,in general1 italics are shown with lines1 and boldface with marks4 ,the symbol occurs in its own right in the section on prosody and versification1 but there should be no ambiguity4 ,single letters shown as ,a1 ,b were printed in sans-serif type4 ,spaced-out text1 primarily used to mark verb roots1 is shown with marks4 ,the plus sign occurs in a few sections1 but again there should be no ambiguity4 ,to reduce visual clutter1 boldface markings have been omitted in all tables and inset lists 7printed with ,latin text in bold1 translation in italics74 ,similarly1 spaced-out text is only marked when the text is not also bold4 ,in this e-text1 the notation oe- or -oe-1 with braces1 represents the 8variable vowel0 described in section #hbe4 ,in print it was shown as a small raised o 7with or without leading hyphen7 and a small lowered e-1 separated by a vertical line4 ,the ,appendix includes some fairly specialized content1 notably under ,numerals and ,prosody4 ,if you are dissatisfied with your device's display1 you may prefer the ,,pdf file covering these sections4 ,typographical errors are shown at end end of each numbered section4 ,non-trivial errors are listed again at the end of the e-text1 along with notes on the first edition4 ,a ,,latin ,,grammar ,,for ,,schools ,,and ,,colleges ,,by ,,george ,m4 ,,lane1 ,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,,professor ,,emeritus ,,of ,,latin ,,in ,,harvard ,,university ,,revised ,,edition ,,new ,,york ,,cincinnati ,,chicago ,,american ,,book ,,company ,copyright1 #ahih1 #aijc1 by ,,gardiner ,m4 ,,lane and ,,louisa ,,van ,,rensselaer4 ,all rights reserved4 ,,preface ,,to ,,the ,,first ,,edition4 ,george ,martin ,lane died on the thirtieth of ,june1 #ahig4 ,his ,latin ,grammar1 in the preparation of which he had been engaged1 during the intervals of teaching in ,harvard ,university1 for nearly thirty years1 was at that time approaching completion4 ,the first two hundred and ninety-one pages had been stereotyped2 the pages immediately following1 on the ,relative ,sentence and the ,conjunctive ,particle ,sentence through quod and quia 7pages #bib-cjb71 together with the chapter on the ,infinitive 7pages #cgd-chf71 were ready for stereotyping2 of the remainder of the book1 pages #cjc-cgc and #chg-dcf were in the form of a first draught2 finally1 he had received a few weeks before his death1 but had never examined1 the manuscript of the chapter on ,versification 7pages #ddb-dhe71 written at his invitation by his former pupil1 ,dr4 ,herman ,w4 ,hayley1 now of ,wesleyan ,university4 ,it was found that my dear and honoured master had left a written request that his work should be completed by me1 in consultation with his colleagues1 ,professors ,frederic ,de ,forest ,allen and ,clement ,lawrence ,smith4 ,a month had scarcely passed when scholars everywhere had another heavy loss to mourn in the sudden death of ,professor ,allen4 ,almost immediately afterwards1 ,professor ,smith left this country1 to take charge for a year of the ,american ,school of ,classical ,studies in ,rome1 but not before we had agreed that circumstances required the early publication of the book1 notwithstanding his absence4 ,i was thus deprived of two eminent counsellors1 whose knowledge and experience would have been of inestimable assistance4 ,about one hundred and twenty pages 7#cjc-cgc and #chg-dcf71 exclusive of ,versification1 were yet to receive their final form4 ,professor ,lane had determined the order in which the topics contained in these pages should be treated1 and no change has been made in that order4 ,most of the main principles of syntax1 too1 have been left exactly as they were expressed in his draught4 ,this draught was written some years ago1 and1 although he had corrected and annotated it from time to time1 there is no doubt that in writing it out afresh he would have made many alterations and improvements which are not indicated in his notes4 ,consequently1 he is not to be held responsible for errors and omissions in the pages which had not received his final approval4 ,yet ,i conceived it my duty to preserve1 so far as possible1 the very language of his corrected draught2 and this1 in the statement of almost all the main principles1 ,i have been able to do4 ,some modifications and some radical alterations were inevitable2 in particular1 the treatment of quamvis1 quando1 quin1 the ,supine1 and ,numerals seemed to call for much amplification and rearrangement4 ,i have also deemed it necessary to add some seventy sections#a under various heads1 and ,dr4 ,hayley has been good enough to write sections #bdeh-beaj1 which precede his chapter on ,versification4 ,but1 in general1 my principal function has been3 first1 to provide additional ,latin examples of the principles which ,professor ,lane had formulated2 secondly1 to enter1 under the various principles1 historical statements regarding the usage in the ,latin writers1 drawn from the best authorities at my disposal4 ,footnote #a3 ,the sections which ,i have added are as follows3 #ahff1 #ahgc1 #ahgh1 #ahgi1 #ahhj1 #ahhg1 #ahij1 #aija1 #aijb1 #aijc1 #aijg1 #aiji1 #aiac1 #aibb1 #aibg1 #aice1 #aifd1 #aige1 #aigh1 #aigi1 #aihj1 #aiha1 #aihb1 #aihc1 #aihd1 #aihi1 #aiij1 #bjaa1 #bjab1 #bjac1 #bjad1 #bjae1 #bjfh1 #bjhf1 #bjhh1 #bjig1 #baaa1 #babb1 #baeb1 #baee1 #bbee1 #bbfd1 #bbfg1 #bbga1 #bbgc1 #bbge1 #bbgf1 #bbgg1 #bbha1 #bbhi1 #bbib1 #bcde1 #bceg1 #bdjj1 #bdjf1 #bdjg1 #bdjh1 #bdji1 #bdaj1 #bdaa1 #bdab1 #bdac1 #bdad1 #bgdj-bgde4 ,professor ,lane's own method was far from that of a compiler4 ,he took nothing for granted without thorough investigation1 however well established it might seem1 and he followed the dictum of no man1 however widely accepted as an authority4 ,for example1 his many pupils and correspondents will remember how untiring he was in his efforts to arrive at accuracy in even the minutest points of inflection4 ,thus1 for the ,list of ,verbs 7 #ibb-ajbb71 he made entirely new collections1 and admitted no form among the #8principal parts' unless actually found represented in the authors4 ,in the details of syntax1 he was equally indefatigable2 the sections on the ,locative ,proper 7#acca-acda71 for instance1 contain the result of an immense amount of painful research4 ,he devoted much anxious thought to the definitions and the titles of the various constructions3 thus1 the distinction between the ,present of ,vivid ,narration 7#aeij7 and the ,annalistic ,present 7#aeia7 seems obvious now that it is stated2 but to reach it many pages of examples were collected and compared4 ,he held that examples printed in the grammar to illustrate syntactical principles should never be manufactured2 they should be accurately quoted from the authors1 without other alteration than the omission of words by which the construction under illustration was not affected4 ,he was careful1 also1 not to use an example in which there was any serious doubt as to the text in that part which covered the principle illustrated by the example4 ,to #8,hidden ,quantity' he had given much attention1 and many of the results of his studies in this subject were published1 in #ahhi1 in the ,school ,dictionary by his friend ,dr4 ,lewis4 ,since that time he had found reason to change his views with regard to some words1 and these changes are embodied in the present book1 in which he marked every vowel which he believed to be long in quantity4 ,the order in which the divisions and subdivisions of grammar are here presented will not seem strange to those who are acquainted with the recent grammars published by ,germans4 ,it is the scientific order of presentation1 whatever order a teacher may think fit to follow in his actual practice4 ,the table of contents has been made so full as to serve as a systematic exposition of the scheme1 and to make needless any further words upon it here4 ,in the ,appendix ,professor ,lane would have inserted1 out of deference to custom1 a chapter on the ,arrangement of ,words2 but the draught of it which he left was too fragmentary for publication4 ,since the proper preparation of the chapter would have greatly delayed the publication of the book1 it was thought best to omit it altogether1 at least for the present4 ,this topic1 in fact1 like some others in the ,appendix1 belongs rather to a treatise on ,latin ,composition than to a ,latin ,grammar4 ,for the indexes1 and for much valuable help in proof reading1 ,i heartily thank ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,walden1 another of ,professor ,lane's pupils4 ,in the course of his work1 ,professor ,lane frequently consulted his colleagues and other distinguished scholars both in this country and in ,europe4 ,he gratefully welcomed their advice1 and carefully considered and often adopted their suggestions4 ,had he lived to write a preface1 he would doubtless have thanked by name those to whom he considered himself as under particular obligation1 whether from direct correspondence or through the use of their published works2 but it is obvious that the information in my possession will not allow me to attempt this pleasant duty4 ,of ,professor ,lane's pupils1 also1 not a few1 while in residence as advanced students at the ,university1 were from time to time engaged in the collection of material which he used in the grammar4 ,they1 like his other helpers1 must now be content with the thought of the courteous acknowledgment which they would have received from him4 ,,morris ,h4 ,,morgan4 ,,harvard ,,university1 ,,cambridge1 ,may1 #ahih4 ,,prefatory ,,note ,,to ,,the ,,revised ,,edition4 ,in this ,revised ,edition many changes and corrections in details have been introduced throughout the book1 but no alterations have been made in the treatment of broad general principles1 except in the chapter on ,sound 7 #af-agi74 ,this has been very largely rewritten and extended from nineteen to thirty-one pages by my friend1 ,professor ,hanns ,oertel1 of ,yale ,university1 who has also been kind enough to make the changes in the chapters on ,formation and ,inflection rendered necessary by his rewriting of the sections on ,sound4 ,in this rewriting ,mr4 ,oertel has proceeded upon the ideas that in a school grammar1 even an advanced one1 phonology should play a subordinate part2 that nothing should be introduced that cannot be illustrated from such ,latin and ,greek as are available to the student2 and that those points should be emphasized which assist in the analyzing of compounds and in the understanding of word-formation and inflection4 ,with these ideas1 which necessarily prevent the introduction of some important topics treated in works on phonetics1 ,i am in entire sympathy4 ,my thanks are due to not a few scholars and reviewers who have pointed out passages in the first edition which in their opinion called for changes4 ,some of their suggestions ,i have adopted2 with others ,i have found myself unable to agree4 ,m4 ,h4 ,m4 ,,harvard ,,university1 ,,cambridge1 ,may1 #aijc4 ,,table ,,of ,,contents4 ,the ,references ,are ,to ,sections4 ,parts of ,latin ,grammar1 #a4 ,,part ,,first3 ,,words1 #b-ajbb4 ,parts of ,speech1 #b-ae4 7,a47 ,,sound1 #af-agi4 ,alphabet1 #af-cj4 ,sources of our ,pronunciation1 #ca4 ,vowels1 #cb-df4 ,long and ,short1 #cc-cf4 ,pronunciation1 #cg-db4 ,classification1 #dc-df4 ,diphthongs1 #dg-ej4 ,nature and ,kinds1 #dg1 #dh4 ,pronunciation1 #di1 #ej4 ,consonants1 #ea-ha4 ,pronunciation1 #ea-gb4 ,classification1 #gc-ha4 ,syllabic and ,unsyllabic ,function1 #hb1 #hc4 ,accent1 #hd-ih4 ,nature1 #hd4 ,marks of ,accent1 #he4 ,the ,classical ,accent1 #hf-hh4 ,earlier ,recessive ,accent1 #hi-ia4 ,proclitics and ,enclitics1 #ib-id4 ,change of ,sound1 #ie-agd4 ,vowel ,change3 ,of ,diphthongs1 #ie-aja2 #ajh4 ,of ,simple ,vowels1 #ajb-ajg4 ,loss1 #aaj-aac4 ,hiatus1 #aad-aaf4 ,synizesis1 #aag4 ,contraction1 #aah4 ,elision1 #aai4 ,combination into ,diphthongs1 #abj4 ,lengthening1 #aba-abc4 ,shortening1 #abd-acb4 ,transfer of ,quantity1 #acc4 ,variation1 #acd4 ,quantitative ,vowel ,gradation1 #ace4 ,qualitative ,vowel ,changes1 #acf-adc4 ,assimilation1 #add4 ,qualitative ,vowel ,gradation1 #ade4 ,consonant ,change3 ,disappearance or ,change of ,single ,consonants1 #adf-afa4 ,change in ,consonant ,groups1 #afb-agi4 ,assimilation1 #afc-aff4 ,consonantal ,glides1 #afg4 ,disappearance1 #afh-aga4 ,development of ,anaptyctical ,vowel1 #agb4 ,dissimilation1 #agc4 ,changes within ,compounds1 #agd4 ,syllables1 #age-agi4 ,defined1 #age1 #agf4 ,length of ,syllables1 #agg1 #agh4 ,loss1 #agi4 7,b47 ,,formation1 #ahj-cif4 ,definitions1 #ahj-aih4 ,roots1 #ahc-ahi4 ,present ,stems as ,roots1 #aij-aid4 ,stems1 #aie-aig4 ,primitives and ,denominatives1 #aih4 ,formation of the ,noun1 #aii-cfd4 ,without a ,formative ,suffix1 #aii4 ,formative ,suffixes1 #bjj-bjc4 ,formation of the ,substantive3 ,primitives1 #bjd-bde4 ,denominatives1 #bdf-bgi4 ,formation of the ,adjective3 ,primitives1 #bhj-big4 ,denominatives1 #bih-cda4 ,comparison1 #cdb-cfd4 ,formation of ,denominative ,verbs1 #cfe-cge4 ,composition1 #cgf-cif4 ,of ,nouns1 #cgi-cij4 ,of ,verbs1 #cia-cif4 7,c47 ,,inflection1 #cig-ajbb4 ,definition1 #cig4 7,a47 ,,inflection ,,of ,,the ,,noun1 #cih-gab4 ,general ,principles1 #cih-dca4 ,case ,endings1 #cih4 ,the ,stem1 #cii-dja4 ,gender1 #djb-dac4 ,number1 #dad-dah4 ,case1 #dai-dca4 ,the ,substantive1 #dcb-fjg4 ,stems in -- 7,the ,first ,declension71 #dcb-dde4 ,stems in -o- 7,the ,second ,declension71 #ddf-dff4 ,consonant ,stems 7,the ,third ,declension71 #dfg-eab4 ,stems in -i- 7,the ,third ,declension71 #eac-efi4 ,gender of ,consonant ,stems and -i- ,stems1 #egj-ehd4 ,stems in -u- 7,the ,fourth ,declension71 #ehe-eie4 ,stems in -- 7,the ,fifth ,declension71 #eif-fjg4 ,the ,adjective1 #fjh-fdc4 ,stems in -o- and --1 #fac-fbj4 ,consonant ,stems1 #fba-fbf4 ,stems in -i-1 #fbg-fcf4 ,numeral ,adjectives1 #fcg-fdc4 ,the ,pronoun1 #fdd-fie4 ,personal and ,reflexive1 #fdd-fea4 ,personal and ,reflexive ,possessive1 #feb-fee4 ,other ,pronouns1 #fef-fei4 ,demonstrative1 #ffj-fgj4 ,determinative1 #fga-fge4 ,pronoun of ,identity1 #fgf-fgh4 ,intensive1 #fgi-fhj4 ,relative1 ,interrogative1 and ,indefinite1 #fha-fid4 ,correlative ,pronouns1 #fie4 ,the ,adverb1 ,conjunction1 and ,preposition1 #fif-gab4 ,nouns as ,adverbs1 #fif-fih4 ,accusative1 #fii-gjb4 ,ablative1 #gjc-gjg4 ,locative1 #gjh-gji4 ,other ,endings1 #gaj4 ,correlative ,adverbs1 #gaa4 ,sentences as ,adverbs1 #gab4 7,b47 ,,inflection ,,of ,,the ,,verb1 #gac-ajbb4 ,general ,principles1 #gac-gdb4 ,the ,stem1 #gad-gbj4 ,the ,person ,ending1 #gba-gca4 ,nouns of the ,verb1 #gcb4 ,principal ,parts1 #gcc-gce4 ,designation of the ,verb1 #gcf-gcg4 ,theme1 #gch-gdj4 ,classes of ,verbs1 #gda-gdb4 ,primitive ,verbs1 #gdc-gia4 ,root ,verbs1 #gdc-gdd4 ,inflection of sum1 #gde-gej4 possum1 #gea-gec4 d1 #ged-geg4 bib1 ser1 sist1 #geh4 inquam1 #gei-gfa4 e1 #gfb-gfg4 que and neque1 #gfh4 ed1 #gfi-gga4 vol1 nl1 ml1 #ggb-ggi4 fer1 #ghj-gha4 ,verbs in -ere 7,the ,third ,conjugation71 reg1 #ghb-ghc4 ,verbs in -i1 -ere1 #ghd-gia4 capi1 #ghd-ghe4 i1 #ghf-ghg4 fi1 #ghh-gij4 ,others in -i1 -ere1 #gia4 ,denominative ,verbs1 #gib-gig4 ,verbs in -re 7,the ,first ,conjugation71 laud1 #gib-gic4 ,verbs in -re 7,the ,second ,conjugation71 mone1 #gid-gie4 ,verbs in -re 7,the ,fourth ,conjugation71 audi1 #gif-gig4 ,deponent ,verbs1 #gih-hja4 ,periphrastic ,forms1 #hjb-hjd4 ,defective ,verbs1 #hje-hag4 ,redundant ,verbs1 #hah-hbc4 ,formation of ,stems1 #hbd-iai4 ,variable ,vowel1 #hbd-hbg4 ,the ,present ,system3 ,present ,indicative ,stem1 #hbh-hdj4 ,present ,subjunctive1 #hda-hdc4 ,imperative1 #hdd-hdf4 ,imperfect ,indicative1 #hdg-hdh4 ,imperfect ,subjunctive1 #hdi-hej4 ,future1 #hea-hec4 ,the ,perfect ,system3 ,perfect ,indicative ,stem1 #hed-hge4 ,perfect ,subjunctive1 #hgf-hgh4 ,perfect ,imperative1 #hgi4 ,pluperfect ,indicative1 #hhj4 ,pluperfect ,subjunctive1 #hha4 ,future ,perfect1 #hhb-hhd4 ,short or ,old forms of the ,perfect ,system1 #hhe-hic4 ,nouns of the ,verb3 ,the ,infinitive1 #hid-hih4 ,gerundive and ,gerund1 #hii4 ,supine1 #ijj4 ,present ,participle1 #ija-ijc4 ,future ,participle1 #ijd-ije4 ,perfect ,participle1 #ijf-iai4 ,list of ,verbs arranged according to the ,principal ,parts1 #ibj-ajbb4 ,,part ,,second3 ,,sentences1 #ajbc-bbii4 ,definitions1 #ajbc-ajfa4 ,the ,simple ,sentence1 #ajbc-ajbe4 ,the ,subject1 #ajbf-ajcd4 ,the ,predicate1 #ajce-ajcf4 ,enlargements of the ,subject1 #ajch-ajdg4 ,enlargements of the ,predicate1 #ajdh-ajed4 ,combination of ,sentences1 #ajee4 ,the ,compound ,sentence1 #ajef-ajeg4 ,the ,complex ,sentence1 #ajeh-ajfa4 ,agreement1 #ajfb-ajih4 ,of the ,verb1 #ajfb-ajgf4 ,of the ,substantive1 #ajgg-ajha4 ,of the ,adjective1 #ajhb-ajih4 ,,the ,,simple ,,sentence1 #ajii-afce4 7,a47 ,,use ,,of ,,the ,,noun1 #ajii-adfh4 ,number and ,gender1 #ajii-aaaj4 ,case1 #aaaa-adcg4 ,,nominative1 #aaac-aabc4 ,nominative of ,title1 #aaad-aaaf4 ,of ,exclamation1 #aaag4 ,vocative ,nominative and ,vocative ,proper1 #aaah-aabc4 ,,accusative1 #aabd-aagd4 ,of the ,object1 #aacb-aaci4 ,emphasizing or ,defining1 #aadj-aadf4 ,of the ,part ,concerned1 #aadg4 ,of the ,thing ,put ,on1 #aadh4 ,of ,exclamation1 #aadi-aaej4 ,of ,space and ,time1 #aaea-aaef4 ,of the ,aim of ,motion1 #aaeg-aaff4 ,two ,accusatives ,combined1 #aafg-aagd4 ,,dative1 #aage-abbe4 ,i4 ,the ,complementary ,dative3 7#a47 ,the ,essential ,complement3 ,with ,verbs1 #aahj-aaii4 ,with ,adjectives1 #abjj-abjd4 7#b47 ,the ,optional ,complement3 ,of the person or thing interested1 #abje-abaj4 ,the ,emotional ,dative1 #abaa4 ,the ,dative of the ,possessor1 #abab-abaf4 ,of ,relation1 #abag-abah4 ,,ii4 ,the ,predicative ,dative3 ,of ,tendency or ,result1 #abai-abbb4 ,of ,purpose or ,intention1 #abbc-abbe4 ,,genitive1 #abbf-abie4 ,i4 ,with ,substantives3 ,in ,general1 #abbg-abca4 ,of the ,subject1 ,cause1 ,origin1 or ,owner1 #abcb-abch4 ,of ,quality1 #abci-abdj4 ,partitive1 #abda-abed4 ,of ,definition1 #abee-abei4 ,objective1 #abfj-abfb4 ,,ii4 ,with ,adjectives1 #abfc-abgj4 ,,iii4 ,with ,verbs3 ,of ,valuing1 #abga-abge4 ,with rfert and interest1 #abgf-abgi4 ,with ,judicial ,verbs1 #abhj-abhb4 ,with ,impersonals of ,mental ,distress1 #abhc-abhf4 ,with ,verbs of ,memory1 #abhg-abia4 ,of ,participation and ,mastery1 #abib4 ,of ,fulness and ,want1 #abic-abid4 ,,iv4 ,the ,genitive of ,exclamation1 #abie4 ,,ablative1 #abif-adjj4 ,i4 ,the ,ablative ,proper3 ,of ,separation and ,want1 and of ,departure1 #acjb-acaa4 ,of ,source1 ,stuff1 or ,material1 #acab-acae4 ,of ,cause1 ,influence1 or ,motive1 #acaf-acai4 ,of ,comparison1 #acbj-accj4 ,,ii4 ,the ,locative ,ablative3 ,the ,locative ,proper1 #acca-acda4 ,the ,ablative used as ,locative3 ,of ,place in1 on1 or at which1 #acdb-acdi4 ,of ,time at which or within which1 #acej-acee4 ,,iii4 ,the ,instrumental ,ablative3 7#a47 ,the ,ablative of ,attendance3 ,of ,accompaniment1 #acef-aceg4 ,of ,manner1 #aceh-acfa4 ,ablative ,absolute1 #acfb-acgd4 ,ablative of ,quality1 #acge4 ,of the ,route ,taken1 #acgf4 7#b47 ,the ,instrumental ,proper3 ,of ,instrument or ,means1 #acgg-achd4 ,of ,specification1 #ache4 ,of ,fulness1 #achf-achg4 ,of ,measure1 ,exchange1 and ,price1 #achh-acib4 ,of the ,amount of ,difference1 #acic-acii4 ,two or more ,ablatives ,combined1 #adjj4 ,use of ,cases with ,prepositions1 #adja-adcg4 ,in ,general1 #adja-adji4 ,with the ,accusative1 #adaj-adaf4 ,with the ,ablative1 #adag-adba4 ,with the ,accusative or the ,ablative1 #adbb-adbe4 ,combination of ,substantives by a ,preposition1 #adbf-adbh4 ,repetition or ,omission of a ,preposition1 #adbi-adcj4 ,two ,prepositions with one ,substantive1 #adca-adcb4 ,position of ,prepositions1 #adcc-adcg4 ,use of ,adverbs1 #adch-adec4 ,use of ,degrees of ,comparison1 #aded-adfh4 7,b47 ,,use ,,of ,,the ,,verb1 #adfi-afce4 ,voice1 #adfi-adib4 ,active1 #adfi-adga4 ,passive1 #adgb-adhe4 ,deponents1 #adhf-adib4 ,mood1 #adic-aehf4 ,,the ,,indicative1 #adic-aecc4 ,in ,declarations1 #adic-adih4 ,in ,questions1 #adii-aecc4 ,yes or ,no ,questions1 #aejb-aeaj4 ,positive and ,negative ,answers1 #aeaa-aead4 ,alternative ,questions1 #aeae-aebe4 ,pronoun ,questions1 #aebf-aecj4 ,some ,applications of ,questions1 #aeca-aecc4 ,,the ,,infinitive ,,of ,,intimation1 #aecd-aeci4 ,,the ,,subjunctive1 #aedj-aegj4 ,the ,subjunctive in ,declarations3 ,i4 ,of ,desire3 ,of ,wish1 #aedj-aedf4 ,of ,exhortation1 ,direction1 ,statement of ,propriety1 #aedg-aeeb4 ,of ,willingness1 ,assumption1 ,concession1 #aeec4 ,,ii4 ,of ,action ,conceivable1 #aeed-aefb4 ,the ,subjunctive in ,questions1 #aefc-aegj4 ,,the ,,imperative1 #aega-aehf4 ,of ,command1 #aega-aehj4 ,of ,prohibition1 #aeha-aehf4 ,tense1 #aehg-afce4 ,,of ,,the ,,indicative1 #aehg-afcc4 ,present1 #aehg-aeic4 ,imperfect1 #aeid-afja4 ,perfect1 #afjb-afac4 ,pluperfect1 #afad-afah4 ,future1 #afai-afbe4 ,future ,perfect1 #afbf-afcb4 ,the ,future ,active ,participle with sum1 #afcc4 ,,of ,,the ,,subjunctive1 #afcd-afce4 ,,the ,,compound ,,sentence1 ,,or ,,coordination1 #afcf-agac4 ,without a ,connective1 #afcg-afdb4 ,with a ,connective1 #afdc-afib4 ,conjunctions1 #afdc4 ,copulative1 #afdd-afff4 ,disjunctive1 #affg-afge4 ,adversative1 #afgf-afhf4 ,other ,words as ,connectives1 #afhg-afib4 ,the ,intermediate ,coordinate ,sentence1 #afic-agac4 ,the ,subordinate ,idea unindicated by the ,mood1 #afie-agjd4 ,the ,subordinate ,idea indicated by the ,subjunctive1 #agje-agac4 ,,the ,,complex ,,sentence1 ,,or ,,subordination1 #agad-bbii4 ,definitions and ,classifications1 #agad-agaf4 ,primary and ,secondary ,tenses1 #agag4 ,virtual ,futures1 #agah4 ,mood of the ,subordinate ,sentence1 #agbj-agca4 ,the ,indicative1 #agba4 ,the ,subjunctive3 ,in ,indirect ,discourse1 and in cases of ,attraction1 #agbb-agbi4 ,of ,repeated ,action1 #agcj4 ,as in the ,simple ,sentence1 #agca4 ,tense of the ,subordinate ,sentence1 #agcb-aggb4 ,of the ,indicative1 #agcb-agci4 ,of the ,subjunctive1 #agdj-aggb4 ,sequence of ,tenses1 #agde-aggb4 ,tense subordinate to an ,indicative1 #agdf-agfa4 ,tense subordinate to a ,subjunctive1 #agfb-agfe4 ,tense subordinate to a ,noun of the ,verb1 #agff-agfi4 ,subjunctive due to another ,subjunctive or to an ,infinitive1 #aggj-aggb4 ,the ,indirect ,question1 #aggc-agia4 ,in ,general1 #aggc-aggd4 ,yes or ,no ,questions1 #agge-aggg4 ,alternative ,questions1 #aggh-aghd4 ,pronoun ,questions1 #aghe4 ,original ,subjunctives1 #aghf4 ,indicative ,questions apparently ,indirect1 #aghg-agia4 ,the ,relative ,sentence1 #agib-ahcg4 ,agreement of the ,relative1 #ahja-ahaa4 ,moods in the ,relative ,sentence1 #ahab-ahcj4 ,relative ,sentences of ,purpose1 #ahag4 ,of ,characteristic or ,result1 #ahah-ahbc4 ,of ,cause or ,concession1 #ahbd-ahcj4 ,correlative ,sentences1 #ahca4 ,relative ,sentences ,combined1 #ahcb-ahcd4 ,the ,relative introducing a main ,sentence1 #ahce-ahcg4 ,the ,conjunctive ,particle ,sentence1 #ahch-babb4 ,introduced by quod1 #ahch-ahee4 quia1 #ahef-aheh4 quom or cum1 #ahei-ahha4 quoniam1 #ahhb-ahhd4 quotins1 quotinscumque1 #ahhe-ahhg4 quam1 #ahhh-ahih4 quamquam1 #ahii-aijb4 quamvs1 #aijc-aijg4 tamquam1 #aijh-aiaj4 antequam1 priusquam1 #aiaa-aibb4 postquam1 ub1 ut1 cum prmum1 simul atque1 #aibc-aicd4 ut1 #aice-aigj4 ub1 #aiga4 qu1 #aigb-aigf4 quminus1 #aigg-aigi4 qun1 #aihj-aiij4 dum1 dnec1 quoad1 quamdi1 #aiia-bjji4 quand1 #bjaj-bjad4 s1 #bjae-baae4 ets1 tamets1 etiams1 #baaf4 quasi1 tamquam s1 ut or velut s1 #baag-babb4 ,connection of ,separate ,sentences or ,periods1 #babc-baei4 ,without a ,connective1 #babd-babg4 ,with a ,connective1 #babh-baeh4 ,affirmative ,coordination1 #baei4 ,nouns of the ,verb1 #bafj-bbii4 ,,the ,,infinitive1 #bafj-bbcf4 ,definitions1 #bafj-bafc4 ,the ,infinitive of ,purpose1 #bafd-bafe4 ,with ,adjectives1 #baff4 ,the ,infinitive as ,object3 ,the ,complementary ,infinitive1 #bafh-baga4 ,the ,accusative with the ,infinitive1 #bagb-bbjf4 ,the ,infinitive as ,subject1 #bbjg-bbae4 ,the ,infinitive of ,exclamation1 #bbaf4 ,tenses of the ,infinitive1 #bbah4 ,present1 #bbai-bbbb4 ,perfect1 #bbbc-bbca4 ,future1 #bbcb-bbcf4 ,,the ,,gerundive ,,and ,,gerund1 #bbcg-bbfh4 ,definitions1 #bbcg-bbdb4 ,nominative1 #bbdc-bbdi4 ,accusative1 #bbej-bbec4 ,dative1 #bbed-bbeg4 ,genitive1 #bbeh-bbfd4 ,ablative1 #bbfe-bbfh4 ,,the ,,supine1 #bbfi-bbgg4 ,definitions1 #bbfi4 ,supine in -um1 #bbgj-bbgc4 ,supine in -1 #bbgd-bbgg4 ,,the ,,participle1 #bbgh-bbii4 ,definition1 #bbgh4 ,time of the ,participle1 #bbgi-bbha4 ,the ,attributive ,participle1 #bbhb-bbhf4 ,the ,substantive ,participle1 #bbhg-bbib4 ,the ,appositive ,participle1 #bbic-bbif4 ,the ,predicative ,participle1 #bbig-bbii4 ,,appendix1 #bcjj-bgde4 ,some ,occasional ,peculiarities of ,verbs1 #bcjj-bcjg4 ,the ,conative ,use1 #bcja-bcjc4 ,the ,causative ,use1 #bcjd4 ,the ,potential ,use1 #bcje4 ,the ,obligatory ,use1 #bcjf4 ,the ,permissive ,use1 #bcjg4 ,indirect ,discourse1 #bcjh-bccd4 ,definitions1 #bcjh-bcaa4 ,mood1 #bcab-bcbj4 ,tense1 #bcba-bcbd4 ,pronoun1 #bcbe4 ,conditional ,periods in ,indirect ,discourse1 #bcbf-bccd4 ,use of ,pronouns1 #bcce-bdjc4 ,personal1 #bcce4 ,reflexive1 #bccf-bcdc4 ,equivalents for a ,reciprocal ,pronoun1 #bcdd-bcde4 ,possessive1 #bcdf4 ,demonstrative1 #bcdg-bcfd4 ,determinative1 #bcfe-bcgj4 ,pronoun of ,identity1 #bcga-bcgc4 ,intensive1 #bcgd-bchd4 ,interrogative1 #bche-bchf4 ,relative1 #bchg4 ,indefinite1 #bchh-bdjc4 ,numerals1 #bdjd-bdbh4 ,classification1 #bdjd4 ,list of ,numerals1 #bdje4 ,notation1 #bdjf-bdaa4 ,some forms of ,numerals1 #bdab-bdah4 ,some uses of ,numerals1 #bdai-bdbb ,other ,numerals1 #bdbc4 ,fractions1 #bdbd-bdbh4 ,prosody1 #bdbi-bgci4 ,,rules ,,of ,,quantity1 #bdbi-bdgb4 ,in ,classical ,latin1 #bdbi-bdeg4 ,position1 #bdeh4 ,hidden ,quantity1 #bdei-bdfc4 ,peculiarities of ,quantity in ,old ,latin1 #bdfd-bdfi4 ,iambic ,shortening1 #bdgj-bdgb4 ,,figures ,,of ,,prosody1 #bdgc-beaj4 ,hiatus1 #bdgc-bdhj4 ,elision1 #bdha-bdib4 ,ecthlipsis1 #bdic-bdif4 ,semi-,hiatus or ,semi-,elision1 #bdig4 ,synaloepha1 #bdih4 ,synizesis1 #bdii4 ,synaeresis1 #bejj4 ,dialysis1 #beja4 ,diaeresis1 #bejb4 ,hardening1 #bejc4 ,softening1 #bejd4 ,diastol1 #beje-bejf4 ,systol1 #bejg4 ,syncop1 #bejh4 ,tmesis1 #beji4 ,synapheia1 #beaj4 ,,versification1 #beaa-bgci4 ,definitions1 #beaa-bedh4 ,numeri ,italici1 #bedi4 ,the ,saturnian1 #beej-beed4 ,dactylic ,rhythms1 #beee-behj4 ,iambic ,rhythms1 #beha-bfbg4 ,trochaic ,rhythms1 #bfbh-bfdi4 ,logaoedic ,rhythms1 #bfej-bjgd4 ,dactylo-,trochaic ,rhythms1 #bfge-bfha4 ,anapaestic ,rhythms1 #bfhb-bfij4 ,cretic ,rhythms1 #bfia-bfig4 ,bacchiac ,rhythms1 #bfih-bgjf4 ,choriambic ,rhythms1 #bgjg4 ,ionic ,rhythms1 #bgjh-bgag4 ,lyric ,metres of ,horace1 #bgah-bgcg4 ,lyric ,strophes of ,catullus1 #bgch4 ,index of ,horatian ,odes and their metres1 #bgci4 ,abbreviations used in citing the ,authors1 #bgdj-bgde4 ,index of ,subjects4 ,index of ,latin ,words4 ,,latin ,,grammar #a4 ,latin ,grammar has two parts4 ,i4 ,the first part treats of words3 7,a47 their sound2 7,b47 their formation2 7,c47 their inflection4 ,,ii4 ,the second part shows how words are joined together in sentences4 ,,part ,,first decoration ,,words ,,parts ,,of ,,speech4 #b4 ,the principal kinds of words or ,,parts ,,of ,,speech are ,nouns1 ,verbs1 and ,conjunctions4 #c4 ,i4 ,,nouns are ,substantive or ,adjective4 #d4 7,a47 ,,nouns ,,substantive1 otherwise called ,substantives1 are divided1 as to meaning1 into ,concrete and ,abstract4 #e4 7#a47 ,,concrete ,,substantives denote persons or things4 ,concrete ,substantives are subdivided into ,proper ,names1 which denote individual persons or things3 as1 ,cicer1 ,cicero2 ,rma1 ,rome2 and ,common ,names1 otherwise called ,appellatives1 which denote one or more of a class3 as1 homo1 man2 taurus1 bull4 #f4 ,appellatives which denote a collection of single things are called ,collectives3 as1 turba1 crowd2 exercitus1 army4 ,appellatives which denote stuff1 quantity1 material1 things not counted1 but having measure or weight1 are called ,material ,substantives3 as1 vnum1 wine2 ferrum1 iron2 faba1 horsebeans4 #g4 7#b47 ,,abstract ,,substantives denote qualities1 states1 conditions3 as1 rubor1 redness2 aequits1 fairness2 slitd1 loneliness4 #h4 7,b47 ,,nouns ,,adjective1 otherwise called ,adjectives1 attached to substantives1 describe persons or things3 as1 ruber1 red2 aequus1 fair2 slus1 alone4 #i4 ,,pronouns are words of universal application which serve as substitutes for nouns4 ,thus1 taurus1 bull1 names1 and ruber1 red1 describes1 particular things2 but ego1 ,i1 is universally applicable to any speaker1 and meus1 mine1 to anything belonging to any speaker4 #aj4 ,,adverbs are mostly cases of nouns used to denote manner1 place1 time or degree3 as1 subit1 suddenly2 fors1 out of doors2 di1 long2 vald1 mightily1 very4 #aa4 ,,prepositions are adverbs which are used to modify as prefixes the meaning of verbs1 or to define more nicely the meaning of cases3 as1 voc1 ,i call1 voc1 ,i call out2 ex urbe1 from town4 #ab4 ,,ii4 ,,verbs are words which denote action1 including existence or condition3 as1 regit1 he guides2 est1 he is2 latet1 he is hid4 #ac4 ,,iii4 ,,conjunctions connect sentences1 nouns1 or verbs3 as1 et1 and2 sed1 but4 #ad4 ,,interjections are cries which express feeling1 and are not usually a part of the sentence3 as1 1 ah2 heu1 alas4 #ae4 ,there is no ,,article in ,latin3 thus1 mnsa may denote table1 a table1 or the table4 ,erratum3 #b 444 ,nouns1 ,verbs1 and ,conjunctions4 ,nouns ,verbs1 ,a4 ,,sound4 ,,alphabet4 #af4 ,in ,cicero's time1 the sounds of the ,latin language were denoted by twenty-one letters 7,,dn4 #b1 #ic74 ,character ,name pronounced ,a a ah ,b be bay ,c ce kay ,d de day ,e e eh ,f ef ef ,g ge gay ,h ha hah ,i i ee ,k ka kah ,l el el ,m em em ,n en en ,o o o ,p pe pay ,q qu koo ,r er air ,s es ess ,t te tay ,v u oo ,x ix eex ,the names given above are those employed by ,roman grammarians4 ,the sound indicated by -ay is only approximate2 the true sound is that of the ,french in fte2 see #ci4 ,the names of the letters are indeclinable2 for their gender1 see #dab4 #ag4 ,two other letters were also in use to represent ,greek sounds in ,greek words2 these were always called by their ,greek names1 and were placed at the end of the alphabet2 they are ,y1 named 7#db71 and ,z1 named zta 7#ga74 #ah4 ,,origin ,,of ,,the ,,alphabet4 ,the ,latin alphabet1 which originally consisted of capitals only1 was adapted from the alphabet of ,chalcidian colonies in ,italy4 #ai4 ,,spelling4 ,the signs for the ,greek sounds denoted by and 1 and perhaps also that for 1 these three sounds being unknown in ,latin1 were used as numerals 7#bdjg74 ,in words borrowed from the ,greek the ,romans at first represented by t1 by p1 and by c3 as1 ts1 incense1 for 2 ,poen1 ,punians1 for 2 calx1 chalk1 for 4 ,occasionally also the ,latin mute was doubled3 as1 struppus1 strap1 for 4 ,later1 about the middle of the second century ,b4,c41 th1 ph1 and ch begin to be used3 as1 cothurnus1 boot1 for 2 amphora1 jar1 for 2 ,achaea for 4 ,in some instances these aspirates were next introduced even into words purely ,latin3 as1 chommodus1 affable1 for commodus1 an affectation ridiculed by ,catullus 7,cat4 #hd7 and disapproved by ,quintilian 7#a1 #e1 #bj74 ,but pulcher1 pretty1 is the usual spelling for pulcer 7formed by the suffix -cro- from the stem of the verb poli1 ,i polish74 ,even ,cicero 7,o4 #afj7 aspirated the c in this word as a concession to popular usage1 as he did the t in ,cethgus1 ,karthg1 and the p in triumphus1 while he retained the unaspirated explosive in the proper names ,orcvius1 name of a #8gens1' ,mat1 ,ot1 ,caepi1 and in sepulcrum1 tomb2 corna1 crown2 and lacrima1 tear4 ,in a similar manner ,greek was at first transcribed by r3 as1 rumpia1 a kind of weapon1 for 2 but later by rh3 as1 rhtor1 rhetorician1 for 4 #bj4 ,the letters ,c 7first written 7 and ,k were at an early period used promiscuously1 and ,c stood for both unvoiced k and voiced g3 as1 ,,virco1 virg1 virgin4 ,afterwards ,k dropped out of general use except in the abbreviations ,k4 or ,kal4 for kalendae1 first of the month1 and ,k4 for the proper name ,kaes 7,quint4 #a1 #g1 #aj74 ,about #cjj ,b4,c4 the sign or ,c was used for the unvoiced k alone1 while a separate sign1 which became ,g1 was set apart for the voiced g4 ,but ,c continued to be used for g in the abbreviations ,c for ,gius1 for ,gia1 and ,cn4 for ,gnaeus4 ,occasionally q is written for c1 almost always before the vowels o and u3 as1 qum for cum1 with2 qolunt for colunt1 they cultivate2 peqnia1 money4 ,but ordinarily q is found before unsyllabic 7consonantal7 u 7v7 only 7#bb74 #ba4 ,before the introduction of ,y and ,z 7#ag71 u was used for the ,greek 3 as1 ,burrus1 later ,pyrrhus 7,cic4 ,o4 #afj72 and s1 or1 as a medial1 ss1 for 3 as1 sna1 belt1 later zna2 massa1 lump1 for 2 malaciss1 ,i soften1 for 4 ,by a blunder1 y was occasionally introduced in words of ,latin origin3 as1 lacryma1 tear1 for lacrima1 which was wrongly supposed to be derived from ,greek 4 #bb4 ,the characters ,i and ,v represent not only the two vowels i and u1 but also their cognate semivowels 7#eb7 i and 7#hc71 called commonly consonant i and u1 but with less ambiguity unsyllabic i and u 7#hb2 #hc74 ,they are equivalent to the ,english y and w respectively4 #bc4 ,in words like maior1 simple i was commonly written for the sound of ii 7#aec1 #b2 #hb2 #hc74 ,but ,cicero in such cases wrote ii3 as1 aii1 ,i say1 ,maiia1 ,troiia 7,quint4 #a1 #d1 #aa74 ,in the same way ,lucretius spelled ,graiiugenrum1 of ,greek-born men1 and ,,eiivs1 of him1 ,,cviivs1 whose1 occur in inscriptions4 ,sometimes the same sound is represented by a taller letter1 #8i longa1' especially in the imperial age3 as1 ,,maior1 greater4 ,there are also cases in which the two designations were confounded1 a double i being written1 and one or the other letter made taller3 as1 ,,eiivs or ,,eiivs1 of him4 #bd4 ,the tall i1 ,i longa1 was used not only to represent unsyllabic i 7#bb71 but1 beginning with ,sulla's time1 also for long vowel i 7#bi1 #b1 b73 as1 ,,signa1 signs2 ,,qvinqve1 five4 ,it also represents sometimes double i3 as1 ,,vis for ,,vi,s1 in the roads4 ,at the beginning of words it occurs without reference to quantity for both short and long i1 and1 by mistake1 ,i is elsewhere found for short i4 #be4 ,the emperor ,claudius 7,a4,d4 #da-ed7 introduced a separate sign for unsyllabic u 7#bb71 restricting the sign v to the vowel u 7,quint4 #a1 #g1 #bf2 ,ta4 #aa1 #ad72 but it did not become current4 #bf4 ,in schoolbooks and most texts of the authors1 the vowel u is printed ,u1 u1 and the consonant ,v1 v4 ,a character1 ,j1 j1 was introduced in the #agth century1 to indicate the consonant i4 ,but this character is no longer usual in editions of the authors or in schoolbooks4 #bg4 ,the distinction between u and v is not always made very consistently3 q has regularly1 and g and s have sometimes1 an aftersound of w1 best represented by v2 but the usual practice is to write u1 as in the following disyllables3 qurum1 of whom2 anguis1 snake2 suvis1 sweet4 qu is always counted as a single sound 7#agg74 ,see also #bejd4 #bh4 ,for the intermediate sound 7#ajc7 between i and u1 as in the first syllable of lubet1 libet1 it pleases1 and in the second syllable of optimus1 optumus1 best 7,quint4 #a1 #d1 #h2 #g1 #ba71 the emperor ,claudius invented a separate character4 ,it failed of acceptance1 as did also the sign which he attempted to introduce for ps4 #bi4 ,the same characters were ordinarily used to denote both long and short vowels4 ,but at different periods long vowels were sometimes indicated in inscriptions thus3 7#a47 ,long a1 e1 or u was sometimes doubled3 as1 ,,aara1 altar2 ,,paastores1 shepherds2 ,,leege1 by law2 ,,ivvs1 right4 ,this doubling1 which was never frequent1 seems to have been introduced into ,latin from the ,oscan by the poet ,accius4 ,it occurs most frequently in inscriptions about the year #aej ,b4,c41 but sporadically much later3 as1 ,,conventvvs1 of the assembly2 ,,arbitratvv1 by the decree2 and in other stems in -u- 7#eic74 7#b47 ,long i was often denoted 7a47 ,by the spelling ei 7after the pronunciation of this diphthong had been changed to 1 #ih73 as1 ,,darei1 be given2 ,,redieit1 hath come back2 ,,interieisti1 hast died4 ,some ,roman grammarians prescribed this spelling for every long i2 others tried to regulate the use of ei for by special rules4 ,at the end of the republic1 the spelling ,,ei had given way to uniform ,i4 7b47 ,since the time of ,sulla1 by a taller letter 7#8i longa'73 as1 ,,fixa1 fastened 7#bc1 #bd74 7#c47 ,a mark called an apex 7illustration7 was often put over a long vowel3 as1 ,,fe,,cit1 made2 ,,horte,,nsivs2 ,,dvv,,mviratvs1 duumvirate4 ,the apex was written in the imperial age2 the form -1 which occurs in an inscription1 was adopted by the grammarians1 and is still in use to mark the long vowels4 ,it may be mentioned that inscriptions which employ the apex are by no means consistent in its use1 and that late inscriptions have it over short and long vowels1 apparently for decorative purposes4 ,quintilian #a1 #g1 #b prescribes it only for cases which otherwise might be ambiguous3 as1 ,m,,lvs 7mlus71 mast1 to distinguish it from ,,malvs 7malus71 bad4 #cj4 ,in schoolbooks1 a long vowel is indicated by a horizontal line over it3 as1 ra1 altar2 mnsis1 month2 rd1 series4 ,a short vowel is sometimes indicated by a curved mark3 as1 pr1 through2 dx1 leader2 but this mark is unnecessary if long vowels are systematically marked4 ,usually the quantity of the vowels in each word is definitely fixed2 but in a few cases the same vowel may be now short1 now long1 as in ,english the ee of been is pronounced long by some 7bean71 short by others 7bin74 ,thus 7#bddf7 mihi1 ibi were sometimes pyrrhics 71 #bebb71 sometimes iambi 7 -1 #beba74 ,see for other cases #acd1 #bddc1 #bdeb1 #bdec4 ,such vowels of variable quantity are termed common and marked or 3 as mih1 to me 7#bead74 ,,pronunciation4 #ca4 ,the pronunciation of ,latin sounds may be approximately determined3 7a7 from the description of the native grammarians and incidental allusions in other ,latin authors2 7b7 from variations in spelling2 7c7 from the ,greek transliteration of ,latin words2 7d7 from the ,latin transliteration of foreign words2 7e7 from the development of the sounds in languages derived from the ,latin4 ,,vowels4 #cb4 ,vowels are sounds which are produced by the vibrations of the vocal chords 7this may be easily felt by placing a finger on the throat at the ,adam's apple7 and without any audible friction or any obstruction anywhere in the passage above the vocal chords4 ,the difference in the sound of the vowels is due to the different shape which the position of the tongue and the lips gives in each case to the cavity of the mouth4 ,during the pronunciation of pure vowels no air escapes through the nose4 #cc4 ,the simple vowels1 a1 e1 i1 o1 u 7y71 are either long or short4 ,the sound of a long vowel is considered to be twice the length of that of a short4 #cd4 ,that a long vowel is equal to two shorts is a rule of metrical theory 7see #beae74 ,in actual pronunciation1 there were undoubtedly various degrees of length1 as in ,english3 e4g41 sea1 seize 7long71 cease 7half-long74 ,,quantity ,,of ,,vowels4 ,the quantity of vowels must in general be learned by observation2 but some convenient helps for the memory may be found in #bdbi2 and the quantity of many vowels may be ascertained by the general principles given in #ce and #cf4 ,except in the case of ,hidden ,quantity 7#bdei71 the quantity of vowels is in general ascertained from verse4 ,but some information may also be gleaned from such rhetorical prose as exhibits well defined habits in the rhythmical endings selected for sentences 7clausulae1 ,cic4 ,o4 #aia-bbf74 7,a47 ,,short ,,vowels4 #ce4 ,a vowel is short3 7#a47 ,before another vowel or h 7#abd73 as1 es1 veh2 compare tace with tacre4 ,for exceptions in classical ,latin1 see #abg2 for exceptions in early ,latin see #abf4 7#b47 ,before nt and nd 7#abh7 if not the result of contraction3 as1 calendae1 centum2 compare amant1 amandus1 with amre4 7#c47 ,before final t and m1 and1 in words of more than one syllable1 before final r and l 7#acb73 compare amat1 amem1 with ams and ams4 7,b47 ,,long ,,vowels4 #cf4 ,all vowels are long which are3 7#a7 ,weakened from a diphthong 7#if-aja2 #ajh71 or which are the result of contraction 7#aah73 as1 concd from caed2 cg from co-ag4 7#b7 ,lengthened by compensation 7#aba73 as1 qun for 99quincn4 7#c7 ,before nf1 ns1 often before nc followed by a consonant1 and1 in some cases1 before gn 7#abb74 ,,pronunciation ,,of ,,vowels4 #cg4 ,the following ,english sounds come nearest to the ,latin pronunciation of the vowels3 #ch4 ,,long ,,vowels4 had the sound of a in father2 that of a in fate 7but see #ci72 that of i in machine2 that of o in tone2 that of u in rule4 #ci4 ,it must be noted1 however1 that all ,english long vowels1 save a as in father1 are more or less diphthongal1 that is1 they become gradually closer 7#df72 a in fate ends in a vanishing sound of ee 7not heard in the of ,french fte71 and o in no ends in the sound of oo4 ,similarly the long e sound in he becomes closer and ends in a sound similar to the y in year4 ,in ,latin all long vowels had one sustained sound4 #dj4 ,,short ,,vowels4 a sounded approximately like the ,english a in the first syllable of aha2 e1 i1 o1 and u sounded like e in step1 i in pit1 o in obey1 and u in pull respectively4 #da4 ,latin short a did not differ1 except in quantity1 from long 2 it never had the #8flat' sound of ,english a in pat4 ,in the case of the other vowels1 i1 e1 o1 and u1 the long vowels were closer 7#df7 than the short ones4 ,this is the same difference which the ,english shows in keen 7long and close7 and kin 7short and open72 pool 7long and close7 and pull 7short and open74 ,for this reason1 open i is sometimes represented by e in inscriptions3 as1 ,,anema for anima1 soul2 and vea was the rustic pronunciation for via1 road 7,varro1 ,r4 ,r4 #a1 #b1 #ad74 #db4 ,y1 which was a sound borrowed from the ,greek 7#ag71 sounded like ,german 4 ,the sound1 which is missing in ,english1 is formed with the tongue in position for i 7in kin7 and the lips rounded as for oo 7in moon74 ,,classification ,,of ,,vowels4 #dc4 ,vowels are divided according to the position of the tongue4 ,latin i and e are called front vowels1 because the front part of the tongue is elevated4 ,this elevation is greater for i than for e4 ,latin o and u are called back vowels1 because they require an elevation of the rear part of the tongue4 ,this elevation is greater for u than for o4 ,latin a holds an intermediate position1 no part of the tongue being raised1 while the front part is depressed4 #dd4 ,in the formation of i and e1 the tongue approaches the hard palate2 hence these two vowels are also called palatal vowels4 ,similarly1 o and u are called velar or guttural vowels1 because in their formation the tongue approaches the soft palate 7vlum palt74 #de4 o and u require a rounding of the lips 7labia72 hence they are called labial vowels4 ,the same is true for y4 #df4 ,comparing the vowels in ,english keen and kin1 it will be noted that the passage between the tongue and the hard palate is narrower in the former than in the latter case4 ,the ee in keen is therefore said to be a narrow or close vowel1 while the i in kin is wide or open4 ,see #da4 ,,diphthongs4 #dg4 ,two unlike 7#dc-df7 vowels pronounced under one stress and as one syllable form a ,diphthong4 ,all diphthongs are long4 ,in all diphthongs the transition from one vowel to the other is gradual4 ,a diphthong is1 therefore1 not formed simply by pronouncing two vowels in succession1 but the vocal organs pass through all the intermediate positions and consequently the sound is constantly changing4 #dh4 ,in their origin diphthongs are of two kinds3 7a47 primitive diphthongs3 as in foedus1 treaty2 aurum1 gold2 or 7b47 secondary diphthongs1 the result of vowels meeting in formation1 composition1 or inflection3 see #abj4 #di4 ,the diphthongs which occur in classical ,latin are au1 ae1 oe1 and the rare ui and eu4 au sounded like ou in house4 ae had the sound of short ,latin a rapidly combined with the sound of e in ,english men4 ,but it is the common practice now to give to ae the sound of ay or ai in ay1 aisle1 although the difference between ,latin ae and the earlier ai from which it descended is thus obliterated4 oe had the sound of short ,latin o rapidly followed by the sound of e in ,english men4 ,but it is now customary not to distinguish between ,latin oe and oi1 and to give to both the sound of oi in boil4 ui is pronounced by combining ,latin short u and i 7#dj1 #da7 with the stress on the i like ,french oui2 eu by combining ,latin short e and u with stress on the u4 #ej4 ,besides these1 the following diphthongs occur in the older inscriptions3 ai pronounced as ai in aisle2 ei as ei in eight2 oi as oi in boil2 and ou which sounded very much like the final o in no1 go1 which is really a diphthong 7see #ci74 ,,consonants4 #ea4 ,consonants are formed by stopping the breath somewhere in the cavity of the mouth or by squeezing it through a narrow channel or aperture4 #eb4 ,,semivowels4 ,there is no sharp line of demarcation between consonants and vowels4 ,some vowels in unsyllabic function 7#hb1 #hc7 notably i 7i7 and u 77 7corresponding to ,english y and w71 though usually classed as consonants1 are so closely related to the vowels that they are termed semivowels 7#bejd74 ,to these may be added also the liquids l and r4 ,contact of the semivowels i and u with their corresponding vowels i and u is avoided in classical times4 ,see for -vu- #ajg1 c2 for -quu- #aeg2 and for -ii- #ajd1 c 7on obiici72 #deh 7,b for 99,bi74 ,see #aec1 #c4 ,erratum3 #eb 444 ,see for -vu- #ajg1 c #ajg c ,,pronunciation ,,of ,,consonants4 #ec4 ,most of the consonants are pronounced as in ,english4 ,the following points must be noticed3 #ed4 b before a surd1 as s or t1 has the sound of p4 ,the spelling b is here simply etymological3 as1 abs1 pronounced aps 7the b retained in spelling because of ab72 urbs1 pronounced urps 7the b retained because of the oblique cases urbis1 urb1 etc472 obter1 pronounced opter 7,quint4 #a1 #g1 #g71 where the spelling of the preposition ob was kept 7#afd74 #ee4 c has always the sound of ,english k4 #ef4 d before the surd s is pronounced t2 the spelling d is preserved for etymological reasons only3 as1 adsum1 pronounced atsum4 #eg4 g always has the sound of ,english g in go1 never that of g in gentle4 gu1 when it makes one syllable with the following vowel1 is pronounced like ,english gw3 as1 sanguine like sanguine4 #eh4 h has a weak sound as h in ,british ,english 7,southern71 and by some was not counted as a consonant4 ,consequently the same uncertainty existed as to initial h4 ,the omission of initial h is recognized in classical ,latin for nser 7originally 99hnser74 ,elsewhere the omission of initial h in spelling1 as ostia for hostia1 is rare until the third century ,a4,d4 ,very rarely h is written between two vowels to denote that each should be pronounced separately 7like our diaeresis in coxtensive73 as1 ahneus1 bronze1 with a separate 7#aaf a72 but aes1 bronze1 with diphthongal ae4 #ei4 ,unsyllabic 7#bb7 or consonant i has the sound of ,english y in year4 #fj4 ,there were two varieties of l4 ,one was like the ,english l1 guttural in character1 because in its pronunciation not only the blade 7front part7 of the tongue touched the gums1 but in addition to this the rear part of the tongue was elevated toward the soft palate4 ,the other l was purely dental1 and formed without such back elevation4 ,this second variety appeared in the combination ll1 or whenever l was followed by the front vowels 7#dc7 e or i1 or when it was final4 ,elsewhere l was guttural4 #fa4 ,from the earliest times final m in unaccented syllables had a faint sound or was even inaudible 7,quint4 #i1 #d1 #ci74 ,consequently it is often omitted in writing in the older inscriptions both before an initial vowel or consonant3 as1 ,,pocolo for pcolom2 ,,oino for oinom 7num71 and the grammarian ,verrius ,flaccus proposed to write only half an ,m for final m before a vowel4 ,in prosody1 therefore1 final m did not prevent elision 7#bdic74 ,the same is seen in prose in cases like animadvert1 ,i pay heed to1 from animum advert1 ,i turn my mind toward 7#cie72 vnre1 to be sold for vnum re1 to go to sale 7#aafe74 ,but in monosyllables where m closes the accented syllable1 it did not vanish 7#bdid1 #bdie71 and this difference in the treatment of final m is reflected in the ,romance languages4 #fb4 n stands for two sounds4 ,it represents the dental nasal1 as n in ,english now4 ,but before the gutturals k1 c1 g1 q1 and the compound x 7 cs71 it represents the guttural nasal which is written ng in ,english sing1 wrong4 ,this second n is sometimes called n adulternum or #8spurious n1' thus3 nc 7in avunculus7 as in uncle2 ng 7in angulus7 as in angle2 ngu 7in sanguine7 as in sanguine2 nqu 7in inquit7 as inkw in inkwiper2 nx 7in pnxit7 as in lynx4 #fc4 ,dental n before s had a reduced sound1 and is therefore sometimes omitted in writing3 as1 ,,cesor for cnsor2 ,,cosol for cnsul1 in older inscriptions2 and frmsus by the side of frmnsus2 vcsimus by the side of vcnsimus1 ,cicero omitted the n in the adjective suffix -nsis3 as1 forsia1 of the forum2 hortsia1 garden plants4 #fd4 q1 in classical ,latin1 appears only in the combination qu1 sounded like ,english qu or kw 7#bg74 r was trilled4 #fe4 s1 in classical ,latin was always unvoiced 7surd1 #ge7 like ,english s in so1 sin1 never voiced 7sonant1 #ge7 as ,english s in ease4 su1 when it makes one syllable with the following vowel1 is like sw in sweet 7#bg74 #ff4 ,in old ,latin1 final s after a short vowel and before a consonant seems to have been reduced in sound or to have disappeared altogether4 ,in the older inscriptions it is often omitted in the ending of the nominative singular -us1 and in the pre-,ciceronian poets final s often does not make position 7#bdfh74 ,but such omission was considered vulgar in ,cicero's time 7,cic4 ,o4 #afa2 ,quint4 #i1 #d1 #ch74 #fg4 ,in the archaic period ,latin s stood also for the voiced sibilant 7,english s in ease1 z in zeal71 as in ,,asa1 altar 7#aed74 #fh4 t is always sounded as in time1 never as in nation4 ,the pronunciation of ci and ti with the c and t as sibilants 7as in ,english cinder1 nation7 is very late4 #fi4 v is like the ,english w4 #gj4 x is a compound consonant1 standing for cs1 and so sounded1 never as ,english gs or gz4 #ga4 z1 being a ,greek sound1 should have retained its ,greek pronunciation4 ,this differed in the different dialects2 in the ,attic of the fourth century ,b4,c4 it was approximately that of ,english z in zeal1 while its earlier value was zd4 ,the ,romans had great difficulty in pronouncing this sound 7,quint4 #ab1 #aj1 #bg f471 but the grammarian ,velius ,longus expressly states that it should not be pronounced as a compound sound 7zd74 #gb4 ,about #ajj ,b4,c4 the combinations ch1 ph1 and th were introduced in ,greek words to represent 1 1 and 2 as ,philippus1 for the older ,,pilipvs4 ,somewhat later these combinations were in general use in some ,latin words 7#ai74 ch is thought to have been pronounced like kh in blockhead1 ph as in uphill1 and th as in hothouse4 ,but in practice ch is usually sounded as in the ,german machen or ich1 ph as in graphic1 and th as in pathos4 ,,classification ,,of ,,consonants4 #gc4 ,,explosives4 ,consonants which are formed by stopping the breath in the oral cavity and then suddenly removing the obstruction are called explosives4 ,they cannot be prolonged in sound4 ,they are3 c1 k1 q1 g2 t1 d2 p1 b4 ,these are often called mutes4 #gd4 ,,continuants4 ,consonants which may be prolonged in sound are called continuants4 ,they are3 unsyllabic 7#hc7 i 7#ei7 and u 7#ff72 l 7#fj71 r2 l1 s1 f2 n 7#fb71 m4 #ge4 ,,voiced and ,,unvoiced4 ,if during the emission of breath the vocal chords vibrate 7#cb71 the consonant is said to be voiced or sonant3 g2 d2 b2 n 7#fb71 m2 l 7#fj71 r2 unsyllabic 7#hc7 i 7#ei7 and u 7#fi72 otherwise it is said to be unvoiced or surd3 c1 k1 q2 t2 p2 h1 s1 f4 #gf4 ,,nasals4 ,in the majority of consonants1 the breath escapes through the cavity of the mouth1 and the cavity of the nose is closed in the rear by means of the raised soft palate4 ,those consonants in which the breath escapes through the nose1 while the oral cavity is closed1 are called nasals3 as1 n1 m1 n adulternum 7see #fb74 #gg4 ,,classification ,,according ,,to ,,place ,,of ,,formation4 ,consonants are further divided according to the place where the breath is stopped or squeezed4 7#a47 ,if the breath is stopped by the lips1 as in p1 b1 m1 or squeezed through the lips1 as in v 7,english w71 we speak of labials4 7#b47 ,if the breath is forced through an opening between the upper teeth and the lower lip1 as in f1 we speak of a labiodental4 7#c47 ,sounds which are produced by the point of the tongue touching the upper gums and teeth1 as t1 d1 n1 r1 or by the formation of a narrow median channel in the same place1 like s1 or of a lateral channel1 like l 7#fj71 are called dentals4 7#d47 ,palatals are formed by an elevation of the front part of the tongue against the forward section of the palate1 like i consonant 7,english y74 7#e47 ,if the back of the tongue touches or approaches the rear part of the palate as in k1 q1 c1 g1 n adulternum 7,english ng in sing71 and l 7#fj71 we speak of gutturals 7velars72 see #dd4 #gh4 ,,spirants4 ,sounds which are produced by friction of the breath are called spirants3 as1 s1 f1 and h4 #gi4 ,,sibilants4 ,on account of its hissing sound1 s is called a sibilant4 ,english s1 z1 th are sibilants4 #hj4 ,,doubling ,,of ,,consonants4 ,in ,english1 double consonants as the tt1 nn1 pp1 mm in motto1 ,anna1 tapping1 grammar1 are sounded exactly like the corresponding single consonants in cot1 pan1 tap1 ram4 ,in ,latin1 on the other hand1 double consonants 7gemintae7 were pronounced as they are in modern ,italian4 ,in the case of explosives 7#gc71 as in mitto1 after the tongue had come in contact with the roof of the mouth 7 first t7 a short pause ensued before the explosion took place 7 second t74 ,in the case of continuants 7#gd71 as in summus1 ,apollo1 the mm or ll was sounded appreciably longer than a single m or l1 and at the beginning of the second half of the long continuant there was a slight increase of force4 #ha4 ,consonants were not doubled in writing till after #bjj ,b4,c43 as1 ,,fvise for fuisse1 to have been1 and for more than a century afterward the usage is variable3 as1 in the same inscription1 ,,essent1 they might be1 by the side of ,,svperases1 thou mayest have conquered2 but it must not be inferred that they were pronounced as single consonants4 ,errata3 #gg4 ,,classification ,,according ,,to ,,place ,,of ,,formation4 final 4 invisible #gg 444 7#e47 ,if the back of the tongue 4 invisible ,,syllabic ,,and ,,unsyllabic ,,function4 #hb4 ,whenever two or more sounds are combined in a syllable1 one of them excels in acoustic prominence3 as1 a in ,english pat2 n in the group pnd in opnd 7opened72 l in the group tld in bottld 7bottled72 and s in the group pst4 ,this sound is said to have syllabic function or to be syllabic2 in the examples given1 a1 n1 l1 and s are respectively syllabic4 ,all the other members of each group are termed unsyllabic4 #hc4 ,vowels are almost always used in syllabic function4 ,when1 in rare cases1 they are unsyllabic1 this fact is usually indicated in phonetic works by an inverted half-circle1 1 placed under the vowel2 so in the case of diphthongs to indicate the subordinate member3 as ai1 o1 i 7#di74 ,latin omnia and ,english glorious1 when pronounced as words of two syllables1 would be written omnia 7#bejc71 glorious4 ,when sounds other than vowels have1 in rare cases1 syllabic function1 this fact is noted in phonetic works by a point1 4 1 or circle1 1 under the letter3 as1 ,latin 99ags1 99agrs 7#aaa1 b71 ,english opd1 opnd4 ,,accent4 #hd4 ,the relative force with which the different syllables of a word are uttered varies4 ,such variation in emphasis is called stress accentuation4 ,the degrees of stress are really infinite1 but for practical purposes it is sufficient to distinguish between 7#a47 the strongest stress 7chief accent72 7#b47 a weaker stress 7secondary accent72 and 7#c47 absence of stress 7atonic syllable74 ,in the ,english contradict1 the last syllable has the chief accent1 a secondary accent falls on the first1 and the second syllable is unstressed4 #he4 ,it is not customary to indicate the place of accents in ,latin by special signs4 ,when1 for special reasons1 signs are used1 denotes the chief accent1 the secondary accent1 while the unstressed syllables are left unmarked4 ,,the ,,classical ,,accent4 #hf4 ,in classical ,latin the place of the chief accent may be determined by the following rules4 7#a47 ,words of two syllables have the accent on the penult 7#age73 as1 hmo2 cer4 7#b47 ,words of more than two syllables have the accent on the penult when that syllable is long 7#agg72 otherwise on the antepenult3 as1 palster1 onstus 7#agg72 mulebris1 gnetrx 7#agh72 rbors1 rbutus1 gladolus4 #hg4 ,a short penult retains the accent in the genitive and vocative with a single from stems in -io- 7#def1 #dei73 as1 genitive1 cnsl2 impr2 genitive or vocative1 ,vergl2 ,valr2 ,mercr4 ,for calefcis1 c41 see #cid4 #hh4 ,in a few words which have lost a syllable the accent is retained on the last syllable2 such are 7#a47 compounds of the imperatives dc and dc 7#aac73 as1 dc2 7#b47 nominatives of proper names in -s and -s for -tis and -tis3 as1 ,arpns1 for ,arpntis2 ,laens2 ,maecns2 ,quirs2 ,samns2 also nostrs1 vostrs2 7#c47 words compounded with the abbreviated 7#aac7 enclitics -c for -ce and -n for -ne3 as1 illc2 tantn2 audstn 7for the shortening of the final syllable3 as1 vidn1 dost see81 see #abi72 7#d47 audt1 contracted from audvit 7#aed1 #hic74 ,the ,latin grammarians prescribe the circumflex 7#ij7 for all these long syllables4 ,,earlier ,,recessive ,,accent4 #hi4 ,in the preliterary period of the ,latin language1 the accent tended to go as far from the end of the word as possible 7recessive accent74 ,thus1 while the classical accentuation is inimcus1 the older period accented nimcus4 ,in literary ,latin this early recessive accent has survived1 only in ,plautus's accentuation of words of the form 7proceleusmatic or fourth paeon1 see #beba71 in which he stresses the first syllable3 as1 fcilius 7classical faclius72 vluerat 7classical volerat74 ,but in many instances the early recessive accent may be traced in literary ,latin by the phonetic changes which it produced 7#ajb ff474 #ij4 ,,musical ,,element4 ,the native ,latin grammarians slight the stress accentuation and pay much attention instead to the variations in pitch4 ,but they are so greatly dependent on their ,greek models that they are unsafe guides in this matter4 ,it is1 however1 probable that a stressed vowel was uttered on a higher key 7acute7 than an unstressed vowel 7grave71 and that in certain syllables the long1 accented vowel showed a rise and fall 7circumflex73 as1 illc 7#hh74 #ia4 ,the force of the ,latin stress accent must have varied at different periods and in different localities1 as it now varies in the ,romance countries4 ,the early recessive accent seems to have been fairly emphatic2 but the stress in classical ,latin was probably weak and the difference between accented and unaccented syllables was much less marked than it is in ,english4 ,,proclitics ,,and ,,enclitics4 #ib4 ,proclitics are unaccented words which are pronounced as a part of the following word2 they are3 7#a47 ,the relative and indefinite pronouns and their derivatives2 7#b47 ,prepositions4 7a47 ,thus1 qu di1 pronounced qud2 qu vxit1 quvxit2 genus unde ,latnum1 gnus unde,latnum4 ,similarly quamd1 as long as2 iamd1 this long time4 ,a distinction is thus made between the interrogative qulis 7#aebf71 which is accented1 and the relative qulis 7#ahca7 which is proclitic 7,quint4 #a1 #e1 #bf72 cf4 the ,english who1 which is accented when interrogative1 and proclitic when relative4 7b47 circum ltora1 pronounced circumltora2 ab rs1 pronounced abrs 7,quint4 #a1 #e1 #bg72 in inscriptions and manuscripts prepositions are often united in writing with the following word4 ,phrases like extempl1 suddenly1 invicem 7#id71 in turn1 are commonly written and accented as one word4 ,but the preposition is accented when it is followed by a monosyllabic unemphatic 7and therefore enclitic7 personal pronoun3 as1 n m2 bs t 7but abs t1 if t is emphatic74 ,all prepositions used as adverbs 7#adjb7 have an independent accent4 #ic4 ,,enclitics are words which have no accent of their own1 but are pronounced as a part of the word preceding4 ,this increase of the number of syllables produced certain accentual changes1 all the details of which are not clear4 ,when the enclitic was monosyllabic the place of the accent seems to have been determined as in #hf2 thus vds1 but vidsne2 ,lti1 but ,latique4 ,again1 when by the addition of a monosyllabic enclitic the accent falls on the fourth syllable from the end1 a secondary 7#hd1 #he7 accent was probably placed on the penult3 as1 percula1 but perculque4 ,the ,roman grammarians agree1 however1 in demanding that everywhere the syllable preceding the enclitics -que1 -ne1 -ve1 and -ce should be accented4 ,in deinde and subinde there is authority for placing the accent on the first syllable4 ,enclitics are3 7#a47 ,unemphatic personal and indefinite pronouns3 as1 in m1 pronounced1 nm2 d mihi1 dmihi2 sc tibi1 sctibi2 s quis1 squis2 n quid1 nquid4 7#b47 ,verbs when used as auxiliaries3 as1 possum for pt7e7 sum 7#geb72 qu libet 7#bdja72 vidlicet1 licet1 sclicet 7#gab72 qumvs 7#aijc72 the forms of esse in compound tenses 7#gai71 so that est is frequently combined1 even in writing1 with the preceding past participle 7#gdg74 7#c47 ,the particles -ne 7-n71 -ve1 and -ce 7-c73 as1 satsne or shortened satn2 ,hyrcnsve ,arabsve2 istce or shortened istc 7#ij71 adhc 7#ij74 7#d47 ,the copulative conjunction -que3 as1 ,latique1 lminque4 7#e47 ,the preposition cum when it follows 7#adce7 its case4 7#f47 ,the particle quidem3 as1 s quidem1 squidem 7#aca74 7#g47 ,other enclitics are3 -met 7#fej73 as1 egmet2 -dem3 as1 ibdem2 -nam3 as1 ubnam2 -dum 7#aegc73 as1 agdum2 -inde3 as1 dinde1 prinde 7which are disyllabic in verse71 and sbinde2 -tum2 as1 etimtum2 -per3 as1 parmper2 the vocative when it was closely joined to the preceding word1 e4g4 an imperative3 as1 dc puer 7#ajf74 #id4 ,two words expressing what is really one single idea are often bound together by one accent1 one of them acting the part of either a proclitic or enclitic4 ,thus1 with the earlier recessive accent 7#hi71 ,ipiter 7#acc2 #chi2 originally a vocative which came to be used as nominative2 for the change of pater to piter see #ajd72 nvicem1 in turn2 dnu for d nv 7#ajf72 with the later1 classical accent1 lgisltor1 paterfamlis1 orbisterrrum1 extmpl1 imprms4 ,when unemphatic ille and iste preceded their noun and had practically the value of our definite article they formed a unit with the following noun and thus the accent might fall on their last syllable3 as1 ill pater1 ist canis4 ,this use is particularly common in vulgar and late ,latin 7see #aab74 ,erratum3 #ib;a 444 and proclitic when relative4 final 4 missing ,,change ,,of ,,sound4 7,a47 ,,vowel ,,change4 ,,change ,,of ,,diphthongs ,,in ,,accented ,,syllables4 #ie4 ,of the six original diphthongs au1 ou1 eu1 and ai1 oi1 ei1 the only one which preserved its original sound in the classical period is au4 ,of the rest only ae 7for older ai7 and1 in a few words1 oe 7for older oi7 remained diphthongs2 all the others had become monophthongs4 #if4 ,,change ,,of ai4 ai is common in inscriptions3 as1 ,,aidilis1 ,,praitor4 ,toward the end of the republic the two elements of the diphthong had been partially assimilated to ae 7#di73 as1 aedlis 7,quint4 #a1 #g1 #ah74 ,this is its pronunciation in the classical period4 ,between #acj and #ajj ,b4,c4 ai is displaced by ae in public documents2 but the old-fashioned ai was often retained in private inscriptions4 ,still later the two elements completely converged to 4 ,in provincial ,latin is found as early as #bjj ,b4,c43 as1 ,,cesvla for ,,caesvlla2 in ,rome itself the pronunciation #8,ccilius' for ,caecilius1 and #8prtor' for praetor was derided as boorish2 but by #ga ,a4,d4 ae was verging toward even in the court language3 the coins of ,vespasian have ,,ivdea as well as ,,ivdaea4 ,in the #c;d and #dth century ,a4,d4 became the prevalent sound4 #ig4 ,,change ,,of au4 ,the diphthong au1 which was preserved in educated speech1 was changed to in rustic and colloquial pronunciation 7see the anecdote related by ,suetonius1 ,vesp4 #bb73 as1 cp1 innkeeper1 for caup2 plstrum for plaustrum 7barge71 cart3 ,cldius for ,claudius4 ,some of these gained literary currency3 as1 cdex1 book1 caudex1 block2 fcle1 neckcloth1 faucs1 throat4 ,the form sds 7#aegb7 for si auds s auds 7,cic4 ,o4 #aed7 is a colloquialism4 #ih4 ,,change ,,of ei4 ei as a genuine diphthong is common in old inscriptions3 as1 ,,sei2 ,,seive2 ,,adeitvr2 ,,deixervnt2 ,,feida4 ,in classical ,latin it has passed into 3 thus1 s1 if2 sve1 either2 adtur1 is approached2 dxrunt1 they said2 fda1 faithful4 ,an intermediate stage between the old diphthong ei and the classical was a very close 7#df7 3 as1 ,,ploirvme 7#dfe7 for plrim2 ,,iovre 7#eja1 #ejg7 for ir4 ,for the orthographical use of ei as a spelling for the long -sound1 see #bi4 #ii4 ,,change ,,of oi4 ,the development of oi was parallel to that of ai4 ,it first passed into oe3 as1 ,,coiravervnt and ,,coeravervnt1 they cared2 ,,oitile1 useful1 and ,,oeti1 to use2 ,,loidos and ,,loedos1 play1--all in old ,latin4 ,in classical ,latin it has further been changed in accented syllables to 3 as1 crvrunt1 tile1 t1 ldus4 ,but oe was retained in classical ,latin 7#a47 when a secondary diphthong 7#dh71 the result of contraction 7#abj71 and 7#b47 in a few words like foedus1 treaty1 perhaps as an archaizing1 legal term2 foedus1 ugly2 poena1 penalty1 perhaps through the influence of ,greek 7in the verb pnre1 to punish1 the regular appears72 proelium1 skirmish2 foetor1 stench2 and moenia1 walls1 perhaps because there was a word mnia1 services4 ,the connection of nn1 not1 with noenum 7#dee2 #addd2 #fii7 is difficult because of the unusual development of oe to o1 for which the ,praenestine form ,,coraveront is the only parallel4 #ajj4 ,,change of ou4 ou1 found in inscriptions down to about #ij ,b4,c41 passed1 in classical ,latin1 into 3 as1 ,,povblicom1 ,,novntiata1 ,,iovdex2 later pblicum1 public1 nntita1 notified1 idex1 judge4 #aja4 ,,change ,,of eu4 ,primitive 7#dh7 eu appears in classical ,latin only in the interjections eu1 heu1 heu1 heus4 ,every other original eu had1 even in old ,latin1 passed into ou and developed like the latter3 as1 99neumen 7,greek 7 became first 99noumen1 then 7#ajj7 nmen4 ,with the exceptions noted above1 the diphthong eu1 as it appears in ,latin1 is always of secondary origin 7#dh71 the result of the two vowels e and u meeting in composition3 as1 neu1 neither1 from n-ve2 neutiquam1 from n and utiquam 7#abd74 ,,weakening ,,in ,,unaccented ,,syllables4 #ajb4 ,the vowel of an unstressed 7atonic7 syllable is often weakened1 changing its quantity or quality or both4 ,this is especially the case in syllables immediately preceded by the chief accent 7posttonic syllables74 ,the following changes took place at an early period when ,latin still possessed the old1 recessive accent 7#hi74 ,,weakening ,,of ,,simple ,,vowels ,,in ,,medial ,,syllables4 #ajc4 7a47 ,,atonic ,,medial e before a single consonant was weakened 7with the exceptions given under b47 to i3 as1 cllig1 collect1 from leg2 bside1 besiege1 from sede2 crtminis1 of the contest1 from certmen 7#bbd72 flminis1 from flmen 7#dgj74 ,and so probably hic 7#ffd7 arose from 99hec or 99hoc 7#aje1 g7 when used as proclitic 7#ib74 ,before the labials p1 b1 f1 and m this weakened sound was intermediate between i and u 7#bh71 and both spellings occur3 as1 quadrips and quadrups1 four-footed2 alimentum1 nourishment2 monumentum1 monument4 ,the choice of i or u was probably governed by the quality of the stressed vowel in the preceding syllable3 viz41 u after o and u1 and i after a1 e1 and i4 ,but such distinction is only imperfectly maintained in classical ,latin4 7b47 ,but before two consonants1 before r1 before vowels1 and after i1 atonic e does not change3 as1 lvmentum 7#bbd71 but lvminis1 of consolation2 bsessus 7but bside71 possessed2 sciets1 society1 from the stem socie- 7but nvits from the stem nove-72 gneris1 of the kind2 deunt1 they approach4 #ajd4 7c47 ,atonic medial a1 except in the cases mentioned below under 7d471 7e471 and 7f471 was first weakened to e and then underwent the same changes as atonic medial e 7#ajc73 as 7before single consonants71 cnfici1 accomplish1 from faci2 nsili1 jump in1 from sali 7#ajai72 rdditus1 restored1 from datus2 trcipitem1 three-headed1 from 99trcapitem 7caput71 ,cic4 ,o4 #aei2 occiput1 back of the head1 and sinciput1 jole 7#dgh74 ,in compounds of iaci 7#idj71 -iaci is weakened in early ,latin to -ieci 7as1 conieci1 #idj71 but later to -ici 7as1 subici74 ,this last form may be due to syncope 7#aaa1 a7 of the radical a4 ,the spelling -iici 7as1 subiici7 is late and faulty 7#eb74 ,it does not occur in republican inscriptions and owes its origin to a confusion of the two forms conieci and conici4 7,on the quantity of the vowel of the prepositions in these compounds of iaci1 see #abb e72 7before p1 b1 f1 m7 ccipi1 accept1 and ccup1 occupy1 from capi2 cntubernlis1 room-mate1 from taberna2 bripi1 to snatch away1 from rapi2 7before two consonants7 pperc1 ,i have spared1 from parc2 ccentus1 accent1 from cantus2 7before r7 pper1 ,i brought forth1 from pari4 7d47 ,but an a in the preceding syllable may protect the atonic a3 as1 dagi1 dagium1 proverb1 but prdigium1 miracle 7#add74 7e47 ,atonic medial a before the guttural nasal 7#fb7 n followed by g changed to i 7#ach73 as1 tting1 touch1 from tang4 7f47 ,atonic medial a before l followed by any consonant save l changed to u 7both l and u being guttural1 #fj1 #dd73 as1 xsultre1 to leap up1 from saltre2 but ffell1 ,i deceived1 from fall4 #aje4 7g47 ,,atonic ,,medial o1 when followed by a single consonant1 first changed to e and then underwent all further changes of medial atonic e3 as1 hminis1 from 99homon-is 7#dhe72 mginis1 for 99imgonis1 #bbf 7nominative img1 #dhe72 cpdinis1 for 99cupdonis1 #bbe1 7nominative cupd1 #dhe72 vrginis1 for 99virgonis 7nominative virg1 #dgj72 lic1 from 99in-sloc1 on the spot 7#afi1 #d74 7h47 ,before two consonants or before guttural l 7#fj7 atonic medial o changed to u3 as1 untis1 from 99ontis 7,greek 72 sdul1 from s dol 7#adag74 ,but a preceding v or u protects o 7#ajg1 c74 7i47 ,before r1 atonic medial o was retained3 as1 tmporis1 of time2 except when u in the preceding syllable induced a change to u3 as1 flguris1 of lightning 7for the -r in the nominative singular fulgur instead of -s1 see #aed74 #ajf4 7k47 ,medial -av-1 -ov-1 and -iv- in posttonic syllables were weakened to u3 as1 dnu from dnov 7#id72 blu from ablav4 ,the form puer1 boy1 arose from the older ,,pover in enclitic vocatives 7#ic1 #g7 and was thence transferred to the nominative like piter in ,ipiter 7#id74 ,erratum3 #aje;g 444 lic1 from 99in-sloc1 on the spot 7#afi1 #d7 7#afi1 #f7 ,,weakening ,,of ,,simple ,,vowels ,,in ,,final ,,syllables4 #ajg4 7a47 ,in final syllables unaccented original e before s and t was weakened to i3 as1 saltis1 of safety1 from older saltes 7#ejg74 7b47 ,final i became e3 as1 ante for 99anti 7,greek and anti-cipre72 nominative singular mare1 from the stem mari- 7#ebf74 7c47 ,in final syllables o before consonants changed to u except when preceded by u or v3 as1 flius1 son1 for old ,latin flios 7#deb72 ferunt1 they carry1 for older feront2 femur1 thigh1 nomin4 sg4 from the stem femor- 7#dhi72 genus1 kind1 for 99genos1 ,greek 2 but vvont1 they live2 salvom1 safe4 ,not long before the beginning of our era o here also changed to u and appears to have coalesced with the preceding v 7,quint4 #a1 #g1 #bf73 as1 in inscriptions3 ,,ingenvs 7nomin4 sg47 for ingenuos2 ,,servm1 slave 7acc4 sg471 for servom2 ,,novm for novom1 something new2 so also boum1 oxen 7gen4 pl471 for bovom 7#did74 ,but inasmuch as the majority of forms in the paradigms of these words retained their v1 it was restored in most cases1 by analogy1 to the forms which had lost it3 as1 servum for serum1 because of serv1 serv1 etc42 vvunt for vunt1 because of vv1 vvis1 vvit1 etc4 7d47 ,when the stems fac- 7facere1 do71 cap- 7capere1 take7 appear as second members of compounds1 their a changes in final syllables to e3 as1 artifex1 artisan2 auceps1 bird-catcher4 ,after the analogy of these words1 compounds with dcere and re have e in the nom4 sg43 as1 idex1 idicis1 judge 7from is and dcere72 comes1 companion 7from com1 with1 and re72 see #acf1 #b4 ,errata3 #ajg 7b47 ,final i became e 7b7 #ajg;c 444 ,,ingenvs 7nomin4 sg47 for ingenuos 4 after sg4 invisible ,,weakening ,,of ,,diphthongs ,,in ,,unaccented ,,syllables4 #ajh4 ,diphthongs1 whether medial or final1 are treated alike in atonic syllables4 7a47 ,atonic ei1 oi1 and ai 7ae7 became 3 as1 lup1 wolves 7nom4 pl471 for 99lupoi 7,gr4 72 bell1 in war 7loc4 sg41 #dfj1 #acch71 for 99bellei 7,greek 7 or 99belloi 7,greek 72 xstim1 ,i consider1 from aestim2 cncd1 ,i strike down1 from caed2 ,cicero1 ,o4 #aei1 mentions incum1 unfair1 for 99naecum1 and concsum for 99cncaesum2 so also1 probably1 hc1 this1 arose from hoic 7#ffb7 when used as a proclitic 7#ib74 7b47 ,atonic ou and au became 3 as1 ncld1 ,i include1 from claud2 ccsre1 to accuse1 from causa4 #aji4 ,there are not a few cases in which the atonic vowel does not conform to the rules given above 7#ajb-ajh74 ,these are usually compounds which show the vowel of the simple verb4 ,some of these were formed at a time when the early recessive accent was no longer in force and consequently there was no cause for weakening2 in others the vowel of the simple verb was by analogy substituted for the weakened vowel of the compound3 as1 appet1 ,i strive after1 from pet1 which ought to have i like collig1 collect1 from leg2 intermedius1 intermediate1 but dmidius1 half2 dfraudre1 to cheat1 by the side of dfrdre from fraudre2 instead of the common redargu1 ,i refute1 ,scipio ,africanus minor ,pauli filius 7#ahe-abi ,b4,c47 said redergu1 and pertsum for pertaesum1 but both ,cicero 7,o4 #aei7 and ,lucilius discountenance pertsum as the sign of a pedantic prig4 ,in a few cases the reverse process took place1 and the weakened vowel which arose in the compound was transferred to the simple verb3 as1 cld1 ,i close 7#ieh71 for claud1 which owes its to compounds like occld4 ,for a case where the vowel of the preceding syllable acted as a stay to the expected change1 see #ajd1 d4 ,,loss ,,in ,,unaccented ,,syllables4 #aaj4 ,only vowels which are short and atonic may be lost4 ,the loss of a medial vowel is called ,syncope2 of an initial vowel1 ,aphaeresis2 of a final vowel ,apocope4 #aaa4 ,,syncope4 7a47 ,loss of a posttonic vowel1 entailing the loss of a syllable1 occurs in ardus 7,lucil42 for see #abh7 for the common ridus1 dry2 caldus by the side of calidus1 warm 7,quint4 #a1 #f1 #ai72 reppul1 ,i pushed back1 and rettul1 ,i carried back1 stand for 99rpepul and 99rtetul 7#hfa72 perg1 ,i proceed1 stands for 99perreg from reg 7cf4 cor-rig1 -rig1 where the e is weakened1 #ajc1 and porrig1 porg1 where it is either weakened or lost71 hence it forms its perfect perrx 7#iec73 pn1 ,i place1 is for 99posn 7#agj1 #b7 from 99po-sin 7#aab71 hence it forms its past participle positus 7#igb72 for irg1 ,i blame4 ,plautus has irig2 99srip 7from sus and rapere7 yields surp1 ,i utilize2 99gvide1 hence gvsus 7#hja71 gives gaudeo1 ,i rejoice1 converting to a before the following d 7#abh72 in a similar way auceps1 bird-catcher1 is formed from 99aviceps 7avis1 bird1 and capere1 catch72 claudere1 lock1 from 99clvidere 7clvis1 key72 aets1 age1 for evits 7#bfb72 praec1 herald1 for 99previc 7#aje1 g7 prae-voc 7#baa72 also with change of ou to 7#ajj71 prdns1 prudent1 for 99proudns from providns1 foreseeing2 nper1 lately1 from 99noviper2 nntius1 messenger1 from 99noventius 7#ccc72 icundus1 joyful1 from iuvicundus 7,cic4 ,fin4 #b1 #ad74 ,but forms like pclum1 cup1 saeclum1 age1 do not belong here1 as they are original and not derived by syncope from pculum1 saeculum2 cf4 #agb4 7b47 ,where1 through the loss of a vowel1 l or r would come to stand between two consonants1 or where they would be final and preceded by a consonant1 l and r become syllabic 7#hc7 and the syllable is thus maintained4 ,syllabic l is represented by ul1 syllabic r by er 7#agb1 #c74 ,the development of such intercalary vowels as u before l and e before r is called ,anaptyxis 7#agb74 ,thus1 99sacri-dts 7cf4 sacri-legium7 became first 99sacrdts by syncope1 then sacerds1 priest1 by anaptyxis2 99cribus 7cf4 cri-mnia1 pungency7 first became 99crbus then cerbus1 pungent2 99agrilos 7#bfg1 cf4 agri-cola1 farmer7 became first 99agrlos1 then 99agerlos1 and finally1 by assimilation of the r to l 7#aff1 #g71 agellus1 small field2 from 99dis-ficilter 7adverb from dis- and facilis7 arose 99difficlter and difficulter1 with difficulty4 ,the nominative sg4 of the following words is to be explained thus4 ager 7#dea7 was originally 99agros 7cf4 ,greek 71 which changed successively to 99agrs1 99agers1 and ager 7for the loss of -s see #aga1 #a and #c74 ,similarly 99cris1 passing through the stages of 99crs1 99cers1 became cer 7#fbg71 and 99famlos by way of 99famls1 99famuls1 became famul 7#dee71 to which later the common ending of nouns of the o-declension was added1 giving famulus4 #aab4 ,,aphaeresis4 ,aphaeresis hardly occurs in literary ,latin4 ,in the pronoun iste the initial i is sometimes dropped 7#ffg72 this loss implies an accented ultima 7#id74 ,a trace of prehistoric aphaeresis is found in the prefix po- for 99apo 7,greek 7 in pn1 ,i place1 for po-s7i7n 7#aaa1 a74 #aac4 ,,apocope4 ,under the same conditions under which a medial vowel was syncopated1 the final vowel of a word which stood in close union with the following word1 as a preposition with its noun1 was lost4 ,in this way 99peri 7,greek 7 became per2 99apo 7,greek 7 became ap1 ab 7#afd1 #b72 99eti 7,greek 7 became et4 ,similarly the final -e of the enclitics -ce1 -ne1 not1 and -ne interrogative was lost3 99s-ce became sc1 so2 99qu-ne1 qun1 why not2 habsne1 haben1 hast thou2 the imperatives dc1 say1 dc1 lead1 and fac1 do1 stand for earlier dce1 dce1 face 7#hdf72 the shortened form em for eme 7imperative of emere1 take7 has been turned into an interjection 7#aadi74 ,in the same way nec arose by the side of neque2 ac by the side of atque 7#aeh74 ,final -e has also been dropped in the nominative sg4 of a number of polysyllabic neuter stems in -li and -ri 7#edf73 as1 animal1 animal1 for 99animle1 exemplar1 pattern1 for 99exemplre4 ,see #ecf1 #ecg4 ,it must1 however1 be remembered that in most of the cases given the loss of a final vowel would also result from elision 7#aai7 before the initial vowel of the following word4 ,,combination ,,of ,,adjacent ,,vowels4 #aad4 ,,hiatus4 ,a succession of two vowel sounds not making a diphthong is called ,hiatus4 ,when in the formation of words by means of suffixes or prefixes or through the loss of an intervening consonant1 two vowels come into contact within a word we speak of internal hiatus2 the term external hiatus comprises those cases where1 in connected discourse1 the final vowel of one word comes into contact with the initial vowel of the following word4 ,for the latter kind1 see #bdgd4 #aae4 ,the treatment of vowels in internal hiatus is four-fold3 7#a47 ,the hiatus may remain2 7#b47 the two vowels may be fused into one 7,contraction72 7#c47 one of the two vowels may be dropped 7,elision72 and 7#d47 the two vowels may be combined into a diphthong4 #aaf4 ,,hiatus is maintained 7a47 between two adjacent vowels the second of which is long and accented 7according to the classical accentuation73 as1 cogi1 ,i forced1 and coctus1 forced 7#icg72 but cg 7#aah1 #c74 ,for coepi1 instead of cop1 ,i began1 see #abj4 7b47 ,in many prepositional compounds when the members were still felt to be independent3 as1 praeesse 7the contracted form praesse is found in inscriptions72 derunt1 they will be wanting1 by the side of drunt2 coalsc1 grow together 7the contracted form clsc appears in ,varro72 cooptre1 copt1 cooperi1 ,i cover up 7by the side of rare cptre1 cperre72 cotus1 meeting1 by the side of coetus 7#abj74 7c47 ,a comparatively large number of vowel combinations remain unchanged3 as ea and e in eam1 her1 and me1 by my 7fem4 sing472 ia and i in mria1 seas1 vitris1 of the traveller2 ua and u in blua1 monster1 su1 through her 7fem4 sg472 i in quis1 quiet2 u in lus1 pestilence2 e in me1 of me2 u in tu1 of thee2 e in me1 by my 7masc4 sing474 #aag4 ,,synizesis4 ,in these combinations the first vowel is sometimes made unsyllabic 7#hc74 ,this is called synizesis 7#bdii7 and is not rare in poets1 being often the only means of adapting a word to the requirements of certain metres4 ,thus1 fortutus 7- - 7 must appear in a hexameter as fortvtus 7forttus74 ,see #bdii1 #bejc4 #aah4 ,,contraction4 7#a47 ,two like vowels may unite in one long vowel2 rapidity of utterance was favourable to such fusion4 ,in compounds1 the desire to keep the members distinct often prevented it4 ,so always nm1 nobody1 for 99neem from 99ne-hem1 no man 7for the loss of h1 see #eh1 #aej2 for e in 99hem1 see #add72 and by the side of the open forms1 nl from nihil1 nothing2 vmns from vehemns1 rapid 7connected with the verb veh72 rarely drunt1 they will be wanting1 and dsse1 to be wanting1 for derunt1 desse2 dlram1 ,i had destroyed1 from 99dleram for dlveram 7for the loss of v1 see #aec71 see #hij2 passm1 of paces1 for passuum 7#eia74 7#b47 ,a diphthong absorbs the following vowel3 as1 praetor1 older praitor1 praetor1 from 99prai-itor1 who goes before2 inscriptions show praerunt for praeerunt1 they will be before2 for praebre1 to furnish1 the open form praehibre occurs in ,plautus 7#ajjd74 7#c47 ,if two unlike vowels are contracted at all1 they usually unite in the long sound of the first vowel4 ,thus1 o and a yield 3 as1 cg1 ,i force1 from co-ag2 cgit1 ,i think1 from co-agit4 ,similarly ,varro has clscat1 it may combine1 for co-alscat4 o and e yield 3 as1 prm1 bring out1 cm1 put up1 for pro-em1 co-em 7#iec74 and a yield 3 as1 dg1 ,i pass away1 from d-ag 7#icg74 i and e in the termination of the vocative of -io- stems probably contracted to -2 as fl from 99flie1 #dei4 ,but in denominative 7#cfe7 and other verbs of the first conjugation and contract into 3 as1 am1 ,i love1 from 99am- 7cf4 ,greek 72 and and into 3 as1 ams1 thou mayest love1 for 99am-s4 #aai4 ,,elision4 ,only rarely the first of two successive vowels is dropped3 as1 nllus1 no1 for 99ne-llus2 likewise the final vowel of the first member of nominal compounds3 as1 multangulus1 with many corners1 for 99multi-angulus 7cf4 multi-cavus1 with many holes72 flexanimus1 heart-rending1 for 99flexi-animus 7cf4 flexi-ps1 with bent feet74 #abj4 ,,combination ,,into ,,diphthongs4 ,the union of two successive vowels into a diphthong is equally rare3 o and i are combined to oi1 oe1 in coetus1 meeting1 by the side of the open form cotus 7#aaf1 b72 the perfect coep 7#hab71 ,i began1 owes its diphthong oe to forms in which the e was short and unaccented1 such as the rare present forms coepi for c-pi 7#hac72 for copi 7#hac1 #hfc7 would have remained unchanged 7#aaf1 a74 neuter1 with the accent on the e1 was pronounced as three syllables1 later eu became diphthongal2 neutiquam with synizesis 7#aag7 of e4 e and sometimes contract to ei in ri 7#fja1 #fjb7 and in deinde1 din in the classic poets4 ,,lengthening4 #aba4 ,,compensative ,,lengthening4 ,when certain groups of consonants are simplified by the dropping of a consonant1 its time is absorbed by a preceding short vowel1 which thereby becomes long4 ,this is called ,compensation4 ,in many cases compensative lengthening is due to the loss of a preliterary sonant s 7#agj1 #b73 as1 cnus1 gray1 from 99casnus 7cf4 cas-cus1 very old74 ,see for other cases of this lengthening1 #agj1 #e1 qun1 for 99quincn2 #agj1 #f1 gnsc1 for 99in-gnsc4 #abb4 ,,induced ,,lengthening4 ,before certain groups of consonants short vowels have a tendency to become long3 as1 7a47 ,the prefixes in- and con- before s or f lengthened their vowels in classical ,latin 7,cic4 ,o4 #aei73 as1 nsnus1 mad2 nflx1 unhappy2 cnsuvit1 he grew used to2 cnfcit1 he accomplished4 ,elsewhere also the vowel before ns and nf appears to have been lengthened3 as1 fns1 fountain2 pnsus1 weighty 7,gell4 #i1 #f72 fornsis1 forensic2 cnsor1 censor2 mnsa1 table2 mnsis1 mouth2 ,valns2 ,clmns2 the o of nsons1 guiltless1 however1 is marked as short by the grammarian ,probus4 7b47 ,a similar lengthening of the vowel before nc followed by t or s appears3 as1 nctus1 anointed1 from ungu 7,gell4 #i1 #f72 inctus1 joined1 from iung 7#ied71 coninx1 spouse1 genit4 coniugis 7#dgb72 qunctus1 fifth1 whence quntus 7#agj1 #d7 and qunque1 five1 derive their 2 snctus1 hallowed4 7c47 ,spellings like ,,signvm1 sign 7well supported in inscriptions71 and ,,digne1 worthily 7less well supported7 show that i was at times lengthened before gn4 ,the grammarian ,priscian demands this lengthening for all vowels preceding the ending -gnus1 -gna1 -gnum4 7d47 ,a lengthened vowel before r followed by a consonant is also certain for some words like rd1 order2 frma1 shape4 7e47 ,some speakers appear to have lengthened the vowel of prepositions like con-1 sub-1 ob-1 in the compounds of iaci 7#ajd1 c72 as bicit4 ,this practice1 which is disapproved by ,gellius 7#d1 #ag71 probably arose from the transfer by analogy of the quantity of the first syllable in forms like conieciant 7#idj7 to that of the shortened form4 ,in the same way the occasional spelling ,c,,niv,,nx1 spouse1 for coninx1 may owe its long to the analogy of ciunx1 ,c,,ivgi 7#agj1 #f74 7f47 ,many verb stems ending in -g have a long vowel in the past participle before the suffix -to-3 as1 tctus1 covered1 from tego 7#iaf72 tctus1 touched1 from tang 7#ibe72 pctus1 fixed1 from pang 7#ibe72 fctus1 moulded1 from fing 7#ied72 pctus1 painted1 from ping4 ,the evidence for in maximus is very scanty3 one case of ,a with the apex 7#bi1 #c7 in a faulty inscription4 7g47 ,of the induced lengthenings enumerated above1 only those given in 7a47 7b47 7f47 seem to have been universal in classical ,latin4 ,the rest appear to have been local peculiarities1 which1 while making inroads upon the literary language1 never gained full recognition4 #abc4 7#a47 ,,analogical ,,lengthening4 ,in noun stems in -o the stem vowel is lengthened in the genitive plural -rum 7#ddi1 #dfb71 by analogy to the stems in - 7#dce73 as1 servrum1 of slaves1 like mnsrum1 of tables4 ,for other cases see #abb1 e4 7#b47 ,,metrical ,,lengthening4 ,on the lengthening of a vowel 7or a syllable7 under the influence of verse-ictus1 see #beje4 ,,shortening4 #abd4 ,a vowel originally long is regularly shortened in classical ,latin before another vowel1 even though an h intervene3 as1 tace1 ,i am silent1 from the stem tac- 7#cfe72 seorsum1 apart1 deorsum1 downward1 from s7v7orsum1 d7v7orsum 7#aec74 #abe4 ,in simple words a diphthong occurs before a vowel only in one or two proper names3 as1 ,gnaeus1 ,annaeus1 in which it remains long1 and in ,greek words4 ,but the diphthong ae of the prefix prae is sometimes shortened before a vowel3 as1 praeactus2 praeeunt2 praehibe2 hence prehend for 99prae-hend4 ,sometimes it coalesces with a following vowel3 as1 praeoptvst4 #abf4 ,an increased tendency to shorten a long vowel before another vowel can be traced in the history of the language3 thus1 classical fu1 ,i was1 for ,plautus's f 7#gej72 clue1 ,i am called1 for ,plautus's cle2 perfect pluit1 it rained1 for ,varro's plit 7cf4 plvit1 #hbc1 #idg72 pius1 pious1 for ,ennius's pus2 see also #gfe4 #abg4 ,but even in classical ,latin there are cases where a vowel before another vowel remains long3 thus1 7#a47 ,regularly1 the of f1 ,i am made1 except before -er-1 as in fierem 7#ghh1 #ghi74 7#b47 ,in dus1 godly1 for dvus 7#aec71 and the old ablatives d1 d1 open sky 7used only in the expression sub d1 sub d1 i4e4 sub dv74 7#c47 ,in the ending of the genitive and dative sg4 of stems in -- 7#fja7 when an i precedes3 as1 di1 of a day1 aci1 of the battle line1 but re1 of the thing1 for older r4 7#d47 ,it may be mentioned here that r is said to occur in verse #f times 7,plaut4 ,g4 #b1 ,lucr4 ,g4 #b1 ,d4 #b72 re #i times 7,plaut4 ,g4 #b1 ,ter4 ,g4 #d1 ,d4 #a1 ,juv4 ,g4 #a1 ,sulp4 ,apoll4 ,g4 #a72 rei #bg times 7,plaut4 ,g4 #b1 ,d4 #c1 ,enn4 ,d4 #a1 ,ter4 ,g4 #i1 ,d4 #h1 ,lucil4 ,g4 #a1 ,d4 #a1 ,lucr4 ,g4 #b74 fid ,g4 #c times 7,plaut41 ,enn41 ,lucr472 fide #aa times 7,enn4 ,d4 #a1 ,man4 ,g4 #b1 ,d4 #a1 ,sil4 ,g4 #d1 ,d4 #a1 ,juv4 ,g4 #b72 fidi #e times 7,ter4 ,g4 #a1 ,d4 #c1 ,hor4 #a74 #ce times 7,plaut4 #ah1 ,ter4 #h1 ,lucr4 #i72 e some #ag times 7,plaut4 #ab1 ,ter4 #b1 ,german4 #a1 ,ter4 ,maur4 #b72 i #bc times 7,plaut4 #aa1 ,ter4 #h1 ,lucil4 #c1 ,cat4 #a74 7#e47 ,gius retains its before the vowel i3 thus1 ,gius 7trisyllabic74 7#f47 ,in the pronominal genitives in -us 7#fah71 the quantity of i varied4 ,the older dramatists use 2 later1 was shortened1 but variations in its quantity seem to have continued until long after the end of the republic2 ,cicero1 ,,do4 #c1 #ahc1 measures illius2 ,quintilian #a1 #e1 #ah nus2 the grammarian ,priscian prescribes -us for all except alterius1 which should always have i1 and utrius1 in which the i is common 7#cj74 ,in verse the i is often short1 except in neutrus2 utriusque has always short i4 7#g47 ,the penult is long in the endings -1 -s1 -1 -s1 and -1 -s1 from stems in -io-1 -io-1 and -io- 7#deh7 or -i- 7#dcg73 as1 ,g1 ,b1 ,pmp1 plb3 ,gs1 ,bs1 ,pomps1 plbs1 ,bs2 aul1 pict4 7#h47 ,dana has as often as 4 oh has 2 heu has in comedy1 otherwise 4 7#i47 ,in many ,greek words a long vowel comes before another vowel2 as1 r1 ,aens1 ,mda4 ,but early importations from ,greek followed the general rule and shortened the vowel3 as1 plata 771 balinum1 balnum 774 #abh4 ,a long vowel preceding unsyllabic i or followed by a consonant is shortened3 as1 gaude for 99gude 7cf4 gvsus1 #aaa72 claudo for clud 7cf4 clis1 #aaa74 ,similarly a long vowel 7unless long by contraction3 as1 nntius1 #aaa1 a1 cnti7 preceding a liquid or nasal followed by a consonant is shortened3 as1 syncopated ardus from ridus 7#aaa71 habentem1 from the stem hab-4 ,for cases of induced lengthening of the vowel before n followed by certain consonants1 see #abb4 #abi4 ,,iambic ,,shortening4 ,the law of iambic shortening 7#bdgj7 produced a number of important changes3 thus1 7#a47 ,in old dramatic verse iambic words 7 -7 often shorten the long vowel4 ,the poets after ,plautus and ,terence preserve the long vowel4 7a47 ,nouns2 ,g4 eri1 boni1 preti4 ,d4 cani1 ero1 malo4 ,l4 domi1 heri4 ,ab4 levi1 manu1 domo1 bona1 fide4 ,plural3 ,n4 fores1 viri4 ,d41 ,ab4 bonis4 ,ac4 foris1 viros1 bonas4 7b47 ,verbs3 eo1 volo1 ago2 ero1 dabo2 vides2 loces2 voles2 dedi1 dedin2 roga1 veni2 later poets sometimes retain cave1 vale1 and vide4 ,the vowel may also be shortened when -n 7#aejc7 is added and s is dropped before -n 7#agj1 #b73 rogan1 abin2 viden is also retained by later poets4 7#b47 ,in a few pyrrhic words 7 7 in -i1 which were originally iambic 7 -71 the poets in all periods retained final - at pleasure3 these are1 mih1 tib1 sib2 ib1 ub2 also alicub4 ,the i of bi is always short in ncubi and scubi1 and usually in ubinam1 ubivs1 and ubicumque2 ibidem is used by the dramatists1 ibdem in hexameter4 ubque has always 4 #acj4 ,the following instances show that this law operated in prose speech also3 7#a47 ,in iambic words of the - declension 7#dcb7 the final - of the nominative singular was shortened2 hence 99equ became equa1 mare4 ,from these iambic words short final -a spread so that all stems in -- shorten the final of the nom4 sg4 7#dcd74 7#b47 ,the final -a in the nominative plural of neuter nouns of the o- declension 7#ddf71 which appears in trgint1 thirty1 was likewise shortened1 first in iambic words like iuga1 yokes1 bona1 goods1 then everywhere 7#dfa74 7#c47 ,this law explains the short final vowel in homo 7#bddb7 by the side of serm 7#bdcg1 c7 and similar cases1 like the adverbs modo1 cito 7#bddb71 bene1 male 7#bddj74 ,in the same way arose the short final o of the first person in conjugation 7#bddc73 as1 volo1 dabo1 dxero by the side of scrb2 so also viden for vidn 7#abi1 #a2 #agj1 #b74 7#d47 ,of imperatives only puta1 used adverbially 7#bdch1 c71 ave1 have 7#hje2 ,quint4 i1 #f1 #ba2 but ,martial scans hav7 as a salutation and cave1 used as an auxiliary 7#agaa71 show the short final vowel in classical ,latin4 ,elsewhere the long vowel has been restored1 as am1 mon 7#hde74 7#e47 ,according to this rule calfaci1 maldc changed to calefaci1 maledc4 #aca4 ,a long final vowel is shortened when an enclitic is added to the word3 as siquidem from s2 quoque from qu4 #acb4 ,a long vowel is regularly shortened1 in the classical period1 before final -t and -m and1 in words of more than one syllable1 also before final r and l4 ,thus1 soror1 sister1 for ,plautus's sorr1 from the stem sorr- 7#dhg72 tar1 ,i may use1 for ,plautus's tr 7cf4 tris72 bacchanal for ,plautus's bacchanl2 animal1 exemplar from the stems animl- 7#ecj7 and exemplr- 7#ecg72 but the long vowel is retained in the monosyllables fr1 thief1 sl1 sun2 pnbat1 he placed1 for ,plautus's pnbt 7cf4 pnbs72 ibet1 he commanded1 for ,plautus's ibt2 eram1 ,i was1 but ers2 rxerim1 ,i may have ruled1 but rxers 7#hgg72 -um in the genitive plural of -o- stems is for -m 7#dfb72 mnsam1 table1 for 99mnsm from the stem mens-2 rem1 from r- 7rs71 spem from sp- 7sps74 ,errata3 #abe 444 praeoptvst ,the vowels 8aeo0 are joined with a single ligature #acb 444 7cf4 tris7 7cf tris7 ,,transfer ,,of ,,quantity4 #acc4 7#a47 ,in a few cases the length of the vowel has been transferred to the following consonant1 the length of which is then indicated by doubling it 7#ha73 as1 littera for ltera1 ,,leiteras2 ,iuppiter for ,ipiter2 parricda for pri-cda1 murder of a member of the same clan 799pro-1 member of a clan1 ,doric 1 a relative72 cuppa for cpa1 barrel4 ,the legal formula s pret1 if it appear1 was vulgarly pronounced s parret 7,festus74 7#b47 ,since the doubled unsyllabic i 7i7 between vowels 7#bc2 #aff1 #i2 #aec1 #b7 is commonly written single1 the vowel preceding it is often erroneously marked long3 as1 i wrongly for ai1 i4e4 aii1 ,i say2 mior wrongly for maior1 i4e4 maiior1 greater2 pior wrongly for peior1 i4e4 peiior1 worse2 ius1 of him1 cius1 of whom1 hius1 of him1 all wrongly for eius1 cuius1 huius i4e4 eiius1 cuiius1 huiius 7#aec1 #b74 ,in all these words the first syllable was long but not the vowel4 ,,variations ,,of ,,quantity4 #acd4 7#a47 ,in some foreign proper names and in a very few ,latin words the quantity of a vowel varied4 ,vergil has ,schaeus and ,sychaeus within six verses2 also sia and ,asia1 ,lavnium and ,lvnius2 so also glmus 7,lucr471 glomus 7,hor472 cturnx 7,plaut41 ,lucr471 coturnx 7,ov474 7#b47 ,sometimes such variations in vowel quantity are only apparent3 thus1 the occasional long final - of the active infinitive 7dar1 prmer7 has probably a different origin from the usual -4 ,for metrical lengthening1 see #beje4 ,erratum3 #acd 444 glomus 7,hor47 7,hor7 ,,quantitative ,,vowel ,,gradation4 #ace4 ,the same stem often shows a long vowel in some of its forms and a short vowel in others4 ,in most cases these variations of quantity were not developed on ,latin soil but inherited from a much earlier period4 ,such old inherited differences in vowel quantity are called quantitative vowel gradation4 7#a47 ,instances of this are pr for 99prd 7#adi2 cf4 prdesse7 and pro- 7,greek 72 n and ne- in nescius2 the couples reg1 ,i rule1 and rx2 veh1 ,i draw1 vx2 veni1 ,i come1 vn1 where the long vowel is characteristic of the perfect stem 7#hfb72 voc1 ,i call1 and vx1 voice2 reg1 ,i rule1 and rx1 ruler2 leg1 ,i read1 and lx1 bill2 sede1 ,i sit1 and sds1 seat2 fids1 confidence1 and fd1 ,i trust2 dux 7cf4 ducis71 leader1 and dc1 ,i lead1 where verb and noun are differentiated by the quantity of the root vowel2 and many others4 7#b47 ,sometimes the reduction of the vowel in certain forms amounts to complete loss1 as in the adverbial ending -is- in magis 7#cdf1 #cfc7 compared with the comparative suffix -ios1 -is 7,nom4 -ior1 ,genit4 -iris72 in the oblique cases of the stem carn- 7nomin4 sg4 car1 #dig71 where the suffix becomes -n- 7#ede71 genitive car-n-is2 in the suffix -ter1 which becomes -tr- in all cases but the nom4 sg4 7pater1 patris1 etc41 #dgj1 #dhg72 in the feminine -tr--c- to the suffix -tor-2 but the nom4 sing4 ,caeclis 7#dfe7 for ,caeclios is probably due to syncope4 ,,qualitative ,,vowel ,,changes4 #acf4 7#a47 i before an r which goes back to an earlier voiced s 7#aed7 was changed to e3 as1 cineris1 of ashes1 for 99cinisis1 from the stem cinis 7#dia72 ,faleri1 for 99,falisi1 cf4 ,falis-cus2 7formed like ,etrria1 for 99,etrsia1 cf4 ,etrs-c74 7#b47 ,in the nominative singular of compounds like idex1 judge 7from is and dcere71 comes1 companion 7from com1 with1 and re1 go71 the i of the second member of the compounds is changed to e 7#dgj7 after the analogy of words like artifex1 artisan1 etc4 7#ajg1 d74 #acg4 e before -gn- became i3 as1 lignus1 from the stem lec- 7cf4 lex74 #ach4 e before the guttural nasal 7#fb7 followed by a guttural mute was changed to i3 as1 septingent1 from septem2 singul1 from the stem sem- in semel 7for the assimilation of m see #afd1 #c72 obting 7#ibe71 ,i attain1 for 99bteng 7#ajd1 c7 from 99ob-tang 7#ajd1 e74 #aci4 ,a similar change took place in the group -enl- which became first -inl- and then -ill-3 as1 99signilum1 diminutive of sgnum 7for 1 see #abb1 c71 first changed by syncope 7#aaa7 from 99signilum to 99signlum1 then to 99sigenlum 7#agb1 #c71 then to 99siginlum1 and finally to sigillum4 #adj4 o before nc became u3 as1 homunculus1 manikin for 99homonculus1 from the stem homon- 7#dhe72 nncupre1 name1 for 99nn-cupre 7nn- for nm- 7#afd1 #c7 syncopated nmen72 hunc1 him1 for 99honc1 from hom-ce 7#ffb74 #ada4 o before l followed by any consonant save l was changed to u3 as1 cultus1 tilled1 for 99coltus1 from colere2 multa1 fine1 for old ,latin molta4 ,but o before ll is retained3 as1 collis1 hill4 #adb4 e before guttural l 7#fj7 was changed to o3 as1 solv1 ,i undo1 from 99selu 7se-1 as in se-cordia1 lu ,greek 72 culmen1 top1 for 99celmen1 from 99cell in ex-cell2 vol1 ,i wish1 for 99vel2 but e is preserved before dental l 7#fj73 as in velle1 velim 7#ggc74 ,before l followed by any consonant save l this o changes to u 7#ada73 as1 vult4 #adc4 ,in a number of words1 notably in voster1 your1 vorsus1 turned1 vortex1 eddy1 and votre1 forbid1 the forms with o were replaced1 about the second century ,b4,c4 by forms with e3 as1 vester1 versus1 vertex1 vetre 7,quint4 #a1 #g1 #be74 ,erratum3 #acf 7#b47 ,in the nominative singular 7#b7 ,,assimilation4 #add4 ,in a few cases a vowel is influenced by the vowel of a neighbouring syllable3 as1 nisi1 unless1 for 99nesi2 is1 for es1 to them 7#fga1 #fgd72 di1 dis1 gods1 for de1 des 7#dej72 nihil1 nothing1 for 99nehil2 hom1 man1 for 99hem 7cf4 nm1 from ne-hem1 #aah72 see also #ajd1 d2 #aje1 i4 ,,qualitative ,,vowel ,,gradation4 #ade4 ,the same stem often shows different vowels in different forms4 ,in most of these cases this difference was inherited from a very early period and continued in the ,latin4 ,such old inherited variation of the quality of the stem-vowel is called qualitative vowel gradation4 ,the qualitative variations may be accompanied by quantitative changes 7#ace74 ,often the verb and the noun are thus distinguished by different vowels3 as1 teg1 ,i cover1 and toga1 a garment1 toga2 precor1 ,i beg1 and procus1 suitor1 cf4 ,english to sing and a song1 to bind1 and a bond4 ,the different tenses of some verbs show a like gradation3 as1 capi1 ,i take1 cp2 faci1 ,i make1 fc1 cf4 ,english ,i sing1 ,i sang2 ,i bring1 ,i brought4 ,the same occurs in derivation3 as doce1 ,i teach1 by the side of decet2 noce1 ,i harm1 by the side of nex 7nec-s74 ,the two vowels which occur most frequently in such gradation are e and o3 as in stems in -o-1 domine1 dominus 7for dominos72 as variable vowel 7#hbd72 genos 7genus1 #ajg1 c7 in the nom4 sg4 by the side of 99genes- in the oblique cases 7gen4 generis for 99genesis1 #aed72 hons by the side of hones- in hones-tus2 modus1 measure1 for 99modos 7originally a neuter -s- stem like genus 7#dhg1 #dia71 but transferred later to the -o- declension71 by the side of modes- in modes-tus1 seemly4 ,see #ahg4 7,b47 ,,consonant ,,change4 #adf4 ,in a number of words which belong more or less clearly to the stem of the pronoun quo- 7#fha71 cu- 7#aeg71 the initial c has disappeared before u3 as1 uter1 which of the two1 ub1 where1 unde1 whence 7#gaa74 ,for the conjunction ut1 ut1 that1 connection with this pronominal stem is much more doubtful4 ,the c- appears in the compounds with s and n3 as1 s-cub 7cf4 s-quidem1 s-quand71 s-cunde1 n-cubi1 ne-cunde1 ne-cuter4 #adg4 d varies in a few words with l3 as old ,latin dacruma1 tear1 for later lacrima2 dingua1 tongue1 for later lingua2 odor1 smell1 by the side of ole1 ,i smell4 #adh4 ,very rarely1 before labials1 final d of the preposition ad varies with r3 as1 old ,latin arfurunt1 they were present1 for later adfurunt 7#bbeg72 arvorsum1 against1 for advorsum4 ,the only instances of this in classical ,latin are arbiter1 umpire1 and arcss 7#igj71 ,i summon1 which shows r before a guttural4 #adi4 7#a47 ,final d after a long vowel disappeared in classical ,latin3 thus1 in the ablative singular of -- and -o- stems 7#dbf71 and in the ablative-accusative forms md1 td1 sd 7#fdh74 ,the prepositions pr and s 7#adag7 originally ended in -d which is still seen in prdesse1 be of advantage1 prd-re1 go forth2 sd-iti1 a going-apart1 sedition4 ,according to the grammarians1 the negative haud preserved its d before vowels1 but lost it before consonants 7#adej74 7#b47 ,late inscriptions confuse final -d and -t3 as ,,fecid 7#gbi71 ,,alivt for aliud4 ,but in very old ,latin -d in the third person singular seems to be the remnant of a secondary ending 7cf4 the ,greek distinction of primary - and secondary -74 #aej4 ,in a number of words f varies dialectically with h4 ,in some of these f appears to have been original1 in others h3 as1 old ,latin fordeum1 barley1 for classical hordeum2 old ,latin haba1 bean1 for classical faba4 ,the word flum1 thread1 appears as 99hlum in nihil1 nothing1 for 99ne-hlum4 #aea4 h being a weak sound 7#eh7 was often lost between two like vowels1 especially in rapid utterance3 as1 nl1 nothing1 prndere1 take1 vmns1 rapid1 by the side of nihil1 prehendere1 vehemns2 and always nm1 nobody1 for 99ne-hem1 no man4 #aeb4 ,in some words h between two vowels is not original1 but goes back to a guttural aspirate gh4 ,before consonants this guttural appears3 as1 veh1 ,i draw1 vectus 7#iec7 from a stem vegh-1 trah1 ,i drag1 tractus 7#iec7 from a stem tragh-4 #aec4 7#a47 v not infrequently disappeared between two like vowels3 as1 dtior1 richer1 for dvitior2 ss 7,cic4 ,o4 #aed71 for s vs 7#ggd72 ltrna1 for lavatrna2 fnsse1 for fnvisse2 dlram1 for dlveram2 and later also in perfect forms in which the preceding and following vowel differed3 as1 amsse1 for amvisse4 ,the abbreviated forms of the perfects in -v 7#hij7 were common in ,cicero's 7,o4 #aeg7 and ,quintilian's 7#a1 #f1 #ag7 time4 v also disappeared before o in deorsum1 seorsum4 7#b47 ,old and original unsyllabic i 7#hb2 #hc7 disappeared everywhere between vowels4 ,wherever unsyllabic i appears between vowels it represents double ii1 and is the result of the assimilation of g to i 7#aff1 #i71 or d to i 7#aff1 #i71 or of the combination of two i's3 as in ei-ius1 quoi-ius 7eius1 quoius cuius1 #fhh74 ,see #bc2 #aff1 #i4 ,in all these cases the first i joined to the preceding vowel 7#hc7 formed with it a diphthong1 and the syllable is thus long 7#acc1 #b74 7#c47 ,the combinations of unsyllabic 7#hc7 with the vowel u and of unsyllabic i with the vowel i were avoided in classical ,latin2 see #eb4 7#d47 ,in composition1 unsyllabic 7#hb7 i after a consonant became syllabic in quoniam1 since1 for quomiam 7#afd1 #e71 and etiam1 also1 for etiam 7both compounds with iam74 #aed4 ,in early ,latin s between two vowels was voiced 7#ge71 and in the fourth century ,b4,c4 this voiced s changed into r4 ,according to ,cicero 7,fam4 #i1 #ba1 #b7 ,l4 ,paprius ,crassus1 consul in #ccf ,b4,c41 changed his family name ,papsius to ,paprius4 ,old inscriptions show frequently s for r3 as1 ,,asa1 altar1 ,,avselii4 ,this change of intervocalic s to r plays an important part in declension1 conjugation1 and derivation3 as1 ,nominative is1 right1 genitive iris2 spr1 ,i hope1 derived from sps2 nefrius1 wicked1 from nefs2 ger1 ,i carry1 from a stem ges- which appears in ges-s1 ges-tus 7#iec72 er1 ,i shall be1 from the stem es- in esse2 the subjunctive ending -sem in es-sem appears as -rem after vowels3 as1 strem2 the infinitive ending 7#hid1 #hie7 -se in es-se appears as -re after vowels3 as1 legere1 for 99legese1 to read1 stre1 for 99stse1 to stand4 ,where all oblique cases show -r- and only the nominative singular -s1 the latter is sometimes changed to -r by analogy3 as1 arbor1 tree1 honor1 honour1 for original arbs1 hons1 by analogy to the oblique cases arboris1 arbor1 honris1 honr1 etc4 7#dhg1 #dhh74 ,the final -s of the prefix dis- follows this rule3 as1 dir-im1 ,i take apart1 for 99dis-em2 but an initial s- of the second member of a compound remains unchanged3 as1 d-sin1 ,i stop4 #aee4 ,wherever intervocalic s is found in classical ,latin it is not original1 but the result 7a47 of earlier -ns-3 as1 formsus1 handsome1 for formnsus 7#fc72 7b47 of earlier -ss- 7#agj1 #g73 as1 sus for 99ssus1 use 7#aei72 causa1 thing1 for caussa 7,quint4 #a1 #g1 #bj72 or 7c47 it occurs in borrowed words like asinus1 ass4 7d47 ,there are a few words in which an r in a neighbouring syllable seems to have prevented the change3 as miser1 miserable 7#agc74 #aef4 ,before the o described in #adb qu changed to c3 as1 incola1 inhabitant1 for 99inquola1 from 99inquela2 the stem quel- appears in in-quil-nus1 lodger4 #aeg4 ,as v before u 7#ajg1 c71 so qu was not tolerated before u1 but changed to c4 ,hence when1 about the beginning of our era1 the o of quom1 when1 sequontur1 they followed1 changed to u 7#ajg1 c71 they became cum1 secuntur2 thus equos but ecus1 horse 7#deb72 reliquom but ,,relicvm1 the rest2 loquor1 ,i speak1 but loctus 7#igh74 ,much later1 in the second century of our era1 the grammarians restored the qu before u by analogy to those forms in the paradigm in which qu came before other vowels3 as1 sequuntur for secuntur by analogy to sequor1 sequeris1 sequitur1 sequimur1 sequimini1 etc42 equus1 equum1 for ecus1 ecum1 by analogy to equ1 equ1 eque1 equrum1 equs1 equs4 #aeh4 qu before consonants or when final changed to c3 as1 relictus from the stem liqu-1 leave 7present1 linqu1 #ich72 ac1 and1 for 99atc1 by apocope from atque2 nec1 nor1 by apocope from neque4 ,see also 99torctus 7#agj1 #c71 qunctus 7#agj1 #d74 #aei4 ,when in the process of early word formation a t was followed by another t1 the combination tt1 unless followed by r1 changed to ss3 as1 obsessus1 besieged1 sat upon1 for 99obsettus1 from 99obsed-tus 7cf4 sede74 ,after long vowels1 nasals1 and liquids this double ss was simplified to s 7#agj1 #g73 as1 sus from 99t-tus1 used 7cf4 tor72 scnsus1 climbed1 from 99scant-tus for 99scandtus 7cf4 scand74 ,in this way arose a suffix -sus 7#ijf1 #iab7 for the past participle of verbs ending in a dental1 and this spread to other verbs 7#iab73 as mnsus1 stayed1 from mane 7#ajjj71 pulsus1 pushed1 from pell 7#icb74 ,the regular participles of these two verbs still appear in the derivative verbs mantre and pultre1 which presuppose the past participles 99mantus and 99pultus 7#cga74 ,if the double tt was followed by r it changed to st3 as1 assestrx from 99assettrx1 while 99assettor changed to assessor4 #afj4 ,but wherever the combination tt arose in historical times it remained unchanged3 as1 attine2 cette1 syncopated for c-d7i7te1 i4e4 the particle ce 7#ic1 #c7 which is here proclitic1 and the imperative date1 give4 #afa4 ,initial dv 7d7 changed to b1 unless the v 77 was converted into the corresponding vowel3 as1 bis1 twice1 for 99dis 7cf4 duo72 bidns for 99didens1 by the side of old ,latin duidns with vocalic u2 bonus1 good1 for donus1 by the side of trisyllabic duonus2 bellum1 war1 for 99dellum1 by the side of duellum with vocalic u2 bs1 two thirds1 for 99ds 7#bdbg74 ,cicero 7,o4 #aec7 notes that the change of duellum to bellum affected even the proper name ,duellius 7name of the admiral who won the naval victory over the ,carthaginians in #bfj ,b4,c47 which was changed to ,bellius4 ,plautus always scans dellum disyllabic with synizesis 7#bejc74 ,erratum3 #afa 444 won the naval victory over the ,carthaginians in #bfj ,b4,c4 ,b ,c4 ,,changes ,,of ,,consonant ,,groups4 #afb4 ,many groups of consonants undergo changes in order to facilitate their pronunciation in rapid speech4 ,these changes involve 7a47 ,assimilation of consonants2 7b47 the development of consonantal glides2 7c47 the loss of one member of the group2 and 7d47 the development of a vowel between the consonants4 ,,assimilation4 #afc4 ,of two successive consonants belonging to different syllables 7#age71 the first is1 as a rule1 assimilated to the second 7regressive assimilation71 rarely the second to the first 7progressive assimilation74 ,a consonant may be assimilated1 either entirely or partially1 to another consonant4 ,assimilation is very common in prepositions prefixed to a verb4 #afd4 ,,partial ,,assimilation4 7#a47 ,a voiced mute before an unvoiced consonant became unvoiced3 as1 rx1 king1 for 99rgs 7cf4 rgis72 rx1 ,i guided1 for 99rgs 7cf4 reg72 rctus1 guided1 for 99rgtus2 scrps1 ,i wrote1 for 99scrbs 7cf4 scrib72 scrptus1 written1 for 99scribtus2 trx1 ,i dragged1 for 99trghs2 tractus1 dragged1 for 99traghtus 7#aeb74 ,the spelling did not always conform to this pronunciation3 as1 urbs1 city1 pronounced urps 7#ed7 but spelled with b by analogy to the oblique cases urbis1 urbem1 etc42 obtine1 ,i get1 pronounced optine4 7#b47 ,an unvoiced mute before a voiced consonant became voiced4 ,the prepositions ob1 ab1 sub1 for 99op1 99ap1 99sup1 owe their final b to their frequent position before voiced mutes3 as1 obdc1 abdc1 sub dv4 ,the forms 99op 7still preserved in op-eri1 ,i close1 #ajai7 99ap 7preserved in ap-erio1 ,i open1 #ajai2 cf4 ,greek 7 and 99sup 7preserved in the adjective supnus1 supine7 were then crowded out by ob1 ab1 and sub4 7#c47 ,nasals changed their place of articulation to that of the following consonant4 ,thus1 dental n before the labials p and b became labial m3 as1 imbib1 ,i drink in1 impende1 ,i hang over4 ,labial m before the gutturals c and g became guttural n 7#fb73 as1 prnceps1 leader1 singul1 severally 7the original labials appear in prmus1 semel 7#ach772 hunc for 99homce 7#ffb74 ,labial m before the dentals t1 d1 s became dental n3 as1 cnsecr1 ,i consecrate1 from com 7cum7 and sacr2 tantus1 so great1 from tam2 quondam1 once1 from quom2 tandem1 at length1 from tam4 ,but sometimes the etymological spelling was retained3 as1 quamdi1 as long as4 ,but m does not change to n before t or s in the inflection of verbs and nouns1 where mt1 ms develop into mpt1 mps 7#afg73 as1 smptus1 smps1 from sm4 7#d47 p and b before n changed to m3 as1 somnus1 sleep1 for 99sop-nus 7cf4 sopor72 omnis1 all1 for 99op-nis 7cf4 ops72 ,samnium1 for 99,sabnium 7cf4 ,sabn74 7#e47 m before unsyllabic i 7i7 became n3 as1 quoniam 7with vocalic i2 #aec1 #d71 since1 for 99quoniam from quom iam 7#ahhb72 coniung1 ,i join together1 for 99comiung4 7#f47 c between n and l1 and before m1 changed to g3 as1 angulus1 corner1 with anaptyctical 7#agb7 vowel u for 99anglus1 from 99anclus 7cf4 ancus72 segmentum1 section1 from the stem sec- in secre4 #afe4 ,it appears that at a very early period the neighbourhood of a nasal changed an unvoiced mute into a voiced one3 as1 -mung1 ,i clean out1 by the side of mcus2 pang1 ,i fix1 by the side of pc- in px1 peace 7gen4 pc-is74 #aff4 ,,entire ,,assimilation4 7#a47 ,one mute is assimilated to another3 thus p or b to c3 as1 suc-curr1 ,i assist2 t or d to c3 as1 sic-cus1 dry 7cf4 sit-is1 thirst71 accipi1 ,i accept2 d to g3 as1 aggltin1 ,i glue on2 t or d to qu3 as1 quicquam1 anything2 t or d to p3 as1 appell1 ,i call2 quippe1 why8 7#afij74 7#b47 ,a mute is assimilated to a spirant3 thus1 p to f in officna1 workshop1 for 99opficna1 syncopated form of 99opificna2 d to f3 as1 affer1 ,i bring hither2 when t is thus assimilated to s the result is ss after a short vowel1 and s after a long vowel 7#agj1 #g7 or when final 7#aga72 as1 in the -s- perfects1 concuss1 ,i shook1 for 99concuts 7concuti1 #ifa72 messu1 ,i mowed1 for 99metsu 7met1 #hce72 sus1 ,i advised1 for 99suts 7sude1 #ajjj72 claus1 ,i shut1 for 99clauts 7claud1 #ieh72 haes1 ,i stuck1 for haes-s 7#hfh7 from haerre1 stem haes- 7#aed72 in the same way possum1 ,i can1 for 99potsum 7cf4 pot-est1 #geb72 prsum1 ,i am of advantage1 for 99prtsum 7cf4 prd-esse72 legns1 reading1 for 99legents 7from the stem legent-1 cf4 genitive legent-is74 ,an s is never assimilated to a following t3 as1 haustus1 drained 7#ajad71 from the stem haus-1 present hauri 7#aed74 ,forms like the rare hausrus 7,verg47 are made after the analogy of dental stems4 7#c47 ,one spirant1 s1 is assimilated to another1 f3 as1 difficilis1 difficult1 differ1 ,i am unlike1 from dis and facilis1 fer4 7#d47 ,a mute is assimilated to a nasal3 thus d to m in mamma1 woman's breast1 from the stem mad- 7cf4 made1 #ajjf72 rmus1 branch1 rmentum1 splinter1 from the stem rd- 7cf4 rd1 #ieh7 with simplification of the double m after the long vowel4 d to n in mercnrius1 hireling1 from the stem mercd-1 reward1 7for mercennarius1 see #acc1 #a72 p to m in summus1 highest1 from the stem sup- 7cf4 super74 ,a progressive assimilation of nd to nn belongs to the ,oscan dialect1 and occurs only very rarely in ,latin3 as1 tennitur 7,ter471 distennite 7,plaut474 ,see #ibd2 #iej4 7#e47 ,one nasal1 n1 is assimilated to another1 m3 as immtus1 unmoved4 ,but an m before n is never assimilated3 as1 amnis1 river4 7#f47 ,mutes or nasals are assimilated to liquids2 thus n to l3 as1 homullus1 manikin1 for 99homon-lus 7cf4 homun-culus72 llus 7#bgd72 d to l3 as1 sella1 seat1 for 99sed-la from the stem sed- 7cf4 sede72 caelum1 chisel1 from the stem caed- 7cf4 caed7 with simplification of the double l after the diphthong 7#agj1 #g72 n to r3 as1 irru1 ,i rush in2 and with progressive assimilation n to a preceding l3 as1 toll1 ,i lift1 for 99toln 7#hcc72 fall1 ,i cheat 7#icb72 pell1 ,i push 7#icb74 ,but no assimilation is to be assumed for parricda1 which does not stand for patricda 7#acc1 #a74 7#g47 ,one liquid1 r1 is assimilated to another1 l3 as1 pellici1 ,i lead astray 7#ief71 for 99per-lici2 agellus1 small field1 for 99agerlos2 pllus1 clean1 from 99prlos 7cf4 prus1 clean74 7#h47 ,a spirant1 s1 is assimilated to a preceding liquid in velle1 wish1 for 99velse1 ferre1 carry1 for 99ferse 7the infinitive ending -se appears in es-se1 #hie72 facillimus1 easiest1 for 99facilsimus 7#cde72 sacerrimus1 holiest1 for 99sacersimus 7#cdd74 ,but where ls and rs are not original but the result of lightening 7#agj1 #c2 #aj7 they remain unchanged3 as1 ars1 ,i burnt1 for 99arts from the stem ard- 7cf4 arde1 #ajjj72 als1 ,i felt cold1 for 99alcs from the stem alg- 7cf4 alge1 #ajjj74 7#i47 g and d were assimilated to a following unsyllabic i 7i7 the result being 7#aec1 #b7 ii 7ii72 thus peiior1 worse1 for 99ped-ior1 from the stem ped- 7#ecb71 whence also the superlative pessimus for 99petsimus 7#aff1 #b72 maiior1 greater1 for 99mag-ior 7the stem mag- appears in magis72 aii1 ,i say1 for 99ag-i 7the stem ag- appears in ad-ag-ium1 prd-ig-ium1 #bai74 ,these forms were pronounced by ,cicero with doubled i 7#bc71 and traces of the spelling with double ii are still found 7#bc71 though in common practice only one i is written 7#aec1 #b74 ,on the confusion of syllabic quantity with vowel quantity in these words1 see #acc1 #b4 ,errata3 #afd 444 scrptus1 written1 for 99scribtus2 writtn trx1 ,i dragged1 for 99trghs2 99trghs1 #aff7d7 444 distennite 7,plaut474 last 4 invisible 7#f47 ,mutes or nasals 7#f74 ,,consonantal ,,glides4 #afg4 ,pronunciation of two successive consonants is sometimes facilitated by the insertion of a consonant which serves as a glide4 ,such insertion is not frequent4 ,in inflection a p was thus developed between m and s1 between m and l1 and between m and t 7elsewhere mt changed to nt1 see #afd1 #c73 as1 smps1 ,i took1 smptus1 taken1 from smere for 99sms1 99smtus2 and in the corresponding forms of cm1 dm1 prm 7#iec72 exemplum1 pattern1 for 99exemlum from the stem em-1 take 7cf4 eximere1 #ajc1 a74 ,,disappearance4 #afh4 ,a word may be lightened by the disappearance of an initial1 a medial1 or a final consonant4 ,disappearance of an initial consonant is sometimes called ,aphaeresis1 of a medial1 ,syncope1 of a final1 ,apocope4 #afi4 ,,initial ,,disappearance4 7#a47 ,initial tl changed to l3 as1 ltus1 borne1 for 99tltus from toll 7#ahg1 #iag74 7#b47 ,initial gn changed to n3 as1 ntus1 born1 for earlier ,,gnatvs from the stem gen-1 gn 7#ahg72 nsc1 ,i find out1 for gnsc1 ,,gnoscier 7#hig72 nrus1 knowing1 for the more frequent gnrus1 nvus1 active1 for gnvus4 ,cf4 the compounds c-gntus1 c-gnsc1 -gnrus1 -gnvus 7#agj1 #f7 which preserve the g4 ,but ,gnaeus retained its ,g4 7#c47 ,initial d when followed by consonant i 7i71 disappeared3 as1 ,iovis1 ,ipiter1 for 99,diovis1 99,dipiter4 ,where the i was vocalic1 d was retained3 as1 dus4 7#d47 ,initial stl- first changed to sl and then to l3 as1 ,old ,latin stlocus1 place1 stls1 law-suit 7,quint4 #a1 #d1 #af71 ,,stloc1 ,,slis1 classical locus1 ls2 also ltus1 wide1 for 99stltus4 ,that a form 99slocus existed is proved by lic 7#fih1 #gjc7 from 99in-sloc1 on the spot 7#agj1 #b74 #agj4 ,,medial ,,disappearance4 7#a47 c1 g1 p1 and b disappear before s followed by an unvoiced consonant3 as1 sescent1 six hundred1 for 99sexcent from sex2 illstris1 resplendent1 for 99illcstris from lce2 disc1 ,i learn1 from 99dicsc for 99di-tc-sc 7#hcd71 a reduplicated present from the root dec- 7cf4 decet7 like gign 7from the root gen-71 and sd 7for 99si-sd-1 #agj1 #b1 from the root sed-1 #hbi74 ,sometimes prepositions follow this rule3 as1 asport1 ,i carry off1 for 99absport1 suscipi1 ,i undertake1 for 99subscipi 7subs formed from sub like abs from ab2 sub-cipi gives succipi72 occasionally also ecfer1 for exfer1 ,i carry out4 ,but more frequently prepositional compounds remain unchanged3 as1 obscrus1 dark2 abscd1 ,i withdraw4 ,in some words the lost consonant has been restored by analogy3 as1 sextus1 sixth1 for 99sestus 7cf4 ,sstius7 after sex2 textor1 weaver1 for 99testor after tex4 7#b47 s before voiced consonants was voiced 7#ge7 and is dropped4 ,if a consonant precedes the s this is dropped also4 ,in either case the preceding vowel is lengthened4 ,voiced s alone is dropped3 as1 prmus1 first1 for 99prs-mus 7cf4 prs-cus72 cnus1 gray1 for 99casnus 7cf4 cas-cus72 adverb pne1 behind1 for 99posne 7cf4 pos1 #adaj72 dlb1 glide apart1 for 99dislbi2 dem1 the same1 for ,,isdem 7#fgh72 idex1 judge1 for isdex2 trdecim1 thirteen1 for 99trsdecim4 ,and with subsequent shortening of the final syllable 7#acj1 #c7 abin1 goest thou8 for abisn7e72 viden1 seest thou8 for vidsn7e74 ,voiced s with the preceding consonant is dropped3 as1 trdc1 ,i lead across1 trn1 ,i swim across1 for trnsdc1 trnsn2 but in these prepositional compounds the -ns was often retained3 as1 trnsmitt1 ,i send across2 sn1 six each1 for 99secsn2 smnstris1 every six months1 for secsmnstris2 svir1 the ,board of ,six1 for secsvir2 la1 wing1 for 99acsla 7cf4 ax-illa1 ,cic4 ,o4 #aec72 mvol 7#ggi7 for magsvol from magisvol1 #cif2 tles 7plural71 goiter1 for 99tnsles 7cf4 tnsillae1 tonsils72 plum1 pestle1 for 99pnslum from pnsere1 crush2 two consonants and voiced s are dropped in scla1 stair1 for 99scand-sla 7cf4 scand74 7#c47 c falls away when it stands between a liquid and t1 s1 m1 or n3 as1 ultus1 avenged1 for 99ulctus from ulc-iscor 7#ihj72 muls for 99mulcs from both mulge1 ,i milk1 and mulce1 ,i stroke2 similarly other stems in -c and -g 7#ajjj1 #ajad72 quernus1 oaken1 for 99quercnus from quercus2 tortus1 turned1 for 99torctus from torque 7for the change of qu to c1 see #aeh72 for fortis1 brave1 forctis is found in old ,latin4 7#d47 c drops out when it stands between n and t3 as1 quntus1 fifth1 for older qunctus 7#bdab71 from qunque 7for the change of qu to c1 see #aeh2 for the long in qunque1 see #abb1 b74 ,but verbs having stems in -nc or -ng retain the c in their past participles3 as1 vnctus1 bound1 from vincre 7#ajad72 inctus1 joined1 from iungere 7#ied74 ,in pstus 7#ife7 c has dropped out between s and t4 7#e47 ,the group -ncn- was simplified to simple -n-1 and the preceding vowel was lengthened3 as1 qun1 five each1 for 99qunc-n 7#cag72 c-nve1 wink and blink1 for con-cnve4 7#f47 n before gn was dropped and the preceding vowel lengthened3 as1 -gnsc1 ,i forgive1 for 99in-gnsc1 c-gnsc1 ,i know1 for 99con-gnsc4 ,in this manner 7#agj1 #e2 #f7 arises a form c- by the side of con- 7#abb1 e73 as1 c-nect1 c-nubium1 c-ligtus 7,gell4 #b1 #ag1 #h74 7#g47 ,in the imperial age1 ss after long vowels and diphthongs was regularly changed to s3 as1 claus1 ,i closed2 sus1 used 7#aff1 #b72 but always sse1 to eat 7#gfi72 ll changed to l after diphthongs3 as1 caelum1 chisel 7#aff1 #f72 also when preceded by and followed by i3 as1 vlla1 country-place1 but vlicus 7adject472 mille1 thousand1 but mlia 7#fdb74 ,elsewhere ll was retained after long vowels3 as1 pllus 7#aff1 #g71 clean2 rllum1 ploughshare1 from rd with suffix -lo- 7#bji74 ,in ,cicero's time 7,quint4 #a1 #g1 #bj7 the spelling was still caussa 7#aee1 b71 matter2 cssus 7#icj71 fallen2 divssi 7cf4 #iab71 division4 ,vergil also1 according to ,quintilian1 retained the doubled consonants1 and the best manuscripts of both ,vergil and ,plautus frequently show ll and ss for later l and s1 as do inscriptions3 as1 ,,promeisserit1 he might have promised 7#di ,b4,c472 ,,accvssasse1 to have accused4 7#h47 ,after a long vowel d was dropped before consonant u 7v73 as1 svvis1 sweet1 for 99svdvis from svd- 7cf4 svde74 7#i47 r before st was dropped3 as1 tostus1 roasted 7#ajjd7 for 99torstus from the stem tors- 7cf4 torreo with assimilated -rs-1 #aff1 #h74 7#aj47 -rts- changed to -rs3 as1 ars1 ,i burnt1 for 99arts 7#ajjj74 -rcsc- changed to -sc-3 as1 posc1 ,i demand1 for 99porcsc 7#hcd74 7#aa47 ,in ipse1 self1 for 99is-pse1 an s has disappeared before -ps- 7#ab47 d 7t7 disappears between r and c3 as1 cor-culum for cord7i7-culum 7#bge74 #aga4 ,,final ,,disappearance4 7#a47 ,a word never ends in a doubled consonant3 as1 es for 99es-s1 thou art1 which ,plautus and ,terence still scan as a long syllable2 and the following cases of assimilation3 ter for 99terr from 99ters 7cf4 terr-uncius1 a quarter of an s1 a farthing1 #abgb1 for 99ters-uncius1 #aff1 #h72 fr1 spelt1 for 99farr1 from 99fars 7#dhi72 fel1 gall1 for 99fell1 from 99fels 7#dhb72 in mles1 soldier1 for 99mless from 99mlets 7cf4 ,gen4 mlitis1 #dgg7 the final syllable is still long in ,plautus4 hoc1 this1 for 99hocc from 99hod-c7e77the neuter 99hod from the stem ho-1 as istud1 illud 7#ajg1 c7 from isto-1 illo-7 counts as a long syllable even in classical poetry4 7#b47 ,no ,latin word can end in two explosives3 thus1 final t is dropped in lac1 milk 7#dgh72 final d in cor1 heart 7#dgf74 7#c47 ,when final s was preceded by r or l1 it was assimilated to these liquids1 and final rr and ll were then simplified to r and l4 ,see the examples under 7#a74 ,wherever final -rs and -ls appear they are not original but the result of the disappearance of an intervening consonant3 as1 puls1 pottage1 for 99pults 7#ecc72 pars1 part1 for 99parts 7#ecc72 all with syncope 7#aaa7 of the vowel i in the nominative sg4 7#d47 ,original final ns was changed to s and the preceding vowel was lengthened3 as1 sangus1 blood 7#bdeb71 for 99sanguins from the stem sanguin- 7#dhf74 ,wherever final -ns appears it is not original but the result of the disappearance of an intervening consonant3 as1 ferns1 carrying1 for 99ferents1 from the stem ferent-2 frns1 foliage1 for 99fronds1 from the stem frond-4 7#e47 ,a dental mute before final s is dropped3 as1 hrs1 heir1 for 99hrds 7#dge72 virts1 virtue1 for 99virtts 7#dgg72 nox1 night1 for 99nocts 7#ecc72 a labial or guttural mute is retained3 as1 fornx 7x cs71 furnace1 from the stem fornc- 7#eca72 lx1 law1 from the stem leg- 7#dgb72 urbs1 city1 from the stem urb- 7#dhj72 ops from the stem op-1 help 7#dhj74 ,errata3 #agj4b 444 idex1 judge1 for isdex2 isdex1 abin1 goest thou8 for abisn7e72 abisn7e71 ,,development ,,of ,,an ,,anaptyctical ,,vowel4 #agb4 ,certain consonant groups1 notably those containing a liquid1 are sometimes eased by the insertion of a vowel which develops between the consonants4 ,this is called ,anaptyxis 7,greek 1 unfold74 ,it is the opposite of syncope of vowels 7#aaj1 #aaa74 7#a47 ,the suffix -clo- 7#bdb71 changed to -culo-1 being thus no longer distinguishable from the diminutive suffix -culo- 7#bfg73 as1 pculum1 cup1 for pclum 7,plaut472 vehiculum1 carriage1 for vehiclum 7,plaut474 ,but -clo- is more common in ,plautus than -culo-1 especially after long vowels4 ,the suffixes -blo- 7#bde71 and -bli- 7#bid7 always show the anaptyctical vowel4 ,its colour depends on the nature of the l 7#fj73 as1 stabulum1 resting-place2 stabilis1 steady4 ,the group -ngl- also changes to -ngul-3 as1 angulus 7#afd1 #f74 7#b47 ,in words borrowed from the ,greek an unfamiliar sequence of consonants was so lightened2 as1 mina1 mina1 for 99mna 772 and in ,old ,latin drachuma 7,plaut47 for later drachma1 drachma 772 techina1 trick1 from ,greek 2 ,tecumssa for ,tecmssa 774 7#c47 ,before syllabic 7#hc7 l and r a vowel is developed 7#aaa1 b73 as1 ncertus1 uncertain1 for 99ncrtus2 fcults1 capability1 for fclts4 ,likewise before syllabic n 7#aci74 ,,dissimilation4 #agc4 7#a47 ,to avoid the repetition of the same liquid in successive syllables l is sometimes changed to r3 as1 caeruleus1 sky-blue1 for 99caeluleus1 from caelum2 ,parlia1 by the side of ,pallia1 from ,pals2 the suffix -clo- appears as -cro- after an l3 as1 lavcrum1 bath1 simulcrum1 image 7#bda72 the suffix -li- under like conditions changes to -ri-2 as1 molre1 of a mill 7#cac71 but augurle1 of an augur4 7#b47 ,in a few cases repetition is avoided by dropping the sound once3 as1 praestgiae1 jugglery1 for praestrgiae4 ,this also applies to the spirant s followed by a consonant1 a combination which is not tolerated in successive syllables3 as in the reduplicated perfects stet1 for 99stest2 spopond1 for 99spospond 7#hei71 where the second syllable1 and in quisquiliae1 sweepings1 for 99squisquiliae1 where the first syllable was lightened4 ,,changes ,,within ,,compounds4 #agd4 ,the final syllable of the first member of compounds 7#aha7 sometimes undergoes certain changes by analogy to other compounds3 7#a47 ,the final - of -stems1 by analogy to the more frequent -o-stems1 usually changed to -o1 which in atonic syllables became -i 7#aje73 as1 li-ger1 winged1 for 99lo-ger from l-4 7#b47 ,stems in -on- substitute -o- for -on- by analogy to the -o-stems3 as1 homi-cda1 murderer1 for 99homo-cda 7#aje7 from homon- 7,nom4 hom74 7#c47 ,some stems in -s substitute -o- by analogy to the -o-stems3 as1 foedi-fragus1 treaty-breaking1 for 99foedo-fragus from the stem foedos- 7,nom4 foedus1 ,gen4 foederis2 #aed74 ,in section #agd1 anomalous forms such as -o-stems 7without space7 are in the original4 ,,syllables4 #age4 ,a word has as many syllables as it has separate vowels or diphthongs4 ,the last syllable is called the ,ultima2 the last syllable but one is called the ,penult2 the last syllable but two is called the ,antepenult4 #agf4 ,the quantity of single sounds 7e4g4 the quantity of a vowel7 must be carefully distinguished from the quantity of the group of sounds or the syllable of which the single sound forms a part4 ,,length ,,of ,,syllables4 #agg4 ,a syllable is long if its vowel is long1 or if its vowel is followed by two consonants or by x or z3 as1 dcbs2 volvunt4 ,in dcbs both the vowels and the syllables are long2 in volvunt the vowels are short1 but the syllables are long2 in cases like the last the syllables 7not the vowels7 are said to be long by position4 h does not count as a consonant 7#eh7 and qu 7or qv1 #bg7 has the value of a single consonant only3 thus1 in adhc and aqua the first syllable is short4 #agh4 ,in prose or old dramatic verse a syllable with a short vowel before a mute or f followed by l or r is not long3 as tenebrae4 ,in other verse1 however1 such syllables are sometimes regarded as long4 ,in compounds such syllables are long in any verse3 as obruit4 ,,loss ,,of ,,syllables4 #agi4 ,the first of two successive syllables which begin with the same sound is sometimes lost4 ,this is called ,haplology4 ,thus1 smodius for smimodius1 half a bushel2 calamitsus for 99calamittsus1 from the stem calamitt- 7#bfb7 and suffix -oso- 7#ccf72 voluntrius1 for volunttrius 7#bfb1 #cji72 cnsutd1 for cnsutitd 7#bfd74 ,see also #bee2 #cgi4 ,b4 ,,formation4 #ahj4 ,,formation is the process by which stems are formed from roots or from other stems4 #aha4 ,a word containing a single stem is called a ,simple word3 as1 magnus1 great1 stem magno-2 animus1 soul1 stem animo-4 ,a word containing two or more stems is called a ,compound word3 as1 magnanimus1 great-souled1 stem magnanimo-4 #ahb4 ,most inflected words consist of two parts3 a stem1 which is usually a modified root 7#aie71 and an inflection ending3 thus1 in ductr1 for a leader1 the root is duc-1 lead1 the stem is ductr-1 leader1 and - is the inflection ending1 meaning for4 ,,roots4 #ahc4 ,a ,,root is a monosyllable which gives the fundamental meaning to a word or group of words4 #ahd4 ,a root is not a real word2 it is neither a noun1 naming something1 nor a verb1 denoting action4 ,thus iug-1 yoke1 does not mean a yoke nor ,i yoke2 it merely suggests something about yoking4 ,the root becomes a real word only when an inflection ending is added1 or1 more commonly1 both a formative suffix and an inflection ending3 as1 iug-u-m1 a yoke4 #ahe4 ,roots are common to ,latin and its cognate languages1 such as the ,sanskrit and the ,greek4 ,when a root is named in this book1 the specific ,latin form of the root is meant4 ,this often differs somewhat from the form of the root which is assumed as applicable to all the cognate languages4 #ahf4 ,almost all roots are noun and verb roots2 that is1 roots with a meaning which may be embodied either in a noun or in a verb1 or in both4 ,besides these there is a small class1 less than a dozen in number1 of pronoun roots4 ,there are many words which cannot be traced back to their roots4 #ahg4 ,a root sometimes has two or more forms3 as1 fd- 7for feid-71 foed-1 fid-1 trust2 gen-1 gn-1 sire2 tol1 tl1 bear2 see #ace1 #ade4 ,thus1 fd- is found in fd-us1 trusty1 fd-cia1 confidence1 fd-ci1 ,i pledge1 fd-cirius1 in trust1 fd-ere1 put trust in1 fd-ns1 courageous1 fd-entia1 courage2 foed- in foed-us1 pledge of faith1 foed-ertus1 bound by a pledge of faith2 fid- in fid-s1 faith1 fid-lis1 faithful1 fid-liter1 faithfully1 fid-lits1 faithfulness1 per-fid-us1 faithless1 per-fid-ia1 faithlessness1 per-fid-isus1 full of faithlessness1 per-fid-is1 faithlessly4 gen- in gen-itor1 sire1 gn- in gi-gn-ere1 beget1 gn-- in gn-tus1 son4 #ahh4 ,a root ending in a vowel is called a ,vowel ,root3 as1 da-1 give2 a root ending in a consonant is called a ,consonant ,root3 as1 rup-1 break4 ,roots are conveniently indicated by the sign 3 as1 teg-1 to be read #8root teg-4' #ahi4 ,a root or a part of a root is sometimes doubled in forming a word2 this is called ,reduplication3 as1 mur-mur1 murmur2 tur-tur1 turtle-dove2 po-pul-us1 people2 ul-ul-re1 yell4 ,,present ,,stems ,,as ,,roots4 #aij4 ,many nouns are formed from the present stems of verbs1 which take the place of roots4 ,stems thus used are mostly those of verbs in -re and -re4 ,thus1 from r-1 stem of rre1 speak1 are formed r-tor1 speaker1 and r-ti1 speech2 from aud-1 stem of audre1 hear1 are formed aud-tor1 hearer1 and aud-ti1 hearing4 #aia4 ,verbs in -re1 and those in -re and -re in which the or is confined to the present system 7#hfh1 #hgd7 usually have parallel nouns formed directly from a root3 as1 doc-tor1 teacher1 doc-umentum1 lesson1 doc-ilis1 teachable 7doc-1 docre72 sec-tor1 cutter 7sec-1 secre72 dom-itor1 tamer1 dom-inus1 master1 dom-itus1 tamed 7dom-1 domre72 sarc-ina1 package 7sarc-1 sarcre74 #aib4 ,but a noun is sometimes exceptionally formed from the present stem of a verb in -re3 as1 mon-ta1 mint 7monre72 ac-tum1 vinegar 7acre72 vir-tum1 a green 7virre72 sud-la1 persuasion 7sudre72 hab-na1 rein 7habre72 eg-nus1 needy 7egre72 ver-cundus1 shamefast 7verr72 val-td1 health 7valre74 #aic4 ,verbs in -ere1 and particularly such as have a present in -n1 -sc1 -t or -i 7#hcb71 usually have their parallel nouns formed directly from a root3 as1 vic-tor1 conqueror 7vic-1 vincere72 incr-mentum1 growth 7cr-1 crscere72 pul-sus1 a push 7pol-1 pellere74 #aid4 ,sometimes1 however1 nouns are formed from such verb stems1 and not from roots3 as1 lecti-stern-ium1 a couch-spreading 7sternere1 ster-1 str-72 vinc-ibilis1 conquerable 7vincere1 vc-72 psc-uum1 pasture 7pscere1 p-72 pect-en1 comb 7pectere1 pec-72 fall-x1 deceitful 7fallere1 fal-74 ,,stems4 #aie4 ,a ,,stem is that part of a word which contains its meaning1 and is either a root alone or more commonly a root with an addition called a ,formative ,suffix4 ,thus1 in the word ducis1 leader's1 the stem1 which is identical with the root duc-1 means leader2 a root thus serving as a stem is called a ,root ,stem2 in ductris1 leader's1 the stem is formed by the formative suffix -tr-1 denoting the agent1 attached to the duc-4 #aif4 ,new stems are formed by adding a suffix to a stem4 ,thus1 from rtr-1 speaker1 is formed by the addition of the suffix -io-1 a new stem rtr-io-1 ,n4 rtrius1 speaker's4 #aig4 ,the noun has usually only one form of the stem4 ,the verb has different stems to indicate mood and tense2 these stems are all based on two principal tense stems1 the present and the perfect active4 ,,primitives ,,and ,,denominatives4 #aih4 ,i4 ,a stem or word formed directly from a root or a verb stem is called a ,primitive4 ,,ii4 ,a stem or word formed from a noun stem is called a ,denominative4 7a47 ,primitives3 from rg-1 reg-1 guide3 rx1 stem rg-1 king2 rgnum1 stem rg-no-1 kingdom2 rctus1 stem rc-to-1 guided2 regere1 stem reg-e-1 guide4 ,from r-1 stem of rre1 speak3 rtor1 stem r-tr-1 speaker2 rti1 stem r-tin-1 speech4 7b47 ,denominatives3 from noun stem rg-1 king3 rgna1 stem rg-n1 queen2 rgius1 stem rg-io-1 rglis1 stem rg-li-1 royal4 ,from rtin-1 speech3 rtincula1 stem rtin-cul-1 little speech4 ,from rg-no-1 kingdom3 rgnre1 stem rgn-1 to rule4 ,from is1 law3 irre1 swear1 stem ir 7#aed74 ,errata3 #aih;a 444 rtor1 stem r-tr- r tr- with invisible hyphen #aih;b 444 irre1 swear1 stem ir stem ir in italics 7,a47 ,,formation ,,of ,,the ,,noun4 ,,without ,a ,,formative ,,suffix4 #aii4 ,some roots are used as noun stems3 as1 duc-1 ,n4 dux1 leader 7duc-1 lead72 rg-1 ,n4 rx1 king 7rg-1 guide72 particularly at the end of a compound3 as1 con-iug-1 ,n4 coninx1 yoke-fellow1 spouse 7com-1 jug-1 yoke72 tubi-cin-1 ,n4 tubicen1 trumpeter 7tub-1 can-1 play74 ,,with ,a ,,formative ,,suffix4 #bjj4 ,,simple formative suffixes are vowels3 as1 --1 -o-1 -i-1 -u-2 also -io-1 -uo-1 7-vo-72 or such little syllables as -mo-1 -min-2 -ro-1 -lo-2 -n-2 -no-1 -ni-1 -nu-2 -to-1 -ti-1 -tu-2 -ter-1 -tr-2 -unt- 7-nt-72 -es- 7-er-71 -r-2 these syllables sometimes have slight modifications of form4 ,,compound suffixes consist of one or more simple suffixes attached to a simple suffix3 as1 -tr-io-1 -ti-mo-1 c41 c4 #bja4 ,the following are examples of noun stems formed from roots or verb stems by simple suffixes added3 ,,stem4 ,,nominative4 ,,from4 fug-- fuga1 flight fug-1 fly fd-o- fdus1 trusty fd-1 trust ac-u- acus1 pin ac-1 point od-io- odium1 hate od-1 hate pluv-i- pluvia1 rain plov-1 wet ar-vo- arvom1 tilth ar-1 till al-vo- alvos1 belly al-1 nurture sal-vo- salvos1 safe sal-1 safe f-m- fma1 tale f-1 tell teg-min- tegmen1 cover teg-1 cover sel-l- sella1 seat sed-1 sit err-n- err1 stroller err-1 stroll som-no- somnus1 sleep sop-1 sleep pl-no- plnus1 full pl-1 fill rg-no- rgnum1 realm rg-1 guide da-to- datus1 given da-1 give lec-to- lectus1 bed leg-1 lie gen-ti- gns1 race gen-1 beget sta-tu- status1 stand sta-1 stand rc-tr- rctor1 ruler rg-1 guide e-unt-1 ins1 going i-1 go rege-nt- regns1 guiding rege-1 guide gen-er- genus1 race gen-1 beget fur-r- furor1 madness fur-1 rave #bjb4 ,formative suffixes are often preceded by a vowel1 which in many instances is a stem vowel1 real or presumed2 in others1 the vowel has come to be regarded as a part of the suffix itself4 ,thus1 -lo-3 flio-lo-1 ,n4 flio-lu-s1 little son 7flio-72 hortu-lu-s1 little garden 7horto-1 #aje1 h72 but -ulo-3 rg-ulu-s1 petty king 7rg-72 ger-ulu-s1 porter 7ges-1 bear71 -ci-3 pugn-ci-1 ,n4 pugn-x1 full of fight 7pugn-re72 but -ci-3 fer-x1 productive 7fer-1 bear71 -to-3 laud-to-1 ,n4 laud-tu-s1 praised 7laud-re72 but -to-3 dent-tus1 toothed 7denti-74 -tu-3 equit-tu-1 ,n4 equit-tu-s1 cavalry 7equit-re72 but -tu-3 sen-tu-s1 senate 7sen-74 -l-3 sud-l-1 ,n4 sud-la1 persuasion 7sud-re1 #aib72 but -l-3 loqu-la1 talk 7loqu-1 speak74 -tt-3 cvi-tt-1 ,n4 cvi-t-s1 citizenship 7cvi-72 but -itt-3 auctr-it-s1 authority 7auctr-74 -cio-3 aedli-cio-1 ,n4 aedli-ciu-s1 of an aedile 7aedli-72 but -icio-3 patr-iciu-s1 patrician 7patr-74 -timo-3 fni-timo-1 ,n4 fni-timu-s1 bordering 7fni-72 but -itimo-3 lg-itimu-s1 of the law 7lg-74 #bjc4 ,there are many formative suffixes of nouns4 ,the commonest only can be named1 and these may be conveniently grouped as below1 by their meanings4 ,compound suffixes are arranged with reference to the last element of the suffix3 thus1 under the adjective suffix -io- 7#cjd7 will be found -c-io-1 -c-io-1 -tr-io-1 and -r-io-4 ,in many instances it is difficult to distinguish between simple and compound suffixes4 ,errata3 #bja 7table7 444 f-m- final - missing or invisible e-unt-1 anomalous comma may be intentional 7this and following word are both participles7 ,i4 ,,the ,,substantive4 7,a47 ,,primitives4 ,i4 ,,the ,,agent4 #bjd4 ,the suffixes -tr-1 -o-1 --1 -lo-1 and -n-1 are used to denote the ,agent3 as1 ,,stem4 ,,nominative4 ,,from4 lc-tr- lctor1 reader lg-1 read scrb-- scrba1 writer scrb-1 write fig-ulo- figulus1 potter fig-1 mould err-n- err1 stroller err-re1 stroll 7#a47 -tr- 7,n4 -tor74 #bje4 -tr-1 ,n4 -tor1 or -sr-1 ,n4 -sor 7#aei1 #bjb71 is the commonest suffix of the agent2 the feminine is -tr-ci-1 ,n4 -tr-x4 -tr- is sometimes used in a present sense1 of action repeated or occurring at any time1 and sometimes in a past sense4 #bjf4 7a47 -tr- 7-sr-71 in the present sense1 often denotes one who makes a regular business of the action of the root or verb4 r-tr-1 ,n4 r-tor1 spokesman1 speaker 7r-re72 lc-tor1 reader 7leg-1 read74 ,workmen and tradesmen3 ar-tor1 ploughman1 ps-tor1 shepherd1 pc-tor1 painter1 s-tor1 shoemaker4 ,semi-professional3 capt-tor1 legacy-hunter1 dl-tor1 professional informer4 ,government officials3 cn-sor1 appraiser1 censor1 imper-tor1 commander1 prae-tor1 7leader71 praetor1 dict-tor1 lc-tor4 ,of the law3 c-tor1 manager1 accs-tor1 accuser1 spn-sor1 bondsman1 t-tor1 guardian4 ,from presumed verb stems 7#bjb73 sen-tor1 senator 7sen-72 vi-tor1 wayfarer 7vi-72 fundi-tor1 slinger 7fund-74 -tro-1 ,n4 -ter1 has the meaning of -tr-3 as1 aus-tro-1 ,n4 aus-ter 7scorcher71 south-wester 7aus-1 burn74 #bjg4 ,in the present sense -tr- 7-sr-7 is also used to indicate permanent character1 quality1 capability1 tendency1 likelihood3 as1 bell-tor1 a man of war1 warlike2 dlber-tor1 a man of caution2 cess-tor1 a loiterer2 dr-sor1 a mocker1 ironical2 cnsmp-tor1 apt to destroy1 destructive2 aedific-tor1 building-mad4 #bjh4 7b47 -tr- 7-sr-71 in a perfect sense1 is used particularly in old ,latin1 or to denote an agent who has acquired a permanent name by a single conspicuous action4 ,in this sense it usually has a genitive of the object1 or a possessive pronoun3 thus1 castg-tor meus1 my mentor1 or the man who has upbraided me2 olvae inven-tor1 the deviser of the olive 7,aristaeus72 reper-tor vtis1 the author of the vine 7,bacchus72 patriae lber-trs1 the emancipators of the nation4 7#b47 -o- 7,n4 -u-s71 -- 7,n4 -a72 -lo- 7,n4 -lu-s72 -n- 7,n4 -74 #bji4 -o- and -- stems may denote vocation or class2 many are compounds4 -o-1 ,n4 -u-s3 coqu-o-1 ,n4 coqu-o-s or coc-u-s1 cook 7coqu-1 cook72 causidic-u-s1 pleader 7caus-1 dic-1 speak74 --1 ,n4 -a3 scrb--1 ,n4 scrb-a1 clerk 7scrb-1 write72 agricol-a1 husbandman 7agro-1 col-1 till74 #baj4 -u-lo-1 ,n4 -u-lu-s 7#bjb73 ger-ulo-1 ,n4 ger-ulu-s1 bearer 7ges-1 bear72 fig-ulu-s1 potter 7fig-1 shape1 mould74 #baa4 -n-1 ,n4 --3 err-n-1 ,n4 err-1 stroller 7err-re72 especially in compounds3 praed-1 robber 7praed-r72 praec- for 99praevoc1 herald 7prae-voc-re72 combib-1 fellow-drinker 7com-1 bib-1 drink74 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,action4 #bab4 ,the suffixes --1 -io-1 -i-2 -min-2 -i-n-1 -ti-n-2 -l-2 -m-1 -n-2 -t-1 -tu-2 -er-1 -or-1 -r-1 are used to denote the ,action3 as1 ,,stem4 ,,nominative4 ,,from4 od-io- odium1 hate od-1 hate c-tin- cti1 action g-1 do ques-tu- questus1 complaint ques-1 complain fur-r- furor1 rage fur-1 rave #bac4 ,words denoting action 7#adgj7 in a substantive form have a wide range of meaning2 they may denote1 according to the connection1 action intransitive1 transitive1 or passive1 complete or incomplete2 if the verb denotes condition or state1 the word of action often comes very near to denominatives of quality2 furthermore the idea of action is often lost1 and passes over to result1 concrete effect1 means or instrument1 or place4 7#a47 -- 7,n4 -a72 -io- 7,n4 -iu-m72 -i- 7,n4 -ia71 -i- 7,n4 -i-s74 #bad4 --1 ,n4 -a1 is rare in words of action3 fug--1 ,n4 fug-a1 flight 7fug-1 fly72 most words are concrete3 mol-a1 mill 7mol-1 grind72 tog-a1 covering 7teg-1 cover74 #bae4 -r--1 ,n4 -r-a1 is rare3 fig-r-1 ,n4 fig-ra1 shape 7fig-1 shape74 #baf4 -tr--1 ,n4 -tr-a1 or -sr--1 ,n4 -sr-a 7#aei1 #bjb71 akin to the agent in -tr- 7-sr-73 arm-tr-1 ,n4 arm-tra1 equipment 7arm-re72 pc-tra1 painting1 i4e41 act of painting or picture 7pig-1 paint74 ,words parallel with official personal names 7#bjf7 denote office3 cn-sra1 taxing1 censor's office 7cf4 cnsr-72 prae-tra1 praetorship 7cf4 praetr-74 #bag4 -io-1 ,n4 -iu-m1 sometimes denotes the effect or the object4 ,the line cannot always be drawn very sharply between these stems in -io- 7many of which may be formed through a presumed noun stem71 and denominatives in -io- 7#bdi74 #bah4 7a47 -io- is rarely suffixed to simple roots or verb stems3 od-io-1 ,n4 od-iu-m1 hate1 hateful thing1 hateful conduct 7od-1 hate72 some words become concrete3 lab-iu-m1 lip 7lab-1 lick74 #bai4 7b47 ,most primitives in -io- are compounds3 as1 adag-iu-m1 proverb 7ad1 ag-1 speak72 ingen-iu-m1 disposition 7in1 gen-1 beget72 dscid-iu-m1 separation1 exscid-iu-m1 destruction 7d-1 ex1 scid-1 cleave72 incend-iu-m1 conflagration 7in1 cand-1 light72 obsequ-iu-m1 compliance 7ob-1 sequ-1 follow72 conloqu-iu-m1 parley 7com-1 loqu-1 talk72 obsid-iu-m1 siege 7ob1 sed-1 sit74 #bbj4 -t-io-1 ,n4 -t-iu-m3 spa-tio-1 ,n4 spa-tiu-m1 stretch 7spa-1 span1 stretch72 slsti-tiu-m1 sun-stand1 solstice 7sl-1 sta-1 stand72 ini-tiu-m1 a beginning 7in1 i-1 go74 #bba4 -i-1 ,n4 -ia3 fur-i-1 ,n4 fur-iae1 plural1 ravings1 madness 7fur-1 rave72 pluvia1 rain 7pluv-1 rain74 ,most stems in -i- are compounds1 used in the plural only1 often with concrete or passive meaning3 dlic-iae1 allurements1 pet 7d1 lac-1 allure72 excub-iae1 patrol 7ex1 cub-1 lie74 #bbb4 -i-1 ,n4 -i-s1 a variation of -i-1 usually denotes result 7#fjd73 ser-i-1 ,n4 ser-i-s1 row 7ser-1 string72 spec-i-s1 sight1 looks 7spec-1 spy1 see72 pernic-i-s1 destruction 7per1 nec-1 murder74 #bbc4 -t-i-1 ,n4 -t-i-s3 permi-ti-1 ,n4 permi-ti-s1 wasting away 7per1 mi-1 less74 7#b47 -min- 7#ajc7 7,n4 -men72 -din-1 -gin- 7#aje1 g7 7,n4 -d1 -g74 #bbd4 -min-1 ,n4 -men 7#bjb71 usually active1 occasionally passive1 is very common2 it sometimes denotes the means1 instrument1 or effect4 cert-min-1 ,n4 cert-men1 contest 7cert-re72 cr-men1 charge 7cer-1 cr-1 sift72 spec-imen1 what is inspected1 sample 7spec-1 spy1 see72 l-men1 light 7lc-1 light72 fl-men1 flood1 stream 7flug-1 flow72 ag-men1 what is led1 train 7ag-1 lead74 ,words in -min- often mean nearly the same as those in -mento- 7#bci73 as1 lev-men1 lev-mentu-m1 lightening2 teg-umen1 teg-umentu-m1 covering4 #bbe4 -din-1 --din- 7#bjb73 --din-1 ,n4 --d3 grav-din-1 ,n4 grav-d1 7heaviness71 catarrh 7grav-1 heavy71 --din-1 ,n4 --d3 cup-din-1 ,n4 cup-d1 desire 7cup-1 desire72 lib-id1 whim 7lib-1 yearn74 #bbf4 --gin-1 --gin- 7#bjb73 --gin-1 ,n4 --g3 vor-gin-1 ,n4 vor-g1 gulf 7vor-re72 im-g1 representation 799im-1 cf4 imitr74 --gin-1 ,n4 --g3 or-gin-1 ,n4 or-g1 source 7or-r72 cl-g1 darkness 7cl-1 hide74 ,a few denominatives have --gin-1 ,n4 --g3 aer-gin-1 ,n4 aer-g1 copper rust 7aer-74 7#c47 -i-n- 7,n4 -i-72 -ti-n- or -si-n- 7,n4 -ti- or -si-74 #bbg4 -i-n-1 ,n4 -i-3 opn-in-1 ,n4 opn-i1 notion 7opn-r72 condic-i1 agreement 7com-1 dic-1 say72 contg-i1 touch 7com-1 tag-1 touch74 ,some words are concrete3 leg-i1 pick1 legion 7leg-1 pick74 ,a few are denominatives3 commn-i1 mutual participation 7commni-74 #bbh4 -ti-n-1 ,n4 -ti-1 or -si-n-1 ,n4 -si- 7#aei1 #bjb71 is very common1 and may denote action either intransitive1 transitive1 or passive1 or the manner or possibility of action4 cgit-tin-1 ,n4 cgit-ti1 a thinking1 a thought 7cgit-re72 exstim-ti1 judging1 reputation 7exstim-re72 coven-ti1 commonly cn-ti1 meeting1 speech 7com-1 ven-1 come72 dpul-si1 warding off 7d-1 pol-1 push72 oppugn-ti1 besieging1 method of besieging 7oppugn-re72 occult-ti1 hiding1 chance to hide1 possibility of hiding 7occult-re74 ,some words denote the place where3 sta-ti1 a stand 7sta-1 stand72 some become collectives or concretes3 salt-ti1 greeting1 levee1 guests at a levee 7salt-re72 mn-ti1 fortification1 i4e41 act of fortifying or works 7mn-re74 7#d47 --l- 7,n4 --la71 -t-l- 7,n4 -t-la74 #bbi4 --l-1 ,n4 --la 7#bjb73 sud-l-1 ,n4 sud-la1 persuasion 7sud-r73 loqu-la1 talk 7loqu-1 talk72 quer-la or quer-lla1 complaint 7ques-1 complain74 ,some words are concrete3 cand-la1 candle 7cand-re74 #bcj4 -t-l-1 ,n4 -t-la-3 conrup-tl-1 ,n4 conrup-tla1 a seduction 7com-1 rup-1 spoil1 ruin72 t-tla1 protection 7t-1 watch1 protect74 7#e47 -m- 7,n4 -ma71 -n- 7,n4 -na72 -tr-n- 7,n4 -tr-na74 #bca4 -m- and -n- are rare1 and denote result or something concrete4 -m-1 ,n4 -ma3 f-m-1 ,n4 f-ma1 tale 7f-1 tell72 -n1 ,n4 -na3 ur-na1 pitcher 7urc- in urc-eus1 pitcher1 #agj1 #c72 with original suffix -sna 7#agj1 #b73 l-na1 moon 7lc-1 light72 scla1 stairs 7scand-1 mount74 #bcb4 -in-1 ,n4 -ina3 ang-in-1 ,n4 ang-ina1 choking 7ang-1 choke72 pg-ina1 page 7pg-1 fasten72 sarc-ina1 package 7sarc-1 patch74 -n-1 ,n4 -na 7#bjb73 ru-n-1 ,n4 ru-na1 downfall 7ru-1 tumble72 -n- is very common in denominatives3 pisc-na1 fish-pond 7pisci-74 #bcc4 -tr-n-1 ,n4 -tr-na1 akin to the agent in -tr-3 doc-trn-1 ,n4 doc-trna1 teaching1 either the act of teaching or what is taught 7doc-1 teach72 s-trna1 shoemaking1 shoemaker's trade1 shoemaker's shop 7s-1 sew74 7#f47 -t- or -s- 7,n4 -ta or -sa72 -tu- or -su- 7,n4 -tu-s or -su-s74 #bcd4 -t-1 ,n4 -ta1 or -s-1 ,n4 -sa 7#aei71 is rare1 and sometimes denotes result1 or something concrete3 as1 no-t-1 ,n4 no-ta1 mark 7gno-1 know72 por-ta 7passage71 gate 7por-1 fare72 fos-sa1 ditch 7fod-1 dig72 repul-sa1 repulse 7re-1 pol-1 push72 offn-sa1 offence 7ob1 fend-1 strike74 #bce4 -tu-1 ,n4 -tu-s1 or -su-1 ,n4 -su-s 7#aei1 #bjb71 denotes the action and its results3 ques-tu-1 ,n4 ques-tu-s1 complaint 7ques-1 complain72 gem-itus1 groan 7gem-1 groan74 ,stems in --tu-1 ,n4 --tu-s1 sometimes denote office or officials3 cnsul-tu-1 ,n4 cnsul-tu-s1 being consul1 consulship 7cnsul-72 sen-tu-s1 senate 7sen-74 -tu- is seldom passive3 v-su-s1 active1 sight1 passive1 looks 7vd-1 see72 appar-tu-s1 preparation1 either a getting ready1 or what is got ready 7appar-re74 ,the supine 7#bbfi7 is the accusative or ablative of substantives in -tu- 7-su-74 ,most words in -tu- 7-su-7 are defective in case1 and are chiefly used in the ablative 7#dcj74 ,erratum3 #bcd 444 as1 no-t-1 ,n4 no-ta1 mark no t- with invisible hyphen 7#g47 -er- for -es- 7,n4 -us72 -r- 7,n4 -or74 #bcf4 ,neuter stems in -er- 7for -es-71 or in -or- 7for -os-71 ,n4 -us1 denote result1 or have a concrete meaning3 gen-er-1 ,n4 gen-us1 birth1 race 7gen-1 beget72 op-er-1 ,n4 op-us1 work 7op-1 work72 frg-or-1 ,n4 frg-us1 cold 7frg-1 cold74 -s with lengthened is sometimes used in the nominative of gender words3 as1 nb-s1 cloud 7nb-1 veil72 sd-s1 seat 7sd-72 vt-s1 bard4 -n-er-1 -n-or-1 ,n4 -n-us3 vol-ner-1 ,n4 vol-nus1 wound 7vol-1 tear72 fac-inor-1 ,n4 fac-inus1 deed 7fac-1 do1 #bjb74 #bcg4 -r- 7for an older form -s-1 #aed71 ,n4 -s1 commonly -or1 masculine1 denotes a state4 ,many substantives in -r- have a parallel verb1 usually in -re 7#cfh71 and an adjective in -ido- 7#bhg74 od-r-1 ,n4 od-s or od-or1 smell 7od-1 smell1 cf4 ol-re72 pall-or1 paleness 7cf4 pall-re72 cal-or1 warmth 7cf4 cal-re72 m-or1 moisture 7cf4 m-re72 am-or1 love 7cf4 am-re72 ang-or1 choking1 anguish 7ang-1 choke74 ,erratum3 #bcg 444 od-r-1 ,n4 od-s or od-or1 smell od-r- ,n4 ,,iii4 ,,the ,,instrument ,,or ,,means4 #bch4 ,the suffixes -men-to-1 -tro-1 -cro- or -culo-1 -lo-1 -bro- or -bulo-1 are used to denote the ,instrument or ,means3 as1 ,,stem4 ,,nominative4 ,,from4 rn-mento- rnmentum1 embellishment rn-re1 embellish ar-tro- artrum1 plough ar-re1 plough p-culo- pculum1 drinking-cup p-1 drink p-bulo- pbulum1 fodder p-1 feed #bci4 -men-to-1 ,n4 -men-tu-m 7#bjb71 is one of the commonest suffixes2 it sometimes denotes result of action1 rarely action itself4 pig-mento-1 ,n4 pig-mentu-m1 paint 7pg-1 paint72 exper-mentu-m1 test 7exper-r72 rn-mentu-m1 ornament 7rn-re72 frag-mentu-m1 fragment 7frag-1 break72 cae-mentu-m1 quarried stone 7caed-1 cut72 incr-mentu-m1 growth 7in1 cr-1 grow72 al-imentu-m1 nourishment 7al-1 nurture72 doc-umentu-m1 lesson 7doc-1 teach74 ,see also -min- 7#bbd74 -men-t-1 ,n4 -men-ta1 ,f41 is rare3 ful-menta1 prop 7fulc-1 prop72 r-menta1 scraping 7rd-1 scrape74 #bdj4 -tro-1 ,n4 -tru-m 7#bjb73 ar-tro-1 ,n4 ar-tru-m1 plough 7ar-re72 fer-etru-m1 bier 7fer-1 bear72 rs-tru-m1 beak 7rd-1 peck74 ,sometimes -stro-3 mn-stru-m1 warning 7mon-1 mind72 lu-stra1 plural1 fen1 jungle 7lu-1 wash72 l-stru-m1 purification 7lou-1 wash74 -tr-1 ,n4 -tra1 ,f43 mulc-tr-1 ,n4 mulc-tra 7also mulc-tru-m1 ,ne471 milking-pail 7mulg-1 milk74 -es-tr-3 fen-estra1 window4 #bda4 -cro-1 ,n4 -cru-m1 used when an l precedes3 ful-cro-1 ,n4 ful-cru-m1 couch-leg 7fulc-1 prop74 -cro- sometimes denotes the place where3 ambul-cru-m1 promenade 7ambul-re72 sometimes the effect3 simul-cru-m1 likeness 7simul-re74 #bdb4 -culo-1 ,n4 -culu-m 7#bjb73 p-culo-1 ,n4 p-culu-m1 cup 7p-1 drink72 fer-culu-m1 tray 7fer-1 bear74 -culo- sometimes denotes the place where3 cub-iculu-m1 sleeping-room 7cub-1 lie72 cn-culu-m1 originally dining-room1 usually garret 