t4 ,errata3 #abhh 444 ,c9nam mem9 vd ,sllam vid #abhi 444 ! ablative ) d also occurs4 de ,,v]bs ,,( ,,p>ticipation ,,& ,,ma/]y4 #abib4 ,v]bs ( p>ticipation & ma/]y sometimes take ! g5itive 9 old ,lat9 & 9 poetry3 z1 s]vom sui p>ticipat cnsil1 ,pl4 ,ci/4 #afc1 %e makes a slave a %>] 9 h] plot 7#abfc74 qu ,daunus agre/ium rgnvit populrum1 ,h4 #c1 #cj1 #aa1 :]e ,daunus 0 ! "l ( rural folk 7#abfj74 ,s1 ev5 9 prose1 potior1 :i* usually has ! ablative 7#acgi73 z1 totu ,galliae ss potr posse sprant1 #a1 #c1 #h1 !y hope !y c get ! ma/]y ov] ! :ole ( ,gaul4 ,especially ) p]sons1 or ) ! g5itive plural rrum3 rrum potior1 get to be1 or (t51 am1 ma/] ( ! situation1 or ,i am mon>* ( all ,i survey4 ,simil>ly 9 ,tacitus apscor1 adipscor3 z1 arma1 qus ,s]vius ,galba rrum adeptus e/1 ,ta4 #c1 #ee1 ! w> by :i* ,galba became ma/] ( ! ?rone4 ,9 ,plautus crd sometimes has ! g5itive ( a ?+ & dative ( a p]son4 ,,v]bs ,,( ,,fulness ,,& ,,want4 #abic4 ,! g5itive is sometimes us$ ) v]bs ( fill+1 ab\nd+1 & lack+1 z x is ) ! correspond+ adjectives 7#abfc73 z1 convvium vcnrum ctdi comple1 ,,cm4 #df1 ,i fill out a d9n]-p>ty e day ) neighb\rs4 haec rs vtae m1 soror1 saturant1 ,pl4 ,/4 #ah1 ^! ?+s1 my si/]1 sick5 me ( life4 t]ra f]rum nunc etiam scatit1 ,lucr4 #e1 #ci1 /ill teems ! e>? ) rav9 bea/s4 ,s ) ege sometimes3 z1 ege cnsil1 ,att4 #g1 #bb1 #b1 ,i am 9 ne$ ( "s advice4 ,& usually ) indige3 z1 hoc bellum indiget cel]ittis1 ,ph4 #f1 #g1 ?is w> requires rapid action4 ,b1 f ,livy on1 ! ablative is common] ) indige3 see #acje4 #abid4 ,) v]bs ( sep>at+ & ab/a9+1 ! ablative is regul>ly us$ 7#acjb74 ,b ! g5itive is sometimes f\nd 9 poetry3 z1 m omnium labrum levs1 ,pl4 ,r4 #bdg1 ?\ ridde/ me ( all my woes4 ab/9t rrum calidaeque rixae1 ,h4 #c1 #bg1 #fi1 f bur/s ( rage keep ?\ & hot affray4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,g5itive ,,( ,,exclamation4 #abie4 ,9 poetry1 ! g5itive ) an adjective 9 agreem5t occurs two or ?ree times 9 exclamation3 z1 fo$]is heu tacit1 ,prop4 #e1 #g1 #ba1 alas1 t secret cov5ant4 ,usually ! nom9ative 7#aaag71 or ! accusative 7#aadi74 ,,! ,,ablative4 #abif4 ,! ablative is us$ pr9cipally ) v]bs & _! p>ticiples1 or ) adjectives1 & consi/s ( ?ree cases t 7 orig9ally di/9ct4 #abig4 ,i4 ,! ,,ablative prop] d5otes t f :i* some?+ p>ts or proce$s 7#acjb74 ,! ablative prop] is (t5 accompani$ by ! prepositions ab1 d1 ex1 prae1 pr1 s9e1 or t5us4 #abih4 ,) ! ablative prop] two o!r cases1 orig9ally di/9ct1 a locative case & an in/rum5tal case1 7 conf\nd$1 & m]g$ "u ! common "n ( ! ablative4 #abii4 ,,ii4 ,! ,,locative case d5otes ! place 91 at1 or on :i* action occurs4 ,a few =ms ( ! locative prop] are /ill pres]v$ 7#acca74 ,b ! place :]e is ord9>ily d5ot$ by ! locative ablative 7#acdb74 ,! locative ablative is (t5 accompani$ by ! prepositions 9 or sub4 #acjj4 ,,iii4 ,! ,,in/rum5tal case d5otes t by :i* or ) :i* a ma9 p]son or ?+ is att5d$ 7#acef74 ,! in/rum5tal ablative is (t5 accompani$ by ! prepositions cum or cram4 #acja4 ,! ablative or locative is sometimes atta*$ imm$iately to a sub/antive4 ,?us1 7a47 sometimes to a sub/antive :i* d5otes or implies action3 z1 int]itus f]r1 de/ruction ) ! sword1 l int]e f]r2 see #acjg1 #acca1 #acdb1 #acgf1 #acgg4 7b47 ,9 con/ructions 9 :i* ! ablative is due to an old] comb9ation ) a v]b3 z1 vir s+ulr virtte1 a man ( unexampl$ brav]y4 ,see #acji & #acge4 ,i4 ,,! ,,ablative ,,prop]4 ,,! ,,ablative ,,( ,,sep>ation ,,& ,,want1 ,,& ,,( ,,dep>ture4 #acjb4 ,v]bs ( sep>ation take an ablative ( ! ?+ f :i* sep>ation takes place3 z1 7a47 c>uit = po/e ,pompius1 c>uit s5t1 c>uit pblic1 ,mil4 #ah1 aft] t ,pompey _h to keep away f ! m>ket place1 f ! s5ate1 f highways & byways4 adhc ,q4 ,ligrius omn culp vacat1 ,lig4 #d1 ?us f> ,lig>ius proves devoid ( any guilt4 ege cnsili1 ,att4 #ae1 #a1 ,a1 #e1 ,i ne$ advice 7#acje74 7b47 tali prohibtur3 nn t eum patri prvre1 qu c>et1 s$ vt vs1 ,lig4 #aa1 he is kept out ( ,italy2 y want to deprive him n ( 8 c\ntry1 f :i* he is deb>r$1 b ( life4 lb]mus cr populum ,rmnum1 ,l4 #ci1 #ea1 #i1 ,hannibal's words :5 he took poison1 #ahc ,b4,c41 let me relieve ,rome ( anxiety4 #acjc4 ,?is ablative is us$ 7a47 ) su* v]bs z mean ab/a91 ab/9e1 dsi/1 sup]s$e2 am devoid (1 c>e1 vac2 ne$1 ege2 & 9 addition to ! accusative ( ! object1 7b47 ) v]bs us$ transitively1 su* z mean keep (f1 arce1 excld & int]cld1 prohibe2 drive away1 remove1 pell1 move1 & _! comp\nds2 free1 exp$i1 lb]1 lev1 solv & exsolv2 deprive1 orb1 prv1 spoli1 nd1 fraud4 #acjd4 ,a preposition1 ab or ex1 is (t5 us$ ) ^! v]bs1 & regul>ly :5 ! ablative d5otes a p]son4 ,b c>e & ege1 & exsolv & lev1 nev] h a preposition4 #acje4 ,) ege1 ! g5itive is sometimes us$1 & (t5 ) indige3 see #abic4 ,also 9 poetry1 ) v]bs ( ab/a9+ & sep>at+3 see #abid4 #acjf4 ,! ablative ( sep>ation is sometimes us$ ) su* adjectives z alinus1 exp]s1 lb]1 ndus1 vacuus1 c43 z1 negant id esse alinum maie/te derum1 ,div4 #b1 #aje1 !y ma9ta9 t ?is is n at v>iance ) ! greatness ( ! gods4 vacu crs1 ,f94 #b1 #df1 devoid ( c>es4 arce et urbe orba sum1 ,e4 ,tr4 #aad1 ( t[] & t[n b]eft am ,i4 ,b sometimes ! g5itive3 see #abfc & #abfd2 sometimes also prepositional con/ructions3 = ^!1 & p>ticul>ly = ! diff]5t con/ructions ( alinus1 see ! diction>y4 ,,t[n ,,& ,,isl& ,,names4 #acjg4 7#a47 ,prop] names ( t[ns & ( little isl&s are put 9 ! ablative ) v]bs ( motion1 to d5ote ! place f :i* motion proce$s3 z1 ,dm>tus fgit ,t>qu9is ,cor9?1 ,,td4 #e1 #aji1 ,dam>atus ran away f ,cor9? to ,t>qu9ii4 sgnum ,c>?g9e captum1 ,v4 #d1 #hb1 ! /atue c>ri$ (f f ,c>?age4 ,meg>ibus1 ,pl4 ,p]4 #acg1 f ,meg>a4 ,lmn1 ,pl4 ,tru4 #ij1 f ,lemnos4 ,rm accp]am litt]s1 ,att4 #e1 #h1 #b1 ,i _h got a lett] f ,rome4 ,r>ely ) a sub/antive ( motion 7#acja73 z1 d illu ,alex&r discess1 ,att4 #aa1 #ah1 #a1 ab\t 8 dep>ture f ,alex&rea4 ,also 9 dat+ lett]s3 z1 ,v kal4 ,sextl41 ,rgi1 ,fam4 #g1 #ai1 ,regium1 #bh ,july2 less (t5 ! locative3 z1 dibus ,inis1 ,!ssaloncae1 ,q,fr4 #a1 #c1 #aj1 ,!ssalonica1 #ac ,june4 ,l a t[n "n3 *]unte1 poet4 9 ,,td4 #a1 #cg1 f ,a*]on4 ,) an attribute3 ips ,sam1 ,v4 #a1 #ea1 f ,samos itself4 ,ten ,sidicn1 ,att4 #h1 #aa1 ,b1 #b1 f ,sidic9ian ,teanum4 #acjh4 ,s+ul> t[n or isl& names sometimes h ex 9 old ,lat93 ?us1 ,c>y/1 ,pl4 ,ps4 #gcj1 f ,c>y/us1 or1 ex ,c>y/1 ,ps4 #gcg1 indiff]5tly4 ex ,&r1 ,t4 ,&r4 #gj1 f ,&ros4 ,9 classical ,lat91 t[n names r>ely h ab3 z1 ab ,a?ns pr(icsc1 ,s]v4 9 ,fam4 #d1 #ab1 #b1 to />t f ,a!ns2 *iefly ( neighb\rhood3 z1 ab ,g]govi1 #g1 #dc1 #e3 #g1 #ei1 #a1 f camp at ,g]govia2 or direction3 z1 ,salns ad ricum1 ,caes4 ,c4 #c1 #h1 #d1 f ,salonae to ,oricum2 regul>ly ) long3 z1 long ,syrcss1 ,v4 #d1 #ajg1 f> f ,syracuse4 #acji4 ,! ablative ( a t[n or c\ntry "n is r>ely atta*$ imm$iately to a sub/antive1 to d5ote orig93 z1 ,p]iphans ,rhod m]ctor dves1 ,pl4 ,z4 #dii1 ,p]iphanes f ,rhodes a *apman ri*4 vide ib hospitem ,zacyn?1 ,pl4 ,m]4 #idj1 ,i see ! fri5d !re f ,zacyn?us4 ,r>ely 9 ,cic]o3 z1 ,ten pul laudtrs1 ,clu4 #aig1 eulogi/s f ,apulian ,teanum2 9 ,caes> twice4 ,9 ,livy ) ab only3 z1 ,turnus ab ,arci1 ,l4 #a1 #ej1 #c1 ,turnus f ,aricia4 ,b ! ,roman tribe "o belongs to1 is regul>ly 9 ! ablative3 z1 ,q4 ,v]rem ,rmili1 sc4 trib1 ,v4 a4 pr4 #a1 #bc1 ,v]res ( ! tribe ,romilia4 #acaj4 ,) a v]b1 c\ntry names regul>ly h a preposition1 & always 9 ,cic]o1 ,sallu/1 & ,livy3 z1 ,cilici dcdns1 ,br4 #a1 go+ away f ,cilicia4 ,! ablative alone is r>e3 z1 ,aegypt adv5i domum1 ,pl4 ,mo/4 #ddj1 f ,egypt ,i come home4 ,*iefly 9 ,tacitus3 z1 ,aegypt remens1 #b1 #fi1 com+ back f ,egypt4 ,9 ,caes>1 by attraction3 cgbantur ,corcr atque ,ac>nni pbulum supportre1 ,c4 #c1 #eh1 #d1 !y 7 =c$ to fet* fodd] f ,corcyra & ev5 ,ac>nania4 #acaa4 7#b47 ,! ablatives dom & rre1 & 9 poetry hum1 are us$ l prop] names ( t[ns3 z1 7a47 dom excess]ant1 #d1 #ad1 #e1 !y _h gone away f home4 ,also metaphorically3 z1 dom doctus1 ,pl4 ,m]4 #cee1 by home-exp]i5ce taught4 7b47 rre r$it uxor mea1 ,pl4 ,m]4 #gje1 my wife's come back f out ( t[n4 7c47 hum1 9 ,v]gil fir/3 z1 vix oculs attollit hum1 ,o4 #b1 #ddh1 sc>ce f ! gr\nd h] eyes %e lifts4 ,erratum3 #acji 444 ,turnus ab ,arci1 ,l4 #a1 #ej1 #c1 #ej1 #c4 ,,! ,,ablative ,,( ,,s\rce1 ,,/uff1 ,,or ,,mat]ial4 #acab4 ,! v]b nscor & p>ticiples ( orig9 take an ablative to d5ote p>5tage or rank 9 life4 ,su* p>ticiples are3 ntus1 prgntus1 & ortus2 9 poetry & late prose1 also crtus1 ditus1 g5]tus1 g5itus1 satus1 & oriundus3 z1 7a47 ,rmulus de prgntus1 ,l4 #a1 #dj1 #c1 ,romulus1 sprung f a god4 ds g5ite1 ,v4 #i1 #fdb1 ?\ sir$ ( gods4 ,( a p>5t1 ex is sometimes us$3 z ex m hic ntus nn e/1 ,t4 ,ad4 #dj1 he's n my son2 & ( remot] ance/ors1 ab4 7b47 loc ntus hone/1 #e1 #de1 #b1 respectably desc5d$4 summ loc ntus1 #e1 #be1 #a1 ( high bir?1 famili antquissim ntum1 #g1 #cb1 #d1 a memb] ( an old family4 ,r>ely ) d3 z1 qu d g5]e gntu/ ,philocrats8 ,pl4 ,cap4 #bgg1 :at is ! p>5tage ( ,philocrates8 #acac4 ,! ablative ) an attribute1 atta*$ to a sub/antive1 sometimes d5otes /uff or mat]ial3 z1 a]e cav clipeum1 ,v4 #c1 #bhf1 a t>ge ( hall[ bronze4 p]5n fronde cornam1 ,lucr4 #a1 #aah1 a cr[n ( am>an?9e leaf4 solidque adamante columnae1 ,v4 #f1 #eeb1 & pill>s ( ! solid adamant4 ,?is con/ruction bord]s closely on ! ablative ( quality 7#acge74 ,r>ely )\t an attribute3 z1 pcts abiete pupps1 ,v4 #e1 #ffc1 pa9t$ /]ns ( fir4 #acad4 ,a sub/antive d5ot+ /uff or mat]ial is g5]ally put 9 ! ablative ) d or ex2 ?us1 7a47 ,directly ) a sub/antive3 pcula ex aur1 ,v4 #d1 #fb1 cups ( gold4 7b47 ,(t5] ) an auxili>y v]b or p>ticiple3 sgnum erat hoc ,cupd9is m>more1 ,v4 #d1 #e1 ?is /atue ( ,cupid 0 made ( m>ble4 scts ex cortice facts1 #b1 #cc1 #b1 ) long %ields made out ( b>k4 ex n gemm p]gr& trlla excavta1 ,v4 #d1 #fb1 a ladle scoop$ out ( a s+le enorm\s semi-preci\s /one4 #acae4 ,! ablative ) =ms ( faci & sum d5otes t ) :i* or to :i* some?+ is done3 z1 quid hc hom9e facis8 ,se/4 #bi1 :at c y d ) su* a fell[8 quid m fet8 ,t4 ,&r4 #gji1 :at w become ( me8 ,b (t5 ! dative 7#abje73 z1 quid tib faciam8 ,att4 #g1 #c1 #b1 :at %all ,i d to y8 ,or ! ablative ) d3 z1 d frtre quid fet8 ,t4 ,ad4 #iif1 z to my bro!r1 :at w come to pass8 ,,! ,,ablative ,,( ,,cause1 ,,influ5ce1 ,,or ,,motive4 #acaf4 ,! ablative is us$ to d5ote cause1 influ5ce1 or motive3 z1 made met1 ,pl4 ,mo/4 #cie1 ,i'm dr5*$ ) dread4 t imprd5ti lb]is1 ,mur4 #gh1 y1 sir1 slip f inadv]t5ce4 ma]re et lacrims cns5scbat1 ,clu4 #ac1 %e j p9$ away 9 sorr[ & te>s4 r inc5dor1 ,pl4 ,ps4 #bja1 ,i'm gett+ hot ) wra?4 premor lct1 ,att4 #c1 #bb1 #c1 ,i am b[$ d[n ) grief4 quod ego nn sup]bi facibam1 ,,d4 #a1 #ii1 ,i did n act ?us f sup]cili\sness1 n ,i4 nn movtur pecni1 ,v4 #d1 #ah1 he is n mov$ by money4 boat caelum fremit virm1 ,pl4 ,am4 #bcb1 ! welk9 r+s ) ro> ( m54 dlict dolre1 corrctine gaudre1 ,l4 #ij1 be pa9$ by ! s91 take pleasure 9 ! repro(4 aette nn qus opturi]1 ,pl4 ,mo/4 #hdj1 ow+ to age ?\ can/ n see4 ,iovis iuss v5i1 ,pl4 ,am4 prol4 #ai1 at ,jove's behe/ ,i come4 ,sinus nimi =tn scors1 ,ta4 #d1 #ci1 ,sejanus giddy ) ov]-prosp]ity4 f]x pra$ glrique ex]citus1 ,ta4 ,h4 #a1 #ea1 ! army flu%$ ) booty & glory4 ex]cits no/r int]itus f]r1 ,pis4 #dj1 ! annihilation ( our army by ! sword 7#acja74 #acag4 ,in/ead ( ! ablative1 o!r con/ructions (t5 occur1 especially ) v]bs us$ transitively2 su* are3 7a47 ,prepositional phrases ) d or ex1 9 ,v>ro & ,livy ) ab2 also ) ob1 p]1 or propt]3 z1 mult 9 oppidum propt] timrem ss recipiunt1 ,caes4 ,c4 #b1 #ce1 #f1 a good _m retreat$ to ! t[n f fe>4 ,sometimes ) prae3 z1 prae amre excl/ hunc =s1 ,t4 ,eu4 #ih1 x 0 = love y turn$ him out ( doors3 9 classical ,lat91 usually ( h9drance3 z1 slem prae iaculrum multitd9e nn vidbitis1 ,,td4 #a1 #aja1 y won't see ! sun = ! cl\d ( javel9s4 7b47 ,circumlocutions ) caus1 less frequ5tly ) grti 7#abeg74 7c47 ,ablatives absolute1 or p>ticiples1 p>ticul>ly auxili>y p>ticiples ) an ablative to express cause1 (t5] motive1 su* z captus1 ductus1 excittus or incittus1 impulsus1 incnsus1 nflammtus1 mtus1 p]t]ritus3 z1 nnnll pudre adduct remanbant1 #a1 #ci1 #c1 "s /uck by f %ame4 #acah4 ,! p]son by :om ! action ( a passive v]b is done1 is d5ot$ by ! ablative ) ab or 4 ,also occasionally ) v]bs equival5t to a passive1 su* z cad1 int]e1 p]e1 vne1 c41 c4 ,?+s or animals are sometimes repres5t$ z p]sons by ! use ( ab3 z1 animus b5e nfrmtus ntr1 ,(f4 #a1 #ac1 a s\l meetly fa%ion$ by dame nature4 ,see #adgf-adgh4 #acai4 ,9 poetry1 an ablative d5ot+ a p]son1 ) an adjective 9 agreem5t1 is sometimes equival5t to an expression ) an ab/ract sub/antive3 z1 et adsidu ruptae lctre columnae1 ,j4 #a1 #ac1 & pill>s by p]si/5t read] riv51 i4e4 adsiduitte lctris1 or adsidu lctine4 crtus inaequl tnsre capills1 ,h4 ,e4 #a1 #a1 #id1 my locks by unsymmetric b>b] trimm$4 ,,! ,,ablative ,,( ,,comp>ison4 #acbj4 7#a47 ,! ablative may be us$ ) a comp>ative adjective1 :5 ! fir/ ( two ?+s comp>$ is 9 ! nom9ative1 or is a subject-accusative4 ,su* an ablative is translat$ by ?an3 z1 7a47 lce sunt clrira nbs tua cnsilia1 ,c4 #a1 #f1 y\r s*emes are pla9] to u ?an day4 mtre pul*r flia pul*rior1 ,h4 #a1 #af1 #a1 ,o daught] fair] ?an a "m fair4 ,p>ticul>ly 9 s5t5ces ( negative import3 z1 quis ,k>?g9insium plris fuit ,hannibale8 ,se/4 #adb1 ( all ! sons ( ,c>?age1 :o 0 rat$ high] ?an ,hannibal8 nec mih e/ t icundius quicquam nec crius1 ,fam4 #b1 #aj1 #a1 & !re is no?+ 9 ! _w ne>] & de>] to me ?an y4 7b47 illud cgnscs pr(ect1 mih t neque crirem neque icundirem esse quemquam1 ,fam4 #b1 #c1 #b1 "o ?+ ,i am sure y w see1 t !re is nobody ne>] & de>] to me ?an y4 #acba4 7#b47 ,! ablative ( comp>ison is simil>ly us$ :5 ! fir/ memb] ( comp>ison is an accusative ( ! object3 z1 exg monum5tum a]e p]5nius1 ,h4 #c1 #cj1 #a1 ,i h build$ up a monum5t m durable ?an bronze4 ,p>ticul>ly s 9 s5t5ces ( negative import3 z1 hc mih grtius fac]e nihil potes1 ,fam4 #ac1 #dd1 y c d no?+ = me m welcome ?an ?is4 ,also ) pr$icate adjectives dep5d5t on a v]b ( ?9k+ 7#aafg73 z1 ,hrodotum cr vrcirem dcam ,enni8 ,div4 #b1 #aaf1 :y %\ld ,i c\nt ,h]odotus any m tru?ful ?an ,ennius8 ,regul>ly :5 ! second memb] ( comp>ison is a relative3 z1 qu pecude nihil g5uit ntra fcundius1 ,,dn4 #b1 #afj1 nature has creat$ no?+ m prolific ?an ?is animal1 i4e4 ! s[4 #acbb4 7#c47 ,9 poetry1 ! ablative ( comp>ison may be us$ ) ! fir/ memb] ( comp>ison 9 any case3 z1 ,lcl rt1 no/rm meliris utrque1 ,h4 ,s4 #b1 #a1 #bi1 aft] ,lucilius's way1 a bett] man ?an ?\ or ,i4 #acbc4 7#d47 ,9 s5t5ces ( negative import1 ! ablative is sometimes us$ ) alt] & alius1 z ) a comp>ative3 z1 neque m/ alt] quisquam1 ,pl4 ,z4 #dib1 & !re's no o!r man ?an ,i4 nec quicquam aliud lb]tte commn quaessse1 ,brut4 & ,cass4 9 ,fam4 #aa1 #b1 #b1 & to h aim$ at no?+ else ?an fre$om = all4 ,b 9 prose1 quam is commonly us$4 #acbd4 7#a47 ,! second memb] ( comp>ison is (t5 introduc$ by quam1 ?an1 or 9 poetry by atque or ac4 ,?is memb]1 :atev] ! case ( ! fir/ memb]1 is sometimes made ! subject ( a =m ( sum 9 a new s5t5ce3 z1 melirem quam ego sum suppn tib1 ,pl4 ,cur4 #bef1 ,i give y z a sub/itute a bett] ?an ,i am myself4 v]ba ,m4 ,v>rnis1 hom9is quam fuit ,claudius doctiris1 ,gell4 #aj1 #a1 #d1 ! words ( ,v>ro1 a bett] s*ol> ?an ,claudius ev] 04 ut tib mair quam fricanus fuit1 m adinctum esse patire1 ,fam4 #e1 #g1 #c1 s t y w all[ me to be associat$ ) y1 a bigg] man ?an ,africanus ev] 04 #acbe4 7#b47 ,:5 ! fir/ memb] is 9 ! nom9ative or accusative1 quam is commonly a m]e coord9at+ ^w1 ) bo? memb]s 9 ! same case3 z1 7a47 plris e/ ocultus te/is nus quam aurt decem1 ,pl4 ,tru4 #dij1 a s+le witness ) an eye rates high] ?an a doz5 ) ! e>4 7b47 t velim ex/ims nm9em cuiquam neque crirem neque icundirem umquam fuisse quam t mih1 ,fam4 #a1 #i1 #bd1 ,i hope y w be conv9c$ t nobody 0 ev] ne>] & de>] to anybody ?an y to me4 #acbf4 ,an introductory ablative ( a demon/rative or relative pron\n sometimes prec$es ! con/ruction ) quam3 z1 quid hc e/ clrius1 quam omns ,sege/ae mtrns et virg9s convnisse8 ,v4 #d1 #gg1 :at fact is !re bett] kn[n ?an ?is1 to wit1 t all ! wom5 9 ,sege/a1 m>ri$ & s+le1 came /ream+ toge!r8 #acbg4 ,! ablative is sometimes us$ ) comp>ative adv]bs also4 ,s p>ticul>ly 9 s5t5ces ( negative import3 z1 nihil lacrim citius rscit1 ,corn4 #b1 #ej1 no?+ dries up quick] ?an a te>4 ,less frequ5tly 9 positive s5t5ces 9 prose3 z1 =tna1 quae pls cnsils hmns pollet1 contrxit c]tm51 ,l4 #dd1 #dj1 #c1 =tune1 :o is mighti] ?an ! devices ( man1 precipitat$ ! engagem5t4 ,v commonly1 h[ev]1 quam is us$ ) comp>ative adv]bs4 #acbh4 ,designations ( numb] or ext5t are (t5 qualifi$ by amplius1 longius1 or pls1 ov]1 or by m9us1 "u4 ,! ^w ?us qualifi$ is put 9 ! case :i* ! context w\ld require )\t any su* qualification3 z1 pls sept+5t capt1 ,l4 #da1 #ab1 #h1 ov] sev5 hundr$ 7 tak5 prison]s4 tcum pls annum vxit1 ,q4 #da1 he liv$ ) y ov] a ye> 7#aaea74 cum equs pls qung5ts1 ,l4 #dj1 #cb1 #f1 ) ov] five hundr$ horses4 ,less frequ5tly ) quam4 ,:5 ^! words are felt z real sub/antives 9 ! nom9ative or accusative1 ! ablative ( comp>ison may be us$ 7#acbj73 z1 pls trdu1 ,,ra4 #gd1 m ?an ?ree days4 #acbi4 ,9 expressions ( age ) ntus1 ! adjectives maior & m9or are us$ z well z amplius & m9us1 & ) ! same con/ruction 7#acbh73 z1 anns ntus maior quadrg9t1 ,,ra4 #ci1 ov] =ty ye>s old4 ,= o!r con/ructions1 see ! diction>y4 ,simil>ly conlctus aquae digitum nn altior num1 ,lucr4 #d1 #dad1 a pool no deep] ?an a f+]'s bread? 7#aacj74 ,b commonly ) comp>ative adjectives ( ext5t1 quam is us$1 or ! ablative 7#acbj73 z1 pals nn ltior p$ibus qunqug9t1 #g1 #ai1 #a1 a m>% n wid] ?an fifty feet4 #accj4 ,) a comp>ative adjective or adv]b1 ! ablatives opnine1 exspecttine1 & sp1 & "s o!rs1 *iefly 9 poetry1 take ! place ( a s5t5ce ) quam3 z1 opnine melius1 ,pl4 ,cas4 #cch1 bett] ?an y ?\ght4 m9ra opnine1 ,caes4 ,c4 #b1 #ca1 #e1 m insignificant ?an is ?\ght4 ltius opnine dissm9tum e/ hoc malum1 ,c4 #d1 #f1 ?is infection is m sweep+ ?an anybody dreams4 sp omnium srius1 ,l4 #b1 #c1 #a1 lat] ?an 0 g5]ally expect$4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,locative ,,ablative4 7,a47 ,,! ,,locative ,,prop]4 #acca4 7#a47 ,s+ul> prop] names ( t[ns & ( little isl&s are put 9 ! locative to d5ote ! place 9 or at :i* action occurs3 z1 quid ,rmae faciam8 m5tr nescio1 ,j4 #c1 #da1 :at c ,i d 9 ,rome8 ,i don't "k h[ to lie4 ,cor9? et ,k>?g91 ,agr4 #b1 #ij1 at ,cor9? & at ,c>?age4 ,lac$aemon1 ,n4 praef4 #d1 9 ,lac$aemon4 ,tbur1 ,att4 #af1 #c1 #a1 at ,tibur4 ,rhod1 ,fam4 #d1 #g1 #d1 at ,rhodes4 mnsins diut9ae ,lmn1 ,t4 ,ph4 #ajab1 protract$ /ays at ,lemnos 7#acja74 ,sometimes 9 dates3 z1 data ,!ssaloncae1 ,att4 #c1 #bj1 #c1 giv5 at ,!ssalonica 7#acjg74 ,! locative r>ely means ne>3 z1 ,anti1 ,l4 #bb1 #a1 #aj1 r\nd ab\t ,antium4 ,9 ,plautus only two s+ul> t[n names ) consonant /ems occur1 & ^! regul>ly 9 ! locative1 ,c>?g9 & ,sicyn1 ?ree times ea*2 once 9 a d\btful example1 ,sicyne1 ,ci/4 #abh4 ,t]5ce has no examples ( ^! /ems4 ,f ,cic]o on1 ! locative ablative is common] ) !m 7#acdc74 #accb4 ,) an adjective attribute also1 ! locative is us$3 z1 ,ten pul1 ,clu4 #bg1 at ! ,apulian ,teanum4 ,suessae ,auruncae1 ,l4 #cb1 #i1 #c1 at ! ,auruncan ,suessa4 ,! appellative =um1 m>ket place1 us$1 ) an attribute1 z a prop] "n1 is sometimes put 9 ! accusative ) ad3 z1 ,clat]nae1 ad ,=um ,cornlium1 ,fam4 #ab1 #e1 #b1 at ,clat]na & at ,=um ,cornelium2 sometimes 9 ! locative ablative3 ,= ,il1 ,pl94 ,ep4 #e1 #ai1 #g4 #accc4 ,:5 ! locative is fur!r expla9$ by an appellative foll[+1 ! appellative is put 9 ! locative ablative1 ei!r alone1 or ) 93 z1 ,antio*ae1 celebr quondam urbe1 ,ar*4 #d1 at ,antio*1 once a bu/l+ t[n4 ,nepol1 9 celeb]rim oppid1 ,rab,p4 #bf1 at ,neapolis1 a t[n sw>m+ ) p4 ,an appellative 9 ! ablative ) 9 may be fur!r def9$ by a prop] "n 9 ! locative3 z1 dubus 9 nsuls1 ,melitae et ,sam1 ,v4 #e1 #ahd1 9 two isl&s--at ,melita & ,samos4 9 oppid1 ,antio*ae1 ,att4 #e1 #ah1 #a1 )9 t[n walls--at ,antio*4 9 scess1 ,apollniae1 ,suet4 ,aug4 #id1 out ( t[n--at ,apollonia4 ,or 9 ! ablative3 z1 9 oppid ,citi1 ,n4 #e1 #c1 #d1 9 ! t[n ( ,citium4 9 urbe ,rm1 ,l4 #ci1 #ad1 #g1 9 ! city ( ,rome4 #accd4 ,9 ,plautus1 s+ul> t[n names ) /ems 9 -- or -o- are put 9 ! locative t5 or twelve times1 9 ! ablative ) 9 "s fifte5 times4 ,?ree su* h only 91 nev] ! locative3 9 ,anactori1 ,po54 #hif1 9 ,seleuci1 ,tri4 #ija1 9 ,sp>t1 ,po54 #ffc2 fur!rmore1 9 ,epidamn1 ,m54 #bfg1 #chj twice1 9 ,ephes1 ,b4 #cji1 ,,mg4 #dda1 #ggh1 & 9 ,epidaur1 ,cur4 #cda1 #dbi1 ,e4 #edj1 #eda1 #eed1 b also ,epidamn1 ,m54 prol4 #ea1 ,ephes1 ,b4 #ccf1 #ajdg1 ,,mg4 #fdh1 & ,epidaur1 ,e4 #fcf4 ,t]5ce1 :o has only -o- /ems1 uses ! locative six times1 ! ablative ) 9 f\r times3 only ) 93 9 ,&r1 ,&r4 #ica1 9 ,imbr1 ,hec4 #aga4 ,fur!rmore 9 ,lmn1 ,ph4 #hgc1 #ajjd b also ,lmn1 ,ph4 #fhj1 #idb1 #ajac4 ,also ,mlt1 ,ad4 #fed1 ,rhod1 ,eu4 #ajg1 ,sni1 ,eu4 #eai4 #acce4 ,a t[n "n is sometimes put 9 ! ablative ) 9 by assimilation ) a p>allel 93 z1 9 ,illyric1 9 ips ,alex&r1 ,att4 #aa1 #af1 #a1 9 ,illyricum1 & at ,alex&rea itself4 ,antio*um 9 ,syri1 ,ptolemaeum 9 ,alex&r esse1 ,l4 #db1 #bf1 #g4 t ,antio*us 0 9 ,syria1 ,ptolemy at ,alex&ria4 9 mnte ,albn ,lvnique1 ,l4 #e1 #eb1 #h1 on ! ,alban m\nt & at ,lav9ium4 ,also )\t assimilation3 z1 nvis et 9 ,cait e/ p>ta nbs et ,brundusi1 ,att4 #h1 #c1 #f1 we h a vessel all *>t]$1 "o 9 ,cajeta & "o at ,brundusium4 9 ,hispal1 ,caes4 ,c4 #b1 #ah1 #a1 9 ,hispalis4 #accf4 ,) c\ntry names1 ! locative is v exceptional3 z1 ,*]sons1 ,n4 #a1 #b1 #d1 at ! ,p59sula4 ,aegypt1 ,val4 ,m4 #d1 #a1 #ae1 9 ,egypt4 ,simil>ly ,ac*]unt1 ,pl4 ,cap4 #fhi1 #iih1 ,m]4 #fjf1 ,tru4 #gdi1 9 ,a*]on2 ,ac*]unte h[ev] once3 ,ac*]unte/1 ,pl4 ,po54 #dca4 ,9 ,sallu/1 ,rmae ,numidiaeque1 ,i4 #cc1 #d1 ) assimilation ( ,numidiae to ,rmae4 #accg4 7#b47 ,! locatives dom1 rr1 hum1 & r>ely orb1 are us$ l prop] names ( t[ns3 z1 7a47 cnb dom1 ,pl4 ,/4 #dhb1 ,i %all d9e at home4 ,metaphorically1 dom e/1 nscitur1 or habe1 ,i c get at home1 ,i ne$ n g abroad =1 or ,i h 9 pl5ty3 z1 id quidem dom e/1 ,att4 #aj1 #ad1 #b1 z = t1 ,i h x myself4 ,) a possessive pron\n or alinus 9 agreem5t1 ei!r ! locative is us$1 or ! ablative ) 92 = domu1 z1 ,(f4 #c1 #ii1 see #eid2 ) o!r adjectives ! ablative ) 94 7b47 rr1 ,t4 ,ph4 #cfc1 up 9 ! c\ntry2 = rre1 see #acdd & #acde4 7c47 hum1 on ! gr\nd1 or to ! gr\nd1 9 ,t]5ce fir/3 z1 hunc ante no/ram inuam appne 33 obsecr1 humne8 ,t4 ,&r4 #gbd1 set d[n ?is baby at our door 33 good graci\s2 on ! gr\nd8 iacre hum1 ,c4 #a1 #bf1 sleep+ on b>e gr\nd4 7d47 orb ) t]rae or t]rrum3 z1 amplissimum orb t]rrum monum5tum1 ,v4 #d1 #hb1 ! gr&e/ monum5t 9 ! wide wide _w4 #acch4 ,! locatives bell1 old] duell1 & mlitiae are sometimes us$ 9 contra/ ) dom3 z1 dom duellque1 ,pl4 ,cap4 prol4 #fh1 dom bellque1 ,l4 #b1 #ej1 #aa1 dom mlitiaeque1 ,,td4 #e1 #ee1 mlitiae et dom1 ,t4 ,ad4 #die1 at home & 9 ! field4 ,r>ely )\t dom3 z1 bell1 ,,rp4 #b1 #ef1 mlitiae1 ,s4 ,i4 #hd1 #b4 #acci4 7#c47 ,o!r appellatives r>ely h ! locative3 z1 proxumae vcniae1 ,pl4 ,b4 #bje1 ,,mg4 #bgc1 9 ! next neighb\rhood4 t]rae1 ,l4 #e1 #ea1 #i1 9 ! e>?4 ,) v]bs ( susp5se1 d\bt1 & di/ress1 & ) _m adjectives1 anim1 9 s\l1 is n infrequ5t2 & anim be+ mi/ak5 = a g5itive1 m5tis is also us$3 z1 dsipibam m5tis1 ,pl4 ,e4 #ach1 ,i 0 beside myself4 ,(t5] anim 7#acdd74 #acdj4 ,_m orig9al locatives h become set z adv]bs3 z1 p]egr1 abroad4 ,p>ticul>ly ( pron\ns3 z1 ill1 ,pl4 ,am4 #bdi1 (f !re1 (t5] illc2 i/ or i/c1 hc2 sometimes fur!r def9$ by an add$ expression3 z1 hc vcniae1 ,t4 ,ph4 #ie1 "h 9 ! neighb\rhood4 hc proxumae vcniae1 ,,mg4 #bgc1 "h 9 ! h\se next door4 hc 9 ,v5]is fn meae vcniae1 ,pl4 ,r4 #fac1 "h1 9 ! %r9e ( ,v5us1 9 my neighb\rhood4 hc ,rmae1 ,ar*4 #e1 "h 9 ,rome4 #acda4 ,! locative prop] sometimes d5otes "t :53 z1 lc1 by light1 temp]1 betimes1 h] or "h1 ye/]day1 vesp]1 at ev5+1 h] vesp]1 ,,d4 #b1 #ac1 la/ ev5+4 ,9 ,plautus1 di septim1 ,m54 #aaef1 ,p]4 #bfj1 on ! sev5? day1 mne sn septim1 ,m54 #aaeg1 bright & e>ly on ! sev5?1 di cr/91 ,mo/4 #hha1 tomorr[4 ,(t5 ) an adjective juxtapos$3 z1 po/rdi1 ! day aft]1 po/rdi mne1 ,fam4 #aa1 #f1 #a1 e>ly next day1 ctdi1 ea* day1 daily1 prdi1 ! day be=e4 ,errata3 #acca 444 mnsins diut9ae ,lmn text un*ang$3 expect$ =m dit9ae #acdj 444 hc 9 ,v5]is fn meae vcniae ,! v[els 8eae0 are jo9$ ) a s+le ligature 7,b47 ,,! ,,ablative ,,us$ ,,z ,,locative4 ,,place ,,91 ,,on1 ,,or ,,at ,,:i*4 #acdb4 7#a47 ,plural prop] names ( t[ns & ( little isl&s are put 9 ! locative ablative to d5ote ! place 9 or at :i* action occurs3 z1 mortuus ,cms1 ,l4 #b1 #ba1 #e1 he di$ at ,cumae4 ,a?ns t5ue caelum1 crassum ,?bs1 ,fat4 #g1 9 ,a!ns ! air is ?91 at ,!bes x is ?ick4 locus o/5ditur ,capres1 ,suet4 ,tib4 #fb1 ! place is po9t$ out at ,capreae4 ,r>ely ) sub/antives ( action 7#acja73 z1 mnsi ,=mis1 ,att4 #i1 #e1 #a1 ! /ay at ,=miae4 ,) an attribute3 ,a?ns tus1 ,att4 #af1 #f1 #b1 9 y\r d>l+ ,a!ns4 ,curibus ,sabns1 ,l4 #a1 #ah1 #a1 at ! ,sab9e ,cures4 #acdc4 7#b47 ,s+ul> prop] names ( t[ns ) consonant /ems are (t5] put 9 ! locative ablative ?an 9 ! locative prop]3 z1 adulsc5tium gregs ,lac$aemone vdimus1 ,,td4 #e1 #gg1 we h se5 ! companies ( "y m5 9 ,lac$aemon4 ,k>?g9e1 ,att4 #af1 #d1 #b1 at ,c>?age4 ,tbure1 ,h4 ,e4 #a1 #h1 #ab1 at ,tibur4 ,nrbne1 ,ph4 #b1 #gf1 at ,n>bo4 ,see #acca4 ,s also ,a*]unte1 ,lucr4 #c1 #ihd1 9 ,a*]on4 ,calydne et ,naupct1 ,caes4 ,c4 #c1 #ce1 #a1 at ,calydon & ,naupactus1 ) ,naupct attract$ by ,calydne4 ,) an attribute3 ,c>?g9e ,nov1 ,l4 #bh1 #ag1 #aa1 at ,new ,c>?age4 ,a*]unte pr(und1 ,lucr4 #c1 #igh1 9 va/y ,a*]on4 #acdd4 7#c47 ,a few g5]al appellatives are us$ 9 ! locative ablative )\t an attribute1 especially 9 set expressions1 to d5ote ! place :]e3 z1 t]r m>que1 ,,ip4 #dh1 by l& & sea2 less commonly m> atque t]r1 ,s4 ,c4 #ec1 #b1 by sea & l&4 dextr ,praeus1 s9i/r ,cor9?us1 ,cael4 9 ,fam4 #d1 #e1 #d1 ,piraeus on ! "r1 ,cor9? on ! left4 ,r>ely1 rre1 ,pl4 ,cas4 #aaj1 ,h4 ,e4 #a1 #g1 #a1 9 ! c\ntry1 = rr 7#accg74 ,s anim1 anims1 ) v]bs ( feel+3 z1 angor anim1 ,br4 #g1 ,i am di/ress$ 9 s\l1 or ,i am he>t-brok54 ,metaphorically3 loc1 7a47 9 ! "r place1 also su loc1 or 9 loc4 7b47 loc1 in/ead2 num]1 9 ! category1 bo? ) a g5itive4 prncipi1 initi1 9 ! beg9n+4 #acde4 ,c]ta9 appellatives1 ) an attribute1 (t5 d5ote ! place :]e by ! locative ablative2 s especially loc1 locs1 rre1 libr1 librs1 p>te1 p>tibus3 z1 remt1 salbr1 amo5 loc1 ,fam4 #g1 #bj1 #b1 9 a seque/]$1 heal?y1 & picturesque nook4 idne loc1 #c1 #ag1 #e1 9 an advantage\s spot4 9qu loc1 #e1 #ea1 #a1 on unsuitable gr\nd4 campe/ribus ac dmisss locs1 #g1 #gb1 #c1 9 level & sunk5 places4 rre me1 ,h4 ,e4 #a1 #ae1 #ag1 at my own c\ntry box4 rre pat]n1 ,h4 ,e4 #a1 #ah1 #fj1 ,j4 #f1 #ee1 on ! ance/ral f>m4 ali libr1 ,(f4 #b1 #ca1 9 ano!r book4 #acdf4 ,sub/antives are (t5 us$ 9 ! locative ablative ) ttus 9 agreem5t1 less (t5 ) cnctus1 omnis1 or m$ius1 to d5ote ! place :]e3 z1 tt ,galli1 #e1 #ee1 #c1 all ov] ,gaul4 tts trepidtur ca/rs1 #f1 #cg1 #f1 !re is a panic all ov] ! camp4 omnibus oppids1 ,v4 #b1 #acf1 9 all ! t[ns4 omnibus oppids m>itims1 ,caes4 ,c4 #c1 #e1 #a1 9 all ! seaports4 m$i urbe1 ,l4 #a1 #cc1 #h1 9 ! he>t ( ,rome4 ,b sometimes 9 is us$1 or ! accusative ) p]4 #acdg4 7#d47 ,) c\ntry names & mo/ appellatives1 ! place :]e is g5]ally express$ by ! ablative ) 94 ,b ev5 )\t an attribute1 ! ablative alone is sometimes us$1 especially 9 poetry3 z1 tali1 ,v4 #a1 #bfc1 9 ,italy1 ltore1 ,v4 #a1 #ahd1 ^u ! bea*1 corde1 ,v4 #a1 #bji1 9 he>t1 pectore1 ,v4 #a1 #feg1 9 brea/1 ?alam1 ,h4 #a1 #ae1 #af1 9 b[]1 um]1 ,v4 #a1 #eja1 on %\ld]1 squilis1 ,,dn4 #c1 #fc1 on ! ,esquil9e4 ,once 9 ,plautus lide1 ,cap4 #ccj1 9 ,elis1 b eight times 9 lide4 #acdh4 ,! locative ablative is sometimes us$ ) su* v]bs z t5e & recipi3 z1 7a47 ,ariovi/us ex]citum ca/rs cont9uit1 #a1 #dh1 #d1 ,ariovi/us kept 8 infantry 9 camp4 oppid ss cont9bant1 #b1 #cj1 #b1 !y kept inside ! t[n4 7b47 oppids recip]e1 #b1 #c1 #c1 to receive inside _! t[ns4 rx ecquis e/1 qui s5trem tct ac dom nn invtet8 ,v4 #d1 #be1 is !re a mon>* 9 ! wide _w t w\ld n welcome a s5ator to h\se & home8 #acdi4 ,! locative ablative is us$ ) fd & cnfd1 glrior1 laetor1 ntor1 /1 & ) frtus3 z1 b>b> cnfs loc ntr 9 aci p]mnsrunt1 #h1 #ae1 #a1 ! natives1 tru/+ 9 ! nature ( _! position1 kept _! /& 9 battle array4 sup]iribus vctriis frt1 #c1 #ba1 #a1 rely+ on _! =m] victories4 ,= o!r con/ructions ) ^! words1 see ! diction>y4 ,,"t ,,at ,,:i* ,,or ,,"t ,,)9 ,,:i*4 #acej4 7#a47 ,! locative ablative is us$ to d5ote ! po9t ( "t at :i* action occurs4 ,s p>ticul>ly ( sub/antives d5ot+ p]iods or po9ts ( "t1 ?us3 hieme1 #e1 #a1 #a1 9 ! w9t]4 ,kal5ds1 ,h4 ,epod4 #b1 #gj1 ^u ! fir/1 i4e4 ( ! mon?4 ,g5]ally ) an attribute3 z1 prm vre1 #f1 #c1 #d1 9 ! fir/ mon? ( spr+4 ,mrtis ,kal5ds1 ,h4 #c1 #h1 #a1 ^u ! fir/ ( ,m>*4 ,) a p>allel locative 7#acda73 vesp] edem di1 ,att4 #h1 #e1 #a1 ! ev5+ ( ! same day4 #acea4 ,words n 9 !mselves d5ot+ p]iods or po9ts ( "t1 are 9 ! same way put 9 ! ablative3 z1 patrum no/rrum memori1 #a1 #ab1 #e1 9 ! memory ( our fa!rs4 nn modo ills ,pnics bells1 s$ etiam hc pra$num multitd9e1 ,v4 #d1 #ajc1 n only 9 ! ,punic w>s ( yore1 b also 9 ! pres5t sw>m ( pirates4 proxums comitis1 #g1 #fg1 #g1 at ! la/ election4 spectculs1 ,att4 #b1 #ai1 #c1 at ! %[s4 ,especially sub/antives ( action 9 -tus or -sus 7#bce73 z1 slis occs1 #a1 #ej1 #c1 at sunset4 adv5t 9 ,galliam ,caes>is1 #e1 #ed1 #b1 at ,caes>'s arrival 9 ,gaul4 erum adv5t1 #g1 #fe1 #e1 aft] ^! p came4 discess ct]rum1 ,c4 #a1 #g1 :5 ! re/ w5t away4 #aceb4 7#b47 ,! locative ablative is us$ to d5ote ! space ( "t )9 :i* action occurs3 z1 paucs dibus opus efficitur1 #f1 #i1 #d1 ! job is f9i%$ up 9 a few days4 tribus hris ,adutucam v5re pote/is1 #f1 #ce1 #h1 9 ?ree h\rs y c get to ,aduatuca4 quae hc mn/ra funt1 ann vix possum loqu1 ,pl4 ,mo/4 #eje1 :at gho/-transactions take place "h ,i sc>ce c\ld tell y 9 a ye>4 cum ad oppidum ,s5onum ,vellaunodnum vnisset1 id bdu circumvllvit1 #g1 #aa1 #a1 arriv+ at ,vellaunodunum1 a t[n ( ! ,s5ons1 9 two days "t he inve/$ x4 quicquid e/1 bdu scimus1 ,att4 #i1 #ad1 #b1 :atev] x may be1 we %all "k 9 a c\ple ( days4 #acec4 ,! ablative ( ! "t at or )9 :i* action occurs is sometimes accompani$ by 93 z1 9 bell1 #f1 #a1 #c1 9 ! w>4 9 tempore1 ,t4 ,hau4 #cfd1 9 ! nick ( "t4 9 adulsc5ti1 ,pl4 ,b4 #daj1 9 my "y days4 9 tl tempore1 ,lucr4 #a1 #ic1 ,l4 #bb1 #ce1 #g1 9 su* a /ress1 at su* an h\r4 9 hc trdu1 ,pl4 ,ps4 #caf1 )9 ! next ?ree days4 ,especially ( repeat$ action1 9 ! s5se ( a or e1 ) num]als3 z1 t] 9 ann1 ,pl4 ,b4 #aabg1 ,,ra4 #acb1 ?ree times a ye>4 9 hr saepe duc5ts v]ss dictbat1 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #d1 #i1 two hundr$ v]ses 9 an h\r he'd (t5 dictate (f4 ,b occasionally )\t 93 z1 m decins di n extrdit a$ibus1 ,pl4 ,aul4 #gj1 t5 times a day he ?ru/s me f ! h\se4 septins di1 ,l4 #bh1 #f1 #aj1 sev5 times a day4 #aced4 ,an ablative ( ! "t )9 :i* action occurs is sometimes foll[$ by a relative pron\n s5t5ce1 ) ! relative pron\n likewise 9 ! ablative3 z1 quadrdu1 qu haec ge/a sunt1 rs ad ,*rsogonum df]tur1 ,,ra4 #bj1 )9 ! f\r days space 9 :i* ?is occurr$1 ! incid5t is report$ to ,*rysogonus1 i4e4 f\r days aft] ?is occurr$4 dibus decem1 quibus mt]ia coepta erat conportr1 omn op]e effect1 #d1 #ah1 #a1 ! job be+ all done t5 days aft] ! c>t+ ( ! /uff _h begun4 #acee4 ,! ablative is exceptionally us$ to d5ote duration ( "t3 z1 tt nocte cont95t] irunt1 #a1 #bf1 #e1 !y w5t on & on all night )\t int]ruption4 ,regul>ly1 h[ev]1 ! accusative 7#aaea72 b ! ablative is common 9 inscriptions4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,in/rum5tal ,,ablative4 7,a47 ,,! ,,ablative ,,( ,,att5dance4 ,,! ,,ablative ,,( ,,accompanim5t4 #acef4 ,a few indef9ite designations ( milit>y =ces d5ote accompanim5t by ! ablative alone1 or (t5] ) cum3 z1 7a47 ad ca/ra ,caes>is omnibus cpis cont5drunt1 #b1 #g1 #c1 !y m>*$ ^u ,caes>'s camp ) all _! =ces4 omnibus cpis ad ,il]dam pr(icscitur1 ,caes4 ,c4 #a1 #da1 #b1 he m>*es be=e ,il]da1 horse1 foot1 & dragoons4 7b47 is cvitt p]susit1 ut cum omnibus cpis exr5t1 #a1 #b1 #a1 well1 ?is man induc$ ! community to emigrate 9 a body1 bag & baggage4 #aceg4 ,! p>ticiples inctus & coninctus take ! ablative ( ! ?+ jo9$ )3 z1 dfnsine incta laudti1 ,br4 #afb1 a eulogy comb9$ ) a def5ce4 ,b sometimes ! ablative ) cum is us$1 or ! dative 7#aahf74 ,,! ,,ablative ,,( ,,mann]4 #aceh4 7#a47 ,c]ta9 sub/antives )\t an attribute are put 9 ! ablative alone to d5ote mann]2 b usually sub/antives )\t an attribute h cum4 7a47 ,su* adv]bial ablatives are ire & iniri1 ratine et vi1 sil5ti1 viti1 rd9e1 sponte1 cnsutd9e1 c43 z1 ,artus ire laudtur1 ,(f4 #b1 #ha1 ,aratus is ju/ly admir$4 iniri suspectum1 ,c4 #a1 #ag1 wrongfully suspect$4 9 omnibus1 quae ratine doc5tur et vi1 ,o4 #aaf1 9 ev]y?+ t is taught ) philosophic me?od4 sil5ti gressus1 #g1 #eh1 #b1 go+ out 9 sil5ce4 cnsrs viti cret1 ,l4 #f1 #bg1 #e1 c5sors irregul>ly appo9t$4 rd9e cncta exposuit1 ,l4 #c1 #ej1 #d1 he told ! :ole /ory f beg9n+ to end1 i4e4 ) all ! p>ticul>s4 7b47 ,) cum3 face rem hanc cum cr g]s1 ,pl4 ,p]4 #aih1 see t ?is job ) c>e ?\ do/4 cum virtte vv]e1 ,f94 #c1 #bi1 to live virtu\sly4 #acei4 7#b47 ,! ablative ( a sub/antive ) an attribute is (t5 us$ to d5ote mann]1 sometimes ) cum3 z1 7a47 p$e fau/1 ,h4 ,e4 #b1 #b1 #cg1 g ) a bless+ on ?y foot4 dat sonit magn /rgem1 ,lucr4 #a1 #bhh1 x deals de/ruction ) a mighty ro>4 f]rum rt /]nuntur1 ,l4 #e1 #dd1 #f1 !y ?r[ !mselves d[n bea/-fa%ion4 apis ,matnae mre modque op]sa c>m9a f+1 ,h4 #d1 #b1 #bg1 9 way & wise ( ,mat9 bee labori\s lays ,i m\ld4 #8indoctus' dcimus brev prm litt]1 #8nsnus' prduct1 #8inhmnus' brev1 #8nflx' long4 ,o4 #aei1 we pron\nce indoctus ) ! fir/ lett] %ort1 nsnus ) x long1 inhmnus ) x %ort1 nflx ) x long 7#afg74 t]n cnsurgunt rd9e rm1 ,v4 #e1 #abj1 ) triple bank ea* "t 9 conc]t rise ! o>s4 7b47 ,allobroges magn cum cr sus fns tu5tur1 #g1 #fe1 #c1 ! ,allobrogans gu>d _! own t]ritory ) great c>e4 #acfj4 ,) a sub/antive mean+ way or mann]1 z mod1 rt1 c41 feel+ or int5tion1 z hc m5te1 aequ anim1 condition1 z e condicine1 or a "p ( ! body1 z 9 nd capite1 b>ehead$1 cum is n us$4 #acfa4 ,o!r expressions d5ot+ mann]1 p>ticul>ly prepositional expressions ) p]1 may be f\nd 9 ! diction>y3 z1 p] dolum1 #d1 #ac1 #a1 by deceit1 p] iocum1 ,agr4 #b1 #if1 9 fun1 p] litt]s1 ,att4 #e1 #ba1 #ac1 by lett]1 9 writ+1 p] vim1 ,,ra4 #cb1 viol5tly1 p] prae/igis1 ,v4 #d1 #ec1 by "s hocus pocus or o!r1 c41 c4 ,sometimes ! ablative ) ex4 ,,! ,,ablative ,,absolute4 #acfb4 7#a47 ,! ablative ( a sub/antive1 ) a pr$icate p>ticiple 9 agreem5t1 is us$ to d5ote an att5dant circum/ance ( an action4 ,9 ?is con/ruction1 :i* is call$ ! ,ablative ,absolute1 7a47 ! pres5t p>ticiple is sometimes us$3 z1 nll ho/e prohib5te incolumem leginem 9 ,nantuts p]dxit1 #c1 #f1 #e1 ) no enemy h9d]+1 he conduct$ ! legion 9 safety to ! ,nantuates4 ,mu* (t5]1 h[ev]1 7b47 ! p]fect p>ticiple3 z1 hc respns dat discessit1 #a1 #ad1 #g1 ?is answ] giv5 he w5t away4 7c47 ,! future p>ticiple is also us$ 9 ! ablative absolute f ,livy on3 z1 hospite v5tr1 cessbit nmo turum1 ,j4 #ad1 #ei1 a visitor to come1 y\r slaves w bu/le ea* & all4 #acfc4 ,a pr$icate ablative ) a p>ticiple mean+ made1 kept1 *os51 or ! l1 occurs 9 ,cic]o1 ,caes>1 ,nepos1 & ,livy1 b is r>e 7#aafg73 z1 ,dolbell ho/e dcrt1 ,ph4 #aa1 #af1 ,dolabella hav+ be5 vot$ an enemy ( ! /ate4 #acfd4 ,! p]fect p>ticiples ( depon5ts us$ actively 9 ! ablative absolute1 are *iefly ^? ( intransitive use1 su* z ntus1 mortuus1 ortus1 pr(ectus4 ,f ,sallu/ on1 o!r p]fect depon5t p>ticiples also are us$ actively ) an accusative4 ,cic]o & ,caes> use a few depon5t p>ticiples1 su* z m]itus1 pactus1 "ptus1 dpopultus1 z passives1 & lat] au?ors use _m o!r p>ticiples s4 #acfe4 7#b47 ,! ablative ( a sub/antive1 ) a pr$icate n\n 9 agreem5t1 is (t5 us$ to d5ote an att5dant circum/ance ( an action3 z1 brevittem sectus sum t magi/r1 ,fam4 #aa1 #be1 #a1 ,i aim$ at brevity ) y z a tea*]4 ntus ds inimcs1 ,pl4 ,mo/4 #efc1 born "u wra? ( gods4 ,m4 ,messl et ,m4 ,psne cnsulibus1 #a1 #b1 #a1 9 ! consul%ip ( ,messala & ,piso4 i/ praetre vnit ,syrcss1 ,v4 #d1 #fa1 9 ! def5dant's praetor%ip he came to ,syracuse4 #acff4 ,! nom9ative quisque1 pl]que1 or ipse1 sometimes accompanies ! ablative absolute3 z1 caus ipse pr s dict1 damntur1 ,l4 #d1 #dd1 #aj1 he is condemn$ aft] plead+ 8 case 9 p]son4 #acfg4 ,! ablative absolute may d5ote 9 a loose way v>i\s relations :i* might be m di/9ctly express$ by subord9ate s5t5ces4 ,s p>ticul>ly3 7a47 ,"t3 z1 t]ti init vigili ex]citum dcit1 ,caes4 ,c4 #c1 #ed1 #b1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird wat* he leads ! army out4 7b47 ,cause or means3 z1 ,c4 ,flm9ium ,caelius religine neglct cecidisse apud ,trsumnum scrbit1 ,,dn4 #b1 #h1 ,caelius writes t ,flam9ius fell at ,trasum5e 9 consequ5ce ( 8 neglect ( religi\s obs]vances4 7c47 ,concession3 z1 id paucs df5d5tibus expugnre nn potuit1 #b1 #ab1 #b1 ?\gh ! def5d]s 7 few1 he c\ld n take x by /orm4 7d47 ,hypo!sis3 z1 quae pote/ esse vtae icundits sublts amcitis8 ,pl4 #hj1 :at pleasure c !re be 9 life1 if y take fri5d%ips away8 7e47 ,description3 z1 domum vnit capite obvolt1 ,ph4 #b1 #gg1 he came home ) 8 head all muffl$ up4 #acfh4 ,x may be se5 f ! examples above t a *ange ( con/ruction is (t5 desirable 9 translat+ ! ablative absolute4 ,p>ticul>ly s 9 _m set idiomatic expressions3 z1 nll int]posit mor1 ,caes4 ,c4 #c1 #ge1 #a1 )\t a mom5t's delay1 in/antly4 equ admiss1 #a1 #bb1 #b1 equ citt1 ,caes4 ,c4 #c1 #if1 #c1 full gallop4 clmre sublt1 #g1 #ab1 #e1 ) a r\nd ( *e]s4 b5e r ge/ salvos r$e1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #aahb1 cr[n$ ) success ,i come back safe & s\nd4 #acfi4 ,! sub/antive ( ! ablative absolute usually d5otes a diff]5t p]son or ?+ f any 9 ! ma9 s5t5ce4 ,b exceptions to ?is usage sometimes occur3 z1 quibus audts1 es domum remittit1 #d1 #ba1 #f1 aft] li/5+ to ^! m51 he s5ds !m home aga94 s ego m sci5te pat]]1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #eei1 if ,i %\ld witt+ly myself all[1 m emphatic ?an scins4 s idice nmo nocns absolvitur1 ,j4 #ac1 #b1 himself ! judge1 no crim9al gets free4 #acgj4 ,two ablatives absolute (t5 occur toge!r1 ( :i* ! fir/ indicates ! "t1 circum/ances1 or cause ( ! second3 z1 exaudt clmre p]turbts rd9ibus1 #b1 #aa1 #e1 ! ranks be+ demoraliz$ f he>+ ! %\ts4 cnsmpts omnibus tls gladis d/ricts1 ,caes4 ,c4 #a1 #df1 #a1 draw+ _! swords aft] exp5d+ all _! missiles4 #acga4 ,! sub/antive is sometimes omitt$ 9 ! ablative absolute1 p>ticul>ly :5 x is a g5]al ^w = a p]son or a ?+ :i* is expla9$ by a relative3 z1 praemisss1 qu reprgr5t it]1 ,l4 #dd1 #d1 #aa1 s5d+ sapp]s & m9]s ahead to cle> a way4 relts rd9e1 quae vdiss5t1 ,l4 #db1 #be1 #b1 tell+ circum/antially all !y _h se54 #acgb4 ,! ablative neut] ( "s p]fect p>ticiples is us$ imp]sonally 7#ajcd74 ,?is use is r>e 9 old ,lat91 9 classical ,lat9 commone/ 9 ,cic]o1 & aft]w>ds 9 ,livy3 z1 auspict1 ,,dn4 #b1 #aa1 ) auspices tak54 sortt1 ,v4 #b1 #abf1 lots be+ drawn1 or by lot4 ,su* ablatives readily become adv]bs 7#gjd74 ,sub/antives are also sometimes us$ alone3 z1 au/r1 ,div4 #b1 #eh1 :5 ! w9d is s\?4 tranquillitte1 ,pl94 ,ep4 #h1 #bj1 #f1 :5 x is calm4 s]n1 ,l4 #cg1 #c1 #c1 ! day be+ cle>4 #acgc4 ,! ablative neut] ( "s p]fect p>ticiples is occasionally us$ 9 agreem5t ) a s5t5ce or an inf9itive3 z1 cgnit vv]e ,ptolomaeum1 ,l4 #cc1 #da1 #e1 x be+ kn[n t ,ptolomy 0 alive4 ,?is con/ruction is n us$ 9 old ,lat91 & is r>e 9 classical ,lat91 b common 9 ,livy & ,tacitus4 ,s adjectives also3 z1 inc]t quid vtr5t1 ,l4 #bh1 #cf1 #ab1 x n be+ obvi\s :at !y 7 to /e] cle> (4 #acgd4 ,! ablative absolute is sometimes att5d$1 especially 9 ,livy & ,tacitus1 by an explanatory ^w1 su* z ets1 tam51 nisi1 quasi1 quamquam1 or quamvs3 z1 ets aliqu accept dtrm5t1 tam5 summ ex]cits salv1 ,caes4 ,c4 #a1 #fg1 #e1 ?\gh ) "s loss1 yet ) ! safety ( ! army z a :ole4 ,,! ,,ablative ,,( ,,quality4 #acge4 ,! ablative ) an adjective 9 agreem5t or ) a limit+ g5itive is us$ to d5ote quality1 ei!r pr$icatively or attributively3 z1 7a47 ,pr$icatively3 capill sunt prmiss1 #e1 #ad1 #c1 !y h long hair1 or let _! hair gr[ long4 s+ulr fuit indu/ri1 ,n4 #bd1 #c1 #a1 he _h unp>allel$ activity4 anim bon's1 ,pl4 ,aul4 #gcb1 be ( good *e]4 ad flm5 ,g5usum1 quod rps erat imp$ts1 ,caes4 ,c4 #c1 #ge1 #d1 to ! riv] ,g5usus1 :i* _h impracticable banks4 7b47 ,attributively3 difficil trnsit flm5 rpsque pra]upts1 #f1 #g1 #e1 a riv] h>d to cross & ) /eep banks4 int]fectus e/ ,c4 ,grac*us1 clrissim patre1 av1 mairibus1 ,c4 #a1 #d1 ,grac*us 0 done to dea?1 a man ) an illu/ri\s fa!r1 gr&fa!r1 & ance/ors 9 g5]al 7#ajdd74 bs c]v figr1 #f1 #bf1 #a1 an ox ) ! %ape ( a /ag4 ,comp>e ! g5itive ( quality 7#abci74 ,,! ,,ablative ,,( ,,! ,,r\te ,,tak54 #acgf4 ,! in/rum5tal ablative is us$ ) v]bs ( motion to d5ote ! r\te tak53 z1 ,aurli vi pr(ectus e/1 ,c4 #b1 #f1 he has gone (f by ! ,aurelia ,road4 omnibus vis smitsque ess$ris ex silvs mittbat1 #e1 #ai1 #b1 he kept s5d+ 8 *>iot m5 out by all possible highways & byways4 hs pontibus pbultum mittbat1 ,caes4 ,c4 #a1 #dj1 #a1 by ^! bridges he s5t =ag+4 frm5tum ,tib] vnit1 ,l4 #b1 #cd1 #e1 "s gra9 came by ! ,tib]4 lupus squilna port +ressus p] portam ,capnam prope intctus vs]at1 ,l4 #cc1 #bf1 #i1 a wolf t came 9 t[n by ! ,esquil9e gate _h got out ?r\gh ! ,cap5e gate1 almo/ unsca!d4 ,?is con/ruction gives rise to "s adv]bs3 see #gjg4 ,! ablative ( ! r\te is sometimes us$ ) a sub/antive ( action 7#acja73 z1 nvigti nf]1 ,att4 #i1 #e1 #a1 ! cruise by ! l[] sea4 edem flm9e invecti1 ,f94 #e1 #gj1 entrance by ! same riv]4 7,b47 ,,! ,,in/rum5tal ,,prop]4 ,,! ,,ablative ,,( ,,in/rum5t ,,or ,,means4 #acgg4 ,! ablative is us$ to d5ote ! in/rum5t or means3 z1 pugnbant arms1 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #c1 #ajc1 !y f\ght ) arms4 clr oculs vide1 sum p]nx p$ibus1 manibus mbilis1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #fcj1 ,i c see di/9ctly ) my eyes1 ,i'm nimble ) my legs1 & active ) my arms4 iuvb aut r t aut op] aut cnsili bon1 ,pl4 ,ps4 #ai1 ,i'll help !e ei!r ) my purse or h& or good advice4 lacte et c>ne vvunt1 pellibusque sunt ve/t1 #e1 #ad1 #b1 !y live on milk & meat1 & !y are clad 9 sk9s4 cont5tus paucs lctribus1 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #aj1 #gd1 cont5t ) read]s few4 c5tnque arbore flctum v]b]at1 ,v4 #aj1 #bjg1 & ) an hundr$ beams at e /roke ! wave he smites4 ,r>ely ) sub/antives d5ot+ action 7#acja73 z1 ge/rs l+us1 audtrs auribus1 ,pl4 ,ps4 #dbi1 report]s ) _! tongues & li/5]s ) _! e>s4 t5]s labells molls morsiunculae1 ,pl4 ,ps4 #fg;a1 c>ess+ bites ) velvet lips4 #acgh4 ,:5 ! in/rum5t is a p]son1 ! accusative ) p] is us$3 z1 haec quoque p] explrtrs ad ho/s df]untur1 #f1 #g1 #i1 ?is too is report$ to ! enemy ?r\gh ! m$ium ( sc\ts4 ,or a circumlocution1 su* z virtte1 b5efici1 b5ignitte1 or especially op]1 ) a g5itive or possessive2 z1 dem virtte multa bona b5e p>ta habmus1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #cdf1 ?anks to ! gods1 we've _m a pretty p5ny prettily put by4 me op] ,t>5tum recpi/1 ,,cm4 #aa1 ,x 0 ?r\gh me y got ,t>5tum back4 ,r>ely ! ablative ( a p]son1 ! p]son be+ !n reg>d$ z a ?+3 z1 iac5t sus te/ibus1 ,mil4 #dg1 !y are ca/ by _! own witnesses4 #acgi4 ,! in/rum5tal ablative is us$ ) ! five depon5ts fruor1 fungor1 potior1 tor1 vscor1 & sev]al ( _! comp\nds1 & ) sus e/ & opus e/3 z1 pce numquam frumur1 ,ph4 #g1 #ai1 we nev] %all enjoy ourselves ) peace1 i4e4 we nev] %all enjoy peace4 fung> vice ctis1 ,h4 ,,ap4 #cjd1 ,i'll play ! :et/one's "p4 ca/rs no/r pott sunt1 #a1 #bf1 #d1 our p made !mselves ma/]s ( ! camp4 ve/r op] t>1 ,l4 #c1 #df1 #h1 ,i w avail myself ( y\r s]vices4 c>ne vscor1 ,,td4 #e1 #ij1 ,i live on meat4 opu/ *lamyde1 ,pl4 ,ps4 #gcd1 !re is a job ) a cloak1 i4e4 we ne$ a cloak4 #achj4 ,in/ead ( ! in/rum5tal ablative1 "s ( ! above v]bs take ! accusative occasionally 9 old & po/-,augu/an ,lat93 ?us1 9 ,plautus1 ,t]5ce1 ,cato1 always abtor1 also fungor1 except once 9 ,t]5ce2 fruor 9 ,cato & ,t]5ce1 & p]fungor 9 ,lucretius1 once ea*2 potior twice 9 ,plautus & ?ree times 9 ,t]5ce1 (t5 also ! g5itive 7#abib74 ,! g]undive ( ^! v]bs is commonly us$ p]sonally 9 ! passive1 z if ! v]bs 7 regul>ly us$ transitively 7#bbdd74 #acha4 tor (t5 has a second pr$icative ablative3 z1 adm9i/rs druidibus tuntur1 #f1 #af1 #b1 !y use ! druids z assi/ants4 facil m ttur patre1 ,t4 ,hau4 #bag1 an easy-go+ fa!r he w f9d 9 me4 #achb4 sus e/ & opus e/ sometimes take a neut] p>ticiple1 especially 9 old ,lat93 z1 vs opu/ caut/ opus1 ,pl4 ,cap4 #bbe1 !re's ne$ ( sight1 !re's ne$ ( c>e4 ,sometimes ! ablative ) a pr$icate p>ticiple3 z1 cel]it] m e hom9e conv5t/ opus1 ,pl4 ,cur4 #cjb1 ,i ne$s mu/ see t man at once4 #achc4 ,) opus e/1 ! ?+ want$ is (t5 made ! subject nom9ative or subject accusative1 ) opus 9 ! pr$icate3 z1 dux nbs et auctor opus e/1 ,fam4 #b1 #f1 #d1 we ne$ a lead] & advis]4 ,usually s :5 ! ?+ ne$$ is a neut] adjective or neut] pron\n3 z1 multa sib opus esse1 ,v4 #a1 #abf1 t he ne$$ mu*4 ,a g5itive dep5d5t on opus is f\nd once or twice 9 late ,lat9 7#abbg74 #achd4 sus e/ is employ$ *iefly 9 com$y1 b also once or twice 9 ,cic]o1 ,lucretius1 ,v]gil1 & ,livy4 ,once ) ! accusative3 su/ hom9em a/tum1 ,pl4 ,ps4 #che1 !re's ne$ ( a %>p man4 ,,! ,,ablative ,,( ,,specification4 #ache4 ,! in/rum5tal ablative is us$ to d5ote t 9 respect ( :i* an ass]tion or a t]m is to be tak53 z1 temporibus err/1 ,ph4 #b1 #bc1 y h slipp$ up 9 y\r *ronology4 excellbat ctine1 ,br4 #bae1 8 =te lay 9 deliv]y4 ,helvti reliqus ,galls virtte praecdunt1 #a1 #a1 #d1 ! ,helvetians outdo ! re/ ( ! ,kelts 9 brav]y4 h omns l+u1 n/itts1 lgibus int] s diff]unt1 #a1 #a1 #b1 ^! p all diff] f ea* o!r 9 language1 usages1 & laws4 sunt qudam hom9s nn r s$ nm9e1 ,(f4 #a1 #aje1 "s p are human be+s n 9 reality b 9 "n4 na ,suba ntine1 alt]a ,nrica1 #a1 #ec1 #d1 "o woman a ,suebe by bir?1 ! o!r ,noric4 vci/is co*leam t>ditd9e1 ,pl4 ,po54 #ecb1 y've beat5 snail 9 sl[ness4 dmns idici volg1 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #f1 #ig1 mad 9 ! judgem5t ( ! _w4 sapiunt me s5t5ti1 ,t4 ,ph4 #cce1 9 my op9ion !y are wise4 me quidem s5t5ti1 ,,cm4 #ef1 9 my humble op9ion4 quis ire p]tior commemorr pote/8 ,clu4 #ajg1 :o c be nam$ t is bett] v]s$ 9 ! law8 ,,! ,,ablative ,,( ,,fulness4 #achf4 ,! in/rum5tal ablative is us$ ) v]bs ( ab\nd+1 fill+1 & furni%+3 z1 vlla abundat porc1 ha$1 gn1 ,,cm4 #ef1 ! c\ntry place is runn+ ov] ) sw9e1 kid1 & lamb4 ttum montem hom9ibus complr iussit1 #a1 #bd1 #c1 he gave ord]s = ! :ole m\nta9 to be cov]$ ov] ) m54 ,mgnem po5 adfcrunt1 ,n4 #bc1 #h1 #b1 !y visit$ ,mago ) puni%m5t4 legins nimis pulcrs arms pra$its1 ,pl4 ,am4 #bah1 brigades 9 goodlie/ arms array$4 cnsulr imp]i pra$itus1 ,pis4 #ee1 ve/$ ) ! au?ority ( consul4 ,= ! g5itive ) comple & imple1 see #abic4 #achg4 ,! ablative is sometimes us$ ) adjectives ( fulness1 in/ead ( ! regul> g5itive 7#abfc74 ,?us1 9 lat] ,lat91 r>ely ) plnus3 z1 maxima quaeque domus s]vs e/ plna sup]bs1 ,j4 #e1 #ff1 a gr& e/abli%m5t is always full ( /uck-up slaves4 et ille quidem plnus anns abit1 plnus honribus1 ,pl94 ,ep4 #b1 #a1 #g1 well1 z = him1 he has pass$ away1 full ( ye>s & full ( hon\rs4 ,s 9 ,cic]o & ,caes>1 once ea*4 ,also ) dves 9 poetry1 &1 f ,livy on1 9 prose4 ,) ref]tus1 ! ablative ( ?+s is common1 :ile p]sons are usually 9 ! g5itive 7#abfc74 ,) onu/us1 ! ablative is g5]ally us$1 r>ely ! g5itive4 ,,! ,,ablative ,,( ,,measure1 ,,ex*ange1 ,,& ,,price4 #achh4 ,! in/rum5tal ablative is us$ ) v]bs ( measur+ & ( ex*ang+1 & 9 expressions ( value & price3 z1 7a47 quod magns hom9s virtte mtmur1 ,n4 #ah1 #a1 #a1 because we gauge great m5 by _! m]it4 7b47 nm nisi vctor pce bellum mtvit1 ,s4 ,c4 #eh1 #ae1 nobody except a conqu]or has ev] ex*ang$ w> = peace4 7c47 haec sgna s/]tim sex mllibus qung5ts esse vndita1 ,v4 #d1 #ab1 t ^! /atues 7 sold = sixty-five hundr$ se/]ces4 ae/imvit dnris ,,iii1 ,v4 #c1 #bad1 he valu$ x at ?ree d5>s4 trg9t mllibus dxi/is eum habitre1 ,cael4 #ag1 y h said he pays ?irty ?\s& r5t4 quod nn opus e/1 sse crum e/1 ,cato 9 ,s54 ,ep4 #id1 #bh1 :at y don't ne$1 at a p5ny is de>4 hem1 i/c v]bum1 mea volupts1 vle/ vg9t m9s1 ,pl4 ,mo/4 #big1 bless me1 t complim5t1 my *>m]1 7 at tw5ty m9as *eap4 #achi4 ,) mt & commt1 ! ablative usually d5otes ! ?+ receiv$4 ,b sometimes 9 ,plautus1 & especially 9 ,horace1 ,livy1 & late prose1 x d5otes ! ?+ p>t$ )3 z1 cr valle p]mtem ,sabn dvitis op]sirs8 ,h4 #c1 #a1 #dg1 :y *ange my ,sab9e dale = weal? t br+s m c>e8 ,simil>ly ) cum 9 ! prose ( ,cic]o's age3 z1 mortem cum vt commtre1 ,sulp4 9 ,fam4 #d1 #e1 #c1 to ex*ange life = dea?4 #acij4 ,! ablative ( price or value is ?us us$ *iefly ) v]bs or v]bal expressions ( b>ga9+1 buy+ or sell+1 hir+ or lett+1 co/+1 be+ *eap or de>4 ,also ) ae/im1 ( a def9ite price1 & sometimes magn1 p]magn 7#abgc74 #acia4 ,! ablatives ?us us$1 are 7a47 ^? ( g5]al sub/antives ( value & price1 su* z pretium1 7b47 num]ical designations ( money1 or 7c47 neut] adjectives ( quantity1 magn1 p]magn1 quam plrim1 p>v1 m9im1 nihil1 nnnihil3 z1 magn decums vndid1 ,v4 #c1 #dj1 ,i sold ! ti!s at a high figure4 ,= tant & quant1 plris & m9ris1 see #abgd4 #acib4 ,! ablative is also us$ ) dignus & indignus3 z1 dign mairum loc1 ,agr4 #b1 #a1 well wor?y ( ! high /&+ ( _! ance/ors4 nlla vx e/ audta popul ,rmn maie/te indigna1 #g1 #ag1 #c1 n a ^w 0 he>d out ( keep+ ) ! gr&eur ( ,rome4 ,see also dignor 9 ! diction>y4 ,simil>ly 9 ,plautus ) condign1 decrus1 decet1 aequ1 aequos4 ,= ! g5itive ) dignus1 see #abfi2 = ! accusative ) dignus & a =m ( sum1 #aadd4 ,erratum3 #achi 444 cr valle p]mtem ,sabn dvitis op]sirs8 op]sires ,,! ,,ablative ,,( ,,! ,,am\nt ,,( ,,diff]5ce4 #acic4 ,! in/rum5tal ablative is us$ to d5ote ! am\nt ( diff]5ce4 ,?is ablative is us$ ) any words :atev] ( comp>ative or ( sup]lative mean+3 z1 n di longirem mnsem faciunt aut bdu1 ,v4 #b1 #abi1 !y make ! mon? long] by a day1 or ev5 by two days4 ub adbibit pls paul1 ,t4 ,hau4 #bbj1 :5 he has drunk a drop too mu*4 numm dvitior1 ,pl4 ,ps4 #acbc1 a p5ny ri*]4 bdu po/1 #a1 #dg1 #a1 two days aft]4 mults ante dibus1 #g1 #i1 #d1 _m days be=e4 paucs ante dibus1 ,c4 #c1 #c1 a few days ago4 nimi prae/at1 ,pl4 ,b4 #cif1 #8t is ev] s mu* bett]4 mult mlim1 ,br4 #ahd1 ,i w\ld mu* r4 mult maxima p>s1 ,c4 #d1 #ag1 ! l>ge/ "p by f>4 #acid4 ,9 expressions ( "t1 ! accusative is sometimes us$ ) po/1 less frequ5tly ) ante1 z prepositions1 in/ead ( ! ablative ( diff]5ce3 z1 po/ paucs dis1 ,l4 #ba1 #ea1 #b1 po/ dis paucs1 ,l4 #cg1 #ac1 #f1 paucs po/ dis1 ,l4 #cc1 #ci1 #b1 aft] a few days4 paucs ante dis1 ,l4 #ci1 #bh1 #d1 dis ante paucs1 ,l4 #ca1 #bd1 #e1 a few days be=e4 ,) ?is prepositional con/ruction1 ord9als are common3 z1 po/ diem t]tium1 #d1 #i1 #a1 aft] ! ?ird day1 accord+ to ! ,roman way ( reckon+1 i4e4 ! next day b "o4 #acie4 7#a47 ,:5 ! "t be=e or aft] :i* any?+ occurs is d5ot$ by a sub/antive1 ! sub/antive is put 9 ! accusative ) ante or po/3 z1 paul ante t]tiam vigiliam1 #g1 #bd1 #b1 a little be=e ! ?ird wat*4 bdu ante vctriam1 ,fam4 #aj1 #ad1 #a1 ! day b "o be=e ! victory4 paucs dibus po/ mortem fricn1 ,l4 #c1 a few days aft] ! dea? ( ,africanus4 #acif4 ,sometimes 9 late writ]s1 z ,tacitus1 ,pl9y ! y\ng]1 & ,suetonius1 a g5itive is loosely us$3 z1 sextum po/ cldis annum1 ,ta4 #a1 #fb1 i4e4 sext po/ cldem ann1 six ye>s aft] ! humiliat+ defeat4 po/ decimum mortis annum1 ,pl94 ,ep4 #f1 #aj1 #c1 t5 ye>s aft] 8 dea?4 ,simil>ly intr sextum adoptinis diem1 ,suet4 ,galb4 #ag1 n long] ?an six days aft] ! adoption-day4 #acig4 7#b47 ,:5 ! "t be=e or aft] :i* any?+ occurs is d5ot$ by a s5t5ce1 ! s5t5ce may be introduc$3 7a47 ,by quam3 z1 po/ diem t]tium ge/a rs e/ quam dx]at1 ,mil4 #dd1 x took place two days aft] he said x4 ,) quam1 po/ is sometimes omitt$4 ,or 7b47 less frequ5tly by cum3 z1 quem trdu1 cum hs dabam litt]s1 exspectbam1 ,planc4 9 ,fam4 #aj1 #bc1 #c1 ,i am look+ = him ?ree days aft] ?is writ+ 7#afja74 ,= a relative pron\n s5t5ce1 see #aced4 #acih4 ,v]bs ( surpass+ sometimes h an accusative ( ext5t 7#aaea73 z1 mrmur hunc hom9em tantum excell]e ct]s8 ,,ip4 #ci1 are we surpris$ t ?is man s f> out%9es ev]ybody else8 ,) comp>atives1 ! accusative is r>e3 z1 aliquantum 9quior1 ,t4 ,hau4 #bja1 some:at too h>d4 ,simil>ly p]multum ante1 ,fam4 #c1 #aa1 #a1 long long be=e4 #acii4 ,9 num]ical designations ( di/ance1 ! words int]vllum & spatium are regul>ly put 9 ! ablative3 z1 rx ,,vi mlium passuum int]vll ,saburr cnsd]at1 ,caes4 ,c4 #b1 #ch1 #c1 ! k+ _h pit*$ six miles away f ,saburra4 ,s sometimes mlle3 z1 mlibus passuum ,,vi a ,caes>is ca/rs sub monte cnsdit1 #a1 #dh1 #a4 ,see #aaeb4 ,errata3 #acic 444 mults ante dibus1 #g1 #i1 #d dibus4 #acie 444 bdu ante vctriam vctriam ,,two ,,or ,,m ,,ablatives ,,comb9$4 #adjj4 ,two or m ablatives d5ot+ diff]5t relations are (t5 comb9$ 9 ! same s5t5ce3 z1 ,m5ippus1 me idici 7#ache7 tt ,asi 7#acdf7 ills temporibus 7#acej7 dis]tissimus1 ,br4 #cae1 ,m5ippus1 9 my op9ion ! mo/ gift$ speak] ( t day 9 all ,asia4 hc habit rtine 7#acfb7 mlitibus /udi 7#acaf7 pugnae ard5tibus 7#acgj7 tub 7#acgg7 sgnum d$it1 ,caes4 ,c4 #c1 #ij1 #d1 see+ t 8 soldi]s 7 hot = battle aft] ?is spee*1 he gave ! signal by trumpet4 ,,use ,,( ,,cases ,,) ,,prepositions4 #adja4 ,two cases1 ! accusative & ! ablative1 are us$ ) prepositions4 #adjb4 ,prepositions 7 orig9ally adv]bs :i* s]v$ to def9e m exactly ! mean+ ( a v]b4 ,?us1 endo1 91 on1 ! old] =m ( 91 is an adv]b1 9 an injunction occurr+ 9 a law ( ! ,twelve ,tables1 #dea ,b4,c41 manum endo iacit1 let him lay h& on4 ,simil>ly1 trns1 ov]1 9 trnsque dat1 & he mu/ h& ov]1 i4e4 trditque4 #adjc4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t su* adv]bs became v]bal prefixes2 ! v]bs comp\nd$ ) !m may take ! case1 accusative or ablative1 requir$ by ! mean+ ( ! comp\nd4 ,?us1 amcs ade1 ,i g to my fri5ds 7#aacg72 urbe exe1 ,i g out ( t[n 7#acjb74 #adjd4 ,= di/9ctness or emphasis1 ! prefix ( ! v]b may be repeat$ be=e ! case3 z1 ad amcs ade2 ex urbe exe4 ,& :5 x is ?us sep>ately express$ be=e ! case1 x may be dropp$ f ! v]b3 z1 ad amcs e2 ex urbe e4 #adje4 ,! preposition ?us deta*$ f ! v]b becomes an att5dant on a sub/antive1 & s]ves to %[ ! relation ( ! sub/antive 9 a s5t5ce m di/9ctly ?an ! case alone c\ld4 #adjf4 ,a great _m adv]bs :i* are nev] us$ 9 composition ) a v]b likewise become prepositions3 z1 apud1 circit]1 nfr1 ixt1 pne1 propt]1 c41 c4 ,! inflect$ =ms ( sub/antives1 prdi1 po/rdi 7#adac71 t5us 7#adbj71 & fn 7#adai71 are also sometimes us$ z prepositions4 ,& vicem 7#aade71 caus1 grti1 nm9e1 erg 7#abeg71 resemble prepositions closely 9 mean+4 #adjg4 ,a trace ( ! orig9al adv]bial use ( prepositions is sometimes reta9$1 *iefly 9 poetry1 :5 ! prefix is sep>at$ f its ^w by :at is call$ ,tmesis3 z1 re inque gr$1 i4e4 +r$que1 ,lucr4 #d1 #hhg1 to walk & to /ep (f4 p] mih mrum vsum e/1 ,,d4 #a1 #bad1 pass+ /range x seem$ to me4 #adjh4 ,ev5 su* words z are us$ almo/ exclusively z prepositions sometimes reta9 _! orig9al adv]bial mean+ also3 z1 adque adque1 ,e4 9 ,gell4 #aj1 #bi1 #b1 & up & up1 & on & on1 or & ne>] /ill & /ill m ne>4 occss ad hom9um mlibus quattuor1 #b1 #cc1 #e1 ab\t f\r ?\s& m5 be+ kill$4 susque dque1 ,att4 #ad1 #f1 #a1 up & d[n1 topsy turvy1 no matt] h[4 #adji4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "s v]bal prefixes are nev] us$ z sep>ate prepositions ) a sub/antive4 ,^! are call$ ,insep>able ,prepositions2 !y are3 amb-1 r\nd1 an-1 up1 dis-1 9 two1 por-1 t[>ds1 rd-1 back4 ,usually also sd-1 ap>t 7#adag74 ,,prepositions ,,us$ ,,) ,,! ,,accusative4 #adaj4 ,! accusative is accompani$ by ! foll[+ prepositions3 ad1 to1 adv]sus or adv]sum1 t[>ds1 aga9/1 ante1 9 composition also antid-1 be=e1 apud1 ne>1 at1 circ1 circum1 circit]1 r\nd1 ab\t1 cis1 citr1 ?is side (1 contr1 opposite to1 erg1 t[>ds1 extr1 outside1 nfr1 bel[1 int]1 betwe51 intr1 )91 ixt1 ne>1 ob1 aga9/1 p5es1 9 ! possession (1 p]1 ?r\gh1 pne1 po/1 9 ,plautus po/id1 po/e1 pos1 beh9d1 praet]1 pa/1 prope 7propius1 proxim71 propt]1 ne>1 secundum1 aft]1 subt]1 "u1 supr1 above1 trns1 across1 uls1 ultr1 beyond4 ,= ! v>i\s %ades ( mean+ & applications ( ^! prepositions1 see ! diction>y4 #adaa4 ,prepositions :i* accompany ! accusative may be easily rememb]$ 9 ?is ord]3 ante1 apud1 ad1 adv]sum1 circum1 cis1 ob1 trns1 secundum1 p5es1 pne1 prope1 p]1 po/1 & all 9 - & -t]4 #adab4 ,( ! above nam$ words "s are n us$ z prepositions till a relatively late p]iod4 ,?us1 nfr is fir/ us$ z a preposition by ,t]5ce & once only2 circ some:at be=e & citr ab\t ,cic]o's "t2 ultr fir/ by ,cato2 ixt by ,v>ro4 ,9 ,cic]o ixt is /ill us$ only z an adv]b1 9 ,caes> & ,nepos z a preposition4 #adac4 ,! sub/antive =ms prdi1 ! day be=e1 & po/rdi1 ! day aft]1 are sometimes us$ ) an accusative l prepositions1 mo/ly 9 ,cic]o1 to d5ote dates3 z1 prdi nns ,mis1 ,att4 #b1 #aa1 #b1 ! day be=e ! nones ( ,may1 i4e4 #f ,may4 po/rdi lds ,apoll9rs1 ,att4 #af1 #d1 #a1 ! day aft] ! games ( ,apollo1 i4e4 #f ,july4 ,= ! g5itive ) ^! words1 see #abcb4 #adad4 ,! adv]b vorsus or v]sus1 w>ds1 occurs z a po/ positive 7#adcd7 preposition r>ely3 once 9 ,sallu/1 ,aegyptum vorsus1 ,j4 #ai1 #c1 ,egyptw>ds1 9 ,cic]o a few times1 twice 9 ,pl9y ! eld]4 usque1 ev5 to1 occurs ) names ( t[ns 9 ,t]5ce 7once71 ,cic]o1 & lat]2 ) appellatives 9 ,cato 7once7 & late writ]s4 #adae4 clam1 secretly1 is ord9>ily an adv]b4 ,b 9 old ,lat9 x is us$ (t5 z a preposition1 unkn[n to1 ) an accusative ( a p]son4 ,t]5ce has once ! dim9utive =m clanculum1 ,ad4 #eb4 ,) ! ablative only 9 ! ,,mss4 ( ,caes>1 once1 clam vbs1 ,c4 #b1 #cb1 #h1 )\t y\r k1 & 9 ,bell4 ,afr4 #aa1 #d4 #adaf4 subt]1 "u1 is us$ 9 poetry1 once by ,catullus & once by ,v]gil1 ) ! locative ablative3 z1 ,rhoet subt] ltore1 ,cat4 #fe1 #g1 b5ea? ,rhoeteum's /r&4 ,,prepositions ,,us$ ,,) ,,! ,,ablative4 #adag4 ,! ablative is accompani$ by ! foll[+ prepositions3 abs1 ab1 or 1 f1 cram1 face to face1 d1 d[n f1 f1 (1 ex or 1 out (1 prae1 at ! =e1 9 front (1 pr1 be=e1 quom or cum1 )1 s9e1 )\t4 ,9 (ficial or legal language1 also sd or s1 )\t4 ,= ! diff]5t classes ( ablatives ) ^! prepositions1 see #abig-acjj2 = ! v>i\s %ades ( mean+s & applications1 see ! diction>y4 #adah4 ,prepositions :i* accompany ! ablative may be easily rememb]$ 9 ?is ord]3 abs 7ab1 71 cum1 cram1 d1 prae1 pr1 s9e1 ex 7or 74 #adai4 ,! ablative fn1 z f> z1 is us$ 9 old ,lat9 z a preposition ) ! ablative3 z1 osse fn1 ,pl4 ,m54 #hei1 d[n to ! bone4 op]t t]r rdcibus fn1 ,cato1 ,,rr4 #bh1 #b1 cov] ) loam ! l5g? ( ! roots4 ,also1 z a real sub/antive1 ) a g5itive 7#abee73 z1 nsrum nfimrum fn1 ,cato1 ,,rr4 #aac1 #b1 up to ! bottom ( ! h&les4 ,r>ely fne1 & be=e ! g5itive3 z1 fne g5s1 ,o4 #aj1 #ecg1 z f> z ! knee4 #adbj4 t5us1 ! l5g?1 0 orig9ally a sub/antive accusative 7#aaea74 ,f ,cic]o on1 x is us$ z a preposition ) ! ablative1 & /&+ aft] its case3 z1 ,taur t5us1 ,d4 #cf1 n fur!r ?an ,taurus4 pectoribus t5us1 ,l4 #ba1 #ed1 #i1 q up to ! brea/4 hct5us1 ?us f>1 only ?us f>4 ,also1 z a real sub/antive1 ) a g5itive1 usually a plural1 mo/ly 9 v]se 7#abcb73 z1 labrrum t5us1 ,lucr4 #a1 #idj1 ! l5g? ( ! lips1 up to ! lips4 ,cmrum t5us1 ,cael4 9 ,fam4 #h1 #a1 #b1 z f> z ,cumae4 #adba4 ,! adv]bs palam1 9 pres5ce (1 procul1 ap>t f1 ei!r ne> or f>1 simul1 )1 are r>ely us$ 9 poetry & late prose z prepositions ) ! ablative4 coram occurs b once z a preposition 7inscriptional7 be=e ,cic]o's "t4 absque ) ! ablative occurs once ea* 9 ,cic]o & ,qu9tilian2 9 ,plautus & ,t]5ce only 9 a coord9ate protasis 7#agja2 #baaj74 ,,prepositions ,,us$ ,,) ,,! ,,accusative ,,or ,,! ,,ablative4 #adbb4 ,two cases1 ! accusative & ! ablative1 are accompani$ by ! prepositions 91 old] endo1 indu1 into1 91 sub1 "u1 & sup]1 ov]1 on4 #adbc4 7#a47 9 & sub accompany ! accusative ( ! end ( motion1 ! locative ablative ( re/3 z1 7a47 9 criam vnimus1 ,v4 #d1 #ach1 we w5t to ! s5ate-h\se4 9 v9cla coniectus e/1 ,v4 #e1 #ag1 he 0 put 9 irons4 hc pgus eius ex]citum sub iugum ms]at1 #a1 #ab1 #e1 ?is canton _h s5t 8 army "u ! yoke4 7b47 erimus 9 ca/rs1 ,ph4 #ab1 #bh1 we %all be 9 camp4 virid membra sub arbut /rtus1 ,h4 #a1 #a1 #ba1 /ret*$ out--8 limbs--all "u an arbute gre54 #adbd4 ,v]bs ( re/ sometimes h 9 ) ! accusative1 because ( an impli$ idea ( motion4 ,&1 conv]sely1 v]bs ( motion sometimes h 9 ) ! ablative1 because ( an impli$ idea ( re/3 z1 7a47 mihi 9 m5tem fuit1 ,pl4 ,am4 #ahj1 x popp$ into my head1 i4e4 came 9 & is 9 7comp>e v5it hoc m 9 m5tem1 ,pl4 ,aul4 #bbf4 9 eius pote/tem v5re nlbant1 ,v4 #a1 #aej4 9 erum pote/tem portum futrum intellegbant1 ,v4 #e1 #ih1 !y knew full well ! hav5 w\ld get "u ! control ( ^! p74 7b47 ,caes> ex]citum 9 hb]ns conlocvit1 #c1 #bi1 #c1 ,caes> put ! army away 9 w9t] qu>t]s1 i4e4 put !m into & left !m 94 eam 9 lect conlocrunt1 ,t4 ,eu4 #eic1 !y laid ! lady on h] c\*4 ,s commonly ) loc1 conloc1 /atu1 cn/itu1 pn1 & its comp\nds4 ,= expn & impn1 see ! diction>y4 #adbe4 7#b47 sup] accompanies ! ablative :5 x has colloquially ! s5se ( d1 ab\t1 9 ref]5ce to3 z1 hc sup] r scrbam ad t ,rgi1 ,att4 #af1 #f1 #a1 ,i'll write y ab\t ?is f ,regium4 ,9 o!r s5ses1 ! accusative1 b sometimes 9 poetry ! ablative1 *iefly 9 ! s5se ( on3 z1 ligna sup] foc l>g repnns1 ,h4 #a1 #i1 #e1 pil+ on he>? ! faggots high4 nocte sup] m$i1 ,v4 #i1 #fa1 at dead ( night4 paulum silvae sup] hs1 ,h4 ,s4 #b1 #f1 #c1 a bit ( wood to cr[n ! :ole4 ,errata3 #adbd;a 444 comp>e v5it hoc m 9 m5tem text un*ang$3 expect$ =m vnit ,s commonly ) loc1 conloc loc4 conloc ,,comb9ation ,,( ,,sub/antives ,,by ,a ,,preposition4 #adbf4 7#a47 ,two sub/antives are sometimes connect$ by a preposition1 to indicate c]ta9 attributive relations 7#ajdc72 su* are p>ticul>ly3 7a47 ,place3 z1 illam pugnam nvlem ad ,t5$um1 ,mur4 #cc1 ! sea-fight (f ,t5$us4 excessum vt1 ,f94 #c1 #fj1 ! dep>ture f life4 7b47 ,s\rce1 orig91 mat]ial3 z1 ex ,ae?iopi ancillulam1 ,t4 ,eu4 #afe1 a lady's maid f ,ae?iopia4 pcula ex aur1 ,v4 #d1 #fb1 b[ls ( gold 7#acad74 7c47 ,direction ( action1 connection1 sep>ation3 z1 amor 9 patriam1 ,fl4 #ajc1 love ( c\ntry4 ve/ra erg m volunts1 ,c4 #d1 #a1 y\r good w t[>ds me4 proelium cum ,tscs ad ,iniculum1 ,l4 #b1 #eb1 #g1 ! battle ) ! ,tuscans at ,janiculum4 vir s9e met1 ,,td4 #e1 #dh1 a man devoid ( fe> 7#ajdc74 #adbg4 7#b47 ,v commonly1 h[ev]1 o!r con/ructions are us$1 ev5 to indicate ! relations above3 z1 bellum ,v5etrum1 #c1 #af1 #a1 w> ) ! ,v5etans 7#abca74 bell ,cassin1 #a1 #ac1 #b1 9 ! w> ) ,cassius 7#abcc74 9 aures pculs1 ,v4 #d1 #ed1 9 gold5 b[ls 7#abcc74 scts ex cortice facts1 #b1 #cc1 #b1 ) long %ields made out ( b>k 7#acad74 po/ vctriam eius bell1 quod cum ,p]ss fuit1 ,(f4 #c1 #di1 aft] ! victory 9 ! w> ) ! ,p]sians4 #adbh4 ,prepositional expressions are sometimes us$ pr$icatively3 z1 sunt omns s9e macul1 ,pl4 #f1 #ad1 !y are all )\t spot or blemi%4 ,& sometimes !y are equival5t to adjectives3 z1 contr ntram1 ,,td4 #d1 #aa1 unnatural1 supr hom9em1 ,,dn4 #b1 #cd1 sup]human4 ,or to sub/antives3 z1 s9e pond]e1 ,o4 #a1 #bj1 ?+s )\t weight4 ,or to adv]bs3 z1 s9e labre1 ,pl4 ,r4 #dfa1 easily4 ,erratum3 #adbf;a 444 ,l4 #b1 #eb1 #g ,l #b1 ,,repetition ,,or ,,omission ,,( ,a ,,preposition ,,) ,,sev]al ,,sub/antives4 #adbi4 7#a47 ,a preposition is (t5 repeat$ ) emphasis be=e two or m sub/antives3 z1 9 labre atque 9 dolre1 ,pl4 ,ps4 #fhe1 9 toil & 9 tr\ble4 ,p>ticul>ly s ) et 4 4 4 et1 aut 4 4 4 aut1 nn slum 4 4 4 s$ etiam1 nn m9us 444 quam1 c41 c43 z1 et ex urbe et ex agrs1 ,c4 #b1 #ba1 f ,rome & f ! c\ntry too4 #adcj4 7#b47 ,a preposition is (t5 us$ ) ! fir/ only ( two or m sub/antives3 z1 9 labre ac dolre1 ,,td4 #e1 #da1 9 toil & tr\ble4 incidit 9 e&em invidiam quam pat] suus1 ,n4 #e1 #c1 #a1 he fell "u ! selfsame ban z 8 fa!r4 ,p>ticul>ly :5 ! second is 9 apposition3 z1 cum dubus ducibus1 ,pyrrh et ,hannibale1 ,l4 #bh1 ) two comm&]s1 ,pyrrhus & ,hannibal4 ,erratum3 #adbi 444 nn m9us 444 quam1 c41 c4 f9al 4 miss+ ,,two ,,prepositions ,,) ,,"o ,,sub/antive4 #adca4 7#a47 ,:5 two prepositions belong to "o & ! same sub/antive1 ! sub/antive is express$ ) ! fir/4 ,) ! second1 ! sub/antive is repeat$1 or its place is tak5 by a pron\n3 z1 contr lgem prque lge1 ,l4 #cd1 #h1 #a1 aga9/ ! law & = ! law4 p>tim contr ,avtum1 p>tim pr hc1 ,clu4 #hh1 p>tly aga9/ ,avitus1 p>tly = him4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! two prepositions accompany ! same case1 ! sub/antive ne$ n be repeat$3 z1 intr extrque mntins1 ,caes4 ,c4 #c1 #gb1 #b1 inside & outside ! works4 #adcb4 7#b47 ,! second preposition is (t5 us$ adv]bially1 )\t any sub/antive3 z1 et 9 corpore et extr1 ,f94 #b1 #fh1 bo? 9 ! body & outside4 ,,position ,,( ,,prepositions4 #adcc4 ,9 g5]al a preposition prec$es its case3 see #agh4 #adcd4 ,disyllabic prepositions sometimes foll[ _! sub/antives4 ,?us1 9 ,cic]o1 contr1 ultr1 & s9e1 sometimes /& aft] a relative2 s likewise int] 9 ,cic]o1 ,caes>1 & ,sallu/2 occasionally also p5es & propt]4 ,= v]sus1 see #adad2 = fn1 #adai2 = t5us1 #adbj4 #adce4 ,( monosyllables1 ad & d (t5 foll[ a relative4 ,also cum (t5 9 ,cic]o & ,sallu/1 & regul>ly 9 ,caes>4 ,) a p]sonal or a reflexive pron\n1 cum regul>ly foll[s1 z mcum1 nbscum1 scum4 #adcf4 ,9 poetry & late prose1 prepositions are freely put aft] _! cases4 #adcg4 ,9 oa?s & adjurations1 p] is (t5 sep>at$ f its prop] accusative by ! accusative ( ! object3 z1 p] t des r1 ,t4 ,&r4 #ech1 ,i beg !e by ! gods1 9 ! gods' "n4 ,,use ,,( ,,adv]bs4 #adch4 ,adv]bs qualify v]bs1 adjectives1 or adv]bs4 7a47 ,) v]bs1 all sorts ( adv]bs are us$3 z1 ( ,place3 quis i/c habet8 ,pl4 ,b4 #aad1 :o lives 9 !re8 ,"t3 tum d5ts mihi cadbant prmulum1 ,pl4 ,m54 #aaaf1 my tee? 7 j beg9n+ !n to g4 ,numb]3 bis cnsul fu]at ,p4 fricnus1 ,mur4 #eh1 ,africanus _h twice be5 consul4 ,degree1 ,am\nt3 ,ubi magnop]e rbant1 #d1 #af1 #e1 ! ,ubians e>ne/ly entreat$4 ,dumnorx plrimum pot]at1 #a1 #i1 #c1 ,dumnorix 0 all-p[]ful4 ,mann]3 b5e quivit1 lib5t] cibum smpsit1 ,pl94 ,ep4 #c1 #af1 #d1 he has slept beautifully1 he has reli%$ 8 food4 7b47 ,) adjectives & adv]bs1 (t5e/ adv]bs ( degree or am\nt only1 or _! equival5ts1 su* z b5e1 gregi1 c43 z1 vald dligns1 ,ac4 #b1 #ih1 v p>ticul>4 gregi =tis1 ,,d4 #b1 #bfh1 exceptionally brave4 ,adv]bs ( mann]1 h[ev]1 are also us$1 especially 9 poetry3 z1 turpit] hrtum1 ,h4 ,e4 #a1 #c1 #bb1 disreputably r\gh1 i4e4 disreputable & r\gh4 #adci4 ,an adv]b is sometimes us$ ) ! mean+ ( an adjective3 z1 reliqus de9cps dibus1 #c1 #bi1 #a1 ! rema9+ successive days4 d sus prvtim rbus1 #e1 #c1 #e1 9 relation to _! p]sonal int]e/s4 undique silvae1 ,pl94 ,ep4 #a1 #f1 #b1 ! surr\nd+ woods4 ,p>ticul>ly :5 ! sub/antive expresses "*1 l an adjective3 z1 vr ,metellus1 ,se/4 #acj1 a trueblood$ ,metellus4 r/icnus vir1 s$ pln vir1 ,,td4 #b1 #ec1 a c\ntry man1 b e in* a man4 #addj4 ,p]fect p>ticiples us$ z sub/antives are commonly qualifi$ by an adv]b1 & n by an adjective4 ,p>ticul>ly s dictum1 factum1 inv5tum1 respnsum1 ) b5e & male1 & _! synonymes3 z1 rct ac turpit] factum1 #g1 #hj1 #e1 h]oism & c[>dice4 b5e facta male locta male facta arbitror1 ,e4 9 ,(f4 #b1 #fb1 good de$s ill put1 bad de$s ,i c\nt4 ,9 sup]lative qualifications1 h[ev]1 ! adjective is pref]r$4 #adda4 ,o!r sub/antives also may be qualifi$ by an adv]b1 :5 a v]b con/ruction or a p>ticiple is impli$3 z1 ,c4 ,flm9ius cnsul it]um1 ,div4 #a1 #gg1 ,flam9ius 9 8 second consul%ip4 totins s]vos1 ,h4 ,s4 #b1 #g1 #gj1 "t & aga9 a slave4 ict comm9us1 ,caec94 #dc1 by a h&-to-h& bl[4 pblic te/em1 ,v4 #b1 #aef1 a gov]nm5t witness4 populum lt rgem1 ,v4 #a1 #ba1 a nation regnant wide4 lt tyrannus1 ,h4 #c1 #ag1 #i1 "l p>am\nt f> & ne>4 #addb4 ,an adv]b sometimes takes ! place ( a sub/antive3 z1 cum amc p>tim ds]u]9t m1 p>tim etiam prdid]9t1 ,q,fr4 #a1 #c1 #e1 s9ce my fri5ds h "s ( !m ab&on$ me1 & o!rs aga9 h actually betray$ me1 i4e4 ali 4 4 4 ali4 po/quam satis tta circ vidbantur1 ,l4 #a1 #eh1 #b1 f9d+ e ?+ r\nd ab\t look$ pretty safe1 i4e4 quae circ erant4 palam laudrs1 scrta male audibant1 ,ta4 ,h4 #a1 #aj1 8 outw>d walk y w\ld h admir$2 8 private life 0 9 bad od\r1 i4e4 quae palam fbant4 ,,negative ,,adv]bs4 #addc4 7#a47 ,! negative (t5e/ us$ 9 decl>ation or int]rogation is nn1 n3 z1 nn metu mihi1 ,pl4 ,b4 #bbe1 ,i fe> n = myself4 nn semp] imbrs nbibus hspids mnant 9 agrs1 ,h4 #b1 #i1 #a1 n always f ! cl\ds d %[]s on /ubbly fields come dripp+ dropp+ d[n4 nn dcs hodi8 ,h4 ,s4 #b1 #g1 #ba1 w y n say )\t delay8 #addd4 nn is a modification ( no5um or no5u1 comp\nd$ ( ne1 no1 & ! accusative o9om or o5um1 ! old] =m ( num1 "o ?+4 no5um occurs 9 ,plautus twice1 9 ,ennius1 ,lucilius1 ,afranius1 & ,v>ro1 once ea*1 & no5u occurs twice 9 ,lucretius 7#ii74 #adde4 ,negation is (t5 express$ by o!r comp\nds ( ne4 ,9 su* cases ! ,lat9 idiom frequ5tly diff]s f ! ,engli%1 & a transf] ( ! negative is requir$ 9 translation4 ,su* comp\nds are3 7a47 ,v]bs1 su* z neg1 neque1 nesci1 nl3 z1 negat vrum esse1 ,mur4 #gd1 he ma9ta9s x is n true4 7b47 ,n\ns1 su* z nm1 neut]1 nllus1 nihil3 z1 nm9 meus adv5tus labr fuit1 ,v4 #a1 #af1 my visit did n tr\ble anybody4 7c47 ,adv]bs1 su* z numquam1 nusquam4 7d47 ,simil>ly1 ! conjunction neque is us$ = & n1 b n1 unless a s+le ^w is to be emphasiz$ or contra/$3 z1 nec fr/r1 #h1 #e1 #c1 & n 9 va94 #addf4 ,a =m nec is us$ r>ely 9 old ,lat9 9 ! s5se ( nn3 z1 t ds nec rct dcis1 ,pl4 ,b4 #aai1 ?\ do/ abuse ! gods1 i4e4 nn rct or male dcis4 ,aft] ,plautus's "t1 nec = nn occurs 9 a few set comb9ations1 su* z nec opnns1 n expect+1 &1 f ,livy on1 necdum1 n yet1 i4e4 nndum4 #addg4 ,! =m n usually introduces an imp]ative or a subjunctive1 z w be expla9$ fur!r on4 ,b n is also us$ 9 ! comb9ation n 4 4 4 quidem1 n ev51 n 4 4 4 ei!r1 ) ! emphatic ^w betwe5 n & quidem3 z1 n tum quidem1 #a1 #ej1 #b1 n ev5 !n4 n ,vornus quidem ss vll cont9et1 #e1 #dd1 #f1 ,vor5us did n keep inside ! palisade ei!r4 #addh4 ,! adjective nllus is sometimes us$1 *iefly 9 colloquial language1 = nn or n 7#ajea73 z1 ,philotmus nllus vnit1 ,att4 #aa1 #bd1 #d1 no ,philotimus has %[n himself4 nllus crdus1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #fjf1 y ne$n't believe x at all4 #addi4 7#b47 ,! negative haut or haud1 n1 is us$ pr9cipally ) adjectives & adv]bs1 less frequ5tly ) v]bs3 z1 7a47 haud m$iocris vir1 ,,rp4 #b1 #ee1 no ord9>y man4 rem haud sn difficilem1 ,,cm4 #d1 a ?+ n p>ticul>ly h>d4 haud procul1 ,,cm4 #ae1 n f>4 ,9 all p]iods ( ! language (t5 comb9$ ) quisquam1 llus1 umquam1 usquam4 7b47 ,9 old ,lat9 haud is freely us$ ) all sorts ( v]bs1 especially ) possum4 ,9 ,cic]o1 x occurs "h & !re ) a few v]bs1 su* z ads5tior1 err1 gnr1 ntor1 am1 b is pr9cipally conf9$ to sci1 9 ! comb9ation haud sci an1 ,i don't "k b 7#aghb74 ,caes> uses haud once only1 & !n 9 ?is comb9ation4 #adej4 ,a %ort] =m1 hau1 occurs (t5 9 old ,lat91 & a few times 9 ! classical p]iod3 z1 heic e/ sepulcrum hau pulcrum pulcrai fm9ae1 ,,cil4 ,i1 #ajjg1 #b1 on ! burial site ( a woman1 "h is ! site n sightly ( a sightly dame4 ,9 ,plautus x is juxtapos$ ) sci1 mak+ hausci1 i4e4 nesci4 #adea4 7#c47 ,negation may also be intimat$ by su* words z vix1 h>dly1 p>um1 n 4 4 4 en\gh1 n q1 m9us1 less1 n1 m9im1 lea/ ( all1 male1 c4 #adeb4 ,two negatives 9 ! same s5t5ce are usually equival5t to an affirmative4 ,?us1 ) nn fir/1 an indef9ite affirmative3 z1 nn nm1 somebody1 a c]ta9 g5tleman1 "o or ano!r4 nn nllus1 "s4 nn nihil1 some?+1 some:at4 nn numquam1 sometimes4 ,) nn second1 a univ]sal affirmative3 z1 nm nn1 ev]ybody1 e human be+4 nllus nn1 e4 nihil nn1 e ?+4 numquam nn1 always4 nn possum nn cnfitr1 ,fam4 #i1 #ad1 #a1 ,i mu/ confess4 nm gnrat1 ,v4 #b1 #aaa1 ev]ybody kn[s4 #adec4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 9 old ,lat91 a second negation is us$ m]ely to emphasize ! negative idea3 z1 lapide sunt corde mult1 qus nn mis]et nm9is1 ,e4 9 ,fe/4 p4 #afb1 !re's _m a man ) he>t ( /one1 t feels = nobody4 ,= d\bl$ negatives 9 comp\nd s5t5ces1 see #affj4 ,erratum3 #adde 444 7d47 7d7 ,,use ,,( ,,degrees ,,( ,,comp>ison4 ,,! ,,positive4 #aded4 ,! positive sometimes expresses an idea ( disproportion3 z1 pr multitd9e hom9um angu/s s fns habre arbitrbantur1 #a1 #b1 #e1 9 view ( _! l>ge numb]s !y ?\ght !y _h a cramp$ place to live 94 ,g5]ally1 h[ev]1 disproportion is express$ z 9 #adfj or #adfa4 ,,! ,,comp>ative4 #adee4 ,:5 two ?+s only are comp>$1 ! comp>ative is us$3 z1 ut] igitur melior8 ,div4 #b1 #acc1 :i* ( ! two !n is ! bett]8 ut] e/ nsnior hrum8 ,h4 ,s4 #b1 #c1 #ajb1 :i* ( ^! two is crazi]8 ut] ertis1 tn an ille1 maior8 ,pl4 ,m54 #aaai1 y 7--:i* ( ! two ! bigg]1 ?\ or he8 #adef4 ,! sup]lative is sometimes loosely us$ :5 only two ?+s are meant3 z1 ,numitr1 qu /irpis maximus erat1 rgnum lgat1 ,l4 #a1 #c1 #aj1 to ,numitor1 :o 0 ! elde/ ( ! family1 he bequea?s ! cr[n1 ( two bro!rs1 ,numitor & ,amulius4 id me m9um rf]t1 qu sum nt maxumus1 ,t4 ,ad4 #hha1 t is ( small conc]n to me1 :o am ! elde/ son1 says ,demea1 :o has only "o bro!r4 #adeg4 ,f ,cic]o on1 an adjective or adv]b is sometimes comp>$ ) ano!r adjective or adv]b4 ,9 su* comp>isons quam is always us$4 ,9 ?is case3 7a47 ,bo? memb]s may h ! positive =m1 ! fir/ ) magis3 z1 ,cel] dis]tus magis e/ quam sapins1 ,att4 #aj1 #a1 #d1 ,cel] is m eloqu5t ?an wise4 magis audct] quam p>t1 ,br4 #bda1 ) m assurance ?an prep>ation4 ,or 7b47 ,bo? memb]s may h ! comp>ative suffix3 z1 lub5tius quam vrius1 ,mil4 #gh1 ) great] satisfaction ?an tru?4 pe/il5tia m9cior quam p]nicisior1 ,l4 #d1 #eb1 #c1 a plague m al>m+ ?an de/ructive4 #adeh4 ,b sometimes ! second memb] is put 9 ! positive1 ev5 :5 ! fir/ has ! comp>ative suffix3 z1 crius quam cnsd]t1 ,ta4 ,h4 #a1 #hc1 ) m _s ?an delib]ation4 ,& sometimes bo? memb]s3 z1 clrs mairibus quam vetu/s1 ,ta4 #d1 #fa1 ( a h\se fam\s r ?an anci5t4 #adei4 ,! comp>ative may be modifi$ by ablatives ( diff]5ce1 su* z mult1 f>1 aliquant1 consid]ably1 paull or paul1 a little1 nimi1 too mu*1 ev] s mu* 7#acic74 ,also by etiam1 ev51 /ill1 & 9 ,catullus1 ,sallu/1 ,v]gil1 & lat] ,lat9 by long1 f>1 adhc1 /ill4 #adfj4 ,! comp>ative ( an adjective or adv]b (t5 d5otes t :i* is m ?an usual or m ?an is "r3 z1 solre aiunt rgs ,p]srum plrs uxrs habre1 ,v4 #c1 #gf1 !y say ! ,p]sian k+s g5]ally h sev]al wives4 s5ects e/ ntr loqucior1 ,,cm4 #ee1 age is naturally r g>rul\s4 /oma*btur s5ex1 s quid asp]ius dx]am1 ,,dn4 #a1 #ic1 ! old g5tleman always got provok$ if ,i said any?+ a bit r\gh4 #adfa4 ,! comp>ative ( disproportion is (t5 def9$ by "s add$ expression3 z1 prvts maira focs1 ,j4 #d1 #ff1 some?+ too great = private he>?s 7#acba74 flgrantior aequ nn dbet dolor esse vir1 ,j4 #ac1 #aa1 ! indignation ( a man mu/ n be ov] hot 7#accj74 ,9 ,livy & ,tacitus by quam pr ) ! ablative3 see ! diction>y4 ,sometimes a new s5t5ce is add$3 z1 sum avidior1 quam satis e/1 glriae1 ,fam4 #i1 #ad1 #b1 ,i am ov] gre$y ( glory4 ,= quam ut or quam qu1 see #ahif4 #adfb4 ,! comp>ative ) a s5t5ce ( negative import is (t5 pref]r$ to ! sup]lative ) a positive s5t5ce3 z1 elephant blurum nlla prd5tior1 ,,dn4 #a1 #ig1 ( ! l>g] bea/s n "o is m sagaci\s ?an ! elephant1 or ! elephant is ! mo/ sagaci\s ( bea/s4 sequmur ,polybium1 qu nm fuit dlig5tior1 ,,rp4 #b1 #bg1 let u foll[ ,polybius1 ! mo/ scrupul\s ( m54 ,= nm or quis1 ! m emphatic nihil or quid is (t5 us$3 z1 ,pha$r nihil legantius1 nihil hmnius1 ,,dn4 #a1 #ic1 ,pha$rus 0 ! mo/ ref9$ & sympa!tic ( m54 #adfc4 ,9 colloquial language1 a comp>ative suffix is sometimes emphasiz$ by ! addition ( magis3 z1 mollior magis1 ,pl4 ,aul4 #dbb1 m t5d]]4 ,& sometimes by a mixture ( con/ruction1 ! comp>ative is modifi$ by aequ1 l ! positive3 z1 homo m mis]ior nllus e/ aequ1 ,pl4 ,m]4 #cce1 !re's n a man s woebegone z ,i1 = mis]ior alone1 or aequ mis]4 #adfd4 ,! comp>ative ) ! ablative is p>ticul>ly common1 :5 a ?+ is illu/rat$ by "s /rik+ typical object1 usually an object ( nature4 ,9 su* illu/rations1 ! positive ) z is commonly us$ 9 ,engli%3 z1 lce clrius1 ,v4 #b1 #ahf1 pla9 z day4 fns ,b&usiae1 spl5didior vitr1 ,h4 #c1 #ac1 #a1 ye wat]s ( ,b&usia1 z glitt]+ z glass4 melle dulcior rti1 ,e4 9 ,,cm4 #ca1 words sweet z honey4 v5ts cior1 ,v4 #e1 #cai1 quick z ! w9ds4 vacca c&idior nivibus1 ,o4 ,am4 #c1 #e1 #aj1 a c[ z :ite z driv5 sn[4 caelum pice nigrius1 ,o4 ,h4 #ag1 #g1 a sky z black z pit*4 drior f]r et sax1 ,o4 #ad1 #gab1 z h>d z /eel & /one4 ,,! ,,sup]lative4 #adfe4 ,:5 m ?an two ?+s are comp>$1 ! sup]lative is us$ to repres5t a quality z belong+ 9 ! highe/ degree to an individual or to a numb] ( a class3 z1 proxim sunt ,g]mns1 #a1 #a1 #c1 !y live ! ne>e/ to ! ,g]mans4 hrum omnium =tissim1 #a1 #a1 #c1 ! brave/ ( ^! all4 #adff4 ,! sup]lative may be /r5g!n$ by ! addition ( su* words z nus1 preem95tly1 usually ) a g5itive1 maxim1 quam1 ) or )\t a =m ( possum1 z possible1 c41 c4 7#ahib74 ,9 old ,lat9 by mult2 f ,cic]o on1 by long1 f>1 & vel1 p]haps1 ev53 z1 cnfirmv]im rem nam esse omnium difficillimam1 ,br4 #be1 ,i am n afraid to av\* x is ! "o h>de/ ?+ 9 ! _w4 long nbilissimus1 #a1 #b1 #a1 ! man ( highe/ bir? by f>4 quam maxims pote/ it9]ibus 9 ,galliam cont5dit1 #a1 #g1 #a1 he pu%es into ,gaul by ! quicke/ m>*es he c4 quam mtrrim1 #a1 #cc1 #d1 z e>ly z possible4 #adfg4 ,! sup]lative is also us$ to d5ote a v high degree ( ! quality4 ,?is sup]lative1 call$ ! ,absolute ,sup]lative1 or ! ,sup]lative ( ,em95ce1 may be translat$ by ! positive ) "s su* ^w z mo/1 v3 z1 homo turpissimus1 ,v4 #d1 #af1 an utt]ly unpr9cipl$ man4 ,(t5 be/ by ! positive alone3 z1 vir =tissimus1 ,ps ,aqutnus1 #d1 #ab1 #d1 ! h]oic ,piso ( ,aquita9 7#ajdd74 #adfh4 ,9 exagg]at$ /yle1 ! sup]lative ( em95ce may be capp$ by a comp>ative3 z1 /ultior /ultissum1 ,pl4 ,am4 #ijg1 a great] ?an ! greate/ fool4 ego mis]ior sum quam t1 quae es mis]rima1 ,fam4 #ad1 #c1 #a1 ,i am myself m unhappy ?an y1 :o are a mo/ unhappy woman4 7,b47 ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,v]b4 ,,voice4 ,,! ,,active ,,voice4 #adfi4 ,9 ! active voice1 ! subject is repres5t$ z p]=m+ ! action ( ! v]b4 #adgj4 ,by action is meant ! op]ation ( any v]b1 :e!r active or passive1 & :e!r us$ intransitively or transitively4 #adga4 ,! active ( "o v]b sometimes s]ves z ! passive ( ano!r3 ?us1 p]e1 g to de/ruction1 die1 s]ves z ! passive ( p]d1 de/roy1 & vne1 g to sale1 am sold1 z ! passive ( vnd1 put = sale1 sell4 ,simil>ly f1 become1 get to be1 am made1 is us$ 9 ! pres5t sy/em z ! passive ( faci1 make 7#ghh74 ,,! ,,passive ,,voice4 #adgb4 ,9 ! passive voice1 ! subject is repres5t$ z act$ ^u4 #adgc4 ,! object accusative ( ! active voice becomes ! subject ( ! passive voice 7#aabe72 & ! pr$icate accusative ( ! active voice becomes a pr$icate nom9ative ) ! passive voice 7#aafg74 ,?us 7a47 9 ! active con/ruction3 illum laudbunt bon1 hunc etiam ips culpbunt mal1 ,pl4 ,b4 #cig1 ! "o ! good w praise1 ! o!r e'en ! bad !mselves w blame4 ,9 ! passive3 laudtur ab hs1 culptur ab ills1 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #b1 #aa1 he's prais$ by "s1 by o!rs blam$4 ,active3 cvs ,rmns int]ficiunt1 #g1 #c1 #a1 !y slay "s citiz5s ( ,rome4 ,passive3 ,indutiom>us int]ficitur1 #e1 #eh1 #f1 ,indutiom>us is sla94 7b47 ,active3 mlits c]tirs facit1 #c1 #e1 #c1 he in=ms ! soldi]s4 ,passive3 c]tior factus e/1 #b1 #cd1 he 0 in=m$4 #adgd4 ,v]bs :i* h two accusatives1 "o ( ! p]son & "o ( ! ?+ 9 ! active voice1 g5]ally h ! p]son z subject 9 ! passive1 less frequ5tly ! ?+3 see #aaga4 #adge4 ,an emphasiz+ or def9+ accusative1 or an accusative ( ext5t or duration1 is occasionally made ! subject ( a passive3 z1 haec illc e/ pugnta pugna1 ,pl4 ,am4 #bec1 ?is fight 0 f\ght (f !re 7#aadj74 tta mih dormtur hiems1 ,m>t4 #ac1 #ei1 #a1 all w9t] long by me is slept1 i4e4 ttam dormi hiemem 7#aaea74 #adgf4 ,! p]son by :om ! action is done is put 9 ! ablative ) ab or 7#acah72 ! ?+ by :i* x is done is put 9 ! in/rum5tal ablative 7#acgg72 z1 7a47 nn numquam latr vitre occditur1 ,mil4 #ee1 once 9 a :ile ! robb] gets kill$ by ! wayf>]4 respondit1 cve s spolir mlle quam ab ho/e vnre1 ,qu9til4 #ab1 #a1 #dc1 he said 9 reply t he w\ld r be plund]$ by a ,roman ?an sold by an enemy 7#adga74 7b47 nu vir prd5ti ,graecia lb]ta e/1 ,n4 #b1 #e1 #c1 ,greece 0 sav$ f slav]y by ! sagacity ( a s+le man1 i4e4 ,!mi/ocles4 ,v (t51 h[ev]1 ! p]son or ?+ is n express$1 p>ticul>ly ) imp]sonals4 #adgg4 ,:5 ! p]son is repres5t$ z a m]e in/rum5t1 ! ablative is us$ )\t ab 7#acgh72 & :5 collectives1 animals1 or ?+s )\t life are p]sonifi$1 ! ablative takes ab 7#acah73 z1 7a47 neque vr m9us ,plat dlecttus e/ ,dine1 ,n4 #aj1 #b1 #c1 & ,plato on 8 "p 0 j z mu* bewit*$ ) ,dion4 7b47 eius rti multitd9e et = dvorbtur1 ,br4 #bhc1 8 oratory 0 swall[$ :ole by ! untutor$ _m & by ! b>4 #adgh4 ,sometimes ! p]son by :om ! action is done is indicat$ by ! dative ( ! possessor3 see #abaf4 ,& regul>ly ) ! g]und & g]undive con/ruction 7#bbdc74 #adgi4 ,only v]bs ( transitive use h ord9>ily a complete passive4 ,v]bs ( intransitive use h only ! imp]sonal =ms ( ! passive 7#ajcd73 z1 di atque crit] pugntum e/1 #a1 #bf1 #a1 !re 0 long & %>p fight+4 tts trepidtur ca/rs1 #f1 #cg1 #f1 all ?r\gh ! camp !re 0 tumult & affright4 mih quidem p]sudr numquam potuit1 anims mor1 ,,cm4 #hj1 = my "p1 ,i nev] c\ld be conv9c$ t ! s\l becomes ext9ct at dea? 7#aaha74 ,simil>ly v]bs :i* h a transitive use may also be us$ imp]sonally3 z1 dis noctsque /ur1 bibitur1 ,pl4 ,mo/4 #bce1 !re is eat+ & dr9k+ all day & all night 7#aacc74 #adhj4 ,! complem5t>y dative ( a v]b 9 ! active voice is 9 poetry v r>ely made ! subject ( a passive v]b3 z1 invideor1 ,h4 ,,ap4 #ef1 ,i am envi$4 imp]or1 ,h4 ,e4 #a1 #e1 #ba1 ,i *>ge myself4 #adha4 ,! passive _h orig9ally a reflexive mean+1 :i* is /ill to be se5 9 ! passive ( _m v]bs3 z1 ex]cbtur plrimum curr5d et lct&1 ,n4 #ae1 #b1 #d1 he took a great deal ( ex]cise 9 runn+ & wre/l+4 dnss f]tur 9 ho/s1 ,v4 #b1 #eaa1 he tries to *>ge ^u ! s]ri$ foes4 quod semp] movtur1 aet]num e/1 ,,td4 #a1 #ec1 any?+ t is always mov+1 is et]nal4 #adhb4 ,! pres5t p>ticiple ( reflexives is sometimes us$ 9 a reflexive s5se3 z1 ex]cns1 ex]cis+ oneself1 ex]cis+1 f]ns1 te>+ along1 vehns1 rid+1 & invehns1 m\nt$ on1 pscns1 br[s+1 v]sns1 play+1 be+1 volvns1 roll+4 ,also ! g]und3 z1 is veh5d1 ! privilege ( rid+4 #adhc4 ,passive =ms ( coep & ds9 are commonly us$ 9 ! p]fect sy/em1 :5 a dep5d5t inf9itive is passive3 z1 litt]s rti e/ coepta m&r1 ,br4 #bf1 oratory began to be put 9 black & :ite4 vet]s rtins leg sunt dsitae1 ,br4 #abc1 ! old spee*es ceas$ to be read4 ,b ! active =ms are sometimes us$ by ,cornificius1 ,sallu/1 & ,livy1 & regul>ly by ,tacitus4 ,! active =ms are us$ ) fi] also1 :i* is n passive 7#ghi72 b ev5 ) fi]1 ,livy uses ! passive =ms4 #adhd4 ,simil> attractions ) a passive inf9itive occur 9 pote/ur1 c41 qutur & quitus sum1 nequtur1 c41 r>ely1 & mo/ly 9 old ,lat93 z1 frma 9 t5ebrs nsc nn quita/1 ,t4 ,hec4 #egb1 h] %ape c\ld h>dly be di/+ui%$ 9 ! d>k4 #adhe4 ,"s p]fect p>ticiples h an active mean+3 z1 adultus1 gr[n up4 ,see #ijg1 & also 9 ! diction>y cautus1 cnsultus1 concrtus1 dflgrtus1 incnsd]tus1 occsus1 npta4 ,erratum3 #adhb 444 z1 ex]cns z4 ,,depon5ts4 #adhf4 ,_m v]bs h only passive inflections1 b ) ! mean+ ( active inflections4 ,su* v]bs are call$ ,depon5ts4 #adhg4 ,9 _m depon5ts1 a reflexive1 passive1 or reciprocal action is /ill cle>ly to be se53 z1 nscor1 am born2 moror1 delay myself1 get delay$2 tor1 avail myself2 amplectimur1 hug ea* o!r2 fbulmur1 talk toge!r2 "pmur1 %>e ) "o ano!r4 #adhh4 ,"s v]bs h bo? active & depon5t inflections3 z1 ads5ti1 agree1 m commonly ads5tior4 m]e1 e>n1 & m]eor1 des]ve4 ,see also 9 ! diction>y alt]cor1 auguror1 comitor1 cnflctor1 fabricor1 fa5]or1 mn]or1 scitor1 palpor1 populor1 rev]tor4 ,! foll[+ h active inflections 9 ! pres5t sy/em & depon5t inflections 9 ! p]fect sy/em3 aude1 cnfd & diffd1 gaude1 sole3 see also #hja4 #adhi4 ,9 old ,lat9 especially1 _m v]bs :i* aft]w>ds became fix$ z depon5ts occur ) active inflections also3 z1 adl1 arbitr1 aucup1 auspic1 lct1 ldific1 mor1 p>ti1 v5]1 c41 c4 #adij4 ,v]bs :i* are usually depon5t are r>ely f\nd ) a passive mean+3 z1 ,sllns rs df5d]e crm9or1 ,l,agr4 #c1 #ac1 ,i am *>g$ ) def5d+ ,sulla's policy4 #adia4 ,:5 x is desirable to express ! passive ( a depon5t1 a synonyme is sometimes us$3 ?us1 ! passive ( mror1 admire1 may sometimes be repres5t$ by laudor1 am prais$4 ,or "s circumlocution3 z1 habet v5]tinem quidquid excellit1 ,,dn4 #a1 #de1 any?+ be/ 9 its k9d is look$ on ) respect1 z passive ( v5]or4 familia 9 suspcinem e/ vocta1 ,v4 #e1 #aj1 ! h\sehold 0 suspect$1 z passive ( suspicor4 #adib4 ,! p]fect p>ticiple ( depon5ts is sometimes us$ ) a passive mean+4 ,"s ( ! commone/ ( ^! p>ticiples are3 adeptus1 comm5tus1 complexus1 cnfessus1 m5ttus1 exp]tus1 m$ittus1 opntus1 pactus1 "ptus1 te/tus1 c41 c4 ,,mood4 ,,! ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,,decl>ations4 #adic4 ,! indicative mood is us$ 9 simple1 absolute decl>ations3 z1 arma virumque c1 ,v4 #a1 #a1 arms & ! man ,i s+4 leve fit quod b5e f]tur onus1 ,o4 ,a4 #d1 #b1 #aj1 light gets ! load t's bravely borne4 #adid4 ,! negative us$ ) ! indicative is commonly nn1 n 7#addc74 ,= o!r negative expressions1 see #adde-adea4 #adie4 ,c]ta9 v]bs & v]bal expressions d5ot+ ability1 duty1 propriety1 necessity1 & ! l1 mo/ly ) an inf9itive1 are regul>ly put 9 ! indicative1 ev5 :5 ! action ( ! inf9itive is n p]=m$4 ,?is applies to decl>ations1 que/ions1 or exclamations3 z1 7a47 possum d i*neumonum tilitte dc]e1 s$ nl esse longus1 ,,dn4 #a1 #aja1 ,i might expatiate on ! usefulness ( ! i*neumon1 b ,i d n c>e to be long-w9d$4 int] f]s satius e/ aettem dg]e quam 9 hc tant immnitte v]sr1 ,,ra4 #aej1 x w\ld be bett] to pass y\r days 9 ! mid/ ( h[l+ bea/s ?an to live & move among su* bruti% m54 7b47 /ult erat sp]re1 ,ph4 #b4 #bc1 x w\ld h be5 folly to hope4 quid enim fac]e pot]mus8 ,pis4 #ac1 = :at else c\ld we h done8 7c47 licuit uxrem g5]e summ dc]e1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #fhj1 ,i might h m>ri$ a wife ( high degree4 nn potuit pctor rctius dscrb]e eius frmam1 ,pl4 ,z4 #djb1 no pa9t] c\ld h hit 8 lik5ess m exactly4 7d47 quant melius fu]at prmissum patris nn esse s]vtum1 ,(f4 #c1 #id1 h[ mu* bett] x w\ld h be51 = ! fa!r's ^w n to h be5 kept4 #adif4 ,! pr9cipal v]bs & v]bal expressions ?us us$ are3 7a47 possum1 licet1 dbe1 oportet1 conv5it1 decet4 7b47 aequum1 aequius1 i/um1 fs1 necesse e/2 cns5tneum1 satis1 satius1 optbile1 optbilius e/2 tilius1 melius1 optimum1 pr1 rctum e/2 facile1 difficile1 grave1 nfntum1 longum1 magnum e/2 e/ ) ! pr$icative g5itive1 or a possessive pron\n 7#abcg74 7c47 ,simil>ly1 b )\t an inf9itive1 =ms ( sum ) a g]und1 a g]undive1 or a future p>ticiple4 #adig4 ,! imp]fect ( mo/ ( ! above v]bs & v]bal expressions (t5 relates to action n p]=m$ at ! pres5t "t3 z1 hs alis pot]am subnect]e causs2 s$ eundum e/1 ,j4 #c1 #cae1 to ^! ,i might add o!r gr\nds2 b ,i mu/ g4 ,! context mu/ det]m9e :e!r ! imp]fect relates 7a47 to action n p]=m$ ei!r 9 ! pres5t z "h1 or 9 ! pa/ z 9 #adie1 or 7b47 to action p]=m$ 9 ! pa/3 z1 sollicitre pot]at1 audbat1 ,c4 #c1 #af1 he _h at once ! assurance & ! ability to play ! tempt]'s "p4 #adih4 ,=ms ( possum are sometimes put 9 ! subjunctive 7#aeed74 ,?us1 possim1 c41 (t5 7#aeef71 also possem1 c41 usually ( pres5t "t 7#aefj71 less frequ5tly ( pa/ "t 7#aeei71 potuissem1 c41 p>ticul>ly 9 s5t5ces ( negative import 7#aefa71 r>ely potu]im1 c4 7#aeeh74 ,sometimes also dbrem1 c41 ( pres5t "t 7#aefj71 dbuissem1 c41 *iefly 9 apodosis4 ,,que/ions4 #adii4 ,! indicative is ! mood ord9>ily us$ 9 enquiries & 9 exclamations3 z1 7a47 huic ego #8/uds8' inquam4 respondit #8etiam4' #8ub8' #8,m$iln4' #8cr nn hc8' #8quia nlls hc praeceptrs habmus1' ,pl94 ,ep4 #d1 #ac1 #c1 said ,i to ! boy1 #8d y g to s*ool8' #8yes1 sir1' said he2 #8:]e8' #8at ,m$iolanum2' #8:y n "h8' #8oh because we hav5't any tea*]s "h4' 7b47 ut ego tuum amrem et dolrem dsd]1 ,att4 #c1 #aa1 #ab1 h[ ,i always feel ! abs5ce ( y\r affectionate sympa?y4 #aejj4 ,que/ions & exclamations are us$ mu* m freely 9 ,lat9 ?an 9 ,engli%4 ,p>ticul>ly common are two que/ions1 ( :i* ! fir/ is %ort & g5]al1 lead+ up to ! real "q3 z1 s$ quid ais8 ubi nunc adulscns habet8 ,pl4 ,tri4 #aef1 b tell me1 :]e is ! y\ng/] liv+ n[8 e/ne8 vc8 et tib saepe litt]s d8 ,cael4 9 ,fam4 #h1 #c1 #a1 is x true8 h ,i beat58 & d ,i write to y (t58 ,! real "q is (t5 prec$$ by quid e/1 quid dcis1 or by quid1 quid vr1 quid tum1 quid po/e1 quid igitur1 quid erg1 c41 c43 z1 quid8 canis nnne similis lup8 ,,dn4 #a1 #ig1 :y1 is n ! dog l ! wolf8 #aeja4 ,!re are two k9ds ( que/ions3 7#a47 ,su* que/ions z call = ! answ] yes or no 9 ,engli%3 z1 is he gone8 ,^! may conv5i5tly be call$ ,yes or ,no ,que/ions4 7#b47 ,que/ions introduc$ by an int]rogative pron\n1 or by a ^w d]iv$ f an int]rogative pron\n3 z1 :o is gone8 :]e is he8 ,^! are call$ ,pron\n ,que/ions4 ,,yes ,,or ,,no ,,que/ions4 #aejb4 7#a47 ,yes or ,no que/ions are sometimes put )\t any int]rogative p>ticle3 z1 ,?raex e/ ,gallna ,syr pr8 ,h4 ,s4 #b1 #e1 #dd1 ( two gladiators1 is ,?racian ,bantam = ! ,syrian a mat*8 ,(t5 intimat+ c5sure3 z1 rogs8 ,pl4 ,aul4 #fcd1 do/ ask8 or :at an absurd "q4 prmpsi/ t ill vnum8 33 nn prmps1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #hcj1 ?\ ha/ be5 broa*+ w9e = him8 33 n ,i4 ,especially ) nn3 z1 patre tua cnsilia nn s5ts8 ,c4 #a1 #a1 y don't see t y\r s*emes are out8 ,x is (t5 d\btful :e!r su* s5t5ces are que/ions1 exclamations1 or decl>ations4 #aejc4 7#b47 ,yes or ,no que/ions are usually introduc$ by "o ( ! int]rogative p>ticles -ne or -n1 nnne1 num1 an1 anne4 #aejd4 ,a "q ) -ne or -n may enquire simply1 )\t any implication z to ! "* ( ! answ]1 or x may ei!r expect an affirmative answ] l nnne1 or less frequ5tly a negative answ] l num3 z1 7a47 val58 ,pl4 ,tri4 #ej1 art well8 habt9 aurum8 ,pl4 ,b4 #bfi1 h y got ! gold8 7b47 iussn 9 spl5drem d> bulls hs =ibus8 ,pl4 ,z4 #dbf1 didn't ,i give ord]s to poli% up ! bosses ( ! door8 facitne ut dix8 ,pl4 ,am4 #ebf1 isn't he act+ z ,i said8 7c47 i/ immns spati qua]1 ,balbe1 cr ,pronoea ve/ra cessv]it4 labremne fugibat8 ,,dn4 #a1 #bb1 ,i want to "k1 ,balbus1 :y y\r p's ,provid5ce lay idle all t immeasurable "t2 x 0 "w %e 0 %irk+1 0 x8 quid1 mundum praet] hunc umquamne vdi/8 negbis1 ,,dn4 #a1 #if1 tell me1 did y ev] see any univ]se except ?is "o8 y w say no4 #aeje4 ,sometimes ! -ne ( an int]rogative s5t5ce is transf]r$ to a foll[+ relative1 *iefly 9 ,plautus & ,t]5ce3 z1 rogs8 qune arrabnem m accpi/ ob muli]em8 ,pl4 ,r4 #hfj1 h[ c y ask1 :5 y h got ! hansel = ! girl f me8 ,simil>ly1 sr /udirum1 qune puttis difficile1 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #aj1 #ba1 :at lagg>ds at y\r books1 to ?9k x h>d1 i4e4 nnne e/is sr /udirum1 qu puttis difficile8 ,comp>e #aefi4 #aejf4 ,to a "q ) nnne1 a positive answ] is usually expect$1 seldom a negative3 z1 7a47 nnne mem9i/8 33 mem9 vr1 ,,td4 #b1 #aj1 don't y rememb]8 33 oh yes4 ,sometimes a second or ?ird "q also has nnne1 b (t5] nn3 z1 nnne ad t ,l4 ,l5tulus1 nn ,q4 ,sanga1 nn ,l4 ,torqutus vnit8 ,pis4 #gg1 did n ,l5tulus & ,sanga & ,torquatus come to see y8 7b47 nnne cgits8 ,,ra4 #hj1 d y be> 9 m9d8 nnne is r>e 9 ,plautus1 comp>atively s 9 ,t]5ce1 b v common 9 classical ,lat94 #aejg4 ,to a "q ) num a negative answ] is g5]ally expect$4 ,less frequ5tly ei!r a positive or a negative answ] indiff]5tly3 z1 7a47 num negre auds8 ,c4 #a1 #h1 d y und]take to d5y x8 num1 tibi cum faucs rit sitis1 aurea qua]is pcula8 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #b1 #aad1 :5 ?ir/ ?y ?roat consumes1 do/ call = cups ( gold8 ,r>ely numne3 z1 quid1 deum ipsum numne vdi/8 ,,dn4 #a1 #hh1 tell me1 did y ev] see god 9 p]son8 7b47 s$ quid ais8 num obdormvi/ ddum8 ,pl4 ,am4 #fbj1 b h>kee1 w]t asleep a :ile ago8 numqud vs8 ,pl4 ,tri4 #aib1 ha/ any fur!r wi%8 #aejh4 ,a "q ) an1 less (t5 anne1 or if negative1 ) an nn1 usually *all5ges or comm5ts emphatically on some?+ previ\sly express$ or impli$3 z1 an hab5t qus gallnae mans8 ,pl4 ,ps4 #bi1 :at1 :at1 d h5s h h&s8 an is also p>ticul>ly common 9 argum5tative language1 9 anticipat+1 criticis+1 or refut+ an oppon5t3 z1 quid dcis8 an bell ,siciliam virtte tu lb]tam8 ,v4 #a1 #e1 :at d y say8 possibly t x 0 by y\r pr[ess t ,sicily 0 rid ( ! w>8 at vr ,cn4 ,pomp volunttem m alinbat rti mea4 an ille quemquam pls dlxit8 ,ph4 #b1 #ch1 b x may be urg$ t my way ( speak+ e/rang$ ,pompey f me4 :y1 0 !re anybody ! man lov$ m8 ,9 old ,lat91 an is (t5] us$ 9 a s+le ?an 9 an alt]native "q1 :ile 9 classical ,lat9 x is r ! rev]se4 #aeji4 7#c47 ,yes or ,no que/ions are sometimes introduc$ by ecquis1 ecqu1 ecqu&1 or n umquam3 z1 heus1 ecquis hc e/8 ,pl4 ,am4 #dbj1 hollo1 is e'er a p]son "h8 ecquid animadv]tis hrum sil5tium8 ,c4 #a1 #bj1 d y possibly obs]ve ! sil5ce ( ?is audi5ce8 7#aadd74 pat]1 n umquam aspiciam t8 ,pl4 ,tri4 #ehh1 ,o fa!r1 %all ,i ev] set m9e eyes on !e8 #aeaj4 7#d47 ,9 ,plautus1 sat9 or sat9 ut1 really1 actually1 sometimes becomes a m]e int]rogative or exclamatory p>ticle3 z1 sat9 abit ille8 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #dha1 has t man really gone 8 way8 ,errata3 #aejg;a 444 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #b1 #aad ,h ,s4 ,,dn4 #a1 #hh ,,dn ,,positive ,,& ,,negative ,,answ]s4 #aeaa4 ,!re are no two curr5t ,lat9 words correspond+ exactly ) yes & no 9 answ]s4 #aeab4 7#a47 ,a positive answ] is express$ by "s emphatic ^w ( ! "q1 repeat$ ) su* *ange z ! context may require3 z1 an nn dx esse hoc futrum8 33 dxt1 ,t4 ,&r4 #fba1 didn't ,i say t ?is w\ld be8 33 y did4 hc abit ,cltiph 33 slus8 33 slus1 ,t4 ,hau4 #ijd1 "h ,clitipho repair$ 33 alone8 33 alone4 ,! repeat$ ^w may be emphasiz$ by sn1 vr3 z1 dsne manre anims po/ mortem8 33 d vr1 ,,td4 #a1 #be1 d y grant t ! s\l lives on aft] dea?8 33 oh yes4 ,(t51 h[ev]1 adv]bs are us$1 )\t ! repetition1 su* z c]t1 c]t1 etiam1 factum1 ita1 ita enimvr1 ita vr1 sn1 sn quidem1 sclicet1 oh ( c\rse1 vr1 r>ely vrum4 #aeac4 7#b47 ,a negative answ] is express$ by a simil> repetition1 ) nn or "s o!r negative add$3 z1 e/ne frt] intus8 33 nn e/1 ,t4 ,ad4 #efi4 is bro!r 98 33 he's n4 ,or1 )\t repetition1 by su* words z nn1 nn ita1 nn quidem1 nn h]cle vr1 m9im1 m9im quidem1 m9im vr1 nihil m9us4 #aead4 imm introduces a s5t5ce rectify+ a mi/ake1 impli$ d\bt1 or und]/atem5t 9 a "q3 z1 nllane habs vitia8 33 imm alia1 et =tasse m9ra1 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #c1 #bj1 h y no faults8 33 ,i beg y\r p>don1 o!r faults1 & p]adv5ture less] ones4 causa igitur nn bona e/8 imm optima1 ,att4 #i1 #g1 #d1 isn't ! cause a good "o !n8 good8 yes1 m ?an good1 v good4 ,,alt]native ,,que/ions4 #aeae4 ,! alt]native "q belongs prop]ly "u ! head ( ! comp\nd s5t5ce4 ,b z ! int]rogative p>ticles employ$ 9 ! s+le "q are also us$ 9 ! alt]native "q1 ! alt]native "q is mo/ conv5i5tly consid]$ "h4 #aeaf4 ,9 old ,engli%1 ! fir/ ( two alt]native que/ions is (t5 introduc$ by ! int]rogative p>ticle :e!r1 & ! second by or3 z1 :e!r is x easi] to say1 ,?y s9s be =giv5 !e1 or to say ,arise8 ,9 mod]n ,engli%1 :e!r is n us$ ?us4 #aeag4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,lat9 alt]native "q is j ! rev]se ( ! ,engli%4 ,9 old ,lat91 ! fir/ "q is v (t5 put )\t any int]rogative p>ticle4 ,lat]1 9 ! classical p]iod1 ! use ( -ne1 or (t5] ( utrum1 etymologically ! same z :e!r1 is ov]:elm+ly pr$om9ant4 #aeah4 ,9 ! simple/ =m ( ! alt]native s5t5ce1 nei!r "q is introduc$ by an int]rogative p>ticle3 z1 quid ag8 ade1 mane8 ,t4 ,ph4 #gcf1 :at %all ,i d8 g up & speak1 or wait8 7#aeca74 #aeai4 ,( two alt]native que/ions1 ! fir/ ei!r has no int]rogative p>ticle at all1 or is m commonly introduc$ by utrum1 -ne1 or -n4 ,! second is introduc$ by an1 r>ely by anne1 or if x is negative1 by an nn3 z1 7a47 album an trum vnum pts8 ,pl4 ,m54 #iae1 d y take light w9e or d>k8 ,tacitus es an ,plnius8 ,pl94 ,ep4 #i1 #bc1 #c1 are y ,tacitus or ,pl9y8 sortitur an nn8 ,,pc4 #cg1 w he draw lots or n8 7b47 iam id porr utrum lib5ts an invt dabant8 ,v4 #c1 #aah1 !n fur!rmore did !y (f] x volunt>ily or did !y cons5t to give x "u /ress8 utrum ct]a nm9a 9 cdicem accept et expns dge/a habs an nn8 ,,rc4 #i1 h y all o!r items me?odically po/$ 9 y\r l$g] or n8 7c47 s]vosne es an lb]8 ,pl4 ,am4 #cdc1 art bond or free8 esne t an nn es ab ill mlit ,mac$oni8 ,pl4 ,ps4 #faf1 art ?\ or art ?\ n ! ,mac$onian capta9's man8 viden ,clniam an nn8 ,t4 ,hau4 #dje1 d ,i see ,cl9ia or n8 #aebj4 necne = an nn is r>e3 z1 sm9a praet]e l9quontur necne anim corpore 9 exanim8 ,lucr4 #c1 #gac1 are se$s moreov] left or n ( s\l )9 ! lifeless frame8 ,twice 9 ,cic]o3 z1 sunt haec tua v]ba necne8 ,,td4 #c1 #da1 are ^! y\r words or n8 ,b necne is common 9 indirect que/ions4 #aeba4 ,in/ead ( a s+le second "q ) an1 sev]al que/ions may be us$ if ! ?\ght requires x1 ea* introduc$ by an4 #aebb4 ,sometimes an introductory utrum prec$es two alt]native que/ions ) -ne & an3 z1 utrum t msne an fm9a 's8 ,pl4 ,r4 #ajd1 :i* is x1 art ?\ man or maid8 ,?is con/ruction has its orig9 9 que/ions 9 :i* utrum is us$ z a live pron\n3 z1 utrum mvs8 /atimne ns vla fac]e an paululum rmigre8 ,,td4 #d1 #i1 :i* w\ld y r d1 h u make sail at once1 or r[ j a little bit8 ,9 ,horace & late prose1 utrumne 4 4 4 an is f\nd a few times4 #aebc4 ,sometimes a second alt]native "q is n put at all3 z1 utrum hc bellum nn e/8 ,ph4 #h1 #g1 9 old ,engli%1 :e!r is n ?is w>8 #aebd4 ,two or m sep>ate que/ions ask$ ) -ne 4 4 4 -ne1 or ) num 444 num1 mu/ n be mi/ak5 = alt]native que/ions3 z1 num ,homrum1 num ,hsiodum cogit obmtsc]e s5ects8 ,,cm4 #bc1 did l5g? ( days compel ei!r ,hom] or ,hesiod to hu% 8 voice8 7#afib74 #aebe4 ,an alt]native "q is answ]$ by repeat+ "o memb] or "s "p ( x1 ) su* *anges z ! context may require4 ,,pron\n ,,que/ions4 #aebf4 ,pron\n que/ions or exclamations are introduc$ by int]rogative pron\ns1 or words ( pron\n orig94 ,su* words are3 7a47 quis1 qu1 quoius1 ut]1 qulis1 quantus1 quotus3 z1 quid rds8 ,h4 ,s4 #b1 #e1 #c1 :y do/ ?\ laugh8 7#aadd74 ut] e/ nsnior hrum8 ,h4 ,s4 #b1 #c1 #ajb1 :i* ( ^! is ! great] crank8 hra quota e/8 ,h4 ,s4 #b1 #f1 #dd1 :at's o'clock8 7b47 ,or unde1 ub1 qu1 qur or cr1 qu ablative1 h[1 qun1 :y n1 quam1 h[1 qu&1 quotins3 z1 unde v5s et qu t5dis8 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #i1 #fb1 :5ce do/ ?\ come1 & :i!r art ?\ b\nd8 deus fall qu potuit8 ,,dn4 #c1 #gf1 h[ c\ld a god h be5 tak5 98 7#adie74 quam bellum erat cnfitr nescre1 ,,dn4 #a1 #hd1 h[ pretty x w\ld h be5 to own up t y did n "k 7#adie74 #aebg4 ,sometimes qun loses its int]rogative =ce1 & introduces an impati5t imp]ative1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,plautus & ,t]5ce1 or an indicative ( sudd5 decl>ation ( some?+ obvi\s or />tl+3 z1 7a47 qun m aspice1 ,pl4 ,mo/4 #agb1 :y look me ov]1 won't y8 i4e4 m aspice1 qun aspicis8 ,s twice 9 ,cic]o's orations4 7b47 qun discupi dc]e1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #icb1 :y ,i am bur/+ ) desire to tell4 #aebh4 ,9 ,plautus1 ,t]5ce1 ,horace1 & ,livy1 ut1 h[1 also is us$ 9 que/ions3 z1 ut vals8 ,pl4 ,r4 #acjd1 h[ d y d8 ut ss 9 ,samni rs hab5t8 ,l4 #aj1 #ah1 #aa1 h[ is e ?+ 9 ,samnium8 ,v commonly1 & 9 ,cic]o only s1 9 exclamations also3 z1 ut =tnt sunt fabr f]rri1 qu apud c>bns adsid5t2 semp] cal5t1 ,pl4 ,r4 #eca1 :at lucky dogs ! blacksmi?s be1 t sit by r$hot coals2 !y're always w>m4 #aebi4 ,9 poetry1 quis1 ut]1 & quantus are f\nd a few times ) -ne atta*$2 z1 ut]ne ad css dubis fdet sibi c]tius8 ,h4 ,s4 #b1 #b1 #ajg1 :i* ( ! two 9 d\btful /raits w bett] 9 himself confide8 #aecj4 ,two or m que/ions or exclamations are sometimes unit$ ) "o & ! same v]b3 z1 unde qu vn8 ,h4 #c1 #bg1 #cg1 :5ce :i!r am ,i come8 quot dis quam frgids rbus absmps1 ,pl94 ,ep4 #a1 #i1 #c1 h[ _m days h ,i fritt]$ away 9 utt] vapidities4 quantae quotins occsins quam praeclrae furunt1 ,mil4 #ch1 :at great *ances !re 71 "t & aga91 spl5did ones too4 ,errata3 #aebf 444 ,su* words are3 7a47 quis1 qu1 quoius quis qu1 #aebg;a 444 m aspice1 qun aspicis8 qu9 ,,"s ,,applications ,,( ,,que/ions4 #aeca4 ,a "q 9 ! indicative pres5t or future may be us$ to intimate comm& or exhortation1 delib]ation1 or appeal3 z1 7a47 ab9 h9c8 ,t4 ,eu4 #hfa1 w y get out ( ?is8 ab9 an nn8 33 abe1 ,pl4 ,aul4 #ffj1 w y begone or n8 33 ,i'll g4 qun abs8 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #ajhg1 :y won't y begone8 or get y gone1 begone4 nn tacs8 ,t4 ,ph4 #ihg1 won't y j hold y\r tongue8 ecquis currit poll9ctrem arcss]e8 ,pl4 ,z4 #iaj1 won't "s "o run to fet* ! und]tak] man8 qun cnsc5dimus equs8 ,l4 #a1 #eg1 #g1 :y n m\nt8 or to horse1 to horse4 7b47 quid e/1 ,crasse1 musne sessum8 ,,d4 #c1 #ag1 :at say y1 ,crassus1 %all we g & take a seat8 quoi dn lepidum novum libellum8 ,cat4 #a1 #a1 unto :om %all ,i give ! neat new booklet8 quid ag8 ade1 mane8 ,t4 ,ph4 #gcf1 :at %all ,i d8 g up & speak1 or wait8 7c47 en8 voc hc hom9em8 33 1 voc1 ,pl4 ,mo/4 #ggd1 %all ,i g1 & %all ,i call him "h8 33 g call him4 ,see also #afbc4 ,su* indicative que/ions occur p>ticul>ly 9 old ,lat91 9 ,catullus1 9 ,cic]o's e>ly works & lett]s1 & 9 ,v]gil4 #aecb4 ,"s set =ms occur repeat$ly1 especially 9 que/ions ( curiosity1 surprise1 incr$ulity1 wra?1 or capti\sness3 z1 s$ quid ais8 ,t4 ,&r4 #ege1 b apropos1 or b by ! way 7#aejj74 quid i/c8 ,t4 ,&r4 #egb1 well1 well1 h x y\r way3 comp>e quid i/c v]ba facimus8 ,pl4 ,e4 #ada4 a9 t8 ,br4 #aeb1 no1 n s]i\sly8 itane8 ,t4 ,eu4 #ajeh1 n really8 ,frequ5tly egone3 z1 quid nunc fac]e cgits8 33 egone8 ,t4 ,hau4 #fjh1 :at d y ?9k ( do+ n[8 33 :at1 ,i8 ,9 ,plautus1 ?reats are sometimes introduc$ by scn qu mod8 d y "k h[8 i4e4 at y\r p]il4 #aecc4 ,a "q is sometimes unit$ ) a p>ticiple1 or an ablative absolute1 or ?r[n into a subord9ate s5t5ce3 z1 quem frctum pet5ts scre cupimus illa qu mod moveantur8 ,f94 #c1 #cg1 ) :at practical end 9 view d we seek to "k h[ yon bodies 9 ! sky keep 9 motion8 qu frequ5ti prsequ5te crditis ns ill9c pr(ects8 ,l4 #g1 #cj1 #ba1 by :at multitudes d y ?9k we 7 se5 (f :5 we left t t[n8 #8hom9s' inquit #8mi/4' quid ut fac]et8 ,se/4 #hd1 #8y b\ght up m5' says he2 ) :at purpose8 ,erratum3 #aecb 444 ,t4 ,&r4 #ege1 #ege4 ,,! ,,inf9itive ,,( ,,intimation4 #aecd4 ,! inf9itive is pr9cipally us$ 9 subord9ation1 & w be spok5 ( "u t head4 ,"o use1 h[ev]1 ( ! pres5t inf9itive 9 ma9 s5t5ces1 z a k9d ( sub/itute = a pa/ indicative1 requires m5tion "h4 #aece4 ,9 animat$ n>ration1 ! pres5t inf9itive ) a subject 9 ! nom9ative sometimes takes ! place ( ! imp]fect or p]fect indicative3 z1 int]im ctdi ,caes> ,a$us frm5tum flgitre1 #a1 #af1 #a1 !re 0 ,caes> meantime e day dunn+ & dunn+ ! ,a$uans = ! gra94 ,diodrus sordidtus circum hospits cursre1 rem omnibus nrrre1 ,v4 #d1 #da1 ,diodorus kept runn+ r\nd 9 sackclo? & a%es f fri5d to fri5d1 tell+ 8 tale to ev]ybody4 int]e ,catilna 9 prm aci v]sr1 labrantibus succurr]e1 ,s4 ,c4 #fj1 #d1 ,catil9e meantime bu/l+ r\nd 9 ! =efront ( battle1 help+ !m t 7 sore be/ead4 tum vr +5t son caelum /rep]e1 et micre igns1 met omns torpre1 ,l4 #ba1 #eh1 #e1 at ?is crisis ! welk9 r++ ) a dreadful ro>1 fires fla%+1 ev]ybody p>alyz$ ) fe>4 ,?is inf9itive occurs 9 almo/ all writ]s1 = in/ance1 ,plautus1 ,t]5ce1 ,cic]o1 ,horace1 & p>ticul>ly ,sallu/1 ,livy1 & ,tacitus4 ,less commonly 9 ,caes>4 ,usually two or m inf9itives are comb9$1 & inf9itives are freely mix$ ) indicatives4 ,! subject is nev] 9 ! second p]son4 #aecf4 ,?is inf9itive is us$ to sket* or outl9e p]si/5t1 /rik+1 or port5t\s action1 :]e description fails2 & z x m]ely intimates ! action1 )\t di/9ct decl>ation1 & )\t notation ( "t1 numb]1 or p]son1 x is call$ ! ,inf9itive ( ,intimation4 ,x _c be adequately repres5t$ 9 ,engli%4 #aecg4 ,! inf9itive ( intimation is sometimes us$ )\t a subject1 :5 emphasis c5tres 9 ! action alone2 z1 ub turrim procul cn/itu vdrunt1 inrdre ex mr1 #b1 #cj1 #c1 :5 !y saw ! t[] plant$ "s way (f1 je] aft] je] f ! wall4 tum spectculum horribile 9 camps pat5tibus3 sequ fug]e1 occd cap1 ,s4 ,i4 #aja1 #aa1 !n a he>tr5d+ spectacle 9 ! op5 fields3 *as+ & rac+1 kill+ & cat*+4 #aech4 ,t]5ce & ,petronius h x 9 que/ions3 z1 rx t erg 9 oculs 33 sclicet 33 ge/re8 33 vr1 ,t4 ,eu4 #dja1 y\r k+ !n always be>+ y 33 ( c\rse1 ( c\rse 33 9 eye8 33 oh yes4 qu mor timre nisi ego8 ,petr4 #fb4 #aeci4 ,x may be m5tion$ "h1 t ! inf9itive ( intimation is sometimes us$ f ,sallu/ on 9 relative clauses & ) cum1 :54 ,also by ,tacitus 9 a temporal protasis ) ub1 ut1 dnec1 or po/quam1 co-ord9at$ ) a pres5t or imp]fect indicative protasis3 z1 7a47 c+btur int]im mlite domus1 cum ,lib vocre p]cussrem1 ,ta4 #b1 #ca1 ! h\se meantime 0 encompass$ ) soldi]s1 :5 ,libo call$ = somebody to kill him 7#ahfi74 7b47 ub crdsc]e sditi et convcis ad tla trnsbant1 inic catns ,flvin iubet1 ,ta4 ,h4 #c1 #aj1 :5 ! riot 0 wax+ hot1 & !y 7 proce$+ f invectives to op5 viol5ce1 he ord]s ,flavian to be clapp$ 9 irons 7#aicc74 ,,! ,,subjunctive ,,mood4 ,,decl>ations4 ,i4 ,,! ,,subjunctive ,,( ,,desire4 7,a47 ,,wi%4 #aedj4 ,! subjunctive may be us$ to express a wi%4 ,wi%es are (t5 introduc$ by ut9am1 9 old & poetical ,lat9 also by ut1 ut1 & curses 9 old ,lat9 by qu2 ^! words 7 orig9ally int]rogative1 h[4 ,sometimes ! wi% is limit$ by modo1 only4 ,9 negative wi%es n is us$1 ei!r alone1 or prec$$ by ut9am or modo2 r>ely nn1 or ! old-fa%ion$ nec1 n 7#addf74 #aeda4 7#a47 ,! pres5t & p]fect repres5t a wi% z practicable2 al?\gh a hopeless wi% may1 ( c\rse1 if ! speak] *ooses1 be repres5t$ z practicable3 z1 7a47 t spectem1 suprma mih cum vn]it hra1 ,tib4 #a1 #a1 #ei1 on !e ,i'd gaze1 :5 my la/ h\r %all come4 ut9am illum diem videam1 ,att4 #c1 #c1 ,i hope ,i may see ! day4 7b47 ut9am cnre1 ,ph4 #b1 #aja1 ,i hope y may make ! ef=t4 7c47 d vortant b5e quod ags1 ,t4 ,hec4 #aif1 may gods spe$ well :ate'er y und]take4 qu illum d omns p]du9t1 ,t4 ,ph4 #abc1 him may all gods =do4 ut9am hb]nae duplic5tur tempora brmae1 ,prop4 #a1 #h1 #i1 oh t ! w9t]'s "t may d\bl$ be4 ut9am revvscat frt]1 ,gell4 #aj1 #f1 #b1 ,i hope my bro!r may rise f 8 grave4 n i/c ,iuppit] srit1 ,l4 #bh1 #bh1 #aa1 n[ ,jupit] =ef5d4 ,! p]fect is f\nd pr9cipally 9 old ,lat94 #aedb4 ,! pres5t is v common 9 assev]ation3 z1 p]eam1 nisi sollicitus sum1 ,fam4 #ae1 #ai1 #d1 may ,i die1 if ,i am n worri$4 sollicitat1 ita vvam1 me tua valtd1 ,fam4 #af1 #bj1 y\r /ate ( heal? worries me1 z ,i hope to live4 ita vvam1 ut maxims smpts faci1 ,att4 #e1 #ae1 #b1 z ,i hope to be sav$1 ,i am mak+ great outlays4 ,see also #afbb4 #aedc4 ,! p]fect subjunctive sometimes ref]s to pa/ action n[ complet$3 z1 ut9am abi]it malam crucem1 ,pl4 ,po54 #gii1 ,i hope he's got him to ! bitt] cross 7#aafe74 ut9am spem implv]im1 ,pl94 ,ep4 #a1 #aj1 #c1 ,i hope ,i may h fulfill$ ! expectations4 #aedd4 7#b47 ,! imp]fect repres5ts a wi% z hopeless 9 ! pres5t or imm$iate future1 ! plup]fect repres5ts x z unfulfill$ 9 ! pa/3 z1 7a47 tcum ld]e scut ipsa possem1 ,cat4 #b1 #i1 c\ld ,i ) !e b play1 e'en z ?y mi/ress' self1 to ,lesbia's sp>r[4 ut9am ego t]tius vbs amcus adscrb]]1 ,,td4 #e1 #fc1 w\ld t ,i c\ld be enroll$ ) y myself1 z ! ?ird fri5d1 says tyrant ,dionysius to ,damon & ,ph9tias4 7b47 ut9am m mortuum prius vdisss1 ,q,fr4 #a1 #c1 #a1 ,i wi% y _h se5 me dead fir/4 7c47 ut9am n 9 nemore ,pli secribus caesa accdisset abigna ad t]ram trabs1 ,e4 9 ,cornif4 #b1 #cd1 _h b1 9 ,pelion's grove1 by axes fell$1 ne'er fall5 to ! e>? ! beam ( fir1 i4e4 = ! ,argo4 ut9am ille omns scum cpis dxisset1 ,c4 #b1 #d1 ,i only wi% ! man _h m>*$ out all 8 tra9-b&s ) him4 #aede4 ,9 old or poetical ,lat91 ! imp]fect sometimes d5otes unfulfill$ pa/ action1 l ! usual plup]fect2 z1 ut9am 9 ,sicili p]bt]s1 ,pl4 ,r4 #did1 w\ld ?\ had/ di$ 9 ,sicily4 ut9am t d prius p]d]5t1 ,pl4 ,cap4 #ecg1 ,i wi% ! gods _h cut !e (f be=e4 ,see #bjge4 #aedf4 ,9 poetry1 a wi% is sometimes ?r[n into ! =m ( a conditional protasis ) s or s3 z1 s urnam arg5t frs quae mihi mn/ret1 ,h4 ,s4 #b1 #f1 #aj1 oh if "s *ance a pot ( money may to me reveal4 7,b47 ,,exhortation1 ,,direction1 ,,/atem5t ,,( ,,propriety4 #aedg4 ,! subjunctive may be us$ to express an exhortation1 a direction1 or a /atem5t ( propriety4 ,! subjunctive ( exhortation is sometimes prec$$ 9 old ,lat9 by ut or ut1 orig9ally int]rogative4 ,9 negative exhortations or directions1 n1 nm1 nihil1 or numquam1 c41 is us$1 r>ely nn4 #aedh4 7#a47 ,! pres5t expresses :at is to be done or is n to be done 9 ! future3 z1 7a47 hoc quod coep prmum nrrem1 ,t4 ,hau4 #bgc1 fir/ let me tell ! /ory ,i've begun4 taceam nunc iam1 ,pl4 ,b4 #ajeh1 let me n[ hold my tongue4 cnsdmus hc 9 umbr1 ,leg4 #b1 #g1 let u sit d[n "h 9 ! %ade4 n difficilia optmus1 ,v4 #d1 #ae1 let u n hank] aft] impossibilities4 7b47 ,,haice ,,vtei ,,9 ,,cov5tionid ,,exdeicatis1 ,,cil4 ,i1 #aif1 #bc1 ?is y are to proclaim 9 public assembly4 7c47 nm9a dclnre et v]ba 9 prms pu] sciant1 ,qu9til4 #a1 #d1 #bb1 fir/ & =emo/ boys are to "k h[ to inflect n\ns & v]bs4 ut ads]v5tur magn dlig5ti1 ,pl4 ,cap4 #aae1 let !m be wat*$ ) all due c>e4 n quis tamquam p>va fa/diat grammatics elem5ta1 ,qu9til4 #a1 #d1 #f1 let no man look d[n on ! rudim5ts ( gramm> fancy+ !m insignificant4 #aedi4 7#b47 ,! p]fect subjunctive is r>e3 z1 idem dictum sit1 ,qu9til4 #a1 #a1 #h1 ! same be said1 once = all4 ,mo/ly 9 prohibitions3 z1 mortus sit nm qu m9us abeant1 ,l4 #i1 #aa1 #ac1 let no man h9d] !m f go+ away4 #aeej4 ,9 positive comm&s1 ! second p]son s+ul> (t5 has a def9ite subject 9 old or epi/ol>y ,lat91 & p>ticul>ly ss1 = ! imp]ative es or e/4 ,usually h[ev] an indef9ite subject 7#ajcj73 z1 7a47 es1 ,pl4 ,r4 #eai1 be (f4 hc apud ns hodi cns1 ,pl4 ,mo/4 #aabi1 d9e "h ) u today4 cautus ss1 m ,tir1 ,fam4 #af1 #i1 #d1 y mu/ be c>eful1 de> ,tiro4 7b47 i/ bon tre1 dum adsit1 ,,cm4 #cc1 enjoy ?is bless+ :ile y h x ) y4 #aeea4 ,:5 a prohibition is express$ 9 ! subjunctive1 ! second p]son ( ! pres5t is (t5 us$ 9 old ,lat91 sometimes ! p]fect4 ,lat]1 h[ev]1 ! p]fect is g5]ally preval5t4 ,9 ! classical p]iod1 ! pres5t is almo/ conf9$ to poetry4 ,= ! imp]ative 9 prohibitions1 see #aeha-aehf4 7a47 n illum v]b]s1 ,pl4 ,b4 #gdg1 y mu/n't ?ra% ! man4 ,once 9 ,horace3 n ss patruos mih1 ,s4 #b1 #c1 #hh1 don't play /]n gov]nor to me4 7b47 n trnsi]s ,ibrum1 ,l4 #ba1 #dd1 #f1 d n cross ! ,ib]us4 quod dubits n fc]s1 ,pl94 ,ep4 #a1 #ah1 #e1 :at y h d\bt ab\t1 nev] d4 #aeeb4 7#c47 ,! imp]fect or 7b n 9 old ,lat97 plup]fect subjunctive is sometimes us$ to express pa/ obligation or necessity3 z1 7a47 ,imp]fect3 quae hc erant crrs1 ,t4 ,hec4 #bcj1 ?\ %\ld/ h look$ to matt]s "h4 pat]tur1 ,t4 ,hau4 #bjb1 he %\ld h /ood x4 quod s mes incommods laetbantur1 urbis tam5 p]cul commovr5tur1 ,se/4 #ed1 well1 if !y did gloat ov] my mi%aps1 /ill !y ought to h be5 t\*$ by ! dang] to ,rome4 crs rs potius1 ,pl4 ,p]4 #gaj1 y'd bett] h gone tomorr[1 i4e4 h resolv$ to g tomorr[4 po5s p5d]s1 ,pl4 ,b4 #dbg1 ?\ had/ to pay a p5alty4 7b47 ,plup]fect3 re/itisss1 rpugnsss1 mortem pugnns oppetsss1 ,poet4 9 ,se/4 #de1 ?\ %\ld/ h made a /&1 f\ght back1 & fight+ met ?y fate4 quid fac]e dbui/8 frm5tum n misss1 ,v4 #c1 #aie1 :at ought y to h done8 y %\ld n h b\ght any :eat4 ,usually1 h[ev]1 pa/ obligation or necessity is express$ by ! g]undive con/ruction1 or by "s sep>ate v]b mean+ ought 7#adif74 ,errata3 #aedh;a 444 ,qu9til4 #a1 #d1 #bb1 #bb4 ut ads]v5tur magn dlig5ti1 4 = 1 ,qu9til4 #a1 #d1 #f 4 invisible 7,c47 ,,will+ness1 ,,assumption1 ,,concession4 #aeec4 ,! subjunctive ( desire may be us$ to d5ote will+ness1 assumption1 or concession3 z1 d]9t dum metuant1 ,poet4 9 ,suet4 ,cal4 #cj1 !y are welcome to hate1 z long z !y fe>4 n sit sn summum malum dolor1 malum c]t e/1 ,,td4 #b1 #ad1 grant = aught ,i c>e t pa9 is n ! wor/ evil1 an evil x c]ta9ly is4 nl fc]it1 e/1 ,j4 #f1 #bbb1 he may be guiltless1 be x s4 ,erratum3 #aeec 444 n sit sn summum malum dolor1 malum c]t e/1 c]t e/4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,subjunctive ,,( ,,action ,,conceivable4 #aeed4 ,! subjunctive is (t5 us$ to repres5t action z conceivable1 )\t ass]t+ t x actually takes place4 ,9 "s ( its applications1 ?is subjunctive is (t5 m exactly def9$ by an expression ( d\bt or ( assurance3 z1 =s fuat an 9 ,plautus1 =sitan f ,t]5ce on 7r>ely =san1 =s71 =tasse1 may be1 p]haps2 opnor1 haud sci an1 ,i fancy2 facile1 easily1 s9e ll dubittine1 unhesitat+ly1 c41 c4 ,! negative us$ ) ?is subjunctive is nn4 #aeee4 ,?is subjunctive is p>ticul>ly common 9 gu>d$ or diffid5t /atem5ts3 ?us1 velim1 ,i c\ld wi%1 nlim1 ,i %\ld n be will+1 mlim1 ,i w\ld r1 dx]im1 ,i %\ld say1 are (t5 pref]r$ to a blunt] vol1 ,i insi/1 nl1 ,i won't1 ml1 ,i pref]1 or dc1 ,i say4 #aeef4 ,! pres5t d5otes action 9 an indef9ite future3 z1 7a47 ego =sitan 9 grege adnum]]1 ,,ra4 #hi1 z = me1 ,i might p]haps be c\nt$ 9 ! common h]d4 mtuom arg5tum rogem1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #geh1 money ,i might borr[4 haud sci an rct dcmus1 ,se/4 #eh1 ,i r ?9k we may say ) propriety4 7b47 ,! second p]son s+ul> g5]ally has an imag9>y subject 7#ajcj73 z1 dcs hc =sitan1 ,j4 #a1 #aej1 "h p]adv5ture ?\ may/ say1 i4e4 anybody may say4 rogs m quid sit deus1 auctre t> ,simnid1 ,,dn4 #a1 #fj1 y may ask me :at god is2 ,i %\ld foll[ ! lead ( ,simonides4 migrants c]ns1 ,v4 #d1 #dja1 ?\ can/ descry !m on ! move 7#afce74 ,(t5 ) "s g5]aliz+ ^w1 su* z saepe1 numquam1 plrs3 z1 saepe vides1 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #d1 #hf1 ?\ (t can/ see4 ,=tnam citius rep]is quam ret9es1 ,publil4 ,syr4 #afh1 dame ,=tune ?\ may/ soon] f9d ?an b9d4 7c47 nunc aliquis dcat mihi1 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #c1 #ai1 n[ somebody may say to me 7m commonly dcet aliquis1 dcs1 #afbj74 =sitan aliquis dcat1 ,l4 #e1 #eb1 #e1 p]haps somebody may say4 hoc vbs incrdibile videtur1 ,v4 #c1 #aji1 ?is may seem incr$ible to y4 #aeeg4 7#a47 ,! p]fect seldom occurs 9 old ,lat94 ,lat]1 x is r>ely us$ ( pa/ "t4 ,9 ?is use x resembles ! p]fect ( concession 7#aeec73 z1 7a47 =sitan tem]e fc]im1 ,,ra4 #ca1 p]adv5ture ,i may h act$ ra%ly4 errv]im =tasse1 ,pl94 ,ep4 #a1 #bc1 #b1 ,i may h be5 mi/ak5 p]haps4 7b47 concd2 =sitan aliquis aliqu& eius mod quippiam fc]it1 ,v4 #b1 #gh1 ,i grant x2 p]haps somebody1 at "s "t or o!r1 may h done some?+ ( ! sort4 haec ipsa =sitan fu]9t nn necessria1 ,br4 #eb1 ev5 ?is may p]haps h be5 sup]flu\s4 #aeeh4 7#b47 ,! p]fect is (t5e/ us$ ) a future mean+1 & p>ticul>ly ! fir/ p]son s+ul> active ( v]bs mean+ ?9k or say3 z1 7a47 nn facile dx]im1 ,,td4 #e1 #aba1 ,i c\ld n readily say4 hoc s9e ll dubittine cnfirmv]im1 ,br4 #be1 ?is ,i c ass]t )\t any hesitation4 pce tu dx]im1 ,,td4 #e1 #ab1 by y\r leave ,i w\ld say4 ,! fir/ p]son plural occurs fir/ 9 ,cornificius1 & is r>e3 z1 hunc deum rte betum dx]mus1 ,,dn4 #a1 #eb1 su* a god we %\ld be "r 9 pron\nc+ happy4 7b47 pln p]fectum ,dmo/h5em facile dx]s1 ,br4 #ce1 y w\ld readily pron\nce ,demo/h5es absolutely p]fect 7#ajcj74 t vr eum nec nimis vald umquam nec nimis saepe laudv]s1 ,leg4 #c1 #a1 oh no1 re/ assur$ y nev] c praise him too emphatically nor too (t54 conluviem i/am nn nisi met corcu]s1 ,ta4 #ad1 #dd1 su* a motley rabble y c only keep "u by t]rorism4 7c47 =sitan quispiam dx]it1 ,(f4 #c1 #bi1 p]haps somebody may say4 #aeei4 7#a47 ,! imp]fect prop]ly d5otes action :i* might h tak5 place 9 ! pa/3 z1 7a47 nn ego hoc f]rem calidus iuv5t cnsule ,planc1 ,h4 #c1 #ad1 #bg1 ?is ,i %\ld n h brook$ 9 my hot y\?1 9 ,plancus' consulate4 7b47 ,! second p]son s+ul>1 p>ticul>ly ( v]bs mean+ see1 make out1 ?9k1 say1 g5]ally has an imag9>y subject 7#ajcj73 z1 vidrs1 ,h4 ,s4 #b1 #h1 #gg1 ?\ might/ h se54 c]n]s1 ,l4 #bb1 #g1 #ab1 y might h descri$4 nescrs1 ,l4 #c1 #ce1 #c1 y c\ld n h told4 t colum5 r pblicae dc]s intur1 ,se/4 #ai1 y w\ld h sworn y 7 gaz+ on a pill> ( ! /ate4 7c47 qu vidret1 urbem captam dc]et1 ,v4 #d1 #eb1 anybody :o saw x1 w\ld h said x 0 a captur$ city4 dc hoc 9 t nn pote/1 posset 9 ,t>qu9i1 cum rgn esset expulsus1 ,,td4 #a1 #hh1 ?is _c be said 9 y\r case2 x might h be5 said 9 ,t>qu9's1 :5 he 0 driv5 f ! ?rone4 numquam fac]et1 ,t4 ,ph4 #aba1 he nev] w\ld h done x4 #aefj4 7#b47 ,! imp]fect (t5 d5otes action n p]=m$ at ! pres5t "t2 s especially vellem 7nllem1 mllem73 z1 7a47 nimis vellem habre p]ticam1 ,pl4 ,z4 #ehi1 ,i wi% s mu* ,i _h a /ick4 vellem adesse posset ,panaetius2 qua]]em ex e1 ,,td4 #a1 #ha1 ,i only wi% ,panaetius c\ld be ) u3 ,i %\ld ask him 7,panaetius 0 dead74 cup]em voltum vidre tuum1 ,att4 #d1 #af1 #g1 ,i %\ld l to see ! expression ( y\r face4 mllem ,c]b]um metu]s1 ,,td4 #a1 #ab1 ,i w\ld r y /ood 9 dread ( ,c]b]us4 possem idem fac]e1 ,,td4 #a1 #hd1 ,i c\ld d ! same4 7b47 melius sequ]re cupd9e captam1 ,o4 #ad1 #bh1 bett] = !e x 7 a lov+ bride to woo4 7c47 9 hc =tn p]tilis eius op]a esset1 ,att4 #i1 #ag1 #b1 9 ! pres5t p9* 8 s]vices w\ld be extremely valuable4 #aefa4 ,! plup]fect repres5ts action :i* did n take place 9 ! pa/3 z1 7a47 vellem quidem licret3 hoc dxissem1 ,,ra4 #ach1 ,i only wi% x 7 all[$2 ,i %\ld h said s & s4 7b47 d$isss huic anim pr corpus1 fcisset quod optbat1 ,pl94 ,ep4 #a1 #ab1 #h1 y might h giv5 ?is _s a body to mat*2 he w\ld h done :at he crav$ to d4 7c47 urbs et rgna cel]it] tanta nquitia dvorre potuisset1 ,ph4 #b1 #fg1 su* colossal prodigality might h be5 capable ( swall[+ d[n cities & k+doms spe$ily4 vciss5t inprobs bon2 quid de9de8 ,se/4 #dc1 ! good might h ov]p[]$ ! bad2 :at next8 #aefb4 ,x may be m5tion$ "h1 t ! subjunctive ( action conceivable (t5 ext5ds to subord9ate s5t5ces3 see #agca4 ,,que/ions4 #aefc4 ,i4 ,! subjunctive is (t5 us$ to ask :at action or :e!r any action is desir$1 comm&$1 prop]1 or necess>y4 ,9 _m in/ances a negative answ] or no answ] at all is expect$ ,! negative is n1 sometimes nn4 7a47 qu m v]tam8 ,scaur4 #ai1 :i* way %all ,i turn8 quid faciam1 praescrbe 33 quiscs 33 n faciam1 inquis1 omnn v]ss8 ,h4 ,s4 #b1 #a1 #e1 lay d[n ! law1 :at ,i'm to d 33 keep /ill 33 wilt h me write1 say/ ?\1 no v]se at all8 quid igitur faciam8 nn eam8 ,t4 ,eu4 #df1 :at !n am ,i to d8 n g8 quid n mem9]im8 ,,d4 #b1 #bgc1 :y %\ld n ,i rememb]8 or ( c\rse ,i rememb]4 huic cdmus8 huius condicins audimus8 ,ph4 #ac1 #af1 %all we b[ ! knee to him8 %all we li/5 to 8 t]ms8 7b47 quid t&em m fac]e decuit8 quisc]em et pat]]8 ,l4 #db1 #da1 #ab1 :at 9 ! _w ought ,i to h done8 keep inactive & /& x8 #aefd4 ,su* que/ions sometimes h ! alt]native =m3 z1 ,cor9?is bellum indcmus1 an nn8 ,inv4 #a1 #ag1 are we to decl>e w> aga9/ ,cor9?1 or n8 utrum indicre m ei ?nsaurum aequom fuit1 an ego alium dom9um pat]] fi] hsce a$ibus8 ,pl4 ,tri4 #age1 %\ld ,i h po9t$ out ! ho>d to him1 or %\ld ,i h all[$ ano!r to become ! own] ( ?is h\se8 "h pat]] is equival5t to aequom fuit pat 7#adie74 #aefe4 ,,ii4 ,! subjunctive is (t5 us$ to ask :e!r action is conceivable3 z1 7a47 quis putet cel]ittem +5 ,l4 ,brt dfuisse8 ,br4 #ec1 :o c suppose t ,brutus lack$ ready wit8 i4e4 nm putet 7#aeef71 putbit 7#afbj71 or putre pote/4 s enim ,znn licuit1 cr nn liceat ,catn8 ,f94 #c1 #ae1 = if x 0 all[$ ,z5o1 :y %\ld n x be all[$ ,cato8 7b47 hoc tantum bellum quis umquam arbitrrtur ab n imp]tre cnfic posse8 ,,ip4 #ca1 :o w\ld ev] h dream$ t ?is /up5d\s w> c\ld be br\ght to a close by a s+le comm&]8 ,! imp]fect sometimes d5otes action n p]=m$ at ! pres5t "t 7#aefj73 quis enim cvis rg nn favret8 ,d4 #f1 = :at ,roman w\ld n feel = ! k+8 7c47 ego t vidre nlu]im8 ,q,fr4 #a1 #c1 #a1 ,i h object$ to see+ y8 #aeff4 ,! subjunctive is (t5 us$ 9 int]rogative outbur/s ( surprise1 disapprobation1 indignation1 or capti\s rejo9d]4 ,9 su* que/ions a pron\n1 ego1 t 7ille71 is usually express$4 ,! negative is nn4 ,?is subjunctive occurs 9 ,plautus & ,t]5ce1 9 ,cic]o1 (t5e/ ! lett]s1 9 ,horace1 ,v]gil1 & ,livy4 ,n 9 ,caes> nor ,sallu/4 #aefg4 7#a47 ,! "q may h no int]rogative ^w1 or may h -ne1 especially 9 com$y3 z1 7a47 nn tacs8 33 taceam8 ,t4 ,ph4 #ihg1 y hold y\r tongue 33 ,i hold my tongue8 n fl 33 egone illum nn fleam8 ,pl4 ,cap4 #aci1 weep n 33 :at1 ,i n weep = him8 t pulss omne quod ob/at8 ,h4 ,s4 #b1 #f1 #cj1 :at1 y1 sir1 pun* :atev]'s 9 y\r way8 faves t ho/8 ille litt]s ad t mittat8 ,ph4 #g1 #e1 y1 sir1 sympa?ize ) ! enemy8 he correspond ) y8 sapinsne nn timeat8 ,ac4 #b1 #ace1 a sage n be afraid8 7b47 ego mih umquam bonrum praesidium dfutrum putrem8 ,mil4 #id1 c\ld ,i h dream$ t ,i %\ld ev] lack ! protection ( ! patriotic8 7c47 #8apud ex]citum mih fu]s' inquit #8tot anns8' ,mur4 #ba1 #8to ?9k ( y\r hav+ be5 ) ! army1 bless my s\l8' says he1 #8s _m ye>s4' 7d47 mih cuiusquam sals tant fuisset1 ut meam negleg]em8 ,sull4 #de1 c\ld anybody's safety h be5 s important 9 my eyes z to make me disreg>d my own8 #aefh4 7#b47 ,! "q may h ut or ut3 z1 t ut lla rs frangat8 t ut umquam t corrigs8 ,c4 #a1 #bb1 any ?+ break y d[n8 y ev] re=m8 pat] ut obesse flo dbeat8 ,planc4 #ca1 a fa!r morally b\nd to "w aga9/ 8 son8 #aefi4 7#c47 ,! "q ) ut or ut is sometimes att5d$ by a remnant ( ano!r "q ) -ne or -n4 ,9 ?is comb9ation1 -ne ei!r prec$es1 jo9$ to an emphatic ^w1 or x is atta*$ directly to ut or ut3 z1 7a47 egone ut t int]pellem8 ,,td4 #b1 #db1 :at ,i8 int]rupt y8 illne ut impne concit5t fnitima bella8 ,l4 #d1 #b1 #ab1 :at1 !y be all[$ to /ir up bord] w>f>e ) impunity8 virg haec lb]a/ 33 meane ancilla lb]a ut sit1 quam ego numquam ms man8 ,pl4 ,cur4 #fae1 ?is girl is free 33 my s]vant-girl8 %e to be free1 :5 ,i h nev] set h] free8 7b47 utne tegam spurc ,dmae latus8 ,h4 ,s4 #b1 #e1 #ah1 :at1 ,i'm to %ield a na/y ,dama's side8 somnium4 ut9e haec gnrret suom patrem8 ,t4 ,ph4 #hgd1 oh bo%1 n to h kn[n ! fa!r t begat h]8 ,see #aeje & #aecb4 #aegj4 ,x may be m5tion$ "h1 t ! int]rogative subjunctive is (t5 us$ 9 subord9ate s5t5ces3 see #agca4 ,erratum3 #aefe;a 444 ,f94 #c1 #ae ,f9 #c1 ,,! ,,imp]ative ,,mood4 ,,comm&4 #aega4 ,! second p]son ( ! imp]ative mood is us$ 9 comm&s1 ei!r p>ticul> or g5]al4 ,comm&s are v (t5 att5d$ by a vocative or vocative nom9ative1 or by t1 sir1 sirrah1 or vs1 g5tlem51 y p 7#aaah74 ,!y are ( v>i\s k9ds1 z foll[s3 7a47 ,ord]1 (t5 to an inf]ior3 ?us1 to an (ficial3 lctor1 conlig mans1 ,rab4 #ac1 ,l4 #a1 #bf1 #g1 ,gell4 #ab1 #c1 #b1 lictor1 tie up 8 wri/s4 ,to soldi]s3 z1 dsilte mlits1 #d1 #be1 #c1 ov]bo>d1 my m54 sgnif]1 /atue sgnum1 ,l4 #e1 #ee1 #a1 /&>dbe>]1 plant y\r /&>d4 nf] mles sgnum1 ,l4 #f1 #h1 #a1 advance y\r /&>d1 man1 or *>ge4 ,to sailors3 z1 hc drigite nvs1 ,l4 #bi1 #bg1 #ac1 head y\r galleys ?is way4 ,to slaves3 z1 convorrite a$s scps1 agite /rnu1 ,pl4 ,b4 #aj1 sweep up ! h\se ) brooms1 be brisk4 ,also to an equal3 z1 ap]te aliquis1 ,pl4 ,m]4 #acj1 op5 ! door !re somebody 7#ajhj74 ,or to a sup]ior3 z1 heus1 ex1 ,pha$rome1 ,pl4 ,cur4 #bgf1 ho ,pha$romus1 come out4 7b47 ,exhortation1 entreaty1 summons1 reque/1 pray]1 imprecation1 wi%1 concession1 c43 z1 vs vbs cnsulite1 #g1 #ej1 #e1 e man ( y = himself4 s1 bibe1 anim obsequ]e1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #fgg1 eat1 dr9k1 & be m]ry4 sp]ne voluptts1 ,h4 ,e4 #a1 #b1 #ee1 scorn ?