7cn-re74 #bdc4 -u-lo-1 ,n4 -u-lu-m- 7#bjb73 chiefly after c or g3 vinc-ulo-1 ,n4 vinc-ulu-m1 bond 7vinc-1 bind72 cing-ulu-m1 girdle 7cing-1 gird74 -u-l-1 ,n4 -u-la1 ,f41 rg-ula1 rule 7rg-1 guide74 #bdd4 -bro-1 ,n4 -bru-m 7#bjb73 cr-bro-1 ,n4 cr-bru-m1 sieve 7cer-1 cr-1 sift72 l-bru-m1 wash-basin 7lav-1 wash74 -br-1 ,n4 -bra1 ,f43 dol-bra1 chisel1 mattock 7dol-re72 late-bra1 hiding-place 7lat-1 hide74 #bde4 -bulo-1 ,n4 -bulu-m 7#bjb73 p-bulo-1 ,n4 p-bulu-m1 fodder 7p-1 keep72 vn-bulu-m1 hunting-spear 7vn-r72 pat-ibulu-m1 pillory 7pat-1 stretch74 -bulo- sometimes denotes the place where3 sta-bulu-m1 standing-place1 stall 7sta-1 stand74 -bul-1 ,n4 -bula1 ,f41 rare3 s-bula1 awl 7su-1 sew72 ta-bula1 board 7ta-1 stretch72 f-bula1 talk 7f-1 talk74 7,b47 ,,denominatives4 ,i4 ,,the ,,quality4 #bdf4 ,the suffixes -io-1 -i-2 -t-1 -tt-1 -tt-1 -t-din-1 are used to denote the ,quality3 as1 ,,stem4 ,,nominative4 ,,from4 conlg-io- conlgium1 colleagueship conlg-1 ,n4 conlga1 colleague audc-i- audcia1 boldness audci-1 ,n4 audx1 bold cvi-tt- cvits1 citizenship cvi-1 ,n4 cvis1 citizen magni-tdin- magnitd1 greatness magno-1 ,n4 magnus1 great #bdg4 ,these abstracts are feminine1 and come chiefly from adjectives or participles1 except those in -io-1 which are neuters1 and come mostly from substantives4 ,sometimes the same stem takes two or more of these suffixes3 as1 clri-tt- or clri-tdin-1 brightness 7clro-72 iuven-tt-1 in poetry iuven-tt- or iuven-t-1 youth 7iuven-74 7#a47 -io- 7,n4 -iu-m71 -i- 7,n4 -ia71 -i- 7,n4 -is74 #bdh4 -i- sometimes occurs as collateral form to -i- 7#fjd72 -io- or -i- is sometimes attached to other suffixes3 thus1 -t-io-1 -t-i- 7-t-i-72 -mn-io-1 -mn-i-2 -cin-io-4 #bdi4 -io-1 ,n4 -iu-m1 chiefly used in compounds1 denotes belonging to1 with a very wide range of meaning2 many of these words are clearly neuter adjectives in -io- 7#cje74 ,suffixed to personal names -io- often denotes the condition1 action1 or employment1 which gives rise to the name2 this meaning sometimes passes over to that of result1 relation of persons1 collection of persons1 or place4 #bej4 7a47 ,from simple noun stems3 sen-io-1 ,n4 sen-iu-m1 feeble old age 7sen-72 somn-iu-m1 dream 7somno-72 sv-iu-m1 love-kiss 7suvi-72 silent-iu-m1 silence 7silenti-72 crepund-ia1 plural1 rattle 799crepundo-72 mendc-iu-m1 lie 7mendci-72 slc-iu-m1 comfort 799slci-1 comforting74 #bea4 7b47 ,direct compounds 7#cgg73 aequinoct-iu-m1 equinox 7aequo-1 nocti-72 contubern-iu-m1 companionship 7com-1 tabern-72 prvilg-iu-m1 special enactment 7prvo-1 lg-74 #beb4 7c47 ,indirect compounds 7#cgg71 chiefly from personal names3 cnsil-iu-m1 deliberating together1 faculty of deliberation1 conclusion1 advice1 deliberative body 7cnsul-72 auspic-iu-m1 taking auspices1 auspices taken 7auspic-72 rmig-iu-m1 rowing1 oars1 oarsmen 7rmig-72 conlg-iu-m1 colleagueship1 corporation 7conlg-72 aedific-iu-m1 building 799aedific-1 builder72 perfug-iu-m1 asylum 7perfug-74 #bec4 -t-io- ,n4 -t-iu-m1 rare3 servi-tio-1 ,n4 servi-tiu-m1 slavery1 slaves 7servo-72 calvi-tiu-m1 baldness 7calvo-74 #bed4 -mn-io-1 ,n4 -mn-iu-m 7#bjb73 testi-mnio-1 ,n4 testi-mniu-m1 evidence 7testi-72 mtr-imniu-m1 marriage 7mtr-72 patr-imniu-m1 patrimony 7patr-74 #bee4 -cin-io-1 ,n4 -cin-iu-m1 rare3 latr-cinio-1 ,n4 latr-ciniu-m1 robbery 7latrn-72 patr-ciniu-m1 protection 7patrno-74 #bef4 -i-1 ,n4 -ia1 is very common indeed1 forming abstracts from nouns1 mostly adjectives or present participles4 audc-i-1 ,n4 audc-ia1 boldness 7audci-72 miser-ia1 wretchedness 7misero-72 abundant-ia1 plenty 7abundanti-72 scient-ia1 knowledge 7scienti-72 mlit-ia1 warfare 7mlit-72 victr-ia1 victory 7victr-72 mter-ia1 timber 7mter-72 custd-ia1 guard 7custd-74 #beg4 -i-1 ,n4 -i-s3 pauper-i-1 ,n4 pauper-i-s1 moderate means 7pauper-74 ,most stems in -i- are primitive 7#bbb74 #beh4 -t-i-1 ,n4 -t-ia1 is suffixed to a few adjective stems1 chiefly in -o-3 isti-ti-1 ,n4 isti-tia1 justice 7isto-72 mali-tia1 wickedness 7malo-72 pudci-tia1 shamefastness 7pudco-72 trsti-tia1 sadness 7trsti-74 #bei4 -t-i-1 ,n4 -t-i-s1 particularly as a collateral form of -t-i- in the ,n41 ,ac41 and ,ab4 singular 7#fjd73 molli-ti-1 ,n4 molli-ti-s1 softness 7molli-74 #bfj4 -mn-i-1 ,n4 -mn-ia 7#bjb73 cri-mni-1 ,n4 cri-mnia1 sharpness 7cri-72 parsi-mnia1 economy 7parso-74 ,analogously from roots1 quer-imnia1 complaint 7ques-1 complain72 al-imnia1 nurture 7al-1 nurture74 7#b47 -t- 7,n4 -ta71 -tt- 7,n4 -t-s71 -tt- 7,n4 -t-s71 -t-din- 7,n4 -t-d74 #bfa4 -t-1 ,n4 -ta3 chiefly poetic3 iuven-t-1 ,n4 iuven-ta1 youth 7iuven-72 senec-ta1 age 7sen-ec-74 #bfb4 -tt-1 ,n4 -t-s 7#bjb71 is one of the very commonest suffixes4 pie-tt-1 ,n4 pie-t-s1 dutifulness 7pio-1 #aje72 flci-t-s1 happiness 7flci-72 cvi-t-s1 citizenship1 the community 7cvi-72 facili-t-s1 easiness1 facul-t-s1 ability 7facili-72 cri-t-s1 dearness 7cro-72 auctr-it-s1 authority 7auctr-72 lber-t-s1 freedom 7lbro-1 #aaa1 b72 maies-t-s1 grandeur 7mais-72 volun-t-s1 wish 799volunti-1 #agi72 venus-t-s1 grace 7venusto-1 #agi72 ae-t-s1 age 7aevo-1 #aaa1 a72 tempes-t-s1 kind of time1 weather 7tempes-74 #bfc4 -tt-1 ,n4 -t-s1 only in iuven-tt-1 ,n4 iuven-t-s1 youth 7iuven-71 senec-t-s1 age 7senec-71 servi-t-s1 slavery 7servo-71 and vir-t-s1 manhood 7viro-1 #aaa74 #bfd4 -t-din-1 ,n4 -t-d1 suffixed to adjective stems3 magni-tdin-1 ,n4 magni-td1 greatness 7magno-72 forti-td1 courage 7forti-72 and to a few participles3 cnsu-td1 custom 7cnsuto-1 #agi72 sollici-td1 anxiety 7sollicito-72 analogously val-td1 health 799valto-1 valre74 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,person ,,concerned4 #bfe4 ,the suffixes -rio-1 -n-1 -in-1 -li-1 -no-1 and some others1 are used to denote the ,person concerned or occupied with a thing3 as1 ,,stem4 ,,nominative4 ,,from4 sc-rio- scrius1 assassin sc-1 ,n4 sca1 dagger le-n- le1 gambler le-1 ,n4 lea1 die ld-in- ldi1 player ldo-1 ,n4 ldus1 play aed-li- aedlis1 aedile aedi-1 ,n4 aedis1 house trib-no- tribnus1 tribune tribu-1 ,n tribus1 tribe ,,iii4 ,,the ,,place4 #bff4 ,neuters with the suffixes -trio-1 -rio-1 -li-1 -to-1 or -to- are often used to denote the ,place3 as1 ,,stem4 ,,nominative4 ,,from4 aud-trio- aud-trium1 lecture-room audtr-1 ,n4 audtor1 hearer aer-rio- aerrium1 treasury aer-1 ,n4 aes1 money ov-li- ovle1 sheepfold ovi-1 ,n4 ovis1 sheep murt-to- murtta1 myrtlegroves murto-1 ,n4 murtus1 myrtle ,,iv4 ,,diminutives4 #bfg4 ,the suffixes -lo-1 -l-1 or -cu-lo-1 -cu-l-1 are used to form substantives with a ,diminutive meaning4 ,diminutives may denote3 #bfh4 7#a47 ,actual smallness3 as1 secricula1 a little hatchet2 ventulus1 a bit of wind2 spcula1 a ray of hope4 #bfi4 7#b47 ,imputed smallness3 implying1 7a47 admiration1 affection1 or compassion2 7b47 contempt or irony4 ,this diminutive1 which usually serves to add point to sentences themselves of a playful1 patronizing1 or slurring character1 is very hard to translate2 little and small are often inadequate2 old or poor will sometimes do2 but usually recourse must be had to free translations adapted to the particular context3 as1 rtiuncula1 a gem of a speech1 an attempt at a speech2 mtercula1 an anxious mother1 poor mamma1 dear mamma2 lectulus1 one's own little bed2 nellus aureolus1 a gay gold ring2 ,graecul1 our ,greek cousins1 the good people in ,greece2 ,graeculus1 a regular ,greek1 your gentleman from ,greece2 muliercula1 a pretty girl1 a lady gay1 one of the gentler sex1 a mere woman1 an unprotected female1 a maiden all forlorn2 lacrimula1 a wee tear1 a crocodile tear2 volpcula1 ,master ,reynard1 dan ,russel2 tnstrcula1 a common barber girl2 popellus1 rabble2 nummul1 filthy lucre2 mercdula1 an apology for pay2 ratiuncula1 a first rate reason2 caupnula1 a low tavern4 #bgj4 ,some diminutives have entirely lost the diminutive meaning3 as1 puella1 girl1 not necessarily little girl2 others have changed their original meaning3 as1 avunculus1 uncle1 originally grandpapa2 angulla1 eel1 originally little snake4 ,some words are only found in the diminutive form3 as1 stlla1 star 799ster-74 ,diminutives usually have the gender of their primitives2 exceptions are rare3 as1 rna1 frog1 ,f41 rnunculus1 tadpole1 ,m4 ,erratum3 #bgj 444 ,f4 444 ,m4 anomalous boldface in original 7#a47 -lo- 7,n41 ,m4 -lu-s1 ,ne4 -lu-m71 -l- 7,n4 -la74 #bga4 ,stems in -o-1 --1 or a mute 7-g-1 -c-1 -d-1 or -t-71 take -lo- or -l-1 which is usually preceded by -u- 7#bjb74 hortu-lo-1 ,n4 hortu-lu-s1 little garden 7horto-72 oppidu-lu-m1 hamlet 7oppido-72 serru-l-1 ,n4 serru-la1 little saw 7serr-72 rg-ulu-s1 chieftain 7rg-72 vc-ula1 a bit of a voice 7vc-72 calc-ulu-s1 pebble 7calci-72 nept-ulu-s1 a grandson dear 7nept-72 aett-ula1 tender age 7aett-74 #bgb4 ,stems in -eo-1 -io-1 or -vo-1 retain -o- before -lo-2 stems in -e-1 -i-1 or -v-1 also have -o- before -l-4 alveo-lo-1 ,n4 alveo-lu-s1 little tray 7alveo-72 gladio-lu-s1 little sword 7gladio-72 servo-lu-s1 little slave 7servo-72 nauseo-l-1 ,n4 nauseo-la1 a slight squeamishness 7nause-72 bstio-la1 little animal 7bsti-72 flio-la1 little daughter 7fli-74 #bgc4 ,stems in -lo-1 -ro-1 -no-1 and -l-1 -r-1 -n-1 commonly drop the stem vowel and assimilate -r- or -n- to -l-3 thus3 -el-lo-1 -el-l- 7#aaa1 b2 #aff1 #f1 #g74 catel-lo-1 for 99catululo-1 ,n4 catel-lu-s1 puppy 7catulo-72 agel-lu-s1 little field 7agro-72 asel-lu-s1 donkey 7asino-72 fbel-l-1 ,n4 fbel-la1 short story 7fbul-72 umbel-la1 sunshade 7umbr-72 pgel-la1 short page 7pgin-74 ,a few words are not thus changed3 pueru-lo-1 ,n4 pueru-lu-s1 poor boy 7puero-71 as well as puel-lu-s4 #bgd4 ,another vowel than e 7#agb1 #c7 appears in3 ,hispl-lu-s 7,hispno-71 ,messl-la 7,messn-71 proper names2 corl-la1 chaplet 7corn-72 l-lu-s1 the least one1 any at all 7no-72 ,sl-la 7,sr-71 proper name2 lapil-lu-s1 for 99lapid-lu-s1 pebble 7lapid-74 ,also homul-lu-s1 son of the dust 7homon-74 ,erratum3 #bgc 444 -el-lo-1 -el-l- 7#aaa1 b2 #aff1 #f1 #g74 #aaa2 b2 7#b47 -cu-lo- 7,n41 ,m4 -cu-lu-s1 ,ne4 -cu-lu-m71 -cu-l- 7,n4 -cu-la74 #bge4 ,stems in a continuous sound 7-l-1 -n-1 -r-1 or -s-71 or in -i-1 -u-1 or --1 usually take -cu-lo- or -cu-l-4 sermn-culo-1 ,n4 sermn-culu-s1 small-talk 7sermn-72 virgun-cul-1 ,n4 virgun-cula1 little maid 7virgon-72 homun-culu-s1 son of earth 7homon-72 arbus-cula1 tiny tree 7arbos-72 cor-culu-m1 heart of hearts 7cord-1 #agj1 #ab72 igni-culu-s1 spark 7igni-72 ani-cula1 grandam 7anu-72 di-cula1 brief day 7di-72 analogously1 volp-cula 7vixen71 little fox 799volp-74 ,rarely with 3 can-cula1 little dog 7can-74 #bgf4 -un-culo-1 ,n4 -un-culu-s3 av-unculo-1 ,n4 av-unculu-s1 uncle 7avo-72 rn-unculu-s1 tadpole 7rn-74 -un-cul-1 ,n4 -un-cula3 dom-uncul-1 ,n4 dom-uncula1 little house 7domo-74 #bgg4 ,diminutives are sometimes formed from other diminutives3 cistel-lu-la1 casket 7cistel-la1 cistu-la1 cist-74 #bgh4 ,a few other suffixes have a diminutive meaning3 as1 -cin-1 -leo-1 -astro-1 -tt-3 homun-ci1 manikin1 child of dust 7homon-72 acu-leu-s1 sting 7acu-72 ,antni-aster1 regular little ,antony2 pn-aster1 bastard pine2 ,ili-tta1 ,juliet 7,ili-72 ,plli-tta1 little ,polla 7,pll-74 ,v4 ,,patronymics4 #bgi4 ,patronymics1 or proper names which denote descent from a father or ancestor1 have stems in -d- 7,n4 -d-s71 ,f4 -d- 7,n4 -s74 ,these are chiefly ,greek names used in poetry4 ,prami-d-1 ,n4 ,prami-d-s1 scion of ,priam's house2 ,tantali-d-1 ,n4 ,tantali-s1 daughter of ,tantalus4 ,pl-d-s 7,pleu-s72 ,aenea-d-s 7,aen-72 ,thestia-d-s 7,thestio-72 ,lertia-d-s 7,lert-72 ,scpia-d-s 7,scpin-74 ,f4 sometimes -n or -n3 ,neptnn 7,neptno-72 ,acrisin 7,acrisio-74 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,adjective4 7,a47 ,,primitives4 #bhj4 ,primitive adjectives may usually be divided into active and passive2 but the same suffix often has either an active or a passive meaning4 ,under primitive adjectives belong the participles2 but these will be mentioned in connection with the verb4 ,i4 ,,with ,,an ,,active ,,meaning4 #bha4 ,the suffixes -o-1 -uo-1 -ci-1 -lo-1 and -do-1 are used to form adjectives with an ,active meaning3 as1 ,,stem4 ,,nominative4 ,,from4 vag-o- vagus1 wandering vag-1 wander contig-uo- contiguus1 touching com-1 tag-1 touch min-ci- minx1 threatening min-r1 threaten cali-do- calidus1 warm cal-1 warm 7#a47 -o- 7,n4 -u-s72 -uo- 7,n4 -uu-s74 #bhb4 -o- 7,n4 -u-s73 such words express nature or capacity3 vag-o-1 ,n4 vag-u-s1 roaming 7vag-1 roam72 vv-u-s1 living 7vv-1 live72 many are compounds3 as1 male-dic-u-s1 abusive 7male1 dic-1 say72 pro-fug-u-s1 flying on 7pr-1 fug-1 fly74 ,passive3 fd-u-s1 trustworthy 7fd-1 trust74 #bhc4 -uo-1 ,n4 -uu-s3 adsid-uo-1 ,n4 adsid-uu-s1 unremitting 7ad1 sed-1 sit72 contig-uu-s1 touching 7com-1 tag-1 touch72 perpet-uu-s1 uninterrupted 7per1 pet-1 go74 ,some words are passive3 as1 sal-vu-s1 safe 7sal-1 save72 vac-uu-s1 empty 7vac-1 empty72 relic-uo-s1 left behind 7re-1 liqu-1 leave71 later reliquos1 relicus1 reliquus 7#aeg74 7#b47 -ci- 7,n4 -x72 -lo- 7,n4 -lu-s72 -do- 7,n4 -du-s74 #bhd4 --ci-1 ,n4 --x 7#bjb71 denotes capacity1 habit1 or inclination1 often implying censure3 pugn-ci-1 ,n4 pugn-x1 full of fight 7pugn-re72 min-x1 threatening 7min-ri72 fer-x1 productive 7fer-1 bear72 dic-x1 full of mother-wit1 quick at a joke 7dic-1 say72 rap-x1 apt to snatch 7rap-1 snatch74 #bhe4 -u-lo-1 ,n4 -u-lu-s 7#bjb71 denotes simple action3 as1 pat-ulo-1 ,n4 pat-ulu-s1 spreading 7pat-1 spread72 or inclination3 as1 bib-ulu-s1 apt to drink 7bib-1 drink74 #bhf4 ,the suffixes -undo- 7-endo-71 -bundo-1 and -cundo- form a group and are possibly related to the suffix in -do-4 #bhg4 -do-1 ,n4 -du-s 7#bjb71 denotes a state1 and usually has a parallel verb in -re 7#cfh73 cali-do-1 ,n4 cali-du-s warm 7cf4 cal-re72 calli-du-s1 knowing 7cf4 call-re72 niti-du-s1 shining 7cf4 nit-re72 rarely in -ere3 cup-idu-s1 desirous 7cf4 cupe-re72 flui-du-s1 liquid 7cf4 flue-re72 rapi-du-s1 hurried 7cf4 rape-re74 -i-do- becomes -i-di- in viri-di-s1 green 7cf4 vir-re74 -do- sometimes occurs in denominatives3 herbi-du-s1 grassy 7herb-74 #bhh4 -undo- 7-endo-71 ,n4 -undu-s1 7-endu-s7 is the suffix of the gerundive1 which was originally neither active nor passive 7#bbch74 ,in a few words from reflexives1 which have become adjectives1 it has a reflexive or active meaning3 lb-undo-1 ,n4 lb-undu-s1 gliding1 slipping 7lb72 ori-undu-s1 arising 7orr72 sec-undu-s1 following 7sequ72 volv-endu-s1 rolling 7volv74 ,see #hii4 #bhi4 -bundo-1 ,n4 -bundu-s 7#bjb71 has the meaning of an exaggerated present participle3 freme-bundo-1 ,n4 freme-bundu-s1 muttering away 7frem-1 roar72 treme-bundu-s1 all in a flutter 7trem-1 quiver72 fur-ibundu-s1 hot with rage 7fur-1 rave72 cntin-bundu-s1 speaking a speech 7cntin-r72 minit-bundu-s1 breathing out threatenings 7minit-r72 vt-bundu-s1 forever dodging 7vt-re74 #bij4 -cundo-1 ,n4 -cundu-s1 denotes permanent quality3 f-cundo-1 ,n4 f-cundu-s1 eloquent 7f-1 speak72 r-cundu-s1 choleric 7r-sc72 i-cundu-s1 pleasant1 interesting 7iuv-1 help74 ,,ii4 ,,with ,a ,,passive ,,meaning4 #bia4 ,the suffixes -li-1 -ti-li-1 -bili-1 -tvo-1 -no-1 and -mino-1 are used to form adjectives with a ,passive meaning3 as1 ,,stem4 ,,nominative4 ,,from4 fac-ili- facilis1 easy to do fac-1 do duc-tili- ductilis1 ductile duc-1 draw am-bili- ambilis1 lovable am-re1 love mag-no- magnus1 great mag-1 increase 7#a47 -li-1 7,n4 -li-s72 -ti-li-1 -bili- 7,n4 -ti-li-s1 -bili-s74 #bib4 -i-li-1 ,n4 -i-li-s 7#bjb71 denotes passive capability3 fac-ili-1 ,n4 fac-ili-s1 easy to do 7fac-1 do72 frag-ili-s1 breakable1 frail 7frag-1 break72 hab-ili-s1 manageable1 handy 7hab-1 hold72 nb-ili-s1 marriageable 7nb-1 veil74 #bic4 -ti-li-1 ,n4 -ti-li-s1 or -si-li-1 ,n4 -si-li-s 7#aei71 denotes capability or quality3 as1 duc-tili1 ,n4 duc-tili-s1 capable of being drawn out1 ductile 7duc-1 draw72 fis-sili-s1 cleavable 7fid-1 split72 r-sili-s1 scraped 7rd-1 scrape74 ,rarely active3 as1 fer-tili-s1 productive 7fer-1 bear74 #bid4 -bili-1 ,n4 -bili-s 7#bjb71 denotes passive capability like -i-li-1 but is far more common3 horr-ibili-s1 exciting a shudder 7cf4 horr-re72 am-bili-s1 lovable 7am-re72 fl-bili-s1 lamentable 7fl-1 weep74 ,rarely active3 as1 sta-bili-s1 that can stand 7sta-1 stand72 penetr-bili-s1 piercing 7penetr-re74 -ti-bili- 7#aei71 passive1 rare3 flexibili-s1 flexible 7flec-1 bend1 #ifj74 #bie4 -tvo-1 ,n4 -tvu-s1 denotes the way a thing originated3 as1 cap-tvu-s1 captive 7cap-1 take72 sta-tvu-s1 set 7sta-1 set74 7#b47 -no- 7,n4 -nu-s72 -mino- 7,n4 -minu-s74 #bif4 -no-1 ,n4 -nu-s1 an old passive participle suffix1 denotes result3 mag-nu-s 7enlarged71 great 7mag-1 great72 pl-nus1 full 7pl-1 fill74 ,neuter as substantive3 d-nu-m1 gift 7d-1 give74 ,sometimes active3 eg-nu-s1 needy 7eg-re1 #aib74 #big4 ,the suffix -mino- 7for -meno-1 #ajc1 a7 in its weakest form 7#ace1 #b7 is found in a few substantives3 as1 alu-mnu-s1 nursling 7al-1 nurse74 ,the endings -min 7#gcj7 and -min 7#gca7 are apparently case forms of the same suffix4 -min would seem to be an ablative2 -min may be a nominative plural4 7,b47 ,,denominatives4 #bih4 ,denominative adjectives may be divided into such as denote3 ,i4 ,material or ,resemblance4 ,,ii4 ,appurtenance3 implying sometimes possession1 often fitness1 conformity1 character1 or origin4 ,,iii4 ,supply4 ,,iv4 ,diminutives4 ,v4 ,comparatives and ,superlatives2 a few of these are primitive4 ,i4 ,,material ,,or ,,resemblance4 #bii4 ,the suffixes -eo- and -n-eo- are used to form adjectives denoting ,material or ,resemblance3 as1 ,,stem4 ,,nominative4 ,,from4 aur-eo- aureus1 golden auro-1 ,n4 aurum1 gold ah-neo- ahneus1 bronze 7#eh7 aes-1 ,n4 aes1 bronze #cjj4 -eo-1 ,n4 -eu-s3 aur-eo-1 ,n4 aur-eu-s1 golden1 all gold1 as good as gold 7auro-72 ferr-eu-s1 iron 7ferro-72 pulver-eu-s1 all dust 7pulver-72 virgin-eu-s1 girlish 7virgin-74 #cja4 -n-eo-1 ,n4 -n-eu-s3 ah-neu-s1 bronze 7ah-1 #eh2 aes-72 quer-neu-s1 oaken 7quercu-74 -no- is usually poetical3 as1 ebur-nu-s1 ivory 7ebur-72 quer-nu-s1 oaken 7quercu-74 --neo-1 ,n4 --neu-s3 miscell-neu-s1 mixed 7miscello-74 ,,ii4 ,,appurtenance4 #cjb4 ,the suffixes -o-1 -io-1 -vo-2 -timo-1 -li-1 -no-2 -bri-1 -cri-1 -tri-2 -co-1 -ti-1 -si-1 are used to form adjectives denoting ,belonging to3 as1 ,,stem4 ,,nominative4 ,,from4 rg-io- rgius1 kingly rg-1 ,n4 rx1 king mari-timo- maritimus1 of the sea mari-1 ,n4 mare1 sea rg-li- rglis1 of a king rg-1 ,n4 rx1 king can-no- cannus1 of a dog can-1 ,n4 canis1 dog mulie-bri- muliebris1 womanly mulier-1 ,n4 mulier1 woman cvi-co- cvicus1 citizen's cvi-1 ,n4 cvis1 citizen 7#a47 -o- 7,n4 -u-s71 -io- 7,n4 -iu-s71 -vo- 7,n4 -vu-s74 #cjc4 -o-1 ,n4 -u-s3 decr-o-1 ,n4 decr-u-s1 becoming 7decr-72 canr-u-s1 melodious 7canr-72 pervius1 passable 7via-74 #cjd4 -io- is one of the commonest suffixes1 and is often added to other suffixes2 thus3 -c-io-1 -c-io-2 -tr-io- 7-sr-io-72 -r-io-4 #cje4 -io-1 ,n4 -iu-s3 rg-io-1 ,n4 rg-iu-s1 of or like a king 7rg-72 patr-iu-s1 of a father 7patr-74 ,here belong many gentile names3 as1 ,sst-iu-s 7,sexto-74 ,these are used with substantives as adjectives3 as1 lx ,cornl-ia1 lx ,il-ia4 ,furthermore patrial adjectives3 as1 ,corinth-iu-s1 ,corinthian 7,corintho-74 ,in some1 consonant -io- is used3 plb-iu-s1 of the commons 7plb-74 -io- is rare in primitives3 exim-iu-s1 select 7ex1 em-1 take74 #cjf4 -c-io-1 ,n4 -c-iu-s 7#bjb73 aedli-cio1 ,n4 aedli-ciu-s1 of an aedile 7aedli-72 patr-iciu-s1 of the fathers 7patr-72 later-iciu-s1 of brick 7later-74 #cjg4 -c-io-1 ,n4 -c-iu-s3 nov-cio-1 ,n4 nov-ciu-s1 new1 new-comer 7novo-72 ntl-ciu-s1 birthday's 7ntli-72 caement-ciu-s1 rubble 7caemento-74 ,usually suffixed to perfect participles to denote the quality derived from the past act3 conduct-ciu-s1 hired 7conducto-72 trlt-ciu-s1 transferred 7trlto-74 #cjh4 -tr-io-1 ,n4 -tr-iu-s1 or -sr-io-1 ,n4 -sr-iu-s1 from the agent 7#bje7 in -tr- 7-sr-71 is the commonest ending with -io-3 imper-trio-1 ,n4 imper-triu-s1 of a commander 7impertr-74 ,the neuter1 as substantive1 denotes the place where 7#bff73 aud-triu-m1 lecture-room 7audtr-72 dvor-sriu-m1 inn 7dvorsr-74 #cji4 -r-io-1 ,n4 -r-iu-s1 very common1 is chiefly added to substantives3 as1 agr-rio-1 ,n4 agr-riu-s1 of land 7agro-74 ,often as substantive3 not-riu-s 7#bfe71 stenographer 7not-72 aer-riu-m 7#bff71 treastury 7aer-72 smin-riu-m1 nursery 7smin-72 bell-ria1 plural1 goodies1 bonbons 7bello-74 #caj4 --vo-1 ,n4 --vu-s 7#bjb73 tempest-vu-s1 seasonable 7tempestt-1 #abf72 aest-vu-s1 summer's 7aestt-74 ,see #agi4 7#b47 -timo- 7,n4 -timu-s72 -li- 7,n4 -li-s72 -no- 7,n4 -nu-s74 #caa4 -timo-1 ,n4 -timu-s 7#bjb71 for an older -tumo- 7#bh73 mari-timo-1 ,n4 mari-timu-s1 of the sea 7mari-72 fni-timu-s1 of the border 7fni-72 lg-itimu-s1 lawful 7lg-74 #cab4 -li- ,n4 -li-s3 humi-li-1 ,n4 humi-li-s1 lowly 7humo-72 but almost always in denominatives -li- is preceded by a long vowel 7#bjb71 usually -- or --1 thus3 --li- 7--ri-71 --li2 --li-1 --li-4 #cac4 --li-1 ,n4 --li-s3 rg-li-1 ,n4 rg-li-s1 kingly 7rg-72 decemvir-li-s1 of a decemvir 7decemviro-72 ft-li-s1 fated 7fto-72 t-li-s1 such 7stem to-1 that72 qu-li-s1 as 7quo-71 --ri-1 ,n4 --ri-s1 is used for -li- if an l precedes 7#agc73 as1 mol-ri-1 ,n4 mol-ri-s1 of a mill 7mol-72 mlit-ri-s1 of a soldier 7mlit-74 ,neuters in -li- and -ri- often become substantives 7#fjj73 fc-le1 neckcloth 7fauci-72 anim-al1 breathing thing 7anim-72 calc-ar1 spur 7calci-74 #cad4 --li-1 ,n4 --li-s3 cv-li-1 ,n4 cv-li-s1 of a citizen 7cvi-72 puer-ili-s1 boyish 7puero-74 ,the neuter1 as substantive1 sometimes denotes the place where 7#bff73 ov-le1 sheepfold 7ovi-74 #cae4 --li1 ,n4 --li-s3 fid-li-1 ,n4 fid-li-s1 faithful 7fid-72 crd-li-s1 cruel 7crdo-72 patru-li-s1 cousin 7patruo-74 --li-1 ,n4 --li-s3 trib-li-1 ,n4 trib-li-s1 tribesman 7tribu-74 #caf4 ,the old participle suffix -no- 7#bif7 is sometimes added at once to noun stems1 sometimes to other suffixes3 thus1 --no-1 --no-2 -ti-no-1 -t-no-2 -er-no-1 -ur-no-4 #cag4 -no-1 ,n4 -nu-s1 is added to stems formed with the comparative suffix -ero- or -tero- 7#cdg71 denoting place3 super-no-1 ,n4 super-nu-s1 above2 inter-nu-s1 internal 7inter72 exter-nu-s1 outside2 so1 also1 alter-nu-s1 every other 7altero-72 and to a very few substantives3 as1 pater-nu-s1 fatherly 7patr-72 frter-nu-s1 brotherly 7frtr-72 vr-nu-s1 of spring 7vr-74 ,also to cardinals1 making distributives3 as1 b-n1 two by two 7for 99dn1 duo-1 #afa74 #cah4 --no-1 ,n4 --nu-s 7#bjb73 arc-no-1 ,n4 arc-nu-s1 secret 7arc-72 ,rma-nu-s1 of ,rome 7,rm-72 mont-nu-s1 of a mountain 7monti-72 oppid-nu-s1 of a town 7oppido-74 -i-no-3 ,cicern-ino-1 ,n4 ,cicern-inu-s1 ,cicero's4 ,rarely --neo-3 mediterr-neu-s1 midland 7medio-1 terr-74 #cai4 --no-1 ,n4 --nu-s 7#bjb73 mar-no-1 ,n4 mar-nu-s1 of the sea2 repent-nu-s1 sudden 7repenti-72 oftenest added to names of living beings3 as1 can-nu-s1 of a dog 7can-72 dv-nu-s1 of a god 7dvo-72 --no-3 lani-nu-s1 ali-nu-s4 ,also to proper names3 as1 ,plaut-no-1 ,n4 ,plaut-nu-s1 of ,plautus 7,plauto-72 ,alp-nu-s1 ,alpine 7,alpi-74 #cbj4 -ti-no-1 ,n4 -ti-nu-s1 is used in some adjectives of time3 crs-tinu-s1 to-morrow's 7crs-72 di-tinu-s1 lasting 7di72 prs-tinu-s1 of aforetime 7pr-1 prae74 #cba4 -t-no-1 ,n4 -t-nu-s1 is used in a few words of place and time3 intes-tno-1 ,n4 intes-tinu-s1 inward 7intus72 vesper-tnu-s1 at eventide 7vespero-74 #cbb4 ,from words like frter-nus 7from 99fratr7i7-nus1 #aaa1 b71 pater-nus1 exter-nus1 inter-nus1 arose a new suffix -terno-3 as1 hes-ternus1 from the stem hes- 7cf4 her-1 #aed71 and -erno- in hodiernus4 ,from the adverb 99noctur 77 was derived noctur-nus1 by analogy to which diurnus was formed4 ,elsewhere the -ur of -urnus and the -tur- of -turnus belong to the stem3 as1 ebur-nus2 tacitur-nus1 from the agent 99taci-tor 7#bje74 7#c47 -bri-1 -cri-1 -tri- 7,n4 -ber or -bri-s1 c474 #cbc4 -bri-1 ,n4 -ber or -bri-s3 sal-bri-1 ,n4 sal-ber1 healthy 7salt-72 mulie-bri-s1 womanly 7mulier-74 #cbd4 -cri-1 ,n4 -cer or -cri-s 7#bjb73 volu-cri-1 ,n4 volu-cer1 winged 799volo-1 flying72 medio-cri-s1 middling 7medio-74 #cbe4 -tri-1 ,n4 -ter or -tri-s3 eques-tri-1 ,n4 eques-ter1 of horsemen 7equit-1 #aeb72 sms-tri-s1 of six months 7sex1 mns-74 -es-tri- is used in a few words3 camp-ester1 of fields 7campo-72 silv-estri-s1 of woods 7silv-74 7#d47 -co- 7,n4 -cu-s72 -ti-1 -si- 7,n4 -s1 -si-s74 #cbf4 -co- is often suffixed to -ti-1 sometimes to -es-ti-2 thus3 -ti-co-1 -es-ti-co-4 #cbg4 -co-1 ,n4 -cu-s3 cvi-co-1 ,n4 cvi-cu-s1 of a citizen 7cvi-72 belli-cu-s1 of war 7bello-72 vli-cu-s1 bailiff 7vll-74 --co-1 --co-1 --co- 7#bjb73 mer-cu-s1 am-cu-s1 ant-cu-s1 apr-cu-s1 post-cu-s1 pud-cu-s1 cad-cu-s4 -ti-co-1 ,n4 -ti-cu-s3 rs-tico-1 ,n4 rs-ticu-s1 of the country 7rs-74 -es-ti-co-1 ,n4 -es-ti-cu-s3 dom-esticu-s1 of a house 7domo-1 domu-74 #cbh4 -ti- or -si- denotes belonging to a place2 usually --ti-1 --ti-1 -es-ti-1 -en-ti-2 -n-si-1 or -i-n-si-4 #cbi4 -ti-1 ,n4 -s3 ,tbur-ti-1 ,n4 ,tbur-s1 ,tiburtine 7,tbur-74 --ti-3 quoi-ti-1 ,n4 quoi--s1 what countryman8 7quoio-72 ,anti--s1 of ,antium 7,antio-72 optim-ts1 good men and true 7optimo-74 --ti-3 ,samn-ti-1 ,n4 ,samn--s1 ,samnian 7,samnio-74 -en-ti-3 ,vi-enti-1 ,n4 ,vi-n-s1 of ,vei 7,vio-74 -es-ti-1 ,n4 -es-ti-s3 agr-esti-1 ,n4 agr-esti-s1 of the fields 7agro-72 cael-esti-s1 heavenly 7caelo-74 #ccj4 -n-si-1 ,n4 -n-si-s 7#bjb71 from appellatives of place or proper names of place3 castr-nsi-1 ,n4 castr-nsi-s1 of a camp 7castro-72 circ-nsi-s1 of the circus 7circo-72 ,hispni-nsi-s 7temporarily7 of ,spain4 -i-nsi-3 ,karthgin-insi-s1 of ,carthage 7,karthgin-74 ,,iii4 ,,supply4 #cca4 ,the suffixes -to- or -so- are used to form adjectives denoting ,supplied or ,furnished with3 as1 ,,stem4 ,,nominative4 ,,from4 barb-to- barbtus1 bearded barb-1 ,n4 barba1 beard ann-so- annsus1 full of years anno-1 ,n4 annus1 year 7#a47 -to- 7,n4 -tu-s72 -len-to- 7,n4 -len-tu-s74 #ccb4 -to-1 the perfect participle suffix1 is sometimes added at once to a noun stem1 sometimes to other suffixes1 thus3 -to-1 -to-1 -to-1 -to-1 -ento-1 -lento-4 #ccc4 -to-1 ,n4 -tu-s3 onus-to-1 ,n4 onus-tu-s1 loaded 7onus-72 vetus-tu-s1 full of years 799vetus-1 year72 is-tu-s1 just 7is-72 hones-tu-s1 honourable 799hones-72 fnes-tu-s1 deadly 7fnes-74 --to-3 barb-tu-s1 bearded 7barb-72 dent-tu-s1 toothed 7denti-72 --to-3 aur-tu-s1 long-eared 7auri-72 --to-3 corn-tu-s1 horned 7cornu-74 -en-to-1 ,n4 -en-tu-s3 cru-ento-1 ,n4 cru-entu-s1 all gore 799cruenti-1 99crure74 ,as substantive1 arg-entu-m 7white metal71 silver2 flu-enta1 plural1 streams 7fluenti-74 #ccd4 ,the neuter of stems in -to-1 as a substantive1 denotes the place where something1 generally a plant1 is found 7#bff73 arbus-tu-m1 vineyard 7arbos-72 commonly preceded by --1 forming --to- 7#bjb71 usually plural3 dm-ta1 thorn-thickets 7dmo-72 murt-ta1 myrtle-groves 7murto-74 #cce4 -len-to-1 ,n4 -len-tu-s 7#bjb73 vno-lento-1 ,n4 vno-lentu-s1 drunken 7vno-72 sanguin-olentu-s1 all blood 7sanguin-72 lcu-lentu-s1 bright 7lci-1 #bh72 pulver-ulentu-s1 dusty 7pulver-74 ,a shorter form -lenti- is rare3 vi-olenti-1 ,n4 vi-oln-s1 violent 7vi-72 op-uln-s1 rich 7op-74 7#b47 -so- 7,n4 -su-s74 #ccf4 -so- 7sometimes -nso-1 -sso-71 ,n4 -su-s1 full of1 is very common indeed1 -so- is sometimes attached to other suffixes1 thus3 -c-so-1 -ul-so-1 -c-ul-so-4 #ccg4 -so-1 ,n4 -su-s3 ann-so-1 ,n4 ann-su-s1 full of years2 frm-nsu-s1 frm-ssu-s or frm-su-s1 shapely 7frm-72 percul-su-s1 with danger fraught 7perculo-72 mr-su-s1 priggish1 cross 7mr-72 calamit-su-s1 full of damage 7calamitt-1 #agi72 superstiti-su-s1 superstitious 7superstitin-1 #agi72 frctu-su-s1 fruitful 7frctu-1 #aaf1 c72 mont-usu-s1 full of mountains 7monti-1 #bjb72 cri-su-s1 full of care 7cr-72 labr-isu-s1 toilsome 7labr-1 #bjb74 #cch4 -c-so-1 ,n4 -c-su-s3 belli-cso-1 ,n4 belli-csu-s1 warlike 7bello-1 bellico-74 -ul-so-1 ,n4 -ul-su-s3 formd-ulso-1 ,n4 formid-ulsu-s1 terrible 7formdin-1 #agi74 -c-ul-so-1 ,n4 -c-ul-su-s3 met--culoso-1 ,n4 met--culsu-s1 skittish 7metu-74 ,erratum3 #cch 444 met--culoso- printed met-_/-u- at line break ,,iv4 ,,diminutives4 #cci4 ,diminutives are formed from adjectives1 as from substantives 7#bfg74 -lo-1 ,n4 -lu-s3 aureo-lo-1 ,n4 aureo-lu-s1 all gold1 of precious gold1 of red red gold1 good as gold 7aureo-72 ebrio-lu-s1 tipsy 7ebrio-72 parvo-lu-s1 or parvu-lu-s1 smallish 7parvo-72 frgidu-lu-s1 chilly 7frigido-72 vet-ulus1 little old 7vet-72 tenellu-lu-s1 soft and sweet 7tenello-1 tenero-72 pulchel-lus1 sweet pretty 7pulchro-72 bel-lu-s1 bonny 7bono-72 novel-lu-s1 newborn 799novolo-1 novo-74 -culo-1 ,n4 -culu-s3 pauper-culo-1 ,n4 pauper-culu-s1 poorish 7pauper-72 levi-culu-s1 somewhat vain 7levi-74 #cdj4 ,a peculiar class of diminutives is formed by adding -culo- to the comparative stem -ius- 7#cdf73 as1 nitidius-culo-1 ,n4 nitidius-culu-s1 a trifle sleeker 7nitidius-72 longius-culu-s1 a bit longer 7longius-74 #cda4 ,adverbs sometimes have a diminutive form3 as1 bell1 charmingly2 paullulum1 a little bit2 meliuscul1 a bit better 7#cdj74 ,erratum3 #cci 444 of red red gold text unchanged ,v4 ,,comparatives ,,and ,,superlatives4 #cdb4 ,comparatives and superlatives are usually formed from the stem of the positive3 as1 dignior1 worthier1 dignissimus1 worthiest1 from digno-1 stem of dignus4 ,a few are formed directly from roots3 thus1 maior1 greater1 and maximus1 greatest1 are formed from the mag-1 and not from magno-1 stem of magnus4 7#a47 ,,comparative -ior1 ,,superlative -issimus4 #cdc4 ,the nominative of comparative adjectives ends usually in -ior1 and that of superlatives in -issimus3 thus1 ,,comparative4 ,,superlative4 ,masc4 ,fem4 ,neut4 ,masc4 ,fem4 ,neut4 -ior -ior -ius -issimus -issima -issimum ,,positive4 ,,comparative4 ,,superlative4 altus1 high1 altior1 higher1 altissimus1 highest4 trstis1 sad1 trstior1 sadder1 trstissimus1 saddest4 7#b47 ,,superlative -rimus4 #cdd4 ,adjectives with the nominative in -er have the nominative of the superlative like the nominative of the positive with -rimus added 7#cej73 as1 ,,positive4 ,,comparative4 ,,superlative4 pauper1 poor1 pauperior1 poorer1 pauperrimus1 poorest4 cer1 sharp1 crior1 sharper1 cerrimus1 sharpest4 mtrrimus occurs once 7,tac471 for mtrissimus1 positive mtrus1 ripe4 7#c47 ,,superlative -limus4 #cde4 humilis1 difficilis1 and facilis1 similis1 dissimilis1 and gracilis1 have the nominative of the superlative in -limus1 following l of the stem 7#cej73 as1 ,,positive4 ,,comparative4 ,,superlative4 humilis1 lowly1 humilior1 lowlier1 humillimus1 lowliest4 ,,the ,,comparative ,,suffix4 #cdf4 ,the comparative suffix is -is-1 which becomes in the singular1 nominative masculine and feminine1 -ior 7#aed2 #acb71 neuter nominative and accusative1 -ius 7#ajg1 c72 in all other cases -ir- 7#aed74 #cdg4 ,other comparative suffixes are -ro- or -ero-1 and -tro- or -tero-1 used in a few words1 principally designating place3 as1 sup-er1 the upper ones1 nfer1 the nether ones2 ex-ter1 outsiders1 poster1 after-generations2 alter1 the other2 uter1 whether8 which of the two8 7for 99quo-ter1 #adf72 dexter1 right4 #cdh4 ,some words designating place have a doubled comparative suffix1 -er-ir-1 or -ter-ir-3 as1 sup-er-ior1 upper1 nferior1 lower4 ci-ter-ior1 hither1 dterior 7lower71 worse1 exterior1 outer1 interior1 inner1 posterior1 hinder1 after1 ulterior1 further1 dexterior1 more to the right1 -is-tro- is used in two words which have become substantives3 min-is-ter 7inferior71 servant1 and magister 7superior71 master4 ,,the ,,superlative ,,suffix4 #cdi4 ,the common superlative suffix is -issimo-1 nominative -issimus1 with older -issumo-1 nominative -issumus 7#bh74 #cej4 ,stems which end in -ro-1 -ri-1 or -li- 7#cdd1 #cde7 take the suffix -issimo- 7cf4 -simo-1 #cea7 with syncope of its initial i 7#aaa7 and assimilation of the final l or r 7#aff1 #h74 #cea4 ,the suffix -timo- is further used in a few root superlatives3 ci-timus1 dextimus1 extimus1 intimus1 optimus1 postumus1 and ultimus2 and -simo- in maximus1 pessimus1 and proximus4 #ceb4 ,the suffix -mo- or -imo- is used in sum-mo-1 ,n4 summus1 highest 7sub72 min-imo-1 ,n4 minimus1 least2 prmus1 first1 septimus1 seventh1 decimus1 tenth4 -mo- or -imo- is attached to -is- 7#ace1 #b7 in plrimus for 99pl-is-imo-s 7fullest71 most 7#ii72 and to -r- or -tr-1 possibly an adverbial form 7#gje71 in suprmus1 extrmus1 and postrmus4 ,,peculiarities ,,of ,,comparison4 #cec4 ,some positives have a comparative or superlative1 or both1 from a different form of the stem3 such are1 frg1 thrifty1 frglior1 frglissimus4 nquam1 naughty1 nquior1 nquissimus4 iuvenis1 young1 inior1 7nt minimus74 senex1 old1 senior1 7nt maximus74 magnus1 great1 maior1 maximus 7#cea74 beneficus1 kindly1 beneficentior1 beneficentissimus4 honrificus1 complimentary1 honrificentior1 honrificentissimus4 magnificus1 grand1 magnificentior1 magnificentissimus4 #ced4 iuvenior1 younger1 is late 7,sen41 ,plin41 ,tac474 benevolns1 kindly1 benevolentior1 benevolentissimus1 and maledcns1 abusive1 maledcentior 7once each1 ,plaut471 maledcentissimus1 have usually as positive benevolus and maledicus respectively4 #cee4 ,some positives have a comparative or superlative1 or both1 from a wholly different stem3 such are1 bonus1 good1 melior1 optimus 7#cea74 malus1 bad1 peior1 pessimus 7#cea74 multus1 much1 pls 7sing4 ,ne4 only71 plrimus 7#ceb74 parvus1 little1 minor1 minimus 7#ceb74 parvus has rarely parvissimus4 #cef4 ,four comparatives in -erior or -terior1 denoting place 7#cdh71 have two forms of the superlative2 the nominative masculine singular of the positive is not in common use3 exterior1 extimus 7#cea71 or extrmus 7#ceb71 outermost4 nferior1 nfimus1 or mus1 lowest4 posterior1 postumus 7#cea71 lastborn1 or postrmus 7#ceb71 last4 superior1 summus 7#ceb71 or suprmus 7#ceb71 highest4 #ceg4 ,six1 denoting place1 have the positive only as an adverb or preposition3 cis1 this side1 citerior 7#cdh71 citimus 7#cea71 hitherest4 d1 down1 dterior 7#cdh71 dterrimus1 lowest1 worst4 in1 in1 interior 7#cdh71 intimus1 inmost4 prae1 before1 prior1 prmus 7#ceb71 first4 prope1 near1 propior1 proximus 7#cea71 nearest4 uls1 beyond1 ulterior 7#cdh71 ultimus 7#cea71 furthest4 cior1 swifter1 cissimus1 has no positive4 #ceh4 ,these have a superlative1 but no comparative3 bellus1 pretty1 falsus1 false1 inclutus1 famed1 invictus1 unconquered1 invtus1 unwilling1 meritus1 deserving1 novus1 new2 vetus1 veterrimus1 old1 sacer1 sacerrimus1 sacred1 vafer1 vaferrimus1 sly2 malevolus1 malevolentissimus 7twice1 ,cic471 spiteful2 maleficus1 maleficentissimus 7once1 ,suet471 wicked1 mnificus1 mnificentissimus 7inscrr42 ,cic4 once71 generous1 mrificus1 mrificissimus 7twice1 ,acc41 ,ter471 strange4 ,plautus has ipsissumus1 his very self4 #cei4 ,most primitives in -ilis and -bilis 7#bib1 #bid71 have a comparative1 but no superlative2 but these have a superlative3 facilis and difficilis 7#cde71 easy and hard1 tilis1 useful2 also fertilis1 productive1 ambilis1 lovable1 mbilis1 movable1 nbilis1 well known4 #cfj4 ,many adjectives have no suffixes of comparison1 and supply the place of these by magis1 more1 and maxim1 most3 as1 mrus1 strange1 magis mrus1 maxim mrus4 ,many adjectives1 from their meaning1 do not admit of comparison4 ,erratum3 #ceh 444 7inscrr42 ,cic4 once71 generous1 generous4 ,,comparative ,,and ,,superlative ,,adverbs4 #cfa4 ,adverbs derived from adjectives have as their comparative the accusative singular neuter of the comparative adjective2 the superlative is formed like that of the adjective1 but ends in -3 as1 alt1 on high1 altius1 altissim4 criter1 sharply1 crius1 cerrim4 facile1 easily1 facilius1 facillim4 #cfb4 ,an older superlative ending1 -d for -1 occurs in an inscription of #ahf ,b4,c43 ,,facilvmed1 i4e4 facillim4 ,a few adverbs have superlatives in - or -um3 as1 meritissim1 most deservedly2 prm1 at first1 prmum1 first2 postrm1 at last1 postrmum1 for the last time4 #cfc4 ,if the comparison of the adjective has peculiarities1 they are retained in the adverb likewise3 as1 bene1 well1 melius1 optim2 male1 ill1 peius1 pessim2 multum1 much1 pls1 plrimum2 mtr1 betimes1 mtrius1 mtrissim 7,cic41 ,plin471 or mtrrim 7,cic41 ,caes41 ,sall41 ,tac474 cius1 swifter1 no positive1 cissim4 minus1 less1 is formed by the nominal suffix -es- 7#bcf71 from min- 7minu72 for magis1 more1 see #ace1 #b4 ,in poetry magis sometimes becomes mage1 as if neuter of an adjective in -i-4 #cfd4 ,a few adverbs not derived from adjectives are compared3 as1 di1 long1 ditius1 ditissim2 saepe1 often1 saepius1 saepissim2 nper1 lately1 no comparative1 nperrim2 secus1 otherwise1 stius1 the less2 temper1 betimes1 temperius1 earlier1 no superlative4 ,erratum3 #cfc 444 cius1 swifter1 no positive2 cissim4 positive4 7,b47 ,,formation ,,of ,,denominative ,,verbs4 #cfe4 ,denominative verb stems have present infinitives in -re1 -re1 or -re 7-r1 -r1 or -r71 and are formed from noun stems of all endings3 as1 ,,verb4 ,,from ,,noun4 fug-re1 rout fug-1 ,n4 fuga loc-re1 place loco-1 ,n4 locus nmin-re1 name nmin-1 ,n4 nmen lev-re1 lighten levi-1 ,n4 levis sinu-re1 bend sinu-1 ,n4 sinus alb-re1 be white albo-1 ,n4 albus miser-r1 pity misero-1 ,n4 miser flr-re1 blossom flr-1 ,n4 fls sord-re1 be dirty sordi-1 ,n4 sords pn-re1 punish poen-1 ,n4 poena cond-re1 season condo-1 ,n4 condus custd-re1 guard custd-1 ,n4 custs vest-re1 dress vesti-1 ,n4 vestis gest-re1 flutter gestu-1 ,n4 gestus #cff4 ,these present verb stems are formed by adding the suffix -io-1 -ie- to the noun stem3 as 99fug-i1 ,i flee2 the i between two vowels was dropped 7#aec1 #b7 and the final vowel of noun stem was often contracted with the ending 7#aah1 #c74 ,the noun stem ending is often slightly modified4 #cfg4 ,in a half a dozen denominatives from stems in -u- the u of the noun stem remains without modification1 and is not contracted with the variable vowel 7#aaf1 c73 these are1 acuere1 sharpen 7acu-71 metuere1 fear1 statuere1 set1 tribuere1 assign2 arguere1 make clear1 btuere1 beat4 #cfh4 ,verbs in -re are by far the most numerous class of denominatives2 they are usually transitive2 but deponents often express condition1 sometimes occupation3 as1 dominr1 lord it1 play the lord2 aqur1 get oneself water4 ,most verbs in -re also are transitive2 those in -re usually denote a state3 as1 calre1 be warm2 but some are causative3 as1 monre1 remind4 #cfi4 ,many denominative verbs in -re contain a noun suffix which is not actually found in the noun itself2 such suffixes are3 -co-1 -cin-1 -lo-1 -er-1 -ro-1 -to-1 c43 as1 -co-3 albi-cre1 be white 799albi-co-72 velli-cre1 pluck 799velli-co-1 plucker74 -cin-3 latr-cinr1 be a robber 7latrn-72 serm-cinr1 discourse 7sermn-74 -lo-3 grtu-lr1 give one joy 799grtu-lo-72 vi-olre1 harm 799vi-olo-72 heiu-lri1 cry #8heia' 799heiu-lo-74 -er-3 mod-err1 check 799mod-es-1 #bcf74 -ro-3 tole-rre1 endure 799tole-ro-72 flag-rre1 blaze 799flag-ro-74 -to-3 dbili-tre1 lame 799dbili-to-72 dubi-tre1 doubt 799dubi-to-74 #cgj4 ,many denominatives in -re are indirect compounds 7#cgg71 often from compound noun stems which are not actually found4 ,so1 particularly1 when the first part is a preposition1 or the second is from the root fac-1 make1 ag-1 drive1 do1 or cap-1 take3 as1 opi-tul-r1 bear help 7opitulo-72 suf-fc-re1 suffocate 799suf-fc-o-1 fauci-72 aedi-fic-re 7housebuild71 build 799aedific- or 99aedifico-1 housebuilder72 sgni-fic-re1 give token 799sgnifico-72 fm-ig-re1 make smoke 799fmigo-1 smoker1 fmo-1 ag-72 nv-ig-re1 sail1 and rm-ig-re1 row 7nvi-1 ship1 and rmo-1 oar72 mt-ig-re1 make mild 7mti-72 ir-ig-re1 commonly ir-g-re1 quarrel 7ir-72 pr-ig-re1 commonly pr-g-re1 clean 7pro-72 gnr-ig-re1 tell 7gnro-1 narrre1 #afi1 #b2 #acc1 #a72 anti-cip-re1 take beforehand 799anticipo-1 ante1 cap-72 oc-cup-re1 seize 799occupo-72 re-cup-er-re1 get back 799recupero-74 #cga4 ,many verbs in -tre 7-sre71 or -tr 7-sr71 express frequent1 intense1 or sometimes attempted action4 ,these are called ,frequentatives or ,intensives2 they are formed from perfect participle stems2 but stems in --to- become -i-to-3 as1 cant-re1 sing 7canto-72 cess-re1 loiter 7cesso-72 amplex-r1 embrace 7amplexo-72 habit-re1 live 7habito-72 pollicit-ri1 make overtures 7pollicito-72 dormt-re1 be sleepy 7dormto-72 neg-itre1 keep denying 7for 99neg-tre1 with suffix -i-tre1 #iaj74 #cgb4 ,some frequentatives in -tre are formed from the present stem of a verb in -ere2 the formative vowel before -tre becomes i3 as1 agi-tre1 shake 7age-re72 flui-tre1 float 7flue-re72 nsci-tre1 recognize 7nsce-re72 quaeri-tre1 keep seeking 7quaere-re72 scsci-tr1 enquire 7scsce-re72 vndi-tre1 try to sell 7vnde-re74 #cgc4 ,a few frequentatives add -t- to the perfect participle stem3 as1 cti-tre1 act often 7cto-72 facti-tre1 do repeatedly 7facto-72 lcti-tre1 read again and again 7lcto-72 ncti-tre1 anoint often 7ncto-74 ,from a frequentative another frequentative is sometimes derived3 as1 dict-re1 dictate1 dicti-tre1 keep asserting 7dicto-74 #cgd4 ,some verbs are found only as frequentatives3 as1 gust-re1 taste 799gusto-1 gus-1 taste72 put-re1 think 7puto-1 pu-1 clean72 aegrt-re1 be ill 7aegrto-74 #cge4 ,a few verbs in -uri1 -urre1 express desire2 such are called ,desideratives3 as1 ss-urre or s-urre1 want to eat 7edere1 sse74 ,a few in -ss1 -ssere1 express earnest action2 such are called ,meditatives3 as1 lac-ss1 lac-ssere1 provoke4 ,erratum3 #cfe 7table7 444 alb-re1 be white albo-1 ,n4 albus ,n albus ,,composition4 #cgf4 ,in compounds1 the fundamental word is usually the second1 which has its meaning qualified by the first4 #cgg4 ,a ,,direct ,,compound is one formed directly from two parts3 as1 con-iug-1 ,n4 coninx1 yoke-fellow 7com-1 together1 iug-1 yoke72 con-iungere1 join together 7com-1 iungere72 an ,,indirect ,,compound is one formed by the addition of a suffix to a direct compound3 as1 idic-io-1 ,n4 iudicium1 trial 7idic-73 idic-re1 judge 7idic-74 #cgh4 ,a ,,real ,,compound is a word whose stem is formed from two stems1 or an inseparable prefix and a stem1 fused into one stem2 an ,,apparent ,,compound is formed by the juxtaposition of an inflected word with another inflected word1 a preposition1 or an adverb4 ,i4 ,,composition ,,of ,,nouns4 7,a47 ,,real ,,compounds4 ,,form ,,of ,,compounds4 #cgi4 ,if the first part is a noun1 its stem is taken3 as1 ,ahno-barbus1 ,redbeard1 ,barbarossa2 usually with weakening of a stem vowel 7#ajc-aje73 as1 aurifex1 jeweller 7auro-74 ,on other changes of the final vowel in the first member of compounds1 see #agd4 ,sometimes with disappearance of a syllable 7#agi72 as1 99venni-ficus1 ven-ficus1 poisoner 7venno-72 or of a vowel 7#aaa73 as1 man-ceps1 contractor 7manu-72 particularly before a vowel 7#aai73 as1 magn-animus1 great-souled 7magno-74 ,consonant stems are often extended by i before a consonant3 as1 mri-gerus1 complaisant 7mr-74 #chj4 ,stems in -s-1 including those in -er-1 -or- and -r- 7#bcf71 are sometimes compounded as above 7#cgi73 as1 nemori-vagus1 woodranger2 honri-ficus1 complimentary2 but usually they drop the suffix and take i3 as1 opi-fex1 work-man 7oper-72 foedi-fragus1 truce-breaker 7foeder-72 volni-ficus1 wounding 7volner-72 mni-ficus1 generous 7mner-72 terri-ficus1 awe-inspiring 7terrr-72 horri-fer1 dreadful1 horri-sonus1 awful-sounding 7horrr-74 #cha4 ,the second part1 which often has weakening of the vowel 7#ajb71 is sometimes a bare root used as a stem 7#aii71 oftener a root with a formative suffix2 or a noun stem1 sometimes with its stem ending modified3 as1 i-dic-1 ,n4 idex1 juror 7dic-1 declare72 causi-dic-o-1 ,n4 causidicus1 pleader 7#bji72 in-gen-io-1 ,n4 ingenium1 disposition 7gen-1 beget1 #bai72 con-tg-in-1 ,n4 contgi1 touching together 7tag-1 touch1 #bbg72 im-berb-i-1 ,n4 imberbis1 beardless 7barb-74 ,,meaning ,,of ,,compounds4 #chb4 ,,determinatives are compounds in which the second part keeps its original meaning1 though determined or modified by the first part4 ,the meaning of a determinative may often be best expressed by two words4 #chc4 7#a47 ,the first part of a determinative may be an adjective1 an adverb1 a preposition1 or an inseparable prefix2 the second part is a noun3 as1 lti-fundium1 i4e4 lt fund1 broad acres2 prvi-lgium1 i4e4 prva lx1 special act2 alti-sonns1 i4e4 alt sonns1 high-sounding2 con-discipulus1 i4e4 cum alter discipulus1 fellow-pupil2 per-magnus1 i4e4 vald magnus1 very great2 in-dignus1 i4e4 nn dignus1 unworthy4 #chd4 7#b47 ,the first part of a determinative may represent the oblique case of a noun1 generally a substantive2 the second part is a noun or verb stem4 ,these compounds are called ,objectives3 as1 ,accusative of direct object 7#aacb71 armi-ger1 i4e4 qu arma gerit1 armour-bearer2 dative of indirect object 7#abjh71 man-tle1 i4e4 manibus tla1 handkerchief1 napkin2 genitive 7#abbg71 sl-stitium1 i4e4 slis stati1 solstice2 ablative instrumental 7#acjj71 tubi-cen1 i4e4 qu tub canit1 trumpeter2 locative 7#acca71 ,troiu-gena1 i4e4 ,troiae ntus1 ,troy-born2 ablative locative 7#acej71 nocti-vagus1 night-wandering2 monti-vagus1 mountain-ranging4 #che4 ,,possessives are adjective compounds in which the meaning of the second part is changed4 ,the second part of a possessive is always formed from a substantive1 qualified by the noun1 adverb1 or inseparable prefix of the first part1 and the whole expresses an attribute which something has3 as1 longi-manus1 longarms1 long-armed2 miseri-cors1 tender-hearted2 bi-linguis1 two-tongued2 magn-animus1 greatheart1 great-hearted2 im-berbis1 beardless4 7,b47 ,,apparent ,,compounds4 #chf4 ,apparent ,compounds are formed3 #chg4 7#a47 ,by two nouns combined1 one with an unchanging case ending1 the other with full inflections3 as1 aquae-ductus1 aqueduct2 sents-cnsultum1 decree of the senate2 pater-familis1 father of a family2 vr-similis1 like the truth2 in these words1 aquae1 sents1 familis1 and vr are genitives1 and remain genitives1 while the other part of the compound is declinable4 #chh4 7#b47 ,by a substantive with an adjective habitually agreeing with it1 both parts being declined3 as1 rs pblica1 the common-weal2 rs gestae1 exploits2 is irandum1 oath2 pecniae repetundae1 money claim4 #chi4 7#c47 ,by nouns1 chiefly substantives1 in the same case placed loosely side by side and making one idea4 ,the two words may be used3 7a47 ,copulatively3 as1 sus-frctus1 use and enjoyment2 pactum-conventum1 bargain and covenant2 duo-decim1 two and ten1 twelve2 or 7b47 ,appositively3 one word explaining the other 7#ajde73 as1 ,iuppiter1 ,jove the ,father 7#id2 #acc72 ,mrspiter1 ,mars the ,father1 for ,mrs pater4 #cij4 7#d47 ,from an original combination of an oblique case with a preposition3 as1 prcnsul1 proconsul1 from pr cnsule1 for a consul2 gregius1 select1 from grege1 out of the herd2 dlrus1 astray1 mad1 from d lr1 out of the furrow4 ,,ii4 ,,composition ,,of ,,verbs4 7,a47 ,,real ,,compounds4 #cia4 ,real ,compounds are direct compounds of a verb with a preposition2 the root vowel or diphthong of the verb is often weakened 7#ajb73 as1 per-agere1 put through1 accomplish2 ab-igere1 drive away2 ex-qurere1 seek out4 ,the prefix1 which was originally a separate adverb modifying the verb1 is in poetry sometimes separated from the verb by another word2 the disyllabic prepositions in particular often remain as juxtaposed adverbs 7#cif74 #cib4 ,some prepositions are inseparable1 that is1 used only in composition3 ambi-1 round1 an-1 up1 dis-1 in two1 apart1 por-1 towards1 red-1 re-1 back1 sd-1 s-1 by oneself1 away3 as1 amb-re1 go round to2 an-hlre1 breathe up2 dis-pellere1 drive apart2 por-rigere1 stretch forth2 red-dere1 give back2 s-iungere1 separate4 7,b47 ,,apparent ,,compounds4 #cic4 ,apparent ,compounds are formed by the juxtaposition of3 #cid4 7#a47 ,a verb with a verb3 faci and f are added to present stems1 mostly of intransitive verbs in -re2 the -e- of the first verb is sometimes long1 and sometimes short 7#acj1 #e73 as1 cal-facere1 make warm 7calre72 excand-facere1 make blaze 7candre72 mad-facere1 make wet 7madre74 ,in these apparent compounds1 the accent of faci remains the same as in the simple verb3 as1 calfcis4 #cie4 7#b47 ,a substantive with a verb3 as1 anim-advertere1 pay heed to1 animum advertere2 vnum-dare1 or vndere1 sell1 vnum dare2 vn-re1 be sold1 vnum re2 lucr-facere1 make gain1 lucr facere2 man-mittere1 set free4 #cif4 7#c47 ,an adverb with a verb3 as1 circum-dare1 put round2 satis-facere1 satis-dare1 give satisfaction2 intro-re1 go inside2 mlle1 prefer1 for magis velle 7#agj1 #b72 nl1 be unwilling1 for ne vol2 ne-scre1 hau-scre1 not know4 ,erratum3 #cif4 7#c47 7#b7 ,c4 ,,inflection4 #cig4 ,,inflection is the change which nouns1 pronouns1 and verbs undergo1 to indicate their relation in a sentence4 ,the inflection of a noun or pronoun is often called ,declension1 and that of a verb1 ,conjugation4 7,a47 ,,inflection ,,of ,,the ,,noun4 #cih4 ,the noun or pronoun is inflected by attaching case endings to the stem4 ,the endings1 which are called case endings for brevity1 indicate number as well as case1 and serve also to distinguish gender words from neuters in the nominative and accusative singular of some stems1 and of all plurals4 ,these endings are nearly the same for stems of all kinds4 ,,the ,,stem4 #cii4 ,the stem contains the meaning of the noun4 ,noun stems are arranged in the following order3 7#a47 stems in --1 in -o-1 in a consonant1 or in -i-2 these are substantive1 including proper names1 or adjective2 7#b47 stems in -u- or --2 these are substantive only1 and include no proper names4 #djj4 ,in some instances1 a final stem vowel is retained before a case ending which begins with a vowel3 as1 urbi-um1 cri-a1 cornu-a1 portu-1 portu-um 7#aaf1 c72 in others the stem vowel blends inseparably with the vowel of the case ending3 as1 mnss1 domins 7#ajh1 a74 #dja4 ,some nouns have more than one form of the stem3 as1 sds 7#dgf72 femur1 iecur 7#dhi72 vs1 mnsis 7#dib72 vrus1 volgus 7#dic72 iter1 nix1 senex1 c4 7#ejj72 vs 7#eah72 caeds 7#ebc72 fams1 plbs 7#ebd72 domus 7#eid72 angiportus1 c4 7#eie74 ,many nouns have a consonant stem in the singular1 and an -i- stem in the plural3 see #eaf2 most substantives in -i- or -ti- have a collateral form in -i- or -ti- 7#fjd74 ,some adjectives have two different stems3 as1 hilarus1 hilara1 hilarum1 and hilaris1 hilare2 exanimus and exanimis4 ,,gender4 #djb4 ,there are two genders1 ,masculine and ,feminine4 ,masculine and feminine nouns are called ,gender nouns4 ,nouns without gender are called ,neuter4 #djc4 ,gender is1 properly speaking1 the distinction of sex4 ,in ,latin1 a great many things without life have gender in grammar1 and are masculine or feminine4 #djd4 ,some classes of substantives may be brought under general heads of signification1 as below1 like the names of rivers and winds 7#dje71 which are usually of the masculine gender1 or of plants 7#djg71 which are usually of the feminine4 ,when the gender cannot be determined thus1 it must be learned from the special rules for the several stems and their nominatives4 ,,gender ,,of ,,some ,,classes ,,of ,,substantives4 ,,masculines4 #dje4 ,names of male beings1 rivers1 winds1 and mountains1 are masculine3 as1 ,caesar1 ,gius1 ,slla1 men's names2 pater1 father2 erus1 master2 scrba1 scrivener2 ,tiberis1 the ,tiber2 ,aquil1 a ,norther2 ,lcrtilis1 ,mt4 ,lucretilis4 #djf4 ,the river names3 ,allia1 ,dria1 ,sagra1 ,lth1 and ,styx are feminine4 ,also the mountain names ,alps1 plural1 the ,alps1 and some ,greek names of mountains in -a or -3 as1 ,aetna1 ,mt4 ,etna2 ,rhodop1 a ,thracian range4 ,a few are neuter1 as ,sracte4 ,,feminines4 #djg4 ,names of female beings1 plants1 flowers1 shrubs1 and trees1 are feminine3 as1 ,gia1 ,glycerium1 women's names2 mlus1 apple-tree2 quercus1 oak2 lex1 holm-oak2 abis1 fir4 #djh4 ,masculine are3 bltus1 mushroom1 carduus1 thistle1 dm1 plural1 brambles1 intibus1 endive1 iuncus1 rush1 oleaster1 bastard olive1 rubus1 bramble1 rumex1 sorrel1 scirpus1 bulrush1 and rarely fcus1 fig4 ,also some of ,greek origin3 as1 acanthus1 amracus1 asparagus1 and crocus4 ,neuter are3 apium1 parsley1 balsamum1 balsam-tree1 rbur1 heart of oak1 and some names with stems in -er- 7#egc74 ,,mobile1 ,,common1 ,,and ,,epicene ,,nouns4 #dji4 ,,mobile ,,nouns have different forms to distinguish sex3 as1 ,ilius1 a man1 ,julius1 ,ilia1 a woman1 ,julia2 cervus1 stag1 cerva1 hind2 socer1 father-in-law1 socrus1 mother-in-law2 victor1 conqueror1 victrx1 conqueress4 ,adjectives #8of three endings' 7#faa71 belong to this class4 #daj4 ,some nouns have one ending1 but are applicable to either sex4 ,such are said1 to be of ,common ,gender3 as1 adulscns1 young man or young woman2 dux1 leader2 nfns1 baby1 child2 and many other consonant stems or stems in -i-1 denoting persons4 ,adjectives #8of two endings' or #8of one ending' 7#faa71 belong to this class4 #daa4 ,,epicenes have one ending and one grammatical gender1 though applicable to animals of either sex4 ,thus1 aquila1 eagle1 is feminine1 though it may denote a he-eagle as well as a she-eagle2 anats1 ducks1 feminine1 includes drakes4 ,erratum3 #daa 444 as well as a she-eagle2 she-eagle3 ,,neuters4 #dab4 ,infinitives1 words and expressions quoted or explained1 and letters of the alphabet1 are neuter3 as1 vvere ipsum1 mere living2 istc #8tace1' your #8,i won't mention2' longum vale1 a long goodbye2 o ,graecum1 ,greek ,o4 ,but the letters have sometimes a feminine adjective1 agreeing with littera understood4 ,,variable ,,gender4 #dac4 ,some substantives have different genders in the two numbers2 the different gender is sometimes indicated by a difference of stem3 as1 epulum1 neuter1 epulae1 feminine1 feast4 ,see balneum1 frnum1 jocus1 locus1 margarta1 ostrea1 rstrum1 in the dictionary4 ,,number4 #dad4 ,there are two numbers1 the ,singular used of one1 the ,plural of more than one4 #dae4 amb1 both1 and duo1 two1 nominative and accusative masculine and neuter1 are the only remnants of an old ,dual number1 denoting two4 #daf4 ,some substantives1 from their meaning1 have no plural4 ,such are3 proper names3 as1 ,cicer1 ,cicero2 ,rma1 ,rome2 material and abstract substantives3 as1 oleum1 oil1 vnum1 wine1 istitia1 justice2 and gerunds3 as1 regend1 of guiding4 ,for the occasional use of the plural1 #aaje-aaaj4 #dag4 ,some substantives1 from their meaning1 have no singular4 ,such are3 names of persons of a class3 as1 mairs1 ancestors2 super1 the beings above2 mns1 ghosts2 of feasts1 sacrifices1 days3 as1 ,sturnlia1 festival of ,saturn2 kalendae1 first of the month2 of things made of parts or consisting of a series of acts3 as1 arma1 arms2 arts1 joints2 quadrgae1 four-in-hand2 exsequiae1 funeral rites2 of some places3 as1 ,faleri2 ,v2 ,pomp2 ,athnae1 ,athens2 ,alps1 the ,alps4 #dah4 ,some substantives have different meanings in the two numbers3 as1 aedis1 temple1 aeds1 house2 auxilium1 aid1 auxilia1 auxiliaries2 carcer1 jail1 carcers1 race-barriers2 ,castrum1 ,castle1 castra1 camp2 comitium1 meeting-place1 comitia1 election2 cpia1 abundance1 cpiae1 troops2 facults1 ability1 facultts1 wealth2 fnis1 end1 fns1 boundaries2 grtia1 favour1 grtiae1 thanks2 impedmentum1 hindrance1 impedmenta1 baggage2 littera1 letter 7of the alphabet71 litterae1 epistle2 rstrum1 beak1 rstra1 speakers stand4 ,see also aqua1 bonum1 fortna1 ldus1 opera1 pars1 in the dictionary4 ,,case4 #dai4 ,nouns have five cases1 the ,nominative1 ,genitive1 ,dative1 ,accusative1 and ,ablative4 ,the nominative represents a noun as subject1 the accusative as object2 the genitive denotes the relation of of1 the dative of to or for1 and the ablative of from1 with1 in1 or by4 ,but the meanings of the cases are best learnt from reading4 ,all cases but the nominative and vocative 7#dbj7 are called ,oblique ,cases4 #dbj4 ,town names and a few appellatives have also a case denoting the place where1 called the ,locative4 ,masculine stems in -o- and some ,greek stems with other endings have still another form used in addressing a person or thing1 called the ,vocative4 #dba4 ,the stem of a noun is best seen in the genitive2 in the genitive plural it is preserved without change1 except that o of -o- stems is lengthened 7#abc74 ,in dictionaries the stem ending is indicated by the genitive singular1 thus3 -ae1 -1 -is1 -s 7-71 indicate respectively stems in --1 -o-1 a consonant or -i-1 -u-1 and --1 as follows3 ,,genitive ,,singular4 ,,genitive ,,plural4 ,,stems ,,in4 -ae1 mnsae1 table -rum1 mns-rum --1 mns-1 ,n4 mnsa -1 domin1 master -rum1 domin-rum -o-1 domino-1 ,n4 dominus -is1 rgis1 king -cons4 um1 rg-um -consonant1 rg-1 ,n4 rx -is1 cvis1 citizen -ium1 cvi-um -i-1 cvi-1 ,n4 cvis -s1 portus1 port -uum1 portu-um -u-1 portu-1 ,n4 portus 71 r71 thing 7-rum1 r-rum7 -1 r-1 ,n4 rs #dbb4 ,gender nominatives usually add -s to the stem3 as1 servo-s or servu-s1 slave1 rx 7#afd1 #a71 cvi-s1 portu-s1 r-s4 ,but stems in -- or in a continuous consonant 7-l-1 -n-1 -r-1 or -s-7 have no -s3 as1 mnsa1 cnsul1 consul1 flmen1 special priest1 pater1 father1 fls1 flower4 #dbc4 ,neuters have the nominative and accusative alike2 in the singular the stem is used3 as nmen1 name2 or a shortened stem3 as1 exemplar1 pattern2 but stems in -o- take -m3 as1 aevo-m or aevu-m1 age4 ,in the plural -a is always used3 as1 rgna1 kingdoms1 nmina1 cornua1 horns4 ,for -s in adjectives #8of one ending1' see #fab4 #dbd4 ,gender accusatives singular add -m to the stem3 as1 mnsa-m1 servo-m or servu-m1 nvi-m1 ship1 portu-m1 die-m4 ,the consonant stems have the ending -em3 as1 rg-em2 most substantive stems in -i- and all adjectives also drop -i- and take -em3 as1 ,n,v-,,em1 trst-em1 sad4 ,in the plural1 gender stems add -s before which the vowel is long3 as1 mns-s1 serv-s1 rg-s1 nv-s or nv-s1 port-s1 r-s4 #dbe4 ,the ablative singular usually ends in the long vowel of the stem3 as1 mns1 domin1 nv1 port1 r4 ,the ablative of consonant stems usually has -e 7rarely --1 see #ejb73 as1 patre1 father2 and that of substantive -i- stems has -e more commonly than -3 as1 nve4 #dbf4 ,the ablative singular of -- and -o- stems ended anciently in -d and -d respectively3 as1 ,,praidad1 ,,preivatod2 that of consonant stems in -d3 as1 ,,airid1 ,,coventionid4 ,but -d is almost entirely confined to inscriptions and disappeared early 7#adi74 #dbg4 ,the genitive plural adds -rum to --1 -o-1 and -- stems3 as1 mns-rum1 domin-rum1 r-rum2 and -um to consonant stems1 -i- stems1 and -u- stems3 as1 rg-um1 cvi-um1 portu-um4 #dbh4 ,the dative and ablative plural are always alike3 stems in -- and -o- take -is1 which blends with the stem vowel 7#djj73 as1 mnss1 domins2 other stems have -bus1 before which consonant stems are extended by i3 as1 rgi-bus1 nvi-bus1 portu-bus or porti-bus1 r-bus4 #dbi4 ,some pronouns and a few adjectives have some peculiar case endings2 see #fah-fid4 #dcj4 ,many nouns are defective in case4 ,thus1 many monosyllables have no genitive plural3 as1 aes1 copper1 cor1 heart1 cs1 whetstone1 ds1 dowry1 s1 face1 px1 peace1 pix1 pitch1 rs1 dew1 sl1 salt1 lx1 light2 many words have no genitive1 dative1 or ablative plural3 as1 hiemps1 winter2 especially neuters3 as1 fr1 spelt1 fel1 gall1 mel1 honey1 ps1 matter1 rs1 country1 ts1 frankincense4 ,many words in -tu- 7-su-7 have only the ablative 7#bce74 ,for -- stems1 see #fjj4 ,other words more or less defective are exlx1 exsps1 fs and nefs1 nfitis1 inquis1 nstar1 lus1 nm1 opis and vicis genitives1 pond and sponte ablatives1 secus1 vs4 ,many adjectives #8of one ending' want the nominative and accusative neuter plural and genitive plural4 #dca4 ,some adjectives are altogether indeclinable3 as1 frg1 thrifty1 an old dative2 nquam1 naughty1 an old accusative2 quot1 how many2 tot1 so many2 and most numerals 7#fcg74 ,these adjectives are attached to any case of a substantive without varying their own forms4 ,,the ,,substantive ,,stems ,,in --4 ,the ,first ,declension4 ,genitive singular -ae1 genitive plural --rum4 #dcb4 ,stems in -- include substantives and adjectives2 both substantives and adjectives are feminine4 #dcc4 ,names of males are masculine 7#dje73 as1 scrba1 writer2 also ,hadria1 the ,adriatic1 and rarely damma1 deer1 and talpa1 mole4 #dcd4 ,the nominative of stems in -- ends in the shortened stem vowel -a4 #dce4 ,stems in -- are declined as follows3 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,example mnsa1 table1 mns-1 ,f4 ,stem and case ,stem endings ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,singular ,nom4 mnsa table1 a 7or the7 table -a ,gen4 mnsae a table's1 of a table -ae ,dat4 mnsae to or for a table -ae ,acc4 mnsam a table -am ,abl4 mns from1 with1 or by a table - ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,plural ,nom4 mnsae tables 7or the7 tables -ae ,gen4 mnsrum tables'1 of tables -rum ,dat4 mnss to or for tables -s ,acc4 mnss tables -s ,abl4 mnss from1 with1 or by tables -s ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,erratum3 ,,the ,,substantive header supplied from ,table of ,contents ,,singular ,,cases4 #dcf4 -- of the stem was shortened in the nominative and accusative singular at an early period 7#acj1 #acb74 ,a few apparent examples of the nominative in -1 found in the oldest writers1 seem due to metrical causes3 as1 aquil 7,enn474 ,but - occurs in ,greek proper names 7#dde74 ,a couple of old masculine nominatives in -s are quoted 7#dbb73 pricds1 murderer1 and hosticaps1 taker of enemies4 ,in the accusative singular -m occurs once3 inimcitim 7,enn474 #dcg4 ,the genitive sometimes ends 7#a47 in - in poetry3 as1 aul1 of the hall2 pct1 embroidered2 7#b47 in -s3 as1 mols1 of a mill4 ,this genitive is rare1 but was always kept up in the word familis with pater or mter1 sometimes with flius or flia3 pater familis1 the goodman1 mter familis1 the housewife4 ,but pater familiae1 or in the plural patrs familirum1 is equally common4 #dch4 ,town names and a few appellatives have a locative case in -ae3 as1 ,rmae1 at ,rome1 in ,rome2 mlitiae1 in war1 in the field1 in the army4 ,,plural ,,cases4 #dci4 ,compounds ending with -cola1 inhabiting1 and -gena1 born1 and patronymics1 sometimes have the genitive plural in -m in poetry3 as1 caelicolm1 of occupants of heaven2 ,graiugenm1 of ,greek-born men2 ,aeneadm1 of ,aeneas's sons2 also names of peoples3 as1 ,lapithm1 of the ,lapithae4 ,with these last -m occurs even in prose3 as1 ,crotnitm1 of the ,crotona people4 ,others in -m are drachmm1 amphorm4 #ddj4 ,in the dative and ablative plural1 -eis sometimes occurs 7#ddc73 as1 tueis ingrtieis1 against your will 7,plaut474 ,nouns in -ia have rarely a single 3 as1 pecns1 by moneys 7,cic472 taens1 with fillets 7,verg472 nns ,ins1 on the fifth of ,june 7,cic474 ,see #bd4 #dda4 ,in the dative and ablative plural1 words in -ia1 or plural -iae1 have -s1 and those in -ia have -s 7#abg1 #g73 as ,,kal4 ,,mais1 on the calends of ,may 7inscr472 ,bs1 at ,bajae 7,hor472 plbs1 plebeian4 #ddb4 ,the dative and ablative plural sometimes end in -bus1 particularly in debus1 goddesses1 and flibus1 daughters1 to distinguish them from des1 gods1 and flis1 sons4 ambae1 both1 and duae1 two1 regularly have ambbus and dubus4 #ddc4 ,other case forms are found in inscriptions1 as follows3 ,g4 -ai1 which may be monosyllabic or disyllabic in pronunciation3 ,,pvlchrai2 ,,lavernai2 -s1 after #hj ,b4,c41 chiefly in proper names1 mostly ,greek3 ,,heraes2 rarely in appellatives3 ,,dominaes2 -s3 ,,minerves2 -1 ,,vesta2 ,,coira1 i4e4 ,crae4 ,d4 -ai1 in all periods 7#if73 ,,filiai2 -3 ,,fortvna2 - 7#if73 ,,fortvne4 ,ac4 -a 7#fa73 ,,tavrasia2 ,,magna ,,sapientia4 ,ab4 -d 7#dbf73 ,,praidad4 ,loc4 -ai3 ,,romai4 ,plural3 ,n4 -ai 7#if73 ,,tabelai ,,datai2 -1 rare3 ,,matrona2 -1 rare and provincial 7#if73 ,,mvste1 i4e4 mystae4 ,d4 and ,ab4 -eis1 very often 7#ih73 ,,scribeis2 ,d4 -s1 once3 ,,devas ,,corniscas1 i4e4 dvs ,cornscs4 ,ab4 -s once 7#ih73 ,,nvges1 i4e4 ngs4 ,erratum3 #ddc 444 ,,tabelai ,,datai2 -1 rare ,,datai3 ,,greek ,,nouns4 #ddd4 ,greek appellatives always take a ,latin form in the dative singular and in the plural1 and usually throughout3 thus1 pota1 ,m41 poet1 and aula1 ,f41 court1 are declined like mnsa4 ,masculines have sometimes a nominative -s and accusative -n3 as1 anagnsts1 reader1 anagnstn2 rarely an ablative -3 as1 sophist1 sophist4 ,greek feminines in - sometimes have ,greek forms in late writers3 as1 ,n4 grammatic1 philology1 ,g4 grammatics1 ,ac4 grammaticn1 ,ab4 grammatic 7,quintil474 #dde4 ,greek proper names sometimes have the following forms4 ,nominative masculine -s1 -s3 as1 ,prsis1 ,atrds2 feminine -3 as1 ,gel1 ,phaedr2 -3 as1 ,circ4 ,genitive feminine -s3 as1 ,circs4 ,accusative masculine -n1 -dn3 as1 ,aenn1 ,pldn2 feminine -n3 as1 ,circn4 ,ablative feminine -3 as1 ,tsiphon4 ,vocative - or -a3 as1 ,atrd1 ,atrda1 ,thyesta2 -t3 as1 ,bot2 -d3 as1 ,aeacid4 ,,stems ,,in -o-4 ,the ,second ,declension4 ,genitive singular -1 genitive plural --rum4 #ddf4 ,stems in -o- include substantives and adjectives1 masculine or neuter4 #ddg4 ,most names of plants in -us are feminine 7#djg72 also the following3 alvos or alvus1 belly1 colus1 distaff1 domus1 house1 humus1 ground1 vannus1 fan4 #ddh4 ,the nominative of masculines ends1 including the stem vowel1 in -o-s1 or usually -u-s2 some end in -r2 neuters end in -o-m1 or usually -u-m4 #ddi4 7#a47 ,stems in -o- with the nominative in -us or -um are declined as follows3 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,examples dominus1 master1 rgnum1 ,stem domino-1 ,m4 kingdom1 and case ,stems rgno-1 ,ne4 endings ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,singular ,m4 ,ne4 ,nom4 dominus1 a 7or the7 rgnum -us -um master ,gen4 domin1 a master's rgn - - ,dat4 domin1 to or for a master rgn - - ,acc4 dominum1 a master rgnum -um -um ,abl4 domin1 from1 with1 rgn - - or by a master ,voc4 domine1 master -e ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,plural ,nom4 domin1 7the7 masters rgna - -a ,gen4 dominrum1 of masters rgnrum -rum -rum ,dat4 domins1 to or for masters rgns -s -s ,acc4 domins1 masters rgna -s -a ,abl4 domins1 from1 with1 rgns -s -s or by masters ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #dej4 deus1 god1 is declined as follows3 ,n4 deus1 ,g4 de1 ,d4 and ,ab4 de1 ,ac4 deum4 ,plural3 ,n4 de1 dii1 commonly d1 ,g4 derum or dem1 ,d4 and ,ab4 des1 diis1 commonly ds1 ,ac4 des4 #dea4 7#b47 ,stems in -o- with the nominative in -r or in -ius1 -ius1 or -ius are declined as follows3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,examples puer1 boy1 ager1 ,pompius1 puero-1 ,m4 field1 ,pompey1 ,stems agro-1 ,m4 ,pompio-1 ,m4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,singular ,nom4 puer1 a 7or the7 ager ,pompius boy ,gen4 puer1 a boy's1 agr ,pomp of a boy ,dat4 puer1 to or agr ,pompi for a boy ,acc4 puerum1 a boy agrum ,pompium ,abl4 puer1 from1 with1 agr ,pompi or by a boy ,voc4 ,pomp1 ,pompei ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,plural ,nom4 puer1 7the7 boys agr ,pomp ,gen4 puerrum1 boys'1 agrrum ,pompirum of boys ,dat4 puers1 to or agrs ,pomps for boys ,acc4 puers1 boys agrs ,pompis ,abl4 puers1 from1 agrs ,pomps with1 or by boys ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,singular ,,cases4 #deb4 -us and -um were originally -os and -om4 ,but -us was used in the earliest times1 -um somewhat later1 and both became prevalent between #bah and #ee ,b4,c4 7#ajg1 c74 ,after u or v1 however1 the -os and -om were retained till toward #ej ,a4,d4 7#ajg1 c72 also after qu2 but -cus and -cum often displaced -quos and -quom 7#aeg73 as1 equos1 equom1 or ecus1 ecum1 horse2 antquos1 antquom1 or antcus1 antcum1 ancient4 ,in the vocative -e was always used1 and is retained by ,plautus in puere1 thou boy4 #dec4 ,words in -rus with a long penult1 as1 sevrus1 stern1 and the following substantives with a short penult are declined like domimus 7#ddi73 erus1 master iniperus1 juniper numerus1 number umerus1 shoulder uterus1 womb ,for adjective stems in -ro- with nominative -rus1 see #fae4 #ded4 ,masculine stems in -ro- preceded by a short vowel or a mute1 except those above 7#dec71 drop -os in the nominative1 and have no vocative3 as1 stem puero-1 ,n4 puer1 boy 7#aaa1 b74 ,most masculines in -ro- have a vowel before r only in the nominative -er 7#aaa1 b73 as agro-1 ,n4 ager4 ,but in compounds ending in -fer and -ger1 carrying1 having1 and the following1 the vowel before -r is a part of the stem1 and is found in all the cases3 adulter1 ,lber1 paramour1 ,liber gener1 socer1 son-in-law1 father-in-law puer1 vir1 boy1 man lber1 vesper1 children1 evening ,for ,mulciber1 ,hibr1 and ,celtibr1 see the dictionary2 for adjective stems in -ro- with nominative -r1 see #faf4 ,once socerus 7,pl474 #dee4 nihilum1 nothing1 usually drops -um in the nominative and accusative1 becoming nihil or nl1 and similarly nn1 not1 may be for noenum1 naught 7#ii74 famul is used for famulus1 slave1 by ,ennius and ,lucretius1 once each 7#aaa1 b74 #def4 ,substantives ending in -ius or -ium 7but never adjectives71 have commonly a single - in the genitive singular3 as1 ,vergilius1 ,g4 ,vergl 7#hg72 flius1 son1 ,g4 fl2 cnbium1 marriage1 ,g4 cnb4 #deg4 ,vergil has once a genitive -i1 fluvi1 river's4 ,propertius has -i two or three times2 with ,ovid1 ,seneca1 and later writers1 -i is common3 as1 gladi1 of a sword2 even in proper names1 which were the last to take -i3 as1 ,tarquini2 but family names almost always retain a single -4 ,locatives have -i3 as1 ,iconi 7,cic474 #deh4 ,proper names ending in -ius1 -ius1 or -ius have -1 -1 or - in the genitive and vocative singular and nominative plural1 and -s1 -s1 or -s in the dative and ablative plural 7#abg1 #g73 as1 ,gius1 ,g41 ,v41 and ,n4 ,pl4 ,g1 ,d4 and ,ab4 ,pl4 ,gs2 ,pomp1 ,pomps2 ,b1 ,bs4 ,in verse - of the vocative is sometimes made one syllable 7#abj73 as1 ,pompei2 ,voltei 7,hor474 #dei4 ,latin proper names in -ius have the vocative in - only3 as1 ,vergilius1 ,v4 ,vergl2 ,mercurius1 ,v4 ,mercr 7#hg74 ,so1 also1 flius1 fl1 son2 genius1 gen1 good angel2 volturius1 voltur1 vulture2 meus1 m1 my4 #dfj4 ,town names and a few appellatives have a locative case in -3 as1 ,ephes1 in ,ephesus2 hum1 on the ground2 bell1 in war4 ,erratum3 #dee 444 noenum1 naught 7#ii74 final 4 invisible ,,plural ,,cases4 #dfa4 ,in the nominative plural masculine1 -ei sometimes occurs 7#dfe73 as1 ntei geminei1 twins born 7,plaut472 -eis or -s is rare 7#dfe73 as1 ,sardeis1 ,sardians2 oculs1 eyes2 not infrequently hsce1 these here 7,plaut472 masculine stems in -io- have rarely a single -3 as1 fl1 sons4 ,for -1 -1 or -1 see #deh4 ,the nominative and accusative plural of neuters ended anciently in - 7#acj1 #b74 ,but - was shortened at an early period4 #dfb4 ,in the common genitive plural -rum1 the -o- of the stem is lengthened 7#abc74 ,a genitive plural in -m 7or1 after v1 in -m7 is common from dvos1 dvus1 and deus1 god2 from dnrius1 denar1 modius1 peck1 nummus1 money1 sstertius1 sesterce1 and talentum1 talent1 with numerals2 and from cardinals and distributives 7#fda73 as1 dvm1 divm1 dem2 mlle sstertim2 ducentm2 bnm4 ,the u was originally long 7#acb72 but it was shortened before #ajj ,a4,d4 #dfc4 ,other masculine substantives have occasionally this genitive3 as1 lberm1 of children2 particularly in set phrases and in verse3 as1 centuria fabrm1 century of mechanics2 ,graim1 of ,greeks4 ,with neuter substantives1 as oppidm1 for oppidrum1 of towns1 and with adjectives it is rare4 #dfd4 ,in the dative and ablative plural1 -eis is rare 7#ih73 as1 ,epidamnieis 7,plaut474 ,stems in -io- have rarely a single 3 as1 fls1 for sons4 ,for -s1 -s1 or -s1 see #deh4 amb1 both1 and duo1 two1 have ambbus and dubus 7#fdj74 #dfe4 ,other case forms are found in inscriptions as follows3 ,n4 -os1 -om1 with o retained 7#ajg1 c73 ,,filios1 ,,tribvnos2 ,,pocolom2 in proper names -o 7#ff73 ,,cornelio2 -u1 rare3 ,,lectv2 -is1 or -i1 for -ius 7#ace1 #b73 ,,caecilis2 ,,clavdi2 neuter -o 7#fa73 ,,pocolo4 ,g4 oldest form -3 ,,vrbani2 -ei1 from #adf ,b4,c4 to ,augustus3 ,,popvlei2 ,,conlegei2 -i from stems in -io- not before ,tiberius3 ,,collegii4 ,ac4 -om 7#ajg1 c73 ,,volcanom2 -o 7#fa73 ,,optvmo ,,viro2 -u3 ,,gremiv4 ,ab4 -od1 not after #ahf ,b4,c4 7#dbf73 ,,poplicod1 ,,preivatod4 ,plural3 ,n4 -ei1 always common 7#ih73 ,,virei2 ,,filei2 -s1 -eis1 -s 7#dfa73 ,,atilies2 ,,coqves2 ,,leibereis1 i4e4 lner2 ,,magistreis2 ,,magistris2 -1 rare3 ,,ploirvme1 i4e4 plrum4 ,g4 -m or - 7#fa7 ,,romanom2 ,,romano2 -ro 7#fa73 ,,dvonoro4 ,d4 and ,ab4 -eis1 the only form down to about #acj ,b4,c4 7#ih73 ,,antiqveis2 ,,proxsvmeis2 -s1 twice3 ,,cavatvrines4 ,erratum3 #dfe 444 ,,collegii4 ,ac4 -om 7#ajg1 c73 ,,volcanom 7#ajg c7 ,,greek ,,nouns4 #dff4 ,greek stems in -o- are generally declined like ,latin nouns1 but in the singular sometimes have -os in the nominative1 -on in the nominative or accusative neuter1 rarely - in the genitive1 or - in the feminine ablative4 ,plural1 nominative sometimes -oe1 masculine or feminine1 and genitive1 chiefly in book-titles1 -n3 as1 ,nominative lios2 lion or lium4 ,genitive ,menandr1 of ,menander4 ,ablative feminine adjective lectc octphor1 in a sedan with eight bearers4 ,plural3 nominative ,adelphoe1 the ,brothers2 canphoroe1 basket-bearers1 feminine4 ,genitive ,gergicn liber1 book of ,husbandry4 ,for ,androges1 ,aths and ,panths1 see the dictionary4 ,,consonant ,,stems4 ,the ,third ,declension4 ,genitive singular -is1 genitive plural -um4 #dfg4 ,consonant stems are mostly substantive1 and include both gender words and neuters4 ,comparatives and a few other words are adjective4 ,for the gender of substantives1 see #egj4 #dfh4 ,the nominative of consonant stems ends in -s 7or -x72 or in -n 7-71 -l1 -r1 or -s of the stem1 rarely in -c or -t4 #dfi4 ,most consonant stems have one syllable less in the nominative than in the genitive4 ,such words are called ,imparisyllabic words or ,imparisyllables3 as1 nominative rx1 king1 one syllable2 genitive rgis1 of a king1 two syllables4 #dgj4 ,many consonant stems have a double form3 one form used in the nominative singular 7neuters have this form in the accusative also71 another form in the other cases3 as1 idex1 juror1 stem of nominative idec- 7#acf1 #b71 of other cases idic-2 flmen 7#ajc1 a71 special priest1 flmin- 7#ajc1 a72 virg1 maid1 virgin- 7#aje1 g72 auceps 7#ajg1 d71 fowler1 aucup- 7#ajd1 c72 ebur 7#ajg1 c71 ivory1 ebor-2 genus1 race1 gener- 7#ade2 #ajg1 c72 trstius 7#cdf71 sadder1 trstir- 7#cdf72 corpus 7#ajg1 c71 body1 corpor- 7#aje1 i72 pater 7#ace1 #b71 father1 patr-4 ,in such instances the stem of the oblique cases is taken for brevity to represent both forms of the stem4 ,i4 ,,mute ,,stems4 #dga4 7#a47 ,stems in a guttural mute1 -g- or -c-1 are declined as follows3 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,examples dux1 idex1 rx1 king1 leader1 juror1 ,case ,stems rg-1 ,m4 duc-1 ,m4 idic-1 endings ,m41 ,f4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,singular ,nom4 rx1 a 7or the7 dux idex -s 7-x7 king ,gen4 rgis1 a king's1 of ducis idicis -is a king ,dat4 rg1 to or for duc idic - a king ,acc4 rgem1 a king ducem idicem -em ,abl4 rge1 from1 with1 duce idice -e or by a king ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,plural ,nom4 rgs1 7the7 kings ducs idics -s ,gen4 rgum1 kings'1 of ducum idicum -um kings ,dat4 rgibus1 to or for ducibus idicibus -ibus kings ,acc4 rgs1 kings ducs idics -s ,abl4 rgibus1 from1 ducibus idicibus -ibus with1 or by kings ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,in the nominative and accusative1 neuters have no case ending in the singular1 and -a in the plural4 ,in the other cases they have the same case endings as gender stems4 #dgb4 7a47 ,examples of stems in -g-1 with nominative -x1 genitive -gis1 are3 -ex1 -egis grex1 ,m41 7,f471 herd2 aquilex1 ,m41 spring-hunter1 hydraulic engineer4 -x1 -gis rx1 ,m41 king2 interrx1 regent2 lx1 ,f41 law2 and ,n4 and ,ac4 exlx1 exlgem1 beyond the law1 adjective4 -ex1 -igis rmex1 ,m41 oarsman4 -x1 -gis strx1 ,f41 screech-owl4 -nx1 -gis coninx 7#abb1 e7 or coniux1 ,m41 ,f41 spouse4 -x1 -gis frx1 ,f41 fruit4 #dgc4 7b47 ,examples of stems in -c-1 with nominative -x1 genitive -cis1 are3 -ax1 -acis fax1 ,f41 torch1 no ,g4 ,pl4 in good writers 7#dcj74 -x1 -cis px1 ,f41 peace1 ,pl4 only ,n4 and ,ac4 pcs2 lmx1 ,f41 snail4 -ex1 -ecis faenisex1 ,m41 haycutter2 nex1 ,f41 murder2 prec1 ,d41 ,f41 prayer1 no ,n41 usually plural4 -x1 -cis vervx1 ,m41 wether2 allx1 ,f41 fish-pickle1 also allc1 ,ne4 -ex1 -icis ,masculines mostly3 apex1 point2 crex1 ,f41 rush2 caudex or cdex1 block1 book2 cmex1 bug2 cortex1 ,m41 ,f41 bark2 culex1 gnat2 forfex1 ,m41 ,f41 shears2 frutex1 shrub2 lex1 ,f41 holm-oak2 illex1 ,m41 ,f41 seducer2 imbrex1 tile2 latex1 fluid2 mrex1 purple-shell2 obice1 ,ab41 ,m41 ,f41 bar1 no ,n42 paelex1 ,f41 concubine1 pollex1 thumb2 plex1 flea2 pmex1 pumice-slone2 rmex1 blood-vessel2 rumex1 sorrel2 silex1 ,m41 ,f41 flint2 srex1 shrew-mouse2 vortex or vertex1 whirl2 vtex1 ,f41 a shrub4 ,also some compounds3 as1 idex1 juror2 artifex1 artisan2 auspex1 bird-viewer4 -ix1 -icis ,feminines mostly3 appendix1 addition2 calix1 ,m41 cup2 filix1 fern2 fulix1 gull2 fornix1 ,m41 arch2 larix1 larch2 pix1 pitch1 no ,g4 ,pl4 7#dcj72 salix1 willow2 vrix1 swollen vein2 vicis1 ,g41 change1 no ,n41 ,d41 or ,g4 ,pl4 7#dcj74 -x1 -cis ,feminines3 cervx1 neck2 cictrx1 scar2 cornx1 crow2 cturnx 7#fb71 quail2 ldx1 blanket2 rdx1 root2 strux1 heap4 ,also coxendx1 hip1 later coxendix1 coxendicis4 -x1 -cis vx1 ,f41 voice4 -ux1 -ucis crux1 ,f41 cross2 dux1 ,m41 ,f41 leader2 nux1 ,f41 nut-tree1 nut2 trdux1 ,m41 vinelayer4 #dgd4 7#b47 ,stems in a dental mute1 -d- or -t-1 are declined as follows3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,examples custs1 aets1 virts1 mles1 keeper1 age1 virtue1 soldier1 ,stems custd-1 ,m4 aett-1 ,f4 virtt-1 ,f4 mlit-1 ,m4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,singular ,nom4 custs aets virts mles ,gen4 custdis aettis virttis mlitis ,dat4 custd aett virtt mlit ,acc4 custdem aettem virttem mlitem ,abl4 custde aette virtte mlite ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,plural ,nom4 custds aetts virtts mlits ,gen4 custdum aettum virttum mlitum ,dat4 custdibus aettibus virttibus mlitibus ,acc4 custds aetts virtts mlits ,abl4 custdibus aettibus virttibus mlitibus ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #dge4 7a47 ,examples of stems in -d-1 with nominative -s1 genitive -dis1 are3 -as1 -adis vas1 ,m41 ,f41 personal surety1 no ,g4 ,pl4 7#dcj74 -aes1 -aedis praes1 ,m41 bondsman4 -es1 -idis obses1 ,m41 ,f41 hostage2 praeses1 ,m41 ,f41 overseer4 99dses1 slothful1 adjective4 -s1 -edis ps1 ,m41 foot4 -s1 -dis hrs1 ,m41 ,f41 heir2 exhrs1 disinherited1 adjective2 mercs1 ,f41 reward4 -is1 -idis ,feminines3 capis1 cup2 cassis1 helmet2 cuspis1 spear-point2 prmulsis1 appetizer2 lapis1 ,m41 stone4 -s1 -dis custs1 ,m41 ,f41 guard4 -aus1 -audis laus1 ,f41 praise4 -us1 -udis pecus1 ,f41 beast1 head of cattle4 -s1 -dis ,feminines3 incs1 anvil2 pals1 swamp1 nominative once in ,horace palus1 as from an -o- stem2 subscs1 dovetail4 #dgf4 sds1 ,f41 seat1 has an -s- stem1 namely -s 7#bcf71 in the nominative1 and sd- in the other cases 7#dja72 ,g4 ,pl4 sdum1 once sdium 7,vell4 ,pat474 ,the only example of a neuter stem in -d-1 with nominative -r1 genitive -dis1 is cor 7#aga1 #b71 heart1 cordis1 no ,g4 ,pl4 7#dcj74 #dgg4 7b47 ,examples of stems in -t-1 with nominative -s1 genitive -tis1 are3 -as1 -atis anas1 ,f41 duck2 ,g4 ,pl4 also anitum 7,cic471 and ,ac4 ,pl4 anits 7,plaut474 -s1 -tis aets1 ,f41 age2 also numerous other feminines in -ts 7#bfb74 -es1 -etis interpres1 ,m41 ,f41 go-between2 seges1 ,f41 crop2 teges1 ,f41 mat4 -es1 -itis ,masculines mostly3 ames1 net-pole2 antistes1 ,m41 ,f41 overseer2 caespes1 sod2 comes1 ,m41 ,f41 companion2 eques1 horseman2 fmes1 tinder2 gurges1 whirlpool2 hospes1 ,m41 ,f41 guest-friend2 lmes1 path2 merges1 ,f41 sheaf2 mles1 ,m41 ,f41 soldier2 palmes1 vine-sprout2 pedes1 man afoot1 infantry2 poples1 hough2 stpes1 trunk2 termes1 bough2 trmes1 by-path2 dves1 rich2 sspes1 safe2 superstes1 surviving2 caelite1 ,ab41 occupant of heaven1 no ,n41 adjectives4 -s1 -etis abis1 ,f41 fir2 aris1 ,m41 ram2 paris1 ,m41 wall4 -s1 -tis ,feminines3 quis and requis1 rest1 no ,d41 ,ac4 often requiem1 ,ab4 usually requi 7#fjc72 inquis1 unrest1 ,n4 only4 -os1 -otis compos1 master of1 adjective4 -s1 -tis neps1 ,m41 grandson1 profligate2 sacerds1 ,m41 priest2 cs1 ,f41 whetstone1 no ,g4 ,pl4 7#acj72 ds1 ,f41 dowry1 no ,g4 ,pl4 in good writers 7#dcj72 dtum once 7,val4 ,max471 and dtium in the jurists4 -s1 -tis ,feminines3 iuvents1 youth2 sals1 existence2 senects1 old age2 servits1 slavery1 all singular only2 and virts1 virtue1 with a plural4 #dgh4 vts1 bard1 has an -s- stem1 namely -s 7#bcf71 in the nominative1 and vt- in the other cases 7#dja72 ,g4 ,pl4 vtum1 but thrice vtium 7,cic474 ,the only example of a neuter stem in -t-1 with nominative -t1 genitive -tis1 is caput1 head1 capitis1 and its compounds occiput1 back of the head and sinciput1 jole4 lac1 ,ne41 milk1 lactis1 has in old and late ,latin nominative and accusative lacte1 lact once in ,varro 7#aga1 #b72 acc4 lactem occurs in ,petronius once and later4 #dgi4 7#c47 ,stems in a labial mute1 -b- or -p-1 are declined as follows3 mniceps1 burgess1 stem mnicip-1 ,m41 ,f4 ,singular3 ,n4 mniceps1 ,g4 mnicipis1 ,d4 mnicip1 ,ac4 mnicipem1 ,ab4 mnicipe4 ,plural3 ,n4 mnicips1 ,g4 mnicipum1 ,d4 mnicipibus1 ,ac4 mnicips1 ,ab4 mnicipibus4 #dhj4 ,examples of stems in -b- or -p-1 with nominative -s1 genitive -bis or -pis1 are3 -ebs1 -ibis caelebs1 unmarried1 adjective1 the only stem in -b-4 ----1 -apis dapis1 ,g41 ,f41 feast1 ,n4 and ,d4 ,s41 and ,g4 ,pl4 not used 7#dcj74 -eps1 -ipis adeps or adips1 ,m41 ,f41 fat1 no ,g4 ,pl2 forceps1 ,m41 ,f41 pincers2 mniceps1 burgher4 particeps1 sharing1 and prnceps1 first1 adjectives4 -eps1 -upis auceps1 fowler2 manceps1 contractor1 mancupis or mancipis4 ----1 -ipis stipis1 ,g41 ,f41 small change1 no ,n4 -ops1 -opis ,ops1 ,f41 old ,opis 7,plaut471 goddess of power2 opis1 ,g41 ,f41 help1 no ,n41 ,d4 once only1 ,pl4 ops1 means 7#dah74 ,errata3 #dgb 444 -x1 -gis -ux #dgc;b 444 cdex1 block1 book2 book3 #dgg;b 444 trmes1 by-path2 by-path4 ,,ii4 ,,stems ,,in ,a ,,continuous ,,consonant4 #dha4 7#a47 ,stems in -l- and -n- are declined as follows3 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,examples cnsul1 le1 img1 nmen1 consul1 lion1 likeness1 name1 ,stems cnsul-1 ,m4 len-1 ,m4 imgin-1 ,f4 nmin-1 ,ne4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,singular ,nom4 cnsul le img nmen ,gen4 cnsulis lenis imginis nminis ,dat4 cnsul len imgin nmin ,acc4 cnsulem lenem imginem nmen ,abl4 cnsule lene imgine nmine ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,plural ,nom4 cnsuls lens imgins nmina ,gen4 cnsulum lenum imginum nminum ,dat4 cnsulibus lenibus imginibus nminibus ,acc4 cnsuls lens imgins nmina ,abl4 cnsulibus lenibus imginibus nminibus ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #dhb4 ,examples of stems in -l-1 with nominative -l1 genitive -lis1 are3 -l1 -alis sl1 ,m41 salt1 sometimes ,ne4 in the singular2 no ,g4 ,pl4 7#dcj74 -el1 -ellis fel 7#aga1 #a71 ,ne41 gall2 mel1 ,ne41 honey2 plural only fella1 mella4 -il1 -ilis mgil1 ,m41 mullet2 pgil1 ,m41 boxer2 vigil1 ,m41 watchman4 -l1 -lis sl1 ,m41 sun1 no ,g4 ,pl4 7#dcj74 -ul1 -ulis cnsul1 consul2 praesul1 head dancer2 exsul1 exile4 #dhc4 7a47 ,examples of stems in -n-1 with nominative -en1 genitive -inis1 are3 flmen1 ,m41 priest2 pecten1 ,m41 comb2 tbcen1 ,m41 piper2 tubicen1 ,m41 trumpeter2 sanguen1 ,ne41 blood4 ,many neuters in -men 7#bbd73 as1 certmen1 contest4 #dhd4 7b47 ,examples of stems in -n-1 with nominative -1 genitive -nis1 are3 ,many masculine concretes3 as1 pugi1 dagger2 words of the agent 7#baa73 as1 praed1 robber2 and family names3 as1 ,cicer4 ,feminine abstracts in -i 7#bbg71 and many in -ti or -si 7#bbh73 as1 opni1 notion2 cgitti1 thought4 #dhe4 7c47 ,examples of stems in -n-1 with nominative -1 genitive -inis1 are3 ,masculines3 ,apoll2 card1 hinge2 rd1 rank2 turb1 whirlwind4 homo1 ,m41 ,f41 human being2 nm1 nobody2 for ,g4 and ,ab41 nllus and nll are generally used2 marg1 ,m41 ,f41 brink4 ,feminines3 grand1 hail2 harund1 reed2 hirund1 swallow2 hird1 leech2 testd1 tortoise2 virg1 maiden4 ,many in -d1 -dinis 7#bbe71 -g1 -ginis 7#bbf71 and -td1 -tdinis 7#bfd73 as1 cupd1 also ,m41 desire2 img1 likeness2 slitd1 loneliness4 #dhf4 sangus1 ,m41 blood1 stem sanguin-1 takes -s in the nominative 7#aga1 #d74 canis1 ,m41 ,f41 dog1 stem can-1 and uvenis1 ,m41 ,f41 young person1 stem iuven-1 have the nominative formed like that of -i- stems4 ,for senex1 old man1 see #ejj4 #dhg4 7#b47 ,stems in -r- and -s- are declined as follows3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,examples pater1 dolor1 fls1 genus1 father1 pain1 flower1 race1 ,stems patr-1 ,m4 dolr-1 ,m4 flr-1 ,m4 gener-1 ,ne4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,singular ,nom4 pater dolor fls genus ,gen4 patris dolris flris generis ,dat4 patr dolr flr gener ,acc4 patrem dolrem flrem genus ,abl4 patre dolre flre genere ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,plural ,nom4 patrs dolrs flrs genera ,gen4 patrum dolrum flrum generum ,dat4 patribus dolribus flribus generibus ,acc4 patrs dolrs flrs genera ,abl4 patribus dolribus flribus generibus ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #dhh4 ,many stems in -r- ended originally in -s-1 which became -r- between two vowels1 and in some words in the nominative also 7#aed73 as1 fls1 ,m41 flower1 ,g4 99flsis1 flris2 hons1 ,m41 honour1 ,g4 honris1 ,n4 honor4 #dhi4 7a47 ,examples of stems in -r-1 with nominative -r1 genitive -ris1 are3 -ar1 -aris baccar1 ,ne41 a plant2 ibar1 ,ne41 rarely ,m41 bright sky1 no ,pl4 -r1 -aris lr1 ,m41 household god2 ,g4 ,pl4 larum2 two or three times larium4 -r1 -arris fr 7#aga1 #a71 ,ne41 spelt2 ,pl4 only ,n4 and ,ac4 farra4 -er1 -eris ,masculines3 acipnser1 sturgeon2 agger1 mound2 nser1 rarely ,f41 goose2 asser1 pole2 carcer1 jail2 later1 brick2 mulier1 ,f41 woman2 passer1 sparrow2 vmer1 ploughshare4 ,neuters3 cadver1 corpse2 tber1 swelling2 ber1 breast2 verberis1 ,g41 lash1 no ,n41 generally ,pl42 acer1 maple1 and some other plant names3 see #egc4 pauper1 poor1 adjective4 -ter1 -tris accipiter1 ,m41 hawk2 frter1 ,m41 brother2 mter1 ,f41 mother2 pater1 ,m41 father4 -r1 -ris vr1 ,ne42 no ,pl4 -or1 -oris aequor1 ,ne41 sea2 marmor1 ,ne41 marble2 arbor1 ,f41 tree4 -or1 -ris olor1 ,m41 swan2 soror1 ,f41 sister2 uxor1 ,f41 wife4 ,many masculines in -or for -s 7#bcg73 as1 odor1 smell2 and in -tor1 -tris 7#bje73 as1 amtor1 lover4 ,also gender comparatives of adjectives3 as1 trstior 7#cdf71 ,m41 ,f41 sadder4 -ur1 -oris ,neuters3 ebur1 ivory2 ,pl4 only ebora2 rbur1 heart of oak2 ,pl4 rbora common1 rborum and rboribus twice each4 ,also femur1thigh1 femoris or feminis1 and iecur1 liver1 iecoris1 iecineris1 or iocineris4 -ur1 -uris augur1 ,m41 ,f41 augur2 furfur1 ,m41 bran2 turtur1 ,m41 ,f41 turtle-dove2 voltur or vultur1 ,m41 vulture4 ,neuters3 fulgur1 lightning2 guttur1 rarely ,m41 throat2 murmur1 murmur2 sulpur1 sulphur4 cicur1 tame1 adjective4 -r1 -ris fr1 ,m41 thief4 #dij4 volucris1 ,f41 bird1 stem volucr-1 has its nominative formed like that of -i- stems4 #dia4 7b47 ,examples of stems in -s-1 or -r- for -s-1 with nominative -s1 genitive -ris1 are3 -aes1 -aeris aes1 ,ne41 copper1 bronze2 in the ,pl4 only aera and aerum are usual4 -s1 -eris ,cers4 pbs1 mangrown2 impbs1 immature1 adjectives2 for the last more commonly impbis1 like brevis 7#fcj74 -is1 -eris cinis1 ,m41 ashes2 cucumis1 ,m41 cucumber1 also with -i- stem2 pulvis1 ,m41 dust2 vmis1 ,m41 ploughshare4 -s1 -oris arbs1 ,f41 tree4 -s1 -ris ,masculines3 fls1 flower2 ms1 custom2 rs1 dew1 no ,g4 ,pl4 7#dcj72 leps1 grace2 hons or honor1 honour1 and some old ,latin words for later -or3 as1 ods or odor1 smell 7#dhi74 s1 ,ne41 mouth1 face1 no ,g4 ,pl4 7#dcj74 -us1 -eris ,neuters3 acus1 husk2 foedus1 treaty2 fnus1 funeral2 genus1 race2 glmus 7#acd71 clew2 holus1 green stuff2 latus1 side2 mnus1 gift2 onus1 burden2 opus1 work2 pondus1 weight2 raudus or rdus1 piece of copper2 scelus1 crime2 sdus1 constellation2 ulcus1 sore2 vellus1 fleece2 vscus1 bowel1 usually plural2 volnus or vulnus1 wound4 ,also ,venus1 ,f41 and vetus1 old1 adjective4 -us1 -oris ,neuters3 corpus1 body2 decus1 grace2 ddecus1 disgrace2 facinus1 deed2 faenus1 interest2 frgus1 cold2 ltus1 shore2 nemus1 grove2 pectus1 breast2 pecus1 flock2 penus1 store2 pignus1 pledge2 stercus1 dung2 tempus1 time2 tergus1 back4 ,also lepus1 ,m41 hare4 -us1 -ris ,neuter comparatives of adjectives3 as1 trstius 7#cdf71 sadder4 -s1 -ris ,neuters3 crs1 leg2 is1 right1 ,pl4 ira1 ,g4 ,pl4 twice only 7,plaut42 ,cato71 no ,d4 or ,ab4 ,pl42 is1 broth1 ps1 pus1 rs1 country1 ts1 frankincense1 ,pl4 only ,n4 and ,ac4 ira1 c4 tells1 ,f41 earth4 #dib4 vs1 ,ne41 vessel1 utensil1 retains the s between two vowels3 ,g4 vsis1 ,d4 vs1 ,ab4 vse1 plural ,n4 and ,ac4 vsa2 the ,g4 vsrum1 and ,d4 and ,ab4 vsis1 are formed from an -o- stem1 vso- 7#dja74 mnsis1 ,m41 month1 mnsis1 has its nominative formed like that of -i- stems2 ,g4 ,pl4 mnsum1 sometimes mnsuum or mnsium4 os 7#aga1 #a7 ,ne41 bone1 ossis1 has no ,g4 ,pl4 in good writers 7#dcj73 ossium late4 #dic4 ,the two neuters vrus1 gall1 poison1 and volgus or vulgus1 the crowd1 have -o- stems1 except in the nominative and accusative 7#dja71 and no plural3 thus1 ,n4 and ,ac4 volgus1 ,g4 volg1 ,d4 and ,ab4 volg4 ,a masculine accusative volgum is sometimes found4 ,the ,greek neuter pelagus1 the deep1 has also ,g4 pelag1 ,d4 and ,ab4 pelag1 ,pl4 ,n4 and ,ac4 pelag 7#ejh74 ,erratum3 #dhi;a 444 ,also femur1 thigh femur thigh ,,iii4 ,,stems ,,in -u- ,,or -v-4 #did4 ,four substantives with stems in -- or -v-1 grs1 ,f41 crane1 gruis2 ss1 ,m41 ,f41 sow1 swine1 suis2 bs1 ,m41 ,f41 ox1 cow1 bovis2 and nix1 ,f41 snow1 nivis1 follow the consonant declension2 also the genitive ,iovis1 and the other oblique cases of ,iuppiter 7#ejj74 ,but ss has in the plural dative and ablative suibus1 sbus1 or subus2 bs has in the plural genitive boum or bovum1 rarely bovom 7#ajg1 c71 and in the dative and ablative bbus1 or oftener bbus2 nix has no genitive plural in good writers 7#dcj73 nivium late1 once nivum4 ,,singular ,,cases4 #die4 7#a47 ,the nominative singular of gender stems in a mute is formed by adding -s to the stem 7#dbb73 as1 rg-1 king1 ,n4 rx 7#afd1 #a72 duc-1 leader1 ,n4 dux 7#ace1 #a72 custd-1 guard1 ,n4 custs 7#aga1 #e72 aett-1 age1 ,n4 aets 7#aga1 #e72 caelib-1 unmarried1 ,n4 caelebs 7#ed72 mnicip-1 burgher1 ,n4 mniceps4 hiem-1 winter1 the only stem in -m-1 ,n4 hiemps 7#afg7 or hiems1 also takes -s4 #dif4 7#b47 ,stems in a continuous consonant1 -l-1 -n-1 -r-1 or -s-1 and neuters have no nominative suffix 7#dbb1 #dbc73 as1 cnsul-1 consul1 ,n4 cnsul2 flmin-1 special priest1 ,n4 flmen2 agger-1 mound1 ,n4 agger2 ir- for is-1 right1 ,n4 is4 ,for cor1 heart1 see #dgf2 lacte1 lac1 milk1 #dgh2 sangus1 blood1 #dhf2 -s in neuter adjectives1 #fab4 #dig4 7a47 ,stems in -n- drop -n- in the nominative2 stems in -in- for -on- drop -n-1 and end in -3 as1 len-1 lion1 ,n4 le2 imgin- for imgon-1 likeness1 ,n4 img4 #dih4 7b47 ,stems of one syllable in -r- for -s- usually retain -s in the nominative3 as1 flr- for fls-1 ,m41 flower1 ,n4 fls2 ir- for is-1 ,ne41 right1 ,n4 is4 ,some of more than one syllable also retain -s3 see #dia2 but in others -s is changed to -r1 and in masculines a preceding is shortened3 as1 ods1 smell1 odor4 leps1 grace1 retains -s4 #dii4 7c47 ,four stems in -er- for -is- have the nominative singular in -is3 cinis1 ashes1 cineris2 cucumis1 cucumber1 cucumeris or cucumis2 pulvs1 dust1 pulveris2 and vmis1 oftener vmer1 ploughshare1 vmeris4 #ejj4 ,the following have the nominative singular formed from a different stem from that of the other cases 7#dja73 iter1 journey1 itineris1 stems iter-1 itiner-2 ,iuppiter 7#chi7 ,iovis2 supellx1 furniture1 supellctilis 7#ede72 senex1 old man1 man of forty or more1 senis1 stems senec-1 sen-4 ,for sds1 seat1 see #dgf2 vts1 bard1 #dgh4 canis1 dog1 ,n4 also cans 7,plaut4 ,enn41 ,lucil471 iuvenis1 young or middle-aged person 7#dhf71 volucris1 bird 7#dij71 and mnsis1 month 7#dib71 have their nominatives formed like those of -i- stems4 #eja4 ,an old dative in - is sometimes retained in set phrases 7#ejg73 as1 aer1 money2 ir1 right4 ,see #ih4 #ejb4 ,substantives have rarely an ablative in - or -ei like -i- stems3 as1 capit 7,catull471 head1 for capite2 dtei 7,plaut471 dowry1 for dte4 ,substantives used as adjectives have sometimes -3 as artific man1 with artist hand2 but often -e3 as1 lite lps1 with winged glide4 ,for - in old ,latin there is no certain evidence4 #ejc4 ,adjectives in the comparative degree have sometimes an ablative in -3 as1 melir1 better1 for melire4 ,adjectives #8of one ending' with consonant stems 7#fbd7 have always -e1 except vetus1 old1 which has sometimes veter4 #ejd4 ,town names and a few appellatives have a locative case in -3 as1 ,karthgin1 at ,carthage2 rr1 a-field1 in the country4 ,erratum3 #ejb 444 as1 lite lps1 with winged glide as4 ,,plural ,,cases4 #eje4 ,the nominative and accusative plural masculine and feminine have rarely -s1 like stems in -i-3 as sacerdts1 priests2 melirs1 better4 ,for - in neuters in old ,latin1 see #acj1 #b4 #ejf4 ,the genitive plural of stems in -tt- 7#bfb7 is sometimes -ium1 like that of -- stems3 as1 cvittium1 communities2 volupttium1 pleasures 7,cic472 but chiefly in or after the ,augustan age4 mnsis1 month1 has mnsum1 but often mnsuum1 sometimes mnsium4 les1 bird1 has sometimes lituum in hexameter verse4 ,for the dative and ablative -bs1 see #beje4 #ejg4 ,other case forms are found in inscriptions1 as follows3 ,n4 ,,mvnicipes2 - for -s 7#ff73 ,,maio1 i4e4 mais or maior4 ,g4 -es1 as early as #bah ,b4,c43 ,,salvtes2 -us1 from #ahf to #ajj ,b4,c43 ,,nominvs2 -u 7#ff73 ,,caesarv4 ,d4 -ei3 ,,virtvtei1 soon after #bij ,b4,c42 ,,heredei1 #de ,b4,c42 -1 disappeared sooner than -ei except in set phrases 7#eja71 but is equally old3 ,,ivnone2 ,,iovre4 ,ac4 -e 7#fa73 ,,apice4 ,ab4 -d 7#dbf73 ,,conventionid1 i4e4 cntine2 -ei3 ,,virtvtei2 -3 ,,heredi4 ,plural3 ,n4 -s3 ,,iovdicis4 ,g4 -om3 ,,povmilionom2 -ium3 ,,mvnicipivm4 ,d4 -ebus3 ,,tempestatebvs4 ,ac4 -s3 ,,mvnicipis4 ,,greek ,,nouns4 #ejh4 ,greek appellatives of the consonant declension occasionally retain ,greek case endings3 as1 lampas1 torch1 ,g4 lampados1 ,ac4 lampada4 ,plural3 ,n4 lampades1 ,ac4 lampadas4 r1 air1 has usually the accusative era1 and aethr1 upper air1 always has aethera4 ,in the plural nominative and accusative1 ctus1 swimming monster1 melos1 strain of music1 and pelagus 7#dic71 the deep1 have -3 as1 ct4 ,genitive -n1 rare3 as1 epigrammatn1 epigrams4 ,dative and ablative -mats from words in -ma1 -matis3 as1 pomats1 poems 7#dja74 #eji4 ,greek proper names of the consonant declension are usually declined like ,latin ones in old ,latin and prose4 ,from ,vergil and ,propertius on1 ,greek case endings grow more and more frequent1 especially in poetry2 they are best learned for every name from the dictionary2 the commonest forms are3 ,genitive -os3 as1 ,pn1 ,pnos2 -s1 with nominative -3 as1 ,mant1 ,mants4 ,dative -i1 rare3 as1 ,mnidi4 ,accusative -a1 common with names of persons in poetry1 not in prose1 more common with those of places1 and even in prose3 as1 ,acheronta2 always ,pna2 -1 with feminines in -1 -s3 as1 ,dd4 ,vocative3 ,palls1 ,pall2 in old ,latin the nominative is commonly used instead of the vocative4 ,plural3 ,nominative -es3 as1 ,arcades4 ,dative -sin1 rare3 as1 ,lmniasin4 ,accusative -as1 very common3 as1 ,lelegas2 in prose1 ,macedonas2 also in words not ,greek3 as1 ,allobrogas 7,caes474 #eaj4 ,names in -eus1 like ,orpheus1 are usually declined like -o- stems 7#ddi74 ,they have less frequently ,greek forms3 as1 ,g4 ,orpheos1 ,d4 ,orphei or ,orph1 ,ac4 ,orphea4 ,accusative rarely -a3 as1 lona4 #eaa4 ,some names in -s have the genitive in -is or - and the accusative in -em or -n 7#dja73 as1 ,scrats1 ,g4 ,scratis or ,scrat1 ,ac4 usually ,scratem1 also ,scratn4 ,achills and ,ulixs have in the genitive -e1 -ei1 or -4 ,names in -cls have rarely the accusative -clea3 as1 ,periclea4 #eab4 ,some names in -is have forms either from a stem in -id-1 or from one in -i-3 as1 ,paris1 ,g4 ,paridis1 ,d4 ,parid1 ,ac4 ,paridem1 ,parim or ,parin1 ,v4 ,pari4 ,,stems ,,in -i- ,,and ,,mixed ,,stems4 ,the ,third ,declension4 ,genitive singular -is1 genitive plural -i-um4 #eac4 ,stems in -i- include both substantives and adjectives1 gender words and neuters4 ,for the gender of substantives1 see #egj4 #ead4 ,the nominative of gender stems in -i- ends usually in -s 7or -x71 sometimes in -l or -r2 that of neuter substantives has no suffix1 and ends usually in -e1 sometimes in -l or -r4 #eae4 ,most stems in -i- have as many syllables in the nominative as in the genitive4 ,such words are called ,parisyllabic words1 or ,parisyllables3 as1 nominative cvis1 citizen1 two syllables2 genitive cvis1 of a citizen1 also two syllables4 #eaf4 ,stems in -i- are declined in the main like consonant stems1 but have -im in the accusative of some substantives1 and - in the ablative of adjectives1 of some gender substantives1 and of neuters2 in the plural they have -ium in the genitive1 -s often in the accusative of gender words1 and -ia in the nominative and accusative neuter4 ,i4 ,,parisyllables4 #eag4 7#a47 ,parisyllabic gender stems in -i- with the nominative in -is are declined as follows3 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,examplestussis1 turris1 amnis1 hostis1 ,stem cough1 tower1 river1 enemy1 and case ,stems tussi-1 turri-1 amni-1 hosti-1 endings ,f4 ,f4 ,m4 ,m41 ,f4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,singular ,nom4 tussis turris amnis hostis -is ,gen4 tussis turris amnis hostis -is ,dat4 tuss turr amn host - ,acc4 tussim turrim1 -em amnem hostem -im1 -em ,abl4 tuss turr1 -e amne1 - hoste -1 -e ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,plural ,nom4 tusss turrs amns hosts -s ,gen4 turrium amnium hostium -ium ,dat4 turribus amnibus hostibus -ibus ,acc4 tusss1 turrs1 amns1 hosts1 -s1 -s -s -s -s -s ,abl4 turribus amnibus hostibus -ibus ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #eah4 7a47 ,like the singular of tussis are declined parisyllabic names of rivers and places1 like ,tiberis1 ,hispalis4 ,also cucumis1 ,m41 cucumber 7but see #dia71 and the defectives sitis1 ,f41 thirst1 ,ac4 sitim1 ,ab4 sit1 no plural2 and vs1 ,f41 power1 ,ac4 vim1 ,ab4 v4 ,plural 7#dja73 ,n4 vrs1 ,g4 vrium1 ,d4 and ,ab4 vribus1 ,ac4 vrs or vrs4 7,the ,d4 v is only found twice2 a ,n4 and ,ac4 ,pl4 vs is very rare47 #eai4 7b47 ,the following feminines are declined like turris1 with -im or -em in the accusative1 and - or -e in the ablative3 clvis1 key febris1 fever nvis1 vessel puppis1 stern smentis1 planting strigilis1 skin-scraper ,so also in the oblique cases1 ,liger1 the ,liger4 ,arar1 the ,arar1 has in the accusative -im1 in the ablative -e or -4 #ebj4 secris1 axe1 messis1 crop1 and restis1 rope1 also have -im or -em in the accusative1 but only secr1 messe1 and reste in the ablative4 canlis1 conduit1 has only -em in the accusative1 and only - in the ablative4 #eba4 7c47 ,the following are declined like amnis1 with -em in the accusative1 and - or -e in the ablative3 avis1 bird blis1 bile cvis1 citizen classis1 fleet fstis1 club ignis1 fire #ebb4 7d47 ,most parisyllabic stems in -i-1 with the nominative in -is1 are declined like hostis3 as1 nsis1 ,m41 glaive2 piscis1 ,m41 fish2 aedis1 ,f41 temple1 ,pl4 house 7#dah72 vtis1 ,f41 vine2 and a great many others4 ,also gender forms of adjectives in -i- #8of two endings' 7#fcj71 except the ablative singular1 which ends in -4 #ebc4 7#b47 ,parisyllables in -i- with the nominative in -s have their other cases like those of hostis3 such are3 caeds1 bloodshed2 cauts1 rock2 clds1 disaster2 indols1 native disposition1 no ,pl42 lbs1 fall2 mls1 pile2 nbs1 cloud2 prls1 offspring1 no ,pl42 pbs1 young population1 no ,pl42 rps1 crag2 saeps1 hedge2 strgs1 slaughter2 subols1 offspring2 tbs1 wasting1 no ,pl41 feminines2 and some others4 ,masculine3 verrs1 boar2 volps or vulps1 fox4 #ebd4 fams1 hunger1 has ,g4 twice fam 7,cato1 ,lucil471 ,ab4 always fam 7#fjc71 no ,pl42 plbs1 commons1 ,n4 also plbs or plps1 has ,g4 plbei 7#fjc71 plb or plbis1 no ,pl4 #ebe4 7#c47 ,a few stems in -bri-1 -cri-1 or -tri-1 are declined as follows3 imber1 shower1 stem imbri-1 ,m4 ,singular3 ,n4 imber1 ,g4 imbris1 ,d4 imbr1 ,ac4 imbrem1 ,ab4 imbr1 oftener imbre4 ,plural3 ,n4 imbrs1 ,g4 imbrium1 ,d4 imbribus1 ,ac4 imbrs or imbrs1 ,ab4 imbribus4 ,so also lunter or linter1 ,f4 7,m471 tub1 boat1 ter1 ,m41 leather bag1 and venter1 ,m41 belly1 but with only -e in the ,ab42 and the masculine of adjectives in -bri-1 -cri-1 -tri-1 ,n4 -er 7#fbh72 these last have in the ,ab4 always -4 #ebf4 7#d47 ,parisyllabic neuters in -i- with the nominative in -e are declined as follows3 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,examples sedle1 seat1 mare1 sea1 ,stem and ,stems sedli-1 ,ne4 mari-1 ,ne4 case endings ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,singular ,plural ,singular ,plural ,s4 ,pl4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,nom4 sedle sedlia mare maria -e -ia ,gen4 sedlis sedlium maris -is -ium ,dat4 sedl sedlibus mar - -ibus ,acc4 sedle sedlia mare maria -e -ia ,abl4 sedl sedlibus mar - -ibus ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #ebg4 mare has rarely the ablative mare in verse3 in the plural only the nominative and accusative are usual2 but a genitive marum is once quoted 7,naev471 and the ablative maribus is once used by ,caesar4 #ebh4 ,examples of parisyllabic neuters in -i-1 with the nominative in -e1 genitive -is1 are3 ancle1 sacred shield2 aplustre1 ancient2 conclve1 suite of rooms2 nsgne1 ensign2 praesaepe1 stall2 rte1 net1 ,ab4 rte4 ,also the neuter of adjectives in -i- #8of two endings' 7#fcj71 and some words in -le1 -le1 -re1 originally adjectives 7#cac1 #cad73 as1 bble1 ox-stall2 fcle1 neckcloth2 coclere1 spoon4 ,erratum3 #ebb4 7d47 7d7 ,,ii4 ,,imparisyllables4 #ebi4 ,sometimes a plural stem in -i- is combined1 in the singular1 with a stem in a mute1 in -l1 or -r1 or rarely in -s4 ,these mixed stems thus become imparisyllables4 ,gender stems of this class are like consonant stems in the singular1 except the ablative of adjectives1 which has usually -4 #ecj4 ,imparisyllabic stems in -i- are declined as follows3 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,examples arx1 pars1 urbs1 animal1 citadel1 part1 city1 animal ,stems arci-1 ,f4 parti-1 ,f4 urbi-1 ,f4 animli-1 ,ne4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,singular ,nom4 arx pars urbs animal ,gen4 arcis partis urbis animlis ,dat4 arc part urb animl ,acc4 arcem partem urbem animal ,abl4 arce parte urbe animl ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,plural ,nom4 arcs parts urbs animlia ,gen4 arcium partium urbium animlium ,dat4 arcibus partibus urbibus animlibus ,acc4 arcs1 -s parts1 -s urbs1 -s animlia ,abl4 arcibus partibus urbibus animlibus ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #eca4 ,examples of stems in -ci-1 with nominative -x1 genitive -cis1 are3 -x1 -cis fornx1 ,f41 furnace4 ,many adjectives 7#bhd73 as1 audx1 daring4 -aex1 -aecis faex1 ,f41 dregs1 no ,g4 ,pl4 7#dcj74 -ex1 -icis supplex1 suppliant1 ,ab4 -1 sometimes -e1 ,g4 ,pl4 supplicum4 ,adjectives3 duplex1 twofold2 multiplex1 manifold2 quadruplex1 fourfold2 septemplex1 sevenfold2 simplex1 simple2 triplex1 threefold4 ,the foregoing have ,ab4 -3 as1 duplic2 duplice once 7,hor471 septemplice twice 7,ov42 ,stat472 ,g4 ,pl4 -ium1 ,ne4 ,pl4 ,n4 and ,ac4 -ia4 -x1 -cis flx1 happy2 pernx1 nimble1 adjectives4 ,also many feminines of the agent in -trx 7#bje73 as1 victrx1 victorious2 these sometimes have a ,ne4 ,pl4 ,n4 and ,ac43 as1 victrcia2 in the ,g4 ,pl4 they have -ium1 or1 as substantives1 -um3 as1 ntrcum1 nurses4 -lx1 -lcis calx1 ,f4 7,m471 heel2 calx1 ,m41 ,f41 limestone1 no ,g4 ,pl4 7#dcj72 falx1 ,f41 sickle4 -nx1 -ncis lanx1 ,f41 platter1 no ,g4 ,pl4 7#dcj72 denx1 ,m41 eleven twelfths2 quncunx1 ,m41 five twelfths4 -ox1 -ocis praecox1 over-ripe1 older stem praecoqui-3 as1 ,g4 praecoquis2 rarely with -o- stem 7#dja73 as1 praecoquam4 -x1 -cis celx1 ,f41 clipper4 atrx1 savage2 ferx1 wild2 vlx1 swift1 adjectives4 -rx1 -rcis arx1 ,f41 citadel1 ,g4 ,pl4 rare and late2 merx1 ,f41 ware1 ,n4 in old ,latin sometimes mercs or mers4 -ux1 -ucis ,adjectives3 trux1 savage1 ,ab4 - or -e1 ,g4 ,pl4 -ium2 redux1 returning1 ,ab4 - or -e 7#eeh72 no ,g4 ,pl4 and no ,ne4 ,n4 or ,ac4 7#dcj74 -aux1 ---- fauce1 ,f41 ,ab41 throat1 ,n4 faux once only and late1 generally ,pl4 -x1 -cis lx1 ,f4 7#eha71 light1 ,ab4 sometimes -1 no ,g4 ,pl4 7#dcj74 #ecb4 7a47 ,examples of stems in -di-1 with nominative -s1 genitive -dis1 are3 -s1 -edis ,compounds of ps1 foot3 compede1 ,f41 ,ab41 fetter1 no ,n41 ,g4 ,pl4 compedium2 adjectives3 as1 lips1 wing-footed1 bips1 two-legged1 quadrups1 four-footed1 c41 ,ab4 -1 ,pl4 ,g4 -um only 7#efc71 ,ne4 ,n4 and ,ac4 -ia1 rare and late4 -ns1 -ndis ,feminines3 frns1 foliage2 glns1 acorn2 iglns1 walnut4 -rs1 -rdis concors1 like-minded1 adjective1 and other compounds of cor1 ,ab4 - 7#eei7 ,ne4 ,pl4 ,n4 and ,ac4 -ia1 ,g4 ,pl4 not usual3 discordium1 at variance1 and vcordium1 frantic1 once each4 -aus1 -audis fraus1 ,f41 deceit1 ,g4 ,pl4 fraudium1 later fraudum4 #ecc4 7b47 ,examples of stems in -ti-1 with nominative -s 7-x71 genitive -tis1 are3 -s1 -tis ,arpns1 of ,arpinum1 and adjectives from other town names2 optimts1 good men and true1 ,g4 ,pl4 -ium1 less often -um2 pents1 gods of the household store4 -es1 -etis ,adjectives3 hebes1 dull2 teres1 cylindrical1 ,ab4 - 7#eei71 no ,g4 ,pl41 ,ne4 ,pl4 hebetia1 teretia1 late and rare2 perpes1 lasting through1 ,ab4 perpet1 late only2 praepes1 swift-winged1 ,ab4 - or -e1 ,g4 ,pl4 -um1 no ,ne4 ,pl4 ,n4 or ,ac4 -s1 -tis locupls1 rich1 adjective1 ,ab4 usually -e of a person1 - often of a thing1 ,g4 ,pl4 locupltium1 sometimes locupltum1 ,ne4 ,pl4 locupltia once4 -s1 -tis ls1 contention2 ds1 rich1 adjective1 ,ab4 always - 7#eei71 ,pl4 ,g4 -ium1 once -um 7,sen471 ,ne4 ,n4 and ,ac4 -ia4 ,quirs1 ,samns4 -ls1 -ltis puls1 pottage1 no ,g4 ,pl4 7#dcj74 -ns1 -ntis ,masculines3 dns1 tooth3 fns1 fountain2 pns1 bridge2 mns1 mountain1 ,n4 once montis 7,enn472 factors of twelve3 sextns1 one sixth2 quadrns1 trins1 ddrns1 dxtns4 ,feminines3 frns1 forehead2 gns1 clan2 mns1 mind4 ,present participles3 as1 regns1 guiding4 ,many adjectives3 as1 ingns1 gigantic1 ,ab4 - 7#eei72 ,vins1 of ,vei2 compounds of mns3 as1 mns1 out of one's head2 of dns3 as1 tridns1 ,ab4 -1 as substantive usually -e4 -eps1 -ipitis ,adjective compounds of caput1 head3 anceps 7#edc71 two-headed1 once older ancips 7,plaut472 biceps1 two-headed2 triceps1 three-headed2 praeceps1 head-first1 old praecips 7,plaut42 ,enn471 ,ab4 - 7#eei71 no ,g4 ,pl41 ,ne4 ,pl4 ,n4 and ,ac4 -ia4 -rs1 -rtis ,feminines3 ars1 art2 cohors1 cohort2 fors1 chance2 mors1 death2 pars1 part2 sors1 lot1 ,n4 twice sortis 7,plaut42 ,ter474 ,adjectives3 cnsors1 sharing1 exsors1 not sharing1 no ,g4 ,pl42 expers1 without part2 iners1 unskilled1 sollers1 all-skilled1 ,ne4 ,pl4 ,n4 and ,ac4 -ia4 -x1 -ctis nox1 ,f41 night2 ,ab4 also noct 7#dja72 an old adverb form is nox1 nights4 #ecd4 7a47 ,stems in -bi-1 with nominative -bs 7#adi71 genitive -bis1 are3 trabs1 ,f41 beam1 older ,n4 trabs 7,enn472 plbs1 ,f41 commons1 ,n4 sometimes plps1 for the older plbs 7#fjc71 no ,pl42 urbs1 ,f41 city4 #ece4 7b47 ,stems in -pi-1 with nominative -ps1 genitive -pis1 are3 inops1 poor1 adjective1 ,ab4 - 7#eei71 ,g4 ,pl4 -um1 no ,ne4 ,pl4 ,n4 or ,ac4 7#dcj72 stirps1 ,f4 7,m471 trunk4 #ecf4 ,examples of stems in -li-1 with nominative -l1 genitive -lis1 are3 -al1 -lis ,neuters1 originally adjective 7#edf73 animal1 animal2 bacchnal1 shrine or feast of ,bacchus2 cervcal1 bolster2 puteal1 well-curb2 toral1 valance2 tribnal1 tribunal2 vectgal1 indirect tax4 ,only ,n4 or ,ac43 cubital1 elbow-cushion2 mintal1 minced-fish2 capital1 capitlia1 death1 capital crime4 -il1 -ilis vigil1 wide-awake1 adjective1 ,ab4 -1 as substantive -e 7#efa71 ,g4 ,pl4 vigilum 7#efc71 no ,ne4 ,pl4 ,n4 or ,ac4 7#dcj74 #ecg4 7a47 ,examples of stems in -ri-1 with nominative -r1 genitive -ris1 are3 -ar1 -ris ,neuters1 originally adjective 7#edf73 calcar1 spur2 columbar1 dove-cote2 exemplar1 pattern2 lacnar1 panel-ceiling2 pulvnar1 couch2 subligar1 tights2 torcular1 wine-press4 -r1 -aris ,adjectives3 pr1 equal2 dispr1 impr1 unequal1 for ,ab41 see #efa2 ,g4 ,pl4 -ium1 ,ne4 ,pl4 ,n4 and ,ac4 -ia2 compr1 co-mate1 as substantive has ,g4 ,pl4 -um4 -er1 -eris ,adjectives3 dgener1 degenerate1 ,ab4 - 7#eei71 no ,ne4 ,pl4 ,n4 or ,ac4 7#dcj72 ber1 fruitful1 ,ab4 -1 late -e1 ,ne4 ,pl4 bera once only 7,acc474 -or1 -oris ,adjectives3 memor1 remembering2 immemor1 forgetful1 ,ab4 - 7#eei71 ,g4 ,pl4 memorum 7#fcf7 once only 7,verg471 no ,ne4 ,pl4 ,n4 or ,ac4 7#dcj74 -or1 -ris ,adjective compounds of color3 as1 concolor1 of like shade1 discolor1 of different shade1 both with ,ab4 - only2 versicolor1 pied1 ,ab4 -1 rarely -e1 ,ne4 ,pl4 ,n4 and ,ac4 -ia2 the ,g4 ,pl4 of these words is not usual1 but versiclorum once4 #ech4 7b47 ,stems in -ri-1 with nominative -s of the stem1 genitive -ris1 are gls1 ,f41 dormouse1 glris2 ms1 ,m41 male1 maris2 ms1 ,f41 mouse1 mris4 #eci4 ,the only imparisyllabic stem in -si- is s 7#aga1 #a71 ,m41 unit1 an as1 ,g4 assis1 with its compounds bs1 two thirds1 ,g4 bessis1 and smis1 half an as1 half1 ,g4 smissis4 ,erratum3 #ecg 444 dgener1 degenerate1 ,ab4 - 7#eei7 ,ab41 ,,singular ,,cases4 #edj4 7#a47 ,the nominative singular of gender stems in -i- is usually formed by adding -s to the stem 7#dbb74 ,but many gender substantives have the nominative in -s 7#bcf1 #dja73 as1 amni-1 river1 ,n4 amnis2 aedi-1 temple1 ,n4 aedis2 brevi-1 short1 ,n4 brevis4 ,with ,n4 -s3 nbi-1 cloud1 ,n4 nbs2 for other examples1 see #ebc4 #eda4 ,some substantives form the nominative in both these ways3 as1 valls and vallis1 valley1 equally common2 aedis1 temple1 later aeds2 for caeds1 slaughter1 clds1 disaster1 and mls1 pile1 caedis1 c41 occur exceptionally4 #edb4 ,a few stems in -bri-1 -cri-1 or -tri-1 drop -i- in the nominative4 ,the endings brs1 crs1 trs1 then change to -ber1 -cer1 -ter 7#aaa1 b73 as1 imbr-1 shower1 ,n4 imber 7#ebe74 #edc4 ,of gender imparisyllables1 some have lost -i- of the stem before -s in the nominative2 others have originally a consonant stem in the nominative 7#ebi-ece74 ,thus1 monti-1 mountain1 and sorti-1 lot1 have ,n4 mns and sors for an older montis and sortis2 but dns1 tooth1 and regns1 ruling1 have as original stems dent- and regent-4 ,adjectives in -cipiti- have ,n4 -ceps 7#ecc74 #edd4 ,a few adjective stems in -li- or -ri- drop -i- in the nominative without taking -s 7#ecf1 #ecg73 as1 vigili-1 wide-awake1 ,n4 vigil2 pari-1 equal1 ,n4 pr2 so also ,arar and ,liger4 ,three substantives in -ri- for -si- likewise drop -i-1 and end in the original -s 7#ech73 glri- for glsi-1 dormouse1 ,n4 gls2 ms1 male2 ms1 mouse4 #ede4 ,for car1 ,f41 flesh1 carnis 7,ab4 -1 usually -e1 no ,g4 ,pl47 see #ace1 #b4 supellx1 ,f41 furniture1 supellctilis 7,ab4 - or -e1 no ,pl471 has the nominative formed from a different stem from that of the other cases 7#dja74 #edf4 7#b7 ,neuter stems in -i- have no nominative suffix1 and end in -e for -i- of the stem 7#ajg1 b73 as1 mari-1 sea1 ,n4 mare2 brevi-1 short1 ,n4 breve4 ,in some words1 originally neuter adjectives in -le and -re1 the -e is dropped and the shortened3 as1 animle1 living thing1 animal 7#ecf72 exemplre 7,lucr471 pattern1 exemplar 7#ecg74 ,some neuter adjectives end in -l or -r 7#ecf1 #ecg72 and some #8of one ending' end in -s 7#fab74 #edg4 ,the accusative singular of gender substantives usually has -em1 like consonant stems 7#dbd72 but a few substantives with the nominative in -is have -im only1 and some have either -im or -em4 #edh4 7a47 ,accusatives in -im ,are sitim1 tussim1 vim1 thirst1 cough1 strength ,and brim1 cucumim4 ploughtail1 cucumber #edi4 ,the accusative in -im is found in many adverbs 7#gjj73 as1 partim1 in part2 in some adverbial expressions3 as1 adamussim1 examussim1 to a ,t1 adfatim1 to satiety1 ad ravim1 to hoarseness2 in some names of rivers and cities3 as1 ,tiberim1 ,hispalim2 and in some ,greek words 7#efe74 #eej4 7b47 ,six have the accusative commonly in -im1 sometimes in -em3 febrim1 -em1 fever pelvim1 -em1 basin puppim1 -em1 stern restim1 -em1 rope secrim1 -em1 axe turrim1 -em1 tower #eea4 ,six have the accusative commonly in -em1 sometimes in -im3 bipennem1 -im1 two-edged axe clvem1 -im1 key messem1 -im1 crop nvem1 -im1 ship smentem1 -im1 planting strigilem1 -im1 skin-scraper #eeb4 ,in the ablative1 gender substantives have usually -e1 and neuters and adjectives have -3 as1 hoste1 enemy2 mar1 sea2 cr1 sharp1 brev1 short1 audc1 daring4 #eec4 7#a47 ,of gender substantives with the nominative in -is1 a few have only - in the ablative1 and many have either - or -e4 #eed4 7a47 ,these ablatives have only -3 secr1 sit1 tuss1 v1 axe1 thirst1 cough1 strength canl1 cucum1 conduit1 cucumber ,some names of rivers and cities have only -3 as1 ,tiber1 ,hispal4 ,the locative also ends in -3 as1 ,nepol1 at ,neapolis4 #eee4 7b47 ,these ablatives of gender substantives with the nominative in -is have - or -e3 amne1 -1 river ave1 -1 bird ble1 -1 bile cv1 -e1 citizen classe1 -1 fleet clv1 -e1 key febr1 -e1 fever fst1 -e1 club ign1 -e1 fire nv1 -e1 ship orb1 -e1 circle pupp1 -e1 stern sment1 -e1 planting strigil1 -e1 skin-scraper turr1 -e1 tower #eef4 ,a few other words in -is have occasionally an ablative in -3 as1 anguis1 snake1 collis1 hill1 fnis1 end1 postis1 post1 unguis1 nail1 c4 sors1 lot1 imber1 shower1 and lx1 light1 have also -e or -2 supellx1 furniture1 has supellctil or -e2 ,arar has -e or -2 ,liger1 - or -e4 #eeg4 ,neuter names of towns with the nominative in -e have -e in the ablative3 as1 ,praeneste4 rte1 net1 has only rte2 mare1 sea1 has rarely mare 7#ebg74 #eeh4 7#b47 ,adjectives #8of two endings' with stems in -i- 7#fcj7 often have -e in the ablative when they are used as substantives1 and sometimes in verse1 when a short vowel is needed3 as1 adfn1 -e1 connection by marriage2 aedle1 -1 aedile2 familir1 -e1 friend4 ,but some1 even as substantives1 have -3 as1 aequl1 of the same age1 cnsulr1 ex-consul1 gentl1 tribesman4 ,adjectives of place in -nsis 7#ccj7 usually have -1 but sometimes -e3 as1 ,tarquininse4 ,proper names have usually -e3 as1 ,iuvenle4 #eei4 ,adjectives #8of one ending' with stems in -i- 7#fcb71 have commonly - in the ablative4 ,the following ablatives have only -3 ment1 frenzied1 ancipit1 two-headed1 praecipit1 head-first1 concolr1 of like hue1 concord1 harmonious1 discord1 at variance1 scord1 imperceptive1 dgener1 degenerate1 dt1 rich1 teret1 rounded1 ingent1 huge1 inop1 without means1 memor1 remembering1 immemor1 forgetful4 #efj4 ,present participles1 when used as adjectives1 have - in the ablative1 otherwise -e3 as1 sapient vir1 by a wise man2 adulscente1 youth1 substantive2 ,rmul rgnante1 in the reign of ,romulus1 ablative absolute 7#acfb74 #efa4 ,other adjectives #8of one ending' occasionally have -e in the ablative when used as substantives or as epithets of persons1 or in verse when a short syllable is needed3 as1 cnsort1 sharing1 par1 equal1 vigil1 wide-awake1 flc1 happy1 as adjectives2 but cnsorte1 c41 as substantives2 in prose1 impar1 dispar1 unequal2 in verse1 impare1 dispare4 ,proper names have -e3 as1 ,flce4 ,,plural ,,cases4 #efb4 ,in the plural1 gender nominatives have -s1 rarely -s or -es1 and gender accusatives have -s or -s indifferently1 sometimes -eis2 after about #ej ,a4,d41 -s was the prevalent ending for both cases4 ,neuters add -a to the stem1 making -ia2 for -i in old ,latin1 cf4 #beje4 #efc4 ,in the genitive plural1 present participles1 some substantive stems in -nt7i7-1 and some adjectives #8of two endings' 7#fca7 have occasionally -um3 as1 amantum1 lovers2 rudentum1 rigging2 agrestum1 country folk2 caelestum1 heaven's tenantry4 apis1 bee1 has commonly -um2 caeds1 slaughter1 and fraus1 deceit1 have rarely -um4 ,for -um in some adjectives #8of one ending1' see #fcf2 for -bs in the dative and ablative in old ,latin1 see #beje4 #efd4 ,other case forms are found in inscriptions1 as follows3 ,n4 without -is3 ,,vectigal1 i4e4 vectglis1 adjective2 -e for -is 7#ff1 #da73 ,,militare1 i4e4 mlitris1 adjective2 -s 7#edj73 ,,aidiles1 i4e4 aedlis2 ,,cives1 i4e4 cvis4 ,g4 -us1 from #ahf to #ajj ,b4,c43 ,,partvs1 i4e4 partis4 ,d4 -ei3 ,,vrbei4 ,ac4 -i 7#fa73 ,,parti1 i4e4 partem2 -e3 ,,aide1 i4e4 aedem4 ,ab4 -ei3 ,,fontei2 -e3 ,,servile1 i4e4 servl4 ,plural3 ,n4 -s3 ,,fines2 -eis3 ,,fineis2 -s3 ,,finis4 ,,greek ,,nouns4 #efe4 ,greek stems in -i- are usually declined like ,latin ones1 with the accusative in -im1 and ablative in -4 ,but the accusative sometimes has -n3 as1 posin1 poetry1 ,charybdin2 similarly ,capyn2 and a vocative occurs3 as1 ,charybdi4 ,the plural genitive ,metamorphsen1 and as ablative ,metamorphsesin1 occur as titles of books4 ,,characteristics ,,of ,,stems ,,in -i-4 #eff4 ,parisyllables with nominatives in -is1 -s1 or -e1 and a few in -er2 and imparisyllables with nominatives in -al1 and in -ar for -re1 have stems in -i-4 ,but canis1 iuvenis 7#dhf71 volucris 7#dij71 mnsis 7#dib71 sds 7#dgf71 and vts 7#dgh71 have consonant stems4 #efg4 ,under -i- stems may also conveniently be grouped the following classes1 which have usually a consonant form in the singular1 and an -i- form in the plural3 #efh4 7a47 ,imparisyllabic adjectives with the genitive in -is1 except comparatives and the dozen with consonant stems 7#fbd71 and imparisyllables with a nominative in -s or -x preceded by any consonant except p4 ,but cninx 7#dgb7 and caelebs 7#dhj7 have consonant stems4 #efi4 7b47 ,the following monosyllables3 s1 unit1 an as1 faex1 dregs1 fraus1 deceit1 gls1 dormouse1 ls1 strife1 lx1 light1 ms1 male1 ms1 mouse1 nox1 night1 stirps1 trunk1 vs1 strength4 ,also fauce1 throat1 and compede1 fetter1 both ,ab41 no ,n41 and fornx1 furnace4 ,,gender ,,of ,,consonant ,,stems ,,and -i- ,,stems4 #egj4 ,the gender of many of these substantives is determined by their meaning 7#djd-dab72 that of participles used as substantives follows the gender of the substantive understood2 ,greek substantives follow the ,greek gender4 ,the gender of other words may be conveniently arranged for the memory according to the nominative endings as follows4 ,,masculine4 #ega4 ,imparisyllables in -es or -s and substantives in -er1 -1 -or1 and -s are masculine3 as1 caespes1 sod2 ps1 foot2 agger1 mound2 serm1 speech2 pallor1 paleness2 fls1 flower4 #egb4 ,these imparisyllables in -es or -s are feminine3 merges1 sheaf1 seges1 crop1 teges1 mat2 requis and quis1 rest2 compeds1 plural1 fetters2 mercs1 reward4 aes1 copper1 bronze1 is neuter4 #egc4 ,these substantives in -er are neuter3 cadver1 corpse1 iter1 way1 tber1 swelling1 truffle1 ber1 udder1 verberis1 lash1 genitive1 no nominative2 also names of plants in -er3 as1 acer1 maple1 cicer1 chickpea1 papver1 poppy1 piper1 pepper1 siler1 osier1 siser1 skirret1 sber1 corktree4 linter1 tub1 boat1 is feminine1 once masculine4 vr1 spring1 is neuter4 #egd4 ,substantives in -1 with genitive -inis 7#dhe71 are feminine2 as1 img1 imginis1 likeness2 also car1 carnis1 flesh1 and words of action in -i and -ti 7#bbg1 #bbh74 ,but card1 hinge1 rd1 rank1 and turb1 whirlwind1 are masculine4 marg1 brink1 and cupd1 desire1 are sometimes masculine4 #ege4 ,these substantives in -or are neuter3 ador1 spelt1 aequor1 sea1 marmor1 marble1 cor1 heart4 arbor1 tree1 is feminine4 #egf4 ,these substantives in -s are feminine3 cs1 whetstone1 arbs1 tree1 ds1 dowry4 s1 ris1 mouth1 face1 is neuter1 also os1 ossis1 bone4 ,erratum3 #ege 444 cor1 heart4 4 missing ,,feminine4 #egg4 ,parisyllables in -s1 and substantives in -s1 -aus1 -is1 -s preceded by a consonant1 and -x1 are feminine3 as1 nbs1 cloud2 aets1 age2 laus1 praise2 nvis1 ship2 urbs1 city2 px1 peace4 #egh4 s1 assis1 penny1 is masculine4 vs1 vessel1 utensil1 and the defectives fs1 right1 and nefs1 wrong1 are neuter4 #egi4 ,substantives in -nis are masculine2 also twenty-nine others in -is1 as follows3 axis1 callis1 caulis1 anguis1 axle1 path1 cabbage1 snake fascis1 fstis1 lapis1 sangus1 bundle1 club1 stone1 blood piscis1 postis1 pulvs1 nsis1 fish1 post1 dust1 glaive torquis1 torris1 unguis1 mnsis1 twisted collar1 firebrand1 nail1 month vectis1 vermis1 vmis1 collis1 lever1 worm1 ploughshare1 hill gls1 canlis1 also follis1 dormouse1 conduit1 ball casss1 sents1 veprs1 orbis1 nets1 brambles1 thorns1 plurals1 circle cucumis1 and sometimes corbis4 cucumber1 basket brim1 ploughtail1 accusative only1 is also masculine4 ,a few of the above are sometimes feminine3 as1 amnis1 anguis1 callis1 canlis1 cinis1 fnis1 fnis1 torquis1 veprs1 c4 #ehj4 ,four in -s preceded by a consonant are masculine3 dns1 tooth1 fns1 fountain1 pns1 bridge1 mns1 mountain2 also factors of twelve3 sextns1 one sixth1 quadrns1 trins1 ddrns1 dxtns2 rudns1 rope1 once4 adeps1 fat1 and forceps1 pincers1 are masculine or feminine4 stirps1 stock1 is sometimes masculine4 #eha4 calix1 cup1 fornix1 arch1 and trdux1 vinelayer1 are masculine2 also substantives in -nx and -ex2 except nex1 murder1 and prec1 prayer1 dative1 no nominative1 which are feminine2 also rarely grex1 herd4 cortex1 bark1 forfex1 scissors1 silex1 flint1 and obice1 barrier1 ablative1 no nominative1 are either masculine or feminine4 calx1 heel1 and calx1 lime1 are sometimes masculine1 also lx1 light1 in the ablative in old ,latin4 ,erratum3 #egg 444 substantives in -s1 -aus -s -aus ,,neuter4 #ehb4 ,substantives in -c1 -e1 -l1 -n1 -t1 in -ar1 -ur1 -us1 and -s1 are neuter3 as1 lac1 milk2 mare1 sea2 animal1 animal2 carmen1 song2 caput1 head2 calcar1 spur2 fulgur1 lightning2 corpus1 body2 is1 right4 #ehc4 sl1 sun1 pecten1 comb1 lin1 spleen1 rns1 kidneys1 plural1 and furfur1 bran1 are masculine4 ,so usually sl1 salt1 but sometimes neuter in the singular4 fr1 spelt1 is neuter4 #ehd4 pecus1 beast1 is feminine2 also tells1 earth1 and the substantives in -s which have -dis 7#dge7 or -tis 7#dgg7 in the genitive3 as1 pals1 marsh2 iuvents1 youth4 ,,stems ,,in -u-4 ,the ,fourth ,declension4 ,genitive singular -s1 genitive plural -u-um4 #ehe4 ,stems in -u- are substantive only1 and mostly masculine4 #ehf4 ,there are only three neuters in common use1 corn1 horn1 gen1 knee1 and ver1 a spit4 ,but some cases of other neuters are used3 as1 ablative pec1 flock2 plural nominative and accusative artua1 limbs 7,plaut472 ,,ossva1 bones 7inscr474 #ehg4 ,the nominative of stems in -u- ends1 including the stem vowel1 in -u-s in gender words1 and in lengthened - of the stem in neuters4 #ehh4 ,most substantives in -u- are masculines in -tu- or -su-1 often defective in case 7#bce74 ,the following words are feminine3 acus1 pin1 needle1 domus1 house1 manus1 hand1 porticus1 colonnade2 tribus1 tribe2 and the plurals ds1 ides1 and qunqutrs1 feast of ,minerva2 rarely penus1 store1 and specus1 cave4 #ehi4 ,stems in -u- are declined as follows3 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,examples flctus1 wave1 corn1 ,stem and horn1 case ,stems flctu-1 ,m4 cornu-1 ,ne4 endings ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,singular ,m4 ,ne4 ,nom4 flctus1 a 7or corn -us - the7 wave ,gen4 flcts1 a wave's1 corns -s -s of a wave ,dat4 flctu1 -1 to corn -u1 - or for a wave - ,acc4 flctum1 a wave corn -um - ,abl4 flct1 from1 with1 corn - - or by a wave ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,plural ,nom4 flcts1 7the7 cornua -s -ua waves ,gen4 flctuum1 waves'1 cornuum -uum -uum of waves ,dat4 flctibus1 to or cornibus -ibus -ibus for waves ,acc4 flcts1 waves cornua -s -ua ,abl4 flctibus1 from1 cornibus -ibus -ibus with1 or by waves ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,,singular ,,cases4 #eij4 ,in the genitive1 the uncontracted form -uis sometimes occurs3 as1 anuis1 old woman 7,ter474 ,a genitive in -t is rather common3 as1 advent1 arrival2 rnt1 embellishment 7,ter472 sent1 senate4 ,in the dative1 - is regularly found for -u in neuters and often in gender words4 ,,plural ,,cases4 #eia4 ,in the genitive plural1 a shorter form in -um is occasionally found3 as1 passum1 steps 7,plaut41 ,mart472 currum1 chariots 7,verg472 ,,exercitvm4 ,the quantity of the u and the origin of this ending are uncertain4 #eib4 ,in the dative and ablative plural1 the following retain -u-bus3 acus1 pin1 needle1 arcus1 bow1 partus1 birth1 tribus1 tribe4 ,the following have -u-bus or -i-bus 7#bh73 arts1 plural1 joints1 lacus1 lake1 portus1 haven1 specus1 cave1 gen1 knee1 ver1 a spit4 ,all other words have -i-bus only4 #eic4 ,other case forms are found in inscriptions1 as follows3 ,g4 -uos3 ,,senatvos2 - 7#ff7 ,,senatv2 -uus1 in the imperial age 7#bi1 #a73 ,,exercitvvs4 ,d4 -uei 7#bi1 #b73 ,,senatvei4 ,ac4 -u 7#fa73 ,,manv4 ,ab4 -uu 7#bi1 #a73 ,,arbitratvv2 -u1 once1 by some thought to be for -d 7#dbf72 ,,magistratvo4 ,plural3 ,n4 -uus 7#bi1 #a73 ,,magistratvvs4 #eid4 domus1 house1 ,f41 has stems of two forms1 domu- and domo- 7#dja72 it is declined as follows3 ,n4 domus1 ,g4 doms1 rarely dom1 ,d4 domu or dom1 ,ac4 domum1 ,ab4 dom or dom1 ,locative dom1 rarely domu4 ,plural3 ,n4 doms1 ,g4 domuum1 later domrum1 ,d4 and ,ab4 domibus1 ,ac4 doms1 less commonly doms4 #eie4 ,some other substantives have an -u- stem in some of their cases1 and an -o- stem in others3 see angiportus1 arcus1 caestus1 colus1 corn1 cornus1 cupressus1 fcus1 fretus1 gelus1 laurus1 murtus1 penus1 pnus1 quercus1 rctus1 tonitrus1 in the dictionary4 ,,stems ,,in --4 ,the ,fifth ,declension4 ,genitive singular -1 genitive plural --rum4 #eif4 ,stems in -- are substantive only1 and feminine4 #eig4 dis1 day1 is always masculine in the plural1 and commonly in the singular2 but the feminine is common when dis denotes length of time or a set day4 merdis1 midday1 is masculine and singular only4 #eih4 ,the nominative of stems in -- ends1 including the stem vowel1 in --s4 #eii4 ,stems in -- are of two classes3 #fjj4 7#a47 ,stems of the first class have one or two syllables2 there are four of them3 rs1 thing1 sps1 hope1 dis1 day1 and fids1 faith4 ,of this class1 rs and dis have a plural throughout2 sps has only the nominative and accusative plural1 and fids has no plural4 #fja4 ,stems in -- of the first class are declined as follows3 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,examples rs1 thing1 dis1 day1 ,stem and ,stems r-1 ,f4 di-1 ,m4 case endings ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,singular ,nom4 rs1 a 7or the7 dis -es thing ,gen4 ri1 rei1 a thing's1 di1 -1 -1 -ei of a thing diei ,dat4 ri1 rei1 to di1 -1 -1 -ei or for a thing diei ,acc4 rem1 a thing diem -em ,abl4 r1 from1 with1 di - or by a thing ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,plural ,nom4 rs1 7the7 things dis -s ,gen4 rrum1 things'1 dirum -rum of things ,dat4 rbus1 to or dibus -bus for things ,acc4 rs1 things dis -s ,abl4 rbus1 from1 with1 dibus -bus or by things ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #fjb4 fids is declined like rs2 it has once a genitive fids 7,plaut474 ,for r1 re1 or rei1 and fid1 fide1 or fidei1 see #abg1 #d4 dis has rarely a genitive dis 7,enn47 or di 7,verg474 sps has only the genitive and dative spei in verse4 ,a genitive or dative in - is sometimes found3 as1 r1 di1 fid4 #fjc4 ,a few cases of other words sometimes follow this class 7#dja73 as1 plbs 7#ebd71 commons1 ,g4 plbei or plb2 fams 7#ebd71 hunger1 ,ab4 always fam2 requis 7#dgg71 rest1 ,g4 requi 7,sall471 ,ac4 requiem1 ,ab4 requi2 tbs 7#ebc71 waste1 ,ab4 tb1 99contgs1 contact1 ,ab4 contg 7,lucr471 c4 #fjd4 7#b47 ,stems of the second class are formed by the suffix -i- or -ti-1 and have three or more syllables4 ,this class1 which is parallel to stems in -i-1 has usually no genitive1 dative1 or plural4 ,many stems1 especially those in -ti-1 have also a collateral form in -i-1 and the genitive and dative1 when used at all1 are commonly from a stem in -i-4 #fje4 ,stems in -- of the second class are declined as follows3 lxuris1 extravagance1 stem lxuri-1 ,f4 ,nom4 lxuris1 ,acc4 lxuriem1 ,abl4 lxuri4 #fjf4 ,a few examples of the genitive of these stems are found3 as1 pernici1 pernicis1 or pernici1 ruin 7,cic472 rabis1 fury 7,lucr472 aci1 edge of battle 7,sall41 ,caes41 auct4 ,b4 ,afr471 faci1 make 7,plaut41 ,lucil471 speci1 looks 7,caes472 aci 7auct4 ,b4 ,afr474 ,and a very few of the dative3 as1 aci twice 7,caes472 pernici1 pernici 7,nep472 pernici 7,liv474 #fjg4 luvis1 offscouring1 wash1 has the nominative of the plural1 and glacis1 ice1 has the accusative of the plural4 ,five words only have the nominative and accusative plural3 seris1 acis1 row1 edge1 specis1 facis1 look1 make1 effigis1 likeness4 ,erratum3 #fja 7table7 444 rs1 7the7 things rs 7the7 ,,the ,,adjective4 #fjh4 ,adjectives are declined like substantives1 and it has been shown already how their cases are formed4 ,but they differ from substantives in having different forms in some of their cases to denote different genders2 it is convenient therefore to put their complete declension together4 #fji4 ,adjective stems end in -o- and --1 in a consonant1 or in -i-4 #faj4 ,an accusative plural of a stem in -u-1 anguimans1 with a serpent for a hand1 is once used 7,lucr474 ,there are no adjective stems in --4 #faa4 ,adjectives are often conveniently said to be #8of three endings1' #8of two endings1' or #8of one ending4' ,by the #8ending' is meant the ending of the nominative singular3 thus1 bonus1 bona1 bonum1 good1 and cer1 cris1 cre1 sharp1 are #8of three endings' 7#dji72 brevis1 breve1 short1 is #8of two endings' 7#daj72 and audx1 bold1 is #8of one ending' 7#daj74 #fab4 ,adjectives #8of one ending' which form a gender nominative in -s1 retain the -s irrationally in the nominative and accusative neuter singular3 as1 ,n4 ,m4 and ,f4 audx1 ,n4 and ,ac4 ,ne4 also audx4 ,,stems ,,in -o- ,,and --4 #fac4 ,most adjectives with stems in -o- and -- are declined as follows3 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,example ,m4 bonus1 ,f4 bona1 ,ne4 bonum1 good ,stems bono-1 bon-4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,singular4 ,plural4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,nom4 bonus bona bonum boni bonae bona ,gen4 bon bonae bon bonrum bonrum bonrum ,dat4 bon bonae bon bons bons bons ,acc4 bonum bonam bonum bons bons bona ,abl4 bon bon bon bons bons bons ,voc4 bone ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #fad4 ,stems in -io- and -i- have no consonant i in cases ending in -i or -s 7#aec1 #c73 as plbius1 plebeian1 ,g4 ,s4 ,m4 and ,ne41 and ,n4 ,pl4 ,m4 plb1 ,d4 and ,ab4 ,pl4 plbs4 #fae4 ,stems in -ro- preceded by a long vowel retain -us in the nominative singular masculine and are declined like bonus 7#dec73 as1 sevrus1 stern2 also ferus1 merus1 wild1 unmixed mrigerus1 complaisant praeposterus1 reversed properus1 hasty prsperus1 lucky triquetrus1 three-cornered #faf4 7#a47 ,some stems in -ro- preceded by a short vowel end in -r in the nominative singular masculine and have no vocative 7#ded72 they are declined as follows3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,example ,m4 lber1 ,f4 lbera1 ,ne4 lberum1 free1 ,stems lbero-1 lber-4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,singular4 ,plural4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 lber lbera lberum lber lberae lbera ,gen4 lber lberae lber lberrum lberrum lberrum ,dat4 lber lberae lber lbers lbers lbers ,acc4 lberum lberam lberum lbers lbers lbera ,abl4 lber lber lber lbers lbers lbers ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,such are3 compounds1 chiefly poetical1 ending in -fer and -ger1 bearing1 carrying1 having3 as1 caelifer1 heaven-upholding2 corniger1 horned2 also the following3 7alter1 #fah71 asper1 other1 rough lacer1 lber1 torn1 free gibber1 miser1 hump-backed1 forlorn satur1 smifer1 full1 half-beast tener1 ,trver1 tender1 ,treveran dexter1 right1 has dextera1 dexterum1 or dextra1 dextrum1 ,g4 dexter1 or dextr1 c4 sinister1 left1 has usually sinistra1 c41 rarely sinisteram 7,plaut41 ,ter474 asper has a plural accusative asprs 7,stat471 and ablative asprs 7,verg474 #fag4 7#b47 ,other stems in -ro- have a vowel before r only in the nominative singular masculine -er 7#ded72 they are declined as follows3 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,example ,m4 aeger1 ,f4 aegra1 ,ne4 aegrum1 ill1 ,stems aegro-1 aegr-4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,singular4 ,plural4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 aeger aegra aegrum aegr aegrae aegra ,gen4 aegr aegrae aegr aegrrum aegrrum aegrrum ,dat4 aegr aegrae aegr aegrs aegrs aegrs ,acc4 aegrum aegram aegrum aegrs aegrs aegra ,abl4 aegr aegr aegr aegrs aegrs aegrs ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #fah4 ,nine adjectives or adjective pronouns have the pronoun form -us in the genitive singular and - in the dative singular1 for masculine1 feminine1 and neuter alike2 they are the following3 alius1 another slus1 alone ttus1 whole nus1 one llus1 any at all nllus1 no alter1 the other uter1 which of the two neuter1 neither #fai4 ,of the above words1 those with the nominative in -us are declined like nus 7#fch74 ,but alius has ,n4 and ,ac4 ,ne4 aliud 7#fei72 for the ,g41 alterus is mostly used1 except in the combination alus mod1 of another sort2 the ,n4 ,m4 is rarely alis1 ,ne4 alid1 ,d4 rarely al4 alter is declined like lber 7#faf71 except in the genitive singular alterus 7#abg1 #f7 and dative alter4 ,for uter and its derivatives1 see #fic4 #fbj4 ,the ordinary genitive and dative of -o- and -- stems1 from some of the above words1 is sometimes found3 ,g4 and ,d4 aliae1 slae1 alterae1 ,d4 ali1 alterae1 c4 ,,consonant ,,stems4 ,,of ,,two ,,endings4 #fba4 ,the only consonant stems of two endings are comparatives 7#cdf72 they are declined as follows3 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,example ,m4 and ,f4 trstior1 ,ne4 trstius1 sadder1 ,stems trstir-1 trstius-4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,singular4 ,plural4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,masc4 ,,and ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,and ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 trstior trstius trstirs trstira ,gen4 trstiris trstiris trstirum trstirum ,dat4 trstir trstir trstiribus trstiribus ,acc4 trstirem trstius trstires trstira ,abl4 trstire trstire trstiribus trstiribus ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #fbb4 ,the ablative rarely has - for -e3 as1 melir 7#ejc72 the accusative plural masculine and feminine rarely have -s3 as1 melirs 7#eje74 #fbc4 pls1 more1 has in the singular only ,ne4 ,n4 and ,ac4 pls1 ,g4 plris1 and ,ab4 plre4 ,plural3 ,n4 ,m4 and ,f4 plrs1 ,ne4 plra1 ,g4 plrium1 ,d4 and ,ab4 plribus1 ,ac4 ,m4 and ,f4 plrs or plrs1 ,ne4 plra4 complrs1 a good many1 plural only1 has ,n4 ,m4 and ,f4 complrs1 ,ne4 ,n4 and ,ac4 complria or complra1 ,g4 complrium1 ,d4 and ,ab4 complribus1 ,ac4 ,m4 and ,f4 complrs or complrs4 ,,of ,,one ,,ending4 #fbd4 ,a dozen adjectives #8of one ending1' mostly words applying to persons1 with consonant stems throughout1 have no nominative or accusative neuter plural2 they are3 caelebs1 compos1 unmarried1 master of 99dses1 dves1 lazy1 rich particeps1 prnceps1 sharing1 first pbs1 impbs1 mangrown1 immature sspes1 superstes1 safe1 surviving pauper1 cicur1 poor1 tame #fbe4 ,when these adjectives have a neuter1 it is the same as the gender forms1 except in the accusative singular2 they are declined as follows3 ,m4 ,f4 and ,ne4 dves1 rich1 stem dvit-4 ,singular3 ,n4 dves1 ,g4 dvitis1 ,d4 dvit1 ,ac4 ,m4 and ,f4 dvitem1 ,ne4 dves1 ,ab4 dvite4 ,plural3 ,n4 and ,ac4 ,m4 and ,f4 dvits1 ,g4 dvitum1 ,d4 and ,ab4 dvitibus4 #fbf4 ,the plural caelits1 heavenly1 occupants of heaven1 is also declined like the plural of dves2 the singular ,ab4 caelite occurs a couple of times4 vetus1 old1 ,g4 veteris1 is also declined like dves1 but has a ,ne4 ,pl4 ,n4 and ,ac4 vetera2 the ,ab4 ,s4 is regularly vetere1 but veter is sometimes used4 ,,stems ,,in -i-4 ,,of ,,three ,,endings4 #fbg4 ,a dozen adjectives with stems in -bri-1 -cri-1 or -tri-1 have a distinctive form in -er for the masculine nominative singular2 they are3 celeber1 thronged salber1 healthy cer1 keen alacer1 lively volucer1 winged campester1 of a plain equester1 cavalry- palster1 of a swamp pedester1 foot- puter1 rotten silvester1 woody terrester1 land- ,so also celer1 swift4 ,the names of months1 ,september1 ,octber1 ,november1 ,december1 are also adjectives with stems in -bri-1 but are not used in the neuter4 ,other adjectives with stems in -bri-1 -cri-1 or -tri-1 have no distinctive form for the masculine nominative singular3 as1 muliebris1 mediocris1 inlstris4 #fbh4 ,these adjectives are declined as follows3 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,example ,m4 cer1 ,f4 cris1 ,ne4 cre1 sharp ,stem cri-4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,singular4 ,plural4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 cer cris cre cres cres cria ,gen4 cris cris cris crium crium crium ,dat4 cr cr cr cribus cribus cribus ,acc4 crem crem cre crs1 -s acrs1 -s cria ,abl4 cr cr cr cribus cribus cribus ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #fbi4 ,in all cases but the masculine nominative singular these adjectives are just like those in -i- #8of two endings' 7#fcj74 ,but the ablative always has -1 never -e1 and the genitive plural always has -ium1 never -um4 ,in celer the second e belongs to the stem3 ,m4 celer1 ,f4 celeris1 ,ne4 celere2 the genitive plural1 which is celerum1 is found only as a substantive4 ,most of these adjectives have now and then a masculine in -is1 like adjectives #8of two endings' 7#fcj71 and in old ,latin the nominative -er is rarely feminine4 ,,of ,,two ,,endings4 #fcj4 ,adjectives #8of two endings' with stems in -i- are declined as follows3 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,example ,m4 and ,f4 brevis1 ,ne4 breve1 short ,stem brevi-4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,singular4 ,plural4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,,masc4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,neut4 ,,and ,,fem4 ,,and ,,fem4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,nom4 brevis breve brevs brevia ,gen4 brevis brevis brevium brevium ,dat4 brev brev brevibus brevibus ,acc4 brevem breve brevs1 -s brevia ,abl4 brev brev brevibus brevibus ---------------------------------------- ---------- #fca4 ,the ablative is sometimes -e when these adjectives are used substantively or in verse 7#eeh74 ,the genitive plural is rarely -um for -ium 7#efc74 ,,of ,,one ,,ending4 #fcb4 ,most adjectives #8of one ending' have a consonant form of the stem in the singular1 except usually in the ablative 7#fcc71 and an -i- stem in the plural2 they are declined as follows3 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,example ,m4 ,f4 and ,ne4 audx1 ,m4 ,f4 ,ne4 regns1 ruling1 bold1 ,stems audc7i7- regent7i7- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,singular ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 audx audx regns regns ,gen4 audcis audcis regentis regentis ,dat4 audc audc regent regent ,acc4 audcem audx regentem regns ,abl4 audc audc regente1 - regente1 - ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,plural ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 audcs audcia regents regentia ,gen4 audcium audcium regentium regentium ,dat4 audcibus audcibus regentibus regentibus ,acc4 audcs1 -s audcia regents1 -s regentia ,abl4 audcibus audcibus regentibus regentibus ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #fcc4 ,present participles have - in the ablative1 when they are used as adjectives1 otherwise -e 7#efj74 ,for - or -e in other words1 see #eei1 #efa4 ,for -ium or -um in the genitive plural1 #efc4 #fcd4 ,most adjectives #8of one ending' in -i- are declined as above 7#fcb72 some of them have peculiarities in some of their cases1 as follows3 #fce4 7#a47 trux 7#eca71 savage1 has ,ab4 - or -e1 ,g4 ,pl4 -ium1 no ,ne4 ,pl4 ,n4 or ,ac4 redux 7#eca71 returning1 has ,ab4 - or -e1 no ,g4 ,pl4 or ,ne4 ,pl4 ,n4 or ,ac4 hebes1 dull1 teres1 cylindrical 7#ecc71 and compounds of caput1 head1 as anceps1 7#ecc71 two-headed1 have ,ab4 -1 no ,g4 ,pl42 a ,ne4 ,pl4 ,n4 or ,ac4 -ia is rare4 ,for locupls1 rich1 see #ecc4 #fcf4 7#b47 ,the following have - in the ablative1 but -um of consonant stems in the genitive plural1 and no nominative or accusative neuter plural3 inops 7#ece71 without means1 vigil 7#ecf71 wide-awake1 memor 7#ecg71 remembering1 dgener1 degenerate1 ber 7#ecg71 prolific1 has ,ab4 -1 twice -e1 ,ne4 ,pl4 once -a 7,acc474 ,compounds of ps1 as1 bips 7#ecb71 two-legged1 have a late and rare ,ne4 ,pl4 ,n4 and ,ac4 -ia4 ,,the ,,numeral ,,adjective4 #fcg4 ,of the cardinals1 nus1 duo1 trs1 and the hundreds except centum are declined4 ,the other cardinals are not declined4 #fch4 nus1 one1 is declined as follows3 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,singular4 ,plural4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 nus na num n nae na ,gen4 nus nus nus nrum nrum nrum ,dat4 n n n ns ns ns ,acc4 num nam num ns ns na ,abl4 n n n ns ns ns ,voc4 ne ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,in verse1 the genitive singular is often nius4 #fci4 duo1 two1 and trs1 three1 are declined as follows3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,masc ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 duo duae duo trs tria ,gen4 durum durum durum trium trium ,dat4 dubus dubus dubus tribus tribus ,acc4 duo or dus dus duo trs or trs tria ,abl4 dubus dubus dubus tribus tribus ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #fdj4 ,in dramatic verse1 duo1 c41 is common4 ,in the genitive plural1 duo sometimes has dum 7#dfb74 amb1 both1 is declined like duo1 but has - in the nominative and accusative1 and only ambrum and ambrum in the genitive plural4 ,for the forms duo1 amb1 see #dae2 dubus1 dubus1 #dfd1 #ddb4 #fda4 ,hundreds are declined like the plural of bonus 7#fac73 as1 ducent1 ducentae1 ducenta1 two hundred1 ,g4 ducentrum or ducentm 7#dfb71 c4 #fdb4 ,the adjective mlle1 thousand1 is not declined4 ,the substantive has in the singular only ,n4 ,ac4 ,ab4 mlle1 or ,ab4 mll2 plural3 ,n4 and ,ac4 mllia 7mlia71 ,g4 mllium 7mlium71 ,d4 and ,ab4 mllibus 7mlibus74 #fdc4 ,ordinals1 as prmus1 first1 and distributives1 as bn1 two each1 are declined like bonus 7#fac74 ,but distributives seldom have a singular1 and often have the genitive plural -m 7#dfb73 as1 bnm4 ,,the ,,pronoun4 7,a47 ,,the ,,personal ,,and ,,reflexive ,,pronoun4 #fdd4 ,the pronoun of the first person1 ego1 ,i1 of the second person1 t1 thou1 and the reflexive pronoun1 su1 s1 himself1 herself1 itself1 themselves1 are declined as follows3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ego1 ,i tu1 thou sui1 self ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,sing4 ,plur4 ,sing4 ,plur4 ,sing4 ,plur4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,nom4 ego ns t vs ,gen4 me nostrm1 -tr tu vestrm1 -tr su ,dat4 mih1 mi nbs tib vbs sib ,acc4 m ns t vs s ,abl4 m nbs t vbs s ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #fde4 ,the nominatives ego and t1 and the accusatives m1 t and s1 have no case ending4 ,the last vowel of ego is rarely long in ,plautus1 long or short in ,lucilius4 ,the nominative ego has a different stem from that of its other cases1 and the plurals of ego and t have a different stem from that of the singular4 #fdf4 me1 tu1 and su1 which are often monosyllables in old verse1 were originally the genitive of the neuter possessives1 used substantively4 ,an old genitive ms is quoted1 and ts occurs rarely in ,plautus4 #fdg4 ,the relation of the ending -bs in vbs to -b in tib may be due to analogy with ills1 ill4 nbs is formed after vbs4 #fdh4 ,in old ,latin1 the ablative is md1 td1 sd 7#dbf71 which forms are also used irrationally for the accusative4 ,but by ,terence's time the -d was no longer used 7#adc74 #fdi4 ,older forms for vestrm and vestr are vostrm and vostr4 ,the genitive plural was originally a genitive of the possessive3 that in - being the neuter singular1 that in -m the masculine or feminine plural4 ,in old ,latin1 nostrrum1 nostrrum1 vostrrum1 vostrrum also occur4 #fej4 ,emphasis is given 7#a47 by reduplication 7#ahi73 ,ac4 and ,ab4 mm1 tt1 rare2 ss1 very common4 7#b47 by -te added to the ,n4 of t3 tte4 7#c47 by -met added to any case but the genitive plural3 as1 egomet2 but t has only ttemet or ttimet4 #fea4 ,in inscriptions1 the datives ,,mihei1 ,,tibei1 and ,,sibei occur1 so written in verse sometimes even when the last syllable is short2 and ,,mihe1 ,,tibe4 ,plural3 ,d4 and ,ab4 ,,vobeis4 ,ac4 ,,enos in an old hymn2 ,,seese 7#bi1 #a74 ,,the ,,personal ,,and ,,reflexive ,,possessive4 #feb4 ,the possessives of ego1 t1 and su1 are meus1 mine1 tuus1 thine1 and suus1 his1 her1 its1 their 7own71 declined like bonus 7#fac71 except that meus has m in the vocative singular masculine 7#dei72 those of ns and vs are noster1 our1 and voster1 later vester1 your1 declined like aeger 7#fag74 #fec4 ,old forms are tuos1 tuom1 and suos1 suom 7#deb74 ,in old verse meus1 mei1 c41 tuos1 tui1 c41 suos1 sui1 c41 often occur4 ss for sus1 ss for sus1 and ss for sus1 are old and rare4 #fed4 ,other case forms are found in inscriptions1 as follows3 ,,meeis1 ,,mieis1 monosyllable2 ,,tovam2 ,,svei1 ,,sovom1 ,,sovo1 ,,svvo1 ,,soveis1 ,,sveis1 ,,svieis4 #fee4 ,emphasis is given 7#a47 by -met added to su1 su1 sus1 and to mea and sua1 neuter plural3 as1 sumet2 7#b47 by -pte1 which is oftenest found with the ablative3 as1 supte4 7,b47 ,,other ,,pronouns4 #fef4 ,some pronouns have a peculiar genitive singular in -us and dative singular in -1 for masculine1 feminine1 and neuter alike4 ,these are3 iste1 ille1 ipse1 uter1 and their derivatives4 ,some other words of a pronoun character also have this form of the genitive and dative3 see #fah4 #feg4 ,in verse1 the -- of the genitive is often shortened1 and always in utriusque2 but neutrus is not found with short i4 ,in dramatic verse1 the genitive singular of iste1 ille1 or ipse1 is often two syllables4 #feh4 hc1 is1 qu or quis1 and their derivatives have the genitive singular in -ius1 thus3 huius1 eius1 and quoius or cuius2 in dramatic verse1 these genitives are often one syllable4 ,their datives are huic for hoice1 or ei1 and quoi or cui4 #fei4 ,six words have a peculiar neuter nominative and accusative singular in -d3 id1 illud1 istud1 quid1 quod1 aliud1 and derivatives4 ,in manuscripts1 -t is sometimes found for -d3 as1 it1 illut1 istut1 c42 sometimes also in inscriptions of the empire4 ,in hoc for 99hod-ce and in istuc and illuc for 99istud-ce1 99illud-ce1 the d has vanished 7#aff1 #a2 #aga1 #a74 ,,the ,,demonstrative ,,pronoun4 #ffj4 ,the demonstrative pronouns are hc1 this1 this near me2 iste1 istic1 that1 that near you2 and ille1 illic1 yonder1 that4 #ffa4 ,the demonstrative pronoun hc1 this1 this near me1 is declined as follows3 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,singular4 ,plural4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 hc haec hoc h hae haec ,gen4 huius huius huius hrum hrum hrum ,dat4 huic huic huic hs hs hs ,acc4 hunc hanc hoc hs hs haec ,abl4 hc hc hc hs hs hs ---------------------------------------- ---------- #ffb4 ,the stem of hc is ho-1 h-2 to most of its cases a demonstrative -c for -ce is attached4 ,the masculine and feminine nominative singular and nominative and accusative neuter plural take an -i-3 hc for 99ho-i-ce 7#ajh1 a72 haec for ha-i-ce 7#if74 hunc1 hanc1 are for 99hom-ce1 99ham-ce4 ,for the quantity of the first syllable of huius1 see #aec1 #b2 of hoc1 #aga1 #a4 #ffc4 ,old forms with the full ending -ce are rare except after -s3 ,plural ,ne4 ,acc4 haece 7,enn472 ,g4 ,f4 hrumce 7,cato72 also ,g4 hrunc1 hrunc 7,pl41 ,t472 hsce1 ,d4 and ,ab4 hsce 7,pl41 ,t474 ,after #ajj ,b4,c41 the full form -ce is not found1 except occasionally after -s3 huiusce1 hsce1 hsce1 hsce4 ,before -ne interrogative it is retained in the weakened form -ci-3 as1 hcine4 ,but hcne1 hocne1 huicne1 c41 are found1 though rarely4 #ffd4 ,the nominative hic or hicine found in the dramatists and rarely later is probably for 99ho-c1 99he-c 7#ajc1 a74 ,a nominative plural feminine haec is found in writers of all ages4 ,other and rare forms are3 ,pl4 ,n4 ,m4 hsce 7#dfa71 ,d4 or ,ab4 hbus4 #ffe4 ,other case forms of hc are found in inscriptions1 as follows3 ,n4 ,m4 ,,hec1 ,,hic4 ,g4 ,,hoivs1 ,,hviivs 7#bc71 ,,hvivs1 ,,hoivsce1 ,,hoivsqve1 ,,hvivsqve4 ,d4 ,,hoice1 ,,hoic1 ,,hoi1 ,,hvic1 ,,hvi4 ,ac4 ,m4 ,,honc1 ,,hoc2 ,f4 ,,hance2 ,ne4 ,,hoce1 ,,hvc4 ,ab4 ,m4 and ,ne4 ,,hoce2 ,f4 ,,hace1 oftener than ,,hac in republican inscriptions2 ,,haace 7#bi1 #a74 ,loc4 ,,heice1 ,,heic4 ,plural3 ,n4 ,m4 ,,heisce1 ,,heis1 or ,,hei1 ,,hisce or ,,his2 ,,hi1 not before ,augustus2 ,ne4 ,n4 and ,ac4 ,,haice1 ,,haece4 ,g4 ,,horvnc4 ,d4 and ,ab4 ,,heisce1 ,,hibvs4 ,ac4 ,f4 ,,hasce4 #fff4 ,the demonstrative pronouns iste1 that1 that near you1 and ille1 yonder1 are declined alike1 as follows3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,singular4 ,plural4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 ille illa illud ill illae illa ,gen4 illus illus illus illrum illrum illrum ,dat4 ill ill ill ills ills ills ,acc4 illum illam illud ills ills illa ,abl4 ill ill ill ills ills ills ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #ffg4 ,the first syllable of iste and ille is often short in the dramatists4 ,old forms of iste are3 ,n4 istus1 ,g4 ist1 in istmod1 ,d4 ,f4 istae4 ,the initial i of iste and of istic 7#ffi71 is sometimes not written3 as1 sta rs 7,cic471 stc perculum 7,ter474 ,old forms of ille are3 ,n4 olus 7#ha72 ollus or olle1 c43 as1 ,d4 ,s4 or ,n4 ,pl4 oll1 ,d4 ,pl4 olls4 ,g4 ill1 in illmod1 ,d4 ,f4 illae4 ,the dramatists have eccistam1 eccilla1 eccillud1 eccillum1 eccillam1 for ecce istam1 c41 and ellum1 ellam1 for em illum1 c4 #ffh4 ,other case forms of ille are found in inscriptions1 as follows3 ,d4 ,f4 ,,illae4 ,plural3 ,n4 ,m4 ,,illei4 ,g4 ,,olorvm 7#ha74 ,d4 and ,ab4 ,,olleis1 ,,illeis4 #ffi4 istic and illic1 compounded of iste1 ille1 and -ce or -c1 are declined alike1 as follows3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,singular4 ,plural4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 illic illaec illuc illc illaec illaec ,acc4 illunc illanc illuc illsce illsce illaec ,abl4 illc illc illc illsce illsce illsce ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #fgj4 ,rare forms are3 ,n4 and ,ac4 ,ne4 istoc1 illoc1 ,g4 illusce1 ,d4 illc1 ,ab4 ,f4 istce1 illce4 ,plural3 ,n4 ,m4 illsce 7#dfa71 illc1 ,ac4 illsce1 illsce4 ,before -ne interrogative1 -ce becomes -ci-3 ,n4 illicine1 istucine1 ,ac4 illancine1 ,ab4 istcine1 istcin4 ,pl4 ,ac4 istscine4 ,,the ,,determinative ,,pronoun4 #fga4 ,the determinative pronoun is1 that1 the aforesaid1 the one1 is declined as follows3 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,singular4 ,plural4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 is ea id e1 i1 eae ea or ,gen4 eius eius eius erum erum erum ,dat4 es1 is1 es1 is1 es1 is1 or s or s or s ,acc4 eum eam id es es ea ,abl4 e e e es1 is1 es1 is1 es1 is1 or s or s or s ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #fgb4 is and id 7#fei7 are formed from a stem -i-1 and the other parts from a stem eo-1 e-4 ,the genitive is sometimes written in ,cicero and ,plautus eiius2 for the quantity of the first syllable of eius1 see #aec1 #b2 for i1 see #abg1 #c1 and #abg1 #d4 #fgc4 ,in old verse1 the genitive singular rarely has the first syllable short4 ,old and rare forms are3 ,d4 ,f4 eae1 ,ac4 ,m4 im or em4 ,pl4 ,d1 and ,ab4 bus1 ,f4 ebus 7#ddb74 ,in dramatic verse1 eum1 eam1 ei1 eo1 ea1 and ei1 eorum1 earum1 eos1 eas1 eis1 are often found2 also eccum1 eccam1 eccs1 eccs1 ecca1 for ecce eum1 c4 #fgd4 ,other case forms of is are found in inscriptions1 as follows3 ,n4 ,,eis1 #abd ,b4,c4 ,g4 ,,eivs1 ,,eiivs1 ,,eiivs or ,,eiivs 7#bc74 ,d4 ,,eiei1 #abc ,b4,c42 ,,eei1 ,,iei2 ,,ei1 #abc ,b4,c41 and common in all periods4 ,plural3 ,n4 ,,eeis1 ,,eis1 ,,ieis1 till about #ej ,b4,c42 ,,eei1 ,,ei1 ,,iei4 ,d4 and ,ab4 ,,eeis1 ,,eieis1 ,,ieis1 ,,is2 after the republic1 ,,iis1 ,,iis4 #fge4 ,a rare and old pronoun equivalent to is is sum1 sam1 accusative singular1 ss1 accusative plural1 and ss1 dative plural4 ,,the ,,pronoun ,,of ,,identity4 #fgf4 ,the pronoun of identity1 dem1 the same1 is declined as follows3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,singular4 ,plural4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 dem eadem idem edem eaedem eadem or dem ,gen4 eiusdem eiusdem eiusdem erundem erundem erundem ,dat4 edem edem edem esdem esdem esdem or sdem or sdem or sdem ,acc4 eundem eandem idem esdem esdem eadem ,abl4 edem edem edem esdem esdem esdem or sdem or sdem or sdem ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #fgg4 ,in manuscripts and editions1 the plural nominative masculine is often written idem1 and the dative and ablative isdem4 ,the singular nominative masculine is rarely eisdem or isdem 7,plaut41 ,enn471 eidem 7,cic41 ,varr471 neuter dem 7,plaut474 ,in verse1 eundem1 eandem1 eidem1 eodem1 eadem1 and eidem1 eaedem1 eorundem1 eosdem1 easdem1 are often found4 #fgh4 ,other case forms of dem are found in inscriptions1 as follows3 ,n4 ,m4 ,,eisdem1 #abc ,b4,c41 ,,isdem1 #ei ,b4,c41 both common till ,caesar's time2 ,,eidem2 ,ne4 ,,eidem1 #ga ,b4,c4 ,d4 ,,idem4 ,plural3 ,n4 ,m4 ,,eisdem1 ,,isdem1 ,,eidem1 till ,caesar's time2 ,,iidem1 once only4 ,d4 and ,ab4 ,,isdem1 very rarely ,,iisdem4 ,,the ,,intensive ,,pronoun4 #fgi4 ,the intensive pronoun ipse1 himself1 stems ipso-1 ips-1 is declined like ille 7#fff71 but has the nominative and accusative neuter singular ipsum4 #fhj4 ,in dramatic verse1 ipse has rarely the first syllable short1 and often has the older form ipsus4 ,plautus has these forms3 ,n4 ,f4 eapse1 ,ac4 eumpse1 eampse1 ,ab4 epse1 epse1 equivalent to ipsa1 c4 ,so repse for r ips4 ,,the ,,relative1 ,,interrogative1 ,,and ,,indefinite ,,pronoun4 7#a47 qu ,,and quis4 #fha4 ,the stem qui-1 or quo-1 qu-1 is used in three ways3 as a relative1 who1 which2 as an interrogative1 who8 which8 what8 as an indefinite1 any4 #fhb4 7a47 ,the relative qu1 who1 which1 is declined as follows3 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,singular4 ,plural4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 qu quae quod qu quae quae ,gen4 cuius cuius cuius qurum qurum qurum ,dat4 cui cui cui quibus quibus quibus ,acc4 quem quam quod qus qus quae ,abl4 qu qu qu quibus quibus quibus ---------------------------------------- ------------- #fhc4 7b47 ,the interrogative adjective qu1 quae1 quod1 which8 what8 is declined like the relative qu 7#fhb74 #fhd4 ,the interrogative substantive has in the nominative singular quis1 quid1 who8 what8 the rest is like qu 7#fhb74 ,in old ,latin1 quis is both masculine and feminine1 but a separate feminine form quae is used three or four times4 #fhe4 quis interrogative is sometimes used adjectively with appellatives3 as1 quis sentor8 what senator8 ,and qu is sometimes used substantively3 as1 qu prmus ,ameriam nntiat8 who is the first to bring the tidings to ,ameria8 #fhf4 7c47 ,the indefinite quis or qu1 one1 any1 has the following forms3 quis and quid masculine and neuter substantives1 qu and quod adjectives2 feminine singular nominative and neuter plural nominative and accusative commonly qua1 also quae4 ,the rest is like qu 7#fhb74 #fhg4 quis1 quem1 quid1 and quibus come from the stem qui-2 the other parts come from quo-1 qu-4 quae stands for an older quai 7#fij74 ,for quid and quod1 see #fei4 #fhh4 ,old forms of the genitive singular are quoius1 and of the dative quoiei1 quoi1 or quoi1 also in derivatives of qu or quis4 ,a genitive plural quim is old and rare4 ,the dative and ablative plural is sometimes qus from quo-1 qu-4 ,a nominative plural interrogative and indefinite qus is rare 7,pacuv474 #fhi4 ,the ablative or locative is sometimes qu1 from the stem qui-3 as an interrogative1 how8 as a relative1 wherewith1 whereby1 masculine1 feminine1 or neuter1 in old ,latin sometimes with a plural antecedent2 especially referring to an indefinite person1 and with cum attached1 qucum2 and as an indefinite1 somehow4 #fij4 ,other case forms of qu or quis and their derivatives are found in inscriptions1 as follows3 ,n4 ,,qvei1 prevalent in republican inscriptions2 also ,,qvi2 once ,,qve4 ,g4 ,,qvoivs1 regularly in republican inscriptions2 ,,cviivs1 ,,cviivs1 ,,cviivs 7#bc71 once ,,qvivs 7#bj74 ,d4 ,,qvoiei1 ,,qvoi2 once ,f4 ,,qvai4 ,ab4 ,,qvei4 ,plural3 ,n4 ,m4 ,,qvei1 but after #abj ,b4,c41 occasionally ,,qvi2 ,,qves1 indefinite2 ,f4 and ,ne4 ,,qvai4 ,g4 ,,qvoivm4 ,,derivatives ,,of qu ,,and quis4 #fia4 ,the derivatives of qu and quis have commonly quis and quid as substantives1 and qu and quod as adjectives4 ,forms requiring special mention are named below3 #fib4 quisquis1 whoever1 whatever1 everybody who1 everything which1 an indefinite relative1 has only these forms in common use3 ,n4 ,m4 quisquis1 sometimes ,f4 in old ,latin1 ,ne4 ,n4 and ,ac4 quicquid or quidquid1 ,ab4 ,m4 and ,ne4 as adjective ququ4 ,rare forms are3 ,n4 ,m4 ququ1 ,ac4 quemquem1 once ,ab4 ,f4 ququ1 as adverb ququ1 once ,d4 quibusquibus4 ,a short form of the genitive occurs in quoiquoimod or cuicuimod1 of whatsoever sort4 aliquis or aliqu1 aliqua1 once aliquae 7,lucr471 aliquid or aliquod1 some one1 some2 ,ab4 ,m4 sometimes1 ,ne4 often aliqu 7#fhi74 ,pl4 ,ne4 ,n4 and ,ac4 only aliqua2 ,d4 and ,ab4 sometimes aliqus 7#ffh74 ecquis or ecqu1 ecqua or ecquae1 ecquid or ecquod1 any8 ,besides the nominative only these forms are found3 ,d4 eccui1 ,ac4 ecquem1 ecquam1 ecquid1 ,ab4 ,m4 and ,ne4 ecqu4 ,pl4 ,n4 ecqu1 ,ac4 ,m4 ecqus1 ,f4 ecqus4 qucumque1 quaecumque1 quodcumque1 whoever1 whichever1 everybody who1 everything which4 ,the cumque is sometimes separated from qu by an intervening word4 ,an older form is ququomque1 c4 qudam1 quaedam1 quiddam or quoddam1 a1 a certain1 some one1 so and so2 ,ac4 quendam1 quandam4 ,pl4 ,g4 qurundam1 qurundam4 qulibet1 quaelibet1 quidlibet or quodlibet1 any you please4 quisnam1 rarely qunam1 quaenam1 quidnam or quodnam1 who ever8 who in the world8 ,sometimes nam quis1 c4 quispiam1 quaepiam1 quippiam1 quidpiam or quodpiam1 any1 any one2 ,ab4 also qupiam 7#fhi71 sometimes as adverb1 in any way4 quisquam1 quicquam or quidquam1 anybody at all1 anything at all1 generally a substantive1 less frequently an adjective1 any at all4 ,there is no distinctive feminine form1 and quisquam and quemquam are rarely1 and in old ,latin1 used as a feminine adjective4 ,ab4 also ququam 7#fhi71 sometimes as adverb1 in any way at all4 ,no plural4 quisque1 quaeque1 quicque1 quidque or quodque1 each4 ,sometimes nus is prefixed3 nusquisque2 both parts are declined4 quisque and quemque are sometimes feminine4 ,ab4 ,s4 quque 7#fhi7 rare1 ,ab4 ,pl4 qusque 7#fhh7 once 7,lucr474 quvs1 quaevs1 quidvs or quodvs1 which you will2 ,ab4 also quvs 7#fhi74 7#b47 uter4 #fic4 uter1 utra1 utrum1 whether8 which of the two8 has the genitive singular utrus1 and the dative singular utr4 ,the rest is like aeger 7#fag74 uter is sometimes relative1 whichsoever1 or indefinite1 either of the two4 ,,derivatives ,,of uter4 #fid4 ,the derivatives of uter are declined like uter2 they are3 neuter1 neither of the two1 genitive neutrus1 always with 7#feg74 ,when used as a grammatical term1 neuter1 the genitive is always neutr3 as1 generis neutr1 of neither gender4 utercumque1 utracumque1 utrumcumque1 whichever of the two1 either of the two4 uterlibet1 whichever you please4 uterque1 whichsoever1 both4 ,g4 always utriusque 7#feg74 utervs1 whichever you wish4 alteruter1 ,f4 altera utra1 ,ne4 alterutrum or alterum utrum1 one or the other1 ,g4 alterus utrus1 once late alterutrus1 ,d4 alterutr1 ,ac4 ,m4 alterutrum or alterum utrum1 ,f4 alterutram once 7,plin47 or alteram utram1 ,ab4 alterutr or alter utr1 ,f4 alter utr4 ,no ,pl41 except ,d4 alterutrs once 7,plin474 ,,correlative ,,pronouns4 #fie4 ,pronouns often correspond with each other in meaning and form2 some of the commonest correlatives are the following3 ,int4 ,interrogative ,indef4 ,indefinite ,dem41 ,det4 ,demonstrative1 ,determinative1 c4 ,rel4 ,relative4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,kind4 ,int4 ,indef4 ,dem41 ,det4 ,rel4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,simple quis1 qu1 quis1 qu1 hc1 iste1 qu ,simple who8 aliquis ille1 is1 quisque ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,alter- uter1 which uter1 uterque uter1 qu native of the two8 alteruter ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,number quot1 how aliquot tot quot many8 7#dca7 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,quantity quantus1 how aliquantus1 tantus quantus large8 7#fac7 quantusvs ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,quality qulis1 qulislibet tlis qulis of what sort8 7#fcj7 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,the ,,adverb1 ,,the ,,conjunction1 ,,and ,,the ,,preposition4 ,i4 ,,nouns ,,as ,,adverbs4 #fif4 ,adverbs1 conjunctions1 and prepositions are chiefly noun or pronoun cases which have become fixed in a specific form and with a specific meaning4 ,many of these words were still felt to be live cases1 even in the developed period of the language2 with others the consciousness of their noun character was lost4 #fig4 ,three cases are used adverbially3 the accusative1 the ablative1 and the locative4 #fih4 ,the rather indeterminate meaning of the accusative and the ablative is sometimes more exactly defined by a preposition4 ,the preposition may either accompany its usual case3 as1 adamussim1 admodum1 lic2 or it may be loosely prefixed1 with more of the nature of an adverb than of a preposition1 to a case with which it is not ordinarily used3 as1 examussim1 intere4 ,sometimes it stands after the noun3 as1 parumper1 a little while4 ,besides the three cases named above1 other forms occur1 some of which are undoubtedly old case endings1 though they can no longer be recognized as such3 see #gaj4 ,erratum3 #fih4 4 invisible 7#a47 ,,accusative4 7a47 ,,accusative ,,of ,,substantives4 #fii4 domum1 homeward1 home2 rs1 afield2 fors1 out of doors 799for-72 vicem1 instead2 partim1 in part2 old noenum or noenu1 common nn1 for ne-oenum1 i4e4 num1 not one1 naught1 not2 admodum1 to a degree1 very2 adamussim1 examussim1 to a ,t2 adfatim1 to satiety2 invicem1 in turn1 each other4 #gjj4 ,many adverbs in -tim and -sim denote manner 7#edi73 as1 cautim1 warily1 statim1 at once1 snsim1 perceptibly1 gradually2 stitim1 door by door1 virtim1 man by man1 frtim1 stealthily4 7b47 ,,accusative ,,of ,,adjectives ,,and ,,pronouns4 #gja4 ,neuters3 all comparative adverbs in -ius 7#cfa73 as1 doctius1 more learnedly2 so minus1 less1 magis1 more 7#cfc74 prmum1 first1 secundum1 secondly1 c42 tum1 then 7to-1 that73 commodum1 just in time2 minimum1 at least1 potissimum1 in preference1 postrmum1 at last1 summum1 at most2 versum1 toward1 rursum1 russum1 rsum1 back2 facile1 easily1 impne1 scotfree1 recns1 lately1 semel1 once 7simili-71 simul1 together 7simili-74 ,plural3 ctera1 for the rest2 quia1 because 7qui-72 in old ,latin frstra1 in vain 7fraud-74 #gjb4 ,feminines3 bifriam1 twofold2 cram1 face to face 7com- or co-1 99r-72 tam1 so 7t-1 that72 quam1 as1 how4 ,plural3 alis1 on other occasions4 7#b47 ,,ablative4 7a47 ,,ablative ,,of ,,substantives4 #gjc4 dom1 from home1 rre1 from the country2 hodi1 to-day 7ho-1 di-71 volg1 publicly1 vespere1 by twilight1 noct1 by nights1 nights1 lce1 by light1 tempore1 in times1 betimes2 sponte1 voluntarily1 forte1 by chance2 quotanns1 yearly2 grtis or grts1 for nothing1 ingrtis or ingrts1 against one's will2 lic1 on the spot 7#afi1 #d2 #agj1 #b71 fors1 out of doors 799for-74 7b47 ,,ablative ,,of ,,adjectives ,,and ,,pronouns4 #gjd4 ,many adverbs in - are formed from adjectives of time3 as1 perpetu1 to the end1 crbr1 frequently1 rr1 seldom1 repentn1 suddenly1 sr1 late1 prm1 at first4 ,many denote manner3 as1 arcn1 privily1 sri1 in earnest4 ,some are formed from participles3 as1 auspict1 with auspices taken2 composit1 by agreement4 ,a plural is rare3 alterns1 alternately4 #gje4 ,instead of -1 neuter ablatives commonly have -3 as1 long1 far1 doct1 wisely4 ,so also superlatives3 facillim1 most easily1 anciently ,,facilvmed 7#cfb74 ,consonant stems have -e3 as1 repente1 suddenly4 #gjf4 ,from pronouns some end in - 7#fhi73 as1 qu1 how8 indefinite1 qu1 somehow2 atqu1 but somehow2 qu-quam1 in any way at all4 #gjg4 ,feminines3 many in -3 n1 together2 circ1 around2 contr1 against 7com-1 #cdg72 extr1 outside 7ex1 #cdg72 in classical ,latin1 frstr1 in vain 7fraud-74 ,so1 especially1 adverbs denoting the #8route by which3' hc1 this way2 rct1 straightway4 7#c47 ,,locative4 #gjh4 ,in -1 from names of towns and a few other words3 ,karthgin1 at ,carthage2 ,rmae1 for ,rm1 at ,rome2 dom1 at home2 ill1 commonly ill-c1 there 7illo-71 ist1 commonly ist-c1 where you are1 h-c1 here 7ho-72 old sei1 common s1 at that1 in that case1 so1 if2 sc1 so 7s1 -ce74 #gji4 ,in -b1 from some pronouns3 ib1 there 7i-72 ub 7for 99quob1 #adf71 where2 alicub1 somewhere2 s-cubi1 if anywhere1 n-cubi1 lest anywhere4 ,erratum3 #gjh 444 dom1 at home2 2 missing ,,other ,,endings4 #gaj4 ,besides the above1 other endings are also found in words of this class3 as1 -s in abs1 from1 ex1 out of2 similarly us-que1 in every case1 ever1 us-quam1 anywhere at all4 -tus has the meaning of an ablative3 as1 intus1 from within1 within2 antquitus1 from old times1 anciently2 funditus1 from the bottom1 entirely4 - denotes the #8place to which' in adverbs from pronoun stems3 as1 e1 thither2 qu1 whither2 ill1 or illc1 for illoi-ce1 thither1 after hc2 hc1 commonly hc1 perhaps for hoi-ce 7#ii7 hither4 -im denotes the #8place from which3' as1 istim1 commonly istinc1 from where you are2 illim1 commonly illinc1 from yonder2 hinc1 hence2 exim1 thereupon2 also -de3 as1 unde1 whence 7quo-1 #adf71 s-cunde1 if from any place1 n-cunde1 lest from anywhere4 -ter3 as comparative 7#cdg73 praeter1 further1 beyond1 inter1 between2 denoting manner3 criter1 sharply2 amanter1 affectionately2 rarely from -o- stems3 as1 firmiter1 steadfastly4 ,,correlative ,,adverbs4 #gaa4 ,adverbs derived from pronoun stems often correspond with each other in meaning and form2 some of the commonest correlatives are the following3 ,int4 ,interrogative ,indef4 ,indefinite ,dem41 ,det4 ,demonstrative1 ,determinative1 c4 ,rel4 ,relative4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,int4 ,indef4 ,dem41 ,det4 ,rel4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ub1 where8 alicub hc1 istc ub usquam illc uspiam ib1 ubivs ibdem ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,place qu1 aliqu hc1 istc1 qu whither8 qulibet illc quvs e1 edem quorsum1 aliqu- horsum1 quorsum whither- vorsum istorsum ward8 ---------------------------------------- -------------- unde1 alicunde hinc1 unde whence8 undelibet istinc1 illinc inde1 indidem ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- quand1 aliquand nunc1 tum1 quom or cum when8 umquam tunc ,time quotins1 aliquotins totins quotins how often8 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,way qu1 by aliqu hc1 istc1 qu what way8 quvs illc e1 edem ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,manner ut or ut1 aliqu ita1 sc ut or ut how8 7#adf7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,degree quam1 how8 aliquam tam quam ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,ii4 ,,sentences ,,as ,,adverbs4 #gab4 ,some adverbs are condensed sentences3 as1 licet1 you may go1 straightway 7re licet72 sclicet1 you may know1 obviously1 of course 7scre licet72 vidlicet1 you can see1 plainly 7vidre licet72 ndiustertius1 now is the third day1 day before yesterday 7num dius1 i4e4 dis1 tertius72 forsitan1 maybe 7fors sit an72 mrum quantum1 strange how much1 astonishingly2 nesci qu pact1 nesci qumodo1 somehow or other1 unfortunately4 7,b47 ,,inflection ,,of ,,the ,,verb4 #gac4 ,the verb is inflected by attaching person endings to the several stems4 ,,the ,,stem4 #gad4 ,the stem contains the meaning of the verb1 and also denotes the mode 7mood7 and the time 7tense7 of the action as viewed by the speaker4 #gae4 ,there are three ,,moods1 ,indicative1 ,subjunctive1 and ,imperative4 #gaf4 ,there are six ,,tenses in the indicative1 three of the present system1 ,present1 ,imperfect1 and ,future2 and three of the perfect system1 ,perfect1 ,pluperfect1 and ,future ,perfect4 ,the subjunctive lacks the futures2 the imperative has only the present4 #gag4 ,the meanings of the moods and tenses are best learnt from reading4 ,no satisfactory translation can be given in the paradigms1 especially of the subjunctive1 which requires a variety of translations for its various uses4 #gah4 ,the verb has two principal stems3 ,i4 ,the ,present stem1 which is the base of the present system2 ,,ii4 ,the ,perfect stem1 which is the base of the perfect active system4 #gai4 ,the perfect system has no passive2 its place is supplied by the perfect participle with a form of sum1 am1 or less frequently of fu1 am become4 #gbj4 ,many verbs have only the present system3 as1 maere1 mourn2 some have only the perfect system3 as1 memin1 remember4 ,some verbs have a present and perfect system made up of two separate roots or stems3 as1 present indicative fer1 carry1 perfect indicative tul1 and perfect participle ltus2 present possum1 can1 perfect potu4 ,,the ,,person ,,ending4 #gba4 ,the person ending limits the meaning of the stem by pointing out the person of the subject4 ,there are three ,,persons1 the ,first1 used of the speaker1 the ,second1 of what is spoken to1 and the ,third1 of what is spoken of4 ,the person ending furthermore indicates number and voice4 #gbb4 ,there are two ,,numbers3 the ,singular1 used of one1 and the ,plural1 used of more than one4 #gbc4 ,there are two ,,voices3 the ,active1 indicating that the subject acts1 and the ,passive1 indicating that the subject acts on himself1 or more commonly is acted on by another4 #gbd4 ,only transitive verbs have all persons of the passive4 ,intransitive verbs have in the passive only the third person singular1 used impersonally2 the participle in this construction is neuter4 #gbe4 ,some verbs have only the passive person endings1 but with a reflexive or an active meaning2 such are called ,deponents3 see #gih4 #gbf4 ,the person endings are as follows3 ,,active ,,voice4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,mood4 ,,ind4 ,,sub4 ,,imperative4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,number4 ,,sing4 ,,plur4 ,,sing4 ,,plur4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,first person4 -m -mus not used not used ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,second person4 -s -tis none1 -t -te1 -tte ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,third person4 -t -nt -t -nt ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,,passive ,,voice4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,mood4 ,,ind4 ,,sub4 ,,imperative4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,number4 ,,sing4 ,,plur4 ,,sing4 ,,plur4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,first person4 -r -mur not used not used ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,second person4 -ris1 -re -min -re1 -tor -min ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,third person4 -tur -ntur -tor -ntor ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #gbg4 ,in the perfect indicative active1 the second person singular ends in -t1 and the third person plural in -runt for an older -ront1 or in -re4 -re is most used in poetry and history1 and by ,cato and ,sallust2 -runt by ,cicero1 and almost always by ,caesar4 #gbh4 ,in the indicative -m is not used in the present 7except in sum1 am1 and inquam1 quoth ,i71 in the perfect or future perfect1 or in the future in -b4 -s is not used in es for ess1 thou art1 and in s1 eatest 7#aga1 #a74 #gbi4 ,in inscriptions1 -d sometimes stands for -t 7#adi1 #b7 in the third person singular1 and sometimes -t is not used3 as1 ,,fecid1 made1 for fcit2 ,,dede1 gave1 for dedt or dedit4 ,and other forms of the third person plural of the indicative active are sometimes used3 as1 ,pisaurian ,,dedrot1 ,,dedro 7with syncope1 #aaa7 for dederunt1 gave2 ,,emerv1 bought1 for mrunt2 once ,,dederi1 probably for dedre 7#hef74 #gcj4 ,in the passive second person singular1 ,terence has always1 ,plautus commonly -re2 later it is unusual in the present indicative1 except in deponents2 but in other tenses -re is preferred1 especially in the future -bere1 by ,cicero1 -ris by ,livy and ,tacitus4 ,the second person plural passive is wanting2 its place is supplied by a single participial form in -min1 which is used without reference to gender1 for gender words and neuters alike 7#big74 #gca4 ,deponents have rarely -mino1 in the imperative singular3 as1 second person1 prgredimino1 step forward thou 7,plaut472 in laws1 as third person3 ,,frvimino1 let him enjoy2 or -t and -nt for -tor and -ntor3 as1 tit1 let him use2 tunt1 let them use4 ,in a real passive1 -nt is rare3 as1 ,,censento1 let them be rated4 ,,nouns ,,of ,,the ,,verb4 #gcb4 ,the verb is accompanied by some nouns1 which are conveniently1 though not quite accurately1 reckoned parts of the verb2 they are3 ,three ,infinitives1 ,present ,active and ,passive1 and ,perfect ,active1 sometimes called the ,infinitive ,mood4 ,for the future active and passive and the perfect passive1 compound forms are used4 ,the ,gerund and the ,gerundive4 ,two ,supines4 ,three ,participles1 ,present and ,future ,active1 and ,perfect ,passive4 ,,principal ,,parts4 #gcc4 ,the several verb stems can readily be found1 when once the principal parts are known2 these are given in the dictionary4 #gcd4 ,the ,,principal ,,parts of a verb are the ,present ,indicative ,active1 ,present ,infinitive ,active1 ,perfect ,indicative ,active1 and ,perfect ,participle3 as1 ,,pres4 ,,indic4 ,,pres4 ,,infin4 ,,perf4 ,,indic4 ,,perf4 ,,part4 reg1 rule regere rx rctus laud1 praise laudre laudv laudtus mone1 advise monre monu monitus audi1 hear audre audv auditus #gce4 ,the ,principal ,parts of deponents are the ,present ,indicative1 ,present ,infinitive1 and ,perfect ,participle3 as1 ,,pres4 ,,indic4 ,,pres4 ,,infin4 ,,perf4 ,,part4 queror1 complain quer questus mror1 wonder mrr mrtus vereor1 fear verr veritus partior1 share partr parttus ,,designation ,,of ,,the ,,verb4 #gcf4 ,a verb is usually named by the present indicative active first person singular3 as1 reg2 laud1 mone1 audi2 or by the present infinitive active3 as1 regere2 laudre1 monre1 audre4 ,deponents are named by the corresponding passive forms3 as1 queror2 mror1 vereor1 partior2 or quer2 mrr1 verr1 partr4 #gcg4 ,for convenience1 verbs with -ere in the present infinitive active are called ,verbs in -ere2 those with -re1 -re1 or -re1 ,verbs in -re1 -re1 or -re1 respectively4 ,in like manner deponents are designated as ,verbs in -2 or ,verbs in -r1 -r1 or -r1 respectively4 ,,theme ,,of ,,the ,,verb4 #gch4 ,the several stems of the verb come from a form called the ,theme4 ,in primitives1 the theme is a root2 in denominatives1 the theme is a noun stem4 ,thus1 reg- in reg- is a root2 while vesti- in vesti-1 dress1 is a noun stem4 ,the noun stem is sometimes modified in form4 ,oftentimes the noun stem is only presumed3 as1 audi- in audi-4 #gci4 ,some verbs have a denominative theme in the present system1 and a primitive theme in the perfect system1 others have the reverse4 #gdj4 ,most verbs with an infinitive of more than two syllables in -re1 -re1 or -re1 or1 if deponent1 in -r1 -r1 or -r1 are denominative2 most other verbs are primitive4 ,thus1 laudre1 monre1 audre2 mrr1 verr1 partr1 are denominative2 while esse1 dare1 7d7lre1 regere1 quer1 are primitive4 ,a few verbs1 however1 which have the appearance of denominatives1 are thought to be primitive in their origin4 ,,arrangement ,,of ,,the ,,verb4 #gda4 ,verbs are divided into two classes1 according to the form of the present system3 ,i4 ,root verbs1 and verbs in -ere1 mostly primitive2 ,,ii4 ,verbs in -re1 -re1 or -re1 mostly denominative4 #gdb4 ,verbs are sometimes arranged without regard to difference of kind1 in the alphabetical order of the vowel before -s of the second person singular of the present indicative active1 1 1 i1 3 thus1 lauds1 mons1 regis1 auds1 sometimes called the first1 second1 third1 and fourth conjugation respectively4 ,i4 ,,primitive ,,verbs4 #gdc4 ,a few of the oldest and commonest verbs of everyday life have a bare root as stem in the present indicative or in parts of it2 and some of them have other peculiarities2 such are called ,root ,verbs1 or by some1 irregular 7#gdd-gha74 ,most primitives are verbs in -ere1 like reg 7#ghb74 7,a47 ,,root ,,verbs4 ,irregular ,verbs4 7a47 ,,with ,a ,,prevalent ,,bare ,,root4 #gdd4 ,primitives with the bare root as present indicative stem in almost all their forms are sum1 am1 d1 give1 put1 and compounds2 and with the root doubled1 bib1 drink1 ser1 sow1 and sist1 set4 7#a47 sum1 am 7es-1 s-74 #gde4 sum1 am1 is used only in the present system 7#gbj74 ,the perfect system is supplied by forms of fu 7fu-74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,principal ,,parts4 ,,pres4 ,,indic4 ,,pres4 ,,infin4 ,,perf4 ,,indic4 ,,perf4 ,,part4 sum esse 7fu7 ---- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,,present ,,tense4 ,singular4 ,plural4 sum1 ,i am sumus1 we are es1 thou art estis1 you are est1 he is sunt1 they are ,,imperfect ,,tense4 eram1 ,i was ermus1 we were ers1 thou wert ertis1 you were erat1 he was erant1 they were ,,future ,,tense4 er1 ,i shall be erimus1 we shall be eris1 thou wilt be eritis1 you will be erit1 he will be erunt1 they will be ,,perfect ,,tense4 fu1 ,i have been1 fuimus1 we have been1 or was or were fuist1 thou hast been1 fuistis1 you have been1 or wert or were fuit1 he has been1 furunt or -re1 or was they have been1 or were ,,pluperfect ,,tense4 fueram1 ,i had been fuermus1 we had been fuers1 thou hadst been fuertis1 you had been fuerat1 he had been fuerant1 they had been ,,future ,,perfect ,,tense4 fuer1 ,i shall have been fuerimus1 we shall have been fueris1 thou wilt have been fueritis1 you will have been fuerit1 he will have been fuerint1 they will have been ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,subjunctive ,,mood4 ,,present ,,tense4 ,singular4 ,plural4 sim1 may ,i be smus1 let us be ss1 mayst thou be stis1 be you1 may you be sit1 let him be1 may he be sint1 let them be1 may they be ,,imperfect ,,tense4 essem1 ,i should be essmus1 we should be esss1 thou wouldst be esstis1 you would be esset1 he would be essent1 they would be ,,perfect ,,tense4 fuerim1 ,i may have been fuermus1 we may have been fuers1 thou mayst have been fuertis1 you may have been fuerit1 he may have been fuernt1 they may have been ,,pluperfect ,,tense4 fuissem1 fuissmus1 ,i should have been we should have been fuisss1 fuisstis1 thou wouldst have been you would have been fuisset1 fuissent1 he would have been they would have been ,,imperative ,,mood4 es or est1 be thou1 este or estte1 be you1 thou shalt be you shall be est1 he shall be sunt1 they shall be ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,nouns ,,of ,,the ,,verb4 ,,infinitive4 ,,participle4 ,pres4 esse1 to be ,pres4 ,see #gdi ,perf4 fuisse1 to have been ,perf4 ---- ,fut4 futrus esse1 ,fut4 futrus1 going to be to be going to be ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #gdf4 ,for the first person sum1 ,varro mentions esum as an archaic form4 ,this e was probably prefixed by analogy with the other forms2 for the -m1 and for es1 see #gbh4 ,for sim1 c41 and siem1 c41 see #hda4 ,in the imperfect eram1 c41 and the future er1 c41 s has become r 7#aed74 #gdg4 ,the indicative and imperative es is for older ess 7#aga1 #a71 and is regularly used long by ,plautus and ,terence4 ,the e of es and est is not pronounced after a vowel or -m1 and is often omitted in writing3 as experrcta es1 pronounced experrctas2 epistula est1 pronounced epistulast2 cnsilium est1 pronounced cnsiliumst4 ,in the dramatists1 -s preceded by a vowel1 which is usually short1 unites with a following es or est3 thus1 t servos es becomes t servos2 similis est1 similist2 virts est1 virtst2 rs est1 rst4 #gdh4 ,old forms are3 ,,sont 7inscr4 about #abj ,b4,c472 with suffix -sc 7#hcd71 escit 7for 99esscit71 gets to be1 will be1 escunt2 present subjunctive1 siem1 sis1 siet1 and sient 7#hda71 common in inscriptions down to #ajj ,b4,c41 and in old verse2 also in compounds2 imperative estd rare4 #gdi4 ,the present participle is used only as an adjective4 ,it has two forms3 sontem 7accusative1 no nominative71 which has entirely lost its original meaning of being1 actual1 the real man1 and has only the secondary meaning of guilty1 and nsns1 innocent2 and -sns in absns1 away1 praesns1 at hand1 d cnsents1 gods collective2 also once ,,insentibvs4 sum has no gerund or gerundive4 #gej4 ,a subjunctive present fuam1 fus1 fuat1 and fuant occurs in old ,latin2 and an imperfect forem1 fors1 foret1 and forent1 in all periods4 ,the present infinitive fore1 to get to be1 become1 has a future meaning4 ,old forms in the perfect system are ,,fvveit 7#bi1 #a71 ,,fvet2 fit1 fimus1 ferim1 ferit1 ferint1 fisset 7,plaut41 ,enn474 fu has no perfect participle or supine4 #gea4 possum1 can4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,principal parts3 possum1 posse2 7potu1 see #hge47 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,singular4 ,plural4 ,pres4 possum1 potes1 possumus1 potestis1 potest possunt ,imp4 poteram1 poters1 potermus1 potertis1 poterat poterant ,fut4 poter1 poteris1 poterimus1 poteritis1 poterit poterunt ,,subjunctive ,,mood4 ,pres4 possim1 posss1 possit possmus1 posstis1 possint ,imp4 possem1 posss1 posset possmus1 posstis1 possent ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,infinitive4 ,,participle4 ,pres4 posse ---- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #geb4 possum is formed from pote1 able1 and sum1 juxtaposed 7#aff1 #b2 #cif74 ,the separate forms potis sum1 c41 or pote sum1 c41 are also used1 and sometimes even potis or pote alone takes the place of a verb2 in either case potis and pote are indeclinable1 and are applied to gender words and neuters both4 #gec4 t is retained before a vowel1 except in possem1 c41 for potessem1 c41 and in posse2 t before s changes to s 7#aff1 #b74 ,old forms are3 possiem1 c41 7#gdh71 potessem1 potisset1 potesse4 ,rare forms are ,,potesto 7inscr4 #eh ,b4,c471 and passives1 as potestur1 c41 with a passive infinitive 7#adhd74 possum has no participles2 the perfect system1 potu1 c41 is like fu1 c4 7#gde74 7#b47 d1 give1 put 7d-1 da-74 #ged4 ,there are two verbs d1 one meaning give1 and one meaning put4 ,the d meaning put is oftenest used in compounds2 the simple verb has been crowded out by pn4 ,the present system of d is as follows3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,principal parts3 d1 dare1 ded1 datus4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,active ,,voice4 ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,singular4 ,plural4 ,pres4 d1 ds1 dat damus1 datis1 dant ,imp4 dabam1 dabs1 dabat dabmus1 dabtis1 dabant ,fut4 dab1 dabis1 dabit dabimus1 dabitis1 dabunt ,,subjunctive ,,mood4 ,pres4 dem1 ds1 det dmus1 dtis1 dent ,imp4 darem1 dars1 daret darmus1 dartis1 darent ,,imperative ,,mood4 d or dat1 dat date or datte1 dant ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,infinitive4 ,,participle4 ,pres4 dare dns ,,gerund4 ,gen4 dand1 c4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,passive ,,voice4 ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,singular4 ,plural4 ,pres4 ----1 damur1 daris or -re1 damin1 datur dantur ,imp4 dabar1 dabmur1 dabre or -ris1 dabmin1 dabtur dabantur ,fut4 dabor1 dabimur1 dabere or -ris1 dabimin1 dabitur dabuntur ,,subjunctive ,,mood4 ,pres4 ----1 ----1 dre or -ris1 dmin1 dtur dentur ,imp4 darer1 darmur1 darre or -ris1 darmin1 dartur darentur ,,imperative ,,mood4 dare or dator1 dator damin1 dantor ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,infinitive4 ,,gerundive4 ,pres4 dar dandus ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #gee4 ,in the present system a is short throughout in the first syllable1 except in ds and d4 ,for ded1 datus1 and supines datum1 dat1 see #hei and #ijj4 #gef4 ,old forms3 danunt of uncertain origin 7#hcc7 for dant4 ,from another form of the root come duis1 duit2 interdu1 concrdu1 perfect concrdu2 subjunctive duim1 dus 7dus71 duit and duint 7#hda71 and compounds1 used especially in law language1 and in praying and cursing2 crduam1 crdus or crdus1 crduat or crduit4 #geg4 ,real compounds of d have a present system like reg 7#ghb72 in the perfect and the perfect participle1 e and a become i3 as1 abd1 put away1 abdere1 abdid1 abditus2 crd1 put trust in4 perd1 fordo1 destroy1 and vnd1 put for sale1 have gerundives perdendus1 vndundus1 and perfect participles perditus1 vnditus2 the rest of the passive is supplied by forms of pere and vne4 redd1 give back1 has future reddib #c times 7,plaut474 ,in the apparent compounds with circum1 pessum1 satis1 and vnum1 d remains without change1 as in #ged4 ,erratum3 #gef4 4 missing 7#c47 bib1 ser1 and sist4 #geh4 bib1 drink1 ser1 sow 7for 99si-s1 #aed71 and sist1 set1 form their present stem by reduplication of the root 7#ahi74 ,the vowel before the person endings is the root vowel1 which becomes variable1 like a formative vowel 7#hbd74 ,these verbs have the present system like reg 7#ghb74 7b47 ,,with ,,the ,,bare ,,root ,,in ,,parts4 inquam1 e1 and que4 #gei4 inquam1 e1 and que have the bare root as present stem1 in almost all their parts2 in a few parts only the root is extended by a formative vowel 7#hbi74 7#a47 inquam1 say ,i1 quoth ,i4 #gfj4 inquam1 say ,i1 is chiefly used in quoting a person's direct words2 and1 from its meaning1 is naturally very defective4 ,the only parts in common use are the following3 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,singular4 ,plural4 ,pres4 inquam1 inquis1 inquit ----1 ----1 inquiunt ,fut4 ----1 inquis1 inquiet ----1 ----1 ---- ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #gfa4 ,rare forms are3 subjunctive inquiat 7,cornif471 indicative imperfect inquibat 7,cic471 used twice each2 indicative present inquimus 7,hor471 perfect inqui 7,catull471 inqust 7,cic471 once each2 imperative inque1 #d times 7,plaut4 #b1 ,ter4 #b71 inquit1 #c times 7,plaut474 ,for inquam1 see #gbh4 #gfb4 7#b47 e1 go 7- for ei-1 i-7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,principal parts3 e1 re1 i1 itum4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,singular4 ,plural4 ,pres4 e1 s1 it mus1 tis1 eunt ,imp4 bam1 bs1 bat bmus1 btis1 bant ,fut4 b1 bis1 bit bimus1 bitis1 bunt ,perf4 i1 st1 it or t iimus1 stis1 irunt or -re ,plup4 ieram1 iers1 ierat iermus1 iertis1 ierant ,f4 ,p4 ier1 ieris1 ierit ierimus1 ieritis1 ierint ,,subjunctive ,,mood4 ,pres4 eam1 es1 eat emus1 etis1 eant ,imp4 rem1 rs1 ret rmus1 rtis1 rent ,perf4 ierim1 iers1 ierit iermus1 iertis1 ierint ,plup4 ssem1 sss1 sset ssmus1 sstis1 ssent ,,imperative ,,mood4 or t1 t te or tte1 eunt ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,infinitive4 ,,participle4 ,pres4 re ins1 ,gen4 euntis ,perf4 sse itum ,fut4 itrus esse itrus ,,gerund4 ,,supine4 ,gen4 eund ,dat4 eund ,acc4 eundum ---- ,abl4 eund ---- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #gfc4 ,the passive is only used impersonally1 and has a neuter gerundive eundum and participle itum2 but transitive compounds1 as ade1 go up to1 have a complete passive3 as1 adeor1 adris1 c4 ambi1 go round1 canvass1 follows denominatives in -re 7#gif71 but has once or twice the imperfect ambbat1 ambbant1 ambbtur 7,liv41 ,tac41 ,plin4 ,ep471 and once the future ambbunt 7,plin472 future perfect ambssit1 ambssint1 once each 7prol4 ,plaut474 #gfd4 ,the is weakened from ei 7#ih73 as1 eis1 eit1 eite1 abeis1 abei 7,plaut472 ,,eitvr1 ,,abei1 ,,adeitvr 7inscr4 #acj ,b4,c471 ,,veneire 7#di ,b4,c471 ,,praetereis4 ,before o1 u1 or a1 the root becomes e4 ,for u in euntis1 see #ijb4 #gfe4 ,old forms are3 er 7,plaut471 1 erant 7,ter471 once each 7#abf72 in an inscription of #ahf ,b4,c41 ,,adieset1 ,,adiesent1 ,,adiese1 and of #adf ,b4,c41 ,,redieit 7#bi1 #b2 #acb72 ,,interieisti4 ,a future in -iet1 as trnsiet 7,sen471 is late and rare4 #gff4 ,a double i is found in iisss and iisset once each 7,ciris1 ,nepos71 also sometimes in compounds of these forms3 as rediisss1 interiisset4 ,compounds sometimes have it also in the perfect infinitive and in the second person singular of the perfect indicative3 as1 abiisse1 abiist2 also in rediistis once 7,stat474 ,in the first person of the perfect indicative a single long is found rarely in late writers in the singular3 as1 ad 7,val4 ,fl474 #gfg4 ,a few examples are found of a perfect system with v1 as v1 c4 ,this form is confined almost exclusively to poetry and late prose4 7a7 ,examples of simple forms with v are3 visse 7,plaut471 vit 7,cato71 v 7,varro71 verat 7,catull474 7b7 ,compound forms3 exv 7,plaut471 obvit 7,verg471 subvit 7,stat472 trnsvisse 7,claud4 ap4 ,tac471 invimus1 trnsv1 trnsvimus 7,curt471 trnsvit1 trnsverant 7,sen471 exvit 7,gell474 ,apparent compounds 7#cif73 ntr vit 7,c4 ,gracch41 ,piso1 ,gell474 7#c47 que1 can4 #gfh4 que1 can1 and neque1 can't1 have the perfect quv1 the rest like e 7#gfb72 but they have no imperative1 gerundive1 or future participle1 and the present participle is rare4 que is commonly used with a negative1 and some parts only so4 ,passive forms are rare1 and only used with a passive infinitive 7#adhd74 ed2 vol 7nl1 ml7 and fer4 7#a47 ed1 eat 7ed-1 d-74 #gfi4 ed1 eat1 has a present system with a formative vowel like reg throughout 7#ghb72 but in some parts of the present1 and of the imperfect subjunctive1 parallel root forms are usually found1 with d of the root changed to s1 and the vowel lengthened 7#ace71 as may be seen in the following3 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,principal parts3 ed1 sse1 d1 sus4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,singular4 ,plural4 ,pres4 ed1 s or edis1 edimus1 stis or editis1 st or edit edunt ,,subjunctive ,,mood4 ,pres4 edim1 eds1 edit edmus1 edtis1 edint or or edam1 eds1 edat edmus1 edtis1 edant ,imp4 ssem1 sss1 sset ssmus1 ----1 ssent or or ederem1 eders1 ederet edermus1 edertis1 ederent ,,imperative ,,mood4 s or ede1 ste or edite st or edit ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,infinitive4 ,,participle4 ,pres4 sse edns ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #ggj4 ,for s1 see #gbh2 for edim1 c41 #hda4 ,in the passive1 the indicative present stur is used1 and imperfect subjunctive sstur4 ,the perfect participle sus is for an older ssus 7#agj1 #g74 ,supines ssum1 ss 7,plaut474 #gga4 comed1 eat up1 has also the following root forms3 coms1 comst1 comstis2 comst2 comsse2 comsss1 comsset1 comssmus4 ,the present subjunctive has also comedim1 comeds1 comedint4 ,the participle perfect is comssus1 comsus1 or comstus1 future comssrus4 exed1 eat out1 has exst and exsse2 subjunctive exedint4 aded1 eat at1 has adst4 #ggb4 vol 7nl1 ml7 and fer have the bare root in some parts only of the present system2 in other parts the root extended by a formative vowel1 like reg 7#ghb74 vol 7nl1 ml7 lack some forms1 as will be seen below4 #ggc4 7#b47 vol1 will1 wish1 want1 am willing 7vol-1 vel-74 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,principal parts3 vol1 velle1 volu1 ----4 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,singular4 ,plural4 ,pres4 vol1 volumus1 vs1 voltis or vultis1 volt or vult volunt ,imp4 volbam1 volbmus1 volbs1 volbtis1 volbat volbant ,fut4 volam1 volmus1 vols1 voltis1 volet volent ,perf4 volu1 voluimus1 voluist1 voluistis1 voluit volurunt or -re ,plup4 volueram1 voluermus1 voluers1 voluertis1 voluerat voluerant ,f4 ,p4 voluer1 voluerimus1 volueris1 volueritis1 voluerit voluerint ,,subjunctive ,,mood4 ,pres4 velim1 velmus1 vels1 veltis1 velit velint ,imp4 vellem1 vellmus1 vells1 velltis1 vellet vellent ,perf4 voluerim1 voluermus1 voluers1 voluertis1 voluerit voluerint ,plup4 voluissem1 voluissmus1 voluisss1 voluisstis1 voluisset voluissent ---------------------------------------- ----- ,,infinitive4 ,,participle4 ,pres4 velle volns ,perf4 voluisse ---------------------------------------- ----- #ggd4 volo for vol is rare 7#bddc74 volt and voltis became vult and vultis about the time of ,augustus 7#ada74 ,for volumus1 see #adb2 velim1 c41 #hda2 vellem1 c41 velle1 #aff1 #h4 ss1 an thou wilt1 is common for s vs 7,plaut41 ,ter41 ,cic41 ,liv474 sultis1 an #8t please you1 is used by ,plautus for s voltis4 #gge4 nl1 won't1 is formed from ne-1 not1 and vol1 juxtaposed1 and ml1 like better1 abbreviated from mvol for 99magsvolo 7#ggi1 #agj1 #b74 #ggf4 nl1 won't1 don't want1 object1 am not willing4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,principal parts3 nl1 nlle1 nlu1 ----4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,singular4 ,plural4 ,pres4 nl1 nlumus1 nn vs1 nn voltis or vultis1 nn volt or vult nlunt ,imp4 nlbam1 nlbmus1 nlbs1 nlbtis1 nlbat nlbant ,fut4 ----1 nlmus1 nls1 nltis1 nlet nlent ,,subjunctive ,,mood4 ,pres4 nlim1 nlmus1 nls1 nltis1 nlit nlint ,imp4 nllem1 nllmus1 nlls1 nlltis1 nllet nllent ,,imperative ,,mood4 nl or nlt1 nlte or nltte1 nlt nlunt ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,,infinitive4 ,,participle4 ,pres4 nlle ---- ---------------------------------------- ----------- #ggg4 nevs and nevolt1 from ne-1 not1 are found in ,plautus4 nl has usually no participles1 but oblique cases of nlns are used a few times by post-,augustan writers 7,cels41 ,luc41 ,quintil41 ,ta41 ,juv41 ,mart41 ,plin474 ,the perfect system1 nlu1 c41 is like that of vol 7#ggb74 #ggh4 ml1 like better1 choose rather4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,principal parts3 ml1 mlle1 mlu1 ----4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,singular4 ,plural4 ,pres4 ml1 mlumus1 mvs1 mvoltis or mvultis1 mvolt or mvult mlunt ,imp4 mlbam1 mlbmus1 mlbs1 mlbtis1 mlbat mlbant ,fut4 ----1 mlmus1 mls1 mltis1 mlet mlent ,,subjunctive ,,mood4 ,pres4 mlim1 mlmus1 mls1 mltis1 mlit mlint ,imp4 mllem1 mllmus1 mlls1 mlltis1 mllet mllent ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,,infinitive4 ,,participle4 ,pres4 mlle ---- ---------------------------------------- ----------- #ggi4 ,old forms are mvol1 mvolunt2 mvolet2 mvelim1 mvels1 mvelit2 mvellem4 ,the perfect system1 mlu1 c41 is like that of vol 7#ggb74 ,errata3 #ggc 7table7 444 velmus1 1 missing #ggd 444 s vs 7,plaut41 ,ter41 ,cic41 ,liv47 ,plaut4 ,ter41 #gge 444 mvol for 99magsvolo printed as shown3 error for magsvol8 7#c47 fer1 carry 7fer-74 #ghj4 fer1 carry1 is used only in the present system 7#gbj74 ,the other parts are supplied by forms of toll1 lift 7tol-1 tl-74 ,the present system of fer is as follows3 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,principal parts3 fer1 ferre2 7tul1 ltus74 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,active ,,voice4 ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,singular4 ,plural4 ,pres4 fer1 fers1 fert ferimus1 fertis1 ferunt ,imp4 ferbam1 ferbmus1 ferbs1 ferbtis1 ferbat ferbant ,fut4 feram1 fers1 feret fermus1 fertis1 ferent ,,subjunctive ,,mood4 ,pres4 feram1 fers1 ferat fermus1 fertis1 ferant ,imp4 ferrem1 ferrs1 ferret ferrmus1 ferrtis1 ferrent ,,imperative ,,mood4 fer or fert1 fert ferte or fertte1 ferunt ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,infinitive4 ,,participle4 ,pres4 ferre ferns ,,gerund4 ,gen4 ferend1 c4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,passive ,,voice4 ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,singular4 ,plural4 ,pres4 feror1 ferimur1 ferris or -re1 ferimin1 fertur feruntur ,imp4 ferbar1 ferbmur1 ferbre or -ris1 ferbmin1 ferbtur ferbantur ,fut4 ferar1 fermur1 ferre or -ris1 fermin1 fertur ferentur ,,subjunctive ,,mood4 ,pres4 ferar1 fermur1 ferre or -ris1 fermin1 fertur ferantur ,imp4 ferrer1 ferrmur1 ferrre or -ris1 ferrmin1 ferrtur ferrentur ,,imperative ,,mood4 ferre or fertor1 ferimin1 fertor feruntor ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,infinitive4 ,,gerundive4 ,pres4 ferr ferendus ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #gha4 ,for tul1 see #hfj2 the full form tetul1 c41 is found in old ,latin1 and ,,toli1 c41 in inscriptions2 the compound with re- is rettul for 99retetul 7#hfa74 ,for the participle ltus1 see #afi1 #a4 7,b47 ,,verbs ,,in -ere4 ,the ,third ,conjugation4 #ghb4 reg1 rule4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,principal ,,parts4 ,,pres4 ,,indic4 ,,pres4 ,,infin4 ,,perf4 ,,indic4 ,,perf4 ,,part4 reg regere rx rctus ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,active ,,voice4 ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,,present ,,tense4 ,singular4 ,plural4 reg1 ,i rule1 regimus1 we rule1 or am ruling or are ruling regis1 thou rulest1 regitis1 you rule1 or art ruling or are ruling regit1 he rules1 regunt1 they rule1 or is ruling or are ruling ,,imperfect ,,tense4 regbam1 ,i was ruling1 regbmus1 we were ruling1 or ,i ruled or we ruled regbs1 thou wert ruling1 regbtis1 you were ruling1 or thou ruledst or you ruled regbat1 he was ruling1 regbant1 they were ruling1 or he ruled or they ruled ,,future ,,tense4 regam1 ,i shall rule regmus1 we shall rule regs1 thou wilt rule regtis1 you will rule reget1 he will rule regent1 they will rule ,,perfect ,,tense4 rx1 ,i have ruled1 rximus1 we have ruled1 or ,i ruled or we ruled rxist1 thou hast ruled1 rxistis1 you have ruled1 or thou ruledst or you ruled rxit1 he has ruled1 rxrunt or -re1 or he ruled they have ruled1 or they ruled ,,pluperfect ,,tense4 rxeram1 ,i had ruled rxermus1 we had ruled rxers1 thou hadst ruled rxertis1 you had ruled rxerat1 he had ruled rxerant1 they had ruled ,,future ,,perfect ,,tense4 rxer1 rxerimus1 ,i shall have ruled we shall have ruled rxeris1 rxeritis1 thou wilt have ruled you will have ruled rxerit1 rxerint1 he will have ruled they will have ruled ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,subjunctive ,,mood4 ,,present ,,tense4 ,singular4 ,plural4 regam1 may ,i rule regmus1 let us rule regs1 mayst thou rule regtis1 may you rule regat1 let him rule regant1 let them rule ,,imperfect ,,tense4 regerem1 ,i should rule regermus1 we should rule regers1 thou wouldst rule regertis1 you would rule regeret1 he would rule regerent1 they would rule ,,perfect ,,tense4 rxerim1 rxermus1 ,i may have ruled we may have ruled rxers1 rxertis1 thou mayst have ruled you may have ruled rxerit1 rxerint1 he may have ruled they may have ruled ,,pluperfect ,,tense4 rxissem1 rxissmus1 ,i should have ruled we should have ruled rxisss1 rxisstis1 thou wouldst have ruled you would have ruled rxisset1 rxissent1 he would have ruled they would have ruled ,,imperative ,,mood4 rege or regit1 regite or regitte1 rule1 thou shalt rule rule1 you shall rule regit1 he shall rule regunt1 they shall rule ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,nouns ,,of ,,the ,,verb4 ,,infinitive4 ,,participle4 ,pres4 regere1 to rule ,pres4 regns1 ruling ,perf4 rxisse1 to have ruled ,fut4 rctrus esse1 ,fut4 rctrus1 to be going to rule going to rule ,,gerund4 ,,supine4 ,gen4 regend1 of ruling ,dat4 regend1 for ruling ,acc4 regendum1 ruling ,acc4 99rctum1 to rule1 not used ,abl4 regend1 by ruling ,abl4 99rct1 in ruling1 not used ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,verbs ,,in -ere4 ,the ,third ,conjugation4 #ghc4 regor1 am ruled4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,passive ,,voice4 ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,,present ,,tense4 ,singular4 ,plural4 regor1 ,i am ruled regimur1 we are ruled regeris or -re1 thou art ruled regimin1 you are ruled regitur1 he is ruled reguntur1 they are ruled ,,imperfect ,,tense4 regbar1 regbmur1 ,i was ruled we were ruled regbre or -ris1 regbmin1 thou wert ruled you were ruled regbtur1 regbantur1 he was ruled they were ruled ,,future ,,tense4 regar1 regmur1 ,i shall be ruled we shall be ruled regre or -ris1 regmin1 thou wilt be ruled you will be ruled regtur1 regentur1 he will be ruled they will be ruled ,,perfect ,,tense4 rctus sum1 ,i have been1 rct sumus1 we have been1 or was ruled or were ruled rctus es1 thou hast been1 rct estis1 you have been1 or wert ruled or were ruled rctus est1 he has been1 rct sunt1 they have been1 or was ruled or were ruled ,,pluperfect ,,tense4 rctus eram1 rct ermus1 ,i had been ruled we had been ruled rctus ers1 rct ertis1 thou hadst been ruled you had been ruled rctus erat1 rct erant1 he had been ruled they had been ruled ,,future ,,perfect ,,tense4 rctus er1 rct erimus1 ,i shall have been ruled we shall have been ruled rctus eris1 rct eritis1 thou wilt have been ruled you will have been ruled rctus erit1 rct erunt1 he will have been ruled they will have been ruled ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,subjunctive ,,mood4 ,,present ,,tense4 ,singular4 ,plural4 regar1 regmur1 may ,i be ruled may we be ruled regre or -ris1 regmin1 mayst thou be ruled may you be ruled regtur1 regantur1 let him be ruled let them be ruled ,,imperfect ,,tense4 regerer1 regermur1 ,i should be ruled we should be ruled regerre or -ris1 regermin1 thou wouldst be ruled you would be ruled regertur1 regerentur1 he would be ruled they would be ruled ,,perfect ,,tense4 rctus sim1 rct smus1 ,i may have been ruled we may have been ruled rctus ss1 rct stis1 thou mayst have been ruled you may have been ruled rctus sit1 rct sint1 he may have been ruled they may have been ruled ,,pluperfect ,,tense4 rctus essem1 rct essmus1 ,i should have been ruled we should have been ruled rctus esss1 thou wouldst rct esstis1 have been ruled you would have been ruled rctus esset1 rct essent1 he would have been ruled they would have been ruled ,,imperative ,,mood4 regere or regitor1 be ruled1 regimin1 thou shalt be ruled be ruled regitor1 reguntor1 he shall be ruled they shall be ruled ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,nouns ,,of ,,the ,,verb4 ,,infinitive4 ,,gerundive4 ,pres4 reg1 regendus1 to be ruled to be ruled ,perf4 rctus esse1 ,,perfect ,,participle4 to have been ruled rctus1 ruled ,fut4 99rctum r1 to be going to be ruled1 not used 7#bbgc7 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,verbs ,,in -i1 -ere4 #ghd4 ,verbs in -i1 -ere1 as capi1 capere1 take 7cap-71 drop an i in some forms of the present and imperfect4 ,the present system is as follows3 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,,active ,,voice4 ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,singular4 ,plural4 ,pres4 capi1 capimus1 capis1 capitis1 capit capiunt ,imp4 capibam1 capibmus1 capibs1 capibtis1 capibat capibant ,fut4 capiam1 capimus1 capis1 capitis1 capiet capient ,,subjunctive ,,mood4 ,pres4 capiam1 capimus1 capis1 capitis1 capiat capiant ,imp4 caperem1 capermus1 capers1 capertis1 caperet caperent ,,imperative ,,mood4 cape or capit1 capite or capitte1 capit capiunt ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,,infinitive4 ,,participle4 ,pres4 capere capins ,,gerund4 ,gen4 capiend1 c4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,,passive ,,voice4 ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,singular4 ,plural4 ,pres4 capior1 capimur1 caperis or -re1 capimin1 capitur capiuntur ,imp4 capibar1 capibmur1 capibre or -ris1 capibmin1 capibtur capibantur ,fut4 capiar1 capimur1 capire or -ris1 capimin1 capitur capientur ,,subjunctive ,,mood4 ,pres4 capiar1 capimur1 capire or -ris1 capimin1 capitur capiantur ,imp4 caperer1 capermur1 caperre or -ris1 capermin1 capertur caperentur ,,imperative ,,mood4 capere or capitor1 capimin1 capitor capiuntor ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,,infinitive4 ,,gerundive4 ,pres4 capi capiendus ---------------------------------------- ------------ #ghe4 ,there are a dozen verbs in -1 -ere1 like capi1 and three deponents in -ior1 -1 all formed from consonant roots with a short vowel3 see #hcf4 ai1 say1 and f1 grow1 become1 have certain peculiarities arising from the blending of the root with the suffix4 ,errata3 #ghd 7table7 444 capi printed as shown3 error for cap8 #ghe 444 verbs in -1 printed as shown3 error for -i8 7#a47 ai1 say1 say ay1 avouch 7ag-74 #ghf4 ai1 say1 is defective1 and has only these parts in common use3 ------------------------------------- ,singular4 ,plural4 ,ind4 ,pres4 ai1 ----1 ais1 ----1 ait aiunt ,ind4 ,imp4 aibam1 aibmus1 aibs1 aibtis1 aibat aibant ,subj4 ,pres4 ----1 ----1 ais1 ----1 ait ---- ------------------------------------- #ghg4 ,for ai1 sometimes written aii 7#bc71 see #aec1 #b4 ,old forms are3 present ais1 as1 ais1 or with -n interrogative in1 ain2 at1 ait1 or ait2 imperfect aibam1 aibs1 aibat1 and aibant2 imperative once only1 a 7,naev474 ,a participle aientibus1 affirmative1 occurs once 7,cic474 ,errata3 #ghf 7table7 444 ait printed as shown3 error for aiat8 #ghg 444 interrogative in1 ain printed as shown3 in error for an8 7#b47 f1 become1 am made4 #ghh4 f1 become1 and factus sum supplement each other3 in the present system1 the passive of faci1 make1 except the gerundive1 faciendus1 is not used1 f1 c41 taking its place2 in the perfect system1 only factus sum1 c41 is used4 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,singular4 ,plural4 ,ind4 ,pres4 f1 ----1 fs1 ----1 fit funt ,ind4 ,imp4 fbam1 fbmus1 fbs1 fbtis1 fbat fbant ,ind4 ,fut4 fam1 fmus1 fs1 ftis1 fet fent ,subj4 ,pres4 fam1 fmus1 fs1 ftis1 fat fant ,subj4 ,imp4 fierem1 fiermus1 fiers1 fiertis1 fieret fierent ,imper4 f fte ---------------------------------------- ------- ,infin4 ,pres4 fier ,part4 ,pres4 ---- ---------------------------------------- ------- #ghi4 ,in f1 c41 represents an older ei1 seen in ,,feient 7inscr4 #de ,b4,c474 ,the infinitive fier for fierei owes its passive ending to analogy2 the active form fiere occurs twice 7,enn41 ,laev474 ,the vowel before -er- in fierem1 c41 and fier1 is sometimes long in the dramatists1 where a cretic 7- -7 is required1 but otherwise always short4 #gij4 -f is used in apparent compounds 7#cid73 as1 patfit4 ,in real compounds commonly -ficior3 as1 cnficior2 but sometimes -f3 as1 cnfit1 cnfunt1 cnfat1 cnfieret1 cnfierent1 cnfer2 dfit1 dfet1 dfat1 dfier2 effit1 effant1 ecfer2 nfit2 interfat1 interfer2 superfit1 superfat4 #gia4 ,some verbs in -i1 -ere 7or -ior1 -71 have occasionally the form of verbs in -re 7or -r71 in some parts of the present system1 oftenest before an r1 and particularly in the passive infinitive3 as1 fodr1 #c times 7,cato1 ,col4 #b71 circumfodr 7,col471 ecfodr 7,plaut472 adgredr 7adgredrier71 #d times 7,plaut471 prgredr 7,plaut472 morr #f times 7,plaut4 #d1 ,pomp41 ,ov471 morr twice 7,plaut41 ,ter472 orr1 always2 parre1 twice 7,plaut41 ,enn472 usually potr 7potrier74 ,also cupret 7,lucr472 adgredre1 adgredbor1 adgredmur 7,plaut472 mormur 7,enn472 orris 7,varr41 ,sen471 adortur 7,lucil41 ,lucr471 orrtur 7,cic41 ,nep41 ,sall41 ,liv471 adorrtur 7,liv41 ,suet472 parbis 7,pomp471 ,,pariret 7inscr472 potris 7,manil471 pottur 7,lucil41 ,ov471 c41 c4 ,errata3 #gia 444 orr1 always orr4 adortur 7,lucil41 ,lucr471 final 1 printed 4 ,,ii4 ,,denominative ,,verbs4 7#a47 ,,verbs ,,in -re4 ,the ,first ,conjugation4 #gib4 laud1 praise4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,principal ,,parts4 ,,pres4 ,,indic4 ,,pres4 ,,infin4 ,,perf4 ,,indic4 ,,perf4 ,,part4 laud laudre laudv laudtus ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,active ,,voice4 ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,,present ,,tense4 ,singular4 ,plural4 laud1 ,i praise1 laudmus1 we praise1 or am praising or are praising lauds1 thou praisest1 laudtis1 you praise1 or art praising or are praising laudat1 he praises1 laudant1 they praise1 or is praising or are praising ,,imperfect ,,tense4 laudbam1 ,i was praising1 laudbmus1 or ,i praised we were praising1 or we praised laudbs1 thou wert praising1 laudbtis1 you were or thou praisedst praising1 or you praised laudbat1 he was praising1 laudbant1 they were or he praised praising1 or they praised ,,future ,,tense4 laudb1 ,i shall praise laudbimus1 we shall praise laudbis1 thou wilt praise laudbitis1 you will praise laudbit1 he will praise laudbunt1 they will praise ,,perfect ,,tense4 laudv1 ,i have praised1 laudvimus1 we have praised1 or ,i praised or we praised laudvist1 thou hast laudvistis1 you have praised1 or thou praisedst praised1 or you praised laudvit1 he has praised1 laudvrunt or -re1 or he praised they have praised1 or they praised ,,pluperfect ,,tense4 laudveram1 ,i had praised laudvermus1 we had praised laudvers1 laudvertis1 thou hadst praised you had praised laudverat1 he had praised laudverant1 they had praised ,,future ,,perfect ,,tense4 laudver1 laudverimus1 ,i shall have praised we shall have praised laudveris1 laudveritis1 thou wilt have praised you will have praised laudverit1 laudverint1 he will have praised they will have praised ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,subjunctive ,,mood4 ,,present ,,tense4 ,singular4 ,plural4 laudem1 may ,i praise laudmus1 let us praise lauds1 mayst thou praise laudtis1 may you praise laudet1 let him praise laudent1 let them praise ,,imperfect ,,tense4 laudrem1 ,i should praise laudrmus1 we should praise laudrs1 laudrtis1 thou wouldst praise you would praise laudret1 he would praise laudrent1 they would praise ,,perfect ,,tense4 laudverim1 laudvermus1 ,i may have praised we may have praised laudvers1 laudvertis1 thou mayst have praised you may have praised laudverit1 laudverint1 he may have praised they may have praised ,,pluperfect ,,tense4 laudvissem1 laudvissmus1 ,i should have praised we should have praised laudvisss1 laudvisstis1 thou wouldst have praised you would have praised laudvisset1 laudvissent1 he would have praised they would have praised ,,imperative ,,mood4 laud or laudt1 praise1 laudte or laudtte1 praise1 thou shalt praise you shall praise laudt1 he shall praise laudant1 they shall praise ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,nouns ,,of ,,the ,,verb4 ,,infinitive4 ,,participle4 ,pres4 laudre1 ,pres4 laudns1 to praise praising ,perf4 laudvisse1 to have praised ,fut4 laudtrus esse1 ,fut4 laudtrus1 to be going to praise going to praise ,,gerund4 ,,supine4 ,gen4 laudand1 of praising ,dat4 laudand1 for praising ,acc4 laudandum1 praising ,acc4 laudtum1 to praise ,abl4 laudand1 by praising ,abl4 99laudt1 in praising1 not used ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,erratum3 #gib 7table7 444 ,abl4 laudand 4 missing or invisible ,,verbs ,,in -re4 ,the ,first ,conjugation4 #gic4 laudor1 am praised4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,passive ,,voice4 ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,,present ,,tense4 ,singular4 ,plural4 laudor1 laudmur1 ,i am praised we are praised laudris or -re1 laudmin1 thou art praised you are praised laudtur1 laudantur1 he is praised they are praised ,,imperfect ,,tense4 laudbar1 laudbmur1 ,i was praised we were praised laudbre or -ris1 laudbmin1 thou wert praised you were praised laudbtur1 laudbantur1 he was praised they were praised ,,future ,,tense4 laudbor1 laudbimur1 ,i shall be praised we shall be praised laudbere or -ris1 laudbimin1 thou wilt be praised you will be praised laudbitur1 laudbuntur1 he will be praised they will be praised ,,perfect ,,tense4 laudtus sum1 ,i have been1 laudt sumus1 we have been1 or was praised or were praised laudtus es1 thou hast been1 laudt estis1 or wert praised you have been1 or were praised laudtus est1 he has been1 laudt sunt1 or was praised they have been1 or were praised ,,pluperfect ,,tense4 laudtus eram1 laudt ermus1 ,i had been praised we had been praised laudtus ers1 laudt ertis1 thou hadst been praised you had been praised laudtus erat1 laudt erant1 he had been praised they had been praised ,,future ,,perfect ,,tense4 laudtus er1 laudt erimus1 ,i shall have been praised we shall have been praised laudtus eris1 laudt eritis1 thou wilt have been praised you will have been praised laudtus erit1 laudt erunt1 they will he will have been praised have been praised ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,subjunctive ,,mood4 ,,present ,,tense4 ,singular4 ,plural4 lauder1 laudmur1 may ,i be praised may we be praised laudre or -ris1 laudmin1 mayst thou be praised may you be praised laudtur1 laudentur1 let him be praised let them be praised ,,imperfect ,,tense4 laudrer1 laudrmur1 ,i should be praised we should be praised laudrre or -ris1 laudrmin1 thou wouldst be praised you would be praised laudrtur1 laudrentur1 he would be praised they would be praised ,,perfect ,,tense4 laudtus sim1 laudt smus1 ,i may have been praised we may have been praised laudtus ss1 thou mayst laudt stis1 have been praised you may have been praised laudtus sit1 laudt sint1 he may have been praised they may have been praised ,,pluperfect ,,tense4 laudtus essem1 laudt essmus1 we should ,i should have been praised have been praised laudtus esss1 thou laudt esstis1 you would wouldst have been praised have been praised laudtus esset1 he would laudt essent1 they would have been praised have been praised ,,imperative ,,mood4 laudre or laudtor1 laudmin1 be praised1 be praised thou shalt be praised laudtor1 laudantor1 he shall be praised they shall be praised ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,nouns ,,of ,,the ,,verb4 ,,infinitive4 ,,gerundive4 ,pres4 laudr1 laudandus1 to be praised to be praised ,perf4 laudtus esse1 ,,perfect ,,participle4 to have been praised laudtus1 praised ,fut4 99laudtum r1 to be going to be praised1 not used 7#bbgc7 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- 7#b47 ,,verbs ,,in -re4 ,the ,second ,conjugation4 #gid4 mone1 advise4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,principal ,,parts4 ,,pres4 ,,indic4 ,,pres4 ,,infin4 ,,perf4 ,,indic4 ,,perf4 ,,part4 mone monre monu monitus ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,active ,,voice4 ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,,present ,,tense4 ,singular4 ,plural4 mone1 ,i advise1 monmus1 we advise1 or am advising or are advising mons1 thou advisest1 montis1 you advise1 or art advising or are advising monet1 he advises1 monent1 they advise1 or is advising or are advising ,,imperfect ,,tense4 monbam1 ,i was advising1 monbmus1 we were advising1 or ,i advised or we advised monbs1 thou wert advising1 monbtis1 you were advising1 or thou advisedst or you advised monbat1 he was advising1 monbant1 they were advising1 or he advised or they advised ,,future ,,tense4 monb1 ,i shall advise monbimus1 we shall advise monbis1 thou wilt advise monbitis1 you will advise monbit1 he will advise monbunt1 they will advise ,,perfect ,,tense4 monu1 ,i have advised1 monuimus1 we have advised1 or ,i advised or we advised monuist1 thou hast advised1 monuistis1 you have advised1 or thou advisedst or you advised monuit1 he has advised1 monurunt or -re1 or he advised they have advised1 or they advised ,,pluperfect ,,tense4 monueram1 ,i had advised monuermus1 we had advised monuers1 thou hadst advised monuertis1 you had advised monuerat1 he had advised monuerant1 they had advised ,,future ,,perfect ,,tense4 monuer1 monuerimus1 ,i shall have advised we shall have advised monueris1 monueritis1 thou wilt have advised you will have advised monuerit1 monuerint1 he will have advised they will have advised ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,subjunctive ,,mood4 ,,present ,,tense4 ,singular4 ,plural4 moneam1 may ,i advise monemus1 let us advise mones1 mayst thou advise monetis1 may you advise moneat1 let him advise moneant1 let them advise ,,imperfect ,,tense4 monrem1 ,i should advise monrmus1 we should advise monrs1 thou wouldst advise monrtis1 you would advise monret1 he would advise monrent1 they would advise ,,perfect ,,tense4 monuerim1 monuermus1 ,i may have advised we may have advised monuers1 monuertis1 thou mayst have advised you may have advised monuerit1 monuerint1 he may have advised they may have advised ,,pluperfect ,,tense4 monuissem1 monuissmus1 ,i should have advised we should have advised monuisss1 monuisstis1 thou wouldst have advised you would have advised monuisset1 monuissent1 he would have advised they would have advised ,,imperative ,,mood4 mon or mont1 advise1 monte or montte1 advise1 thou shalt advise you shall advise mont1 he shall advise monent1 they shall advise ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,nouns ,,of ,,the ,,verb4 ,,infinitive4 ,,participle4 ,pres4 monre1 ,pres4 monns1 to advise advising ,perf4 monuisse1 to have advised ,fut4 monitrus esse1 ,fut4 monitrus1 to be going to advise going to advise ,,gerund4 ,,supine4 ,gen4 monend1 of advising ,dat4 monend1 for advising ,acc4 monendum1 advising ,acc4 99monitum1 to advise1 not used ,abl4 monend1 by advising ,abl4 monit1 in advising ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,erratum3 #gid 7table7 444 ,acc4 monendum1 advising 4 missing or invisible ,,verbs ,,in -re4 ,the ,second ,conjugation4 #gie4 moneor1 am advised4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,passive ,,voice4 ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,,present ,,tense4 ,singular4 ,plural4 moneor1 monmur1 ,i am advised we are advised monris or -re1 monmin1 thou art advised you are advised montur1 monentur1 he is advised they are advised ,,imperfect ,,tense4 monbar1 monbmur1 ,i was advised we were advised monbre or -ris1 monbmin1 thou wert advised you were advised monbtur1 monbantur1 he was advised they were advised ,,future ,,tense4 monbor1 monbimur1 ,i shall be advised we shall be advised monbere or -ris1 monbimin1 thou wilt be advised you will be advised monbitur1 monbuntur1 he will be advised they will be advised ,,perfect ,,tense4 monitus sum1 ,i have been1 monit sumus1 we have been1 or was advised or were advised monitus es1 thou hast been1 monit estis1 you have been1 or wert advised or were advised monitus est1 he has been1 monit sunt1 they have been1 or was advised or were advised ,,pluperfect ,,tense4 monitus eram1 monit ermus1 ,i had been advised we had been advised monitus ers1 monit ertis1 thou hadst been advised you had been advised monitus erat1 monit erant1 he had been advised they had been advised ,,future ,,perfect ,,tense4 monitus er1 monit erimus1 ,i shall have been advised we shall have been advised monitus eris1 monit eritis1 thou wilt have been advised you will have been advised monitus erit1 monit erunt1 they will he will have been advised have been advised ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,subjunctive ,,mood4 ,,present ,,tense4 ,singular4 ,plural4 monear1 monemur1 may ,i be advised may we be advised monere or -ris1 monemin1 mayst thou be advised may you be advised monetur1 moneantur1 let him be advised let them be advised ,,imperfect ,,tense4 monrer1 monrmur1 ,i should be advised we should be advised monrre or -ris1 monrmin1 thou wouldst be advised you would be advised monrtur1 monrentur1 he would be advised they would be advised ,,perfect ,,tense4 monitus sim1 monit smus1 ,i may have been advised we may have been advised monitus ss1 thou mayst monit stis1 have been advised you may have been advised monitus sit1 monit sint1 he may have been advised they may have been advised ,,pluperfect ,,tense4 monitus essem1 monit essmus1 we should ,i should have been advised have been advised monitus esss1 thou wouldst monit esstis1 you would have been advised have been advised monitus esset1 monit essent1 they would he would have been advised have been advised ,,imperative ,,mood4 monre or montor1 monmin1 be advised1 be advised thou shalt be advised montor1 monentor1 he shall be advised they shall be advised ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,nouns ,,of ,,the ,,verb4 ,,infinitive4 ,,gerundive4 ,pres4 monr1 monendus1 to be advised to be advised ,perf4 monitus esse1 ,,perfect ,,participle4 to have been advised monitus1 advised ,fut4 99monitum r1 to be going to be advised1 not used 7#bbgc7 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- 7#c47 ,,verbs ,,in -re4 ,the ,fourth ,conjugation4 #gif4 audi1 hear4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,principal ,,parts4 ,,pres4 ,,indic4 ,,pres4 ,,infin4 ,,perf4 ,,indic4 ,,perf4 ,,part4 audi audre audv audtus ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,active ,,voice4 ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,,present ,,tense4 ,singular4 ,plural4 audi1 ,i hear1 audmus1 we hear1 or am hearing or are hearing auds1 thou hearest1 audtis1 you hear1 or art hearing or are hearing audit1 he hears1 audiunt1 they hear1 or is hearing or are hearing ,,imperfect ,,tense4 audibam1 ,i was hearing1 audibmus1 we were hearing1 or ,i heard or we heard audibs1 thou wert hearing1 audibtis1 you were hearing1 or thou heardst or you heard audibat1 he was hearing1 audibant1 they were hearing1 or he heard or they heard ,,future ,,tense4 audiam1 ,i shall hear audimus1 we shall hear audis1 thou wilt hear auditis1 you will hear audiet1 he will hear audient1 they will hear ,,perfect ,,tense4 audv1 ,i have heard1 audvimus1 we have heard1 or ,i heard or we heard audvist1 thou hast heard1 audvistis1 you have heard1 or thou heardst or you heard audvit1 he has heard1 audvrunt or -re1 or he heard they have heard1 or they heard ,,pluperfect ,,tense4 audveram1 ,i had heard audvermus1 we had heard audvers1 thou hadst heard audvertis1 you had heard audverat1 he had heard audverant1 they had heard ,,future ,,perfect ,,tense4 audver1 audverimus1 ,i shall have heard we shall have heard audveris1 audveritis1 thou wilt have heard you will have heard audverit1 audverint1 he will have heard they will have heard ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,subjunctive ,,mood4 ,,present ,,tense4 ,singular4 ,plural4 audiam1 may ,i hear audimus1 let us hear audis1 mayst thou hear auditis1 may you hear audiat1 let him hear audiant1 let them hear ,,imperfect ,,tense4 audrem1 ,i should hear audrmus1 we should hear audrs1 thou wouldst hear audrtis1 you would hear audret1 he would hear audrent1 they would hear ,,perfect ,,tense4 audverim1 audvermus1 ,i may have heard we may have heard audvers1 audvertis1 thou mayst have heard you may have heard audverit1 audverint1 he may have heard they may have heard ,,pluperfect ,,tense4 audvissem1 audvissmus1 ,i should have heard we should have heard audvisss1 audvisstis1 thou wouldst have heard you would have heard audvisset1 audvissent1 he would have heard they would have heard ,,imperative ,,mood4 aud or audt1 audte or audtte1 hear1 thou shalt hear hear1 you shall hear audt1 he shall hear audiunt1 they shall hear ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,nouns ,,of ,,the ,,verb4 ,,infinitive4 ,,participle4 ,pres4 audre1 ,pres4 audins1 to hear hearing ,perf4 audvisse1 to have heard ,fut4 audtrus esse1 ,fut4 audtrus1 to be going to hear going to hear ,,gerund4 ,,supine4 ,gen4 audiend1 of hearing ,dat4 audiend1 for hearing ,acc4 audiendum1 hearing ,acc4 audtum1 to hear ,abl4 audiend1 by hearing ,abl4 audt1 in hearing ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,verbs ,,in -re4 ,the ,fourth ,conjugation4 #gig4 audior1 am heard4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,passive ,,voice4 ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,,present ,,tense4 ,singular4 ,plural4 audior1 audmur1 ,i am heard we are heard audris or -re1 audmin1 thou art heard you are heard audtur1 audiuntur1 he is heard they are heard ,,imperfect ,,tense4 audibar1 audibmur1 ,i was heard we were heard audibre or -ris1 audibmin1 thou wert heard you were heard audibtur1 audibantur1 he was heard they were heard ,,future ,,tense4 audiar1 audimur1 ,i shall be heard we shall be heard audire or -ris1 audimin1 thou wilt be heard you will be heard auditur1 audientur1 he will be heard they will be heard ,,perfect ,,tense4 audtus sum1 ,i have been1 audt sumus1 we have been1 or was heard or were heard audtus es1 thou hast been1 audt estis1 you have or wert heard been1 or were heard audtus est1 he has been1 audt sunt1 they have or was heard been1 or were heard ,,pluperfect ,,tense4 audtus eram1 audt ermus1 ,i had been heard we had been heard audtus ers1 audt ertis1 thou hadst been heard you had been heard audtus erat1 audt erant1 he had been heard they had been heard ,,future ,,perfect ,,tense4 audtus er1 audt erimus1 ,i shall have been heard we shall have been heard audtus eris1 audt eritis1 thou wilt have been heard you will have been heard audtus erit1 audt erunt1 he will have been heard they will have been heard ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,subjunctive ,,mood4 ,,present ,,tense4 ,singular4 ,plural4 audiar1 may ,i be heard audimur1 may we be heard audire or -ris1 audimin1 may you be heard mayst thou be heard auditur1 let him be heard audiantur1 let them be heard ,,imperfect ,,tense4 audrer1 audrmur1 ,i should be heard we should be heard audrre or -ris1 audrmin1 thou wouldst be heard you would be heard audrtur1 audrentur1 he would be heard they would be heard ,,perfect ,,tense4 audtus sim1 audt smus1 ,i may have been heard we may have been heard audtus ss1 audt stis1 thou mayst have been heard you may have been heard audtus sit1 audt sint1 he may have been heard they may have been heard ,,pluperfect ,,tense4 audtus essem1 audt essmus1 ,i should have been heard we should have been heard audtus esss1 thou wouldst audt esstis1 have been heard you would have been heard audtus esset1 audt essent1 they would he would have been heard have been heard ,,imperative ,,mood4 audre or audtor1 be heard1 audmin1 be heard thou shalt be heard audtor1 audiuntor1 he shall be heard they shall be heard ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,nouns ,,of ,,the ,,verb4 ,,infinitive4 ,,gerundive4 ,pres4 audr1 audiendus1 to be heard to be heard ,perf4 audtus esse1 ,,perfect ,,participle4 to have been heard audtus1 heard ,fut4 audtum r1 to be going to be heard 7#bbgc7 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,the ,,deponent ,,verb4 #gih4 ,deponents1 that is1 verbs with passive person endings and a reflexive or an active meaning 7#gbe71 have these active noun forms3 participles1 the future infinitive1 the gerund1 and the supines4 ,the perfect participle is usually active1 but sometimes passive2 the gerundive always passive4 ,the following is a synopsis of deponents3 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,principal ,,parts4 queror1 complain1 quer1 questus mror1 wonder1 mrr1 mrtus vereor1 fear1 verr1 veritus partior1 share1 partr1 parttus ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,i4 - ,,ii4 7#a47 -r 7#b47 -r 7#c47 -r ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,pres4 queror mror vereor partior ,imp4 querbar mrbar verbar partibar ,fut4 querar mrbor verbor partiar ,perf4 questus sum mrtus sum veritus sum parttus sum ,plup4 questus mrtus veritus parttus eram eram eram eram ,f4 ,p4 questus er mrtus er veritus er parttus er ,,subjunctive ,,mood4 ,pres4 querar mrer verear partiar ,imp4 quererer mrrer verrer partrer ,perf4 questus sim mrtus sim veritus sim parttus sim ,plup4 questus mrtus veritus parttus essem essem essem essem ,,imperative ,,mood4 querere mrre verre partre ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,participles4 ,pres4 querns mrns verns partins ,perf4 questus mrtus veritus parttus ,fut4 questrus mrtrus veritrus parttrus ,,infinitive4 ,pres4 quer mrr verr partr ,perf4 questus mrtus veritus parttus esse esse esse esse ,fut4 questrus mrtrus veritrus parttrus esse esse esse esse ,,gerund ,,and ,,gerundive4 ,gen4 querend1 mrand1 verend1 partiend1 c4 c4 c4 c4 querendus mrandus verendus partiendus ,,supine4 ,acc4 questum 99mrtum 99veritum 99parttum ,abl4 99quest mrt 99verit 99partt ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #gii4 ,three deponents in -ior1 -1 gradior1 walk1 morior1 die1 and patior1 suffer1 and their compounds1 have a present system like the passive of capi 7#ghd74 ,but adgredior and prgredior and morior and morior have sometimes the forms of verbs in -r2 for these1 and for orior1 arise1 orr1 ortus1 and potior1 become master of1 potr1 pottus1 see #gia4 ,by far the largest number of deponents are verbs in -r1 like mror1 mrr 7#cfh74 #hjj4 ,some verbs waver between active and passive person endings3 as1 adsenti1 agree1 adsentre1 and adsentior1 adsentr2 popul1 ravage1 populre1 and populor1 populr3 see #adha4 #hja4 ,a few verbs are deponent in the present system only3 as1 dvortor1 turn in1 perfect dvort2 revortor1 turn back1 perfect revort1 but with active perfect participle revorsus4 ,four are deponent in the perfect system only3 fd1 trust1 fdere1 fsus1 and the compounds1 cnfd1 diffd2 and aude1 dare1 audre1 ausus1 gaude1 feel glad1 gaudre1 gvsus1 and sole1 am used1 solre1 solitus4 ,most impersonals in -re have both an active and a deponent form in the perfect system3 see #hae1 #haf4 ,,periphrastic ,,forms4 #hjb4 7#a47 ,the future active participle with a form of sum is used to denote an intended or future action3 as1 rctrus sum1 ,i am going to rule1 intend to rule4 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,singular4 ,plural4 ,pres4 rctrus sum1 rctr sumus1 es1 estis1 est sunt ,imp4 rctrus eram1 rctr ermus1 ers1 ertis1 erat erant ,fut4 rctrus er1 rctr erimus1 eris1 eritis1 erit erunt ,perf4 rctrus fu1 rctr fuimus1 fuist1 fuistis1 fuit furunt ,plup4 rctrus fueram1 rctr fuermus1 fuers1 fuertis1 fuerat fuerant ,,subjunctive ,,mood4 ,pres4 rctrus sim1 rctr smus1 ss1 stis1 sit sint ,imp4 rctrus essem1 rctr essmus1 esss1 esstis1 esset essent ,perf4 rctrus fuerim1 rctr fuermus1 fuers1 fuertis1 fuerit fuerint ,plup4 rctrus fuissem1 rctr fuissmus1 fuisss1 fuisstis1 fuisset fuissent ---------------------------------------- --------- ,,infinitive4 ,pres4 rctrus esse ,perf4 rctrus fuisse ---------------------------------------- --------- #hjc4 ,a future perfect is hardly ever used3 as1 fuerit victrus 7,sen474 ,in the imperfect subjunctive1 forem1 fors1 foret1 and forent are sometimes used 7,nep41 ,sall41 ,liv41 ,vell474 #hjd4 7#b47 ,the gerundive with a form of sum is used to denote action which requires to be done3 as1 regendus sum1 ,i am to be ruled1 must be ruled4 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,singular4 ,plural4 ,pres4 regendus sum1 regend sumus1 es1 estis1 est sunt ,imp4 regendus eram1 regend ermus1 ers1 ertis1 erat erant ,fut4 regendus er1 regend erimus1 eris1 eritis1 erit erunt ,perf4 regendus fu1 regend fuimus1 fuist1 fuistis1 fuit furunt ,plup4 regendus fueram1 regend fuermus1 fuers1 fuertis1 fuerat fuerant ,,subjunctive ,,mood4 ,pres4 regendus sim1 regend smus1 ss1 stis1 sit sint ,imp4 regendus essem1 regend essmus1 esss1 esstis1 esset essent ,perf4 regendus fuerim1 regend fuermus1 fuers1 fuertis1 fuerit fuerint ,plup4 regendus fuissem1 regend fuissmus1 fuisss1 fuisstis1 fuisset fuissent ---------------------------------------- --------- ,,infinitive4 ,pres4 regendus esse ,perf4 regendus fuisse ---------------------------------------- --------- ,erratum3 #hjd 7table7 444 ,,subjunctive ,,mood4 4 missing or invisible ,,defective ,,verbs4 #hje4 7#a47 ,some verbs have only a few forms3 as1 inquam1 quoth ,i 7#gfj72 ai1 avouch 7#ghf74 ,see also apage1 avaunt1 get thee behind me1 cedo1 give1 tell1 fr1 to lift up one's voice1 hav or av and salv1 all hail1 ovat1 triumphs1 and quaes1 prithee1 in the dictionary4 #hjf4 7#b47 ,many verbs have only the present system2 such are3 #hjg4 7a47 sum1 am 7#gde72 fer1 carry 7#ghj72 f1 grow1 become 7#ghh74 #hjh4 7b47 ,some verbs in -ere3 ang1 throttle1 bt1 go1 clang1 sound1 claud or claude1 hobble1 fatsc1 gape1 glsc1 wax1 glb1 peel1 hsc1 gape1 temn1 scorn1 vd1 go1 verg1 slope4 ,also many inceptives 7#hcd73 as1 dtsc1 get rich1 dulcsc1 get sweet1 c41 c4 #hji4 7c47 ,some verbs in -re3 albe1 am white1 ave1 long1 calve1 am bald1 cne1 am gray1 clue1 am called1 hight1 flve1 am yellow1 hebe1 am blunt1 immine1 threaten1 lacte1 suck1 lve1 look dark1 maere1 mourn1 polle1 am strong1 rende1 am radiant1 squle1 am scaly1 me1 am wet4 #haj4 7d47 ,some verbs in -re3 balbti1 sputter1 feri1 strike1 ganni1 yelp1 inepti1 am a fool1 superbi1 am stuck up1 tussi1 cough4 ,also most desideratives 7#cge74 #haa4 ,many verbs are not attended by a perfect participle1 and lack in consequence the perfect passive system1 or1 if deponent1 the perfect active system4 #hab4 7#c47 ,some verbs have only the perfect system3 so particularly coep1 have begun1 began 7#abj72 and with a present meaning1 d1 have come to hate1 hate2 and memin1 have called to mind1 remember4 ,the following is a synopsis of these three verbs3 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,active4 ,passive4 ,active4 ,active4 ,perf4 coep coeptus sum d memin ,plup4 coeperam coeptus eram deram memineram ,f4 ,p4 coeper coeptus er der meminer ,,subjunctive ,,mood4 ,perf4 coeperim coeptus sim derim meminerim ,plup4 coepissem coeptus essem dissem meminissem ,,imperative ,,mood4 ,perf4 ---- ---- ---- mement1 mementte ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,infinitive4 ,perf4 coepisse coeptus esse disse meminisse ,,participles4 ,perf4 coeptus ---- ---- ,fut4 coeptrus srus ---- ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #hac4 ,a few forms of the present system of coep occur in old writers3 as1 coepi 7,plaut471 coepiam 7,caec41 ,cato71 coepiat 7,plaut471 coeperet 7,ter471 and coepere 7,plaut472 perfect once copit 7,lucr474 sus sum or fu 7,plaut41 ,c4 ,gracch41 ,gell471 exsus sum 7,verg41 ,sen41 ,curt41 ,gell471 and persus sum 7,suet41 ,col41 ,quint471 are sometimes used as deponents4 memin is the only verb which has a perfect imperative active4 d and memin have no passive4 #had4 coeptrus is rather rare and late 7,liv4 #b1 ,plin41 ,suet471 once as future infinitive 7,quint472 and srus is very rare 7,cic41 ,gell474 exsus and persus1 as active participles1 hating bitterly1 are not uncommon in writers of the empire2 the simple sus is not used as a participle4 #hae4 7#d47 ,impersonal verbs have usually only the third person singular1 and the infinitive present and perfect3 as1 7a47 pluit1 it rains1 tonat1 it thunders1 and other verbs denoting the operations of nature4 7b47 ,also a few verbs in -re denoting feeling3 as1 miseret 7or misertur1 miserscit71 it distresses1 miseritum est2 paenitet1 it repents1 paenituit2 piget1 it grieves1 piguit or pigitum est2 pudet1 it shames1 puduit or puditum est2 taedet1 it is a bore1 taesum est4 #haf4 ,some other verbs1 less correctly called impersonal1 with an infinitive or a sentence as subject1 are likewise defective3 as1 lubet or libet1 it suits1 lubitum or libitum est1 lubuit or libuit2 licet1 it is allowed1 licuit or licitum est2 oportet1 it is proper1 oportuit2 r fert or rfert1 it concerns1 r ferre or rferre1 r tulit or rtulit4 ,for the impersonal use of the third person singular passive1 as pugntur1 there is fighting1 pugnandum est1 there must be fighting1 see #gbd4 #hag4 ,of the impersonals in -re1 some have other forms besides the third person singular and the infinitives3 as1 paenitns1 repenting1 paenitendus1 to be regretted1 late2 pigendus1 irksome2 pudns1 modest1 pudendus1 shameful1 puditrum1 going to shame2 lubns or libns1 with willing mind1 gladly1 very common indeed2 imperative ,,liceto1 be it allowed 7inscrr4 #acc-aaa ,b4,c471 licns1 unrestrained1 licitus1 allowable2 gerunds pudendum1 pudend1 pigendum4 ,erratum 7in table73 #hab 7table7 444 d di ,,redundant ,,verbs4 #hah4 7#a47 ,some verbs have more than one form of the present stem3 thus1 #hai4 7a47 ,verbs in -ere have rarely forms of verbs in -re in the present system3 as1 abnue1 nod no1 abnubunt 7,enn471 for abnu1 abnuent2 congrure1 to agree 7,ter471 for congruere4 ,for verbs in -i1 -ere 7or -ior1 -71 with forms of verbs in -re 7or -r71 see #gia4 ,once pnsbant 7,enn474 #hbj4 7b47 ,some verbs in -re have occasionally a present stem like verbs in -ere3 as1 lavis1 washest1 lavit1 c41 for lavs1 lavat1 c42 sonit1 sounds1 sonunt1 for sonat1 sonant4 ,others have occasionally a present stem like verbs in -re3 as1 dnse1 thicken1 dnsr1 for dns1 dnsr4 #hba4 7c47 ,some verbs in -re have occasionally a present stem like verbs in -ere3 as1 fervit1 boils1 fervont1 for fervet1 fervent4 ,see also fulge1 ole1 scate1 strde1 terge1 tueor in the dictionary4 cie1 set a going1 sometimes has a present stem in -re1 particularly in compounds3 as1 cmus1 ciunt1 for cimus1 cient4 #hbb4 7d47 ,some verbs in -re have occasionally a present stem like verbs in -ere3 as1 venunt1 turn out1 for veniunt2 venat1 venant1 for veniat1 veniant1 and advenat1 pervenat1 for adveniat1 perveniat 7,plaut474 #hbc4 7#b47 ,some verbs have more than one form of the perfect stem3 as1 e1 go1 old 7#gfe71 common i1 rarely v 7#gfg72 pluit1 it rains1 pluit1 sometimes plvit4 ,see also pang1 parc1 clep1 voll or vell1 intelleg1 pn1 nect1 and adnect1 sali and nsili1 applic1 explic and implic1 dmic and nec in the dictionary4 ,some compound verbs have a form of the perfect which is different from that of the simple verb3 as1 can1 make music1 cecin1 concinu1 occinu2 pung1 punch1 pupug1 compunx1 expunx2 leg1 pick up1 lg1 dlx1 intellx1 neglx2 em1 take1 buy1 m 7adm1 exm71 cmps1 dmps1 prmps1 smps4 ,,formation ,,of ,,stems4 ,,variable ,,vowel4 #hbd4 ,the final vowel of a tense stem is said to be variable when it is -o- in some of the forms1 and -u-1 -e-1 or -i- in others4 #hbe4 ,the sign for the variable vowel is -oe-3 thus1 regoe-1 which may be read #8rego- or rege-1' represents rego- or regu-1 rege- or regi-1 as seen in rego-r or regu-nt1 rege-re or regi-t4 #hbf4 ,the variable vowel occurs in the present of verbs in -ere1 except in the subjunctive1 in the future in -b or -bor1 and in the future perfect1 as may be seen in the paradigms4 ,it is usually short2 but in the active1 o is long3 as1 reg1 laudb1 laudver2 and poets rarely lengthen i in the second and third person singular of the present4 ,for the future perfect1 see #hhb4 #hbg4 ,in old ,latin1 the stem vowel of the third person plural of the present was o3 as1 ,,cosentiont2 o was long retained after v1 u1 or qu 7#ajg1 c73 as1 vvont1 ruont1 sequontur2 or1 if o was not retained1 qu became c3 as1 secuntur4 ,i4 ,,the ,,present ,,system4 ,,present ,,indicative ,,stem4 ,i4 ,,primitives4 7,a47 ,,root ,,verbs4 #hbh4 ,a root without addition is used as the present stem1 in the present tense or parts of the present tense1 in root verbs 7#gdd-gha73 as1 es-t1 is2 da-t1 gives2 inqui-t1 quoth he2 i-t1 goes2 nequi-t1 can't2 s-t1 eats2 vol-t1 will2 fer-t1 carries4 ,with reduplicated root 7#ahi73 bibi-t1 drinks2 seri-t1 sows2 sisti-t1 sets4 7,b47 ,,verbs ,,in -ere4 #hbi4 7#a47 ,the present stem of many verbs in -ere is formed by adding a variable vowel -oe-1 which appears in the first person singular active as -1 to a root ending in a consonant or in two consonants3 as1 ,,present ,,stem4 ,,verb4 ,,from ,,theme4 regoe- reg1 guide reg- vertoe- vert1 turn vert- ,other examples are3 teg1 cover1 pet1 make for2 merg1 dip1 serp1 creep2 pend1 weigh2 dc1 say1 fd1 trust1 scrb1 write1 with long for ei 7#ih72 dc1 lead1 with long for eu1 ou 7#ajj72 ld1 play1 with long for oi1 oe 7#ii72 laed1 hit1 claud1 shut2 rd1 scrape1 cd1 move along1 fg1 fix1 rd1 gnaw1 glb1 peel4 99fur1 rave2 ag1 drive1 al1 nurture4 gign1 beget1 7gen-1 gn-71 has reduplication1 and sd1 settle1 light 7sed-1 sd-71 is also the result of an ancient reduplication 7#ahi74 #hcj4 ,in some present stems an original consonant has been modified3 as1 ger1 carry 7ges-71 r1 burn 7#aed72 trah1 draw 7tragh-71 veh1 cart 7#aeb72 or has disappeared3 as1 flu1 flow 7flgu-74 #hca4 ,some roots in a mute have a nasal before the mute in the present stem3 as1 frang1 break 7frag-74 ,other examples are3 iung1 join1 linqu1 leave1 pang1 fix1 ping1 paint2 find1 cleave1 fund1 pour2 -cumb1 lie1 lamb1 lick1 rump1 break 7#afd1 #c74 ,the nasal sometimes runs over into the perfect or perfect participle1 or both4 #hcb4 7#b47 ,the present stem of many verbs in -ere is formed by adding a suffix ending in a variable vowel -oe-1 which appears in the first person singular active as -1 to a root3 thus1 -n1 -sc1 -t1 -i3 as1 ,,present ,,stem4 ,,verb4 ,,from ,,theme4 linoe- lin1 besmear li- crscoe- crsc1 grow cr- pectoe- pect1 comb pec- capioe- capi1 take cap- #hcc4 7a47 -n is added to roots in a vowel1 or in a continuous sound1 -m-1 -r-1 or -l-4 ,so regularly lin1 besmear1 sin1 let2 temn1 scorn1 cern1 sift1 spern1 spurn1 only4 ,the third persons plural danunt 7,naev41 ,plaut47 for dant1 prdnunt1 rednunt 7,enn47 for prdeunt1 redeunt hardly belong here2 their formation is obscure4 ,in a few verbs1 -n is assimilated 7#aff1 #f73 as1 toll1 lift4 ,sometimes the doubled l runs into the perfect 7#hee73 as1 vell1 fefell4 minu1 lessen1 and sternu1 sneeze1 have a longer suffix -nuoe-4 #hcd4 7b47 -sc1 usually meaning #8begin to1' forms presents called ,inceptives or ,inchoatives4 -sc is attached3 first1 to roots3 as1 nscor1 am born1 nsc1 learn1 psc1 feed1 scsc1 resolve2 consonant roots have 1 less commonly 1 before the suffix3 as1 tremsc or tremsc1 fall a-trembling1 nancscor1 get 7#hca72 but disc1 learn 7#agj1 #a71 and posc1 demand 7#agj1 #aj71 are shortened2 see #afh4 ,secondly1 to a form of the present stem of denominative verbs1 especially of those in -re3 as1 clrsc1 brighten2 the stem is often assumed only1 as in invetersc1 grow old1 mtrsc1 get ripe4 ,many inceptives are used only in composition3 as1 extimsc1 get scared1 obdormsc1 drop asleep4 #hce4 7c47 -t occurs in the following presents from guttural roots3 flect1 turn1 nect1 string1 pect1 comb1 plector1 am struck1 amplector1 hug1 complector1 clasp4 ,from a lingual root vid-1 comes vs1 go to see1 call on 7#aec74 ,from vowel roots3 bt or bt1 go1 and met1 mow4 #hcf4 7d47 -i is usually added to consonant roots with a short vowel2 the following have presents formed by this suffix3 capi1 take1 cupi1 want1 faci1 make1 fodi1 dig1 fugi1 run away1 iaci1 throw1 pari1 bring forth1 quati1 shake1 rapi1 seize1 sapi1 have sense1 and their compounds2 the compounds of 99laci1 lure1 and speci or spici1 spy1 and the deponents gradior1 step1 morior1 die1 and patior1 suffer1 and their compounds4 ,for occasional forms like those of verbs in -re 7or -r71 see #gia4 ,for ai1 see #ghf2 for f1 #ghh4 #hcg4 ,a few present stems are formed by adding a variable vowel -oe-1 for an older -ioe-1 to a vowel root3 as1 ru1 tumble down1 rui-s1 rui-t1 rui-mus1 rui-tis1 ruu-nt 7#aad74 ,vowel roots in --1 --1 or -- have a present stem like that of denominatives3 as1 st1 stand1 st-s1 sta-t1 st-mus1 st-tis1 sta-nt2 fle1 weep1 fl-s1 fle-t1 fl-mus1 fl-tis1 fle-nt2 ne1 spin1 has once neu-nt for ne-nt 7,tib472 sci1 know1 sc-s1 sci-t1 sc-mus1 sc-tis1 sciu-nt4 #hch4 ,most present stems formed by adding the suffix -i to a root ending in -l-1 -r-1 or -n-1 and all formed by adding -i to a long syllable1 have the form of denominatives in -re in the present system3 as1 sali1 leap1 salre1 aperi1 open1 aperre1 veni1 come1 venre2 farci1 cram1 farcre4 ,errata3 #hcj 444 7tragh-7 444 7flgu-74 ,in these two roots1 the pairs 8gh0 and 8gu0 are printed together1 while the other letters of the root are spaced as usual4 #hcd 444 less commonly 1 before the suffix 4 before #hce 444 pect1 comb pect comb ,,ii4 ,,denominatives4 #hci4 ,the present stem of denominatives is formed by attaching a variable vowel -oe-1 for an older -ioe-1 to a theme consisting of a noun stem3 as1 ,,uncontracted ,,present ,,stem4 ,,verb4 ,,from ,,theme4 cnaoe- cn1 dine cn- flreoe- flre1 blossom flre- vestioe- vesti1 dress vesti- acuoe- acu1 point acu- ,the noun stem ending is often slightly modified in forming the theme3 thus1 laud- becomes laud- in laud for 99laud-1 and flr- becomes flre- in flre-4 #hdj4 ,in many of the forms1 the final vowel of the theme is contracted with the variable vowel3 as1 plant1 plants 7#aah1 #c7 for 99planti1 99planties 7#aec1 #b72 mons for 99monies 7#aah1 #a71 auds for 99audies 7#aah1 #c74 ,the long 1 1 or 1 is regularly shortened in some of the forms3 as1 scit1 arat1 habet1 for ,plautine sct1 art1 habt4 ,in a few forms no contraction occurs3 as1 mone1 audi1 audiu-nt1 audie-ntis1 c41 audie-ndus1 c4 7#aad74 ,denominatives from stems in -u-1 as acu1 are not contracted1 and so have the forms of verbs in -ere 7#cfg74 ,,present ,,subjunctive4 #hda4 ,the suffix of the present subjunctive of sum1 am1 is --1 which becomes -i- before -m1 -t1 and -nt3 si-m1 s-s1 si-t1 s-mus1 s-tis1 si-nt 7#ce1 #b1 #c74 ,so also in the singular and in the third person plural1 dui-m1 c4 7#gef71 and edi-m1 c4 7#gfi71 and in all the persons1 veli-m1 c4 7nli-m1 c41 mli-m1 c474 ,an old suffix is -i- 7-ie-71 in sie-m1 si-s1 sie-t1 and sie-nt4 #hdb4 7#a47 ,the present subjunctive stem of verbs in -ere1 -re1 and -re1 ends in --1 which becomes -a- in some of the persons2 this suffix replaces the variable vowel of the indicative3 as1 rega-m1 reg-s1 rega-t1 reg-mus1 reg-tis1 rega-nt2 capia-m1 capi-s1 c42 monea-m1 mone-s1 c42 audia-m1 audi-s1 c4 ea-m1 quea-m1 fera-m1 and the old fua-m 7#gej71 also have the formative subjunctive vowel4 #hdc4 7#b47 ,the present subjunctive stem of verbs in -re ends in --1 which becomes -e- in some of the persons3 as1 laude-m1 laud-s1 laude-t1 laud-mus1 laud-tis1 laude-nt4 d1 give1 also has de-m1 d-s1 c4 ,erratum3 #hdb 444 monea-m1 mone-s1 c42 4 missing ,,imperative4 #hdd4 ,root verbs have a root as imperative stem 7#gde-ghj73 as1 es1 c41 fer1 c4 ,but the imperative of nl has a stem in --1 like verbs in -re3 thus1 nl1 nl-t1 nl-te1 nl-tte4 #hde4 ,the imperative stem of verbs in -ere1 and of verbs in -re1 -re1 and -re1 is the same as that of the indicative3 as1 rege1 regi-t1 regu-nt1 rege-re2 cape1 capi-t1 capiu-nt2 f2 laud1 c42 mon1 c42 aud1 c4 #hdf4 ,the second person singular imperative active of dc1 dc1 and faci1 is usually dc1 dc1 and fac1 respectively1 though the full forms1 dce1 c41 are also used1 and are commoner in old ,latin4 ,compounds of dc may have the short form3 as1 dc4 inger has once inger 7,catull474 sci has regularly the singular sc-t1 plural sc-tte1 rarely sc-te4 ,,imperfect ,,indicative4 #hdg4 ,the imperfect indicative stem ends in -b-1 which becomes -ba- in some of the persons3 as1 daba-m1 dab-s1 daba-t1 dab-mus1 dab-tis1 daba-nt2 ba-m2 quba-m4 ,in verbs in -ere and -re1 the suffix is preceded by a form ending in --3 as1 regba-m2 monba-m2 so also volba-m 7nlba-m1 mlba-m71 and ferba-m2 in verbs in -i1 -ere1 and in -i1 -re1 by a form ending in -i-3 as1 capiba-m2 audiba-m2 in verbs in -re1 by one ending in --3 as1 laudba-m4 ,in verse1 verbs in -re sometimes have -- before the suffix 7,plaut41 ,ter41 ,catull41 ,lucr41 ,verg41 c473 as1 audba-t4 i1 say1 has sometimes aiba-m1 c4 7#ghg74 #hdh4 ,the suffix of the imperfect indicative of sum1 am1 is --1 which becomes -a- before -m1 -t1 and -nt 7#ce1 #b1 #c7 the s becomes r between the vowels 7#aed73 era-m1 er-s1 era-t1 er-mus1 er-tis1 era-nt4 ,erratum3 #hdh 444 -m1 -t1 and -nt 7#ce1 #b1 #c7 the s becomes r printed as shown3 missing punctuation or conjunction8 ,,imperfect ,,subjunctive4 #hdi4 ,the imperfect subjunctive stem ends in -r-1 which becomes -re- in some of the persons3 as1 dare-m1 dar-s1 dare-t1 dar-mus1 dar-tis1 dare-nt2 re-m1 fore-m1 ferre-m4 ,in verbs in -ere1 the -r- is preceded by a form ending in -e-3 as1 regere-m1 capere-m2 in verbs in -re1 -re1 and -re1 by one ending in --1 --1 or --1 respectively3 as1 laudre-m1 monre-m1 audre-m4 #hej4 ,the suffix of the imperfect subjunctive of sum1 am1 is -s-1 which becomes -se- in some of the persons2 esse-m1 ess-s1 esse-t1 ess-mus1 ess-tis1 esse-nt2 so also ss-s1 c4 7#gfi74 vol1 wish1 nl1 won't1 and ml1 prefer1 have velle-m1 nlle-m1 and mlle-m respectively 7#aff1 #h74 ,erratum3 #hej 444 respectively 7#aff1 #h74 7#aff1 #h47 ,,future4 #hea4 ,the future stem of sum1 am1 is eroe-3 er1 eri-s1 eri-t1 eri-mus1 eri-tis1 eru-nt4 d has dab1 e has b1 and que has qub4 #heb4 7#a47 ,the future stem of verbs in -ere and -re ends in -a- in the first person singular1 otherwise in --1 which becomes -e- in some of the persons3 as1 rega-m1 reg-s1 rege-t1 reg-mus1 reg-tis1 rege-nt2 capia-m1 capi-s1 c42 audia-m1 audi-s1 c4 ,the first person singular is not a future form1 but the subjunctive present1 used with a future meaning 7#hdb72 forms in -em occur in manuscripts of ,plautus3 as1 faciem1 sinem4 ,verbs in -re sometimes have -boe-1 chiefly in the dramatists3 as1 scb1 opperbo-r 7,plaut41 ,ter471 lnbu-nt 7,prop472 rarely verbs in -ere 7#hai73 as1 exsgb 7,plaut474 ,for reddib1 instead of the usual reddam1 see #geg4 #hec4 7#b47 ,the future stem of verbs in -re and -re ends in -boe-1 which is preceded by a form ending in long -- or -- respectively3 as1 laudb1 laudbi-s1 laudbi-t1 laudbi-mus1 laudbi-tis1 laudbu-nt4 monb1 monbi-s1 c4 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,perfect ,,system4 ,,perfect ,,indicative ,,stem4 #hed4 ,there are two kinds of perfect stems3 7,a47 ,some verbs have as perfect stem a root1 generally with some modification1 but without a suffix 7#heh-hff74 7,b47 ,some perfects are formed with a suffix1 -s-1 or -v- or -u- 7#hfg-hge74 #hee4 ,some perfects of primitives are formed not from a root1 but from the present stem without the formative vowel1 treated as a root3 as1 prehend1 seized1 from prehend- 7#hff72 poposc1 asked1 fefell1 deceived 7#heh72 inx1 joined 7#hfg74 #hef4 ,the first person of the perfect ends in -1 sometimes written ei 7#bi1 #b74 -t1 -st1 sometimes written -stei 7#bi1 #b71 -stis1 and -mus are preceded by short i2 -re is always1 and -runt is usually1 preceded by long 3 as1 rx1 rxi-st1 rxi-t1 rxi-mus1 rxi-stis1 rx-runt 7rxe-runt71 or rx-re4 #heg4 ,sometimes -t is preceded by long 3 as1 it1 petit1 ,,redieit 7#bi1 #b74 -runt is sometimes preceded by short e 7,plaut41 ,ter41 ,lucr41 ,hor41 ,ov41 ,verg41 ,phaedr474 ,this is the original form2 -- is by analogy to -re4 7,a47 ,,perfect ,,stem ,,without ,a ,,suffix4 #heh4 7#a47 ,some verbs in -ere form their perfect stem by prefixing to the root its initial consonant with the following vowel1 which1 if a1 is usually represented by e2 this is called the ,reduplicated ,perfect1 and the first syllable is called the ,reduplication3 as1 ,,perfect ,,stem4 ,,verb4 ,,from ,,theme4 pu-pug- pung1 punch pug- pe-pig- pang1 fix pag- ,other examples are3 cad1 fall1 cecid 7cad-1 #ajd1 c72 pari1 bring forth1 peper 7par-1 #ajd1 c72 pell1 push1 pepul 7pol-1 #aje1 h72 posc1 demand1 poposc 7#hee72 fall1 deceive1 fefell 7#hee1 #ajd1 c72 see also #ibc-icb4 caed1 cut1 has cecd 7#ajh1 a72 and a few old forms are quoted from verbs having an o or an u in the root with e in the reduplication3 as1 memord1 pepug4 #hei4 ,four verbs with vowel roots also have a reduplicated perfect stem3 d1 give1 put1 dare1 ded2 bib1 drink1 bibere1 bib2 st1 stand1 stre1 stet1 and sist1 set1 sistere1 -stit1 rarely stit4 ,also four verbs in -re3 morde1 bite1 momord1 pende1 hang1 pepend1 sponde1 promise1 spopond1 tonde1 clip1 -totond4 ,in the root syllable of spopond1 promised1 stet1 stood1 stit1 set1 and the old scicid1 clove1 an s is dropped 7#agc1 #b74 #hfj4 ,in compounds the reduplication is commonly dropped3 as1 cecid1 fell1 compound concid1 tumbled down4 ,compounds of cucurr1 ran1 sometimes retain the reduplication3 as1 prcucurr4 ,compounds of bib1 drank1 didic1 learned1 poposc1 asked1 stit1 set1 stet1 stood1 and ded1 gave1 put1 retain it1 the last two weakening e to i3 as1 restit1 staid back4 abscondid1 hid away1 usually becomes abscond2 in apparent compounds1 e is usually retained3 as1 circum stet1 stood round1 vnum ded1 put for sale4 ,the reduplication is also lost in the simple verbs tul1 carried1 old tetul1 and in scind1 split1 scid1 which last is rare as a simple verb4 #hfa4 ,some compounds with re- drop only the vowel of the reduplication 7#aaa1 a73 as1 reccid1 fell back2 rettul1 brought back 7see also #gha72 repper1 found2 rettud1 beat back4 ,some perfects occur only in composition3 as1 ,,percell1 knock down1 percul2 cntund1 smash to pieces1 contud2 diffind1 split apart1 diffid2 but fid also occurs a couple of times as a simple verb4 #hfb4 7#b47 ,some verbs in -ere have a perfect stem consisting of a consonant root with a long vowel 7#ace1 #a73 as1 ,,perfect ,,stem4 ,,verb4 ,,from ,,theme4 d- ed1 eat ed- lg- leg1 pick up1 read leg- ,other examples are3 fodi1 dig1 fd2 fund1 pour1 fd2 linqu1 leave1 lqu2 see #icf-idf4 ,three verbs in -re also have this form1 sede1 sit1 sd1 strde1 grate1 strd1 vide1 see1 vd2 and one in -re1 veni1 come1 vn4 #hfc4 ,the following verbs in -ere with a in the present stem1 have long in the perfect stem 7#ade73 ag1 do1 g1 frang1 break1 frg1 pang1 fix1 rarely pg1 but always compg1 impg1 oppg2 capi1 take1 cp1 faci1 make1 fc1 iaci1 throw1 ic4 ,so also the old co-p1 began1 common coep4 #hfd4 ,two verbs in -re and some in -re have a perfect stem consisting of a root which ends in -v- and has a long vowel3 iuv1 help1 iuvre1 iv1 lav1 wash1 lavre or lavere1 lv2 cave1 look out1 cavre1 cv2 see #iif4 #hfe4 ,verbs in -u1 -uere1 both primitives and denominatives1 have usually a perfect stem in short u of the theme 7#abd73 as1 lu1 pay1 lu2 acu1 sharpen1 acu3 see #idg1 #idh4 ,forms with long are old and rare 7#abf73 as1 f1 adn1 cnstit1 nstit4 flu1 flow1 and stru1 pile1 have flx and strxi 7#hcj74 #hff4 7#c47 ,some verbs in -ere from roots ending in two consonants have a perfect stem consisting of the root3 as1 ,,perfect ,,stem4 ,,verb4 ,,from ,,theme4 mand- mand1 chew mand- pand- pand1 open pand- ,other examples are3 vort or vert1 turn1 vort or vert2 scand1 climb1 -scend2 prehend1 seize1 prehend 7#hee72 voll or vell1 pluck1 voll or vell2 see #idi-iea4 ,similarly ferve1 boil1 fervere or fervre1 has ferv or ferbu 7#hbc71 and prande1 lunch1 prandre1 has prand4 7,b47 ,,perfect ,,stem ,,in -s-1 ,,or ,,in -v- ,,or -u-4 ,,perfect ,,stem ,,in -s-4 #hfg4 ,many verbs in -ere form their perfect stem by adding the suffix -s- to a root1 which generally ends in a mute3 as1 ,,perfect ,,stem4 ,,verb4 ,,from ,,theme4 carp-s- carp1 pluck carp- scalp-s- scalp1 dig scalp- ges-s- ger1 bear ges- dx- dc1 say dc- ,other examples are3 dc1 lead1 dx 7#ajj72 fing1 mould1 fnx 7#hee72 ld1 play1 ls 7#aff1 #b72 scrb1 write1 scrps 7#afd1 #a72 stru1 pile1 strx 7#afd1 #a72 vv1 live1 vx 7#ih74 ,some verbs with a short vowel in the present1 have a long vowel in the perfect3 as1 reg1 guide1 rx 7#ace72 intelleg1 understand1 intellx 7#hbc72 teg1 cover1 tx2 iung1 join1 inx 7#hee74 ,and some verbs with a long vowel in the present1 have a short vowel in the perfect3 as1 r1 burn1 uss 7#hcj74 ,see #ieb-ifa4 #hfh4 ,some verbs in -re also have a perfect in -s-3 as alge1 am cold1 als 7#agj1 #c72 haere1 stick1 haes 7#aff1 #b73 see #iii1 #ajjj4 ,also some in -re3 as1 sarci1 patch1 sars 7#agj1 #c73 see #ajad1 #ajae4 ,errata3 #hfg 444 scalp-s- final - missing scrb1 write scrb write ,,perfect ,,stem ,,in -v- ,,or -u-4 #hfi4 7#a47 ,some verbs in -ere1 with vowel roots1 and almost all verbs in -re or -re1 form their perfect stem by adding the suffix -v- to a theme ending in a long vowel3 as1 ,,perfect ,,stem4 ,,verb4 ,,from ,,theme4 cr-v- crsc1 grow cr- laud-v- laud1 praise laud- aud-v- audi1 hear aud- ,for other verbs in -ere with a perfect stem in -v-1 and particularly ter1 cern1 spern1 and stern1 see #ifb-igj4 #hgj4 ,a few verbs in -ere have a perfect stem in -v- attached to a presumed theme in long 3 as1 cupi1 want1 cupv2 pet1 aim at1 petv2 quaer1 inquire1 quaesv2 arcss1 fetch1 arcssv2 see #iff-igj4 #hga4 ,a few verbs in -re also have a perfect stem in -v-3 as1 fle1 weep1 flre1 flv2 see #ajja-ajjc4 ,and three verbs in -scere have a perfect stem in -v- attached to a presumed theme in long 3 -olsc1 grow1 -olv2 quisc1 get quiet1 quiv2 susc1 get used1 suv4 #hgb4 ,one verb in -scere has a perfect stem in -v- attached to a presumed theme in long 3 advesperscit1 it gets dusk1 advespervit4 #hgc4 7#b47 ,many verbs in -ere form their perfect stem by adding the suffix -u- to a consonant root3 as1 ,,perfect ,,stem4 ,,verb4 ,,from ,,theme4 al-u- al1 nurture al- gen-u- gign1 beget gen- ,other examples are3 col1 cultivate1 colu2 cnsul1 consult1 cnsulu2 -cumb1 lie1 -cubu2 frem1 roar1 fremu2 lici1 draw out1 licu2 mol1 grind1 molu2 rapi1 snatch1 rapu2 ser1 string1 -seru2 stert1 snore1 -stertu2 strep1 make a racket1 strepu2 tex1 weave1 texu2 vol1 will1 volu2 compesc1 check1 compescu 7#hee72 see #iga-igf4 #hgd4 ,some verbs in -re also have a perfect stem in -u-3 as1 crep1 rattle1 crepre1 crepu 7#iic72 and many in -re3 as1 mone1 warn1 monre1 monu3 see #ajjd-ajjf2 also four in -re3 as1 sali1 leap1 salre1 salu 7#ajai74 #hge4 ,the perfect potu to the present possum 7#gea7 is from a lost present 99pote1 99potre 7#ibb74 pnere 7for 99po-sinere1 #aab2 #agj1 #b7 forms an old perfect posv 7#ifd71 later posu1 as if pos- were the stem4 ,,perfect ,,subjunctive4 #hgf4 ,the perfect subjunctive stem ends in -er-1 for which -eri- is sometimes used 7#ce1 #b1 #c73 as1 rxeri-m1 rxer-s1 rxeri-t1 rxer-mus1 rxer-tis1 rxeri-nt4 #hgg4 ,in the perfect subjunctive1 long is found before the person endings -s1 -mus1 and -tis1 some #be times1 as follows3 -s1 #ah times 7,plaut4 #c1 ,pac41 ,enn41 ,ter41 ,hor41 ,tib41 ,sen41 inscr41 once each1 ,ov4 #h71 -mus1 #d times 7,plaut4 #c1 ,ter4 #a71 -tis1 #c times 7,plaut4 #b1 ,enn4 #a74 #hgh4 ,in the perfect subjunctive1 short i is found1 as in the future perfect1 some #i times1 thus3 -is1 #h times 7,plaut4 in anapests #c1 ,verg4 #b1 ,hor4 #c71 -imus once 7,verg474 ,but before -tis1 short i is not found4 ,,perfect ,,imperative4 #hgi4 ,one verb only1 memin1 remember1 has a perfect imperative2 in this imperative1 the person endings are not preceded by a vowel1 thus3 memen-t1 memen-tte4 ,,pluperfect ,,indicative4 #hhj4 ,the pluperfect indicative stem ends in -er-1 which becomes -era- in some of the persons3 as1 rxera-m1 rxer-s1 rxera-t1 rxer-mus1 rxer-tis1 rxera-nt4 ,,pluperfect ,,subjunctive4 #hha4 ,the pluperfect subjunctive stem ends in -iss-1 which becomes -isse- in some of the persons3 as1 rxisse-m1 rxiss-s1 rxisse-t1 rxiss-mus1 rxiss-tis1 rxisse-nt4 ,,future ,,perfect4 #hhb4 ,the future perfect stem ends in -er- and -eri-3 as1 rxer1 rxeri-s1 rxeri-t1 rxeri-mus1 rxeri-tis1 rxeri-nt4 #hhc4 ,in the future perfect1 short i is found before the person endings -s1 -mus1 and -tis1 some #dj times1 as follows3 -is1 #bi times 7,plaut4 #b1 ,cic4 #a1 ,catull4 #a1 ,verg4 #g1 ,hor4 #ab1 ,ov4 #d1 ,germ4 #a1 ,juv4 #a72 -imus1 #c times 7,plaut41 ,ter41 ,lucr472 -itis1 #h times 7,enn4 #a1 ,plaut4 #e1 ,ov4 #b74 #hhd4 ,in the future perfect1 long is found1 as in the perfect subjunctive1 some #cc times1 thus3 -s1 #bh times 7,plaut4 #c1 ,hor4 #e1 ,ov4 #ae1 ,prop41 ,stat41 ,mart41 ,priap41 inscr41 once each71 -mus1 once 7,catull471 -tis1 #d times 7,ov4 #c1 ,priap4 #a74 ,,short ,,or ,,old ,,forms4 #hhe4 7#a47 ,some shorter forms in the perfect system are principally found in old ,latin4 #hhf4 7a47 ,shorter forms in the perfect indicative1 the pluperfect subjunctive1 and the infinitive1 most of them from perfects in -s- 7#hfg71 occur chiefly in verse3 thus1 ,perfect indicative1 second person singular1 common3 as1 dxt 7,plaut41 ,ter41 ,cic472 plural1 rare3 as1 accestis 7,verg474 ,pluperfect subjunctive singular1 not very common3 as1 exstnxem 7,verg471 intellxs 7,plaut471 vxet 7,verg472 plural1 once only1 rpsmus 7,hor474 ,infinitive1 dxe 7,plaut471 cnsmpse 7,lucr474 #hhg4 7b47 ,a perfect subjunctive stem in -s- or in -ss-1 and a future perfect indicative stem in -soe- or in -ssoe-1 occur chiefly in old laws and prayers1 and in dramatic verse3 as1 ,perfect subjunctive3 faxim1 faxs1 ,,faxseis 7inscr4 #ade ,b4,c471 faxit1 faxmus1 faxtis1 faxint2 ausim1 auss1 ausit2 locssim1 amsss1 servssit1 amssint1 prohibsss1 prohibssit1 cohibssit1 licssit4 ,future perfect indicative3 fax1 faxis1 faxit1 faxitis1 caps1 receps1 iuss1 occsit1 capsimus2 levss1 invtssitis1 mulcssitis1 exoculssitis1 prohibssis1 prohibssint4 ,denominatives in -re have also1 in old ,latin1 a future perfect infinitive3 as1 impetrssere4 #hhh4 ,passive inflections1 as future perfect faxitur1 turbssitur1 deponent ,,mercassitvr 7inscr4 #aaa ,b4,c471 are very rare2 and1 indeed1 with the exception of fax and ausim1 even the active forms had become antiquated by #aej ,b4,c4 ,denominatives in -re never have the above formations4 ,but ambi1 canvass1 is thought to have a future perfect ambssit twice 7,plaut4 prol474 #hhi4 7#b47 ,shortened forms from perfect stems formed by the suffix -v- 7#hfi7 are very common in all periods4 #hij4 7a47 ,in tenses formed from perfect stems in -v-1 -v-1 and -v-1 v is often dropped before -is-1 -r-1 or -er-1 and the vowels thus brought together are contracted 7#aec1 #a73 as1 laudvist1 laudst2 laudvistis1 laudstis2 laudvrunt1 laudrunt 7but the form in -re1 as laudvre1 is never contracted72 laudverim1 laudrim1 c42 laudveram1 laudram1 c42 laudvissem1 laudssem1 c42 laudver1 laudr1 c42 laudvisse1 laudsse4 -plvist1 -plst2 -plvistis1 -plstis2 -plvrunt1 -plrunt2 plverim1 -plrim1 c42 -plveram1 -plram1 c42 -plvissem1 -plssem1 c42 -plver1 -plr1 c42 -plvisse1 -plsse4 nvist1 nst2 nvistis1 nstis2 nvrunt1 nrunt2 nverim1 nrim1 c42 nveram1 nram1 c42 nvissem1 nssem1 c42 nver always retains the v1 but cgnr1 c42 nvisse1 nsse4 #hia4 ,the verbs in which v belongs to the root 7#hfd71 are not thus shortened1 except move1 mostly in compounds4 ,from iuv1 iuerint 7,catull471 adiuer 7,enn471 once each1 and twice adiuerit 7,plaut41 ,ter47 are unnecessary emendations4 #hib4 ,contractions in the perfect before -t and -mus are rare3 as1 inrtt1 disturbt2 sumus or suemus 7,lucr471 nmus 7,enn471 cnsuemus 7,prop474 #hic4 7b47 ,in tenses formed from perfect stems in -v-1 v is often dropped before -is-1 -r-1 or -er-2 but contraction is common only in the forms which have -is-3 as1 audvist1 audst2 audvistis1 audstis2 audvrunt1 audirunt2 audverim1 audierim1 c42 audveram1 audieram1 c42 audvissem1 audssem1 c42 audver1 audier1 c42 audvisse1 audsse4 ,sometimes audi1 audiit1 audt4 ,intermediate between the long and the short forms are auders and auderit1 once each 7,ter474 ,in the perfect subjunctive1 sin has svers 7,plaut41 ,cato71 srs 7,plaut41 ,cato1 ,liv471 sreis 7,pac471 or seirs 7,plaut471 srit 7,plaut41 ,liv471 srtis 7,plaut471 sverint 7,plaut41 ,curt471 sierint 7,cic41 ,curt471 or srint 7,plaut474 dsin is thought to have dsmus in the perfect indicative a couple of times 7,sen41 ,plin4 ,ep474 ,,nouns ,,of ,,the ,,verb4 ,,infinitive4 #hid4 ,the active infinitive has the ending -re in the present1 and -isse in the perfect3 as1 dare2 regere1 capere2 laudre1 monre1 audre4 rxisse2 laudvisse or laudsse1 monuisse1 audvisse or audsse4 #hie4 ,for -r in old ,latin1 see #acd1 #b4 ,the infinitive of f1 become1 ends in -r1 fer1 with a passive ending 7#ghi72 twice fere 7,enn4 ,laev474 ,an older form for -re is -se1 found in esse1 to be1 sse1 to eat1 and their compounds4 ,for velle1 to wish 7mlle1 nlle71 see #aff1 #h4 ,in the perfect1 e1 go1 sometimes has -iisse in compounds 7#gff71 and in poetry1 pet1 go to1 has rarely petiisse4 #hif4 ,the present infinitive passive of verbs in -ere has the ending -2 that of other verbs has -r3 as1 reg1 cap2 laudr1 monr1 audr4 fer1 carry1 has ferr4 ,the length of the is sometimes indicated by the spelling ei 7#bi1 #b73 as1 ,,darei4 #hig4 ,a longer form in -ier for -1 and -rier for -r1 is common in old laws and dramatic verse1 and occurs sometimes in other poetry3 as1 ,,figier1 to be posted1 ,,gnoscier1 to be read 7inscr4 #ahf ,b4,c472 dcier1 to be said1 crrier1 to be looked after 7,plaut472 dominrier1 to be lord paramount 7,verg474 #hih4 ,the place of the perfect passive1 future active1 and future passive infinitive is supplied by a circumlocution1 as seen in the paradigms4 ,for the future perfect -ssere1 see #hhg4 ,,gerundive ,,and ,,gerund4 #hii4 ,the gerundive stem is formed by adding -ndo-1 nominative -ndus1 -nda1 -ndum1 to the present stem3 as1 dandus1 stem dando-2 regendus1 capiendus2 laudandus1 monendus1 audiendus4 ,verbs in -ere and -re often have -undus1 when not preceded by u or v1 especially in formal style3 as1 capiundus2 e1 go1 always has eundum1 and orior1 rise1 oriundus4 ,for the adjective use1 see #bhh4 ,the gerund is like the oblique cases of the neuter singular4 ,for -bundus1 see #bhi2 -cundus1 #bij4 ,,supine4 #ijj4 ,the supine stem is formed by the suffix -tu-1 which is often changed to -su- 7#iab74 ,this suffix is attached to a root or to a form of the present stem after the manner of the perfect participle 7#ijf73 as1 nntitum1 to report1 nntit1 in reporting1 stem nntitu-4 ,many of the commonest verbs have no supine3 as1 sum1 e1 fer2 reg1 em1 teg2 am1 dle1 doce1 c41 c4 ,,present ,,participle4 #ija4 ,the present participle stem is formed by adding -nt- or -nti-1 nominative -ns1 to the present stem3 as1 dns1 giving1 stems dant-1 danti-2 regns1 capins2 laudns1 monns1 audins4 #ijb4 ,the adjective sontem 7accusative1 no nominative71 which was originally the participle of sum1 has o before the suffix1 and absns and praesns have e2 the participle of e has in the nominative singular1 otherwise u1 ins1 euntis1 c4 n rarely drops before -s 7#fc73 as1 ,,libes 7inscr471 exsults 7,enn471 anims 7,lucr474 #ijc4 ,some adjectives which were originally present participles have no verb3 as1 clmns1 merciful1 legns1 choice1 vidns1 clear1 frequns1 thick1 petulns1 wanton1 recns1 fresh1 repns1 sudden1 c41 c4 ,for potns1 powerful1 see #ibb4 ,,future ,,participle4 #ijd4 ,the future participle suffix is -tro-1 nominative -trus1 -tra1 -trum1 which is often changed to -sro-1 nominative -srus1 -sra1 -srum 7#iab74 ,this suffix is added to a theme after the manner of the perfect participle 7#ijf73 as1 rctrus1 going to guide2 laudtrus1 going to praise4 #ije4 ,some future participles have a different formation from that of the perfect participle3 as1 mortuus1 dead1 moritrus2 see also in the dictionary argu1 fruor1 orior1 ru1 sec4 ,and some verbs have two forms of the future participle3 as1 gnsc1 gnsc1 hauri1 iuv1 pari4 ,some verbs which have no perfect participle have a future participle3 as1 acquisc1 appre1 arde1 cale1 care1 dole1 suri1 fugi1 haere1 incid1 iace1 -nu1 parc1 rauci1 recid1 son1 st1 vale4 ,,perfect ,,participle4 #ijf4 ,the perfect participle suffix is -to-1 nominative -tus1 -ta1 -tum1 which is often changed to -so-1 nominative -sus1 -sa1 -sum 7#iab74 #ijg4 ,the perfect participle was originally active as well as passive1 and some participles have retained the active meaning3 as1 adultus1 grown up2 mersus1 rising out from2 exsus1 persus1 hating bitterly2 placitus1 engaging2 irtus1 sworn1 conirtus1 conspiring2 prnsus1 having lunched1 cntus1 having dined1 ptus1 drunk1 c4 ,the perfect participles of deponents are usually active1 but sometimes passive3 as1 medittus1 having studied1 or studied4 ,many verbs are not accompanied by a perfect participle 7#haa71 particularly verbs in -re1 with a parallel adjective in -idus 7#bhg74 ,intransitive verbs have usually only the neuter4 ,a perfect active participle meminns is said to have been used twice 7,plaut41 ,laev474 #ijh4 ,the perfect participle is formed in one of two separate ways3 #iji4 7#a47 ,from a theme consisting of a root2 in this way the participles of most verbs in -ere and -re are formed3 as1 gestus1 carried1 aptus1 fit1 soltus1 loosed 7#adb71 inctus1 joined 7#hca71 sparsus1 sprinkled 7#agj1 #c72 doctus1 taught4 #iaj4 ,in some consonant root participles of verbs in -ere1 -re1 or -re1 which have the suffix -u- in the perfect stem 7#hgc71 the -to- is preceded by a short i3 as1 genitus1 born 7#iga-igf72 domitus1 tamed 7#iic72 monitus1 warned 7#ajjc1 #ajjd1 #ajji74 ,in old ,latin1 e occurs3 as1 ,,mereta 7#da72 e is retained in vegetus1 sprightly4 ,one participle has -tuo-3 mortuus1 dead4 #iaa4 ,some verbs in -re have participles from consonant roots3 as1 frictus1 rubbed1 fric1 fricre2 see #iic4 ,also some in -re3 as1 fartus1 stuffed 7#agj1 #c71 farci1 farcre2 fultus1 propped1 fulci1 fulcre2 see #ajaa-ajae1 and #ajag1 #ajai1 #ajbj4 #iab4 ,roots in -d- and -t- change -to- to -so-1 before which the dentals change to s 7#aei74 ,after long vowels1 nasals1 and liquids the double ss is simplified to s3 as1 fossus1 dug1 but dvsus1 divided2 vorsus or versus1 turned4 ,the suffix -so- is also found with some roots in -l-1 -m-1 or -r- and a few others3 as1 pulsus 7#aei74 #iac4 7#b47 ,from a theme in long or in long 2 in this way participles are regularly formed from denominatives in -re or -re respectively3 as1 laudtus1 praised2 audtus1 heard4 #iad4 ,a few perfect participles of verbs in -ere are formed from a presumed theme in long 1 or long 1 or from one in long 3 as1 pettus1 aimed at2 exoltus1 grown out2 see #ifg-igj2 tribtus1 assigned2 see #idg1 #idh4 #iae4 7#a47 ,many perfect participles formed from consonant roots have a short root vowel 7#ace1 #a73 as1 adspectus1 beheld2 captus1 taken2 coctus1 cooked2 commentus1 devising2 cultus1 tilled2 dictus1 said1 verb dc2 ductus1 led1 dc2 factus1 made2 fossus1 dug2 gestus1 carried2 inlectus1 allured2 questus1 complaining2 raptus1 seized2 tersus1 neat2 textus1 woven2 vorsus1 turned4 #iaf4 7#b47 ,some perfect participles formed from consonant roots have a long root vowel1 sometimes even when the vowel of the parallel present stem is short 7#ace1 #a2 #abb1 f73 as1 fxus1 fastened1 verb fg2 -flctus1 dashed1 -flg2 pstus1 fed1 psc2 pollctus1 offered up1 pollce2 scrptus1 written1 scrb2 -csus1 fallen1 cad4 ,also ctus1 driven1 ag2 vsus1 seen1 vide2 frctus1 enjoying1 fruor2 lctus1 culled1 leg2 pctus1 painted1 ping2 rctus1 ruled1 reg2 sus1 eaten1 ed2 strctus1 piled1 stru2 tctus1 covered1 teg2 nctus1 anointed1 ungu2 frctus1 broken1 frang2 pctus1 fixed1 pang4 ,furthermore1 inctus1 joined1 iung2 snctus1 hallowed1 sanci 7#hca72 also1 fnctus1 having performed1 fungor4 #iag4 7#a47 ,most perfect participles formed from vowel roots have a long root vowel3 as1 ltus1 borne 7#afi1 #a72 ntus1 born2 -pltus1 filled2 trtus1 worn2 ntus1 known2 stus1 sewed4 ,so also an isolated rtus1 in the law phrase rta caesa1 or rta et caesa1 diggings and cuttings1 i4e4 minerals and timber4 #iah4 7#b47 ,ten perfect participles formed from vowel roots have a short root vowel2 they are3 citus1 datus1 hurried1 given itum1 ratus1 gone1 thinking -rutus1 satus1 fallen1 planted situs1 status1 lying1 set litus1 quitus1 besmeared1 been able #iai4 ,as citus1 so always percitus and incitus 7once inctus1 doubtful72 usually concitus1 rarely conctus2 excitus and exctus equally common2 always acctus4 ambtus always has long 7#gfc74 gnitus1 recognized1 cgnitus1 known1 and the adjectives inclutus or inclitus1 of high renown1 and putus1 clean1 have a short root vowel4 ,for dfrtum1 dfrutum1 see #acd1 #a4 ,,list ,,of ,,verbs ,,arranged ,,according ,,to ,,the ,,principal ,,parts4 #ibj4 ,i4 ,the principal parts of root verbs and of verbs in -ere are formed in a variety of ways and are best learned separately for every verb 7#ibb-ihf74 #iba4 ,,ii4 ,the principal parts of verbs in -re1 -re1 and -re1 are usually formed as follows3 laud1 praise laudre laudv laudtus mone1 advise monre monu monitus audi1 hear audre audv audtus ,for other formations1 see #ihi-ajbb4 ,i4 ,,primitive ,,verbs4 7,a47 ,,root ,,verbs4 #ibb4 ,root verbs have their principal parts as follows3 sum1 am esse ---- ---- ----1 become1 get1 am fore fu ---- ,for fuam1 c41 forem1 c41 fore1 see #gej4 fu1 c41 serves as the perfect system of sum4 pos-sum1 can pos-se ---- ---- ----1 can ---- potu ---- potu1 c41 serves as the perfect system of possum4 ,of the present system of potu1 only potns1 powerful1 is used1 and only as an adjective4 d1 give1 put dare ded datus ,for compounds1 see #geg4 bib1 drink bibere bib ptus ,so the compounds1 with the reduplication preserved in the perfect system 7#hfj74 ser1 sow serere sv satus ,compounds have i for a in the perfect participle3 as1 cn-situs4 sist1 set sistere -stit1 status rarely stit inquam1 quoth ,i ---- inqui once ---- e1 go re i1 itum1 -itus very rarely v que1 can qure quv quitus ne-que1 can't ne-qure ne-quv ne-quitus ed1 eat sse d sus vol1 will1 velle volu ---- wish1 want nl1 won't nlle nlu ---- ml1 like better mlle mlu ---- fer1 carry ferre 7tul7 7ltus7 ,for tul1 old tetul1 and ltus1 see #ghj2 for the perfect of re-fer1 #hfa4 7,b47 ,,verbs ,,in -ere4 7,a47 ,,perfect ,,stem ,,without ,a ,,suffix4 #ibc4 7#a a47 ,the following verbs in -ere have a reduplicated perfect stem 7#heh71 and the perfect participle1 when used1 in -tus3 #ibd4 7a47 ,with the present stem in -oe- 7#hbi74 can1 make music canere cecin 7canttus7 ,for con-cin1 oc-cin1 and prae-cin1 see #iga and #hbc4 tend1 stretch tendere tetend tentus ,for tennitur 7,ter471 dis-tennite 7,plaut471 see #aff1 #d2 late participle tnsus4 ,compounds have -tend 7#hfj7 and -tentus4 ,but sometimes ex-tnsus1 and in late writers1 d-tnsus1 dis-tnsus1 os-tnsus1 and re-tnsus4 #ibe4 7b47 ,with the present stem in a nasalized root followed by -oe- 7#hca74 pang1 fix pangere pepig1 agreed pctus ,in meaning1 the perfect pepig corresponds to pacscor2 pnxit1 made1 set in verse 7,enn471 pnxerit1 set 7,col471 pgit 7,pac471 pgerit 7,cic471 fixed1 once each4 ,for com-ping and im-ping1 see #ich4 pung1 punch pungere pupug pnctus ,for com-pung and ex-pung1 see #ied and #hbc4 tang1 touch tangere tetig tctus ,in old ,latin3 tag 7,turp471 tagit1 tagam 7,pac474 ,compounds have i for a in the present system3 as1 con-ting1 con-tingere1 con-tig 7#hfj71 con-tctus2 in old ,latin3 at-tigs 7,plaut41 ,ter41 ,acc41 ,pac471 at-tigat 7,pac471 at-tigtis 7,plaut41 ,pac474 #ibf4 7c47 ,with the present stem in -loe- 7#hcc74 toll1 take off tollere 7sus-tul7 7sub-ltus7 ,as the perfect and perfect participle of toll are appropriated by fer1 toll takes those of sus-toll4 ,the original perfect is tetul 7#hfj74 #ibg4 7d47 ,with the present stem in -scoe- 7#hcd74 disc1 learn discere didic ---- posc1 demand poscere poposc ---- ,for poposc1 see #hee4 ,for -didic and -poposc1 see #hfj4 #ibh4 7e47 ,with the present stem in -ioe- 7#hcf74 pari1 bring forth parere peper partus ,for forms in -re1 see #gia4 com-peri1 #ajab2 re-peri1 #ajaa4 #ibi4 7#a b47 ,the following verbs in -ere have a reduplicated perfect stem 7#heh71 and the perfect participle1 when used1 is -sus 7#iab74 #icj4 7a47 ,with the present stem in -oe- 7#hbi74 cad1 fall cadere cecid -csus ,compounds have i for a in the present system3 as1 oc-cid1 oc-cidere1 oc-cid 7#hfj71 oc-csus4 ,rarely e in the present and perfect systems 7,enn41 ,lucr41 ,varr473 as1 ac-cedere1 ac-cedisset 7#aji74 ,for the perfect of re-cid1 see #hfa4 caed1 fell1 cut caedere cecd caesus ,compounds have for ae3 as1 ac-cd1 ac-cdere1 ac-cd 7#hfj71 ac-csus4 parc1 spare parcere peperc ---- peperc1 c4 7regularly in ,cic41 ,caes41 ,hor41 ,ov41 ,mart42 ,nep4 once2 also ,plaut4 twice1 ,ter4 once74 ,old pars1 c4 7,plaut4 #h1 ,cato1 ,ter41 ,nov41 ,nep41 once each72 once parcuit 7,naev474 ,compounds3 com-perce 7,plaut471 con-parsit 7,ter471 in-perce1 im-percit1 re-percis 7,plaut471 re-parcent 7,lucr474 pend1 weigh1 pay pendere pepend pnsus #ica4 7b47 ,with the present stem in a nasalized root followed by -oe- 7#hca74 tund1 pound tundere tutud not used tnsus ,for the perfect of re-tund1 see #hfa2 other compounds have the perfect -tud 7#hfa71 but once con-tdit 7,enn474 ,perfect participle1 tsus 7,plin41 ,mart472 compounds3 con-tnsus 7,plin471 con-tsus 7,cato1 ,varr41 ,caes41 ,lucr41 ,sal41 ,verg41 c472 ob-tnsus 7,plaut41 ,verg41 ,liv41 ,sen471 op-tsus1 ob-tsus 7,lucr41 ,sen41 ,quintil41 ,tac472 per-tssus 7,plaut471 per-tsus 7,cato1 ,lucr41 ,liv41 ,sen41 c472 re-tnsus 7,plaut41 ,verg471 re-tsus 7,cic41 ,lucr41 ,hor472 sub-tsus 7,tib474 #icb4 7c47 ,with the present stem in -roe-1 or -loe- 7#hcc74 curr1 run currere cucurr cursum ,for perfect of compounds1 see #hfj4 fall1 cheat fallere fefell falsus ,compound re-fell1 re-fellere1 re-fell 7#hfj71 ----4 pell1 push pellere pepul pulsus ,for the perfect of re-pell1 see #hfa4 ,other compounds have -pul 7#hfj74 #icc4 7#a c47 ,the following verbs in -ere are without the reduplication 7#hfa73 #icd4 7a47 ,with the present stem in a nasalized root followed by -oe- 7#hca74 find1 split apart findere -fid1 rarely fid fissus scind1 rend scindere -scid1 rarely scid scissus #ice4 7b47 ,with the present stem in -loe- 7#hcc74 per-cell1 knock down per-cellere per-cul per-culsus #icf4 7#b a47 ,the following verbs in -ere have a perfect stem consisting of a consonant root with a long vowel 7#hfb71 and the perfect participle1 when used1 in -tus3 #icg4 7a47 ,with the present stem in -oe- 7#hbi74 ag1 drive agere g ctus ,real compounds have i for a in the present system3 as1 ab-ig1 ab-igere1 ab-g1 ab-ctus2 but per-ag retains a4 cg and dg are contracted3 cg1 cgere1 co-g1 co-ctus2 dg1 dgere1 ----1 ----4 em1 take1 buy emere m emptus co-em retains e in the present system1 and usually inter-em and per-em2 other compounds have -im4 ,for cm1 dm1 prm1 and sm1 see #ieb4 ----1 strike ---- c ictus ,forms of the present system are cit 7,plaut41 ,lucr471 citur 7,plin471 cimur 7,lucr474 leg1 pick up1 read legere lg lctus ,compounds with ad1 inter1 nec-1 per1 prae1 and re-1 have -leg in the present system1 others -lig4 ,for d-lig1 intel-leg1 neg-leg1 see #ieb4 #ich4 7b47 ,with the present stem in a nasalized root followed by -oe- 7#hca74 com-ping1 fix together com-pingere com-pg com-pctus ,a compound of pang 7#ibe1 #hbc74 frang1 smash frangere frg frctus ,compounds have i for a in the present system3 as1 cn-fring1 cn-fringere1 cn-frg1 cn-frctus4 im-ping1 drive in im-pingere im-pg im-pctus ,a compound of pang 7#ibe1 #hbc74 ,so also op-pg4 linqu1 leave linquere lqu -lictus rump1 burst rumpere rp ruptus ,so the compounds4 ,but ,plautus has con-rumptus and dir-rumptus4 vinc1 conquer vincere vc victus #ici4 7c47 ,with the present stem in -scoe- 7#hcd74 pavsc1 get afraid pavscere ex-pv ---- #idj4 7d47 ,with the present stem in -ioe- 7#hcf74 capi1 take capere cp captus ,compounds have i for a in the present system and e in the perfect participle3 as1 in-cipi1 in-cipere1 in-cp1 in-ceptus4 ,in the present system1 e is rare3 as1 re-cepit 7,lucr472 u is frequent in old ,latin4 coepi1 begin rare coepere once coep coeptus ,see #hab-had4 faci1 make facere fc factus ,for fac1 see #hdf2 for passive1 #ghh4 ,compounds have i for a in the present system and e in the perfect participle3 as1 ef-fici1 ef-ficere1 ef-fc1 ef-fectus4 fugi1 run away fugere fg ---- iaci1 throw iacere ic iactus ,compounds have -ici 7#ajd1 c71 -icere1 -ic1 -iectus3 as1 -ici1 -icere1 -ic1 -iectus4 ,in old ,latin the present system has rarely -ieci2 -iecere4 dis-sici is sometimes used 7,lucr41 ,verg47 for dis-ici4 #ida4 7#b b47 ,the following verbs in -ere have a perfect stem consisting of a consonant root with a long vowel 7#hfb71 and the perfect participle1 when used1 in -sus 7#iab74 #idb4 7a47 ,with the present stem in -oe- 7#hbi74 cd1 hammer cdere -cd -csus #idc4 7b47 ,with reduplication and -oe- in the present stem 7#hbi74 sd1 settle sdere sd1 -sd1 -sd -sessus #idd4 7c47 ,with the present stem in a nasalized root followed by -oe- 7#hca74 fund1 pour fundere fd fsus #ide4 7d47 ,with the present stem in -soe- for -toe- 7#hce74 vs1 go to see vsere vs ---- #idf4 7e47 ,with the present stem in -ioe- 7#hcf74 fodi1 dig fodere fd fossus ,for forms in -re1 see #gia4 #idg4 7#b c47 ,the following verbs in -ere 7#cfg7 with the present stem in -oe- 7#hcg1 #hdj71 have the perfect stem in -u- or in -v- of the theme 7#hfe71 and the perfect participle1 when used1 in -tus3 acu1 sharpen acuere acu actus adjective argu1 make clear arguere argu argtus rare con-gru1 agree con-gruere con-gru ---- ex-u1 doff ex-uere ex-u ex-tus im-bu1 give a smack of im-buere im-bu im-btus ind-u1 don ind-uere ind-u ind-tus in-gru1 impend in-gruere in-gru ---- lu1 pay1 atone for luere lu -ltus1 washed metu1 fear metuere metu mettus once -nu1 nod -nuere -nu ---- pluit1 it rains pluere pluit1 plvit ---- ru1 tumble down ruere ru -rutus so-lv1 loose so-lvere so-lv so-ltus spu1 spit spuere -spu ---- statu1 set statuere statu stattus ,compounds have i for a throughout3 as1 cn-stitu1 cn-stituere1 c4 volv1 roll volvere volv voltus su1 sew suere -su stus tribu1 assign tribuere tribu tribtus #idh4 ,two verbs in -ere with the present stem in -nuoe- 7#hcc71 have the perfect stem in -nu- 7#hfe71 and the perfect participle1 when used1 in -tus3 minu1 lessen minuere minu mintus sternu1 sneeze sternuere sternu ---- #idi4 7#c47 ,the following verbs in -ere have a perfect stem consisting of a root ending in two consonants 7#hff71 and the perfect participle in -sus 7#iab73 #iej4 7a47 ,with the present stem in -oe- 7#hbi72 most have a nasal 7#hca74 -cend1 light -cendere -cend -cnsus -fend1 hit -fendere -fend -fnsus mand1 chew mandere mand once mnsus pand1 open pandere pand passus1 pnsus ,for dis-pennite 7,plaut471 see #aff1 #d4 dis-pand1 dis-pend1 has perfect participle dis-pessus 7,plaut41 ,lucr471 dis-pnsus 7,lucr41 ,plin41 ,suet474 pre-hend1 seize pre-hendere pre-hend pre-hnsus ,rarely prae-hend2 but very often prnd1 prndere1 prnd1 prnsus4 scand1 climb scandere -scend -scnsus ,compounds have e for a throughout3 as1 d-scend1 d-scendere1 c4 vorr1 verr1 sweep vorrere1 -vorr1 -verr vorsus1 versus verrere vort1 vert1 turn vortere1 vort1 vert vorsus1 versus vertere #iea4 7b47 ,with the present stem in -loe- 7#hcc74 voll1 vell1 tear vollere1 vellere voll1 vell volsus1 vulsus ,late perfect vuls 7,sen41 ,luc472 -vuls 7,laber41 ,col41 ,sen41 ,luc474 ,errata3 #ibe 444 ,for com-ping and im-ping com-pingo #icj4 7a47 ,with the present stem in -oe- o-e- 7#hbi74 7#hbi47 7,enn41 ,lucr41 ,varr47 ,enn4 ,lucr41 #icg 444 ,compounds with ad1 inter1 nec-1 per1 prae per4 prae #ich 444 com-ping1 fix together com-pingo 7,b47 ,,perfect ,,stem ,,in -s-1 ,,or ,,in -v- ,,or -u-4 ,,perfect ,,stem ,,in -s-4 #ieb4 7#a a47 ,the following verbs in -ere have the perfect stem in -s- 7#hfg71 and the perfect participle1 when used1 in -tus3 #iec4 7a47 ,with the present stem in -oe- 7#hbi74 carp1 nibble1 pluck carpere carps carptus ,compounds have e for a3 as1 d-cerp1 d-cerpere1 d-cerps1 d-cerptus4 com-br1 burn up com-brere com-buss com-bstus cm1 put up cmere cmps cmptus ,compound of com- and em 7#icg1 #hbc74 ,see also dm1 prm1 sm4 coqu1 cook coquere cox coctus dm1 take away dmere dmps dmptus dc1 say dcere dx dictus ,for dc1 see #hdf4 d-lig1 esteem d-ligere d-lx d-lctus ,compound of dis- and leg 7#icg1 #hbc74 ,see also intel-leg and neg-leg4 dc lead dcere dx ductus ,for dc1 -dc1 see #hdf4 -flg1 smash -flgere -flx -flctus ,of the simple verb1 flgit occurs 7,l4 ,andr471 flgbant 7,lucr471 and flg 7,l4 ,andr41 ,acc474 ger1 carry gerere gess gestus intel-leg1 understand intel-legere intel-lx intel-lctus neg-leg1 disregard neg-legere neg-lx neg-lctus ,in the perfect system very rarely intel-lg and neg-lg 7#hfb1 #hbc74 nb1 veil1 nbere nps npta marry 7a man7 prm1 take out prmere prmps prmptus reg1 guide1 rule regere rx rctus ,in the present system1 con-rig and -rig2 commonly por-rig1 sometimes porg2 rarely sur-rig1 commonly surg2 always perg4 rp1 creep rpere rpsi ---- scalp1 dig scalpere scalps scalptus scrb1 write scrbere scrps scrptus sculp1 carve sculpere sculps sculptus stru1 build up struere strx strctus sg1 suck sgere sx suctus sm1 take up smere smps smptus teg1 cover tegere tx tctus trah1 drag trahere trx tractus r1 burn rere uss ustus veh1 cart vehere vx vectus vv1 live vvere vx ---- #ied4 7b47 ,with the present stem in a nasalized root followed by -oe- 7#hca74 cing1 gird cingere cnx cnctus com-pung1 prick over com-pungere com-pnx com-pnctus ,a compound of pung 7#ibe1 #hbc74 -mung1 clean out -mungere -mnx -mnctus ex-pung1 prick out ex-pungere ex-pnx ex-pnctus ,a compound of pung 7#ibe1 #hbc74 fing1 mould fingere fnx fctus iung1 join iungere inx inctus ping1 paint pingere pnx pctus plang1 beat plangere plnx plnctus stingu1 poke1 poke out stinguere -stnx -stnctus string1 peel1 graze stringere strnx strctus ting1 wet tingere tnx tnctus ungu1 anoint unguere nx nctus ,sometimes ung1 ungere1 c41 in the present system4 #iee4 7c47 ,with the present stem in -noe- 7#hcc74 temn1 scorn temnere 7con-temps7 7con-temptus7 #ief4 7d47 ,with the present stem in -ioe- 7#hcf74 ad-lici1 lure ad-licere ad-lex ---- in-lici1 inveigle in-licere in-lex in-lectus pel-lici1 lead astray pel-licere pel-lex pel-lectus -spici1 spy -spicere -spx -spectus ,forms of the simple verb are old and rare3 as1 specitur1 spicit1 spece 7,plaut471 specimus 7,varr471 spiciunt 7,cato71 spxit 7,naev41 ,enn474 #ieg4 7#a b47 ,the following verbs in -ere have the perfect stem in -s- 7#hfg71 and the perfect participle1 when used1 in -sus 7#iab73 #ieh4 7a47 ,with the present stem in -oe- 7#hbi74 cd1 move along cdere cess cessus claud1 shut claudere claus clausus ,sometimes cld1 cldere1 cls1 clsus4 ,compounds have for au throughout4 d-vid1 separate d-videre d-vs d-vsus fg1 pin fgere fx fxus1 twice fctus flu1 flow fluere flx fluxus adjective laed1 hurt laedere laes laesus ,compounds have for ae throughout3 as1 in-ld1 in-ldere1 c4 ld1 play ldere ls lsus mitt1 send mittere ms missus merg1 dip1 duck mergere mers mersus plaud1 clap plaudere plaus plausus ,also ap-plaud1 ap-plaudere1 c4 ,other compounds have usually for au throughout3 as1 ex-pld1 c42 but ex-plaud 7,lucr474 prem1 squeeze premere press pressus ,compounds have i for e in the present system3 as1 com-prim1 c4 rd1 scrape rdere rs rsus rd1 gnaw rdere rs rsus sparg1 scatter spargere spars sparsus ,compounds usually have e for a throughout3 as1 cn-sperg1 c4 trd1 shove trdere trs trsus vd1 go vdere -vs -vsus #iei4 7b47 ,with the present stem in -scoe- 7#hcd74 algsc1 get cold algscere als ---- ardsc1 flame out ardscere ars 7ex-ars7 ---- lcsc1 grow light lcscere -lx ---- ,sometimes in the present system lcsc1 lcscere1 c4 frgsc1 grow cold frgscere -frx ---- vvsc1 get alive vvscere 7re-vx7 ---- ,in composition1 also re-vvsc1 re-vvscere4 #ifj4 7c47 ,with the present stem in -toe- 7#hce74 flect1 turn flectere flex flexus nect1 bind together nectere nex1 nexu nexus ,perfect system rare3 nexit 7,lucil41 ,acc472 nexuit1 ad-nexuerant 7,sall474 pect1 comb pectere pex pexus once #ifa4 7d47 ,with the present stem in -ioe- 7#hcf74 quati1 shake quatere -cuss quassus ,compounds drop the a 7#aaa1 a73 as1 in-cuti1 in-cutere1 in-cuss1 in-cussus4 ,errata3 #ied 444 nasalized root followed by -oe- 7#hca74 final 4 missing #ief 444 spiciunt 7,cato71 spxit 7,naev41 ,enn474 text unchanged3 error for spexit8 ,,perfect ,,stem ,,in -v-4 #ifb4 7#b a47 ,the following verbs in -ere have the perfect stem in -v-1 preceded by a long vowel of the root 7#hfi71 and the perfect participle1 when used1 in -tus3 #ifc4 7a47 ,with the present stem in -oe- 7#hbi74 ter1 rub terere trv trtus ,perfect infinitive once in pentameter verse 7#hbc7 at-teruisse 7,tib474 #ifd4 7b47 ,with the present stem in -noe- 7#hcc74 cern1 sift1 cernere crv1 certus1 -crtus separate1 see decided lin1 besmear linere lv1 litus rarely lv ,in the present system some forms in -re are used by late writers4 sin1 leave1 let sinere sv situs ,perfect system forms of sin and d-sin in -v- are3 sv 7,plaut41 ,ter41 ,cic472 d-svit 7,sen471 svistis 7,cic471 once each2 svers 7,plaut41 ,cato71 d-sverit 7,cato1 ,gell471 sverint 7,plaut41 ,curt471 svisset 7,cic41 ,liv474 ,much oftener without -v-3 as1 d-si 7,sen471 sst 7,plaut41 ,cic472 d-sst often1 siit once 7,ter471 d-siit 7,varr41 ,sen41 c471 d-st 7,mart41 c471 d-siimus 7,lent471 d-smus 7#hic71 sstis2 d-sirunt 7,cic41 ,liv472 d-sierat1 d-sierit 7,cic472 d-sssem1 c41 ssset1 sssent1 d-ssse4 ,for srs1 c41 see #hic2 for pn1 #igb4 spern1 spurn spernere sprv sprtus stern1 strew sternere strv strtus #ife4 7c47 ,with the present stem in -scoe- 7#hcd74 crsc1 grow crscer crv crtus nsc1 get to know nscere nv ntus adjective ,compounds3 -gnsc1 -gnv1 -gntum2 -gnsc1 -gnv1 -gnitus2 c-gnsc1 c-gnv1 c-gnitus2 d-nsc1 d-nv1 rarely d-gnsc1 d-gnv1 ----2 inter-nsc1 inter-nv1 ----4 ,old passive infinitive ,,gnoscier 7inscr4 #ahf ,b4,c474 psc1 feed pscere pv pstus scsc1 enact scscere scv sctus #iff4 7#b;b47 ,the following verbs in -ere have the perfect stem in -v-1 preceded by the long vowel of a presumed denominative stem 7#hgj71 and the perfect participle1 when used1 in -tus3 #ifg4 7a47 ,with the present stem in -oe- 7#hbi74 pet1 aim at petere petv pettus ,in the perfect1 sometimes peti 7,cic41 ,ov41 ,liv41 ,val4 ,fl41 ,plin4 ,ep471 ,,petiei 7inscr471 pet late 7,sen41 ,stat472 petiit 7,cic41 ,hor41 ,tac41 ,suet471 pett 7,verg41 ,ov41 ,phaedr41 ,sen41 ,luc41 ,suet471 petiisse 7,verg41 ,hor41 ,ov41 ,val4 ,fl41 ,stat474 quaer1 inquire quaerere quaesv quaestus ,compounds sometimes retain ae in old ,latin1 but usually have for ae throughout3 as1 con-qur1 con-qurere1 c4 #ifh4 7b47 ,with the present stem in -scoe- 7#hcd74 ab-olsc1 vanish away ab-olscere ab-olv ---- ad-olsc1 grow up ad-olscere ad-olv ad-ultus con-cupsc1 hanker for con-cupscere con-cupv con-cuptus -dormsc1 fall asleep -dormscere -dormv ---- ex-olsc1 grow out ex-olscere ex-olv ex-oltus in-vetersc1 get set in-veterscere in-veterv ---- obs-olsc1 obs-olscere obs-olv obs-oltus get worn out adj4 quisc1 get still quiscere quiv quitus adjective re-sipsc1 come to re-sipscere re-sipv ---- susc1 get used suscere suv sutus vesperscit1 gets dusk vesperscere vespervit ---- #ifi4 7c47 ,with the present stem in -ioe- 7#hcf74 cupi1 want cupere cupv cuptus ,once with a form in -re 7#gia71 cupret 7,lucr474 sapi1 have a smack sapere sapv ---- ,compounds have i for a3 as1 re-sipi1 c4 #igj4 7d47 ,with the present stem in -ssoe- 7#cge74 ar-css1 send for ar-cssere ar-cssv ar-csstus ,sometimes ac-cers1 c42 infinitive rarely ar-cssr or ac-cersr4 capss1 undertake capssere capssv ---- facss1 do1 make off facssere facssv facsstus ,perfect system rare3 facssiers or facssers 7,cic471 facsssset 7,tac474 in-css1 attack in-cssere in-cssv ---- lacss1 provoke lacssere lacssv lacsstus ,erratum3 #ifg 444 7,verg41 ,ov41 ,phaedr41 ,sen41 ,luc41 ,suet47 ,verg1 ,ov41 ,,perfect ,,stem ,,in -u-4 #iga4 7#c47 ,the following verbs in -ere have the perfect stem in -u- 7#hgc71 and the perfect participle1 when used1 in -tus2 in some participles -tus is preceded by a short i1 thus1 -itus 7#iaj73 #igb4 7a47 ,with the present stem in -oe- 7#hbi74 al1 bring up alere alu altus1 rarely alitus col1 till1 colere colu cultus stay round1 court con-cin1 chime with con-cinere con-cinu ---- ,a compound of can 7#ibd1 #hbc74 ,see also oc-cin and prae-cin4 cn-sul1 consult cn-sulere cn-sulu cn-sultus deps1 knead depsere depsu depstus frem1 growl fremere fremu ---- gem1 groan gemere gemu ---- mol1 grind molere molu molitus oc-cin1 sing ominously oc-cinere oc-cinu ---- ,once with reduplication1 oc-cecinerit 7,liv474 oc-cul1 hide oc-culere oc-culu oc-cultus ps1 pns1 bray psere1 pnsere pnsu1 psv pistus ,once 7#hah1 #hdg7 pnsbant 7,enn474 ,perfect once pnsu 7,pomp471 once 7#hbc1 #hic7 psirunt 7,varr474 ,perfect participle often pnstus 7,col471 once pnsus 7,vitr474 pn1 place pnere po-su po-situs ,a compound of po- and sin 7#ifd74 ,perfect in old ,latin po-sv 7#hic72 po-su is first used by ,ennius 7#hge74 ,perfect participle in verse sometimes1 po-stus1 -po-stus2 inf4 inpossse 7,plaut474 prae-cin1 play before prae-cinere prae-cinu ---- ser1 string serere -seru sertus stert1 snore stertere 7d-stertu7 ---- strep1 make a racket strepere strepu ---- tex1 weave texere texu textus trem1 quake tremere tremu ---- vom1 throw up vomere vomu ---- #igc4 7b47 ,with reduplication and -oe- in the present stem 7#hbi74 gign1 beget gignere genu genitus ,present sometimes also without reduplication1 genit1 c4 7,varr41 ,lucr474 #igd4 7c47 ,with the present stem in a nasalized root followed by -oe- 7#hca74 ac-cumb1 lie by ac-cumbere ac-cubu ac-cubitus ,so also in-cumb2 dis-cumb has dis-cubu1 dis-cubitum4 ,compounds with d1 ob1 pr1 re-1 and sub1 have -cubu1 ----4 #ige4 7d47 ,with the present stem in -ioe- 7#hcf74 -lici1 coax out -licere -licu -licitus rapi1 seize rapere rapu raptus ,compounds have i for a in the present and perfect systems1 and e in the perfect participle3 as1 -ripi1 -ripere1 -ripu1 -reptus4 ,old ,latin has u in d-rupier and in sub-rupi1 sub-rupere1 sub-rupu1 sub-ruptus2 shortened forms are3 surpuit1 surpuerit 7,plaut471 surpit 7,plaut4 prol471 surpere 7,lucr471 surpite1 surpuerat 7,hor474 ,for sub-repsit 7,plaut471 see #hhg4 #igf4 7e47 ,with the present stem in -scoe- 7#hce72 for com-pscu1 see #hee4 acsc1 get sour acscere -acu ---- alsc1 grow up alscere 7co-alu7 7co-alitus7 rsc1 dry up rscere -ru ---- calsc1 get warm calscere -calu ---- candsc1 get white candscere -candu ---- cnsc1 get grey cnscere cnu ---- clrsc1 get bright clrscere clru ---- com-pesc1 check com-pescere com-pescu ---- con-ticsc1 con-ticscere con-ticu ---- get all still ,also in the present system1 con-ticsc1 con-ticscere1 c4 crbrsc1 get common crbrscere -crbru ---- crdsc1 wax bad crdscere 7re-crdu7 ---- -dolsc1 get pained -dolscere -dolu ---- drsc1 get hard drscere dru ---- -vlsc1 get cheap -vlscere -vlu ---- fervsc1 boil up fervscere -ferbu1 -ferv ---- flrsc1 blossom out flrscere -flru ---- horrsc1 bristle up horrscere -horru ---- langusc1 get weak languscere langu ---- latsc1 hide away latscere -litu ---- liqusc1 melt liquscere 7d-licu7 ---- madsc1 get moist madscere madu ---- marcsc1 pine away marcscere 7-marcu7 ---- mtrsc1 ripen mtrscere mtru ---- nigrsc1 get black nigrscere nigru ---- ntsc1 get known ntscere ntu ---- ob-mtsc1 get still ob-mtscere ob-mtu ---- ob-surdsc1 get deaf ob-surdscere ob-surdu ---- oc-callsc1 get hard oc-callscere oc-callu ---- pallsc1 grow pale pallscere pallu ---- ptsc1 get soaked ptscere ptu ---- rigsc1 stiffen up rigscere rigu ---- rubsc1 redden rubscere rubu ---- snsc1 get well snscere -snu ---- sensc1 grow old senscere -senu ---- stupsc1 get dazed stupscere 7ob-stupu7 ---- ,also op-stipsc or ob-stipsc1 op-stipu or ob-stipu4 tbsc1 waste away tbscere tbu ---- tepsc1 get lukewarm tepscere tepu ---- -timsc1 get scared -timscere -timu ---- torpsc1 get numb torpscere torpu ---- tremsc1 quake tremscere 7con-tremu7 ---- ,also in the present system1 con-tremsc1 con-tremscere1 c4 tumsc1 swell up tumscere -tumu ---- valsc1 get strong valscere -valu ---- vnsc1 wane vnscere 7-vnu7 ---- ,errata3 #igb4 7a47 4 invisible ,once 7#hah1 #hdg7 pnsbant pnsbart #igf 444 for com-pscu1 see #hee4 final 4 missing ,,deponents ,,in -4 #igg4 7#a47 ,the following deponents in - have the perfect participle in -tus1 except morior1 which has -tuus3 #igh4 7a47 ,with the present stem in -oe- 7#hbi74 fruor1 enjoy fru frctus loquor1 speak loqu loctus queror1 complain quer questus sequor1 follow sequ sectus #igi4 7b47 ,with the present stem in a nasalized root followed by -oe- 7#hca74 fungor1 get quit fung fnctus #ihj4 7c47 ,with the present stem in -scoe- 7#hcd74 apscor1 lay hold of apsc aptus ,compounds have i and e for a3 as1 ad-ipscor1 ad-ipsc1 ad-eptus4 com-minscor1 devise com-minsc com-mentus ex-pergscor1 stretch myself1 ex-pergsc ex-per-rctus wake ,perfect participle rarely ex-pergitus 7,lucil41 ,lucr474 nancscor1 get nancsc nactus1 nnctus nscor1 am born nsc ntus ob-lvscor1 forget ob-lvsc ob-ltus pacscor1 bargain pacsc pactus ,compounds3 d-pecscor1 d-pecsc1 d-pectus2 com-pectus4 pro-ficscor1 start on pro-ficsc pro-fectus ulcscor1 avenge ulcsc ultus #iha4 7d47 ,with the present stem in -ioe- 7#hcf74 morior1 die mor mortuus orior1 rise orr ortus potior1 master potr pottus ,for forms in -r of these three verbs1 see #gia4 ,for potr1 twice pot 7,enn41 ,pac474 #ihb4 7#b47 ,the following deponents in - have the perfect participle in -sus 7#iab73 #ihc4 7a47 ,with the present stem in -oe- 7#hbi74 lbor1 tumble down lb lapsus ntor1 rest on nt nsus1 nxus tor1 use t sus #ihd4 7b47 ,with the present stem in -scoe- 7#hcd74 d-fetscor1 get tired out d-fetsc d-fessus #ihe4 7c47 ,with the present stem in -toe- 7#hce74 am-plector1 hug round am-plect am-plexus com-plector1 hug up com-plect com-plexus #ihf4 7d47 ,with the present stem in -ioe- 7#hcf74 gradior1 step grad gressus patior1 suffer pat passus ,compounds of these two verbs have e for a3 as1 ad-gredior1 per-petior1 per-pessus2 for forms of -gredior in -r1 see #gia4 ,erratum3 #igh4 7a47 7a74 ,,ii4 ,,denominative ,,verbs4 #ihg4 ,most verbs in -re1 -re1 and -re 7or in -r1 -r1 and -r71 are denominatives4 #ihh4 ,some primitives from vowel roots have the form of denominatives in the present system1 or throughout2 and some verbs with a denominative present system have the perfect and perfect participle formed directly from a root4 7#a47 ,,verbs ,,in -re4 7,a47 ,,perfect ,,stem ,,without ,a ,,suffix4 #ihi4 7#a47 ,the following verb in -re has a reduplicated perfect stem 7#hei73 st1 stand stre stet ---- ,for -stit1 see #hfj4 ,the compound prae-st has rarely the perfect participle prae-sttus 7,brut41 ,plin471 and prae-stitus 7,liv474 #iij4 7#b47 ,the following verbs in -re have a perfect stem consisting of a root which ends in -v- and has a long vowel 7#hfd71 and the perfect participle in -tus3 iuv1 help iuvre iv itus once ,in the perfect system1 iuverint1 adiuver1 and adiuverit occur once each in ,catull41 ,enn41 ,plaut41 and ,ter42 see #hia4 ,perfect participle usual only in the compound ad-itus4 lav1 bathe lavre lv lautus ,forms in -ere are very common in the present tense 7#hbj73 lavis 7,plaut41 ,hor471 lavit 7,plaut41 ,lucr41 ,catull41 ,verg41 ,hor471 lavimus 7,hor471 lavitur 7,val4 ,fl471 lavit 7,cato71 lavere often1 lav 7,pomp474 ,perfect participle often ltus in writers of the empire2 supine1 lautum1 lavtum4 ,erratum3 #iij 444 once each in ,catull41 ,enn41 ,plaut41 and ,ter42 and ,ter2 7,b47 ,,perfect ,,stem ,,in -v- ,,or -u-4 ,,perfect ,,stem ,,in -v-4 #iia4 7#a;a47 ,two verbs in -re have the perfect stem in -v- 7#hfi71 and the perfect participle1 when used1 in -tus1 both preceded by a long -- of the root3 fl1 blow flre flv fltus n1 swim nre nv ---- #iib4 7#a;b47 ,most verbs in -re have the perfect stem in -v- 7#hfi71 and the perfect participle in -tus1 both preceded by a form of the present stem in long --3 as1 laud1 praise laudre laudv laudtus lber1 free lberre lberv lbertus nmin1 name nminre nminv nmintus spr1 hope sprre sprv sprtus ,,perfect ,,stem ,,in -u-4 #iic4 7#b47 ,the following verbs in -re have the perfect stem in -u 7#hgd71 and the perfect participle1 when used1 in -tus2 in some participles1 -tus is preceded by a short i1 thus1 -itus 7#iaj73 crep1 rattle crepre crepu 7in-crepitus7 ,forms of the perfect system in -v- 7#hbc7 are3 in-crepvit 7,plaut471 dis-crepvit 7,varr471 in-creprit 7,suet474 cub1 lie cubre cubu ---- ,forms of the perfect system in -v- 7#hbc7 are3 ex-cubverant 7,caes471 cubris 7,prop471 in-cubvre 7,plin471 cubsse 7,quintil474 ,compound perfect participle in-cubitus 7,plin474 dom1 tame domre domu domitus -nec1 murder -necre -necu -nectus ,the simple verb has necv1 nectus2 twice necuit 7,enn41 ,phaedr474 -nec sometimes has i for e in the present and perfect system2 once 7#hbc7 -nicvit1 and once 7#hhg7 -nicss 7,plaut472 perfect participle also -nectus 7,plin474 fric1 rub down fricre fricu frictus ,perfect participle also frictus 7,vitr471 cn-frictus 7,varr41 ,plin471 d-frictus 7,catull41 ,col41 ,plin471 n-frictus 7,col41 ,plin471 per-frictus 7,vitr41 ,plin474 mic1 quiver micre micu ---- ,so the compounds2 except d-mic1 d-micv1 d-mictum2 twice in pentameter verse 7#hbc7 d-micuisse 7,ov474 -plic1 fold -plicre -plicu -plicitus ,a few forms of the present system of the simple verb occur4 ,in the perfect and perfect participle usually -plicv1 -plictus2 but sometimes ap-plicu 7,cic4 once1 ,tib41 ,ov41 ,liv41 ,sen41 c472 com-plicu 7,sen471 ex-plicu 7,verg41 ,hor41 ,liv41 ,sen41 c471 im-plicu 7,verg41 ,tib41 ,ov41 ,sen41 c472 ap-plicitus 7,col41 ,quintil41 ,plin4 ,ep471 ex-plicitus 7,caes41 ,sen41 ,plin4 ,ep471 im-plicitus 7,plaut41 ,cic41 ,liv472 once re-plictus 7,stat474 sec1 cut secre secu sectus ,the compound with ex sometimes has i for e2 once 7#hbc7 exicveris 7,cato74 son1 sound sonre sonu ---- ,also 7#hbj7 sonit1 sonunt 7,enn41 ,acc471 sonere 7,acc41 ,lucr472 re-sonunt 7,enn474 ,perfect 7#hbc7 re-sonrint 7,hor471 re-sonvit 7,man471 sontrus 7,hor474 ton1 thunder tonre tonu 7at-tonitus7 ,once 7#hbj7 tonimus 7,varr474 ,perfect participle once in-tontus 7,hor474 vet1 forbid vetre vetu vetitus ,in old ,latin1 vot1 c4 7#adc74 ,perfect once 7#hbc7 vetvit 7,pers474 ,erratum3 #iic 444 re-sonvit 7,man471 sontrus 7,hor474 final 4 missing ,,deponents ,,in -r4 #iid4 ,there are many deponents in -r1 with the perfect participle in -tus3 as1 hortor1 exhort hortr horttus ,for the primitive fr1 speak1 and compounds1 see the dictionary4 7#b47 ,,verbs ,,in -re4 7,a47 ,,perfect ,,stem ,,without ,a ,,suffix4 #iie4 7#a47 ,the following verbs in -re have a reduplicated perfect stem 7#hei71 and the perfect participle1 when used1 in -sus 7#iab73 morde1 bite mordre momord morsus ,the compound prae-morde has once 7#hbc7 prae-morsisset 7,plaut474 pende1 am hung pendre pepend ---- ,the compound pr-pende has the perfect participle pr-pnsus4 sponde1 covenant spondre spopond spnsus ,for d-spond and re-spond1 see #hfj2 rarely d-spopond 7,plaut474 tonde1 shear tondre -totond1 -tond tnsus ,for d-tondunt 7,varr471 see #hba4 ,perfect only in the compounds at-tond and d-tond 7#hfj72 once d-totonderat 7,varr471 and perhaps d-totondit 7,enn474 #iif4 7#b;a47 ,the following verbs in -re have a perfect stem consisting of a root which ends in -v- and has a long vowel 7#hfd71 and the perfect participle1 when used1 in -tus3 cave1 look out cavre cv cautus fave1 am friendly favre fv ---- fove1 warm1 cherish fovre fv ftus move1 move movre mv mtus ,for short forms in the perfect system1 particularly in compounds1 see #hia4 vove1 vow vovre vv vtus #iig4 7#b;b47 ,three verbs in -re have a perfect stem consisting of a consonant root with a long vowel 7#hfd71 and the perfect participle in -sus 7#iab73 sede1 sit sedre sd -sessus ,real compounds have i for e in the present system3 as1 ob-side1 c4 ,compounds with dis-1 prae1 and re- have no perfect participle4 strde1 grate strdre strd ---- ,often with a present system in -ere 7#hba74 vide1 see vidre vd vsus #iih4 7#c47 ,the following verbs in -re have a perfect stem ending in two consonants 7#hff71 and the perfect participle1 when used1 in -sus 7#iab73 ferve1 boil fervre ferv1 ferbu ---- ,sometimes with forms in -ere 7#hba7 in verse4 ,the perfect system is rare4 prande1 lunch prandre prand prnsus 7,b47 ,,perfect ,,stem ,,in -s-1 ,,or ,,in -v- ,,or -u-4 ,,perfect ,,stem ,,in -s-4 #iii4 7#a;a47 ,the following verbs in -re have the perfect stem in -s- 7#hfh71 and the perfect participle1 when used1 in -tus3 auge1 increase augre aux auctus in-dulge1 am kind in-dulgre in-duls ---- lce1 beam lcre lx ---- lge1 mourn lgre lx ---- torque1 twist torqure tors tortus #ajjj4 7#a;b47 ,the following verbs in -re have the perfect stem in -s- 7#hfh71 and the perfect participle1 when used1 in -sus 7#iab73 alge1 feel cold algre als ---- arde1 blaze ardre ars ---- c-nve1 wink and blink c-nvre c-nx1 c-nv ---- ,the perfects c-nx 7,turp471 c-nv 7,crass471 occur once each4 fulge1 flash fulgre fuls ---- ,forms of the present in -ere 7#hba7 occur in verse3 fulgit 7,pomp41 ,lucil41 ,lucr471 fulgere 7,pac41 ,acc41 ,lucil41 ,lucr41 ,verg472 ef-fulgere 7,verg41 ,claud474 haere1 stick haerre haes ---- iube1 order iubre iuss iussus ,in old ,latin1 ,,iovbeo1 after ,,iovsi 7,,ivsi72 later iuss1 iussus1 after iube4 mane1 stay manre mns mnsum mulce1 stroke mulcre muls mulsus adjective ,perfect participle per-mulsus rare 7,cornif41 ,varr474 mulge1 milk mulgre muls mulsus once rde1 laugh rdre rs -rsus sude1 advise sudre sus susus terge1 wipe tergre ters tersus ,for forms in -ere in the present1 as tergit1 c4 7,varr41 ,prop41 ,stat41 ,col471 see #hba4 turge1 am swelling turgre turs once ---- ,of the perfect system1 turserat 7,enn474 urge1 push urgre urs ---- ,erratum3 #iii 444 lge1 mourn lgeo ,,perfect ,,stem ,,in -v- ,,or -u-4 ,,perfect ,,stem ,,in -v-4 #ajja4 7#a;a47 ,the following verbs in -re have the perfect stem in -v- 7#hfi71 and the perfect participle in -tus1 both preceded by a long -- of the root3 