\ delights4 qun t intr1 ,pl4 ,mo/4 #hae1 g 91 g 91 won't y g 98 7#aebg74 pat5t portae1 pr(icsc]e1 dc tcum etiam omns tus1 ,c4 #a1 #aj1 ! gates are op51 m>* =?2 take out all y\r myrmidons ) y too4 aud1 ,iuppit]1 ,l4 #a1 #cb1 #f1 b[ d[n ?9e e>1 ,jupit]4 9 crucem1 ,pl4 ,z4 #idj1 get y gone to ! cross4 vve valque1 ,h4 ,s4 #b1 #e1 #aji1 long live & ?rive1 or f>ewell4 tib hab1 ,pl4 ,m54 #fij1 y keep x y\rself4 #aegb4 ,! imp]ative is (t5 s(t5$ by ! addition ( amb1 obsecr1 quaes1 pri!e1 ,i beg1 or ss1 sultis1 sds1 please 7#ig74 ,x is %>p5$ by age1 ag$um or agidum1 age ss1 m>k me1 or 1 g1 come on1 or by modo1 only4 ,! concessive imp]ative sometimes has sn1 = all me4 #aegc4 ,9 ,plautus & ,t]5ce1 ! enclitic dum1 a :ile1 a m9ute1 j1 is (t5 atta*$ to ! imp]ative3 z1 man$um1 ,pl4 ,z4 #ehe1 wait a m9ute4 ,9 classical ,lat91 dum is reta9$ ) age & agite3 z1 ag$um cnf]te cum illu vt ,p4 ,sllae1 ,sull4 #gb1 come n[1 comp>e ,sulla's life ) t man's 7#ajge74 #aegd4 ,x may be m5tion$ "h1 t ! imp]ative is (t5 us$ 9 ! protasis ( a conditional s5t5ce3 z1 tolle hanc opninem1 lctum su/ul]is1 ,,td4 #a1 #cj1 d away ) ?is notion1 & y w d away ) m\rn+ = ! dead4 ,once only 9 old ,lat91 b (t5 9 late ,lat91 ) a copulative3 z1 p]ge1 ac facile ecfc]is1 ,pl4 ,b4 #fie1 />t on1 & y w d x easily4 #aege4 7#a47 ,! ?ird p]son1 & ! long] =ms ( ! second p]son1 are us$ p>ticul>ly 9 laws1 legal docum5ts1 & treaties1 & also 9 impressive g5]al rules & maxims3 z1 7a47 rgi imp]i du sunt1 ,leg4 #c1 #h1 !re %all be two m5 ve/$ ) ! p[] ( k+s4 amcitia rg ,antio* cum popul ,rmn hs lgibus e/1 ,l4 #ch1 #ch1 #a1 !re %all be amity betwe5 k+ ,antio*us & ,rome on ! foll[+ t]ms4 7b47 vcns bonus e/1 ,cato1 ,,rr4 #d1 always be good to y\r neighb\rs4 mribus vvit antqus1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #bie1 live ?\ 9 old-"t ways4 ,! long] =ms are (t5 call$ ! ,future ,imp]ative4 #aegf4 7#b47 ,! long] =ms ( ! second p]son are also sometimes us$ 9 ! ord9>y spee* ( ev]yday life3 z1 cavt1 ,q,fr4 #a1 #c1 #h1 bew>e4 ,9 old ,lat91 (t5 s1 be ?\1 b 9 classical ,lat91 (t5] e/ 7or ss74 ,usually habt1 mean+ keep1 or consid]1 regul>ly sct1 sctte1 y mu/ "k 7#hdf74 ,9 v]se1 ! long =ms may sometimes be due to ! metre3 z1 hc hodi cnt1 ,pl4 ,r4 #adag1 take d9n] "h today4 pr pr p> ref]t1 ,t4 ,eu4 #dde1 pay tit = tat4 ,b also )\t su* necessity3 z1 auf]t intr1 ,pl4 ,tru4 #iad1 take x )94 quitus e/1 inquam1 ,t4 ,ph4 #gac1 be n conc]n$1 ,i say4 #aegg4 7#c47 ,x may be m5tion$ "h1 t ! long] =ms are v (t5 us$ 9 ! apodosis ( a complex s5t5ce1 p>ticul>ly ) a future or a future p]fect protasis3 z1 s i/e bit1 t1 ,pl4 ,ps4 #hfc1 if he %all g1 g ?\4 m$ic m]cdis quantum poscet1 prmitt iubt1 ,fam4 #af1 #ad1 #a1 y mu/ ord] y\r m$ical man to be promis$ all he %all *>ge 9 ! way ( a fee4 ub nihil erit quod scrbs1 id ipsum scrbit1 ,att4 #d1 #h;b1 #d1 :5 y don't h any?+ to write1 !n write j t4 cum ego ,p4 ,grnium te/em prdx]1 refellit1 s pot]is1 ,v4 #e1 #aed1 :5 ,i put ,granius on ! witness /&1 refute him if y c4 #aegh4 ,9 su* comb9ations1 h[ev]1 ! %ort] =ms are sometimes f\nd3 z1 ubi vols1 acc]se1 ,t4 ,&r4 #hdh1 fet* me :5 y w4 ,& conv]sely ! long] =ms are also f\nd ) a pres5t protasis3 z1 num illud vidt1 s m ams1 ,fam4 #af1 #a1 #b1 att5d to ?is "o ?+1 an ?\ love/ me4 #aegi4 ,a comm& is sometimes express$ by ! subjunctive1 accompany+ fac1 facit1 fac ut1 facit ut1 cr ut1 crt ut1 vid1 vid ut1 vol1 or p>ticul>ly velim3 z1 magnum fac animum habes et spem bonam1 ,q,fr4 #a1 #b1 #af1 see t y keep up an h]oic s\l & unabat$ hope 7#agab74 fac cgits1 ,fam4 #aa1 #c1 #d1 see t y be> 9 m9d4 cr ut vales1 ,fam4 #ab1 #bi1 #c1 take good c>e ( y\rself4 velim ex/ims1 ,fam4 #ab1 #bi1 #b1 ,i %\ld l to h y consid]4 ,= comm&s 9 ! subjunctive alone1 see #aedg2 9 ! future indicative1 #afbd2 9 ! =m ( a "q1 #aeca4 #aehj4 ,a p]iphra/ic p]fect passive =m is r>e3 z1 ire caesus e/1 ,twelve ,tables 9 ,macrob4 ,sat4 #a1 #d1 #ai1 he %all be reg>d$ z kill$ ) ju/ify+ circum/ances4 prob factum e/1 ,l4 #bb1 #aj1 #f1 let x be consid]$ ju/ifi$4 at vs admonit no/rs quoque csibus e/e1 ,o4 ,tr4 #d1 #h1 #ea1 b be ye w>n$ by our mis=tunes too4 ,errata3 #aega 444 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #fgg1 #fgg4 #aegg 444 ,att4 #d1 #h;b1 #d1 #d4 ,,prohibition4 #aeha4 7#a47 ,9 prohibitions ) ! second p]son1 ! imp]ative ) n is us$ 9 old ,lat91 & ) nve z a connective1 r>ely neque3 z1 n fl1 ,pl4 ,cap4 #aci1 weep n4 n saev tant op]e1 ,t4 ,&r4 #hfh1 be n ?us wro?4 ,sometimes 9 classical poetry also1 9 imitation ( old /yle3 z1 n saev1 magna sac]ds1 ,v4 #f1 #edd1 rave n1 ?\ prie/ess gr&4 ,once 9 ,livy3 n timte1 #c1 #b1 #i1 be n afraid4 #aehb4 ,f ,ovid on1 nn is us$ a few times = n3 z1 nn crs aurs on]te lapills1 ,o4 ,,aa4 #c1 #abi1 load n ) preci\s /ones y\r e>s4 #aehc4 7#b47 ,prohibitions 9 ! second p]son are usually express$ by nl or nlte ) ! inf9itive1 p>ticul>ly 9 classical prose3 z1 obirgre nl1 ,att4 #c1 #aa1 #b1 don't scold4 nlte id velle quod fi] nn pote/1 ,ph4 #g1 #be1 don't ye>n aft] ! unatta9able4 #aehd4 ,9 poetry1 equival5ts = nl are sometimes us$ ) ! inf9itive1 su* z fuge1 p>ce or comp]ce1 conpesce1 mitte or omitte1 absi/e3 z1 quid sit futrum crs1 fuge qua]]e1 ,h4 #a1 #i1 #ac1 :at fate ! morr[ br+s1 =be> to ask4 ,livy has once p>ce1 #cd1 #cb1 #bj4 #aehe4 7#c47 ,a prohibition 9 ! second p]son is (t5 express$ by ! subjunctive accompany+ cav1 fac n1 vid n1 vidt n1 cr n1 crt n1 or nlim1 & 9 old ,lat9 cav n3 z1 cav fe/ns1 ,fam4 #af1 #ab1 #f1 don't be 9 a hurry4 cavt n suscnses1 ,pl4 ,z4 #cgb1 see t ?\ bee/ n wro?4 hoc nlim m iocr puts1 ,fam4 #i1 #ae1 #d1 ,i %\ld hate to h y ?9k ,i am say+ ?is 9 fun4 ,= prohibitions 9 ! second p]son ) n & ! pres5t or p]fect subjunctive1 see #aeea4 ,= ! subjunctive coord9at$ ) cav1 see #agaa4 #aehf4 ,9 law language1 prohibitions are express$ by ! ?ird p]son ( ! imp]ative ) n1 & ) nve z a connective3 z1 hom9em mortuom 9 urbe n sepelt nve rit1 ,twelve ,tables 9 ,leg4 #b1 #eh1 he %all n bury nor yet %all he burn a dead man 9 t[n4 muli]s g5s n rdunt nve lessum fn]is erg hab5t1 ,twelve ,tables 9 ,leg4 #b1 #ei1 wom5 %all n te> _! *eeks nor %all !y ke5 9 lam5tation = ! dead 7#abeg74 ,likewise ) nm3 z1 nm9 pr5t1 ,twelve ,tables 9 ,leg4 #c1 #h1 !y %all n be subject to anybody4 ,see also #aedh4 ,,t5se4 ,,! ,,t5ses ,,( ,,! ,,indicative4 ,,! ,,pres5t ,,t5se4 #aehg4 ,! pres5t indicative repres5ts action z go+ on at ! "t ( speak+ or writ+3 z1 scrb1 ,i write1 or ,i am writ+4 nunc prmum audi1 ,t4 ,&r4 #icf1 = ! fir/ "t ,i he>4 notat ad ca$em num quemque no/rm1 ,c4 #a1 #b1 he is m>k+ u out = dea?1 ea* & all4 domus a$ifictur1 ,att4 #d1 #b1 #g1 ! h\se is build+4 #aehh4 ,! pres5t is us$ to d5ote action cu/om>y or repeat$ at any "t1 or a g5]al tru?3 z1 agr cultrae nn /ud5t1 #f1 #bb1 #a1 !y d n apply !mselves to f>m+4 vir 9 uxrs vtae necisque hab5t pote/tem1 #f1 #ai1 #c1 ! m>ri$ m5 h p[] ( life & dea? ov] _! wives4 probits laudtur et alget1 ,j4 #a1 #gd1 uprightness gets extoll$1 & left out 9 ! cold4 dum vtant /ult vitia1 9 contrria currunt1 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #b1 #bd1 :ile fools essay a vice to %un1 into its opposite !y run4 mors sla fattur quantula s9t hom9um corpuscula1 ,j4 #aj1 #agb1 dea? is ! only ?+ t tells :at pygmy ?+s m5's bodies be4 /ultrum plna sunt omnia1 ,fam4 #i1 #bb1 #d1 ! _w is full ( fools4 rs inept rs ineptior nlla/1 ,cat4 #ci1 #af1 !re's no?+ silli] ?an a silly laugh4 #aehi4 ,! pres5t1 :5 accompani$ by "s expression ( duration ( "t1 is (t5 us$ to d5ote action :i* has be5 go+ on "s "t & is /ill go+ on4 ,?is pres5t is translat$ by ! ,engli% p]fect3 z1 ,lilybae mults iam anns habitat1 ,v4 #d1 #ch1 he has liv$ at ,lilybaeum ?is _m a ye>4 iam ddum auscult1 ,h4 ,s4 #b1 #g1 #a1 ,i h be5 li/5+ = an age4 satis di hc iam saxum vors1 ,t4 ,eu4 #ajhe1 ,i've trundl$ at ?is b\ld] long en\gh z 't is4 nimium di t ca/ra dsd]ant1 ,c4 #a1 #aj1 ! camp has felt y\r abs5ce altoge!r too long4 iam di gnr quid ags1 ,fam4 #g1 #i1 #a1 ,i h n kn[n ?is long "t h[ y are gett+ on4 ,?is use ext5ds to ! subjunctive & to n\ns ( ! v]b also4 ,b if ! action is conceiv$ z complet$1 ! p]fect is us$3 z1 sr resi/imus quem p] anns decem aluimus1 ,att4 #g1 #e1 #e1 x is too late to oppose a man :om we h be5 support+ t5 long ye>s4 #aeij4 ,! pres5t is (t5 us$ to repres5t pa/ action z go+ on n[4 ,?is is call$ ! ,pres5t ( ,vivid ,n>ration3 z1 trnsfgitur sctum ,pulini et v]tum 9 balte dfgitur4 v]tit hc csus vgnam1 inp$tumque ho/s circumsi/unt1 #e1 #dd1 #g1 ,pulio has 8 %ield run ?r\gh1 & a javel9 /icks fa/ 9 8 sword belt4 ,?is mis*ance puts 8 scabb>d out ( rea*1 & ! enemy encompass him 9 ?is hamp]$ condition4 ,?is pres5t (t5 /&s side by side ) a pa/ t5se4 ,x is common 9 subord9ate s5t5ces also4 #aeia4 ,! pres5t is sometimes us$ 9 brief hi/orical or p]sonal memor&a1 to note incid5ts day by day or ye> by ye> z !y occur4 ,?is is call$ ! ,annali/ic ,pres5t3 z1 ,proca de9de rgnat4 is ,numitrem prcreat4 ,numitr rgnum vetu/um ,silviae g5tis lgat1 ,l4 #a1 #c1 #i1 aft] ?is ,proca is k+2 ?is man begets ,numitor2 to ,numitor he bequea?s ! anci5t ?rone ( ! ,silvian race4 duplictur cvium num]us4 ,caelius additur urb mns1 ,l4 #a1 #cj1 #a1 numb] ( citiz5s d\bl$2 ,mt4 ,caelius add$ to city4 9 ,mmurrrum lass de9de urbe manmus1 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #e1 #cg1 9 ! ,mamurras' city !n =sp5t we sleep4 ,p>ticul>ly common ) dates3 z1 ,a4 ,v]gnius inde et ,t4 ,vetusius cnsultum ineunt1 ,l4 #b1 #bh1 #a1 !n ,v]g9ius & ,vetusius ent] on ! consul%ip4 ,m4 ,sln ,l4 ,nrbn cnsulibus ,g]mnicus ,aegyptum pr(icscitur1 ,ta4 #b1 #ei1 9 ! consul%ip ( ,silanus & ,norbanus1 ,g]manicus leaves = ,egypt4 #aeib4 ,v]bs ( he>+1 see+1 & say+ are (t5 put 9 ! pres5t1 ev5 :5 !y ref] to action really pa/3 z1 audi ,val]ium ,mrtilem dcessisse1 ,pl94 ,ep4 #c1 #ba1 #a1 ,i he> t ,m>tial is dead1 i4e4 ! epigrammati/1 #ajb ,a4,d4 ,p>ticul>ly ( ?+s m5tion$ 9 books1 or 9 quot+ :at an au?or says3 z1 ,h]cyniam silvam1 quam ,erato/h5 ntam esse vide1 #f1 #bd1 #b1 ! ,h]cynian =e/1 :i* ,i see 0 kn[n to ,erato/h5es4 ,plat #8scam malrum' appellat volupttem1 ,,cm4 #dd1 ,plato calls pleasure ! #8bait ( s94' #aeic4 ,! pres5t is sometimes loosely us$ ( future action3 z1 crs e/ mih idicium1 ,t4 ,eu4 #cch1 tomorr[ ,i've a case 9 c\rt4 ego scophantam iam condc d =1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #hae1 = me1 a %>p] f ! m>ket place ,i'll /raight engage4 quam mox inruimus8 ,t4 ,eu4 #ghh1 h[ soon d we pit* 98 ,?is pres5t is also us$ 9 subord9ate s5t5ces ) antequam & priusquam 7#aiab1 #aiae71 ) dum1 until 7#bjjf71 & sometimes ) s4 ,,! ,,imp]fect ,,t5se4 #aeid4 ,! imp]fect indicative repres5ts action z go+ on 9 pa/ "t3 z1 scrbbam1 ,i 0 writ+1 or ,i wrote4 ei mihi qulis erat1 ,v4 #b1 #bgd1 woe's me1 h[ gha/ly he appe>$4 multsque p] anns errbant ct fts1 ,v4 #a1 #ca1 & !y = _m a ye> 7 roam+ r\nd1 by fates pursu$4 #aeie4 ,! imp]fect (t5 d5otes pa/ action la/+ :ile some?+ else occurr$3 z1 an tum ers cnsul1 cum mea domus ardbat8 ,pis4 #bf1 7 y p]haps consul at ! "t my h\se 0 burn+ d[n8 neque vr tum gnrbat s ad exqusta supplicia pr(icsc1 ,(f4 #c1 #ajj1 & all ! "t he knew p]fectly well t he 0 />t+ (f to suff] /udi$ torm5ts4 #aeif4 ,! imp]fect is us$ to d5ote repeat$ or cu/om>y pa/ action or condition3 z1 comm5tb> dclmitns ctdi1 ,br4 #caj1 ,i always practis$ speak+ my compositions e day4 noct ambulbat 9 pblic ,!mi/ocls1 ,,td4 #d1 #dd1 ,!mi/ocles us$ to prom5ade ! /reets nights4 #aeig4 ,! imp]fect1 :5 accompani$ by "s expression ( duration ( "t1 is us$ to d5ote action :i* _h be5 go+ on = "s "t1 & 0 /ill go+ on4 ,?is imp]fect1 :i* is translat$ by ! ,engli% plup]fect1 is analog\s to ! pres5t 9 #aehi3 z1 pat] gr&is nt iam di lect t5btur1 ,v4 #e1 #af1 8 ag$ fa!r _h long be5 b$ridd54 hram amplius iam p]mult hom9s mlibantur1 ,v4 #d1 #ie1 some?+ ov] an h\r a good _m m5 _h be5 priz+ away4 ,b if ! action is conceiv$ z complet$ at a pa/ "t1 ! plup]fect is us$3 z1 diem iam quntum cib c>u]at1 #f1 #ch1 #a1 f\r :ole days he _h gone )\t eat+4 #aeih4 ,9 a few examples1 ! imp]fect is us$ to d5ote action sudd5ly recogniz$1 ?\gh go+ on be=e3 z1 ehem1 ,p>m51 tn hc ers8 ,t4 ,hec4 #cdj1 :y bless me1 ,p>m5o1 7 y "h all ?is "t8 #aeii4 ,9 descriptions ( place or 9 g5]al tru?s1 :]e ! pres5t might be expect$1 ! imp]fect is sometimes us$1 by assimilation to pa/ action 9 ! context3 z1 ipsum erat oppidum ,alesia 9 colle summ1 #g1 #fi1 #a1 ,alesia prop] 0 situat$ on ! top ( a hill4 ,(t5 also 9 subord9ate s5t5ces4 #afjj4 ,= ! imp]fect indicative ( c]ta9 v]bs relat+ to action n p]=m$ at ! pres5t "t1 see #adig2 = ! conative use1 see #bcjb4 #afja4 ,9 lett]s1 ! imp]fect may d5ote action at ! "t ( writ+1 ! writ] transf]r+ himself to ! "t ( ! read]3 z1 haec tibi dictbam po/ fnum putre ,vacnae1 ,h4 ,e4 #a1 #aj1 #di1 ,i dictate ?is = !e beh9d ,vacuna's crumbl+ %r9e4 nihil habbam quod scrb]em1 ,att4 #i1 #aj1 #a1 ,i h no?+ to write4 ,simil>ly 9 ! deliv]y ( messages3 z1 scrbae rbant1 ,h4 ,s4 #b1 #f1 #cf1 ! cl]ks reque/4 ,! pres5t1 h[ev]1 is v (t5 us$ :]e ! imp]fect w\ld be applicable4 ,comp>e #afaf4 ,,! ,,p]fect ,,t5se4 #afjb4 ,! ,lat9 p]fect indicative repres5ts two ,engli% t5ses3 ?us1 ! pret]ite1 ,i wrote1 & ! p]fect1 ,i h writt51 are bo? express$ by ! p]fect scrps4 ,9 ! fir/ s5se1 ?is p]fect is call$ ! ,hi/orical ,p]fect2 9 ! second s5se1 x is call$ ! ,p]fect ,def9ite4 ,,! ,,hi/orical ,,p]fect4 #afjc4 ,! hi/orical p]fect simply expresses action z hav+ occurr$ at an indef9ite pa/ "t1 )\t imply+ any?+ z to ! duration ( ! action3 z1 scrps1 ,i wrote4 vn1 vd1 vc1 ,caes> 9 ,suet4 ,iul4 #cg1 came1 saw1 ov]came4 apud ,helvtis long nbilissimus fuit ,orgetorx1 #a1 #b1 #a1 among ! ,helvetians1 ! man ( highe/ bir? by all odds 0 ,orgetorix4 ,diodrus prope tri5nium dom c>uit1 ,v4 #d1 #da1 = ne>ly ?ree ye>s ,diodorus _h to keep away f home4 9 ,graeci msic flrurunt1 discbantque id omns1 ,,td4 #a1 #d1 9 ,greece musicians /ood high1 & ev]ybody /udi$ ! art 7#aeif74 #afjd4 ,x may be m5tion$ "h1 t 9 subord9ate s5t5ces ! hi/orical p]fect is sometimes loosely us$ f ! writ]'s po9t ( view1 in/ead ( ! m exact plup]fect dem&$ by ! context3 z1 aliquantum spati ex e loc1 ub pugntum e/1 aufg]at1 ,l4 #a1 #be1 #h1 he _h run (f "s di/ance f ! spot :]e ! fight+ _h occurr$4 ,see #aibe4 ,,! ,,p]fect ,,def9ite4 #afje4 ,! p]fect def9ite expresses action :i* is already complet$ at ! pres5t "t1 & ! effects ( :i* are reg>d$ z cont9u+3 z1 scrps1 ,i h writt54 dxrunt1 ,clu4 #gc1 dxre1 ,qu9til4 #a1 #e1 #dc1 !y h f9i%$ speak+4 specttrs1 fbula haec e/ cta1 ,pl4 ,mo/4 #aaha1 ladies & g5tlem51 ?is play is done4 #afjf4 ,9 old ,lat91 habe ) ! p]fect p>ticiple is sometimes equival5t to a p]iphra/ic p]fect3 z1 illa omnia missa habe1 ,pl4 ,ps4 #fjb1 ,i've dropp$ all t1 i4e4 ms4 ,b 9 classical ,lat91 ! p>ticiple & a t5se ( habe are m or less di/9ct 9 _! =ce3 z1 ,caes> aciem n/rctam habuit1 #a1 #dh1 #c1 ,caes> kept 8 l9e drawn up1 n _h drawn up4 ,comp>e #bbig4 #afjg4 ,) v]bs ( inceptive mean+ ! p]fect def9ite is equival5t to ! ,engli% pres5t3 z1 cnsi/1 take my /&1 cn/it1 /&1 cnsusc1 get us$1 cnsuv1 am us$1 nsc1 le>n1 nv1 "k4 ,simil>ly mem91 rememb]1 & d1 hate4 ,! plup]fect ( su* v]bs is repres5t$ by ! ,engli% imp]fect1 & ! future p]fect by ! ,engli% future4 #afjh4 ,! p]fect (t5 d5otes a pres5t result+ /ate3 z1 vcne1 p]i1 int]i1 ,pl4 ,mo/4 #ajca1 my neighb\r1 ,i am dead & gone4 ,p>ticul>ly 9 ! passive voice3 z1 ,gallia e/ omnis dvsa 9 "ps trs1 #a1 #a1 #a1 ,gaul1 includ+ ev]y?+ "u ! "n1 is divid$ into ?ree p>ts4 ,comp>e #afae4 #afji4 ,9 ! p]fect passive1 =ms ( fu1 c41 are sometimes us$ to repres5t a /ate no long] exi/+3 z1 monum5t /atua sup]imposita fuit1 quam diectam np] vdimus ips1 ,l4 #ch1 #ef1 #c1 on ! monum5t !re once /ood a /atue :i* ,i saw n long ago ) my own eyes1 ly+ flat on ! gr\nd4 ,simil>ly1 9 ! plup]fect1 fu]am1 c43 z1 arma quae fxa 9 p>ietibus fu]ant1 ea sunt hum inv5ta1 ,div4 #a1 #gd1 ! arms :i* _h once be5 fa/5$ on ! walls 7 f\nd on ! floor4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 =ms ( fu1 c41 fu]am1 c41 & fu]1 c41 are us$ by ,plautus1 ,cic]o1 especially 9 8 lett]s1 ,nepos1 ,sallu/1 & p>ticul>ly ,livy1 9 passives & depon5ts1 q 9 ! s5se ( sum1 c4 #afaj4 ,! p]fect ( "s v]bs may imply a negative idea emphatically by und]/atem5t1 z3 fuit lium1 ,v4 #b1 #cbe1 ,ilium has be51 i4e4 ,ilium is no m4 vximus1 flruimus1 ,fam4 #ad1 #d1 #e1 we h liv$ our life1 we h _h our day4 flium nicum adulsc5tulum habe4 h1 quid dx8 habre m8 imm habu1 ,t4 ,hau4 #ic1 ,i h "o only son1 a gr[+ boy4 ,ah me1 :at did ,i say1 ,i h8 ,oh no1 h _h4 #afaa4 ,! p]fect may d5ote an action (t5 done1 or nev] done3 z1 iam saepe hom9s patriam crsque p>5ts prdid]unt1 ,lucr4 #c1 #he1 "t & aga9 h m5 _! l& betray$ & p>5ts de>4 nn a]is ac]vus et aur ddxit corpore febrs1 ,h4 ,e4 #a1 #b1 #dg1 no pile ( brass & gold ha? fev]s f ! body drawn4 mult1 cum obesse vell5t1 prfurunt et1 cum prdesse1 obfurunt1 ,,dn4 #c1 #gj1 _m a man has done good1 :5 he meant to d h>m1 & :5 he meant to d good1 has done h>m4 ,common f ,cic]o1 ,sallu/1 & ,catullus on1 especially 9 poetry4 #afab4 ,! p]fect is sometimes us$ z a lively future p]fect to express complet$ future action3 z1 quam mox coctum/ pr&ium8 ,pl4 ,r4 #cdb1 h[ soon is lun* all cook$8 cui s esse 9 urbe licbit1 vcimus1 ,att4 #ad1 #bj1 #c1 if he %all be all[$ to /ay 9 t[n1 ! day is ours4 p]i1 s m aspex]it1 ,pl4 ,am4 #cbj1 ,i'm gone1 if he lays eyes on me4 #afac4 ,x may be m5tion$ "h1 t ! p]fect is regul>ly us$ 9 a subord9ate s5t5ce d5ot+ "t ant]ior to a pres5t ( repeat$ action 7#aehh74 ,9 su* s5t5ces ! pres5t is pref]r$ 9 ,engli%3 z1 reliqu1 qu dom mnsrunt1 s atque ills alunt1 #d1 #a1 #e1 ! o!rs1 t /ay at home1 always support !mselves & ! above-m5tion$ also4 s qu aut prvtus aut populus erum dcrt nn /etit1 sacrificis int]dcunt1 #f1 #ac1 #f1 if any man or any community does n abide by _! decree1 !y always deb> !m f sacrifices4 ,s also ) quom or cum1 quotins1 simul atque1 ub4 ,comp>e #afah4 ,erratum3 #afaa 444 nn a]is ac]vus et aur ddxit corpore febrs auri ,,! ,,plup]fect ,,t5se4 #afad4 ,! plup]fect indicative expresses pa/ action1 complet$ be=e ano!r pa/ action express$ or und]/ood3 z1 scrps]am1 ,i _h writt54 ,pyrrh temporibus iam ,apoll v]ss fac]e dsi]at1 ,div4 #b1 #aaf1 9 ,pyrrhus's day ,apollo _h q giv5 up mak+ poetry4 mortuus erat gis rx4 flium relqu]at ,lety*idem1 ,n4 #ag1 #a1 #d1 ,agis ! k+ _h di$2 he _h left a son ,leoty*ides4 #afae4 ,! plup]fect (t5 expresses a pa/ result+ /ate3 z1 ca/ra oportns locs erant posita1 #g1 #fi1 #g1 ! camp 0 pit*$ on fav\rable gr\nd4 ita n tempore et longs nvs ae/us complv]at1 et on]ris tempe/s adflctbat1 #d1 #bi1 #b1 ?us at "o & ! same "t ! tide _h fill$ ! m5-(-w>1 & ! gale ( w9d kept knock+ ! transports ab\t4 ,?is use is analog\s to t ( ! p]fect 9 #afjh4 #afaf4 ,9 lett]s1 ! plup]fect is sometimes us$ to d5ote action occurr+ previ\s to ! "t ( writ+1 ! writ] transf]r+ himself to ! "t ( ! read]3 z1 nam adhc t epi/olam accp]am1 ,att4 #g1 #ab1 #a1 ,i h only _h "o lett] f y ?us f>4 ,?is use is analog\s to t ( ! imp]fect 9 #afja1 & v (t51 :]e ?is plup]fect w\ld be applicable1 ! p]fect is us$4 #afag4 ,! plup]fect is sometimes us$ :]e ! p]fect w\ld be expect$4 ,p>ticul>ly s :5 x anticipates a pa/ t5se to foll[ 9 a new s5t5ce3 z1 quod factum prm populrs conirtinis concuss]at4 neque tam5 ,catilnae furor m9ubtur1 ,s4 ,c4 #bd1 #a1 ?is t]rifi$ ! conspirators at fir/2 & yet ,catil9e's fr5zy 0 n gett+ abat$4 ,v]bs ( say+ are also (t5 put 9 ! plup]fect 9 subord9ate s5t5ces ref]r+ to a prec$+ /atem5t3 z1 ,epidamninsis ille1 quem ddum dx]am1 adoptat illum pu]um surruptcium1 ,pl4 ,m54 prol4 #eg1 said man ( ,epidamnus t ,i nam$ ere:ile adopts said kidnapp$ boy4 #afah4 ,x may be m5tion$ "h1 t ! plup]fect is us$ 9 a subord9ate s5t5ce d5ot+ "t ant]ior to a pa/ t5se ( repeat$ action4 ,9 su* s5t5ces ! pret]ite is pref]r$ 9 ,engli%3 z1 ho/s ub aliqus s+ulrs cnspex]ant1 incitts equs adoribantur1 #d1 #bf1 #b1 e "t ! enemy caught sight ( deta*$ p>ties1 !y w\ld always *>ge full gallop4 ,comp>e ! analog\s p]fect 9 #afac4 ,erratum3 #afag 444 quod factum prm populrs conirtinis concuss]at popul>s ,,! ,,future ,,t5se4 #afai4 ,! future indicative expresses future action1 ei!r mom5t>y or cont9u\s3 z1 scrbam1 ,i %all write1 ,i %all be writ+1 or ,i w write1 ,i w be writ+4 ,! future commonly expresses ei!r pr$iction1 or w1 det]m9ation1 promise1 ?reat3 z1 7a47 tus litt]s exspectb1 ,att4 #e1 #g1 ,i %all be on ! look\t = lett]s f y4 7b47 vvum t nn rel9quam2 morire virgs1 ,v4 #d1 #he1 ,i w n leave y alive2 y %all die "u ! rod4 ,b sep>ate =ms to m>k ! %>p di/9ction :i* exi/s betwe5 %all & w 9 ! ,engli% future & future p]fect are utt]ly unkn[n 9 ,lat93 ?us1 9 occd> equidem1 s$ victus nn p]b1 ,cornif4 #d1 #fe1 ,i %all be murd]$1 to be sure1 b ,i w n die a vanqui%$ man1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! pr$iction conta9$ 9 ,i %all1 & ! det]m9ation conta9$ 9 ,i w1 _c be express$ 9 ,lat9 by ! future indicative4 #afbj4 ,! future is (t5 us$ 9 diffid5t ass]tion1 to express an assumption1 a belief1 conviction1 or concession1 ( ! speak] himself1 )\t imply+ its univ]sal acceptance3 z1 dcs1 ,,td4 #b1 #fj1 y w say4 dcet aliquis1 ,,td4 #c1 #df1 somebody w say 7#aeef74 dabit hoc ,znn ,polem1 ,f94 #d1 #ea1 ,polemo w conc$e ?is po9t to ,z5o4 excd5t ali sprantia mollius a]a1 crd equidem1 ,v4 #f1 #hdg1 ) great] grace1 ,i well believe1 %all o!rs %ape ! bronze t brea!s4 ,p>ticul>ly 9 conclusions3 z1 sequtur igitur vel ad supplicium beta vta virttem1 ,,td4 #e1 #hg1 happ9ess !n w walk ) goodness ev5 to ! scaffold4 ,or 9 g5]al tru?s3 z1 cantbit vacuus cram latrne vitor1 ,j4 #aj1 #bb1 ! p\r man :an he go? by ! weye1 bi=e ! !vs he may synge & pleye4 #afba4 ,! future sometimes pr$icts t a ?+ n yet kn[n to be true w prove to be true3 z1 haec erit bon g5]e nta1 ,pl4 ,p]4 #fde1 ?is maid1 y'll f9d1 is come ( hone/ /ock1 i4e4 esse rep]itur4 ,comp>e ! imp]fect 9 #aeih4 #afbb4 ,9 ,plautus & ,t]5ce1 ! future is sometimes us$ 9 prote/ations1 wi%es1 or ?anks3 z1 ita m d ambunt1 ,t4 ,hau4 #gdi1 s help me heav54 d t ambunt1 ,pl4 ,m54 #bgh1 ! gods %all bless !e4 ,usually1 h[ev]1 ! subjunctive3 see #aedb & #aeda4 #afbc4 ,! future is sometimes us$ 9 que/ions ( delib]ation or appeal3 z1 ddmus erg ,hannibalem8 ,l4 #ba1 #aj1 #aa1 are we !n to surr5d] ,hannibal8 hanc9e ego ad rem ntam memorb8 ,pl4 ,r4 #ahh1 am ,i to say t ,i 0 born = su* a fate8 ,(t5] ! pres5t subjunctive 7#aefc71 or sometimes ! pres5t indicative 7#aeca74 #afbd4 ,! future is sometimes us$1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! second p]son1 to express an exhortation1 a direction1 a reque/1 a comm&1 or ) nn a prohibition3 z1 crs f]rm5ta ,tenum tolltis1 ,h4 ,e4 #a1 #a1 #hf1 tomorr[ to ,teanum y w take y\r tools4 bon v5i m audis1 ,,dn4 #a1 #ei1 y w li/5 to me ) k9d indulg5ce4 t int]e nn cessbis1 ,fam4 #e1 #ab1 #aj1 meantime y w n be inactive4 haec igitur tib erunt crae1 ,fam4 #c1 #i1 #d1 y w att5d to ?is !n1 i4e4 haec crbis4 #afbe4 ,x may be m5tion$ "h1 t ! future is us$ 9 s5t5ces subord9ate to a future1 an imp]ative1 or a subjunctive imply+ a future3 z1 pr(ect nihil accipiam iniriae1 s t ad]is1 ,att4 #e1 #ah1 #c1 ,i am sure ,i %all suff] no h>m1 if y are ) me4 ut md esse vols1 ita er1 ,pl4 ,ps4 #bci1 z y w h me be1 s w ,i be4 ut is qu audiet1 cgitet plra1 quam videat1 ,,d4 #b1 #bdb1 s t ! he>] may imag9e m ?an he sees4 ,b sometimes a pres5t is us$ 7#aeic74 ,,! ,,future ,,p]fect ,,t5se4 #afbf4 ,! future p]fect indicative expresses complet$ future action3 z1 scrps]1 ,i %all h writt51 or ,i w h writt54 ,! future p]fect is v common 9 ,lat91 p>ticul>ly 9 protasis ) a relative1 ) cum1 ub1 c41 ) antequam or priusquam1 ) ut 7444 ita71 z 7444 s71 or ) s1 to express action ant]ior 9 "t to a future2 9 ,engli%1 ?is future p]fect is usually repres5t$ by a loose pres5t or p]fect3 z1 quicquid fc]is1 adprobb1 ,fam4 #c1 #c1 #b1 :atev] y d1 ,i %all ?9k "r4 ,examples w be giv5 fur!r on1 9 speak+ ( ! complex s5t5ce4 #afbg4 ,x may be m5tion$ "h t ! future p]fect 9 protasis & apodosis bo? d5otes two actions occurr+ at "o & ! same "t2 ^! actions are usually id5tical3 z1 qu ,antnium oppress]it1 is hoc bellum taet]rimum cnfc]it1 ,fam4 #aj1 #ai1 #b1 ! man t puts d[n ,antony w put an end to ?is cruel w>1 i4e4 putt+ d[n ,antony w be end+ ! w>4 resprr1 s t vd]1 ,att4 #b1 #bd1 #e1 ,i %all take brea? aga91 if ,i set eyes on y4 #afbh4 ,! future p]fect sometimes d5otes a future result+ /ate3 z1 mole/us c]t ei fu]1 ,t4 ,&r4 #fda1 at all ev5ts ,i %all h prov$ a bane to him4 meum r pblicae atque imp]tr (ficium prae/it]1 #d1 #be1 #c1 ,i w h my duty all done to c\ntry & comm&] too4 #afbi4 ,! future p]fect is sometimes us$ to express rapidity ( future action1 (t5 ) ! implication ( assurance1 promise1 or ?reat3 z1 abi]1 ,pl4 ,mo/4 #eij1 ,i'll in/antly be gone4 iam hc revn]1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #hfc1 ,b4 #ajff1 ,i'll be back "h aga9 =?)4 prmus impetus ca/ra cp]it1 ,l4 #be1 #ch1 #ag1 ! fir/ ru% w see ! camp c>ri$4 #afcj4 ,! future p]fect (t5 d5otes action po/pon$ to a m conv5i5t season1 or ?r[n ^u ano!r p]son4 ,(t5 ?us ) po/1 alis1 & p>ticul>ly mox3 z1 vbs po/ nrrv]1 ,pl4 ,ps4 #gba1 ,i'll tell y by & by1 i4e4 ,i won't tell y n[4 ad frtrem mox er1 ,pl4 ,cap4 #aid1 ,i'll to my bro!r's by & by1 i4e4 n yet4 fu]it i/a eius dlb]ti1 ,l4 #a1 #bc1 #h1 t is a "q = him to settle1 i4e4 n me4 ,especially vd]3 z1 quae fu]it causa1 mox vd]1 ,f94 #a1 #ce1 :at ! reason 01 ,i won't consid] n[4 rct secusne alis vd]imus1 ,ac4 #b1 #ace1 :e!r "r or n1 we w consid] "s o!r "t1 i4e4 nev]4 vs vd]itis1 ,l4 #a1 #eh1 #aj1 t is a "q = y1 i4e4 n me4 #afca4 ,! future p]fect sometimes d5otes action :i* w h occurr$ :ile some?+ else takes place3 z1 nn er vbs morae3 tbc5 vs int]e hc dlectv]it1 ,pl4 ,ps4 #egc;a1 ,i w n keep y long2 meantime ! pip] w h ent]ta9$ y "h4 t invt muli]s1 ego accv] pu]s1 ,att4 #e1 #a1 #c1 d y1 sir1 invite ! ladies1 & ,i w meantime h fet*$ ! *ildr54 #afcb4 ,! future p]fect is (t5 n p]ceptibly diff]5t f ! future1 especially 9 ! fir/ p]son s+ul> 9 old ,lat93 z1 ego mih prvd]1 ,pl4 ,mo/4 #ebf1 ,i'll look out = myself4 ers 9 obsidine l9quet1 inimcm anims aux]it1 ,pl4 ,z4 #bhj1 he'll leave 8 own]s 9 a /ate ( siege1 he'll swell ! c\rage ( ! enemy4 ,simil>ly ,cic]o1 9 ! protases s potu]1 s volu]1 s licu]it1 s placu]it4 ,erratum3 #afcj 444 n yet4 fu]it i/a eius dlb]ti 4 invisible ,,! ,,future ,,active ,,p>ticiple ,,) sum4 #afcc4 ,! future active p>ticiple comb9$ ) ! t5ses ( sum expresses action imp5d+1 resolv$ on1 or de/9$1 at ! "t indicat$ by ! t5se ( ! v]b3 z1 cum hc equite pugntr e/is1 ,l4 #ba1 #dj1 #aj1 ) ?is k9d ( cavalry are y go+ to fight4 bellum scrptrus sum1 quod populus ,rmnus cum ,iugur? gessit1 ,sall4 ,i4 #e1 #a1 ,i purpose to write ! hi/ory ( ! w> t ! p ( ,rome c>ri$ on ) ,jugur?a4 fet illud1 quod futrum e/1 ,div4 #b1 #ba1 :atev] is de/9$ to be1 w be4 ,delphs petit1 ub columns1 quibus impositr /atus rgis ,p]se fu]ant1 sus /atus d/9vit1 ,l4 #de1 #bg1 #f1 he w5t to ,delphi1 :]e he appropriat$ = 8 own /atues ! pill>s on :i* !y _h int5d$ to put /atues ( k+ ,p]ses4 ,,! ,,t5ses ,,( ,,! ,,subjunctive4 #afcd4 ,9 simple s5t5ces1 ! t5ses ( ! subjunctive correspond 9 g5]al to ! same t5ses ( ! indicative4 ,b ! pres5t has a future mean+2 ! imp]fect sometimes expresses pa/1 sometimes pres5t action2 & ! p]fect sometimes expresses pa/ action1 & sometimes future action4 #afce4 ,! pres5t subjunctive is sometimes us$ 9 ref]5ce to pa/ action1 l ! indicative pres5t ( vivid n>ration 7#aeij73 z1 migrants c]ns1 ,v4 #d1 #dja1 y c descry !m sw>m+ out 7#aeef74 compreh5d iussit2 quis nn p]timscat8 ,v4 #e1 #ad1 he ord]$ !m to be arre/$2 :o w\ld n be ?or\ghly sc>$8 7#aefe74 ,see also #bjge4 ,,! ,,comp\nd ,,s5t5ce1 ,,or ,,coord9ation4 #afcf4 ,two or m indep5d5t simple s5t5ces may be coord9at$ to =m a comp\nd s5t5ce 9 "o ( two ways3 ei!r )\t a connective1 or ) a connective4 ,:at applies to ! coord9ation ( s5t5ces1 also applies to ! coord9ation ( ! p>ts ( s5t5ces 9 abridg$ s5t5ces 7#ajeg74 7,a47 ,,)\t ,a ,,connective4 #afcg4 ,:5 simple s5t5ces or p>ts ( s5t5ces are coord9at$ )\t any connective1 ?is mode ( arrangem5t is call$ ,asyndetic ,coord9ation or ,asyndeton4 ,asyndeton1 :e!r 9 unabridg$ or 9 abridg$ s5t5ces1 is m usual ) ?ree or m memb]s ?an ) two4 ,x occurs p>ticul>ly (t5 9 ,plautus1 ,t]5ce1 ,ennius1 & ,cato1 also 9 ,cic]o1 especially 9 8 e>ly works & lett]s4 #afch4 ,! s5t5ces 9 :i* asyndeton occurs are commonly su* z might be connect$ by words mean+ & or b2 less (t5 by words mean+ z1 =1 c4 ,asyndeton is especially common3 #afci4 7a47 ,9 animat$ n>ration ( ev5ts happ5+ at ! same mom5t1 9 description1 & 9 climaxes4 ,also 9 m5tion ( colleagues 9 (fice1 & 9 _m set phrases & =mulas3 z1 vn1 vd1 vc1 ,caes> 9 ,suet4 ,iul4 #cg1 came1 saw1 ov]came4 no/r cel]it] ad arma concurrunt1 vllum cnsc5dunt1 #e1 #ci1 #c1 our m5 ru% spe$ily to arms1 clamb] up ! palisade4 huic s4 c4 int]cessit ,c4 ,caelius1 ,c4 ,pnsa1 tribn pl41 ,fam4 #h1 #h1 #g1 ?is decree ( ! s5ate 0 object$ to by ,caelius & ,pansa1 tribunes ( ! commons4 h f]re ag]e plbem1 ,l4 #c1 #cg1 #g1 !re 7 ^! p worry+ & h>ry+ ! commons 7#aece74 #afdj4 7b47 ,9 contra/s or anti!ses3 z1 opninis comm5ta dlet dis1 ntrae idicia cnfirmat1 ,,dn4 #b1 #e1 ! fictions ( speculation are swept away by "t1 b ! judgem5ts ( nature are confirm$4 ,p>ticul>ly :5 ei!r memb] is positive1 ! o!r negative3 v9c]e scs1 ,hannibal1 victri t nescs1 ,l4 #bb1 #ea1 #d1 y "k h[ to conqu]1 ,hannibal1 b n h[ to use victory1 says ,mah>bal aft] ,cannae1 #baf ,b4,c4 #afda4 ,asyndeton is v common ) two or m imp]atives3 z1 gr$]e ex urbe1 ,catilna1 lb] rem pblicam met1 9 exsilium pr(icsc]e1 ,c4 #a1 #bj1 g =? f ,rome1 ,catil9e1 relieve ! commonweal? f its fe>1 dep>t into exile4 ,p>ticul>ly :5 ! fir/ is age1 come on1 m>k me1 or 1 g 7#aegb74 ,b f ,horace on1 nunc1 g to n[1 is foll[$ by et ) a second imp]ative 9 d]isive ord]s4 ,9 old ,lat91 ! imp]atives may be jo9$ by et or ev5 atque4 #afdb4 ,asyndeton is also common ) p>5!ses4 ,^! (t5 take ! place ( a mod]n foot-note3 z1 lgtus capite vlt fl 7lnae vlm5 e/7 #8aud1 ,iuppit]1' inquit1 ,l4 #a1 #cb1 #f1 ! envoy ) 8 head cov]$ ) a #8filum' 7t is to say a wrap ( wool7 says #8b[ d[n ?9e e>1 ,jupit]4' ,p>5!ses h[ev] are (t5 introduc$1 f ,t]5ce on by nam1 & f ,sallu/ & ,cic]o on1 by et1 neque1 autem1 enim1 c4 7,b47 ,,) ,a ,,connective4 7#a47 ,,conjunctions ,,z ,,connectives4 #afdc4 ,simple s5t5ces or p>ts ( s5t5ces may be connect$ by copulative1 disjunctive1 or adv]sative conjunctions4 7a47 ,,copulative ,,conjunctions4 #afdd4 ,copulative conjunctions d5ote union1 & connect bo? ! s5t5ces & _! mean+4 ,!y are et1 -que1 atque or ac1 &1 & neque or nec1 nei!r4 #afde4 7#a47 et1 &1 is ! commone/ copulative1 & connects ei!r likes or unlikes2 ) two memb]s only1 x is ei!r us$ betwe5 !m1 or is prefix$ = emphasis to bo?3 z1 ,dumnorx apud ,squans plrimum pot]at et ,helvtis erat amcus1 #a1 #i1 #c1 ,dumnorix 0 v influ5tial among ! ,sequani & a fri5d to ! ,helvetians4 ,dmocritus alba disc]n]e et tra nn pot]at1 ,,td4 #e1 #aad1 ,democritus c\ld n tell :ite & black ap>t4 et discipulus et magi/] p]hibbantur inprob1 ,pl4 ,b4 #dbe1 bo? pupil & ma/] 7 rat$ z knaves4 #afdf4 ,) ?ree or m memb]s1 et is ei!r us$ betwe5 ! memb]s or1 frequ5tly1 prefix$ = emphasis to all4 ,(t51 h[ev]1 x is omitt$ ?r\gh\t 7#afcg71 or a ?ird memb] is app5d$ by -que 7#afea73 z1 p]sud5t ,raurics et ,tul+s et ,latovics ut n cum hs pr(icscantur1 #a1 #e1 #d1 !y induce ! ,rauricans1 ,tul+ans1 & ,latovicans to jo9 !m 9 _! m>*4 is et 9 cu/diam cvs ,rmns d$it et supplictinem mih dcrvit et indics maxims praemis adfcit1 ,c4 #d1 #aj1 ?is p]son vot$ 9 ! fir/ place to put ,roman citiz5s 9 w>d1 !n to decree a ?anksgiv+ 9 my hon\r1 & la/ly to rew>d ! in=m]s ) lib]al gifts4 #afdg4 ,two memb]s belong+ closely toge!r z a pair1 & connect$ by et1 atque1 or -que1 are sometimes put asyndetically ) ano!r memb] or memb]s3 z1 ,a$u f]unt s diects prncipt2 qu]untur =tnae commttinem et ,caes>is indulg5tiam 9 s requrunt1 #g1 #fc1 #h1 ! ,a$uans set =? t !y 7 ca/ d[n f ! *ief place2 !y compla9 ( ! *ange ( =tune1 & say !y miss ,caes>'s =m] k9dness to !m4 nntitum e/ equits ,ariovi/ propius tumulum accd]e et ad no/rs adequitre2 lapids 9 no/rs conic]e1 #a1 #df1 #a1 x 0 report$ t ,ariovi/us's cavalry 7 mov+ ne>] ! hillock & gallop+ up to ! ,romans2 t !y 7 ?r[+ /ones at our m54 #afdh4 et has sometimes ! mean+ ( also or ( & also1 p>ticul>ly :5 !re is a *ange ( speak]s1 or be=e a pron\n3 z1 et hoc sci1 ,pl94 ,ep4 #a1 #ab1 #aa1 ,i "k t too4 ,sometimes also aft] vrum1 nam1 & simul1 especially :5 a pron\n foll[s4 ,n 9 ,caes>4 #afdi4 7#b47 -que1 &1 comb9es memb]s :i* belong toge!r & make a :ole1 ?\gh !y may be diff]5t or oppos$ to ea* o!r2 ! second memb] is (t5 a m]e app5dage3 z1 rogat ratque t1 ,,ra4 #add1 he begs & entreats y1 or he e>ne/ly entreats y4 lb]t s]volque nbilium1 ,,ra4 #ada1 ! fre$m5 & slaves ( ! great1 or reta9]s1 bond & free4 omns ea1 quae bona vid5tur1 sequuntur fugiuntque contrria1 ,,td4 #d1 #ab1 ev]ybody runs aft] :at seems good & avoids ! opposite4 -que is usually put aft] ! fir/ ^w ( ! new memb]4 ,x is p>ticul>ly common 9 old or legal /yle4 #afej4 ,! comb9ation -que 4 4 4 -que1 bo? 4 4 4 &1 is v common 9 poetry3 z1 noctsque disque1 ,e4 9 ,,cm4 #a1 bo? night & day4 ,9 prose1 x is us$ by ,sallu/ :5 ! fir/ ^w is a pron\n3 z1 mque rgnumque meum1 ,i4 #aj1 #b1 bo? myself & my ?rone2 & by ,livy to connect two relative s5t5ces3 z1 omns quque ,rmae quque 9 ex]cit erant1 #bb1 #bf1 #e1 ev]ybody1 bo? p 9 ,rome & p 9 ! army4 #afea4 ,aft] two memb]s )\t a connective1 a ?ird memb] is sometimes app5d$ by -que3 z1 satis habbat ho/em rapns1 pbultinibus1 popultinibusque prohibre1 #a1 #ae1 #d1 he 0 satisfi$ ) keep+ ! enemy f plund]+1 =ag+1 & ravag+4 #afeb4 7#c47 atque1 or be=e any consonant except h (t5 ac1 &1 & besides1 adds some?+ belong+ ess5tially to :at goes be=e1 b m important z a supplem5t or ext5sion2 z1 s ex nv pricit atque 9 ho/s aquilam f]re coepit1 #d1 #be1 #d1 he sprang ov]bo>d & fur!rmore proce$$ to be> ! eagle ^u ! enemy4 magna ds immortlibus hab5da e/ atque huic ,iov ,/atr grtia1 ,c4 #a1 #aa1 we owe a great debt ( gratitude to ! gods immortal 9 g5]al1 & to yon ,jove ! ,/ay] 9 p>ticul>4 atque 4 4 4 atque occurs = et 4 4 4 et once 9 ,v]gil1 & once 9 ,silius ,italicus4 #afec4 atque is us$ 9 comp>isons1 aft] words ( lik5ess & unlik5ess3 z1 p> spati trnsmissus1 atque ex ,galli e/ 9 ,britanniam1 #e1 #ac1 #b1 ! j\rney across is j z long z x is f ,gaul to ,brita94 demque iussrunt simulcrum ,iovis fac]e maius et contr1 atque ante fu]at1 ad ori5tem conv]t]e1 ,c4 #c1 #bj1 & !y fur!rmore gave ord]s to make a /atue ( ,jupit]1 a bigg] "o1 & to turn x r\nd to ! ea/1 ! opposite ( ! way x orig9ally fac$4 ,sometimes et is ?us us$ aft] alius1 alit]1 aequ1 p>it]1 c43 see ! diction>y4 #afed4 ,) adjectives & adv]bs 9 ! comp>ative degree1 atque sometimes takes ! place ( quam ?an1 :5 ! fir/ memb] ( comp>ison is negative 7#ahie73 z1 amcior mihi nllus vvit atque is e/1 ,pl4 ,m]4 #hig1 ,i h no great] fri5d alive ?an t man is4 ,s 9 ,plautus1 ,t]5ce1 ,lucretius1 ,catullus1 ,v]gil1 r>ely 9 ,cic]o1 & 9 ,horace ev5 :5 ! fir/ memb] is positive4 #afee4 ,a s5t5ce is (t5 introduc$ by et1 -que1 or atque1 :]e b w\ld be us$ 9 ,engli%1 p>ticul>ly s :5 a positive s5t5ce foll[s a negative "o3 z1 ,scrats nec patrnum quaesvit nec idicibus supplex fuit adhibuitque lb]am contumciam1 ,,td4 #a1 #ga1 ,socrates did n try to f9d an advocate nor b[ ! knee to 8 judges1 b he 0 pla9-spok5 & defiant4 no/rrum mlitum impetum ho/s f]re nn poturunt ac t]ga v]trunt1 #d1 #ce1 #b1 ! enemy c\ld n /& ! da% ( our p1 b turn$ _! backs4 hom9is n ,graec quidem ac ,ms potius1 ,q,fr4 #a1 #a1 #ai1 a creature :o is n ev5 a ,greek1 b m ( a ,mysian4 #afef4 ,two s5t5ces1 "o ( :i* w\ld ord9>ily be introduc$ by a subord9at+ temporal conjunction1 are sometimes1 mo/ly 9 poetry1 coord9at$ by et or -que3 z1 dxit et 9 silvam p5ns ablta refgit1 ,v4 #c1 #beh1 %e spake1 & on h] p9ions sweep+1 vani%$ to ! wood1 i4e4 simul atque dxit1 refgit4 #afeg4 7#d47 neque or nec1 nei!r1 nor1 & 4 4 4 n1 b 4 4 4 n1 is us$ z a negative copulative1 sometimes z a negative adv]sative3 z1 opninibus volg rapimur 9 errrem nec vra c]nimus1 ,leg4 #b1 #dc1 we are swept into error by ! delusions ( ! _w & _c make out ! tru?4 nn enim tem]e nec =tut cret sumus1 ,,td4 #a1 #aah1 = we 7 n creat$ at adv5ture nor by accid5t4 subsidi sus irunt collemque cprunt1 neque no/rrum mlitum impetum su/9re poturunt1 #g1 #fb1 #h1 !y w5t to aid _! p & c>ri$ ! hill1 b !y c\ld n /& ! fi]y onset ( our soldi]s4 neque or nec is (t5 repeat$3 z1 nec melirs nec betirs esse possumus1 ,,rp4 #a1 #cb1 we c nei!r be bett] nor wis]4 #afeh4 nec is r>ely us$ 9 ! s5se ( n 4 4 4 quidem1 n ev51 n 4 4 4 ei!r3 z1 nec nunc1 ,h4 ,s4 #b1 #c1 #bfb1 n ev5 n[1 a free quotation ( n nunc quidem1 ,t4 ,eu4 #df4 nec 4 4 4 quidem1 & n ev51 is us$ once or twice = ! common ac n 4 4 4 quidem or et n 4 4 4 quidem4 #afei4 ,in/ead ( neque or nec1 & n1 ! copulatives et1 atque1 r>ely -que1 foll[$ by a negative1 nn1 nm1 nihil1 c41 are sometimes us$ 9 ,cic]o & ,livy1 less (t5 9 old ,lat91 & r>ely 9 ,caes> & ,sallu/3 z1 quid t fcisss1 s t ,t>5tum et nn ,sam>obrvam msissem8 ,fam4 #g1 #ab1 #a1 :at w\ld y h done1 if ,i _h s5t y to ,t>5tum1 & n to ,sam>obriva8 ,p>ticul>ly ?us et nn1 or (t5] ac nn1 9 corrections4 ,b ord9>ily neque or nec is pref]r$ to et nn1 & nec quisquam1 c41 to et nm1 c4 7#adde74 #affj4 ,:5 neque is foll[$ by ano!r negative1 ! ass]tion is positive 7#adeb73 z1 nec hoc ille nn vdit1 ,f94 #d1 #fj1 & ! man did n fail to see ?is4 ,?is positive use beg9s ) ,v>ro4 ,9 old ,lat9 two negatives1 & p>ticul>ly neque 4 4 4 haud1 are (t5 us$1 z 9 old ,engli%1 to /r5g!n ! negation 7#adec74 #affa4 ,aft] a g5]al negative1 a ^w may be emphasiz$ by n 444 quidem or nn modo1 or ! p>ts ( a comp\nd s5t5ce may be di/ribut$ by neque 4 4 4 neque1 )\t de/roy+ ! negation3 z1 nihil 9 locs commnibus1 n 9 fns quidem1 nihil i/um neque prvt neque pblic tt 9 ,sicili relquisse1 ,v4 #d1 #b1 t ! def5dant has left no?+ unt\*$ 9 public places1 no1 n ev5 9 ! temples1 no?+ ei!r 9 ! way ( private or ( public prop]ty1 9 all ,sicily4 ,simil>ly :5 a coord9ate memb] is app5d$ ) neque3 z1 neque satis mrr neque conic]e1 ,t4 ,eu4 #edg1 ,i c't q puzzle out or guess4 ,,comb9ation ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,copulatives4 #affb4 ,diff]5t copulatives are sometimes comb9$1 z foll[s4 #affc4 7#a47 ,! affirmative copulatives et & -que are sometimes comb9$1 p>ticul>ly 9 abridg$ s5t5ces3 z1 et ,epamnnds praeclr cec9isse dcitur1 ,!mi/oclsque e/ habitus indoctior1 ,,td4 #a1 #d1 ,epam9ondas 9 ! fir/ place is said to h play$ beautifully1 & ,!mi/ocles 0 n consid]$ exactly an educat$ man4 ,?is comb9ation is us$ by ,cic]o r>ely1 by ,horace 9 ! satires1 & r>ely by late writ]s4 #affd4 ,! sequ5ce -que 4 4 4 et is r>e 9 old ,lat91 & n us$ by ,caes>1 ,v]gil1 or ,horace4 -que 4 4 4 atque is fir/ us$ by ,lucretius1 !n by ,v]gil1 ,ovid1 ,livy1 & ,tacitus4 #affe4 7#b47 ,affirmative & negative copulatives are sometimes comb9$4 ,?us neque or nec comb9$ ) et1 9 ! sequ5ces neque 4 4 4 et & et 4 4 4 neque1 :i* is r>e 9 old ,lat91 is common 9 ,cic]o3 z1 nec mror et gaude1 ,fam4 #aj1 #a1 #d1 9 ! fir/ place ,i am n surpris$1 & 9 ! second place ,i feel glad2 neque 4 4 4 et nn1 h[ev]1 is r>e4 patbat via et c]ta neque longa1 ,ph4 #aa1 #d1 !re lay a road op5 at once pla9 & n long4 neque 4 4 4 -que beg9s ) ,cic]o1 b is r>e 7#afee71 neque 4 4 4 ac beg9s ) ,tacitus4 #afff4 ,( all ! ,lat9 writ]s1 ,tacitus aims mo/ at v>iety by comb9ation ( asyndeton & by ! use ( diff]5t copulatives3 z1 rgem ,rhamsn ,liby ,ae?iopi ,mdsque et ,p]ss et ,bactrin ac ,scy? pottum1 #b1 #fj1 t k+ ,rhamses got control ( ,libya & ,ae?iopia & ! ,m$es & ,p]sians1 & ! ,bactrian & ,scy?ian4 7b47 ,,disjunctive ,,conjunctions4 #affg4 ,disjunctive conjunctions connect ! s5t5ces1 b disconnect ! mean+4 ,!y are aut1 vel1 sve or seu1 -ve1 & an1 or4 ,( ^! conjunctions1 aut1 vel1 & sve are (t5 plac$ be=e two or m memb]s ( a s5t5ce 9 ! s5se ( ei!r 4 4 4 or4 ,& 9 poetry1 -ve 4 4 4 -ve sometimes occurs4 #affh4 7#a47 aut1 or1 sometimes or ev51 or at lea/1 is us$ betwe5 two memb]s :i* are to be repres5t$ z ess5tially diff]5t 9 mean+1 & ( :i* "o excludes ! o!r3 z1 hc v9c5dum aut mori5dum1 mlits1 e/1 ,l4 #ba1 #dc1 #e1 "h y mu/ conqu]1 my m51 or die4 hrae mm5t cita mors v5it aut victria laeta1 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #a1 #g1 )9 an h\r's brief turn comes spe$y dea? or victory glad4 aut vvam aut mori>1 ,t4 ,ph4 #dhc1 ,i %all ei!r live or die4 sd]ibus dubis aut ill tempore qu s frgida circumagunt pigr s]rca ,botae1 ,j4 #e1 #bb1 :5 />s bl9k fa9t1 or ev5 at ! "t :5 r\nd rolls sl[ ,botes' frigid wa94 qu r v aut clam ag5dum e/1 ,att4 #aj1 #ab1 #e #aj1 #ab;b1 #b1 s we mu/ use =ce1 or at any rate secrecy4 ,sometimes aut connects k9dr$ ideas3 z1 equ ict aut vuln]t cn/]nbantur1 ,l4 #ba1 #cc1 #f1 ! horses kept gett+ frantic f be+ hit or w\nd$4 #affi4 aut1 9 ! s5se ( o!rwise1 or else1 sometimes introduces a /atem5t ( :at necess>ily foll[s1 if some?+ else is n done3 z1 aud5dum e/ aliquid niv]ss1 aut omnia s+uls pati5da1 ,l4 #f1 #ah1 #g1 y mu/ make "s bold da% collectively1 or else y mu/ suff] e ?+ individually4 vel is also occasionally us$ 9 ?is s5se4 #afgj4 7#b47 vel1 or1 introduces an alt]native z a matt] ( *oice or pref]5ce1 & (t5 relates m]ely to ! selection ( an expression3 z1 eius mod coninctinem tctrum oppidum vel urbem appellvrunt1 ,,rp4 #a1 #da1 su* a collection ( dwell+-h\ses !y call$1 well1 a t[n or a city1 :i*ev] y please4 vel imp]tre vel mlite m tim91 ,s4 ,c4 #bj1 #af1 use me z y\r g5]alissimo or z a private1 :i*ev] y w4 ,catilnam ex urbe vel icimus vel msimus vel ipsum gr$i5tem v]bs prsect sumus1 ,c4 #b1 #a1 we h--:at %all ,i say8--driv5 ,catil9e out ( t[n1 or all[$ him to g out1 or1 :5 he 0 go+ out ( 8 own accord1 wi%$ him a pleasant j\rney4 vel is (t5 foll[$ by etiam1 potius1 or dcam4 ,f ,tacitus on1 vel is sometimes us$ 9 ! s5se ( aut3 z1 v9c5dum vel cad5dum esse1 ,ta4 #ad1 #ce1 !y mu/ d or die 7#affh74 #afga4 vel is sometimes us$ 9 ! s5se ( if y w1 ev51 or p]haps1 especially be=e sup]latives1 or 9 ! s5se ( = in/ance3 z1 huius domus e/ vel optima ,messnae1 ntissima quidem c]t1 ,v4 #d1 #c1 ?is g5tleman's h\se is p]haps ! f9e/ 9 all ,messana1 at any rate ! be/ kn[n4 amant td omns muli]s1 neque iniri3 vel illae1 quae "h palli m repreh5drunt1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #eh1 ! girls all idolize y1 well !y may2 = in/ance ^? t buttonhol$ me ye/]day4 #afgb4 7#c47 sve or seu1 or1 us$ z a disjunctive conjunction1 d5otes a di/9ction :i* is n ess5tial1 or ! speak]'s unc]ta9ty z to "s matt] ( detail2 :5 us$ once only1 x is *iefly 9 corrections1 (t5 ) potius1 r1 add$2 z1 is ,ascanius urbem mtr seu nov]cae relquit1 ,l4 #a1 #c1 #c1 said ,ascanius left ! city to 8 "m1 or 8 /epmo!r1 if y pref]4 dxit ,pompius1 sve voluit1 ,q,fr4 #b1 #c1 #b1 ,pompey made a spee*1 or r attempt$ to make "o4 #afgc4 sve is (t5 repeat$ 9 ! s5se ( ei!r1 or no matt] :e!r 4 4 4 or3 z1 ita sve cs sve cnsili derum1 quae p>s calamittem popul ,rmn intul]at1 ea prnceps po5s p]solvit1 #a1 #ab1 #f1 ?us1 no matt] :e!r f *ance or ?r\gh special provid5ce1 ! "p :i* _h done damage to ,rome 0 ! fir/ to pay p5alty 9 full4 #afgd4 7#d47 -ve r>ely connects ma9 s5t5ces1 usually only ! less important p>ts ( ! s5t5ce1 or1 (t5] /ill1 subord9ate s5t5ces3 z1 cr timeam dubitemve locum df5d]e8 ,j4 #a1 #ajc1 :y %\ld ,i fe> or hesitate to /& my gr\nd8 ,appius ad m bis t]ve litt]s ms]at1 ,att4 #f1 #a1 #b1 ,appius _h writt5 me two or ?ree times4 ,) n x =ms nve or neu1 :i* is us$ z a cont9uation ( n or ut3 see #aeha2 #aehf2 #aidg4 #afge4 7#e47 ,! int]rogative p>ticle an sometimes becomes a disjunctive conjunction1 or1 or possibly1 or p]haps3 z1 ,simnids an quis alius1 ,f94 #b1 #ajd1 ,simonides or possibly somebody else4 ,common 9 ,cic]o1 ?\gh n s 9 8 spee*es1 & 9 ,livy1 commone/ 9 ,tacitus4 ,erratum3 #affg 444 aut1 vel1 & sve are (t5 sve4 are 7c47 ,,adv]sative ,,conjunctions4 #afgf4 ,adv]sative conjunctions connect ! s5t5ces1 b contra/ ! mean+4 ,!y are autem1 on ! o!r h&1 s$1 vrum1 ct]um1 b1 vr1 b1 inde$1 at1 b1 tam51 nihil m9us1 nev]!less4 ,( ^! conjunctions1 autem & vr are put aft] "o ^w1 or sometimes aft] two closely connect$ words2 tam5 is put ei!r at ! beg9n+1 or aft] an emphatic ^w4 #afgg4 7#a47 autem1 aga91 on ! o!r h&1 h[ev]1 simply cont9ues ! disc\rse by a /atem5t app5d$ to ! prec$+1 )\t sett+ x aside3 z1 hrum prncipibus pecnis1 cvitt autem imp]ium ttu prv9ciae pollictur1 #g1 #fd1 #h1 to ! *iefta9s ( ?is nation on ! "o h& he promises moneys1 & to ! community on ! o!r h& ! hegemony ( ! :ole prov9ce4 ,! opposition 9 a s5t5ce introduc$ by autem1 aga91 is (t5 s weak t a copulative1 &1 might be us$3 z1 ille qu ,dog5em adulscns1 po/ autem ,panaetium audi]at1 ,f94 #b1 #bd1 ! man :o 9 8 e>ly y\? _h sat at ! feet ( ,diog5es1 & aft]w>ds ( ,panaetius4 autem is (t5e/ us$ 9 philosophical or didactic disc\rse1 less frequ5tly 9 hi/ory1 oratory1 or poetry4 #afgh4 autem is (t5 us$ 9 que/ions3 z1 metu crd]e 33 crd]e autem8 ,pl4 ,ps4 #cjd1 ,i am afraid to tru/ 33 tru/1 d y say8 #afgi4 7#b47 s$ or set1 & vrum1 b1 are us$ ei!r 9 re/riction1 or1 aft] a negative1 9 direct opposition3 z1 vra dc1 s$ nququam1 quoniam nn vs crd]e1 ,pl4 ,am4 #hce1 ,i tell ! tru?1 b all 9 va91 s9ce y are b5t n to believe4 nn ego erus tib1 s$ s]vos sum1 ,pl4 ,cap4 #bda1 ,i am n y\r ma/]1 b y\r slave4 #afhj4 nn modo1 or nn slum1 n only1 n alone1 is foll[$ by s$ etiam or vrum etiam1 b also1 by s$ 4 4 4 quoque1 b 444 z well1 or sometimes by s$ or vrum alone3 z1 qu nn slum int]fuit hs rbus1 s$ etiam praefuit1 ,fam4 #a1 #h1 #a1 :o has n _h a h& only 9 ^! matt]s1 b complete *>ge4 qu omnibus negtis nn int]fuit slum1 s$ praefuit1 ,fam4 #a1 #f1 #a4 nn tantum is sometimes us$ by ,livy1 & once or twice by ,cic]o1 b n by ,caes> or ,sallu/1 = nn modo4 ,livy & ,tacitus sometimes omit s$ or vrum4 #afha4 nn modo has sometimes ! mean+ ( nn dcam3 z1 nn modo ad c]tam mortem1 s$ 9 magnum vtae discrm51 ,se/4 #de1 ,i won't say to c]ta9 dea?1 b to great risk ( life4 #afhb4 nn modo or nn slum1 :5 att5d$ by ano!r negative1 may also be foll[$ by s$ n 4 4 4 quidem1 b n ev51 or s$ vix1 b h>dly3 z1 nn modo tib nn rscor1 s$ n repreh5d quidem factum tuum1 ,sull4 #ej1 s f> f be+ angry ) y ,i d n ev5 criticise y\r action4 ,:5 bo? memb]s h ! same pr$icate1 usually plac$ la/1 ! negation 9 n 4 4 4 quidem or vix usually applies to ! fir/ memb] also3 z1 tlis vir nn modo fac]e1 s$ n cgitre quidem quicquam audbit1 quod nn audeat pra$icre1 ,(f4 #c1 #gg1 a man ( ?is k9d w n only n v5ture to d1 b n ev5 to conceive any?+ :i* he w\ld n v5ture to trumpet to ! _w1 or w n v5ture to conceive1 mu* less d4 #afhc4 7#c47 ct]um is sometimes us$ 9 ! s5se ( s$1 9 ,t]5ce1 ,sallu/1 & ,livy4 ,sometimes also 9 ! s5se ( s$ r vr1 9 ,sallu/ & ,tacitus1 to contra/ reality ) pret5ce4 #afhd4 7#d47 vr1 b1 inde$1 introduces an emphatic contra/ or a climax3 z1 s$ sunt haec levira1 illa vr gravia atque magna1 ,pl4 #hf1 h[ev]1 all ?is is less important1 b ! foll[+ is weighty & great4 scmus msicn no/rs mribus abesse prncipis p]sn1 saltre vr etiam 9 vitis pn1 ,n4 #ae1 #a1 #b1 we "k t1 accord+ to our ,roman code ( e?ics1 music is n 9 keep+ ) ! "* ( an em95t man1 & z to danc+1 :y t is class$ among vices4 ,9 ,plautus1 vr is only us$ z an adv]b2 its use z an adv]sative conjunction beg9s ) ,t]5ce4 ,9 ! hi/orians1 vr is (t5 equival5t to autem4 #afhe4 7#e47 at1 b1 d5otes emphatic lively opposition1 an objection1 or a contra/3 z1 brevis ntr nbs vta data e/2 at memoria b5e r$ditae vtae sempit]na1 ,ph4 #ad1 #cb1 a %ort life ha? be5 giv5 by nature unto man2 b ! memory ( a life laid d[n 9 a good cause endure? = ev]4 at is (t5 us$ be=e a ^w indicat+ a p]son or a place1 to %ift ! sc5e1 especially 9 hi/ory4 ,9 law language1 a/ sometimes occurs1 & a/ is also sometimes us$1 g5]ally = ! metre1 9 ,v]gil1 ,horace1 & late poetry4 #afhf4 7#f47 tam51 nihil m9us1 nev]!less4 accstus capitis absolvitur1 multtur tam5 pecni1 ,n4 #d1 #b1 #f1 he is accus$ on a capital *>ge & acquitt$1 b is nev]!less f9$ 9 a sum ( money4 m9us dol5dum fuit r nn p]fect1 s$ po5i5dum c]t nihil m9us1 ,mil4 #ai1 !re 0 less occasion = sorr[ because ! ?+ 0 n done1 b c]ta9ly none ! less = puni%m5t4 ,erratum3 #afgg 444 #g1 #fd1 #h #g4 #fd1 #h 7#b47 ,,o!r ,,words ,,z ,,connectives4 #afhg4 ,in/ead ( a conjunction1 o!r words are (t5 us$ z connectives3 z1 p>s 4 4 4 p>s1 ali 4 4 4 ali2 adv]bs ( ord] or "t3 z1 prmum1 fir/1 or prm1 at fir/ 444 de9de 4 4 4 tum1 c42 & p>ticul>ly adv]bs 9 pairs3 z1 modo 4 4 4 modo1 tum 4 4 4 tum1 less frequ5tly qu 4 4 4 qu1 simul 4 4 4 simul3 z1 multitd p>s prcurrit 9 vis1 p>s 9 ve/ibuls /at1 p>s ex tcts prspectant1 ,l4 #bd1 #ba1 #h1 "p ( ! ?rong runs out into ! /reets1 o!rs /& 9 ! =e-c\rts1 o!rs gaze f ! h\se-tops4 prf]bant ali purpuram1 ts ali1 gemms ali1 ,v4 #e1 #adf1 !y produc$ "s ( !m purple1 o!rs frank9c5se1 o!rs preci\s /ones4 prm pecniae1 de9de imp] cupd crvit1 ,s4 ,c4 #aj1 #c1 at fir/ a love ( money wax$ /rong1 !n ( p[]4 tum hoc mih probbilius1 tum illud vidtur1 ,ac4 #b1 #acd1 "o m9ute ?is seems to me m likely1 & ano!r m9ute t4 #afhh4 ,simple s5t5ces may also be coord9at$ by words d5ot+ inf]5ce or cause1 su* z erg1 igitur1 itaque1 !re=e2 nam1 namque1 enim1 =1 et5im1 = y see3 z1 adfectus anim 9 bon vir laudbilis1 et vta igitur laudbilis bon vir1 et hone/a erg1 quoniam laudbilis1 ,,td4 #e1 #dg1 ! disposition 9 a good man is praisewor?y1 & ! life !re=e ( a good man is praisewor?y1 & virtu\s accord+ly1 see+ x is praisewor?y4 ,( ^! words1 nam1 namque1 & itaque are usually put fir/ 9 ! s5t5ce2 enim & igitur1 usually aft] "o ^w1 r>ely aft] two4 ,b 9 ,plautus regul>ly1 & g5]ally 9 ,t]5ce1 enim has ! mean+ ( inde$1 v]ily1 truly1 dep5d ^u x1 & may /& at ! beg9n+4 #afhi4 ,9 ,plautus1 ! comb9ation erg igitur occurs1 & 9 ,t]5ce & ,livy1 itaque erg3 z1 itaque erg cnsulibus dis dicta e/1 ,l4 #c1 #ca1 #e1 accord+ly !n a day 0 set = ! trial ( ! consuls4 #afij4 ,! int]rogative quippe1 :y8 los+ its int]rogative mean+1 is also us$ z a coord9at+ ^w1 :y1 or =3 z1 hc g5us omne mae/um ac sollicitum e/ cantris morte ,tigell3 quippe b5ignus erat1 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #b1 #b1 su* wor?ies all are sad1 are woebegone ov] ,tigellius ! m9/rel's dea?2 :y he 0 g5]osity itself4 #afia4 ,simple s5t5ces may also be coord9at$ by pronom9al words1 su* z h9c1 inde1 h5ce1 e1 ide1 idcirc1 propt]e1 s1 on t acc\nt1 c43 z1 nocte p]v5ibant2 e cu/dis ho/ium fallbant1 ,l4 #bc1 #ai1 #aj1 !y got !re 9 ! night2 9 t way !y elud$ ! enemy's pickets4 ,b e & ide are n us$ ?us by ,cic]o1 ,caes>1 or ,sallu/1 or idcirc & propt]e by ,cic]o or ,caes>4 #afib4 ,9 animat$ rhetorical disc\rse any ^w repeat$ ) emphasis may s]ve z a copulative2 ?is is call$ ,anaphora3 z1 mles 9 =um1 mles 9 criam comitbtur1 ,ta4 #a1 #g1 soldi]s w5t ) him to ! =um1 soldi]s to ! s5ate *amb]4 rept e/is ex int]it1 rept s9e sangu9e1 s9e ex]cit1 s9e dmictine1 ,c4 #c1 #bc1 y are rescu$ f dea?1 rescu$ )\t blood%$1 )\t an army1 )\t a /ruggle4 ,erratum3 #afhg 444 tum 4 4 4 tum1 less frequ5tly 1 invisible ,,! ,,int]m$iate ,,coord9ate ,,s5t5ce4 #afic4 ,a s5t5ce coord9ate 9 =m ) ano!r s5t5ce is (t5 equival5t 9 mean+ to a subord9ate s5t5ce4 ,su* s5t5ces are call$ ,int]m$iate ,coord9ate ,s5t5ces4 ,! mo/ v>i$ relations ( a subord9ate s5t5ce may be ?us express$ by a coord9ate s5t5ce1 & ! comb9ation ( ! two coord9ate s5t5ces is 9 s5se equival5t to a complex s5t5ce4 #afid4 ,su* coord9at$ s5t5ces are a survival ( a m primitive /ate ( ! language4 ,!y occur (t5e/ 9 ,plautus & ,t]5ce1 9 ,cic]o's philosophical works & lett]s1 9 ,horace's satires & epi/les1 & 9 ,juv5al4 ,9 g5]al !y h be5 sup]s$$ by complex s5t5ces1 ev5 9 ! olde/ specim5s ( ! language4 #afie4 ,i4 ,! relation ( ! two memb]s may n be indicat$ by ! mood1 b left to be det]m9$ f ! context4 ,?us1 9 ! comb9ation amat1 sapit1 ,pl4 ,am4 #iie1 he is 9 love1 he %[s 8 s5se1 ! two memb]s amat & sapit are alike 9 =m4 ,b 9 s5se1 sapit is ! ma9 memb] & amat is ! subord9ate memb]4 ,j :at ! relation ( ! amat is1 :e!r x is s amat1 if he is 9 love1 cum amat1 :5 he is 9 love1 quod amat1 because he is 9 love1 or ets amat1 ?\gh he is 9 love1 c41 c41 is left to ! read] to make out4 ,! foll[+ are "s ( ! commone/ comb9ations ( ?is class3 #afif4 7#a47 ,! coord9at$ memb] may /& in/ead ( ! common] accusative & inf9itive ) a v]b ( p]ceiv+1 ?9k+1 kn[+1 or say+ 7#bage74 ,su* are crd1 fateor1 opnor1 put1 c]tum e/1 c43 z1 lds m facitis1 intelleg1 ,pl4 ,p]4 #hjb1 y are mak+ game ( me1 ,i am aw>e4 nrr tib3 pln relgtus mih videor1 ,att4 #b1 #aa1 #a1 ,i tell y :at1 ,i seem to myself regul>ly bani%$4 spr1 s]vbit fidem1 ,pl4 ,e4 #abd1 ,i hope he'll keep 8 ^w 7#bbce74 #afig4 7#b47 ,! coord9at$ memb] may be a direct "q or an exclamation4 ,?us 7a47 9 enquiries call+ = an answ]3 z1 sgn dc quid e/1 ,pl4 ,am4 #dba1 tell me1 :at is !re 9 ! %ape ( seal8 7#abea74 ,or 7b47 9 ejaculation3 z1 vid5 ut a/at furcif]8 ,pl4 ,mo/4 #aagb1 see/ h[ ! knave is pos+ !re8 vidte quaes1 quid pote/ pecnia1 ,pl4 ,/4 #daj1 see pray h[ all-comm&+ money is4 ,?is con/ruction occurs (t5e/ 9 com$y1 & ) an imp]ative mean+ say1 tell1 or look4 ,! subord9ate con/ruction is ! rule3 see #aggc4 #afih4 7#c47 ,! coord9at$ memb] r>ely repres5ts a relative s5t5ce 7#ahaf73 z1 urbs antqua fuit1 ,tyri t5ure coln1 ,v4 #a1 #ab1 !re 0 an anci5t t[n1 :i* ,tyrian settl]s held4 e/ locus1 ,hesp]iam ,gra cgnm9e dcunt1 ,v4 #a1 #ecj1 !re is a place1 ! ,greeks by "n ,hesp]ia call1 imitat$ f e/ locus ,hesp]iam quam mortls p]hibbant1 ,e4 9 ,macrob4 ,sat4 #f1 #a1 !re is a place :i* sons ( m5 ,hesp]ia call$4 #afii4 7#d47 ,! coord9at$ memb] may repres5t a subord9ate temporal memb]3 z1 vnit hiemps1 t]itur ,sicunia bca traptis1 ,v4 ,g4 #b1 #eai1 has w9t] come1 9 mills is ,sicyon's olive gr\nd 7#ahfj74 vix prram attig]at1 rumpit ,sturnia fnem1 ,v4 #ab1 #fej1 sc>ce _h he t\*$ ! pr[1 ,saturnia snaps ! rope1 i4e4 cum rumpit 7#ahfi74 lcbat iam f]1 prcdit 9 m$ium1 ,v4 #e1 #id1 x 0 j ab\t light1 :5 he pres5ts himself be=e !m4 fuit rn&us 9 ,mnli lge ,pompius2 temp]t rtine rn& cpiam p]sect sumus1 ,o4 #ajb1 :5 ,i _h to glorify ,pompey 9 ! matt] ( ! ,manilius law1 ,i w5t ?r\gh ! ample mat]ial = glorification 9 mod]ate language4 #agjj4 7#e47 ,! coord9at$ memb] may be equival5t to a memb] ) ut1 express+ result 7#aife73 z1 iam fax scis1 ,t4 ,eu4 #ffc1 ,i'll let y "k at once1 i4e4 scis 7#agab7 or ut scis 7#aife74 iam fax hc erunt1 ,pl4 ,b4 #gae1 ,i'll w>rant !y %all soon be "h4 ade rs r$it1 adulsc5tulus victus e/1 ,t4 ,hau4 #aac1 ?+s came to su* a pass ! y\ng/] 0 put d[n4 ct]a d g5]e hc1 ade sunt multa1 loqucem dlassre val5t ,fabium1 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #a1 #aa1 ! o!r cases ( ! k9d1 s pl5tiful are !y1 might tire ! gabbl+ ,fabius out4 ita haec mre tigna pt5t1 nn videor mihi s>cre posse a$s mes1 ,pl4 ,mo/4 #adf1 s sopp+ rott5 are ^! joi/s1 ,i don't ?9k ,i c pat* my h\se4 ita avid +5i fuit1 numquam indicre id fli voluit su1 ,pl4 ,aul4 prol4 #i1 s nigg>dly 0 he1 he'd nev] po9t x out to 8 own son4 tanta incepta rs e/1 haud somnculs hoc agundum/1 ,pl4 ,cap4 #bbg1 s big a job h we begun1 n dr[sily mu/ ?is be done4 #agja4 7#f47 ,! coord9at$ memb] may be equival5t to a conditional protasis3 z1 7a47 fliam quis habet1 pecni opus e/1 ,p>4 #dd1 a man has a daught]1 he ne$s money4 tr/is es1 indignor1 ,o4 ,tr4 #d1 #c1 #cc1 if y are sad1 ,i feel provok$4 7b47 s i/e bit1 t2 /bit1 a/t simul1 ,pl4 ,ps4 #hfc1 if he %all move1 move ?\2 b %all he /&1 /& by 8 side4 9 caelum1 iuss]is1 bit1 ,j4 #c1 #gh1 say b ! ^w1 he'll m\nt ! sky4 7c47 subdc cibum num diem ?ltae1 ,iovem ,olympium inplrbit1 ,,td4 #b1 #dj1 cut (f an a?lete f 8 food j a day1 he w pray to ,jupit] al(t 9 ,olympus 7#aegd74 7d47 ,znnem rogs1 respondeat totidem v]bs1 ,f94 #d1 #fi1 y may ask ,z5o1 he w\ld answ] 9 j z _m words 7#aeef74 7e47 t quoque magnam p>tem op]e 9 tant1 s9]et dolor1 c>e1 habrs1 ,v4 #f1 #ca1 ?\ too a goodly space 9 "w s va/1 _h grief all[$1 ,o ,ic>us1 had/ fill$ 7#aeei74 at d>s hanc vim ,m4 ,crass1 9 = saltret1 ,(f4 #c1 #ge1 b _h y giv5 ?is *ance to ,crassus1 he w\ld h cap]$ 9 ! m>ket place 7#aeei74 nam absque t esset1 hodi numquam ad slem occsum vv]em1 ,pl4 ,m54 #ajbb1 = 7 x n = y1 ,i ne'er %\ld live ?is bless$ day till set ( sun 7#aefj1 #baaj74 7f47 n fuissmus1 cnsilium c]t nn dfuisset1 ,att4 #i1 #f1 #f1 _h we be5 toge!r1 we c]ta9ly %\ld n h lack$ a programme 7#aefa74 #agjb4 7#g47 ,! coord9at$ memb] may be equival5t to a concession3 z1 id =tasse nn p]fcimus1 cnt quidem sumus1 ,o4 #baj2 ?\gh we h p]haps n atta9$ unto ?is1 yet we h attempt$ x4 erg ill intellegunt quid ,epicrus dcat1 ego nn intelleg8 ,f94 #b1 #ac1 d ^? g5tlem5 !n und]/& :at ,epicurus means1 & ,i n8 #agjc4 7#h47 ,! coord9at$ memb] may d5ote effici5t cause or reason3 z1 p]egrnus ego sum1 ,sauream nn nv1 ,pl4 ,z4 #dfd1 ,i am a /rang]1 & ,i don't "k ,saurea4 muli] es1 audct] irs1 ,pl4 ,am4 #hcf1 because y are a woman1 y are bold to swe>4 tac5t1 satis laudant1 ,t4 ,eu4 #dgf1 _! sil5ce is suffici5t praise4 #agjd4 7#i47 ,! coord9at$ memb] may repres5t ! protasis ( a comp>ative s5t5ce ) ut 7#aicg73 z1 ita m d am5t1 hone/u/1 ,t4 ,eu4 #dgd1 s help me heav51 he is a prop] man4 sollicitat1 ita vvam1 m tua1 m ,tir1 valtd1 ,fam4 #af1 #bj1 y\r heal?1 de> ,tiro1 keeps me fidgety1 z ,i hope to live4 #agje4 ,,ii4 ,! subord9ate idea is (t5 indicat$ by ! subjunctive ( desire coord9at$ ) ano!r v]b1 usually ) "o :i* has a diff]5t subject4 ,?us1 ! comb9ation ams3 oportet1 y %\ld love2 x is "r 7#aedg71 9 :i* ! two v]bs are us$ sep>ately1 bl5ds into "o :ole1 ams oportet1 ,f94 #b1 #ce1 x is "r y %\ld love4 ,! v]b ) :i* ! subjunctive is coord9at$ specifies m exactly ! g5]al idea ( desire conta9$ 9 ! subjunctive itself4 ,! t5se ( ! coord9ate subjunctive is regulat$ by t ( ! o!r v]b4 #agjf4 ,! negative employ$ ) coord9at$ subjunctives is ! adv]b n1 n4 ,?us1 ! comb9ation vid3 n m lds1 see to x2 don't y fool me 7#aedg71 9 :i* ! two v]bs are us$ sep>ately1 bl5ds into "o :ole1 vid n m lds1 ,pl4 ,cur4 #cbe1 see to x y don't fool me4 ,simil>ly1 metu3 n peccet1 ,i am afraid2 let h] n slip up 7#aedh71 becomes metu n peccet1 ,pl4 ,p]4 #fbd1 ,i am afraid %e may slip up4 ,f its frequ5t use 9 s5t5ces ( subord9ate mean+1 n came at an e>ly p]iod to be reg>d$ z a subord9at+ conjunction also1 le/1 t 4 4 4 n1 z well z an adv]b1 & took ! place ( ! less usual ut n4 ,h5ce memb]s ) n are m conv5i5tly treat$ "u ! head ( subord9ation 7#aidg74 #agjg4 7#a47 ,! subjunctive is (t5 coord9at$ ) v]bs ( wi%+4 ,su* are vol1 nl1 r>ely ml1 opt1 placet1 c43 z1 animum advorts vol1 ,pl4 ,cap4 #chh1 ,i wi% y w\ld pay he$ 7#aedh74 quid vs faciam8 ,t4 ,hau4 #hdf1 :at wilt ?\ ,i %\ld d8 7#aefc74 v9 conmtmus8 tuam ego dcam et t meam8 ,pl4 ,tri4 #ei1 w\ld y l to swap8 ,i take y\r wife1 & y take m9e8 7#aefc74 ml t sapins ho/is metuat1 quam /ult cvs laud5t1 ,l4 #bb1 #ci1 #bj1 ,i w\ld r a wise enemy %\ld fe> y1 ?an /upid fell[-citiz5s admire y 7#aedh74 ,coord9ation is ! rule ) velim1 vellem1 c41 us$ 9 ! s5se ( ut9am 7#aedj73 z1 d ,m5$m vellem vrum fuisset1 d rgn velim vrum sit1 ,att4 #ae1 #d1 #d1 ab\t ,m5$emus ,i c\ld wi% x _h be5 true1 ab\t ! que5 ,i hope x may be true4 tells optem prius ma dehscat1 ,v4 #d1 #bd1 ,i w\ld ! e>? to deepe/ dep?s might soon] yawn4 ,l4 ,domitius dxit placre sb s5t5tis d s+uls f]r5t1 ,caes4 ,c4 #c1 #hc1 #c1 ,domitius said 8 view 0 !y %\ld vote on ! m5 sep>ately4 #agjh4 7#b47 ,! subjunctive is (t5 coord9at$ ) v]bs ( reque/1 entreaty1 enc\ragem5t1 exhortation1 *>ge1 direction1 comm&4 ,su* are precor1 rog1 r1 pet1 hortor1 po/ul1 mone1 cnse2 m&1 imp]1 praecipi1 dc]n2 & *iefly 9 old ,lat91 iube3 z1 7a47 r$ds incolumem precor1 ,h4 #a1 #c1 #g1 deliv] him up safe ,i pray4 rogat fnem r& faciat1 #a1 #bj1 #e1 he reque/s him to make an end ( entreaty4 t id quod su/ pet1 m abs5tem df5ds1 ,fam4 #ae1 #h1 ,i ask y to d z y always d1 /& up = me :5 ,i am away4 nn hortor slum s$ etiam rog atque r1 t colligs virumque praebes1 ,fam4 #e1 #ah1 #a1 ,i n only exhort y1 b m ?an t ,i beg & entreat y1 pull y\rself toge!r & quit y l a man4 po/ul etiam atque etiam cnsd]s qu prgr$ire1 ,l4 #c1 #de1 #aj1 ,i *>ge y ?9k aga9 & aga9 :at y are com+ to4 t mone vides1 quid ags4 magn op]e cnse1 dsi/s1 ,v4 #e1 #agd1 ,i advise y to consid] :at y are do+4 ,i e>ne/ly recomm5d y to /op4 hunc admonet it] caut faciat1 #e1 #di1 #c1 he w>ns him he mu/ pursue 8 m>* ) c>e4 7b47 huic m&at ,rms adeat1 #c1 #aa1 #b1 he directs him to g to ! ,remans4 praecipit num omns pet]5t ,indutiom>um1 #e1 #eh1 #e1 he says !y mu/ all conc5trate _! attack on ,indutiom>us4 huic imp]at qus possit adeat cvitts1 #d1 #ba1 #h1 he ord]s him to visit su* communities z he c4 s5tus dcrvit d>5t op]am cnsuls n quid rs pblica dtrm5t cap]et1 ,s4 ,c4 #bi1 #b1 ! s5ate decre$ ! consuls mu/ see to x t ! commonweal? receiv$ no h>m4 iube maneat1 ,t4 ,hau4 #gcg1 tell h] %e mu/ /ay4 mlits c]tirs facit1 paulisp] int]mitt]5t proelium1 #c1 #e1 #c1 he tells ! soldi]s !y mu/ /op fight+ a little :ile4 ab1 nnti patribus urbem ,rmnam mniant1 ,l4 #bb1 #di1 #aj1 g tell ! fa!rs !y mu/ =tify ,rome t[n4 dx equidem 9 c>c]em rs1 ,pl4 ,/4 #fbd1 ,i'm sure ,i told y y mu/ g to jail4 scrbit ,labin cum legine v5iat1 #e1 #df1 #c1 he writes to ,labi5us he mu/ come ) a legion4 lgtinem mittunt s velit sus recip]e1 obsids sib remittat1 #c1 #h1 #e1 !y s5d an embassy1 if he wi%es to get 8 own m5 back1 he mu/ s5d back ! ho/ages to !m4 #agji4 7#c47 ,! subjunctive is (t5 coord9at$ ) expressions ( propriety or necessity4 ,su* are oportet1 optumum e/1 opus e/1 decet1 necesse e/4 m ipsum ams oportet1 nn mea1 ,f94 #b1 #he1 x is myself y %\ld love1 n my possessions4 quoniam habs i/um equom1 aut m]s oportet1 aut hrditte possides1 aut surripu]s necesse e/1 ,inv4 #a1 #hd1 s9ce y are 9 possession ( t horse1 y mu/ ei!r h b\ght him or inh]it$ him1 or else y mu/ necess>ily h /ol5 him4 s$ taceam optumum/1 ,pl4 ,e4 #fj1 b ,i'd be/ hold my tongue4 nihil opu/ rescscat1 ,pl4 ,m]4 #ajjd1 %e ne$n't f9d x out at all4 condemntur necesse e/1 ,,ra4 #aaa1 be condemn$ he ne$s mu/4 #agaj4 7#d47 ,! subjunctive is sometimes coord9at$ ) v]bs ( p]mission or concession4 ,su* are p]mitt 9 ,sallu/ & ,livy1 concd1 also s91 mo/ly 9 ! imp]ative1 *iefly 9 old ,lat9 & poetry1 & ! imp]sonal licet 7us$ ?us (t5 9 ,cic]o1 r>ely be=e or aft]73 z1 supplm5tum scrb]5t cnsuls1 p]missum1 ,l4 #bg1 #bb1 #aa1 leave 0 giv5 t ! consuls might fill up ! army4 s9e sciam1 ,l4 #b1 #dj1 #e1 let me "k4 s9e modo adv5iat s5ex1 ,pl4 ,mo/4 #aa1 let b ! old man come4 fremant omns licet1 dcam quod s5ti1 ,,d4 #a1 #aie1 ?\gh ev]ybody may gr[l1 ,i w say :at ,i ?9k4 ,see #aijd4 #agaa4 7#e47 ,! subjunctive is (t5 coord9at$ ) ! imp]ative cav1 cavt1 cavte1 bew>e1 us$ 9 ! s5se ( n 7#aehe73 z1 cav facis1 ,att4 #ac1 #cc1 #d1 don't d x4 cave drumptis1 ,pl4 ,po54 prol4 #aag1 don't break x (f 7#ajge74 #agab4 7#f47 ,! subjunctive is (t5 coord9at$ ) v]bs ( giv+1 p]suad+1 accompli%+1 tak+ c>e4 ,9 ?is case ! subjunctive has ! mean+ ( purpose or result4 ,su* are ! imp]ative c$o1 & d1 p]sude1 impetr1 cr1 also faci1 p>ticul>ly fac & facit3 z1 c$o bibam1 ,pl4 ,mo/4 #cgc1 give me to dr9k4 date bibat tbc91 ,pl4 ,/4 #geg1 give ! pip] to dr9k4 huic ,sp4 ,albnus p]sudet rgnum ,numidiae s5t petat1 ,s4 ,i4 #ce1 #b1 ,alb9us induces him to ask ( ! s5ate ! ?rone ( ,numidia4 t&em inpetrv abret1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #eia1 at la/ ,i've coax$ him to cle> out4 fac sciam1 ,fam4 #g1 #af1 #c1 let me "k4 fax scis1 ,pl4 ,m54 #fdd1 ,i'll let y "k1 mu* (t5] scis or scbis 7#agjj74 fac bellus rev]tre1 ,fam4 #af1 #ah1 #a1 m9d y come back a beauty 7#aegi74 #agac4 ,a subjunctive is n[ & !n loosely coord9at$ ) v]bs 9 g5]al1 to indicate ! purpose ( ! action3 z1 vocte hc ,ssiam1 ,bleph>nem arcssat1 ,pl4 ,am4 #idi1 call ,sosia "h1 let him fet* ,bleph>o4 clr advorsum fbulbor1 hic auscultet quae loqu>1 ,pl4 ,am4 #cjj1 ,i'll speak di/9ctly face to face1 t he may he> :at ,i %all say4 op]am hanc subrupu tib1 ex m scrs1 ,pl4 ,am4 #ebc1 ,i did ?is secretly = y1 t y might le>n f me4 manibus date llia plns1 purpures sp>gam flrs1 ,v4 #f1 #hhc1 lilies 9 h&fuls give1 ,i fa9 w\ld scatt] purple fl[]s1 t is1 t ,i may scatt]4 ,,! ,,complex ,,s5t5ce1 ,,or ,,subord9ation4 #agad4 ,9 a complex s5t5ce1 t is "o consi/+ ( a ma9 & a subord9ate s5t5ce1 ! subord9ate memb] is introduc$ by "s subord9at+ ^w3 su* are1 ,i4 ,int]rogative words1 9 indirect que/ions2 ,,ii4 ,relative pron\ns2 ,,iii4 ,relative conjunctive p>ticles1 or conjunctive p>ticles n ( relative orig94 #agae4 ,subord9ate s5t5ces may h ! value ( a sub/antive1 usually z subject or z object2 ( an attributive2 or ( an adv]b or adv]bial adjunct3 z1 7a47 edem nocte accidit ut esset lna plna1 #d1 #bi1 #a1 x came to pass ! same night t !re 0 a full moon4 vide quid ags1 ,fam4 #af1 #ag1 ,i see :at y are driv+ at4 7b47 fundus qu e/ 9 agr1 qu ,sabnus voctur1 eum meum esse ai1 ,mur4 #bf1 ! e/ate :i* is 9 ! t]ritory :i* is call$ ,sab9e1 t ,i ma9ta9 is m9e1 lawy]s' word9ess = fundus ,sabnus4 7c47 cum advesp]sc]et1 ad pontem ,mulvium p]vnrunt1 ,c4 #c1 #e1 :5 x 0 gett+ d>k1 !y rea*$ ! ,mulvius bridge1 i4e4 vesp]1 or prm vesp]e4 #agaf4 ,subord9ate s5t5ces :i* express "t or place1 are call$ ,temporal or ,local s5t5ces2 comp>ison or mann]1 ,comp>ative or ,modal s5t5ces2 condition1 cause1 or concession1 ,conditional1 ,causal1 or ,concessive s5t5ces2 purpose1 ,f9al s5t5ces2 result1 ,consecutive s5t5ces4 #agag4 ,9 a ma9 s5t5ce1 ! indicative pres5t1 future1 & future p]fect1 & ! imp]ative1 are call$ ,prim>y ,t5ses2 ! indicative imp]fect1 hi/orical p]fect1 & plup]fect1 & ! inf9itive ( intimation1 are call$ ,second>y ,t5ses4 ,! p]fect def9ite & ! pres5t ( vivid n>ration are sometimes reg>d$ z prim>y t5ses1 (t5] z second>y t5ses4 #agah4 ,v]bs :i* h an implication ( futurity1 su* z ^? mean+ c1 ought1 mu/1 c41 ) an inf9itive1 also subjunctives ( wi% 7#aedj7 or ( exhortation 7#aedg71 may be call$ ,virtual ,futures4 #agai4 ,sometimes ! subjunctive s]ves z a ma9 s5t5ce3 see #agfb2 sometimes a n\n ( ! v]b3 see #agff4 ,,mood ,,( ,,! ,,subord9ate ,,s5t5ce4 #agbj4 ,! indicative & ! subjunctive are bo? us$ 9 subord9ate s5t5ces1 z w be %[n 9 ! treatm5t ( ! sev]al words ( subord9ation4 ,"s g5]al uses may be m5tion$ collectively "h4 ,,! ,,indicative ,,mood4 #agba4 ,! indicative is ord9>ily us$ 9 s5t5ces introduc$ by a relative pron\n1 or by a causal conjunctive ^w o!r ?an cum4 pontem1 qu erat ad ,g5vam1 iubet resc9d1 #a1 #g1 #b1 he ord]s ! bridge :i* 0 ne> ,g5eva torn up4 concd1 quia necesse e/1 ,,ra4 #ade1 ,i give up1 because ,i h to4 ,9 s5t5ces ( ?is class1 h[ev]1 ! subjunctive is (t5 requir$1 p>ticul>ly 9 indirect disc\rse 7#agbb71 or 9 cases ( attraction 7#agbh74 ,,! ,,subjunctive ,,mood4 ,,! ,,subjunctive ,,( ,,indirect ,,disc\rse ,,& ,,( ,,attraction4 #agbb4 ,! subjunctive is us$ 9 relative1 causal1 temporal1 & conditional s5t5ces 9 indirect disc\rse1 & 9 cases ( attraction4 #agbc4 ,a direct quotation or "q gives ! words ( ! orig9al speak] )\t alt]ation4 ,:5 ! orig9al words ( a quotation or "q are *ang$ to con=m to ! con/ruction ( ! s5t5ce 9 :i* !y are quot$1 x is call$ ,indirect ,disc\rse4 #agbd4 ,9 ! complete =m ( indirect disc\rse1 ! subjunctive is subord9ate to an inf9itive or an accusative ) ! inf9itive1 dep5d5t on a v]b ( say+ or ?9k+ 7#bage73 z1 negat ,epicrus icund posse vv1 nisi cum virtte vvtur1 ,,td4 #c1 #di1 ,epicurus av]s !re is no liv+ happily1 )\t liv+ virtu\sly2 directly1 icund vv nn pote/1 nisi cum virtte vvitur4 ,scrats dc]e solbat1 omns 9 e quod scr5t1 satis esse loqu5ts1 ,,d4 #a1 #fc1 ,socrates us$ to ma9ta9 t all m5 7 eloqu5t en\gh 9 a matt] !y knew2 directly1 omns 9 e quod sciunt satis sunt loqu5ts4 #agbe4 ,! idea ( say+ or ?9k+ is (t5 n =mally express$ 9 ! ma9 s5t5ce1 & ! indirect disc\rse is intimat$ by ! subord9ate subjunctive only3 z1 noct ambulbat 9 pblic ,!mi/ocls1 quod somnum cap]e nn posset1 ,,td4 #d1 #dd1 ,!mi/ocles us$ to walk ! /reets nights1 #8because he c\ld n sleep1' giv5 z ,!mi/ocles's reason2 ! writ]'s w\ld be pot]at4 ,paetus omns librs1 qus frt] suus relquisset1 mih dnvit1 ,att4 #b1 #a1 #ab1 ,paetus made me a pres5t ( all ! books #8t 8 bro!r _h left4' dum reliquae nvs e conv5r5t1 9 ancors expectvit1 #d1 #bc1 #d1 he wait$ at an*or till ! re/ ( ! vessels %\ld ga!r !re 7#bjje74 p]vnit priusquam ,pompius s5tre posset1 ,caes4 ,c4 #c1 #fg1 #d1 he got !re be=e ,pompey %\ld be able to le>n ( 8 com+ 7#aiai74 ,x]xs praemium prposuit1 qu invnisset novam volupttem1 ,,td4 #e1 #bj1 ,x]xes (f]$ a rew>d to anybody :o %\ld devise a new =m ( ent]ta9m5t 7#baaj74 #agbf4 ,a speak] or writ] may quote 8 own ?\ghts 9 ! indirect =m1 l ano!r p]son's3 z1 haec tibi dictbam po/ fnum putre ,vacnae1 except quod nn simul esss1 ct]a laetus1 ,h4 ,e4 #a1 #aj1 #di1 ,i write !e ?is beh9d ,vacuna's m\ld]+ pile1 9 all else well1 except t ?\'rt n "h ! :ile 7#afja74 #agbg4 ,in/ead ( an intimation ( indirect disc\rse by a m]e subjunctive1 a v]b ( ?9k+ or say+ is sometimes introduc$ by qu1 or especially quod1 sometimes by cum1 & put illogically itself 9 ! subjunctive3 z1 litt]s1 qus m sib msisse dc]et1 recitvit1 ,ph4 #b1 #g1 he read (f a lett]1 :i* he said ,i s5t him1 i4e4 qus msissem4 impetrre nn potu1 quod religine s imp$r dc]5t1 ,sulpicius 9 ,fam4 #d1 #ab1 #c1 ,i c\ld n get leave1 because !y said !y 7 hamp]$ by religi\s scruple1 i4e4 quod imp$r5tur4 cum dc]et1 ,,dn4 #c1 #hc1 say+ z he did4 ,?is con/ruction is common 9 ,cic]o1 some:at s 9 ,caes>1 r>e 9 ,sallu/4 #agbh4 ,! subjunctive is us$ 9 s5t5ces express+ an ess5tial "p ( ! ?\ght1 :i* are subord9ate to ano!r subjunctive1 or to an inf9itive4 ,?is is call$ ! ,subjunctive ( ,attraction1 or ( ,assimilation3 z1 v]eor n1 dum m9u]e velim labrem1 augeam1 ,leg4 #a1 #ab1 ,i am afraid ,i may make ! "w h>d]1 :ile ,i am aim+ to make x less4 s sls es dc]s mis]s1 quibus mori5dum esset1 nm9em erum1 qu vv]5t excip]s1 ,,td4 #a1 #i1 if y %\ld pron\nce only su* p unhappy z _h to die1 y w\ld n except "o ( ^? :o 7 liv+4 ms e/ ,syrcss1 ut s qu d r ad s5tum ref]tur1 dcat s5t5tiam qu velit1 ,v4 #d1 #adb1 x is ! cu/om at ,syracuse1 t if any "q is discuss$ 9 ! s5ate1 anybody :o pleases may express 8 op9ion4 sapins nn dubitat1 s ita melius sit1 migrre d vt1 ,f94 #a1 #fb1 ! sage does n hesitate1 if ?is be ! bett] c\rse1 to )draw f life4 ms e/ ,a?ns laudr 9 cntine es1 qu s9t 9 proelis int]fect1 ,o4 #aea1 x is ! cu/om 9 ,a!ns to eulogize 9 public assembly su* z h fall5 9 action4 #agbi4 ,! indicative is kept 9 subord9ate /atem5ts add$ or v\*$ = by ! p]son report+1 & also 9 circumlocutions equival5t to a sub/antive3 z1 nntitum e/ ,ariovi/um ad occup&um ,vesontinem1 quod e/ oppidum maximum ,squanrum1 cont5d]e1 #a1 #ch1 #a1 x 0 report$ t ,ariovi/us 0 press+ on to seize ,vesontio1 :i* is ! mo/ consid]able t[n ( ! ,sequans4 prd5tissima cvits ,a?ninsium1 dum ea rrum potta e/1 fuisse trditur1 ,,ra4 #gj1 ,a!ns is said to h be5 pass+ wise1 z long z %e held ! hegemony4 vs1 quae re/ant1 m loqu8 ,t4 ,&r4 #aie1 wilt h me tell ! re/8 i4e4 relicua4 fi] pote/1 ut id quod s5tit polt loqu nn possit1 ,,td4 #a1 #f1 x may be t he _c express 8 ?\ght 9 poli%$ /yle1 i4e4 s5t5tiam suam4 ,,! ,,subjunctive ,,( ,,repeat$ ,,action4 #agcj4 ,! subjunctive is sometimes us$ 9 relative1 temporal1 or conditional s5t5ces1 to express action repeat$ or occurr+ at no p>ticul> "t3 z1 7a47 neque alit] s faciat1 llam int] sus habet auctrittem1 #f1 #aa1 #d1 & if he does n d ?is1 he nev] has any asc5dancy at all ov] 8 p4 ,) ! pres5t & p]fect1 h[ev]1 ?is subjunctive is conf9$ pr9cipally to ! indef9ite second p]son s+ul> 7#ajcj73 z1 bonus sgnior fit1 ub neglegs1 ,s4 ,i4 #ca1 #bh1 ! good man always gets slack]1 :5 y are neglectful4 squoi mtuom quid d$]s1 fit pr propri p]ditum1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #ajej1 if y've l5t any?+ to any man1 'tis n y\r own1 b lo/4 7b47 ,! imp]fect & plup]fect subjunctive beg9 ) ,catullus & ,caes>1 & get to be common ) ,livy & ,tacitus3 z1 s quis preh5d]tur1 cnsns mlitum ripibtur1 ,caes4 ,c4 #c1 #aaj1 #d1 e "t a man 0 tak5 up1 he 0 rescu$ by ! jo9t action ( ! rank & file4 quemcumque lctor prndisset1 tribnus mitt iubbat1 ,l4 #c1 #aa1 #b1 e man ! lictor arre/$1 a tribune w\ld ord] releas$4 ,,! ,,subjunctive ,,z ,,9 ,,! ,,simple ,,s5t5ce4 #agca4 ,! subjunctive ( wi%1 ( action conceivable1 or ( int]rogation1 is sometimes us$ 9 a subord9ate s5t5ce exactly z 9 ma9 s5t5ces3 z1 haec di ntl me scrps1 qu ut9am susceptus nn essem1 ,att4 #aa1 #i1 #c1 ?is ,i h writt5 on my bir?day1 on :i* day ,i wi% ,i _h nev] be5 lift$ f ! gr\nd 7#aedd74 ut vides1 ,lucr4 #c1 #cdh1 s t y c see 7#aeef74 neque id faci1 ut =sitan quibusdam vide>1 simultine1 ,fam4 #a1 #h1 #b1 nor d ,i d x1 z p]haps ,i may seem to "s to d1 f hypocrisy 7#aeef74 etiam/ paucs vs quod monits volu]im1 ,pl4 ,cap4 #ec1 !re's "o po9t m1 on :i* ,i'd h y briefly w>n$ 7#aeeh74 erant eiusmod sits oppidrum1 ut neque p$ibus aditum habr5t neque nvibus1 quod m9u5te ae/ nvs 9 vads adflctr5tur1 #c1 #ab1 #a1 ! t[ns 7 s situat$ t !re 0 no access to !m by l&1 nor by boat ei!r1 because at ebb tide vessels w\ld p\nd on ! %oals 7#aeei74 vix erat hoc imp]tum1 cum illum spolitum vidrs1 ,v4 #d1 #hf1 h>dly 0 ! ord] f 8 lips1 :5 y might h se5 ! man /ript 7#aeei74 qu m v]tam nesci1 ,clu4 #d1 ,i don't "k :i* way to turn 7#aefc74 ,erratum3 #agca 444 neque id faci1 ut =sitan quibusdam vide>1 simultine1 f9al 1 miss+ ,,t5se ,,( ,,! ,,subord9ate ,,s5t5ce4 ,,! ,,t5ses ,,( ,,! ,,indicative4 #agcb4 ,i4 ,! t5se ( a subord9ate indicative (t5 indicates a close relation ( "t ) ! t5se ( ! lead+ v]b1 p>ticul>ly 9 cases ( repeat$ contemporane\s or antec$5t action4 ,! subord9ate s5t5ce 9 su* comb9ations is said to h ,relative "t4 #agcc4 7#a47 ,! subord9ate indicative t5se may express action concurr5t ) ! ma9 action4 ,two concurr5t s5t5ces are usually put 9 ! same t5se4 ,concurr5t action is said to be 7a47 congru5t1 :5 two actions m]ely cov] ! same "t3 z1 dum leg1 ads5tior1 ,,td4 #a1 #bd1 z long z ,i am read+1 ,i ass5t4 dum necesse erat1 nus omnia pot]at1 ,,ra4 #aci1 s long z x _h to be1 "o man controll$ ! _w4 dum ,latnae loqu5tur litt]ae1 qu]cus huic loc nn de]it1 ,leg4 #a1 #b1 z long z ,lat9 lit]ature has ! gift ( spee*1 ?is spot w n lack its oak4 vxit1 dum vxit1 b5e1 ,t4 ,hec4 #dfa1 he liv$ well all ! "t he liv$4 quoad potuit1 =tissim re/itit1 #d1 #ab1 #e1 z long z he c\ld1 he made a manful /&4 ,or 7b47 co9cid5t1 :5 "o action is virtually ! same z ! o!r3 z1 cum tac5t1 clmant1 ,c4 #a1 #ba1 :ile !y are dumb1 !y cry out1 i4e4 _! sil5ce is z tell+ z a %\t4 fci/ mih p]grtum1 quod ,s]pinis librum msi/1 ,att4 #b1 #d1 #a1 y h oblig$ me v mu* by s5d+ ,s]apio's book4 #agcd4 7#b47 ,! subord9ate indicative t5se may express action contemporane\s1 antec$5t1 or subsequ5t1 9 relation to ! ma9 action4 #agce4 7a47 ,action contemporane\s ) a ma9 pres5t is express$ by a pres5t1 ) a ma9 future or virtual future1 by a future1 ) a ma9 second>y t5se by an imp]fect3 z1 quod e/1 e decet t1 ,,cm4 #bg1 :at y h1 t y %\ld avail y\rself (4 hrologium mittam1 s erit sdum1 ,fam4 #af1 #ah1 #c1 ,i w s5d ! clock1 if x is pleasant 7#afbe74 paultim dabis1 s sapis1 ,t4 ,hau4 #hgj1 y'll give 9 driblets1 if y are wise4 cum relaxre anims vol5t1 caveant intemp]antiam1 ,(f4 #a1 #abb1 :5 !y want to unb5d1 let !m bew>e ( excess 7#afbe2 #agah74 omnia de]ant1 quae ad refici5ds nvs erant su1 #d1 #bi1 #d1 !y 7 out ( ev]y?+ t 0 s]viceable = repair+ _! vessels4 #agcf4 7b47 ,action antec$5t to a ma9 pres5t is express$ by a p]fect1 to a ma9 future or virtual future by a future p]fect1 to a ma9 second>y t5se by a plup]fect3 z1 qucumque aspexi/ tuae tib occurrunt iniriae1 ,p>4 #ah1 :]ev] y turn y\r gaze1 y are confront$ by y\r own abom9able acts4 cum posu librum1 adsnsi omnis lbitur1 ,,td4 #a1 #bd1 :5 ,i drop ! book1 all ass5t melts away 7#ahfj74 quicquid fc]is1 adprobb1 ,fam4 #c1 #c1 #b1 no matt] :at y d1 ,i %all ?9k x well 7#afbf74 ut quisque i/u animum (f5d]at1 9 lautumis /atim conicibtur1 ,v4 #e1 #adc1 any man t w\nd$ 8 s5sibilities 0 always flung into ! qu>ries )\t any ado4 #agcg4 7c47 ,action subsequ5t to a ma9 pres5t is express$ by ! future p>ticiple ) a pres5t =m ( sum1 to a ma9 future or virtual future by ! future p>ticiple ) a future =m ( sum1 & to a ma9 second>y t5se by ! future p>ticiple ) an imp]fect =m ( sum3 z1 decem dis sunt ante lds1 qus ,cn4 ,pompius factrus e/1 ,v4 a4 pr4 #ca1 !re are t5 days be=e ! %[s :i* ,pompey is to manage4 att5ts facimus1 s dmn/rbimus ea1 quae dictr erimus1 magna esse1 ,inv4 #a1 #bc1 we %all make p att5tive if we %[ t :at we are go+ to say is important4 rx1 quia nn int]futrus nvl c]tm9 erat1 ,magnsiam concessit1 ,l4 #cf1 #dc1 #i1 z ! k+ 0 n to h a h& 9 ! action at sea1 he mov$ (f to ,magnesia4 #agch4 ,,ii4 ,a subord9ate indicative t5se is said to be ,indep5d5t :5 x simply expresses "t ( its own1 )\t any close relation to ! "t ( ! ma9 action4 ,su* indep5d5t t5ses may d5ote g5]al pres5t action3 z1 bam =te vi sacr1 scut meus e/ ms1 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #i1 #a1 9 ,sacr$ ,/reet1 z is my wont1 ,i happ5$ to be prom5ad+ 7relatively1 erat ms1 #agce74 nn m appellbis1 s sapis1 ,pl4 ,mo/4 #eae1 y won't address me1 if y h s5se 7relatively1 s sapis1 #agce74 ,or pa/ action1 ei!r cont9u\s1 complet$1 or indef9ite3 z1 ut ms fuit ,b?niae rgibus1 lectc f]btur1 ,v4 #e1 #bg1 he regul>ly rode 9 a litt]1 z 0 ! practice ( ! despots ( ,bi?ynia2 "h fuit d5otes action simply z pa/1 )\t fur!r def9ition ( "t 7#afjc71 :]eas erat1 relative to ! "t ( f]btur1 w\ld imply :i* 0 !n ! practice 7#aeie74 #agci4 ,) dum1 9 ! "t :ile1 an indep5d5t pres5t is us$3 see #aiie4 ,) po/quam1 c41 aft]1 an indep5d5t p]fect is us$ ( a s+le action2 see #aibe4 ,,! ,,t5ses ,,( ,,! ,,subjunctive4 #agdj4 ,subord9ate subjunctive s5t5ces 7 orig9ally indep5d5t coord9ate s5t5ces1 9 ! t5se requir$ to express ! ?\ght4 ,by degrees ! subord9ate s5t5ce bl5d$ closely ) ! ma9 s5t5ce1 & ! comb9ation ( ! two 0 reg>d$ z "o :ole4 #agda4 ,i4 ,! "t ( ! subord9ate subjunctive is usually ,relative1 t is ei!r contemporane\s1 antec$5t1 or subsequ5t1 9 relation to t ( ! ma9 action4 #agdb4 ,action contemporane\s ) ! ma9 action is express$ by a pres5t or imp]fect subjunctive4 ,action antec$5t is express$ by a p]fect or a plup]fect subjunctive4 ,action subsequ5t is express$ by ! future p>ticiple ) a =m ( sim or ( essem4 #agdc4 ,subord9ate s5t5ces ) v]bs ( w or aim1 ) v]bs ( fe>1 also f9al s5t5ces & _m consecutive s5t5ces are express$ 9 ,lat9 z contemporane\s ) ! ma9 action1 n z subsequ5t to x4 #agdd4 ,,ii4 ,! ma9 & subord9ate s5t5ces may express :olly diff]5t sph]es ( "t by t5ses n commonly us$ toge!r1 :5 ! ?\ght requires x4 ,9 su* cases ! t5se ( ! subord9ate memb] is call$ ,indep5d5t1 l ! analog\s t5ses ( ! indicative 7#agch74 #agde4 ,! use ( subord9ate subjunctive t5ses relatively to ! ma9 t5se1 or :at is commonly call$ ! ,sequ5ce ( ,t5ses1 is z foll[s3 ,,t5se ,,subord9ate ,,to ,,an ,,indicative4 #agdf4 7#a47 ,! pres5t1 or p]fect subjunctive1 or ! future p>ticiple ) a =m ( sim1 is us$ 9 s5t5ces subord9ate to a prim>y t5se 7#agag73 z1 7a47 t hortor1 ut ,rmam p]gs1 ,q,fr4 #a1 #c1 #d1 ,i urge y to repair to ,rome4 cr1 ut quam prmum v5is1 ,fam4 #d1 #aj1 #a1 m9d t y come z soon z y c4 ego quid accp]im sci1 ,,ra4 #eh1 ,i "k :at ,i h receiv$4 quam sum sollicitus quidnam futrum sit1 ,att4 #h1 #f1 #c1 h[ anxi\s ,i am to "k :at 9 ! _w is to come4 7b47 9 eum locum rs dducta e/ ut salv esse nequemus1 ,fam4 #af1 #ab1 #a1 to su* a pass has x come t we _c be sav$4 an obltus es quid initi dx]im8 ,,dn4 #b1 #b1 h y possibly =gott5 :at ,i said at ! />t8 quoniam 9 eam ratinem vtae ns =tna ddxit1 ut sempit]nus s]m d nbs futrus sit1 cavemus1 ,q,fr4 #a1 #a1 #ch1 s9ce =tune has set u 9 su* a walk ( life t we are to be et]nally talk$ ab\t1 let u be on our gu>d4 7c47 efficiam1 ut intellegtis1 ,clu4 #g1 ,i w see t y und]/&4 dc5t quid /atu]9t1 ,v4 #b1 #age1 !y w tell :at !y decid$ on4 quae fu]it causa1 mox vd]1 ,f94 #a1 #ce1 :at ! reason 0 ,i won't consid] till by & by 7#afcj74 t dis]tum putb1 s o/5d]is qu mod ss es int] scris dfnsrus1 ,ph4 #b1 #h1 ,i %all ?9k y a mo/ effective speak]1 if y %[ h[ y are go+ to def5d !m on ! *>ge ( murd]4 #agdg4 7#b47 ,! imp]fect1 or plup]fect subjunctive1 or ! future p>ticiple ) a =m ( essem1 is us$ 9 s5t5ces subord9ate to a second>y t5se 7#agag73 z1 7a47 hs rbus fbat1 ut m9us lt vagr5tur1 #a1 #b1 #d1 s x came to pass t !y did n roam r\nd mu*4 docbat1 ut ttu ,galliae prnciptum ,a$u t5uiss5t1 #a1 #dc1 #f1 he %[$ h[ ! ,a$uans _h _h ! ma/]y ov] all ,gaul4 ,flaccus quid ali po/e factr ess5t scre nn pot]at1 ,fl4 #cc1 ,flaccus c\ld n tell :at o!r p w\ld d 9 ! future4 7b47 is cvitt p]susit1 ut d fnibus sus cum omnibus cpis exr5t1 #a1 #b1 #a1 ?is man prevail$ on 8 community to emigrate f _! place ( abode1 bag & baggage4 qus rs 9 ,hispni gessisset1 diss]uit1 ,l4 #bh1 #ch1 #b1 he disc\rs$ on 8 milit>y c>e] 9 ,spa94 an ,lac$aemoni quaesvrunt num s esset mor prohibitrus8 ,,td4 #e1 #db1 did ! ,sp>tans ask :e!r he 0 go+ to prev5t !m f dy+8 7c47 ,ariovi/us tants sib sprits smps]at1 ut f]5dus nn vidrtur1 #a1 #cc1 #e1 ,ariovi/us _h put on su* high & mighty airs t he seem$ intol]able4 hc pgus1 cum dom exsset patrum no/rrum memori1 ,l4 ,cassium cnsulem int]fc]at1 #a1 #ab1 #e1 ?is canton1 sally+ out f home 9 our fa!rs' recollection1 _h put ,cassius1 ! consul1 to dea?4 illud quod mih extrmum prposu]am1 cum essem de bell g5]e dictrus1 ,,ip4 #ag1 ! po9t ,i _h res]v$ till ! end1 :5 ,i 0 go+ to disc\rse on ! "* ( ! w>4 #agdh4 ,) any k9d ( a second>y ma9 s5t5ce1 a subord9ate g5]al tru? usually /&s 9 ! pa/1 contr>y to ! ,engli% idiom3 z1 hc cgnsc licuit1 quantum esset hom9ibus praesid 9 anim firmitd9e1 ,caes4 ,c4 #c1 #bh1 #d1 "h !re 0 a *ance to le>n :at a bulw>k man has 9 c\rage4 ,9 ! direct =m e/ 7#aehh74 #agdi4 ,a subsequ5t relation is sometimes loosely sugge/$ by a simple subjunctive2 necess>ily s ) v]bs :i* lack ! future p>ticiple1 or :i* are 9 ! passive3 z1 sum sollicitus quidnam d prv9cis dc]ntur1 ,fam4 #b1 #aa1 #a1 ,i am anxi\s to see :at 9 ! _w may be decid$ on ab\t ! prov9ces4 #agej4 ,9 a s+le example1 a future p]fect ( result+ /ate is repres5t$ 9 subord9ation z foll[s3 nec dubit qun cnfecta iam rs futra sit1 ,fam4 #f1 #ab1 #c1 & ,i h no d\bt ! job w soon be completely f9i%$ up1 directly1 s9e dubi cnfecta iam rs erit4 #agea4 7#a47 ,an imp]fect subjunctive express+ a p>ticul> pa/ result1 cause1 reason1 c41 is sometimes connect$ ) a ma9 g5]al pres5t t5se 7#agdd73 z1 cuius praecept tanta vs e/1 ut ea ,delphic de tribu]tur1 ,leg4 #a1 #eh1 ! p[] ( ?is rule is s mighty t x 0 ascrib$ to ! ,delphic god4 cuius r tanta e/ vs1 ut ,i?acam illam sapi5tissimus vir immortlitt antepn]et1 ,,d4 #a1 #aif1 s irresi/ible is ! p[] ( ?is s5tim5t t ! %rewde/ ( m5 lov$ 8 little ,i?aca bett] ?an life et]nal2 ( ,ulixes4 laudantur rtrs vet]s quod crm9a dlu]e dlcid solr5t1 ,v4 #b1 #aia1 ! orators ( old are admir$ #8because !y 7 always cle> 9 expla9+ accusations away4' ,! second>y sequ5ce is also sometimes exceptionally us$ ) ord9>y pres5ts4 #ageb4 7#b47 ,! pres5t ( vivid n>ration is commonly reg>d$ z a second>y t5se1 especially :5 ! subord9ate s5t5ce prec$es1 & regul>ly ) n>rative cum4 ,sometimes h[ev] z a prim>y t5se3 z1 7a47 s]vs sus ,rubrius1 ut inuam claud]5t1 imp]at1 ,v4 #a1 #ff1 ,rubrius ord]s 8 slaves to %ut ! front door4 ,a$u1 cum s df5d]e nn poss5t1 lgts ad ,caes>em mittunt1 #a1 #aa1 #b1 ! ,a$uans1 f9d+ !y c\ld n def5d !mselves1 s5d "s envoys to ,caes>4 7b47 horttur1 ut arma capiant1 #g1 #d1 #d1 he urges !m to fly to arms4 ,sometimes ! two sequ5ces /& side by side1 or a subjunctive ( prim>y sequ5ce has itself a second subord9ate subjunctive ( second>y sequ5ce4 ,ei!r sequ5ce is us$ ) ! pres5t ( quotation also 7#aeib74 #agec4 7#c47 ,subord9ate s5t5ces ( pa/ action conceivable1 ( action non-occurr5t1 or dubitative que/ions ( ! pa/1 reta9 _! pa/ un*ang$ ) a ma9 prim>y t5se3 z1 7a47 vr simile nn e/1 ut ille monum5ts mairum pecniam antepn]et1 ,v4 #d1 #aa1 x is n conceivable t ! man w\ld h ?\ght m ( money ?an ( 8 heirlooms1 i4e4 nn antepn]et 7#aeei74 7b47 omnia sc erunt inl/ria1 ut ad ea prob&a ttam ,siciliam te/em adhibre possem1 ,v4 #e1 #aci1 ev]y?+ w be s self-evid5t1 t ,i c\ld use all ,sicily z a witness to prove x 7#aefj74 tace1 n haec quidem conlig1 quae =tasse valr5t apud idicem1 ,lig4 #cj1 ,i'll hold my tongue1 ,i won't ev5 ga!r toge!r ! foll[+ argum5ts1 :i* might p]haps be tell+ ) a juryman 7#aefj74 7c47 qua] t cr ,c4 ,cornlium nn df5d]em1 ,vat4 #e1 ,i put ! "q to y1 :y ,i 0 n to def5d ,cornelius 7#aefc74 #aged4 ,a f9al subjunctive subord9ate to a p]fect def9ite sometimes has ! prim>y sequ5ce1 b m commonly ! second>y3 z1 7a47 etiamne ad subsellia cum f]r vni/is1 ut hc iugultis ,sex4 ,rscium8 ,,ra4 #cb1 h y actually come to ! c\rt-room knife 9 h&1 to cut ,roscius's ?roat on ! spot8 7b47 n gnrrtis esse aliqus pcis vbs condicins1 ad vs vn1 ,l4 #ba1 #ac1 #b1 ,i h come to y to let y "k t y h "s *ances ( peace4 addx hom9em 9 qu satis fac]e ext]s ntinibus posstis1 ,v4 a4 pr4 #b1 ,i h br\ght up a man 9 ^: p]son y c give satisfaction to =eign nations4 #agee4 ,an indep5d5t pres5t or p]fect subjunctive may be put ) a ma9 second>y t5se 7#agdd73 #agef4 7#a47 ,9 relative1 causal1 or concessive s5t5ces3 z1 cum 9 ct]s colnis dum vir appell5tur1 h s praetrs appellr volbant1 ,agr4 #b1 #ic1 ?\gh !y are /yl$ 9 all o!r colonies ,! ,two1 ^! m5 want$ to be /yl$ praetors4 qu adulscns nihil umquam nisi sevrissim et gravissim fc]it1 is e aette saltvit8 ,d4 #bg1 did ! man :o 9 8 gr[+ ye>s inv>iably behav$ ) au/]e propriety1 dance & cap] r\nd 9 8 old age8 hc tt proeli cum ab hr septim ad vesp]um pugntum sit1 v]sum ho/em vidre nm potuit1 #a1 #bf1 #b1 dur+ ! :ole ( ?is engagem5t1 ?\gh ! fight+ w5t on f an h\r pa/ noon till ev5+1 nobody c\ld cat* a glimpse ( an enemy's back4 #ageg4 7#b47 ,(t5 9 consecutive s5t5ces3 z1 7a47 9 prv9ci ,sicili1 quam i/e p] tri5nium ita vexvit1 ut ea re/itu 9 antquum /atum nll mod possit1 ,v4 a4 pr4 #ab1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,sicily1 :i* ! def5dant s effectually torm5t$ ?ree ye>s runn+ t x _c be re/or$ at all to its orig9al e/ate4 prirs ita rgnrunt1 ut omns conditrs p>tium c]t urbis num]5tur1 ,l4 #b1 #a1 #b1 su* 0 ! adm9i/ration ( ! mon>*s prec$+1 t !y are all acc\nt$ f\nd]s ( p>ts at lea/ ( ,rome4 7b47 ,! p]fect subjunctive sometimes repres5ts ! "t ( ! p]fect def9ite3 z1 tantum 9 a]rium pecniae invxit1 ut nu imp]tris pra$a fnem attul]it tribtrum1 ,(f4 #b1 #gf1 he convey$ su* quantities ( money into ! treasury1 t ! plund] turn$ 9 by a s+le comm&] has put an end to tribute = good & all4 e usque s praebbat pati5tem atque impigrum1 ut eum nm umquam 9 equ s$5tem vd]it1 ,v4 #e1 #bg1 he %[$ himself s indefatigably active t no human be+ has ev] se5 him a/ride a horse4 ,sometimes ! "t ( ! hi/orical p]fect3 z1 temporis tanta fuit exiguits1 ut ad gales indu5ds tempus dfu]it1 #b1 #ba1 #e1 s scant 0 ! "t t !y _h n "t to put _! helmets on4 hc ita quivit1 ut e tempore omn ,nepol fu]it1 ,sull4 #ag1 ?is man held s quiet t he /aid all t "t at ,neapolis4 ,9 ,cic]o a negative subord9ate p]fect is n uncommon2 an affirmative "o is v r>e4 ,?is con/ruction is m common 9 ,nepos1 ,livy1 & ,tacitus1 & is ! preval5t "o 9 ,suetonius4 #ageh4 ,! imp]fect only is us$ 9 complem5t>y s5t5ces ) pa/ v]bs ( happ5+1 su* z accidit1 contigit1 c4 7#aiff74 #agei4 ,:5 two consecutive subjunctives are coord9at$1 !y usually h ! same t5se4 ,sometimes h[ev] ! fir/ is p]fect & ! second imp]fect1 or ! rev]se4 #agfj4 7#c47 ,an indirect "q 9 ! pres5t or p]fect sometimes reta9s its orig9al t5se ) a ma9 second>y t5se 7#agdd73 z1 hc quantum 9 bell =tna possit1 cgnsc potuit1 #f1 #ce1 #b1 "h !re 0 a *ance to see h[ pot5t dame ,=tne is 9 w>4 ,"h possit repres5ts pote/ ( a g5]al tru? 7#aehh72 b usually g5]al tru?s h ! regul> sequ5ce 7#agdh74 cr ab/9u]it spectcul ipse1 v>i trahbant1 ,ta4 #a1 #gf1 :y ! emp]or did n g to ! %[1 !y acc\nt$ = 9 ?is way & t1 repres5t+ cr ab/9uit8 qu cnsili r$i]im initi aud/is1 po/ e/is exp]t1 ,ph4 #aj1 #h1 :at my idea 0 9 com+ back1 y le>n$ fir/ by he>say1 aft]w>ds by p]sonal obs]vation1 repres5t+ qu cnsili r$i8 #agfa4 ,! subord9ate subjunctive has sometimes ! sequ5ce ( ! ne>e/ v]b1 in/ead ( t ( its prop] v]b3 z1 crvit1 quod semp] 9 r pblic t55dum e/1 n plrimum valeant plrim1 ,,rp4 #b1 #ci1 he arrang$ x s1 a po9t :i* is always to be held fa/ 9 gov]nm5t1 t ! greate/ numb] may n h ! greate/ p[]4 ,erratum3 #agej 444 directly1 s9e dubi cnfecta iam rs erit4 directly4 ,,t5se ,,subord9ate ,,to ,a ,,subjunctive4 #agfb4 ,:5 ! lead+ v]b is a subjunctive1 ! pres5t is reg>d$ z prim>y1 & ! imp]fect & plup]fect z second>y3 z1 7a47 exspect eius mod litt]s ex quibus nn quid fat1 s$ quid futrum sit sciam1 ,att4 #e1 #ab1 #b1 ,i am expect+ a lett] ( a k9d to let me "k n :at is go+ on1 b :at w be go+ on4 quid prfc]im facis m velim c]tirem1 ,fam4 #g1 #aj1 #c1 h[ f> ,i h succe$$ ,i wi% y w\ld let me "k4 7b47 qulis esset ntra montis qu cgnsc]5t msit1 #a1 #ba1 #a1 he s5t "s sc\ts to f9d out :at ! "* ( ! m\nta9 04 quid m prohibret ,epicrum esse1 s probrem quae dc]et1 ,f94 #a1 #bg1 :at w\ld prev5t me f be+ an ,epicurean1 if ,i accept$ :at he said8 quae s bis bna quot ess5t didicisset ,epicrus1 c]t nn dc]et1 ,,dn4 #b1 #di1 ,epicurus w\ld c]ta9ly n say ?is1 if he _h ev] be5 taught h[ mu* twice two is 7#agdh74 #agfc4 ,an imp]fect subjunctive ( action non-occurr5t at ! pres5t "t has occasionally ! pres5t sequ5ce3 z1 mrrris1 s int]esss1 qu pati5ti valtd9em tol]et1 ,pl94 ,ep4 #a1 #bb1 #g1 y w\ld be amaz$ to f9d1 if y 7 ) him1 ) :at dogg$ endurance he be>s up "u 8 illness4 ,b ! second>y sequ5ce is f> m common4 #agfd4 7#a47 ,! p]fect subjunctive 9 indep5d5t ma9 s5t5ces ( prohibition 7#aeea7 or ( action conceivable 7#aeeh7 is reg>d$ z a prim>y t5se3 z1 n dubitrs qun id mih futrum sit antquius1 ,att4 #g1 #c1 #b1 don't ent]ta9 any d\bt t ?is c\rse w be pref]able 9 my eyes4 quid nn sit citius quam quid sit dx]im1 ,,dn4 #a1 #fj1 ,i c\ld soon] tell :at is n1 ?an :at is4 #agfe4 7#b47 ,9 subord9ate s5t5ces1 ! p]fect subjunctive has ! ma9 sequ5ce :5 x repres5ts ! indicative p]fect def9ite1 & ! second>y :5 x repres5ts ! indicative hi/orical p]fect or ! imp]fect3 z1 7a47 nm f] ve/rm e/1 qun1 quem ad modum captae s9t ,syrcsae saepe audi]it1 ,v4 #d1 #aae1 !re is h>dly a man ( y\r numb] b has he>d ov] & ov] aga9 h[ ,syracuse 0 tak54 7b47 qu r accid]it ut id suspicrre quod scrbis nesci1 ,fam4 #b1 #af1 #a1 h[ x came to pass t y suspect$ :at y write1 ,i c't imag9e4 ,,t5se ,,subord9ate ,,to ,a ,,n\n ,,( ,,! ,,v]b4 #agff4 7#a47 ,a subjunctive subord9ate to "o ( ! n\ns ( ! v]b1 except ! p]fect inf9itive or ! p]fect p>ticiple1 foll[s ! sequ5ce ( ! v]b3 z1 ds9 qua]]e cr m]s1 ,v4 #d1 #aj1 ,i cease to ask :y y b\ght4 nm9em tam m5tem =e putvrunt1 ut em]et arg5tum1 ,v4 #d1 #i1 !y did n dream anybody w\ld be crazy en\gh to buy plate4 secr p]cuss1 ade torp5tibus met qu ad]ant1 ut n gemitus quidem exaudrtur1 ,l4 #bh1 #bi1 #aa1 !y 7 behead$1 ev]ybody !re be+ s completely p>alyz$ ) fe> t n ev5 a groan c\ld be he>d4 ,q4 ,fabius ,pctor ,delphs missus e/ scscittum1 quibus precibus des poss5t plcre1 ,l4 #bb1 #eg1 #e1 ,fabius ,pictor 0 s5t to ,delphi to f9d out by :at sort ( pray]s !y c\ld get ! e> ( ! gods4 cupd incessit anims iuv5um scscit& ad quem erum rgnum esset v5trum1 ,l4 #a1 #ef1 #aj1 ! y\?s 7 possess$ ) a desire to f9d out to :i* "o ( _! numb] ! ?rone 0 to fall4 #agfg4 7#b47 ,) a p]fect inf9itive or p]fect p>ticiple1 ! subord9ate subjunctive may be 9 ! imp]fect or plup]fect1 ev5 ) a prim>y lead+ v]b3 z1 satis mih multa v]ba fcisse videor1 qu r esset hoc bellum necessrium1 ,,ip4 #bg1 ,i fancy ,i h said en\gh to %[ :y ?is w> is unavoidable4 hunc i/ aiunt1 cum taurum immolvisset1 mortuum concidisse1 ,br4 #dc1 y\r g5tlem5 say t ?is man1 aft] sacrific+ a bull1 tumbl$ d[n dead4 vitor b5e ve/tus causa grasstr fuisse dctur cr ab e spolirtur1 ,fat4 #cd1 a well-dress$ travell] w be said to h be5 a temptation = a footpad to rob him4 v]sbor 9 r saepe quaest1 suffrgia clam an palam f]re melius esset1 ,leg4 #c1 #cc1 ,i %all be work+ on a "q t has (t5 be5 put1 :e!r x 0 bett] to vote secretly or op5ly4 #agfh4 ,! sequ5ce ) a p]fect inf9itive is1 h[ev]1 (t5 prim>y3 z1 hc s fnem faciam dc5d1 satis idic fcisse vide> cr secundum ,rscium idicr dbeat1 ,,rc4 #ad1 if ,i %\ld /op speak+ "h1 ,i %\ld feel ,i _h made x pla9 en\gh to ! c\rt :y a judgem5t %\ld be r5d]$ = ,roscius4 #agfi4 ,! second>y sequ5ce is us$ ) mem91 rememb]1 ev5 :5 x has ! pres5t inf9itive 7#bbbj73 z1 ,l4 ,metellum mem9 ita bons esse vribus extrm tempore aettis1 ut adulsc5tiam nn requr]et1 ,,cm4 #cj1 ,i c rememb] ,metellus's be+ s good & /rong 9 ! v la/ "p ( 8 life t he did n feel ! want ( y\?4 #aggj4 ,s5t5ces ) a subjunctive due to ano!r subjunctive or to an inf9itive are put z foll[s3 #agga4 7#a47 ,s5t5ces ( relative "t express contemporane\s1 antec$5t1 & subsequ5t action l correspond+ indicative s5t5ces1 ) ! appropriate sequ5ce3 z1 v]eor1 n1 dum m9u]e velim labrem1 augeam1 ,leg4 #a1 #ab1 ,i am afraid t :ile ,i wi% to make ! "w less1 ,i may make x m4 crocodls dcunt1 cum 9 t]r p>tum did]9t1 obru]e va1 ,,dn4 #b1 #abi1 !y say t ! crocodile1 aft] lay+ on l&1 buries h] eggs4 dcbam quoad metu]s1 omnia t prmissrum3 simul ac timre dessss1 similem t futrum tu1 ,ph4 #b1 #hi1 ,i said t z long z y 7 afraid1 y w\ld promise ev]y?+2 ! mom5t y ceas$ to fe>1 y w\ld be j l y\rself4 cn/iturunt ea1 quae ad pr(icsc5dum p]t9r5t1 comp>re1 #a1 #c1 #a1 !y resolv$ to get su* ?+s ready z 7 necess>y = ! m>*4 erat scrptum3 nisi domum rev]t]tur1 s capitis eum damntrs1 ,n4 #d1 #c1 #d1 x /ood writt5 t1 if he did n come back home1 !y w\ld condemn him to dea? 7direct =m nisi rev]tris1 damnbimus74 lgt vnrunt1 qu s ea1 quae imp]sset1 factrs pollicr5tur1 #d1 #bb1 #a1 "s envoys came1 to engage to d :at he ord]$ 7direct =m quae imp]ris1 facimus74 ,v5et cnfdbant ,rmns neque llam faculttem habre nvium1 neque erum locrum ub bellum ge/r ess5t ports nvisse1 #c1 #ai1 #f1 ! ,v5etans felt assur$ t ! ,romans _h n any prop] supply ( %ips1 & 7 n acqua9t$ ) ! ports 9 ! places :]e !y 7 to fight4 #aggb4 7#b47 ,s5t5ces ) indep5d5t "t reta9 ! indep5d5t "t 9 ! subjunctive 9 prim>y sequ5ce 7#agdd72 9 second>y sequ5ce ! pres5t becomes imp]fect1 & ! p]fect becomes plup]fect3 z1 7a47 quamquam opni e/1 eum qu mults anns ante hs fu]it1 ,psi/ratum1 multum valuisse dc5d1 ,br4 #bg1 ?\gh !re is an impression t ! man :o liv$ ye>s & ye>s be=e ^! p1 ,pisi/ratus1 0 a v tell+ orator 7direct =m1 qu fuit1 #agch74 dcitur1 po/e quam vn]it1 paucs dibus esse mortuus1 ,clu4 #age1 he is said to h di$ a few days aft] he came 7#agci74 7b47 cgnvit ,subs1 po/e quam pontem fi] comp]iss5t1 nntis 9 omns "ps dmsisse1 #d1 #ai1 #b1 he asc]ta9$ t aft] ! ,suebans _h le>n$ ( ! build+ ( ! bridge1 !y _h s5t out mess5g]s 9 e direction4 ,,! ,,indirect ,,"q4 #aggc4 ,! subjunctive is us$ 9 indirect que/ions or exclamations4 ,?us1 :5 ! direct "q1 qu scs1 h[ d y "k8 is subord9at$ to a ma9 s5t5ce1 su* z qua]1 ,i ask1 ! scs becomes scis3 qua] qu scis1 ,,ra4 #ei1 ,i ask h[ y "k4 ,que/ions or exclamations ?us subord9at$ are call$ ,indirect 7#agbc74 ,9 ,engli%1 indirect que/ions are usually *>act]iz$ simply by ! position ( ! words1 ! subject /&+ be=e ! v]b4 #aggd4 ,! indirect "q is "o ( ! commone/ ( con/ructions4 ,x dep5ds on v]bs or expressions mean+ n only ask1 b also tell1 in=m1 asc]ta91 see1 he>1 "k1 consid]1 delib]ate1 d\bt1 wond]1 fe>1 c41 c4 ,,yes ,,or ,,no ,,que/ions4 #agge4 ,indirect ,yes or ,no que/ions are introduc$ by ! same int]rogative p>ticles t are us$ 9 direct que/ions 7#aejc74 ,b 9 indirect que/ions1 num & -ne are us$ )\t any ess5tial diff]5ce1 9 ! s5se ( :e!r1 if4 nnne is us$ ?us only by ,cic]o1 & by him only ) qua]3 z1 qua]is num dis]tus sit8 ,planc4 #fb1 d y ask :e!r he is a good speak]8 quaesv cgnsc]etne sgnum1 ,c4 #c1 #aj1 ,i ask$ if he recogniz$ ! seal4 qua] nnne tib faci5dum idem sit1 ,f94 #c1 #ac1 ,i ask :e!r y ought n to d ! same4 vidte num dubit&um vbs sit1 ,,ip4 #ai1 consid] :e!r y ought to h any hesitation4 #aggf4 ,! comb9ations -ne 4 4 4 -ne1 & an 4 4 4 an1 introduc+ two sep>ate que/ions1 are r>e2 -ne 4 4 4 -ne is mo/ly conf9$ to poetry4 ,9 a few in/ances su* que/ions c h>dly be di/+ui%$ f alt]natives4 #aggg4 ,a conditional protasis ) s1 if1 to see if1 or s =te1 if p]*ance1 sometimes takes ! place ( an indirect "q 9 expressions or implications ( trial1 hope1 or expectation3 z1 b1 vsam s dom/1 ,t4 ,hau4 #agj1 ,i'll g & see if he's at home4 ,usually ) ! subjunctive3 z1 exspectbam1 s quid scrb]s1 ,att4 #af1 #b4 #d1 ,i 0 wait+ to see :e!r y w\ld write any?+4 circumfunduntur ho/s1 s quem aditum rep]re poss5t1 #f1 #cg1 #d1 ! enemy came /ream+ r\nd1 to see if !y c\ld f9d any way ( gett+ 94 ,,alt]native ,,que/ions4 #aggh4 ,indirect alt]native que/ions are introduc$ l direct que/ions 7#aeai74 ,b :5 ! second memb] is negative1 x has (t5] necne ?an an nn3 z1 hoc qua]mus1 vrum sit an falsum1 ,clu4 #abd1 let u ask ?is "q1 :e!r x is true or false4 quaesv ,catiln 9 conv5t fuisset1 necne1 ,c4 #b1 #ac1 ,i ask$ ,catil9e :e!r he _h be5 at ! meet+ or n4 p]multum int]e/ utrum p]turbtine anim1 an cnsult fat iniria1 ,(f4 #a1 #bg1 x makes a va/ diff]5ce :e!r wrong be done 9 heat ( passion1 or ) delib]ate int5t4 qua]1 eum ,brtne similem mls an ,antni1 ,ph4 #aj1 #e1 ,i ask :e!r y w\ld r h him l ,brutus or l ,antony4 #aggi4 ,an introductory utrum prec$+ an alt]native "q ) -ne & an occurs a few times 9 ,plautus & ,cic]o2 utrumne 4 4 4 an occurs once 9 ,cic]o1 & twice 9 ,horace & ,tacitus ea*2 comp>e #aebb4 ,aft] utrum1 a second alt]native is sometimes suppress$1 z 9 ! direct "q 7#aebc74 #aghj4 -ne 9 ! second memb] only ( an alt]native "q is r>e1 & n us$ by ,caes> or ,sallu/3 z1 s9e sciam captva mt]ne sim1 ,l4 #b1 #dj1 #e1 let me "k :e!r ,i am a captive or a "m4 #agha4 7#a47 ,a few times 9 ,plautus & ,t]5ce1 ! second memb] only ( an alt]native "q is express$ ) qu sci an8 or qu scs an8 equival5t to p]haps3 z1 qu scs an quae iubeam faciat8 ,t4 ,eu4 #gij1 p]haps %e'll d z ,i direct4 ,horace has once qu scs an1 ,,ap4 #dfb1 9 ! s5se ( p]haps1 & once quis scit an1 #d1 #g1 #ag1 9 ! s5se ( p]haps n4 #aghb4 7#b47 ,! second memb] only ( an alt]native "q is (t5 express$ aft] haud sci an1 ,i don't "k b1 possibly1 p]haps1 ) nn2 nm1 nllus1 c41 if ! s5t5ce is negative3 z1 haud sci an fi] possit1 ,v4 #c1 #afb1 ,i don't "k b x is possible4 ,simil>ly1 ?\gh n (t51 ) nesci an1 haud sciam an1 dubit an1 dubitrim an1 dubium an1 inc]tum an1 c43 z1 loqu5ti nesci an habuisset p>em nm9em1 ,br4 #abf1 9 oratory ,i fancy he w\ld h _h no pe]4 ,?is use1 9 :i* haud sci an becomes adv]bial1 & ! subjunctive approa*es closely t ( mode/ ass]tion1 is pr9cipally conf9$ to ,cic]o4 ,9 lat] ,lat91 haud sci an1 c41 sometimes has a negative s5se1 ,i don't "k :e!r1 ) llus1 c4 #aghc4 ,f ,curtius on1 an is us$ q l num or -ne1 9 a s+le indirect "q1 )\t implication ( alt]natives4 #aghd4 ,two alt]natives are r>ely us$ )\t any int]rogative p>ticles at all3 z1 velit nlit scre difficile e/1 ,q,fr4 #c1 #h1 #d1 w he nill he1 x is h>d to "k1 i4e4 :e!r he w or n4 ,comp>e #aeah4 ,errata3 #aggh 444 ,(f4 #a1 #bg 4 invisible #aghb 444 loqu5ti nesci an habuisset p>em nm9em1 4 = 1 ,,pron\n ,,que/ions4 #aghe4 ,indirect pron\n que/ions are introduc$ by ! same pronom9al words t are us$ 9 direct pron\n que/ions 7#aebf73 z1 cgnscit1 quae g]antur1 #e1 #dh1 #b1 he asc]ta9s :at is go+ on4 vidtis ut omns dspiciat1 ,,ra4 #ace1 y c see h[ he looks d[n on ev]ybody4 quid ags et ut t oblects scre cupi1 ,q,fr4 #b1 #c1 #g1 ,i am eag] to "k h[ y d & h[ y are amus+ y\rself4 ,,orig9al ,,subjunctives4 #aghf4 ,que/ions already 9 ! subjunctive may also become indirect4 ,?us1 qu m v]tam8 ,v4 #e1 #b1 :i* way %all ,i turn8 7#aefc7 becomes indirect 9 qu m v]tam nesci1 ,clu4 #d1 ,i don't "k :i* way ,i am to turn4 quid faciam8 ,h4 ,s4 #b1 #a1 #bd1 :at %all ,i d8 7#aefc7 becomes indirect 9 quid faciam1 praescrbe1 ,h4 ,s4 #b1 #a1 #e1 lay d[n ! law1 :at ,i'm to d4 neque satis cn/bat quid ag]5t1 #c1 #ad1 #c1 & x 0 n at all cle> :at !y _h be/ d4 dubitv hsce hom9s em]em an nn em]em1 ,pl4 ,cap4 #dee1 ,i _h my d\bts1 :e!r to buy ^! m5 or n to buy 7#aefd74 ,,indicative ,,que/ions ,,app>5tly ,,indirect4 #aghg4 ,9 old ,lat91 ! indicative occurs (t5 9 connections :]e ! subjunctive w\ld be us$ 9 classical ,lat93 z1 dc1 quis e/1 ,pl4 ,b4 #eeh1 say1 :o is x8 :]eas dc quis sit w\ld mean say :o x is4 ,9 su* cases ! "q is n subord9ate1 b coord9ate1 usually ) an imp]ative 7#afig71 or ) "s su* expression z t rog1 vol scre1 scn1 or ! l4 ,su* coord9ation occurs exceptionally 9 ! classical p]iod3 z1 et vid1 quam conv]sa rs e/1 ,att4 #h1 #ac1 #b1 & obs]ve1 h[ ev]y?+ is *ang$4 adspice1 ut +r$itur1 ,v4 #f1 #hef1 see1 h[ he m>*es (f4 #aghh4 ,! indicative is us$ ) nesci foll[$ by a pronom9al int]rogative1 :5 ?is comb9ation is equival5t to an indef9ite pron\n or adv]b3 z1 prdit nesci quis1 ,t4 ,ad4 #fce1 !re's "s "o com+ out4 ,?is is a cond5s$ =m = prdit nesci quis sit1 !re's com+ out ,i don't "k :o x is1 ! real "q1 sit1 be+ suppress$1 & nesci quis acquir+ ! mean+ ( aliquis1 somebody4 ,simil>ly nesci ) unde1 ub1 qu&1 quot1 c41 9 writ]s ( all ages4 ,plautus uses sci quid1 sci ut1 c41 some:at 9 ?is way once or twice ) ! indicative3 z1 scio quid ag1 ,b4 #gh1 ,i'm do+ ,i "k :at4 #aghi4 ,?is comb9ation (t5 expresses admiration1 contempt1 or regret3 z1 cont5d tum illud nesci quid praeclrum solre exi/]e1 ,ar*4 #ae1 ,i ma9ta9 t 9 su* a comb9ation ! beau ideal ( p]fection always bur/s into be+4 paulum nesci quid1 ,,ra4 #aae an unconsid]$ trifle4 dvsa e/ s5t5tia1 po/ulante nesci qu1 ,mil4 #ad4 ! "q 0 divid$1 on motion ( :at's 8 "n4 nesci qu pact1 ,c4 #ca1 un=tunately4 #agij4 ,! indicative is us$ 9 l mann] ) _m expressions1 orig9ally exclamatory1 :i* h become adv]bs3 su* are immne quantum1 prodigi\sly1 mrum quantum1 wond]fully1 sn quam1 imm5sely1 c41 c4 ,see #gab & ! diction>y4 #agia4 ,relative con/ructions (t5 h ! appe>ance ( indirect que/ions1 & c>e mu/ be tak5 n to conf\nd ! two4 ,?us1 ut is a relative 9 hanc rem1 ut facta/1 loqu>1 ,pl4 ,am4 #aabi1 ,i'll tell ?is ?+ z x occurr$1 i4e4 n h[ x occurr$4 n/ quae sequontur1 ,,td4 #d1 #gg1 y "k ! ?+s t foll[1 i4e4 n :at foll[s4 ,,! ,,relative ,,s5t5ce4 #agib4 ,relative s5t5ces are introduc$ by relative words1 ! mo/ important ( :i* is ! pron\n qu1 :o1 :i*1 or t4 ,! relative pron\n may be 9 any case requir$ by ! context1 & may repres5t any ( ! ?ree p]sons4 #agic4 ,! relative adv]bs1 ub1 qu1 unde1 (t5 take ! place ( a relative pron\n ) a preposition1 *iefly 9 designations ( place1 & regul>ly ) t[n & isl& names4 ,less frequ5tly ( p]sons1 ?\gh unde is n uncommonly ?us us$4 #agid4 ,9 a wid] s5se1 s5t5ces introduc$ by any relative conjunctive p>ticle1 su* z ub1 :51 are sometimes call$ relative s5t5ces4 ,su* s5t5ces1 h[ev]1 are m conv5i5tly treat$ sep>ately1 "u ! head ( ! sev]al conjunctive p>ticles4 #agie4 7#a47 ,! relative pron\n1 l ! ,engli% relative :o1 :i*1 0 develop$ f ! int]rogative4 ,orig9ally1 ! relative s5t5ce prec$es1 & ! ma9 s5t5ce foll[s1 j z 9 "q & answ]4 ,?us1 quae mtat1 ea corrumpit1 ,f94 #a1 #ba1 :at he *anges1 t he spoils1 is a modification ( ! old] "q & answ]3 quae mtat8 ea corrumpit1 :at does he *ange8 t he spoils4 ,) adjective relatives1 ! sub/antive is express$ 9 bo? memb]s1 9 old or =mal ,lat93 z1 quae rs apud no/rs nn erant1 erum rrum nm9a nn pot]ant esse sitta1 ,cornif4 #d1 #aj1 :at ?+s did n exi/ among our c\ntrym51 ( ^? ?+s ! names c\ld n h be5 9 common use4 #agif4 7#b47 ,! relative s5t5ce may also come la/4 ,z e>ly z ,plautus1 ?is _h become ! preval5t arrangem5t1 & ! sub/antive ( ! ma9 s5t5ce is call$ ! ,antec$5t3 z1 ultr eum locum1 qu 9 loc ,g]mn cnsd]ant1 ca/rs idneum locum dlgit1 #a1 #di1 #a1 beyond ! place 9 :i* place ! ,g]mans _h e/abli%$ !mselves1 he select$ a suitable spot = 8 camp4 ,! ?ree words dis1 locus1 & rs1 are v commonly express$ ?us bo? 9 ! antec$5t & ! relative s5t5ce4 ,?is repetition is r>e 9 ,livy1 & disappe>s aft] 8 "t4 #agig4 ,9 old ,lat91 r>ely 9 classical poetry1 a s5t5ce sometimes beg9s ) an emphasiz$ antec$5t put be=e ! relative1 & 9 ! case ( ! relative3 z1 urbem quam /atu vo/ra e/1 ,v4 #a1 #egc1 ! city :i* ,i f\nd is y\rs2 = quam urbem /atu1 ea vo/ra e/4 ,9 ! ma9 s5t5ce1 is1 hc1 i/e1 or ille1 is (t5 us$2 less frequ5tly1 z 9 ?is example1 an appellative4 #agih4 ,! ma9 s5t5ce (t5 has ! det]m9ative or demon/rative1 or ! sub/antive1 or bo? omitt$3 z1 7a47 ub intellxit diem n/re1 qu di frm5tum mlitibus mtr oportret1 #a1 #af1 #e1 :5 he saw ! day 0 draw+ nigh1 on :i* day ! gra9 0 to be measur$ out to 8 m54 7b47 qus msimus cvs1 es ,mrtis vs p]culit1 ,m>c4 #ag1 :at fell[-citiz5s we h lo/1 ^? ! fury ( ! ,w>-god smote d[n4 7c47 ,sabnus qus tribns mlitum circum s habbat1 s sequ iubet1 #e1 #cg1 #a1 ,sab9us ord]$ :at tribunes ( ! soldi]s he _h ab\t him1 to foll[ him4 #agii4 ,! antec$5t is (t5 omitt$ :5 x is indef9ite1 or is obvi\s f ! context3 z1 sunt qu mr5tur1 ,v4 #a1 #f1 !re be :o wond]4 dlgi/ qus ,rmae rel9qu]s1 ,c4 #a1 #i1 y pick$ out p to leave 9 ,rome4 quod p]it1 p]it1 ,pl4 ,ci/4 #gjc1 gone is gone4 ,caes> cgnvit ,cnsidium1 quod nn vdisset1 pr vs sib r5ntivisse1 #a1 #bb1 #d1 ,caes> asc]ta9$ t ,considius _h report$ to him z se5 :at he _h n se54 #ahjj4 ,an ablative or nom9ative ab/ract 9 ! relative s5t5ce sometimes repres5ts an ablative ( mann] or quality omitt$ f ! ma9 s5t5ce3 z1 qu prd5ti es1 nihil t fugiet1 ,fam4 #aa1 #ac1 #a1 ) :at s5se y h1 no?+ w elude y1 i4e4 e qu es prd5ti1 nihil t fugiet4 spr1 quae tua prd5tia e/1 t valre1 ,att4 #f1 #i1 #a1 ,i hope t1 ) y\r *>act]i/ic caution1 y are well4 at ix1 qu anim trditur1 mllis oppet]e mortem quam illa p]pet mluisset1 ,(f4 #a1 #aac1 ,ajax1 on ! contr>y1 ) 8 traditional vehem5ce1 w\ld h *os5 r to die a ?\s& dea?s ?an to submit to su* indignities4 ,?is ellipsis beg9s ) ,cic]o1 & is f\nd a few times only 9 lat] writ]s4 ,,agreem5t ,,( ,,! ,,relative4 #ahja4 ,! agreem5t ( ! relative has already be5 spok5 ( 9 a g5]al way 7#ajhb-ajih74 ,= conv5i5ce1 h[ev]1 x may be set =? "h m explicitly4 #ahjb4 ,a relative pron\n agrees ) its antec$5t 9 g5d] & numb]1 b its case dep5ds on ! con/ruction ( ! s5t5ce 9 :i* x /&s3 z1 ,hippis glritus e/ nulum quem habret1 pallium qu amictus1 soccs quibus indtus esset1 s su man cnfcisse1 ,,d4 #c1 #abg1 ,hippias prid$ himself t he _h made ) 8 own h& ! r+ t he wore1 ! cloak 9 :i* he 0 wrapp$1 & ! slipp]s t he _h on4 ,?is holds ( all relatives ) inflect$ =m1 su* z qucumque1 qulis1 quantus1 c41 c4 #ahjc4 ,:5 ! relative ref]s to two or m antec$5ts ( diff]5t g5d]1 its g5d] is det]m9$ l t ( a pr$icate adjective 7#ajhg73 z1 mtrs et lb]1 qurum aets mis]icordiam ve/ram requrbat1 ,v4 #e1 #abi1 mo!rs & babies1 ^: ye>s w\ld appeal to y\r sympa?y 7#ajhh74 tium atque dvitiae1 quae prma mortls putant1 ,s4 ,c4 #cf1 #d1 peace & prosp]ity1 :i* ! sons ( m5 c\nt *iefe/ ( bless+s 7#ajhi74 =tna1 quam nm ab incn/anti et tem]itte siunget1 quae digna nn sunt de1 ,,dn4 #c1 #fa1 =tune1 :i* nobody w di/+ui% f caprice & haz>d1 qualities :i* are n befitt+ god 7#ajhi74 ,sometimes ! relative agrees ) ! ne>e/ sub/antive3 z1 es frges atque frcts1 qus t]ra gignit1 ,,dn4 #b1 #cg1 ! crops1 & ! fruits ( ! trees t e>? produces4 #ahjd4 ,! relative is sometimes regulat$ by ! s5se1 & n by ! =m ( ! antec$5t3 z1 equittum praemittit qu videant1 #a1 #ae1 #a1 he s5ds ! cavalry ahead1 = !m to see 7#ajie74 nus ex e num]1 qu ad ca$em p>t erant1 ,s4 ,i4 #ce1 #f1 "o ( ! numb] t 7 ready to d murd] 7#ajie74 duo prdigia1 qus improbits tribn cn/ricts addx]at1 ,se/4 #ch1 a pair ( mon/rosities1 :om _! depravity _h deliv]$ ov] 9 irons to ! tribune4 scrba pontificis1 qus nunc m9rs pontifics appellant1 ,l4 #bb1 #eg1 #c1 a cl]k ( ! pontiff1 :i* cl]ks !y call n[adays less] pontiffs1 i4e4 qus scrbs4 ,vins bellum exortum1 quibus ,sabn arma coninx]ant1 ,l4 #b1 #ec1 #a1 a ,vejan w> broke out1 ) :om ! ,sab9es _h alli$ !mselves1 i4e4 bellum cum ,vi5tibus4 #ahje4 ,a relative ref]r+ to a prop] "n & explanatory appellative comb9$1 may take ! g5d] ( ei!r3 z1 flm9e ,rhn1 qu agrum ,helvtium ,g]mns dvidit1 #a1 #b1 #c1 by ! riv] ,rh9e1 :i* is ! b\nd>y betwe5 ,helvetians & ,g]mans4 ad flm5 ,scaldem quod nfluit 9 ,mosam1 #f1 #cc1 #c1 to ! riv] ,s*eldt1 t empties itself into ! ,maas4 #ahjf4 ,) v]bs ( indet]m9ate mean+ 7#ajce71 ! relative pron\n sometimes agrees ) ! pr$icate sub/antive3 z1 ,?bae ipsae1 quod ,boetiae caput e/1 ,l4 #db1 #dd1 #c1 ,!bes itself1 :i* is ! capital ( ,boeotia4 ,(t51 h[ev]1 ) ! antec$5t3 z1 flm5 quod appelltur ,tamesis1 #e1 #aa1 #h1 ! riv] :i* is call$ ! ,?ames4 #ahjg4 ,:5 ! relative is subject1 its v]b agrees ) ! p]son ( ! antec$5t3 z1 haec omnia is fc1 qu sodlis ,dolbellae eram1 ,fam4 #ab1 #ad1 #g1 all ?is ,i did1 ,i t 0 ,dolabella's bosom fri5d4 9quos es1 qu m tacre po/uls1 ,t4 ,hau4 #ajaa1 ?\ art unfair1 expect+ me to hold my tongue4 ,s also :5 ! antec$5t is impli$ 9 a possessive3 z1 cum t no/r1 qu remnsissmus1 ca$e t cont5tum esse dcbs1 ,c4 #a1 #g1 :5 y said y 7 satisfi$ ) murd]+ u1 :o _h /aid beh9d4 #ahjh4 ,= an accusative ( ! relative ) an ablative antec$5t ! ablative is r>ely us$3 z1 notante idice qu n/ popul1 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #f1 #ae1 ! judge condemn+--?\ "k'/ :o--! _w4 ,?is repres5ts ! old] int]rogative conception3 notante idice--qu8--n/1 popul 7#agie74 #ahji4 ,a new sub/antive add$ 9 explanation ( an antec$5t is put aft] ! relative1 & 9 ! same case3 z1 ad ,amnum cont5d1 qu mns erat ho/ium plnus1 ,att4 #e1 #bj1 #c1 ,i pu%$ on to ,amanus1 a m\nta9 t 0 pack$ ) ! enemy4 ,?is use beg9s ) ,cic]o2 b f ,livy on1 ! explanatory ^w is also put z an appositive1 ) ! relative foll[+3 z1 ,decius ,magius1 vir cui nihil dfuit1 ,l4 #bc1 #g1 #d1 ,magius1 a man t lack$ no?+4 #ahaj4 ,an adjective1 especially a comp>ative1 sup]lative1 or num]al1 explanatory ( a sub/antive 9 ! ma9 s5t5ce1 is (t5 put 9 ! relative s5t5ce3 z1 pals quae p]petua int]cdbat ,rmns ad nsequ5dum t>dbat1 #g1 #bf1 #b1 a morass1 t lay unbrok5 betwe51 h9d]$ ! ,romans f pursuit4 #ahaa4 ,:5 ref]5ce is made to ! sub/ance ( a s5t5ce1 ! neut] quod is us$1 or m commonly id quod1 ei!r usually 9 p>5!sis3 z1 intellegitur1 id quod iam ante dx1 imprd5te ,l4 ,sll scel]a haec fi]1 ,,ra4 #be1 x is pla91 z ,i h said once be=e1 t ^! crimes are committ$ )\t ! cognizance ( ,sulla4 ,9 cont9uations1 quae rs3 z1 nvs removr iussit1 quae rs mgn su no/rs fuit1 #d1 #be1 #a1 he ord]$ ! vessels to be )drawn1 a c\rse :i* prov$ v advantage\s = our p4 ,erratum3 #ahaa 444 quae rs mgn text un*ang$3 ^w g5]ally spell$ 8magn-0 7see endnote on fir/ edition7 ,,moods ,,9 ,,! ,,relative ,,s5t5ce4 #ahab4 ,! relative is sometimes equival5t to a conditional protasis4 ,:5 ?us us$1 x may h ei!r ! indicative or ! subjunctive1 z ! s5se requires3 z1 7a47 quod betum e/1 nec habet nec exhibet cuiquam negtium1 ,,dn4 #a1 #he1 :atsoev] is bless$1 has no tr\ble & makes none to anybody4 quisquis hc vn]it1 pugns edet1 ,pl4 ,am4 #cji1 :oev] comes ?is way1 %all h a ta/e ( fi/s 7#agif74 omnia mala +]bat quemquem adspex]at1 ,pl4 ,m54 #gag1 %e %[]$ all possible bad names on e man %e saw 7#agie74 7b47 haec qu videat1 nnne cgtur cnfitr des esse1 ,,dn4 #b1 #ab1 :oso %\ld see ?is w\ld be =c$1 w\ldn't he8 to admit ! exi/5ce ( gods4 qu vidret1 equom ,trinum intrductum dc]et1 ,v4 #d1 #eb1 :oev] saw x w\ld h sworn x 0 ! ,trojan horse br\ght 9 7#aeei74 ,,! ,,indicative ,,mood4 #ahac4 ,! indicative is us$ 9 simple decl>ations or descriptions introduc$ by a relative3 z1 quem d dligunt1 adulscns moritur1 ,pl4 ,b4 #haf1 :om ! gods love1 dies "y4 reliqu1 qui dom mnsrunt1 s alunt1 #d1 #a1 #e1 ! o!rs1 t /ay at home1 support !mselves 7#agcf74 qus labrants cnspex]at1 hs subsidia submittbat1 #d1 #bf1 #d1 to su* z he saw 9 /ress1 he kept s5d+ re9=cem5ts 7#agcf74 t quod vols facis1 ,q,fr4 #c1 #d1 #e1 d :at y l 7#agce74 #ahad4 ,! indicative is also us$ ) indef9ite relative pron\ns & adv]bs3 z1 quidquid volt1 vald volt1 ,att4 #ad1 #a1 #b1 :atev] he wants1 he wants mightily4 quisquis e/1 ,,td4 #d1 #cg1 :oev] he may be4 qucumque it] fcit1 ,v4 #a1 #dd1 :]ev] he made 8 way4 ,9 lat] writ]s ! imp]fect or plup]fect is (t5 9 ! subjunctive3 see #agcj4 #ahae4 ,an orig9al indicative (t5 becomes subjunctive1 p>ticul>ly 9 indirect disc\rse 7#agbb72 or by attraction 7#agbh72 or to indicate repeat$ action 7#agcj74 ,see also #agbg & #agca4 ,erratum3 #ahad 444 ,,td4 #d1 #cg #d4 #cg ,,! ,,subjunctive ,,mood4 #ahaf4 ,relative pron\n s5t5ces take ! subjunctive to d5ote 7#a47 a purpose1 7#b47 a *>act]i/ic or result1 7#c47 a cause1 reason1 pro(1 or a concession4 ,,s5t5ces ,,( ,,purpose4 #ahag4 7#a47 ,relative s5t5ces ( purpose are equival5t to subjunctive s5t5ces introduc$ by ut1 9 ord] t1 to 7#aidg73 z1 ea qu cnfic]et1 ,c4 ,trebnium rel9quit1 #g1 #aa1 #c1 he left ,trebonius to manage ?is4 qulis esset ntra montis1 qu cgnsc]5t1 msit1 #a1 #ba1 #a1 he s5t "s sc\ts to asc]ta9 :at ! "* ( ! m\nta9 04 haec habu d amciti quae dc]em1 ,l4 #ajd1 ?is 0 :at ,i _h to say ( fri5d%ip4 ,s5t5ces ( purpose are an ext5sion ( ! subjunctive ( desire 7#aedj74 ,,s5t5ces ,,( ,,*>act]i/ic ,,or ,,result4 #ahah4 7#b47 ,relative s5t5ces ( *>act]i/ic or result are equival5t to subjunctive s5t5ces introduc$ by ut1 s z to1 s t 7#aidg74 ,! ma9 s5t5ce sometimes has a ^w d5ot+ "*1 su* z is1 eius mod1 r>ely tlis3 z1 neque is sum1 qu mortis p]cul t]re>1 #e1 #cj1 #b1 b ,i am n ! man to be sc>$ by dang] ( dea?1 no n ,i4 ,(t51 h[ev]1 "* is intimat$ by ! mood alone3 z1 sectae sunt tempe/ts quae no/rs 9 ca/rs cont9r5t1 #d1 #cd1 #d1 !re foll[$ a succession ( /orms to keep our p 9 camp4 quod mis]&um sit labrtis1 ,,dn4 #c1 #fb1 y /ruggle away to a pitiable degree4 ,s5t5ces ( result are an ext5sion ( ! subjunctive ( action conceivable 7#aeed74 #ahai4 ,! subjunctive ) qu is (t5 us$ ) dignus1 indignus1 or idneus1 usually ) a =m ( sum3 z1 ,lvinae fbulae nn satis dignae quae it]um legantur1 ,br4 #ga1 ,livy's plays are n wor? read+ twice4 nn erit idneus qu ad bellum mitttur1 ,,ip4 #ff1 he w n be a fit p]son to be s5t to ! w>4 ,twice ?us1 aptus1 once 9 ,cic]o1 once 9 ,ovid4 ,9 poetry & late prose ^! adjectives sometimes h ! inf9itive4 dignus & indignus h also ut 9 ,plautus1 ,livy1 & ,qu9tilian4 #ahbj4 ,relative subjunctive s5t5ces are sometimes coord9at$ by et or s$1 ) a sub/antive1 adjective1 or p>ticiple3 z1 audx et coets possit quae f]re virrum1 ,j4 #f1 #cii1 a braz5 m9x1 & "o q capable ( fac+ cr[ds ( m54 #ahba4 ,relative s5t5ces aft] ass]tions or que/ions ( exi/5ce or non-exi/5ce1 usually take ! subjunctive3 z1 sunt qu put5t1 ,,td4 #a1 #ah1 !re be p to ?9k1 !re be :o ?9k1 or "s p ?9k4 nm e/ qu nesciat1 ,fam4 #a1 #d1 #b1 !re is nobody t doesn't "k4 sapi5tia e/ na quae mae/itiam pellat ex anims1 ,f94 #a1 #dc1 wisdom is ! only ?+ to drive sadness f ! s\l4 #ahbb4 ,su* expressions are3 e/ 7exsi/it1 exortus e/71 qu2 sunt 7rep]iuntur1 nn dsunt71 qu2 nm e/1 qu2 quis e/1 qu2 slus or nus e/1 qu2 e/1 nihil e/1 quod2 quid e/1 quod8 habe1 nn habe1 nihil habe1 quod1 c41 c4 ,indef9ite subjects are sometimes us$ ) ^! v]bs3 z1 mult1 qudam1 nnnll1 ali1 pauc2 sometimes appellatives3 z1 hom9s1 philosoph4 #ahbc4 ,! indicative1 h[ev]1 is n infrequ5tly f\nd 9 affirmative s5t5ces1 p>ticul>ly 9 old ,lat9 & 9 poetry3 z1 sunt qus sci esse amcs1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #ia1 "s m5 !re are ,i "k to be my fri5ds4 int]dum volgus rctum videt1 e/ ubi peccat1 ,h4 ,e4 #b1 #a1 #fc1 sometimes ! _w sees "r1 !re be times :5 x errs4 sunt item1 quae appellantur alcs1 #f1 #bg1 #a1 !n aga9 !re are :at !y call elks4 ,erratum3 #ahbc 444 sunt qus sci esse amcs1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #ia pr9t$ 4 = 1 ,,s5t5ces ,,( ,,cause ,,or ,,concession4 #ahbd4 7#c47 ,relative s5t5ces ( cause1 reason1 pro(1 or ( concession1 are equival5t to subjunctive s5t5ces introduc$ by cum1 s9ce1 ?\gh 7#ahgg73 z1 7a47 hospes1 qu nihil suspicrtur1 hom9em ret9re coepit1 ,v4 #a1 #fd1 ! fri5d1 suspect+ no?+1 und]took to hold on to ! man4 ,(t5 ju/ify+ ! use ( a s+le ^w3 z1 =tnte adulscns1 qu tuae virttis ,homrum praecnem invn]s1 ,ar*4 #bd1 oh y\? ?rice-ble/1 ) ,hom] trumpet] ( ?y pr[ess4 ad m vnit ,hraclu1 homo nbilis1 qu sac]ds ,iovis fuisset1 ,v4 #d1 #acg1 ,i _h a call f ,h]aclius1 a man ( high /&+1 z is prov$ by 8 hav+ be5 a prie/ ( ,jupit]4 7b47 ,cic]1 qu mlits 9 ca/rs cont9uisset1 qunque cohorts frm5ttum mittit1 #f1 #cf1 #a1 ?\gh ,cic]o _h kept 8 m5 9 camp1 he s5ds five cohorts =ag+4 #ahbe4 ,) qu tam51 h[ev]1 ! indicative is usual3 z1 alt]1 qu tam5 s cont9u]at1 nn t5uit eum locum1 ,se/4 #aad1 ! o!r1 ?\gh he _h obs]v$ a quiet policy1 did n hold ! place4 #ahbf4 ,(t5times1 :]e a causal relation might be expect$1 a simple decl>atory indicative is us$3 z1 habe s5ectt magnam grtiam1 quae mih s]mnis avidittem auxit1 ,,cm4 #df1 ,i feel greatly indebt$ to age1 :i* has increas$ my eag]ness = conv]sation4 ,p>ticul>ly ?us 9 old ,lat93 z1 s$ sumne ego /ultus1 qu rem cr pblicam8 ,pl4 ,p]4 #ge1 b am ,i n a fool1 :o bo!r ) ! common weal8 ,comp>$ )3 s$ ego sum nsipi5tior1 qu rbus crem pplicis1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #ajeg1 b ,i'm a v fool1 to bo!r ) ! common weal4 ,(t5 ( co9cid5t action 7#agcc73 z1 /ult fc1 qu hunc ms1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #acgf1 ,i've act$ l a fool1 9 lett+ ?is man (f4 #ahbg4 ,! causal relative is (t5 introduc$ by quippe1 less frequ5tly by ut1 or ut pote1 naturally3 z1 #8convvia cum patre nn 9bat2' quippe qu n 9 oppidum quidem nisi p]rr v5ret1 ,,ra4 #eb1 #8he nev] w5t to d9n]-p>ties ) 8 fa!r2' :y1 ( c\rse n1 s9ce he nev] w5t to a simple c\ntry t[n ev51 except v r>ely4 dicttor tam51 ut qu magis anims quam vribus frtus ad c]tm5 dsc5d]et1 omnia circumspic]e coepit1 ,l4 #g1 #ad1 #f1 b ! dictator1 naturally1 s9ce he w5t into ! /ruggle tru/+ to m9d r ?an muscle1 n[ began to be all on ! al]t4 ,) quippe qu1 ! indicative only is us$ by ,sallu/1 & is pref]r$ by ,plautus & ,t]5ce4 ,cic]o has1 ) "o exception1 ! subjunctive1 ,tacitus & ,nepos h x always4 ,livy has ei!r mood4 ,n 9 ,caes>4 ut qu has ! subjunctive4 ,x occurs a few times 9 ,plautus1 ,cic]o1 once 9 ,caes>1 (t5e/ 9 ,livy4 ,) ! indicative once 9 ,cic]o1 & once 9 ,tacitus4 ut pote qu has ! subjunctive4 ,x is us$ by ,plautus1 by ,cic]o1 once ) ! indicative1 by ,sallu/1 & ,catullus4 #ahbh4 ,! indef9ite ablative qu1 someh[1 surely1 sometimes foll[s quippe or ut 9 old ,lat91 9 :i* case x mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! relative3 z1 quippe qu ex t audv1 ,pl4 ,am4 #gde1 :y1 sure ,i've he>d f y2 x _c be ! relative "h1 z ! speak] is a woman4 #ahbi4 ,! subjunctive is us$ 9 p>5!tical s5t5ces ( re/riction3 z1 quod sciam1 ,pl4 ,m54 #ejj2 ,t4 ,ad4 #fda2 ,,ra4 #ag1 to ! be/ ( my k & belief4 quod s9e mole/i tu fat1 ,fam4 #ac1 #bc1 #b1 z f> z may be )\t tr\ble to y\rself4 qu is (t5 foll[$ by quidem3 z1 omnium rtrum1 qus quidem ego cgnv]im1 actissimum idic ,q4 ,s]trium1 ,br4 #ahj1 ( all orators1 at lea/ ( all t ,i h made ! acqua9tance ( myself1 ,i c\nt ,s]torius ! %>pe/4 #ahcj4 ,! indicative1 h[ev]1 is us$ 9 quod att9et ad1 z to1 & usually ) quantum1 & ) =ms ( sum & possum3 z1 quod s9e mole/i tu fac]e pot]is1 ,att4 #a1 #e1 #g1 z f> z y c )\t tr\bl+ y\rself4 ,,correlative ,,s5t5ces4 #ahca4 ,s5t5ces are said to be correlative1 :5 a relative pron\n or adv]b has a correspond+ det]m9ative or demon/rative pron\n or adv]b 9 ! ma9 s5t5ce4 ,?us1 ! ord9>y correlative ( qu is is1 less frequ5tly hc1 ille1 dem4 ,simil>ly tot 4 4 4 quot are us$ z correlatives2 also qu 4 4 4 e1 quant 4 4 4 tant2 quantum 4 4 4 tantum2 tam 4 4 4 quam2 totins 4 4 4 quotins2 tlis 4 4 4 qulis2 ub 4 4 4 ib2 ut 4 4 4 ita1 sc1 or item2 cum 444 tum4 ,,relative ,,s5t5ces ,,comb9$4 7,a47 ,,coord9ation ,,( ,a ,,relative4 #ahcb4 7#a47 ,:5 two coord9ate relative s5t5ces w\ld h ! second relative 9 ! same case z ! fir/1 ! second relative is usually omitt$3 z1 ,dumnorg qu prnciptum opt9bat1 ac maxim plb acceptus erat1 p]sudet1 #a1 #c1 #e1 he prevails ) ,dumnorix1 :o held ! head%ip1 & 0 popul> ) ! commons4 #ahcc4 7#b47 ,:5 two coord9ate relative s5t5ces require two diff]5t cases ( ! relative1 ! relative is usually express$ ) bo?1 or else ! second relative1 :i* is usually nom9ative or accusative1 is omitt$1 or is1 hc1 ille1 or dem1 is sub/itut$ = x3 z1 7a47 cr loquimur d e ho/e1 qu iam fattur s esse ho/em1 et quem nn "t8 ,c4 #b1 #ag1 :y am ,i talk+ ab\t an enemy :o admits himself he is an enemy1 & :om ,i d n fe>8 7b47 ,boc*us cum p$itibus1 qus ,volux addx]at1 neque 9 prire pugn adfu]ant1 ,s4 ,i4 #aja1 #e1 ,boc*us ) ! infantry :om ,volux _h br\ght up1 & :o _h n be5 engag$ 9 ! fir/ skirmi%4 7c47 ,viri?us1 quem ,c4 ,laelius frgit1 f]cittemque eius repressit1 ,(f4 #b1 #dj1 ,viria?us1 :om ,laelius cru%$1 & curb$ 8 fi]y s\l4 ,?is la/ use is *iefly limit$ to old ,lat91 ,cic]o1 & ,lucretius4 7,b47 ,,subord9ation ,,( ,a ,,relative4 #ahcd4 ,a s5t5ce consi/+ ( a ma9 & a relative memb]1 may be fur!r modifi$ by a m specific relative s5t5ce3 z1 proxim sunt ,g]mns qu trns ,rhnum incolunt 7g5]al71 quibuscum cont95t] bellum g]unt 7specific71 #a1 #a1 #c1 !y are ne>e/ to ! ,g]mans t live beyond ! ,rh9e1 ) :om !y c>ry on un9t]rupt$ ho/ilities4 dem artifex ,cupd9em fcit illum qu e/ ,!spis 7g5]al71 propt] quem ,!spiae vsuntur 7specific71 ,v4 #d1 #d1 ! selfsame arti/ made ! _w-r5[n$ ,cupid at ,!spiae1 :i* is ! attraction = t\ri/s 9 ,!spiae4 ,,! ,,relative ,,introduc+ ,a ,,ma9 ,,s5t5ce4 #ahce4 ,besides ! ord9>y use ( ! relative1 to introduce a subord9ate s5t5ce1 x is (t5 us$ l hc1 or is1 or l et is1 is autem1 is enim1 or is igitur1 to app5d a fre% ma9 s5t5ce or p]iod to ! =ego+3 z1 cnsili convoct s5t5tis exqur]e coepit1 qu 9 cnsili nnnllae huius mod s5t5tiae dcbantur1 #c1 #c1 #a1 call+ a c\ncil ( w>1 he proce$$ to ask _! op9ion1 & 9 ?is c\ncil "s op9ions ( ! foll[+ import 7 set =?4 c5turins ho/s vocre coeprunt2 qurum prgr$ ausus e/ nm1 #e1 #dc1 #f1 ! (fic]s proce$$ to call ! enemy2 b n a man ( !m v5tur$ to /ep =w>d4 p]tils ,x5ophntis libr sunt2 quos legite /udis1 ,,cm4 #ei1 ,x5ophon's works are extremely pr(itable read+2 s d read !m att5tively4 ,9 ,plautus ?is use is r>e2 b x becomes m & m preval5t1 & 9 ! "t ( ,cic]o ! relative is "o ( ! commone/ connectives4 #ahcf4 ,f ?is use ( ! relative come _m introductory =mulas1 su* z qu fact1 qu r cgnit1 quae cum ita s9t1 c41 c4 #ahcg4 ,a connective quod is (t5 us$ be=e s1 nisi1 or ets1 less frequ5tly be=e quia1 quoniam1 ut9am1 qu1 c4 ,?is quod may be translat$ s1 b1 n[1 :]eas1 z to t1 c41 or x is (t5 be/ omitt$ 9 translation4 ,see #bacb4 ,,! ,,conjunctive ,,p>ticle ,,s5t5ce4 quod4 #ahch4 ,! conjunctive p>ticle quod1 orig9ally ! neut] ( ! relative pron\n1 has bo? a decl>ative s5se1 t1 & a causal s5se1 because4 ,9 bo? s5ses x regul>ly introduces ! indicative 7#agba74 ,= special reasons1 h[ev]1 ! subjunctive is (t5 us$1 & p>ticul>ly 9 indirect disc\rse 7#agbb74 #ahci4 ,9 "s ( its applications1 p>ticul>ly 9 old ,lat91 ! conjunctive p>ticle quod c h>dly be di/+ui%$ f ! pron\n quod1 z foll[s3 #ahdj4 7#a7 ,9 old ,lat91 quod1 :y1 = :at1 is sometimes us$ ) v5i & mitt4 ,?us1 z 9 id vnimus1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #aaeh1 t's :y we've come1 id is us$ to def9e ! purpose ( ! motion 7#aadd71 s also quod1 9 quod vn1 loqu>1 ,t4 ,hau4 prol4 #c1 :at ,i've come =1 ,i'll set =?4 ,in/ead ( quod1 m explicitly quam ob rem3 z1 quam ob rem hc sum missa1 ,pl4 ,r4 #dcj1 :at ,i am s5t "h =4 #ahda4 7#b47 quod1 :y1 = :at1 is us$ 9 su* expansions z quid e/ quod8 quid habs quod8 or nihil e/ quod3 z1 quid e/ quod m excvi/8 ,pl4 ,e4 #egj1 :y is x t y've call$ me out8 7#aadd74 ,usually ) ! subjunctive 7#aefc73 z1 quid e/ quod plra dcmus8 ,clu4 #ei1 :at reason is !re = say+ m8 ,= quod1 sometimes qu r1 quam ob rem1 cr1 c4 ,! "q itself is also sometimes v>i$3 z1 quid fuit causae1 cr 9 fricam ,caes>em nn sequ]re8 ,ph4 #b1 #ga1 :at e>?ly reason 0 !re1 :y y %\ld n h foll[$ ,caes> to ,africa8 #ahdb4 7#c47 quod1 z to :at1 or t1 is us$1 especially at ! beg9n+ ( a s5t5ce1 to introduce a fact on :i* some?