d-le1 wipe out d-lre d-lv d-ltus fle1 weep flre flv fltus ne1 spin nre nv ---- ,for neunt 7,tib471 see #hcg4 -ple1 fill -plre -plv -pltus #ajjb4 7#a;b47 ,the following verb in -re has the perfect stem in -v- 7#hfi71 preceded by long --1 and the perfect participle in -tus1 preceded by short -i- of the root3 cie1 set a going cire cv citus ,somewhat defective2 also with a form in -re 7#hba74 ,for the perfect participle of compounds1 see #iai4 #ajjc4 7#a;c47 ,the following verb in -re has the perfect stem in -v- 7#hfi71 and the perfect participle in -itus 7#iaj73 ab-ole1 destroy ab-olre ab-olv ab-olitus ,,perfect ,,stem ,,in -u-4 #ajjd4 7#b;a47 ,most verbs in -re have the perfect stem in -u- 7#hgd71 and the perfect participle1 when used1 in -tus1 which is usually preceded by a short i 7#iaj73 as1 doce1 teach docre docu doctus habe1 have habre habu habitus ,so also post-habe2 other compounds have i for a3 as1 pro-hibe1 pro-hibre1 pro-hibu1 pro-hibitus2 twice contracted1 prbet1 prbeat 7,lucr474 ,compounds with d and prae are regularly contracted1 dbe1 praebe1 c43 but in ,plautus once de-hibuist1 and regularly prae-hibe1 c41 throughout4 mere1 earn merre meru meritus ,often deponent 7#hjj73 mereor1 merr1 meritus4 misce1 mix miscre miscu mixtus1 mistus ,the present stem is an extension of the suffix -scoe- 7#hcd72 -sc- of the present runs over into the perfect4 mone1 advise monre monu monitus place1 am pleasing placre placu placitus ,so the compounds com-place and per-place2 dis-plice has i for a throughout4 tace1 hold my tongue tacre tacu tacitus adjective ,the compound re-tice has i for a and no perfect participle4 tene1 hold tenre tenu -tentus ,compounds have i for e in the present and perfect3 as1 d-tine1 d-tinu1 d-tentus4 terre1 scare terrre terru territus torre1 roast torrre torru tostus #ajje4 7#b;b47 ,the following verb in -re has the perfect stem in -u- 7#hgd71 and the perfect participle in -sus 7#iab73 cnse1 count1 rate cnsre cnsu cnsus #ajjf4 7#c47 ,the following verbs in -re have the perfect stem in -u- 7#hgd71 and no perfect participle 7#ijg73 arce1 check arcre arcu ---- ,the compounds co-erce and ex-erce have e for a1 and perfect participles co-ercitus and ex-ercitus4 cale1 am warm calre calu ---- cande1 glow white candre candu ---- care1 have not carre caru ---- dole1 ache dolre dolu ---- ege1 need egre egu ---- ,the compound ind-ige1 ind-igre1 ind-igu1 ----1 has i for e4 -mine1 stick out -minre -minu ---- flre1 bloom flrre flru ---- horre1 bristle up horrre horru ---- iace1 lie iacre iacu ---- late1 lie hid latre latu ---- lice1 am rated licre licu ---- lique1 am melted liqure licu ---- made1 am soaked madre madu ---- nite1 shine nitre nitu ---- noce1 am hurtful nocre nocu ---- ole1 smell olre olu ---- ,for forms in -ere in the present system1 see #hba4 palle1 look pale pallre pallu ---- pre1 wait on1 am obedient prre pru ---- pate1 am open patre patu ---- rige1 am stiff rigre rigu ---- sile1 am silent silre silu ---- sorbe1 suck up sorbre sorbu ---- ,the perfect system of the simple verb is rare3 sorbuit1 sorbuerint 7,plin472 also 7#hbc7 sorpsit 7,val4 ,max472 ab-sorbe and ex-sorbe have -sorbu2 but ab-sorps 7,plin41 ,luc41 ,macr471 ex-sorps 7,sen474 stude1 am eager studre studu ---- stupe1 am dazed stupre stupu ---- time1 fear timre timu ---- vale1 am strong valre valu ---- vige1 feel strong vigre vigu ---- #ajjg4 ,for aude1 gaude1 and sole1 see #hja2 for lubet or libet1 licet1 miseret1 oportet1 paenitet1 piget1 pudet1 taedet1 see #hae and #haf4 ,errata3 #ajjd 444 but in ,plautus once de-hibuist printed as shown3 expected form d-hibuist #ajjf 444 but ab-sorps 7,plin41 ,luc41 ,macr47 macron invisible ,,deponents ,,in -r4 #ajjh4 7#a;a47 ,the following deponent in -r has the perfect participle in -tus3 reor1 reckon1 think rr ratus #ajji4 7#a;b47 ,the following deponents in -r have the perfect participle in -tus1 which is preceded by a short i 7#iaj73 liceor1 bid licr licitus misereor1 pity miserr miseritus ,perfect participle also misertus 7,val4 ,max41 ,sen41 ,curt474 ,active forms are3 miserte1 miserrent 7,enn471 miseres 7,ter471 miseret 7,lucr471 miserent 7,val4 ,fl474 ,passive forms are sometimes used impersonally 7#gbd73 as1 misertur1 c4 tueor1 look to1 protect tur tuitus late ,forms in - also occur in verse 7#hba74 ,as perfect participle1 generally tttus4 vereor1 am awed at verr veritus #ajaj4 7#b47 ,one deponent in -r has the perfect participle in -sus 7#iab73 fateor1 confess fatr fassus ,compounds have i and e for a3 as1 cn-fiteor1 cn-fessus4 7#c47 ,,verbs ,,in -re4 7,a47 ,,perfect ,,stem ,,without ,a ,,suffix4 #ajaa4 7#a;a47 ,the following verb in -re has a reduplicated perfect stem 7#hfa71 and the perfect participle in -tus3 re-peri1 find re-perre re-pper re-pertus #ajab4 7#a;b47 ,the following verb in -re has no reduplication in the perfect stem1 and the perfect participle in -tus3 com-peri1 find out com-perre com-per com-pertus ,as deponent3 com-periar 7,ter471 com-perior 7,sall41 ,tac474 #ajac4 7#b47 ,the following verb in -re has a perfect stem consisting of a consonant root with a long vowel 7#hfb71 and the perfect participle in -tus3 veni1 come venre vn ventum1 -ventus ,for -venunt1 -venat1 -venant1 ad-venat1 per-venat1 see #hbb4 7,b47 ,,perfect ,,stem ,,in -s-1 ,,or ,,in -v- ,,or -u-4 ,,perfect ,,stem ,,in -s-4 #ajad4 7#a47 ,the following verbs in -re have the perfect stem in -s- 7#hfh71 and the perfect participle in -tus3 farci1 stuff farcre fars fartus ,compounds have usually e for a throughout4 fulci1 prop fulcre fuls fultus hauri1 drain haurre haus haustus ,a perfect subjunctive haurierint is quoted from ,varro 7#hbc74 saepi1 hedge in saepre saeps saeptus sanci1 hallow sancre snx snctus adjective ,perfect participle rarely sanctus 7,lucr41 ,liv474 ,a pluperfect sancierat is quoted from ,pomponius ,secundus 7#hbc74 sarci1 patch sarcre sars sartus vinci1 bind vincre vnx vnctus #ajae4 7#b47 ,the following verb in -re has the perfect stem in -s- 7#hfh71 and the perfect participle in -sus 7#iab73 senti1 feel sentre sns snsus ,the compound with ad is generally deponent 7#hjj74 ,,perfect ,,stem ,,in -v-4 #ajaf4 7#a;a47 ,the following verb in -re has the perfect stem in -v- 7#hfi71 and the perfect participle in -tus1 both preceded by a long of the root3 sci1 know scre scv sctus #ajag4 7#a;b47 ,the following verb in -re has the perfect stem in -v- 7#hfi71 and the perfect participle in -tus3 sepeli1 bury sepelre sepelv sepultus #ajah4 7#a;c47 ,most verbs in -re have the perfect stem in -v- 7#hfi71 and the perfect participle in -tus1 both preceded by a form of the present stem in long --3 as1 audi1 hear audre audv audtus ,,perfect ,,stem ,,in -u-4 #ajai4 7#b47 ,the following verbs in -re have the perfect stem in -u- 7#hgd71 and the perfect participle1 when used1 in -tus3 am-ici1 don am-icre am-icu am-ictus ,perfect rare3 once am-icu 7,brut471 once am-ix 7,varr474 ap-eri1 open ap-erre ap-eru ap-ertus op-eri1 cover over op-erre op-eru op-ertus sali1 leap salre salu ---- ,compounds have i for a throughout3 as1 n-sili4 ,a perfect system in -v- 7#hbc1 #hic71 as ex-silv1 occurs in late writers 7,col41 ,sen41 ,plin41 c474 ,,deponents ,,in -r4 #ajbj4 7#a;a47 ,the following deponents in -r have the perfect participle in -tus3 ex-perior1 try ex-perr ex-pertus op-perior1 wait for op-perr op-pertus ,perfect participle once op-pertus 7,plaut474 #ajba4 7#a;b47 ,the following deponents in -r have the perfect participle in -tus3 blandior1 am agreeable blandr blandtus largior1 shower largr largtus mentior1 tell lies mentr menttus mlior1 work hard mlr mltus partior1 share partr parttus sortior1 draw lots sortr sorttus #ajbb4 7#b47 ,the following deponents in -r have the perfect participle in -sus 7#iab73 mtior1 measure mtr mnsus rdior1 begin rdr rsus ,,part ,,second decoration ,,sentences ,,the ,,simple ,,sentence ,,and ,,its ,,parts4 #ajbc4 ,a ,,sentence is a thought expressed by means of a verb4 ,the ,,subject is that which is spoken of4 ,the ,,predicate is that which is said of the subject4 #ajbd4 ,a ,,simple ,,sentence is one which has only one subject and one predicate4 ,thus1 ,rhodanus fluit1 the ,rhone flows1 is a simple sentence3 the subject is ,rhodanus and the predicate is fluit4 #ajbe4 ,the sentence may be declarative1 stating a fact1 exclamatory1 crying out about something1 interrogative1 asking a question1 or imperative1 giving a command4 ,,the ,,subject4 #ajbf4 ,the subject is a substantive1 or any word or words having the value of a substantive4 #ajbg4 ,the subject of a verb is in the nominative case4 #ajbh4 ,the subject may be expressed1 or may be merely indicated by the person ending4 #ajbi4 7#a47 ,with the first or the second person1 the subject is expressed by a personal pronoun 7ego t1 ns vs7 only when somewhat emphatic1 or in an indignant question4 ,otherwise the verb of the first or second person is not attended by a personal pronoun3 as1 eram1 ,i was1 ers1 thou wert4 #ajcj4 ,the subject is regularly omitted when it is general and indefinite1 in the first person plural2 as1 intellegimus1 we understand2 and second person singular1 as3 putrs1 you1 or anybody would have thought4 #ajca4 ,the subject of the first or second person is sometimes a substantive1 contrary to the ,english idiom3 as1 ,hannibal pet pcem1 ,i ,hannibal am suing for peace4 pars specttrum scs1 a part of you spectators knows4 exorire aliquis nostrs ex ossibus ultor1 from out our bones mayst some avenger spring4 trecent conirvimus1 three hundred of us have sworn an oath together4 #ajcb4 7#b47 ,with the third person the subject is regularly expressed1 unless the general #8he she it1' or #8they' implied in the person ending is definite enough4 #ajcc4 ,the third person plural often refers to people in general1 particularly of verbs meaning say1 name or call1 think1 and1 with volg added1 of other verbs also3 as1 ferunt1 they say1 people say1 or the world says4 ,the singular verb inquit1 is rarely used in the sense of says somebody1 it will be said1 or quotha4 #ajcd4 ,some verbs have no subject at all in the third person singular2 these are called ,impersonal4 ,such are3 a few verbs expressing #8operations of nature1' five verbs of #8mental distress1' and any verb used to denote merely the occurrence of action1 without reference to any doer3 as1 7a47 lcet1 it is light1 lcscit1 it is getting light2 pluit1 it rains1 fulget1 it lightens1 tonat1 it thunders4 7b47 miseret1 it moves to pity1 paenitet1 it repents1 piget1 it grieves1 pudet1 it puts to shame1 taedet1 it bores4 7c47 bene erat1 it went well2 pugntur1 there is fighting1 pugntum est1 there was fighting4 ,see also #haf4 ,,the ,,predicate4 #ajce4 ,the predicate is either a verb alone1 or a verb of indeterminate meaning with a predicate nominative added to complete the sense4 ,verbs of indeterminate meaning are such as mean am 7something71 become1 remain1 seem1 am thought1 am called or named1 am chosen4 #ajcf4 ,the verb is sometimes omitted1 when it is easily understood4 ,so particularly such everyday verbs as mean am1 do1 say1 come1 and go1 in proverbs and maxims1 in short questions1 and in emphatic or lively assertion or description3 as1 quot homins1 tot sententiae1 sc4 sunt1 as many men1 so many minds4 omnia praeclra rra1 sc4 sunt1 all that's very fair is rare4 mortuus ,cms1 sc4 est1 he died at ,cumae4 bene mih1 sc4 sit1 be it well with me1 i4e4 a health to me4 haec hctenus1 sc4 dcam1 thus much only1 or no more of this4 ,,enlargement ,,of ,,the ,,simple ,,sentence4 #ajcg4 ,the parts of the simple sentence may be enlarged by additions4 ,the commonest enlargements of the subject and of the predicate are the following4 #ajch4 ,i4 ,the subject may be enlarged by the addition of attributes1 appositives1 or objects4 #ajci4 7#a47 ,an ,,attribute is an essential addition to a substantive1 uniting with it as one idea4 ,the attribute may be3 #ajdj4 7a47 ,genitive of a substantive of different meaning1 denoting the agent1 possessor1 or the like3 as1 metus hostium1 fear of the enemy1 i4e4 which they feel4 hostium castra1 camp of the enemy4 #ajda4 7b47 ,genitive or ablative of a substantive with an adjective in agreement3 as1 puer sdecim annrum1 a boy of sixteen years2 bovs mr speci1 kine of wondrous beauty4 #ajdb4 7c47 ,a noun in the same case1 either an adjective or participle1 or else a substantive used adjectively3 as1 pugna ,cannnsis1 the battle of ,cannae2 cvitts victae1 the conquered communities2 victor ,rmulus rx1 victorious king ,romulus4 #ajdc4 7d47 ,a substantive in the accusative or ablative with a preposition3 as1 pugna ad ,canns1 the battle near ,cannae4 vir sine met1 a man without fear 7#adbg74 #ajdd4 ,an attribute is rarely attached immediately to a proper name3 as1 fortem ,gyn1 ,gyas the brave4 ,q4 ,lcnius1 eiusdem rdinis1 ,lucanius1 of the same rank4 ,it is much oftener attached to a general word in apposition with the proper name3 as1 vir clrissimus1 ,m4 ,crassus1 the illustrious ,crassus4 #ajde4 7#b47 ,an ,,appositive is a separate substantive added as an explanation to another substantive1 and in the same case1 but not like the attribute uniting with it as one idea3 as1 avtum malum1 rgn cupd1 the ancestral curse1 ambition for a crown4 ,hamilcar1 ,mrs alter1 ,hamilcar1 a second ,mars4 ,cornlia1 mter ,gracchrum1 ,cornelia1 mother of the ,gracchi4 ,teutomatus1 ,ollivicnis flius1 rx ,nitiobrogum1 ,teutomatus1 the son of ,ollivico1 the king of the ,nitiobroges4 #ajdf4 7#c47 ,the ,,object of a substantive is another substantive of different meaning in the genitive1 denoting that on which action is exerted3 as1 metus hostium1 fear of the enemy1 i4e4 which is felt towards them4 vnditi bonrum1 sale of the goods4 #ajdg4 ,a substantive in any case may be modified like the subject4 #ajdh4 ,,ii4 ,the predicate may be enlarged by the addition of accusatives1 datives1 predicate nouns1 or adverbial adjuncts4 #ajdi4 7#a47 ,the ,,accusative denotes the object of the verb2 also extent1 duration1 and aim of motion4 ,see #aabd4 #ajej4 7#b47 ,the ,,dative denotes that for or to which something is or is done4 ,see #aage4 #ajea4 7#c47 ,a predicate noun1 either substantive or adjective1 denoting #8office1 time1 age1 order1 condition1' or the like1 is often added to other verbs besides those of indeterminate meaning 7#ajce73 as1 ,inius aedem dicttor ddicvit1 ,junius dedicated a temple in his capacity as dictator1 not ,junius the dictator4 litters ,graecs senex didic1 ,i learned ,greek when ,i was an old man4 prnceps in proelium bat1 ultimus excdbat1 he was always the first to go into battle1 the last to come out4 ,for the predicative dative of the substantive1 see #abai4 #ajeb4 ,in like manner a noun may be added as a predicate in agreement with a substantive in any oblique case3 as1 s incolums recipiunt1 they come back safe4 ante m cnsulem1 before my consulship4 ,dolbell hoste dcrt1 ,dolabella having been voted an enemy4 ntr duce1 with nature as a guide4 #ajec4 7#d47 ,an ,,adverbial ,,adjunct is either an oblique case of a noun1 often with a preposition1 or an adverb denoting #8place1 time1 extent1 degree1 manner1 cause1' or #8circumstances' generally3 as1 silenti proficscitur1 he marches in silence4 in e flmine pns erat1 over that river there was a bridge4 #ajed4 ,a predicate substantive may be modified like the subject4 ,an adjective either of the subject or of the predicate1 may be modified by an oblique case or by an adverb4 ,erratum3 #ajdj;a 444 hostium castra1 camp of the enemy4 4 missing ,,combination ,,of ,,sentences4 #ajee4 ,simple sentences may be combined in two different ways4 ,the added sentence may be ,i4 ,coordinate2 or ,,ii4 ,subordinate4 ,thus1 in he died and we lived1 the two sentences are coordinate1 that is1 of equal rank4 ,but in he died that we might live1 the sentence beginning with that is subordinate4 ,in either combination the separate sentences are often called ,clauses or ,members1 in contradistinction to the more comprehensive sentence of which they are parts4 ,i4 ,,the ,,compound ,,sentence4 #ajef4 ,a ,,compound ,,sentence is one which consists of two or more coordinate simple sentences3 as1 t m ams1 ego t am1 ,pl4 ,most4 #cje1 thou art in love with me1 ,i'm in love with thee4 nox erat et cael fulgbat lna sern inter minra sdera1 ,h4 ,epod4 #ae1 #a1 'twas night1 and in a cloudless sky1 bright rode the moon amid the lesser lights4 t pet1 m dfends1 ,fam4 #ae1 #h1 ,i ask it of you1 protect me4 #ajeg4 ,a compound sentence is usually abridged when the members have parts in common3 as1 valbant precs et lacrimae1 ,mil4 #cd1 prayers and tears had weight1 compound subject1 for valbant precs et valbant lacrimae4 rogat ratque t1 ,,ra4 #add1 he begs and entreats you1 compound predicate1 for rogat t ratque t4 arma virumque can1 ,v4 #a1 #a1 arms and the man ,i sing1 compound object1 for arma can virumque can4 di atque criter pugntum est1 #a1 #bf1 #a1 there was long and sharp fighting1 for di pugntum est atque criter pugntum est4 ,errata3 #ajeg 444 he begs and entreats you1 4 for 1 arma virumque can1 ,v4 #a1 #a ,v #a1 #a ,,ii4 ,,the ,,complex ,,sentence4 #ajeh4 ,a ,,complex ,,sentence is one which consists of a main and a subordinate sentence3 as1 centurins praemittit 7main sentence71 qu locum idneum castrs dligant 7subordinate sentence71 #b1 #ag1 #a1 he sends some officers ahead to select a suitable spot for the camp1 nunc scio 7main sentence71 quid sit ,amor 7subordinate sentence71 ,v4 ,e4 #h1 #dc1 now1 now ,i know what ,eros is4 t pet 7main sentence71 ut m dfends 7subordinate sentence71 ,fam4 #ae1 #g1 ,i ask it of you that you protect me4 #ajei4 ,several sentences are often subordinate to one and the same main sentence1 and subordinate sentences may in their turn be main sentences to other subordinate sentences4 ,thus1 in the following sentence b is subordinate to ,a1 and c to ,ab3 7c47 qulis esset ntra montis1 7b47 qu cgnscerent1 7,a47 msit1 #a1 #ba1 #a1 he sent some people to see what the character of the hill was4 #ajfj4 ,subordinate sentences may be coordinated with each other1 as well as main sentences4 ,thus1 in the following sentence1 b and b are both subordinate to ,a1 but coordinate with each other3 7,a47 hs rbus fibat1 7b47 ut et minus lt vagrentur 7b47 et minus facile fnitims bellum nferre possent1 #a1 #b1 #d1 so it came to pass that1 in the first place1 they did not roam round much1 and secondly1 they could not so easily make aggressive war on their neighbours4 #ajfa4 ,a subordinate sentence introductory in thought to the main sentence1 though not necessarily first in the order of the words1 is called a ,protasis2 the main sentence which completes the thought is called an ,apodosis3 as1 quom vidbis 7protasis71 tum scis 7apodosis71 ,pl4 ,b4 #ade1 when thou see'st1 then thou'lt know4 ut smentem fceris 7protasis71 ita mets 7apodosis71 ,,do4 #b1 #bfa1 as a man soweth1 so shall he reap4 s sunt d 7protasis71 benefic in homins sunt 7apodosis71 ,div4 #b1 #ajd1 if there are gods1 they are kind to men4 ,,agreement4 7,a47 ,,of ,,the ,,verb4 #ajfb4 ,a verb agrees with its subject in number and person3 as1 praedia mea t possids1 ego alin misericordi vv1 ,,ra4 #ade1 you1 sir1 hold my estates1 it is by the compassion of other people that ,i am supported4 ,rhodanus fluit1 #a1 #f1 #b1 the ,rhone flows4 ns1 ns1 dc apert1 cnsuls dsumus1 ,c4 #a1 #c1 it is ourselves1 yes1 ourselves1 ,i will speak without reserve1 the consuls1 who fail in our duty4 vs vbs cnsulite1 #g1 #ej1 #d1 do you look out for yourselves4 diffgre nivs1 ,h4 #d1 #g1 #a1 scattered and gone are snows4 #ajfc4 ,with a compound subject1 two constructions are admissible1 as follows4 #ajfd4 7#a47 ,with two or more singular subjects1 the verb is often in the plural3 as1 7a47 ,without connectives3 persons3 isdem fer temporibus furunt ,c4 ,cotta1 ,p4 ,sulpicius1 ,q4 ,varius1 ,cn4 ,pompnius1 ,br4 #ahb1 in about the same times lived ,cotta1 ,sulpicius1 ,varius1 and ,pomponius4 ,things3 fids ,rmna1 istitia impertris in for et cri celebrantur1 ,l4 #e1 #bg1 #aa1 the chivalrous principle of ,rome and the square dealing of her captain are trumpeted in market place and council hall4 7b47 ,with atque1 et1 or -que3 persons3 ex hs ,cotta et ,sulpicius facile prms tulrunt1 ,br4 #ahb1 of these ,cotta and ,sulpicius indisputably bore the palm4 ,things3 nox et amor vnumque nihil moderbile sudent1 ,o4 ,am4 #a1 #f1 #ei1 darkness and love and wine to nothing governable tempt4 cum sentus populusque ,rmnus pcem comprobverint1 ,l4 #cg1 #de1 #ad1 when the senate and the people of ,rome sanction peace4 7c47 ,with et 4 4 4 et3 persons3 et ,q4 ,maximus et ,l4 ,paullus is temporibus furunt1 ,fam4 #d1 #f1 #a1 both ,maximus and ,paullus lived in such times4 ,things3 utrsque et laudis cupidits et timor gnminiae excitbant1 #g1 #hj1 #e1 both of these eagerness for glory in the first place and secondly fear of disgrace spurred on4 #ajfe4 ,the plural is sometimes demanded by the meaning of the verb3 as1 is et iniria ntr didicantur1 ,leg4 #a1 #dd1 right and wrong are naturally distinguished from each other4 #ajff4 7#b47 ,often1 however1 with two or more singular subjects1 the verb is put in the singular3 as1 7a47 ,without connectives3 persons3 tum ,gorgis1 ,thrasymachus1 ,prodicus1 ,hippis in magn honre fuit1 ,br4 #cj1 at that time ,gorgias1 ,thrasymachus1 ,prodicus1 and ,hippias were in high renown4 ,things3 persusit nox1 amor1 vnum1 adulscentia1 ,t4 ,ad4 #dgj1 the witchery was night1 flirtation1 wine1 and youth4 7b47 ,with atque1 et1 or -que3 persons3 cr ,lsis et ,hyperds amtur8 ,br4 #fh1 why is a ,lysias and a ,hyperides idolized8 ,things3 ,galls ,belgs ,matrona et ,squana dvidit1 #a1 #b1 #a1 the ,matrona and ,sequana cut off the ,gauls from the ,belgians4 sentus populusque ,rmnus voluit1 ,l4 #ba1 #dj1 #c1 senate and people of ,rome ordained4 7c47 ,with et 4 4 4 et3 persons3 illam ratinem et ,pompius et ,flaccus sectus est1 ,flacc4 #cb1 that rule both ,pompey and ,flaccus followed4 ,things3 tlis sentrum et dignits et multitd fuit1 ,ph4 #ac1 #ac1 both the position and number of the senators was such4 #ajfg4 ,with two or more singular subjects denoting things1 and making a compound idea1 a singular verb is very common1 agreeing either with the subjects taken as a unit1 or with the nearest3 as1 7a47 cum tempus necessitsque postulat1 dcertandum man est1 ,off4 #a1 #ha1 when the emergency requires1 we must fight it out by hand4 tanta laetitia ac grtulti fuit1 ,l4 #aj1 #bf1 #d1 so great was the demonstration of joy4 7b47 ,cingetorg prnciptus atque imperium est trditum1 #f1 #h1 #i1 the headship and command was assigned to ,cingetorix4 #ajfh4 7#c47 ,with mixed subjects1 singular and plural1 the verb may likewise be either plural or singular3 as1 7a47 vta mors1 dvitiae pauperts omns homins permovent1 ,off4 #b1 #cg1 life and death1 riches and poverty1 tell much on everybody4 7b47 quant in percul et castra et legins et impertor versrtur1 #b1 #bf1 #e1 in what imminent peril camp and legions and commander were involved4 hc mih et ,peripattic et ,acadma concdit1 ,ac4 #b1 #aac1 this point both ,peripatetics and ,academy grant me4 #ajfi4 ,the plural is sometimes used with a singular subject limited by an ablative with cum1 with3 as1 ,syrus cum ill vostr cnsusurrant1 ,t4 ,hau4 #dgc1 ,syrus and yon man of yours are whispering together4 ,bocchus cum peditibus postrmam ,rmnrum aciem invdunt1 ,s4 ,i4 #aja1 #e1 ,bocchus with the infantry falls on the rereward line of the ,romans4 ,cicero commonly uses a singular verb in this combination1 ,caesar has the plural once only4 #ajgj4 7#d47 ,when the subjects are connected by nec 4 4 4 nec1 aut1 or aut 4 4 4 aut1 the verb is likewise either plural or singular3 as1 7a47 neque multitd hostium neque tlrum vs arcre impetum eius vir poturunt1 ,l4 #bf1 #e1 #ag1 neither the numbers of the enemy nor the shower of missiles could arrest the onslaught of that intrepid soul4 s quid ,scrats aut ,aristippus fcerint1 ,off4 #a1 #adh1 if a ,socrates or an ,aristippus had done anything4 7b47 neque ps neque mns satis suom officium facit1 ,t4 ,eu4 #gbi1 nor foot nor mind its duty doth aright4 s ,scrats aut ,antisthens dceret1 ,,td4 #e1 #bf1 if a ,socrates or an ,antisthenes should say it4 #ajga4 ,collectives have usually a singular verb4 ,but the plural is sometimes used1 especially when the subject is separated from its verb1 or is to be supplied from a preceding clause3 as1 cum tanta multitd lapids conicerent1 #b1 #f1 #c1 when such a throng were throwing stones4 is cvitt persusit1 ut d fnibus sus exrent1 #a1 #b1 #a1 this person succeeded in inducing the community to leave their territory4 #ajgb4 ,the verb sometimes agrees with an appositive explaining the subject1 or with a substantive in the predicate3 as1 7a47 flammae lt fsae1 certiris cldis indicium1 prgred longius prohibuit1 ,l4 #aj1 #dc1 #aa1 wide-spread flames1 sign of a surer disaster1 prevented a further advance4 ,when urbs1 oppidum1 cvits1 or the like1 is added to plural names of places1 the predicate usually agrees with the appellative3 as1 ,coriol oppidum captum1 ,l4 #b1 #cc1 #i1 ,corioli town was taken4 7b47 amantium rae amris integrtist1 ,t4 ,andr4 #eee1 lovers' tiffs are love's renewal4 summa omnium furunt ad mlia ,,ccclxviii1 #a1 #bi1 #c1 the grand total was about three hundred and sixty-eight thousand4 ,the verb regularly agrees with the predicate substantive when the subject is an infinitive3 as1 contentum sus rbus esse maximae sunt dvitiae1 ,par4 #ea1 for a man to be content with his own estate is the greatest possible riches4 #ajgc4 ,the verb sometimes agrees with a substantive introduced by such words as quam1 quantum1 nisi1 or praeterquam3 as1 quis illum cnsulem nisi latrns putant8 ,ph4 #d1 #i1 who but brigands think that man a consul8 ,so also a predicate adjective or participle3 as1 mih nn tam cpia quam modus quaerendus est1 ,,ip4 #c1 ,i must aim not so much at comprehensiveness as at moderation4 #ajgd4 ,a speaker in referring to himself sometimes uses the first person plural1 as a more modest form of expression3 as1 ,moln dedimus operam1 ,br4 #cjg1 we attended ,molo's instruction1 i4e4 ,i4 ,similarly ns in all its cases for ego1 c41 and noster1 c41 for meus1 c4 #ajge4 ,the singular imperative age is sometimes used in addressing more than one1 particularly in old ,latin3 as1 age licmin1 ,pl4 ,st4 #bba1 come1 people1 give a bid4 age igitur intr abte1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #ibh1 come then go in4 ,similarly1 cave drumptis1 ,pl4 ,poen4 #aag1 mind you don't break it off4 ,similarly ain4 #ajgf4 ,if the subjects are of different persons1 the first person is preferred to the second or the third1 and the second to the third3 as1 s t et ,tullia1 lx nostra1 valtis1 ego et suvissimus ,cicer valmus1 ,fam4 #ad1 #e1 #a1 if you and ,tullia1 our sunbeam1 are well1 darling ,cicero and ,i are well4 ,but sometimes in contrasts the verb agrees with the nearest person3 as1 quid indicat aut ipse ,cornlius aut vs8 ,sull4 #ed1 what information does ,cornelius himself give1 or you people8 ,errata3 #ajff;a 444 senate and people of ,rome ordained4 line-end hyphen in or-_/dained invisible #ajga 444 ,but the plural is sometimes used1 used4 #ajgb;a 444 plural names of places1 places4 #ajgd 444 form of expression3 as1 ,moln dedimus operam as4 7,b47 ,,of ,,the ,,noun4 7#a47 ,,the ,,substantive4 #ajgg4 ,a substantive which explains another substantive referring to the same thing is put in the same case4 ,this applies to the substantive used as attribute1 appositive1 or predicate4 ,the two substantives often differ in gender or number1 or both4 7a47 ,attribute3 trne exercit1 ,fam4 #g1 #c1 #b1 with a raw army4 mm uxre1 ,ph4 #b1 #bj1 from an actress-wife4 mendcs homins1 ,pl4 ,st4 #ace1 beggar-men4 ocul hominis histrinis1 ,,do4 #b1 #aic1 the eyes of an actor man4 nmin homin1 ,pl4 ,as4 #dff1 to no human being4 servom hominem1 ,t4 ,ph4 #bib1 a servant man4 homins scris1 ,,ra4 #h1 professional bravoes4 7b47 ,appositive3 quid dcam d thsaur rrum omnium1 memori8 ,,do4 #a1 #ah1 what shall ,i say of that universal storehouse1 the memory8 duo fulmina nostr imper1 ,cn4 et ,p4 ,scpins1 ,balb4 #cd1 the two thunderbolts of our realm1 the ,scipios1 ,gnaeus and ,publius4 7c47 ,predicate3 ra furor brevis est1 ,h4 ,e4 #a1 #b1 #fb1 wrath is a madness brief4 ,dolbell hoste dcrt1 ,ph4 #aa1 #af1 ,dolabella having been voted a public enemy4 ,some apparent exceptions will be noticed from time to time hereafter4 #ajgh4 ,mobile substantives take also the gender and number of the masculines or feminines they explain3 as1 stilus optimus dcend magister1 ,,do4 #a1 #aej1 pen is the best professor of rhetoric4 vta rstica parsimniae magistra est1 ,,ra4 #ge1 country life is a teacher of thrift4 fluvirum rx ridanus1 ,v4 ,g4 #a1 #dhb1 ,eridanus1 of rivers king4 et genus et frmam rgna pecnia dnat1 ,h4 ,e4 #a1 #f1 #cg1 both birth and shape the almighty dollar gives4 ut omittam ills omnium doctrnrum inventrcs ,athns1 ,,do4 #a1 #ac1 to say nothing of the great originator of all intellectual pursuits1 ,athens4 #ajgi4 ,a substantive explaining two or more substantives1 is put in the plural3 as1 foedus inter ,rmam ,lvniumque urbs renovtum est1 ,l4 #a1 #ad1 #c1 the treaty between the cities of ,rome and ,lavinium was renewed4 ,cn4 et ,p4 ,scpins1 ,balb4 #cd1 the ,scipios1 ,gnaeus and ,publius4 #ajhj4 ,a plural subject1 expressed or implied1 is sometimes defined by a singular word1 which is generally a collective or distributive3 as1 ut amb exercits sus quisque abrent doms1 ,l4 #b1 #g1 #a1 so that both armies went back to their respective homes4 uterque erum ex castrs exercitum dcunt1 ,caes4 ,c4 #c1 #cj1 #c1 they bring their army out of camp1 each of them4 heus fors exte hc aliquis1 ,pl4 ,e4 #cih1 hallo1 you boys1 come out of doors here1 somebody4 alius alium percontmur1 ,pl4 ,st4 #cgj1 we ask of one another4 cum accidisset ut alter alterum vidrmus1 ,fin4 #c1 #h1 when it came to pass that we each saw the other4 ,the verb sometimes agrees with the defining singular3 as1 quand duo cnsuls1 alter morb1 alter ferr periisset1 ,l4 #da1 #ah1 #af1 since the two consuls had died1 one a natural death1 the other by the sword4 #ajha4 ,a substantive in the accusative or nominative is sometimes in apposition to a thought or clause3 as1 mans intentants1 causam discordiae1 ,ta4 #a1 #bg1 shaking their fists1 a provocation to quarrel4 pars ingent subire feretr1 trste ministerium1 ,v4 #f1 #bbb1 a part put shoulder to the mighty bier1 a service sad4 nec ,homrum audi1 qu ,ganymdn ab ds raptum ait propter frmam2 nn ista causa cr ,lomedont tanta fieret iniria1 ,,td4 #a1 #fe1 nor will ,i lend an ear to ,homer1 who asserts that ,ganymede was carried off by the gods for his beauty2 no just reason for doing ,laomedon such injustice4 ,errata3 #ajgg 444 7a47 444 ,,do4 #a1 #ah ,,do #a 444 7b47 ,balb4 #cd ,balb #cd 7#b47 ,,the ,,adjective4 #ajhb4 ,an adjective1 adjective pronoun1 or participle1 agrees with its substantive in number1 gender1 and case3 as1 vir bonus1 ,h4 ,ep4 #a1 #af1 #dj1 a good man1 bona uxor1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #fhd1 a good wife1 oleum bonum1 ,cato1 ,,rr4 #c1 good oil4 ,gallia est omnis dvsa in parts trs1 #a1 #a1 #a1 ,gaul1 including everything under the name1 is divided into three parts4 et variae volucrs nemora via pervolitants era per tenerum liquids loca vcibus opplent1 ,lucr4 #b1 #ade1 and motley birds1 in pathless woods that flit through lither sky1 fill space with carols clear4 #ajhc4 ,an adjective or participle1 either attributive or predicate1 sometimes takes the number and gender of the persons or things implied in the substantive3 as1 7a47 concursus popul mrantium quid r esset1 ,l4 #a1 #da1 #a1 a gathering of the public1 wondering what was the matter4 7b47 pars subeuntium obrut1 pars cnfx1 ,ta4 ,h4 #b1 #bb1 a part of those who came up were crushed1 a part were run through4 ,samntium caes tria mlia ducent1 ,l4 #aj1 #cd1 #c1 of the ,samnites were slain three thousand two hundred4 #ajhd4 7#a47 ,an attributive adjective referring to several substantives is commonly expressed with one only1 generally with the first or the last3 as1 rs erat multae operae et labris1 #e1 #aa1 #e1 it was a job that required much work and trouble4 semper amv ingenium1 studia1 mrs tus1 ,o4 #cc1 ,i have always admired your ability1 your scholarly tastes1 and your character4 ,in lively style1 the adjective is often used with every substantive4 #ajhe4 ,two or more attributive adjectives in the singular connected by a conjunction may belong to a plural substantive3 as1 circ ports ,collnam squilnamque1 ,l4 #bf1 #aj1 #b1 about the gates1 the ,colline and the ,esquiline4 ,but the substantive may also be in the singular3 as1 inter squilnam ,collnamque portam1 ,l4 #bf1 #aj1 #a1 between the ,esquiline and the ,colline gate4 #ajhf4 ,the combined idea of a substantive with an attributive adjective may be qualified by one or more adjectives3 as1 nvs longs trgint veters1 ,l4 #bg1 #bb1 #ab1 thirty old men-of-war4 prvta nvis onerria mxima1 ,v4 #e1 #acf1 a very large private freighting vessel4 ter alinus canis1 ,t4 ,ph4 #gjf1 a strange black dog4 #ajhg4 7#b47 ,a predicate adjective or participle referring to two or more substantives is usually in the plural2 its gender is determined as follows3 #ajhh4 7a47 ,if the substantives denote persons of the same gender1 that gender is used2 if they denote persons of different gender1 the masculine is used3 as1 venn absmpt ,hannibal et ,philopoemn1 ,l4 #ci1 #eb1 #h1 it was by poison that ,hannibal and ,philopoemen were taken off4 quam prdem pater mih et mter mortu essent1 ,t4 ,eu4 #eag1 how long my father and my mother had been dead4 #ajhi4 7b47 ,if the substantives denote things1 and are of different genders1 the neuter plural is used2 also commonly when they are feminines denoting things3 as1 mrus et porta d cael tcta erant1 ,l4 #cb1 #bi1 #a1 the wall and town-gate had been struck by lightning4 ra et avritia imperi potentira erant1 ,l4 #cg1 #cb1 #ac1 hot blood and greed proved stronger than authority4 #ajij4 7c47 ,if the substantives denote both persons and things1 either the gender of the substantives denoting persons is used1 or the neuter4 ,the gender of the substantives denoting things is very rarely used3 as1 et rx rgiaque classis n profect1 ,l4 #ba1 #ej1 #aa1 the king too and the king's fleet set sail in his company4 inimca inter s lberam cvittem et rgem1 ,l4 #dd1 #bd1 #b1 that a free state and a monarch were irreconcilable things4 ,dolopas et ,athamniam repts sib querns1 ,l4 #ch1 #aj1 #c1 complaining that the ,dolopians and ,athamania were wrested from him4 #ajia4 ,when the verb is attached to the nearest only of two or more subjects1 a predicate participle or adjective naturally takes the gender of that substantive3 as1 ib ,orgetorgis flia atque nus flis captus est1 #a1 #bf1 #e1 there the daughter of ,orgetorix and one of the sons too was made prisoner4 ut brchia atque umer lber esse possent1 #g1 #ef1 #d1 so that their arms and shoulders might be unhampered4 #ajib4 ,the ablative singular absente is used once each by ,terence and ,afranius with a plural substantive3 absente nbs1 ,t4 ,eu4 #fdi1 while we were out4 #ajic4 ,a neuter adjective or pronoun is sometimes used as a substantive in the predicate 7#aaja73 as1 trste lupus stabuls1 ,v4 ,e4 #c1 #hj1 a baleful thing the wolf for folds4 quod ego fu ad ,trsumennum1 id t hodi1 ,l4 #cj1 #cj1 #ab1 what ,i was myself at ,trasumene1 that you are today4 #ajid4 ,a demonstrative1 determinative1 or relative pronoun used substantively takes the number and gender of the substantive it represents2 the case depends on the construction of the clause in which it stands3 as1 erant pedits1 qus dlgerant2 cum hs in proelis versbantur2 ad es s recipibant2 h concurrbant1 #a1 #dh1 #e1 there were foot-soldiers whom they had picked out2 with these men they kept company in action2 upon them they would fall back2 these people would always rally4 ,hippis glritus est nulum quem habret1 pallium qu amictus1 soccs quibus indtus esset1 s su man cnfcisse1 ,,do4 #c1 #abg1 ,hippias bragged he had made with his own hand the ring which he wore1 the cloak in which he was wrapped2 and the slippers which he had on4 #ajie4 ,sometimes1 however1 the number and gender of these pronouns are determined by the sense1 and not by the form of the substantive represented3 as1 equittum omnem praemittit1 qu videant1 #a1 #ae1 #a1 he sends all the horse ahead1 for them to see4 hc sunt qunque minae4 hoc tb erus m iussit ferre1 ,pl4 ,ps4 #aadi1 here are five minae2 this my master bade me bring for thee4 ,domitius ,massiliam pervenit atque ab is receptus urb praeficitur1 ,caes4 ,c4 #a1 #cf1 #a1 ,domitius arrived at ,massilia1 and was received by the people and put in charge of the town4 ad hirundinnum ndum vsast smia adscnsinem ut faceret admlrier2 neque es ripere qubat inde1 ,pl4 ,r4 #eih1 up to a swallow-nest methought an ape did strive to climb2 nor could she snatch the nestlings thence2 the es refers to hirundins1 implied in hirundinnum4 #ajif4 ,a pronoun representing two or more substantives sometimes takes the number and gender of the nearest4 ,but usually it is plural1 and its gender is determined like that of an adjective 7#ajhg74 #ajig4 ,a demonstrative1 determinative1 or relative pronoun used substantively is generally attracted to the number and gender of a predicate substantive in its own clause3 as1 haec est nbilis ad ,trsumennum pgna1 ,l4 #bb1 #g1 #a1 such is the far-famed fight at ,trasumene1 #bag ,b4,c4 ista quidem vs est1 ,suet4 ,iul4 #hb1 now that ,i call an outrage1 ,caesar's dying words1 #dd ,b4,c4 ,but with a negative1 sometimes the neuter3 as1 nec sopor illud erat1 ,v4 #c1 #agc1 nor was that sleep4 #ajih4 ,a demonstrative1 determinative1 or relative pronoun in agreement with a substantive is often equivalent to a genitive limiting the substantive3 as1 hc met vagr prohibbat1 #e1 #ai1 #b1 by fear of this he stopped the prowling round4 is pavor perculit ,rmns1 ,l4 #ba1 #df1 #g1 the panic occasioned by this demoralized the ,romans4 qu sp adduct1 #d1 #f1 #d1 impelled by the hope of this4 ,erratum3 #ajig 444 haec est nbilis ad ,trsumennum pgna text unchanged3 word generally spelled 8pugna0 7see endnote on first edition7 ,,the ,,simple ,,sentence4 7,a47 ,,use ,,of ,,the ,,noun4 ,,number ,,and ,,gender4 #ajii4 ,the singular of a word denoting a person is sometimes used in a collective sense4 ,this singular is generally a military designation3 as1 mles1 eques1 pedes1 hostis1 ,rmnus1 ,poenus4 ,but other substantives and adjectives are occasionally thus used4 #aajj4 ,a substantive or adjective denoting a person is often used in the singular as representative of a class1 particularly when two persons are contrasted3 as1 s tabulam d naufrgi stultus adripuerit1 extorqubitne eam sapins8 ,off4 #c1 #hi1 if a fool has seized a plank from a wreck1 will the sage twitch it away8 #aaja4 ,the neuter singular of certain adjectives is used as an abstract substantive4 ,these adjectives have commonly stems in -o-1 and are often used in the partitive genitive 7#abej74 ,the nominative is rare1 also the accusative and ablative1 except in prepositional constructions4 ,such are3 bonum1 malum2 rctum1 prvum2 decrum1 indecrum2 honestum2 vrum1 falsum2 istum1 inistum2 aequum2 ambiguum2 rdiculum4 tile1 inne1 commne1 nsgne1 simile1 c4 #aajb4 ,certain adjectives1 which originally agreed with an appellative denoting a thing1 have dropped the appellative and become substantives4 ,such are3 fricus1 sc4 ventus2 frica1 sc4 terra2 calda1 sc4 aqua2 cn sc4 capill2 circnss1 sc4 ld2 decuma1 sc4 pars2 fera1 sc4 bstia2 hberna1 sc4 castra2 merum1 sc4 vnum2 ntlis1 sc4 dis2 patria1 sc4 terra2 praetexta1 sc4 toga2 summa1 sc4 rs2 trirmis1 sc4 nvis1 and many others4 #aajc4 ,certain adjectives denoting relationship1 friendship1 hostility1 connection1 or age1 may be used in both numbers as substantives4 ,such are3 7a47 adfnis1 cgntus1 cnsanguineus1 gentlis1 necessrius1 propnquus2 7b47 adversrius1 amcus1 inimcus1 familiris1 hostis1 intimus1 invidus1 socius1 sodlis2 7c47 contubernlis1 manipulris1 vcnus2 7d47 adulscns1 aequlis1 iuvenis1 senex4 #aajd4 ,the masculine plural of many adjectives is used substantively to denote a class4 ,such are3 bon1 the good1 the well-disposed1 conservatives1 patriots1 our party2 improb1 the wicked1 the dangerous classes1 revolutionists1 anarchists1 the opposite party2 doct1 indoct2 pi1 impi1 and the like4 #aaje4 ,proper names of men are used in the plural to denote different persons of the same name1 or as appellatives to express character1 oftenest good character3 as1 duo ,metell1 ,celer et ,neps1 ,br4 #bdg1 the two ,metelluses1 ,celer and ,nepos4 quid ,crasss1 quid ,pompis vertit8 ,j4 #aj1 #ajh1 what overthrew a ,crassus1 ,pompey what8 i4e4 men like ,crassus and ,pompey4 #aajf4 ,the neuter plural of adjectives of all degrees of comparison is very often used as a substantive4 ,such adjectives are usually in the nominative or accusative1 and may have a pronoun1 a numeral1 or an adjective1 agreeing with them4 ,in ,english the singular is often preferred4 ,such are3 bona1 mala2 vra1 falsa2 haec1 this2 omnia1 everything2 haec omnia1 all this1 c41 c4 #aajg4 ,names of countries are sometimes used in the plural when the country consists of several parts which are called by the same name as the whole country3 as1 ,galliae1 the ,gauls2 ,germniae1 the ,germanies4 #aajh4 ,material substantives are often used in the plural to denote different sorts of the substance designated1 its constituent parts1 or objects made of it3 as1 aera1 lumps of bronze1 bronzes1 coppers4 aquae1 water in different places1 medicinal springs4 crae1 pieces of wax1 tablets1 wax masks1 waxworks4 marmora1 kinds of marble1 blocks of marble1 works of marble4 nivs1 snowflakes1 snowdrifts1 snowstorms1 repeated snows4 spmae1 masses of foam4 sulpura1 lumps of sulphur4 vna1 wines1 different kinds of wine4 #aaji4 ,abstract substantives are often used in the plural to denote different kinds or instances of the abstract idea1 or an abstract idea pertaining to several persons or things3 as1 sunt domesticae fortitdins nn nferirs mlitribus1 ,off4 #a1 #gh1 there are cases of heroism in civil life fully equal to those in war4 t cnscientiae stimulant maleficirum turum1 ,par4 #ah1 you are tormented by pricks of conscience for your sins4 propter siccitts paldum1 #d1 #ch1 #b1 because the swamps were dry everywhere4 #aaaj4 ,the plural is sometimes used in generalizations1 and in poetry to magnify a single thing1 to give mystery to the statement1 or often merely for metrical convenience3 as1 advnisse familirs dcit1 ,pl4 ,am4 #cec1 say that the people of the house are come1 the plural familirs denoting one person4 ,priam dum rgna manbant1 ,v4 #b1 #bb1 while ,priam's realms still stood4 externs optte ducs1 ,v4 #h1 #ejc1 choose captains from a foreign strand1 i4e4 ,aeneas4 ,,case4 #aaaa4 ,there are two groups of cases1 the principal and the secondary4 #aaab4 ,the principal cases are the nominative and the accusative4 ,the principal cases1 which have more complete inflections than the secondary1 express the two chief relations of the noun in the sentence1 those of the subject and of the object4 ,the secondary cases are used to express subordinate or supplementary relations4 ,,the ,,nominative4 #aaac4 ,the nominative is principally used as the subject or predicate noun of a verb or of an infinitive4 ,besides this use1 the nominative occurs in titles1 exclamations1 and addresses 7#aaad-aabc74 ,,the ,,nominative ,,of ,,title4 #aaad4 ,the nominative is used in inscriptions1 notices1 titles1 or headings3 as1 ,l ,,cornelivs ,,cn ,f ,,cn ,n ,,scipio1 ,,cil4 ,i1 #cd1 on a tomb1 ,lucius ,cornelius ,scipio1 son 7flius7 of ,gnaeus1 grandson 7neps7 of ,gnaeus4 ,,labyrinthvs ,,hic ,,habitat ,,minotavrvs1 ,,cil4 ,,iv1 #bcca1 on a plan of the ,labyrinth scratched by a ,pompei schoolboy1 ,the ,maze4 ,here lives ,minotaur4 ,,privatvm ,,precario ,,adeitvr1 ,,cil4 ,i1 #abae1 ,private ,grounds4 ,no ,admittance without leave4 ,themistocls1 ,neocl flius1 ,athninsis1 ,n4 #b1 #a1 ,themistocles1 son of ,neocles1 of ,athens4 #aaae4 ,the title proper of a book is often put in the genitive1 dependent on lber or libr3 as1 ,cornl ,tacit ,historirum ,liber ,prmus1 ,tacitus's ,histories1 ,book ,first4 ,or prepositional expressions are used3 as1 ,m4 ,tull ,cicernis d ,ft ,liber1 ,cicero1 ,fate1 in ,one ,book4 ,cornl ,tacit ab ,excess dv ,august ,liber ,prmus1 ,tacitus's ,roman ,history from the ,demise of the sainted ,augustus1 ,book ,first4 #aaaf4 ,sometimes the nominative of a title or exclamation is retained in a sentence for some other case3 as1 ,gabni cgnmen #8,cauchius' surpre concessit1 ,suet4 ,cl4 #bd1 he allowed ,gabinius to take the surname #8,cauchius2' 7compare ,cat quasi cgnmen habbat ,sapientis1 ,l4 #f1 ,cato had the virtual surname of the ,wise74 #8,marsya' nmen habet1 ,o4 #f1 #djj1 it has the name of #8,marsyas2' 7compare nmen ,dnuvium habet1 ,s4 ,fr4 #c1 #ee1 it has the name ,danube71 resonent mihi #8,cynthia' silvae1 ,prop4 #a1 #ah1 #ca1 let woods reecho #8,cynthia' for me2 7compare t1 ,ttyre1 frmsam resonre docs ,amaryllida silvas1 ,v4 ,e4 #a1 #d1 thou1 ,tityrus1 dost teach the woods to echo ,amaryllis ,fair74 ,,the ,,nominative ,,of ,,exclamation4 #aaag4 ,the nominative is sometimes used in exclamations3 as1 fortnae flius1 omns1 ,h4 ,s4 #b1 #f1 #di1 #8the child of ,fortune1' all exclaim4 ,this nominative is often accompanied by an interjection1 such as ecce1 n1 heu1 1 pr1 vh3 as1 n ,priamus1 ,v4 #a1 #dfa1 lo1 ,priam here4 fstus dis1 ,t4 ,eu4 #efj1 oh day of cheer4 ,for eccilla1 see #ffg4 ,,the ,,vocative ,,nominative ,,and ,,vocative ,,proper4 #aaah4 ,the vocative nominative is used when a person or thing is addressed3 as1 qu usque tandem abtre1 ,catilna1 patienti nostr8 ,c4 #a1 #a1 in heaven's name1 how long1 ,catiline1 wilt trifle with our patience8 valte1 dsderia mea1 valte1 ,fam4 #ad1 #b1 #d1 good bye1 my absent loves1 good bye4 ,instead of a proper name1 an emphatic t is often used3 as1 advorte animum ss t1 ,pl4 ,cap4 #aaj1 just pay attention1 sirrah1 please4 #aaai4 ,masculine stems in -o- commonly use the special form for the second person singular called the vocative3 as1 urbem1 urbem1 m ,rfe1 cole1 ,fam4 #b1 #ab1 #b1 stick to town1 dear ,rufus1 yes1 to town4 ,but the vocative nominative is sometimes used even of -o- stems3 as1 aud t1 populus ,albnus1 ,l4 #a1 #bd1 #g1 hear thou1 the people of ,alba4 #aabj4 ,poets use the vocative nominative or vocative proper very freely1 sometimes for liveliness1 but often simply in place of other cases not allowed by the metre3 as1 ra mansque tu lavimus1 ,frnia1 lymph1 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #e1 #bd1 our faces and our hands1 ,feronia1 in thy stream we wash4 occiderat ,tatius1 populsque aequta dubus1 ,rmule1 ira dabs1 ,o4 #ad1 #hje1 now dead was ,tatius1 and to peoples twain thou gavest1 ,romulus1 impartial laws4 longum tibi1 ,daedale1 crmen1 ,o4 #h1 #bdj1 a lasting stigma1 ,daedalus1 to thee4 ,in these three examples1 ,frniae1 ,rmulus1 and ,daedal would be impossible4 ,in poetry1 the vocative is particularly common in questions4 #aaba4 ,nominative forms and vocative forms are often combined3 as1 dulcis amce1 ,h4 ,e4 #a1 #g1 #ab1 sweet friend4 m vir1 ,pl4 ,am4 #gaf1 my husband4 ,ine pater1 ,j4 #f1 #cid1 thou father ,janus4 #aabb4 ,in verse the vocative is occasionally used even in the predicate3 as1 qu moritre ruis8 ,v4 #aj1 #haa1 whither1 on death intent1 fliest thou8 quibus1 ,hector1 ab rs exspectte vens8 ,v4 #b1 #bhb1 out of what limboes1 ,hector1 dost thou gladly welcomed come8 #aabc4 ,the vocative nominative or vocative proper is sometimes accompanied by 1 but only in impassioned addresses3 as1 fortnte adulscns1 ,arch4 #bd1 oh thou thrice blest youth2 also by pr in addresses to gods1 by eho and heus in calls on men4 ,rarely by au1 ehem1 hem1 heu1 eia or heia1 i4 ,erratum3 #aabj 444 ra mansque tu lavimus1 ,frnia1 lymph1 final 1 missing ,,the ,,accusative4 #aabd4 ,the accusative is used primarily with verbs1 or with expressions equivalent to verbs4 ,the relations expressed by the accusative are all of one general kind2 but they vary somewhat1 according to the nature of the verb4 #aabe4 ,i4 ,with most verbs1 the accusative either 7a47 denotes that which is affected or apprehended1 or is produced by the action of the verb 7#aacb72 or1 less frequently 7b47 it repeats the meaning of the verb in the form of a substantive 7#aadj74 ,such accusatives1 called accusatives of the ,object1 are never attended by a preposition1 and become nominative in the passive construction4 #aabf4 ,,ii4 ,with some verbs1 the accusative denotes 7a47 extent or duration 7#aaea72 with others it denotes 7b47 aim of motion 7#aaeg74 ,both these accusatives sometimes have their places taken by a prepositional expression1 or by an adverb2 in the passive construction1 they are not convertible into a nominative1 but remain accusative4 #aabg4 ,two or even three accusatives are sometimes used with one and the same verb3 see #aafg-aagd4 #aabh4 ,the accusative is sometimes disengaged from the verb1 with which it originally stood1 and used with a noun or a preposition4 #aabi4 7#a47 ,with substantives1 the accusative is rare2 it is used 7a47 in a few attributive expressions1 chiefly old set forms1 and rarely to denote 7b47 aim of motion4 ,thus 7a47 the predicative id aettis1 in id aettis iam sumus1 we are now of that age1 becomes attributive in homins id aettis1 people of that age4 ,and 7b47 as domum1 home1 is used with the verb rede1 go back1 so also rarely with the substantive rediti1 a return4 #aacj4 ,with adjectives1 the accusative is commonly that of extent3 so with altus1 high1 ltus1 wide1 and longus1 long1 sometimes with crassus1 thick4 ,thus1 in es surculs facit sint long peds bns1 see that the scions be two feet long1 the accusative peds1 which belongs with the predicate sint long1 may be used with the attributive adjective longus alone1 thus3 surcul long peds bns1 scions two feet long4 #aaca4 7#b47 ,the accusative is used with many prepositions3 see #adaj4 ,erratum3 #aacj 444 and longus1 long longus4 ,i4 ,,the ,,accusative ,,of ,,the ,,object4 #aacb4 ,the object of a verb is put in the accusative3 as1 7a47 oppida sua omnia incendunt1 #a1 #e1 #c1 they set all their towns afire4 cnspexit adrsum quendam1 ,h4 ,e4 #a1 #g1 #di1 he spied a man all shaven and shorn4 7b47 dus fosss perdxit1 #g1 #gb1 #c1 he made two trenches4 ,this accusative1 is1 as may be seen above1 either 7a47 receptive1 i4e4 existing independently of the action of the verb1 and only affected or apprehended by it2 or 7b47 of product1 i4e4 produced by the action of the verb4 #aacc4 ,verbs thus used with an object are said to be used transitively4 ,such verbs may also be used intransitively1 that is without an object1 when stress is put on the action merely3 thus1 7a47 ,transitively3 t m ams1 ego t am1 ,pl4 ,most4 #cje1 thou lovest me1 and ,i love thee4 nova druunt1 alia aedificant1 ,s4 ,c4 #bj1 #ab1 they pull down new structures1 and build up others4 7b47 ,intransitively3 am1 ,pl4 ,b4 #eaa1 ,i'm in love4 druit1 aedificat1 ,h4 ,e4 #a1 #a1 #ajj1 it pulleth down1 it buildeth up4 #aacd4 ,some verbs1 in addition to the accusative1 often take an infinitive also3 thus1 eum vident sedre1 ,v4 #e1 #ajg1 they see him sit1 they see that he is sitting4 ,here the accusative eum1 originally the object1 they see him1 becomes at the same time the subject of the new statement appended1 sedre1 sit1 thus giving rise to the construction known as the accusative with the infinitive4 #aace4 ,instead of the proper accusative of the object1 another accusative is sometimes substituted1 denoting the ultimate result3 as1 rpre viam1 ,l4 #b1 #ej1 #aj1 they broke a path1 i4e4 they broke through the obstacles1 and so made a path4 foedusque fer1 ,e4 #cc1 and strike a covenant1 i4e4 strike a victim1 and so make a covenant4 #aacf4 ,in ,plautus1 quid tib with a substantive of action in -ti and est1 has an accusative like a verb used transitively3 as1 quid tib hanc crtist rem8 ,pl4 ,am4 #eai1 what business hast thou with this8 #aacg4 ,many verbs ordinarily used intransitively1 particularly verbs of motion1 have a transitive use when compounded with a preposition4 ,such prepositions are1 ad1 circum1 ex1 in1 ob1 per1 prae1 praeter1 trns1 and some others3 as1 plrs paucs circumsistbant1 #d1 #bf1 #b1 a good many took their stand round a few4 ,caesar omnem agrum ,pcnum percurrit1 ,caes4 ,c4 #a1 #ae1 #a1 ,caesar runs over the whole ,picene territory4 praeterre nm pristrnum potest1 ,pl4 ,cap4 #hjh1 no man can pass the mill4 flmen trnsirunt1 #d1 #d1 #g1 they crossed the river4 #aach4 ,a few verbs with a transitive use1 have1 when compounded with circum and trns1 besides the accusative of the object1 a second accusative of the thing to which the preposition refers3 as1 istum circumdce hsce aeds1 ,pl4 ,most4 #hdc1 take that man round this house4 ,caesar funditrs pontem trdcit1 #b1 #aj1 #a1 ,caesar takes the slingers over the bridge4 trnsfer lmen aureols peds1 ,cat4 #fa1 #aff1 over the threshold put thy little golden foot4 ,in the passive1 the accusative connected with the preposition is sometimes retained3 as1 ,apollniam praetervehuntur1 ,caes4 ,c4 #c1 #bf1 #a1 they sail by ,apollonia4 #aaci4 ,verbs of weeping and wailing1 and some other verbs of feeling1 which commonly have an intransitive use1 sometimes have a transitive use with an accusative3 as1 7a47 lget sentus1 maeret equester rd1 ,mil4 #bj1 the senate is in mourning1 the equestrian order betrays its sadness4 7b47 mtrnae eum lxrunt1 ,l4 #b1 #g1 #d1 the married women wore mourning for him4 maere csum eius mod1 ,fam4 #ad1 #b1 #b1 ,i cannot help showing my grief over a misfortune of such a kind4 quid mortem congemis ac fls1 ,lucr4 #c1 #icd1 why dost thou death bewail and weep8 ,such verbs are fle1 weep1 gem1 wail1 lmentor1 queror1 bewail1 dole1 am distressed1 lge1 mourn1 maere1 betray sadness4 ,similarly1 horre1 shudder1 reformd1 am in dread1 fastdi1 feel disdain1 rde1 laugh1 c41 c4 ,the object is oftener a thing than a person1 and passive constructions are rare1 and mostly confined to poetry4 ,errata3 #aace 444 they broke a path1 i4e4 they broke through the obstacles1 and so made a path4 foedusque fer1 ,e4 #cc1 and strike a covenant1 i4e4 punctuation as printed3 they broke a path1 i4e they broke through the obstacles4 and so made a path4 foedusque fer1 ,e4 #cc1 and strike a covenant1 i4e ,,the ,,emphasizing ,,or ,,defining ,,accusative4 #aadj4 ,the meaning of a verb1 even of one ordinarily intransitive1 may be emphasized or more exactly defined by an accusative of kindred derivation added4 7a47 ,seldom without an adjective3 as1 dum vtam vvs1 ,pl4 ,per4 #did1 as long as life thou liv'st1 i4e4 as long as you ever live and breathe4 qurum mairum nm servittem servvit1 ,t4 #bi1 of whose ancestors not one has served servitude1 i4e4 been a regular slave4 vid n facinus facis1 ,fin4 #b1 #ie1 mind you don't do a deed1 i4e4 a misdeed4 7b47 ,commonly with an adjective3 as1 scelestam servittem serviunt1 ,pl4 ,cu4 #dj1 a wicked servitude they serve4 facinus memorbile fcistis1 ,l4 #bd1 #bb1 #af1 you have done a deed well worth mentioning4 mrum atque nsctum somniv somnium1 ,pl4 ,r4 #eig1 a strange and silly dream dreamed ,i4 #aada4 ,the verb sometimes has an accusative of kindred meaning1 but of different derivation3 as1 ut vvs aettem miser1 ,pl4 ,am4 #ajbc1 that thou mayst live thy days in woe4 nn pugnvit ingns domeneus ,sthenelusve slus dcenda ,mss proelia1 ,h4 #d1 #i1 #ai1 not towering ,idomeneus nor ,sthenelus alone has battles fought for ,muses to rehearse4 #aadb4 ,the neuter singular accusative of a descriptive adjective is used1 particularly by the poets1 to denote manner3 as1 magnum clmat1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #hbc1 he's bellowing big4 suve locus vc resonat conclsus1 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #d1 #gf1 sweet to the voice the pent-up place rings back4 suve rubns hyacinthus1 ,v4 ,e4 #c1 #fc1 sweet-blushing hyacinth4 cr tam cernis actum8 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #c1 #bf1 why dost thou see so sharp8 ,the plural is not so common3 as1 asper1 acerba tuns1 ,lucr4 #e1 #cc1 ,v4 #i1 #gid1 rough1 staring savageness4 #aadc4 ,some verbs of smell and of taste have an accusative defining what the smell or the taste is3 as1 pstills ,rfillus olet1 ,gargnius hrcum1 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #b1 #bg1 of lozenges ,rufillus smells1 ,gargonius of the goat4 doctrnam redolet puerlem1 ,,do4 #b1 #aji1 it smacks of ,a ,b ,c studies4 nn omns possunt olere unguenta extica1 ,pl4 ,most4 #db1 not every man can of imported ointments reek4 melira unguenta sunt quae terram quam quae crocum sapiunt1 ,cic4 in ,plin4 ,,nh4 #ag1 #e1 #c1 #ch1 essences that smell of earth are better than those that smell of saffron4 #aadd4 ,any verb or verbal expression may be defined in a general way by the neuter accusative of a pronoun or of an enumerative word3 as1 id gaude1 ,t4 ,andr4 #cfb1 ,i'm glad of that4 id maestast1 ,pl4 ,r4 #cig1 she's mournful over this4 id prde1 ,t4 ,eu4 #ajje1 ,i'm coming out for this4 ctera adsentior ,crass1 ,,do4 #a1 #ce1 on all the other points ,i agree with ,crassus4 ,so also quod1 for which1 on account of which1 aliquid1 quicquam1 nihil1 c41 c41 and particularly quid1 why1 in what respect1 wherein1 what1 or what 444 for3 as1 quid vnist1 ,pl4 ,am4 #cgg1 why art thou come8 quid tib obst1 ,,ra4 #ade1 wherein do ,i stand in your way8 #aade4 ,the accusative of an appellative is rarely used adverbially3 as1 magnam partem ex iambs nostra cnstat rti1 ,o4 #ahi1 our own speech is made up a great deal of iambs4 maximam partem lacte vvunt1 #d1 #a1 #h1 they live on milk the most part1 i4e4 chiefly4 ,prepositional expressions are commoner3 as1 magn ex parte1 #a1 #af1 #f1 principally4 ,for vicem1 instead of1 for1 or like1 see the dictionary4 #aadf4 ,the accusative is sometimes disengaged from a verb1 and qualifies a substantive as an attribute1 chiefly in a few set expressions 7#aabi73 as1 rtins aut aliquid id genus1 ,att4 #ac1 #ab1 #c1 speeches or something that kind4 aucupium omne genus1 ,cat4 #aad1 #c1 fowling of every kind4 ngs hoc genus1 ,h4 ,s4 #b1 #f1 #dc1 small talk--this kind4 hoc genus in rbus1 ,lucr4 #f1 #iag1 in matters of this kind4 cum id aettis fli1 ,clu4 #ada1 with a son of that age4 ,similarly dis qundecim supplicti1 #b1 #ce1 #d1 a fortnight thanksgiving4 ,erratum3 #aadd 444 ,so also quod1 for which1 for which4 ,,the ,,accusative ,,of ,,the ,,part ,,concerned4 #aadg4 ,poets use the accusative to express the part concerned1 especially a part of the human body3 as1 tremit arts1 ,lucr4 #c1 #dhi1 ,v4 ,g4 #c1 #hd1 he shivers in his limbs4 tremis ossa pavre1 ,h4 ,s4 #b1 #g1 #eg1 thou tremblest in thy bones with fear4 virid membra sub arbut strtus1 ,h4 #a1 #a1 #ba1 stretching--his limbs--beneath an arbute green4 s umersque de similis1 ,v4 #a1 #ehi1 in face and shoulders like a god4 ,,the ,,accusative ,,of ,,the ,,thing ,,put ,,on4 #aadh4 ,the accusative is used with reflexive verbs in poetry to denote the thing put on3 as1 comantem ,androge galeam induitur1 ,v4 #b1 #cia1 ,androgeus' high-haired helm he dons4 exuvis indtus ,achill1 ,v4 #b1 #bge1 clad in ,achilles' spoils4 ,rarely to denote the thing taken off3 as1 prirs exuitur vults1 ,st4 ,th4 #aj1 #fdj1 she doffs her former looks4 ,,the ,,accusative ,,of ,,exclamation4 #aadi4 ,the accusative is used in exclamations1 sometimes merely to call attention to something1 but generally with a predicate to express a judgment with emphasis4 7a47 ,in calling attention1 ecce or em is used in old ,latin3 as1 ecce m1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #ffc1 behold1 your humble servant4 em ,dvom tib1 ,t4 ,andr4 #hdb1 there1 ,davos sir4 ,for ellum1 eccillum1 c41 see #ffg and #fgc4 ,also1 from ,cicero on1 n3 as1 n quattuor rs1 ,v4 ,e4 #e1 #fe1 see1 altars four4 7b47 ,in emphatic judgments sometimes the accusative alone3 as1 fortntum ,ncoblum1 ,pl4 ,b4 #dee1 lucky man that ,nicobulus4 tests gregis1 ,cael4 #fc1 mighty fine witnesses2 sometimes with an interjection3 as1 impertrem probum1 ,pl4 ,b4 #gei1 oh what a good commander2 rarely so with castor1 edepol1 eug1 bravo1 heu1 licet1 all's up1 heu4 ,interrogatively3 hancine impudentiam8 ,v4 #e1 #fb1 possible1 shamelessness like this8 #aaej4 ,the accusative is used in excited orders1 appeals1 and questions1 without any verb expressed1 or even distinctly felt3 as1 ,tiberium in ,tiberim1 ,suet4 ,tib4 #ge1 ,tiberius to the ,tiber4 d vostram fidem1 ,t4 ,andr4 #gaf1 ye gods your help4 pr fidem1 ,thbn cvs1 ,pl4 ,am4 #cgf1 oh help1 or murder1 ye citizens of ,thebes4 ,so with unde1 qu1 and quand1 often followed by mih or tib3 as1 qu mihi fortnam1 s nn concditur t8 ,h4 ,e4 #a1 #e1 #ab1 why wealth for me1 if wealth ,i may not use8 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,accusative ,,of ,,space ,,and ,,time1 ,,and ,,of ,,aim ,,of ,,motion4 ,,the ,,accusative ,,of ,,space ,,and ,,time4 #aaea4 ,extent of space or duration of time is denoted by the accusative3 as1 7a47 mlia passuum ,,xx prcdit1 #e1 #dg1 #a1 he pushes on twenty miles4 trdu viam prgress1 #d1 #d1 #d1 having advanced three days journey4 aggerem ltum peds ,,cccxxx1 altum peds ,,lxxx exstrxrunt1 #g1 #bd1 #a1 they built up a mound three hundred and thirty feet wide1 and eighty feet high 7#aacj74 7b47 mtrnae annum lxrunt1 ,l4 #b1 #g1 #d1 the married women wore mourning a year4 ndvgint anns ntus erat1 ,br4 #bbi1 he was nineteen years old4 sectae sunt continus complrs dis tempestts1 #d1 #cd1 #d1 there followed a good many days a succession of storms4 triennium vagt1 #d1 #d1 #b1 having led a nomad life three years4 num diem supplicti habita est1 ,l4 #aj1 #dg1 #g1 a thanksgiving was held one day4 dis qundecim supplicti1 #b1 #ce1 #d1 a fortnight thanksgiving 7#aabi74 ,sometimes per is added3 as1 ld per decem dis fact sunt1 ,c4 #c1 #bj1 games were celebrated ten days long4 #aaeb4 ,the idea of traversing is sometimes not expressed3 as1 mlia passuum tria ab erum castrs castra pnit1 #a1 #bb1 #e1 he pitches camp three miles away from their camp4 quadringents inde passs cnstituit sgna1 ,l4 #cd1 #bj1 #d1 four hundred paces from there he set up the standards4 ,see #acii4 #aaec4 ,with absum and dist1 the ablative of amount of difference is sometimes used 7#acic73 as1 certior factus est ,ariovist cpis nostrs mlibus passuum quattuor et ,,xx abesse1 #a1 #da1 #e1 he was informed that ,ariovistus's troops were four and twenty miles away from ours4 ,if the place is not mentioned from which distance is reckoned1 ab or is sometimes used before the expression of distance3 as1 posits castrs mlibus passuum ,,xv1 #f1 #g1 #c1 pitching camp fifteen miles away4 #aaed4 ,the accusative is used with abhinc1 ago3 as1 quaestor fuist abhinc anns quattuordecim1 ,v4 #a1 #cd1 you were a quaestor fourteen years ago4 ,rarely the ablative 7#acic73 as1 qu tempore8 abhinc anns ,,xv1 ,,rc4 #cg1 when8 fifteen years ago2 and once or twice with abhinc1 meaning before 7#acic73 as1 comitis abhinc dibus trgint facts1 ,v4 #b1 #acj1 the election having been held thirty days before4 #aaee4 ,the accusative singular is used with ordinals1 to show the number of days1 months1 or years since a particular event1 including the day1 month1 or year of the event itself3 as1 quod annum iam tertium et vcsimum rgnat1 ,,ip4 #g1 the circumstance that he has now been on the throne two and twenty years4 #aaef4 ,the accusative in some pronominal expressions and adverbs passes over from #8time through which' to a loose #8time at which'3 as1 id temporis1 ,,ra4 #ig1 at that time4 hoc noctis1 ,pl4 ,am4 #afc;b1 at this time of night4 tum1 then1 num1 nunc1 now1 nunc ipsum1 ,pl4 ,b4 #idj1 ,att4 #aj1 #d1 #aj1 this very minute1 commodum1 just in time4 ,for the locative ablative exceptionally used to denote duration1 see #acee4 ,errata3 #aaea;a 444 #d1 #cd1 #d #d1 #cd4 #d #aaed 444 ,,rc4 #cg ,,rc1 ,,the ,,accusative ,,of ,,the ,,aim ,,of ,,motion4 #aaeg4 7#a47 ,proper names of towns and of little islands or peninsulas are put in the accusative to denote the aim with expressions of motion3 as1 ,labinus ,lutetiam proficscitur1 #g1 #eg1 #a1 ,labienus starts for ,lutetia4 ,leucadem vnimus1 ,fam4 #af1 #i1 #a1 we came to ,leucas4 nocturnus introitus ,zmyrnam1 ,ph4 #aa1 #e1 the entrance into ,smyrna by night 7#aabi74 ,plautus uses ,accherns a few times like a town name3 as1 vvom m accersunt ,accheruntem mortu1 ,most4 #eji1 the dead are taking me to ,acheron alive4 #aaeh4 ,with singular names of towns and little islands1 ,plautus has the accusative alone twenty times1 and twenty times with in2 ,terence has1 including ,lmnum1 ,ph4 #efg1 and ,cyprum1 ,ad4 #bbd1 #bcj1 the accusative alone six times1 and twice with in1 in ,lmnum1 ,ph4 #ff1 and in ,cyprum1 ,ad4 #bgh4 ,plural town names never have in4 #aaei4 ,an appellative urbem or oppidum accompanying the accusative of a town name is usually preceded by in or ad3 as1 ad urbem ,fdns tendunt1 ,l4 #d1 #cc1 #aj1 they make for the city of ,fidenae4 ,iugurtha ,thalam pervnit1 in oppidum magnum1 ,s4 ,i4 #ge1 #a1 ,jugurtha arrived at ,thala1 a large town4 #aafj4 ,when merely #8motion towards' or #8nearness' is meant1 ad is used3 as1 trs viae sunt ad ,mutinam1 ,ph4 #ab1 #bb1 there are three roads to ,mutina4 mles ad ,capuam profectus sum1 ,,cm4 #aj1 ,i went to the war as a private1 to the region round about ,capua4 #aafa4 ,proper names of countries are also sometimes put in the accusative in poetry1 to denote aim of motion3 as1 abit lidem1 ,pl4 ,cap4 #egc1 he went away to ,elis4 ,so in prose also1 ,aegyptus in ,cicero1 ,caesar1 ,nepos1 ,livy1 and ,tacitus3 as1 ,germnicus ,aegyptum proficscitur1 ,ta4 #b1 #ei1 ,germanicus sets out for ,egypt4 ,rarely and in poetry names of peoples3 as1 sitients bimus frs1 ,v4 ,e4 #a1 #fd1 to thirst-parched ,afrians we shall go4 ,in general the accusative of country names is preceded by in or ad1 as are also appellatives regularly in prose2 but in poetry1 even appellatives without a preposition are common4 #aafb4 7#b47 ,the accusatives domum1 rs1 and fors1 are used like proper names of towns3 as1 7a47 e domum1 ,pl4 ,mer4 #fei1 ,i'm going home4 equits domum contendrunt1 #b1 #bd1 #d1 the cavalry hurried home4 domum reditinis sp sublt1 #a1 #e1 #c1 the hope of a return home being out of the question 7#aabi74 7b47 rs b1 ,t4 ,eu4 #baf1 ,i shall go out of town4 7c47 effg fors1 ,t4 ,eu4 #ide1 ,i ran out of doors4 #aafc4 ,the singular domum is always retained by ,caesar1 even when two or more separate persons or parties are spoken of4 ,plautus1 ,sallust1 and ,nepos1 have the plural doms once each1 and ,cicero and ,livy use it occasionally4 #aafd4 ,the accusative domum or doms sometimes has an attribute1 usually a possessive pronoun3 as1 domum suam quemque revert1 #b1 #aj1 #d1 for every man to go back to his home4 alius alium doms sus invtant1 ,s4 ,i4 #ff1 #c1 they invite each other to their homes4 aurum domum rgiam comportant1 ,s4 ,i4 #gf1 #f1 they bring all the gold to the house royal4 cum domum rgis dvertisss1 ,d4 #ag1 when you went to stay at the king's palace4 ,the preposition in is sometimes used when the attribute is a genitive or a possessive pronoun1 and commonly when it is any adjective but a possessive pronoun4 #aafe4 7#c47 ,in old ,latin1 exsequis and nfitis are also used with e1 and sometimes malam crucem and malam rem1 though these last more commonly have in3 as1 exsequis ,chremt re1 ,t4 ,ph4 #ajbf1 to go to ,chremes's funeral4 ut es malam crucem1 ,pl4 ,men4 #cbh1 that thou mayst get thee to the accursed cross4 ,later writers1 as ,nepos1 ,livy1 and ,quintilian1 use nfitis e again1 and1 from ,sallust on1 vnum e and vnum d sometimes occur for vne and vnd4 #aaff4 ,with the accusative in -tum 7or -sum71 called the supine1 the idea of #8aim' passes over into that of #8purpose3' as mlittum abit1 ,t4 ,hau4 #aag1 he's gone away a soldiering 7#bbgj74 ,erratum3 #aaeg 444 the entrance into ,smyrna by night 7#aabi74 final 4 missing ,,two ,,accusatives ,,combined4 ,,object ,,and ,,predicate4 #aafg4 ,many verbs may take two accusatives1 an object and a predicate4 ,such are verbs signifying make1 keep1 choose1 name or call1 have1 think1 recognize or find1 show oneself1 c41 c43 as1 longirem mnsem faciunt1 ,v4 #b1 #abi1 they make the month longer4 eum certirem faciunt1 #e1 #cg1 #g1 they let him know4 ,ancum ,mrcium rgem populus crevit1 ,l4 #a1 #cb1 #a1 the people made ,ancus ,marcius king4 m cpre arbitrum1 ,t4 ,hau4 #ejj1 they've chosen me as referee4 ,duellium #8,bellium' nminvrunt1 ,o4 #aec1 ,duellius they named #8,bellius4' vcnam ,capres insulam #8,aprgopolim' appellbat1 ,suet4 ,aug4 #ih1 the island next to ,capreae he called #8the ,castle of ,indolence4' conlgs aditrs habbat1 ,sest4 #hg1 he had his colleagues as assistants4 t sapientem exstimant1 ,l4 #f1 they consider you a sage4 quem virum ,p4 ,crassum vdimus1 ,,cm4 #fa1 what a man we saw in ,crassus4 sevrum m praebe1 ,c4 #d1 #ab1 ,i show myself stern4 ,in the passive both the object and the predicate become nominatives3 as1 ,caesar certior factus est1 #c1 #ai1 #e1 ,caesar was informed4 #aafh4 ,in the sense of consider as equivalent to1 dc and habe1 less frequently put1 have the ablative with pr4 ,other constructions with these and the above verbs may be found in the dictionary4 ,,person ,,and ,,thing4 #aafi4 7#a47 ,some verbs of teaching and hiding1 demanding and questioning1 may take two accusatives1 one of a person and one of a thing4 ,the commonest of these verbs are doce and its compounds1 and cl2 flgit1 r1 posc1 and rog1 interrog4 ,the thing is usually the neuter of a pronoun or enumerative word 7#aadd73 as1 7a47 peior magister t istaec docuit1 nn ego1 ,pl4 ,b4 #afc1 a worse instructor taught thee that1 not ,i4 quid t litters doceam8 ,pis4 #gc1 why should ,i teach you your ,a ,b ,c's8 7b47 nn t clv sermnem ,t4 ,ampi1 ,fam4 #b1 #af1 #c1 ,i have not kept you in the dark about the talk with ,ampius4 7c47 interim ctdi ,caesar ,aedus frmentum flgitre1 #a1 #af1 #a1 meantime ,caesar every day a dunning the ,aeduans for the grain4 ,mlsis nvem poposcit1 ,v4 #a1 #hf1 he called on the ,miletus people for a vessel4 quid me istud rogs8 ,fin4 #e1 #hc1 why do you ask me that8 ,racilius m sententiam rogvit1 ,q,fr4 #b1 #a1 #c1 ,racilius asked me my opinion4 #aagj4 ,with doce1 meaning inform1 cl1 rog1 and interrog1 the ablative of the thing with d is also used4 ,and with flgit and posc1 sometimes the ablative of the person with ab1 with cl the ablative of the person with d4 #aaga4 ,in the passive the person becomes the subject1 and the accusative of a neuter pronoun or adjective is retained3 as1 nsne hoc clts tam di1 ,t4 ,hec4 #fde1 for us not to be told of this so long2 rarely with reversed construction3 qur haec clta m sunt8 ,pl4 ,ps4 #dij1 why was this hid from me8 ,accusatives of appellatives are rare3 as1 omns mlitiae arts doctus fuerat1 ,l4 #be1 #cg1 #c1 he had been thoroughly taught all the arts of war4 interrogtus sententiam1 ,l4 #cf1 #g1 #a1 being asked his opinion4 ,other constructions of doctus1 and of the passive of cl1 flgit1 posc1 rog and interrog1 may be found in the dictionary4 #aagb4 7#b47 ,verbs of wishing1 reminding1 inducing1 and accusing1 and some others1 also sometimes take an accusative of the person and one of the thing4 ,such are vol1 mone and its compounds1 hortor and cg2 accs1 argu1 nsimul1 obirg4 ,the thing is usually the neuter of a pronoun or enumerative word 7#aadd73 as1 quid m voltis8 ,pl4 ,mer4 #hfh1 what do you want of me8 illud t esse admonitum velim1 ,cael4 #h1 on this point ,i want you to be reminded 7#aaga74 ,in old ,latin1 accusatives of appellatives also are thus used1 and sometimes also with dn and condn4 #aagc4 7#c47 ,the defining accusative is sometimes combined with an accusative of the person3 as1 tam t bsia multa bsire1 ,cat4 #g1 #i1 thee to kiss so many kisses 7#aadj74 ,but usually with an accusative of the person1 the ablative takes the place of the defining accusative3 as1 dissem t odi ,vatnin1 ,cat4 #ad1 #c1 ,i should hate thee with a ,vatinian hate4 ,erratum3 #aafi 444 ctdi ,caesar ,aedus frmentum flgitre1 #a1 #af1 #a1 #a1 #af1 #a4 ,,object ,,and ,,extent1 ,,duration1 ,,or ,,aim4 #aagd4 ,the accusative of extent or duration1 or of aim of motion is often combined with that of the object3 as1 7a47 mlia passuum decem novem mrum perdcit1 #a1 #h1 #a1 he makes a wall nineteen miles 7#aaea74 mtrnae annum eum lxrunt1 ,l4 #b1 #g1 #d4 the married women wore mourning for him a year 7#aaea74 7b47 ,ancus multitdinem omnem ,rmam trdxit1 ,l4 #a1 #cc1 #a1 ,ancus moved the whole population over to ,rome 7#aaeg74 es domum remittit1 #d1 #ba1 #f1 he sends them home again 7#aafb74 ,for other combinations1 see #aach1 #aaih1 and #bbgj4 ,,the ,,dative4 #aage4 ,the dative denotes that for or to which a thing is or is done1 and either accompanies single words1 such as verbs1 adjectives1 sometimes adverbs1 rarely substantives1 or serves to modify the entire sentence4 ,it has two principal uses4 #aagf4 ,i4 ,the dative is used as a complement4 ,complements may be roughly distinguished as essential or optional4 ,but these two complements are not always separated by a sharp line1 and the same dative may sometimes be referred indifferently to either head4 #aagg4 7#a47 ,the ,,essential ,,complement is a dative of the person or thing added to an idea which is felt as incomplete without the dative 7#aahj74 ,thus1 pret1 he is obedient1 is a statement which is felt as incomplete without a dative added to denote what it is he is obedient to1 in the sentence pret sentu1 he is obedient to the senate4 ,but when stress is put on the action merely1 without reference to its bearing1 such a verb may be used without a dative3 as1 pret1 he is obedient1 he yields obedience4 #aagh4 7#b47 ,the ,,optional ,,complement1 that is1 the dative of interest1 advantage1 or disadvantage1 adds something to an idea that is already complete in itself 7#abje74 ,thus1 carmina cant1 ,i chant verses1 is a statement entirely complete in itself2 it may be modified or not1 at option1 by a dative1 thus3 carmina virginibus puersque cant1 verses for maids and boys ,i chant4 #aagi4 ,,ii4 ,the dative of certain substantives is used predicatively 7#abai74 ,i4 ,,the ,,complementary ,,dative4 7#a47 ,,the ,,essential ,,complement4 ,,the ,,dative ,,with ,,verbs4 #aahj4 ,many verbs require a dative to complete their meaning4 ,,with ,,verbs ,,of ,,intransitive ,,use4 #aaha4 7#a47 ,many verbs of intransitive use1 particularly such as denote a state1 disposition1 feeling1 or quality1 take the dative3 as1 quodne vbs placeat1 displiceat mih8 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #fad1 shall that which pleases you1 displeasing be to me8 s ,asici causa pls prfuit quam invidia nocuit1 ,cael4 #bc1 if his case has been more helpful to ,asicius than the hostility has been damaging4 imperat aut servit collcta pecnia cuique1 ,h4 ,e4 #a1 #aj1 #dg1 for every man his garnered hoard or master is or slave4 nnne huic lg resisttis8 ,agr4 #b1 #he1 will you not stand out against this law8 gymnasis indulgent ,graecul1 ,traj4 in ,plin4 ,ep4 #dj #di1 #b1 our ,greek cousins are partial to gymnasiums4 gnscs velim huic festntin meae1 in a letter1 ,fam4 #e1 #ab1 #a1 please excuse haste4 huic legin ,caesar cnfdbat maxim1 #a1 #dj1 #ae1 ,caesar trusted this legion most of all4 an ,c4 ,trebni ego persus8 cui n sudre quidem ausus essem1 ,ph4 #b1 #bg1 or was it ,i that brought conviction to ,trebonius8 a man to whom ,i should not have presumed even to offer advice4 ,in the passive1 such verbs are used impersonally1 the dative remaining 7#ajcd72 personal constructions are rare and poetical4 #aahb4 ,this dative is used with such verbs or verbal expressions as mean am pleasing or displeasing1 helpful or injurious1 command1 yield1 or am obedient1 am friendly1 partial1 or opposed2 spare1 pardon1 threaten1 trust1 advise1 persuade1 happen1 meet4 ,but the ,english translation is not a safe guide3 many of the verbs used with a dative are represented transitively in ,english2 and some verbs of the meanings above are used transitively in ,latin3 as1 dlect1 iuv1 laed1 c41 c4 #aahc4 ,the dative is rarely used with a form of sum and a predicate noun corresponding in meaning with the verbs above 7#aaha73 as1 quid mihi scelest tib erat auscultti8 ,pl4 ,r4 #ejb1 i4e4 quid tib auscultbam8 why did ,i1 ill-starred wretch1 lend ear to thee8 qu studisus rei nll aliaest1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #hjb1 i4e4 qu studet1 who lends his soul to nothing else4 ,or immediately with a noun3 as1 servits opulent homin1 ,pl4 ,am4 #aff1 slavery to a millionaire4 optemperti lgibus1 ,leg4 #a1 #db1 obedience to the laws4 aemula labra ross1 ,mart4 #d1 #db1 #aj1 lips rivalling the rose4 #aahd4 ,some verbs have a variable use without any difference of meaning3 thus1 cr1 decet1 and vt1 have sometimes the dative in old ,latin1 but usually the accusative4 ,in ,cicero1 adlor has the accusative2 from ,nepos on1 the dative as well4 medeor1 medicor1 and praestlor take either the accusative or the dative4 #aahe4 ,some verbs have an accusative with one meaning1 a dative of the complement1 essential or optional1 with another3 see aemulor1 cave1 comitor1 cnsul1 conveni1 cupi1 dspr1 mane1 metu1 moderor1 prspici1 temper1 time1 and the different uses of invide1 in the dictionary4 #aahf4 ,in poetry1 verbs of union1 of contention1 and of difference1 often take a dative3 as1 7a47 haeret later ltlis harund1 ,v4 #d1 #gc1 sticks to her side the deadly shaft4 ,so with co1 concurr1 haere1 and similarly with iung1 misce4 7b47 quid enim contendat hirund cycns8 ,lucr4 #c1 #f1 for how can swallow cope with swans8 ,so with bell1 cert1 contend1 pugn4 7c47 nfd scurrae distbit amcus1 ,h4 ,e4 #a1 #ah1 #d1 a friend will differ from a faithless hanger-on4 ,so with differ1 discrep1 dissenti1 dist4 #aahg4 ,a verb often takes the dative1 when combined with adversum1 obviam1 or praest1 also with bene1 male1 or satis1 and the like3 as1 fit ob viam ,cldi1 ,mil4 #bi1 he runs across ,clodius4 cui bene dxit umquam bon8 ,sest4 #aaj1 for what patriot had he ever a good word8 ns1 vir forts1 satis facere r pblicae vidmur1 ,c4 #a1 #b1 we doughty champions flatter ourselves we are doing our whole duty by the state4 ,similarly with verbs of transitive use4 #aahh4 7#b47 ,many verbs of intransitive use compounded with a preposition take a dative connected in sense with the preposition3 as1 manus extrma nn accessit operibus eius1 ,br4 #abf1 the last touch was not put upon his works4 omnibus adfuit hs pugns ,dolbella1 ,ph4 #b1 #ge1 ,dolabella was on hand in all these battles4 pont nox incubat tra1 ,v4 #a1 #hi1 over the deep1 night broodeth black4 cgnitinibus d ,chrstins interfu numquam1 ,plin4 ,ep4 ad ,trai4 #if #ig1 #a1 ,i have never been to any of the trials of the ,christians4 #aahi4 ,the prepositions are chiefly ad1 ante1 com-1 in1 inter1 ob1 prae1 sub1 or super4 ,in many compounds of these prepositions1 however1 the dative is due to the general meaning of the verb1 as in cnfdit mih1 he puts all trust in me 7#aaha71 as contrasted with cnsentit mih1 he feels with me1 nearly equivalent to sentit mcum 7#aahh74 #aaij4 ,instead of the dative1 such verbs often have a prepositional construction1 particularly when place1 literal or figurative1 is distinctly to be expressed3 as1 accdere in fnus1 ,leg4 #b1 #ff1 to go to a funeral4 in morbum incidit1 ,clu4 #age1 he fell ill4 #aaia4 ,some verbs of intransitive use take1 when compounded1 either the dative or the accusative4 ,see adiace1 antecd1 antee1 praecurr1 praest1 incd1 inld1 nsult1 invd1 in the dictionary4 ,and some compounds acquire a transitive use altogether1 as obe1 oppugn3 see #aacg4 ,errata3 #aahh 444 ,ph4 #b1 #ge1 ,dolabella was on hand in all these battles4 ,ph #b1 #ge1 pont nox incubat tra1 ,v4 #a1 #hi pont nox incubat tra4 ,,with ,,verbs ,,of ,,transitive ,,use4 #aaib4 7#a47 ,many verbs of transitive use take the dative3 as1 fliam suam in mtrimnium dat1 #a1 #c1 #e1 he gives this person his own daughter in marriage4 decima legi grtis git1 #a1 #da1 #a1 the tenth legion gave him thanks4 huic fert subsidium ,puli1 #e1 #dd1 #ac1 to him ,pulio brings aid4 mults idem mintur ,antnius1 ,ph4 #aa1 #b1 to many ,antony threatens the same4 reliqu ss fugae mandrunt1 #a1 #ab1 #c1 the rest betook themselves to flight4 commend vbs meum parvum flium1 ,c4 #d1 #bc1 unto your keeping do ,i commit the little son of mine4 mult s alinissims crdidrunt1 #f1 #ca1 #d1 many people put themselves in the hands of utter strangers4 equits imperat cvittibus1 #f1 #d1 #f1 he issues orders to the communities for horse4 #aaic4 ,this dative is used with such verbs as d1 trd1 tribu1 dvid1 fer1 praebe1 praest1 polliceor1 prmitt1 dbe1 neg1 mnstr1 dc1 nrr1 mand1 praecipi1 c41 c4 ,in the passive construction1 the accusative becomes nominative1 the dative remaining4 #aaid4 7#b47 ,many verbs of transitive use compounded with a preposition take a dative connected in sense with the preposition3 as1 nihil nov vbs adferam1 ,,rp4 #a1 #ba1 ,i shall not lay any novelty before you4 lgs omnium saltem singulrum salt antepnunt1 ,fin4 #c1 #fd1 the law always puts the general safety before the safety of the individual4 timrem bons inicistis1 ,agr4 #a1 #bc1 you have struck terror into the hearts of patriots4 nlurunt fers corpus obicere1 ,,ra4 #ga1 they would not cast his person before ravenous beasts4 nminem huic praefer1 ,n4 #h1 #a1 #a1 there is nobody ,i put before him4 hberns ,labinum praeposuit1 #a1 #ed1 #b1 he put ,labienus over the winter-quarters4 anitum va gallns saepe suppnimus1 ,,dn4 #b1 #abd1 we often put ducks' eggs under hens4 #aaie4 ,the prepositions are circum1 d1 ex1 post1 or those named in #aahi4 ,in many compounds of transitive use1 however1 the dative is due to the general meaning of the verb1 as with those spoken of in #aahi4 #aaif4 ,with these verbs1 a prepositional construction is often used1 as with the verbs of intransitive use 7#aaij73 as1 iam di nihil nov ad ns adferbtur1 ,fam4 #b1 #ad1 no news has got to us this long time4 ,for compounds of circum and trns with two accusatives1 see #aach4 #aaig4 ,verbs of transitive use compounded with com- have oftener the ablative with cum3 as1 cnferte hanc pcem cum ill bell1 ,v4 #d1 #aae1 just compare this peace with that war4 ,see also in the dictionary1 coniung and compn2 also the indirect compounds compar1 compare1 from compr1 and commnic4 #aaih4 ,with a few compounds of ad or in1 a second accusative is exceptionally used3 as1 arbitrum illum adgit1 ,off4 #c1 #ff1 he had the other man up before a daysman4 ,so with inmitt1 ,pl4 ,cap4 #edh1 nsinu1 ,lucr4 #a1 #aaf1 c41 c4 ,regularly with animum advert3 as1 animum advert columellam1 ,,td4 #e1 #fe1 ,i noticed a modest shaft4 qu r animum advers1 ,caes4 ,c4 #a1 #hj1 #d1 this fact being paid heed to3 compare #aach4 #aaii4 ,a few compound verbs admit either the dative of the person or thing and accusative of the thing1 or the accusative of the person or thing and ablative of the thing2 such are adsperg and nsperg1 circumd1 circumfund1 exu and indu1 imperti1 intercld2 also the uncompounded dn3 as1 praedam mlitibus dnat1 #g1 #aa1 #i1 he presents the booty to the soldiers4 scrbam tuum nul dnst1 ,v4 #c1 #ahe1 you presented your clerk with a ring4 ,for the different constructions of interdc1 see the dictionary4 ,,the ,,dative ,,with ,,adjectives4 #abjj4 ,the dative with many adjectives and some adverbs denotes that to which the quality is directed4 ,such have the meaning of useful1 necessary1 fit1 easy1 agreeable1 known1 near1 belonging1 friendly1 faithful1 like1 and most of their opposites2 the adjective is often predicative3 as1 vr tile silvs 7#ajcf71 ,v4 ,g4 #b1 #cbc1 the spring is good for woods4 est sentr necessrium nsse rem pblicam1 ,leg4 #c1 #da1 for a senator it is indispensable to be conversant with government4 rtinis genus pompae quam pugnae aptius1 ,o4 #db1 a style better suited to the parade than to the field4 convenienter ntrae vvere1 ,off4 #c1 #ac1 to live in touch with nature4 #abja4 ,some adjectives of this class have the dative of a person1 the accusative with ad of a thing3 so accommodtus1 aptus1 idneus1 necessrius1 and tilis2 and some denoting feeling have also the accusative with a preposition3 aequus1 inquus1 fidlis with in1 benevolus with erg1 and impius with adversus4 propior and proximus sometimes accompany an accusative1 like prope1 propius1 and proxim4 #abjb4 ,the adjectives commnis1 proprius or alinus1 sacer1 ttus1 often accompany the construction of the genitive of the owner3 see #abch4 ,for alinus with the ablative1 see #acjf4 ,sometimes alinus has the ablative with ab4 #abjc4 ,some adjectives denoting relationship1 connection1 friendship or hostility1 become substantives1 and as such1 admit the genitive also 7#aajc73 such are 7a47 adfnis1 cgntus2 7b47 aequlis1 familiris1 fnitimus1 pr and dispr1 propnquus1 vcnus2 7c47 adversrius1 amcus1 inimcus1 necessrius4 #abjd4 ,in ,plautus and ,terence1 similis1 the like1 the counterpart1 and its compounds1 regularly take the genitive4 ,the dative1 as well as the genitive1 is also used from ,ennius on1 particularly of a limited or approximate likeness3 see the dictionary4 7#b47 ,,the ,,optional ,,complement4 #abje4 ,the dative of a person or thing interested1 benefited1 harmed1 may be added at option to almost any verb3 as1 cnservte parent flium1 parentem fli1 ,cael4 #hj1 save the son for the father1 the father for the son4 mea domus tib patet1 mih clausa est1 ,,ra4 #ade1 the very house ,i own is open for you1 is shut upon me4 cui flvam religs comam1 simplex munditis8 ,h4 #a1 #e1 #d1 for whom bind'st thou in wreaths thy golden hair1 plain in thy neatness8 nn audret facere haec viduae mulier1 quae in m fcit1 ,t4 ,hau4 #iec1 he durst not to an unprotected female do what he hath done towards me4 #abjf4 ,the place of a verb with the dative of interest is sometimes filled by an interjection1 ecce1 ei1 em1 or vae3 as1 ei mihi qulis erat1 ,e4 #a1 #g1 ,v4 #b1 #bgd1 ah me1 how ghastly he did look4 vae vcts1 ,pl4 ,ps4 #acag1 said by ,brennus1 #cij ,b4,c41 ,l4 #e1 #dh1 #i1 woe worth the worsted4 vae capit atque aett tuae1 ,pl4 ,r4 #cge1 a murrain on thy head and life4 #abjg4 ,the dative is often added to the entire sentence1 where either a genitive or a possessive pronoun limiting a substantive might be used4 ,in such cases the dative expresses interest1 advantage1 or disadvantage1 while the genitive would simply indicate the owner or the object3 as1 trnsfgitur sctum ,pulini1 #e1 #dd1 #g1 unfortunately for ,pulio1 his shield gets pierced through and through4 mlitant in ,hispni pater moritur1 ,l4 #bi1 #bi1 #f1 while serving in ,spain he had the misfortune to lose his father4 huic ego m bell ducem profiteor1 ,c4 #b1 #aa1 ,i here proclaim myself captain for this war4 ss ,caesar ad peds pricrunt1 #a1 #ca1 #b1 they cast themselves at ,caesar's feet4 nostrs mlitibus spem minuit1 #e1 #cc1 #e1 it dashed the hopes of our soldiers4 exterg tibi mans1 ,pl4 ,most4 #bfg1 wipe off thy hands4 vellunt tibi barbam lascv puer1 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #c1 #acc1 the wanton gamins pull thy beard1 poor soul4 #abjh4 ,this dative is sometimes detached from the verb1 and used immediately with a substantive1 instead of the genitive3 as1 ,philocmasi custs1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #bga1 the keeper for ,philocomasium4 rctor iuven1 ,ta4 #a1 #bd1 a mentor for the young man4 ,so particularly with a gerundive in official expressions3 as1 crtor mrs reficiends1 ,,og4 #ai1 commissioner for rebuilding the walls4 #abji4 ,verbs of warding off sometimes take a dative1 especially in poetry1 also those of robbing and ridding3 as1 7a47 hunc quoque arcbis gravid pecor1 ,v4 ,g4 #c1 #aed1 him also wilt thou for the pregnant herd keep far4 slstitium pecor dfendite4 ,v4 ,e4 #g1 #dg1 the summer's heat keep distant for the flock4 7b47 torquem dtrxit host1 ,fin4 #a1 #ce1 he pulled a torque away from his enemy4 ripis mih hunc errrem1 ,att4 #aj1 #d1 #f1 you will rid me of this mistake4 #abaj4 ,with verbs of motion the dative of the person interested denotes in poetry the end of motion also3 as1 mults ,danam dmittimus ,orc1 ,v4 #b1 #cih1 we send down many a ,danaan for the nether king4 ,so also the dative of personified words of place3 as1 it clmor cael1 ,v4 #e1 #dea1 up goes a shout for heaven1 i4e4 heaven hears a shout4 sdibus hunc refer ante sus1 ,v4 #f1 #aeb1 first bear him duly to his place of rest1 i4e4 let his expectant grave receive him4 ,,the ,,emotional ,,dative4 #abaa4 ,the dative of the personal pronoun is often used with expressions of emotion1 interest1 surprise1 or derision3 as1 quid mihi ,celsus agit8 ,h4 ,e4 #a1 #c1 #ae1 how fares me ,celsus8 ,tongilium mih dxit1 ,c4 #b1 #d1 he took out ,tongilius1 bless my soul4 at tib repente1 cum minim exspectrem1 vnit ad m ,cannius mne1 ,fam4 #i1 #b1 #a1 but bless you1 sir1 when ,i least dreamt of it1 who should drop in on me all at once but ,caninius1 bright and early4 ,,the ,,dative ,,of ,,the ,,possessor4 #abab4 ,the dative is used with forms of sum to denote the possessor3 as1 est homin cum de similitd1 ,leg4 #a1 #be1 man has a resemblance to god4 an nescs longs rgibus esse mans8 ,o4 ,e4 #af1 #aff1 dost possibly not know kings have long arms8 suos quoique ms1 ,t4 ,ph4 #ded1 to every man his own pet way4 ,so also with the compounds absum1 dsum1 supersum3 as1 hoc num ,caesar dfuit1 #d1 #bf1 #e1 this was all ,caesar lacked4 #abac4 7#a47 ,with mih est nmen1 the name is put either in the dative or in the nominative3 as1 mih nomen est ,ili1 or mih nmen est ,ilius1 ,gell4 #ae1 #bi1 #a1 my name is ,julius4 ,in old ,latin and in ,sallust1 the dative3 as1 nmen ,mercurist mih1 ,pl4 ,am4 prol4 #ai1 my name is ,mercury2 later the nominative3 as1 canibus pigrs nmen erit ,pardus1 ,tigris1 ,leo1 ,j4 #h1 #cd1 the craven cur shall sport the name of #8,lion1 ,tiger1 ,pard4' ,cicero uses the nominative or rarely the dative1 ,livy oftener the dative than the nominative4 ,tacitus puts adjectives in the dative1 substantives in the nominative1 rarely in the genitive4 ,caesar does not use the construction4 #abad4 7#b47 ,with the actives nmen d1 ind1 pn1 tribu1 c41 the name may be in the dative or in the accusative2 with the passive of these expressions1 the name may be in the dative or in the nominative3 as1 qu tibi nmen nsn posure1 ,h4 ,s4 #b1 #c1 #dg1 who've put on thee the nickname ,crank4 qu flis ,philippum atque ,alexandrum nmina inposuerat1 ,l4 #ce1 #dg1 #e1 who had given his sons the names ,philip and ,alexander4 ,a genitive dependent on nmen is used once by ,tacitus and in very late ,latin4 #abae4 ,with a gerundive1 the dative of the possessor denotes the person who has the action to do3 see #bbdc4 ,for the ablative with ab1 or for habe1 see #bbdc1 #bbde4 #abaf4 ,this dative is sometimes used with the perfect participle1 and the tenses formed with it3 as1 mih est labrtum1 ,caecil4 #dj1 ,i have it all worked out4 carmina nlla mih sunt scrpta1 ,o4 ,tr4 #e1 #ab1 #ce1 no poetry have ,i ready made4 ,rarely with passives of the present system3 as1 nlla placre di nec vvere carmina possunt1 quae scrbuntur aquae ptribus1 ,h4 ,e4 #a1 #ai1 #b1 no verse can take or be longlived that by teetotallers is writ4 ,,the ,,dative ,,of ,,relation4 #abag4 ,the dative may denote the person viewing or judging3 as1 eris mihi magnus ,apoll1 ,v4 ,e4 #c1 #ajd1 thou shalt to me the great ,apollo be4 ,quntia frmsa est mults1 mihi candida1 longa1 rcta est1 ,cat4 #hf1 #a1 in many eyes is ,quintia fair1 to me she's bonny1 tall1 and straight4 ,from ,caesar on1 participles are often used to denote the person viewing or judging3 as1 est urbe gresss tumulus1 ,v4 #b1 #gac1 there is1 as you get out of town1 a mound4 in niversum aestimant1 ,ta4 ,g4 #f1 looking at it generally4 #abah4 ,in imitation of a ,greek idiom1 volns1 cupins1 or invtus1 is used by ,sallust and ,tacitus in agreement with a dative dependent on a form of sum1 the combination being equivalent to a subject with a form of vol1 cupi1 or invtus sum1 respectively3 as1 cters remanre volentibus fuit1 ,ta4 ,h4 #c1 #dc1 i4e4 cter remanre volurunt1 the rest were minded to bide where they were4 ,once in ,livy4 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,predicative ,,dative4 ,,the ,,dative ,,of ,,tendency ,,or ,,result4 #abai4 7#a47 ,certain datives are used with a form of sum to denote what a thing tends to1 proves1 or is4 ,this dative is generally accompanied by a dative of the person interested3 as1 auxili s fuit1 ,pl4 ,am4 prol4 #ib1 he was a help to them4 odi sum ,rmns1 ,l4 #ce1 #ai1 #f1 ,i am an abomination in the eyes of ,rome4 potestne bonum cuiquam mal esse8 ,par4 #g1 can good prove bad for any human being8 ,l4 ,cassius identidem quaerere solbat1 cui bon fuisset1 ,,ra4 #hd1 ,cassius used to ask for ever and ever1 who the person benefited was1 or who the gainer was4 nmin meus adventus labr aut smptu fuit1 ,v4 #a1 #af1 my visit did not prove a bother or an expense to a soul4 rs et fortnae tuae mih maximae crae sunt1 ,fam4 #f1 #e1 #a1 your money-matters are an all-absorbing interest to me4 #abbj4 ,there are many of these datives1 mostly abstracts and all singular1 some of the commonest are crae1 su1 praesidi1 cord1 odi1 auxili1 impedment1 salt1 voluptt4 ,the adjectives magnus1 maior1 maximus1 or tantus and quantus1 are sometimes used in agreement with them2 and the dative frg sometimes has bonae4 #abba4 ,instead of the dative of tendency1 a predicative nominative or accusative is rarely used3 thus1 possessinem lberam ,dardaniae slci fore1 ,l4 #dj1 #eg1 #i1 that the unrestricted occupancy of ,dardania would prove comforting1 but1 domestica quis slcium fuit1 ,l4 #f1 #cj1 #i1 the peace that prevailed at home was a solid comfort4 ,prepositional expressions with pr and in also occur4 #abbb4 7#b47 ,the dative is also used with a few verbs of considering or accounting to denote what a thing is accounted4 ,so with such verbs as d1 dc1 habe1 tribu1 and vert3 as1 viti mih dant1 quod mortem hominis necessri graviter fer1 ,matius in ,fam4 #aa1 #bh1 #b1 the world scores it against me that ,i take the murder of a near and dear friend to heart4 postquam pauperts probr habr coepit1 ,s4 ,c4 #ab1 #a1 after lack of wealth began to count as a stigma4 ,,the ,,dative ,,of ,,purpose ,,or ,,intention4 #abbc4 ,a few datives are used to denote what a thing is intended to be4 ,this dative is generally accompanied by a dative of the person interested4 ,so 7a47 dn and mner3 as1 mit eam dn mih1 ,t4 ,eu4 #ace1 he bought her as a gift for me4 centum bovs mlitibus dn dedit1 ,l4 #g1 #cg1 #c1 he gave the soldiers a hundred oxen as a present4 ,also 7b47 auxili1 praesidi1 and subsidi1 used of military operations1 chiefly with verbs of motion3 as1 i1 qu praesidi contr castra erant relict1 subsidi sus irunt1 #g1 #fb1 #h1 the men that had been left as a protection against the camp1 went as a reinforcement to their own side4 #abbd4 ,for the datives dn and mner1 a predicative nominative or accusative is sometimes used3 as1 cornam ,iov dnum in capitlium mittunt1 ,l4 #b1 #bb1 #f1 they send a crown to the capitol as a present for ,jupiter4 ,prepositional expressions are also used for auxili1 c43 as1 ad praesidium1 ,l4 #c1 #e1 #c1 in praesidium1 ,l4 #ca1 #af1 #g1 for protection1 auxili caus1 ,l4 #b1 #bd1 #d1 to help4 #abbe4 ,the dative receptu is also used in military language to denote purpose3 as1 ,caesar receptu can iussit1 #g1 #dg1 #a1 ,caesar ordered the retreat sounded4 ,qunctius receptu canere iussit1 ,l4 #cd1 #ci1 #ac4 ,this dative is sometimes attached immediately to a substantive3 as1 receptu sgnum1 ,ph4 #ac1 #ae1 the trumpet for retreat4 ,erratum3 #abbd 444 as1 ad praesidium as4 ,,the ,,genitive4 #abbf4 ,the genitive is principally used with nouns1 less frequently with verbs4 ,sometimes even when it seems to be dependent on a verb1 it really depends on a substantive understood1 or on a noun virtually contained or implied in the verb4 ,some verbs require an accusative also1 in addition to the genitive4 ,i4 ,,the ,,genitive ,,with ,,substantives4 #abbg4 ,a substantive is often limited by another substantive in the genitive4 ,the things denoted by the two words are usually distinct3 as1 metus hostium1 the fear of the enemy1 i4e4 either 7a47 which they feel 7#abca71 or 7b47 which is felt towards them 7#abfj72 magn ponderis saxa1 stones of great weight 7#abci74 ,sometimes1 however1 they are more or less the same3 as1 mlitum pars1 part of the soldiers 7#abdb72 magna multitd perditrum hominum1 a perfect swarm of desperadoes 7#abee74 #abbh4 ,two or even three genitives expressing different relations1 sometimes limit one substantive3 as1 superirum dirum ,sabn cunctti1 #c1 #ah1 #f1 ,sabinus's dilatoriness in days preceding4 erum dirum cnsutdine itineris nostr exercits perspect1 #b1 #ag1 #b1 studying up the order of march followed by our army in those days4 #abbi4 ,the limited substantive is often omitted1 when it is obvious from the context3 as1 ventum erat ad ,vestae1 sc4 aedem1 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #i1 #ce1 to ,vesta's were we come1 i4e4 to her temple4 aberam bdu1 sc4 iter1 ,att4 #e1 #ag1 #a1 ,i was two days distant4 ,usually so1 when it is expressed with another genitive1 which generally precedes3 as1 quis est1 qu possit cnferre vtam ,trebn cum ,dolbellae8 ,ph4 #aa1 #i1 who is there that can compare the life of ,trebonius with ,dolabella's8 #abcj4 ,instead of the genitive depending on a substantive1 an equivalent adjective or a prepositional expression is often used4 ,such substitutions will be mentioned below in their appropriate places4 #abca4 ,the relations expressed by the limiting genitive vary very much according to the context4 ,these relations may be put in classes1 as below 7#abcb-abfj74 ,but it must be remembered that as the genitive connects substantives in a loose way1 the same construction may sometimes be referred to more than one head4 ,,the ,,genitive ,,of ,,the ,,subject1 ,,cause1 ,,origin1 ,,or ,,owner4 #abcb4 7#a47 ,the genitive is used to denote that which does the action1 or which causes1 originates1 or possesses the object designated by the substantive it limits3 as1 metus hostium1 ,gell4 #i1 #ab1 #ac1 the fear of the enemy1 i4e4 which they feel4 adventus ,caesaris1 #f1 #da1 #d1 the arrival of ,caesar4 bellum ,venetrum1 #c1 #af1 #a1 the war with the ,venetans4 illud ,solnis1 ,,cm4 #ej1 ,solon's memorable words4 ,canach sgna1 ,br4 #gj1 statues by ,canachus4 ,cupdinis sgnum1 ,v4 #d1 #ace1 the statue representing ,cupid4 huius sgns1 ,v4 #c1 #i1 with statues belonging to this man4 pcem ,ariovist1 #a1 #cg1 #b1 a peaceful policy on ,ariovistus's part4 ,cannrum pugna1 ,l4 #bc1 #dc1 #d1 the battle of ,cannae 7#adbg74 abac vsa omnia1 ,v4 #d1 #ce1 all the vessels on the sideboard4 prdi eius di1 #a1 #dg1 #b1 the day before that day 7#adac74 labrrum tenus1 ,lucr4 #a1 #idj1 the length of the lips 7#adbj74 #abcc4 ,instead of the genitive1 an adjective is often used to express such relations2 less frequently a prepositional construction3 as1 7a47 odium paternum1 ,n4 #bc1 #a1 #c1 the hatred felt by his father4 servl tumult1 #a1 #dj1 #e1 in the slave insurrection4 bell ,cassin1 #a1 #ac1 #b1 in the war with ,cassius4 illud ,cassinum1 cui bon fuerit1 ,ph4 #b1 #ce1 ,cassius's test question1 #8who the gainer was4' erlis patria1 ,pl4 ,b4 #agj1 my master's birthplace4 intr domestics pariets1 ,c4 #b1 #a1 within the walls of our houses4 ,so usually with names of countries and of towns3 as1 anus ,corinthia1 ,t4 ,hau4 #fjj1 an old woman of ,corinth4 pugna ,cannnsis1 ,l4 #bb1 #ej1 #a1 the battle of ,cannae4 ,often in a generalizing sense3 as1 paternus mternusque sangus1 ,,ra4 #ff1 the blood of a father and of a mother4 7b47 ad ,canns pugnam1 ,l4 #bb1 #eh1 #a1 the battle of ,cannae4 #abcd4 ,the possessive pronoun is regularly used instead of the possessive genitive of a personal or reflexive pronoun 7#abcj73 as1 mea domus1 ,,ra4 #ade1 my own house4 in tu qudam epistol1 ,att4 #i1 #aj1 #c1 in a letter of yours4 ,but sometimes1 for emphasis1 the genitive of the personal or reflexive is used3 as1 magn su cum percul1 #d1 #bh1 #b1 with great personal risk2 commonly so with omnium or utriusque3 as1 voluntt vestrm omnium pru1 ,,do4 #c1 #bjh1 ,i yielded to your joint wish2 see however #abce4 #abce4 ,a word in apposition with the possessive pronoun is put in the genitive3 as1 me nus oper1 ,pis4 #f1 by my sole instrumentality4 ad vestram omnium caedem1 ,c4 #d1 #d1 for the murder of you all 7#abcj74 ,so particularly ipse1 omnis1 slus1 and nus4 #abcf4 ,the genitive is often used predicatively with verbs meaning am1 belong1 become1 make1 seem1 am accounted1 c41 c43 as1 litterri ista sunt ld1 ,quint4 #a1 #d1 #bg1 such questions belong to the infant school4 hc versus ,plaut nn est1 hc est1 ,fam4 #i1 #af1 #d1 this line is not ,plautus's1 this one is4 omnia1 quae mulieris furunt1 vir funt1 ,top4 #bc1 everything which was the woman's becomes the man's4 neque s idicre ,galliam potius esse ,ariovist quam popul ,rmn1 #a1 #de1 #a1 and that he did not think ,gaul was any more ,ariovistus's than it was the ,romans'4 hostiumst potta1 ,pl4 ,e4 #efb1 into the foemen's hands she fell4 #abcg4 ,the possessive genitive of a person or of an abstract is particularly common when the subject of the verb is an infinitive or sentence3 as1 7a47 scyphs pugnre ,thrcum est1 ,h4 #a1 #bg1 #a1 to fight with bowls is ,vandal work4 erat mentis1 cum aciem vidrs1 pcem cgitre1 ,lig4 #bh1 it was a madman's act1 dreaming of peace when you saw the troops in battalia4 tempor cdere semper sapientis est habitum1 ,fam4 #d1 #i1 #b1 shaping your course to circumstance has always passed as the sign of a wise man4 mentr nn est meum1 ,t4 ,hau4 #edi1 telling lies is not my style 7#abcd74 7b47 nn est pudris me1 m prpugntrem ,p4 ,scpinis profitr1 ,v4 #d1 #hj1 it is not in keeping with my delicacy to set up as the champion of ,scipio4 hrum rrum esse dfnsrem magn anim est1 ,sest4 #ii1 to be the defender of these interests takes heroism4 hoc sentre prdentiae est1 facere fortitdinis1 ,sest4 #hf1 to think thus shows wisdom1 to act thus1 courage4 negvit mris esse ,graecrum1 ut in convvi virrum accumberent muliers1 ,v4 #a1 #ff1 he said it was not manners among the ,greeks to have women at table at a men's dinner-party4 #abch4 ,with the possessive genitive1 the limited substantive is sometimes defined by commnis1 proprius or alinus1 sacer1 or ttus added3 as1 hoc proprium virttis exstimant1 #f1 #bc1 #b1 this they consider a special characteristic of bravery4 omnia quae nostra erant propria1 ,,ra4 #aej1 everything which was our peculiar property 7#abcd74 illa nsula erum derum sacra puttur1 ,v4 #a1 #dh1 that island is considered the hallowed property of those gods4 iam m ,pomp ttum esse scs1 ,fam4 #b1 #ac1 #b1 you are aware that ,i am become ,pompey's1 out and out4 ,,the ,,genitive ,,of ,,quality4 #abci4 7#b47 ,the genitive with an adjective in agreement is used to denote quality1 either attributively or predicatively3 as1 7a47 ,attributively3 magn ponderis saxa1 #b1 #bi1 #c1 stones of great weight4 summae spe adulscents1 #g1 #fc1 #i1 young men of high promise4 dirum vgint supplicti1 #d1 #ch1 #e1 a twenty day thanksgiving4 blua multrum es capitum1 ,h4 ,e4 #a1 #a1 #gf1 a many-headed beast art thou4 eius mod cnsilium1 #e1 #bi1 #e1 such a plan4 dmitt auriculs ut inquae mentis asellus1 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #i1 #bj1 ,i drop my ears like ,neddy in the sulks 7#bfi74 vll pedum ,,ix1 #e1 #db1 #a1 with a nine foot palisade4 7b47 ,predicatively3 magnae habitus auctrittis1 #g1 #gg1 #c1 passing for a man of great influence4 flminis erat altitd circiter pedum trium1 #b1 #ah1 #c1 the depth of the river was about three feet4 ,the genitive of quality resembles the ablative of quality 7#acge72 the two are sometimes combined3 as1 hominem maxim corporis terribilque faci1 ,n4 #ae1 #d1 #a1 a man of gigantic frame and with an awe-inspiring presence4 ,but the genitive is common in designations of size and number4 #abdj4 ,a substantive expressing quality with aequus1 pr1 similis1 or dissimilis in agreement1 is put not in the genitive1 but in the ablative1 by ,cicero1 ,caesar1 ,nepos1 and ,livy4 ,,the ,,partitive ,,genitive4 #abda4 7#c47 ,the partitive genitive denotes a whole of which the limited substantive denotes a part4 ,there are two kinds of partitive genitive1 the numerical and the quantitative3 as1 7a47 mlitum pars1 #f1 #dj1 #h1 part of the soldiers1 numerical partitive 7#abdb74 7b47 multum aesttis1 #e1 #bb1 #d1 much of the summer1 quantitative partitive 7#abdg74 #abdb4 7a47 ,the numerical partitive is a plural or a collective1 limiting a word expressing part of the number3 as1 mlitum pars1 #f1 #dj1 #h1 part of the soldiers4 pars equitts1 #d1 #af1 #b1 part of the cavalry4 alter cnsulum1 ,l4 #f1 #ce1 #e1 one of the two consuls4 uter est nsnior hrum8 ,h4 ,s4 #b1 #c1 #ajb1 which of these two is crazier8 erum neuter1 ,pis4 #fb1 neither of the two4 multae istrum arborum1 ,,cm4 #ei1 many of the trees you see there4 quis omnium mortlium8 ,v4 #e1 #agi1 who among all the sons of men8 nm nostrm1 ,,ra4 #ee1 not one of us4 nihil hrum1 ,,ra4 #ach1 none of these things4 ,stertinius1 sapientum octvus1 ,h4 ,s4 #b1 #c1 #bif1 ,stertinius1 of sages eighth4 maior iuvenum1 ,h4 ,,ap4 #cff1 ,o elder of the youths4 hrum omnium fortissim sunt ,belgae1 #a1 #a1 #c1 of all these the stoutest fighters are the ,belgians4 ,also with superlative adverbs3 as1 derum maxim ,mercurium colunt1 ,ta4 ,g4 #i1 of the gods1 they revere ,mercury most4 minum gentium1 ,pl4 ,poen4 #fij1 ,t4 ,eu4 #fbe1 no1 never in the world4 #abdc4 uterque1 each1 both1 often takes the genitive plural of a pronoun3 as1 qurum uterque1 uterque erum1 hrum1 nostrm1 c42 sometimes of a substantive and pronoun combined3 as1 utriusque hrum rrum1 ,,td4 #a1 #fe1 of each of these things4 qurum cvittum utraque1 ,v4 #e1 #ef1 each of these communities4 ,with a substantive alone1 it is oftener attributive3 as1 uterque dux1 ,marc4 #bd1 each commander2 and sometimes with neuter pronouns3 as1 quod utrumque1 ,brut4 in ,fam4 #aa1 #a1 #a1 ,n4 #be1 #b1 #d4 ,the plural utrque is used both ways3 as1 ab utrsque vestrm1 ,fam4 #aa1 #ba1 #e1 and ab utrsque nbs1 ,brut4 in ,fam4 #aa1 #bj1 #c4 #abdd4 ,the plurals tot1 totidem1 and quot1 are not used partitively1 and omns and cnct only so by poets and late prose writers4 plrque is used either way1 in agreement1 or with the genitive4 #abde4 ,the numerical partitive is exceptionally used in poetry with the positive of a descriptive adjective3 as1 sncte derum1 ,v4 #d1 #egf1 thou holy of the gods4 ,and in late prose1 particularly with words denoting a class of persons3 as1 cum dlcts peditum1 ,l4 #bf1 #e1 #c1 with the pick of the infantry4 levs cohortium1 ,ta4 #c1 #ci1 the light-armed of the cohorts4 #abdf4 ,instead of the numerical partitive1 a prepositional expression with ante1 inter1 or in1 or with ex or d1 is sometimes used3 as1 ante alis acceptissimus1 ,l4 #a1 #ae1 #h1 most welcome before others4 ,so particularly qudam and nus1 duo1 trs1 with ex or d3 as1 qudam ex hs1 #b1 #ag1 #b1 one of these4 nus d mults1 ,fin4 #b1 #ff1 one of the common herd4 ,but nus sometimes has the genitive3 as1 nus multrum1 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #i1 #ga4 ,and usually so in a series1 when nus is followed by alter1 alius1 tertius1 c4 #abdg4 7b47 ,the quantitative partitive is usually a singular1 limiting a neuter singular word denoting amount4 ,the limited word is either a nominative1 or an accusative without a preposition4 ,this genitive often borders very closely on the genitive of definition 7#abee73 as1 multum aesttis1 #e1 #bb1 #d1 much of the summer4 amplius obsidum1 #f1 #i1 #g1 something more extensive in the way of hostages4 minus dubittinis1 #a1 #ad1 #a1 less of hesitation4 quam minimum spati1 #c1 #ai1 #a1 as little time as possible4 id aettis1 ,,do4 #a1 #bjg1 at that time of life4 id temporis1 ,fin4 #e1 #a1 at that time of day4 quid causae est8 ,ac4 #a1 #aj1 what earthly reason is there8 hoc litterulrum1 ,att4 #ab1 #a1 #a1 this apology for a letter1 or this hasty line4 hoc sib slc prpnbant1 #g1 #ae1 #b1 they laid this flattering unction to their souls4 #abdh4 ,such neuters are3 multum1 plrumque1 plrimum1 amplius1 pls1 paulum1 minus1 minimum1 tantum1 quantum1 tantundem1 nimium2 in poetry and late prose1 also many other adjectives singular and plural4 ,furthermore1 id1 hoc1 illud1 quod1 quid1 c41 and nihil2 also abunde1 adfatim1 largiter1 nimis1 partim1 parum1 and satis4 #abdi4 ,a few adjectives of place and time indicating a particular part of an object1 are commonly used in immediate agreement with their substantives3 as1 summus mns1 #a1 #bb1 #a1 the highest part of the mountain1 or the mountain-top4 extrm hieme1 medi aestte1 ,,ip4 #ce1 at the end of the winter1 in midsummer4 ,such are3 prmus1 intimus1 medius1 extrmus1 postrmus1 ltimus1 summus1 nfimus1 mus1 reliquus4 ,but the neuter is sometimes used partitively3 as1 aesttis extrmum erat1 ,s4 ,i4 #ij1 #a1 it was the end of summer4 summa pectoris1 ,fam4 #a1 #i1 #ae1 the upper parts of the breast4 #abej4 ,the limiting genitive is often the neuter singular of an adjective used substantively3 as1 aliquid bon1 ,t4 ,andr4 #cih1 something good4 aliquid mal1 ,t4 ,eu4 #iii1 something bad4 numquid tandem nov8 ,br4 #aj1 nothing new1 pray8 ,this use is ordinarily confined to stems in -o-2 rarely otherwise3 as1 pls innis1 ,lucr4 #a1 #cfe1 more of the void3 and usually only when joined with an -o- stem3 as1 nihil solid1 nihil minentis1 ,,dn4 #a1 #ge1 no solidity1 no projection4 #abea4 ,the partitive construction sometimes extends to the predicate3 as1 id erit sgn m invtum facere1 ,,ra4 #hc1 this will be something of an indication that ,i act with reluctance2 sgn is here in the predicate1 and yet made dependent on id4 quid erg est tu cnsul8 ,brut4 in ,fam4 #aa1 #a1 #c1 what then is your advice8 quid su cnsil sit ostendit1 #a1 #ba1 #b1 he explains what his plan is4 quid est enim huic reliqu8 ,sull4 #hi1 for what is there left for my client8 h mlits nihil reliqu victs fcre1 ,s4 ,c4 #aa1 #g1 these soldiers left nothing over to the conquered4 nihil ad celerittem sib reliqu fcrunt1 #b1 #bf1 #e1 as for speed1 they left no effort unspared4 #abeb4 ,the accusative with a preposition also sometimes has the genitive1 as1 in id redctus sum loc1 ,t4 ,ph4 #igi1 ,i am reduced to such a strait4 ad id loc1 ,s4 ,c4 #de1 #c1 to that spot4 ad id locrum1 ,s4 ,i4 #fc1 #f1 up to that time4 in multum di1 ,l4 #i1 #dd1 #aa1 till late in the day4 ,in ,cicero1 also the ablatives e1 edem1 and qu1 with loc3 as1 e loc1 ,sest4 #fh1 in that position4 ,and in later writers1 other ablatives1 with or without a preposition1 also have a genitive4 #abec4 ,some appellatives of place are put in the genitive with adverbs of place3 as1 ubinam gentium8 ,pl4 ,mer4 #dcd1 ,c4 #a1 #i1 where in the world8 nusquam gentium1 ,t4 ,ad4 #edj1 nowhere in the world4 ,similarly1 loc with adverbs of time or order1 as with intere in ,plautus and ,terence1 postide in ,plautus1 poste in ,sallust1 and inde in ,lucretius2 also locrum with adhc and postid in ,plautus4 #abed4 ,in ,sallust1 ,livy1 and ,tacitus1 genitives of abstracts are used with the adverbs e1 qu1 and hc3 as1 e miserirum1 ,s4 ,i4 #ad1 #c1 to that pitch of distress4 ,ones with ut3 ut quisque audentiae habuisset1 adcurrerent1 ,ta4 #ae1 #ec1 they should run up1 with a speed commensurate in every case to their daring4 ,errata3 #abda 444 7b47 4 invisible #abdb;a 444 ,stertinius1 sapientum octvus octvos #abej 444 ,lucr4 #a1 #cfe #a4 #cfe ,,the ,,genitive ,,of ,,definition4 #abee4 7#d47 ,the genitive is used to define that of which a thing consists3 as1 magna multitd perditrum hominum1 #c1 #ag1 #d1 a perfect swarm of desperadoes4 innumerbile pondus aur1 ,sest4 #ic1 a weight of gold too great to count4 mlle numer nvium clssem1 ,v4 #a1 #dh1 an armada a thousand sail strong4 #abef4 ,the genitive of an explicit word containing the leading idea is sometimes used to define a more general word2 as1 praedae pecudum hominumque1 ,l4 #bd1 #bj1 #e1 booty consisting of cattle and human beings4 pignora coniugum ac lberrum1 ,l4 #b1 #a1 #e1 pledges in the shape of wives and children4 cnfsus mntine fossae1 ,caes4 ,c4 #a1 #db1 #c1 relying on the defensive works in the shape of a moat4 ,rarely in poetry and late prose1 the proper name of a place1 with urbs1 prmunturium1 c43 as1 urbem ,patav1 ,v41 #a1 #bdg1 the city of ,patavium 7#ajde74 ,particularly with the words vx1 nmen1 genus1 and especially causa3 as1 haec vx volupttis1 ,fin4 #b1 #f1 this word #8pleasure4' nmen amcitiae1 ,fin4 #b1 #gh1 the name #8friendship4' ,compare nmen frternum1 #a1 #cf1 #e1 the name of brothers 7#abcc74 haec gnminiae causa1 ,clu4 #abj1 this reason1 namely the censor's stigma4 parvulae causae vel falsae suspcinis vel terrris repentn1 ,caes4 ,c4 #c1 #gb1 #d1 insignificant causes1 as for instance ungrounded suspicion or a panic4 propter eam causam sceleris istus1 ,v4 #d1 #aac1 for this reason1 namely the crime of the defendant4 #abeg4 ,the genitive of definition is very common with caus1 less common with grti1 to define what the motive or cause is3 as1 amcitiae caus1 #a1 #ci1 #b1 from motives of friendship4 ,compare vestr magis hoc caus volbam1 quam me1 ,,do4 #a1 #afd1 ,i wished this more for your sake than for my own 7#abcd74 honesttis amplitdinisque grti1 ,,ra4 #ae1 in compliment to their respectability and high social standing4 ,so also sometimes with nmine1 and in old or official ,latin1 with erg4 #abeh4 ,conversely1 the genitive of a generic word denoting a person is sometimes added to a leading word defining the kind of a person3 as1 frstum puer1 ,pl4 ,per4 #hdi1 thou bit of a boy4 mnstrum hominis1 ,t4 ,eu4 #fif1 thou fiend in human shape4 quaedam pests hominum1 ,fam4 #e1 #h1 #b1 some regular plagues in the shape of men4 #abei4 quidquid est1 quantum est1 quod est1 or quodcumque est1 with a genitive1 is equivalent to an emphatic omnis3 as1 quidquid patrum est1 ,l4 #c1 #ag1 #e1 whatever there is in the shape of senators1 i4e4 every single senator4 quod est pecniae1 trdit1 ,caes4 ,c4 #b1 #bj1 #h1 what there is in the-way of money1 he hands over4 ,similarly tantum for tot3 as1 tantum hominum1 ,pl4 ,poen4 #fai1 such a mass of men4 ,,the ,,objective ,,genitive4 #abfj4 7#e47 ,the objective genitive denotes the object of the action expressed in the limited substantive3 as1 metus hostium1 ,gell4 #i1 #ab1 #ac1 the fear of the enemy1 i4e4 which is felt towards them4 vnditi bonrum1 ,,ra4 #aaj1 sale of the goods4 lct fl1 ,,do4 #b1 #aic1 from grief for his son4 ,this construction is freely used1 even when the parallel verb has a dative1 an ablative1 or a prepositional expression3 as1 fdci loc1 #g1 #ai1 #b1 from confidence in the position4 lbertinem culpae1 ,lig4 #a1 acquittal from guilt4 mlitiae vactinem1 #f1 #ad1 #a1 exemption from military service4 opnine trium leginum diectus1 #e1 #dh1 #a1 disappointed in his hope of three legions4 derum opni1 ,,td4 #a1 #cj1 a conception of the gods4 miserrima est contenti honrum1 ,off4 #a1 #hg1 a scramble for office is a pitiful thing4 #abfa4 ,instead of the objective genitive1 a prepositional expression is sometimes used with greater precision3 as1 metus v atque r derum1 ,,dn4 #a1 #de1 fear of the might and wrath of the gods4 ,so especially the accusative1 usually denoting a person1 with in1 erg1 or adversus1 combined with substantives denoting feeling3 as1 odium in hominum niversum genus1 ,,td4 #d1 #be1 hatred to all mankind4 vestra erg m volunts1 ,c4 #d1 #a1 your good-will towards me4 #abfb4 ,a possessive pronoun or adjective is sometimes used for the objective genitive3 as1 7a47 odi tu1 ,t4 ,ph4 #ajaf1 from hate to thee4 tu fdci1 ,v4 #e1 #agf1 from his reliance on you4 aspectque su1 ,lucr4 #a1 #ia1 and at the sight of her4 7b47 metus hostlis1 ,s4 ,i4 #da1 #b1 fear felt of the enemy4 servlis percontti1 ,,do4 #b1 #cbg1 crossquestioning of the servant-girls4 firmus adversus mlitrem largtinem1 ,ta4 ,h4 #b1 #hb1 dead-set against any largess to the military4 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,genitive ,,with ,,adjectives4 #abfc4 7#a47 ,the genitive is used with many adjectives to denote the object4 ,such are chiefly adjectives meaning 7a47 desirous1 7b47 knowing1 or remembering1 7c47 participating1 controlling1 or guilty1 7d47 full1 and most of their opposites3 as1 7a47 aur cupidus1 ,pl4 ,poen4 #agi1 eager for gold4 sapientiae studiss1 id est enim philosophs1 ,,td4 #e1 #i1 devotees of wisdom1 for that is what #8philosophers' means4 ,so also aemulus1 avidus1 fastdisus1 invidus4 7b47 gnrus r pblicae1 ,br4 #bbh1 familiar with government4 r mlitris pertissimus1 #a1 #ba1 #d1 a master of the art military4 homins adulscentuls1 inperts rrum1 ,t4 ,andr4 #iaj1 mere hobbledehoys1 not up in the world's ways4 impertus mrum1 ,,ra4 #adc1 behind the times4 immemor beneficirum1 memor patriae1 ,ph4 #b1 #bg1 forgetful of kindnesses1 never forgetting his country4 ,so also cnscius1 cnsultus1 nscius1 nsolns1 nsolitus1 nsutus1 iinus1 prvidus1 prdns1 rudis4 7c47 praedae particips1 ,caes4 ,c4 #c1 #hb1 #a1 sharing in the booty4 manifestus tant sceleris1 ,s4 ,i4 #ce1 #h1 caught in committing this atrocious crime4 expers glriae1 ,,ip4 #eg1 without a share in the glory4 ,so also adfnis1 compos1 cnsors1 exhrs1 potns1 reus4 7d47 negt plnus1 ,pl4 ,ps4 #chj1 full of business4 fns plnissimus piscium1 ,v4 #d1 #aah1 a fountain swarming with fish4 refert praednum mar1 ,,ip4 #ca1 when the sea was crammed with corsairs4 ,so also fertilis1 inops1 lberlis1 ndus1 prfsus4 #abfd4 ,in poetry and late prose1 a great many other adjectives of these meanings1 besides those mentioned above1 are also used with the genitive4 ,such are principally3 7a47 avrus1 crisus1 incrisus1 scrus4 7b47 nescius1 praesgus1 praescius1 sctus4 7c47 exsors1 immnis1 impos1 impotns1 innocns1 innoxius1 nsns1 noxius1 suspectus4 7d47 abundns1 dves1 egnus1 innis1 indigus1 largus1 parcus1 pauper1 prdigus1 sterilis1 vacuus4 #abfe4 ,with cnscius and the genitive of a thing1 the dative of a person is sometimes added3 as1 tot flgitirum exercitu me cnscius1 ,ta4 #a1 #dc1 a participant with my army in so many outrages4 ,sometimes cnscius has the dative of a thing3 as1 mns cnscia facts1 ,lucr4 #c1 #ajah1 the mind of guilt aware4 #abff4 7#b47 ,the genitive of the object is often used with present participles which express permanent condition4 ,these participles are chiefly from verbs which have a transitive use4 ,not common in old ,latin3 as1 amantem uxris1 ,pl4 ,as4 #heg1 devoted to his wife1 fugitns ltium1 ,t4 ,ph4 #fbc1 inclined to dodge a suit at law4 ,very common in ,cicero3 as1 semper appetents glriae praeter cters gents fuistis1 ,,ip4 #g1 you have always been more hungry for glory than any other nation4 ,especially in set expressions3 as1 homo amantissimus patriae1 ,sull4 #cd1 vir amantissimus r pblicae1 ,c4 #d1 #ac1 ever a devoted patriot4 negt gerents1 ,sest4 #ig1 business men4 alin appetns1 ,,do4 #b1 #ace1 ,s4 ,c4 #e1 #d1 always hankering after other people's things4 ,in ,caesar seldom3 as1 fugins labris1 ,c4 #a1 #fi1 #c1 apt to shirk exertion4 #abfg4 ,the genitive is hardly ever found with adjectives in -x 7#bhd73 as1 huius rei mendcem1 ,pl4 ,as4 #hee1 untruthful in this point4 ,but in poetry1 from ,vergil and ,horace on1 and in late prose1 a few genitives occur with adjectives whose parallel verbs have a transitive use1 such as capx1 edx1 tenx1 c43 as1 tempus edx rrum1 ,o4 #ae1 #bcd1 thou all-devourer--time4 #abfh4 ,some of the adjectives which usually take the genitive have occasionally other constructions4 ,thus1 with adfnis the dative also occurs 7#abjj71 rarely with aemulus 7#aahc72 the ablative with adjectives of fulness1 as dves1 plnus1 and refertus 7#achg72 ire with cnsultus and pertus 7#ache74 ,for vacuus1 c41 see #acjf4 ,prepositional constructions also occur with these adjectives1 such as the accusative with ad or in1 or the ablative with ab1 d1 or in3 see the dictionary4 #abfi4 ,for the genitive1 with words denoting relationship1 connection1 friendship1 or hostility1 see #abjc2 with similis1 #abjd4 ,with dignus and indignus1 worthy and unworthy1 the ablative is regularly used 7#acib72 rarely the genitive3 as1 nn ego sum dignus saltis8 ,pl4 ,tri4 #aaec1 don't ,i deserve a greeting too8 indignus avrum1 ,v4 #ab1 #fdi1 unworthy of my sires4 #abgj4 7#c47 ,in poetry and late prose1 the genitive is used very freely with many adjectives of various meanings1 often merely to indicate what they apply to3 as1 nm mlitris r callidior habbtur1 ,ta4 ,h4 #b1 #cb1 at soldiering nobody was thought to have a greater knack4 vetus operis ac labris1 ,ta4 #a1 #bj1 an old hand at the toil and moil of army life4 aev mtrus ,acests1 ,v4 #e1 #gc1 ,acestes1 ripe in years4 sr studirum1 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #aj1 #ba1 what laggards at your books4 integer vtae scelerisque prus1 ,h4 #a1 #bb1 #a1 the man unspotted in his life and clean of sin4 fess rrum1 ,v4 #a1 #agh1 in travail spent4 satin t snu's mentis aut anim tu8 ,pl4 ,tri4 #ded1 art thou quite right in thy five wits8 7#acci74 ,,iii4 ,,the ,,genitive ,,with ,,verbs4 ,,verbs ,,of ,,valuing4 #abga4 ,a few neuter adjectives of quantity are put in the genitive with verbs of valuing to denote the amount of estimation2 such genitives are3 magn1 plris1 plrim2 parv1 minris1 minim2 tant1 quant4 ,the verbs with which these genitives are used are aestim1 dc1 faci1 habe1 pend1 put1 and sum2 rarely exstim3 as1 magn opera eius aestimta est1 ,n4 #bd1 #a1 #b1 his services were rated high4 nn magn pend1 ,pl4 ,as4 #dfj1 ,i don't care much4 sua parv pendere1 ,s4 ,c4 #ab1 #b1 a setting small store by what they had of their own4 ,verrsne tib tant fuit8 ,v4 #a1 #gg1 was ,verres so important in your eyes8 est mih tant4 ,c4 #b1 #ae1 it is well worth my while4 quant is cvibus sus fieret gnrbs8 ,v4 #d1 #ai1 did not you know how the man was prized by his own townsmen8 ,rarely maxim3 as1 maxim aestimre1 ,clu4 #aei1 to think all the world of4 #abgb4 ,in expressions of worthlessness1 other genitives are also used thus2 such are nihil1 or1 usually with a negative1 ssis1 flocc1 nauc1 pil1 terunc3 as1 nn ssis facis8 ,cat4 #dc1 #ac1 car'st not a doit8 ,so also huius3 as1 huius nn faciam1 ,t4 ,ad4 #afc1 ,i shall not care a snap4 #abgc4 ,with aestim1 the ablatives magn and permagn are sometimes used3 as1 quid8 t ista permagn aestims8 ,v4 #d1 #ac1 tell me1 do you rate that sort of thing very high yourself8 ,compare #acij4 #abgd4 ,the genitives tant and quant1 plris and minris are also used with verbs of buying and selling1 hiring and letting1 and costing4 ,but other words are put in the ablative with these verbs3 see #acia4 ,for magn1 c41 with rfert and interest1 see #abgi4 #abge4 ,a similar genitive occurs in one or two set forms1 such as aequ bonque dc1 or faci1 aequ faci1 and bon cnsul3 as1 istc1 ,chrems1 aequ bonque faci1 ,t4 ,hau4 #ghg1 ,i count that1 ,chremes1 fair and good4 aequ istc faci1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #ghd1 that's all the same to me4 ,,the ,,verbs rfert ,,and interest4 #abgf4 rfert and interest1 it concerns1 are much alike in meaning and in construction4 ,but the use of rfert is characteristic of old ,latin and poetry2 in prose from ,cicero on it is almost supplanted by interest1 especially where persons are concerned4 #abgg4 7#a47 ,with rfert and interest1 a first or second person concerned is denoted by the possessive pronoun forms me1 tu1 nostr1 vestr2 and1 from ,cicero on1 the third person reflexive by su3 as1 7a47 quid id rfert me8 ,pl4 ,cur4 #cie1 what's that to me8 tu istc rfert maxum1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #cai1 that is of most concern to thee4 nn su rferre1 ,quinct4 #ai1 that it did not concern him4 nn nostr magis quam vestr rfert vs nn rebellre1 ,l4 #cd1 #ag1 #g1 it is not more for our interest than for your own that you should not make war again4 ,without the verb3 as1 quid istc nostr1 or quid id nostr8 ,t4 ,ph4 #hjj1 #idj1 what's that to us8 7b47 tu et me maxim interest t valre1 ,fam4 #af1 #d1 #d1 your health is a matter of the highest importance to you and to me4 vestr hc maxim interest1 ,sull4 #gi1 this is of vital moment to you4 #abgh4 7#b47 ,with interest1 from ,cicero on1 a third person or thing concerned is denoted by the genitive4 ,also with rfert1 a few times from ,sallust on3 as1 7a47 quid eius intererat8 ,,ra4 #if1 what concern was it of his8 interesse r pblicae s cum ,pompi colloqu1 ,caes4 ,c4 #a1 #bd1 #e1 that it was of importance to the common weal that he should have a parley with ,pompey4 7b47 faciundum aliquid1 quod illrum magis quam su rtulisse vidrtur1 ,s4 ,i4 #aaa1 #a1 that he must do something which should seem more for the other side's good than his own4 ,for the accusative with ad with these verbs1 or for the dative with rfert1 see the dictionary4 #abgi4 ,the matter of concern is expressed by a sentence or infinitive1 or by a neuter pronoun2 rarely by an appellative3 as1 nn qu me interesset loc ntra1 ,att4 #c1 #ai1 #a1 not that the character of the place concerned me4 ,the degree of concern is expressed by an adverb1 as magnopere1 by a neuter accusative1 as multum1 or by a genitive of estimation1 magn1 permagn1 plris1 parv1 tant1 quant 7#abga74 ,erratum3 #abgg;a 444 ,t4 ,ph4 #hjj1 #idj ,ph #hjj ,,judicial ,,verbs4 #abhj4 ,verbs of accusing1 convicting1 condemning1 and acquitting1 take a genitive of the charge3 as1 ,c4 ,verrem nsimulat avritiae1 ,v4 #a1 #abh1 he charges ,verres with avarice4 accstus est prditinis1 ,n4 #a1 #g1 #e1 he was charged with treason4 capitis arcssere1 ,d4 #cj1 accuse on a capital charge4 prditinis damntus est1 ,n4 #b1 #h1 #b1 he was convicted of treason4 ,pollis pecniae pblicae est condemntus1 ,flacc4 #dc1 ,pollis was condemned for embezzlement of government money4 maiesttis absolt sunt permult1 ,clu4 #aaf1 a good many were acquitted of high treason4 ,with this genitive1 an ablative1 crmine1 idici1 nmine1 or lge1 is sometimes expressed 7#acgg73 as1 n quem umquam innocentem idici capitis arcsss1 ,off4 #b1 #ea1 that you are never to accuse any innocent man on a charge affecting his status as a citizen4 #abha4 ,the charge is sometimes denoted by a prepositional construction3 as1 sescent sunt1 qu inter scris et d venficis accsbant1 ,,ra4 #ij1 there are hundreds and hundreds that brought charges of murder1 by steel and by poison4 ,so also d le1 of gambling1 in ,cicero regularly d pecnis repetunds1 of extortion1 and necessarily d v1 of an act of violence1 as vs has no genitive4 ,for the neuter accusative1 see #aagb4 #abhb4 ,the penalty also is sometimes denoted by the genitive3 as1 cupi octupl damnr ,aprnium1 ,v4 #c1 #bh1 ,i want to have ,apronius condemned to a payment of eightfold4 damntusque long ,ssyphus ,aeolids labris1 ,h4 #b1 #ad1 #ai1 and ,sisyphus the ,aeolid1 amerced with penance long4 ,sometimes by the ablative3 as1 capite1 ,v4 #e1 #aji4 ,so usually from ,livy on1 when the penalty is a definite sum of money or fractional part of a thing4 ,,impersonal ,,verbs ,,of ,,mental ,,distress4 #abhc4 ,a genitive of the thing1 commonly with an accusative of the person1 is used with five impersonals of mental distress3 miseret1 paenitet1 piget1 pudet1 taedet3 as1 tui m miseret1 mei piget1 ,e4 in ,div4 #a1 #ff1 ,i pity thee1 ,i loathe myself4 frtris m pudet pigetque1 ,t4 ,ad4 #cia1 my brother stirs my shame and my disgust4 m pater1 m tui pudet1 ,t4 ,ad4 #fha1 dear father1 in thy presence ,i'm abashed4 galetum sro duell paenitet1 ,j4 #a1 #afi1 too late1 with casque on head1 a combatant repenteth him of war4 ,so also misertur1 and in old ,latin inceptively1 miserscit1 commiserscit4 #abhd4 ,these verbs sometimes have a sentence or a neuter pronoun as subject3 as1 nn t haec pudent8 ,t4 ,ad4 #ged1 does not this make thee blush for shame8 ,rarely an appellative3 as1 m quidem haec condici nn paenitet1 ,pl4 ,st4 #ea1 for my part1 with my wedded state ,i'm well content4 ,or a person3 as1 pude1 ,pl4 ,cas4 #hgg1 ,i feel ashamed4 ,for participles and gerundives1 see #hag4 #abhe4 ,the genitive is used with the personals misereor or misere1 and in poetry with misersc3 as1 aliquand misermin socirum1 ,v4 #a1 #gb1 do take pity on your allies1 it is high time4 nminis miserre certumst1 quia mei miseret nminem1 ,pl4 ,cap4 #gfd1 ,i'm bound to care for nobody1 as no one cares for me4 ,arcadi miserscite rgis1 ,v4 #h1 #egc1 take pity on the king of ,arcady4 #abhf4 ,personal verbs of desiring1 loathing1 admiring1 and dreading1 sometimes take the genitive3 as1 pol1 quamquam dom cupi1 opperiar1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #hda1 although ,i yearn for home1 ,i vow ,i'll wait 7#abfc74 fastdit me1 ,pl4 ,aul4 #bde1 he views me with disdain 7#abfc74 istitiaene prius mrer1 bellne labrum8 ,v4 #aa1 #abf1 thy justice first shall ,i admire8 thy toils in war8 n tu quidem testimn veritus1 ,att4 #h1 #d1 #a1 not having any awe about your recommendation either4 ,,verbs ,,of ,,memory4 #abhg4 ,the genitive is used with verbs of remembering and forgetting when they denote an inherent state of memory or of forgetfulness3 as1 faciam ut me meminers dum vtam vvs1 ,pl4 ,per4 #did1 ,i'll make you remember me as long as you live4 num potu magis oblvsc temporum merum1 meminisse ctinum8 ,fam4 #a1 #i1 #h1 could ,i have been more forgetful of my present interests1 more mindful of my past career8 reminscertur incommod popul ,rmn1 #a1 #ac1 #d1 he had better bear in mind the rebuff dealt out to ,rome4 obltusque merum oblvscendus et ills1 ,h4 ,e4 #a1 #aa1 #aj1 of friends forgetful and by friends forgot4 ,see #abfc4 #abhh4 ,the accusative is used with these verbs when they denote the mere intellectual exercise of memory or a failure to remember3 as1 equid meminist tuom parentum nmina8 ,pl4 ,poen4 #ajfb1 do you remember your parents' names8 ,cinnam memin vd ,sllam1 ,ph4 #e1 #ag1 ,i can remember ,cinna1 ,i have seen ,sulla4 utinam mmet possim oblscier6 ,accius ap4 ,non4 #ejj1 #e1 oh that myself ,i could forget6 subit ttam causam obltus est1 ,br4 #bag1 suddenly he forgot the whole case4 #abhi4 recordor has once the genitive 7,pis4 #ab71 but from its meaning bring to heart it is naturally found oftener with the accusative4 ,with it and with memin1 the ablative with d also occurs4 ,the rare reminscor has the genitive once each in ,caesar and ,nepos2 twice later2 oftener the accusative4 ,neuter pronouns are in the accusative with all these verbs4 #abij4 ,the impersonal venit in mentem also takes the genitive3 as1 venit mih ,platnis in mentem1 ,fin4 #e1 #b1 ,plato comes into my head2 very exceptionally the ablative with d4 ,but the verb in this combination is often used personally1 with the thing occurring to the mind as the subject1 and regularly in ,cicero1 when it is rs or genus1 or a neuter pronoun4 #abia4 ,verbs of reminding take the accusative of a person and sometimes with it the genitive of a thing3 as1 admonbat alium egesttis1 alium cupidittis suae1 ,s4 ,c4 #ba1 #d1 he reminded one man of his beggary1 another of his greed4 ,so also commone1 commonfaci1 and1 in ,tacitus only1 mone4 ,oftener however the thing is in the ablative with d1 or1 if it is a neuter pronoun or adjective1 in the accusative 7#aagb74 ,rarely a substantive equivalent to a neuter pronoun3 as1 eam rem ns locus admonuit1 ,s4 ,i4 #gi1 #a1 the place has reminded me of that4 ,errata3 #abhh 444 ,cinnam memin vd ,sllam vid #abhi 444 the ablative with d also occurs4 de ,,verbs ,,of ,,participation ,,and ,,mastery4 #abib4 ,verbs of participation and mastery sometimes take the genitive in old ,latin and in poetry3 as1 servom sui participat cnsil1 ,pl4 ,cist4 #afc1 she makes a slave a sharer in her plot 7#abfc74 qu ,daunus agrestium rgnvit populrum1 ,h4 #c1 #cj1 #aa1 where ,daunus was the lord of rural folk 7#abfj74 ,so1 even in prose1 potior1 which usually has the ablative 7#acgi73 as1 totus ,galliae ss potr posse sprant1 #a1 #c1 #h1 they hope they can get the mastery over the whole of ,gaul4 ,especially with persons1 or with the genitive plural rrum3 rrum potior1 get to be1 or often1 am1 master of the situation1 or ,i am monarch of all ,i survey4 ,similarly in ,tacitus apscor1 adipscor3 as1 arma1 qus ,servius ,galba rrum adeptus est1 ,ta4 #c1 #ee1 the war by which ,galba became master of the throne4 ,in ,plautus crd sometimes has the genitive of a thing and dative of a person4 ,,verbs ,,of ,,fulness ,,and ,,want4 #abic4 ,the genitive is sometimes used with verbs of filling1 abounding1 and lacking1 as it is with the corresponding adjectives 7#abfc73 as1 convvium vcnrum ctdi comple1 ,,cm4 #df1 ,i fill out a dinner-party every day with neighbours4 haec rs vtae m1 soror1 saturant1 ,pl4 ,st4 #ah1 these things1 my sister1 sicken me of life4 terra ferrum nunc etiam scatit1 ,lucr4 #e1 #ci1 still teems the earth with ravin beasts4 ,so with ege sometimes3 as1 ege cnsil1 ,att4 #g1 #bb1 #b1 ,i am in need of some advice4 ,and usually with indige3 as1 hoc bellum indiget celerittis1 ,ph4 #f1 #g1 this war requires rapid action4 ,but1 from ,livy on1 the ablative is commoner with indige3 see #acje4 #abid4 ,with verbs of separating and abstaining1 the ablative is regularly used 7#acjb74 ,but the genitive is sometimes found in poetry3 as1 m omnium labrum levs1 ,pl4 ,r4 #bdg1 thou riddest me of all my woes4 abstint rrum calidaeque rixae1 ,h4 #c1 #bg1 #fi1 from bursts of rage keep thou and hot affray4 ,,iv4 ,,the ,,genitive ,,of ,,exclamation4 #abie4 ,in poetry1 the genitive with an adjective in agreement occurs two or three times in exclamation3 as1 foederis heu tacit1 ,prop4 #e1 #g1 #ba1 alas1 that secret covenant4 ,usually the nominative 7#aaag71 or the accusative 7#aadi74 ,,the ,,ablative4 #abif4 ,the ablative is used principally with verbs and their participles1 or with adjectives1 and consists of three cases that were originally distinct4 #abig4 ,i4 ,the ,,ablative proper denotes that from which something parts or proceeds 7#acjb74 ,the ablative proper is often accompanied by the prepositions ab1 d1 ex1 prae1 pr1 sine1 or tenus4 #abih4 ,with the ablative proper two other cases1 originally distinct1 a locative case and an instrumental case1 were confounded1 and merged under the common name of the ablative4 #abii4 ,,ii4 ,the ,,locative case denotes the place in1 at1 or on which action occurs4 ,a few forms of the locative proper are still preserved 7#acca74 ,but the place where is ordinarily denoted by the locative ablative 7#acdb74 ,the locative ablative is often accompanied by the prepositions in or sub4 #acjj4 ,,iii4 ,the ,,instrumental case denotes that by which or with which a main person or thing is attended 7#acef74 ,the instrumental ablative is often accompanied by the prepositions cum or cram4 #acja4 ,the ablative or locative is sometimes attached immediately to a substantive4 ,thus1 7a47 sometimes to a substantive which denotes or implies action3 as1 interitus ferr1 destruction with the sword1 like intere ferr2 see #acjg1 #acca1 #acdb1 #acgf1 #acgg4 7b47 ,in constructions in which the ablative is due to an older combination with a verb3 as1 vir singulr virtte1 a man of unexampled bravery4 ,see #acji and #acge4 ,i4 ,,the ,,ablative ,,proper4 ,,the ,,ablative ,,of ,,separation ,,and ,,want1 ,,and ,,of ,,departure4 #acjb4 ,verbs of separation take an ablative of the thing from which separation takes place3 as1 7a47 caruit for poste ,pompius1 caruit sent1 caruit pblic1 ,mil4 #ah1 after that ,pompey had to keep away from the market place1 from the senate1 from highways and byways4 adhc ,q4 ,ligrius omn culp vacat1 ,lig4 #d1 thus far ,ligarius proves devoid of any guilt4 ege cnsili1 ,att4 #ae1 #a1 ,a1 #e1 ,i need advice 7#acje74 7b47 tali prohibtur3 nn t eum patri prvre1 qu caret1 sed vt vs1 ,lig4 #aa1 he is kept out of ,italy2 you want to deprive him not of his country1 from which he is debarred1 but of life4 lbermus cr populum ,rmnum1 ,l4 #ci1 #ea1 #i1 ,hannibal's words when he took poison1 #ahc ,b4,c41 let me relieve ,rome of anxiety4 #acjc4 ,this ablative is used 7a47 with such verbs as mean abstain1 abstine1 dsist1 supersede2 am devoid of1 care1 vac2 need1 ege2 and in addition to the accusative of the object1 7b47 with verbs used transitively1 such as mean keep off1 arce1 excld and intercld1 prohibe2 drive away1 remove1 pell1 move1 and their compounds2 free1 expedi1 lber1 lev1 solv and exsolv2 deprive1 orb1 prv1 spoli1 nd1 fraud4 #acjd4 ,a preposition1 ab or ex1 is often used with these verbs1 and regularly when the ablative denotes a person4 ,but care and ege1 and exsolv and lev1 never have a preposition4 #acje4 ,with ege1 the genitive is sometimes used1 and often with indige3 see #abic4 ,also in poetry1 with verbs of abstaining and separating3 see #abid4 #acjf4 ,the ablative of separation is sometimes used with such adjectives as alinus1 expers1 lber1 ndus1 vacuus1 c43 as1 negant id esse alinum maiestte derum1 ,div4 #b1 #aje1 they maintain that this is not at variance with the greatness of the gods4 vacu crs1 ,fin4 #b1 #df1 devoid of cares4 arce et urbe orba sum1 ,e4 ,tr4 #aad1 of tower and town bereft am ,i4 ,but sometimes the genitive3 see #abfc and #abfd2 sometimes also prepositional constructions3 for these1 and particularly for the different constructions of alinus1 see the dictionary4 ,,town ,,and ,,island ,,names4 #acjg4 7#a47 ,proper names of towns and of little islands are put in the ablative with verbs of motion1 to denote the place from which motion proceeds3 as1 ,dmartus fgit ,tarquinis ,corinth1 ,,td4 #e1 #aji1 ,damaratus ran away from ,corinth to ,tarquinii4 sgnum ,carthgine captum1 ,v4 #d1 #hb1 the statue carried off from ,carthage4 ,megaribus1 ,pl4 ,per4 #acg1 from ,megara4 ,lmn1 ,pl4 ,tru4 #ij1 from ,lemnos4 ,rm accperam litters1 ,att4 #e1 #h1 #b1 ,i had got a letter from ,rome4 ,rarely with a substantive of motion 7#acja73 as1 d illus ,alexandr discess1 ,att4 #aa1 #ah1 #a1 about his departure from ,alexandrea4 ,also in dating letters3 as1 ,v kal4 ,sextl41 ,rgi1 ,fam4 #g1 #ai1 ,regium1 #bh ,july2 less often the locative3 as1 dibus ,inis1 ,thessaloncae1 ,q,fr4 #a1 #c1 #aj1 ,thessalonica1 #ac ,june4 ,like a town name3 cherunte1 poet4 in ,,td4 #a1 #cg1 from ,acheron4 ,with an attribute3 ips ,sam1 ,v4 #a1 #ea1 from ,samos itself4 ,ten ,sidicn1 ,att4 #h1 #aa1 ,b1 #b1 from ,sidicinian ,teanum4 #acjh4 ,singular town or island names sometimes have ex in old ,latin3 thus1 ,caryst1 ,pl4 ,ps4 #gcj1 from ,carystus1 or1 ex ,caryst1 ,ps4 #gcg1 indifferently4 ex ,andr1 ,t4 ,andr4 #gj1 from ,andros4 ,in classical ,latin1 town names rarely have ab3 as1 ab ,athns proficsc1 ,serv4 in ,fam4 #d1 #ab1 #b1 to start from ,athens2 chiefly of neighbourhood3 as1 ab ,gergovi1 #g1 #dc1 #e3 #g1 #ei1 #a1 from camp at ,gergovia2 or direction3 as1 ,salns ad ricum1 ,caes4 ,c4 #c1 #h1 #d1 from ,salonae to ,oricum2 regularly with long3 as1 long ,syrcss1 ,v4 #d1 #ajg1 far from ,syracuse4 #acji4 ,the ablative of a town or country name is rarely attached immediately to a substantive1 to denote origin3 as1 ,periphans ,rhod merctor dves1 ,pl4 ,as4 #dii1 ,periphanes from ,rhodes a chapman rich4 vide ib hospitem ,zacynth1 ,pl4 ,mer4 #idj1 ,i see the friend there from ,zacynthus4 ,rarely in ,cicero3 as1 ,ten pul laudtrs1 ,clu4 #aig1 eulogists from ,apulian ,teanum2 in ,caesar twice4 ,in ,livy with ab only3 as1 ,turnus ab ,arci1 ,l4 #a1 #ej1 #c1 ,turnus from ,aricia4 ,but the ,roman tribe one belongs to1 is regularly in the ablative3 as1 ,q4 ,verrem ,rmili1 sc4 trib1 ,v4 a4 pr4 #a1 #bc1 ,verres of the tribe ,romilia4 #acaj4 ,with a verb1 country names regularly have a preposition1 and always in ,cicero1 ,sallust1 and ,livy3 as1 ,cilici dcdns1 ,br4 #a1 going away from ,cilicia4 ,the ablative alone is rare3 as1 ,aegypt adveni domum1 ,pl4 ,most4 #ddj1 from ,egypt ,i come home4 ,chiefly in ,tacitus3 as1 ,aegypt remens1 #b1 #fi1 coming back from ,egypt4 ,in ,caesar1 by attraction3 cgbantur ,corcr atque ,acarnni pbulum supportre1 ,c4 #c1 #eh1 #d1 they were forced to fetch fodder from ,corcyra and even ,acarnania4 #acaa4 7#b47 ,the ablatives dom and rre1 and in poetry hum1 are used like proper names of towns3 as1 7a47 dom excesserant1 #d1 #ad1 #e1 they had gone away from home4 ,also metaphorically3 as1 dom doctus1 ,pl4 ,mer4 #cee1 by home-experience taught4 7b47 rre redit uxor mea1 ,pl4 ,mer4 #gje1 my wife's come back from out of town4 7c47 hum1 in ,vergil first3 as1 vix oculs attollit hum1 ,o4 #b1 #ddh1 scarce from the ground her eyes she lifts4 ,erratum3 #acji 444 ,turnus ab ,arci1 ,l4 #a1 #ej1 #c1 #ej1 #c4 ,,the ,,ablative ,,of ,,source1 ,,stuff1 ,,or ,,material4 #acab4 ,the verb nscor and participles of origin take an ablative to denote parentage or rank in life4 ,such participles are3 ntus1 prgntus1 and ortus2 in poetry and late prose1 also crtus1 ditus1 genertus1 genitus1 satus1 and oriundus3 as1 7a47 ,rmulus de prgntus1 ,l4 #a1 #dj1 #c1 ,romulus1 sprung from a god4 ds genite1 ,v4 #i1 #fdb1 thou sired of gods4 ,of a parent1 ex is sometimes used3 as ex m hic ntus nn est1 ,t4 ,ad4 #dj1 he's not my son2 and of remoter ancestors1 ab4 7b47 loc ntus honest1 #e1 #de1 #b1 respectably descended4 summ loc ntus1 #e1 #be1 #a1 of high birth1 famili antquissim ntum1 #g1 #cb1 #d1 a member of an old family4 ,rarely with d3 as1 qu d genere gntust ,philocrats8 ,pl4 ,cap4 #bgg1 what is the parentage of ,philocrates8 #acac4 ,the ablative with an attribute1 attached to a substantive1 sometimes denotes stuff or material3 as1 aere cav clipeum1 ,v4 #c1 #bhf1 a targe of hallow bronze4 perenn fronde cornam1 ,lucr4 #a1 #aah1 a crown of amaranthine leaf4 solidque adamante columnae1 ,v4 #f1 #eeb1 and pillars of the solid adamant4 ,this construction borders closely on the ablative of quality 7#acge74 ,rarely without an attribute3 as1 pcts abiete pupps1 ,v4 #e1 #ffc1 painted sterns of fir4 #acad4 ,a substantive denoting stuff or material is generally put in the ablative with d or ex2 thus1 7a47 ,directly with a substantive3 pcula ex aur1 ,v4 #d1 #fb1 cups of gold4 7b47 ,oftener with an auxiliary verb or participle3 sgnum erat hoc ,cupdinis marmore1 ,v4 #d1 #e1 this statue of ,cupid was made of marble4 scts ex cortice facts1 #b1 #cc1 #b1 with long shields made out of bark4 ex n gemm pergrand trlla excavta1 ,v4 #d1 #fb1 a ladle scooped out of a single enormous semi-precious stone4 #acae4 ,the ablative with forms of faci and sum denotes that with which or to which something is done3 as1 quid hc homine facis8 ,sest4 #bi1 what can you do with such a fellow8 quid m fet8 ,t4 ,andr4 #gji1 what will become of me8 ,but often the dative 7#abje73 as1 quid tib faciam8 ,att4 #g1 #c1 #b1 what shall ,i do to you8 ,or the ablative with d3 as1 d frtre quid fet8 ,t4 ,ad4 #iif1 as to my brother1 what will come to pass8 ,,the ,,ablative ,,of ,,cause1 ,,influence1 ,,or ,,motive4 #acaf4 ,the ablative is used to denote cause1 influence1 or motive3 as1 made met1 ,pl4 ,most4 #cie1 ,i'm drenched with dread4 t imprdenti lberis1 ,mur4 #gh1 you1 sir1 slip from inadvertence4 maerre et lacrims cnsenscbat1 ,clu4 #ac1 she just pined away in sorrow and tears4 r incendor1 ,pl4 ,ps4 #bja1 ,i'm getting hot with wrath4 premor lct1 ,att4 #c1 #bb1 #c1 ,i am bowed down with grief4 quod ego nn superbi facibam1 ,,do4 #a1 #ii1 ,i did not act thus from superciliousness1 not ,i4 nn movtur pecni1 ,v4 #d1 #ah1 he is not moved by money4 boat caelum fremit virm1 ,pl4 ,am4 #bcb1 the welkin rings with roar of men4 dlict dolre1 corrctine gaudre1 ,l4 #ij1 be pained by the sin1 take pleasure in the reproof4 aette nn qus opturier1 ,pl4 ,most4 #hdj1 owing to age thou canst not see4 ,iovis iuss veni1 ,pl4 ,am4 prol4 #ai1 at ,jove's behest ,i come4 ,sinus nimi fortn scors1 ,ta4 #d1 #ci1 ,sejanus giddy with over-prosperity4 ferx praed glrique exercitus1 ,ta4 ,h4 #a1 #ea1 the army flushed with booty and glory4 exercits nostr interitus ferr1 ,pis4 #dj1 the annihilation of our army by the sword 7#acja74 #acag4 ,instead of the ablative1 other constructions often occur1 especially with verbs used transitively2 such are3 7a47 ,prepositional phrases with d or ex1 in ,varro and ,livy with ab2 also with ob1 per1 or propter3 as1 mult in oppidum propter timrem ss recipiunt1 ,caes4 ,c4 #b1 #ce1 #f1 a good many retreated to the town from fear4 ,sometimes with prae3 as1 prae amre exclst hunc fors1 ,t4 ,eu4 #ih1 it was for love you turned him out of doors3 in classical ,latin1 usually of hindrance3 as1 slem prae iaculrum multitdine nn vidbitis1 ,,td4 #a1 #aja1 you won't see the sun for the cloud of javelins4 7b47 ,circumlocutions with caus1 less frequently with grti 7#abeg74 7c47 ,ablatives absolute1 or participles1 particularly auxiliary participles with an ablative to express cause1 oftener motive1 such as captus1 ductus1 excittus or incittus1 impulsus1 incnsus1 nflammtus1 mtus1 perterritus3 as1 nnnll pudre adduct remanbant1 #a1 #ci1 #c1 some stuck by from shame4 #acah4 ,the person by whom the action of a passive verb is done1 is denoted by the ablative with ab or 4 ,also occasionally with verbs equivalent to a passive1 such as cad1 intere1 pere1 vne1 c41 c4 ,things or animals are sometimes represented as persons by the use of ab3 as1 animus bene nfrmtus ntr1 ,off4 #a1 #ac1 a soul meetly fashioned by dame nature4 ,see #adgf-adgh4 #acai4 ,in poetry1 an ablative denoting a person1 with an adjective in agreement1 is sometimes equivalent to an expression with an abstract substantive3 as1 et adsidu ruptae lctre columnae1 ,j4 #a1 #ac1 and pillars by persistent reader riven1 i4e4 adsiduitte lctris1 or adsidu lctine4 crtus inaequl tnsre capills1 ,h4 ,e4 #a1 #a1 #id1 my locks by unsymmetric barber trimmed4 ,,the ,,ablative ,,of ,,comparison4 #acbj4 7#a47 ,the ablative may be used with a comparative adjective1 when the first of two things compared is in the nominative1 or is a subject-accusative4 ,such an ablative is translated by than3 as1 7a47 lce sunt clrira nbs tua cnsilia1 ,c4 #a1 #f1 your schemes are plainer to us than day4 mtre pulchr flia pulchrior1 ,h4 #a1 #af1 #a1 ,o daughter fairer than a mother fair4 ,particularly in sentences of negative import3 as1 quis ,karthgininsium plris fuit ,hannibale8 ,sest4 #adb1 of all the sons of ,carthage1 who was rated higher than ,hannibal8 nec mih est t icundius quicquam nec crius1 ,fam4 #b1 #aj1 #a1 and there is nothing in the world nearer and dearer to me than you4 7b47 illud cgnscs profect1 mih t neque crirem neque icundirem esse quemquam1 ,fam4 #b1 #c1 #b1 one thing ,i am sure you will see1 that there is nobody nearer and dearer to me than you4 #acba4 7#b47 ,the ablative of comparison is similarly used when the first member of comparison is an accusative of the object3 as1 exg monumentum aere perennius1 ,h4 #c1 #cj1 #a1 ,i have builded up a monument more durable than bronze4 ,particularly so in sentences of negative import3 as1 hc mih grtius facere nihil potes1 ,fam4 #ac1 #dd1 you can do nothing for me more welcome than this4 ,also with predicate adjectives dependent on a verb of thinking 7#aafg73 as1 ,hrodotum cr vrcirem dcam ,enni8 ,div4 #b1 #aaf1 why should ,i count ,herodotus any more truthful than ,ennius8 ,regularly when the second member of comparison is a relative3 as1 qu pecude nihil genuit ntra fcundius1 ,,dn4 #b1 #afj1 nature has created nothing more prolific than this animal1 i4e4 the sow4 #acbb4 7#c47 ,in poetry1 the ablative of comparison may be used with the first member of comparison in any case3 as1 ,lcl rt1 nostrm meliris utrque1 ,h4 ,s4 #b1 #a1 #bi1 after ,lucilius's way1 a better man than thou or ,i4 #acbc4 7#d47 ,in sentences of negative import1 the ablative is sometimes used with alter and alius1 as with a comparative3 as1 neque mst alter quisquam1 ,pl4 ,as4 #dib1 and there's no other man than ,i4 nec quicquam aliud lbertte commn quaessse1 ,brut4 and ,cass4 in ,fam4 #aa1 #b1 #b1 and to have aimed at nothing else than freedom for all4 ,but in prose1 quam is commonly used4 #acbd4 7#a47 ,the second member of comparison is often introduced by quam1 than1 or in poetry by atque or ac4 ,this member1 whatever the case of the first member1 is sometimes made the subject of a form of sum in a new sentence3 as1 melirem quam ego sum suppn tib1 ,pl4 ,cur4 #bef1 ,i give you as a substitute a better than ,i am myself4 verba ,m4 ,varrnis1 hominis quam fuit ,claudius doctiris1 ,gell4 #aj1 #a1 #d1 the words of ,varro1 a better scholar than ,claudius ever was4 ut tib mair quam fricanus fuit1 m adinctum esse patire1 ,fam4 #e1 #g1 #c1 so that you will allow me to be associated with you1 a bigger man than ,africanus ever was4 #acbe4 7#b47 ,when the first member is in the nominative or accusative1 quam is commonly a mere coordinating word1 with both members in the same case3 as1 7a47 plris est ocultus testis nus quam aurt decem1 ,pl4 ,tru4 #dij1 a single witness with an eye rates higher than a dozen with the ear4 7b47 t velim exstims nminem cuiquam neque crirem neque icundirem umquam fuisse quam t mih1 ,fam4 #a1 #i1 #bd1 ,i hope you will be convinced that nobody was ever nearer and dearer to anybody than you to me4 #acbf4 ,an introductory ablative of a demonstrative or relative pronoun sometimes precedes the construction with quam3 as1 quid hc est clrius1 quam omns ,segestae mtrns et virgins convnisse8 ,v4 #d1 #gg1 what fact is there better known than this1 to wit1 that all the women in ,segesta1 married and single1 came streaming together8 #acbg4 ,the ablative is sometimes used with comparative adverbs also4 ,so particularly in sentences of negative import3 as1 nihil lacrim citius rscit1 ,corn4 #b1 #ej1 nothing dries up quicker than a tear4 ,less frequently in positive sentences in prose3 as1 fortna1 quae pls cnsils hmns pollet1 contrxit certmen1 ,l4 #dd1 #dj1 #c1 fortune1 who is mightier than the devices of man1 precipitated the engagement4 ,very commonly1 however1 quam is used with comparative adverbs4 #acbh4 ,designations of number or extent are often qualified by amplius1 longius1 or pls1 over1 or by minus1 under4 ,the word thus qualified is put in the case which the context would require without any such qualification3 as1 pls septingent capt1 ,l4 #da1 #ab1 #h1 over seven hundred were taken prisoners4 tcum pls annum vxit1 ,q4 #da1 he lived with you over a year 7#aaea74 cum equs pls qungents1 ,l4 #dj1 #cb1 #f1 with over five hundred horses4 ,less frequently with quam4 ,when these words are felt as real substantives in the nominative or accusative1 the ablative of comparison may be used 7#acbj73 as1 pls trdu1 ,,ra4 #gd1 more than three days4 #acbi4 ,in expressions of age with ntus1 the adjectives maior and minor are used as well as amplius and minus1 and with the same construction 7#acbh73 as1 anns ntus maior quadrgint1 ,,ra4 #ci1 over forty years old4 ,for other constructions1 see the dictionary4 ,similarly conlctus aquae digitum nn altior num1 ,lucr4 #d1 #dad1 a pool no deeper than a finger's breadth 7#aacj74 ,but commonly with comparative adjectives of extent1 quam is used1 or the ablative 7#acbj73 as1 pals nn ltior pedibus qunqugint1 #g1 #ai1 #a1 a marsh not wider than fifty feet4 #accj4 ,with a comparative adjective or adverb1 the ablatives opnine1 exspecttine1 and sp1 and some others1 chiefly in poetry1 take the place of a sentence with quam3 as1 opnine melius1 ,pl4 ,cas4 #cch1 better than you thought4 minra opnine1 ,caes4 ,c4 #b1 #ca1 #e1 more insignificant than is thought4 ltius opnine dissmintum est hoc malum1 ,c4 #d1 #f1 this infection is more sweeping than anybody dreams4 sp omnium srius1 ,l4 #b1 #c1 #a1 later than was generally expected4 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,locative ,,ablative4 7,a47 ,,the ,,locative ,,proper4 #acca4 7#a47 ,singular proper names of towns and of little islands are put in the locative to denote the place in or at which action occurs3 as1 quid ,rmae faciam8 mentr nescio1 ,j4 #c1 #da1 what can ,i do in ,rome8 ,i don't know how to lie4 ,corinth et ,karthgin1 ,agr4 #b1 #ij1 at ,corinth and at ,carthage4 ,lacedaemon1 ,n4 praef4 #d1 in ,lacedaemon4 ,tbur1 ,att4 #af1 #c1 #a1 at ,tibur4 ,rhod1 ,fam4 #d1 #g1 #d1 at ,rhodes4 mnsins diutinae ,lmn1 ,t4 ,ph4 #ajab1 protracted stays at ,lemnos 7#acja74 ,sometimes in dates3 as1 data ,thessaloncae1 ,att4 #c1 #bj1 #c1 given at ,thessalonica 7#acjg74 ,the locative rarely means near3 as1 ,anti1 ,l4 #bb1 #a1 #aj1 round about ,antium4 ,in ,plautus only two singular town names with consonant stems occur1 and these regularly in the locative1 ,carthgin and ,sicyn1 three times each2 once in a doubtful example1 ,sicyne1 ,cist4 #abh4 ,terence has no examples of these stems4 ,from ,cicero on1 the locative ablative is commoner with them 7#acdc74 #accb4 ,with an adjective attribute also1 the locative is used3 as1 ,ten pul1 ,clu4 #bg1 at the ,apulian ,teanum4 ,suessae ,auruncae1 ,l4 #cb1 #i1 #c1 at the ,auruncan ,suessa4 ,the appellative forum1 market place1 used1 with an attribute1 as a proper name1 is sometimes put in the accusative with ad3 as1 ,claternae1 ad ,forum ,cornlium1 ,fam4 #ab1 #e1 #b1 at ,claterna and at ,forum ,cornelium2 sometimes in the locative ablative3 ,for ,il1 ,plin4 ,ep4 #e1 #ai1 #g4 #accc4 ,when the locative is further explained by an appellative following1 the appellative is put in the locative ablative1 either alone1 or with in3 as1 ,antiochae1 celebr quondam urbe1 ,arch4 #d1 at ,antioch1 once a bustling town4 ,nepol1 in celeberrim oppid1 ,rab,p4 #bf1 at ,neapolis1 a town swarming with people4 ,an appellative in the ablative with in may be further defined by a proper name in the locative3 as1 dubus in nsuls1 ,melitae et ,sam1 ,v4 #e1 #ahd1 in two islands--at ,melita and ,samos4 in oppid1 ,antiochae1 ,att4 #e1 #ah1 #a1 within town walls--at ,antioch4 in scess1 ,apollniae1 ,suet4 ,aug4 #id1 out of town--at ,apollonia4 ,or in the ablative3 as1 in oppid ,citi1 ,n4 #e1 #c1 #d1 in the town of ,citium4 in urbe ,rm1 ,l4 #ci1 #ad1 #g1 in the city of ,rome4 #accd4 ,in ,plautus1 singular town names with stems in -- or -o- are put in the locative ten or twelve times1 in the ablative with in some fifteen times4 ,three such have only in1 never the locative3 in ,anactori1 ,poen4 #hif1 in ,seleuci1 ,tri4 #ija1 in ,spart1 ,poen4 #ffc2 furthermore1 in ,epidamn1 ,men4 #bfg1 #chj twice1 in ,ephes1 ,b4 #cji1 ,,mg4 #dda1 #ggh1 and in ,epidaur1 ,cur4 #cda1 #dbi1 ,e4 #edj1 #eda1 #eed1 but also ,epidamn1 ,men4 prol4 #ea1 ,ephes1 ,b4 #ccf1 #ajdg1 ,,mg4 #fdh1 and ,epidaur1 ,e4 #fcf4 ,terence1 who has only -o- stems1 uses the locative six times1 the ablative with in four times3 only with in3 in ,andr1 ,andr4 #ica1 in ,imbr1 ,hec4 #aga4 ,furthermore in ,lmn1 ,ph4 #hgc1 #ajjd but also ,lmn1 ,ph4 #fhj1 #idb1 #ajac4 ,also ,mlt1 ,ad4 #fed1 ,rhod1 ,eu4 #ajg1 ,sni1 ,eu4 #eai4 #acce4 ,a town name is sometimes put in the ablative with in by assimilation with a parallel in3 as1 in ,illyric1 in ips ,alexandr1 ,att4 #aa1 #af1 #a1 in ,illyricum1 and at ,alexandrea itself4 ,antiochum in ,syri1 ,ptolemaeum in ,alexandr esse1 ,l4 #db1 #bf1 #g4 that ,antiochus was in ,syria1 ,ptolemy at ,alexandria4 in mnte ,albn ,lvnique1 ,l4 #e1 #eb1 #h1 on the ,alban mount and at ,lavinium4 ,also without assimilation3 as1 nvis et in ,cait est parta nbs et ,brundusi1 ,att4 #h1 #c1 #f1 we have a vessel all chartered1 one in ,cajeta and one at ,brundusium4 in ,hispal1 ,caes4 ,c4 #b1 #ah1 #a1 in ,hispalis4 #accf4 ,with country names1 the locative is very exceptional3 as1 ,chersons1 ,n4 #a1 #b1 #d1 at the ,peninsula4 ,aegypt1 ,val4 ,m4 #d1 #a1 #ae1 in ,egypt4 ,similarly ,accherunt1 ,pl4 ,cap4 #fhi1 #iih1 ,mer4 #fjf1 ,tru4 #gdi1 in ,acheron2 ,accherunte however once3 ,accheruntest1 ,pl4 ,poen4 #dca4 ,in ,sallust1 ,rmae ,numidiaeque1 ,i4 #cc1 #d1 with assimilation of ,numidiae to ,rmae4 #accg4 7#b47 ,the locatives dom1 rr1 hum1 and rarely orb1 are used like proper names of towns3 as1 7a47 cnb dom1 ,pl4 ,st4 #dhb1 ,i shall dine at home4 ,metaphorically1 dom est1 nscitur1 or habe1 ,i can get at home1 ,i need not go abroad for1 or ,i have in plenty3 as1 id quidem dom est1 ,att4 #aj1 #ad1 #b1 as for that1 ,i have it myself4 ,with a possessive pronoun or alinus in agreement1 either the locative is used1 or the ablative with in2 for domu1 as1 ,off4 #c1 #ii1 see #eid2 with other adjectives the ablative with in4 7b47 rr1 ,t4 ,ph4 #cfc1 up in the country2 for rre1 see #acdd and #acde4 7c47 hum1 on the ground1 or to the ground1 in ,terence first3 as1 hunc ante nostram inuam appne 33 obsecr1 humne8 ,t4 ,andr4 #gbd1 set down this baby at our door 33 good gracious2 on the ground8 iacre hum1 ,c4 #a1 #bf1 sleeping on bare ground4 7d47 orb with terrae or terrrum3 as1 amplissimum orb terrrum monumentum1 ,v4 #d1 #hb1 the grandest monument in the wide wide world4 #acch4 ,the locatives bell1 older duell1 and mlitiae are sometimes used in contrast with dom3 as1 dom duellque1 ,pl4 ,cap4 prol4 #fh1 dom bellque1 ,l4 #b1 #ej1 #aa1 dom mlitiaeque1 ,,td4 #e1 #ee1 mlitiae et dom1 ,t4 ,ad4 #die1 at home and in the field4 ,rarely without dom3 as1 bell1 ,,rp4 #b1 #ef1 mlitiae1 ,s4 ,i4 #hd1 #b4 #acci4 7#c47 ,other appellatives rarely have the locative3 as1 proxumae vcniae1 ,pl4 ,b4 #bje1 ,,mg4 #bgc1 in the next neighbourhood4 terrae1 ,l4 #e1 #ea1 #i1 in the earth4 ,with verbs of suspense1 doubt1 and distress1 and with many adjectives1 anim1 in soul1 is not infrequent2 and anim being mistaken for a genitive1 mentis is also used3 as1 dsipibam mentis1 ,pl4 ,e4 #ach1 ,i was beside myself4 ,oftener anim 7#acdd74 #acdj4 ,many original locatives have become set as adverbs3 as1 peregr1 abroad4 ,particularly of pronouns3 as1 ill1 ,pl4 ,am4 #bdi1 off there1 oftener illc2 ist or istc1 hc2 sometimes further defined by an added expression3 as1 hc vcniae1 ,t4 ,ph4 #ie1 here in the neighbourhood4 hc proxumae vcniae1 ,,mg4 #bgc1 here in the house next door4 hc in ,veneris fn meae vcniae1 ,pl4 ,r4 #fac1 here1 in the shrine of ,venus1 in my neighbourhood4 hc ,rmae1 ,arch4 #e1 here in ,rome4 #acda4 ,the locative proper sometimes denotes time when3 as1 lc1 by light1 temper1 betimes1 her or here1 yesterday1 vesper1 at evening1 her vesper1 ,,do4 #b1 #ac1 last evening4 ,in ,plautus1 di septim1 ,men4 #aaef1 ,per4 #bfj1 on the seventh day1 mne sn septim1 ,men4 #aaeg1 bright and early on the seventh1 di crstin1 ,most4 #hha1 tomorrow4 ,often with an adjective juxtaposed3 as1 postrdi1 the day after1 postrdi mne1 ,fam4 #aa1 #f1 #a1 early next day1 ctdi1 each day1 daily1 prdi1 the day before4 ,errata3 #acca 444 mnsins diutinae ,lmn text unchanged3 expected form ditinae #acdj 444 hc in ,veneris fn meae vcniae ,the vowels 8eae0 are joined with a single ligature 7,b47 ,,the ,,ablative ,,used ,,as ,,locative4 ,,place ,,in1 ,,on1 ,,or ,,at ,,which4 #acdb4 7#a47 ,plural proper names of towns and of little islands are put in the locative ablative to denote the place in or at which action occurs3 as1 mortuus ,cms1 ,l4 #b1 #ba1 #e1 he died at ,cumae4 ,athns tenue caelum1 crassum ,thbs1 ,fat4 #g1 in ,athens the air is thin1 at ,thebes it is thick4 locus ostenditur ,capres1 ,suet4 ,tib4 #fb1 the place is pointed out at ,capreae4 ,rarely with substantives of action 7#acja73 as1 mnsi ,formis1 ,att4 #i1 #e1 #a1 the stay at ,formiae4 ,with an attribute3 ,athns tus1 ,att4 #af1 #f1 #b1 in your darling ,athens4 ,curibus ,sabns1 ,l4 #a1 #ah1 #a1 at the ,sabine ,cures4 #acdc4 7#b47 ,singular proper names of towns with consonant stems are oftener put in the locative ablative than in the locative proper3 as1 adulscentium gregs ,lacedaemone vdimus1 ,,td4 #e1 #gg1 we have seen the companies of young men in ,lacedaemon4 ,karthgine1 ,att4 #af1 #d1 #b1 at ,carthage4 ,tbure1 ,h4 ,e4 #a1 #h1 #ab1 at ,tibur4 ,nrbne1 ,ph4 #b1 #gf1 at ,narbo4 ,see #acca4 ,so also ,acherunte1 ,lucr4 #c1 #ihd1 in ,acheron4 ,calydne et ,naupct1 ,caes4 ,c4 #c1 #ce1 #a1 at ,calydon and ,naupactus1 with ,naupct attracted by ,calydne4 ,with an attribute3 ,carthgine ,nov1 ,l4 #bh1 #ag1 #aa1 at ,new ,carthage4 ,acherunte profund1 ,lucr4 #c1 #igh1 in vasty ,acheron4 #acdd4 7#c47 ,a few general appellatives are used in the locative ablative without an attribute1 especially in set expressions1 to denote the place where3 as1 terr marque1 ,,ip4 #dh1 by land and sea2 less commonly mar atque terr1 ,s4 ,c4 #ec1 #b1 by sea and land4 dextr ,praeus1 sinistr ,corinthus1 ,cael4 in ,fam4 #d1 #e1 #d1 ,piraeus on the right1 ,corinth on the left4 ,rarely1 rre1 ,pl4 ,cas4 #aaj1 ,h4 ,e4 #a1 #g1 #a1 in the country1 for rr 7#accg74 ,so anim1 anims1 with verbs of feeling3 as1 angor anim1 ,br4 #g1 ,i am distressed in soul1 or ,i am heart-broken4 ,metaphorically3 loc1 7a47 in the right place1 also su loc1 or in loc4 7b47 loc1 instead2 numer1 in the category1 both with a genitive4 prncipi1 initi1 in the beginning4 #acde4 ,certain appellatives1 with an attribute1 often denote the place where by the locative ablative2 so especially loc1 locs1 rre1 libr1 librs1 parte1 partibus3 as1 remt1 salbr1 amoen loc1 ,fam4 #g1 #bj1 #b1 in a sequestered1 healthy1 and picturesque nook4 idne loc1 #c1 #ag1 #e1 in an advantageous spot4 inqu loc1 #e1 #ea1 #a1 on unsuitable ground4 campestribus ac dmisss locs1 #g1 #gb1 #c1 in level and sunken places4 rre me1 ,h4 ,e4 #a1 #ae1 #ag1 at my own country box4 rre patern1 ,h4 ,e4 #a1 #ah1 #fj1 ,j4 #f1 #ee1 on the ancestral farm4 ali libr1 ,off4 #b1 #ca1 in another book4 #acdf4 ,substantives are often used in the locative ablative with ttus in agreement1 less often with cnctus1 omnis1 or medius1 to denote the place where3 as1 tt ,galli1 #e1 #ee1 #c1 all over ,gaul4 tts trepidtur castrs1 #f1 #cg1 #f1 there is a panic all over the camp4 omnibus oppids1 ,v4 #b1 #acf1 in all the towns4 omnibus oppids maritims1 ,caes4 ,c4 #c1 #e1 #a1 in all the seaports4 medi urbe1 ,l4 #a1 #cc1 #h1 in the heart of ,rome4 ,but sometimes in is used1 or the accusative with per4 #acdg4 7#d47 ,with country names and most appellatives1 the place where is generally expressed by the ablative with in4 ,but even without an attribute1 the ablative alone is sometimes used1 especially in poetry3 as1 tali1 ,v4 #a1 #bfc1 in ,italy1 ltore1 ,v4 #a1 #ahd1 upon the beach1 corde1 ,v4 #a1 #bji1 in heart1 pectore1 ,v4 #a1 #feg1 in breast1 thalam1 ,h4 #a1 #ae1 #af1 in bower1 umer1 ,v4 #a1 #eja1 on shoulder1 squilis1 ,,dn4 #c1 #fc1 on the ,esquiline4 ,once in ,plautus lide1 ,cap4 #ccj1 in ,elis1 but eight times in lide4 #acdh4 ,the locative ablative is sometimes used with such verbs as tene and recipi3 as1 7a47 ,ariovistus exercitum castrs continuit1 #a1 #dh1 #d1 ,ariovistus kept his infantry in camp4 oppid ss continbant1 #b1 #cj1 #b1 they kept inside the town4 7b47 oppids recipere1 #b1 #c1 #c1 to receive inside their towns4 rx ecquis est1 qui sentrem tct ac dom nn invtet8 ,v4 #d1 #be1 is there a monarch in the wide world that would not welcome a senator to house and home8 #acdi4 ,the locative ablative is used with fd and cnfd1 glrior1 laetor1 ntor1 st1 and with frtus3 as1 barbar cnfs loc ntr in aci permnsrunt1 #h1 #ae1 #a1 the natives1 trusting in the nature of their position1 kept their stand in battle array4 superiribus vctriis frt1 #c1 #ba1 #a1 relying on their former victories4 ,for other constructions with these words1 see the dictionary4 ,,time ,,at ,,which ,,or ,,time ,,within ,,which4 #acej4 7#a47 ,the locative ablative is used to denote the point of time at which action occurs4 ,so particularly of substantives denoting periods or points of time1 thus3 hieme1 #e1 #a1 #a1 in the winter4 ,kalends1 ,h4 ,epod4 #b1 #gj1 upon the first1 i4e4 of the month4 ,generally with an attribute3 as1 prm vre1 #f1 #c1 #d1 in the first month of spring4 ,mrtis ,kalends1 ,h4 #c1 #h1 #a1 upon the first of ,march4 ,with a parallel locative 7#acda73 vesper edem di1 ,att4 #h1 #e1 #a1 the evening of the same day4 #acea4 ,words not in themselves denoting periods or points of time1 are in the same way put in the ablative3 as1 patrum nostrrum memori1 #a1 #ab1 #e1 in the memory of our fathers4 nn modo ills ,pnics bells1 sed etiam hc praednum multitdine1 ,v4 #d1 #ajc1 not only in the ,punic wars of yore1 but also in the present swarm of pirates4 proxums comitis1 #g1 #fg1 #g1 at the last election4 spectculs1 ,att4 #b1 #ai1 #c1 at the shows4 ,especially substantives of action in -tus or -sus 7#bce73 as1 slis occs1 #a1 #ej1 #c1 at sunset4 advent in ,galliam ,caesaris1 #e1 #ed1 #b1 at ,caesar's arrival in ,gaul4 erum advent1 #g1 #fe1 #e1 after these people came4 discess cterrum1 ,c4 #a1 #g1 when the rest went away4 #aceb4 7#b47 ,the locative ablative is used to denote the space of time within which action occurs3 as1 paucs dibus opus efficitur1 #f1 #i1 #d1 the job is finished up in a few days4 tribus hris ,adutucam venre potestis1 #f1 #ce1 #h1 in three hours you can get to ,aduatuca4 quae hc mnstra funt1 ann vix possum loqu1 ,pl4 ,most4 #eje1 what ghost-transactions take place here ,i scarce could tell you in a year4 cum ad oppidum ,senonum ,vellaunodnum vnisset1 id bdu circumvllvit1 #g1 #aa1 #a1 arriving at ,vellaunodunum1 a town of the ,senons1 in two days time he invested it4 quicquid est1 bdu scimus1 ,att4 #i1 #ad1 #b1 whatever it may be1 we shall know in a couple of days4 #acec4 ,the ablative of the time at or within which action occurs is sometimes accompanied by in3 as1 in bell1 #f1 #a1 #c1 in the war4 in tempore1 ,t4 ,hau4 #cfd1 in the nick of time4 in adulscenti1 ,pl4 ,b4 #daj1 in my young days4 in tl tempore1 ,lucr4 #a1 #ic1 ,l4 #bb1 #ce1 #g1 in such a stress1 at such an hour4 in hc trdu1 ,pl4 ,ps4 #caf1 within the next three days4 ,especially of repeated action1 in the sense of a or every1 with numerals3 as1 ter in ann1 ,pl4 ,b4 #aabg1 ,,ra4 #acb1 three times a year4 in hr saepe ducents verss dictbat1 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #d1 #i1 two hundred verses in an hour he'd often dictate off4 ,but occasionally without in3 as1 m decins di n extrdit aedibus1 ,pl4 ,aul4 #gj1 ten times a day he thrusts me from the house4 septins di1 ,l4 #bh1 #f1 #aj1 seven times a day4 #aced4 ,an ablative of the time within which action occurs is sometimes followed by a relative pronoun sentence1 with the relative pronoun likewise in the ablative3 as1 quadrdu1 qu haec gesta sunt1 rs ad ,chrsogonum dfertur1 ,,ra4 #bj1 within the four days space in which this occurred1 the incident is reported to ,chrysogonus1 i4e4 four days after this occurred4 dibus decem1 quibus mteria coepta erat conportr1 omn opere effect1 #d1 #ah1 #a1 the job being all done ten days after the carting of the stuff had begun4 #acee4 ,the ablative is exceptionally used to denote duration of time3 as1 tt nocte continenter irunt1 #a1 #bf1 #e1 they went on and on all night without interruption4 ,regularly1 however1 the accusative 7#aaea72 but the ablative is common in inscriptions4 ,,iii4 ,,the ,,instrumental ,,ablative4 7,a47 ,,the ,,ablative ,,of ,,attendance4 ,,the ,,ablative ,,of ,,accompaniment4 #acef4 ,a few indefinite designations of military forces denote accompaniment by the ablative alone1 or oftener with cum3 as1 7a47 ad castra ,caesaris omnibus cpis contendrunt1 #b1 #g1 #c1 they marched upon ,caesar's camp with all their forces4 omnibus cpis ad ,ilerdam proficscitur1 ,caes4 ,c4 #a1 #da1 #b1 he marches before ,ilerda1 horse1 foot1 and dragoons4 7b47 is cvitt persusit1 ut cum omnibus cpis exrent1 #a1 #b1 #a1 well1 this man induced the community to emigrate in a body1 bag and baggage4 #aceg4 ,the participles inctus and coninctus take the ablative of the thing joined with3 as1 dfnsine incta laudti1 ,br4 #afb1 a eulogy combined with a defence4 ,but sometimes the ablative with cum is used1 or the dative 7#aahf74 ,,the ,,ablative ,,of ,,manner4 #aceh4 7#a47 ,certain substantives without an attribute are put in the ablative alone to denote manner2 but usually substantives without an attribute have cum4 7a47 ,such adverbial ablatives are ire and iniri1 ratine et vi1 silenti1 viti1 rdine1 sponte1 cnsutdine1 c43 as1 ,artus ire laudtur1 ,off4 #b1 #ha1 ,aratus is justly admired4 iniri suspectum1 ,c4 #a1 #ag1 wrongfully suspected4 in omnibus1 quae ratine docentur et vi1 ,o4 #aaf1 in everything that is taught with philosophic method4 silenti gressus1 #g1 #eh1 #b1 going out in silence4 cnsrs viti cret1 ,l4 #f1 #bg1 #e1 censors irregularly appointed4 rdine cncta exposuit1 ,l4 #c1 #ej1 #d1 he told the whole story from beginning to end1 i4e4 with all the particulars4 7b47 ,with cum3 face rem hanc cum cr gers1 ,pl4 ,per4 #aih1 see that this job with care thou dost4 cum virtte vvere1 ,fin4 #c1 #bi1 to live virtuously4 #acei4 7#b47 ,the ablative of a substantive with an attribute is often used to denote manner1 sometimes with cum3 as1 7a47 pede faust1 ,h4 ,e4 #b1 #b1 #cg1 go with a blessing on thy foot4 dat sonit magn strgem1 ,lucr4 #a1 #bhh1 it deals destruction with a mighty roar4 ferrum rt sternuntur1 ,l4 #e1 #dd1 #f1 they throw themselves down beast-fashion4 apis ,matnae mre modque opersa carmina fing1 ,h4 #d1 #b1 #bg1 in way and wise of ,matin bee laborious lays ,i mould4 #8indoctus' dcimus brev prm litter1 #8nsnus' prduct1 #8inhmnus' brev1 #8nflx' long4 ,o4 #aei1 we pronounce indoctus with the first letter short1 nsnus with it long1 inhmnus with it short1 nflx with it long 7#afg74 tern cnsurgunt rdine rm1 ,v4 #e1 #abj1 with triple bank each time in concert rise the oars4 7b47 ,allobroges magn cum cr sus fns tuentur1 #g1 #fe1 #c1 the ,allobrogans guard their own territory with great care4 #acfj4 ,with a substantive meaning way or manner1 as mod1 rt1 c41 feeling or intention1 as hc mente1 aequ anim1 condition1 as e condicine1 or a part of the body1 as in nd capite1 bareheaded1 cum is not used4 #acfa4 ,other expressions denoting manner1 particularly prepositional expressions with per1 may be found in the dictionary3 as1 per dolum1 #d1 #ac1 #a1 by deceit1 per iocum1 ,agr4 #b1 #if1 in fun1 per litters1 ,att4 #e1 #ba1 #ac1 by letter1 in writing1 per vim1 ,,ra4 #cb1 violently1 per praestigis1 ,v4 #d1 #ec1 by some hocus pocus or other1 c41 c4 ,sometimes the ablative with ex4 ,,the ,,ablative ,,absolute4 #acfb4 7#a47 ,the ablative of a substantive1 with a predicate participle in agreement1 is used to denote an attendant circumstance of an action4 ,in this construction1 which is called the ,ablative ,absolute1 7a47 the present participle is sometimes used3 as1 nll hoste prohibente incolumem leginem in ,nantuts perdxit1 #c1 #f1 #e1 with no enemy hindering1 he conducted the legion in safety to the ,nantuates4 ,much oftener1 however1 7b47 the perfect participle3 as1 hc respns dat discessit1 #a1 #ad1 #g1 this answer given he went away4 7c47 ,the future participle is also used in the ablative absolute from ,livy on3 as1 hospite ventr1 cessbit nmo turum1 ,j4 #ad1 #ei1 a visitor to come1 your slaves will bustle each and all4 #acfc4 ,a predicate ablative with a participle meaning made1 kept1 chosen1 or the like1 occurs in ,cicero1 ,caesar1 ,nepos1 and ,livy1 but is rare 7#aafg73 as1 ,dolbell hoste dcrt1 ,ph4 #aa1 #af1 ,dolabella having been voted an enemy of the state4 #acfd4 ,the perfect participles of deponents used actively in the ablative absolute1 are chiefly those of intransitive use1 such as ntus1 mortuus1 ortus1 profectus4 ,from ,sallust on1 other perfect deponent participles also are used actively with an accusative4 ,cicero and ,caesar use a few deponent participles1 such as meritus1 pactus1 parttus1 dpopultus1 as passives1 and later authors use many other participles so4 #acfe4 7#b47 ,the ablative of a substantive1 with a predicate noun in agreement1 is often used to denote an attendant circumstance of an action3 as1 brevittem sectus sum t magistr1 ,fam4 #aa1 #be1 #a1 ,i aimed at brevity with you as a teacher4 ntus ds inimcs1 ,pl4 ,most4 #efc1 born under wrath of gods4 ,m4 ,messl et ,m4 ,psne cnsulibus1 #a1 #b1 #a1 in the consulship of ,messala and ,piso4 ist praetre vnit ,syrcss1 ,v4 #d1 #fa1 in the defendant's praetorship he came to ,syracuse4 #acff4 ,the nominative quisque1 plerque1 or ipse1 sometimes accompanies the ablative absolute3 as1 caus ipse pr s dict1 damntur1 ,l4 #d1 #dd1 #aj1 he is condemned after pleading his case in person4 #acfg4 ,the ablative absolute may denote in a loose way various relations which might be more distinctly expressed by subordinate sentences4 ,so particularly3 7a47 ,time3 as1 terti init vigili exercitum dcit1 ,caes4 ,c4 #c1 #ed1 #b1 at the beginning of the third watch he leads the army out4 7b47 ,cause or means3 as1 ,c4 ,flminium ,caelius religine neglct cecidisse apud ,trsumnum scrbit1 ,,dn4 #b1 #h1 ,caelius writes that ,flaminius fell at ,trasumene in consequence of his neglect of religious observances4 7c47 ,concession3 as1 id paucs dfendentibus expugnre nn potuit1 #b1 #ab1 #b1 though the defenders were few1 he could not take it by storm4 7d47 ,hypothesis3 as1 quae potest esse vtae icundits sublts amcitis8 ,pl4 #hj1 what pleasure can there be in life1 if you take friendships away8 7e47 ,description3 as1 domum vnit capite obvolt1 ,ph4 #b1 #gg1 he came home with his head all muffled up4 #acfh4 ,it may be seen from the examples above that a change of construction is often desirable in translating the ablative absolute4 ,particularly so in many set idiomatic expressions3 as1 nll interposit mor1 ,caes4 ,c4 #c1 #ge1 #a1 without a moment's delay1 instantly4 equ admiss1 #a1 #bb1 #b1 equ citt1 ,caes4 ,c4 #c1 #if1 #c1 full gallop4 clmre sublt1 #g1 #ab1 #e1 with a round of cheers4 bene r gest salvos rede1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #aahb1 crowned with success ,i come back safe and sound4 #acfi4 ,the substantive of the ablative absolute usually denotes a different person or thing from any in the main sentence4 ,but exceptions to this usage sometimes occur3 as1 quibus audts1 es domum remittit1 #d1 #ba1 #f1 after listening to these men1 he sends them home again4 s ego m sciente paterer1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #eei1 if ,i should wittingly myself allow1 more emphatic than scins4 s idice nmo nocns absolvitur1 ,j4 #ac1 #b1 himself the judge1 no criminal gets free4 #acgj4 ,two ablatives absolute often occur together1 of which the first indicates the time1 circumstances1 or cause of the second3 as1 exaudt clmre perturbts rdinibus1 #b1 #aa1 #e1 the ranks being demoralized from hearing the shouts4 cnsmpts omnibus tls gladis dstricts1 ,caes4 ,c4 #a1 #df1 #a1 drawing their swords after expending all their missiles4 #acga4 ,the substantive is sometimes omitted in the ablative absolute1 particularly when it is a general word for a person or a thing which is explained by a relative3 as1 praemisss1 qu reprgrent iter1 ,l4 #dd1 #d1 #aa1 sending sappers and miners ahead to clear a way4 relts rdine1 quae vdissent1 ,l4 #db1 #be1 #b1 telling circumstantially all they had seen4 #acgb4 ,the ablative neuter of some perfect participles is used impersonally 7#ajcd74 ,this use is rare in old ,latin1 in classical ,latin commonest in ,cicero1 and afterwards in ,livy3 as1 auspict1 ,,dn4 #b1 #aa1 with auspices taken4 sortt1 ,v4 #b1 #abf1 lots being drawn1 or by lot4 ,such ablatives readily become adverbs 7#gjd74 ,substantives are also sometimes used alone3 as1 austr1 ,div4 #b1 #eh1 when the wind is south4 tranquillitte1 ,plin4 ,ep4 #h1 #bj1 #f1 when it is calm4 sern1 ,l4 #cg1 #c1 #c1 the day being clear4 #acgc4 ,the ablative neuter of some perfect participles is occasionally used in agreement with a sentence or an infinitive3 as1 cgnit vvere ,ptolomaeum1 ,l4 #cc1 #da1 #e1 it being known that ,ptolomy was alive4 ,this construction is not used in old ,latin1 and is rare in classical ,latin1 but common in ,livy and ,tacitus4 ,so adjectives also3 as1 incert quid vtrent1 ,l4 #bh1 #cf1 #ab1 it not being obvious what they were to steer clear of4 #acgd4 ,the ablative absolute is sometimes attended1 especially in ,livy and ,tacitus1 by an explanatory word1 such as ets1 tamen1 nisi1 quasi1 quamquam1 or quamvs3 as1 ets aliqu accept dtrment1 tamen summ exercits salv1 ,caes4 ,c4 #a1 #fg1 #e1 though with some loss1 yet with the safety of the army as a whole4 ,,the ,,ablative ,,of ,,quality4 #acge4 ,the ablative with an adjective in agreement or with a limiting genitive is used to denote quality1 either predicatively or attributively3 as1 7a47 ,predicatively3 capill sunt prmiss1 #e1 #ad1 #c1 they have long hair1 or let their hair grow long4 singulr fuit industri1 ,n4 #bd1 #c1 #a1 he had unparalleled activity4 anim bon's1 ,pl4 ,aul4 #gcb1 be of good cheer4 ad flmen ,genusum1 quod rps erat impedts1 ,caes4 ,c4 #c1 #ge1 #d1 to the river ,genusus1 which had impracticable banks4 7b47 ,attributively3 difficil trnsit flmen rpsque praerupts1 #f1 #g1 #e1 a river hard to cross and with steep banks4 interfectus est ,c4 ,gracchus1 clrissim patre1 av1 mairibus1 ,c4 #a1 #d1 ,gracchus was done to death1 a man with an illustrious father1 grandfather1 and ancestors in general 7#ajdd74 bs cerv figr1 #f1 #bf1 #a1 an ox with the shape of a stag4 ,compare the genitive of quality 7#abci74 ,,the ,,ablative ,,of ,,the ,,route ,,taken4 #acgf4 ,the instrumental ablative is used with verbs of motion to denote the route taken3 as1 ,aurli vi profectus est1 ,c4 #b1 #f1 he has gone off by the ,aurelia ,road4 omnibus vis smitsque essedris ex silvs mittbat1 #e1 #ai1 #b1 he kept sending his chariot men out by all possible highways and byways4 hs pontibus pbultum mittbat1 ,caes4 ,c4 #a1 #dj1 #a1 by these bridges he sent foraging4 frmentum ,tiber vnit1 ,l4 #b1 #cd1 #e1 some grain came by the ,tiber4 lupus squilna port ingressus per portam ,capnam prope intctus vserat1 ,l4 #cc1 #bf1 #i1 a wolf that came in town by the ,esquiline gate had got out through the ,capene gate1 almost unscathed4 ,this construction gives rise to some adverbs3 see #gjg4 ,the ablative of the route is sometimes used with a substantive of action 7#acja73 as1 nvigti nfer1 ,att4 #i1 #e1 #a1 the cruise by the lower sea4 edem flmine invecti1 ,fin4 #e1 #gj1 entrance by the same river4 7,b47 ,,the ,,instrumental ,,proper4 ,,the ,,ablative ,,of ,,instrument ,,or ,,means4 #acgg4 ,the ablative is used to denote the instrument or means3 as1 pugnbant arms1 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #c1 #ajc1 they fought with arms4 clr oculs vide1 sum pernx pedibus1 manibus mbilis1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #fcj1 ,i can see distinctly with my eyes1 ,i'm nimble with my legs1 and active with my arms4 iuvb aut r t aut oper aut cnsili bon1 ,pl4 ,ps4 #ai1 ,i'll help thee either with my purse or hand or good advice4 lacte et carne vvunt1 pellibusque sunt vestt1 #e1 #ad1 #b1 they live on milk and meat1 and they are clad in skins4 contentus paucs lctribus1 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #aj1 #gd1 content with readers few4 centnque arbore flctum verberat1 ,v4 #aj1 #bjg1 and with an hundred beams at every stroke the wave he smites4 ,rarely with substantives denoting action 7#acja73 as1 gestrs lingus1 audtrs auribus1 ,pl4 ,ps4 #dbi1 reporters with their tongues and listeners with their ears4 teners labells molls morsiunculae1 ,pl4 ,ps4 #fg;a1 caressing bites with velvet lips4 #acgh4 ,when the instrument is a person1 the accusative with per is used3 as1 haec quoque per explrtrs ad hosts dferuntur1 #f1 #g1 #i1 this too is reported to the enemy through the medium of scouts4 ,or a circumlocution1 such as virtte1 benefici1 benignitte1 or especially oper1 with a genitive or possessive2 as1 dem virtte multa bona bene parta habmus1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #cdf1 thanks to the gods1 we've many a pretty penny prettily put by4 me oper ,tarentum recpist1 ,,cm4 #aa1 ,it was through me you got ,tarentum back4 ,rarely the ablative of a person1 the person being then regarded as a thing3 as1 iacent sus testibus1 ,mil4 #dg1 they are cast by their own witnesses4 #acgi4 ,the instrumental ablative is used with the five deponents fruor1 fungor1 potior1 tor1 vscor1 and several of their compounds1 and with sus est and opus est3 as1 pce numquam frumur1 ,ph4 #g1 #ai1 we never shall enjoy ourselves with peace1 i4e4 we never shall enjoy peace4 fungar vice ctis1 ,h4 ,,ap4 #cjd1 ,i'll play the whetstone's part4 castrs nostr pott sunt1 #a1 #bf1 #d1 our people made themselves masters of the camp4 vestr oper tar1 ,l4 #c1 #df1 #h1 ,i will avail myself of your services4 carne vscor1 ,,td4 #e1 #ij1 ,i live on meat4 opust chlamyde1 ,pl4 ,ps4 #gcd1 there is a job with a cloak1 i4e4 we need a cloak4 #achj4 ,instead of the instrumental ablative1 some of the above verbs take the accusative occasionally in old and post-,augustan ,latin3 thus1 in ,plautus1 ,terence1 ,cato1 always abtor1 also fungor1 except once in ,terence2 fruor in ,cato and ,terence1 and perfungor in ,lucretius1 once each2 potior twice in ,plautus and three times in ,terence1 often also the genitive 7#abib74 ,the gerundive of these verbs is commonly used personally in the passive1 as if the verbs were regularly used transitively 7#bbdd74 #acha4 tor often has a second predicative ablative3 as1 administrs druidibus tuntur1 #f1 #af1 #b1 they use the druids as assistants4 facil m ttur patre1 ,t4 ,hau4 #bag1 an easy-going father he will find in me4 #achb4 sus est and opus est sometimes take a neuter participle1 especially in old ,latin3 as1 vs opust cautst opus1 ,pl4 ,cap4 #bbe1 there's need of sight1 there's need of care4 ,sometimes the ablative with a predicate participle3 as1 celeriter m e homine conventst opus1 ,pl4 ,cur4 #cjb1 ,i needs must see that man at once4 #achc4 ,with opus est1 the thing wanted is often made the subject nominative or subject accusative1 with opus in the predicate3 as1 dux nbs et auctor opus est1 ,fam4 #b1 #f1 #d1 we need a leader and adviser4 ,usually so when the thing needed is a neuter adjective or neuter pronoun3 as1 multa sib opus esse1 ,v4 #a1 #abf1 that he needed much4 ,a genitive dependent on opus is found once or twice in late ,latin 7#abbg74 #achd4 sus est is employed chiefly in comedy1 but also once or twice in ,cicero1 ,lucretius1 ,vergil1 and ,livy4 ,once with the accusative3 sust hominem asttum1 ,pl4 ,ps4 #che1 there's need of a sharp man4 ,,the ,,ablative ,,of ,,specification4 #ache4 ,the instrumental ablative is used to denote that in respect of which an assertion or a term is to be taken3 as1 temporibus errst1 ,ph4 #b1 #bc1 you have slipped up in your chronology4 excellbat ctine1 ,br4 #bae1 his forte lay in delivery4 ,helvti reliqus ,galls virtte praecdunt1 #a1 #a1 #d1 the ,helvetians outdo the rest of the ,kelts in bravery4 h omns lingu1 nstitts1 lgibus inter s differunt1 #a1 #a1 #b1 these people all differ from each other in language1 usages1 and laws4 sunt qudam homins nn r sed nmine1 ,off4 #a1 #aje1 some people are human beings not in reality but in name4 na ,suba ntine1 altera ,nrica1 #a1 #ec1 #d1 one woman a ,suebe by birth1 the other ,noric4 vcistis cochleam tarditdine1 ,pl4 ,poen4 #ecb1 you've beaten snail in slowness4 dmns idici volg1 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #f1 #ig1 mad in the judgement of the world4 sapiunt me sententi1 ,t4 ,ph4 #cce1 in my opinion they are wise4 me quidem sententi1 ,,cm4 #ef1 in my humble opinion4 quis ire pertior commemorr potest8 ,clu4 #ajg1 who can be named that is better versed in the law8 ,,the ,,ablative ,,of ,,fulness4 #achf4 ,the instrumental ablative is used with verbs of abounding1 filling1 and furnishing3 as1 vlla abundat porc1 haed1 gn1 ,,cm4 #ef1 the country place is running over with swine1 kid1 and lamb4 ttum montem hominibus complr iussit1 #a1 #bd1 #c1 he gave orders for the whole mountain to be covered over with men4 ,mgnem poen adfcrunt1 ,n4 #bc1 #h1 #b1 they visited ,mago with punishment4 legins nimis pulcrs arms praedits1 ,pl4 ,am4 #bah1 brigades in goodliest arms arrayed4 cnsulr imperi praeditus1 ,pis4 #ee1 vested with the authority of consul4 ,for the genitive with comple and imple1 see #abic4 #achg4 ,the ablative is sometimes used with adjectives of fulness1 instead of the regular genitive 7#abfc74 ,thus1 in later ,latin1 rarely with plnus3 as1 maxima quaeque domus servs est plna superbs1 ,j4 #e1 #ff1 a grand establishment is always full of stuck-up slaves4 et ille quidem plnus anns abit1 plnus honribus1 ,plin4 ,ep4 #b1 #a1 #g1 well1 as for him1 he has passed away1 full of years and full of honours4 ,so in ,cicero and ,caesar1 once each4 ,also with dves in poetry1 and1 from ,livy on1 in prose4 ,with refertus1 the ablative of things is common1 while persons are usually in the genitive 7#abfc74 ,with onustus1 the ablative is generally used1 rarely the genitive4 ,,the ,,ablative ,,of ,,measure1 ,,exchange1 ,,and ,,price4 #achh4 ,the instrumental ablative is used with verbs of measuring and of exchanging1 and in expressions of value and price3 as1 7a47 quod magns homins virtte mtmur1 ,n4 #ah1 #a1 #a1 because we gauge great men by their merit4 7b47 nm nisi vctor pce bellum mtvit1 ,s4 ,c4 #eh1 #ae1 nobody except a conqueror has ever exchanged war for peace4 7c47 haec sgna sstertim sex mllibus qungents esse vndita1 ,v4 #d1 #ab1 that these statues were sold for sixty-five hundred sesterces4 aestimvit dnris ,,iii1 ,v4 #c1 #bad1 he valued it at three denars4 trgint mllibus dxistis eum habitre1 ,cael4 #ag1 you have said he pays thirty thousand rent4 quod nn opus est1 sse crum est1 ,cato in ,sen4 ,ep4 #id1 #bh1 what you don't need1 at a penny is dear4 hem1 istc verbum1 mea volupts1 vlest vgint mins1 ,pl4 ,most4 #big1 bless me1 that compliment1 my charmer1 were at twenty minas cheap4 #achi4 ,with mt and commt1 the ablative usually denotes the thing received4 ,but sometimes in ,plautus1 and especially in ,horace1 ,livy1 and late prose1 it denotes the thing parted with3 as1 cr valle permtem ,sabn dvitis opersirs8 ,h4 #c1 #a1 #dg1 why change my ,sabine dale for wealth that brings more care8 ,similarly with cum in the prose of ,cicero's age3 as1 mortem cum vt commtre1 ,sulp4 in ,fam4 #d1 #e1 #c1 to exchange life for death4 #acij4 ,the ablative of price or value is thus used chiefly with verbs or verbal expressions of bargaining1 buying or selling1 hiring or letting1 costing1 being cheap or dear4 ,also with aestim1 of a definite price1 and sometimes magn1 permagn 7#abgc74 #acia4 ,the ablatives thus used1 are 7a47 those of general substantives of value and price1 such as pretium1 7b47 numerical designations of money1 or 7c47 neuter adjectives of quantity1 magn1 permagn1 quam plrim1 parv1 minim1 nihil1 nnnihil3 as1 magn decums vndid1 ,v4 #c1 #dj1 ,i sold the tithes at a high figure4 ,for tant and quant1 plris and minris1 see #abgd4 #acib4 ,the ablative is also used with dignus and indignus3 as1 dign mairum loc1 ,agr4 #b1 #a1 well worthy of the high standing of their ancestors4 nlla vx est audta popul ,rmn maiestte indigna1 #g1 #ag1 #c1 not a word was heard out of keeping with the grandeur of ,rome4 ,see also dignor in the dictionary4 ,similarly in ,plautus with condign1 decrus1 decet1 aequ1 aequos4 ,for the genitive with dignus1 see #abfi2 for the accusative with dignus and a form of sum1 #aadd4 ,erratum3 #achi 444 cr valle permtem ,sabn dvitis opersirs8 opersires ,,the ,,ablative ,,of ,,the ,,amount ,,of ,,difference4 #acic4 ,the instrumental ablative is used to denote the amount of difference4 ,this ablative is used with any words whatever of comparative or of superlative meaning3 as1 n di longirem mnsem faciunt aut bdu1 ,v4 #b1 #abi1 they make the month longer by a day1 or even by two days4 ub adbibit pls paul1 ,t4 ,hau4 #bbj1 when he has drunk a drop too much4 numm dvitior1 ,pl4 ,ps4 #acbc1 a penny richer4 bdu post1 #a1 #dg1 #a1 two days after4 mults ante dibus1 #g1 #i1 #d1 many days before4 paucs ante dibus1 ,c4 #c1 #c1 a few days ago4 nimi praestat1 ,pl4 ,b4 #cif1 #8t is ever so much better4 mult mlim1 ,br4 #ahd1 ,i would much rather4 mult maxima pars1 ,c4 #d1 #ag1 the largest part by far4 #acid4 ,in expressions of time1 the accusative is sometimes used with post1 less frequently with ante1 as prepositions1 instead of the ablative of difference3 as1 post paucs dis1 ,l4 #ba1 #ea1 #b1 post dis paucs1 ,l4 #cg1 #ac1 #f1 paucs post dis1 ,l4 #cc1 #ci1 #b1 after a few days4 paucs ante dis1 ,l4 #ci1 #bh1 #d1 dis ante paucs1 ,l4 #ca1 #bd1 #e1 a few days before4 ,with this prepositional construction1 ordinals are common3 as1 post diem tertium1 #d1 #i1 #a1 after the third day1 according to the ,roman way of reckoning1 i4e4 the next day but one4 #acie4 7#a47 ,when the time before or after which anything occurs is denoted by a substantive1 the substantive is put in the accusative with ante or post3 as1 paul ante tertiam vigiliam1 #g1 #bd1 #b1 a little before the third watch4 bdu ante vctriam1 ,fam4 #aj1 #ad1 #a1 the day but one before the victory4 paucs dibus post mortem fricn1 ,l4 #c1 a few days after the death of ,africanus4 #acif4 ,sometimes in late writers1 as ,tacitus1 ,pliny the younger1 and ,suetonius1 a genitive is loosely used3 as1 sextum post cldis annum1 ,ta4 #a1 #fb1 i4e4 sext post cldem ann1 six years after the humiliating defeat4 post decimum mortis annum1 ,plin4 ,ep4 #f1 #aj1 #c1 ten years after his death4 ,similarly intr sextum adoptinis diem1 ,suet4 ,galb4 #ag1 not longer than six days after the adoption-day4 #acig4 7#b47 ,when the time before or after which anything occurs is denoted by a sentence1 the sentence may be introduced3 7a47 ,by quam3 as1 post diem tertium gesta rs est quam dxerat1 ,mil4 #dd1 it took place two days after he said it4 ,with quam1 post is sometimes omitted4 ,or 7b47 less frequently by cum3 as1 quem trdu1 cum hs dabam litters1 exspectbam1 ,planc4 in ,fam4 #aj1 #bc1 #c1 ,i am looking for him three days after this writing 7#afja74 ,for a relative pronoun sentence1 see #aced4 #acih4 ,verbs of surpassing sometimes have an accusative of extent 7#aaea73 as1 mrmur hunc hominem tantum excellere cters8 ,,ip4 #ci1 are we surprised that this man so far outshines everybody else8 ,with comparatives1 the accusative is rare3 as1 aliquantum inquior1 ,t4 ,hau4 #bja1 somewhat too hard4 ,similarly permultum ante1 ,fam4 #c1 #aa1 #a1 long long before4 #acii4 ,in numerical designations of distance1 the words intervllum and spatium are regularly put in the ablative3 as1 rx ,,vi mlium passuum intervll ,saburr cnsderat1 ,caes4 ,c4 #b1 #ch1 #c1 the king had pitched six miles away from ,saburra4 ,so sometimes mlle3 as1 mlibus passuum ,,vi a ,caesaris castrs sub monte cnsdit1 #a1 #dh1 #a4 ,see #aaeb4 ,errata3 #acic 444 mults ante dibus1 #g1 #i1 #d dibus4 #acie 444 bdu ante vctriam vctriam ,,two ,,or ,,more ,,ablatives ,,combined4 #adjj4 ,two or more ablatives denoting different relations are often combined in the same sentence3 as1 ,menippus1 me idici 7#ache7 tt ,asi 7#acdf7 ills temporibus 7#acej7 disertissimus1 ,br4 #cae1 ,menippus1 in my opinion the most gifted speaker of that day in all ,asia4 hc habit rtine 7#acfb7 mlitibus studi 7#acaf7 pugnae ardentibus 7#acgj7 tub 7#acgg7 sgnum dedit1 ,caes4 ,c4 #c1 #ij1 #d1 seeing that his soldiers were hot for battle after this speech1 he gave the signal by trumpet4 ,,use ,,of ,,cases ,,with ,,prepositions4 #adja4 ,two cases1 the accusative and the ablative1 are used with prepositions4 #adjb4 ,prepositions were originally adverbs which served to define more exactly the meaning of a verb4 ,thus1 endo1 in1 on1 the older form of in1 is an adverb1 in an injunction occurring in a law of the ,twelve ,tables1 #dea ,b4,c41 manum endo iacit1 let him lay hand on4 ,similarly1 trns1 over1 in trnsque dat1 and he must hand over1 i4e4 trditque4 #adjc4 ,in the course of time such adverbs became verbal prefixes2 the verbs compounded with them may take the case1 accusative or ablative1 required by the meaning of the compound4 ,thus1 amcs ade1 ,i go to my friends 7#aacg72 urbe exe1 ,i go out of town 7#acjb74 #adjd4 ,for distinctness or emphasis1 the prefix of the verb may be repeated before the case3 as1 ad amcs ade2 ex urbe exe4 ,and when it is thus separately expressed before the case1 it may be dropped from the verb3 as1 ad amcs e2 ex urbe e4 #adje4 ,the preposition thus detached from the verb becomes an attendant on a substantive1 and serves to show the relation of the substantive in a sentence more distinctly than the case alone could4 #adjf4 ,a great many adverbs which are never used in composition with a verb likewise become prepositions3 as1 apud1 circiter1 nfr1 ixt1 pne1 propter1 c41 c4 ,the inflected forms of substantives1 prdi1 postrdi 7#adac71 tenus 7#adbj71 and fn 7#adai71 are also sometimes used as prepositions4 ,and vicem 7#aade71 caus1 grti1 nmine1 erg 7#abeg71 resemble prepositions closely in meaning4 #adjg4 ,a trace of the original adverbial use of prepositions is sometimes retained1 chiefly in poetry1 when the prefix is separated from its word by what is called ,tmesis3 as1 re inque gred1 i4e4 ingredque1 ,lucr4 #d1 #hhg1 to walk and to step off4 per mih mrum vsum est1 ,,do4 #a1 #bad1 passing strange it seemed to me4 #adjh4 ,even such words as are used almost exclusively as prepositions sometimes retain their original adverbial meaning also3 as1 adque adque1 ,e4 in ,gell4 #aj1 #bi1 #b1 and up and up1 and on and on1 or and nearer still and still more near4 occss ad hominum mlibus quattuor1 #b1 #cc1 #e1 about four thousand men being killed4 susque dque1 ,att4 #ad1 #f1 #a1 up and down1 topsy turvy1 no matter how4 #adji4 ,on the other hand1 some verbal prefixes are never used as separate prepositions with a substantive4 ,these are called ,inseparable ,prepositions2 they are3 amb-1 round1 an-1 up1 dis-1 in two1 por-1 towards1 rd-1 back4 ,usually also sd-1 apart 7#adag74 ,,prepositions ,,used ,,with ,,the ,,accusative4 #adaj4 ,the accusative is accompanied by the following prepositions3 ad1 to1 adversus or adversum1 towards1 against1 ante1 in composition also antid-1 before1 apud1 near1 at1 circ1 circum1 circiter1 round1 about1 cis1 citr1 this side of1 contr1 opposite to1 erg1 towards1 extr1 outside1 nfr1 below1 inter1 between1 intr1 within1 ixt1 near1 ob1 against1 penes1 in the possession of1 per1 through1 pne1 post1 in ,plautus postid1 poste1 pos1 behind1 praeter1 past1 prope 7propius1 proxim71 propter1 near1 secundum1 after1 subter1 under1 supr1 above1 trns1 across1 uls1 ultr1 beyond4 ,for the various shades of meaning and applications of these prepositions1 see the dictionary4 #adaa4 ,prepositions which accompany the accusative may be easily remembered in this order3 ante1 apud1 ad1 adversum1 circum1 cis1 ob1 trns1 secundum1 penes1 pne1 prope1 per1 post1 and all in - and -ter4 #adab4 ,of the above named words some are not used as prepositions till a relatively late period4 ,thus1 nfr is first used as a preposition by ,terence and once only2 circ somewhat before and citr about ,cicero's time2 ultr first by ,cato2 ixt by ,varro4 ,in ,cicero ixt is still used only as an adverb1 in ,caesar and ,nepos as a preposition4 #adac4 ,the substantive forms prdi1 the day before1 and postrdi1 the day after1 are sometimes used with an accusative like prepositions1 mostly in ,cicero1 to denote dates3 as1 prdi nns ,mis1 ,att4 #b1 #aa1 #b1 the day before the nones of ,may1 i4e4 #f ,may4 postrdi lds ,apollinrs1 ,att4 #af1 #d1 #a1 the day after the games of ,apollo1 i4e4 #f ,july4 ,for the genitive with these words1 see #abcb4 #adad4 ,the adverb vorsus or versus1 wards1 occurs as a post positive 7#adcd7 preposition rarely3 once in ,sallust1 ,aegyptum vorsus1 ,j4 #ai1 #c1 ,egyptwards1 in ,cicero a few times1 twice in ,pliny the elder4 usque1 even to1 occurs with names of towns in ,terence 7once71 ,cicero1 and later2 with appellatives in ,cato 7once7 and late writers4 #adae4 clam1 secretly1 is ordinarily an adverb4 ,but in old ,latin it is used often as a preposition1 unknown to1 with an accusative of a person4 ,terence has once the diminutive form clanculum1 ,ad4 #eb4 ,with the ablative only in the ,,mss4 of ,caesar1 once1 clam vbs1 ,c4 #b1 #cb1 #h1 without your knowledge1 and in ,bell4 ,afr4 #aa1 #d4 #adaf4 subter1 under1 is used in poetry1 once by ,catullus and once by ,vergil1 with the locative ablative3 as1 ,rhoet subter ltore1 ,cat4 #fe1 #g1 beneath ,rhoeteum's strand4 ,,prepositions ,,used ,,with ,,the ,,ablative4 #adag4 ,the ablative is accompanied by the following prepositions3 abs1 ab1 or 1 from1 cram1 face to face1 d1 down from1 from1 of1 ex or 1 out of1 prae1 at the fore1 in front of1 pr1 before1 quom or cum1 with1 sine1 without4 ,in official or legal language1 also sd or s1 without4 ,for the different classes of ablatives with these prepositions1 see #abig-acjj2 for the various shades of meanings and applications1 see the dictionary4 #adah4 ,prepositions which accompany the ablative may be easily remembered in this order3 abs 7ab1 71 cum1 cram1 d1 prae1 pr1 sine1 ex 7or 74 #adai4 ,the ablative fn1 as far as1 is used in old ,latin as a preposition with the ablative3 as1 osse fn1 ,pl4 ,men4 #hei1 down to the bone4 opert terr rdcibus fn1 ,cato1 ,,rr4 #bh1 #b1 cover with loam the length of the roots4 ,also1 as a real substantive1 with a genitive 7#abee73 as1 nsrum nfimrum fn1 ,cato1 ,,rr4 #aac1 #b1 up to the bottom of the handles4 ,rarely fne1 and before the genitive3 as1 fne gens1 ,o4 #aj1 #ecg1 as far as the knee4 #adbj4 tenus1 the length1 was originally a substantive accusative 7#aaea74 ,from ,cicero on1 it is used as a preposition with the ablative1 and standing after its case3 as1 ,taur tenus1 ,d4 #cf1 not further than ,taurus4 pectoribus tenus1 ,l4 #ba1 #ed1 #i1 quite up to the breast4 hctenus1 thus far1 only thus far4 ,also1 as a real substantive1 with a genitive1 usually a plural1 mostly in verse 7#abcb73 as1 labrrum tenus1 ,lucr4 #a1 #idj1 the length of the lips1 up to the lips4 ,cmrum tenus1 ,cael4 in ,fam4 #h1 #a1 #b1 as far as ,cumae4 #adba4 ,the adverbs palam1 in presence of1 procul1 apart from1 either near or far1 simul1 with1 are rarely used in poetry and late prose as prepositions with the ablative4 coram occurs but once as a preposition 7inscriptional7 before ,cicero's time4 absque with the ablative occurs once each in ,cicero and ,quintilian2 in ,plautus and ,terence only in a coordinate protasis 7#agja2 #baaj74 ,,prepositions ,,used ,,with ,,the ,,accusative ,,or ,,the ,,ablative4 #adbb4 ,two cases1 the accusative and the ablative1 are accompanied by the prepositions in1 older endo1 indu1 into1 in1 sub1 under1 and super1 over1 on4 #adbc4 7#a47 in and sub accompany the accusative of the end of motion1 the locative ablative of rest3 as1 7a47 in criam vnimus1 ,v4 #d1 #ach1 we went to the senate-house4 in vincla coniectus est1 ,v4 #e1 #ag1 he was put in irons4 hc pgus eius exercitum sub iugum mserat1 #a1 #ab1 #e1 this canton had sent his army under the yoke4 7b47 erimus in castrs1 ,ph4 #ab1 #bh1 we shall be in camp4 virid membra sub arbut strtus1 ,h4 #a1 #a1 #ba1 stretched out--his limbs--all under an arbute green4 #adbd4 ,verbs of rest sometimes have in with the accusative1 because of an implied idea of motion4 ,and1 conversely1 verbs of motion sometimes have in with the ablative1 because of an implied idea of rest3 as1 7a47 mihi in mentem fuit1 ,pl4 ,am4 #ahj1 it popped into my head1 i4e4 came in and is in 7compare venit hoc m in mentem1 ,pl4 ,aul4 #bbf4 in eius potesttem venre nlbant1 ,v4 #a1 #aej4 in erum potesttem portum futrum intellegbant1 ,v4 #e1 #ih1 they knew full well the haven would get under the control of these people74 7b47 ,caesar exercitum in hberns conlocvit1 #c1 #bi1 #c1 ,caesar put the army away in winter quarters1 i4e4 put them into and left them in4 eam in lect conlocrunt1 ,t4 ,eu4 #eic1 they laid the lady on her couch4 ,so commonly with loc1 conloc1 statu1 cnstitu1 pn1 and its compounds4 ,for expn and impn1 see the dictionary4 #adbe4 7#b47 super accompanies the ablative when it has colloquially the sense of d1 about1 in reference to3 as1 hc super r scrbam ad t ,rgi1 ,att4 #af1 #f1 #a1 ,i'll write you about this from ,regium4 ,in other senses1 the accusative1 but sometimes in poetry the ablative1 chiefly in the sense of on3 as1 ligna super foc larg repnns1 ,h4 #a1 #i1 #e1 piling on hearth the faggots high4 nocte super medi1 ,v4 #i1 #fa1 at dead of night4 paulum silvae super hs1 ,h4 ,s4 #b1 #f1 #c1 a bit of wood to crown the whole4 ,errata3 #adbd;a 444 compare venit hoc m in mentem text unchanged3 expected form vnit ,so commonly with loc1 conloc loc4 conloc ,,combination ,,of ,,substantives ,,by ,a ,,preposition4 #adbf4 7#a47 ,two substantives are sometimes connected by a preposition1 to indicate certain attributive relations 7#ajdc72 such are particularly3 7a47 ,place3 as1 illam pugnam nvlem ad ,tenedum1 ,mur4 #cc1 the sea-fight off ,tenedus4 excessum vt1 ,fin4 #c1 #fj1 the departure from life4 7b47 ,source1 origin1 material3 as1 ex ,aethiopi ancillulam1 ,t4 ,eu4 #afe1 a lady's maid from ,aethiopia4 pcula ex aur1 ,v4 #d1 #fb1 bowls of gold 7#acad74 7c47 ,direction of action1 connection1 separation3 as1 amor in patriam1 ,fl4 #ajc1 love of country4 vestra erg m volunts1 ,c4 #d1 #a1 your good will towards me4 proelium cum ,tscs ad ,iniculum1 ,l4 #b1 #eb1 #g1 the battle with the ,tuscans at ,janiculum4 vir sine met1 ,,td4 #e1 #dh1 a man devoid of fear 7#ajdc74 #adbg4 7#b47 ,very commonly1 however1 other constructions are used1 even to indicate the relations above3 as1 bellum ,venetrum1 #c1 #af1 #a1 war with the ,venetans 7#abca74 bell ,cassin1 #a1 #ac1 #b1 in the war with ,cassius 7#abcc74 in aures pculs1 ,v4 #d1 #ed1 in golden bowls 7#abcc74 scts ex cortice facts1 #b1 #cc1 #b1 with long shields made out of bark 7#acad74 post vctriam eius bell1 quod cum ,perss fuit1 ,off4 #c1 #di1 after the victory in the war with the ,persians4 #adbh4 ,prepositional expressions are sometimes used predicatively3 as1 sunt omns sine macul1 ,pl4 #f1 #ad1 they are all without spot or blemish4 ,and sometimes they are equivalent to adjectives3 as1 contr ntram1 ,,td4 #d1 #aa1 unnatural1 supr hominem1 ,,dn4 #b1 #cd1 superhuman4 ,or to substantives3 as1 sine pondere1 ,o4 #a1 #bj1 things without weight4 ,or to adverbs3 as1 sine labre1 ,pl4 ,r4 #dfa1 easily4 ,erratum3 #adbf;a 444 ,l4 #b1 #eb1 #g ,l #b1 ,,repetition ,,or ,,omission ,,of ,a ,,preposition ,,with ,,several ,,substantives4 #adbi4 7#a47 ,a preposition is often repeated with emphasis before two or more substantives3 as1 in labre atque in dolre1 ,pl4 ,ps4 #fhe1 in toil and in trouble4 ,particularly so with et 4 4 4 et1 aut 4 4 4 aut1 nn slum 4 4 4 sed etiam1 nn minus 444 quam1 c41 c43 as1 et ex urbe et ex agrs1 ,c4 #b1 #ba1 from ,rome and from the country too4 #adcj4 7#b47 ,a preposition is often used with the first only of two or more substantives3 as1 in labre ac dolre1 ,,td4 #e1 #da1 in toil and trouble4 incidit in eandem invidiam quam pater suus1 ,n4 #e1 #c1 #a1 he fell under the selfsame ban as his father4 ,particularly when the second is in apposition3 as1 cum dubus ducibus1 ,pyrrh et ,hannibale1 ,l4 #bh1 with two commanders1 ,pyrrhus and ,hannibal4 ,erratum3 #adbi 444 nn minus 444 quam1 c41 c4 final 4 missing ,,two ,,prepositions ,,with ,,one ,,substantive4 #adca4 7#a47 ,when two prepositions belong to one and the same substantive1 the substantive is expressed with the first4 ,with the second1 the substantive is repeated1 or its place is taken by a pronoun3 as1 contr lgem prque lge1 ,l4 #cd1 #h1 #a1 against the law and for the law4 partim contr ,avtum1 partim pr hc1 ,clu4 #hh1 partly against ,avitus1 partly for him4 ,if1 however1 the two prepositions accompany the same case1 the substantive need not be repeated3 as1 intr extrque mntins1 ,caes4 ,c4 #c1 #gb1 #b1 inside and outside the works4 #adcb4 7#b47 ,the second preposition is often used adverbially1 without any substantive3 as1 et in corpore et extr1 ,fin4 #b1 #fh1 both in the body and outside4 ,,position ,,of ,,prepositions4 #adcc4 ,in general a preposition precedes its case3 see #agh4 #adcd4 ,disyllabic prepositions sometimes follow their substantives4 ,thus1 in ,cicero1 contr1 ultr1 and sine1 sometimes stand after a relative2 so likewise inter in ,cicero1 ,caesar1 and ,sallust2 occasionally also penes and propter4 ,for versus1 see #adad2 for fn1 #adai2 for tenus1 #adbj4 #adce4 ,of monosyllables1 ad and d often follow a relative4 ,also cum often in ,cicero and ,sallust1 and regularly in ,caesar4 ,with a personal or a reflexive pronoun1 cum regularly follows1 as mcum1 nbscum1 scum4 #adcf4 ,in poetry and late prose1 prepositions are freely put after their cases4 #adcg4 ,in oaths and adjurations1 per is often separated from its proper accusative by the accusative of the object3 as1 per t des r1 ,t4 ,andr4 #ech1 ,i beg thee by the gods1 in the gods' name4 ,,use ,,of ,,adverbs4 #adch4 ,adverbs qualify verbs1 adjectives1 or adverbs4 7a47 ,with verbs1 all sorts of adverbs are used3 as1 of ,place3 quis istc habet8 ,pl4 ,b4 #aad1 who lives in there8 ,time3 tum dents mihi cadbant prmulum1 ,pl4 ,men4 #aaaf1 my teeth were just beginning then to go4 ,number3 bis cnsul fuerat ,p4 fricnus1 ,mur4 #eh1 ,africanus had twice been consul4 ,degree1 ,amount3 ,ubi magnopere rbant1 #d1 #af1 #e1 the ,ubians earnestly entreated4 ,dumnorx plrimum poterat1 #a1 #i1 #c1 ,dumnorix was all-powerful4 ,manner3 bene quivit1 libenter cibum smpsit1 ,plin4 ,ep4 #c1 #af1 #d1 he has slept beautifully1 he has relished his food4 7b47 ,with adjectives and adverbs1 oftenest adverbs of degree or amount only1 or their equivalents1 such as bene1 gregi1 c43 as1 vald dligns1 ,ac4 #b1 #ih1 very particular4 gregi fortis1 ,,do4 #b1 #bfh1 exceptionally brave4 ,adverbs of manner1 however1 are also used1 especially in poetry3 as1 turpiter hrtum1 ,h4 ,e4 #a1 #c1 #bb1 disreputably rough1 i4e4 disreputable and rough4 #adci4 ,an adverb is sometimes used with the meaning of an adjective3 as1 reliqus deincps dibus1 #c1 #bi1 #a1 the remaining successive days4 d sus prvtim rbus1 #e1 #c1 #e1 in relation to their personal interests4 undique silvae1 ,plin4 ,ep4 #a1 #f1 #b1 the surrounding woods4 ,particularly when the substantive expresses character1 like an adjective3 as1 vr ,metellus1 ,sest4 #acj1 a trueblooded ,metellus4 rsticnus vir1 sed pln vir1 ,,td4 #b1 #ec1 a country man1 but every inch a man4 #addj4 ,perfect participles used as substantives are commonly qualified by an adverb1 and not by an adjective4 ,particularly so dictum1 factum1 inventum1 respnsum1 with bene and male1 and their synonymes3 as1 rct ac turpiter factum1 #g1 #hj1 #e1 heroism and cowardice4 bene facta male locta male facta arbitror1 ,e4 in ,off4 #b1 #fb1 good deeds ill put1 bad deeds ,i count4 ,in superlative qualifications1 however1 the adjective is preferred4 #adda4 ,other substantives also may be qualified by an adverb1 when a verb construction or a participle is implied3 as1 ,c4 ,flminius cnsul iterum1 ,div4 #a1 #gg1 ,flaminius in his second consulship4 totins servos1 ,h4 ,s4 #b1 #g1 #gj1 time and again a slave4 ict comminus1 ,caecin4 #dc1 by a hand-to-hand blow4 pblic testem1 ,v4 #b1 #aef1 a government witness4 populum lt rgem1 ,v4 #a1 #ba1 a nation regnant wide4 lt tyrannus1 ,h4 #c1 #ag1 #i1 lord paramount far and near4 #addb4 ,an adverb sometimes takes the place of a substantive3 as1 cum amc partim dseruerint m1 partim etiam prdiderint1 ,q,fr4 #a1 #c1 #e1 since my friends have some of them abandoned me1 and others again have actually betrayed me1 i4e4 ali 4 4 4 ali4 postquam satis tta circ vidbantur1 ,l4 #a1 #eh1 #b1 finding every thing round about looked pretty safe1 i4e4 quae circ erant4 palam laudrs1 scrta male audibant1 ,ta4 ,h4 #a1 #aj1 his outward walk you would have admired2 his private life was in bad odour1 i4e4 quae palam fbant4 ,,negative ,,adverbs4 #addc4 7#a47 ,the negative oftenest used in declaration or interrogation is nn1 not3 as1 nn metu mihi1 ,pl4 ,b4 #bbe1 ,i fear not for myself4 nn semper imbrs nbibus hspids mnant in agrs1 ,h4 #b1 #i1 #a1 not always from the clouds do showers on stubbly fields come dripping dropping down4 nn dcs hodi8 ,h4 ,s4 #b1 #g1 #ba1 will you not say without delay8 #addd4 nn is a modification of noenum or noenu1 compounded of ne1 no1 and the accusative oinom or oenum1 the older form of num1 one thing4 noenum occurs in ,plautus twice1 in ,ennius1 ,lucilius1 ,afranius1 and ,varro1 once each1 and noenu occurs twice in ,lucretius 7#ii74 #adde4 ,negation is often expressed by other compounds of ne4 ,in such cases the ,latin idiom frequently differs from the ,english1 and a transfer of the negative is required in translation4 ,such compounds are3 7a47 ,verbs1 such as neg1 neque1 nesci1 nl3 as1 negat vrum esse1 ,mur4 #gd1 he maintains it is not true4 7b47 ,nouns1 such as nm1 neuter1 nllus1 nihil3 as1 nmin meus adventus labr fuit1 ,v4 #a1 #af1 my visit did not trouble anybody4 7c47 ,adverbs1 such as numquam1 nusquam4 7d47 ,similarly1 the conjunction neque is used for and not1 but not1 unless a single word is to be emphasized or contrasted3 as1 nec frstr1 #h1 #e1 #c1 and not in vain4 #addf4 ,a form nec is used rarely in old ,latin in the sense of nn3 as1 t ds nec rct dcis1 ,pl4 ,b4 #aai1 thou dost abuse the gods1 i4e4 nn rct or male dcis4 ,after ,plautus's time1 nec for nn occurs in a few set combinations1 such as nec opnns1 not expecting1 and1 from ,livy on1 necdum1 not yet1 i4e4 nndum4 #addg4 ,the form n usually introduces an imperative or a subjunctive1 as will be explained further on4 ,but n is also used in the combination n 4 4 4 quidem1 not even1 not 4 4 4 either1 with the emphatic word between n and quidem3 as1 n tum quidem1 #a1 #ej1 #b1 not even then4 n ,vornus quidem ss vll continet1 #e1 #dd1 #f1 ,vorenus did not keep inside the palisade either4 #addh4 ,the adjective nllus is sometimes used1 chiefly in colloquial language1 for nn or n 7#ajea73 as1 ,philotmus nllus vnit1 ,att4 #aa1 #bd1 #d1 no ,philotimus has shown himself4 nllus crdus1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #fjf1 you needn't believe it at all4 #addi4 7#b47 ,the negative haut or haud1 not1 is used principally with adjectives and adverbs1 less frequently with verbs3 as1 7a47 haud mediocris vir1 ,,rp4 #b1 #ee1 no ordinary man4 rem haud sn difficilem1 ,,cm4 #d1 a thing not particularly hard4 haud procul1 ,,cm4 #ae1 not far4 ,in all periods of the language often combined with quisquam1 llus1 umquam1 usquam4 7b47 ,in old ,latin haud is freely used with all sorts of verbs1 especially with possum4 ,in ,cicero1 it occurs here and there with a few verbs1 such as adsentior1 err1 gnr1 ntor1 am1 but is principally confined to sci1 in the combination haud sci an1 ,i don't know but 7#aghb74 ,caesar uses haud once only1 and then in this combination4 #adej4 ,a shorter form1 hau1 occurs often in old ,latin1 and a few times in the classical period3 as1 heic est sepulcrum hau pulcrum pulcrai fminae1 ,,cil4 ,i1 #ajjg1 #b1 on the burial site of a woman1 here is the site not sightly of a sightly dame4 ,in ,plautus it is juxtaposed with sci1 making hausci1 i4e4 nesci4 #adea4 7#c47 ,negation may also be intimated by such words as vix1 hardly1 parum1 not 4 4 4 enough1 not quite1 minus1 less1 not1 minim1 least of all1 male1 c4 #adeb4 ,two negatives in the same sentence are usually equivalent to an affirmative4 ,thus1 with nn first1 an indefinite affirmative3 as1 nn nm1 somebody1 a certain gentleman1 one or another4 nn nllus1 some4 nn nihil1 something1 somewhat4 nn numquam1 sometimes4 ,with nn second1 a universal affirmative3 as1 nm nn1 everybody1 every human being4 nllus nn1 every4 nihil nn1 every thing4 numquam nn1 always4 nn possum nn cnfitr1 ,fam4 #i1 #ad1 #a1 ,i must confess4 nm gnrat1 ,v4 #b1 #aaa1 everybody knows4 #adec4 ,sometimes1 however1 in old ,latin1 a second negation is used merely to emphasize the negative idea3 as1 lapide sunt corde mult1 qus nn miseret nminis1 ,e4 in ,fest4 p4 #afb1 there's many a man with heart of stone1 that feels for nobody4 ,for doubled negatives in compound sentences1 see #affj4 ,erratum3 #adde 444 7d47 7d7 ,,use ,,of ,,degrees ,,of ,,comparison4 ,,the ,,positive4 #aded4 ,the positive sometimes expresses an idea of disproportion3 as1 pr multitdine hominum angusts s fns habre arbitrbantur1 #a1 #b1 #e1 in view of their large numbers they thought they had a cramped place to live in4 ,generally1 however1 disproportion is expressed as in #adfj or #adfa4 ,,the ,,comparative4 #adee4 ,when two things only are compared1 the comparative is used3 as1 uter igitur melior8 ,div4 #b1 #acc1 which of the two then is the better8 uter est nsnior hrum8 ,h4 ,s4 #b1 #c1 #ajb1 which of these two is crazier8 uter ertis1 tn an ille1 maior8 ,pl4 ,men4 #aaai1 you were--which of the two the bigger1 thou or he8 #adef4 ,the superlative is sometimes loosely used when only two things are meant3 as1 ,numitr1 qu stirpis maximus erat1 rgnum lgat1 ,l4 #a1 #c1 #aj1 to ,numitor1 who was the eldest of the family1 he bequeaths the crown1 of two brothers1 ,numitor and ,amulius4 id me minum rfert1 qu sum nt maxumus1 ,t4 ,ad4 #hha1 that is of small concern to me1 who am the eldest son1 says ,demea1 who has only one brother4 #adeg4 ,from ,cicero on1 an adjective or adverb is sometimes compared with another adjective or adverb4 ,in such comparisons quam is always used4 ,in this case3 7a47 ,both members may have the positive form1 the first with magis3 as1 ,celer disertus magis est quam sapins1 ,att4 #aj1 #a1 #d1 ,celer is more eloquent than wise4 magis audcter quam part1 ,br4 #bda1 with more assurance than preparation4 ,or 7b47 ,both members may have the comparative suffix3 as1 lubentius quam vrius1 ,mil4 #gh1 with greater satisfaction than truth4 pestilentia mincior quam pernicisior1 ,l4 #d1 #eb1 #c1 a plague more alarming than destructive4 #adeh4 ,but sometimes the second member is put in the positive1 even when the first has the comparative suffix3 as1 crius quam cnsdert1 ,ta4 ,h4 #a1 #hc1 with more spirit than deliberation4 ,and sometimes both members3 as1 clrs mairibus quam vetusts1 ,ta4 #d1 #fa1 of a house famous rather than ancient4 #adei4 ,the comparative may be modified by ablatives of difference1 such as mult1 far1 aliquant1 considerably1 paull or paul1 a little1 nimi1 too much1 ever so much 7#acic74 ,also by etiam1 even1 still1 and in ,catullus1 ,sallust1 ,vergil1 and later ,latin by long1 far1 adhc1 still4 #adfj4 ,the comparative of an adjective or adverb often denotes that which is more than usual or more than is right3 as1 solre aiunt rgs ,persrum plrs uxrs habre1 ,v4 #c1 #gf1 they say the ,persian kings generally have several wives4 senects est ntr loqucior1 ,,cm4 #ee1 age is naturally rather garrulous4 stomachbtur senex1 s quid asperius dxeram1 ,,dn4 #a1 #ic1 the old gentleman always got provoked if ,i said anything a bit rough4 #adfa4 ,the comparative of disproportion is often defined by some added expression3 as1 prvts maira focs1 ,j4 #d1 #ff1 something too great for private hearths 7#acba74 flgrantior aequ nn dbet dolor esse vir1 ,j4 #ac1 #aa1 the indignation of a man must not be over hot 7#accj74 ,in ,livy and ,tacitus by quam pr with the ablative3 see the dictionary4 ,sometimes a new sentence is added3 as1 sum avidior1 quam satis est1 glriae1 ,fam4 #i1 #ad1 #b1 ,i am over greedy of glory4 ,for quam ut or quam qu1 see #ahif4 #adfb4 ,the comparative with a sentence of negative import is often preferred to the superlative with a positive sentence3 as1 elephant blurum nlla prdentior1 ,,dn4 #a1 #ig1 of the larger beasts not one is more sagacious than the elephant1 or the elephant is the most sagacious of beasts4 sequmur ,polybium1 qu nm fuit dligentior1 ,,rp4 #b1 #bg1 let us follow ,polybius1 the most scrupulous of men4 ,for nm or quis1 the more emphatic nihil or quid is often used3 as1 ,phaedr nihil legantius1 nihil hmnius1 ,,dn4 #a1 #ic1 ,phaedrus was the most refined and sympathetic of men4 #adfc4 ,in colloquial language1 a comparative suffix is sometimes emphasized by the addition of magis3 as1 mollior magis1 ,pl4 ,aul4 #dbb1 more tenderer4 ,and sometimes by a mixture of construction1 the comparative is modified by aequ1 like the positive3 as1 homo m miserior nllus est aequ1 ,pl4 ,mer4 #cce1 there's not a man so woebegone as ,i1 for miserior alone1 or aequ miser4 #adfd4 ,the comparative with the ablative is particularly common1 when a thing is illustrated by some striking typical object1 usually an object of nature4 ,in such illustrations1 the positive with as is commonly used in ,english3 as1 lce clrius1 ,v4 #b1 #ahf1 plain as day4 fns ,bandusiae1 splendidior vitr1 ,h4 #c1 #ac1 #a1 ye waters of ,bandusia1 as glittering as glass4 melle dulcior rti1 ,e4 in ,,cm4 #ca1 words sweet as honey4 vents cior1 ,v4 #e1 #cai1 quick as the winds4 vacca candidior nivibus1 ,o4 ,am4 #c1 #e1 #aj1 a cow as white as driven snow4 caelum pice nigrius1 ,o4 ,h4 #ag1 #g1 a sky as black as pitch4 drior ferr et sax1 ,o4 #ad1 #gab1 as hard as steel and stone4 ,,the ,,superlative4 #adfe4 ,when more than two things are compared1 the superlative is used to represent a quality as belonging in the highest degree to an individual or to a number of a class3 as1 proxim sunt ,germns1 #a1 #a1 #c1 they live the nearest to the ,germans4 hrum omnium fortissim1 #a1 #a1 #c1 the bravest of these all4 #adff4 ,the superlative may be strengthened by the addition of such words as nus1 preeminently1 usually with a genitive1 maxim1 quam1 with or without a form of possum1 as possible1 c41 c4 7#ahib74 ,in old ,latin by mult2 from ,cicero on1 by long1 far1 and vel1 perhaps1 even3 as1 cnfirmverim rem nam esse omnium difficillimam1 ,br4 #be1 ,i am not afraid to avouch it is the one hardest thing in the world4 long nbilissimus1 #a1 #b1 #a1 the man of highest birth by far4 quam maxims potest itineribus in ,galliam contendit1 #a1 #g1 #a1 he pushes into ,gaul by the quickest marches he can4 quam mtrrim1 #a1 #cc1 #d1 as early as possible4 #adfg4 ,the superlative is also used to denote a very high degree of the quality4 ,this superlative1 called the ,absolute ,superlative1 or the ,superlative of ,eminence1 may be translated by the positive with some such word as most1 very3 as1 homo turpissimus1 ,v4 #d1 #af1 an utterly unprincipled man4 ,often best by the positive alone3 as1 vir fortissimus1 ,ps ,aqutnus1 #d1 #ab1 #d1 the heroic ,piso of ,aquitain 7#ajdd74 #adfh4 ,in exaggerated style1 the superlative of eminence may be capped by a comparative3 as1 stultior stultissum1 ,pl4 ,am4 #ijg1 a greater than the greatest fool4 ego miserior sum quam t1 quae es miserrima1 ,fam4 #ad1 #c1 #a1 ,i am myself more unhappy than you1 who are a most unhappy woman4 7,b47 ,,use ,,of ,,the ,,verb4 ,,voice4 ,,the ,,active ,,voice4 #adfi4 ,in the active voice1 the subject is represented as performing the action of the verb4 #adgj4 ,by action is meant the operation of any verb1 whether active or passive1 and whether used intransitively or transitively4 #adga4 ,the active of one verb sometimes serves as the passive of another3 thus1 pere1 go to destruction1 die1 serves as the passive of perd1 destroy1 and vne1 go to sale1 am sold1 as the passive of vnd1 put for sale1 sell4 ,similarly f1 become1 get to be1 am made1 is used in the present system as the passive of faci1 make 7#ghh74 ,,the ,,passive ,,voice4 #adgb4 ,in the passive voice1 the subject is represented as acted upon4 #adgc4 ,the object accusative of the active voice becomes the subject of the passive voice 7#aabe72 and the predicate accusative of the active voice becomes a predicate nominative with the passive voice 7#aafg74 ,thus 7a47 in the active construction3 illum laudbunt bon1 hunc etiam ips culpbunt mal1 ,pl4 ,b4 #cig1 the one the good will praise1 the other e'en the bad themselves will blame4 ,in the passive3 laudtur ab hs1 culptur ab ills1 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #b1 #aa1 he's praised by some1 by others blamed4 ,active3 cvs ,rmns interficiunt1 #g1 #c1 #a1 they slay some citizens of ,rome4 ,passive3 ,indutiomarus interficitur1 #e1 #eh1 #f1 ,indutiomarus is slain4 7b47 ,active3 mlits certirs facit1 #c1 #e1 #c1 he informs the soldiers4 ,passive3 certior factus est1 #b1 #cd1 he was informed4 #adgd4 ,verbs which have two accusatives1 one of the person and one of the thing in the active voice1 generally have the person as subject in the passive1 less frequently the thing3 see #aaga4 #adge4 ,an emphasizing or defining accusative1 or an accusative of extent or duration1 is occasionally made the subject of a passive3 as1 haec illc est pugnta pugna1 ,pl4 ,am4 #bec1 this fight was fought off there 7#aadj74 tta mih dormtur hiems1 ,mart4 #ac1 #ei1 #a1 all winter long by me is slept1 i4e4 ttam dormi hiemem 7#aaea74 #adgf4 ,the person by whom the action is done is put in the ablative with ab or 7#acah72 the thing by which it is done is put in the instrumental ablative 7#acgg72 as1 7a47 nn numquam latr vitre occditur1 ,mil4 #ee1 once in a while the robber gets killed by the wayfarer4 respondit1 cve s spolir mlle quam ab hoste vnre1 ,quintil4 #ab1 #a1 #dc1 he said in reply that he would rather be plundered by a ,roman than sold by an enemy 7#adga74 7b47 nus vir prdenti ,graecia lberta est1 ,n4 #b1 #e1 #c1 ,greece was saved from slavery by the sagacity of a single man1 i4e4 ,themistocles4 ,very often1 however1 the person or thing is not expressed1 particularly with impersonals4 #adgg4 ,when the person is represented as a mere instrument1 the ablative is used without ab 7#acgh72 and when collectives1 animals1 or things without life are personified1 the ablative takes ab 7#acah73 as1 7a47 neque vr minus ,plat dlecttus est ,dine1 ,n4 #aj1 #b1 #c1 and ,plato on his part was just as much bewitched with ,dion4 7b47 eius rti multitdine et for dvorbtur1 ,br4 #bhc1 his oratory was swallowed whole by the untutored many and by the bar4 #adgh4 ,sometimes the person by whom the action is done is indicated by the dative of the possessor3 see #abaf4 ,and regularly with the gerund and gerundive construction 7#bbdc74 #adgi4 ,only verbs of transitive use have ordinarily a complete passive4 ,verbs of intransitive use have only the impersonal forms of the passive 7#ajcd73 as1 di atque criter pugntum est1 #a1 #bf1 #a1 there was long and sharp fighting4 tts trepidtur castrs1 #f1 #cg1 #f1 all through the camp there was tumult and affright4 mih quidem persudr numquam potuit1 anims mor1 ,,cm4 #hj1 for my part1 ,i never could be convinced that the soul becomes extinct at death 7#aaha74 ,similarly verbs which have a transitive use may also be used impersonally3 as1 dis noctsque stur1 bibitur1 ,pl4 ,most4 #bce1 there is eating and drinking all day and all night 7#aacc74 #adhj4 ,the complementary dative of a verb in the active voice is in poetry very rarely made the subject of a passive verb3 as1 invideor1 ,h4 ,,ap4 #ef1 ,i am envied4 imperor1 ,h4 ,e4 #a1 #e1 #ba1 ,i charge myself4 #adha4 ,the passive had originally a reflexive meaning1 which is still to be seen in the passive of many verbs3 as1 exercbtur plrimum currend et lctand1 ,n4 #ae1 #b1 #d1 he took a great deal of exercise in running and wrestling4 dnss fertur in hosts1 ,v4 #b1 #eaa1 he tries to charge upon the serried foes4 quod semper movtur1 aeternum est1 ,,td4 #a1 #ec1 anything that is always moving1 is eternal4 #adhb4 ,the present participle of reflexives is sometimes used in a reflexive sense3 as1 exercns1 exercising oneself1 exercising1 ferns1 tearing along1 vehns1 riding1 and invehns1 mounted on1 pscns1 browsing1 versns1 playing1 being1 volvns1 rolling4 ,also the gerund3 as1 is vehend1 the privilege of riding4 #adhc4 ,passive forms of coep and dsin are commonly used in the perfect system1 when a dependent infinitive is passive3 as1 litters rti est coepta mandr1 ,br4 #bf1 oratory began to be put in black and white4 veters rtins leg sunt dsitae1 ,br4 #abc1 the old speeches ceased to be read4 ,but the active forms are sometimes used by ,cornificius1 ,sallust1 and ,livy1 and regularly by ,tacitus4 ,the active forms are used with fier also1 which is not passive 7#ghi72 but even with fier1 ,livy uses the passive forms4 #adhd4 ,similar attractions with a passive infinitive occur in potestur1 c41 qutur and quitus sum1 nequtur1 c41 rarely1 and mostly in old ,latin3 as1 frma in tenebrs nsc nn quitast1 ,t4 ,hec4 #egb1 her shape could hardly be distinguished in the dark4 #adhe4 ,some perfect participles have an active meaning3 as1 adultus1 grown up4 ,see #ijg1 and also in the dictionary cautus1 cnsultus1 concrtus1 dflgrtus1 incnsdertus1 occsus1 npta4 ,erratum3 #adhb 444 as1 exercns as4 ,,deponents4 #adhf4 ,many verbs have only passive inflections1 but with the meaning of active inflections4 ,such verbs are called ,deponents4 #adhg4 ,in many deponents1 a reflexive1 passive1 or reciprocal action is still clearly to be seen3 as1 nscor1 am born2 moror1 delay myself1 get delayed2 tor1 avail myself2 amplectimur1 hug each other2 fbulmur1 talk together2 partmur1 share with one another4 #adhh4 ,some verbs have both active and deponent inflections3 as1 adsenti1 agree1 more commonly adsentior4 mere1 earn1 and mereor1 deserve4 ,see also in the dictionary altercor1 auguror1 comitor1 cnflctor1 fabricor1 faeneror1 mneror1 scitor1 palpor1 populor1 revertor4 ,the following have active inflections in the present system and deponent inflections in the perfect system3 aude1 cnfd and diffd1 gaude1 sole3 see also #hja4 #adhi4 ,in old ,latin especially1 many verbs which afterwards became fixed as deponents occur with active inflections also3 as1 adl1 arbitr1 aucup1 auspic1 lct1 ldific1 mor1 parti1 vener1 c41 c4 #adij4 ,verbs which are usually deponent are rarely found with a passive meaning3 as1 ,sllns rs dfendere crminor1 ,l,agr4 #c1 #ac1 ,i am charged with defending ,sulla's policy4 #adia4 ,when it is desirable to express the passive of a deponent1 a synonyme is sometimes used3 thus1 the passive of mror1 admire1 may sometimes be represented by laudor1 am praised4 ,or some circumlocution3 as1 habet venertinem quidquid excellit1 ,,dn4 #a1 #de1 anything best in its kind is looked on with respect1 as passive of veneror4 familia in suspcinem est vocta1 ,v4 #e1 #aj1 the household was suspected1 as passive of suspicor4 #adib4 ,the perfect participle of deponents is sometimes used with a passive meaning4 ,some of the commonest of these participles are3 adeptus1 commentus1 complexus1 cnfessus1 menttus1 expertus1 medittus1 opntus1 pactus1 parttus1 testtus1 c41 c4 ,,mood4 ,,the ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,,declarations4 #adic4 ,the indicative mood is used in simple1 absolute declarations3 as1 arma virumque can1 ,v4 #a1 #a1 arms and the man ,i sing4 leve fit quod bene fertur onus1 ,o4 ,a4 #d1 #b1 #aj1 light gets the load that's bravely borne4 #adid4 ,the negative used with the indicative is commonly nn1 not 7#addc74 ,for other negative expressions1 see #adde-adea4 #adie4 ,certain verbs and verbal expressions denoting ability1 duty1 propriety1 necessity1 and the like1 mostly with an infinitive1 are regularly put in the indicative1 even when the action of the infinitive is not performed4 ,this applies to declarations1 questions1 or exclamations3 as1 7a47 possum d ichneumonum tilitte dcere1 sed nl esse longus1 ,,dn4 #a1 #aja1 ,i might expatiate on the usefulness of the ichneumon1 but ,i do not care to be long-winded4 inter fers satius est aettem dgere quam in hc tant immnitte versr1 ,,ra4 #aej1 it would be better to pass your days in the midst of howling beasts than to live and move among such brutish men4 7b47 stult erat sperre1 ,ph4 #b4 #bc1 it would have been folly to hope4 quid enim facere potermus8 ,pis4 #ac1 for what else could we have done8 7c47 licuit uxrem genere summ dcere1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #fhj1 ,i might have married a wife of high degree4 nn potuit pctor rctius dscrbere eius frmam1 ,pl4 ,as4 #djb1 no painter could have hit his likeness more exactly4 7d47 quant melius fuerat prmissum patris nn esse servtum1 ,off4 #c1 #id1 how much better it would have been1 for the father's word not to have been kept4 #adif4 ,the principal verbs and verbal expressions thus used are3 7a47 possum1 licet1 dbe1 oportet1 convenit1 decet4 7b47 aequum1 aequius1 istum1 fs1 necesse est2 cnsentneum1 satis1 satius1 optbile1 optbilius est2 tilius1 melius1 optimum1 pr1 rctum est2 facile1 difficile1 grave1 nfntum1 longum1 magnum est2 est with the predicative genitive1 or a possessive pronoun 7#abcg74 7c47 ,similarly1 but without an infinitive1 forms of sum with a gerund1 a gerundive1 or a future participle4 #adig4 ,the imperfect of most of the above verbs and verbal expressions often relates to action not performed at the present time3 as1 hs alis poteram subnectere causs2 sed eundum est1 ,j4 #c1 #cae1 to these ,i might add other grounds2 but ,i must go4 ,the context must determine whether the imperfect relates 7a47 to action not performed either in the present as here1 or in the past as in #adie1 or 7b47 to action performed in the past3 as1 sollicitre poterat1 audbat1 ,c4 #c1 #af1 he had at once the assurance and the ability to play the tempter's part4 #adih4 ,forms of possum are sometimes put in the subjunctive 7#aeed74 ,thus1 possim1 c41 often 7#aeef71 also possem1 c41 usually of present time 7#aefj71 less frequently of past time 7#aeei71 potuissem1 c41 particularly in sentences of negative import 7#aefa71 rarely potuerim1 c4 7#aeeh74 ,sometimes also dbrem1 c41 of present time 7#aefj71 dbuissem1 c41 chiefly in apodosis4 ,,questions4 #adii4 ,the indicative is the mood ordinarily used in enquiries and in exclamations3 as1 7a47 huic ego #8studs8' inquam4 respondit #8etiam4' #8ub8' #8,mediln4' #8cr nn hc8' #8quia nlls hc praeceptrs habmus1' ,plin4 ,ep4 #d1 #ac1 #c1 said ,i to the boy1 #8do you go to school8' #8yes1 sir1' said he2 #8where8' #8at ,mediolanum2' #8why not here8' #8oh because we haven't any teachers here4' 7b47 ut ego tuum amrem et dolrem dsder1 ,att4 #c1 #aa1 #ab1 how ,i always feel the absence of your affectionate sympathy4 #aejj4 ,questions and exclamations are used much more freely in ,latin than in ,english4 ,particularly common are two questions1 of which the first is short and general1 leading up to the real question3 as1 sed quid ais8 ubi nunc adulscns habet8 ,pl4 ,tri4 #aef1 but tell me1 where is the youngster living now8 estne8 vc8 et tib saepe litters d8 ,cael4 in ,fam4 #h1 #c1 #a1 is it true8 have ,i beaten8 and do ,i write to you often8 ,the real question is often preceded by quid est1 quid dcis1 or by quid1 quid vr1 quid tum1 quid poste1 quid igitur1 quid erg1 c41 c43 as1 quid8 canis nnne similis lup8 ,,dn4 #a1 #ig1 why1 is not the dog like the wolf8 #aeja4 ,there are two kinds of questions3 7#a47 ,such questions as call for the answer yes or no in ,english3 as1 is he gone8 ,these may conveniently be called ,yes or ,no ,questions4 7#b47 ,questions introduced by an interrogative pronoun1 or by a word derived from an interrogative pronoun3 as1 who is gone8 where is he8 ,these are called ,pronoun ,questions4 ,,yes ,,or ,,no ,,questions4 #aejb4 7#a47 ,yes or ,no questions are sometimes put without any interrogative particle3 as1 ,thraex est ,gallna ,syr pr8 ,h4 ,s4 #b1 #e1 #dd1 of two gladiators1 is ,thracian ,bantam for the ,syrian a match8 ,often intimating censure3 as1 rogs8 ,pl4 ,aul4 #fcd1 dost ask8 or what an absurd question4 prmpsist t ill vnum8 33 nn prmps1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #hcj1 thou hast been broaching wine for him8 33 not ,i4 ,especially with nn3 as1 patre tua cnsilia nn sents8 ,c4 #a1 #a1 you don't see that your schemes are out8 ,it is often doubtful whether such sentences are questions1 exclamations1 or declarations4 #aejc4 7#b47 ,yes or ,no questions are usually introduced by one of the interrogative particles -ne or -n1 nnne1 num1 an1 anne4 #aejd4 ,a question with -ne or -n may enquire simply1 without any implication as to the character of the answer1 or it may either expect an affirmative answer like nnne1 or less frequently a negative answer like num3 as1 7a47 valen8 ,pl4 ,tri4 #ej1 art well8 habtin aurum8 ,pl4 ,b4 #bfi1 have you got the gold8 7b47 iussn in splendrem dar bulls hs foribus8 ,pl4 ,as4 #dbf1 didn't ,i give orders to polish up the bosses of the door8 facitne ut dix8 ,pl4 ,am4 #ebf1 isn't he acting as ,i said8 7c47 ist immns spati quaer1 ,balbe1 cr ,pronoea vestra cessverit4 labremne fugibat8 ,,dn4 #a1 #bb1 ,i want to know1 ,balbus1 why your people's ,providence lay idle all that immeasurable time2 it was work she was shirking1 was it8 quid1 mundum praeter hunc umquamne vdist8 negbis1 ,,dn4 #a1 #if1 tell me1 did you ever see any universe except this one8 you will say no4 #aeje4 ,sometimes the -ne of an interrogative sentence is transferred to a following relative1 chiefly in ,plautus and ,terence3 as1 rogs8 qune arrabnem m accpist ob mulierem8 ,pl4 ,r4 #hfj1 how can you ask1 when you have got the hansel for the girl from me8 ,similarly1 sr studirum1 qune puttis difficile1 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #aj1 #ba1 what laggards at your books1 to think it hard1 i4e4 nnne estis sr studirum1 qu puttis difficile8 ,compare #aefi4 #aejf4 ,to a question with nnne1 a positive answer is usually expected1 seldom a negative3 as1 7a47 nnne meminist8 33 memin vr1 ,,td4 #b1 #aj1 don't you remember8 33 oh yes4 ,sometimes a second or third question also has nnne1 but oftener nn3 as1 nnne ad t ,l4 ,lentulus1 nn ,q4 ,sanga1 nn ,l4 ,torqutus vnit8 ,pis4 #gg1 did not ,lentulus and ,sanga and ,torquatus come to see you8 7b47 nnne cgits8 ,,ra4 #hj1 do you bear in mind8 nnne is rare in ,plautus1 comparatively so in ,terence1 but very common in classical ,latin4 #aejg4 ,to a question with num a negative answer is generally expected4 ,less frequently either a positive or a negative answer indifferently3 as1 7a47 num negre auds8 ,c4 #a1 #h1 do you undertake to deny it8 num1 tibi cum faucs rit sitis1 aurea quaeris pcula8 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #b1 #aad1 when thirst thy throat consumes1 dost call for cups of gold8 ,rarely numne3 as1 quid1 deum ipsum numne vdist8 ,,dn4 #a1 #hh1 tell me1 did you ever see god in person8 7b47 sed quid ais8 num obdormvist ddum8 ,pl4 ,am4 #fbj1 but harkee1 wert asleep a while ago8 numqud vs8 ,pl4 ,tri4 #aib1 hast any further wish8 #aejh4 ,a question with an1 less often anne1 or if negative1 with an nn1 usually challenges or comments emphatically on something previously expressed or implied3 as1 an habent qus gallnae mans8 ,pl4 ,ps4 #bi1 what1 what1 do hens have hands8 an is also particularly common in argumentative language1 in anticipating1 criticising1 or refuting an opponent3 as1 quid dcis8 an bell ,siciliam virtte tu lbertam8 ,v4 #a1 #e1 what do you say8 possibly that it was by your prowess that ,sicily was rid of the war8 at vr ,cn4 ,pomp volunttem m alinbat rti mea4 an ille quemquam pls dlxit8 ,ph4 #b1 #ch1 but it may be urged that my way of speaking estranged ,pompey from me4 why1 was there anybody the man loved more8 ,in old ,latin1 an is oftener used in a single than in an alternative question1 while in classical ,latin it is rather the reverse4 #aeji4 7#c47 ,yes or ,no questions are sometimes introduced by ecquis1 ecqu1 ecquand1 or n umquam3 as1 heus1 ecquis hc est8 ,pl4 ,am4 #dbj1 hollo1 is e'er a person here8 ecquid animadvertis hrum silentium8 ,c4 #a1 #bj1 do you possibly observe the silence of this audience8 7#aadd74 pater1 n umquam aspiciam t8 ,pl4 ,tri4 #ehh1 ,o father1 shall ,i ever set mine eyes on thee8 #aeaj4 7#d47 ,in ,plautus1 satin or satin ut1 really1 actually1 sometimes becomes a mere interrogative or exclamatory particle3 as1 satin abit ille8 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #dha1 has that man really gone his way8 ,errata3 #aejg;a 444 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #b1 #aad ,h ,s4 ,,dn4 #a1 #hh ,,dn ,,positive ,,and ,,negative ,,answers4 #aeaa4 ,there are no two current ,latin words corresponding exactly with yes and no in answers4 #aeab4 7#a47 ,a positive answer is expressed by some emphatic word of the question1 repeated with such change as the context may require3 as1 an nn dx esse hoc futrum8 33 dxt1 ,t4 ,andr4 #fba1 didn't ,i say that this would be8 33 you did4 hc abit ,cltiph 33 slus8 33 slus1 ,t4 ,hau4 #ijd1 here ,clitipho repaired 33 alone8 33 alone4 ,the repeated word may be emphasized by sn1 vr3 as1 dsne manre anims post mortem8 33 d vr1 ,,td4 #a1 #be1 do you grant that the soul lives on after death8 33 oh yes4 ,often1 however1 adverbs are used1 without the repetition1 such as cert1 cert1 etiam1 factum1 ita1 ita enimvr1 ita vr1 sn1 sn quidem1 sclicet1 oh of course1 vr1 rarely vrum4 #aeac4 7#b47 ,a negative answer is expressed by a similar repetition1 with nn or some other negative added3 as1 estne frter intus8 33 nn est1 ,t4 ,ad4 #efi4 is brother in8 33 he's not4 ,or1 without repetition1 by such words as nn1 nn ita1 nn quidem1 nn hercle vr1 minim1 minim quidem1 minim vr1 nihil minus4 #aead4 imm introduces a sentence rectifying a mistake1 implied doubt1 or understatement in a question3 as1 nllane habs vitia8 33 imm alia1 et fortasse minra1 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #c1 #bj1 have you no faults8 33 ,i beg your pardon1 other faults1 and peradventure lesser ones4 causa igitur nn bona est8 imm optima1 ,att4 #i1 #g1 #d1 isn't the cause a good one then8 good8 yes1 more than good1 very good4 ,,alternative ,,questions4 #aeae4 ,the alternative question belongs properly under the head of the compound sentence4 ,but as the interrogative particles employed in the single question are also used in the alternative question1 the alternative question is most conveniently considered here4 #aeaf4 ,in old ,english1 the first of two alternative questions is often introduced by the interrogative particle whether1 and the second by or3 as1 whether is it easier to say1 ,thy sins be forgiven thee1 or to say ,arise8 ,in modern ,english1 whether is not used thus4 #aeag4 ,the history of the ,latin alternative question is just the reverse of the ,english4 ,in old ,latin1 the first question is very often put without any interrogative particle4 ,later1 in the classical period1 the use of -ne1 or oftener of utrum1 etymologically the same as whether1 is overwhelmingly predominant4 #aeah4 ,in the simplest form of the alternative sentence1 neither question is introduced by an interrogative particle3 as1 quid ag8 ade1 mane8 ,t4 ,ph4 #gcf1 what shall ,i do8 go up and speak1 or wait8 7#aeca74 #aeai4 ,of two alternative questions1 the first either has no interrogative particle at all1 or is more commonly introduced by utrum1 -ne1 or -n4 ,the second is introduced by an1 rarely by anne1 or if it is negative1 by an nn3 as1 7a47 album an trum vnum pts8 ,pl4 ,men4 #iae1 do you take light wine or dark8 ,tacitus es an ,plnius8 ,plin4 ,ep4 #i1 #bc1 #c1 are you ,tacitus or ,pliny8 sortitur an nn8 ,,pc4 #cg1 will he draw lots or not8 7b47 iam id porr utrum libents an invt dabant8 ,v4 #c1 #aah1 then furthermore did they offer it voluntarily or did they consent to give it under stress8 utrum ctera nmina in cdicem accept et expns dgesta habs an nn8 ,,rc4 #i1 have you all other items methodically posted in your ledger or not8 7c47 servosne es an lber8 ,pl4 ,am4 #cdc1 art bond or free8 esne t an nn es ab ill mlit ,macedoni8 ,pl4 ,ps4 #faf1 art thou or art thou not the ,macedonian captain's man8 viden ,clniam an nn8 ,t4 ,hau4 #dje1 do ,i see ,clinia or not8 #aebj4 necne for an nn is rare3 as1 smina praetere linquontur necne anim corpore in exanim8 ,lucr4 #c1 #gac1 are seeds moreover left or not of soul within the lifeless frame8 ,twice in ,cicero3 as1 sunt haec tua verba necne8 ,,td4 #c1 #da1 are these your words or not8 ,but necne is common in indirect questions4 #aeba4 ,instead of a single second question with an1 several questions may be used if the thought requires it1 each introduced by an4 #aebb4 ,sometimes an introductory utrum precedes two alternative questions with -ne and an3 as1 utrum t msne an fmina 's8 ,pl4 ,r4 #ajd1 which is it1 art thou man or maid8 ,this construction has its origin in questions in which utrum is used as a live pronoun3 as1 utrum mvs8 statimne ns vla facere an paululum rmigre8 ,,td4 #d1 #i1 which would you rather do1 have us make sail at once1 or row just a little bit8 ,in ,horace and late prose1 utrumne 4 4 4 an is found a few times4 #aebc4 ,sometimes a second alternative question is not put at all3 as1 utrum hc bellum nn est8 ,ph4 #h1 #g1 in old ,english1 whether is not this war8 #aebd4 ,two or more separate questions asked with -ne 4 4 4 -ne1 or with num 444 num1 must not be mistaken for alternative questions3 as1 num ,homrum1 num ,hsiodum cogit obmtscere senects8 ,,cm4 #bc1 did length of days compel either ,homer or ,hesiod to hush his voice8 7#afib74 #aebe4 ,an alternative question is answered by repeating one member or some part of it1 with such changes as the context may require4 ,,pronoun ,,questions4 #aebf4 ,pronoun questions or exclamations are introduced by interrogative pronouns1 or words of pronoun origin4 ,such words are3 7a47 quis1 qu1 quoius1 uter1 qulis1 quantus1 quotus3 as1 quid rds8 ,h4 ,s4 #b1 #e1 #c1 why dost thou laugh8 7#aadd74 uter est nsnior hrum8 ,h4 ,s4 #b1 #c1 #ajb1 which of these is the greater crank8 hra quota est8 ,h4 ,s4 #b1 #f1 #dd1 what's o'clock8 7b47 ,or unde1 ub1 qu1 qur or cr1 qu ablative1 how1 qun1 why not1 quam1 how1 quand1 quotins3 as1 unde vens et qu tendis8 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #i1 #fb1 whence dost thou come1 and whither art thou bound8 deus fall qu potuit8 ,,dn4 #c1 #gf1 how could a god have been taken in8 7#adie74 quam bellum erat cnfitr nescre1 ,,dn4 #a1 #hd1 how pretty it would have been to own up that you did not know 7#adie74 #aebg4 ,sometimes qun loses its interrogative force1 and introduces an impatient imperative1 particularly in ,plautus and ,terence1 or an indicative of sudden declaration of something obvious or startling3 as1 7a47 qun m aspice1 ,pl4 ,most4 #agb1 why look me over1 won't you8 i4e4 m aspice1 qun aspicis8 ,so twice in ,cicero's orations4 7b47 qun discupi dcere1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #icb1 why ,i am bursting with desire to tell4 #aebh4 ,in ,plautus1 ,terence1 ,horace1 and ,livy1 ut1 how1 also is used in questions3 as1 ut vals8 ,pl4 ,r4 #acjd1 how do you do8 ut ss in ,samni rs habent8 ,l4 #aj1 #ah1 #aa1 how is every thing in ,samnium8 ,very commonly1 and in ,cicero only so1 in exclamations also3 as1 ut fortnt sunt fabr ferrri1 qu apud carbns adsident2 semper calent1 ,pl4 ,r4 #eca1 what lucky dogs the blacksmiths be1 that sit by redhot coals2 they're always warm4 #aebi4 ,in poetry1 quis1 uter1 and quantus are found a few times with -ne attached2 as1 uterne ad css dubis fdet sibi certius8 ,h4 ,s4 #b1 #b1 #ajg1 which of the two in doubtful straits will better in himself confide8 #aecj4 ,two or more questions or exclamations are sometimes united with one and the same verb3 as1 unde qu vn8 ,h4 #c1 #bg1 #cg1 whence whither am ,i come8 quot dis quam frgids rbus absmps1 ,plin4 ,ep4 #a1 #i1 #c1 how many days have ,i frittered away in utter vapidities4 quantae quotins occsins quam praeclrae furunt1 ,mil4 #ch1 what great chances there were1 time and again1 splendid ones too4 ,errata3 #aebf 444 ,such words are3 7a47 quis1 qu1 quoius quis qu1 #aebg;a 444 m aspice1 qun aspicis8 quin ,,some ,,applications ,,of ,,questions4 #aeca4 ,a question in the indicative present or future may be used to intimate command or exhortation1 deliberation1 or appeal3 as1 7a47 abin hinc8 ,t4 ,eu4 #hfa1 will you get out of this8 abin an nn8 33 abe1 ,pl4 ,aul4 #ffj1 will you begone or not8 33 ,i'll go4 qun abs8 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #ajhg1 why won't you begone8 or get you gone1 begone4 nn tacs8 ,t4 ,ph4 #ihg1 won't you just hold your tongue8 ecquis currit pollinctrem arcssere8 ,pl4 ,as4 #iaj1 won't some one run to fetch the undertaker man8 qun cnscendimus equs8 ,l4 #a1 #eg1 #g1 why not mount8 or to horse1 to horse4 7b47 quid est1 ,crasse1 musne sessum8 ,,do4 #c1 #ag1 what say you1 ,crassus1 shall we go and take a seat8 quoi dn lepidum novum libellum8 ,cat4 #a1 #a1 unto whom shall ,i give the neat new booklet8 quid ag8 ade1 mane8 ,t4 ,ph4 #gcf1 what shall ,i do8 go up and speak1 or wait8 7c47 en8 voc hc hominem8 33 1 voc1 ,pl4 ,most4 #ggd1 shall ,i go1 and shall ,i call him here8 33 go call him4 ,see also #afbc4 ,such indicative questions occur particularly in old ,latin1 in ,catullus1 in ,cicero's early works and letters1 and in ,vergil4 #aecb4 ,some set forms occur repeatedly1 especially in questions of curiosity1 surprise1 incredulity1 wrath1 or captiousness3 as1 sed quid ais8 ,t4 ,andr4 #ege1 but apropos1 or but by the way 7#aejj74 quid istc8 ,t4 ,andr4 #egb1 well1 well1 have it your way3 compare quid istc verba facimus8 ,pl4 ,e4 #ada4 ain t8 ,br4 #aeb1 no1 not seriously8 itane8 ,t4 ,eu4 #ajeh1 not really8 ,frequently egone3 as1 quid nunc facere cgits8 33 egone8 ,t4 ,hau4 #fjh1 what do you think of doing now8 33 what1 ,i8 ,in ,plautus1 threats are sometimes introduced by scn qu mod8 do you know how8 i4e4 at your peril4 #aecc4 ,a question is sometimes united with a participle1 or an ablative absolute1 or thrown into a subordinate sentence3 as1 quem frctum petents scre cupimus illa qu mod moveantur8 ,fin4 #c1 #cg1 with what practical end in view do we seek to know how yon bodies in the sky keep in motion8 qu frequenti prsequente crditis ns illinc profects8 ,l4 #g1 #cj1 #ba1 by what multitudes do you think we were seen off when we left that town8 #8homins' inquit #8mist4' quid ut faceret8 ,sest4 #hd1 #8you bought up men' says he2 with what purpose8 ,erratum3 #aecb 444 ,t4 ,andr4 #ege1 #ege4 ,,the ,,infinitive ,,of ,,intimation4 #aecd4 ,the infinitive is principally used in subordination1 and will be spoken of under that head4 ,one use1 however1 of the present infinitive in main sentences1 as a kind of substitute for a past indicative1 requires mention here4 #aece4 ,in animated narration1 the present infinitive with a subject in the nominative sometimes takes the place of the imperfect or perfect indicative3 as1 interim ctdi ,caesar ,aedus frmentum flgitre1 #a1 #af1 #a1 there was ,caesar meantime every day dunning and dunning the ,aeduans for the grain4 ,diodrus sordidtus circum hospits cursre1 rem omnibus nrrre1 ,v4 #d1 #da1 ,diodorus kept running round in sackcloth and ashes from friend to friend1 telling his tale to everybody4 intere ,catilna in prm aci versr1 labrantibus succurrere1 ,s4 ,c4 #fj1 #d1 ,catiline meantime bustling round in the forefront of battle1 helping them that were sore bestead4 tum vr ingent son caelum strepere1 et micre igns1 met omns torpre1 ,l4 #ba1 #eh1 #e1 at this crisis the welkin ringing with a dreadful roar1 fires flashing1 everybody paralyzed with fear4 ,this infinitive occurs in almost all writers1 for instance1 ,plautus1 ,terence1 ,cicero1 ,horace1 and particularly ,sallust1 ,livy1 and ,tacitus4 ,less commonly in ,caesar4 ,usually two or more infinitives are combined1 and infinitives are freely mixed with indicatives4 ,the subject is never in the second person4 #aecf4 ,this infinitive is used to sketch or outline persistent1 striking1 or portentous action1 where description fails2 and as it merely intimates the action1 without distinct declaration1 and without notation of time1 number1 or person1 it is called the ,infinitive of ,intimation4 ,it cannot be adequately represented in ,english4 #aecg4 ,the infinitive of intimation is sometimes used without a subject1 when emphasis centres in the action alone2 as1 ub turrim procul cnstitu vdrunt1 inrdre ex mr1 #b1 #cj1 #c1 when they saw the tower planted some way off1 jeer after jeer from the wall4 tum spectculum horribile in camps patentibus3 sequ fugere1 occd cap1 ,s4 ,i4 #aja1 #aa1 then a heartrending spectacle in the open fields3 chasing and racing1 killing and catching4 #aech4 ,terence and ,petronius have it in questions3 as1 rx t erg in oculs 33 sclicet 33 gestre8 33 vr1 ,t4 ,eu4 #dja1 your king then always bearing you 33 of course1 of course 33 in eye8 33 oh yes4 qu mor timre nisi ego8 ,petr4 #fb4 #aeci4 ,it may be mentioned here1 that the infinitive of intimation is sometimes used from ,sallust on in relative clauses and with cum1 when4 ,also by ,tacitus in a temporal protasis with ub1 ut1 dnec1 or postquam1 co-ordinated with a present or imperfect indicative protasis3 as1 7a47 cingbtur interim mlite domus1 cum ,lib vocre percussrem1 ,ta4 #b1 #ca1 the house meantime was encompassed with soldiers1 when ,libo called for somebody to kill him 7#ahfi74 7b47 ub crdscere sditi et convcis ad tla trnsbant1 inic catns ,flvin iubet1 ,ta4 ,h4 #c1 #aj1 when the riot was waxing hot1 and they were proceeding from invectives to open violence1 he orders ,flavian to be clapped in irons 7#aicc74 ,,the ,,subjunctive ,,mood4 ,,declarations4 ,i4 ,,the ,,subjunctive ,,of ,,desire4 7,a47 ,,wish4 #aedj4 ,the subjunctive may be used to express a wish4 ,wishes are often introduced by utinam1 in old and poetical ,latin also by ut1 ut1 and curses in old ,latin by qu2 these words were originally interrogative1 how4 ,sometimes the wish is limited by modo1 only4 ,in negative wishes n is used1 either alone1 or preceded by utinam or modo2 rarely nn1 or the old-fashioned nec1 not 7#addf74 #aeda4 7#a47 ,the present and perfect represent a wish as practicable2 although a hopeless wish may1 of course1 if the speaker chooses1 be represented as practicable3 as1 7a47 t spectem1 suprma mih cum vnerit hra1 ,tib4 #a1 #a1 #ei1 on thee ,i'd gaze1 when my last hour shall come4 utinam illum diem videam1 ,att4 #c1 #c1 ,i hope ,i may see the day4 7b47 utinam cnre1 ,ph4 #b1 #aja1 ,i hope you may make the effort4 7c47 d vortant bene quod ags1 ,t4 ,hec4 #aif1 may gods speed well whate'er you undertake4 qu illum d omns perduint1 ,t4 ,ph4 #abc1 him may all gods fordo4 utinam hbernae duplicentur tempora brmae1 ,prop4 #a1 #h1 #i1 oh that the winter's time may doubled be4 utinam revvscat frter1 ,gell4 #aj1 #f1 #b1 ,i hope my brother may rise from his grave4 n istc ,iuppiter srit1 ,l4 #bh1 #bh1 #aa1 now ,jupiter forefend4 ,the perfect is found principally in old ,latin4 #aedb4 ,the present is very common in asseveration3 as1 peream1 nisi sollicitus sum1 ,fam4 #ae1 #ai1 #d1 may ,i die1 if ,i am not worried4 sollicitat1 ita vvam1 me tua valtd1 ,fam4 #af1 #bj1 your state of health worries me1 as ,i hope to live4 ita vvam1 ut maxims smpts faci1 ,att4 #e1 #ae1 #b1 as ,i hope to be saved1 ,i am making great outlays4 ,see also #afbb4 #aedc4 ,the perfect subjunctive sometimes refers to past action now completed3 as1 utinam abierit malam crucem1 ,pl4 ,poen4 #gii1 ,i hope he's got him to the bitter cross 7#aafe74 utinam spem implverim1 ,plin4 ,ep4 #a1 #aj1 #c1 ,i hope ,i may have fulfilled the expectations4 #aedd4 7#b47 ,the imperfect represents a wish as hopeless in the present or immediate future1 the pluperfect represents it as unfulfilled in the past3 as1 7a47 tcum ldere scut ipsa possem1 ,cat4 #b1 #i1 could ,i with thee but play1 e'en as thy mistress' self1 to ,lesbia's sparrow4 utinam ego tertius vbs amcus adscrberer1 ,,td4 #e1 #fc1 would that ,i could be enrolled with you myself1 as the third friend1 says tyrant ,dionysius to ,damon and ,phintias4 7b47 utinam m mortuum prius vdisss1 ,q,fr4 #a1 #c1 #a1 ,i wish you had seen me dead first4 7c47 utinam n in nemore ,pli secribus caesa accdisset abigna ad terram trabs1 ,e4 in ,cornif4 #b1 #cd1 had but1 in ,pelion's grove1 by axes felled1 ne'er fallen to the earth the beam of fir1 i4e4 for the ,argo4 utinam ille omns scum cpis dxisset1 ,c4 #b1 #d1 ,i only wish the man had marched out all his train-bands with him4 #aede4 ,in old or poetical ,latin1 the imperfect sometimes denotes unfulfilled past action1 like the usual pluperfect2 as1 utinam in ,sicili perbters1 ,pl4 ,r4 #did1 would thou hadst died in ,sicily4 utinam t d prius perderent1 ,pl4 ,cap4 #ecg1 ,i wish the gods had cut thee off before4 ,see #bjge4 #aedf4 ,in poetry1 a wish is sometimes thrown into the form of a conditional protasis with s or s3 as1 s urnam argent frs quae mihi mnstret1 ,h4 ,s4 #b1 #f1 #aj1 oh if some chance a pot of money may to me reveal4 7,b47 ,,exhortation1 ,,direction1 ,,statement ,,of ,,propriety4 #aedg4 ,the subjunctive may be used to express an exhortation1 a direction1 or a statement of propriety4 ,the subjunctive of exhortation is sometimes preceded in old ,latin by ut or ut1 originally interrogative4 ,in negative exhortations or directions1 n1 nm1 nihil1 or numquam1 c41 is used1 rarely nn4 #aedh4 7#a47 ,the present expresses what is to be done or is not to be done in the future3 as1 7a47 hoc quod coep prmum nrrem1 ,t4 ,hau4 #bgc1 first let me tell the story ,i've begun4 taceam nunc iam1 ,pl4 ,b4 #ajeh1 let me now hold my tongue4 cnsdmus hc in umbr1 ,leg4 #b1 #g1 let us sit down here in the shade4 n difficilia optmus1 ,v4 #d1 #ae1 let us not hanker after impossibilities4 7b47 ,,haice ,,vtei ,,in ,,coventionid ,,exdeicatis1 ,,cil4 ,i1 #aif1 #bc1 this you are to proclaim in public assembly4 7c47 nmina dclnre et verba in prms puer sciant1 ,quintil4 #a1 #d1 #bb1 first and foremost boys are to know how to inflect nouns and verbs4 ut adserventur magn dligenti1 ,pl4 ,cap4 #aae1 let them be watched with all due care4 n quis tamquam parva fastdiat grammatics elementa1 ,quintil4 #a1 #d1 #f1 let no man look down on the rudiments of grammar fancying them insignificant4 #aedi4 7#b47 ,the perfect subjunctive is rare3 as1 idem dictum sit1 ,quintil4 #a1 #a1 #h1 the same be said1 once for all4 ,mostly in prohibitions3 as1 mortus sit nm qu minus abeant1 ,l4 #i1 #aa1 #ac1 let no man hinder them from going away4 #aeej4 ,in positive commands1 the second person singular often has a definite subject in old or epistolary ,latin1 and particularly ss1 for the imperative es or est4 ,usually however an indefinite subject 7#ajcj73 as1 7a47 es1 ,pl4 ,r4 #eai1 be off4 hc apud ns hodi cns1 ,pl4 ,most4 #aabi1 dine here with us today4 cautus ss1 m ,tir1 ,fam4 #af1 #i1 #d1 you must be careful1 dear ,tiro4 7b47 ist bon tre1 dum adsit1 ,,cm4 #cc1 enjoy this blessing while you have it with you4 #aeea4 ,when a prohibition is expressed in the subjunctive1 the second person of the present is often used in old ,latin1 sometimes the perfect4 ,later1 however1 the perfect is generally prevalent4 ,in the classical period1 the present is almost confined to poetry4 ,for the imperative in prohibitions1 see #aeha-aehf4 7a47 n illum verbers1 ,pl4 ,b4 #gdg1 you mustn't thrash the man4 ,once in ,horace3 n ss patruos mih1 ,s4 #b1 #c1 #hh1 don't play stern governor to me4 7b47 n trnsiers ,ibrum1 ,l4 #ba1 #dd1 #f1 do not cross the ,iberus4 quod dubits n fcers1 ,plin4 ,ep4 #a1 #ah1 #e1 what you have doubt about1 never do4 #aeeb4 7#c47 ,the imperfect or 7but not in old ,latin7 pluperfect subjunctive is sometimes used to express past obligation or necessity3 as1 7a47 ,imperfect3 quae hc erant crrs1 ,t4 ,hec4 #bcj1 thou shouldst have looked to matters here4 patertur1 ,t4 ,hau4 #bjb1 he should have stood it4 quod s mes incommods laetbantur1 urbis tamen percul commovrentur1 ,sest4 #ed1 well1 if they did gloat over my mishaps1 still they ought to have been touched by the danger to ,rome4 crs rs potius1 ,pl4 ,per4 #gaj1 you'd better have gone tomorrow1 i4e4 have resolved to go tomorrow4 poens penders1 ,pl4 ,b4 #dbg1 thou hadst to pay a penalty4 7b47 ,pluperfect3 restitisss1 rpugnsss1 mortem pugnns oppetsss1 ,poet4 in ,sest4 #de1 thou shouldst have made a stand1 fought back1 and fighting met thy fate4 quid facere dbuist8 frmentum n misss1 ,v4 #c1 #aie1 what ought you to have done8 you should not have bought any wheat4 ,usually1 however1 past obligation or necessity is expressed by the gerundive construction1 or by some separate verb meaning ought 7#adif74 ,errata3 #aedh;a 444 ,quintil4 #a1 #d1 #bb1 #bb4 ut adserventur magn dligenti1 4 for 1 ,quintil4 #a1 #d1 #f 4 invisible 7,c47 ,,willingness1 ,,assumption1 ,,concession4 #aeec4 ,the subjunctive of desire may be used to denote willingness1 assumption1 or concession3 as1 derint dum metuant1 ,poet4 in ,suet4 ,cal4 #cj1 they are welcome to hate1 as long as they fear4 n sit sn summum malum dolor1 malum cert est1 ,,td4 #b1 #ad1 grant for aught ,i care that pain is not the worst evil1 an evil it certainly is4 nl fcerit1 est1 ,j4 #f1 #bbb1 he may be guiltless1 be it so4 ,erratum3 #aeec 444 n sit sn summum malum dolor1 malum cert est1 cert est4 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,subjunctive ,,of ,,action ,,conceivable4 #aeed4 ,the subjunctive is often used to represent action as conceivable1 without asserting that it actually takes place4 ,in some of its applications1 this subjunctive is often more exactly defined by an expression of doubt or of assurance3 as1 fors fuat an in ,plautus1 forsitan from ,terence on 7rarely forsan1 fors71 fortasse1 may be1 perhaps2 opnor1 haud sci an1 ,i fancy2 facile1 easily1 sine ll dubittine1 unhesitatingly1 c41 c4 ,the negative used with this subjunctive is nn4 #aeee4 ,this subjunctive is particularly common in guarded or diffident statements3 thus1 velim1 ,i could wish1 nlim1 ,i should not be willing1 mlim1 ,i would rather1 dxerim1 ,i should say1 are often preferred to a blunter vol1 ,i insist1 nl1 ,i won't1 ml1 ,i prefer1 or dc1 ,i say4 #aeef4 ,the present denotes action in an indefinite future3 as1 7a47 ego forsitan in grege adnumerer1 ,,ra4 #hi1 as for me1 ,i might perhaps be counted in the common herd4 mtuom argentum rogem1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #geh1 money ,i might borrow4 haud sci an rct dcmus1 ,sest4 #eh1 ,i rather think we may say with propriety4 7b47 ,the second person singular generally has an imaginary subject 7#ajcj73 as1 dcs hc forsitan1 ,j4 #a1 #aej1 here peradventure thou mayst say1 i4e4 anybody may say4 rogs m quid sit deus1 auctre tar ,simnid1 ,,dn4 #a1 #fj1 you may ask me what god is2 ,i should follow the lead of ,simonides4 migrants cerns1 ,v4 #d1 #dja1 thou canst descry them on the move 7#afce74 ,often with some generalizing word1 such as saepe1 numquam1 plrs3 as1 saepe vides1 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #d1 #hf1 thou oft canst see4 ,fortnam citius reperis quam retines1 ,publil4 ,syr4 #afh1 dame ,fortune thou mayst sooner find than bind4 7c47 nunc aliquis dcat mihi1 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #c1 #ai1 now somebody may say to me 7more commonly dcet aliquis1 dcs1 #afbj74 forsitan aliquis dcat1 ,l4 #e1 #eb1 #e1 perhaps somebody may say4 hoc vbs incrdibile videtur1 ,v4 #c1 #aji1 this may seem incredible to you4 #aeeg4 7#a47 ,the perfect seldom occurs in old ,latin4 ,later1 it is rarely used of past time4 ,in this use it resembles the perfect of concession 7#aeec73 as1 7a47 forsitan temere fcerim1 ,,ra4 #ca1 peradventure ,i may have acted rashly4 errverim fortasse1 ,plin4 ,ep4 #a1 #bc1 #b1 ,i may have been mistaken perhaps4 7b47 concd2 forsitan aliquis aliquand eius mod quippiam fcerit1 ,v4 #b1 #gh1 ,i grant it2 perhaps somebody1 at some time or other1 may have done something of the sort4 haec ipsa forsitan fuerint nn necessria1 ,br4 #eb1 even this may perhaps have been superfluous4 #aeeh4 7#b47 ,the perfect is oftenest used with a future meaning1 and particularly the first person singular active of verbs meaning think or say3 as1 7a47 nn facile dxerim1 ,,td4 #e1 #aba1 ,i could not readily say4 hoc sine ll dubittine cnfirmverim1 ,br4 #be1 this ,i can assert without any hesitation4 pce tu dxerim1 ,,td4 #e1 #ab1 by your leave ,i would say4 ,the first person plural occurs first in ,cornificius1 and is rare3 as1 hunc deum rte betum dxermus1 ,,dn4 #a1 #eb1 such a god we should be right in pronouncing happy4 7b47 pln perfectum ,dmosthenem facile dxers1 ,br4 #ce1 you would readily pronounce ,demosthenes absolutely perfect 7#ajcj74 t vr eum nec nimis vald umquam nec nimis saepe laudvers1 ,leg4 #c1 #a1 oh no1 rest assured you never can praise him too emphatically nor too often4 conluviem istam nn nisi met corcuers1 ,ta4 #ad1 #dd1 such a motley rabble you can only keep under by terrorism4 7c47 forsitan quispiam dxerit1 ,off4 #c1 #bi1 perhaps somebody may say4 #aeei4 7#a47 ,the imperfect properly denotes action which might have taken place in the past3 as1 7a47 nn ego hoc ferrem calidus iuvent cnsule ,planc1 ,h4 #c1 #ad1 #bg1 this ,i should not have brooked in my hot youth1 in ,plancus' consulate4 7b47 ,the second person singular1 particularly of verbs meaning see1 make out1 think1 say1 generally has an imaginary subject 7#ajcj73 as1 vidrs1 ,h4 ,s4 #b1 #h1 #gg1 thou mightst have seen4 cerners1 ,l4 #bb1 #g1 #ab1 you might have descried4 nescrs1 ,l4 #c1 #ce1 #c1 you could not have told4 t columen r pblicae dcers intur1 ,sest4 #ai1 you would have sworn you were gazing on a pillar of the state4 7c47 qu vidret1 urbem captam dceret1 ,v4 #d1 #eb1 anybody who saw it1 would have said it was a captured city4 dc hoc in t nn potest1 posset in ,tarquini1 cum rgn esset expulsus1 ,,td4 #a1 #hh1 this cannot be said in your case2 it might have been said in ,tarquin's1 when he was driven from the throne4 numquam faceret1 ,t4 ,ph4 #aba1 he never would have done it4 #aefj4 7#b47 ,the imperfect often denotes action not performed at the present time2 so especially vellem 7nllem1 mllem73 as1 7a47 nimis vellem habre perticam1 ,pl4 ,as4 #ehi1 ,i wish so much ,i had a stick4 vellem adesse posset ,panaetius2 quaererem ex e1 ,,td4 #a1 #ha1 ,i only wish ,panaetius could be with us3 ,i should ask him 7,panaetius was dead74 cuperem voltum vidre tuum1 ,att4 #d1 #af1 #g1 ,i should like to see the expression of your face4 mllem ,cerberum metuers1 ,,td4 #a1 #ab1 ,i would rather you stood in dread of ,cerberus4 possem idem facere1 ,,td4 #a1 #hd1 ,i could do the same4 7b47 melius sequerre cupdine captam1 ,o4 #ad1 #bh1 better for thee it were a loving bride to woo4 7c47 in hc fortn pertilis eius opera esset1 ,att4 #i1 #ag1 #b1 in the present pinch his services would be extremely valuable4 #aefa4 ,the pluperfect represents action which did not take place in the past3 as1 7a47 vellem quidem licret3 hoc dxissem1 ,,ra4 #ach1 ,i only wish it were allowed2 ,i should have said so and so4 7b47 dedisss huic anim pr corpus1 fcisset quod optbat1 ,plin4 ,ep4 #a1 #ab1 #h1 you might have given this spirit a body to match2 he would have done what he craved to do4 7c47 urbs et rgna celeriter tanta nquitia dvorre potuisset1 ,ph4 #b1 #fg1 such colossal prodigality might have been capable of swallowing down cities and kingdoms speedily4 vcissent inprobs bon2 quid deinde8 ,sest4 #dc1 the good might have overpowered the bad2 what next8 #aefb4 ,it may be mentioned here1 that the subjunctive of action conceivable often extends to subordinate sentences3 see #agca4 ,,questions4 #aefc4 ,i4 ,the subjunctive is often used to ask what action or whether any action is desired1 commanded1 proper1 or necessary4 ,in many instances a negative answer or no answer at all is expected ,the negative is n1 sometimes nn4 7a47 qu m vertam8 ,scaur4 #ai1 which way shall ,i turn8 quid faciam1 praescrbe 33 quiscs 33 n faciam1 inquis1 omnn verss8 ,h4 ,s4 #b1 #a1 #e1 lay down the law1 what ,i'm to do 33 keep still 33 wilt have me write1 sayst thou1 no verse at all8 quid igitur faciam8 nn eam8 ,t4 ,eu4 #df1 what then am ,i to do8 not go8 quid n meminerim8 ,,do4 #b1 #bgc1 why should not ,i remember8 or of course ,i remember4 huic cdmus8 huius condicins audimus8 ,ph4 #ac1 #af1 shall we bow the knee to him8 shall we listen to his terms8 7b47 quid tandem m facere decuit8 quiscerem et paterer8 ,l4 #db1 #da1 #ab1 what in the world ought ,i to have done8 keep inactive and stand it8 #aefd4 ,such questions sometimes have the alternative form3 as1 ,corinthis bellum indcmus1 an nn8 ,inv4 #a1 #ag1 are we to declare war against ,corinth1 or not8 utrum indicre m ei thnsaurum aequom fuit1 an ego alium dominum paterer fier hsce aedibus8 ,pl4 ,tri4 #age1 should ,i have pointed out the hoard to him1 or should ,i have allowed another to become the owner of this house8 here paterer is equivalent to aequom fuit pat 7#adie74 #aefe4 ,,ii4 ,the subjunctive is often used to ask whether action is conceivable3 as1 7a47 quis putet celerittem ingen ,l4 ,brt dfuisse8 ,br4 #ec1 who can suppose that ,brutus lacked ready wit8 i4e4 nm putet 7#aeef71 putbit 7#afbj71 or putre potest4 s enim ,znn licuit1 cr nn liceat ,catn8 ,fin4 #c1 #ae1 for if it was allowed ,zeno1 why should not it be allowed ,cato8 7b47 hoc tantum bellum quis umquam arbitrrtur ab n impertre cnfic posse8 ,,ip4 #ca1 who would ever have dreamed that this stupendous war could be brought to a close by a single commander8 ,the imperfect sometimes denotes action not performed at the present time 7#aefj73 quis enim cvis rg nn favret8 ,d4 #f1 for what ,roman would not feel for the king8 7c47 ego t vidre nluerim8 ,q,fr4 #a1 #c1 #a1 ,i have objected to seeing you8 #aeff4 ,the subjunctive is often used in interrogative outbursts of surprise1 disapprobation1 indignation1 or captious rejoinder4 ,in such questions a pronoun1 ego1 t 7ille71 is usually expressed4 ,the negative is nn4 ,this subjunctive occurs in ,plautus and ,terence1 in ,cicero1 oftenest the letters1 in ,horace1 ,vergil1 and ,livy4 ,not in ,caesar nor ,sallust4 #aefg4 7#a47 ,the question may have no interrogative word1 or may have -ne1 especially in comedy3 as1 7a47 nn tacs8 33 taceam8 ,t4 ,ph4 #ihg1 you hold your tongue 33 ,i hold my tongue8 n fl 33 egone illum nn fleam8 ,pl4 ,cap4 #aci1 weep not 33 what1 ,i not weep for him8 t pulss omne quod obstat8 ,h4 ,s4 #b1 #f1 #cj1 what1 you1 sir1 punch whatever's in your way8 faves t host8 ille litters ad t mittat8 ,ph4 #g1 #e1 you1 sir1 sympathize with the enemy8 he correspond with you8 sapinsne nn timeat8 ,ac4 #b1 #ace1 a sage not be afraid8 7b47 ego mih umquam bonrum praesidium dfutrum putrem8 ,mil4 #id1 could ,i have dreamed that ,i should ever lack the protection of the patriotic8 7c47 #8apud exercitum mih fuers' inquit #8tot anns8' ,mur4 #ba1 #8to think of your having been with the army1 bless my soul8' says he1 #8so many years4' 7d47 mih cuiusquam sals tant fuisset1 ut meam neglegerem8 ,sull4 #de1 could anybody's safety have been so important in my eyes as to make me disregard my own8 #aefh4 7#b47 ,the question may have ut or ut3 as1 t ut lla rs frangat8 t ut umquam t corrigs8 ,c4 #a1 #bb1 any thing break you down8 you ever reform8 pater ut obesse flo dbeat8 ,planc4 #ca1 a father morally bound to work against his son8 #aefi4 7#c47 ,the question with ut or ut is sometimes attended by a remnant of another question with -ne or -n4 ,in this combination1 -ne either precedes1 joined to an emphatic word1 or it is attached directly to ut or ut3 as1 7a47 egone ut t interpellem8 ,,td4 #b1 #db1 what ,i8 interrupt you8 illne ut impne concitent fnitima bella8 ,l4 #d1 #b1 #ab1 what1 they be allowed to stir up border warfare with impunity8 virg haec lberast 33 meane ancilla lbera ut sit1 quam ego numquam ms man8 ,pl4 ,cur4 #fae1 this girl is free 33 my servant-girl8 she to be free1 when ,i have never set her free8 7b47 utne tegam spurc ,dmae latus8 ,h4 ,s4 #b1 #e1 #ah1 what1 ,i'm to shield a nasty ,dama's side8 somnium4 utine haec gnrret suom patrem8 ,t4 ,ph4 #hgd1 oh bosh1 not to have known the father that begat her8 ,see #aeje and #aecb4 #aegj4 ,it may be mentioned here1 that the interrogative subjunctive is often used in subordinate sentences3 see #agca4 ,erratum3 #aefe;a 444 ,fin4 #c1 #ae ,fin #c1 ,,the ,,imperative ,,mood4 ,,command4 #aega4 ,the second person of the imperative mood is used in commands1 either particular or general4 ,commands are very often attended by a vocative or vocative nominative1 or by t1 sir1 sirrah1 or vs1 gentlemen1 you people 7#aaah74 ,they are of various kinds1 as follows3 7a47 ,order1 often to an inferior3 thus1 to an official3 lctor1 conlig mans1 ,rab4 #ac1 ,l4 #a1 #bf1 #g1 ,gell4 #ab1 #c1 #b1 lictor1 tie up his wrists4 ,to soldiers3 as1 dsilte mlits1 #d1 #be1 #c1 overboard1 my men4 sgnifer1 statue sgnum1 ,l4 #e1 #ee1 #a1 standardbearer1 plant your standard4 nfer mles sgnum1 ,l4 #f1 #h1 #a1 advance your standard1 man1 or charge4 ,to sailors3 as1 hc drigite nvs1 ,l4 #bi1 #bg1 #ac1 head your galleys this way4 ,to slaves3 as1 convorrite aeds scps1 agite strnu1 ,pl4 ,b4 #aj1 sweep up the house with brooms1 be brisk4 ,also to an equal3 as1 aperte aliquis1 ,pl4 ,mer4 #acj1 open the door there somebody 7#ajhj74 ,or to a superior3 as1 heus1 ex1 ,phaedrome1 ,pl4 ,cur4 #bgf1 ho ,phaedromus1 come out4 7b47 ,exhortation1 entreaty1 summons1 request1 prayer1 imprecation1 wish1 concession1 c43 as1 vs vbs cnsulite1 #g1 #ej1 #e1 every man of you for himself4 s1 bibe1 anim obsequere1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #fgg1 eat1 drink1 and be merry4 sperne voluptts1 ,h4 ,e4 #a1 #b1 #ee1 scorn thou delights4 qun t intr1 ,pl4 ,most4 #hae1 go in1 go in1 won't you go in8 7#aebg74 patent portae1 proficscere1 dc tcum etiam omns tus1 ,c4 #a1 #aj1 the gates are open1 march forth2 take out all your myrmidons with you too4 aud1 ,iuppiter1 ,l4 #a1 #cb1 #f1 bow down thine ear1 ,jupiter4 in crucem1 ,pl4 ,as4 #idj1 get you gone to the cross4 vve valque1 ,h4 ,s4 #b1 #e1 #aji1 long live and thrive1 or farewell4 tib hab1 ,pl4 ,men4 #fij1 you keep it yourself4 #aegb4 ,the imperative is often softened by the addition of amb1 obsecr1 quaes1 prithee1 ,i beg1 or ss1 sultis1 sds1 please 7#ig74 ,it is sharpened by age1 agedum or agidum1 age ss1 mark me1 or 1 go1 come on1 or by modo1 only4 ,the concessive imperative sometimes has sn1 for all me4 #aegc4 ,in ,plautus and ,terence1 the enclitic dum1 a while1 a minute1 just1 is often attached to the imperative3 as1 manedum1 ,pl4 ,as4 #ehe1 wait a minute4 ,in classical ,latin1 dum is retained with age and agite3 as1 agedum cnferte cum illus vt ,p4 ,sllae1 ,sull4 #gb1 come now1 compare ,sulla's life with that man's 7#ajge74 #aegd4 ,it may be mentioned here1 that the imperative is often used in the protasis of a conditional sentence3 as1 tolle hanc opninem1 lctum sustuleris1 ,,td4 #a1 #cj1 do away with this notion1 and you will do away with mourning for the dead4 ,once only in old ,latin1 but often in late ,latin1 with a copulative3 as1 perge1 ac facile ecfceris1 ,pl4 ,b4 #fie1 start on1 and you will do it easily4 #aege4 7#a47 ,the third person1 and the longer forms of the second person1 are used particularly in laws1 legal documents1 and treaties1 and also in impressive general rules and maxims3 as1 7a47 rgi imperi du sunt1 ,leg4 #c1 #h1 there shall be two men vested with the power of kings4 amcitia rg ,antioch cum popul ,rmn hs lgibus est1 ,l4 #ch1 #ch1 #a1 there shall be amity between king ,antiochus and ,rome on the following terms4 7b47 vcns bonus est1 ,cato1 ,,rr4 #d1 always be good to your neighbours4 mribus vvit antqus1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #bie1 live thou in old-time ways4 ,the longer forms are often called the ,future ,imperative4 #aegf4 7#b47 ,the longer forms of the second person are also sometimes used in the ordinary speech of everyday life3 as1 cavt1 ,q,fr4 #a1 #c1 #h1 beware4 ,in old ,latin1 often s1 be thou1 but in classical ,latin1 oftener est 7or ss74 ,usually habt1 meaning keep1 or consider1 regularly sct1 sctte1 you must know 7#hdf74 ,in verse1 the long forms may sometimes be due to the metre3 as1 hc hodi cnt1 ,pl4 ,r4 #adag1 take dinner here today4 pr pr par refert1 ,t4 ,eu4 #dde1 pay tit for tat4 ,but also without such necessity3 as1 aufert intr1 ,pl4 ,tru4 #iad1 take it within4 quitus est1 inquam1 ,t4 ,ph4 #gac1 be not concerned1 ,i say4 #aegg4 7#c47 ,it may be mentioned here1 that the longer forms are very often used in the apodosis of a complex sentence1 particularly with a future or a future perfect protasis3 as1 s iste bit1 t1 ,pl4 ,ps4 #hfc1 if he shall go1 go thou4 medic mercdis quantum poscet1 prmitt iubt1 ,fam4 #af1 #ad1 #a1 you must order your medical man to be promised all he shall charge in the way of a fee4 ub nihil erit quod scrbs1 id ipsum scrbit1 ,att4 #d1 #h;b1 #d1 when you don't have anything to write1 then write just that4 cum ego ,p4 ,grnium testem prdxer1 refellit1 s poteris1 ,v4 #e1 #aed1 when ,i put ,granius on the witness stand1 refute him if you can4 #aegh4 ,in such combinations1 however1 the shorter forms are sometimes found3 as1 ubi vols1 accerse1 ,t4 ,andr4 #hdh1 fetch me when you will4 ,and conversely the longer forms are also found with a present protasis3 as1 num illud vidt1 s m ams1 ,fam4 #af1 #a1 #b1 attend to this one thing1 an thou lovest me4 #aegi4 ,a command is sometimes expressed by the subjunctive1 accompanying fac1 facit1 fac ut1 facit ut1 cr ut1 crt ut1 vid1 vid ut1 vol1 or particularly velim3 as1 magnum fac animum habes et spem bonam1 ,q,fr4 #a1 #b1 #af1 see that you keep up an heroic soul and unabated hope 7#agab74 fac cgits1 ,fam4 #aa1 #c1 #d1 see that you bear in mind4 cr ut vales1 ,fam4 #ab1 #bi1 #c1 take good care of yourself4 velim exstims1 ,fam4 #ab1 #bi1 #b1 ,i should like to have you consider4 ,for commands in the subjunctive alone1 see #aedg2 in the future indicative1 #afbd2 in the form of a question1 #aeca4 #aehj4 ,a periphrastic perfect passive form is rare3 as1 ire caesus est1 ,twelve ,tables in ,macrob4 ,sat4 #a1 #d1 #ai1 he shall be regarded as killed with justifying circumstances4 prob factum est1 ,l4 #bb1 #aj1 #f1 let it be considered justified4 at vs admonit nostrs quoque csibus este1 ,o4 ,tr4 #d1 #h1 #ea1 but be ye warned by our misfortunes too4 ,errata3 #aega 444 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #fgg1 #fgg4 #aegg 444 ,att4 #d1 #h;b1 #d1 #d4 ,,prohibition4 #aeha4 7#a47 ,in prohibitions with the second person1 the imperative with n is used in old ,latin1 and with nve as a connective1 rarely neque3 as1 n fl1 ,pl4 ,cap4 #aci1 weep not4 n saev tant opere1 ,t4 ,andr4 #hfh1 be not thus wroth4 ,sometimes in classical poetry also1 in imitation of old style3 as1 n saev1 magna sacerds1 ,v4 #f1 #edd1 rave not1 thou priestess grand4 ,once in ,livy3 n timte1 #c1 #b1 #i1 be not afraid4 #aehb4 ,from ,ovid on1 nn is used a few times for n3 as1 nn crs aurs onerte lapills1 ,o4 ,,aa4 #c1 #abi1 load not with precious stones your ears4 #aehc4 7#b47 ,prohibitions in the second person are usually expressed by nl or nlte with the infinitive1 particularly in classical prose3 as1 obirgre nl1 ,att4 #c1 #aa1 #b1 don't scold4 nlte id velle quod fier nn potest1 ,ph4 #g1 #be1 don't yearn after the unattainable4 #aehd4 ,in poetry1 equivalents for nl are sometimes used with the infinitive1 such as fuge1 parce or comperce1 conpesce1 mitte or omitte1 absiste3 as1 quid sit futrum crs1 fuge quaerere1 ,h4 #a1 #i1 #ac1 what fate the morrow brings1 forbear to ask4 ,livy has once parce1 #cd1 #cb1 #bj4 #aehe4 7#c47 ,a prohibition in the second person is often expressed by the subjunctive accompanying cav1 fac n1 vid n1 vidt n1 cr n1 crt n1 or nlim1 and in old ,latin cav n3 as1 cav festns1 ,fam4 #af1 #ab1 #f1 don't be in a hurry4 cavt n suscnses1 ,pl4 ,as4 #cgb1 see that thou beest not wroth4 hoc nlim m iocr puts1 ,fam4 #i1 #ae1 #d1 ,i should hate to have you think ,i am saying this in fun4 ,for prohibitions in the second person with n and the present or perfect subjunctive1 see #aeea4 ,for the subjunctive coordinated with cav1 see #agaa4 #aehf4 ,in law language1 prohibitions are expressed by the third person of the imperative with n1 and with nve as a connective3 as1 hominem mortuom in urbe n sepelt nve rit1 ,twelve ,tables in ,leg4 #b1 #eh1 he shall not bury nor yet shall he burn a dead man in town4 muliers gens n rdunt nve lessum fneris erg habent1 ,twelve ,tables in ,leg4 #b1 #ei1 women shall not tear their cheeks nor shall they keen in lamentation for the dead 7#abeg74 ,likewise with nm3 as1 nmin prent1 ,twelve ,tables in ,leg4 #c1 #h1 they shall not be subject to anybody4 ,see also #aedh4 ,,tense4 ,,the ,,tenses ,,of ,,the ,,indicative4 ,,the ,,present ,,tense4 #aehg4 ,the present indicative represents action as going on at the time of speaking or writing3 as1 scrb1 ,i write1 or ,i am writing4 nunc prmum audi1 ,t4 ,andr4 #icf1 for the first time ,i hear4 notat ad caedem num quemque nostrm1 ,c4 #a1 #b1 he is marking us out for death1 each and all4 domus aedifictur1 ,att4 #d1 #b1 #g1 the house is building4 #aehh4 ,the present is used to denote action customary or repeated at any time1 or a general truth3 as1 agr cultrae nn student1 #f1 #bb1 #a1 they do not apply themselves to farming4 vir in uxrs vtae necisque habent potesttem1 #f1 #ai1 #c1 the married men have power of life and death over their wives4 probits laudtur et alget1 ,j4 #a1 #gd1 uprightness gets extolled1 and left out in the cold4 dum vtant stult vitia1 in contrria currunt1 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #b1 #bd1 while fools essay a vice to shun1 into its opposite they run4 mors sla fattur quantula sint hominum corpuscula1 ,j4 #aj1 #agb1 death is the only thing that tells what pygmy things men's bodies be4 stultrum plna sunt omnia1 ,fam4 #i1 #bb1 #d1 the world is full of fools4 rs inept rs ineptior nllast1 ,cat4 #ci1 #af1 there's nothing sillier than a silly laugh4 #aehi4 ,the present1 when accompanied by some expression of duration of time1 is often used to denote action which has been going on some time and is still going on4 ,this present is translated by the ,english perfect3 as1 ,lilybae mults iam anns habitat1 ,v4 #d1 #ch1 he has lived at ,lilybaeum this many a year4 iam ddum auscult1 ,h4 ,s4 #b1 #g1 #a1 ,i have been listening for an age4 satis di hc iam saxum vors1 ,t4 ,eu4 #ajhe1 ,i've trundled at this boulder long enough as 't is4 nimium di t castra dsderant1 ,c4 #a1 #aj1 the camp has felt your absence altogether too long4 iam di gnr quid ags1 ,fam4 #g1 #i1 #a1 ,i have not known this long time how you are getting on4 ,this use extends to the subjunctive and to nouns of the verb also4 ,but if the action is conceived as completed1 the perfect is used3 as1 sr resistimus quem per anns decem aluimus1 ,att4 #g1 #e1 #e1 it is too late to oppose a man whom we have been supporting ten long years4 #aeij4 ,the present is often used to represent past action as going on now4 ,this is called the ,present of ,vivid ,narration3 as1 trnsfgitur sctum ,pulini et vertum in balte dfgitur4 vertit hc csus vgnam1 inpedtumque hosts circumsistunt1 #e1 #dd1 #g1 ,pulio has his shield run through1 and a javelin sticks fast in his sword belt4 ,this mischance puts his scabbard out of reach1 and the enemy encompass him in this hampered condition4 ,this present often stands side by side with a past tense4 ,it is common in subordinate sentences also4 #aeia4 ,the present is sometimes used in brief historical or personal memoranda1 to note incidents day by day or year by year as they occur4 ,this is called the ,annalistic ,present3 as1 ,proca deinde rgnat4 is ,numitrem prcreat4 ,numitr rgnum vetustum ,silviae gentis lgat1 ,l4 #a1 #c1 #i1 after this ,proca is king2 this man begets ,numitor2 to ,numitor he bequeaths the ancient throne of the ,silvian race4 duplictur cvium numerus4 ,caelius additur urb mns1 ,l4 #a1 #cj1 #a1 number of citizens doubled2 ,mt4 ,caelius added to city4 in ,mmurrrum lass deinde urbe manmus1 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #e1 #cg1 in the ,mamurras' city then forspent we sleep4 ,particularly common with dates3 as1 ,a4 ,vergnius inde et ,t4 ,vetusius cnsultum ineunt1 ,l4 #b1 #bh1 #a1 then ,verginius and ,vetusius enter on the consulship4 ,m4 ,sln ,l4 ,nrbn cnsulibus ,germnicus ,aegyptum proficscitur1 ,ta4 #b1 #ei1 in the consulship of ,silanus and ,norbanus1 ,germanicus leaves for ,egypt4 #aeib4 ,verbs of hearing1 seeing1 and saying are often put in the present1 even when they refer to action really past3 as1 audi ,valerium ,mrtilem dcessisse1 ,plin4 ,ep4 #c1 #ba1 #a1 ,i hear that ,martial is dead1 i4e4 the epigrammatist1 #ajb ,a4,d4 ,particularly of things mentioned in books1 or in quoting what an author says3 as1 ,hercyniam silvam1 quam ,eratosthen ntam esse vide1 #f1 #bd1 #b1 the ,hercynian forest1 which ,i see was known to ,eratosthenes4 ,plat #8scam malrum' appellat volupttem1 ,,cm4 #dd1 ,plato calls pleasure the #8bait of sin4' #aeic4 ,the present is sometimes loosely used of future action3 as1 crs est mih idicium1 ,t4 ,eu4 #cch1 tomorrow ,i've a case in court4 ego scophantam iam condc d for1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #hae1 for me1 a sharper from the market place ,i'll straight engage4 quam mox inruimus8 ,t4 ,eu4 #ghh1 how soon do we pitch in8 ,this present is also used in subordinate sentences with antequam and priusquam 7#aiab1 #aiae71 with dum1 until 7#bjjf71 and sometimes with s4 ,,the ,,imperfect ,,tense4 #aeid4 ,the imperfect indicative represents action as going on in past time3 as1 scrbbam1 ,i was writing1 or ,i wrote4 ei mihi qulis erat1 ,v4 #b1 #bgd1 woe's me1 how ghastly he appeared4 multsque per anns errbant ct fts1 ,v4 #a1 #ca1 and they for many a year were roaming round1 by fates pursued4 #aeie4 ,the imperfect often denotes past action lasting while something else occurred3 as1 an tum ers cnsul1 cum mea domus ardbat8 ,pis4 #bf1 were you perhaps consul at the time my house was burning down8 neque vr tum gnrbat s ad exqusta supplicia proficsc1 ,off4 #c1 #ajj1 and all the time he knew perfectly well that he was starting off to suffer studied torments4 #aeif4 ,the imperfect is used to denote repeated or customary past action or condition3 as1 commentbar dclmitns ctdi1 ,br4 #caj1 ,i always practised speaking my compositions every day4 noct ambulbat in pblic ,themistocls1 ,,td4 #d1 #dd1 ,themistocles used to promenade the streets nights4 #aeig4 ,the imperfect1 when accompanied by some expression of duration of time1 is used to denote action which had been going on for some time1 and was still going on4 ,this imperfect1 which is translated by the ,english pluperfect1 is analogous to the present in #aehi3 as1 pater grandis nt iam di lect tenbtur1 ,v4 #e1 #af1 his aged father had long been bedridden4 hram amplius iam permult homins mlibantur1 ,v4 #d1 #ie1 something over an hour a good many men had been prizing away4 ,but if the action is conceived as completed at a past time1 the pluperfect is used3 as1 diem iam quntum cib caruerat1 #f1 #ch1 #a1 four whole days he had gone without eating4 #aeih4 ,in a few examples1 the imperfect is used to denote action suddenly recognized1 though going on before3 as1 ehem1 ,parmen1 tn hc ers8 ,t4 ,hec4 #cdj1 why bless me1 ,parmeno1 were you here all this time8 #aeii4 ,in descriptions of place or in general truths1 where the present might be expected1 the imperfect is sometimes used1 by assimilation to past action in the context3 as1 ipsum erat oppidum ,alesia in colle summ1 #g1 #fi1 #a1 ,alesia proper was situated on the top of a hill4 ,often also in subordinate sentences4 #afjj4 ,for the imperfect indicative of certain verbs relating to action not performed at the present time1 see #adig2 for the conative use1 see #bcjb4 #afja4 ,in letters1 the imperfect may denote action at the time of writing1 the writer transferring himself to the time of the reader3 as1 haec tibi dictbam post fnum putre ,vacnae1 ,h4 ,e4 #a1 #aj1 #di1 ,i dictate this for thee behind ,vacuna's crumbling shrine4 nihil habbam quod scrberem1 ,att4 #i1 #aj1 #a1 ,i have nothing to write4 ,similarly in the delivery of messages3 as1 scrbae rbant1 ,h4 ,s4 #b1 #f1 #cf1 the clerks request4 ,the present1 however1 is very often used where the imperfect would be applicable4 ,compare #afaf4 ,,the ,,perfect ,,tense4 #afjb4 ,the ,latin perfect indicative represents two ,english tenses3 thus1 the preterite1 ,i wrote1 and the perfect1 ,i have written1 are both expressed by the perfect scrps4 ,in the first sense1 this perfect is called the ,historical ,perfect2 in the second sense1 it is called the ,perfect ,definite4 ,,the ,,historical ,,perfect4 #afjc4 ,the historical perfect simply expresses action as having occurred at an indefinite past time1 without implying anything as to the duration of the action3 as1 scrps1 ,i wrote4 vn1 vd1 vc1 ,caesar in ,suet4 ,iul4 #cg1 came1 saw1 overcame4 apud ,helvtis long nbilissimus fuit ,orgetorx1 #a1 #b1 #a1 among the ,helvetians1 the man of highest birth by all odds was ,orgetorix4 ,diodrus prope triennium dom caruit1 ,v4 #d1 #da1 for nearly three years ,diodorus had to keep away from home4 in ,graeci msic flrurunt1 discbantque id omns1 ,,td4 #a1 #d1 in ,greece musicians stood high1 and everybody studied the art 7#aeif74 #afjd4 ,it may be mentioned here1 that in subordinate sentences the historical perfect is sometimes loosely used from the writer's point of view1 instead of the more exact pluperfect demanded by the context3 as1 aliquantum spati ex e loc1 ub pugntum est1 aufgerat1 ,l4 #a1 #be1 #h1 he had run off some distance from the spot where the fighting had occurred4 ,see #aibe4 ,,the ,,perfect ,,definite4 #afje4 ,the perfect definite expresses action which is already completed at the present time1 and the effects of which are regarded as continuing3 as1 scrps1 ,i have written4 dxrunt1 ,clu4 #gc1 dxre1 ,quintil4 #a1 #e1 #dc1 they have finished speaking4 specttrs1 fbula haec est cta1 ,pl4 ,most4 #aaha1 ladies and gentlemen1 this play is done4 #afjf4 ,in old ,latin1 habe with the perfect participle is sometimes equivalent to a periphrastic perfect3 as1 illa omnia missa habe1 ,pl4 ,ps4 #fjb1 ,i've dropped all that1 i4e4 ms4 ,but in classical ,latin1 the participle and a tense of habe are more or less distinct in their force3 as1 ,caesar aciem nstrctam habuit1 #a1 #dh1 #c1 ,caesar kept his line drawn up1 not had drawn up4 ,compare #bbig4 #afjg4 ,with verbs of inceptive meaning the perfect definite is equivalent to the ,english present3 as1 cnsist1 take my stand1 cnstit1 stand1 cnsusc1 get used1 cnsuv1 am used1 nsc1 learn1 nv1 know4 ,similarly memin1 remember1 and d1 hate4 ,the pluperfect of such verbs is represented by the ,english imperfect1 and the future perfect by the ,english future4 #afjh4 ,the perfect often denotes a present resulting state3 as1 vcne1 peri1 interi1 ,pl4 ,most4 #ajca1 my neighbour1 ,i am dead and gone4 ,particularly in the passive voice3 as1 ,gallia est omnis dvsa in parts trs1 #a1 #a1 #a1 ,gaul1 including everything under the name1 is divided into three parts4 ,compare #afae4 #afji4 ,in the perfect passive1 forms of fu1 c41 are sometimes used to represent a state no longer existing3 as1 monument statua superimposita fuit1 quam diectam nper vdimus ips1 ,l4 #ch1 #ef1 #c1 on the monument there once stood a statue which ,i saw not long ago with my own eyes1 lying flat on the ground4 ,similarly1 in the pluperfect1 fueram1 c43 as1 arma quae fxa in parietibus fuerant1 ea sunt hum inventa1 ,div4 #a1 #gd1 the arms which had once been fastened on the walls were found on the floor4 ,sometimes1 however1 forms of fu1 c41 fueram1 c41 and fuer1 c41 are used by ,plautus1 ,cicero1 especially in his letters1 ,nepos1 ,sallust1 and particularly ,livy1 in passives and deponents1 quite in the sense of sum1 c4 #afaj4 ,the perfect of some verbs may imply a negative idea emphatically by understatement1 as3 fuit lium1 ,v4 #b1 #cbe1 ,ilium has been1 i4e4 ,ilium is no more4 vximus1 flruimus1 ,fam4 #ad1 #d1 #e1 we have lived our life1 we have had our day4 flium nicum adulscentulum habe4 h1 quid dx8 habre m8 imm habu1 ,t4 ,hau4 #ic1 ,i have one only son1 a growing boy4 ,ah me1 what did ,i say1 ,i have8 ,oh no1 have had4 #afaa4 ,the perfect may denote an action often done1 or never done3 as1 iam saepe homins patriam crsque parents prdiderunt1 ,lucr4 #c1 #he1 time and again have men their land betrayed and parents dear4 nn aeris acervus et aur ddxit corpore febrs1 ,h4 ,e4 #a1 #b1 #dg1 no pile of brass and gold hath fevers from the body drawn4 mult1 cum obesse vellent1 prfurunt et1 cum prdesse1 obfurunt1 ,,dn4 #c1 #gj1 many a man has done good1 when he meant to do harm1 and when he meant to do good1 has done harm4 ,common from ,cicero1 ,sallust1 and ,catullus on1 especially in poetry4 #afab4 ,the perfect is sometimes used as a lively future perfect to express completed future action3 as1 quam mox coctumst prandium8 ,pl4 ,r4 #cdb1 how soon is lunch all cooked8 cui s esse in urbe licbit1 vcimus1 ,att4 #ad1 #bj1 #c1 if he shall be allowed to stay in town1 the day is ours4 peri1 s m aspexerit1 ,pl4 ,am4 #cbj1 ,i'm gone1 if he lays eyes on me4 #afac4 ,it may be mentioned here1 that the perfect is regularly used in a subordinate sentence denoting time anterior to a present of repeated action 7#aehh74 ,in such sentences the present is preferred in ,english3 as1 reliqu1 qu dom mnsrunt1 s atque ills alunt1 #d1 #a1 #e1 the others1 that stay at home1 always support themselves and the above-mentioned also4 s qu aut prvtus aut populus erum dcrt nn stetit1 sacrificis interdcunt1 #f1 #ac1 #f1 if any man or any community does not abide by their decree1 they always debar them from sacrifices4 ,so also with quom or cum1 quotins1 simul atque1 ub4 ,compare #afah4 ,erratum3 #afaa 444 nn aeris acervus et aur ddxit corpore febrs auri ,,the ,,pluperfect ,,tense4 #afad4 ,the pluperfect indicative expresses past action1 completed before another past action expressed or understood3 as1 scrpseram1 ,i had written4 ,pyrrh temporibus iam ,apoll verss facere dsierat1 ,div4 #b1 #aaf1 in ,pyrrhus's day ,apollo had quite given up making poetry4 mortuus erat gis rx4 flium relquerat ,letychidem1 ,n4 #ag1 #a1 #d1 ,agis the king had died2 he had left a son ,leotychides4 #afae4 ,the pluperfect often expresses a past resulting state3 as1 castra oportns locs erant posita1 #g1 #fi1 #g1 the camp was pitched on favourable ground4 ita n tempore et longs nvs aestus complverat1 et onerris tempests adflctbat1 #d1 #bi1 #b1 thus at one and the same time the tide had filled the men-of-war1 and the gale of wind kept knocking the transports about4 ,this use is analogous to that of the perfect in #afjh4 #afaf4 ,in letters1 the pluperfect is sometimes used to denote action occurring previous to the time of writing1 the writer transferring himself to the time of the reader3 as1 nam adhc t epistolam accperam1 ,att4 #g1 #ab1 #a1 ,i have only had one letter from you thus far4 ,this use is analogous to that of the imperfect in #afja1 and very often1 where this pluperfect would be applicable1 the perfect is used4 #afag4 ,the pluperfect is sometimes used where the perfect would be expected4 ,particularly so when it anticipates a past tense to follow in a new sentence3 as1 quod factum prm populrs conirtinis concusserat4 neque tamen ,catilnae furor minubtur1 ,s4 ,c4 #bd1 #a1 this terrified the conspirators at first2 and yet ,catiline's frenzy was not getting abated4 ,verbs of saying are also often put in the pluperfect in subordinate sentences referring to a preceding statement3 as1 ,epidamninsis ille1 quem ddum dxeram1 adoptat illum puerum surruptcium1 ,pl4 ,men4 prol4 #eg1 said man of ,epidamnus that ,i named erewhile adopts said kidnapped boy4 #afah4 ,it may be mentioned here1 that the pluperfect is used in a subordinate sentence denoting time anterior to a past tense of repeated action4 ,in such sentences the preterite is preferred in ,english3 as1 hosts ub aliqus singulrs cnspexerant1 incitts equs adoribantur1 #d1 #bf1 #b1 every time the enemy caught sight of detached parties1 they would always charge full gallop4 ,compare the analogous perfect in #afac4 ,erratum3 #afag 444 quod factum prm populrs conirtinis concusserat populars ,,the ,,future ,,tense4 #afai4 ,the future indicative expresses future action1 either momentary or continuous3 as1 scrbam1 ,i shall write1 ,i shall be writing1 or ,i will write1 ,i will be writing4 ,the future commonly expresses either prediction1 or will1 determination1 promise1 threat3 as1 7a47 tus litters exspectb1 ,att4 #e1 #g1 ,i shall be on the lookout for letters from you4 7b47 vvum t nn relinquam2 morire virgs1 ,v4 #d1 #he1 ,i will not leave you alive2 you shall die under the rod4 ,but separate forms to mark the sharp distinction which exists between shall and will in the ,english future and future perfect are utterly unknown in ,latin3 thus1 in occdar equidem1 sed victus nn perb1 ,cornif4 #d1 #fe1 ,i shall be murdered1 to be sure1 but ,i will not die a vanquished man1 the difference between the prediction contained in ,i shall1 and the determination contained in ,i will1 cannot be expressed in ,latin by the future indicative4 #afbj4 ,the future is often used in diffident assertion1 to express an assumption1 a belief1 conviction1 or concession1 of the speaker himself1 without implying its universal acceptance3 as1 dcs1 ,,td4 #b1 #fj1 you will say4 dcet aliquis1 ,,td4 #c1 #df1 somebody will say 7#aeef74 dabit hoc ,znn ,polem1 ,fin4 #d1 #ea1 ,polemo will concede this point to ,zeno4 excdent ali sprantia mollius aera1 crd equidem1 ,v4 #f1 #hdg1 with greater grace1 ,i well believe1 shall others shape the bronze that breathes4 ,particularly in conclusions3 as1 sequtur igitur vel ad supplicium beta vta virttem1 ,,td4 #e1 #hg1 happiness then will walk with goodness even to the scaffold4 ,or in general truths3 as1 cantbit vacuus cram latrne vitor1 ,j4 #aj1 #bb1 the pour man whan he goth by the weye1 bifore the thevs he may synge and pleye4 #afba4 ,the future sometimes predicts that a thing not yet known to be true will prove to be true3 as1 haec erit bon genere nta1 ,pl4 ,per4 #fde1 this maid1 you'll find1 is come of honest stock1 i4e4 esse reperitur4 ,compare the imperfect in #aeih4 #afbb4 ,in ,plautus and ,terence1 the future is sometimes used in protestations1 wishes1 or thanks3 as1 ita m d ambunt1 ,t4 ,hau4 #gdi1 so help me heaven4 d t ambunt1 ,pl4 ,men4 #bgh1 the gods shall bless thee4 ,usually1 however1 the subjunctive3 see #aedb and #aeda4 #afbc4 ,the future is sometimes used in questions of deliberation or appeal3 as1 ddmus erg ,hannibalem8 ,l4 #ba1 #aj1 #aa1 are we then to surrender ,hannibal8 hancine ego ad rem ntam memorb8 ,pl4 ,r4 #ahh1 am ,i to say that ,i was born for such a fate8 ,oftener the present subjunctive 7#aefc71 or sometimes the present indicative 7#aeca74 #afbd4 ,the future is sometimes used1 particularly in the second person1 to express an exhortation1 a direction1 a request1 a command1 or with nn a prohibition3 as1 crs ferrmenta ,tenum tolltis1 ,h4 ,e4 #a1 #a1 #hf1 tomorrow to ,teanum you will take your tools4 bon veni m audis1 ,,dn4 #a1 #ei1 you will listen to me with kind indulgence4 t intere nn cessbis1 ,fam4 #e1 #ab1 #aj1 meantime you will not be inactive4 haec igitur tib erunt crae1 ,fam4 #c1 #i1 #d1 you will attend to this then1 i4e4 haec crbis4 #afbe4 ,it may be mentioned here1 that the future is used in sentences subordinate to a future1 an imperative1 or a subjunctive implying a future3 as1 profect nihil accipiam iniriae1 s t aderis1 ,att4 #e1 #ah1 #c1 ,i am sure ,i shall suffer no harm1 if you are with me4 ut md esse vols1 ita er1 ,pl4 ,ps4 #bci1 as you will have me be1 so will ,i be4 ut is qu audiet1 cgitet plra1 quam videat1 ,,do4 #b1 #bdb1 so that the hearer may imagine more than he sees4 ,but sometimes a present is used 7#aeic74 ,,the ,,future ,,perfect ,,tense4 #afbf4 ,the future perfect indicative expresses completed future action3 as1 scrpser1 ,i shall have written1 or ,i will have written4 ,the future perfect is very common in ,latin1 particularly in protasis with a relative1 with cum1 ub1 c41 with antequam or priusquam1 with ut 7444 ita71 as 7444 so71 or with s1 to express action anterior in time to a future2 in ,english1 this future perfect is usually represented by a loose present or perfect3 as1 quicquid fceris1 adprobb1 ,fam4 #c1 #c1 #b1 whatever you do1 ,i shall think right4 ,examples will be given further on1 in speaking of the complex sentence4 #afbg4 ,it may be mentioned here that the future perfect in protasis and apodosis both denotes two actions occurring at one and the same time2 these actions are usually identical3 as1 qu ,antnium oppresserit1 is hoc bellum taeterrimum cnfcerit1 ,fam4 #aj1 #ai1 #b1 the man that puts down ,antony will put an end to this cruel war1 i4e4 putting down ,antony will be ending the war4 resprr1 s t vder1 ,att4 #b1 #bd1 #e1 ,i shall take breath again1 if ,i set eyes on you4 #afbh4 ,the future perfect sometimes denotes a future resulting state3 as1 molestus cert ei fuer1 ,t4 ,andr4 #fda1 at all events ,i shall have proved a bane to him4 meum r pblicae atque impertr officium praestiter1 #d1 #be1 #c1 ,i will have my duty all done to country and commander too4 #afbi4 ,the future perfect is sometimes used to express rapidity of future action1 often with the implication of assurance1 promise1 or threat3 as1 abier1 ,pl4 ,most4 #eij1 ,i'll instantly be gone4 iam hc revner1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #hfc1 ,b4 #ajff1 ,i'll be back here again forthwith4 prmus impetus castra cperit1 ,l4 #be1 #ch1 #ag1 the first rush will see the camp carried4 #afcj4 ,the future perfect often denotes action postponed to a more convenient season1 or thrown upon another person4 ,often thus with post1 alis1 and particularly mox3 as1 vbs post nrrver1 ,pl4 ,ps4 #gba1 ,i'll tell you by and by1 i4e4 ,i won't tell you now4 ad frtrem mox er1 ,pl4 ,cap4 #aid1 ,i'll to my brother's by and by1 i4e4 not yet4 fuerit ista eius dlberti1 ,l4 #a1 #bc1 #h1 that is a question for him to settle1 i4e4 not me4 ,especially vder3 as1 quae fuerit causa1 mox vder1 ,fin4 #a1 #ce1 what the reason was1 ,i won't consider now4 rct secusne alis vderimus1 ,ac4 #b1 #ace1 whether right or not1 we will consider some other time1 i4e4 never4 vs vderitis1 ,l4 #a1 #eh1 #aj1 that is a question for you1 i4e4 not me4 #afca4 ,the future perfect sometimes denotes action which will have occurred while something else takes place3 as1 nn er vbs morae3 tbcen vs intere hc dlectverit1 ,pl4 ,ps4 #egc;a1 ,i will not keep you long2 meantime the piper will have entertained you here4 t invt muliers1 ego accver puers1 ,att4 #e1 #a1 #c1 do you1 sir1 invite the ladies1 and ,i will meantime have fetched the children4 #afcb4 ,the future perfect is often not perceptibly different from the future1 especially in the first person singular in old ,latin3 as1 ego mih prvder1 ,pl4 ,most4 #ebf1 ,i'll look out for myself4 ers in obsidine linquet1 inimcm anims auxerit1 ,pl4 ,as4 #bhj1 he'll leave his owners in a state of siege1 he'll swell the courage of the enemy4 ,similarly ,cicero1 in the protases s potuer1 s voluer1 s licuerit1 s placuerit4 ,erratum3 #afcj 444 not yet4 fuerit ista eius dlberti 4 invisible ,,the ,,future ,,active ,,participle ,,with sum4 #afcc4 ,the future active participle combined with the tenses of sum expresses action impending1 resolved on1 or destined1 at the time indicated by the tense of the verb3 as1 cum hc equite pugntr estis1 ,l4 #ba1 #dj1 #aj1 with this kind of cavalry are you going to fight4 bellum scrptrus sum1 quod populus ,rmnus cum ,iugurth gessit1 ,sall4 ,i4 #e1 #a1 ,i purpose to write the history of the war that the people of ,rome carried on with ,jugurtha4 fet illud1 quod futrum est1 ,div4 #b1 #ba1 whatever is destined to be1 will be4 ,delphs petit1 ub columns1 quibus impositr status rgis ,perse fuerant1 sus status dstinvit1 ,l4 #de1 #bg1 #f1 he went to ,delphi1 where he appropriated for his own statues the pillars on which they had intended to put statues of king ,perses4 ,,the ,,tenses ,,of ,,the ,,subjunctive4 #afcd4 ,in simple sentences1 the tenses of the subjunctive correspond in general to the same tenses of the indicative4 ,but the present has a future meaning2 the imperfect sometimes expresses past1 sometimes present action2 and the perfect sometimes expresses past action1 and sometimes future action4 #afce4 ,the present subjunctive is sometimes used in reference to past action1 like the indicative present of vivid narration 7#aeij73 as1 migrants cerns1 ,v4 #d1 #dja1 you can descry them swarming out 7#aeef74 comprehend iussit2 quis nn pertimscat8 ,v4 #e1 #ad1 he ordered them to be arrested2 who would not be thoroughly scared8 7#aefe74 ,see also #bjge4 ,,the ,,compound ,,sentence1 ,,or ,,coordination4 #afcf4 ,two or more independent simple sentences may be coordinated to form a compound sentence in one of two ways3 either without a connective1 or with a connective4 ,what applies to the coordination of sentences1 also applies to the coordination of the parts of sentences in abridged sentences 7#ajeg74 7,a47 ,,without ,a ,,connective4 #afcg4 ,when simple sentences or parts of sentences are coordinated without any connective1 this mode of arrangement is called ,asyndetic ,coordination or ,asyndeton4 ,asyndeton1 whether in unabridged or in abridged sentences1 is more usual with three or more members than with two4 ,it occurs particularly often in ,plautus1 ,terence1 ,ennius1 and ,cato1 also in ,cicero1 especially in his early works and letters4 #afch4 ,the sentences in which asyndeton occurs are commonly such as might be connected by words meaning and or but2 less often by words meaning as1 for1 c4 ,asyndeton is especially common3 #afci4 7a47 ,in animated narration of events happening at the same moment1 in description1 and in climaxes4 ,also in mention of colleagues in office1 and in many set phrases and formulas3 as1 vn1 vd1 vc1 ,caesar in ,suet4 ,iul4 #cg1 came1 saw1 overcame4 nostr celeriter ad arma concurrunt1 vllum cnscendunt1 #e1 #ci1 #c1 our men rush speedily to arms1 clamber up the palisade4 huic s4 c4 intercessit ,c4 ,caelius1 ,c4 ,pnsa1 tribn pl41 ,fam4 #h1 #h1 #g1 this decree of the senate was objected to by ,caelius and ,pansa1 tribunes of the commons4 h ferre agere plbem1 ,l4 #c1 #cg1 #g1 there were these people worrying and harrying the commons 7#aece74 #afdj4 7b47 ,in contrasts or antitheses3 as1 opninis commenta dlet dis1 ntrae idicia cnfirmat1 ,,dn4 #b1 #e1 the fictions of speculation are swept away by time1 but the judgements of nature are confirmed4 ,particularly when either member is positive1 the other negative3 vincere scs1 ,hannibal1 victri t nescs1 ,l4 #bb1 #ea1 #d1 you know how to conquer1 ,hannibal1 but not how to use victory1 says ,maharbal after ,cannae1 #baf ,b4,c4 #afda4 ,asyndeton is very common with two or more imperatives3 as1 gredere ex urbe1 ,catilna1 lber rem pblicam met1 in exsilium proficscere1 ,c4 #a1 #bj1 go forth from ,rome1 ,catiline1 relieve the commonwealth from its fear1 depart into exile4 ,particularly when the first is age1 come on1 mark me1 or 1 go 7#aegb74 ,but from ,horace on1 nunc1 go to now1 is followed by et with a second imperative in derisive orders4 ,in old ,latin1 the imperatives may be joined by et or even atque4 #afdb4 ,asyndeton is also common with parentheses4 ,these often take the place of a modern foot-note3 as1 lgtus capite vlt fl 7lnae vlmen est7 #8aud1 ,iuppiter1' inquit1 ,l4 #a1 #cb1 #f1 the envoy with his head covered with a #8filum' 7that is to say a wrap of wool7 says #8bow down thine ear1 ,jupiter4' ,parentheses however are often introduced1 from ,terence on by nam1 and from ,sallust and ,cicero on1 by et1 neque1 autem1 enim1 c4 7,b47 ,,with ,a ,,connective4 7#a47 ,,conjunctions ,,as ,,connectives4 #afdc4 ,simple sentences or parts of sentences may be connected by copulative1 disjunctive1 or adversative conjunctions4 7a47 ,,copulative ,,conjunctions4 #afdd4 ,copulative conjunctions denote union1 and connect both the sentences and their meaning4 ,they are et1 -que1 atque or ac1 and1 and neque or nec1 neither4 #afde4 7#a47 et1 and1 is the commonest copulative1 and connects either likes or unlikes2 with two members only1 it is either used between them1 or is prefixed for emphasis to both3 as1 ,dumnorx apud ,squans plrimum poterat et ,helvtis erat amcus1 #a1 #i1 #c1 ,dumnorix was very influential among the ,sequani and a friend to the ,helvetians4 ,dmocritus alba discernere et tra nn poterat1 ,,td4 #e1 #aad1 ,democritus could not tell white and black apart4 et discipulus et magister perhibbantur inprob1 ,pl4 ,b4 #dbe1 both pupil and master were rated as knaves4 #afdf4 ,with three or more members1 et is either used between the members or1 frequently1 prefixed for emphasis to all4 ,often1 however1 it is omitted throughout 7#afcg71 or a third member is appended by -que 7#afea73 as1 persudent ,raurics et ,tulings et ,latovics ut n cum hs proficscantur1 #a1 #e1 #d1 they induce the ,rauricans1 ,tulingans1 and ,latovicans to join them in their march4 is et in custdiam cvs ,rmns dedit et supplictinem mih dcrvit et indics maxims praemis adfcit1 ,c4 #d1 #aj1 this person voted in the first place to put ,roman citizens in ward1 then to decree a thanksgiving in my honour1 and lastly to reward the informers with liberal gifts4 #afdg4 ,two members belonging closely together as a pair1 and connected by et1 atque1 or -que1 are sometimes put asyndetically with another member or members3 as1 ,aedu ferunt s diects prncipt2 queruntur fortnae commttinem et ,caesaris indulgentiam in s requrunt1 #g1 #fc1 #h1 the ,aeduans set forth that they were cast down from the chief place2 they complain of the change of fortune1 and say they miss ,caesar's former kindness to them4 nntitum est equits ,ariovist propius tumulum accdere et ad nostrs adequitre2 lapids in nostrs conicere1 #a1 #df1 #a1 it was reported that ,ariovistus's cavalry were moving nearer the hillock and galloping up to the ,romans2 that they were throwing stones at our men4 #afdh4 et has sometimes the meaning of also or of and also1 particularly when there is a change of speakers1 or before a pronoun3 as1 et hoc sci1 ,plin4 ,ep4 #a1 #ab1 #aa1 ,i know that too4 ,sometimes also after vrum1 nam1 and simul1 especially when a pronoun follows4 ,not in ,caesar4 #afdi4 7#b47 -que1 and1 combines members which belong together and make a whole1 though they may be different or opposed to each other2 the second member is often a mere appendage3 as1 rogat ratque t1 ,,ra4 #add1 he begs and entreats you1 or he earnestly entreats you4 lbert servolque nbilium1 ,,ra4 #ada1 the freedmen and slaves of the great1 or retainers1 bond and free4 omns ea1 quae bona videntur1 sequuntur fugiuntque contrria1 ,,td4 #d1 #ab1 everybody runs after what seems good and avoids the opposite4 -que is usually put after the first word of the new member4 ,it is particularly common in old or legal style4 #afej4 ,the combination -que 4 4 4 -que1 both 4 4 4 and1 is very common in poetry3 as1 noctsque disque1 ,e4 in ,,cm4 #a1 both night and day4 ,in prose1 it is used by ,sallust when the first word is a pronoun3 as1 mque rgnumque meum1 ,i4 #aj1 #b1 both myself and my throne2 and by ,livy to connect two relative sentences3 as1 omns quque ,rmae quque in exercit erant1 #bb1 #bf1 #e1 everybody1 both people in ,rome and people in the army4 #afea4 ,after two members without a connective1 a third member is sometimes appended by -que3 as1 satis habbat hostem rapns1 pbultinibus1 popultinibusque prohibre1 #a1 #ae1 #d1 he was satisfied with keeping the enemy from plundering1 foraging1 and ravaging4 #afeb4 7#c47 atque1 or before any consonant except h often ac1 and1 and besides1 adds something belonging essentially to what goes before1 but more important as a supplement or extension2 as1 s ex nv pricit atque in hosts aquilam ferre coepit1 #d1 #be1 #d1 he sprang overboard and furthermore proceeded to bear the eagle upon the enemy4 magna ds immortlibus habenda est atque huic ,iov ,statr grtia1 ,c4 #a1 #aa1 we owe a great debt of gratitude to the gods immortal in general1 and to yon ,jove the ,stayer in particular4 atque 4 4 4 atque occurs for et 4 4 4 et once in ,vergil1 and once in ,silius ,italicus4 #afec4 atque is used in comparisons1 after words of likeness and unlikeness3 as1 par spati trnsmissus1 atque ex ,galli est in ,britanniam1 #e1 #ac1 #b1 the journey across is just as long as it is from ,gaul to ,britain4 demque iussrunt simulcrum ,iovis facere maius et contr1 atque ante fuerat1 ad orientem convertere1 ,c4 #c1 #bj1 and they furthermore gave orders to make a statue of ,jupiter1 a bigger one1 and to turn it round to the east1 the opposite of the way it originally faced4 ,sometimes et is thus used after alius1 aliter1 aequ1 pariter1 c43 see the dictionary4 #afed4 ,with adjectives and adverbs in the comparative degree1 atque sometimes takes the place of quam than1 when the first member of comparison is negative 7#ahie73 as1 amcior mihi nllus vvit atque is est1 ,pl4 ,mer4 #hig1 ,i have no greater friend alive than that man is4 ,so in ,plautus1 ,terence1 ,lucretius1 ,catullus1 ,vergil1 rarely in ,cicero1 and in ,horace even when the first member is positive4 #afee4 ,a sentence is often introduced by et1 -que1 or atque1 where but would be used in ,english1 particularly so when a positive sentence follows a negative one3 as1 ,scrats nec patrnum quaesvit nec idicibus supplex fuit adhibuitque lberam contumciam1 ,,td4 #a1 #ga1 ,socrates did not try to find an advocate nor bow the knee to his judges1 but he was plain-spoken and defiant4 nostrrum mlitum impetum hosts ferre nn poturunt ac terga vertrunt1 #d1 #ce1 #b1 the enemy could not stand the dash of our people1 but turned their backs4 hominis n ,graec quidem ac ,ms potius1 ,q,fr4 #a1 #a1 #ai1 a creature who is not even a ,greek1 but more of a ,mysian4 #afef4 ,two sentences1 one of which would ordinarily be introduced by a subordinating temporal conjunction1 are sometimes1 mostly in poetry1 coordinated by et or -que3 as1 dxit et in silvam penns ablta refgit1 ,v4 #c1 #beh1 she spake1 and on her pinions sweeping1 vanished to the wood1 i4e4 simul atque dxit1 refgit4 #afeg4 7#d47 neque or nec1 neither1 nor1 and 4 4 4 not1 but 4 4 4 not1 is used as a negative copulative1 sometimes as a negative adversative3 as1 opninibus volg rapimur in errrem nec vra cernimus1 ,leg4 #b1 #dc1 we are swept into error by the delusions of the world and cannot make out the truth4 nn enim temere nec fortut cret sumus1 ,,td4 #a1 #aah1 for we were not created at adventure nor by accident4 subsidi sus irunt collemque cprunt1 neque nostrrum mlitum impetum sustinre poturunt1 #g1 #fb1 #h1 they went to aid their people and carried the hill1 but they could not stand the fiery onset of our soldiers4 neque or nec is often repeated3 as1 nec melirs nec betirs esse possumus1 ,,rp4 #a1 #cb1 we can neither be better nor wiser4 #afeh4 nec is rarely used in the sense of n 4 4 4 quidem1 not even1 not 4 4 4 either3 as1 nec nunc1 ,h4 ,s4 #b1 #c1 #bfb1 not even now1 a free quotation of n nunc quidem1 ,t4 ,eu4 #df4 nec 4 4 4 quidem1 and not even1 is used once or twice for the common ac n 4 4 4 quidem or et n 4 4 4 quidem4 #afei4 ,instead of neque or nec1 and not1 the copulatives et1 atque1 rarely -que1 followed by a negative1 nn1 nm1 nihil1 c41 are sometimes used in ,cicero and ,livy1 less often in old ,latin1 and rarely in ,caesar and ,sallust3 as1 quid t fcisss1 s t ,tarentum et nn ,samarobrvam msissem8 ,fam4 #g1 #ab1 #a1 what would you have done1 if ,i had sent you to ,tarentum1 and not to ,samarobriva8 ,particularly thus et nn1 or oftener ac nn1 in corrections4 ,but ordinarily neque or nec is preferred to et nn1 and nec quisquam1 c41 to et nm1 c4 7#adde74 #affj4 ,when neque is followed by another negative1 the assertion is positive 7#adeb73 as1 nec hoc ille nn vdit1 ,fin4 #d1 #fj1 and the man did not fail to see this4 ,this positive use begins with ,varro4 ,in old ,latin two negatives1 and particularly neque 4 4 4 haud1 are often used1 as in old ,english1 to strengthen the negation 7#adec74 #affa4 ,after a general negative1 a word may be emphasized by n 444 quidem or nn modo1 or the parts of a compound sentence may be distributed by neque 4 4 4 neque1 without destroying the negation3 as1 nihil in locs commnibus1 n in fns quidem1 nihil istum neque prvt neque pblic tt in ,sicili relquisse1 ,v4 #d1 #b1 that the defendant has left nothing untouched in public places1 no1 not even in the temples1 nothing either in the way of private or of public property1 in all ,sicily4 ,similarly when a coordinate member is appended with neque3 as1 neque satis mrr neque conicere1 ,t4 ,eu4 #edg1 ,i can't quite puzzle out or guess4 ,,combination ,,of ,,different ,,copulatives4 #affb4 ,different copulatives are sometimes combined1 as follows4 #affc4 7#a47 ,the affirmative copulatives et and -que are sometimes combined1 particularly in abridged sentences3 as1 et ,epamnnds praeclr cecinisse dcitur1 ,themistoclsque est habitus indoctior1 ,,td4 #a1 #d1 ,epaminondas in the first place is said to have played beautifully1 and ,themistocles was not considered exactly an educated man4 ,this combination is used by ,cicero rarely1 by ,horace in the satires1 and rarely by late writers4 #affd4 ,the sequence -que 4 4 4 et is rare in old ,latin1 and not used by ,caesar1 ,vergil1 or ,horace4 -que 4 4 4 atque is first used by ,lucretius1 then by ,vergil1 ,ovid1 ,livy1 and ,tacitus4 #affe4 7#b47 ,affirmative and negative copulatives are sometimes combined4 ,thus neque or nec combined with et1 in the sequences neque 4 4 4 et and et 4 4 4 neque1 which is rare in old ,latin1 is common in ,cicero3 as1 nec mror et gaude1 ,fam4 #aj1 #a1 #d1 in the first place ,i am not surprised1 and in the second place ,i feel glad2 neque 4 4 4 et nn1 however1 is rare4 patbat via et certa neque longa1 ,ph4 #aa1 #d1 there lay a road open at once plain and not long4 neque 4 4 4 -que begins with ,cicero1 but is rare 7#afee71 neque 4 4 4 ac begins with ,tacitus4 #afff4 ,of all the ,latin writers1 ,tacitus aims most at variety by combination of asyndeton and by the use of different copulatives3 as1 rgem ,rhamsn ,liby ,aethiopi ,mdsque et ,perss et ,bactrin ac ,scyth pottum1 #b1 #fj1 that king ,rhamses got control of ,libya and ,aethiopia and the ,medes and ,persians1 and the ,bactrian and ,scythian4 7b47 ,,disjunctive ,,conjunctions4 #affg4 ,disjunctive conjunctions connect the sentences1 but disconnect the meaning4 ,they are aut1 vel1 sve or seu1 -ve1 and an1 or4 ,of these conjunctions1 aut1 vel1 and sve are often placed before two or more members of a sentence in the sense of either 4 4 4 or4 ,and in poetry1 -ve 4 4 4 -ve sometimes occurs4 #affh4 7#a47 aut1 or1 sometimes or even1 or at least1 is used between two members which are to be represented as essentially different in meaning1 and of which one excludes the other3 as1 hc vincendum aut moriendum1 mlits1 est1 ,l4 #ba1 #dc1 #e1 here you must conquer1 my men1 or die4 hrae mment cita mors venit aut victria laeta1 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #a1 #g1 within an hour's brief turn comes speedy death or victory glad4 aut vvam aut moriar1 ,t4 ,ph4 #dhc1 ,i shall either live or die4 sderibus dubis aut ill tempore qu s frgida circumagunt pigr serrca ,botae1 ,j4 #e1 #bb1 when stars blink faint1 or even at the time when round rolls slow ,botes' frigid wain4 qu r v aut clam agendum est1 ,att4 #aj1 #ab1 #e #aj1 #ab;b1 #b1 so we must use force1 or at any rate secrecy4 ,sometimes aut connects kindred ideas3 as1 equ ict aut vulnert cnsternbantur1 ,l4 #ba1 #cc1 #f1 the horses kept getting frantic from being hit or wounded4 #affi4 aut1 in the sense of otherwise1 or else1 sometimes introduces a statement of what necessarily follows1 if something else is not done3 as1 audendum est aliquid niverss1 aut omnia singuls patienda1 ,l4 #f1 #ah1 #g1 you must make some bold dash collectively1 or else you must suffer every thing individually4 vel is also occasionally used in this sense4 #afgj4 7#b47 vel1 or1 introduces an alternative as a matter of choice or preference1 and often relates merely to the selection of an expression3 as1 eius mod coninctinem tctrum oppidum vel urbem appellvrunt1 ,,rp4 #a1 #da1 such a collection of dwelling-houses they called1 well1 a town or a city1 whichever you please4 vel impertre vel mlite m timin1 ,s4 ,c4 #bj1 #af1 use me as your generalissimo or as a private1 whichever you will4 ,catilnam ex urbe vel icimus vel msimus vel ipsum gredientem verbs prsect sumus1 ,c4 #b1 #a1 we have--what shall ,i say8--driven ,catiline out of town1 or allowed him to go out1 or1 when he was going out of his own accord1 wished him a pleasant journey4 vel is often followed by etiam1 potius1 or dcam4 ,from ,tacitus on1 vel is sometimes used in the sense of aut3 as1 vincendum vel cadendum esse1 ,ta4 #ad1 #ce1 they must do or die 7#affh74 #afga4 vel is sometimes used in the sense of if you will1 even1 or perhaps1 especially before superlatives1 or in the sense of for instance3 as1 huius domus est vel optima ,messnae1 ntissima quidem cert1 ,v4 #d1 #c1 this gentleman's house is perhaps the finest in all ,messana1 at any rate the best known4 amant td omns muliers1 neque iniri3 vel illae1 quae here palli m reprehendrunt1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #eh1 the girls all idolize you1 well they may2 for instance those that buttonholed me yesterday4 #afgb4 7#c47 sve or seu1 or1 used as a disjunctive conjunction1 denotes a distinction which is not essential1 or the speaker's uncertainty as to some matter of detail2 when used once only1 it is chiefly in corrections1 often with potius1 rather1 added2 as1 is ,ascanius urbem mtr seu novercae relquit1 ,l4 #a1 #c1 #c1 said ,ascanius left the city to his mother1 or his stepmother1 if you prefer4 dxit ,pompius1 sve voluit1 ,q,fr4 #b1 #c1 #b1 ,pompey made a speech1 or rather attempted to make one4 #afgc4 sve is often repeated in the sense of either1 or no matter whether 4 4 4 or3 as1 ita sve cs sve cnsili derum1 quae pars calamittem popul ,rmn intulerat1 ea prnceps poens persolvit1 #a1 #ab1 #f1 thus1 no matter whether from chance or through special providence1 the part which had done damage to ,rome was the first to pay penalty in full4 #afgd4 7#d47 -ve rarely connects main sentences1 usually only the less important parts of the sentence1 or1 oftener still1 subordinate sentences3 as1 cr timeam dubitemve locum dfendere8 ,j4 #a1 #ajc1 why should ,i fear or hesitate to stand my ground8 ,appius ad m bis terve litters mserat1 ,att4 #f1 #a1 #b1 ,appius had written me two or three times4 ,with n it forms nve or neu1 which is used as a continuation of n or ut3 see #aeha2 #aehf2 #aidg4 #afge4 7#e47 ,the interrogative particle an sometimes becomes a disjunctive conjunction1 or1 or possibly1 or perhaps3 as1 ,simnids an quis alius1 ,fin4 #b1 #ajd1 ,simonides or possibly somebody else4 ,common in ,cicero1 though not so in his speeches1 and in ,livy1 commonest in ,tacitus4 ,erratum3 #affg 444 aut1 vel1 and sve are often sve4 are 7c47 ,,adversative ,,conjunctions4 #afgf4 ,adversative conjunctions connect the sentences1 but contrast the meaning4 ,they are autem1 on the other hand1 sed1 vrum1 cterum1 but1 vr1 but1 indeed1 at1 but1 tamen1 nihil minus1 nevertheless4 ,of these conjunctions1 autem and vr are put after one word1 or sometimes after two closely connected words2 tamen is put either at the beginning1 or after an emphatic word4 #afgg4 7#a47 autem1 again1 on the other hand1 however1 simply continues the discourse by a statement appended to the preceding1 without setting it aside3 as1 hrum prncipibus pecnis1 cvitt autem imperium ttus prvinciae pollictur1 #g1 #fd1 #h1 to the chieftains of this nation on the one hand he promises moneys1 and to the community on the other hand the hegemony of the whole province4 ,the opposition in a sentence introduced by autem1 again1 is often so weak that a copulative1 and1 might be used3 as1 ille qu ,dogenem adulscns1 post autem ,panaetium audierat1 ,fin4 #b1 #bd1 the man who in his early youth had sat at the feet of ,diogenes1 and afterwards of ,panaetius4 autem is oftenest used in philosophical or didactic discourse1 less frequently in history1 oratory1 or poetry4 #afgh4 autem is often used in questions3 as1 metu crdere 33 crdere autem8 ,pl4 ,ps4 #cjd1 ,i am afraid to trust 33 trust1 do you say8 #afgi4 7#b47 sed or set1 and vrum1 but1 are used either in restriction1 or1 after a negative1 in direct opposition3 as1 vra dc1 sed nququam1 quoniam nn vs crdere1 ,pl4 ,am4 #hce1 ,i tell the truth1 but all in vain1 since you are bent not to believe4 nn ego erus tib1 sed servos sum1 ,pl4 ,cap4 #bda1 ,i am not your master1 but your slave4 #afhj4 nn modo1 or nn slum1 not only1 not alone1 is followed by sed etiam or vrum etiam1 but also1 by sed 4 4 4 quoque1 but 444 as well1 or sometimes by sed or vrum alone3 as1 qu nn slum interfuit hs rbus1 sed etiam praefuit1 ,fam4 #a1 #h1 #a1 who has not had a hand only in these matters1 but complete charge4 qu omnibus negtis nn interfuit slum1 sed praefuit1 ,fam4 #a1 #f1 #a4 nn tantum is sometimes used by ,livy1 and once or twice by ,cicero1 but not by ,caesar or ,sallust1 for nn modo4 ,livy and ,tacitus sometimes omit sed or vrum4 #afha4 nn modo has sometimes the meaning of nn dcam3 as1 nn modo ad certam mortem1 sed in magnum vtae discrmen1 ,sest4 #de1 ,i won't say to certain death1 but to great risk of life4 #afhb4 nn modo or nn slum1 when attended by another negative1 may also be followed by sed n 4 4 4 quidem1 but not even1 or sed vix1 but hardly3 as1 nn modo tib nn rscor1 sed n reprehend quidem factum tuum1 ,sull4 #ej1 so far from being angry with you ,i do not even criticise your action4 ,when both members have the same predicate1 usually placed last1 the negation in n 4 4 4 quidem or vix usually applies to the first member also3 as1 tlis vir nn modo facere1 sed n cgitre quidem quicquam audbit1 quod nn audeat praedicre1 ,off4 #c1 #gg1 a man of this kind will not only not venture to do1 but not even to conceive anything which he would not venture to trumpet to the world1 or will not venture to conceive1 much less do4 #afhc4 7#c47 cterum is sometimes used in the sense of sed1 in ,terence1 ,sallust1 and ,livy4 ,sometimes also in the sense of sed r vr1 in ,sallust and ,tacitus1 to contrast reality with pretence4 #afhd4 7#d47 vr1 but1 indeed1 introduces an emphatic contrast or a climax3 as1 sed sunt haec levira1 illa vr gravia atque magna1 ,pl4 #hf1 however1 all this is less important1 but the following is weighty and great4 scmus msicn nostrs mribus abesse prncipis persn1 saltre vr etiam in vitis pn1 ,n4 #ae1 #a1 #b1 we know that1 according to our ,roman code of ethics1 music is not in keeping with the character of an eminent man1 and as to dancing1 why that is classed among vices4 ,in ,plautus1 vr is only used as an adverb2 its use as an adversative conjunction begins with ,terence4 ,in the historians1 vr is often equivalent to autem4 #afhe4 7#e47 at1 but1 denotes emphatic lively opposition1 an objection1 or a contrast3 as1 brevis ntr nbs vta data est2 at memoria bene redditae vtae sempiterna1 ,ph4 #ad1 #cb1 a short life hath been given by nature unto man2 but the memory of a life laid down in a good cause endureth for ever4 at is often used before a word indicating a person or a place1 to shift the scene1 especially in history4 ,in law language1 ast sometimes occurs1 and ast is also sometimes used1 generally for the metre1 in ,vergil1 ,horace1 and late poetry4 #afhf4 7#f47 tamen1 nihil minus1 nevertheless4 accstus capitis absolvitur1 multtur tamen pecni1 ,n4 #d1 #b1 #f1 he is accused on a capital charge and acquitted1 but is nevertheless fined in a sum of money4 minus dolendum fuit r nn perfect1 sed poeniendum cert nihil minus1 ,mil4 #ai1 there was less occasion for sorrow because the thing was not done1 but certainly none the less for punishment4 ,erratum3 #afgg 444 #g1 #fd1 #h #g4 #fd1 #h 7#b47 ,,other ,,words ,,as ,,connectives4 #afhg4 ,instead of a conjunction1 other words are often used as connectives3 as1 pars 4 4 4 pars1 ali 4 4 4 ali2 adverbs of order or time3 as1 prmum1 first1 or prm1 at first 444 deinde 4 4 4 tum1 c42 and particularly adverbs in pairs3 as1 modo 4 4 4 modo1 tum 4 4 4 tum1 less frequently qu 4 4 4 qu1 simul 4 4 4 simul3 as1 multitd pars prcurrit in vis1 pars in vestibuls stat1 pars ex tcts prspectant1 ,l4 #bd1 #ba1 #h1 part of the throng runs out into the streets1 others stand in the fore-courts1 others gaze from the house-tops4 prferbant ali purpuram1 ts ali1 gemms ali1 ,v4 #e1 #adf1 they produced some of them purple1 others frankincense1 others precious stones4 prm pecniae1 deinde imper cupd crvit1 ,s4 ,c4 #aj1 #c1 at first a love of money waxed strong1 then of power4 tum hoc mih probbilius1 tum illud vidtur1 ,ac4 #b1 #acd1 one minute this seems to me more likely1 and another minute that4 #afhh4 ,simple sentences may also be coordinated by words denoting inference or cause1 such as erg1 igitur1 itaque1 therefore2 nam1 namque1 enim1 for1 etenim1 for you see3 as1 adfectus anim in bon vir laudbilis1 et vta igitur laudbilis bon vir1 et honesta erg1 quoniam laudbilis1 ,,td4 #e1 #dg1 the disposition in a good man is praiseworthy1 and the life therefore of a good man is praiseworthy1 and virtuous accordingly1 seeing it is praiseworthy4 ,of these words1 nam1 namque1 and itaque are usually put first in the sentence2 enim and igitur1 usually after one word1 rarely after two4 ,but in ,plautus regularly1 and generally in ,terence1 enim has the meaning of indeed1 verily1 truly1 depend upon it1 and may stand at the beginning4 #afhi4 ,in ,plautus1 the combination erg igitur occurs1 and in ,terence and ,livy1 itaque erg3 as1 itaque erg cnsulibus dis dicta est1 ,l4 #c1 #ca1 #e1 accordingly then a day was set for the trial of the consuls4 #afij4 ,the interrogative quippe1 why8 losing its interrogative meaning1 is also used as a coordinating word1 why1 or for3 as1 hc genus omne maestum ac sollicitum est cantris morte ,tigell3 quippe benignus erat1 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #b1 #b1 such worthies all are sad1 are woebegone over ,tigellius the minstrel's death2 why he was generosity itself4 #afia4 ,simple sentences may also be coordinated by pronominal words1 such as hinc1 inde1 hence1 e1 ide1 idcirc1 proptere1 so1 on that account1 c43 as1 nocte pervenibant2 e custdis hostium fallbant1 ,l4 #bc1 #ai1 #aj1 they got there in the night2 in that way they eluded the enemy's pickets4 ,but e and ide are not used thus by ,cicero1 ,caesar1 or ,sallust1 or idcirc and proptere by ,cicero or ,caesar4 #afib4 ,in animated rhetorical discourse any word repeated with emphasis may serve as a copulative2 this is called ,anaphora3 as1 mles in forum1 mles in criam comitbtur1 ,ta4 #a1 #g1 soldiers went with him to the forum1 soldiers to the senate chamber4 rept estis ex interit1 rept sine sanguine1 sine exercit1 sine dmictine1 ,c4 #c1 #bc1 you are rescued from death1 rescued without bloodshed1 without an army1 without a struggle4 ,erratum3 #afhg 444 tum 4 4 4 tum1 less frequently 1 invisible ,,the ,,intermediate ,,coordinate ,,sentence4 #afic4 ,a sentence coordinate in form with another sentence is often equivalent in meaning to a subordinate sentence4 ,such sentences are called ,intermediate ,coordinate ,sentences4 ,the most varied relations of a subordinate sentence may be thus expressed by a coordinate sentence1 and the combination of the two coordinate sentences is in sense equivalent to a complex sentence4 #afid4 ,such coordinated sentences are a survival of a more primitive state of the language4 ,they occur oftenest in ,plautus and ,terence1 in ,cicero's philosophical works and letters1 in ,horace's satires and epistles1 and in ,juvenal4 ,in general they have been superseded by complex sentences1 even in the oldest specimens of the language4 #afie4 ,i4 ,the relation of the two members may not be indicated by the mood1 but left to be determined from the context4 ,thus1 in the combination amat1 sapit1 ,pl4 ,am4 #iie1 he is in love1 he shows his sense1 the two members amat and sapit are alike in form4 ,but in sense1 sapit is the main member and amat is the subordinate member4 ,just what the relation of the amat is1 whether it is s amat1 if he is in love1 cum amat1 when he is in love1 quod amat1 because he is in love1 or ets amat1 though he is in love1 c41 c41 is left to the reader to make out4 ,the following are some of the commonest combinations of this class3 #afif4 7#a47 ,the coordinated member may stand instead of the commoner accusative and infinitive with a verb of perceiving1 thinking1 knowing1 or saying 7#bage74 ,such are crd1 fateor1 opnor1 put1 certum est1 c43 as1 lds m facitis1 intelleg1 ,pl4 ,per4 #hjb1 you are making game of me1 ,i am aware4 nrr tib3 pln relgtus mih videor1 ,att4 #b1 #aa1 #a1 ,i tell you what1 ,i seem to myself regularly banished4 spr1 servbit fidem1 ,pl4 ,e4 #abd1 ,i hope he'll keep his word 7#bbce74 #afig4 7#b47 ,the coordinated member may be a direct question or an exclamation4 ,thus 7a47 in enquiries calling for an answer3 as1 sgn dc quid est1 ,pl4 ,am4 #dba1 tell me1 what is there in the shape of seal8 7#abea74 ,or 7b47 in ejaculation3 as1 viden ut astat furcifer8 ,pl4 ,most4 #aagb1 seest how the knave is posing there8 vidte quaes1 quid potest pecnia1 ,pl4 ,st4 #daj1 see pray how all-commanding money is4 ,this construction occurs oftenest in comedy1 and with an imperative meaning say1 tell1 or look4 ,the subordinate construction is the rule3 see #aggc4 #afih4 7#c47 ,the coordinated member rarely represents a relative sentence 7#ahaf73 as1 urbs antqua fuit1 ,tyri tenure coln1 ,v4 #a1 #ab1 there was an ancient town1 which ,tyrian settlers held4 est locus1 ,hesperiam ,gra cgnmine dcunt1 ,v4 #a1 #ecj1 there is a place1 the ,greeks by name ,hesperia call1 imitated from est locus ,hesperiam quam mortls perhibbant1 ,e4 in ,macrob4 ,sat4 #f1 #a1 there is a place which sons of men ,hesperia called4 #afii4 7#d47 ,the coordinated member may represent a subordinate temporal member3 as1 vnit hiemps1 teritur ,sicunia bca traptis1 ,v4 ,g4 #b1 #eai1 has winter come1 in mills is ,sicyon's olive ground 7#ahfj74 vix prram attigerat1 rumpit ,sturnia fnem1 ,v4 #ab1 #fej1 scarce had he touched the prow1 ,saturnia snaps the rope1 i4e4 cum rumpit 7#ahfi74 lcbat iam fer1 prcdit in medium1 ,v4 #e1 #id1 it was just about light1 when he presents himself before them4 fuit rnandus in ,mnli lge ,pompius2 tempert rtine rnand cpiam persect sumus1 ,o4 #ajb1 when ,i had to glorify ,pompey in the matter of the ,manilius law1 ,i went through the ample material for glorification in moderate language4 #agjj4 7#e47 ,the coordinated member may be equivalent to a member with ut1 expressing result 7#aife73 as1 iam fax scis1 ,t4 ,eu4 #ffc1 ,i'll let you know at once1 i4e4 scis 7#agab7 or ut scis 7#aife74 iam fax hc erunt1 ,pl4 ,b4 #gae1 ,i'll warrant they shall soon be here4 ade rs redit1 adulscentulus victus est1 ,t4 ,hau4 #aac1 things came to such a pass the youngster was put down4 ctera d genere hc1 ade sunt multa1 loqucem dlassre valent ,fabium1 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #a1 #aa1 the other cases of the kind1 so plentiful are they1 might tire the gabbling ,fabius out4 ita haec mre tigna ptent1 nn videor mihi sarcre posse aeds mes1 ,pl4 ,most4 #adf1 so sopping rotten are these joists1 ,i don't think ,i can patch my house4 ita avid ingeni fuit1 numquam indicre id fli voluit su1 ,pl4 ,aul4 prol4 #i1 so niggardly was he1 he'd never point it out to his own son4 tanta incepta rs est1 haud somnculs hoc agundumst1 ,pl4 ,cap4 #bbg1 so big a job have we begun1 not drowsily must this be done4 #agja4 7#f47 ,the coordinated member may be equivalent to a conditional protasis3 as1 7a47 fliam quis habet1 pecni opus est1 ,par4 #dd1 a man has a daughter1 he needs money4 trstis es1 indignor1 ,o4 ,tr4 #d1 #c1 #cc1 if you are sad1 ,i feel provoked4 7b47 s iste bit1 t2 stbit1 astt simul1 ,pl4 ,ps4 #hfc1 if he shall move1 move thou2 but shall he stand1 stand by his side4 in caelum1 iusseris1 bit1 ,j4 #c1 #gh1 say but the word1 he'll mount the sky4 7c47 subdc cibum num diem thltae1 ,iovem ,olympium inplrbit1 ,,td4 #b1 #dj1 cut off an athlete from his food just a day1 he will pray to ,jupiter aloft in ,olympus 7#aegd74 7d47 ,znnem rogs1 respondeat totidem verbs1 ,fin4 #d1 #fi1 you may ask ,zeno1 he would answer in just as many words 7#aeef74 7e47 t quoque magnam partem opere in tant1 sineret dolor1 care1 habrs1 ,v4 #f1 #ca1 thou too a goodly space in work so vast1 had grief allowed1 ,o ,icarus1 hadst filled 7#aeei74 at dars hanc vim ,m4 ,crass1 in for saltret1 ,off4 #c1 #ge1 but had you given this chance to ,crassus1 he would have capered in the market place 7#aeei74 nam absque t esset1 hodi numquam ad slem occsum vverem1 ,pl4 ,men4 #ajbb1 for were it not for you1 ,i ne'er should live this blessed day till set of sun 7#aefj1 #baaj74 7f47 n fuissmus1 cnsilium cert nn dfuisset1 ,att4 #i1 #f1 #f1 had we been together1 we certainly should not have lacked a programme 7#aefa74 #agjb4 7#g47 ,the coordinated member may be equivalent to a concession3 as1 id fortasse nn perfcimus1 cnt quidem sumus1 ,o4 #baj2 though we have perhaps not attained unto this1 yet we have attempted it4 erg ill intellegunt quid ,epicrus dcat1 ego nn intelleg8 ,fin4 #b1 #ac1 do those gentlemen then understand what ,epicurus means1 and ,i not8 #agjc4 7#h47 ,the coordinated member may denote efficient cause or reason3 as1 peregrnus ego sum1 ,sauream nn nv1 ,pl4 ,as4 #dfd1 ,i am a stranger1 and ,i don't know ,saurea4 mulier es1 audcter irs1 ,pl4 ,am4 #hcf1 because you are a woman1 you are bold to swear4 tacent1 satis laudant1 ,t4 ,eu4 #dgf1 their silence is sufficient praise4 #agjd4 7#i47 ,the coordinated member may represent the protasis of a comparative sentence with ut 7#aicg73 as1 ita m d ament1 honestust1 ,t4 ,eu4 #dgd1 so help me heaven1 he is a proper man4 sollicitat1 ita vvam1 m tua1 m ,tir1 valtd1 ,fam4 #af1 #bj1 your health1 dear ,tiro1 keeps me fidgety1 as ,i hope to live4 #agje4 ,,ii4 ,the subordinate idea is often indicated by the subjunctive of desire coordinated with another verb1 usually with one which has a different subject4 ,thus1 the combination ams3 oportet1 you should love2 it is right 7#aedg71 in which the two verbs are used separately1 blends into one whole1 ams oportet1 ,fin4 #b1 #ce1 it is right you should love4 ,the verb with which the subjunctive is coordinated specifies more exactly the general idea of desire contained in the subjunctive itself4 ,the tense of the coordinate subjunctive is regulated by that of the other verb4 #agjf4 ,the negative employed with coordinated subjunctives is the adverb n1 not4 ,thus1 the combination vid3 n m lds1 see to it2 don't you fool me 7#aedg71 in which the two verbs are used separately1 blends into one whole1 vid n m lds1 ,pl4 ,cur4 #cbe1 see to it you don't fool me4 ,similarly1 metu3 n peccet1 ,i am afraid2 let her not slip up 7#aedh71 becomes metu n peccet1 ,pl4 ,per4 #fbd1 ,i am afraid she may slip up4 ,from its frequent use in sentences of subordinate meaning1 n came at an early period to be regarded as a subordinating conjunction also1 lest1 that 4 4 4 not1 as well as an adverb1 and took the place of the less usual ut n4 ,hence members with n are more conveniently treated under the head of subordination 7#aidg74 #agjg4 7#a47 ,the subjunctive is often coordinated with verbs of wishing4 ,such are vol1 nl1 rarely ml1 opt1 placet1 c43 as1 animum advorts vol1 ,pl4 ,cap4 #chh1 ,i wish you would pay heed 7#aedh74 quid vs faciam8 ,t4 ,hau4 #hdf1 what wilt thou ,i should do8 7#aefc74 vin conmtmus8 tuam ego dcam et t meam8 ,pl4 ,tri4 #ei1 would you like to swap8 ,i take your wife1 and you take mine8 7#aefc74 ml t sapins hostis metuat1 quam stult cvs laudent1 ,l4 #bb1 #ci1 #bj1 ,i would rather a wise enemy should fear you1 than stupid fellow-citizens admire you 7#aedh74 ,coordination is the rule with velim1 vellem1 c41 used in the sense of utinam 7#aedj73 as1 d ,menedm vellem vrum fuisset1 d rgn velim vrum sit1 ,att4 #ae1 #d1 #d1 about ,menedemus ,i could wish it had been true1 about the queen ,i hope it may be true4 tells optem prius ma dehscat1 ,v4 #d1 #bd1 ,i would the earth to deepest depths might sooner yawn4 ,l4 ,domitius dxit placre sb sententis d singuls ferrent1 ,caes4 ,c4 #c1 #hc1 #c1 ,domitius said his view was they should vote on the men separately4 #agjh4 7#b47 ,the subjunctive is often coordinated with verbs of request1 entreaty1 encouragement1 exhortation1 charge1 direction1 command4 ,such are precor1 rog1 r1 pet1 hortor1 postul1 mone1 cnse2 mand1 imper1 praecipi1 dcern2 and chiefly in old ,latin1 iube3 as1 7a47 redds incolumem precor1 ,h4 #a1 #c1 #g1 deliver him up safe ,i pray4 rogat fnem rand faciat1 #a1 #bj1 #e1 he requests him to make an end of entreaty4 t id quod sust pet1 m absentem dfends1 ,fam4 #ae1 #h1 ,i ask you to do as you always do1 stand up for me when ,i am away4 nn hortor slum sed etiam rog atque r1 t colligs virumque praebes1 ,fam4 #e1 #ah1 #a1 ,i not only exhort you1 but more than that ,i beg and entreat you1 pull yourself together and quit you like a man4 postul etiam atque etiam cnsders qu prgredire1 ,l4 #c1 #de1 #aj1 ,i charge you think again and again what you are coming to4 t mone vides1 quid ags4 magn opere cnse1 dsists1 ,v4 #e1 #agd1 ,i advise you to consider what you are doing4 ,i earnestly recommend you to stop4 hunc admonet iter caut faciat1 #e1 #di1 #c1 he warns him he must pursue his march with care4 7b47 huic mandat ,rms adeat1 #c1 #aa1 #b1 he directs him to go to the ,remans4 praecipit num omns peterent ,indutiomarum1 #e1 #eh1 #e1 he says they must all concentrate their attack on ,indutiomarus4 huic imperat qus possit adeat cvitts1 #d1 #ba1 #h1 he orders him to visit such communities as he can4 sentus dcrvit darent operam cnsuls n quid rs pblica dtrment caperet1 ,s4 ,c4 #bi1 #b1 the senate decreed the consuls must see to it that the commonwealth received no harm4 iube maneat1 ,t4 ,hau4 #gcg1 tell her she must stay4 mlits certirs facit1 paulisper intermitterent proelium1 #c1 #e1 #c1 he tells the soldiers they must stop fighting a little while4 ab1 nnti patribus urbem ,rmnam mniant1 ,l4 #bb1 #di1 #aj1 go tell the fathers they must fortify ,rome town4 dx equidem in carcerem rs1 ,pl4 ,st4 #fbd1 ,i'm sure ,i told you you must go to jail4 scrbit ,labin cum legine veniat1 #e1 #df1 #c1 he writes to ,labienus he must come with a legion4 lgtinem mittunt s velit sus recipere1 obsids sib remittat1 #c1 #h1 #e1 they send an embassy1 if he wishes to get his own men back1 he must send back the hostages to them4 #agji4 7#c47 ,the subjunctive is often coordinated with expressions of propriety or necessity4 ,such are oportet1 optumum est1 opus est1 decet1 necesse est4 m ipsum ams oportet1 nn mea1 ,fin4 #b1 #he1 it is myself you should love1 not my possessions4 quoniam habs istum equom1 aut mers oportet1 aut hrditte possides1 aut surripuers necesse est1 ,inv4 #a1 #hd1 since you are in possession of that horse1 you must either have bought him or inherited him1 or else you must necessarily have stolen him4 sed taceam optumumst1 ,pl4 ,e4 #fj1 but ,i'd best hold my tongue4 nihil opust rescscat1 ,pl4 ,mer4 #ajjd1 she needn't find it out at all4 condemntur necesse est1 ,,ra4 #aaa1 be condemned he needs must4 #agaj4 7#d47 ,the subjunctive is sometimes coordinated with verbs of permission or concession4 ,such are permitt in ,sallust and ,livy1 concd1 also sin1 mostly in the imperative1 chiefly in old ,latin and poetry1 and the impersonal licet 7used thus often in ,cicero1 rarely before or after73 as1 supplmentum scrberent cnsuls1 permissum1 ,l4 #bg1 #bb1 #aa1 leave was given that the consuls might fill up the army4 sine sciam1 ,l4 #b1 #dj1 #e1 let me know4 sine modo adveniat senex1 ,pl4 ,most4 #aa1 let but the old man come4 fremant omns licet1 dcam quod senti1 ,,do4 #a1 #aie1 though everybody may growl1 ,i will say what ,i think4 ,see #aijd4 #agaa4 7#e47 ,the subjunctive is often coordinated with the imperative cav1 cavt1 cavte1 beware1 used in the sense of n 7#aehe73 as1 cav facis1 ,att4 #ac1 #cc1 #d1 don't do it4 cave drumptis1 ,pl4 ,poen4 prol4 #aag1 don't break it off 7#ajge74 #agab4 7#f47 ,the subjunctive is often coordinated with verbs of giving1 persuading1 accomplishing1 taking care4 ,in this case the subjunctive has the meaning of purpose or result4 ,such are the imperative cedo1 and d1 persude1 impetr1 cr1 also faci1 particularly fac and facit3 as1 cedo bibam1 ,pl4 ,most4 #cgc1 give me to drink4 date bibat tbcin1 ,pl4 ,st4 #geg1 give the piper to drink4 huic ,sp4 ,albnus persudet rgnum ,numidiae sent petat1 ,s4 ,i4 #ce1 #b1 ,albinus induces him to ask of the senate the throne of ,numidia4 tandem inpetrv abret1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #eia1 at last ,i've coaxed him to clear out4 fac sciam1 ,fam4 #g1 #af1 #c1 let me know4 fax scis1 ,pl4 ,men4 #fdd1 ,i'll let you know1 much oftener scis or scbis 7#agjj74 fac bellus revertre1 ,fam4 #af1 #ah1 #a1 mind you come back a beauty 7#aegi74 #agac4 ,a subjunctive is now and then loosely coordinated with verbs in general1 to indicate the purpose of the action3 as1 vocte hc ,ssiam1 ,blepharnem arcssat1 ,pl4 ,am4 #idi1 call ,sosia here1 let him fetch ,blepharo4 clr advorsum fbulbor1 hic auscultet quae loquar1 ,pl4 ,am4 #cjj1 ,i'll speak distinctly face to face1 that he may hear what ,i shall say4 operam hanc subrupu tib1 ex m scrs1 ,pl4 ,am4 #ebc1 ,i did this secretly for you1 that you might learn from me4 manibus date llia plns1 purpures spargam flrs1 ,v4 #f1 #hhc1 lilies in handfuls give1 ,i fain would scatter purple flowers1 that is1 that ,i may scatter4 ,,the ,,complex ,,sentence1 ,,or ,,subordination4 #agad4 ,in a complex sentence1 that is one consisting of a main and a subordinate sentence1 the subordinate member is introduced by some subordinating word3 such are1 ,i4 ,interrogative words1 in indirect questions2 ,,ii4 ,relative pronouns2 ,,iii4 ,relative conjunctive particles1 or conjunctive particles not of relative origin4 #agae4 ,subordinate sentences may have the value of a substantive1 usually as subject or as object2 of an attributive2 or of an adverb or adverbial adjunct3 as1 7a47 edem nocte accidit ut esset lna plna1 #d1 #bi1 #a1 it came to pass the same night that there was a full moon4 vide quid ags1 ,fam4 #af1 #ag1 ,i see what you are driving at4 7b47 fundus qu est in agr1 qu ,sabnus voctur1 eum meum esse ai1 ,mur4 #bf1 the estate which is in the territory which is called ,sabine1 that ,i maintain is mine1 lawyers' wordiness for fundus ,sabnus4 7c47 cum advespersceret1 ad pontem ,mulvium pervnrunt1 ,c4 #c1 #e1 when it was getting dark1 they reached the ,mulvius bridge1 i4e4 vesper1 or prm vespere4 #agaf4 ,subordinate sentences which express time or place1 are called ,temporal or ,local sentences2 comparison or manner1 ,comparative or ,modal sentences2 condition1 cause1 or concession1 ,conditional1 ,causal1 or ,concessive sentences2 purpose1 ,final sentences2 result1 ,consecutive sentences4 #agag4 ,in a main sentence1 the indicative present1 future1 and future perfect1 and the imperative1 are called ,primary ,tenses2 the indicative imperfect1 historical perfect1 and pluperfect1 and the infinitive of intimation1 are called ,secondary ,tenses4 ,the perfect definite and the present of vivid narration are sometimes regarded as primary tenses1 oftener as secondary tenses4 #agah4 ,verbs which have an implication of futurity1 such as those meaning can1 ought1 must1 c41 with an infinitive1 also subjunctives of wish 7#aedj7 or of exhortation 7#aedg71 may be called ,virtual ,futures4 #agai4 ,sometimes the subjunctive serves as a main sentence3 see #agfb2 sometimes a noun of the verb3 see #agff4 ,,mood ,,of ,,the ,,subordinate ,,sentence4 #agbj4 ,the indicative and the subjunctive are both used in subordinate sentences1 as will be shown in the treatment of the several words of subordination4 ,some general uses may be mentioned collectively here4 ,,the ,,indicative ,,mood4 #agba4 ,the indicative is ordinarily used in sentences introduced by a relative pronoun1 or by a causal conjunctive word other than cum4 pontem1 qu erat ad ,genvam1 iubet rescind1 #a1 #g1 #b1 he orders the bridge which was near ,geneva torn up4 concd1 quia necesse est1 ,,ra4 #ade1 ,i give up1 because ,i have to4 ,in sentences of this class1 however1 the subjunctive is often required1 particularly in indirect discourse 7#agbb71 or in cases of attraction 7#agbh74 ,,the ,,subjunctive ,,mood4 ,,the ,,subjunctive ,,of ,,indirect ,,discourse ,,and ,,of ,,attraction4 #agbb4 ,the subjunctive is used in relative1 causal1 temporal1 and conditional sentences in indirect discourse1 and in cases of attraction4 #agbc4 ,a direct quotation or question gives the words of the original speaker without alteration4 ,when the original words of a quotation or question are changed to conform to the construction of the sentence in which they are quoted1 it is called ,indirect ,discourse4 #agbd4 ,in the complete form of indirect discourse1 the subjunctive is subordinate to an infinitive or an accusative with the infinitive1 dependent on a verb of saying or thinking 7#bage73 as1 negat ,epicrus icund posse vv1 nisi cum virtte vvtur1 ,,td4 #c1 #di1 ,epicurus avers there is no living happily1 without living virtuously2 directly1 icund vv nn potest1 nisi cum virtte vvitur4 ,scrats dcere solbat1 omns in e quod scrent1 satis esse loquents1 ,,do4 #a1 #fc1 ,socrates used to maintain that all men were eloquent enough in a matter they knew2 directly1 omns in e quod sciunt satis sunt loquents4 #agbe4 ,the idea of saying or thinking is often not formally expressed in the main sentence1 and the indirect discourse is intimated by the subordinate subjunctive only3 as1 noct ambulbat in pblic ,themistocls1 quod somnum capere nn posset1 ,,td4 #d1 #dd1 ,themistocles used to walk the streets nights1 #8because he could not sleep1' given as ,themistocles's reason2 the writer's would be poterat4 ,paetus omns librs1 qus frter suus relquisset1 mih dnvit1 ,att4 #b1 #a1 #ab1 ,paetus made me a present of all the books #8that his brother had left4' dum reliquae nvs e convenrent1 in ancors expectvit1 #d1 #bc1 #d1 he waited at anchor till the rest of the vessels should gather there 7#bjje74 pervnit priusquam ,pompius sentre posset1 ,caes4 ,c4 #c1 #fg1 #d1 he got there before ,pompey should be able to learn of his coming 7#aiai74 ,xerxs praemium prposuit1 qu invnisset novam volupttem1 ,,td4 #e1 #bj1 ,xerxes offered a reward to anybody who should devise a new form of entertainment 7#baaj74 #agbf4 ,a speaker or writer may quote his own thoughts in the indirect form1 like another person's3 as1 haec tibi dictbam post fnum putre ,vacnae1 except quod nn simul esss1 ctera laetus1 ,h4 ,e4 #a1 #aj1 #di1 ,i write thee this behind ,vacuna's mouldering pile1 in all else well1 except that thou'rt not here the while 7#afja74 #agbg4 ,instead of an intimation of indirect discourse by a mere subjunctive1 a verb of thinking or saying is sometimes introduced by qu1 or especially quod1 sometimes by cum1 and put illogically itself in the subjunctive3 as1 litters1 qus m sib msisse dceret1 recitvit1 ,ph4 #b1 #g1 he read off a letter1 which he said ,i sent him1 i4e4 qus msissem4 impetrre nn potu1 quod religine s impedr dcerent1 ,sulpicius in ,fam4 #d1 #ab1 #c1 ,i could not get leave1 because they said they were hampered by religious scruple1 i4e4 quod impedrentur4 cum dceret1 ,,dn4 #c1 #hc1 saying as he did4 ,this construction is common in ,cicero1 somewhat so in ,caesar1 rare in ,sallust4 #agbh4 ,the subjunctive is used in sentences expressing an essential part of the thought1 which are subordinate to another subjunctive1 or to an infinitive4 ,this is called the ,subjunctive of ,attraction1 or of ,assimilation3 as1 vereor n1 dum minuere velim labrem1 augeam1 ,leg4 #a1 #ab1 ,i am afraid ,i may make the work harder1 while ,i am aiming to make it less4 s sls es dcers misers1 quibus moriendum esset1 nminem erum1 qu vverent excipers1 ,,td4 #a1 #i1 if you should pronounce only such people unhappy as had to die1 you would not except one of those who were living4 ms est ,syrcss1 ut s qu d r ad sentum refertur1 dcat sententiam qu velit1 ,v4 #d1 #adb1 it is the custom at ,syracuse1 that if any question is discussed in the senate1 anybody who pleases may express his opinion4 sapins nn dubitat1 s ita melius sit1 migrre d vt1 ,fin4 #a1 #fb1 the sage does not hesitate1 if this be the better course1 to withdraw from life4 ms est ,athns laudr in cntine es1 qu sint in proelis interfect1 ,o4 #aea1 it is the custom in ,athens to eulogize in public assembly such as have fallen in action4 #agbi4 ,the indicative is kept in subordinate statements added or vouched for by the person reporting1 and also in circumlocutions equivalent to a substantive3 as1 nntitum est ,ariovistum ad occupandum ,vesontinem1 quod est oppidum maximum ,squanrum1 contendere1 #a1 #ch1 #a1 it was reported that ,ariovistus was pressing on to seize ,vesontio1 which is the most considerable town of the ,sequans4 prdentissima cvits ,athninsium1 dum ea rrum potta est1 fuisse trditur1 ,,ra4 #gj1 ,athens is said to have been passing wise1 as long as she held the hegemony4 vs1 quae restant1 m loqu8 ,t4 ,andr4 #aie1 wilt have me tell the rest8 i4e4 relicua4 fier potest1 ut id quod sentit polt loqu nn possit1 ,,td4 #a1 #f1 it may be that he cannot express his thought in polished style1 i4e4 sententiam suam4 ,,the ,,subjunctive ,,of ,,repeated ,,action4 #agcj4 ,the subjunctive is sometimes used in relative1 temporal1 or conditional sentences1 to express action repeated or occurring at no particular time3 as1 7a47 neque aliter s faciat1 llam inter sus habet auctrittem1 #f1 #aa1 #d1 and if he does not do this1 he never has any ascendancy at all over his people4 ,with the present and perfect1 however1 this subjunctive is confined principally to the indefinite second person singular 7#ajcj73 as1 bonus sgnior fit1 ub neglegs1 ,s4 ,i4 #ca1 #bh1 the good man always gets slacker1 when you are neglectful4 squoi mtuom quid deders1 fit pr propri perditum1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #ajej1 if you've lent anything to any man1 'tis not your own1 but lost4 7b47 ,the imperfect and pluperfect subjunctive begin with ,catullus and ,caesar1 and get to be common with ,livy and ,tacitus3 as1 s quis prehendertur1 cnsns mlitum ripibtur1 ,caes4 ,c4 #c1 #aaj1 #d1 every time a man was taken up1 he was rescued by the joint action of the rank and file4 quemcumque lctor prndisset1 tribnus mitt iubbat1 ,l4 #c1 #aa1 #b1 every man the lictor arrested1 a tribune would order released4 ,,the ,,subjunctive ,,as ,,in ,,the ,,simple ,,sentence4 #agca4 ,the subjunctive of wish1 of action conceivable1 or of interrogation1 is sometimes used in a subordinate sentence exactly as in main sentences3 as1 haec di ntl me scrps1 qu utinam susceptus nn essem1 ,att4 #aa1 #i1 #c1 this ,i have written on my birthday1 on which day ,i wish ,i had never been lifted from the ground 7#aedd74 ut vides1 ,lucr4 #c1 #cdh1 so that you can see 7#aeef74 neque id faci1 ut forsitan quibusdam videar1 simultine1 ,fam4 #a1 #h1 #b1 nor do ,i do it1 as perhaps ,i may seem to some to do1 from hypocrisy 7#aeef74 etiamst paucs vs quod monits voluerim1 ,pl4 ,cap4 #ec1 there's one point more1 on which ,i'd have you briefly warned 7#aeeh74 erant eiusmod sits oppidrum1 ut neque pedibus aditum habrent neque nvibus1 quod minuente aest nvs in vads adflctrentur1 #c1 #ab1 #a1 the towns were so situated that there was no access to them by land1 nor by boat either1 because at ebb tide vessels would pound on the shoals 7#aeei74 vix erat hoc impertum1 cum illum spolitum vidrs1 ,v4 #d1 #hf1 hardly was the order from his lips1 when you might have seen the man stript 7#aeei74 qu m vertam nesci1 ,clu4 #d1 ,i don't know which way to turn 7#aefc74 ,erratum3 #agca 444 neque id faci1 ut forsitan quibusdam videar1 simultine1 final 1 missing ,,tense ,,of ,,the ,,subordinate ,,sentence4 ,,the ,,tenses ,,of ,,the ,,indicative4 #agcb4 ,i4 ,the tense of a subordinate indicative often indicates a close relation of time with the tense of the leading verb1 particularly in cases of repeated contemporaneous or antecedent action4 ,the subordinate sentence in such combinations is said to have ,relative time4 #agcc4 7#a47 ,the subordinate indicative tense may express action concurrent with the main action4 ,two concurrent sentences are usually put in the same tense4 ,concurrent action is said to be 7a47 congruent1 when two actions merely cover the same time3 as1 dum leg1 adsentior1 ,,td4 #a1 #bd1 as long as ,i am reading1 ,i assent4 dum necesse erat1 nus omnia poterat1 ,,ra4 #aci1 so long as it had to be1 one man controlled the world4 dum ,latnae loquentur litterae1 quercus huic loc nn deerit1 ,leg4 #a1 #b1 as long as ,latin literature has the gift of speech1 this spot will not lack its oak4 vxit1 dum vxit1 bene1 ,t4 ,hec4 #dfa1 he lived well all the time he lived4 quoad potuit1 fortissim restitit1 #d1 #ab1 #e1 as long as he could1 he made a manful stand4 ,or 7b47 coincident1 when one action is virtually the same as the other3 as1 cum tacent1 clmant1 ,c4 #a1 #ba1 while they are dumb1 they cry out1 i4e4 their silence is as telling as a shout4 fcist mih pergrtum1 quod ,serpinis librum msist1 ,att4 #b1 #d1 #a1 you have obliged me very much by sending ,serapio's book4 #agcd4 7#b47 ,the subordinate indicative tense may express action contemporaneous1 antecedent1 or subsequent1 in relation to the main action4 #agce4 7a47 ,action contemporaneous with a main present is expressed by a present1 with a main future or virtual future1 by a future1 with a main secondary tense by an imperfect3 as1 quod est1 e decet t1 ,,cm4 #bg1 what you have1 that you should avail yourself of4 hrologium mittam1 s erit sdum1 ,fam4 #af1 #ah1 #c1 ,i will send the clock1 if it is pleasant 7#afbe74 paultim dabis1 s sapis1 ,t4 ,hau4 #hgj1 you'll give in driblets1 if you are wise4 cum relaxre anims volent1 caveant intemperantiam1 ,off4 #a1 #abb1 when they want to unbend1 let them beware of excess 7#afbe2 #agah74 omnia deerant1 quae ad reficiends nvs erant su1 #d1 #bi1 #d1 they were out of everything that was serviceable for repairing their vessels4 #agcf4 7b47 ,action antecedent to a main present is expressed by a perfect1 to a main future or virtual future by a future perfect1 to a main secondary tense by a pluperfect3 as1 qucumque aspexist tuae tib occurrunt iniriae1 ,par4 #ah1 wherever you turn your gaze1 you are confronted by your own abominable acts4 cum posu librum1 adsnsi omnis lbitur1 ,,td4 #a1 #bd1 when ,i drop the book1 all assent melts away 7#ahfj74 quicquid fceris1 adprobb1 ,fam4 #c1 #c1 #b1 no matter what you do1 ,i shall think it well 7#afbf74 ut quisque istus animum offenderat1 in lautumis statim conicibtur1 ,v4 #e1 #adc1 any man that wounded his sensibilities was always flung into the quarries without any ado4 #agcg4 7c47 ,action subsequent to a main present is expressed by the future participle with a present form of sum1 to a main future or virtual future by the future participle with a future form of sum1 and to a main secondary tense by the future participle with an imperfect form of sum3 as1 decem dis sunt ante lds1 qus ,cn4 ,pompius factrus est1 ,v4 a4 pr4 #ca1 there are ten days before the shows which ,pompey is to manage4 attents facimus1 s dmnstrbimus ea1 quae dictr erimus1 magna esse1 ,inv4 #a1 #bc1 we shall make people attentive if we show that what we are going to say is important4 rx1 quia nn interfutrus nvl certmin erat1 ,magnsiam concessit1 ,l4 #cf1 #dc1 #i1 as the king was not to have a hand in the action at sea1 he moved off to ,magnesia4 #agch4 ,,ii4 ,a subordinate indicative tense is said to be ,independent when it simply expresses time of its own1 without any close relation to the time of the main action4 ,such independent tenses may denote general present action3 as1 bam forte vi sacr1 scut meus est ms1 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #i1 #a1 in ,sacred ,street1 as is my wont1 ,i happened to be promenading 7relatively1 erat ms1 #agce74 nn m appellbis1 s sapis1 ,pl4 ,most4 #eae1 you won't address me1 if you have sense 7relatively1 s sapis1 #agce74 ,or past action1 either continuous1 completed1 or indefinite3 as1 ut ms fuit ,bthniae rgibus1 lectc ferbtur1 ,v4 #e1 #bg1 he regularly rode in a litter1 as was the practice of the despots of ,bithynia2 here fuit denotes action simply as past1 without further definition of time 7#afjc71 whereas erat1 relative to the time of ferbtur1 would imply which was then the practice 7#aeie74 #agci4 ,with dum1 in the time while1 an independent present is used3 see #aiie4 ,with postquam1 c41 after1 an independent perfect is used of a single action2 see #aibe4 ,,the ,,tenses ,,of ,,the ,,subjunctive4 #agdj4 ,subordinate subjunctive sentences were originally independent coordinate sentences1 in the tense required to express the thought4 ,by degrees the subordinate sentence blended closely with the main sentence1 and the combination of the two was regarded as one whole4 #agda4 ,i4 ,the time of the subordinate subjunctive is usually ,relative1 that is either contemporaneous1 antecedent1 or subsequent1 in relation to that of the main action4 #agdb4 ,action contemporaneous with the main action is expressed by a present or imperfect subjunctive4 ,action antecedent is expressed by a perfect or a pluperfect subjunctive4 ,action subsequent is expressed by the future participle with a form of sim or of essem4 #agdc4 ,subordinate sentences with verbs of will or aim1 with verbs of fear1 also final sentences and many consecutive sentences are expressed in ,latin as contemporaneous with the main action1 not as subsequent to it4 #agdd4 ,,ii4 ,the main and subordinate sentences may express wholly different spheres of time by tenses not commonly used together1 when the thought requires it4 ,in such cases the tense of the subordinate member is called ,independent1 like the analogous tenses of the indicative 7#agch74 #agde4 ,the use of subordinate subjunctive tenses relatively to the main tense1 or what is commonly called the ,sequence of ,tenses1 is as follows3 ,,tense ,,subordinate ,,to ,,an ,,indicative4 #agdf4 7#a47 ,the present1 or perfect subjunctive1 or the future participle with a form of sim1 is used in sentences subordinate to a primary tense 7#agag73 as1 7a47 t hortor1 ut ,rmam pergs1 ,q,fr4 #a1 #c1 #d1 ,i urge you to repair to ,rome4 cr1 ut quam prmum venis1 ,fam4 #d1 #aj1 #a1 mind that you come as soon as you can4 ego quid accperim sci1 ,,ra4 #eh1 ,i know what ,i have received4 quam sum sollicitus quidnam futrum sit1 ,att4 #h1 #f1 #c1 how anxious ,i am to know what in the world is to come4 7b47 in eum locum rs dducta est ut salv esse nequemus1 ,fam4 #af1 #ab1 #a1 to such a pass has it come that we cannot be saved4 an obltus es quid initi dxerim8 ,,dn4 #b1 #b1 have you possibly forgotten what ,i said at the start8 quoniam in eam ratinem vtae ns fortna ddxit1 ut sempiternus serm d nbs futrus sit1 cavemus1 ,q,fr4 #a1 #a1 #ch1 since fortune has set us in such a walk of life that we are to be eternally talked about1 let us be on our guard4 7c47 efficiam1 ut intellegtis1 ,clu4 #g1 ,i will see that you understand4 dcent quid statuerint1 ,v4 #b1 #age1 they will tell what they decided on4 quae fuerit causa1 mox vder1 ,fin4 #a1 #ce1 what the reason was ,i won't consider till by and by 7#afcj74 t disertum putb1 s ostenderis qu mod ss es inter scris dfnsrus1 ,ph4 #b1 #h1 ,i shall think you a most effective speaker1 if you show how you are going to defend them on the charge of murder4 #agdg4 7#b47 ,the imperfect1 or pluperfect subjunctive1 or the future participle with a form of essem1 is used in sentences subordinate to a secondary tense 7#agag73 as1 7a47 hs rbus fbat1 ut minus lt vagrentur1 #a1 #b1 #d1 so it came to pass that they did not roam round much4 docbat1 ut ttus ,galliae prnciptum ,aedu tenuissent1 #a1 #dc1 #f1 he showed how the ,aeduans had had the mastery over all ,gaul4 ,flaccus quid ali poste factr essent scre nn poterat1 ,fl4 #cc1 ,flaccus could not tell what other people would do in the future4 7b47 is cvitt persusit1 ut d fnibus sus cum omnibus cpis exrent1 #a1 #b1 #a1 this man prevailed on his community to emigrate from their place of abode1 bag and baggage4 qus rs in ,hispni gessisset1 disseruit1 ,l4 #bh1 #ch1 #b1 he discoursed on his military career in ,spain4 an ,lacedaemoni quaesvrunt num s esset mor prohibitrus8 ,,td4 #e1 #db1 did the ,spartans ask whether he was going to prevent them from dying8 7c47 ,ariovistus tants sib sprits smpserat1 ut ferendus nn vidrtur1 #a1 #cc1 #e1 ,ariovistus had put on such high and mighty airs that he seemed intolerable4 hc pgus1 cum dom exsset patrum nostrrum memori1 ,l4 ,cassium cnsulem interfcerat1 #a1 #ab1 #e1 this canton1 sallying out from home in our fathers' recollection1 had put ,cassius1 the consul1 to death4 illud quod mih extrmum prposueram1 cum essem de bell genere dictrus1 ,,ip4 #ag1 the point ,i had reserved till the end1 when ,i was going to discourse on the character of the war4 #agdh4 ,with any kind of a secondary main sentence1 a subordinate general truth usually stands in the past1 contrary to the ,english idiom3 as1 hc cgnsc licuit1 quantum esset hominibus praesid in anim firmitdine1 ,caes4 ,c4 #c1 #bh1 #d1 here there was a chance to learn what a bulwark man has in courage4 ,in the direct form est 7#aehh74 #agdi4 ,a subsequent relation is sometimes loosely suggested by a simple subjunctive2 necessarily so with verbs which lack the future participle1 or which are in the passive3 as1 sum sollicitus quidnam d prvincis dcerntur1 ,fam4 #b1 #aa1 #a1 ,i am anxious to see what in the world may be decided on about the provinces4 #agej4 ,in a single example1 a future perfect of resulting state is represented in subordination as follows3 nec dubit qun cnfecta iam rs futra sit1 ,fam4 #f1 #ab1 #c1 and ,i have no doubt the job will soon be completely finished up1 directly1 sine dubi cnfecta iam rs erit4 #agea4 7#a47 ,an imperfect subjunctive expressing a particular past result1 cause1 reason1 c41 is sometimes connected with a main general present tense 7#agdd73 as1 cuius praecept tanta vs est1 ut ea ,delphic de tribuertur1 ,leg4 #a1 #eh1 the power of this rule is so mighty that it was ascribed to the ,delphic god4 cuius r tanta est vs1 ut ,ithacam illam sapientissimus vir immortlitt antepneret1 ,,do4 #a1 #aif1 so irresistible is the power of this sentiment that the shrewdest of men loved his little ,ithaca better than life eternal2 of ,ulixes4 laudantur rtrs veters quod crmina dluere dlcid solrent1 ,v4 #b1 #aia1 the orators of old are admired #8because they were always clear in explaining accusations away4' ,the secondary sequence is also sometimes exceptionally used with ordinary presents4 #ageb4 7#b47 ,the present of vivid narration is commonly regarded as a secondary tense1 especially when the subordinate sentence precedes1 and regularly with narrative cum4 ,sometimes however as a primary tense3 as1 7a47 servs sus ,rubrius1 ut inuam clauderent1 imperat1 ,v4 #a1 #ff1 ,rubrius orders his slaves to shut the front door4 ,aedu1 cum s dfendere nn possent1 lgts ad ,caesarem mittunt1 #a1 #aa1 #b1 the ,aeduans1 finding they could not defend themselves1 send some envoys to ,caesar4 7b47 horttur1 ut arma capiant1 #g1 #d1 #d1 he urges them to fly to arms4 ,sometimes the two sequences stand side by side1 or a subjunctive of primary sequence has itself a second subordinate subjunctive of secondary sequence4 ,either sequence is used with the present of quotation also 7#aeib74 #agec4 7#c47 ,subordinate sentences of past action conceivable1 of action non-occurrent1 or dubitative questions of the past1 retain their past unchanged with a main primary tense3 as1 7a47 vr simile nn est1 ut ille monuments mairum pecniam antepneret1 ,v4 #d1 #aa1 it is not conceivable that the man would have thought more of money than of his heirlooms1 i4e4 nn antepneret 7#aeei74 7b47 omnia sc erunt inlstria1 ut ad ea probanda ttam ,siciliam testem adhibre possem1 ,v4 #e1 #aci1 everything will be so self-evident1 that ,i could use all ,sicily as a witness to prove it 7#aefj74 tace1 n haec quidem conlig1 quae fortasse valrent apud idicem1 ,lig4 #cj1 ,i'll hold my tongue1 ,i won't even gather together the following arguments1 which might perhaps be telling with a juryman 7#aefj74 7c47 quaer t cr ,c4 ,cornlium nn dfenderem1 ,vat4 #e1 ,i put the question to you1 why ,i was not to defend ,cornelius 7#aefc74 #aged4 ,a final subjunctive subordinate to a perfect definite sometimes has the primary sequence1 but more commonly the secondary3 as1 7a47 etiamne ad subsellia cum ferr vnistis1 ut hc iugultis ,sex4 ,rscium8 ,,ra4 #cb1 have you actually come to the court-room knife in hand1 to cut ,roscius's throat on the spot8 7b47 n gnrrtis esse aliqus pcis vbs condicins1 ad vs vn1 ,l4 #ba1 #ac1 #b1 ,i have come to you to let you know that you have some chances of peace4 addx hominem in qu satis facere exters ntinibus posstis1 ,v4 a4 pr4 #b1 ,i have brought up a man in whose person you can give satisfaction to foreign nations4 #agee4 ,an independent present or perfect subjunctive may be put with a main secondary tense 7#agdd73 #agef4 7#a47 ,in relative1 causal1 or concessive sentences3 as1 cum in cters colnis dum vir appellentur1 h s praetrs appellr volbant1 ,agr4 #b1 #ic1 though they are styled in all other colonies ,the ,two1 these men wanted to be styled praetors4 qu adulscns nihil umquam nisi sevrissim et gravissim fcerit1 is e aette saltvit8 ,d4 #bg1 did the man who in his growing years invariably behaved with austere propriety1 dance and caper round in his old age8 hc tt proeli cum ab hr septim ad vesperum pugntum sit1 versum hostem vidre nm potuit1 #a1 #bf1 #b1 during the whole of this engagement1 though the fighting went on from an hour past noon till evening1 nobody could catch a glimpse of an enemy's back4 #ageg4 7#b47 ,often in consecutive sentences3 as1 7a47 in prvinci ,sicili1 quam iste per triennium ita vexvit1 ut ea restitu in antquum statum nll mod possit1 ,v4 a4 pr4 #ab1 in the province of ,sicily1 which the defendant so effectually tormented three years running that it cannot be restored at all to its original estate4 prirs ita rgnrunt1 ut omns conditrs partium cert urbis numerentur1 ,l4 #b1 #a1 #b1 such was the administration of the monarchs preceding1 that they are all accounted founders of parts at least of ,rome4 7b47 ,the perfect subjunctive sometimes represents the time of the perfect definite3 as1 tantum in aerrium pecniae invxit1 ut nus impertris praeda fnem attulerit tribtrum1 ,off4 #b1 #gf1 he conveyed such quantities of money into the treasury1 that the plunder turned in by a single commander has put an end to tribute for good and all4 e usque s praebbat patientem atque impigrum1 ut eum nm umquam in equ sedentem vderit1 ,v4 #e1 #bg1 he showed himself so indefatigably active that no human being has ever seen him astride a horse4 ,sometimes the time of the historical perfect3 as1 temporis tanta fuit exiguits1 ut ad gales induends tempus dfuerit1 #b1 #ba1 #e1 so scant was the time that they had not time to put their helmets on4 hc ita quivit1 ut e tempore omn ,nepol fuerit1 ,sull4 #ag1 this man held so quiet that he staid all that time at ,neapolis4 ,in ,cicero a negative subordinate perfect is not uncommon2 an affirmative one is very rare4 ,this construction is more common in ,nepos1 ,livy1 and ,tacitus1 and is the prevalent one in ,suetonius4 #ageh4 ,the imperfect only is used in complementary sentences with past verbs of happening1 such as accidit1 contigit1 c4 7#aiff74 #agei4 ,when two consecutive subjunctives are coordinated1 they usually have the same tense4 ,sometimes however the first is perfect and the second imperfect1 or the reverse4 #agfj4 7#c47 ,an indirect question in the present or perfect sometimes retains its original tense with a main secondary tense 7#agdd73 as1 hc quantum in bell fortna possit1 cgnsc potuit1 #f1 #ce1 #b1 here there was a chance to see how potent dame ,fortne is in war4 ,here possit represents potest of a general truth 7#aehh72 but usually general truths have the regular sequence 7#agdh74 cr abstinuerit spectcul ipse1 vari trahbant1 ,ta4 #a1 #gf1 why the emperor did not go to the show1 they accounted for in this way and that1 representing cr abstinuit8 qu cnsili redierim initi audstis1 post estis expert1 ,ph4 #aj1 #h1 what my idea was in coming back1 you learned first by hearsay1 afterwards by personal observation1 representing qu cnsili redi8 #agfa4 ,the subordinate subjunctive has sometimes the sequence of the nearest verb1 instead of that of its proper verb3 as1 crvit1 quod semper in r pblic tenendum est1 n plrimum valeant plrim1 ,,rp4 #b1 #ci1 he arranged it so1 a point which is always to be held fast in government1 that the greatest number may not have the greatest power4 ,erratum3 #agej 444 directly1 sine dubi cnfecta iam rs erit4 directly4 ,,tense ,,subordinate ,,to ,a ,,subjunctive4 #agfb4 ,when the leading verb is a subjunctive1 the present is regarded as primary1 and the imperfect and pluperfect as secondary3 as1 7a47 exspect eius mod litters ex quibus nn quid fat1 sed quid futrum sit sciam1 ,att4 #e1 #ab1 #b1 ,i am expecting a letter of a kind to let me know not what is going on1 but what will be going on4 quid prfcerim facis m velim certirem1 ,fam4 #g1 #aj1 #c1 how far ,i have succeeded ,i wish you would let me know4 7b47 qulis esset ntra montis qu cgnscerent msit1 #a1 #ba1 #a1 he sent some scouts to find out what the character of the mountain was4 quid m prohibret ,epicrum esse1 s probrem quae dceret1 ,fin4 #a1 #bg1 what would prevent me from being an ,epicurean1 if ,i accepted what he said8 quae s bis bna quot essent didicisset ,epicrus1 cert nn dceret1 ,,dn4 #b1 #di1 ,epicurus would certainly not say this1 if he had ever been taught how much twice two is 7#agdh74 #agfc4 ,an imperfect subjunctive of action non-occurrent at the present time has occasionally the present sequence3 as1 mrrris1 s interesss1 qu patienti valtdinem toleret1 ,plin4 ,ep4 #a1 #bb1 #g1 you would be amazed to find1 if you were with him1 with what dogged endurance he bears up under his illness4 ,but the secondary sequence is far more common4 #agfd4 7#a47 ,the perfect subjunctive in independent main sentences of prohibition 7#aeea7 or of action conceivable 7#aeeh7 is regarded as a primary tense3 as1 n dubitrs qun id mih futrum sit antquius1 ,att4 #g1 #c1 #b1 don't entertain any doubt that this course will be preferable in my eyes4 quid nn sit citius quam quid sit dxerim1 ,,dn4 #a1 #fj1 ,i could sooner tell what is not1 than what is4 #agfe4 7#b47 ,in subordinate sentences1 the perfect subjunctive has the main sequence when it represents the indicative perfect definite1 and the secondary when it represents the indicative historical perfect or the imperfect3 as1 7a47 nm fer vestrm est1 qun1 quem ad modum captae sint ,syrcsae saepe audierit1 ,v4 #d1 #aae1 there is hardly a man of your number but has heard over and over again how ,syracuse was taken4 7b47 qu r acciderit ut id suspicrre quod scrbis nesci1 ,fam4 #b1 #af1 #a1 how it came to pass that you suspected what you write1 ,i can't imagine4 ,,tense ,,subordinate ,,to ,a ,,noun ,,of ,,the ,,verb4 #agff4 7#a47 ,a subjunctive subordinate to one of the nouns of the verb1 except the perfect infinitive or the perfect participle1 follows the sequence of the verb3 as1 dsin quaerere cr mers1 ,v4 #d1 #aj1 ,i cease to ask why you bought4 nminem tam mentem fore putvrunt1 ut emeret argentum1 ,v4 #d1 #i1 they did not dream anybody would be crazy enough to buy plate4 secr percuss1 ade torpentibus met qu aderant1 ut n gemitus quidem exaudrtur1 ,l4 #bh1 #bi1 #aa1 they were beheaded1 everybody there being so completely paralyzed with fear that not even a groan could be heard4 ,q4 ,fabius ,pctor ,delphs missus est scscittum1 quibus precibus des possent plcre1 ,l4 #bb1 #eg1 #e1 ,fabius ,pictor was sent to ,delphi to find out by what sort of prayers they could get the ear of the gods4 cupd incessit anims iuvenum scscitand ad quem erum rgnum esset ventrum1 ,l4 #a1 #ef1 #aj1 the youths were possessed with a desire to find out to which one of their number the throne was to fall4 #agfg4 7#b47 ,with a perfect infinitive or perfect participle1 the subordinate subjunctive may be in the imperfect or pluperfect1 even with a primary leading verb3 as1 satis mih multa verba fcisse videor1 qu r esset hoc bellum necessrium1 ,,ip4 #bg1 ,i fancy ,i have said enough to show why this war is unavoidable4 hunc ist aiunt1 cum taurum immolvisset1 mortuum concidisse1 ,br4 #dc1 your gentlemen say that this man1 after sacrificing a bull1 tumbled down dead4 vitor bene vesttus causa grasstr fuisse dctur cr ab e spolirtur1 ,fat4 #cd1 a well-dressed traveller will be said to have been a temptation for a footpad to rob him4 versbor in r saepe quaest1 suffrgia clam an palam ferre melius esset1 ,leg4 #c1 #cc1 ,i shall be working on a question that has often been put1 whether it was better to vote secretly or openly4 #agfh4 ,the sequence with a perfect infinitive is1 however1 often primary3 as1 hc s fnem faciam dcend1 satis idic fcisse videar cr secundum ,rscium idicr dbeat1 ,,rc4 #ad1 if ,i should stop speaking here1 ,i should feel ,i had made it plain enough to the court why a judgement should be rendered for ,roscius4 #agfi4 ,the secondary sequence is used with memin1 remember1 even when it has the present infinitive 7#bbbj73 as1 ,l4 ,metellum memin ita bons esse vribus extrm tempore aettis1 ut adulscentiam nn requreret1 ,,cm4 #cj1 ,i can remember ,metellus's being so good and strong in the very last part of his life that he did not feel the want of youth4 #aggj4 ,sentences with a subjunctive due to another subjunctive or to an infinitive are put as follows3 #agga4 7#a47 ,sentences of relative time express contemporaneous1 antecedent1 and subsequent action like corresponding indicative sentences1 with the appropriate sequence3 as1 vereor1 n1 dum minuere velim labrem1 augeam1 ,leg4 #a1 #ab1 ,i am afraid that while ,i wish to make the work less1 ,i may make it more4 crocodls dcunt1 cum in terr partum diderint1 obruere va1 ,,dn4 #b1 #abi1 they say that the crocodile1 after laying on land1 buries her eggs4 dcbam quoad metuers1 omnia t prmissrum3 simul ac timre dessss1 similem t futrum tu1 ,ph4 #b1 #hi1 ,i said that as long as you were afraid1 you would promise everything2 the moment you ceased to fear1 you would be just like yourself4 cnstiturunt ea1 quae ad proficscendum pertinrent1 comparre1 #a1 #c1 #a1 they resolved to get such things ready as were necessary for the march4 erat scrptum3 nisi domum revertertur1 s capitis eum damntrs1 ,n4 #d1 #c1 #d1 it stood written that1 if he did not come back home1 they would condemn him to death 7direct form nisi revertris1 damnbimus74 lgt vnrunt1 qu s ea1 quae impersset1 factrs pollicrentur1 #d1 #bb1 #a1 some envoys came1 to engage to do what he ordered 7direct form quae imperris1 facimus74 ,venet cnfdbant ,rmns neque llam faculttem habre nvium1 neque erum locrum ub bellum gestr essent ports nvisse1 #c1 #ai1 #f1 the ,venetans felt assured that the ,romans had not any proper supply of ships1 and were not acquainted with the ports in the places where they were to fight4 #aggb4 7#b47 ,sentences with independent time retain the independent time in the subjunctive in primary sequence 7#agdd72 in secondary sequence the present becomes imperfect1 and the perfect becomes pluperfect3 as1 7a47 quamquam opni est1 eum qu mults anns ante hs fuerit1 ,psistratum1 multum valuisse dcend1 ,br4 #bg1 though there is an impression that the man who lived years and years before these people1 ,pisistratus1 was a very telling orator 7direct form1 qu fuit1 #agch74 dcitur1 poste quam vnerit1 paucs dibus esse mortuus1 ,clu4 #age1 he is said to have died a few days after he came 7#agci74 7b47 cgnvit ,subs1 poste quam pontem fier comperissent1 nntis in omns parts dmsisse1 #d1 #ai1 #b1 he ascertained that after the ,suebans had learned of the building of the bridge1 they had sent out messengers in every direction4 ,,the ,,indirect ,,question4 #aggc4 ,the subjunctive is used in indirect questions or exclamations4 ,thus1 when the direct question1 qu scs1 how do you know8 is subordinated to a main sentence1 such as quaer1 ,i ask1 the scs becomes scis3 quaer qu scis1 ,,ra4 #ei1 ,i ask how you know4 ,questions or exclamations thus subordinated are called ,indirect 7#agbc74 ,in ,english1 indirect questions are usually characterized simply by the position of the words1 the subject standing before the verb4 #aggd4 ,the indirect question is one of the commonest of constructions4 ,it depends on verbs or expressions meaning not only ask1 but also tell1 inform1 ascertain1 see1 hear1 know1 consider1 deliberate1 doubt1 wonder1 fear1 c41 c4 ,,yes ,,or ,,no ,,questions4 #agge4 ,indirect ,yes or ,no questions are introduced by the same interrogative particles that are used in direct questions 7#aejc74 ,but in indirect questions1 num and -ne are used without any essential difference1 in the sense of whether1 if4 nnne is used thus only by ,cicero1 and by him only with quaer3 as1 quaeris num disertus sit8 ,planc4 #fb1 do you ask whether he is a good speaker8 quaesv cgnsceretne sgnum1 ,c4 #c1 #aj1 ,i asked if he recognized the seal4 quaer nnne tib faciendum idem sit1 ,fin4 #c1 #ac1 ,i ask whether you ought not to do the same4 vidte num dubitandum vbs sit1 ,,ip4 #ai1 consider whether you ought to have any hesitation4 #aggf4 ,the combinations -ne 4 4 4 -ne1 and an 4 4 4 an1 introducing two separate questions1 are rare2 -ne 4 4 4 -ne is mostly confined to poetry4 ,in a few instances such questions can hardly be distinguished from alternatives4 #aggg4 ,a conditional protasis with s1 if1 to see if1 or s forte1 if perchance1 sometimes takes the place of an indirect question in expressions or implications of trial1 hope1 or expectation3 as1 b1 vsam s domst1 ,t4 ,hau4 #agj1 ,i'll go and see if he's at home4 ,usually with the subjunctive3 as1 exspectbam1 s quid scrbers1 ,att4 #af1 #b4 #d1 ,i was waiting to see whether you would write anything4 circumfunduntur hosts1 s quem aditum reperre possent1 #f1 #cg1 #d1 the enemy came streaming round1 to see if they could find any way of getting in4 ,,alternative ,,questions4 #aggh4 ,indirect alternative questions are introduced like direct questions 7#aeai74 ,but when the second member is negative1 it has oftener necne than an nn3 as1 hoc quaermus1 vrum sit an falsum1 ,clu4 #abd1 let us ask this question1 whether it is true or false4 quaesv ,catiln in convent fuisset1 necne1 ,c4 #b1 #ac1 ,i asked ,catiline whether he had been at the meeting or not4 permultum interest utrum perturbtine anim1 an cnsult fat iniria1 ,off4 #a1 #bg1 it makes a vast difference whether wrong be done in heat of passion1 or with deliberate intent4 quaer1 eum ,brtne similem mls an ,antni1 ,ph4 #aj1 #e1 ,i ask whether you would rather have him like ,brutus or like ,antony4 #aggi4 ,an introductory utrum preceding an alternative question with -ne and an occurs a few times in ,plautus and ,cicero2 utrumne 4 4 4 an occurs once in ,cicero1 and twice in ,horace and ,tacitus each2 compare #aebb4 ,after utrum1 a second alternative is sometimes suppressed1 as in the direct question 7#aebc74 #aghj4 -ne in the second member only of an alternative question is rare1 and not used by ,caesar or ,sallust3 as1 sine sciam captva mterne sim1 ,l4 #b1 #dj1 #e1 let me know whether ,i am a captive or a mother4 #agha4 7#a47 ,a few times in ,plautus and ,terence1 the second member only of an alternative question is expressed with qu sci an8 or qu scs an8 equivalent to perhaps3 as1 qu scs an quae iubeam faciat8 ,t4 ,eu4 #gij1 perhaps she'll do as ,i direct4 ,horace has once qu scs an1 ,,ap4 #dfb1 in the sense of perhaps1 and once quis scit an1 #d1 #g1 #ag1 in the sense of perhaps not4 #aghb4 7#b47 ,the second member only of an alternative question is often expressed after haud sci an1 ,i don't know but1 possibly1 perhaps1 with nn2 nm1 nllus1 c41 if the sentence is negative3 as1 haud sci an fier possit1 ,v4 #c1 #afb1 ,i don't know but it is possible4 ,similarly1 though not often1 with nesci an1 haud sciam an1 dubit an1 dubitrim an1 dubium an1 incertum an1 c43 as1 loquenti nesci an habuisset parem nminem1 ,br4 #abf1 in oratory ,i fancy he would have had no peer4 ,this use1 in which haud sci an becomes adverbial1 and the subjunctive approaches closely that of modest assertion1 is principally confined to ,cicero4 ,in later ,latin1 haud sci an1 c41 sometimes has a negative sense1 ,i don't know whether1 with llus1 c4 #aghc4 ,from ,curtius on1 an is used quite like num or -ne1 in a single indirect question1 without implication of alternatives4 #aghd4 ,two alternatives are rarely used without any interrogative particles at all3 as1 velit nlit scre difficile est1 ,q,fr4 #c1 #h1 #d1 will he nill he1 it is hard to know1 i4e4 whether he will or not4 ,compare #aeah4 ,errata3 #aggh 444 ,off4 #a1 #bg 4 invisible #aghb 444 loquenti nesci an habuisset parem nminem1 4 for 1 ,,pronoun ,,questions4 #aghe4 ,indirect pronoun questions are introduced by the same pronominal words that are used in direct pronoun questions 7#aebf73 as1 cgnscit1 quae gerantur1 #e1 #dh1 #b1 he ascertains what is going on4 vidtis ut omns dspiciat1 ,,ra4 #ace1 you can see how he looks down on everybody4 quid ags et ut t oblects scre cupi1 ,q,fr4 #b1 #c1 #g1 ,i am eager to know how you do and how you are amusing yourself4 ,,original ,,subjunctives4 #aghf4 ,questions already in the subjunctive may also become indirect4 ,thus1 qu m vertam8 ,v4 #e1 #b1 which way shall ,i turn8 7#aefc7 becomes indirect in qu m vertam nesci1 ,clu4 #d1 ,i don't know which way ,i am to turn4 quid faciam8 ,h4 ,s4 #b1 #a1 #bd1 what shall ,i do8 7#aefc7 becomes indirect in quid faciam1 praescrbe1 ,h4 ,s4 #b1 #a1 #e1 lay down the law1 what ,i'm to do4 neque satis cnstbat quid agerent1 #c1 #ad1 #c1 and it was not at all clear what they had best do4 dubitv hsce homins emerem an nn emerem1 ,pl4 ,cap4 #dee1 ,i had my doubts1 whether to buy these men or not to buy 7#aefd74 ,,indicative ,,questions ,,apparently ,,indirect4 #aghg4 ,in old ,latin1 the indicative occurs often in connections where the subjunctive would be used in classical ,latin3 as1 dc1 quis est1 ,pl4 ,b4 #eeh1 say1 who is it8 whereas dc quis sit would mean say who it is4 ,in such cases the question is not subordinate1 but coordinate1 usually with an imperative 7#afig71 or with some such expression as t rog1 vol scre1 scn1 or the like4 ,such coordination occurs exceptionally in the classical period3 as1 et vid1 quam conversa rs est1 ,att4 #h1 #ac1 #b1 and observe1 how everything is changed4 adspice1 ut ingreditur1 ,v4 #f1 #hef1 see1 how he marches off4 #aghh4 ,the indicative is used with nesci followed by a pronominal interrogative1 when this combination is equivalent to an indefinite pronoun or adverb3 as1 prdit nesci quis1 ,t4 ,ad4 #fce1 there's some one coming out4 ,this is a condensed form for prdit nesci quis sit1 there's coming out ,i don't know who it is1 the real question1 sit1 being suppressed1 and nesci quis acquiring the meaning of aliquis1 somebody4 ,similarly nesci with unde1 ub1 quand1 quot1 c41 in writers of all ages4 ,plautus uses sci quid1 sci ut1 c41 somewhat in this way once or twice with the indicative3 as1 scio quid ag1 ,b4 #gh1 ,i'm doing ,i know what4 #aghi4 ,this combination often expresses admiration1 contempt1 or regret3 as1 contend tum illud nesci quid praeclrum solre existere1 ,arch4 #ae1 ,i maintain that in such a combination the beau ideal of perfection always bursts into being4 paulum nesci quid1 ,,ra4 #aae an unconsidered trifle4 dvsa est sententia1 postulante nesci qu1 ,mil4 #ad4 the question was divided1 on motion of what's his name4 nesci qu pact1 ,c4 #ca1 unfortunately4 #agij4 ,the indicative is used in like manner with many expressions1 originally exclamatory1 which have become adverbs3 such are immne quantum1 prodigiously1 mrum quantum1 wonderfully1 sn quam1 immensely1 c41 c4 ,see #gab and the dictionary4 #agia4 ,relative constructions often have the appearance of indirect questions1 and care must be taken not to confound the two4 ,thus1 ut is a relative in hanc rem1 ut factast1 loquar1 ,pl4 ,am4 #aabi1 ,i'll tell this thing as it occurred1 i4e4 not how it occurred4 nst quae sequontur1 ,,td4 #d1 #gg1 you know the things that follow1 i4e4 not what follows4 ,,the ,,relative ,,sentence4 #agib4 ,relative sentences are introduced by relative words1 the most important of which is the pronoun qu1 who1 which1 or that4 ,the relative pronoun may be in any case required by the context1 and may represent any of the three persons4 #agic4 ,the relative adverbs1 ub1 qu1 unde1 often take the place of a relative pronoun with a preposition1 chiefly in designations of place1 and regularly with town and island names4 ,less frequently of persons1 though unde is not uncommonly thus used4 #agid4 ,in a wider sense1 sentences introduced by any relative conjunctive particle1 such as ub1 when1 are sometimes called relative sentences4 ,such sentences1 however1 are more conveniently treated separately1 under the head of the several conjunctive particles4 #agie4 7#a47 ,the relative pronoun1 like the ,english relative who1 which1 was developed from the interrogative4 ,originally1 the relative sentence precedes1 and the main sentence follows1 just as in question and answer4 ,thus1 quae mtat1 ea corrumpit1 ,fin4 #a1 #ba1 what he changes1 that he spoils1 is a modification of the older question and answer3 quae mtat8 ea corrumpit1 what does he change8 that he spoils4 ,with adjective relatives1 the substantive is expressed in both members1 in old or formal ,latin3 as1 quae rs apud nostrs nn erant1 erum rrum nmina nn poterant esse sitta1 ,cornif4 #d1 #aj1 what things did not exist among our countrymen1 of those things the names could not have been in common use4 #agif4 7#b47 ,the relative sentence may also come last4 ,as early as ,plautus1 this had become the prevalent arrangement1 and the substantive of the main sentence is called the ,antecedent3 as1 ultr eum locum1 qu in loc ,germn cnsderant1 castrs idneum locum dlgit1 #a1 #di1 #a1 beyond the place in which place the ,germans had established themselves1 he selected a suitable spot for his camp4 ,the three words dis1 locus1 and rs1 are very commonly expressed thus both in the antecedent and the relative sentence4 ,this repetition is rare in ,livy1 and disappears after his time4 #agig4 ,in old ,latin1 rarely in classical poetry1 a sentence sometimes begins with an emphasized antecedent put before the relative1 and in the case of the relative3 as1 urbem quam statu vostra est1 ,v4 #a1 #egc1 the city which ,i found is yours2 for quam urbem statu1 ea vostra est4 ,in the main sentence1 is1 hc1 iste1 or ille1 is often used2 less frequently1 as in this example1 an appellative4 #agih4 ,the main sentence often has the determinative or demonstrative1 or the substantive1 or both omitted3 as1 7a47 ub intellxit diem nstre1 qu di frmentum mlitibus mtr oportret1 #a1 #af1 #e1 when he saw the day was drawing nigh1 on which day the grain was to be measured out to his men4 7b47 qus msimus cvs1 es ,mrtis vs perculit1 ,marc4 #ag1 what fellow-citizens we have lost1 those the fury of the ,war-god smote down4 7c47 ,sabnus qus tribns mlitum circum s habbat1 s sequ iubet1 #e1 #cg1 #a1 ,sabinus ordered what tribunes of the soldiers he had about him1 to follow him4 #agii4 ,the antecedent is often omitted when it is indefinite1 or is obvious from the context3 as1 sunt qu mrentur1 ,v4 #a1 #f1 there be who wonder4 dlgist qus ,rmae relinquers1 ,c4 #a1 #i1 you picked out people to leave in ,rome4 quod perit1 perit1 ,pl4 ,cist4 #gjc1 gone is gone4 ,caesar cgnvit ,cnsidium1 quod nn vdisset1 pr vs sib renntivisse1 #a1 #bb1 #d1 ,caesar ascertained that ,considius had reported to him as seen what he had not seen4 #ahjj4 ,an ablative or nominative abstract in the relative sentence sometimes represents an ablative of manner or quality omitted from the main sentence3 as1 qu prdenti es1 nihil t fugiet1 ,fam4 #aa1 #ac1 #a1 with what sense you have1 nothing will elude you1 i4e4 e qu es prdenti1 nihil t fugiet4 spr1 quae tua prdentia est1 t valre1 ,att4 #f1 #i1 #a1 ,i hope that1 with your characteristic caution1 you are well4 at ix1 qu anim trditur1 mllis oppetere mortem quam illa perpet mluisset1 ,off4 #a1 #aac1 ,ajax1 on the contrary1 with his traditional vehemence1 would have chosen rather to die a thousand deaths than to submit to such indignities4 ,this ellipsis begins with ,cicero1 and is found a few times only in later writers4 ,,agreement ,,of ,,the ,,relative4 #ahja4 ,the agreement of the relative has already been spoken of in a general way 7#ajhb-ajih74 ,for convenience1 however1 it may be set forth here more explicitly4 #ahjb4 ,a relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent in gender and number1 but its case depends on the construction of the sentence in which it stands3 as1 ,hippis glritus est nulum quem habret1 pallium qu amictus1 soccs quibus indtus esset1 s su man cnfcisse1 ,,do4 #c1 #abg1 ,hippias prided himself that he had made with his own hand the ring that he wore1 the cloak in which he was wrapped1 and the slippers that he had on4 ,this holds of all relatives with inflected form1 such as qucumque1 qulis1 quantus1 c41 c4 #ahjc4 ,when the relative refers to two or more antecedents of different gender1 its gender is determined like that of a predicate adjective 7#ajhg73 as1 mtrs et lber1 qurum aets misericordiam vestram requrbat1 ,v4 #e1 #abi1 mothers and babies1 whose years would appeal to your sympathy 7#ajhh74 tium atque dvitiae1 quae prma mortls putant1 ,s4 ,c4 #cf1 #d1 peace and prosperity1 which the sons of men count chiefest of blessings 7#ajhi74 fortna1 quam nm ab incnstanti et temeritte siunget1 quae digna nn sunt de1 ,,dn4 #c1 #fa1 fortune1 which nobody will distinguish from caprice and hazard1 qualities which are not befitting god 7#ajhi74 ,sometimes the relative agrees with the nearest substantive3 as1 es frges atque frcts1 qus terra gignit1 ,,dn4 #b1 #cg1 the crops1 and the fruits of the trees that earth produces4 #ahjd4 ,the relative is sometimes regulated by the sense1 and not by the form of the antecedent3 as1 equittum praemittit qu videant1 #a1 #ae1 #a1 he sends the cavalry ahead1 for them to see 7#ajie74 nus ex e numer1 qu ad caedem part erant1 ,s4 ,i4 #ce1 #f1 one of the number that were ready to do murder 7#ajie74 duo prdigia1 qus improbits tribn cnstricts addxerat1 ,sest4 #ch1 a pair of monstrosities1 whom their depravity had delivered over in irons to the tribune4 scrba pontificis1 qus nunc minrs pontifics appellant1 ,l4 #bb1 #eg1 #c1 a clerk of the pontiff1 which clerks they call nowadays lesser pontiffs1 i4e4 qus scrbs4 ,vins bellum exortum1 quibus ,sabn arma coninxerant1 ,l4 #b1 #ec1 #a1 a ,vejan war broke out1 with whom the ,sabines had allied themselves1 i4e4 bellum cum ,vientibus4 #ahje4 ,a relative referring to a proper name and explanatory appellative combined1 may take the gender of either3 as1 flmine ,rhn1 qu agrum ,helvtium ,germns dvidit1 #a1 #b1 #c1 by the river ,rhine1 which is the boundary between ,helvetians and ,germans4 ad flmen ,scaldem quod nfluit in ,mosam1 #f1 #cc1 #c1 to the river ,scheldt1 that empties itself into the ,maas4 #ahjf4 ,with verbs of indeterminate meaning 7#ajce71 the relative pronoun sometimes agrees with the predicate substantive3 as1 ,thbae ipsae1 quod ,boetiae caput est1 ,l4 #db1 #dd1 #c1 ,thebes itself1 which is the capital of ,boeotia4 ,often1 however1 with the antecedent3 as1 flmen quod appelltur ,tamesis1 #e1 #aa1 #h1 the river which is called the ,thames4 #ahjg4 ,when the relative is subject1 its verb agrees with the person of the antecedent3 as1 haec omnia is fc1 qu sodlis ,dolbellae eram1 ,fam4 #ab1 #ad1 #g1 all this ,i did1 ,i that was ,dolabella's bosom friend4 inquos es1 qu m tacre postuls1 ,t4 ,hau4 #ajaa1 thou art unfair1 expecting me to hold my tongue4 ,so also when the antecedent is implied in a possessive3 as1 cum t nostr1 qu remnsissmus1 caede t contentum esse dcbs1 ,c4 #a1 #g1 when you said you were satisfied with murdering us1 who had staid behind4 #ahjh4 ,for an accusative of the relative with an ablative antecedent the ablative is rarely used3 as1 notante idice qu nst popul1 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #f1 #ae1 the judge condemning--thou know'st who--the world4 ,this represents the older interrogative conception3 notante idice--qu8--nst1 popul 7#agie74 #ahji4 ,a new substantive added in explanation of an antecedent is put after the relative1 and in the same case3 as1 ad ,amnum contend1 qu mns erat hostium plnus1 ,att4 #e1 #bj1 #c1 ,i pushed on to ,amanus1 a mountain that was packed with the enemy4 ,this use begins with ,cicero2 but from ,livy on1 the explanatory word is also put as an appositive1 with the relative following3 as1 ,decius ,magius1 vir cui nihil dfuit1 ,l4 #bc1 #g1 #d1 ,magius1 a man that lacked nothing4 #ahaj4 ,an adjective1 especially a comparative1 superlative1 or numeral1 explanatory of a substantive in the main sentence1 is often put in the relative sentence3 as1 pals quae perpetua intercdbat ,rmns ad nsequendum tardbat1 #g1 #bf1 #b1 a morass1 that lay unbroken between1 hindered the ,romans from pursuit4 #ahaa4 ,when reference is made to the substance of a sentence1 the neuter quod is used1 or more commonly id quod1 either usually in parenthesis3 as1 intellegitur1 id quod iam ante dx1 imprdente ,l4 ,sll scelera haec fier1 ,,ra4 #be1 it is plain1 as ,i have said once before1 that these crimes are committed without the cognizance of ,sulla4 ,in continuations1 quae rs3 as1 nvs removr iussit1 quae rs mgn su nostrs fuit1 #d1 #be1 #a1 he ordered the vessels to be withdrawn1 a course which proved very advantageous for our people4 ,erratum3 #ahaa 444 quae rs mgn text unchanged3 word generally spelled 8magn-0 7see endnote on first edition7 ,,moods ,,in ,,the ,,relative ,,sentence4 #ahab4 ,the relative is sometimes equivalent to a conditional protasis4 ,when thus used1 it may have either the indicative or the subjunctive1 as the sense requires3 as1 7a47 quod betum est1 nec habet nec exhibet cuiquam negtium1 ,,dn4 #a1 #he1 whatsoever is blessed1 has no trouble and makes none to anybody4 quisquis hc vnerit1 pugns edet1 ,pl4 ,am4 #cji1 whoever comes this way1 shall have a taste of fists 7#agif74 omnia mala ingerbat quemquem adspexerat1 ,pl4 ,men4 #gag1 she showered all possible bad names on every man she saw 7#agie74 7b47 haec qu videat1 nnne cgtur cnfitr des esse1 ,,dn4 #b1 #ab1 whoso should see this would be forced1 wouldn't he8 to admit the existence of gods4 qu vidret1 equom ,trinum intrductum dceret1 ,v4 #d1 #eb1 whoever saw it would have sworn it was the ,trojan horse brought in 7#aeei74 ,,the ,,indicative ,,mood4 #ahac4 ,the indicative is used in simple declarations or descriptions introduced by a relative3 as1 quem d dligunt1 adulscns moritur1 ,pl4 ,b4 #haf1 whom the gods love1 dies young4 reliqu1 qui dom mnsrunt1 s alunt1 #d1 #a1 #e1 the others1 that stay at home1 support themselves 7#agcf74 qus labrants cnspexerat1 hs subsidia submittbat1 #d1 #bf1 #d1 to such as he saw in stress1 he kept sending reinforcements 7#agcf74 t quod vols facis1 ,q,fr4 #c1 #d1 #e1 do what you like 7#agce74 #ahad4 ,the indicative is also used with indefinite relative pronouns and adverbs3 as1 quidquid volt1 vald volt1 ,att4 #ad1 #a1 #b1 whatever he wants1 he wants mightily4 quisquis est1 ,,td4 #d1 #cg1 whoever he may be4 qucumque iter fcit1 ,v4 #a1 #dd1 wherever he made his way4 ,in later writers the imperfect or pluperfect is often in the subjunctive3 see #agcj4 #ahae4 ,an original indicative often becomes subjunctive1 particularly in indirect discourse 7#agbb72 or by attraction 7#agbh72 or to indicate repeated action 7#agcj74 ,see also #agbg and #agca4 ,erratum3 #ahad 444 ,,td4 #d1 #cg #d4 #cg ,,the ,,subjunctive ,,mood4 #ahaf4 ,relative pronoun sentences take the subjunctive to denote 7#a47 a purpose1 7#b47 a characteristic or result1 7#c47 a cause1 reason1 proof1 or a concession4 ,,sentences ,,of ,,purpose4 #ahag4 7#a47 ,relative sentences of purpose are equivalent to subjunctive sentences introduced by ut1 in order that1 to 7#aidg73 as1 ea qu cnficeret1 ,c4 ,trebnium relinquit1 #g1 #aa1 #c1 he left ,trebonius to manage this4 qulis esset ntra montis1 qu cgnscerent1 msit1 #a1 #ba1 #a1 he sent some scouts to ascertain what the character of the mountain was4 haec habu d amciti quae dcerem1 ,l4 #ajd1 this was what ,i had to say of friendship4 ,sentences of purpose are an extension of the subjunctive of desire 7#aedj74 ,,sentences ,,of ,,characteristic ,,or ,,result4 #ahah4 7#b47 ,relative sentences of characteristic or result are equivalent to subjunctive sentences introduced by ut1 so as to1 so that 7#aidg74 ,the main sentence sometimes has a word denoting character1 such as is1 eius mod1 rarely tlis3 as1 neque is sum1 qu mortis percul terrear1 #e1 #cj1 #b1 but ,i am not the man to be scared by danger of death1 no not ,i4 ,often1 however1 character is intimated by the mood alone3 as1 sectae sunt tempestts quae nostrs in castrs continrent1 #d1 #cd1 #d1 there followed a succession of storms to keep our people in camp4 quod miserandum sit labrtis1 ,,dn4 #c1 #fb1 you struggle away to a pitiable degree4 ,sentences of result are an extension of the subjunctive of action conceivable 7#aeed74 #ahai4 ,the subjunctive with qu is often used with dignus1 indignus1 or idneus1 usually with a form of sum3 as1 ,lvinae fbulae nn satis dignae quae iterum legantur1 ,br4 #ga1 ,livy's plays are not worth reading twice4 nn erit idneus qu ad bellum mitttur1 ,,ip4 #ff1 he will not be a fit person to be sent to the war4 ,twice thus1 aptus1 once in ,cicero1 once in ,ovid4 ,in poetry and late prose these adjectives sometimes have the infinitive4 dignus and indignus have also ut in ,plautus1 ,livy1 and ,quintilian4 #ahbj4 ,relative subjunctive sentences are sometimes coordinated by et or sed1 with a substantive1 adjective1 or participle3 as1 audx et coets possit quae ferre virrum1 ,j4 #f1 #cii1 a brazen minx1 and one quite capable of facing crowds of men4 #ahba4 ,relative sentences after assertions or questions of existence or non-existence1 usually take the subjunctive3 as1 sunt qu putent1 ,,td4 #a1 #ah1 there be people to think1 there be who think1 or some people think4 nm est qu nesciat1 ,fam4 #a1 #d1 #b1 there is nobody that doesn't know4 sapientia est na quae maestitiam pellat ex anims1 ,fin4 #a1 #dc1 wisdom is the only thing to drive sadness from the soul4 #ahbb4 ,such expressions are3 est 7exsistit1 exortus est71 qu2 sunt 7reperiuntur1 nn dsunt71 qu2 nm est1 qu2 quis est1 qu2 slus or nus est1 qu2 est1 nihil est1 quod2 quid est1 quod8 habe1 nn habe1 nihil habe1 quod1 c41 c4 ,indefinite subjects are sometimes used with these verbs3 as1 mult1 qudam1 nnnll1 ali1 pauc2 sometimes appellatives3 as1 homins1 philosoph4 #ahbc4 ,the indicative1 however1 is not infrequently found in affirmative sentences1 particularly in old ,latin and in poetry3 as1 sunt qus sci esse amcs1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #ia1 some men there are ,i know to be my friends4 interdum volgus rctum videt1 est ubi peccat1 ,h4 ,e4 #b1 #a1 #fc1 sometimes the world sees right1 there be times when it errs4 sunt item1 quae appellantur alcs1 #f1 #bg1 #a1 then again there are what they call elks4 ,erratum3 #ahbc 444 sunt qus sci esse amcs1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #ia printed 4 for 1 ,,sentences ,,of ,,cause ,,or ,,concession4 #ahbd4 7#c47 ,relative sentences of cause1 reason1 proof1 or of concession1 are equivalent to subjunctive sentences introduced by cum1 since1 though 7#ahgg73 as1 7a47 hospes1 qu nihil suspicrtur1 hominem retinre coepit1 ,v4 #a1 #fd1 the friend1 suspecting nothing1 undertook to hold on to the man4 ,often justifying the use of a single word3 as1 fortnte adulscns1 qu tuae virttis ,homrum praecnem invners1 ,arch4 #bd1 oh youth thrice-blest1 with ,homer trumpeter of thy prowess4 ad m vnit ,hraclus1 homo nbilis1 qu sacerds ,iovis fuisset1 ,v4 #d1 #acg1 ,i had a call from ,heraclius1 a man of high standing1 as is proved by his having been a priest of ,jupiter4 7b47 ,cicer1 qu mlits in castrs continuisset1 qunque cohorts frmenttum mittit1 #f1 #cf1 #a1 though ,cicero had kept his men in camp1 he sends five cohorts foraging4 #ahbe4 ,with qu tamen1 however1 the indicative is usual3 as1 alter1 qu tamen s continuerat1 nn tenuit eum locum1 ,sest4 #aad1 the other1 though he had observed a quiet policy1 did not hold the place4 #ahbf4 ,oftentimes1 where a causal relation might be expected1 a simple declaratory indicative is used3 as1 habe senectt magnam grtiam1 quae mih sermnis avidittem auxit1 ,,cm4 #df1 ,i feel greatly indebted to age1 which has increased my eagerness for conversation4 ,particularly thus in old ,latin3 as1 sed sumne ego stultus1 qu rem cr pblicam8 ,pl4 ,per4 #ge1 but am ,i not a fool1 who bother with the common weal8 ,compared with3 sed ego sum nsipientior1 qu rbus crem pplicis1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #ajeg1 but ,i'm a very fool1 to bother with the common weal4 ,often of coincident action 7#agcc73 as1 stult fc1 qu hunc ms1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #acgf1 ,i've acted like a fool1 in letting this man off4 #ahbg4 ,the causal relative is often introduced by quippe1 less frequently by ut1 or ut pote1 naturally3 as1 #8convvia cum patre nn inbat2' quippe qu n in oppidum quidem nisi perrr venret1 ,,ra4 #eb1 #8he never went to dinner-parties with his father2' why1 of course not1 since he never went to a simple country town even1 except very rarely4 dicttor tamen1 ut qu magis anims quam vribus frtus ad certmen dscenderet1 omnia circumspicere coepit1 ,l4 #g1 #ad1 #f1 but the dictator1 naturally1 since he went into the struggle trusting to mind rather than muscle1 now began to be all on the alert4 ,with quippe qu1 the indicative only is used by ,sallust1 and is preferred by ,plautus and ,terence4 ,cicero has1 with one exception1 the subjunctive1 ,tacitus and ,nepos have it always4 ,livy has either mood4 ,not in ,caesar4 ut qu has the subjunctive4 ,it occurs a few times in ,plautus1 ,cicero1 once in ,caesar1 oftenest in ,livy4 ,with the indicative once in ,cicero1 and once in ,tacitus4 ut pote qu has the subjunctive4 ,it is used by ,plautus1 by ,cicero1 once with the indicative1 by ,sallust1 and ,catullus4 #ahbh4 ,the indefinite ablative qu1 somehow1 surely1 sometimes follows quippe or ut in old ,latin1 in which case it must not be confounded with the relative3 as1 quippe qu ex t audv1 ,pl4 ,am4 #gde1 why1 sure ,i've heard from you2 it cannot be the relative here1 as the speaker is a woman4 #ahbi4 ,the subjunctive is used in parenthetical sentences of restriction3 as1 quod sciam1 ,pl4 ,men4 #ejj2 ,t4 ,ad4 #fda2 ,,ra4 #ag1 to the best of my knowledge and belief4 quod sine molesti tu fat1 ,fam4 #ac1 #bc1 #b1 as far as may be without trouble to yourself4 qu is often followed by quidem3 as1 omnium rtrum1 qus quidem ego cgnverim1 actissimum idic ,q4 ,sertrium1 ,br4 #ahj1 of all orators1 at least of all that ,i have made the acquaintance of myself1 ,i count ,sertorius the sharpest4 #ahcj4 ,the indicative1 however1 is used in quod attinet ad1 as to1 and usually with quantum1 and with forms of sum and possum3 as1 quod sine molesti tu facere poteris1 ,att4 #a1 #e1 #g1 as far as you can without troubling yourself4 ,,correlative ,,sentences4 #ahca4 ,sentences are said to be correlative1 when a relative pronoun or adverb has a corresponding determinative or demonstrative pronoun or adverb in the main sentence4 ,thus1 the ordinary correlative of qu is is1 less frequently hc1 ille1 dem4 ,similarly tot 4 4 4 quot are used as correlatives2 also qu 4 4 4 e1 quant 4 4 4 tant2 quantum 4 4 4 tantum2 tam 4 4 4 quam2 totins 4 4 4 quotins2 tlis 4 4 4 qulis2 ub 4 4 4 ib2 ut 4 4 4 ita1 sc1 or item2 cum 444 tum4 ,,relative ,,sentences ,,combined4 7,a47 ,,coordination ,,of ,a ,,relative4 #ahcb4 7#a47 ,when two coordinate relative sentences would have the second relative in the same case as the first1 the second relative is usually omitted3 as1 ,dumnorg qu prnciptum optinbat1 ac maxim plb acceptus erat1 persudet1 #a1 #c1 #e1 he prevails with ,dumnorix1 who held the headship1 and was popular with the commons4 #ahcc4 7#b47 ,when two coordinate relative sentences require two different cases of the relative1 the relative is usually expressed with both1 or else the second relative1 which is usually nominative or accusative1 is omitted1 or is1 hc1 ille1 or dem1 is substituted for it3 as1 7a47 cr loquimur d e hoste1 qu iam fattur s esse hostem1 et quem nn time8 ,c4 #b1 #ag1 why am ,i talking about an enemy who admits himself he is an enemy1 and whom ,i do not fear8 7b47 ,bocchus cum peditibus1 qus ,volux addxerat1 neque in prire pugn adfuerant1 ,s4 ,i4 #aja1 #e1 ,bocchus with the infantry whom ,volux had brought up1 and who had not been engaged in the first skirmish4 7c47 ,virithus1 quem ,c4 ,laelius frgit1 fercittemque eius repressit1 ,off4 #b1 #dj1 ,viriathus1 whom ,laelius crushed1 and curbed his fiery soul4 ,this last use is chiefly limited to old ,latin1 ,cicero1 and ,lucretius4 7,b47 ,,subordination ,,of ,a ,,relative4 #ahcd4 ,a sentence consisting of a main and a relative member1 may be further modified by a more specific relative sentence3 as1 proxim sunt ,germns qu trns ,rhnum incolunt 7general71 quibuscum continenter bellum gerunt 7specific71 #a1 #a1 #c1 they are nearest to the ,germans that live beyond the ,rhine1 with whom they carry on uninterrupted hostilities4 dem artifex ,cupdinem fcit illum qu est ,thespis 7general71 propter quem ,thespiae vsuntur 7specific71 ,v4 #d1 #d1 the selfsame artist made the world-renowned ,cupid at ,thespiae1 which is the attraction for tourists in ,thespiae4 ,,the ,,relative ,,introducing ,a ,,main ,,sentence4 #ahce4 ,besides the ordinary use of the relative1 to introduce a subordinate sentence1 it is often used like hc1 or is1 or like et is1 is autem1 is enim1 or is igitur1 to append a fresh main sentence or period to the foregoing3 as1 cnsili convoct sententis exqurere coepit1 qu in cnsili nnnllae huius mod sententiae dcbantur1 #c1 #c1 #a1 calling a council of war1 he proceeded to ask their opinion1 and in this council some opinions of the following import were set forth4 centurins hosts vocre coeprunt2 qurum prgred ausus est nm1 #e1 #dc1 #f1 the officers proceeded to call the enemy2 but not a man of them ventured to step forward4 pertils ,xenophntis libr sunt2 quos legite studis1 ,,cm4 #ei1 ,xenophon's works are extremely profitable reading2 so do read them attentively4 ,in ,plautus this use is rare2 but it becomes more and more prevalent1 and in the time of ,cicero the relative is one of the commonest connectives4 #ahcf4 ,from this use of the relative come many introductory formulas1 such as qu fact1 qu r cgnit1 quae cum ita sint1 c41 c4 #ahcg4 ,a connective quod is often used before s1 nisi1 or ets1 less frequently before quia1 quoniam1 utinam1 qu1 c4 ,this quod may be translated so1 but1 now1 whereas1 as to that1 c41 or it is often best omitted in translation4 ,see #bacb4 ,,the ,,conjunctive ,,particle ,,sentence4 quod4 #ahch4 ,the conjunctive particle quod1 originally the neuter of the relative pronoun1 has both a declarative sense1 that1 and a causal sense1 because4 ,in both senses it regularly introduces the indicative 7#agba74 ,for special reasons1 however1 the subjunctive is often used1 and particularly in indirect discourse 7#agbb74 #ahci4 ,in some of its applications1 particularly in old ,latin1 the conjunctive particle quod can hardly be distinguished from the pronoun quod1 as follows3 #ahdj4 7#a7 ,in old ,latin1 quod1 why1 for what1 is sometimes used with veni and mitt4 ,thus1 as in id vnimus1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #aaeh1 that's why we've come1 id is used to define the purpose of the motion 7#aadd71 so also quod1 in quod vn1 loquar1 ,t4 ,hau4 prol4 #c1 what ,i've come for1 ,i'll set forth4 ,instead of quod1 more explicitly quam ob rem3 as1 quam ob rem hc sum missa1 ,pl4 ,r4 #dcj1 what ,i am sent here for4 #ahda4 7#b47 quod1 why1 for what1 is used in such expansions as quid est quod8 quid habs quod8 or nihil est quod3 as1 quid est quod m excvist8 ,pl4 ,e4 #egj1 why is it that you've called me out8 7#aadd74 ,usually with the subjunctive 7#aefc73 as1 quid est quod plra dcmus8 ,clu4 #ei1 what reason is there for saying more8 ,for quod1 sometimes qu r1 quam ob rem1 cr1 c4 ,the question itself is also sometimes varied3 as1 quid fuit causae1 cr in fricam ,caesarem nn sequerre8 ,ph4 #b1 #ga1 what earthly reason was there1 why you should not have followed ,caesar to ,africa8 #ahdb4 7#c47 quod1 as to what1 or that1 is used1 especially at the beginning of a sentence1 to introduce a fact on which something is to be said1 often by way of protest or refutation3 as1 vrum quod t dcis1 nn t m rsc decet1 ,pl4 ,am4 #ebb1 but as to what you say1 it is n't right that you should get provoked with me4 quod multitdinem ,germnrum in ,galliam trdcat1 id s su mniend caus facere1 #a1 #dd1 #f1 as to his moving a great many ,germans over to ,gaul1 that he did for self-protection 7#agbb74 ,this construction is particularly common in ,caesar1 and in ,cicero's letters4 #ahdc4 ,when quod1 in case1 suppose1 although1 introduces a mere conjecture or a concession1 the subjunctive is used 7#aeed73 as1 quod quispiam ignem quaerat1 extingu vol1 ,pl4 ,aul4 #ia1 in case a man may come for fire1 ,i want the fire put out4 ,this use is principally found in old ,latin1 but once or twice also in ,cicero4 #ahdd4 quod1 that1 the fact that1 is often used in subordinate sentences which serve to complete the sense of the main sentence4 #ahde4 ,the sentence with quod may represent a subject1 as with accdit2 an object1 as with praetere1 c42 or any case of a substantive2 frequently it is in apposition with a demonstrative or an appellative3 as1 7a47 accdbat1 quod sus ab s lbers abstrcts dolbant1 #c1 #b1 #e1 there was added this fact1 that they lamented that their own children were torn from them2 or less clumsily1 then too they lamented4 praetere1 quod eam sib domum sdemque dlgit1 in qu ctdi vir mortis indicia vidret1 ,clu4 #ahh1 ,i pass over the fact that she picked out a house to live in1 in which she would see1 day in day out1 things to remind her of her husband's death4 illud minus cr1 quod congessist operris omns1 ,br4 #big1 ,i am not particularly interested in the fact that you have lumped together all sorts of cobblers and tinkers4 7b47 ,caesar sents in eum beneficia commemorvit1 quod rx appelltus esset sent1 #a1 #dc1 #d1 ,caesar told of the kindnesses of the senate to the man1 the fact that #8he had been styled king by the senate' 7#agbb74 qu fact dus rs cnsectus est1 quod anims centurinum dvinxit et mlitum voluntts redmit1 ,caes4 ,c4 #a1 #ci1 #d1 thus he killed two birds with one stone3 he won the hearts of the officers1 and he bought golden opinions of the rank and file4 hc n praestmus vel maxim fers1 quod conloquimur inter ns1 ,,do4 #a1 #cb1 in this one circumstance do we perhaps most of all surpass brutes1 that we can talk with each other4 labre et industri et quod adhibbat grtiam1 in prncipibus patrns fuit1 ,br4 #bcc1 thanks to his untiring industry1 and to his bringing his winning manners to bear1 he figured among the leaders of the bar4 #ahdf4 accdit1 as the passive of add1 often has the subjunctive with ut3 see #aife4 add quod1 especially in the imperative form adde quod1 occurs in ,accius1 ,terence1 ,lucretius1 ,horace1 and ,ovid4 adici quod begins with ,livy4 #ahdg4 ,the sentence with quod is often introduced by a prepositional expression1 such as e with d1 ex1 in1 pr1 rarely with cum2 or id with ad in ,livy1 super in ,tacitus4 #ahdh4 nisi quod1 or in ,plautus and ,terence nisi quia1 but for the fact that1 except1 only that1 and praeter quam quod1 besides the fact that1 are used in limitations3 as1 nihil peccat1 nisi quod nihil peccat1 ,plin4 ,ep4 #i1 #bf1 #a1 he erreth naught1 save that he naught doth err4 ,livy has also super quam quod4 tantum quod in the sense of nisi quod is rare2 more commonly of time1 just1 hardly4 #ahdi4 quid quod8 for quid d e dcam quod8 what of the fact that1 or nay more1 marks an important transition3 as1 quid quod sals socirum in perculum voctur8 ,,ip4 #ab1 nay more1 the very existence of our allies is endangered4 #ahej4 ,with verbs of doing or happening1 accompanied by some word of manner1 quod introduces a verb of coincident action 7#agcc73 as1 bene facis quod m adiuvs1 ,fin4 #c1 #af1 you are very kind in helping me4 videor mih grtum fcisse ,siculs1 quod erum iniris sum persectus1 ,v4 #b1 #af1 ,i flatter myself that ,i have won the gratitude of the ,sicilians in acting as avenger of their wrongs4 ,in this sense qu 7#ahbf7 or cum 7#ahgd7 is often used1 or in ,plautus and once in ,horace quia4 #ahea4 quod1 that1 because1 is used to denote cause with verbs of emotion4 ,thus1 as with id in id gaude1 ,t4 ,andr4 #cfb1 ,i'm glad of that 7#aadd71 so with an object sentence1 as gaude quod t interpellv1 ,leg4 #c1 #a1 ,i'm glad that ,i interrupted you4 ,such verbs are3 gaude1 laetor2 mror2 dole1 maere1 angor1 indignor1 suscnse1 rscor1 c4 ,in old ,latin1 ,cicero's letters1 ,livy1 and rarely in ,tacitus such verbs may have quia1 sometimes quom 7#ahge74 ,for the accusative with the infinitive1 see #bahg4 #aheb4 ,verbs of praising1 blaming1 accusing1 and condemning1 often take quod3 as1 quod bene cgitst aliquand1 laud1 ,ph4 #b1 #cd1 that you have ever had good intentions1 ,i commend4 laudat ,africnum ,panaetius1 quod fuerit abstinns1 ,off4 #b1 #gf1 ,panaetius eulogizes ,africanus1 #8for being so abstinent' 7#agbe74 ut cum ,scrats accstus est quod corrumperet iuventtem1 ,quintil4 #d1 #d1 #e1 as when ,socrates was charged with #8demoralizing the rising generation' 7#agbe74 grtulor1 congratulate1 and grtis ag1 thank1 have regularly quod or cum 7#ahge74 ,verbs of accusing sometimes have cr4 #ahec4 ,causal quod1 owing to the fact that1 because1 introduces an efficient cause1 or a reason or motive3 as1 7a47 in hs locs1 quod omnis ,gallia ad septentrins vergit1 mtrae sunt hiems1 #d1 #bj1 #a1 in these parts the winter sets in early1 owing to the fact that ,gaul in general lies to the north4 ,helvti reliqus ,galls virtte praecdunt1 quod fer ctdins proelis cum ,germns contendunt1 #a1 #a1 #d1 the ,helvetians outshine the rest of the ,gauls in bravery1 because they do battle with the ,germans almost every day4 hrum fortissim sunt ,belgae1 proptere quod a cult prvinciae longissim absunt1 #a1 #a1 #c1 of these the stoutest fighting-men are the ,belgians1 for the reason that they live furthest away from the comforts of the province4 7b47 ,t4 ,mnlius ,torqutus flium suum1 quod is contr imperium in hostem pugnverat1 necr iussit1 ,s4 ,c4 #eb1 #cj1 ,torquatus ordered his own son to be put to death1 because the young man had fought with the enemy contrary to orders4 exrvit tyrannum ut abre licret1 quod iam betus nllet esse1 ,,td4 #e1 #fb1 he induced the monarch to let him go1 #8because he didn't care to be ,fortune's pet any longer' 7#agbe74 ,bellovac suum numerum nn contulrunt1 quod s su arbitri bellum esse gestrs dcerent1 #g1 #ge1 #e1 the ,bellovacans would not put in their proper quota1 saying they meant to make war on their own responsibility 7#agbg74 ,erratum3 #ahde;a 444 ,caesar told of the kindnesses of the senate told off #ahed4 quod often has a correlative in the main sentence1 such as e1 ide1 idcirc1 proptere4 ,in ,sallust1 e grti4 ,in ,plautus1 causal quod is very rare compared to causal quia4 #ahee4 ,an untenable reason is introduced in ,plautus by nn e quia1 in ,terence by nn e qu2 in ,cicero very rarely by neque or non e qu1 usually by nn quod or nn qu2 by nn quia rarely in classical ,latin1 but commonly from ,livy on4 ,the valid reason follows1 with sed quod1 sed quia1 or with sed and a fresh main sentence4 ,the mood is usually subjunctive 7#agbe73 as1 pugils ingemscunt1 nn quod doleant1 sed quia prfundend vce omne corpus intenditur1 ,,td4 #b1 #ef1 boxers grunt and groan1 not because they feel pain1 but because by explosion of voice the whole system gets braced up4 ,sometimes1 but very rarely in classical prose1 the indicative4 ,correlatives1 such as idcirc1 ide1 c41 are not uncommon4 ,reversed constructions occur1 with magis followed by quam1 as3 magis quod1 qu1 or quia1 followed by quam qu1 quod1 or quia4 ,the negative not that 4 4 4 not1 is expressed by nn quod nn1 nn qu nn1 or nn qun4 ,erratum3 #ahee 444 nn qu nn1 or nn qun quin quia4 #ahef4 quia1 a neuter accusative plural of the relative stem 7#gja7 is used in both a declarative and a causal sense1 like quod 7#ahch74 ,it is1 however1 more prevalent in ,plautus1 less so from ,terence on4 #aheg4 ,for the uses of declarative quia1 see under #ahdh1 #ahej1 #ahea4 #aheh4 ,causal quia1 with or without a correlative1 such as ide1 e1 proptere1 c41 is common in old ,latin 7#ahed7 and poetry1 unusual in prose 7once in ,caesar7 before ,tacitus4 ,for nn quia1 c41 see #ahee4 quom or cum4 #ahei4 quom or cum 7#aeg1 #gaa71 used as a relative conjunctive particle 7#agid71 has a temporal meaning1 when1 which readily passes over to an explanatory or causal meaning1 in that1 since or although4 ,in both meanings it introduces the indicative in old ,latin4 ,in classical ,latin1 temporal cum in certain connections1 and causal cum regularly1 introduces the subjunctive4 ,the subjunctive is also used with cum for special reasons1 as in the indefinite second person 7#agca71 by attraction 7#agbh71 and commonly by late writers to express repeated past action 7#agcj74 cum1 when1 is often used as a synonym of s1 if1 and may then introduce any form of a conditional protasis 7#bjaf1 #baaj74 7,a47 ,,temporal cum4 ,,with ,,the ,,indicative4 #ahfj4 cum1 when1 whenever1 if1 of indefinite time1 may introduce any tense of the indicative required by the context3 as1 facile omns1 quom valmus1 rcta cnsilia aegrts damus1 ,t4 ,andr4 #cji1 we all1 when well1 give good advice to sick folk easily4 ,rmae videor esse1 cum tus litters leg1 ,att4 #b1 #ae1 #a1 ,i always fancy myself in ,rome1 when ,i am reading a letter from you4 cum posu librum1 adsnsi omnis lbitur1 ,,td4 #a1 #bd1 when ,i drop the book1 all assent melts away 7#afac74 incenderis cupiditte lberttis1 cum potesttem gustand fceris1 ,,rp4 #b1 #ej1 you will inspire them with a passion for freedom1 when you give them a chance to taste it 7#afbg74 hs cum fns comprehns adductque erant1 praerumpbantur1 #c1 #ad1 #f1 every time the lines were caught by these and hauled taut1 they would part 7#afah74 ,the subjunctive is used1 chiefly by late writers1 rarely by ,cicero and ,caesar1 to express repeated past action 7#agcj73 as1 cum in convvium vnisset1 s quicquam caelt adspexerat1 mans abstinre nn poterat1 ,v4 #d1 #dh1 when he went to a dinner party1 if he ever caught sight of a bit of chased work1 he never could keep his hands off 7#bjej74 #ahfa4 cum1 when1 of definite time1 regularly introduces the indicative in old ,latin1 even where the subjunctive is required in classical ,latin 7#ahgb73 as1 nam illa1 quom t ad s vocbat1 mmet esse crdidit1 ,pl4 ,men4 #aade1 for when that lady asked you in1 she thought 'twas ,i4 postculum hoc recpit1 quom aeds vndidit1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #aid1 this back part he excepted1 when he sold the house4 #ahfb4 cum1 when1 of definite time1 regularly introduces the indicative of any action1 not of past time3 as1 sed d hs etiam rbus1 tis cum erimus1 loqumur1 ,fam4 #i1 #d1 but we will talk of this when we have time4 cum ego ,p4 ,grnium testem prdxer1 refellit1 s poteris1 ,v4 #e1 #aed1 when ,i put ,granius on the witness stand1 refute him if you can4 #ahfc4 ,with cum1 when1 the indicative is used of definite past time to date the action of the main clause1 as follows3 #ahfd4 7#a47 ,the indicative imperfect is regularly used with cum1 when1 to denote a continued action parallel and coincident in duration with another continued action1 also in the imperfect3 as1 quom pugnbant maxum1 ego tum fugibam maxum1 ,pl4 ,am4 #aii1 while they were fighting hardest1 then ,i was running hardest4 tum cum rem habbs1 quaesticulus t facibat attentirem1 ,fam4 #i1 #af1 #g1 as long as you were a man of substance1 the fun of making money made you a little close4 #ahfe4 7#b47 ,the indicative imperfect is often used with cum1 when1 denoting a continued action1 to date an apodosis in the perfect3 as1 legins quom pugnbant maxum1 quid in taberncl fcist8 ,pl4 ,am4 #dbg1 what did'st thou in the tent what time the legions fought their mightiest8 hs librs adnumerand sunt sex d r pblic1 qus tum scrpsimus cum guberncula r pblicae tenbmus1 ,div4 #b1 #c1 to these books are to be added the six ,on the ,state1 which ,i wrote at the time ,i was holding the helm of state4 ,but when the object of the clause is not distinctly to date the apodosis1 its verb is in the subjunctive 7#ahgb74 #ahff4 7#c47 ,the indicative perfect or present of vivid narration is used with cum1 when1 to date an apodosis in the perfect or present of vivid narration3 as1 #8per tus status' vr cum dxit1 vehementius rsimus1 ,,do4 #b1 #bdb1 but when he uttered the words #8by your statues' we burst into a louder laugh4 cum occditur ,sex4 ,rscius1 ibdem furunt1 ,,ra4 #abj1 when ,roscius was murdered1 they were on the spot4 cum dis vnit1 caus ipse pr s dict1 damntur1 ,l4 #d1 #dd1 #aj1 when the day of the trial came1 he spoke in his own defence and was condemned4 ,the present is particularly common in old colloquial ,latin3 as1 vivom1 quom abmus1 lquimus1 ,pl4 ,cap4 #bhb1 we left him alive when we came away4 ,for cum prmum in narration1 see #aibe2 for cum extempl1 #aibf4 #ahfg4 7#d47 ,the indicative perfect or present of vivid narration is regularly used with cum1 when1 to denote a momentary action when the apodosis denotes continued action3 as1 cum ,caesar in ,galliam vnit1 alterus factinis prncips erant ,aedu1 alterus ,squan1 #f1 #ab1 #a1 when ,caesar came to ,gaul1 the leaders of one party were the ,aeduans1 of the other the ,sequanians4 e cum veni1 praetor quiscbat1 ,v4 #d1 #cb1 when ,i got there1 the praetor was taking a nap4 #ahfh4 ,an emphatic indicative clause with cum1 while1 often follows the main action4 ,the clause with cum is usually inconsistent with the main action1 and cum is often attended by intere1 interim1 all the time1 etiam tum1 still1 nndum1 hauddum1 not yet1 no longer1 quidem1 by the way1 or tamen1 nihilminus1 nevertheless3 as1 caedbtur virgs in medi for ,messnae cvis ,rmnus1 cum intere nllus gemitus audibtur1 ,v4 #e1 #afb1 there was flogged with rods in open market place at ,messana a citizen of ,rome1 while all the time not a groan was to be heard4 volrat iam cnspect quadrirmis1 cum etiam tum cterae nvs n in loc mlibantur1 ,v4 #e1 #hh1 she had already sped out of sight1 the four-banker1 while the rest of the vessels were still struggling round in one and the same spot4 ,this use is very rare in old ,latin4 ,not in ,caesar4 ,with the infinitive of intimation1 see #aeci4 #ahfi4 ,an indicative clause with cum1 usually expressing sudden or unexpected action1 sometimes contains the main idea1 and is put last4 ,in this case cum is often attended by subit or repente1 suddenly1 and the first clause contains iam1 already1 by this time1 vix1 aegr1 hardly1 vixdum1 hardly yet1 or nndum1 not yet4 ,the first verb is commonly in the imperfect or pluperfect1 and the second in the perfect or present of vivid narration3 as1 dxerat hoc ille1 cum puer nntivit venre ,laelium1 ,,rp4 #a1 #ah1 scarcely had he said this1 when a slave announced that ,laelius was coming4 vix ea ftus eram1 gemit cum tlia reddit1 ,v4 #b1 #cbc1 scarce had ,i spoke the words1 when with a groan he answers thus4 ,hannibal iam subbat mrs1 cum repente in eum patfact port rumpunt ,rmn1 ,l4 #bi1 #g1 #h1 ,hannibal was already moving up to the walls1 when all of a sudden the gate flies open and the ,romans come pouring out upon him4 iamque hoc facere apparbant1 cum mtres familiae repente prcurrrunt1 #g1 #bf1 #c1 they were already preparing to do it1 when suddenly the married women rushed forward4 ,this use is very rare in old ,latin4 ,from ,sallust on1 it is found occasionally with the infinitive of intimation 7#aeci74 #ahgj4 ,a clause with cum is often used attributively with words denoting time1 or with est1 fuit1 or erit4 ,the mood is the same as with a relative pronoun1 sometimes the indicative1 and regularly in old ,latin1 but usually the subjunctive3 as1 fuit quoddam tempus cum in agrs homins vagbantur1 ,inv4 #a1 #b1 there was an age of the world when men roved round in the fields 7#ahac1 #ahbc74 fuit tempus cum rra colerent homins1 ,varro1 ,,rr4 #c1 #a1 #a1 there was a time when men dwelt in the fields 7#ahah1 #ahba74 est cum exrnti praetermittenda est1 ,cornif4 #b1 #cj1 sometimes ornamentation should be avoided4 fuit ante tempus1 cum ,germns ,gall virtte superrent1 #f1 #bd1 #a1 there was a time when the ,gauls outdid the ,germans in valour4 ,the subjunctive is also used with audi cum 7#agbb71 but with memin cum the indicative3 as1 saepe ex socer me audv1 cum is dceret1 ,,do4 #b1 #bb1 ,i have often heard my father-in-law saying4 memin cum mih dsipere vidbre1 ,fam4 #g1 #bh1 #a1 ,i remember when ,i thought you showed bad taste4 #ahga4 ,the indicative present or perfect with cum is used in expressions equivalent to an emphasized accusative or ablative of time1 the main verb being est or sunt3 as1 ann prope quadringent sunt1 cum hoc probtur1 ,o4 #aga1 it is nearly four hundred years that this has been liked4 nndum centum et decem ann sunt1 cum lta lx est1 ,off4 #b1 #ge1 it is not a hundred and ten years yet since the law was passed4 ,in old ,latin1 the clause with cum is made the subject of est1 and the substantive of time is put in the accusative3 as1 hanc domum iam mults anns est quom posside1 ,pl4 ,aul4 #c1 'tis many years now ,i have occupied this house4 ,,with ,,the ,,subjunctive4 #ahgb4 ,with cum1 when1 the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive is used to describe the circumstances under which the action of the main clause took place3 as1 cum rx ,pyrrhus popul ,rmn bellum intulisset cumque d imperi certmen esset cum rge potent1 perfuga ab e vnit in castra ,fabrici1 ,off4 #c1 #hf1 king ,pyrrhus having made war on the ,roman nation1 and there being a struggle for sovereignty with a powerful king1 a deserter from him came into ,fabricius's camp4 edem tempore ,attalus rx moritur alter et septugsim ann1 cum quattuor et quadrgint anns rgnsset1 ,l4 #cc1 #ba1 #a1 the same year ,attalus the king dies1 in his seventy-second year1 having reigned forty-four years4 hc pgus1 cum dom exsset patrum nostrrum memori1 ,l4 ,cassium cnsulem interfcerat1 #a1 #ab1 #e1 this canton1 sallying out from home in our fathers' recollection1 had put ,cassius1 the consul1 to death4 nam cum inambulrem in xyst1 ,m4 ad m ,brtus vnerat1 ,br4 #aj1 for as ,i was pacing up and down my portico1 ,brutus had come to see me4 ,antigonus in proeli1 cum adversus ,seleucum et ,lsimachum dmicret1 occsus est1 ,n4 #ba1 #c1 #b1 ,antigonus was killed in battle fighting against ,seleucus and ,lysimachus4 haec cum ,crassus dxisset1 silentium est cnsectum1 ,,do4 #a1 #afj1 a deep silence ensued after ,crassus had finished speaking4 cum anns iam complrs societs esset1 moritur in ,galli ,qunctius1 cum adesset ,naevius1 ,quinct4 #ad1 the partnership having lasted several years1 ,quinctius died in ,gaul1 ,naevius being there at the time4 ,in this use1 as the examples show1 cum with the subjunctive is often equivalent to a participle or an ablative absolute4 ,the use is not found in ,plautus 7#ahfa74 ,ennius and ,terence have possibly each an instance 7disputed7 of it1 but it was certainly rare until the classical period1 when it became one of the commonest of constructions4 ,it must not be confounded with the special uses of the subjunctive mentioned in #ahei4 #ahgc4 ,the difference in meaning between cum with the indicative and cum with the subjunctive may be illustrated by the following examples3 ,gall nrrv1 cum proxim ,rmae fu1 quid audssem1 ,att4 #ac1 #di1 #b1 ,i told ,gallus1 when ,i was last in ,rome1 what ,i had heard 7#ahff71 a4 d4 ,,iii kal4 ,mais cum essem in ,cmn1 accp tus litters1 ,fam4 #d1 #b1 #a1 ,i received your letter on the twenty-eighth of ,april1 being in my villa at ,cumae 7#ahgb74 cum vrics secbantur ,c4 ,mari1 dolbat1 ,,td4 #b1 #ce1 while ,marius was having his varicose veins lanced1 he was in pain 7#ahfd74 ,c4 ,marius1 cum secrtur1 ut supr dx1 vetuit s adligr1 ,,td4 #b1 #ec1 ,marius being under the surgeon's knife1 as above mentioned1 refused to be bound 7#ahgb74 num ,p4 ,decius1 cum s dvovret et in mediam aciem inrubat1 aliquid d volupttibus sus cgitbat8 ,fin4 #b1 #fa1 did ,decius1 offering himself up1 and while he was dashing straight into the host1 have any thought of pleasures of his own8 7#ahgb1 #ahfd74 7,b47 ,,explanatory ,,and ,,causal cum4 #ahgd4 ,the indicative is often used with explanatory cum when the action of the protasis is coincident with that of the apodosis 7#agcc74 ,in this use cum passes from the meaning of when to that1 in that1 or in or by with a verbal in -ing3 as1 hoc verbum quom ill quoidam dc1 praemstr tib1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #cdb1 in laying down this lesson for your unknown friend ,i'm warning you4 cum quiscunt1 probant1 ,c4 #a1 #ba1 their inaction is approval4 ,denoting the means3 as1 tte tibi prdes plrumum1 quom servittem ita fers ut ferr decet1 ,pl4 ,cap4 #cga1 you do yourself most good by bearing slavery as it should be borne4 ,for similar uses of quod1 quia1 and qu1 see #ahej4 #ahge4 ,explanatory cum is also used with verbs of emotion2 likewise with grtulor and grtis ag3 as1 quom tu 's lber1 gaude1 ,pl4 ,men4 #aadh1 that you are free1 ,i'm glad4 grtulor tib1 cum tantum vals apud ,dolbellam1 ,fam4 #i1 #ad1 #c1 ,i give you joy that you stand so well with ,dolabella4 tib maxims grtis ag1 cum tantum litterae meae poturunt1 ,fam4 #ac1 #bd1 #b1 ,i thank you most heartily in that my letter had such influence4 ,for similar uses of quod and quia1 see #ahea1 #aheb4 #ahgf4 ,explanatory cum is also used in the sense of since1 although1 or even though4 ,in these meanings it introduces the indicative in old ,latin 7#ahgh73 as1 ,denoting cause3 ist t pauper es1 quom nimis snct piu 's1 ,pl4 ,r4 #abcd1 that's why you are poor yourself1 since you are over-scrupulously good4 quom hoc nn possum1 illud minus possem1 ,t4 ,ph4 #bjh1 since this ,i can't1 that even less could ,i4 ,adversative cause3 nsnre m aiunt1 quom ips nsniunt1 ,pl4 ,men4 #hca1 they say ,i'm mad1 whereas they are mad themselves4 ,concession3 sat sc suspectus sum1 quom care noxi1 ,pl4 ,b4 #ajje1 ,i am enough distrusted as it is1 even though ,i'm void of wrong4 #ahgg4 cum1 since1 although1 even though1 usually introduces the subjunctive3 as1 ,denoting cause3 cum in commnibus suggests cnsistere nn audret1 continr ex turr alt solbat1 ,,td4 #e1 #ei1 since he did not dare to stand up on an ordinary platform1 he always did his speaking from a lofty tower1 of ,dionysius1 tyrant of ,syracuse4 ,aedu cum s dfendere nn possent1 lgts ad ,caesarem mittunt1 #a1 #aa1 #b1 since the ,aeduans could not defend themselves1 they sent ambassadors to ,caesar4 ,adversative cause3 fuit perpetu pauper1 cum dvitissimus esse posset1 ,n4 #ai1 #a1 #b1 he was always poor1 whereas he might have been very rich1 of ,phocion4 ,pylads cum ss1 dcs t esse ,orestn8 ,fin4 #b1 #gi1 whereas you are ,pylades1 will you declare yourself ,orestes8 ,concession3 ipse ,cicer1 cum tenuissim valtdine esset1 n nocturnum quidem sib tempus ad quitem relinqubat1 #e1 #dj1 #g1 ,cicero himself1 though he was in extremely delicate health1 did not allow himself even the night-time for rest4 ille ,cat1 cum esset ,tuscul ntus1 in popul ,rmn cvittem susceptus est1 ,leg4 #b1 #e1 the great ,cato1 though born at ,tusculum1 was received into the citizenship of the ,roman nation4 #ahgh4 ,this use of the subjunctive is not found in ,plautus4 ,it is thought to have begun in the time of ,terence1 who may have a couple of instances 7disputed74 ,thereafter1 it grew common and was the regular mood used with explanatory and causal cum in the classical period4 #ahgi4 ,explanatory cum is sometimes introduced by quippe1 rarely by ut pote1 naturally3 as1 tum vr gravior cra patribus incessit1 quippe cum prd causam ab sus cernerent1 ,l4 #d1 #eg1 #aj1 then the senators were still more seriously concerned1 and naturally enough1 since they beheld their cause betrayed by their own people4 valtd1 qu iam merseram1 ut pote cum sine febr labrssem1 ,att4 #e1 #h1 #a1 an illness from which ,i had already recovered1 naturally1 since it was unaccompanied by fever4 quippe cum occurs in ,cicero1 ,nepos1 and ,livy2 ut pote cum is used once in ,cicero's letters1 once by ,pollio to ,cicero1 and in late writers4 ,for quippe and ut pote with a causal relative1 see #ahbg4 #ahhj4 ,the adversative idea is often emphasized by the use of tamen in the main clause3 as1 cum prm rdins hostium concidissent1 tamen cerrim reliqu resistbant1 #g1 #fb1 #d1 though the front ranks of the enemy had fallen1 yet the rest made a most spirited resistance4 7,c47 cum 4 4 4 tum4 #ahha4 ,a protasis with cum is often followed by an emphatic apodosis introduced by tum4 ,the protasis denotes what is general or common or old2 the apodosis what is special or strange or new4 ,in classical ,latin tum is often emphasized by maxim1 in prms1 vr1 c4 ,in this use the mood is more commonly the indicative and the time of the two verbs is apt to be identical3 as1 quom mihi pave1 tum ,antiph m excruciat anim1 ,t4 ,ph4 #ahg1 whilst for myself ,i tremble1 ,antipho puts me in a perfect agony of soul4 ,but cum ante distinbar maxims occuptinibus1 tum hc tempore mult distineor vehementius1 ,fam4 #ab1 #cj1 #b1 ,i was distracted by most important engagements before1 but now ,i am very much more distracted4 ,less frequently the subjunctive1 to denote cause or concession 7#ahgg73 as1 cum t pueriti tu dlxerim1 tum hc mult crius dlig1 ,fam4 #ae1 #i1 #a1 whereas ,i have always loved you from your boyhood1 for this ,i love you with a far intenser love4 ,by abridgement of the sentence 7#ajeg71 cum 4 4 4 tum come to be copulative conjunctions 7#afhg73 as1 mvit patrs cnscrpts cum causa tum auctor1 ,l4 #i1 #aj1 #a1 both the cause and its supporter touched the conscript fathers4 quoniam4 #ahhb4 quoniam1 compounded of quom and iam1 when now1 refers primarily to time1 but is seldom so used and only by early writers4 ,the temporal meaning passed early into an exclusively causal meaning1 since4 ,in both meanings it regularly introduces the indicative 7#agba74 ,for special reasons1 however1 the subjunctive is used1 as in indirect discourse 7#agbe71 or by attraction 7#agbh74 #ahhc4 7#a47 quoniam1 when now1 used of time in early ,latin1 has sometimes as a correlative continu1 subit1 or extempl2 it usually introduces the present indicative 7#aeij73 as1 is quoniam moritur1 numquam indicre id fli voluit su1 ,pl4 ,aul4 #i1 when he was on his dying bed1 he ne'er would point it out to his own son1 of a hidden treasure4 quoniam senti quae rs gerertur1 nvem extempl statuimus1 ,pl4 ,b4 #bij1 when now ,i saw what was doing1 we stopped the ship at once4 #ahhd4 7#b47 quoniam1 since1 seeing that1 now that1 with the indicative1 introduces a reason1 usually one known to the person addressed1 or one generally known3 as1 vra dc1 sed nququam1 quoniam nn vs crdere1 ,pl4 ,am4 #hce1 the truth ,i speak1 but all in vain1 since thou wilt not believe4 vs1 ,quirts1 quoniam iam nox est1 in vestra tecta discdite1 ,c4 #c1 #bi1 do you1 citizens1 since it is now grown dark1 depart and go to your own several homes4 quoniam in eam ratinem vtae ns fortna ddxit1 ut sempiternus serm d nbs futrus sit1 cavemus1 ,q,fr4 #a1 #a1 #ch1 since fortune has set us in such a walk of life that we are to be eternally talked about1 let us be on our guard4 ,often in transition3 as1 quoniam d genere bell dx1 nunc d magnitdine pauca dcam1 ,,ip4 #bj1 since ,i have finished speaking about the character of the war1 ,i will now speak briefly about its extent4 ,with the subjunctive in indirect discourse 7#agbe73 as1 crbrs ,pomp litters castgbantur1 quoniam prm venientem ,caesarem nn prohibuissent1 ,caes4 ,c4 #c1 #be1 #c1 they were rebuked in numerous letters of ,pompey1 #8because they had not kept ,caesar off as soon as he came4' quotins1 quotinscumque4 #ahhe4 ,the relative particle quotins 7#gaa71 or quotinscumque1 every time that1 whenever1 introduces the indicative3 as1 quotins quaeque cohors prcurrerat1 magnus numerus hostium cadbat1 #e1 #cd1 #b1 as the cohorts successively charged1 a great number of the enemy fell every time4 quoius quotins sepulcrum vids1 sacrufics1 ,pl4 ,e4 #age1 every time you see her tomb1 you offer sacrifice4 nec quotinscumque m vderit1 ingemscet1 ,sest4 #adf1 neither shall he fall a-groaning whenever he sees me 7#agcf74 quotinsque is late and rare4 #ahhf4 quotins has sometimes as a correlative totins1 or a combination with tot which is equivalent to totins3 as1 quotins dcimus1 totins d nbs idictur1 ,,do4 #a1 #abe1 every time we make a speech1 the world sits in judgement on us4 s tot cnsulibus meruisset1 quotins ipse cnsul fuit1 ,balb4 #dg1 if he had been in the army as many years as he was consul4 #ahhg4 ,the subjunctive imperfect and pluperfect are common in the later writers to indicate repeated action 7#agcj73 as1 quotins super tl negti cnsultret1 dit doms parte ac lbert nus cnscienti tbtur1 ,ta4 #f1 #bg1 whenever he had recourse to astrologers1 it was in the upper part of his house and with the cognizance of only a single freedman4 quam4 #ahhh4 quam1 as or than1 introduces an indicative protasis in periods of comparison4 ,for special reasons1 however1 the subjunctive is used1 as by attraction 7#agbh71 or of action conceivable 7#agca72 see also #ahif1 #ahig4 ,but usually periods of comparison are abridged 7#ajeg7 by the omission of the verb or of other parts in the protasis 7#acbe74 ,,with ,,the ,,indicative4 #ahhi4 7#a47 quam1 as1 is used in the protasis of a comparative period of equality1 generally with tam as correlative in the apodosis3 as1 tam facile vincs quam pirum volps comst1 ,pl4 ,most4 #eei1 you'll beat as easily as ,reynard eats a pear4 tam excoctam reddam atque tram quam carbst1 ,t4 ,ad4 #hdi1 ,i'll have her stewed all out and black as is a coal4 ,from ,cicero on1 the apodosis is in general negative or interrogative3 as1 qurum neutrum tam facile quam t arbitrris concditur1 ,div4 #a1 #aj1 neither of these points is as readily granted as you suppose4 quid est rtr tam necessrium quam vx8 ,,do4 #a1 #bea1 what is so indispensable to the speaker as voice8 ,otherwise nn minus 4 4 4 quam1 no less than1 just as much1 or nn magis 4 4 4 quam1 just as little or just as much1 is often preferred to tam 4 4 4 quam3 as1 accp nn minus interdum rtrium esse tacre quam dcere1 ,plin4 ,ep4 #g1 #f1 #g1 ,i have observed that silence is sometimes quite as eloquent as speech4 nn magis mih deerit inimcus quam ,verr dfuit1 ,v4 #c1 #afb1 ,i shall lack an enemy as little as ,verres did4 domus erat nn domin magis rnment quam cvitt1 ,v4 #d1 #e1 the house was as much a pride to the state as to its owner4 #ahij4 ,instead of tam1 another correlative is sometimes used in the apodosis4 ,thus1 aequ 4 4 4 quam occurs in ,plautus and in ,livy and later writers1 generally after a negative expression2 perinde 4 4 4 quam in ,tacitus and ,suetonius2 ixt 444 quam once in ,livy4 ,sometimes the apodosis contains no correlative4 #ahia4 tam 4 4 4 quam become by abridgement coordinating words3 as1 tam vra quam falsa cernimus1 ,ac4 #b1 #aaa1 we make out things both true and false4 #ahib4 ,the highest possible degree is expressed by tam 4 4 4 quam qu and a superlative without a verb2 or by quam and a superlative with or without a form of possum 7#adff72 sometimes by quantus or ut3 as1 7a47 tam sum misericors quam vs2 tam mtis quam qu lnissimus1 ,sull4 #hg1 ,i am as tender-hearted as you2 as mild as the gentlest man living4 tam sum amcus r pblicae quam qu maxim1 ,fam4 #e1 #b1 #f1 ,i am as devoted a patriot as anybody can be4 7b47 quam maxims potest itineribus in ,galliam contendit1 #a1 #g1 #a1 he pushes into ,gaul by as rapid marches as he can4 cnstiturunt imentrum quam maximum numerum comere1 #a1 #c1 #a1 they determined to buy up the greatest possible number of beasts of burden4 7c47 tanta est inter es1 quanta maxima potest esse1 mrum distantia1 ,l4 #gd1 there is the greatest possible difference of character between them4 ,or without any superlative3 fuge domum quantum potest1 ,pl4 ,men4 #hej1 run home as quick as e'er you can4 ut potu accrtissim t tttus sum1 ,fam4 #e1 #ag1 #b1 ,i defended you as carefully as ,i could4 #ahic4 quam 4 4 4 tam1 with two comparatives or superlatives1 is equivalent to the more common qu 4 4 4 e with two comparatives 7#aigc73 as1 7a47 magis quam id reput1 tam magis ror1 ,pl4 ,b4 #ajia1 the more ,i think it over1 the sorer do ,i feel4 ,this use is found in ,plautus1 ,lucretius1 and ,vergil4 7b47 quam quisque pessum fcit1 tam maxum ttus est1 ,s4 ,i4 #ca1 #ad1 the worse a man has acted1 the safer he always is4 ,this use is found in ,plautus1 ,terence1 ,cato1 ,varro1 and ,sallust4 #ahid4 7#b47 quam1 than1 is used in the protasis of a comparative period of inequality1 with a comparative in the apodosis3 as1 melirem quam ego sum suppn tib1 ,pl4 ,cu4 #bef1 ,i give you in my place a better man than ,i am4 plra dx quam volu1 ,v4 #e1 #gi1 ,i have said more than ,i intended4 ,antni quam est1 vol peius esse1 ,att4 #ae1 #c1 #b1 ,i hope ,antony may be worse off than he is4 doctrna paul drior quam ntra patitur1 ,mur4 #fj1 principles somewhat sterner than nature doth support4 potius sr quam numquam1 ,l4 #d1 #b1 #aa1 better late than never4 corpus patins algris supr quam cuiquam crdibile est1 ,s4 ,c4 #e1 #c1 a constitution capable of enduring cold beyond what anybody could believe4 supr quam is found in ,cicero1 ,sallust1 and often in late writers2 nfr and ultr quam in ,cicero1 ,livy1 and late writers 7nfr quam also in ,varro72 extr quam in ,ennius1 ,cato1 and in legal and official language in ,cicero and ,livy4 #ahie4 quam is also used with some virtual comparatives3 thus1 nihil aliud1 nn aliud quam1 no other than1 often as adverb1 only2 secus quam with a negative1 not otherwise than2 bis tant quam1 twice as much as2 and prae quam in old ,latin1 in comparison with how2 and similar phrases3 as1 7a47 per bduum nihil aliud quam stetrunt part ad pugnandum1 ,l4 #cd1 #df1 #g1 for two days they merely stood in battle array4 ,this use occurs first in ,sallust1 then in ,nepos1 ,livy1 and later writers4 7b47 mih erit crae n quid fat secus quam volumus1 ,att4 #f1 #b1 #b1 ,i will see to it that nothing be done save as we wish4 ,this use occurs in ,plautus1 ,terence1 ,sallust1 ,cicero1 ,livy1 and later writers4 ,with both aliud and secus the clause is rarely positive1 with aliud not before ,livy4 ,for atque 7ac7 instead of quam when the first clause is negative1 see #afed4 7c47 bis tant vale quam valu prius1 ,pl4 ,merc4 #big1 ,i am twice as capable as ,i was before4 7d47 nl hc quidem est trgint minae1 prae quam alis smpts facit1 ,pl4 ,most4 #iha1 oh1 this is nothing1 thirty minae1 when you think what other sums he spends4 prae quam is found only in ,plautus rarely4 ,similar phrases are3 contr quam1 in ,cicero1 ,livy1 and later writers2 praeter quam1 in ,plautus1 ,naevius1 and frequently in other writers when followed by quod 7#ahdh72 super quam quod 7#ahdh7 and nsuper quam in ,livy2 pr quam in ,lucretius2 advorsum quam1 once in ,plautus4 prae quam is sometimes followed by a relative clause3 as1 prae quam quod molestumst1 ,pl4 ,am4 #fcd1 compared with what is painful4 ,for ante 7or prius7 and post quam1 see #aiaa1 #aibc4 ,,with ,,the ,,subjunctive4 #ahif4 ,the subjunctive is used with quam or quam ut after comparatives denoting disproportion 7#adfa73 as1 quicquid erat oneris ,segestns impnbat1 aliquant amplius quam ferre possent1 ,v4 #d1 #gf1 he would impose every possible burden on the ,segestans1 far too much for them to bear4 quis nn intellegit ,canach sgna rigidira esse1 quam ut imitentur vrittem8 ,br4 #gj1 who does not feel that the statues of ,canachus are too stiff to be true to nature8 clrior rs erat quam ut dissimulr posset1 ,l4 #bf1 #ea1 #aa1 the thing was too notorious to be hushed up4 ,instead of ut1 qu is also used by ,livy and later writers3 as1 maior sum quam cui possit ,fortna nocre1 ,o4 #f1 #aie1 too strong am ,i for ,fortune to break down1 says infatuated ,niobe4 ,all these sentences are extensions of the subjunctive of action conceivable 7#aeed1 #ahah74 #ahig4 ,the subjunctive is used in clauses introduced by potius quam1 rather than1 to denote action merely assumed4 citius1 ante1 or prius1 sooner1 is sometimes used in the sense of potius3 as1 potius quam t inimcum habeam1 faciam ut iusseris1 ,t4 ,eu4 #agd1 rather than make you my enemy1 ,i will do as you tell me4 dpugn potius quam servis1 ,att4 #g1 #g1 #g1 fight it out rather than be a slave4 potius vitupertinem incnstantiae suscipiam1 quam in t sim crdlis1 ,v4 #e1 #aje1 ,i will submit to the charge of inconsistency rather than be cruel towards you4 animam omittunt prius quam loc dmigrent1 ,pl4 ,am4 #bdj1 they lose their lives sooner than yield their ground4 ,livy has also potius quam ut4 ,all these sentences are extensions of the subjunctive of desire 7#aedj1 #ahag74 ,,with ,,the ,,infinitive4 #ahih4 ,when the main clause is an infinitive1 quam is often followed by an infinitive3 as1 mlim morr meos quam mendcrier1 ,pl4 ,vid4 #if1 better my bairns be dead than begging bread4 vcs audibantur prius s cortice ex arboribus vctrs1 quam ,pompium manibus dmissrs1 ,caes4 ,c4 #c1 #di1 #a1 shouts were heard that they would live on the bark of trees sooner than let ,pompey slip through their fingers4 quamquam4 #ahii4 7#a47 quamquam is used in old ,latin as an indefinite adverb1 ever so much1 however much3 as1 quamquam negtiumst1 s quid veis1 ,dmiph1 nn sum occuptus umquam amc operam dare1 ,pl4 ,mer4 #bhg1 however busy ,i may be 7#ahad71 if anything you wish1 dear ,demipho1 ,i'm not too busy ever to a friend mine aid to lend4 id quoque possum ferre1 quamquam iniriumst1 ,t4 ,ad4 #bje1 that also ,i can bear1 however so unfair4 ,from an adverb1 quamquam became a conjunction1 although4 #aijj4 7#b47 quamquam1 although1 introduces the indicative in the concession of a definite fact4 ,in the later writers it is also sometimes used with the subjunctive1 sometimes with a participle or an adjective4 7a47 quamquam premuntur aere alin1 domintinem tamen exspectant1 ,c4 #b1 #ai1 though they are staggering under debt1 they yet look forward to being lords and masters4 quamquam nn vnit ad fnem tam audx inceptum1 tamen haud omnn vnum fuit1 ,l4 #aj1 #cb1 #e1 though the bold attempt did not attain its purpose1 yet it was not altogether fruitless4 ,this is the classical use2 but see #aija4 7b47 nam et tribns plbis sents habend is erat1 quamquam sentrs nn essent1 ,varro in ,gell4 #ad1 #h1 #b1 for even the tribunes of the people1 though they were not senators1 had the right to hold a meeting of the senate4 haud cuncttus est ,germnicus1 quamquam fing ea intellegeret1 ,ta4 #b1 #bf1 ,germanicus did not delay1 though he was aware this was all made up4 ,this use is found first in ,varro1 often in the ,augustan poets1 sometimes in ,livy1 always in ,juvenal4 ,it does not become common before ,tacitus and the younger ,pliny4 7c47 sequente1 quamquam nn probante1 ,amynandr1 ,l4 #ca1 #da1 #g1 ,amynander accompanying though not approving 7#acgd74 n ,aqutnia quidem1 quamquam in verba ,othnis obstricta1 di mnsit1 ,ta4 ,h4 #a1 #gf1 ,aquitania1 though bound by the oath of allegiance to ,otho1 did not hold out long either4 ,this use is found once each in ,cicero and ,sallust1 half a dozen times in ,livy1 oftener in ,tacitus4 #aija4 ,the subjunctive is also used often with quamquam for special reasons1 as by attraction 7#agbh71 in indirect discourse 7#agbe71 and of action conceivable 7#agca74 #aijb4 ,for quamquam appending a fresh main sentence1 see #baec2 for its use with the infinitive1 #bcag4 ,erratum3 #ahii4 7#a47 7#a7 quam vs or quamvs4 #aijc4 quam vs or quamvs is used as an indefinite adverb 7#gab71 as much as you please1 and is often joined with an adjective or other adverb to take the place of a superlative3 as1 quam vs rdiculus est1 ub uxor nn adest1 ,pl4 ,men4 #cah1 he's as droll as you please when his wife isn't by4 quamveis nsipins poterat persentscere1 ,pl4 ,merc4 #fhg1 the veriest dullard could detect4 quamvs pauc adre audent1 #d1 #b1 #e1 the merest handful dares attack4 quamvs callid1 ,v4 #b1 #acd1 ever so craftily4 quamvs is also sometimes used to strengthen a superlative 7#adff71 though not in classical prose4 #aijd4 7#a47 ,the indefinite adverb quam vs1 as much as you please1 is often used in subjunctive clauses of concession or permission2 such subjunctives are sometimes coordinated with licet3 as1 quod turpe est1 id quam vs occulttur1 tamen honestum fier nll mod potest1 ,off4 #c1 #gh1 if a thing is base1 let it be hidden as much as you will1 yet it cannot be made respectable 7#aeec74 locus hc apud ns1 quam vs subit venis1 semper lber est1 ,pl4 ,b4 #hb1 our house is always open1 come as sudden as you may 7#aeec74 praeter es quam vs numers mults licet1 nnnlls reperis perniciss tribns1 ,leg4 #c1 #bd1 besides these you may tell off as many as you please1 you will still find some dangerous tribunes 7#agaj74 ,the combination with licet occurs first in ,lucretius1 then in ,cicero4 ,instead of vs1 other forms are sometimes used3 as1 volumus1 volent1 velit1 c43 thus1 quam volent fact sint1 ,cael4 #fg1 they may be as witty as they please 7#agce74 quam volet ,epicrus ioctur et dcat s nn posse intellegere1 numquam m movbit1 ,,dn4 #b1 #df1 ,epicurus may joke and say he can't understand it as much as he likes1 he will never shake me4 ,from an adverb1 quam vs became a conjunction1 however much1 even if4 #aije4 7#b47 ,the subjunctive with the conjunction quamvs1 however much1 even if1 though1 denotes action merely assumed2 when the action is to be denoted as real1 ut or scut or the like1 with the indicative1 usually follows in the best prose 7#aidc73 as1 7a47 quamvs sint homins qu ,cn4 ,carbnem derint1 tamen h dbent quid metuendum sit cgitre1 ,v4 #a1 #ci1 though there may be men who hate ,carbo1 still these men ought to consider what they have to fear4 nn enim posss1 quamvs excells1 ,l4 #gc1 you may not have the power1 however eminent you may be4 ,this use begins with ,cicero and ,varro1 and gets common in late writers4 ,not in ,livy4 7b47 illa quamvs rdicula essent1 scut erant1 mih tamen rsum nn mvrunt1 ,fam4 #g1 #cb1 #c1 droll as this really was1 it nevertheless did not make me laugh4 quamvs enim mults locs dcat ,epicrus1 scut dcit1 satis fortiter d dolre1 tamen nn id spectandum est quid dcat1 ,off4 #c1 #aag1 even though ,epicurus really does speak in many places pretty heroically about pain1 still we must not have an eye to what he says4 ,in the ,augustan poets rarely1 and often in ,tacitus1 the younger ,pliny1 and late writers1 the subjunctive1 without a parenthetical phrase introduced by ut or the like1 is used of an action denoted as real3 as1 expalluit notbiliter1 quamvs palleat semper1 ,plin4 ,ep4 #a1 #e1 #ac1 he grew pale perceptibly1 though he is always a pale man4 maestus erat1 quamvs laetitiam simulret1 ,ta4 #ae1 #ed1 sad he was1 though he pretended to be gay4 #aijf4 quamvs1 even if1 though1 is also sometimes used with the indicative 7#aijj73 as1 erat dignitte rgi1 quamvs carbat nmine1 ,n4 #a1 #b1 #c1 he had the authority of a king1 though not the title4 quamvs tacet ,hermogens1 cantor est1 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #c1 #abi1 though he open not his mouth1 ,hermogenes remains a singer still4 ,this use occurs twice in ,lucretius1 once in ,cicero1 ,nepos1 and ,livy each1 in ,varro1 in the ,augustan poets1 and sometimes in late writers4 ,not in ,tacitus1 ,pliny the younger1 ,juvenal1 ,martial1 or ,suetonius4 #aijg4 ,it may be mentioned here that the indefinite adverb quamlibet1 however you please1 is used in subjunctive clauses of concession or permission 7#aijd7 once or twice by ,lucretius1 ,ovid1 and ,quintilian4 ,velleius has it with the participle1 a construction sometimes found with quamvs in late writers4 tamquam4 #aijh4 tamquam1 just as1 introduces an indicative protasis in periods of comparison4 ,the tam properly belongs to the apodosis and is attracted to the protasis4 tamquam has sometimes as correlative sc or ita4 t hortor ut tamquam potae bon solent1 sc t in extrm parte mneris tu dligentissimus ss1 ,q,fr4 #a1 #a1 #df1 ,i urge you to be very particular at the end of your task1 just as good poets always are4 tamquam philosophrum habent disciplinae ex ipss vocbula1 parast ita ut ,gnathnic vocentur1 ,t4 ,eu4 #bfc1 that so parasites may be called ,gnathonites even as schools of philosophy are named from the masters4 ,usually1 however1 ut 7#aidd7 or quemadmodum is used in this sense2 and tamquam occurs oftenest in abridged sentences 7#ajeg71 particularly to show that an illustration is untrue or figurative3 as1 ,odyssa ,latna est sc tamquam opus aliquod ,daedal1 ,br4 #ga1 the ,odyssey in ,latin is1 you may say1 a regular work of ,daedalus4 ocul tamquam specultrs altissimum locum obtinent1 ,,dn4 #b1 #adj1 the eyes occupy the highest part1 as a sort of watchmen4 #aiji4 ,in late writers1 especially in ,tacitus1 tamquam is often used to introduce a reason or motive1 or a thought indirectly expressed3 as1 invsus tamquam pls quam cvlia agitret1 ,ta4 #a1 #ab1 hated on the ground that his designs were too lofty for a private citizen 7#agbe74 lgts increpuit1 tamquam nn omns res pergissent1 ,plin4 ,ep4 #c1 #i1 #cf1 he reproved the embassy #8for not having completed the prosecution of all the defendants' 7#aheb1 #agbe74 suspectus tamquam ipse sus incenderit aeds1 ,j4 #c1 #bbb1 suspected of having set his own house afire4 #aiaj4 ,for tamquam instead of tamquam s1 see #baah2 with a participle1 #baba4 antequam1 priusquam4 #aiaa4 antequam and priusquam accompany both the indicative and the subjunctive4 ante and prius properly belong to the apodosis1 and regularly stand with it if it is negative2 but otherwise they are usually attracted to the protasis4 antequam is very seldom found in old ,latin1 and it is in general much rarer than priusquam1 except in ,tacitus4 ,,in ,,general ,,statements4 #aiab4 ,in general present statements1 antequam and priusquam regularly introduce the perfect indicative or the present subjunctive3 as1 membrs timur priusquam didicimus cuius ea caus tilittis habemus1 ,fin4 #c1 #ff1 we always use our limbs before we learn for what purposes of utility we have them 7#afac74 priusquam lcet1 adsunt1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #gji1 before 'tis light they're always here2 here lcet is equivalent to inlxit4 ante vidmus fulgrem quam sonum audimus1 ,sen4 ,,qn4 #b1 #ab1 #f1 we always see the flash before we hear the sound4 priusquam smen mtrum siet1 sect1 ,cato1 ,,rr4 #ec1 always cut before the seed is ripe 7#aege74 ,with the perfect subjunctive in the indefinite second person 7#ajcj73 as1 hoc malum opprimit antequam prspicere potuers1 ,v4 #a1 #ci1 this calamity always overwhelms you before you can anticipate it 7#agca1 #aeeh74 ,for prius quam1 sooner than1 see #ahig4 #aiac4 ,the future indicative is used a few times in general statements by old and late writers1 and the perfect subjunctive after a negative clause rarely by ,tacitus3 as1 bovs priusquam in viam ags1 pice cornua nfima unguit1 ,cato1 ,,rr4 #gb1 always smear the hoofs of your oxen with pitch before you drive them on the road 7#afbe1 #aegg74 dem honor prncip nn ante habtur quam agere inter homins dsierit1 ,ta4 #ae1 #gd1 divine honours are not paid to an emperor before he has ceased to live among men4 ,cicero has the perfect subjunctive in a definition3 thus1 prvidentia1 per quam futrum aliquid vidtur antequam factum sit1 ,inv4 #b1 #afj1 foresight is the faculty through which a future event is seen before it has taken place4 ,he also has the present indicative once3 ,div4 #a1 #abj4 #aiad4 ,in general past statements antequam and priusquam introduce the subjunctive