+ is to be said1 (t5 by way ( prote/ or refutation3 z1 vrum quod t dcis1 nn t m rsc decet1 ,pl4 ,am4 #ebb1 b z to :at y say1 x is n't "r t y %\ld get provok$ ) me4 quod multitd9em ,g]mnrum 9 ,galliam trdcat1 id s su mni5d caus fac]e1 #a1 #dd1 #f1 z to 8 mov+ a great _m ,g]mans ov] to ,gaul1 t he did = self-protection 7#agbb74 ,?is con/ruction is p>ticul>ly common 9 ,caes>1 & 9 ,cic]o's lett]s4 #ahdc4 ,:5 quod1 9 case1 suppose1 al?\gh1 introduces a m]e conjecture or a concession1 ! subjunctive is us$ 7#aeed73 z1 quod quispiam ignem qua]at1 ext+u vol1 ,pl4 ,aul4 #ia1 9 case a man may come = fire1 ,i want ! fire put out4 ,?is use is pr9cipally f\nd 9 old ,lat91 b once or twice also 9 ,cic]o4 #ahdd4 quod1 t1 ! fact t1 is (t5 us$ 9 subord9ate s5t5ces :i* s]ve to complete ! s5se ( ! ma9 s5t5ce4 #ahde4 ,! s5t5ce ) quod may repres5t a subject1 z ) accdit2 an object1 z ) praet]e1 c42 or any case ( a sub/antive2 frequ5tly x is 9 apposition ) a demon/rative or an appellative3 z1 7a47 accdbat1 quod sus ab s lb]s ab/rcts dolbant1 #c1 #b1 #e1 !re 0 add$ ?is fact1 t !y lam5t$ t _! own *ildr5 7 torn f !m2 or less clumsily1 !n too !y lam5t$4 praet]e1 quod eam sib domum sdemque dlgit1 9 qu ctdi vir mortis indicia vidret1 ,clu4 #ahh1 ,i pass ov] ! fact t %e pick$ out a h\se to live 91 9 :i* %e w\ld see1 day 9 day out1 ?+s to rem9d h] ( h] husb&'s dea?4 illud m9us cr1 quod congessi/ op]ris omns1 ,br4 #big1 ,i am n p>ticul>ly int]e/$ 9 ! fact t y h lump$ toge!r all sorts ( cobbl]s & t9k]s4 7b47 ,caes> s5ts 9 eum b5eficia commemorvit1 quod rx appelltus esset s5t1 #a1 #dc1 #d1 ,caes> told ( ! k9dnesses ( ! s5ate to ! man1 ! fact t #8he _h be5 /yl$ k+ by ! s5ate' 7#agbb74 qu fact dus rs cnsectus e/1 quod anims c5turinum dv9xit et mlitum voluntts r$mit1 ,caes4 ,c4 #a1 #ci1 #d1 ?us he kill$ two birds ) "o /one3 he won ! he>ts ( ! (fic]s1 & he b\ght gold5 op9ions ( ! rank & file4 hc n prae/mus vel maxim f]s1 quod conloquimur int] ns1 ,,d4 #a1 #cb1 9 ?is "o circum/ance d we p]haps mo/ ( all surpass brutes1 t we c talk ) ea* o!r4 labre et indu/ri et quod adhibbat grtiam1 9 prncipibus patrns fuit1 ,br4 #bcc1 ?anks to 8 untir+ indu/ry1 & to 8 br++ 8 w9n+ mann]s to be>1 he figur$ among ! lead]s ( ! b>4 #ahdf4 accdit1 z ! passive ( add1 (t5 has ! subjunctive ) ut3 see #aife4 add quod1 especially 9 ! imp]ative =m adde quod1 occurs 9 ,accius1 ,t]5ce1 ,lucretius1 ,horace1 & ,ovid4 adici quod beg9s ) ,livy4 #ahdg4 ,! s5t5ce ) quod is (t5 introduc$ by a prepositional expression1 su* z e ) d1 ex1 91 pr1 r>ely ) cum2 or id ) ad 9 ,livy1 sup] 9 ,tacitus4 #ahdh4 nisi quod1 or 9 ,plautus & ,t]5ce nisi quia1 b = ! fact t1 except1 only t1 & praet] quam quod1 besides ! fact t1 are us$ 9 limitations3 z1 nihil peccat1 nisi quod nihil peccat1 ,pl94 ,ep4 #i1 #bf1 #a1 he erre? naught1 save t he naught do? err4 ,livy has also sup] quam quod4 tantum quod 9 ! s5se ( nisi quod is r>e2 m commonly ( "t1 j1 h>dly4 #ahdi4 quid quod8 = quid d e dcam quod8 :at ( ! fact t1 or nay m1 m>ks an important transition3 z1 quid quod sals socirum 9 p]culum voctur8 ,,ip4 #ab1 nay m1 ! v exi/5ce ( our allies is endang]$4 #ahej4 ,) v]bs ( do+ or happ5+1 accompani$ by "s ^w ( mann]1 quod introduces a v]b ( co9cid5t action 7#agcc73 z1 b5e facis quod m adiuvs1 ,f94 #c1 #af1 y are v k9d 9 help+ me4 videor mih grtum fcisse ,siculs1 quod erum iniris sum p]sectus1 ,v4 #b1 #af1 ,i flatt] myself t ,i h won ! gratitude ( ! ,sicilians 9 act+ z av5g] ( _! wrongs4 ,9 ?is s5se qu 7#ahbf7 or cum 7#ahgd7 is (t5 us$1 or 9 ,plautus & once 9 ,horace quia4 #ahea4 quod1 t1 because1 is us$ to d5ote cause ) v]bs ( emotion4 ,?us1 z ) id 9 id gaude1 ,t4 ,&r4 #cfb1 ,i'm glad ( t 7#aadd71 s ) an object s5t5ce1 z gaude quod t int]pellv1 ,leg4 #c1 #a1 ,i'm glad t ,i int]rupt$ y4 ,su* v]bs are3 gaude1 laetor2 mror2 dole1 ma]e1 angor1 indignor1 suscnse1 rscor1 c4 ,9 old ,lat91 ,cic]o's lett]s1 ,livy1 & r>ely 9 ,tacitus su* v]bs may h quia1 sometimes quom 7#ahge74 ,= ! accusative ) ! inf9itive1 see #bahg4 #aheb4 ,v]bs ( prais+1 blam+1 accus+1 & condemn+1 (t5 take quod3 z1 quod b5e cgit/ aliqu&1 laud1 ,ph4 #b1 #cd1 t y h ev] _h good int5tions1 ,i comm5d4 laudat ,africnum ,panaetius1 quod fu]it ab/9ns1 ,(f4 #b1 #gf1 ,panaetius eulogizes ,africanus1 #8= be+ s ab/95t' 7#agbe74 ut cum ,scrats accstus e/ quod corrump]et iuv5ttem1 ,qu9til4 #d1 #d1 #e1 z :5 ,socrates 0 *>g$ ) #8demoraliz+ ! ris+ g5]ation' 7#agbe74 grtulor1 congratulate1 & grtis ag1 ?ank1 h regul>ly quod or cum 7#ahge74 ,v]bs ( accus+ sometimes h cr4 #ahec4 ,causal quod1 ow+ to ! fact t1 because1 introduces an effici5t cause1 or a reason or motive3 z1 7a47 9 hs locs1 quod omnis ,gallia ad sept5trins v]git1 mtrae sunt hiems1 #d1 #bj1 #a1 9 ^! p>ts ! w9t] sets 9 e>ly1 ow+ to ! fact t ,gaul 9 g5]al lies to ! nor?4 ,helvti reliqus ,galls virtte praecdunt1 quod f] ctdins proelis cum ,g]mns cont5dunt1 #a1 #a1 #d1 ! ,helvetians out%9e ! re/ ( ! ,gauls 9 brav]y1 because !y d battle ) ! ,g]mans almo/ e day4 hrum =tissim sunt ,belgae1 propt]e quod a cult prv9ciae longissim absunt1 #a1 #a1 #c1 ( ^! ! /\te/ fight+-m5 are ! ,belgians1 = ! reason t !y live fur!/ away f ! com=ts ( ! prov9ce4 7b47 ,t4 ,mnlius ,torqutus flium suum1 quod is contr imp]ium 9 ho/em pugnv]at1 necr iussit1 ,s4 ,c4 #eb1 #cj1 ,torquatus ord]$ 8 own son to be put to dea?1 because ! "y man _h f\ght ) ! enemy contr>y to ord]s4 exrvit tyrannum ut abre licret1 quod iam betus nllet esse1 ,,td4 #e1 #fb1 he induc$ ! mon>* to let him g1 #8because he didn't c>e to be ,=tune's pet any long]' 7#agbe74 ,bellovac suum num]um nn contulrunt1 quod s su arbitri bellum esse ge/rs dc]5t1 #g1 #ge1 #e1 ! ,bellovacans w\ld n put 9 _! prop] quota1 say+ !y meant to make w> on _! own responsibility 7#agbg74 ,erratum3 #ahde;a 444 ,caes> told ( ! k9dnesses ( ! s5ate told (f #ahed4 quod (t5 has a correlative 9 ! ma9 s5t5ce1 su* z e1 ide1 idcirc1 propt]e4 ,9 ,sallu/1 e grti4 ,9 ,plautus1 causal quod is v r>e comp>$ to causal quia4 #ahee4 ,an unt5able reason is introduc$ 9 ,plautus by nn e quia1 9 ,t]5ce by nn e qu2 9 ,cic]o v r>ely by neque or non e qu1 usually by nn quod or nn qu2 by nn quia r>ely 9 classical ,lat91 b commonly f ,livy on4 ,! valid reason foll[s1 ) s$ quod1 s$ quia1 or ) s$ & a fre% ma9 s5t5ce4 ,! mood is usually subjunctive 7#agbe73 z1 pugils +emscunt1 nn quod doleant1 s$ quia prfund5d vce omne corpus int5ditur1 ,,td4 #b1 #ef1 box]s grunt & groan1 n because !y feel pa91 b because by explosion ( voice ! :ole sy/em gets brac$ up4 ,sometimes1 b v r>ely 9 classical prose1 ! indicative4 ,correlatives1 su* z idcirc1 ide1 c41 are n uncommon4 ,rev]s$ con/ructions occur1 ) magis foll[$ by quam1 z3 magis quod1 qu1 or quia1 foll[$ by quam qu1 quod1 or quia4 ,! negative n t 4 4 4 n1 is express$ by nn quod nn1 nn qu nn1 or nn qun4 ,erratum3 #ahee 444 nn qu nn1 or nn qun qu9 quia4 #ahef4 quia1 a neut] accusative plural ( ! relative /em 7#gja7 is us$ 9 bo? a decl>ative & a causal s5se1 l quod 7#ahch74 ,x is1 h[ev]1 m preval5t 9 ,plautus1 less s f ,t]5ce on4 #aheg4 ,= ! uses ( decl>ative quia1 see "u #ahdh1 #ahej1 #ahea4 #aheh4 ,causal quia1 ) or )\t a correlative1 su* z ide1 e1 propt]e1 c41 is common 9 old ,lat9 7#ahed7 & poetry1 unusual 9 prose 7once 9 ,caes>7 be=e ,tacitus4 ,= nn quia1 c41 see #ahee4 quom or cum4 #ahei4 quom or cum 7#aeg1 #gaa71 us$ z a relative conjunctive p>ticle 7#agid71 has a temporal mean+1 :51 :i* readily passes ov] to an explanatory or causal mean+1 9 t1 s9ce or al?\gh4 ,9 bo? mean+s x introduces ! indicative 9 old ,lat94 ,9 classical ,lat91 temporal cum 9 c]ta9 connections1 & causal cum regul>ly1 introduces ! subjunctive4 ,! subjunctive is also us$ ) cum = special reasons1 z 9 ! indef9ite second p]son 7#agca71 by attraction 7#agbh71 & commonly by late writ]s to express repeat$ pa/ action 7#agcj74 cum1 :51 is (t5 us$ z a synonym ( s1 if1 & may !n introduce any =m ( a conditional protasis 7#bjaf1 #baaj74 7,a47 ,,temporal cum4 ,,) ,,! ,,indicative4 #ahfj4 cum1 :51 :5ev]1 if1 ( indef9ite "t1 may introduce any t5se ( ! indicative requir$ by ! context3 z1 facile omns1 quom valmus1 rcta cnsilia aegrts damus1 ,t4 ,&r4 #cji1 we all1 :5 well1 give good advice to sick folk easily4 ,rmae videor esse1 cum tus litt]s leg1 ,att4 #b1 #ae1 #a1 ,i always fancy myself 9 ,rome1 :5 ,i am read+ a lett] f y4 cum posu librum1 adsnsi omnis lbitur1 ,,td4 #a1 #bd1 :5 ,i drop ! book1 all ass5t melts away 7#afac74 inc5d]is cupiditte lb]ttis1 cum pote/tem gu/& fc]is1 ,,rp4 #b1 #ej1 y w inspire !m ) a passion = fre$om1 :5 y give !m a *ance to ta/e x 7#afbg74 hs cum fns comprehns adductque erant1 pra]umpbantur1 #c1 #ad1 #f1 e "t ! l9es 7 caught by ^! & haul$ taut1 !y w\ld "p 7#afah74 ,! subjunctive is us$1 *iefly by late writ]s1 r>ely by ,cic]o & ,caes>1 to express repeat$ pa/ action 7#agcj73 z1 cum 9 convvium vnisset1 s quicquam caelt adspex]at1 mans ab/9re nn pot]at1 ,v4 #d1 #dh1 :5 he w5t to a d9n] p>ty1 if he ev] caught sight ( a bit ( *as$ "w1 he nev] c\ld keep 8 h&s (f 7#bjej74 #ahfa4 cum1 :51 ( def9ite "t1 regul>ly introduces ! indicative 9 old ,lat91 ev5 :]e ! subjunctive is requir$ 9 classical ,lat9 7#ahgb73 z1 nam illa1 quom t ad s vocbat1 mmet esse crdidit1 ,pl4 ,m54 #aade1 = :5 t lady ask$ y 91 %e ?\ght 'twas ,i4 po/culum hoc recpit1 quom a$s vndidit1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #aid1 ?is back "p he except$1 :5 he sold ! h\se4 #ahfb4 cum1 :51 ( def9ite "t1 regul>ly introduces ! indicative ( any action1 n ( pa/ "t3 z1 s$ d hs etiam rbus1 tis cum erimus1 loqumur1 ,fam4 #i1 #d1 b we w talk ( ?is :5 we h "t4 cum ego ,p4 ,grnium te/em prdx]1 refellit1 s pot]is1 ,v4 #e1 #aed1 :5 ,i put ,granius on ! witness /&1 refute him if y c4 #ahfc4 ,) cum1 :51 ! indicative is us$ ( def9ite pa/ "t to date ! action ( ! ma9 clause1 z foll[s3 #ahfd4 7#a47 ,! indicative imp]fect is regul>ly us$ ) cum1 :51 to d5ote a cont9u$ action p>allel & co9cid5t 9 duration ) ano!r cont9u$ action1 also 9 ! imp]fect3 z1 quom pugnbant maxum1 ego tum fugibam maxum1 ,pl4 ,am4 #aii1 :ile !y 7 fight+ h>de/1 !n ,i 0 runn+ h>de/4 tum cum rem habbs1 quae/iculus t facibat att5tirem1 ,fam4 #i1 #af1 #g1 z long z y 7 a man ( sub/ance1 ! fun ( mak+ money made y a little close4 #ahfe4 7#b47 ,! indicative imp]fect is (t5 us$ ) cum1 :51 d5ot+ a cont9u$ action1 to date an apodosis 9 ! p]fect3 z1 legins quom pugnbant maxum1 quid 9 tab]ncl fci/8 ,pl4 ,am4 #dbg1 :at did'/ ?\ 9 ! t5t :at "t ! legions f\ght _! mightie/8 hs librs adnum]& sunt sex d r pblic1 qus tum scrpsimus cum gub]ncula r pblicae t5bmus1 ,div4 #b1 #c1 to ^! books are to be add$ ! six ,on ! ,/ate1 :i* ,i wrote at ! "t ,i 0 hold+ ! helm ( /ate4 ,b :5 ! object ( ! clause is n di/9ctly to date ! apodosis1 its v]b is 9 ! subjunctive 7#ahgb74 #ahff4 7#c47 ,! indicative p]fect or pres5t ( vivid n>ration is us$ ) cum1 :51 to date an apodosis 9 ! p]fect or pres5t ( vivid n>ration3 z1 #8p] tus /atus' vr cum dxit1 vehem5tius rsimus1 ,,d4 #b1 #bdb1 b :5 he utt]$ ! words #8by y\r /atues' we bur/ into a l\d] laugh4 cum occditur ,sex4 ,rscius1 ibdem furunt1 ,,ra4 #abj1 :5 ,roscius 0 murd]$1 !y 7 on ! spot4 cum dis vnit1 caus ipse pr s dict1 damntur1 ,l4 #d1 #dd1 #aj1 :5 ! day ( ! trial came1 he spoke 9 8 own def5ce & 0 condemn$4 ,! pres5t is p>ticul>ly common 9 old colloquial ,lat93 z1 vivom1 quom abmus1 lquimus1 ,pl4 ,cap4 #bhb1 we left him alive :5 we came away4 ,= cum prmum 9 n>ration1 see #aibe2 = cum extempl1 #aibf4 #ahfg4 7#d47 ,! indicative p]fect or pres5t ( vivid n>ration is regul>ly us$ ) cum1 :51 to d5ote a mom5t>y action :5 ! apodosis d5otes cont9u$ action3 z1 cum ,caes> 9 ,galliam vnit1 alt]u factinis prncips erant ,a$u1 alt]u ,squan1 #f1 #ab1 #a1 :5 ,caes> came to ,gaul1 ! lead]s ( "o p>ty 7 ! ,a$uans1 ( ! o!r ! ,sequanians4 e cum v5i1 praetor quiscbat1 ,v4 #d1 #cb1 :5 ,i got !re1 ! praetor 0 tak+ a nap4 #ahfh4 ,an emphatic indicative clause ) cum1 :ile1 (t5 foll[s ! ma9 action4 ,! clause ) cum is usually inconsi/5t ) ! ma9 action1 & cum is (t5 att5d$ by int]e1 int]im1 all ! "t1 etiam tum1 /ill1 nndum1 hauddum1 n yet1 no long]1 quidem1 by ! way1 or tam51 nihilm9us1 nev]!less3 z1 ca$btur virgs 9 m$i = ,messnae cvis ,rmnus1 cum int]e nllus gemitus audibtur1 ,v4 #e1 #afb1 !re 0 flogg$ ) rods 9 op5 m>ket place at ,messana a citiz5 ( ,rome1 :ile all ! "t n a groan 0 to be he>d4 volrat iam cnspect quadrirmis1 cum etiam tum ct]ae nvs n 9 loc mlibantur1 ,v4 #e1 #hh1 %e _h already sp$ out ( sight1 ! f\r-bank]1 :ile ! re/ ( ! vessels 7 /ill /ruggl+ r\nd 9 "o & ! same spot4 ,?is use is v r>e 9 old ,lat94 ,n 9 ,caes>4 ,) ! inf9itive ( intimation1 see #aeci4 #ahfi4 ,an indicative clause ) cum1 usually express+ sudd5 or unexpect$ action1 sometimes conta9s ! ma9 idea1 & is put la/4 ,9 ?is case cum is (t5 att5d$ by subit or rep5te1 sudd5ly1 & ! fir/ clause conta9s iam1 already1 by ?is "t1 vix1 aegr1 h>dly1 vixdum1 h>dly yet1 or nndum1 n yet4 ,! fir/ v]b is commonly 9 ! imp]fect or plup]fect1 & ! second 9 ! p]fect or pres5t ( vivid n>ration3 z1 dx]at hoc ille1 cum pu] nntivit v5re ,laelium1 ,,rp4 #a1 #ah1 sc>cely _h he said ?is1 :5 a slave ann\nc$ t ,laelius 0 com+4 vix ea ftus eram1 gemit cum tlia r$dit1 ,v4 #b1 #cbc1 sc>ce _h ,i spoke ! words1 :5 ) a groan he answ]s ?us4 ,hannibal iam subbat mrs1 cum rep5te 9 eum patfact port rumpunt ,rmn1 ,l4 #bi1 #g1 #h1 ,hannibal 0 already mov+ up to ! walls1 :5 all ( a sudd5 ! gate flies op5 & ! ,romans come p\r+ out ^u him4 iamque hoc fac]e app>bant1 cum mtres familiae rep5te prcurrrunt1 #g1 #bf1 #c1 !y 7 already prep>+ to d x1 :5 sudd5ly ! m>ri$ wom5 ru%$ =w>d4 ,?is use is v r>e 9 old ,lat94 ,f ,sallu/ on1 x is f\nd occasionally ) ! inf9itive ( intimation 7#aeci74 #ahgj4 ,a clause ) cum is (t5 us$ attributively ) words d5ot+ "t1 or ) e/1 fuit1 or erit4 ,! mood is ! same z ) a relative pron\n1 sometimes ! indicative1 & regul>ly 9 old ,lat91 b usually ! subjunctive3 z1 fuit quoddam tempus cum 9 agrs hom9s vagbantur1 ,inv4 #a1 #b1 !re 0 an age ( ! _w :5 m5 rov$ r\nd 9 ! fields 7#ahac1 #ahbc74 fuit tempus cum rra col]5t hom9s1 ,v>ro1 ,,rr4 #c1 #a1 #a1 !re 0 a "t :5 m5 dwelt 9 ! fields 7#ahah1 #ahba74 e/ cum exrnti praet]mitt5da e/1 ,cornif4 #b1 #cj1 sometimes ornam5tation %\ld be avoid$4 fuit ante tempus1 cum ,g]mns ,gall virtte sup]r5t1 #f1 #bd1 #a1 !re 0 a "t :5 ! ,gauls outdid ! ,g]mans 9 val\r4 ,! subjunctive is also us$ ) audi cum 7#agbb71 b ) mem9 cum ! indicative3 z1 saepe ex soc] me audv1 cum is dc]et1 ,,d4 #b1 #bb1 ,i h (t5 he>d my fa!r-9-law say+4 mem9 cum mih dsip]e vidbre1 ,fam4 #g1 #bh1 #a1 ,i rememb] :5 ,i ?\ght y %[$ bad ta/e4 #ahga4 ,! indicative pres5t or p]fect ) cum is us$ 9 expressions equival5t to an emphasiz$ accusative or ablative ( "t1 ! ma9 v]b be+ e/ or sunt3 z1 ann prope quadr+5t sunt1 cum hoc probtur1 ,o4 #aga1 x is ne>ly f\r hundr$ ye>s t ?is has be5 lik$4 nndum c5tum et decem ann sunt1 cum lta lx e/1 ,(f4 #b1 #ge1 x is n a hundr$ & t5 ye>s yet s9ce ! law 0 pass$4 ,9 old ,lat91 ! clause ) cum is made ! subject ( e/1 & ! sub/antive ( "t is put 9 ! accusative3 z1 hanc domum iam mults anns e/ quom posside1 ,pl4 ,aul4 #c1 'tis _m ye>s n[ ,i h occupi$ ?is h\se4 ,,) ,,! ,,subjunctive4 #ahgb4 ,) cum1 :51 ! imp]fect or plup]fect subjunctive is us$ to describe ! circum/ances "u :i* ! action ( ! ma9 clause took place3 z1 cum rx ,pyrrhus popul ,rmn bellum intulisset cumque d imp]i c]tm5 esset cum rge pot5t1 p]fuga ab e vnit 9 ca/ra ,fabrici1 ,(f4 #c1 #hf1 k+ ,pyrrhus hav+ made w> on ! ,roman nation1 & !re be+ a /ruggle = sov]eignty ) a p[]ful k+1 a des]t] f him came into ,fabricius's camp4 edem tempore ,attalus rx moritur alt] et septugsim ann1 cum quattuor et quadrg9t anns rgnsset1 ,l4 #cc1 #ba1 #a1 ! same ye> ,attalus ! k+ dies1 9 8 sev5ty-second ye>1 hav+ reign$ =ty-f\r ye>s4 hc pgus1 cum dom exsset patrum no/rrum memori1 ,l4 ,cassium cnsulem int]fc]at1 #a1 #ab1 #e1 ?is canton1 sally+ out f home 9 our fa!rs' recollection1 _h put ,cassius1 ! consul1 to dea?4 nam cum inambulrem 9 xy/1 ,m4 ad m ,brtus vn]at1 ,br4 #aj1 = z ,i 0 pac+ up & d[n my portico1 ,brutus _h come to see me4 ,antigonus 9 proeli1 cum adv]sus ,seleucum et ,lsima*um dmicret1 occsus e/1 ,n4 #ba1 #c1 #b1 ,antigonus 0 kill$ 9 battle fight+ aga9/ ,seleucus & ,lysima*us4 haec cum ,crassus dxisset1 sil5tium e/ cnsectum1 ,,d4 #a1 #afj1 a deep sil5ce ensu$ aft] ,crassus _h f9i%$ speak+4 cum anns iam complrs societs esset1 moritur 9 ,galli ,qunctius1 cum adesset ,naevius1 ,qu9ct4 #ad1 ! p>tn]%ip hav+ la/$ sev]al ye>s1 ,qu9ctius di$ 9 ,gaul1 ,naevius be+ !re at ! "t4 ,9 ?is use1 z ! examples %[1 cum ) ! subjunctive is (t5 equival5t to a p>ticiple or an ablative absolute4 ,! use is n f\nd 9 ,plautus 7#ahfa74 ,ennius & ,t]5ce h possibly ea* an in/ance 7disput$7 ( x1 b x 0 c]ta9ly r>e until ! classical p]iod1 :5 x became "o ( ! commone/ ( con/ructions4 ,x mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! special uses ( ! subjunctive m5tion$ 9 #ahei4 #ahgc4 ,! diff]5ce 9 mean+ betwe5 cum ) ! indicative & cum ) ! subjunctive may be illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ examples3 ,gall nrrv1 cum proxim ,rmae fu1 quid audssem1 ,att4 #ac1 #di1 #b1 ,i told ,gallus1 :5 ,i 0 la/ 9 ,rome1 :at ,i _h he>d 7#ahff71 a4 d4 ,,iii kal4 ,mais cum essem 9 ,cmn1 accp tus litt]s1 ,fam4 #d1 #b1 #a1 ,i receiv$ y\r lett] on ! tw5ty-eigh? ( ,april1 be+ 9 my villa at ,cumae 7#ahgb74 cum vrics secbantur ,c4 ,m>i1 dolbat1 ,,td4 #b1 #ce1 :ile ,m>ius 0 hav+ 8 v>icose ve9s lanc$1 he 0 9 pa9 7#ahfd74 ,c4 ,m>ius1 cum secrtur1 ut supr dx1 vetuit s adligr1 ,,td4 #b1 #ec1 ,m>ius be+ "u ! surgeon's knife1 z above m5tion$1 refus$ to be b\nd 7#ahgb74 num ,p4 ,decius1 cum s dvovret et 9 m$iam aciem inrubat1 aliquid d volupttibus sus cgitbat8 ,f94 #b1 #fa1 did ,decius1 (f]+ himself up1 & :ile he 0 da%+ /raight into ! ho/1 h any ?\ght ( pleasures ( 8 own8 7#ahgb1 #ahfd74 7,b47 ,,explanatory ,,& ,,causal cum4 #ahgd4 ,! indicative is (t5 us$ ) explanatory cum :5 ! action ( ! protasis is co9cid5t ) t ( ! apodosis 7#agcc74 ,9 ?is use cum passes f ! mean+ ( :5 to t1 9 t1 or 9 or by ) a v]bal 9 -+3 z1 hoc v]bum quom ill quoidam dc1 praem/r tib1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #cdb1 9 lay+ d[n ?is lesson = y\r unkn[n fri5d ,i'm w>n+ y4 cum quiscunt1 probant1 ,c4 #a1 #ba1 _! inaction is approval4 ,d5ot+ ! means3 z1 tte tibi prdes plrumum1 quom s]vittem ita f]s ut f]r decet1 ,pl4 ,cap4 #cga1 y d y\rself mo/ good by be>+ slav]y z x %\ld be borne4 ,= simil> uses ( quod1 quia1 & qu1 see #ahej4 #ahge4 ,explanatory cum is also us$ ) v]bs ( emotion2 likewise ) grtulor & grtis ag3 z1 quom tu 's lb]1 gaude1 ,pl4 ,m54 #aadh1 t y are free1 ,i'm glad4 grtulor tib1 cum tantum vals apud ,dolbellam1 ,fam4 #i1 #ad1 #c1 ,i give y joy t y /& s well ) ,dolabella4 tib maxims grtis ag1 cum tantum litt]ae meae poturunt1 ,fam4 #ac1 #bd1 #b1 ,i ?ank y mo/ he>tily 9 t my lett] _h su* influ5ce4 ,= simil> uses ( quod & quia1 see #ahea1 #aheb4 #ahgf4 ,explanatory cum is also us$ 9 ! s5se ( s9ce1 al?\gh1 or ev5 ?\gh4 ,9 ^! mean+s x introduces ! indicative 9 old ,lat9 7#ahgh73 z1 ,d5ot+ cause3 i/ t paup] es1 quom nimis snct piu 's1 ,pl4 ,r4 #abcd1 t's :y y are poor y\rself1 s9ce y are ov]-scrupul\sly good4 quom hoc nn possum1 illud m9us possem1 ,t4 ,ph4 #bjh1 s9ce ?is ,i c't1 t ev5 less c\ld ,i4 ,adv]sative cause3 nsnre m aiunt1 quom ips nsniunt1 ,pl4 ,m54 #hca1 !y say ,i'm mad1 :]eas !y are mad !mselves4 ,concession3 sat sc suspectus sum1 quom c>e noxi1 ,pl4 ,b4 #ajje1 ,i am en\gh di/ru/$ z x is1 ev5 ?\gh ,i'm void ( wrong4 #ahgg4 cum1 s9ce1 al?\gh1 ev5 ?\gh1 usually introduces ! subjunctive3 z1 ,d5ot+ cause3 cum 9 commnibus sugge/s cnsi/]e nn audret1 continr ex turr alt solbat1 ,,td4 #e1 #ei1 s9ce he did n d>e to /& up on an ord9>y plat=m1 he always did 8 speak+ f a l(ty t[]1 ( ,dionysius1 tyrant ( ,syracuse4 ,a$u cum s df5d]e nn poss5t1 lgts ad ,caes>em mittunt1 #a1 #aa1 #b1 s9ce ! ,a$uans c\ld n def5d !mselves1 !y s5t ambassadors to ,caes>4 ,adv]sative cause3 fuit p]petu paup]1 cum dvitissimus esse posset1 ,n4 #ai1 #a1 #b1 he 0 always poor1 :]eas he might h be5 v ri*1 ( ,phocion4 ,pylads cum ss1 dcs t esse ,ore/n8 ,f94 #b1 #gi1 :]eas y are ,pylades1 w y decl>e y\rself ,ore/es8 ,concession3 ipse ,cic]1 cum t5uissim valtd9e esset1 n nocturnum quidem sib tempus ad quitem rel9qubat1 #e1 #dj1 #g1 ,cic]o himself1 ?\gh he 0 9 extremely delicate heal?1 did n all[ himself ev5 ! night-"t = re/4 ille ,cat1 cum esset ,tuscul ntus1 9 popul ,rmn cvittem susceptus e/1 ,leg4 #b1 #e1 ! great ,cato1 ?\gh born at ,tusculum1 0 receiv$ into ! citiz5%ip ( ! ,roman nation4 #ahgh4 ,?is use ( ! subjunctive is n f\nd 9 ,plautus4 ,x is ?\ght to h begun 9 ! "t ( ,t]5ce1 :o may h a c\ple ( in/ances 7disput$74 ,!reaft]1 x grew common & 0 ! regul> mood us$ ) explanatory & causal cum 9 ! classical p]iod4 #ahgi4 ,explanatory cum is sometimes introduc$ by quippe1 r>ely by ut pote1 naturally3 z1 tum vr gravior cra patribus incessit1 quippe cum prd causam ab sus c]n]5t1 ,l4 #d1 #eg1 #aj1 !n ! s5ators 7 /ill m s]i\sly conc]n$1 & naturally en\gh1 s9ce !y beheld _! cause betray$ by _! own p4 valtd1 qu iam m]s]am1 ut pote cum s9e febr labrssem1 ,att4 #e1 #h1 #a1 an illness f :i* ,i _h already recov]$1 naturally1 s9ce x 0 unaccompani$ by fev]4 quippe cum occurs 9 ,cic]o1 ,nepos1 & ,livy2 ut pote cum is us$ once 9 ,cic]o's lett]s1 once by ,pollio to ,cic]o1 & 9 late writ]s4 ,= quippe & ut pote ) a causal relative1 see #ahbg4 #ahhj4 ,! adv]sative idea is (t5 emphasiz$ by ! use ( tam5 9 ! ma9 clause3 z1 cum prm rd9s ho/ium concidiss5t1 tam5 c]rim reliqu resi/bant1 #g1 #fb1 #d1 ?\gh ! front ranks ( ! enemy _h fall51 yet ! re/ made a mo/ spirit$ resi/ance4 7,c47 cum 4 4 4 tum4 #ahha4 ,a protasis ) cum is (t5 foll[$ by an emphatic apodosis introduc$ by tum4 ,! protasis d5otes :at is g5]al or common or old2 ! apodosis :at is special or /range or new4 ,9 classical ,lat9 tum is (t5 emphasiz$ by maxim1 9 prms1 vr1 c4 ,9 ?is use ! mood is m commonly ! indicative & ! "t ( ! two v]bs is apt to be id5tical3 z1 quom mihi pave1 tum ,antiph m excruciat anim1 ,t4 ,ph4 #ahg1 :il/ = myself ,i tremble1 ,antipho puts me 9 a p]fect agony ( s\l4 ,b cum ante di/9b> maxims occuptinibus1 tum hc tempore mult di/9eor vehem5tius1 ,fam4 #ab1 #cj1 #b1 ,i 0 di/ract$ by mo/ important engagem5ts be=e1 b n[ ,i am v mu* m di/ract$4 ,less frequ5tly ! subjunctive1 to d5ote cause or concession 7#ahgg73 z1 cum t pu]iti tu dlx]im1 tum hc mult crius dlig1 ,fam4 #ae1 #i1 #a1 :]eas ,i h always lov$ y f y\r boyhood1 = ?is ,i love y ) a f> int5s] love4 ,by abridgem5t ( ! s5t5ce 7#ajeg71 cum 4 4 4 tum come to be copulative conjunctions 7#afhg73 z1 mvit patrs cnscrpts cum causa tum auctor1 ,l4 #i1 #aj1 #a1 bo? ! cause & its support] t\*$ ! conscript fa!rs4 quoniam4 #ahhb4 quoniam1 comp\nd$ ( quom & iam1 :5 n[1 ref]s prim>ily to "t1 b is seldom s us$ & only by e>ly writ]s4 ,! temporal mean+ pass$ e>ly into an exclusively causal mean+1 s9ce4 ,9 bo? mean+s x regul>ly introduces ! indicative 7#agba74 ,= special reasons1 h[ev]1 ! subjunctive is us$1 z 9 indirect disc\rse 7#agbe71 or by attraction 7#agbh74 #ahhc4 7#a47 quoniam1 :5 n[1 us$ ( "t 9 e>ly ,lat91 has sometimes z a correlative cont9u1 subit1 or extempl2 x usually introduces ! pres5t indicative 7#aeij73 z1 is quoniam moritur1 numquam indicre id fli voluit su1 ,pl4 ,aul4 #i1 :5 he 0 on 8 dy+ b$1 he ne'er w\ld po9t x out to 8 own son1 ( a hidd5 treasure4 quoniam s5ti quae rs g]]tur1 nvem extempl /atuimus1 ,pl4 ,b4 #bij1 :5 n[ ,i saw :at 0 do+1 we /opp$ ! %ip at once4 #ahhd4 7#b47 quoniam1 s9ce1 see+ t1 n[ t1 ) ! indicative1 introduces a reason1 usually "o kn[n to ! p]son address$1 or "o g5]ally kn[n3 z1 vra dc1 s$ nququam1 quoniam nn vs crd]e1 ,pl4 ,am4 #hce1 ! tru? ,i speak1 b all 9 va91 s9ce ?\ wilt n believe4 vs1 ,quirts1 quoniam iam nox e/1 9 ve/ra tecta discdite1 ,c4 #c1 #bi1 d y1 citiz5s1 s9ce x is n[ gr[n d>k1 dep>t & g to y\r own sev]al homes4 quoniam 9 eam ratinem vtae ns =tna ddxit1 ut sempit]nus s]m d nbs futrus sit1 cavemus1 ,q,fr4 #a1 #a1 #ch1 s9ce =tune has set u 9 su* a walk ( life t we are to be et]nally talk$ ab\t1 let u be on our gu>d4 ,(t5 9 transition3 z1 quoniam d g5]e bell dx1 nunc d magnitd9e pauca dcam1 ,,ip4 #bj1 s9ce ,i h f9i%$ speak+ ab\t ! "* ( ! w>1 ,i w n[ speak briefly ab\t its ext5t4 ,) ! subjunctive 9 indirect disc\rse 7#agbe73 z1 crbrs ,pomp litt]s ca/gbantur1 quoniam prm v5i5tem ,caes>em nn prohibuiss5t1 ,caes4 ,c4 #c1 #be1 #c1 !y 7 rebuk$ 9 num]\s lett]s ( ,pompey1 #8because !y _h n kept ,caes> (f z soon z he came4' quotins1 quotinscumque4 #ahhe4 ,! relative p>ticle quotins 7#gaa71 or quotinscumque1 e "t t1 :5ev]1 introduces ! indicative3 z1 quotins quaeque cohors prcurr]at1 magnus num]us ho/ium cadbat1 #e1 #cd1 #b1 z ! cohorts successively *>g$1 a great numb] ( ! enemy fell e "t4 quoius quotins sepulcrum vids1 sacrufics1 ,pl4 ,e4 #age1 e "t y see h] tomb1 y (f] sacrifice4 nec quotinscumque m vd]it1 +emscet1 ,se/4 #adf1 nei!r %all he fall a-groan+ :5ev] he sees me 7#agcf74 quotinsque is late & r>e4 #ahhf4 quotins has sometimes z a correlative totins1 or a comb9ation ) tot :i* is equival5t to totins3 z1 quotins dcimus1 totins d nbs idictur1 ,,d4 #a1 #abe1 e "t we make a spee*1 ! _w sits 9 judgem5t on u4 s tot cnsulibus m]uisset1 quotins ipse cnsul fuit1 ,balb4 #dg1 if he _h be5 9 ! army z _m ye>s z he 0 consul4 #ahhg4 ,! subjunctive imp]fect & plup]fect are common 9 ! lat] writ]s to indicate repeat$ action 7#agcj73 z1 quotins sup] tl negti cnsultret1 dit doms p>te ac lb]t nu cnsci5ti tbtur1 ,ta4 #f1 #bg1 :5ev] he _h rec\rse to a/rolog]s1 x 0 9 ! upp] "p ( 8 h\se & ) ! cognizance ( only a s+le fre$man4 quam4 #ahhh4 quam1 z or ?an1 introduces an indicative protasis 9 p]iods ( comp>ison4 ,= special reasons1 h[ev]1 ! subjunctive is us$1 z by attraction 7#agbh71 or ( action conceivable 7#agca72 see also #ahif1 #ahig4 ,b usually p]iods ( comp>ison are abridg$ 7#ajeg7 by ! omission ( ! v]b or ( o!r p>ts 9 ! protasis 7#acbe74 ,,) ,,! ,,indicative4 #ahhi4 7#a47 quam1 z1 is us$ 9 ! protasis ( a comp>ative p]iod ( equality1 g5]ally ) tam z correlative 9 ! apodosis3 z1 tam facile v9cs quam pirum volps com/1 ,pl4 ,mo/4 #eei1 y'll beat z easily z ,reyn>d eats a pe>4 tam excoctam r$dam atque tram quam c>b/1 ,t4 ,ad4 #hdi1 ,i'll h h] /ew$ all out & black z is a coal4 ,f ,cic]o on1 ! apodosis is 9 g5]al negative or int]rogative3 z1 qurum neutrum tam facile quam t arbitrris concditur1 ,div4 #a1 #aj1 nei!r ( ^! po9ts is z readily grant$ z y suppose4 quid e/ rtr tam necessrium quam vx8 ,,d4 #a1 #bea1 :at is s indisp5sable to ! speak] z voice8 ,o!rwise nn m9us 4 4 4 quam1 no less ?an1 j z mu*1 or nn magis 4 4 4 quam1 j z little or j z mu*1 is (t5 pref]r$ to tam 4 4 4 quam3 z1 accp nn m9us int]dum rtrium esse tacre quam dc]e1 ,pl94 ,ep4 #g1 #f1 #g1 ,i h obs]v$ t sil5ce is sometimes q z eloqu5t z spee*4 nn magis mih de]it inimcus quam ,v]r dfuit1 ,v4 #c1 #afb1 ,i %all lack an enemy z little z ,v]res did4 domus erat nn dom9 magis rnm5t quam cvitt1 ,v4 #d1 #e1 ! h\se 0 z mu* a pride to ! /ate z to its own]4 #ahij4 ,in/ead ( tam1 ano!r correlative is sometimes us$ 9 ! apodosis4 ,?us1 aequ 4 4 4 quam occurs 9 ,plautus & 9 ,livy & lat] writ]s1 g5]ally aft] a negative expression2 p]9de 4 4 4 quam 9 ,tacitus & ,suetonius2 ixt 444 quam once 9 ,livy4 ,sometimes ! apodosis conta9s no correlative4 #ahia4 tam 4 4 4 quam become by abridgem5t coord9at+ words3 z1 tam vra quam falsa c]nimus1 ,ac4 #b1 #aaa1 we make out ?+s bo? true & false4 #ahib4 ,! highe/ possible degree is express$ by tam 4 4 4 quam qu & a sup]lative )\t a v]b2 or by quam & a sup]lative ) or )\t a =m ( possum 7#adff72 sometimes by quantus or ut3 z1 7a47 tam sum mis]icors quam vs2 tam mtis quam qu lnissimus1 ,sull4 #hg1 ,i am z t5d]-he>t$ z y2 z mild z ! g5tle/ man liv+4 tam sum amcus r pblicae quam qu maxim1 ,fam4 #e1 #b1 #f1 ,i am z devot$ a patriot z anybody c be4 7b47 quam maxims pote/ it9]ibus 9 ,galliam cont5dit1 #a1 #g1 #a1 he pu%es into ,gaul by z rapid m>*es z he c4 cn/iturunt im5trum quam maximum num]um com]e1 #a1 #c1 #a1 !y det]m9$ to buy up ! greate/ possible numb] ( bea/s ( burd54 7c47 tanta e/ int] es1 quanta maxima pote/ esse1 mrum di/antia1 ,l4 #gd1 !re is ! greate/ possible diff]5ce ( "* betwe5 !m4 ,or )\t any sup]lative3 fuge domum quantum pote/1 ,pl4 ,m54 #hej1 run home z quick z e'er y c4 ut potu accrtissim t tttus sum1 ,fam4 #e1 #ag1 #b1 ,i def5d$ y z c>efully z ,i c\ld4 #ahic4 quam 4 4 4 tam1 ) two comp>atives or sup]latives1 is equival5t to ! m common qu 4 4 4 e ) two comp>atives 7#aigc73 z1 7a47 magis quam id reput1 tam magis ror1 ,pl4 ,b4 #ajia1 ! m ,i ?9k x ov]1 ! sor] d ,i feel4 ,?is use is f\nd 9 ,plautus1 ,lucretius1 & ,v]gil4 7b47 quam quisque pessum fcit1 tam maxum ttus e/1 ,s4 ,i4 #ca1 #ad1 ! worse a man has act$1 ! saf] he always is4 ,?is use is f\nd 9 ,plautus1 ,t]5ce1 ,cato1 ,v>ro1 & ,sallu/4 #ahid4 7#b47 quam1 ?an1 is us$ 9 ! protasis ( a comp>ative p]iod ( inequality1 ) a comp>ative 9 ! apodosis3 z1 melirem quam ego sum suppn tib1 ,pl4 ,cu4 #bef1 ,i give y 9 my place a bett] man ?an ,i am4 plra dx quam volu1 ,v4 #e1 #gi1 ,i h said m ?an ,i int5d$4 ,antni quam e/1 vol peius esse1 ,att4 #ae1 #c1 #b1 ,i hope ,antony may be worse (f ?an he is4 doctrna paul drior quam ntra patitur1 ,mur4 #fj1 pr9ciples some:at /]n] ?an nature do? support4 potius sr quam numquam1 ,l4 #d1 #b1 #aa1 bett] late ?an nev]4 corpus patins algris supr quam cuiquam crdibile e/1 ,s4 ,c4 #e1 #c1 a con/itution capable ( endur+ cold beyond :at anybody c\ld believe4 supr quam is f\nd 9 ,cic]o1 ,sallu/1 & (t5 9 late writ]s2 nfr & ultr quam 9 ,cic]o1 ,livy1 & late writ]s 7nfr quam also 9 ,v>ro72 extr quam 9 ,ennius1 ,cato1 & 9 legal & (ficial language 9 ,cic]o & ,livy4 #ahie4 quam is also us$ ) "s virtual comp>atives3 ?us1 nihil aliud1 nn aliud quam1 no o!r ?an1 (t5 z adv]b1 only2 secus quam ) a negative1 n o!rwise ?an2 bis tant quam1 twice z mu* z2 & prae quam 9 old ,lat91 9 comp>ison ) h[2 & simil> phrases3 z1 7a47 p] bduum nihil aliud quam /etrunt p>t ad pugn&um1 ,l4 #cd1 #df1 #g1 = two days !y m]ely /ood 9 battle array4 ,?is use occurs fir/ 9 ,sallu/1 !n 9 ,nepos1 ,livy1 & lat] writ]s4 7b47 mih erit crae n quid fat secus quam volumus1 ,att4 #f1 #b1 #b1 ,i w see to x t no?+ be done save z we wi%4 ,?is use occurs 9 ,plautus1 ,t]5ce1 ,sallu/1 ,cic]o1 ,livy1 & lat] writ]s4 ,) bo? aliud & secus ! clause is r>ely positive1 ) aliud n be=e ,livy4 ,= atque 7ac7 in/ead ( quam :5 ! fir/ clause is negative1 see #afed4 7c47 bis tant vale quam valu prius1 ,pl4 ,m]c4 #big1 ,i am twice z capable z ,i 0 be=e4 7d47 nl hc quidem e/ trg9t m9ae1 prae quam alis smpts facit1 ,pl4 ,mo/4 #iha1 oh1 ?is is no?+1 ?irty m9ae1 :5 y ?9k :at o!r sums he sp5ds4 prae quam is f\nd only 9 ,plautus r>ely4 ,simil> phrases are3 contr quam1 9 ,cic]o1 ,livy1 & lat] writ]s2 praet] quam1 9 ,plautus1 ,naevius1 & frequ5tly 9 o!r writ]s :5 foll[$ by quod 7#ahdh72 sup] quam quod 7#ahdh7 & nsup] quam 9 ,livy2 pr quam 9 ,lucretius2 advorsum quam1 once 9 ,plautus4 prae quam is sometimes foll[$ by a relative clause3 z1 prae quam quod mole/um/1 ,pl4 ,am4 #fcd1 comp>$ ) :at is pa9ful4 ,= ante 7or prius7 & po/ quam1 see #aiaa1 #aibc4 ,,) ,,! ,,subjunctive4 #ahif4 ,! subjunctive is us$ ) quam or quam ut aft] comp>atives d5ot+ disproportion 7#adfa73 z1 quicquid erat on]is ,sege/ns impnbat1 aliquant amplius quam f]re poss5t1 ,v4 #d1 #gf1 he w\ld impose e possible burd5 on ! ,sege/ans1 f> too mu* = !m to be>4 quis nn intellegit ,cana* sgna rigidira esse1 quam ut imit5tur vrittem8 ,br4 #gj1 :o does n feel t ! /atues ( ,cana*us are too /iff to be true to nature8 clrior rs erat quam ut dissimulr posset1 ,l4 #bf1 #ea1 #aa1 ! ?+ 0 too notori\s to be hu%$ up4 ,in/ead ( ut1 qu is also us$ by ,livy & lat] writ]s3 z1 maior sum quam cui possit ,=tna nocre1 ,o4 #f1 #aie1 too /rong am ,i = ,=tune to break d[n1 says infatuat$ ,niobe4 ,all ^! s5t5ces are ext5sions ( ! subjunctive ( action conceivable 7#aeed1 #ahah74 #ahig4 ,! subjunctive is us$ 9 clauses introduc$ by potius quam1 r ?an1 to d5ote action m]ely assum$4 citius1 ante1 or prius1 soon]1 is sometimes us$ 9 ! s5se ( potius3 z1 potius quam t inimcum habeam1 faciam ut iuss]is1 ,t4 ,eu4 #agd1 r ?an make y my enemy1 ,i w d z y tell me4 dpugn potius quam s]vis1 ,att4 #g1 #g1 #g1 fight x out r ?an be a slave4 potius vitup]tinem incn/antiae suscipiam1 quam 9 t sim crdlis1 ,v4 #e1 #aje1 ,i w submit to ! *>ge ( inconsi/5cy r ?an be cruel t[>ds y4 animam omittunt prius quam loc dmigr5t1 ,pl4 ,am4 #bdj1 !y lose _! lives soon] ?an yield _! gr\nd4 ,livy has also potius quam ut4 ,all ^! s5t5ces are ext5sions ( ! subjunctive ( desire 7#aedj1 #ahag74 ,,) ,,! ,,inf9itive4 #ahih4 ,:5 ! ma9 clause is an inf9itive1 quam is (t5 foll[$ by an inf9itive3 z1 mlim morr meos quam m5dcri]1 ,pl4 ,vid4 #if1 bett] my bairns be dead ?an begg+ bread4 vcs audibantur prius s cortice ex arboribus vctrs1 quam ,pompium manibus dmissrs1 ,caes4 ,c4 #c1 #di1 #a1 %\ts 7 he>d t !y w\ld live on ! b>k ( trees soon] ?an let ,pompey slip ?r\gh _! f+]s4 quamquam4 #ahii4 7#a47 quamquam is us$ 9 old ,lat9 z an indef9ite adv]b1 ev] s mu*1 h[ev] mu*3 z1 quamquam negtium/1 s quid veis1 ,dmiph1 nn sum occuptus umquam amc op]am d>e1 ,pl4 ,m]4 #bhg1 h[ev] busy ,i may be 7#ahad71 if any?+ y wi%1 de> ,demipho1 ,i'm n too busy ev] to a fri5d m9e aid to l5d4 id quoque possum f]re1 quamquam inirium/1 ,t4 ,ad4 #bje1 t also ,i c be>1 h[ev] s unfair4 ,f an adv]b1 quamquam became a conjunction1 al?\gh4 #aijj4 7#b47 quamquam1 al?\gh1 introduces ! indicative 9 ! concession ( a def9ite fact4 ,9 ! lat] writ]s x is also sometimes us$ ) ! subjunctive1 sometimes ) a p>ticiple or an adjective4 7a47 quamquam premuntur a]e alin1 dom9tinem tam5 exspectant1 ,c4 #b1 #ai1 ?\gh !y are /agg]+ "u debt1 !y yet look =w>d to be+ lords & ma/]s4 quamquam nn vnit ad fnem tam audx inceptum1 tam5 haud omnn vnum fuit1 ,l4 #aj1 #cb1 #e1 ?\gh ! bold attempt did n atta9 its purpose1 yet x 0 n altoge!r fruitless4 ,?is is ! classical use2 b see #aija4 7b47 nam et tribns plbis s5ts hab5d is erat1 quamquam s5trs nn ess5t1 ,v>ro 9 ,gell4 #ad1 #h1 #b1 = ev5 ! tribunes ( ! p1 ?\gh !y 7 n s5ators1 _h ! "r to hold a meet+ ( ! s5ate4 haud cuncttus e/ ,g]mnicus1 quamquam f+ ea intelleg]et1 ,ta4 #b1 #bf1 ,g]manicus did n delay1 ?\gh he 0 aw>e ?is 0 all made up4 ,?is use is f\nd fir/ 9 ,v>ro1 (t5 9 ! ,augu/an poets1 sometimes 9 ,livy1 always 9 ,juv5al4 ,x does n become common be=e ,tacitus & ! y\ng] ,pl9y4 7c47 sequ5te1 quamquam nn probante1 ,amyn&r1 ,l4 #ca1 #da1 #g1 ,amyn&] accompany+ ?\gh n approv+ 7#acgd74 n ,aqutnia quidem1 quamquam 9 v]ba ,o?nis ob/ricta1 di mnsit1 ,ta4 ,h4 #a1 #gf1 ,aquitania1 ?\gh b\nd by ! oa? ( allegiance to ,o?o1 did n hold out long ei!r4 ,?is use is f\nd once ea* 9 ,cic]o & ,sallu/1 half a doz5 times 9 ,livy1 (t5] 9 ,tacitus4 #aija4 ,! subjunctive is also us$ (t5 ) quamquam = special reasons1 z by attraction 7#agbh71 9 indirect disc\rse 7#agbe71 & ( action conceivable 7#agca74 #aijb4 ,= quamquam app5d+ a fre% ma9 s5t5ce1 see #baec2 = its use ) ! inf9itive1 #bcag4 ,erratum3 #ahii4 7#a47 7#a7 quam vs or quamvs4 #aijc4 quam vs or quamvs is us$ z an indef9ite adv]b 7#gab71 z mu* z y please1 & is (t5 jo9$ ) an adjective or o!r adv]b to take ! place ( a sup]lative3 z1 quam vs rdiculus e/1 ub uxor nn ade/1 ,pl4 ,m54 #cah1 he's z droll z y please :5 8 wife isn't by4 quamveis nsipins pot]at p]s5tsc]e1 ,pl4 ,m]c4 #fhg1 ! v]ie/ dull>d c\ld detect4 quamvs pauc adre aud5t1 #d1 #b1 #e1 ! m]e/ h&ful d>es attack4 quamvs callid1 ,v4 #b1 #acd1 ev] s craftily4 quamvs is also sometimes us$ to /r5g!n a sup]lative 7#adff71 ?\gh n 9 classical prose4 #aijd4 7#a47 ,! indef9ite adv]b quam vs1 z mu* z y please1 is (t5 us$ 9 subjunctive clauses ( concession or p]mission2 su* subjunctives are sometimes coord9at$ ) licet3 z1 quod turpe e/1 id quam vs occulttur1 tam5 hone/um fi] nll mod pote/1 ,(f4 #c1 #gh1 if a ?+ is base1 let x be hidd5 z mu* z y w1 yet x _c be made respectable 7#aeec74 locus hc apud ns1 quam vs subit v5is1 semp] lb] e/1 ,pl4 ,b4 #hb1 our h\se is always op51 come z sudd5 z y may 7#aeec74 praet] es quam vs num]s mults licet1 nnnlls rep]is p]niciss tribns1 ,leg4 #c1 #bd1 besides ^! y may tell (f z _m z y please1 y w /ill f9d "s dang]\s tribunes 7#agaj74 ,! comb9ation ) licet occurs fir/ 9 ,lucretius1 !n 9 ,cic]o4 ,in/ead ( vs1 o!r =ms are sometimes us$3 z1 volumus1 vol5t1 velit1 c43 ?us1 quam vol5t fact s9t1 ,cael4 #fg1 !y may be z witty z !y please 7#agce74 quam volet ,epicrus ioctur et dcat s nn posse intelleg]e1 numquam m movbit1 ,,dn4 #b1 #df1 ,epicurus may joke & say he c't und]/& x z mu* z he likes1 he w nev] %ake me4 ,f an adv]b1 quam vs became a conjunction1 h[ev] mu*1 ev5 if4 #aije4 7#b47 ,! subjunctive ) ! conjunction quamvs1 h[ev] mu*1 ev5 if1 ?\gh1 d5otes action m]ely assum$2 :5 ! action is to be d5ot$ z real1 ut or scut or ! l1 ) ! indicative1 usually foll[s 9 ! be/ prose 7#aidc73 z1 7a47 quamvs s9t hom9s qu ,cn4 ,c>bnem d]9t1 tam5 h db5t quid metu5dum sit cgitre1 ,v4 #a1 #ci1 ?\gh !re may be m5 :o hate ,c>bo1 /ill ^! m5 ought to consid] :at !y h to fe>4 nn enim posss1 quamvs excells1 ,l4 #gc1 y may n h ! p[]1 h[ev] em95t y may be4 ,?is use beg9s ) ,cic]o & ,v>ro1 & gets common 9 late writ]s4 ,n 9 ,livy4 7b47 illa quamvs rdicula ess5t1 scut erant1 mih tam5 rsum nn mvrunt1 ,fam4 #g1 #cb1 #c1 droll z ?is really 01 x nev]!less did n make me laugh4 quamvs enim mults locs dcat ,epicrus1 scut dcit1 satis =tit] d dolre1 tam5 nn id spect&um e/ quid dcat1 ,(f4 #c1 #aag1 ev5 ?\gh ,epicurus really does speak 9 _m places pretty h]oically ab\t pa91 /ill we mu/ n h an eye to :at he says4 ,9 ! ,augu/an poets r>ely1 & (t5 9 ,tacitus1 ! y\ng] ,pl9y1 & late writ]s1 ! subjunctive1 )\t a p>5!tical phrase introduc$ by ut or ! l1 is us$ ( an action d5ot$ z real3 z1 expalluit nbilit]1 quamvs palleat semp]1 ,pl94 ,ep4 #a1 #e1 #ac1 he grew pale p]ceptibly1 ?\gh he is always a pale man4 mae/us erat1 quamvs laetitiam simulret1 ,ta4 #ae1 #ed1 sad he 01 ?\gh he pret5d$ to be gay4 #aijf4 quamvs1 ev5 if1 ?\gh1 is also sometimes us$ ) ! indicative 7#aijj73 z1 erat dignitte rgi1 quamvs c>bat nm9e1 ,n4 #a1 #b1 #c1 he _h ! au?ority ( a k+1 ?\gh n ! title4 quamvs tacet ,h]mog5s1 cantor e/1 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #c1 #abi1 ?\gh he op5 n 8 m\?1 ,h]mog5es rema9s a s+] /ill4 ,?is use occurs twice 9 ,lucretius1 once 9 ,cic]o1 ,nepos1 & ,livy ea*1 9 ,v>ro1 9 ! ,augu/an poets1 & sometimes 9 late writ]s4 ,n 9 ,tacitus1 ,pl9y ! y\ng]1 ,juv5al1 ,m>tial1 or ,suetonius4 #aijg4 ,x may be m5tion$ "h t ! indef9ite adv]b quamlibet1 h[ev] y please1 is us$ 9 subjunctive clauses ( concession or p]mission 7#aijd7 once or twice by ,lucretius1 ,ovid1 & ,qu9tilian4 ,velleius has x ) ! p>ticiple1 a con/ruction sometimes f\nd ) quamvs 9 late writ]s4 tamquam4 #aijh4 tamquam1 j z1 introduces an indicative protasis 9 p]iods ( comp>ison4 ,! tam prop]ly belongs to ! apodosis & is attract$ to ! protasis4 tamquam has sometimes z correlative sc or ita4 t hortor ut tamquam potae bon sol5t1 sc t 9 extrm p>te mn]is tu dlig5tissimus ss1 ,q,fr4 #a1 #a1 #df1 ,i urge y to be v p>ticul> at ! end ( y\r task1 j z good poets always are4 tamquam philosophrum hab5t discipl9ae ex ipss vocbula1 p>ast ita ut ,gna?nic voc5tur1 ,t4 ,eu4 #bfc1 t s p>asites may be call$ ,gna?onites ev5 z s*ools ( philosophy are nam$ f ! ma/]s4 ,usually1 h[ev]1 ut 7#aidd7 or quemadmodum is us$ 9 ?is s5se2 & tamquam occurs (t5e/ 9 abridg$ s5t5ces 7#ajeg71 p>ticul>ly to %[ t an illu/ration is untrue or figurative3 z1 ,odyssa ,latna e/ sc tamquam opus aliquod ,da$al1 ,br4 #ga1 ! ,odyssey 9 ,lat9 is1 y may say1 a regul> "w ( ,da$alus4 ocul tamquam specultrs altissimum locum obt95t1 ,,dn4 #b1 #adj1 ! eyes occupy ! highe/ "p1 z a sort ( wat*m54 #aiji4 ,9 late writ]s1 especially 9 ,tacitus1 tamquam is (t5 us$ to introduce a reason or motive1 or a ?\ght indirectly express$3 z1 invsus tamquam pls quam cvlia agitret1 ,ta4 #a1 #ab1 hat$ on ! gr\nd t 8 designs 7 too l(ty = a private citiz5 7#agbe74 lgts increpuit1 tamquam nn omns res p]giss5t1 ,pl94 ,ep4 #c1 #i1 #cf1 he reprov$ ! embassy #8= n hav+ complet$ ! prosecution ( all ! def5dants' 7#aheb1 #agbe74 suspectus tamquam ipse sus inc5d]it a$s1 ,j4 #c1 #bbb1 suspect$ ( hav+ set 8 own h\se afire4 #aiaj4 ,= tamquam in/ead ( tamquam s1 see #baah2 ) a p>ticiple1 #baba4 antequam1 priusquam4 #aiaa4 antequam & priusquam accompany bo? ! indicative & ! subjunctive4 ante & prius prop]ly belong to ! apodosis1 & regul>ly /& ) x if x is negative2 b o!rwise !y are usually attract$ to ! protasis4 antequam is v seldom f\nd 9 old ,lat91 & x is 9 g5]al mu* r>] ?an priusquam1 except 9 ,tacitus4 ,,9 ,,g5]al ,,/atem5ts4 #aiab4 ,9 g5]al pres5t /atem5ts1 antequam & priusquam regul>ly introduce ! p]fect indicative or ! pres5t subjunctive3 z1 membrs timur priusquam didicimus cuius ea caus tilittis habemus1 ,f94 #c1 #ff1 we always use our limbs be=e we le>n = :at purposes ( utility we h !m 7#afac74 priusquam lcet1 adsunt1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #gji1 be=e 'tis light !y're always "h2 "h lcet is equival5t to inlxit4 ante vidmus fulgrem quam sonum audimus1 ,s54 ,,qn4 #b1 #ab1 #f1 we always see ! fla% be=e we he> ! s\nd4 priusquam sm5 mtrum siet1 sect1 ,cato1 ,,rr4 #ec1 always cut be=e ! se$ is ripe 7#aege74 ,) ! p]fect subjunctive 9 ! indef9ite second p]son 7#ajcj73 z1 hoc malum opprimit antequam prspic]e potu]s1 ,v4 #a1 #ci1 ?is calamity always ov]:elms y be=e y c anticipate x 7#agca1 #aeeh74 ,= prius quam1 soon] ?an1 see #ahig4 #aiac4 ,! future indicative is us$ a few times 9 g5]al /atem5ts by old & late writ]s1 & ! p]fect subjunctive aft] a negative clause r>ely by ,tacitus3 z1 bovs priusquam 9 viam ags1 pice cornua nfima unguit1 ,cato1 ,,rr4 #gb1 always sme> ! ho(s ( y\r ox5 ) pit* be=e y drive !m on ! road 7#afbe1 #aegg74 dem honor prncip nn ante habtur quam ag]e int] hom9s dsi]it1 ,ta4 #ae1 #gd1 div9e hon\rs are n paid to an emp]or be=e he has ceas$ to live among m54 ,cic]o has ! p]fect subjunctive 9 a def9ition3 ?us1 prvid5tia1 p] quam futrum aliquid vidtur antequam factum sit1 ,inv4 #b1 #afj1 =esight is ! faculty ?r\gh :i* a future ev5t is se5 be=e x has tak5 place4 ,he also has ! pres5t indicative once3 ,div4 #a1 #abj4 #aiad4 ,9 g5]al pa/ /atem5ts antequam & priusquam introduce ! subjunctive imp]fect or plup]fect2 b ?is use is v r>e3 z1 dormre priusquam somni cupd esset1 ,s4 ,c4 #ac1 #c1 a-sleep+ always be=e !y felt sleepy4 ita saepe magna indols virttis1 priusquam r pblicae prdesse potuisset1 extncta e/1 ,ph4 #e1 #dg1 ?us "* ( unusual promise 0 (t5times cut (f1 be=e x c\ld d ! gov]nm5t any good4 ,,9 ,,p>ticul> ,,/atem5ts4 #aiae4 ,9 p>ticul> pres5t or future /atem5ts1 antequam & priusquam introduce a pres5t1 ei!r indicative or subjunctive2 9 future /atem5ts ! future p]fect is also us$1 & regul>ly :5 ! ma9 v]b is future p]fect3 z1 antequam ad s5t5tiam r$e1 d m pauca dcam1 ,c4 #d1 #bj1 be=e ,i come back to ! motion1 ,i w say a little ab\t myself 7#aeic74 e/ etiam prius quam abs quod volo loqu1 ,pl4 ,z4 #bcb1 !re's some?+ else ,i want to say be=e y g4 antequam v5iat 9 ,pontum1 litt]s ad ,cn4 ,pompium mittet1 ,agr4 #b1 #ec1 be=e he rea*es ,pontus1 he w s5d a lett] to ,pompey4 prius quam ad portam v5is1 e/ pi/rlla1 ,t4 ,ad4 #ehc1 !re's a little bak]y j be=e y get to ! gate4 nihil contr disputb priusquam dx]it1 ,fl4 #ea1 ,i w n argue to ! contr>y be=e he has spok5 7#afbf74 neque prius1 quam dbellv]1 absi/am1 ,l4 #di1 #ci1 #i1 & ,i w n leave (f be=e ,i h br\ght ! w> to an end4 s quid mih accid]it priusquam hc tantum mal vd]1 ,mil4 #ii1 if any?+ %all befall me be=e ,i see ?is great calamity4 neque prmitt quicquam neque responde prius quam gntum vd]1 ,t4 ,ph4 #ajdd1 ,i'm n promis+ any?+ nor mak+ any answ] be=e ,i see my son 7#aeic74 ,tacitus uses nei!r ! pres5t indicative nor ! future p]fect4 #aiaf4 ,9 old ,lat9 ! future & ! p]fect subjunctive also occur3 z1 prius quam quoiquam convvae dabis1 gu/t tte prius1 ,pl4 ,ps4 #hhe1 be=e y help a s+le gue/1 ta/e fir/ y\rself2 b ,t]5ce does n use ! future1 & x is f\nd only once or twice lat]4 nll pact pote/ prius haec 9 a$s recip1 quam illam ms]im1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #ajie4 on no t]ms c ,i take my new love to ! h\se1 be=e ,i've let ! old love drop2 b usually ! p]fect subjunctive is due to indirect disc\rse4 #aiag4 ,9 p>ticul> pa/ /atem5ts antequam & priusquam introduce ! p]fect indicative1 especially :5 ! apodosis is negative4 ,! imp]fect subjunctive r>ely occurs1 *iefly 9 late writ]s4 7a47 omnia i/a ante facta sunt quam i/e taliam attigit1 ,v4 #b1 #afa1 all ^! incid5ts occurr$ be=e ! def5dant set foot 9 ,italy4 neque prius fug]e d/itrunt quam ad ,rhnum p]vnrunt1 #a1 #ec1 #a1 & !y did n /ay _! flight be=e !y fairly arriv$ at ! ,rh9e4 prius quam h9c abit qundecim mles m9s d$]at1 ,pl4 ,ps4 #ec1 ! capta9 _h paid d[n fifte5 m9ae be=e he left "h4 7b47 nec prius sunt vs quam ca/rs adprop9qur5t1 #f1 #cg1 #b1 !y 7 n se5 be=e !y drew ne> to ! camp4 ,?is use ( ! imp]fect subjunctive1 n to be conf\nd$ ) t m5tion$ 9 #aiai1 is n f\nd 9 old ,lat9 or 9 ,cic]o4 ,x is f\nd 9 ,nepos & ,livy4 #aiah4 ,! pres5t indicative also occurs 9 p>ticul> pa/ /atem5ts 9 old ,lat93 z1 is priusquam moritur mihi d$it1 ,pl4 ,cu4 #fcg1 be=e he di$ he gave x me4 ,! indicative imp]fect occurs f\r times 9 ,livy & once 9 late ,lat91 ! plup]fect once 9 old ,lat9 & once 9 ,cic]o4 #aiai4 ,:5 ! action ( ! protasis 0 =e/all$1 or :5 action conceivable or purpose is express$1 antequam & priusquam regul>ly introduce ! imp]fect subjunctive 9 p>ticul> pa/ /atem5ts3 z1 plrque int]fect sunt1 priusquam occultum ho/em vidr5t1 ,l4 #ce1 #bi1 #c1 mo/ ( !m 7 sla9 be=e !y c\ld see ! hidd5 enemy4 antequam v]bum fac]em1 d sell surrxit1 ,v4 #d1 #adg1 be=e ,i c\ld utt] a ^w he arose f 8 seat4 p]vnit priusquam ,pompius s5tre posset1 ,caes4 ,c4 #c1 #fg1 #d1 he arriv$ be=e ,pompey %\ld be able to le>n ( 8 com+ 7#agbe74 ,! pres5t & p]fect subjunctive occur r>ely1 g5]ally :5 ! ma9 clause conta9s a pres5t ( vivid n>ration 7#aeij74 ,! imp]fect is n f\nd 9 old ,lat94 #aibj4 ,! p]fect indicative or imp]fect subjunctive ) antequam is (t5 us$ attributively ) n\ns d5ot+ "t3 z1 fbulam docuit1 ann ips ante quam ntus e/ ,ennius1 ,br4 #gb1 he exhibit$ a play j a ye> be=e ,ennius 0 born4 duc5ts anns ante quam ,rmam cap]5t1 9 taliam ,gall trnsc5drunt1 ,l4 #e1 #cc1 #e1 two hundr$ ye>s be=e !y took ,rome1 ! ,gauls cross$ ov] to ,italy4 ,! plup]fect also occurs1 :5 ! ma9 v]b is plup]fect3 z1 ,/inus bi5ni antequam causam recpisset1 sesc5ts mllibus nummm s idicium conruptrum dx]at1 ,clu4 #fh1 ,/aj5us _h said two ye>s be=e he und]took ! case1 t he w\ld bribe ! c\rt = six hundr$ ?\s& se/]ces4 #aiba4 ,! plup]fect subjunctive is r>ely introduc$ by antequam or priusquam except 9 indirect disc\rse3 z1 antequam d me adv5t audre potuiss5t1 9 ,mac$oniam p]rx1 ,pl4 #ih1 be=e !y %\ld be able to he> ( my arrival1 ,i proce$$ to ,mac$onia 7#agbe74 v]tit equs 9 ca/ra priusquam pbula gu/ss5t ,triae ,xan?umque bibiss5t1 ,v4 #a1 #dgb1 he drave ! horses (f to camp1 or ev] !y %\ld ta/e ( ,troja's grass & ,xan?us dr9k 7#agbe74 #aibb4 ,x may be m5tion$ "h t po/rdi quam & prdi quam occur a few times 9 ,plautus & ,cic]o ) ! indicative2 po/rdi quam ) ! indicative 9 ,suetonius2 & prdi quam ) ! subjunctive 9 ,livy1 ,val]ius ,maximus1 & ,suetonius4 po/e quam or po/quam4 ub1 ut1 cum prmum1 simul atque4 #aibc4 ,) po/e quam1 po/quam 7posquam71 aft]1 ! foll[+ words may conv5i5tly be treat$3 ub1 ut1 :52 ub prmum1 ut prmum1 cum prmum1 :5 fir/1 & 9 ,plautus quom extempl2 simul atque 7or ac1 less frequ5tly et or ut1 or simul alone71 at ! same "t )1 z soon z4 po/quam1 ub1 ut1 cum prmum1 simul atque1 accompany ! indicative4 ,= examples ( ! use ( t5ses1 see #aibd-aicd4 #aibd4 ,9 clauses introduc$ by po/e quam or po/quam1 ! imp]fect or plup]fect subjunctive1 f\nd a doz5 times 9 ! manuscripts ( ,cic]o's works & else:]e1 is g5]ally correct$ 9 mod]n editions or usually ! conjunctive p>ticle is em5d$ to po/e quom 7cum74 ,b ! subjunctive may ( c\rse be us$ ) ?is & ! o!r p>ticles m5tion$ 9 #aibc = special reasons1 z ) ! indef9ite second p]son 7#agca71 by attraction 7#agbh71 & 9 indirect disc\rse 7#agbe74 ,= ! subjunctive ( repeat$ pa/ action ) ub & ut1 see #aicb4 ,! inf9itive ( intimation occurs 9 ,tacitus 7#aeci73 z1 po/quam exu aequlits1 prvnre dom9tins1 ,ta4 #c1 #bf1 aft] equality betwe5 man & man 0 dropp$1 !re came a crop ( tyrants4 #aibe4 ,9 n>ration ! p]fect indicative is regul>ly us$ 9 clauses introduc$ by po/quam1 ub1 ut1 cum prmum1 simul atque 7#agci73 z1 po/quam tus litt]s lg1 ,po/umia tua m convnit1 ,fam4 #d1 #b1 #a1 aft] ,i read y\r lett]1 y\r ,po/umia call$ on me4 po/quam aurum ab/ulimus1 9 nvem cnsc5dimus1 ,pl4 ,b4 #bgg1 aft] we got away ! money1 we took %ip4 ub ad ipsum vn dvorticulum1 cn/it1 ,t4 ,eu4 #fce1 :5 ,i came exactly to ! side /reet1 ,i pull$ up4 ub s ditius dc intellxit1 gravit] es accsat1 #a1 #af1 #e1 :5 he came to see t he 0 put (f a good :ile1 he takes !m r\ndly to task4 qu ut p]rvit1 surrxit ,cldius1 ,q,fr4 #b1 #c1 #b1 :5 he _h f9i%$ speak+1 up jump$ ,clodius4 ut abi abs t1 fit =te obviam mihi ,phormi1 ,t4 ,ph4 #fag1 :5 ,i left y1 ,phormio happ5$ to fall 9 my way4 crm5 eius mod e/1 ut1 cum prmum ad m dltum e/1 srum m ill nn putrem1 ,v4 #e1 #aeh1 ! *>ge is ( su* a sort t1 :5 fir/ x 0 report$ to me1 ,i ?\ght ,i %\ld n use x4 cum prmum ,crtae ltus attigit1 nntis msit1 ,l4 #cg1 #fj1 #d1 z soon z he t\*$ ! %ore ( ,crete1 he s5t mess5g]s4 ut prmum loqu posse coep1 inquam1 ,,rp4 #f1 #ae1 z soon z ,i began to be able to speak1 ,i said4 quem simul atque oppidn cnspexrunt1 mrum complre coeprunt1 #g1 #ab1 #e1 z soon z ! g>rison espi$ him1 !y began to man ! wall4 at ho/s1 ub prmum no/rs equits cnspexrunt1 impet fact cel]it] no/rs p]turbvrunt1 #d1 #ab1 #a1 b z soon z ! enemy caught sight ( our cavalry1 !y attack$ & ?rew our m5 into disord]4 ,! conjunction simul atque is v r>ely f\nd 9 old ,lat94 #aibf4 ,! pres5t indicative ( vivid n>ration 7#aeij7 sometimes occurs3 z1 po/quam iam pu] septu5ns sunt1 pat] on]vit nvim magnam1 ,pl4 ,m54 prol4 #bd1 aft] ! boys 7 sev5 ye> olds1 _! fa!r freight$ a big %ip4 quid ait1 ubi m nm9s1 ,t4 ,hau4 #cjc1 :at saye? %e :5 y "n me8 ub neutr trnseund initium faciunt1 ,caes> sus 9 ca/ra r$xit1 #b1 #i1 #b1 nei!r p>ty tak+ ! initiative 9 cross+1 ,caes> m>*$ 8 m5 back to camp4 ,v]bs ( p]ceiv+1 especially vide1 occur (t5e/ 9 ?is use1 :i* is common 9 ,plautus & ,t]5ce3 z1 po/quam videt nptis adp>r1 missa/ ancilla lic1 ,t4 ,&r4 #eac1 aft] %e sees a m>riage on foot1 h] maid is s5t =?)4 abe ab ills1 po/quam vide m ldificri]1 ,pl4 ,cap4 #dhg1 see+ myself made game (1 ,i leave !m4 quem po/e quam videt nn adesse1 ardre atque fur]e coepit1 ,v4 #b1 #ib1 see+ t ! man does n appe>1 he began to rage & fume4 ub hoc videt1 init cnsilium importn tyrann1 ,v4 #e1 #ajc1 see+ ?is1 he adopt$ ! policy ( a savage tyrant4 ,plautus uses also quom extempl4 ,su* protases (t5 take on a causal s5se 7see also #aicj74 #aibg4 ,! pres5t or p]fect ) po/quam or ut is sometimes us$ 9 expressions equival5t to an emphasiz$ accusative or ablative ( "t1 ! ma9 v]b be+ e/ or sunt3 z1 sept+5t sunt ann po/quam inclita condita ,rma e/1 ,e4 9 ,v>ro1 ,,rr4 #c1 #a1 #b1 'tis sev5 hundr$ ye>s s9ce glori\s ,rome 0 f\nd$4 dom ut abirunt hic t]tius annus1 ,pl4 ,/4 #bi1 ?is is ! ?ird ye> s9ce !y left home4 annus e/ octvus ut imp]ium obt9s1 ,ta4 #ad1 #ec1 x is ! eigh? ye> s9ce y acquir$ empire4 ,= a simil> use ( cum1 see #ahga4 #aibh4 ,! plup]fect ) po/quam1 d5ot+ result+ /ate 7#afae71 occurs less frequ5tly3 z1 tum cum ,p4 fricnus1 po/e quam bis cnsul fu]at1 ,l4 ,cottam 9 idicium vocbat1 ,caecil4 #fi1 at ! "t :5 ,africanus1 aft] he _h twice be5 consul1 0 br++ ,cotta to judgem5t4 po/quam omnium oculs occupv]at c]tm51 tum v]sam adoriuntur ,rmnam aciem1 ,l4 #bb1 #dh1 #d1 :5 e eye 0 fairly rivet$ on ! engagem5t1 t in/ant !y fell ^u ! ,romans 9 ! re>4 ,n 9 ,plautus1 once 9 ,t]5ce1 & r>e 9 classical writ]s4 #aibi4 ,! plup]fect1 less frequ5tly ! p]fect1 ) po/quam is us$ attributively ) n\ns d5ot+ "t4 ,9 ?is use po/ is (t5 sep>at$ f quam1 & two con/ructions are possible3 7a47 ,ablative3 ann po/ quam vta erat a$s ,montae ddictur1 ,l4 #g1 #bh1 #f1 ! temple ( ,moneta is d$icat$ a ye> aft] x 0 v[$4 ,)\t po/3 quadr+5tsim ann quam urbs ,rman condita erat1 patrici cnsuls magi/rtum inire1 ,l4 #g1 #ah1 #a1 f\r hundr$ ye>s aft] ,rome t[n 0 f\nd$1 patrician consuls ent]$ into (fice4 7b47 ,accusative1 ) an ord9al1 & po/ z a preposition1 or1 sometimes1 intr3 po/ diem t]tium ge/a rs e/ quam dx]at1 ,mil4 #dd1 ! de$ 0 done ! next day b "o aft] he said x4 ,see #bdai4 #aicj4 ,! imp]fect ) po/quam expresses action cont9u+ into ! "t ( ! ma9 action4 ,su* a protasis1 especially :5 negative1 usually d5otes ! cause ( ! ma9 action3 z1 ,appius1 po/quam nm adbat1 domum s recpit1 ,l4 #c1 #df1 #i1 ,appius1 f9d+ t nobody pres5t$ himself1 w5t back home4 po/e quam sca5 expldbtur1 cnfgit 9 huius domum1 ,,rc4 #cj1 aft] be+ repeat$ly hiss$ (f ! /age1 he took refuge 9 my cli5t's h\se4 ,9 old ,lat9 ?is use is f\nd only once1 9 ,plautus2 x is mo/ common 9 ,livy1 b occurs frequ5tly 9 ,tacitus4 ,s occasionally ! pres5t1 g5]ally :5 ! ma9 action is pres5t 7see also #aibf73 z1 po/quam nec ab ,rmns vbs lla e/ sps1 nec vs mo5ia df5dunt1 pcem adf] ad vs1 ,l4 #ba1 #ac1 #d1 n[ t x has become pla9 t y h no hope f ! ,romans1 & t y\r walls are no protection to y1 ,i br+ peace unto y4 po/quam lb]a/1 ub habitet dc]e admodum inc]t sci1 ,pl4 ,e4 #eje1 n[ t %e's free1 ,i'm q too ill in=m$ to say :]e %e lives4 quae omnia intellegit nihil prdesse1 po/e quam te/ibus conv9citur1 ,v4 #e1 #ajc1 he kn[s t all ?is is fruitless1 n[ t he is be+ refut$ by witnesses4 ,! p]fect ) po/quam or ut occurs occasionally 9 ?is use ) ! pres5t 9 ! ma9 clause3 z1 animus 9 tt loc/1 po/quam i/e h9c abit1 ,pl4 ,ps4 #ajeb1 my m9d is easy1 n[ t fell['s gone4 nam ut 9 nv vecta's1 crd timida #8s1 ,pl4 ,b4 #ajf1 = aft] y\r voyage1 ( c\rse y're n]v\s4 #aica4 po/quam & ut h sometimes ! mean+ ( ev] s9ce or z long z3 z1 po/quam ntus sum1 satur numquam fu1 ,pl4 ,/4 #aef1 s9ce ,i 0 born ,i've nev] _h en\gh to eat4 tib umquam quicquam1 po/quam tuos sum1 v]brum d$8 ,pl4 ,mo/4 #ibe1 h ,i once ev] *eat$ y z long z ,i h be5 y\r slave8 neque meum p$em intul 9 a$s1 ut cum ex]cit h9c pr(ectus sum1 ,pl4 ,am4 #gcc1 ,i h n't set foot 9 ! h\se ev] s9ce ,i m>*$ out ) ! army4 ut ills d r pblic librs didi/1 nihil t po/e accpimus1 ,br4 #ai1 we h _h no?+ f y s9ce y publi%$ ! "w ,on ! ,/ate4 ub1 ut1 simul atque4 #aicb4 ub1 ut1 or simul atque 7ac7 (t5 introduces a clause d5ot+ indef9ite or repeat$ action3 z1 ade obcaecat anims =tna1 ub vim suam refr+ nn vult1 ,l4 #e1 #cg1 #a1 s completely does =tune bl9d ! m9d :5 %e w n h h] p[] ?w>t$4 ub saltti dflxit1 litt]s m involv1 ,fam4 #i1 #bj1 #c1 :5 my call]s g1 ,i always plunge into my book 7#afac74 omns pr(ect muli]s t amant1 ut quaeque aspexit1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #abfd1 all ! ladies love y1 e "t "o spies y4 simul atque s nflxit hc rx 9 dom9tum ini/irem1 fit cont9u tyrannus1 ,,rp4 #b1 #dh1 = ! mom5t our k+ turns to a sev]] k9d ( ma/]y1 he becomes a tyrant on ! spot4 ,messnam ut quisque no/rm vn]at1 haec vs]e solbat1 ,v4 #d1 #e1 any ,roman1 :o visit$ ,messana1 inv>iably w5t to see ^! /atues 7#afah74 ho/s1 ub aliqus s+ulrs cnspex]ant1 adoribantur1 #d1 #bf1 #b1 e "t ! enemy saw "s deta*$ p>ties1 !y w\ld *>ge4 ,! imp]fect 9 ?is use is n common 9 classical writ]s1 & occurs b once1 ) ub1 9 old ,lat92 ! plup]fect is r>e be=e ! silv] age4 ,clauses ) ut g5]ally conta9 "s =m ( quisque 7#bcif74 ,plautus uses quom extempl ) ! pres5t & p]fect4 ,! subjunctive is f\nd ) ub & ut quisque 9 cases ( repeat$ pa/ action 7#agcj74 #aicc4 ub1 ut1 or simul atque r>ely introduces an imp]fect or plup]fect ( def9ite "t3 z1 quid ubi r$dbs aurum1 dxi/ patr1 ,pl4 ,b4 #fhe1 :at did y tell y\r fa!r :5 y 7 return+ ! money8 ub lx adv5tbat1 tubic9s sgna can]e1 ,s4 ,i4 #ii1 #a1 :5 daylight 0 draw+ on1 ! trumpet]s s\nd$ ! call4 ub nm obvius bat1 pln grad ad ho/ium ca/ra t5dunt1 ,l4 #i1 #de1 #ad1 f9d+ nobody came to meet !m1 !y advanc$ d\ble quick ^u ! enemy's camp 7#aicj74 ,! use ( ^! t5ses ref]r+ to def9ite "t is v r>e 9 old ,lat91 & f\nd only ) ut 9 ,cic]o4 #aicd4 ub or simul atque1 ref]r+ to def9ite "t1 introduces ! future or future p]fect1 :5 ! apodosis is also future3 z1 simul et quid erit c]t1 scrbam ad t1 ,att4 #b1 #bj1 #b1 z soon z !re is any?+ positive1 ,i w write to y4 ego ad t /atim habb quod scrbam1 simul ut vd] ,crinem1 ,att4 #aj1 #d1 #ab1 ,i %all h some?+ to write y1 z soon z ev] ,i see ,curio4 nam ub m aspiciet1 ad c>nuficem rapiet cont9u s5ex1 ,pl4 ,b4 #fhh1 :5 ! old man sees me1 he'll hurry me (f to ,jack ,ket* )\t any ado4 ubi prmum pot]it1 s ill9c subdcet1 ,t4 ,eu4 #fbh1 %e'll /eal away z soon z %e c4 ,plautus has also quom extempl 9 ?is use1 & ,pl9y ! ,y\ng] ut primum4 ut or ut4 #aice4 ,! relative adv]b ut or ut 7#gaa7 is f\nd 9 ! olde/ ,lat9 9 ! =m utei1 b ut 0 ! preval5t =m ev5 9 ! "t ( ,plautus4 ,z a conjunctive p>ticle1 x accompanies bo? ! indicative & ! subjunctive4 ,= ut 9 wi%es1 see #aedj2 9 que/ions1 #aefh4 ,,) ,,! ,,indicative4 7,a47 ut1 :]e4 #aicf4 ut or ut 9 ! r>e signification ( :]e1 accompanies ! indicative3 z1 atque 9 epse ad/s lapide1 ut praec pra$icat1 ,pl4 ,b4 #hae1 & !re y /& "r on ! auction block1 j :]e ! cri] always cries4 sve 9 extrms p5etrbit ,inds1 ltus ut long resonante ,e tunditur und1 ,cat4 #aa1 #b1 or %all he pi]ce to f>!/ ,ind1 :]e by ! long-res\nd+ ea/]n wave ! /r& is la%$4 ,9 classical ,lat91 ut 9 ?is s5se is us$ only by ! poets1 z "h & !re 9 ,lucilius1 ,catullus1 ,cic]o's ,arata1 & ,v]gil4 ub is ! ^w regul>ly us$4 ,= ut1 :51 see #aibc4 7,b47 ut1 z4 #aicg4 ,! indicative is us$ 9 ! protasis ( a comp>ative p]iod introduc$ by ut or ut1 z4 ut (t5 has z a correlative ita1 item1 itidem1 sc1 p]9de1 or similit]1 & sometimes 9 old ,lat9 & poetry aequ1 adaequ1 p>it]1 nn alit]1 nn secus1 dem4 sc is sometimes drawn to ! protasis1 mak+ scut1 scut2 ut is sometimes /r5g!n$ by vel1 mak+ velut1 velut1 ev5 z1 j z4 quemadmodum (t51 & qumodo sometimes1 /&s = ut4 ,= ! use ( ut 9 old ,lat9 9 s5t5ces 9 :i* classical ,lat9 w\ld employ ! indirect "q1 see #agia4 ,= coord9at$ comp>ative s5t5ces )\t ut1 see #agjd4 p]ge ut n/itui/1 ,,rp4 #b1 #bb1 g on z y h begun4 ut vols md esse1 ita er1 ,pl4 ,ps4 #bdj1 z y w h me be1 s w ,i be 7#afbe74 ut sm5tem fc]is1 ita mets1 ,,d4 #b1 #bfa1 z y s[1 y'are l to reap 7#afbf74 ut nn omnem frgem 9 omn agr rep]re posss1 sc nn omne fac9us 9 omn vt nscitur1 ,,ra4 #ge1 e crime does n />t into be+ 9 e life1 any m ?an y c f9d e fruit 9 e field 7#agca74 ,also 9 assev]ations3 ita m d ambunt1 ut ego hunc auscult lubns1 ,pl4 ,aul4 #dif1 s help me heav51 z ,i am glad to he> ?is man 7#afbb74 #aich4 ut 4 4 4 ita or sc1 z 4 4 4 s1 (t5 /& :]e concessive & adv]sative conjunctions might be us$2 :ile 4 4 4 nev]!less1 al?\gh 444 yet1 c]ta9ly 4 4 4 b3 z1 ut nihil bon e/ 9 morte1 sc c]t nihil mal1 ,l4 #ad1 :ile !re is no?+ good aft] dea?1 yet c]ta9ly !re is no?+ bad4 qu fact scut glriam auxit1 ita grtiam m9uit1 ,suet4 ,o?4 #a1 by ?is action he increas$ 8 reputation1 b less5$ 8 popul>ity4 nec ut ini/us 9 pce rx1 ita dux bell prvus fuit1 ,l4 #a1 #ec1 #a1 b :ile he 0 an unju/ k+ 9 peace1 he 0 n a bad lead] 9 w>4 ,?is adv]sative correlation is f\nd sometimes 9 ,cic]o1 b is f> m common 9 late writ]s4 #aici4 ut quisque1 commonly ) a sup]lative expression1 is us$ 9 ! protasis ( a comp>ative p]iod ( equality1 ) ita or sc & commonly ano!r sup]lative expression 9 ! apodosis3 z1 ut quaeque rs e/ turpissima1 sc maxim v9dic&a e/1 ,caec4 #g1 ! m disgraceful a ?+ is1 ! m emphatically does x call = puni%m5t4 ut quisque optim ,graec scret1 ita esse nquissimum1 ,,d4 #b1 #bfe1 t ! bett] ,greek s*ol> a man 01 ! great] rascal he always 0 7#agbb74 ,?is con/ruction is (t5 abridg$3 z1 sapi5tissimus quisque aequissim anim moritur1 ,,cm4 #hc1 ! sage always dies ) p]fect resignation4 optimus quisque praeceptor frequ5ti gaudet1 ,qu9t4 #a1 #b1 #i1 ! be/ tea*]s always revel 9 l>ge classes4 ,see #bcig4 #aidj4 ut (t5 introduces a p>5!tical idea1 p>ticul>ly a g5]al tru? or a habit :i* acc\nts = ! special fact express$ 9 ! ma9 s5t5ce3 z1 nm1 ut opnor1 9 culp e/1 ,clu4 #adc1 nobody1 z ,i fancy1 is to blame4 excitbat flcts 9 simpul1 ut dcitur1 ,grtidius1 ,leg4 #c1 #cf1 ,gratidius 0 rais+ a tempe/ 9 a teapot1 z ! say+ is4 paulisp]1 dum s uxor1 ut fit1 comp>at1 commortus e/1 ,mil4 #bh1 he _h to wait a bit1 z is always ! case1 :ile 8 wife 0 putt+ on h] ?+s4 hrum auctritte adduct1 ut sunt ,gallrum subita cnsilia1 ,trebium ret95t1 #c1 #h1 #c1 influ5c$ by ^! p !y deta9 ,trebius1 z might h be5 expect$1 sudd5 resolutions be+ always *>act]i/ic ( ! ,gauls4 sditine nntit1 ut erat la5 amictus1 ita vnit 9 cntinem1 ,br4 #ef1 an outbreak 0 report$1 & he came to ! meet+ all acc\tr$ z he 01 ) 8 sacrificial robe on4 ,(t5 elliptically3 z1 act hom9is1 ut ,sicul1 ,,td4 #a1 #ae1 a bright man1 ( c\rse1 be+ a ,sicilian4 ,aequrum ex]citus1 ut qu p]mults anns imbells giss5t1 trepidre1 ,l4 #i1 #de1 #aj1 ! army ( ! ,aequians al>m$ & irresolute1 & naturally1 s9ce !y _h pass$ a great _m ye>s )\t fight+ 7#ahbd1 #ahbg74 #aida4 ut1 z = example1 is us$ 9 illu/rations1 p>ticul>ly 9 abridg$ s5t5ces 7#ajeg73 z1 g5us e/ quod plrs "ps amplectitur1 ut #8animal4' p>s e/1 quae sube/ g5]1 ut #8equos1' ,inv4 #a1 #cb1 a class is :at embraces a numb] ( p>ts1 z #8liv+ ?+'2 a "p is :at is includ$ 9 a class1 z #8horse4' sunt b/iae 9 quibus ine/ aliquid simile virttis1 ut 9 lenibus1 ut 9 canibus1 ,f94 #e1 #ch1 !re are brutes 9 :i* !re is a some?+ l ! moral quality ( man1 z = in/ance ! lion & ! dog4 #aidb4 ,! p>5!tical clause ) ut or pr\t sometimes makes an all[ance = ! mean+ ( a ^w1 usually an adjective1 9 ! ma9 s5t5ce3 z1 cvits ampla atque flrns1 ut e/ captus ,g]mnrum1 #d1 #c1 #c1 a gr& & prosp]\s community1 t is accord+ to ,g]man conceptions4 ut captus e/ s]vrum1 nn malus1 ,t4 ,ad4 #dhj1 n a bad fell[1 z slaves g4 ,/h5ius ab adulsc5ti haec comp>rat1 supellctilem ex a]e legantirem1 tabuls pcts1 etiam arg5t b5e fact pr\t ,!rmtn hom9is facultts f]bant1 satis1 ,v4 #b1 #hc1 ,/h5ius _h be5 a collector f e>ly ye>s ( su* ?+s z arti/ic bronzes1 pictures2 also ( curi\sly wr\ght silv] a goodly am\nt1 t is z ! means ( a ,!rmae man w5t4 ,(t5 9 abridg$ s5t5ces3 z1 scrptor fuit1 ut temporibus ills1 lcul5tus1 ,br4 #ajb1 he 0 a brilliant hi/orian = ! times4 multae etiam1 ut 9 hom9e ,rmn1 litt]ae1 ,,cm4 #ab1 fur!rmore1 ext5sive read+1 t is = a ,roman4 ut ills temporibus1 pra$ves1 ,l4 #d1 #ac1 #a1 a millionaire1 = ^? times4 #aidc4 ut1 z inde$1 z 9 fact1 ) ! indicative1 is us$ to repres5t t an action suppos$1 conc$$1 or comm&$1 really occurs3 z1 sit ,ennius sn1 ut e/ c]t1 p]fectior1 ,br4 #gf1 grant1 = aught ,i c>e1 t ,ennius is a m f9i%$ poet1 z inde$ he is4 ut erat rs1 ,metellum esse rat1 ,s4 ,i4 #fi1 #a1 suppos+ t x 0 ,metellus1 z 9 fact x 04 ,?is use beg9s 9 ! classical p]iod4 ,x is f\nd p>ticul>ly ) quamvs1 #aije2 ) s1 see #bjag4 #aidd4 ut1 z1 l1 sometimes %[s t a n\n us$ pr$icatively is n lit]ally applicable1 b expresses an imput$ quality or "*3 z1 ,cic] ea quae nunc s v5iunt cec9it ut vts1 ,n4 #be1 #af1 #d1 ,cic]o =etold :at is n[ actually occurr+1 l a b>d inspir$4 canem et faelem ut des colunt1 ,leg4 #a1 #cb1 !y b[ ! knee to dog & cat z gods4 quod m scut alt]um p>5tem dligit1 ,fam4 #e1 #h1 #d1 because he loves me l a second fa!r4 rgiae virg9s1 ut tn/rculae1 tondbant b>bam patris1 ,,td4 #e1 #eh1 ! pr9cesses us$ to %ave _! fa!r1 j l common b>b]-girls4 ,9 an untrue or a m]ely figurative comp>ison tamquam 7#aijh7 or quasi is us$4 #aide4 ,9 old ,lat91 prae is comb9$ ) ut3 praeut1 comp>$ ) h[3 z1 p>um etiam1 praeut futrum/1 pra$ics1 ,pl4 ,am4 #cgd1 y say too little /ill comp>$ ) h[ 'twill be4 praeut is sometimes foll[$ by a relative clause3 z1 ldum iocumque dcet fuisse illum alt]um1 praeut huius rabis quae dabit1 ,t4 ,eu4 #cjj1 he'll say ! o!r 0 b sport & play1 comp>$ ) :at ?is y\? w 9 8 fr5zy d4 #aidf4 ,9 ,plautus scut1 ) ! indicative1 has once or twice ! mean+ ( s9ce3 z1 qun t illam iub abs t abre qu lubet3 scut soror eius hc gem9a vnit ,ephesum1 ,,mg4 #igd1 :y1 bid h] g away f y :]ev] %e may *oose1 s9ce h] tw9 si/] "h to ,ephesus is come4 ,,) ,,! ,,subjunctive4 ut or ut4 ,,negative ut n1 n1 or ut nn4 #aidg4 ,! subjunctive ) ut is3 7,a47 ,t ( action desir$ 7#aedj71 9 clauses ( purpose2 9 ^! ! negative is n1 or sometimes ut n1 & & t n1 nve or neu1 r>ely neque or nec4 ut n1 ?\gh us$ at all p]iods 7n by ,caes>1 ,sallu/1 or ,livy71 is *iefly f\nd 9 old] ,lat92 aft]w>ds n alone took its place 7#agjf74 ut nn is us$ :5 ! negative belongs to a s+le ^w4 7,b47 ,t ( action conceivable 7#aeed71 9 clauses ( result2 9 ^! ! negative is ut nn1 ut nm1 ut nllus1 c42 or ) emphasis on ! negative1 nm ut1 nllus ut1 nihil ut2 also vix ut1 pa5e ut1 prope ut4 #aidh4 ,f9al & consecutive clauses ) ut are ( two classes3 ,i4 ,complem5t>y clauses1 t is1 su* z are an ess5tial complem5t ( c]ta9 specific v]bs or expressions2 su* clauses h ! value ( a sub/antive1 & may repres5t a subject1 an object1 or any oblique case4 ,,ii4 ,pure f9al or consecutive clauses1 9 :i* ! purpose or result ( any action may be express$1 & :i* are n ess5tial to complete ! s5se ( a v]b4 7,a47 ,,purpose4 ,i4 ,,complem5t>y ,,f9al ,,clauses4 #aidi4 7#a47 ,! subjunctive ) ut or n is us$ 9 clauses :i* s]ve to complete ! s5se ( v]bs ( w or aim4 #aiej4 7a47 ,v]bs ( w include ^? ( desire1 reque/1 advice1 resolution1 /ipulation1 comm&1 or p]mission4 ,w may be sugge/$ by a g5]al v]b or expression3 z1 dc1 responde1 nnti1 c42 or d5ot$ by specific ones1 ( :i* "s ( ! commone/ are3 desire3 vol 7ml71 concupsc1 opt4 reque/3 pet1 po/ul1 flgit1 r1 rog1 precor1 obsecr1 implr1 in/1 urge1 invt4 advice3 sude1 p]sude1 p]suade1 mone1 bid1 admone1 hortor1 cnse1 propose1 vote4 resolution1 /ipulation3 dc]n1 /atu1 decree1 cn/itu1 placet1 sanci1 pacscor1 pepig4 comm&3 imp]1 praecipi1 praescrb1 m&1 negtium d1 dc1 f]1 cave1 int]dc4 p]mission3 concd1 all[1 p]mitt1 committ1 pote/tem faci1 v5iam d1 s91 nn patior4 #aiea4 7b47 ,v]bs ( aim include ^? ( /riv+1 accompli%+1 or induc+2 su* are3 /riv+3 ag or id ag1 animum indc1 tempt1 op]am d1 labr1 ntor1 ntor1 mlior1 vide1 prspici1 cr1 nihil antquius habe quam1 cont5d1 /ude1 pgn4 accompli%+3 faci 7effici1 p]fici71 prae/2 m]e2 impetr1 adsequor1 cnsequor1 adipscor4 induc+3 move1 excit1 incit1 impell1 p]pell1 cg4 7a47 optvit ut 9 currum patris toll]tur1 ,(f4 #c1 #id1 he ask$ to be lift$ into 8 fa!r's *>iot4 opt n s illa gns moveat1 ,fam4 #ab1 #ai1 #b1 ,i hope & pray t t nation may n /ir4 ,ubi rbant1 ut sib auxilium f]ret1 #d1 #af1 #e1 ! ,ubians begg$ t he w\ld help !m4 ,pausanis rre coepit n nntiret1 ,n4 #d1 #d1 #f1 ,pausanias began to beg t he w\ld n tell4 horttus e/ ut 9 (fici manret1 #e1 #d1 #b1 he urg$ him to rema9 /eadfa/ 9 duty4 horttur es n anim dficiant1 ,caes4 ,c4 #a1 #ai1 #a1 he urges !m n to get di%e>t5$ 7#ageb74 sus1 ut idem faciant1 imp]at1 #e1 #cg1 #a1 he ord]s 8 m5 to d ! same4 sus imp]vit n quod omnn tlum ric]5t1 #a1 #df1 #b1 he ord]$ 8 m5 n to ?r[ any weapon at all back4 huic p]msit1 ut 9 hs locs leginem conlocret1 #c1 #a1 #c1 he all[$ ?is man to qu>t] 8 legion 9 ^! p>ts4 neque suam neque popul ,rmn cnsutd9em pat1 ut socis ds]]et1 #a1 #de1 #a1 t 8 practice & t ( ! ,roman nation w\ld n all[ him to des]t 8 allies4 7b47 neque id ag]e ut ex]citum t5eat ipse1 s$ n ill habeant qu contr s t poss9t1 ,caes4 ,c4 #a1 #he1 #aa1 & t 8 object 0 n to hold ! army himself1 b to prev5t ! o!r side f hav+ an army :i* !y c\ld use aga9/ him4 ,,xii nvibus misss1 reliqus ut nvigr commod posset effcit1 #d1 #ca1 #c1 a doz5 vessels 7 lo/1 b he manag$ to sail com=tably ) ! re/4 eius bell fma effcit n s pugnae committ]5t ,sappnts1 ,l4 #e1 #cb1 #d1 ! /ory ( ?is w> prev5t$ ! ,sapp9atians f haz>d+ an engagem5t4 s ,*rsogon nn impetrmus ut pecni no/r cont5tus sit1 vtam n petat1 ,,ra4 #aej1 if we d n succe$ 9 mak+ ,*rysogonus satisfi$ ) our money )\t 8 aim+ at our life4 ,aulum sp pactinis p]pulit1 ut 9 abdits regins ss nsequ]tur1 ,s4 ,i4 #ch1 #b1 ,aulus he induc$ by ! hope ( a pecuni>y settlem5t to foll[ him to di/ant regions4 ,antnium pactine prv9ciae p]pul]at1 n contr rem pblicam s5tret1 ,s4 ,c4 #bf1 #d1 by agree+ to let ,antony h a prov9ce1 he _h induc$ him n to be disaffect$ t[>d ! gov]nm5t4 #aieb4 ,_m ( ^! v]bs (t5 h a coord9at$ subjunctive 7#agje-agac71 or1 accord+ to ! mean+1 admit o!r con/ructions1 :i* mu/ 9 g5]al be le>n$ by read+1 or f ! diction>y4 ,! foll[+ po9ts may be notic$3 #aiec4 7a47 ,! v]bs ( resolv+1 /atu1 cn/itu1 & dc]n1 & ( /riv+1 ntor1 & tempt1 h usually ! complem5t>y inf9itive 7#bafi71 unless a new subject is introduc$4 ,= vol 7ml71 & cupi1 see also #bahi2 = iube1 vet1 s91 & patior1 #baih4 po/ul1 expect1 (t5 has ! same con/ruction z vol1 especially 9 old ,lat9 7#baid74 ,= imp]1 see #bbjb4 #aied4 7b47 ,"s ( ! above v]bs1 ) ! mean+ ?9k or say1 h ! accusative ) ! inf9itive 7#bage1 #baie73 z1 vol1 cont5d1 ma9ta91 concd1 admit1 /atu1 assume1 dc]n1 judge1 mone1 rem9d1 p]sude1 conv9ce4 #aiee4 7c47 ,v]bs ( accompli%+ sometimes express result r ?an purpose1 & :5 ! result is negative1 are complet$ by a clause ) ut nn 7#aife74 ,= ! inf9itive ) su* v]bs1 see #baif4 #aief4 e/ ) a pr$icate n\n is sometimes equival5t to a v]b ( w or aim1 & has ! same con/ruction4 ,s ) words l is1 lx1 mnus1 c43 z1 is esse bell ut qu vciss5t hs qus vciss5t imp]r5t1 #a1 #cf1 #a1 t rules ( w> entitl$ conqu]ors to "l x ov] conqu]$4 quis nescit prmam esse hi/oriae lgem1 n quid fals dc]e audeat8 ,,d4 #b1 #fb1 :o does n "k t ! fir/ rule ( hi/ory is t x %all n v5ture to say any?+ false8 i/itiae prmum mnus e/ ut n cui quis noceat1 ,(f4 #a1 #bj1 ! fir/ duty ( ju/ice is t a man h>m nobody4 nam id arbitror adprm 9 vt esse tile1 #8ut n quid nimis1' ,t4 ,&r4 #fj1 = ?is ,i hold to be a rule 9 life t's pass+ useful1 #8naught 9 ov]plus4' #aieg4 7#b47 ,! subjunctive ) ut or n is us$ 9 clauses :i* complete expressions ( fe>1 anxiety1 or dang]4 ut1 t n1 may n1 & n1 le/1 may1 7 orig9ally signs ( a wi% 7#aedj73 ?us1 v]eor1 ut fat1 ,i am afraid2 may x come to pass1 acquires ! mean+ ( ,i am afraid x may n come to pass 7#agjf72 & v]eor1 n fat1 ,i am afraid2 may x n come to pass1 ( ,i am afraid x may come to pass4 metu ut is common 9 old ,lat91 & is us$ by ,horace1 b n by ,caes> or ,sallu/1 once by ,cic]o 9 ! orations4 "t ut is r>e1 & fir/ us$ by ,cic]o4 v]eor ut is n uncommon4 at v]eor ut plcr possit1 ,t4 ,ph4 #ife1 b ,i'm afraid %e c't be reconcil$4 n uxor rescscat metuit1 ,pl4 ,z4 #gdc1 he is afraid 8 wife may f9d x out4 pu]1 ut ss vtlis metu1 et mairum n quis amcus frgore t f]iat1 ,h4 ,s4 #b1 #a1 #fj1 my boy1 y'll n see l5g? ( days ,i fe>1 & t "s gr&] fri5d may ) 8 coldness cut y dead4 nquid summ dp]dat metuns aut ampliet ut rem1 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #d1 #ca1 9 dread le/ f 8 /ore he some?+ lose or may n add to 8 e/ate4 metu n ns nsmet p]did]mus uspiam1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #dbh1 ,i'm afraid we've lo/ ourselves some:]e4 sollicitus n turba p]g]it orbem1 ,j4 #e1 #bj1 appreh5sive t ! ?rong may h f9i%$ its r\nd4 n nn is (t51 ?\gh r>ely 9 old ,lat91 us$ = ut1 & regul>ly :5 ! expression ( fe> is negative3 z1 nn v]eor n hoc (ficium meum ,p4 ,s]vli nn probem1 ,v4 #d1 #hb1 ,i h no fe> b ,i may make my s]vices acceptable 9 ! eyes ( ,s]vilius4 ,= nn metu qun1 see #aihf4 #aieh4 v]eor n is (t5 equival5t to ,i r ?9k1 & v]eor ut to h>dly4 vid 7videmus1 vid5dum e/7 n1 & simil> expressions1 are sometimes us$ = v]eor n1 to introduce some?+ conjectur$ r ?an prov$3 z1 v]eor n b>b>rum rx fu]it1 ,,rp4 #a1 #eh1 ,i r ?9k he 0 k+ ov] savages4 vid n mea coniectra mult sit vrior1 ,clu4 #ig1 ,i r ?9k my conjecture is 9 bett] keep+ ) ! facts4 #aiei4 ,o!r con/ructions ) expressions ( fe> are3 7a47 ,indirect "q4 7b47 ,accusative ) inf9itive4 7c47 ,complem5t>y inf9itive3 z1 7a47 er semp] lnits v]b> quorsum vd]et1 ,t4 ,&r4 #age1 ,i 0 afraid h[ ma/]'s always g5tl5ess w\ld end4 "t quid sit1 ,t4 ,hau4 #fbj1 ,i h my fe>s :at x may be4 "t quid rrum gess]im1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #cig1 ,i am conc]n$ to ?9k :at cap]s ,i h cut4 metu quid agam1 ,t4 ,hau4 #gbj1 ,i'm sc>$ & "k n :at to d 7#agca74 7b47 ego m cupidittis rgn crm5 subitrum timrem8 ,l4 #b1 #g1 #i1 0 ,i to fe> be+ *>g$ ) aspir+ to a ?rone8 7c47 v]eor cram 9 s t laudre1 ,t4 ,ad4 #bfi1 ,i am afraid to disgrace y ) praise to ! face 7#bafh74 #aifj4 7#c47 ,! subjunctive ) n is us$ 9 clauses :i* s]ve to complete ! s5se ( v]bs ( avoid+1 h9d]+1 & resi/+4 ,su* are3 avoid+3 cave1 m ripi1 vt4 h9d]+3 int]cd1 int]dc1 recs1 repugn1 temp]2 also ! foll[+ :i* (t5 h qum9us 7#aigg73 dt]re1 imp$i1 obsi/1 ob/1 (fici1 prohibe1 t5e4 resi/+3 resi/1 repugn1 recs2 ) ^! la/ (t5 qum9us4 ,"s ( ! above v]bs :5 prec$$ by a negative also take qun 7#aihf72 prohibe & imp$i h also ! accusative ) ! inf9itive 7#bbjc74 ,= ! subjunctive coord9at$ ) cav1 see #agaa4 n quid es nocetur neu quis invtus sacrm5tum dc]e cgtur ,caes>e cavtur1 ,caes4 ,c4 #a1 #hf1 #d1 all precaution is tak5 by ,caes> t no h>m be done !m1 & t nobody be compell$ to take ! oa? aga9/ 8 w4 p] es1 n causam dc]et1 s ripuit1 #a1 #d1 #b1 ?anks to ?is display ( reta9]s he succe$$ 9 avoid+ trial4 plra n scrbam1 dolre imp$ior1 ,att4 #aa1 #ac1 #e1 grief prev5ts me f writ+ m4 n qua sib /atua pn]tur re/itit1 ,n4 #be1 #c1 #b1 he object$ to hav+ a /atue erect$ 9 8 hon\r4 ,errata3 #aiea;b 444 cont5d1 /ude1 pgn4 text un*ang$3 ^w g5]ally spell$ 8pugn-0 7see endnote on fir/ edition7 #aieh 444 vid n mea coniectra mult sit vrior1 ,clu4 #ig 4 = 1 ,,ii4 ,,pure ,,f9al ,,clauses4 #aifa4 ,! subjunctive ) ut or n is us$ to d5ote ! purpose ( ! ma9 action4 ,! purpose is (t5 indicat$ 9 ! ma9 s5t5ce by an expression l ide1 idcirc1 propt]e1 e m5te1 c4 vigils d nocte1 ut tus cnsultribus respondes1 ,mur4 #bb1 y h to get up e>ly 9 ! morn+ to give advice to y\r cli5ts4 mairs no/r ab artr addxrunt ,c9c9ntum1 ut dicttor esset1 ,f94 #b1 #ab1 our fa!rs br\ght ,c9c9natus f 8 pl\gh1 to be dictator4 dcam auctinis causam1 ut damn gaudeant1 ,pl4 ,/4 #bjg1 ,i'll tell ! reason = ! sale1 t o'er my losses !y may gloat4 qun etiam n tnsr collum committ]et1 tondre flis sus docuit1 ,,td4 #e1 #eh1 :y1 he actually taught 8 own daught]s to %ave1 s z n to tru/ 8 ?roat to a b>b]4 ,caes>1 n gravir bell occurr]et1 ad ex]citum pr(icscitur1 #d1 #f1 #a1 to avoid fac+ w> on a m =midable scale1 ,caes> goes to ! army4 t ulcsc>1 ut n inpne 9 ns inls]is1 ,t4 ,eu4 #ida1 ,i'll be rev5g$ on y1 s t y %an't play tricks on me = no?+ 7#aidg74 n gnrrtis esse aliqus pcis vbs condicins1 ad vs vn1 ,l4 #ba1 #ac1 #b1 ,i h come to y to let y "k t y h "s *ances ( peace 7#aged74 ita m gess n tib pudr essem1 ,l4 #dj1 #ae1 #f1 ,i comport$ myself 9 su* a way t ,i might n be a mortification to y4 ,m>inem ad t e ms1 ut tcum ad m v5ret1 ,fam4 #af1 #a1 #a1 ,i s5t ,m>io to y ) ! int5tion ( hav+ him come ) y to me4 idcirc nm sup]irum attigit1 ut hc toll]et8 ide ,c4 ,claudius rettulit1 ut ,c4 ,v]rs posset auf]re8 ,v4 #d1 #g1 0 t ! reason :y no =m] (ficials laid a f+] on x1 t ?is man might swoop x away8 0 t :y ,claudius return$ x1 t a ,v]res might c>ry x (f8 d&a op]a e/1 ut etiam s+uls cnsultur1 s$ ita1 ut ea rs aut prsit aut c]t n obsit r pblicae1 ,(f4 #b1 #gb1 we mu/ be p>ticul> 9 reg>d+ ! int]e/s ( individuals z well1 b ) ?is re/riction1 t our action may b5efit1 or at any rate may n damage ! c\ntry4 #aifb4 ,! subjunctive ) ut or n is (t5 us$ n to express ! purpose ( ! ma9 action1 b 9 a p>5!tical clause1 z ?\gh dep5dant ^u "s v]b unexpress$3 z1 ut 9 pauca cnf]am1 te/m5t fact muli] moritur1 ,caec4 #ag1 to cut a long /ory %ort1 ! woman makes h] w & dies4 s$ ut hc n gnret1 quae rs agtur3 d ntr agbmus derum1 ,,dn4 #a1 #ag1 b t our fri5d "h may "k :at is up3 we 7 j on ! nature ( ! gods4 ,! t5se is pres5t1 9 late writ]s ! p]fect1 z ut sc dx]im1 ,qu9t4 #a1 #f1 #a4 ,"h may also be m5tion$ ! use ( ndum 7r>ely n or1 f ,livy on1 ndum ut7 ) ! pres5t subjunctive 7r>ely ! imp]fect73 z1 satrapa numquam suff]re eius smpts queat3 ndum t posss1 ,t4 ,hau4 #deb1 a pr9ce c\ldn't /& h] extravagance1 mu* less c\ld y4 ,?is is f\nd 9 ,t]5ce & ,lucretius once ea*1 9 ,cic]o1 & lat]2 n 9 ,caes>4 ,! prec$+ clause is negative or involves a negative idea4 ,f ,livy on1 ! v]b may be omitt$3 z1 vix clmrem erum1 ndum impetum tulre1 ,l4 #cd1 #bj1 #g1 !y h>dly /ood _! w> cry1 mu* less _! *>ge4 #aifc4 ,! subjunctive is us$ 9 an assumption or concession ) ut or n1 or if ! negation belongs to a s+le ^w1 ) ut nn1 nm1 c43 z1 ut taceam1 quoivs facile sct e/ quam fu]im mis]1 ,t4 ,hec4 #bif1 ev5 suppos+ ,i say no?+1 anybody c und]/& h[ unhappy ,i 04 s$ ut haec concdantur1 reliqua qu concd possunt8 ,,dn4 #c1 #da1 b ev5 suppos+ ?is be admitt$1 h[ c ! re/ be admitt$8 n sit summum malum dolor1 malum c]t e/1 ,,td4 #b1 #ad1 grant t suff]+ is n ! *iefe/ evil1 an evil x assur$ly is 7#aeec74 vrum ut hoc nn sit1 tam5 praeclrum spectculum mih prpn1 ,att4 #b1 #ae1 #b1 b suppose ?is be n ! case1 /ill ,i anticipate a gorge\s %[4 ac iam ut omnia contr opninem accid]5t1 tam5 s plrimum nvibus posse p]spicibant1 #c1 #i1 #f1 & ev5 suppos+ ev]y?+ turn$ out contr>y to expectation1 /ill !y saw cle>ly t !y _h ! advantage by sea4 ut enim nm9em alium nisi ,t4 ,pat9am rogsset1 scre potuit prd flm9em necesse esse1 ,mil4 #df1 = ev5 suppos+ he _h ask$ nobody b ,pat9a1 he might h kn[n t a prie/ mu/ be appo9t$4 ,?is use is common 9 ,cic]o1 n f\nd 9 ,plautus or ,sallu/4 #aifd4 ,! subjunctive ) ut or n1 g5]ally ) ita z a correlative1 sometimes has ! =ce ( a proviso3 z1 ita prob&a e/ clm5tia1 ut adhibetur sevrits1 ,(f4 #a1 #hh1 m]cy is to be comm5d$1 provid$ t /rictness is employ$4 satis memoriae meae tribu5t1 ut mairibus mes dignum crdant1 ,ta4 #d1 #ch1 !y w pay respect en\gh to my memory1 provid$ !y consid] me wor?y ( my ance/ors4 7,b47 ,,result4 ,i4 ,,complem5t>y ,,consecutive ,,clauses4 #aife4 ,! subjunctive ) ut or ut nn is us$ 9 clauses :i* s]ve to complete ! s5se ( c]ta9 v]bs & expressions1 *iefly ( br++ to pass1 happ5+1 & foll[+4 ,su* are3 7a47 faci1 effici 7unless !y imply purpose1 #aiea72 fit1 accidit1 cont+it1 v5it1 e/1 x is ! case2 simil>ly ms e/1 cnsutd e/1 c4 7b47 proximum e/1 reliquum e/1 extrmum e/1 rel9quitur1 re/at1 accdit4 ,or1 ( logical sequ5ce1 sequitur1 efficitur4 7a47 fcrunt ut cnsimilis fugae pr(ecti vidrtur1 #b1 #aa1 #a1 !y made _! m>* look exactly l a /amp$e4 spl5dor ve/] facit ut peccre s9e summ p]cul nn posstis1 ,v4 #a1 #bb1 y\r conspicu\s position makes x impossible = y to d wrong )\t great p]il4 hs rbus fbat1 ut m9us lt vagr5tur1 #a1 #b1 #d1 s x came to pass t !y did n rove r\nd mu*4 fit ut ntr ips ad rntius dc5d g5us excitmur1 ,,d4 #b1 #cch1 x is sometimes ! case t we are r\s$ to a l(ti] /yle 9 oratory by %e] circum/ance4 pote/ fi] ut fall>1 ,fam4 #ac1 #gc1 #b1 x is possible t ,i am mi/ak54 fi] nn pote/ ut eum t nn cgnv]s1 ,v4 #b1 #aij1 x mu/ be ! case t y h made 8 acqua9tance y\rself4 edem nocte accidit1 ut esset lna plna1 #d1 #bi1 #a1 x came to pass on ! same night t !re 0 a full moon 7#ageh74 negvit mris esse ,graecrum ut 9 convvi virrum accumb]5t muli]s1 ,v4 #a1 #ff1 he said x 0 n etiquette among ! ,greeks = wom5 to g to m5's d9n] p>ties4 e/ hc commne vitium 9 lb]s cvittibus1 ut invidia glriae comes sit1 ,n4 #ab1 #c1 #c1 ?is is a common tr\ble 9 free communities1 t envy is ! att5dant ( a great "n4 7b47 proximum e/1 ut doceam1 ,,dn4 #b1 #gc1 my next task is to prove4 rel9qubtur ut neque longius ab gm9e leginum discd ,caes> pat]tur1 #e1 #ai1 #c1 ! consequ5ce 0 t ,caes> c\ld n all[ any v di/ant excursion f ! ma9 l9e ( m>*4 re/at ut doceam omnia hom9um caus facta esse1 ,,dn4 #b1 #aed1 la/ly1 ,i mu/ prove t ev]y?+ is made = man4 accdbat ut tempe/tem f]r5t1 #c1 #ac1 #i1 !n1 too1 !y c\ld /& ! gale4 accdit ut is n f\nd 9 old ,lat92 = accdit quod1 see #ahde4 ita efficitur ut omne corpus mortle sit1 ,,dn4 #c1 #cj1 ?us x foll[s t e bodily sub/ance is mortal4 sequitur & efficitur1 x foll[s1 (t5 h ! accusative ) ! inf9itive 7#bbjg74 ,= ! subjunctive ) quam ut aft] a comp>ative ( disproportion1 see #ahif4 ,= =e & futrum esse ut z ! p]iphrasis = ! future inf9itive1 see #bbcc4 #aiff4 ,v]bs ( happ5+ may (t5 be r5d]$ be/ by compact] expressions3 ?us1 hs rbus fbat ut1 consequ5tly2 fit ut1 once 9 a :ile1 sometimes1 (t52 fi] pote/ ut1 possibly2 accidit ut1 accid5tally1 un=tunately4 #aifg4 faci ut1 or ) a negative1 commonly committ ut1 is us$ 9 circumlocutions = emphasis3 z1 faciundum mih putv1 ut tus litt]s brev respondrem1 ,fam4 #c1 #h1 #a1 ,i ?\ght ,i ought to take hold & write a few l9es 9 answ] to y\r lett]4 ego vr nn committam1 ut tib causam recs& dem1 ,,d4 #b1 #bcc1 no1 no1 sir1 ,i w n be guilty1 n ,i1 ( giv+ y an excuse to back out4 ,s p>ticul>ly ) invtus1 lib5t]1 prope3 z1 invtus fc ut ,l4 ,flm9num s5t ic]em1 ,,cm4 #db1 x 0 ) great reluctance t ,i expell$ ,flam99us f ! s5ate4 #aifh4 ,a subjunctive clause ) ut is (t5 us$ to def9e a prec$+ idea indicat$ 9 a g5]al way by a neut] pron\n3 z1 po/ eius mortem nihil m9us ,helvti id1 quod cn/itu]ant1 fac]e cnantur1 ut fnibus sus exeant1 #a1 #e1 #a1 aft] 8 dea? ! ,helvetians attempt$ j ! same to c>ry out _! resolution ( mov+ out ( _! abodes 7#ageb74 omnibus ,galls idem esse faci5dum1 quod ,helvti fc]9t1 ut dom migr5t1 #a1 #ca1 #ad1 t all ! ,gauls mu/ d j z ! ,helvetians _h done & move away f home4 ,helvti1 cum id1 quod ips dibus ,,xx aeg]rim cnfc]ant1 ut flm5 trnsr5t1 illum n di fcisse intelleg]5t1 lgts mittunt1 #a1 #ac1 #b1 :5 ! ,helvetians le>n$ t ! ,roman comm&] _h done 9 a s+le day :at !y _h f\nd x h>d !mselves to d 9 tw5ty1 namely cross ! riv]1 !y s5t deputies 7#ageb74 id aliquot d causs accid]at1 ut subit ,gall bell r5ov&i cnsilium cap]5t1 #c1 #b1 #b1 x 0 due to a v>iety ( reasons t ! ,gauls sudd5ly conceiv$ ! idea ( mak+ w> aga9 7#ageh74 hoc9e bon esse (ficium s]v ex/umas1 ut er su corrumpat et rem et flium8 ,pl4 ,mo/4 #bg1 is ?is :at y ?9k ! duty ( a good slave1 to wa/e 8 own ma/]'s prop]ty & corrupt 8 son8 #aifi4 tantum abe/1 s f> f1 is sometimes foll[$ by a d\ble ut1 ! fir/ introduc+ an unreal1 & ! second a real action3 z1 tantum abe/ ut haec b/irum caus p>ta s9t1 ut ipss b/is hom9um grti g5]ts esse videmus1 ,,dn4 #b1 #aeh1 s f> f ^! ?+s be+ made = brutes1 we see t brutes !mselves 7 creat$ = man4 ,?is use1 v r>ely p]sonal1 beg9s ) ,cic]o1 & is common 9 8 writ+s & 9 ,livy4 ,n 9 ,caes>1 ,sallu/1 or ,tacitus4 ,sometimes in/ead ( ut ! second s5t5ce is coord9at$ 7#agjj73 tantum abfuit ut nflammrs no/rs anims1 somnum vix t5bmus1 ,br4 #bgh1 s f> f y\r fir+ our he>t1 we c\ld h>dly keep awake4 ,or1 ! idea is express$ by ita nn 4 4 4 ut3 z1 erat ita nn timidus ad mortem1 ut 9 aci sit ob rem pblicam int]fectus1 ,f94 #b1 #fc1 s f> f be+ afraid ( dea?1 he fell 9 battle = 8 c\ntry4 ,erratum3 #aife;a 444 spl5dor ve/] facit ut ^w may be 8vo/]03 major blot ov] text ,,ii4 ,,pure ,,consecutive ,,clauses4 #aigj4 ,! subjunctive is us$ ) ut or ut nn to d5ote result4 ,! result may be ! result ( an action or ( a ?+ nam$ 9 ! ma9 s5t5ce4 ,! ma9 s5t5ce (t5 has a correlative to ut1 express+ 7a47 degree3 z1 tantus1 s great1 tam1 s 7) adjectives or adv]bs71 ade1 tantop]e4 7b47 quality3 z1 is 7hc1 ille1 i/e71 su*1 tlis1 ita1 sc4 mns altissimus imp5dbat1 ut facile p]pauc prohibre poss5t1 #a1 #f1 #a1 an exce$+ high m\nta9 hung ov]1 s t a v few c\ld block ! way4 dictitbant s dom expulss1 omnibus necessris egre rbus1 ut hone/ praescrptine rem turpissimam teg]5t1 ,caes4 ,c4 #c1 #cb1 #d1 !y /\tly decl>$ t !y 7 driv5 out ( h\se & home1 & lack$ ! necess>ies ( life1 ?us veil+ di%on\r "u ! "n ( respectability4 7a47 ,ariovi/us tants sib sprits smps]at1 ut f]5dus nn vidrtur1 #a1 #cc1 #e1 ,ariovi/us _h put on su* high & mighty airs z to seem intol]able4 ade angu/ m> cnflxit1 ut eius multitd nvium explicr nn potu]it1 ,n4 #b1 #d1 #e1 he w5t into action 9 su* cramp$ sea-room1 t 8 armada c\ld n deploy1 ( ,x]xes 7#ageg74 7b47 es ddx te/s ut d i/u fact dubium esse nm9 possit1 ,v4 #d1 #ia1 ,i h br\ght su* witnesses t nobody c ent]ta9 a d\bt ( ! def5dant's guilt4 ita s recipibat ut nihil nisi d p]nici popul ,rmn cgitret1 ,ph4 #d1 #d1 he retreat$1 x is true1 b retreat$ ) 8 m9d runn+ on no?+ b h[ to ru9 ! c\ntry4 illa1 ex tribuls quae vell]at1 ita sct 9 aures pculs inligbat1 ut ea ad illam rem nta esse dc]s1 ,v4 #d1 #ed1 :at he _h torn f ! c5s]s he atta*$ to gold5 cups s cunn+ly t y w\ld h said x 0 j made = t v purpose 7#agca1 #aeei74 ,= ! imp]fect subjunctive connect$ ) a ma9 g5]al pres5t1 see #agea2 = ! indep5d5t pres5t or p]fect subjunctive ) a ma9 second>y t5se1 see #ageg4 ub4 #aiga4 ub1 9 ! s5se ( :]e 7#gji71 has ! ord9>y con/ruction ( a relative 7#ahab-ahca74 ,= ub1 :51 see #aibc-aibf & #aicb-aicd2 z a synonym ( s1 if1 see #baaj4 qu or qu4 #aigb4 qu1 :]eby1 :]e)1 or 9 old ,lat9 sometimes qu 7#fhi71 is ! in/rum5tal ablative f ! relative & int]rogative /em qui-4 ,comb9$ ) m9us1 ! less1 n1 qu gives qum9us4 ,,) ,,! ,,indicative4 #aigc4 ,! indicative is us$ ) qu & a comp>ative 9 ! protasis ( a comp>ative p]iod1 ) e or hc & a comp>ative z correlative 7#acic73 z1 qu dlictum maius e/1 e po5a e/ t>dior1 ,caec4 #g1 ! great] ! s9 is1 ! sl[] is ! puni%m5t4 ,! e or hc is sometimes omitt$3 z1 qu plrs sumus1 plribus rbus egbimus1 ,l4 #cd1 #cd1 #f1 ! m num]\s we are1 ! m ?+s we %all ne$4 ,9 late writ]s1 ! comp>ative is sometimes omitt$ 9 ! ma9 clause1 v r>ely 9 ! subord9ate clause4 quant 4 4 4 tant are also us$ l qu 4 4 4 e3 z1 quant ditius cnsd]1 tant mih rs vidtur obscrior1 ,,dn4 #a1 #fj1 ! long] ,i puzzle ov] x1 ! m incompreh5sible ! "q seems to me4 quant magis ext]ge1 t5uius fit1 ,pl4 ,r4 #acja1 ! m ,i poli%1 ! slimm] x gets4 ,?is =m is sometimes us$ ) quisque or quis ( indef9ite p]sons1 in/ead ( ! common] ut 4 4 4 ita or sc 7#aici73 z1 qu quisque e/ soll]tior1 hc docet labrisius1 ,,rc4 #ca1 ! bright] a man is1 ! m we>isome he f9ds tea*+4 qu quisque e/ maior1 magis e/ plcbilis rae1 ,o4 ,tr4 #c1 #e1 #ca1 ! great] be ! man1 ! easi] 'tis 8 ang] to appease4 ,,) ,,! ,,subjunctive4 #aigd4 ,! subjunctive is us$ ) qu to express purpose4 qu diff]s b little 9 mean+ f ut ( purpose4 ,x is us$ 7a47 p>ticul>ly 9 clauses conta9+ a comp>ative expression1 or 7b47 9 solemn law language4 7a47 equits omnibus 9 locs pugnant1 qu s leginris mlitibus praef]r5t1 #b1 #bg1 #b1 ! troop]s f\ght on e k9d ( gr\nd1 hop+ to out%9e ! regul> infantry !reby4 m$ic put aliquid d&um esse1 qu sit /udisior1 ,fam4 #af1 #d1 #b1 ,i ?9k x w\ld be well to fee y\r m$ical man1 to make him m att5tive4 id amb adit m qu id fat facilius1 ,t4 ,eu4 #aej1 help me 9 t1 ,i pray1 t x may be ! easi] done4 sublta erat celebrits virrum ac muli]um1 qu lm5tti m9u]tur1 ,leg4 #b1 #fe1 ! l>ge att5dance ( bo? sexes 0 done away )1 to make ! weep+ & wail+ less h>r[+4 7b47 hom9 mortu n ossa legit1 qu pos fnus faciat1 ,twelve ,tables 9 ,leg4 #b1 #fj1 he %all n ga!r up ! bones ( a dead man1 ) int5t to celebrate ! fun]al a second "t 7#aehf74 qu erum coit1 coi]it1 qu quis idici pblic condemnrtur1 law 9 ,clu4 #adh1 :osoev] ( t numb] conspir$ or %all h conspir$ to h anybody condemn$ 9 a crim9al c\rt4 ,o!rwise r>ely us$ )\t a comp>ative expression1 yet occasionally f\nd ?us 9 ,plautus1 ,t]5ce1 ,sallu/1 & ,ovid3 z1 hanc simulant p>]e qu ,*remtem ab/]reant1 ,t4 ,&r4 #dgb1 !y're pret5d+ t %e's ly+ 91 to fright5 ,*remes (f4 ,s (t5 9 ,tacitus4 #aige4 qu n1 9 a negative clause ( purpose1 is f\nd 9 a disput$ passage 9 ,horace1 b n aga9 until late ,lat94 ,= nn qu1 nn e qu1 introduc+ an unt5able reason1 see #ahee4 #aigf4 ,9 old ,lat9 qu1 :]eby1 :]e)1 )al1 is p>tly felt z a live relative pron\n 9 ! ablative1 & p>tly z a m]e conjunction ( purpose2 z a pron\n x may ev5 take a preposition2 z a conjunction1 x may ref] to a plural antec$5t 7#fhi73 z1 quasi patricis pu]s aut monrulae aut anits aut cturncs dantur1 qucum lsit5t3 itidem m haec upupa1 qu m dlectem data/1 ,pl4 ,cap4 #ajjb1 z to ! sons ( g5tlem5 or daws or ducks or quails are giv51 :]e) to play2 j s to me ?is cr[ is giv51 to ent]ta9 myself )al4 enim mihi quidem aequom/ d>i vehicla qu veh>1 ,pl4 ,aul4 #ejj1 9 soo? #8t 7 fair t c>riages be giv5 me1 to ride )al4 ,! indicative occurs :]e ! subjunctive w\ld be us$ 9 classical ,lat93 z1 multa concurrunt simul1 qu coniectram hanc faci1 ,t4 ,&r4 #eaa1 a ?\s& ?+s comb9e :]eby ,i come to ?is conjecture4 ,erratum3 #aigd 444 7b47 4 invisible qum9us4 #aigg4 ,! subjunctive ) qum9us 7#aigb7 is us$ to complete ! s5se ( v]bs ( h9d]+ or resi/+4 ,su* v]bs are3 imp$i1 t5e1 h9d]1 int]cld1 dt]re1 ob/1 obsi/1 resi/1 repugn1 nn recs2 ^! v]bs (t5 h a subjunctive ) n 7#aifj74 ,cic]o r>ely & ,caes> nev] uses qum9us ) imp$i or prohibe4 ,= ! accusative & inf9itive ) ^! v]bs1 see #bbjc4 qum9us is also us$ ) moveor1 am influ5c$1 fit1 x is ow+ to1 /at p] aliquem1 somebody is responsible1 or inde$ any expression imply+ h9drance4 ,:5 ! v]b ( h9d]+ has a negative ) x1 qun is (t5 us$2 see #aihf4 nn dt]ret sapi5tem mors1 qum9us r pblicae susque cnsulat1 ,,td4 #a1 #ia1 dea? does n h9d] ! wise man f work+ = c\ntry & fri5ds4 quid ob/at1 qum9us sit betus8 ,,dn4 #a1 #ie1 :at is to h9d] 8 be+ happy8 neque recsvit qum9us lgis po5am subret1 ,n4 #ae1 #h1 #b1 & he did n decl9e to submit to ! p5alty ( ! law4 ,caes>1 ub cgnvit p] frnium /re qum9us proeli dmicrtur1 ca/ra fac]e cn/ituit1 ,caes4 ,c4 #a1 #da1 #c1 :5 ,caes> le>n$ t ow+ to ,afranius !re 0 no battle1 he resolv$ to build a camp4 s t dolor corporis t5uit1 qum9us ad lds v5rs1 =tnae magis tribu quam sapi5tiae tuae1 ,fam4 #g1 #a1 #a1 if x 0 bodily suff]+ t kept y f com+ to ! p]=mances1 ,i ?9k m highly ( y\r luck ?an ( y\r s5se4 ,t]5ce fir/ uses qum9us ?us1 b only r>ely4 ,he also sometimes uses ! p>ts sep>ately s t ! true relative & negative =ces appe>3 z1 s sns] quicquam 9 hs t nptis fallciae cnr1 qu fant m9us1 ,t4 ,&r4 #aif1 if ,i cat* y try+ on any trick 9 ! matt] ( ?is m>riage ?r\gh :i* x may n come (f 7#adea74 #aigh4 ,9 ,tacitus1 qum9us is sometimes f\nd :]e qun w\ld be us$ 9 classical ,lat9 7#aihf73 z1 nec dubittum qum9us pcem concd]5t1 ,ta4 ,h4 #b1 #de1 !re 0 no hesitation 9 grant+ peace4 #aigi4 ,x may be m5tion$ "h t qu stius ) ! subjunctive1 in/ead ( qum9us1 is f\nd twice 9 ,cic]o's e>lie/ extant prose1 & twice 9 old] ,lat94 qun4 #aihj4 qun is compos$ ( qu1 ! ablative or locative ( ! int]rogative & relative /em qui- 7#fhi71 & -ne1 n4 ,x is us$ 9 simple s5t5ces & z a conjunctive p>ticle4 #aiha4 ,= ! use ( qun1 :y n1 9 que/ions ) ! indicative1 see #aebf4 ,su* que/ions h ! s5se ( an affirmative comm& or exhortation 7#aeca73 z1 qun abs1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #ajhg1 :y won't y begone8 or get y gone4 qun cnsc5dimus equs1 ,l4 #a1 #eg1 #g1 :y n m\nt1 or to horse1 to horse4 ,= ! use ( qun )\t int]rogative =ce1 see #aebg4 #aihb4 qun is f\nd occasionally ) ! subjunctive 9 a direct "q 9 ,plautus1 ,t]5ce1 ,lucilius1 ,lucretius1 ,cic]o1 & ,tacitus3 ?us1 qun ego hc rogem8 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #dbf1 :y %\ldn't ,i ask ?is8 7#aefc74 #aihc4 ,! subjunctive ) ! conjunctive p>ticle qun is us$1 p>ticul>ly 9 old ,lat91 9 connection ) ! common =mula nlla causa e/ or its equival5ts4 ,su* a subjunctive may be reg>d$ z orig9al 7#aghf7 or z due to ! indirect =m ( "q 7#aggc74 nlla causa/ qun m condns cruc1 ,pl4 ,r4 #ajgj1 !re's no reason :y y %\ldn't deliv] me up to execution4 qun dcdam1 nlla causa e/1 ,fam4 #b1 #ag1 #a1 !re is no reason :y ,i %\ld n retire4 quid causae/ qun 9 pi/rnum rct pr(icsc> vi8 ,t4 ,&r4 #fjj1 :at's ! reason ,i don't m>* /raight into ! mill8 haud causificor qun eam habeam1 ,pl4 ,aul4 #gee1 ,i don't quibble aga9/ keep+ h]4 #aihd4 mrum qun ) ! subjunctive is us$ by ,plautus 9 s>ca/ic expressions :]e mrum is ironical3 z1 mrum qun t ill tcum dvitis f]s1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #die1 /range en\gh1 h[ y c't take y\r money !re ) y1 t is to ,hades4 #aihe4 ,! subjunctive ) qun 7or ut nn7 is us$ aft] nn possum1 or nn possum ) an inf9itive1 usually fac]e1 & ) fi] nn pote/3 z1 nn enim possum qun exclmem1 eug1 eug1 ,lsitels1 1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #gje1 ^u my ^w ,i mu/ cry bravo1 bravo1 ,lysiteles2 encore6 fac]e nn potu qun tib s5t5tiam dclrrem1 ,fam4 #f1 #ac1 #a1 ,i c\ld n help giv+ y my views4 fi] nll mod pot]at1 qun ,cleom5 p>c]tur1 ,v4 #e1 #ajd1 x 0 impossible n to sp>e ,cleom5es4 heu1 neque qun fleam1 quom abs t abeam1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #acdb1 ,o well-a-day1 ,i ne$s mu/ weep1 = t f !e ,i "p4 nn potui/ ll mod fac]e1 ut mih illam epi/ulam nn mitt]s1 ,att4 #aa1 #ba1 #a1 y c\ld n get along at all )\t writ+ me t lett] 7#aife74 #aihf4 ,! subjunctive ) qun is us$ 9 clauses :i* complete ! s5se ( v]bs ( re/ra9+1 ab/a9+1 delay+1 or d\bt+1 :5 su* v]bs h a negative1 express$ or impli$4 ,su* v]bs are 7a47 re/ra9+3 temp] mih1 t5e1 re/ra91 ret9e1 cont9e1 dt]re1 reprim4 ab/a9+3 praet]mitt1 int]mitt4 delay+3 cunctor1 diff]1 exspect1 recs2 nn multum1 nihil1 paulum abe/4 7b47 d\bt+3 dubit1 dubium e/2 a d\bt may also be impli$ 9 o!r words1 or =ms ( words3 z1 nn metu1 nn abe/ suspci1 c4 7a47 neque sib hom9s b>b>s temp]trs ex/imbat1 qun 9 prv9ciam exr5t1 #a1 #cc1 #d1 & he ?\ght1 z !y 7 savages1 !y w\ld n re/ra9 !mselves1 b w\ld sally out into ! prov9ce4 vix m cont9e qun involem mn/r 9 capillum1 ,t4 ,eu4 #hei1 ,i sc>ce c keep f fly+ at ! caitiff's hair4 nihil praet]ms1 qun ,pompium ,caes>is coninctine vocrem1 ,ph4 #b1 #bc1 ,i left no /one unturn$ to prev5t ,pompey f jo9+ ,caes>4 ab/9re qun att+s nn ques1 ,pl4 ,b4 #iae1 y c't keep f t\*+ x4 7b47 nn dubitat1 qun t ductrum negs1 ,t4 ,&r4 #dje1 he doesn't d\bt t y'll refuse to m>ry4 quis dubitet1 qun 9 virtte dvitiae s9t8 ,p>4 #dh1 :o c d\bt t !re is money 9 virtue8 neque abe/ suspci qun ipse sib mortem cnscv]it1 #a1 #d1 #d1 & gr\nd is n want+ = ! belief t he made away ) himself4 #aihg4 nn dubit has o!r con/ructions3 7a47 ,indirect "q4 7b47 ,accusative ) ! inf9itive 79 "s au?ors3 *iefly ,nepos & ,livy & lat] writ]s74 7c47 ,mean+ n hesitate1 ! inf9itive alone 7#bafi74 qun seldom foll[s ?is mean+4 7a47 nn dubit1 quid nbs ag5dum puts1 ,att4 #aj1 #a1 #b1 ,i h no d\bt ab\t :at y ?9k is our duty to d4 7b47 neque enim dubitbant ho/em v5trum1 ,l4 #bb4 #ee1 #b1 = !y firmly believ$ ! enemy w\ld come4 7c47 quid dubitmus pultre8 ,pl4 ,b4 #aaag1 :y d we hesitate to knock8 nlte dubitre qun huic crdtis omnia1 ,,ip4 #fh1 d n hesitate to tru/ all to him4 #aihh4 ,! subjunctive ) qun is (t5 us$ aft] g5]al negative ass]tions1 or que/ions imply+ a negative3 z1 nm fuit omnn mlitum qun vuln]rtur1 ,caes4 ,c4 #c1 #ec1 #c1 !re 0 absolutely n a s+le soldi] b 0 w\nd$4 nllu/ ,ephes qun sciat1 ,pl4 ,b4 #ccf1 !re's n a s\l at ,ephesus b kn[s4 quis 9 circum vnit1 qun is nquque grad d avriti tu commonrtur8 ,v4 #a1 #aed1 :o came to ! circus )\t be+ rem9d$ ( y\r av>ice at ea* & e /ep8 nlla fuit cvits qun p>tem s5ts ,cordubam mitt]et1 nn cvis ,rmnus qun conv5ret1 ,caes4 ,c4 #b1 #ai1 #b1 !re 0 n a community b s5t a "p ( its local s5ate to ,corduba1 n a ,roman citiz51 b w5t to ! meet+4 ,= qu nn aft] su* expressions1 see #ahba4 ,! ma9 s5t5ce (t5 has tam1 ita1 sc1 or tantus3 z1 nm e/ tam =tis1 qun r novitte p]turbtur1 #f1 #ci1 #c1 !re 0 nobody s brave b 0 demoraliz$ by ! /rang5ess ( ! situation4 nl tam difficile/ qun qua]5d inve/gr possiet1 ,t4 ,hau4 #fge1 !re's naught s h>d b may by se>*+ be track$ out4 ,in/ead ( qun1 ut nn or qu nn is (t5 us$ 9 su* comb9ations 7#ahba74 #aihi4 ,! subjunctive 9 an unt5able reason1 negatively put1 is sometimes introduc$ by nn qun in/ead ( nn quod nn or nn qu nn 7#ahee73 z1 nn qun p> virtte ali fu]9t1 ,ph4 #g1 #f1 n t o!rs may n h be5 8 pe]s 9 virtue4 #aiij4 qun is us$ v r>ely in/ead ( qum9us to introduce clauses complet+ ! s5se ( v]bs :i* h no negative express$ or impli$3 z1 once ea* 9 ! ,bellum ,alex&rnum1 9 ,tacitus1 & 9 ,s5eca's prose4 dum1 dnec1 quoad1 quamdi4 #aiia4 ,) ! temporal p>ticles dum1 :ile1 until1 & dnec1 until 79 old ,lat9 dnicum & 9 ,lucretius dnique71 may be conv5i5tly treat$ ! relative quaad or quoad 7t is qu or qu comb9$ ) ad71 :ile1 until1 & ! comp>ative quamdi1 z long z4 #aiib4 dum1 :ile1 means orig9ally a :ile 7#aaea73 z1 circumspice dum1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #adf1 look r\nd y a :ile1 a m9ute1 j look r\nd 7#aegc74 dum s]v me p]placet mihi cnsilium1 dum haud placet1 ,pl4 ,m]c4 #cdh1 "o :ile my slave's plan suits me completely1 ano!r :ile x doesn't suit4 dum 4 4 4 dum1 ,accius 9 ,,dn4 #b1 #hi1 "o :ile 4 4 4 ano!r4 #aiic4 ,z a pure conjunctive p>ticle1 dum1 :ile1 means ei!r 7,a47 9 ! "t :ile1 or 7,b47 all ! "t :ile2 9 ! latt] s5se quoad & quamdi are also us$4 ,f all ! "t :ile1 dum comes to mean 7,c47 z long z1 provid$2 & 7,d47 until2 9 ?is s5se quoad & dnec are also us$4 #aiid4 ,! indicative is us$ 9 a protasis introduc$ by dum1 quoad1 or quamdi1 :ile2 & ! subjunctive 9 a protasis introduc$ by dum1 provid$1 or until4 ,! subjunctive is also us$ = special reasons1 z 9 indirect disc\rse 7#agbe71 by attraction 7#agbh71 ( action conceivable 7#agca71 or by late writ]s to express repeat$ pa/ action 7#agcj74 ,see also #aiig & #bjji1 end4 7,a47 dum1 9 ! "t :ile4 #aiie4 ,! pres5t indicative is regul>ly us$ ) dum1 9 ! "t :ile 7#agci74 dum sometimes has z correlative subit1 rep5te2 iam1 int]e1 c4 ,! ma9 v]b may be pres5t1 future1 or pa/2 z1 dum haec dcit1 abit hra1 ,t4 ,eu4 #cda1 :ile he ?us prat$1 sp$ an h\r away4 nfic dbet is artibus qus s1 dum e/ t5]1 combib]it1 ad maira v5iet p>tior1 ,f94 #c1 #i1 he %\ld be imbu$ ) su* arts z w1 if absorb$ :ile he is "y1 r5d] him ! bett] equipp$ to deal ) weighti] bus9ess4 nunc rem ipsam1 ut ge/a sit1 dum brevit] vbs dmn/r1 att5dite1 ,tul4 #ac1 n[ give y\r att5tion to ! case itself1 :ile ,i set =? to y briefly h[ x occurr$4 dum 9 hs locs ,caes> mortur1 ad eum lgt vnrunt1 #d1 #bb1 #a1 :ile ,caes> t>ri$ 9 ^! regions1 "s envoys came to him4 dum haec aguntur1 vce clr exclmat1 ,pl4 ,am4 #aabj1 :ile ?is 0 go+ on1 ) cl>ion voice he cries al\d4 haec dum aguntur1 int]e ,cleom5s iam ad ,helr ltus p]vn]at1 ,v4 #e1 #ia1 :ile ?is 0 go+ on1 ,cleom5es meantime _h already arriv$ at ! %ore ( ,helorum4 ,! phrase dum haec g]untur1 mean:ile1 is (t5 us$ by ! hi/orians to %ift ! sc5e3 z1 dum haec 9 ,v5ets g]untur1 ,q4 ,titrius ,sabnus 9 fns ,v5ellrum p]vnit1 #c1 #ag1 #a1 :ile ?is 0 go+ on among ! ,v5eti1 ,sab9us arriv$ 9 ! t]ritory ( ! ,v5elli4 ,! pres5t indicative is sometimes reta9$ 9 indirect disc\rse1 *iefly 9 poetry or late prose3 z1 dc1 hospes1 ,sp>tae ns t hc vdisse iac5ts1 dum sncts patriae lgibus obsequimur1 ,,td4 #a1 #aja1 tell x at ,sp>ta1 fri5d1 t ?\ ha/ se5 u ly+ "h1 ob$i5t to our c\ntry's holy laws4 dcit ss ill nulum1 dum lctat1 dtrxisse1 ,t4 ,hec4 #hbi1 he says t1 9 ! /ruggle1 he pull$ (f h] r+4 #aiif4 ,! future is r>e & *iefly conf9$ to old ,lat93 z1 animum advortite1 dum huius argm5tum loqu> cmo$iae1 ,pl4 prol4 ,am4 #ie1 att5tion l5d1 :ile ,i set =? ! subject ( ?is com$y4 dum pauca dcam1 brevit] att5dite1 ,v4 #c1 #afc1 :ile ,i speak briefly1 give me y\r att5tion a few mom5ts4 #aiig4 ,! imp]fect indicative is r>e2 ! imp]fect subjunctive is sometimes us$1 *iefly by ! poets & hi/orians3 z1 7a47 dum haec ,vs agbantur1 int]im capitlium 9 +5t p]cul fuit1 ,l4 #e1 #dg1 #a1 :ile ?is 0 go+ on at ,vei1 ! capital mean:ile 0 9 t]rible p]il4 ,! plup]fect ( result+ /ate is r>]3 z1 dum 9 nam p>tem oculs ho/ium c]tm5 v]t]at1 plribus locs capitur mrus1 ,l4 #cb1 #bd1 #e1 :ile ! eyes ( ! enemy 7 turn$ away 9 "o direction t[>d ! fight1 ! wall is c>ri$ 9 sev]al places 7#afae74 7b47 dum s rx v]t]et1 alt] ltam secrim 9 caput dicit1 ,l4 #a1 #dj1 #g1 :ile ! k+ 0 look+ ano!r way1 ! second man rais$ 8 axe & br\ght x d[n on 8 head4 #aiih4 ,! clause ) dum (t5 d5otes ! cause ( ! ma9 action1 p>ticul>ly :5 ! subjects ( bo? v]bs are ! same & ! action ( ! protasis is co9cid5t ) t ( ! apodosis 7#agcc74 dum doc5t1 discunt1 ,s54 ,e4 #g1 #h1 :ile !y are tea*+1 !y are le>n+1 or1 by tea*+ !y le>n4 nmrum didic etiam1 dum 9 i/um inqur1 artificum nm9a1 ,v4 #d1 #d1 prepo/]\s z x may seem1 9 hunt+ up evid5ce aga9/ ! def5dant1 ,i h actually le>n$ arti/s' names4 ,! ma9 action is (t5 "o n anticipat$ or desir$3 z1 ita dum pauca mancipia ret9re volt1 =tns omns lb]ttemque suam p]didit1 ,caecil4 #ef1 s 9 h] attempt to keep a few human *attels1 %e sacrific$ all h] possessions & h] own lib]ty4 dum vtant /ult vitia1 9 contrria currunt1 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #b1 #bd1 :ile fools essay a vice to %un1 into its opposite !y run4 ,sometimes ) ! p]fect3 z1 dum ,alex&r similis esse voluit1 ,l4 ,crass inv5tus e/ dissimillimus1 ,br4 #bhb1 f 8 desire to be l ,alex&]1 he came out j ! opposite ( ,crassus4 7,b47 dum1 quoad1 quamdi 7dnec71 all ! "t :ile4 #aiii4 dum1 quoad1 or quamdi1 all ! "t :ile1 (t5 has z correlative tamdi1 tantum1 tantummodo1 tantisp]1 usque1 or ita4 ,:5 tamdi is us$1 quam (t5 /&s = quamdi4 #bjjj4 7#a47 ,:5 ! ma9 v]b is pres5t or future1 ! protasis ) dum1 quoad1 or quamdi1 all ! "t :ile1 is usually 9 ! same t5se z ! ma9 v]b3 z1 mane dum scrbit1 ,pl4 ,b4 #gcg1 wait :ile he writes4 aegrt dum anima e/1 sps esse dcitur1 ,att4 #i1 #aj1 #c1 z long z a sick man has brea? he is said to h hope4 vidua vvit vel usque dum rgnum opt9bit ,iuppit]1 ,pl4 ,m54 #gbg1 may'/ wid[$ live e'en long z ,jupit] %all reign4 ego t meum esse dc tantisp] vol1 dum quod t dignum/ facis1 ,t4 ,hau4 #ajf1 ,i'll h !e call$ my son b j s long z ?\ %alt act z do? become !e4 dum ,latnae loqu5tur litt]ae1 qu]cus huic loc nn de]it1 ,leg4 #a1 #b1 z long z ,lat9 lit]ature has ! gift ( spee*1 ?is spot w n lack its oak 7#agcc74 quamdi quisquam erit qu t df5d]e audeat1 vvs1 ,c4 #a1 #f1 z long z !re %all be a s\l :o w v5ture to def5d y1 y %all live on4 discs quamdi vols1 tamdi autem velle dbbis quoad t quantum prficis nn pa5itbit1 ,(f4 #a1 #b1 y %all /udy z long z y want to1 & x w be prop] = y to want to1 z long z y are satisfi$ ) y\r progress4 d&um hordeum et furfurs usque quaad erunt lactants1 ,v>ro ,r4 ,r4 #b1 #g1 #ab1 give !m b>ley & bran z long z !y are suckl+s4 quoad1 z long z1 is n f\nd 9 ,t]5ce4 #bjja4 7#b47 ,) quamdi ! p]fect is us$ :5 ! ma9 v]b is p]fect2 ) dum or quoad ! p]fect or imp]fect is us$ :5 ! ma9 v]b is p]fect or plup]fect1 & ! imp]fect usually :5 ! ma9 v]b is imp]fect3 z1 7a47 qurum quamdi mnsit imitti1 tamdi g5us illud dc5d vxit1 ,,d4 #b1 #id1 z long z ! imitation ( ^! m5 la/$1 s long 0 t /yle 9 vogue4 t5uit locum tamdi quam f]re potuit labrem1 ,br4 #bcf1 he held ! position z long z he c\ld /& ! "w4 ,9 ?is use quamdi is f\nd fir/ 9 ,cic]o4 7b47 vxit1 dum vxit1 b5e1 ,t4 ,hec4 #dfa1 he liv$ well all ! "t he liv$ 7#agcc74 avus no/] quoad vxit1 re/itit ,m4 ,grtidi1 ,leg4 #c1 #cf1 our gr&fa!r z long z he liv$1 oppos$ ,gratidius4 7c47 ,massilinss quoad licbat1 circumv5re no/rs cont5dbant1 ,caes4 ,c4 #a1 #eh1 #a1 z long z ! ,massilia p _h a *ance1 !y kept try+ to surr\nd our m54 dum necesse erat1 rsque ipsa cgbat1 nus omnia pot]at1 ,,ra4 #aci1 z long z x _h to be1 & circum/ances dem&$1 "o man controll$ ! _w 7#agcc74 ,f ,sallu/ on1 ! pres5t ( vivid n>ration 7#aeij7 is occasionally f\nd ) dum 9 ?is s5se4 #bjjb4 ,9 poetry & 9 late prose writ]s1 beg9n+ ) ,lucretius & ,livy1 dnec is us$ 9 ! s5se ( all ! "t :ile1 usually ) ! indicative1 b sometimes ) ! subjunctive ( repeat$ pa/ action3 z1 dnec grtus eram tib1 ,p]srum vigu rge betior1 ,h4 #c1 #i1 #a1 z long z ,i 0 lov$ ( !e1 ,i fl\ri%$ happi] ?an ! ,p]sians' k+4 dnec armt cnf]tque abbant1 p$itum labor 9 p]sequ5d fuit1 ,l4 #f1 #ac1 #d1 z long z !y 7 mov+ (f "u arms & 9 close array1 ! task ( pursuit fell to ! infantry4 vulgus trucdtum e/ dnec ra et dis p]mnsit1 ,ta4 #a1 #fh1 ! rank & file 7 but*]$ z long z wra? & daylight held out4 nihil trepidbant1 dnec cont95t velut ponte ag]5tur1 ,l4 #ba1 #bh1 #aj1 ! elephants 7 n a bit skitti% z long z !y 7 driv5 along :at seem$ a cont9u\s bridge 7#agcj74 ,! future is r>e3 z1 ntus enim dbet qucumque e/ velle manre 9 vt1 dnec ret9bit bl&a volupts1 ,lucr4 #e1 #agg1 :oe'er is born mu/ wi% 9 life to abide1 s long z him fond pleasure %all deta94 dnec eris flx1 mults num]bis amcs1 ,o4 ,tr4 #a1 #i1 #e1 z long z =tune smiles1 ?\ troops %alt c\nt ( fri5ds4 ,erratum3 #bjjj4 4 miss+ 7,c47 dum1 z long z1 provid$1 s4 #bjjc4 ,! pres5t & imp]fect subjunctive are us$ 9 provisos introduc$ by dum1 z long z1 provid$1 s4 dum is sometimes accompani$ by modo1 only1 or quidem1 t is2 or 7f ,t]5ce on7 modo is us$ )\t dum4 ,! negative is n 7f ,ovid on1 sometimes nn72 n sometimes has z correlative ita4 d]9t dum metuant1 ,poet4 9 ,suet4 ,cal4 #cj1 let !m hate1 s !y fe>4 absit1 dum modo laude "p domum recipiat s1 ,pl4 ,am4 #fdd1 let him g1 s only he come home ) glory won4 po/ulbant pr hom9e mis]rim1 qu vel ipse ss 9 crucitum d> cup]et1 dum d patris morte qua]]tur1 ,,ra4 #aai1 !y made ! reque/ 9 behalf ( a pitiable wret*1 :o w\ld be only too glad to be put to ! rack himself1 s 8 fa!r's dea? might be inve/igat$4 itaque dum locus comm9us pugn& d>tur1 aequ anim s+uls bns nvibus obicibant1 ,caes4 ,c4 #a1 #eh1 #d1 !re=e1 s a *ance 0 giv5 to fight h& to h&1 !y did n m9d pitt+ "o ( _! vessels aga9/ two ( ! enemy's4 s p]missum esset1 ita id sacrum fac]et1 dum n pls qunque sacrifici int]ess5t1 ,l4 #ci1 #ah1 #i1 if he 7 all[$1 he might p]=m ! sacrifice f> bett]1 provid$ t n m ?an five p %\ld h a "p 9 ! c]emonial4 dum quidem nquid p]contris quod nn lubeat prloqu1 ,pl4 ,aul4 #baa1 provid$ at lea/ y ask no?+ t ,i may n l to disclose4 volet1 cvis modo haec sit1 ,t4 ,eu4 #hhi1 he'll cons5t1 only let h] be a free born maid4 magn m met lb]bis1 dum modo int] m atque t mrus int]sit1 ,c4 #a1 #aj1 y w relieve me ( great fe>1 provid$ only !re be a wall int]pos$ betwe5 y & myself4 7,d47 dum1 quoad1 dnec1 until4 #bjjd4 dum1 quoad or dnec1 until1 (t5 has z correlative usque1 usque e1 usque ad eum fnem or tamdi4 dum1 until4 #bjje4 ,! subjunctive pres5t is us$ 9 a protasis introduc$ by dum1 until1 :5 ! ma9 v]b d5otes ei!r indef9ite or pres5t "t1 & ! subjunctive imp]fect :5 ! ma9 v]b is pa/4 ,! subjunctive is an ext5sion ( ! subjunctive ( desire 7#aedj72 ! clause d5otes some?+ expect$ or propos$4 is dum v5iat s$5s ib opp]b]e1 ,pl4 ,b4 #dh1 y %all sit !re wait+ till he comes4 r& sunt1 ut s quam hab5t ulcsc5d vim1 diff]ant 9 tempus aliud1 dum df]vscat ra1 ,,td4 #d1 #gh1 we mu/ always ask su* p1 if !y h any *ance to take v5geance1 to put x (f to "s o!r "t1 till _! rage cool d[n4 cnse lat5dum tantisp] ibdem1 dum eff]vscit haec grtulti et simul dum audimus1 quemadmodum negtium cnfectum sit1 ,fam4 #i1 #b1 #d1 ,i advise ly+ l[ :]e y are1 :ile ! pres5t congratulation excitem5t is cool+ (f1 & at ! same "t till we may he> h[ ! job 0 done4 dum reliquae nvs e conv5r5t1 9 ancors exspectvit1 #d1 #bc1 #d1 he wait$ at an*or till ! re/ ( ! vessels %\ld ga!r !re 7#agbe74 ,v]g9ius dum collgam cnsul]et mortus1 dicttrem dxit1 ,l4 #d1 #ba1 #aj1 ,v]g9ius1 aft] wait+ till he %\ld consult 8 colleague1 appo9t$ a dictator4 obs]vvit dum dormitret cs1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #agj1 he wat*$ till ! dog %\ld be napp+4 #bjjf4 ,! pres5t indicative ) dum1 :ile1 is sometimes us$ :]e ! subjunctive might be expect$ ) dum1 until 7#aeic74 ,o!r indicative t5ses are r>ely ?us us$3 z1 7a47 expectb1 dum v5it1 ,t4 ,eu4 #bjf1 ,i w wait :ile he comes4 ego hc tantisp]1 dum exs1 t opp]i>1 ,pl4 ,mo/4 #fhc1 ,i'll wait = y "h a :ile till y come out4 ego 9 ,arcn opp]ior1 dum i/a cgnsc1 ,att4 #aj1 #c1 = myself ,i am wait+ at ! ,arcae place1 till ,i asc]ta9 ?is4 7b47 mih quidem usque crae erit1 quid ags1 dum quid g]s1 sci]1 ,fam4 #ab1 #ai1 #c1 = me ,i %all be anxi\s all ! "t to "k :at y are do+1 till ,i "k :at y h done4 mnsit 9 condicine usque ad eum fnem dum idics riect sunt1 ,v4 a4 pr4 #af1 he /uck to 8 b>ga9 till ! jurors 7 *all5g$4 quoad1 dnec1 until4 #bjjg4 quoad or dnec1 until1 introduces a protasis 9 ! pres5t subjunctive :5 ! ma9 v]b is pres5t or future2 & 9 ! p]fect indicative :5 ! ma9 v]b is pa/ or a g5]al pres5t4 quoad is f\nd once 9 ,plautus ) ! imp]fect subjunctive 7#bjjh72 9 o!r au?ors "h & !re ) bo? moods2 n 9 ,tacitus4 ,) dnec ! pres5t subjunctive is f\nd once 9 ,plautus1 r>ely 9 late ,lat9 & 9 poetry2 ! p]fect indicative is f\nd at all p]iods2 ! pres5t indicative 7#aeij71 f\nd once 9 ,plautus1 is poetic & late4 ,b dnec is r>ely us$ by ,cic]o1 & nev] by ,caes> or ,sallu/4 dnicum is f\nd 9 old ,lat9 7n 9 ,t]5ce7 ) ! indicative 7#bjji71 & once 9 ,nepos ) ! subjunctive ( indirect disc\rse4 dnique is f\nd f\r times 9 ,lucretius ) ! indicative1 always be=e v[els 7#bjji74 dneque & dneque cum seem to occur a few times 9 ,vitruvius4 7a47 ego hc cgit commorr1 quoad m reficiam1 ,fam4 #g1 #bf1 #b1 ,i am ?9k+ ( /ay+ "h till ,i feel bett]4 ea cont9bis1 quoad ipse t videam1 ,att4 #ac1 #ba1 #d1 y w keep ?is back till ,i see y myself4 exp]gfactque secuntur 9nia saepe c]vrum simulcra1 dnec discusss r$eant errribus ad s1 ,lucr4 #d1 #iie1 & :5 awak5$1 (t5 !y /ill keep hunt+ ! %ad[y =ms ( /ags1 until ! delusion is %ak5 (f & !y come to !mselves4 magnus mr&usque clins s$et ad praetria rgis1 dnec ,b?n libeat vigilre tyrann1 ,j4 #aj1 #afj1 a vassal great & /range he sits 9 ! k+'s gate1 till x may suit 8 ori5tal maje/y to wake4 int] eadem pecora dgunt1 dnec aets sp>et +5us1 ,ta4 ,g4 #bj1 !y always live among ! same flocks & h]ds1 till maturity puts ! free-born by !mselves4 7b47 no/r reppulrunt neque fnem sequ5d fcrunt1 quoad equits praecipits ho/s grunt1 #e1 #ag1 #c1 our p r\t$ !m & did n give up ! pursuit till ! cavalry drove ! enemy headlong4 ,mil cum 9 s5t fuisset e di quoad s5tus e/ dmissus1 domum vnit1 ,mil4 #bh1 aft] /ay+ 9 ! s5ate t day till ! s5ate adj\rn$1 ,milo w5t home4 numquam d/itit rre usque ade dnec p]pulit1 ,t4 ,&r4 #ffj1 he nev] ceas$ to tease until he ga9$ 8 po9t4 usque e timu1 dnec ad riciunds idics vnimus1 ,v4 #a1 #ag1 ,i 0 afraid all ! "t till we came to *all5g+ jurors4 ,! pres5t indicative ( vivid n>ration 7#aeij7 is f\nd 9 ,v]gil & ,livy3 z1 soci cnsurg]e tnss1 dnec r/ra t55t siccum et sdre c>nae omns innocuae1 ,v4 #aj1 #bii1 ) "o accord ! %ipmates rose to o>s1 until ! beaks dry l& atta91 & keels all sat unsca!d4 #bjjh4 ,an imp]fect subjunctive is r>ely f\nd ) quoad1 until 7#agbe73 z1 haec dis prae/itta/1 quoad ref]ret1 ,pl4 ,ps4 #fbc1 ?is day 0 set by :i* he 0 to pay4 ex]cbtur curr5d et lct& ad eum fnem1 quoad /ns complect posset1 ,n4 #ae1 #b1 #e1 he us$ to practise runn+ & wre/l+1 till he c\ld give a grip /&+4 ,= dnec1 see #bjji at ! end4 #bjji4 ,o!r con/ructions occur1 *iefly 9 old ,lat9 or poetry1 ) dnec1 or dnicum1 until4 7a47 ,! future p]fect3 z1 haud ds9am1 dnec p]fc] hc1 ,t4 ,ph4 #dai1 ,i %all n /op till ,i h f9i%$ ?is4 dlcta mairum lus1 dnec templa refc]is1 ,h4 #c1 #f1 #a1 = s9s ( sires ?\ %alt atone1 till ?\ ha/ %r9es repair$4 7b47 ,! future3 coquit usque dnec conmadbit b5e1 ,cato1 ,,rr4 #aef1 #e1 boil until x is v s(t4 t] c5tum rgnbitur anns1 dnec gem9am "p dabit lia prlem1 ,v4 #a1 #bgb1 = ?rice a hundr$ ye>s !re w be k+s1 till ,ilia gives bir? to tw9s4 7c47 ,! p]fect indicative1 less frequ5tly ! pres5t1 introductory to a g5]al pres5t3 imp$it piscs usque ade1 dnicum dxit =s1 ,pl4 ,tru4 #ch1 he always draws 8 net ab\t ! fi%1 until he's br\ght !m out 7#afac74 usque mantant neque id faciunt1 dnicum p>iets ruont1 ,pl4 ,mo/4 #aaf1 !y keep wait+ & don't d x until ! walls are fall+4 7d47 ,! plup]fect indicative3 horrif]s accbant vcibus ,orcum1 dnique es vt prvrant v]m9a saeva1 ,lucr4 #e1 #iif1 ) horrid cries on ,dea? !y'd call till grip+s sore _h set !m free f life4 ,! imp]fect indicative is f\nd once 9 ,tacitus1 :o also has ! inf9itive ( intimation 7#aeci7 once or twice4 ,an imp]fect or plup]fect subjunctive sometimes occurs :]e purpose is intimat$1 & 9 ,livy & late ,lat9 to express repeat$ pa/ action3 z1 dnec gregius prop]ret exsul1 ,h4 #c1 #e1 #de1 till he c\ld ha/5 =? a pe]less exile4 trepidtinis aliquantum dbant1 dnec quitem ipse timor fcisset1 ,l4 #ba1 #bh1 #aa1 ! elephants always display$ "s n]v\sness1 till t]ror itself re/or$ quiet 7#agcj74 ,b ! habit ( us+ ! imp]fect subjunctive is v common 9 ,tacitus :]e nei!r purpose nor repetition is intimat$3 z neque proelium omsit dnec cad]et1 ,ta4 #c1 #bj1 he ceas$ n fight+ till he fell4 qu&4 #bjaj4 qu&1 orig9ally a temporal p>ticle1 has ! mean+ :51 :i* readily passes ov] to a causal mean+1 s9ce1 because4 ,9 bo? mean+s x introduces ! indicative4 ,= special reasons1 h[ev]1 ! subjunctive is us$1 z 9 indirect disc\rse 7#agbe7 or ( action conceivable 7#agca74 qu& is also us$ to introduce a conditional protasis 7#baaj74 ,9 simple s5t5ces1 temporal qu& is us$ 9 pron\n que/ions 7#aebf74 ,z an indef9ite adv]b x has ! mean+ ev]4 7,a47 ,,temporal qu&4 #bjaa4 qu&1 :51 introduces a temporal clause ) ! indicative4 ,! "t is (t5 indef9ite or it]ative2 s usually 9 old ,lat94 qu& (t5 has tum z correlative4 f ,iuppit] qu& lubet1 ,pl4 ,am4 #hfd1 ,i turn into ,jupit] at my sweet w4 laudt qu& illud quod cupis effc]1 ,pl4 ,cu4 #cfd1 cry y\r bravo :5 ,i've done :at y desire4 qu& occsi illaec p]it1 po/ sr cupit1 ,pl4 ,aul4 #bdi1 :5 t *ance is lo/1 he wants x all too late 7#afac74 qu& omns cret sunt1 tum ad es deus ftur1 ,tim4 #dj1 :5 all 7 creat$1 !n to !m spake ! god4 qu& p>s maior 9 e&em s5t5tiam bat1 bellum erat cnsnsum1 ,l4 #a1 #cb1 #ab1 :5 ! majority vot$ = ! same motion1 w> 0 always agre$ ^u4 ,temporal qu& is f\nd sporadically at all p]iods2 n 9 ,t]5ce or ,caes>4 #bjab4 qu&que1 :5ev]1 is f\nd once 9 ! ,twelve ,tables1 a few times 9 ,cic]o 7*iefly 9 legal =mulae71 ?ree times 9 ,horace1 & "h & !re 9 lat] au?ors4 ,n 9 ,caes>4 7,b47 ,,causal qu&4 #bjac4 qu&1 s9ce1 see+ t1 introduces a causal clause ) ! indicative4 ,! reason is usually "o kn[n to ! p]son address$ or "o g5]ally kn[n 7#ahhd74 qu& is (t5 /r5g!n$ by quidem4 qu& hc s]vi1 haec patria/ mea1 ,pl4 ,p]4 #fda1 n[ t ,i am a slave "h1 ?is is my c\ntry4 qun erg abeis1 qu& respnsum/8 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #ajhe1 :y don't y g !n1 s9ce y've _h y\r answ]8 melius e/1 qu&quidem hoc numquam m ipse voluit dc]e1 ,t4 ,ad4 #fci1 bett] s1 s9ce he w\ldn't ev] tell me ab\t x ( 8 own accord4 qu& m 9 hunc locum ddxit rti1 docb4 ,,dn4 #c1 #dc1 see+ t my disc\rse has br\ght me to ?is po9t1 ,i w %[4 haec dtur cra cnsribus1 qu&quidem es 9 r pblic semp] volumus esse1 ,leg4 #c1 #dg1 let ?is be ! *>ge ( ! c5sors1 see+ t we want su* (fic]s always 9 our /ate4 pr urbe ac p5tibus dmic&um esse1 qu& taliam tur nequss5t1 ,l4 #bb1 #h1 #g1 t !y mu/ fight = home & c\ntry1 n[ t !y _h fail$ to pres]ve ,italy 7#agbd74 ,causal qu& is f\nd at all p]iods1 ?\gh n 9 ,caes>1 & 9 ,cic]o's orations only ) quidem4 #bjad4 qu&que1 inasmu* z1 is us$ a few times 9 a =mal or legal s5se 9 ,cic]o & ,livy3 z1 qu&que hsce hom9s iniuss popul ,rmn ,quirtium fo$us ictum r spopondrunt1 ,l4 #i1 #aj1 #i1 inasmu* z ^! p]sons h promis$ t a cov5ant %\ld be made1 )\t ! ord] ( ! ,roman nation ( ,quirites4 s4 #bjae4 s1 9 e>ly ,lat9 sei1 is orig9ally a locative1 mean+ "u ^? circum/ances1 s4 ,) ! enclitic -ce1 x =ms sce or sc1 s4 ,! two are sometimes f\nd z correlatives 9 colloquial /yle3 z1 sc scrbs aliquid1 s vacbis1 ,att4 #ab1 #ch1 #b1 s y %all h "t1 s y w write some?+4 ,see #gjh4 ,,conditional ,,p]iods4 #bjaf4 ,a protasis introduc$ by s1 s1 if1 or nisi1 unless1 if n1 /ates a condition2 ! apodosis /ates action occurr+ "u t condition4 ,! conditional protasis & apodosis comb9$ make a ,conditional ,p]iod4 ,?us1 s dis e/1 if x is day1 is a conditional protasis2 comb9$ ) an apodosis1 lcet1 x is light1 x makes a conditional p]iod3 s dis e/1 lcet1 ,inv4 #a1 #hf1 if x is day1 x is light4 #bjag4 ,a p>5!sis ) ut 7#aidc7 is add$ :5 ! speak] ass]ts t ! action ( ! protasis is n only assum$1 b actually occurs3 z1 s virts digna e/ glritine1 ut e/1 betus esse pot]it virtte n pra$itus1 ,f94 #d1 #ea1 if virtue is entitl$ to glorification1 z x really is1 he w f9d x possible to be happy 9 ! possession ( virtue alone4 s nox opportna e/ ruptin1 scut e/1 haec pr(ect noctis aptissima hra e/1 ,l4 #g1 #ce1 #aj1 if night is always fav\rable = a sortie1 & x always is1 ?is p>ticul> h\r ( ! night is surely ! v be/ "t4 #bjah4 ,! apodosis is usually decl>ative4 ,(t51 h[ev]1 x is int]rogative1 exclamatory1 or imp]ative1 or x may take any o!r =m :i* ! ?\ght or ! context may require4 ,! apodosis has r>ely a correlative to s3 z1 igitur1 x foll[s t1 idcirc1 = all t1 tum1 !n1 ita1 sc1 only1 e condicine1 on condition2 at1 b1 tam51 nev]!less1 c]t1 saltem1 at any rate1 tum dnique1 tum dmum1 !n & n till !n4 #bjai4 s is sometimes foll[$ by quidem or1 f ,cic]o on1 by modo3 s quidem1 t is if1 s9ce1 ev5 if1 s modo1 if only4 s tam51 at lea/ if1 is f\nd 9 ,lucretius1 ,sallu/1 ! ,augu/an poets & 9 late writ]s4 sve 444 sve 7seu 4 4 4 seu7 or1 9 old ,lat91 s 4 4 4 sve1 :e!r 4 4 4 or1 ) ! indicative or ! subjunctive ( ! indef9ite second p]son 7#aeef71 leaves a *oice betwe5 two cases possible4 ,by abbreviation ( ! protasis sve becomes a coord9at+ p>ticle3 see #afgb4 #bjbj4 ,! negative ( s is s nn1 if n 7s nm1 s nllus1 c471 or nisi1 unless1 if n1 us$ especially ( an exception or aft] a negative1 nisi s1 *iefly 9 old1 colloquial1 or late ,lat91 or1 p>ticul>ly 9 solemn language or poetry1 n is sometimes us$ = nisi4 ,a re/riction1 usually an ironical aft]?