imperfect or pluperfect2 but this use is very rare3 as1 dormre priusquam somni cupd esset1 ,s4 ,c4 #ac1 #c1 a-sleeping always before they felt sleepy4 ita saepe magna indols virttis1 priusquam r pblicae prdesse potuisset1 extncta est1 ,ph4 #e1 #dg1 thus character of unusual promise was oftentimes cut off1 before it could do the government any good4 ,,in ,,particular ,,statements4 #aiae4 ,in particular present or future statements1 antequam and priusquam introduce a present1 either indicative or subjunctive2 in future statements the future perfect is also used1 and regularly when the main verb is future perfect3 as1 antequam ad sententiam rede1 d m pauca dcam1 ,c4 #d1 #bj1 before ,i come back to the motion1 ,i will say a little about myself 7#aeic74 est etiam prius quam abs quod volo loqu1 ,pl4 ,as4 #bcb1 there's something else ,i want to say before you go4 antequam veniat in ,pontum1 litters ad ,cn4 ,pompium mittet1 ,agr4 #b1 #ec1 before he reaches ,pontus1 he will send a letter to ,pompey4 prius quam ad portam venis1 est pistrlla1 ,t4 ,ad4 #ehc1 there's a little bakery just before you get to the gate4 nihil contr disputb priusquam dxerit1 ,fl4 #ea1 ,i will not argue to the contrary before he has spoken 7#afbf74 neque prius1 quam dbellver1 absistam1 ,l4 #di1 #ci1 #i1 and ,i will not leave off before ,i have brought the war to an end4 s quid mih acciderit priusquam hc tantum mal vder1 ,mil4 #ii1 if anything shall befall me before ,i see this great calamity4 neque prmitt quicquam neque responde prius quam gntum vder1 ,t4 ,ph4 #ajdd1 ,i'm not promising anything nor making any answer before ,i see my son 7#aeic74 ,tacitus uses neither the present indicative nor the future perfect4 #aiaf4 ,in old ,latin the future and the perfect subjunctive also occur3 as1 prius quam quoiquam convvae dabis1 gustt tte prius1 ,pl4 ,ps4 #hhe1 before you help a single guest1 taste first yourself2 but ,terence does not use the future1 and it is found only once or twice later4 nll pact potest prius haec in aeds recip1 quam illam mserim1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #ajie4 on no terms can ,i take my new love to the house1 before ,i've let the old love drop2 but usually the perfect subjunctive is due to indirect discourse4 #aiag4 ,in particular past statements antequam and priusquam introduce the perfect indicative1 especially when the apodosis is negative4 ,the imperfect subjunctive rarely occurs1 chiefly in late writers4 7a47 omnia ista ante facta sunt quam iste taliam attigit1 ,v4 #b1 #afa1 all these incidents occurred before the defendant set foot in ,italy4 neque prius fugere dstitrunt quam ad ,rhnum pervnrunt1 #a1 #ec1 #a1 and they did not stay their flight before they fairly arrived at the ,rhine4 prius quam hinc abit qundecim mles mins dederat1 ,pl4 ,ps4 #ec1 the captain had paid down fifteen minae before he left here4 7b47 nec prius sunt vs quam castrs adpropinqurent1 #f1 #cg1 #b1 they were not seen before they drew near to the camp4 ,this use of the imperfect subjunctive1 not to be confounded with that mentioned in #aiai1 is not found in old ,latin or in ,cicero4 ,it is found in ,nepos and ,livy4 #aiah4 ,the present indicative also occurs in particular past statements in old ,latin3 as1 is priusquam moritur mihi dedit1 ,pl4 ,cu4 #fcg1 before he died he gave it me4 ,the indicative imperfect occurs four times in ,livy and once in late ,latin1 the pluperfect once in old ,latin and once in ,cicero4 #aiai4 ,when the action of the protasis was forestalled1 or when action conceivable or purpose is expressed1 antequam and priusquam regularly introduce the imperfect subjunctive in particular past statements3 as1 plrque interfect sunt1 priusquam occultum hostem vidrent1 ,l4 #ce1 #bi1 #c1 most of them were slain before they could see the hidden enemy4 antequam verbum facerem1 d sell surrxit1 ,v4 #d1 #adg1 before ,i could utter a word he arose from his seat4 pervnit priusquam ,pompius sentre posset1 ,caes4 ,c4 #c1 #fg1 #d1 he arrived before ,pompey should be able to learn of his coming 7#agbe74 ,the present and perfect subjunctive occur rarely1 generally when the main clause contains a present of vivid narration 7#aeij74 ,the imperfect is not found in old ,latin4 #aibj4 ,the perfect indicative or imperfect subjunctive with antequam is often used attributively with nouns denoting time3 as1 fbulam docuit1 ann ips ante quam ntus est ,ennius1 ,br4 #gb1 he exhibited a play just a year before ,ennius was born4 ducents anns ante quam ,rmam caperent1 in taliam ,gall trnscendrunt1 ,l4 #e1 #cc1 #e1 two hundred years before they took ,rome1 the ,gauls crossed over to ,italy4 ,the pluperfect also occurs1 when the main verb is pluperfect3 as1 ,stinus bienni antequam causam recpisset1 sescents mllibus nummm s idicium conruptrum dxerat1 ,clu4 #fh1 ,stajenus had said two years before he undertook the case1 that he would bribe the court for six hundred thousand sesterces4 #aiba4 ,the pluperfect subjunctive is rarely introduced by antequam or priusquam except in indirect discourse3 as1 antequam d me advent audre potuissent1 in ,macedoniam perrx1 ,pl4 #ih1 before they should be able to hear of my arrival1 ,i proceeded to ,macedonia 7#agbe74 vertit equs in castra priusquam pbula gustssent ,triae ,xanthumque bibissent1 ,v4 #a1 #dgb1 he drave the horses off to camp1 or ever they should taste of ,troja's grass and ,xanthus drink 7#agbe74 #aibb4 ,it may be mentioned here that postrdi quam and prdi quam occur a few times in ,plautus and ,cicero with the indicative2 postrdi quam with the indicative in ,suetonius2 and prdi quam with the subjunctive in ,livy1 ,valerius ,maximus1 and ,suetonius4 poste quam or postquam4 ub1 ut1 cum prmum1 simul atque4 #aibc4 ,with poste quam1 postquam 7posquam71 after1 the following words may conveniently be treated3 ub1 ut1 when2 ub prmum1 ut prmum1 cum prmum1 when first1 and in ,plautus quom extempl2 simul atque 7or ac1 less frequently et or ut1 or simul alone71 at the same time with1 as soon as4 postquam1 ub1 ut1 cum prmum1 simul atque1 accompany the indicative4 ,for examples of the use of tenses1 see #aibd-aicd4 #aibd4 ,in clauses introduced by poste quam or postquam1 the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive1 found a dozen times in the manuscripts of ,cicero's works and elsewhere1 is generally corrected in modern editions or usually the conjunctive particle is emended to poste quom 7cum74 ,but the subjunctive may of course be used with this and the other particles mentioned in #aibc for special reasons1 as with the indefinite second person 7#agca71 by attraction 7#agbh71 and in indirect discourse 7#agbe74 ,for the subjunctive of repeated past action with ub and ut1 see #aicb4 ,the infinitive of intimation occurs in ,tacitus 7#aeci73 as1 postquam exu aequlits1 prvnre domintins1 ,ta4 #c1 #bf1 after equality between man and man was dropped1 there came a crop of tyrants4 #aibe4 ,in narration the perfect indicative is regularly used in clauses introduced by postquam1 ub1 ut1 cum prmum1 simul atque 7#agci73 as1 postquam tus litters lg1 ,postumia tua m convnit1 ,fam4 #d1 #b1 #a1 after ,i read your letter1 your ,postumia called on me4 postquam aurum abstulimus1 in nvem cnscendimus1 ,pl4 ,b4 #bgg1 after we got away the money1 we took ship4 ub ad ipsum vn dvorticulum1 cnstit1 ,t4 ,eu4 #fce1 when ,i came exactly to the side street1 ,i pulled up4 ub s ditius dc intellxit1 graviter es accsat1 #a1 #af1 #e1 when he came to see that he was put off a good while1 he takes them roundly to task4 qu ut perrvit1 surrxit ,cldius1 ,q,fr4 #b1 #c1 #b1 when he had finished speaking1 up jumped ,clodius4 ut abi abs t1 fit forte obviam mihi ,phormi1 ,t4 ,ph4 #fag1 when ,i left you1 ,phormio happened to fall in my way4 crmen eius mod est1 ut1 cum prmum ad m dltum est1 srum m ill nn putrem1 ,v4 #e1 #aeh1 the charge is of such a sort that1 when first it was reported to me1 ,i thought ,i should not use it4 cum prmum ,crtae ltus attigit1 nntis msit1 ,l4 #cg1 #fj1 #d1 as soon as he touched the shore of ,crete1 he sent messengers4 ut prmum loqu posse coep1 inquam1 ,,rp4 #f1 #ae1 as soon as ,i began to be able to speak1 ,i said4 quem simul atque oppidn cnspexrunt1 mrum complre coeprunt1 #g1 #ab1 #e1 as soon as the garrison espied him1 they began to man the wall4 at hosts1 ub prmum nostrs equits cnspexrunt1 impet fact celeriter nostrs perturbvrunt1 #d1 #ab1 #a1 but as soon as the enemy caught sight of our cavalry1 they attacked and threw our men into disorder4 ,the conjunction simul atque is very rarely found in old ,latin4 #aibf4 ,the present indicative of vivid narration 7#aeij7 sometimes occurs3 as1 postquam iam puer septuenns sunt1 pater onervit nvim magnam1 ,pl4 ,men4 prol4 #bd1 after the boys were seven year olds1 their father freighted a big ship4 quid ait1 ubi m nmins1 ,t4 ,hau4 #cjc1 what sayeth she when you name me8 ub neutr trnseund initium faciunt1 ,caesar sus in castra redxit1 #b1 #i1 #b1 neither party taking the initiative in crossing1 ,caesar marched his men back to camp4 ,verbs of perceiving1 especially vide1 occur oftenest in this use1 which is common in ,plautus and ,terence3 as1 postquam videt nptis adparr1 missast ancilla lic1 ,t4 ,andr4 #eac1 after she sees a marriage on foot1 her maid is sent forthwith4 abe ab ills1 postquam vide m ldificrier1 ,pl4 ,cap4 #dhg1 seeing myself made game of1 ,i leave them4 quem poste quam videt nn adesse1 ardre atque furere coepit1 ,v4 #b1 #ib1 seeing that the man does not appear1 he began to rage and fume4 ub hoc videt1 init cnsilium importn tyrann1 ,v4 #e1 #ajc1 seeing this1 he adopted the policy of a savage tyrant4 ,plautus uses also quom extempl4 ,such protases often take on a causal sense 7see also #aicj74 #aibg4 ,the present or perfect with postquam or ut is sometimes used in expressions equivalent to an emphasized accusative or ablative of time1 the main verb being est or sunt3 as1 septingent sunt ann postquam inclita condita ,rma est1 ,e4 in ,varro1 ,,rr4 #c1 #a1 #b1 'tis seven hundred years since glorious ,rome was founded4 dom ut abirunt hic tertius annus1 ,pl4 ,st4 #bi1 this is the third year since they left home4 annus est octvus ut imperium obtins1 ,ta4 #ad1 #ec1 it is the eighth year since you acquired empire4 ,for a similar use of cum1 see #ahga4 #aibh4 ,the pluperfect with postquam1 denoting resulting state 7#afae71 occurs less frequently3 as1 tum cum ,p4 fricnus1 poste quam bis cnsul fuerat1 ,l4 ,cottam in idicium vocbat1 ,caecil4 #fi1 at the time when ,africanus1 after he had twice been consul1 was bringing ,cotta to judgement4 postquam omnium oculs occupverat certmen1 tum versam adoriuntur ,rmnam aciem1 ,l4 #bb1 #dh1 #d1 when every eye was fairly riveted on the engagement1 that instant they fell upon the ,romans in the rear4 ,not in ,plautus1 once in ,terence1 and rare in classical writers4 #aibi4 ,the pluperfect1 less frequently the perfect1 with postquam is used attributively with nouns denoting time4 ,in this use post is often separated from quam1 and two constructions are possible3 7a47 ,ablative3 ann post quam vta erat aeds ,montae ddictur1 ,l4 #g1 #bh1 #f1 the temple of ,moneta is dedicated a year after it was vowed4 ,without post3 quadringentsim ann quam urbs ,rman condita erat1 patrici cnsuls magistrtum inire1 ,l4 #g1 #ah1 #a1 four hundred years after ,rome town was founded1 patrician consuls entered into office4 7b47 ,accusative1 with an ordinal1 and post as a preposition1 or1 sometimes1 intr3 post diem tertium gesta rs est quam dxerat1 ,mil4 #dd1 the deed was done the next day but one after he said it4 ,see #bdai4 #aicj4 ,the imperfect with postquam expresses action continuing into the time of the main action4 ,such a protasis1 especially when negative1 usually denotes the cause of the main action3 as1 ,appius1 postquam nm adbat1 domum s recpit1 ,l4 #c1 #df1 #i1 ,appius1 finding that nobody presented himself1 went back home4 poste quam scaen expldbtur1 cnfgit in huius domum1 ,,rc4 #cj1 after being repeatedly hissed off the stage1 he took refuge in my client's house4 ,in old ,latin this use is found only once1 in ,plautus2 it is most common in ,livy1 but occurs frequently in ,tacitus4 ,so occasionally the present1 generally when the main action is present 7see also #aibf73 as1 postquam nec ab ,rmns vbs lla est sps1 nec vs moenia dfendunt1 pcem adfer ad vs1 ,l4 #ba1 #ac1 #d1 now that it has become plain that you have no hope from the ,romans1 and that your walls are no protection to you1 ,i bring peace unto you4 postquam lberast1 ub habitet dcere admodum incert sci1 ,pl4 ,e4 #eje1 now that she's free1 ,i'm quite too ill informed to say where she lives4 quae omnia intellegit nihil prdesse1 poste quam testibus convincitur1 ,v4 #e1 #ajc1 he knows that all this is fruitless1 now that he is being refuted by witnesses4 ,the perfect with postquam or ut occurs occasionally in this use with the present in the main clause3 as1 animus in tt locst1 postquam iste hinc abit1 ,pl4 ,ps4 #ajeb1 my mind is easy1 now that fellow's gone4 nam ut in nv vecta's1 crd timida #8s1 ,pl4 ,b4 #ajf1 for after your voyage1 of course you're nervous4 #aica4 postquam and ut have sometimes the meaning of ever since or as long as3 as1 postquam ntus sum1 satur numquam fu1 ,pl4 ,st4 #aef1 since ,i was born ,i've never had enough to eat4 tib umquam quicquam1 postquam tuos sum1 verbrum ded8 ,pl4 ,most4 #ibe1 have ,i once ever cheated you as long as ,i have been your slave8 neque meum pedem intul in aeds1 ut cum exercit hinc profectus sum1 ,pl4 ,am4 #gcc1 ,i have n't set foot in the house ever since ,i marched out with the army4 ut ills d r pblic librs didist1 nihil t poste accpimus1 ,br4 #ai1 we have had nothing from you since you published the work ,on the ,state4 ub1 ut1 simul atque4 #aicb4 ub1 ut1 or simul atque 7ac7 often introduces a clause denoting indefinite or repeated action3 as1 ade obcaecat anims fortna1 ub vim suam refring nn vult1 ,l4 #e1 #cg1 #a1 so completely does fortune blind the mind when she will not have her power thwarted4 ub saltti dflxit1 litters m involv1 ,fam4 #i1 #bj1 #c1 when my callers go1 ,i always plunge into my book 7#afac74 omns profect muliers t amant1 ut quaeque aspexit1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #abfd1 all the ladies love you1 every time one spies you4 simul atque s nflxit hc rx in domintum inistirem1 fit continu tyrannus1 ,,rp4 #b1 #dh1 for the moment our king turns to a severer kind of mastery1 he becomes a tyrant on the spot4 ,messnam ut quisque nostrm vnerat1 haec vsere solbat1 ,v4 #d1 #e1 any ,roman1 who visited ,messana1 invariably went to see these statues 7#afah74 hosts1 ub aliqus singulrs cnspexerant1 adoribantur1 #d1 #bf1 #b1 every time the enemy saw some detached parties1 they would charge4 ,the imperfect in this use is not common in classical writers1 and occurs but once1 with ub1 in old ,latin2 the pluperfect is rare before the silver age4 ,clauses with ut generally contain some form of quisque 7#bcif74 ,plautus uses quom extempl with the present and perfect4 ,the subjunctive is found with ub and ut quisque in cases of repeated past action 7#agcj74 #aicc4 ub1 ut1 or simul atque rarely introduces an imperfect or pluperfect of definite time3 as1 quid ubi reddbs aurum1 dxist patr1 ,pl4 ,b4 #fhe1 what did you tell your father when you were returning the money8 ub lx adventbat1 tubicins sgna canere1 ,s4 ,i4 #ii1 #a1 when daylight was drawing on1 the trumpeters sounded the call4 ub nm obvius bat1 pln grad ad hostium castra tendunt1 ,l4 #i1 #de1 #ad1 finding nobody came to meet them1 they advanced double quick upon the enemy's camp 7#aicj74 ,the use of these tenses referring to definite time is very rare in old ,latin1 and found only with ut in ,cicero4 #aicd4 ub or simul atque1 referring to definite time1 introduces the future or future perfect1 when the apodosis is also future3 as1 simul et quid erit cert1 scrbam ad t1 ,att4 #b1 #bj1 #b1 as soon as there is anything positive1 ,i will write to you4 ego ad t statim habb quod scrbam1 simul ut vder ,crinem1 ,att4 #aj1 #d1 #ab1 ,i shall have something to write you1 as soon as ever ,i see ,curio4 nam ub m aspiciet1 ad carnuficem rapiet continu senex1 ,pl4 ,b4 #fhh1 when the old man sees me1 he'll hurry me off to ,jack ,ketch without any ado4 ubi prmum poterit1 s illinc subdcet1 ,t4 ,eu4 #fbh1 she'll steal away as soon as she can4 ,plautus has also quom extempl in this use1 and ,pliny the ,younger ut primum4 ut or ut4 #aice4 ,the relative adverb ut or ut 7#gaa7 is found in the oldest ,latin in the form utei1 but ut was the prevalent form even in the time of ,plautus4 ,as a conjunctive particle1 it accompanies both the indicative and the subjunctive4 ,for ut in wishes1 see #aedj2 in questions1 #aefh4 ,,with ,,the ,,indicative4 7,a47 ut1 where4 #aicf4 ut or ut in the rare signification of where1 accompanies the indicative3 as1 atque in epse adsts lapide1 ut praec praedicat1 ,pl4 ,b4 #hae1 and there you stand right on the auction block1 just where the crier always cries4 sve in extrms penetrbit ,inds1 ltus ut long resonante ,e tunditur und1 ,cat4 #aa1 #b1 or shall he pierce to farthest ,ind1 where by the long-resounding eastern wave the strand is lashed4 ,in classical ,latin1 ut in this sense is used only by the poets1 as here and there in ,lucilius1 ,catullus1 ,cicero's ,arata1 and ,vergil4 ub is the word regularly used4 ,for ut1 when1 see #aibc4 7,b47 ut1 as4 #aicg4 ,the indicative is used in the protasis of a comparative period introduced by ut or ut1 as4 ut often has as a correlative ita1 item1 itidem1 sc1 perinde1 or similiter1 and sometimes in old ,latin and poetry aequ1 adaequ1 pariter1 nn aliter1 nn secus1 dem4 sc is sometimes drawn to the protasis1 making scut1 scut2 ut is sometimes strengthened by vel1 making velut1 velut1 even as1 just as4 quemadmodum often1 and qumodo sometimes1 stands for ut4 ,for the use of ut in old ,latin in sentences in which classical ,latin would employ the indirect question1 see #agia4 ,for coordinated comparative sentences without ut1 see #agjd4 perge ut nstituist1 ,,rp4 #b1 #bb1 go on as you have begun4 ut vols md esse1 ita er1 ,pl4 ,ps4 #bdj1 as you will have me be1 so will ,i be 7#afbe74 ut smentem fceris1 ita mets1 ,,do4 #b1 #bfa1 as you sow1 y'are like to reap 7#afbf74 ut nn omnem frgem in omn agr reperre posss1 sc nn omne facinus in omn vt nscitur1 ,,ra4 #ge1 every crime does not start into being in every life1 any more than you can find every fruit in every field 7#agca74 ,also in asseverations3 ita m d ambunt1 ut ego hunc auscult lubns1 ,pl4 ,aul4 #dif1 so help me heaven1 as ,i am glad to hear this man 7#afbb74 #aich4 ut 4 4 4 ita or sc1 as 4 4 4 so1 often stand where concessive and adversative conjunctions might be used2 while 4 4 4 nevertheless1 although 444 yet1 certainly 4 4 4 but3 as1 ut nihil bon est in morte1 sc cert nihil mal1 ,l4 #ad1 while there is nothing good after death1 yet certainly there is nothing bad4 qu fact scut glriam auxit1 ita grtiam minuit1 ,suet4 ,oth4 #a1 by this action he increased his reputation1 but lessened his popularity4 nec ut inistus in pce rx1 ita dux bell prvus fuit1 ,l4 #a1 #ec1 #a1 but while he was an unjust king in peace1 he was not a bad leader in war4 ,this adversative correlation is found sometimes in ,cicero1 but is far more common in late writers4 #aici4 ut quisque1 commonly with a superlative expression1 is used in the protasis of a comparative period of equality1 with ita or sc and commonly another superlative expression in the apodosis3 as1 ut quaeque rs est turpissima1 sc maxim vindicanda est1 ,caec4 #g1 the more disgraceful a thing is1 the more emphatically does it call for punishment4 ut quisque optim ,graec scret1 ita esse nquissimum1 ,,do4 #b1 #bfe1 that the better ,greek scholar a man was1 the greater rascal he always was 7#agbb74 ,this construction is often abridged3 as1 sapientissimus quisque aequissim anim moritur1 ,,cm4 #hc1 the sage always dies with perfect resignation4 optimus quisque praeceptor frequenti gaudet1 ,quint4 #a1 #b1 #i1 the best teachers always revel in large classes4 ,see #bcig4 #aidj4 ut often introduces a parenthetical idea1 particularly a general truth or a habit which accounts for the special fact expressed in the main sentence3 as1 nm1 ut opnor1 in culp est1 ,clu4 #adc1 nobody1 as ,i fancy1 is to blame4 excitbat flcts in simpul1 ut dcitur1 ,grtidius1 ,leg4 #c1 #cf1 ,gratidius was raising a tempest in a teapot1 as the saying is4 paulisper1 dum s uxor1 ut fit1 comparat1 commortus est1 ,mil4 #bh1 he had to wait a bit1 as is always the case1 while his wife was putting on her things4 hrum auctritte adduct1 ut sunt ,gallrum subita cnsilia1 ,trebium retinent1 #c1 #h1 #c1 influenced by these people they detain ,trebius1 as might have been expected1 sudden resolutions being always characteristic of the ,gauls4 sditine nntit1 ut erat laen amictus1 ita vnit in cntinem1 ,br4 #ef1 an outbreak was reported1 and he came to the meeting all accoutred as he was1 with his sacrificial robe on4 ,often elliptically3 as1 act hominis1 ut ,sicul1 ,,td4 #a1 #ae1 a bright man1 of course1 being a ,sicilian4 ,aequrum exercitus1 ut qu permults anns imbells gissent1 trepidre1 ,l4 #i1 #de1 #aj1 the army of the ,aequians alarmed and irresolute1 and naturally1 since they had passed a great many years without fighting 7#ahbd1 #ahbg74 #aida4 ut1 as for example1 is used in illustrations1 particularly in abridged sentences 7#ajeg73 as1 genus est quod plrs parts amplectitur1 ut #8animal4' pars est1 quae subest gener1 ut #8equos1' ,inv4 #a1 #cb1 a class is what embraces a number of parts1 as #8living thing'2 a part is what is included in a class1 as #8horse4' sunt bstiae in quibus inest aliquid simile virttis1 ut in lenibus1 ut in canibus1 ,fin4 #e1 #ch1 there are brutes in which there is a something like the moral quality of man1 as for instance the lion and the dog4 #aidb4 ,the parenthetical clause with ut or prout sometimes makes an allowance for the meaning of a word1 usually an adjective1 in the main sentence3 as1 cvits ampla atque flrns1 ut est captus ,germnrum1 #d1 #c1 #c1 a grand and prosperous community1 that is according to ,german conceptions4 ut captus est servrum1 nn malus1 ,t4 ,ad4 #dhj1 not a bad fellow1 as slaves go4 ,sthenius ab adulscenti haec comparrat1 supellctilem ex aere legantirem1 tabuls pcts1 etiam argent bene fact prout ,thermtn hominis facultts ferbant1 satis1 ,v4 #b1 #hc1 ,sthenius had been a collector from early years of such things as artistic bronzes1 pictures2 also of curiously wrought silver a goodly amount1 that is as the means of a ,thermae man went4 ,often in abridged sentences3 as1 scrptor fuit1 ut temporibus ills1 lculentus1 ,br4 #ajb1 he was a brilliant historian for the times4 multae etiam1 ut in homine ,rmn1 litterae1 ,,cm4 #ab1 furthermore1 extensive reading1 that is for a ,roman4 ut ills temporibus1 praedves1 ,l4 #d1 #ac1 #a1 a millionaire1 for those times4 #aidc4 ut1 as indeed1 as in fact1 with the indicative1 is used to represent that an action supposed1 conceded1 or commanded1 really occurs3 as1 sit ,ennius sn1 ut est cert1 perfectior1 ,br4 #gf1 grant1 for aught ,i care1 that ,ennius is a more finished poet1 as indeed he is4 ut erat rs1 ,metellum esse rat1 ,s4 ,i4 #fi1 #a1 supposing that it was ,metellus1 as in fact it was4 ,this use begins in the classical period4 ,it is found particularly with quamvs1 #aije2 with s1 see #bjag4 #aidd4 ut1 as1 like1 sometimes shows that a noun used predicatively is not literally applicable1 but expresses an imputed quality or character3 as1 ,cicer ea quae nunc s veniunt cecinit ut vts1 ,n4 #be1 #af1 #d1 ,cicero foretold what is now actually occurring1 like a bard inspired4 canem et faelem ut des colunt1 ,leg4 #a1 #cb1 they bow the knee to dog and cat as gods4 quod m scut alterum parentem dligit1 ,fam4 #e1 #h1 #d1 because he loves me like a second father4 rgiae virgins1 ut tnstrculae1 tondbant barbam patris1 ,,td4 #e1 #eh1 the princesses used to shave their father1 just like common barber-girls4 ,in an untrue or a merely figurative comparison tamquam 7#aijh7 or quasi is used4 #aide4 ,in old ,latin1 prae is combined with ut3 praeut1 compared with how3 as1 parum etiam1 praeut futrumst1 praedics1 ,pl4 ,am4 #cgd1 you say too little still compared with how 'twill be4 praeut is sometimes followed by a relative clause3 as1 ldum iocumque dcet fuisse illum alterum1 praeut huius rabis quae dabit1 ,t4 ,eu4 #cjj1 he'll say the other was but sport and play1 compared with what this youth will in his frenzy do4 #aidf4 ,in ,plautus scut1 with the indicative1 has once or twice the meaning of since3 as1 qun t illam iub abs t abre qu lubet3 scut soror eius hc gemina vnit ,ephesum1 ,,mg4 #igd1 why1 bid her go away from you wherever she may choose1 since her twin sister here to ,ephesus is come4 ,,with ,,the ,,subjunctive4 ut or ut4 ,,negative ut n1 n1 or ut nn4 #aidg4 ,the subjunctive with ut is3 7,a47 ,that of action desired 7#aedj71 in clauses of purpose2 in these the negative is n1 or sometimes ut n1 and and that not1 nve or neu1 rarely neque or nec4 ut n1 though used at all periods 7not by ,caesar1 ,sallust1 or ,livy71 is chiefly found in older ,latin2 afterwards n alone took its place 7#agjf74 ut nn is used when the negative belongs to a single word4 7,b47 ,that of action conceivable 7#aeed71 in clauses of result2 in these the negative is ut nn1 ut nm1 ut nllus1 c42 or with emphasis on the negative1 nm ut1 nllus ut1 nihil ut2 also vix ut1 paene ut1 prope ut4 #aidh4 ,final and consecutive clauses with ut are of two classes3 ,i4 ,complementary clauses1 that is1 such as are an essential complement of certain specific verbs or expressions2 such clauses have the value of a substantive1 and may represent a subject1 an object1 or any oblique case4 ,,ii4 ,pure final or consecutive clauses1 in which the purpose or result of any action may be expressed1 and which are not essential to complete the sense of a verb4 7,a47 ,,purpose4 ,i4 ,,complementary ,,final ,,clauses4 #aidi4 7#a47 ,the subjunctive with ut or n is used in clauses which serve to complete the sense of verbs of will or aim4 #aiej4 7a47 ,verbs of will include those of desire1 request1 advice1 resolution1 stipulation1 command1 or permission4 ,will may be suggested by a general verb or expression3 as1 dc1 responde1 nnti1 c42 or denoted by specific ones1 of which some of the commonest are3 desire3 vol 7ml71 concupsc1 opt4 request3 pet1 postul1 flgit1 r1 rog1 precor1 obsecr1 implr1 inst1 urge1 invt4 advice3 sude1 persude1 persuade1 mone1 bid1 admone1 hortor1 cnse1 propose1 vote4 resolution1 stipulation3 dcern1 statu1 decree1 cnstitu1 placet1 sanci1 pacscor1 pepig4 command3 imper1 praecipi1 praescrb1 mand1 negtium d1 dc1 fer1 cave1 interdc4 permission3 concd1 allow1 permitt1 committ1 potesttem faci1 veniam d1 sin1 nn patior4 #aiea4 7b47 ,verbs of aim include those of striving1 accomplishing1 or inducing2 such are3 striving3 ag or id ag1 animum indc1 tempt1 operam d1 labr1 ntor1 ntor1 mlior1 vide1 prspici1 cr1 nihil antquius habe quam1 contend1 stude1 pgn4 accomplishing3 faci 7effici1 perfici71 praest2 mere2 impetr1 adsequor1 cnsequor1 adipscor4 inducing3 move1 excit1 incit1 impell1 perpell1 cg4 7a47 optvit ut in currum patris tollertur1 ,off4 #c1 #id1 he asked to be lifted into his father's chariot4 opt n s illa gns moveat1 ,fam4 #ab1 #ai1 #b1 ,i hope and pray that that nation may not stir4 ,ubi rbant1 ut sib auxilium ferret1 #d1 #af1 #e1 the ,ubians begged that he would help them4 ,pausanis rre coepit n nntiret1 ,n4 #d1 #d1 #f1 ,pausanias began to beg that he would not tell4 horttus est ut in offici manret1 #e1 #d1 #b1 he urged him to remain steadfast in duty4 horttur es n anim dficiant1 ,caes4 ,c4 #a1 #ai1 #a1 he urges them not to get disheartened 7#ageb74 sus1 ut idem faciant1 imperat1 #e1 #cg1 #a1 he orders his men to do the same4 sus impervit n quod omnn tlum ricerent1 #a1 #df1 #b1 he ordered his men not to throw any weapon at all back4 huic permsit1 ut in hs locs leginem conlocret1 #c1 #a1 #c1 he allowed this man to quarter his legion in these parts4 neque suam neque popul ,rmn cnsutdinem pat1 ut socis dsereret1 #a1 #de1 #a1 that his practice and that of the ,roman nation would not allow him to desert his allies4 7b47 neque id agere ut exercitum teneat ipse1 sed n ill habeant qu contr s t possint1 ,caes4 ,c4 #a1 #he1 #aa1 and that his object was not to hold the army himself1 but to prevent the other side from having an army which they could use against him4 ,,xii nvibus misss1 reliqus ut nvigr commod posset effcit1 #d1 #ca1 #c1 a dozen vessels were lost1 but he managed to sail comfortably with the rest4 eius bell fma effcit n s pugnae committerent ,sappnts1 ,l4 #e1 #cb1 #d1 the story of this war prevented the ,sappinatians from hazarding an engagement4 s ,chrsogon nn impetrmus ut pecni nostr contentus sit1 vtam n petat1 ,,ra4 #aej1 if we do not succeed in making ,chrysogonus satisfied with our money without his aiming at our life4 ,aulum sp pactinis perpulit1 ut in abdits regins ss nsequertur1 ,s4 ,i4 #ch1 #b1 ,aulus he induced by the hope of a pecuniary settlement to follow him to distant regions4 ,antnium pactine prvinciae perpulerat1 n contr rem pblicam sentret1 ,s4 ,c4 #bf1 #d1 by agreeing to let ,antony have a province1 he had induced him not to be disaffected toward the government4 #aieb4 ,many of these verbs often have a coordinated subjunctive 7#agje-agac71 or1 according to the meaning1 admit other constructions1 which must in general be learned by reading1 or from the dictionary4 ,the following points may be noticed3 #aiec4 7a47 ,the verbs of resolving1 statu1 cnstitu1 and dcern1 and of striving1 ntor1 and tempt1 have usually the complementary infinitive 7#bafi71 unless a new subject is introduced4 ,for vol 7ml71 and cupi1 see also #bahi2 for iube1 vet1 sin1 and patior1 #baih4 postul1 expect1 often has the same construction as vol1 especially in old ,latin 7#baid74 ,for imper1 see #bbjb4 #aied4 7b47 ,some of the above verbs1 with the meaning think or say1 have the accusative with the infinitive 7#bage1 #baie73 as1 vol1 contend1 maintain1 concd1 admit1 statu1 assume1 dcern1 judge1 mone1 remind1 persude1 convince4 #aiee4 7c47 ,verbs of accomplishing sometimes express result rather than purpose1 and when the result is negative1 are completed by a clause with ut nn 7#aife74 ,for the infinitive with such verbs1 see #baif4 #aief4 est with a predicate noun is sometimes equivalent to a verb of will or aim1 and has the same construction4 ,so with words like is1 lx1 mnus1 c43 as1 is esse bell ut qu vcissent hs qus vcissent imperrent1 #a1 #cf1 #a1 that rules of war entitled conquerors to lord it over conquered4 quis nescit prmam esse historiae lgem1 n quid fals dcere audeat8 ,,do4 #b1 #fb1 who does not know that the first rule of history is that it shall not venture to say anything false8 istitiae prmum mnus est ut n cui quis noceat1 ,off4 #a1 #bj1 the first duty of justice is that a man harm nobody4 nam id arbitror adprm in vt esse tile1 #8ut n quid nimis1' ,t4 ,andr4 #fj1 for this ,i hold to be a rule in life that's passing useful1 #8naught in overplus4' #aieg4 7#b47 ,the subjunctive with ut or n is used in clauses which complete expressions of fear1 anxiety1 or danger4 ut1 that not1 may not1 and n1 lest1 may1 were originally signs of a wish 7#aedj73 thus1 vereor1 ut fat1 ,i am afraid2 may it come to pass1 acquires the meaning of ,i am afraid it may not come to pass 7#agjf72 and vereor1 n fat1 ,i am afraid2 may it not come to pass1 of ,i am afraid it may come to pass4 metu ut is common in old ,latin1 and is used by ,horace1 but not by ,caesar or ,sallust1 once by ,cicero in the orations4 time ut is rare1 and first used by ,cicero4 vereor ut is not uncommon4 at vereor ut plcr possit1 ,t4 ,ph4 #ife1 but ,i'm afraid she can't be reconciled4 n uxor rescscat metuit1 ,pl4 ,as4 #gdc1 he is afraid his wife may find it out4 puer1 ut ss vtlis metu1 et mairum n quis amcus frgore t feriat1 ,h4 ,s4 #b1 #a1 #fj1 my boy1 you'll not see length of days ,i fear1 and that some grander friend may with his coldness cut you dead4 nquid summ dperdat metuns aut ampliet ut rem1 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #d1 #ca1 in dread lest from his store he something lose or may not add to his estate4 metu n ns nsmet perdidermus uspiam1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #dbh1 ,i'm afraid we've lost ourselves somewhere4 sollicitus n turba pergerit orbem1 ,j4 #e1 #bj1 apprehensive that the throng may have finished its round4 n nn is often1 though rarely in old ,latin1 used for ut1 and regularly when the expression of fear is negative3 as1 nn vereor n hoc officium meum ,p4 ,servli nn probem1 ,v4 #d1 #hb1 ,i have no fear but ,i may make my services acceptable in the eyes of ,servilius4 ,for nn metu qun1 see #aihf4 #aieh4 vereor n is often equivalent to ,i rather think1 and vereor ut to hardly4 vid 7videmus1 videndum est7 n1 and similar expressions1 are sometimes used for vereor n1 to introduce something conjectured rather than proved3 as1 vereor n barbarrum rx fuerit1 ,,rp4 #a1 #eh1 ,i rather think he was king over savages4 vid n mea coniectra mult sit vrior1 ,clu4 #ig1 ,i rather think my conjecture is in better keeping with the facts4 #aiei4 ,other constructions with expressions of fear are3 7a47 ,indirect question4 7b47 ,accusative with infinitive4 7c47 ,complementary infinitive3 as1 7a47 er semper lnits verbar quorsum vderet1 ,t4 ,andr4 #age1 ,i was afraid how master's always gentleness would end4 time quid sit1 ,t4 ,hau4 #fbj1 ,i have my fears what it may be4 time quid rrum gesserim1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #cig1 ,i am concerned to think what capers ,i have cut4 metu quid agam1 ,t4 ,hau4 #gbj1 ,i'm scared and know not what to do 7#agca74 7b47 ego m cupidittis rgn crmen subitrum timrem8 ,l4 #b1 #g1 #i1 was ,i to fear being charged with aspiring to a throne8 7c47 vereor cram in s t laudre1 ,t4 ,ad4 #bfi1 ,i am afraid to disgrace you with praise to the face 7#bafh74 #aifj4 7#c47 ,the subjunctive with n is used in clauses which serve to complete the sense of verbs of avoiding1 hindering1 and resisting4 ,such are3 avoiding3 cave1 m ripi1 vt4 hindering3 intercd1 interdc1 recs1 repugn1 temper2 also the following which often have quminus 7#aigg73 dterre1 impedi1 obsist1 obst1 offici1 prohibe1 tene4 resisting3 resist1 repugn1 recs2 with these last often quminus4 ,some of the above verbs when preceded by a negative also take qun 7#aihf72 prohibe and impedi have also the accusative with the infinitive 7#bbjc74 ,for the subjunctive coordinated with cav1 see #agaa4 n quid es nocetur neu quis invtus sacrmentum dcere cgtur ,caesare cavtur1 ,caes4 ,c4 #a1 #hf1 #d1 all precaution is taken by ,caesar that no harm be done them1 and that nobody be compelled to take the oath against his will4 per es1 n causam dceret1 s ripuit1 #a1 #d1 #b1 thanks to this display of retainers he succeeded in avoiding trial4 plra n scrbam1 dolre impedior1 ,att4 #aa1 #ac1 #e1 grief prevents me from writing more4 n qua sib statua pnertur restitit1 ,n4 #be1 #c1 #b1 he objected to having a statue erected in his honour4 ,errata3 #aiea;b 444 contend1 stude1 pgn4 text unchanged3 word generally spelled 8pugn-0 7see endnote on first edition7 #aieh 444 vid n mea coniectra mult sit vrior1 ,clu4 #ig 4 for 1 ,,ii4 ,,pure ,,final ,,clauses4 #aifa4 ,the subjunctive with ut or n is used to denote the purpose of the main action4 ,the purpose is often indicated in the main sentence by an expression like ide1 idcirc1 proptere1 e mente1 c4 vigils d nocte1 ut tus cnsultribus respondes1 ,mur4 #bb1 you have to get up early in the morning to give advice to your clients4 mairs nostr ab artr addxrunt ,cincinntum1 ut dicttor esset1 ,fin4 #b1 #ab1 our fathers brought ,cincinnatus from his plough1 to be dictator4 dcam auctinis causam1 ut damn gaudeant1 ,pl4 ,st4 #bjg1 ,i'll tell the reason for the sale1 that o'er my losses they may gloat4 qun etiam n tnsr collum committeret1 tondre flis sus docuit1 ,,td4 #e1 #eh1 why1 he actually taught his own daughters to shave1 so as not to trust his throat to a barber4 ,caesar1 n gravir bell occurreret1 ad exercitum proficscitur1 #d1 #f1 #a1 to avoid facing war on a more formidable scale1 ,caesar goes to the army4 t ulcscar1 ut n inpne in ns inlseris1 ,t4 ,eu4 #ida1 ,i'll be revenged on you1 so that you shan't play tricks on me for nothing 7#aidg74 n gnrrtis esse aliqus pcis vbs condicins1 ad vs vn1 ,l4 #ba1 #ac1 #b1 ,i have come to you to let you know that you have some chances of peace 7#aged74 ita m gess n tib pudr essem1 ,l4 #dj1 #ae1 #f1 ,i comported myself in such a way that ,i might not be a mortification to you4 ,marinem ad t e ms1 ut tcum ad m venret1 ,fam4 #af1 #a1 #a1 ,i sent ,mario to you with the intention of having him come with you to me4 idcirc nm superirum attigit1 ut hc tolleret8 ide ,c4 ,claudius rettulit1 ut ,c4 ,verrs posset auferre8 ,v4 #d1 #g1 was that the reason why no former officials laid a finger on it1 that this man might swoop it away8 was that why ,claudius returned it1 that a ,verres might carry it off8 danda opera est1 ut etiam singuls cnsultur1 sed ita1 ut ea rs aut prsit aut cert n obsit r pblicae1 ,off4 #b1 #gb1 we must be particular in regarding the interests of individuals as well1 but with this restriction1 that our action may benefit1 or at any rate may not damage the country4 #aifb4 ,the subjunctive with ut or n is often used not to express the purpose of the main action1 but in a parenthetical clause1 as though dependant upon some verb unexpressed3 as1 ut in pauca cnferam1 testment fact mulier moritur1 ,caec4 #ag1 to cut a long story short1 the woman makes her will and dies4 sed ut hc n gnret1 quae rs agtur3 d ntr agbmus derum1 ,,dn4 #a1 #ag1 but that our friend here may know what is up3 we were just on the nature of the gods4 ,the tense is present1 in late writers the perfect1 as ut sc dxerim1 ,quint4 #a1 #f1 #a4 ,here may also be mentioned the use of ndum 7rarely n or1 from ,livy on1 ndum ut7 with the present subjunctive 7rarely the imperfect73 as1 satrapa numquam sufferre eius smpts queat3 ndum t posss1 ,t4 ,hau4 #deb1 a prince couldn't stand her extravagance1 much less could you4 ,this is found in ,terence and ,lucretius once each1 in ,cicero1 and later2 not in ,caesar4 ,the preceding clause is negative or involves a negative idea4 ,from ,livy on1 the verb may be omitted3 as1 vix clmrem erum1 ndum impetum tulre1 ,l4 #cd1 #bj1 #g1 they hardly stood their war cry1 much less their charge4 #aifc4 ,the subjunctive is used in an assumption or concession with ut or n1 or if the negation belongs to a single word1 with ut nn1 nm1 c43 as1 ut taceam1 quoivs facile sct est quam fuerim miser1 ,t4 ,hec4 #bif1 even supposing ,i say nothing1 anybody can understand how unhappy ,i was4 sed ut haec concdantur1 reliqua qu concd possunt8 ,,dn4 #c1 #da1 but even supposing this be admitted1 how can the rest be admitted8 n sit summum malum dolor1 malum cert est1 ,,td4 #b1 #ad1 grant that suffering is not the chiefest evil1 an evil it assuredly is 7#aeec74 vrum ut hoc nn sit1 tamen praeclrum spectculum mih prpn1 ,att4 #b1 #ae1 #b1 but suppose this be not the case1 still ,i anticipate a gorgeous show4 ac iam ut omnia contr opninem acciderent1 tamen s plrimum nvibus posse perspicibant1 #c1 #i1 #f1 and even supposing everything turned out contrary to expectation1 still they saw clearly that they had the advantage by sea4 ut enim nminem alium nisi ,t4 ,patinam rogsset1 scre potuit prd flminem necesse esse1 ,mil4 #df1 for even supposing he had asked nobody but ,patina1 he might have known that a priest must be appointed4 ,this use is common in ,cicero1 not found in ,plautus or ,sallust4 #aifd4 ,the subjunctive with ut or n1 generally with ita as a correlative1 sometimes has the force of a proviso3 as1 ita probanda est clmentia1 ut adhibetur sevrits1 ,off4 #a1 #hh1 mercy is to be commended1 provided that strictness is employed4 satis memoriae meae tribuent1 ut mairibus mes dignum crdant1 ,ta4 #d1 #ch1 they will pay respect enough to my memory1 provided they consider me worthy of my ancestors4 7,b47 ,,result4 ,i4 ,,complementary ,,consecutive ,,clauses4 #aife4 ,the subjunctive with ut or ut nn is used in clauses which serve to complete the sense of certain verbs and expressions1 chiefly of bringing to pass1 happening1 and following4 ,such are3 7a47 faci1 effici 7unless they imply purpose1 #aiea72 fit1 accidit1 contingit1 venit1 est1 it is the case2 similarly ms est1 cnsutd est1 c4 7b47 proximum est1 reliquum est1 extrmum est1 relinquitur1 restat1 accdit4 ,or1 of logical sequence1 sequitur1 efficitur4 7a47 fcrunt ut cnsimilis fugae profecti vidrtur1 #b1 #aa1 #a1 they made their march look exactly like a stampede4 splendor vester facit ut peccre sine summ percul nn posstis1 ,v4 #a1 #bb1 your conspicuous position makes it impossible for you to do wrong without great peril4 hs rbus fbat1 ut minus lt vagrentur1 #a1 #b1 #d1 so it came to pass that they did not rove round much4 fit ut ntr ips ad rntius dcend genus excitmur1 ,,do4 #b1 #cch1 it is sometimes the case that we are roused to a loftier style in oratory by sheer circumstance4 potest fier ut fallar1 ,fam4 #ac1 #gc1 #b1 it is possible that ,i am mistaken4 fier nn potest ut eum t nn cgnvers1 ,v4 #b1 #aij1 it must be the case that you have made his acquaintance yourself4 edem nocte accidit1 ut esset lna plna1 #d1 #bi1 #a1 it came to pass on the same night that there was a full moon 7#ageh74 negvit mris esse ,graecrum ut in convvi virrum accumberent muliers1 ,v4 #a1 #ff1 he said it was not etiquette among the ,greeks for women to go to men's dinner parties4 est hc commne vitium in lbers cvittibus1 ut invidia glriae comes sit1 ,n4 #ab1 #c1 #c1 this is a common trouble in free communities1 that envy is the attendant of a great name4 7b47 proximum est1 ut doceam1 ,,dn4 #b1 #gc1 my next task is to prove4 relinqubtur ut neque longius ab gmine leginum discd ,caesar patertur1 #e1 #ai1 #c1 the consequence was that ,caesar could not allow any very distant excursion from the main line of march4 restat ut doceam omnia hominum caus facta esse1 ,,dn4 #b1 #aed1 lastly1 ,i must prove that everything is made for man4 accdbat ut tempesttem ferrent1 #c1 #ac1 #i1 then1 too1 they could stand the gale4 accdit ut is not found in old ,latin2 for accdit quod1 see #ahde4 ita efficitur ut omne corpus mortle sit1 ,,dn4 #c1 #cj1 thus it follows that every bodily substance is mortal4 sequitur and efficitur1 it follows1 often have the accusative with the infinitive 7#bbjg74 ,for the subjunctive with quam ut after a comparative of disproportion1 see #ahif4 ,for fore and futrum esse ut as the periphrasis for the future infinitive1 see #bbcc4 #aiff4 ,verbs of happening may often be rendered best by compacter expressions3 thus1 hs rbus fbat ut1 consequently2 fit ut1 once in a while1 sometimes1 often2 fier potest ut1 possibly2 accidit ut1 accidentally1 unfortunately4 #aifg4 faci ut1 or with a negative1 commonly committ ut1 is used in circumlocutions for emphasis3 as1 faciundum mih putv1 ut tus litters brev respondrem1 ,fam4 #c1 #h1 #a1 ,i thought ,i ought to take hold and write a few lines in answer to your letter4 ego vr nn committam1 ut tib causam recsand dem1 ,,do4 #b1 #bcc1 no1 no1 sir1 ,i will not be guilty1 not ,i1 of giving you an excuse to back out4 ,so particularly with invtus1 libenter1 prope3 as1 invtus fc ut ,l4 ,flminnum sent icerem1 ,,cm4 #db1 it was with great reluctance that ,i expelled ,flamininus from the senate4 #aifh4 ,a subjunctive clause with ut is often used to define a preceding idea indicated in a general way by a neuter pronoun3 as1 post eius mortem nihil minus ,helvti id1 quod cnstituerant1 facere cnantur1 ut fnibus sus exeant1 #a1 #e1 #a1 after his death the ,helvetians attempted just the same to carry out their resolution of moving out of their abodes 7#ageb74 omnibus ,galls idem esse faciendum1 quod ,helvti fcerint1 ut dom migrent1 #a1 #ca1 #ad1 that all the ,gauls must do just as the ,helvetians had done and move away from home4 ,helvti1 cum id1 quod ips dibus ,,xx aegerrim cnfcerant1 ut flmen trnsrent1 illum n di fcisse intellegerent1 lgts mittunt1 #a1 #ac1 #b1 when the ,helvetians learned that the ,roman commander had done in a single day what they had found it hard themselves to do in twenty1 namely cross the river1 they sent deputies 7#ageb74 id aliquot d causs acciderat1 ut subit ,gall bell renovandi cnsilium caperent1 #c1 #b1 #b1 it was due to a variety of reasons that the ,gauls suddenly conceived the idea of making war again 7#ageh74 hocine bon esse officium serv exstumas1 ut er su corrumpat et rem et flium8 ,pl4 ,most4 #bg1 is this what you think the duty of a good slave1 to waste his own master's property and corrupt his son8 #aifi4 tantum abest1 so far from1 is sometimes followed by a double ut1 the first introducing an unreal1 and the second a real action3 as1 tantum abest ut haec bstirum caus parta sint1 ut ipss bstis hominum grti generts esse videmus1 ,,dn4 #b1 #aeh1 so far from these things being made for brutes1 we see that brutes themselves were created for man4 ,this use1 very rarely personal1 begins with ,cicero1 and is common in his writings and in ,livy4 ,not in ,caesar1 ,sallust1 or ,tacitus4 ,sometimes instead of ut the second sentence is coordinated 7#agjj73 tantum abfuit ut nflammrs nostrs anims1 somnum vix tenbmus1 ,br4 #bgh1 so far from your firing our heart1 we could hardly keep awake4 ,or1 the idea is expressed by ita nn 4 4 4 ut3 as1 erat ita nn timidus ad mortem1 ut in aci sit ob rem pblicam interfectus1 ,fin4 #b1 #fc1 so far from being afraid of death1 he fell in battle for his country4 ,erratum3 #aife;a 444 splendor vester facit ut word may be 8voster03 major blot over text ,,ii4 ,,pure ,,consecutive ,,clauses4 #aigj4 ,the subjunctive is used with ut or ut nn to denote result4 ,the result may be the result of an action or of a thing named in the main sentence4 ,the main sentence often has a correlative to ut1 expressing 7a47 degree3 as1 tantus1 so great1 tam1 so 7with adjectives or adverbs71 ade1 tantopere4 7b47 quality3 as1 is 7hc1 ille1 iste71 such1 tlis1 ita1 sc4 mns altissimus impendbat1 ut facile perpauc prohibre possent1 #a1 #f1 #a1 an exceeding high mountain hung over1 so that a very few could block the way4 dictitbant s dom expulss1 omnibus necessris egre rbus1 ut honest praescrptine rem turpissimam tegerent1 ,caes4 ,c4 #c1 #cb1 #d1 they stoutly declared that they were driven out of house and home1 and lacked the necessaries of life1 thus veiling dishonour under the name of respectability4 7a47 ,ariovistus tants sib sprits smpserat1 ut ferendus nn vidrtur1 #a1 #cc1 #e1 ,ariovistus had put on such high and mighty airs as to seem intolerable4 ade angust mar cnflxit1 ut eius multitd nvium explicr nn potuerit1 ,n4 #b1 #d1 #e1 he went into action in such cramped sea-room1 that his armada could not deploy1 of ,xerxes 7#ageg74 7b47 es ddx tests ut d istus fact dubium esse nmin possit1 ,v4 #d1 #ia1 ,i have brought such witnesses that nobody can entertain a doubt of the defendant's guilt4 ita s recipibat ut nihil nisi d pernici popul ,rmn cgitret1 ,ph4 #d1 #d1 he retreated1 it is true1 but retreated with his mind running on nothing but how to ruin the country4 illa1 ex tribuls quae vellerat1 ita sct in aures pculs inligbat1 ut ea ad illam rem nta esse dcers1 ,v4 #d1 #ed1 what he had torn from the censers he attached to golden cups so cunningly that you would have said it was just made for that very purpose 7#agca1 #aeei74 ,for the imperfect subjunctive connected with a main general present1 see #agea2 for the independent present or perfect subjunctive with a main secondary tense1 see #ageg4 ub4 #aiga4 ub1 in the sense of where 7#gji71 has the ordinary construction of a relative 7#ahab-ahca74 ,for ub1 when1 see #aibc-aibf and #aicb-aicd2 as a synonym of s1 if1 see #baaj4 qu or qu4 #aigb4 qu1 whereby1 wherewith1 or in old ,latin sometimes qu 7#fhi71 is the instrumental ablative from the relative and interrogative stem qui-4 ,combined with minus1 the less1 not1 qu gives quminus4 ,,with ,,the ,,indicative4 #aigc4 ,the indicative is used with qu and a comparative in the protasis of a comparative period1 with e or hc and a comparative as correlative 7#acic73 as1 qu dlictum maius est1 e poena est tardior1 ,caec4 #g1 the greater the sin is1 the slower is the punishment4 ,the e or hc is sometimes omitted3 as1 qu plrs sumus1 plribus rbus egbimus1 ,l4 #cd1 #cd1 #f1 the more numerous we are1 the more things we shall need4 ,in late writers1 the comparative is sometimes omitted in the main clause1 very rarely in the subordinate clause4 quant 4 4 4 tant are also used like qu 4 4 4 e3 as1 quant ditius cnsder1 tant mih rs vidtur obscrior1 ,,dn4 #a1 #fj1 the longer ,i puzzle over it1 the more incomprehensible the question seems to me4 quant magis exterge1 tenuius fit1 ,pl4 ,r4 #acja1 the more ,i polish1 the slimmer it gets4 ,this form is sometimes used with quisque or quis of indefinite persons1 instead of the commoner ut 4 4 4 ita or sc 7#aici73 as1 qu quisque est sollertior1 hc docet labrisius1 ,,rc4 #ca1 the brighter a man is1 the more wearisome he finds teaching4 qu quisque est maior1 magis est plcbilis rae1 ,o4 ,tr4 #c1 #e1 #ca1 the greater be the man1 the easier 'tis his anger to appease4 ,,with ,,the ,,subjunctive4 #aigd4 ,the subjunctive is used with qu to express purpose4 qu differs but little in meaning from ut of purpose4 ,it is used 7a47 particularly in clauses containing a comparative expression1 or 7b47 in solemn law language4 7a47 equits omnibus in locs pugnant1 qu s leginris mlitibus praeferrent1 #b1 #bg1 #b1 the troopers fought on every kind of ground1 hoping to outshine the regular infantry thereby4 medic put aliquid dandum esse1 qu sit studisior1 ,fam4 #af1 #d1 #b1 ,i think it would be well to fee your medical man1 to make him more attentive4 id amb adit m qu id fat facilius1 ,t4 ,eu4 #aej1 help me in that1 ,i pray1 that it may be the easier done4 sublta erat celebrits virrum ac mulierum1 qu lmentti minuertur1 ,leg4 #b1 #fe1 the large attendance of both sexes was done away with1 to make the weeping and wailing less harrowing4 7b47 homin mortu n ossa legit1 qu pos fnus faciat1 ,twelve ,tables in ,leg4 #b1 #fj1 he shall not gather up the bones of a dead man1 with intent to celebrate the funeral a second time 7#aehf74 qu erum coit1 coierit1 qu quis idici pblic condemnrtur1 law in ,clu4 #adh1 whosoever of that number conspired or shall have conspired to have anybody condemned in a criminal court4 ,otherwise rarely used without a comparative expression1 yet occasionally found thus in ,plautus1 ,terence1 ,sallust1 and ,ovid3 as1 hanc simulant parere qu ,chremtem absterreant1 ,t4 ,andr4 #dgb1 they're pretending that she's lying in1 to frighten ,chremes off4 ,so often in ,tacitus4 #aige4 qu n1 in a negative clause of purpose1 is found in a disputed passage in ,horace1 but not again until late ,latin4 ,for nn qu1 nn e qu1 introducing an untenable reason1 see #ahee4 #aigf4 ,in old ,latin qu1 whereby1 wherewith1 withal1 is partly felt as a live relative pronoun in the ablative1 and partly as a mere conjunction of purpose2 as a pronoun it may even take a preposition2 as a conjunction1 it may refer to a plural antecedent 7#fhi73 as1 quasi patricis puers aut monrulae aut anits aut cturncs dantur1 qucum lsitent3 itidem m haec upupa1 qu m dlectem datast1 ,pl4 ,cap4 #ajjb1 as to the sons of gentlemen or daws or ducks or quails are given1 wherewith to play2 just so to me this crow is given1 to entertain myself withal4 enim mihi quidem aequomst dari vehicla qu vehar1 ,pl4 ,aul4 #ejj1 in sooth #8t were fair that carriages be given me1 to ride withal4 ,the indicative occurs where the subjunctive would be used in classical ,latin3 as1 multa concurrunt simul1 qu coniectram hanc faci1 ,t4 ,andr4 #eaa1 a thousand things combine whereby ,i come to this conjecture4 ,erratum3 #aigd 444 7b47 4 invisible quminus4 #aigg4 ,the subjunctive with quminus 7#aigb7 is used to complete the sense of verbs of hindering or resisting4 ,such verbs are3 impedi1 tene1 hinder1 intercld1 dterre1 obst1 obsist1 resist1 repugn1 nn recs2 these verbs often have a subjunctive with n 7#aifj74 ,cicero rarely and ,caesar never uses quminus with impedi or prohibe4 ,for the accusative and infinitive with these verbs1 see #bbjc4 quminus is also used with moveor1 am influenced1 fit1 it is owing to1 stat per aliquem1 somebody is responsible1 or indeed any expression implying hindrance4 ,when the verb of hindering has a negative with it1 qun is often used2 see #aihf4 nn dterret sapientem mors1 quminus r pblicae susque cnsulat1 ,,td4 #a1 #ia1 death does not hinder the wise man from working for country and friends4 quid obstat1 quminus sit betus8 ,,dn4 #a1 #ie1 what is to hinder his being happy8 neque recsvit quminus lgis poenam subret1 ,n4 #ae1 #h1 #b1 and he did not decline to submit to the penalty of the law4 ,caesar1 ub cgnvit per frnium stre quminus proeli dmicrtur1 castra facere cnstituit1 ,caes4 ,c4 #a1 #da1 #c1 when ,caesar learned that owing to ,afranius there was no battle1 he resolved to build a camp4 s t dolor corporis tenuit1 quminus ad lds venrs1 fortnae magis tribu quam sapientiae tuae1 ,fam4 #g1 #a1 #a1 if it was bodily suffering that kept you from coming to the performances1 ,i think more highly of your luck than of your sense4 ,terence first uses quminus thus1 but only rarely4 ,he also sometimes uses the parts separately so that the true relative and negative forces appear3 as1 s snser quicquam in hs t nptis fallciae cnr1 qu fant minus1 ,t4 ,andr4 #aif1 if ,i catch you trying on any trick in the matter of this marriage through which it may not come off 7#adea74 #aigh4 ,in ,tacitus1 quminus is sometimes found where qun would be used in classical ,latin 7#aihf73 as1 nec dubittum quminus pcem concderent1 ,ta4 ,h4 #b1 #de1 there was no hesitation in granting peace4 #aigi4 ,it may be mentioned here that qu stius with the subjunctive1 instead of quminus1 is found twice in ,cicero's earliest extant prose1 and twice in older ,latin4 qun4 #aihj4 qun is composed of qu1 the ablative or locative of the interrogative and relative stem qui- 7#fhi71 and -ne1 not4 ,it is used in simple sentences and as a conjunctive particle4 #aiha4 ,for the use of qun1 why not1 in questions with the indicative1 see #aebf4 ,such questions have the sense of an affirmative command or exhortation 7#aeca73 as1 qun abs1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #ajhg1 why won't you begone8 or get you gone4 qun cnscendimus equs1 ,l4 #a1 #eg1 #g1 why not mount1 or to horse1 to horse4 ,for the use of qun without interrogative force1 see #aebg4 #aihb4 qun is found occasionally with the subjunctive in a direct question in ,plautus1 ,terence1 ,lucilius1 ,lucretius1 ,cicero1 and ,tacitus3 thus1 qun ego hc rogem8 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #dbf1 why shouldn't ,i ask this8 7#aefc74 #aihc4 ,the subjunctive with the conjunctive particle qun is used1 particularly in old ,latin1 in connection with the common formula nlla causa est or its equivalents4 ,such a subjunctive may be regarded as original 7#aghf7 or as due to the indirect form of question 7#aggc74 nlla causast qun m condns cruc1 ,pl4 ,r4 #ajgj1 there's no reason why you shouldn't deliver me up to execution4 qun dcdam1 nlla causa est1 ,fam4 #b1 #ag1 #a1 there is no reason why ,i should not retire4 quid causaest qun in pistrnum rct proficscar vi8 ,t4 ,andr4 #fjj1 what's the reason ,i don't march straight into the mill8 haud causificor qun eam habeam1 ,pl4 ,aul4 #gee1 ,i don't quibble against keeping her4 #aihd4 mrum qun with the subjunctive is used by ,plautus in sarcastic expressions where mrum is ironical3 as1 mrum qun t ill tcum dvitis fers1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #die1 strange enough1 how you can't take your money there with you1 that is to ,hades4 #aihe4 ,the subjunctive with qun 7or ut nn7 is used after nn possum1 or nn possum with an infinitive1 usually facere1 and with fier nn potest3 as1 nn enim possum qun exclmem1 eug1 eug1 ,lsitels1 1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #gje1 upon my word ,i must cry bravo1 bravo1 ,lysiteles2 encore6 facere nn potu qun tib sententiam dclrrem1 ,fam4 #f1 #ac1 #a1 ,i could not help giving you my views4 fier nll mod poterat1 qun ,cleomen parcertur1 ,v4 #e1 #ajd1 it was impossible not to spare ,cleomenes4 heu1 neque qun fleam1 quom abs t abeam1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #acdb1 ,o well-a-day1 ,i needs must weep1 for that from thee ,i part4 nn potuist ll mod facere1 ut mih illam epistulam nn mitters1 ,att4 #aa1 #ba1 #a1 you could not get along at all without writing me that letter 7#aife74 #aihf4 ,the subjunctive with qun is used in clauses which complete the sense of verbs of restraining1 abstaining1 delaying1 or doubting1 when such verbs have a negative1 expressed or implied4 ,such verbs are 7a47 restraining3 temper mih1 tene1 restrain1 retine1 contine1 dterre1 reprim4 abstaining3 praetermitt1 intermitt4 delaying3 cunctor1 differ1 exspect1 recs2 nn multum1 nihil1 paulum abest4 7b47 doubting3 dubit1 dubium est2 a doubt may also be implied in other words1 or forms of words3 as1 nn metu1 nn abest suspci1 c4 7a47 neque sib homins barbars tempertrs exstimbat1 qun in prvinciam exrent1 #a1 #cc1 #d1 and he thought1 as they were savages1 they would not restrain themselves1 but would sally out into the province4 vix m contine qun involem mnstr in capillum1 ,t4 ,eu4 #hei1 ,i scarce can keep from flying at the caitiff's hair4 nihil praeterms1 qun ,pompium ,caesaris coninctine vocrem1 ,ph4 #b1 #bc1 ,i left no stone unturned to prevent ,pompey from joining ,caesar4 abstinre qun attings nn ques1 ,pl4 ,b4 #iae1 you can't keep from touching it4 7b47 nn dubitat1 qun t ductrum negs1 ,t4 ,andr4 #dje1 he doesn't doubt that you'll refuse to marry4 quis dubitet1 qun in virtte dvitiae sint8 ,par4 #dh1 who can doubt that there is money in virtue8 neque abest suspci qun ipse sib mortem cnscverit1 #a1 #d1 #d1 and ground is not wanting for the belief that he made away with himself4 #aihg4 nn dubit has other constructions3 7a47 ,indirect question4 7b47 ,accusative with the infinitive 7in some authors3 chiefly ,nepos and ,livy and later writers74 7c47 ,meaning not hesitate1 the infinitive alone 7#bafi74 qun seldom follows this meaning4 7a47 nn dubit1 quid nbs agendum puts1 ,att4 #aj1 #a1 #b1 ,i have no doubt about what you think is our duty to do4 7b47 neque enim dubitbant hostem ventrum1 ,l4 #bb4 #ee1 #b1 for they firmly believed the enemy would come4 7c47 quid dubitmus pultre8 ,pl4 ,b4 #aaag1 why do we hesitate to knock8 nlte dubitre qun huic crdtis omnia1 ,,ip4 #fh1 do not hesitate to trust all to him4 #aihh4 ,the subjunctive with qun is often used after general negative assertions1 or questions implying a negative3 as1 nm fuit omnn mlitum qun vulnerrtur1 ,caes4 ,c4 #c1 #ec1 #c1 there was absolutely not a single soldier but was wounded4 nllust ,ephes qun sciat1 ,pl4 ,b4 #ccf1 there's not a soul at ,ephesus but knows4 quis in circum vnit1 qun is nquque grad d avriti tu commonrtur8 ,v4 #a1 #aed1 who came to the circus without being reminded of your avarice at each and every step8 nlla fuit cvits qun partem sents ,cordubam mitteret1 nn cvis ,rmnus qun convenret1 ,caes4 ,c4 #b1 #ai1 #b1 there was not a community but sent a part of its local senate to ,corduba1 not a ,roman citizen1 but went to the meeting4 ,for qu nn after such expressions1 see #ahba4 ,the main sentence often has tam1 ita1 sc1 or tantus3 as1 nm est tam fortis1 qun r novitte perturbtur1 #f1 #ci1 #c1 there was nobody so brave but was demoralized by the strangeness of the situation4 nl tam difficilest qun quaerend investgr possiet1 ,t4 ,hau4 #fge1 there's naught so hard but may by searching be tracked out4 ,instead of qun1 ut nn or qu nn is often used in such combinations 7#ahba74 #aihi4 ,the subjunctive in an untenable reason1 negatively put1 is sometimes introduced by nn qun instead of nn quod nn or nn qu nn 7#ahee73 as1 nn qun par virtte ali fuerint1 ,ph4 #g1 #f1 not that others may not have been his peers in virtue4 #aiij4 qun is used very rarely instead of quminus to introduce clauses completing the sense of verbs which have no negative expressed or implied3 as1 once each in the ,bellum ,alexandrnum1 in ,tacitus1 and in ,seneca's prose4 dum1 dnec1 quoad1 quamdi4 #aiia4 ,with the temporal particles dum1 while1 until1 and dnec1 until 7in old ,latin dnicum and in ,lucretius dnique71 may be conveniently treated the relative quaad or quoad 7that is qu or qu combined with ad71 while1 until1 and the comparative quamdi1 as long as4 #aiib4 dum1 while1 means originally a while 7#aaea73 as1 circumspice dum1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #adf1 look round you a while1 a minute1 just look round 7#aegc74 dum serv me perplacet mihi cnsilium1 dum haud placet1 ,pl4 ,merc4 #cdh1 one while my slave's plan suits me completely1 another while it doesn't suit4 dum 4 4 4 dum1 ,accius in ,,dn4 #b1 #hi1 one while 4 4 4 another4 #aiic4 ,as a pure conjunctive particle1 dum1 while1 means either 7,a47 in the time while1 or 7,b47 all the time while2 in the latter sense quoad and quamdi are also used4 ,from all the time while1 dum comes to mean 7,c47 as long as1 provided2 and 7,d47 until2 in this sense quoad and dnec are also used4 #aiid4 ,the indicative is used in a protasis introduced by dum1 quoad1 or quamdi1 while2 and the subjunctive in a protasis introduced by dum1 provided1 or until4 ,the subjunctive is also used for special reasons1 as in indirect discourse 7#agbe71 by attraction 7#agbh71 of action conceivable 7#agca71 or by late writers to express repeated past action 7#agcj74 ,see also #aiig and #bjji1 end4 7,a47 dum1 in the time while4 #aiie4 ,the present indicative is regularly used with dum1 in the time while 7#agci74 dum sometimes has as correlative subit1 repente2 iam1 intere1 c4 ,the main verb may be present1 future1 or past2 as1 dum haec dcit1 abit hra1 ,t4 ,eu4 #cda1 while he thus prated1 sped an hour away4 nfic dbet is artibus qus s1 dum est tener1 combiberit1 ad maira veniet partior1 ,fin4 #c1 #i1 he should be imbued with such arts as will1 if absorbed while he is young1 render him the better equipped to deal with weightier business4 nunc rem ipsam1 ut gesta sit1 dum breviter vbs dmnstr1 attendite1 ,tul4 #ac1 now give your attention to the case itself1 while ,i set forth to you briefly how it occurred4 dum in hs locs ,caesar mortur1 ad eum lgt vnrunt1 #d1 #bb1 #a1 while ,caesar tarried in these regions1 some envoys came to him4 dum haec aguntur1 vce clr exclmat1 ,pl4 ,am4 #aabj1 while this was going on1 with clarion voice he cries aloud4 haec dum aguntur1 intere ,cleomens iam ad ,helr ltus pervnerat1 ,v4 #e1 #ia1 while this was going on1 ,cleomenes meantime had already arrived at the shore of ,helorum4 ,the phrase dum haec geruntur1 meanwhile1 is often used by the historians to shift the scene3 as1 dum haec in ,venets geruntur1 ,q4 ,titrius ,sabnus in fns ,venellrum pervnit1 #c1 #ag1 #a1 while this was going on among the ,veneti1 ,sabinus arrived in the territory of the ,venelli4 ,the present indicative is sometimes retained in indirect discourse1 chiefly in poetry or late prose3 as1 dc1 hospes1 ,spartae ns t hc vdisse iacents1 dum sncts patriae lgibus obsequimur1 ,,td4 #a1 #aja1 tell it at ,sparta1 friend1 that thou hast seen us lying here1 obedient to our country's holy laws4 dcit ss ill nulum1 dum lctat1 dtrxisse1 ,t4 ,hec4 #hbi1 he says that1 in the struggle1 he pulled off her ring4 #aiif4 ,the future is rare and chiefly confined to old ,latin3 as1 animum advortite1 dum huius argmentum loquar cmoediae1 ,pl4 prol4 ,am4 #ie1 attention lend1 while ,i set forth the subject of this comedy4 dum pauca dcam1 breviter attendite1 ,v4 #c1 #afc1 while ,i speak briefly1 give me your attention a few moments4 #aiig4 ,the imperfect indicative is rare2 the imperfect subjunctive is sometimes used1 chiefly by the poets and historians3 as1 7a47 dum haec ,vs agbantur1 interim capitlium in ingent percul fuit1 ,l4 #e1 #dg1 #a1 while this was going on at ,vei1 the capital meanwhile was in terrible peril4 ,the pluperfect of resulting state is rarer3 as1 dum in nam partem oculs hostium certmen verterat1 plribus locs capitur mrus1 ,l4 #cb1 #bd1 #e1 while the eyes of the enemy were turned away in one direction toward the fight1 the wall is carried in several places 7#afae74 7b47 dum s rx verteret1 alter ltam secrim in caput dicit1 ,l4 #a1 #dj1 #g1 while the king was looking another way1 the second man raised his axe and brought it down on his head4 #aiih4 ,the clause with dum often denotes the cause of the main action1 particularly when the subjects of both verbs are the same and the action of the protasis is coincident with that of the apodosis 7#agcc74 dum docent1 discunt1 ,sen4 ,e4 #g1 #h1 while they are teaching1 they are learning1 or1 by teaching they learn4 nmrum didic etiam1 dum in istum inqur1 artificum nmina1 ,v4 #d1 #d1 preposterous as it may seem1 in hunting up evidence against the defendant1 ,i have actually learned artists' names4 ,the main action is often one not anticipated or desired3 as1 ita dum pauca mancipia retinre volt1 fortns omns lberttemque suam perdidit1 ,caecil4 #ef1 so in her attempt to keep a few human chattels1 she sacrificed all her possessions and her own liberty4 dum vtant stult vitia1 in contrria currunt1 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #b1 #bd1 while fools essay a vice to shun1 into its opposite they run4 ,sometimes with the perfect3 as1 dum ,alexandr similis esse voluit1 ,l4 ,crass inventus est dissimillimus1 ,br4 #bhb1 from his desire to be like ,alexander1 he came out just the opposite of ,crassus4 7,b47 dum1 quoad1 quamdi 7dnec71 all the time while4 #aiii4 dum1 quoad1 or quamdi1 all the time while1 often has as correlative tamdi1 tantum1 tantummodo1 tantisper1 usque1 or ita4 ,when tamdi is used1 quam often stands for quamdi4 #bjjj4 7#a47 ,when the main verb is present or future1 the protasis with dum1 quoad1 or quamdi1 all the time while1 is usually in the same tense as the main verb3 as1 mane dum scrbit1 ,pl4 ,b4 #gcg1 wait while he writes4 aegrt dum anima est1 sps esse dcitur1 ,att4 #i1 #aj1 #c1 as long as a sick man has breath he is said to have hope4 vidua vvit vel usque dum rgnum optinbit ,iuppiter1 ,pl4 ,men4 #gbg1 may'st widowed live e'en long as ,jupiter shall reign4 ego t meum esse dc tantisper vol1 dum quod t dignumst facis1 ,t4 ,hau4 #ajf1 ,i'll have thee called my son but just so long as thou shalt act as doth become thee4 dum ,latnae loquentur litterae1 quercus huic loc nn deerit1 ,leg4 #a1 #b1 as long as ,latin literature has the gift of speech1 this spot will not lack its oak 7#agcc74 quamdi quisquam erit qu t dfendere audeat1 vvs1 ,c4 #a1 #f1 as long as there shall be a soul who will venture to defend you1 you shall live on4 discs quamdi vols1 tamdi autem velle dbbis quoad t quantum prficis nn paenitbit1 ,off4 #a1 #b1 you shall study as long as you want to1 and it will be proper for you to want to1 as long as you are satisfied with your progress4 dandum hordeum et furfurs usque quaad erunt lactants1 ,varro ,r4 ,r4 #b1 #g1 #ab1 give them barley and bran as long as they are sucklings4 quoad1 as long as1 is not found in ,terence4 #bjja4 7#b47 ,with quamdi the perfect is used when the main verb is perfect2 with dum or quoad the perfect or imperfect is used when the main verb is perfect or pluperfect1 and the imperfect usually when the main verb is imperfect3 as1 7a47 qurum quamdi mnsit imitti1 tamdi genus illud dcend vxit1 ,,do4 #b1 #id1 as long as the imitation of these men lasted1 so long was that style in vogue4 tenuit locum tamdi quam ferre potuit labrem1 ,br4 #bcf1 he held the position as long as he could stand the work4 ,in this use quamdi is found first in ,cicero4 7b47 vxit1 dum vxit1 bene1 ,t4 ,hec4 #dfa1 he lived well all the time he lived 7#agcc74 avus noster quoad vxit1 restitit ,m4 ,grtidi1 ,leg4 #c1 #cf1 our grandfather as long as he lived1 opposed ,gratidius4 7c47 ,massilinss quoad licbat1 circumvenre nostrs contendbant1 ,caes4 ,c4 #a1 #eh1 #a1 as long as the ,massilia people had a chance1 they kept trying to surround our men4 dum necesse erat1 rsque ipsa cgbat1 nus omnia poterat1 ,,ra4 #aci1 as long as it had to be1 and circumstances demanded1 one man controlled the world 7#agcc74 ,from ,sallust on1 the present of vivid narration 7#aeij7 is occasionally found with dum in this sense4 #bjjb4 ,in poetry and in late prose writers1 beginning with ,lucretius and ,livy1 dnec is used in the sense of all the time while1 usually with the indicative1 but sometimes with the subjunctive of repeated past action3 as1 dnec grtus eram tib1 ,persrum vigu rge betior1 ,h4 #c1 #i1 #a1 as long as ,i was loved of thee1 ,i flourished happier than the ,persians' king4 dnec armt cnfertque abbant1 peditum labor in persequend fuit1 ,l4 #f1 #ac1 #d1 as long as they were moving off under arms and in close array1 the task of pursuit fell to the infantry4 vulgus trucdtum est dnec ra et dis permnsit1 ,ta4 #a1 #fh1 the rank and file were butchered as long as wrath and daylight held out4 nihil trepidbant1 dnec continent velut ponte agerentur1 ,l4 #ba1 #bh1 #aj1 the elephants were not a bit skittish as long as they were driven along what seemed a continuous bridge 7#agcj74 ,the future is rare3 as1 ntus enim dbet qucumque est velle manre in vt1 dnec retinbit blanda volupts1 ,lucr4 #e1 #agg1 whoe'er is born must wish in life to abide1 so long as him fond pleasure shall detain4 dnec eris flx1 mults numerbis amcs1 ,o4 ,tr4 #a1 #i1 #e1 as long as fortune smiles1 thou troops shalt count of friends4 ,erratum3 #bjjj4 4 missing 7,c47 dum1 as long as1 provided1 so4 #bjjc4 ,the present and imperfect subjunctive are used in provisos introduced by dum1 as long as1 provided1 so4 dum is sometimes accompanied by modo1 only1 or quidem1 that is2 or 7from ,terence on7 modo is used without dum4 ,the negative is n 7from ,ovid on1 sometimes nn72 n sometimes has as correlative ita4 derint dum metuant1 ,poet4 in ,suet4 ,cal4 #cj1 let them hate1 so they fear4 absit1 dum modo laude part domum recipiat s1 ,pl4 ,am4 #fdd1 let him go1 so only he come home with glory won4 postulbant pr homine miserrim1 qu vel ipse ss in crucitum dar cuperet1 dum d patris morte quaerertur1 ,,ra4 #aai1 they made the request in behalf of a pitiable wretch1 who would be only too glad to be put to the rack himself1 so his father's death might be investigated4 itaque dum locus comminus pugnand dartur1 aequ anim singuls bns nvibus obicibant1 ,caes4 ,c4 #a1 #eh1 #d1 therefore1 so a chance was given to fight hand to hand1 they did not mind pitting one of their vessels against two of the enemy's4 s permissum esset1 ita id sacrum faceret1 dum n pls qunque sacrifici interessent1 ,l4 #ci1 #ah1 #i1 if he were allowed1 he might perform the sacrifice far better1 provided that not more than five people should have a part in the ceremonial4 dum quidem nquid percontris quod nn lubeat prloqu1 ,pl4 ,aul4 #baa1 provided at least you ask nothing that ,i may not like to disclose4 volet1 cvis modo haec sit1 ,t4 ,eu4 #hhi1 he'll consent1 only let her be a free born maid4 magn m met lberbis1 dum modo inter m atque t mrus intersit1 ,c4 #a1 #aj1 you will relieve me of great fear1 provided only there be a wall interposed between you and myself4 7,d47 dum1 quoad1 dnec1 until4 #bjjd4 dum1 quoad or dnec1 until1 often has as correlative usque1 usque e1 usque ad eum fnem or tamdi4 dum1 until4 #bjje4 ,the subjunctive present is used in a protasis introduced by dum1 until1 when the main verb denotes either indefinite or present time1 and the subjunctive imperfect when the main verb is past4 ,the subjunctive is an extension of the subjunctive of desire 7#aedj72 the clause denotes something expected or proposed4 is dum veniat sedens ib opperbere1 ,pl4 ,b4 #dh1 you shall sit there waiting till he comes4 rand sunt1 ut s quam habent ulcscend vim1 differant in tempus aliud1 dum dfervscat ra1 ,,td4 #d1 #gh1 we must always ask such people1 if they have any chance to take vengeance1 to put it off to some other time1 till their rage cool down4 cnse latendum tantisper ibdem1 dum effervscit haec grtulti et simul dum audimus1 quemadmodum negtium cnfectum sit1 ,fam4 #i1 #b1 #d1 ,i advise lying low where you are1 while the present congratulation excitement is cooling off1 and at the same time till we may hear how the job was done4 dum reliquae nvs e convenrent1 in ancors exspectvit1 #d1 #bc1 #d1 he waited at anchor till the rest of the vessels should gather there 7#agbe74 ,verginius dum collgam cnsuleret mortus1 dicttrem dxit1 ,l4 #d1 #ba1 #aj1 ,verginius1 after waiting till he should consult his colleague1 appointed a dictator4 observvit dum dormitret cans1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #agj1 he watched till the dog should be napping4 #bjjf4 ,the present indicative with dum1 while1 is sometimes used where the subjunctive might be expected with dum1 until 7#aeic74 ,other indicative tenses are rarely thus used3 as1 7a47 expectb1 dum venit1 ,t4 ,eu4 #bjf1 ,i will wait while he comes4 ego hc tantisper1 dum exs1 t opperiar1 ,pl4 ,most4 #fhc1 ,i'll wait for you here a while till you come out4 ego in ,arcn opperior1 dum ista cgnsc1 ,att4 #aj1 #c1 for myself ,i am waiting at the ,arcae place1 till ,i ascertain this4 7b47 mih quidem usque crae erit1 quid ags1 dum quid gers1 scier1 ,fam4 #ab1 #ai1 #c1 for me ,i shall be anxious all the time to know what you are doing1 till ,i know what you have done4 mnsit in condicine usque ad eum fnem dum idics riect sunt1 ,v4 a4 pr4 #af1 he stuck to his bargain till the jurors were challenged4 quoad1 dnec1 until4 #bjjg4 quoad or dnec1 until1 introduces a protasis in the present subjunctive when the main verb is present or future2 and in the perfect indicative when the main verb is past or a general present4 quoad is found once in ,plautus with the imperfect subjunctive 7#bjjh72 in other authors here and there with both moods2 not in ,tacitus4 ,with dnec the present subjunctive is found once in ,plautus1 rarely in late ,latin and in poetry2 the perfect indicative is found at all periods2 the present indicative 7#aeij71 found once in ,plautus1 is poetic and late4 ,but dnec is rarely used by ,cicero1 and never by ,caesar or ,sallust4 dnicum is found in old ,latin 7not in ,terence7 with the indicative 7#bjji71 and once in ,nepos with the subjunctive of indirect discourse4 dnique is found four times in ,lucretius with the indicative1 always before vowels 7#bjji74 dneque and dneque cum seem to occur a few times in ,vitruvius4 7a47 ego hc cgit commorr1 quoad m reficiam1 ,fam4 #g1 #bf1 #b1 ,i am thinking of staying here till ,i feel better4 ea continbis1 quoad ipse t videam1 ,att4 #ac1 #ba1 #d1 you will keep this back till ,i see you myself4 expergfactque secuntur innia saepe cervrum simulcra1 dnec discusss redeant errribus ad s1 ,lucr4 #d1 #iie1 and when awakened1 often they still keep hunting the shadowy forms of stags1 until the delusion is shaken off and they come to themselves4 magnus mrandusque clins sedet ad praetria rgis1 dnec ,bthn libeat vigilre tyrann1 ,j4 #aj1 #afj1 a vassal great and strange he sits in the king's gate1 till it may suit his oriental majesty to wake4 inter eadem pecora dgunt1 dnec aets sparet ingenus1 ,ta4 ,g4 #bj1 they always live among the same flocks and herds1 till maturity puts the free-born by themselves4 7b47 nostr reppulrunt neque fnem sequend fcrunt1 quoad equits praecipits hosts grunt1 #e1 #ag1 #c1 our people routed them and did not give up the pursuit till the cavalry drove the enemy headlong4 ,mil cum in sent fuisset e di quoad sentus est dmissus1 domum vnit1 ,mil4 #bh1 after staying in the senate that day till the senate adjourned1 ,milo went home4 numquam dstitit rre usque ade dnec perpulit1 ,t4 ,andr4 #ffj1 he never ceased to tease until he gained his point4 usque e timu1 dnec ad riciunds idics vnimus1 ,v4 #a1 #ag1 ,i was afraid all the time till we came to challenging jurors4 ,the present indicative of vivid narration 7#aeij7 is found in ,vergil and ,livy3 as1 soci cnsurgere tnss1 dnec rstra tenent siccum et sdre carnae omns innocuae1 ,v4 #aj1 #bii1 with one accord the shipmates rose to oars1 until the beaks dry land attain1 and keels all sat unscathed4 #bjjh4 ,an imperfect subjunctive is rarely found with quoad1 until 7#agbe73 as1 haec dis praestittast1 quoad referret1 ,pl4 ,ps4 #fbc1 this day was set by which he was to pay4 exercbtur currend et lctand ad eum fnem1 quoad stns complect posset1 ,n4 #ae1 #b1 #e1 he used to practise running and wrestling1 till he could give a grip standing4 ,for dnec1 see #bjji at the end4 #bjji4 ,other constructions occur1 chiefly in old ,latin or poetry1 with dnec1 or dnicum1 until4 7a47 ,the future perfect3 as1 haud dsinam1 dnec perfcer hc1 ,t4 ,ph4 #dai1 ,i shall not stop till ,i have finished this4 dlcta mairum lus1 dnec templa refceris1 ,h4 #c1 #f1 #a1 for sins of sires thou shalt atone1 till thou hast shrines repaired4 7b47 ,the future3 coquit usque dnec conmadbit bene1 ,cato1 ,,rr4 #aef1 #e1 boil until it is very soft4 ter centum rgnbitur anns1 dnec geminam part dabit lia prlem1 ,v4 #a1 #bgb1 for thrice a hundred years there will be kings1 till ,ilia gives birth to twins4 7c47 ,the perfect indicative1 less frequently the present1 introductory to a general present3 impedit piscs usque ade1 dnicum dxit fors1 ,pl4 ,tru4 #ch1 he always draws his net about the fish1 until he's brought them out 7#afac74 usque mantant neque id faciunt1 dnicum pariets ruont1 ,pl4 ,most4 #aaf1 they keep waiting and don't do it until the walls are falling4 7d47 ,the pluperfect indicative3 horrifers accbant vcibus ,orcum1 dnique es vt prvrant vermina saeva1 ,lucr4 #e1 #iif1 with horrid cries on ,death they'd call till gripings sore had set them free from life4 ,the imperfect indicative is found once in ,tacitus1 who also has the infinitive of intimation 7#aeci7 once or twice4 ,an imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive sometimes occurs where purpose is intimated1 and in ,livy and late ,latin to express repeated past action3 as1 dnec gregius properret exsul1 ,h4 #c1 #e1 #de1 till he could hasten forth a peerless exile4 trepidtinis aliquantum dbant1 dnec quitem ipse timor fcisset1 ,l4 #ba1 #bh1 #aa1 the elephants always displayed some nervousness1 till terror itself restored quiet 7#agcj74 ,but the habit of using the imperfect subjunctive is very common in ,tacitus where neither purpose nor repetition is intimated3 as neque proelium omsit dnec caderet1 ,ta4 #c1 #bj1 he ceased not fighting till he fell4 quand4 #bjaj4 quand1 originally a temporal particle1 has the meaning when1 which readily passes over to a causal meaning1 since1 because4 ,in both meanings it introduces the indicative4 ,for special reasons1 however1 the subjunctive is used1 as in indirect discourse 7#agbe7 or of action conceivable 7#agca74 quand is also used to introduce a conditional protasis 7#baaj74 ,in simple sentences1 temporal quand is used in pronoun questions 7#aebf74 ,as an indefinite adverb it has the meaning ever4 7,a47 ,,temporal quand4 #bjaa4 quand1 when1 introduces a temporal clause with the indicative4 ,the time is often indefinite or iterative2 so usually in old ,latin4 quand often has tum as correlative4 f ,iuppiter quand lubet1 ,pl4 ,am4 #hfd1 ,i turn into ,jupiter at my sweet will4 laudt quand illud quod cupis effcer1 ,pl4 ,cu4 #cfd1 cry your bravo when ,i've done what you desire4 quand occsi illaec perit1 post sr cupit1 ,pl4 ,aul4 #bdi1 when that chance is lost1 he wants it all too late 7#afac74 quand omns cret sunt1 tum ad es deus ftur1 ,tim4 #dj1 when all were created1 then to them spake the god4 quand pars maior in eandem sententiam bat1 bellum erat cnsnsum1 ,l4 #a1 #cb1 #ab1 when the majority voted for the same motion1 war was always agreed upon4 ,temporal quand is found sporadically at all periods2 not in ,terence or ,caesar4 #bjab4 quandque1 whenever1 is found once in the ,twelve ,tables1 a few times in ,cicero 7chiefly in legal formulae71 three times in ,horace1 and here and there in later authors4 ,not in ,caesar4 7,b47 ,,causal quand4 #bjac4 quand1 since1 seeing that1 introduces a causal clause with the indicative4 ,the reason is usually one known to the person addressed or one generally known 7#ahhd74 quand is often strengthened by quidem4 quand hc servi1 haec patriast mea1 ,pl4 ,per4 #fda1 now that ,i am a slave here1 this is my country4 qun erg abeis1 quand respnsumst8 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #ajhe1 why don't you go then1 since you've had your answer8 melius est1 quandquidem hoc numquam m ipse voluit dcere1 ,t4 ,ad4 #fci1 better so1 since he wouldn't ever tell me about it of his own accord4 quand m in hunc locum ddxit rti1 docb4 ,,dn4 #c1 #dc1 seeing that my discourse has brought me to this point1 ,i will show4 haec dtur cra cnsribus1 quandquidem es in r pblic semper volumus esse1 ,leg4 #c1 #dg1 let this be the charge of the censors1 seeing that we want such officers always in our state4 pr urbe ac pentibus dmicandum esse1 quand taliam tur nequssent1 ,l4 #bb1 #h1 #g1 that they must fight for home and country1 now that they had failed to preserve ,italy 7#agbd74 ,causal quand is found at all periods1 though not in ,caesar1 and in ,cicero's orations only with quidem4 #bjad4 quandque1 inasmuch as1 is used a few times in a formal or legal sense in ,cicero and ,livy3 as1 quandque hsce homins iniuss popul ,rmn ,quirtium foedus ictum r spopondrunt1 ,l4 #i1 #aj1 #i1 inasmuch as these persons have promised that a covenant should be made1 without the order of the ,roman nation of ,quirites4 s4 #bjae4 s1 in early ,latin sei1 is originally a locative1 meaning under those circumstances1 so4 ,with the enclitic -ce1 it forms sce or sc1 so4 ,the two are sometimes found as correlatives in colloquial style3 as1 sc scrbs aliquid1 s vacbis1 ,att4 #ab1 #ch1 #b1 so you shall have time1 so you will write something4 ,see #gjh4 ,,conditional ,,periods4 #bjaf4 ,a protasis introduced by s1 so1 if1 or nisi1 unless1 if not1 states a condition2 the apodosis states action occurring under that condition4 ,the conditional protasis and apodosis combined make a ,conditional ,period4 ,thus1 s dis est1 if it is day1 is a conditional protasis2 combined with an apodosis1 lcet1 it is light1 it makes a conditional period3 s dis est1 lcet1 ,inv4 #a1 #hf1 if it is day1 it is light4 #bjag4 ,a parenthesis with ut 7#aidc7 is added when the speaker asserts that the action of the protasis is not only assumed1 but actually occurs3 as1 s virts digna est glritine1 ut est1 betus esse poterit virtte n praeditus1 ,fin4 #d1 #ea1 if virtue is entitled to glorification1 as it really is1 he will find it possible to be happy in the possession of virtue alone4 s nox opportna est ruptin1 scut est1 haec profect noctis aptissima hra est1 ,l4 #g1 #ce1 #aj1 if night is always favourable for a sortie1 and it always is1 this particular hour of the night is surely the very best time4 #bjah4 ,the apodosis is usually declarative4 ,often1 however1 it is interrogative1 exclamatory1 or imperative1 or it may take any other form which the thought or the context may require4 ,the apodosis has rarely a correlative to s3 as1 igitur1 it follows that1 idcirc1 for all that1 tum1 then1 ita1 sc1 only1 e condicine1 on condition2 at1 but1 tamen1 nevertheless1 cert1 saltem1 at any rate1 tum dnique1 tum dmum1 then and not till then4 #bjai4 s is sometimes followed by quidem or1 from ,cicero on1 by modo3 s quidem1 that is if1 since1 even if1 s modo1 if only4 s tamen1 at least if1 is found in ,lucretius1 ,sallust1 the ,augustan poets and in late writers4 sve 444 sve 7seu 4 4 4 seu7 or1 in old ,latin1 s 4 4 4 sve1 whether 4 4 4 or1 with the indicative or the subjunctive of the indefinite second person 7#aeef71 leaves a choice between two cases possible4 ,by abbreviation of the protasis sve becomes a coordinating particle3 see #afgb4 #bjbj4 ,the negative of s is s nn1 if not 7s nm1 s nllus1 c471 or nisi1 unless1 if not1 used especially of an exception or after a negative1 nisi s1 chiefly in old1 colloquial1 or late ,latin1 or1 particularly in solemn language or poetry1 n is sometimes used for nisi4 ,a restriction1 usually an ironical afterthought1 may be introduced by nisi forte 7rare before ,cicero7 or nisi vr 7in ,cicero and ,pliny the ,younger7 with the indicative4 nisi is sometimes found in an adversative sense in old and colloquial ,latin1 especially after nesci2 from ,cicero on1 it may be strengthened by tamen4 ,for nisi quod1 see #ahdh4 #bjba4 ,when a second conditional period is opposed to a first1 it is sometimes introduced by s 7or s autem71 but usually by sn 7or sn autem74 ,if the second period is negative1 and its verb is not expressed1 minus or aliter is preferred to nn4 ,,classes ,,of ,,conditional ,,protases4 #bjbb4 ,conditional protases may be divided into two classes3 #bjbc4 ,i4 ,,indeterminate protases1 that is such as merely suppose an action1 without implying either its occurrence or its non-occurrence2 these may take3 7,a47 ,any tense of the indicative required by the sense2 or 7,b47 the present subjunctive1 less frequently the perfect subjunctive1 to express a condition in the future4 #bjbd4 ,,ii4 ,protases of ,,action ,,non-,,occurrent1 that is such as suppose action not taking place4 ,these take the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive4 ,thus1 in the period s dis est1 lcet1 ,inv4 #a1 #hf1 if it is day1 it is light1 the protasis if it is day is indeterminate1 neither implying that it is1 or is not day4 ,but in s vveret1 verba eius audrtis1 if he were alive1 you would hear his evidence1 ,,rc4 #db1 the protasis denotes action non-occurrent1 if he were alive1 implying but he is not4 ,the whole period1 like the protasis1 is either an ,indeterminate ,period or a ,period of ,action non-occurrent4 ,i4 ,,indeterminate ,,protases4 7,a47 ,,indicative ,,use4 #bjbe4 ,the indicative in a conditional protasis may state present1 past1 or future time4 ,the mood and tense of the apodosis are determined by the sense4 ,the following combinations occur3 7#a47 ,,protasis ,,in ,,the ,,present4 #bjbf4 7a47 ,apodosis in the ,present4 s sunt d1 benefic in homins sunt1 ,div4 #b1 #ajd1 if there are gods1 they are kind to men4 s nescs1 tib gnsc1 ,fam4 #aj1 #bf1 #c1 if you do not know1 ,i pardon you4 deus sum1 s hoc itast1 ,t4 ,hec4 #hdc1 ,i am a god1 if this is so4 erus s tuos domst1 qun prvocs8 ,pl4 ,ps4 #fch1 in case your master is at home1 why don't you call him out8 hc mortu1 aut s qu ex reliqus excellit dignitte1 succdit1 aut1 s sunt plrs pars1 d prncipt contendunt1 #f1 #ac1 #i1 when this man dies1 if there is any one of the rest superior in position1 he always takes his place2 or if there are several with equal claims1 they have a contest about the supremacy4 s vs1 potes1 ,h4 ,s4 #b1 #f1 #ci1 you can1 if you will4 in corpore s quid eius mod est quod reliqu corpor noceat1 id r secrque patimur1 ,ph4 #h1 #ae1 in the human body if there is anything likely to damage the rest of the body1 we always allow it to be cauterized and cut4 s cui vnae sc moventur1 is habet febrim1 ,fat4 #ae1 if a man's pulse beats thus and so1 he always has fever4 ,the present is sometimes loosely used of future time 7#aeic73 as1 s illum relinqu1 eius vtae time1 ,t4 ,andr4 #baj1 if ,i desert him1 ,i tremble for his life4 assequor omnia1 s proper2 s cunctor1 mitt1 ,att4 #aj1 #h1 #e1 ,i shall compass all my ends1 if ,i hurry2 if ,i delay1 ,i shall lose everything4 castra nunc vbs hostium praedae d1 s mih pollicmin vs fortiter operam nvtrs1 ,l4 #g1 #af1 #d1 ,i give you the camp of the enemy as booty now1 if you promise me you will quit you like men4 #bjbg4 7b47 ,apodosis in the ,perfect4 s homins ratinem ds datam in fraudem convertunt1 nn dar illam quam dar hmn gener melius fuit1 ,,dn4 #c1 #gh1 if men apply reason1 the gift of the gods1 to purposes of mischief1 it would have been better it should not be given to the human race than given 7#adie74 ,the perfect of the apodosis is ordinarily used of future time 7#afab73 as1 occid1 s t vra memors1 ,pl4 ,most4 #cfi1 ,i'm a dead man1 if what you say is true4 nunc s indicium faci1 interi2 s tace1 interi tamen1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #cjf1 now if ,i tell1 ,i'm dead and gone2 if ,i keep dark1 ,i'm dead and gone the same4 n ills homins expell1 ego occid plnissum1 ,pl4 ,st4 #dja1 if ,i don't drive those people off1 all's up with me4 nam s argentum prius adfert1 continu ns amb excls sumus1 ,pl4 ,as4 #cfj1 for if he brings the money first1 then we're at once left out in the cold4 #bjbh4 7c47 ,apodosis in the ,imperfect4 sed s domst1 ,dmaenetum volbam1 ,pl4 ,as4 #deb1 but if he is at home1 ,demaenetus ,i wanted4 iam tum erat senex1 senects s vercunds facit1 ,t4 ,ph4 #ajbc1 he was already old1 if age is what makes shamefastness4 s singula vs forte nn movent1 niversa cert tamen movre dbbant1 ,,dn4 #b1 #afc1 if these points taken severally do not affect you1 yet collectively they surely should have done so 7#adie74 #bjbi4 7d47 ,apodosis in the ,pluperfect4 cesseram1 s alinam m plbem fuisse voltis1 quae nn fuit1 invidiae1 ,sest4 #fd1 ,i had yielded1 if you will have it that the commons were opposed to me1 though they were not1 to hatred4 hoc m num relicuom fuerat malum1 s puerum ut tollam cgit1 ,t4 ,hec4 #egj1 this was the only evil left in store for me1 if he compels me to adopt the child4 #bjcj4 7e47 ,apodosis in the ,future4 s interpells1 ego tacb1 ,pl4 ,men4 #aaba1 if you persist in breaking in1 ,i'll hold my tongue4 hc t s laesum t esse dcis1 patiar et concdam2 s iniriam tib factam quereris1 dfendam et negb1 ,caecil4 #eh1 if you assert that you are hurt in this matter1 ,i am perfectly willing to admit it2 but if you complain that it is a violation of your rights1 ,i shall stoutly maintain the contrary4 ,often in this combination the present is loosely used of future time 7#aeic73 as1 nunc s ille hc salvos revenit1 reddam suom sib2 s quid e fuerit1 habe dtem unde dem1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #aef1 now if our absent friend comes safely back1 ,i'll give him back his own again2 if anything befalls him1 ,i've wherewith a dower to give4 nisi id cnfestim facis1 ego t trdam magistrtu1 ,n4 #ae1 #d1 #c1 if you do not do it at once1 ,i will hand you over to a magistrate4 s pce fru volumus1 bellum gerendum est2 s bellum omittimus1 pce numquam frumur1 ,ph4 #g1 #ai1 if we wish to enjoy peace1 we shall have to make war2 if we give up war1 we never shall enjoy peace4 convincam1 s negs1 ,c4 #a1 #h1 ,i will bring it home to you1 if you deny it4 tibi dvitis dab1 s impetrs1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #abac1 ,i'll make you rich1 if you succeed4 #bjca4 7f47 ,apodosis in the ,future ,perfect4 s neque facere ut abes1 egomet abier1 ,pl4 ,poen4 #ddb1 if ,i can't make you go1 ,i'll instantly begone myself 7#afbi74 s id nn facis1 ego quod m in t sit facere dignum invner1 ,t4 ,hau4 #ajg1 if you don't do it1 ,i will have a proper course devised to use with you4 #bjcb4 7g47 ,apodosis in the ,imperative4 d mih hoc1 mel meum1 s m ams1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #bdd1 give me this1 honey mine1 an thou lov'st me4 redargue m1 s mentior1 ,clu4 #fb1 refute me1 if ,i am not speaking the truth4 dsilte1 mlits1 nisi vultis aquilam hostibus prdere1 #d1 #be1 #c1 jump overboard1 men1 unless you choose to abandon your eagle to the enemy4 n idictum facit1 scum dcit1 vincit compedibus1 ,twelve ,tables in ,gell4 #bj1 #a1 #de1 unless he satisfies the judgement1 the complainant shall take him with him1 and put him in gyves 7#aeic1 #aege74 qu r1 s haec ita sunt1 sc m colitte ut deum1 ,,cm4 #ha1 therefore1 if this is so1 you are to honour me as a god4 #bjcc4 7h47 ,apodosis in the ,present ,subjunctive4 s quid habs certius1 velim scre1 ,att4 #d1 #aj1 #a1 if you have anything more definite1 ,i should like to know 7#aeed74 sn aliter animtus es1 bene1 quod ags1 veniat tib1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #gae1 but if you're minded otherwise1 may all you do betide you well 7#aedj74 quod s nn possumus facere1 morimur1 ,ph4 #g1 #ad1 if we cannot do it1 let us die 7#aedg74 s mih flius genitur1 isque prius moritur1 et ctera1 tum mih ille sit hrs1 ,,do4 #b1 #ada1 if a son is born to me1 and the boy dies before c41 c41 then so and so is to be my heir 7#aeic1 #aedh74 s est sps nostr redits1 eam cnfirms1 ,fam4 #ad1 #d1 #c1 if there is a hope of my coming back1 strengthen that hope 7#aeej74 eum s reddis mihi1 praetere num nummum n dus1 ,pl4 ,cap4 #cca1 if you restore my boy to me1 you needn't give one penny more 7#aeea74 s hc pernoct1 causae quid dcam8 ,t4 ,ad4 #eca1 if ,i sleep here1 what reason can ,i give 7#aefc78 ,erratum3 #bjbf;a 444 s illum relinqu1 eius vtae time ,the vowels 8eiu0 are joined with single ligature #bjbh;c 444 ,,dn4 #b1 #afc ,,dn #b1 7#b47 ,,protasis ,,in ,,the ,,perfect4 #bjcd4 7a47 ,apodosis in the ,present4 s quid vnle habuit ,heius1 s id quant aestimbat1 tant vndidit1 dsin quaerere cr meris1 ,v4 #d1 #aj1 if ,hejus had anything for sale1 if he sold it at his own valuation1 ,i stop enquiring why you bought4 s vr est nbs philosophia laudta1 eius trctti optim quque dignissima est1 ,ac4 #b1 #f1 if philosophy has been extolled by me with justice1 its study is eminently worthy of the good4 s honris caus statuam dedrunt1 inimc nn sunt1 ,v4 #b1 #aej1 if they contributed a statue as a compliment1 they are not enemies4 posts quoiusmod8 4 4 4 etiam nunc satis bon sunt1 s sunt induct pice1 ,pl4 ,most4 #hah1 what think you of the posts8 4 4 4 they're pretty good even now1 if they are only smeared with pitch4 ,this combination is common in general conditional periods 7#afac73 as1 homins aegr s aquam gelidam bibrunt1 prm relevr videntur1 ,c4 #a1 #ca1 if sick people drink cold water1 at first they always seem refreshed4 s quod est admissum facinus1 dem dcernunt1 #f1 #ac1 #e1 if a crime has been committed1 they also act as judges4 abirant1 s quid crditumst1 ,pl4 ,cur4 #dif1 they always swear they haven't it1 if anything is trusted them4 s puer parvus occidit1 aequ anim ferendum putant1 ,,td4 #a1 #ic1 if a baby dies1 they always think the affliction should be borne with resignation4 #bjce4 7b47 ,apodosis in the ,perfect4 s peccv1 nscins fc1 ,t4 ,hau4 #fca1 if ,i've done wrong1 it was in ignorance4 haec bona in tabuls pblics s redirunt1 tabulae pblicae conruptae sunt1 ,,ra4 #abh1 if this property has been entered on the state books1 then the state books have been tampered with4 qu in bell s fuit error1 commnis fuit cum sent1 ,ph4 #aa1 #cd1 if there was a mistake in this war1 it was common to him and the senate4 interi1 s abit1 ,pl4 ,ps4 #iaj1 ,i'm lost1 if he has gone 7#afjh74 ,also in general periods 7#afac73 as1 anim s quand vra vdrunt1 s sunt fortn atque cs1 ,div4 #b1 #ajh1 if the mind has ever seen the truth1 it has used in every case luck and chance4 studis equidem tor nostrs pots1 sed scubi ill dfcrunt1 vert multa d ,graecs1 ,,td4 #b1 #bf1 ,i use our own poets carefully1 it is true3 but whenever they have failed me1 ,i have always translated a great deal from ,greek4 #bjcf4 7c47 ,apodosis in the ,pluperfect4 s illud ire rogtum dcere aus sunt1 obltne erant8 ,,pc4 #de1 if they ventured to say that that measure was brought forward in due form1 had not they forgotten8 #bjcg4 7d47 ,apodosis in the ,future4 s quis oriente cancul ntus est1 is in mar nn moritur1 if anybody is born when the dogstar is rising1 he will never die at sea 7general73 s ,fabius oriente cancul ntus est1 ,fabius in mar nn moritur1 ,fat4 #ab1 if ,fabius was born when the dogstar was rising1 ,fabius will not die at sea 7particular74 s parum intellxt1 dcam dnu1 ,pl4 ,r4 #aajc1 if you don't understand1 ,i'll say again4 nn tar e cnsutdine1 s quid est factum clmenter1 ut dissolt factum crminer1 ,v4 #e1 #ai1 ,i will not avail myself of the common practice1 and if a thing has been done in a spirit of mercy1 charge that it was done in a lax way4 nisi iam factum aliquid est per ,flaccum1 fet m1 ,fam4 #c1 #aa1 #c1 unless something or other has been done already through ,flaccus1 it will be done by me4 #bjch4 7e47 ,apodosis in the ,imperative4 s pls minusve securunt1 s fraude est1 ,twelve ,tables in ,gell4 #bj1 #a1 #di1 if they cut too much or too little1 it shall be without penalty 7#afac74 s vdistis1 dcite1 ,pl4 ,r4 #cbc1 if ye have seen1 declare4 s quid est pecctum nbs1 prfer1 ,t4 ,hec4 #bec1 declare it1 if we've erred at all4 s numquam avr pretium statu art meae1 exemplum statuite in m1 ,t4 ,hau4 #dh1 if never like a miser ,i have set a price upon my art1 a pattern set in me4 s qus propnquus sangus patrns dedit1 iuvte perclitantem1 ,ta4 #c1 #ab1 if relationship has made any of you his advocates1 help him in his straits4 #bjci4 7f47 ,apodosis in the ,present ,subjunctive4 s nlla colris prncipis est reddita ntra1 extempl ratinem reddere posss1 ,lucr4 #b1 #geg1 if atoms have no colour1 you might explain at once 7#aeef74 merit maledcs m1 s nn id ita factumst1 ,pl4 ,am4 #egb1 you might with perfect right abuse me1 if it is not so 7#aeef74 #bjdj4 7g47 ,apodosis in the ,imperfect ,subjunctive4 s nm hc praeterit1 postquam intr abi1 cistella hc iacret1 ,pl4 ,cist4 #fhc1 if nobody has passed along this way1 since ,i went in1 a casket must have been lying here 7#aefj74 nam cr tam variae rs possent esse requr1 ex n s sunt ign prque cretae8 ,lucr4 #a1 #fde1 for how could things so motley be1 ,i ask1 if they are made of pure and simple fire 7#aefe78 #bjda4 7h47 ,apodosis in the ,pluperfect ,subjunctive4 s ,antni ,crassus loquns vsus nn est1 tib numquam ,cotta vsus esset1 ,o4 #ajf1 if ,antony did not hold ,crassus eloquent1 you would never have held ,cotta so 7#aefa74 7#c47 ,,protasis ,,in ,,the ,,imperfect4 #bjdb4 7a47 ,apodosis in the ,present4 s tum nn pertimscbs1 n nunc quidem perhorrscis8 ,v4 #d1 #gh1 if you were not getting afraid then1 are you not getting scared even now8 s qu sens c dfrms erant1 es in hostium numer dcit1 ,v4 #e1 #fd1 if any were old and homely1 he considers them in the light of enemies 7#aeij74 s ad illum hrdits venibat1 vr simile est ab ill nectum1 ,inv4 #a1 #hi1 if the inheritance was coming to so and so1 it is likely that the murder was committed by that man4 adulscent nihil est quod suscnseam1 s illum minus nrat1 ,t4 ,ph4 #cfa1 ,i have no cause for anger with the youth1 if he was not acquainted with the man4 #bjdc4 7b47 ,apodosis in the ,perfect4 sed s properbs magis1 prdi ns t hc dxisse oportuit1 ,pl4 ,poen4 #ebe1 but if you were in greater haste1 you should have brought us here the day before4 #bjdd4 7c47 ,apodosis in the ,imperfect4 ,this combination is used chiefly of contemporaneous action 7#agcb71 in general conditional periods3 as1 s quod erat grande vs1 laet adferbant1 ,v4 #d1 #dg1 if any good-sized vase was ever found1 they would always bring it to him in high glee4 atque ea s erant1 magnam habbs ds grtiam1 ,pl4 ,as4 #adc1 and if them you ever had1 you were monstrous grateful to the gods4 s quae rs erat maior1 populus commovbtur1 ,sest4 #aje1 if a thing of more than ordinary importance occurred1 the populace was always aroused4 h1 s quid erat drius1 concurrbant1 #a1 #dh1 #f1 whenever there was any pretty sharp work1 these men would always fall to4 ,for the subjunctive in such protases1 see #bjga4 #bjde4 7d47 ,apodosis in the ,future4 flbunt ,germnicum etiam gnt3 vindicbitis vs1 s m potius quam fortnam meam fovbtis1 ,ta4 #b1 #ga1 as for weeping for ,germanicus1 that will be done by strangers too2 vengeance will be yours1 if you honoured in me more the man than the position4 ,see ,att4 #ad1 #a1 #a4 #bjdf4 7e47 ,apodosis in the ,present ,subjunctive4 fc anim magn ss1 et s turbidissima sapienter ferbs1 tranquillira laet fers1 ,fam4 #f1 #ad1 #c1 be of great heart1 and if you bore anarchy like a stoic1 bear a more orderly condition of things with good cheer 7#aeej74 #bjdg4 7f47 ,apodosis in the ,imperfect ,subjunctive4 s ambs1 invenrs mtuom1 ,pl4 ,ps4 #bhf1 you should have borrowed1 if you were in love 7#aeei74 quod s mes incommods laetbantur1 urbis tamen pericul commovrentur1 ,sest4 #ed1 if they did exult over my mishaps1 still they ought to have been touched by the danger to ,rome 7#aeei74 7#d47 ,,protasis ,,in ,,the ,,pluperfect4 #bjdh4 7a47 ,apodosis in the ,present4 s hoc ita ft datum erat1 ut ad pcem petendam venrem1 laetor t mih sorte potissimum datum1 qu peterem1 ,l4 #cj1 #cj1 #c1 if it was so ordained by fate that ,i should come to sue for peace1 ,i am glad that you are allotted me1 of all men in the world1 to sue from4 #bjdi4 7b47 ,apodosis in the ,perfect4 tum id1 s falsum fuerat1 flius qur nn refellit8 ,t4 ,ph4 #djj1 if that had been untrue1 why did not at the time your son disprove it8 vel offici1 s quid dbuerat1 vel errr1 s quid nescierat1 satis factum esse dxit1 ,d4 #ac1 he thought he had done enough for duty1 if he had been under any obligation1 enough for delusion1 if he had been acting under mistaken ignorance4 #bjej4 7c47 ,apodosis in the ,imperfect4 sed in aedibus quid tibi mes nam erat negt m absente1 nisi ego iusseram8 ,pl4 ,aul4 #dbg1 but what business had you in my house in my absence1 unless ,i had ordered8 s nihil in ist pugn ,rsci fcerant1 quam ob causam tants praemis dnbantur8 ,,ra4 #ajh1 if the ,rosciuses had not done service in that fight1 why were they presented with such rewards8 ,often of antecedent action1 in general conditional periods3 as1 s quicquam caelt adspexerat1 mans abstinre1 idics1 nn poterat1 ,v4 #d1 #dh1 if he ever caught sight of a bit of chased work1 why1 gentlemen1 he never could keep his hands off4 stomachbtur senex1 s quid asperius dxeram1 ,,dn4 #a1 #ic1 the old gentleman was always nettled1 if ,i said anything harsh4 ac seu longum post tempus vnerat hospes1 sve convva per imbrem vcnus1 bene erat nn piscibus urbe petts1 ,h4 ,s4 #b1 #b1 #aah1 and if a friend dropped in1 after an absence long1 or neighbour1 come to take pot-luck upon a rainy day1 we feasted not on fish brought out from town4 ,for the subjunctive in such protases1 see #bjga4 #bjea4 7d47 ,apodosis in the ,imperfect ,subjunctive4 ante slem exorientem nisi in palaestram vners1 haud mediocrs poens penders1 ,pl4 ,b4 #dbf1 ere sunrise so you came not to the wrestling school1 amercement strong you had to pay 7#aeeb74 7#e47 ,,protasis ,,in ,,the ,,future4 #bjeb4 7a47 ,apodosis in the ,present4 eam sei crbeis1 perbonast1 ,pl4 ,merc4 #ebf1 if you'll take care of her1 she is first-rate4 quod s perferre nn poter1 opprim m ml1 ,,ra4 #aj1 if ,i cannot succeed in bearing it1 ,i would rather be crushed4 #bjec4 7b47 ,apodosis in the ,perfect4 quam nisi dfends1 ,rmulus nn bene vdit avs1 ,prop4 #d 7#e71 #f1 #dc1 unless thou savest her1 'twas ill that ,romulus espied his birds4 ctumst1 s quidem t m hc ldificbere1 ,t4 ,eu4 #gag1 all's up1 that is in case you fool me here 7#afab74 cui s esse in urbe licbit1 vcimus1 ,att4 #ad1 #bj1 #c1 if he shall be allowed to stay in town1 the day is ours 7#afab74 #bjed4 7c47 ,apodosis in the ,future4 s erum nsimulbis malitiae1 male audis1 ,t4 ,ph4 #cei1 you'll hear what you won't like1 if you insinuate anything wrong against master4 vcns bonus est3 s t libenter vcnits vidbit1 facilius tua vnds2 s aedificbis1 opers1 iments1 mteri adiuvbunt1 ,cato1 ,,rr4 #d1 be obliging to your neighbours3 if the neighbourhood looks on you with favour1 you will find a readier sale for your produce2 if you fall to building1 they will help you with labour1 draught animals1 and building material4 s id audbis dcere1 causam inimc tu sublevbis1 ,caecil4 #ab1 if you venture to say that1 you will promote the cause of your enemy4 s fortna volet1 fs d rhtore cnsul2 s volet haec eadem1 fs d cnsule rhtor1 ,j4 #g1 #aig1 if fortune shall ordain1 a magnate from a teacher thou shalt be2 again shall she ordain1 a teacher from a magnate shalt thou be4 nn modo nn laedtur causa nbilittis1 s ists hominibus resisttis1 vrum etiam rnbitur1 ,,ra4 #ach1 the interests of the nobility will not be damaged1 if you resist those creatures2 oh no1 on the contrary1 they will be promoted4 ,the clause with s is apt to take the future perfect 7#bjfa74 ,the future in the apodosis often denotes action holding good at all times3 as1 dfnsor prmum1 s poterit1 dbbit vtam eius1 qu nsimulbitur1 quam honestissimam dmnstrre1 ,inv4 #b1 #ce1 the advocate ought in the first place1 if he can1 to prove that the life of the accused is eminently respectable4 quod adsequmur1 s cavbimus n in perturbtins incidmus1 ,off4 #a1 #aca1 we shall attain this end if we take care not to be subject to fits of passion4 ,sometimes in exemplifications3 s patriam prdere cnbitur pater1 silbitne flius8 ,off4 #c1 #ij1 if a father shall try to betray his country1 will the son keep silent8 ,but see #bjij4 #bjee4 7d47 ,apodosis in the ,future ,perfect4 oculum ego ecfodiam tib 33 dcam tamen2 nam s sc nn licbit1 luscus dxer1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #dfc1 ,i'll dig your eye out 33 but ,i'll speak1 nathless2 for if ,i may not as ,i am1 ,i'll say my say as one-eyed man4 sed s t aequ anim ferre accipiet1 neclegentem fceris1 ,t4 ,andr4 #cig1 but if he sees you take it placidly1 you'll have him off his guard4 ,the more usual combination is as in #bjfb4 #bjef4 7e47 ,apodosis in the ,imperative4 vir tuos s veniet1 iube dom opperrier1 ,pl4 ,cist4 #eib1 in case your husband comes1 tell him to wait at home4 ,almost always the second imperative is used 7#aegg73 as1 s volet1 su vvit1 ,twelve ,tables in ,gell4 #bj1 #a1 #de1 if the prisoner wish1 he may subsist on his own food4 s veniet nntius1 facit ut sciam1 ,pl4 ,st4 #adh1 if a messenger shall come1 be sure you let me know4 s d m ips plra dcere vidbor1 gnscitte1 ,sest4 #ca1 if ,i seem to harp too much on myself1 you must excuse me4 #bjeg4 7f47 ,apodosis in the ,present ,subjunctive4 s quid erit1 quod scrbendum puts1 velim facis1 ,att4 #aa1 #ac1 #e1 if there shall be anything which you think worth writing1 ,i wish you would write 7#aeee74 nam s altera illaec magis nstbit1 forsitan ns reiciat1 ,t4 ,ph4 #gag1 for if the other lady presses more1 perhaps he'll throw us out 7#aeed74 peream1 s t ferre poterunt1 ,brut4 in ,fam4 #aa1 #bc1 #b1 may ,i die1 if they shall find it possible to endure you 7#aeda74 s quand illa dcet #8,phaedriam intr mittmus1' ,pamphilam canttum prvocmus1 ,t4 ,eu4 #dda1 if ever she shall say #8let us have ,phaedria in1' then let us call out ,pamphila to sing 7#aedh74 habeat1 s argentum dabit1 ,pl4 ,r4 #gbg1 she's welcome to them1 if she pays the cash 7#aedh74 #bjeh4 7g47 ,apodosis in the ,perfect ,subjunctive4 s m auditis1 adulscents1 slem alterum n metuertis1 ,,rp4 #a1 #cb1 if you will hearken to me1 my young friends1 never fear a double sun 7#aeea74 sn erit ille gemitus lmentbilis1 vix eum virum dxerim1 ,,td4 #b1 #eg1 but if his groan be a long-drawn wail1 ,i could scarcely call him a man 7#aeeh74 7#f47 ,,protasis ,,in ,,the ,,future ,,perfect4 #bjei4 7a47 ,apodosis in the ,present4 salvae sunt1 s ists flcts dvtverint1 ,pl4 ,r4 #afh1 they are saved1 if they escape those waves 7#aeic74 rx sum1 s ego illum hominem adlexer1 ,pl4 ,poen4 #fga1 ,i'm a millionaire1 if ,i allure the man 7#aeic74 crmen probre t cnss posse1 s n causam quidem malefic prtuleris8 ,,ra4 #gb1 do you think you can prove your charge1 if you do not even bring forward a motive for the crime8 quod s meam spem vs improbrum fefellerit1 commend vbs meum parvum flium1 ,c4 #d1 #bc1 but if the might of the wicked disappoints my hope1 unto your keeping do ,i commend the little son of mine4 #bjfj4 7b47 ,apodosis in the ,perfect4 victus sum1 s dxeris1 ,pl4 ,am4 #dbh1 ,i am beaten if you tell 7#afab74 s snserit1 peri1 ,t4 ,andr4 #bac1 if he scents it1 ,i'm done for 7#afab74 s cnservtus erit1 vcimus1 ,fam4 #ab1 #f1 #b1 if he is saved1 our success is assured 7#afab74 tum1 hercule1 ill di qu ego cnsul sum cretus1 male gesta rs pblica est1 s tuleritis1 ,l4 #c1 #ai1 #aa1 in that case it was indeed a bad day for the country when ,i was made consul1 if you make the proposition 7#afjh74 #bjfa4 7c47 ,apodosis in the ,future4 perb1 s nn fcer1 s fax vpulb1 ,pl4 in ,gell4 #c1 #c1 #h1 ,i shall be done for if ,i don't do it1 if ,i do1 ,i shall be done up too 7#afbf74 oculum ego ecfodiam tib1 s verbum addideris1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #dfc1 ,i'll gouge your eye out for you1 if you say another word4 s t interfic iusser1 residbit in r pblic reliqua conirtrum manus1 ,c4 #a1 #ab1 if ,i order you to be dispatched1 the rest of the gang of conspirators will be left in the state4 #bjfb4 7d47 ,apodosis in the ,future ,perfect4 s dxer mendcium1 solns meo mre fcer1 ,pl4 ,am4 #aih1 if fiction ,i relate1 ,i shall have done but in my usual way4 s t argentum attuleris1 cum ill perdider fidem1 ,pl4 ,ps4 #cgf1 if you1 sir1 bring the cash1 ,i'll break my word to him4 resprr1 s t vder1 ,att4 #b1 #bd1 #e1 ,i shall be myself again1 if ,i see you4 pergrtum mih fceris1 s d amciti disputris1 ,l4 #af1 you will do me a very great favour1 if you will discourse on friendship4 #bjfc4 7e47 ,apodosis in the ,imperative4 ,generally the longer forms of the imperative are used 7#aegg73 patrnus s client fraudem fcerit1 sacer est1 ,twelve ,tables in ,serv4 to ,v4 #f1 #fji1 if a patron shall cheat his client1 let him be doomed4 servtum tibi m abdcit1 n fcer1 ,pl4 ,ps4 #ebj1 if ,i don't do it1 take me off to be your slave4 hoc s effceris1 quodvs dnum m optt1 ,t4 ,eu4 #ajef1 if you do this1 ask any gift you please of me4 s m adsequ potueris1 ut tib vidbitur1 sepelt1 ,,td4 #a1 #ajc1 if you can ever find me1 then bury me as you think best4 ,rarely the shorter forms3 inpinge pugnum1 s muttverit1 ,pl4 ,b4 #hjj1 drive your fist into him if he says booh4 s tumids accdere fasts snseris1 incept parce referque pedem1 ,o4 ,,aa4 #a1 #gae1 if thou shalt see disdain come swelling high1 give o'er and beat retreat4 #bjfd4 7f47 ,apodosis in the ,present ,subjunctive4 sib habeat1 s nn extempl ab e abdxer1 ,pl4 ,per4 #afd1 he may keep her1 if ,i don't carry her off that minute 7#aedh74 caecum m ferr cnfitear1 s t potuisse superr dxer1 ,planc4 #f1 if ,i say that you can be surpassed1 ,i should own myself swept along like a blind man 7#aeef74 tum magis adsentire1 s ad maira pervner1 ,,rp4 #a1 #fb1 you would agree all the more if ,i come at once to weightier points 7#aeef74 ,,some ,,special ,,uses4 #bjfe4 ,an indicative protasis with s is often used to assume a general truth as a proof either for another general truth1 or for a particular fact4 7a47 s volupttis snsum capit1 dolrs etiam capit1 ,,dn4 #c1 #cb1 if it is susceptible of pleasure1 it is also susceptible of pain4 s omns1 qu r pblicae cnsulunt1 cr nbs esse dbent1 cert in prms impertrs4 s ferae parts sus dligunt1 qu ns in lbers nostrs indulgenti esse dbmus1 ,,do4 #b1 #afh1 if all people who are devoted to the public service are dear to us1 then assuredly our military men ought always to be particularly dear4 ,if wild beasts always love their young1 how kind ought we always to be to our own children4 7b47 s piett summa tribuenda laus est1 dbtis movr1 cum ,q4 ,metellum tam pi lgre videtis1 ,,do4 #b1 #afg1 if filial affection is always to be held in high honour1 you ought to be touched in this instance1 seeing such affectionate grief in ,metellus4 s nox opportna est ruptin1 scut est1 haec profect noctis aptissima hra est1 ,l4 #g1 #ce1 #aj1 if night is always favourable for a sortie1 and it always is1 this particular hour of the night is the very best time4 #bjff4 ,an indicative protasis with s often assumes a fact1 past or present1 as an argument for another fact1 or for a general truth4 ,in this case the apodosis1 which is usually a question1 often takes the subjunctive 7#aefe74 s ,slla potuit efficere1 ut dicttor dcertur1 cr hc nn possit8 ,att4 #i1 #ae1 #b1 if ,sulla could succeed in being appointed dictator1 why cannot this man8 s ,znn licuit inaudtum r nmen impnere1 cr nn liceat ,catn8 ,fin4 #c1 #ae1 if ,zeno was allowed to give a new name to a thing1 why should not ,cato be allowed8 quod s ,graec leguntur ,graecs1 quid est cr nostr nostrs nn legantur8 ,fin4 #a1 #f1 but if ,greeks are read by ,greeks1 why should not ,romans be read by ,romans8 #bjfg4 ,an indicative protasis with s often assumes a fact which is declared in the apodosis to be no reason for another fact4 ,in this case the negative usually begins the period4 s1 for which quia or ets is sometimes substituted1 sometimes has idcirc1 lic1 or continu1 rarely proptere or ide1 as correlative in the apodosis4 nn1 s tib ante prfuit1 semper prderit1 ,ph4 #h1 #ab1 even if it has done you good in the past1 that is no reason why it always will in the future4 nn s ,opmium dfendist1 idcirc t ist bonum cvem putbunt1 ,,do4 #b1 #agj1 suppose you did defend ,opimius1 that is no reason why your friends will think you a patriot4 nec s omne nntitum aut vrum aut falsum est1 sequitur lic1 esse causs immtbils1 quae prohibeant secus cadere atque csrum sit1 ,fat4 #bh1 and even if every declaration is either true or false1 it does not follow without any further ado that there are unchangeable causes to prevent a thing falling out different from the way it promises to fall out4 nn continu1 s m in gregem scrirum contul1 sum scrius1 ,,ra4 #id1 it does not forthwith follow that if ,i have joined a band of bravoes1 ,i am a bravo4 ,erratum3 #bjfe;a 444 ,,dn4 #c1 #cb1 #c1 #cb4 mror1 mrum s4 #bjfh4 mror or mrum est 7mra sunt7 may introduce a conditional protasis1 instead of a clause with quod 7#ahea7 or the accusative with the infinitive 7#bahh74 ,generally the main clause is actually or virtually negatived3 as1 minus mrandumst1 illaec aets s quid illrum facit1 ,pl4 ,b4 #dji1 'tis not to be wondered at1 if youth does things like that4 idne t mrre1 s patrissat flius8 ,pl4 ,ps4 #ddb1 can you1 sir1 wonder at it if the son plays the father8 nec mrum s tbtur cnsili1 ,quinct4 #ah1 and it is no wonder if he followed the advice4 mrer1 s vna vestra auctrits est8 ,l4 #c1 #ba1 #d1 can ,i think it strange if your influence is of no account 7#aefe78 ,rarely the main clause is positive3 as1 mrbar hoc s sc abret1 ,t4 ,andr4 #age1 ,i wondered if it was going to end so 7#aggc74 mror s quemquam amcum habre potuit1 ,l4 #ed1 ,i wonder if he could have had a friend in the world4 ,in old colloquial style mrum n is found3 as1 mrum n hc me exossre cgitat1 ,pl4 ,am4 #cai1 strange that he doesn't think of boning me4 ubi nunc ipsus8 33 mrum n domst1 ,t4 ,andr4 #eih1 where is he now8 33 at home of course4 ,so once in ,livy3 mrum esse n castra hostium oppugnentur1 ,l4 #c1 #bh1 #e1 that he shouldn't be surprised if the enemy's camp were being stormed 7#agbd74 gaude s is found once in ,cicero1 and terre1 metus est s1 or the like occurs a few times in ,tacitus4 ,for s in expressions of trial1 hope1 expectation1 c41 see #aggg4 ,,the ,,subjunctive ,,for ,,the ,,indicative4 #bjfi4 ,the indicative in the protasis is occasionally replaced by the subjunctive1 as follows3 #bjgj4 7#a47 ,the present or perfect subjunctive is sometimes used in general present suppositions1 regularly in the indefinite second person singular1 rarely with other persons 7#agcj73 as1 7a47 nam dol nn dol sunt nisi ast cols1 sed malum maxumum1 s id palam prvenit1 ,pl4 ,cap4 #bba1 for tricks are never tricks1 unless you handle them with craft1 but damage dire1 in case the thing gets out2 here the indicative prvenit shows that cols is due to the person4 nec calidae citius dcdunt corpore febrs1 textilibus s in pctrs ostrque rubent iactris1 quam s in plbi veste cubandum est1 ,lucr4 #b1 #cd1 nor sooner will hot fevers leave the limbs1 if on gay tapestries and blushing purple you should toss1 than if perforce your bed you make on pallet rude4 quod est difficile1 nisi speciem prae t bon vir fers1 ,off4 #b1 #ci1 and this is a hard thing1 unless you have the exterior of a good man4 nec habre virttem satis est nisi tre1 ,,rp4 #a1 #b1 and to have virtue is not enough1 unless one use it4 squoi mtuom quid deders1 fit pr propri perditum1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #ajea1 if aught you've lent to anyone1 'tis not your own1 but lost4 nam nllae magis rs duae pls negt habent1 s occpers exrnre1 ,pl4 ,poen4 #bab1 for no two things give more trouble if you once begin to fit them out4 nlla est excsti pecct1 s amc caus peccvers1 ,l4 #cg1 it is no excuse for a sin if you have sinned from friendship4 7b47 sus quisque opprim nn patitur1 neque1 aliter s faciat1 llam inter sus habet auctrittem1 #f1 #aa1 #d1 nobody suffers his vassals to be put down1 and if he ever act otherwise1 he has no influence among his people4 laeduntur artriae1 s cr clmre compleantur1 ,cornif4 #c1 #ba1 it always hurts the windpipe1 if it be filled out with a sharp scream4 turpis excsti est1 s quis contr rem pblicam s amc caus fcisse fatetur1 ,l4 #dj1 it is always a discreditable apology1 if a man confess that he has been unpatriotic from motives of friendship4 ,britann inincta imperi mnera impigr obeunt1 s iniriae absint1 ,ta4 ,agr4 #ac1 the ,britons are always perfectly ready to perform the duties enjoined on them by the ,roman government1 if they be not maltreated4 #bjga4 7#b47 ,the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive is sometimes used in general past suppositions 7#agcj74 ,this use begins with ,catullus and ,caesar1 the indicative being the regular classical construction 7#bjdd1 #bjej74 chommoda dcbat1 s quand commoda vellet dcere ,arrius1 ,cat4 #hd1 #a1 hadvantages said ,arrius1 if advantages he ever meant to say4 s quis prehendertur1 cnsns mlitum ripibtur1 ,caes4 ,c4 #c1 #aaj1 #d1 every time a man was taken up1 he was rescued by the joint action of the rank and file4 sn autem locum tenre vellent1 nec virtt locus relinqubtur1 neque coniecta tla vtre poterant1 #e1 #ce1 #d1 but if on the other hand they undertook to hold their position1 there was never any opening for bravery1 nor could they ever dodge the shower of missiles4 sn ,numidae propius accessissent1 ib virttem ostendere1 ,s4 ,i4 #eh1 #c1 they showed forth their valour every time the ,numidians drew near 7#aece74 7,b47 ,,subjunctive ,,use4 #bjgb4 ,the present or perfect subjunctive may be used in a conditional protasis of future time4 #bjgc4 ,the apodosis is usually in the present subjunctive1 less frequently in the perfect subjunctive4 ,the imperfect and pluperfect subjunctive are rare 7#bjhi74 #bjgd4 ,the indicative is sometimes used in the apodosis1 especially in expressions of ability1 duty1 c4 7#adie72 nn possum is regularly in the indicative when the protasis is also negative4 ,for the future indicative the periphrastic form is sometimes used4 #bjge4 ,in the early period1 before the imperfect subjunctive had been shifted to denote present time in conditional sentences 7#bjia71 the present subjunctive was used to express action non-occurrent in present time4 ,examples of this use are found in ,plautus3 as1 s honest cnseam t facere posse1 sudeam2 vrum nn potest2 cave faxs1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #acga1 if ,i thought that you could do the thing with credit to yourself1 ,i should advise you to2 but 'tis impossible2 so don't you do it4 vocem t ad cnam1 nisi egomet cnem fors1 ,pl4 ,st4 #aij1 ,i should ask you home to dine1 if ,i were not dining out myself4 ,such sentences must not be confused with those in which an action from the nature of things impossible is represented as of possible occurrence4 7#a47 ,,protasis ,,in ,,the ,,present ,,subjunctive4 #bjgf4 7a47 ,apodosis in the ,present ,subjunctive4 at pigeat poste nostrum erum1 s vs eximat vinculs1 ,pl4 ,cap4 #bjc1 but it may rue our master by and by1 if he should take you out of bonds4 quid s veniat dsubit prandium1 ub ego tum accumbam8 ,pl4 ,b4 #gi1 suppose a lunch should suddenly come off1 where is your humble servant then to lie 7#aefc78 hanc viam s asperam esse negem1 mentiar1 ,sest4 #ajj1 if ,i say that this path is not rough1 ,i should not tell the truth4 s deus t interroget1 quid respondes8 ,ac4 #b1 #hj1 if a god ask you1 what would you answer8 haec s tcum patria loqutur1 nnne impetrre dbeat8 ,c4 #a1 #ai1 if thy country plead with thee thus1 ought she not to carry her point8 s existat hodi ab nfers ,lycrgus1 s ,spartam antquam gnscere dcat1 ,l4 #ci1 #cg1 #c1 if ,lycurgus rise this day from the dead1 he would say that he recognized the ,sparta of yore4 es nn crre opnor1 quid agat hmnum genus2 nam s crent1 bene bons sit1 male mals1 quod nunc abest1 ,e4 in ,div4 #b1 #ajd1 ,,dn4 #c1 #gi1 but little care the gods1 ,i trow1 how fares the race of man2 for should they care1 the good were blest1 the wicked curst2 a thing that really cometh not to pass4 #bjgg4 7b47 ,apodosis in the ,perfect ,subjunctive4 s aequom siet m pls sapere quam vs1 dederim vbs cnsilium catum1 ,pl4 ,e4 #beg1 if it becoming be for me to have more wit than ye1 sage counsel might ,i give 7#aeeh74 aufgerim potius quam redeam1 s e mihi redeundum sciam1 ,t4 ,hec4 #dbd1 ,i'd run away sooner than go back1 if ,i should hear ,i had to 7#aeeh74 nec satis sci1 nec s sciam1 dcere ausim1 ,l4 praef4 #a1 in the first place ,i do not know very well1 and secondly if ,i should know1 ,i should not venture to say 7#aeee74 iniuss tu extr rdinem numquam pugnverim1 nn s certam victriam videam1 ,l4 #g1 #aj1 #b1 without orders from you ,i never should fight out of ranks1 no1 not if ,i saw victory was certain 7#aeeh74 tum vr nququam hc dextr capitlium servverim1 si cvem commlitnemque meum in vincula dc videam1 ,l4 #f1 #ad1 #d1 upon my word1 in that case ,i should prove to have saved the capital in vain1 if ,i saw a townsman and brother-in-arms of mine haled to jail4 mults circ nam rem ambits fcerim1 s quae variant auctrs omnia exequ velim1 ,l4 #bg1 #bg1 #ab1 ,i should make a long story about one subject1 if ,i should undertake to go through all the different versions of the authorities4 #bjgh4 7c47 ,apodosis in the ,present ,indicative4 qu s decem habes lingus1 mtum esse addecet1 ,pl4 ,b4 #abh1 if you should have a dozen tongues1 'tis fit you should be dumb 7#bjgd74 s pr peccts centum dcat uxrs1 parumst1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #aahf1 if he should wed a hundred wives in payment for his sins1 'tis not enough4 intrre1 s possim1 castra hostium vol1 ,l4 #b1 #ab1 #e1 ,i propose to enter the camp of the enemy1 if ,i be able4 t neque dbent adiuvre1 s possint1 neque possunt1 s velint1 ,v4 #d1 #bj1 they ought not to help you1 if they could1 and cannot1 if they would4 s vcem rrum ntra repente mittat1 quid respondmus8 ,lucr4 #c1 #ica1 if ,nature of a sudden lift her voice1 what answer shall we make8 s quaertur1 idemne sit pertincia et persevrantia1 dfntinibus idicandum est1 ,t4 #hg1 if it be asked whether obstinacy and perseverance are the same1 it must be settled by definitions 7#bjgd74 #bjgi4 7d47 ,apodosis in the ,future4 quadrgs s nscends ,iovis atque hinc fugis1 ita vix poteris effugere nfortnium1 ,pl4 ,am4 #dej1 ,jove's four-in-hand if you should mount1 and try to flee from here1 even so you'll scarce escape a dreadful doom4 squidem summum ,iovem t dcs dtinuisse1 malam rem effugis numquam1 ,pl4 ,as4 #dad1 e'en shouldst thou say imperial ,jove detained thee1 chastisement thou'lt ne'er avoid4 s frctus inlbtur orbis1 inpavidum ferient runae1 ,h4 #c1 #c1 #g1 should heaven's vault crumbling fall1 him all undaunted will its ruin strike4 neque t hoc dcere audbis1 nec s cupis1 licbit1 ,v4 #b1 #afg1 you will not dare to say this1 sir1 nor if you wish1 will you be allowed4 #bjhj4 7e47 ,apodosis in the ,future ,perfect4 nn tantum1 s proeli vincs1 glriae adiceris1 quantum admeris1 s quid advers veniat1 ,l4 #cj1 #cj1 #ba1 you will not acquire as much glory1 if you succeed in battle1 as you will lose1 if any reverse occur4 #bjha4 7f47 ,apodosis in the ,periphrastic ,future4 nn latrus sum1 s iubes maxum1 ,pl4 ,b4 #ajjd1 ,i don't intend to be the bearer1 should you urge me e'er so much4 quid1 s hosts ad urbem veniant1 factr estis8 ,l4 #c1 #eb1 #g1 suppose the enemy march on the town1 what do you intend to do8 #bjhb4 7g47 ,apodosis in the ,imperfect ,subjunctive4 cantus et ,lnam ddcere temptat et faceret1 s nn aera repulsa sonent1 ,tib4 #a1 #h1 #ba1 magic essays to draw ,luna down and would succeed if clashing brass should not resound 7#aefj74 n s nvigre quidem velim1 ita gubernrem1 ut somniverim2 praesns enim poena sit1 ,div4 #b1 #abb1 again1 suppose ,i undertake to go sailing1 ,i should not lay my course as ,i may have dreamed2 for the penalty would be swift 7#aefj74 s hodi bella sint1 qule ,etrscum fuit1 qule ,gallicum2 posstisne ferre ,sextium cnsulem esse8 ,l4 #f1 #dj1 #ag1 suppose there be wars to-day like the ,etruscan and the ,gallic wars3 could you bear to see ,sextius consul 7#aefe78 #bjhc4 7h47 ,apodosis in the ,pluperfect ,subjunctive4 carmina n sint1 ex umer ,pelopis nn nituisset ebur1 ,tib4 #a1 #d1 #fc1 suppose there be no verse1 from ,pelops' shoulder ne'er had ivory gleamed 7#aefa74 7#b47 ,,protasis ,,in ,,the ,,perfect ,,subjunctive4 #bjhd4 7a47 ,apodosis in the ,present ,subjunctive4 dbeam1 crd1 ist quicquam furcifer1 s id fcerim1 ,t4 ,eu4 #hfa1 ,i should be1 forsooth1 responsible to the rogue1 if ,i should do it 7#aeef74 s d cael vlla tcta siet1 d e r verba ut fant1 ,cato1 ,,rr4 #ad1 #c1 if the villa be struck by lightning1 let there be utterances about the case 7#aedg74 s corn relictus sim1 nn queam dcere1 ,br4 #aib1 if ,i should ever be abandoned by my audience1 ,i should not be able to speak4 id s acciderit1 smus armt1 ,,td4 #a1 #gh1 if this have happened1 let us be on our guard 7#aedh74 cr ego simulem m1 s quid in hs studis operae posuerim1 perdidisse8 ,par4 #cc1 why should ,i have the affectation to say that if ,i have spent any time in these pursuits1 ,i have thrown it away 7#aefc78 ,see also #bjij4 #bjhe4 7b47 ,apodosis in the ,perfect ,subjunctive4 s paululum modo quid t fgert1 ego perierim1 ,t4 ,hau4 #caf1 should you have missed the smallest point1 a dead man ,i should be4 ,see also #bjij4 #bjhf4 7c47 ,apodosis in the ,future ,indicative4 s forte lber fier occperim1 mittam nntium ad t1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #acfb1 if haply ,i should be by way of getting free1 ,i'll send you word4 s forte morbus amplior factus siet1 servom intr iisse dcent ,sstratae1 ,t4 ,hec4 #ccj1 if her illness should get worse1 they'll say a slave of ,sostrata's went in there4 #bjhg4 7d47 ,apodosis in the ,periphrastic ,future4 s ,vs incendium ortum sit1 ,fdns inde quaestr sumus8 ,l4 #e1 #ed1 #a1 if a fire break out at ,vei1 are we going to move from there to ,fidenae8 #bjhh4 7e47 ,apodosis in the ,imperfect ,subjunctive4 squis hoc gnt tu tuos servos faxit1 qulem habrs grtiam8 ,pl4 ,cap4 #gaa1 suppose a slave of yours has done this for a son of yours1 how grateful should you have been8 ,erratum3 #bjhg;d 444 ,l4 #e1 #ed1 #a ,l #e1 ,,conversion ,,to ,,past ,,time4 #bjhi4 ,an indeterminate subjunctive protasis is rarely thrown into the past1 the present and perfect becoming respectively imperfect and pluperfect4 ,in this case the form is the same as that of a protasis of action non-occurrent 7#bjia71 and the conversion occurs only when it is evident from the context that past action is supposed1 which may or may not have occurred3 as1 cr igitur et ,camillus dolret1 s haec post trecents et qunqugint fer anns ventra putret1 et ego doleam1 s ad decem mlia annrum gentem aliquam urbe nostr pottram putem8 ,,td4 #a1 #ij1 why then would ,camillus have fretted1 if he thought this would occur after a lapse of some three hundred and fifty years1 and why should ,i fret1 if ,i think that some nation may seize ,rome some ten thousand years hence8 erat sla illa nvis cnstrta2 quae s in praednum pugn versrtur1 urbis nstar habre inter ills prtics myoparns vidrtur1 ,v4 #e1 #hi1 this was the only vessel with a deck2 and supposing she figured in the engagement with the corsairs1 she would have loomed up like a town1 surrounded by those pirate cock-boats4 ,sardus habbat ille ,tigellius hoc2 ,caesar s peteret nn quicquam prficeret1 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #c1 #d1 ,tigellius the ,sardian had this way2 supposing ,caesar asked him1 naught had he availed4 ,,periods ,,of ,,exemplification4 #bjij4 ,the present subjunctive is particularly common in exemplification4 ,the perfect is sometimes used in the protasis1 rarely in the apodosis3 as1 s pater fna explet1 indicetne id magistrtibus flius8 ,off4 #c1 #ij1 if a father should plunder temples1 would the son report it to the magistrates8 s quis pater familis supplicium nn smpserit1 utrum is clmns an crdlissimus esse videtur8 ,c4 #d1 #ab1 assume for the sake of argument that a householder have not inflicted punishment1 would he seem merciful1 or a monster of cruelty8 s sciers aspidem occult latre uspiam1 et velle aliquem imprdentem super eam adsdere1 improb fcers1 nisi monuers n adsdat1 ,fin4 #b1 #ei1 suppose a man should know1 e4g4 that there was a snake hiding somewhere1 and that somebody was going to sit down on the snake unawares2 he would do wrong1 if he did not tell him he must not sit down there4 ,in such periods the future is also used1 but less frequently3 see #bjed4 ,erratum3 #bjij 444 see #bjed4 final 4 missing ,,ii4 ,,protases ,,of ,,action ,,non-,,occurrent4 #bjia4 ,a conditional period in which the non-occurrence of the action is implied takes the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive both in the protasis and in the apodosis4 ,the imperfect usually denotes present or indefinite time1 and the pluperfect denotes past time4 ,for the present subjunctive in such conditions1 see #bjge4 #bjib4 ,the imperfect sometimes denotes past time 7#aeei74 ,when future time is referred to1 the protasis is usually in the imperfect of the periphrastic future1 commonly the subjunctive1 but sometimes the indicative 7#bajh74 #bjic4 ,the apodosis is very rarely in the present subjunctive 7#bjih74 ,the periphrastic future is sometimes used1 commonly in the indicative 7#bjig1 #bajj74 7#a47 ,,protasis ,,in ,,the ,,imperfect ,,subjunctive4 #bjid4 7a47 ,apodosis in the ,imperfect ,subjunctive4 7a47 ,protasis and apodosis both denoting present action2 this is the usual application3 s intus esset1 vocrem1 ,pl4 ,ps4 #fdj1 ,i should call him out1 if he were in4 is iam prdem est mortuus4 s vveret1 verba eius audrtis1 ,,rc4 #db1 that person has long been dead2 if he were alive1 you would hear his evidence4 adnuere t vide2 prferrem librs1 s negrs1 ,,dn4 #a1 #aac1 ,i see you nod assent2 ,i should bring out the books1 if you maintained the opposite4 s ,l4 ,mummius aliquem istrum vidret ,corinthium cupidissim trctantem1 utrum illum cvem excellentem1 an trinsem dligentem putret8 ,par4 #ch1 if ,mummius should see one of your connoisseurs nursing a piece of ,corinthian1 and going into perfect ecstasies over it1 what would he think8 that the man was a model citizen or a thoroughly competent indoor-man8 quod s semper optima tenre possmus1 haud sn cnsili multum egrmus1 ,,op4 #hi1 now if we could always be in possession of what is best1 we should not ever stand in any special need of reasoning4 7b47 ,protasis and apodosis both denoting past action3 haec s neque ego neque t fcimus1 nn siit egests facere ns2 nam s esset unde id feret1 facermus2 et t illum tuom1 s esss hom1 siners nunc facere1 ,t4 ,ad4 #ajc1 if neither you nor ,i have acted thus1 'twas poverty that stinted us2 for if we'd had the means1 we should have done so too2 and you would let that boy of yours1 if you were human1 do it now4 ,here esset refers to past time1 esss to present4 num igitur eum1 s tum esss1 temerrium cvem putrs8 ,ph4 #h1 #ad1 would you therefore have thought him1 if you had lived then1 a hotheaded citizen8 s niversa prvincia loqu posset1 hc vce tertur2 quoniam id nn poterat1 hrum rrum ctrem ipsa dlgit1 ,caecil4 #ai1 if the collective province could have spoken1 she would have used these words2 but since she could not1 she chose a manager for the case herself4 #bjie4 7b47 ,apodosis in the ,pluperfect ,subjunctive4 invnissmus iam di1 sei vveret1 ,pl4 ,men4 #bda1 were he alive1 we should have found him long ago4 s mihi secundae rs d amre me essent1 iam ddum sci vnissent1 ,t4 ,hau4 #bcj1 if everything were well about my love1 ,i know they would have been here long ago4 quae nisi essent in senibus1 nn summum cnsilium mairs nostr appellssent sentum1 ,,cm4 #ai1 unless the elderly were in general characterized by these qualities1 our ancestors would not have called the highest deliberative body the body of elders4 #bjif4 7c47 ,periphrastic ,apodosis4 quibus1 s ,rmae esset1 facile contentus futrus erat1 ,att4 #ab1 #cb1 #b1 with which1 if he were in ,rome1 he would readily be satisfied 7#bjic74 qus ego1 s tribn m triumphre prohibrent1 tests cittrus fu rrum m gestrum1 ,l4 #ch1 #dg1 #d1 the very men whom ,i was to call to bear witness to my deeds1 if the tribunes should refuse me a triumph4 7#b47 ,,protasis ,,in ,,the ,,pluperfect ,,subjunctive4 #bjig4 7a47 ,apodosis in the ,imperfect ,subjunctive4 7a47 ,protasis denoting past1 apodosis present action3 s ante voluisss1 esss2 nunc sr cupis1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #efh1 if you had wished it before1 you might be2 as it is1 you long too late4 s nn mcum aettem gisset1 hodi stulta vveret1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #acbj1 if she hadn't spent her life with me1 she'd be a fool to-day4 s tum ill respondre voluissem1 nunc r pblicae cnsulere nn possem1 ,ph4 #c1 #cc1 if ,i had chosen to answer the man then1 ,i should not be able to promote the public interest now4 qu quidem tempore s meum cnsilium valuisset1 t hodi egrs1 ns lber essmus1 ,ph4 #b1 #cg1 if by the way at that time my counsel had been regarded1 you1 sir1 would be a beggar to-day and we should be free4 7b47 ,protasis and apodosis both referring to past3 lim s advnissem1 magis t tum istc dcers1 ,pl4 ,cap4 #hga1 if ,i had come before1 you'd have said so then all the more4 num igitur1 s ad centsimum annum vxisset1 senecttis eum suae paenitret8 ,,cm4 #ai1 suppose therefore he had lived to be a hundred1 would he have regretted his years8 ,inds alisque s adinxisset gents1 impedimentum maius quam auxilium traheret1 ,l4 #i1 #ai1 #e1 if he had added the ,indians and other nations1 he would have found them a hindrance rather than a help in his train4 #bjih4 7b47 ,apodosis in the ,pluperfect ,subjunctive4 s appellsss1 respondisset nmin1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #ibg1 if you had called him1 he'd have answered to his name4 nisi fgissem1 medium praemorsisset1 ,pl4 in ,gell4 #f1 #i1 #g1 if ,i hadn't run away1 he'd have bitten me in two4 s vnisss ad exercitum1 tribns vsus esss2 nn es autem ab hs vsus2 nn es igitur ad exercitum profectus1 ,inv4 #a1 #hg1 if you had come to the army1 you would have been seen by the tribunes2 but you have not been seen by them2 therefore you have not been to the army4 s betus umquam fuisset1 betam vtam usque ad rogum pertulisset1 ,fin4 #c1 #gf1 if he had ever been a child of fortune1 he would have continued the life of bliss to the funeral pyre4 nisi mlits essent dfess1 omns hostium cpiae dlr potuissent1 #g1 #hh1 #f1 unless the soldiers had been utterly exhausted1 the entire force of the enemy might have been exterminated 7#baja74 quod s ,catilna in urbe remnsisset1 dmicandum nbs cum ill fuisset1 ,c4 #c1 #ag1 but if ,catiline had staid in town we should have had to fight with the villain 7#baja74 #bjii4 7c47 ,apodosis in the ,present ,subjunctive4 vocem ego t ad m ad cnam1 frter tuos nisi dxisset mih t apud s cntrum esse hodi1 ,pl4 ,st4 #eaj1 ,i should like to invite you home to dinner1 if my brother hadn't told me that you were to dine with him to-day4 #bajj4 7d47 ,periphrastic ,apodosis4 7a47 s tacuisset1 ego eram dictrus1 ,pl4 ,cist4 #aeb1 if she had held her peace1 ,i was going to tell 7#bjic74 s ,p4 ,sstius occsus esset1 fuistisne ad arma itr8 ,sest4 #ha1 if ,sestius had been slain1 were you disposed to rush to arms8 conclve illud1 ub erat mnsrus1 s re perrxisset1 conruit1 ,div4 #a1 #bf1 the suite of rooms where he was going to spend the night1 if he had pushed on1 tumbled down4 ,teucrs fuerat mersra carns1 n prius in scopulum trnsfrmta foret1 ,o4 #ad1 #gb1 she had gone on to sink the ,trojan barks unless she had been changed into a rock4 7b47 quem s vcisset1 habitrus esset impnittem sempiternam1 ,mil4 #hd1 and if he overcame him1 he would be likely to have exemption from punishment forever and ever 7#bjic74 aut nn ft interit exercitus1 aut s ft1 etiam s obtempersset auspicis1 idem ventrum fuisset1 ,div4 #b1 #ba1 the destruction of his army was either not due to fate1 or if to fate1 it would have happened all the same1 even if he had conformed to the auspices4 ,erratum3 #bajj4 7d47 7c47 ,,indicative ,,apodosis4 #baja4 7#a47 ,the apodosis of verbs of ability1 duty1 c4 7#adie-adig71 including the gerundive with sum1 is often in the indicative1 the imperfect taking the place of the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive1 and the perfect that of the pluperfect subjunctive4 ,but the subjunctive is also found1 especially possem rather than poteram4 #bajb4 7a47 ,apodosis in the ,imperfect ,indicative4 7a47 ,of present action3 quod s ,rmae ,cn4 ,pompius prvtus esset1 tamen ad tantum bellum is erat mittendus1 ,,ip4 #ej1 now if ,pompey were at ,rome1 in private station1 still he would be the man to send to this important war4 quem patris loc1 s lla in t piets esset1 colere dbbs1 ,ph4 #b1 #ii1 whom you ought to honour as a father1 if you had any such thing as affection in you4 7b47 ,of past action3 quid enim poterat ,heius respondre1 s esset improbus8 ,v4 #d1 #af1 for what answer could ,hejus have given1 if he were an unprincipled man8 s sordidam vestem habuissent1 lgentium ,perse csum praebre speciem poterant1 ,l4 #de1 #bj1 #e1 if they had worn dark clothing1 they might have presented the mien of mourners for the fall of ,perseus4 #bajc4 7b47 ,apodosis in the ,perfect ,indicative4 nn potuit reperre1 s ips sl quaerends dars1 lepidirs dus1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #hjc1 if you assigned the search to ,sol himself1 he couldn't have found two jollier girls4 qu modo pultre potu s nn tangerem8 ,pl4 ,most4 #dfb1 how could ,i have knocked1 if ,i hadn't touched the door8 licitumst1 s vells1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #eff1 you might have been1 if you'd wished4 s meum imperium exsequ voluisss1 interemptam oportuit1 ,t4 ,hau4 #fcd1 if you had been willing to follow my commands1 she should have been dispatched4 cnsul esse qu potu1 nisi eum vtae cursum tenuissem pueriti8 ,,rp4 #a1 #aj1 how could ,i have been consul unless from boyhood ,i had taken that line in life8 s eum captvits in urbem pertrxisset1 ,caesarem ipsum audre potuit1 ,ta4 ,d4 #ag1 if captivity had carried him to the city1 he could have heard ,caesar himself4 ,antn gladis potuit contemnere1 s sc omnia dxisset1 ,j4 #aj1 #abc1 ,antonius' swords he might have scorned1 if all things he had worded so4 s num diem mort esstis1 moriendum omnibus fuit1 ,l4 #b1 #ch1 #e1 if you had staid one day1 you must all have died4 #bajd4 7#b47 ,other verbs also sometimes have a past indicative apodosis1 usually an imperfect or pluperfect1 to denote an action very near to actual performance1 which is interrupted by the action of the protasis4 ,naturally such a protasis generally contains an actual or a virtual negative2 but positive protases are found here and there1 chiefly in late writers4 #baje4 7a47 ,apodosis in the ,perfect ,indicative4 paene in foveam dcid1 n hc adesss1 ,pl4 ,per4 #eid1 ,i had almost fallen into a snare1 unless you were here4 nec vn1 nisi fta locum sdemque dedissent1 ,v4 #aa1 #aab1 nor had ,i come1 unless the fates a place and seat had given4 pns sublicius iter paene hostibus dedit1 n nus vir fuisset ,hortius ,cocles1 ,l4 #b1 #aj1 #b1 the pile-bridge all but gave a path to the enemy1 had it not been for one heroic soul1 ,horatius ,cocles4 #bajf4 7b47 ,apodosis in the ,imperfect ,indicative4 qun lbbar longius1 nisi m retinuissem1 ,leg4 #a1 #eb1 why1 ,i was going to drift on still further1 if ,i had not checked myself4 s per ,l4 ,metellum licitum esset1 mtrs illrum venibant1 ,v4 #e1 #abi1 if ,metellus had not prevented1 the mothers of those people were just coming2 here the protasis may be held to contain a virtual negative2 so in the last example on this page4 castra excindere parbant1 n ,mcinus sextam leginem opposuisset1 ,ta4 ,h4 #c1 #df1 they were preparing to destroy the camp1 had not ,mucianus checked them with the sixth legion4 s dstinta prvnissent1 rgn imminbat1 ,ta4 ,h4 #d1 #ah1 had his schemes succeeded1 he was close upon the throne4 #bajg4 7c47 ,apodosis in the ,pluperfect ,indicative4 qungents simul1 n hebes machaera foret1 n ict occders1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #eb1 five hundred1 had your glaive not blunted been1 at one fell swoop you'd slain4 praeclr vcermus1 nisi ,lepidus recpisset ,antnium1 ,fam4 #ab1 #aj1 #c1 we had gained a splendid victory1 if ,lepidus had not taken ,antony under his protection4 quod ipsum fortna ripuerat1 nisi nus amc ops subvnissent1 ,rab,p4 #dh1 even this boon fortune had wrenched from him1 unless he had been assisted by a single friend4 s gladium nn strnxissem1 tamen triumphum merueram1 ,l4 #ch1 #di1 #ab1 if ,i had not drawn my sword1 ,i had still earned my triumph4 perierat imperium1 s ,fabius tantum ausus esset quantum ra sudbat1 ,sen4 de ,ira1 #a1 #aa1 #e1 the empire had been lost1 if ,fabius had ventured as far as passion urged4 #bajh4 7#c47 ,,periphrastic ,,protasis4 7a47 ac s tib nm respnsrus esset1 tamen causam dmnstrre nn posss1 ,caecil4 #dc1 and even supposing that nobody were going to answer you1 still you would not be able to make the case good 7#bjib74 plribus vs1 mlits1 hortrer1 s cum armts dmicti futra esset1 ,l4 #bd1 #ch1 #i1 ,i should exhort you at greater length1 my men1 if there was to be a tug with armed men 7#bjib74 7b47 s domum tuam expugntrus eram1 nn temperssem vn in num diem8 ,l4 #dj1 #ad1 #d1 if ,i intended to capture your house1 should ,i not have abstained from wine for a day 7#bjib78 ,,variation ,,of ,,the ,,protasis4 #baji4 ,instead of a conditional protasis with s or nisi1 equivalents are often used4 #baaj4 ,thus1 the protasis may be coordinated 7#agja71 or be introduced by a relative pronoun 7#ahab71 by quod 7#ahdc71 cum 7#ahei1 #ahfj71 ub 7#aicb71 ut or n 7#aifc71 dum1 dum modo1 modo 7#bjjc71 or quand 7#bjaa74 ,or the protasis may be intimated by sine1 without1 cum1 with1 by a participle or ablative absolute1 by a wish1 or otherwise3 as1 7a47 nm umquam sine magn sp immortlittis s pr patri offerret ad mortem1 ,,td4 #a1 #cb1 nobody would ever expose himself to death for his country without a well-grounded conviction of immortality4 cum hc dte poteris vel mendc nbere1 ,pl4 ,per4 #cif1 with such a dowry you can e'en a beggar wed4 ,slla1 crd1 hunc petentem repudisset1 ,arch4 #be1 ,sulla1 ,i suppose1 would have turned my client away1 if he petitioned him4 quae legentem fefellissent1 trnsferentem fugere nn possunt1 ,plin4 ,ep4 #g1 #i1 #b1 what would have escaped a reader can't escape a translator4 vvere ego ,britannic potiente rrum poteram8 ,ta4 #ac1 #ba1 as for me1 could ,i live1 if ,britannicus were on the throne 7#bajb78 nisi t salv salv esse nn possumus1 ,marc4 #cb1 without you safe1 safe we cannot be4 aspicers utinam1 ,sturnia3 mtior esss1 ,o4 #b1 #dce1 would thou couldst see1 ,saturnia2 thou wouldst gentler be4 7b47 habet rtinem tlem cnsul1 qulem numquam ,catilna vctor habuisset1 ,sest4 #bh1 he makes a speech--yes1 and he a consul--such as a ,catiline would never have made1 if flushed with success4 revereris occursum1 nn reformds1 ,plin4 ,ep4 #a1 #aj1 #g1 you might well be abashed in his presence1 but you would not be afraid4 d immortls mentem ill perdit ac furis dedrunt ut huic faceret insidis2 aliter perre pestis illa nn potuit1 ,mil4 #hh1 the immortal gods inspired that mad miscreant to waylay my client2 otherwise1 that monster could not have been destroyed4 ,for the use of absque in a coordinate protasis in ,plautus and ,terence1 see #agja1 #adba4 #baaa4 ,the verb of the protasis is sometimes omitted3 as in abridged sentences 7#ajeg71 or when it may be easily supplied 7#ajcf74 aut enim nm1 aut s quisquam1 ille sapins fuit1 ,l4 #i1 for either nobody or1 if anybody1 that was a wise man4 s veniet1 gaudbimus3 sn secus1 patimur1 ,pl4 ,cas4 #cgg1 if it shall come to pass1 glad shall we be2 if else1 we shall endure4 m voluisse1 s haec cvits est1 cvem esse m2 s nn1 exsulem esse1 ,fam4 #g1 #c1 #e1 that ,i wished1 if this is a commonwealth1 to be a citizen of it2 if it is not1 to be an exile4 smeret alicunde 4 4 4 s nll ali pact1 faenore1 ,t4 ,ph4 #bii1 he could have got it from somebody or other 4 4 4 if in no other way1 on usury 7#baac74 ,,variation ,,of ,,the ,,apodosis4 #baab4 ,the apodosis is sometimes represented by the accusative of exclamation 7#aadi71 or the vocative3 as1 mortlem graphicum1 s servat fidem1 ,pl4 ,ps4 #eai1 ,o what a pattern creature1 if he keeps his word4 miserum t1 s intellegis1 miserirem1 s nn intellegis1 hoc litters mandr1 ,ph4 #b1 #ed1 wretched man if you are aware1 more wretched if you are not aware1 that all this is put down in black and white4 inimce lmnae1 ,crspe ,sallust1 nisi tempert splendeat s1 ,h4 #b1 #b1 #b1 thou foe to bullion1 ,crispus ,sallustius1 so it shine not with tempered use4 ,also the future participle in poetry and in prose from ,livy on4 #baac4 ,the verb of the apodosis1 or the entire apodosis1 is often omitted4 ,in the latter case an appended verb might easily be mistaken for the apodosis4 quid s caelum ruat8 ,t4 ,hau4 #gai1 what if the sky should fall8 qu mihi fortnam1 s nn concditur t8 ,h4 ,e4 #a1 #e1 #ab1 why wealth for me1 if wealth ,i may not use8 nisi restituissent status1 vehementer mintur1 ,v4 #b1 #afb1 he threatens vengeance dire1 if they did not put the statues back in their place4 quae supplicti s cum cters cnfertur1 hoc interest1 ,c4 #c1 #ae1 if this thanksgiving be compared with all others1 there would be found the following difference4 nn edepol ubi terrrum sim sci1 s quis roget1 ,pl4 ,am4 #ccf1 upon my word ,i don't know where on earth ,i am1 if anyone should ask4 s ,valeri qu crdat1 quadrgint mlia hostium sunt caesa1 ,l4 #cc1 #aj1 #h1 if anybody believe such a man as ,valerius1 there were forty thousand of the enemy slain4 ,a clause with s or nisi is often used parenthetically3 as1 s placet1 s vidtur1 ss1 sultis1 if you please1 s quaeris1 if you must know1 in fact1 s ds placet1 please heaven1 nisi m fallit1 if ,i am not mistaken1 c41 c4 ,for wishes introduced by s1 without an apodosis1 see #aedf4 #baad4 ,the apodosis is sometimes expanded by inserted expressions4 ,so particularly by vereor n1 equivalent to fortasse 7#aieh71 nn dubit qun1 to profect 7#aihf71 or a form of sum with a relative pronoun3 as1 quae cntur s velim commemorre1 vereor n quis exstimet m causam nbilittis voluisse laedere1 ,,ra4 #ace1 if ,i should undertake to set forth his high and mighty schemes1 possibly it might be thought that ,i wished to damage the cause of the conservatives4 s tum ,p4 ,sstius animam didisset1 nn dubit qun aliquand statua huic statuertur1 ,sest4 #hc1 if ,sestius had given up the ghost then1 a statue would doubtless at some day have been set up in his honour4 quod ille s repudisset1 dubittis qun vs esset adlta8 ,sest4 #fb1 if he had rejected this1 have you any doubt that violent hands would have been laid on him8 sescenta sunt quae memorem1 s sit tium1 ,pl4 ,aul4 #cbj1 there are a thousand things that ,i could tell1 if ,i had time4 #baae4 ,for expressions of trial1 hope1 or expectation1 followed by a conditional protasis with s1 see #aggg4 ,,concessive ,,protases4 ets1 tamets 7tamenets71 etiams4 #baaf4 ets1 tamets1 though1 etiams1 even if1 or sometimes simple s1 if1 is used to introduce a concessive protasis4 ,the verb of the protasis is either indicative or subjunctive2 but the indicative is the prevailing construction1 especially with ets4 ,the apodosis often has tamen as an adversative correlative1 even with tamets4 ets is rare in poetry2 not in ,sallust4 ,sometimes it is used like quamquam to append a fresh main sentence 7#baec74 tamets belongs chiefly to colloquial style1 though ,sallust often uses it2 not in the ,augustan poets or ,tacitus4 etiams is not found in ,plautus or ,caesar4 7a47 nn vd eam1 ets vd1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #djg1 ,i saw her not1 although ,i saw her4 qu m habeam pact1 tamets nn quaeris1 docb1 ,lucilius in ,gell4 #ah1 #h1 #b1 ,i'll tell you how ,i am1 though you do not inquire4 etiams mult mcum contendent1 tamen omns superb1 ,fam4 #e1 #h1 #d1 though ,i shall have many rivals1 yet ,i will outdo them all4 tamets causa postulat1 tamen praeterb1 ,quinct4 #ac1 though the case calls for it1 still ,i will let it pass4 ,caesar1 ets in hs locs mtrae sunt hiems1 tamen in ,britanniam proficsc contendit1 #d1 #bj1 #a1 though the winter always sets in early in these parts1 nevertheless ,caesar made haste to proceed to ,britain4 ,caesar1 ets intellegbat1 qu d caus ea dcerentur1 ,indutiomarum ad s venre iussit1 #e1 #d1 #a1 though ,caesar was aware of his motives in saying so1 he directed ,indutiomarus to come to him4 7b47 ets taces1 palam id quidem est1 ,pl4 ,aul4 #dah1 though you should hold your tongue1 still that at least is plain4 ets nihil aliud ,sllae nisi cnsultum abstulisstis1 tamen e contents vs esse oportbat1 ,sull4 #ij1 even though you had robbed ,sulla of nothing but the consulship1 still you ought to be satisfied with that4 equidem1 etiams oppetenda mors esset1 in patri mllem quam in externs locs1 ,fam4 #d1 #g1 #d1 for my part1 even though death were to be faced1 ,i should prefer it in my native land rather than abroad4 ,erratum3 #baaf;a 444 etiams mult mcum contendent1 contendent4 ,,conditional ,,comparisons4 quasi 7quam s71 tamquam s1 ut or velut s4 #baag4 s following a word meaning than or as is used with the subjunctive in conditional comparisons4 ,in this use1 quasi 7quam s twice in ,tacitus7 and tamquam s are found at all periods4 ut s is found in ,terence once1 in ,cicero 7not in the orations71 once in ,livy1 sometimes in later writers4 velut s begins with ,caesar2 not in ,cicero4 ac s is found once in the ,bell4 ,hisp4 and in late ,latin4 #baah4 s is often omitted after tamquam1 and 7from ,livy on7 sometimes after velut4 ,after quasi it is sometimes inserted in ,plautus1 ,lucretius1 and late ,latin4 ceu is sometimes used1 chiefly in poetry1 for tamquam s4 ,the main clause often has as correlative ita1 sc1 perinde1 proinde1 similiter1 or nn secus4 #baai4 ,the tense of the subjunctive is usually regulated by the sequence of tenses1 in ,cicero nearly always with quasi and tamquam s4 quid m sc salts quasi ddum nn vders8 ,pl4 ,am4 #fhb1 why dost thou greet me thus as if but now thou hadst not looked on me8 quid ego hs testibus tor1 quasi rs dubia sit8 ,caecil4 #ad1 why do ,i employ these witnesses1 as if it were a case involving doubt8 tamquam s claudus sim1 cum fstst ambulandum1 ,pl4 ,as4 #dbg1 ,i have to take my walks with a stick1 as if ,i were a lame man4 tamquam extrdertur1 ita cucurrit1 ,ph4 #aj1 #aj1 he rushed away as if he had been kicked out4 quod absentis ,ariovist crdlittem1 velut s cram adesset1 horrrent1 #a1 #cb1 #d1 because they trembled at ,ariovistus's barbarity1 absent as he was1 just as if he stood before their eyes4 m quoque iuvat1 velut ipse in parte labris ac percul fuerim1 ad fnem bell ,pnic pervnisse1 ,l4 #ca1 #a1 #a1 ,i feel glad myself at having finally reached the end of the ,punic war1 as if ,i had had a direct hand in the work and the danger4 #babj4 ,the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive is sometimes used1 