\ght1 may be introduc$ by nisi =te 7r>e be=e ,cic]o7 or nisi vr 79 ,cic]o & ,pl9y ! ,y\ng]7 ) ! indicative4 nisi is sometimes f\nd 9 an adv]sative s5se 9 old & colloquial ,lat91 especially aft] nesci2 f ,cic]o on1 x may be /r5g!n$ by tam54 ,= nisi quod1 see #ahdh4 #bjba4 ,:5 a second conditional p]iod is oppos$ to a fir/1 x is sometimes introduc$ by s 7or s autem71 b usually by sn 7or sn autem74 ,if ! second p]iod is negative1 & its v]b is n express$1 m9us or alit] is pref]r$ to nn4 ,,classes ,,( ,,conditional ,,protases4 #bjbb4 ,conditional protases may be divid$ into two classes3 #bjbc4 ,i4 ,,indet]m9ate protases1 t is su* z m]ely suppose an action1 )\t imply+ ei!r its occurr5ce or its non-occurr5ce2 ^! may take3 7,a47 ,any t5se ( ! indicative requir$ by ! s5se2 or 7,b47 ! pres5t subjunctive1 less frequ5tly ! p]fect subjunctive1 to express a condition 9 ! future4 #bjbd4 ,,ii4 ,protases ( ,,action ,,non-,,occurr5t1 t is su* z suppose action n tak+ place4 ,^! take ! imp]fect or plup]fect subjunctive4 ,?us1 9 ! p]iod s dis e/1 lcet1 ,inv4 #a1 #hf1 if x is day1 x is light1 ! protasis if x is day is indet]m9ate1 nei!r imply+ t x is1 or is n day4 ,b 9 s vv]et1 v]ba eius audrtis1 if he 7 alive1 y w\ld he> 8 evid5ce1 ,,rc4 #db1 ! protasis d5otes action non-occurr5t1 if he 7 alive1 imply+ b he is n4 ,! :ole p]iod1 l ! protasis1 is ei!r an ,indet]m9ate ,p]iod or a ,p]iod ( ,action non-occurr5t4 ,i4 ,,indet]m9ate ,,protases4 7,a47 ,,indicative ,,use4 #bjbe4 ,! indicative 9 a conditional protasis may /ate pres5t1 pa/1 or future "t4 ,! mood & t5se ( ! apodosis are det]m9$ by ! s5se4 ,! foll[+ comb9ations occur3 7#a47 ,,protasis ,,9 ,,! ,,pres5t4 #bjbf4 7a47 ,apodosis 9 ! ,pres5t4 s sunt d1 b5efic 9 hom9s sunt1 ,div4 #b1 #ajd1 if !re are gods1 !y are k9d to m54 s nescs1 tib gnsc1 ,fam4 #aj1 #bf1 #c1 if y d n "k1 ,i p>don y4 deus sum1 s hoc ita/1 ,t4 ,hec4 #hdc1 ,i am a god1 if ?is is s4 erus s tuos dom/1 qun prvocs8 ,pl4 ,ps4 #fch1 9 case y\r ma/] is at home1 :y don't y call him out8 hc mortu1 aut s qu ex reliqus excellit dignitte1 succdit1 aut1 s sunt plrs p>s1 d prncipt cont5dunt1 #f1 #ac1 #i1 :5 ?is man dies1 if !re is any "o ( ! re/ sup]ior 9 position1 he always takes 8 place2 or if !re are sev]al ) equal claims1 !y h a conte/ ab\t ! supremacy4 s vs1 potes1 ,h4 ,s4 #b1 #f1 #ci1 y c1 if y w4 9 corpore s quid eius mod e/ quod reliqu corpor noceat1 id r secrque patimur1 ,ph4 #h1 #ae1 9 ! human body if !re is any?+ likely to damage ! re/ ( ! body1 we always all[ x to be caut]iz$ & cut4 s cui vnae sc mov5tur1 is habet febrim1 ,fat4 #ae1 if a man's pulse beats ?us & s1 he always has fev]4 ,! pres5t is sometimes loosely us$ ( future "t 7#aeic73 z1 s illum rel9qu1 eiu vtae "t1 ,t4 ,&r4 #baj1 if ,i des]t him1 ,i tremble = 8 life4 assequor omnia1 s prop]2 s cunctor1 mitt1 ,att4 #aj1 #h1 #e1 ,i %all compass all my ends1 if ,i hurry2 if ,i delay1 ,i %all lose ev]y?+4 ca/ra nunc vbs ho/ium pra$ae d1 s mih pollicm9 vs =tit] op]am nvtrs1 ,l4 #g1 #af1 #d1 ,i give y ! camp ( ! enemy z booty n[1 if y promise me y w quit y l m54 #bjbg4 7b47 ,apodosis 9 ! ,p]fect4 s hom9s ratinem ds datam 9 fraudem conv]tunt1 nn d> illam quam d> hmn g5] melius fuit1 ,,dn4 #c1 #gh1 if m5 apply reason1 ! gift ( ! gods1 to purposes ( mis*ief1 x w\ld h be5 bett] x %\ld n be giv5 to ! human race ?an giv5 7#adie74 ,! p]fect ( ! apodosis is ord9>ily us$ ( future "t 7#afab73 z1 occid1 s t vra memors1 ,pl4 ,mo/4 #cfi1 ,i'm a dead man1 if :at y say is true4 nunc s indicium faci1 int]i2 s tace1 int]i tam51 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #cjf1 n[ if ,i tell1 ,i'm dead & gone2 if ,i keep d>k1 ,i'm dead & gone ! same4 n ills hom9s expell1 ego occid plnissum1 ,pl4 ,/4 #dja1 if ,i don't drive ^? p (f1 all's up ) me4 nam s arg5tum prius adf]t1 cont9u ns amb excls sumus1 ,pl4 ,z4 #cfj1 = if he br+s ! money fir/1 !n we're at once left out 9 ! cold4 #bjbh4 7c47 ,apodosis 9 ! ,imp]fect4 s$ s dom/1 ,dma5etum volbam1 ,pl4 ,z4 #deb1 b if he is at home1 ,dema5etus ,i want$4 iam tum erat s5ex1 s5ects s v]cunds facit1 ,t4 ,ph4 #ajbc1 he 0 already old1 if age is :at makes %amefa/ness4 s s+ula vs =te nn mov5t1 niv]sa c]t tam5 movre dbbant1 ,,dn4 #b1 #afc1 if ^! po9ts tak5 sev]ally d n affect y1 yet collectively !y surely %\ld h done s 7#adie74 #bjbi4 7d47 ,apodosis 9 ! ,plup]fect4 cess]am1 s alinam m plbem fuisse voltis1 quae nn fuit1 invidiae1 ,se/4 #fd1 ,i _h yield$1 if y w h x t ! commons 7 oppos$ to me1 ?\gh !y 7 n1 to hatr$4 hoc m num relicuom fu]at malum1 s pu]um ut tollam cgit1 ,t4 ,hec4 #egj1 ?is 0 ! only evil left 9 /ore = me1 if he compels me to adopt ! *ild4 #bjcj4 7e47 ,apodosis 9 ! ,future4 s int]pells1 ego tacb1 ,pl4 ,m54 #aaba1 if y p]si/ 9 break+ 91 ,i'll hold my tongue4 hc t s laesum t esse dcis1 pati> et concdam2 s iniriam tib factam qu]]is1 df5dam et negb1 ,caecil4 #eh1 if y ass]t t y are hurt 9 ?is matt]1 ,i am p]fectly will+ to admit x2 b if y compla9 t x is a violation ( y\r rights1 ,i %all /\tly ma9ta9 ! contr>y4 ,(t5 9 ?is comb9ation ! pres5t is loosely us$ ( future "t 7#aeic73 z1 nunc s ille hc salvos rev5it1 r$dam suom sib2 s quid e fu]it1 habe dtem unde dem1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #aef1 n[ if our abs5t fri5d comes safely back1 ,i'll give him back 8 own aga92 if any?+ befalls him1 ,i've :]e) a d[] to give4 nisi id cnfe/im facis1 ego t trdam magi/rtu1 ,n4 #ae1 #d1 #c1 if y d n d x at once1 ,i w h& y ov] to a magi/rate4 s pce fru volumus1 bellum g]5dum e/2 s bellum omittimus1 pce numquam frumur1 ,ph4 #g1 #ai1 if we wi% to enjoy peace1 we %all h to make w>2 if we give up w>1 we nev] %all enjoy peace4 conv9cam1 s negs1 ,c4 #a1 #h1 ,i w br+ x home to y1 if y d5y x4 tibi dvitis dab1 s impetrs1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #abac1 ,i'll make y ri*1 if y succe$4 #bjca4 7f47 ,apodosis 9 ! ,future ,p]fect4 s neque fac]e ut abes1 egomet abi]1 ,pl4 ,po54 #ddb1 if ,i c't make y g1 ,i'll in/antly begone myself 7#afbi74 s id nn facis1 ego quod m 9 t sit fac]e dignum invn]1 ,t4 ,hau4 #ajg1 if y don't d x1 ,i w h a prop] c\rse devis$ to use ) y4 #bjcb4 7g47 ,apodosis 9 ! ,imp]ative4 d mih hoc1 mel meum1 s m ams1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #bdd1 give me ?is1 honey m9e1 an ?\ lov'/ me4 r$>gue m1 s m5tior1 ,clu4 #fb1 refute me1 if ,i am n speak+ ! tru?4 dsilte1 mlits1 nisi vultis aquilam ho/ibus prd]e1 #d1 #be1 #c1 jump ov]bo>d1 m51 unless y *oose to ab&on y\r eagle to ! enemy4 n idictum facit1 scum dcit1 v9cit comp$ibus1 ,twelve ,tables 9 ,gell4 #bj1 #a1 #de1 unless he satisfies ! judgem5t1 ! compla9ant %all take him ) him1 & put him 9 gyves 7#aeic1 #aege74 qu r1 s haec ita sunt1 sc m colitte ut deum1 ,,cm4 #ha1 !re=e1 if ?is is s1 y are to hon\r me z a god4 #bjcc4 7h47 ,apodosis 9 ! ,pres5t ,subjunctive4 s quid habs c]tius1 velim scre1 ,att4 #d1 #aj1 #a1 if y h any?+ m def9ite1 ,i %\ld l to "k 7#aeed74 sn alit] animtus es1 b5e1 quod ags1 v5iat tib1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #gae1 b if y're m9d$ o!rwise1 may all y d betide y well 7#aedj74 quod s nn possumus fac]e1 morimur1 ,ph4 #g1 #ad1 if we _c d x1 let u die 7#aedg74 s mih flius g5itur1 isque prius moritur1 et ct]a1 tum mih ille sit hrs1 ,,d4 #b1 #ada1 if a son is born to me1 & ! boy dies be=e c41 c41 !n s & s is to be my heir 7#aeic1 #aedh74 s e/ sps no/r r$its1 eam cnfirms1 ,fam4 #ad1 #d1 #c1 if !re is a hope ( my com+ back1 /r5g!n t hope 7#aeej74 eum s r$dis mihi1 praet]e num nummum n dus1 ,pl4 ,cap4 #cca1 if y re/ore my boy to me1 y ne$n't give "o p5ny m 7#aeea74 s hc p]noct1 causae quid dcam8 ,t4 ,ad4 #eca1 if ,i sleep "h1 :at reason c ,i give 7#aefc78 ,erratum3 #bjbf;a 444 s illum rel9qu1 eiu vtae "t ,! v[els 8eiu0 are jo9$ ) s+le ligature #bjbh;c 444 ,,dn4 #b1 #afc ,,dn #b1 7#b47 ,,protasis ,,9 ,,! ,,p]fect4 #bjcd4 7a47 ,apodosis 9 ! ,pres5t4 s quid vnle habuit ,heius1 s id quant ae/imbat1 tant vndidit1 ds9 qua]]e cr m]is1 ,v4 #d1 #aj1 if ,hejus _h any?+ = sale1 if he sold x at 8 own valuation1 ,i /op enquir+ :y y b\ght4 s vr e/ nbs philosophia laudta1 eius trctti optim quque dignissima e/1 ,ac4 #b1 #f1 if philosophy has be5 extoll$ by me ) ju/ice1 its /udy is em95tly wor?y ( ! good4 s honris caus /atuam d$runt1 inimc nn sunt1 ,v4 #b1 #aej1 if !y contribut$ a /atue z a complim5t1 !y are n enemies4 po/s quoiusmod8 4 4 4 etiam nunc satis bon sunt1 s sunt induct pice1 ,pl4 ,mo/4 #hah1 :at ?9k y ( ! po/s8 4 4 4 !y're pretty good ev5 n[1 if !y are only sme>$ ) pit*4 ,?is comb9ation is common 9 g5]al conditional p]iods 7#afac73 z1 hom9s aegr s aquam gelidam bibrunt1 prm relevr vid5tur1 ,c4 #a1 #ca1 if sick p dr9k cold wat]1 at fir/ !y always seem refre%$4 s quod e/ admissum fac9us1 dem dc]nunt1 #f1 #ac1 #e1 if a crime has be5 committ$1 !y also act z judges4 abirant1 s quid crditum/1 ,pl4 ,cur4 #dif1 !y always swe> !y hav5't x1 if any?+ is tru/$ !m4 s pu] p>vus occidit1 aequ anim f]5dum putant1 ,,td4 #a1 #ic1 if a baby dies1 !y always ?9k ! affliction %\ld be borne ) resignation4 #bjce4 7b47 ,apodosis 9 ! ,p]fect4 s peccv1 nscins fc1 ,t4 ,hau4 #fca1 if ,i've done wrong1 x 0 9 ignorance4 haec bona 9 tabuls pblics s r$irunt1 tabulae pblicae conruptae sunt1 ,,ra4 #abh1 if ?is prop]ty has be5 ent]$ on ! /ate books1 !n ! /ate books h be5 tamp]$ )4 qu 9 bell s fuit error1 commnis fuit cum s5t1 ,ph4 #aa1 #cd1 if !re 0 a mi/ake 9 ?is w>1 x 0 common to him & ! s5ate4 int]i1 s abit1 ,pl4 ,ps4 #iaj1 ,i'm lo/1 if he has gone 7#afjh74 ,also 9 g5]al p]iods 7#afac73 z1 anim s qu& vra vdrunt1 s sunt =tn atque cs1 ,div4 #b1 #ajh1 if ! m9d has ev] se5 ! tru?1 x has us$ 9 e case luck & *ance4 /udis equidem tor no/rs pots1 s$ scubi ill dfcrunt1 v]t multa d ,graecs1 ,,td4 #b1 #bf1 ,i use our own poets c>efully1 x is true3 b :5ev] !y h fail$ me1 ,i h always translat$ a great deal f ,greek4 #bjcf4 7c47 ,apodosis 9 ! ,plup]fect4 s illud ire rogtum dc]e aus sunt1 obltne erant8 ,,pc4 #de1 if !y v5tur$ to say t t measure 0 br\ght =w>d 9 due =m1 _h n !y =gott58 #bjcg4 7d47 ,apodosis 9 ! ,future4 s quis ori5te ccul ntus e/1 is 9 m> nn moritur1 if anybody is born :5 ! dog/> is ris+1 he w nev] die at sea 7g5]al73 s ,fabius ori5te ccul ntus e/1 ,fabius 9 m> nn moritur1 ,fat4 #ab1 if ,fabius 0 born :5 ! dog/> 0 ris+1 ,fabius w n die at sea 7p>ticul>74 s p>um intellxt1 dcam dnu1 ,pl4 ,r4 #aajc1 if y don't und]/&1 ,i'll say aga94 nn t> e cnsutd9e1 s quid e/ factum clm5t]1 ut dissolt factum crm9]1 ,v4 #e1 #ai1 ,i w n avail myself ( ! common practice1 & if a ?+ has be5 done 9 a _s ( m]cy1 *>ge t x 0 done 9 a lax way4 nisi iam factum aliquid e/ p] ,flaccum1 fet m1 ,fam4 #c1 #aa1 #c1 unless some?+ or o!r has be5 done already ?r\gh ,flaccus1 x w be done by me4 #bjch4 7e47 ,apodosis 9 ! ,imp]ative4 s pls m9usve securunt1 s fraude e/1 ,twelve ,tables 9 ,gell4 #bj1 #a1 #di1 if !y cut too mu* or too little1 x %all be )\t p5alty 7#afac74 s vdi/is1 dcite1 ,pl4 ,r4 #cbc1 if ye h se51 decl>e4 s quid e/ pecctum nbs1 prf]1 ,t4 ,hec4 #bec1 decl>e x1 if we've err$ at all4 s numquam avr pretium /atu art meae1 exemplum /atuite 9 m1 ,t4 ,hau4 #dh1 if nev] l a mis] ,i h set a price ^u my art1 a patt]n set 9 me4 s qus propnquus sangus patrns d$it1 iuvte p]clitantem1 ,ta4 #c1 #ab1 if relation%ip has made any ( y 8 advocates1 help him 9 8 /raits4 #bjci4 7f47 ,apodosis 9 ! ,pres5t ,subjunctive4 s nlla colris prncipis e/ r$dita ntra1 extempl ratinem r$d]e posss1 ,lucr4 #b1 #geg1 if atoms h no col\r1 y might expla9 at once 7#aeef74 m]it mal$cs m1 s nn id ita factum/1 ,pl4 ,am4 #egb1 y might ) p]fect "r abuse me1 if x is n s 7#aeef74 #bjdj4 7g47 ,apodosis 9 ! ,imp]fect ,subjunctive4 s nm hc praet]it1 po/quam intr abi1 ci/ella hc iacret1 ,pl4 ,ci/4 #fhc1 if nobody has pass$ along ?is way1 s9ce ,i w5t 91 a casket mu/ h be5 ly+ "h 7#aefj74 nam cr tam v>iae rs poss5t esse requr1 ex n s sunt ign prque cretae8 ,lucr4 #a1 #fde1 = h[ c\ld ?+s s motley be1 ,i ask1 if !y are made ( pure & simple fire 7#aefe78 #bjda4 7h47 ,apodosis 9 ! ,plup]fect ,subjunctive4 s ,antni ,crassus loquns vsus nn e/1 tib numquam ,cotta vsus esset1 ,o4 #ajf1 if ,antony did n hold ,crassus eloqu5t1 y w\ld nev] h held ,cotta s 7#aefa74 7#c47 ,,protasis ,,9 ,,! ,,imp]fect4 #bjdb4 7a47 ,apodosis 9 ! ,pres5t4 s tum nn p]timscbs1 n nunc quidem p]horrscis8 ,v4 #d1 #gh1 if y 7 n gett+ afraid !n1 are y n gett+ sc>$ ev5 n[8 s qu s5s c dfrms erant1 es 9 ho/ium num] dcit1 ,v4 #e1 #fd1 if any 7 old & homely1 he consid]s !m 9 ! light ( enemies 7#aeij74 s ad illum hrdits v5ibat1 vr simile e/ ab ill nectum1 ,inv4 #a1 #hi1 if ! inh]itance 0 com+ to s & s1 x is likely t ! murd] 0 committ$ by t man4 adulsc5t nihil e/ quod suscnseam1 s illum m9us nrat1 ,t4 ,ph4 #cfa1 ,i h no cause = ang] ) ! y\?1 if he 0 n acqua9t$ ) ! man4 #bjdc4 7b47 ,apodosis 9 ! ,p]fect4 s$ s prop]bs magis1 prdi ns t hc dxisse oportuit1 ,pl4 ,po54 #ebe1 b if y 7 9 great] ha/e1 y %\ld h br\ght u "h ! day be=e4 #bjdd4 7c47 ,apodosis 9 ! ,imp]fect4 ,?is comb9ation is us$ *iefly ( contemporane\s action 7#agcb71 9 g5]al conditional p]iods3 z1 s quod erat gr&e vs1 laet adf]bant1 ,v4 #d1 #dg1 if any good-siz$ vase 0 ev] f\nd1 !y w\ld always br+ x to him 9 high glee4 atque ea s erant1 magnam habbs ds grtiam1 ,pl4 ,z4 #adc1 & if !m y ev] _h1 y 7 mon/r\s grateful to ! gods4 s quae rs erat maior1 populus commovbtur1 ,se/4 #aje1 if a ?+ ( m ?an ord9>y importance occurr$1 ! populace 0 always ar\s$4 h1 s quid erat drius1 concurrbant1 #a1 #dh1 #f1 :5ev] !re 0 any pretty %>p "w1 ^! m5 w\ld always fall to4 ,= ! subjunctive 9 su* protases1 see #bjga4 #bjde4 7d47 ,apodosis 9 ! ,future4 flbunt ,g]mnicum etiam gnt3 v9dicbitis vs1 s m potius quam =tnam meam fovbtis1 ,ta4 #b1 #ga1 z = weep+ = ,g]manicus1 t w be done by /rang]s too2 v5geance w be y\rs1 if y hon\r$ 9 me m ! man ?an ! position4 ,see ,att4 #ad1 #a1 #a4 #bjdf4 7e47 ,apodosis 9 ! ,pres5t ,subjunctive4 fc anim magn ss1 et s turbidissima sapi5t] f]bs1 tranquillira laet f]s1 ,fam4 #f1 #ad1 #c1 be ( great he>t1 & if y bore an>*y l a /oic1 be> a m ord]ly condition ( ?+s ) good *e] 7#aeej74 #bjdg4 7f47 ,apodosis 9 ! ,imp]fect ,subjunctive4 s ambs1 inv5rs mtuom1 ,pl4 ,ps4 #bhf1 y %\ld h borr[$1 if y 7 9 love 7#aeei74 quod s mes incommods laetbantur1 urbis tam5 p]icul commovr5tur1 ,se/4 #ed1 if !y did exult ov] my mi%aps1 /ill !y ought to h be5 t\*$ by ! dang] to ,rome 7#aeei74 7#d47 ,,protasis ,,9 ,,! ,,plup]fect4 #bjdh4 7a47 ,apodosis 9 ! ,pres5t4 s hoc ita ft datum erat1 ut ad pcem pet5dam v5rem1 laetor t mih sorte potissimum datum1 qu pet]em1 ,l4 #cj1 #cj1 #c1 if x 0 s orda9$ by fate t ,i %\ld come to sue = peace1 ,i am glad t y are allott$ me1 ( all m5 9 ! _w1 to sue f4 #bjdi4 7b47 ,apodosis 9 ! ,p]fect4 tum id1 s falsum fu]at1 flius qur nn refellit8 ,t4 ,ph4 #djj1 if t _h be5 untrue1 :y did n at ! "t y\r son disprove x8 vel (fici1 s quid dbu]at1 vel errr1 s quid nesci]at1 satis factum esse dxit1 ,d4 #ac1 he ?\ght he _h done en\gh = duty1 if he _h be5 "u any obligation1 en\gh = delusion1 if he _h be5 act+ "u mi/ak5 ignorance4 #bjej4 7c47 ,apodosis 9 ! ,imp]fect4 s$ 9 a$ibus quid tibi mes nam erat negt m abs5te1 nisi ego iuss]am8 ,pl4 ,aul4 #dbg1 b :at bus9ess _h y 9 my h\se 9 my abs5ce1 unless ,i _h ord]$8 s nihil 9 i/ pugn ,rsci fc]ant1 quam ob causam tants praemis dnbantur8 ,,ra4 #ajh1 if ! ,rosciuses _h n done s]vice 9 t fight1 :y 7 !y pres5t$ ) su* rew>ds8 ,(t5 ( antec$5t action1 9 g5]al conditional p]iods3 z1 s quicquam caelt adspex]at1 mans ab/9re1 idics1 nn pot]at1 ,v4 #d1 #dh1 if he ev] caught sight ( a bit ( *as$ "w1 :y1 g5tlem51 he nev] c\ld keep 8 h&s (f4 /oma*btur s5ex1 s quid asp]ius dx]am1 ,,dn4 #a1 #ic1 ! old g5tleman 0 always nettl$1 if ,i said any?+ h>%4 ac seu longum po/ tempus vn]at hospes1 sve convva p] imbrem vcnus1 b5e erat nn piscibus urbe petts1 ,h4 ,s4 #b1 #b1 #aah1 & if a fri5d dropp$ 91 aft] an abs5ce long1 or neighb\r1 come to take pot-luck ^u a ra9y day1 we fea/$ n on fi% br\ght out f t[n4 ,= ! subjunctive 9 su* protases1 see #bjga4 #bjea4 7d47 ,apodosis 9 ! ,imp]fect ,subjunctive4 ante slem exori5tem nisi 9 palae/ram vn]s1 haud m$iocrs po5s p5d]s1 ,pl4 ,b4 #dbf1 ere sunrise s y came n to ! wre/l+ s*ool1 am]cem5t /rong y _h to pay 7#aeeb74 7#e47 ,,protasis ,,9 ,,! ,,future4 #bjeb4 7a47 ,apodosis 9 ! ,pres5t4 eam sei crbeis1 p]bona/1 ,pl4 ,m]c4 #ebf1 if y'll take c>e ( h]1 %e is fir/-rate4 quod s p]f]re nn pot]1 opprim m ml1 ,,ra4 #aj1 if ,i _c succe$ 9 be>+ x1 ,i w\ld r be cru%$4 #bjec4 7b47 ,apodosis 9 ! ,p]fect4 quam nisi df5ds1 ,rmulus nn b5e vdit avs1 ,prop4 #d 7#e71 #f1 #dc1 unless ?\ save/ h]1 'twas ill t ,romulus espi$ 8 birds4 ctum/1 s quidem t m hc ldificb]e1 ,t4 ,eu4 #gag1 all's up1 t is 9 case y fool me "h 7#afab74 cui s esse 9 urbe licbit1 vcimus1 ,att4 #ad1 #bj1 #c1 if he %all be all[$ to /ay 9 t[n1 ! day is ours 7#afab74 #bjed4 7c47 ,apodosis 9 ! ,future4 s erum nsimulbis malitiae1 male audis1 ,t4 ,ph4 #cei1 y'll he> :at y won't l1 if y ins9uate any?+ wrong aga9/ ma/]4 vcns bonus e/3 s t lib5t] vcnits vidbit1 facilius tua vnds2 s a$ificbis1 op]s1 im5ts1 mt]i adiuvbunt1 ,cato1 ,,rr4 #d1 be oblig+ to y\r neighb\rs3 if ! neighb\rhood looks on y ) fav\r1 y w f9d a readi] sale = y\r produce2 if y fall to build+1 !y w help y ) lab\r1 draught animals1 & build+ mat]ial4 s id audbis dc]e1 causam inimc tu sublevbis1 ,caecil4 #ab1 if y v5ture to say t1 y w promote ! cause ( y\r enemy4 s =tna volet1 fs d rhtore cnsul2 s volet haec eadem1 fs d cnsule rhtor1 ,j4 #g1 #aig1 if =tune %all orda91 a magnate f a tea*] ?\ %alt be2 aga9 %all %e orda91 a tea*] f a magnate %alt ?\ be4 nn modo nn la$tur causa nbilittis1 s i/s hom9ibus resi/tis1 vrum etiam rnbitur1 ,,ra4 #ach1 ! int]e/s ( ! nobility w n be damag$1 if y resi/ ^? creatures2 oh no1 on ! contr>y1 !y w be promot$4 ,! clause ) s is apt to take ! future p]fect 7#bjfa74 ,! future 9 ! apodosis (t5 d5otes action hold+ good at all times3 z1 dfnsor prmum1 s pot]it1 dbbit vtam eius1 qu nsimulbitur1 quam hone/issimam dmn/rre1 ,inv4 #b1 #ce1 ! advocate ought 9 ! fir/ place1 if he c1 to prove t ! life ( ! accus$ is em95tly respectable4 quod adsequmur1 s cavbimus n 9 p]turbtins incidmus1 ,(f4 #a1 #aca1 we %all atta9 ?is end if we take c>e n to be subject to fits ( passion4 ,sometimes 9 exemplifications3 s patriam prd]e cnbitur pat]1 silbitne flius8 ,(f4 #c1 #ij1 if a fa!r %all try to betray 8 c\ntry1 w ! son keep sil5t8 ,b see #bjij4 #bjee4 7d47 ,apodosis 9 ! ,future ,p]fect4 oculum ego ecfodiam tib 33 dcam tam52 nam s sc nn licbit1 luscus dx]1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #dfc1 ,i'll dig y\r eye out 33 b ,i'll speak1 na?less2 = if ,i may n z ,i am1 ,i'll say my say z "o-ey$ man4 s$ s t aequ anim f]re accipiet1 necleg5tem fc]is1 ,t4 ,&r4 #cig1 b if he sees y take x placidly1 y'll h him (f 8 gu>d4 ,! m usual comb9ation is z 9 #bjfb4 #bjef4 7e47 ,apodosis 9 ! ,imp]ative4 vir tuos s v5iet1 iube dom opp]ri]1 ,pl4 ,ci/4 #eib1 9 case y\r husb& comes1 tell him to wait at home4 ,almo/ always ! second imp]ative is us$ 7#aegg73 z1 s volet1 su vvit1 ,twelve ,tables 9 ,gell4 #bj1 #a1 #de1 if ! prison] wi%1 he may subsi/ on 8 own food4 s v5iet nntius1 facit ut sciam1 ,pl4 ,/4 #adh1 if a mess5g] %all come1 be sure y let me "k4 s d m ips plra dc]e vidbor1 gnscitte1 ,se/4 #ca1 if ,i seem to h>p too mu* on myself1 y mu/ excuse me4 #bjeg4 7f47 ,apodosis 9 ! ,pres5t ,subjunctive4 s quid erit1 quod scrb5dum puts1 velim facis1 ,att4 #aa1 #ac1 #e1 if !re %all be any?+ :i* y ?9k wor? writ+1 ,i wi% y w\ld write 7#aeee74 nam s alt]a illaec magis n/bit1 =sitan ns reiciat1 ,t4 ,ph4 #gag1 = if ! o!r lady presses m1 p]haps he'll ?r[ u out 7#aeed74 p]eam1 s t f]re pot]unt1 ,brut4 9 ,fam4 #aa1 #bc1 #b1 may ,i die1 if !y %all f9d x possible to endure y 7#aeda74 s qu& illa dcet #8,pha$riam intr mittmus1' ,pamphilam canttum prvocmus1 ,t4 ,eu4 #dda1 if ev] %e %all say #8let u h ,pha$ria 91' !n let u call out ,pamphila to s+ 7#aedh74 habeat1 s arg5tum dabit1 ,pl4 ,r4 #gbg1 %e's welcome to !m1 if %e pays ! ca% 7#aedh74 #bjeh4 7g47 ,apodosis 9 ! ,p]fect ,subjunctive4 s m auditis1 adulsc5ts1 slem alt]um n metu]tis1 ,,rp4 #a1 #cb1 if y w he>k5 to me1 my "y fri5ds1 nev] fe> a d\ble sun 7#aeea74 sn erit ille gemitus lm5tbilis1 vix eum virum dx]im1 ,,td4 #b1 #eg1 b if 8 groan be a long-drawn wail1 ,i c\ld sc>cely call him a man 7#aeeh74 7#f47 ,,protasis ,,9 ,,! ,,future ,,p]fect4 #bjei4 7a47 ,apodosis 9 ! ,pres5t4 salvae sunt1 s i/s flcts dvtv]9t1 ,pl4 ,r4 #afh1 !y are sav$1 if !y escape ^? waves 7#aeic74 rx sum1 s ego illum hom9em adlex]1 ,pl4 ,po54 #fga1 ,i'm a millionaire1 if ,i allure ! man 7#aeic74 crm5 probre t cnss posse1 s n causam quidem malefic prtul]is8 ,,ra4 #gb1 d y ?9k y c prove y\r *>ge1 if y d n ev5 br+ =w>d a motive = ! crime8 quod s meam spem vs improbrum fefell]it1 comm5d vbs meum p>vum flium1 ,c4 #d1 #bc1 b if ! might ( ! wick$ disappo9ts my hope1 unto y\r keep+ d ,i comm5d ! little son ( m9e4 #bjfj4 7b47 ,apodosis 9 ! ,p]fect4 victus sum1 s dx]is1 ,pl4 ,am4 #dbh1 ,i am beat5 if y tell 7#afab74 s sns]it1 p]i1 ,t4 ,&r4 #bac1 if he sc5ts x1 ,i'm done = 7#afab74 s cns]vtus erit1 vcimus1 ,fam4 #ab1 #f1 #b1 if he is sav$1 our success is assur$ 7#afab74 tum1 h]cule1 ill di qu ego cnsul sum cretus1 male ge/a rs pblica e/1 s tul]itis1 ,l4 #c1 #ai1 #aa1 9 t case x 0 inde$ a bad day = ! c\ntry :5 ,i 0 made consul1 if y make ! proposition 7#afjh74 #bjfa4 7c47 ,apodosis 9 ! ,future4 p]b1 s nn fc]1 s fax vpulb1 ,pl4 9 ,gell4 #c1 #c1 #h1 ,i %all be done = if ,i don't d x1 if ,i d1 ,i %all be done up too 7#afbf74 oculum ego ecfodiam tib1 s v]bum addid]is1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #dfc1 ,i'll g\ge y\r eye out = y1 if y say ano!r ^w4 s t int]fic iuss]1 residbit 9 r pblic reliqua conirtrum manus1 ,c4 #a1 #ab1 if ,i ord] y to be dispat*$1 ! re/ ( ! gang ( conspirators w be left 9 ! /ate4 #bjfb4 7d47 ,apodosis 9 ! ,future ,p]fect4 s dx] m5dcium1 solns meo mre fc]1 ,pl4 ,am4 #aih1 if fiction ,i relate1 ,i %all h done b 9 my usual way4 s t arg5tum attul]is1 cum ill p]did] fidem1 ,pl4 ,ps4 #cgf1 if y1 sir1 br+ ! ca%1 ,i'll break my ^w to him4 resprr1 s t vd]1 ,att4 #b1 #bd1 #e1 ,i %all be myself aga91 if ,i see y4 p]grtum mih fc]is1 s d amciti disputris1 ,l4 #af1 y w d me a v great fav\r1 if y w disc\rse on fri5d%ip4 #bjfc4 7e47 ,apodosis 9 ! ,imp]ative4 ,g5]ally ! long] =ms ( ! imp]ative are us$ 7#aegg73 patrnus s cli5t fraudem fc]it1 sac] e/1 ,twelve ,tables 9 ,s]v4 to ,v4 #f1 #fji1 if a patron %all *eat 8 cli5t1 let him be doom$4 s]vtum tibi m abdcit1 n fc]1 ,pl4 ,ps4 #ebj1 if ,i don't d x1 take me (f to be y\r slave4 hoc s effc]is1 quodvs dnum m optt1 ,t4 ,eu4 #ajef1 if y d ?is1 ask any gift y please ( me4 s m adsequ potu]is1 ut tib vidbitur1 sepelt1 ,,td4 #a1 #ajc1 if y c ev] f9d me1 !n bury me z y ?9k be/4 ,r>ely ! %ort] =ms3 inp+e pugnum1 s muttv]it1 ,pl4 ,b4 #hjj1 drive y\r fi/ into him if he says booh4 s tumids accd]e fa/s sns]is1 incept p>ce ref]que p$em1 ,o4 ,,aa4 #a1 #gae1 if ?\ %alt see disda9 come swell+ high1 give o'er & beat retreat4 #bjfd4 7f47 ,apodosis 9 ! ,pres5t ,subjunctive4 sib habeat1 s nn extempl ab e abdx]1 ,pl4 ,p]4 #afd1 he may keep h]1 if ,i don't c>ry h] (f t m9ute 7#aedh74 caecum m f]r cnfite>1 s t potuisse sup]r dx]1 ,planc4 #f1 if ,i say t y c be surpass$1 ,i %\ld own myself swept along l a bl9d man 7#aeef74 tum magis ads5tire1 s ad maira p]vn]1 ,,rp4 #a1 #fb1 y w\ld agree all ! m if ,i come at once to weighti] po9ts 7#aeef74 ,,"s ,,special ,,uses4 #bjfe4 ,an indicative protasis ) s is (t5 us$ to assume a g5]al tru? z a pro( ei!r = ano!r g5]al tru?1 or = a p>ticul> fact4 7a47 s volupttis snsum capit1 dolrs etiam capit1 ,,dn4 #c1 #cb1 if x is susceptible ( pleasure1 x is also susceptible ( pa94 s omns1 qu r pblicae cnsulunt1 cr nbs esse db5t1 c]t 9 prms imp]trs4 s f]ae "ps sus dligunt1 qu ns 9 lb]s no/rs indulg5ti esse dbmus1 ,,d4 #b1 #afh1 if all p :o are devot$ to ! public s]vice are de> to u1 !n assur$ly our milit>y m5 ought always to be p>ticul>ly de>4 ,if wild bea/s always love _! "y1 h[ k9d ought we always to be to our own *ildr54 7b47 s piett summa tribu5da laus e/1 dbtis movr1 cum ,q4 ,metellum tam pi lgre videtis1 ,,d4 #b1 #afg1 if filial affection is always to be held 9 high hon\r1 y ought to be t\*$ 9 ?is in/ance1 see+ su* affectionate grief 9 ,metellus4 s nox opportna e/ ruptin1 scut e/1 haec pr(ect noctis aptissima hra e/1 ,l4 #g1 #ce1 #aj1 if night is always fav\rable = a sortie1 & x always is1 ?is p>ticul> h\r ( ! night is ! v be/ "t4 #bjff4 ,an indicative protasis ) s (t5 assumes a fact1 pa/ or pres5t1 z an argum5t = ano!r fact1 or = a g5]al tru?4 ,9 ?is case ! apodosis1 :i* is usually a "q1 (t5 takes ! subjunctive 7#aefe74 s ,slla potuit effic]e1 ut dicttor dc]tur1 cr hc nn possit8 ,att4 #i1 #ae1 #b1 if ,sulla c\ld succe$ 9 be+ appo9t$ dictator1 :y _c ?is man8 s ,znn licuit inaudtum r nm5 impn]e1 cr nn liceat ,catn8 ,f94 #c1 #ae1 if ,z5o 0 all[$ to give a new "n to a ?+1 :y %\ld n ,cato be all[$8 quod s ,graec leguntur ,graecs1 quid e/ cr no/r no/rs nn legantur8 ,f94 #a1 #f1 b if ,greeks are read by ,greeks1 :y %\ld n ,romans be read by ,romans8 #bjfg4 ,an indicative protasis ) s (t5 assumes a fact :i* is decl>$ 9 ! apodosis to be no reason = ano!r fact4 ,9 ?is case ! negative usually beg9s ! p]iod4 s1 = :i* quia or ets is sometimes sub/itut$1 sometimes has idcirc1 lic1 or cont9u1 r>ely propt]e or ide1 z correlative 9 ! apodosis4 nn1 s tib ante prfuit1 semp] prd]it1 ,ph4 #h1 #ab1 ev5 if x has done y good 9 ! pa/1 t is no reason :y x always w 9 ! future4 nn s ,opmium df5di/1 idcirc t i/ bonum cvem putbunt1 ,,d4 #b1 #agj1 suppose y did def5d ,opimius1 t is no reason :y y\r fri5ds w ?9k y a patriot4 nec s omne nntitum aut vrum aut falsum e/1 sequitur lic1 esse causs immtbils1 quae prohibeant secus cad]e atque csrum sit1 ,fat4 #bh1 & ev5 if e decl>ation is ei!r true or false1 x does n foll[ )\t any fur!r ado t !re are un*angeable causes to prev5t a ?+ fall+ out diff]5t f ! way x promises to fall out4 nn cont9u1 s m 9 gregem scrirum contul1 sum scrius1 ,,ra4 #id1 x does n =?) foll[ t if ,i h jo9$ a b& ( bravoes1 ,i am a bravo4 ,erratum3 #bjfe;a 444 ,,dn4 #c1 #cb1 #c1 #cb4 mror1 mrum s4 #bjfh4 mror or mrum e/ 7mra sunt7 may introduce a conditional protasis1 in/ead ( a clause ) quod 7#ahea7 or ! accusative ) ! inf9itive 7#bahh74 ,g5]ally ! ma9 clause is actually or virtually negativ$3 z1 m9us mr&um/1 illaec aets s quid illrum facit1 ,pl4 ,b4 #dji1 'tis n to be wond]$ at1 if y\? does ?+s l t4 idne t mrre1 s patrissat flius8 ,pl4 ,ps4 #ddb1 c y1 sir1 wond] at x if ! son plays ! fa!r8 nec mrum s tbtur cnsili1 ,qu9ct4 #ah1 & x is no wond] if he foll[$ ! advice4 mr]1 s vna ve/ra auctrits e/8 ,l4 #c1 #ba1 #d1 c ,i ?9k x /range if y\r influ5ce is ( no acc\nt 7#aefe78 ,r>ely ! ma9 clause is positive3 z1 mrb> hoc s sc abret1 ,t4 ,&r4 #age1 ,i wond]$ if x 0 go+ to end s 7#aggc74 mror s quemquam amcum habre potuit1 ,l4 #ed1 ,i wond] if he c\ld h _h a fri5d 9 ! _w4 ,9 old colloquial /yle mrum n is f\nd3 z1 mrum n hc me exossre cgitat1 ,pl4 ,am4 #cai1 /range t he doesn't ?9k ( bon+ me4 ubi nunc ipsus8 33 mrum n dom/1 ,t4 ,&r4 #eih1 :]e is he n[8 33 at home ( c\rse4 ,s once 9 ,livy3 mrum esse n ca/ra ho/ium oppugn5tur1 ,l4 #c1 #bh1 #e1 t he %\ldn't be surpris$ if ! enemy's camp 7 be+ /orm$ 7#agbd74 gaude s is f\nd once 9 ,cic]o1 & t]re1 metus e/ s1 or ! l occurs a few times 9 ,tacitus4 ,= s 9 expressions ( trial1 hope1 expectation1 c41 see #aggg4 ,,! ,,subjunctive ,,= ,,! ,,indicative4 #bjfi4 ,! indicative 9 ! protasis is occasionally replac$ by ! subjunctive1 z foll[s3 #bjgj4 7#a47 ,! pres5t or p]fect subjunctive is sometimes us$ 9 g5]al pres5t suppositions1 regul>ly 9 ! indef9ite second p]son s+ul>1 r>ely ) o!r p]sons 7#agcj73 z1 7a47 nam dol nn dol sunt nisi a/ cols1 s$ malum maxumum1 s id palam prv5it1 ,pl4 ,cap4 #bba1 = tricks are nev] tricks1 unless y h&le !m ) craft1 b damage dire1 9 case ! ?+ gets out2 "h ! indicative prv5it %[s t cols is due to ! p]son4 nec calidae citius dcdunt corpore febrs1 textilibus s 9 pctrs o/rque rub5t iactris1 quam s 9 plbi ve/e cub&um e/1 ,lucr4 #b1 #cd1 nor soon] w hot fev]s leave ! limbs1 if on gay tape/ries & blu%+ purple y %\ld toss1 ?an if p]=ce y\r b$ y make on pallet rude4 quod e/ difficile1 nisi speciem prae t bon vir f]s1 ,(f4 #b1 #ci1 & ?is is a h>d ?+1 unless y h ! ext]ior ( a good man4 nec habre virttem satis e/ nisi tre1 ,,rp4 #a1 #b1 & to h virtue is n en\gh1 unless "o use x4 squoi mtuom quid d$]s1 fit pr propri p]ditum1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #ajea1 if aught y've l5t to anyone1 'tis n y\r own1 b lo/4 nam nllae magis rs duae pls negt hab5t1 s occp]s exrnre1 ,pl4 ,po54 #bab1 = no two ?+s give m tr\ble if y once beg9 to fit !m out4 nlla e/ excsti pecct1 s amc caus peccv]s1 ,l4 #cg1 x is no excuse = a s9 if y h s9n$ f fri5d%ip4 7b47 sus quisque opprim nn patitur1 neque1 alit] s faciat1 llam int] sus habet auctrittem1 #f1 #aa1 #d1 nobody suff]s 8 vassals to be put d[n1 & if he ev] act o!rwise1 he has no influ5ce among 8 p4 la$untur artriae1 s cr clmre compleantur1 ,cornif4 #c1 #ba1 x always hurts ! w9dpipe1 if x be fill$ out ) a %>p scream4 turpis excsti e/1 s quis contr rem pblicam s amc caus fcisse fatetur1 ,l4 #dj1 x is always a discr$itable apology1 if a man confess t he has be5 unpatriotic f motives ( fri5d%ip4 ,britann inincta imp]i mn]a impigr obeunt1 s iniriae abs9t1 ,ta4 ,agr4 #ac1 ! ,britons are always p]fectly ready to p]=m ! duties enjo9$ on !m by ! ,roman gov]nm5t1 if !y be n maltreat$4 #bjga4 7#b47 ,! imp]fect or plup]fect subjunctive is sometimes us$ 9 g5]al pa/ suppositions 7#agcj74 ,?is use beg9s ) ,catullus & ,caes>1 ! indicative be+ ! regul> classical con/ruction 7#bjdd1 #bjej74 *ommoda dcbat1 s qu& commoda vellet dc]e ,arrius1 ,cat4 #hd1 #a1 hadvantages said ,arrius1 if advantages he ev] meant to say4 s quis preh5d]tur1 cnsns mlitum ripibtur1 ,caes4 ,c4 #c1 #aaj1 #d1 e "t a man 0 tak5 up1 he 0 rescu$ by ! jo9t action ( ! rank & file4 sn autem locum t5re vell5t1 nec virtt locus rel9qubtur1 neque coniecta tla vtre pot]ant1 #e1 #ce1 #d1 b if on ! o!r h& !y und]took to hold _! position1 !re 0 nev] any op5+ = brav]y1 nor c\ld !y ev] dodge ! %[] ( missiles4 sn ,numidae propius accessiss5t1 ib virttem o/5d]e1 ,s4 ,i4 #eh1 #c1 !y %[$ =? _! val\r e "t ! ,numidians drew ne> 7#aece74 7,b47 ,,subjunctive ,,use4 #bjgb4 ,! pres5t or p]fect subjunctive may be us$ 9 a conditional protasis ( future "t4 #bjgc4 ,! apodosis is usually 9 ! pres5t subjunctive1 less frequ5tly 9 ! p]fect subjunctive4 ,! imp]fect & plup]fect subjunctive are r>e 7#bjhi74 #bjgd4 ,! indicative is sometimes us$ 9 ! apodosis1 especially 9 expressions ( ability1 duty1 c4 7#adie72 nn possum is regul>ly 9 ! indicative :5 ! protasis is also negative4 ,= ! future indicative ! p]iphra/ic =m is sometimes us$4 #bjge4 ,9 ! e>ly p]iod1 be=e ! imp]fect subjunctive _h be5 %ift$ to d5ote pres5t "t 9 conditional s5t5ces 7#bjia71 ! pres5t subjunctive 0 us$ to express action non-occurr5t 9 pres5t "t4 ,examples ( ?is use are f\nd 9 ,plautus3 z1 s hone/ cnseam t fac]e posse1 sudeam2 vrum nn pote/2 cave faxs1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #acga1 if ,i ?\ght t y c\ld d ! ?+ ) cr$it to y\rself1 ,i %\ld advise y to2 b 'tis impossible2 s don't y d x4 vocem t ad cnam1 nisi egomet cnem =s1 ,pl4 ,/4 #aij1 ,i %\ld ask y home to d9e1 if ,i 7 n d9+ out myself4 ,su* s5t5ces mu/ n be confus$ ) ^? 9 :i* an action f ! nature ( ?+s impossible is repres5t$ z ( possible occurr5ce4 7#a47 ,,protasis ,,9 ,,! ,,pres5t ,,subjunctive4 #bjgf4 7a47 ,apodosis 9 ! ,pres5t ,subjunctive4 at pigeat po/e no/rum erum1 s vs eximat v9culs1 ,pl4 ,cap4 #bjc1 b x may rue our ma/] by & by1 if he %\ld take y out ( bonds4 quid s v5iat dsubit pr&ium1 ub ego tum accumbam8 ,pl4 ,b4 #gi1 suppose a lun* %\ld sudd5ly come (f1 :]e is y\r humble s]vant !n to lie 7#aefc78 hanc viam s asp]am esse negem1 m5ti>1 ,se/4 #ajj1 if ,i say t ?is pa? is n r\gh1 ,i %\ld n tell ! tru?4 s deus t int]roget1 quid respondes8 ,ac4 #b1 #hj1 if a god ask y1 :at w\ld y answ]8 haec s tcum patria loqutur1 nnne impetrre dbeat8 ,c4 #a1 #ai1 if ?y c\ntry plead ) !e ?us1 ought %e n to c>ry h] po9t8 s exi/at hodi ab nf]s ,lycrgus1 s ,sp>tam antquam gnsc]e dcat1 ,l4 #ci1 #cg1 #c1 if ,lycurgus rise ?is day f ! dead1 he w\ld say t he recogniz$ ! ,sp>ta ( yore4 es nn crre opnor1 quid agat hmnum g5us2 nam s cr5t1 b5e bons sit1 male mals1 quod nunc abe/1 ,e4 9 ,div4 #b1 #ajd1 ,,dn4 #c1 #gi1 b little c>e ! gods1 ,i tr[1 h[ f>es ! race ( man2 = %\ld !y c>e1 ! good 7 ble/1 ! wick$ cur/2 a ?+ t really come? n to pass4 #bjgg4 7b47 ,apodosis 9 ! ,p]fect ,subjunctive4 s aequom siet m pls sap]e quam vs1 d$]im vbs cnsilium catum1 ,pl4 ,e4 #beg1 if x becom+ be = me to h m wit ?an ye1 sage c\nsel might ,i give 7#aeeh74 aufg]im potius quam r$eam1 s e mihi r$eundum sciam1 ,t4 ,hec4 #dbd1 ,i'd run away soon] ?an g back1 if ,i %\ld he> ,i _h to 7#aeeh74 nec satis sci1 nec s sciam1 dc]e ausim1 ,l4 praef4 #a1 9 ! fir/ place ,i d n "k v well1 & secondly if ,i %\ld "k1 ,i %\ld n v5ture to say 7#aeee74 iniuss tu extr rd9em numquam pugnv]im1 nn s c]tam victriam videam1 ,l4 #g1 #aj1 #b1 )\t ord]s f y ,i nev] %\ld fight out ( ranks1 no1 n if ,i saw victory 0 c]ta9 7#aeeh74 tum vr nququam hc dextr capitlium s]vv]im1 si cvem commlitnemque meum 9 v9cula dc videam1 ,l4 #f1 #ad1 #d1 ^u my ^w1 9 t case ,i %\ld prove to h sav$ ! capital 9 va91 if ,i saw a t[nsman & bro!r-9-arms ( m9e hal$ to jail4 mults circ nam rem ambits fc]im1 s quae v>iant auctrs omnia exequ velim1 ,l4 #bg1 #bg1 #ab1 ,i %\ld make a long /ory ab\t "o subject1 if ,i %\ld und]take to g ?r\gh all ! diff]5t v]sions ( ! au?orities4 #bjgh4 7c47 ,apodosis 9 ! ,pres5t ,indicative4 qu s decem habes l+us1 mtum esse addecet1 ,pl4 ,b4 #abh1 if y %\ld h a doz5 tongues1 'tis fit y %\ld be dumb 7#bjgd74 s pr peccts c5tum dcat uxrs1 p>um/1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #aahf1 if he %\ld w$ a hundr$ wives 9 paym5t = 8 s9s1 'tis n en\gh4 intrre1 s possim1 ca/ra ho/ium vol1 ,l4 #b1 #ab1 #e1 ,i propose to ent] ! camp ( ! enemy1 if ,i be able4 t neque db5t adiuvre1 s poss9t1 neque possunt1 s vel9t1 ,v4 #d1 #bj1 !y ought n to help y1 if !y c\ld1 & _c1 if !y w\ld4 s vcem rrum ntra rep5te mittat1 quid respondmus8 ,lucr4 #c1 #ica1 if ,nature ( a sudd5 lift h] voice1 :at answ] %all we make8 s qua]tur1 idemne sit p]t9cia et p]sevrantia1 dfntinibus idic&um e/1 ,t4 #hg1 if x be ask$ :e!r ob/9acy & p]sev]ance are ! same1 x mu/ be settl$ by def9itions 7#bjgd74 #bjgi4 7d47 ,apodosis 9 ! ,future4 quadrgs s nsc5ds ,iovis atque h9c fugis1 ita vix pot]is effug]e n=tnium1 ,pl4 ,am4 #dej1 ,jove's f\r-9-h& if y %\ld m\nt1 & try to flee f "h1 ev5 s y'll sc>ce escape a dreadful doom4 squidem summum ,iovem t dcs dt9uisse1 malam rem effugis numquam1 ,pl4 ,z4 #dad1 e'en %\ld/ ?\ say imp]ial ,jove deta9$ !e1 *a/isem5t ?\'lt ne'er avoid4 s frctus inlbtur orbis1 inpavidum f]i5t runae1 ,h4 #c1 #c1 #g1 %\ld heav5's vault crumbl+ fall1 him all undaunt$ w its ru9 /rike4 neque t hoc dc]e audbis1 nec s cupis1 licbit1 ,v4 #b1 #afg1 y w n d>e to say ?is1 sir1 nor if y wi%1 w y be all[$4 #bjhj4 7e47 ,apodosis 9 ! ,future ,p]fect4 nn tantum1 s proeli v9cs1 glriae adic]is1 quantum adm]is1 s quid adv]s v5iat1 ,l4 #cj1 #cj1 #ba1 y w n acquire z mu* glory1 if y succe$ 9 battle1 z y w lose1 if any rev]se occur4 #bjha4 7f47 ,apodosis 9 ! ,p]iphra/ic ,future4 nn latrus sum1 s iubes maxum1 ,pl4 ,b4 #ajjd1 ,i don't int5d to be ! be>]1 %\ld y urge me e'er s mu*4 quid1 s ho/s ad urbem v5iant1 factr e/is8 ,l4 #c1 #eb1 #g1 suppose ! enemy m>* on ! t[n1 :at d y int5d to d8 #bjhb4 7g47 ,apodosis 9 ! ,imp]fect ,subjunctive4 cantus et ,lnam ddc]e temptat et fac]et1 s nn a]a repulsa son5t1 ,tib4 #a1 #h1 #ba1 magic essays to draw ,luna d[n & w\ld succe$ if cla%+ brass %\ld n res\nd 7#aefj74 n s nvigre quidem velim1 ita gub]nrem1 ut somniv]im2 praesns enim po5a sit1 ,div4 #b1 #abb1 aga91 suppose ,i und]take to g sail+1 ,i %\ld n lay my c\rse z ,i may h dream$2 = ! p5alty w\ld be swift 7#aefj74 s hodi bella s9t1 qule ,etrscum fuit1 qule ,gallicum2 posstisne f]re ,sextium cnsulem esse8 ,l4 #f1 #dj1 #ag1 suppose !re be w>s to-day l ! ,etruscan & ! ,gallic w>s3 c\ld y be> to see ,sextius consul 7#aefe78 #bjhc4 7h47 ,apodosis 9 ! ,plup]fect ,subjunctive4 c>m9a n s9t1 ex um] ,pelopis nn nituisset ebur1 ,tib4 #a1 #d1 #fc1 suppose !re be no v]se1 f ,pelops' %\ld] ne'er _h ivory gleam$ 7#aefa74 7#b47 ,,protasis ,,9 ,,! ,,p]fect ,,subjunctive4 #bjhd4 7a47 ,apodosis 9 ! ,pres5t ,subjunctive4 dbeam1 crd1 i/ quicquam furcif]1 s id fc]im1 ,t4 ,eu4 #hfa1 ,i %\ld be1 =soo?1 responsible to ! rogue1 if ,i %\ld d x 7#aeef74 s d cael vlla tcta siet1 d e r v]ba ut fant1 ,cato1 ,,rr4 #ad1 #c1 if ! villa be /ruck by lightn+1 let !re be utt]ances ab\t ! case 7#aedg74 s corn relictus sim1 nn queam dc]e1 ,br4 #aib1 if ,i %\ld ev] be ab&on$ by my audi5ce1 ,i %\ld n be able to speak4 id s accid]it1 smus armt1 ,,td4 #a1 #gh1 if ?is h happ5$1 let u be on our gu>d 7#aedh74 cr ego simulem m1 s quid 9 hs /udis op]ae posu]im1 p]didisse8 ,p>4 #cc1 :y %\ld ,i h ! affectation to say t if ,i h sp5t any "t 9 ^! pursuits1 ,i h ?r[n x away 7#aefc78 ,see also #bjij4 #bjhe4 7b47 ,apodosis 9 ! ,p]fect ,subjunctive4 s paululum modo quid t fg]t1 ego p]i]im1 ,t4 ,hau4 #caf1 %\ld y h miss$ ! smalle/ po9t1 a dead man ,i %\ld be4 ,see also #bjij4 #bjhf4 7c47 ,apodosis 9 ! ,future ,indicative4 s =te lb] fi] occp]im1 mittam nntium ad t1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #acfb1 if haply ,i %\ld be by way ( gett+ free1 ,i'll s5d y ^w4 s =te morbus amplior factus siet1 s]vom intr iisse dc5t ,s/ratae1 ,t4 ,hec4 #ccj1 if h] illness %\ld get worse1 !y'll say a slave ( ,so/rata's w5t 9 !re4 #bjhg4 7d47 ,apodosis 9 ! ,p]iphra/ic ,future4 s ,vs inc5dium ortum sit1 ,fdns inde quaestr sumus8 ,l4 #e1 #ed1 #a1 if a fire break out at ,vei1 are we go+ to move f !re to ,fid5ae8 #bjhh4 7e47 ,apodosis 9 ! ,imp]fect ,subjunctive4 squis hoc gnt tu tuos s]vos faxit1 qulem habrs grtiam8 ,pl4 ,cap4 #gaa1 suppose a slave ( y\rs has done ?is = a son ( y\rs1 h[ grateful %\ld y h be58 ,erratum3 #bjhg;d 444 ,l4 #e1 #ed1 #a ,l #e1 ,,conv]sion ,,to ,,pa/ ,,"t4 #bjhi4 ,an indet]m9ate subjunctive protasis is r>ely ?r[n into ! pa/1 ! pres5t & p]fect becom+ respectively imp]fect & plup]fect4 ,9 ?is case ! =m is ! same z t ( a protasis ( action non-occurr5t 7#bjia71 & ! conv]sion occurs only :5 x is evid5t f ! context t pa/ action is suppos$1 :i* may or may n h occurr$3 z1 cr igitur et ,camillus dolret1 s haec po/ trec5ts et qunqug9t f] anns v5tra putret1 et ego doleam1 s ad decem mlia annrum g5tem aliquam urbe no/r pottram putem8 ,,td4 #a1 #ij1 :y !n w\ld ,camillus h frett$1 if he ?\ght ?is w\ld occur aft] a lapse ( "s ?ree hundr$ & fifty ye>s1 & :y %\ld ,i fret1 if ,i ?9k t "s nation may seize ,rome "s t5 ?\s& ye>s h5ce8 erat sla illa nvis cn/rta2 quae s 9 pra$num pugn v]srtur1 urbis n/> habre int] ills prtics myop>ns vidrtur1 ,v4 #e1 #hi1 ?is 0 ! only vessel ) a deck2 & suppos+ %e figur$ 9 ! engagem5t ) ! corsairs1 %e w\ld h loom$ up l a t[n1 surr\nd$ by ^? pirate cock-boats4 ,s>dus habbat ille ,tigellius hoc2 ,caes> s pet]et nn quicquam prfic]et1 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #c1 #d1 ,tigellius ! ,s>dian _h ?is way2 suppos+ ,caes> ask$ him1 naught _h he avail$4 ,,p]iods ,,( ,,exemplification4 #bjij4 ,! pres5t subjunctive is p>ticul>ly common 9 exemplification4 ,! p]fect is sometimes us$ 9 ! protasis1 r>ely 9 ! apodosis3 z1 s pat] fna explet1 indicetne id magi/rtibus flius8 ,(f4 #c1 #ij1 if a fa!r %\ld plund] temples1 w\ld ! son report x to ! magi/rates8 s quis pat] familis supplicium nn smps]it1 utrum is clmns an crdlissimus esse videtur8 ,c4 #d1 #ab1 assume = ! sake ( argum5t t a h\sehold] h n inflict$ puni%m5t1 w\ld he seem m]ciful1 or a mon/] ( cruelty8 s sci]s aspidem occult latre uspiam1 et velle aliquem imprd5tem sup] eam adsd]e1 improb fc]s1 nisi monu]s n adsdat1 ,f94 #b1 #ei1 suppose a man %\ld "k1 e4g4 t !re 0 a snake hid+ some:]e1 & t somebody 0 go+ to sit d[n on ! snake unaw>es2 he w\ld d wrong1 if he did n tell him he mu/ n sit d[n !re4 ,9 su* p]iods ! future is also us$1 b less frequ5tly3 see #bjed4 ,erratum3 #bjij 444 see #bjed4 f9al 4 miss+ ,,ii4 ,,protases ,,( ,,action ,,non-,,occurr5t4 #bjia4 ,a conditional p]iod 9 :i* ! non-occurr5ce ( ! action is impli$ takes ! imp]fect or plup]fect subjunctive bo? 9 ! protasis & 9 ! apodosis4 ,! imp]fect usually d5otes pres5t or indef9ite "t1 & ! plup]fect d5otes pa/ "t4 ,= ! pres5t subjunctive 9 su* conditions1 see #bjge4 #bjib4 ,! imp]fect sometimes d5otes pa/ "t 7#aeei74 ,:5 future "t is ref]r$ to1 ! protasis is usually 9 ! imp]fect ( ! p]iphra/ic future1 commonly ! subjunctive1 b sometimes ! indicative 7#bajh74 #bjic4 ,! apodosis is v r>ely 9 ! pres5t subjunctive 7#bjih74 ,! p]iphra/ic future is sometimes us$1 commonly 9 ! indicative 7#bjig1 #bajj74 7#a47 ,,protasis ,,9 ,,! ,,imp]fect ,,subjunctive4 #bjid4 7a47 ,apodosis 9 ! ,imp]fect ,subjunctive4 7a47 ,protasis & apodosis bo? d5ot+ pres5t action2 ?is is ! usual application3 s intus esset1 vocrem1 ,pl4 ,ps4 #fdj1 ,i %\ld call him out1 if he 7 94 is iam prdem e/ mortuus4 s vv]et1 v]ba eius audrtis1 ,,rc4 #db1 t p]son has long be5 dead2 if he 7 alive1 y w\ld he> 8 evid5ce4 adnu]e t vide2 prf]rem librs1 s negrs1 ,,dn4 #a1 #aac1 ,i see y nod ass5t2 ,i %\ld br+ out ! books1 if y ma9ta9$ ! opposite4 s ,l4 ,mummius aliquem i/rum vidret ,cor9?ium cupidissim trctantem1 utrum illum cvem excell5tem1 an trinsem dlig5tem putret8 ,p>4 #ch1 if ,mummius %\ld see "o ( y\r connoisseurs nurs+ a piece ( ,cor9?ian1 & go+ into p]fect ec/asies ov] x1 :at w\ld he ?9k8 t ! man 0 a model citiz5 or a ?or\ghly compet5t indoor-man8 quod s semp] optima t5re possmus1 haud sn cnsili multum egrmus1 ,,op4 #hi1 n[ if we c\ld always be 9 possession ( :at is be/1 we %\ld n ev] /& 9 any special ne$ ( reason+4 7b47 ,protasis & apodosis bo? d5ot+ pa/ action3 haec s neque ego neque t fcimus1 nn siit ege/s fac]e ns2 nam s esset unde id feret1 fac]mus2 et t illum tuom1 s esss hom1 s9]s nunc fac]e1 ,t4 ,ad4 #ajc1 if nei!r y nor ,i h act$ ?us1 'twas pov]ty t /9t$ u2 = if we'd _h ! means1 we %\ld h done s too2 & y w\ld let t boy ( y\rs1 if y 7 human1 d x n[4 ,"h esset ref]s to pa/ "t1 esss to pres5t4 num igitur eum1 s tum esss1 tem]rium cvem putrs8 ,ph4 #h1 #ad1 w\ld y !re=e h ?\ght him1 if y _h liv$ !n1 a ho!ad$ citiz58 s niv]sa prv9cia loqu posset1 hc vce t]tur2 quoniam id nn pot]at1 hrum rrum ctrem ipsa dlgit1 ,caecil4 #ai1 if ! collective prov9ce c\ld h spok51 %e w\ld h us$ ^! words2 b s9ce %e c\ld n1 %e *ose a manag] = ! case h]self4 #bjie4 7b47 ,apodosis 9 ! ,plup]fect ,subjunctive4 invnissmus iam di1 sei vv]et1 ,pl4 ,m54 #bda1 7 he alive1 we %\ld h f\nd him long ago4 s mihi secundae rs d amre me ess5t1 iam ddum sci vniss5t1 ,t4 ,hau4 #bcj1 if ev]y?+ 7 well ab\t my love1 ,i "k !y w\ld h be5 "h long ago4 quae nisi ess5t 9 s5ibus1 nn summum cnsilium mairs no/r appellss5t s5tum1 ,,cm4 #ai1 unless ! eld]ly 7 9 g5]al *>act]iz$ by ^! qualities1 our ance/ors w\ld n h call$ ! highe/ delib]ative body ! body ( eld]s4 #bjif4 7c47 ,p]iphra/ic ,apodosis4 quibus1 s ,rmae esset1 facile cont5tus futrus erat1 ,att4 #ab1 #cb1 #b1 ) :i*1 if he 7 9 ,rome1 he w\ld readily be satisfi$ 7#bjic74 qus ego1 s tribn m triumphre prohibr5t1 te/s cittrus fu rrum m ge/rum1 ,l4 #ch1 #dg1 #d1 ! v m5 :om ,i 0 to call to be> witness to my de$s1 if ! tribunes %\ld refuse me a triumph4 7#b47 ,,protasis ,,9 ,,! ,,plup]fect ,,subjunctive4 #bjig4 7a47 ,apodosis 9 ! ,imp]fect ,subjunctive4 7a47 ,protasis d5ot+ pa/1 apodosis pres5t action3 s ante voluisss1 esss2 nunc sr cupis1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #efh1 if y _h wi%$ x be=e1 y might be2 z x is1 y long too late4 s nn mcum aettem gisset1 hodi /ulta vv]et1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #acbj1 if %e hadn't sp5t h] life ) me1 %e'd be a fool to-day4 s tum ill respondre voluissem1 nunc r pblicae cnsul]e nn possem1 ,ph4 #c1 #cc1 if ,i _h *os5 to answ] ! man !n1 ,i %\ld n be able to promote ! public int]e/ n[4 qu quidem tempore s meum cnsilium valuisset1 t hodi egrs1 ns lb] essmus1 ,ph4 #b1 #cg1 if by ! way at t "t my c\nsel _h be5 reg>d$1 y1 sir1 w\ld be a begg> to-day & we %\ld be free4 7b47 ,protasis & apodosis bo? ref]r+ to pa/3 lim s advnissem1 magis t tum i/c dc]s1 ,pl4 ,cap4 #hga1 if ,i _h come be=e1 y'd h said s !n all ! m4 num igitur1 s ad c5tsimum annum vxisset1 s5ecttis eum suae pa5itret8 ,,cm4 #ai1 suppose !re=e he _h liv$ to be a hundr$1 w\ld he h regrett$ 8 ye>s8 ,inds alisque s adinxisset g5ts1 imp$im5tum maius quam auxilium trah]et1 ,l4 #i1 #ai1 #e1 if he _h add$ ! ,indians & o!r nations1 he w\ld h f\nd !m a h9drance r ?an a help 9 8 tra94 #bjih4 7b47 ,apodosis 9 ! ,plup]fect ,subjunctive4 s appellsss1 respondisset nm91 ,pl4 ,tri4 #ibg1 if y _h call$ him1 he'd h answ]$ to 8 "n4 nisi fgissem1 m$ium praemorsisset1 ,pl4 9 ,gell4 #f1 #i1 #g1 if ,i hadn't run away1 he'd h bitt5 me 9 two4 s vnisss ad ex]citum1 tribns vsus esss2 nn es autem ab hs vsus2 nn es igitur ad ex]citum pr(ectus1 ,inv4 #a1 #hg1 if y _h come to ! army1 y w\ld h be5 se5 by ! tribunes2 b y h n be5 se5 by !m2 !re=e y h n be5 to ! army4 s betus umquam fuisset1 betam vtam usque ad rogum p]tulisset1 ,f94 #c1 #gf1 if he _h ev] be5 a *ild ( =tune1 he w\ld h cont9u$ ! life ( bliss to ! fun]al pyre4 nisi mlits ess5t dfess1 omns ho/ium cpiae dlr potuiss5t1 #g1 #hh1 #f1 unless ! soldi]s _h be5 utt]ly exhau/$1 ! entire =ce ( ! enemy might h be5 ext]m9at$ 7#baja74 quod s ,catilna 9 urbe remnsisset1 dmic&um nbs cum ill fuisset1 ,c4 #c1 #ag1 b if ,catil9e _h /aid 9 t[n we %\ld h _h to fight ) ! villa9 7#baja74 #bjii4 7c47 ,apodosis 9 ! ,pres5t ,subjunctive4 vocem ego t ad m ad cnam1 frt] tuos nisi dxisset mih t apud s cntrum esse hodi1 ,pl4 ,/4 #eaj1 ,i %\ld l to invite y home to d9n]1 if my bro!r hadn't told me t y 7 to d9e ) him to-day4 #bajj4 7d47 ,p]iphra/ic ,apodosis4 7a47 s tacuisset1 ego eram dictrus1 ,pl4 ,ci/4 #aeb1 if %e _h held h] peace1 ,i 0 go+ to tell 7#bjic74 s ,p4 ,s/ius occsus esset1 fui/isne ad arma xr8 ,se/4 #ha1 if ,se/ius _h be5 sla91 7 y dispos$ to ru% to arms8 conclve illud1 ub erat mnsrus1 s re p]rxisset1 conruit1 ,div4 #a1 #bf1 ! suite ( rooms :]e he 0 go+ to sp5d ! night1 if he _h pu%$ on1 tumbl$ d[n4 ,teucrs fu]at m]sra c>ns1 n prius 9 scopulum trnsfrmta =et1 ,o4 #ad1 #gb1 %e _h gone on to s9k ! ,trojan b>ks unless %e _h be5 *ang$ into a rock4 7b47 quem s vcisset1 habitrus esset impnittem sempit]nam1 ,mil4 #hd1 & if he ov]came him1 he w\ld be likely to h exemption f puni%m5t =ev] & ev] 7#bjic74 aut nn ft int]it ex]citus1 aut s ft1 etiam s obtemp]sset auspicis1 idem v5trum fuisset1 ,div4 #b1 #ba1 ! de/ruction ( 8 army 0 ei!r n due to fate1 or if to fate1 x w\ld h happ5$ all ! same1 ev5 if he _h con=m$ to ! auspices4 ,erratum3 #bajj4 7d47 7c47 ,,indicative ,,apodosis4 #baja4 7#a47 ,! apodosis ( v]bs ( ability1 duty1 c4 7#adie-adig71 includ+ ! g]undive ) sum1 is (t5 9 ! indicative1 ! imp]fect tak+ ! place ( ! imp]fect or plup]fect subjunctive1 & ! p]fect t ( ! plup]fect subjunctive4 ,b ! subjunctive is also f\nd1 especially possem r ?an pot]am4 #bajb4 7a47 ,apodosis 9 ! ,imp]fect ,indicative4 7a47 ,( pres5t action3 quod s ,rmae ,cn4 ,pompius prvtus esset1 tam5 ad tantum bellum is erat mitt5dus1 ,,ip4 #ej1 n[ if ,pompey 7 at ,rome1 9 private /ation1 /ill he w\ld be ! man to s5d to ?is important w>4 quem patris loc1 s lla 9 t piets esset1 col]e dbbs1 ,ph4 #b1 #ii1 :om y ought to hon\r z a fa!r1 if y _h any su* ?+ z affection 9 y4 7b47 ,( pa/ action3 quid enim pot]at ,heius respondre1 s esset improbus8 ,v4 #d1 #af1 = :at answ] c\ld ,hejus h giv51 if he 7 an unpr9cipl$ man8 s sordidam ve/em habuiss5t1 lg5tium ,p]se csum praebre speciem pot]ant1 ,l4 #de1 #bj1 #e1 if !y _h worn d>k clo?+1 !y might h pres5t$ ! mi5 ( m\rn]s = ! fall ( ,p]seus4 #bajc4 7b47 ,apodosis 9 ! ,p]fect ,indicative4 nn potuit rep]re1 s ips sl qua]5ds d>s1 lepidirs dus1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #hjc1 if y assign$ ! se>* to ,sol himself1 he c\ldn't h f\nd two jolli] girls4 qu modo pultre potu s nn tang]em8 ,pl4 ,mo/4 #dfb1 h[ c\ld ,i h knock$1 if ,i hadn't t\*$ ! door8 licitum/1 s vells1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #eff1 y might h be51 if y'd wi%$4 s meum imp]ium exsequ voluisss1 int]emptam oportuit1 ,t4 ,hau4 #fcd1 if y _h be5 will+ to foll[ my comm&s1 %e %\ld h be5 dispat*$4 cnsul esse qu potu1 nisi eum vtae cursum t5uissem pu]iti8 ,,rp4 #a1 #aj1 h[ c\ld ,i h be5 consul unless f boyhood ,i _h tak5 t l9e 9 life8 s eum captvits 9 urbem p]trxisset1 ,caes>em ipsum audre potuit1 ,ta4 ,d4 #ag1 if captivity _h c>ri$ him to ! city1 he c\ld h he>d ,caes> himself4 ,antn gladis potuit contemn]e1 s sc omnia dxisset1 ,j4 #aj1 #abc1 ,antonius' swords he might h scorn$1 if all ?+s he _h word$ s4 s num diem mort esstis1 mori5dum omnibus fuit1 ,l4 #b1 #ch1 #e1 if y _h /aid "o day1 y mu/ all h di$4 #bajd4 7#b47 ,o!r v]bs also sometimes h a pa/ indicative apodosis1 usually an imp]fect or plup]fect1 to d5ote an action v ne> to actual p]=mance1 :i* is int]rupt$ by ! action ( ! protasis4 ,naturally su* a protasis g5]ally conta9s an actual or a virtual negative2 b positive protases are f\nd "h & !re1 *iefly 9 late writ]s4 #baje4 7a47 ,apodosis 9 ! ,p]fect ,indicative4 pa5e 9 foveam dcid1 n hc adesss1 ,pl4 ,p]4 #eid1 ,i _h almo/ fall5 into a sn>e1 unless y 7 "h4 nec vn1 nisi fta locum sdemque d$iss5t1 ,v4 #aa1 #aab1 nor _h ,i come1 unless ! fates a place & seat _h giv54 pns sublicius it] pa5e ho/ibus d$it1 n nus vir fuisset ,hortius ,cocles1 ,l4 #b1 #aj1 #b1 ! pile-bridge all b gave a pa? to ! enemy1 _h x n be5 = "o h]oic s\l1 ,horatius ,cocles4 #bajf4 7b47 ,apodosis 9 ! ,imp]fect ,indicative4 qun lbb> longius1 nisi m ret9uissem1 ,leg4 #a1 #eb1 :y1 ,i 0 go+ to drift on /ill fur!r1 if ,i _h n *eck$ myself4 s p] ,l4 ,metellum licitum esset1 mtrs illrum v5ibant1 ,v4 #e1 #abi1 if ,metellus _h n prev5t$1 ! mo!rs ( ^? p 7 j com+2 "h ! protasis may be held to conta9 a virtual negative2 s 9 ! la/ example on ?is page4 ca/ra exc9d]e p>bant1 n ,mcinus sextam leginem opposuisset1 ,ta4 ,h4 #c1 #df1 !y 7 prep>+ to de/roy ! camp1 _h n ,mucianus *eck$ !m ) ! six? legion4 s d/9ta prvniss5t1 rgn imm9bat1 ,ta4 ,h4 #d1 #ah1 _h 8 s*emes succe$$1 he 0 close ^u ! ?rone4 #bajg4 7c47 ,apodosis 9 ! ,plup]fect ,indicative4 qung5ts simul1 n hebes ma*a]a =et1 n ict occd]s1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #eb1 five hundr$1 _h y\r glaive n blunt$ be51 at "o fell swoop y'd sla94 praeclr vc]mus1 nisi ,lepidus recpisset ,antnium1 ,fam4 #ab1 #aj1 #c1 we _h ga9$ a spl5did victory1 if ,lepidus _h n tak5 ,antony "u 8 protection4 quod ipsum =tna ripu]at1 nisi nu amc ops subvniss5t1 ,rab,p4 #dh1 ev5 ?is boon =tune _h wr5*$ f him1 unless he _h be5 assi/$ by a s+le fri5d4 s gladium nn /rnxissem1 tam5 triumphum m]u]am1 ,l4 #ch1 #di1 #ab1 if ,i _h n drawn my sword1 ,i _h /ill e>n$ my triumph4 p]i]at imp]ium1 s ,fabius tantum ausus esset quantum ra sudbat1 ,s54 de ,ira1 #a1 #aa1 #e1 ! empire _h be5 lo/1 if ,fabius _h v5tur$ z f> z passion urg$4 #bajh4 7#c47 ,,p]iphra/ic ,,protasis4 7a47 ac s tib nm respnsrus esset1 tam5 causam dmn/rre nn posss1 ,caecil4 #dc1 & ev5 suppos+ t nobody 7 go+ to answ] y1 /ill y w\ld n be able to make ! case good 7#bjib74 plribus vs1 mlits1 hortr]1 s cum armts dmicti futra esset1 ,l4 #bd1 #ch1 #i1 ,i %\ld exhort y at great] l5g?1 my m51 if !re 0 to be a tug ) arm$ m5 7#bjib74 7b47 s domum tuam expugntrus eram1 nn temp]ssem vn 9 num diem8 ,l4 #dj1 #ad1 #d1 if ,i int5d$ to capture y\r h\se1 %\ld ,i n h ab/a9$ f w9e = a day 7#bjib78 ,,v>iation ,,( ,,! ,,protasis4 #baji4 ,in/ead ( a conditional protasis ) s or nisi1 equival5ts are (t5 us$4 #baaj4 ,?us1 ! protasis may be coord9at$ 7#agja71 or be introduc$ by a relative pron\n 7#ahab71 by quod 7#ahdc71 cum 7#ahei1 #ahfj71 ub 7#aicb71 ut or n 7#aifc71 dum1 dum modo1 modo 7#bjjc71 or qu& 7#bjaa74 ,or ! protasis may be intimat$ by s9e1 )\t1 cum1 )1 by a p>ticiple or ablative absolute1 by a wi%1 or o!rwise3 z1 7a47 nm umquam s9e magn sp immortlittis s pr patri (f]ret ad mortem1 ,,td4 #a1 #cb1 nobody w\ld ev] expose himself to dea? = 8 c\ntry )\t a well-gr\nd$ conviction ( immortality4 cum hc dte pot]is vel m5dc nb]e1 ,pl4 ,p]4 #cif1 ) su* a d[ry y c e'en a begg> w$4 ,slla1 crd1 hunc pet5tem repudisset1 ,ar*4 #be1 ,sulla1 ,i suppose1 w\ld h turn$ my cli5t away1 if he petition$ him4 quae leg5tem fefelliss5t1 trnsf]5tem fug]e nn possunt1 ,pl94 ,ep4 #g1 #i1 #b1 :at w\ld h escap$ a read] c't escape a translator4 vv]e ego ,britannic poti5te rrum pot]am8 ,ta4 #ac1 #ba1 z = me1 c\ld ,i live1 if ,britannicus 7 on ! ?rone 7#bajb78 nisi t salv salv esse nn possumus1 ,m>c4 #cb1 )\t y safe1 safe we _c be4 aspic]s ut9am1 ,sturnia3 mtior esss1 ,o4 #b1 #dce1 w\ld ?\ c\ld/ see1 ,saturnia2 ?\ w\ld/ g5tl] be4 7b47 habet rtinem tlem cnsul1 qulem numquam ,catilna vctor habuisset1 ,se/4 #bh1 he makes a spee*--yes1 & he a consul--su* z a ,catil9e w\ld nev] h made1 if flu%$ ) success4 rev]eris occursum1 nn re=mds1 ,pl94 ,ep4 #a1 #aj1 #g1 y might well be aba%$ 9 8 pres5ce1 b y w\ld n be afraid4 d immortls m5tem ill p]dit ac furis d$runt ut huic fac]et insidis2 alit] p]re pe/is illa nn potuit1 ,mil4 #hh1 ! immortal gods inspir$ t mad miscreant to waylay my cli5t2 o!rwise1 t mon/] c\ld n h be5 de/roy$4 ,= ! use ( absque 9 a coord9ate protasis 9 ,plautus & ,t]5ce1 see #agja1 #adba4 #baaa4 ,! v]b ( ! protasis is sometimes omitt$3 z 9 abridg$ s5t5ces 7#ajeg71 or :5 x may be easily suppli$ 7#ajcf74 aut enim nm1 aut s quisquam1 ille sapins fuit1 ,l4 #i1 = ei!r nobody or1 if anybody1 t 0 a wise man4 s v5iet1 gaudbimus3 sn secus1 patimur1 ,pl4 ,cas4 #cgg1 if x %all come to pass1 glad %all we be2 if else1 we %all endure4 m voluisse1 s haec cvits e/1 cvem esse m2 s nn1 exsulem esse1 ,fam4 #g1 #c1 #e1 t ,i wi%$1 if ?is is a commonweal?1 to be a citiz5 ( x2 if x is n1 to be an exile4 sm]et alicunde 4 4 4 s nll ali pact1 fa5ore1 ,t4 ,ph4 #bii1 he c\ld h got x f somebody or o!r 4 4 4 if 9 no o!r way1 on usury 7#baac74 ,,v>iation ,,( ,,! ,,apodosis4 #baab4 ,! apodosis is sometimes repres5t$ by ! accusative ( exclamation 7#aadi71 or ! vocative3 z1 mortlem graphicum1 s s]vat fidem1 ,pl4 ,ps4 #eai1 ,o :at a patt]n creature1 if he keeps 8 ^w4 mis]um t1 s intellegis1 mis]irem1 s nn intellegis1 hoc litt]s m&r1 ,ph4 #b1 #ed1 wret*$ man if y are aw>e1 m wret*$ if y are n aw>e1 t all ?is is put d[n 9 black & :ite4 inimce lmnae1 ,crspe ,sallu/1 nisi temp]t spl5deat s1 ,h4 #b1 #b1 #b1 ?\ foe to bullion1 ,crispus ,sallu/ius1 s x %9e n ) temp]$ use4 ,also ! future p>ticiple 9 poetry & 9 prose f ,livy on4 #baac4 ,! v]b ( ! apodosis1 or ! entire apodosis1 is (t5 omitt$4 ,9 ! latt] case an app5d$ v]b might easily be mi/ak5 = ! apodosis4 quid s caelum ruat8 ,t4 ,hau4 #gai1 :at if ! sky %\ld fall8 qu mihi =tnam1 s nn concditur t8 ,h4 ,e4 #a1 #e1 #ab1 :y weal? = me1 if weal? ,i may n use8 nisi re/ituiss5t /atus1 vehem5t] m9tur1 ,v4 #b1 #afb1 he ?reat5s v5geance dire1 if !y did n put ! /atues back 9 _! place4 quae supplicti s cum ct]s cnf]tur1 hoc int]e/1 ,c4 #c1 #ae1 if ?is ?anksgiv+ be comp>$ ) all o!rs1 !re w\ld be f\nd ! foll[+ diff]5ce4 nn edepol ubi t]rrum sim sci1 s quis roget1 ,pl4 ,am4 #ccf1 ^u my ^w ,i don't "k :]e on e>? ,i am1 if anyone %\ld ask4 s ,val]i qu crdat1 quadrg9t mlia ho/ium sunt caesa1 ,l4 #cc1 #aj1 #h1 if anybody believe su* a man z ,val]ius1 !re 7 =ty ?\s& ( ! enemy sla94 ,a clause ) s or nisi is (t5 us$ p>5!tically3 z1 s placet1 s vidtur1 ss1 sultis1 if y please1 s qua]is1 if y mu/ "k1 9 fact1 s ds placet1 please heav51 nisi m fallit1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 c41 c4 ,= wi%es introduc$ by s1 )\t an apodosis1 see #aedf4 #baad4 ,! apodosis is sometimes exp&$ by ins]t$ expressions4 ,s p>ticul>ly by v]eor n1 equival5t to =tasse 7#aieh71 nn dubit qun1 to pr(ect 7#aihf71 or a =m ( sum ) a relative pron\n3 z1 quae cntur s velim commemorre1 v]eor n quis ex/imet m causam nbilittis voluisse la$]e1 ,,ra4 #ace1 if ,i %\ld und]take to set =? 8 high & mighty s*emes1 possibly x might be ?\ght t ,i wi%$ to damage ! cause ( ! cons]vatives4 s tum ,p4 ,s/ius animam didisset1 nn dubit qun aliqu& /atua huic /atu]tur1 ,se/4 #hc1 if ,se/ius _h giv5 up ! gho/ !n1 a /atue w\ld d\btless at "s day h be5 set up 9 8 hon\r4 quod ille s repudisset1 dubittis qun vs esset adlta8 ,se/4 #fb1 if he _h reject$ ?is1 h y any d\bt t viol5t h&s w\ld h be5 laid on him8 sesc5ta sunt quae memorem1 s sit tium1 ,pl4 ,aul4 #cbj1 !re are a ?\s& ?+s t ,i c\ld tell1 if ,i _h "t4 #baae4 ,= expressions ( trial1 hope1 or expectation1 foll[$ by a conditional protasis ) s1 see #aggg4 ,,concessive ,,protases4 ets1 tamets 7tam5ets71 etiams4 #baaf4 ets1 tamets1 ?\gh1 etiams1 ev5 if1 or sometimes simple s1 if1 is us$ to introduce a concessive protasis4 ,! v]b ( ! protasis is ei!r indicative or subjunctive2 b ! indicative is ! prevail+ con/ruction1 especially ) ets4 ,! apodosis (t5 has tam5 z an adv]sative correlative1 ev5 ) tamets4 ets is r>e 9 poetry2 n 9 ,sallu/4 ,sometimes x is us$ l quamquam to app5d a fre% ma9 s5t5ce 7#baec74 tamets belongs *iefly to colloquial /yle1 ?\gh ,sallu/ (t5 uses x2 n 9 ! ,augu/an poets or ,tacitus4 etiams is n f\nd 9 ,plautus or ,caes>4 7a47 nn vd eam1 ets vd1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #djg1 ,i saw h] n1 al?\gh ,i saw h]4 qu m habeam pact1 tamets nn qua]is1 docb1 ,lucilius 9 ,gell4 #ah1 #h1 #b1 ,i'll tell y h[ ,i am1 ?\gh y d n inquire4 etiams mult mcum cont5d5t1 tam5 omns sup]b1 ,fam4 #e1 #h1 #d1 ?\gh ,i %all h _m rivals1 yet ,i w outdo !m all4 tamets causa po/ulat1 tam5 praet]b1 ,qu9ct4 #ac1 ?\gh ! case calls = x1 /ill ,i w let x pass4 ,caes>1 ets 9 hs locs mtrae sunt hiems1 tam5 9 ,britanniam pr(icsc cont5dit1 #d1 #bj1 #a1 ?\gh ! w9t] always sets 9 e>ly 9 ^! p>ts1 nev]!less ,caes> made ha/e to proce$ to ,brita94 ,caes>1 ets intellegbat1 qu d caus ea dc]5tur1 ,indutiom>um ad s v5re iussit1 #e1 #d1 #a1 ?\gh ,caes> 0 aw>e ( 8 motives 9 say+ s1 he direct$ ,indutiom>us to come to him4 7b47 ets taces1 palam id quidem e/1 ,pl4 ,aul4 #dah1 ?\gh y %\ld hold y\r tongue1 /ill t at lea/ is pla94 ets nihil aliud ,sllae nisi cnsultum ab/ulisstis1 tam5 e cont5ts vs esse oportbat1 ,sull4 #ij1 ev5 ?\gh y _h robb$ ,sulla ( no?+ b ! consul%ip1 /ill y ought to be satisfi$ ) t4 equidem1 etiams oppet5da mors esset1 9 patri mllem quam 9 ext]ns locs1 ,fam4 #d1 #g1 #d1 = my "p1 ev5 ?\gh dea? 7 to be fac$1 ,i %\ld pref] x 9 my native l& r ?an abroad4 ,erratum3 #baaf;a 444 etiams mult mcum cont5d5t1 cont5d5t4 ,,conditional ,,comp>isons4 quasi 7quam s71 tamquam s1 ut or velut s4 #baag4 s foll[+ a ^w mean+ ?an or z is us$ ) ! subjunctive 9 conditional comp>isons4 ,9 ?is use1 quasi 7quam s twice 9 ,tacitus7 & tamquam s are f\nd at all p]iods4 ut s is f\nd 9 ,t]5ce once1 9 ,cic]o 7n 9 ! orations71 once 9 ,livy1 sometimes 9 lat] writ]s4 velut s beg9s ) ,caes>2 n 9 ,cic]o4 ac s is f\nd once 9 ! ,bell4 ,hisp4 & 9 late ,lat94 #baah4 s is (t5 omitt$ aft] tamquam1 & 7f ,livy on7 sometimes aft] velut4 ,aft] quasi x is sometimes ins]t$ 9 ,plautus1 ,lucretius1 & late ,lat94 ceu is sometimes us$1 *iefly 9 poetry1 = tamquam s4 ,! ma9 clause (t5 has z correlative ita1 sc1 p]9de1 pro9de1 similit]1 or nn secus4 #baai4 ,! t5se ( ! subjunctive is usually regulat$ by ! sequ5ce ( t5ses1 9 ,cic]o ne>ly always ) quasi & tamquam s4 quid m sc salts quasi ddum nn vd]s8 ,pl4 ,am4 #fhb1 :y do/ ?\ greet me ?us z if b n[ ?\ had/ n look$ on me8 quid ego hs te/ibus tor1 quasi rs dubia sit8 ,caecil4 #ad1 :y d ,i employ ^! witnesses1 z if x 7 a case involv+ d\bt8 tamquam s claudus sim1 cum f// ambul&um1 ,pl4 ,z4 #dbg1 ,i h to take my walks ) a /ick1 z if ,i 7 a lame man4 tamquam extrd]tur1 ita cucurrit1 ,ph4 #aj1 #aj1 he ru%$ away z if he _h be5 kick$ out4 quod abs5tis ,ariovi/ crdlittem1 velut s cram adesset1 horrr5t1 #a1 #cb1 #d1 because !y trembl$ at ,ariovi/us's b>b>ity1 abs5t z he 01 j z if he /ood be=e _! eyes4 m quoque iuvat1 velut ipse 9 p>te labris ac p]cul fu]im1 ad fnem bell ,pnic p]vnisse1 ,l4 #ca1 #a1 #a1 ,i feel glad myself at hav+ f9ally rea*$ ! end ( ! ,punic w>1 z if ,i _h _h a direct h& 9 ! "w & ! dang]4 #babj4 ,! imp]fect or plup]fect subjunctive is sometimes us$1 ev5 :5 ! lead+ v]b is 9 a prim>y t5se1 to m>k action m di/9ctly z non-occurr5t 7#bjia73 z1 eius negtium sc velim suscipis1 ut s esset rs mea1 ,fam4 #b1 #ad1 ,i wi% y w\ld und]take 8 bus9ess1 j z if x 7 my own affair4 m audis1 precor1 tamquam s mih quirtant int]vnisss1 ,l4 #dj1 #i1 #g1 li/5 to me1 ,i pray y1 z if y _h come at a cry f me = help4 is ir&um p]9de ae/im&um quam s ,iovem fefellisset1 ,ta4 #a1 #gc1 z = ! oa?1 x mu/ be c\nt$ exactly z if he _h brok5 "o sworn on ! "n ( ,jupit]4 ,?is is ! m usual way 9 ,cic]o ) ut s4 #baba4 quasi1 ut1 or1 f ,livy on1 tamquam or velut1 z if1 is sometimes us$ ) p>ticiple con/ructions1 n\ns1 & abridg$ expressions3 z1 quasi tem]e d r pblic loctus 9 c>c]em coniectus e/1 ,,dn4 #b1 #f1 on ! gr\nd t he _h be5 speak+ )\t good au?ority ab\t a /ate matt]1 he 0 clapp$ 9 jail4 re/itre ,rmn tamquam caele/ vce iuss1 ,l4 #a1 #ab1 #g1 ! ,romans halt$ z if bidd5 by a voice f heav54 laet1 ut explrt victri1 ad ca/ra p]gunt1 #c1 #ah1 #h1 9 high spirits1 z if victory 7 assur$1 !y proce$$ to ! camp4 #babb4 ,9 old ,lat91 quasi is f\nd a few times = ! orig9al quam s aft] a comp>ative3 z1 m nm magis respiciet1 quasi abh9c duc5ts anns fu]im mortuos1 ,pl4 ,tru4 #cdj1 nobody w pay any m att5tion to me ?an if ,i _h be5 dead two c5turies4 ,x is also us$ 7once 9 classical ,lat91 ,,cm4 #ga7 9 p]iods ( actual comp>ison1 l tamquam 7#aijh71 ) ! indicative3 z1 s5ex ille ill dxit1 quasi ego nunc tibi dc1 ,pl4 ,/4 #ede1 t old man said to him1 z ,i n[ say to y4 ,= its use 9 figurative comp>isons1 see #aijh1 #aidd4 ,= tamquam introduc+ a reason c41 see #aiji1 a late usage f\nd r>ely ) quasi & ut4 ,erratum3 #babj 444 ,?is is ! m usual way 9 ,cic]o ) ut s4 ut si4 ,,connection ,,( ,,sep>ate ,,s5t5ces ,,or ,,p]iods4 #babc4 ,sep>ate s5t5ces or p]iods h a connective m commonly 9 ,lat9 ?an 9 ,engli%4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 l ! memb]s ( s+le p]iods1 !y are = special reasons put asyndetically 7#afcg74 7,a47 ,,)\t ,a ,,connective4 #babd4 ,asyndeton is common ) two or m sep>ate s5t5ces or p]iods3 #babe4 7a47 ,to repres5t a s]ies ( actions z occurr+ at ! same mom5t3 z1 hc diffsus suae salt ex tab]ncul prdit2 videt imm9re ho/s2 capit arma atque 9 port cnsi/it2 cnsequuntur hunc c5turins2 rel9quit animus ,sextium gravibus accepts vuln]ibus1 #f1 #ch1 #b1 despair+ ( 8 life1 he comes out ( ! t5t2 sees ! enemy close at h&2 seizes arms & takes 8 /& at ! gate2 ! c5turions rally r\nd him2 ,sextius becomes unconsci\s1 receiv+ sev]e w\nds4 #babf4 7b47 ,:5 an occurr5ce is repres5t$ z consi/+ ( _m successive actions3 ! ,enum]ative ,asyndeton3 z1 p]rvit aliqu&1 adsdit4 surrx ego4 resprre vsus e/1 quod nn alius potius dc]et4 coep dc]e4 usque e animadv]t1 idics1 eum alis rs ag]e1 antequam ,*rsogonum nm9vi2 quem simul atque attig1 /atim hom s rxit1 mrr vsus e/4 intellx quid eum pupugisset1 ,,ra4 #fj1 aft] a :ile he w\nd up1 took 8 seat2 up rose y\r humble s]vant4 ,he seem$ to take c\rage f ! fact x 0 nobody else4 ,i began to speak4 ,i notic$1 g5tlem51 t he 0 inatt5tive all along till ,i nam$ ,*rysogonus2 b ! mom5t ,i t\*$ on him1 ! creature p]k$ up at once1 seem$ to be surpris$4 ,i knew :at ! rub 04 #babg4 7c47 ,:5 ! la/ s5t5ce sums up ! result ( ! prec$+ ) emphasis3 ! ,asyndeton ( ,summ>y3 z1 h d su salte dsprants1 aut suam mortem mis]bantur1 aut p>5ts sus comm5dbant4 plna erant omnia timris et lcts1 ,caes4 ,c4 #b1 #da1 #h1 despair+ ( _! lives1 !y ei!r bewail$ _! own dea?1 or /rove to int]e/ p 9 _! p>5ts4 ,9 %ort1 x 0 "o sc5e ( t]ror & lam5tation4 7,b47 ,,) ,a ,,connective4 #babh4 ,sep>ate s5t5ces or p]iods may be connect$3 7#a47 by pronom9al words3 7a47 demon/rative or det]m9ative2 7b47 relative2 7#b47 by conjunctions & adv]bs4 7#a47 ,,pronom9al ,,words4 7a47 ,,demon/rative ,,& ,,det]m9ative ,,words ,,z ,,connectives4 #babi4 hc & is s]ve z connectives at ! beg9n+ ( a new p]iod4 ,9 ,engli% ! equival5t ^w is usually plac$ n at ! beg9n+ z a connective1 b aft] "s words4 ,gallia e/ dvsa 9 "ps trs1 qurum nam incolunt ,belgae1 aliam ,aqutn1 t]tiam ,celtae4 h omns l+u1 n/itts1 lgibus int] s diff]unt1 #a1 #a1 #a1 ,gaul is divid$ into ?ree p>ts1 "o ( :i* is occupi$ by ,belgians1 ano!r by ,aquitanians1 & ! ?ird by ,kelts4 ,9 language1 cu/oms1 & laws ^! are all diff]5t f ea* o!r4 apud ,helvtis nbilissimus fuit ,orgetorx4 is ,m4 ,messl et ,m4 ,psne cnsulibus conirtinem nbilittis fcit1 #a1 #b1 #a1 among ! ,helvetians ! man ( highe/ rank 0 ,orgetorix4 ,9 ! consul%ip ( ,messala & ,piso he got up a conspiracy among ! nobles4 angu/s s fns habre arbitrbantur4 hs rbus adduct cn/iturunt ea quae ad pr(icsc5dum p]t9r5t comp>re4 ad es rs cnfici5ds bi5nium sib satis esse dxrunt4 ad es rs cnfici5ds ,orgetorx dligitur4 is sib lgtinem suscpit1 #a1 #b1 #e1 !y ?\ght !y _h a n>r[ t]ritory2 s !y resolv$ 9 consequ5ce to make su* prep>ations z 7 necess>y = a move4 ,!y consid]$ two ye>s ample to d ?is4 ,orgetorix is *os5 to d ?is4 ,he took ^u himself ! (fice ( envoy4 #bacj4 ,p>ticul>ly common are demon/rative words at ! beg9n+ ( a new p]iod1 to %[ t ! fir/ action necess>ily took place or 0 natural4 ,dionsius tyrannus ,syrcss expulsus ,cor9? pu]s docbat2 usque e imp]i c>re nn pot]at1 ,,td4 #c1 #bg1 aft] 8 expulsion f ,syracuse1 ! tyrant ,dionysius kept s*ool at ,cor9?2 s incapable 0 he ( gett+ along )\t gov]n+4 7b47 ,,relatives ,,z ,,connectives4 #baca4 qu s]ves to connect a new p]iod :5 x may be translat$ by a demon/rative1 or :5 x is equival5t to et is1 is autem1 is enim1 is igitur3 z1 p]petrret ,anictus prmissa4 qu nihil cuncttus poscit summam scel]is1 ,ta4 #ad1 #g1 ,anicetus mu/ c>ry out 8 agreem5t4 ,)\t any ado he asks to h ! entire managem5t ( ! crime4 ,= o!r examples1 see #ahce4 #bacb4 ,! neut] accusative quod1 z to t1 z to :i*1 :]eas1 n[1 s1 is us$ to connect a new p]iod1 especially be=e s1 nisi1 ets1 ut9am 7#ahcg73 z1 quod s t valrs1 iam mih qua$am explrta ess5t1 ,att4 #g1 #b1 #f1 :]eas if y 7 well y\rself1 "s po9ts w\ld h be5 cle> to me be=e ?is4 quod s ditius altur contrv]sia1 =e ut p>s cum p>te cvittis cnflgat1 #g1 #cb1 #e1 n[ if ! dispute be kept up any long]1 "o half ( ! community w\ld qu>rel ) ! o!r4 quod nisi mlits ess5t dfess1 omns ho/ium cpiae dlr potuiss5t1 #g1 #hh1 #f1 s if ! soldi]s _h n be5 utt]ly sp5t1 all ! =ces ( ! enemy might h be5 ext]m9at$4 7#b47 ,,conjunctions ,,& ,,adv]bs4 #bacc4 ,! conjunctions & adv]bs us$ to coord9ate s5t5ces are3 7a47 copulative & disjunctive2 7b47 concessive & adv]sative2 7c47 causal & illative4 7a47 ,,copulative ,,& ,,disjunctive4 et1 neque or nec1 -que1 atque or ac1 aut4 et4 #bacd4 et1 &1 simply adds1 z 9 ,engli% 7#afde74 ,b x is (t5 us$ 9 su* a connection t a modification ( ! translation is requir$ to br+ out ! s5se4 #bace4 et may cont9ue ! disc\rse ) a concessive s5t5ce1 :i* is to be foll[$ by an adv]sative4 ,9 su* cases quidem (t5 /&s 9 ! concessive s5t5ce3 z1 prmrs cvittis eadem rant4 et ct] quidem movbant m9us2 po/quam ,sp4 ,lucrtius ag]e coepit1 cnsul abdicvit s cnsult1 ,l4 #b1 #b1 #h1 ! head m5 ( ! /ate make ! same reque/4 ,n[ ! o!rs did n influ5ce him mu*4 ,b :5 ,lucretius began to take /eps ! consul resign$ 8 consul%ip4 #bacf4 et1 & /range to say1 & if y'd believe x1 introduces some?+ unexpect$3 z1 iamque trs lauretae 9 urbe /atuae1 et adhc raptbat fricam ,tacf>9s1 ,ta4 #d1 #bc1 !re 7 already ?ree triumphal /atues 9 ,rome1 &1 /range to say1 ,tacf>9as 0 /ill h>ry+ ,africa4 #bacg4 et1 & really1 & 9 fact1 & to be sure2 9 ?is s5se x is usually foll[$ imm$iately by ! v]b3 z1 multa quae nn volt videt4 et multa =tasse quae volt6 ,,cm4 #be1 "o sees mu* t "o w\ld n4 ,aye1 & mu* p]haps t "o w\ld6 #bach4 et introduc+ a s5t5ce expla9+ 9 detail a g5]al idea be=e giv5 may be translat$ namely3 z1 cnsuls religi t5bat1 quod prdigis aliquot nntits1 nn facile litbant4 et ex ,campni nntita erant ,capuae sepul*ra aliquot d cael tcta1 ,l4 #bg1 #bc1 #a1 ! consuls 7 deta9$ by scruple1 because sev]al prodigies 7 report$1 & !y c\ld n readily obta9 good om5s2 namely f ,campania x 0 report$ t at ,capua sev]al tombs 7 /ruck by lightn+4 #baci4 et1 & also1 & besides3 z1 ,pnicae quoque victriae sgnum oct duct elephant4 et nn m9imum fure spectculum praecd5ts ,ssis et ,mo]icus1 ,l4 #bf1 #ba1 #i1 z an emblem ( ! ,punic victory also1 elephants to ! numb] ( eight m>*$ 9 p>ade4 ,& fur!rmore n ! lea/ attractive "p ( ! pageant 7 ,sosis & ,mo]icus1 mov+ at ! head ( ! l9e4 #badj4 et1 & yet1 introduces a contra/ or opposition3 z1 crum illud 9 vce spl5dscit etiam 9 s5ectte1 quod equidem adhc nn ms2 et vidtis anns1 ,,cm4 #bh1 ! musical elem5t 9 ! voice actually improves 9 old age1 & ?is ,i h n yet lo/4 ,& yet y see my ye>s4 neque or nec4 #bada4 nec1 & really 4 4 4 n1 & 9 fact 4 4 4 n3 z1 magn cum p]cul su1 qu =te patrum 9 = erant1 9 eam turbam incidrunt4 nec temp]tum manibus =et1 n prop] cnsuls int]vniss5t1 ,l4 #b1 #bc1 #i1 x 0 ) great p]sonal risk to su* ( ! fa!rs z happ5$ to be 9 ! m>ket place1 t !y got into ! cr[d4 ,& 9 fact acts ( viol5ce w\ld h occurr$1 unless ! consuls _h made ha/e to int]f]e4 #badb4 nec1 & to be sure 4 4 4 n3 z1 c5tum vg9t lctrs cum fascibus secrs inligts praef]bant4 nec att9uisse dm secrem1 cum s9e prvoctine cret ess5t1 int]pretbantur1 ,l4 #c1 #cf1 #d1 a hundr$ & tw5ty lictors ) rods display$ axes b\nd 9 !m4 ,& to be sure !y expla9$ ! matt] ?us1 t !re w\ld h be5 no propriety 9 hav+ ! axe tak5 out1 s9ce ! (fic]s 7 appo9t$ )\t any appeal4 #badc4 nec1 n 4 4 4 ei!r1 nor ei!r1 nei!r3 z1 e ann vs morb levta4 neque pnri frm5t p]culum fuit1 ,l4 #d1 #be1 #f1 t ye> ! viol5ce ( ! plague grew less4 ,nor 0 !re any dang] f lack ( gra9 ei!r4 #badd4 nec1 b 4 4 4 n3 z1 miss tam5 ftils4 nec erum v]ba sunt audta1 ,l4 #d1 #cj1 #ad1 h[ev] ! fetials 7 s5t4 ,b !y 7 n li/5$ to4 -que4 #bade4 -que1 & likewise3 z1 huic dus flm9s adicit4 virg9sque ,ve/ae lgit1 ,l4 #a1 #bj1 #b1 to ?is god he assign$ two special prie/s4 ,& he likewise *ose maids = ,ve/a4 #badf4 -que1 & 9 fact1 & s1 & 9 g5]al3 z1 tum quoque male pugntum e/4 obsessaque urbs =et1 n ,hortius esset revoctus1 ,l4 #b1 #ea1 #b1 !n also !re 0 an unsuccessful engagem5t4 ,& 9 fact ,rome w\ld h be5 besieg$1 unless ,horatius _h be5 recall$4 atque or ac4 #badg4 atque1 & besides1 & m ?an t1 & actually3 z1 ex qu efficitur animantem esse mundum4 atque ex hc quoque intelleg pot]it 9 e inesse intelleg5tiam1 quod c]t e/ mundus melior quam lla ntra1 ,,dn4 #b1 #cb1 f :i* x foll[s t ! univ]se is alive4 ,& m ?an t1 we c see t x has s5se f ! foll[+ circum/ance1 t ! univ]se is c]ta9ly sup]ior to any elem5t ( ! univ]se4 #badh4 atque1 & s1 & consequ5tly3 z1 imp$ior religine qum9us expnam quam multa ,p4 ,s/ius sns]it4 atque nihil dc praet] num1 ,se/4 #h1 ,i am prev5t$ by scruples f sett+ =? h[ mu* ,se/ius 0 aw>e (4 ,& s ,i w only say "o ?+4 aut4 #badi4 aut is us$ to add a new s5t5ce 9 ! s5se ( aliqu1 or else1 o!rwise1 or z if nisi1 unless1 prec$$3 z1 omnia b5e sunt dc5da1 aut loqu5tiae nm5 rel9qu5dum e/1 ,,d4 #b1 #e1 he mu/ be able to speak well on all subjects1 or else he mu/ waive ! "n ( an eloqu5t man4 7b47 ,,concessive ,,& ,,adv]sative4 #baej4 ,a new concessive p]iod is introduc$ by sn1 quidem1 omnn1 to be sure1 or =tasse1 p]haps3 z1 ,plnius et ,cluvius nihil dubittum d fid praefect ref]unt4 sn ,fabius inclnat ad lauds ,s5ecae1 ,ta4 #ac1 #bj1 ,pl9y & ,cluvius say t !re 0 no d\bt ab\t ! loyalty ( ! prefect4 ,fabius1 x mu/ be admitt$1 is always incl9$ to eulogize ,s5eca4 id =tasse nn p]fcimus2 cnt quidem saepissim sumus1 ,o4 #baj1 p]haps we h n atta9$ to x2 /ill we h v (t5 made ! attempt4 #baea4 ,a new adv]sative s5t5ce is introduc$ by autem1 aga91 s$1 vrum1 b1 vr1 b1 inde$1 at1 b1 or tam51 nihil m9us1 nev]!less4 ,^! words :5 us$ to connect s5t5ces h ! same mean+ z :5 us$ to connect ! p>ts ( a s5t5ce 7#afgf74 #baeb4 atqu1 r>ely atqun1 & yet1 b1 is us$ *iefly 9 dialogue4 ,x introduces a /rong objection1 sometimes 9 ! =m ( a conditional protasis4 ,f ,cic]o on1 x is sometimes f\nd aft] a "q1 to introduce an e>ne/ d5ial4 nn sum apud m 33 atqu opus e/ nunc quom maxum ut ss1 ,t4 ,ph4 #bjd1 ,i'm all abroad 33 b t's j exactly :]e y mu/ n't be n[4 nn v]eor condiscipulrum n quis exaudiat 33 atqu cav5dum e/1 ,leg4 #a1 #ba1 ,i'm n afraid ( be+ ov]he>d by any ( my fell[-/ud5ts 33 & yet y mu/ be on y\r gu>d4 s9e v5iat4 atqu s illam digit attig]it n1 ocul lic ecfodi5tur1 ,t4 ,eu4 #gci1 let him come on4 ,b if he lays a f+] on ! maid1 we'll scrat* 8 eyes out on ! spot4 quid vr8 modum /aturum habr nllum placet8 atqu habetur necesse e/1 ,v4 #b1 #add1 :at8 is !re1 ?9k y1 to be no end to y\r /atues8 ,yet !re mu/ be4 #baec4 quamquam1 ets1 tamets1 ?\gh1 & nisi1 b1 are sometimes us$ to coord9ate a new p]iod1 correct+ ! prec$+3 z1 c>re s5ti5tis e/1 nec snsus 9 mortu1 n c>re quidem igitur 9 mortu e/4 quamquam quid opus e/ 9 hc philosophr8 ,,td4 #a1 #hh1 =ego+ requires a s5ti5t be+1 & !re is no s5sation 9 a dead man2 !re=e !re is no =ego+ ei!r 9 a dead man4 ,& yet :at is ! use ( philosophiz+ ov] ?is8 utram mls vid2 ets cnsilium quod cp rctum esse sci1 ,t4 ,hau4 #cbf1 ( ^! two /ates *oose :i* y w2 ?\gh ,i am sure my plan's ! "r "o4 cr ego nn adsum8 tamets hoc m9im tib dee/1 ,fam4 #b1 #g1 #b1 :y am ,i n ) y8 ?\gh ?is is ! v la/ ?+ y ne$4 sprbam df]visse adulsc5tiam3 ecce autem d integr6 nisi quidquid e/1 vol hom9em conv5re1 ,t4 ,ad4 #aeb1 ,i hop$ 8 y\?ful passion _h cool$ d[n2 yet "h x is afre%6 ,b be x :at x may1 ,i want to see ! fell[4 7c47 ,,causal ,,& ,,illative4 #baed4 nam1 enim1 =1 or namque1 et5im1 = y see1 introduces a new p]iod :i* gives ! reason ( ! =ego+3 z1 qu quidem ex r hom9um multitd cgnsc potuit3 nam m9us hrs tribus mntinem p]fcrunt1 #e1 #db1 #d1 & f ?is by ! way _! numb]s c\ld be gaug$2 = !y made a brea/work 9 less ?an ?ree h\rs4 quem mem9isse pote/is3 ann enim ndvcsim po/ eius mortem h cnsuls fact sunt1 ,,cm4 #ad1 y c rememb] him3 = ! pres5t consuls 7 creat$ only n9ete5 ye>s aft] 8 dea?4 #baee4 ,! orig9ally assev]ative mean+ ( nam appe>s1 ev5 9 ! classical p]iod1 9 colloquial language3 z1 tib m nlla orta/ iniria 33 nam h]cle etiam hoc re/at1 ,t4 ,ad4 #ahi1 ,i've ne'er done y a wanton wrong 33 aye v]ily t's /ill to come4 ,9 old ,lat91 x sometimes introduces a "q3 z1 nam quae haec anus e/8 ,t4 ,ph4 #gcb1 :y1 :o's ?is old woman8 ,frequ5tly x introduces an explanation or illu/ration1 &1 f ,cic]o on1 a rem>k or "q made 9 pass+3 z1 sc enim ss rs habet3 nam ,odyssa ,latna e/ sc tamquam opus ,da$al1 ,br4 #ga1 ! case /&s ?us3 ! ,odyssey 9 ,lat9 is1 y may say1 a regul> "w ( ,da$alus 7#aijh74 vv ,catne mult rtrs flrurunt3 nam ,a4 ,albnus1 ,br4 #ha1 _m orators fl\ri%$ 9 ,cato's lifetime3 = example1 ,alb9us4 nam quid d a$le loqu>8 ,se/4 #ie1 = :y speak ( ! a$ile8 enim does n diff] ess5tially 9 use f nam2 = its mean+ 9 old ,lat91 see #afhh4 namque is r>e until ,livy1 & usually 7always 9 old ,lat97 /&s be=e a v[el4 et5im is common only 9 classical ,lat94 #baef4 ,= quippe1 :y1 (t5 us$ z a coord9at+ ^w1 see #afij4 #baeg4 pro9de or pro91 !re=e1 s1 introduces a comm& or direction bas$ ^u ! =ego+3 z1 rtinem sprat invnisse s1 qu diff]at t3 pro9 t fac apud t ut sis1 ,t4 ,&r4 #djg1 he tru/s he's f\nd "s phrase :]e) he may conf\nd y3 s see y h y\r wits ab\t y4 fr/r meae vtae subv5re cnm94 pro9de abte1 dum e/ facults1 #g1 #ej1 #f1 9 va9 ye try to save my life4 ,s away1 :ile ye h ! p[]4 iam undique silvae et slitd magna cgittinis incitm5ta sunt4 pro9de cum vnb]e1 licbit pugillrs f]s1 ,pl94 ,ep4 #a1 #f1 #b1 !n aga9 ! surr\nd+ woods & ! lonel9ess are p[]ful /imulants to m$itation4 ,s :5 y g hunt+1 y c take a note book ) y4 #baeh4 ,a conclusion is d5ot$ by erg1 itaque or igitur1 !re=e1 s1 introduc+ a new p]iod3 z1 nihil e/ prae/antius de2 ab e igitur mundum necesse e/ reg4 nll igitur e/ ntrae subiectus deus4 omnem erg regit ipse ntram1 ,,dn4 #b1 #gg1 no?+ is m excell5t ?an god4 ,!re=e ! univ]se mu/ be gov]n$ by him4 ,!re=e god is 9 no respect subject to nature4 ,consequ5tly he rules all nature himself4 ,= ! position ( ^! words 9 _! clauses1 see #afhh2 = erg igitur & itaque erg1 #afhi4 ,= h9c1 inde1 e1 ide1 idcirc1 propt]e1 z coord9at+ words1 see #afia4 ,,affirmative ,,coord9ation4 #baei4 ,a new s5t5ce affirmative ( a =ego+ is (t5 introduc$ by an emphatic sc or ita4 ,^! words (t5 introduce a g5]al tru? :i* is d$uc$ f ! fir/ /atem5t4 vsne igitur t nspicimus pu]8 sc opnor2 prncipi rdimur1 ,ph4 #b1 #dd1 w\ld y l to h u look into y\r record f boyhood8 ,yes1 ,i ?9k x w\ld be well2 let u beg9 at ! beg9n+4 qu dligbant hunc1 ill favbant4 sc e/ volgus3 ex vritte pauca1 ex opnine multa ae/imat1 ,,rc4 #bi1 ev]ybody :o lov$ him1 smil$ on ! o!r man4 ,yes1 t is always ! way ( ! _w3 x seldom judges by tru?1 (t5 by he>say4 ,,n\ns ,,( ,,! ,,v]b4 ,,! ,,inf9itive4 #bafj4 ,! inf9itive is 9 its orig9 a v]bal sub/antive4 #bafa4 ,! pres5t inf9itive active is an anci5t dative1 closely resembl+ 9 mean+ & use ! ,engli% inf9itive ) to4 ,x orig9ally m>k$ action m]ely 9 a g5]al way1 )\t indication ( voice or t5se4 ,9 virtue ( ?is orig9al timeless "*1 ! pres5t (t5 repres5ts action :i* is really pa/ or future2 9 su* cases ! "t mu/ be inf]r$ f ! context4 #bafb4 ,! pres5t inf9itive active gradually approa*$ ! "* ( a v]b1 & ! orig9al sub/antive nature be+ =gott51 x 0 supplem5t$ by a passive1 & by =ms = complet$ & = future action1 active & passive4 #bafc4 ,! inf9itive has fur!rmore two o!r prop]ties ( ! v]b3 7a47 x is modifi$ by an adv]b1 n by an adjective2 & 7b47 x is foll[$ by ! con/ruction ( its v]b4 ,,old ,,& ,,poetical ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,inf9itive4 ,,! ,,inf9itive ,,( ,,purpose4 #bafd4 ,! inf9itive d5otes purpose3 7a47 :5 loosely add$ to a sub/antive 9 old ,lat91 7b47 ) v]bs ( motion1 e1 v5i1 curr1 mitt1 9 old or poetical ,lat91 & 7c47 9 ! comb9ation d bib]e1 give to dr9k1 9 old1 colloquial1 or poetical ,lat93 z1 7a47 occsi b5efacta cumulre1 ,pl4 ,cap4 #dbc1 a *ance to pile up k9dnesses4 ,p>allel ) a g]und3 summa ld5d occsi/ mihi nunc s5s et ,pha$riae cram adim]e arg5triam1 ,t4 ,ph4 #hhe1 ,i've n[ a spl5did *ance ! greybe>ds ( elud+ & ,pha$ria to rescue f 8 money c>es4 7b47 recurre pet]e r rec5t1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #ajae1 run back to get x ere x is too late4 voltisne emus vs]e8 ,t4 ,ph4 #ajb1 d y ?9k we'd bett] g to call8 p>astum ms nudiusqurtus ,criam pet]e arg5tum1 ,pl4 ,cur4 #bjf1 my p>asite ,i s5t f\r days ago to ,c>ia1 to fet* ! ca%4 nec dulcs occurr5t scula nt pra]ip]e1 ,lucr4 #c1 #hie1 nor %all ?y *ildr5 de> come runn+ kiss on kiss to snat*4 nn ns f]r ,libycs populre p5ts vnimus1 ,v4 #a1 #ebg1 we are n come ) /eel to h>ry ,libya's he>?s4 7c47 bib]e d usque plns can?>s1 ,pl4 ,p]4 #hba1 keep giv+ on to dr9k ) brimm+ b[ls4 bib]e is ?us us$ by ,plautus1 ,t]5ce1 ,cato1 & ,livy1 & by ,cic]o once ) m9i/r4 ,9 classical prose1 purpose is express$ by ! subjunctive ) ut or a relative pron\n1 or by a g]und or g]undive ) ad or caus4 #bafe4 ,9 poetry1 ! inf9itive ( purpose is us$ ) synonymes ( d also1 & ) v]bs ( leav+1 tak+ away1 tak+ up1 c4 huic lrcam dnat habre1 ,v4 #e1 #bei1 on him a corselet he be/[s to we>4 tr/itiam et mets trdam prot]vs 9 m>e ,crticum portre v5ts1 ,h4 #a1 #bf1 #a1 sadness & fe>s ,i'll to ! wanton w9ds consign1 to sweep into ! ,cretic sea4 quis sibi rs ge/s ,augu/ scrb]e smit8 ,h4 ,e4 #a1 #c1 #g1 :o takes x on himself ,augu/us' de$s to p58 quem virum aut hra lyr vel cr tbi smis celebrre8 ,h4 #a1 #ab1 #a1 :at h]o or :at demigod do/ ?\ take up1 to r+ 8 praises on ! rebec or ! pi]c+ pipe8 ,,! ,,inf9itive ,,) ,,adjectives4 #baff4 ,! inf9itive is sometimes us$ ) adjectives1 *iefly by poets ( ! ,augu/an age1 & late prose writ]s1 (t5 9 imitation ( a ,greek idiom3 z1 indoctum iuga f]re no/ra1 ,h4 #b1 #f1 #b1 n taught our yoke to be>4 avid committ]e pugnam1 ,o4 #e1 #ge1 hot to engage 9 fight4 sl cantre p]t ,arcades1 ,v4 ,e4 #aj1 #cb1 ,arcadians alone 9 m9/relsy are skill$4 vitulus niveus vidr1 ,h4 #d1 #b1 #ei1 a bullock sn[-:ite to behold1 i4e4 vs 7#bbgd74 ,^! inf9itives are ( diff]5t k9ds1 "s ( !m resembl+ a complem5t>y inf9itive1 o!rs a g]und or g]undive con/ruction1 ! sup9e 9 -t 7-s71 c41 c4 ,,! ,,ord9>y ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,inf9itive4 #bafg4 ,! inf9itive is ord9>ily us$ ei!r z object or z subject ( a v]b4 7,a47 ,,! ,,inf9itive ,,z ,,object4 ,,! ,,complem5t>y ,,inf9itive4 #bafh4 ,! pres5t inf9itive is (t5 us$ to complete ! mean+ ( c]ta9 k9ds ( v]bs :i* imply ano!r action ( ! same subject3 z1 pr ,pompi mor possum1 ,fam4 #b1 #ae1 #c1 ,i c\ld die ! dea? = ,pompey 7#adie74 quid habs dc]e8 ,balb4 #cc1 :at h y to say8 scre volbat1 ,v4 #a1 #aca1 he want$ to "k4 hoc fac]e dbs1 ,rab,p4 #g1 y ought to d ?is4 ,caes> ,rhnum trnsre dcrv]at1 #d1 #ag1 #a1 ,caes> _h resolv$ to cross ! ,rh9e4 fug saltem pet]e cont5drunt1 #c1 #ae1 #b1 !y tri$ to save !mselves by flight4 num negre auds8 ,c4 #a1 #h1 d y d>e d5y x8 v]eor dc]e1 ,t4 ,&r4 #cbc1 ,i am afraid to tell4 num dubits id fac]e8 ,c4 #a1 #ac1 d y hesitate to d t8 mtrat ab urbe pr(icsc1 #a1 #g1 #a1 he makes ha/e to leave ,rome4 ,dvicicus ,caes>em obsecrre coepit1 #a1 #bj1 #a1 ,diviciacus began to entreat ,caes>4 ,dolbella iniriam fac]e p]sevrat1 ,qu9t4 #ca1 ,dolabella p]si/s 9 do+ wrong4 ill pecniam pollicr nn dsi/unt1 #f1 #b1 #a1 ^! p did n /op (f]+ money4 diem dict obre neglxit1 ,ph4 #c1 #bj1 he fail$ to keep ! day nam$ 9 ! edict4 rsc amcs nn tem]e sole1 ,ph4 #h1 #af1 ,i am n apt to get provok$ ) fri5ds )\t j cause4 ill rgibus prre didic]ant1 ,ph4 #c1 #i1 ! m5 ( old 7 tra9$ to b[ ! knee to k+s 7#afae74 dextram cohibre mem5t1 ,j4 #e1 #ga1 rememb] t y keep h&s (f4 #bafi4 ,! v]bs or v]bal expressions :i* are supplem5t$ by an inf9itive are *iefly su* z mean c1 w or wi%1 ought1 resolve1 endeav\r1 d>e1 fe>1 hesitate1 ha/51 beg91 cont9ue1 cease1 neglect1 am wont1 le>n1 "k h[1 rememb]1 =get1 seem4 ,! inf9itive 9 ?is comb9ation conta9s ! lead+ idea4 ,= ! occasional use ( ! p]fect inf9itive ) "s ( ^! v]bs1 see #bbbc4 ,"s ( ! commone/ ( ^! v]bs are possum1 que1 neque2 vol1 nl1 ml1 cupi1 /ude2 dbe2 cgit1 m$itor1 /atu1 cn/itu1 dc]n1 p>2 cnor1 ntor1 cont5d2 aude2 v]eor2 cunctor1 dubit1 fe/n1 mtr1 n/itu1 coep1 incipi1 p]g1 p]sevr1 ds91 dsi/1 omitt1 sup]s$e1 negleg1 nn cr2 sole1 adsusc1 cnsusc2 disc1 sci1 nesci1 recordor1 mem91 oblvscor2 videor4 #bagj4 ,! inf9itive is also us$ ) _m v]bal expressions equival5t to ! above v]bs1 su* z habe 9 anim1 cnsilium e/1 c]tum e/1 p>tus sum1 c41 c41 or ) p>tus alone1 adsufactus1 c41 c4 ,fur!rmore1 9 poetry & late prose1 ! place ( _m ( ! above v]bs is (t5 tak5 by liveli] or fre%] synonymes1 su* z vale = possum1 f ,lucretius on1 arde1 burn1 = vol1 cupi1 or absi/e1 fuge1 p>ce1 c41 = nl 7#aehd71 c41 c4 #baga4 ,a pr$icate n\n us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! complem5t>y inf9itive1 is put 9 ! nom9ative3 z1 ,aelius ,/icus esse voluit1 ,br4 #bjf1 ,aelius want$ to be a ,/oic4 esse quam vidr bonus mlbat1 ,s4 ,c4 #ed1 #f1 he *ose to be good r ?an seem good4 ,,! ,,accusative ,,) ,,! ,,inf9itive4 #bagb4 ,a v common =m ( a dep5d5t s5t5ce is t kn[n z ! ,accusative ) ! ,inf9itive4 ,?us1 ( ! two coord9ate s5t5ces sci3 iocris t nunc1 ,pl4 ,mo/4 #ajha1 ,i "k3 y are je/+ n[1 ! second may be put 9 a dep5d5t =m1 ! two s5t5ces bl5d+ into "o3 sci iocr t nunc1 ,i "k y to be je/+ n[4 #bagc4 ,! subject ( an inf9itive is put 9 ! accusative4 ,?us1 9 eum vid5t1 !y see him1 eum is ! object ( vid5t 7#aacd74 ,if s$re is add$1 eum vid5t s$re1 ,v4 #e1 #ajg1 !y see him sit1 or !y see t he is sitt+1 eum is at ! same "t ! object ( vid5t & ! subject ( s$re4 ,b ! accusative by degrees becom+ deta*$ f ! ma9 v]b1 & closely int]lock$ ) ! inf9itive1 ! comb9ation is ext5d$ to cases :]e ! ma9 v]b is intransitive or passive4 #bagd4 ,a pr$icate n\n ref]r+ to a subject accusative is itself put 9 ! accusative3 z1 t esse arbitror pu]um probum1 ,pl4 ,mo/4 #idi1 ,i ?9k y are a good boy4 nm9em vvum cap patiuntur1 #h1 #ce1 #e1 !y d n all[ anybody to be made prison] alive 7#baih74 ,,v]bs ,,( ,,p]ceiv+1 ,,kn[+1 ,,?9k+1 ,,& ,,say+4 #bage4 ,! accusative ) ! inf9itive is us$ ) active v]bs or v]bal expressions ( p]ceiv+1 kn[+1 ?9k+1 & say+3 z1 patre tua cnsilia nn s5ts8 ,c4 #a1 #a1 y don't feel t y\r plots are all out8 huic flium scs esse8 ,t4 ,hau4 #aha1 y are aw>e t ?is man has a son8 ,pompis cnsdisse t]rae mt audvimus1 ,s54 ,,nq4 #f1 #a1 #a1 we h he>d t ,pompei has be5 swall[$ up by an e>?quake1 #fc ,a4,d41 #ag ye>s be=e its utt] de/ruction4 saepe audv int] s atque (fam multa int]v5re posse1 ,cato 9 ,gell4 #ac1 #ah 7#ag71 #a1 ,i h (t5 he>d #8'twixt cup & lip !re's _m a slip4' dcit montem ab ho/ibus t5r1 #a1 #bb1 #b1 he says ! hill is held by ! enemy4 dxt9 ddum illam dxisse1 s expectre flium8 ,t4 ,hec4 #dea1 didn't y say a :ile ago ! woman said t %e 0 look+ = h] son8 ,"s ( ! commone/ ( ^! v]bs are3 7a47 audi1 animadv]t1 s5ti1 vide4 7b47 accipi1 intelleg1 sci1 nesci4 7c47 arbitror1 cnse1 cgit1 crd1 ex/im1 mem91 opnor1 put1 recordor1 suspicor4 7d47 adfirm1 i1 dmn/r1 dc1 disput1 doce1 fateor1 nrr1 neg1 nnti1 o/5d1 prmitt1 scrb1 sgnific1 spr1 trd4 7e47 rmor e/1 nn m fugit1 c]tus sum1 nn nescius sum1 c41 c4 ,also occasionally v]bs us$ 9 ! s5se ( ?9k or say1 z mitt1 s5d ^w1 & sub/antives or pron\ns express+ a ?\ght or judgem5t4 #bagf4 ,! accusative ) ! inf9itive is sometimes introduc$ by a neut] pron\n1 or by sc or ita3 z1 illud negbis1 t d r idict idicvisse8 ,v4 #b1 #ha1 w y d5y ?is1 t y sate 9 judgem5t on a matt] t 0 already decid$8 sc accpimus1 nllum bellum fuisse1 ,v4 #e1 #e1 we h be5 told ?is1 t !re 0 n any w>4 ,sometimes by an ablative ) d3 z1 d hc ,v]r dcitur1 habre eum p]bona toreumata1 ,v4 #d1 #ch1 ab\t ?is man report is made to ,v]res t he _h "s *oice bits ( emboss$ "w4 #bagg4 7#a47 ,passive v]bs ( ?is class are commonly us$ p]sonally 9 ! ?ird p]son ( ! pres5t sy/em1 ) ! subject1 & ! pr$icate n\n1 if us$1 9 ! nom9ative3 z1 h c5tum pgs habre dcuntur1 #d1 #a1 #d1 ^! p are said to h a hundr$ cantons4 nlla iam ex/imantur esse idicia1 ,v4 a4 pr4 #dc1 !re are ?\ght to be no c\rts ( law any long]4 pns prope effectus nntibtur1 ,caes4 ,c4 #a1 #fb1 #c1 ! bridge 0 report$ to be well-nigh done4 #bagh4 ,su* p]sonal passives are mu* m common 9 ! writ]s ( ,cic]o's day ?an 9 old ,lat94 ,p>ticul>ly s argu1 audi1 cgnsc1 comp]i1 concd1 df5d1 dmn/r1 dc1 doce1 excs1 ex/im1 inv5i1 idic1 lb]1 memor1 neg1 nnti1 o/5d1 po/ul1 put1 rep]i1 trd4 #bagi4 7#b47 ,) ! fir/ or second p]son ! p]sonal con/ruction is r>e3 z1 quod ns b5e misse idict sumus1 ,att4 #a1 #ac1 #f1 t we are ?\ght to h made a good b>ga94 cum inv5ire improbissim ratine esse pra$tus1 ,v4 #d1 #c1 :5 y prove to h be5 robb+ mo/ abom9ably4 ,b ) videor1 seem1 ! p]sonal con/ruction is ! rule 9 all ?ree p]sons1 & 9 ! p]fect sy/em z well z ! pres5t4 #bahj4 7#c47 ,9 ! p]fect sy/em1 & also usually 9 ! g]undive con/ruction 7#bbdf71 v]bs ( ?is class are commonly imp]sonal3 z1 trditum e/ ,homrum caecum fuisse1 ,,td4 #e1 #aad1 ! tradition is t ,hom] 0 bl9d4 ub tyrannus e/1 ib dc5dum e/ nllam esse rem pblicam1 ,,rp4 #c1 #dc1 :]ev] !re is an absolute rul]1 !re we mu/ ma9ta9 !re is no commonweal?4 #baha4 7#d47 ,) "s v]bs ( ?is class1 ! imp]sonal con/ruction is pref]r$ ev5 9 ! pres5t sy/em4 ,?us1 commonly intellegitur1 x is und]/ood1 z imp]sonal2 regul>ly 9 classical ,lat9 crditur2 ) a dative 9 ,cic]o & ,caes> dcitur1 nntitur4 ,! imp]sonals c]nitur1 f]tur1 memortur1 prditur1 vidtur1 are r>e4 #bahb4 ,! p]sonal con/ruction is sometimes ext5d$ to o!r v]bs or v]bal expressions1 especially 9 poetry3 z1 colligor1 ,o4 ,a4 #b1 #f1 #fa1 ,i am inf]r$1 = colligitur4 nnnlls magi/rts v5ibant 9 suspcinem ns dmort esse1 ,l5tulus 9 ,fam4 #ab1 #ae1 #e1 ! magi/rates 7 suspect$ by "s ( hav+ delay$ u 7#adia74 #bahc4 ,) v]bs ( ?9k+ & say+ ! subject accusative is sometimes omitt$4 7a47 ,(t5e/ ?us m ns1 t vs1 or s3 z1 /ult fcisse fateor1 i4e4 m1 ,pl4 ,b4 #ajac1 ,i own ,i've act$ l a fool4 cnfitre vnisse1 i4e4 t1 ,,ra4 #fa1 confess y came4 quae imp]r5tur fac]e dxrunt1 i4e4 s1 #b1 #cb1 #c1 !y said !y w\ld d z ord]$ 7#bbba74 ,(t5 ! future )\t esse3 z1 refrctrs c>c]em m9bantur1 i4e4 s1 ,l4 #f1 #ag1 #f1 !y ?reat5$ to break ! jail op51 7b47 ,less frequ5tly an accusative ( is3 z1 obltum crdid1 i4e4 eum1 ,fam4 #i1 #b1 #a1 ,i imag9$ he _h =gott54 ,su* omissions are common 9 old ,lat91 ,cic]o1 ,caes>1 ,livy1 & 9 poetry4 #bahd4 ,:5 ! accusative is n express$1 a pr$icate n\n is sometimes put 9 ! nom9ative1 *iefly 9 poetry1 9 imitation ( a ,greek idiom3 z1 phaslus ille quem vidtis1 hospits1 ait fuisse nvium cel]rimus1 ,cat4 #d1 #a1 ! clipp] y see yond]1 fri5ds1 says %e 0 once ! fleete/ ( ! fleet4 uxor invict ,iovis esse nescs1 ,h4 #c1 #bg1 #gc1 ?\ kn[e/ n ?\ art ! bride ( ! unconqu]able ,jove4 ,simil>ly ) v]bs ( emotion 7#bahg73 z1 gaud5t esse rogtae1 ,o4 ,,aa4 #a1 #cde1 !y are glad to h be5 ask$4 gaud5t p]fs sangu9e frtrum1 ,v4 ,g4 #b1 #eaj1 !y're glad to h be5 imbu$ ) bro!rs' blood4 ,,v]bs ,,( ,,accus+4 #bahe4 ,! v]bs ( accus+1 argu & nsimul1 take ! accusative ) ! inf9itive l v]bs ( say+3 z1 cvs ,rmns nects esse argu1 ,v4 #e1 #adi1 my accusation is t ,romans h be5 sla94 occdisse patrem ,sex4 ,rscius arguitur1 ,,ra4 #cg1 ,roscius is *>g$ ) ! murd] ( 8 fa!r4 nsimulre coeprunt ,epicratem litt]s pblics corrpisse1 ,v4 #b1 #fj1 !y began to accuse ,epicrates ( hav+ falsifi$ records ( /ate4 ,,v]bs ,,( ,,hop+1 ,,promis+1 ,,& ,,?reat5+4 #bahf4 ,! accusative ) ! future inf9itive is us$ ) v]bs ( hop+1 promis+1 & ?reat5+3 z1 id ss effectrs sprbant1 #g1 #bf1 #b1 !y hop$ to c>ry x out4 pollic5tur ss dditrs1 #e1 #bj1 #b1 !y volunte] to surr5d] to him4 ,b sometimes ! pres5t inf9itive alone3 see #bbcf4 ,,v]bs ,,( ,,emotion4 #bahg4 ,! accusative ) ! inf9itive is sometimes us$ ) v]bs ( joy1 grief1 surprise1 or wond]3 z1 v5re t m gauds1 ,pl4 ,b4 #ahd1 ?\ art glad ,i'm come4 dolu pcem repudir1 ,m>c4 #ad1 ,i felt sorry peace 0 reject$4 ,^! v]bs (t5 h ! con/ruction ) quod1 or 9 old ,lat9 ) quia 7#ahea74 #bahh4 ,"s ( ! commone/ ( ^! v]bs are dole1 gaude1 laetor1 mror1 c41 c42 & f ,cic]o on1 angor1 indignor1 lge1 sollicit4 ,,v]bs ,,( ,,desire4 #bahi4 7#a47 ,! accusative ) ! inf9itive is commonly us$ ) vol 7ml1 nl71 & cupi1 :5 ! subject ( ! inf9itive is n ! same z t ( ! v]b3 z1 ,catilnam p]re volu1 ,ph4 #h1 #ae1 ,i wi%$ ,catil9e to die4 mluit hom9s peccre quam des1 ,v4 #b1 #bb1 he want$ m5 to s9 r ?an gods4 t tu fru virtte cupimus1 ,br4 #cca1 we wi% y to reap ! b5efit ( y\r high "*4 #baij4 7#b47 ,ev5 :5 ! subjects d5ote ! same p]son1 ! accusative is sometimes us$ ) ! inf9itive3 z1 mor m mlim1 ,pl4 ,z4 #haj1 mor m mlim1 ,t4 ,eu4 #ff1 ,i'd r die4 magnufic vol m virs summs accip]e1 ,pl4 ,ps4 #afg1 ,i'm go+ to ent]ta9 "s highborn g5tlem5 9 /yle4 ,(t5e/ :5 ! inf9itive is esse1 vidr1 putr1 or dc3 z1 cupi m esse clm5tem1 cupi m nn dissoltum vidr1 ,c4 #a1 #d1 ,i wi% to play ! man ( m]cy1 & yet ,i d n wi% to seem ov] lax4 ,r>ely ?us ) dsd]1 nl1 opt1 & /ude1 & 9 ,sallu/ ) prop]4 #baia4 ,= ! p]fect active ) ^! v]bs1 see #bbbh2 = ! p]fect passive1 #bbbi4 #baib4 vol1 ml1 & cupi are (t5 coord9at$ ) ! subjunctive ( desire 7#agjg74 vol & ml (t5 h ! subjunctive ) ut1 p>ticul>ly 9 old ,lat9 7#aiej74 #baic4 ,v]bs ( resolv+ sometimes take ! accusative ) ! inf9itive3 z1 c]tum (firmre e/ viam m1 ,t4 ,hec4 #ded1 ,i am resolv$ to hold ! way4 ,s1 f ,cic]o on1 sometimes cnse1 dc]n1 & s5ti1 9 ! exceptional s5se ( vol or iube1 ?9k x be/3 z1 velle et cnsre es ab arms discd]e1 ,s4 ,i4 #ba1 #d1 t !y wi%$ & ?\ght x be/ = ^? p to give up fight+4 #baid4 ,! accusative ) ! inf9itive is sometimes us$ ) v]bs ( dem&+3 z1 hau po/ul equidem md 9 lect accumb]e1 ,pl4 ,/4 #dhh1 ,i c't expect1 n ,i1 to sprawl ^u a c\*4 hc po/ulat s absolv8 ,v4 #c1 #ach1 does ?is man ask to be acquitt$8 ,simil>ly ) r & praecipi 9 late writ]s4 #baie4 ,! accusative ) ! inf9itive is sometimes f\nd ) sude & p]sude 9 ,t]5ce1 ,lucretius1 & ,v]gil1 & ) precor 9 ,ovid & late prose4 ,,v]bs ,,( ,,accompli%+4 #baif4 ,v]bs ( accompli%+ r>ely h ! accusative ) ! inf9itive3 z1 tls rtrs vidr facit1 quls ips s vidr volunt1 ,br4 #adb1 ( deliv]y1 x makes orators appe> j z !y wi% to appe> !mselves4 ,(t5e/ 9 poetry4 ,9 prose usually ! subjunctive ) ut 7#aiea74 ,,v]bs ,,( ,,tea*+ ,,& ,,tra9+4 #baig4 ,! v]bs ( tea*+ & tra9+1 doce & adsufaci1 may take an accusative ( a sub/antive & an inf9itive express+ ! ?+ taught3 z1 qun etiam tondre flis sus docuit1 ,,td4 #e1 #eh1 :y m ?an t1 he actually taught 8 own daught]s to %ave1 ( ,dionysius1 tyrant ( ,syracuse4 equs edem remanre ve/gi adsufcrunt1 #d1 #b1 #c1 !y h _! horses tra9$ to /& /ock-/ill 7#afjh74 ,comp>e #aafi4 ,,v]bs ,,( ,,bidd+ ,,& ,,=bidd+ ,,& ,,( ,,all[+4 #baih4 ,! accusative ) ! inf9itive is us$ ) iube & vet1 s9 & patior3 z1 mlits ex oppid exre iussit1 #b1 #cc1 #a1 he ord]$ ! soldi]s to g out ( ! t[n4 pontem iubet resc9d1 #a1 #g1 #b1 he ord]s ! bridge torn up4 lx p]egrnum vetat 9 mrum asc5d]e1 ,,d4 #b1 #ajj1 x is aga9/ ! law = a =eign] to get up on ! wall4 ca/ra vll mnr vetuit1 ,caes4 ,c4 #a1 #da1 #d1 he gave ord]s t ! camp %\ld n be =tifi$ ) a palisade4 vnum ad s inportr nn s9unt1 #d1 #b1 #f1 w9e !y w n all[ to be br\ght into _! c\ntry4 ,cic]o is ! fir/ to use vet ?us4 ,o!r con/ructions also occur ) ^! words3 see #agjh1 #aiej1 #aiec1 c4 #baii4 ,! p]son ord]$ or =bidd5 is (t5 omitt$1 :5 /ress is laid on ! action m]ely1 or :5 ! p]son is obvi\s f ! context3 z1 ca/ra mnre iubet1 i4e4 mlits1 #b1 #e1 #f1 he gives ord]s to con/ruct a camp4 iussrunt prnntire1 i4e4 tribns et c5turins1 #e1 #cc1 #c1 !y gave ord]s to proclaim4 demque iussrunt simulcrum ,iovis fac]e maius1 i4e4 cnsuls1 ,c4 #c1 #bj1 & !y fur!rmore gave directions to make a /atue ( ,jupit]1 a bigg] "o4 #bbjj4 iube is sometimes coord9at$ ) ! subjunctive1 especially 9 old ,lat9 7#agjh74 ,sometimes x has ! subjunctive ) ut1 especially 9 resolves ( ! p4 #bbja4 ,9 ! passive1 iube1 vet1 & s9 are us$ p]sonally1 ! accusative ( ! p]son ord]$ or =bidd5 becom+ nom9ative3 z1 iub5tur scrb]e ex]citum1 ,l4 #c1 #cj1 #c1 !y are ord]$ to raise an army4 ,nln mrs adre vetit1 ,l4 #bc1 #af1 #i1 ! m5 ( ,nola 7 n all[$ to g to ! walls4 hc accsre eum nn e/ situs1 ,se/4 #ie1 ?is man 0 n all[$ to accuse him4 #bbjb4 imp] (t5 has ! accusative ) a passive or depon5t inf9itive1 or ) fi]3 z1 praes5tem pecniam solv imp]v1 ,att4 #b1 #d1 #a1 ,i h giv5 ord]s = ready money to be paid4 ,r>ely ) an active inf9itive p>allel ) a passive3 z1 e p>tem nvium conv5re commetumque comportr imp]at1 ,caes4 ,c4 #c1 #db1 #b1 he ord]s "p ( ! vessels to r5dezv\s !re1 & gra9 to be br\ght4 ,9 ! passive1 a p]sonal imp]or occurs1 l iubeor 7#bbja73 z1 9 lautumis ddc imp]antur1 ,v4 #e1 #fh1 ord]s are giv5 = !m to be tak5 to ! qu>ries4 ,see also #aiej4 p]mitt has sometimes ! accusative ) ! inf9itive f ,tacitus on1 usually ! subjunctive ) ut 7#aiej74 #bbjc4 ,! v]bs ( h9d]+1 prohibe & imp$i1 sometimes h ! accusative ) ! inf9itive3 z1 b>b> no/rs nvibus gr$ prohibbant1 #d1 #bd1 #a1 ! savages und]took to prev5t our p f disemb>k+4 ,! inf9itive us$ ) prohibe is usually passive or depon5t4 quid e/ igitur quod m imp$iat ea quae probbilia mih videantur sequ8 ,(f4 #b1 #h1 :at is !re !n to h9d] me f foll[+ :at seems to me to be probable8 ,see also #aifj & #aigg4 ,,! ,,inf9itive ,,z ,a ,,sub/antive ,,accusative4 #bbjd4 ,! accusative ) ! inf9itive1 or ! inf9itive alone1 reg>d$ z a neut] sub/antive1 may be us$ z ! object ( a v]b1 or 9 apposition ) ! object3 z1 7a47 leporem gu/re fs nn putant1 #e1 #ab1 #f1 ta/+ h>e !y c\nt a s94 errre malum dcimus1 ,(f4 #a1 #ah1 go+ a/ray we hold a bad ?+4 7b47 ad id quod n/itui/1 rtrum g5]a di/+u]e aettibus1 i/am dlig5tiam esse accommodtam put1 ,br4 #gd1 ,i ?9k y\r accurate s*ol>%ip is j ! ?+ = y\r project$ task--classify+ public speak]s *ronologically4 #bbje4 ,! inf9itive z a sub/antive is r>ely prec$$ by ! preposition int] 9 late prose3 z1 multum int]e/ int] d>e et accip]e1 ,s54 ,b54 #e1 #aj1 #b1 !re is a va/ diff]5ce betwe5 #8give' & #8take4' ,cic]o has x ?us once 9 a translation 7,f94 #b1 #dc74 ,9 poetry praet] is ?us us$ r>ely4 #bbjf4 ,9 poetry1 ! inf9itive is us$ z a sub/antive object ) su* v]bs z d1 r$d1 adim1 p]d3 z1 hc v]r p]didit1 ,pl4 ,b4 #aeh1 ?is y\? has lo/ 8 s5se ( %ame4 7,b47 ,,! ,,inf9itive ,,z ,,subject4 #bbjg4 ,! accusative ) ! inf9itive1 or ! inf9itive alone1 pres5t or p]fect1 may be us$ z ! subject ( a v]b1 9 apposition ) ! subject1 or z a pr$icate nom9ative3 z1 7a47 m5dcem memorem esse oportre1 ,qu9til4 #d1 #b1 #ia1 t a li> %\ld h a good memory4 7b47 sequitur illud1 ca$em s5tum idicsse contr rem pblicam esse factam1 ,mil4 #ab1 next comes ?is po9t1 t ! s5ate adjudg$ ! homicide an (f5ce aga9/ ! /ate4 7c47 exitus fuit rtinis1 sib nllam cum hs amcitiam esse posse1 #d1 #h1 #a1 ! end ( ! spee* 0 t he c\ld n h any fri5d%ip ) ^! p4 #bbjh4 ,! inf9itive is us$ z ! subject 7a47 ) imp]sonal v]bs1 7b47 ) e/1 puttur1 habtur1 c41 & an ab/ract sub/antive1 a g5itive1 or a neut] adjective 9 ! pr$icate4 #bbji4 7a47 ,"s ( ! commone/ imp]sonal v]bs are appret1 decet1 exp$it1 licet1 lubet1 oportet1 prae/at1 pudet1 rf]t4 ,also 9 classical ,lat91 att9et1 condcit1 cn/at1 ddecet1 exsi/it1 fallit1 int]e/1 iuvat1 liquet1 obe/1 pa5itet1 patet1 p]t9et1 placet1 displicet1 prde/1 :i* are us$ z live v]bs by ,lucretius & ,sallu/ also4 ,simil>ly 9 ,plautus & ,t]5ce =tasse4 #bbaj4 ,! inf9itive is occasionally us$ z a subject ) v]bs o!r ?an ! above 7#bbji73 z1 nn cadit invidre 9 sapi5tem1 ,,td4 #c1 #ba1 envy does n squ>e ) our ideas ( a sage4 c>re hoc sgnificat1 egre e quod habre vels1 ,,td4 #a1 #hh1 c>e means n hav+ :at y w\ld l to h4 #bbaa4 7b47 ,"s ( ! commone/ ab/racts us$ ?us ) e/ are fma1 fs & nefs1 fids1 is1 laus1 opus1 ms1 tempus4 ,f ,cic]o on1 opni & prv]bium4 ,9 ,plautus1 audcia1 cnfd5tia1 mis]ia1 negtium1 scelus1 c4 ,= g5itives1 see #abcg4 ,neut] adjectives are su* z aequum1 9quum1 cns5tneum1 crdibile1 incrdibile1 manife/um1 necesse1 pr1 rctum1 c41 c4 #bbab4 ,! accusative is n express$ :5 x is indef9ite1 y1 a man1 a p]son1 anybody1 frequ5tly also :5 x is impli$ 9 "s o!r case 9 ! s5t5ce3 z1 nn tam praeclrum e/ scre ,latn quam turpe nescre1 ,br4 #adj1 x is n s cr$itable to be a ,lat9 s*ol> z x is disreputable n to be4 mih int] virtts grammatic habbitur aliqua nescre1 ,qu9til4 #a1 #h1 #ba1 9 my eyes x w be "o m]it 9 a classical s*ol> n to be omnisci5t4 tempor cd]e semp] sapi5tis e/ habitum1 ,fam4 #d1 #i1 #b1 b[+ to ! inevitable has always pass$ z a m>k ( wisdom4 peccre licet nm91 ,p>4 #bj1 no man is at lib]ty to s94 ,an indef9ite hom9em1 aliquem1 or t1 is r>e3 z1 illa laus e/1 lb]s hom9em ducre1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #gjc1 x is a cr[n ( glory = a man a family to re>4 #bbac4 7#a47 ,a pr$icate n\n ref]r+ to ! unexpress$ indef9ite subject ( ! inf9itive is put 9 ! accusative3 z1 nn esse cupidum pecnia e/1 nn esse emcem vectgal e/1 cont5tum vr sus rbus esse maximae sunt dvitiae1 ,p>4 #ea1 = a man n to h desires1 is money d[n1 n to be eag] to buy is an income2 b to be satisfi$ ) :at y h is ! greate/ possible weal?4 ,a plural pr$icate is r>e3 z1 esset gregium dome/ics esse cont5ts1 ,o4 #bb1 x w\ld be a gr& ?+ = p to be satisfi$ ) home examples4 #bbad4 7#b47 ,:5 ! subject ( ! inf9itive is impli$ 9 a dative1 a pr$icate n\n may also be 9 ! dative3 z1 mih negleg5t esse nn licet1 ,att4 #a1 #ag1 #f1 x w n d = me to be c>eless4 ,) a dative & licet1 h[ev]1 ! pr$icate is sometimes 9 ! accusative3 z1 quod s cv ,rmn licet esse ,gdtnum1 ,balb4 #bi1 n[ if a ,roman is all[$ to be a ,gaditanian4 ,regul>ly s1 :5 ! subject is indef9ite & n express$ 7#bbab73 z1 haec praescrpta s]vantem licet magnific vv]e1 ,(f4 #a1 #ib1 a man :o holds to ^! rules may live a noble life4 #bbae4 ,! inf9itive1 us$ z a sub/antive 9 ! nom9ative or accusative1 sometimes has a neut] attribute4 ,*iefly ?us ipsum1 hoc ipsum1 ttum hoc3 z1 ipsum ,latn loqu e/ 9 magn laude pn5dum1 ,br4 #adj1 j ! m]e ability ( talk+ good ,lat9 is to be acc\nt$ highly cr$itable4 ,r>ely a possessive1 meum1 tuum3 z1 ita tuom cnf]t amre n tibi sit probr1 ,pl4 ,cur4 #bh1 s %ape ?y woo+ t x be to !e no %ame4 ,errata3 #bbad 444 may also be 9 ! dative3 z1 dative4 z1 #bbae 444 us$ z a sub/antive 9 ! nom9ative or accusative1 1 miss+ ,,! ,,inf9itive ,,( ,,exclamation4 #bbaf4 ,! inf9itive alone1 or ! accusative ) ! inf9itive1 is sometimes us$ 9 exclamations ( surprise1 incr$ulity1 disapproval1 or lam5tation3 z1 nn pudre1 ,t4 ,ph4 #bcc1 n be a%am$4 s$re tts dis 9 vll1 ,att4 #ab1 #dd1 #b1 sitt+ r\nd :ole days & days at ! c\ntry place4 at t ,rmae nn =e1 ,att4 #e1 #bj1 #g1 only to ?9k y won't be 9 ,rome4 hoc po/]s memoriae trditum r1 ,l4 #c1 #fg1 #a1 to ?9k ?is w be pass$ d[n to g5]ations yet unborn4 ,(t5 ) a -ne1 transf]r$ f ! unexpress$ v]b on :i* ! inf9itive dep5ds 7#aejc73 z1 tne hoc1 ,acc1 dc]e1 tl prd5ti pra$itum1 ,clu4 #hd1 :at8 y to say ?is1 ,accius1 ) y\r s\nd s5se4 ,! exclamatory inf9itive is *iefly conf9$ to ,plautus1 ,t]5ce1 & ,cic]o4 ,,! ,,inf9itive ,,( ,,intimation4 #bbag4 ,?is inf9itive has already be5 spok5 (2 see #aece-aeci4 ,,! ,,t5ses ,,( ,,! ,,inf9itive4 #bbah4 ,! pres5t inf9itive repres5ts action z go+ on1 ! p]fect z complet$1 & ! future z n yet begun1 at ! "t ( ! action ( ! v]b to :i* ! inf9itive is atta*$4 ,! =ms ( ! inf9itive are commonly & conv5i5tly call$ t5ses1 ?\gh ?is designation is n /rictly applicable4 ,,! ,,pres5t ,,t5se4 #bbai4 ,9 itself1 ! pres5t inf9itive d5otes action m]ely z go+ on1 )\t any ref]5ce to "t4 ,) "s v]bs1 h[ev]1 :i* look to ! future1 ! pres5t relates to action 9 ! imm$iate future4 ,) v]bs ( p]ceiv+1 kn[+1 ?9k+1 & say+1 x d5otes action z go+ on at ! "t ( ! v]b3 z1 7a47 fac9us e/ v9cre cvem ,rmnum1 ,v4 #e1 #agj1 x is a crime to put a ,roman 9 irons4 7b47 audre cupi1 ,caec4 #cc1 ,i am eag] to he>4 ,antium m recip]e cgit a4 d4 ,v ,nn4 ,mi41 ,att4 #b1 #i1 #d1 ,i am m$itat+ go+ back to ,antium ! ?ird ( ,may4 7c47 errre es dcunt1 #e1 #da1 #e1 !y say ^? p are mi/ak54 tempus dx esse1 ,t4 ,hec4 #fhg1 ,i said x 0 "t4 dcs tib ,siculs esse amcs8 ,v4 #b1 #aee1 w y say ! ,sicilians are fri5ds ( y\rs8 #bbbj4 ,! pres5t inf9itive is sometimes us$ ) mem91 recordor1 memori t5e1 & ) "s analog\s expressions1 su* z accpimus1 f]tur1 c41 to repres5t m]ely ! occurr5ce ( action really complet$1 )\t indicat+ its completion3 z1 mem9 ad m t scrb]e1 ,d4 #ch1 ,i rememb] y\r writ+ to me4 mem9i/is fi] s5ts cnsultum1 ,mur4 #ea1 y rememb] a decree ( ! s5ate be+ pass$4 s$ ego dem recordor long omnibus antef]re ,dmo/h5em1 ,o4 #bc1 & yet ,i rememb] putt+ ,demo/h5es f> above ev]ybody else4 hanc accpimus agrs et nemora p]agrre1 ,,hr4 #bd1 we h he>d ( ?is goddess's sc\r+ fields & groves4 ,q4 ,maximum accpimus facile clre1 tacre1 ,(f4 #a1 #ajh1 we h he>d ( ,fabius's ready clev]ness 9 keep+ d>k & hold+ 8 tongue4 ,b ! p]fect is us$ :5 ! action is to be di/9ctly m>k$ z complet$3 z1 mem9i/is m ita di/ribuisse causam1 ,,ra4 #abb1 y rememb] t ,i arrang$ ! case ?us4 ,sometimes pres5t & p]fect are unit$3 z1 ,hel5 cap]e arma f]tur1 nec frtrs rubuisse des1 ,prop4 #c1 #ad1 #ai 7#d1 #ac1 #ai71 ,hel5 is said to fly to arms1 & n to h blu%$ 9 pres5ce ( h] bro!r gods4 ,"h cap]e relates to ! same complet$ action z ! m exact rubuisse4 #bbba4 ,) v]bs ( say+1 us$ 9 ! n>r[] s5se ( promis+1 ! pres5t inf9itive sometimes /&s = ! future 7#bbcf73 z1 crs mne arg5tum mih mles d>e s dxit1 ,t4 ,ph4 #eca1 ! soldi] spoke ( pay+ me ! money e>ly 9 ! morn+4 m aibat acc]s]e1 ,pl4 ,ps4 #aaah1 he said he'd fet* me 7#bahf74 quae imp]r5tur fac]e dxrunt1 #b1 #cb1 #c1 !y agre$ to d :at 0 comm&$4 #bbbb4 ,! pres5t inf9itive dep5d5t on a pa/ t5se ( dbe1 oportet1 possum1 (t5 requires ! ,engli% p]fect inf9itive 9 translation3 z1 quid enim fac]e pot]mus8 ,pis4 #ac1 = :at else c\ld we h done8 ,see1 h[ev]1 #adie4 ,= ! inf9itive p]fect1 see #bbcj4 ,,! ,,p]fect ,,t5se4 #bbbc4 7#a47 ,! p]fect active inf9itive sometimes s]ves z a complem5t ( dbe1 vol1 possum1 c4 7#bafh73 z1 tamets /atim vcisse dbe1 tam5 d me ire dcdam1 ,,ra4 #gc1 ?\gh ,i am entitl$ to come (f victori\s at once1 yet ,i w waive my "r2 comp>e vc1 ,i am victori\s1 #afjh4 nl vetitum fcisse volet1 ,j4 #ad1 #ahe1 no?+ =bidd5 w he wi% to h done2 comp>e fc1 ,i am guilty4 unde illa potuit didicisse8 ,div4 #b1 #ea1 f :at s\rce c\ld he h all t in=mation acquir$8 bellum quod possumus ante hiemem p]fcisse1 ,l4 #cg1 #ai1 #e1 ! w> :i* we c h end$ up be=e w9t]4 #bbbd4 7#b47 ,9 prohibitions1 ! p]fect active inf9itive (t5 s]ves z a complem5t ( nl or vol 7#bafh74 ,?us1 9 old ,lat91 nlt dvellisse1 ,pl4 ,po54 #hgb1 d n h _h x pluck$4 ,p>ticul>ly s :5 dep5d5t on n velit or n vellet1 9 legal /yle3 z1 n quis convnisse sacrrum caus velit1 ,l4 #ci1 #ad1 #h1 t nobody may presume to h b&$ ) o!rs = ! obs]vance ( ! my/]ies4 ,,bacas ,,vir ,,neqvis ,,adiese ,,velet1 ,,cil4 ,i1 #aif1 #g1 inscription ( #ahf ,b4,c41 t no male %\ld presume to h _h resort to ! ,bac*ants 7#gfe2 #dh74 n quid misse velit nsci5te dom91 ,cato1 ,,rr4 #e1 #d1 he mu/ n v5ture to h b\ght any?+ )\t 8 ma/]'s k1 ( a head f>m-/ew>d4 #bbbe4 ,9 poetry ( ! ,augu/an age1 ! complem5t>y p]fect inf9itive active is sometimes dep5d5t on a v]b ( w or ef=t1 su* z cr1 labr1 t5d3 z1 t5d5ts opc ,plion inposuisse ,olymp1 ,h4 #c1 #d1 #ea1 on %ad[y ,olympus /riv+ ,pelion to h pil$4 #bbbf4 ,any pa/ t5se ( ! indicative1 :5 made dep5d5t on a v]b ( p]ceiv+1 kn[+1 ?9k+1 or say+1 is repres5t$ by ! p]fect inf9itive4 ,?us1 9 ,!ophra/us scrbit ,cmnem hospitlem fuisse3 ita enim vlics imp]visse1 ut omnia praebr5tur1 ,(f4 #b1 #fd1 ,!ophra/us says 9 8 book t ,cimon 0 ! s\l ( hospitality3 he _h direct$ 8 /ew>ds to furni% ev]y?+ requir$2 ! fuisse repres5ts erat or fuit1 & ! imp]visse may repres5t imp]bat1 imp]vit1 or p]haps imp]v]at1 ( direct disc\rse4 praec dxisse prnntiat1 ,v4 #b1 #ge1 ! cri] proclaims #8speak+ f9i%$' 7#afje74 #bbbg4 ,! p]fect inf9itive passive ) fuisse d5otes a pa/ result+ /ate3 z1 dc ,mi?ridt cpis omnibus rbus rnts atque n/rcts fuisse1 urbemque obsessam esse1 ,,ip4 #bj1 ,i mu/ tell y t ,mi?ridates's troops 7 completely arm$ & equipp$1 & t ! t[n 0 "u siege4 ,"h rnts fuisse repres5ts rntae erant 7#afae71 & obsessam esse repres5ts obsidbtur 7#aeie74 #bbbh4 7#a47 ,! p]fect active inf9itive is sometimes us$ ) nl or vol1 especially 9 poetry1 :5 ! subject ( ! inf9itive is n ! same z t ( ! v]b 7#bahi73 z1 hanc t ad ct]s virtts adicisse velim1 ,l4 #cj1 #ad1 #f1 ,i only wi% y _h ?is good quality add$ to ! re/4 #bbbi4 7#b47 vol (t5 has an emphatic p]fect passive inf9itive1 usually )\t esse 7#bbcj72 less frequ5tly cupi & r>ely nl3 z1 factum vol1 ,pl4 ,b4 #die1 ,z4 #fhe1 ,i want x done1 i4e4 ,i w4 ills monits etiam atque etiam vol1 ,c4 #b1 #bg1 ,i want ^? p caution$ ov] & ov]4 ,p>ticul>ly common 9 ,cic]o1 n 9 ,caes> or ,sallu/4 ,also ) imp]sonal inf9itives 7#adgi73 z oblvsc]e illum adv]sri tu voluisse cnsultum1 ,att4 #af1 #af;c1 #aj1 y mu/ =get t ! man want$ y\r enemy provid$ =4 #bbcj4 ,! p]fect inf9itive passive or depon5t1 commonly )\t esse1 is (t5 us$ 9 ,plautus1 ,t]5ce1 & ,cic]o1 by assimilation ) pa/ t5ses ( v]bs ( propriety1 su* z aequum e/1 conv5it1 decet1 & oportet3 z1 nn oportuit relcts1 ,t4 ,hau4 #bdg1 !y %\ldn't h be5 left4 t ,iov comprectam oportuit1 ,pl4 ,am4 #gci1 y %\ld h said y\r pray]s to ,jove4 ,! p]fect active is less common3 z1 cvisse oportuit1 ,pl4 ,am4 #idd1 y %\ld h be5 ^u y\r gu>d4 ,= vol1 cupi1 nl1 see #bbbi4 #bbca4 ,! p]fect inf9itive ( complet$ action is v common ) su* expressions z satis e/1 satis habe1 iuvat1 melius e/1 pa5itet1 c41 also ) v]bs ( emotion1 su* z gaude1 c43 z1 m quoque iuvat ad fnem bell ,pnic p]vnisse1 ,l4 #ca1 #a1 #a1 ,i am delight$ myself to h rea*$ ! end ( ! ,punic w>4 ,(t5times1 h[ev]1 9 v]se1 ! use ( ! p]fect is p>tly due to ! metre4 ,,! ,,future ,,t5se4 #bbcb4 ,! future inf9itive is only us$ z a repres5tative ( ! indicative1 & n z a sub/antive4 #bbcc4 ,= ! future inf9itive active or passive1 a circumlocution ) =e or futrum esse ) ut & ! subjunctive pres5t or imp]fect is (t5 us$4 ,?is con/ruction is necess>y :5 ! v]b has no future p>ticiple or sup9e3 z1 spr =e ut cont+at id nbs1 ,,td4 #a1 #hb1 ,i hope we may be s =tunate4 clmbant =e ut ips s d ulcsc]5tur1 ,v4 #d1 #hg1 !y cri$ out t ! gods w\ld av5ge !mselves4 #bbcd4 =e ) ! p]fect p>ticiple ( a passive or depon5t1 repres5ts ! future p]fect ( direct disc\rse3 z1 dbelltum mox =e rbantur1 ,l4 #bc1 #ac1 #f1 !y ?\ght ! w> w\ld soon be ov]4 #bbce4 7#a47 ,! future inf9itive is commonly us$ ) ir1 m9or1 polliceor1 prmitt1 & spr1 especially :5 ! lead+ v]b & ! inf9itive h ! same subject3 z1 irvit s nisi victrem 9 ca/ra nn rev]srum1 ,caes4 ,c4 #c1 #hg1 #e1 he swore he w\ld n come back to camp except z a victor4 quod s factrs m9bantur1 ,caes4 ,c4 #b1 #ac1 #d1 :i* !y ?reat5$ !y w\ld d4 obsids datrs pollicit sunt1 #d1 #bg1 #a1 !y volunte]$ to give ho/ages4 #bbcf4 7#b47 ,a loos] pres5t inf9itive is sometimes us$ ) ! above v]bs1 especially 9 old ,lat91 g5]ally )\t a subject accusative4 ,?us ) ir by ,cato & ,plautus1 & ) m9or1 proclaim ) ?reats1 by ,lucretius4 ,simil>ly d>e pollic5tur1 #f1 #i1 #g1 !y (f] to give4 reliqus dt]rr sprns1 ,caes4 ,c4 #c1 #h1 #c1 hop+ t ! re/ 7 sc>$4 spr no/ram amcitiam nn egre te/ibus1 ,fam4 #b1 #b1 ,i tru/ our fri5d%ip ne$s no witnesses4 ,z possum has no future inf9itive1 ! pres5t ( ?is v]b is necess>ily us$3 z1 ttu ,galliae ss potr posse sprant1 #a1 #c1 #h1 !y hope to be able to get ! control ( ! :ole ( ,gaul4 ,,! ,,g]undive ,,& ,,g]und4 #bbcg4 ,! g]undive is a v]bal adjective 7#hii74 ,! g]und is a neut] v]bal sub/antive1 us$ only 9 ! oblique cases ( ! s+ul>4 ,bo? g]undives & g]unds express1 9 a n\n =m1 ! uncomplet$ action ( ! v]b4 #bbch4 ,g]undives & g]unds1 l ! ,engli% v]bal 9 -+1 7 orig9ally nei!r active nor passive 7#bhh71 b might /& = ei!r an active or a passive4 ,9 "t a prevail+ passive mean+ grew up 9 ! g]undive1 & a prevail+ active mean+ 9 ! g]und4 ,a g]und may be foll[$ by ! same case z its v]b2 b = ! g]und ( v]bs ( transitive use1 see #bbdb1 #bbee1 #bbei1 #bbfe4 #bbci4 ,bo? g]undives & g]unds are modifi$ l v]bs1 by adv]bs1 n by adjectives4 7#a47 ,,! ,,g]undive ,,con/ruction4 #bbdj4 ,! g]undive expresses1 9 an adjective =m1 ! uncomplet$ action ( a v]b ( transitive use ex]t$ on a sub/antive object1 ! sub/antive /&+ 9 ! case requir$ by ! context1 & ! g]undive agree+ ) x4 ,9 ?is con/ruction1 :i* is call$ ! g]undive con/ruction1 ! sub/antive & g]undive bl5d toge!r 9 s5se l ! p>ts ( a comp\nd4 male g]5d negti 9 a]e alin vacillant1 ,c4 #b1 #ba1 ow+ to bad bus9ess-manag+ !y are /agg]+ "u debts4 /udium agr col5d1 ,,cm4 #ei1 ! occupation ( l&-till+4 vir reg5dae r pblicae sci5tissimus1 ,,d4 #a1 #bad1 a man ( great exp]i5ce 9 /ate-manag+4 7#b47 ,,! ,,g]und4 #bbda4 ,! g]und expresses1 9 a sub/antive =m1 ! uncomplet$ action ( a v]b :i* has no direct object4 ars vv5d1 ,f94 #a1 #db1 ! art ( liv+4 nn e/ locus ad t]giv]s&um1 ,att4 #g1 #a1 #d1 'tis no "t = %ill-,i-%all-,i-+4 sum dfessus qua]it&1 ,pl4 ,am4 #ajad1 ,i'm all worn out ) hunt+4 s exp]i5d didicisse1 ,ta4 #a1 #aa1 he _h le>n$ by exp]i5ce4 #bbdb4 ,g]unds ( v]bs ( transitive use are exceptionally f\nd ) a sub/antive object 7#bbee1 #bbei1 #bbfe71 & regul>ly ) neut] pron\ns & neut] plural adjectives to avoid ambiguity 7#aajf74 ,see also #bbdg4 ag5d aliquid disc5dque caus1 ,f94 #e1 #ed1 = ! sake ( do+ or le>n+ some?+4 faci5d aliquid vel nn faci5d vra rati1 ,pl94 ,ep4 #f1 #bg1 #d1 ! true gr\nd = do+ or n do+ a ?+4 artem s trd]e vra ac falsa didic&1 ,,d4 #b1 #aeg1 t he pass$ along ! art ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! true & ! false4 reg5d cncta onus1 ,ta4 #a1 #aa1 ! burd5 ( gov]n+ ! _w4 ,,cases ,,( ,,g]unds ,,& ,,g]undives4 ,,nom9ative4 #bbdc4 ,! nom9ative ( ! g]undive con/ruction1 z ! subject ( sum1 d5otes action :i* is to be done4 ,! comb9ation acquires ! mean+ ( obligation or propriety1 & ?is mean+ also passes ov] to ! accusative ) esse4 ,! p]son :o has ! action to d is put 9 ! dative ( ! possessor 7#abae74 ,in/ead ( ! dative1 ! ablative ) ab is sometimes us$1 p>ticul>ly :]e ! dative w\ld be ambigu\s4 tib haec cra suscipi5da e/1 ,v4 #d1 #fi1 ! und]tak+ ( ?is c>e exi/s = y1 i4e41 y mu/ und]take ?is *>ge4 ,caes> omnia n tempore erant ag5da3 vxillum prpn5dum1 sgnum tub d&um1 ab op]e revoc& mlits1 acis n/ru5da1 mlits cohort&1 sgnum d&um1 #b1 #bj1 #a1 = ,caes> !re 0 ev]y?+ to be done at ! same mom5t3 ! /&>d to be rais$1 bugle call giv51 soldi]s summon$ 9 f _! "w1 l9e ( battle to be =m$1 soldi]s h>angu$1 signal giv5 = engagem5t4 qua]5da pecnia prmum e/2 virts po/ numms1 ,h4 ,e4 #a1 #a1 #ec1 !re is money-mak+ to be ! fir/ aim3 "* second to doll>s4 adeundus mih illic e/ hom1 ,pl4 ,r4 #abih1 ,i mu/ draw ne> ?is fell[4 ,caes> /atuit sib ,rhnum esse trnseundum1 #d1 #af1 #a1 ,caes> made up 8 m9d t he mu/ cross ! ,rh9e4 ego i/um iuv5em dom t55dum cnse1 ,l4 #ba1 #c1 #f1 = my "p1 ,i ?9k t "y man ought to be kept at home4 ego m ref]5dam grtiam nn putem8 ,planc4 #gh1 %\ld ,i n ?9k t ,i ought to %[ my gratitude to him8 quid m amplius dc5dum puttis8 ,v4 #c1 #fj1 :at m d y ?9k t ,i ne$ say8 #bbdd4 fru5dus1 fung5dus1 potiundus1 t5dus1 vsc5dus1 are also us$ 9 ?is con/ruction1 *iefly 9 ! oblique cases2 9 ! nom9ative ! imp]sonal con/ruction 7#bbdf7 is usual4 ,^! v]bs sometimes h a transitive use 9 old ,lat9 7#achj74 nn p>&a nbs slum ea1 s$ fru5da etiam e/1 ,f94 #a1 #c1 t is a ?+ :i* we mu/ n only obta91 b enjoy z well1 ( wisdom4 nec tam5 e/ potiunda tib1 ,o4 #i1 #ged1 %e is n to be won by !e4 ,examples ( ! oblique cases 9 ?is use are cit$ bel[4 #bbde4 habe ) ! g]undive1 z an equival5t ( e/ mih1 e/ tib1 c4 7#bbdc71 is sometimes f\nd1 *iefly 9 late writ]s & p>ticul>ly 9 ,tacitus3 z1 mult hab5t 9 pra$is1 quibus frm5tum aut vnum aliudve quid dsit1 inport&um1 ,v>ro1 ,,rr4 #a1 #af1 #b1 _m on ^: e/ates corn or w9e or some?+ else is lack+1 h to br+ x 94 multum int]e/ utrumne d frt dc5dum habes an d cvibus trucdts1 ,ta4 ,d4 #cg1 x makes a great diff]5ce :e!r y h to speak ab\t a !ft or ab\t ! murd] ( ,romans4 s nunc prmum /atu5dum habrmus1 ,ta4 #ad1 #dd1 if we _h to decide ! po9t to-day = ! fir/ "t4 #bbdf4 ,! neut] ( v]bs ( intransitive use takes ! imp]sonal con/ruction ) e/4 ,v]bs ord9>ily transitive also take ! imp]sonal con/ruction :5 us$ )\t an object4 nunc e/ bib5dum1 ,h4 #a1 #cg1 #a1 n[ dr9k+ exi/s1 i4e4 n[ we mu/ dr9k4 inambul&um/1 ,pl4 ,z4 #fhb1 ,i mu/ be mov+ on4 ego amplius dlb]&um cnse1 ,t4 ,ph4 #deg1 ,i op9e !re mu/ be m pond]+4 l+uae mod]&um/ mih1 ,pl4 ,cu4 #dhf1 ,i mu/ *eck my tongue4 omne animal cnfit5dum e/ esse mortle1 ,,dn4 #c1 #cb1 x mu/ be admitt$ t e liv+ ?+ is de/9$ to die4 nm umquam sapins prditr crd5dum putvit1 ,v4 #a1 #ch1 no wise man ev] held t a traitor 0 to be tru/$4 #bbdg4 ,! imp]sonal con/ruction ) an object 9 ! accusative1 is old-fa%ion$ & r>e4 cs paucs hab5dum1 ,v>ro1 ,,rr4 #a1 #ba1 "o %\ld keep b few dogs4 aet]ns quoniam po5s 9 morte tim5dum/1 ,lucr4 #a1 #aaa1 s9ce puni%m5t et]ne !y h 9 dea? to fe>4 ,?is con/ruction occurs (t5e/ 9 ,lucretius & ,v>ro2 once 9 ,plautus1 a few times 9 ,cic]o = special reasons1 & "h & !re 9 lat] writ]s4 ,n 9 ,caes> or ,horace4 #bbdh4 ,! g]undive sometimes acquires1 9 itself1 ! mean+ ( obligation or propriety1 :i* x prop]ly has only :5 comb9$ ) sum1 & becomes a m]e adjective1 us$ 9 any case4 frm expet5d lb]lem virg9em1 ,pl4 ,p]4 #eba1 a freeborn maid ( %ape delectable4 ,l4 ,brt1 prncipe huius maxim cns]v& g5]is et nm9is1 ,ph4 #c1 #aa1 ,brutus1 ! fir/ ( ?is mo/ highly *]i%$ h\se & "n4 huic tim5d ho/ obvius fu1 ,l4 #ba1 #da1 #d1 ,i met ?is dreadful foe4 ,a?ns1 multa vs5da hab5ts1 ,l4 #de1 #bg1 #aa1 ,a!ns1 :i* conta9s _m sights wor? a visit4 ,= volv5dus c41 see #bhh4 #bbdi4 ,! attributive g]undive 7#bbdh71 p>ticul>ly ) a negative1 9- privative1 or vix1 may d5ote possibility1 l ! v]bal 9 -bilis3 z1 labrs nn fugi5ds1 ,f94 #b1 #aah1 inevitable lab\rs4 ,polybius1 haudququam sp]n5dus auctor1 ,l4 #cj1 #de1 #e1 ,polybius1 an au?ority by no means despicable4 nf&um1 rgna1 iubs r5ovre dolrem1 ,v4 #b1 #c1 ?\ bid/ me1 que51 rehe>se t woe unspeakable4 vix erat crd5dum1 #e1 #bh1 #a1 x 0 h>dly cr$ible4 pra$icbile aliquid et glri&um ac prae s f]5dum1 ,,td4 #e1 #di1 some?+ laudable & vauntable & displayable z well4 ,errata3 #bbdc 444 i4e41 y mu/ und]take ?is *>ge 1 miss+ #bbdh 444 ,ph4 #c1 #aa #c4 #aa ,,accusative4 #bbej4 7#a47 ,! accusative ( ! g]undive con/ruction is us$ ) loc & condc1 ) suscipi1 habe1 & cr1 & ) v]bs ( giv+ or assign+4 ,) ! v]bs ( giv+ or assign+ 7su* z d1 trd1 committ1 attribu1 dvid1 rel9qu1 p]mitt1 dn71 ! emphasis (t5 gravitates t[>ds ! sub/antive1 & ! g]undive1 z an explanatory app5dage1 acquires ! mean+ ( purpose4 ,s 9 ,plautus ) ! v]bs ( ask+ 7rog & pet72 9 ,cic]o ) posco4 7a47 ca$undum condx ego illum 33 tum optumum/ locs eff]5dum1 ,pl4 ,aul4 #efg1 ,i engag$ him = kill+ 33 !n y'd bett] contract = 8 fun]al 7#agji74 sgnum conloc&um cnsuls locvrunt1 ,cat4 #c1 #bj1 ! consuls let out ! erect+ ( ! /atue4 r$emptor qu columnam illam condx]at faci5dam1 ,div4 #b1 #dg1 ! contractor :o _h und]tak5 ! mak+ ( t pill>4 vellem suscpisss iuv5em reg5dum1 ,att4 #aj1 #f1 #b1 ,i wi% y _h und]tak5 tra9+ ! "y man4 a$em habuit tu5dam1 ,v4 #a1 #acj1 he _h ! look+ aft] ! temple4 agrum d no/r patre col5dum habbat1 ,t4 ,ph4 #cfd1 he _h ! till+ ( a f>m f my fa!r4 7b47 ,,coiravit ,,basilicam ,,calec&am1 ,,cil4 ,i1 #aaff1 he sup]9t5d$ ! t[n hall pla/]+4 pontem faci5dum crat1 #a1 #ac1 #a1 he att5ds to a bridge's be+ made1 i4e4 has x made4 cnsulibus s5tus rem pblicam df5d5dam d$it1 ,ph4 #h1 #ae1 ! s5ate entru/$ ! def5ce ( ! /ate to ! consuls4 agrs plb col5ds d$it1 ,,rp4 #c1 #af1 he gave l&s to ! common p to till4 ,antigonus ,eum5em propnqus sepeli5dum trdidit1 ,n4 #ah1 #ac1 #d1 ,antigonus deliv]$ ,eum5es to 8 k9sfolk to be buri$4 attribuit ns trucd&s1 ,c4 #d1 #ac1 u he h&$ ov] to be slaught]$4 saucis mlits cr&s dvidit patribus1 ,l4 #b1 #dg1 #ab1 he apportion$ ! w\nd$ soldi]s among ! s5ators to cure4 haec porcs com$5da rel9qus1 ,h4 ,e4 #a1 #g1 #ai1 y'll leave !m to ! pigs to eat4 cvs ,rmns trucd&s dnvit1 ,,ip4 #g1 he specifi$ ,romans = slaught]4 7c47 quae t5da vsa semp] vcn rogant1 ,pl4 ,aul4 #if1 traps t ! neighb\rs are always ask+ ! use (4 artoptam ex proxum t5dam pet1 ,pl4 ,aul4 #djj1 ,i'm go+ = ! use ( a breadpan f next door4 #bbea4 ,:5 su* a v]b is passive1 ! accusative becomes nom9ative4 simulcrum ,dnae toll5dum loctur1 ,v4 #d1 #gf1 ! mov+ ( ! /atue ( ,diana is let out4 dlac]&a f]s dabor litibusque pra$a1 ,cat4 #fd1 #aeb1 ,i %all be giv5 a prey = bea/s & birds to te>4 trditque ftilibus ,caudium dc5d1 ,l4 #i1 #aj1 #b1 & !y 7 deliv]$ to ! fetials to be tak5 to ,caudium4 #bbeb4 7#b47 ,! accusative ( ! g]undive con/ruction or g]und is us$ ) a preposition1 usually ad4 ,if ! v]b is ( transitive use1 ! g]undive is prop]1 n ! g]und 7#bbdj74 ,?is con/ruction is us$ ) v]bs 7includ+ v]bs ( h9d]+71 ) sub/antives g5]ally to d5ote purpose1 & ) adjectives :i* h ! mean+ ( capable1 fit1 easy1 useful1 c41 c4 7a47 hic 9 noxi/1 ille ad dc5dam causam ade/1 ,t4 ,ph4 #bff1 :5 ,a's 9 tr\ble1 ,b turns up to make excuses = him4 ad pcem pet5dam ad ,hannibalem vnit1 ,l4 #ba1 #ac1 #a1 he is come to ,hannibal to sue = peace4 ad es rs cnfici5ds ,orgetorx dligitur1 #a1 #c1 #c1 ,orgetorix is *os5 to d ?is4 dant s ad ld5dum1 ,f94 #e1 #db1 !y devote !mselves to play+4 pals ,rmns ad nsequ5dum t>dbat1 #g1 #bf1 #b1 a morass h9d]$ ! ,romans f pursuit4 ut p$its ad trnseundum imp$r5tur1 ,caes4 ,c4 #a1 #fb1 #b1 s t ! infantry 7 hamp]$ 9 cross+4 7b47 causa ad obirg&um1 ,t4 ,&r4 #aej1 a reason = f9d+ fault4 spatium smmus ad cgit&um1 ,f94 #d1 #a1 let u take "t = ?\ght4 alt] occsinem sib ad occup&am ,asiam obltam esse arbitrtur1 ,,ip4 #d1 ! o!r ?9ks a *ance is giv5 him = seiz+ all ,asia4 7c47 homo nn aptissimus ad ioc&um1 ,,dn4 #b1 #df1 a man n v well fitt$ to be a jok]4 nimis doctus ille/ ad male faci5dum1 ,pl4 ,e4 #cgh1 too well ! fell['s tra9$ at play+ tricks4 tbtur e cib qu esset facillimus ad concoqu5dum1 ,f94 #b1 #fd1 he made use ( ! sort ( food :i* 0 easie/ to dige/4 #bbec4 ,o!r prepositions are sometimes us$3 z1 int]1 9 old ,lat91 ,v]gil1 ,livy1 & lat] writ]s2 ob1 once 9 ,ennius1 r>ely 9 ,cic]o & ,sallu/2 9 v r>ely1 b ev5 9 ,cic]o2 ante 7,v]gil1 ,livy71 circ 7po/-,augu/an71 propt] 7,v>ro1 ,val4 ,max471 all r>e4 mrs s int] ld5dum dtegunt1 ,qu9til4 #a1 #c1 #ab1 "* discov]s itself dur+ play4 ob rem idic&am pecniam accip]e1 ,v4 #b1 #gh1 to take money = pass+ judgem5t on a case4 ,,dative4 #bbed4 ,! dative ( ! g]undive con/ruction is us$ ) adjectives1 v]bs1 & phrases ( ability1 att5tion1 & adaptation1 ) titles ( (fice1 & ) comitia1 election4 ,?is con/ruction is n v common 9 classical ,lat91 :]e few v]bs & sub/antives take x in/ead ( ! usual ad & ! accusative 7#bbeb74 ,9 old ,lat91 x is also jo9$ to adjectives & p>ticiples2 9 ,cic]o x is ?us us$ only ) accommodtus4 ,f ,livy on1 ! con/ruction becomes a v fav\rite "o4 ,caes> has x only z bel[ & #c1 #d1 #a4 tls iact&s tuae sunt cnsutae mans1 ,pl4 ,vid4 y\r h&s are us$ to ?r[+ dice4 optumum op] faciund1 ,pl4 ,r4 #geg1 mo/ suitable = c>ry+ on 8 trade4 praeesse agr col5d1 ,,ra4 #ej1 to sup]9t5d f>m manag+4 cum dis vnisset rogtin f]5dae1 ,att4 #a1 #ad1 #e1 :5 ! day came = propos+ ! bill4 hb]ns oppugn&s hunc esse dictum diem1 #e1 #bg1 #e1 t ?is 0 ! day set = attack+ ! w9t] qu>t]s4 cnsul plc&s ds hab5dque dlct dat op]am1 ,l4 #bb1 #b1 #a1 ! consul devotes himself to propitiat+ ! gods & rais+ troops4 ,dmo/h5s crtor mrs refici5ds fuit1 ,,og4 #ai1 ,demo/h5es 0 commission] = repair+ ! walls4 ,i,i,ivir r pblicae cn/itu5dae1 ,l4 ,epit4 #abj1 a commission ( ?ree = reorganiz+ ! /ate4 comitia collgae subrog& habuit1 ,l4 #b1 #h1 #c1 he held an election = appo9t+ a colleague4 #bbee4 ,9 ! dative1 a transitive g]und ) an object 9 ! accusative is f\nd f\r times 9 ,plautus2 9 ,ovid1 ,livy1 & ,vitruvius once ea*4 #bbef4 ,late writ]s sometimes use ! dative ( ! g]undive con/ruction in/ead ( a f9al clause 7#aifa73 z1 subdcit ex aci leginem faci5ds ca/rs1 ,ta4 #b1 #ba1 he )draws a legion f ! field to build a camp4 ndum mollibus plms cn/]nunt tepfaci5ds vs1 simul n drus sit nfantibus pulls1 ,pl94 ,,nh4 #aj1 #ib1 !y l9e ! ne/ ) s(t fea!rs to w>m ! eggs1 & also to prev5t x f be+ uncom=table to _! "y brood4 #bbeg4 ,! dative ( ! g]und is us$ *iefly by old & late writ]s1 & is conf9$ 9 ! be/ prose to a few special phrases4 scul& meliu/ pausam fi]1 ,pl4 ,r4 #abje1 'tis bett] t a /op be put to kiss+4 t nec solv5d ers1 ,ph4 #b1 #d1 y 7 nei!r solv5t4 ,,sc ,,arf1 i4e4 scrb5d arfurunt1 ,,cil4 ,i1 #aif1 #b1 !re 7 pres5t :5 ! docum5t 0 put 9 writ+4 quod scrb5d adfui/1 ,fam4 #ae1 #f1 #b1 because y 7 pres5t at ! writ+4 ,erratum3 #bbed 444 ,i,i,ivir pr9t$ z %[n1 )\t space ,,g5itive4 #bbeh4 7#a47 ,! g5itive ( ! g]undive con/ruction or g]und is us$ ) sub/antives or adjectives4 7a47 tac5d tempus e/1 ,pl4 ,po54 #gda1 x's "t to be /ill4 sps potiund oppid1 #b1 #g1 #b1 ! hope ( ov]p[]+ ! t[n 7#bbdd74 summa difficults nvig&1 #c1 #ab1 #e1 ! greate/ difficulty 9 sail+4 proeli committ5d sgnum d$it1 #b1 #ba1 #c1 he gave ! signal = beg9n+ ! battle4 exempl erum clds fuit ut ,mrs mitt]5t rtrs pcis pet5dae1 ,l4 #i1 #de1 #ah1 _! d[nfall 0 a w>n+ to ! ,m>sians to s5d envoys to sue = peace4 sve nvs dici5d op]is ess5t missae1 #d1 #ag1 #aj1 or if vessels = break+ d[n ! works _h be5 s5t4 ,p>ticul>ly ) caus1 grti1 or r>ely erg 7#abeg71 to d5ote purpose3 z1 frm5t& caus1 #d1 #ab1 #a1 = =ag+4 vt&ae suspcinis caus1 ,c4 #a1 #ai1 to avoid suspicion4 mn]is fung5d grti1 ,,rp4 #a1 #bg1 = ! sake ( do+ "o's duty4 illusce sacr co]c5d erg1 ,cato1 ,,rr4 #aci1 because ( ?9n+ out yon hall[$ grove4 7b47 quam cupida eram hc r$eund1 ,t4 ,hec4 #ia1 h[ eag] ,i 0 to return "h4 hom9e p]t dfni5d1 ,(f4 #c1 #fj1 a man accompli%$ 9 draw+ di/9ctions4 p]pessus e/ omnia potius quam cnscis dl5dae tyrannidis indicret1 ,,td4 #b1 #eb1 he /ood out aga9/ ! wor/ soon] ?an betray 8 conf$]ates 9 ! ov]?r[ ( ! tyranny4 nsutus nvig&1 #e1 #f1 #c1 unus$ to sail+4 /udisus audi5d1 ,n4 #ae1 #c1 #b1 an eag] li/5]4 nescia tol]&1 ,ta4 #c1 #a1 ignorant :at pati5ce 04 n& pavidus1 ,ta4 ,h4 #e1 #ad1 afraid to swim4 ,) adjectives1 ! g]undive con/ruction is n f\nd 9 ,plautus & ,t]5ce1 & ! g]und n 9 ,plautus4 ,t]5ce has ! g]und ) cupidus1 ,cato ) /udisus4 ,! con/ruction is ( sl[ gr[? be=e ,tacitus1 :o greatly develop$ x4 #bbei4 ,9 ! g5itive1 a transitive g]und ) an object 9 ! accusative is r>e except 9 ,plautus2 ord9>ily ! g]undive is us$ 7#bbdj74 t dfrd& caus1 ,pl4 ,m54 #fhg1 = ! purpose ( *eat+ y4 cupidus t audi5d1 ,,d4 #b1 #af1 eag] to he> y4 summa ld5d occsi/ mihi nunc s5s1 ,t4 ,ph4 #hhe1 ,i've n[ a spl5did *ance ! graybe>ds ( elud+4 n su lb]& 7#bbfj7 atque ulcsc5d ,rmns occsinem dmittant1 #e1 #ch1 #b1 t !y %\ld n let slip ! *ance ( free+ !mselves & tak+ v5geance on ! ,romans4 sgnum collig5d vsa d$it1 ,l4 #bd1 #af1 #ad1 he gave ! signal to pack _! ?+s4 #bbfj4 no/r1 vo/r 7or ve/r71 & su1 be+ s+ul> 9 =m 7#fdi7 h (t5 a s+ul> g]undive4 nn tam su cns]v& quam turum cnsilirum reprim5drum caus pr(grunt1 ,c4 #a1 #g1 !y fl$1 n s mu* to protect !mselves z to cru% y\r plans4 vnisse tempus ulcsc5d su1 ,se/4 #bh1 t ! "t 0 come = !m to rev5ge !mselves4 ve/r adhort& caus1 ,l4 #ba1 #da1 #a1 = ! purpose ( enc\rag+ y4 #bbfa4 ,sometimes ano!r g5itive appe>s beside ! g5itive ( ! g]und1 ea* p]haps dep5d5t on ! ma9 ^w4 ,?is use is f\nd 9 old ,lat91 ,lucretius1 ,v>ro1 & "h & !re 9 ,cic]o1 z well z 9 late ,lat94 nm9& i/rum tib erit cpia1 ,pl4 ,cap4 #heb1 y w h a *ance to "n !m4 po5rum solv5d tempus1 ,lucr4 #e1 #abbe1 ! "t ( pay+ p5alties4 exemplrum lig5d pote/s1 ,inv4 #b1 #e1 a *ance ( pick+ out examples4 lcis tu5d cpiam1 ,pl4 ,cap4 #ajjh1 a *ance to look ^u ! light4 #bbfb4 7#b47 ,! g5itive ( ! g]undive con/ruction is us$ pr$icatively ) sum4 rgium imp]ium1 quod initi cns]v&ae lib]ttis fu]at1 ,s4 ,c4 #f1 #g1 ! au?ority ( ! k+1 :i* _h orig9ally s]v$ to uphold fre$om4 ct]a 9 ,,xii m9u5d smpts sunt lm5ttinisque fnebris1 ,leg4 #b1 #ei1 ! re/ ( ! cont5ts ( ! ,twelve ,tables are conducive to ! abat+ ( extravagance & ke5+ at fun]als4 concordiam rd9um1 quam dissolv5dae tribnciae pote/tis r5tur esse1 ,l4 #e1 #c1 #e1 ! union ( ! classes1 :i* !y believe s]ves to break d[n ! p[] ( ! tribunes4 ,?is use is n common4 ,x is f\nd r>ely 9 ,sallu/ & ,cic]o2 *iefly 9 ,livy4 #bbfc4 ,! g5itive ( ! g]undive con/ruction1 )\t a sub/antive or adjective 7#bbeh7 or ! v]b sum 7#bbfb71 is occasionally us$ to d5ote purpose3 z1 quae ille cpit lgum ac lb]ttis subvortundae1 ,s4 ,fr4 ,phil4 #aj1 :i* he began 9 ord] to ov]?r[ fre$om & ! laws1 ( civil w>4 num v9cr iubet1 magis surp& iris quam quia nu culpa =et1 ,ta4 ,h4 #d1 #be1 he ord]$ "o into irons1 m to v9dicate 8 au?ority ?an because an individual 0 to blame4 ,?is use occurs v r>ely 9 ,sallu/1 *iefly 9 ,tacitus & late ,lat94 ,once 9 ,t]5ce ) ! g]und4 #bbfd4 ,tacitus has ! g5itive ( ! g]undive con/ruction two or ?ree times ) a judicial v]b 7#abhj7 to d5ote ! *>ge3 z1 occup&ae r pblicae argu nn pot]ant1 ,ta4 #f1 #aj1 !y c\ld n be *>g$ ) an attempt on ! ?rone4 ,,ablative4 #bbfe4 ,9 ! ablative a transitive g]und ) a sub/antive object is n uncommon4 frtrem laud&1 ,leg4 #a1 #a1 9 quot+ y\r bro!r4 l>g p>ti5d pra$am1 ,l4 #ba1 #e1 #e1 by a lavi% di/ribution ( ! spoil4 ,?is use is p>ticul>ly common 9 ,livy4 ,n 9 ,caes>4 #bbff4 7#a47 ,! ablative ( ! g]undive con/ruction or g]und d5otes means1 less (t5 cause1 r>ely mann] & circum/ances1 or "t1 or respect4 ,means3 ,caes> d& sublev& gnscund1 ,cat nihil l>giund glriam adeptus e/1 ,s4 ,c4 #ed1 #c1 ,caes> ga9$ reputation by giv+1 help+1 & p>don+1 ,cato by lavi%+ no gifts4 opprim su/5t& ac prlt& nll pact pote/1 ,c4 #d1 #f1 x _c be cru%$ by pati5ce & procra/9ation4 ,livy has ?is ablative ) ! adjective cont5tus 7#acgg73 nec iam possid5ds pblics agrs cont5ts esse1 #f1 #ad1 #aa1 t !y 7 no long] satisfi$ ) ! occupation ( ! public l&s4 ,cause3 agg]und curvom aqu1 ,pl4 ,cas4 #abd1 b[$ ) wat] c>ry+4 fl5d turgidul rub5t ocell1 ,cat4 #c1 #ah1 ) weep+ r$ & swoll5 are h] eyne4 ,mann] & circum/ances3 r>e 9 old ,lat9 & ,cic]o3 n 9 ,caes>3 bellum ambul& cnfcrunt1 ,caelius 9 ,fam4 #h1 #ae1 #a1 !y /roll$ ?r\gh ! w>4 s5ex v9c5d factus1 ,l4 #cj1 #bh1 #e1 matur+ 9 victories4 ,"t3 cum plausum me nm9e recit& d$iss5t1 ,att4 #d1 #a1 #f1 :5 !y _h applaud$ on ! read+ ( my "n4 p>tibus dvid5ds ips regi vnit1 ,l4 #be1 #cj1 #f1 at ! di/ribution1 ! di/rict fell to him4 ,respect3 ,latn loqu5d cuivs erat pr1 ,br4 #abh1 9 8 use ( ,lat9 he 0 a mat* = anybody4 #bbfg4 7#b47 ,! ablative ( ! g]undive con/ruction or g]und is also accompani$ by a preposition1 ab1 d1 91 or ex2 r>ely by pr4 nllum tempus ill umquam vacbat aut scrb5d aut cgit&1 ,br4 #bgb1 he nev] _h any "t free f writ+ or f ?9k+4 quod v]bum ductum e/ nimis intu5d =tnam alt]u1 ,,td4 #c1 #bj1 a ^w :i* is d]iv$ f #8look+ too closely at' ano!r's prosp]ity1 ( ! ^w invidia4 cnsilium illud d occld5ds a$ibus1 ,t4 ,eu4 #ghd1 t idea ab\t b>r+ up ! h\se4 nihil d caus disc5d praecipiunt1 ,,d4 #b1 #ajj1 !y give no in/ruction ab\t /udy+ up a case4 vo/ra rti 9 r incipiund1 ,t4 ,ph4 #bbd1 y\r rem>ks :5 we />t$ 9 ) ?is affair4 fricn 9 r g]und cel]ittem1 ,v4 #e1 #be1 ,africanus's swiftness 9 execution4 vix ex grtul& m9bam1 ,pl4 ,cap4 #ejd1 ,i b>ely got my head above _! congratulations4 quae virts ex prvid5d e/ appellta prd5tia1 ,leg4 #a1 #fj1 a virtue :i* f #8=esee+' is call$ =esight4 pr lb]& amc1 ,pl4 ,p]4 #dbf1 = sett+ free a leman4 pr ope f]5d1 ,l4 #bc1 #bh1 #aa1 in/ead ( go+ to ! rescue4 ,9 ?is use ab is n f\nd 9 ,plautus or ,t]5ce1 nor pr 9 ,t]5ce4 cum is f\nd 9 ,qu9tilian1 sup] once 9 ,horace1 !n 9 ,tacitus1 s9e once 9 ,v>ro4 #bbfh4 ,) a comp>ative expression1 ! ablative ( ! g]undive is f\nd once3 nllum (ficium ref]5d grti magis necessrium e/1 ,(f4 #a1 #dg1 no obligation is m b9d+ ?an ! return+ ( a fav\r4 ,! g]undive con/ruction 9 ! ablative ( sep>ation 7#acjb7 is f\nd r>ely 9 ,livy & ,pl9y ! y\ng]2 ,livy has also ! g]und3 z1 ,v]m9am absi/]e sequ5d cogit1 ,l4 #bi1 #cc1 #h1 he =c$ ,v]m9a to ab&on 8 pursuit4 ,,! ,,sup9e4 #bbfi4 ,! sup9e is a v]bal sub/antive4 ,! =m 9 -um is an accusative4 ,! =m 9 - is us$ sometimes z a dative1 sometimes z an ablative4 ,,! ,,sup9e ,,9 -um4 #bbgj4 ,! sup9e 9 -um d5otes purpose ) v]bs ( motion 7#aaff73 z1 abit pisctum1 ,pl4 ,r4 #hih1 he's gone a fi%+4 neu noct rem obambultum1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #cae1 n to g a pr[l+ by night4 legine n frm5ttum miss1 #d1 #cb1 #a1 "o legion be+ s5t a =ag+4 sessum x praetor1 ,,dn4 #c1 #gd1 ! praetor is go+ to take 8 seat4 specttum v5iunt1 v5iunt spect5tur ut ipsae1 ,o4 ,,aa4 #a1 #ii1 !y come to see & eke = to be se54 ,?is use is v common 9 ,plautus & ,t]5ce1 less common 9 ,cic]o & ,caes>4 ,x is f\nd n infrequ5tly 9 ,sallu/ & p>ticul>ly 9 ,livy2 sporadically 9 ! ,augu/an poets4 ,9 late prose x is almo/ conf9$ to ar*ai/ic writ+4 ,9 classical ,lat91 purpose is m commonly express$ by ! subjunctive ) ut or a relative pron\n1 or by a g]undive or g]und ) ad or caus4 ,see also #bafd4 #bbga4 ,! mo/ common sup9es 9 -um are cubitum1 dormtum1 reptum1 frm5ttum1 grtultum1 nntitum1 oppugntum1 rtum1 p/um1 p]ditum1 pettum1 salttum1 sessum1 supplictum4 ,!y are f\nd *iefly ) e & v5i4 nptum is also common ) d1 colloc1 c41 & sup9es are occasionally f\nd ) o!r v]bs imply+ motion4 #bbgb4 ,! sup9e 9 -um may be foll[$ by ! same con/ruction z its v]b3 z1 7a47 ,accusative3 des salttum atque uxrem modo intr dvortor domum1 ,pl4 ,/4 #ecd1 ,i'll j turn 9 home to greet my gods & my wife4 lgts ad ,caes>em mittunt rogtum auxilium1 #a1 #aa1 #b1 !y s5d envoys to ,caes> to beg aid4 oppugntum patriam no/ram v5iunt1 ,l4 #ba1 #da1 #ac1 !y come to assail our c\ntry4 ,classical writ]s g5]ally avoid ?is use ( ! accusative4 7b47 ,dative3 s]vtum tibi m abdcit1 ,pl4 ,ps4 #ebj1 take me away to slave = y4 nn ego ,grs s]vtum mtribus b1 ,v4 #b1 #ghf1 n ,i %all g to be ! s]f ( ,grecian dames4 7c47 ,subord9ate clause3 lgt v5ibant3 ,a$u que/um quod ,h>ds fns erum populr5tur1 #a1 #cg1 #a1 envoys came3 ! ,a$uans to compla9 #8because ! ,h>udians 7 lay+ _! c\ntry wa/e' 7#ahec74 lgts ad ,caes>em msrunt rtum n s 9 ho/ium num] dc]et1 #f1 #cb1 #a1 !y s5t envoys to ,caes> to beg t he w\ld n reg>d !m 9 ! light ( enemies4 #bbgc4 ,! sup9e 9 -um foll[$ by r =ms ! future passive inf9itive3 z1 eum exceptum r put1 ,att4 #g1 #bb1 #a1 ,i ?9k t !re is a go+ to capture him1 i4e4 t he is go+ to be captur$4 ,"h r is us$ imp]sonally & eum is ! object ( exceptum4 ,?is inf9itive is f\nd half a doz5 times 9 old ,lat91 (t5 9 ,cic]o1 r>ely 9 o!r writ]s2 n 9 ! ,augu/an poets4 ,= ! common p]iphrasis1 see #bbcc4 ,,! ,,sup9e ,,9 -4 #bbgd4 ,! sup9e 9 - is us$ ) fs1 nefs1 & adjectives1 *iefly ( su* mean+ z easy1 good1 pleasant1 /range1 or _! opposites4 ,only a few sup9es 9 - are f\nd2 ! commone/ are audt1 cgnit1 dict1 fact1 inv5t1 memort1 nt1 vs4 s hoc fs e/ dict1 ,,td4 #e1 #ch1 if heav5 all[s u to say s4 difficile dict e/ d s+uls1 ,fam4 #a1 #g1 #b1 x is h>d to say 9 ! case ( individuals4 qua]unt quod optimum fact sit1 ,v4 #a1 #fh1 !y ask :at ! be/ ?+ is to d4 quid e/ tam iocundum cgnit atque audt8 ,,d4 #a1 #ca1 :at pleasure is great] to m9d & e>8 palpebrae mollissimae tct1 ,,dn4 #b1 #adb1 ! eyelids are v s(t to ! t\*4 ,) su* adjectives ! dative is commonly us$ 7#abjj72 or1 p>ticul>ly ) facilis or difficilis1 ! g]undive con/ruction ) ad 7#bbeb72 = ! inf9itive1 see #baff4 ,! sup9e 9 - is f\nd *iefly 9 ,cic]o & ,livy4 ,v r>e 9 old ,lat91 ,sallu/1 ,caes> 7:o has only fact & nt71 & ! poets4 ,f ! eld] ,pl9y & ,tacitus on1 x gets common]4 #bbge4 ,! sup9e 9 - sometimes introduces a subord9ate s5t5ce1 b x is nev] us$ ) an object 9 ! accusative4 quoivs facile sct e/ quam fu]im mis]1 ,t4 ,hec4 #bif1 anybody c easily und]/& h[ unhappy ,i 04 incrdibile memort e/ quam facile coalu]9t1 ,s4 ,c4 #f1 #b1 x is an incr$ible tale h[ readily !y grew into "o4 vidtis nefs esse dict mis]am fuisse tlem s5ecttem1 ,,cm4 #ac1 y see t x 7 a s9 to say t an old age l 8 0 unhappy4 #bbgf4 ,! sup9e 9 - is f\nd r>ely ) opus e/ 7#acgi71 dgnus & indgnus 7#acib73 z1 ita dict opus e/1 ,t4 ,hau4 #ida1 ?us ?\ mu/ ne$s say4 nihil dignum dict ctum hs cnsulibus1 ,l4 #d1 #cj1 #d1 no?+ wor? m5tion+ 0 done ?is ye>4 ,= dignus ) qu & ! subjunctive1 see #ahai2 = opus e/ ) ! inf9itive1 #bbaa4 #bbgg4 ,9 ,plautus & ,cato1 ! sup9e 9 - is v r>ely us$ l an ablative ( sep>ation 7#acjb73 z1 nunc opsont r$e1 ,pl4 ,m54 #bhh1 ,i'm only j back f cat]+4 prmus cubit surgat1 po/rmus cubitum eat1 ,cato1 ,,rr4 #e1 #e1 let him be fir/ to get up f b$ & la/ to g to b$4 ,/atius imitates ?is use 9 ,a*4 #a1 #aai4 ,erratum3 #bbgf 444 dgnus & indgnus text un*ang$3 ^w g5]ally spell$ 8-dign-0 7see endnote on fir/ edition7 ,,! ,,p>ticiple4 #bbgh4 ,! p>ticiple is a v]bal adjective4 ,l ! adjective1 x is inflect$ to agree ) its sub/antive4 ,l ! v]b1 x may be modifi$ by an adv]b1 x is active or passive1 & x expresses action z cont9u+1 complet$1 or future4 ,x may also be foll[$ by ! same case z its v]b4 ,,"t ,,( ,,! ,,p>ticiple4 #bbgi4 7#a47 ,! "t to :i* ! p>ticiple ref]s is indicat$ by ! v]b ( ! s5t5ce4 r effluns hc et illc v5ts efficit1 ,,dn4 #b1 #aja1 ! air by /ream+ to & fro produces w9ds4 convn hodi adv5ins qu5dam1 ,t4 ,eu4 #bcd1 ,i met a man z ,i 0 com+ to-day4 mans t5d5ts vtam rbant1 ,l4 #dd1 #db1 #d1 ) h&s out/ret*$ !y begg$ _! lives4 ,croesus ,halyn p5etrns magnam p]v]tet opum vim1 oracle 9 ,div4 #b1 #aae1 ,croesus1 :5 ,halys he %all cross1 w ov]?r[ a mighty realm4 b5ignittem tuam mih exp]t pra$ics1 ,pl4 ,m]c4 #bhi1 ?\ vaunte/ to me :o've prov$ ?y c\rtesy4 cnsectus id quod anim prposu]at1 receptu c iussit1 #g1 #dg1 #a1 hav+ accompli%$ :at he _h design$1 he gave ord]s to s\nd ! retreat4 ,dionsius ,syrcss expulsus ,cor9? pu]s docbat1 ,,td4 #c1 #bg1 aft] 8 expulsion f ,syracuse1 ,dionysius kept s*ool at ,cor9?4 lgt dxrunt s r dlb]t ad ,caes>em rev]srs1 #d1 #i1 #a1 ! envoys said t !y w\ld come back to ,caes> aft] !y _h ?\ght ! matt] ov]4 #bbhj4 7#b47 ,! p]fect p>ticiple ( depon5ts is sometimes us$ ) pa/ t5ses or _! equival5ts to d5ote incomplete contemporane\s action4 ,s occasionally a p]fect passive4 7a47 ,metellum esse rat ports clausre1 ,s4 ,i4 #fi1 #a1 suppos+ t x 0 ,metellus1 !y clos$ _! gates4 gvsus ills ret9r iussit1 #d1 #ac1 #f1 ) pleasure he gave ord]s = _! det5tion4 p]sud5t ,rauracs ut edem s cnsili pr(icscantur1 #a1 #e1 #d1 !y coax$ ! ,rauraci to adopt ! same plan & g4 sltus iussit sapi5tem psc]e b>bam1 ,h4 ,s4 #b1 #c1 #ce1 consol+ me he bade me gr[ a philosophic be>d4 ,?is use is f\nd 9 old ,lat9 & 9 ,cic]o v r>ely4 ,sallu/ & ,caes> use a few v]bs ?us4 ,x is n uncommon 9 ! ,augu/an poets & ,livy4 ,9 late writ]s1 especially ,tacitus1 x is frequ5t4 7b47 s]vum sub furc caesum m$i g]at circ1 ,l4 #b1 #cf1 #a1 he _h driv5 a slave r\nd1 flogg$ "u ! =k1 "r 9 ! circus4 ,) ?is comp>e s]vus p] circum1 cum virgs ca$]tur1 furcam f]ns ductus e/1 ,div4 #a1 #ee1 a slave ) ! =k on 8 neck 0 driv5 ?r\gh ! circus1 flogg$ ) rods ! :ile 7#ahgb74 ,b ! p]fect passive has its ord9>y =ce 7#bbgi7 9 v]b]ibus caesum t 9 pi/rnum ddam1 ,t4 ,&r4 #aii1 ,i'll give y a flogg+ & !n put y 9 ! mill4 #bbha4 ,= ! p]fect p>ticiple ) =ms ( sum & fu1 see #afjh1 #afji2 = ! conative pres5t p>ticiple1 #bcja2 reflexive1 #adhb4 ,,! ,,attributive ,,p>ticiple4 #bbhb4 ,! pres5t or p]fect p>ticiple is (t5 us$ z an adjective to express a p]man5t condition3 z1 crem rtrem1 incnsum et ag5tem et crum = /repitus dsd]at1 ,br4 #cag1 ! noisy =um requires an impetu\s speak]1 inspir$ & dramatic & sonor\s4 ,l4 ,abuccius1 homo adprm doctus1 ,v>ro1 ,,rr4 #c1 #b1 #ag1 ,abuccius1 an em95tly le>n$ man4 ali fact1 flr5ts etiam et rnt1 ,o4 #bj1 o!rs are brilliant1 ev5 bright & elegant4 id tib r5nti futrum ut ss scins1 ,t4 ,&r4 #ejh1 ,i give y notice ?is w happ51 t y may be prep>$4 #bbhc4 ,! future p>ticiple is f\nd z an adjective 9 ! ,augu/an poets & 9 late writ]s4 ,cic]o1 h[ev]1 has futrus 9 ?is use ) rs & a few o!r words1 & has v5trus once4 d mnsram urbem1 ,v4 #c1 #he1 grant a city t %all abide4 firmus p>is et drtrus1 ,ta4 ,d4 #bb1 a /rong & durable wall4 sgna o/5duntur ds rrum futrrum1 ,,dn4 #b1 #ab1 signs ( future ev5ts are disclos$ by ! gods4 ,= ! future p>ticiple ) =ms ( sum1 see #afcc4 #bbhd4 ,_m p>ticiples h become complete adjectives1 & z su* are capable ( composition or comp>ison1 or take ! case requir$ by an adjective4 7a47 nm5 invict imp]tris1 ,v4 #d1 #hb1 ! inv9cible g5]al's "n4 prus et nsns s vv1 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #f1 #fi1 pure & guiltless if ,i live 7#gdi74 7b47 soltus v5ficae sci5tiris c>m9e1 ,h4 ,epod4 #e1 #ga1 fre$ by "s crafti] wit*'s *>m4 homo rudtissimus1 ,v]rs1 ,v4 #d1 #abf1 ,v]res1 mo/ accompli%$ ( m54 7c47 tibi sum obo$ins1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #hjf1 ,i'm y\r ob$i5t 7#abjj74 t cnfd ea factrum quae mih intellegs maxim esse accommodta1 ,fam4 #c1 #c1 #b1 ,i feel confid5t t y w d :at y %all feel mo/ appropriate to my int]e/s 7#abja74 ,= ! g5itive ) su* p>ticiples1 see #abff4 #bbhe4 ,a p]fect p>ticiple 9 agreem5t ) a sub/antive (t5 conta9s ! lead+ idea1 & may be translat$ l an ab/ract sub/antive ) a g5itive dep5d5t4 ,! nom9ative is r>ely ?us us$4 ,! pres5t p>ticiple 9 ?is use is r>e1 ! future late4 ,?is con/ruction expresses ! complet$ action ( ! v]b 9 precisely ! same way t ! g]undive con/ruction 7#bbdj7 expresses uncomplet$ action4 7a47 ,jo9$ ) sub/antives3 iniriae ret5trum equitum ,rmnrum1 #c1 #aj1 #b1 ! outrages ( ,roman knights deta9$1 i4e4 9 ! det5tion ( ,roman knights4 s]vt cnsulis decus1 ,l4 #ba1 #df1 #aj1 ! cr$it ( sav+ ! consul4 male adm9i/rtae prv9ciae urgbtur1 ,ta4 #f1 #bi1 he 0 *>g$ ) maladm9i/ration ( 8 prov9ce4 quid solts e/ betius crs8 ,cat4 #ca1 #g1 oh :at is sweet] ?an ! putt+ (f ( c>e8 7b47 ,jo9$ ) prepositions3 ab condit urbe ad lb]tam1 ,l4 #a1 #fj1 #c1 f ! f\ndation ( ! city to ! lib]ation !re(4 po/ nts hom9s improbissimus1 ,br4 #bbd1 ! greate/ reprobate s9ce ! creation ( man4 ante cvittem datam1 ,ar*4 #i1 be=e ! gift ( ! citiz5%ip4 7c47 ,9 ! nom9ative3 v r>e be=e ,livy3 dpressa ho/ium classis1 ,ar*4 #ba1 ! s9k+ ( ! enemy's fleet4 angbant +5tis sprits virum ,sicilia ,s>d9iaque missae1 ,l4 #ba1 #a1 #e1 :at tortur$ ! high-s\l$ h]o 0 ! loss ( ,sicily & ,s>d9ia4 cuius turbvit nitids ex/nctus pass] ocells1 ,j4 #f1 #g1 ^: sp>kl+ eyne ! sp>r['s dea? b$imm$4 #bbhf4 ,?is use ( ! p>ticiple1 ?\gh old1 is n common be=e ,livy1 :o1 l ,tacitus1 has x frequ5tly1 bo? ) sub/antives & ) prepositions4 ,v r>e 9 ,caes>1 r>e 9 ,cic]o1 :o1 h[ev]1 uses x bo? ) sub/antives & ) a few prepositions4 ,9 old ,lat9 7n 9 ,t]5ce71 x is f\nd ) ! sub/antives opus & sus1 9 ,cato ) po/1 9 ,v>ro ) propt]3 z1 m hom9e conv5t/ opus1 ,pl4 ,cur4 #cjb1 ,i ne$s mu/ see ! man4 propt] m>e congeltum1 ,v>ro1 ,,rr4 #a1 #b1 #d1 by reason ( ! freez+ ( ! sea wat]4 ,= ! p>ticiple alone ) sus e/ & opus e/1 see #achb4 ,,! ,,sub/antive ,,p>ticiple4 #bbhg4 ,p>ticiples sometimes become sub/antives1 especially ! p]fect p>ticiple3 z1 vvit gnta1 ,t4 ,ph4 #gdi1 y\r daught]'s alive4 d dmns su1 ,t4 ,ph4 #dc1 out ( 8 all[ance4 n/ittum t5bimus1 ,,td4 #d1 #g1 we w hold to our fundam5tal idea4 ,adv]bs1 n adjectives1 are commonly us$ to qualify p]fect p>ticiples us$ z sub/antives2 = examples1 see #addj4 ,! mascul9e s+ul> is r>ely us$ z a sub/antive2 ! neut]1 bo? s+ul> & plural1 is common1 p>ticul>ly ) prepositions4 #bbhh4 ,! mascul9e plural ( ! p]fect p>ticiple1 :5 us$ z a sub/antive1 g5]ally d5otes a def9ite class ( p]sons3 z1 ut damnt 9 integrum re/ituantur1 vnct solvantur1 ,v4 #e1 #ab1 t ! condemn$ g scot-free1 ! imprison$ are set at lib]ty4 ,catilna cum exp$ts 9 prm aci vorsr1 ,s4 ,c4 #fj1 #d1 ,catil9e bu/l+ r\nd 9 ! van ) ! light infantry4 vocts equs smit1 #g1 #fe1 #e1 he took away ! vet]ans' horses4 ,r>ely n d5ot+ a def9ite class3 z1 miss int]cipiuntur1 #e1 #dj1 #a1 ! m5 :o _h be5 s5t 7i4e4 on a p>ticul> occasion7 are cut (f4 #bbhi4 ,! p]fect p>ticiple alone sometimes s]ves z ! subject ( a s5t5ce in/ead ( an ab/ract sub/antive 7#bbhe73 z1 ntum furns quid fm9a possit1 ,v4 #e1 #f1 ! k ( :at a woman 9 h] wra? c d4 prnntitum rep5te n quis violrtur1 multitd9em exuit arms1 ,l4 #d1 #ei1 #g1 ! sudd5 proclamation t nobody 0 to be h>m$1 depriv$ ! p ( _! weapons4 ,?is use is f\nd *iefly 9 ,livy1 once or twice 9 ,cic]o2 n 9 ,caes> or ,sallu/4 ,see #achb4 #bbij4 ,! pres5t p>ticiple is r>ely a sub/antive 9 ! nom9ative & ablative s+ul>1 b (t5 9 ! o!r cases4 9 cn/itu5tibus rem pblicam1 ,br4 #de1 among ! f\nd]s ( a /ate4 multae nsectants dpellunt1 ,,dn4 #b1 #abg1 _m drive (f _! pursu]s4 nec praet]ita nec praes5tia abs t1 s$ futra exspect1 ,fam4 #b1 #h1 #a1 ,i d n expect f y ! pa/ or ! pres5t1 b ! future4 #bbia4 ,! g5itive plural ( ! pres5t p>ticiple is (t5 be/ translat$ by an ,engli% ab/ract3 z1 ca*9ns inrd5tium commovbat1 ,br4 #baf1 he provok$ guffaws ( d]ision4 mixts t]r5tium pav5tiumque clmrs1 ,l4 #bb1 #e1 #d1 m+l$ cries ( exultation & t]ror4 prm gaud5tium impet1 ,ta4 ,h4 #a1 #d1 9 ! fir/ outbur/ ( joy4 #bbib4 ,! future p>ticiple is v r>ely us$ z a sub/antive4 audtrum dictr cra dlectat1 ,qu9til4 #aa1 #c1 #aeg1 delib]ation on ! "p ( "o :o is on ! po9t ( speak+ attracts 8 prospective he>]4 hav1 imp]tor1 moritr t saltant1 ,suet4 ,claud4 #ba1 emp]or1 all hail6 ! doom$ give !e greet+4 ,?is use is f\nd 9 late writ]s1 z 9 ,tacitus & ,curtius once ea*1 & half a doz5 times 9 ,pl9y ! y\ng]4 ,cic]o & ,sallu/ h futrus ?us 7#bbhc73 z1 abs t futra exspect1 ,fam4 #b1 #h1 #a1 f y ,i expect ! future4 supplicia 9 po/ futrs composuit1 ,s4 ,fr4 ,lep4 #f1 he inv5t$ p5alties = m5 unborn4 ,,! ,,appositive ,,p>ticiple4 #bbic4 ,! appositive p>ticiple is a loose sub/itute = a subord9ate s5t5ce introduc$ by a relative or by a conjunctive p>ticle4 #bbid4 7#a47 ,! appositive p>ticiple may repres5t a relative s5t5ce3 z1 nv ego ,epicrs omnia sigilla v5]ants1 ,,dn4 #a1 #he1 :y1 ,i "k ,epicureans :o b[ ! knee to all sorts ( grav5 images4 ,conn mrs druts ,ls&r refici5ds crat1 ,n4 #i1 #d1 #e1 ,conon sup]9t5d$ ! rebuild+ ( ! walls :i* _h be5 de/roy$ by ,lys&]4 ,! future p>ticiple is poetic & late 7#bbhc73 z1 s]vs xrum ,caes>em 9 ,britanns1 ,h4 #a1 #ce1 #bi1 gu>d ,caes> :o aga9/ ! ,britons is to m>*4 #bbie4 7#b47 ,! appositive p>ticiple1 repres5t+ o!r s5t5ces1 may express v>i\s relations3 z1 7a47 "t1 7b47 cause or means1 7c47 purpose1 7d47 concession1 7e47 hypo!sis1 7f47 description or ! mann] ( an action1 l an adv]b4 ,= ! ablative absolute 9 su* relations1 see #acfb-acgd1 p>ticul>ly #acfg4 7a47 ,"t3 vehemns sum exorins1 quom occid vehem5tior1 ,pl4 ,r4 #ga1 furi\s am ,i at my ris+1 :5 ,i set m furi\s /ill4 occsus e/ cn r$ins1 ,,ra4 #ig1 he 0 murd]$ on 8 way home f a d9n]-p>ty4 nam noctem slam pra$ns commort1 acc$re incipiunt ,syrcss1 ,v4 #e1 #ie1 ! freeboot]s1 aft] t>ry+ b "o night1 began to draw ne> ,syracuse4 ,! future is late 7#bbhc73 z1 prmum omnium virrum =tium xr 9 proelia canunt1 ,ta4 ,g4 #c1 z ! *ief ( all brave h]oes1 !y s+ ( him :5 !y are on ! po9t ( go+ to battle1 ( ,h]cules4 7b47 ,cause or means3 mtum exspectns dlectum habre n/ituit1 #f1 #a1 #a1 s9ce he anticipat$ a ris+1 he det]m9$ on recruit+ troops4 moveor tl amc orbtus1 ,l4 #aj1 ,i am c]ta9ly affect$ at be+ b]eav$ ( su* a fri5d4 dextr dat fidem futrae amcitiae sanxisse1 ,l4 #a1 #a1 #h1 by giv+ 8 "r h& he gave a pl$ge ( future fri5d%ip4 quae contuns animus accdit ad cgnitinem derum1 ,,dn4 #b1 #aec1 ?r\gh ! contemplation ( ^!1 ! m9d arrives at a k ( ! gods4 ,! future p>ticiple is late3 z1 neque ills idicium aut vrits1 quippe edem di dv]sa p> c]tm9e po/ultrs1 ,ta4 ,h4 #a1 #cb1 !y _h nei!r s\nd judgem5t nor s9c]ity1 s9ce on ! same day !y 7 to make conflict+ dem&s ) equal vehem5ce4 7c47 ,purpose3 ! future p>ticiple1 commonly ) a v]b ( motion3 ad ,clsium vnrunt1 leginem ,rmnam ca/raque oppugntr1 ,l4 #aj1 #bf1 #g1 !y came to ! neighb\rhood ( ,clusium1 to assail ! ,roman legion & camp4 asc5dit ipse1 ltrus auxilium1 ,pl94 ,ep4 #f1 #af1 #i1 he w5t abo>d 9 p]son to g to ! rescue4 laet complrant ltora coet vsr ,a5eadas1 ,v4 #e1 #ajg1 9 happy company !y'd fill$ ! /r& to see ,a5eas' m54 r$ire omns ,bonniam1 rursus cnsilitr1 ,ta4 ,h4 #b1 #ec1 !y all w5t back to ,bologna = a second consultation4 ,?is use appe>s fir/ 9 ,c4 ,grac*us z cit$ by ,gellius1 !n once 9 ,cic]o & ,sallu/ ea*1 & a few times 9 ! poets4 ,f ,livy on1 x gr[s common]4 ,9 ! poets1 ,livy1 & ,tacitus1 x is sometimes jo9$ ) a conditional idea or protasis3 z1 gr$itur ca/rs ,rmnus1 vllum invsrus n cpia pugnae fi]et1 ,l4 #c1 #fj1 #h1 ! ,roman m>*es out ( camp1 propos+ to assault ! /ockade unless battle 7 (f]$4 7d47 ,concession3 qu mortlis ntus condicinem po/uls immortlium1 ,,td4 #c1 #cf1 ?\ :o1 ?\gh born to die1 laye/ claim to ! /ate ( ! dea?less4 b/is1 quibus ipsa t]ra fundit p/s abundants nihil labrantibus1 ,f94 #b1 #aaa1 ! bea/s1 on :i*1 ?\gh !y toil n1 e>? lavi%es su/5ance 9 pr(usion4 ,(t5 ) tam5 or ! l accompany+ ! v]b3 z1 ib vehem5tissim p]turbtus ,l5tulus tam5 et sgnum et manum suam cgnvit1 ,c4 #c1 #ab1 !reupon ,l5tulus1 ?\gh ?r[n into ! mo/ extreme confusion1 did yet recognize 8 own h& & seal4 ,= quamquam & quamvs1 see #aijj1 #aijg4 ,ovid & ,prop]tius sometimes h licet 7#agaj73 z1 isque1 licet cael regine remts1 m5te des adit1 ,o4 #ae1 #fb1 he 9 ! _s to ! gods drew nigh1 ?\gh !y are f> away 9 heav5's doma94 ,! future p>ticiple is r>e & late4 7e47 ,hypo!sis3 quid igitur mih f]rum lanitus ob]it nihil s5ti5t8 ,,td4 #a1 #ajd1 :at hurt w ! claw+ ( wild bea/s d me if ,i h no feel+8 apprbat nn admisss prt9us ,c>?g9em xrs1 ,l4 #ba1 #i1 #d1 x grew obvi\s t1 if n giv5 audi5ce1 !y w\ld g to ,c>?age =?)4 ,= o!r examples1 see #baaj4 ,= ! p>ticiple ) quasi or ut1 & 9 late writ]s ) tamquam or velut1 see #baba4 ,! future p>ticiple is r>e & late4 7f47 ,description or mann]3 haec prop]ants scrpsimus1 ,att4 #d1 #d;a1 ,i h writt5 ?is ha/ily1 i4e4 9 ha/e y\rs truly4 dicttor et magi/] equitum triumphants 9 urbem r$ire1 ,l4 #b1 #bj1 #ac1 ! dictator & 8 ma/] ( ! horse return$ to ! city 9 triumph4 inc5dbat haec flt et pectus v]b]ns1 ,ta4 #a1 #bc1 he l5t passion to 8 words ) te>s & beat+ ( 8 brea/4 vncts aspiciunt catns lb]s sus1 ,v4 #e1 #ajh1 !y behold _! own *ildr5 held 9 bondage4 #bbif4 ,! p>ticiple ) a negative may be translat$ by )\t3 z1 id illa nivorsum abripiet haud exi/umns quant labre p>tum1 ,t4 ,ph4 #de1 my lady'll grab x all )\t a ?\ght ( all ! toil x co/ to get4 nn rogts ultr (f]re auxilium1 ,l4 #cd1 #bc1 #c1 t )\t be+ ask$1 !y (f] assi/ance ( _! own accord4 ,,! ,,pr$icative ,,p>ticiple4 #bbig4 habe is sometimes us$ ) c]ta9 p]fect p>ticiples to express an action cont9u+ 9 its consequ5ces1 faci1 d1 & 9 old ,lat9 r$d & cr1 ) a p]fect p>ticiple1 are emphatic sub/itutes = ! v]b to :i* ! p>ticiple belongs4 7a47 quae ns no/ramque adulsc5tiam hab5t dspictam et quae ns semp] omnibus cruciant mods1 ,t4 ,eu4 #chc1 :o hold u & our y\? 9 scorn & torm5t u 9 e way4 9 e prv9ci pecnis magns collocts hab5t1 ,,ip4 #ah1 !y h inve/$ l>ge funds 9 t prov9ce4 ,cldi animum p]spectum habe1 cgnitum1 idictum1 ad ,br4 #a1 #a1 #a1 ,clodius's m9d ,i h look$ into ?or\ghly1 prob$1 =m$ a judgem5t on4 clausum lac ac montibus et circumfsum sus cpis habuit ho/em1 ,l4 #bb1 #d1 #e1 8 enemy he _h %ut 9 by lake & m\nta9s & surr\nd$ by 8 troops4 ,see also #afjf4 7b47 missa haec face1 ,t4 ,ad4 #ijf1 let ?is pass4 vrum haec missa faci1 ,,ra4 #gf1 b ,i let ?is pass4 ,mnlium missum fcit1 ,(f4 #c1 #aab1 he let ,manlius g4 factum et crtum dab1 ,pl4 ,cas4 #dci1 ,i'll h x done & se5 to4 /rts legins ,latnrum dab1 ,l4 #h1 #f1 #f1 ,i w lay ! ,lat9 legions l[4 ego iam t commtum r$dam1 ,t4 ,&r4 #hfd1 ,i'll soon h y work$ up4 inv5tum tib crb tuom ,pamphilum1 ,t4 ,&r4 #fhd1 ,i'll h y\r ,pamphilus look$ up = y4 ,9 classical writ]s1 faci only is f\nd 9 ?is use & only ) ! p>ticiple ( mitt2 d occurs 9 late writ]s2 r$d & cr only 9 old ,lat94 ,all ^! v]bs are usually 9 ! future t5se or its equival5t4 ,= vol1 cupi1 & nl ) ! inf9itive passive )\t esse1 see #bbbi4 #bbih4 ,! pres5t p>ticiple is us$ pr$icatively ) v]bs signify+ repres5t1 & ) v]bs d5ot+ ! ex]cise ( ! s5ses or m9d3 z1 facit ,scratem disputantem1 ,,dn4 #a1 #ca1 he repres5ts ,socrates discuss+4 quasi ipss indx loqu5ts1 ,l4 #c1 ,i h br\ght on ! m5 !mselves z speak+4 nn illum mis]um1 gnrum css su1 r$euntem cn vidtis8 ,,ra4 #ih1 d y n see ! poor man1 little dream+ ( 8 fate1 return+ f ! d9n]8 nn audvit dracnem loqu5tem1 ,div4 #b1 #ada1 he did n he> ! s]p5t speak+4 ,?is use is f\nd 9 ,plautus1 ,t]5ce1 ,cic]o1 ,sallu/1 ,horace1 ,nepos1 ,vitruvius1 & ,livy4 ,once 9 ,piso 7consul #acc ,b4,c471 z cit$ by ,gellius1 #g1 #i1 #f4 ,v]bs d5ot+ ! ex]cise ( ! s5ses or m9d take ! accusative ) ! inf9itive to d5ote ! fact or action2 see #bage4 ,= audi ) cum1 see #ahgj4 ,= ! inf9itive )\t esse ) v]bs ( emotion1 see #bahd4 #bbii4 ,a passive ) a v]b mean+ repres5t is express$1 = lack ( a pres5t passive p>ticiple1 by ! inf9itive 7#bage74 ,! inf9itive active is r>e4 7a47 cn/ru de atque a$ificr mundum facit1 ,,dn4 #a1 #ai1 he repres5ts ! _w be+ put toge!r & built by ! gods4 7b47 potae imp5dre saxum ,tantal faciunt1 ,,td4 #d1 #ce1 ! poets repres5t a rock hang+ ov] ,tantalus4 ,r>ely ! p>ticiple 7#bbih7 & ! inf9itive are unit$3 z1 ,polyphmum ,homrus cum ariete conloqu5tem facit eiusque laudre =tns1 ,,td4 #e1 #aae1 ,hom] repres5ts ,polyphemus *att+ ) ! ram & 8 envy ( ! ram's e/ate4 ,b ! p]fect inf9itive active mu/ be us$ :5 ! action is to be di/9ctly m>k$ z complet$1 = lack ( a p]fect active p>ticiple3 z1 fcit ,dolbella ,v]rem accpisse1 ,v4 #a1 #ajj1 ,dolabella repres5t$ ,v]res z hav+ receiv$4 ,,app5dix4 7,a47 ,,"s ,,occasional ,,peculi>ities ,,( ,,v]bs4 #bcjj4 ,9 _m cases :]e 9 ,engli% a v]b l wi% or try to h a ?+ done1 c1 mu/1 or am all[$ to1 is us$1 ! equival5t ,lat9 v]b is omitt$4 ,z ?is use g5]ally ext5ds ?r\gh ! entire sy/em ( ! v]b1 examples ( ! n\ns ( ! v]b & ( subord9ate s5t5ces ?us us$1 are conv5i5tly includ$ "h4 ,,! ,,conative ,,use4 #bcja4 ,a v]b is sometimes us$ to d5ote action propos$1 attempt$1 or begun1 b n necess>ily c>ri$ out4 ,?is is call$ ! ,conative ,use ( ! v]b3 z1 ancills dd1 ,t4 ,hec4 #ggc1 ,i try to give1 or ,i (f] up ! s]vant girls4 s9e ll dubittine condemnant1 ,clu4 #ge1 )\t a mom5t's hesitation !y vote to condemn4 dum id inpetrant1 ,pl4 ,cap4 #bcc1 z long z !y're try+ to get x4 s plcs inlacrimbilem ,pltna1 ,h4 #b1 #ad1 #e1 %\ld/ ?\ ! /onyhe>t$ ,pluto /rive to melt4 s discds1 ,j4 #g4 #ej1 %\ld y attempt to leave4 9 criam abicit1 quam vvus v]t]at1 ,mil4 #ij1 he %ov$ ! corpse into ! s5ate h\se1 :i* ! man 9 8 lifetime _h done 8 be/ to ov]?r[4 adsurg5tem rgem umbne resupnat1 ,l4 #d1 #ai1 #e1 ) ! boss ( 8 %ield he put ! k+ flat on 8 back1 :5 he tri$ to get up4 #bcjb4 ,?is use is p>ticul>ly common 9 ! imp]fect indicative3 z1 no/rs +r$ prohibbant1 #e1 #i1 #f1 !y tri$ to /op our p f gett+ 94 ,apells facibat1 ,pl94 ,,nh4 praef4 #bf1 ,apelles und]took to d ?is1 or an attempt ( ,apelles's4 sdbant tumults1 sd& int]dum movbant1 ,l4 #c1 #ae1 #g1 !y tri$ to quell ! riot+s1 b by try+ !y />t$ !m once 9 a :ile afre%4 num dubits id m imp]ante fac]e1 quod iam tu sponte facibs8 ,c4 #a1 #ac1 d y possibly hesitate to d at my comm& :at y want$ to d1 z x 01 y\rself8 ,! conative use is n v common 9 old ,lat91 b m frequ5t f ,cic]o & ,caes> on4 #bcjc4 ,:5 ! conative use is to be express$ m di/9ctly1 a =m ( vol or cnor is us$1 or a frequ5tative1 l vndit1 try to sell1 adv5t1 /rive to come4 ,,! ,,causative ,,use4 #bcjd4 ,a v]b is sometimes us$ to d5ote n :at ! subject actually does himself1 b :at he has ano!r d4 ,?is is call$ ! ,causative ,use ( ! v]b3 z1 anim caus mihi nvem faciam1 ,pl4 ,r4 #icb1 j = div]sion ,i'll build me a ya*t4 cum vellet sib nulum fac]e1 aurificem iussit vocr1 ,v4 #d1 #ef1 want+ to make him a r+1 he ord]$ a goldsmi? to be call$4 complrs paup]s mortus su smpt extulit1 ,n4 #e1 #d1 #c1 he buri$ a good _m poor dead p at 8 own exp5se1 i4e4 _h !m buri$4 ,also 9 ! passive3 z1 tondmur1 ,qu9til4 #a1 #f1 #dd1 we get %av$4 ,:5 great] exactness is requir$1 hav+ a ?+ done may be express$ m di/9ctly by faci 7#aife71 by cr 7#bbej71 or by iube4 ,,! ,,pot5tial ,,use4 #bcje4 ,a v]b is sometimes us$ to indicate action t c be done1 & especially action t c be done at any "t4 ,?is is call$ ! ,pot5tial ,use ( ! v]b3 z1 clr oculs vide1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #fcj1 ,i c see di/9ctly4 propt]e quod int] fns ,helvtirum et ,allobrogum ,rhodanus fluit isque nnnlls locs vad trnstur1 #a1 #f1 #b1 because ! ,rhone runs betwe5 ! di/rict ( ! ,helvetians & ,allobrogans1 & ! riv] 9 "s places c be =d$1 or is =dable4 ,p>ticul>ly ) a negative3 z1 ap]t adlantem nm nn videt1 ,l4 #ii1 an op5 flatt]] anybody c see ?r\gh4 nn facile didictur amor vrus et fctus1 ,fam4 #i1 #af1 #b1 real love & pret5d$ love _c easily be told ap>t4 ub ,crassus animadv]tit1 sus cpis nn facile ddc1 nn cunct&um ex/imvit1 #c1 #bc1 #g1 :5 ,crassus saw t 8 =ces c\ld n easily be divid$1 he ?\ght he ought to lose no "t4 quoniam prpositum nn t5u]at1 ,caes4 ,c4 #c1 #fe1 #d1 see+ t he _h n succe$$ 9 c>ry+ out 8 plan4 ,sometimes ?is idea is express$ by ! subjunctive 7#aeed74 ,,! ,,obligatory ,,use4 #bcjf4 ,a v]b is sometimes us$ to d5ote obligatory action4 ,?is is call$ ! ,obligatory ,use ( ! v]b3 z1 paulisp] commortus e/1 ,mil4 #bh1 he _h to wait4 aegra trahbant corpora1 ,v4 #c1 #adj1 !y _h to drag _! sickly frames along4 c>u patri1 ,se/4 #ade1 ,i _h to keep away f ! c\ntry ( my bir?4 s5tor popul ,rmn p]noctvit 9 pblic1 ,v4 #d1 #be1 a s5ator ( ,rome 0 fa9 to sleep 9 ! /reets4 s]mus aliquid 9 drelict sol1 ,br4 #af1 we %all h to s[ some?+ 9 an ab&on$ field4 erat summa inopia pbul1 ade ut folis equs al]5t1 ,caes4 ,c4 #c1 #eh1 #c1 !re 0 an utt] lack ( fodd]1 s t !y 7 fa9 to fe$ _! horses on leaves4 ,,! ,,p]missive ,,use4 #bcjg4 ,a v]b is sometimes us$ to d5ote p]mitt$ action4 ,?is is call$ ! ,p]missive ,use ( ! v]b3 z1 ,v]rsne habbit dom suae c&lbrum ,iovis8 ,v4 #d1 #ga1 %all ,v]res be all[$ to h at 8 h\se a c&elabra ( ,jupit]8 petit ut ipse d e /atuat1 #a1 #ai1 #e1 he asks to be all[$ to sit 9 judgem5t himself on ! man4 ,ps rvit ut manret1 ,ta4 #b1 #ha1 ,piso ask$ to be all[$ to /ay4 7,b47 ,,indirect ,,disc\rse4 7rti ,oblqua47 #bcjh4 ,! spee* or ?\ght ( ano!r1 quot$ 9 8 own words1 is call$ ,direct ,disc\rse 7#agbc74 #bcji4 ,! spee* or ?\ght ( ano!r1 dep5d5t on a v]b ( say+ or ?9k+1 is call$ ,indirect ,disc\rse 7#agbc74 ,"o may1 ( c\rse1 quote 8 own words or ?\ghts indirectly1 z well z ^? ( ano!r 7#agbf74 #bcaj4 ,! v]b ( ?9k+ or say+ is (t5 n di/9ctly express$1 b only impli$ 9 ! context 7#agbe74 #bcaa4 ,! pr9ciples :i* gov]n ! *ange ( direct disc\rse into indirect disc\rse h be5 already set =? 9 ! =ego+ pages2 b1 = ! conv5i5ce ( ! le>n]1 !y are "h put toge!r4 ,,mood4 7,a47 ,,ma9 ,,s5t5ces4 #bcab4 ,decl>ative s5t5ces ( direct disc\rse are put 9 ! accusative ) ! inf9itive1 & int]rogative & imp]ative s5t5ces ( direct disc\rse are put 9 ! subjunctive1 9 indirect disc\rse4 7a47 ,= examples ( decl>ative s5t5ces1 see #bage-bahd4 7b47 ,int]rogative 7#aggc73 quid vellet8 cr 9 sus possessins v5ret8 #a1 #dd1 #g1 :at did he mean8 :y ?is movem5t into 8 prop]ty8 f ,ariovi/us's reply to ,caes>4 dicttor litt]s ad s5tum msit3 deum b5ignitte ,vis iam =e 9 pote/te popul ,rmn2 quid d pra$ faci5dum cnsr5t8 ,l4 #e1 #bj1 #a1 ! dictator s5t ?is lett] to ! s5ate3 ?r\gh ! b\nty ( ! gods ,vei w\ld soon belong to ! ,roman nation2 :at did !y ?9k %\ld be done ab\t ! booty8 7c47 ,imp]ative 7#aedg73 ,cic] respondit3 s ab arms discd]e vel9t1 s aditre tantur lgtsque ad ,caes>em mittant1 #e1 #da1 #g1 ,cic]o repli$3 if !y wi%$ to lay d[n _! arms1 let !m take 8 advice & s5d envoys to ,caes>4 nntius dom vnit3 bellum ,a?ninss et ,boets indxisse ,lac$aemonis2 qur v5re n dubitret1 ,n4 #ag1 #d1 #a1 a message rea*$ him f home3 ! ,a!nians & ,boeotians _h decl>$ w> on ! ,lac$aemonians2 s he 0 to come )\t delay4 ,see also #agjg1 #agjh4 #bcac4 ,rhetorical que/ions 7t is1 decl>ations made = effect 9 ! =m ( que/ions7 9 ! fir/ or ?ird p]son 9 ! direct disc\rse are put 9 ! accusative ) ! inf9itive 9 indirect disc\rse3 z1 s vet]is contumliae oblvsc vellet1 num etiam rec5tium inirirum memoriam dpn]e posse8 #a1 #ad1 #c1 if he 7 incl9$ to disreg>d ! old affront1 c\ld he also =get _! fre% insults8 f ,caes>'s reply to ! ,helvetians4 haud mrum esse ,sup]b inditum ,rmae cgnm53 an quicquam sup]bius esse quam ldificr sc omne nm5 ,latnum8 cui nn apprre adfectre eum imp]ium 9 ,latns8 ,l4 #a1 #ej1 #c1 no wond] ,rome dubb$ him #8! ,pr\d'3 c\ld !re be a great] sign ( pride ?an ?is mock]y ( ! :ole ,lat9 nation8 :o did n see t he aspir$ to dom9ion ov] ! ,lat9s8 ,?is use is n f\nd 9 old ,lat94 ,x occurs once or twice 9 ,cic]o's lett]s & a few times 9 ,caes>4 ,9 ,livy & late writ]s1 x is n uncommon4 ,su* que/ions 9 ! second p]son require ! subjunctive 7#bcab74 #bcad4 ,que/ions :i* are 9 ! subjunctive 9 direct disc\rse reta9 ! subjunctive 9 indirect disc\rse3 z1 quod vr ad amcitiam popul ,rmn attuliss5t1 id is rip quis pat posset8 #a1 #dc1 #h1 :o c\ld all[ !m to be /ripp$ ( :at !y _h possess$ :5 !y became ! fri5ds ( ! ,roman nation8 7#aefe74 7,b47 ,,subord9ate ,,s5t5ces4 #bcae4 ,! v]b ( a subord9ate s5t5ce1 introduc$ by a relative ^w or a conjunctive p>ticle1 /&s 9 ! subjunctive 9 indirect disc\rse 7#agbb74 ,= ! indicative ) dum1 9 ! "t :ile1 reta9$ 9 indirect disc\rse1 see #aiie4 sapi5tissimum esse dcunt eum1 cui quod opus sit ips v5iat 9 m5tem2 proxim accd]e illum qu alt]u b5e inv5ts obtemp]et1 ,clu4 #hd1 !y say he is ! wise/ man :o ?9ks out ( himself :at is exp$i5t2 & t ! man :o avails himself ( ! wise devices ( ano!r comes next4 ad haec ,ariovi/us respondit3 is esse bell1 ut qu vciss5t is qus vciss5t1 quemadmodum vell5t imp]r5t1 #a1 #cf1 #a1 to ?is ,ariovi/us answ]$3 t x 0 ! "r ( w> = ! conqu]ors to dictate to ! conqu]$ su* t]ms z !y pleas$4 #bcaf4 ,relative s5t5ces equival5t to ma9 s5t5ces 7#ahce7 may be put 9 ! accusative ) ! inf9itive3 z1 num m$ium diem fuisse1 quem ttum ,galbam 9 cnsd]& caus compn5dque posuisse1 ,br4 #hg1 t a s+le day int]v5$ & t ?is :ole day ,galba employ$ 9 /udy+ up & arrang+ ! case4 ,?is use is f\nd 9 ,cic]o1 r>ely 9 ,caes>1 9 ,livy1 & a few times 9 o!r au?ors4 ,n 9 old ,lat94 #bcag4 ,s also s5t5ces introduc$ by c]ta9 conjunctive p>ticles are occasionally put 9 ! accusative ) ! inf9itive3 z1 id quod saepe dictum e/3 ut m>e v5trum v agitr atque turbr1 sc populum ,rmnum hom9um sditisrum vcibus concitr1 ,clu4 #ach1 ! (t-repeat$ say+3 z ! sea is ruffl$ & toss$ by ! mighty w9ds1 s ! p ( ,rome are /irr$ up by ! talk ( agitators4 honrificum id mlitibus =e1 qurum favrem ut l>gitine et ambit male adqur1 ita p] bons arts haud sp]n5dum1 ,ta4 ,h4 #a1 #ag1 t w\ld be a m>k ( respect to ! troops1 & _! good w1 ?\gh usually won by brib]y & corruption1 0 c]ta9ly no small ga9 if hon\rably come by4 fug]e s5tum te/s tabuls pblics cnss cuiusque1 cum int]im oba]tam plbem obiectr alis atque alis ho/ibus1 ,l4 #f1 #bg1 #f1 t ! s5ate s\ght to avoid evid5ce ( ea* man's prop]ty ?r\gh mak+ public returns1 :ile at ! same "t ! commons lay bankrupt & at ! m]cy ( "o enemy aft] ano!r4 ut & quemadmodum are f\nd ) ?is inf9itive 9 ,cic]o1 ,livy1 & ,tacitus2 cum int]im & s nn 9 ,livy2 quia 9 ,livy & ,s5eca2 quamquam 9 ,livy & ,tacitus2 nisi =te 9 ,tacitus4 ,= quam ) ! inf9itive1 see #ahih4 #bcah4 ,relative s5t5ces :i* are n a "p ( ! quotation1 b an addition ( ! writ]'s1 or :i* are a circumlocution equival5t to a sub/antive1 are m>k$ by ! indicative 7#agbi73 z1 ,condrss1 ,eburns1 ,ca]oess1 ,paemns1 qu n nm9e ,g]mn appellantur1 arbitrr ad ,,xl mlia1 #b1 #d1 #aj1 t !y reckon$ ! ,condrusians1 ,eburonians1 ,ca]oesians & ,paemanians 7:o are all call$ by "o "n ,g]mans7 at =ty ?\s&4 ,= o!r examples ( su* s5t5ces1 see #agbi4 #bcai4 ,s5t5ces conta9+ ! ?\ght ( ano!r1 introduc$ by a relative pron\n or by causal1 temporal1 or o!r conjunctive p>ticles1 take ! subjunctive1 ?\gh n app5d$ to ! accusative ) ! inf9itive 7#agbe73 z1 numquis1 quod bonus vir esset1 grtis ds git umquam8 ,,dn4 #c1 #hg1 did anybody ev] ?ank ! gods #8because he 0 a good man'8 7#ahec74 mih loquitur nec rct quia tib aurum r$did et quia nn t dfraudv]im1 ,pl4 ,b4 #gce1 he's always pit*+ into me because ,i return$ y ! money & #8because ,i didn't d y out ( x' 7#ahef1 #ahec74 a$em ,diov vvit1 s e di ho/s fdisset1 ,l4 #ca1 #ba1 #ab1 he v[$ a temple to inf]nal ,jove1 #8if he %\ld r\t ! enemy on t day4' ,= o!r examples1 see #agbe1 #aheb1 #ahec1 #ahhd1 c4 #bcbj4 ,sometimes a v]b ( say+ or ?9k+ is add$1 & is itself irrationally put 9 ! subjunctive4 ,= examples1 see #agbg4 7#b47 ,,t5se4 7,a47 ,,( ,,! ,,inf9itive4 #bcba4 ,! t5ses ( ! inf9itive foll[ _! usual law 7#bbah71 repres5t+ ! action z pres5t1 pa/1 or future1 f ! speak]'s po9t ( view4 nntitum e/ ,ariovi/um ad occup&um ,vesontinem cont5d]e trduque viam sus fnibus prfcisse1 #a1 #ch1 #a1 x 0 report$ t ,ariovi/us 0 press+ on 7#bbai7 to seize ,vesontio1 & t he _h done a ?ree days' j\rney f 8 own bord]s 7#bbbf74 fma e/ ram esse 9 ve/ibul templ1 ,l4 #bd1 #c1 #g1 rum\r has x t !re is an alt> 9 ! ve/ibule ( ! temple 7#bbai74 lgti haec s ad sus reltrs dxrunt1 #d1 #i1 #a1 ! envoys said !y w\ld report ?is to _! c\ntrym5 7#bbcb74 ,= o!r examples1 see #bage-bbjc2 = ! inf9itive equival5t ( ! indicative imp]fect & plup]fect1 see #bbbf1 #bbbg4 7,b47 ,,( ,,! ,,subjunctive4 #bcbb4 ,! t5ses ( ! subjunctive foll[ ! law ( ! sequ5ce ( t5ses2 see #agde4 ,! t5ses are usually imp]fect or plup]fect1 z ! v]b introduc+ a quotation is usually pa/4 ,scrats dc]e solbat1 omns 9 e quod scr5t1 satis esse loqu5ts1 ,,d4 #a1 #fc1 ,socrates us$ to ma9ta9 t all m5 7 eloqu5t en\gh 9 a matt] :i* !y und]/ood 7#agff74 dcbam quoad metu]s1 omnia t prmissrum1 ,ph4 #b1 #hi1 ,i said t z long z y 7 afraid1 y w\ld promise ev]y?+ 7#agga74 cgnvit ,subs po/e quam pontem fi] comp]iss5t1 nntis 9 omns "ps dmsisse1 #d1 #ai1 #b1 he asc]ta9$ t aft] ! ,suebans _h le>n$ ( ! build+ ( ! bridge1 !y _h s5t out mess5g]s 9 e direction 7#aggb74 ,= o!r examples1 see #agdf-aggb4 #bcbc4 ,b ! pres5t & p]fect subjunctive are (t5 us$1 especially :5 ! ma9 v]b is pres5t1 or = vividness aft] a second>y t5se4 ,alex&rum ,philippus accsat quod l>gitine b5evol5tiam ,mac$onum cnsecttur1 ,(f4 #b1 #ec1 ,philip accuses ,alex&] ( c\rt+ ! fav\r ( ! ,mac$onians by ! use ( money 7#agdf1 #ahec74 initium quod huic cum mtre fu]it simulttis aud/is1 ,clu4 #ag1 y h he>d ! orig9 ( ! enmity :i* 0 betwe5 ! def5dant & 8 "m 7#agdf74 ,ariovi/us respondit3 /p5dium cap]e ire bell quod victrs victs impon]e cnsu]9t1 #a1 #dd1 #a1 ,ariovi/us answ]$ t x 0 by ! laws ( w> t he took ! tribute :i* victors 7 wont to lay ^u ! vanqui%$ 7#agee74 ,= o!r examples1 see #agdf-aggb4 #bcbd4 ,! future ( direct disc\rse is repres5t$ 9 indirect disc\rse by ! imp]fect1 & ! future p]fect by ! plup]fect subjunctive4 s quod r pblic esset factrum1 ,l4 #bh1 #de1 #c1 t he w\ld d :at %\ld be = ! int]e/s ( ! /ate 7#agff74 s nn ante coeptrum quam ignem 9 rgis ca/rs cnspexisset1 ,l4 #cj1 #e1 #e1 t he w\ld n beg9 be=e he saw fire 9 ! royal camp 7#agff1 #aiba74 ,! pres5t or p]fect subjunctive also is f\nd :5 ! ma9 v]b requires4 ,= o!r examples1 see #agdf-aggb4 7#c47 ,,pron\n4 #bcbe4 ego & ns1 ( direct disc\rse1 are repres5t$ by s 9 indirect disc\rse1 & meus & no/] by suus4 t & vs1 ( direct disc\rse1 are repres5t$ 9 indirect disc\rse by ille1 or1 :5 less emphatic1 by is4 ,= ! use ( ! reflexive pron\n1 see #bcch-bcdb4 s prius 9 ,galliam vnisse quam populum ,rmnum1 #a1 #dd1 #g1 t he came into ,gaul be=e ! ,roman nation1 said ,ariovi/us ( himself4 s patribus mairibusque sus didicisse1 #a1 #ac1 #f1 t !y _h le>n$ f _! fa!rs & ance/ors1 said ! ,helvetians ( !mselves4 trnssse ,rhnum ss nn su sponte1 #a1 #dd1 #a1 t he _h cross$ ! ,rh9e n ( 8 own accord1 0 ! ass]tion ( ,ariovi/us4 qu nisi dcdat1 ss illum nn pr amc s$ ho/e habitrum4 quod s eum int]fc]it1 mults ss prncipibus popul ,rmn grtum esse factrum1 #a1 #dd1 #aa1 t unless he )drew1 he %\ld consid] him n a fri5d b a foe4 ,:y1 if he kill$ him1 he %\ld d a fav\r to num]\s lead+ m5 9 ! ,roman nation4 ,"h ,ariovi/us is report$ z speak+ to ,caes>4 ,,conditional ,,p]iods ,,9 ,,indirect ,,disc\rse4 7,a47 ,,protasis4 #bcbf4 ,! protasis ( e k9d 7#bjbc1 #bjbd7 has ! v]b 9 ! subjunctive 9 indirect disc\rse 7#bcae74 #bcbg4 ,! t5se ( ! protasis is g5]ally imp]fect or plup]fect 7#bcbb73 z1 ,ariovi/us respondit3 s ipse popul ,rmn nn praescrb]et1 nn oportre ss popul ,rmn imp$r1 #a1 #cf1 #a1 ,ariovi/us answ]$3 if he did n dictate to ! ,roman nation1 no m ought ! ,roman nation to int]f]e ) him 7#bjbf74 quae s fcisset1 ,pompium 9 ,hispnis xrum1 ,caes4 ,c4 #a1 #aj1 #c1 if he did t1 ,pompey w\ld g to ! ,spa9s 7#bjfa74 #bcbh4 ,b indet]m9ate protases 7#bjbc7 are sometimes put 9 ! pres5t or p]fect subjunctive 9 indirect disc\rse1 ev5 ) a ma9 second>y t5se3 z1 ,ariovi/us respondit3 s it]um exp]r vel9t1 s p>tum esse dc]tre1 #a1 #dd1 #a1 ,ariovi/us answ]$ t if ! ,romans want$ to try aga91 he 0 ready to fight x out 7#bjbf74 qu nisi dcdat1 ss illum pr ho/e habitrum1 #a1 #dd1 #aa1 t unless he )drew1 he %\ld consid] him an enemy 7#bjed74 #bcbi4 ,protases ( action non-occurr5t 7#bjbd7 rema9 9 ! imp]fect or plup]fect1 ev5 ) a ma9 prim>y t5se4 licet ,v>r ,mss1 ,ael ,/ilnis s5t5ti1 ,plautn dcat s]mne locutrs fuisse s ,latn loqu vell5t1 ,qu9til4 #aj1 #a1 #ii1 ?\gh ,v>ro1 foll[+ ,/ilo's dictum1 may say t ! ,muses w\ld h spok5 9 ! /yle ( ,plautus1 if !y _h want$ to speak ,lat9 7#bjie74 qua]et ab accstribus quid factr ess5t1 s 9 e loc fuiss5t1 ,cornif4 #b1 #bb1 he w ask ! accus]s :at !y w\ld h done if !y _h be5 9 t pr$icam5t 7#bjii74 7,b47 ,,apodosis4 #bccj4 ,9 indet]m9ate conditional p]iods 7#bjbc71 ! apodosis simply foll[s ! g5]al rule 7#bcab73 z1 ,iovem sc aiunt philosoph1 s ,graec loqutur1 loqu1 ,br4 #aba1 ! philosoph]s say t ?is is ,jove's /yle ( speak+1 if ,jove speaks ,greek 7#bjbf74 sn bell p]sequ p]sevrret1 rem9sc]tur pr/9ae virttis ,helvtirum1 #a1 #ac1 #d1 if he p]si/$ 9 foll[+ !m up ) w>1 let him call to m9d ! old "t val\r ( ! ,helvetians 7#bjef74 9 prv9cis intellegbant s is qu esset cum imp]i em]e vellet1 =e ut quod quisque vellet quant vellet auf]ret1 ,v4 #d1 #aj1 9 ! prov9ces !y saw t if a man clo!d 9 au?ority %\ld wi% to be a buy]1 he w\ld c>ry (f e "t :atev] he wi%$ at :at he wi%$ 7#bbcc2 #bjed or #bjgf74 futrum esse1 nisi prvsum esset1 ut ,rma cap]tur1 ,div4 #a1 #aja1 t unless precaution 0 tak51 ,rome w\ld be captur$ 7#bbcc1 #bjfa74 ,= o!r examples1 see #bcbg1 #bcbh4 #bcca4 ,9 conditional p]iods ( action non-occurr5t 7#bjbd71 ! future p>ticiple ) fuisse1 is us$ 9 apodoses ( ! active voice3 z1 an ,cn4 ,pompium cnss maximrum rrum glri laettrum fuisse1 s scret s 9 slitd9e ,aegyptirum trucdtum r1 ,div4 #b1 #bb1 d y suppose t ,pompey w\ld h tak5 any pleasure 9 ! fame :i* 8 pe]less exploits br\ght him if he _h kn[n t he 0 go+ to be but*]$ 9 ! wilds ( ,egypt8 ,9 "o in/ance1 f\nd 9 ,caes>1 ! future p>ticiple ) esse occurs1 repres5t+ ! imp]fect subjunctive ( pres5t "t 7#bjia73 ,caes>em arbitrr pr(ectum 9 taliam2 neque alit] ,c>nts int]ficiund ,tasgeti cnsilium fuisse captrs1 neque ,eburns1 s ille adesset1 ad ca/ra v5trs esse1 #e1 #bi1 #b1 t he ?\ght ,caes> 0 gone into ,italy2 o!rwise1 ! ,c>nutes w\ld n h =m$ _! design ( kill+ ,tasgetius1 & ! ,eburones1 if he 7 at h&1 w\ld n be assault+ ! camp4 ,"h ! context %[s t v5trs esse repres5ts ! imp]fect subjunctive4 ,b ord9>ily x might seem to repres5t ! future indicative4 ,h5ce1 to avoid ambiguity1 ! ,romans g5]ally did n try to express pres5t "t 9 apodoses ( ?is class 9 indirect disc\rse4 #bccb4 ,! p]fect inf9itive is exceptionally us$2 ?is is bas$ ^u ! indicative 9 apodosis 7#bajd74 memori t5e solitum ipsum nrrre s /udium philosophiae crius hausisse1 n prd5tia mtris incnsum animum corcuisset1 ,ta4 ,agr4 #d1 ,i rememb] t he us$ to say t he _h drunk 9 ! /udy ( philosophy ) too great eag]ness1 _h n 8 discreet "m *eck$ 8 ard5t s\l 7#baje or #bajg74 #bccc4 possum1 9 ! apodosis ( a conditional p]iod ( action non-occurr5t 7#baja71 is regul>ly put 9 ! p]fect inf9itive 9 indirect disc\rse3 z1 ,platnem ex/im1 s g5us =nse dc5d trctre voluisset1 gravissim potuisse dc]e1 ,(f4 #a1 #d1 ,i ?9k t if ,plato _h only *os5 to cultivate =5sic eloqu5ce1 he might h be5 a mo/ impressive speak] 7#bajc74 cum dc]5t s potuisse 9 amplissimum locum p]v5re1 s sua /udia ad honrs pet5ds cnf]re voluiss5t1 ,clu4 #aec1 say+ !y might h ris5 to ! pr\de/ position1 if !y _h only *os5 to apply _! en]gies to a political c>e] 7#bajc74 #bccd4 futrum fuisse ut ) ! imp]fect subjunctive is r>ely us$ 9 apodoses ( ! passive voice 7#bcca73 z1 ,!ophra/us accssse ntram dcitur quod hom9ibus tam exiguam vtam d$isset3 qurum s aets potuisset esse long9quior1 futrum fuisse ut omn doctrn hom9um vta rudrtur1 ,,td4 #c1 #fi1 x is said t ,!ophra/us took nature to task #8= giv+ man su* a %ort life2 if ! p]iod c\ld h be5 long] man's life w\ld h be5 in=m$ ) k ( e sort' 7#bjii74 ,see also ,caes4 ,c4 #c1 #aja1 #b4 ,erratum3 #bcca 444 ,aegyptirum trucdtum r ,agyptirum 7,c47 ,,pron\ns4 ,,! ,,p]sonal ,,pron\n4 #bcce4 ,= ! use ( ! nom9atives ego t1 ns vs1 see #ajbi4 ,! g5itive plurals no/rm & ve/rm are us$ z p>titive1 no/r & ve/r z objective g5itives3 z1 nm no/rm1 ,,ra4 #ee1 n "o ( u 7#abdb74 ab utrsque ve/rm1 ,fam4 #aa1 #ba1 #e1 by ea* ( y 7#abdc74 grta mih vehem5t] e/ memoria no/r tua1 ,fam4 #ab1 #ag1 #a1 y\r remembrance ( me is exce$+ly agreeable to me 7#abfj74 no/r nsmet pa5itet1 ,t4 ,ph4 #agb1 we're discont5t$ ) our lot 7#abhc74 ,= ! adjective in/ead ( ! possessive or objective g5itive1 see #abcd1 #abfb4 ,erratum3 #bcce4 4 miss+ ,,! ,,reflexive s ,,& suus4 #bccf4 ,! reflexive regul>ly ref]s to ! subject ( ! v]b3 z1 fugae ss m&bant1 #b1 #bd1 #b1 !y betook !mselves to flight4 anim s]vit1 nn sib1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #cjh1 he s]ves 8 passions1 n 8 bett] self4 e/ amns su virts1 ,l4 #ih1 virtue is fond ( itself4 dcit scum n virg9em1 ,t4 ,eu4 #bbi1 he is lead+ a girl along ) him4 ,caes> cpis sus dvsit1 ,caes4 ,c4 #c1 #ig1 #c1 ,caes> divid$ 8 =ces4 ,= s ipse1 see #bcgf2 = s or suus quisque1 #bcig4 #bccg4 ,! reflexive sometimes ref]s to a ^w n ! subject1 :5 t ^w is specially emphasiz$ or easily made out f ! context4 ,?is holds *iefly ( suus1 :i* is us$ ) great fre$om3 z1 ,alex&rum uxor sua occdit1 ,inv4 #b1 #add1 ,alex&] 0 murd]$ by 8 own wife4 ds9ant nsidir dom suae cnsul1 ,c4 #a1 #cb1 let !m cease to waylay ! consul 9 8 own h\se & home4 sus rs ,syrcsns re/ituit1 ,l4 #bi1 #a1 #ag1 he re/or$ _! prop]ty to ! ,syracuse p4 #bcch4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( ! accusative ) ! inf9itive 7#bage71 ! reflexive is regul>ly us$ :5 ! subject ( ! inf9itive ref]s to ! subject ( ! v]b3 z1 ,vrus imp]ium s habre dxit1 ,lig4 #bb1 ,v>us said t he _h au?ority4 id ss effectrs sprbant1 #g1 #bf1 #b1 !y hop$ to accompli% x 7#bbce74 #bcci4 ,! reflexive1 9 ?is con/ruction1 sometimes ref]s to an emphasiz$ ^w n ! =mal subject ( ! v]b3 z1 canum cu/dia quid sgnificat aliud nisi s ad hom9um commoditts esse g5]ts8 ,,dn4 #b1 #aeh1 ! wat*fulness ( ! dog--does n x %[ t he 0 creat$ = ! conv5i5ce ( man8 #bcdj4 ,:5 ! subject ( ! inf9itive is diff]5t f t ( ! v]b1 ! reflexive sometimes ref]s to ! subject ( ! v]b1 sometimes to t ( ! inf9itive3 z1 ,ariovi/us respondit omns ,galliae cvitts ad s oppugn&um vnisse1 #a1 #dd1 #a1 ,ariovi/us answ]$ t all ! /ates ( ,gaul _h come to attack him1 i4e4 ,ariovi/us4 nm9em scum s9e su p]nici cont5disse1 #a1 #cf1 #f1 t no man _h cont5d$ ) him )\t 8 own undo+2 scum ref]s to ,ariovi/us1 ! subject ( ! ma9 v]b respondit1 su to nm9em4 #bcda4 ,9 subord9ate subjunctive clauses ( purpose1 indirect disc\rse1 or indirect "q1 ! reflexive ref]s to ! subject ( ! ma9 s5t5ce3 z1 huic m&at1 ut ad s quam prmum rev]ttur1 #d1 #ba1 #b1 he in/ructs him to come back to himself z soon z possible4 excrucibit m erus1 quia sib nn dx]im1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #hei1 my ma/]'ll torture me #8because ,i h n told him4' ,paetus omns librs1 qus frt] suus relquisset1 mih dnvit1 ,att4 #b1 #a1 #ab1 ,paetus made me a pres5t ( all ! books #8t 8 bro!r left4' ,= ! use ( is = s1 see #bcgj4 #bcdb4 ,! reflexive1 9 su* subord9ate clauses1 sometimes ref]s to an emphatic ^w n ! ma9 subject3 z1 id5tidem flcem ,priamum vocbat1 quod sup]/es omnium surum ex/itisset1 ,suet4 ,tib4 #fb1 he 0 = ev] call+ ,priam #8,=tune's d>l+1 because he outliv$ all 8 ki? & k94' #bcdc4 ,! reflexive ref]r+ to ! ma9 subject is sometimes irregul>ly us$ 9 subord9ate indicative clauses4 ,epamnnds 1 qu sib success]at1 ex]citum nn trdidit1 ,inv4 #a1 #ee1 ,epam9ondas did n deliv] ! army to 8 successor4 c5tum bovs mlitibus dn d$it1 qu scum fu]ant1 ,l4 #g1 #cg1 #c1 he gave a hundr$ ox5 to ! soldi]s :o _h be5 ) him4 ,,equival5ts ,,= ,a ,,reciprocal ,,pron\n4 #bcdd4 ,! place ( a reciprocal pron\n1 ea* o!r1 is suppli$ by int] ns1 int] vs1 int] s1 or by alt] or alius foll[$ by ano!r case ( ! same ^w3 z1 int] ns ntr cninct sumus1 ,f94 #c1 #ff1 we are unit$ ) ea* o!r by nature4 ,cic]ns pu] amant int] s1 ,att4 #f1 #a1 #ab1 ! ,cic]o boys are fond ( ea* o!r4 cum alius ali subsidium f]ret1 #b1 #bf1 #b1 :5 !y 7 help+ ea* o!r4 ,= ut]que1 see #bdjj4 ,! reciprocal idea is sometimes express$ by ! =m ( ! v]b3 z1 fulv lctantur h>n1 ,v4 #f1 #fdc1 !y wre/le ) ea* o!r on ! yell[ s& 7#adhg74 #bcde4 ,f ,livy on1 invicem int] s1 invicem s1 or invicem alone1 is (t5 us$ 9 ! expression ( reciprocal relations3 z1 invicem int] s grtants1 ,l4 #i1 #dc1 #ag1 mutually congratulat+ ea* o!r4 invicem s antepn5d1 ,ta4 ,agr4 #f1 mutually pref]r+ "o ano!r4 ut invicem ard5tius dligmus1 ,pl94 ,ep4 #g1 #bj1 #g1 t we may love ea* o!r m ard5tly4 ,,! ,,possessive ,,pron\n4 #bcdf4 ,! possessive ( ! p]sonal & reflexive pron\n is regul>ly omitt$1 unless x is requir$ = emphasis or contra/3 z1 ra mansque tu lavimus1 ,frnia1 lymph1 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #e1 #bd1 our h&s & faces 9 ?y rill1 ,f]onia1 we ba!4 ,! possessive sometimes has ! mean+ ( prop]1 appropriate1 fav\rable2 z1 su loc dcam1 ,qu9til4 #a1 #a1 #cf1 ,i %all tell 9 ! prop] place4 ,= ! possessive pron\n us$ in/ead ( ! possessive or objective g5itive1 see #abcd1 #abfb4 ,,! ,,demon/rative ,,pron\n4 hc4 #bcdg4 hc po9ts out :at is ne> ! speak] 9 place1 "t1 or ?\ght3 z1 h domum m ad s auf]5t1 ,pl4 ,m54 #hdg1 ^! fell[s w hale me (f to _! h\se4 nn m ex/imv 9 hc s]mne usque ad hanc aettem esse v5trum1 ,br4 #bcb1 ,i did n ?9k t 9 ?is disc\rse ,i %\ld get d[n to ! pres5t g5]ation4 reliquum omne tempus huius ann1 ,v4 #a1 #cj1 all ! re/ ( ?is ye>4 #bcdh4 hc sometimes po9ts out ! speak] ) pa?os1 or ) emphasis1 p>ticul>ly 9 com$y4 haec arma et hunc mlitem propiti flm9e accipis1 ,l4 #b1 #aj1 #aa1 receive ^! arms & ?is soldi] 9 ?y graci\s /ream1 ! pray] ( ,horatius ,cocles to ,fa!r ,tib]4 tib erunt p>ta v]ba1 huic hom9 v]b]a1 ,t4 ,hau4 #cef1 y'll get a *id+1 ?is *ild a hid+4 fcisset n haec praesnsisset cs1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #agb1 & he'd h done x1 unless ?is dog _h got sc5t ( x 9 "t1 :]e ! speak] means himself4 #bcdi4 ,! neut] plural haec sometimes means ! realm1 our c\ntry1 our /ate1 ! ,roman _w3 z1 haec1 quae iam prdem va/re /uds1 ,c4 #a1 #ba1 ! realm :i* y h long s\ght to lay 9 ru9s4 qu haec dlre cnt sunt1 ,c4 #d1 #g1 :o h tri$ to de/roy ! /ate4 s]vus e/ nm qu nn haec /re cupiat1 ,c4 #d1 #af1 !re lives no slave t wills n our c\ntry %\ld abide4 #bcej4 hc1 z express+ a famili>1 e-day ?+1 occasionally has a %ade ( contempt1 ei!r alone1 or ) volgris1 cottdinus or ! l3 z1 mittit hom9 mn]a satis l>g1 haec ad sum dome/icum1 ,v4 #d1 #fb1 he s5t him "s pres5ts--pretty lib]al ones1 commoni% ?+s = h\sehold use4 mitt hsce arts volgrs1 coqus1 pi/rs1 ,,ra4 #acd1 ,i'll skip y\r ev]yday common occupations--su* z cooks1 bak]s1 c41 c4 ta$et cottdinrum hrum frmrum1 ,t4 ,eu4 #big1 ,i'm sick ( y\r ev]yday beauties4 #bcea4 ,:5 hc relates to ! words ( a s5t5ce1 x po9ts out :at has prec$$ or is to foll[1 or emphasizes a ^w ref]r$ to by a prec$+ relative4 ,= hc us$ to introduce a new s5t5ce1 see #babi4 haec habu d s5ectte quae dc]em1 ,,cm4 #he1 ?is 0 :at ,i _h to say on ,old ,age4 s$ haec hct5us2 nunc ad o/5ta v5imus1 ,div4 #b1 #ec1 s mu* = ?is2 let u n[ g on to port5ts4 fcit pcem hs condicinibus1 ,n4 #h1 #c1 #a1 he made peace on ! foll[+ t]ms4 dcitur loctus 9 hanc f] s5t5tiam esse1 ,l4 #f1 #dj1 #b1 x is said t he spoke to some:at ! foll[+ effect4 quaesi]at ex m ,scpi quidnam s5trem d hc quod duo sls vss esse cn/ret1 ,,rp4 #a1 #ai1 ,scipio _h ask$ me :at ,i ?\ght ab\t ?is1 t x 0 g5]ally agre$ t two suns _h be5 se54 #bceb4 hc & ille are (t5 oppos$1 p>ticul>ly 9 contra/s ( classes3 z1 laudtur ab hs1 culptur ab ills1 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #b1 #aa1 "o side praises him1 ! o!r condemns4 illud e/ album1 hoc dulce1 crum illud1 hoc b5e olns1 hoc asp]um1 ,ac4 #b1 #ba1 t is :ite1 ?is is sweet1 t sonor\s1 ?is fragrant1 ?is r\gh4 rtor1 nn ille volgris s$ hc excellns1 ,o4 #de1 an orator1 n ( ! common sort1 b ! sup]ior "o ( :om we are speak+4 #bcec4 ,9 transitions1 ille introduces a new ?+1 hc d5otes ! a=em5tion$3 z1 s$ haec vet]a2 illud vr recns1 ,caes>em me cnsili int]fectum1 ,ph4 #b1 #be1 b ?is is all anci5t hi/ory2 "h1 h[ev]1 is some?+ new1 t ,caes> 0 kill$ at my sugge/ion4 #bced4 ,:5 hc & ille ref] to two diff]5t p]sons or ?+s nam$ 9 ! s5t5ce1 hc commonly ref]s to ! ne>] ^w1 ille to ! remot] ^w2 or hc sometimes ref]s to :at is ne>] ! m9d ( ! speak]1 ev5 ?\gh x be remot] 9 ! s5t5ce4 7a47 ,caes> b5eficis ac mnific5ti magnus habbtur1 integritte vtae ,cat4 ,ille mnsutd9e et mis]icordi clrus factus1 huic sevrits dignittem addid]at1 ,s4 ,c4 #ed1 #b1 ,caes> 0 e/eem$ great = 8 lib]ality & g5]osity1 ,cato = 8 unsulli$ life4 ,! =m] became fam\s ?r\gh 8 humanity & m]cy1 ! latt]'s dignity 0 height5$ by 8 au/]ity4 7b47 cav ,catn antepns n i/um quidem ipsum quem ,apoll1 ut ais1 sapi5tissimum idicvit3 huius enim facta1 illu dicta laudantur1 ,l4 #aj1 suff] n ,cato to f9d a rival ev5 9 y\r man himself1 :om1 z y say1 ,apollo decl>$ wise/ ( mank9d2 = our ,cato is r5[n$ = de$s1 ! o!r = doctr9es4 #bcee4 hc & ille are us$ toge!r1 *iefly 9 poetry1 to expla9 some?+ pa/ by a pres5t ?+3 z1 hunc illum posc]e fta reor1 ,v4 #g1 #bgb1 ?is ,i ?9k is he :om ! fates require4 hunc illum fts ext]n ab sde pr(ectum port5d g5]um1 ,v4 #g1 #bee1 ?is 0 ! man :om de/9y =etold %\ld f>e f =eign home to be 8 son-9-law4 i/e4 #bcef4 i/e po9ts out some?+ ne> to1 belong+ to1 or imput$ to ! p]son address$3 z1 cum i/ ss auctritte1 nn dbs adrip]e mal$ictum ex trivi1 ,mur4 #ac1 c>ry+ ! influ5ce t y d1 y ought n to take to /reet-corn] abuse4 multae i/rum arborum me man sunt satae1 ,,cm4 #ei1 _m ( ! trees y see !re 7 plant$ by my own h&4 salem i/um qu c>et ve/ra nti1 inrd5ds nbs nltte cnsm]e1 ,,nd4 #b1 #gd1 d n wa/e 9 ridicul+ u t wit :i* y\r frat]nity sadly ne$s4 ,(t5 ) tuus or ve/]3 z1 sdem hc sapins d qu loquor oculs quibus i/e ve/] intubitur1 ,ac4 #b1 #aje1 ! sage ( :om ,i speak w look ) ! same eyes z ! sage y boa/ (4 #bceg4 ,f its use 9 address+ oppon5ts or 9 talk+ at !m1 i/e is common 9 contemptu\s phrases3 z1 t i/s faucibus1 i/s lat]ibus1 i/ gladitri ttu corporis firmitte1 ,ph4 #b1 #fc1 y ) t gullet ( y\rs1 ^? swoll5 flanks1 t prizefight]'s bulky make-up4 nn erit i/a amcitia1 s$ m]ctra qua$am1 ,,nd4 #a1 #abb1 su* a ?+ w n be a fri5d%ip1 b a sort ( traffic4 ille4 #bceh4 ille po9ts to :at is remote 9 place1 "t1 or ?\ght3 z1 erg ill intellegunt quid ,epicrus dcat1 ego nn intelleg8 ,f94 #b1 #ac1 d ^? g5tlem5 !n und]/& :at ,epicurus means & ,i n8 populus ,rmnus nihil aequ atque illam vet]em idicirum vim gravittemque requrit1 ,caecil4 #h1 ! ,roman p miss no?+ s mu* z ! anci5t vig\r & firmness atta*+ to public trials4 hs autem d rbus sl m ille admonuit ut brevior essem1 ,,d4 #c1 #bji1 b on ^! topics yond] sun has w>n$ me to be pretty brief4 ,= o!r examples1 see #bceb-bcee4 #bcei4 ille is us$ to po9t out a celebrity1 (t5 "o ( ! pa/4 ,s1 p>ticul>ly )\t a prop] "n1 9 allusive /yle1 ref]r+ to :at is fam$ 9 /ory4 7a47 hc e/ ille ,dmo/h5s1 ,,td4 #e1 #ajc1 ?is is ! fam\s ,demo/h5es4 ,a?ninsis ille ,!mi/ocls1 ,,d4 #b1 #bii1 ,!mi/ocles ! great1 ( ,a!ns4 illud ,solnis1 ,,cm4 #ej1 ,solon's memorable words4 ,mda illa1 ,,ip4 #bb1 ,m$ea fam$ 9 /ory4 7b47 vribus ille cnfsus p]it1 ,j4 #aj1 #aj1 ! man 9 ! /ory lo/ 8 life ?r\gh confid5ce 9 8 /r5g?4 illae rgiae lacrimae1 ,pl94 ,ep4 #c1 #g1 #ac1 ! mon>*'s hi/oric te>s1 ( ,x]xes4 #bcfj4 ,indicat+ *ange ( subject1 ille is ?is o!r man4 ,9 su* cases x is (t5 be/ express$ 9 ,engli% by a prop] "n or a descriptive ^w4 ad s adulsc5tem iussit v5re4 at ille1 ut +ressus e/1 cnfe/im gladium d/rnxit1 ,(f4 #c1 #aab1 he gave ord]s to admit ! "y man4 ,b ?is o!r1 ! mom5t he ent]$1 drew 8 sword4 r/icus expectat dum dfluat amnis3 at ille lbitur et lbtur1 ,h4 ,e4 #a1 #b1 #db1 he is a peasant wait+ = ! riv] to g d[n3 b ! riv] fl[s & w fl[ on4 #bcfa4 ,9 concessions1 ille (t5 prec$es quidem2 9 translation no pron\n is requir$4 libr scrpt incnsd]t ab optims ills quidem virs1 s$ nn satis rudts1 ,,td4 #a1 #f1 books ra%ly writt5 by m5 respectable en\gh b ( insuffici5t education4 e/ t>da illa m$icna1 s$ tam5 magna1 ,,td4 #c1 #ce1 x is a p[]ful rem$y1 ?\gh sl[ 9 its work+4 hc1 is1 & i/e are us$ r>ely 9 ?is way4 #bcfb4 ,9 poetry ille may s]ve3 7#a47 ,to repeat a ?+ ) emphasis3 z1 arma virumque c ,triae qu prmus ab rs taliam vnit1 multum ille et t]rs iacttus et alt1 ,v4 #a1 #a1 arms & ! man ,i s+1 f ,troja's %ore ! fir/ to come to ,italy1 mu* toss$ t man by l& & sea4 #bcfc4 7#b47 ,to emphasize ! second ( two ideas3 z1 nunc dextr +em9ns icts1 nunc ille s9i/r1 ,v4 #e1 #deg1 n[ ) 8 "r r$\bl+ bl[s1 n[ mighty ) 8 left4 nn tam5 ,euryal1 non ille obltus amrum1 ,v4 #e1 #ccd1 /ill n ,euryalus =gett+1 no1 n he 8 love6 #bcfd4 7#c47 ,z a provisional subject1 to anticipate ! real subject1 & keep ! att5tion 9 susp5se till ! real subject comes ) emphasis3 z1 ac velut ille canum mors d montibus alts ctus ap] sub/itit1 ,v4 #aj1 #gjg1 & e'en z he1 goad$ by bite ( h\nds f m\nta9s high1 ! bo> ha? paus$4 ,,! ,,det]m9ative ,,pron\n4 is4 #bcfe4 is ref]s to some?+ nam$ 9 ! context4 ,:5 "s feel+ is to be express$1 su* z admiration1 or (t5] contempt1 hom is (t5 put = is4 7a47 petit rge et eum plribus v]bs rogat ut id ad s mittat1 ,v4 #d1 #fd1 he solicits ! k+ & begs him at consid]able l5g? to s5d x to him4 nndum mtrus imp]i ,ascanius erat1 tam5 id imp]ium ad pb]em aettem incolume mnsit1 ,l4 #a1 #c1 #a1 ,ascanius 0 n yet old en\gh = ! ?rone1 b t ?rone 0 kept safe = him till he came ( age4 7b47 ego hom9em callidirem vd nm9em quam ,phorminem4 v5i ad hom9em1 ut dc]em arg5tum opus esse1 ,t4 ,ph4 #eia1 a %rewd] man ?an ,phormio ,i nev] saw1 n ,i6 ,i w5t to him to tell him t ,i ne$$ money4 nquam esse hom9em et levem scibam1 ,se/4 #bb1 ,i knew ! fell[ 0 wor?less & frivol\s4 #bcff4 7#a47 is ref]s to some?+ nam$ be=e or aft]3 z1 eius omnis rti v]sta e/ 9 e1 ut scrptum plrimum valre oportre df5d]et1 ,,d4 #a1 #bdd1 8 :ole spee* turn$ on ! cont5tion t ! writt5 ^w %\ld be p>am\nt4 ,melitnsis ,diodrus e/2 is ,lilybae mults iam anns habitat1 ,v4 #d1 #ch1 ,diodorus is f ,melita2 he has liv$ _m ye>s at ,lilybaeum4 ,= o!r examples ( is us$ to connect s5t5ces1 see #babi4 #bcfg4 ,) a connective1 is d5otes an important addition3 z1 v9cula et ea sempit]na1 ,c4 #d1 #g1 imprisonm5t & t too p]petual4 annum iam audi5tem ,cratippum idque ,a?ns1 ,(f4 #a1 #a1 aft] a ye>'s /udy "u ,cratippus1 & t too 9 ,a!ns4 erant 9 e plrimae litt]ae nec eae volgrs1 ,br4 #bfe1 he 0 a man ( v deep read+ & t ( no common sort ei!r4 #bcfh4 7#b47 is indicates some?+ expla9$ or re/rict$ by a relative or indef9ite1 qu1 qucumque1 s quis3 z1 haec omnia is fc1 qu sodlis ,dolbellae eram1 ,fam4 #ab1 #ad1 #g1 all ?is ,i did1 ,i t 0 ,dolabella's bosom fri5d 7#ahjg74 nus ex e num] qu ad ca$em p>t erant1 ,s4 ,i4 #ce1 #f1 "o ( ! numb] t 7 ready to d murd] 7#ahjd74 neque is sum qu mortis p]cul t]re>1 #e1 #cj1 #b1 b ,i am n ! man to be sc>$ by dang] ( dea?1 no1 n ,i 7#ahah74 qucumque is e/1 m pr(iteor inimcum1 ,fam4 #aj1 #ca1 #c1 :oev] he may be1 ,i proclaim myself 8 enemy 7#ahad74 cum ipse ,alinus ex e facultte1 s quam habet1 aliquantum dtrctrus sit1 ,caecil4 #di1 see+ t ev5 ,ali5us is to suppress "s "p ( t eloqu5ce1 if any he may h4 ,see also #agie1 #agih4 ,= id quod1 see #ahaa4 #bcfi4 ,= ! use ( is in/ead ( a relative repeat$ 9 a diff]5t case1 see #ahcc4 #bcgj4 is sometimes is loosely us$ = ! reflexive s 7#bcda72 "h ! po9t ( view ( ! writ] %[s itself4 ,mlsis nvem poposcit1 quae eum ,myndum prsequ]tur1 ,v4 #a1 #hf1 he ask$ ! ,milesians = a %ip to escort him to ,myndus4 sus omns ca/rs cont9uit ignsque fi] prohibuit1 qu occultior esset eius adv5tus1 ,caes4 ,c4 #c1 #cj1 #e1 he conf9$ 8 troops to camp & =bade ! k9dl+ ( fires1 9 ord] to keep 8 com+ a great] secret4 ,,! ,,pron\n ,,( ,,id5tity4 dem4 #bcga4 dem1 ! same1 (t5 connects two diff]5t pr$icates to ! same p]son or ?+4 ,9 ?is case1 x may be v>i\sly r5d]$ by likewise1 also1 all ! same1 on ! o!r h&1 at once1 v1 nev]!less4 tbtur e cib qu et suvissimus esset et dem facillimus ad concoqu5dum1 ,f94 #b1 #fd1 he made use ( su* food z 0 bo? v da9ty & likewise v easy to dige/4 ita fet ut nn omns qu ,attic1 edem b5e dcant1 ,br4 #bia1 s x w be f\nd t n all :o speak ,attic are also good speak]s4 mult qu ut is suum et lb]ttem t5r5t voln]a excprunt =tit] et tulrunt1 dem omiss cont5tine dolrem morb f]re nn possunt1 ,,td4 #b1 #fe1 _m :o h met h]oically & endur$ w\nds1 to pres]ve _! rights & _! fre$om1 are nev]!less1 :5 no conte/ is involv$1 unable to be> ! pa9 ( a disease4 #bcgb4 dem is (t5 us$ ) o!r pron\ns1 hc1 i/e1 i/c1 ille3 z1 haec eadem c5turinibus m&bant1 #g1 #ag1 #h1 !y confid$ ^! same s5tim5ts to _! c5turions4 multae aliae idem i/uc cupiunt1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #ajdj1 _m o!r ladies want j :at y want4 #bcgc4 ,! same z is express$ by dem foll[$ by qu1 atque or ac1 ut1 quasi1 cum1 sometimes 9 poetry by ! dative4 dem sum qu semp] fu1 ,pl4 ,am4 #ddg1 ,i'm ! same man ,i've always be54 pmrium sm9rium ad eundem modum atque oleg9eum facit1 ,cato1 ,,rr4 #dh1 make y\r fruit-tree nurs]y 9 ! same way z y\r nurs]y = olive-trees 7#afec74 esdem f] v]bs ut disputtum e/1 ,,td4 #b1 #i1 9 pretty mu* ! same words z 7 us$ 9 ! actual argum5t 7#aicg74 ut edem loc rs sit quasi ea pecnia lgta nn esset1 ,leg4 #b1 #ec1 s t ! position is ! same z if ! money _h n be5 bequea!d 7#babj74 tib mcum 9 edem e/ pi/rn vv5dum1 ,,d4 #b1 #add1 y mu/ live 9 ! same mill z ,i4 ,homrus edem alis sptu' quite/1 ,lucr4 #c1 #ajcg1 ,hom] sleeps ! same sleep z o!rs4 ,,! ,,int5sive ,,pron\n4 ipse4 #bcgd4 ipse1 self1 is us$ 9 contra/s4 #bcge4 ipse may contra/ ! *ief p]son ) subord9ates1 or a p]son ) any ?+ belong+ to him4 ,catilna ipse p]timuit1 pr(git2 h quid exspectant8 ,c4 #b1 #f1 ,catil9e1 _! head1 has fl$ 9 abject t]ror2 8 m9ions "h1 :at wait !y =8 mntin1 quam fc]at1 ,t4 ,labinum lgtum praefcit2 ipse 9 taliam magns it9]ibus cont5dit1 #a1 #aj1 #c1 he put ,labi5us1 8 lieut5ant1 9 *>ge ( ! =tification he _h made2 he hurri$1 himself1 to ,italy ) =c$ m>*es4 tmt nihil adltum intelleg 33 at iam adf]tur1 s = ipsus r$i]it1 ,pl4 ,aul4 #cee1 ,i see !re's no w9e br\ght 33 b x soon w be1 if ! gov]nor comes back f d[n t[n4 #8ipse dxit2' 8ipse0 autem erat ,p?agors1 ,,dn4 #a1 #aj1 #8! old man said s2' n[ 8! old man0 0 ,py?agoras4 nvis tantum iactr fact1 incolums ips vsrunt1 ,l4 #cj1 #be1 #h1 ! vessel only 0 lo/1 & ! sailors escap$ 9 safety4 #bcgf4 ipse is (t5 us$ ) p]sonals & reflexives agree+ ) ! emphatic ^w4 ,b ! nom9ative is usually pref]r$1 especially :5 ipse /&s be=e ! o!r pron\n1 or :5 x /&s aft] p] m1 p] s4 ,aft] mmet1 nbsmet1 nsmet1 c41 x agrees ) ^! words4 7a47 neque enim pote/ ex]citum is cont9re imp]tor1 qu s ipsum nn cont9et1 ,,ip4 #ch1 = no comm&] c keep 8 army "u control :o does n keep 8 own self "u control4 mles frtrem suum1 de9 s ipsum int]fcit1 ,ta4 ,h4 #c1 #ea1 a soldi] slew 8 own bro!r1 !n himself4 7b47 ipse s quisque dligit1 ,l4 #hj1 e man loves himself4 bellum p] s ipse1 iniuss popul ac s5ts1 fcit1 ,l4 #a1 #di1 #g1 he made w> on 8 own responsibility1 )\t ord]s f ! p & s5ate4 ,inius necem sib ipse cnscvit1 ,,dn4 #b1 #g1 ,junius kill$ himself4 nn ege m$icn1 m ipse cnslor1 ,l4 #aj1 ,i ne$ no m$ic9e1 ,i am my own com=t]4 7c47 ut nbsmet ipss imp]mus1 ,,td4 #b1 #dg1 t we %\ld gov]n ourselves4 #bcgg4 ipse alone sometimes /&s = an emphatic s or suus3 z1 p]timurunt n ab ipss dscsc]et et cum sus 9 grtiam r$ret1 ,n4 #g1 #e1 #a1 !y 7 mu* afraid t he w\ld ab&on !m & come into fav\r ) 8 compatriots aga94 ea mole/issim f]re hom9s db5t1 quae ipsrum culp contrcta sunt1 ,q,fr4 #a1 #a1 #b1 p %\ld be mo/ vex$ at ?+s :i* are br\ght ab\t ?r\gh fault ( _! own4 #bcgh4 ipse is us$ 9 _m comb9ations :]e self is an inadequate translation4 ,x may sometimes be translat$ by3 #bcgi4 7#a47 ,actual1 positive1 ev54 habet c]ts su /udiss1 qus valtd modo bona sit1 t5uits ipsa dlectat1 ,br4 #fd1 he has a clique ( admir]s1 :o are *>m$ by positive scragg9ess1 provid$ ! heal? be good4 hc ipsum legantius pn meliusque potuit1 ,f94 #b1 #ajj1 ev5 ?is might h be5 put m logically & bett]4 #bchj4 7#b47 ,regul>1 prop]1 real4 flagrantem invidi propt] int]itum ,c4 ,grac* ipse populus ,rmnus p]cul lb]vit1 ,se/4 #adj1 ?\gh greatly dete/$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! dea? ( ,grac*us1 he 0 acquitt$ by ! ,roman p prop]4 cvs ,rmn p]mult 9 ill oppid cninctissim anim cum ipss ,agrig5tns vvunt1 ,v4 #d1 #ic1 a great _m ,romans live 9 t t[n 9 mo/ fri5dly relations ) ! natives ( ,agrig5tum4 #bcha4 7#c47 ,z well1 likewise1 too1 = :i*1 f ,livy on1 et ipse is us$4 hoc ,rpheus1 hoc ipse ,dyms1 omnisque iuv5ts laeta facit1 ,v4 #b1 #cid1 ?is ,ripheus do?1 ?is ,dymas too1 & all ! y\? al]t4 cgitti ,locrs urbem recipi5d1 quae sub dfectinem taliae dscv]at et ipsa ad ,po5s1 ,l4 #bi1 #f1 #a1 a project = recov]+ ! city ( ,locri1 :i*1 on ! revolt ( ,italy1 _h likewise gone ov] to ! ,c>?ag9ians4 #bchb4 7#d47 ,alone1 m]e4 nn slum adv5tus mal1 s$ etiam metus ipse adf]t calamittem1 ,,ip4 #ae1 n only ! com+ ( mis=tune1 b ev5 ! m]e dread ( x br+s disa/]4 #bchc4 7#e47 ,exactly1 j1 ) num]als & dates1 or "r1 ( place4 anns ,,lxxxvi ipss ante m cnsulem1 ,br4 #fa1 exactly #hf ye>s be=e my consul%ip4 ,kal5ds ipss ,novembribus1 ,c4 #a1 #h1 on ! #a/ ( ,novemb] precisely4 9 ips vad dprehnsus ,indutiom>us int]ficitur1 #e1 #eh1 #f1 "r at ! =d ,indutiom>us is caught & kill$4 supr ipsum balneum habit1 ,s54 ,ep4 #ef1 #a1 ,i live "r ov] a ba?4 #bchd4 7#f47 ,( oneself1 volunt>ily1 ( "o's own motion4 valvae subit s ipsae ap]urunt1 ,div4 #a1 #gd1 ! temple-door sudd5ly op5$ ( itself4 ,catilnam vel icimus vel msimus vel ipsum gr$i5tem v]bs prsect sumus1 ,c4 #b1 #a1 we h driv5 ,catil9e out1 or let him out1 or1 :5 he 0 go+ out ( 8 own motion1 wi%$ him godspe$4 ,,! ,,int]rogative ,,pron\n4 ut] & quis4 #bche4 ut]1 :e!r8 :i*8 is us$ 9 que/ions ab\t two ?+s2 quis & qu1 :o8 :at8 9 que/ions ab\t m ?an two1 ?\gh sometimes loosely ( two ?+s4 ut] e/ nsnior hrum8 ,h4 ,s4 #b1 #c1 #ajb1 :i* ( ^! is ! great] crank8 praeclr apud eundem e/ ,platnem1 similit] fac]e es qu int] s cont5d]5t ut] potius rem pblicam adm9i/rret1 ut s nautae c]tr5t quis erum potissimum gub]nret1 ,(f4 #a1 #hg1 9 ! same ,plato is ! excell5t say+ t = p to fall out ) "o ano!r ab\t :i* ( two m5 %\ld manage a /ate1 7 j z if ! crew ( a %ip %\ld qu>rel ab\t :i* ( !m %\ld be pilot4 ut quem vels1 nescis1 ,att4 #af1 #ad1 #a1 s t y don't "k :i* to *oose1 z betwe5 ,octavian & ,antony4 #bchf4 quis & quid ask to h a ?+ nam$2 qu & quod to h x describ$4 ,b see #fhe4 quis ,dinem ,syrcosium doctrns omnibus expolvit8 nn ,plat8 ,,d4 #c1 #aci1 :o ref9$ ,syracusan ,dio ) le>n+ ( e sort8 0 x n ,plato8 quid rds1 ,h4 ,s4 #b1 #e1 #c1 :y do/ ?\ laugh8 7#aadd74 quis fuit igitur833 i/e ,*a]ea433 qu ,*a]ea8 ,t4 ,eu4 #hbc1 :o 0 he !n833 y\r preci\s ,*a]ea433 :at ,*a]ea8 quem frctum pet5ts scre cupimus illa qu mod moveantur8 ,f94 #c1 #cg1 ) :at practical end 9 view d we seek to "k h[ yon bodies 9 ! sky keep 9 motion8 ,,! ,,relative ,,pron\n4 #bchg4 ,! relative pron\n has already be5 treat$2 see #agib-ahcg4 ,,! ,,indef9ite ,,pron\n4 quis or qu2 quispiam4 #bchh4 quis or qu1 a1 "s1 somebody1 always /&s aft] "o or m words ( ! s5t5ce4 quis or qu is us$ aft] s 7nisi1 sve71 n1 num1 utrum1 an1 qu1 or qu&1 9 pref]5ce to aliquis1 unless emphasis is int5d$4 dx]it quis1 ,(f4 #c1 #gf1 somebody may say4 malum quod tib d dabunt1 ,pl4 ,am4 #efc1 "s curse ! gods w br+ ^u !e4 h1 s quid erat drius1 concurrbant2 s qu equ dcid]at1 circumsi/bant1 #a1 #dh1 #f1 if !re 0 ev] any %>pi% "w1 ^! m5 w\ld rally2 if a man fell f 8 horse1 !y w\ld close r\nd him4 praecipit atque int]dcit num omns pet]5t ,indutiom>um1 neu quis quem vuln]et1 #e1 #eh1 #d1 he *>ges !m & =bids !m2 !y 7 all to assail ,indutiom>us alone2 & nobody 0 to w\nd anybody 7#bdjb74 #bchi4 quispiam1 a1 "s1 "o or ano!r4 =sitan quispiam dx]it1 ,(f4 #c1 #bi1 p]adv5ture somebody may say4 quispiam dcet1 ,v4 #c1 #aaa1 somebody w say4 cum quaepiam cohors impetum fc]at1 ho/s vlcissim refugibant1 #e1 #ce1 #a1 e "t "o or ano!r cohort *>g$1 ! enemy fl$ back quick spe$ 7#bcid74 aliquis4 #bcij4 aliquis or aliqu "s "o1 "s "o or o!r1 has always "s affirmative emphasis1 & is oppos$ to ! idea ( all1 mu*1 none3 z1 nn enim dclmtrem aliquem d ld1 s$ p]fectissimum qua]imus1 ,o4 #dg1 = x is n "s sp\t] f s*ool t we aim to f9d1 b ! ideal orator4 omns ut aliquam p]nicisam b/iam fugibant1 ,clu4 #da1 ev]ybody avoid$ him1 l "s dang]\s wild animal or o!r4 aud aliquid ,gy>s dgnum s vs esse aliquid1 ,j4 #a1 #gc1 v5ture "s de$ t des]ves transportation1 if y c>e to be some?+ gr&4 nn s9e aliqu sp1 ,d4 #g1 n )\t "s hope4 qua] sitne aliqua cti an nlla1 ,caec4 #cc1 ,i ask :e!r !re is "s gr\nd = an action or none4 num igitur aliquis dolor po/ mortem e/8 ,,td4 #a1 #hb1 is !re1 !n1 "s s5se ( pa9 aft] dea?8 ,) emphasis aft] s 7#bchh73 s aliquid d summ gravitte ,pompius1 multum de cupiditte ,caes> remsisset1 aliquam rem pblicam nbs habre licuisset1 ,ph4 #ac1 #b1 if ,pompey _h sacrific$ really some?+ ( 8 importance1 & ,caes> a good deal ( 8 ambition1 we might h _h :at w\ld h be5 to "s degree a commonweal?4 #bcia4 aliquis is sometimes equival5t to aliquis alius3 z1 cum ,m4 ,psne et cum ,q4 ,pompi aut cum aliqu1 ,br4 #caj1 ) ,piso or ,pompey or "s o!r man4 ea mih cottdi aut tre aut vn aut aliqu semp] supplicat1 ,pl4 ,aul4 prol4 #bc1 %e always (f]s me inc5se or w9e or some?+ else e day4 qudam4 #bcib4 qudam1 a1 a c]ta91 d5otes a ?+ :i* we _c describe or d n c>e to4 nn inrdicul qudam ex mlitibus decimae leginis dxit3 pls quam pollicitus esset1 ,caes>em fac]e1 #a1 #db1 #f1 "o ( ! privates ( ! ,t5? said a v dry ?+3 t #8,caes> 0 do+ m ?an he engag$ to4' accurrit qudam ntus mihi nm9e tantum1 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #i1 #c1 up trots a man ,i knew by "n alone4 assimilis qudam mgitu sonus1 ,suet4 ,galb4 #ah1 a my/]i\s s\nd l ! l[+ ( a c[4 vidmus ntram su qudam it9]e ad ultimum p]v5re1 ,,dn4 #b1 #ce1 nature rea*es p]fection by a k9d ( road ( h] own4 ,(t5 9 translations f ,greek3 z1 alis librs ratinem qu&am p] omnem ntram rrum p]t95tem v dvn esse adfectam putat1 ,,dn4 #a1 #cf1 9 o!r works he supposes #8a k9d ( ,reason p]vad+ all nature & end[$ ) div9e p[]1 ( ,z5o's doctr9e4 #bcic4 qudam is (t5 us$ to s(t5 an exagg]ation or a metaphor1 sometimes to d5ote contempt4 loqu5tissims hom9s innum]bils qusdam nm9bat1 ,,d4 #a1 #ia1 great speak]s he nam$1 absolutely )\t numb]4 ad omns enim mes impets quasi mrus qudam bon nm5 imp]tris oppnitur1 ,v4 #e1 #b1 = aga9/ all assaults ( m9e ! "n ( a good comm&] is set up1 l a regul> wall4 s$ aliud quoddam flum rtinis tuae1 ,l4 #be1 b !re is q a diff]5t fibre to y\r spee*4 nn e/ erum urbnitte qudam quasi colrta rti1 ,br4 #agj1 _! language lacks ! t+e ( an indef9able metropolitan elem5t4 ,!omn/us qudam1 homo rdicul nsnus1 ,v4 #d1 #adh1 a p]son ( ! "n ( ,!omna/us1 an absurd1 crack-bra9$ creature4 ,erratum3 #bcib 444 he supposes #8a k9d ( ,reason p]vad+ all nature & end[$ ) div9e p[] mismat*$ op5 quote 9 orig9al2 au?or's mean+ uncle> 7"w cit$ does n use explicit quotation m>ks7 quisque4 #bcid4 quisque1 ea*1 ea* 9 p>ticul>1 ea* by himself1 applies :at is /at$ ( all to ea* sev]al case1 out ( a numb] m ?an two4 laudt pr cntine omns sunt1 dntque pr m]it quisque1 ,l4 #ch1 #bc1 #aa1 !y 7 collectively comm5d$ 9 assembly conv5$1 & receiv$ pres5ts1 ea* 9 proportion to 8 des]ts4 quotins quaeque cohors prcurr]at1 magnus num]us ho/ium cadbat1 #e1 #cd1 #b1 z ! cohorts successively *>g$1 a great numb] ( ! enemy fell e "t 7#bchi74 mns cuiusque1 is e/ quisque1 nn ea figra quae digit dmn/rr pote/1 ,,rp4 #f1 #bf1 ! m9d ( a man is always ! man1 & n t %ape :i* c be po9t$ out by ! f+]4 #bcie4 quisque is sometimes us$ 9 a relative & demon/rative s5t5ce bo?4 quod cuique obtigit1 id quisque t5eat1 ,(f4 #a1 #ba1 let e man keep :at he has got4 id enim e/ cuiusque proprium1 qu quisque fruitur atque titur1 ,fam4 #g1 #cj1 #b1 = t is always a man's prop]ty :i* he has ! enjoym5t & use (4 #bcif4 ,9 a complex s5t5ce1 consi/+ ( a ma9 & a relative s5t5ce1 quisque is usually express$ b once1 & !n 9 ! unemphatic relative s5t5ce4 ,9 ,engli%1 ! equival5t ( quisque goes ) ! ma9 s5t5ce4 nm fuit qu nn surrx]it1 tlumque quod cuique =s (f]bat1 adripu]it1 ,v4 #d1 #ie1 n a man b sprang f 8 b$1 & seiz$ 9 e in/ance su* a weapon z *ance ?rew 9 8 way4 !trum cum commne sit1 rct tam5 dc pote/1 eius esse eum locum1 quem quisque occuprit1 ,f94 #c1 #fg1 ?\gh ! !atre is op5 to all1 /ill x may be said ) p]fect propriety1 t ea* spectator is entitl$ to ! seat he has tak54 ,messnam ut quisque no/rm vn]at1 haec vs]e solbat1 ,v4 #d1 #e1 any ,roman1 :o w5t to ,messana1 inv>iably w5t to see ^! /atues 7#aici74 erum ut quisque prmus vn]at1 sub mr cnsi/bat1 #g1 #dh1 #b1 z !y successively arriv$1 ea* man ( !m took 8 /& "u ! wall4 #bcig4 quisque is (t5 us$ ) s or suus1 sup]latives1 & ord9als1 hold+ an unemphatic place aft] ^! words3 z1 ipse s quisque dligit1 ,l4 #hj1 a man always loves 8 own self4 suos quoique ms1 ,t4 ,ph4 #ded1 e man 8 own way4 huic pr s quisque no/rm m$r velle dbmus1 ,l4 ,agr4 #a1 #bf1 ?is evil we ought to wi% to rem$y1 accord+ to our sev]al abilities4 optimum quidque rrissimum e/1 ,f94 #b1 #ha1 ev] ! faire/ is ! r>e/4 nam 9 = vix decumus quisque/1 qu ipsus ss nv]it1 ,pl4 ,ps4 #igc1 = 9 ! m>ketplace !re's sc>ce "o man 9 e t5 t kn[s himself4 qunt quque ann ,sicilia tta cnstur1 ,v4 #b1 #aci1 at ! end ( e f\r ye>s all ,sicily is assess$4 quamquam prmum quidque explicmus1 ,fam4 #ab1 #a1 #a1 b /ay--let me expla9 ?+s successively2 or1 "o ?+ aft] ano!r4 litt]s msit1 ut is nulus ad s prm quque tempore adf]rtur1 ,v4 #d1 #eh1 he s5t a lett] direct+ said r+ to be s5t to him )\t delay4 #bcih4 ,9 old ,lat9 quisque is sometimes equival5t to qucumque or quisquis1 :oev]3 z1 quisque obviam huic occess]it rt1 vpulbit1 ,pl4 ,z4 #djd1 :oev] meets him 9 8 wra? w cat* x4 ,9 cuiusque g5]is & cuiusque mod1 x means any & e3 z1 tot hom9s cuiusque mod1 ,v4 #d1 #g1 s _m p ( e sort1 i4e4 cuicuimod4 ,! neut] quidquid = quidque is n uncommon3 z1 cum prcessit paulum et qut5us quicquid s att+at p]spic]e coepit1 ,f94 #e1 #bd1 :5 x has progress$ a little & has begun to discov] h[ f> ea* ?+ affects x4 ,mascul9e quisquis = quisque is d\btful 7see ,fam4 #f1 #a1 #a74 ut]que4 #bcii4 ut]que1 ea*1 is us$ ( two individuals1 & utrque ( two sets or p>ties4 ,b sometimes utrque is us$ ( two individuals4 7a47 ut illa ntra caele/is et t]r vacat et mre1 sc utriusque hrum rrum hmnus animus e/ exp]s1 ,,td4 #a1 #fe1 ev5 z ! heav5ly nature is free f ! e>?y & ! humid1 s ! s\l ( man has no "p 9 ei!r ( ^! qualities 7#abdc74 nt tremefactus ut]que e/ polus1 ,o4 ,f4 #b1 #dhi1 at 8 nod trembl$ ea* pole 7#abdc74 ,aetlirum utraeque mans ,hraclam ss inclsrunt1 ,l4 #cf1 #af1 #e1 bo? b&s ( ! ,aetolians %ut !mselves up 9 ,h]aclea4 7b47 sex fli nbs1 duae fliae sunt1 utraeque iam nptae1 ,l4 #db1 #cd1 #d1 we h six sons & two daught]s1 bo? already m>ri$4 #bdjj4 ,reciprocal relations 7#bcdd7 are sometimes express$ by ut]que foll[$ by a diff]5t case ( alt]2 r>ely by ut]que & a diff]5t case ( ! same ^w4 7a47 qurum ut]que contempsit alt]um1 ,(f4 #a1 #d1 ea* ( :om lightly e/eem$ ! o!r4 7b47 abdc nn pote/ 33 qu nn pote/8 33 quia ut]que utrque/ cord1 ,t4 ,ph4 #gii1 %e's n to be tak5 f him 33 :y isn't %e8 33 because !y're he>t to he>t4 ,?is d\bl+ ( ut]que is f\nd only half a doz5 times2 n 9 ,cic]o4 quvs & qulibet2 ut]vs & ut]libet4 #bdja4 quvs & qulibet1 any y please1 are us$ ei!r 9 affirmative or negative s5t5ces4 ,:5 two are spok5 (1 ut]vs or ut]libet is us$4 7a47 ut quvs intelleg]e posset1 ,v4 #e1 #ag1 s t any fool might "k4 faciat quidlubet1 ,t4 ,hau4 #dfd1 let him d any?+ he likes4 7b47 qu utramvs rct nvit1 ambs nv]it1 ,t4 ,&r4 prol4 #aj1 :o kn[s ei!r well1 kn[s bo?4 utrumlibet lige1 ,qu9ct4 #ha1 *oose ei!r y l4 quisquam & llus4 #bdjb4 quisquam 7#fib71 a s+le "o1 any "o at all1 & llus1 any1 are us$ *iefly 9 negative s5t5ces or 9 int]rogative1 conditional1 & comp>ative s5t5ces imply+ negation1 or ) s9e4 vn ,a?ns1 neque m quisquam ib adgnvit1 ,,td4 #e1 #ajd1 ,i came to ,a!ns & n a p]son !re knew me 7#afei74 int]dcit omnibus1 n quemquam int]ficiant1 #g1 #dj1 #d1 he w>ns !m collectively aga9/ kill+ any man at all 7#bchh74 hunc su quisquam s5t5ti ex hc urbe expellet8 ,mil4 #ajd1 w anybody at all1 by 8 vote1 bani% ?is man f ,rome8 quis hoc fcit ll 9 ,scy?i tyrannus8 ,pis4 #ah1 :at tyrant ev] did ?is 9 any ,scy?ia8 s quisquam e/ timidus1 is ego sum1 ,fam4 #f1 #ad1 #a1 if anybody is timid1 ,i am ! man4 qu saepius cum ho/e cnflxit quam quisquam cum inimc conc]tvit1 ,,ip4 #bh1 :o has measur$ swords (t5] ) ! enemy ?an anybody ev] wrangl$ ) an oppon5t 9 private life4 s9e ll met 9 ipsum portum p5etrre coeprunt1 ,v4 #e1 #if1 )\t a bit ( fe> !y began to make _! way "r into ! h>b\r4 nm quisquam & nihil quicquam are old & late3 z1 lepidirem uxrem nm quisquam habet1 ,pl4 ,cas4 #ajjh1 nobody has a jolli] wife4 no/] mal nl quicquam prm1 ,t4 ,ph4 #hj1 our "y ma/] didn't make any tr\ble at fir/4 #bdjc4 nm is g5]ally us$ = nn quisquam1 nm umquam = numquam quisquam1 nihil = nn quicquam1 & nllus = nn llus4 ,if only two are spok5 (1 neut] is us$4 ,! plural neutr is us$ ( two p>ties4 nm/ mis]ior m1 ,t4 ,hau4 #bfc1 no man's unhappi] ?an ,i4 nm igitur vir magnus s9e aliqu adflt dvn umquam fuit1 ,,dn4 #b1 #afg1 nobody :o is a great man 0 ev] )\t "s div9e inspiration4 ab nll ille lb]lius quam ,clu5ti trcttus e/1 ,clu4 #afa1 by no man has he be5 treat$ m g5]\sly ?an by ,clu5tius4 neutrum erum contr alt]um iuvre1 ,caes4 ,c4 #a1 #ce1 #e1 to help nei!r ( !m aga9/ ! o!r4 neutr alt]s prm c]nbant1 ,l4 #ba1 #df1 #d1 nei!r p>ty saw ! o!rs at fir/4 7,d47 ,,num]als4 #bdjd4 ,num]als are divid$ into ,adjectives3 ,c>d9al1 nus1 "o1 duo1 two1 c42 ,ord9al1 prmus1 fir/1 secundus1 second1 c42 ,di/ributive1 s+ul1 "o ea*1 bn1 two ea*1 c42 & ,num]al ,adv]bs3 semel1 once1 bis1 twice1 c4 ,= ! inflection ( num]als1 see #fcg-fdc4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,! foll[+ section 0 pr9t$ z a s+le l>ge table1 spann+ two fac+ pages4 ,x has be5 re=matt$ = ?is text4 #bdje4 ,,arabic4 ,,c>d9als4 ,,ord9als4 ,,di/ributives4 ,,num]al ,,adv]bs4 ,,roman4 #a nus1 "o 7#fch7 prmus1 fir/ 7#fdc7 s+ul1 "o ea* 7#fdc7 semel1 once ,i #b duo1 two 7#fci7 secundus1 second bn1 two ea* bis1 twice ,,ii #c trs1 ?ree 7#fci7 t]tius1 ?ird t]n1 trn1 ?ree ea* t]1 ?rice ,,iii #d quattuor1 f\r qurtus1 f\r? quat]n1 f\r ea* quat]1 f\r times ,,iiii or ,,iv #e qunque1 five quntus1 fif? qun1 five ea* qunquins1 five times ,v #f sex1 six sextus1 six? sn1 six ea* sexins1 six times ,,vi #g septem1 sev5 septimus1 sev5? septn1 sev5 ea* septins1 sev5 times ,,vii #h oct1 eight octvus1 eigh? octn1 eight ea* octins1 eight times ,,viii #i novem1 n9e nnus1 n9? novn1 n9e ea* novins1 n9e times ,,viiii or ,,ix #aj decem1 t5 decimus1 t5? dn1 t5 ea* decins1 t5 times ,x #aa ndecim1 elev5 ndecimus1 elev5? ndn1 elev5 ea* ndecins1 elev5 times ,,xi #ab duodecim duodecimus duodn duodecins ,,xii #ac tr$ecim t]tius decimus t]n dn t]decins ,,xiii #ad quattuordecim qurtus decimus quat]n dn quat] decins ,,xiiii or ,,xiv #ae qundecim quntus decimus qun dn qundecins ,,xv #af sdecim sextus decimus sn dn sdecins ,,xvi #ag sept5decim septimus decimus septni dn septins decins ,,xvii #ah duodvg9t duodvcsimus duodvcn octins decins ,,xviii #ai ndvg9t ndvcsimus ndvcn novins decins ,,xviiii or ,,xix #bj vg9t1 tw5ty vcsimus1 tw5tie? vcn1 tw5ty ea* vcins1 tw5ty times ,,xx #ba vg9t nus or nus et vg9t vcsimus prmus or nus et vcsimus vcn s+ul or s+ul et vcn vcins semel or semel et vcins ,,xxi #bb vg9t duo or duo et vg9t vcsimus alt] or alt] et vcsimus vcn bn or bn et vcn vcins bis or bis et vcins ,,xxii #bh duodtrg9t duodtrcsimus duodtrcn duodtrcins ,,xxviii #bi ndtrg9t ndtrcsimus ndtrcn 99ndtrcins ,,xxviiii or ,,xxix #cj trg9t trcsimus trcn trcins ,,xxx #dj quadrg9t quadrgsimus quadrgn quadrgins ,,xxxx or ,x #ej qunqug9t qunqugsimus qunqugn qunqugins #fj sexg9t sexgsimus sexgn sexgins ,x #gj septug9t septugsimus septugn septugins ,,xx #hj octg9t octgsimus octgn octgins ,,xxx #ij nng9t nngsimus nngn nngins ,,xxxx or ,,xc #ii ndc5tum ndc5tsimus ndc5tn 99ndc5tins ,,xxxxviiii or ,,xcix #ajj c5tum1 "o hundr$ c5tsimus1 "o hundr$? c5tn1 a hundr$ ea* c5tins1 a hundr$ times ,c #aja c5tum nus or c5tum et nus c5tsimus prmus or c5tsimus et prmus c5tn s+ul c5tins semel or c5tins et semel ,,ci #bjj duc5t 7#fda7 duc5tsimus ducn duc5tins ,,cc #cjj trec5t trec5tsimus trecn trec5tins ,,ccc #djj quadr+5t quadr+5tsimus quadr+n quadr+5tins ,,cccc #ejj qung5t qung5tsimus qungn qung5tins ,d #fjj sesc5t sesc5tsimus sescn sesc5tins ,,dc #gjj sept+5t sept+5tsimus sept+n sept+5tins ,,dcc #hjj oct+5t oct+5tsimus oct+n oct+5tins ,,dccc #ijj nng5t nng5tsimus nngn nng5tins ,,dcccc #a1jjj mlle1 ?\s& 7#fdb7 mllsimus1 ?\s&? s+ula mllia1 a ?\s& ea* mllins1 a ?\s& times #b1jjj duo mllia bis mllsimus bna mllia bis mllins #e1jjj qunque mllia qunquins mllsimus quna mllia qunquins mllins #aj1jjj decem mllia decins mllsimus dna mllia decins mllins #ej1jjj qunqug9t mllia qunqugins mllsimus qunqugna mllia qunqugins mllins #ajj1jjj c5tum mllia c5tins mllsimus c5tna mllia c5tins mllins #a1jjj1jjj decins c5tna mllia decins c5tins mllsimus decins c5tna mllia decins c5tins mllins symbol ,erratum3 #bdje 444 quadr+5tsimus qudr+5tsimus ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,9 ?is section1 -- repres5ts a lett] or image t c\ld n be reproduc$ 9 pla9 text4 ,,notation4 #bdjf4 ,numb]s are not$ by comb9ations ( ! *>act]s ,i #a2 ,v #e2 ,x #aj2 1 lat] --1 --1 or ,l #ej2 ,c #ajj2 ,d #ejj2 or --1 po/-,augu/an ,m #ajjj4 #bdjg4 ,( ^! signs1 ,v seems to be ! half ( ,x1 :i* may be ,etruscan 9 orig94 ,! orig9al signs = #ej & #ajjj 7 tak5 f ! ,*alcidian ,greek alphabet 7#ah1 #ai71 9 :i* !y repres5t$ s\nds unkn[n to e>ly ,lat94 ,?us1 1 9 ! ,*alcidian alphabet repres5t+ * 7#di71 0 us$ by ! e>ly ,romans = #ej1 & became successively --1 --1 & ,l4 ,! =m 1 is f\nd v r>ely1 -- (t5]1 9 ! ,augu/an p]iod2 -- is common dur+ ! la/ c5tury ( ! republic & 9 ! e>ly empire2 ,l1 due to assimilation ) ! ,roman lett]1 appe>s 9 ! la/ c5tury ( ! republic4 ,! sign = #ajjj 0 orig9ally 7,*alcidian ph72 x became -- 7! common classical =m71 --1 or --2 ! =m ,m z a num]al appe>s 9 ! second c5tury ,a4,d41 al?\gh ,m is f\nd mu* e>li] z an abbreviation = mllia 9 ,m ,p1 t is mllia passuum4 ,= #ajj1 ! sign 7,*alcidian ?7 may h be5 us$ orig9ally2 b ,c 7! abbreviation = c5tum7 came into use at an e>ly p]iod4 ,! sign ,d1 #ejj1 is ! half ( 4 #bdjh4 ,to d5ote #aj1jjj ! sign = #ajjj 0 d\bl$3 ?us1 1 writt5 also --1 --1 --4 ,ano!r circle 0 add$ to d5ote #ajj1jjj3 ?us1 1 writt5 also --1 --1 --4 ,! halves ( ^! signs 7 us$ = #ejjj & #ej1jjj3 ?us1 & 2 v>iations ( ^! la/ two signs are f\nd1 correspond+ to ! v>iations ( ! signs ( :i* !y are ! halves4 #bdji4 ,f ! la/ c5tury ( ! republic on1 ?\s&s are sometimes indicat$ by a l9e drawn above a num]al1 & hundr$s ( ?\s&s by ?ree l9es enclos+ a num]al3 z1 ,v #ejjj2 -- #a1jjj1jjj4 #bdaj4 ,to di/+ui% num]als f ord9>y lett]s1 a l9e is (t5 drawn above !m3 z1 ,v,i #f4 ,?is practice is common 9 ! ,augu/an p]iod2 e>li]1 a l9e is sometimes drawn across ! num]al1 z1 -- #b2 -- #ejj4 #bdaa4 ,( ! two me?ods ( writ+ ! symbols = #d1 #i1 #ad1 #ai1 c41 ! me?od by subtraction 7,,iv1 ,,ix1 ,,xiv1 ,,xix1 c47 is r>]1 & is *>act]i/ic ( private1 n public inscriptions4 ,erratum3 #bdaj 444 a l9e is sometimes drawn across ! num]al examples %[ t 8across0 means 8?r\gh01 n 8above0 ,,"s ,,=ms ,,( ,,num]als4 #bdab4 qunctus1 ! old] =m ( quntus 7#agj1 #d7 is sometimes f\nd 9 old & ev5 9 classical writ]s4 ,in/ead ( septimus & decimus1 ! old] septumus & decumus are n uncommon 7#bh74 #bdac4 ,9 ! ord9als f tw5tie? upw>ds1 ! old] =ms vcnsumus or vcnsimus1 trcnsumus or trcnsimus1 c41 c41 are n infrequ5tly f\nd in/ead ( vcsimus1 trcsimus1 c41 c4 7#fc2 #bh74 #bdad4 ,9 ! num]al adv]bs f qunquins upw>ds1 lat] =ms 9 -s 7#fc7 are (t5 f\nd3 z1 qunquis1 decis1 c41 c4 #bdae4 ,9 c>d9als & ord9als f ?irte5 to sev5te5 inclusive1 ! l>g] numb] sometimes comes fir/1 & 9 c>d9als et is sometimes us$1 ?\gh r>ely 9 ,cic]o4 decem trs1 ,l4 #cg1 #cj1 #g1 ?irte54 funds decem et trs relquit1 ,,ra4 #bj1 he left ?irte5 f>ms4 ,r>ely ! small] numb] comes fir/ ) et3 z1 d tribus et decem funds1 ,,ra4 #ii1 ( ! ?irte5 f>ms4 #bdaf4 ,numb]s f #ah to #ii inclusive :i* end 9 #h or #i are usually express$ by subtraction1 z 9 ! li/ 7#bdje72 less frequ5tly 7n 9 ,cic]o1 r>ely 9 classical writ]s7 by addition3 z1 decem et oct1 #d1 #ai1 #d2 decem novem1 ,ta4 ,h4 #b1 #eh4 #bdag4 ,9 comp\nd numb]s f tw5ty-"o to n9ety-sev5 inclusive1 except ^? :i* end 9 eight or n9e 7#bdaf71 ! small] numb] ) et usually comes fir/ or ! l>g] numb] )\t et1 z 9 ! li/4 ,b r>ely ! l>g] numb] comes fir/ ) et3 z1 vg9t et septem1 ,v4 #d1 #abc1 tw5ty & sev54 #bdah4 ,9 numb]s f a hundr$ & "o upw>ds1 ! l>g] numb] comes fir/1 ei!r ) or )\t et2 b ) di/ributives et is n us$4 ,) c>d9als & ord9als ! small] numb] sometimes comes fir/ ) et2 z1 is rgis quadrg9t anns et duc5ts praet]its1 ,,rp4 #b1 #eb1 aft] ^! two hundr$ & =ty ye>s ( mon>*y 7 end$4 ,,"s ,,uses ,,( ,,num]als4 ,,c>d9als ,,& ,,ord9als4 #bdai4 ,dates are express$ ei!r by c>d9als ) a plural sub/antive or by ord9als ) a s+ul> sub/antive3 z1 dicttor factus e/ anns po/ ,rmam conditam ,,ccccxv1 ,fam4 #i1 #ba1 #b1 he 0 made dictator #dae ,u4 ,c4 7#acic74 ann trec5tsim qunqugsim po/ ,rmam conditam1 ,nns ,ins1 ,,rp4 #a1 #be1 on ! #e? ( ,june1 #cej ,u4 ,c4 7#acej74 ,! ord9al is also us$ ) a sub/antive n us$ 9 ! s+ul>3 z1 mancipia vnbant ,sturnlibus t]tis1 ,att4 #e1 #bj1 #e1 ! slaves 7 sold on ! ?ird day ( ! ,saturnalia4 ,z ! ,romans1 h[ev]1 _h no fix$ (ficial era1 !y _h no dates 9 ! mod]n s5se1 & m>k$ ! ye> by ! names ( ! consuls4 ,,di/ributives4 #bdbj4 ,di/ributives are us$ to d5ote an equal division among sev]al p]sons or ?+s1 & 9 expressions ( multiplication3 z1 bn s5trs s+uls cohortibus praeposit1 ,l4 #c1 #fi1 #h1 two s5ators 7 put ov] e cohort3 sometimes :5 s+ul is add$1 ! c>d9al is us$1 ?us3 s+uls cnsribus dnri trec5t imp]t sunt1 ,v4 #b1 #acg1 e c5sor 0 assess$ #cjj d5>s4 bis bna1 ,,dn4 #b1 #di1 twice two4 ,poets use multiplication freely1 p>tly = v>iety1 b ma9ly f metrical necessity4 #bdba4 ,di/ributives are also us$ ) sub/antives :i* h no s+ul>1 or :i* h a diff]5t mean+ 9 ! s+ul>2 b 9 ?is use "o is always n1 n s+ul1 & ?ree is (t5 trn1 n t]n3 z1 ut na ca/ra iam facta ex bns vidr5tur1 ,caes4 ,c4 #a1 #gd1 #d1 s t "o camp seem$ n[ to h be5 =m$ out ( two4 trns catns v9ctus1 #a1 #ec1 #e1 9 triple irons4 ,simil>ly ) ?+s 9 pairs1 z3 bovs bn1 ,pl4 ,p]s4 #cag1 a yoke ( ox54 #bdbb4 ,poets sometimes use ! s+ul> ( di/ributives3 z1 c5tnque arbore flctum v]b]at1 ,v4 #aj1 #bjg1 & ) a hundr$ beams at e /roke ! wave he smites4 duplic ntr et corpore bn1 ,lucr4 #e1 #hgi1 twynatur$ & ( body twa94 ,! plural is sometimes us$ 9 v]se = ! c>d9al3 c5tum brac*ia 4 4 4 c5tnsque mans1 ,v4 #aj1 #efe1 a hundr$ arms 4 4 4 & hundr$ h&s4 ,,o!r ,,num]als4 #bdbc4 ,o!r num]ical adjectives are multiplicatives1 end+ 9 -plex2 !y are3 simplex1 onefold1 simple1 sscuplex1 "o & a half fold1 duplex1 triplex1 quadruplex1 quncuplex1 septemplex1 decemplex1 c5tuplex2 & proportionals1 us$ mo/ly 9 ! neut] z sub/antives3 duplus1 twice z great1 triplus1 ?ree times z great1 quadruplus1 septuplus1 octuplus4 ,besides ^! !re are o!r adjectives d]iv$ f num]als3 z1 prmnus1 soldi] ( ! fir/3 prmrius1 fir/ rate3 bmus1 tw9t]1 two-ye>-old2 c41 c4 ,,expression ,,( ,,fractions4 #bdbd4 ,"o half may be express$ by dmidium or dmidia p>s2 o!r fractions ) #a z a num]ator by ord9als1 ) or )\t p>s3 z1 t]tia p>s or t]tia1 #a_/c4 #bdbe4 ,if ! num]ator is great] ?an #a x is usually express$ by ! c>d9al fem99e1 ) ! ord9al fem99e = ! d5om9ator3 z1 duae septimae1 #b_/g4 ,b besides ^! =ms !re are o!rs1 namely3 #bdbf4 7#a47 ,fractions ) a num]ator less by #a ?an ! d5om9ator1 except #a_/b1 may be express$ by c>d9als ) "ps1 z1 duae "ps1 #b_/c2 trs "ps1 #c_/d2 quattuor "ps1 #d_/e4 #bdbg4 7#b47 ,fractions ) #ab or its multiples z a d5om9ator are express$ 9 bus9ess language by ! p>ts ( an s3 ?us1 #a_/ab1 uncia #a_/f1 sextns #a_/d1 quadrns #a_/c1 trins #e_/ab1 quncunx #a_/b1 smis #g_/ab1 septunx #b_/c1 bs #c_/d1 ddrns #e_/f1 dxtns #aa_/ab1 denx #ab_/ab1 s ex sse hrs1 ,qu9til4 #g1 #a1 #bj1 heir to ! :ole2 relquit hrds ex bsse neptem1 ex t]ti p>te neptem1 ,pl94 ,ep4 #g1 #bd1 #b1 %e left h] gr&son heir to #b_/c1 h] gr&daught] to #a_/c4 hrdem ex ddrante1 ,n4 #be1 #e1 #b1 heir to #c_/d4 #bdbh4 ,sometimes fractions are express$ by addition3 z1 dmidia et qu>ta1 #c_/d2 p>s t]tia et septima1 #aj_/ba2 sometimes by division ( ! d5om9ator3 z1 dmidia qunta1 #a_/aj4 7,e47 ,,prosody4 ,i4 ,,rules ,,( ,,quantity4 7,a47 ,,9 ,,classical ,,lat94 #bdbi4 ,! l5g? ( ! v[el 9 "s classes ( syllables1 z us$ 9 ! classical p]iod1 may be conv5i5tly fix$ 9 ! memory by ! foll[+ rules4 ,= ! usage ( old] writ]s1 see #abf1 #abi1 #acb & #bdfd-bdgb4 ,= ! g5]al pr9ciples ( l5g? ( v[els & syllables1 see #cc-da2 #aba-acd2 #agg-agh4 ,,monosyllables4 #bdcj4 ,monosyllables end+ 9 a v[el or a s+le consonant h ! v[el long3 z1 ds1 sl2 = ab2 = ex or ec-1 ps = 99p$s2 ablative qu1 qu2 qun = 99qune2 locative sei1 commonly s2 sc 7#gjh72 dative & ablative plural qus 7#fhh74 ,exceptions4 #bdca4 ,! v[el is %ort 93 #bdcb4 7a47 ,monosyllables end+ 9 b1 d1 m1 & t3 z1 ab1 ad1 dum1 dat4 #bdcc4 7b47 ,! indef9ite qua1 ,n4 & ,ac42 ! enclitics -que 7r>ely -qu71 -ne1 -ve1 -ce2 & 9 ! words cor1 fel1 mel2 os1 bone2 ac1 vir1 is1 pol1 quis 7,n472 fac1 f]1 p]1 t]2 an1 bis1 91 cis2 nec1 vel4 ,n4 hc is r>ely %ort 7#ffd74 ,= ! quantity ( es1 see #gdg4 ,,polysyllables4 ,,p5ults4 #bdcd4 ,disyllabic p]fects & p]fect p>ticiples h ! v[el ( ! p5ult long :5 x /&s be=e a s+le consonant3 z1 vn1 vd1 vc 7#hfb72 fv 7#hfd71 ftus 7#iag74 ,exceptions4 #bdce4 7a47 ,n9e p]fects h ! p5ult %ort 7#hei-hfa73 bib1 -fid d$1 scid /et1 /it tul1 -tud1 p]-cul4 #bdcf4 7b47 ,t5 p]fect p>ticiples h ! p5ult %ort 7#iah2 see also #iai73 citus1 datus itum1 ratus -rutus1 satus situs1 /atus litus1 quitus4 ,,f9al ,,syllables4 7#a47 ,,end+ ,,9 ,a ,,v[el4 #bdcg4 ,9 words ( m ?an "o syllable1 f9al a & e are %ort2 f9al o1 u1 & i1 are long3 z1 7a47 ,n4 aquila2 ,pl4 ,n4 & ,ac4 oppida1 ct]a1 omnia4 7b47 ,n4 ille2 ,n4 & ,ac4 rte2 impne 7#gja72 ,v4 bone2 ,ab4 tempore2 ,inf4 prm]e2 ,imp]at4 rege 7#hbf72 ,pres4 ,ind4 & ,imp]at4 qu]]e2 ,p]f4 rxre4 7c47 ,n4 s]m2 ,d4 & ,ab4 v]b2 vr 7#gjd74 i4 reg1 er1 amb1 rx] 7#hbf72 e/4 7d47 ,n4 & ,ac4 corn 7#ehg72 ,d4 & ,ab4 met 7#eij1 #dbe1 #eic72 di4 7e47 ,g4 frm5t2 ,v4 ,v]gil 7#dei72 ,g4 dom 7#eid72 ,d4 nll1 orb2 ,ab4 sit 7#eed74 ,imp]at4 ve/ 7#hde74 ,inf4 qu]1 locr2 ,ind4 ,p]f4 rx 7#hef71 rxi/4 ,erratum3 #bdcg;a 444 oppida1 ct]a1 omnia omna ,exceptions 9 a4 #bdch4 7a47 ,f9al a is long 9 ! ablative1 9 indecl9able words1 & 9 ! imp]ative3 z1 7a47 ,ab4 mns 7#dbf74 7b47 quadrg9t2 _m indecl9able words are ablatives3 z1 contr1 ixt1 7#gjg74 ,! indecl9able heia1 ita1 & quia 7#gja71 h %ort a4 7c47 ,imp]at4 loc 7#hde74 ,b puta1 = in/ance1 has %ort a 7#acj1 #d74 #bdci4 7b47 ,f9al a is long 9 "s ,greek nom9atives & vocatives3 z1 ,n4 lectr2 ,v4 ,a51 ,pall4 ,erratum3 #bdch;c 444 ,b puta1 = in/ance1 has %ort a 7#acj1 #d74 %ort a4 ,exceptions 9 e4 #bddj4 7a47 ,f9al e is long 9 cases ( n\ns ) /ems 9 -- 7#eif71 9 adv]bs f /ems 9 -o-1 & 9 ! imp]ative s+ul> active ( v]bs 9 -re3 z1 7a47 di 7,g41 ,d41 or ,ab471 hodi1 prdi2 see also #fjc4 7b47 alt 7#gje72 also f]1 f]m & oh or h2 b e is always %ort 9 b5e & male2 nf]ne & sup]ne4 7c47 doc 7#hde72 = cave1 see #acj1 #d4 #bdda4 7b47 ,f9al e is long 9 ! end+s ( "s ,greek n\ns3 z1 ,n4 cramb1 ,circ2 ,v4 ,alcd2 ,ne4 ,pl4 ,n4 & ,ac4 ct1 mel1 pelag1 temp4 ,exceptions 9 o4 #bddb4 7a47 ,f9al o is %ort 9 ! nom9atives ego1 duo4 ,x is sometimes %ort5$ 9 homo 7#acj1 #c7 & 9 ! nom9ative ( o!r /ems 9 -n- 7#dhd1 #dhe73 z1 m5tio1 ,ns1 virgo4 o is regul>ly %ort 9 endo1 9 ! ablatives cito & modo1 us$ z adv]bs1 & 9 _m o!r words 9 late poetry3 z1 lico1 immo1 ergo1 qu&o1 octo1 c42 v r>ely 9 ! ablative ( ! g]und4 #bddc4 7b47 ,be=e ,ovid1 o ( ! pres5t indicative is regul>ly long4 ,x is %ort5$ only 9 ! foll[+ words 7#acj1 #c73 9 volo1 six times 7,cat41 #d times2 ,hor41 ,prop474 scio1 twice 7,v]g474 nescio1 six times 7,v]g41 twice2 ,hor41 twice2 ,tib41 ,prop472 & once ea* 9 eo & veto 7,hor471 ds9o 7,tib471 & f9do 7,prop474 ,f ,ovid on1 %ort o is n uncommon4 ,%ort o 9 o!r =ms ( ! v]b is r>e3 z1 dx]o 7,hor472 e/o1 ero1 dabo 7,ov472 b o is always %ort 9 ! imp]ative c$o1 give1 tell4 ,exceptions 9 u4 #bddd4 ,f9al u is %ort 9 indu & no5u4 ,exceptions 9 i4 #bdde4 7a47 ,f9al i is %ort 9 nisi1 quasi1 & scuti2 also 9 ! end+s ( "s ,greek n\ns3 z ,n4 & ,ac4 s9pi2 ,v4 ,p>i1 ,am>ylli2 ,d4 ,p>idi1 ,m9idi2 ,pl4 ,d4 ,trasi4 #bddf4 7b47 ,f9al i is common 9 mih1 tib1 sib2 ib1 ub 7#abi1 #b74 ,errata3 #bdde;a 444 ,f9al i is %ort 9 nisi1 quasi1 & scuti text un*ang$1 b =m 8scut0 ) long occurs at lea/ twice 9 ?is book 7#b47 ,,end+ ,,9 ,a ,,s+le ,,consonant ,,n s4 #bddg4 ,a f9al syllable end+ 9 a s+le consonant n s has its v[el %ort3 z1 dnec4 illud4 animal 7#ecf72 semel4 agm54 calc> 7#ecg72 soror1 /ultior 7#acb74 moror1 loqu>1 fatbor 7#acb72 regitur1 regimur1 reguntur4 regit 7#hbf72 amat1 sciat1 pnbat2 t9nit1 possit2 iacet1 neget1 esset 7#acb74 ,exceptions4 #bddh4 7a47 ,! la/ v[el is long 9 allc1 & 9 comp\nds ( pr2 9 ! contract$ g5itive plural ( /ems 9 -u-3 z currm2 9 all cases ( illic & i/ic except ! nom9ative mascul9e1 9 ! adv]bs illc & i/c1 & sometimes 9 nihl4 ,also 9 ! end+s ( "s ,greek n\ns3 z1 ,n4 r1 ae?r1 srn2 ,ac4 ,a5n4 #bddi4 7b47 ,9 ! %ort =m ( ! g5itive plural ( /ems 9 -o- & --1 ! v[el 0 orig9ally long1 b aft]w>ds %ort3 z1 dvm 7#dfb71 caelicolm 7#dci74 #bdej4 7c47 ,! la/ v[el is long 9 it & petit & _! comp\nds4 7#c47 ,,end+ ,,9 s4 #bdea4 ,f9al syllables 9 is & u h ! v[el %ort2 ^? 9 z1 es1 & os1 h ! v[el long3 z1 7a47 ,n4 lapis1 fnis2 ,g4 lapidis1 fnis2 magis4 ,indic4 ,pres4 regis 7#hbf72 ,fut4 eris 7#hea1 #hbf71 eritis1 locbis 7#hec1 #hbf71 locbitis4 7b47 ,n4 dom9us2 currus2 ,n4 & ,ac4 tempus2 prius2 rgibus2 mus2 regimus4 7c47 aets2 ,pl4 ,ac4 mnss 7#dbd74 ,indic4 ,pres4 locs 7#hdj72 ,imp4 ers 7#hdh72 regbs 7#hdg72 ,plup4 rx]s 7#hhj72 ,subj4 ,pres4 regs1 ve/is1 doces 7#hdb74 7d47 ,n4 hrs2 sds2 nbs2 ,c]s2 fids2 ,pl4 ,n4 & ,ac4 rgs 7#dbd72 ,indic4 ,pres4 docs 7#hdj72 ,fut4 regs 7#heb72 ,subj4 ,pres4 sis 7#hda72 locs 7#hdc72 ,imp4 esss 7#hej72 reg]s 7#hdi72 ,plup4 rxisss 7#hha74 7e47 ,n4 cu/s2 arbs2 ,pl4 ,ac4 v5ts 7#dbd74 ,exceptions 9 is4 #bdeb4 7a47 ,f9al is has 9 all plural cases3 z1 ,n4 & ,ac4 omns2 ,d4 & ,ab4 vis1 locs 7#ajh1 a71 vbs4 ,also 9 ! nom9atives s+ul> ,quirs & ,samns1 usually 9 sangus 7#dhf71 & twice 9 pulvs4 #bdec4 7b47 ,f9al is has 9 ! second p]son s+ul> ( v]bs 9 -re1 9 mvs1 9 comp\nds ( ss1 & 9 all pres5t subjunctives s+ul>3 z1 dus1 eds1 vels1 mls1 nls4 ,= -rs ( ! p]fect subjunctive & ! future p]fect1 see #hgg1 #hgh1 #hhc1 #hhd4 ,exceptions 9 u4 #bded4 u is long 9 ! nom9ative s+ul> ( consonant /ems ) be=e ! f9al /em consonant3 z1 tells1 /em tellr-2 pals1 once palus 7,hor471 /em pald-2 9 ! g5itive s+ul> & nom9ative & accusative plural ( n\ns ) /ems 9 -u-3 z1 frcts2 & 9 ! end+ ( "s ,greek names3 z1 ,n4 ,pan?s2 ,g4 ,sapphs4 ,exceptions 9 z4 #bdee4 ,f9al z has %ort a 9 anas & 9 ! end+ ( "s ,greek n\ns3 z1 ,n4 lias2 ,pl4 ,ac4 cratras4 ,exceptions 9 es4 #bdef4 ,f9al es has %ort e 9 ! nom9ative s+ul> ( /ems 9 -d- & -t- :i* h ! g5itive 9 -idis1 -itis1 & -etis 7#dge1 #dgf73 z1 praeses1 teges1 comes 7b 9 abis1 aris1 & p>is71 also1 9 p5es1 9 comp\nds ( es1 ?\ art1 & 9 ! end+s ( "s ,greek n\ns3 z1 ,n4 ,cynos>ges2 ,pl4 ,n4 ,arcades1 cratres4 ,exceptions 9 os4 #bdeg4 ,f9al os has %ort o 9 ! nom9ative ( /ems 9 -o-3 z1 s]vos1 suos1 ,dlos2 also 9 compos1 impos1 & exos2 & 9 ! end+s ( "s ,greek n\ns3 z1 ,n4 & ,ac4 epos2 ,g4 *lamydos1 ,ernyos4 ,,position4 #bdeh4 ,= ! g5]al rule ( position1 see #agg1 #agh2 b1 except 9 ! !sis ( a foot1 a f9al syllable end+ ) a %ort v[el g5]ally rema9s %ort be=e a ^w beg9n+ ) two consonants or a d\ble consonant3 z1 molli /rta1 nemors ,zacn?os1 lc sm>agd4 ,9 ,horace su* a f9al syllable is nev] l5g!n$ be=e a ^w beg9n+ ) two consonants4 ,,hidd5 ,,quantity4 #bdei4 ,a v[el :i* /&s be=e two consonants1 or a d\ble consonant1 belong+ to ! same ^w1 s t its natural quantity _c be det]m9$ f ! scansion ( ! ^w1 is said to possess ,hidd5 ,quantity4 #bdfj4 ,! natural quantity ( su* a v[el may sometimes be asc]ta9$3 7a47 f ! /atem5ts ( anci5t writ]s2 7b47 f ! way 9 :i* ! v[el is writt5 9 ,lat9 inscriptions 7see #bd1 #bi72 7c47 f ! translit]ation ( ! ^w into o!r languages1 especially ,greek2 7d47 f ! etymology ( ! ^w1 or f a comp>ison ( x ) k9dr$ words 9 o!r ,indo-,european languages2 7e47 f comp>ison ) d]iv$ words 9 ! ,romance languages4 ,b all ^! k9ds ( evid5ce mu/ be us$ ) great caution4 #bdfa4 ,= ! l5g? ( a v[el be=e ns1 nf1 & c]ta9 o!r gr\ps ( consonants1 see #abb4 #bdfb4 ,9 inceptive v]bs 7#hcd7 ! end+ -sc is ?\ght to be always prec$$ by a long v[el3 z1 crsc1 nscor1 pr(icscor4 #bdfc4 ,9 ! p]fect indicative active1 p]fect p>ticiple passive & k9dr$ =mations ( v]bs 9 -g prec$$ by a %ort v[el1 z ag1 reg1 ! !me syllable %[s a long v[el3 z1 lx1 rx1 tx2 ctus1 lctus2 rctor2 ctit4 7,b47 ,,"s ,,peculi>ities ,,( ,,quantity ,,9 ,,old ,,lat94 #bdfd4 ,= ! pres]vation ( a long v[el 9 c]ta9 specific end+s 9 old ,lat91 see #acb4 #bdfe4 ,f9al -l is sometimes pres]v$ long 9 ! nom9ative s+ul>3 z1 bac*nl 7,plaut472 also ! syllable -es 9 ! nom9ative s+ul> ( /ems 9 -t- :i* h ! g5itive 9 -itis 7#dgg73 z mls 7,plaut47 #aga1 #a4 #bdff4 ,hic1 illic & i/ic1 :5 adv]bs1 h a long f9al syllable2 b :5 nom9ative s+ul> mascul9e1 h ! f9al syllable regul>ly %ort4 #bdfg4 ,9 ,plautus fr/r always :]e det]m9able 7sev5 times7 has ! f9al syllable %ort4 contr sometimes has a %ort f9al syllable 9 old ,lat94 #bdfh4 ,9 ,lat9 poetry d[n to ! "t ( ,cic]o1 f9al s (t5 does n 8make position0 be=e a foll[+ consonant 7#ff72 z1 temps f]t 7,plaut472 mags /etisse 7,t]474 #bdfi4 ,! fir/ syllable ( ille1 illic 7! pron\n71 quippe1 imm1 inde1 unde1 nempe1 omnis1 & p]haps i/e1 is sometimes %ort5$4 ,9 ille1 illic1 quippe1 & imm ! %ort5+ is1 "s hold1 due to ! fact t 9 common spee* "o ( ! d\ble consonants 0 (t5 pron\nc$ fa9tly or n at all2 :ile 9 inde1 unde1 nempe1 & omnis ! nasal 0 v fa9tly s\nd$ be=e ! foll[+ consonant4 ,b "s au?orities hold t always 9 nempe1 & sometimes 9 ille1 quippe1 inde1 unde1 & p]haps i/e1 be=e an initial consonant f9al e disappe>s1 & ! ^w becomes a monosyllable4 ,,law ,,( ,,iambic ,,%ort5+4 #bdgj4 ,a long syllable1 prec$$ by a %ort monosyllable or by a %ort initial syllable1 & imm$iately prec$$ or foll[$ by ! v]se-ictus1 may be %ort5$3 z1 t hnc1 dm m1 ad xrem1 volntte4 ,! %ort monosyllable may be a ^w :i* has become monosyllabic by elision3 z1 g7o7 hnc4 #bdga4 ,if ! syllable to be %ort5$ is ! fir/ ( a ^w ( m ?an "o syllable1 or ! second ( a polysyllable1 x mu/ be "o :i* is long by position1 n by nature4 ,!re are "s possible exceptions to ?is rule1 su* z v]bm9 7,t4 ,ph4 #ijb72 b ^! are few & d\btful4 #bdgb4 ,iambic %ort5+ took place n only 9 v]se1 b also to a consid]able ext5t 9 common spee*1 p>ticul>ly 9 iambic words 7see #acj71 9 :i* ! acc5t cop]at$ ) ! v]se-ictus to produce ! %ort5+4 ,,ii4 ,,figures ,,( ,,prosody4 ,,hiatus4 #bdgc4 ,= hiatus )9 a ^w1 & ! means by :i* x is avoid$1 see #aad-abj4 #bdgd4 ,hiatus betwe5 two words is mu* m common 9 old ,lat9 ?an 9 writ]s ( ! classical p]iod4 ,! precise ext5t to :i* x is all[$ by ! e>ly dramati/s is matt] ( dispute4 ,! foll[+ cases may be m5tion$ 9 :i* ! ,lat9 poets admit hiatus3 #bdge4 7#a47 ,aft] int]jections3 z1 hahahae homo1 ,t4 ,ph4 #daa2 et praesidium1 ,h4 #a1 #a1 #b4 #bdgf4 7#b47 ,aft] prop] names1 & words ( ,greek orig93 z1 ancillam f]re ,v5] aut ,cupd91 ,pl4 ,z4 #hjd2 ,?rici ,aquilne1 ,h4 ,epod4 #ac1 #c4 #bdgg4 7#c47 ,9 ! pr9cipal caesura ( a v]se4 ,s especially 9 ,plautus & ,t]5ce aft] ! f\r? foot ( ! iambic sept5>ius1 & 9 ,plautus 9 ! pr9cipal break 9 ! iambic octon>ius1 tro*aic sept5>ius & tro*aic octon>ius4 #bdgh4 7#d47 ,(t5 9 ! dramati/s :]e !re is a *ange ( speak]s3 z1 qu potuit vidre8 33 oculs 33 qu pact8 33 hiantibus1 ,pl4 ,m]c4 #ahb4 #bdgi4 7#e47 ,probably sometimes 9 cases ( repetition1 enum]ation1 or %>p anti!sis1 & :]e !re is an important pause 9 ! s5se3 z1 eam volt m]etrcem fac]e3 ea m dp]it1 ,pl4 ,cur4 #df2 s p]e1 hom9um manibus p]iisse iuvbit1 ,v4 #c1 #fjf4 #bdhj4 ,v]gil sometimes admits hiatus :5 ! f9al syllable end+ 9 a v[el is prec$$ or foll[$ 7or bo?7 by two %ort syllables3 z1 lm5ts gemitque et fmn llt1 ,v4 #d1 #ffg4 ,,elision4 #bdha4 ,= elision )9 a ^w1 see #aai4 #bdhb4 ,9 v]se a f9al v[el is g5]ally elid$ be=e a v[el or h3 z1 quidve moror1 s77 omns n77 rd97e7 habtis ,a*vs1 ,v4 #b1 #ajb4 ,su* a v[el 0 probably fa9tly s\nd$1 n dropp$ altoge!r4 #bdhc4 ,elision is frequ5t 9 mo/ ( ! e>ly poets2 b writ]s ( ! ,augu/an & succe$+ ages reg>d$ x ) increas+ disfav\r4 ,! elision ( a long v[el be=e a %ort 0 9 g5]al avoid$2 b !re are num]\s exceptions4 #bdhd4 ,monosyllabic int]jections d n suff] elision4 #bdhe4 ,monosyllables end+ 9 a diph?ong seldom suff] elision be=e a %ort v[el4 #bdhf4 ,diph?ongs aris+ f ,synizesis 7#bdii7 are sometimes elid$ 9 e>ly ,lat9 v]se1 b n 9 v]se ( ! classical p]iod4 #bdhg4 ,! monosyllables qu 7plural71 d1 /1 r1 sp1 are ?\ght nev] to suff] elision be=e a %ort v[el4 #bdhh4 ,! dactylic poets v r>ely elide ! f9al syllable ( an iambic 7 -7 or ,cretic 7- -7 ^w be=e a %ort v[el4 #bdhi4 ,elision seldom occurs if ! syllable to be elid$ is imm$iately prec$$ by a v[el3 z 9 de7am7 et4 #bdij4 ,! f9al syllable ( a ,greek ^w is r>ely elid$4 #bdia4 ,elision is m common t[>d ! beg9n+ ( a v]se ?an t[>d ! end4 #bdib4 ,elision r>ely occurs 9 ! fir/ syllable or la/ syllable ( a v]se2 b see "u ,synapheia 7#beaj71 & = ! elision ( ! enclitic -que or -ve at ! end ( a dactylic hexamet]1 see #befh4 #bdic4 ,,ec?lipsis 7,gr4 1 a squeez+ out74 ,f9al m & a prec$+ %ort v[el are usually elid$ be=e a v[el or h3 z1 mn/r7um7 horr5d7um7 n=m7e7 +ns1 cui lm5 ademptum1 ,v4 #c1 #feh4 ,9 su* cases ! end+ 0 probably n cut (f altoge!r1 b 0 giv5 a fa9t nasal s\nd4 #bdid4 ,sometimes a monosyllable end+ 9 a %ort v[el & m is n elid$ be=e a v[el3 z qum ego 7,t]472 snt cm odre 7,lucr474 ,su* unelid$ monosyllables are mo/ frequ5t 9 ! e>ly dramati/s1 & 9 !m usually fall "u ! v]se-ictus4 ,see #fa4 #bdie4 ,! monosyllables dem1 /em1 rem1 spem1 sim1 are ?\ght nev] to be elid$ be=e a %ort v[el4 #bdif4 ,aft] a ^w end+ ) a v[el1 -m1 or -u1 ! v]b e/ (t5 loses its e3 z1 bona/1 bonum/1 bonu/1 vsu/4 ,s1 too1 es sometimes loses its v[el3 z homo's1 adeptus'4 ,?is usage reflects ! actual pronunciation ( common spee*4 #bdig4 ,,semi-,,hiatus ,,or ,,semi-,,elision4 ,a long f9al v[el is sometimes %ort5$ be=e a v[el4 ,?is may occur ei!r 9 ! arsis 7#bebj71 or 9 a resolv$ !sis3 z1 n qu amant 7,v]g472 lctul rudtul 7,cat472 nam qu aget 7,t]474 ,?is k9d ( %ort5+ is n frequ5t except 9 ! e>ly dramati/s1 :o (t5 %ort5 "u ! v]se-ictus a monosyllable end+ 9 a long v[el & foll[$ by an initial v[el 7z 9 ! ?ird example above74 #bdih4 ,,synaloepha 7,greek 1 a sme>+ toge!r7 is a g5]al t]m us$ to d5ote ! means ( avoid+ hiatus4 ,x includes elision & synizesis1 ?\gh "s gramm>ians use x 9 ! same s5se z synizesis4 #bdii4 ,synizesis 7,greek 1 a settl+ toge!r74 ,two v[els 7or a v[el & a diph?ong7 :i* belong to diff]5t syllables sometimes coalesce s z to =m "o syllable4 ,?is is call$ ,synizesis1 & is especially common 9 ! e>ly dramati/s4 ,examples are3 meo1 eadem1 cuius1 aurei4 ,see #aag4 ,"s gramm>ians w\ld include "u ,synizesis only cases 9 :i* a %ort v[el is subord9at$ to a foll[+ long2 z tuo4 #bejj4 ,! t]m ,syna]esis 7,greek 1 a tak+ toge!r7 is sometimes us$ z a synonym = ,synizesis4 ,! anci5t gramm>ians1 h[ev]1 us$ x 9 ! s5se ( ,contraction 7#aah74 #beja4 ,,dialysis 7,greek 1 a break+ up74 ,conv]sely1 two v[els :i* usually =m a diph?ong are sometimes sep>at$ s z to =m two syllables3 z cop 7,lucr47 = coep4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is really ! survival ( ! orig9al =ms 7#abj74 #bejb4 ,! "n ,,dia]esis 7,greek 1 a sep>at+7 is sometimes us$ z a synonym = ,dialysis2 b x is bett] to re/rict x to ! mean+ def9$ 9 #bedb4 #bejc4 ,,h>d5+4 ,a vocalic i or u is sometimes made consonantal be=e ano!r v[el3 z1 abiete1 ariete 7,v]g472 cnsilium 7,hor472 omnia 7,lucr474 ,see #aag & #hc4 ,?is usage is sometimes includ$ "u ,synizesis 7#bdii71 :ile "s gramm>ians t]m x ,syna]esis 7#bejj74 #bejd4 ,,s(t5+4 ,conv]sely1 a consonantal i or u sometimes becomes vocaliz$ be=e a v[el1 ?us giv+ an additional syllable3 z1 silae = silvae 7,hor472 volisse = volvisse 7,ov474 ,see #eb4 ,?is usage is sometimes includ$ "u ! "n ,dialysis 7#beja74 #beje4 ,,dia/ol 7,greek 1 a draw+ asund]74 ,a syllable :i* 9 v]se ( ! classical p]iod is g5]ally %ort is sometimes us$ z long = metrical conv5i5ce4 ,! syllable s employ$ g5]ally falls "u ! v]se-ictus1 & 9 mo/ cases is imm$iately foll[$ by ! pr9cipal caesura1 or by a pause 9 ! s5se4 ,examples are3 t]ga fatgms ha/1 nec t>da s5ectus1 ,v4 #i1 #faj4 tum sc ,m]curium adloquitr ac tlia m&at1 ,v4 #d1 #bbb4 caeca timt aliunde fta1 ,h4 #b1 #ac1 #af4 ,9 _m su* cases ?is l5g!n+ is n arbitr>y1 b ! 8l5g!n$0 syllable is "o t 0 orig9ally long 7see #acb74 #bejf4 ,! enclitic -que is sometimes l5g!n$ "u ! ictus :5 ano!r -que prec$es or foll[s 9 ! arsis3 z1 clns famulque metallqu caculaeque 7,accius74 #bejg4 ,,sy/ol 7,greek 1 a draw+ toge!r74 ,conv]sely a syllable :i* 9 v]se is regul>ly long is sometimes %ort5$ = metrical conv5i5ce3 z1 d$runt 7,hor471 nllu 7,hor471 imp]at4 commod 7,cat474 ,9 mo/ cases ?is %ort5+ is n arbitr>y1 b repres5ts a pronunciation :i* 0 9 actual use1 especially among ! common p4 #bejh4 ,,syncop 7,greek 1 a cutt+ %ort74 ,a %ort v[el is (t5 dropp$ betwe5 two consonants3 z1 surpite = surripite 7,hor471 repo/um = repositum 7,v]g474 ,?is usage d\btless reflects ! common pronunciation2 see #aaj1 #aaa4 #beji4 ,,tmesis 7,greek 1 a cutt+7 is ! sep>ation ( ! p>ts ( a ^w3 z1 septem subiecta trin septemtrin subiecta 7,v]g474 ,?is usually occurs only 9 comp\nds2 b e>ly poets sometimes divid$ o!r words3 z1 sax c]e comm9uit brum = sax c]ebrum comm9uit 7,ennius74 #beaj4 ,,synapheia 7,greek 1 a jo9+ toge!r7 is ! l9k+ toge!r ( two v]ses belong+ to ! same sy/em4 ,"h elision or ^w division may occur at ! end ( ! fir/ v]se3 z1 ,ive nn probante u- xrius amnis1 ,h4 #a1 #b1 #ai4 ,iam licet v5is m>t7e71 uxor 9 ?alam tib e/1 ,cat4 #fa1 #aia4 ,errata3 #bdif 444 z homo's1 adeptus' text un*ang$2 error = adeptu's 7adeptus es78 #bdii4 ,synizesis pr9t$ z %[n3 expect$ small capitals in/ead ( boldface ,,iii4 ,,v]sification4 ,,by ,,h]man ,w4 ,,hayley1 ,,ph4,d4 #beaa4 ,,rhy?m 7,gr4 1 f 1 to fl[7 is ! effect ( regul>ity produc$ by ! discrim9ation ( a movem5t or s\nd into uni=m int]vals ( "t4 ,x is (t5 m>k$ by a /ress or ictus recurr+ at fix$ int]vals4 ,rhy?m is by no means conf9$ to v]se4 ,music1 danc+1 & ev5 ! regul> beat ( a trip-hamm]1 h rhy?m4 ,p>ticul> k9ds ( movem5t are (t5 call$ rhy?ms1 z anapae/ic rhy?ms1 dactylic rhy?ms1 c4 #beab4 ,,metre 7,gr4 1 a measure7 is ! def9ite measurem5t ( v]se by feet1 l9es1 /rophes1 sy/ems1 c4 #beac4 ,lat9 v]se is quantitative1 ! rhy?m dep5d+ ^u ! quantity ( ! syllables 7b see #bedh74 ,! ictus naturally falls ^u a long syllable 7or its equival5t74 ,engli% v]se1 on ! o!r h&1 is acc5tual1 its rhy?m dep5d+ ^u ! acc5t ( words4 ,,quantity4 #bead4 ,,signs ,,( ,,quantity4 ,a long syllable is indicat$ by -1 a %ort "o by 4 ,a syllable :i* v>ies 9 quantity1 be+ sometimes long1 sometimes %ort1 is indicat$ by or 4 ,9 ! foll[+ metrical s*emes1 indicates t ! long is m usual or m /rictly 9 accordance ) ! rhy?m ?an ! %ort4 ,! rev]se is indicat$ by 4 #beae4 ,! ,,unit ,,( ,,measure is ! duration ( a %ort syllable & is call$ a ,"t1 ,tempus1 or ,mora4 ,! mora did n h an absolute l5g?1 b v>i$ ) ! nature ( ! rhy?m4 ,= great] conv5i5ce1 h[ev]1 x is assum$ t its l5g? 0 uni=m1 & equall$ t ( an eigh? note ,a long syllable1 be+ equal to two %orts1 has a l5g? ( two morae1 :i* is assum$ to be ! same z t ( our qu>t]-note ,h5ce 9 notation & - #beaf4 ,,protraction4 ,a long syllable may be prolong$ 7,protraction7 s z to h a l5g? ( ?ree morae1 9 :i* case x is call$ a triseme 7m>k$ 71 or ( f\r morae1 :5 x is t]m$ a tetraseme 7m>k$ 74 ,see #becg & #beda4 #beag4 ,,correption4 ,a long or %ort syllable may be %ort5$ s z to occupy less ?an its normal "t4 ,?is is call$ ,correption 7,lat4 correpti1 a %ort5+74 ,see #bebc & #bebd4 #beah4 ,,resolution ,,& ,,contraction4 ,9 "s k9ds ( v]se a long syllable may be1 z x 71 brok5 up 7,resolution7 into ! equival5t two %orts2 & conv]sely two %ort syllables may 9 "s cases be unit$ 7,contraction7 into ! equival5t long4 ,,feet4 #beai4 ,,feet4 ,lat9 v]se 7l ,engli%7 is measur$ by gr\ps ( syllables call$ ,feet4 ,ea* ( ^! gr\ps has a def9ite l5g? ( s _m morae 7#beae74 ,x is !oretically m accurate to make ! foot purely a "t-division1 z "s au?orities d2 b ! def9ition giv5 above is sanction$ by e/abli%$ usage4 #bebj4 ,,arsis & ,,!sis4 ,e complete foot consi/s ( two p>ts1 an acc5t$ & an unacc5t$4 ,! "p on :i* ! rhy?mical acc5t or ictus falls is call$ ! ,!sis 7,gr4 1 a sett+ d[n74 ,! unacc5t$ "p ( ! foot is t]m$ ! ,arsis 7,gr4 1 a rais+74 ,! "n ,!sis orig9ally ref]r$ to ! sett+ d[n ( ! foot 9 beat+ "t or m>*+1 or to ! movem5t ( ! lead]'s h& 9 mak+ ! d[nw>d beat2 & ,arsis 9 l mann] meant ! rais+ ( ! foot or h&4 ,b ! ,roman gramm>ians misund]/ood ! ,greek t]ms1 suppos+ !m to ref] to ! l[]+ & rais+ ( ! voice1 & s int]*ang$ !m4 ,h5ce _m mod]n writ]s pref] to use ,arsis to d5ote ! acc5t$1 & ,!sis ! unacc5t$1 "p ( ! foot4 ,,k9ds ,,( ,,feet4 #beba4 ,! feet 9 common use are ! foll[+3-- ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,,feet ,,( ,,?ree ,,morae4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,"n4 ,sign4 ,musically4 ,example4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,tro*ee - dcit ,iambus - legunt ,tribra* hom9is ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,,feet ,,( ,,f\r ,,morae4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,dactyl - dcimus ,anapae/ - reg]5t ,spondee - - fc ,proceleusmatic hom9ibus ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,,feet ,,( ,,five ,,morae4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,cretic - - fc]9t ,fir/ ,paeon - lg]itis ,f\r? ,paeon - cel]its ,bac*u - - regbant ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,,feet ,,( ,,six ,,morae4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,*oriambus - - horribils ,ionic mire - - ddcimus ,ionic m9re - - relegbant ---------------------------------------- ---------- #bebb4 ,o!r feet m5tion$ by ! anci5t gramm>ians are3-- ------------------------- ,"n4 ,sign4 ------------------------- ,pyrrhic ,amphibra* - ,antibac*u or - - ,palimbac*u ,molossus - - - ,dispondee - - - - ,ditro*ee - - ,diiambus - - ,antispa/ - - ,second ,paeon - ,?ird ,paeon - ,fir/ ,epitrite - - - ,second ,epitrite - - - ,?ird ,epitrite - - - ,f\r? ,epitrite - - - ------------------------- ,b ^! are ( little practical importance1 z mo/ ( !m nev] are employ$ 9 ,lat9 poetry1 & ! few :i* d occur are us$ only z sub/itutes = o!r feet4 ,,cyclic ,,feet4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,9 ?is section1 =ms su* z #h or #af4 repres5t musical notes3 eigh? note1 dott$ sixte5? & simil>4 #bebc4 ,a dactyl occurr+ 9 #c_/h "t did n h ! value ( #b morae #a #a1 b 0 giv5 in/ead t ( #a 2 9 o!r words bo? arsis & !sis suff]$ correption 7#beag71 b ! ratio betwe5 !m rema9$ un*ang$4 ,su* a dactyl is call$ cyclic1 & is m>k$ - 1 or musically #h4 #af4 #af4 ,!re is also a cyclic anapae/1 m>k$ - or #af4 #af4 #h4 ,"s s*ol>s1 h[ev]1 hold t ! cyclic dactyl _h approximately ! value #a #a1 or #h4 #af #h1 & m>k x - 4 ,9 l mann] !y m>k ! cyclic anapae/ -4 ,! true nature ( ^! cyclic feet is v unc]ta94 ,,irrational ,,syllables ,,& ,,feet4 #bebd4 ,a long syllable sometimes /&s 9 place ( a %ort4 ,a syllable ?us us$ is call$ irrational 7m>k$ 7 because x de/roys ! normal ratio betwe5 arsis & !sis4 ,! foot :i* conta9s su* a syllable is itself call$ irrational4 ,! mo/ common irrational foot is ! irrational spondee 7- :5 x /&s = a tro*ee2 - :5 x replaces an iambus71 :i* is f\nd 9 iambic1 tro*aic1 & logao$ic rhy?ms4 ,probably ! irrational long suff]$ a slight correption 7#beag71 s t its duration 0 betwe5 t ( ! ord9>y long & t ( a %ort syllable4 ,,rhy?ms4 #bebe4 ,! diff]5t rhy?ms or metres are nam$ tro*aic1 iambic1 c41 accord+ to _! fundam5tal feet4 #bebf4 ,mu* ( ! ,lat9 poetry 7?\gh n by any means all7 0 writt5 to be sung4 ,! ,greeks & ,romans employ$ 9 _! music n only common 7or #b_/d7 "t & triple 7#c_/h1 #c_/d7 "t1 b also #e_/h "t1 :i* la/ is v r>ely us$ 9 mod]n music4 #bebg4 ,! ,greek & ,roman metricians divid$ ! rhy?ms into ?ree classes1 accord+ to ! ratio betwe5 arsis & !sis 9 _! fundam5tal feet4 ,^! classes 73-- 7a47 ! ,equal ,class 7 1 g5us pr7 9 :i* !sis & arsis are equal 9 duration1 z 9 dactylics1 anapae/ics1 c42 7b47 ! ,d\ble ,class 7 1 g5us duplex7 9 :i* ! !sis has twice ! duration ( ! arsis1 z 9 tro*aics1 iambics1 c42 7c47 ! ,hemiolic ,class 7 1 g5us sscuplex7 9 :i* ! !sis has "o & a half times ! duration ( ! arsis1 z 9 bac*iacs1 cretics1 etc4 #bebh4 ,,asc5d+ ,,& ,,desc5d+ ,,rhy?ms4 ,rhy?ms 9 :i* ! !sis foll[s ! arsis 7z 9 iambics7 are call$ asc5d+2 ^? 9 :i* x prec$es ! arsis 7z 9 tro*aics7 are t]m$ desc5d+4 ,,anacrusis4 #bebi4 ,! anci5ts recogniz$ bo? asc5d+ & desc5d+ rhy?ms 7#bebh71 & reg>d$ ! =m] class z at lea/ equal 9 importance to ! latt]2 b _m mod]n s*ol>s s9ce ! "t ( ,b5tley h pref]r$ to treat all rhy?ms z desc5d+1 reg>d+ ! fir/ arsis ( an asc5d+ rhy?m z m]ely answ]+ to a prelim9>y upw>d beat 9 music4 ,su* an initial arsis 0 nam$ by ,gottfri$ ,h]mann ,anacrsis 7,gr4 1 a /rik+ up74 ,s*ol>s h be5 influ5c$ to adopt ! anacru/ic !ory 9 its wide/ ext5t l>gely by ! fact t 9 mo/ mod]n music a measure mu/ comm5ce ) a d[nw>d beat1 a rule :i* did n hold 9 anci5t music4 ,by ?is !ory an iambic v]se becomes tro*aic ) anacrusis1 an anapae/ic v]se dactylic ) anacrusis1 c4 ,b 9 _m cases ^? k9ds ( v]se :i* beg9 ) an arsis 7 subject to diff]5t rules ( con/ruction f ^? :i* beg9 ) a !sis4 ,h5ce x seems be/ to re/rict anacrusis to logao$ic v]se1 9 :i* x und\bt$ly occurs4 #becj4 ,! anacrusis may be a long syllable1 a %ort syllable1 or two %orts 7b n two longs74 ,x is (t5 irrational 7#bebd74 ,9 metrical s*emes x is (t5 set (f f ! re/ ( ! v]se by a v]tical r[ ( dots3 ?us1 ,,gr\ps ,,( ,,feet4 #beca4 ,a gr\p ( two feet is call$ a dipody1 "o ( ?ree a tripody1 "o ( f\r a tetrapody1 "o ( five a p5tapody1 & "o ( six a hexapody4 ,! dipody is ! measure ( tro*aic1 iambic1 & anapae/ic v]se4 ,o!r k9ds ( v]se are measur$ by ! s+le foot4 ,a s+le foot is sometimes call$ a monopody4 ,a gr\p ( ?ree half feet1 i4e4 a foot & a half1 is sometimes call$ a tri!mim]is1 "o ( two & a half feet a p5!mim]is1 "o ( ?ree & a half a heph!mim]is1 c4 #becb4 ,a ,rhy?mical ,s]ies1 ,rhy?mical ,s5t5ce1 or ,colon is a gr\p ( two or m feet 7b n m ?an six7 :i* are unit$ into a rhy?mic :ole by /r5g!n+ "o ( ! ictuses1 s t x becomes ! pr9cipal or dom9ant ictus ( ! :ole gr\p4 #becc4 ,,! ,,v]se4 ,a rhy?mical s]ies1 or gr\p ( two 7or ev5 ?ree7 s]ies1 :i* =ms a di/9ct & sep>ate :ole is call$ a ,v]se4 ,! f9al syllable ( a v]se mu/ t]m9ate a ^w 7except 9 cases ( synapheia1 see #beaj71 & may be ei!r long or %ort 7:5ce x is t]m$ syllaba anceps7 )\t reg>d to ! rhy?m4 ,hiatus 7#bdgd7 is freely all[$ at ! end ( a v]se 7?\gh 9 r>e cases elision occurs be=e a v[el at ! beg9n+ ( ! foll[+ v]se2 see #bdib & #befh74 ,a v]se is g5]ally 7b n always7 writt5 z "o l9e4 ,h5ce1 ! words 8v]se0 & 8l9e0 are (t5 us$ z synonyms4 ,,syllaba ,,anceps4 #becd4 ,9 ! pres5t "w1 ! f9al syllable ( ea* v]se is m>k$ long or %ort z ! rhy?m may require1 )\t ref]5ce to its quantity 9 a giv5 example2 & 9 ! g5]al s*emes x is to be und]/ood t ! f9al syllable is syllaba anceps 7#becc7 unless ! contr>y is expressly /at$4 #bece4 ,,dicolic ,,& ,,asyn>tetic ,,v]ses4 ,a v]se :i* consi/s ( two rhy?mical s]ies 7or cola7 is call$ dicolic4 ,if ! s]ies ( :i* ! v]se is made up are quasi-indep5d5t ( ea* o!r1 s t hiatus or syllaba anceps occurs 9 ! caesura1 ! v]se is /yl$ asyn>tetic 7,gr4 1 n jo9$ toge!r74 #becf4 ,,names ,,( ,,v]ses4 ,v]ses are call$ tro*aic1 iambic1 dactylic1 c41 accord+ to _! fundam5tal 7or *>act]i/ic7 feet4 ,a v]se :i* conta9s "o foot 7or "o dipody if iambic1 tro*aic1 or anapae/ic2 see #beca7 is call$ a monomet]1 "o ( two a dimet]1 "o ( ?ree a trimet]1 "o ( f\r a tetramet]1 "o ( five a p5tamet]1 & "o ( six a hexamet]4 ,tro*aic1 iambic1 & anapae/ic v]ses are (t5 nam$ by ,lat9 adjectives 9 -rius 7us$ z n\ns7 d5ot+ ! numb] ( feet4 ,?us1 su* a v]se ( eight feet is call$ an octnrius1 "o ( sev5 a septnrius1 "o ( six a snrius1 c4 ,a %ort v]se :i* is employ$ to close a sy/em 7#bedg71 or to m>k a metrical or musical transition betwe5 long] v]ses1 is call$ a clausula4 ,,catalexis1 ,,pause1 ,,syncope4 #becg4 ,,catalexis4 ,a v]se1 ! la/ foot ( :i* is incomplete1 is said to suff] ,catalexis 7,gr4 1 a /opp+ %ort7 or to be catalectic2 "o ( :i* ! la/ foot is complete is call$ acatalectic4 ,x is usually ! la/ "p ( ! foot t is omitt$2 b 7accord+ to ! !ory n[ g5]ally accept$7 9 catalectic iambic v]ses x is ! la/ arsis t is omitt$1 ! prec$+ !sis be+ protract$ 7#beaf7 to comp5sate = ! loss1 ?us3 - #bech4 ,a v]se 9 :i* bo? ! la/ arsis & ! next to ! la/ are suppress$1 s t a :ole foot appe>s to be want+1 is call$ bra*ycatalectic4 #beci4 ,a v]se is said to be catalectic 9 syllabam1 9 disyllabum1 or 9 trisyllabum1 accord+ to ! numb] ( syllables rema9+ 9 ! la/ foot4 ,?us1 ! dactylic tetramet] - - - - is catalectic 9 syllabam1 b - - - - is catalectic 9 disyllabum4 #bedj4 ,,pauses4 ,!oretically all ! feet 7or dipodies2 see #beca7 into :i* a v]se is divid$ mu/ be equal 9 duration4 ,h5ce1 :5 a f9al syllable 7or two f9al syllables7 is lo/ by catalexis1 comp5sation is made = ! loss by a pause at ! end ( ! v]se4 ,su* a pause1 :i* s]ves to fill out ! la/ measure1 answ]s to a re/ 9 music4 ,a pause ( "o mora is (t5 indicat$ by ! sign 1 & "o ( two morae by 4 #beda4 ,,syncope is ! omission ( "o or m arses 9 ! body ( a v]se4 ,comp5sation is made = ! suppression ( an arsis by protract+ 7#beaf7 ! prec$+ !sis4 ,,caesura4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,9 ?is section1 a free-/&+ repres5ts ! 8dia]esis0 symbol z describ$ 9 ! text4 #bedb4 ,,caesura ,,& ,,dia]esis4 ,a ,caesra 7lit]ally a cutt+1 f ca$o1 ,i cut7 is ! break 9 a v]se produc$ by ! end+ ( a ^w )9 a foot4 ,:5 ! end ( a ^w co9cides ) ! end ( a foot1 ! break is call$ a ,dia]esis 7,gr4 1 a sep>at+74 ,a caesura is m>k$ 1 a dia]esis 4 ,! ^w caesura is (t5 loosely us$ to include bo? caesura prop] & dia]esis4 #bedc4 ,/rictly speak+1 !re is a caesura 7or dia]esis1 z ! case may be7 :]ev] a ^w ends )9 a v]se2 b ! ma9 incision 9 ! v]se is s mu* m important ?an ! re/ t x is (t5 call$ ! pr9cipal caesura1 or simply ! caesura4 #bedd4 ,caesuras are nam$ accord+ to _! position 9 ! v]se2 ?us a caesura aft] ! ?ird half-foot 7i4e4 9 ! second foot7 is call$ tri!mim]al 7f ,gr4 1 conta9+ ?ree halves71 "o aft] ! fif? half-foot 7i4e4 9 ! ?ird foot7 p5!mim]al 7,gr4 1 consi/+ ( five halves71 "o aft] ! sev5? half-foot 7i4e4 9 ! f\r? foot7 heph!mim]al 7,gr4 71 c4 ,! ,lat9 names caesra smit]nria 7 ! tri!mim]al caesura71 smiqunria 7 ! p5!mim]al71 smiseptnria 7 ! hep!mim]al71 c41 are sometimes us$4 ,= ! mascul9e & fem99e caesuras1 see #beeg4 ,,/rophe4 ,,sy/em4 #bede4 ,,! ,,/rophe4 ,a fix$ numb] ( v]ses recurr+ 9 a regul> ord] is call$ a ,/rophe4 ,a /rophe commonly conta9s v]ses ( diff]5t k9ds1 b "s /rophes are compos$ ( v]ses :i* are all alike4 ,! mo/ common /rophes 9 ,lat9 poetry are ei!r di/i*s 7i4e4 gr\ps ( two l9es ea*71 tri/i*s 7( ?ree l9es ea*71 or tetra/i*s 7( f\r74 ,/rophes & v]ses are frequ5tly nam$ aft] "s poet :o made use ( !m4 ,s ! ,alcaic /rophe 7nam$ aft] ,alcaeus71 ! ,sapphic /rophe 7nam$ aft] ,sappho71 ! ,glyconic v]se 7nam$ aft] ,glycon71 ! ,asclepiadean 7aft] ,asclepiades71 ! ,phalaecean 7aft] ,phalaecus71 ! ,ph]ecratean 7aft] ,ph]ecrates71 c4 #bedf4 ,a ,/i*ic ,s]ies is a s]ies ( v]ses ( ! same k9d n comb9$ into /rophes4 #bedg4 ,,! ,,sy/em4 ,a gr\p ( rhy?mical s]ies 7see #becb7 :i* is ( great] ext5t ?an a v]se is call$ a ,sy/em4 ,long sy/ems1 su* z are common 9 ,greek poetry1 are comp>atively r>e 9 ,lat9 v]se4 ,few v]ses h m ?an two rhy?mical s]ies2 none m ?an ?ree4 #bedh4 ,al?\gh 9 all probability ! ,lat9 acc5t 0 ma9ly "o ( /ress r ?an ( pit*1 x seems to h be5 comp>atively weak4 ,h5ce1 :5 x conflict$ ) ! metrical ictus1 x c\ld be ! m easily disreg>d$4 ,b acc5tual or semi-acc5tual poetry seems to h exi/$ among ! common p ev5 9 ! ,augu/an age1 & ev5 9 classical ,lat9 v]se 9 c]ta9 cases 7z 9 ! la/ "p ( ! dactylic hexamet]7 conflict betwe5 ictus & acc5t 0 c>efully avoid$4 ,aft] ! ?ird c5tury ,a4,d4 ! acc5t ex]t$ a /rong] & /rong] influ5ce ^u v]sification1 until 9 ! ,middle ,ages ! quantitative ,lat9 v]se 0 q supplant$ by ! acc5tual4 ,,num]i ,,italici4 #bedi4 ,"s ( ! e>lie/ rema9s ( ,lat9 lit]ature are believ$ to %[ a rhy?mical /ructure4 ,^! are *iefly pray]s1 imprecations1 sacr$ songs & ! l1 c\*$ 9 a set =m ( words4 ,( ! rules accord+ to :i* ^! c>m9a 7 compos$1 almo/ no?+ is kn[n4 ,accord+ to "o !ory1 !y are :olly acc5tual1 & are compos$ ( rhy?mical s]ies1 ea* s]ies conta9+ f\r !ses4 ,frequ5tly an arsis is suppress$1 & comp5sation = ! omission is made by dwell+ long] ^u ! !sis4 ,z an example is giv5 ! pray] 9 ,cato1 ,d ,r ,r/ic1 #ada3 ,mrs pt] t prcor quasque t ss vlns prptis mh dm fmiliaque n/ra1 c4 ,,! ,,saturnian4 #beej4 ,,! ,,saturnian is ! be/ kn[n & mo/ important ( ! old ,italian rhy?ms2 b its nature long has be51 & /ill is1 matt] ( high dispute4 ,!re are two pr9cipal !ories z to its "*1 ! quantitative & ! acc5tual1 ea* ( :i* is advocat$ by _m di/+ui%$ s*ol>s4 #beea4 7#a47 ,,! ,,quantitative ,,!ory4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 ! ,saturnian is a v]se ( six feet1 ) an anacrusis 7#bebi74 ,!re is a break aft] ! f\r? arsis1 or m r>ely aft] ! ?ird !sis4 ,ea* !sis may be ei!r a long syllable or two %orts2 ea* arsis may be a %ort syllable1 a long1 or two %orts1 b an arsis is n resolv$ be=e ! pr9cipal break or at ! end ( ! v]se4 ,hiatus is common1 especially at ! pr9cipal break 9 ! v]se4 ,a %ort f9al syllable may be l5g!n$ by ! influ5ce ( ! v]se-ictus4 ,an arsis is frequ5tly suppress$1 especially ! p5ultimate arsis4 ,two arses are nev] suppress$ 9 ! same half-v]se1 & r>ely two 9 ! same v]se4 ,examples ( ! ,saturnian1 measur$ quantitatively1 are3 ,dabnt malm ,metll ,navi potae4 ,novm ,iovs concrds flia sorrs4 7,naevius47 ,virm mih1 ,camna1 nsec v]stum4 7,livius ,&ronicus47 ,erm sectm sequntur mlt mrtls4 7,naevius47 ,comp>e 9 ,engli%3 8,! quen 0 n ! prl\r1 at+ brad & hney40 #beeb4 ,mo/ ( ! ,roman gramm>ians :o discuss$ ! nature ( ! ,saturnian seem to h reg>d$ x z quantitative4 ,9 mod]n times ! quantitative !ory has be5 advocat$ by ,rits*l1 ,bue*el]1 ,havet1 ,*ri/1 ,lucian ,muell]1 ,w4 ,mey]1 ,rei*>dt & _m o!rs4 #beec4 7#b47 ,,! ,,acc5tual ,,!ory4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 ! ,saturnian is an acc5tual v]se1 con/ruct$ )\t reg>d to quantity4 ,x is divid$ by ! pr9cipal break into two halves1 ! fir/ ( :i* has ?ree !ses4 ,! second half usually has ?ree1 b may h only two1 9 :i* case x is usually prec$$ by an anacrusis 7#bebi74 ,two acc5t$ syllables are regul>ly sep>at$ by an unacc5t$ syllable1 b 9 /rictly con/ruct$ ,saturnians ! second & ?ird unacc5t$ syllables are regul>ly sep>at$ by two unacc5t$ ones4 ,hiatus 0 at fir/ freely admitt$1 b 9 ! ,saturnians ( ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 occurs only at ! pr9cipal break4 ,examples ( ! ,saturnian1 measur$ accord+ to ?is !ory1 are3 ,dbunt mlum ,metll ,navi potae4 ,nvem ,ivis concrds flia sorrs4 7,naevius47 ,vrum mhi1 ,camna1 nsec v]stum4 7,livius ,&ronicus47 ,erum sctam sequntur mlt mrtls4 7,naevius47 #beed4 ,! acc5tual !ory 0 held by ! s*olia/ on ,v4 ,g4 #b1 #che1 & 9 mod]n times has be5 upheld 79 "o =m or ano!r7 by ,o4 ,kell]1 ,?urneys51 ,we/phal1 ,gl$its*1 ,l9dsay & o!rs4 ,! brief /atem5t giv5 above agrees ess5tially ) t ( ,o4 ,kell]4 ,gl$its* holds t ea* half-v]se has f\r acc5ts1 z3 ,dbunt mlum ,mtell ,navi pota2 ,l9dsay t ! fir/ hemi/i* has ?ree acc5ts & ! second two1 z3 ,dbunt mlum ,metll ,navi potae4 ,! :ole "q is /ill f> f its f9al settlem5t4 ,,dactylic ,,rhy?ms4 #beee4 ,^! are desc5d+ rhy?ms belong+ to ! ,equal ,class 7see #bebg74 ,9 !m ! fundam5tal foot is ! dactyl 7- 71 = :i* its metrical equival5t1 ! spondee 7- 71 is frequ5tly sub/itut$4 ,,! ,,dactylic ,,hexamet]4 #beef4 ,! ,,dactylic ,,hexamet] is ! v]se regul>ly employ$ 9 epic1 didactic1 & bucolic poetry1 & is us$ by ! ,lat9 writ]s (t5] ?an any o!r measure4 ,x consi/s ( six feet1 ! la/ ( :i* is a spondee 7b ) ! privilege ( syllaba anceps2 see #becd74 ,! fif? foot is usually a dactyl2 b sometimes a spondee is employ$1 9 :i* case ! v]se is call$ spondaic4 ,9 ea* ( ! o!r f\r feet ei!r a dactyl or a spondee may be us$4 ,! s*eme is !re=e3 - - - - - - ,9 ! f9al 7fif?7 1 ! long-syllable l9e is 9 brackets4 #beeg4 ,a caesura :i* comes imm$iately aft] ! !sis ( a foot is call$ mascul9e2 "o :i* falls 9 ! middle ( ! arsis 7i4e4 aft] ! fir/ %ort ( a dactyl7 is t]m$ fem99e4 ,! ,roman writ]s %[ a /rong pref]5ce = mascul9e pr9cipal caesuras1 & 9 g5]al _! treatm5t ( ! caesura is m /rict ?an t ( ! ,greek poets4 #beeh4 ,! pr9cipal caesura 9 ! ,lat9 hexamet] is mo/ frequ5tly ! p5!mim]al 7#bedd73 z 93 ,arma virumque c ,troiae qu prmus ab rs 7,v4 #a1 #a74 ,next 9 ord] ( frequ5cy /&s ! heph!mim]al1 :i* is usually accompani$ by a second>y tri!mim]al1 & 9 _m cases also by a fem99e caesura 9 ! ?ird foot3 z 9 ! v]se1 nsgnem piette virum tot adre labrs 7,v4 #a1 #aj74 ,if ! second>y tri!mim]al caesura is lack+1 ! p5!mim]al is usually accompani$ by a fem99e caesura 9 ! second foot4 ,sometimes1 ?\gh m r>ely1 ! pr9cipal break 9 ! l9e is ! fem99e caesura 9 ! ?ird foot 7(t5 call$ ! 8caesura aft] ! ?ird tro*ee071 z 9 ! v]se ,sp>gns mida mella soprif]umque papv] 7,v4 #d1 #dhf74 #beei4 ,! dia]esis 7see #bedb7 aft] ! f\r? foot 7(t5 call$ 8bucolic dia]esis0 f its use by pa/oral writ]s7 sometimes occurs1 b is mu* less common 9 ,lat9 hexamet]s ?an 9 ,greek4 ,an example is ,dc mihi1 ,dmoet1 cuium pecus8 ,an ,meliboe8 7,v4 ,e4 #c1 #a74 ,?is dia]esis1 ?\gh common 9 ,juv5al1 is r>e 9 mo/ ( ! ,lat9 poets 7ev5 ! bucolic71 & :5 x does occur1 x is usually accompani$ by a p5!mim]al caesura4 ,lucian ,muell] & o!rs d5y t ! bucolic dia]esis ev] =ms ! pr9cipal break 9 a l9e4 #befj4 ,:5 a l9e has sev]al caesuras1 x is (t5 h>d to det]m9e :i* is ! pr9cipal "o4 ,9 g5]al1 mascul9e caesuras out-rank fem99e2 ! p5!mim]al takes prec$5ce ov] ! heph!mim]al1 & ! latt] ov] all o!r caesuras4 ,b if ! heph!mim]al1 or ev5 "o ( ! m9or caesuras1 co9cides ) an important pause 9 ! s5t5ce1 x may out-rank ! p5!mim]al4 ,?us 9 ! v]se ,pault7im7 adnbam t]rae2 iam tta t5bam 7,v4 #f1 #ceh71 ! pr9cipal caesura is aft] t]rae1 n adnbam4 ,l9es )\t a pr9cipal caesura are r>e4 ,an in/ance is ,nn quvs videt inmodulta pomata idex 7,h4 ,,ap4 #bfc74 #befa4 ,! great flexibility ( ! hexamet] makes x an admirable vehicle ( poetic expression4 ,accumulat$ spondees give ! v]se a sl[ & pond]\s movem5t3 z 9 ! l9e ,ill77 9t] ss magn v brac*ia tollunt 7,v4 ,g4 #d1 #agd74 ,! multiplication ( dactyls imp>ts to ! v]se a comp>atively rapid & impetu\s motion1 z 9 ! fam\s v]se ,quadrupedante putrem sonit quatit ungula campum 7,v4 #h1 #eif74 ,b ev5 :5 dactyls are num]\s1 ! ,lat9 hexamet]1 8! /atelie/ measure ev] m\ld$ by ! lips ( man10 %\ld n be read ) ! j]ky #c_/h movem5t :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ! ,engli% hexamet]4 #befb4 ,! foll[+ passage may s]ve to illu/rate ! movem5t ( ! hexamet]1 & to %[ h[ ! use ( ! diff]5t caesuras imp>ts v>iety to ! measure3 soci --nequ7e7 en7im7 gnr sumus ante malrum-- pass gravira1 dabit deus hs quoque fnem4 ,vs et ,scyllaeam rabiem p5itusque snants acc/is scopuls1 vs et ,cclpea saxa exp]t2 revoct7e7 anims1 mae/umque timrem mittite3 =san et haec lim meminisse iuvbit4 7,v4 #a1 #aih74 ,comp>e 9 ,engli%3 ,rolls & rages ama9 ! re/less1 bill[y ocean1 ,:ile ) a ro> t s\nde? af> ! :ite-man$ break]s ,leap up aga9/ ! cliffs1 l foem5 madly rejoic+4 ,,notes ,,on ,,! ,,hexamet]4 #befc4 7#a47 ,9 all probability1 ! hexamet] 0 orig9ally a composite v]se1 made up ( two tripodies1 or ( a tetrapody & a dipody4 ,h5ce hiatus 9 ! pr9cipal caesura is n v r>e1 ev5 9 ! ,augu/an poets4 ,! /ress ^u ! fir/ & f\r? !ses 0 probably /rong] ?an t ^u ! o!r f\r4 #befd4 7#b47 ,9 ! second half ( ! hexamet]1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! fif? & six? feet1 v]se-ictus & ^w-acc5t %[ a /rong t5d5cy to co9cide4 #befe4 7#c47 ,a monosyllable r>ely /&s be=e ! pr9cipal caesura or at ! end ( ! v]se4 ,:5 ! v]se ends 9 a monosyllable1 ! !sis ( ! la/ foot is g5]ally a monosyllable also1 z 9 ! l9e ,crspnus m9im m prvocat2 accipe1 s vs 7,h4 ,s4 #a1 #d1 #ad74 ,exceptions to ?is rule sometimes occur :5 ! poet wi%es to produce a p>ticul> effect1 z 9 ,p>turi5t monts1 nsctur rdiculus ms 7,h4 ,,ap4 #aci74 #beff4 7#d47 ,a hexamet] g5]ally ends 9 a ^w ( two or ?ree syllables1 almo/ nev] 9 "o ( f\r1 r>ely 9 "o ( five4 ,b spondaic v]ses 7#beef7 g5]ally end ) a ^w ( f\r syllables1 m r>ely ) "o ( ?ree1 almo/ nev] ) "o ( two4 #befg4 7#e47 ,spondaic v]ses are comp>atively r>e 9 ,ennius & ,lucretius1 b become m frequ5t 9 ,catullus4 ,!y are n common 9 ,v]gil1 ,horace1 ,prop]tius & ,ovid1 & d n occur at all 9 ,tibullus4 ,p]sius has "o spondaic v]se1 ,val]ius ,flaccus "o1 ,claudian five1 ,silius ,italicus six1 ,/atius sev54 ,ennius has l9es compos$ entirely ( spondees1 & s 9 "o in/ance 7#aaf1 #c7 ,catullus4 ,ennius also resolves ! !sis ( a dactyl 9 a few cases4 #befh4 7#f47 ,a v]se :i* is connect$ ) ! foll[+ "o by elision 7#bdib7 is call$ hyp]metrical4 ,su* v]ses are r>e1 & usually end ) ! enclitics -que or -ve4 #befi4 7#g47 ,! dactylic hexamet] 0 introduc$ into ,lat9 lit]ature by ,ennius1 & 0 fur!r p]fect$ by ,lucilius1 ,lucretius1 & ,cic]o1 :o took him z _! model4 ,catullus & ! gr\p to :i* he belong$ foll[$ ,alex&rian models m closely1 :ile ! great poets ( ! ,augu/an age c>ri$ ! te*nique ( ! hexamet] to its highe/ p]fection4 ,horace 9 8 lyric poetry treats ! hexamet] ) great /rictness2 b 9 ! ,satires & ,epi/les he h&les x ) mu* fre$om1 imp>t+ to ! measure a m colloquial "* by ! frequ5t use ( spondees & by less rigor\s treatm5t ( ! caesura4 ,,! ,,dactylic ,,p5tamet]4 #begj4 ,! ,,dactylic ,,p5tamet] is a v]se consi/+ ( two catalectic dactylic tripodies1 sep>at$ by a fix$ dia]esis4 ,spondees are admitt$ 9 ! fir/ tripody1 b n 9 ! second4 ,! f9al !sis ( ! fir/ tripody is protract$ to a tetraseme 7#beaf7 to comp5sate = ! omission ( ! arsis4 ,! s*eme is !re=e - - - - - #bega4 7#a47 ,! v]se is n asyn>tetic 7#bece71 nei!r syllaba anceps nor hiatus be+ all[$ at ! end ( ! fir/ tripody4 #begb4 7#b47 ,?is v]se is kn[n z ! p5tamet] because ! anci5t gramm>ians measur$ x - - - - - - #begc4 ,! p5tamet] is r>ely us$ except 9 comb9ation ) ! hexamet]1 ) :i* x =ms ! s-call$ ,elegac ,di/i*3 - - - - - - - - - - - #begd4 ,! ,elegiac ,di/i* is us$ *iefly 9 elegiac poetry 7:5ce ! "n71 9 amatory v]se & 9 epigrams4 ,! end ( ! p5tamet] g5]ally co9cides ) a pause 9 ! s5se4 ,z examples ( ! ,elegiac ,di/i*1 ! foll[+ may s]ve3 ,quam legis ex ill tibi vnit epi/ola t]r ltus ub77 aequores additur ,hi/] aqus4 ,s tibi contigerit cum dulc vta salte1 c&ida =tnae p>s manet na meae4 ,o4 ,tr4 #e1 #g1 #a4 ,comp>e 9 ,engli% 7b see #befa ad f9473 8,^! lame hexamet]s ! /rong-w+$ music ( ,hom]6 ,no--b a mo/ burlesque1 b>b>\s exp]im5t 4 4 4 ,hexamet]s no worse ?an d>+ ,g]many gave u1 ,b>b>\s exp]im5t1 b>b>\s hexamet]s40 7,,t5nyson74 #bege4 ,! ,elegiac ,di/i* 0 introduc$ into ,roman poetry by ,ennius1 :o us$ x 9 epigrams4 ,v>ro employ$ x 9 8 ,saturae1 & ,catullus seems to h be5 ! fir/ ( ! ,lat9s :o us$ x 9 ,elegiac poetry4 ,! elegiac & amatory poets ( ! ,augu/an age1 especially ,ovid1 p]fect$ x1 & wield$ x ) unequall$ grace & ease4 #begf4 ,ovid ne>ly always closes ! p5tamet] ) a disyllabic ^w2 b e>li] poets1 especially ,catullus1 are less c>eful 9 ?is reg>d4 ,elision is less frequ5t 9 ! p5tamet] ?an 9 ! hexamet]4 ,x sometimes occurs 9 ! ma9 dia]esis ( ! p5tamet]1 ?\gh r>ely4 ,,! ,,dactylic ,,tetramet] ,,acatalectic 7or ,alcmanian74 #begg4 ,?is v]se is *iefly us$ 9 composition ) a tro*aic tripody to =m ! ,great] ,ar*ilo*ian v]se 7#bfgg72 b x occurs alone once 9 ,t]5ce 7,&ria #fbe71 & is employ$ 9 /i*ic s]ies 7#bedf7 by ,s5eca4 ,! s*eme is3 - - - - ,an example is3 hoc9e crdibil7e7 aut memorbile 7,t4 ,&r4 #fbe74 ,?is v]se is (t5 call$ ,alcmanian because x 0 us$ by ! ,greek poet ,alcman4 ,,! ,,dactylic ,,tetramet] ,,catalectic 7or ,ar*ilo*ian74 #begh4 ,?is v]se consi/s ( f\r dactylic feet1 ! la/ "o be+ incomplete4 ,! s*eme is3 - - - - ,9 ! f9al 1 ! long-syllable l9e is 9 brackets4 ,an example is3 ,crm9e prpetu celebrr7e7 et 7,h4 #a1 #g1 #f74 ,?is v]se diff]s f ! prec$+ 9 t ! la/ foot is always a tro*ee or spondee1 nev] a dactyl4 ,x is us$ only 9 ! ,alcmanian /rophe 7#bgbd74 ,,! ,,dactylic ,,trimet] ,,catalectic 7or ,less] ,ar*ilo*ian74 #begi4 ,?is v]se has ! s*eme3 - - - ,an example is3 rboribsque coma 7,h4 #d1 #g1 #b74 ,x is us$ *iefly 9 ! ,fir/ ,ar*ilo*ian ,/rophe 7see #bgbe74 ,9 =m x is ! same z ! second half ( ! p5tamet] 7#begj74 #behj4 ,^! v]ses 7#begh1 #begi7 are (t5 call$ ,ar*ilo*ian because !y 7 fir/ us$ by ! ,greek poet ,ar*ilo*us4 ,erratum3 rboribsque coma 7,h4 #d1 #g1 #b74 rboribsque co ma 7,h4 #d1 #g1 #b74 ,,iambic ,,rhy?ms4 #beha4 ,^! are asc5d+ rhy?ms 7#bebh7 9 #c_/h "t4 ,! fundam5tal foot is ! ,iambus 7 -71 = :i* its metrical equival5t ! tribra* 1 ! irrational spondee -1 ! irrational dactyl 1 ! cyclic anapae/ -1 or ! proceleusmatic is sometimes sub/itut$4 #behb4 ,! ,greek poets exclud$ all feet except ! iambus & tribra*1 & 9 com$y ! anapae/1 f ! ev5 places 9 iambic v]se4 ,! ,lat9 poets 7 n s /rict3 b :5 "o ( ! ev5 feet 0 =m$ by a ^w or a ^w-end+1 !y did n usually all[ ! foot to be a spondee or an anapae/1 b requir$ x to be an iambus4 ,,! ,,iambic ,,trimet] ,,or ,,s5>ius4 #behc4 ,! ,,iambic ,,trimet] is ! v]se mo/ frequ5tly us$ by ! ,roman dramati/s4 ,x consi/s ( six iambic feet1 or ?ree iambic dipodies4 ,! ictus on ! second !sis ( ea* dipody 0 probably weak] ?an t ^u ! fir/ !sis4 ,"s anci5t au?orities1 h[ev]1 held t ! ictus on ! second !sis 0 ! /rong]4 ,! la/ foot is always an iambus4 ,! normal s*eme is !re=e3 - - - - - - ,"s pref] 7see #bebi7 to reg>d ?is v]se z a tro*aic trimet] catalectic ) anacrusis4 ,! normal s*eme w !n be3 - - - - - - #behd4 ,! ,lat9 poets diff] widely 9 _! treatm5t ( ! ,s5>ius1 "s 7especially ,plautus1 ,t]5ce1 & ! o!r e>ly dramati/s7 h&l+ x ) great fre$om1 :ile o!rs 7especially ,pha$rus & ,publilius ,syrus7 con=m m closely to ,greek models4 ,we may !re=e di/+ui% two p]iods3 7,a47 ,e>ly ,p]iod4 #behe4 ,any "o ( ! sub/itutions enum]at$ 9 #beha is admitt$ 9 any foot except ! la/4 ,! s*eme is !re=e3 - - - - - - - - - - - ,! ma9 caesura is usually p5!mim]al 7#bedd72 b x is sometimes heph!mim]al1 9 :i* case !re is g5]ally a second>y caesura 91 or dia]esis aft]1 ! second foot4 ,! foll[+ passage may s]ve to %[ ! rhy?m3 ,ubi vnt7um7 ad aeds / ,drom pultt =s2 ans quadam prdit2 hac ub7i7 aperit stium1 contnu77 hic s conicit 9tr771 ego cnsequor2 ans fribus obdit pssul7um71 ad lnm r$it4 ,hc scr potux at nusqu7am7 alib1 ,clnia1 qu /di vtam sum t77 abs5t7e7 exg]it1 ubi d77 nprvs/ nt]v5tum mlier1 c4 ,t4 ,hau4 #bge4 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - #behf4 7#a47 ,9 ! e>ly dramati/s1 sub/itutions are v num]\s1 & l9es :i* foll[ ! normal s*eme are r>e4 ,sub/itutions are mo/ frequ5t 9 ! fir/ foot4 #behg4 7#b47 ,f\r %orts r>ely /& 9 succession unless !y belong to ! same foot4 ,h5ce a dactyl or tribra* is seldom foll[$ by an anapae/4 #behh4 7#c47 ,! dactyl & proceleusmatic are r>e 9 ! fif? foot4 ,! proceleusmatic occurs *iefly 9 ! fir/ foot4 #behi4 7#d47 ,! fif? foot is v (t5 a spondee4 ,x mu/ n be a pure iambus except 7a47 :5 ! l9e ends ) a polysyllable ( f\r or m syllables2 7b47 :5 x ends ) a ^w :i* =ms a ,cretic 7#beba72 7c47 :5 x ends ) an iambic ^w prec$$ by "o :i* =ms a ,f\r? ,paeon 7#beba71 or by an anapae/ic ^w :i* is itself prec$$ by a f9al %ort syllable2 7d47 :5 !re is a *ange ( speak]s be=e ! la/ foot2 7e47 :5 elision occurs 9 ! fif? or six? foot4 #beij4 7#e47 ,! ma9 caesura is r>ely prec$$ by a monosyllable4 #beia4 7#f47 ,9 ! ,s5>ius1 & 9 ! o!r iambic & tro*aic v]ses ( ! e>ly dramati/s1 a resolv$ arsis or !sis is usually plac$ s t its fir/ syllable beg9s a ^w1 or s t ! two %orts ( ! resolv$ arsis or !sis are enclos$ by o!r syllables belong+ to ! same ^w4 ,h5ce a dactylic ^w ) ! ictus on ! p5ult or ultima 7e4g4 tempre7 r>ely occurs4 ,b !re are occasional exceptions to ! rule1 especially 9 ! case ( words t are closely connect$ 7e4g4 a preposition ) its case74 7,b47 ,lat] ,p]iod4 #beib4 ,lat] writ]s con=m m closely to ,greek usage1 b diff] f "o ano!r 9 ! degree ( /rictness ) :i* !y foll[ x4 ,! g5]al s*eme is3 - - - - - - - - ,! ma9 caesura is usually ! p5!mim]al 7#bedd74 ,! heph!mim]al sometimes occurs1 b usually 9 connection ) ! p5!mim]al1 or ) a dia]esis aft] ! second foot4 ,if ! heph!mim]al is us$ )\t ei!r ( ^!1 ! second & ?ird tro*ees ( ! l9e mu/ =m "o ^w1 z 9 ut gadet nsitva dc]pns pira4 7,h4 ,epod4 #b1 #ai47 #beic4 7#a47 ,! anapae/ is r>e 9 ne>ly all classical writ]s2 ,catullus does n admit x at all1 & ,horace only five times 9 all4 ,! proceleusmatic is admitt$ 9 ! fir/ foot by ,s5eca1 ! au?or ( ! ,octvia1 ,pha$rus1 ,publilius ,syrus & ,t]5tianus ,maurus2 o!r writ]s exclude x altoge!r4 ,catullus keeps ! fif? foot pure1 & ,horace does n admit ! tribra* 9 ! fif? foot4 #beid4 7#b47 ,catullus 7#d & #bi71 ,horace 7,epod4 #af71 ,v]gil 7,cat4 #c1 #d1 #h71 & ! au?ors ( ! ,pripa sometimes use ! pure iambic trimet]1 )\t resolutions or sub/itutions4 #beie4 7#c47 ,pha$rus foll[s 9 "p ! e>li] usage1 admitt+ ! spondee1 dactyl1 & anapae/1 9 e foot except ! la/4 ,! dactyl he employs *iefly 9 ! fir/1 ?ird1 & fif? feet1 ! anapae/ 9 ! fir/ & fif?4 ,! proceleusmatic he admits only 9 ! fir/4 #beif4 ,! rhy?m ( ! ,s5>ius may be illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ l9es3 ,b "o amid ! ?rong ( eag] li/5]s1 ,a sable =m ) scornful eye & look av]se1 ,out-/ret*$ a lean =e-f+] & bespake ,h>\n4 ,,! ,,*oliambus 7or ,scazon74 #beig4 ,! ,,*oliambus is an iambic trimet] 9 :i* a tro*ee has be5 sub/itut$ = ! f9al iambus4 ,! p5ultimate syllable is !re=e long in/ead ( %ort4 ,! caesura is g5]ally ! p5!mim]al 7#bedd74 ,if x is heph!mim]al1 !re is regul>ly a dia]esis aft] ! second foot4 ,! s*eme is3 - - - - - - - ,an example is3 ,fulsre quondam cndid tib sls4 7,cat4 #h1 #c47 #beih4 7#a74 ,! anacru/ic s*eme 7see #bebi7 ( ! *oliambus is3 - - - - - i4e4 tro*aic trimet] ) anacrusis 7#bebi71 syncope 7#beda71 & protraction 7#beaf74 #beii4 7#b47 ,resolutions & sub/itutions are less common 9 ! *oliambus ?an 9 ! ord9>y trimet]4 ,no monosyllable except e/ is admitt$ at ! end ( ! l9e4 ,! tribra* 9 ! fir/ foot is r>e1 & ! fif? foot is regul>ly an iambus4 #bfjj4 7#c74 ,! v]se is nam$ ,*oliambus 7i4e4 8lame0 or 8limp+ iambus07 or ,scazon 78hobbl]07 f its odd1 limp+ movem5t4 ,x is sometimes call$ ,hipponactean f its inv5tor ,hipponax1 & is *iefly us$ to produce a satiric or ludicr\s effect4 ,x 0 introduc$ into ,roman poetry by ,cn4 ,mattius1 & 0 employ$ by ,v>ro1 ,catullus1 ,p]sius1 ,petronius1 ,m>tial1 & o!rs4 ,,! ,,iambic ,,trimet] ,,catalectic4 #bfja4 ,! ,,iambic ,,trimet] ,,catalectic occurs 9 ,horace 7#a1 #d & #b1 #ah74 ,! caesura is regul>ly p5!mim]al 7#bedd74 ,resolutions are n admitt$1 except 9 "o d\btful case1 rgumque pu]s 7#b1 #ah1 #cd71 :]e puers may be read 7) synizesis3 see #bdii74 ,! s*eme is3 - - - - - ,examples are3 ,me r5det n dom lacn>4 7,h4 #b1 #ah1 #b47 - - - - - ,seu pscit agn sve mlit had4 7,h4 #a1 #d1 #ab47 - - - - - #bfjb4 7#a47 ,! anacru/ic s*eme is3 - - - - - 1 i4e4 tro*aic trimet] catalectic ) anacrusis 7#bebi71 syncope 7#beda71 & protraction 7#beaf74 #bfjc4 7#b47 ,horace seems to h *ang$ 8 practice ) ref]5ce to ! fir/ foot4 ,9 #a1 #d ! fir/ foot is a spondee 9 n9e l9es out ( t52 9 #b1 #ah1 x is a spondee 9 only two l9es out ( tw5ty4 ,,! ,,iambic ,,tetramet] ,,acatalectic 7or ,octon>ius74 #bfjd4 ,?is v]se consi/s ( f\r iambic dipodies1 or eight complete iambic feet4 ,! sub/itutions enum]at$ 9 #beha are admitt$ 9 ! fir/ sev5 feet2 b ! la/ foot is always an iambus4 ,! pr9cipal break 9 ! l9e is usually a dia]esis aft] ! f\r? foot 7:i* 9 t case mu/ be a pure iambus71 or a caesura aft] ! arsis ( ! fif?4 ,! full s*eme is3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - #bfje4 ,! foll[+ l9es are examples ( ?is metre3 ,enm vr1 ,dve1 nl loc/ sgntiae neque scrdiae1 quant7um7 ntellx md s5is s5tntiam d nptis3 quae snn a/ prvid5tur m77aterum pessm dabunt4 7,t4 ,&r4 #bjf47 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - #bfjf4 ,comp>e 9 ,engli%3 ,he smote ! rock1 & =? a tide ( cry/al wat]s /ream$ ama92 ,up sprang ! fl[rets f ! gr\nd1 & ,nature smil$ o'er all ! pla94 #bfjg4 7#a47 ,! iambic octon>ius is *iefly a comic v]se4 ,t]5ce has ab\t eight hundr$ l9es 9 ?is measure1 ,plautus only ab\t ?ree hundr$1 ,v>ro a few4 #bfjh4 7#b47 ,sub/itutions are mu* less common ?an 9 ! s5>ius1 especially 9 ! ev5 feet4 #bfji4 7#c47 ,:5 !re is a dia]esis aft] ! f\r? foot1 s t ! l9e is divid$ into two equal halves1 ! v]se is asyn>tetic 7#bece74 ,!re seems1 h[ev]1 to be no c]ta9 in/ance ( hiatus 9 ! dia]esis 9 ! ,t]5tian plays4 ,erratum3 #bfje 444 ,enm vr1 ,dve1 nl loc/ ,enm vr1 ,dve1 nlloc/ ,,iambic ,,sept5>ius4 7,a47 ,e>ly ,usage4 #bfaj4 ,! ,,iambic ,,sept5>ius consi/s ( sev5 & a half iambic feet4 ,9 any ( ! complete feet ! sub/itutes m5tion$ 9 #beha are admitt$4 ,!re is usually a dia]esis aft] ! f\r? foot1 :i* 9 t case mu/ be a pure iambus4 ,if !re is n su* a dia]esis1 !re is g5]ally a caesura aft] ! arsis ( ! fif? foot4 ,! s*eme ( sub/itution is3-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - #bfaa4 ,examples ( ! ,sept5>ius are ! l9es3 ,sprbit smptum sbi s5ex levt7um7 ess7e7 hrunc bit3 n77 ill7e7 had scit hoc paulm lucr quant7um7 damn77 adprtet4 ,t nscis quod scs1 ,drom1 s spis4 ,mtum dcs4 7,t4 ,hau4 #gdf47 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,comp>e 9 ,engli%3 8,n[ :o be ye w\ld cross ,lo*gyle1 ?is d>k & /ormy wat]80 7,campbell47 #bfab4 7#a47 ,! ,iambic ,sept5>ius ( ! e>ly com$y is n prop]ly a 8tetramet] catalectic0 l ! ,greek1 = ! p5ultimate syllable is sometimes resolv$1 :i* is nev] ! case 9 ! ,greek catalectic tetramet]4 ,= ! same reason ! ord9>y anacru/ic 7#bebi7 s*eme ( ! e>ly ,sept5>ius is errone\s2 = a triseme _c be resolv$4 #bfac4 7#b47 ,:5 !re is a dia]esis aft] ! f\r? foot1 ! v]se is asyn>tetic 7see #bece74 #bfad4 7#c47 ,! ,sept5>ius seems n to h be5 us$ 9 trag$y4 7,b47 ,lat] ,usage4 #bfae4 ,v>ro & ,catullus 7#be7 employ a =m ( ! ,sept5>ius :i* con=ms m closely to ,greek models1 keep+ ! arses ( ! ev5 feet pure & r>ely admitt+ resolutions4 ,!re is regul>ly a dia]esis aft] ! f\r? foot4 ,! s*eme is3-- - - - - - - - or anacru/ically 7#bebi7 - - - - - - - #bfaf4 ,catullus does n admit resolutions at all1 save 9 "o v d\btful case 7#be1 #e74 ,v>ro seems to admit !m 9 ! fir/ foot only4 ,,iambic ,,dimet] ,,acatalectic 7or ,quat]n>ius74 #bfag4 ,! ,,iambic ,,dimet] ,,acatalectic consi/s ( two complete iambic dipodies or f\r iambic feet4 ,9 ! fir/ ?ree feet ! tribra*1 irrational spondee1 irrational dactyl & cyclic anapae/ are admitt$2 b ! proceleusmatic is v r>e1 except 9 ! fir/ foot ( ! ,v]sus ,reizianus 7#bfbe71 7( :i* a ,quat]n>ius =ms ! fir/ colon74 ,! s*eme = sub/itution is3 - - - - - - - ,examples are3 ,rogitre quasi diffcile sit - - 7,t4 ,eu4 #bji74 ,a/ g vicissim rs] - - - 7,h4 ,epod4 #ae1 #bd74 ,p]nxit hc ,isonem - - - - 7,h4 ,epod4 #c1 #ab74 #bfah4 7#a47 ,! v]se may also be reg>d$ z a tro*aic dimet] catalectic ) anacrusis 7#bebi71 ) ! normal s*eme3 - - - - #bfai4 7#b47 ,horace admits resolutions only f\r times1 ! tribra* once 9 ! second foot & ! dactyl ?rice 9 ! fir/4 #bfbj4 7#c47 ,plautus 7except 9 a few in/ances71 ,t]5ce1 & ,horace employ ! dimet] only z a clausula 7#becf7 to long] v]ses4 ,petronius1 ,s5eca1 & ,prud5tius use x to =m sy/ems 7#bedg72 b x is r>ely s employ$ by e>li] writ]s4 ,erratum3 #bfag 444 l9e pr9t$ z %[n1 ) mismat*$ bracket ,,! ,,iambic ,,dimet] ,,catalectic 7or ,t]n>ius74 #bfba4 ,?is is l ! prec$+ v]se1 except t ! la/ foot is incomplete4 ,examples are3-- ,nequ7e7 d p]spicere quv - - 7,pl4 ,cap4 #ghd74 ,date2 mx eg7o7 hc revrtor - - - 7,t4 ,&r4 #dhe74 #bfbb4 7#a47 ,! v]se may also be reg>d$ z a syncopat$ catalectic tro*aic dimet] ) anacrusis 7#bebi74 ,! normal s*eme w !n be3-- - - - #bfbc4 7#b47 ,plautus & ,t]5ce use ?is v]se z a clausula 7#becf74 ,petronius is ! fir/ :o employs x to =m sy/ems 7#bedg74 ,,o!r ,,iambic ,,v]ses4 #bfbd4 ,o!r %ort iambic v]ses1 ! acatalectic dipody 7e4g4 eg7o7 llm fam1 eg7o7 llm sit1 ,pl4 ,cas4 #aec71 & ! catalectic tripody 7e4g4 9ps amtor1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #bef7 sometimes occur1 b are r>e4 ,,! ,,v]sus ,,reizianus4 #bfbe4 ,?is is a composite v]se1 consi/+ ( two cola1 an iambic dimet] acatalectic & an iambic tripody catalectic4 ,! s*eme is !re=e1 - - - - - - - - - - - ,examples are3-- ,s$ 9 adibus quid tbi mes n7am7 ert negt m77 absnte1 nis7i7 eg iss]am8 volo scre4 ,tac77 rg ,quia vnims coct7um7 ad nptis4 ,quid t1 malm1 crs4 7,pl4 ,aul4 #dbg47 #bfbf4 ,! nature ( ! second colon ( ?is v]se has long be5 disput$4 ,reiz & ,*ri/ treat x sub/antially z above2 ,/udemund reg>ds x z a syncopat$ iambic dimet] catalectic 7 - - 71 ,sp5gel & ,gl$its* z anapae/ic1 ,leo z logao$ic1 ,klotz z sometimes logao$ic & sometimes anapae/ic6 ,! view ( ,*ri/ 7,metrik#b1 p4 #cdh7 seems1 on ! :ole1 ! mo/ reasonable1 ?\gh ! "q _c be said to be fully decid$4 ,! tribra* is r>e 9 ! second colon1 b !re seems to be a case 9 ,plautus1 ,r4 #fge b4 #bfbg4 ,= o!r iambic v]ses & comb9ations ( v]ses1 see special editions ( ! dramati/s4 ,,tro*aic ,,rhy?ms4 #bfbh4 ,^! are desc5d+ rhy?ms 9 #c_/h "t4 ,! fundam5tal foot is ! tro*ee - 1 = :i* its metrical equival5t ! tribra* 1 ! irrational spondee - 1 ! cyclic dactyl - 1 ! irrational anapae/ 1 & 7r>ely7 ! proceleusmatic 1 are sometimes sub/itut$4 ,erratum3 #bfbh 444 ! tribra* 1 ! irrational spondee ! ,,! ,,tro*aic ,,tetramet] ,,catalectic 7or ,sept5>ius74 #bfbi4 ,! ,,tro*aic ,,tetramet] ,,catalectic is1 next to ! iambic trimet]1 ! v]se mo/ frequ5tly us$ by ! e>ly ,roman dramati/s4 ,x consi/s ( sev5 & a half tro*aic feet1 or f\r tro*aic dipodies 7! la/ "o be+ incomplete74 ,! ictus on ! second !sis ( ea* dipody 0 probably weak] ?an t on ! fir/ !sis4 ,! normal s*eme is3-- - - - - - - - - ,z 9 ! case ( ! s5>ius1 we may di/+ui% two p]iods 9 ! usage3-- 7,a47 ,e>ly ,p]iod4 #bfcj4 ,! tribra* is admitt$ 9 any ( ! complete feet1 & ! irrational spondee1 cyclic dactyl1 & irrational anapae/ 9 any ( ! fir/ six feet4 ,t]5ce does n admit ! proceleusmatic 9 ! ,sept5>ius 7nor 9 any o!r k9d ( tro*aic v]se71 b ,plautus admits x 9 ! fir/ foot4 ,! sev5? foot ( ! ,sept5>ius is usually a tro*ee1 b ! tribra* sometimes occurs !re4 ,! pr9cipal break 9 ! l9e is usually a dia]esis aft] ! f\r? foot 7:i* 9 t case mu/ n be a dactyl71 (t5 accompani$ by a second>y dia]esis aft] ! second foot4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! pr9cipal break is a dia]esis aft] ! fif? foot1 9 :i* case !re is g5]ally a second>y dia]esis aft] ! ?ird foot or a caesura 9 ! f\r?4 ,! full s*eme ( sub/itutions is3-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,! foll[+ l9es are examples ( ! ,sept5>ius3-- ,squ]e ss1 erm qu ldifics dcts dlrntibus qu quoni7am7 ers quod mpervit nglxi/ prsequ1 nnc vens eti7am7 ltr77 9rsum dm9um3 quae neque fer pssunt neque fand77 mqu7am7 accpit qusquam prf]s1 crnufex4 7,pl4 ,am4 #ehe47 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - #bfca4 7#a47 ,:5 !re is a dia]esis aft] ! f\r? foot1 ! v]se is asyn>tetic 7#bece74 ,9 ,plautus hiatus 9 ! dia]esis is n r>e2 b !re seems to be no c]ta9 in/ance ( x 9 ,t]5ce 7see ,ph4 #ebh1 ,ad4 #fig74 #bfcb4 7#b47 ,an anapae/ is n all[$ to foll[ a dactyl4 #bfcc4 7#c47 ,! sev5? foot is usually a tro*ee2 r>ely a tribra* or dactyl4 ,! tribra* & dactyl are seldom f\nd 9 ! f\r? foot4 7,b47 ,lat] ,usage4 #bfcd4 ,! lat] & /rict] =m ( ! ,sept5>ius keeps ! arses ( ! odd feet pure1 & regul>ly %[s a dia]esis aft] ! f\r? foot4 - - - - - - - - ,resolutions occur1 b are f> less common ?an 9 ! e>li] =m ( ! v]se4 ,! /rict =m ( ! ,sept5>ius is f\nd 9 ,v>ro1 ,s5eca1 & (t5 9 late poets 7z ,ausonius1 ,prud5tius1 c474 #bfce4 ,! rhy?m ( ! ,sept5>ius may be illu/rat$ by ?is l9e3-- 8,comrades1 leave me "h a little1 :ile z yet 'tis e>ly morn40 7,t5nyson47 ,,! ,,tro*aic ,,tetramet] ,,acatalectic 7or ,octon>ius74 #bfcf4 ,! ,,tro*aic ,,tetramet] ,,acatalectic is *iefly conf9$ to ! lyrical portions ( ! e>ly com$y4 ,x consi/s ( f\r complete tro*aic dipodies or eight tro*aic feet4 ,! tribra*1 irrational spondee1 irrational anapae/ & cyclic dactyl may /& 9 any foot save ! la/4 ,! la/ foot is regul>ly a tro*ee or a tribra*1 ?\gh 7! la/ syllable be+ syllaba anceps1 #becc7 an app>5t spondee or anapae/1 b n a dactyl1 may arise4 ,! pr9cipal break 9 ! l9e is regul>ly a dia]esis aft] ! f\r? foot 7:i* 9 t case mu/ n be a dactyl74 ,occasionally1 h[ev]1 !re is in/ead a caesura 9 ! f\r? or fif? foot4 ,! s*eme is3-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,example3-- ,cnse4 ,s$ hes t4 ,quid vs8 ,cnsn posse m7e7 ffirmre8 7,t4 ,eu4 #bag74 - - - - - - - - ,comp>e 9 ,engli%3-- ,ov] /ream & m\nt & valley sweeps ! m]ry1 c>eless rov]1 ,toy+ ) ! fragrant blossoms1 beat+ d[n ! heads ( clov]4 #bfcg4 7#a47 ,:5 !re is a dia]esis aft] ! f\r? foot1 ! v]se is asyn>tetic 7#bece74 #bfch4 7#b47 ,! ,octon>ius is ess5tially a lyric metre1 & is mu* less common ?an ! ,sept5>ius4 ,erratum3 #bfcf 444 ,cnse4 ,s$ hes t4 ,quid vs8 ,cnse4 ,s$hes t4 ,quid vs8 ,,! ,,tro*aic ,,tetramet] ,,claudus 7or ,scazon74 #bfci4 ,?is v]se is a tro*aic tetramet] acatalectic1 ) syncope & protraction 9 ! sev5? foot4 ,! normal s*eme is3 - - - - - - - ,an example is3-- ,nc coruscus mb] alt nbil cadns mltus - - - - - - - 7,v>ro1 ,sat4 fr4 #eeg ,bue*474 #bfdj4 7#a47 ,sub/itutions are mu* r>] 9 ?is v]se ?an 9 ! ord9>y tro*aic octon>ius4 #bfda4 7#b47 ,! ,scazon 0 introduc$ among ! ,greeks by ,hipponax1 :5ce x is sometimes call$ ! ,hipponactean4 ,v>ro seems to be ! only ,roman poet :o uses x4 ,,! ,,n9e-,,syllabl$ ,,alcaic4 #bfdb4 ,?is v]se consi/s ( two complete tro*aic dipodies1 ) anacrusis4 ,! second foot is always an irrational spondee4 ,! s*eme is3-- - - - - ,an example is3-- ,silva labrants gelque4 7,h4 #a1 #i1 #c47 ,?is v]se occurs only 9 ,horace1 :]e x =ms ! ?ird l9e ( ! ,alcaic ,/rophe 7see #bgcf74 ,,! ,,tro*aic ,,dimet] ,,acatalectic 7or ,quat]n>ius74 #bfdc4 ,?is v]se consi/s ( two complete tro*aic dipodies4 ,x is v r>e1 b !re are probably a few in/ances ( x 9 ,plautus1 e4g4 ,p]4 #ca3-- ,bsilic77 accipire vct - - - ,,! ,,tro*aic ,,dimet] ,,catalectic 7or ,t]n>ius74 #bfdd4 ,?is consi/s ( two tro*aic dipodies1 ! second be+ incomplete4 ,x occurs 9 ! e>ly dramati/s & 9 ,horace4 ,! s*eme = ,plautus & ,t]5ce is3-- - - - - - - ,! ,horatian s*eme is3-- - - - - ,examples are3-- ,at und7e7 auxilim petam 7,t4 ,ph4 #gbi74 ,nn ebur nequ7e7 areum 7,h4 #b1 #ah1 #a74 #bfde4 7#a47 ,?is is sometimes call$ ! ,euripidean v]se1 f its use by ,euripides4 ,! tribra* 9 ! ?ird foot is r>e1 & is n f\nd 9 ,t]5ce4 ,horace keeps all ! feet pure4 #bfdf4 7#b47 ,plautus & ,t]5ce (t5 use ?is v]se betwe5 tro*aic tetramet]s1 b sometimes employ sev]al ,t]n>ii 9 succession1 z 9 ,plaut4 ,e4 #c-f1 ,cas4 #iec-f1 ,ps4 #baa-ac4 ,,! ,,tro*aic ,,tripody ,,acatalectic4 #bfdg4 ,?is v]se is conf9$ to ! e>ly drama1 :]e x is employ$ z a clausula 7#becf71 especially ) ,cretics4 ,x consi/s ( ?ree complete tro*aic feet4 ,! same sub/itutions are admitt$ 9 e foot t are all[$ 9 ! fir/ two feet ( ! ,t]n>ius 7#bfdd74 ,an example is3-- ,ha bonm t5e srvom - - 7,pl4 ,mo/4 #gba74 ,?is v]se is sometimes call$ ! ,i?yphallic4 ,,! ,,tro*aic ,,tripody ,,catalectic4 #bfdh4 ,?is v]se is employ$ by ! e>ly dramati/s1 usually ei!r z a clausula 7#becf7 or 9 gr\ps ( two l9es ea*4 ,t]5ce g5]ally uses x 9 ! =m] way1 ,plautus 9 ! latt]4 ,! s*eme ( sub/itutions is3-- - - - - - ,example3-- ,qu77 mpig] fu - - - 7,pl4 ,r4 #ibe74 ,9 "o in/ance 7,r4 #ibd ff47 ,plautus has six catalectic tripodies 9 succession4 ,,o!r ,,tro*aic ,,v]ses4 #bfdi4 ,! ,tro*aic ,monomet] ,acatalectic is sometimes us$ by ,plautus z a clausula 7#becf7 to ,cretic tetramet]s41 ,x consi/s ( "o complete tro*aic dipody1 e4g4 nmis 9epta' s1 ,r4 #fha4 ire 9i/s1 ,am4 #bdg4 ,t]5ce uses ! catalectic monomet] twice 7,eu4 #bib1 ,ph4 #dhe7 at ! beg9n+ ( a sc5e1 e4g4 ,dri1 ,ph4 #dhe4 ,plautus has a few o!r tro*aic v]ses & comb9ations ( v]ses1 = :i* see special editions ( 8 plays4 ,,logao$ic ,,rhy?ms4 #bfej4 ,logao$ic v]se consi/s ( dactyls & tro*ees comb9$ 9 ! same metrical s]ies4 ,! dactyls are 8cyclic0 7see #bebc71 occupy+ approximately ! "t ( tro*ees1 & h5ce ! v]se moves 9 #c_/h "t4 ,except 9 ! 8,less] ,alcaic0 v]se 7#bffc71 only "o dactyl may /& 9 a s+le s]ies2 & a dactyl mu/ n occupy ! la/ place 9 a l9e4 #bfea4 7#a47 ,! "n 8logao$ic0 7,gr4 1 f 1 spee*1 prose1 & 1 song7 may ref] to ! app>5t *ange ( rhy?m 7due to ! mixture ( dactyls & tro*ees71 9 :i* logao$ic v]se resembles prose2 b ?is is a disput$ po9t4 #bfeb4 7#b47 ,9 ! logao$ic v]ses ( ,horace1 an irrational spondee almo/ always takes ! place ( a tro*ee be=e ! fir/ dactyl2 & if an app>5t *oriambus 7- 2 see #beba7 is foll[$ by ano!r app>5t *oriambus 9 ! same v]se1 ! two are regul>ly sep>at$ by a caesura4 ,^! rules are n obs]v$ by ,catullus4 #bfec4 7#c47 ,anacrusis 7#bebi7 & syncope 7#beda7 are v common 9 logao$ic v]se4 #bfed4 ,! foll[+ are ! pr9cipal logao$ic rhy?ms3-- ,,dipody4 ,,! ,,adonic4 #bfee4 ,?is is a logao$ic dipody1 ) ! s*eme3-- - - ,examples are3-- ,trruit rbem 7,h4 #a1 #b1 #d74 ,rra iuvntus 7,h4 #a1 #b1 #bd74 #bfef4 7#a47 ,"s reg>d ! ,adonic z a syncopat$ catalectic tripody3 - - #bfeg4 7#b47 ,a ,lat9 ,adonic %\ld consi/ ( a disyllable a trisyllable1 or ! rev]se4 ,?is rule did n hold 9 ,greek1 :]e su* l9es occur z 4 ,elision is n all[$ 9 ! ,lat9 ,adonic4 ,late ,lat9 poets 7l ,t]5tianus7 sometimes employ ! ,adonic 9 /i*ic s]ies 7#bedf74 ,,tripodies4 ,,! ,,ari/ophanic4 #bfeh4 ,?is is a logao$ic tripody acatalectic1 ) a dactyl 9 ! fir/ place4 ,! s*eme is !re=e3-- - - - ,!re is no fix$ caesura4 ,examples are3-- ,qud latet t marnae 7,h4 #a1 #h1 #ac74 ,fn]a n virlis 7,h4 #a1 #h1 #ae74 ,"s au?orities write ! s*eme z3 - - - i4e4 a syncopat$ logao$ic tetrapody catalectic4 ,,! ,,ph]ecratean 7or ,ph]ecratic74 #bfei4 ,?is v]se is us$ by ,catullus 7#cd1 #fa71 & by ,horace 7z ! ?ird l9e ( ! ,?ird ,asclepiadean ,/rophe3 see #bgcc74 ,x is a logao$ic tripody1 ) ! dactyl 9 ! second place4 ,! s*eme is3-- - - - - - ,! tro*ee & iambus are admitt$ 9 ! fir/ foot by ,catullus1 b n by ,horace4 ,! iambus is v r>e4 ,!re is no fix$ caesura4 ,examples are3-- ,grt1 ,prrha1 sub ntr 7,h4 #a1 #e1 #c74 ,) initial tro*ee3 ,ltemve papv] 7,cat4 #fa1 #aie74 ,) initial iambus3 ,pellaque canmus 7,cat4 #cd1 #d74 ,"s au?orities pref] to reg>d ! ,ph]ecratean z a syncopat$ logao$ic tetrapody catalectic1 ) ! s*eme3-- - - - - - ,,tetrapodies4 ,,! ,,glyconic4 #bffj4 ,?is v]se is us$ by ,catullus 7#cd1 #fa71 by ,horace 79 ! ,fir/1 ,second1 & ,?ird ,asclepiadean ,/rophes3 see #bgca1 #bgcb1 #bgcc71 & by ,s5eca & o!r lat] writ]s4 ,x is a logao$ic tetrapody catalectic1 ) a dactyl 9 ! second place4 ,! s*eme is3-- - - - - - - ,! tro*ee & iambus 9 ! fir/ foot occur 9 ,catullus1 b n 9 ,horace 7except 9 ! d\btful case1 #a1 #ae1 #cf74 ,!re is g5]ally a tri!mim]al caesura2 m r>ely "o 9 ! arsis ( ! second foot4 ,examples are3-- ,qum morts timut gradm 7,h4 #a1 #c1 #ag74 ,) initial tro*ee3 ,mntim domin7a7 t fors 7,cat4 #cd1 #i74 ,) initial iambus3 ,pell7ae7 t puer77 ntegr 7,cat4 #cd1 #b74 #bffa4 7#a47 ,?is v]se 9 composition ) ! ,ph]ecratean =ms ! ,priapean 7#bfgd74 #bffb4 7#b47 ,9 admitt+ ! tro*ee & iambus 9 ! fir/ foot1 ,catullus foll[s ,greek models1 :ile ,horace adh]es to ! /rict] ,roman usage1 z laid d[n by ! gramm>ians ( 8 own day4 ,s5eca obs]ves ! same rule z ,horace1 b "s ( ! lat] writ]s 7e4g4 ,t]5tianus7 rev]t to ! e>li] & fre] usage4 ,,! ,,less] 7or ,,decasyllabic7 ,,alcaic4 #bffc4 ,?is v]se is a logao$ic tetrapody acatalectic1 ) dactyls 9 ! fir/ & second places4 ,! s*eme is3-- - - - - ,!re is no fix$ caesura1 ?\gh !re is frequ5tly a break aft] ! !sis1 or 9 ! arsis1 ( ! second foot4 ,examples are3-- ,flm9a cn/iternt act 7,h4 #a1 #i1 #d74 ,mntibus t ,tiberm revrt 7,h4 #a1 #bi1 #ab74 ,,p5tapodies4 ,,! ,,phalaecean 7or ,h5decasyllable74 #bffd4 ,?is v]se is a logao$ic p5tapody ) ! dactyl 9 ! second place4 ,! ,greek poets admitt$ ! tro*ee & iambus1 z well z ! spondee1 9 ! fir/ foot1 & ,catullus foll[$ _! example2 b 9 ,petronius1 ,m>tial1 & ! ,pripa ! fir/ foot is always a spondee1 & 9 lat] writ]s ne>ly always4 ,horace does n use ! ,phalaecean4 ,!re is no fix$ caesura1 ?\gh ! p5!mim]al is (t5 f\nd4 ,! s*eme is3-- - - - - - - - ,examples are3-- ,cius vs fier liblle mnus 7,m>t4 #c1 #b1 #a74 ,) initial tro*ee3 ,d di facits me sdls 7,cat4 #dg1 #f74 ,) initial iambus3 git pssimus mnim pota 7,cat4 #di1 #e74 ,comp>e 9 ,engli%3-- 8,look1 ,i come to ! te/1 a t9y poem ,all compos$ 9 a metre ( ,catullus40 7,t5nyson47 #bffe4 ,! ,phalaecean is a fav\rite metre 9 epigrams4 ,x 0 us$ by ,sappho1 ,phalaecus 7f :om x took its "n71 & o!r ,greek poets1 & 0 introduc$ into ,roman poetry by ,laevius & ,v>ro4 ,x is a fav\rite metre ) ,catullus1 & is f\nd 9 ! fragm5ts ( ,c9na1 ,cornificius & ,bibaculus1 9 ! ,pripa1 9 ,petronius1 ,/atius1 ,m>tial1 c4 ,9 ,catullus #ee1 a spondee is (t5 employ$ in/ead ( ! dactyl1 ! two k9ds ( feet alt]nat+ 9 ! latt] v]ses ( ! poem2 b ?is innovation seems n to h f\nd fav\r4 ,erratum3 #bffd 444 - - - - - pr9t$ z %[n3 expect$ - 9 la/ foot ,,! ,,less] ,,sapphic4 #bfff4 ,?is v]se is a logao$ic p5tapody acatalectic1 ) ! dactyl 9 ! ?ird place4 ,! s*eme is3-- - - - - - - ,! tro*ee 9 ! second foot 0 admitt$ by ,alcaeus & ,sappho1 & occurs 9 ,catullus1 b n 9 ,horace4 ,9 ,horace ! caesura regul>ly falls aft] ! !sis1 or 7less frequ5tly7 9 ! arsis1 ( ! dactyl2 b 9 ,catullus1 z 9 ,sappho & ,alcaeus1 x has no fix$ position4 ,examples ( ?is v]se are3-- ,) mascul9e caesura3 ,im sats t]rs nivis tque drae 7,h4 #a1 #b1 #a74 ,) fem99e caesura3 ,phobe slvrmque potns ,dina 7,h4 ,c4 ,s4 #a74 ,) tro*ee 9 second foot3 ,se ,sacs sagttifersve ,pr?s 7,cat4 #aa1 #f74 ,,! ,,great] 7or ,,h5decasyllabic7 ,,alcaic4 #bffg4 ,?is v]se is a logao$ic p5tapody catalectic1 ) anacrusis & ) ! dactyl 9 ! ?ird foot4 ,! s*eme is3-- - - - - - ,!re is ne>ly always a dia]esis aft] ! second foot4 ,examples are3-- mtre pl*r flia pl*rir 7,h4 #a1 #af1 #a74 ,vids ut lt /t nive cndidm 7,h4 #a1 #i1 #a74 #bffh4 ,alcaeus admitt$ a tro*ee 9 ! second foot1 & all[$ ! anacrusis to be ei!r long or %ort2 b ,horace admitt$ only ! spondee 9 ! second foot1 & usually 79 ,bk4 #d always7 employ$ a long anacrusis4 ,horace also diff]$ f 8 pr$ecessor 9 assign+ a fix$ place to ! caesura1 :i* 9 ,alcaeus has no regul> position4 ,errata3 #bffg 444 mtre pl*r flia pl*rir mtre ,vids ut lt /t nive cndidm cndi dm ,,composite ,,logao$ic ,,v]ses4 ,,! ,,less] ,,asclepiadean4 #bffi4 ,?is is a composite v]se1 consi/+ ( two s]ies1 a syncopat$ logao$ic tripody a logao$ic tripody catalectic4 ,!re is regul>ly a dia]esis betwe5 ! two s]ies4 ,! s*eme is3-- - - - - - ,examples are3-- ,macns atavs dite rgibs 7,h4 #a1 #a1 #a74 ,qus dsd]i st pudor at mods 7,h4 #a1 #bd1 #a74 ,,! ,,great] ,,asclepiadean4 #bfgj4 ,?is is a composite v]se1 consi/+ ( ?ree s]ies4 ,x diff]s f ! prec$+ 7#bffi7 9 hav+ a syncopat$ logao$ic dipody 7- 7 ins]t$ betwe5 ! two tripodies4 ,! ?ree s]ies are regul>ly sep>at$ by dia]esis4 ,! s*eme is !re=e3-- - - - - - - ,examples are3-- ,nllam1 ,vre1 sacr vte pris sv]is rborm ,crc mte slm ,tburis t monia ,ctil4 7,h4 #a1 #ah1 #a-b74 ,erratum3 #bfgj 444 ,crc mte slm ,tburis t monia ,ctil4 ,ctil47 ) sup]flu\s p>5!sis ,,! ,,great] ,,sapphic4 #bfga4 ,?is is a composite v]se1 consi/+ ( a syncopat$ logao$ic tetrapody a syncopat$ logao$ic tetrapody catalectic4 ,!re is regul>ly a dia]esis betwe5 ! two s]ies1 & a caesura aft] ! !sis ( ! fir/ dactyl4 ,! s*eme is3-- - - - - - - ,an example is3-- ,t des r ,sybarn cr propers amnd 7,h4 #a1 #h1 #b74 #bfgb4 7#a47 ,! second s]ies has ! same =m z ! ,ari/ophanic1 if ! latt] be writt5 z a tetrapody 7see #bfeh ad f9474 #bfgc4 7#b47 ,horace 7#a1 #h7 is ! only ,lat9 poet :o makes use ( ! ,great] ,sapphic4 ,x seems to be an imitation ( ! ,greek ,sapphic3-- - - - - - 1 e4g4 b if s1 ! imitation is n exact4 ,,! ,,priapean4 #bfgd4 ,?is v]se is employ$ by ,catullus 7#ag7 & 9 ! ,pripa 7#hf74 ,x consi/s ( a syncopat$ logao$ic tetrapody a syncopat$ logao$ic tetrapody catalectic4 ,!re is regul>ly a dia]esis betwe5 ! two p>ts1 b hiatus & syllaba anceps are n all[$ at ! end ( ! fir/ s]ies4 ,! s*eme is3-- - - - - - - ,examples are3-- ,colnia qua cups pnte ld]e lng 7,cat4 #ag1 #a74 ,hnc lcm tibi ddic cnsecrque ,prip4 7,cat4 ,fr474 ,! fir/ s]ies has ! same =m z ! ,glyconic 7#bffj71 & ! second s]ies has ! same =m z ! ,ph]ecratean1 if ! latt] be writt5 z a tetrapody 7see #bfei ad f9474 ,,dactylo-,,tro*aic ,,rhy?ms4 #bfge4 ,,dactylo-,,tro*aic v]se1 l logao$ic1 is compos$ ( dactyls & tro*ees2 b :]eas 9 logao$ic v]se ! dactyls & tro*ees occur )9 ! same metrical s]ies1 9 dactylo-tro*aic !y always =m sep>ate s]ies4 ,h5ce dactylo-tro*aic v]ses are always composite1 consi/+ ( two or m s]ies 9 comb9ation4 #bfgf4 ,x is unc]ta9 :e!r ! dactyls 9 dactylo-tro*aic v]se 7 cyclic 7#bebc7 or :e!r !re 0 a *ange ( "t 9 ! middle ( ! v]se4 ,,! ,,great] ,,ar*ilo*ian4 #bfgg4 ,?is v]se is compos$ ( a dactylic tetramet] acatalectic a tro*aic tripody4 ,!re is regul>ly a dia]esis aft] ! fir/ colon1 & a caesura aft] ! ?ird !sis4 ,! f\r? foot is always a pure dactyl4 ,! ?ird foot is v (t5 a spondee4 ,! s*eme is3-- - - - - - - - ,an example is3-- ,slvitur cris hims grt vice vris t ,favn 7,h4 #a1 #d74 ,9 ,ar*ilo*us ! v]se is said to h be5 asyn>tetic 7#bece72 b ,horace & ,prud5tius d n all[ hiatus or syllaba anceps 9 ! dia]esis1 & ,prud5tius sometimes neglects ! dia]esis altoge!r4 ,,! ,,iambelegus4 #bfgh4 ,?is v]se consi/s ( a tro*aic dimet] catalectic ) anacrusis a ,less] ,ar*ilo*ian 7#begi74 ,no resolutions are all[$ 9 ! fir/ colon1 & ! dactyls 9 ! second colon are nev] replac$ by spondees4 ,!re is regul>ly a dia]esis betwe5 ! two cola4 ,! s*eme is3-- - - - - - - - ,an example is3-- ,rpre nec mtr dmum carula t reveht 7,h4 ,epod4 #ac1 #af74 #bfgi4 ,?is v]se occurs only 9 ! ,second ,ar*ilo*ian ,/rophe 7#bgbf7 ( ,horace4 ,"s au?orities treat ! fir/ colon z an iambic dimet]4 ,! "n ,iambelegus 0 giv5 to ! v]se because ! anci5t gramm>ians reg>d$ x z a dactylic p5tamet] = ! fir/ half ( :i* an iambic colon _h be5 sub/itut$4 ,,! ,,elegiambus4 #bfhj4 ,?is v]se consi/s ( ! same cola z ! ,iambelegus 7#bfgh71 b 9 rev]se ord]4 ,spondees are n admitt$ 9 ! fir/ colon1 & no resolutions occur 9 ! second colon4 ,!re is regul>ly a dia]esis betwe5 ! cola4 ,! s*eme is3-- - - - - - - - ,an example is3-- ,scrb]e vrsiculs amre p]cussm grav 7,h4 ,epod4 #aa1 #b74 #bfha4 ,?is v]se occurs only 9 ! ,?ird ,ar*ilo*ian ,/rophe 7#bgbg7 ( ,horace4 ,! "n ,elegiambus is giv5 to x z be+ ! rev]se ( ! ,iambelegus 7see #bfgi74 ,,anapae/ic ,,rhy?ms4 #bfhb4 ,9 ^! ! fundam5tal foot is ! anapae/ -1 = :i* its metrical equival5ts ! spondee - -1 dactyl - & proceleusmatic are sometimes sub/itut$4 #bfhc4 ,! anapae/ic v]se ( ! e>ly ,lat9 com$y is extremely irregul>1 & its limits are (t5 h>d to def9e4 ,spondees & app>5t bac*ii 7r$uc$ to anapae/s by ! law ( iambic %ort5+2 see #bdgj7 are extremely common1 & metrical irregul>ities ( v>i\s k9ds ab\nd4 ,! ,lat9 language has s few anapae/ic words t x does n l5d itself readily to ?is rhy?m4 ,t]5ce wisely ab/a9$ altoge!r f anapae/ic v]se4 ,v>ro1 ,s5eca1 & ,prud5tius & o!r late writ]s wrote anapae/s con=m+ m closely to ,greek models4 ,,! ,,anapae/ic ,,tetramet] ,,acatalectic 7or ,octon>ius74 #bfhd4 ,?is consi/s ( f\r anapae/ic dipodies or eight complete anapae/ic feet4 ,!re is regul>ly a dia]esis aft] ! f\r? foot1 & ! la/ !sis ( ! l9e is nev] resolv$4 ,hiatus & syllaba anceps sometimes occur 9 ! dia]esis1 ! v]se be+ asyn>tetic 7#bece74 ,! s*eme is3-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,examples are3-- ,neque qud dubitem neque qud timeam me77 n pctore conditm/ cnsilium 7,pl4 ,ps4 #ege74 ,quid mhi meliu/ quid mgis 9 rem/ qu7am7 crpore vtam scldam 7,pl4 ,r4 #bbj74 #bfhe4 ,! proceleusmatic is v r>e 9 ! f\r? foot1 b ! spondee is v common !re4 ,"s editors divide ! anapae/ic octon>ii into dimet]s 7or quat]n>ii7 & write !m z su*4 ,erratum3 #bfhd 444 me77 n pctore conditm/ cnsilium me77 n pc tore con ditm/ cn silium ,,! ,,anapae/ic ,,tetramet] ,,catalectic 7or ,sept5>ius74 #bfhf4 ,?is is l ! prec$+1 except t ! la/ foot is incomplete4 ,! sev5? !sis may be resolv$4 ,!re is regul>ly a dia]esis aft] ! f\r? foot1 & hiatus & syllaba anceps sometimes occur 9 ! dia]esis4 ,! s*eme is3-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,examples are3-- ,em nm77 habet hr7um78 occdi/4 dc gitur quis habet nscs 7,pl4 ,aul4 #gbj74 ,hunc hminem decet aur77 xp5d773 huic dect /tuam /atu77 ex ar 7,pl4 ,b4 #fdj74 ,,! ,,anapae/ic ,,dimet] ,,acatalectic 7or ,quat]n>ius74 #bfhg4 ,?is v]se consi/s ( two anapae/ic dipodies1 or f\r complete anapae/ic feet4 ,!re is g5]ally a dia]esis aft] ! second foot1 & ! f\r? !sis is n resolv$4 ,! s*eme is3-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,examples are3-- ,quod lbet nn lubet iam cnt9u4 ,ita m77 mor lass7um7 anim ldificat1 fugat1 git appett raptt ret9et 7,pl4 ,ci/4 #bad74 ,?is v]se is (t5 us$ to =m sy/ems1 :i* frequ5tly end 9 a p>oemiac 7see #bfhh74 ,,! ,,anapae/ic ,,dimet] ,,catalectic 7or ,p>oemiac74 #bfhh4 ,?is v]se consi/s ( two anapae/ic dipodies or f\r anapae/ic feet1 ! la/ foot be+ incomplete4 ,! ?ird !sis is sometimes resolv$4 ,!re is no fix$ caesura4 ,! s*eme is3-- - - - - - - - - - - - - ,examples are3-- ,volucr p$e corpore pl*] 7,ausonius74 ,nims tnd7em7 eg7o7 bs t contmnor4 ,quipp7e7 g t n contmnam1 /ratiticus homo qu clear8 7,pl4 ,ps4 #iaf74 #bfhi4 7#a47 ,! ,p>oemiac is g5]ally us$ to close a sy/em ( acatalectic anapae/ic dimet]s2 b sometimes sev]al p>oemiacs 9 succession =m a sy/em 7z 9 ! second example above71 especially 9 ,ausonius1 ,prud5tius1 & o!r late poets4 #bfij4 7#b47 ,o!r anapae/ic v]ses sometimes occur1 especially 9 ! e>ly com$y1 b !y are r>e4 ,errata3 #bfhh 444 ,volucr p$e corpore pl*] ,volucr p$e cor pore pl *] ,nims tnd7em7 eg7o7 bs t contmnor4 tn d7em7 eg7o7 ,,cretic ,,rhy?ms4 #bfia4 ,^! are rhy?ms ( ! ,hemiolic class 7#bebg71 9 #e_/h "t4 ,! fundam5tal foot is ! ,cretic 7- -74 ,ei!r 7b n bo?7 ( ! two longs ( a ,cretic is sometimes resolv$ 7giv+ ! ,fir/ ,paeon - or ! ,f\r? ,paeon -72 b !re is r>ely m ?an "o resolution 9 a s+le v]se4 ,! middle %ort is sometimes replac$ by an irrational long 7giv+ - -1 or if !re is resolution1 - or - 72 b ?is nev] occurs 9 ! la/ foot ( a v]se1 & b r>ely :5 ! middle syllable is ! p5ult ( a spondaic ^w 7e4g4 ns no/rs74 #bfib4 7#a47 ,! ictus on ! fir/ long ( ! ,cretic 0 probably 7at lea/ 9 mo/ cases7 /rong] ?an t on ! second4 ,! fir/ long & ! %ort =m ! !sis1 ! second long ! arsis1 - - #bfic4 7#b47 ,! impetu\s1 sw++ movem5t ( ! ,cretic rhy?m fits x = ! expression ( passionate emotion4 ,,! ,,cretic ,,tetramet] ,,acatalectic4 #bfid4 ,?is v]se consi/s ( f\r complete ,cretic feet4 ,!re is usually a dia]esis aft] ! second foot1 b sometimes !re is in/ead a caesura aft] ! fir/ long ( ! ?ird foot4 ,resolution is n admitt$ be=e ! dia]esis or ! end ( ! l9e4 ,! irrational long middle syllable is admitt$ 9 ! fir/ & ?ird feet4 ,! s*eme is3-- - - ,examples are3-- t mals gadeant tqu7e7 ex 9cmmods 7,t4 ,&r4 #fbg74 ,dind7e7 ut]qu7e7 mp]tr 9 m$i7um7 xeunt 7,pl4 ,am4 #bbc74 #bfie4 ,?is v]se is common 9 ! cantica ( ! e>ly drama1 & is (t5 repeat$ to =m sy/ems4 ,hiatus & syllaba anceps sometimes occur 9 ! dia]esis4 ,errata3 #bfid 444 ,dind7e7 ut]qu7e7 mp]tr 9 m$i7um7 xeunt ,! ^w 8,de9de0 may n display z int5d$4 ,! acc5t %\ld appe> ov] ! lett]s 8ei01 :i* are ti$ toge!r4 ,,! ,,cretic ,,tetramet] ,,catalectic4 #bfif4 ,?is is simil> to ! prec$+1 except t ! la/ foot is incomplete4 ,! s*eme is3-- - ,examples are3-- ,s cads1 nn cads qun cadam tcum 7,pl4 ,mo/4 #cbi74 ,nv77 eg7o7 hoc saculum mribus qubs sit 7,pl4 ,tri4 #bhc74 ,,o!r ,,cretic ,,v]ses4 #bfig4 ,! ,cretic trimet] acatalectic sometimes occurs1 ?\gh r>ely3 e4g4 ,im revortr4 di/ i7am7 d mih 7,pl4 ,mo/4 #cch74 ,m frequ5t is ! dimet] acatalectic1 :i* has ! s*eme3-- - ,?is is (t5 comp\nd$ ) a tro*aic tripody catalectic3 e4g4 ,hc ub77 ,amphtru77 erus cnspictus / 7,pl4 ,am4 #bdb71 & sometimes ) a tro*aic tripody acatalectic 7e4g4 ,pl4 ,ps4 #abdh71 a tro*aic dipody acatalectic 7e4g4 ,pl4 ,cap4 #bad71 or a ,?ymelicus - - 7e4g4 ,pl4 ,am4 #bde74 ,= o!r k9ds ( ,cretic v]ses1 see special editions ( ! e>ly dramati/s4 ,erratum3 #bfig 444 ,hc ub77 ,amphtru77 erus cnspictus / cnspictus/ ,,bac*,,ac ,,rhy?ms4 #bfih4 ,^! are rhy?ms ( ! ,hemiolic class 7#bebg71 9 #e_/h "t4 ,! fundam5tal foot is ! ,bac*u 7 - -74 ,ei!r 7or bo?7 ( ! two longs ( a bac*u is sometimes resolv$4 ,= ! initial %ort syllable an irrational long is sometimes sub/itut$4 ,occasionally two %orts are s sub/itut$1 especially 9 ! fir/ foot ( a v]se4 #bfii4 7#a47 ,! ictus on ! fir/ long ( ! bac*u 0 probably /rong] ?an t on ! second long4 #bgjj4 7#b47 ,! bac*iac rhy?m1 l ! ,cretic1 has an impetu\s & passionate "*4 ,,! ,,bac*iac ,,tetramet] ,,acatalectic4 #bgja4 ,?is v]se consi/s ( f\r complete bac*iac feet4 ,!re is g5]ally a caesura aft] ! fir/ long ( ! second or ?ird foot1 or 7m r>ely7 a dia]esis aft] ! second foot4 ,an irrational long 7or two %orts7 may be sub/itut$ = ! initial %ort only 9 ! fir/ & ?ird feet4 ,resolution is n all[$ be=e ! caesura or ! end ( ! v]se4 ,! s*eme is3-- - - ,examples are3-- ,habnd7um7 et f]nd7um7 hoc on/ cum labre 7,pl4 ,am4 #age74 ,at tm5 ubi fids8 s rogs nl pudnt hc 7,t4 ,&r4 #fcg74 ,vetula sunt m97ae7 mb7ae74 ,at bons fuisse crd 7,pl4 ,b4 #aabi74 #bgjb4 7#a47 ,!re are seldom m ?an two resolutions 9 ! same v]se1 & nev] m ?an ?ree4 ,bac*iac tetramet]s are (t5 repeat$ to =m sy/ems4 #bgjc4 7#b47 ,accord+ to "s au?orities1 bac*iac tetramet]s catalectic sometimes occur1 e4g4 ,pl4 ,cas4 #fef1 #hfg1 ,m54 #ifi1 #iga1 ,mo/4 #cac1 ,po54 #bdd4 ,,o!r ,,bac*iac ,,v]ses4 #bgjd4 7#a47 ,bac*iac dimet]s are occasionally f\nd1 especially z clausulae to bac*iac sy/ems4 ,an example is3-- ,ad att7em7 agndam 7,pl4 ,tri4 #bcb74 ,an acatalectic dimet] is n seldom comp\nd$ ) a catalectic iambic tripody3 e4g4 ,r]n tr 9 nn t77 hs tnsitr8 7,pl4 ,b4 #aabg74 #bgje4 7#b47 ,bac*iac hexamet]s occur 9 a few in/ances1 z3-- ,satn p>va rs e/ volptt7um7 9 vt77 atqu7e7 9 att7e7 agnd 7,pl4 ,am4 #fcc74 #bgjf4 7#c47 ,hyp]metrical comb9ation ( bac*ii into a sy/em appe>s to occur 9 ,v>ro1 ,sat4 ,m54 fr4 #dje ,bue*4 ,,*oriambic ,,rhy?ms4 #bgjg4 ,9 ^!1 ! fundam5tal foot is ! *oriambus 7- -74 ,true *oriambic v]se is v r>e 9 ,lat9 poetry1 ?\gh app>5t *oriambi ( ! =m - - or - are common 9 logao$ic v]se 7#bfeb74 ,app>5tly1 h[ev]1 9 ,t]5ce1 ,ad4 #faa-ac1 t neque quid m faciam nc quid agam c]tm sit4 mmbra met dbilia snt1 animus timre b/ipuit1 pctore cns/]e nl cnsil quit1 !re are ?ree *oriambic trimet]s1 ! fir/ two ) iambic close1 ! ?ird ) tro*aic4 ,9 ! second l9e !re is syllaba anceps at ! end ( ! second *oriambus4 ,9 ,plautus1 ,cas9a #fbi1 ,m5ae*mi #aaj1 & p]haps ,as9>ia #acc1 we h a *oriambic dimet] an acatalectic tro*aic dipody4 ,ow+ to ! frequ5t occurr5ce ( ! app>5t *oriambus 9 c]ta9 k9ds ( logao$ic v]se1 ! metricians ( ,horace's day reg>d$ !m z really *oriambic4 ,h5ce ! rule m5tion$ 9 #bfeb1 a rule unkn[n to ,greek writ]s ( logao$ic v]se4 ,,ionic ,,rhy?ms4 #bgjh4 ,9 ^!1 ! fundam5tal foot is ! ,ionic1 ( :i* !re are two =ms1 ! ,ionic mire - - 1 s call$ because x beg9s ) ! great] "p 7i4e4 ! !sis7 ( ! foot1 & ! ,ionic m9re - -1 :i* receives its "n f ! fact t x beg9s ) ! less important "p ( ! foot 7i4e4 ! arsis74 #bgji4 7#a47 ,ionics m9re are (t5 treat$ z ,ionics mire ) anacrusis1 - - 1 c4 ,see #bebi ad f94 #bgaj4 7#b47 ,ionic v]se %[s num]\s resolutions & irrational longs1 especially 9 e>ly ,lat94 ,! accumulation ( %ort syllables imp>ts to ! v]se a wild & passionate "*4 #bgaa4 7#c47 ,anaclsis 7,gr4 1 8a b5d+ back07 is an ex*ange ( place betwe5 a %ort syllable & ! prec$+ long 7e4g4 - - = - - or - - - - = - - - -71 & is v frequ5t 9 ,ionic v]se4 ,,! ,,ionic mire ,,tetramet] ,,catalectic 7or ,sotadean74 #bgab4 ,?is v]se consi/s ( f\r ,ionic mire feet1 ! la/ foot be+ incomplete4 ,9 ! e>ly ,lat9 poets1 beg9n+ ) ,ennius1 ! ,sotadean is treat$ ) mu* fre$om3 resolution1 contraction 7#beah71 anaclasis 7#bgaa71 & irrational longs are freely admitt$4 ,examples are3-- ,nm quam v>ia snt g5]a pomatrum1 ,bab1 qumque long d/9ct7a7 ali7a7 b alis ss1 nsce 7,accius1 ,didasc4 p4 #cje ,m474 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,comp>e 9 ,greek3-- ' 7,sotades74 #bgac4 ,lat] poets 7,petronius1 ,m>tial1 ,t]5tianus ,maurus7 are m /rict 9 _! usage1 admitt+ 7) v few exceptions7 only ! =ms - 1 - 1 - - besides ! normal - 4 ,h5ce _! s*eme is3-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,examples are3-- ,mlls1 vete rs ,dliac man recs pde t5dite1 crs7um7 addite1 cnvolte plnt 7,petron4 #bc74 ,laevius & ,v>ro employ ,ionic mire sy/ems ( consid]able l5g?4 ,,! ,,ionic m9re ,,tetramet] ,,catalectic 7or ,galliambic47 #bgad4 ,?is consi/s ( f\r ,ionic m9re feet1 ! la/ "o incomplete4 ,anaclasis1 resolution1 & contraction are extremely common1 & ! multiplication ( %ort syllables gives ! v]se a peculi>ly wild & fr5zi$ movem5t4 ,catullus v r>ely admits ,ionics t are n anacla/ic 7nev] 9 ! fir/ half ( ! v]se1 except ! d\btful cases #fc1 #ah2 #ed2 #ge72 b ,v>ro is less /rict 9 ?is reg>d4 ,! p5ultimate long is ne>ly always resolv$4 ,!re is r>ely m ?an "o resolution 9 ! same half-v]se4 ,a dia]esis regul>ly occurs aft] ! second foot4 ,! s*eme is3-- - ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,= brackets1 see bel[1 aft] #bgag4 ,examples are3-- ,ades1 nquit1 ,cybb1 f]a mntium de 7,maec5as74 - - - - - - ,sup] lta vectus ttis cel] rate m>i 7,catullus #fc1 #a74 - - - - - ,qu ns decet citts cel]re tripudis 7,id4 #fc1 #bf74 - - - - - - - ,ego iv5is1 eg7o7 adulscns eg7o7 ephbus1 ego pur 7,id4 #fc1 #fc74 - - - ,tibi tpana nn 9n sonit mtri' dem 7,v>ro1 ,sat4 ,m54 #acb ,bue*474 - - - - - #bgae4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ,catullus probably felt ! rhy?m n z ,ionic1 b z tro*aic or logao$ic3-- - - 1 or ! l4 ,?is view has mu* 9 its fav\r2 b ! true nature ( ! rhy?m is /ill matt] ( dispute4 #bgaf4 ,comp>e ! ,greek3-- & 9 ,engli%3-- 8,p]i%$ _m a maid & matron1 _m a valor\s legion>y1 ,fell ! colony1 city & citadel1 ,london1 ,v]ulam1 ,camulodun40 7,t5nyson74 #bgag4 ,horace 7#c1 #ab7 employs a sy/em ( t5 pure ,ionics m9re1 e4g43-- ,mis]rum 7e7/ nequ7e7 amr d>e ldum neque dlc mala vn lav]7e7 at ex animr metunts patrua v]b]a lnguae4 ,!re is g5]ally a dia]esis aft] ea* foot4 ,errata3 #bgad 444 - ,! notations 9 brackets repres5t3 #a #b #c - #a #d #a3 breve ov] bracket$ long l9e #b3 pair ( breves ov] long l9e ov] bracket$ breve #c3 acc5t$ long l9e ov] bracket$ pair ( breves #d3 pair ( breves ov] bracket$ breve ov] bracket$ long l9e ,lyric ,metres ( ,horace4 #bgah4 ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( ! ,horatian lyric metres3-- #bgai4 7#a47 ,! ,,iambic ,,trimet] 7see #beib ff474 ,epode #ag4 #bgbj4 7,,ii47 ,! ,,iambic ,,/rophe1 an iambic trimet] 7#beib7 foll[$ by an iambic dimet] acatalectic 7#bfag73-- - - - - - - - - - - ,epodes #a-aj4 ,s 9 ,ar*ilo*us1 e4g43-- 1 1 1 ' ' ' 4 7,fr4 #hh1 ,b]gk74 #bgba4 7,,iii47 ,! ,,hipponactean or ,,tro*aic ,,/rophe1 a tro*aic dimet] catalectic 7#bfdd7 foll[$ by an iambic trimet] catalectic 7#bfja73-- - - - - - - - - - ,c4 #b1 #ah4 #bgbb4 7,,iv47 ,! ,,fir/ ,,py?iambic ,,/rophe1 a dactylic hexamet] 7#beef7 foll[$ by an iambic dimet] acatalectic 7#bfag73-- - - - - - - - - - - ,epodes #ad & #ae4 ,s 9 ,ar*ilo*us1 e4g43-- 1 ' 4 7,fr4 #hd1 ,b]gk74 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,9 nos4 #bgbc & #bgbd1 ! notation repres5t a bracket$ long l9e ov] a pair ( breves4 #bgbc4 7,v47 ,! ,,second ,,py?iambic ,,/rophe1 a dactylic hexamet] 7#beef7 foll[$ by a pure iambic trimet] 7#beid73-- - - - - - - - - - - - ,epode #af4 ,s ! ,greek epigrammati/s1 e4g43-- 2 4 7,nica5etus74 #bgbd4 7,,vi47 ,! ,,alcmanian ,,/rophe1 a dactylic hexamet] 7#beef7 foll[$ by a dactylic tetramet] catalectic 7#begh73-- - - - - - - - - - ,c4 #a1 #g1 #bh2 ,epode #ab4 #bgbe4 7,,vii47 ,! ,,fir/ ,,ar*ilo*ian ,,/rophe1 a dactylic hexamet] 7#beef7 foll[$ by a ,less] ,ar*ilo*ian 7#begi73-- - - - - - - - - ,c4 #d1 #g4 #bgbf4 7,,viii47 ,! ,,second ,,ar*ilo*ian ,,/rophe1 a dactylic hexamet] 7#beef7 foll[$ by an iambelegus 7#bfgh73-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,epode #ac4 #bgbg4 7,,ix47 ,! ,,?ird ,,ar*ilo*ian ,,/rophe1 an iambic trimet] 7#beib7 foll[$ by an elegiambus 7#bfhj73-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,epode #aa4 ,comp>e ,ar*ilo*us fr4 #he1 ,b]gk 7elegiambus2 ! trimet] is lo/73-- ' 1 '1 4 #bgbh4 7,x47 ,! ,,f\r? ,,ar*ilo*ian ,,/rophe1 a ,great] ,ar*ilo*ian 7#bfgg7 foll[$ by an iambic trimet] catalectic 7#bfja73-- - - - - - - - - - - - - ,c4 #a1 #d4 ,s ,ar*ilo*us1 e4g43-- ' 7,fr4 #ajc1 ,b]gk74 ,see1 h[ev]1 #bfgg ad f94 #bgbi4 7,,xi47 ,! ,,less] ,,asclepiadean ,,metre1 a s]ies ( ,less] ,asclepiadeans 7#bffi7 employ$ /i*ically 7#bedf73-- - - - - - ,c4 #a1 #a2 #c1 #cj2 #d1 #h4 ,s ,alcaeus1 e4g43-- 7,fr4 #cc1 ,b]gk74 #bgcj4 7,,xii47 ,! ,,great] ,,asclepiadean ,,metre1 a s]ies ( ,great] ,asclepiadeans 7#bfgj7 employ$ /i*ically 7#bedf73-- - - - - - - ,c4 #a1 #aa1 #ah2 #d1 #aj4 ,s ,alcaeus1 e4g43-- 7,fr4 #dd1 ,b]gk74 ,_m editors hold 7) ,me9eke7 t ! ,horatian odes 7 writt5 9 tetra/i*s 7#bede71 & h5ce t ?is metre & ! prec$+ 7 employ$ by ,horace 9 /rophes ( f\r l9es ea*4 ,catullus 7#cj7 seems to use ! ,great] ,asclepiadean by di/i*s1 & s app>5tly ,sappho 7fr4 #fi1 ,b]gk74 ,b z to ^! po9ts !re is /ill mu* dispute4 #bgca4 7,,xiii47 ,! ,,fir/ ,,asclepiadean ,,/rophe1 a ,glyconic 7#bffj7 foll[$ by a ,less] ,asclepiadean 7#bffi73-- - - - - - - - - - ,c4 #a1 #c1 #ac1 #ai1 #cf2 #c1 #i1 #ae1 #ai1 #bd1 #be1 #bh2 #d1 #a1 #c4 ,cf4 ,alcaeus3-- ' ' ' 4 7,fr4 #hb1 ,b]gk74 ,9 "o in/ance1 ,c4 #d1 #a1 #ce1 elision occurs at ! end ( ! ,glyconic4 #bgcb4 7,,xiv47 ,! ,,second ,,asclepiadean ,,/rophe1 ?ree ,less] ,asclepiadeans 7#bffi7 foll[$ by a ,glyconic 7#bffj73-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,c4 #a1 #f1 #ae1 #bd1 #cc2 #b1 #ab2 #c1 #aj1 #af2 #d1 #e1 #ab4 #bgcc4 7,,xv47 ,! ,,?ird ,,asclepiadean ,,/rophe1 two ,less] ,asclepiadeans 7#bffi71 a ,ph]ecratean 7#bfei7 & a ,glyconic 7#bffj73-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,c4 #a1 #e1 #ad1 #ba1 #bc2 #c1 #g1 #ac2 #d1 #ac4 ,comp>e ,alcaeus 7,ph]ecratean foll[$ by ,glyconic2 app>5tly two ,less] ,asclepiadeans prec$$1 b !y are lo/73-- 4 7,fr4 #dc1 ,b]gk74 #bgcd4 7,,xvi47 ,! ,,great] ,,sapphic ,,/rophe1 an ,ari/ophanic 7#bfeh7 foll[$ by a ,great] ,sapphic 7#bfga73-- - - - - - - - - - ,c4 #a1 #h4 #bgce4 7,,xvii74 ,! ,,sapphic ,,/rophe1 ?ree ,less] ,sapphics 7#bfff7 & an ,adonic 7#bfee73-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,c4 #a1 #b1 #aj1 #ab1 #bj1 #bb1 #be1 #cj1 #cb1 #ch2 #b1 #b1 #d1 #f1 #h1 #aj1 #af2 #c1 #h1 #aa1 #ad1 #ah1 #bj1 #bb1 #bg2 #d1 #b1 #f1 #aa2 ,c>m5 ,saecul>e4 ,also 9 ,catullus #aa & #ea4 ,s ,sappho3-- - 7,fr4 #b1 ,b]gk74 ,sappho app>5tly treat$ ! ?ird ,sapphic & ! ,adonic z cont9u\s2 b ,horace & ,catullus all[ syllaba anceps 7& ,horace 9 f\r cases1 #a1 #b1 #dg2 #a1 #ab1 #g1 & #ca2 #a1 #bb1 #ae1 hiatus7 at ! end ( ! ?ird l9e4 ,on ! o!r h&1 bo? ,catullus & ,horace sometimes jo9 ! ?ird l9e to ! f\r? 7by divid+ a ^w1 ,hor4 #a1 #b1 #ai2 #be1 #aa2 #b1 #af1 #g2 ,cat4 #aa1 #aa2 by elision ,hor4 #d1 #b1 #bc2 ,c>4 ,saec4 #dg2 ,cat4 #aa1 #ai71 & 9 a few in/ances ! second to ! ?ird 7,hor1 #b1 #b1 #ah2 #af1 #cd2 #d1 #b1 #bb2 ,cat4 #aa1 #bb1 all by elision7 by synapheia 7see #beaj74 ,9 ,horace1 ! la/ foot ( ! ?ird l9e is ne>ly always an irrational spondee4 #bgcf4 7,,xviii47 ,! ,,alcaic ,,/rophe1 two ,great] ,alcaics 7#bffg71 a n9e-syllabl$ ,alcaic 7#bfdb7 & a ,less] ,alcaic 7#bffc73-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,c4 #a1 #i1 #af1 #ag1 #bf1 #bg1 #bi1 #ca1 #cd1 #ce1 #cg2 #b1 #a1 #c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 #aa1 #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 #ag1 #ai1 #bj2 #c1 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #ag1 #ba1 #bc1 #bf1 #bi2 #d1 #d1 #i1 #ad1 #ae4 ,s ,alcaeus3-- 1 ' ' 4 7,fr4 #ah1 ,b]gk74 ,9 ! ,greek poets ! la/ two l9es are sometimes jo9$ by synapheia 7#beaj71 & ,horace has elision at ! end ( ! ?ird v]se 9 #b1 #c1 #bg2 #c1 #bi1 #ce4 ,b he frequ5tly admits hiatus 9 t place4 #bgcg4 7,,xix47 ,! ,,ionic ,,sy/em1 a sy/em ( t5 pure ,ionics m9re 7see #bgag73-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,c4 #c1 #ab4 ,erratum3 #bgcf 444 ' ' text has )\t acc5t ,lyric ,/rophes ( ,catullus4 #bgch4 ,catullus 9 #cd uses a /rophe consi/+ ( ?ree ,glyconics 7#bffj7 foll[$ by a ,ph]ecratean 7#bfei73-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,9 #fa he employs a /rophe consi/+ ( f\r ,glyconics foll[$ by a ,ph]ecratean4 #bgci4 ,index ( ,horatian ,odes & _! ,metres4 ,! ,roman num]als 9 ! table ref] to ! numb]s assign$ to ! v>i\s /rophes 9 #bgai-bgcg4 --------------------------- ,,book4 ,,ode4 ,,metre4 --------------------------- #a #a ,,xi4 #b ,,xvii4 #c ,,xiii4 #d ,x4 #e ,,xv4 #f ,,xiv4 #g ,,vi4 #h ,,xvi4 #i ,,xviii4 #aj ,,xvii4 #aa ,,xii4 #ab ,,xvii4 #ac ,,xiii4 #ad ,,xv4 #ae ,,xiv4 #af ,,xviii4 #ag ,,xviii4 #ah ,,xii4 #ai ,,xiii4 #bj ,,xvii4 #ba ,,xv4 #bb ,,xvii4 #bc ,,xv4 #bd ,,xiv4 #be ,,xvii4 #bf ,,xviii4 #bg ,,xviii4 #bh ,,vi4 #bi ,,xviii4 #cj ,,xvii4 #ca ,,xviii4 #cb ,,xvii4 #cc ,,xiv4 #cd ,,xviii4 #ce ,,xviii4 #cf ,,xiii4 #cg ,,xviii4 #ch ,,xvii4 #b #a ,,xviii4 #b ,,xvii4 #c ,,xviii4 #d ,,xvii4 #e ,,xviii4 #f ,,xvii4 #g ,,xviii4 #h ,,xvii4 #i ,,xviii4 #aj ,,xvii4 #aa ,,xviii4 #ab ,,xiv4 #ac ,,xviii4 #ad ,,xviii4 #ae ,,xviii4 #af ,,xvii4 #ag ,,xviii4 #ah ,,iii4 #ai ,,xviii4 #bj ,,xviii4 #c #a-f ,,xviii4 #g ,,xv4 #h ,,xvii4 #i ,,xiii4 #aj ,,xiv4 #aa ,,xvii4 #ab ,,xix4 #ac ,,xv4 #ad ,,xvii4 #ae ,,xiii4 #af ,,xiv4 #ag ,,xviii4 #ah ,,xvii4 #ai ,,xiii4 #bj ,,xvii4 #ba ,,xviii4 #bb ,,xvii4 #bc ,,xviii4 #bd ,,xiii4 #be ,,xiii4 #bf ,,xviii4 #bg ,,xvii4 #bh ,,xiii4 #bi ,,xviii4 #cj ,,xi4 #d #a ,,xiii4 #b ,,xvii4 #c ,,xiii4 #d ,,xviii4 #e ,,xiv4 #f ,,xvii4 #g ,,vii4 #h ,,xi4 #i ,,xviii4 #aj ,,xii4 #aa ,,xvii4 #ab ,,xiv4 #ac ,,xv4 #ad ,,xviii4 #ae ,,xviii4 ,c>m5 ,,xvii4 ,saecul>e ,epodes #a-aj ,,ii4 #aa ,,ix4 #ab ,,vi4 #ac ,,viii4 #ad ,,iv4 #ae ,,iv4 #af ,v4 #ag ,i4 --------------------------- ,,abbreviations ,,us$ ,,9 ,,cit+ ,,! ,,au?ors4 #bgdj4 ,9 ,"p ,fir/1 9 :i* au?ors are occasionally cit$1 b )\t direct ref]5ce to _! works1 ! usual abbreviations are employ$3 z ,plaut41 ,t]41 ,cic41 ,v]g41 ,hor41 c41 c4 #bgda4 ,9 ,"p ,second1 ! pr9ciples adopt$ are z foll[s3 #bgdb4 7#a47 ,a ref]5ce consi/+ ( figures alone 7z1 #b1 #b1 #c71 d5otes book1 *apt]1 & section ( ,caes> de ,bello ,gallico4 #bgdc4 7#b47 ,a ref]5ce to a "w 79 italics71 )\t a prec$+ abbreviation = ! au?or's "n 7z1 ,,td4 #a1 #b2 ,mil4 #c71 d5otes ! book & section1 or ! section only1 ( a "w by ,cic]o4 ,! abbreviations us$ to d5ote 8 works are giv5 9 ! li/ bel[ 7#bgde74 #bgdd4 7#c47 ,a ref]5ce made to ,v]gil 7,v471 foll[$ by figures alone1 is a ref]5ce to ! ,a5eid3 z1 ,v4 #a1 #bj4 ,simil>ly1 ,h4 /&s alone = ! ,odes ( ,horace2 ,o4 alone = ! ,metamorphoses ( ,ovid2 & ,ta4 alone = ! ,annals ( ,tacitus4 #bgde4 7#d47 ,roman lett]s are us$ 9 ! abbreviations ( ! names ( au?ors1 italics 9 ! abbreviations ( ! names ( _! works1 z 9 ! foll[+ ,li/3-- ,,li/ ,,( ,,abbreviations4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,abbreviations4 ,au?ors & ,works4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,caes4 ,caes>4 ,c4 d ,bell ,cvl4 ,see #bgdb4 d ,bell ,gallic4 ,cat4 ,catullus4 ,see #bgdc4 ,cic]o4 ,ac4 ,acadmica4 ad ,br4 ad ,brtum ,epi/ulae4 ,agr4 d lge ,agrri4 ,ar*4 pr ,ar*i4 ,att4 ad ,atticum ,epi/ulae4 ,balb4 pr ,balb4 ,br4 ,brtus4 ,c4 9 ,catilnam4 ,caec4 pr ,caecn4 ,caecil4 ,dv9ti 9 ,caecilium4 ,cael4 pr ,caeli4 ,,cm4 ,cat ,maior4 ,clu4 pr ,clu5ti4 ,d4 pr ,diot>4 ,div4 d ,dv9tine4 ,,dn4 d ,derum ,ntr4 ,,d4 d rtre4 ,fam4 ad ,familirs ,epi/ulae4 ,fat4 d ,ft4 ,f94 d ,fnibus4 ,fl4 or ,flacc4 pr ,flacc4 ,,hr4 d ,h>uspicum ,respnss4 ,,ip4 d ,imp]i ,pomp4 ,inv4 d ,inv5tine4 ,l4 ,laelius4 ,l,agr4 d lge ,agrri4 ,leg4 d ,lgibus4 ,lig4 pr ,ligri4 ,m>c4 pr ,m>cell4 ,mil4 pr ,milne4 ,mur4 pr ,mrn4 ,o4 rtor4 ,(f4 d ,(ficis4 ,,og4 d ,optim ,g5]e rtrum4 ,,op4 d rtri ,"ptine4 ,p>4 ,p>adoxa4 ,,pc4 d ,prv9cis ,cnsulribus4 ,ph4 ,philippicae4 ,pis4 9 ,psnem4 ,pl4 or ,planc4 pr ,planci4 ,q4 or ,qu9t4 pr ,qunti4 ,q,fr4 ad ,quntum ,frtrem ,epi/ulae4 ,,ra4 pr ,rsci ,am]n4 ,,rc4 pr ,rsci ,cmo$4 ,,rp4 d ,r ,pblic4 ,rab4 pr ,rabri p]duellinis re4 ,rab,p4 pr ,rabri ,po/hum4 ,scaur4 pr ,scaur4 ,se/4 pr ,s/i4 ,sull4 pr ,sll4 ,t4 or ,top4 ,topica4 ,,td4 ,tusculnae ,disputtins4 ,tim4 ,timaeus4 ,tul4 pr ,tulli4 ,v4 a4 pr4 9 ,v]rem cti ,i4 ,v4 9 ,v]rem cti ,,ii4 ,corn41 ,cornif4 ,cornificius4 ,e4 ,ennius4 ,fe/4 ,fe/us4 ,gell4 ,gellius4 ,h4 ,horace4 ,,ap4 ,ars ,poetica4 ,see #bgdd4 ,c>m9a4 ,e4 ,epi/ulae4 ,epod4 ,epdoi4 ,s4 ,s]mns4 ,j4 ,juv5al4 ,l4 ,livy4 ,lucil4 ,lucilius4 ,lucr4 ,lucretius4 ,macrob4 ,macrobius4 ,sat4 ,sturnlia4 ,m>t4 ,m>tial4 ,n4 ,nepos4 ,o4 ,ovid4 ,a4 ,amrs4 ,,aa4 ,ars ,amtria4 ,f4 ,f/4 ,see #bgdd4 ,metamorphss4 ,tr4 ,tr/ia4 ,pl4 ,plautus4 ,am4 ,amphitru4 ,z4 ,as9ria4 ,aul4 ,aululria4 ,b4 ,bac*ids4 ,cap4 ,captv4 ,cas4 ,cas9a4 ,ci/4 ,ci/ellria4 ,cu4 or ,cur4 ,curculi4 ,e4 ,epidicus4 ,m54 ,m5ae*m4 ,m]4 ,m]ctor4 ,,mg4 ,mles ,glrisus4 ,mo/4 ,mo/ellria4 ,p]4 ,p]sa4 ,po54 ,po5ulus4 ,ps4 ,pseudolus4 ,r4 ,rudns4 ,/4 ,/i*us4 ,tri4 ,tr9ummus4 ,tru4 ,trucul5tus4 ,vid4 ,vdulria4 ,pl94 ,ep4 ,pl9y's ,epi/ulae4 ,pl94 ,,nh4 ,pl9y's ,ntrlis ,hi/oriae4 ,prop4 ,prop]tius4 ,publil4 ,syr4 ,publilius ,syrus4 ,qu9t4 or ,qu9til4 ,qu9tilian4 ,s4 ,sallu/4 ,c4 ,catilna4 ,fr4 ,lep4 ,fragm5ta rtinis ,lepid4 ,fr4 ,phil4 ,fragm5ta rtinis ,phillipp4 ,i4 ,iugur?a4 ,s54 ,s5eca4 ,b54 d ,b5eficis4 ,ep4 ,epi/ulae4 ,/4 ,/atius4 ,?4 ,?bais4 ,suet4 ,suetonius4 ,aug4 ,augu/us4 ,cal4 ,caligula4 ,cl4 ,claudius4 ,galb4 ,galba4 ,iul4 ,ilius4 ,tib4 ,tib]ius4 ,t4 ,t]5ce4 ,ad4 ,adelphoe4 ,&r4 ,&ria4 ,eu4 ,eun*us4 ,hec4 ,hecyra4 ,hau4 ,hauton ,tmrm5os4 ,ph4 ,phormi4 ,ta4 ,tacitus4 ,see #bgdd4 ,annls4 ,a4 or ,agr4 ,agricola4 ,d4 ,dialogus4 ,g4 ,g]mnia4 ,h4 ,hi/oriae4 ,tib4 ,tibullus4 ,v4 ,v]gil4 ,see #bgdd4 ,a5is4 ,e4 ,eclogae4 ,g4 ,gergica4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,errata 9 ,li/ ( ,abbreviations3 d ,bell ,gallic4 d ,fnibus4 d ,optim ,g5]e rtrum4 d rtri ,"ptine4 d ,prv9cis ,cnsulribus4 8d0 pr9t$ z 8de0 9 all ,,index ,,( ,,subjects4 ,,! ,,ref]5ces ,,are ,,to ,,sections4 ,abbreviations1 ,c4 = ,gius1 #bj2 ,cn4 = ,gnaeus1 #bj2 4 = ,gia1 #bj2 ,k4 = ,kal5dae1 #bj4 ,ability1 v]bal expressions (1 9 indic4 ) inf941 #adie1 #adif2 9 impf4 indic41 #adig2 9 conditional p]iods1 #bjgd1 #baja2 words (1 ) g]undive con/ruction1 #bbed4 ,ablative case1 def9$1 #dai2 s+41 h[ =m$1 #dbe1 #dbf2 plur41 h[ =m$1 #dbh2 lack+1 see ,defective2 ( words 9 -tu- 7-su-71 #bce1 #dcj4 -- /ems1 9 -d1 #dbf1 #ddc2 9 -eis1 #ddj1 #ddc2 9 -s & -s1 #dda2 9 -s = is1 #ddj2 9 -bus1 #ddb2 inscriptional =ms1 #ddc2 ,greek n\ns1 #ddd1 #dde4 -o- /ems1 9 -d1 #dbf1 #dfe2 9 -s1 -s1 -s1 #deh2 9 -bus1 #dfd2 inscriptional =ms1 #dfe2 ,greek n\ns1 #dff4 ,consonant /ems1 = --1 no c]ta9 evid5ce is cit$1 #ejb2 sub/s41 9 - & -ei1 #ejb1 #ejg2 adjs41 9 -1 #ejc1 #fbb1 #fbf2 9 -d1 #dbf1 #ejg2 inscriptional =ms1 #ejg2 ,greek n\ns1 #ejh-eab4 -i- /ems1 sub/s41 9 -1 -e1 #eeb-eeh1 #efa1 #eag-ebg1 #eca2 adjs41 9 -1 -e1 #eeh-efa1 #ebe-ecg1 #fcd-fcf2 adjs41 9 - alone1 #eei1 #fbi2 pres4 "p41 9 -1 -e1 #efj1 #fcc2 inscriptional =ms1 #efd2 ,greek n\ns1 #efe4 -u- /ems1 9 -u 7-d71 #eic2 9 -ubus1 #eib2 inscriptional =ms1 #eic4 ,pron\ns1 peculi> & inscriptional =ms1 ( ego1 t1 su1 #fdh1 #fej1 #fea2 ( meus1 tuus1 suus1 #fec-fee2 ( hc1 #ffc-ffe2 ( ille1 i/e1 #ffg1 #ffh2 ( illic1 i/ic1 #fgj2 ( is1 #fgc1 #fgd2 ( dem1 #fgg1 #fgh2 ( ipse1 #fhj2 ( qu1 quis1 #fhh-fij2 ( aliquis1 c41 #fib4 ,uses (1 #abif-adjj2 g5]al1 #abif-acja2 mean+ (1 #abig1 #abii1 #acjj2 z adv41 #gjc-gjg1 #acgf2 comb9$ ) acc41 #aaii1 #acjc4 ,ablative prop]1 #abig1 #acjb-accj2 atta*$ to sub/41 #acja1 #acac1 #acad2 ( sep>ation1 want1 dep>ture1 #acjb-acjf1 #abic1 #abid2 d5ot+ place f :i*1 ) t[n & isl& names1 #acjg-acaj2 d5ot+ orig9 & place f :i*1 ) c\ntry names1 #acji1 #acaj2 9 dates1 #acjg2 dom1 rre1 hum1 #acaa2 ( s\rce1 /uff1 or mat]ial1 #acab-acae2 ( ! do] ( an action1 #acah1 #acai1 #adgf1 #adgg1 #bbdc2 ( cause1 influ5ce1 or motive1 #acaf-acai2 ) faci & sum1 d5ot+ t ) :i* or to :i* some?+ is done1 #acae2 caus1 grti1 c41 #abeg1 #acag2 d5ot+ p]son1 equival5t to ab/ract1 #acai2 ( comp>ison1 #acbj-accj2 ) alt]1 alius1 #acbc2 ) comp>4 advs41 #acbg2 9 expressions ( age1 #acbi2 opnine1 exspecttine1 sp1 #accj2 amplius1 longius1 pls1 m9us1 #acbh1 #acbi2 ) judicial v]bs1 #abhj-abhb4 ,locative ablative1 #abii1 #acca-acee2 atta*$ to sub/41 #acja1 #acca2 9 dates1 #acjg1 #acca2 dom1 rr1 hum1 orb1 #accg2 bell1 mlitiae1 #acch2 jo9$ ) loc4 adv41 #acdj2 ( place :]e1 ) t[n & isl& names1 #acca-acce1 #acdb1 #acdc2 ( place :]e1 ) =um1 urbs1 oppidum1 c41 #accb1 #accc2 ( place :]e1 ) o!r appellatives1 #acdd1 #acdg2 ( place :]e1 ) c\ntry names1 #accf1 #acdg2 ) t5e1 recipi1 c41 #acdh2 ) fd1 cnfd1 glrior1 laetor1 ntor1 /1 frtus1 #acdi2 ( "t at :i*1 #acda1 #acej1 #acea2 ( "t )9 :i*1 #aceb-aced2 ( "t dur+ :i*1 #acee4 ,in/rum5tal ablative #acjj1 #acef-acii2 ( accompanim5t1 #acef1 #aceg2 ) inctus1 coninctus1 #aceg2 ( mann]1 #aceh-acfa2 absolute1 #acfb-acgd1 see also #aecc1 #aijj1 #baaj1 #baba2 ( quality1 #acge2 ( ! r\te tak51 #acgf2 ( in/rum5t or means1 #acgg-achd1 #adgf1 #adgg2 ) fruor1 fungor1 potior1 tor1 vscor1 sus e/1 opus e/1 #acgi-achd2 ( specification1 #ache2 ) v]bs ( fulness1 #achf2 ) adjs4 ( fulness1 #achg2 ( measure1 ex*ange1 price1 #achh-acib2 ) dignus1 indignus1 c41 #acib2 ( am\nt ( diff]5ce1 #acic-acii1 #aaec1 #aaed1 #adei2 ( "t be=e or aft] :i*1 #acid1 #aaed2 ) absum & di/1 #aaec2 ( int]vllum & spatium 9 designations ( di/ance1 #acii2 ( p]sons1 in/ead ( abl4 ) ab1 #adgg4 ,comb9$ ) o!r abls4 9 same s5t5ce1 #adjj2 ) 9 & sub aft] v]bs ( re/1 #adbc2 ) 9 aft] v]bs ( motion1 #adbd2 ( g]undive con/ruction & g]und1 #bbfe-bbfh2 sup9e 9 - z1 #bce1 #bbfi1 #bbgg4 ,ab\nd+1 v]bs (1 ) g541 #abic2 ) abl41 #achf2 adjs4 (1 ) g541 #abfc1 #abfd2 ) abl41 #achg4 ,abridgem5t1 ( s5t5ces1 #ajeg1 #baaa4 ,ab/a9+1 v]bs (1 ) g541 #abid2 ) abl41 #acjb-acjf1 #abid2 ) qun1 #aihf4 ,ab/ract1 sub/s41 def9$1 #g2 plur4 (1 #daf1 #aaji2 sub/4 suffixes d5ot+ quality1 #bdf-bfd2 adj4 suffixes d5ot+ quality1 #bha-big2 suffixes d5ot+ action1 #bab-bcg1 #bdi1 #bhe2 ab/ract 9 rel4 s5t5ce in/ead ( 9 ma9 s5t5ce1 #ahjj4 ,acatalectic v]se1 def9$1 #becg4 ,acc5t1 g5]al rules (1 #hd-ia2 9 g54 & voc4 ( -o- decl41 #hg2 on f9al syllable1 #hh2 m>ks (1 #bi1 #c2 #cj2 #he2 ( proclitics & enclitics1 #ib-id2 ( preps41 #ib2 ( rel4 & indef4 prons41 #ib2 ( comp\nds ( faci1 #cid2 9 v]se1 #bedh4 ,acc5tual1 v]se1 #bedh2 v]se1 9 c>m9a1 #bedi2 !ory ( ! ,saturnian1 #beec4 ,accompanim5t1 abl4 (1 #acef1 #aceg4 ,accompli%+1 v]bs (1 ) subjv41 #aegi1 #agab2 ) purpose clause1 #aiea2 ) result clause1 #aiee1 #aife2 ) acc4 & inf941 #baif4 ,accusative case1 def9$1 #dai2 s+41 ( neut4 n\ns1 h[ =m$1 #dbc2 plur41 ( neut4 n\ns1 h[ =m$1 #dbc2 s+4 & plur41 ( g5d] n\ns1 h[ =m$1 #dbd2 lack+1 see ,defective2 end+ 9 d1 #adi4 -- /ems1 9 -m1 #dcf2 inscriptional =ms1 #ddc2 ,greek n\ns1 #ddd1 #dde4 -o- /ems1 9 -om & -um1 #deb2 9 --1 #acj1 #b2 #dfa2 inscriptional =ms1 #dfe2 ,greek n\ns1 #dff4 ,consonant /ems1 9 -s1 #eje1 #ejg1 #fbb2 inscriptional =ms1 #ejg2 ,greek n\ns1 #ejh-eab4 -i- /ems1 9 -im1 -em1 #edg-eea1 #eag-ebe2 inscriptional =ms1 #efd2 ,greek n\ns1 #efe4 -u- /ems1 inscriptional =ms1 #eic4 ,adv]bs f1 #fii-gjb1 #edi1 #aaef4 ,pron\ns1 peculi> & inscriptional =ms1 ( ego1 t1 su1 #fdh1 #fej1 #fea2 ( meus1 tuus1 suus1 #fec-fee2 ( hc1 #ffc-ffe2 ( ille1 i/e1 #ffg2 ( illic1 i/ic1 #fgj2 ( is1 #fgc2 ( dem1 #fgg2 ( ipse1 #fhj4 ,uses (1 #aabd-aagd2 g5]al1 #aabd-aaca4 ,( ! object1 #aacb-aaej2 ) comp\nds ( ad1 circum1 ex1 91 ob1 p]1 prae1 praet]1 trns1 #aacg2 d\ble1 ) v]bs comp\nd$ ) preps41 #aach1 #aaih2 ) v]bs ( feel+1 commonly intrans41 #aaci2 emphasiz+ or def9+1 #aadj-aadf1 #aagc1 #adge2 ( k9dr$ d]ivation ) v]b1 #aadj1 #aagc2 ( k9dr$ mean+ ) v]b1 #aada2 neut41 ( adj41 ) v]b1 #aadb2 ) v]bs ( smell+ & ta/+1 #aadc2 neut41 ( pron41 ) v]bal expression1 #aadd1 #ahdj1 #ahea2 ( appellative1 us$ adv]bially1 #aade2 atta*$ to sub/41 #aabi1 #aadf2 ( "p conc]n$1 #aadg2 ( ?+ put on or (f1 #aadh2 ( exclamation1 #aadi1 #aaej1 #baab2 ) v]b n express$1 #aaej4 ,( space & "t1 #aaea-aaef1 #adge2 ) abh9c1 #aaed2 ) ord9als1 #aaee2 express+ #8"t at :i*1' #aaef2 ( aim ( motion1 #aaeg-aaff2 ( end ( motion ) 9 & sub1 #adbc2 ) v]bs ( re/1 #adbd2 ) names ( t[ns1 isl&s1 p59sulas1 #aaeg-aafj2 ) names ( c\ntries1 #aafa2 ) appellatives1 #aaei1 #aafa2 domum1 rs1 =s1 #aafb-aafd2 exsequis1 nfitis1 malam crucem1 malam rem1 #aafe4 ,two accusatives comb9$1 #aafg-aagd2 ( obj4 & pr$41 #aafg1 #aafh2 ) v]bs ( tea*+1 hid+1 dem&+1 que/ion+1 #aafi-aaga2 ) v]bs ( wi%+1 rem9d+1 induc+1 accus+1 #aagb2 def9+ acc4 & acc4 ( p]son1 #aagc2 acc4 ( ext5t or duration or aim ( motion & acc4 ( object1 #aagd4 ,) v]bs o!rwise tak+ dat41 #aahd1 #aahe2 ) comp\nds ( v]bs ( intrans4 use1 #aaia2 comb9$ ) dat4 or abl41 #aaii1 #acjc2 ) propior1 proximus1 prope1 c41 #abja2 ) nm5 d1 c41 #abad2 pr$41 in/ead ( dat41 #abba1 #abbd2 ) prep41 in/ead ( objective g541 #abfa2 ) v]bs ( rememb]+ & =gett+1 #abhh2 ) v]bs ( rem9d+1 #abia2 ) p]1 to express in/rum5t1 #acgh2 ) abtor1 fungor1 fruor1 p]fruor1 potior1 #achj2 ) opus e/1 #achc2 ) sus e/1 #achd2 ) po/ & ante 9 expressions ( "t1 #acid-acig2 ( ext5t1 ) v]bs ( surpass+1 #acih2 ) comp>atives1 #acih2 ) preps41 see ,prepositions4 ,) inf941 #aacd1 #bagb-bbjc1 #bcab1 #bcac1 #bcba1 #bccj-bccd2 inf94 z sub/4 acc41 #bbjd-bbjf2 acc4 subj4 ( inf94 omitt$1 #bahc2 pr$4 n\n ref]r+ to unexpress$ subj4 ( inf94 91 #bbac2 use ( reflexive pron4 9 con/ruction ( acc4 ) inf941 #bcch-bcdj2 obj4 ( g]undive1 #bbdg2 acc4 ( g]undive & g]und1 use (1 #bbej-bbec1 #bbdc2 obj4 ( g]und1 #bbdb1 #bbee1 #bbei1 #bbfe2 sup9e 9 -um z1 #bce1 #aaff1 #bbfi2 foll[+ sup9e 9 -um1 #bbgb4 ,accus+1 v]bs (1 ) two accusatives1 #aagb2 ) g541 #abhj-abhb2 ) abl41 #abhj-abhb2 ) quod1 #aheb2 ) cr1 #aheb2 ) acc4 & inf941 #bahe4 ,acquitt+1 v]bs (1 ) two accusatives1 #aagb2 ) g541 #abhj-abhb2 ) abl41 #abhj-abhb4 ,action1 suffixes d5ot+1 #bab-bcg1 #bdi1 #bhe2 words d5ot+1 range ( mean+ (1 #bac4 ,conceivable1 subjv4 (1 9 simple s5t5ce1 #aeed-aefb2 9 subord9ate s5t5ce1 #agca2 9 rel4 *>act]i/ic or result s5t5ces1 #ahah2 9 quam s5t5ces1 #ahhh2 9 quamquam s5t5ces1 #aija2 9 s5t5ces ( result ) ut1 #aidg2 9 s5t5ces ( purpose ) ut1 #aifb2 9 s5t5ces ) qu&1 #bjaj2 t5se (1 9 subord9ate s5t5ce1 #agec4 ,congru5t & co9cid5t1 #agcc2 co9cid5t1 introduc$ by quod1 quia1 #ahej2 introduc$ by qu1 #ahbf2 introduc$ by cum1 #ahgd4 ,repeat$1 subjv4 (1 #agcj2 non-occurr5t1 t5se (1 9 subord9ate s5t5ce1 #agec2 def9$1 #bjbd2 treat$1 #bjia-bajh1 see ,conditional2 pres41 c41 see ,pres5t1 c42 cont9u$1 see ,cont9u$4 ,active voice1 def9$1 #gbc1 #adfi2 p]e1 vne1 f1 mean+ (1 #adga2 ( coep & ds91 #adhc2 p]f4 p>tic4 ) =ce (1 #ijg1 #adhe2 depon5ts hav+1 #adhh1 #adhi2 depon5ts hav+ pres4 sy/em 91 #adhh2 *ang$ to pass41 #adgb-adhj4 ,adjectives1 def9$1 #h2 iambic %ort5+ ( ! end+s (1 #abi1 #acj2 us$ sub/antively1 ) -e1 - 9 abl4 s+41 #eeh1 #efa1 #fca2 pres4 p>tic4 us$ z1 ) - 9 abl4 s+41 #efj1 #fcc2 =mation (1 #ahj-bjc2 roots & /ems1 #ahc-aih2 )\t =mative suffix1 #aie1 #aih1 #aii2 ) =mative suffix1 #aie-aih1 #bjj-bjc4 ,suffixes (1 #bhj-cfj2 primitive1 ) act4 mean+1 #bha-bij1 #bic1 #bid1 #bif2 primitive1 ) pass4 mean+1 #bia-big1 #bhb1 #bhc1 #cje2 d5om9ative1 #bih-cfj1 #bhg2 ( mat]ial or resemblance1 #bii-cja2 ( appurt5ance1 #cjb-ccj2 ( supply1 #cca-cch2 dim9utive1 #cci1 #cdj2 ( ! comp>41 #cdb-cdh2 ( ! sup]l41 #cdb-cde1 #cdi-ceb2 comp>ison (1 see ,comp>ison4 ,comp\nd1 =mation & mean+ (1 #cgi-cij1 see ,composition2 inflection (1 #cih-fdc1 see ,g5d]1 ,numb]1 ,case1 ,decl5sion2 ( #8"o1' #8two1' #8?ree' end+s1 #faa4 ,agreem5t (1 #ajhb-ajih2 us$ sub/antively1 #ajii-aajd1 #aajf1 #ajic1 #abjc1 #abej2 ) acc4 app5d$1 #aacj2 neut4 acc4 (1 d5ot+ mann]1 #aadb2 pr$41 ) v]bs ( mak+1 *oos+1 nam+1 c41 #aafg2 ) dat41 #aahc1 #abjj-abjd2 ) acc41 #abja2 ) acc4 & prep41 #abja2 ) g541 #abjb-abjd1 #abch1 #abde1 #abfc-abgj2 ) abl41 #abjb1 #acjf2 ) loc41 #acci2 in/ead ( g541 #abcc1 #abfb2 comp>41 ) abl4 or ) quam1 #acbj-accj2 prepositional expressions equival5t to1 #adbh2 two adjs4 comp>$1 #adeg2 explanatory1 put 9 rel4 s5t5ce1 #ahaj2 rel4 s5t5ce coord9at$ )1 #ahbj2 quamquam )1 #aijj2 quamvs )1 #aijc2 inf94 )1 #baff2 g]undive us$ z1 #bbdh1 #bbdi2 ) acc4 ( g]undive con/ruction or g]und1 #bbeb2 ) dat4 ( g]undive con/ruction1 #bbed2 ) g54 ( g]undive con/ruction or g]und1 #bbeh2 ) sup9e 9 -1 #bbgd2 p>tic4 z1 #bbhc1 #bbhd2 adj4 relatives1 see ,relative2 pr$41 see ,pr$icate2 attributive1 see ,attributive2 num]al1 see ,num]al adjectives4 ,adjunct1 adv]bial1 def9$1 #ajec4 ,admir+1 v]bs (1 ) g541 #abhf4 ,adonic1 !1 #bfee-bfeg4 ,advantage1 dat4 (1 #aagh1 #abje-abaj4 ,adv]bial1 adjunct1 def9$1 #ajec2 acc41 #aadj-aadf2 ablatives1 ire1 ratine1 c41 #aceh4 ,adv]bs1 def9$1 #aj1 #fif2 dim9utives (1 #cda2 comp>ison (1 #cfa-cfd2 comp\nd$ ) n\ns or n\n /ems1 #chb1 #chc1 #che2 comp\nd$ ) v]bs1 #cif2 9 -im1 #edi1 #gjj1 #gaj2 orig9 (1 #fif-gaj1 #gab2 f acc41 #fii-gjb1 #edi1 #aaef2 f abl41 #gjc-gjg2 f loc41 #gjh1 #gji1 #acdj2 f prons41 #gjf1 #gaj2 f adjs41 #gja1 #gjb1 #gjd1 #gje2 f p>tic41 #gjd1 #acgb2 d5ot+ r\te by :i*1 #gjg1 #acgf2 ( mann]1 #gjj1 #gjd1 #gaj2 ( place at :i*1 #gjh1 #gji2 ( place to :i*1 #gaj2 ( place f :i*1 #gaj2 s5t5ces z1 #gab2 correlative1 #gaa1 #ahca2 adjs4 us$ ) =ce (1 #aadb-aadf4 ,) g541 #abdb1 #abdh1 #abec1 #abed2 acc4 ( appellative us$ z1 #aade2 comp>41 foll[$ by abl4 or quam1 #acbg-accj2 developm5t into preps41 #fif1 #adjb-adjd2 preps4 ) =ce (1 #adjg1 #adjh1 #adcb2 words us$ z preps4 & advs41 #adab-adaf1 #adba2 prepositional expressions equival5t to1 #adbh2 function (1 #adch2 ) mean+ ( adj41 #adci2 ) p>tic4 us$ z sub/s41 #addj2 ) sub/s41 #adda2 us$ 9 place ( sub/s41 #addb2 use ( neg4 advs41 #addc-adec2 neg4 advs41 two 9 "o s5t5ce1 #adeb1 #adec2 two advs41 comp>$1 #adeg2 us$ z connectives1 #afhg-afib1 #bacc-baei2 po/positive1 #afhh2 subord9ate s5t5ces z1 #agae2 qu1 unde1 c41 9 place ( rel4 pron4 ) prep41 #agic2 indef4 rel41 introduc+ indic41 #ahad2 num]al1 #bdjd1 #bdje2 num]al1 =ms 9 -ins1 -is1 #bdad4 ,adv]sative1 words1 use (1 #afgf-afhf1 #baca1 #baej-baec4 ,advis+1 v]bs (1 case )1 #aaha-aahe2 ) purpose clause1 #aiej4 ,affirmative1 express$ by two negatives1 #adeb2 answ]1 expect$ ) -ne1 -n1 #aejd2 answ]1 expect$ ) nnne1 #aejf2 answ]1 expect$ ) num1 #aejg2 answ]1 h[ express$1 #aeaa1 #aeab2 mean+ ( haud sci an1 c41 #aghb2 coord9ation1 #baei2 s5t5ce1 aliquis 91 #bcij2 s5t5ce1 quvs1 qulibet1 ut]vs1 ut]libet 91 #bdja4 ,ag5t1 suffixes d5ot+1 #bjd-baa2 ( action1 see ,do]4 ,agreem5t1 ( sub/41 #ajgg-ajha2 ( mobile sub/s41 #ajgh2 expla9+ two or m sub/s41 #ajgi2 collective or di/ributive1 expla9+ plur41 #ajhj2 9 apposition ) ?\ght or clause1 #ajha4 ,( adjective1 #ajhb-ajih2 ) p]sons or ?+s impli$ 9 sub/41 #ajhc2 attributive1 ) "o ( sev]al sub/s41 #ajhd2 attributive1 s+4 ) plur4 sub/41 #ajhe2 ) comb9$ adj4 & sub/41 #ajhf2 pr$41 ) sub/s4 d5ot+ p]sons1 #ajhh2 ) sub/s4 d5ot+ ?+s1 #ajhi2 ) sub/s4 d5ot+ p]sons & ?+s1 #ajij2 ) ne>e/ sub/41 #ajia2 abs5te nbs1 #ajib2 neut4 adj4 us$ z sub/4 9 pr$41 #ajic4 ,( v]b1 #ajfb-ajgf1 #ajhj1 #ahjg2 9 plur4 ) sev]al s+4 subjs41 #ajfd1 #ajfe2 9 s+4 ) sev]al s+4 subjs41 #ajff1 #ajfg2 ) mix$ subjs41 s+4 & plur41 #ajfh2 ) s+4 subj4 & abl4 ) cum1 #ajfi2 :5 subjs4 are connect$ by nec 4 4 4 nec1 aut1 aut 4 4 4 aut1 #ajgj2 ) collectives1 #ajga2 agree+ ) appositive or pr$4 sub/41 #ajgb2 :5 subjs4 are ( diff]5t p]s41 #ajgf2 agree+ ) sub/4 introduc$ by quam1 c41 #ajgc2 age1 c41 #ajge2 agree+ 9 p]s4 ) antec4 ( rel4 or impli$ antec41 #ahjg4 ,( pron\ns1 demon/rative1 det]m9ative1 rel41 #ajic-ajih1 #ahja-ahaa2 agreem5t det]m9$ by s5se1 #ajie1 #ahjd2 ) sev]al sub/s41 #ajif1 #ahjc2 agree+ ) pr$4 sub/41 #ajig1 #ahjf2 9 agreem5t1 equival5t to g541 #ajih4 ,aim1 ( motion1 d5ot$ by acc41 #aaeg-aaff2 ( motion1 acc4 (1 comb9$ ) a second acc41 #aagd2 v]bs (1 ) purpose clause1 #aidi4 ,alcaic1 /rophe1 #bede2 ! n9e-syllabl$1 #bfdb2 ! less] 7decasyllabic71 #bffc2 ! great] 7h5decasyllabic71 #bffg1 #bffh2 9 ,horace1 #bgcf4 ,alcmanian1 v]se1 #begg2 /rophe1 #bgbd4 ,alphabet1 treat$1 #af-bi2 s\rce (1 #ah2 *anges 91 #ag1 #ai1 #ba1 #be2 lett]s (1 g5d]1 #dab2 see ,pronunciation4 ,amphibra*1 #bebb4 ,anaclasis1 #bgaa4 ,anacrusis1 #bebi1 #becj4 ,analogical l5g!n+1 #abc4 ,anapae/1 def9$1 #beba2 cyclic1 #bebc4 ,anapae/ic1 rhy?ms1 #bfhb-bfij2 tetramet] acatalectic1 #bfhd1 #bfhe2 tetramet] catalectic1 #bfhf2 dimet] acatalectic1 #bfhg2 dimet] catalectic1 #bfhh1 #bfhi4 ,anaphora1 #afib4 ,anaptyctical v[el1 #agb2 #aaa1 b4 ,annali/ic pres5t1 #aeia4 ,answ]s1 =ms ( expect$1 #aejd-aeaj1 #aefc2 yes & no1 h[ express$1 #aeaa-aead2 ( alt]native que/ions1 h[ express$1 #aebe4 ,antec$5t1 def9$1 #agif2 position (1 #agif-agih2 omitt$1 #agih1 #agii2 indef41 #agii2 impli$ 9 possess41 #ahjg2 rules = agreem5t ( rel4 )1 #ajhb-ajih1 #ahja-ahaa2 see also ,relative4 ,antep5ult1 def9$1 #age2 :5 acc5t$1 #hf1 #b4 ,antibac*ius1 #bebb4 ,antispa/1 #bebb4 ,anti!ses1 asyndeton 91 #afdj4 ,anxiety1 expressions (1 ) ut1 n clauses1 #aieg1 #aieh4 ,apex1 #bi1 #c4 ,apha]esis1 #aaj1 #aab1 #afh4 ,apocope1 #aaj1 #aac1 #afh4 ,apodosis1 def9$1 #ajfa2 fut4 p]f4 91 co9cid5t 9 "t ) fut4 p]f4 9 prot41 #afbg2 ) tam1 nn m9us1 nn magis1 aequ1 p]9de1 ixt1 #ahhi1 #ahij2 correlative lack+ 91 #ahij2 see ,conditional1 ,relative1 ,conjunctive4 ,appeal1 que/ions (1 9 pres4 indic41 #aeca2 9 fut41 #aeca1 #afbc2 9 subjv41 #aefc2 9 subord9ate s5t5ce1 #agca2 t5se (1 9 subord9ate s5t5ce1 #agec2 9 indirect "q1 #aghf2 9 ind4 disc41 #bcac1 #bcad4 ,accusative 91 #aaej4 ,appellatives1 def9$1 #e2 9 acc4 ) expressions ( motion1 #aafa2 loc4 (1 #accg-acda2 us$ )\t prep4 to d5ote place :]e1 #acdd-acdg2 us$ ) prep4 to d5ote place :]e1 #acdg4 ,appo9t+1 see ,mak+4 ,appositive1 def9$1 #ajde2 v]b agree+ )1 #ajgb2 agreem5t (1 #ajgg-ajha2 to a ?\ght or clause1 #ajha2 ) loc41 #accc1 #acdj1 #acda2 g54 z1 ) possess4 pron41 #abce2 g54 us$ =1 #abef2 dat4 us$ =1 #abac2 to a rel41 #ahji2 s5t5ce ) quod z1 #ahde2 inf94 z sub/4 acc4 9 apposition1 #bbjd2 inf94 z sub/4 nom4 9 apposition1 #bbjg2 appositive p>tic41 #bbic-bbif4 ,appurt5ance1 adj4 suffixes d5ot+1 #cjb-ccj4 ,ar*ilo*ian1 v]se1 #begh-behj2 ! less]1 #begi2 ! great]1 #bfgg2 /rophe1 9 ,horace1 #bgbe-bgbh4 ,ari/ophanic1 #bfeh4 ,arsis1 #bebj4 ,asc5d+ rhy?ms1 #bebh4 ,asclepiadean1 ! less]1 #bffi2 ! great]1 #bfgj2 9 ,horace1 #bgbi-bgcc4 ,ask+1 v]bs (1 ) two accusatives1 #aafi-aaga2 ) acc4 & prepositional phrase1 #aagj2 ) indirect "q1 #aggd2 ) g]undive con/ruction1 #bbej4 ,assev]ations1 pres4 subjv4 91 #aedb2 fut4 91 #afbb2 ita 4 4 4 ut 91 #aedb1 #afbb1 #aicg2 express$ by nam1 #baee4 ,assimilation1 ( v[els1 #add2 ( consonants1 #afc-aff2 subjv4 (1 #agbh2 subjv4 (1 sequ5ce ( t5ses 91 #aggj-aggb4 ,assumption1 express$ by subjv4 ( desire1 #aeec2 express$ by fut41 #afbj4 ,asyn>tetic v]ses1 #bece4 ,asyndetic1 coord9ation1 def9$1 #afcg2 9 simple s5t5ces1 #afch-afdb2 betwe5 s5t5ces or p]iods1 #babc-babg4 ,asyndeton1 enum]ative1 #babf2 ( summ>y1 #babg2 see ,asyndetic4 ,atonic syllable1 #ajb4 ,attraction1 ( v]b1 sub/41 adj41 pron41 p>tic41 see ,agreem5t1 subjv4 (1 #agbh2 sequ5ce ( t5ses 91 #aggj-aggb2 9 cum s5t5ces1 #ahei2 9 quoniam s5t5ces1 #ahhb-ahhd2 9 quam s5t5ces1 #ahhh2 9 quamquam s5t5ces1 #aija2 9 s5t5ces ) po/quam1 ub1 ut1 c41 #aibd2 ) dum1 dnec1 quoad1 quamdi1 #aiid4 ,attribute1 def9$1 #ajci2 k9ds (1 #ajdj-ajdc2 atta*$ to prop] "n1 #ajdd2 ) loc41 #accb1 #accc2 ) domum1 doms1 #aafd4 ,attributive1 sub/41 agreem5t (1 #ajgg-ajha2 adj41 agreem5t (1 #ajhb-ajih1 see ,agreem5t2 subord9ate s5t5ce z1 #agae2 use ( antequam1 #aibj2 g]undive1 #bbdh1 #bbdi2 p>tic41 #bbhb-bbhf4 ,avoid+1 v]bs (1 ) n & subjv41 #aifj4 ,bac*iac rhy?ms1 #bfih-bgjf4 ,bac*ius1 #beba4 ,beg91 v]bs mean+1 ) inf941 #bafi4 ,believ+1 v]bs (1 ) dat41 #aaha1 #aahb4 ,b5efit+1 v]bs (1 case )1 #abje-abaj4 ,bir?1 place (1 9 abl41 #acji2 v]bs (1 ) abl41 #acab4 ,blam+1 v]bs (1 us$ ) quod1 #aheb4 ,books1 pres4 us$ 91 #aeib2 see ,titles4 ,bra*ycatalectic v]se1 #bech4 ,bucolic dia]esis1 #beei4 ,buy+1 v]bs (1 ) g541 #abgd2 ) abl41 #achh-acib4 ,caesura1 #bedb-bedd2 hiatus 91 #bdgg2 mascul9e & fem99e1 #beeg2 aft] ! ?ird tro*ee1 #beeh4 ,call+1 v]bs (1 ) two accusatives1 #aafg2 ) indef4 subj41 #ajcc4 ,c1 v]bs mean+1 ) inf941 #bafi4 ,capability1 suffixes d5ot+1 #bhd1 #bib-bid4 ,capable1 adjs4 mean+1 ) g]undive con/ruction or g]und1 #bbeb4 ,c>d9al num]als1 decl4 (1 #fcg-fdb1 #dca2 li/ (1 #bdjd1 #bdje2 "s =ms (1 #bdae-bdah2 9 dates1 #bdai2 9 comb9ation ) s+ul1 #bdbj4 ,case1 end+s1 function (1 #cih2 end+s1 lack+ 9 prons41 #fde2 ! cases1 def9$1 #dai1 #dbj2 oblique cases1 def9$1 #dai2 n\ns1 defective 91 see ,defective2 rules = =mation ( ! cases ( n\ns1 g5]al1 #dbb-dbh2 9 -- /ems1 #dcf-ddc2 9 -o- /ems1 #deb-dfe2 9 cons4 /ems1 #die-ejg2 9 -i- /ems1 #edj-efd2 9 -u- /ems1 #eij-eie2 9 -- /ems1 #fjb-fjg2 pr9cipal & second>y cases1 #aaaa1 #aaab2 see ,agreem5t1 ,nom9ative1 c41 ,prepositions4 ,catalectic v]se1 def9$1 #becg2 9 syllabam1 c41 #beci4 ,catalexis1 #becg4 ,catullus1 lyric /rophes (1 #bgch4 ,causal1 s5t5ces1 def9$1 #agaf2 mood 91 #agba2 subjv4 ( ind4 disc4 & attraction 91 #agbb1 #bcai2 t5se (1 aft] second>y1 #agef2 words1 use (1 #bacc1 #baed-baeh2 see ,cause4 ,causative1 v]bs1 #cfh2 use ( v]b1 #bcjd4 ,cause1 g54 (1 #abcb-abch2 abl4 (1 #acaf-acai2 express$ by abl4 abs41 #acag1 #acfg2 coord9at$ memb] d5ot+1 #agjc2 rel4 s5t5ces (1 #ahbd-ahcj2 express$ by s5t5ce ) quod1 quia1 #ahch-aheh2 express$ by s5t5ce ) cum1 #ahei1 #ahgd-ahhj2 express$ by s5t5ce ) quoniam1 #ahhb1 #ahhd2 express$ by s5t5ce ) po/quam1 ub1 ut1 c41 #aibf1 #aicj2 express$ by s5t5ce ) dum1 #aiih2 express$ by s5t5ce ) qu&1 qu&que1 #bjaj1 #bjac1 #bjad2 express$ by abl4 ( g]undive con/ruction or g]und1 #bbff2 express$ by p>tic41 #bbie1 #acag2 o!rwise express$1 #acag4 ,cease1 v]bs mean+1 ) inf941 #bafi4 ,*ange1 9 *>act]s ( alphabet1 #ag1 #ai1 #ba1 #be2 9 s\nd ( v[els1 #ie-ade2 9 s\nd ( diph?ongs1 #ie-aja2 9 s\nd ( consonants1 #adf-agd2 see ,sub/itution1 ,developm5t1 ,disappe>ance1 ,assimilation1 ,dissimilation1 ,int]*ange1 ,l5g!n+1 ,%ort5+1 ,weak5+1 ,hiatus1 ,contraction1 ,elision1 ,aff9ities4 ,*>act]i/ic1 rel4 s5t5ces (1 #ahah-ahbc4 ,*>ge1 g54 (1 #abhj-abhb4 ,*oliambus1 #beig-bfjj4 ,*oos+1 v]bs (1 ) two accusatives1 #aafg2 ) pr$4 abl41 #acfc4 ,*oriambic rhy?ms1 #bgjg4 ,*oriambus1 #beba4 ,circumflex acc5t1 #agd-agg4 ,circum/ances1 express$ by abl4 abs41 #acfb1 #acfe2 by abl4 ( g]undive con/ruction or g]und1 #bbff4 ,cities1 see ,t[ns4 ,claudus1 tro*aic tetramet]1 #bfci-bfda4 ,clause1 def9$1 #ajee2 sub/4 9 apposition to1 #ajha2 see ,s5t5ce1 ,subord9ate4 ,clausula1 #becf4 ,climax1 asyndeton 91 #afci2 introduc$ by vr1 #afhd4 ,cognate1 see ,k9dr$4 ,co9cid5t action1 def9$1 #agcc2 introduc$ by qu1 #ahbf2 introduc$ by quod1 quia1 #ahej2 introduc$ by cum1 #ahfd1 #ahgd2 introduc$ by dum1 #aiih4 ,collectives1 def9$1 #f2 suffixes =m+1 #bbh1 #bdi2 ) s+4 & plur4 v]b1 #ajga1 #ajhj2 ) plur4 sub/41 #ajhj2 words d5ot+ p]son us$ z1 #ajii2 us$ 9 abl4 ) ab1 #adgg4 ,colon1 #becb4 ,comb9ation1 ( s5t5ces1 #ajee2 ( sub/s4 by a prep41 #adbf-adbh2 ( diff]5t copulatives1 #affb-afff4 ,comm&1 acc4 91 #aaej2 intimat$ by "q1 #aeca2 express$ by subjv41 #aedg-aeeb2 express$ by imp]41 #aega-aehf2 accompani$ by voc4 or voc4 nom41 #aega2 express$ by fut41 #afbd2 introduc$ by pro9de1 pro91 #baeg2 v]bs (1 case )1 #aaha-aahe2 subjv4 coord9at$ ) v]bs (1 #agjh2 v]bs (1 ) purpose clause1 #aiej2 v]bs (1 ) acc4 & inf941 #bbjj-bbjb4 ,common1 names1 def9$1 #e2 quantity1 def9ition & sign (1 #cj2 g5d]1 n\ns (1 #daj4 ,comp>ative1 ( adjectives1 dim9utive =m$ f /em (1 #cdj2 =m$ f /ems & roots1 #cdb2 /em (1 #cdf1 #dgj2 suffixes (1 #cdf-cdh2 d\bl$ suffix (1 #cdh2 lack+1 #ceh1 #cfj2 =m$ by magis1 #cfj2 decl5sion & case =ms (1 #fba-fbc1 #ejc1 #eje1 #ejg2 us$ z adv]bs1 #gja2 ( adv]bs1 end+ (1 #cfa1 #cfc1 #cfd2 lack+1 #cfd4 ,use (1 #adee-adfd2 g5]al function (1 #adee2 us$ 9 comp>ison ( adjs4 & advs41 #adeg1 #adeh2 comb9$ ) a positive1 #adeh2 modifi$ by abl4 ( diff]5ce1 #acic1 #adei2 modifi$ by acc41 #acih2 express+ disproportion1 #adfj1 #adfa2 9 neg4 s5t5ce1 = sup]l41 #adfb2 emphasiz$ by magis1 #adfc2 modifi$ by aequ1 #adfc2 ) abl41 = positive1 #adfd2 /r5g!n+ a sup]l41 #adfh2 agree+ ) a rel41 #ahaj2 foll[$ by quam1 quam ut1 quam qu1 #ahif2 qu ( purpose )1 #aigd2 foll[$ by quasi1 #babb2 foll[$ by abl4 ( g]undive con/ruction1 #bbfh2 d\ble1 ) quam 4 4 4 tam1 #ahic2 ) quant 4 4 4 tant1 #aigc4 ,s5t5ce1 def9$1 #agaf2 ) ut1 coord9at$ memb] equival5t to1 #agjd2 quisquam & llus 91 #bdjb2 p]iod ( equality1 tam 4 4 4 quam1 c4 91 #ahhi1 #ahie2 ( inequality1 #ahid2 ) qu & e1 #aigc4 ,comp>ison1 ( adjs41 #cdb-cfj2 9 -ior1 issimus1 #cdc2 ( adjs4 9 -ilis1 #cde1 #cei2 ( adjs4 9 -er1 #cdd2 ) sup]l4 9 -rimus1 #cdd1 #cej2 ) sup]l4 9 -limus1 #cde1 #cej2 ) sup]l4 9 -timus1 #cea2 ) sup]l4 9 -mus or -imus1 #ceb2 ) comp>4 9 -er or -er1 #cdg1 #cdh2 ) comp>4 & sup]l4 f diff]5t =ms ( same /em or f diff]5t /ems1 #cec-cee2 )\t positive1 #cef1 #ceg2 )\t comp>41 #ceh2 )\t sup]l41 #cei2 ) magis & maxim1 #cfj2 n admitt$1 #cfj4 ,( adv]bs1 #cfa-cfd2 ) sup]l4 9 -d1 #cfb2 ) sup]l4 9 - or -um1 #cfb2 )\t positive1 #cfc2 )\t comp>41 #cfd2 )\t sup]l41 #cfd4 ,( p>ticiples1 #bbhd4 ,use ( degrees (1 #aded-adfh1 see ,positive1 ,comp>ative1 ,sup]lative4 ,ablative (1 #acbj-accj2 atque1 et 91 #afec1 #afed2 p]iods (1 ) quam1 #ahhh-ahih2 ) tamquam1 #aijh-aiaj2 conditional p]iods (1 #baag-babb4 ,comp5sation1 #aba4 ,complem5t1 ! ess5tial1 def9$1 #aagg2 ! ess5tial1 uses (1 #aahj-abjd2 ! optional1 def9$1 #aagh2 ! optional1 uses (1 #abje-abah2 see ,dative4 ,complem5t>y1 dat41 see ,dative2 f9al clauses1 #aidh-aifj2 consecutive clauses1 #aidh1 #aife-aifi2 inf941 #bafh-baga1 #bbbc-bbbe1 #aiec4 ,complet$1 action1 t5ses (1 #afjc1 #afje1 #afad1 #afbf1 #bbah4 ,complex1 s5t5ce1 def9$1 #ajeh2 v>ieties (1 #ajeh-ajfa2 treat$1 #agad-babb1 see ,s5t5ce4 ,composition1 treat$1 #cgf-cif2 ( n\ns1 #cgi-cij2 real comp\nds1 #cgi-che2 app>5t comp\nds1 #chf-cij2 ( v]bs1 #cia-cif2 real comp\nds1 #cia1 #cib1 #gij2 app>5t comp\nds1 #cic-cif1 #gij2 v]b ) v]b1 #cid2 sub/4 ) v]b1 #cie2 adv4 ) v]b1 #cif2 ( p>tic41 #bbhd4 ,comp\nd1 words1 def9$1 #aha2 conta9+ mute or f foll[$ by l or r1 #agh2 direct1 def9$1 #cgg2 indirect1 def9$1 #cgg2 real1 def9$1 #cgh2 app>5t1 def9$1 #cgh2 det]m9ative1 def9$1 #chb-chd2 objective1 def9$1 #chd2 possess41 def9$1 #che2 comp\nd =mative suffixes1 def9$1 #bjj2 comp\nd v]bs1 ) /em diff]+ f simple1 #hba-hbc2 p]f4 (1 #hbc2 r$uplication 91 #hfj1 #hfa2 =ms (1 #ibb-ajbj2 cases )1 #aacg1 #aach1 #aahg1 #aaia1 #aaid-aaii1 #abji2 =mation (1 #adjb-adji2 comp\nd s5t5ce1 def9$1 #ajef2 abridg$1 #ajeg2 treat$1 #afcf-agac2 see ,s5t5ce1 ,composition4 ,comp\nds1 ( dc1 dc1 acc5t (1 #hh2 ( roots fac-1 ag-1 cap-1 #cgj2 ( faci1 acc5t (1 #cid2 ( faci1 =m (1 #cid2 9 -cola & -g5a1 g54 plur4 (1 #dci2 9 -f] & -g]1 decl4 (1 #ded1 #faf2 ( d1 #gef1 #geg2 ( e1 #gfc-gfg2 ( ed1 #gga2 9 -f & -ficior1 #gij2 ( dc1 imp]4 (1 #hdf2 ( ne1 #addd1 #adde2 *anges )91 #agd4 ,conative1 use ( v]b1 #bcja-bcjc4 ,conceivable1 action1 subjv4 (1 9 ma9 s5t5ce1 #aeed-aefb2 9 subord9ate s5t5ce1 #agca2 t5se (1 9 subord9ate s5t5ce1 #agec2 9 rel4 *>act]i/ic or result s5t5ces1 #ahah2 9 quam s5t5ces1 #ahhh1 #ahif2 9 quamquam s5t5ces1 #aija2 9 s5t5ces ( result ) ut1 #aidg2 9 s5t5ces ( purpose ) ut1 #aifb2 ) dum1 dnec1 quoad1 quamdi1 #aiid2 9 s5t5ces ) qu&1 #bjaj4 ,concession1 express$ by abl4 abs41 #acfg2 express$ by subjv4 ( desire1 #aeec2 express$ by imp]41 #aega2 express$ by fut41 #afbj2 coord9at$ memb] equival5t to clause (1 #agjb1 #agaj2 rel4 s5t5ces (1 #ahbd-ahcj2 express$ by s5t5ce ) quod1 #ahdc2 express$ by s5t5ce ) quamquam1 #aijj2 express$ by s5t5ce ) quamvs1 #aijd2 express$ by s5t5ce ) quamlibet1 #aijg2 express$ by s5t5ce ) ut1 n1 #aifc2 express$ by s5t5ce ) ets1 tamets1 c41 #baaf2 express$ by p>tic41 #bbie2 ille 7quidem71 hc1 is1 i/e 91 #bcfa4 ,concessive1 s5t5ces1 def9$1 #agaf2 t5se (1 aft] second>y1 #agef2 cum1 #ahgf-ahhj2 ut 4 4 4 ita1 sc1 #aich2 protases1 #baaf2 conjunctions & advs41 use (1 #bacc1 #baej-baec4 ,conclusion1 introduc$ by erg1 itaque1 igitur1 #baeh2 see ,conditional4 ,concrete1 sub/s41 def9$1 #e4 ,condemn+1 v]bs (1 ) g541 #abhj-abhb2 ) abl41 #abhj-abhb2 ) quod1 #aheb4 ,conditional1 s5t5ces1 def9$1 #agaf2 subjv4 ( ind4 disc4 & attraction 91 #agbb2 subjv4 ( repeat$ action 91 #agcj2 wi% 9 =m (1 ) s1 s1 #aedf2 un*ang$ aft] prim>y t5se1 #agec2 ) s1 s frte1 = indirect "q1 #aggg2 rel4 s5t5ces equival5t to1 #ahab2 cum s5t5ces equival5t to1 #ahei2 express$ by ut1 n 4 4 4 sc1 proviso1 #aifd4 ,p]iods1 #bjaf-bjba2 developm5t (1 #bjaf2 words introduc+ prot41 #bjai-bjba2 classes (1 #bjbb-bjbd4 ,indet]m9ate protases1 #bjbe-bjij2 indic4 use1 #bjbe-bjga4 ,pres5t indicative 9 prot41 #bjbf-bjcc2 ) apod4 9 pres4 indic41 #bjbf2 ) apod4 9 p]f4 indic41 #bjbg2 ) apod4 9 impf4 indic41 #bjbh2 ) apod4 9 plup4 indic41 #bjbi2 ) apod4 9 fut41 #bjcj2 ) apod4 9 fut4 p]f41 #bjca2 ) apod4 9 imp]41 #bjcb2 ) apod4 9 pres4 subjv41 #bjcc4 ,p]fect indicative 9 prot41 #bjcd-bjda2 ) apod4 9 pres4 indic41 #bjcd2 ) apod4 9 p]f4 indic41 #bjce2 ) apod4 9 plup4 indic41 #bjcf2 ) apod4 9 fut41 #bjcg2 ) apod4 9 imp]41 #bjch2 ) apod4 9 pres4 subjv41 #bjci2 ) apod4 9 impf4 subjv41 #bjdj2 ) apod4 9 plup4 subjv41 #bjda4 ,imp]fect indicative 9 prot41 #bjdb-bjdg2 ) apod4 9 pres4 indic41 #bjdb2 ) apod4 9 p]f4 indic41 #bjdc2 ) apod4 9 impf4 indic41 #bjdd2 ) apod4 9 fut41 #bjde2 ) apod4 9 pres4 subjv41 #bjdf2 ) apod4 9 impf4 subjv41 #bjdg4 ,plup]fect indicative 9 prot41 #bjdh-bjea2 ) apod4 9 pres4 indic41 #bjdh2 ) apod4 9 p]f4 indic41 #bjdi2 ) apod4 9 impf4 indic41 #bjej2 ) apod4 9 impf4 subjv41 #bjea4 ,future 9 prot41 #bjeb-bjeh2 ) apod4 9 pres4 indic41 #bjeb2 ) apod4 9 p]f4 indic41 #bjec2 ) apod4 9 fut41 #bjed2 ) apod4 9 fut4 p]f41 #bjee2 ) apod4 9 imp]41 #bjef2 ) apod4 9 pres4 subjv41 #bjeg2 ) apod4 9 p]f4 subjv41 #bjeh4 ,future p]fect 9 prot41 #bjei-bjfd2 ) apod4 9 pres4 indic41 #bjei2 ) apod4 9 p]f4 indic41 #bjfj2 ) apod4 9 fut41 #bjfa2 ) apod4 9 fut4 p]f41 #bjfb2 ) apod4 9 imp]41 #bjfc2 ) apod4 9 pres4 subjv41 #bjfd4 ,g5]al1 #bjcd1 #bjce1 #bjdd1 #bjej1 #bjed1 #bjfi-bjga2 special uses1 #bjfe-bjfg2 nn1 s 444 #bjfg2 ) mror1 mrum e/1 #bjfh2 use ( subjv4 = indic41 #bjfi-bjga4 ,indet]m9ate protases1 subjv4 use1 #bjgb-bjij2 indic4 = subjv4 9 expressions ( ability1 duty1 c41 #bjgd2 non-occurr5t action view$ z occurr5t1 #bjge4 ,prot4 9 pres4 subjv41 #bjgf-bjhc2 prot4 9 p]f4 subjv41 #bjhd-bjhh2 apod4 9 pres4 subjv41 #bjgf1 #bjhd2 apod4 9 p]f4 subjv41 #bjgg1 #bjhe2 apod4 9 pres4 indic41 #bjgh2 apod4 9 fut41 #bjgi1 #bjhf2 apod4 9 fut4 p]f41 #bjhj2 apod4 9 p]iphra/ic1 #bjha1 #bjhg2 apod4 9 impf4 subjv41 #bjhb1 #bjhh2 apod4 9 plup4 subjv41 #bjhc2 conv]sion to pa/ "t1 #bjhi2 p]iods ( exemplification1 #bjed1 #bjij4 ,protases ( action non-occurr5t1 #bjbd1 #bjia-bajh2 =ce ( t5ses1 #bjia-bjic2 prot4 9 impf4 subjv41 #bjid-bjig2 prot4 9 plup4 subjv41 #bjif1 #bjih-bajg2 p]iphra/ic prot41 #bajh2 apod4 9 impf4 subjv41 #bjid1 #bjig1 #bajh2 apod4 9 plup4 subjv41 #bjie1 #bjih1 #bajh2 apod4 9 pres4 subjv41 #bjih2 p]iphra/ic apod41 #bjif1 #bajj2 apod4 9 impf4 indic41 #baja1 #bajb1 #bajd1 #bajf2 apod4 9 p]f4 indic41 #baja1 #bajc-baje2 apod4 9 plup4 indic41 #bajd1 #bajg4 ,v>iation ( prot41 #baji-baaa2 v>iation ( apod41 #baab-baae2 =ms :i* apod4 may take1 #bjah2 coord9at$ memb] equival5t to prot41 #aegd1 #agja2 imp]4 z prot41 #aegd2 prot4 express$ by abl4 abs41 #bbie2 prot4 express$ by p>tic41 #bbie2 conditional comp>isons1 #baag-babb2 protases 9 ind4 disc41 #bcbf-bcbi2 apodoses 9 ind4 disc41 #bccj-bccd2 s5t5ce1 quisquam & llus 91 #bdjb4 ,conjugation1 def9$1 #cig2 ( sum1 #gdd-gej2 ( possum1 #gdd1 #gea-gec2 ( d1 #gdd1 #ged-geg2 ( bib1 s]1 si/1 #gdd1 #geh2 ( inquam1 #gei-gfa2 ( e1 #gei1 #gfb-gfg2 ( que1 neque1 #gei1 #gfh2 ( ed1 #gfi-gga2 ( vol1 #ggb-ggd2 ( nl1 #ggb1 #gge-ggg2 ( ml1 #ggb1 #ggh1 #ggi2 ( f]1 #ggb1 #ghj1 #gha2 ( v]bs 9 -ere 7?ird conjug471 #ghb-ghd2 ( ai1 #ghe-ghg2 ( f1 #ghe1 #ghh-gij2 ( v]bs 9 -i1 -ere1 #ghd-gia2 ( v]bs 9 -re 7fir/ conjug471 #gib1 #gic2 ( v]bs 9 -re 7sec4 conjug471 #gid1 #gie2 ( v]bs 9 -re 7f\r? conjug471 #gif1 #gig2 ( depon5t v]bs1 #gih-hja2 ( p]iphra/ic =ms1 #hjb-hjd2 see ,/ems1 ,p]son1 ,=mation4 ,conjunctional1 see ,conjunctive4 ,conjunctions1 def9$1 #ac2 orig9 (1 #fif2 copulative1 use (1 #afdd-affa1 #afhg-afib1 #ahha1 #bacc-badi2 comb9ation ( diff]5t1 #affb-afff2 disjunctive1 use (1 #affg-afge1 #bacc-badi2 adv]sative1 use (1 #afgf-afhf1 #bacc1 #baej-baec2 po/positive1 #afgf2 quamquam z1 #ahii1 #aijj2 quamvs z1 #aijd1 #aije2 qu1 #aigf2 concessive1 use (1 #bacc1 #baej-baec2 causal & illative1 use (1 #bacc1 #baed-baeh2 affirmative coord9ation1 #baei2 see ,connectives4 ,conjunctive1 p>ticle s5t5ces1 #ahch-babb2 introduc$ by quod1 quia1 #ahch-aheh2 by nn quod1 nn qu1 c41 #ahee2 by cum1 #ahei-ahha2 by quoniam1 #ahhb-ahhd2 by quotins1 quotinscumque1 #ahhe-ahhg2 by quam1 #ahhh-ahih2 by quantus1 ut1 #ahib2 by quamquam1 #ahii-aijb2 by quamvs1 #aijc-aijf2 by quamlibet1 #aijg2 by tamquam1 #aijh-aiaj2 by quemadmodum1 #aijh2 by antequam1 priusquam1 #aiaa-aiba2 by prdi quam1 po/rdi quam1 #aibb2 by po/quam1 ub1 ut1 cum prmum1 #aibc-aicd2 by ut1 ut1 n1 #aice-aigj2 by ub1 #aiga2 by qu1 qu1 #aigb-aigf2 by quant1 #aigc2 by qum9us1 #aigg1 #aigh2 by qu stius1 #aigi2 by qun1 #aihj-aiij2 by dum1 dnec1 quoad1 quamdi1 #aiia-bjji2 by modo1 #bjjc2 by qu&1 qu&que1 #bjaj-bjad2 by s1 nisi1 c41 #bjae-baae2 by ets1 tamets1 tam5ets1 etiams1 s1 #baaf2 by quasi1 quam s1 tamquam s1 c41 #baag-babb2 p>ticle s5t5ces1 9 ind4 disc41 #bcae1 #bcag1 #bcai4 ,connection1 ( ! p>ts ( s5t5ce1 #afcf-afib2 ( s5t5ces or p]iods1 #babc-baei2 relation%ip1 c41 words (1 ) g541 #abjc4 ,connectives1 comp\nd s5t5ce )\t1 #afcf-afdb2 sep>ate s5t5ces or p]iods )\t1 #babd-babg2 relatives z1 #baca2 demon/rative & det]m9ative words z1 #babi1 #bacj2 concessive words z1 #baej-baec2 disjunctive words z1 #affg-afge1 #bacd-badi2 copulative words z1 #afdd-affa1 #bacd-badi2 adv]sative words z1 #afgf-afhf1 #baej-baec2 o!r words ?an conjunctions z1 #afhg-afib2 causal words z1 #baed-baeh2 illative words z1 #baed-baeh2 affirmative coord9ation1 #baei4 ,consecutive1 s5t5ces1 def9$1 #agaf2 t5se (1 aft] second>y1 #ageg-agei2 complem5t>y1 #aidh1 #aife-aifi2 pure1 #aidh1 #aigj4 ,consonants1 cons4 & v[el i & u1 #bb-bh2 x a d\ble cons41 h[ s\nd$1 #gj2 x makes long syllable1 #agg2 d\bl$ cons41 h[ writt5 & h[ pron\nc$1 #hj2 d\bl$1 nev] ends a ^w1 #agg2 d\bl$1 makes long syllable1 #agg2 pronunciation (1 #ec-gb2 classification ( ! consonants1 #gc-gi2 consonant *anges1 #adf-agd1 see ,sub/itution1 ,developm5t1 ,disappe>ance1 ,assimilation1 ,dissimilation1 ,int]*ange2 mute or f foll[$ by l or r1 h[ affect+ prec$+ %ort v[el1 #agh2 cons4 roots1 def9$1 #ahh2 cons4 /ems ( sub/s41 decl4 (1 #dfg-eab1 see ,decl5sion2 cons4 /ems ( sub/s41 g5]al rules ( g5d] (1 #egj-ehd2 cons4 /ems ( adjs41 decl4 (1 #fba-fbf1 #dfg-eab4 ,see also ,glides4 ,contempt1 express$ by dim9utives1 #bfi2 express$ by nesci quid1 c41 #aghi2 express$ by hc1 #bcej2 express$ by i/e1 #bceg2 express$ by homo1 #bcfe2 express$ by qudam1 #bcic4 ,cont9u$ action1 t5ses (1 #aehg1 #aeid1 #afai1 #bbah2 ) cum1 #ahfd1 #ahfe2 see ,incomplete action4 ,cont9uants or ,cont9u\s1 s\nds1 def9$1 #gd2 classifi$1 #gd2 sub/4 /ems 91 decl4 (1 #dha-dic4 ,contraction1 ( v[els1 #aae1 #aah2 ( v]b =ms1 #hhe-hic2 9 v]sification1 #beah4 ,contr>y to fact1 see ,non-occurr5t4 ,contra/s1 asyndeton 91 #afdj2 introduc$ by et1 #badj2 hc & ille 91 #bceb2 ipse 91 #bcgd1 #bcge4 ,convict+1 v]bs (1 ) g541 #abhj-abhb2 ) abl41 #abhj-abhb4 ,coord9ation1 ( s5t5ces1 #ajee-ajfj1 #afcf2 asyndetic1 #afcg-afdb2 con/ructions1 hi/ory (1 #afic-afie1 #agje1 #agjf1 #agdj1 #aieg2 treat$1 #afcf-afib2 )\t connective1 #afcf-afdb2 ) copulative conjunctions1 #afdc-afff2 ) disjunctive conjunctions1 #affg-afge2 ) adv]sative conjunctions1 #afgf-afhf2 ) o!r words z connectives1 #afhg-afib2 int]m$iate coord9ate s5t5ce1 treat$1 #afic-agac2 coord9ation in/ead ( acc4 & inf941 #afif2 "q or exclamation 91 #afig2 in/ead ( rel4 s5t5ce1 #afih2 in/ead ( temporal expression1 #afii2 in/ead ( result clause1 #agjj2 in/ead ( condition1 #agja1 #baaj2 in/ead ( concessive clause1 #agjb2 in/ead ( causal clause1 #agjc2 in/ead ( comp>4 clause ) ut1 #agjd2 subjv4 ( desire 91 #agje2 n 91 #agjf2 ) v]bs ( wi%+1 #agjg2 ) v]bs ( reque/1 exhortation1 comm&1 c41 #agjh2 ) oportet1 optumum e/1 c41 #agji2 ) p]mitt1 concd1 s91 licet1 #agaj2 ) cav1 c41 #agaa2 ) c$o1 d1 p]sude1 cr1 fac1 c41 #agab2 ) v]bs 9 g5]al1 #agac2 ( que/ions1 #aghg2 ( imp]41 #aghg1 #agaj-agab2 ( rel4 s5t5ce ) sub/41 adj41 or p>tic41 #ahbj2 ( rel4 s5t5ces1 #ahcb1 #ahcc2 affirmative1 #baei2 express$ by quamquam1 ets1 tamets1 #baec2 express$ by quippe1 #afij4 ,copulative1 words1 use (1 #afdd-affa1 #afhg-afib1 #ahha1 #bacc-badi2 comb9ation ( diff]5t1 #affb-afff4 ,correlative1 prons41 table (1 #fie1 #ahca2 advs41 table (1 #gaa1 #ahca2 s5t5ces1 #ahca2 idcirc1 ide1 c41 #ahee1 #aheh2 quoniam 4 4 4 cont9u1 c41 #ahhc2 quotins 4 4 4 totins1 c41 #ahhf2 quam 4 4 4 tam1 c41 #ahhi1 #ahij2 tamquam 4 4 4 sc1 ita1 #aijh2 ut 4 4 4 ita1 item1 c41 #aicg2 adv]sative1 ut 4 4 4 ita1 sc1 #aich2 conditional1 ut1 n 4 4 4 sc1 #aifd2 tantus 4 4 4 ut1 c41 #aigj2 qu 4 4 4 e1 hc1 #aigc2 quant 4 4 4 tant1 #aigc2 dum 4 4 4 subit1 rep5te1 iam1 c41 #aiie2 dum1 c41 444 tamdi1 c41 #aiii2 dum1 c41 444 usque1 c41 #bjjd2 qu& 4 4 4 tum1 #bjaa2 sc 4 4 4 s1 #bjae2 s 4 4 4 igitur1 c41 #bjah1 #bjfg2 ets1 c4 444 tam51 #baaf2 lack+ 9 apod41 #ahij1 #aicg4 ,correption1 #beag4 ,co/+1 v]bs (1 ) g541 #abgd2 ) abl41 #achh-acib4 ,c\ntries1 names (1 9 plur41 #aajg2 9 acc4 ) expressions ( motion1 #aafa2 us$ adjectively1 #abcc2 abl4 (1 atta*$ to a sub/41 #acji2 d5ot+ place f :i*1 #acji1 #acaj2 place 9 or at :i*1 #accf1 #acdg4 ,cretic1 def9$1 #beba2 rhy?ms1 #bfia-bfig4 ,curses1 duim1 c4 91 #gef4 ,cu/om>y1 action1 express$ by pres41 #aehh2 express$ by impf41 #aeif4 ,cyclic feet1 #bebc4 ,dactyl1 def9$1 #beba2 cyclic1 #bebc4 ,dactylic1 rhy?ms1 #beee-behj2 hexamet]1 #beef-befi2 p5tamet]1 #begj-begf2 tetramet] acatalectic1 #begg2 tetramet] catalectic1 #begh2 trimet] catalectic1 #begi4 ,dactylo-tro*aic rhy?ms1 #bfge-bfha4 ,dang]1 expressions (1 ) ut1 n clauses1 #aieg1 #aieh4 ,dates1 express$ by abl41 #acjg2 express$ by loc41 #acjg1 #acca2 c>d9als & ord9als 91 #bdai2 m>k$ by names ( consuls1 #bdai4 ,dative case1 def9$1 #dai2 plur41 h[ =m$1 #dbh2 lack+1 see ,defective1 sub/antives1 lack+ cases4 -- /ems1 9 -1 #fah-fbj1 #fef1 #fic2 9 -eis1 #ddj1 #ddc2 9 -s = -is1 #ddj2 9 -s & -s1 #dda2 9 -bus1 #ddb2 inscriptional =ms1 #ddc2 ,greek n\ns1 #ddd4 -o- /ems1 9 -1 #fah-fbj1 #fef1 #fic2 9 -s1 -s1 -s1 #deh2 9 -bus1 #dfd2 inscriptional =ms1 #dfe2 ,greek n\ns1 #dff4 ,consonant /ems1 9 -1 #eja1 #ejg2 inscriptional =ms1 #ejg2 ,greek n\ns1 #ejh-eab4 -i- /ems1 inscriptional =ms1 #efd2 ,greek n\ns1 #efe4 -u- /ems1 9 -ubus1 #eib2 inscriptional =ms1 #eic4 -- /ems1 9 -1 #fjb1 #fjf2 9 -1 #fjf2 s+41 ( rs1 fids1 #afj1 #fjb4 ,pron\ns1 peculi> & inscriptional =ms1 ( ego1 t1 su1 #fea2 ( meus1 tuus1 suus1 #fec1 #fed2 ( hc1 #ffc-ffe2 ( ille1 i/e1 #ffg1 #ffh2 ( illic1 i/ic1 #fgj2 ( is1 #fgb-fgd1 #afj2 ( dem1 #fgg1 #fgh2 ( qu1 quis1 #fhh1 #fij4 ,uses (1 #aage-abbe2 g5]al1 #aage-aagi4 ,! complem5t>y1 #aahj-abah2 z ess5tial complem5t1 #aahj-abjd2 z optional complem5t1 #abje-abah2 made subj4 9 pass41 #adhj1 #aaha2 ) v]bs ( intrans4 use d5ot+ /ate1 disposition1 feel+1 quality1 #aaha1 #aahd1 #aahe2 ) sum & a pr$4 n\n1 #aahc2 ) v]bs ( union1 cont5tion1 diff]5ce1 #aahf1 #aceg2 ) v]bs comb9$ ) adv]sum1 obviam1 prae/1 b5e1 male1 satis1 #aahg2 ) v]bs ( intrans4 use comp\nd$ ) a prep41 #aahh-aaia2 ) v]bs ( trans4 use1 #aaib2 ) v]bs ( trans4 use comp\nd$ ) a prep41 #aaid-aaii2 ) adjs41 #abjj-abjd2 ) v]bs ( trans4 or intrans4 use to d5ote p]son or ?+ int]e/$1 b5efit$1 h>m$1 #abje1 #acae2 ) similis1 #abjd2 ) int]jections1 #abjf2 ) s5t5ces1 #abjg2 ) v]bs d5ot+ w>d+ (f1 robb+1 ridd+1 #abji2 ) v]bs ( motion1 #abaj2 emotional1 #abaa2 ( possessor1 #abab-abaf1 #adgh1 #baha1 #bbdc2 ) comp\nds ( sum1 #abab2 ) mih e/ nm51 c41 #abac1 #abad2 ( ! do] ( an action1 #abae1 #abaf1 #adgh1 #baha1 #bbdc2 ( relation1 #abag1 #abah4 ,! pr$icative1 #abai-abbd2 ( t5d5cy or result1 #abai-abbb2 ) v]bs ( consid]+ or acc\nt+1 #abbb2 ( purpose or int5tion1 #abbc-abbe4 ,d\ble1 #abac1 #abad1 #abai-abbe2 comb9$ ) acc41 #aaii1 #abja1 #abad1 #abba1 #abbd2 comb9$ ) nom41 #abac1 #abad1 #abba1 #abbd2 atta*$ to sub/41 #aahc1 #abjh1 #abbe2 us$ ) cnscius1 #abfe2 ) rf]t1 #abgh2 ) imp]sonal v]bs 9 pass41 #aaha2 pr$4 n\n 91 #bbad2 ( g]undive con/ruction & g]und1 #bbed-bbeg2 sup9e 9 - z1 #bbfi2 foll[+ sup9e 9 -um1 #bbgb2 ) dem1 #bcgc4 ,decasyllabic ,alcaic1 #bffc4 ,decl>ations1 neg4 adv4 91 #addc2 indic4 us$ 91 #adic2 v]bal expressions d5ot+ ability1 duty1 propriety1 necessity1 c4 91 #adie-adig2 conf\nd$ ) que/ions & exclamations1 #aejb2 subjv4 us$ 91 #aedj-aefb2 express$ by indic4 9 rel4 s5t5ce1 #ahac2 express$ by quod1 #ahch4 ,decl>ative1 s5t5ce1 def9$1 #ajbe2 9 ind4 disc41 mood (1 #bcab4 ,decl5sion1 def9$1 #cig4 ,sub/antives1 #dcb-fjg2 -- /ems1 #dcb-dde2 -- /ems1 ,greek n\ns1 #ddd1 #dde2 -o- /ems1 #ddf-dff2 -o- /ems1 ,greek n\ns1 #dff2 cons4 /ems1 #dfg-eab2 guttural mute /ems 7-g-1 -c-71 #dga-dgc2 l+ual mute /ems 7-d-1 -t-71 #dgd-dgh2 labial mute /ems 7-b-1 -p-71 #dgi1 #dhj2 /ems 9 -l-1 -n-1 #dha-dhf2 /ems 9 -r-1 -s-1 #dhg-dic2 /ems 9 -u- or -v-1 #did2 cons4 /ems1 ,greek n\ns1 #ejh-eab2 case end+s ( cons4 /ems1 #die-ejg1 see ,nom9ative1 c42 -i- /ems1 #eac-efi2 p>isyllables ) nom4 9 -is1 #eag-ebb2 p>isyllables ) nom4 9 -s1 #ebc1 #ebd2 p>isyllables ) /ems 9 -bri-1 -cri-1 -tri-1 #ebe2 p>isyllabic neut]s ) nom4 9 -e1 #ebf-ebh2 imp>isyllables ) /em 9 -ci-1 #eca2 imp>isyllables ) /em 9 -di-1 #ecb2 imp>isyllables ) /em 9 -ti-1 #ecc2 imp>isyllables ) /em 9 -bi-1 #ecd2 imp>isyllables ) /em 9 -pi-1 #ece2 imp>isyllables ) /em 9 -li-1 #ecf2 imp>isyllables ) /em 9 -ri-1 #ecg1 #ech2 imp>isyllables ) /em 9 -si-1 #eci2 -i- /ems1 ,greek n\ns1 #efe2 case end+s ( -i- /ems1 #edj-efd1 see ,nom9ative1 c42 -u- /ems1 #ehe-eie2 -- /ems1 #eif-fjg4 ,adjectives1 #fje-fdc1 #dcb-efi2 /ems 9 -o- & -- 7#8?ree end+s'71 #fac-fbj1 #dcb-dff2 cons4 /ems ( #8two end+s' 7! comp>471 #fba-fbc1 #ejc1 #eje1 #ejg2 cons4 /ems ( #8"o end+1' #fbd-fbf1 #dfg-eab1 #efa2 -i- /ems1 #fbg-fcf1 #ebi-efi2 adjs4 us$ z sub/s41 #eeh1 #efa2 num]al adjs41 #fcg-fdc4 ,pres5t p>ticiples1 #fcb1 #fcc1 #efj1 #efb-efd4 ,pron\ns1 #fdd-fid2 p]sonal1 #fdd-fea2 reflexive1 #fdd-fea2 possess41 #feb-fee2 demon/rative1 #fef-fgj2 det]m9ative1 #fef-fei1 #fga-fge2 ( id5tity1 #fef-fei1 #fgf-fgh2 int5sive1 #fef-fei1 #fgi1 #fhj2 rel41 int]rogative1 indef41 #fef-fei1 #fha-fid4 ,see ,g5d]1 ,numb]1 ,case4 ,decree+1 see ,resolve4 ,defective1 sub/s41 9 numb]1 #daf1 #dag1 see also #dgg1 #dhi1 #dic1 #eah1 #ebc1 #ebd1 #ecd1 #ede2 words ( #d? decl41 no s+41 #ehh2 words ( #e? decl41 no plur41 #eig1 #fjj2 9 case1 #dcj2 cases lack+ 9 #crd decl41 #dgc-ede2 cases lack+ 9 #d? decl41 #ehh2 cases lack+ 9 #e? decl41 #eig1 #fjj1 #fjd-fjg2 adjs41 9 numb]1 #fbc2 9 case1 #dcj1 #dca1 #cef2 cases lack+ 9 cons4 /ems1 #dgb1 #fbc-fbf2 cases lack+ 9 -i- /ems1 #eca-ecg1 #fbg1 #fcd-fcf2 9 comp>ison1 #cef-cfj2 advs41 9 comp>ison1 #cfc1 #cfd2 prons41 9 case1 #fib2 v]bs1 #hje-hag1 #ijj1 #ije1 #ijg1 #ibb-ajai4 ,def9+1 acc41 #aadj-aadf1 #aagc1 #adge4 ,def9ite1 p]f41 use (1 #afjb1 #afje-afac2 sequ5ce (1 #agag1 #aged2 see ,p]fect4 ,"t1 9 cum s5t5ces1 #ahfa-ahfg2 9 s5t5ces ) ub1 ut1 simul atque1 #aicc1 #aicd4 ,def9ition1 g54 (1 #abee-abei2 p]f4 subjv4 91 ) antequam1 #aiac4 ,degree1 d5ot$ by advs41 #adch2 ( comp>ison1 see ,comp>ison2 ( diff]5ce1 see ,diff]5ce4 ,delay+1 v]bs (1 ) qun1 #aihf2 see ,h9d]+4 ,delib]at+1 v]bs (1 ) indirect "q1 #aggd4 ,delib]ation1 que/ions (1 9 pres4 ind41 #aeca2 9 fut41 #aeca1 #afbc2 9 subjv41 #aefc2 9 subord9ate s5t5ce1 #agca2 t5se (1 9 second>y s5t5ce1 #agec2 9 indirect "q1 #aghf1 #aggd4 ,dem&+1 v]bs (1 ) two accusatives1 #aafi-aaga2 ) acc4 & prepositional phrase1 #aagj2 ) acc4 & inf941 #baid4 ,demon/rative1 prons41 decl4 (1 #fef-fgj2 agreem5t (1 #ajie-ajih1 see ,agreem5t2 ) a comp>41 #acbf2 omitt$ 9 rel4 s5t5ce1 #agih2 z connectives1 #babh-bacj2 correlative prons41 #ahca2 use ( hc1 #bcdg-bcee2 use ( i/e1 #bcef1 #bceg2 use ( ille1 #bceh-bcfd2 see hc1 c42 advs41 #gaa4 ,d5om9ative1 def9$1 #aih2 sub/s41 #bdf-bgi1 #bbf1 #bbg1 #bcb2 adjs41 #bih-cfj1 #bhg2 v]bs1 =mation (1 #cfe-cge1 #hci1 #hdj2 inflection (1 #gib-gig2 li/ (1 #ihg-ajbb2 see ,v]bs1 ,=mation4 ,d5tals1 #gg2 /ems1 #dgd-dgh4 ,dep5d5t1 see ,subord9ate4 ,depon5ts1 def9$1 #gbe1 #adhf2 imp]4 (1 #big1 #gca2 pr94 p>ts (1 #gce2 h[ designat$1 #gcf1 #gcg2 inflection (1 #gih-hja2 9 -i1 li/ (1 #igg-ihf2 act4 =ms (1 #gih2 ) act4 & pass4 end+s1 #hjj1 #adhh1 #adhi2 semi-depon5ts1 #hja1 #adhh2 p]f4 p>tic4 (1 ) act4 & pass4 mean+1 #ijg1 #acfd1 #adib2 ) reflexive1 pass41 or reciprocal =ce1 #adhg2 ) pass4 mean+1 #adij2 pass4 (1 h[ express$1 #adia2 p]f4 ) pres4 =ce1 #bbhj4 ,deprive1 v]bs mean+1 ) abl41 #acjb-acjf4 ,desc5d+ rhy?ms1 #bebh4 ,descriptions1 impf4 91 #aeii2 asyndeton 91 #afci2 9 indic4 9 rel4 s5t5ce1 #ahac2 express$ by abl4 abs41 #acfg2 express$ by p>tic41 #bbie4 ,desid]ative1 v]bs1 def9ition & =mation (1 #cge2 defective1 #haj4 ,desire1 subjv4 (1 #aedj-aeec2 9 coord9ation1 #agje-agac2 9 rel4 s5t5ces ( purpose1 #ahag2 9 s5t5ces ) potius quam1 c41 #ahig2 9 s5t5ces ( purpose ) ut1 #aidg2 9 s5t5ces ) dum1 #bjje4 ,v]bs (1 ) g541 #abhf2 ) purpose clause1 #aiej2 ) acc4 & inf941 #bahi-baib1 #bbbh4 ,see ,wi%1 ,wi%+1 ,desir\s4 ,desir\s1 adjs4 mean+1 g54 )1 #abfc1 #abfd4 ,det]m9ative1 comp\nds1 def9$ & classifi$1 #chb-chd4 ,pron\ns41 decl4 (1 #fef-fei1 #fga-fge2 agreem5t (1 #ajid-ajih1 see ,agreem5t2 omitt$ 9 rel4 s5t5ce1 #agih2 z connectives1 #babh-bacj2 correlative prons41 #ahca2 use & =ce (1 #bcfe-bcgj1 #bcfa2 see is4 ,adv]bs1 #gaa4 ,developm5t1 ( v[el be=e cons41 #agb2 ( v[el betwe5 consonants1 #agb2 ( cons41 #afg2 p betwe5 m & s1 m & t1 #afg4 ,dia]esis1 def9$1 #bedb1 #bedc2 bucolic1 #beei4 ,dialysis1 #beja4 ,dia/ol1 #beje4 ,dicolic v]ses1 #bece4 ,diff]5ce1 v]bs (1 case )1 #aahf2 am\nt (1 abl4 (1 #acic-acii1 #aaec1 #aaed1 #adei1 see ,ext5t2 qu 4 4 4 e1 #aigc4 ,difficult1 adjs4 mean+1 ) sup9e 9 -1 #bbgd4 ,diiambus1 def9$1 #bebb4 ,dimet]1 def9$1 #becf2 iambic1 #bfag-bfbc2 tro*aic1 #bfdc-bfdf2 anapae/ic1 #bfhg-bfhi2 cretic1 #bfig2 bac*iac1 #bgjd4 ,dim9utive1 sub/s41 suffixes =m+1 #bfg-bgh2 mean+s (1 #bfg-bgj2 g5d] (1 #bgj2 adjs41 #cci1 #cdj2 =m$ f comp>4 /ems1 #cdj2 advs41 #cda4 ,diph?ongs1 def9$1 #dg2 !1 #di2 orig9 (1 #dh1 #abj2 pronunciation (1 #di1 #ej2 quantity (1 #dg1 #abe2 quantity (1 be=e a v[el1 #abe2 ei 9 inscriptions to d5ote 1 #bi1 #b4 ,diph?ong1 #ie-aja2 *ange ( au1 #ig2 *ange ( ou1 #ajj2 *ange ( eu1 #aja2 *ange ( ai1 ae1 #if2 *ange ( a1 #aah1 #b2 *ange ( oi1 oe1 #ii2 *ange ( ei1 #ih1 #gfd1 #ghi4 ,dipody1 def9$1 #beca2 iambic1 #bfbd2 tro*aic1 #bfdi2 logao$ic1 #bfee-bfeh4 ,direct1 comp\nd1 def9$1 #cgg1 see ,composition2 quotation1 #agbc1 see ,quotations2 disc\rse1 def9$1 #bcjh2 "q1 see ,que/ions4 ,direction1 express$ by subjv41 #aedg-aeea2 introduc$ by ut1 ut1 n1 c41 #aedg2 express$ by fut41 #afbd2 v]bs (1 subjv4 coord9at$ )1 #agjh2 introduc$ by pro9de1 pro91 #baeg4 ,disadvantage1 dat4 (1 #aagh1 #abje-abaj4 ,disappe>ance1 ( v[el1 #aaj-aac2 initial1 #aab2 m$ial1 #aaa2 f9al1 #aac2 ( cons41 #afh-aga2 initial1 #afi2 m$ial1 #agj1 #fei2 f9al1 #aga1 #dbf1 #fdh1 #gje4 ,disapprobation1 que/ions (1 #aeff-aefi2 express$ by inf941 #bbaf4 ,disjunctive1 words1 use (1 #affg-afge1 #bacc-badi4 ,displeas+1 expressions (1 case )1 #aaha-aahe4 ,dispondee1 #bebb4 ,disproportion1 express$ by positive1 #aded2 express$ by comp>41 #adfj1 #adfa2 comp>4 d5ot+1 foll[$ by quam1 quam ut1 quam qu1 #ahif4 ,dissimilation1 ( l to r1 to avoid repetition ( a liquid1 #agc1 #a2 by dropp+ a s\nd1 #agc1 #b4 ,di/ance1 designations (1 abl4 ( int]vllum & spatium 91 #acii2 see ,space1 ,"t4 ,di/i*1 def9$1 #bede2 elegiac1 #begc4 ,di/ress1 m5tal1 v]bs (1 ) g541 #abhc-abhf2 ) loc4 & abl41 #acci1 #acdd4 ,di/ributive1 num]als1 suffix (1 #cag2 decl4 (1 #fdc2 li/ (1 #bdjd1 #bdje2 "s =ms (1 #bdah2 uses (1 #bdbj-bdbb2 words1 ) plur4 sub/41 #ajhj2 ) s+4 & plur4 v]b1 #ajhj4 ,disyllabic1 preps41 position (1 #adcd2 p]fects & p]f4 p>tic41 quantity ( p5ult v[el (1 #bdcd-bdcf4 ,ditro*ee1 #bebb4 ,do]1 ( action1 express$ by dat41 #abae1 #abaf1 #adgh1 #baha1 #bbdc2 express$ by abl4 ) ab1 #acah1 #adgf1 #adgg1 #bbdc2 express$ by abl4 alone1 #acai1 #adgg4 ,do+1 v]bs (1 ) quod1 quia1 introduc+ co9cid5t action1 #ahej2 ) qu1 #ahbf2 ) cum1 #ahgd4 ,d\ble1 que/ions1 see ,alt]native2 class1 ( rhy?ms1 #bebg4 ,d\bt1 que/ions (1 9 pres4 indic41 #aeca2 9 fut41 #aeca1 #afbc2 9 subjv41 #aefc2 9 subord9ate s5t5ce1 #agca2 t5se (1 9 subord9ate s5t5ce1 #agec2 9 indirect "q1 #aghf2 =tasse1 c41 & subjv41 #aeed2 v]bs (1 loc4 & abl4 )1 #acci1 #acdd2 indirect "q )1 #aggd2 ) qun1 #aihf4 ,dread+1 v]bs (1 ) g541 #abhf4 ,dual1 #dae4 ,dubitative1 see ,appeal4 ,duration1 ( "t1 d5ot$ by acc41 #aaea-aaef1 #adge2 acc4 (1 comb9$ ) a second acc41 #aagd2 d5ot$ by abl41 #acee4 ,duty1 v]bal expressions (1 9 indic41 #adie-adig2 9 conditional p]iods1 #bjgd1 #baja4 ,easy1 adjs4 mean+1 cases )1 #abjj2 ) g]undive con/ruction or g]und1 #bbeb2 ) sup9e 9 -1 #bbgd4 ,ec?lipsis1 #bdic4 ,effect1 suffixes d5ot+1 #bac1 #bag1 #bbd1 #bda4 ,ef=t1 see ,/riv+4 ,elegiac di/i*1 #begc4 ,elegiambus1 #bfhj1 #bfha4 ,elision1 )9 a ^w1 #aae1 #aai2 betwe5 words1 #bdha-bdie2 at end ( v]se1 #becc1 #befh4 ,emotion1 v]bs (1 ) quod1 quia1 #ahea2 ) cum1 #ahea1 #ahge2 ) acc4 & inf941 #bahg1 #bahh1 #bahd2 ) p]f4 inf941 #bbca4 ,emotional dative1 #abaa4 ,emphasiz+1 acc41 #aadj-aadf1 #aagc1 #adge4 ,enclitics1 !1 #ic2 def9$1 #ic2 acc5t (1 #ic2 quantity (1 #bdcc2 -met1 #fej1 #fee2 -pte1 #fee2 -ce1 #ffb1 #ffc1 #ffi1 #fgj1 #bjae2 dum1 ) imp]41 #aegc1 #aiib2 at end ( v]se1 #befh2 see -que1 c4 ,end1 ( motion1 see ,motion4 ,endeav\r1 v]bs mean+1 ) inf941 #bafi4 ,end+s1 case1 function (1 #cih2 lack+1 9 prons41 #fde2 ( n\ns & v]bs1 %ort5$ 9 ! classical p]iod1 #acb2 #8"o1' #8two1' #8?ree1' adjs4 (1 see ,adjectives2 see ,p]son1 ,decl5sion1 ,suffix4 ,enl>gem5t1 ( simple s5t5ce1 #ajcg-ajed2 ( subj41 #ajch-ajdg2 ( pr$41 #ajdh-ajed4 ,entreaty1 express$ by imp]41 #aega2 v]bs (1 subjv4 coord9at$ )1 #agjh4 ,enum]ative asyndeton1 #babf4 ,envy1 v]bs (1 ) dat41 #aaha4 ,epic5es1 #daa4 ,epi/ol>y1 impf41 #afja2 plup41 #afaf4 ,epitrite1 #bebb4 ,equal class1 ( rhy?ms1 #bebg4 ,ess5tial1 complem5t1 see ,complem5t4 ,e?ical1 see ,emotional4 ,euripidean v]se1 #bfdd-bfdf4 ,ex*ange1 abl4 (1 #achh-acib4 ,exclamation1 nom4 (1 #aaag2 acc4 (1 #aadi1 #aaej1 #baab2 g54 (1 #abie2 v]bal expressions d5ot+ ability1 duty1 propriety1 necessity 91 #adie-adig2 indic4 91 #adii2 conf\nd$ ) que/ions & decl>ations1 #aejb2 introduc$ by prons4 & unde1 ub1 qu1 cr1 qu1 qun1 quam1 qu&1 quotins1 #aebf1 #aebg2 introduc$ by ut1 #aebh2 two or m exclamations ) "o v]b1 #aecj2 z memb] ( coord9ate s5t5ce1 #afig2 subord9ate1 or indirect1 #aggc1 see ,que/ions2 mrum quantum1 c41 #agij2 9 apod4 ( conditional s5t5ce1 #bjah2 inf94 (1 #bbaf4 ,exclamatory1 s5t5ce1 def9$1 #ajbe2 que/ions1 #aeff-aefi4 ,exemplification1 p]iods (1 #bjed1 #bjij4 ,exhortation1 intimat$ by "q1 #aeca2 express$ by subjv41 #aedg-aeea2 introduc$ by ut1 ut1 n1 nm1 nihil1 c41 #aedg2 express$ by imp]41 #aega2 express$ by fut41 #afbd2 v]bs (1 subjv4 coord9at$ )1 #agjh4 ,expectation1 expressions (1 ) s1 s =te1 #aggg2 see ,hope4 ,explanatory1 cum1 #ahei1 #ahgd-ahhj4 ,explosives1 #gc4 ,ext5t1 ( space1 d5ot$ by acc41 #aaea-aaef1 #adge2 acc4 (1 comb9$ ) a second acc41 #aagd2 ) v]bs ( surpass+1 #acih4 ,fai?ful1 adjs4 mean+1 cases )1 #abjj4 ,fav\r1 v]bs (1 ) dat41 #aaha1 #aahb4 ,fe>+1 v]bs (1 ) indirect "q1 #aggd1 #aiei2 ) ut1 n clauses1 #aieg1 #aieh2 ) acc4 & inf941 #aiei2 ) complem5t>y inf941 #aiei1 #bafi4 ,feel+1 v]bs (1 ) acc41 #aaci2 ) g541 #abhc-abhf2 ) loc4 & abl41 #acci1 #acdd2 anim ) v]bs & adjs4 (1 #acci2 see ,emotion1 ,m5tal di/ress1 c4 ,feet1 metrical1 def9$1 #beai2 k9ds (1 #beba1 #bebb2 cyclic1 #bebc2 irrational1 #bebd2 gr\ps (1 #beca1 #becb4 ,fem99e1 g5d]1 g5]al rules (1 #djg2 = cons4 & -i- /ems1 #egg-eha2 caesura1 #beeg4 ,figures ( prosody1 #bdgc-beaj4 ,f9al1 disappe>ance1 ( v[el1 #aac2 ( cons41 #aga4 ,syllable1 v[el (1 %ort5$1 #acb2 reta9$ long1 #acb2 ) acc5t1 #hh2 quantity (1 #bdcg-bdeg2 ( v]se1 syllaba anceps1 #becc1 #becd4 e f i1 #ajg1 b2 %ort v[el foll[$ by ^w beg9n+ ) two consonants or d\ble cons41 #bdeh4 ,s5t5ces1 def9$1 #agaf2 complem5t>y1 #aidh-aifj2 pure1 #aidh1 #aifa-aifd2 t5se (1 aft] p]f4 def9ite1 #aged4 ,fitness1 adj4 suffixes imply+1 #bih1 #cjb-ccj2 adjs4 d5ot+1 cases )1 #abjj2 adjs4 d5ot+1 ) g]und & g]undive1 #bbeb4 ,fl[]s1 names (1 g5d]1 #djg1 #djh1 #egc4 ,=gett+1 v]bs (1 ) g541 #abhg-abia2 ) acc41 #abhh2 ) inf941 #bafi4 ,=mation1 "o ( ! divisions ( ,lat9 gramm>1 treat$1 #a1 #ahj-cif2 def9$1 #ahj2 roots & /ems1 #ahc-aih2 ( n\ns1 )\t =mative suffix1 #aie1 #aih1 #aii2 ) =mative suffix1 #aie-aih1 #bjj-bjc4 ,sub/antives1 #bjd-bgi1 #bif1 #cjh1 #cji1 #cac1 #cad1 #ccc1 #ccd2 primitive1 #bjd-bde2 d5om9ative1 #bdf-bgi1 #bbf1 #bbg1 #bcb2 suffixes d5ot+ ag5t1 #bjd-baa2 action1 #bab-bcg1 #bdi2 in/rum5t or means1 #bch-bde1 #bac1 #bbd2 concrete effect1 #bac1 #bag1 #bbd1 #bda2 result1 #bac1 #bbb1 #bca1 #bcd-bcf1 #bci1 #bdi1 #bif2 collectives1 #bbh1 #bdi2 quality1 #bdf-bfd2 p]son conc]n$1 #bfe1 #cji2 place1 #bff1 #bbh1 #bda1 #bdb1 #bde1 #bdi1 #cjh1 #cji1 #cad1 #ccd2 dim9utive suffixes1 #bfg-bgh2 suffixes =m+ patronymics1 #bgi4 ,adjectives1 #bhj-cfj2 primitive1 #bhj-big1 #cje2 d5om9ative1 #bih-cfj1 #bhg2 suffixes d5ot+ act4 quality1 #bha-bij1 #bic1 #bid1 #bif2 pass4 quality1 #bia-big1 #bhb1 #bhc2 mat]ial or resemblance1 #bii-cja2 appurt5ance1 #cjb-ccj2 supply1 #cca-cch2 dim9utives1 #cci1 #cdj2 comp>4 & sup]l4 suffixes1 #cdb-cfj2 suffixes d5ot+ place1 #cag1 #cba1 #cdg4 ,adv]bs1 dim9utives1 #cda2 comp>4 & sup]l4 end+s1 #cfa-cfd4 ,v]b /em1 #hbd-iai2 v>iable v[el1 #hbd-hbg2 !me1 #gch-gdj2 ( d5om9ative v]bs1 #cfe-cge1 #hci1 #hdj2 frequ5tatives or int5sives1 #cga-cgd2 desid]atives1 #cge2 m$itatives1 #cge1 #igj2 inceptives or in*oatives1 #hcd1 see ,inceptives2 pres4 indic41 #hbh-hdj2 pres4 subjv41 #hda-hdc2 imp]41 #hdd-hdf2 impf4 indic41 #hdg1 #hdh2 impf4 subjv41 #hdi1 #hej2 fut41 #hea-hec2 p]f4 indic41 #hed-hge2 p]f4 /em )\t suffix1 #heh-hff2 p]f4 /em 9 -s-1 #hfg1 #hfh2 p]f4 /em 9 -v- or -u-1 #hfi-hge2 p]f4 subjv41 #hgf-hgh2 p]f4 imp]41 #hgi1 #hac2 plup4 indic41 #hhj2 plup4 subjv41 #hha2 fut4 p]f41 #hhb-hhd2 %ort or old =ms1 9 p]f4 sy/em1 #hhe-hic2 inf941 #hid-hih2 g]undive & g]und1 #hii2 sup9e1 #ijj2 pres4 p>tic41 #ija-ijc2 fut4 p>tic41 #ijd1 #ije2 p]f4 p>tic41 #ijf-iai4 ,see ,composition4 ,=mative suffix1 def9$1 #aie1 see ,suffix4 ,fractions1 h[ express$1 #bdbd-bdbh4 ,free1 v]bs mean+1 ) abl41 #acjb-acjf2 adjs4 mean+1 ) abl41 #acjf4 ,frequ5tative1 v]bs1 def9ition & =mation (1 #cga-cgd2 conative use (1 #bcjc4 ,fri5dly1 adjs4 mean+1 cases )1 #abjj4 ,fri5d%ip1 words (1 ) g541 #abjc4 ,fulness1 v]bs (1 ) g541 #abic2 ) abl41 #achf2 adjs4 (1 ) g541 #abfc1 #abfd1 #achg2 ) abl41 #achg4 ,future action1 express$ by pres41 #aeic1 #bjbf1 #bjcj2 express$ by p]f41 #aeda1 #aedi1 #aeea1 #aeeh1 #afab1 #bjbg4 ,future ,p]fect t5se1 lack+ 9 subjv4 & imp]41 #gaf2 =mation (1 #hhb-hhd2 %ort or old =ms1 #hhe-hic2 fu]it vctrus1 #hjc2 inf941 #hhg2 dat4 ( possessor )1 #abaf1 #adgh2 uses (1 9 simple s5t5ce1 #afbf-afcb1 #afjg1 #afji2 9 prot4 & apod41 ( co9cid5t action1 #afbg2 d5ot+ fut4 result+ /ate1 #afbh2 express+ rapidity ( action1 #afbi2 d5ot+ action po/pon$1 #afcj2 d5ot+ action :i* w h occurr$ :ile some?+ takes place1 #afca2 n diff]+ f fut41 #afcb2 ( inceptives1 #afjg2 pass41 ) fu]1 c41 #afji2 p]f4 us$ z1 #afab2 sequ5ce (1 #agag1 #agdj-agdf1 #agea1 #agec2 9 subord9ate s5t5ce1 rel4 "t1 #agcc1 #agcf2 indep5d5t1 #agch2 ) cum1 #ahfj-ahfb2 ) antequam1 priusquam1 #aiae2 ) ub1 simul atque1 c41 #aicd2 ) dum1 #bjjf2 ) dnec1 dnicum1 #bjji2 9 conditional prot41 #bjbc1 #bjei-bjfd2 9 conditional apod41 #bjbc1 #bjca1 #bjee1 #bjfb1 #bjhj2 repres5t$ by =e & p]f4 p>tic41 #bbcd2 ( direct disc\rse repres5t$ by plup4 or p]f4 subjv4 9 ind4 disc41 #bcbd4 ,futures1 virtual1 #agah4 ,future t5se1 lack+ 9 subjv41 #gaf2 imp]41 #gaf1 #aege2 =mation (1 #hea-hec2 -t1 #fh2 -r1 -r1 #fh2 dat4 ( possessor )1 #abaf1 #adgh2 uses (1 9 simple s5t5ce1 #afai-afbe2 ( fut4 action1 #afai2 express+ pr$iction1 w1 ?reat1 c41 #afai2 ( diffid5t ass]tion1 #afbj2 9 pr$ictions1 #afba2 9 assev]ations1 #afbb2 9 que/ions ( appeal1 #afbc2 express+ exhortation1 reque/1 comm&1 c41 #afbd2 sequ5ce (1 #agag1 #agdj-agdf1 #agea1 #agec2 9 subord9ate s5t5ce1 #afbe2 fut4 p]f4 ) =ce (1 #afcb2 rel4 "t1 #agcc-agce2 indep5d5t1 #agch2 ) cum1 #ahfj-ahfb2 ) antequam1 priusquam1 #aiac1 #aiaf2 ) ub1 simul atque1 c41 #aicd2 ) dum1 dnec1 quoad1 quamdi1 #aiif1 #bjjj1 #bjjb1 #bjji2 9 conditional prot41 #bjbc1 #bjeb-bjeh2 9 conditional apod41 #bjbc1 #bjcj1 #bjcg1 #bjde1 #bjed1 #bjfa1 #bjgi1 #bjhf2 p]iphra/ic1 9 conditional prot41 #bjib1 #bajh2 9 conditional apod41 #bjgd1 #bjha1 #bjhg1 #bjic1 #bjig1 #bajj2 ( direct disc\rse repres5t$ by impf4 or pres4 subjv4 9 ind4 disc41 #bcbd2 inf941 see ,inf9itive2 p>tic41 see ,p>ticiples4 ,galliambic1 #bgad-bgaf4 ,g5d]1 k9ds (1 #djb2 def9$1 #djc2 n\ns1 def9$1 #djb1 #cih2 mobile n\ns1 #dji2 n\ns ( common1 #daj2 epic5es1 #daa2 v>iable1 #dac1 #ehf1 #eig2 g5]al rules (1 #djb-dac2 ( dim9utives1 #bgj2 ( inanimate ?+s1 #djc2 ( ,greek words1 #egj2 ( -- /ems1 #dcb1 #dcc2 ( -o- /ems1 #ddf1 #ddg2 g5]al rules (1 = cons4 & -i- /ems1 #egj-ehd2 ( cons4 /ems1 #dfg1 #dga-did2 ( -i- /ems1 #eac1 #eag-eci1 #ede2 ( -u- /ems1 #ehe1 #ehf1 #ehh2 ( -- /ems1 #eif1 #eig2 agreem5t ( adj4 & p>tic4 91 #ajhb-ajih2 agreem5t ( rel4 pron4 91 #ajhb-ajih1 #ahja-ahaa1 see ,relative2 agreem5t ( demon/rative & det]m9ative prons4 91 #ajhb-ajih1 see ,demon/rative1 ,det]m9ative2 agreem5t ( sub/4 91 #ajgg-ajha2 see ,neut]4 ,g5]al1 tru?1 express$ by pres41 #aehh2 express$ by impf41 #aeii2 fut4 91 #afbj2 9 subord9ate s5t5ce1 t5se (1 #agdh1 #agfj2 ) antequam1 priusquam1 #aiab-aiad2 introduc$ p>5!tically by ut1 #aidj2 introduc$ by sc1 ita1 #baei2 conditions1 #bjcd1 #bjce1 #bjdd1 #bjej1 #bjed1 #bjfi-bjga2 subj41 9 #a/ p]s4 plur4 & #b;d p]s4 s+41 omitt$1 #ajcj4 ,g5itive case1 def9$1 #dai2 plur41 h[ =m$1 #dbg2 /em ( n\n se5 91 #dba2 /em ( n\n indicat$ by1 #dba2 lack+1 see ,defective2 /em v[el ( -o- /ems l5g!n$ 91 #ef1 #dfb4 -- /ems1 9 -u1 -ius1 #afb1 #fah-fbj1 #fef1 #feg1 #fid2 9 -1 #afj1 #dcg2 9 -s1 #dcg2 9 -m1 #dci2 inscriptional =ms1 #ddc2 ,greek n\ns1 #ddc-dde4 -o- /ems1 9 -u1 -ius1 #abg1 #g2 #fah-fbj1 #fef1 #feg1 #fid2 9 -1 -1 -1 #deh2 ( words 9 -ius1 -ium1 =m & acc5t (1 #hg1 #def1 #deg2 9 -m1 -m1 #dfb1 #dfc1 #dfe1 #fdj1 #fda1 #fdc2 inscriptional =ms1 #dfe2 ,greek n\ns1 #dff4 ,consonant /ems1 9 -uum1 #dib1 #ejf2 9 -om1 #did1 #ejg2 9 -ium1 #dgg1 #dgh1 #dhi1 #dib1 #did1 #ejf1 #ejg2 inscriptional =ms1 #ejg2 ,greek n\ns1 #ejh-eab4 -i- /ems1 9 -um1 #ebg-ecg1 #efc1 #fbi1 #fca1 #fcc1 #fcf2 inscriptional =ms1 #efd2 ,greek n\ns1 #efe4 -u- /ems1 9 -uis1 #eij2 9 -t1 #eij2 9 -om1 #eia2 9 -m1 #eia2 inscriptional =ms1 #eic4 -- /ems1 9 -1 #fjb1 #fjf2 9 -s1 #fjb1 #fjf2 9 -1 #fjb1 #fjf2 ( rs1 fids1 #afj1 #fjb4 ,pres5t p>ticiples1 9 -um1 #efc4 ,pron\ns1 peculi> & inscriptional =ms1 ( ego1 t1 su1 #fdf1 #fdi2 ( meus1 tuus1 suus1 #fec2 ( hc1 #ffc1 #ffe2 ( ille1 i/e1 #ffg1 #ffh2 ( illic1 i/ic1 #fgj2 ( is1 #fgb-fgd2 ( dem1 #fgg2 ( qu1 quis1 #fhh1 #fij2 ( neut]1 #fid4 ,uses (1 #abbf-abie2 g5]al1 #abbf4 ,) sub/antives1 #abbg-abfb2 comb9$ ) "o or m g5itives limit+ same sub/41 #abbh2 ) limit$ sub/4 omitt$1 #abbi2 ( ! subj41 cause1 orig91 own]1 #abcb-abch1 #abjg2 ( p]sonal & reflexive prons41 #abcd2 ( ^w 9 apposition ) possess4 pron41 #abce2 z pr$4 ) v]bs mean+ am1 belong1 become1 c41 #abcf1 #abcg2 ) commnis1 proprius1 alinus1 sac]1 ttus1 #abch2 ( quality1 attributively & pr$icatively1 #abci1 #abdj2 p>titive1 #abda-abed2 ) advs41 #abdb1 #abdh1 #abec1 #abed2 p>titive1 ) adjs41 #abde2 p>titive1 9 pr$41 #abea2 p>titive1 no/rm1 ve/rm1 #bcce2 ( def9ition1 #abee-abei2 ) caus1 grti1 nm9e1 erg1 #abeg2 ) quidquid e/1 c41 #abei2 ! objective1 #abfj-abfb2 objective1 no/r1 ve/r1 #bcce4 ,) adjectives1 #abfc-abgj1 #abjc1 #abjd2 ) cnscius & dat41 #abfe2 ) p>tic41 #abff2 ) similis1 #abjd2 ) dignus1 indignus1 #abfi4 ,) v]bs1 #abga-abid2 ) v]bs ( valu+1 c41 #abga-abge1 #abgi2 ) rf]t & int]e/1 #abgf-abgi2 ) judicial v]bs1 #abhj-abhb2 ) mis]et1 pa5itet1 piget1 pudet1 ta$et1 #abhc1 #abhd2 ) mis]eor1 mis]e1 mis]sc1 #abhe2 ) p]sonal v]bs ( desir+1 loa?+1 admir+1 dread+1 #abhf2 ) v]bs ( memory1 #abhg-abia2 ) v]bs ( p>ticipation & ma/]y1 #abib2 ) v]bs ( fulness & want1 #abic2 ) v]bs ( sep>at+ & ab/a9+1 #abid4 ,( exclamation1 #abie2 ) mih e/ nm51 nm5 d1 c41 #abac1 #abad2 ) opus1 #achc2 ) po/ & intr 9 expressions ( "t1 #acif2 ) preps41 #adjf1 #adac1 #adai1 #adbj1 #abcb2 possess41 ) inf941 #abcg1 #bbjh1 #bbaa1 #abcb2 ( g]undive con/ruction & g]und1 #bbeh-bbfd1 #bafd4 ,g5us1 p>1 duplex1 sescuplex1 #bebg4 ,g]und1 no plur4 (1 #daf2 a v]bal n\n1 #gcb1 #bbcg2 =mation (1 #hii2 dat4 ( do] ( action )1 #abae1 #adgh1 #bbdc2 abl4 ) ab )1 #bbdc2 9 reflexive s5se1 #adhb2 treat$1 #bbcg-bbfh2 "* (1 #bbcg-bbci2 ) & )\t obj41 #bbda1 #bbdb2 ( v]bs ( trans4 use1 #bbdb1 #bbee1 #bbei1 #bbfe2 use ( acc4 (1 ) ad1 #bbeb1 #bafd2 ) o!r preps41 #bbec2 use ( dat4 (1 #bbee1 #bbeg2 9 g541 #bbei2 d5ot+ purpose1 #bbfc2 ) caus express+ purpose1 #bafd2 use ( abl4 (1 #bbfe-bbfh2 d5ot+ means1 cause1 c41 #bbff2 ) preps41 #bbfg2 9 abl4 ( sep>ation1 #bbfh4 ,g]undive1 a v]bal n\n1 #gcb1 #bbcg2 =mation (1 #hii1 #bhh2 orig9ally nei!r act4 nor pass41 #bhh1 #bbch2 dat4 ( possessor )1 #abae1 #adgh1 #bbdc2 abl4 ) ab )1 #bbdc2 treat$1 #bbcg-bbfh2 "* (1 #bbcg-bbci2 ! con/ruction1 #bbdj2 use ( nom4 (1 #bbdc-bbdi1 #bbea2 ) sum1 #bbdc2 inflection (1 ) sum1 #hjd2 ) sum 9 conditional p]iods1 #baja2 fru5dus1 fung5dus1 c41 #bbdd2 habe )1 #bbde2 imp]sonally1 #bbdf1 #bahj1 #bbdd2 imp]sonally ) obj41 #bbdg2 adjectively1 #bhh1 #bbdh2 d5ot+ possibility1 #bbdi2 ) pass41 #bbea2 use ( acc4 (1 #bbej-bbec1 #bbdc2 ) v]bs1 #bbej2 ) ad1 #bbeb1 #bafd2 ) o!r preps41 #bbec2 use ( dat4 (1 #bbed1 #bbef1 #abjh2 use ( g54 (1 #bbeh-bbfd2 ) sub/4 or adj41 #bbeh1 #bbei2 ) no/r1 c41 #bbfj1 #bbfa2 pr$icately ) sum1 #bbfb2 ) caus express+ purpose1 #bafd2 alone1 d5ot+ purpose1 #bbfc2 ) judicial v]bs1 #bbfd2 use ( abl4 (1 #bbfe-bbfh2 d5ot+ means1 cause1 c41 #bbff2 ) preps41 #bbfg2 9 abl4 ( sep>ation1 #bbfh2 ) comp>4 expression1 #bbfh4 ,giv+1 v]bs (1 subjv4 coord9at$ )1 #agab2 ) g]undive con/ruction1 #bbej4 ,glides1 consonantal1 #afg4 ,glyconic1 #bffj-bffb4 ,gnomic1 see ,(t54 ,gradation1 quantitative v[el1 #ace2 qualitative1 #ade4 ,grave acc5t1 #ij4 ,greek1 *>act]s ( ! alphabet1 #ag1 #ah2 words1 eu 91 #aja2 *ang$ 9 ,lat91 #agb1 #b2 quantity 91 #abe2 #abg1 #h1 #i2 patronymics1 #bgi2 n\ns1 g5d] (1 #djf1 #djh1 #egj2 n\ns ( -- decl41 =ms (1 #ddc-dde2 ( -o- decl41 #dff2 ( cons4 decl41 #ejh-eab2 ( -i- decl41 #efe2 idiom1 imitat$ 9 ,lat9 ) dat4 ( volns1 c41 #abah2 acc41 see ,"p conc]n$4 ,grief1 v]bs (1 ) quod1 quia1 #ahea2 ) cum1 #ahea1 #ahge2 ) acc4 & inf941 #bahg1 #bahh1 #bahd4 ,gutturals1 #dd1 #gg2 guttural mute /ems1 decl4 (1 #dga-dgc4 ,haplology1 #agi4 ,happ5+1 v]bs (1 case )1 #aaha-aahe2 qu )1 #ahbf1 #ahej2 quod )1 introduc+ co9cid5t action1 #ahej2 cum )1 #ahgd1 #ahej2 ) result clause1 #aife2 ) result clause1 h[ translat$1 #aiff4 ,h>d5+1 #bejc4 ,h>m+1 v]bs (1 case )1 #abje-abaj4 ,hav+1 v]bs (1 ) two accusatives1 #aafg4 ,he>+1 v]bs (1 9 pres4 ( pa/ action1 #aeib2 ) indirect "q1 #aggd4 ,help+1 expressions (1 case )1 #aaha-aahe4 ,hemiolic class1 ( rhy?ms1 #bebg4 ,h5decasyllabic ,alcaic1 #bffg1 #bffh4 ,h5decasyllable1 #bffd1 #bffe4 ,heph!mim]al caesura1 #bedd4 ,heph!mim]is1 #beca4 ,hesitate1 v]bs mean+1 ) qun1 #aihg2 ) inf941 #bafi4 ,hexamet]1 def9$1 #becf2 dactylic1 #beef-befi2 bac*iac1 #bgje4 ,hexapody1 #beca4 ,hiatus1 )9 a ^w1 #aad-aaf2 betwe5 words1 #bdgc-bdhj2 at end ( v]se1 #becc4 ,hidd5 quantity1 #bdei-bdfc4 ,hid+1 v]bs (1 ) two accusatives1 #aafi-aaga2 ) acc4 & prepositional phrase1 #aagj4 ,h9d]+1 v]bs (1 ) n1 #aifj1 #aigg2 ) qum9us1 #aifj1 #aigg2 ) qun1 #aihf2 ) acc4 & inf941 #bbjc2 ) acc4 ( g]undive con/ruction or g]und1 #bbeb4 ,hipponactean v]se1 #beig-bfjj1 #bfci-bfda2 /rophe1 9 ,horace1 #bgba4 ,hir+1 v]bs (1 ) g541 #abgd2 ) abl41 #achh-acib4 ,hi/orical1 p]f41 #afjb-afjd1 see ,p]fect2 inf941 see ,intimation2 pres41 see ,vivid n>ration4 ,hope1 expressions (1 ) s1 s =te1 #aggg2 ) acc4 & inf941 #bahf2 ) pres4 inf941 #bahf4 ,horace1 lyric metres (1 #bgah-bgcg1 #bgci4 ,hortatory1 see ,desire4 ,ho/ility1 words (1 ) g541 #abjc4 ,hypo!sis1 express$ by abl4 abs41 #acfg2 express$ by p>tic41 #bbie2 v>iation ( prot41 #baji-baaa4 ,hyp]metrical v]se1 #befh4 ,iambelegus1 #bfgh1 #bfgi4 ,iambic1 words1 la/ syllable (1 %ort5$ 9 v]se1 #abi2 %ort5+1 law (1 #abi1 #bdgj2 rhy?ms1 #beha-bfbg2 trimet] 7s5>ius71 #behc-beif2 *oliambus1 #beig-bfjj2 trimet] catalectic1 #bfja-bfjc2 tetramet] acatalectic1 #bfjd-bfji2 sept5>ius1 #bfaj-bfaf2 dimet] acatalectic1 #bfag-bfbj2 dimet] catalectic1 #bfba-bfbc2 acatalectic dipody & catalectic tripody1 #bfbd2 v]sus ,reizianus1 #bfbe1 #bfbf2 trimet]1 9 ,horace1 #bgai2 /rophe1 9 ,horace1 #bgbj4 ,iambus1 #beba4 ,ictus1 #beaa2 9 comb9ation ) ^w acc5t1 #bedh4 ,id5tity1 pron4 (1 decl4 (1 #fgf-fgh2 use (1 #bcga-bcgc2 see dem4 ,illative1 words1 use (1 #bacc1 #baed-baeh4 ,illu/rations1 ut 91 #aida2 introduc$ by nam1 #baee4 ,imp>isyllables1 def9$1 #dfi2 decl4 (1 cons4 /ems1 #dga-eab2 -i- /ems1 #ebi-efi2 g5d] (1 #ega-ehd4 ,imp]ative1 ) %ort f9al v[el1 #acj1 #d2 t5se (1 #gaf1 #aege2 ( dc1 dc1 faci1 #aac1 #hdf2 ( comp\nds ( dc1 #hdf2 acc5t ( comp\nds ( dc1 dc1 #hh2 end+s (1 #big1 #gca2 9 -d1 #gdh2 =mation (1 #hdd-hdf2 p]f41 #hgi1 #hac2 s+41 ( m ?an "o1 #ajge2 ) qun1 #aebg2 9 comm&s1 #aega-aehj2 accompani$ by amb1 age1 sn1 c41 #aegb1 #aegc1 #aiib2 9 protasis ( conditional s5t5ce1 #aegd1 #bjcb1 #bjch1 #bjef1 #bjfc2 use ( ?ird p]son & long] =ms1 #aege-aegh2 ! fut41 #aege2 fac1 fac ut1 cr ut1 vid1 c41 #aegi2 p]iphra/ic p]f4 pass41 #aehj2 9 prohibitions1 #aeha-aehf2 nn us$ )1 #aehb2 nl1 #aehc2 fuge1 p>ce1 mitte1 c41 ) inf941 #aehd2 cav1 cav n1 fac n1 c41 #aehe2 9 laws1 treaties1 c41 #aege1 #aehf2 asyndeton 91 #afda2 9 coord9ation1 #aegd1 #afig1 #agaj-agab1 #aghg2 prim>y1 #agag2 s5t5ce1 def9$1 #ajbe2 9 ind4 disc41 #bcab4 ,imp]fect t5se1 indicative1 =mation (1 #hdg1 #hdh2 -t1 #acb2 dat4 ( possessor )1 #abaf1 #adgh2 uses (1 9 simple s5t5ce1 #aeid-afja1 #adie-adig2 ( action n p]=m$ 9 ! pa/1 #adie2 ( action n p]=m$ at pres5t "t1 #adig2 ( pa/ action go+ on1 #aeid2 ( pa/ action la/+ :ile some?+ occurs1 #aeie2 ( repeat$ or cu/om>y action1 #aeif2 ( pa/ action /ill cont9u$ 9 pa/1 #aeig2 ( action sudd5ly recogniz$1 #aeih2 9 descriptions & g5]al tru?s1 #aeii2 9 lett]s & messages1 #afja2 9 conative use1 #bcjb2 sequ5ce (1 #agag1 #agdj-agde1 #agdg1 #agfj1 #bcbb1 #bcbh2 9 subord9ate s5t5ce1 rel4 "t1 #agcc-agce2 indep5d5t1 #agch2 ) cum1 #ahfj1 #ahfa1 #ahfd1 #ahfe2 ) antequam1 priusquam1 #aiah2 ) po/quam1 ub1 ut1 c41 #aicj1 #aicb1 #aicc2 ) dum1 dnec1 quoad1 quamdi1 #aiig1 #bjja1 #bjjb1 #bjji2 9 conditional prot41 #bjbc1 #bjdb-bjdg1 #bjfh2 9 conditional apod41 #bjbc1 #bjbh1 #bjdd1 #bjej1 #baja1 #bajb1 #bajd1 #bajf4 ,subjunctive1 =mation (1 #hdi1 #hej2 -t1 #acb2 9 wi%es1 #aedd1 #aede2 9 expressions ( obligation or necessity1 #aeeb2 ( action conceivable1 #aeei1 #aefj1 #aefe2 ( pa/ action1 #aede1 #aeei1 #aefc1 #aefe1 #aefg1 #aefi2 ( repeat$ action1 #agcj2 9 subord9ate s5t5ce1 foll[+ second>y1 #agdg1 #agfb1 #agff1 #agga1 #bcbb2 ref]r+ to fut4 "t1 #agdc1 #agdi1 #bcbd2 foll[+ prim>y1 #agea1 #agec1 #bcbi2 foll[+ pres4 ( vivid n>ration & pres4 ( quotation1 #ageb2 foll[+ p]f4 def9ite1 #aged2 foll[+ p]f4 inf94 or p]f4 p>tic41 #agfg2 second>y1 #agfb2 ) indef4 rel4 pron4 or adv41 #ahad2 ) cum1 #ahgb1 #ahgc2 ) quotins1 quotinscumque1 #ahhg2 ) antequam1 priusquam1 #aiad1 #aiag1 #aiai1 #aibj2 ) po/e quam1 po/quam1 c41 #aibd2 ) dum1 dnec1 quoad1 quamdi1 #aiig1 #bjjb1 #bjjc1 #bjje1 #bjjg-bjji2 ) modo1 #bjjc2 9 conditional prot4 ( indet]m9ate protases1 #bjbd1 #bjga1 #bjhi2 9 conditional prot4 ( action non-occurr5t1 #bjia1 #bjib1 #bjid-bjig2 9 conditional apod1 ( indet]m9ate protases1 #bjbd1 #bjdj1 #bjdg1 #bjea1 #bjfh1 #bjga1 #bjgc1 #bjhb1 #bjhh1 #bjhi2 9 conditional apod4 ( action non-occurr5t1 #bjia1 #bjib1 #bjid1 #bjih2 ) quasi1 tamquam s1 c41 #babj2 9 conditional apod4 ( direct disc\rse1 h[ repres5t$ 9 ind4 disc41 #bcca-bccd4 ,imp]sonal1 v]bs1 =ms (1 #hae-hag2 def9$1 #ajcd2 classifi$1 #hae1 #haf1 #ajcd2 9 pass41 ) dat41 #aaha2 us$ p]sonally1 #aaha1 #abhd2 ( m5tal di/ress1 ) g541 #abhc2 v]bs ( trans4 use us$ z1 #adgi2 v]bs ( intrans4 use us$ z1 #gbd1 #gfc1 #adgi2 ) inf94 z subj41 #bbjh-bbaj2 use ( abl4 ( p]f4 p>tic41 #acgb2 r ) sup9e1 #bbgc2 con/ruction1 ) v]bs ( p]ceiv+1 kn[+1 ?9k+1 say+1 #bagg-bahb2 fru5dum1 fung5dum1 c41 #bbdd2 ( o!r g]undives1 #bahj1 #bbdf1 #bbdg4 ,imprecation1 express$ by imp]41 #aega2 9 v]se1 #bedi4 ,inceptives1 defective1 #hjh2 =mation (1 #hcd2 !1 #ibg1 #ici1 #ife1 #ifh1 #igf1 #ihj1 #ihd2 mean+ ( p]f4 (1 #afjg2 quantity ( v[el prec$+ -sc1 #bdfb4 ,in*oatives1 see ,inceptives4 ,incomplete action1 express$ by g]undive con/ruction1 #bbdj2 express$ by p]f4 p>tic41 #bbhj2 see ,cont9u$4 ,indecl9able1 adjs41 #dca1 #fcg1 #fdb2 c5tum1 #fcg2 see ,defective4 ,indef9ite1 advs41 #gaa2 prons41 decl4 & li/ (1 #feh1 #fei1 #fha-fid2 adj4 & sub/4 =ms (1 #fhf2 abl41 qu1 qucum1 #fhi2 table ( correlative prons41 #fie2 que/ions introduc$ by ecquis1 c41 #aeji2 nesci quis1 nesci unde1 sci ut1 c41 #aghh1 #aghi2 rel4 prons4 & advs41 foll[$ by indic41 #ahad2 use (1 #bchh-bdjc1 see quis1 c4 ,use ( #bnd p]s4 s+41 9 comm&s & prohibitions1 #aeej1 #aeea2 ( action conceivable1 #aeef1 #aeeh1 #aeei2 ( repeat$ action1 #agcj2 9 cum s5t5ces1 #ahei1 #ahfj2 ) antequam1 priusquam1 #aiab2 ) po/quam1 ub1 ut1 c41 #aibd2 ) sve 4 4 4 sve1 #bjai2 9 conditional s5t5ces1 #bjgj4 ,antec$5t1 omitt$1 #agii2 mult1 qudam1 c41 us$ ) sunt qu1 c41 #ahbb2 abl4 qu us$ ) quippe1 ut1 #ahbh2 adv41 quamquam1 #ahii2 adv41 quamvs1 #aijc2 adv41 quamlibet1 #aijg2 use ( ut quisque1 #aici2 use ( qu quisque1 #aigc2 adv41 qu&1 #bjaj2 "t1 ) qu&1 #bjaa2 "t1 d5ot$ by impf4 subjv4 ( action non-occurr5t1 #bjia2 subj41 ( inf941 n express$1 #bbab2 express$1 #bbab2 unexpress$1 ) pr$4 n\n 9 acc41 #bbac2 9 #a/ p]s4 plur4 & #bnd p]s4 s+41 omitt$1 #ajcj4 ,indep5d5t1 "t1 ( subord9ate s5t5ce1 #agch1 #agdd4 ,indet]m9ate1 mean+1 v]bs (1 #ajce2 ) pr$4 nom41 =m+ pr$41 #ajce2 rel4 agree+ ) pr$4 sub/41 #ahjf2 p]iod1 def9$1 #bjbd2 protases1 def9$1 #bjbc2 treat$1 #bjbe-bjij1 see ,conditional2 9 pres4 or p]f4 subjv4 9 ind4 disc4 aft] second>y1 #bcbh2 apodoses to1 9 ind4 disc41 #bccj4 ,indicative mood1 t5ses (1 #gaf2 h[ translat$1 #gag4 ,=mation ( t5ses (1 pres41 #hbh-hdj2 impf41 #hdg1 #hdh2 p]f41 #hed-hge2 /em )\t suffix1 #heh-hff2 /em 9 -s-1 #hfg1 #hfh2 /em 9 -v- or -u-1 #hfi-hge2 fut41 #hea-hec2 plup41 #hhj2 fut4 p]f41 #hhb-hhd2 %ort or old =ms1 #hhe-hic4 ,uses (1 9 decl>ations1 #adic2 ! neg4 (1 #adid2 9 v]bal expressions d5ot+ ability1 duty1 propriety1 necessity1 c41 #adie-adig2 9 que/ions & exclamations1 #adii-aecc1 see ,que/ions2 use ( t5ses 9 simple s5t5ce1 #aehg-afcc1 see ,pres5t1 c42 9 subord9ate s5t5ce1 #agcb-agci2 t5ses (1 sequ5ce aft]1 #agag1 #agdf-agfa2 g5]al rule = indic4 9 subord9ate s5t5ce1 #agba2 9 ind4 disc41 #agbi1 #bcah2 ) s1 s =te1 #aggg2 ) nesci quis1 c41 #aghh1 #aghi2 ) mrum quantum1 c41 #agij2 9 rel4 s5t5ce equival5t to conditional prot41 #ahab2 9 rel4 s5t5ce ( simple decl>ation or description1 #ahac2 9 rel4 s5t5ce introduc$ by indef4 pron4 or adv41 #ahad2 ) sunt qu1 c41 #ahbc2 ) qu tam51 #ahbe2 9 rel4 s5t5ce resembl+ causal s5t5ce1 #ahbf2 ) quippe qu1 ut qu1 ut pote qu1 #ahbg2 ) quippe qu 7adv471 ut qu1 #ahbh2 quod att9et ad1 c41 #ahcj2 ) quod1 quia1 #ahch-aheh2 ) cum1 #ahei-ahga1 #ahgc-ahgf1 #ahha2 ) quoniam1 #ahhb-ahhd2 ) quotins1 quotinscumque1 #ahhe1 #ahhf2 ) quam1 #ahhh-ahie2 ) quantum1 ut1 #ahib2 ) quamquam1 #ahii1 #aijj2 ) quamvs1 #aije1 #aijf2 ) tamquam1 #aijh2 ) quemadmodum1 #aijh2 ) antequam1 priusquam1 #aiaa-aiba2 ) prdi quam1 po/rdi quam1 #aibb2 ) po/quam1 ub1 ut1 cum prmum1 #aibc-aicd2 ) ut1 ut1 #aice-aidf2 ) ub1 #aiga2 ) qu1 qu1 #aigb1 #aigc1 #aigf2 ) quant1 #aigc2 ) dum1 dnec1 quoad1 quamdi1 #aiia-bjji2 ) qu&1 #bjaj-bjad2 9 conditional p]iods ( indet]m9ate protases1 #bjbc1 #bjbe-bjga1 #bjgd1 #bjgh-bjha1 #bjhf1 #bjhg1 #bjij2 9 conditional p]iods ( action non-occurr5t1 #bjib1 #bjig1 #bajj-bajh1 #baab-baad2 ) ets1 tamets1 tam5ets1 etiams1 s1 #baaf4 ,indirect comp\nd1 def9$1 #cgg1 see ,composition4 ,indirect disc\rse1 def9$1 #agbc1 #bcji2 v]bs introduc+1 #agbd1 #bcji2 ) ma9 v]b n express$1 #agbe1 #bcaj1 #bcai2 v]b ( say+1 introduc$ by qu1 quod1 cum1 put illogically 9 subjv41 #agbg1 #bcbj2 subjv4 ( attraction1 #agbh2 sequ5ce ( t5ses 91 #aggj-aggb2 9 quod s5t5ces1 #ahch1 #bcai2 9 quia s5t5ces1 #bcai2 9 quoniam s5t5ces1 #ahhb-ahhd2 9 quamquam s5t5ces1 #aija2 9 tamquam s5t5ces1 #aiji2 9 antequam1 priusquam s5t5ces1 #aiaf1 #aiai1 #aiba2 9 s5t5ces ) po/quam1 ub1 ut1 c41 #aibd2 ) nn dubit1 #aihg2 ) dum1 dnec1 quoad1 quamdi1 #aiid1 #aiie1 #bjje1 #bjjg1 #bjjh2 9 s5t5ces ) qu&1 #bjaj2 fut4 p]f4 ( ma9 s5t5ce h[ repres5t$ 91 #bbcd2 mood ( ma9 s5t5ce 91 #bcab-bcad2 decl>ative s5t5ces 91 #bcab2 imp]4 s5t5ces 91 #bcab2 int]rogative s5t5ces 91 #bcab2 rhetorical que/ions 91 #bcac2 orig9al subjv4 que/ions91 #bcad2 mood ( subord9ate s5t5ces 91 #agbb-agbi1 #bcae-bcbj2 indic4 91 #agbi1 #aiie1 #bcah2 rel4 s5t5ce equival5t to ma9 s5t5ce 9 acc4 ) inf941 #bcaf2 s5t5ces introduc$ by conjunctive p>ticles 9 acc4 ) inf941 #bcag2 t5se ( inf94 91 #bcba2 t5se ( subjv4 91 #bcbb-bcbd2 fut4 & fut4 p]f4 ( subord9ate s5t5ce h[ repres5t$ 91 #bcbd2 use ( prons4 91 #bcbe1 #bcda1 #bcdb2 conditional protases 91 #bcbf-bcbi2 conditional apodoses 91 #bccj-bccd2 see ,inf9itive4 ,indirect object1 see ,complem5t4 ,indirect "q1 see ,que/ions4 ,induc$ l5g!n+1 #abb4 ,inf9itive1 9 -e1 -1 #acd1 #b2 g5d] (1 #dab2 ! inf9itives1 v]bal n\ns1 #gcb1 #bafj-bafc2 fut4 act4 & pass1 & p]f4 pass41 #gcb1 #hih1 #bbgc2 %ort or old =ms (1 #hhe-hic2 ! fut4 p]f41 #hhg2 =mation (1 #hid-hih2 pass4 9 -i]1 #hig4 ,use (1 treat$1 #bafj-bbcf2 orig9 & "* (1 #bafj-bafc2 old & poetical use (1 #bafd-baff2 ( purpose1 #bafd1 #bafe2 ) adjs41 #baff2 ord9>y use (1 #bafg-bbae2 ! complem5t>y1 #bafh-baga1 #bbbc1 #aiec2 acc4 )1 #bagb-bbjc2 acc4 )1 orig9 ( con/ruction (1 #aacd1 #bagb1 #bagc2 ) v]bs ( p]ceiv+1 kn[+1 ?9k+1 say+1 #bage-bahd1 #bbai1 #bbbf2 ) v]bs ( accus+1 #bahe2 ) v]bs ( hop+1 promis+1 ?reat5+1 #bahf2 ) v]bs ( emotion1 #bahg1 #bahh1 #bahd2 ) v]bs ( desire1 #bahi-baib1 #bbbh2 ) v]bs ( resolv+1 #baia2 ) v]bs ( dem&+1 #baid2 ) sude1 p]sude1 precor1 #baie2 ) v]bs ( accompli%+1 #baif2 ) v]bs ( tea*+ & tra9+1 #baig2 ) v]bs ( bidd+1 =bidd+1 all[+1 #baih-bbjb2 ) v]bs ( h9d]+1 #bbjc1 #aifj2 z sub/4 acc41 #bbjd-bbjf2 z subj41 #bbjg-bbae2 ( exclamation1 #bbaf2 use ( pres41 #bbah-bbbb1 #bbcf2 use ( p]f41 #bbah1 #bbbj1 #bbbc-bbca2 use ( fut41 #bbah1 #bbcb-bbcf2 fut4 pass41 use (1 #bbgc2 ) v]bs signify+ repres5t1 #bbii2 9 decl>ative s5t5ces 9 ind4 disc41 #bcab2 9 rhetorical que/ions 9 ind4 disc41 #bcac2 9 rel4 s5t5ces equival5t to ma9 s5t5ces 9 ind4 disc41 #bcaf2 9 conjunctive p>ticle s5t5ces 9 ind4 disc41 #bcag2 =ce ( t5ses 9 ind4 disc41 #bcba2 use ( t5ses 9 conditional apodoses 9 ind4 disc41 #bccj-bccd2 use ( reflexive pron4 9 con/ruction ( acc4 ) inf941 #bcch-bcdj2 p>tic4 9 agreem5t )1 #acgc2 act4 & pass41 ) =ms ( coep & ds91 #adhc2 ) =ms ( possum1 que1 neque1 #adhd2 ) nl1 fuge1 p>ce1 mitte1 c41 #aehc1 #aehd2 ( intimation1 #aecd-aeci2 us$ int]rogatively1 #aech2 aft] cum1 ub1 ut1 po/quam1 #aeci1 #ahfh1 #ahfi1 #aibd2 aft] dnec1 #bjji2 sequ5ce aft]1 #agag1 #agff-agfi2 ) dignus1 indignus1 idneus1 aptus1 #ahai2 ) quam1 #ahih2 ) v]bs ( fe>+1 #aiei2 ) sequitur1 efficitur1 #aife2 ) nn dubit1 #aihg4 ,inflection1 def9$1 #cig2 ( ! n\n1 #cih-gab1 see ,g5d]1 ,numb]1 ,case1 ,decl5sion2 ( ! v]b1 #gac-ajbb1 see ,conjugation1 ,=mation1 ,v]bs4 ,influ5ce1 abl4 (1 #acaf-acai2 o!rwise express$1 #acag2 see ,induc+4 ,initial1 disappe>ance1 ( v[el1 #aab2 ( cons41 #afi4 ,injur+1 expressions (1 case )1 #aaha-aahe4 ,inscriptions1 cons4 i1 h[ repres5t$ 91 #bi1 #b2 i longa 91 #bd2 long v[el1 h[ repres5t$ 91 #bi2 ! apex 91 #bi2 ou 91 #ajj2 ai 91 #if2 91 #bi1 #a2 oi1 oe1 ei 91 #ii2 f9al m dropp$ 91 #fa1 #ddc1 #dfe1 #efd2 f9al s dropp$ 91 #dfe1 #ejg1 #efd1 #eic2 ablatives 9 -d1 -d1 -d1 -d1 91 #dbf1 #ddc1 #dfe1 #ejg1 #eic2 case =ms ( -- decl4 91 #ddc2 ( -o- decl4 91 #dfe2 ( cons4 decl4 91 #ejg2 ( -i- decl4 91 #efd2 ( -u- decl4 91 #eic2 ( ego1 t1 su 91 #fea2 ( meus1 tuus1 suus 91 #fed2 ( hc 91 #ffe2 ( ille 91 #ffh2 ( is 91 #fgd2 ( dem 91 #fgh2 ( qu1 quis 91 #fij2 p]son end+s 91 #gbi2 =m ( sum 91 #gdh2 =m ( possum 91 #gec2 =ms ( e 91 #gfd1 #gfe2 =m ( tul 91 #gha2 fut4 p]f4 91 #hhd1 #hhh2 p]f4 subjv4 91 #hgg1 #hhg2 pass4 inf94 91 #hig1 #ife2 use ( nom4 91 #aaad4 ,in/rum5t1 suffixes d5ot+1 #bch-bde1 #bac1 #bbd2 abl4 (1 #acgg-achd1 #adgf1 #adgg4 ,in/rum5tal case1 mean+ (1 #acjj2 uses (1 #acef-acii1 see ,ablative4 ,int5sive1 v]bs1 def9ition & =mation (1 #cga-cgd2 pron41 decl4 (1 #fef1 #feg1 #fgi1 #fhj2 use (1 #bcgd-bchd2 see ipse4 ,int5tion1 dat4 (1 #abbc-abbe4 ,int]e/1 dat4 (1 #abje-abaj2 express$ by emotional dat41 #abaa4 ,int]jections1 def9$1 #ad2 us$ ) nom41 #aaag1 #aabc2 us$ ) voc41 #aabc2 us$ ) dat41 #abjf2 us$ ) acc41 #aadi1 #aaej2 us$ ) g541 #abie2 hiatus aft]1 #bdge2 monosyllabic1 n elid$1 #bdhd4 ,int]m$iate1 coord9ate s5t5ce1 treat$1 #afic-agac4 ,int]rogations1 neg4 adv4 91 #addc2 z apod4 9 tam 4 4 4 quam s5t5ces1 #ahhi4 ,int]rogative adv]bs1 #gaa1 #aebf4 ,int]rogative implication1 inf94 ( intimation )1 #aech4 ,int]rogative pron\ns1 decl4 (1 #feh1 #fei1 #fha-fid2 adj4 & sub/4 =ms (1 #fhc-fhe2 use (1 9 simple s5t5ces1 #aebf-aecc1 #aghg-agia2 9 subjv4 que/ions1 #aefc-aegj2 9 indirect "q1 #aghe1 #aghf2 quid tib hanc crti/ rem1 #aacf3 ( k9dr$ mean+ ) v]b1 #aadd1 #ahdj1 #ahea2 ) v]bs ( intrans4 use1 #aahc-aahf2 ) emotional dat41 #abaa2 ) rf]t1 int]e/1 #abgf-abgi2 rel4 develop$ f1 #agie1 #ahjh2 diff]5ce betwe5 ut] & quis1 qu1 #bche2 diff]5ce betwe5 quis1 quid1 & qu1 quod1 #bchf4 ,int]rogative s5t5ces1 def9$1 #ajbe2 quisquam & llus 91 #bdjb2 see ,que/ions4 ,int]rogative subjunctive1 #aefc-aefi2 9 subord9ate s5t5ce1 #agca2 9 indirect "q1 #aghf4 ,intimation1 inf94 (1 #aecd-aeci1 #agag1 #ahfh1 #ahfi1 #aibd1 #bjji4 ,intransitive use1 v]bs (1 us$ imp]sonally 9 pass41 #gbd1 #adgi2 v]bs ( trans4 use us$ z1 #aacc2 us$ transitively1 #aacg1 #aaci1 #aaia2 ) dat41 #aaha-aaia1 #abje2 use ( g]undive (1 #bbdf4 ,ionic1 rhy?ms1 #bgjh-bgag2 mire1 #bgjh-bgac2 m9re1 #bgjh1 #bgji1 #bgad-bgag2 sy/em1 9 ,horace1 #bgcg4 ,ionic mire1 def9$1 #beba2 see ,ionic4 ,ionic m9re1 def9$1 #beba2 see ,ionic4 ,irrational syllables & feet1 #bebd4 ,irregul>1 v]bs1 def9$1 #gdc2 conjugat$1 #gdd-gha1 see ,conjugation4 ,isl&s1 names (1 9 acc41 ) expressions ( motion1 #aaeg1 #aaeh2 con/ructions )1 to d5ote place f :i*1 #acjg-acaj2 con/ructions )1 to d5ote place 9 or at :i*1 #acca-accf1 #acdb1 #acdc2 rel4 advs41 ub1 qu1 unde1 ref]r+ to1 #agic4 ,it]ative1 see ,frequ5tative4 ,i?yphallic v]se1 #bfdg4 ,joy1 v]bs (1 ) quod1 quia1 #ahea2 ) cum1 #ahea1 #ahge2 ) acc4 & inf941 #bahg1 #bahh1 #bahd4 ,judicial1 v]bs1 ) g541 #abhj-abhb2 ) abl41 #abhj-abhb2 ) g54 ( g]undive con/ruction1 #bbfd4 ,keep+1 v]bs (1 ) two accusatives1 #aafg2 ) pr$4 abl41 #acfc4 ,k9dr$1 d]ivation1 acc4 (1 #aadj1 #aagc2 mean+1 acc4 (1 #aada4 ,"k h[1 v]bs mean+1 ) inf941 #bafi4 ,kn[+1 v]bs (1 coord9at$1 #afif2 ) indirect "q1 #aggd2 ) acc4 & inf941 #bage2 "t ( inf94 )1 #bbai1 #bbbf2 adjs4 mean+1 g54 )1 #abfc1 #abfd4 ,kn[n1 adjs4 mean+1 cases )1 #abjj4 ,labials1 #de1 #gg2 labial mute /ems1 decl4 (1 #dgi1 #dhj4 ,labiod5tal1 #gg4 ,lack+1 adjs4 (1 ) g541 #abfc2 ) abl41 #acjf2 v]bs (1 ) g541 #abic2 ) abl41 #abic1 #acjb-acjf4 ,lam5tation1 express$ by inf941 #bbaf4 ,laws1 duim1 c4 91 #gef2 =ms ( p]f4 subjv4 & fut4 p]f4 91 #hhg2 inf94 9 -i] 91 #hig2 imp]4 91 #aege1 #aehf2 use ( -que 91 #afdi2 use ( a/ 91 #afhe2 extr quam 91 #ahid2 qu ( purpose 91 #aigd2 qu&que 91 #bjab1 #bjad4 ,le>n1 v]bs mean+1 ) inf941 #bafi4 ,leav+1 v]bs (1 inf94 ( purpose )1 #bafe4 ,legal1 see ,laws4 ,l5g!n+1 ( v[els1 #aba-abc2 by comp5sation1 #aba2 9 g54 plur41 #abc1 #dfb4 ,lett]s1 t5ses 91 #afja1 #afaf2 ( alphabet1 see ,alphabet4 ,lett+1 v]bs (1 ) g541 #abgd2 ) abl41 #achh-acib4 ,light5+1 #afh4 ,l1 adjs4 mean+1 cases )1 #abjj4 ,loa?+1 v]bs (1 ) g541 #abhf4 ,local s5t5ces1 #agaf4 ,locative case1 def9$1 #dbj2 9 :at words us$1 #dbj2 =m (1 9 -- /ems1 #dch1 #ddc2 9 -o- /ems1 #deg1 #dfj2 9 cons4 /ems1 #ejd2 9 -i- /ems1 #eed2 9 -u- /ems1 #eid2 ( hc1 #ffe2 ( qu1 quis1 #fhi2 us$ z adv41 #gjh1 #gji1 #acdj2 mean+ (1 #abii2 uses (1 #acca-acee2 atta*$ to sub/41 #acja1 #acca2 9 dates1 #acjg1 #acca2 ( names ( t[ns & isl&s1 #acca-acce2 mean+ ne>1 #acca2 ) attribute1 #accb1 #accc2 ( names ( c\ntries1 #accf2 dom1 rr1 hum1 orb1 #accg2 bell1 mlitiae1 #acch2 ( o!r appellatives1 #acci2 jo9$ ) loc4 adv41 #acdj2 d5ot+ "t :51 #acda2 z abl41 #acdb-acee1 see ,ablative2 qun1 use (1 #aihj-aiij2 s1 #bjae4 ,logao$ic rhy?ms1 #bfej-bfgd4 ,loss1 see ,disappe>ance4 ,ma91 s5t5ces1 9 ind4 disc41 mood (1 #bcab-bcad4 ,mak+1 v]bs (1 ) two accusatives1 #aafg2 ) pr$4 abl41 #acfc4 ,mann]1 express$ by neut4 acc4 ( adj41 #aadb2 abl4 (1 #aceh-acfa2 express$ by abl4 abs41 #acfg2 d5ot$ by advs41 #gjj1 #gjd1 #gaj1 #adch2 d5ot$ by abl4 ( g]undive con/ruction or g]und1 #bbff2 express$ by p>tic41 #bbie4 ,mascul9e1 g5d]1 g5]al rules =1 #dje1 #djf2 = cons4 & -i- /ems1 #ega-egf2 caesura1 #beeg4 ,ma/]y1 v]bs (1 ) g541 #abib2 ) abl41 #acgi2 ) acc41 #achj4 ,mat]ial1 sub/s41 def9$1 #f2 sub/s41 plur4 (1 #daf1 #aajh2 adj4 suffixes d5ot+1 #bii-cja2 abl4 (1 #acab-acae1 #adbf2 express$ by g541 #abcb2 express$ by adj41 #adbg4 ,maxims1 imp]4 91 #aege1 #aehf4 ,means1 suffixes d5ot+1 #bch-bde1 #bac1 #bbd2 express$ by abl4 abs41 #acfg2 abl4 (1 #acgg-achd2 express$ by cum1 #ahgd2 express$ by quod1 quia1 #ahej2 express$ by qu1 #ahbf2 express$ by abl4 ( g]undive con/ruction or g]und1 #bbff2 express$ by p>tic41 #bbie4 ,measure1 abl4 (1 #achh-acib2 express$ by g541 #abee2 unit (1 def9$1 #beae4 ,m$ial1 disappe>ance1 ( v[el1 #aab2 ( cons41 #agj4 ,m$itative1 v]bs1 def9ition & =mation (1 #cge2 !1 #igj4 ,memory1 adjs4 (1 ) g541 #abfc2 v]bs (1 ) g541 #abhg-abia2 ) acc41 #abhf1 #abia2 ) de & abl41 #abhi1 #abia4 ,m5tal di/ress1 v]bs (1 ) g541 #abhc-abhf4 ,metre1 #beab4 ,metrical l5g!n+1 #abc1 #b4 ,middle1 see ,reflexive4 ,milit>y1 expressions1 dat4 91 #abbc1 #abbe2 abl4 91 #acef4 ,mobile1 n\ns1 def9$1 #dji2 sub/s41 agreem5t (1 #ajgh4 ,modal s5t5ces1 #agaf4 ,mode/y1 plur4 (1 #ajgd4 ,molossus1 #bebb4 ,monomet]1 def9$1 #becf2 tro*aic1 #bfdi4 ,monopody1 #beca4 ,monosyllables1 defective 9 case1 #dcj2 quantity (1 #bdcj-bdcc2 r>ely elid$1 #bdhd1 #bdhe1 #bdhg1 #bdid1 #bdie4 ,mon?s1 names (1 adjs41 #fbg2 decl4 (1 #fbg4 ,moods1 names (1 #gae2 subjv4 9 simple s5t5ce1 syntax (1 #aedj-aegj1 see ,subjunctive2 imp]41 uses (1 #aega-aehf1 see ,imp]ative2 indic4 9 simple s5t5ce1 syntax (1 #adic-aecc1 see ,indicative2 ( subord9ate s5t5ce1 #agbj-agca2 indic4 9 subord9ate s5t5ce1 g5]al rule1 #agba2 indic4 9 subord9ate s5t5ce1 9 ind4 disc41 #agbi1 #bcah2 subjv4 ( repeat$ action 9 subord9ate s5t5ce1 #agcj2 subjv4 ( wi%1 action conceivable1 int]rogation 9 subord9ate s5t5ce1 #agca2 subjv4 9 indirect "q1 #aggc-aghf2 moods 9 rel4 s5t5ce1 #ahab-ahcj2 use ( moods 9 ind4 disc4 & subjv4 ( attraction1 #agbb-agbi1 #bcab-bcbj2 see quod1 cum1 c4 ,mora1 #beae4 ,motion1 aim (1 d5ot$ by acc41 #aaeg-aaff2 end (1 d5ot$ by dat41 #abaj2 f1 h[ express$1 #acjg-acaa2 abl4 ( r\te tak5 ) v]bs (1 #acgf2 v]bs (1 ) 9 & sub & acc41 #adbc2 ) 9 & sub & abl41 #adbd2 ) inf94 ( purpose1 #bafd2 ) sup9e 9 -um1 #aaff1 #bbgj4 ,motive1 abl4 (1 #acaf-acai2 express$ by abl4 abs41 #acfg1 #acag2 o!rwise express$1 #acag2 introduc$ by quod1 #ahec2 express$ by tamquam1 #aiji4 ,m\nta9s1 names (1 g5d]1 #dje1 #djf4 ,multiplicatives1 #bdbc4 ,mutes1 #gc2 mute /ems1 decl4 (1 #dga-dhj1 see ,decl5sion4 ,names1 ( *>act]s ( alphabet1 #af2 prop]1 def9$1 #e2 plur4 (1 #daf1 #aaje2 =m ( g54 & voc4 (1 9 -o- decl41 #hg1 #deg1 #dei2 ) acc5t on f9al syllable1 #hc2 end+ 9 -ius1 -ius1 -ius1 decl5sional =ms (1 #deh2 ) attribute atta*$1 #ajdd2 see ,greek2 common1 def9$1 #e2 ( males1 g5d] (1 #dje2 ( females1 g5d] (1 #djg4 ,nam+1 v]bs (1 ) two accusatives1 #aafg2 ) indef4 subj41 #ajcc4 ,n>ration1 vivid1 pres4 (1 #aeij2 asyndeton 91 #afci2 see ,pres5t4 ,nasals1 #gf4 ,ne>1 adjs4 mean+1 cases )1 #abjj-abjc4 ,necess>y1 adjs4 mean+1 cases )1 #abjj-abjc4 ,necessity1 v]bal expressions (1 9 conditional p]iods1 #bjgd1 #baja2 v]bal expressions (1 subjv4 coord9at$ )1 #agji2 v]bal expressions (1 9 indic41 #adie-adig2 express$ by subjv41 #aeeb4 ,ne$1 adjs4 (1 ) g541 #abfc2 v]bs mean+1 ) abl41 #acjb-acjf2 ) g541 #abic4 ,negative1 advs41 g5]al use (1 #addc-adec2 ) wi%es1 #aedj2 ) exhortations1 prohibitions1 c41 #aedg2 two 9 "o s5t5ce1 #adeb1 #adec1 #affj1 #affa2 nn1 ) subjv4 ( action conceivable1 #aeed2 n1 nn1 9 subjv4 que/ions1 #aefc1 #aeff2 n1 nve1 neque1 nn1 nm1 ) imp]41 #aeha1 #aehb1 #aehf2 conjs41 use (1 #afeg-affa1 #bada-badd2 comb9ation (1 ) affirm4 conjs41 #affe2 n 9 coord9at$ subjv41 #agjf2 necne & an nn 9 indirect que/ions1 #aggh2 mean+ ( haud sci an1 c41 #aghb2 ut n1 n1 ut nn1 c41 ( purpose & result1 #aidg2 9 conditional prot41 #bjbj1 #bjba2 nn1 position (1 9 conditional s5t5ces1 #bjfg2 apod4 9 tam 4 4 4 quam s5t5ces1 #ahhi2 impli$ by p]f41 #afaj2 answ]1 expect$ ) -ne1 -n1 #aejd2 expect$ ) nnne1 #aejf2 expect$ ) num1 #aejg2 h[ express$1 #aeac2 s5t5ce1 quvs1 qulibet1 ut]vs1 ut]libet 91 #bdja2 s5t5ce1 quisquam 91 #bdjb4 ,neglect1 v]bs mean+1 ) inf941 #bafi4 ,neut]1 g5d]1 def9$1 #djb2 g5]al rule =1 #dab2 = cons4 & -i- /ems1 #ehb-ehd2 nom4 & acc4 plur41 =m (1 #dbc2 9 -1 #acj1 #b2 #dfa2 ( -u- /ems1 #ehf2 ( adjs41 z sub/s41 use (1 #ajic1 #aaja1 #aajf1 #abej2 acc41 ( pron41 ) v]bal expressions1 #aadd2 ^w1 ) p>titive g541 #abdg2 adjs41 9 g54 ) v]bs ( valu+1 #abga2 use ( g]undive 91 #bahj1 #bbdd1 #bbdf1 #bbdg4 ,n9e-syllabl$ ,alcaic1 #bfdb4 ,nom9ative case1 def9$1 #dai2 s+41 ( g5d] n\ns1 h[ =m$1 #dbb1 #ddh1 #die1 #ehg1 #eih2 s+41 ( n\ns ) /ems 9 --1 -l-1 -n-1 -r-1 -s-1 h[ =m$1 #dbb1 #dcd1 #dif-ejj2 s+41 ( neut4 n\ns1 h[ =m$1 #dbc1 #ddh1 #dif2 plur41 ( neut4 n\ns1 h[ =m$1 #dbc2 lack+1 see ,defective2 ( fem4 & neut4 9 -a1 -1 #acj1 #a & #b2 9 -or1 -r1 #acb2 end+ 9 d1 #adi2 #aga1 #b4 -- /ems1 ) long f9al v[el1 #acj1 #a2 #dcf2 #dde2 9 -s1 #dcf2 inscriptional =ms1 #ddc2 ,greek n\ns1 #ddd1 #dde4 -o- /ems 9 -os & -u1 #deb2 9 -u1 -er1 -r1 #dec1 #ded1 #fac-fag2 9 -ei1 -es1 -s1 #dfa1 #dfe2 9 -1 -1 -1 #deh2 neut4 plur41 9 -1 #fe1 #dfa2 inscriptional =ms1 #dfe2 ,greek n\ns1 #dff4 ,consonant /ems1 s+41 h[ =m$1 #die-ejj2 plur41 9 -s1 #eje1 #ejg2 inscriptional =ms1 #ejg2 ,greek n\ns1 #ejh-eab4 -i- /ems1 s+41 h[ =m$1 #edj-edf2 plur41 9 -s1 -s1 -eis1 -ia1 -i1 #efb1 #efd2 inscriptional =ms1 #efd2 ,greek n\ns1 #efe4 -u- /ems1 inscriptional =ms1 #eic4 ,pron\ns1 )\t case end+1 #fde2 peculi> & inscriptional =ms1 ( tuus1 meus1 suus1 #fec2 ( hc1 #ffc-ffe2 ( ille1 i/e1 #ffg1 #ffh2 ( illic1 i/ic1 #fgj2 ( is1 #fgc1 #fgd2 ( dem1 #fgg1 #fgh2 ( ipse1 #fhj2 ( qu1 quis1 #fhh1 #fij2 alis1 alid1 = alius1 aliud1 #fai4 ,uses (1 #aaac-aabc2 subj4 ( v]b1 #aaac1 #ajbg2 g5]al1 #aaac2 z subj41 9 titles1 c41 #aaad-aaaf2 9 exclamations1 #aaag2 z case ( address1 #aaah-aabc2 comb9$ ) voc41 #aaba2 ) mih e/ nm51 c41 #abac1 #abad2 pr$41 in/ead ( dat41 #abba1 #abbd2 ) opus e/1 #achc2 z subj4 ( inf941 #aece2 accompany+ imp]41 #aega2 pr$4 n\n ) inf94 91 #bahd2 pr$41 see ,pr$icate2 ( g]undive con/ruction1 #bbdc-bbdi1 #bbea4 ,non-occurr5t1 action1 t5se (1 9 subord9ate s5t5ce1 #agec1 #bcbi2 protases (1 def9$1 #bjbd2 treat$1 #bjia-baah1 see ,conditional2 apodoses (1 9 ind4 disc41 #bcca-bccd4 ,notation1 #bdjf-bdaa4 ,n\ns1 def9$1 #c-h2 end+s (1 ) %ort5$ v[el1 #abi1 #acj2 ) long v[el reta9$1 #acb2 =mation (1 #ahj-bjc2 roots & /ems1 #ahc-aih2 )\t =mative suffix1 #aie1 #aih1 #aii2 ) =mative suffix1 #aie-aih1 #bjj-bjc2 suffixes (1 #bjd-cfd1 see ,=mation2 comp\nd1 =mation & mean+ (1 #cgi-cij2 g5d] n\ns1 def9$1 #cih1 #djb2 mobile1 def9$1 #dji2 epic5es1 #daa2 ( common g5d]1 #daj2 inflection (1 #cih-gab1 see ,g5d]1 ,numb]1 ,case1 ,decl5sion2 ) two =ms ( /em1 #dja1 #dac1 #dgj1 #dge1 #eca1 #ede1 #eff-efi1 #fjc2 agreem5t (1 #ajgg-ajih1 see ,agreem5t2 use (1 #ajii-adfh1 see ,ablative1 c41 ,sub/antives1 ,adjectives4 ,n\ns ( ! v]b1 enum]at$1 #gcb2 =mation (1 #hid-iai1 see ,=mation2 sequ5ce ( t5ses foll[+1 #agff-agfi2 uses (1 #bafj-bbii2 see ,inf9itive1 ,g]und1 ,g]undive1 ,sup9e1 ,p>ticiples4 ,numb]1 9 n\ns1 def9$1 #dad2 9 v]bs1 def9$1 #gbb2 dual =ms1 #dae2 n\ns defective 91 see ,defective2 s+4 & plur41 ) diff]5t mean+1 #dah1 #dhj2 agreem5t ( v]b 91 #ajfb-ajgf2 agreem5t ( sub/4 91 #ajgg-ajha2 agreem5t ( adj4 & p>tic4 91 #ajhb-ajih2 agreem5t ( rel4 pron4 91 #ajhb-ajih1 #ahja-ahaa1 see ,relative2 agreem5t ( demon/rative & det]m9ative prons4 91 #ajhb-ajih1 see ,demon/rative1 ,det]m9ative2 s+41 9 collective s5se1 #ajii2 s+41 ( a class1 #aajj2 s+41 ( neut4 adjs4 us$ z sub/s41 #aaja1 #ajic1 #abej2 plur41 ( a class1 #aajd2 plur41 ( prop] names1 #aaje1 #daf2 plur41 ( neut4 adjs4 us$ z sub/s41 #aajf2 plur41 ( names ( c\ntries1 #aajg2 plur41 ( mat]ial sub/s41 #aajh1 #daf2 plur41 ( ab/racts1 #aaji1 #daf2 plur41 9 g5]alizations & 9 poetry1 #aaaj2 d5ot$ by g54 ( quality1 #abci2 d5ot$ by advs41 #adch4 ,num]al adjectives1 decl4 (1 #fcg-fdc2 agree+ ) a rel41 #ahaj2 k9ds (1 #bdjd2 table (1 #bdje2 see ,num]als4 ,num]al adv]bs1 #bdjd2 table (1 #bdje2 =ms 9 -ins1 -is1 #bdad4 ,num]als1 c>d9als1 decl4 (1 #fcg-fdb1 #dca2 ord9als & di/ributives1 decl4 (1 #fdc2 k9ds (1 #bdjd2 table (1 #bdje2 notation1 #bdjf-bdaa2 "s =ms (1 #bdab-bdah2 "s uses ( c>d9als & ord9als1 #bdai2 "s uses ( di/ributives1 #bdbj-bdbb2 multiplicatives1 proportionals1 & adjs4 d]iv$ f num]als1 #bdbc2 fractions1 #bdbd-bdbh2 see ,num]al ,adjectives1 ,c>d9al num]als1 ,ord9al1 ,di/ributive4 ,num]i ,italici1 #bedi4 ,obey+1 expressions (1 case )1 #aaha-aahe4 ,object1 ( a sub/41 def9$1 #ajdf2 ( a v]b1 direct1 becomes nom4 9 pass41 #aabe2 con/ructions (1 #aacb-aaej1 #aafg-aagd1 see ,accusative2 subord9ate s5t5ce z1 #agae2 express$ by s5t5ce ) quod1 #ahde2 complem5t>y clause z1 #aidh2 inf94 z1 #bafg-bbjf1 see ,inf9itive2 ( g]undive1 #bbdg2 ( g]und1 #bbdb1 #bbee1 #bbei1 #bbfe2 indirect1 see ,complem5t4 ,objective1 comp\nds1 def9$1 #chd2 g541 #abfj-abfb2 g541 no/r1 ve/r us$ z1 #bcce4 ,obligation1 expressions (1 9 indic4 ) inf941 #adie-adig2 express$ by subjv41 #aeeb2 express$ by g]undive1 #bbdc1 #bbdh4 ,obligatory1 use ( v]b1 #bcjf4 ,oblique cases1 #dai4 ,octnrius1 def9$1 #becf2 iambic1 #bfjd-bfji2 tro*aic1 #bfcf-bfch2 anapae/ic1 #bfhd1 #bfhe4 ,(fice1 suffixes d5ot+1 #baf1 #bce2 titles (1 ) g]undive con/ruction1 #bbed4 ,(t51 p]f4 express+ action (t5 or nev] done1 #afaa4 ,omission1 ( prep41 ) sev]al sub/s41 #adcj2 ( antec$5t ( rel41 #agih1 #agii2 ( subj4 acc4 ( inf941 #bahc1 #bahd4 ,op5 v[els1 #df4 ,optative1 see ,wi%4 rti ,oblqua1 see ,indirect ,disc\rse4 ,ord]1 see ,comm&4 ,ord9al1 num]als1 decl4 (1 #fdc2 9 acc41 to express "t1 #aaee2 ) po/ & ante 9 expressions ( "t1 #acid-acig2 li/ (1 #bdjd1 #bdje2 9 dates1 #bdai2 "s =ms (1 #bdab-bdah2 ) sub/4 n us$ 9 s+41 #bdai2 quisque )1 #bcig4 ,orig91 adj4 suffixes imply+1 #bih1 #cjb-ccj2 g54 (1 #abcb-abch2 express$ by abl41 #acab-acae1 #acji1 #adbf2 express$ by adj41 #adbg4 ,ought1 v]bs mean+1 ) inf941 #bafi4 ,own]1 gn4 (1 #abcb-abch4 ,paeon1 #beba1 #bebb4 ,palatal1 #dd1 #gg4 ,palimbac*ius1 #bebb4 ,p>don+1 expressions (1 case )1 #aaha-aahe4 ,p>5tage1 d5ot$ by abl41 #acab4 ,p>5!ses1 asyndeton 91 #afdb2 introduc$ by nam1 et1 c41 #afdb2 quod sciam1 qu quidem1 #ahbi2 ) ut1 scut1 pr\t1 #aije1 #aidj1 #aidb1 #bjag2 express$ by purpose clause ) ut1 n1 #aifb2 s placet1 c41 #baac4 ,p>isyllables1 def9$1 #eae2 decl4 (1 #eag-ebh1 #edj-efi1 see ,decl5sion2 g5d] (1 #egg-egi4 ,p>oemiac1 #bfhh1 #bfhi4 ,"p conc]n$1 acc4 (1 #aadg4 ,p>ticipation1 adjs4 (1 ) g541 #abfc1 #abfd2 v]bs (1 ) g541 #abib4 ,p>ticiples1 def9$1 #gcb1 #bbgh2 suffix1 -nus1 #bif1 #caf-cbb2 9 -m9o-1 #big2 agreem5t (1 #ajhb-ajic1 see ,agreem5t2 9 dat41 to d5ote p]son view+ or judg+1 #abag2 cause or motive express$ by1 #acag2 "q )1 #aecc2 rel4 s5t5ce coord9at$ )1 #ahbj2 quamquam )1 #aijj2 quamlibet )1 #aijg2 quamvs1 )1 #aijg2 intimat+ condition1 #baaj2 quasi1 tamquam1 ut1 velut )1 #baba2 ) g]undive con/ruction1 #bbed2 uses (1 treat$1 #bbgh-bbii2 "* (1 #bbgh2 "t (1 #bbgi-bbha2 ! attributive1 #bbhb-bbhf2 express+ p]man5t condition1 #bbhb2 comp>$1 c41 #bbhd2 ! sub/41 #bbhg-bbib2 ! appositive1 #bbic-bbif2 repres5t+ rel4 s5t5ce1 #bbid2 express+ "t1 means1 c41 #bbie2 ! pr$icative1 #bbig-bbii4 ,pres5t1 /em (1 #edc1 #fcb2 abl4 s+4 (1 #efj1 #fcc2 decl4 (1 #fcb1 #fcc2 g54 plur4 (1 9 -um1 #efc2 ( sum1 #gdi2 =mation (1 #ija-ijc2 ) g541 #abff2 9 abl4 abs41 #acfb2 9 reflexive s5se1 #adhb2 ) v]bs signify+ repres5t & v]bs ( s5ses1 #bbih1 #bbii4 ,p]fect1 =mation (1 #ijf-iai2 lack+1 #haa1 #ije1 #ijg1 #ibb-ajai2 advs4 f1 #gjd1 #acgb2 dat4 ( possessor )1 #abaf1 #adgh2 ( orig91 ) abl41 #acab2 9 abl4 abs41 #acfb1 #acfd2 ( depon5ts1 #ijg1 #acfd1 #adib1 #bbhj2 abl4 neut4 (1 us$ imp]sonally1 #acgb2 agree+ ) s5t5ce or inf941 #acgc2 ) sus e/ & opus e/1 #achb2 us$ z sub/41 #addj2 ) act4 mean+1 #adhe2 ) fu1 fu]am1 fu]1 #afji2 sequ5ce aft]1 #agff1 #agfg2 ( contemporane\s action1 #bbhj2 translat$ z ab/ract1 #bbhe1 #bbhf2 ) habe1 faci1 d1 c41 #afjf1 #bbig2 quantity ( p5ult v[el 9 disyllabics1 #bdcd-bdcf4 ,future1 =mation (1 #ijd1 #ije2 ) sum1 #hjb1 #hjc2 ) sum1 use (1 #afcc1 #agcg1 #agdb1 #agdf1 #agdg2 use (1 9 conditional s5t5ces1 #bjgd1 #bjha1 #bjhg1 #bjib1 #bjic1 #bjig1 #bajj1 #bajh2 9 abl4 abs41 #acfb2 z adj41 #bbhc4 ,p]fect active1 #ijg4 ,p>ticles1 int]rogative1 see ,int]rogative2 exclamatory1 see ,que/ions2 ( wi%es1 #aedj2 conjunctive p>ticle s5t5ce1 #ahch-babb1 see ,conjunctive4 ,p>titive1 g541 #abda-abed2 no/rm1 ve/rm us$ z1 #bcce4 ,p>ts1 ( spee*1 #b-ae2 pr941 ( v]bs1 #gcc-gce2 pr941 classification ( v]bs accord+ to1 #ibj-ajbb1 see ,v]bs4 ,passive voice1 def9$1 #gbc1 #adgb2 ( v]bs ( intrans4 use1 #gbd1 #gfc1 #adgi2 nom4 (1 = acc4 ( act41 #aabe1 #adgc2 ( comp\nd v]bs1 ) acc41 #aach2 ( v]bs ( feel+1 commonly intransitive1 #aaci2 two accusatives ( ! act4 91 #aafg-aaga1 #adgd2 act4 ( a diff]5t v]b s]v+ z1 #adga2 def9+ acc4 or acc4 ( ext5t or duration made subj4 91 #adge2 v]bs ( trans4 use us$ imp]sonally 91 #adgi2 ! do] ( ! action h[ express$ )1 #acah1 #acai1 #adgf-adgh1 #baha1 #bbdc2 use (1 #adgb-adhe2 complem5t>y dat4 ( act4 made subj4 91 #aaha1 #adhj1 #bbjb2 ) reflexive mean+1 #adha1 #adhg1 #aadh2 ( coep & ds91 #adhc2 p]f4 p>tic4 ) act4 mean+1 #adhe2 depon5ts ) =ce (1 #adhg2 depon5ts ) mean+ (1 #adij2 p]f4 p>tic4 ( depon5ts ) act4 & pass4 mean+1 #ijg1 #acfd1 #adib2 =ms ) fu1 c41 #afji2 ( v]bs ( p]ceiv+1 kn[+1 ?9k+1 say+1 c41 p]sonal & imp]sonal con/ructions (1 #bagg-bahb2 ( iube1 vet1 s91 us$ p]sonally1 #bbja2 ) g]undive1 #bbea2 fut4 inf941 =mation & use (1 #bbgc4 ,patronymics1 suffixes =m+1 #bgi2 g54 plur4 (1 #dci4 ,pauses1 #bedj4 ,p5alty1 d5ot$ by g541 #abhb2 d5ot$ by abl41 #abhb4 ,p5tamet]1 def9$1 #becf2 dactylic1 #begj-begf4 ,p5tapody1 def9$1 #beca2 logao$ic1 #bffd-bffh4 ,p5!mim]al caesura1 #bedd4 ,p5!mim]is1 #beca4 ,p5ult1 def9$1 #age2 :5 acc5t$1 #hf1 #hg2 quantity (1 9 polysyllables1 #bdcd-bdcf4 ,p]ceiv+1 v]bs (1 coord9at$1 #afif2 9 pres4 ) po/quam1 ub1 ut1 c41 #aibf2 ) acc4 & inf941 #bage2 "t ( inf94 )1 #bbai1 #bbbf4 ,p]fect t5se1 indicative1 =mation (1 #hed-hge2 /em )\t suffix1 #heh-hff2 /em 9 -s-1 #hfg1 #hfh2 /em 9 -v- or -u-1 #hfi-hge2 %ort or old =ms1 #hhe-hic2 -runt & -re 9 #crd p]s4 plur41 #gbg2 quantity ( v[el prec$+ -runt1 -re1 #hef1 #heg2 -t1 #heg1 #fh2 r$uplication (1 #heh-hfa1 #ibb-icb1 #ihi1 #iie1 #ajaa2 quantity ( p5ult v[el 9 disyllabic p]fects1 #bdcd-bdcf4 ,dative ( possessor )1 #abaf1 #adgh2 9 simple s5t5ce1 uses (1 #afjb-afac1 #afaf2 def9ite1 def9$1 #afjb2 hi/orical1 def9$1 #afjb2 hi/orical1 function (1 #afjc2 hi/orical1 = plup41 #afjd2 def9ite1 function (1 #afje2 def9ite1 express$ by habe & p>tic41 #afjf2 def9ite1 ( inceptives1 #afjg2 def9ite1 d5ot+ pres4 result+ /ate1 #afjh2 def9ite1 pass4 ) fu1 c41 #afji2 def9ite1 o!r uses (1 #afaj-afaf1 #bjbg1 #bjcj2 sequ5ce (1 #agag1 #agdj-agfa1 #bcbb-bcbd1 #bcbf-bcbi2 9 subord9ate s5t5ce1 rel4 "t1 #agcc1 #agcf2 indep5d5t1 #agch2 ) cum1 #ahfj1 #ahfa1 #ahff1 #ahfg1 #ahfi1 #ahga2 ) antequam1 priusquam1 #aiab1 #aiag1 #aibj2 ) po/quam1 ub1 ut1 c41 #aibe1 #aibg1 #aibi1 #aicj1 #aicb2 ) dum1 dnec1 quoad1 quamdi1 #aiih1 #bjja1 #bjjb1 #bjjf1 #bjjg1 #bjji2 9 conditional prot41 #bjbc1 #bjcd-bjda1 #bjff-bjfh2 9 conditional apod41 #bjbc1 #bjbg1 #bjce1 #bjdc1 #bjdi1 #bjec1 #bjfj1 #baja1 #bajc-baje4 ,subjunctive1 =mation (1 #hgf-hgh2 %ort or old =ms1 #hhe-hic2 9 wi%es1 #aeda1 #aedc2 9 exhortations1 prohibitions1 c41 #aedi1 #aeea2 ( action conceivable1 #aeeg1 #aeeh2 ) =ce ( fut41 #aeda1 #aedi1 #aeea1 #aeeh2 ( repeat$ action1 #agcj2 sequ5ce (1 #agfd1 #agfe2 9 subord9ate s5t5ce1 foll[+ prim>y1 #agdf1 #agfb1 #agff1 #agga1 #bcbc2 foll[+ pres4 ( vivid n>ration & pres4 ( quotation1 #ageb2 foll[+ p]f4 def9ite1 #aged2 foll[+ second>y1 9 rel41 causal1 & concessive s5t5ces1 #agef2 foll[+ second>y1 9 consecutive s5t5ces1 #ageg2 foll[+ second>y1 9 indirect "q1 #agfj2 foll[+ second>y1 9 ind4 disc41 #bcbh2 9 sequ5ce ) adjac5t v]b1 #agfa2 ( action non-occurr5t1 9 pres4 sequ5ce1 #agfc2 9 sequ5ce ) p]f4 inf941 #agfh2 ) antequam1 priusquam1 #aiac1 #aiaf1 #aiai2 ) ut purpose1 #aifb2 9 conditional prot41 #bjbc1 #bjgj1 #bjgb1 #bjhd-bjhh1 #bjij2 9 conditional apod41 #bjbc1 #bjeh1 #bjgc1 #bjgg1 #bjhe1 #bjij2 ) quasi1 tamquam s1 c41 #baai2 9 ind4 disc4 repres5t+ a fut4 p]f41 #bcbd4 ,imp]ative1 =mation (1 #hac1 #hgi2 pass41 #aehj4 ,inf9itive1 see ,inf9itive4 ,p>ticiple1 see ,p>ticiples4 ,p]iods1 connection (1 #babc-baei4 ,p]iphra/ic1 =ms ( ! v]b1 #hjb-hjd2 fut4 p>tic4 ) =m ( sum1 #hjb1 #hjc2 fut4 p>tic4 ) =m ( sum1 use (1 #afcc1 #agcg1 #agdb1 #agdf1 #agdg2 9 conditional s5t5ces1 #bjgd1 #bjha1 #bjhg1 #bjib1 #bjic1 #bjig1 #bajj1 #bajh2 g]undive ) sum1 #hjd1 #baja1 #bbdc2 circumlocutions = p]f4 pass41 fut4 act41 fut4 pass4 inf941 #gcb1 #hih1 #bbgc2 p]f4 pass4 imp]41 #aehj2 p]f4 ) habe1 #afjf1 #bbig2 =e1 futrum esse1 ut1 #bbcc2 =e ) p]f4 p>tic41 #bbcd2 =ms 9 conditional apodoses ( action non-occurr5t 9 ind4 disc41 #bcca-bccd4 ,p]mission1 v]bs (1 subjv4 coord9at$ )1 #agaj2 v]bs (1 ) purpose clause1 #aiej2 express$ by quamvs1 #aijd2 express$ by quamlibet1 #aijg4 ,p]missive1 use ( v]b1 #bcjg4 ,p]son1 9 v]bs1 def9$1 #gba2 9 imp]41 #gca2 #crd p]s4 plur41 9 indef4 s5se1 #ajcc2 agreem5t ( v]b 91 #ajfb2 :5 subjects are ( diff]5t p]s41 #ajgf2 :5 subj4 is rel41 #ahjg2 use ( ns = ego1 #ajgd2 ord] ( p]sons1 #ajgf2 p]s4 ( qu1 #agib4 ,p]sonal pron\ns1 decl4 (1 #fdd-fea2 possess41 #feb-fee2 :5 us$ ) #a/ & #bnd p]s41 #ajbi2 possess4 us$ in/ead ( g541 #abcd1 #abfb2 g54 (1 us$ possessively1 #abcd2 preps4 foll[+1 #adce2 use ( no/rm1 ve/rm1 no/r1 ve/r1 #bcce2 possess4 omitt$1 #bcdf2 possess4 mean+ prop]1 appropriate1 fav\rable1 #bcdf2 ipse )1 #bcgf2 see ego1 c4 ,p]sonal v]bs1 imp]sonal v]bs us$ z1 #aaha1 #abhd2 v]bs ( intrans4 use us$ z1 9 pass41 #aaha1 #adhj1 #bbjc2 v]bs ( p]ceiv+1 kn[+1 ?9k+1 say+ z1 9 pass41 #bagg-bahb2 iube1 vet1 s9 z1 9 pass41 #bbja4 ,p]son end+s1 v[el (1 %ort1 #abi1 #acj2 v[el (1 long1 #acb2 -m9o 9 imp]41 #big1 #gca2 -m9 9 #bnd p]s4 plur41 #big1 #gcj2 function (1 #gac1 #gba2 table (1 #gbf2 -runt & -re 9 p]f41 #gbg2 ( #a/ & #bnd p]s41 #gbh2 -ris & -re 9 #bnd p]s4 pass41 #gcj2 9 inscriptions1 #gbi2 #crd p]s4 plur4 -ont1 -unt1 #hbg4 ,p]suad+1 v]bs (1 case )1 #aaha-aahe2 subjv4 coord9at$ )1 #agab4 ,phalaecean1 #bffd1 #bffe4 ,ph]ecratean1 #bfei4 ,phonetic1 see ,s\nd4 ,pity1 see ,m5tal di/ress4 ,place1 sub/4 suffixes d5ot+1 #bff1 #bbh1 #bda1 #bdb1 #bde1 #bdi2 adj4 suffixes d5ot+1 #cag1 #cba1 #cdg2 advs4 d5ot+1 #gjh1 #gji1 #adch2 express$ by loc41 #acca-acda2 express$ by loc4 abl41 #acdb-acdi2 express$ by attributive prepositional phrase1 #adbf1 #abcc2 express$ by adj41 #adbg1 #abcc2 express$ by g541 #adbg1 #abcb2 f :i*1 advs4 d5ot+1 #gaj2 f :i*1 h[ express$1 #acjg-acaa2 to :i*1 advs4 d5ot+1 #gaj2 to :i*1 h[ express$1 #aaeg-aaff1 #abaj2 rel4 advs41 ub1 qu1 unde1 #agic4 ,places1 names (1 see ,t[ns4 ,plants1 names (1 g5d]1 #djg1 #djh1 #egc4 ,pleas+1 expressions (1 case )1 #aaha-aahe4 ,pl5ty1 see ,fulness4 ,plup]fect t5se1 indicative1 =mation (1 #hhj2 %ort or old =ms1 #hhe-hic2 dat4 )1 #abaf1 #adgh2 uses (1 9 simple s5t5ce1 #afad-afah1 #afjg1 #afji2 ( pa/ action complet$1 #afad2 express+ pa/ result+ /ate1 #afae2 9 lett]s1 #afaf2 = p]f41 #afag2 ( "t ant]ior to pa/ repeat$ action1 #afah2 ( inceptives1 #afjg2 pass4 ) fu]am1 c41 #afji2 sequ5ce (1 #agag1 #agdj-agde1 #agdg1 #agdh1 #agee-agfj1 #bcbb-bcbd1 #bcbf-bcbi2 9 subord9ate s5t5ce1 rel4 "t1 #agcc1 #agcf2 indep5d5t1 #agch2 ) cum1 #ahfj1 #ahfa2 ) antequam1 priusquam1 #aiah2 ) po/quam1 ub1 ut1 c41 #aibh1 #aibi1 #aicb1 #aicc2 ) dum1 dnec1 #aiig1 #bjji2 9 conditional prot41 #bjbc1 #bjdh-bjea2 9 conditional apod41 #bjbc1 #bjbi1 #bjcf1 #bajd1 #bajg4 ,subjunctive1 =mation (1 #hha2 -t1 #fh2 %ort or old =ms1 #hhe-hic2 9 wi%es1 #aedd2 9 expressions ( obligation or necessity1 #aeeb2 ( action conceivable1 #aefa2 ( repeat$ action1 #agcj2 sequ5ce (1 #agfb1 #agfc2 9 subord9ate s5t5ce1 foll[+ second>y1 #agdg1 #agfb1 #agff1 #agga1 #bcbb2 foll[+ pres4 ( vivid n>ration & pres4 ( quotation1 #ageb2 foll[+ prim>y1 #agec1 #bcbi2 foll[+ p]f4 def9ite1 #aged2 foll[+ p]f4 inf941 or p]f4 p>tic41 #agfg2 ) cum1 #ahgb1 #ahgc2 ) quotins1 quotinscumque1 #ahhg2 ) antequam1 priusquam1 #aiad1 #aibj1 #aiba2 ) po/e quam1 po/quam1 c41 #aibd2 ) dnec1 #bjji2 ) indef4 rel4 pron4 or adv41 #ahad2 9 conditional prot41 #bjbd1 #bjga1 #bjhi1 #bjia1 #bjif1 #bjih-bajg2 9 conditional apod41 #bjbd1 #bjda1 #bjga1 #bjgc1 #bjhc1 #bjhi1 #bjia1 #bjie1 #bjii2 ) quasi1 tamquam s1 c41 #babj2 9 ind4 disc4 repres5t+ a fut4 p]f41 #bcbd2 9 conditional apod4 ( direct disc\rse1 h[ repres5t$ 9 ind4 disc41 #bcca-bccd4 ,plural numb]1 9 n\ns1 def9$1 #dad2 lack+1 see ,defective2 ) diff]5t mean+ f s+41 #dah1 #dhj2 ( mat]ial sub/s41 #daf1 #aajh2 ( ab/racts1 #daf1 #aaji2 ( prop] names1 #daf1 #aaje2 ( names ( c\ntries1 #aajg2 9 g5]alizations & 9 poetry1 #aaaj2 adjs4 91 us$ z sub/s41 #aajc1 #aajd1 #aajf2 9 sub/s41 9 agreem5t1 #ajgg-ajha2 9 adjs41 prons41 & p>tic41 9 agreem5t1 #ajhb-ajih2 9 v]bs1 def9$1 #gbb2 ) s+4 & plur4 subjects1 #ajfb-ajgf2 ( mode/y1 #ajgd2 ( g]undive ) no/r1 c41 #bbfa4 ,polysyllables1 quantity ( p5ult 91 #bdcd-bdcf2 quantity ( f9al syllable 91 #bdcg-bdeg4 ,position1 syllables long by1 #agg2 syllable conta9+ v[el be=e mute or f foll[$ by l or r1 #agh2 f9al %ort v[el be=e ^w beg9n+ ) two consonants or d\ble cons41 #bdeh2 f9al s does n always make1 #bdfh2 ( preps41 #adcc-adcg4 ,positive1 express+ disproportion1 #aded2 us$ 9 comp>ison ( adjs4 & advs41 #adeg1 #adeh2 comb9$ ) a comp>41 #adeh2 express$ by comp>4 ) abl41 #adfd2 see ,comp>ison1 ,affirmative4 ,possession1 adj4 suffixes imply+1 #bih1 #cjb-ccj2 express$ by dat41 #abjg1 #abab-abaf2 express$ by g541 #abcb-abch4 ,possessive comp\nds1 #che4 ,possessive pron\ns1 decl4 (1 #feb-fee2 agreem5t (1 #ajhb-ajih2 us$ in/ead ( g54 ( p]sonal or reflexive pron41 #abcd1 #abfb2 ) ^w 9 apposition 9 g541 #abce2 ) rf]t & int]e/1 #abgg2 g54 (1 ) inf941 #abcg1 #bbjh1 #bbaa2 imply+ antec$5t to rel41 #ahjg2 ( reflexive1 ref]r+ to subj4 ( v]b1 #bccf2 ( reflexive1 ref]r+ to ^w n subj4 ( v]b1 #bccg2 ( reflexive1 9 con/ruction ( acc4 ) inf941 #bcch-bcdj2 ( reflexive1 9 subord9ate clauses1 #bcda-bcdc2 omitt$1 #bcdf2 mean+ prop]1 appropriate1 fav\rable1 #bcdf2 see meus1 c4 ,possessor1 dat4 (1 #abab-abaf1 #adgh1 #baha1 #bbdc4 ,possibility1 express$ by subjv41 #aeed-aefb2 d5ot$ by g]undive1 #bbdi2 v]bal expressions (1 see ,ability4 ,po/positive1 words1 #afgf1 #afhh2 preps41 #adcc-adcf4 ,po/tonic syllable1 #ajb4 ,pot5tial1 use ( v]b1 #bcje2 see ,action conceivable4 ,pray]1 duim1 c4 91 #gef2 =ms ( p]f4 subjv4 & fut4 p]f4 91 #hhg2 express$ by imp]41 #aega2 9 v]se1 #bedi4 ,pr$icate1 def9$1 #ajbc1 #ajce2 omitt$1 #ajcf2 enl>g$1 #ajdh-ajed2 pr$4 sub/41 v]b agree+ )1 #ajgb2 agreem5t ( pr$4 sub/41 #ajgg-ajha2 9 oblique case1 #ajeb1 #acfc2 pr$4 adj41 agreem5t (1 #ajhb-ajih2 pr$4 nom41 ) v]b ( indet]m9ate mean+1 #ajce2 ) o!r v]bs1 #ajea2 inf94 z pr$4 nom41 #bbjg2 n\n1 9 nom4 ) complem5t>y inf941 #baga2 9 acc41 ref]r+ to subj4 acc4 #bagd2 9 nom41 ) v]bs ( p]ceiv+1 kn[+1 c41 us$ 9 pass41 #bagg2 9 nom41 ) v]bs ( p]ceiv+1 kn[+1 c41 us$ 9 act41 #bahd2 9 acc41 ref]r+ to unexpress$ indef4 subj4 ( inf941 #bbac2 9 dat41 ) impli$ subj4 ( inf941 #bbad2 9 acc41 ) v]bs ( mak+1 *oos+1 nam+1 c41 #aafg1 #aafh2 pr$4 uses ( g541 #abcf1 #abcg1 #abci1 #abea2 pr$4 use ( abl4 ( quality1 #acge2 ) tor4 #acha2 pr$4 p>tic4 ) sus e/1 opus e/1 #achb2 pr$4 use ( prepositional expressions1 #adbh2 pron4 agree+ ) pr$4 sub/41 #ajig1 #ahjf2 pr$4 use ( g54 ( g]undive con/ruction1 #bbfb-bbfd2 see ,pr$icative4 ,pr$icative1 dat41 #abai-abbe2 p>tic41 #bbig-bbii4 ,prefixes1 advs4 z v]bal1 #adjb-adji4 ,prepositions1 def9$1 #aa1 #fif1 #adjb2 z proclitics1 #ib2 acc5t (1 :5 foll[+ case1 #ib2 h[ writt5 9 inscriptions & mss41 #ib2 z positive1 #ceg2 comp\nd$ ) n\ns or n\n /ems1 #cha-chc1 #che1 #cij2 comp\nd$ ) v]bs1 #cia1 #cib2 insep>able1 #cib1 #adji2 orig9 (1 #fif1 #adjb-adjd2 function (1 #adje2 inflect$ =ms ( sub/s4 us$ z1 #adjf1 #adac1 #adai1 #adbj2 trace ( adv]bial use 9 tmesis1 #adjg2 use z advs4 & z preps4 discuss$1 #adab-adaf1 #adba2 us$ ) acc41 #adaj-adaf2 us$ ) abl41 #adae-adba2 us$ ) abl4 prop]1 #abig1 #adae1 #adai-adba2 us$ ) loc4 abl41 #abii1 #adaf2 us$ ) in/rum5tal abl41 #acjj2 ) acc4 or abl41 #adbb-adbe1 #adae2 sub/s4 comb9$ by1 #adbf-adbh2 repetition (1 ) two or m sub/s41 #adbi2 omission (1 ) a second sub/41 #adcj2 two4 ) "o sub/41 #adca1 #adcb2 position (1 #adcc-adcg2 9 oa?s1 #adcg2 v]bs comp\nd$ )1 cases aft]1 #aacg1 #aach1 #aahh-aaia1 #aaid-aaii1 #abji2 ) inf94 z obj41 #bbje2 ) g]undive con/ruction or g]und 9 acc41 #bbeb1 #bbec2 9 abl41 #bbfg2 ) sub/4 & p>tic41 #bbhe1 #bbhf2 = special uses ( diff]5t preps41 see ,index ( ,lat9 ,words4 ,pres5t /ems1 us$ z roots1 #aij-aid1 #hee2 roots us$ z1 #gch-gdc1 #hbh1 #hdd4 ,pres5t sy/em1 ( v]bs1 =mation (1 #hbh-hec4 ,pres5t t5se1 indicative =mation (1 #hbh-hdj2 -t1 -t1 -t1 #acb2 -r1 #acb2 dat4 ( possessor )1 #abaf1 #adgh1 #baha2 uses (1 9 simple s5t5ce1 #aehg-aeic1 #afja2 ( pres4 action1 #aehg2 ( cu/om>y or repeat$ action1 or g5]al tru?1 #aehh2 ( pa/ action1 /ill cont9u$1 #aehi2 ( vivid n>ration1 #aeij1 #afci2 ! annali/ic1 #aeia2 ( v]bs ( he>+1 see+1 say+1 #aeib2 9 quotations1 #aeib2 ( fut4 action1 #aeic1 #bjbf2 9 lett]s1 #afja2 sequ5ce (1 #agag1 #agdj-agdf1 #agdi-agec1 #bcbb-bcbd1 #bcbf-bcbi2 9 subord9ate s5t5ce1 rel4 "t1 #agcc-agce2 indep5d5t1 #agch2 ) cum1 #ahfj-ahfb1 #ahff1 #ahfg1 #ahfi1 #ahga2 ) quoniam1 #ahhc2 ) antequam1 priusquam1 #aiae1 #aiah2 ) po/quam1 ub1 ut1 c41 #aibf1 #aibg1 #aicj1 #aicb2 ) dum1 dnec1 quoad1 quamdi1 #aiie1 #bjjj1 #bjja1 #bjjf1 #bjjg1 #bjji2 9 conditional prot41 #bjbc1 #bjbf-bjcc1 #bjfe-bjfh1 #bjgd2 9 conditional apod41 #bjbc1 #bjbf1 #bjcd1 #bjdb1 #bjdh1 #bjeb1 #bjei1 #bjgh4 ,subjunctive1 =mation (1 #hda-hdc2 -t1 -t1 -t1 #acb2 -r1 #acb2 9 wi%es1 #aeda1 #aedb2 9 exhortations1 prohibitions1 c41 #aedh1 #aeej1 #aeea2 ( action conceivable1 #aeef2 ( repeat$ action1 #agcj2 prim>y1 #agfb2 ref]r+ to fut4 "t1 #agdc1 #agdi2 foll[+ p]f4 def9ite1 #aged2 foll[+ second>y 9 rel41 causal1 & concessive s5t5ces1 #agef2 foll[+ second>y 9 consecutive s5t5ces1 #ageg2 foll[+ second>y 9 indirect "q1 #agfj2 foll[+ second>y 9 ind4 disc41 #bcbh2 9 sequ5ce ) adjac5t v]b1 #agfa2 ( action non-occurr5t1 9 pres4 sequ5ce1 #agfc2 9 sequ5ce ) p]f4 inf941 #agfh2 ) antequam1 priusquam1 #aiab1 #aiae1 #aiai2 ) ut purpose1 #aifb2 ) dum1 dnec1 quoad1 #bjjc1 #bjje1 #bjjg2 ) modo1 #bjjc2 9 conditional prot41 #bjbc1 #bjgj1 #bjgb1 #bjgf-bjhc1 #bjij1 #bjic1 #bjif2 9 conditional apod41 #bjbc1 #bjcc1 #bjci1 #bjdf1 #bjeg1 #bjfd1 #bjgj1 #bjgf1 #bjhd1 #bjij2 ) quasi1 tamquam s1 c41 #baai2 9 ind4 disc4 repres5t+ a fut41 #bcbd4 ,inf9itive1 see ,inf9itive4 ,p>ticiple1 see ,p>ticiples4 ,prev5t+1 see ,h9d]+4 ,priapean1 #bfgd4 ,price1 g54 (1 #abga2 abl4 (1 #achh-acib4 ,prim>y t5ses1 #agag1 #agfb4 ,primitive1 def9$1 #aih2 sub/s41 #bjd-bde1 see ,sub/antives2 adjs41 #bhj-big1 #cje1 see ,adjectives2 v]bs1 !me 91 #gch-gda2 inflection (1 #gdc-gia2 =mation ( pres4 /em (1 #hbh-hch2 li/ (1 #ibb-ihf1 see ,v]bs4 ,pr9cipal cases1 #aaaa1 #aaab4 ,pr9cipal p>ts1 ( ! v]b1 #gcc-gce2 classification ( v]bs accord+ to1 #ibj-ajbb1 see ,v]bs4 ,privation1 see ,sep>ation4 ,proceleusmatic1 #beba4 ,proclitics1 #ib4 ,prohibitions1 express$ by subjv41 #aedg-aeea2 express$ by imp]41 #aeha-aehf2 express$ by fut41 #afbd2 p]f4 inf94 ) vol1 nl 91 #bbbd4 ,promise1 express$ by fut41 #afai2 implication (1 9 fut4 p]f41 #afbi4 ,promis+1 v]bs (1 ) acc4 & inf941 #bahf2 ) pres4 inf941 #bahf1 #bbba1 #bbcf4 ,pronom9al1 see ,pron\ns4 ,pron\n1 que/ions1 #aebf-aecj2 que/ions1 indirect1 #aghe4 ,pron\ns1 def9$1 #i2 z proclitics1 #ib2 inflection (1 #fdd-fid2 p]sonal1 #fdd-fea2 reflexive1 #fdd-fea2 possess41 #feb-fee2 demon/rative1 #fef-fgj2 det]m9ative1 #fef-fei1 #fga-fge2 ( id5tity1 #fef-fei1 #fgf-fgh2 int5sive1 #fef-fei1 #fgi1 #fhj2 rel41 int]rogative1 indef4 #fef-fei1 #fha-fid2 int]rogative1 adj4 & sub/4 =ms (1 #fhc-fhe2 indef41 adj4 & sub/4 =ms (1 #fhf2 r$uplicat$1 #fej2 correlative1 #fie1 #ahca2 advs4 f1 #fif-fih1 #gja1 #gjb1 #gjd-gaj4 ,agreem5t (1 #ajic-ajih1 #ahja-ahaa1 see ,agreem5t2 adj41 equival5t to g541 #ajih1 #abcd1 #abfb2 us$ 9 neut4 acc4 ) v]bal expressions1 #aadd2 z connectives1 #babi-bacb2 use (1 9 ind4 disc41 #bcbe1 #bcch-bcdb2 use (1 #bcce-bdjc2 use ( p]sonal1 #bcce2 use ( reflexive1 #bccf-bcde2 use ( possess41 #bcdf2 use ( hc1 #bcdg-bcee2 use ( i/e1 #bcef1 #bceg2 use ( ille1 #bceh-bcfd2 use ( is1 #bcfe-bcgj2 use ( dem1 #bcga-bcgc2 use ( ipse1 #bcgd-bchd2 use ( ut]1 quis1 #bche1 #bchf2 use ( rel41 #agib-ahcg2 use ( indef4 quis1 qu1 #bchh1 #bchi2 use ( aliquis1 #bcij1 #bcia2 use ( qudam1 #bcib1 #bcic2 use ( quisque1 #bcid-bcih2 use ( ut]que1 #bcii1 #bdjj2 use ( quvs1 qulibet1 ut]vs1 ut]libet1 #bdja2 use ( quisquam1 llus1 #bdjb2 use ( nm1 nihil1 nllus1 neut]1 #bdjc2 place ( reciprocal tak5 by int] ns1 c41 invicem1 c41 #bcdd1 #bcde2 see ,relative1 c41 qu1 c4 ,pronunciation1 ( names ( *>act]s ( alphabet1 #af1 #ca-gb2 ( v[els1 #cc1 #cg-db2 ( diph?ongs1 #dg1 #di2 ( consonants1 #ec-gb2 *ange ( s\nd ( v[els1 #ajc-ade2 ( diph?ongs1 #ie-aja2 ( consonants1 #adf-agd2 rules ( v[el quantity1 #cd-cf1 #bdbi-bdgb1 see ,quantity2 division ( syllables1 #age2 long & %ort syllables1 #agg1 #agh2 ( es1 e/ 9 comb9ation ) o!r words1 #gdg2 see also ,acc5t1 ,sub/itution1 ,developm5t1 ,disappe>ance1 ,assimilation1 ,dissimilation1 ,int]*ange1 ,l5g!n+1 ,%ort5+1 ,weak5+1 ,hiatus1 ,contraction1 ,elision4 ,prop]1 names1 def9$1 #e2 ( -o- decl41 =m & acc5t ( voc4 & g54 s+4 (1 #hg1 #def-dei2 ) acc5t on f9al syllable1 #hh2 plur4 (1 #daf1 #aaje2 end+ 91 -ius1 -ius1 -ius1 decl5sional =ms (1 #deh2 ) attribute atta*$1 #ajdd2 see ,greek4 ,proportionals1 #bdbc4 ,propriety1 v]bal expressions (1 9 indic41 #adie-adig2 subjv4 coord9at$ ) v]bal expressions (1 #agji2 v]bal expressions (1 9 conditional p]iods1 #bjgd1 #baja2 express$ by subjv41 #aedg-aeeb2 express$ by g]undive con/ruction1 #bbdc1 #bbdh4 ,prosody1 #bdbi-bgci2 see ,quantity1 ,figures ( prosody1 ,v]sification4 ,protasis1 def9$1 #ajfa2 fut4 p]f4 91 co9cid5t 9 "t ) fut4 p]f4 9 apod41 #afbg2 concessive1 #baaf2 see ,conditional1 ,relative1 ,conjunctive4 ,prote/1 introduc$ by s5t5ce ) quod1 #ahdb4 ,prote/ations1 subjv4 91 #aedb2 fut4 91 #afbb2 ita 4 4 4 ut1 #aedb1 #afbb1 #aicg4 ,protraction1 #beaf4 ,proviso1 introduc$ by ut1 n 4 4 4 ita1 #aifd2 by dum1 #bjjc2 by modo1 #bjjc4 ,puni%m5t1 see ,p5alty4 ,purpose1 dat4 (1 #abbc-abbe2 clauses1 t5se (1 aft] p]f4 def9ite1 #aged2 rel4 s5t5ces (1 #ahag2 express$ by quod1 id1 #ahdj2 s5t5ces (1 ) priusquam1 #aiai2 s5t5ces (1 ) ut1 n1 c41 #aidg-aifd2 s5t5ces (1 ) qu1 #aigd2 s5t5ces (1 ) adv4 qu1 #aigf2 s5t5ces (1 ) dum1 dnec1 c41 #bjje-bjji2 inf94 (1 #bafd1 #bafe2 express$ by acc4 ( g]undive con/ruction1 #bbej2 express$ by dat4 ( g]undive con/ruction1 #bbef2 express$ by g]undive con/ruction or g]und ) caus1 #bafd1 #bbeh1 #bbgj2 express$ by g54 ( g]undive con/ruction alone1 #bbfc2 express$ by g54 ( g]und alone1 #bbfc2 express$ by acc4 ( g]undive con/ruction or g]und ) ad1 #bafd1 #bbgj2 d5ot$ by sup9e1 #aaff1 #bbgj2 express$ by p>tic41 #bbie2 use ( reflexive pron4 9 subjv4 clauses (1 #bcda1 #bcdb4 ,pyrrhic1 #bebb4 ,py?iambic /rophe1 9 ,horace1 #bgbb1 #bgbc4 ,qualitative1 v[el *anges1 #acf-adc2 gradation1 #ade4 ,quality1 sub/4 suffixes d5ot+1 #bdf-bfd2 adj4 suffixes d5ot+1 #bha-big2 g54 (1 #abci1 #abdj2 abl4 (1 #acge4 ,quantitative1 v[el gradation1 #ace2 v]se1 #bedh2 !ory ( ! ,saturnian1 #beea4 ,quantity1 ( diph?ongs1 #dg1 #abe2 h[ d5ot$ 9 inscriptions1 #bd1 #bi2 h[ d5ot$ 9 books1 #cj1 #bead2 common1 def9ition & sign (1 #cj1 #bead2 pronunciation ( long & %ort v[els1 #cc1 #ch-dj2 *ange 9 quantity ( v[els & pres]vation ( long quantity1 #abc-acc2 long & %ort syllables1 #agg2 ( syllable conta9+ v[el be=e mute or f foll[$ by l or r1 #agh2 g5]al pr9ciples ( v[el quantity1 #ce-cf2 v[el be=e ano!r v[el or h1 #ce2 diph?ong be=e a v[el1 #abe2 comp\nds ( prae1 #abe2 g54 9 1 #abg1 #g2 l5g? ( e 9 di1 r1 fid1 1 #abg1 #d2 #fja1 #fjb2 ! end+s -1 -s1 -1 -s1 -1 -s1 #abg1 #g2 g54 9 -u1 -ius1 #abg1 #f2 #fah1 #fef1 #feg1 #fid2 v[el be=e nf1 ns1 cons4 i1 gn1 #abb2 z det]m9+ acc5t1 #hf-hh2 -t 9 p]f41 #heg2 1 i1 9 p]f4 subj4 #hgg1 #hgh2 1 i1 9 fut4 p]f41 #hhc1 #hhd2 rules (1 9 classical ,lat91 #bdbi-bdfc2 monosyllables1 #bdcj-bdcc2 p5ults1 #bdcd-bdcf2 f9al syllables end+ 9 v[el1 #bdcg-bddf2 f9al syllables end+ 9 s+le cons4 n s1 #bddg-bdej2 f9al syllables end+ 9 s1 #bdea-bdeg2 position1 #bdeh2 hidd51 #bdei-bdfc2 "s peculi>ities (1 9 old ,lat91 #bdfd-bdfi2 law ( ,iambic %ort5+1 #bdgj-bdgb2 9 v]sification1 #bead-beah4 ,quat]nrius1 iambic1 #bfag-bfbj2 tro*aic1 #bfdc2 anapae/ic1 #bfhg4 ,que/ion+1 v]bs (1 ) two accusatives1 #aafi-aaga2 ) acc4 & prepositional phrase1 #aagj2 ) indirect "q1 #aggd4 ,que/ions1 indic4 91 #adii2 common] 9 ,lat9 ?an 9 ,engli%1 #aejj2 two1 %ort 7quid e/1 quid vr1 c47 lead+ to long]1 #aejj2 k9ds (1 #aeja4 ,yes or ,no que/ions1 #aeja-aebe2 conf\nd$ ) exclamations & decl>ations1 #aejb2 )\t int]rogative p>ticle1 #aejb2 ) nn1 #aejb2 ) -ne1 -n1 #aejc-aeje2 ) nnne1 #aejc1 #aejf2 ) nnne 4 4 4 nn 4 4 4 nn1 #aejf2 ) num1 #aejc1 #aejg2 ) numne1 #aejg2 an1 anne1 n nn 9 s+le1 #aejc1 #aejh2 ) ecquis1 ecqu1 ecqu&1 n umquam1 #aeji2 ) sat91 sat9 ut1 #aeaj2 h[ answ]$1 #aeaa-aead4 ,alt]native1 hi/ory (1 #aeae-aeag2 )\t int]rogative p>ticle1 #aeah2 ) utrum1 -ne1 -n1 & an1 anne1 an nn1 #aeai2 ) necne1 #aebj2 ) sev]al alt]natives1 #aeba2 ) utrum1 & -ne & an1 #aebb2 ) utrumne 4 4 4 an1 #aebb2 ) no alt]native express$1 #aebc2 h[ answ]$1 #aebe4 ,pron\n que/ions1 #aebf-aecj2 introduc$ by int]rogative advs41 #aebf2 ) ut1 h[1 #aebh2 ) quisne1 c41 #aebi2 two or m ) "o v]b1 #aecj4 ,subjunctive que/ions1 #aefc-aegj2 ( appeal1 #aefc2 9 alt]native =m1 #aefd2 ask+ :e!r action is conceivable1 #aefe2 9 exclamative s5t5ces1 ) no int]rogative ^w or ) -ne1 #aeff1 #aefg2 ) ut1 ut1 #aefh2 ) ut1 ut1 & -ne1 -n1 #aefi2 9 subord9ate s5t5ce1 #agca2 t5se (1 9 subord9ate s5t5ce1 #agec4 ,indirect1 def9$1 #aggc2 subjv4 91 #aggc2 expressions introduc+1 #aggd2 ) v]bs ( fe>+1 #aggd1 #aiei2 sequ5ce ( t5ses 91 #agfj2 ,yes or ,no que/ions z1 #agge-aggg2 introduc$ by s1 s frte1 #aggg2 alt]native que/ions z1 #aggh-aghd2 introduc$ by qu sci an1 qu scs an1 quis scit an1 #agha2 introduc$ by haud sci an1 #aghb2 )\t int]rogative p>ticle1 #aghd2 pron4 que/ions z1 #aghe2 orig9al subjv4 que/ions z1 #aghf2 rel4 con/ructions di/+ui%$ f1 #agia2 use ( reflexive pron4 91 #bcda1 #bcdb4 ,accusative )\t v]b 91 #aaej2 v]bal expressions d5ot+ ability1 duty1 propriety1 necessity 91 #adie-adig2 9 indic4 pres4 or fut41 intimat+ comm&1 exhortation1 delib]ation1 appeal1 #aeca1 #afbc2 set =ms express+ curiosity1 incr$ulity1 wra?1 capti\sness1 #aecb2 ?reats introduc$ by scn qu mod1 #aecb2 unit$ ) p>tic41 abl4 abs41 or subord9ate s5t5ce1 #aecc2 coord9ate ) imp]4 or t rog1 scn1 c41 #afig1 #aghg2 introduc$ by indef4 nesci quis1 c41 #aghh1 #aghi2 mrum quantum1 c41 #agij2 direct1 def9$1 #agbc2 "q & answ]1 orig9al =m ( rel4 s5t5ce1 #agie2 9 apod4 ( conditional s5t5ce1 #bjah2 introduc$ by nam1 #baee2 9 ind4 disc41 #bcab-bcad2 use ( ut]1 quis1 qu1 #bche1 #bchf4 ,reason1 introduc$ by quod1 #ahec2 introduc$ by nn qu1 c1 #ahee2 introduc$ by quoniam1 #ahhd2 express$ by tamquam1 #aiji2 coord9at$ memb]s d5ot+1 #agjc2 see ,cause4 ,recessive acc5t1 #hi-ia4 ,reciprocal1 action1 depon5ts express+1 #adhg1 see ,reflexive2 pron41 place tak5 by int] ns4 c41 nvicem1 c41 #bcdd1 #bcde2 relations1 express$ by ut]que & alt]1 #bdjj4 ,r$undant v]bs1 #hah-hbc1 #ibd-ajai4 ,r$uplication1 def9$1 #ahi2 9 prons41 #fej2 9 v]b roots1 #geh1 #hbh1 #hbi2 9 p]f41 #heh-hfa1 #ibb-icb1 #ihi1 #iie1 #ajaa4 ,reflexive pron\ns1 decl4 (1 #fdd-fea2 possess41 #feb-fee2 possess4 us$ in/ead ( g541 #abcd1 #abfb2 g54 (1 us$ possessively1 #abcd2 preps4 foll[+1 #adce2 ref]r+ to subj4 ( v]b1 #bccf2 ref]r+ to ^w n ! subj4 ( v]b1 #bccg2 9 con/ruction ( acc4 ) inf941 #bcch-bcdj2 9 subord9ate clauses1 #bcda-bcdc2 int] s1 invicem int] s1 invicem s1 invicem1 & expressions ) alt]1 alius1 = reciprocal1 #bcdd1 #bcde2 possess4 omitt$1 #bcdf2 possess4 mean+ prop]1 appropriate1 fav\rable1 #bcdf2 is us$ =1 #bcgj2 ipse )1 #bcgf2 see su1 suus4 ,reflexive v]bs1 #adha2 pres4 p>tic4 (1 9 reflexive s5se1 #adhb2 g]und (1 9 reflexive s5se1 #adhb2 depon5ts1 #adhg2 ) acc41 #aadh4 ,reizianus v]sus1 #bfbe1 #bfbf4 ,relation1 dat4 (1 #abag1 #abah4 ,relation%ip1 words (1 ) g541 #abjc4 ,relative adv]bs1 #gaa2 9 place ( rel4 pron4 & prep41 #agic2 correlative prons4 & advs41 #ahca2 adv41 ut1 ut1 #aice2 quoad1 #aiia4 ,relative conjunctive p>ticles1 #agid2 s5t5ces introduc$ by1 #ahch-babb4 ,relative pron\ns1 decl4 (4 #feh1 #fei1 #fha-fid2 agreem5t (1 #ajid-ajih1 #ahja-ahaa2 agreem5t det]m9$ by s5se1 #ajie1 #ahjd2 ) sev]al sub/s41 #ajif1 #ahjc2 ref]r+ to prop] "n & explanatory appellative comb9$1 #ahje2 agree+ ) pr$4 sub/41 #ajig1 #ahjf2 equival5t to g541 #ajih2 v]b agree+ 9 p]s4 ) antec4 ( rel41 #ahjg2 v]b agree+ 9 p]s4 ) antec4 ( rel4 impli$ 9 possess41 #ahjg2 rel4 attract$ to case ( antec41 #ahjh2 ^w 9 appos4 ) rel41 #ahji2 ^w explanatory ( antec4 agree+ ) rel41 #ahaj2 quod1 id quod1 quae rs1 #ahaa2 rel4 introduc+ ma9 s5t5ce1 #ahce2 rel4 introduc+ ma9 s5t5ce put 9 acc4 ) inf94 9 ind4 disc41 #bcaf2 ) a comp>41 #acba1 #acbf2 preps4 foll[+1 #adcd1 #adce2 introduc+ rel4 s5t5ce1 #agib2 repres5t+ any p]s41 #agib2 rel4 advs4 in/ead (1 #agic2 develop$ f int]rogative pron41 #agie1 #ahjh2 quod be=e s1 c41 #ahcg2 z connectives1 #babh1 #baca1 #bacb2 see qu4 ,relative s5t5ce1 treat$1 #agib-ahcg2 introduc$ by rel4 words1 #agib-agid2 developm5t (1 #agie2 prec$+ ma9 s5t5ce1 #agie2 ) sub/4 9 bo? memb]s1 #agie1 #agif2 foll[+ ma9 s5t5ce1 #agif2 urbem quam /atu vo/ra e/1 #agig2 ) det]m9ative1 demon/rative1 sub/41 omitt$1 #agih2 qu prd5ti es1 nihil t fugiet1 #ahjj2 indic4 91 #agba2 t5se (1 aft] second>y1 #agef2 subjv4 ( ind4 disc4 & attraction 91 #agbb1 #ahae2 subjv4 ( repeat$ action 91 #agcj1 #ahae2 equival5t to conditional prot41 indic4 or subjv4 91 #ahab1 #baaj2 ( simple decl>ations or descriptions1 indic4 91 #ahac2 introduc$ by indef4 prons4 & advs41 indic4 91 #ahad2 ( purpose1 subjv4 91 #ahag2 ( *>act]i/ic or result1 subjv4 91 #ahah-ahbc2 ) dignus1 indignus1 idneus1 aptus1 #ahai2 coord9at$ ) sub/41 adj41 or p>tic41 #ahbj2 ) antec4 omitt$1 indef4 antec41 or nm e/ qu1 nihil e/ quod1 c41 #agii1 #ahba1 #ahbb2 sunt qu1 c41 ) indic41 #ahbc2 ( cause1 reason1 pro(1 concession1 subjv4 91 #ahbd-ahcj2 qu tam5 ) indic41 #ahbe2 s5t5ces ) indic41 resembl+ causal s5t5ces1 #ahbf2 quippe qu1 ut qu1 ut pote qu1 ) indic4 & subjv41 #ahbg2 quippe qu 7adv471 ut qu1 #ahbh2 p>5!tical subjv41 quod sciam1 qu quidem1 #ahbi2 quod att9et ad1 c41 #ahcj2 foll[+ praeut1 #aide2 coord9ation ( rel4 s5t5ces1 ) rel4 omitt$1 #ahcb1 #ahcc2 ) rel4 repeat$1 #ahcc2 ) second rel4 replac$ by is1 hc1 c41 #ahcc2 subord9ation (1 #ahcd2 equival5t to ma9 s5t5ce1 #ahce2 equival5t to ma9 s5t5ce1 9 ind4 disc41 #bcaf2 o!r rel4 s5t5ces 9 ind4 disc41 #bcae1 #bcah1 #bcai2 qu fact1 c41 #ahcf2 coord9at$ memb] equival5t to1 #afih2 repres5t$ by p>tic41 #bbid4 ,relative "t1 ( subord9ate s5t5ce1 #agcb1 #agda4 ,rememb]+1 adjs4 mean+1 ) g541 #abfc1 #abfd2 v]bs (1 ) g541 #abhg-abia2 ) acc41 #abhh2 ) de & abl41 #abhi1 #abij2 ) inf941 #bafi4 ,rem9d+1 v]bs (1 cases )1 #aagb1 #abia4 ,remove1 v]bs mean+1 ) abl41 #acjb-acjf2 ) dat41 #aaie1 #abji4 ,repeat$1 action 7t] 9 ann1 c471 #acec2 express$ by pres4 indic41 #aehh2 by impf4 indic41 #aeif2 subjv4 (1 #agcj2 subjv4 (1 9 cum s5t5ces1 #ahei1 #ahfj2 subjv4 (1 9 s5t5ces ) quotins1 quotinscumque1 #ahhg2 subjv4 (1 9 s5t5ces ) dum1 dnec1 quoad1 quamdi1 #aiid1 #bjjb1 #bjji2 ) po/quam1 ub1 ut1 #aicb2 9 g5]al conditions1 #bjbf1 #bjcd1 #bjce1 #bjcg1 #bjdd1 #bjej1 #bjga4 ,repres5t1 v]bs mean+1 ) pres4 p>tic4 us$ pr$icatively1 #bbih1 #bbii2 ) inf941 #bbii4 ,reque/1 express$ by imp]41 #aega2 express$ by fut41 #afbd2 v]bs (1 subjv4 coord9at$ )1 #agjh2 ) purpose clause1 #aiej4 ,resemblance1 adj4 suffixes d5ot+1 #bii-cja4 ,resi/+1 v]bs (1 ) dat41 #aaha2 ) n & subjv41 #aifj2 ) qum9us1 #aigg2 ) qun1 #aihf4 ,resolution1 #beah4 ,resolve1 v]bs mean+1 ) purpose clause1 #aiej2 ) inf941 #aiec1 #bafi2 ) acc4 & inf941 #baic4 ,re/1 v]bs (1 foll[$ by 9 or sub & abl41 #adbc2 foll[$ by 9 & acc41 #adbd4 ,re/ra9+1 v]bs (1 ) n1 #aifj1 #aigg2 ) qum9us1 #aifj1 #aigg2 ) qun1 #aihf2 ) acc4 & inf941 #bbjc2 ) acc4 ( g]undive con/ruction or g]und1 #bbeb4 ,result1 clauses1 t5se (1 aft] second>y1 #ageg-agei2 rel4 s5t5ces (1 #ahah-ahbc2 ) dgnus1 indgnus1 c41 #ahai2 aft] ass]tions or que/ions ( exi/5ce or non-exi/5ce1 #ahba1 #ahbb2 s5t5ces ) ut1 ut nn1 c41 #aidg1 #aidh1 #aife-aigj2 tantum abe/1 #aifi2 quam ut1 #ahif2 coord9at$ memb] equival5t to clause (1 #agjj2 dat4 (1 #abai-abbb2 suffixes d5ot+1 #bac1 #bbb1 #bca1 #bcd-bcf1 #bci1 #bdi1 #bif4 ,rhetorical que/ions1 see ,appeal4 ,rhy?m1 def9$1 #beaa2 k9ds (1 #bebe-bebh2 ,num]i ,italici1 #bedi2 ,saturnian1 #beej-beed2 dactylic1 #beee-behj2 iambic1 #beha-bfbg2 tro*aic1 #bfbh-bfdi2 logao$ic1 #bfej-bfgd2 dactylo-tro*aic1 #bfge-bfha2 anapae/ic1 #bfhb-bfij2 cretic1 #bfia-bfig2 bac*iac1 #bfih-bgjf2 *oriambic1 #bgjg2 ionic1 #bgjh-bgag4 ,rhy?mical s5t5ce1 #becb1 #becc4 ,rhy?mical s]ies1 #becb1 #becc4 ,riv]s1 names (1 g5d]1 #dje1 #djf2 decl41 #eah1 #eai1 #edi1 #eed1 #eef4 ,roots1 def9$1 #ahc2 nature (1 #ahd2 ?ree k9ds1 n\n roots1 v]b roots1 pron4 roots1 #ahf2 two or m =ms ( "o root1 #ahg2 v[el & cons4 roots1 #ahh2 r$uplicat$1 #ahi2 r$uplicat$ 9 v]bs1 #geh1 #hbh1 #hbi2 pres4 /ems us$ z1 #aij-aid1 #hee2 us$ z /ems1 #aie1 #aih1 #aii2 us$ z /ems 9 v]bs1 #gch-gdc1 #hdd2 root /em1 def9$1 #aie2 root v]bs1 def9$1 #gdc2 root v]bs1 inflect$1 #gdd-gha1 #hbh2 pr94 p>ts ( root v]bs1 #ibb4 ,r\te tak51 advs4 d5ot+1 #gjg1 #acgf2 abl4 (1 #acgf4 ,sapphic1 /rophe1 #bede2 ! less]1 #bfff2 ! great]1 #bfga-bfgc2 9 ,horace1 #bgcd1 #bgce4 ,saturnian1 #beej-beed4 ,say+1 v]bs (1 ) indef4 subj41 #ajcc2 9 pres4 ( pa/ action1 #aeib2 9 plup41 #afag2 ind4 disc4 )1 #agbd1 #bcji2 illogically 9 subjv4 9 clause introduc$ by qu1 quod1 cum1 #agbg1 #bcbj2 coord9at$1 #afif2 ) acc4 & inf941 #bage2 "t ( inf94 )1 #bbai1 #bbbf2 see ,indirect disc\rse4 ,scazon1 *oliambus1 #beig-bfjj2 tro*aic tetramet]1 #bfci-bfda4 ,second>y cases1 #aaaa1 #aaab4 ,second>y t5ses1 #agag1 #agfb2 rules = use (1 #agdj-aggb2 subord9ate to indic41 #agdf-agfa2 subord9ate to subjv41 #agfb-agfe2 subord9ate to n\n ( v]b1 #agff-agfi2 subjv4 9 ind4 disc4 or by attraction1 #aggj-aggb1 #bcbb-bcbd1 #bcbf-bcbi2 p]f4 def4 & pres4 ( vivid n>ration1 #agag1 #ageb1 #aged2 second>y sequ5ce ) prim>y1 #agea-agec2 prim>y sequ5ce ) second>y1 #agee-agfj4 ,see+1 v]bs (1 9 pres4 ( pa/ action1 #aeib2 ) indirect "q1 #aggd2 9 pres4 ) po/quam1 ub1 ut1 c41 #aibf4 ,sell+1 v]bs (1 ) g541 #abgd2 ) abl41 #achh-acib4 ,semi-depon5ts1 #hja1 #adhh4 ,semi-elision1 #bdig4 ,semi-hiatus1 #bdig4 ,smiqunria caesura1 #bedd4 ,smiseptnria caesura1 #bedd4 ,smit]nria caesura1 #bedd4 ,semiv[els1 #eb4 ,snrius1 def9$1 #becf2 iambic1 #behc-beif4 ,s5t5ce1 def9$1 #ajbc2 simple1 def9$1 #ajbd2 simple1 enl>g$1 #ajcg-ajed2 simple1 comb9$1 #ajee2 simple1 treat$1 #ajii-afce2 decl>ative1 def9$1 #ajbe2 exclamatory1 def9$1 #ajbe2 imp]41 def9$1 #ajbe2 coord9ate & subord9ate1 #ajee-ajfa2 subord9ate1 hi/ory (1 #afic-afie1 #agje1 #agjf1 #aieg1 see ,subord9ate s5t5ces2 comp\nd1 def9$1 #ajef2 comp\nd1 abridg$1 #ajeg2 comp\nd1 treat$1 #afcf-agac2 complex1 def9$1 #ajeh2 complex1 v>ieties (1 #ajeh-ajfa2 z advs41 #gab2 int]rogative1 def9$1 #ajbe1 see ,que/ions2 coord9ate1 treat$1 #afcf-afib2 int]m$iate coord9ate1 treat$1 #afic-agac1 see ,coord9ation2 complex1 treat$1 #agad-babb2 comp>41 def9$1 #agaf2 local1 def9$1 #agaf2 temporal1 def9$1 #agaf1 see ,temporal2 modal1 def9$1 #agaf2 correlative1 #ahca2 ma91 introduc$ by rel4 pron41 #ahce-ahcg2 conjunctive p>ticle1 #ahch-babb1 see ,conjunctive2 connection ( s5t5ces1 #babc-baei2 rhy?mical1 #becb1 #becc2 see ,conditional1 ,causal1 ,concessive1 ,f9al1 ,consecutive1 ,relative s5t5ce4 ,sep>at+1 v]bs (1 ) dat41 #aaie1 #abji2 ) g541 #abid2 ) abl41 #acjb-acjf1 #abid2 ) g]undive con/ruction or g]und1 #bbfh2 adjs4 (1 ) g541 #abfc2 ) abl41 #acjf4 ,sep>ation1 express$ by sup9e 9 -1 #bbgg2 see ,sep>at+4 ,septnrius1 def9$1 #becf2 iambic1 #bfaj-bfaf2 tro*aic1 #bfbi-bfce2 anapae/ic1 #bfhf4 ,sequ5ce ( t5ses1 #agde-aggb2 subjv4 subord9ate to indic41 #agdf-agfa2 subjv4 subord9ate to subjv41 #agfb-agfe2 subjv4 subord9ate to n\n ( v]b1 #agff-agfi2 subjv4 9 ind4 disc4 or by attraction1 #aggj-aggb1 #bcbb-bcbd1 #bcbf-bcbi4 ,s]ies1 rhy?mical1 #becb1 #becc2 /i*ic1 #bedf4 ,s]vice1 adjs4 (1 ) dat41 #abjj4 ,s]v+1 v]bs (1 ) dat41 #aaha1 #aahb4 ,%>+1 v]bs mean+1 ) g541 #abfc4 ,%ort5+1 ( v[els1 #abd-acb2 ( v[el be=e ano!r v[el1 #abd2 9 f9al syllable1 #abi-acb2 9 nom4 ( -- /ems1 #acj1 #a2 #dcf2 9 neut4 plur41 #acj1 #b2 #dfa2 9 abl4 end+ e ( cons4 /ems1 #ejb2 9 v]b end+s1 #acj1 #acb2 9 nom4 end+ -or1 #acb2 9 mih1 tib1 sib1 ib1 ub1 alicub1 ncubi1 scubi1 ub9am1 ubivs1 ubicumque1 ibdem1 #abi1 #b2 9 iambic words 9 v]se1 #abi1 #a2 be=e -n = -sn1 #abi1 #a2 9 p]f4 end+ -runt1 #heg2 9 p]f4 subjv41 #hgf2 v>iations ( quantity1 #acd2 9 fir/ syllable ( ille1 illic1 quippe1 imm1 c41 #bdfi2 iambic1 rule (1 #bdgj-bdgb2 v[el be=e ano!r v[el reta9$ long1 #abg2 long v[el 9 specific end+s 9 ,old ,lat91 #acb4 ,%[+1 v]bs (1 ) two accusatives1 #aafg4 ,sibilants1 #gi4 ,simple1 words1 def9$1 #aha2 =mative suffixes1 def9$1 #bjj2 s5t5ce1 def9$1 #ajbd1 see ,s5t5ce4 ,s+ul> numb]1 9 n\ns1 def9$1 #dad2 lack+1 see ,defective2 ) diff]5t mean+ f plur41 #dah1 #dhj2 9 sub/s41 9 agreem5t1 #ajgg-ajha1 see ,agreem5t2 9 adjs41 prons41 p>tic41 9 agreem5t1 #ajhb-ajih1 see ,agreem5t2 9 collective s5se1 #ajii2 ( a class1 #aajj2 neut41 ( adjs4 us$ z sub/s41 #ajic1 #aaja1 #abej2 ( o!r adjs4 us$ z sub/s41 #aajb1 #aajc2 9 v]bs1 def9$1 #gbb2 9 v]bs1 9 agreem5t1 #ajfb-ajgf1 #ajhj1 see ,agreem5t2 ( g]undive1 ) no/r1 c41 #bbfj4 ,smell1 v]bs (1 ) acc41 #aadc4 ,s(t5+1 #bejd4 ,sonants1 #ge4 ,sotadean1 #bgab1 #bgac4 ,s\nd1 "o ( ! divisions ( ,lat9 ,gramm>1 treat$1 #a1 #af-agi2 *ange (1 9 v[els1 #ee-aac2 *ange (1 9 diph?ongs1 #hj-hh2 *ange (1 9 consonants1 #aad-aed2 see ,sub/itution1 ,developm5t1 ,disappe>ance1 ,assimilation1 ,dissimilation1 ,int]*ange1 ,l5g!n+1 ,%ort5+1 ,weak5+1 ,hiatus1 ,contraction1 ,elision1 ,aff9ities1 ,pronunciation1 ,acc5t1 ,quantity4 ,s\nds1 cont9u\s1 def9$1 #ea2 mom5t>y1 def9$1 #ea2 classifi$1 #ed4 ,s\rce1 abl4 (1 #acab-acae1 #adbf2 express$ by g541 #abcb2 express$ by adj41 #adbg4 ,space1 ext5t (1 d5ot$ by acc41 #aaea-aaef1 #acih1 #adge2 d5ot$ by abl41 #aaec1 #acii4 ,sp>+1 expressions (1 case )1 #aaha-aahe4 ,specification1 abl4 (1 #ache2 acc4 (1 see ,"p conc]n$2 g54 (1 see ,g5itive4 ,spirants1 #gh4 ,spondaic v]se1 def9$1 #beef2 use1 #beff1 #befg4 ,spondee1 def9$1 #beba2 irrational1 #bebd4 ,/atem5ts1 g5]al1 ) antequam1 priusquam1 #aiab-aiad2 p>ticul>1 ) antequam1 priusquam1 #aiae-aiba4 ,/ems1 def9$1 #aie2 roots us$ z1 #aie1 #aih1 #aii2 root us$ z /em 9 root v]bs1 #gch-gdc1 #hbh1 #hdd2 pres41 us$ z roots1 #aij-aid1 #hee2 new1 h[ =m$1 #aif2 root /em1 def9$1 #aie2 /em v[el reta9$ be=e end+1 9 v]bs1 #cfg1 #hdj2 reta9$ 9 n\ns1 #djj2 n\n /ems classifi$1 #cii2 n\n /ems1 h[ f\nd1 #dba2 h[ indicat$1 #dba2 n\ns ) two =ms ( /em or two /ems1 #dja1 #dac1 #dgj1 #dge1 #eca1 #ede1 #eff-efi1 #fjc1 #fcb2 prons4 )1 #fde1 #feb1 #fgb2 v]bs )1 #gbj1 #hah-hbc1 #ibd-ajai2 -- /ems ( sub/s41 decl4 (1 #dcb-dde2 -o- /ems ( sub/s41 decl4 (1 #ddf-dff2 cons4 /ems ( sub/s41 decl4 (1 #dfg-eab1 see ,decl5sion2 -i- /ems ( sub/s41 decl4 (1 #eac-efi1 see ,decl5sion2 mix$1 #eac2 -- /ems1 decl4 (1 #ehe-eie2 -- /ems1 decl4 (1 #eif-fjg2 -o- & -- /ems ( adjs41 decl4 (1 #fac-fbj1 #dcb-dff2 cons4 /ems ( adjs41 decl4 (1 #fba-fbf1 #dfg-eab1 see ,decl5sion2 -i- /ems ( adjs41 decl4 (1 #fbg-fcf1 #ebi-efi1 see ,decl5sion2 ( pres4 p>tic41 #fcb2 ( p]sonal prons41 #fde2 ( hc1 #ffb2 ( is1 #fgb2 ( ipse1 #fgi2 ( qu1 quis1 #fha1 #fhg-fhi2 ( ! v]b1 numb] (1 #gah2 defective v]bs1 #hje-hag2 =mation (1 #hbd-iai1 #cfe-cge1 see ,=mation2 v]bs arrang$ accord+ to pr94 p>ts1 #ibj-ajbb1 see ,v]bs4 ,/i*ic s]ies1 #bedf4 ,/ipulation1 v]bs (1 ) purpose clause1 #aiej4 ,/riv+1 v]bs (1 ) purpose clause1 #aiej2 ) complem5t>y inf941 #aiec4 ,/rophe1 def9$1 #bede2 ,alcaic & ,sapphic1 #bede4 ,/uff1 abl4 (1 #acab-acae2 g54 (1 #abee4 ,subject1 ( s5t5ce1 def9$1 #ajbc2 sub/4 or equival5t ^w or words1 #ajbf2 9 nom41 #ajbg2 :5 express$ & :5 omitt$1 #ajbh-ajcd2 enl>g$1 #ajch-ajdg2 subord9ate s5t5ce z1 #agae2 quod s5t5ce z1 #ahde2 cum s5t5ce z1 #ahga2 complem5t>y clause z1 #aidh2 inf94 z1 #bafg1 #bbjg-bbae2 p]f4 p>tic4 z1 #bbhi2 nom41 ( inf941 #aece2 acc41 ( inf941 #bagc2 ( inf941 omitt$1 #aecg1 #bahc2 g54 (1 #abcb-abch4 ,subjunctive mood1 t5ses (1 #gaf2 h[ translat$1 #gag4 ,=mation ( t5ses (1 pres41 #hda-hdc2 impf41 #hdi1 #hej2 p]f41 #hgf-hgh2 plup41 #hha2 %ort or old =ms1 #hhe-hic4 ,uses (1 =ms ( possum & dbe 91 #adih2 ( desire1 #aedj-aeec2 9 wi%es1 #aedj-aedf2 9 exhortation1 direction1 /atem5t ( propriety1 obligation1 necessity1 prohibition1 #aedg-aeeb2 express+ will+ness1 assumption1 concession1 #aeec2 ( action conceivable1 9 simple s5t5ces1 #aeed-aefb2 accompani$ by frtasse1 c41 #aeed2 velim1 nlim1 mlim1 #aeee2 vellem1 nllem1 mllem1 #aefj2 9 que/ions1 9 simple s5t5ces1 #aefc-aefi2 t5ses (1 9 simple s5t5ces1 #afcd1 #afce2 t5ses (1 9 subord9ate s5t5ces1 #agdj-aggb2 sequ5ce ( t5ses1 #agdj-agde2 subord9ate to indic41 #agdf-agfa2 subord9ate to subjv41 #agfb-agfe2 subord9ate to n\n ( v]b1 #agff-agfi2 t5ses (1 9 ind4 disc4 & by attraction1 #aggj-aggb1 #bcbb-bcbd2 t5ses (1 9 conditional protases 9 ind4 disc41 #bcbf-bcbi2 9 coord9ation1 #agje-agac1 see ,coord9ation2 9 ind4 disc41 #agbb-agbg1 #bcab-bcbd1 #bcbf-bcbi2 ( attraction or assimilation1 #agbh2 ( repeat$ action1 #agcj2 ( wi%1 action conceivable1 int]rogation1 9 subord9ate s5t5ce1 #agca2 ( indirect "q1 #aggc-aghf1 see ,que/ions2 indic4 que/ions app>5tly indirect1 #aghg-agia2 s1 s =te )1 #aggg2 rel4 s5t5ce equival5t to conditional prot41 #ahab2 ) indef4 rel4 prons4 & advs41 #ahad2 rel4 s5t5ces ( purpose 91 #ahaf1 #ahag2 rel4 s5t5ces ( *>act]i/ic or result 91 #ahaf1 #ahah-ahbc2 ) dignus1 indignus1 idneus1 #ahai2 coord9at$ ) sub/41 adj41 or p>tic41 #ahbj2 ) antec4 omitt$1 indef4 antec41 or nm e/ qu1 nihil e/ quod1 c41 #ahba1 #ahbb2 rel4 s5t5ces ( cause1 reason1 pro(1 concession 91 #ahbd-ahcj2 quippe qu1 ut qu1 ut pote qu )1 #ahbg2 p>5!tical1 quod sciam1 qu quidem1 #ahbi2 ) quod1 quia1 #ahch-aheh2 ) cum1 #ahei1 #ahgj1 #ahgb1 #ahgc1 #ahgg-ahha2 ) quoniam1 #ahhb-ahhd2 ) quotins1 quotinscumque1 #ahhg2 ) quam1 #ahif1 #ahig2 ) quamquam1 #aijj1 #aija2 ) quamvs1 #aijd1 #aije2 ) quamlibet1 #aijg2 ) tamquam1 #aiji2 ) antequam1 priusquam1 #aiaa-aiba2 ) prdi quam1 #aibb2 ) ub1 ut quisque1 #aicb2 ) ut1 ut1 n1 #aidg-aigj2 ) ub1 #aiga2 ) qu1 qu1 #aigb1 #aigd-aigf2 ) qum9us1 #aigg1 #aigh2 ) qu stius1 #aigi2 ) qun1 #aihj-aiij2 ) dum1 dnec1 quoad1 quamdi1 #aiia-bjji2 ) modo1 #bjjc2 ) qu&1 #bjaj2 9 conditional p]iods1 #bjbc-baae2 ) ets1 tamets1 tam5ets1 etiams1 s1 #baaf2 ) quas1 quam s1 tamquam s1 c41 #baag-babb2 use ( reflexive 9 subord9ate clauses conta9+1 #bcda1 #bcdb4 ,subord9ate con/ructions1 hi/ory (1 #afic-afie1 #agje1 #agjf1 #agdj1 #aieg4 ,subord9ate relations1 express$ coord9ately1 #afic-agac1 see ,coord9ation4 ,subord9ate s5t5ces1 #ajee1 #ajeh-ajfa2 "q 91 #aecc2 treat$1 #agad-babb2 h[ express$1 #agad2 value (1 #agae2 names (1 #agaf2 t5ses ( indic4 91 #agcb-agci2 t5ses ( subjv4 91 #agdj-aggb2 mood (1 #agbj-agca1 #aggc-babb2 foll[+ sup9e 9 -um1 #bbgb2 introduc$ by sup9e 9 -1 #bbge2 mood (1 9 ind4 disc41 #bcae-bcbj2 use ( reflexive pron4 91 #bcda-bcdc2 is us$ = reflexive 91 #bcgj4 ,subord9ation1 ( rel4 s5t5ce1 #ahcd4 ,sub/antives1 def9$1 #d-g2 ab/ract1 #g2 concrete1 #e2 mat]ial1 #f2 end+s (1 law ( iambic %ort5+ appli$ to1 #abi-acb2 =mation (1 #ahj-bjc2 roots & /ems1 #ahc-aih2 )\t =mative suffix1 #aie1 #aih1 #aii2 ) =mative suffix1 #aie-aih1 #bjj-bjc2 suffixes (1 #bjd-bgi1 see ,suffix2 comp\nd1 =mation & mean+ (1 #cgi-cij2 inflection (1 #cih-fjg1 see ,g5d]1 ,numb]1 ,case1 ,decl5sion2 adjs4 us$ z1 ) -e1 - 9 abl4 s+41 #eeh1 #efa1 #fca2 advs4 f1 #fif-gjj1 #gjc1 #gjh1 #gaj4 ,modifi]s (1 #ajch-ajdg2 obj4 (1 def9$1 #ajdf2 pr$41 see ,pr$icate2 agreem5t (1 #ajgg-ajha1 see ,agreem5t4 ,uses (1 #ajii-adfh2 us$ adjectively1 #ajdb2 adjs4 us$ z1 #ajii-aajd1 #aajf1 #ajic1 #abej2 ) acc4 app5d$1 #aabi1 #aacf2 ) dat4 app5d$1 #aahc1 #abjh1 #abbe2 ) g541 #abbg-abfb2 ) abl4 app5d$1 #acja1 #acjg1 #acji1 #acad1 #acdb1 #acge-acgg2 ) loc4 app5d$1 #acja1 #acca2 omitt$ 9 abl4 abs4 #acga2 us$ alone z abl4 abs41 #acgb2 us$ z preps41 #adjf2 comb9ation (1 by a prep41 #adbf-adbh2 prepositional expressions equival5t to1 #adbh2 repetition ( prep4 ) sev]al1 #adbi2 omission ( prep4 ) sev]al1 #adcj2 two preps4 ) "o sub/41 #adca1 #adcb2 qualifi$ by adv41 #adci-adda2 advs4 us$ z1 #addb2 subord9ate s5t5ces ) value (1 #agae2 express$ 9 bo? memb]s ( rel4 s5t5ce1 #agie1 #agif2 put be=e ! rel41 #agig2 omitt$ be=e rel41 #agih2 rel4 s5t5ce coord9at$ )1 #ahbj2 quod clause ) value (1 #ahde2 complem5t>y clause ) value (1 #aidh2 inf94 z sub/4 acc41 #bbjd-bbjf2 ) acc4 ( g]undive con/ruction or g]und1 #bbeb2 ) dat4 ( g]undive con/ruction #bbed2 ) g54 ( g]undive con/ruction or g]und1 #bbeh2 ! sub/4 p>tic41 #bbhg-bbib4 ,sub/itution1 ( consonants1 #adg-afd1 passim2 ( l = d or r1 #adg1 #adh2 ( r = s1 #aed2 ( h = guttural aspirate1 #aeb2 ( b = p1 #afd1 #b2 ( g = c1 #afd1 #f2 ( d = t1 #adi1 #b4 ,suffix1 =mative1 def9$1 #aie2 n\ns )1 #aie-aih1 #bjj-bjc2 n\ns )\t1 #aie1 #aih1 #aii2 simple & comp\nd1 def9$1 #bjj2 prec$$ by v[el1 #bjb4 ,sub/antive suffixes1 #bjd-bgi2 primitive1 #bjd-bde2 d5om9ative1 #bdf-bgi1 #bbf1 #bbg1 #bcb2 d5ot+ ag5t1 #bjd-baa2 d5ot+ action1 #bab-bcg1 #bdi2 =m+ collectives1 #bbh1 #bdi2 d5ot+ concrete effect1 #bac1 #bag1 #bbd1 #bda2 d5ot+ in/rum5t or means1 #bch-bde1 #bac1 #bbd2 d5ot+ result1 #bac1 #bbb1 #bca1 #bcd-bcf1 #bci1 #bdi1 #bif2 d5ot+ quality1 #bdf-bfd2 d5ot+ p]son conc]n$1 #bfe1 #cji2 d5ot+ place1 #bff1 #bbh1 #bda1 #bdb1 #bde1 #bdi1 #cjh1 #cji1 #cad1 #ccd2 =m+ dim9utives1 #bfg-bgh2 d5ot+ patronymics1 #bgi4 ,adjective suffixes1 #bhj-cfj2 primitive1 #bhj-big1 #cje2 d5om9ative1 #bih-cfj1 #bhg2 d5ot+ active quality1 #bha-bij1 #bic1 #bid1 #bif2 d5ot+ passive quality1 #bia-big1 #bhb1 #bhc2 d5ot+ mat]ial or resemblance1 #bii-cja2 d5ot+ appurt5ance1 #cjb-ccj2 d5ot+ supply1 #cca-cch2 =m+ dim9utives1 #cci1 #cdj2 comp>4 suffixes1 #cdf-cdh2 sup]l4 suffixes1 #cdi-ceb2 d5ot+ place1 #cag1 #cba1 #cdg4 ,adv]b suffixes1 dim9utive1 #cda2 ( comp>4 & sup]l41 #cfa-cfd4 ,v]bal suffixes1 d5om9ative1 #cfe-cge2 frequ5tative or int5sive1 #cga-cgd2 desid]ative1 #cge2 m$itative1 #cge2 inceptive or in*oative1 #hcd2 -n1 -t1 -i1 #hcb1 #hcc1 #hce-hch4 ,pron\n suffix -met1 #fej1 #fee2 -pte1 #fee2 -ce1 #ffb-ffd1 #ffi1 #fgj4 ,summ>y1 asyndeton (1 #babg4 ,sup]lative1 ,( adjs41 suffixes (1 #cdi-ceb2 ( adjs4 9 -er1 #cdd1 #cej2 ( adjs4 9 -ilis1 #cde1 #cej1 #cei2 lack+1 #cei1 #cfj2 =m$ f /ems & roots1 #cdb2 =m$ by mxim1 #cfj4 ,( adv]bs1 end+s (1 #cfa-cfc2 lack+1 #cfd2 ) g541 #abdb4 ,use ( summus1 c41 #abdi2 abl4 ) words ( sup]l4 mean+1 #acic2 us$ :5 two ?+s are comp>$1 #adef2 express$ by comp>4 & neg41 #adfb2 ( m ?an two ?+s1 #adfe2 /r5g!n$ by nus1 quam1 maxim1 c41 #adff1 #ahib1 #aijc2 d5ot+ high degree1 #adfg2 absolute1 #adfg2 ( em95ce1 #adfg1 #adfh2 /r5g!n$ by a comp>41 #adfh2 accompani$ by vel1 #afga2 agree+ ) a rel41 #ahaj2 tam 4 4 4 quam qu1 quantus1 ut1 c41 #ahib2 d\ble1 ) quam 4 4 4 tam1 #ahic2 repres5t$ by quamvs ) adj4 or adv41 #aijc2 ut quisque1 quisque )1 #aici4 ,sup9e1 acc4 or abl4 ( sub/s4 9 -tu- 7-su-71 #bce1 #bbfi2 ! sup9es1 v]bal n\ns1 #gcb1 #bbfi2 =mation (1 #ijj2 lack+1 #ijj2 d5ot+ purpose1 #aaff1 #bbgj2 use ( sup9e 9 -um1 #bbfi-bbgc2 use ( sup9e 9 -1 #bbfi1 #bbgd-bbgg4 ,surds1 #ge4 ,surprise1 express$ by dat41 #abaa2 que/ions (1 #aecb1 #aeff-aefi2 v]bs (1 ) quod1 quia1 #ahea2 ) cum1 #ahea1 #ahge2 ) acc4 & inf941 #bahg1 #bahh1 #bahd2 express$ by inf941 #bbaf4 ,syllaba anceps1 #becc1 #becd4 ,syllabic function1 #bb1 #hb1 #hc4 ,syllables1 f9al1 v[el ( %ort5$1 #abi-acb2 see ,%ort5+2 v[el ( reta9$ long1 #acb2 quantity (1 #agg2 conta9+ h1 qu1 #agg2 conta9+ %ort v[el be=e mute or f foll[$ by l or r1 #agh2 division (1 #age2 names (1 #age2 irrational1 #bebd2 see ,acc5t1 ,atonic4 ,syna]esis1 #bejj4 ,synaloepha1 #bdih4 ,synapheia1 #beaj4 ,syncope1 def9$1 #aaa1 #afh1 #bejh2 9 v]sification1 #beda4 ,synecdo*ical1 acc41 see ,"p conc]n$4 ,synizesis1 #aag1 #bdii4 ,sy/em1 ! pres41 #hbh-hec1 #cfe-cfg1 #gch-gdj2 ! p]f41 #hed-iai1 #gch-gdj1 see ,=mation2 9 v]sification1 def9$1 #bedg4 ,sy/ol1 #bejg4 ,tak+ away1 v]bs (1 ) dat41 #abji2 ) inf94 ( purpose1 #bafe4 ,tak+ up1 v]bs (1 ) inf94 ( purpose1 #bafe4 ,ta/e1 v]bs (1 ) acc41 #aadc4 ,tea*+1 v]bs (1 ) two accusatives1 #aafi-aaga2 ) acc4 & inf941 #baig4 ,tell+1 v]bs (1 ) indirect "q1 #aggd4 ,temporal1 s5t5ces1 def9$1 #agaf2 subjv4 ( ind4 disc4 & attraction 91 #agbb1 #bcai2 subjv4 ( repeat$ action 91 #agcj2 cum1 #ahei-ahgc2 quoniam1 #ahhb1 #ahhc2 antequam1 priusquam1 c41 #aiaa-aibb2 dum1 dnec1 quoad1 quamdi1 #aiia2 qu&1 #bjaj-bjab2 po/quam1 ub1 ut1 c41 #aibc-aicd2 coord9at$ memb] equival5t to1 #afii4 ,tempus1 9 v]sification1 #beae4 ,t5d5cy1 dat4 (1 #abai-abbb4 ,t5ses1 ( ! indic41 #gaf2 ( ! subjv41 #gaf2 ( ! imp]41 #gaf2 mean+s (1 #gag2 f two /ems1 #gbj2 =mation (1 #hbd-iai1 see ,=mation2 prim>y & second>y1 #agag2 sequ5ce (1 #agdj-agde4 ,9 simple s5t5ces1 pres4 indic41 #aehg-aeic1 #afja2 impf4 indic41 #aeid-afja1 #adie-adig2 fut41 #afai-afbe2 p]f4 indic41 #afjb-afac1 #afaf2 plup4 indic41 #afad-afah1 #afjg1 #afji2 fut4 p]f41 #afbf-afcb1 #afjg1 #afji2 subjv41 #afcd1 #afce1 #aedj-aefi4 ,9 subord9ate s5t5ces1 indic41 #agcb-agci2 subjv41 g5]al rem>ks1 #agdj-agde2 subjv4 subord9ate to indic41 #agdf-agfa2 subjv4 subord9ate to subjv41 #agfb-agfe2 subjv4 subord9ate to n\n ( ! v]b1 #agff-agfi2 subjv4 9 ind4 disc4 or by attraction1 #aggj-aggb1 #bcbb-bcbd2 conditional protases 9 ind4 disc41 #bcbf-bcbi2 use 9 indirect que/ions1 #aggc-agia2 use 9 rel4 s5t5ce1 #agib-ahcg2 use ) conjunctive p>ticles1 #ahch-babb4 ,( inf941 #bbah-bbcf1 #bcba2 conditional apodoses 9 ind4 disc41 #bccj-bccd2 ( p>tic41 #bbgh-bbii2 see ,pres5t1 c4 ,t]nrius1 iambic1 #bfba-bfbc2 tro*aic1 #bfdd-bfdf4 ,tetramet]1 def9$1 #becf2 dactylic1 #begg1 #begh2 iambic1 #bfjd-bfji2 tro*aic1 #bfbi-bfda2 anapae/ic1 #bfhd-bfhf2 cretic1 #bfid-bfif2 bac*iac1 #bgja-bgjc2 ionic1 #bgab-bgaf4 ,tetrapody1 def9$1 #beca2 logao$ic1 #bffj-bffc4 ,tetraseme1 #beaf4 ,tetra/i*1 #bede4 ,?anks1 express$ by fut41 #afbb2 ita 4 4 4 ut 91 #aedb1 #afbb1 #aicg4 ,!me1 ( v]b1 #gch-gdj4 ,!sis1 #bebj4 ,?9k+1 v]bs (1 ) indef4 subjv41 #ajcc2 ) two accusatives1 #aafg2 coord9at$1 #afif2 ind4 disc4 )1 #agbd2 illogically 9 subjv4 9 rel4 clause1 #agbg1 #bcbj2 ) acc4 & inf941 #bage2 "t ( inf94 )1 #bbai1 #bbbf2 see ,indirect ,disc\rse4 ,?reat1 introduc$ by "q1 #aecb2 express$ by fut41 #afai2 implication ( 9 fut4 p]f41 #afbi4 ,?reat5+1 expressions (1 case )1 #aaha-aahe2 ) acc4 & inf941 #bahf2 ) pres4 inf941 #bahf4 ,?ymelicus1 #bfig4 ,"t1 duration (1 d5ot$ by acc41 #aaea-aaef2 acc4 ( duration ( made subj4 9 pass41 #adge2 duration (1 d5ot$ by abl41 #acee2 at :i*1 d5ot$ by acc41 #aaef2 at :i*1 d5ot$ by loc41 #acda2 at :i*1 d5ot$ by abl41 #acej1 #acea1 #acec2 )9 :i*1 d5ot$ by abl41 #aceb-aced2 be=e or aft] :i*1 #acid-acig1 #aaed2 d5ot$ by advs41 #adch2 rel41 ( subord9ate s5t5ce1 #agcb1 #agda2 indep5d5t1 ( subord9ate s5t5ce1 #agch1 #agdd2 antequam ) n\ns d5ot+1 #aibj2 po/quam ) n\ns d5ot+1 #aibi2 d5ot$ by abl4 ( g]undive con/ruction or g]und1 #bbff2 ( p>tic41 #bbgi-bbha2 express$ by abl4 abs41 #acfg2 express$ by p>tic41 #bbie2 see ,temporal4 ,a1 9 v]sification1 def9$1 #beae4 ,titles1 ( books1 use ( nom4 91 #aaad-aaaf2 ( (fice1 ) g]undive con/ruction1 #bbed4 ,tmesis1 def9$1 #adjg1 #beji2 9 qucumque1 #fib4 ,t[ns1 names (1 =m ( loc4 case (1 #dch1 #dfj1 #ejd1 #eed2 decl4 (1 #eah1 #edi1 #eed1 #eeg2 9 acc4 ) expressions ( motion1 #aaeg-aafj2 us$ adjectively1 #abcc2 con/ructions )1 to d5ote place f :i*1 #acjg-acaj2 con/ructions )1 to d5ote place 9 or at :i*1 #acca-accf1 #acdb1 #acdc2 rel4 advs41 ub1 qu1 unde1 ref]r+ to1 #agic4 ,transf] ( quantity1 #acc4 ,transition1 express$ by quid quod1 #ahdi2 express$ by quoniam1 #ahhd2 hc & ille 91 #bcec1 #bcfj4 ,transitive use1 v]bs (1 def9$1 #aacc2 us$ intransitively1 #aacc1 #adgi2 v]bs usually intransitive us$ z1 #aacg1 #aaci1 #aaia2 ) d\ble acc41 #aach2 ) dat41 #aaib-aaii1 #abje-abaj2 us$ imp]sonally1 #adgi2 use ( g]undive (1 #bahj1 #bbdf1 #bbdg2 use ( g]und (1 #bbdb1 #bbee1 #bbei1 #bbfe4 ,trees1 names (1 g5d]1 #djg1 #djh1 #egc4 ,trial1 expressions (1 ) s1 s =te1 #aggg4 ,tribra*1 #beba4 ,trimet]1 def9$1 #becf2 dactylic1 #begi2 iambic 7s5>ius71 #behc-beif2 ! *oliambus1 #beig-bfjj2 iambic1 catalectic1 #bfja-bfjc2 cretic1 #bfig4 ,tripody1 def9$1 #beca2 iambic1 #bfbd2 tro*aic1 #bfdg1 #bfdh2 logao$ic1 #bfei4 ,triseme1 #beaf4 ,tri/i*1 #bede4 ,tri!mim]al caesura1 #bedd4 ,tri!mim]is1 #beca4 ,tro*aic1 rhy?ms1 #bfbh-bfdi2 tetramet] catalectic1 #bfbi-bfce2 tetramet] acatalectic1 #bfcf-bfch2 tetramet] claudus1 #bfci-bfda2 n9e-syllabl$ ,alcaic1 #bfdb2 dimet] acatalectic1 #bfdc2 dimet] catalectic1 #bfdd-bfdf2 tripody acatalectic1 #bfdg2 tripody catalectic1 #bfdh2 monomet]1 c41 #bfdi2 dactylo-tro*aic1 #bfge-bfha2 /rophe1 9 ,horace1 #bgba4 ,tro*ee1 #beba4 ,tru/+1 v]bs (1 case )1 #aaha-aahe4 ,try1 v]bs mean+1 ) inf941 #bafi4 ,und]tak+1 v]bs (1 ) g]undive con/ruction1 #bbej4 ,unfulfill$1 wi%es1 t5ses (1 #aedd1 #aede2 conditions1 see ,non-occurr5t4 ,union1 v]bs (1 case )1 #aahf4 ,unit ( ,measure1 #beae4 ,unsyllabic function1 #bb1 #hb1 #hc4 ,useful1 adjs4 mean+1 cases )1 #abjj2 ) g]undive con/ruction or g]und1 #bbeb4 ,value1 abl4 (1 #achh-acib4 ,valu+1 v]bs (1 ) g541 #abga-abge4 ,v>iable1 v[el1 #hbd-hbg1 #hci1 #hdj1 #geh1 #gei1 #cff4 ,v>iations ( quantity1 #acd4 ,vel>s1 #dd1 #gg4 ,v]bs1 def9$1 #ab2 end+s (1 %ort5$1 #abi2 end+s (1 reta9$ long1 #acb2 r$uplicat$ v]b roots1 #geh1 #hbh1 #hbi2 r$uplicat$ p]f41 #heh-hfa1 #ibc-icb2 primitive1 !me 91 #gch-gda2 comp\nd$ ) n\ns or n\n /ems1 #chd1 #cie2 ) preps41 #cia1 #cib1 #cif2 ) v]b /ems1 #cid2 ) advs41 #cif2 root v]bs1 def9$1 #gdc2 irregul>1 def9$1 #gdc2 inflect$1 #gdd-gha2 semi-depon5ts1 #hja1 #adhh4 ,inflection (1 #gac-ajbb2 ! /em1 #gad-gbj2 ! p]son end+1 #gba-gca2 n\ns ( ! v]b1 #gcb2 pr94 p>ts1 #gcc-gce2 designation ( ! v]b1 #gcf1 #gcg2 !me ( ! v]b1 #gch-gdj2 arrangem5t ( ! v]b1 #gda1 #gdb2 inflection ( primitive v]bs1 #gdc-gia2 inflection ( d5om9ative v]bs1 #gib-gig2 depon5t1 #gih-hja2 p]iphra/ic =ms1 #hjb-hjd2 defective v]bs1 #hje-hag1 #ijg1 #ibb-ajai2 r$undant v]bs1 #hah-hbc1 #ibd-ajai4 ,=mation ( /ems (1 #hbd-iai2 v>iable v[el1 #hbd-hbg2 pres4 indic4 ( root v]bs1 #hbh2 pres4 indic4 ( v]bs 9 -ere1 #hbi-hch2 pres4 indic4 ( d5om9atives1 #cci1 #hdj2 pres4 subjv41 #hda-hdc2 imp]41 #hdd-hdf2 impf4 indic41 #hdg1 #hdh2 impf4 subjv41 #hdi1 #hej2 fut41 #hea-hec2 p]f4 indic41 #hed-hge2 p]f4 subjv41 #hgf-hgh2 p]f4 imp]41 #hgi2 plup4 indic41 #hhj2 plup4 subjv41 #hha2 fut4 p]f41 #hhb-hhd2 %ort or old =ms1 #hhe-hic2 inf941 #hid-hih2 g]undive & g]und1 #hii2 sup9e1 #ijj2 pres4 p>tic41 #ija-ijc2 fut4 p>tic41 #ijd1 #ije2 p]f4 p>tic41 #ijf-iai2 =mation ( d5om9ative v]bs1 #cfe-cge4 ,li/ (1 #ibj-ajbb2 root v]bs1 #ibb2 v]bs 9 -ere1 p]f4 /em )\t suffix1 #ibc-iea2 v]bs 9 -ere1 p]f4 /em 9 -s-1 #ieb-ifa2 v]bs 9 -ere1 p]f4 /em 9 -v-1 #ifb-igj2 v]bs 9 -ere1 p]f4 /em 9 -u-1 #iga-igf2 depon5ts 9 -1 #igg-ihf2 v]bs 9 -re1 p]f4 /em )\t suffix1 #ihi1 #iij2 v]bs 9 -re1 p]f4 /em 9 -v-1 #iia1 #iib2 v]bs 9 -re1 p]f4 /em 9 -u-1 #iic2 depon5ts 9 -r1 #iid2 v]bs 9 -re1 p]f4 /em )\t suffix1 #ihe-iih2 v]bs 9 -re1 p]f4 /em 9 -s-1 #iii1 #ajjj2 v]bs 9 -re1 p]f4 /em 9 -v-1 #ajja-ajjc2 v]bs 9 -re1 p]f4 /em 9 -u-1 #ajjd-ajjg2 depon5ts 9 -r1 #ajjh-ajaj2 v]bs 9 -re1 p]f4 /em )\t suffix1 #ajaa-ajac2 v]bs 9 -re1 p]f4 /em 9 -s-1 #ajad1 #ajae2 v]bs 9 -re1 p]f4 /em 9 -v-1 #ajaf-ajah2 v]bs 9 -re1 p]f4 /em 9 -u-1 #ajai2 depon5ts 9 -r1 #ajbj-ajbb4 ,use (1 #adfi-bbii2 9 #crd p]s4 ) indef4 subjv41 #ajcc2 omitt$1 #ajcf2 agreem5t (1 #ajfb-ajgf1 #ajhj1 #ahjg1 see ,agreem5t2 g54 )1 #abga-abid1 see ,g5itive2 comp\nd$1 #adjb-adji1 see ,prepositions2 sequ5ce ( t5ses foll[+ n\n (1 #agff-agfi2 use ( n\ns (1 #bafj-bbii2 ) acc4 ( g]und & g]undive1 #bbej1 #bbeb2 ) abl41 #bbed-bbeg2 "s occasional peculi>ities (1 #bcjj-bcjg2 conative use1 #bcja-bcjc2 causative use1 #bcjd2 pot5tial use1 #bcje2 obligatory use1 #bcjf2 p]missive use1 #bcjg2 cases )1 see ,ablative1 c41 ,prepositions2 ( transitive & intransitive use1 see ,transitive use1 ,intransitive use2 imp]sonal1 see ,imp]sonal2 see ,subjunctive1 c41 ,pres5t1 c4 ,v]se1 def9$1 #becc2 treatm5t ( end (1 #becc2 dicolic1 #bece2 asyn>tetic1 #bece2 names (1 #becf2 catalectic & acatalectic1 #becg2 bra*ycatalectic1 #bech2 catalectic 9 syllabam1 c41 #beci2 v]ses comb9$ to make /rophe1 #bede2 acc5tual & quantitative1 #bedh2 spondaic1 #beef1 #beff1 #befg2 hyp]metrical1 #befh4 ,v]sification1 #beaa-bgci4 ,vivid n>ration1 pres4 (1 #aeij1 see ,pres5t4 ,vocative case1 def9$1 #dbj2 9 :at words us$1 #dbj2 orig9 ( =m (1 9 -o- decl41 #ga1 #gf2 =m & acc5t (1 9 -o- decl41 #agb1 #deb1 #ded1 #deh1 #dei2 =ms (1 9 ,greek words ( -- decl41 #dde2 9 ,greek words ( cons4 decl41 #eji1 #eab2 9 ,greek words ( -i- decl41 #efe2 ( meus1 #feb2 use (1 #aaai-aabc2 nom4 us$ z1 #aaah-aabc2 comb9$ ) nom41 #aaba2 us$ 9 pr$41 #aabb2 accompani$ by 1 pr1 eho1 heus1 au1 c41 #aabc2 use ( t1 #aaah1 #aeff1 #aega2 accompany+ imp]41 #aega2 z apod41 #baab4 ,voice1 9 v]bs1 def9$1 #gbc1 #adfi1 #adgb2 see ,active1 ,passive4 ,voic$ & ,unvoic$1 #ge4 ,v[els1 cons4 & v[el i & u1 #bb1 #eb2 long & %ort1 h[ d5ot$1 #bi2 classification (1 #dc-df2 pronunciation (1 #cc1 #cg-db2 v[el *anges1 #ie-ade2 see ,l5g!n+1 ,%ort5+1 ,weak5+1 ,diph?ongs1 ,developm5t1 ,disappe>ance1 ,hiatus1 ,contraction1 ,elision1 ,assimilation1 ,dissimilation1 ,gradation1 ,int]*ange2 rules ( v[el quantity1 #ce1 #cf1 #bdbi-bdgb2 v[el roots1 def9$1 #ahh2 /em v[el reta9$ be=e end+1 9 v]bs1 #cfg1 #hdj2 9 n\ns1 #djj2 v>iable1 #hbd-hbg1 #geh1 #gei1 #hbi1 #hci1 #hdj1 #cff2 long v[el 9 p]f4 /em1 #hfb-hfe1 #icf-idf2 v[el /ems1 sub/s4 & adjs41 see -i- /ems4 ,want1 v]bs (1 ) g541 #abic2 ) abl41 #acjb-acjf1 #abic2 adjs4 (1 ) g541 #abfc2 ) abl41 #acjf4 ,w>d+ (f1 v]bs (1 ) dat41 #abji4 ,weak5+1 ( v[els1 #ajb-aji2 9 m$ial syllables1 #ajc-ajf2 9 f9al syllables1 #ajg2 ( diph?ongs1 #ajh1 see ,diph?ongs4 ,weep+1 v]bs (1 us$ transitively1 #aaci4 ,w1 express$ by fut41 #afai2 %all & w1 #afai2 v]bs (1 ) purpose clause1 #aidi2 ) inf941 #bafi2 ) p]f4 inf941 #bbbe4 ,will+ness1 express$ by subjv4 ( desire1 #aeec4 ,w9ds1 names (1 g5d]1 #dje4 ,wi%1 express$ by subjv41 #aedj-aedf2 introduc$ by ut9am1 ut1 ut1 qu1 modo1 n1 nn1 nec1 #aedj2 ) s1 s1 #aedf2 express$ by subjv4 9 subord9ate s5t5ce1 #agca2 express$ by imp]41 #aega2 z prot4 ( conditional p]iod1 #baaj4 ,wi%+1 v]bs (1 ) d\ble acc41 #aagb2 subjv4 coord9at$ )1 #agjg2 ) ut1 n1 #aiej2 ) inf941 #bafi2 ) acc4 & inf941 #bahi1 #baij1 #bbbh2 ) p]f4 act4 inf941 #bbbc1 #bbbd2 ) p]f4 pass4 inf941 #bbbi2 see ,desire4 ,)\t1 express$ by p>tic4 & neg41 #bbif4 ,wond]+1 v]bs (1 ) indirect "q1 #aggd2 ) quod1 quia1 #ahea2 ) cum1 #ahea1 #ahge2 ) acc4 & inf941 #bahg1 #bahh1 #bahd4 ,words1 simple1 def9$1 #aha2 comp\nd1 def9$1 #aha2 g5d] words1 #cih1 #djb2 _! s\nd1 #b-agi2 _! =mation1 #ahj-cif2 _! inflection1 #cig-ajbb4 ,yes1 h[ express$1 #aeaa1 #aeab4 ,yes or ,no ,que/ions1 #aeja-aebe2 9 indirect que/ions1 #agge-aggg2 see ,que/ions4 ,yield+1 expressions (1 case )1 #aaha-aahe4 ,errata = ,index3 miss+ or incorrect punctuation has be5 sil5tly regul>iz$ ,ablative ,case ,conditional _/ ) s1 s frte1 = indirect "q1 #aggg2 pr9t$ z %[n3 body text always spells =t- ,future t5se _/ -r1 -r1 #fh2 pr9t$ z %[n3 see endnote on fir/ edition 444 -i- /ems1 9 -um1 #ebg-ecg1 #efc1 #fbi1 #fca1 #fcc1 #fcf2 #ebg-ccg 444 ,pron\ns1 peculi> & inscriptional =ms1 inscriptional1 ,g]undive1 _/ orig9ally nei!r act4 nor pass41 #bhh1 #bbch2 act nor ,p>ticiples _/ ,future 444 use (1 9 conditional s5t5ces 444 #bjic1 #bjig1 #bajj1 #bajh2 #biic ,,index ,,( ,,lat9 ,,words4 ,,! ,,ref]5ces ,,are ,,to ,,sections4 a1 ! v[el1 pronunciation (1 #cc1 #ch1 #dj1 #da1 #dc2 f9al1 quantity (1 #bdcg-bdci4 a1 weak5$ to e1 #ajd2 weak5$ to i1 #ajd2 weak5$ to u1 #ajd4 1 h[ d5ot$ 9 inscriptions1 #bi1 #a & #c4 ab 771 prep41 #adag2 =m (1 #afd1 #b2 ) abl4 prop]1 #abig2 9 expressions ( di/ance1 #aaec2 aft] alinus1 #abjb2 expressions )1 us$ ) adjs41 #abfh2 ) abl4 ( sep>ation1 c41 #acjd2 ) t[n names1 #acjh2 d5ot+ orig91 #acji2 express+ s\rce1 #acab2 express+ cause1 c41 #acag2 express+ do] ( action1 #acah1 #adgf1 #adgg1 #bbdc2 ) act4 v]bs equival5t to pass41 #acah2 ) ?+s & animals1 #acah1 #adgg2 ) g]undive con/ruction or g]und1 #bbfg2 ) sub/4 & p>tic41 #bbhe1 #bbhf2 quantity (1 #bdcj1 #bdcb4 abe1 =ms (1 #gff4 abh9c1 ) acc41 #aaed2 ) abl41 #aaed4 abis1 g5d] & decl4 (1 #dgg2 quantity ( e 91 #bdef4 abig1 pr94 p>ts (1 #icg4 abnue1 =ms (1 #hai4 abole1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajjc4 abolsc1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ifh4 abs1 prep41 #adag2 pronunciation (1 #ed1 #afd2 =m (1 #gaj4 abscond1 p]f4 (1 #hfj4 absns1 #gdi1 #ijb4 abs5te nbs1 #ajib4 absi/e1 ) inf941 = nl1 #aehd1 #bagj4 absorbe1 =ms (1 #ajjf4 absque1 apsque1 #adba1 #agja1 #baaj4 absum1 ) abl4 ( am\nt ( diff]5ce1 #aaec2 ) dat41 #abab2 paulum abe/1 c41 ) qun1 #aihf4 abunde1 ) p>titive g541 #abdh4 abtor1 ) acc41 #achj4 ac1 quantity1 #bdcc2 see atque4 accdit1 ) quod1 #ahde2 ) ut1 #aife4 ,ac*]ns1 9 acc41 #aaeg2 9 loc41 #accf2 9 abl41 #acjg1 #accf1 #acdc4 accid1 =ms (1 #icj2 t5se aft]1 #ageh2 accidit ) result clause1 #aife1 #aiff4 accd1 pr94 p>ts (1 #icj4 accpi1 ) acc4 & inf941 #bage2 accpimus ) pres4 inf941 #bbbj4 acctus1 #iai4 accommodtus1 ) dat4 ( p]son & acc4 ) ad ( ?+1 #abja2 ) g]undive con/ruction1 #bbed4 accumb1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igd4 c]1 comp>ison (1 #cdd2 decl4 (1 #fbg-fbi4 acsc1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igf4 acis1 decl4 (1 #fjf1 #fjg4 acquisc1 defective1 #ije4 acu1 =m (1 #cfg1 #hci1 #hdj2 p]f4 (1 #hfe2 pr94 p>ts (1 #idg4 acus1 g5d] (1 #ehh2 decl4 (1 #eib4 ad1 prep41 #adaj2 9 comp41 =m (1 #adh2 position (1 frequ5tly foll[+ a relative1 #adce2 comp\nds (1 ) acc41 #aacg2 comp\nds (1 ) dat41 #aahh1 #aahi1 #aaid2 comp\nds (1 o!r con/ructions )1 #aaij1 #aaia1 #aaif1 #aaih2 ) urbem or oppidum1 #aaei2 signify+ motion t[>ds or ne>ness1 #aafj2 ) c\ntry names & appellatives1 #aafa2 expressions )1 us$ ) adjs41 #abja1 #abfh2 adque adque1 #adjh2 ad id introductory to s5t5ce ) quod1 #ahdg2 ) g]undive con/ruction or g]und1 #bafd1 #bbeb1 #bbgj2 ) sub/4 & p>tic41 #bbhe1 #bbhf4 adaequ1 correlative ( ut1 #aicg4 adamussim1 =m (1 #edi1 #fih1 #fii4 add1 ) quod1 #ahdf4 ade1 v]b1 conjug4 (1 #gfc1 #gff4 ade1 adv41 correlative ( ut1 ut nn1 #aigj4 adeps 7adips71 decl4 (1 #dhj2 g5d] (1 #dhj1 #ehj4 adfatim1 =m (1 #edi1 #fii2 ) p>titive g541 #abdh4 adfnis1 decl4 (1 #eeh2 ) g541 #abfc2 ) dat41 #abfh4 adgr$ior1 =ms (1 #gia1 #gii1 #ihf4 adhc1 =m (1 #ic2 ) p>titive g541 #abec2 ) comp>41 #adei4 adici1 ) quod1 #ahdf4 adig1 con/ruction )1 #aaih4 adim1 p]f4 (1 #hbc2 ) inf94 z obj41 #bbjf4 adipscor1 #ihj2 ) g541 #abib2 adeptus z pass41 #adib4 adiu]o1 adiu]it1 #hia4 adleg1 pr94 p>ts (1 #icg4 adlici1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ief4 admodum1 adv41 #fih1 #fii4 adnexu]ant1 #ifj4 adolsc1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ifh4 ador1 g5d] (1 #ege4 adorior1 =ms (1 #gia4 ad ravim1 adv41 #edi4 ads5ti1 ads5tior1 #hjj1 #ajae1 #adhh2 ) haud1 #addi4 adsp]g1 con/ructions )1 #aaii4 adsufaci1 ) acc4 & inf941 #baig4 adl1 #adhi4 adlor1 ) dat4 or acc41 #aahd4 adultus1 ) act4 mean+1 #ijg1 #adhe4 adv5i1 =ms (1 #hbb4 adv]sum1 prep41 #adaj2 v]bs comb9$ )1 foll[$ by dat41 #aahg4 adv]sus1 prep41 #adaj2 us$ aft] impius1 #abja2 expression )1 in/ead ( objective g541 #abfa4 adv]t1 see animum adv]t4 advesp]scit1 p]f4 (1 #hgb4 advorsum quam1 #ahie4 ae1 diph?ong1 pronunciation (1 #di1 #if2 = e>li] ai1 #if2 *ange ( s\nd ( to 1 #if2 weak5$ to ei & 1 #ajh4 a$le1 decl4 (1 #eeh4 a$is1 s+4 & plur4 (1 mean+1 #dah2 decl4 (1 #ebb1 #edj1 #eda4 aegr 4 4 4 cum1 #ahfi4 ,aegyptus1 use ( acc4 (1 #aafa2 use ( loc4 (1 #accf4 aemulus1 ) g541 #abfc2 ) dat41 #aahc1 #abfh4 aequlis1 decl4 (1 #eeh4 aequ1 ) abl41 #acib2 ) comp>41 #adfc2 foll[$ by et1 #afec2 aequ 4 4 4 quam1 #ahij2 correlative ( ut1 #aicg4 aequius erat1 #adig4 aequius e/1 imply+ non-occurr5t action1 #adie1 #adif4 aequus1 con/ructions )1 #abja2 agree+ ) abl4 ( quality1 #abdj2 aequ z g54 ( value1 #abge2 ) abl41 #acib2 aequum e/1 erat1 imply+ non-occurr5t action1 #adie1 #adig2 aequum e/ ) inf941 #bbaa2 aequum e/ ) p]f4 pass4 & act4 inf941 #bbcj4 aes1 =m (1 #eh2 decl4 (1 #dcj1 #dia2 dat4 9 -1 #eja2 g5d] (1 #dia1 #egb2 use ( plur4 (1 #aajh4 ae/im1 ) g54 ( value1 #abga2 ) abl4 ( value1 #abgc1 #acij4 age1 us$ ( sev]al p]sons1 #ajge2 ) imp]41 #aegb2 age ss1 #aegb2 asyndeton )1 #afda4 ag$um1 #ic1 #aegb1 #aegc4 agidum1 ) imp]41 #aegb4 agite dum1 #aegc4 gnsc1 fut4 p>tic4 (1 #ije2 p]f4 p>tic4 (1 #iai2 pr94 p>ts (1 #ife4 ag1 pres4 /em (1 #hbi2 p]f4 (1 #hfc2 p]f4 p>tic4 (1 #iaf2 pr94 p>ts (1 #icg2 comp\nds (1 #icg2 grtis ag ) quod & cum1 #aheb1 #ahge4 ai1 diph?ong1 pronunciation (1 #ej1 #if2 weak5$ to ae1 ei1 1 #if4 ai1 weak5$ to 1 #if4 ai1 =m (1 #bc2 #aec1 #b2 conjug4 (1 #ghe1 #ghf2 old =ms (1 #ghg2 defective1 #ghf1 #hje4 albe1 defective1 #hji4 les1 decl4 (1 #ejf4 alsc1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igf4 alge1 p]f4 (1 #hfh2 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajjj4 algsc1 pr94 p>ts (1 #iei4 alis1 adv41 #gjb2 ) fut4 p]f41 #afcj4 alicub1 quantity1 #abi1 #b2 =m (1 #gji4 alinus1 =mation (1 #cai2 ) g541 #abjb1 #abch2 ) dat41 #abjj2 ) abl41 #acjf2 ) ab & abl41 #abjb2 ) domus1 #accg4 aliquamdi1 acc5t (1 #ib4 aliquis1 aliqu1 decl4 (1 #fib2 ) correlatives1 #fie2 s+4 def9+ plur4 sub/41 #ajhj2 neut4 acc4 us$ adv]bially1 #aadd2 common use (1 #bcij2 equival5t to aliquis alius1 #bcia4 lis1 use ( acc4 (1 #aafa2 use ( abl4 (1 #acdg4 alit]1 foll[$ by et1 #afec2 nn alit]1 correlative ( ut1 #aicg2 ) s1 #bjba4 alius1 g54 s+4 (1 #abg1 #f2 #fah-fbj2 decl4 (1 #fah-fbj2 alis1 alid1 #fai2 aliut1 #fei2 alu mod1 #fai2 s+4 def9+ plur4 sub/41 #ajhj2 abl4 ( comp>ison )1 #acbc2 foll[$ by et1 #afec2 ali 4 4 4 ali1 #afhg2 ali sunt qu1 #ahbb2 use (1 express+ reciprocal relations1 #bcdd4 allx 7allc71 g5d] & decl4 (1 #dgc2 quantity ( e 91 #bddh4 ,allia1 g5d] (1 #djf4 al1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igb4 ,alps1 g5d] (1 #djf2 no s+41 #dag4 alt]1 =mation (1 #cdg2 g54 s+4 (1 #abg1 #f2 #fah-fbj2 decl4 (1 #faf1 #fah-fbj2 s+4 def9+ plur4 sub/41 #ajhj2 abl4 ( comp>ison )1 #acbc2 use (1 express+ reciprocal relations1 #bcdd1 #bdjj4 alt]ns1 adv41 #gjd4 alt]ut]1 decl4 (1 #fid4 altus1 comp>ison (1 #cdc2 ) acc4 app5d$1 #aacj4 alvos 7alvus71 g5d] (1 #ddg4 ambilis1 =mation (1 #bid2 comp>ison (1 #cei4 ambi-1 insep>able prep41 #cib1 #adji4 ambi1 =ms (1 #gfc1 #gff1 #hhh1 #iai4 amb1 dual1 #dae2 decl4 (1 #ddb1 #dfd1 #fdj4 mns1 decl4 (1 #ecc1 #eei4 amici1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajai4 amnis1 decl4 (1 #eag1 #eee2 g5d] (1 #eag1 #egi4 am1 no sup9e1 #ijj2 ) haud1 #addi2 amb ) imp]41 #aegb4 amplector1 pres4 /em (1 #hce2 pr94 p>ts (1 #ihe2 ) reflexive =ce1 #adhg4 amplius1 ) p>titive g541 #abdh2 )\t quam1 #acbh2 ) quam1 #acbh2 ) abl41 #acbh2 9 expressions ( age1 #acbi4 an1 use 9 s+le que/ions1 #aejc1 #aejh2 anne1 an nn1 #aejc1 #aejh2 9 alt]native que/ions1 #aeai1 #aeba1 #aebb2 haud sci an1 c41 #addi1 #aeed1 #aghb2 9 second half ( indirect alt]native "q1 #aggh2 utrum 4 4 4 ne 4 4 4 an1 utrumne 4 4 4 an1 #aggi2 qu sci an1 c41 #agha2 9 s+le indirect "q1 #aghc2 z disjunctive conjunction1 #affg1 #afge2 an 4 4 4 an 9 indirect que/ions1 #aggf2 foll[$ by quis1 qu1 indef41 #bchh2 quantity1 #bdcc4 an-1 insep>able1 #cib1 #adji4 ,anactorium1 abl4 (1 ) 91 #accd4 anas1 decl4 (1 #dgg2 quantity ( second a 91 #bdee4 anats1 epic5e1 #daa4 anceps1 decl4 (1 #ecc1 #eei1 #fce4 ,&ros1 h[ us$ 9 abl41 #acjh1 #accd4 ang1 defective1 #hjh4 angor1 ) quod1 quia1 quom1 #ahea2 ) acc4 & inf941 #bahh4 anguis1 decl4 (1 #eef2 g5d] (1 #egi4 anims1 pres4 p>tic41 #ijb4 animum adv]t1 con/ruction )1 #aaih4 animus1 loc4 & abl4 (1 #acci1 #acdd4 ante1 prep41 #adaj2 comp\nds (1 ) dat41 #aahh1 #aahi1 #aaid2 comp\nds (1 o!r con/ructions )1 #aaij1 #aaia1 #aaif2 expression )1 in/ead ( p>titive g541 #abdf2 9 expressions ( "t1 #acid-acif2 ante quam = potius quam1 #ahig2 ) g]undive con/ruction & g]und1 #bbec2 ) sub/4 & p>tic41 #bbhe1 #bbhf4 ante vit1 #gfg4 antequam1 ) pres4 indic4 ( fut4 action1 #aeic2 ) fut4 p]f41 #afbf2 g5]al /atem5t ( use1 #aiaa2 9 g5]al /atem5ts1 #aiab-aiad2 9 p>ticul> /atem5ts1 #aiae-aiba4 antquos 7antcus1 antquom1 antcum71 #cbg1 #deb4 apage1 #hje4 ap]i1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajai4 apis1 decl4 (1 #efc4 apscor1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ihj2 comp\nds (1 #ihj2 ) g541 #abib4 apium1 g5d] (1 #djh4 appre1 defective1 #ije4 applic1 pr94 p>ts (1 #iic4 aptus1 con/ructions )1 #abja2 ) qu1 #ahai2 ) inf941 #ahai2 ) acc4 ( g]undive con/ruction or g]und1 #bbeb4 apud 7aput71 prep41 #adaj2 =m (1 #aai2 n comp\nd$1 #adjf4 aqua1 use ( plur4 (1 #aajh4 ,ar>1 decl4 (1 #eai1 #edd1 #eef4 arbitr1 #adhi4 arbor 7arbs71 =m (1 #aed2 decl4 (1 #dhi1 #dia2 g5d] (1 #ege1 #egf4 arce1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajjf2 comp\nds (1 #ajjf4 arcss 7acc]s71 p]f4 (1 #hgj2 =ms (1 #igj4 arcus1 decl4 (1 #eib4 rde1 defective1 #ije2 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajjj2 ) inf941 #bagj4 rdsc1 pr94 p>ts (1 #iei4 rsc1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igf4 argu1 /em (1 #cfg2 pr94 p>ts (1 #idg2 ) d\ble acc41 #aagb2 us$ p]sonally 9 pass41 #bagh2 ) acc4 & inf941 #bahe2 ) g54 ( g]undive con/ruction1 #bbfd4 aris1 g5d] & decl4 (1 #dgg2 quantity ( e 91 #bdef4 ,arpns1 acc5t (1 #hh2 decl4 (1 #ecc4 artua1 nom4 & acc4 plur41 #ehf4 arts1 decl4 (1 #eib4 s1 =m (1 #aga1 #a2 decl4 (1 #eci2 /ems (1 #efi2 g5d] (1 #eci1 #egh2 ssis z g54 ( value1 #abgb2 mean+ & divisions (1 #bdbg4 a/1 #afhe4 at1 use (1 #afgf1 #afhe1 #baea2 correlative ( s1 #bjah4 atque1 connect+ sub/s4 ) s+4 or plur4 v]b1 #ajfd-ajff2 aft] a comp>41 #acbd1 #afed2 aft] words ( lik5ess & unlik5ess1 #afec2 9 comp>isons aft] positive1 #afed2 use (1 z copulative conj41 #afdd1 #afdg1 #afeb-afee1 #badg1 #badh2 =ce (1 #afeb2 atque 4 4 4 atque1 #afeb2 mean+ b1 #afee2 atque1 7ac71 nn1 c41 #afei2 -que 4 4 4 atque1 #affd2 atque 4 4 4 et1 #affd2 atque 4 4 4 -que1 #affd2 neque 4 4 4 ac1 #affe2 simul atque1 #aibc-aicd2 dem atque1 #bcgc4 atqu1 =m (1 #gjf2 use (1 #baeb4 atqun1 #baeb4 att]uisse1 #ifc4 att+1 =ms (1 #ibe4 attonde1 #iie4 attribu1 ) g]undive con/ruction1 #bbej4 au1 diph?ong1 pronunciation (1 #dg1 #di2 *ange ( s\nd (1 to & 1 #ig1 #ajh4 au1 ) voc4 nom4 & voc41 #aabc4 aucup1 #adhi4 aude1 =ms (1 #hja1 #adhh4 audi1 conjug4 (1 #gif1 #gig2 audi cum1 #ahgj2 us$ p]sonally 9 pass41 #bagh4 auge1 pr94 p>ts (1 #iii4 auspict1 z adv41 #gjd1 #acgb4 auspic1 #adhi4 aut1 connect+ sub/s4 ) s+4 or plur4 v]b1 #ajgj2 aut 4 4 4 aut connect+ sub/s4 ) s+4 or plur4 v]b1 #ajgj2 use (1 #affg-affi1 #badi4 autem1 introduc+ p>5!sis1 #afdb2 position (1 #afgf2 common use (1 #afgg2 9 que/ions1 #afgh2 ) s1 sn1 #bjba2 introduc+ adv]sative s5t5ce1 #baea4 auxilium1 s+4 & plur4 (1 mean+1 #dah2 dat4 (1 ) v]b1 #abbj1 #abbc4 av1 hav1 #hje4 ave1 defective1 #hji4 avis1 decl4 (1 #eba1 #eee4 axis1 g5d] (1 #egi4 b1 s\nd ( be=e s or t1 #ed1 #afd2 f v1 f1 or p1 #afa2 assimilation (1 #afd1 #b & #d2 monosyllables end+ 91 ) v[el %ort1 #bdcb4 balbuti1 defective1 #haj4 balsamum1 g5d] (1 #djh4 btu1 #cfg4 bell1 loc41 #dfj2 use (1 #acch4 bell1 ) dat41 #aahf4 ,bellius1 =m (1 #afa4 bellum1 =m (1 #afa4 bellus1 comp>ison (1 #ceh4 b5e1 comp>ison (1 #cfc2 v]bs comb9$ )1 foll[$ by dat41 #aahg2 quantity1 #bddj4 b5eficus1 comp>ison (1 #cec4 b5evolns1 comp>ison (1 #ced4 b5evolus1 comp>ison (1 #ced2 con/ructions )1 #abja4 bs1 decl4 (1 #eci2 mean+ (1 #bdbg4 bt1 bt1 defective1 #hjh2 pres4 /em (1 #hce4 bib1 conjug4 (1 #gdd1 #geh2 root v]b1 r$uplicat$1 #gdd1 #geh2 =m ( bibit1 #hbh2 p]f4 (1 #hei1 #bdce2 p]f4 ( comp\nds (1 #hfj2 pr94 p>ts (1 #ibb2 d bib]e1 ) inf94 ( purpose1 #bafd2 m9i/r bib]e1 #bafd4 biceps1 =m (1 #ajd2 decl4 (1 #ecc4 blis1 decl4 (1 #eba1 #eee4 bn1 =mation (1 #cag2 decl4 (1 #fdc2 bnm1 #dfb1 #fdc2 use (1 #bdje1 #bdbj4 bip5nis1 decl4 (1 #eea4 bips1 decl4 (4 #ecb1 #fcf4 bis1 quantity1 #bdcc4 bis tant quam1 #ahie4 bl&ior1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajba4 bltus1 g5d] (1 #djh4 bonus1 =m (1 #afa2 comp>ison (1 #cee2 decl4 (1 #fac2 bon z g54 ( value1 #abge4 bs1 g5d] & decl4 (1 #did4 brevis1 decl4 (1 #fcj1 #fca4 brim1 #edh2 g5d] (1 #egi4 ,burrus1 = lat] ,pyrrhus1 #ba4 c1 ! sign1 e>lie/ =m (1 #bj2 us$ z abbreviation1 #bj2 s\nd (1 #bj1 #ee2 q writt5 =1 #bj1 #fij2 m$ial1 h[ treat$1 #agj1 #d2 m$ial1 disappe>ance (1 #agj1 #a-e2 *ang$ to g1 caus+ developm5t ( v[el1 #afd1 #f4 cad1 comp\nds (1 #hfj1 #icj2 pr94 p>ts (1 #icj2 foll[$ by ab & abl41 #acah4 ca$s1 decl4 (1 #ebc1 #efc2 =m ca$is1 #eda4 ca$1 p]f4 (1 #heh2 pr94 p>ts (4 #icj2 comp\nds (1 #icj4 caelebs1 defective1 #fbd4 caele/is1 -um 9 g54 plur41 #efc4 caelicolm1 g541 #dci1 #bddi4 caelite1 caelits1 decl4 (1 #dgg1 #fbf4 cale1 defective1 #ije2 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajjf4 calsc1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igf4 calix1 decl4 (1 #dgc2 g5d] (1 #dgc1 #eha4 callis1 g5d] (1 #egi4 calve1 defective1 #hji4 calx1 heel1 decl4 (1 #eca2 g5d] (1 #eca1 #eha4 calx1 lime/one1 decl4 (1 #eca2 g5d] (1 #eca1 #eha4 clis1 decl4 (1 #ebj1 #eed2 g5d] (1 #egi4 c&e1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajjf4 c&sc1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igf4 cne1 defective1 #hji4 cnsc1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igf4 canis 7cs71 g5d] & decl4 (1 #dhf1 #ejj1 #eff4 c1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ibd4 capx1 ) g541 #abfg4 capss1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igj4 capi1 conjug4 (1 #ghd2 pres4 /em (1 #hcb1 #hcf2 p]f4 (1 #hfc2 =ms caps1 c41 #hhg2 pr94 p>ts (1 #idj2 comp\nds (1 #idj4 c>d1 decl4 (1 #dhe2 g5d] (1 #dhe1 #egd4 c>duus1 g5d] (1 #djh4 c>e1 defective1 #ije2 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajjf2 con/ructions )1 #acjc1 #acjd4 c>nifex1 =m (1 #ajh4 c>1 decl4 (1 #ede2 g5d] (1 #ede1 #egd4 c>p1 pr94 p>ts (1 #iec2 comp\nds (1 #iec4 ,c>?g91 see ,k>?g94 ,c>y/us1 h[ us$ 9 abl41 #acjh4 casss1 g5d] (1 #egi4 caudex1 see cdex4 caulis1 g5d] (1 #egi4 causa1 g54 ( def9ition ) caus1 #abeg2 caus express+ cause1 c41 #acag2 caus resembl+ prep41 #adjf2 nlla causa e/ qun1 #aihc2 caus ) g]undive con/ruction or g]und1 #bafd1 #bbeh1 #bbgj4 cauts1 decl4 (1 #ebc4 cave1 p]f4 (1 #hfd2 pr94 p>ts (1 #iif2 cav1 us$ ( sev]al p]sons1 #ajge2 cav1 cav n1 cavt n1 c41 ) subjv41 #aehe1 #agaa1 #aiej1 #aifj4 -ce 7-c71 enclitic1 #ic1 #aac2 9 hc1 #ffc1 #fei2 9 i/ic1 illic1 #ffi1 #fgj2 9 sc1 #bjae2 quantity1 #bdcc4 c$o1 #hje2 coord9at$1 #agab2 ) %ort o1 #bddc4 cd1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ieh4 cl1 ) d\ble acc41 #aafi2 ) d & abl41 #aagj2 con/ructions ) pass4 (1 #aaga4 cntus1 ) act4 mean+1 #ijg4 cnse1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajje2 coord9at$1 #agjh2 ) purpose clause1 #aiej2 ) acc4 & inf941 #bage1 #baic4 c5tum1 indecl9able1 #fcg4 c]n1 pres4 /em (1 #hcc2 pr94 p>ts (1 #ifd2 c]nitur1 imp]sonally1 #baha4 c]t1 9 answ]s1 #aeab2 correlative ( s1 #bjah4 c]t1 v]b1 ) dat41 #aahf4 c]t1 adv41 9 answ]s1 #aeab4 csor1 =m = cnsor1 #fc4 ct]um1 use (1 #afgf1 #afhc4 ctus1 decl4 (1 #ejh4 ceu1 #baah4 *1 s\nd (1 #gb2 use (1 #gb4 ,*]sonsus1 9 loc41 #accf4 cic]1 g5d] (1 #egc4 cicur1 defective1 #fbd4 cie1 =ms (1 #hba2 p]f4 p>tic4 (1 #iah2 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajjb2 defective1 #ajjb4 c+1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ied4 circ1 adv4 & prep41 #gjg1 #adaj1 #adab2 ) g]undive con/ruction or g]und1 #bbec4 circit]1 prep41 #adaj2 n comp\nd$1 #adjf4 circum1 prep41 #adaj2 comp\nds (1 ) acc41 #aacg2 ) d\ble acc41 #aach2 ) dat41 #aaid1 #aaie2 o!r con/ructions )1 #aaif4 circumd1 conjug4 (1 #geg2 con/ructions )1 #aaii4 circumfodi1 =ms (1 #gia4 circumfund1 con/ructions )1 #aaii4 circum /1 p]f4 (1 #hfj4 cis1 comp>ison (1 #ceg2 prep41 #adaj2 quantity1 #bdcc4 cit]ior1 =mation (1 #cdh2 comp>ison (1 #ceg4 citimus1 =mation (1 #cea2 comp>ison (1 #ceg4 citius quam1 #ahig4 cito1 ) iambic %ort5+ ( ! f9al o1 #acj1 #c2 #bddb4 citr1 prep1 & adv41 #adaj1 #adab4 citus1 #iah1 #bdcf4 cvis1 decl4 (1 #eba1 #eee4 clds1 decl4 (1 #ebc2 =m cldis1 #eda4 clam1 z adv41 #adae2 ) acc41 #adae2 ) abl41 #adae4 clang1 defective1 #hjh4 clrsc1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igf4 classis1 decl4 (1 #eba1 #eee4 claud1 claude1 defective1 #hjh4 claud1 cld1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ieh2 comp\nds (1 #ieh2 =m cld1 #aji4 clvis1 decl4 (1 #eai1 #eea1 #eee4 ,cldius1 =m (1 #ig4 clue1 defective1 #hji4 ,cn41 abbreviation = ,gnaeus1 #ah4 cdex1 =m (1 #ig4 coem1 pr94 p>ts (1 #icg4 co1 ) dat41 #aahf4 coep1 defective1 #hab2 synopsis (1 #hab2 =ms ( pres4 sy/em1 #ii1 #hac1 #idj2 =m cop1 #abj1 #hac1 #hfc2 =m coeptrus1 #had2 pr94 p>ts (1 #idj2 use ( act4 & pass4 (1 #adhc4 co]ce1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajjf4 cgnsc1 =m (1 #afi1 #b2 p]f4 p>tic4 (1 #iai2 pr94 p>ts (1 #ife2 us$ p]sonally 9 pass41 #bagh4 cg1 pr94 p>ts (1 #icg4 collis1 decl4 (1 #eef2 g5d] (1 #egi4 col1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igb4 colus1 g5d] (1 #ddg4 com-1 comp\nds (1 ) dat41 #aahh1 #aahi1 #aaid2 o!r con/ructions )1 #aaij1 #aaif1 #aaig4 combr1 pr94 p>ts (1 #iec4 com$1 conjug4 (1 #gga4 comitia1 ) g]undive con/ruction1 #bbed4 comm9scor1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ihj4 commis]scit1 con/ruction )1 #abhc4 commodum1 acc4 z adv41 #gja1 #aaef4 commonfaci1 ) d\ble acc41 #abia2 ) acc4 & g54 or d & abl41 #abia4 commone1 ) d\ble acc41 #abia2 ) acc4 & g54 or d & abl41 #abia4 commnis1 con/ructions )1 #abjb1 #abch4 commt1 ) abl41 #achi2 ) cum1 #achi4 cm1 pr94 p>ts (1 #iec4 comp>1 con/ruction )1 #aaig4 compectus1 #ihj4 comp$e1 comp$ium1 #ecb2 /ems (1 #efi2 g5d] (1 #ecb1 #egb4 comp]c1 =ms (1 #icj2 comp]ce ) inf94 = nl1 #aehd4 comp]i1 comp]ior1 =ms (1 #ajab2 us$ p]sonally 9 pass41 #bagh4 compesc1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igf2 conpesce ) inf94 = nl1 #aehd4 comp+1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ich2 p]f4 (1 #hfc4 complector1 pres4 /em (1 #hce2 pr94 p>ts (1 #ihe4 comple1 ) g541 #abic2 ) abl41 #achf4 complic1 pr94 p>ts (1 #iic4 complrs1 decl4 (1 #fbc4 compos1 defective1 #fbd2 ) g541 #abfc2 quantity ( second o 91 #bdeg4 comprim1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ieh4 compung1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ied4 concd1 coord9at$1 #agaj2 ) purpose clause1 #aiej2 ) acc4 & inf941 #aied2 us$ p]sonally 9 pass41 #bagh4 concid1 p]f4 (1 #hfj4 conc91 pr94 p>ts (1 #igb4 concitus 7conctus71 #iai4 concolor1 decl4 (1 #ecg1 #eei4 concors1 decl4 (1 #ecb1 #eei4 concrdu1 #gef4 concupsc1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ifh4 concurr1 ) dat41 #aahf4 condign1 ) abl41 #acib4 condn1 ) d\ble acc41 #aagb4 cnficior1 cnf1 #gij4 cnfd1 =ms (1 #hja1 #adhh2 ) dat41 #aaha2 ) abl41 #acdi4 cnfiteor1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajaj4 cnfric1 pr94 p>ts (1 #iic4 cnfr+1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ich4 congru1 pr94 p>ts (1 #idg2 congrure = congru]e1 #hai4 cnve1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajjj4 conloc1 ) 9 & abl41 #adbd2 ) g]undive con/ruction1 #bbej2 ) sup9e1 #bbga4 conqur1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ifg4 conrig1 pr94 p>ts (1 #iec4 conrumptus1 #ich4 cnscius1 ) g541 #abfc2 ) g54 & dat4 or dat4 alone1 #abfe2 ) g54 ( g]undive con/ruction or g]und1 #bbeh4 cns]1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ibb4 cnsp]g1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ieh4 cn/itu1 pr94 p>ts (1 #idg2 ) 9 & abl41 #adbd2 ) purpose clause1 #aiej2 ) inf941 #aiec1 #bafi4 cnsul1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igb4 cnsultus1 adj41 ) g541 #abfc2 ) ire1 #abfh4 contgs1 decl4 (1 #fjc4 cont5d1 ) dat41 #aahf2 ) purpose clause1 #aiea2 ) acc4 & inf941 #aied2 ) inf941 #bafi4 contcesc1 conticsc1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igf4 cont9e1 ) qun1 #aihf4 cont+1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ibe4 cont9u1 correlative ( s1 #bjfg4 contr1 =m (1 #gjg2 prep4 & adv41 #adaj1 #adbh2 position (1 #adcd2 contr quam1 #ahie2 quantity ( f9al v[el (1 #bdfg4 contremsc1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igf4 contund1 p]f4 (1 #hfa1 #ica2 p]f4 p>tic4 (1 #ica4 coqu1 pr94 p>ts (1 #iec4 cram1 adv41 #gjb2 prep41 #adag2 ) in/rum5tal abl41 #acjj4 corbis1 g5d] (1 #egi4 corn1 g5d] (1 #ehf2 decl4 (1 #ehi4 cortex1 g5d] (1 #eha4 cs1 decl4 (1 #dcj1 #dgg2 g5d] (1 #dgg1 #egf4 csol1 =m = cnsul1 #fc4 cottdinus1 accompany+ hc1 #bcej4 cturnix1 ) %ort5$1 #acd4 cox5dx 7cox5dix71 g5d] & decl4 (1 #dgc4 crassus1 ) acc4 app5d$1 #aacj4 crbrsc1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igf4 crd1 conjug4 (1 #geg2 ) dat4 ( p]son & g54 ( ?+1 #abib4 crduam1 c41 #gef4 crep1 pr94 p>ts (1 #iic2 =m ( comp\nds (1 #iic4 crsc1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ife2 crtus ) abl41 #acab4 crm51 abl4 (1 ) judicial v]bs1 #abhj4 crdsc1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igf4 crux1 g5d] & decl4 (1 #dgc2 malam crucem & 9 malam crucem1 #aafe4 cub1 =ms (1 #iic2 comp\nds (1 #iic4 cucumis1 decl4 (1 #dia1 #dii1 #eah1 #edh1 #eed2 g5d] (1 #egi4 cd1 pr94 p>ts (1 #idb4 cum1 conj41 quom1 #aeg2 9 expressions ( "t aft] :i*1 #acig2 ) inf941 #aeci1 #ahfh1 #ahfi1 #bcag2 ) p]f4 indic4 ( ant]ior "t1 #afac2 ) fut4 p]f41 #afbf2 pres4 ( vivid n>ration comb9$ )1 #ageb2 g5]al /atem5t ( uses1 #ahei2 temporal1 #ahfj-ahgc2 ( indef4 "t1 ) indic41 #ahfj2 ( indef4 "t1 ) subjv41 #ahfj2 ( def9ite "t1 #ahfa-ahfg2 cum intre1 int]im1 etiam tum1 nndum1 hauddum1 quidem1 tam51 nihilm9us1 #ahfh2 introduc+ ma9 idea1 #ahfi2 attributively ) words d5ot+ "t or ) e/1 c41 #ahgj2 audi cum1 #ahgj2 mem9 cum1 #ahgj2 9 expressions equival5t to sub/4 ( "t1 #ahga2 ) subjv41 #ahgb2 use ) indic4 & ) subjv41 comp>$1 #ahgc2 explanatory1 causal1 concessive1 #ahgd-ahhj1 ( co9cid5t action1 #ahgd2 ) v]bs ( emotion & grtulor & grtis ag1 #ahge2 quippe cum1 ut pote cum1 #ahgi2 cum 4 4 4 tam51 #ahhj2 cum 4 4 4 tum1 #ahca1 #ahha2 cum prmum1 cum extempl1 #aibc-aicd2 introduc+ conditional prot41 #baaj4 cum1 prep41 #adag2 mak+ v]b plur41 #ajfi2 ) in/rum5tal abl41 #acjj2 ) abl4 ( accompanim5t1 #acef2 ) inctus & coninctus1 #aceg2 ) abl4 ( mann]1 #aceh1 #acei2 ) v]bs ( ex*ang+1 #achi2 ) a relative1 #adce2 intimat+ prot4 ( conditional p]iod1 #baaj2 ) g]undive con/ruction or g]und1 #bbfg2 dem cum1 #begc2 cum e foll[$ by quod1 #ahdg4 cunctor1 ) qun1 #aihf2 ) inf941 #bafi4 cnctus1 us$ p>titively1 #abdd2 ) loc4 abl41 #acdf4 cupidus1 ) g54 ( g]und or g]undive con/ruction1 #bbeh4 cupi1 =ms (1 #gia1 #ifi2 pres4 /em (1 #hcf2 use ( dat4 ( pres4 p>tic4 (1 #abah2 ) inf941 #bafi2 ) acc4 & inf941 #bahi1 #baij2 ) p]f4 pass4 inf941 #bbbi4 cr1 9 que/ions1 #aebf2 ) v]bs ( accus+1 #aheb4 cr1 ) dat4 or acc41 #aahd2 cr ut1 crt ut1 ) subjv41 #aegi2 crn1 crt n1 ) subjv41 #aehe2 ) subjv4 coord9at$1 #agab2 ) purpose clause1 #aiea2 nn cr ) inf941 #bafi2 ) p]f4 inf941 #bbbe2 ) g]undive con/ruction1 #bbej2 ) p]f4 p>tic41 #bbig2 9 causative use1 #bcjd4 curr1 p]f4 ( comp\nds (1 #hfj2 pr94 p>ts (1 #icb4 ,cyprus1 use ( acc4 (1 #aaeh4 d1 *ang$ to l1 #adg2 f t1 #adi1 #b2 #aff2 initial1 disappe>ance (1 #afi1 #c2 m$ial1 treatm5t (1 #aff1 #agj1 #h & #ab2 #fei2 f9al1 disappe>ance (1 #adi1 #dbf2 assimilation (1 #aff2 assimilation ( ad- 9 comp41 #aff2 dt1 ! comb9ation1 its treatm5t1 #aei2 9 abl4 s+41 #dbf1 #ddc1 #dfe1 #ejg1 #eic1 #fdh2 9 acc4 s+41 #fdh2 = t 9 inscriptions1 #gbi2 monosyllables end+ 91 ) v[el %ort1 #bdcb4 dmma1 g5d] (1 #dcc4 danunt1 #gef1 #hcc4 dapis1 decl4 (1 #dhj4 d1 prep41 #adag2 ) abl4 prop]1 #abig2 comp>ison (1 #ceg2 comp\nds (1 ) dat41 #aaid1 #aaie2 comp\nds (1 o!r con/ructions )1 #aaif2 expressions )1 us$ ) adjs41 #abfh2 ) mem9 & recordor1 #abhi2 ) v5it 9 m5tem1 #abij2 express+ s\rce1 #acab2 ) abl4 ( mat]ial1 #acad2 express+ cause1 c41 #acag2 susque dque1 #adjh2 position (1 #adce2 d e introductory to s5t5ce ) quod1 #ahdg2 introduc+ acc4 & inf941 #bagf2 ) g]undive con/ruction or g]und1 #bbfg2 expression )1 in/ead ( p>titive g541 #abdf4 dea1 decl4 (1 #ddb4 dbe1 usual & op5 =ms (1 #ajjd2 ) dat41 #aaic2 imply+ non-occurr5t action1 #adif2 9 subjv41 #adih2 ) inf941 #bafi2 9 pa/ t5se ) pres4 inf941 translation (1 #bbbb2 ) p]f4 inf941 #bbbc4 dc]n1 ) subj4 coord9at$1 #agjh2 ) purpose clause1 #aiej2 ) acc4 & inf941 #aied1 #baic2 ) inf941 #aiec1 #bafi4 dc]p1 pr94 p>ts (1 #iec4 decet1 ) dat4 or acc41 #aahd2 ) abl41 #acib2 imply+ non-occurr5t action1 #adif2 ) subjv4 coord9at$1 #agji2 ) subj4 inf941 #bbji2 ) p]f4 pass1 & act4 inf941 #bbcj4 decimus1 =m (1 #bdab2 =mation (1 #ceb4 decrus1 ) abl41 #acib4 dcumb1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igd4 decumus1 #bdab4 dfetscor1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ihd4 dfit1 c41 #gij4 dfric1 pr94 p>ts (1 #iic4 dg5]1 decl4 (1 #ecg1 #eei1 #fcf4 dg1 pr94 p>ts (1 #icg4 dehibui/1 #ajjd4 de9de1 disyllabic1 #ic2 prmum 7prm7 4 4 4 de9de 4 4 4 tum1 #afhg4 dle1 defective1 #ijj2 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajja4 dm1 pr94 p>ts (1 #iec4 dmum1 tum1 correlative ( s1 #bjah4 dnrius1 g54 plur4 (1 #dfb4 dnique1 tum1 correlative ( s1 #bjah4 dn1 ) g]undive con/ruction1 #bbej4 dns1 decl4 (1 #ecc1 #edc2 g5d] (1 #ehj4 dns1 dnse1 #hbj4 dpecscor1 #ihj4 deps1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igb4 drupi]1 #ige4 dsc5d1 pr94 p>ts (1 #iej4 99dses1 defective1 #fbd4 dsd]1 ) acc4 & inf941 #baij4 ds91 =ms (1 #hic1 #ifd2 use ( act4 & pass4 (1 #adhc2 ) inf941 #bafi2 ) o %ort5$1 #bddc4 dsponde1 pr94 p>ts (1 #iie4 dsum1 ) dat41 #abab2 nn dsunt qu1 #ahbb4 dt5d1 =ms (1 #ibd4 dt]ior1 =mation (1 #cdh2 comp>ison (1 #ceg4 dt]re1 ) n1 #aifj1 #aigg2 ) qum9us1 #aifj1 #aigg2 ) qun1 #aihf4 dt]rimus1 comp>ison (1 #ceg4 dt9e1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajjd4 dtonde1 =ms (1 #iie4 dtrah1 ) dat41 #abji4 denx1 decl4 (1 #eca2 mean+ (1 #bdbg4 deus 7dvos1 du71 decl5sion (1 #dej1 #dfb1 #bddi4 dvortor1 =ms (1 #hja4 dxtns1 decl4 (1 #ecc2 g5d] (1 #ehj2 mean+ (1 #bdbg4 dext]1 =mation (1 #cdg2 decl4 (1 #faf4 dext]ior1 =mation (1 #cdh4 dextimus1 =mation (1 #cea4 ,dna1 quantity ( i 91 #abg1 #h4 dc1 imp]4 (1 #aac1 #hdf2 imp]4 ( comp\nds (1 #hh2 =m dxt1 #hhf2 =m dxe1 #hhf2 pr94 p>ts (1 #iec2 use ( dx]im1 dc1 #aeee2 dcam aft] vel1 #afgj2 us$ p]sonally 9 pass41 #bagh2 dcitur1 imp]sonally1 #baha2 dc1 subj4 (1 omitt$ ) v]bs ( desire1 #baij4 dis1 g54 & dat4 s+41 #abg1 #c2 g5d] (1 #eig2 decl4 (1 #fja1 #fjb2 repeat$ 9 rel4 s5t5ce1 #agif4 diff]1 ) dat41 #aahf2 ) qun1 #aihf4 difficilis1 comp>ison (1 #cde1 #cei2 difficile e/1 imply+ non-occurr5t action1 #adif2 ) acc4 ( g]undive con/ruction or g]und1 #bbgd2 ) sup9e 9 -1 #bbgd4 diffd1 =ms (1 #hja1 #adhh4 diff9d1 p]f4 (1 #hfa4 dignus1 ) abl41 #abfi1 #acib2 ) g541 #abfi2 ) acc41 #aadd1 #acib2 ) qu1 #ahai2 ) inf941 #ahai2 ) ut1 #ahai2 ) sup9e 9 -1 #bbgf4 dlig1 p]f4 (1 #hbc2 pr94 p>ts (1 #iec4 dmic1 =ms (1 #iic4 dnsc 7dgnsc71 #ife4 dirrumptus1 #ich4 ds1 decl4 (1 #ecc1 #eei4 dis-1 insep>able prep41 #cib1 #adji4 disc1 =m (1 #agj2 pres4 /em (1 #hcd2 p]f4 ( comp\nds (1 #hfj2 pr94 p>ts (1 #ibg4 discolor1 decl4 (1 #ecg4 discors1 decl4 (1 #ecb1 #eei4 discrep1 ) dat41 #aahf2 discrepvit1 #iic4 discumb1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igd4 disp&1 disp5d1 =ms (1 #iej4 dispr1 decl4 (1 #ecg1 #efa4 disp5nite1 #iej4 displice1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajjd4 diss5ti1 ) dat41 #aahf4 dissici1 =m (1 #ajd1 #idj4 disside1 pr94 p>ts (1 #iig4 dissimilis1 comp>ison (1 #cde2 agree+ ) abl4 ( quality1 #abdj4 di/5d1 =ms (1 #ibd4 di/1 ) abl4 ( am\nt ( diff]5ce1 #aaec2 ) dat41 #aahf4 di1 comp>ison (1 #cfd4 d1 op5 sky1 quantity ( i 91 #abg1 #b4 du1 quantity ( i 91 #abg1 #b4 dves1 decl4 (1 #dgg1 #fbe2 defective1 #fbd2 ) g541 #abfd2 ) abl41 #abfh1 #achg4 dvid1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ieh4 dvus 7dvos71 see deus4 d1 two v]bs1 #ged2 root v]b1 #gdd2 conjug4 (1 #gdd1 #ged2 duim1 c41 #gef1 #hda2 quantity ( a 91 #gee2 old =ms (1 #gef1 #hda2 int]du1 concrdu1 crduam1 c41 #gef2 comp\nds (1 #geg2 p]f4 (1 #hei1 #bdce2 p]f4 ( comp\nds (1 #hfj2 p]f4 p>tic4 (1 #iah1 #bdcf2 pr94 p>ts (1 #ibb2 ) vnum1 #aafe2 nm5 d1 case )1 #abad2 ) subjv4 coord9at$1 #agab2 d bib]e ) inf94 ( purpose1 #bafd2 ) inf94 z obj41 #bbjf2 ) acc4 ( g]undive con/ruction1 #bbej2 ) sup9e1 #bbga2 ) p]f4 p>tic41 #bbig2 =m d n elid$ be=e %ort v[el1 #bdhg2 =m dem n elid$ be=e %ort v[el1 #bdie4 doce1 defective1 #ijj2 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajjd2 ) d & abl41 #aagj2 ) d\ble acc41 #aafi2 con/ructions ) pass4 (1 #aaga2 ) acc4 & inf941 #bage1 #baig2 us$ p]sonally 9 pass41 #bagh4 ddrns1 decl4 (1 #ecc2 g5d] (1 #ehj2 mean+ (1 #bdbg4 dole1 defective1 #ije2 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajjf2 ) acc41 #aaci2 ) quod1 quia1 quom1 #ahea2 ) acc4 & inf941 #bahh4 -dolsc1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igf4 dom1 pr94 p>ts (1 #iic4 domus1 g5d] (1 #ddg1 #ehh2 decl4 (1 #eid2 dom1 #eid1 #gjh2 use (1 #accg2 dom1 z adv41 #gjc2 use (1 #acaa2 ) 91 #accg2 domu1 loc41 #eid1 #accg2 domum1 use (1 #aafb-aafd1 #aabi1 #fii2 doms1 #aafc4 dnec1 =m (1 #aiia2 mean+ all ! "t :ile1 #bjjb2 mean+ until1 #aiic1 #bjjg-bjji4 dneque1 dneque cum1 #bjjg4 dnicum1 #aiia1 #bjjg1 #bjji4 dnique1 =m (1 use (1 #aiia1 #bjjg1 #bjji4 dn1 ) d\ble acc41 #aagb2 o!r con/ructions )1 #aaii4 -dormsc1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ifh4 ds1 decl4 (1 #dcj1 #dgg2 dat4 s+4 9 -ei1 #ejb2 g5d] (1 #egf4 dubit1 ) an1 #aghb2 ) qun1 #aihf-aihg2 nn dubit qun z expansion ( apod41 #baad2 ) inf941 #aihe1 #bafi2 ) acc4 & inf941 #aihg2 ) indirect "q1 #aihg4 dc1 imp]4 (1 #aac1 #hdf2 imp]4 ( comp\nds (1 #agc1 #hdf2 pr94 p>ts (1 #iec2 ) pr & abl41 #aafh2 ) dat41 #abbb2 ) g54 ( value1 #abga4 duell1 loc41 #acch4 dum1 enclitic1 #ic2 ) imp]41 #aegb1 #aegc2 ) pres4 indic4 ( fut4 action1 #aeic2 mean+s (1 #aiia-aiic2 dum 4 4 4 dum1 "o :ile 4 4 4 ano!r1 #aiib2 use (1 :5 mean+ 9 ! "t :ile1 #aiic-aiih2 ) pres4 indic41 #aiie2 ) fut41 #aiif2 ) impf4 & plup4 indic4 & impf4 subjv41 #aiig2 d5ot+ cause1 #aiih2 mean+ all ! "t :ile1 #aiic1 #aiid1 #aiii-bjja2 ( proviso1 ) or )\t modo1 quidem1 #aiic1 #aiid1 #bjjc1 #baaj2 mean+ until1 #aiic1 #aiid1 #bjjd1 #bjje2 indic4 ) dum1 :ile1 :]e subjv4 ) dum1 until1 is expect$1 #bjjf4 dm1 g5d] (1 #djh4 duo1 dual1 #dae2 decl4 (1 #ddb1 #dfd1 #fci1 #fdj2 ) ex or d1 #abdf2 ) %ort f9al v[el1 #bddb4 duplex1 decl4 (1 #eca4 drsc1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igf4 ,dria1 g5d] (1 #djf4 e1 ! v[el1 pronunciation (1 #cc1 #ch-da1 #dc1 #dd2 f9al1 quantity (1 #bdcg1 #bddj1 #bdda4 e1 disappe>ance (1 #aac2 weak5+ (1 9 unacc5t$ syllables1 #ajc-aje2 9 p]f4 p>tic41 #iaj2 developm5t (1 #aaa1 b4 1 h[ d5ot$ 9 inscriptions1 #bi1 #a & #c2 f 1 #if2 f ae1 #ajd2 f a1 #if2 weak5$ to 1 #ajc4 7ex71 quantity (1 #bdcj2 see ex4 eapse1 c41 #fhj4 ebur1 g5d] & decl4 (1 #dhi4 ca/or1 ) acc41 #aadi4 ecce1 comb9$ ) i/e1 ille1 #ffg2 comb9$ ) is1 #fgc2 ) nom41 #aaag2 ) acc41 #aadi2 ) dat41 #abjf4 ecfodi1 =ms (1 #gia4 ecquis1 ecqu1 decl4 (1 #fib2 9 que/ions1 #aeji4 ecqu&1 9 que/ions1 #aeji4 ecqu1 9 que/ions1 #aeji4 edepol1 ) acc41 #aadi4 ditus1 ) abl41 #acab4 ed1 conjug4 (1 #gfi1 #ggj2 pass4 =ms (1 #ggj2 comp\nds (1 #gga2 =m sus1 #acg2 =m ( /1 #hbh2 =ms edim1 c41 #hda2 =m ( ssem1 c41 #hej2 =m ( sse1 #hie2 pr94 p>ts (1 #ibb4 effici1 pr94 p>ts (1 #idj2 ) purpose clause1 #aiea2 ) result clause1 #aife4 effigis1 decl4 (1 #fjg4 effit1 c41 #gij4 effulge1 =ms (1 #ajjj4 ege1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajjf2 comp\nd (1 #ajjf2 ) g541 #abic1 #acje2 ) abl41 #acjc1 #acjd4 ego1 decl4 (1 #fdd-fea2 l5g? ( o 91 #fde1 #bddb2 m1 #acb2 mih1 #fj1 #bddf2 :5 us$1 #ajbi2 dat4 (1 ) acc4 ( exclamation1 #aaej2 ) subjv4 que/ions1 #aeff2 m1 subj4 ( inf941 omitt$1 #bahc2 ns1 subj4 ( inf941 omitt$1 #bahc2 no/r ) g]undive1 #bbfj2 repres5t$ by s 9 ind4 disc41 #bcbe2 use ( no/rm1 no/r1 #bcce2 int] ns express+ reciprocal relation1 #bcdd2 ipse )1 #bcgf4 egomet1 #ic4 ehem1 ) voc4 nom4 & voc41 #aabc4 heu1 quantity ( e 91 #abg1 #h2 ) voc4 nom4 & voc41 #aabc2 ) acc41 #aadi4 eho1 ) voc4 nom4 & voc41 #aabc4 ei1 diph?ong1 pronunciation (1 #ej2 orig9 & *ange (1 #ih1 #gfd1 #ghi2 9 inscriptions to d5ote 1 #bi4 ei1 int]jection1 ) dat41 #abjf4 ia1 ) voc4 nom4 & voc41 #aabc4 ici1 pr94 p>ts (1 #idj4 lici1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ige4 luvis1 decl4 (1 #fjg4 em1 comb9$ ) ille1 #ffg2 ) acc41 #aadi2 ) dat41 #abjf4 m9e1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajjf4 em1 defective1 #ijj2 pr94 p>ts (1 #icg2 comp\nds (1 #hbc1 #icg1 #iec4 morior1 =ms (1 #gia4 mung1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ied4 n1 ) nom4 ( exclamation1 #aaag2 ) acc41 #aadi2 n umquam 9 que/ions1 #aeji4 endo1 #adjb1 #adbb2 ) %ort f9al v[el1 #bddb4 nec1 =ms (1 #iic4 enim1 introduc+ p>5!sis1 #afdb2 position (1 #afhh2 mean+ inde$1 v]ily1 c41 #afhh2 use (1 #afhh1 #baed1 #baee4 enimvr1 9 answ]s1 #aeab4 nsis1 decl4 (1 #ebb2 g5d] (1 #egi4 e1 v]b1 conjug4 (1 #gei1 #gfb2 pass4 =ms (1 #gfc2 comp\nds (1 #gfc-gfg1 #hie2 old & inscriptional =ms (1 #gfd1 #gfe2 =ms ) v1 #gfg1 #hbc2 =ms s1 c41 eis1 c41 #gfd2 =m ( x1 #hbh2 =m ( eam1 c41 #hdb2 g]undive (1 #hii2 no sup9e1 #ijj2 pres4 p>tic4 (1 #ijb2 p]f4 p>tic4 (1 #iah1 #bdcf2 pr94 p>ts (1 #ibb4 ,) exsequis1 nfitis1 malam crucem1 malam rem1 vnum1 #aafe2 ) imp]41 #aegb2 1 asyndeton )1 #afda2 nunc1 #afda2 ) inf94 ( purpose1 #bafd2 ) sup9e1 #bbga2 r ) sup9e1 #bbgc2 ) o %ort5$1 #bddc2 quantity 9 it1 #bdej4 e1 adv41 #gaj2 ) g541 #abed4 ,ephesus1 loc4 & abl4 (1 #accd4 ,epidamnus1 loc4 & abl4 (1 #accd4 ,epidaurus1 loc4 & abl4 (1 #accd4 erg1 prep41 #adaj2 us$ aft] b5evolus1 #abja2 expression )1 in/ead ( objective g541 #abfa4 erg1 g54 ( def9ition )1 #abeg2 resembl+ prep41 #adjf2 d5ot+ inf]5ce1 #afhh1 #baeh2 erg igitur1 #afhi2 itaque erg1 #afhi2 ) g54 ( g]undive con/ruction or g]und1 #bbeh2 ) %ort5$ o1 #bddb4 rig1 pr94 p>ts (1 #iec4 ripi1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ige4 escit1 escunt1 #gdh4 suri1 defective1 #ije4 et1 connect+ sub/s4 ) s+4 or plur4 v]b1 #ajfd-ajff2 et 4 4 4 et connect+ sub/s4 ) s+4 or plur4 v]b1 #ajfd-ajff2 introduc+ p>5!sis1 #afdb2 mean+ also1 & also1 #afdh2 mean+ b1 #afee2 use (1 z copulative conj41 #afdd-afdg1 #afee1 #afef1 #bacd-badj2 aft] alius1 aequ1 c41 #afec2 et nn1 c41 #afei2 et 4 4 4 -que1 #affc2 -que 4 4 4 et1 #affd2 neque 4 4 4 et1 et 4 4 4 neque1 #affe2 atque 4 4 4 et1 #affd2 simul et1 #aibc-aicd4 et5im1 use (1 #afhh1 #baed1 #baee4 etiam1 =m (1 #aec1 #d2 ) comp>41 #adei2 9 answ]s1 #aeab2 aft] vel1 #afgj2 ) s$1 vrum1 #afhj2 cum etiam tum1 #ahfh4 etiams1 #baaf4 ets1 ) abl4 abs41 #acgd2 concessive1 #baaf2 coord9at+1 #baec4 eu1 diph?ong1 pronunciation (1 #di2 *ange ( & pres]vation (1 #aja4 eug1 ) acc41 #aadi4 vilsc1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igf4 ex1 prep41 #adag2 =m (1 #gaj2 comp\nds (1 ) acc41 #aacg2 comp\nds (1 ) dat41 #aaid1 #aaie2 comp\nds (1 o!r con/ructions )1 #aaif2 expression )1 in/ead ( p>titive g541 #abdf2 ) abl4 prop]1 #abig2 ) abl4 ( sep>ation1 c41 #acjd2 ) t[n & isl& names1 #acjh2 express+ s\rce1 #acab2 ) abl4 ( mat]ial1 #acad2 d5ot+ cause1 c41 #acag2 express+ mann]1 #acfa2 ex e introductory to s5t5ce ) quod1 #ahdg2 ) g]undive con/ruction or g]und1 #bbfg4 examussim1 =m (1 #edi1 #fih1 #fii4 excitus1 exctus1 #iai4 excubv]ant1 #iic4 ex$1 conjug4 (1 #gga4 ex]ce1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajjf4 exhrs1 decl4 (1 #dge2 ) g541 #abfc4 exicv]is1 #iic4 exolsco1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ifh4 exos1 #bdeg4 exsus1 #had2 ) act4 mean+1 #ijg4 exsus sum1 #hac4 exp]gscor1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ihj4 exp]ior1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajbj4 explic1 pr94 p>ts (1 #iic4 expld 7explaud71 #ieh4 expung1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ied4 exsequis1 ) e1 #aafe4 exsili1 =ms (1 #ajai4 exsolv1 con/ruction )1 #acjc1 #acjd4 exsorbe1 =ms (1 #ajjf4 exspecttine1 ) comp>41 #accj4 exsults1 pres4 p>tic41 #ijb4 extempl1 cum extempl1 #aibc-aicd4 ext5d1 =ms (1 #ibd4 ext]a1 defective1 #cef4 ext]1 use (1 #cdg4 ext]ior1 =mation (1 #cdh2 comp>ison (1 #cef4 extimus1 =mation (1 #cea2 comp>ison (1 #cef4 extr1 =m (1 #gjg2 prep41 #adaj2 extr quam1 #ahid4 extrmus1 =mation (1 #ceb2 comp>ison (1 #cef2 ) p>titive mean+1 #abdi2 extrmus e/ ) result clause1 #aife4 exu1 pr94 p>ts (1 #idg2 con/ructions )1 #aaii4 f1 *ang$ to h1 #aej2 nf1 quantity ( v[el prec$+1 #abb1 a2 fl1 fr1 #agh4 facss1 =ms (1 #igj4 facis1 decl4 (1 #fjf1 #fjg4 facile1 comp>ison (1 #cfa4 facilis1 comp>ison (1 #cde1 #cei2 ) g]undive con/ruction or g]und1 #bbgd2 ) sup9e 9 -1 #bbgd2 facile e/ imply+ non-occurr5t action1 #adif4 faci1 p>ts suppli$ by f1 #ghh1 #adga2 pass4 (1 #ghh2 pres4 /em (1 #hcf2 9 composition1 #cid1 #gij1 #idj2 imp]4 (1 #if1 #hdf2 p]f4 (1 #hfc2 =ms faxim1 c41 #hhg1 #hhh2 =m faxitur1 #hhh2 pr94 p>ts (1 #idj2 ) g54 ( value1 #abga2 ) abl41 #acae2 fac1 facit1 fac ut1 facit ut ) subjv41 #aegi1 #agab2 fac n ) subjv41 #aehe2 ) purpose clause1 #aiea2 ) result clause1 #aife1 #aifg2 ) acc4 & inf941 #baif2 ) p]f4 p>tic41 #bbig2 ) pres4 p>tic4 us$ pr$icatively1 #bbih2 9 causative use1 #bcjd4 fall1 pr94 p>ts (1 #icb4 falsus1 comp>ison (1 #ceh4 fams1 decl4 (1 #ebd1 #fjc4 famul1 #aaa1 b1 #dee4 fr1 =m (1 #aga2 decl4 (1 #dcj1 #dhi2 g5d] (1 #ehc4 f>ci1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajad2 comp\nds (1 #ajad4 fr1 #hje4 fs1 defective1 #dcj2 g5d] (1 #egh2 fs e/ imply+ non-occurr5t action1 #adif2 ) sup9e 9 -1 #bbgd4 fascis1 g5d] (1 #egi4 fa/disus1 ) g541 #abfc4 fateor1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajaj2 comp\nds (1 #ajaj4 fatsc1 defective1 #hjh4 fave1 pr94 p>ts (1 #iif4 febris1 decl4 (1 #eai1 #eej1 #eee4 fel1 g5d] & decl4 (1 #dcj1 #dhb2 quantity1 #bdcc4 femur1 g5d] & decl4 (1 #dhi4 f]1 quantity1 #bddj4 f]i1 defective1 #haj4 f]m1 quantity1 #bddj4 f]1 conjug4 (1 #ggb1 #ghj1 #gha2 =m tul1 #hfj1 #bdce2 =m tetul1 #gha1 #hfj2 =m tol1 #gha2 comp\nd =ms1 rettul1 rtul1 #gha1 #hfa2 defective1 #ghj1 #hjg1 #ijj2 =m ( f]t1 #hbh2 =m ( f]am1 c41 #hdb2 =m ( f]1 c41 #hdd2 pr94 p>ts (1 #ibb2 f]unt1 !y say1 #ajcc2 us$ reflexively1 #adha1 #adhb2 mole/ f] ) quod1 quia1 quom1 #ahea4 f]tilis1 comp>ison (1 #cei2 ) g541 #abfc4 f]ve1 f]v1 #hba1 #hff2 pr94 p>ts (1 #iih4 f]vsc1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igf4 fcus1 g5d] (1 #djh4 fidlis1 con/ructions )1 #abja4 fids1 g54 & dat4 s+4 (1 #afj2 defective1 #fjj2 decl4 (1 #fjb4 fd1 =ms (1 #hja2 ) abl41 #acdi4 fg1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ieh4 flia1 decl4 (1 #ddb2 ) familis1 #dcg4 flius1 g54 s+4 (1 #def2 voc4 s+4 (1 #dei2 nom4 plur4 fl1 #dfa2 dat4 & abl4 s+4 fls1 #dfd2 ) familis1 #dcg4 f9d1 p]f4 (1 #hfa1 #bdce2 pr94 p>ts (1 #icd2 ) o %ort5$1 #bddc4 f+1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ied4 fnis1 diff]5ce ( mean+ 9 s+4 & plur41 #dah2 decl4 (1 #eef2 g5d] (1 #egi2 fn z prep4 ) abl41 #adjf1 #adai2 z sub/4 ) g541 #adai2 position (1 #adai2 fne ) g541 #adai4 f1 conjug4 (1 #ghe1 #ghh2 quantity ( 91 #abg2 supply+ p>ts ( faci1 #ghh1 #adga2 =m f1 #ghi2 =m fi]1 #ghi1 #hie2 fi]e1 #ghi1 #hie2 quantity ( i 9 fi]1 c41 #ghi2 9 composition1 #cid1 #gij2 defective1 #hjg2 fit ) qum9us1 #aigg4 flgit1 ) d\ble acc41 #aafi2 ) ab & abl41 #aagj2 con/ructions ) pass4 (1 #aaga2 ) ut1 #aiej4 flve1 defective1 #hji4 flect1 pres4 /em (1 #hce2 pr94 p>ts (1 #ifj4 fle1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajja2 ) acc41 #aaci4 -flg1 =ms (1 #iec4 fl1 pr94 p>ts (1 #iia4 flocc1 z g54 ( value1 #abgb4 flre1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajjf4 flrsc1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igf4 flu1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ieh4 fodi1 =ms (1 #gia2 pres4 /em (1 #hcf2 pr94 p>ts (1 #idf4 follis1 g5d] (1 #egi4 =s1 use (1 #aafb4 =ceps1 decl4 (1 #dhj2 g5d] (1 #ehj4 =fex1 g5d] (1 #eha4 =nix1 g5d] (1 #eha4 =san1 ) subjv41 #aeed4 =sitan1 =m (1 #gab2 ) subjv41 #aeed4 =tasse1 ) subjv41 #aeed2 introduc+ concessive p]iod1 #baej2 ) subj4 inf941 #bbji4 fove1 pr94 p>ts (1 #iif4 frang1 p]f4 (1 #hfc2 pr94 p>ts (1 #ich2 comp\nds (1 #ich4 frem1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igb4 frtus1 ) abl41 #acdi4 fric1 pr94 p>ts (1 #iic2 comp\nds (1 #iic4 frgsc1 pr94 p>ts (1 #iei4 frg1 comp>ison (1 #cec2 indecl9able1 #dca2 z adj41 #dca2 ) bonae1 #abbj4 fruor1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igh2 ) abl41 #acgi2 ) acc41 #achj2 use ( g]undive (1 #bbdd4 fr/ra1 fr/r1 #gja1 #gjg1 #bdfg4 fugi1 pres4 /em (1 #hcf2 defective1 #ije2 pr94 p>ts (1 #idj2 fuge ) inf94 = nl1 #aehd1 #bagj4 fulge1 =ms (1 #ajjj4 fund1 pr94 p>ts (1 #idd4 fungor1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igi2 ) abl41 #acgi2 ) acc41 #achj2 use ( g]undive (1 #bbdd4 fnis1 g5d] (1 #egi4 furfur1 g5d] (1 #ehc4 f/is1 decl4 (1 #eba1 #eee2 g5d] (1 #egi4 g1 introduction (1 #bj2 =m (1 #bj2 foll[$ by v1 #bg2 s\nd (1 #bj1 #eg2 f c1 #afd1 #f2 initial be=e n1 disappe>ance (1 #afi1 #b2 m$ial1 disappe>ance (1 #agj1 #a2 assimilation (1 #aff1 #i2 gn1 quantity ( v[el prec$+1 #abb1 c4 ,gia1 abbreviat$1 #bj4 ,gius1 abbreviat$1 #bj2 quantity ( a 91 #abg1 #e2 decl4 (1 #abg1 #g2 #deh4 ganni1 defective1 #haj4 gaude1 =ms (1 #hja1 #adhh2 ) quod1 quia1 quom1 #ahea2 ) s1 #bjfh2 ) acc4 & inf941 #bahh2 ) p]f4 inf941 #bbca4 gem1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igb2 ) acc41 #aaci4 g5]tus1 ) abl41 #acab4 g5ius1 voc4 s+4 (1 #dei4 g51 g5d] (1 #ehf2 decl4 (1 #eib4 g]1 =m (1 #aed2 pr94 p>ts (1 #iec4 gign1 =ms (1 #igc2 g5itus ) abl41 #acab4 gls1 decl4 (1 #ech1 #edd2 /ems (1 #efi2 g5d] (1 #egi4 glsc1 defective1 #hjh4 glmus1 #fb1 #dia4 glrior1 ) abl41 #acdi4 glb1 defective1 #hjh4 ,gnaeus1 abbreviat$1 #bj2 diph?ong be=e v[el 91 #abe4 gracilis1 comp>ison (1 #cde4 gradior1 conjug4 (1 #gii2 comp\nds (1 #gia1 #gii1 #ihf2 pres4 /em (1 #hcf2 pr94 p>ts (1 #ihf4 grtia1 s+4 & plur4 (1 mean+1 #dah2 grti1 g54 ( def9ition )1 #abeg2 grti1 express+ cause1 c41 #acag2 grti1 resembl+ prep41 #adjf2 grtis ag ) quod & cum1 #aheb1 #ahge2 e grti 4 4 4 quod1 #ahed2 grti ) g54 ( g]undive con/ruction or g]und1 #bbeh4 grtulor1 ) quod1 #aheb2 ) cum1 #aheb1 #ahge4 grave e/1 imply+ non-occurr5t action1 #adif4 grex1 decl4 (1 #dgb2 g5d] (1 #eha4 grs1 g5d] & decl4 (1 #did4 h1 f guttural aspirate1 #aeb2 n a cons41 #agg2 m$ial1 disappe>ance (1 #aea2 elision be=e1 #bdhb1 #bdic4 habe1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajjd2 comp\nds (1 #ajjd2 ) pr & abl41 #aafh2 ) dat41 #abbb2 ) g54 ( value1 #abga2 habt1 #aegf2 ) p]f4 p>tic41 #afjf1 #bbig2 ) g]undive1 #bbde1 #bbej4 ,hadria1 g5d] (1 #dcc4 ha]e1 defective1 #ije2 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajjj2 ) dat41 #aahf4 hau1 use (1 #adej4 haud1 see haut4 hauddum1 foll[+ cum1 #ahfh4 hauri1 fut4 p>tic4 (1 #ije2 =ms (1 #ajad4 hausci1 =mation (1 #cif1 #adej4 haut1 haud1 ) adjs41 advs41 v]bs1 #addi2 haud sci an1 c41 #addi1 #aeed1 #aghb4 hav1 av1 #hje4 hebe1 defective1 #hji4 hebes1 decl4 (1 #ecc1 #fce4 hia1 ) voc4 nom4 & voc41 #aabc2 ) %ort f9al v[el1 #bdch4 hem1 ) voc4 nom4 & voc41 #aabc4 h]cle1 9 answ]s1 #aeac4 h]1 "h1 #acda4 heu1 ) nom4 ( exclamation1 #aaag2 ) acc41 #aadi2 ) g541 #abie4 heus1 ) voc4 nom4 & voc41 #aabc4 hc1 decl4 (1 #feh-ffe2 nom4 plur41 hsce1 #dfa1 #ffd1 #ffe2 dat4 & abl4 plur41 hbus1 #ffd1 #ffe2 =mation (1 #fei1 #ffb2 ) %ort v[el1 #ffd1 #bdff2 inscriptional =ms (1 #ffe2 full =m ) -ce1 #ffc2 hoice1 #feh2 hc9e1 #ffc2 ) correlatives1 #fie2 huius1 quantity1 #aec1 #b4 ,adj4 equival5t to g541 #ajih2 rules = agreem5t (1 #ajid-ajih2 neut4 acc4 us$ adv]bially1 #aaef2 neut4 ) p>titive g541 #abdh2 huius z g54 ( value1 #abgb2 ) rel41 #agig2 correlative ( qu1 #ahca2 us$ in/ead ( repeat$ rel41 #ahcc2 correlative ( ut1 ut nn1 #aigj2 hc 4 4 4 qu1 #aigc2 z connective1 #babi1 #bacj2 hoc ipsum1 ttum hoc1 z attribute ( inf941 #bbae2 po9t+ out :at is ne> 9 place1 "t1 or ?\ght1 #bcdg2 ref]r+ to ! speak]1 #bcdh2 haec mean+ ! realm1 our c\ntry1 c41 #bcdi2 express+ some?+ famili>1 ) %ade ( contempt1 #bcej2 ref]r+ to words ( a s5t5ce1 #bcea2 hc & ille contra/$1 #bceb-bcee2 9 concessions1 #bcfa2 dem us$ )1 #bcgb4 hc1 adv41 #gjh1 #acdj2 def9$ by loc41 #acdj2 quantity ( v[el 91 #bdff4 hiemps 7hiems71 =m (1 #afg1 #die2 decl4 (1 #dcj4 h9c1 adv41 #gaj2 z coord9at+ ^w1 #afia4 hsc1 defective1 #hjh4 ,hispalis1 decl4 (1 #eah1 #edi1 #eed2 9 abl4 ) 91 #acce4 hom1 hom9s sunt qu1 #ahbb2 hom9em z indef41 #bbab2 express+ feel+1 z admiration or contempt1 #bcfe2 ) %ort f9al v[el1 #bddb2 =m1 #add4 honrificus1 comp>ison (1 #cec4 horre1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajjf2 ) acc41 #aaci4 horrsc1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igf4 ho/icaps1 nom41 #dcf4 ho/is1 decl4 (1 #eag1 #eeb4 hc1 ) g541 #abed4 humilis1 comp>ison (1 #cde4 humus1 g5d] (1 #ddg2 hum1 loc41 #dfj2 use ( hum1 #accg2 hum1 use (1 #acaa4 i1 z v[el & z cons41 h[ repres5t$1 #bb1 #bd1 #bf2 ! v[el1 pronunciation (1 #cc1 #ch-da2 ! cons41 pronunciation (1 #ei2 ! cons41 h[ repres5t$1 #bd1 #bf2 ! d\bl$ consonant1 h[ repres5t$1 #bc2 ! cons41 m$ial1 disappe>ance (1 #aec1 #b2 ii 7cons4 & v[el71 ! comb9ation1 #eb2 int]*ange ( v[el & cons41 #aec1 #d2 i longa1 #bc1 #bd2 f9al1 quantity (1 #abi1 #bdcg1 #bdde1 #bddf4 i1 int]m$iate s\nd betwe5 u &1 #bc1 #ajc2 f a1 #ajd2 f e1 #ajc2 f o1 #aje2 m$ial1 disappe>ance (1 #aaa2 weak5$ to e1 #ajg1 b2 9 p]f4 subjv41 #hgh2 9 fut4 p]f41 #hhc4 1 h[ d5ot$ 9 inscriptions1 #bi1 #b2 f a1 ae1 #ajh1 a2 f oi1 oe1 #ajh1 a2 f ei1 #ajh1 a1 #gfd1 #ghi2 9 p]f4 subjv41 #hgg2 9 fut4 p]f41 #hhd4 iace1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajjf4 iaci1 =m (1 9 comp\nds1 #eb1 #ajd1 #idj2 pres4 /em (1 #hcf2 p]f4 (1 #hfc2 defective1 #ije2 pr94 p>ts (1 #idj4 iamdi1 acc5t (1 #ib4 ib1 quantity1 #abi1 #b2 #bddf2 =m (1 #gji2 ub 4 4 4 ib1 #ahca4 ibdem1 quantity1 #abi1 #b4 c1 =ms (1 #icg4 idcirc1 z coord9at+ ^w1 #afia2 idcirc 4 4 4 quod 7quia71 #ahed1 #ahee1 #bjfg2 be=e ut1 n1 #aifa2 correlative ( s1 #bjah1 #bjfg4 dem1 decl4 (1 #fgf-fgh2 abl4 (1 ) loc1 #abeb2 correlative ( qu1 #ahca2 us$ in/ead ( repeat$ rel41 #ahcc2 connect+ two diff]5t pr$icates to same p]son or ?+1 #bcga2 us$ ) hc1 c41 #bcgb2 foll[$ by qu1 c41 mean+ ! same z1 #bcgc4 ide1 z coord9at+ ^w1 #afia2 ide 4 4 4 quod1 #ahed2 ide 4 4 4 quia1 #ahed1 #ahee1 #aheh1 #bjfg2 be=e ut1 n1 #aifa2 correlative ( s1 #bjfg4 idneus1 ) dat4 & acc41 #abja2 ) qu1 #ahai2 ) inf941 #ahai4 ds1 g5d] (1 #ehh4 iecur1 g5d] & decl4 (1 #dhi4 igitur1 position (1 #afhh2 erg igitur1 #afhi2 correlative ( s1 #bjah2 use (1 #afhh1 #baeh4 ignis1 decl4 (1 #eba1 #eee4 gnr1 ) haud1 #addi4 gnsc1 =m (1 #agj1 #f2 fut4 p>tic4 (1 #ije2 pr94 p>ts (1 #ife4 licet1 =m (1 #gab2 ) acc41 #aadi4 lic1 adv41 #fih1 #gjc2 correlative ( s1 #bjfg2 ) %ort5$ o1 #bddb4 ille1 decl4 (41 #fef-fei1 #fff-ffh2 illut1 #fei2 old & inscriptional =ms (1 #ffg1 #ffh2 comb9$ ) ecce & em1 #ffg2 ) correlatives1 #fie4 ,adj4 equival5t to g541 #ajih2 rules = agreem5t (1 #ajid-ajih2 neut4 ) p>titive g541 #abdh2 ) subjv4 que/ions1 #aeff2 ) rel41 #agig2 correlative ( qu1 #ahca2 us$ in/ead ( repeat$ rel41 #ahcc2 correlative ( ut1 ut nn1 #aigj2 ( ind4 disc4 repres5t+ t & vs ( direct disc\rse1 #bcbe2 hc & ille contra/$1 #bceb-bcee2 po9t+ to :at is remote 9 place1 "t1 or ?\ght1 #bceh2 po9t+ out a celebrity1 #bcei2 indicat+ *ange ( subj41 #bcfj2 9 concessions1 #bcfa2 9 poetry1 to repeat a ?+ ) emphasis1 #bcfb2 9 poetry1 to emphasize ! second ( two ideas1 #bcfc2 9 poetry1 to anticipate ! real subj41 #bcfd2 dem us$ )1 #bcgb2 fir/ syllable (1 %ort5$1 #bdfi4 ill1 illc1 adv41 #gjh2 use (1 #acdj2 quantity ( second i1 #bdff4 illic1 decl4 (1 #ffi1 #fgj2 r>e =ms (1 #fgj2 quantity ( second i1 #bdff2 fir/ syllable (1 %ort5$1 #bdfi4 imb]1 =m (1 #aaa1 b2 decl4 (1 #ebe1 #edb1 #eef4 ,imbros1 9 abl4 ) 91 #accd4 imbu1 pr94 p>ts (1 #idg4 immne quantum1 #agij4 immemor1 decl4 (1 #ecg1 #eei4 imm9e1 defective1 #hji4 imm1 9 answ]s1 #aead2 ) %ort5$ o1 #bddb2 fir/ syllable (1 %ort5$1 #bdfi4 impr1 decl4 (1 #ecg1 #efa4 imp$i1 ) n1 #aifj1 #aigg2 ) qum9us1 #aifj1 #aigg2 ) acc4 & inf941 #bbjc4 imp]1 use (1 #bbjb4 imp]ti1 con/ructions )1 #aaii4 imp+1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ich2 p]f4 (1 #hfc4 impius1 con/ructions )1 #abja4 imple1 ) g541 #abic2 ) abl41 #achf4 implic1 pr94 p>ts (1 #iic4 impos1 quantity ( o 91 #bdeg4 impossse1 #igb4 impbs 7impbis71 decl4 (1 #dia1 #fbd1 #fbe4 mus1 comp>ison (1 #cef2 ) p>titive mean+1 #abdi4 91 comp>ison (1 #ceg2 comp\nds (1 ) acc41 #aacg2 comp\nds (1 ) dat41 #aahh1 #aahi1 #aaid2 comp\nds (1 o!r con/ructions )1 #aaij1 #aaia1 #aaif1 #aaih2 ) acc4 ( names ( t[ns & isl&s1 #aaeh2 ) urbem & oppidum1 #aaei2 ) c\ntry names & appellatives1 #aafa2 ) domum1 doms1 #aafd2 ) malam crucem & malam rem1 #aafe2 us$ aft] adjs41 #abja1 #abfh2 expressions )1 = dat4 ( t5d5cy or result1 #abba2 expression )1 in/ead ( p>titive g541 #abdf2 expression )1 in/ead ( objective g541 #abfa2 ) urbe & oppid1 #accc2 ) abl4 ( t[n & isl& names1 #accd1 #acce2 ) abl41 ( domus1 #accg2 ) loc4 abl41 #abii1 #acdf1 #acdg2 9 expressions ( "t1 #acec2 old] endo1 #adjb1 #adbb2 old] indu1 #adbb2 ) acc4 & abl41 #adbc1 #adbd2 9 e introductory to s5t5ce ) quod1 #ahdg2 ) acc4 ( g]undive con/ruction or g]und1 #bbec2 ) abl4 ( g]undive con/ruction or g]und1 #bbfg2 quantity1 #bdcc4 9-1 privative1 ) g]undives1 #bbdi4 inc]tum an1 #aghb4 incss1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igj4 incid1 defective1 #ije4 incipi1 pr94 p>ts (1 #idj4 incitus 7inctus71 #iai4 inclutus 7inclitus71 #iai2 comp>ison (1 #ceh4 increpvit1 increprit1 #iic4 incubvre1 incubitus1 #iic4 incumb1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igd4 incuti1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ifa4 inde1 enclitic1 #ic2 ) p>titive g541 #abec2 z coord9at+ ^w1 #afia2 fir/ syllable (1 %ort5$1 #bdfi4 indige1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajjf2 ) g541 #abic1 #acje2 ) abl41 #abic4 indignor1 ) quod1 quia1 quom1 #ahea2 ) acc4 & inf941 #bahh4 indgnus1 ) abl41 #abfi1 #acib2 ) g541 #abfi2 ) qu1 #ahai2 ) inf941 #ahai2 ) ut1 #ahai2 ) sup9e 9 -1 #bbgf4 indols1 decl4 (1 #ebc4 ind nm51 case )1 #abad4 indu1 #adbb1 #bddd4 indulge1 pr94 p>ts (1 #iii4 indu1 pr94 p>ts (1 #idg2 con/ructions )1 #aaii4 inepti1 defective1 #haj4 in]s1 =m (1 #gc2 decl4 (1 #ecc4 nf]a1 defective1 #cef4 nf]1 use (1 #cdg4 nf]ior1 =mation (1 #cdh2 comp>ison (1 #cef4 nf]ne1 ) %ort f9al v[el1 #bddj4 nfimus1 comp>ison (1 #cef2 ) p>titive mean+1 #abdi4 nfntum e/1 imply+ non-occurr5t action1 #adif4 nfit1 #gij4 nfitis1 defective1 #dcj2 ) e1 #aafe4 nfr1 =m (1 #ic2 n comp\nd$1 #adjf2 prep4 & adv41 #adaj1 #adab2 nfr quam1 #ahid4 nfric1 pr94 p>ts (1 #iic4 +]1 imp]4 ( +]1 #hdf4 +ru1 pr94 p>ts (1 #idg4 9quus1 con/ructions )1 #abja4 inlici1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ief4 inld1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ieh4 inmitt1 con/ruction )1 #aaih4 inops1 decl4 (1 #ece1 #eei1 #fcf2 ) g541 #abfc4 inp]c 7im-71 =ms (1 #icj4 inquam1 conjug4 (1 #gei-gfa2 ) direct quotations1 #gfj2 defective1 #gfj1 #hje2 =m ( inquit1 #hbh2 pr94 p>ts (1 #ibb2 #crd p]s4 s+4 ) indef4 subj41 #ajcc4 inquis1 defective1 #dcj1 #dgg4 nscius1 ) g541 #abfc4 nsili1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajai4 ns9u1 con/ruction )1 #aaih4 nsp]g1 con/ructions )1 #aaii4 n/>1 defective1 #dcj4 nsup] quam1 #ahie4 intelleg1 pr94 p>ts (1 #iec4 int]1 =m (1 #gaj2 prep41 #adaj2 comp\nds (1 ) dat41 #aahh1 #aahi1 #aaid2 comp\nds (1 o!r con/ructions )1 #aaij1 #aaia1 #aaif2 expression )1 in/ead ( p>titive g541 #abdf2 position (1 #adcd2 ) inf94 z obj41 #bbje2 ) g]undive con/ruction or g]und1 #bbec2 int] ns1 int] vs1 int] s1 express+ reciprocal relations1 #bcdd4 int]cd1 ) n1 #aifj4 int]cld1 cases )1 #aaii1 #acjc1 #acjd2 ) qum9us1 #aigg2 ) n1 #aigg4 int]dc1 cases )1 #aaii2 ) purpose clause1 #aiej2 ) n1 #aifj4 int]du1 #gef4 int]e1 ) p>titive g541 #abec2 cum int]e1 #ahfh4 int]em1 pr94 p>ts (1 #icg4 int]e1 foll[$ by ab & abl41 #acah4 int]e/1 con/ructions )1 #abgf-abgi4 int]fi]1 #gij4 int]im1 cum int]im1 #ahfh4 int]ior1 =mation (1 #cdh2 comp>ison(1 #ceg4 int]leg1 pr94 p>ts (1 #icg4 int]mitt1 ) qun1 #aihf4 int]nsc1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ife4 int]rog1 ) d\ble acc41 #aafi2 ) d & abl41 #aagj2 con/ructions ) pass4 (1 #aaga4 int]vllum1 use ( abl4 (1 #acii4 intibus1 g5d] (1 #djh4 intimus1 =mation (1 #cea2 comp>ison (1 #ceg2 ) p>titive mean+1 #abdi4 inton1 pr94 p>ts (1 #iic4 intr1 9 expressions ( "t1 #acif2 prep41 #adaj2 intr 4 4 4 quam1 #aibi4 inveh1 us$ reflexively1 #adhb4 inv5i1 us$ p]sonally 9 pass41 #bagh4 invet]sc1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ifh4 invicem1 adv41 #fii2 invicem int] s1 invicem s1 invicem1 express+ reciprocal relations1 #bcde4 invictus1 comp>ison (1 #ceh4 invtus1 comp>ison (1 #ceh2 use ( dat4 (1 #abah4 i1 ) voc4 nom4 & voc41 #aabc4 ipse1 ! sup]lative ipsissumus1 #ceh2 decl4 (1 #fef1 #feg1 #fgi1 #fhj2 g54 (1 9 apposition ) possess4 pron41 #abce2 ) abl4 abs41 #acff2 ipsum1 hoc ipsum1 z attribute ( inf941 #bbae2 9 contra/s1 #bcgd1 #bcge2 ) p]sonals & reflexives1 #bcgf2 /&+ = s or suus1 #bcgg2 mean+ actual1 positive1 ev51 #bcgi2 mean+ regul>1 prop]1 real1 #bchj2 & et ipse1 mean+ z well1 likewise1 too1 #bcha2 mean+ alone1 m]e1 #bchb2 mean+ exactly1 j1 precisely1 "r1 #bchc2 mean+ ( oneself1 volunt>ily1 ( "o's own motion1 #bchd4 ipsissumus1 #ceh4 ipsus1 #fhj4 rscor1 ) quod1 quia1 quom1 #ahea4 is1 dat4 s+4 (1 #abg1 #fgb2 decl4 (1 #fef-fei1 #fga-fgd2 x1 #fei2 /ems (1 #fgb2 old & inscriptional =ms (1 #fgc1 #fgd2 comb9$ ) ecce1 #fgc2 9 table ( correlatives1 #fie2 eius1 quantity1 #aec1 #b4 ,adj4 equival5t to g541 #ajih2 id quod1 #ahaa2 is1 eius mod foll[$ by rel4 s5t5ce ( *>act]i/ic or result1 #ahah2 rules = agreem5t (1 #ajid-ajih2 acc4 us$ adv]bially1 #aabi1 #aadd1 #aadf1 #aaef1 #ahdj2 neut4 ) p>titive g541 #abdh2 abl4 (1 ) loci1 #abeb2 ) rel41 #agig2 correlative ( qu1 #ahca2 us$ in/ead ( repeat$ rel41 #ahcc2 correlative ( ut1 ut nn1 #aigj1 e 4 4 4 qu1 #aigc2 z connective1 #babi1 #bacj2 eum1 subj4 ( inf941 omitt$1 #bahc2 9 concessions1 #bcfa2 ref]r+ to some?+ nam$ 9 context1 #bcfe2 ref]r+ to some?+ nam$ be=e or aft]1 #bcff2 ) connective1 d5ot+ important addition1 #bcfg2 indicat+ some?+ re/ra9$ or re/rict$ by a rel4 or indef41 #bcfh2 us$ = reflexive1 #bcgj2 quantity1 #bdcc4 i/e1 =m (1 #aga1 #a2 decl4 (1 #fef-fei1 #fff1 #ffg2 i/ut1 #fei2 old =ms (1 #ffg2 comb9$ ) ecce1 #ffg2 ) correlatives1 #fie4 ,) rel41 #agig2 correlative ( ut1 ut nn1 #aigj2 po9t+ out some?+ connect$ ) p]son address$1 #bcef2 express+ contempt1 #bceg2 9 concessions1 #bcfa2 dem us$ )1 #bcgb2 fir/ syllable (1 %ort5$1 #bdfi4 i/1 i/c1 adv41 #gjh1 #acdj2 quantity ( second i1 #bdff4 i/ic1 decl4 (1 #ffi1 #fgj2 r>e =ms (1 #fgj2 quantity ( second i1 #bdff4 i/ice 7i/ic71 pron41 #ic4 i/ce 7i/c71 adv41 #ic4 i/uc1 =m (1 #fei2 dem us$ )1 #bcgb2 ) long u1 #bddh4 ita1 ita enimvr1 ita vr1 9 answ]s1 #aeab2 nn ita 9 answ]s1 #aeac2 correlative ( ut1 ut nn1 #ahca1 #aicg1 #aigj2 correlative ( tamquam1 #aijh2 prec$+ qun1 #aihh2 correlative ( dum1 quoad1 quamdi1 #aiii2 correlative ( dum n1 #bjjc2 correlative ( s1 #bjah2 correlative ( quasi1 tamquam s1 c41 #baah2 express+ affirmative coord9ation1 #baei2 introduc+ acc4 & inf941 #bagf2 ) %ort f9al v[el1 #bdch4 itaque1 position (1 #afhh2 itaque erg1 erg itaque1 #afhi2 use (1 #afhh1 #baeh4 item1 correlative ( ut1 #ahca1 #aicg4 it]1 decl4 (1 #ejj2 g5d] (1 #egc4 itidem1 correlative ( ut1 #aicg4 ib>1 g5d] & decl4 (1 #dhi4 iube1 =m ( iuss1 #ajj2 =ms (1 #ajjj2 ) subjv4 coord9at$1 #agjh1 #bbjj2 ) acc4 & inf941 #baih2 ) ut1 #bbjj2 us$ p]sonally 9 pass41 #bbja2 9 causative use1 #bcjd4 idicium1 abl4 (1 ) judicial v]bs1 #abhj4 idic1 us$ p]sonally 9 pass41 #bagh4 iuncus1 g5d] (1 #djh4 iung1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ied2 ) dat41 #aahf2 inctus ) cum1 #aceg4 ,iuppit]1 =m (1 #id2 =mation (1 #chi2 decl4 (1 #did1 #ejj4 irtus1 ) active mean+1 #ijg4 ir1 ) fut4 inf941 #bbce2 ) pres4 inf941 #bbcf4 is1 "r1 decl4 (1 #dia1 #dif1 #dih2 dat4 s+4 9 -1 #eja1 #ejg2 ire cnsultus1 p]tus1 #abfh4 is1 bro?1 decl4 (1 #dia4 iuv5is1 comp>ison (1 #cec1 #ced2 g5d] & decl4 (1 #dhf1 #ejj1 #eff4 iuv1 p]f4 (1 #hfd2 =m iu]9t1 #hia2 fut4 p>tic4 (1 #ije2 pr94 p>ts (1 #iij4 ixt1 n comp\nd$1 #adjf2 prep4 & adv41 #adaj1 #adab2 ixt quam1 #ahij4 j1 ! "*1 #bf4 k1 supplant$ by c1 #bj2 us$ z abbreviation1 #bj4 kal5dae1 abbreviat$1 #bj2 no s+41 #dag4 ,k>?g91 #ejd1 #gjh1 #acca2 -1 #acdc4 l1 d\bl$1 pronunciation (1 #fj2 anaptyctical v[el ins]t$ be=e1 #agb1 #a2 f d or r1 #adg1 #aff1 #g2 prec$$ by mute or f1 #agh4 lbor1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ihc4 lac1 decl4 (1 #dgh4 lacss1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igj4 99laci1 pres4 /em (1 #hcf4 lacte1 defective1 #hji4 lacus1 decl4 (1 #eib4 la$1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ieh2 comp\nds (1 #ieh4 ,la5s1 acc5t (1 #hh4 laetor1 ) abl41 #acdi2 ) quod1 quia1 quom1 #ahea2 ) acc4 & inf941 #bahh4 lm5tor1 ) acc41 #aaci4 langusc1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igf4 lanx1 decl4 (1 #eca4 lr1 g5d] & decl4 (1 #dhi4 l>gior1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajba4 l>git]1 ) p>titive g541 #abdh4 l>gus1 ) g541 #abfd4 late1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajjf4 latsc1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igf4 ltus1 p>tic41 =m (1 #afi1 #d4 ltus1 adj41 ) acc4 app5d$1 #aacj4 laud1 conjug4 (1 #gib1 #gic2 use ( pass4 (1 #adia4 lav1 =ms (1 #hbj1 #hfd1 #iij2 pr94 p>ts (1 #iij4 leg1 pr94 p>ts (1 #icg2 comp\nds (1 #icg4 ,lmnus1 use ( acc4 (1 #aaeh2 use ( abl4 (1 #accd2 use ( loc4 (1 #accd4 lnbunt1 #heb4 ,l?1 g5d] (1 #djf4 lev1 ) g541 #abid2 ) abl41 #acjc1 #acjd4 lx1 abl4 (1 ) judicial v]bs1 #abhj4 lib]1 libr1 9 titles ( books1 #aaae2 use ( abl4 (1 #acde4 lb]1 ) g541 #acjf2 ) abl41 #acjf2 ) prep41 #acjf4 lb]lis1 ) g541 #abfc4 lb]1 con/ructions )1 #acjc1 #acjd2 us$ p]sonally 9 pass41 #bagh4 libet1 =m (1 #bh4 lice1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajjf4 liceor1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajji4 licet1 =ms (1 #haf1 #hag2 imply+ non-occurr5t action1 #adif2 s licu]it1 #afcb2 coord9at$1 #agaj2 z correlative ( quamvs1 #aijd2 ) subj4 inf941 #bbji1 #bbad2 ) concessive p>tic41 #bbie4 lin1 g5d] (1 #ehc4 ,lig]1 decl4 (1 #eai1 #edd1 #eef4 l91 pres4 /em (1 #hcb1 #hcc2 p]f4 p>tic4 (1 #iah2 =ms (1 #ifd4 l9qu1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ich4 l9t]1 see lunt]4 lique1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajjf4 liqusc1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igf4 lis1 =m (1 #afi1 #d2 decl4 (1 #ecc2 /ems (1 #efi4 litt]a1 s+4 & plur4 (1 mean+1 #dah4 litus1 #iah1 #bdcf4 lve1 defective1 #hji4 loc1 ) 9 & abl41 #adbd2 ) g]undive1 #bbej4 locupls1 decl4 (1 #ecc4 locus1 =m (1 #afi1 #d2 use ( abl4 (1 #acdd1 #acde2 repeat$ 9 rel4 s5t5ce1 #agif4 long1 #gje2 long ab1 #acjh2 ) comp>41 #adei2 ) sup]l41 #adff4 longius1 )\t quam1 #acbh2 ) quam1 #acbh2 ) abl41 #acbh4 longus1 ) acc4 app5d$1 #aacj2 longus e/ imply+ non-occurr5t action1 #adif4 loquor1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igh4 lubet 7libet71 =ms (1 #haf1 #hag4 lce1 pr94 p>ts (1 #iii4 lcscit1 imp]sonal1 #ajcd4 lcsc1 lcsc1 pr94 p>ts (1 #iei4 lcet1 imp]sonal1 #ajcd4 ld1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ieh4 lus1 decl4 (1 #dcj4 lge1 pr94 p>ts (1 #iii2 ) acc41 #aaci2 ) acc4 & inf941 #bahh4 lunt] 7l9t]71 decl4 (1 #ebe2 g5d] (1 #egc4 lu1 pr94 p>ts (1 #idg4 lxuris1 decl4 (1 #fje4 m1 developm5t ( an anaptyctical v[el be=e1 #agb1 #b2 f9al1 h[ treat$1 #fa2 assimilation (1 #afd1 #c2 monosyllables end+ 91 ) v[el %ort1 #bdcb2 f9al1 elid$1 #bdic-bdie4 made1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajjf4 madsc1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igf4 ,maec5s1 acc5t (1 #hh4 ma]e1 defective1 #hji2 ) acc41 #aaci2 ) quod1 quia1 quom1 #ahea4 mage1 =m (1 #cfc4 magis1 =m (1 #cfc2 z sign ( comp>41 #cfj2 magis 4 4 4 quam1 #adeg2 ) comp>41 #adfc2 magis quod1 c41 444 quam qu1 c41 #ahee2 nn magis quam1 #ahhi4 magi/]1 =mation (1 #cdh4 magnificus1 comp>ison (1 #cec4 magnus1 comp>ison (1 #cec2 agree+ ) dat4 ( t5d5cy or result1 #abbj2 magn z g54 ( value1 #abga1 #abgi2 magn z abl4 ( value1 #abgc1 #acij1 #acia2 magnum e/ imply+ non-occurr5t action1 #adif4 maior1 =m (1 #bc2 #aff1 #i2 comp>ison (1 #cec2 agree+ ) dat4 ( t5d5cy or result1 #abbj2 9 expressions ( age1 #acbi4 male1 comp>ison (1 #cfc2 v]bs comb9$ )1 foll[$ by dat41 #aahg2 intimat+ negation1 #adea2 quantity1 #bddj4 mal$cns1 comp>ison (1 #ced4 mal$icus1 comp>ison (1 #ced4 maleficus1 comp>ison (1 #ceh4 malevolus1 comp>ison (1 #ceh4 ml1 =m (1 #agj1 #b2 =mation (1 #cif2 conjug4 (1 #ggb1 #gge1 #ggh1 #ggi2 =m ( mlim1 c41 #hda2 pr94 p>ts (1 #ibb2 use ( mlim1 ml1 #aeee2 use ( mllem1 #aefj2 coord9ation ( =ms (1 #agjg2 ) ut1 #aiej2 ) inf941 #bafi2 ) acc4 & inf941 #bahi1 #baij4 malus1 comp>ison (1 #cee2 malam crucem & malam rem1 #aafe4 manceps1 decl4 (1 #dhj4 m&1 pr94 p>ts (1 #iej2 ) subjv4 coord9at$1 #agjh2 ) purpose clause1 #aiej4 mane1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajjj4 manus1 g5d] (1 #ehh4 m>csc1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igf4 m>e1 decl5sion (1 #ebf1 #ebg1 #edf1 #eeb1 #eeg4 m>g1 g5d] (1 #egd4 m>mor1 g5d] (1 #dhi1 #ege4 ,mrspit]1 =mation (1 #chi4 ms1 decl4 (1 #ech1 #edd4 mtr1 comp>ison (1 #cfc4 mtrsc1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igf4 mtrus1 comp>ison (1 #cdd4 maxim1 z sign ( sup]l41 #cfj2 ) sup]l41 #adff4 maximus1 =m (1 #bh2 =mation (1 #cea2 comp>ison (1 #cec2 agree+ ) dat4 ( t5d5cy or result1 #abbj2 maxim z g54 ( value1 #abga2 maximus nt1 sup]l4 ( s5ex1 #cec4 m$ius1 ) p>titive mean+1 #abdi2 ) loc4 abl41 #acdf4 mel1 g5d] & decl4 (1 #dcj1 #dhb2 quantity1 #bdcc4 melior1 comp>ison (1 #cee2 decl4 (1 #ejc1 #eje1 #fbb4 melius1 =m (1 #ajg1 c2 comp>ison (1 #cfc2 melius e/ imply+ non-occurr5t action1 #adif2 melius e/ ) p]f4 inf941 #bbca4 melos1 decl4 (1 #ejh4 mem91 defective1 #hab2 synopsis (1 #hab2 no pass41 #hac2 p]f4 imp]4 act4 mem5t1 mem5tte1 #hac1 #hgi2 mem9ns1 p]f4 act4 p>tic41 #ijg2 ) g541 #abhg2 ) acc41 #abhh2 ) d & abl41 #abhi2 mean+ (1 #afjg2 ) second>y sequ5ce1 #agfi2 mem9 cum1 #ahgj2 ) inf941 #bafi2 ) acc4 & inf941 #bage2 ) pres4 inf941 #bbbj4 memor1 decl4 (1 #ecg1 #eei1 #fcf2 ) g541 #abfc4 memori t5e1 ) pres4 inf941 #bbbj4 memor1 us$ p]sonally 9 pass41 #bagh2 memortur1 imp]sonally1 #baha4 ,m5&r1 g541 #dff4 mns1 decl4 (1 #ecc2 v5it 9 m5tem1 #abij2 use ( m5tis1 #acci4 mnsis1 decl4 (1 #dib1 #ejj1 #eff2 g5d] (1 #egi4 m5tior1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajba4 m]cs1 g5d] (1 #egb4 m]e1 m]eor1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajjd2 two inflections1 #adhh4 m]ges1 g5d] (1 #egb4 m]g1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ieh4 m]dis1 defective1 #eig2 g5d] (1 #eig4 m]itus1 comp>ison (1 #ceh4 m]x 7m]cs1 m]s71 decl4 (1 #eca4 ,messlla1 =mation (1 #bgd4 messis1 decl4 (1 #ebj1 #eea4 mtior1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajbb4 met1 pres4 /em (1 #hce4 metu1 #cfg2 pr94 p>ts (1 #idg2 ) ut1 #aieg2 ) qun1 #aihf4 metus e/ s1 #bjfh4 meus1 voc4 m1 #dei1 #feb2 mih1 quantity1 #fj1 #bddf2 decl4 (1 #feb-fee2 me1 ) rf]t1 int]e/1 #abgg2 meum z attribute ( inf941 #bbae2 repres5t$ by suus 9 ind4 disc41 #bcbe2 us$ in/ead ( g541 #abcd1 #abfb4 mic1 pr94 p>ts (1 #iic2 comp\nds (1 #iic4 mih e/ nm51 case )1 #abac4 ,mltus1 9 loc41 #accd4 militiae1 loc41 #dch1 #acch4 mille1 decl4 (1 #fdb4 m9a1 =m (1 #agb1 #b4 m9im1 comp>ison (1 #cfc2 intimat+ negation1 #adea2 9 answ]s1 #aeac4 m9imus1 =mation (1 #ceb2 comp>ison (1 #cee2 m9imum ) p>titive g541 #abdh2 m9im z g54 ( value1 #abga2 m9im z abl4 ( value1 #acia2 m9imus nt1 sup]l4 ( iuv5is1 #cec4 m9i/]1 =mation (1 #cdh4 m9i/r bib]e1 #bafd4 m9or1 comp>ison (1 #cee2 m9us ) p>titive g541 #abdh2 m9ris z g54 ( value1 #abga1 #abgd2 9 expressions ( age1 #acbi4 m9or1 v]b1 ) fut4 inf941 #bbce2 ) pres4 inf941 #bbcf4 m9u1 pres4 /em (1 #hcc2 pr94 p>ts (1 #idh4 m9us1 =m (1 #cfc2 )\t quam1 #acbh2 ) quam1 #acbh2 ) abl41 #acbh2 9 expressions ( age1 #acbi2 intimat+ negation1 #adea2 nihil m9us 9 answ]s1 #aeac2 ) nihil1 #afgf1 #afhf1 #baea2 nn m9us quam1 #ahhi2 ) s1 #bjba4 mra sunt1 ) s1 #bjfh4 mrificus1 comp>ison (1 #ceh4 mror1 conjug4 (1 #gih2 ) g541 #abhf2 pass4 (1 h[ express$1 #adia2 ) quod1 quia1 quom1 #ahea2 ) s1 #bjfh2 ) acc4 & inf941 #bahh4 mrum e/1 ) s1 #bjfh4 mrum quantum1 z adv41 #gab1 #agij4 mrum qun1 #aihd4 ms1 #fdf4 misce1 =m (1 #ajjd2 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajjd2 ) dat41 #aahf4 mis]e1 ) g541 #abhe2 =ms (1 #hae1 #ajji2 imp]sonal1 #ajcd2 imp]sonal1 con/ruction )1 #abhc2 us$ p]sonally1 #abhd4 mis]eor1 =ms (1 #hae1 #ajji2 us$ imp]sonally1 #ajji2 ) g541 #abhe2 con/ruction ) mis]tur1 #abhc4 mis]scit1 defective1 #hae2 con/ruction )1 #abhc4 mitt1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ieh2 mitte ) inf94 = nl1 #aehd2 quod mitt1 c41 #ahdj2 ) inf94 ( purpose1 #bafd2 ) acc4 & inf941 #bage2 p]f4 p>tic4 (1 us$ ) faci1 #bbig4 mbilis1 comp>ison (1 #cei4 modius1 g54 plur4 (1 #dfb4 modo1 ) iambic %ort5+ 91 #acj1 #c2 #bddb2 ) wi%es1 #aedj2 ) imp]41 #aegb2 ) nn1 #affa1 #afhj-afhb2 modo 4 4 4 modo1 #afhg2 ) s1 #bjai2 ) dum & subjv41 #bjjc1 #baaj2 alone ) subjv41 #bjjc1 #baaj4 mls 7mlis71 decl4 (1 #ebc2 =m (1 #eda4 mole/ f]1 ) quod1 quia1 quom1 #ahea4 mlior1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajba4 mol1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igb4 mone1 conjug4 (1 #gid1 #gie2 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajjd2 ) d\ble acc41 #aagb1 #abia2 ) acc4 & g54 or d & abl41 #abia2 ) subjv4 coord9at$1 #agjh2 ) purpose clause1 #aiej2 ) acc4 & inf941 #aied4 mns1 g5d] (1 #ehj4 morde1 p]f4 (1 #heh1 #hei2 pr94 p>ts (1 #iie4 morior1 =ms (1 #gia1 #gii2 comp\nds (1 =ms (1 #gia1 #gii2 pres4 /em (1 #hcf2 fut4 p>tic4 (1 #ije2 p]f4 p>tic4 (1 #iaj2 pr94 p>ts (1 #iha2 mortuus us$ actively1 #acfd4 ms1 decl4 (1 #dia2 ms e/ ) result clause1 #aife2 ms e/ ) inf941 #bbaa4 move1 ) %ort5$ =ms1 #hia2 pr94 p>ts (1 #iif2 mtus1 =m (1 #hb2 case con/ructions )1 #acjc1 #acjd2 ) purpose clause1 #aiea2 moveor ) qum9us1 #aigg4 mox1 ) fut4 p]f41 #afcj4 mulce1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajjj4 mulge1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajjj4 multiplex1 decl4 (1 #eca4 multum1 comp>ison (1 #cfc4 multus1 comp>ison (1 #cee2 multum ) p>titive g541 #abdh2 mult ) comp>41 #adei2 mult sunt qu1 c41 #ahbb2 nn multum abe/ ) qun1 #aihf4 mniceps1 decl4 (1 #dgi1 #dhj1 #die1 #ejg4 mnificus1 comp>ison (1 #ceh4 mnus1 dat4 (1 ) v]b1 #abbc4 mt1 ) abl41 #achi2 ) cum1 #achi4 n1 adult]num1 be=e c1 g1 q1 x1 #fb2 ncn1 #agj1 #e2 be=e s1 #fc1 #aee2 aft] m1 #agb1 #b2 9 coninx1 #abb1 e2 m$ial1 disappe>ance (1 #agj1 #f2 f9al ns1 disappe>ance (1 #aga1 #d2 assimilation (1 #aff1 #e2 nf1 ns1 gn1 quantity ( v[el prec$+1 #abb1 dropp$ 9 pres4 p>tic41 #ijb4 nam1 introduc+ p>5!sis1 #afdb2 ) et1 #afdh2 position (1 #afhh2 causal or illative1 #baed2 assev]ative1 #baee2 introduc+ "q1 #baee2 introduc+ explanation1 illu/ration1 c41 #baee4 namque1 position (1 #afhh1 #baee2 use (1 #baed1 #baee4 nam quis1 #fib4 nancscor1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ihj4 nscor1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ihj2 ) abl41 #acab2 ) prep1 & abl41 #acab2 con/ructions ( ntus 9 expressions ( age1 #acbi2 ntus us$ actively1 #acfd4 nt maximus1 sup]l4 ( s5ex1 #cec4 nt m9imus1 sup]l4 ( iuv5is1 #cec4 nauc1 z g54 ( value1 #abgb4 nvis1 decl4 (1 #eai1 #eea1 #eee4 nvus1 =m (1 #afi1 #b4 n1 ) subjv41 #addg2 n 4 4 4 quidem1 #addg2 nn modo 7nn slum7 444 s$ n 4 4 4 quidem1 #afhb2 n 4 4 4 quidem aft] a neg41 #affa2 ) wi%es1 #aedj2 ) subjv4 9 exhortations1 #aedg2 ) subjv4 que/ions1 #aefc2 ) imp]41 #addg1 #aeha1 #aehf2 ) coord9at$ subjv41 #agjf2 9 purpose clauses1 #aidg2 ) expressions ( fe>1 #aieh2 ut n1 #aidg2 n nn1 #aieg2 ) dum & subjv41 #bjjc2 ) subjv41 foll[+ sup9e 9 -um1 #bbgb2 foll[$ by quis1 qu1 indef41 #bchh2 see ut4 -ne 7-n71 enclitic & int]rogative1 #ic2 #agj1 #b2 tt9e1 #fej2 hc9e1 c41 #ffc2 illic9e1 c41 #fgj2 answ] expect$ )1 #aejc1 #aejd2 position (1 #aeje2 numne1 #aejg2 anne1 #aejc1 #aejh2 9 fir/ half ( alt]native "q1 #aeag1 #aeai2 necne1 #aebj1 #aggh2 utrum 4 4 4 ne 4 4 4 an1 #aebb2 utrumne1 #aebb2 -ne 444-ne1 #aebd2 ) quis1 ut]1 quantus1 #aebi2 ) subjv4 que/ions1 #aefg2 ) ut1 ut1 9 que/ions1 #aefi2 9 indirect que/ions1 #agge2 -ne 4 4 4 -ne 9 indirect que/ions1 #aggf2 utrum 4 4 4 -ne 4 4 4 an1 utrumne 4 4 4 an 9 indirect que/ions1 #aggi2 9 second memb] ( indirect alt]native "q1 #aghj2 app5d$ to inf94 ( exclamation1 #bbaf2 quantity1 #bdcc4 nec1 & n1 b n1 #adde2 nec 4 4 4 nec connect+ sub/s4 ) s+4 or plur4 v]b1 #ajgj2 9 s5se ( nn1 #addf2 necne1 #aebj1 #aggh2 ) wi%es1 #aedj2 = n 4 4 4 quidem1 #afeh2 nec 4 4 4 quidem1 #afeh2 9 purpose clauses1 #aidg2 quantity1 #bdcc2 see neque4 necdum1 #addf4 necessrius1 con/ructions )1 #abja4 necesse e/1 imply+ non-occurr5t action1 #adif2 coord9at$1 #agji2 ) inf941 #bbaa4 nec1 =ms (1 #iic4 nec opnns1 #addf4 nect1 pres4 /em (1 #hce2 =ms (1 #ifj4 ncubi1 quantity1 #abi2 =m (1 #adf1 #gji4 ndum1 ) subjv41 #aifb4 nefs1 defective1 #dcj2 g5d] (1 #egh2 ) sup9e 9 -1 #bbgd2 nefs e/ ) inf941 #bbaa4 negleg1 p]f4 (1 #hbc2 pr94 p>ts (1 #iec4 neg1 translation (1 #adde2 us$ p]sonally 9 pass41 #bagh4 negtium d1 ) purpose clause1 #aiej4 negtium e/1 ) inf941 #bbaa4 nm1 =m (1 #aah1 #aej2 decl4 (1 #dcj1 #dhe2 =ms ( nllus us$ =1 #dhe2 translation (1 #adde2 ) nn1 #adeb2 ) subjv4 9 exhortations1 #aedg2 ) imp]41 #aehf2 aft] et1 atque1 -que1 #afei2 nm e/ qu1 #ahbb2 ut nm1 nm ut1 #aidg2 nm quisquam1 #bdjb2 nm = nn quisquam1 & nm umquam = numquam quisquam1 #bdjc4 nempe1 fir/ syllable (1 %ort5$1 #bdfi4 ne1 pres4 /em (1 #hcg2 =m neunt1 #hcg2 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajja4 nquam1 comp>ison (1 #cec2 indecl9able1 #dca2 z adj41 #dca4 neque1 ) imp]41 #aeha2 introduc+ p>5!sis1 #afdb2 z copulative conj41 #afdd1 #afeg1 #bada-badd2 neque 4 4 4 neque1 #afeg2 pref]r$ to et nn1 #afei2 nec 4 4 4 nn1 #affj2 neque 4 4 4 haud1 #affj2 aft] a neg41 #affa2 neque 4 4 4 et1 et 4 4 4 neque1 #affe2 neque 4 4 4 -que1 #affe2 neque 4 4 4 ac1 #affe2 9 purpose clauses1 #aidg2 see nec4 neque1 conjug4 (1 #gfh2 =m ( nequit1 #hbh2 pass4 =ms (1 #gfh1 #adhd2 pr94 p>ts (1 #ibb2 translation (1 #adde4 nesci1 =mation (1 #cif2 translation (1 #adde2 ) nisi1 #bjbj2 ) inf941 #bafi2 ) acc4 & inf941 #bage2 ) o %ort5$1 #bddc2 nesci an1 #aghb2 nesci quis1 c41 #aghh1 #aghi2 nesci qumodo1 z adv41 #gab1 #aghh1 #aghi2 nesci qu pact1 z adv41 #gab1 #aghh1 #aghi4 neu1 #afgd2 see nve4 neut]1 =m (1 #abj2 g54 s+4 (1 #abg1 #f2 #fah-fbj1 #feg1 #fid2 decl4 (1 #fah-fbj1 #fid2 translation (1 #adde2 use ( s+4 & plur41 #bdjc4 nve1 =m (1 #afgd2 ) imp]41 #aeha1 #aehf2 9 purpose clauses1 #aidg4 nex1 g5d] (1 #eha4 n1 #bjbj2 ) mrum1 #bjfh4 nigrsc1 inceptive v]b1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igf4 nihil1 =m (1 #add1 #aej1 #dee2 us$ adv]bially1 #aadd2 ) p>titive g541 #abdh2 translation (1 #adde2 ) nn1 #adeb2 = nm1 #adfb2 nihil m9us 9 answ]s1 #aeac2 ) subjv4 9 exhortations1 #aedg2 aft] et1 atque1 -que1 #afei2 nihil e/ quod1 #ahbb1 #ahda2 nihil habe quod1 #ahbb2 ut nihil1 nihil ut1 #aidg2 nihil quicquam1 #bdjb2 us$ = nn quicquam1 #bdjc2 nihil abe/1 ) qun1 #aihf2 nihil aliud quam1 #ahie2 nihil1 z g54 ( value1 #abgb2 nihil1 z abl4 ( value1 #acia2 nihil m9us1 #afgf1 #afhf2 cum nihilm9us1 #ahfh2 nihil m9us introduc+ adv]sative s5t5ce1 #baea2 nihilum1 =m (1 #aej1 #dee2 nl1 =m (1 #aea1 #dee2 ) 9 second syllable1 #bddh4 nimi1 ) comp>41 #adei4 nimis1 ) p>titive g541 #abdh4 nimium1 ) p>titive g541 #abdh4 nisi1 introduc+ sub/4 ) :i* v]b agrees1 #ajgc2 ) abl4 abs41 #acgd2 nisi quod1 #ahdh2 nisi quia1 #ahdh2 nisi s1 #bjbj2 9 adv]sative s5se1 aft] nesci1 ) tam51 #bjbj2 z neg4 ( s1 #bjaf1 #bjbj2 nisi =te1 vr1 #bjbj2 coord9at+1 #baec2 nisi frte ) inf94 9 ind4 disc41 #bcag2 foll[$ by quis1 qu1 indef41 #bchh2 ) %ort f9al v[el1 #bdde4 nite1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajjf4 ntor1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ihc2 ) abl41 #acdi2 ) haud1 #addi2 ) purpose clause1 #aiea2 ) inf941 #aiec1 #bafi4 nix1 g5d] & decl4 (1 #did1 #ejj2 use ( plur4 (1 #aajh4 n1 pr94 p>ts (1 #iia4 nbilis1 comp>ison (1 #cei4 noce1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajjf4 noct1 #ecc1 #gjc4 no5u1 =m (1 #ii1 #fii1 #addd1 #bddd2 use (1 #addd4 no5um1 =m (1 #ii1 #dee1 #fii1 #addd2 use (1 #addd4 nl1 =m (1 #gge1 #cif2 conjug4 (1 #ggb1 #gge-ggg2 =m ( nlim1 c41 #hda2 imp]4 (1 #hdd2 pr94 p>ts (1 #ibb2 translation (1 #adde2 use ( nlim1 nl1 #aeee2 use ( nllem1 #aefj2 use ( nl1 nlte1 #aehc1 #aehd2 nlim ) subjv41 #aehe2 coord9ation ( =ms (1 #agjg2 ) inf941 #bafi2 ) acc4 & inf941 #bahi1 #baij1 #bbbh2 ) p]f4 act4 inf941 9 prohibitions1 #bbbd2 ) p]f4 pass4 inf941 #bbbi4 nm51 decl4 (1 #dha2 mih1 e/ nm51 case )1 #abac2 nm5 d1 ind1 c41 case )1 #abad2 g54 ( def9ition )1 #abef2 g54 ( def9ition ) nm9e1 #abeg2 abl4 (1 ) judicial v]bs1 #abhj2 nm9e resembl+ prep41 #adjf4 nmus1 #hib4 nn1 =mation1 #ii1 #dee1 #fii1 #addd2 common use (1 #addc1 #adid2 nn1 nm1 c41 #adeb2 nm nn1 c41 #adeb2 nn 4 4 4 nn1 #adeb2 9 que/ions1 #aejb2 nnne 4 4 4 nn1 #aejf2 an nn1 #aejh1 #aeai2 ) & )\t p>ticles 9 answ]s1 #aeac2 ) wi%es1 #aedj2 ) subjv4 9 exhortations1 #aedg2 ) subjv4 ( action conceivable1 #aeed2 ) subjv4 que/ions1 #aefc1 #aeff2 ) imp]41 #aehb2 ) fut4 express+ prohibition1 #afbd2 aft] et1 atque 7ac71 -que1 #afei2 ut nn1 #aidg2 n nn1 #aieg2 ) dum & subjv41 #bjjc2 s nn1 #bjbj2 nn alit]1 correlative ( ut1 #aicg2 nn aliud quam1 #ahie2 nn dubit1 con/ructions )1 #aihf1 #aihg2 nndum 4 4 4 cum1 #ahfi2 cum 4 4 4 nndum1 #ahfh2 nn magis 4 4 4 quam1 #ahhi2 nn m9us 4 4 4 quam1 #ahhi2 nn modo1 aft] a neg41 #affa2 nn modo1 foll[$ by s$ etiam1 c41 #afhj2 nn modo1 mean+ nn dcam1 #afha2 nn modo1 foll[$ by n 4 4 4 quidem1 vix1 #afhb2 nn multum abe/1 ) qun1 #aihf2 nn quod1 nn qu1 c41 #ahee1 #aihi2 nn secus1 correlative ( ut1 #aicg2 nn secus1 correlative ( quasi1 tamquam s1 c41 #baah2 nn solum1 foll[$ by s$ etiam1 c41 #afhj2 nn solum1 foll[$ by n 4 4 4 quidem1 vix1 #afhb2 nn tantum1 #afhj4 nnne1 answ] expect$ )1 #aejc1 #aejf2 nnne 4 4 4 nn1 #aejf2 9 indirect que/ions1 #agge4 nnnihil1 z abl4 ( price1 #acia4 nn nll sunt qu1 #ahbb4 ns1 decl4 (1 #fdd-fea2 us$ = ego1 #ajgd2 see ego4 nsc1 =m (1 #afi2 pr94 p>ts (1 #ife2 comp\nds (1 #ife4 no/]1 decl4 (1 #feb2 us$ = meus1 #ajgd2 no/r ) rf]t1 int]e/1 #abgg2 repres5t$ by suus 9 ind4 disc41 #bcbe2 us$ in/ead ( g541 #abcd1 #abfb4 no/rs1 acc5t (1 #hh4 ntsc1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igf4 novus1 comp>ison (1 #ceh4 nox1 decl4 (1 #ecc2 /ems (1 #efi2 adv41 #ecc4 noxius1 ) g541 #abfd4 nb1 pr94 p>ts (1 #iec4 ndiu/]tius1 =m (1 #gab4 nd1 con/ructions )1 #acjc1 #acjd4 ndus1 ) g541 #abfc2 ) abl41 #acjf2 ) prep41 #acjf4 nllus1 =m (1 #aai2 =ms (1 us$ = nm1 #dhe2 g54 s+4 (1 #abg1 #f2 #fah-fbj2 decl4 (1 #fah-fbj2 translation (1 #adde2 = nn or n1 #addh2 ) nn1 #adeb2 ut nllus1 nllus ut1 #aidg2 nlla causa e/ qun1 #aihc2 us$ = nn llus1 #bdjc4 num1 an acc41 #aaef2 answ] expect$ )1 #aejc1 #aejg2 numne1 #aejg2 numquid1 #aejg2 num 4 4 4 num1 #aebd2 9 indirect que/ions1 #agge2 foll[$ by quis1 qu1 indef41 #bchh4 ,numidia1 9 loc41 #accf4 nummus1 g54 plur4 (1 #dfb4 numquam1 translation (1 #adde2 ) nn1 #adeb2 ) subjv4 9 exhortations1 #aedg2 ) subjv4 ( action conceivable1 #aeef4 nunc1 an acc41 #aaef4 nnti1 =m (1 #ajj2 ) ut1 #aiej2 ) acc4 & inf941 #bage2 us$ p]sonally 9 pass41 #bagh2 nntitur1 imp]sonally1 #baha4 -nu1 defective1 #ije2 pr94 p>ts (1 #idg4 np]1 comp>ison (1 #cfd2 =m (1 ,,iii1 a4 nusquam1 ) p>titive g541 #abec2 translation (1 #adde4 o1 ! v[el1 pronunciation (1 #cc1 #ch-da1 #dc-de2 f9al1 quantity (1 #bdcg1 #bddb1 #bddc4 o & 1 weak5+ (1 #aje1 #ajg1 c1 #deb1 #hbg2 9 contraction1 #aah1 #c2 comb9ation into diph?ongs1 #abj2 analogical l5g!n+1 #abc2 iambic %ort5+1 #abi1 #acj2 qualitative *anges (1 #adj1 #ada1 #adc2 qualitative gradation1 #ade4 1 ) nom4 ( exclamation1 #aaag2 ) voc4 nom4 & voc41 #aabc2 ) acc41 #aadi2 ut9am1 s1 ) wi%es1 #aeda1 #aedf4 ob1 prep41 #adaj2 =m (1 #afd1 #b2 comp\nds (1 ) acc41 #aacg2 comp\nds (1 ) dat41 #aahh1 #aahi1 #aaid2 comp\nds (1 o!r con/ructions )1 #aaij1 #aaia1 #aaif2 express+ cause1 c41 #acag2 ) g]undive con/ruction or g]und1 #bbec4 obcumb1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igd4 obe1 con/ruction )1 #aaia4 bice1 decl4 (1 #dgc2 g5d] (1 #eha4 oblvscor1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ihj2 cases )1 #abhg1 #abhh4 obmutsc1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igf4 obside1 pr94 p>ts (1 #iig4 obsi/o1 ) n1 #aifj1 #aigg2 ) qum9us1 #aifj1 #aigg4 obsolsc1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ifh4 ob/1 ) n1 #aifj1 #aigg2 ) qum9us1 #aifj1 #aigg4 obsurdsc1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igf4 obtund 7op-71 =ms (1 #ica4 obviam1 v]bs comb9$ )1 foll[$ by dat41 #aahg4 occalsc1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igf4 occid1 pr94 p>ts (1 #icj4 occ91 p]f4 (1 #hbc2 =ms (1 #igb4 occul1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igb4 cior1 comp>ison (1 #ceg4 cius1 comp>ison (1 #cfc4 oct1 ) %ort5$ f9al o1 #bddb4 d1 defective1 #hab2 synopsis (1 #hab2 =ms sus sum1 fu1 #hac2 no pass41 #hac2 =m sus1 #had2 =m srus1 #had2 mean+ (1 #afjg4 oe1 diph?ong1 pronunciation (1 #dg1 #di2 *anges (1 #ii4 (fici1 ) n1 #aifj2 ) qum9us1 #aifj4 h1 quantity ( o 91 #abg1 #h2 quantity ( 91 #bddj4 oi1 diph?ong1 pronunciation (1 #di1 #ej2 *anges (1 #ii4 olea/]1 g5d] (1 #djh4 ole1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajjf4 olus1 ollus1 olle1 #ffg1 #ffh4 omitte1 ) inf941 = nl1 #aehd4 omnn1 use (1 #baej4 omnis1 g54 9 appos4 ) possess4 pron41 #abce2 omnium ) g54 ( pron41 #abcd2 us$ p>titively1 #abdd2 ) loc4 abl41 #acdf2 fir/ syllable (1 %ort5$1 #bdfi4 onu/us1 ) g541 #achg2 ) abl41 #achg4 op]a1 use ( abl4 (1 #acgh4 op]i1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajai4 opnine1 ) comp>41 #accj4 opis1 decl4 (1 #dcj1 #dhj4 oportet1 =ms (1 #haf2 imply+ non-occurr5t action1 #adif2 coord9at$1 #agji2 ) subj4 inf941 #bbji2 9 pa/ t5se ) pres4 inf941 translation (1 #bbbb2 ) p]f4 pass4 & act4 inf941 #bbcj4 opp]ior1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajbj4 oppidum1 pr$4 9 agreem5t )1 #ajgb2 acc4 (1 ) 9 or ad1 #aaei2 oppid & 9 oppid1 #accc2 oppidm1 #dfc4 opp+1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ich2 p]f4 (1 #hfc4 oppgn1 con/ruction )1 #aaia4 ,ops1 decl4 (1 #dhj4 op/ipsc 7ob-71 pr94 p>ts (1 #igf4 optbile e/1 imply+ non-occurr5t action1 #adif4 optbilius e/1 imply+ non-occurr5t action1 #adif4 optim1 comp>ison (1 #cfc4 optimus1 =m (1 #bh1 #ajc2 =mation (1 #cea2 comp>ison (1 #cee2 optimum e/ imply+ non-occurr5t action1 #adif2 optumum e/ coord9at$1 #agji4 opt1 coord9ation ( =ms (1 #agjg2 ) ut1 #aiej2 ) acc4 & inf941 #baij4 opus e/1 ) abl41 #acgi2 ) p>tic41 #achb2 ) subj4 nom4 or acc41 #achc2 ) g541 #achc2 coord9at$1 #agji2 ) sup9e 9 -1 #bbgf2 ) sub/4 & p>tic41 #bbhf4 orbis1 g5d] (1 #egi2 loc4 orb1 #accg4 orb1 con/ructions )1 #acjc1 #acjd4 rdior1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajbb4 rd1 g5d] (1 #egd4 orior1 =ms (1 #gia1 #gii2 g]undive (1 #hii2 pr94 p>ts (1 #iha2 ortus & oriundus ) abl41 #acab2 ortus us$ actively1 #acfd4 r1 coord9at$1 #agjh2 ) ut1 #aiej2 ) acc4 & inf941 #baid4 os1 decl4 (1 #dib2 g5d] (1 #egf2 plur4 ossua1 #ehf2 quantity1 #bdcc4 s1 decl4 (1 #dcj1 #dia2 g5d] (1 #egf4 o/5d1 =ms (1 #ibd4 ou1 diph?ong1 pronunciation (1 #dg1 #ej2 *anges (1 #ajj4 p1 *ang$ to b1 #afd1 #b2 developm5t (1 betwe5 m & s1 m & t1 #afg2 assimilation (1 #afd1 #c & #d2 #aff1 #b4 pacscor1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ihj2 comp\nds (1 #ihj2 pactus us$ passively1 #acfd4 pa5e ut1 #aidg4 pa5itet1 =ms (1 #hae1 #hag2 imp]sonal1 #ajcd2 con/ruction )1 #abhc2 us$ p]sonally1 #abhd2 ) subj4 inf941 #bbji2 ) p]f4 inf941 #bbca4 palam1 z adv4 & prep41 #adba4 palle1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajjf4 pallsc1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igf4 pals1 decl4 (1 #dge2 g5d] (1 #ehd4 p&1 pr94 p>ts (1 #iej2 comp\nds (1 #iej4 pang1 p]f4 (1 #heh1 #hfc2 =ms (1 #ibe4 papv]1 g5d] (1 #egc4 pr1 decl4 (1 #ecg1 #edd1 #efa2 agree+ ) abl4 ( quality1 #abdj2 pr e/ imply+ non-occurr5t action1 #adif2 ) inf941 #bbaa2 ) g]undive con/ruction1 #bbed2 ) long v[el1 #bddh4 p>c1 defective1 #ije2 =ms (1 #icj2 comp\nds (1 #icj2 p>ce ) inf94 = nl1 #aehd1 #bagj4 p>cus1 ) g541 #abfd4 pre1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajjf4 p>icdas1 nom41 #dcf2 see #acc4 p>is1 quantity ( e 91 #bdef4 p>i1 =ms (1 #gia2 pres4 /em (1 #hcf2 fut4 p>tic4 (1 #ije2 pr94 p>ts (1 #ibh4 p>it]1 foll[$ by et1 #afec2 correlative ( ut1 #aicg4 p>s1 decl4 (1 #ecj1 #ecc2 use ( abl4 (1 #acde2 p>s 4 4 4 p>s1 #afhg4 p>ticeps1 decl4 (1 #dhj1 #fbd1 #fbe4 p>tim1 acc4 z adv41 #edi1 #fii2 ) p>titive g541 #abdh4 p>tior1 conjug4 (1 #gih2 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajba2 "ptus us$ passively1 #acfd4 p>tus1 decl4 (1 #eib4 p>um1 ) p>titive g541 #abdh2 intimat+ negation1 #adea4 p>v1 comp>ison (1 #cfc4 p>vus1 comp>ison (1 #cee2 p>v z g54 ( value1 #abga1 #abgi2 p>v z abl4 ( value1 #acia4 psc1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ife2 us$ reflexively1 #adhb4 passus1 g54 plur4 passm1 #eia4 pate1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajjf4 patior1 pres4 /em (1 #hcf2 pr94 p>ts (1 #ihf2 comp\nds (1 #ihf2 ) acc4 & inf941 #baih2 nn patior ) purpose clause1 #aiej4 pauc sunt qu1 #ahbb4 paulum1 ) p>titive g541 #abdh2 paulum abe/1 ) qun1 #aihf4 paup]1 comp>ison (1 #cdd2 decl4 (1 #dhi1 #fbd1 #fbe2 ) g541 #abfd4 pavsc1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ici4 pect1 pres4 /em (1 #hcb1 #hce2 pr94 p>ts (1 #ifj4 peior1 comp>ison (1 #cee4 peius1 comp>ison (1 #cfc4 pelagus1 decl4 (1 #dic1 #ejh4 pellici1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ief4 pell1 pr94 p>ts (1 #icb2 comp\nds (1 #icb2 con/ructions )1 #acjc1 #acjd4 pelvis1 decl4 (1 #eej4 p5de1 p]f4 (1 #hei2 pr94 p>ts (1 #iie4 p5d1 pr94 p>ts (1 #icj2 ) g54 ( value1 #abga4 p5es1 prep41 #adaj2 position (1 #adcd2 quantity ( second e 91 #bdef4 p5us1 g5d] (1 #ehh4 p]1 prep41 #adaj2 aft] its case1 #agh2 comp\nds (1 ) acc41 #aacg2 ) acc4 ( duration ( "t1 #aaea2 express+ cause1 c41 #acag2 d5ot+ place1 #acdf2 express+ mann]1 #acfa2 express+ in/rum5t1 #acgh2 position (1 #adcg2 quantity1 #bdcc4 p]ag1 pr94 p>ts (1 #icg4 p]cell1 p]f4 (1 #hfa1 #bdce2 pr94 p>ts (1 #ice4 p]citus1 #iai4 p]d1 =ms (1 #geg2 =ms (1 suppli$ by p]e1 #geg1 #adga2 ) inf94 z obj41 #bbjf4 p]egr1 #acdj4 p]em1 pr94 p>ts (1 #icg4 p]e1 supply+ =ms ( p]d1 #geg1 #adga2 foll[$ by ab & abl41 #acah4 p]fric1 pr94 p>ts (1 #iic4 p]fruor1 ) abl41 #acgi2 ) acc41 #achj4 p]g1 pr94 p>ts (1 #iec4 p]9de1 pronunciation (1 #ic2 correlative ( ut1 #aicg2 correlative ( quasi1 tamquam s1 c41 #baah2 p]9de 4 4 4 quam1 #ahij4 p]tus1 ) g541 #abfc2 ) ire1 #abfh1 #ache2 ) inf941 #baff2 ) g54 ( g]undive con/ruction or g]und1 #bbeh4 p]leg1 pr94 p>ts (1 #icg4 p]magn1 z g54 ( e/imation1 #abgi4 p]magn1 z abl4 ( value1 #abgc1 #acij1 #acia4 p]mitt1 coord9at$1 #agaj2 ) purpose clause1 #aiej1 #bbjb2 ) acc4 & inf941 #bbjb2 ) g]undive con/ruction1 #bbej4 p]mulsus1 #ajjj4 p]nicis1 decl4 (1 #fjf4 p]sus1 #had2 ) act4 mean+1 #ijg4 p]sus sum1 #hac4 p]pes1 decl4 (1 #ecc4 p]petior1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ihf4 p]place1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajjd4 p]sude1 ) purpose clause1 #aiej2 ) acc4 & inf941 #aied1 #baie4 p]tund1 =ms (1 #ica4 p]v5i1 =ms (1 #hbb4 ps1 comp\nds (1 decl4 (1 #ecb1 #fcf4 pessim1 comp>ison (1 #cfc4 pessimus1 =mation (1 #cea2 comp>ison (1 #cee4 pessumd1 conjug4 (1 #geg4 pet1 =ms (1 #hie1 #ifg2 quantity 9 petit1 #bdej2 ) subjv4 coord9at$1 #agjh2 ) g]undive con/ruction1 #bbej4 ph1 s\nd (1 #ai2 use (1 #gb4 piget1 =ms (1 #hae1 #hag2 imp]sonal1 #ajcd2 con/ruction )1 #abhc2 us$ p]sonally1 #abhd4 pil1 z g54 ( value1 #abgb4 p+1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ied4 pip]1 g5d] (1 #egc4 ps1 pns1 =ms (1 #hai1 #igb4 place1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajjd2 comp\nds (1 #ajjd2 s placu]it1 #afcb2 coord9ation ( =ms (1 #agjg2 placet ) purpose clause1 #aiej2 placet1 #baac2 placet ) subj4 inf941 #bbji2 placitus1 ) act4 mean+1 #ijg4 plang1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ied4 plaud1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ieh2 comp\nds (1 #ieh4 plbs 7plps1 plbs71 pronunciation (1 #ed2 decl4 (1 #ebd1 #ecd1 #fjc4 plnus1 ) g541 #abfc2 ) abl41 #abfh1 #achg4 -ple1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajja4 plrque1 use (1 #abdd2 ) abl4 abs41 #acff4 plrumque1 ) p>titive g541 #abdh4 -plic1 pr94 p>ts (1 #iic2 comp\nds (1 #iic4 pluit1 defective1 #hae2 =m plvit1 #hbc2 pr94 p>ts (1 #idg2 imp]sonal1 #ajcd4 plrimum1 comp>ison (1 #cfc4 plrimus1 =mation (1 #ceb2 comp>ison (1 #cee2 plrimum ) p>titive g541 #abdh2 plrim z g54 ( value1 #abga2 quam plrim z abl4 ( value1 #acia4 pls1 adj4 & adv41 comp>ison (1 #cee1 #cfc2 defective1 #cee2 decl4 (1 #fbc2 ) p>titive g541 #abdh2 plris z g54 ( value1 #abga1 #abgd1 #abgi2 )\t quam1 #acbh2 ) quam1 #acbh2 ) abl41 #acbh2 plrs ) subjv4 ( action conceivable1 #aeef4 pol1 quantity1 #bdcc4 polle1 defective1 #hji4 polliceor1 ) acc4 & inf941 #bahf2 ) fut4 inf941 #bbce2 ) pres4 inf941 #bbcf4 pne1 n comp\nd$1 #adjf2 prep41 #adaj4 pn1 =m (1 #aaa2 =ms (1 #igb2 nm5 pn1 case )1 #abad2 ) 9 & abl41 #adbd4 popul1 populor1 #hjj1 #adhh4 por-1 insep>able prep41 #cib1 #adji4 porrig1 porg1 pr94 p>ts (1 #iec4 porticus1 g5d] (1 #ehh4 pos1 prep4 #adaj4 posc1 =m (1 #agj1 #aj2 pres4 /em (1 #hcd2 p]f4 ( comp\nds (1 #hfj2 pr94 p>ts (1 #ibg2 ) d\ble acc41 #aafi2 ) ab & abl41 #aagj2 con/ructions ) pass4 (1 #aaga4 possum1 conjug4 (1 #gdd1 #gea2 =m (1 #geb1 #gec2 potis sum1 c41 =1 #geb2 defective1 #gec2 old & r>e =ms (1 #gec2 pass4 =ms (1 #gec1 #adhd2 pr94 p>ts (1 #ibb2 potns1 #ibb2 ) haud1 #addi2 ) sup]l41 #adff1 #ahib2 imply+ non-occurr5t action1 #adif2 9 subjv41 #adih2 s potu]1 #afcb2 quod 7quantum7 4 4 4 possum1 #ahcj2 nn possum qu9 7ut nn71 c41 #aihe2 nn possum 9 conditions1 #bjgd2 9 pa/ t5se ) pres4 inf941 translation (1 #bbbb2 ) p]f4 inf941 #bbbc2 use ( pres4 inf94 (1 = fut41 #bbcf2 9 p]f4 inf94 9 conditional apodoses 9 ind4 disc41 #bccc4 po/1 =ms (1 #adaj2 comp\nds (1 ) dat41 #aaie2 9 expressions ( "t1 #acid-acig2 foll[$ by quam or cum 9 expressions ( "t1 #acig2 ) fut4 p]f41 #afcj2 ) sub/4 & p>tic41 #bbhe1 #bbhf4 po/e1 prep41 #adaj4 po/e1 ) p>titive g541 #abec4 po/]a1 defective1 #cef4 po/]1 use (1 #cdg4 po/]ior1 =mation (1 #cdh2 comp>ison (1 #cef4 po/habe1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajjd4 po/id1 ) p>titive g541 #abec2 prep41 #adaj4 po/ide1 ) p>titive g541 #abec4 po/quam1 po/e quam1 posquam1 ) inf941 #aeci1 #aibd2 ) indic4 & subjv41 #aibc-aica4 po/rmus1 =mation (1 #ceb2 comp>ison (1 #cef2 ) p>titive mean+1 #abdi4 po/rdi1 z adv41 #acda2 ) g541 #adac1 #abcb2 ) acc41 #adjf1 #adac2 po/rdi quam1 #aibb4 po/ul1 ) subjv4 coord9at$1 #agjh2 ) ut1 #aiej2 us$ p]sonally 9 pass41 #bagh2 ) acc4 & inf941 #aiec1 #baid4 po/umus1 =mation (1 #cea2 comp>ison (1 #cef4 pote1 =ms (1 us$ ) or )\t sum1 #geb2 ut pote qu1 #ahbg2 ut pote cum1 #ahgi4 potior1 =ms (1 #gia1 #gii2 pr94 p>ts (1 #iha2 ) g541 #abib2 ) abl41 #acgi2 ) acc41 #achj2 use ( g]undive (1 #bbdd4 potis1 ) or )\t sum1 #geb4 potius1 aft] vel1 #afgj2 ) sve1 #afgb2 potius quam1 #ahig4 ptus1 ) act4 mean+1 #ijg4 prae1 prep41 #adag2 comp>ison (1 #ceg2 comp\nds (1 ) acc41 #aacg2 comp\nds (1 ) dat41 #aahh1 #aahi1 #aaid2 comp\nds (1 o!r con/ructions )1 #aaij1 #aaia1 #aaif2 ) abl4 prop]1 #abig2 express+ cause1 c41 #acag2 prae quam1 #ahie2 prae quam quod1 #ahie4 praebe1 =m (1 #aah1 #b2 #abe2 =ms (1 #ajjd4 praec91 pr94 p>ts (1 #igb4 praecipi1 ) subjv4 coord9at$1 #agjh2 ) purpose clause1 #aiej2 ) acc4 & inf941 #baid4 praecx1 decl4 (1 #eca4 praehibe1 ) %ort diph?ong1 #abe2 =m (1 #ajjd4 praeleg1 pr94 p>ts (1 #icg4 praemorde1 =ms (1 #iie4 ,pra5e/e1 decl4 (1 #eeg4 praesgus1 ) g541 #abfd4 praescius1 ) g541 #abfd4 praeside1 pr94 p>ts (1 #iig4 praesidium1 dat4 (1 ) v]b1 #abbj1 #abbc4 prae/1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ihi2 ) purpose clause1 #aiea2 prae/at ) subj4 inf941 #bbji4 prae/1 adv41 v]bs comb9$ )1 foll[$ by dat41 #aahg4 prae/lor1 ) dat4 or acc41 #aahd4 praet]1 =m (1 #gaj2 prep41 #adaj2 comp\nds (1 ) acc41 #aacg2 praet] quam quod1 #ahdh1 #ahie2 praet] quam1 #ahie2 ) inf94 z obj41 #bbje4 praet]mitt1 ) qun1 #aihf4 praet]quam1 introduc+ sub/4 ) :i* v]b agrees1 #ajgc4 praeut1 #aide4 pr&e1 p]f4 (1 #hff2 pr94 p>ts (1 #iih2 prnsus1 ) act4 mean+1 #ijg4 precor1 ) subjv4 coord9at$1 #agjh2 ) purpose clause1 #aiej2 ) acc4 & inf941 #baie4 preh5d1 #abe2 or praeh5d1 prnd1 #iej4 prem1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ieh2 comp\nds (1 #ieh4 prdi1 z adv41 #acda2 ) acc41 #adjf1 #adac2 ) g541 #adac1 #abcb2 prdi quam1 #aibb4 prmum1 #cfb1 #gja2 prmum 7prm7 444 de9de 4 4 4 tum1 #afhg2 ub1 ut1 cum prmum1 #aibc-aicd4 prmus1 =mation (1 #ceb2 comp>ison (1 #ceg2 ) p>titive mean+1 #abdi4 prior1 comp>ison (1 #ceg4 prius quam1 = potius quam1 #ahig4 priusquam1 ) fut4 p]f41 #afbf2 ) pres4 indic4 ( fut4 action1 #aeic2 g5]al /atem5t ( use1 #aiaa2 9 g5]al /atem5ts1 #aiab-aiad2 9 p>ticul> /atem5ts1 #aiae-aiba4 prv1 con/ructions )1 #acjc1 #acjd4 pr1 prep41 #adag2 ) abl4 prop]1 #abig2 foll[+ dc1 habe1 put1 #aafh2 expressions )1 = dat4 ( t5d5cy or result1 #abba2 quam pr1 #adfa2 pr e introductory to s5t5ce ) quod1 #ahdg2 pr quam1 #ahie2 ) g]undive con/ruction or g]und1 #bbfg4 pr1 int]jection1 ) nom4 ( exclamation1 #aaag2 ) voc4 nom4 & voc41 #aabc2 ) acc41 #aaej4 procul1 z adv4 & prep41 #adba4 prcumb1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igd4 prcurr1 p]f4 (1 #hfj4 prdigus1 ) g541 #abfd4 prdnunt1 #hcc4 pr(icscor1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ihj2 pr(ectus1 us$ actively1 #acfd4 prfsus1 ) g541 #abfc4 prgntus1 ) abl41 #acab4 prgr$ior1 =ms (1 #gia1 #gii4 prohibe1 =ms prohibsss1 c41 #hhg2 contract$1 #ajjd2 case con/ructions )1 #acjc1 #acjd2 ) n1 #aifj2 ) qum9us1 #aifj1 #aigg2 ) acc4 & inf941 #bbjc4 pro91 introduc+ comm&1 #baeg4 pro9de1 disyllabic 9 v]se1 #ic1 #g2 correlative ( quasi1 tamquam s1 c41 #baah2 introduc+ comm&1 #baeg4 prmitt1 ) acc4 & inf941 #bage2 ) fut4 inf941 #bbce4 prm1 p]f4 (1 #hbc2 pr94 p>ts (1 #iec4 prope1 prep41 #adaj2 comp>ison (1 #ceg2 ) acc41 #abja2 prope ut1 #aidg4 prp5de1 pr94 p>ts (1 #iie4 prop]1 ) acc4 & inf941 #baij4 propior1 comp>ison (1 #ceg2 ) acc41 #abja4 propius1 prep41 #adaj2 ) acc41 #abja4 proprius1 con/ructions )1 #abjb1 #abch4 propt]1 prep41 #adaj2 express+ cause1 c41 #acag2 n comp\nd$1 #adjf2 position (1 #adcd2 ) g]undive con/ruction or g]und1 #bbec2 ) sub/4 & p>tic41 #bbhf4 propt]e1 z coord9at+ ^w1 #afia2 propt]e 4 4 4 quod1 #ahed2 propt]e 4 4 4 quia1 #ahed1 #aheh2 be=e ut1 n1 #aifa4 pr\t1 #aidb4 prvidus1 ) g541 #abfc4 proxim1 prep4 #adaj2 ) acc41 #abja4 proximus1 =mation (1 #cea2 comp>ison (1 #ceg2 ) acc41 #abja4 prdns1 =m (1 #aaa2 ) g541 #abfc4 -pte1 enclitic1 #fee4 pbs1 decl4 (1 #dia1 #ebc1 #fbd1 #fbe4 pudet1 =ms (1 #hae1 #hag2 imp]sonal1 #ajcd2 con/ruction )1 #abhc2 us$ p]sonally1 #abhd2 ) subj4 inf941 #bbji4 pugn1 ) dat41 #aahf4 pung1 p]f4 (1 #hbc1 #heh2 pr94 p>ts (1 #ibe4 puppis1 decl4 (1 #eai1 #eej1 #eee4 ptsc1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igf4 put1 ) pr & abl41 #aafh2 ) g54 ( value1 #abga2 coord9at$1 #afif2 us$ p]sonally 9 pass41 #bagh2 putr1 subj4 (1 omitt$ ) v]bs ( desire1 #baij2 puta1 = in/ance1 ) %ort f9al v[el1 #bdch4 putus1 #iai4 q1 writt5 = c1 #bj1 #fij2 foll[$ by u1 #bg1 #fd1 #agg1 see qu4 qu1 be=e consonants or :5 f9al1 *ang$ to c1 #aeh2 o!r *anges1 #aef2 #agj1 #c & #d4 qu 4 4 4 qu1 #afhg4 quaad1 #aiia4 quadrns1 decl4 (1 #ecc2 g5d] (1 #ehj2 mean+ (1 #bdbg4 qua]1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ifg2 pr94 p>ts ( comp\nds (1 #ifg2 s qua]is1 #baac4 quaes1 ) imp]41 #aegb4 qulis1 9 que/ions1 #aebf2 agreem5t (1 #ahjb2 tlis 4 4 4 qulis1 #ahca4 quam1 =m (1 #gjb2 introduc+ sub/4 ) :i* v]b agrees1 #ajgc2 aft] a comp>41 #acbd-acbg1 #acbi2 aft] alius & alt]1 #acbc2 aft] amplius1 longius1 pls1 m9us1 #acbh2 9 expressions ( "t1 #acig2 9 comp>isons1 #adeg1 #adeh2 quam pr1 aft] comp>41 #adfa2 ) sup]l41 #adff1 #ahib2 9 que/ions1 #aebf2 moods )1 #ahhh2 9 comp>4 p]iod ( equality1 #ahhi2 tam 4 4 4 quam1 #ahca1 #ahhi2 nn m9us1 nn magis 4 4 4 quam1 #ahhi2 aequ 4 4 4 quam1 #ahij2 p]9de 4 4 4 quam1 #ahij2 ixt 4 4 4 quam1 #ahij2 tam 4 4 4 quam coord9at+ words1 #ahia2 tam 4 4 4 quam qu1 #ahib2 quam 4 4 4 tam ) d\ble comp>4 or sup]l41 #ahic2 9 comp>4 p]iod ( inequality1 #ahid2 supr quam1 #ahid2 nfr quam1 #ahid2 ltr quam1 #ahid2 extr quam1 #ahid2 nihil aliud1 nn aliud quam1 #ahie2 secus quam1 #ahie2 bis tant quam1 #ahie2 prae quam1 #ahie2 contr quam1 #ahie2 praet] quam quod1 #ahie2 sup] quam quod1 #ahie2 nsup] quam1 #ahie2 pr quam1 #ahie2 advorsum quam1 #ahie2 magis quod1 c41 444 quam qu1 c41 #ahee2 quam1 quam ut1 quam qu1 ) subjv4 aft] comp>4 d5ot+ disproportion1 #ahif2 potius1 citius 7ante1 prius7 quam1 potius quam ut1 #ahig2 ) inf941 #ahih2 priusquam1 antequam1 #aeic1 #afbf1 #aiaa-aiba2 prdi quam1 po/rdi quam1 #aibb2 po/quam1 po/e quam1 posquam1 #aibc-aica2 intr 4 4 4 quam1 #aibi2 tamdi 4 4 4 quam1 #aiii2 quam s1 #baag4 quamdi1 acc5t (1 #ib2 use (1 #aiia1 #aiid1 #aiii-bjja4 quamlibet1 use (1 #aijg4 quamquam1 ) abl4 abs41 #acgd1 #aijj2 z adv41 #ahii2 z conj4 ) indic41 subjv41 adj41 p>tic41 #ahii-aijb2 coord9at+1 #baec2 ) inf94 9 ind4 disc41 #bcag4 quamvs1 ) abl4 abs41 #acgd2 use (1 #aijc-aijg4 qu&1 us$ ) accusative ( exclamation1 #aaej2 9 que/ions1 #aebf2 nesci qu&1 #aghh2 z indef4 adv41 #bjaj2 temporal1 #bjaj1 #bjaa2 causal1 #bjac2 ) quidem1 #bjac2 z prot4 ( conditional p]iod1 #baaj2 foll[$ by quis1 qu1 indef41 #bchh2 ) %ort5$ o1 #bddb4 qu&que1 #bjab1 #bjad4 quant 4 4 4 tant1 #ahca1 #aigc4 quantum1 introduc+ sub/4 ) :i* v]b agrees1 #ajgc2 quantum 4 4 4 tantum1 #ahca4 quantus1 neut4 ) p>titive g541 #abdh2 quantum e/ ) g541 #abei2 quanti z g54 ( value1 #abga1 #abgd1 #abgi2 9 que/ions1 #aebf2 ) -ne1 #aebi2 agreem5t (1 #ahjb2 quantum 4 4 4 possum1 c41 #ahcj1 #ahib4 quasi1 ) abl4 abs41 #acgd2 9 figurative expressions1 #aidd2 9 conditional comp>isons1 #baag-babj2 ) p>tic41 n\ns1 & abridg$ expressions1 #baba2 aft] a comp>41 #babb2 9 actual comp>isons1 #babb2 foll[$ by s1 #baah2 dem quasi1 #bcgc2 ) %ort f9al v[el1 #bdde4 quati1 pres4 /em (1 #hcf2 pr94 p>ts (1 #ifa2 comp\nds (1 #ifa4 -que1 enclitic1 #ic2 connect+ sub/s4 ) s+4 or plur4 v]b1 #ajfd-ajff2 use (1 z copulative conj41 #afdd1 #afdf1 #afdg1 #afdi-afea1 #afee1 #afef1 #bade1 #badf1 -que 4 4 4 -que1 #afej2 mean+ b1 #afee2 -que nn1 c41 #afei2 et 4 4 4 -que1 #affc2 -que 4 4 4 et1 #affd2 -que 4 4 4 atque1 #affd2 atque 4 4 4 -que1 #affd2 neque 4 4 4 -que1 #affe2 quantity1 #bdcc1 #bejf2 at end ( v]se1 #befh4 quemadmodum1 ) inf94 9 ind4 disc41 #bcag4 que1 conjug4 (1 #gei1 #gfh2 us$ ) neg41 #gfh2 pass4 =ms (1 #gfh1 #adhd2 =m ( queam1 c41 #hdb2 p]f4 p>tic4 (1 #iah1 #bdcf2 pr94 p>ts (1 #ibb4 qu]or1 conjug4 (1 #gih2 pr94 p>ts (1 #igh2 ) acc41 #aaci4 qu1 decl4 (1 #fha-fhc2 quot1 #fei2 /ems (1 #fha1 #fhg2 rel41 #fhb2 int]rogative adj41 #fhc2 int]rogative sub/41 #fhe2 quius1 quoi1 #feh1 #fhh2 dat4 & abl4 plur4 qus1 #fhh2 inscriptional =ms (1 #fij2 d]ivatives (1 #fia1 #fib2 ) correlatives1 #fie2 neut4 acc4 us$ adv]bially1 #aadd1 #ahdj2 neut4 ) p>titive g541 #abdh2 quod e/ ) g541 #abei2 9 que/ions1 #aebf2 use (1 #agib2 rules = agreem5t (1 #ajid-ajih1 #ahja-ahaa2 agree+ ) antec$5t impli$ 9 possess41 #ahjg2 id quod1 #ahaa2 quae rs1 #ahaa2 equival5t to conditional prot41 #ahab2 ) indic41 #ahac-ahae2 ) subjv4 d5ot+ purpose1 #ahaf1 #ahag2 ) subjv4 ( *>act]i/ic or result1 #ahah-ahbc2 ) dignus1 indignus1 idneus1 aptus1 #ahai2 e/ qu1 nm e/ qu1 nn habe quod1 c41 #ahbb2 e/ qu1 c41 ) indic41 #ahbc2 ) subjv4 ( cause or concession1 #ahbd2 qu tam51 #ahbe2 ) indic4 in/ead ( causal subjv41 #ahbf2 quippe qu1 #ahbg1 #ahbh2 ut qu1 #ahbg1 #ahbh2 ut pote qu1 #ahbg2 quod sciam1 c41 #ahbi2 qu quidem1 #ahbi2 quod att9et ad1 quod 4 4 4 possum1 #ahcj2 correlatives (1 #ahca2 omitt$ 9 second clause1 #ahcb1 #ahcc2 repeat$1 #ahcc2 place suppli$ by is1 c41 9 second clause1 #ahcc2 introduc+ ma9 s5t5ce1 #ahce1 #baca1 #bcaf2 =mulas qu fact1 c41 #ahcf2 prec$+ s1 c41 #ahcg1 #bacb2 tam 4 4 4 quam qu1 #ahib2 quam qu1 #ahif2 prae quam quod1 #ahie2 ref]r+ to is1 #bcfh2 dem qu1 ! same z1 #bcgc2 quis1 qu1 di/+ui%$ f ut]1 #bche2 quis1 quid1 di/+ui%$ f qu1 quod1 #bchf2 indef41 aft] s1 c41 #fhf1 #bchh2 qu 7plur47 n elid$ be=e %ort v[el1 #bdhg4 qu1 adv41 =m & use (1 #fhi1 #gjf1 #aigb2 9 que/ions1 #aebf2 ) wi%es1 #aeda2 quippe qu1 #ahbh2 ut qu1 #ahbh2 ) subjv41 #aigf4 quia1 =m (1 #gja2 nisi quia1 #ahdh2 use (1 #ahed-aheh2 ) inf94 9 ind4 disc41 #bcag2 ) %ort f9al v[el1 #bdch4 qucumque1 decl4 (1 #fib2 tmesis 91 #fib2 quodcumque e/ ) g541 #abei2 agreem5t (1 #ahjb2 ) indic41 #ahad2 ref]r+ to is1 #bcfh4 qudam1 decl4 (1 #fib2 ) ex or d #abdf2 qudam sunt qu1 c41 #ahbb2 usual =ce (1 #bcib2 us$ to s(t5 metaphor or express+ contempt1 #bcic4 quidem1 ) n1 #addg1 #affa1 #afhb2 ) sn 9 answ]s1 #aeab2 ) nn & m9im 9 answ]s1 #aeac2 qu quidem1 #ahbi2 cum quidem1 #ahfh2 ) dum & subjv41 #bjjc2 ) qu&1 #bjac2 ) s1 #bjai2 introduc+ concessive p]iod1 #baej2 foll[+ ille 9 concessions1 #bcfa4 quis1 decl4 (1 #dgg2 g5d] (1 #egb4 quisc1 p]f4 (1 #hga2 pr94 p>ts (1 #ifh4 qulibet1 decl4 (1 #fib2 use (1 #bdja4 qun1 =m (1 #aac1 #aihj2 9 que/ions1 #aebf1 #aeca1 #aiha2 ) imp]4 or indic41 #aebg2 nn qun1 #ahee1 #aihi2 ) subjv4 9 "q1 #aihb2 nlla causa e/ qun1 #aihc2 mrum qun1 #aihd2 ) nn possum1 c41 #aihe2 ) o!r v]bs & expressions1 #aihf-aiij2 quantity (1 #bdcj4 quncunx1 decl4 (1 #eca2 mean+ (1 #bdbg4 qunqutrs1 g5d] (1 #ehh4 quntus1 =m (1 #agj1 #d2 #bdab4 quippe1 #afij1 #baef2 quippe qu1 #ahbg1 #ahbh2 quippe cum1 #ahgi2 fir/ syllable %ort5$1 #bdfi4 ,quirs1 acc5t (1 #hh2 decl4 (1 #ecc2 quantity ( second i 91 #bdeb4 quis1 decl4 (1 #fhd1 #fhf2 quit1 #fei2 /ems (1 #fha1 #fhg2 int]rogative sub/41 #fhd2 int]rogative adj41 #fhe2 fem99e1 quis1 quae1 #fhd2 quai1 #fhg2 quoius1 quoi1 c41 #feh1 #fhh2 dat4 & abl4 plur4 qus1 #fhh2 nom4 plur4 qus1 #fhh2 inscriptional =ms (1 #fij2 d]ivatives (1 #fia1 #fib2 ) correlatives1 #fie2 adj4 equival5t to g541 #ajih2 rules = agreem5t (1 #ajid-ajih2 quid tib ) sub/4 9 -ti & e/1 #aacf2 neut4 acc4 us$ adv]bially1 #aadd2 neut4 ) p>titive g541 #abdh2 abl4 (1 ) loc1 #abeb2 quid = quis1 #adfb2 quid e/1 quid dcis1 quid1 quid vr1 c41 #aejj2 9 que/ions1 #aebf2 ) -ne1 #aebi2 nesci quis1 #aghh1 #aghi2 sci quid z indef41 #aghh2 quis e/ qu1 #ahbb2 quid e/ quod1 c41 #ahda2 quid quod1 #ahdi2 quis1 qu di/+ui%$ f ut]1 #bche2 quis1 quid di/+ui%$ f qu1 quod1 #bchf2 indef41 aft] s1 c41 #fhf1 #bchh2 quantity1 #bdcc4 quisnam1 decl4 (1 #fib4 quispiam1 decl4 (1 #fib2 use (1 #bchi4 quisquam1 decl4 (1 #fib2 ) haud1 #addi2 use (1 #bdjb1 #bdjc2 nm quisquam & nihil quicquam1 #bdjb4 quisque1 decl4 (1 #fib2 ) abl4 abs41 #acff2 ) ut1 :51 #aicb2 ) ut1 z1 #aici2 ) sup]l41 #aici2 usual =ce (1 #bcid2 9 bo? rel4 & demon/rative s5t5ce1 #bcie2 9 rel4 s5t5ce alone1 #bcif2 foll[+ s1 suus1 sup]l41 or ord9al1 #bcig2 equival5t to qucumque1 quisquis1 #bcih2 cuiusque g5]is1 cuiusque mod1 #bcih4 quisquis1 decl4 (1 #fib2 quidquid e/ ) g541 #abei2 ) indic41 #ahad2 = quisque1 #bcih4 quvs1 decl4 (1 #fib2 use (1 #bdja4 qu1 adv41 ) acc4 ( exclamation1 #aaej2 ) g541 #abed2 9 que/ions1 #aebf2 in/ead ( rel4 pron4 ) prep41 #agic2 qu 4 4 4 e1 #ahca2 nn qu1 nn e qu1 nn qu nn1 #ahee2 ) indic41 #aigc2 ) subjv41 #aigd2 qu n1 #aige2 foll[$ by quis1 qu1 indef41 #bchh4 quoad1 =m (1 #aiia2 use (1 mean+ all ! "t :ile1 #aiid1 #aiii-bjja2 mean+ until1 #bjjg1 #bjjh4 quod1 conj41 orig9 (1 #ahch2 ) decl>ative & causal s5se1 #ahch2 resembl+ pron4 quod1 #ahcj-ahdb2 ) v5i1 mitt1 #ahdj2 quid e/ quod1 c41 #ahda2 mean+ z to :at1 #ahdb2 mean+ 9 case1 #ahdc1 #baaj2 ) indic4 & subjv41 #ahch2 mean+ ! fact t1 #ahdd-aheb2 add quod1 #ahdf2 adici quod1 #ahdf2 nisi quod1 #ahdh2 praet] quam quod1 #ahdh1 #ahie2 sup] quam quod1 #ahdh1 #ahie2 tantum quod1 #ahdh2 quid quod1 #ahdi2 ) gaude1 c41 #ahea2 ) v]bs ( prais+1 c41 #aheb2 mean+ because1 #ahec2 ) correlatives e1 ide1 c41 #ahed1 #ahee2 nn quod1 s$ quod1 c41 #ahee2 magis quod 4 4 4 quam quod1 c41 #ahee2 nn quod nn1 #ahee2 foll[+ sup9e 9 -um1 #bbgb4 quois1 =mation (1 #cbi4 quoius1 9 que/ions1 #aebf4 quom1 see cum4 qum9us1 use (1 #aigg1 #aigh4 quoniam1 =m (1 #aec1 #d2 #ahhb2 use (1 #ahhb-ahhd4 quoque1 ) s$1 #afhj4 qur1 see cr4 qu stius1 #aigi4 quot1 indecl9able1 #dca2 z adj41 #dca2 n us$ p>titively1 #abdd2 nesci quot1 #aghh2 tot 4 4 4 quot1 #ahca4 quotins1 9 que/ions1 #aebf2 ) p]f4 indic4 ( ant]ior "t1 #afac2 totins 4 4 4 quotins1 #ahca1 #ahhf2 mood )1 #ahhe-ahhg4 quotinscumque1 use (1 #ahhe-ahhg4 r1 developm5t ( %ort v[el be=e1 #aaa1 b2 v>ies ) d1 #adh2 be=e i1 #id2 *ang$ to l1 #aff1 #g2 f s1 #aed1 #dhh2 m$ial1 disappe>ance (1 #agj1 #i2 prec$$ by mute or f1 #agh4 rabis1 decl4 (1 #fjf4 rd1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ieh4 rapi1 pres4 /em (1 #hcf2 pr94 p>ts (1 #ige2 comp\nds (1 #ige4 rauci1 defective1 #ije4 re-1 comp\nds )1 p]f4 (1 #gha1 #hfa4 repse1 #fhj4 receptu1 #abbe4 recid1 defective1 #ije4 recipi1 loc4 abl4 )1 #acdh4 recordor1 ) g541 #abhg2 ) acc41 #abhh2 ) d & abl41 #abhi2 ) inf941 #bafi2 ) acc4 & inf941 #bage4 recumb1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igd4 recs1 ) n1 #aifj1 #aigg2 ) qum9us1 #aifj1 #aigg2 ) qun1 #aihf4 r$- 7re-71 insep>able prep41 #cib1 #adji4 r$d1 conjug4 (41 #geg2 ) inf94 z obj41 #bbjf2 ) p]f4 p>tic41 #bbig4 r$nunt1 #hcc4 r$ux1 decl4 (1 #eca1 #fce4 refell1 pr94 p>ts (1 #icb4 r f]t 7rf]t71 =ms (1 #haf2 con/ructions )1 #abgf-abgi2 ) subj4 inf941 #bbji4 ref]tus1 ) g541 #abfc1 #achg2 ) abl41 #abfh1 #achg4 reg1 conjug4 (1 #ghb1 #ghc2 no sup9e1 #ijj2 pr94 p>ts (1 #iec2 comp\nds (1 #iec4 releg1 pr94 p>ts (1 #icg4 relicuus 7reliquus71 ) p>titive mean+1 #abdi4 rns1 g5d] (1 #ehc4 r5de1 defective1 #hji4 reor1 p]f4 p>tic4 (1 #iah1 #bdcf2 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajjh4 rep>c1 =ms (1 #icj4 repell1 pr94 p>ts (1 #icb4 rep]i1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajaa4 replic1 pr94 p>ts (1 #iic4 rp1 pr94 p>ts (1 #iec4 reprim1 ) qun1 #aihf4 repugn1 ) n1 #aifj1 #aigg2 ) qum9us1 #aifj1 #aigg4 requis1 decl4 (1 #dgg1 #fjc2 g5d] (1 #egb4 rs1 g54 & dat4 s+4 (1 #abg1 #d2 decl4 (1 #fja1 #fjb2 malam rem & 9 malam rem1 #aafe2 repeat$ 9 rel4 s5t5ce1 #agif2 quae rs1 #ahaa2 =m r n elid$ be=e %ort v[el1 #bdhg2 =m rem n elid$ be=e %ort v[el1 #bdie4 reside1 pr94 p>ts (1 #iig4 resipsc1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ifh4 resi/1 ) n1 #aifj1 #aigg2 ) qum9us1 #aifj1 #aigg4 reson1 =ms (1 #iic4 responde1 pr94 p>ts (1 #iie4 re/is1 decl4 (1 #ebj1 #eej4 rte1 decl4 (1 #ebh1 #eeg4 ret5d1 =ms (1 #ibd4 retice1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajjd4 ret9e1 ) qun1 #aihf4 rettul1 rtul1 #gha1 #hfa4 retund1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ica4 reus1 ) g541 #abfc4 revvsc 7-vvsc71 #iei4 revortor1 =ms (1 #hja4 ,rhodus1 9 loc41 #accd4 rde1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajjj4 rige1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajjf4 rigsc1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igf4 rbur1 g5d] (1 #djh2 decl4 (1 #dhi4 rd1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ieh4 rog1 ) d\ble acc41 #aafi2 ) d & abl41 #aagj2 con/ructions ) pass4 (1 #aaga2 ) g]undive con/ruction1 #bbej4 rubsc1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igf4 rubus1 g5d] (1 #djh4 rudns1 g5d] (1 #ehj4 rudis1 ) g541 #abfc4 rumex1 g5d] (1 #djh4 rump1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ich2 comp\nds (1 #ich4 ru1 p]f4 p>tic4 (1 #iah1 #bdcf2 pr94 p>ts (1 #idg4 rursum1 russum1 rsum1 accusatives z adv]bs1 #gja4 rs1 decl4 (1 #dcj1 #dia2 loc4 rr1 #ejd2 use ( rr1 #accg2 acc4 z adv41 #fii2 acc4 )\t prep41 #aafb2 use ( abl4 rre1 #acaa2 use ( loc4 abl4 rre1 #acdd1 #acde2 rre z adv41 #gjc4 s1 s\nd (1 #fe2 foll[$ by u1 #bg1 #fe2 7& ss7 us$ = z1 #ba1 #fg2 int]vocalic1 #aee2 ss f tt1 #aei2 *ang$ to r1 #aed1 #dhh2 7& /71 initial1 disappe>ance (1 #afi1 #d2 m$ial1 disappe>ance (1 #agj1 #b2 f9al1 disappe>ance (1 #ff1 #aga2 ns1 quantity ( v[el prec$+1 #abb1 a2 f9al syllables 91 quantity ( v[el (1 #bdea-bdeg2 does n always make position1 #bdfh4 sac]1 comp>ison (1 #ceh2 con/ructions )1 #abjb1 #abch4 saepe1 comp>ison (1 #cfd4 saepi1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajad4 ,sagra1 g5d] (1 #djf4 sl1 decl4 (1 #dcj1 #dhb2 g5d] (1 #ehc4 sali1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajai2 comp\nds (1 #ajai4 sam1 pron41 #fge4 ,samns1 acc5t (1 #hh2 decl4 (1 #ecc2 quantity ( i 91 #bdeb4 sanci1 =ms (1 #ajad4 sn1 introduc+ concessive p]iod1 #baej2 sn quam1 #agij2 sn1 sn quidem1 9 answ]s1 #aeab2 ) imp]41 #aegb4 snsc1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igf4 sangus1 =m (1 #aga1 #d2 decl4 (1 #dhf2 g5d] (1 #egi2 quantity ( i 91 #bdeb4 sapi1 pres4 /em (1 #hcf2 pr94 p>ts (1 #ifi2 comp\nds (1 #ifi4 s>ci1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajad4 ss 7= sus71 #fec4 sat91 9 que/ions1 #aeaj4 satis1 v]bs comb9$ )1 foll[$ by dat41 #aahg2 ) p>titive g541 #abdh2 satis e/ imply+ non-occurr5t action1 #adif2 satis e/1 c41 ) p]f4 inf941 #bbca4 satisd1 conjug4 (1 #geg4 satius e/1 imply+ non-occurr5t action1 #adif4 scalp1 pr94 p>ts (1 #iec4 sc&1 pr94 p>ts (1 #iej2 comp\nds (1 #iej4 sclicet1 =m (1 #gab2 9 answ]s1 #aeab4 sc9d1 p]f4 (1 #hei1 #hfj1 #bdce2 pr94 p>ts (1 #icd4 sci1 pres4 /em (1 #hcg2 imp]4 (1 #hdf2 fut4 scb1 #heb2 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajaf2 ) haud1 #addi1 #aeed1 #aghb2 sct1 scitte1 #aegf2 scn1 coord9at$1 #aghg2 sci quid1 c41 z indef41 #aghh2 ) inf941 #bafi2 ) acc4 & inf941 #bage2 ) o %ort5$1 #bddc4 scirpus1 g5d] (1 #djh4 scsc1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ife4 scrb1 pr94 p>ts (1 #iec4 sculp1 pr94 p>ts (1 #iec4 sec1 pr94 p>ts (1 #iic2 comp\nd (1 #iic4 secris1 decl4 (1 #ebj1 #eej1 #eed4 scrus1 ) g541 #abfd4 secus1 comp>ison (1 #cfd2 defective1 #dcj2 secus quam1 #ahie2 nn secus1 correlative ( ut1 #aicg2 ( quasi1 tamquam s1 c41 #baah4 s$1 set1 use (1 #afgf1 #afgi2 aft] nn modo1 c41 #afhj-afhb2 coord9at+ rel4 s5t5ce1 #ahbj2 nn quod1 c41 444 s$1 c41 #ahee2 introduc+ adv]sative s5t5ce1 #baea4 sd- 7s-71 z insep>able prep41 #cib1 #adji2 z prep41 #adag4 s$e1 p]f4 (1 #hfb2 pr94 p>ts (1 #iig2 comp\nds (1 #iig4 sds1 decl4 (1 #dgf1 #eff4 seges1 g5d] (1 #egb4 ,seleucia1 abl4 (1 ) 91 #accd4 sm5tis1 decl4 (1 #eai1 #eea1 #eee4 smis1 decl4 (1 #eci2 mean+ (1 #bdbg4 s5tus1 g54 s+4 s5t1 s5tuos1 #eij1 #eic4 s5sc1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igf4 s5ex1 comp>ison (1 #cec2 decl4 (1 #ejj4 s5ts1 g5d] (1 #egi4 s5ti1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajae4 sepeli1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajag4 septemplex1 decl4 (1 #eca4 septunx1 #bdbg4 sequor1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igh4 s]is1 decl4 (1 #fjg4 s]1 /r+1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igb4 s]1 s[1 conjug4 (1 #gdd1 #geh2 root v]b1 r$uplicat$1 #gdd1 #geh2 =m ( s]it1 #hbh2 p]f4 p>tic4 (1 #iah1 #bdcf2 pr94 p>ts (1 #ibb2 pr94 p>ts ( comp\nds (1 #ibb2 satus ) abl41 #acab4 s/]tius1 g54 plur4 (1 #dfb4 stius1 comp>ison (1 #cfd2 ) qu1 #aigi4 seu1 see sve4 sextns1 g5d] (1 #ehj2 mean+ (1 #bdbg4 s1 sei1 adv41 #gjh2 ) wi%es1 #aedf2 ) pres4 indic4 ( fut4 action1 #aeic2 ) fut4 p]f41 #afbf2 s or s =te 9 que/ions1 #aggg2 =m (1 #bjae2 correlatives (1 #bjae1 #bjah2 ) quidem1 #bjai2 ) modo1 #bjai2 ) tam51 #bjai2 s 7sve7 4 4 4 sve1 #bjai2 neg4 (1 s nn1 nisi1 nisi s1 n1 #bjbj2 s autem1 m9us1 alit]1 #bjba2 9 conditions1 #bjbe-baae2 ) mror1 mrum e/1 mra sunt1 gaude1 t]re1 metus e/1 #bjfh2 s placet1 c41 #baac2 ets1 s1 c41 concessive1 #baaf2 quasi1 quam s1 tamquam s1 c41 #baag-babb2 s nn ) inf94 9 ind4 disc41 #bcag2 squis ref]r+ to is1 #bcfh2 foll[$ by quis1 qu1 indef41 #bchh4 sc1 =m (1 #aac1 #bjae2 adv41 #gjh2 correlative ( tamquam1 #aijh2 correlative ( ut1 #ahca1 #aicg1 #aigj2 prec$+ qu91 #aihh2 correlative ( s1 #bjae1 #bjah2 correlative ( quasi1 tamquam s1 c41 #baah2 express+ affirmative coord9ation1 #baei2 introduc+ acc4 & inf941 #bagf4 scubi1 quantity1 #abi1 #b2 =m (1 #abi1 #gji4 scunde1 =m (1 #adf1 #gaj4 scut1 aft] quamvs1 #aije2 =m (1 #aicg2 mean+ s9ce1 #aidf4 scuti1 ) %ort f9al v[el1 #bdde4 ,sicyn1 ,sicyne1 #acca4 sd1 pr94 p>ts (1 #idc4 sile1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajjf4 silex1 g5d] (1 #eha4 similis1 comp>ison (1 #cde2 con/ructions )1 #abjd2 agree+ ) abl4 ( quality1 #abdj4 similit]1 correlative ( ut1 #aicg2 correlative ( quasi1 tamquam s1 c41 #baah4 simplex1 decl4 (1 #eca4 simul1 z adv4 & prep41 #gja1 #adba2 ) et1 #afdh2 simul 4 4 4 simul1 #afhg4 simul atque1 ac1 et1 ut1 & simul1 use (1 #aibc-aicd1 #afac4 sn1 #bjba4 s9e1 prep41 #adag2 ) abl4 prop]1 #abig2 position (1 #adcd2 intimat+ prot4 ( conditional p]iod1 #baaj2 ) g]undive con/ruction or g]und1 #bbfg4 s91 pres4 /em (1 #hcc2 =ms (1 #hic1 #ifd2 p]f4 p>tic4 (1 #iah1 #bdcf2 ) subjv4 coord9at$1 #agaj2 ) purpose clause1 #aiej2 ) acc4 & inf941 #baih2 us$ p]sonally 9 pass41 #bbja4 ss 7= s vs71 #ggd2 ) imp]41 #aegb2 p>5!tical1 #baac4 ss1 det]m9ative pron41 #fge4 si/1 conjug4 (1 #gdd1 #geh2 root v]b1 r$uplicat$1 #gdd1 #geh2 =m ( si/it1 #hbh2 p]f4 (1 #acc1 #hei1 #bdce2 p]f4 ( comp\nds (1 #hfj2 p]f4 p>tic4 (1 #iah1 #bdcf2 pr94 p>ts (1 #ibb4 sitis1 decl4 (1 #eah1 #edh1 #eed4 sve1 conjunction1 use (1 #affg1 #afgb1 #afgc2 foll[$ by quis1 qu1 indef41 #bchh2 see s4 societs1 =mation1 #ajc1 a4 scors1 decl4 (1 #eei4 sds1 ) imp]41 #aegb4 sole1 =ms (1 #hja1 #adhh4 slum1 ) nn1 #afhj1 #afhb4 slus1 g54 s+4 (1 #abf1 #f2 #fah-fbj2 decl4 (1 #fah-fbj2 g54 9 apposition ) possess4 pron41 #abce2 slus e/ qu1 #ahbb4 solv1 pr94 p>ts (1 #idg2 con/ructions )1 #acjc1 #acjd4 son1 =ms (1 #hbj2 defective1 #ije2 pr94 p>ts (1 #iic2 comp\nd (1 #iic4 sorbe1 =ms (1 #ajjf2 comp\nds (1 #ajjf4 sors1 decl4 (1 #ecc1 #edc1 #eef4 sortior1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajba4 ss1 det]m9ative pron41 #fge4 sspes1 decl4 (1 #dgg1 #fbd1 #fbe4 sp>g1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ieh2 comp\nds (1 #ieh4 ,sp>ta1 abl4 (1 ) 91 #accd4 spatium1 use ( abl4 (1 #acii4 specis1 decl4 (1 #fjf1 #fjg4 speci1 spici1 pres4 /em (1 #hcf2 =ms (1 #ief4 specus1 g5d] (1 #ehh2 decl4 (1 #eib4 sp]n1 pres4 /em (1 #hcc2 pr94 p>ts (1 #ifd4 spr1 ) acc4 & inf941 #bage1 #bahf2 ) fut4 inf941 #bbce2 ) pres4 inf941 #bbcf4 sps1 defective1 #fjj1 #fjb2 sp ) comp>41 #accj2 =m sp n elid$ be=e %ort v[el1 #bdhg2 =m spem n elid$ be=e %ort v[el1 #bdie4 spoli1 con/ructions )1 #acjc1 #acjd4 sponde1 p]f4 (1 #agc1 #b2 #hei2 pr94 p>ts (1 #iie2 comp\nds (1 #iie4 spu1 pr94 p>ts (1 #idg4 squle1 defective1 #hji4 /a1 /c 7= i/a1 i/c71 #ffg4 /atu1 #cfg2 pr94 p>ts (1 #idg2 comp\nds (1 #idg2 ) 9 & abl41 #adbd2 ) purpose clause1 #aiej2 ) inf941 #aiec1 #bafi2 ) acc4 & inf941 #aied4 /]n1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ifd4 /]nu1 pres4 /em (1 #hcc2 pr94 p>ts (1 #idh4 /]t1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igb4 /+u1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ied4 /irps1 g5d] (1 #ehj4 /1 pres4 /em (1 #hcg2 p]f4 (1 #agc1 #b2 #hei1 #bdce2 p]f4 ( comp\nds (1 #hfj2 defective1 #ije2 pr94 p>ts (1 #ihi2 ) abl41 #acdi2 /at p] aliquem ) qum9us1 #aigg2 =m / n elid$ be=e %ort v[el1 #bdhg2 =m /em n elid$ be=e %ort v[el1 #bdie4 /rep1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igb4 /rde1 p]f4 (1 #hfb2 pr94 p>ts (1 #iig4 /rigilis1 decl4 (1 #eai1 #eea1 #eee4 /r+1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ied4 /ru1 p]f4 (1 #afd1 #a2 #hfe1 #hfg2 pr94 p>ts (1 #iec4 /ude1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajjf2 ) purpose clause1 #aiea2 ) inf941 #bafi2 ) acc4 & inf941 #baij4 /udisus1 ) g54 ( g]undive con/ruction or g]und1 #bbeh4 /upe1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajjf4 /upsc1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igf4 ,/yx1 g5d] (1 #djf4 sude1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajjj2 ) subjv4 coord9at$1 #agab2 ) purpose clause1 #aiej2 ) acc4 & inf941 #baie4 sub1 =m (1 #afd1 #b2 comp\nds (1 ) dat41 #aahh1 #aahi1 #aaid2 comp\nds (1 o!r con/ructions )1 #aaij1 #aaia1 #aaif2 ) loc4 abl41 #abii2 ) acc4 & abl41 #adbb1 #adbc4 subcumb1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igd4 sub9de1 pronunciation (1 #ic4 subit1 ) cum1 #ahfi4 subrepsit1 #ige4 subrupi1 =ms (1 #ige4 subt]1 ) acc41 #adaj2 ) abl41 #adaf4 subtund1 =ms (1 #ica4 susc1 p]f4 (1 #hga2 pr94 p>ts (1 #ifh4 sg1 pr94 p>ts (1 #iec4 su1 decl4 (1 #fdd-fea2 use ( g54 (1 #abcd2 s1 subj4 ( inf941 omitt$1 #bahc2 su ) g]undive1 #bbfj1 #bbfa2 9 ind4 disc4 repres5t+ ego & ns ( direct disc\rse1 #bcbe2 ref]r+ to subj4 ( v]b1 #bccf2 ref]r+ to ^w n subj4 ( v]b1 #bccg2 use 9 con/ruction ( acc4 ) inf941 #bcch-bcdj2 use 9 subord9ate clauses1 #bcda-bcdc2 int] s1 invicem int] s1 invicem s1 express+ reciprocal relations1 #bcdd1 #bcde2 is us$ =1 #bcgj2 ipse )1 #bcgf2 ipse /&+ =1 #bcgg2 s quisque1 #bcig4 ,slla1 =mation (1 #bgd4 sultis 7= s voltis71 #ggd2 ) imp]41 #aegb2 p>5!tical1 #baac4 sum1 =m esum1 #gdf2 conjugation (1 #gdd1 #gde2 old =ms (1 #gdh2 pronunciation ( es1 & e/ aft] a v[el or -m1 #gdg1 #bdif2 pronunciation ( es1 & e/ aft] -s1 #gdg1 #bdif2 sont1 #gdh2 escit1 c41 #gdh2 siem1 c41 #gdh1 #hda2 e/d1 #gdh2 =m ( eram1 er1 c41 #aed1 #gdf1 #hdh2 es = ess1 #gdg2 p>tic4 (1 #gdi1 #ijb2 9 comp\nds1 #gdi1 #ijb2 no g]und or g]undive (1 #gdi2 no p]f4 p>tic4 or sup9e (1 #gej1 #ijj2 fuam1 c41 #gej1 #hdb2 =e1 c41 #gej1 #hjc2 fx1 c41 #abf1 #gej1 #hfe2 ) potis1 pote1 #geb2 no p]f4 sy/em (1 #gde1 #hjg2 =m e/1 #hbh2 suffix ( pres4 subjv4 -i- & -i-1 #hda2 =m ( sim1 c41 #hda2 =m ( es1 c4 7imp]471 #hdd2 =m ( essem1 c41 #hej2 =m ( esse1 #hie2 pr94 p>ts (1 #ibb2 root v]b1 #gdd4 ,us$ imp]sonally1 #ajcd2 omitt$1 #ajcf2 fut4 p>tic4 )1 #hjb1 #hjc1 #afcc1 #agcg1 #agdb1 #agdf1 #agdg2 g]undive )1 #hjd1 #baja1 #bbdc2 dat4 ( possessor )1 #abab2 dat4 ( t5d5cy or result )1 #abai2 g54 ( value )1 #abga2 abl4 )1 #acae2 comb9ations ) e/ imply+ non-occurr5t action1 #adif2 use ( s1 e/1 #aegf2 fu1 fu]am1 fu]1 ) p]f4 p>tic41 #afji2 e/ qu1 #ahbb2 ) attributive cum s5t5ce1 #ahgj1 #ahga2 ) attributive po/quam or ut s5t5ce1 #aibg2 esse1 subj4 (1 omitt$ ) v]bs ( desire1 #baij2 =e or futrum esse ut z circumlocution1 #bbcc2 =e ) p]f4 p>tic41 #bbcd2 pr$icate use ( g54 ( g]undive con/ruction )1 #bbfb2 futrus z adj41 #bbhc2 futrus z sub/41 #bbib2 esse & fuisse ) fut4 p>tic41 & futrum fuisse ut 9 conditional apodoses 9 ind4 disc41 #bcca1 #bccd2 =m sim n elid$ be=e %ort v[el1 #bdie4 sum1 pron41 #fge4 summus1 =mation (1 #ceb2 comp>ison (1 #cef2 ) p>titive mean+1 #abdi4 sm1 pr94 p>ts (1 #iec4 ,snium1 9 loc41 #accd4 su1 pr94 p>ts (1 #idg4 supellx1 decl4 (1 #ede1 #eef4 sup]1 comp\nds (1 ) dat41 #aahh1 #aahi1 #aaid2 comp\nds (1 o!r con/ructions )1 #aaij1 #aaia1 #aaif2 ) acc4 & abl41 #adbb1 #adbe2 sup] id introductory to s5t5ce ) quod1 #ahdg2 sup] quam quod1 #ahdh1 #ahie2 ) acc4 ( g]undive con/ruction or g]und1 #bbec2 ) abl4 ( g]undive con/ruction or g]und1 #bbfg4 sup]a1 defective1 #cef4 sup]bi1 defective1 #haj4 sup]fit1 c41 #gij4 sup]1 use (1 #cdg2 no s+41 #dag4 sup]ior1 =mation (1 #cdh2 comp>ison (1 #cef4 sup]ne1 ) %ort f9al v[el1 #bddj4 sup]s$e1 con/ructions )1 #acjc1 #acjd4 sup]/es1 decl4 (1 #dgg1 #fbd1 #fbe4 supplex1 decl4 (1 #eca4 supr1 prep41 #adaj2 supr quam1 #ahid4 suprmus1 =mation (1 #ceb2 comp>ison (1 #cef4 surg1 surrig1 pr94 p>ts (1 #iec4 surpuit1 c41 #ige4 ss1 g5d] & decl4 (1 #did4 suscnse1 ) quod1 quia1 quom1 #ahea4 suscipi1 ) g]undive1 #bbej4 susque dque1 #adjh4 suus1 =m (1 #ajg1 c2 decl4 (1 #feb-fee2 us$ in/ead ( g541 #abcd1 #abfb2 9 ind4 disc4 repres5t+ meus1 no/] ( direct disc\rse1 #bcbe2 ref]r+ to subj4 ( v]b1 #bccf2 ref]r+ to ^w n subj4 ( v]b1 #bccg2 use 9 con/ruction ( acc4 ) inf941 #bcch-bcdj2 use 9 subord9ate clauses1 #bcda-bcdc2 omitt$1 #bcdf2 mean+ prop]1 appropriate1 fav\rable1 #bcdf2 ipse /&+ =1 #bcgg2 suus quisque1 #bcig4 t1 s\nd (1 #fh2 v>ies ) l1 #adg2 ) r1 #adh2 ) t1 #adi1 #b2 initial1 disappe>ance (1 #afi1 #a2 tt1 treatm5t (1 #aei1 #afj2 assimilation (1 #aff2 dt1 ! comb9ation1 its treatm5t1 #aei1 #afj2 f9al1 9 x1 illut1 c41 #fei2 monosyllables end+ 91 ) v[el %ort1 #bdcb4 tbs1 decl4 (1 #ebc1 #fjc4 tbsc1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igf4 tace1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajjd4 ta$et1 =ms (1 #hae2 imp]sonal1 #ajcd2 con/ruction )1 #abhc2 us$ p]sonally1 #abhd4 tag1 #ibe4 tal5tum1 g54 plur4 (1 #dfb4 tlis1 foll[$ by rel4 s5t5ce ( result1 #ahah2 tlis 4 4 4 qulis1 #ahca2 correlative ( ut1 ut nn1 #aigj4 talpa1 g5d] (1 #dcc4 tam1 =m (1 #gjb2 tam 4 4 4 quam1 correlatives1 #ahca2 tam 4 4 4 quam1 use (1 #ahhi1 #ahia2 tam 4 4 4 quam qu1 #ahib2 quam 4 4 4 tam1 #ahic2 correlative ( ut1 ut nn1 #aigj2 prec$+ qun1 #aihh4 tamdi1 correlative ( dum1 quoad1 quamdi1 quam1 dnec1 #aiii1 #bjjd4 tam51 ) abl4 abs41 #acgd2 common use (1 #afgf1 #afhf2 qu tam51 #ahbe2 cum tam51 #ahfh2 cum 4 4 4 tam51 #ahhj2 correlative ( s1 #bjah2 ) s1 #bjai2 ) nisi1 #bjbj2 correlative ( ets1 tamets1 c41 #baaf2 introduc+ adv]sative s5t5ce1 #baea2 aft] p>tic4 express+ concession1 #bbie4 tam5ets1 #baaf4 tamets1 concessive1 #baaf2 coord9at+1 #baec4 tamquam1 9 p]iods ( comp>ison1 #aijh2 introduc+ reason1 #aiji2 ) or )\t s 9 conditional comp>isons1 #baag-baba4 t&em1 =m (1 #afd1 #c4 tang1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ibe2 =ms tag1 c41 #ibe2 comp\nds (1 #ibe4 tantisp]1 #aiii4 tantop]e1 correlative ( ut1 ut nn1 #aigj4 tantum1 ) nn1 #afhj2 quantum 4 4 4 tantum1 #ahca2 tantum quod1 #ahdh2 tantum abe/ ut 4 4 4 ut1 #aifi2 correlative ( dum1 quoad1 quamdi1 #aiii4 tantummodo1 #aiii4 tantundem1 ) p>titive g541 #abdh4 tantus1 =m (1 #adg2 tantum ) g541 #abdh1 #abei2 tant z g54 ( value1 #abga1 #abgd1 #abgi2 correlative ( ut1 ut nn1 #aigj2 quant 4 4 4 tant1 #aigc2 prec$+ qun1 #aihh4 teges1 g5d] (1 #egb4 teg1 defective1 #ijj2 pr94 p>ts (1 #iec4 temn1 defective1 #hjh2 pres4 /em (1 #hcc2 pr94 p>ts (1 #iee4 temp]1 comp>ison (1 #cfd4 temp]1 ) n1 #aifj2 ) qun1 #aihf4 tempt1 ) purpose clause1 #aiea2 ) inf941 #aiec4 t5d1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ibd2 =m ( t5nitur1 #aff1 #d2 #ibd2 comp\nds (1 #ibd2 ) p]f4 inf941 #bbbe4 t5e1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajjd2 comp\nds (1 #ajjd2 ) loc4 abl41 #acdh2 ) n1 #aifj2 ) qum9us1 #aigg2 ) qun1 #aihf2 memori t5e ) pres4 inf941 #bbbj4 t5us1 ) abl4 prop]1 #abig1 #adbj2 z sub/4 ) g541 #adjf1 #adbj2 position (1 #adbj4 tepsc1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igf4 t]1 quantity1 #bdcc4 t]es1 decl4 (1 #ecc1 #eei1 #fce4 t]ge1 t]g1 =ms (1 #ajjj4 t]1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ifc4 t]re1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajjd2 ) s1 #bjfh4 t]unc1 z g54 ( value1 #abgb4 tex1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igb4 ?1 s\nd (1 #gb2 use (1 #ai4 ,tib]is1 decl4 (1 #eah1 #edi1 #eed4 "t1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajjf2 ) ut1 #aieg4 t+1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ied4 ts1 #fdf4 toll1 =m (1 #aff1 #f2 #hcc2 supply+ p>ts ( f]1 #ghj2 pr94 p>ts (1 #ibf4 tonde1 p]f4 (1 #hei2 pr94 p>ts (1 #iie2 comp\nds (1 #iie4 ton1 =ms (1 #iic2 tonat1 defective1 #hae2 tonat1 imp]sonal1 #ajcd4 torpsc1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igf4 torque1 pr94 p>ts (1 #iii4 torquis1 g5d] (1 #egi4 torre1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajjd4 tot1 indecl9able1 #dca2 z adj41 #dca2 n us$ p>titively1 #abdd2 tot 4 4 4 quot1 #ahca4 totidem1 n us$ p>titively1 #abdd4 totins 4 4 4 quotins1 #ahca1 #ahhf4 ttus1 g54 s+4 (1 #abg1 #f2 #fah-fbj2 decl4 (1 #fah-fbj2 con/ruction )1 #abjb1 #abch2 ) loc4 abl41 #acdf2 ttum hc z attribute ( inf941 #bbae4 trdux1 g5d] (1 #eha4 trah1 pr94 p>ts (1 #iec4 trns1 comp\nds (1 ) acc41 #aacg2 comp\nds (1 ) d\ble acc41 #aach2 z adv41 #adjb2 prep41 #adaj4 tremsc1 tremsc1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igf1 #hcd4 trem1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igb4 trs1 decl4 (1 #fci2 ) ex or d1 #abdf4 tribu1 #cfg2 pr94 p>ts (1 #idg2 nm5 tribu1 case )1 #abad4 tribus1 g5d] (1 #ehh2 decl4 (1 #eib4 trins1 g5d] (1 #ehj2 mean+ (1 #bdbg4 triplex1 decl4 (1 #eca4 trd1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ieh4 trux1 decl4 (1 #eca1 #fce4 t1 decl4 (1 #fdd-fea2 :5 express$1 #ajbi2 us$ 9 address1 #aaah2 dat4 ) acc4 ( exclamation1 #aaej2 ) subjv4 que/ions1 #aeff2 ) imp]41 #aega2 t1 subj4 ( inf941 omitt$1 #bahc2 vs1 subj4 ( inf941 omitt$1 #bahc2 t z indef41 #bbab2 vo/r ) g]undive1 #bbfj1 #bbfa2 repres5t$ by ille or is 9 ind4 disc41 #bcbe2 use ( ve/rm1 ve/r1 #bcce2 int] vs express+ reciprocal relation1 #bcdd4 tb]1 g5d] (1 #egc4 tueor1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajji4 tum1 =m (1 #gja1 #aaef2 prmum 7prm7 4 4 4 de9de 4 4 4 tum1 #afhg2 tum 4 4 4 tum1 #afhg2 cum 4 4 4 tum1 #ahca1 #ahha2 correlative ( qu&1 #bjaa2 correlative ( s1 #bjah2 tum dnique1 tum dmum1 correlatives ( s1 #bjah4 tumsc1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igf4 tund1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ica2 comp\nds (1 #ica2 p]f4 (1 #bdce4 turb1 g5d] (1 #egd4 turge1 =ms (1 #ajjj4 turris1 decl4 (1 #eag1 #eej1 #eee4 tussi1 defective1 #haj4 tussis1 decl4 (1 #eag1 #edh1 #eed4 tuus1 decl4 (1 #feb-fee2 tu ) rf]t1 int]e/1 #abgg2 tuum z attribute ( inf941 #bbae2 us$ in/ead ( g541 #abcd1 #abfb4 u1 z v[el & z cons41 h[ repres5t$1 #bb1 #bf2 ! v[el1 pronunciation (1 #bg1 #cc1 #ch-da2 us$ = y1 #ba2 aft] q1 g1 s1 #bg1 #agg1 #bejd2 int]m$iate s\nd1 #bh2 int]*ange ( v[el & cons41 #eb2 f9al1 quantity (1 #bdcg1 #bddd4 u1 *ange (1 especially be=e b1 p1 m1 f1 to i1 #bh1 #ajc2 f a1 #ajd1 f2 f o1 #aje1 #ajg1 #deb1 #hbg2 weak5$ to i1 #aje2 foll[$ by o1 #ajg1 c1 #aeg1 #deb1 #hbg2 m$ial u1 f -av-1 -ov-1 iv1 #ajf4 1 h[ d5ot$ 9 inscriptions1 #bi1 #a1 #c2 f au1 #ig2 f ou1 #ajj2 f oi1 oe1 #ii4 b]1 udd]1 g5d] (1 #egc4 b]1 fruitful1 decl4 (1 #ecg1 #fcf4 ub1 quantity1 #abi1 #bddf2 =m (1 #adf1 #gji2 9 que/ions1 #aebf2 ) inf941 #aeci2 ) p]f4 indic4 ( ant]ior action1 #afac2 ) fut4 p]f41 #afbf2 nesci ub1 #aghh2 in/ead ( rel4 pron4 ) prep41 #agic2 ub 4 4 4 ib1 #ahca2 ub prmum1 #aibc2 use (1 mean+ :51 #aibc-aibf1 #aicb-aicd2 use (1 mean+ :]e1 #aiga2 introduc+ conditional prot41 #baaj4 ubicumque1 quantity1 #abi1 #b4 ub9am1 quantity1 #abi1 #b2 ) p>titive g541 #abec4 ubque1 quantity1 #abi1 #b4 ubivs1 quantity1 #abi1 #b4 ui1 diph?ong1 pronunciation (1 #di2 monoph?ong1 #ie4 ulcscor1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ihj4 llus1 =mation (1 #bgd2 g54 s+4 (1 #afb1 #fah-fbj2 decl4 (1 #fah-fbj2 ) haud1 #addi2 use (1 #bdjb1 #bdjc4 ls1 comp>ison (1 #ceg2 prep41 #adaj4 ult]ior1 =mation (1 #cdh2 comp>ison (1 #ceg4 ultimus1 =mation (1 #cea2 comp>ison (1 #ceg2 ) p>titive mean+1 #abdi4 ultr1 prep4 & adv41 #adaj1 #adab2 position (1 #adcd2 ultr quam1 #ahid4 me1 defective1 #hji4 umquam1 ) haud1 #addi2 ) n 9 que/ions1 #aeji4 uncia1 #bdbg4 unde1 =m (1 #adf1 #gaj2 ) acc4 ( exclamation1 #aaej2 9 que/ions1 #aebf2 nesci unde1 #aghh2 in/ead ( rel4 pron4 ) prep41 #agic2 fir/ syllable (1 %ort5$1 #bdfi4 unguis1 decl4 (1 #eef2 g5d] (1 #egi4 ungu 7ung71 pr94 p>ts (1 #ied4 nus1 =m (1 #hg2 g54 s+4 (1 #abg1 #f2 #fah-fbj1 #fch2 decl4 (1 #fah-fbj1 #fch2 g54 9 apposition ) possess4 pron41 #abce2 ) ex or d1 #abdf2 ) g541 #abdf2 ) sup]l41 #adff2 unus e/ qu1 #ahbb4 nusquisque1 decl4 (1 #fib4 urbs1 pr$4 9 agreem5t )1 #ajgb2 acc4 (1 ) 9 or ad1 #aaei2 g54 ( def9ition )1 #abef2 urbe & 9 urbe1 #accc4 urge1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajjj4 r1 pr94 p>ts (1 #iec4 usque1 z prep41 #adad2 correlative ( dum1 quoad1 quamdi1 dnec1 #aiii1 #bjjd2 usque e1 usque ad eum fnem1 #bjjd4 sus e/1 ) abl41 #acgi2 ) p>tic41 #achb2 ) acc41 #achd2 by :at au?ors us$1 #achd2 ) sub/4 & p>tic41 #bbhf4 ut1 utei1 ut1 =m (1 #aice2 ) g541 #abed2 ) sat9 9 que/ions1 #aeaj2 9 wi%es1 #aedj2 ) subjv4 9 exhortations1 #aedg2 ) que/ions1 #aefh1 #aefi2 coord9at$ memb] equival5t to result clause )1 #agjj2 sci ut z indef41 #aghh2 ) dignus1 indignus1 #ahai2 quam ut1 #ahif2 g5]al /atem5t ( use 9 subord9ate clause1 #aidg1 #aidh2 ut n1 #aidg2 ut nn1 #aidg2 nm ut1 vix ut1 c41 #aidg2 9 complem5t>y f9al clauses1 #aidi-aifj2 aft] expressions ( fe>1 c41 #aieg1 #aieh2 9 pure f9al clauses1 #aifa-aifd2 9 p>5!tical clauses1 #aifb2 express+ assumption or concession1 #aifc1 #baaj2 9 provisos1 #aifd2 9 complem5t>y consecutive clauses1 #aife-aifi2 tantum abe/ ut 4 4 4 ut1 #aifi2 9 pure consecutive clauses1 #aigj2 aft] nn possum1 c41 #aihe4 ,h[1 9 que/ions & exclamations1 #aebh4 ,z1 ) inf941 #aeci2 ) fut4 p]f41 #afbf2 coord9at$ memb] equival5t to comp>ative s5t5ce )1 #agjd2 ut qu1 #ahbg1 #ahbh2 ut pote qu1 #ahbg2 ut 4 4 4 ita1 sc1 item1 #ahca2 ut pote cum1 #ahgi2 ) sup]l41 #ahib2 ut or scut aft] quamvs1 #aije2 correlatives (1 #aicg2 scuti1 scut1 velut1 velut1 #aicg2 ) adv]sative correlation1 #aich2 ) quisque1 #aici2 introduc+ p>5!sis1 #aidj2 9 illu/rations1 #aida2 ut1 pr\t1 mak+ all[ance1 #aidb2 mean+ z inde$1 z 9 fact1 #aidc2 mean+ l1 #aidd2 praeut1 #aide2 scut1 s9ce1 #aidf2 ) inf94 9 ind4 disc41 #bcag2 dem ut1 #bcgc4 ut1 ut prmum1 simul ut1 :51 use (1 #aibc-aicd2 ) quisque1 #aicb4 ut1 :]e1 #aicf4 ut1 ut s1 9 conditional comp>isons1 #baag1 #baba4 ut]1 =m (1 #adf2 =mation (1 #cdg2 g54 s+4 (1 #afb1 #fah-fbj1 #feg1 #fic2 decl4 (1 #fah-fbj1 #fic2 z rel4 or indef41 #fic2 9 que/ions1 #aebf2 ) -ne1 #aebi2 di/+ui%$ f quis1 qu1 #bche4 t]1 decl4 (1 #ebe4 ut]cumque1 decl4 (1 #fid4 ut]libet1 decl4 (1 #fid2 use (1 #bdja4 ut]que1 g54 s+4 (1 #abg1 #f2 #feg1 #fid2 decl4 (1 #fid2 utriusque ) g54 ( pron41 #abed2 z sub/4 & z adj41 #abdc2 ( two individuals1 #bcii2 utrque1 ( two sets1 #bcii2 utrque1 ( two individuals1 #bcii2 comb9$ ) diff]5t case ( alt] or diff]5t case ( same ^w to express reciprocal relations1 #bdjj4 ut]vs1 decl4 (1 #fid2 use (1 #bdja4 tilis1 comp>ison (1 #cei2 con/ructions )1 #abja4 ut9am1 9 wi%es1 #aedj4 tor1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ihc2 ) abl41 #acgi1 #acha2 use ( g]undive (1 #bbdd4 utrum 4 4 4 an1 anne1 an nn1 #aeag1 #aeai2 utrum 4 4 4 an 4 4 4 an1 #aeba2 utrum 4 4 4 -ne 4 4 4 an1 #aebb2 utrumne 4 4 4 an1 #aebb2 utrum1 alone1 #aebc2 z pron41 #aebb2 utrum 4 4 4 -ne 4 4 4 an1 utrumne 4 4 4 an1 #aggi2 foll[$ by quis1 qu1 indef41 #bchh4 v1 ! "*1 z v[el & z cons41 #bb2 z cons41 #be1 #bf2 s\nd (1 #fi2 aft] q1 g1 s1 #bg1 #agg2 int]*ange ( v[el & cons41 #eb2 *ang$ to b1 #afa2 m$ial1 disappe>ance (1 #aec1 #a4 vac1 con/ructions )1 #acjc1 #acjd4 vacuus1 ) g541 #abfd2 ) abl41 #acjf2 ) prep41 #acjf4 vd1 defective1 #hjh2 pr94 p>ts (1 #ieh4 vae1 ) dat41 #abjf4 vaf]1 comp>ison (1 #ceh4 vh1 ) nom4 ( exclamation1 #aaag4 vale1 defective1 #ije2 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajjf4 valsc1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igf4 valls 7vallis71 #eda4 vnsc1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igf4 vannus1 g5d] (1 #ddg4 vas1 g5d] & decl4 (1 #dge4 vs1 decl4 (1 #dib2 g5d] (1 #egh4 vts1 decl4 (1 #dgh1 #eff4 -ve1 enclitic1 #ic2 app5d$ to n1 #aeha1 #aehf1 #afgd2 use (1 #affg1 #afgd2 quantity1 #bdcc2 at end ( v]se1 #befh4 vcors1 decl4 (1 #ecb4 vectis1 g5d] (1 #egi4 veh1 pr94 p>ts (1 #iec4 vel1 ) sup]l41 #adff1 #afga2 mean+ if y w1 ev51 p]haps1 = in/ance1 #afga2 use (1 #affg1 #affi1 #afgj2 foll[$ by etiam1 potius1 dcam1 #afgj2 9 s5se ( aut1 #afgj2 quantity1 #bdcc4 vell1 see voll4 velut1 velut1 #aicg2 velut s1 9 conditional comp>isons1 #baag-baba4 vnd1 =mation (1 #cie2 =ms (1 #geg2 =ms (1 suppli$ by vne1 #geg1 #adga2 vnum d us$ =1 #aafe4 vne1 =mation (1 #cie2 supply+ =ms ( vnd1 #geg1 #adga2 vnum e us$ =1 #aafe2 foll[$ by ab & abl41 #acah4 v5i1 p]f4 (1 #hfb2 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajac2 comp\nds (1 #hbb2 v5it 9 m5tem1 #abij2 quod v5i1 c41 #ahdj2 ) inf94 ( purpose1 #bafd2 ) sup9e1 #bbga4 v5t]1 decl4 (1 #ebe4 vnum d1 use (1 = vnd1 #aafe4 vnum e1 use (1 = vne1 #aafe4 veprs1 g5d] (1 #egi4 vr1 g5d] & decl4 (1 #dhi4 v]b]is1 decl4 (1 #dhi2 g5d] (1 #egc4 v]eor1 conjug4 (1 #gih2 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajji2 ) g541 #abhf2 ) ut1 n1 #aieg1 #aieh2 v]eor n z expansion ( apod41 #baad2 ) inf941 #aiei1 #bafi2 ) indirect "q1 #aiei4 v]g1 defective1 #hjh4 v]mis1 g5d] (1 #egi4 vr1 use (1 #afhd2 ) nisi1 #bjbj2 introduc+ adv]sative s5t5ce1 #baea2 position (1 #afgf2 nn h]cle vr1 m9im vr1 #aeac2 vr1 ita enimvr1 ita vr1 9 answ]s1 #aeab4 v]r1 see vorr4 v]sicolor1 decl4 (1 #ecg4 v]sus1 prep41 #adad2 position (1 #adad4 v]t 7vort71 pr94 p>ts (1 #iej4 v]1 g5d] (1 #ehf2 decl4 (1 #eib4 vrum1 9 answ]s1 #aeab2 ) et1 #afdh2 vrum or vrum etiam aft] nn modo1 c41 #afhj2 common use (1 #afgi2 introduc+ adv]sative s5t5ce1 #baea4 vscor1 ) abl41 #acgi2 use ( g]undive (1 #bbdd4 vesp]scit1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ifh4 vesp]1 vesp]e1 use (1 #gjc1 #acda4 ve/]1 decl4 (1 #feb2 ve/r ) rf]t1 int]e/1 #abgg2 us$ in/ead ( g541 #abcd1 #abfb4 vet1 =ms (1 #iic2 us$ p]sonally 9 pass41 #bbja2 ) o %ort5$1 #bddc4 vetus1 comp>ison (1 #ceh2 decl4 (1 #dia1 #ejc1 #fbf4 vicem1 resembl+ prep41 #adjf4 vcniae1 loc41 #acci1 #acdj4 vicis1 decl4 (1 #dcj1 #dgc4 vidlicet1 =m (1 #gab4 vide1 p]f4 (1 #hfb2 pr94 p>ts (1 #iig2 vid1 vid ut ) subjv41 #aegi2 vid n1 vidt n ) subjv41 #aehe1 #aieh2 9 pres4 indic4 aft] po/quam1 c41 #aibf2 ) purpose clause1 #aiea2 s vidtur1 #baac2 ) acc4 & inf941 #bage2 videor ) inf941 #bafi2 videor p]sonally1 #bagi2 vidtur imp]sonally1 #baha2 vidr1 subj4 (1 omitt$ ) v]bs ( desire1 #baij4 vige1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajjf4 vigil1 g5d] & decl4 (1 #fcf1 #dhb1 #edd1 #efa4 v9ci1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ajad4 v9c1 pr94 p>ts (1 #ich4 vrus1 g5d] & decl4 (1 #dic4 vs1 decl4 (1 #dcj1 #eah1 #edh1 #eed2 /ems (1 #efi4 vscus1 g5d] & decl4 (1 #dia4 vs1 pres4 /em (1 #hce2 pr94 p>ts (1 #ide4 vtis1 decl4 (1 #ebb4 vt1 ) dat4 or acc41 #aahd2 ) n1 #aifj4 vvsc1 pr94 p>ts (1 #iei4 vv1 pr94 p>ts (1 #iec4 vix1 #adea2 nn modo 7nn slum7 4 4 4 s$ vix1 #afhb2 vix 4 4 4 cum1 #ahfi2 vix ut1 #aidg2 ) g]undives1 #bbdi2 vixdum 4 4 4 cum1 #ahfi4 voll 7vell71 p]f4 (1 #hff2 pr94 p>ts (1 #iea4 vol1 conjug4 (1 #ggb1 #ggc2 =ms volt1 vult1 voltis1 vultis1 #ggd2 =ms vellem1 c41 #adf2 ss1 #ggd2 ss ) imp]41 #aegb2 ss p>5!tical1 #baac2 sultis1 #ggd2 sultis ) imp]41 #aegb2 sultis p>5!tical1 #baac2 =m ( volt1 #hbh2 =m ( velim1 c41 #hda2 pr94 p>ts (1 #ibb2 use ( dat4 ( p>tic4 (1 #abah2 use ( velim1 vol1 #aeee2 use ( vellem1 #aefj2 vol1 velim1 ) subjv41 #aegi2 s volu]1 #afcb2 coord9ation ( =ms (1 #agjg1 #aghg2 quam vs1 c41 #acgd1 #aijc-aijf2 ) ut1 #aiej2 ) inf941 #bafi2 ) acc4 & inf941 #aied1 #bahi1 #baij1 #bbbh2 ) p]f4 act4 inf941 #bbbc1 #bbbd1 #bbbh2 ) p]f4 pass4 inf941 #bbbi2 9 conative use1 #bcjc4 volturius1 voc4 s+1 (1 #dei4 volucris1 /ems (1 #dij1 #ejj1 #eff4 volv1 pr94 p>ts (1 #idg4 vmis1 decl4 (1 #dia1 #dii2 g5d] (1 #egi4 vom1 pr94 p>ts (1 #igb4 vorr1 v]r1 pr94 p>ts (1 #iej4 vorsus1 prep41 #adad2 position (1 #adad4 vort1 see v]t4 vs1 decl4 (1 #fdd-fea2 see t4 vo/]1 see ve/]4 vo/rs1 acc5t (1 #hh4 vot1 see vet4 vove1 pr94 p>ts (1 #iif4 x1 d\ble cons41 #gj2 s\nd (1 #gj2 result ( assimilation1 #afd2 makes position1 #agg4 y1 introduction (1 #ag2 repres5t$ by u1 #ba2 pronunciation (1 #cc1 #db4 z1 introduction (1 #ag2 repres5t$ by s & ss1 #ba2 makes position1 #agg4 ,errata = ,index ( ,lat9 ,words3 miss+ or incorrect punctuation has be5 sil5tly regul>iz$ caelicolm1 caelicolm1 fids1 _/ g54 & dat4 s+4 (1 #afj2 text un*ang$1 b ref]5ce is to fir/ edition hc1 _/ hoice1 #feh2 pr9t$ z if sep>ate entry ill1 _/ quantity ( second i1 #bdff4 quanty nihil _/ cum nihilm9us1 #ahfh2 pr9t$ z %[n1 ) "o ^w ,,morris ,,morgan',s ,,lat9 ,,s]ies ,,= ,,s*ools ,,& ,,colleges ,,ess5tials ,,( ,,lat9 ,,= ,,beg9n]s4 ,h5ry ,c4 ,pe>son1 ,tea*]s' ,college1 ,new ,york4 #ij c5ts4 ,a ,,s*ool ,,lat9 ,,gramm>4 ,morris ,h4 ,morgan1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 #a4jj4 ,a ,,fir/ ,,lat9 ,,writ]4 ,m4 ,a4 ,abbott1 ,groton ,s*ool4 #fj c5ts4 ,,connect$ ,,passages ,,= ,,lat9 ,,prose ,,writ+4 ,maurice ,w4 ,ma!r1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 & ,ar?ur ,l4 ,:eel]1 ,bryn ,mawr ,college4 #a4jj4 ,,caes>4 ,,episodes ,,f ,,! ,,gallic ,,& ,,civil ,,w>s4 ,maurice ,w4 ,ma!r1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 #a4be4 ,,cic]o4 ,,t5 ,,orations ,,) ,,extracts ,,f ,,! ,,epi/les ,,to ,,s]ve ,,z ,,illu/rations4 ,j4 ,rems5 ,bi%op1 ,ea/]n ,high ,s*ool1 ,detroit1 ,fr$]ick ,a4 ,k+1 ,hughes ,high ,s*ool1 ,c9c9nati1 & ,na?an ,w4 ,helm1 ,phillips ,exet] ,academy1 ,exet]1 ,n4,h4 #a4be4 ,six ,orations only1 #a4jj4 ,,selections ,,f ,,lat9 ,,prose ,,au?ors ,,= ,,sight ,,read+4 ,susan ,braley ,frankl9 & ,ella ,ca!r9e ,gre5e1 ,miss ,baldw9's ,s*ool1 ,bryn ,mawr4 #dj c5ts4 ,,cic]o4 ,,cato ,,maior4 ,,frank ,g4 ,,moore1 ,,columbia ,univ]sity4 #hj c5ts4 ,,cic]o4 ,,laelius ,,de ,,amicitia4 ,clifton ,price1 ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia4 #ge c5ts4 ,,selections ,,f ,,livy4 ,h>ry ,e4 ,burton1 ,d>tm\? ,college4 #a4ej4 ,,horace4 ,,odes1 ,,epodes ,,& ,,c>m5 ,,saecul>e4 ,clif=d ,h4 ,moore1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 #a4ej4 ,,horace4 ,,satires4 ,edw>d ,p4 ,morris1 ,yale ,univ]sity4 #a4jj4 ,,horace4 ,,odes1 ,,epodes ,,& ,,c>m5 ,,saecul>e ,,& ,,satires4 ,moore & ,morris4 #b4jj4 ,,lucretius4 ,william ,a4 ,m]rill1 ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia4 #b4be4 ,,lat9 ,,lit]ature ,,( ,,! ,,empire4 ,alfr$ ,gudeman1 ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,prose3 ,velleius to ,boe?ius #a4hj ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,poetry3 ,pseudo-,v]giliana to ,claudianus #a4hj ,,selections ,,f ,,! ,,public ,,& ,,private ,,law ,,( ,,! ,,romans4 ,james ,j4 ,rob9son1 ,yale ,univ]sity4 #a4be4 ,,am]ican ,,book ,,company ,,selections ,,f ,,! ,,works ,,( ,,ovid ,edit$ by ,,frank ,j4 ,,mill]1 ,ph4,d4 7,yale71 ,pr(essor ( ,lat91 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago ,annotat$ ,edition1 #a4dj ,text ,edition1 #j4ej ,^! selections are fairly repres5tative1 & are edit$ 9 su* a way z to illu/rate ! /yle & subject-matt] ( ea* poem1 & at ! same "t to %[ ! exact relation ( e "p to ! complete "w4 ,! book includes ov] #c1hjj l9es f ! ,metamorphoses1 ?us m ?an meet+ ! requirem5ts 9 ,ovid ( ! ,college ,entrance ,exam9ation ,bo>d1 & 9 addition ! foll[+3 ,selections f ,h]oides1 ,amores1 ,ars ,amatoria1 ,rem$ia ,amoris1 ,fa/i1 ,tri/ia1 & ,epi/ulae ex ,ponto2 ,life ( ,ovid1 ,poetic ,=ms ( ,ovid's ,works2 ) notes on ! selections1 & vocabul>y4 ,! notes h be5 prep>$ ) special ref]5ce to ! ne$s ( bo? ! s*ool & ! college /ud5t4 ,!y include3 ,g5]al assi/ance 9 ! translation ( difficult & obscure passages2 judici\s ref]5ces on po9ts ( syntax to all ! mod]n s*ool gramm>s 9 common use2 notes & comm5ts ^u po9ts ( antiqu>ian int]e/2 & sugge/ions & illu/rations ( ! relations ( ,ovid's /ories to _! e>li] s\rces1 & especially ( _! effect ^u ,engli% lit]ature4 ,! vocabul>y1 :i* has be5 prep>$ especially = ?is volume1 gives ! lit]al mean+ ( ea* ^w1 & also all ( ! typical mean+s :i* occur 9 ! text4 ,g5]\s assi/ance 9 ^w d]ivation is (f]$ z well4 ,,am]ican ,,book ,,company ,,livy ,,& ,,horace ,,selections ,,f ,,livy1 #a4ej ,edit$ by ,,h>ry ,e4 ,,burton1 ,ph4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,lat91 ,d>tm\? ,college4 ,text ,edition1 #j4ce ,^! selections are int5d$ to give a m compreh5sive idea ( ,livy's g5ius & v]satility ?an c be _h f ! read+ ( any "o or two books1 & also to provide mat]ial deal+ ) ! m significant & int]e/+ p]iods ( ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,rome4 ,! passages are v>i$ 9 nature1 & are n conf9$ to milit>y hi/ory2 !y are n s %ort z to appe> fragm5t>y4 ,ea* subject is pres5t$ 9 a s]ies ( cont9u\s *apt]s1 ! notes supply+ introductory & explanatory mat]ial = a prop] und]/&+ ( ! p]iod4 ,!re is a compreh5sive introduction1 & a complete sy/em ( cross-ref]5ce4 ,,horace4 ,,odes1 ,,epodes1 ,,& ,,c>m5 ,,saecul>e1 #a4ej ,edit$ by ,,clif=d ,h4 ,,moore1 ,ph4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,lat91 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,text ,edition1 #j4dj ,:ile elem5t>y matt]s h n be5 neglect$ 9 ?is edition1 p>ticul> att5tion has be5 devot$ to ! lit]>y side ( ,horace's "w1 & to 8 lit]>y relations4 ,! introduction1 besides deal+ ) ! poet's life & writ+s1 discusses 8 lyric metres & peculi>ities ( syntax4 ,! comm5t>y is n limit$ to ! balde/ aids1 b is int5d$ to give su* assi/ance 9 int]pretation z may help /ud5ts to "s appreciation ( ,horace's art & *>m4 ,! relation ( ! poet to 8 ,greek models1 & especially 8 influ5ce on subsequ5t ,lat9 lit]ature1 are cle>ly %[n4 ,,am]ican ,,book ,,company ,,cic]o ,,cic]o4 ,,cato ,,maior ,,de ,,s5ectute1 #j4hj ,edit$ by ,,frank ,g4 ,,moore1 ,ph4,d41 ,associate ,pr(essor ( ,lat9 & ( ,roman ,ar*aeology1 ,d>tm\? ,college4 ,text ,edition1 #j4cj ,an edition embody+ mu* new critical mat]ial1 & abundant grammatical helps4 ,unusual att5tion has be5 paid to ^? rhetorical features :i* are mo/ likely to be misund]/ood1 to ! confusion ( ! argum5t1 :ile at ! same "t bo? gramm> & rhetoric h be5 treat$ z a means to an end4 ,! text is suppli$ ) v full footnotes4 ,! s*ol>ly introduction sets =? ! "* ( ,cato cle>ly & impressively1 & is supplem5t$ by a comp>ative li/ ( di/+ui%$ old m51 & by v]ses by ,pope ,leo ,,xiii on ,frugality & ! ,gre5 ,old ,age4 ,!re are critical notes1 & an index4 ,,cic]o4 ,,laelius ,,de ,,amicitia1 #j4ge ,edit$ by ,,clifton ,,price1 ,ph4,d41 ,assi/ant ,pr(essor ( ,lat91 ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia4 ,text ,edition1 #j4cj ,?is edition enables ! /ud5t to und]/& & int]pret ! text1 & conta9s en\gh elem5t>y matt] to adapt x to use 9 ! be/ prep>atory s*ools1 & at ! same "t en\gh advanc$ mat]ial = ! fir/ ye> 9 college4 ,! book is complete 9 itself1 ! grammatical pr9ciples be+ /at$ 9 ! notes4 ,! notes at ! bottom ( ! page h be5 made v compreh5sive1 & ! prop] balance has be5 pres]v$ betwe5 ! notes on syntax & ^? on int]pretation4 ,! sy/em ( cross-ref]5ce1 & ! emphasis laid on ! figures ( spee* & gramm>1 =m /rong features ( ! book4 ,,am]ican ,,book ,,company ,,greek ,,diction>ies ,,liddell ,,& ,,scott',s ,,greek-,,engli% ,,lexicon ,compil$ by ,,h5ry ,,george ,,liddell1 ,d4,d41 & ,,rob]t ,,scott1 ,d4,d1 assi/$ by ,,h5ry ,,drisl]1 ,,ll4,d4 ,imp]ial ,qu>to1 #agid pages4 ,%eep1 #aj4jj ,! pres5t edition ( ?is great "w has be5 ?or\ghly revis$1 & l>ge additions made to x4 ,! editors h be5 favor$ ) ! cop]ation ( _m s*ol>s1 & sev]al important articles h be5 entirely rewritt54 ,,liddell ,,& ,,scott',s ,,greek-,,engli% ,,lexicon--,int]m$iate ,royal ,octavo1 #iaj pages4 ,clo?1 #c4ej2 ,half ,lea!r1 #d4jj ,?is abridgm5t w n only meet e ne$ enc\nt]$ 9 prep>atory s*ools1 b w also satisfy ! requirem5ts ( mo/ college /ud5ts4 ,,liddell ,,& ,,scott',s ,,greek-,,engli% ,,lexicon--,abridg$ ,cr[n ,octavo1 #hcb pages4 ,half ,lea!r1 #a4be ,?is abridgm5t is int5d$ *iefly = use by /ud5ts 9 second>y & college prep>atory s*ools4 ,,?ay]',s ,,greek-,,engli% ,,lexicon ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,te/am5t ,be+ ,grimm's ,wilke's ,clavis ,novi ,te/am5ti4 ,translat$1 ,revis$1 & ,enl>g$ by ,,joseph ,,h5ry ,,?ay]1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,royal ,octavo1 #gbg pages4 ,clo?1 #e4jj2 ,half ,lea!r1 #f4ej ,,yonge',s ,,engli%-,,greek ,,lexicon ,by ,c4 ,d4 ,,yonge4 ,edit$ by ,,h5ry ,,drisl]1 ,,ll4,d4 ,royal ,octavo1 #ijc pages4 ,%eep1 #d4ej ,,aut5rie?',s ,,hom]ic ,,diction>y ,translat$ & ,edit$ by ,,rob]t ,p4 ,,keep1 ,ph4,d4 ,new ,edition4 ,revis$ by ,,isaac ,,flagg1 ,ph4,d4 #abmo1 #cab pages4 ,illu/rat$4 ,clo? #a4aj ,,am]ican ,,book ,,company ,,smy?',s ,,greek ,,s]ies ,,= ,,colleges ,,& ,,s*ools ,,beg9n]',s ,,greek ,,book4 ,a4 ,r4 ,b5n]1 ,phillips ,academy1 ,&ov]1 & ,h4 ,w4 ,smy?1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 #a4be4 ,,brief ,,greek ,,syntax4 ,l\is ,bevi]1 ,jr41 ,rutg]s ,college4 #j4ij4 ,,greek ,,prose ,,composition ,,= ,,s*ools4 ,c4 ,w4 ,gleason1 ,volkmann ,s*ool1 ,bo/on4 #j4hj4 ,,greek ,,prose ,,composition ,,= ,,colleges4 ,edw>d ,h4 ,spiek]1 ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity4 #a4cj4 ,,aes*ylus4 ,,prome!us4 ,j4 ,e4 ,h>ry1 ,univ]sity ( ,c9c9nati4 #a4ej4 ,,ari/ophanes4 ,,cl\ds4 ,l4 ,l4 ,=man1 ,cornell ,univ]sity4 ,,demo/h5es4 ,,on ,,! ,,cr[n4 ,m4 ,w4 ,humphreys1 ,univ]sity ( ,virg9ia4 ,,euripides4 ,,iphig5ia ,,9 ,,tauris4 ,w4 ,n4 ,bates1 ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania4 #a4be4 ,,euripides4 ,,m$ea4 ,m4 ,l4 ,e>le1 ,columbia ,univ]sity4 #a4be4 ,,h]odotus4 ,books ,,vii4-,,viii4 ,c4 ,f4 ,smi? & ,a4 ,g4 ,laird1 ,univ]sity ( ,wiscons94 #a4ge4 ,,hom]4 ,,iliad4 ,j4 ,r4 ,s4 ,/]rett1 ,cornell ,univ]sity4 ,,books ,i4-,,iii4 ,,& ,,selections4 #a4fj4 ,,books ,i4-,,iii4 #a4bj4 ,,lysias4 ,c4 ,d4 ,adams1 ,d>tm\? 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briefly & cle>ly ! scope & lead+ *>act]i/ics ( ea* ( our be/ textbooks4 ,9 mo/ cases !re are also giv5 te/imonials f well-kn[n tea*]s1 :i* h be5 select$ q z mu* = _! descriptive qualities z = _! value z comm5dations4 ,= ! conv5i5ce ( tea*]s ?is ,catalogue is also publi%$ 9 sep>ate sections treat+ ( ! v>i\s bran*es ( /udy4 ,^! pamphlets are entitl$3 ,engli%1 ,ma!matics1 ,hi/ory & ,political ,sci5ce1 ,sci5ce1 ,mod]n ,=eign ,languages1 ,anci5t ,languages1 ,comm]cial ,subjects1 & ,philosophy & ,education4 ,a s+le pamphlet is devot$ to ! ,newe/ ,books 9 all subjects4 ,tea*]s seek+ ! newe/ & be/ books = _! classes are invit$ to s5d = our ,complete ,high ,s*ool & ,college ,catalogue1 or = su* sections z may be ( greate/ int]e/4 ,copies ( our price li/s1 or ( special circul>s1 9 :i* ^! books are describ$ at great] l5g? ?an ! space limitations ( ! catalogue p]mit1 w be mail$ to any address on reque/4 ,all correspond5ce %\ld be address$ to ! ne>e/ ( ! foll[+ (fices ( ! company3 ,new ,york1 ,c9c9nati1 ,*icago1 ,bo/on1 ,atlanta1 ,san ,francisco4 ,,am]ican ,,book ,,company ,,lat9 ,,diction>ies ,,h>p]',s ,,lat9 ,,diction>y ,f\nd$ on ! translation ( ,freund's ,lat9-,g]man ,lexicon4 ,edit$ by ,e4 ,a4 ,,&rews1 ,,ll4,d4 ,revis$1 ,enl>g$1 & 9 great "p ,rewritt5 by ,,*>lton ,t4 ,,lewis1 ,ph4,d41 & ,,*>les ,,%ort1 ,,ll4,d4 ,royal ,octavo1 #bjcj pages4 ,%eep1 #f4ej2 ,full ,russia1 #aj4jj ,! translation ( ,dr4 ,freund's great ,lat9-,g]man ,lexicon1 edit$ by ! late ,dr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,&rews1 & publi%$ 9 #ahej1 has be5 f t "t 9 ext5sive & satisfactory use ?r\gh\t ,engl& & ,am]ica4 ,mean:ile great advances h be5 made 9 ! sci5ce on :i* lexicography dep5ds4 ,! pres5t "w embodies ! late/ advances 9 philological /udy & rese>*1 & is 9 e respect ! mo/ complete & satisfactory ,lat9 ,diction>y publi%$4 ,,lewis',s ,,lat9 ,,diction>y ,,= ,,s*ools ,by ,,*>lton ,t4 ,,lewis1 ,ph4,d4 ,l>ge ,octavo1 #abjj pages4 ,clo?1 #d4ej2 ,half ,lea!r1 #e4jj ,?is diction>y is n an abridgm5t1 b an entirely new & indep5d5t "w1 design$ to include all ( ! /ud5t's ne$s1 aft] acquir+ ! elem5ts ( gramm>1 = ! int]pretation ( ! ,lat9 au?ors commonly read 9 s*ool4 ,,lewis',s ,,elem5t>y ,,lat9 ,,diction>y ,by ,,*>lton ,t4 ,,lewis1 ,ph4,d4 ,cr[n ,octavo1 #ieb pages4 ,half ,lea!r1 #b4jj ,?is "w is suffici5tly full to meet ! ne$s ( /ud5ts 9 second>y or prep>atory s*ools1 & also 9 ! fir/ & second ye>s' "w 9 colleges4 ,,smi?',s ,,engli%-,,lat9 ,,diction>y ,a ,complete & ,critical ,engli%-,lat9 ,diction>y4 ,by ,,william ,,smi?1 ,,ll4,d41 & ,,!ophilus ,d4 ,,hall1 ,m4,a41 ,fell[ ( ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london4 ,) a ,diction>y ( ,prop] ,names4 ,royal ,octavo1 #gfe pages4 ,%eep1 #d4jj ,,am]ican ,,book ,,company ,erratum = ,adv]tis+ ,section3 ,,cic]o4 ,,t5 ,,orations 444 ,na?an ,w4 ,helm ,w ,helm4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,errors & ,inconsi/5cies ,all typographical errors are li/$ ne> _! fir/ occurr5ce4 ,mo/ are trivial1 su* z miss+ or incorrect punctuation1 or misplac$ macrons 9 quot$ mat]ial4 ,! ^w 8invisible0 means t !re is an appropriately siz$ blank space b ! lett] or punctuation m>k itself is miss+4 ,! notation 8macron invisible0 applies only to ! lett] i1 & means t ! text %[s a pla9 7nei!r dot nor diacritic visible7 :]e ! expect$ =m is 4 ,) o!r lett]s x is impossible to "k :e!r ! macron is abs5t or simply invisible4 ,non-,trivial ,errors #cci 444 ( r$ r$ gold text un*ang$ #hdh 444 -m1 -t1 & -nt 7#ce1 #b1 #c7 ! s becomes r pr9t$ z %[n3 miss+ punctuation or conjunction8 #ief4 444 spiciunt 7,cato71 spxit 7,naev41 ,enn474 text un*ang$3 error = spexit8 #igb4 444 ,once 7#hah1 #hdg7 pnsbant pnsb>t #abdb4 444 ,/]t9ius1 sapi5tum octvus octvos #aife;a 444 spl5dor ve/] facit ut ^w may be 8vo/]03 major blot ov] text #bdde4 444 ,f9al i is %ort 9 nisi1 quasi1 & scuti text un*ang$3 =m scut ) long occurs at lea/ twice 9 ?is book #bdif4 444 z homo's1 adeptus' text un*ang$2 error = adeptu's 7adeptus es78 ,index ,conditional _/ ) s1 s frte1 = indirect "q1 #aggg2 pr9t$ z %[n3 body text always spells =t- 8,gho/s0 ( fir/ edition ,long ,v[el be=e -gn3 ,9 ! fir/ edition1 all words 9 -gn- 7 writt5 ) prec$+ long v[el3 mgn-1 pgn-1 dgn- & simil>4 ,?is 0 *ang$ 9 ! second edition1 b "s =ms rema93 #ajig haec e/ nbilis ad ,trsum5num pgna #ahaa quae rs mgn #aiea;b cont5d1 /ude1 pgn #bbgf dgnus & indgnus ,section ,numb]+3 ,index "u ,future ,t5se3 _/ -r1 -r1 #fh ,^! subjects are n m5tion$ 9 section #fh4 ,! ref]5ces apply to a section 9 ! fir/ edition4 ,! same applies to simil> citations "u ,p]fect & ,plup]fect4 ,index "u ,pres5t3 _/ -t1 -t1 -t1 #acb ,! numb] is correct = ?is edition1 b ! section no long] conta9s any =ms 9 -t4 ,section #afj 7sev]al ref]5ces7 ,?is section 9 ! fir/ edition seems to h vani%$ f ! revis$ edition4 ,! only correct ref]5ces to #afj are ^? "u 8,t04 ,"s o!rs may ref] to section #abg1 subsections #c & #d4 ,else:]e ,a few areas m5tion$ 9 ! ,index d n seem to exi/4 ,9 p>ticul>1 !re are repeat$ ref]5ces to ,int]*ange 7( s\nds74 ,o!r miss+ head]s include ,aff9ities1 ,induc+1 ,int]rogative 7by t "n7 & ,quotations1 z well z ,section #abf4f 7g5itive s+ul> ( slus74 ,"s ( ^! may h be5 nam$ 9 ! fir/ edition4