even when the leading verb is in a primary tense1 to mark action more distinctly as non-occurrent 7#bjia73 as1 eius negtium sc velim suscipis1 ut s esset rs mea1 ,fam4 #b1 #ad1 ,i wish you would undertake his business1 just as if it were my own affair4 m audis1 precor1 tamquam s mih quirtant intervnisss1 ,l4 #dj1 #i1 #g1 listen to me1 ,i pray you1 as if you had come at a cry from me for help4 is irandum perinde aestimandum quam s ,iovem fefellisset1 ,ta4 #a1 #gc1 as for the oath1 it must be counted exactly as if he had broken one sworn on the name of ,jupiter4 ,this is the more usual way in ,cicero with ut s4 #baba4 quasi1 ut1 or1 from ,livy on1 tamquam or velut1 as if1 is sometimes used with participle constructions1 nouns1 and abridged expressions3 as1 quasi temere d r pblic loctus in carcerem coniectus est1 ,,dn4 #b1 #f1 on the ground that he had been speaking without good authority about a state matter1 he was clapped in jail4 restitre ,rmn tamquam caelest vce iuss1 ,l4 #a1 #ab1 #g1 the ,romans halted as if bidden by a voice from heaven4 laet1 ut explrt victri1 ad castra pergunt1 #c1 #ah1 #h1 in high spirits1 as if victory were assured1 they proceeded to the camp4 #babb4 ,in old ,latin1 quasi is found a few times for the original quam s after a comparative3 as1 m nm magis respiciet1 quasi abhinc ducents anns fuerim mortuos1 ,pl4 ,tru4 #cdj1 nobody will pay any more attention to me than if ,i had been dead two centuries4 ,it is also used 7once in classical ,latin1 ,,cm4 #ga7 in periods of actual comparison1 like tamquam 7#aijh71 with the indicative3 as1 senex ille ill dxit1 quasi ego nunc tibi dc1 ,pl4 ,st4 #ede1 that old man said to him1 as ,i now say to you4 ,for its use in figurative comparisons1 see #aijh1 #aidd4 ,for tamquam introducing a reason c41 see #aiji1 a late usage found rarely with quasi and ut4 ,erratum3 #babj 444 ,this is the more usual way in ,cicero with ut s4 ut si4 ,,connection ,,of ,,separate ,,sentences ,,or ,,periods4 #babc4 ,separate sentences or periods have a connective more commonly in ,latin than in ,english4 ,sometimes1 however1 like the members of single periods1 they are for special reasons put asyndetically 7#afcg74 7,a47 ,,without ,a ,,connective4 #babd4 ,asyndeton is common with two or more separate sentences or periods3 #babe4 7a47 ,to represent a series of actions as occurring at the same moment3 as1 hc diffsus suae salt ex taberncul prdit2 videt imminre hosts2 capit arma atque in port cnsistit2 cnsequuntur hunc centurins2 relinquit animus ,sextium gravibus accepts vulneribus1 #f1 #ch1 #b1 despairing of his life1 he comes out of the tent2 sees the enemy close at hand2 seizes arms and takes his stand at the gate2 the centurions rally round him2 ,sextius becomes unconscious1 receiving severe wounds4 #babf4 7b47 ,when an occurrence is represented as consisting of many successive actions3 the ,enumerative ,asyndeton3 as1 perrvit aliquand1 adsdit4 surrx ego4 resprre vsus est1 quod nn alius potius dceret4 coep dcere4 usque e animadvert1 idics1 eum alis rs agere1 antequam ,chrsogonum nminvi2 quem simul atque attig1 statim hom s rxit1 mrr vsus est4 intellx quid eum pupugisset1 ,,ra4 #fj1 after a while he wound up1 took his seat2 up rose your humble servant4 ,he seemed to take courage from the fact it was nobody else4 ,i began to speak4 ,i noticed1 gentlemen1 that he was inattentive all along till ,i named ,chrysogonus2 but the moment ,i touched on him1 the creature perked up at once1 seemed to be surprised4 ,i knew what the rub was4 #babg4 7c47 ,when the last sentence sums up the result of the preceding with emphasis3 the ,asyndeton of ,summary3 as1 h d su salte dsprants1 aut suam mortem miserbantur1 aut parents sus commendbant4 plna erant omnia timris et lcts1 ,caes4 ,c4 #b1 #da1 #h1 despairing of their lives1 they either bewailed their own death1 or strove to interest people in their parents4 ,in short1 it was one scene of terror and lamentation4 7,b47 ,,with ,a ,,connective4 #babh4 ,separate sentences or periods may be connected3 7#a47 by pronominal words3 7a47 demonstrative or determinative2 7b47 relative2 7#b47 by conjunctions and adverbs4 7#a47 ,,pronominal ,,words4 7a47 ,,demonstrative ,,and ,,determinative ,,words ,,as ,,connectives4 #babi4 hc and is serve as connectives at the beginning of a new period4 ,in ,english the equivalent word is usually placed not at the beginning as a connective1 but after some words4 ,gallia est dvsa in parts trs1 qurum nam incolunt ,belgae1 aliam ,aqutn1 tertiam ,celtae4 h omns lingu1 nstitts1 lgibus inter s differunt1 #a1 #a1 #a1 ,gaul is divided into three parts1 one of which is occupied by ,belgians1 another by ,aquitanians1 and the third by ,kelts4 ,in language1 customs1 and laws these are all different from each other4 apud ,helvtis nbilissimus fuit ,orgetorx4 is ,m4 ,messl et ,m4 ,psne cnsulibus conirtinem nbilittis fcit1 #a1 #b1 #a1 among the ,helvetians the man of highest rank was ,orgetorix4 ,in the consulship of ,messala and ,piso he got up a conspiracy among the nobles4 angusts s fns habre arbitrbantur4 hs rbus adduct cnstiturunt ea quae ad proficscendum pertinrent comparre4 ad es rs cnficiends biennium sib satis esse dxrunt4 ad es rs cnficiends ,orgetorx dligitur4 is sib lgtinem suscpit1 #a1 #b1 #e1 they thought they had a narrow territory2 so they resolved in consequence to make such preparations as were necessary for a move4 ,they considered two years ample to do this4 ,orgetorix is chosen to do this4 ,he took upon himself the office of envoy4 #bacj4 ,particularly common are demonstrative words at the beginning of a new period1 to show that the first action necessarily took place or was natural4 ,dionsius tyrannus ,syrcss expulsus ,corinth puers docbat2 usque e imperi carre nn poterat1 ,,td4 #c1 #bg1 after his expulsion from ,syracuse1 the tyrant ,dionysius kept school at ,corinth2 so incapable was he of getting along without governing4 7b47 ,,relatives ,,as ,,connectives4 #baca4 qu serves to connect a new period when it may be translated by a demonstrative1 or when it is equivalent to et is1 is autem1 is enim1 is igitur3 as1 perpetrret ,anictus prmissa4 qu nihil cuncttus poscit summam sceleris1 ,ta4 #ad1 #g1 ,anicetus must carry out his agreement4 ,without any ado he asks to have the entire management of the crime4 ,for other examples1 see #ahce4 #bacb4 ,the neuter accusative quod1 as to that1 as to which1 whereas1 now1 so1 is used to connect a new period1 especially before s1 nisi1 ets1 utinam 7#ahcg73 as1 quod s t valrs1 iam mih quaedam explrta essent1 ,att4 #g1 #b1 #f1 whereas if you were well yourself1 some points would have been clear to me before this4 quod s ditius altur contrversia1 fore ut pars cum parte cvittis cnflgat1 #g1 #cb1 #e1 now if the dispute be kept up any longer1 one half of the community would quarrel with the other4 quod nisi mlits essent dfess1 omns hostium cpiae dlr potuissent1 #g1 #hh1 #f1 so if the soldiers had not been utterly spent1 all the forces of the enemy might have been exterminated4 7#b47 ,,conjunctions ,,and ,,adverbs4 #bacc4 ,the conjunctions and adverbs used to coordinate sentences are3 7a47 copulative and disjunctive2 7b47 concessive and adversative2 7c47 causal and illative4 7a47 ,,copulative ,,and ,,disjunctive4 et1 neque or nec1 -que1 atque or ac1 aut4 et4 #bacd4 et1 and1 simply adds1 as in ,english 7#afde74 ,but it is often used in such a connection that a modification of the translation is required to bring out the sense4 #bace4 et may continue the discourse with a concessive sentence1 which is to be followed by an adversative4 ,in such cases quidem often stands in the concessive sentence3 as1 prmrs cvittis eadem rant4 et cter quidem movbant minus2 postquam ,sp4 ,lucrtius agere coepit1 cnsul abdicvit s cnsult1 ,l4 #b1 #b1 #h1 the head men of the state make the same request4 ,now the others did not influence him much4 ,but when ,lucretius began to take steps the consul resigned his consulship4 #bacf4 et1 and strange to say1 and if you'd believe it1 introduces something unexpected3 as1 iamque trs lauretae in urbe statuae1 et adhc raptbat fricam ,tacfarins1 ,ta4 #d1 #bc1 there were already three triumphal statues in ,rome1 and1 strange to say1 ,tacfarinas was still harrying ,africa4 #bacg4 et1 and really1 and in fact1 and to be sure2 in this sense it is usually followed immediately by the verb3 as1 multa quae nn volt videt4 et multa fortasse quae volt6 ,,cm4 #be1 one sees much that one would not4 ,aye1 and much perhaps that one would6 #bach4 et introducing a sentence explaining in detail a general idea before given may be translated namely3 as1 cnsuls religi tenbat1 quod prdigis aliquot nntits1 nn facile litbant4 et ex ,campni nntita erant ,capuae sepulchra aliquot d cael tcta1 ,l4 #bg1 #bc1 #a1 the consuls were detained by scruple1 because several prodigies were reported1 and they could not readily obtain good omens2 namely from ,campania it was reported that at ,capua several tombs were struck by lightning4 #baci4 et1 and also1 and besides3 as1 ,pnicae quoque victriae sgnum oct duct elephant4 et nn minimum fure spectculum praecdents ,ssis et ,moericus1 ,l4 #bf1 #ba1 #i1 as an emblem of the ,punic victory also1 elephants to the number of eight marched in parade4 ,and furthermore not the least attractive part of the pageant were ,sosis and ,moericus1 moving at the head of the line4 #badj4 et1 and yet1 introduces a contrast or opposition3 as1 canrum illud in vce splendscit etiam in senectte1 quod equidem adhc nn ms2 et vidtis anns1 ,,cm4 #bh1 the musical element in the voice actually improves in old age1 and this ,i have not yet lost4 ,and yet you see my years4 neque or nec4 #bada4 nec1 and really 4 4 4 not1 and in fact 4 4 4 not3 as1 magn cum percul su1 qu forte patrum in for erant1 in eam turbam incidrunt4 nec tempertum manibus foret1 n proper cnsuls intervnissent1 ,l4 #b1 #bc1 #i1 it was with great personal risk to such of the fathers as happened to be in the market place1 that they got into the crowd4 ,and in fact acts of violence would have occurred1 unless the consuls had made haste to interfere4 #badb4 nec1 and to be sure 4 4 4 not3 as1 centum vgint lctrs cum fascibus secrs inligts praeferbant4 nec attinuisse dm secrem1 cum sine prvoctine cret essent1 interpretbantur1 ,l4 #c1 #cf1 #d1 a hundred and twenty lictors with rods displayed axes bound in them4 ,and to be sure they explained the matter thus1 that there would have been no propriety in having the axe taken out1 since the officers were appointed without any appeal4 #badc4 nec1 not 4 4 4 either1 nor either1 neither3 as1 e ann vs morb levta4 neque pnri frment perculum fuit1 ,l4 #d1 #be1 #f1 that year the violence of the plague grew less4 ,nor was there any danger from lack of grain either4 #badd4 nec1 but 4 4 4 not3 as1 miss tamen ftils4 nec erum verba sunt audta1 ,l4 #d1 #cj1 #ad1 however the fetials were sent4 ,but they were not listened to4 -que4 #bade4 -que1 and likewise3 as1 huic dus flmins adicit4 virginsque ,vestae lgit1 ,l4 #a1 #bj1 #b1 to this god he assigned two special priests4 ,and he likewise chose maids for ,vesta4 #badf4 -que1 and in fact1 and so1 and in general3 as1 tum quoque male pugntum est4 obsessaque urbs foret1 n ,hortius esset revoctus1 ,l4 #b1 #ea1 #b1 then also there was an unsuccessful engagement4 ,and in fact ,rome would have been besieged1 unless ,horatius had been recalled4 atque or ac4 #badg4 atque1 and besides1 and more than that1 and actually3 as1 ex qu efficitur animantem esse mundum4 atque ex hc quoque intelleg poterit in e inesse intellegentiam1 quod cert est mundus melior quam lla ntra1 ,,dn4 #b1 #cb1 from which it follows that the universe is alive4 ,and more than that1 we can see that it has sense from the following circumstance1 that the universe is certainly superior to any element of the universe4 #badh4 atque1 and so1 and consequently3 as1 impedior religine quminus expnam quam multa ,p4 ,sstius snserit4 atque nihil dc praeter num1 ,sest4 #h1 ,i am prevented by scruples from setting forth how much ,sestius was aware of4 ,and so ,i will only say one thing4 aut4 #badi4 aut is used to add a new sentence in the sense of aliqu1 or else1 otherwise1 or as if nisi1 unless1 preceded3 as1 omnia bene sunt dcenda1 aut loquentiae nmen relinquendum est1 ,,do4 #b1 #e1 he must be able to speak well on all subjects1 or else he must waive the name of an eloquent man4 7b47 ,,concessive ,,and ,,adversative4 #baej4 ,a new concessive period is introduced by sn1 quidem1 omnn1 to be sure1 or fortasse1 perhaps3 as1 ,plnius et ,cluvius nihil dubittum d fid praefect referunt4 sn ,fabius inclnat ad lauds ,senecae1 ,ta4 #ac1 #bj1 ,pliny and ,cluvius say that there was no doubt about the loyalty of the prefect4 ,fabius1 it must be admitted1 is always inclined to eulogize ,seneca4 id fortasse nn perfcimus2 cnt quidem saepissim sumus1 ,o4 #baj1 perhaps we have not attained to it2 still we have very often made the attempt4 #baea4 ,a new adversative sentence is introduced by autem1 again1 sed1 vrum1 but1 vr1 but1 indeed1 at1 but1 or tamen1 nihil minus1 nevertheless4 ,these words when used to connect sentences have the same meaning as when used to connect the parts of a sentence 7#afgf74 #baeb4 atqu1 rarely atqun1 and yet1 but1 is used chiefly in dialogue4 ,it introduces a strong objection1 sometimes in the form of a conditional protasis4 ,from ,cicero on1 it is sometimes found after a question1 to introduce an earnest denial4 nn sum apud m 33 atqu opus est nunc quom maxum ut ss1 ,t4 ,ph4 #bjd1 ,i'm all abroad 33 but that's just exactly where you must n't be now4 nn vereor condiscipulrum n quis exaudiat 33 atqu cavendum est1 ,leg4 #a1 #ba1 ,i'm not afraid of being overheard by any of my fellow-students 33 and yet you must be on your guard4 sine veniat4 atqu s illam digit attigerit n1 ocul lic ecfodientur1 ,t4 ,eu4 #gci1 let him come on4 ,but if he lays a finger on the maid1 we'll scratch his eyes out on the spot4 quid vr8 modum staturum habr nllum placet8 atqu habetur necesse est1 ,v4 #b1 #add1 what8 is there1 think you1 to be no end to your statues8 ,yet there must be4 #baec4 quamquam1 ets1 tamets1 though1 and nisi1 but1 are sometimes used to coordinate a new period1 correcting the preceding3 as1 carre sentientis est1 nec snsus in mortu1 n carre quidem igitur in mortu est4 quamquam quid opus est in hc philosophr8 ,,td4 #a1 #hh1 foregoing requires a sentient being1 and there is no sensation in a dead man2 therefore there is no foregoing either in a dead man4 ,and yet what is the use of philosophizing over this8 utram mls vid2 ets cnsilium quod cp rctum esse sci1 ,t4 ,hau4 #cbf1 of these two states choose which you will2 though ,i am sure my plan's the right one4 cr ego nn adsum8 tamets hoc minim tib deest1 ,fam4 #b1 #g1 #b1 why am ,i not with you8 though this is the very last thing you need4 sprbam dfervisse adulscentiam3 ecce autem d integr6 nisi quidquid est1 vol hominem convenre1 ,t4 ,ad4 #aeb1 ,i hoped his youthful passion had cooled down2 yet here it is afresh6 ,but be it what it may1 ,i want to see the fellow4 7c47 ,,causal ,,and ,,illative4 #baed4 nam1 enim1 for1 or namque1 etenim1 for you see1 introduces a new period which gives the reason of the foregoing3 as1 qu quidem ex r hominum multitd cgnsc potuit3 nam minus hrs tribus mntinem perfcrunt1 #e1 #db1 #d1 and from this by the way their numbers could be gauged2 for they made a breastwork in less than three hours4 quem meminisse potestis3 ann enim ndvcsim post eius mortem h cnsuls fact sunt1 ,,cm4 #ad1 you can remember him3 for the present consuls were created only nineteen years after his death4 #baee4 ,the originally asseverative meaning of nam appears1 even in the classical period1 in colloquial language3 as1 tib m nlla ortast iniria 33 nam hercle etiam hoc restat1 ,t4 ,ad4 #ahi1 ,i've ne'er done you a wanton wrong 33 aye verily that's still to come4 ,in old ,latin1 it sometimes introduces a question3 as1 nam quae haec anus est8 ,t4 ,ph4 #gcb1 why1 who's this old woman8 ,frequently it introduces an explanation or illustration1 and1 from ,cicero on1 a remark or question made in passing3 as1 sc enim ss rs habet3 nam ,odyssa ,latna est sc tamquam opus ,daedal1 ,br4 #ga1 the case stands thus3 the ,odyssey in ,latin is1 you may say1 a regular work of ,daedalus 7#aijh74 vv ,catne mult rtrs flrurunt3 nam ,a4 ,albnus1 ,br4 #ha1 many orators flourished in ,cato's lifetime3 for example1 ,albinus4 nam quid d aedle loquar8 ,sest4 #ie1 for why speak of the aedile8 enim does not differ essentially in use from nam2 for its meaning in old ,latin1 see #afhh4 namque is rare until ,livy1 and usually 7always in old ,latin7 stands before a vowel4 etenim is common only in classical ,latin4 #baef4 ,for quippe1 why1 often used as a coordinating word1 see #afij4 #baeg4 proinde or proin1 therefore1 so1 introduces a command or direction based upon the foregoing3 as1 rtinem sprat invnisse s1 qu differat t3 proin t fac apud t ut sis1 ,t4 ,andr4 #djg1 he trusts he's found some phrase wherewith he may confound you3 so see you have your wits about you4 frstr meae vtae subvenre cnmin4 proinde abte1 dum est facults1 #g1 #ej1 #f1 in vain ye try to save my life4 ,so away1 while ye have the power4 iam undique silvae et slitd magna cgittinis incitmenta sunt4 proinde cum vnbere1 licbit pugillrs fers1 ,plin4 ,ep4 #a1 #f1 #b1 then again the surrounding woods and the loneliness are powerful stimulants to meditation4 ,so when you go hunting1 you can take a note book with you4 #baeh4 ,a conclusion is denoted by erg1 itaque or igitur1 therefore1 so1 introducing a new period3 as1 nihil est praestantius de2 ab e igitur mundum necesse est reg4 nll igitur est ntrae subiectus deus4 omnem erg regit ipse ntram1 ,,dn4 #b1 #gg1 nothing is more excellent than god4 ,therefore the universe must be governed by him4 ,therefore god is in no respect subject to nature4 ,consequently he rules all nature himself4 ,for the position of these words in their clauses1 see #afhh2 for erg igitur and itaque erg1 #afhi4 ,for hinc1 inde1 e1 ide1 idcirc1 proptere1 as coordinating words1 see #afia4 ,,affirmative ,,coordination4 #baei4 ,a new sentence affirmative of a foregoing is often introduced by an emphatic sc or ita4 ,these words often introduce a general truth which is deduced from the first statement4 vsne igitur t nspicimus puer8 sc opnor2 prncipi rdimur1 ,ph4 #b1 #dd1 would you like to have us look into your record from boyhood8 ,yes1 ,i think it would be well2 let us begin at the beginning4 qu dligbant hunc1 ill favbant4 sc est volgus3 ex vritte pauca1 ex opnine multa aestimat1 ,,rc4 #bi1 everybody who loved him1 smiled on the other man4 ,yes1 that is always the way of the world3 it seldom judges by truth1 often by hearsay4 ,,nouns ,,of ,,the ,,verb4 ,,the ,,infinitive4 #bafj4 ,the infinitive is in its origin a verbal substantive4 #bafa4 ,the present infinitive active is an ancient dative1 closely resembling in meaning and use the ,english infinitive with to4 ,it originally marked action merely in a general way1 without indication of voice or tense4 ,in virtue of this original timeless character1 the present often represents action which is really past or future2 in such cases the time must be inferred from the context4 #bafb4 ,the present infinitive active gradually approached the character of a verb1 and the original substantive nature being forgotten1 it was supplemented by a passive1 and by forms for completed and for future action1 active and passive4 #bafc4 ,the infinitive has furthermore two other properties of the verb3 7a47 it is modified by an adverb1 not by an adjective2 and 7b47 it is followed by the construction of its verb4 ,,old ,,and ,,poetical ,,use ,,of ,,the ,,infinitive4 ,,the ,,infinitive ,,of ,,purpose4 #bafd4 ,the infinitive denotes purpose3 7a47 when loosely added to a substantive in old ,latin1 7b47 with verbs of motion1 e1 veni1 curr1 mitt1 in old or poetical ,latin1 and 7c47 in the combination d bibere1 give to drink1 in old1 colloquial1 or poetical ,latin3 as1 7a47 occsi benefacta cumulre1 ,pl4 ,cap4 #dbc1 a chance to pile up kindnesses4 ,parallel with a gerund3 summa ldend occsist mihi nunc sens et ,phaedriae cram adimere argentriam1 ,t4 ,ph4 #hhe1 ,i've now a splendid chance the greybeards of eluding and ,phaedria to rescue from his money cares4 7b47 recurre petere r recent1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #ajae1 run back to get it ere it is too late4 voltisne emus vsere8 ,t4 ,ph4 #ajb1 do you think we'd better go to call8 parastum ms nudiusqurtus ,criam petere argentum1 ,pl4 ,cur4 #bjf1 my parasite ,i sent four days ago to ,caria1 to fetch the cash4 nec dulcs occurrent scula nt praeripere1 ,lucr4 #c1 #hie1 nor shall thy children dear come running kiss on kiss to snatch4 nn ns ferr ,libycs populre pents vnimus1 ,v4 #a1 #ebg1 we are not come with steel to harry ,libya's hearths4 7c47 bibere d usque plns canthars1 ,pl4 ,per4 #hba1 keep giving on to drink with brimming bowls4 bibere is thus used by ,plautus1 ,terence1 ,cato1 and ,livy1 and by ,cicero once with ministr4 ,in classical prose1 purpose is expressed by the subjunctive with ut or a relative pronoun1 or by a gerund or gerundive with ad or caus4 #bafe4 ,in poetry1 the infinitive of purpose is used with synonymes of d also1 and with verbs of leaving1 taking away1 taking up1 c4 huic lrcam dnat habre1 ,v4 #e1 #bei1 on him a corselet he bestows to wear4 trstitiam et mets trdam protervs in mare ,crticum portre vents1 ,h4 #a1 #bf1 #a1 sadness and fears ,i'll to the wanton winds consign1 to sweep into the ,cretic sea4 quis sibi rs gests ,august scrbere smit8 ,h4 ,e4 #a1 #c1 #g1 who takes it on himself ,augustus' deeds to pen8 quem virum aut hra lyr vel cr tbi smis celebrre8 ,h4 #a1 #ab1 #a1 what hero or what demigod dost thou take up1 to ring his praises on the rebec or the piercing pipe8 ,,the ,,infinitive ,,with ,,adjectives4 #baff4 ,the infinitive is sometimes used with adjectives1 chiefly by poets of the ,augustan age1 and late prose writers1 often in imitation of a ,greek idiom3 as1 indoctum iuga ferre nostra1 ,h4 #b1 #f1 #b1 not taught our yoke to bear4 avid committere pugnam1 ,o4 #e1 #ge1 hot to engage in fight4 sl cantre pert ,arcades1 ,v4 ,e4 #aj1 #cb1 ,arcadians alone in minstrelsy are skilled4 vitulus niveus vidr1 ,h4 #d1 #b1 #ei1 a bullock snow-white to behold1 i4e4 vs 7#bbgd74 ,these infinitives are of different kinds1 some of them resembling a complementary infinitive1 others a gerund or gerundive construction1 the supine in -t 7-s71 c41 c4 ,,the ,,ordinary ,,use ,,of ,,the ,,infinitive4 #bafg4 ,the infinitive is ordinarily used either as object or as subject of a verb4 7,a47 ,,the ,,infinitive ,,as ,,object4 ,,the ,,complementary ,,infinitive4 #bafh4 ,the present infinitive is often used to complete the meaning of certain kinds of verbs which imply another action of the same subject3 as1 pr ,pompi mor possum1 ,fam4 #b1 #ae1 #c1 ,i could die the death for ,pompey 7#adie74 quid habs dcere8 ,balb4 #cc1 what have you to say8 scre volbat1 ,v4 #a1 #aca1 he wanted to know4 hoc facere dbs1 ,rab,p4 #g1 you ought to do this4 ,caesar ,rhnum trnsre dcrverat1 #d1 #ag1 #a1 ,caesar had resolved to cross the ,rhine4 fug saltem petere contendrunt1 #c1 #ae1 #b1 they tried to save themselves by flight4 num negre auds8 ,c4 #a1 #h1 do you dare deny it8 vereor dcere1 ,t4 ,andr4 #cbc1 ,i am afraid to tell4 num dubits id facere8 ,c4 #a1 #ac1 do you hesitate to do that8 mtrat ab urbe proficsc1 #a1 #g1 #a1 he makes haste to leave ,rome4 ,dvicicus ,caesarem obsecrre coepit1 #a1 #bj1 #a1 ,diviciacus began to entreat ,caesar4 ,dolbella iniriam facere persevrat1 ,quint4 #ca1 ,dolabella persists in doing wrong4 ill pecniam pollicr nn dsistunt1 #f1 #b1 #a1 these people did not stop offering money4 diem dict obre neglxit1 ,ph4 #c1 #bj1 he failed to keep the day named in the edict4 rsc amcs nn temere sole1 ,ph4 #h1 #af1 ,i am not apt to get provoked with friends without just cause4 ill rgibus prre didicerant1 ,ph4 #c1 #i1 the men of old were trained to bow the knee to kings 7#afae74 dextram cohibre mement1 ,j4 #e1 #ga1 remember that you keep hands off4 #bafi4 ,the verbs or verbal expressions which are supplemented by an infinitive are chiefly such as mean can1 will or wish1 ought1 resolve1 endeavour1 dare1 fear1 hesitate1 hasten1 begin1 continue1 cease1 neglect1 am wont1 learn1 know how1 remember1 forget1 seem4 ,the infinitive in this combination contains the leading idea4 ,for the occasional use of the perfect infinitive with some of these verbs1 see #bbbc4 ,some of the commonest of these verbs are possum1 que1 neque2 vol1 nl1 ml1 cupi1 stude2 dbe2 cgit1 meditor1 statu1 cnstitu1 dcern1 par2 cnor1 ntor1 contend2 aude2 vereor2 cunctor1 dubit1 festn1 mtr1 nstitu1 coep1 incipi1 perg1 persevr1 dsin1 dsist1 omitt1 supersede1 negleg1 nn cr2 sole1 adsusc1 cnsusc2 disc1 sci1 nesci1 recordor1 memin1 oblvscor2 videor4 #bagj4 ,the infinitive is also used with many verbal expressions equivalent to the above verbs1 such as habe in anim1 cnsilium est1 certum est1 partus sum1 c41 c41 or with partus alone1 adsufactus1 c41 c4 ,furthermore1 in poetry and late prose1 the place of many of the above verbs is often taken by livelier or fresher synonymes1 such as vale for possum1 from ,lucretius on1 arde1 burn1 for vol1 cupi1 or absiste1 fuge1 parce1 c41 for nl 7#aehd71 c41 c4 #baga4 ,a predicate noun used in the construction of the complementary infinitive1 is put in the nominative3 as1 ,aelius ,sticus esse voluit1 ,br4 #bjf1 ,aelius wanted to be a ,stoic4 esse quam vidr bonus mlbat1 ,s4 ,c4 #ed1 #f1 he chose to be good rather than seem good4 ,,the ,,accusative ,,with ,,the ,,infinitive4 #bagb4 ,a very common form of a dependent sentence is that known as the ,accusative with the ,infinitive4 ,thus1 of the two coordinate sentences sci3 iocris t nunc1 ,pl4 ,most4 #ajha1 ,i know3 you are jesting now1 the second may be put in a dependent form1 the two sentences blending into one3 sci iocr t nunc1 ,i know you to be jesting now4 #bagc4 ,the subject of an infinitive is put in the accusative4 ,thus1 in eum vident1 they see him1 eum is the object of vident 7#aacd74 ,if sedre is added1 eum vident sedre1 ,v4 #e1 #ajg1 they see him sit1 or they see that he is sitting1 eum is at the same time the object of vident and the subject of sedre4 ,but the accusative by degrees becoming detached from the main verb1 and closely interlocked with the infinitive1 the combination is extended to cases where the main verb is intransitive or passive4 #bagd4 ,a predicate noun referring to a subject accusative is itself put in the accusative3 as1 t esse arbitror puerum probum1 ,pl4 ,most4 #idi1 ,i think you are a good boy4 nminem vvum cap patiuntur1 #h1 #ce1 #e1 they do not allow anybody to be made prisoner alive 7#baih74 ,,verbs ,,of ,,perceiving1 ,,knowing1 ,,thinking1 ,,and ,,saying4 #bage4 ,the accusative with the infinitive is used with active verbs or verbal expressions of perceiving1 knowing1 thinking1 and saying3 as1 patre tua cnsilia nn sents8 ,c4 #a1 #a1 you don't feel that your plots are all out8 huic flium scs esse8 ,t4 ,hau4 #aha1 you are aware that this man has a son8 ,pompis cnsdisse terrae mt audvimus1 ,sen4 ,,nq4 #f1 #a1 #a1 we have heard that ,pompei has been swallowed up by an earthquake1 #fc ,a4,d41 #ag years before its utter destruction4 saepe audv inter s atque offam multa intervenre posse1 ,cato in ,gell4 #ac1 #ah 7#ag71 #a1 ,i have often heard #8'twixt cup and lip there's many a slip4' dcit montem ab hostibus tenr1 #a1 #bb1 #b1 he says the hill is held by the enemy4 dxtin ddum illam dxisse1 s expectre flium8 ,t4 ,hec4 #dea1 didn't you say a while ago the woman said that she was looking for her son8 ,some of the commonest of these verbs are3 7a47 audi1 animadvert1 senti1 vide4 7b47 accipi1 intelleg1 sci1 nesci4 7c47 arbitror1 cnse1 cgit1 crd1 exstim1 memin1 opnor1 put1 recordor1 suspicor4 7d47 adfirm1 i1 dmnstr1 dc1 disput1 doce1 fateor1 nrr1 neg1 nnti1 ostend1 prmitt1 scrb1 sgnific1 spr1 trd4 7e47 rmor est1 nn m fugit1 certus sum1 nn nescius sum1 c41 c4 ,also occasionally verbs used in the sense of think or say1 as mitt1 send word1 and substantives or pronouns expressing a thought or judgement4 #bagf4 ,the accusative with the infinitive is sometimes introduced by a neuter pronoun1 or by sc or ita3 as1 illud negbis1 t d r idict idicvisse8 ,v4 #b1 #ha1 will you deny this1 that you sate in judgement on a matter that was already decided8 sc accpimus1 nllum bellum fuisse1 ,v4 #e1 #e1 we have been told this1 that there was not any war4 ,sometimes by an ablative with d3 as1 d hc ,verr dcitur1 habre eum perbona toreumata1 ,v4 #d1 #ch1 about this man report is made to ,verres that he had some choice bits of embossed work4 #bagg4 7#a47 ,passive verbs of this class are commonly used personally in the third person of the present system1 with the subject1 and the predicate noun1 if used1 in the nominative3 as1 h centum pgs habre dcuntur1 #d1 #a1 #d1 these people are said to have a hundred cantons4 nlla iam exstimantur esse idicia1 ,v4 a4 pr4 #dc1 there are thought to be no courts of law any longer4 pns prope effectus nntibtur1 ,caes4 ,c4 #a1 #fb1 #c1 the bridge was reported to be well-nigh done4 #bagh4 ,such personal passives are much more common in the writers of ,cicero's day than in old ,latin4 ,particularly so argu1 audi1 cgnsc1 comperi1 concd1 dfend1 dmnstr1 dc1 doce1 excs1 exstim1 inveni1 idic1 lber1 memor1 neg1 nnti1 ostend1 postul1 put1 reperi1 trd4 #bagi4 7#b47 ,with the first or second person the personal construction is rare3 as1 quod ns bene misse idict sumus1 ,att4 #a1 #ac1 #f1 that we are thought to have made a good bargain4 cum invenire improbissim ratine esse praedtus1 ,v4 #d1 #c1 when you prove to have been robbing most abominably4 ,but with videor1 seem1 the personal construction is the rule in all three persons1 and in the perfect system as well as the present4 #bahj4 7#c47 ,in the perfect system1 and also usually in the gerundive construction 7#bbdf71 verbs of this class are commonly impersonal3 as1 trditum est ,homrum caecum fuisse1 ,,td4 #e1 #aad1 the tradition is that ,homer was blind4 ub tyrannus est1 ib dcendum est nllam esse rem pblicam1 ,,rp4 #c1 #dc1 wherever there is an absolute ruler1 there we must maintain there is no commonwealth4 #baha4 7#d47 ,with some verbs of this class1 the impersonal construction is preferred even in the present system4 ,thus1 commonly intellegitur1 it is understood1 as impersonal2 regularly in classical ,latin crditur2 with a dative in ,cicero and ,caesar dcitur1 nntitur4 ,the impersonals cernitur1 fertur1 memortur1 prditur1 vidtur1 are rare4 #bahb4 ,the personal construction is sometimes extended to other verbs or verbal expressions1 especially in poetry3 as1 colligor1 ,o4 ,a4 #b1 #f1 #fa1 ,i am inferred1 for colligitur4 nnnlls magistrts venibant in suspcinem ns dmort esse1 ,lentulus in ,fam4 #ab1 #ae1 #e1 the magistrates were suspected by some of having delayed us 7#adia74 #bahc4 ,with verbs of thinking and saying the subject accusative is sometimes omitted4 7a47 ,oftenest thus m ns1 t vs1 or s3 as1 stult fcisse fateor1 i4e4 m1 ,pl4 ,b4 #ajac1 ,i own ,i've acted like a fool4 cnfitre vnisse1 i4e4 t1 ,,ra4 #fa1 confess you came4 quae imperrentur facere dxrunt1 i4e4 s1 #b1 #cb1 #c1 they said they would do as ordered 7#bbba74 ,often the future without esse3 as1 refrctrs carcerem minbantur1 i4e4 s1 ,l4 #f1 #ag1 #f1 they threatened to break the jail open1 7b47 ,less frequently an accusative of is3 as1 obltum crdid1 i4e4 eum1 ,fam4 #i1 #b1 #a1 ,i imagined he had forgotten4 ,such omissions are common in old ,latin1 ,cicero1 ,caesar1 ,livy1 and in poetry4 #bahd4 ,when the accusative is not expressed1 a predicate noun is sometimes put in the nominative1 chiefly in poetry1 in imitation of a ,greek idiom3 as1 phaslus ille quem vidtis1 hospits1 ait fuisse nvium celerrimus1 ,cat4 #d1 #a1 the clipper you see yonder1 friends1 says she was once the fleetest of the fleet4 uxor invict ,iovis esse nescs1 ,h4 #c1 #bg1 #gc1 thou knowest not thou art the bride of the unconquerable ,jove4 ,similarly with verbs of emotion 7#bahg73 as1 gaudent esse rogtae1 ,o4 ,,aa4 #a1 #cde1 they are glad to have been asked4 gaudent perfs sanguine frtrum1 ,v4 ,g4 #b1 #eaj1 they're glad to have been imbued with brothers' blood4 ,,verbs ,,of ,,accusing4 #bahe4 ,the verbs of accusing1 argu and nsimul1 take the accusative with the infinitive like verbs of saying3 as1 cvs ,rmns nects esse argu1 ,v4 #e1 #adi1 my accusation is that ,romans have been slain4 occdisse patrem ,sex4 ,rscius arguitur1 ,,ra4 #cg1 ,roscius is charged with the murder of his father4 nsimulre coeprunt ,epicratem litters pblics corrpisse1 ,v4 #b1 #fj1 they began to accuse ,epicrates of having falsified records of state4 ,,verbs ,,of ,,hoping1 ,,promising1 ,,and ,,threatening4 #bahf4 ,the accusative with the future infinitive is used with verbs of hoping1 promising1 and threatening3 as1 id ss effectrs sprbant1 #g1 #bf1 #b1 they hoped to carry it out4 pollicentur ss dditrs1 #e1 #bj1 #b1 they volunteer to surrender to him4 ,but sometimes the present infinitive alone3 see #bbcf4 ,,verbs ,,of ,,emotion4 #bahg4 ,the accusative with the infinitive is sometimes used with verbs of joy1 grief1 surprise1 or wonder3 as1 venre t m gauds1 ,pl4 ,b4 #ahd1 thou art glad ,i'm come4 dolu pcem repudir1 ,marc4 #ad1 ,i felt sorry peace was rejected4 ,these verbs often have the construction with quod1 or in old ,latin with quia 7#ahea74 #bahh4 ,some of the commonest of these verbs are dole1 gaude1 laetor1 mror1 c41 c42 and from ,cicero on1 angor1 indignor1 lge1 sollicit4 ,,verbs ,,of ,,desire4 #bahi4 7#a47 ,the accusative with the infinitive is commonly used with vol 7ml1 nl71 and cupi1 when the subject of the infinitive is not the same as that of the verb3 as1 ,catilnam perre volu1 ,ph4 #h1 #ae1 ,i wished ,catiline to die4 mluit homins peccre quam des1 ,v4 #b1 #bb1 he wanted men to sin rather than gods4 t tu fru virtte cupimus1 ,br4 #cca1 we wish you to reap the benefit of your high character4 #baij4 7#b47 ,even when the subjects denote the same person1 the accusative is sometimes used with the infinitive3 as1 mor m mlim1 ,pl4 ,as4 #haj1 mor m mlim1 ,t4 ,eu4 #ff1 ,i'd rather die4 magnufic vol m virs summs accipere1 ,pl4 ,ps4 #afg1 ,i'm going to entertain some highborn gentlemen in style4 ,oftenest when the infinitive is esse1 vidr1 putr1 or dc3 as1 cupi m esse clmentem1 cupi m nn dissoltum vidr1 ,c4 #a1 #d1 ,i wish to play the man of mercy1 and yet ,i do not wish to seem over lax4 ,rarely thus with dsder1 nl1 opt1 and stude1 and in ,sallust with proper4 #baia4 ,for the perfect active with these verbs1 see #bbbh2 for the perfect passive1 #bbbi4 #baib4 vol1 ml1 and cupi are often coordinated with the subjunctive of desire 7#agjg74 vol and ml often have the subjunctive with ut1 particularly in old ,latin 7#aiej74 #baic4 ,verbs of resolving sometimes take the accusative with the infinitive3 as1 certum offirmre est viam m1 ,t4 ,hec4 #ded1 ,i am resolved to hold the way4 ,so1 from ,cicero on1 sometimes cnse1 dcern1 and senti1 in the exceptional sense of vol or iube1 think it best3 as1 velle et cnsre es ab arms discdere1 ,s4 ,i4 #ba1 #d1 that they wished and thought it best for those people to give up fighting4 #baid4 ,the accusative with the infinitive is sometimes used with verbs of demanding3 as1 hau postul equidem md in lect accumbere1 ,pl4 ,st4 #dhh1 ,i can't expect1 not ,i1 to sprawl upon a couch4 hc postulat s absolv8 ,v4 #c1 #ach1 does this man ask to be acquitted8 ,similarly with r and praecipi in late writers4 #baie4 ,the accusative with the infinitive is sometimes found with sude and persude in ,terence1 ,lucretius1 and ,vergil1 and with precor in ,ovid and late prose4 ,,verbs ,,of ,,accomplishing4 #baif4 ,verbs of accomplishing rarely have the accusative with the infinitive3 as1 tls rtrs vidr facit1 quls ips s vidr volunt1 ,br4 #adb1 of delivery1 it makes orators appear just as they wish to appear themselves4 ,oftenest in poetry4 ,in prose usually the subjunctive with ut 7#aiea74 ,,verbs ,,of ,,teaching ,,and ,,training4 #baig4 ,the verbs of teaching and training1 doce and adsufaci1 may take an accusative of a substantive and an infinitive expressing the thing taught3 as1 qun etiam tondre flis sus docuit1 ,,td4 #e1 #eh1 why more than that1 he actually taught his own daughters to shave1 of ,dionysius1 tyrant of ,syracuse4 equs edem remanre vestgi adsufcrunt1 #d1 #b1 #c1 they have their horses trained to stand stock-still 7#afjh74 ,compare #aafi4 ,,verbs ,,of ,,bidding ,,and ,,forbidding ,,and ,,of ,,allowing4 #baih4 ,the accusative with the infinitive is used with iube and vet1 sin and patior3 as1 mlits ex oppid exre iussit1 #b1 #cc1 #a1 he ordered the soldiers to go out of the town4 pontem iubet rescind1 #a1 #g1 #b1 he orders the bridge torn up4 lx peregrnum vetat in mrum ascendere1 ,,do4 #b1 #ajj1 it is against the law for a foreigner to get up on the wall4 castra vll mnr vetuit1 ,caes4 ,c4 #a1 #da1 #d1 he gave orders that the camp should not be fortified with a palisade4 vnum ad s inportr nn sinunt1 #d1 #b1 #f1 wine they will not allow to be brought into their country4 ,cicero is the first to use vet thus4 ,other constructions also occur with these words3 see #agjh1 #aiej1 #aiec1 c4 #baii4 ,the person ordered or forbidden is often omitted1 when stress is laid on the action merely1 or when the person is obvious from the context3 as1 castra mnre iubet1 i4e4 mlits1 #b1 #e1 #f1 he gives orders to construct a camp4 iussrunt prnntire1 i4e4 tribns et centurins1 #e1 #cc1 #c1 they gave orders to proclaim4 demque iussrunt simulcrum ,iovis facere maius1 i4e4 cnsuls1 ,c4 #c1 #bj1 and they furthermore gave directions to make a statue of ,jupiter1 a bigger one4 #bbjj4 iube is sometimes coordinated with the subjunctive1 especially in old ,latin 7#agjh74 ,sometimes it has the subjunctive with ut1 especially in resolves of the people4 #bbja4 ,in the passive1 iube1 vet1 and sin are used personally1 the accusative of the person ordered or forbidden becoming nominative3 as1 iubentur scrbere exercitum1 ,l4 #c1 #cj1 #c1 they are ordered to raise an army4 ,nln mrs adre vetit1 ,l4 #bc1 #af1 #i1 the men of ,nola were not allowed to go to the walls4 hc accsre eum nn est situs1 ,sest4 #ie1 this man was not allowed to accuse him4 #bbjb4 imper often has the accusative with a passive or deponent infinitive1 or with fier3 as1 praesentem pecniam solv imperv1 ,att4 #b1 #d1 #a1 ,i have given orders for ready money to be paid4 ,rarely with an active infinitive parallel with a passive3 as1 e partem nvium convenre commetumque comportr imperat1 ,caes4 ,c4 #c1 #db1 #b1 he orders part of the vessels to rendezvous there1 and grain to be brought4 ,in the passive1 a personal imperor occurs1 like iubeor 7#bbja73 as1 in lautumis ddc imperantur1 ,v4 #e1 #fh1 orders are given for them to be taken to the quarries4 ,see also #aiej4 permitt has sometimes the accusative with the infinitive from ,tacitus on1 usually the subjunctive with ut 7#aiej74 #bbjc4 ,the verbs of hindering1 prohibe and impedi1 sometimes have the accusative with the infinitive3 as1 barbar nostrs nvibus gred prohibbant1 #d1 #bd1 #a1 the savages undertook to prevent our people from disembarking4 ,the infinitive used with prohibe is usually passive or deponent4 quid est igitur quod m impediat ea quae probbilia mih videantur sequ8 ,off4 #b1 #h1 what is there then to hinder me from following what seems to me to be probable8 ,see also #aifj and #aigg4 ,,the ,,infinitive ,,as ,a ,,substantive ,,accusative4 #bbjd4 ,the accusative with the infinitive1 or the infinitive alone1 regarded as a neuter substantive1 may be used as the object of a verb1 or in apposition with the object3 as1 7a47 leporem gustre fs nn putant1 #e1 #ab1 #f1 tasting hare they count a sin4 errre malum dcimus1 ,off4 #a1 #ah1 going astray we hold a bad thing4 7b47 ad id quod nstituist1 rtrum genera distinguere aettibus1 istam dligentiam esse accommodtam put1 ,br4 #gd1 ,i think your accurate scholarship is just the thing for your projected task--classifying public speakers chronologically4 #bbje4 ,the infinitive as a substantive is rarely preceded by the preposition inter in late prose3 as1 multum interest inter dare et accipere1 ,sen4 ,ben4 #e1 #aj1 #b1 there is a vast difference between #8give' and #8take4' ,cicero has it thus once in a translation 7,fin4 #b1 #dc74 ,in poetry praeter is thus used rarely4 #bbjf4 ,in poetry1 the infinitive is used as a substantive object with such verbs as d1 redd1 adim1 perd3 as1 hc verr perdidit1 ,pl4 ,b4 #aeh1 this youth has lost his sense of shame4 7,b47 ,,the ,,infinitive ,,as ,,subject4 #bbjg4 ,the accusative with the infinitive1 or the infinitive alone1 present or perfect1 may be used as the subject of a verb1 in apposition with the subject1 or as a predicate nominative3 as1 7a47 mendcem memorem esse oportre1 ,quintil4 #d1 #b1 #ia1 that a liar should have a good memory4 7b47 sequitur illud1 caedem sentum idicsse contr rem pblicam esse factam1 ,mil4 #ab1 next comes this point1 that the senate adjudged the homicide an offence against the state4 7c47 exitus fuit rtinis1 sib nllam cum hs amcitiam esse posse1 #d1 #h1 #a1 the end of the speech was that he could not have any friendship with these people4 #bbjh4 ,the infinitive is used as the subject 7a47 with impersonal verbs1 7b47 with est1 puttur1 habtur1 c41 and an abstract substantive1 a genitive1 or a neuter adjective in the predicate4 #bbji4 7a47 ,some of the commonest impersonal verbs are appret1 decet1 expedit1 licet1 lubet1 oportet1 praestat1 pudet1 rfert4 ,also in classical ,latin1 attinet1 condcit1 cnstat1 ddecet1 exsistit1 fallit1 interest1 iuvat1 liquet1 obest1 paenitet1 patet1 pertinet1 placet1 displicet1 prdest1 which are used as live verbs by ,lucretius and ,sallust also4 ,similarly in ,plautus and ,terence fortasse4 #bbaj4 ,the infinitive is occasionally used as a subject with verbs other than the above 7#bbji73 as1 nn cadit invidre in sapientem1 ,,td4 #c1 #ba1 envy does not square with our ideas of a sage4 carre hoc sgnificat1 egre e quod habre vels1 ,,td4 #a1 #hh1 care means not having what you would like to have4 #bbaa4 7b47 ,some of the commonest abstracts used thus with est are fma1 fs and nefs1 fids1 is1 laus1 opus1 ms1 tempus4 ,from ,cicero on1 opni and prverbium4 ,in ,plautus1 audcia1 cnfdentia1 miseria1 negtium1 scelus1 c4 ,for genitives1 see #abcg4 ,neuter adjectives are such as aequum1 inquum1 cnsentneum1 crdibile1 incrdibile1 manifestum1 necesse1 pr1 rctum1 c41 c4 #bbab4 ,the accusative is not expressed when it is indefinite1 you1 a man1 a person1 anybody1 frequently also when it is implied in some other case in the sentence3 as1 nn tam praeclrum est scre ,latn quam turpe nescre1 ,br4 #adj1 it is not so creditable to be a ,latin scholar as it is disreputable not to be4 mih inter virtts grammatic habbitur aliqua nescre1 ,quintil4 #a1 #h1 #ba1 in my eyes it will be one merit in a classical scholar not to be omniscient4 tempor cdere semper sapientis est habitum1 ,fam4 #d1 #i1 #b1 bowing to the inevitable has always passed as a mark of wisdom4 peccre licet nmin1 ,par4 #bj1 no man is at liberty to sin4 ,an indefinite hominem1 aliquem1 or t1 is rare3 as1 illa laus est1 lbers hominem ducre1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #gjc1 it is a crown of glory for a man a family to rear4 #bbac4 7#a47 ,a predicate noun referring to the unexpressed indefinite subject of the infinitive is put in the accusative3 as1 nn esse cupidum pecnia est1 nn esse emcem vectgal est1 contentum vr sus rbus esse maximae sunt dvitiae1 ,par4 #ea1 for a man not to have desires1 is money down1 not to be eager to buy is an income2 but to be satisfied with what you have is the greatest possible wealth4 ,a plural predicate is rare3 as1 esset gregium domestics esse contents1 ,o4 #bb1 it would be a grand thing for people to be satisfied with home examples4 #bbad4 7#b47 ,when the subject of the infinitive is implied in a dative1 a predicate noun may also be in the dative3 as1 mih neglegent esse nn licet1 ,att4 #a1 #ag1 #f1 it will not do for me to be careless4 ,with a dative and licet1 however1 the predicate is sometimes in the accusative3 as1 quod s cv ,rmn licet esse ,gdtnum1 ,balb4 #bi1 now if a ,roman is allowed to be a ,gaditanian4 ,regularly so1 when the subject is indefinite and not expressed 7#bbab73 as1 haec praescrpta servantem licet magnific vvere1 ,off4 #a1 #ib1 a man who holds to these rules may live a noble life4 #bbae4 ,the infinitive1 used as a substantive in the nominative or accusative1 sometimes has a neuter attribute4 ,chiefly thus ipsum1 hoc ipsum1 ttum hoc3 as1 ipsum ,latn loqu est in magn laude pnendum1 ,br4 #adj1 just the mere ability of talking good ,latin is to be accounted highly creditable4 ,rarely a possessive1 meum1 tuum3 as1 ita tuom cnfert amre n tibi sit probr1 ,pl4 ,cur4 #bh1 so shape thy wooing that it be to thee no shame4 ,errata3 #bbad 444 may also be in the dative3 as1 dative4 as1 #bbae 444 used as a substantive in the nominative or accusative1 1 missing ,,the ,,infinitive ,,of ,,exclamation4 #bbaf4 ,the infinitive alone1 or the accusative with the infinitive1 is sometimes used in exclamations of surprise1 incredulity1 disapproval1 or lamentation3 as1 nn pudre1 ,t4 ,ph4 #bcc1 not be ashamed4 sedre tts dis in vll1 ,att4 #ab1 #dd1 #b1 sitting round whole days and days at the country place4 at t ,rmae nn fore1 ,att4 #e1 #bj1 #g1 only to think you won't be in ,rome4 hoc posters memoriae trditum r1 ,l4 #c1 #fg1 #a1 to think this will be passed down to generations yet unborn4 ,often with a -ne1 transferred from the unexpressed verb on which the infinitive depends 7#aejc73 as1 tne hoc1 ,acc1 dcere1 tl prdenti praeditum1 ,clu4 #hd1 what8 you to say this1 ,accius1 with your sound sense4 ,the exclamatory infinitive is chiefly confined to ,plautus1 ,terence1 and ,cicero4 ,,the ,,infinitive ,,of ,,intimation4 #bbag4 ,this infinitive has already been spoken of2 see #aece-aeci4 ,,the ,,tenses ,,of ,,the ,,infinitive4 #bbah4 ,the present infinitive represents action as going on1 the perfect as completed1 and the future as not yet begun1 at the time of the action of the verb to which the infinitive is attached4 ,the forms of the infinitive are commonly and conveniently called tenses1 though this designation is not strictly applicable4 ,,the ,,present ,,tense4 #bbai4 ,in itself1 the present infinitive denotes action merely as going on1 without any reference to time4 ,with some verbs1 however1 which look to the future1 the present relates to action in the immediate future4 ,with verbs of perceiving1 knowing1 thinking1 and saying1 it denotes action as going on at the time of the verb3 as1 7a47 facinus est vincre cvem ,rmnum1 ,v4 #e1 #agj1 it is a crime to put a ,roman in irons4 7b47 audre cupi1 ,caec4 #cc1 ,i am eager to hear4 ,antium m recipere cgit a4 d4 ,v ,nn4 ,mi41 ,att4 #b1 #i1 #d1 ,i am meditating going back to ,antium the third of ,may4 7c47 errre es dcunt1 #e1 #da1 #e1 they say those people are mistaken4 tempus dx esse1 ,t4 ,hec4 #fhg1 ,i said it was time4 dcs tib ,siculs esse amcs8 ,v4 #b1 #aee1 will you say the ,sicilians are friends of yours8 #bbbj4 ,the present infinitive is sometimes used with memin1 recordor1 memori tene1 and with some analogous expressions1 such as accpimus1 fertur1 c41 to represent merely the occurrence of action really completed1 without indicating its completion3 as1 memin ad m t scrbere1 ,d4 #ch1 ,i remember your writing to me4 meministis fier sents cnsultum1 ,mur4 #ea1 you remember a decree of the senate being passed4 sed ego dem recordor long omnibus anteferre ,dmosthenem1 ,o4 #bc1 and yet ,i remember putting ,demosthenes far above everybody else4 hanc accpimus agrs et nemora peragrre1 ,,hr4 #bd1 we have heard of this goddess's scouring fields and groves4 ,q4 ,maximum accpimus facile clre1 tacre1 ,off4 #a1 #ajh1 we have heard of ,fabius's ready cleverness in keeping dark and holding his tongue4 ,but the perfect is used when the action is to be distinctly marked as completed3 as1 meministis m ita distribuisse causam1 ,,ra4 #abb1 you remember that ,i arranged the case thus4 ,sometimes present and perfect are united3 as1 ,helen capere arma fertur1 nec frtrs rubuisse des1 ,prop4 #c1 #ad1 #ai 7#d1 #ac1 #ai71 ,helen is said to fly to arms1 and not to have blushed in presence of her brother gods4 ,here capere relates to the same completed action as the more exact rubuisse4 #bbba4 ,with verbs of saying1 used in the narrower sense of promising1 the present infinitive sometimes stands for the future 7#bbcf73 as1 crs mne argentum mih mles dare s dxit1 ,t4 ,ph4 #eca1 the soldier spoke of paying me the money early in the morning4 m aibat accersere1 ,pl4 ,ps4 #aaah1 he said he'd fetch me 7#bahf74 quae imperrentur facere dxrunt1 #b1 #cb1 #c1 they agreed to do what was commanded4 #bbbb4 ,the present infinitive dependent on a past tense of dbe1 oportet1 possum1 often requires the ,english perfect infinitive in translation3 as1 quid enim facere potermus8 ,pis4 #ac1 for what else could we have done8 ,see1 however1 #adie4 ,for the infinitive perfect1 see #bbcj4 ,,the ,,perfect ,,tense4 #bbbc4 7#a47 ,the perfect active infinitive sometimes serves as a complement of dbe1 vol1 possum1 c4 7#bafh73 as1 tamets statim vcisse dbe1 tamen d me ire dcdam1 ,,ra4 #gc1 though ,i am entitled to come off victorious at once1 yet ,i will waive my right2 compare vc1 ,i am victorious1 #afjh4 nl vetitum fcisse volet1 ,j4 #ad1 #ahe1 nothing forbidden will he wish to have done2 compare fc1 ,i am guilty4 unde illa potuit didicisse8 ,div4 #b1 #ea1 from what source could he have all that information acquired8 bellum quod possumus ante hiemem perfcisse1 ,l4 #cg1 #ai1 #e1 the war which we can have ended up before winter4 #bbbd4 7#b47 ,in prohibitions1 the perfect active infinitive often serves as a complement of nl or vol 7#bafh74 ,thus1 in old ,latin1 nlt dvellisse1 ,pl4 ,poen4 #hgb1 do not have had it plucked4 ,particularly so when dependent on n velit or n vellet1 in legal style3 as1 n quis convnisse sacrrum caus velit1 ,l4 #ci1 #ad1 #h1 that nobody may presume to have banded with others for the observance of the mysteries4 ,,bacas ,,vir ,,neqvis ,,adiese ,,velet1 ,,cil4 ,i1 #aif1 #g1 inscription of #ahf ,b4,c41 that no male should presume to have had resort to the ,bacchants 7#gfe2 #dh74 n quid misse velit nsciente domin1 ,cato1 ,,rr4 #e1 #d1 he must not venture to have bought anything without his master's knowledge1 of a head farm-steward4 #bbbe4 ,in poetry of the ,augustan age1 the complementary perfect infinitive active is sometimes dependent on a verb of will or effort1 such as cr1 labr1 tend3 as1 tendents opc ,plion inposuisse ,olymp1 ,h4 #c1 #d1 #ea1 on shadowy ,olympus striving ,pelion to have piled4 #bbbf4 ,any past tense of the indicative1 when made dependent on a verb of perceiving1 knowing1 thinking1 or saying1 is represented by the perfect infinitive4 ,thus1 in ,theophrastus scrbit ,cmnem hospitlem fuisse3 ita enim vlics impervisse1 ut omnia praebrentur1 ,off4 #b1 #fd1 ,theophrastus says in his book that ,cimon was the soul of hospitality3 he had directed his stewards to furnish everything required2 the fuisse represents erat or fuit1 and the impervisse may represent imperbat1 impervit1 or perhaps imperverat1 of direct discourse4 praec dxisse prnntiat1 ,v4 #b1 #ge1 the crier proclaims #8speaking finished' 7#afje74 #bbbg4 ,the perfect infinitive passive with fuisse denotes a past resulting state3 as1 dc ,mithridt cpis omnibus rbus rnts atque nstrcts fuisse1 urbemque obsessam esse1 ,,ip4 #bj1 ,i must tell you that ,mithridates's troops were completely armed and equipped1 and that the town was under siege4 ,here rnts fuisse represents rntae erant 7#afae71 and obsessam esse represents obsidbtur 7#aeie74 #bbbh4 7#a47 ,the perfect active infinitive is sometimes used with nl or vol1 especially in poetry1 when the subject of the infinitive is not the same as that of the verb 7#bahi73 as1 hanc t ad cters virtts adicisse velim1 ,l4 #cj1 #ad1 #f1 ,i only wish you had this good quality added to the rest4 #bbbi4 7#b47 vol often has an emphatic perfect passive infinitive1 usually without esse 7#bbcj72 less frequently cupi and rarely nl3 as1 factum vol1 ,pl4 ,b4 #die1 ,as4 #fhe1 ,i want it done1 i4e4 ,i will4 ills monits etiam atque etiam vol1 ,c4 #b1 #bg1 ,i want those people cautioned over and over4 ,particularly common in ,cicero1 not in ,caesar or ,sallust4 ,also with impersonal infinitives 7#adgi73 as oblvscere illum adversri tu voluisse cnsultum1 ,att4 #af1 #af;c1 #aj1 you must forget that the man wanted your enemy provided for4 #bbcj4 ,the perfect infinitive passive or deponent1 commonly without esse1 is often used in ,plautus1 ,terence1 and ,cicero1 by assimilation with past tenses of verbs of propriety1 such as aequum est1 convenit1 decet1 and oportet3 as1 nn oportuit relcts1 ,t4 ,hau4 #bdg1 they shouldn't have been left4 t ,iov comprectam oportuit1 ,pl4 ,am4 #gci1 you should have said your prayers to ,jove4 ,the perfect active is less common3 as1 cvisse oportuit1 ,pl4 ,am4 #idd1 you should have been upon your guard4 ,for vol1 cupi1 nl1 see #bbbi4 #bbca4 ,the perfect infinitive of completed action is very common with such expressions as satis est1 satis habe1 iuvat1 melius est1 paenitet1 c41 also with verbs of emotion1 such as gaude1 c43 as1 m quoque iuvat ad fnem bell ,pnic pervnisse1 ,l4 #ca1 #a1 #a1 ,i am delighted myself to have reached the end of the ,punic war4 ,oftentimes1 however1 in verse1 the use of the perfect is partly due to the metre4 ,,the ,,future ,,tense4 #bbcb4 ,the future infinitive is only used as a representative of the indicative1 and not as a substantive4 #bbcc4 ,for the future infinitive active or passive1 a circumlocution with fore or futrum esse with ut and the subjunctive present or imperfect is often used4 ,this construction is necessary when the verb has no future participle or supine3 as1 spr fore ut contingat id nbs1 ,,td4 #a1 #hb1 ,i hope we may be so fortunate4 clmbant fore ut ips s d ulcscerentur1 ,v4 #d1 #hg1 they cried out that the gods would avenge themselves4 #bbcd4 fore with the perfect participle of a passive or deponent1 represents the future perfect of direct discourse3 as1 dbelltum mox fore rbantur1 ,l4 #bc1 #ac1 #f1 they thought the war would soon be over4 #bbce4 7#a47 ,the future infinitive is commonly used with ir1 minor1 polliceor1 prmitt1 and spr1 especially when the leading verb and the infinitive have the same subject3 as1 irvit s nisi victrem in castra nn reversrum1 ,caes4 ,c4 #c1 #hg1 #e1 he swore he would not come back to camp except as a victor4 quod s factrs minbantur1 ,caes4 ,c4 #b1 #ac1 #d1 which they threatened they would do4 obsids datrs pollicit sunt1 #d1 #bg1 #a1 they volunteered to give hostages4 #bbcf4 7#b47 ,a looser present infinitive is sometimes used with the above verbs1 especially in old ,latin1 generally without a subject accusative4 ,thus with ir by ,cato and ,plautus1 and with minor1 proclaim with threats1 by ,lucretius4 ,similarly dare pollicentur1 #f1 #i1 #g1 they offer to give4 reliqus dterrr sprns1 ,caes4 ,c4 #c1 #h1 #c1 hoping that the rest were scared4 spr nostram amcitiam nn egre testibus1 ,fam4 #b1 #b1 ,i trust our friendship needs no witnesses4 ,as possum has no future infinitive1 the present of this verb is necessarily used3 as1 ttus ,galliae ss potr posse sprant1 #a1 #c1 #h1 they hope to be able to get the control of the whole of ,gaul4 ,,the ,,gerundive ,,and ,,gerund4 #bbcg4 ,the gerundive is a verbal adjective 7#hii74 ,the gerund is a neuter verbal substantive1 used only in the oblique cases of the singular4 ,both gerundives and gerunds express1 in a noun form1 the uncompleted action of the verb4 #bbch4 ,gerundives and gerunds1 like the ,english verbal in -ing1 were originally neither active nor passive 7#bhh71 but might stand for either an active or a passive4 ,in time a prevailing passive meaning grew up in the gerundive1 and a prevailing active meaning in the gerund4 ,a gerund may be followed by the same case as its verb2 but for the gerund of verbs of transitive use1 see #bbdb1 #bbee1 #bbei1 #bbfe4 #bbci4 ,both gerundives and gerunds are modified like verbs1 by adverbs1 not by adjectives4 7#a47 ,,the ,,gerundive ,,construction4 #bbdj4 ,the gerundive expresses1 in an adjective form1 the uncompleted action of a verb of transitive use exerted on a substantive object1 the substantive standing in the case required by the context1 and the gerundive agreeing with it4 ,in this construction1 which is called the gerundive construction1 the substantive and gerundive blend together in sense like the parts of a compound4 male gerend negti in aere alin vacillant1 ,c4 #b1 #ba1 owing to bad business-managing they are staggering under debts4 studium agr colend1 ,,cm4 #ei1 the occupation of land-tilling4 vir regendae r pblicae scientissimus1 ,,do4 #a1 #bad1 a man of great experience in state-managing4 7#b47 ,,the ,,gerund4 #bbda4 ,the gerund expresses1 in a substantive form1 the uncompleted action of a verb which has no direct object4 ars vvend1 ,fin4 #a1 #db1 the art of living4 nn est locus ad tergiversandum1 ,att4 #g1 #a1 #d1 'tis no time for shill-,i-shall-,i-ing4 sum dfessus quaeritand1 ,pl4 ,am4 #ajad1 ,i'm all worn out with hunting4 s experiend didicisse1 ,ta4 #a1 #aa1 he had learned by experience4 #bbdb4 ,gerunds of verbs of transitive use are exceptionally found with a substantive object 7#bbee1 #bbei1 #bbfe71 and regularly with neuter pronouns and neuter plural adjectives to avoid ambiguity 7#aajf74 ,see also #bbdg4 agend aliquid discendque caus1 ,fin4 #e1 #ed1 for the sake of doing or learning something4 faciend aliquid vel nn faciend vra rati1 ,plin4 ,ep4 #f1 #bg1 #d1 the true ground for doing or not doing a thing4 artem s trdere vra ac falsa didicand1 ,,do4 #b1 #aeg1 that he passed along the art of distinguishing between the true and the false4 regend cncta onus1 ,ta4 #a1 #aa1 the burden of governing the world4 ,,cases ,,of ,,gerunds ,,and ,,gerundives4 ,,nominative4 #bbdc4 ,the nominative of the gerundive construction1 as the subject of sum1 denotes action which is to be done4 ,the combination acquires the meaning of obligation or propriety1 and this meaning also passes over to the accusative with esse4 ,the person who has the action to do is put in the dative of the possessor 7#abae74 ,instead of the dative1 the ablative with ab is sometimes used1 particularly where the dative would be ambiguous4 tib haec cra suscipienda est1 ,v4 #d1 #fi1 the undertaking of this care exists for you1 i4e41 you must undertake this charge4 ,caesar omnia n tempore erant agenda3 vxillum prpnendum1 sgnum tub dandum1 ab opere revocand mlits1 acis nstruenda1 mlits cohortand1 sgnum dandum1 #b1 #bj1 #a1 for ,caesar there was everything to be done at the same moment3 the standard to be raised1 bugle call given1 soldiers summoned in from their work1 line of battle to be formed1 soldiers harangued1 signal given for engagement4 quaerenda pecnia prmum est2 virts post numms1 ,h4 ,e4 #a1 #a1 #ec1 there is money-making to be the first aim3 character second to dollars4 adeundus mih illic est hom1 ,pl4 ,r4 #abih1 ,i must draw near this fellow4 ,caesar statuit sib ,rhnum esse trnseundum1 #d1 #af1 #a1 ,caesar made up his mind that he must cross the ,rhine4 ego istum iuvenem dom tenendum cnse1 ,l4 #ba1 #c1 #f1 for my part1 ,i think that young man ought to be kept at home4 ego m referendam grtiam nn putem8 ,planc4 #gh1 should ,i not think that ,i ought to show my gratitude to him8 quid m amplius dcendum puttis8 ,v4 #c1 #fj1 what more do you think that ,i need say8 #bbdd4 fruendus1 fungendus1 potiundus1 tendus1 vscendus1 are also used in this construction1 chiefly in the oblique cases2 in the nominative the impersonal construction 7#bbdf7 is usual4 ,these verbs sometimes have a transitive use in old ,latin 7#achj74 nn paranda nbs slum ea1 sed fruenda etiam est1 ,fin4 #a1 #c1 that is a thing which we must not only obtain1 but enjoy as well1 of wisdom4 nec tamen est potiunda tib1 ,o4 #i1 #ged1 she is not to be won by thee4 ,examples of the oblique cases in this use are cited below4 #bbde4 habe with the gerundive1 as an equivalent of est mih1 est tib1 c4 7#bbdc71 is sometimes found1 chiefly in late writers and particularly in ,tacitus3 as1 mult habent in praedis1 quibus frmentum aut vnum aliudve quid dsit1 inportandum1 ,varro1 ,,rr4 #a1 #af1 #b1 many on whose estates corn or wine or something else is lacking1 have to bring it in4 multum interest utrumne d frt dcendum habes an d cvibus trucdts1 ,ta4 ,d4 #cg1 it makes a great difference whether you have to speak about a theft or about the murder of ,romans4 s nunc prmum statuendum habrmus1 ,ta4 #ad1 #dd1 if we had to decide the point to-day for the first time4 #bbdf4 ,the neuter of verbs of intransitive use takes the impersonal construction with est4 ,verbs ordinarily transitive also take the impersonal construction when used without an object4 nunc est bibendum1 ,h4 #a1 #cg1 #a1 now drinking exists1 i4e4 now we must drink4 inambulandumst1 ,pl4 ,as4 #fhb1 ,i must be moving on4 ego amplius dlberandum cnse1 ,t4 ,ph4 #deg1 ,i opine there must be more pondering4 linguae moderandumst mih1 ,pl4 ,cu4 #dhf1 ,i must check my tongue4 omne animal cnfitendum est esse mortle1 ,,dn4 #c1 #cb1 it must be admitted that every living thing is destined to die4 nm umquam sapins prditr crdendum putvit1 ,v4 #a1 #ch1 no wise man ever held that a traitor was to be trusted4 #bbdg4 ,the impersonal construction with an object in the accusative1 is old-fashioned and rare4 cans paucs habendum1 ,varro1 ,,rr4 #a1 #ba1 one should keep but few dogs4 aeterns quoniam poens in morte timendumst1 ,lucr4 #a1 #aaa1 since punishment eterne they have in death to fear4 ,this construction occurs oftenest in ,lucretius and ,varro2 once in ,plautus1 a few times in ,cicero for special reasons1 and here and there in later writers4 ,not in ,caesar or ,horace4 #bbdh4 ,the gerundive sometimes acquires1 in itself1 the meaning of obligation or propriety1 which it properly has only when combined with sum1 and becomes a mere adjective1 used in any case4 frm expetend lberlem virginem1 ,pl4 ,per4 #eba1 a freeborn maid of shape delectable4 ,l4 ,brt1 prncipe huius maxim cnservand generis et nminis1 ,ph4 #c1 #aa1 ,brutus1 the first of this most highly cherished house and name4 huic timend host obvius fu1 ,l4 #ba1 #da1 #d1 ,i met this dreadful foe4 ,athns1 multa vsenda habents1 ,l4 #de1 #bg1 #aa1 ,athens1 which contains many sights worth a visit4 ,for volvendus c41 see #bhh4 #bbdi4 ,the attributive gerundive 7#bbdh71 particularly with a negative1 in- privative1 or vix1 may denote possibility1 like the verbal in -bilis3 as1 labrs nn fugiends1 ,fin4 #b1 #aah1 inevitable labours4 ,polybius1 haudququam spernendus auctor1 ,l4 #cj1 #de1 #e1 ,polybius1 an authority by no means despicable4 nfandum1 rgna1 iubs renovre dolrem1 ,v4 #b1 #c1 thou bidst me1 queen1 rehearse that woe unspeakable4 vix erat crdendum1 #e1 #bh1 #a1 it was hardly credible4 praedicbile aliquid et glriandum ac prae s ferendum1 ,,td4 #e1 #di1 something laudable and vauntable and displayable as well4 ,errata3 #bbdc 444 i4e41 you must undertake this charge 1 missing #bbdh 444 ,ph4 #c1 #aa #c4 #aa ,,accusative4 #bbej4 7#a47 ,the accusative of the gerundive construction is used with loc and condc1 with suscipi1 habe1 and cr1 and with verbs of giving or assigning4 ,with the verbs of giving or assigning 7such as d1 trd1 committ1 attribu1 dvid1 relinqu1 permitt1 dnot71 the emphasis often gravitates towards the substantive1 and the gerundive1 as an explanatory appendage1 acquires the meaning of purpose4 ,so in ,plautus with the verbs of asking 7rog and pet72 in ,cicero with posco4 7a47 caedundum condx ego illum 33 tum optumumst locs efferendum1 ,pl4 ,aul4 #efg1 ,i engaged him for killing 33 then you'd better contract for his funeral 7#agji74 sgnum conlocandum cnsuls locvrunt1 ,cat4 #c1 #bj1 the consuls let out the erecting of the statue4 redemptor qu columnam illam condxerat faciendam1 ,div4 #b1 #dg1 the contractor who had undertaken the making of that pillar4 vellem suscpisss iuvenem regendum1 ,att4 #aj1 #f1 #b1 ,i wish you had undertaken training the young man4 aedem habuit tuendam1 ,v4 #a1 #acj1 he had the looking after the temple4 agrum d nostr patre colendum habbat1 ,t4 ,ph4 #cfd1 he had the tilling of a farm from my father4 7b47 ,,coiravit ,,basilicam ,,calecandam1 ,,cil4 ,i1 #aaff1 he superintended the town hall plastering4 pontem faciendum crat1 #a1 #ac1 #a1 he attends to a bridge's being made1 i4e4 has it made4 cnsulibus sentus rem pblicam dfendendam dedit1 ,ph4 #h1 #ae1 the senate entrusted the defence of the state to the consuls4 agrs plb colends dedit1 ,,rp4 #c1 #af1 he gave lands to the common people to till4 ,antigonus ,eumenem propnqus sepeliendum trdidit1 ,n4 #ah1 #ac1 #d1 ,antigonus delivered ,eumenes to his kinsfolk to be buried4 attribuit ns trucdands1 ,c4 #d1 #ac1 us he handed over to be slaughtered4 saucis mlits crands dvidit patribus1 ,l4 #b1 #dg1 #ab1 he apportioned the wounded soldiers among the senators to cure4 haec porcs comedenda relinqus1 ,h4 ,e4 #a1 #g1 #ai1 you'll leave them to the pigs to eat4 cvs ,rmns trucdands dnotvit1 ,,ip4 #g1 he specified ,romans for slaughter4 7c47 quae tenda vsa semper vcn rogant1 ,pl4 ,aul4 #if1 traps that the neighbours are always asking the use of4 artoptam ex proxum tendam pet1 ,pl4 ,aul4 #djj1 ,i'm going for the use of a breadpan from next door4 #bbea4 ,when such a verb is passive1 the accusative becomes nominative4 simulcrum ,dnae tollendum loctur1 ,v4 #d1 #gf1 the moving of the statue of ,diana is let out4 dlaceranda fers dabor litibusque praeda1 ,cat4 #fd1 #aeb1 ,i shall be given a prey for beasts and birds to tear4 trditque ftilibus ,caudium dcend1 ,l4 #i1 #aj1 #b1 and they were delivered to the fetials to be taken to ,caudium4 #bbeb4 7#b47 ,the accusative of the gerundive construction or gerund is used with a preposition1 usually ad4 ,if the verb is of transitive use1 the gerundive is proper1 not the gerund 7#bbdj74 ,this construction is used with verbs 7including verbs of hindering71 with substantives generally to denote purpose1 and with adjectives which have the meaning of capable1 fit1 easy1 useful1 c41 c4 7a47 hic in noxist1 ille ad dcendam causam adest1 ,t4 ,ph4 #bff1 when ,a's in trouble1 ,b turns up to make excuses for him4 ad pcem petendam ad ,hannibalem vnit1 ,l4 #ba1 #ac1 #a1 he is come to ,hannibal to sue for peace4 ad es rs cnficiends ,orgetorx dligitur1 #a1 #c1 #c1 ,orgetorix is chosen to do this4 dant s ad ldendum1 ,fin4 #e1 #db1 they devote themselves to playing4 pals ,rmns ad nsequendum tardbat1 #g1 #bf1 #b1 a morass hindered the ,romans from pursuit4 ut pedits ad trnseundum impedrentur1 ,caes4 ,c4 #a1 #fb1 #b1 so that the infantry were hampered in crossing4 7b47 causa ad obirgandum1 ,t4 ,andr4 #aej1 a reason for finding fault4 spatium smmus ad cgitandum1 ,fin4 #d1 #a1 let us take time for thought4 alter occsinem sib ad occupandam ,asiam obltam esse arbitrtur1 ,,ip4 #d1 the other thinks a chance is given him for seizing all ,asia4 7c47 homo nn aptissimus ad iocandum1 ,,dn4 #b1 #df1 a man not very well fitted to be a joker4 nimis doctus illest ad male faciendum1 ,pl4 ,e4 #cgh1 too well the fellow's trained at playing tricks4 tbtur e cib qu esset facillimus ad concoquendum1 ,fin4 #b1 #fd1 he made use of the sort of food which was easiest to digest4 #bbec4 ,other prepositions are sometimes used3 as1 inter1 in old ,latin1 ,vergil1 ,livy1 and later writers2 ob1 once in ,ennius1 rarely in ,cicero and ,sallust2 in very rarely1 but even in ,cicero2 ante 7,vergil1 ,livy71 circ 7post-,augustan71 propter 7,varro1 ,val4 ,max471 all rare4 mrs s inter ldendum dtegunt1 ,quintil4 #a1 #c1 #ab1 character discovers itself during play4 ob rem idicandam pecniam accipere1 ,v4 #b1 #gh1 to take money for passing judgement on a case4 ,,dative4 #bbed4 ,the dative of the gerundive construction is used with adjectives1 verbs1 and phrases of ability1 attention1 and adaptation1 with titles of office1 and with comitia1 election4 ,this construction is not very common in classical ,latin1 where few verbs and substantives take it instead of the usual ad and the accusative 7#bbeb74 ,in old ,latin1 it is also joined to adjectives and participles2 in ,cicero it is thus used only with accommodtus4 ,from ,livy on1 the construction becomes a very favourite one4 ,caesar has it only as below and #c1 #d1 #a4 tls iactands tuae sunt cnsutae mans1 ,pl4 ,vid4 your hands are used to throwing dice4 optumum oper faciund1 ,pl4 ,r4 #geg1 most suitable for carrying on his trade4 praeesse agr colend1 ,,ra4 #ej1 to superintend farm managing4 cum dis vnisset rogtin ferendae1 ,att4 #a1 #ad1 #e1 when the day came for proposing the bill4 hberns oppugnands hunc esse dictum diem1 #e1 #bg1 #e1 that this was the day set for attacking the winter quarters4 cnsul plcands ds habendque dlct dat operam1 ,l4 #bb1 #b1 #a1 the consul devotes himself to propitiating the gods and raising troops4 ,dmosthens crtor mrs reficiends fuit1 ,,og4 #ai1 ,demosthenes was commissioner for repairing the walls4 ,i,i,ivir r pblicae cnstituendae1 ,l4 ,epit4 #abj1 a commission of three for reorganizing the state4 comitia collgae subrogand habuit1 ,l4 #b1 #h1 #c1 he held an election for appointing a colleague4 #bbee4 ,in the dative1 a transitive gerund with an object in the accusative is found four times in ,plautus2 in ,ovid1 ,livy1 and ,vitruvius once each4 #bbef4 ,late writers sometimes use the dative of the gerundive construction instead of a final clause 7#aifa73 as1 subdcit ex aci leginem faciends castrs1 ,ta4 #b1 #ba1 he withdraws a legion from the field to build a camp4 ndum mollibus plms cnsternunt tepfaciends vs1 simul n drus sit nfantibus pulls1 ,plin4 ,,nh4 #aj1 #ib1 they line the nest with soft feathers to warm the eggs1 and also to prevent it from being uncomfortable to their young brood4 #bbeg4 ,the dative of the gerund is used chiefly by old and late writers1 and is confined in the best prose to a few special phrases4 sculand meliust pausam fier1 ,pl4 ,r4 #abje1 'tis better that a stop be put to kissing4 t nec solvend ers1 ,ph4 #b1 #d1 you were neither solvent4 ,,sc ,,arf1 i4e4 scrbend arfurunt1 ,,cil4 ,i1 #aif1 #b1 there were present when the document was put in writing4 quod scrbend adfuist1 ,fam4 #ae1 #f1 #b1 because you were present at the writing4 ,erratum3 #bbed 444 ,i,i,ivir printed as shown1 without space ,,genitive4 #bbeh4 7#a47 ,the genitive of the gerundive construction or gerund is used with substantives or adjectives4 7a47 tacend tempus est1 ,pl4 ,poen4 #gda1 it's time to be still4 sps potiund oppid1 #b1 #g1 #b1 the hope of overpowering the town 7#bbdd74 summa difficults nvigand1 #c1 #ab1 #e1 the greatest difficulty in sailing4 proeli committend sgnum dedit1 #b1 #ba1 #c1 he gave the signal for beginning the battle4 exempl erum clds fuit ut ,mrs mitterent rtrs pcis petendae1 ,l4 #i1 #de1 #ah1 their downfall was a warning to the ,marsians to send envoys to sue for peace4 sve nvs diciend operis essent missae1 #d1 #ag1 #aj1 or if vessels for breaking down the works had been sent4 ,particularly with caus1 grti1 or rarely erg 7#abeg71 to denote purpose3 as1 frmentand caus1 #d1 #ab1 #a1 for foraging4 vtandae suspcinis caus1 ,c4 #a1 #ai1 to avoid suspicion4 mneris fungend grti1 ,,rp4 #a1 #bg1 for the sake of doing one's duty4 illusce sacr coercend erg1 ,cato1 ,,rr4 #aci1 because of thinning out yon hallowed grove4 7b47 quam cupida eram hc redeund1 ,t4 ,hec4 #ia1 how eager ,i was to return here4 homine pert dfniend1 ,off4 #c1 #fj1 a man accomplished in drawing distinctions4 perpessus est omnia potius quam cnscis dlendae tyrannidis indicret1 ,,td4 #b1 #eb1 he stood out against the worst sooner than betray his confederates in the overthrow of the tyranny4 nsutus nvigand1 #e1 #f1 #c1 unused to sailing4 studisus audiend1 ,n4 #ae1 #c1 #b1 an eager listener4 nescia tolerand1 ,ta4 #c1 #a1 ignorant what patience was4 nand pavidus1 ,ta4 ,h4 #e1 #ad1 afraid to swim4 ,with adjectives1 the gerundive construction is not found in ,plautus and ,terence1 and the gerund not in ,plautus4 ,terence has the gerund with cupidus1 ,cato with studisus4 ,the construction is of slow growth before ,tacitus1 who greatly developed it4 #bbei4 ,in the genitive1 a transitive gerund with an object in the accusative is rare except in ,plautus2 ordinarily the gerundive is used 7#bbdj74 t dfrdand caus1 ,pl4 ,men4 #fhg1 for the purpose of cheating you4 cupidus t audiend1 ,,do4 #b1 #af1 eager to hear you4 summa ldend occsist mihi nunc sens1 ,t4 ,ph4 #hhe1 ,i've now a splendid chance the graybeards of eluding4 n su lberand 7#bbfj7 atque ulcscend ,rmns occsinem dmittant1 #e1 #ch1 #b1 that they should not let slip the chance of freeing themselves and taking vengeance on the ,romans4 sgnum colligend vsa dedit1 ,l4 #bd1 #af1 #ad1 he gave the signal to pack their things4 #bbfj4 nostr1 vostr 7or vestr71 and su1 being singular in form 7#fdi7 have often a singular gerundive4 nn tam su cnservand quam turum cnsilirum reprimendrum caus profgrunt1 ,c4 #a1 #g1 they fled1 not so much to protect themselves as to crush your plans4 vnisse tempus ulcscend su1 ,sest4 #bh1 that the time was come for them to revenge themselves4 vestr adhortand caus1 ,l4 #ba1 #da1 #a1 for the purpose of encouraging you4 #bbfa4 ,sometimes another genitive appears beside the genitive of the gerund1 each perhaps dependent on the main word4 ,this use is found in old ,latin1 ,lucretius1 ,varro1 and here and there in ,cicero1 as well as in late ,latin4 nminand istrum tib erit cpia1 ,pl4 ,cap4 #heb1 you will have a chance to name them4 poenrum solvend tempus1 ,lucr4 #e1 #abbe1 the time of paying penalties4 exemplrum ligend potests1 ,inv4 #b1 #e1 a chance of picking out examples4 lcis tuend cpiam1 ,pl4 ,cap4 #ajjh1 a chance to look upon the light4 #bbfb4 7#b47 ,the genitive of the gerundive construction is used predicatively with sum4 rgium imperium1 quod initi cnservandae liberttis fuerat1 ,s4 ,c4 #f1 #g1 the authority of the king1 which had originally served to uphold freedom4 ctera in ,,xii minuend smpts sunt lmenttinisque fnebris1 ,leg4 #b1 #ei1 the rest of the contents of the ,twelve ,tables are conducive to the abating of extravagance and keening at funerals4 concordiam rdinum1 quam dissolvendae tribnciae potesttis rentur esse1 ,l4 #e1 #c1 #e1 the union of the classes1 which they believe serves to break down the power of the tribunes4 ,this use is not common4 ,it is found rarely in ,sallust and ,cicero2 chiefly in ,livy4 #bbfc4 ,the genitive of the gerundive construction1 without a substantive or adjective 7#bbeh7 or the verb sum 7#bbfb71 is occasionally used to denote purpose3 as1 quae ille cpit lgum ac lberttis subvortundae1 ,s4 ,fr4 ,phil4 #aj1 which he began in order to overthrow freedom and the laws1 of civil war4 num vincr iubet1 magis surpand iris quam quia nus culpa foret1 ,ta4 ,h4 #d1 #be1 he ordered one into irons1 more to vindicate his authority than because an individual was to blame4 ,this use occurs very rarely in ,sallust1 chiefly in ,tacitus and late ,latin4 ,once in ,terence with the gerund4 #bbfd4 ,tacitus has the genitive of the gerundive construction two or three times with a judicial verb 7#abhj7 to denote the charge3 as1 occupandae r pblicae argu nn poterant1 ,ta4 #f1 #aj1 they could not be charged with an attempt on the throne4 ,,ablative4 #bbfe4 ,in the ablative a transitive gerund with a substantive object is not uncommon4 frtrem laudand1 ,leg4 #a1 #a1 in quoting your brother4 larg partiend praedam1 ,l4 #ba1 #e1 #e1 by a lavish distribution of the spoil4 ,this use is particularly common in ,livy4 ,not in ,caesar4 #bbff4 7#a47 ,the ablative of the gerundive construction or gerund denotes means1 less often cause1 rarely manner and circumstances1 or time1 or respect4 ,means3 ,caesar dand sublevand gnscund1 ,cat nihil largiund glriam adeptus est1 ,s4 ,c4 #ed1 #c1 ,caesar gained reputation by giving1 helping1 and pardoning1 ,cato by lavishing no gifts4 opprim sustentand ac prltand nll pact potest1 ,c4 #d1 #f1 it cannot be crushed by patience and procrastination4 ,livy has this ablative with the adjective contentus 7#acgg73 nec iam possidends pblics agrs contents esse1 #f1 #ad1 #aa1 that they were no longer satisfied with the occupation of the public lands4 ,cause3 aggerund curvom aqu1 ,pl4 ,cas4 #abd1 bowed with water carrying4 flend turgidul rubent ocell1 ,cat4 #c1 #ah1 with weeping red and swollen are her eyne4 ,manner and circumstances3 rare in old ,latin and ,cicero3 not in ,caesar3 bellum ambuland cnfcrunt1 ,caelius in ,fam4 #h1 #ae1 #a1 they strolled through the war4 senex vincend factus1 ,l4 #cj1 #bh1 #e1 maturing in victories4 ,time3 cum plausum me nmine recitand dedissent1 ,att4 #d1 #a1 #f1 when they had applauded on the reading of my name4 partibus dvidends ips regi vnit1 ,l4 #be1 #cj1 #f1 at the distribution1 the district fell to him4 ,respect3 ,latn loquend cuivs erat pr1 ,br4 #abh1 in his use of ,latin he was a match for anybody4 #bbfg4 7#b47 ,the ablative of the gerundive construction or gerund is also accompanied by a preposition1 ab1 d1 in1 or ex2 rarely by pr4 nllum tempus ill umquam vacbat aut scrbend aut cgitand1 ,br4 #bgb1 he never had any time free from writing or from thinking4 quod verbum ductum est nimis intuend fortnam alterus1 ,,td4 #c1 #bj1 a word which is derived from #8looking too closely at' another's prosperity1 of the word invidia4 cnsilium illud d occldends aedibus1 ,t4 ,eu4 #ghd1 that idea about barring up the house4 nihil d caus discend praecipiunt1 ,,do4 #b1 #ajj1 they give no instruction about studying up a case4 vostra rti in r incipiund1 ,t4 ,ph4 #bbd1 your remarks when we started in with this affair4 fricn in r gerund celerittem1 ,v4 #e1 #be1 ,africanus's swiftness in execution4 vix ex grtuland minbam1 ,pl4 ,cap4 #ejd1 ,i barely got my head above their congratulations4 quae virts ex prvidend est appellta prdentia1 ,leg4 #a1 #fj1 a virtue which from #8foreseeing' is called foresight4 pr lberand amc1 ,pl4 ,per4 #dbf1 for setting free a leman4 pr ope ferend1 ,l4 #bc1 #bh1 #aa1 instead of going to the rescue4 ,in this use ab is not found in ,plautus or ,terence1 nor pr in ,terence4 cum is found in ,quintilian1 super once in ,horace1 then in ,tacitus1 sine once in ,varro4 #bbfh4 ,with a comparative expression1 the ablative of the gerundive is found once3 nllum officium referend grti magis necessrium est1 ,off4 #a1 #dg1 no obligation is more binding than the returning of a favour4 ,the gerundive construction in the ablative of separation 7#acjb7 is found rarely in ,livy and ,pliny the younger2 ,livy has also the gerund3 as1 ,verminam absistere sequend cogit1 ,l4 #bi1 #cc1 #h1 he forced ,vermina to abandon his pursuit4 ,,the ,,supine4 #bbfi4 ,the supine is a verbal substantive4 ,the form in -um is an accusative4 ,the form in - is used sometimes as a dative1 sometimes as an ablative4 ,,the ,,supine ,,in -um4 #bbgj4 ,the supine in -um denotes purpose with verbs of motion 7#aaff73 as1 abit pisctum1 ,pl4 ,r4 #hih1 he's gone a fishing4 neu noct rem obambultum1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #cae1 not to go a prowling by night4 legine n frmenttum miss1 #d1 #cb1 #a1 one legion being sent a foraging4 sessum it praetor1 ,,dn4 #c1 #gd1 the praetor is going to take his seat4 specttum veniunt1 veniunt spectentur ut ipsae1 ,o4 ,,aa4 #a1 #ii1 they come to see and eke for to be seen4 ,this use is very common in ,plautus and ,terence1 less common in ,cicero and ,caesar4 ,it is found not infrequently in ,sallust and particularly in ,livy2 sporadically in the ,augustan poets4 ,in late prose it is almost confined to archaistic writing4 ,in classical ,latin1 purpose is more commonly expressed by the subjunctive with ut or a relative pronoun1 or by a gerundive or gerund with ad or caus4 ,see also #bafd4 #bbga4 ,the most common supines in -um are cubitum1 dormtum1 reptum1 frmenttum1 grtultum1 nntitum1 oppugntum1 rtum1 pstum1 perditum1 pettum1 salttum1 sessum1 supplictum4 ,they are found chiefly with e and veni4 nptum is also common with d1 colloc1 c41 and supines are occasionally found with other verbs implying motion4 #bbgb4 ,the supine in -um may be followed by the same construction as its verb3 as1 7a47 ,accusative3 des salttum atque uxrem modo intr dvortor domum1 ,pl4 ,st4 #ecd1 ,i'll just turn in home to greet my gods and my wife4 lgts ad ,caesarem mittunt rogtum auxilium1 #a1 #aa1 #b1 they send envoys to ,caesar to beg aid4 oppugntum patriam nostram veniunt1 ,l4 #ba1 #da1 #ac1 they come to assail our country4 ,classical writers generally avoid this use of the accusative4 7b47 ,dative3 servtum tibi m abdcit1 ,pl4 ,ps4 #ebj1 take me away to slave for you4 nn ego ,grs servtum mtribus b1 ,v4 #b1 #ghf1 not ,i shall go to be the serf of ,grecian dames4 7c47 ,subordinate clause3 lgt venibant3 ,aedu questum quod ,hards fns erum populrentur1 #a1 #cg1 #a1 envoys came3 the ,aeduans to complain #8because the ,harudians were laying their country waste' 7#ahec74 lgts ad ,caesarem msrunt rtum n s in hostium numer dceret1 #f1 #cb1 #a1 they sent envoys to ,caesar to beg that he would not regard them in the light of enemies4 #bbgc4 ,the supine in -um followed by r forms the future passive infinitive3 as1 eum exceptum r put1 ,att4 #g1 #bb1 #a1 ,i think that there is a going to capture him1 i4e4 that he is going to be captured4 ,here r is used impersonally and eum is the object of exceptum4 ,this infinitive is found half a dozen times in old ,latin1 often in ,cicero1 rarely in other writers2 not in the ,augustan poets4 ,for the common periphrasis1 see #bbcc4 ,,the ,,supine ,,in -4 #bbgd4 ,the supine in - is used with fs1 nefs1 and adjectives1 chiefly of such meaning as easy1 good1 pleasant1 strange1 or their opposites4 ,only a few supines in - are found2 the commonest are audt1 cgnit1 dict1 fact1 invent1 memort1 nt1 vs4 s hoc fs est dict1 ,,td4 #e1 #ch1 if heaven allows us to say so4 difficile dict est d singuls1 ,fam4 #a1 #g1 #b1 it is hard to say in the case of individuals4 quaerunt quod optimum fact sit1 ,v4 #a1 #fh1 they ask what the best thing is to do4 quid est tam iocundum cgnit atque audt8 ,,do4 #a1 #ca1 what pleasure is greater to mind and ear8 palpebrae mollissimae tct1 ,,dn4 #b1 #adb1 the eyelids are very soft to the touch4 ,with such adjectives the dative is commonly used 7#abjj72 or1 particularly with facilis or difficilis1 the gerundive construction with ad 7#bbeb72 for the infinitive1 see #baff4 ,the supine in - is found chiefly in ,cicero and ,livy4 ,very rare in old ,latin1 ,sallust1 ,caesar 7who has only fact and nt71 and the poets4 ,from the elder ,pliny and ,tacitus on1 it gets commoner4 #bbge4 ,the supine in - sometimes introduces a subordinate sentence1 but it is never used with an object in the accusative4 quoivs facile sct est quam fuerim miser1 ,t4 ,hec4 #bif1 anybody can easily understand how unhappy ,i was4 incrdibile memort est quam facile coaluerint1 ,s4 ,c4 #f1 #b1 it is an incredible tale how readily they grew into one4 vidtis nefs esse dict miseram fuisse tlem senecttem1 ,,cm4 #ac1 you see that it were a sin to say that an old age like his was unhappy4 #bbgf4 ,the supine in - is found rarely with opus est 7#acgi71 dgnus and indgnus 7#acib73 as1 ita dict opus est1 ,t4 ,hau4 #ida1 thus thou must needs say4 nihil dignum dict ctum hs cnsulibus1 ,l4 #d1 #cj1 #d1 nothing worth mentioning was done this year4 ,for dignus with qu and the subjunctive1 see #ahai2 for opus est with the infinitive1 #bbaa4 #bbgg4 ,in ,plautus and ,cato1 the supine in - is very rarely used like an ablative of separation 7#acjb73 as1 nunc opsont rede1 ,pl4 ,men4 #bhh1 ,i'm only just back from catering4 prmus cubit surgat1 postrmus cubitum eat1 ,cato1 ,,rr4 #e1 #e1 let him be first to get up from bed and last to go to bed4 ,statius imitates this use in ,ach4 #a1 #aai4 ,erratum3 #bbgf 444 dgnus and indgnus text unchanged3 word generally spelled 8-dign-0 7see endnote on first edition7 ,,the ,,participle4 #bbgh4 ,the participle is a verbal adjective4 ,like the adjective1 it is inflected to agree with its substantive4 ,like the verb1 it may be modified by an adverb1 it is active or passive1 and it expresses action as continuing1 completed1 or future4 ,it may also be followed by the same case as its verb4 ,,time ,,of ,,the ,,participle4 #bbgi4 7#a47 ,the time to which the participle refers is indicated by the verb of the sentence4 r effluns hc et illc vents efficit1 ,,dn4 #b1 #aja1 the air by streaming to and fro produces winds4 convn hodi advenins quendam1 ,t4 ,eu4 #bcd1 ,i met a man as ,i was coming to-day4 mans tendents vtam rbant1 ,l4 #dd1 #db1 #d1 with hands outstretched they begged their lives4 ,croesus ,halyn penetrns magnam pervertet opum vim1 oracle in ,div4 #b1 #aae1 ,croesus1 when ,halys he shall cross1 will overthrow a mighty realm4 benignittem tuam mih expert praedics1 ,pl4 ,merc4 #bhi1 thou vauntest to me who've proved thy courtesy4 cnsectus id quod anim prposuerat1 receptu can iussit1 #g1 #dg1 #a1 having accomplished what he had designed1 he gave orders to sound the retreat4 ,dionsius ,syrcss expulsus ,corinth puers docbat1 ,,td4 #c1 #bg1 after his expulsion from ,syracuse1 ,dionysius kept school at ,corinth4 lgt dxrunt s r dlbert ad ,caesarem reversrs1 #d1 #i1 #a1 the envoys said that they would come back to ,caesar after they had thought the matter over4 #bbhj4 7#b47 ,the perfect participle of deponents is sometimes used with past tenses or their equivalents to denote incomplete contemporaneous action4 ,so occasionally a perfect passive4 7a47 ,metellum esse rat ports clausre1 ,s4 ,i4 #fi1 #a1 supposing that it was ,metellus1 they closed their gates4 gvsus ills retinr iussit1 #d1 #ac1 #f1 with pleasure he gave orders for their detention4 persudent ,rauracs ut edem s cnsili proficscantur1 #a1 #e1 #d1 they coaxed the ,rauraci to adopt the same plan and go4 sltus iussit sapientem pscere barbam1 ,h4 ,s4 #b1 #c1 #ce1 consoling me he bade me grow a philosophic beard4 ,this use is found in old ,latin and in ,cicero very rarely4 ,sallust and ,caesar use a few verbs thus4 ,it is not uncommon in the ,augustan poets and ,livy4 ,in late writers1 especially ,tacitus1 it is frequent4 7b47 servum sub furc caesum medi gerat circ1 ,l4 #b1 #cf1 #a1 he had driven a slave round1 flogged under the fork1 right in the circus4 ,with this compare servus per circum1 cum virgs caedertur1 furcam ferns ductus est1 ,div4 #a1 #ee1 a slave with the fork on his neck was driven through the circus1 flogged with rods the while 7#ahgb74 ,but the perfect passive has its ordinary force 7#bbgi7 in verberibus caesum t in pistrnum ddam1 ,t4 ,andr4 #aii1 ,i'll give you a flogging and then put you in the mill4 #bbha4 ,for the perfect participle with forms of sum and fu1 see #afjh1 #afji2 for the conative present participle1 #bcja2 reflexive1 #adhb4 ,,the ,,attributive ,,participle4 #bbhb4 ,the present or perfect participle is often used as an adjective to express a permanent condition3 as1 crem rtrem1 incnsum et agentem et canrum for strepitus dsderat1 ,br4 #cag1 the noisy forum requires an impetuous speaker1 inspired and dramatic and sonorous4 ,l4 ,abuccius1 homo adprm doctus1 ,varro1 ,,rr4 #c1 #b1 #ag1 ,abuccius1 an eminently learned man4 ali fact1 flrents etiam et rnt1 ,o4 #bj1 others are brilliant1 even bright and elegant4 id tib rennti futrum ut ss scins1 ,t4 ,andr4 #ejh1 ,i give you notice this will happen1 that you may be prepared4 #bbhc4 ,the future participle is found as an adjective in the ,augustan poets and in late writers4 ,cicero1 however1 has futrus in this use with rs and a few other words1 and has ventrus once4 d mnsram urbem1 ,v4 #c1 #he1 grant a city that shall abide4 firmus paris et drtrus1 ,ta4 ,d4 #bb1 a strong and durable wall4 sgna ostenduntur ds rrum futrrum1 ,,dn4 #b1 #ab1 signs of future events are disclosed by the gods4 ,for the future participle with forms of sum1 see #afcc4 #bbhd4 ,many participles have become complete adjectives1 and as such are capable of composition or comparison1 or take the case required by an adjective4 7a47 nmen invict impertris1 ,v4 #d1 #hb1 the invincible general's name4 prus et nsns s vv1 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #f1 #fi1 pure and guiltless if ,i live 7#gdi74 7b47 soltus venficae scientiris carmine1 ,h4 ,epod4 #e1 #ga1 freed by some craftier witch's charm4 homo rudtissimus1 ,verrs1 ,v4 #d1 #abf1 ,verres1 most accomplished of men4 7c47 tibi sum oboedins1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #hjf1 ,i'm your obedient 7#abjj74 t cnfd ea factrum quae mih intellegs maxim esse accommodta1 ,fam4 #c1 #c1 #b1 ,i feel confident that you will do what you shall feel most appropriate to my interests 7#abja74 ,for the genitive with such participles1 see #abff4 #bbhe4 ,a perfect participle in agreement with a substantive often contains the leading idea1 and may be translated like an abstract substantive with a genitive dependent4 ,the nominative is rarely thus used4 ,the present participle in this use is rare1 the future late4 ,this construction expresses the completed action of the verb in precisely the same way that the gerundive construction 7#bbdj7 expresses uncompleted action4 7a47 ,joined with substantives3 iniriae retentrum equitum ,rmnrum1 #c1 #aj1 #b1 the outrages of ,roman knights detained1 i4e4 in the detention of ,roman knights4 servt cnsulis decus1 ,l4 #ba1 #df1 #aj1 the credit of saving the consul4 male administrtae prvinciae urgbtur1 ,ta4 #f1 #bi1 he was charged with maladministration of his province4 quid solts est betius crs8 ,cat4 #ca1 #g1 oh what is sweeter than the putting off of care8 7b47 ,joined with prepositions3 ab condit urbe ad lbertam1 ,l4 #a1 #fj1 #c1 from the foundation of the city to the liberation thereof4 post nts homins improbissimus1 ,br4 #bbd1 the greatest reprobate since the creation of man4 ante cvittem datam1 ,arch4 #i1 before the gift of the citizenship4 7c47 ,in the nominative3 very rare before ,livy3 dpressa hostium classis1 ,arch4 #ba1 the sinking of the enemy's fleet4 angbant ingentis sprits virum ,sicilia ,sardiniaque missae1 ,l4 #ba1 #a1 #e1 what tortured the high-souled hero was the loss of ,sicily and ,sardinia4 cuius turbvit nitids exstnctus passer ocells1 ,j4 #f1 #g1 whose sparkling eyne the sparrow's death bedimmed4 #bbhf4 ,this use of the participle1 though old1 is not common before ,livy1 who1 like ,tacitus1 has it frequently1 both with substantives and with prepositions4 ,very rare in ,caesar1 rare in ,cicero1 who1 however1 uses it both with substantives and with a few prepositions4 ,in old ,latin 7not in ,terence71 it is found with the substantives opus and sus1 in ,cato with post1 in ,varro with propter3 as1 m homine conventst opus1 ,pl4 ,cur4 #cjb1 ,i needs must see the man4 propter mare congeltum1 ,varro1 ,,rr4 #a1 #b1 #d1 by reason of the freezing of the sea water4 ,for the participle alone with sus est and opus est1 see #achb4 ,,the ,,substantive ,,participle4 #bbhg4 ,participles sometimes become substantives1 especially the perfect participle3 as1 vvit gnta1 ,t4 ,ph4 #gdi1 your daughter's alive4 d dmns su1 ,t4 ,ph4 #dc1 out of his allowance4 nstittum tenbimus1 ,,td4 #d1 #g1 we will hold to our fundamental idea4 ,adverbs1 not adjectives1 are commonly used to qualify perfect participles used as substantives2 for examples1 see #addj4 ,the masculine singular is rarely used as a substantive2 the neuter1 both singular and plural1 is common1 particularly with prepositions4 #bbhh4 ,the masculine plural of the perfect participle1 when used as a substantive1 generally denotes a definite class of persons3 as1 ut damnt in integrum restituantur1 vnct solvantur1 ,v4 #e1 #ab1 that the condemned go scot-free1 the imprisoned are set at liberty4 ,catilna cum expedts in prm aci vorsr1 ,s4 ,c4 #fj1 #d1 ,catiline bustling round in the van with the light infantry4 vocts equs smit1 #g1 #fe1 #e1 he took away the veterans' horses4 ,rarely not denoting a definite class3 as1 miss intercipiuntur1 #e1 #dj1 #a1 the men who had been sent 7i4e4 on a particular occasion7 are cut off4 #bbhi4 ,the perfect participle alone sometimes serves as the subject of a sentence instead of an abstract substantive 7#bbhe73 as1 ntum furns quid fmina possit1 ,v4 #e1 #f1 the knowledge of what a woman in her wrath can do4 prnntitum repente n quis violrtur1 multitdinem exuit arms1 ,l4 #d1 #ei1 #g1 the sudden proclamation that nobody was to be harmed1 deprived the people of their weapons4 ,this use is found chiefly in ,livy1 once or twice in ,cicero2 not in ,caesar or ,sallust4 ,see #achb4 #bbij4 ,the present participle is rarely a substantive in the nominative and ablative singular1 but often in the other cases4 in cnstituentibus rem pblicam1 ,br4 #de1 among the founders of a state4 multae nsectants dpellunt1 ,,dn4 #b1 #abg1 many drive off their pursuers4 nec praeterita nec praesentia abs t1 sed futra exspect1 ,fam4 #b1 #h1 #a1 ,i do not expect from you the past or the present1 but the future4 #bbia4 ,the genitive plural of the present participle is often best translated by an ,english abstract3 as1 cachinns inrdentium commovbat1 ,br4 #baf1 he provoked guffaws of derision4 mixts terrentium paventiumque clmrs1 ,l4 #bb1 #e1 #d1 mingled cries of exultation and terror4 prm gaudentium impet1 ,ta4 ,h4 #a1 #d1 in the first outburst of joy4 #bbib4 ,the future participle is very rarely used as a substantive4 audtrum dictr cra dlectat1 ,quintil4 #aa1 #c1 #aeg1 deliberation on the part of one who is on the point of speaking attracts his prospective hearer4 hav1 impertor1 moritr t saltant1 ,suet4 ,claud4 #ba1 emperor1 all hail6 the doomed give thee greeting4 ,this use is found in late writers1 as in ,tacitus and ,curtius once each1 and half a dozen times in ,pliny the younger4 ,cicero and ,sallust have futrus thus 7#bbhc73 as1 abs t futra exspect1 ,fam4 #b1 #h1 #a1 from you ,i expect the future4 supplicia in post futrs composuit1 ,s4 ,fr4 ,lep4 #f1 he invented penalties for men unborn4 ,,the ,,appositive ,,participle4 #bbic4 ,the appositive participle is a loose substitute for a subordinate sentence introduced by a relative or by a conjunctive particle4 #bbid4 7#a47 ,the appositive participle may represent a relative sentence3 as1 nv ego ,epicrs omnia sigilla venerants1 ,,dn4 #a1 #he1 why1 ,i know ,epicureans who bow the knee to all sorts of graven images4 ,conn mrs druts ,lsandr reficiends crat1 ,n4 #i1 #d1 #e1 ,conon superintended the rebuilding of the walls which had been destroyed by ,lysander4 ,the future participle is poetic and late 7#bbhc73 as1 servs itrum ,caesarem in ,britanns1 ,h4 #a1 #ce1 #bi1 guard ,caesar who against the ,britons is to march4 #bbie4 7#b47 ,the appositive participle1 representing other sentences1 may express various relations3 as1 7a47 time1 7b47 cause or means1 7c47 purpose1 7d47 concession1 7e47 hypothesis1 7f47 description or the manner of an action1 like an adverb4 ,for the ablative absolute in such relations1 see #acfb-acgd1 particularly #acfg4 7a47 ,time3 vehemns sum exorins1 quom occid vehementior1 ,pl4 ,r4 #ga1 furious am ,i at my rising1 when ,i set more furious still4 occsus est cn redins1 ,,ra4 #ig1 he was murdered on his way home from a dinner-party4 nam noctem slam praedns commort1 accedre incipiunt ,syrcss1 ,v4 #e1 #ie1 the freebooters1 after tarrying but one night1 began to draw near ,syracuse4 ,the future is late 7#bbhc73 as1 prmum omnium virrum fortium itr in proelia canunt1 ,ta4 ,g4 #c1 as the chief of all brave heroes1 they sing of him when they are on the point of going to battle1 of ,hercules4 7b47 ,cause or means3 mtum exspectns dlectum habre nstituit1 #f1 #a1 #a1 since he anticipated a rising1 he determined on recruiting troops4 moveor tl amc orbtus1 ,l4 #aj1 ,i am certainly affected at being bereaved of such a friend4 dextr dat fidem futrae amcitiae sanxisse1 ,l4 #a1 #a1 #h1 by giving his right hand he gave a pledge of future friendship4 quae contuns animus accdit ad cgnitinem derum1 ,,dn4 #b1 #aec1 through the contemplation of these1 the mind arrives at a knowledge of the gods4 ,the future participle is late3 as1 neque ills idicium aut vrits1 quippe edem di dversa par certmine postultrs1 ,ta4 ,h4 #a1 #cb1 they had neither sound judgement nor sincerity1 since on the same day they were to make conflicting demands with equal vehemence4 7c47 ,purpose3 the future participle1 commonly with a verb of motion3 ad ,clsium vnrunt1 leginem ,rmnam castraque oppugntr1 ,l4 #aj1 #bf1 #g1 they came to the neighbourhood of ,clusium1 to assail the ,roman legion and camp4 ascendit ipse1 ltrus auxilium1 ,plin4 ,ep4 #f1 #af1 #i1 he went aboard in person to go to the rescue4 laet complrant ltora coet vsr ,aeneadas1 ,v4 #e1 #ajg1 in happy company they'd filled the strand to see ,aeneas' men4 redire omns ,bonniam1 rursus cnsilitr1 ,ta4 ,h4 #b1 #ec1 they all went back to ,bologna for a second consultation4 ,this use appears first in ,c4 ,gracchus as cited by ,gellius1 then once in ,cicero and ,sallust each1 and a few times in the poets4 ,from ,livy on1 it grows commoner4 ,in the poets1 ,livy1 and ,tacitus1 it is sometimes joined with a conditional idea or protasis3 as1 greditur castrs ,rmnus1 vllum invsrus n cpia pugnae fieret1 ,l4 #c1 #fj1 #h1 the ,roman marches out of camp1 proposing to assault the stockade unless battle were offered4 7d47 ,concession3 qu mortlis ntus condicinem postuls immortlium1 ,,td4 #c1 #cf1 thou who1 though born to die1 layest claim to the state of the deathless4 bstis1 quibus ipsa terra fundit psts abundants nihil labrantibus1 ,fin4 #b1 #aaa1 the beasts1 on which1 though they toil not1 earth lavishes sustenance in profusion4 ,often with tamen or the like accompanying the verb3 as1 ib vehementissim perturbtus ,lentulus tamen et sgnum et manum suam cgnvit1 ,c4 #c1 #ab1 thereupon ,lentulus1 though thrown into the most extreme confusion1 did yet recognize his own hand and seal4 ,for quamquam and quamvs1 see #aijj1 #aijg4 ,ovid and ,propertius sometimes have licet 7#agaj73 as1 isque1 licet cael regine remts1 mente des adit1 ,o4 #ae1 #fb1 he in the spirit to the gods drew nigh1 though they are far away in heaven's domain4 ,the future participle is rare and late4 7e47 ,hypothesis3 quid igitur mih ferrum lanitus oberit nihil sentient8 ,,td4 #a1 #ajd1 what hurt will the clawing of wild beasts do me if ,i have no feeling8 apprbat nn admisss prtinus ,carthginem itrs1 ,l4 #ba1 #i1 #d1 it grew obvious that1 if not given audience1 they would go to ,carthage forthwith4 ,for other examples1 see #baaj4 ,for the participle with quasi or ut1 and in late writers with tamquam or velut1 see #baba4 ,the future participle is rare and late4 7f47 ,description or manner3 haec properants scrpsimus1 ,att4 #d1 #d;a1 ,i have written this hastily1 i4e4 in haste yours truly4 dicttor et magister equitum triumphants in urbem redire1 ,l4 #b1 #bj1 #ac1 the dictator and his master of the horse returned to the city in triumph4 incendbat haec flt et pectus verberns1 ,ta4 #a1 #bc1 he lent passion to his words with tears and beating of his breast4 vncts aspiciunt catns lbers sus1 ,v4 #e1 #ajh1 they behold their own children held in bondage4 #bbif4 ,the participle with a negative may be translated by without3 as1 id illa nivorsum abripiet haud existumns quant labre partum1 ,t4 ,ph4 #de1 my lady'll grab it all without a thought of all the toil it cost to get4 nn rogts ultr offerre auxilium1 ,l4 #cd1 #bc1 #c1 that without being asked1 they offer assistance of their own accord4 ,,the ,,predicative ,,participle4 #bbig4 habe is sometimes used with certain perfect participles to express an action continuing in its consequences1 faci1 d1 and in old ,latin redd and cr1 with a perfect participle1 are emphatic substitutes for the verb to which the participle belongs4 7a47 quae ns nostramque adulscentiam habent dspictam et quae ns semper omnibus cruciant mods1 ,t4 ,eu4 #chc1 who hold us and our youth in scorn and torment us in every way4 in e prvinci pecnis magns collocts habent1 ,,ip4 #ah1 they have invested large funds in that province4 ,cldi animum perspectum habe1 cgnitum1 idictum1 ad ,br4 #a1 #a1 #a1 ,clodius's mind ,i have looked into thoroughly1 probed1 formed a judgement on4 clausum lac ac montibus et circumfsum sus cpis habuit hostem1 ,l4 #bb1 #d1 #e1 his enemy he had shut in by lake and mountains and surrounded by his troops4 ,see also #afjf4 7b47 missa haec face1 ,t4 ,ad4 #ijf1 let this pass4 vrum haec missa faci1 ,,ra4 #gf1 but ,i let this pass4 ,mnlium missum fcit1 ,off4 #c1 #aab1 he let ,manlius go4 factum et crtum dab1 ,pl4 ,cas4 #dci1 ,i'll have it done and seen to4 strts legins ,latnrum dab1 ,l4 #h1 #f1 #f1 ,i will lay the ,latin legions low4 ego iam t commtum reddam1 ,t4 ,andr4 #hfd1 ,i'll soon have you worked up4 inventum tib crb tuom ,pamphilum1 ,t4 ,andr4 #fhd1 ,i'll have your ,pamphilus looked up for you4 ,in classical writers1 faci only is found in this use and only with the participle of mitt2 d occurs in late writers2 redd and cr only in old ,latin4 ,all these verbs are usually in the future tense or its equivalent4 ,for vol1 cupi1 and nl with the infinitive passive without esse1 see #bbbi4 #bbih4 ,the present participle is used predicatively with verbs signifying represent1 and with verbs denoting the exercise of the senses or mind3 as1 facit ,scratem disputantem1 ,,dn4 #a1 #ca1 he represents ,socrates discussing4 quasi ipss indx loquents1 ,l4 #c1 ,i have brought on the men themselves as speaking4 nn illum miserum1 gnrum css su1 redeuntem cn vidtis8 ,,ra4 #ih1 do you not see the poor man1 little dreaming of his fate1 returning from the dinner8 nn audvit dracnem loquentem1 ,div4 #b1 #ada1 he did not hear the serpent speaking4 ,this use is found in ,plautus1 ,terence1 ,cicero1 ,sallust1 ,horace1 ,nepos1 ,vitruvius1 and ,livy4 ,once in ,piso 7consul #acc ,b4,c471 as cited by ,gellius1 #g1 #i1 #f4 ,verbs denoting the exercise of the senses or mind take the accusative with the infinitive to denote the fact or action2 see #bage4 ,for audi with cum1 see #ahgj4 ,for the infinitive without esse with verbs of emotion1 see #bahd4 #bbii4 ,a passive with a verb meaning represent is expressed1 for lack of a present passive participle1 by the infinitive 7#bage74 ,the infinitive active is rare4 7a47 cnstru de atque aedificr mundum facit1 ,,dn4 #a1 #ai1 he represents the world being put together and built by the gods4 7b47 potae impendre saxum ,tantal faciunt1 ,,td4 #d1 #ce1 the poets represent a rock hanging over ,tantalus4 ,rarely the participle 7#bbih7 and the infinitive are united3 as1 ,polyphmum ,homrus cum ariete conloquentem facit eiusque laudre fortns1 ,,td4 #e1 #aae1 ,homer represents ,polyphemus chatting with the ram and his envy of the ram's estate4 ,but the perfect infinitive active must be used when the action is to be distinctly marked as completed1 for lack of a perfect active participle3 as1 fcit ,dolbella ,verrem accpisse1 ,v4 #a1 #ajj1 ,dolabella represented ,verres as having received4 ,,appendix4 7,a47 ,,some ,,occasional ,,peculiarities ,,of ,,verbs4 #bcjj4 ,in many cases where in ,english a verb like wish or try to have a thing done1 can1 must1 or am allowed to1 is used1 the equivalent ,latin verb is omitted4 ,as this use generally extends through the entire system of the verb1 examples of the nouns of the verb and of subordinate sentences thus used1 are conveniently included here4 ,,the ,,conative ,,use4 #bcja4 ,a verb is sometimes used to denote action proposed1 attempted1 or begun1 but not necessarily carried out4 ,this is called the ,conative ,use of the verb3 as1 ancills dd1 ,t4 ,hec4 #ggc1 ,i try to give1 or ,i offer up the servant girls4 sine ll dubittine condemnant1 ,clu4 #ge1 without a moment's hesitation they vote to condemn4 dum id inpetrant1 ,pl4 ,cap4 #bcc1 as long as they're trying to get it4 s plcs inlacrimbilem ,pltna1 ,h4 #b1 #ad1 #e1 shouldst thou the stonyhearted ,pluto strive to melt4 s discds1 ,j4 #g4 #ej1 should you attempt to leave4 in criam abicit1 quam vvus verterat1 ,mil4 #ij1 he shoved the corpse into the senate house1 which the man in his lifetime had done his best to overthrow4 adsurgentem rgem umbne resupnat1 ,l4 #d1 #ai1 #e1 with the boss of his shield he put the king flat on his back1 when he tried to get up4 #bcjb4 ,this use is particularly common in the imperfect indicative3 as1 nostrs ingred prohibbant1 #e1 #i1 #f1 they tried to stop our people from getting in4 ,apells facibat1 ,plin4 ,,nh4 praef4 #bf1 ,apelles undertook to do this1 or an attempt of ,apelles's4 sdbant tumults1 sdand interdum movbant1 ,l4 #c1 #ae1 #g1 they tried to quell the riotings1 but by trying they started them once in a while afresh4 num dubits id m imperante facere1 quod iam tu sponte facibs8 ,c4 #a1 #ac1 do you possibly hesitate to do at my command what you wanted to do1 as it was1 yourself8 ,the conative use is not very common in old ,latin1 but more frequent from ,cicero and ,caesar on4 #bcjc4 ,when the conative use is to be expressed more distinctly1 a form of vol or cnor is used1 or a frequentative1 like vndit1 try to sell1 advent1 strive to come4 ,,the ,,causative ,,use4 #bcjd4 ,a verb is sometimes used to denote not what the subject actually does himself1 but what he has another do4 ,this is called the ,causative ,use of the verb3 as1 anim caus mihi nvem faciam1 ,pl4 ,r4 #icb1 just for diversion ,i'll build me a yacht4 cum vellet sib nulum facere1 aurificem iussit vocr1 ,v4 #d1 #ef1 wanting to make him a ring1 he ordered a goldsmith to be called4 complrs paupers mortus su smpt extulit1 ,n4 #e1 #d1 #c1 he buried a good many poor dead people at his own expense1 i4e4 had them buried4 ,also in the passive3 as1 tondmur1 ,quintil4 #a1 #f1 #dd1 we get shaved4 ,when greater exactness is required1 having a thing done may be expressed more distinctly by faci 7#aife71 by cr 7#bbej71 or by iube4 ,,the ,,potential ,,use4 #bcje4 ,a verb is sometimes used to indicate action that can be done1 and especially action that can be done at any time4 ,this is called the ,potential ,use of the verb3 as1 clr oculs vide1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #fcj1 ,i can see distinctly4 proptere quod inter fns ,helvtirum et ,allobrogum ,rhodanus fluit isque nnnlls locs vad trnstur1 #a1 #f1 #b1 because the ,rhone runs between the district of the ,helvetians and ,allobrogans1 and the river in some places can be forded1 or is fordable4 ,particularly with a negative3 as1 apert adlantem nm nn videt1 ,l4 #ii1 an open flatterer anybody can see through4 nn facile didictur amor vrus et fctus1 ,fam4 #i1 #af1 #b1 real love and pretended love cannot easily be told apart4 ub ,crassus animadvertit1 sus cpis nn facile ddc1 nn cunctandum exstimvit1 #c1 #bc1 #g1 when ,crassus saw that his forces could not easily be divided1 he thought he ought to lose no time4 quoniam prpositum nn tenuerat1 ,caes4 ,c4 #c1 #fe1 #d1 seeing that he had not succeeded in carrying out his plan4 ,sometimes this idea is expressed by the subjunctive 7#aeed74 ,,the ,,obligatory ,,use4 #bcjf4 ,a verb is sometimes used to denote obligatory action4 ,this is called the ,obligatory ,use of the verb3 as1 paulisper commortus est1 ,mil4 #bh1 he had to wait4 aegra trahbant corpora1 ,v4 #c1 #adj1 they had to drag their sickly frames along4 caru patri1 ,sest4 #ade1 ,i had to keep away from the country of my birth4 sentor popul ,rmn pernoctvit in pblic1 ,v4 #d1 #be1 a senator of ,rome was fain to sleep in the streets4 sermus aliquid in drelict sol1 ,br4 #af1 we shall have to sow something in an abandoned field4 erat summa inopia pbul1 ade ut folis equs alerent1 ,caes4 ,c4 #c1 #eh1 #c1 there was an utter lack of fodder1 so that they were fain to feed their horses on leaves4 ,,the ,,permissive ,,use4 #bcjg4 ,a verb is sometimes used to denote permitted action4 ,this is called the ,permissive ,use of the verb3 as1 ,verrsne habbit dom suae candlbrum ,iovis8 ,v4 #d1 #ga1 shall ,verres be allowed to have at his house a candelabra of ,jupiter8 petit ut ipse d e statuat1 #a1 #ai1 #e1 he asks to be allowed to sit in judgement himself on the man4 ,ps rvit ut manret1 ,ta4 #b1 #ha1 ,piso asked to be allowed to stay4 7,b47 ,,indirect ,,discourse4 7rti ,oblqua47 #bcjh4 ,the speech or thought of another1 quoted in his own words1 is called ,direct ,discourse 7#agbc74 #bcji4 ,the speech or thought of another1 dependent on a verb of saying or thinking1 is called ,indirect ,discourse 7#agbc74 ,one may1 of course1 quote his own words or thoughts indirectly1 as well as those of another 7#agbf74 #bcaj4 ,the verb of thinking or saying is often not distinctly expressed1 but only implied in the context 7#agbe74 #bcaa4 ,the principles which govern the change of direct discourse into indirect discourse have been already set forth in the foregoing pages2 but1 for the convenience of the learner1 they are here put together4 ,,mood4 7,a47 ,,main ,,sentences4 #bcab4 ,declarative sentences of direct discourse are put in the accusative with the infinitive1 and interrogative and imperative sentences of direct discourse are put in the subjunctive1 in indirect discourse4 7a47 ,for examples of declarative sentences1 see #bage-bahd4 7b47 ,interrogative 7#aggc73 quid vellet8 cr in sus possessins venret8 #a1 #dd1 #g1 what did he mean8 why this movement into his property8 from ,ariovistus's reply to ,caesar4 dicttor litters ad sentum msit3 deum benignitte ,vis iam fore in potestte popul ,rmn2 quid d praed faciendum cnsrent8 ,l4 #e1 #bj1 #a1 the dictator sent this letter to the senate3 through the bounty of the gods ,vei would soon belong to the ,roman nation2 what did they think should be done about the booty8 7c47 ,imperative 7#aedg73 ,cicer respondit3 s ab arms discdere velint1 s aditre tantur lgtsque ad ,caesarem mittant1 #e1 #da1 #g1 ,cicero replied3 if they wished to lay down their arms1 let them take his advice and send envoys to ,caesar4 nntius dom vnit3 bellum ,athninss et ,boets indxisse ,lacedaemonis2 qur venre n dubitret1 ,n4 #ag1 #d1 #a1 a message reached him from home3 the ,athenians and ,boeotians had declared war on the ,lacedaemonians2 so he was to come without delay4 ,see also #agjg1 #agjh4 #bcac4 ,rhetorical questions 7that is1 declarations made for effect in the form of questions7 in the first or third person in the direct discourse are put in the accusative with the infinitive in indirect discourse3 as1 s veteris contumliae oblvsc vellet1 num etiam recentium inirirum memoriam dpnere posse8 #a1 #ad1 #c1 if he were inclined to disregard the old affront1 could he also forget their fresh insults8 from ,caesar's reply to the ,helvetians4 haud mrum esse ,superb inditum ,rmae cgnmen3 an quicquam superbius esse quam ldificr sc omne nmen ,latnum8 cui nn apprre adfectre eum imperium in ,latns8 ,l4 #a1 #ej1 #c1 no wonder ,rome dubbed him #8the ,proud'3 could there be a greater sign of pride than this mockery of the whole ,latin nation8 who did not see that he aspired to dominion over the ,latins8 ,this use is not found in old ,latin4 ,it occurs once or twice in ,cicero's letters and a few times in ,caesar4 ,in ,livy and late writers1 it is not uncommon4 ,such questions in the second person require the subjunctive 7#bcab74 #bcad4 ,questions which are in the subjunctive in direct discourse retain the subjunctive in indirect discourse3 as1 quod vr ad amcitiam popul ,rmn attulissent1 id is rip quis pat posset8 #a1 #dc1 #h1 who could allow them to be stripped of what they had possessed when they became the friends of the ,roman nation8 7#aefe74 7,b47 ,,subordinate ,,sentences4 #bcae4 ,the verb of a subordinate sentence1 introduced by a relative word or a conjunctive particle1 stands in the subjunctive in indirect discourse 7#agbb74 ,for the indicative with dum1 in the time while1 retained in indirect discourse1 see #aiie4 sapientissimum esse dcunt eum1 cui quod opus sit ips veniat in mentem2 proxim accdere illum qu alterus bene invents obtemperet1 ,clu4 #hd1 they say he is the wisest man who thinks out of himself what is expedient2 and that the man who avails himself of the wise devices of another comes next4 ad haec ,ariovistus respondit3 is esse bell1 ut qu vcissent is qus vcissent1 quemadmodum vellent imperrent1 #a1 #cf1 #a1 to this ,ariovistus answered3 that it was the right of war for the conquerors to dictate to the conquered such terms as they pleased4 #bcaf4 ,relative sentences equivalent to main sentences 7#ahce7 may be put in the accusative with the infinitive3 as1 num medium diem fuisse1 quem ttum ,galbam in cnsderand caus compnendque posuisse1 ,br4 #hg1 that a single day intervened and that this whole day ,galba employed in studying up and arranging the case4 ,this use is found in ,cicero1 rarely in ,caesar1 in ,livy1 and a few times in other authors4 ,not in old ,latin4 #bcag4 ,so also sentences introduced by certain conjunctive particles are occasionally put in the accusative with the infinitive3 as1 id quod saepe dictum est3 ut mare ventrum v agitr atque turbr1 sc populum ,rmnum hominum sditisrum vcibus concitr1 ,clu4 #ach1 the oft-repeated saying3 as the sea is ruffled and tossed by the mighty winds1 so the people of ,rome are stirred up by the talk of agitators4 honrificum id mlitibus fore1 qurum favrem ut largitine et ambit male adqur1 ita per bons arts haud spernendum1 ,ta4 ,h4 #a1 #ag1 that would be a mark of respect to the troops1 and their good will1 though usually won by bribery and corruption1 was certainly no small gain if honourably come by4 fugere sentum tests tabuls pblics cnss cuiusque1 cum interim obaertam plbem obiectr alis atque alis hostibus1 ,l4 #f1 #bg1 #f1 that the senate sought to avoid evidence of each man's property through making public returns1 while at the same time the commons lay bankrupt and at the mercy of one enemy after another4 ut and quemadmodum are found with this infinitive in ,cicero1 ,livy1 and ,tacitus2 cum interim and s nn in ,livy2 quia in ,livy and ,seneca2 quamquam in ,livy and ,tacitus2 nisi forte in ,tacitus4 ,for quam with the infinitive1 see #ahih4 #bcah4 ,relative sentences which are not a part of the quotation1 but an addition of the writer's1 or which are a circumlocution equivalent to a substantive1 are marked by the indicative 7#agbi73 as1 ,condrss1 ,eburns1 ,caeroess1 ,paemns1 qu n nmine ,germn appellantur1 arbitrr ad ,,xl mlia1 #b1 #d1 #aj1 that they reckoned the ,condrusians1 ,eburonians1 ,caeroesians and ,paemanians 7who are all called by one name ,germans7 at forty thousand4 ,for other examples of such sentences1 see #agbi4 #bcai4 ,sentences containing the thought of another1 introduced by a relative pronoun or by causal1 temporal1 or other conjunctive particles1 take the subjunctive1 though not appended to the accusative with the infinitive 7#agbe73 as1 numquis1 quod bonus vir esset1 grtis ds git umquam8 ,,dn4 #c1 #hg1 did anybody ever thank the gods #8because he was a good man'8 7#ahec74 mih loquitur nec rct quia tib aurum reddid et quia nn t dfraudverim1 ,pl4 ,b4 #gce1 he's always pitching into me because ,i returned you the money and #8because ,i didn't do you out of it' 7#ahef1 #ahec74 aedem ,diov vvit1 s e di hosts fdisset1 ,l4 #ca1 #ba1 #ab1 he vowed a temple to infernal ,jove1 #8if he should rout the enemy on that day4' ,for other examples1 see #agbe1 #aheb1 #ahec1 #ahhd1 c4 #bcbj4 ,sometimes a verb of saying or thinking is added1 and is itself irrationally put in the subjunctive4 ,for examples1 see #agbg4 7#b47 ,,tense4 7,a47 ,,of ,,the ,,infinitive4 #bcba4 ,the tenses of the infinitive follow their usual law 7#bbah71 representing the action as present1 past1 or future1 from the speaker's point of view4 nntitum est ,ariovistum ad occupandum ,vesontinem contendere trduque viam sus fnibus prfcisse1 #a1 #ch1 #a1 it was reported that ,ariovistus was pressing on 7#bbai7 to seize ,vesontio1 and that he had done a three days' journey from his own borders 7#bbbf74 fma est ram esse in vestibul templ1 ,l4 #bd1 #c1 #g1 rumour has it that there is an altar in the vestibule of the temple 7#bbai74 lgti haec s ad sus reltrs dxrunt1 #d1 #i1 #a1 the envoys said they would report this to their countrymen 7#bbcb74 ,for other examples1 see #bage-bbjc2 for the infinitive equivalent of the indicative imperfect and pluperfect1 see #bbbf1 #bbbg4 7,b47 ,,of ,,the ,,subjunctive4 #bcbb4 ,the tenses of the subjunctive follow the law of the sequence of tenses2 see #agde4 ,the tenses are usually imperfect or pluperfect1 as the verb introducing a quotation is usually past4 ,scrats dcere solbat1 omns in e quod scrent1 satis esse loquents1 ,,do4 #a1 #fc1 ,socrates used to maintain that all men were eloquent enough in a matter which they understood 7#agff74 dcbam quoad metuers1 omnia t prmissrum1 ,ph4 #b1 #hi1 ,i said that as long as you were afraid1 you would promise everything 7#agga74 cgnvit ,subs poste quam pontem fier comperissent1 nntis in omns parts dmsisse1 #d1 #ai1 #b1 he ascertained that after the ,suebans had learned of the building of the bridge1 they had sent out messengers in every direction 7#aggb74 ,for other examples1 see #agdf-aggb4 #bcbc4 ,but the present and perfect subjunctive are often used1 especially when the main verb is present1 or for vividness after a secondary tense4 ,alexandrum ,philippus accsat quod largitine benevolentiam ,macedonum cnsecttur1 ,off4 #b1 #ec1 ,philip accuses ,alexander of courting the favour of the ,macedonians by the use of money 7#agdf1 #ahec74 initium quod huic cum mtre fuerit simulttis audstis1 ,clu4 #ag1 you have heard the origin of the enmity which was between the defendant and his mother 7#agdf74 ,ariovistus respondit3 stpendium capere ire bell quod victrs victs imponere cnsuerint1 #a1 #dd1 #a1 ,ariovistus answered that it was by the laws of war that he took the tribute which victors were wont to lay upon the vanquished 7#agee74 ,for other examples1 see #agdf-aggb4 #bcbd4 ,the future of direct discourse is represented in indirect discourse by the imperfect1 and the future perfect by the pluperfect subjunctive4 s quod r pblic esset factrum1 ,l4 #bh1 #de1 #c1 that he would do what should be for the interests of the state 7#agff74 s nn ante coeptrum quam ignem in rgis castrs cnspexisset1 ,l4 #cj1 #e1 #e1 that he would not begin before he saw fire in the royal camp 7#agff1 #aiba74 ,the present or perfect subjunctive also is found when the main verb requires4 ,for other examples1 see #agdf-aggb4 7#c47 ,,pronoun4 #bcbe4 ego and ns1 of direct discourse1 are represented by s in indirect discourse1 and meus and noster by suus4 t and vs1 of direct discourse1 are represented in indirect discourse by ille1 or1 when less emphatic1 by is4 ,for the use of the reflexive pronoun1 see #bcch-bcdb4 s prius in ,galliam vnisse quam populum ,rmnum1 #a1 #dd1 #g1 that he came into ,gaul before the ,roman nation1 said ,ariovistus of himself4 s patribus mairibusque sus didicisse1 #a1 #ac1 #f1 that they had learned from their fathers and ancestors1 said the ,helvetians of themselves4 trnssse ,rhnum ss nn su sponte1 #a1 #dd1 #a1 that he had crossed the ,rhine not of his own accord1 was the assertion of ,ariovistus4 qu nisi dcdat1 ss illum nn pr amc sed hoste habitrum4 quod s eum interfcerit1 mults ss prncipibus popul ,rmn grtum esse factrum1 #a1 #dd1 #aa1 that unless he withdrew1 he should consider him not a friend but a foe4 ,why1 if he killed him1 he should do a favour to numerous leading men in the ,roman nation4 ,here ,ariovistus is reported as speaking to ,caesar4 ,,conditional ,,periods ,,in ,,indirect ,,discourse4 7,a47 ,,protasis4 #bcbf4 ,the protasis of every kind 7#bjbc1 #bjbd7 has the verb in the subjunctive in indirect discourse 7#bcae74 #bcbg4 ,the tense of the protasis is generally imperfect or pluperfect 7#bcbb73 as1 ,ariovistus respondit3 s ipse popul ,rmn nn praescrberet1 nn oportre ss popul ,rmn impedr1 #a1 #cf1 #a1 ,ariovistus answered3 if he did not dictate to the ,roman nation1 no more ought the ,roman nation to interfere with him 7#bjbf74 quae s fcisset1 ,pompium in ,hispnis itrum1 ,caes4 ,c4 #a1 #aj1 #c1 if he did that1 ,pompey would go to the ,spains 7#bjfa74 #bcbh4 ,but indeterminate protases 7#bjbc7 are sometimes put in the present or perfect subjunctive in indirect discourse1 even with a main secondary tense3 as1 ,ariovistus respondit3 s iterum experr velint1 s partum esse dcertre1 #a1 #dd1 #a1 ,ariovistus answered that if the ,romans wanted to try again1 he was ready to fight it out 7#bjbf74 qu nisi dcdat1 ss illum pr hoste habitrum1 #a1 #dd1 #aa1 that unless he withdrew1 he should consider him an enemy 7#bjed74 #bcbi4 ,protases of action non-occurrent 7#bjbd7 remain in the imperfect or pluperfect1 even with a main primary tense4 licet ,varr ,mss1 ,ael ,stilnis sententi1 ,plautn dcat sermne locutrs fuisse s ,latn loqu vellent1 ,quintil4 #aj1 #a1 #ii1 though ,varro1 following ,stilo's dictum1 may say that the ,muses would have spoken in the style of ,plautus1 if they had wanted to speak ,latin 7#bjie74 quaeret ab accstribus quid factr essent1 s in e loc fuissent1 ,cornif4 #b1 #bb1 he will ask the accusers what they would have done if they had been in that predicament 7#bjii74 7,b47 ,,apodosis4 #bccj4 ,in indeterminate conditional periods 7#bjbc71 the apodosis simply follows the general rule 7#bcab73 as1 ,iovem sc aiunt philosoph1 s ,graec loqutur1 loqu1 ,br4 #aba1 the philosophers say that this is ,jove's style of speaking1 if ,jove speaks ,greek 7#bjbf74 sn bell persequ persevrret1 reminscertur prstinae virttis ,helvtirum1 #a1 #ac1 #d1 if he persisted in following them up with war1 let him call to mind the old time valour of the ,helvetians 7#bjef74 in prvincis intellegbant s is qu esset cum imperi emere vellet1 fore ut quod quisque vellet quant vellet auferret1 ,v4 #d1 #aj1 in the provinces they saw that if a man clothed in authority should wish to be a buyer1 he would carry off every time whatever he wished at what he wished 7#bbcc2 #bjed or #bjgf74 futrum esse1 nisi prvsum esset1 ut ,rma capertur1 ,div4 #a1 #aja1 that unless precaution was taken1 ,rome would be captured 7#bbcc1 #bjfa74 ,for other examples1 see #bcbg1 #bcbh4 #bcca4 ,in conditional periods of action non-occurrent 7#bjbd71 the future participle with fuisse1 is used in apodoses of the active voice3 as1 an ,cn4 ,pompium cnss maximrum rrum glri laettrum fuisse1 s scret s in slitdine ,aegyptirum trucdtum r1 ,div4 #b1 #bb1 do you suppose that ,pompey would have taken any pleasure in the fame which his peerless exploits brought him if he had known that he was going to be butchered in the wilds of ,egypt8 ,in one instance1 found in ,caesar1 the future participle with esse occurs1 representing the imperfect subjunctive of present time 7#bjia73 ,caesarem arbitrr profectum in taliam2 neque aliter ,carnts interficiund ,tasgeti cnsilium fuisse captrs1 neque ,eburns1 s ille adesset1 ad castra ventrs esse1 #e1 #bi1 #b1 that he thought ,caesar was gone into ,italy2 otherwise1 the ,carnutes would not have formed their design of killing ,tasgetius1 and the ,eburones1 if he were at hand1 would not be assaulting the camp4 ,here the context shows that ventrs esse represents the imperfect subjunctive4 ,but ordinarily it might seem to represent the future indicative4 ,hence1 to avoid ambiguity1 the ,romans generally did not try to express present time in apodoses of this class in indirect discourse4 #bccb4 ,the perfect infinitive is exceptionally used2 this is based upon the indicative in apodosis 7#bajd74 memori tene solitum ipsum nrrre s studium philosophiae crius hausisse1 n prdentia mtris incnsum animum corcuisset1 ,ta4 ,agr4 #d1 ,i remember that he used to say that he had drunk in the study of philosophy with too great eagerness1 had not his discreet mother checked his ardent soul 7#baje or #bajg74 #bccc4 possum1 in the apodosis of a conditional period of action non-occurrent 7#baja71 is regularly put in the perfect infinitive in indirect discourse3 as1 ,platnem exstim1 s genus fornse dcend trctre voluisset1 gravissim potuisse dcere1 ,off4 #a1 #d1 ,i think that if ,plato had only chosen to cultivate forensic eloquence1 he might have been a most impressive speaker 7#bajc74 cum dcerent s potuisse in amplissimum locum pervenre1 s sua studia ad honrs petends cnferre voluissent1 ,clu4 #aec1 saying they might have risen to the proudest position1 if they had only chosen to apply their energies to a political career 7#bajc74 #bccd4 futrum fuisse ut with the imperfect subjunctive is rarely used in apodoses of the passive voice 7#bcca73 as1 ,theophrastus accssse ntram dcitur quod hominibus tam exiguam vtam dedisset3 qurum s aets potuisset esse longinquior1 futrum fuisse ut omn doctrn hominum vta rudrtur1 ,,td4 #c1 #fi1 it is said that ,theophrastus took nature to task #8for giving man such a short life2 if the period could have been longer man's life would have been informed with knowledge of every sort' 7#bjii74 ,see also ,caes4 ,c4 #c1 #aja1 #b4 ,erratum3 #bcca 444 ,aegyptirum trucdtum r ,agyptirum 7,c47 ,,pronouns4 ,,the ,,personal ,,pronoun4 #bcce4 ,for the use of the nominatives ego t1 ns vs1 see #ajbi4 ,the genitive plurals nostrm and vestrm are used as partitive1 nostr and vestr as objective genitives3 as1 nm nostrm1 ,,ra4 #ee1 not one of us 7#abdb74 ab utrsque vestrm1 ,fam4 #aa1 #ba1 #e1 by each of you 7#abdc74 grta mih vehementer est memoria nostr tua1 ,fam4 #ab1 #ag1 #a1 your remembrance of me is exceedingly agreeable to me 7#abfj74 nostr nsmet paenitet1 ,t4 ,ph4 #agb1 we're discontented with our lot 7#abhc74 ,for the adjective instead of the possessive or objective genitive1 see #abcd1 #abfb4 ,erratum3 #bcce4 4 missing ,,the ,,reflexive s ,,and suus4 #bccf4 ,the reflexive regularly refers to the subject of the verb3 as1 fugae ss mandbant1 #b1 #bd1 #b1 they betook themselves to flight4 anim servit1 nn sib1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #cjh1 he serves his passions1 not his better self4 est amns su virts1 ,l4 #ih1 virtue is fond of itself4 dcit scum n virginem1 ,t4 ,eu4 #bbi1 he is leading a girl along with him4 ,caesar cpis sus dvsit1 ,caes4 ,c4 #c1 #ig1 #c1 ,caesar divided his forces4 ,for s ipse1 see #bcgf2 for s or suus quisque1 #bcig4 #bccg4 ,the reflexive sometimes refers to a word not the subject1 when that word is specially emphasized or easily made out from the context4 ,this holds chiefly of suus1 which is used with great freedom3 as1 ,alexandrum uxor sua occdit1 ,inv4 #b1 #add1 ,alexander was murdered by his own wife4 dsinant nsidir dom suae cnsul1 ,c4 #a1 #cb1 let them cease to waylay the consul in his own house and home4 sus rs ,syrcsns restituit1 ,l4 #bi1 #a1 #ag1 he restored their property to the ,syracuse people4 #bcch4 ,in the construction of the accusative with the infinitive 7#bage71 the reflexive is regularly used when the subject of the infinitive refers to the subject of the verb3 as1 ,vrus imperium s habre dxit1 ,lig4 #bb1 ,varus said that he had authority4 id ss effectrs sprbant1 #g1 #bf1 #b1 they hoped to accomplish it 7#bbce74 #bcci4 ,the reflexive1 in this construction1 sometimes refers to an emphasized word not the formal subject of the verb3 as1 canum custdia quid sgnificat aliud nisi s ad hominum commoditts esse generts8 ,,dn4 #b1 #aeh1 the watchfulness of the dog--does not it show that he was created for the convenience of man8 #bcdj4 ,when the subject of the infinitive is different from that of the verb1 the reflexive sometimes refers to the subject of the verb1 sometimes to that of the infinitive3 as1 ,ariovistus respondit omns ,galliae cvitts ad s oppugnandum vnisse1 #a1 #dd1 #a1 ,ariovistus answered that all the states of ,gaul had come to attack him1 i4e4 ,ariovistus4 nminem scum sine su pernici contendisse1 #a1 #cf1 #f1 that no man had contended with him without his own undoing2 scum refers to ,ariovistus1 the subject of the main verb respondit1 su to nminem4 #bcda4 ,in subordinate subjunctive clauses of purpose1 indirect discourse1 or indirect question1 the reflexive refers to the subject of the main sentence3 as1 huic mandat1 ut ad s quam prmum reverttur1 #d1 #ba1 #b1 he instructs him to come back to himself as soon as possible4 excrucibit m erus1 quia sib nn dxerim1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #hei1 my master'll torture me #8because ,i have not told him4' ,paetus omns librs1 qus frter suus relquisset1 mih dnvit1 ,att4 #b1 #a1 #ab1 ,paetus made me a present of all the books #8that his brother left4' ,for the use of is for s1 see #bcgj4 #bcdb4 ,the reflexive1 in such subordinate clauses1 sometimes refers to an emphatic word not the main subject3 as1 identidem flcem ,priamum vocbat1 quod superstes omnium surum exstitisset1 ,suet4 ,tib4 #fb1 he was for ever calling ,priam #8,fortune's darling1 because he outlived all his kith and kin4' #bcdc4 ,the reflexive referring to the main subject is sometimes irregularly used in subordinate indicative clauses4 ,epamnnds 1 qu sib successerat1 exercitum nn trdidit1 ,inv4 #a1 #ee1 ,epaminondas did not deliver the army to his successor4 centum bovs mlitibus dn dedit1 qu scum fuerant1 ,l4 #g1 #cg1 #c1 he gave a hundred oxen to the soldiers who had been with him4 ,,equivalents ,,for ,a ,,reciprocal ,,pronoun4 #bcdd4 ,the place of a reciprocal pronoun1 each other1 is supplied by inter ns1 inter vs1 inter s1 or by alter or alius followed by another case of the same word3 as1 inter ns ntr cninct sumus1 ,fin4 #c1 #ff1 we are united with each other by nature4 ,cicerns puer amant inter s1 ,att4 #f1 #a1 #ab1 the ,cicero boys are fond of each other4 cum alius ali subsidium ferret1 #b1 #bf1 #b1 when they were helping each other4 ,for uterque1 see #bdjj4 ,the reciprocal idea is sometimes expressed by the form of the verb3 as1 fulv lctantur harn1 ,v4 #f1 #fdc1 they wrestle with each other on the yellow sand 7#adhg74 #bcde4 ,from ,livy on1 invicem inter s1 invicem s1 or invicem alone1 is often used in the expression of reciprocal relations3 as1 invicem inter s grtants1 ,l4 #i1 #dc1 #ag1 mutually congratulating each other4 invicem s antepnend1 ,ta4 ,agr4 #f1 mutually preferring one another4 ut invicem ardentius dligmus1 ,plin4 ,ep4 #g1 #bj1 #g1 that we may love each other more ardently4 ,,the ,,possessive ,,pronoun4 #bcdf4 ,the possessive of the personal and reflexive pronoun is regularly omitted1 unless it is required for emphasis or contrast3 as1 ra mansque tu lavimus1 ,frnia1 lymph1 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #e1 #bd1 our hands and faces in thy rill1 ,feronia1 we bathe4 ,the possessive sometimes has the meaning of proper1 appropriate1 favourable2 as1 su loc dcam1 ,quintil4 #a1 #a1 #cf1 ,i shall tell in the proper place4 ,for the possessive pronoun used instead of the possessive or objective genitive1 see #abcd1 #abfb4 ,,the ,,demonstrative ,,pronoun4 hc4 #bcdg4 hc points out what is near the speaker in place1 time1 or thought3 as1 h domum m ad s auferent1 ,pl4 ,men4 #hdg1 these fellows will hale me off to their house4 nn m exstimv in hc sermne usque ad hanc aettem esse ventrum1 ,br4 #bcb1 ,i did not think that in this discourse ,i should get down to the present generation4 reliquum omne tempus huius ann1 ,v4 #a1 #cj1 all the rest of this year4 #bcdh4 hc sometimes points out the speaker with pathos1 or with emphasis1 particularly in comedy4 haec arma et hunc mlitem propiti flmine accipis1 ,l4 #b1 #aj1 #aa1 receive these arms and this soldier in thy gracious stream1 the prayer of ,horatius ,cocles to ,father ,tiber4 tib erunt parta verba1 huic homin verbera1 ,t4 ,hau4 #cef1 you'll get a chiding1 this child a hiding4 fcisset n haec praesnsisset cans1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #agb1 and he'd have done it1 unless this dog had got scent of it in time1 where the speaker means himself4 #bcdi4 ,the neuter plural haec sometimes means the realm1 our country1 our state1 the ,roman world3 as1 haec1 quae iam prdem vastre studs1 ,c4 #a1 #ba1 the realm which you have long sought to lay in ruins4 qu haec dlre cnt sunt1 ,c4 #d1 #g1 who have tried to destroy the state4 servus est nm qu nn haec stre cupiat1 ,c4 #d1 #af1 there lives no slave that wills not our country should abide4 #bcej4 hc1 as expressing a familiar1 every-day thing1 occasionally has a shade of contempt1 either alone1 or with volgris1 cottdinus or the like3 as1 mittit homin mnera satis larg1 haec ad sum domesticum1 ,v4 #d1 #fb1 he sent him some presents--pretty liberal ones1 commonish things for household use4 mitt hsce arts volgrs1 coqus1 pistrs1 ,,ra4 #acd1 ,i'll skip your everyday common occupations--such as cooks1 bakers1 c41 c4 taedet cottdinrum hrum frmrum1 ,t4 ,eu4 #big1 ,i'm sick of your everyday beauties4 #bcea4 ,when hc relates to the words of a sentence1 it points out what has preceded or is to follow1 or emphasizes a word referred to by a preceding relative4 ,for hc used to introduce a new sentence1 see #babi4 haec habu d senectte quae dcerem1 ,,cm4 #he1 this was what ,i had to say on ,old ,age4 sed haec hctenus2 nunc ad ostenta venimus1 ,div4 #b1 #ec1 so much for this2 let us now go on to portents4 fcit pcem hs condicinibus1 ,n4 #h1 #c1 #a1 he made peace on the following terms4 dcitur loctus in hanc fer sententiam esse1 ,l4 #f1 #dj1 #b1 it is said that he spoke to somewhat the following effect4 quaesierat ex m ,scpi quidnam sentrem d hc quod duo sls vss esse cnstret1 ,,rp4 #a1 #ai1 ,scipio had asked me what ,i thought about this1 that it was generally agreed that two suns had been seen4 #bceb4 hc and ille are often opposed1 particularly in contrasts of classes3 as1 laudtur ab hs1 culptur ab ills1 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #b1 #aa1 one side praises him1 the other condemns4 illud est album1 hoc dulce1 canrum illud1 hoc bene olns1 hoc asperum1 ,ac4 #b1 #ba1 that is white1 this is sweet1 that sonorous1 this fragrant1 this rough4 rtor1 nn ille volgris sed hc excellns1 ,o4 #de1 an orator1 not of the common sort1 but the superior one of whom we are speaking4 #bcec4 ,in transitions1 ille introduces a new thing1 hc denotes the aforementioned3 as1 sed haec vetera2 illud vr recns1 ,caesarem me cnsili interfectum1 ,ph4 #b1 #be1 but this is all ancient history2 here1 however1 is something new1 that ,caesar was killed at my suggestion4 #bced4 ,when hc and ille refer to two different persons or things named in the sentence1 hc commonly refers to the nearer word1 ille to the remoter word2 or hc sometimes refers to what is nearer the mind of the speaker1 even though it be remoter in the sentence4 7a47 ,caesar beneficis ac mnificenti magnus habbtur1 integritte vtae ,cat4 ,ille mnsutdine et misericordi clrus factus1 huic sevrits dignittem addiderat1 ,s4 ,c4 #ed1 #b1 ,caesar was esteemed great for his liberality and generosity1 ,cato for his unsullied life4 ,the former became famous through his humanity and mercy1 the latter's dignity was heightened by his austerity4 7b47 cav ,catn antepns n istum quidem ipsum quem ,apoll1 ut ais1 sapientissimum idicvit3 huius enim facta1 illus dicta laudantur1 ,l4 #aj1 suffer not ,cato to find a rival even in your man himself1 whom1 as you say1 ,apollo declared wisest of mankind2 for our ,cato is renowned for deeds1 the other for doctrines4 #bcee4 hc and ille are used together1 chiefly in poetry1 to explain something past by a present thing3 as1 hunc illum poscere fta reor1 ,v4 #g1 #bgb1 this ,i think is he whom the fates require4 hunc illum fts extern ab sde profectum portend generum1 ,v4 #g1 #bee1 this was the man whom destiny foretold should fare from foreign home to be his son-in-law4 iste4 #bcef4 iste points out something near to1 belonging to1 or imputed to the person addressed3 as1 cum ist ss auctritte1 nn dbs adripere maledictum ex trivi1 ,mur4 #ac1 carrying the influence that you do1 you ought not to take to street-corner abuse4 multae istrum arborum me man sunt satae1 ,,cm4 #ei1 many of the trees you see there were planted by my own hand4 salem istum qu caret vestra nti1 inrdends nbs nltte cnsmere1 ,,nd4 #b1 #gd1 do not waste in ridiculing us that wit which your fraternity sadly needs4 ,often with tuus or vester3 as1 sdem hc sapins d qu loquor oculs quibus iste vester intubitur1 ,ac4 #b1 #aje1 the sage of whom ,i speak will look with the same eyes as the sage you boast of4 #bceg4 ,from its use in addressing opponents or in talking at them1 iste is common in contemptuous phrases3 as1 t ists faucibus1 ists lateribus1 ist gladitri ttus corporis firmitte1 ,ph4 #b1 #fc1 you with that gullet of yours1 those swollen flanks1 that prizefighter's bulky make-up4 nn erit ista amcitia1 sed merctra quaedam1 ,,nd4 #a1 #abb1 such a thing will not be a friendship1 but a sort of traffic4 ille4 #bceh4 ille points to what is remote in place1 time1 or thought3 as1 erg ill intellegunt quid ,epicrus dcat1 ego nn intelleg8 ,fin4 #b1 #ac1 do those gentlemen then understand what ,epicurus means and ,i not8 populus ,rmnus nihil aequ atque illam veterem idicirum vim gravittemque requrit1 ,caecil4 #h1 the ,roman people miss nothing so much as the ancient vigour and firmness attaching to public trials4 hs autem d rbus sl m ille admonuit ut brevior essem1 ,,do4 #c1 #bji1 but on these topics yonder sun has warned me to be pretty brief4 ,for other examples1 see #bceb-bcee4 #bcei4 ille is used to point out a celebrity1 often one of the past4 ,so1 particularly without a proper name1 in allusive style1 referring to what is famed in story4 7a47 hc est ille ,dmosthens1 ,,td4 #e1 #ajc1 this is the famous ,demosthenes4 ,athninsis ille ,themistocls1 ,,do4 #b1 #bii1 ,themistocles the great1 of ,athens4 illud ,solnis1 ,,cm4 #ej1 ,solon's memorable words4 ,mda illa1 ,,ip4 #bb1 ,medea famed in story4 7b47 vribus ille cnfsus perit1 ,j4 #aj1 #aj1 the man in the story lost his life through confidence in his strength4 illae rgiae lacrimae1 ,plin4 ,ep4 #c1 #g1 #ac1 the monarch's historic tears1 of ,xerxes4 #bcfj4 ,indicating change of subject1 ille is this other man4 ,in such cases it is often best expressed in ,english by a proper name or a descriptive word4 ad s adulscentem iussit venre4 at ille1 ut ingressus est1 cnfestim gladium dstrnxit1 ,off4 #c1 #aab1 he gave orders to admit the young man4 ,but this other1 the moment he entered1 drew his sword4 rsticus expectat dum dfluat amnis3 at ille lbitur et lbtur1 ,h4 ,e4 #a1 #b1 #db1 he is a peasant waiting for the river to go down3 but the river flows and will flow on4 #bcfa4 ,in concessions1 ille often precedes quidem2 in translation no pronoun is required4 libr scrpt incnsdert ab optims ills quidem virs1 sed nn satis rudts1 ,,td4 #a1 #f1 books rashly written by men respectable enough but of insufficient education4 est tarda illa medicna1 sed tamen magna1 ,,td4 #c1 #ce1 it is a powerful remedy1 though slow in its working4 hc1 is1 and iste are used rarely in this way4 #bcfb4 ,in poetry ille may serve3 7#a47 ,to repeat a thing with emphasis3 as1 arma virumque can ,triae qu prmus ab rs taliam vnit1 multum ille et terrs iacttus et alt1 ,v4 #a1 #a1 arms and the man ,i sing1 from ,troja's shore the first to come to ,italy1 much tossed that man by land and sea4 #bcfc4 7#b47 ,to emphasize the second of two ideas3 as1 nunc dextr ingeminns icts1 nunc ille sinistr1 ,v4 #e1 #deg1 now with his right redoubling blows1 now mighty with his left4 nn tamen ,euryal1 non ille obltus amrum1 ,v4 #e1 #ccd1 still not ,euryalus forgetting1 no1 not he his love6 #bcfd4 7#c47 ,as a provisional subject1 to anticipate the real subject1 and keep the attention in suspense till the real subject comes with emphasis3 as1 ac velut ille canum mors d montibus alts ctus aper substitit1 ,v4 #aj1 #gjg1 and e'en as he1 goaded by bite of hounds from mountains high1 the boar hath paused4 ,,the ,,determinative ,,pronoun4 is4 #bcfe4 is refers to something named in the context4 ,when some feeling is to be expressed1 such as admiration1 or oftener contempt1 hom is often put for is4 7a47 petit rge et eum plribus verbs rogat ut id ad s mittat1 ,v4 #d1 #fd1 he solicits the king and begs him at considerable length to send it to him4 nndum mtrus imperi ,ascanius erat1 tamen id imperium ad pberem aettem incolume mnsit1 ,l4 #a1 #c1 #a1 ,ascanius was not yet old enough for the throne1 but that throne was kept safe for him till he came of age4 7b47 ego hominem callidirem vd nminem quam ,phorminem4 veni ad hominem1 ut dcerem argentum opus esse1 ,t4 ,ph4 #eia1 a shrewder man than ,phormio ,i never saw1 not ,i6 ,i went to him to tell him that ,i needed money4 nquam esse hominem et levem scibam1 ,sest4 #bb1 ,i knew the fellow was worthless and frivolous4 #bcff4 7#a47 is refers to something named before or after3 as1 eius omnis rti versta est in e1 ut scrptum plrimum valre oportre dfenderet1 ,,do4 #a1 #bdd1 his whole speech turned on the contention that the written word should be paramount4 ,melitnsis ,diodrus est2 is ,lilybae mults iam anns habitat1 ,v4 #d1 #ch1 ,diodorus is from ,melita2 he has lived many years at ,lilybaeum4 ,for other examples of is used to connect sentences1 see #babi4 #bcfg4 ,with a connective1 is denotes an important addition3 as1 vincula et ea sempiterna1 ,c4 #d1 #g1 imprisonment and that too perpetual4 annum iam audientem ,cratippum idque ,athns1 ,off4 #a1 #a1 after a year's study under ,cratippus1 and that too in ,athens4 erant in e plrimae litterae nec eae volgrs1 ,br4 #bfe1 he was a man of very deep reading and that of no common sort either4 #bcfh4 7#b47 is indicates something explained or restricted by a relative or indefinite1 qu1 qucumque1 s quis3 as1 haec omnia is fc1 qu sodlis ,dolbellae eram1 ,fam4 #ab1 #ad1 #g1 all this ,i did1 ,i that was ,dolabella's bosom friend 7#ahjg74 nus ex e numer qu ad caedem part erant1 ,s4 ,i4 #ce1 #f1 one of the number that were ready to do murder 7#ahjd74 neque is sum qu mortis percul terrear1 #e1 #cj1 #b1 but ,i am not the man to be scared by danger of death1 no1 not ,i 7#ahah74 qucumque is est1 m profiteor inimcum1 ,fam4 #aj1 #ca1 #c1 whoever he may be1 ,i proclaim myself his enemy 7#ahad74 cum ipse ,alinus ex e facultte1 s quam habet1 aliquantum dtrctrus sit1 ,caecil4 #di1 seeing that even ,alienus is to suppress some part of that eloquence1 if any he may have4 ,see also #agie1 #agih4 ,for id quod1 see #ahaa4 #bcfi4 ,for the use of is instead of a relative repeated in a different case1 see #ahcc4 #bcgj4 is sometimes is loosely used for the reflexive s 7#bcda72 here the point of view of the writer shows itself4 ,mlsis nvem poposcit1 quae eum ,myndum prsequertur1 ,v4 #a1 #hf1 he asked the ,milesians for a ship to escort him to ,myndus4 sus omns castrs continuit ignsque fier prohibuit1 qu occultior esset eius adventus1 ,caes4 ,c4 #c1 #cj1 #e1 he confined his troops to camp and forbade the kindling of fires1 in order to keep his coming a greater secret4 ,,the ,,pronoun ,,of ,,identity4 dem4 #bcga4 dem1 the same1 often connects two different predicates to the same person or thing4 ,in this case1 it may be variously rendered by likewise1 also1 all the same1 on the other hand1 at once1 very1 nevertheless4 tbtur e cib qu et suvissimus esset et dem facillimus ad concoquendum1 ,fin4 #b1 #fd1 he made use of such food as was both very dainty and likewise very easy to digest4 ita fet ut nn omns qu ,attic1 edem bene dcant1 ,br4 #bia1 so it will be found that not all who speak ,attic are also good speakers4 mult qu ut is suum et lberttem tenrent volnera excprunt fortiter et tulrunt1 dem omiss contentine dolrem morb ferre nn possunt1 ,,td4 #b1 #fe1 many who have met heroically and endured wounds1 to preserve their rights and their freedom1 are nevertheless1 when no contest is involved1 unable to bear the pain of a disease4 #bcgb4 dem is often used with other pronouns1 hc1 iste1 istc1 ille3 as1 haec eadem centurinibus mandbant1 #g1 #ag1 #h1 they confided these same sentiments to their centurions4 multae aliae idem istuc cupiunt1 ,pl4 ,,mg4 #ajdj1 many other ladies want just what you want4 #bcgc4 ,the same as is expressed by dem followed by qu1 atque or ac1 ut1 quasi1 cum1 sometimes in poetry by the dative4 dem sum qu semper fu1 ,pl4 ,am4 #ddg1 ,i'm the same man ,i've always been4 pmrium sminrium ad eundem modum atque olegineum facit1 ,cato1 ,,rr4 #dh1 make your fruit-tree nursery in the same way as your nursery for olive-trees 7#afec74 esdem fer verbs ut disputtum est1 ,,td4 #b1 #i1 in pretty much the same words as were used in the actual argument 7#aicg74 ut edem loc rs sit quasi ea pecnia lgta nn esset1 ,leg4 #b1 #ec1 so that the position is the same as if the money had not been bequeathed 7#babj74 tib mcum in edem est pistrn vvendum1 ,,do4 #b1 #add1 you must live in the same mill as ,i4 ,homrus edem alis sptu' quitest1 ,lucr4 #c1 #ajcg1 ,homer sleeps the same sleep as others4 ,,the ,,intensive ,,pronoun4 ipse4 #bcgd4 ipse1 self1 is used in contrasts4 #bcge4 ipse may contrast the chief person with subordinates1 or a person with any thing belonging to him4 ,catilna ipse pertimuit1 profgit2 h quid exspectant8 ,c4 #b1 #f1 ,catiline1 their head1 has fled in abject terror2 his minions here1 what wait they for8 mntin1 quam fcerat1 ,t4 ,labinum lgtum praefcit2 ipse in taliam magns itineribus contendit1 #a1 #aj1 #c1 he put ,labienus1 his lieutenant1 in charge of the fortification he had made2 he hurried1 himself1 to ,italy with forced marches4 tmt nihil adltum intelleg 33 at iam adfertur1 s for ipsus redierit1 ,pl4 ,aul4 #cee1 ,i see there's no wine brought 33 but it soon will be1 if the governor comes back from down town4 #8ipse dxit2' 8ipse0 autem erat ,pthagors1 ,,dn4 #a1 #aj1 #8the old man said so2' now 8the old man0 was ,pythagoras4 nvis tantum iactr fact1 incolums ips vsrunt1 ,l4 #cj1 #be1 #h1 the vessel only was lost1 and the sailors escaped in safety4 #bcgf4 ipse is often used with personals and reflexives agreeing with the emphatic word4 ,but the nominative is usually preferred1 especially when ipse stands before the other pronoun1 or when it stands after per m1 per s4 ,after mmet1 nbsmet1 nsmet1 c41 it agrees with these words4 7a47 neque enim potest exercitum is continre impertor1 qu s ipsum nn continet1 ,,ip4 #ch1 for no commander can keep his army under control who does not keep his own self under control4 mles frtrem suum1 dein s ipsum interfcit1 ,ta4 ,h4 #c1 #ea1 a soldier slew his own brother1 then himself4 7b47 ipse s quisque dligit1 ,l4 #hj1 every man loves himself4 bellum per s ipse1 iniuss popul ac sents1 fcit1 ,l4 #a1 #di1 #g1 he made war on his own responsibility1 without orders from the people and senate4 ,inius necem sib ipse cnscvit1 ,,dn4 #b1 #g1 ,junius killed himself4 nn ege medicn1 m ipse cnslor1 ,l4 #aj1 ,i need no medicine1 ,i am my own comforter4 7c47 ut nbsmet ipss impermus1 ,,td4 #b1 #dg1 that we should govern ourselves4 #bcgg4 ipse alone sometimes stands for an emphatic s or suus3 as1 pertimurunt n ab ipss dscsceret et cum sus in grtiam redret1 ,n4 #g1 #e1 #a1 they were much afraid that he would abandon them and come into favour with his compatriots again4 ea molestissim ferre homins dbent1 quae ipsrum culp contrcta sunt1 ,q,fr4 #a1 #a1 #b1 people should be most vexed at things which are brought about through fault of their own4 #bcgh4 ipse is used in many combinations where self is an inadequate translation4 ,it may sometimes be translated by3 #bcgi4 7#a47 ,actual1 positive1 even4 habet certs su studiss1 qus valtd modo bona sit1 tenuits ipsa dlectat1 ,br4 #fd1 he has a clique of admirers1 who are charmed by positive scragginess1 provided the health be good4 hc ipsum legantius pn meliusque potuit1 ,fin4 #b1 #ajj1 even this might have been put more logically and better4 #bchj4 7#b47 ,regular1 proper1 real4 flagrantem invidi propter interitum ,c4 ,gracch ipse populus ,rmnus percul lbervit1 ,sest4 #adj1 though greatly detested in consequence of the death of ,gracchus1 he was acquitted by the ,roman people proper4 cvs ,rmn permult in ill oppid cninctissim anim cum ipss ,agrigentns vvunt1 ,v4 #d1 #ic1 a great many ,romans live in that town in most friendly relations with the natives of ,agrigentum4 #bcha4 7#c47 ,as well1 likewise1 too1 for which1 from ,livy on1 et ipse is used4 hoc ,rpheus1 hoc ipse ,dyms1 omnisque iuvents laeta facit1 ,v4 #b1 #cid1 this ,ripheus doth1 this ,dymas too1 and all the youth alert4 cgitti ,locrs urbem recipiend1 quae sub dfectinem taliae dscverat et ipsa ad ,poens1 ,l4 #bi1 #f1 #a1 a project for recovering the city of ,locri1 which1 on the revolt of ,italy1 had likewise gone over to the ,carthaginians4 #bchb4 7#d47 ,alone1 mere4 nn slum adventus mal1 sed etiam metus ipse adfert calamittem1 ,,ip4 #ae1 not only the coming of misfortune1 but even the mere dread of it brings disaster4 #bchc4 7#e47 ,exactly1 just1 with numerals and dates1 or right1 of place4 anns ,,lxxxvi ipss ante m cnsulem1 ,br4 #fa1 exactly #hf years before my consulship4 ,kalends ipss ,novembribus1 ,c4 #a1 #h1 on the #ast of ,november precisely4 in ips vad dprehnsus ,indutiomarus interficitur1 #e1 #eh1 #f1 right at the ford ,indutiomarus is caught and killed4 supr ipsum balneum habit1 ,sen4 ,ep4 #ef1 #a1 ,i live right over a bath4 #bchd4 7#f47 ,of oneself1 voluntarily1 of one's own motion4 valvae subit s ipsae aperurunt1 ,div4 #a1 #gd1 the temple-door suddenly opened of itself4 ,catilnam vel icimus vel msimus vel ipsum gredientem verbs prsect sumus1 ,c4 #b1 #a1 we have driven ,catiline out1 or let him out1 or1 when he was going out of his own motion1 wished him godspeed4 ,,the ,,interrogative ,,pronoun4 uter and quis4 #bche4 uter1 whether8 which8 is used in questions about two things2 quis and qu1 who8 what8 in questions about more than two1 though sometimes loosely of two things4 uter est nsnior hrum8 ,h4 ,s4 #b1 #c1 #ajb1 which of these is the greater crank8 praeclr apud eundem est ,platnem1 similiter facere es qu inter s contenderent uter potius rem pblicam administrret1 ut s nautae certrent quis erum potissimum gubernret1 ,off4 #a1 #hg1 in the same ,plato is the excellent saying that for people to fall out with one another about which of two men should manage a state1 were just as if the crew of a ship should quarrel about which of them should be pilot4 ut quem vels1 nescis1 ,att4 #af1 #ad1 #a1 so that you don't know which to choose1 as between ,octavian and ,antony4 #bchf4 quis and quid ask to have a thing named2 qu and quod to have it described4 ,but see #fhe4 quis ,dinem ,syrcosium doctrns omnibus expolvit8 nn ,plat8 ,,do4 #c1 #aci1 who refined ,syracusan ,dio with learning of every sort8 was it not ,plato8 quid rds1 ,h4 ,s4 #b1 #e1 #c1 why dost thou laugh8 7#aadd74 quis fuit igitur833 iste ,chaerea433 qu ,chaerea8 ,t4 ,eu4 #hbc1 who was he then833 your precious ,chaerea433 what ,chaerea8 quem frctum petents scre cupimus illa qu mod moveantur8 ,fin4 #c1 #cg1 with what practical end in view do we seek to know how yon bodies in the sky keep in motion8 ,,the ,,relative ,,pronoun4 #bchg4 ,the relative pronoun has already been treated2 see #agib-ahcg4 ,,the ,,indefinite ,,pronoun4 quis or qu2 quispiam4 #bchh4 quis or qu1 a1 some1 somebody1 always stands after one or more words of the sentence4 quis or qu is used after s 7nisi1 sve71 n1 num1 utrum1 an1 qu1 or quand1 in preference to aliquis1 unless emphasis is intended4 dxerit quis1 ,off4 #c1 #gf1 somebody may say4 malum quod tib d dabunt1 ,pl4 ,am4 #efc1 some curse the gods will bring upon thee4 h1 s quid erat drius1 concurrbant2 s qu equ dciderat1 circumsistbant1 #a1 #dh1 #f1 if there was ever any sharpish work1 these men would rally2 if a man fell from his horse1 they would close round him4 praecipit atque interdcit num omns peterent ,indutiomarum1 neu quis quem vulneret1 #e1 #eh1 #d1 he charges them and forbids them2 they were all to assail ,indutiomarus alone2 and nobody was to wound anybody 7#bdjb74 #bchi4 quispiam1 a1 some1 one or another4 forsitan quispiam dxerit1 ,off4 #c1 #bi1 peradventure somebody may say4 quispiam dcet1 ,v4 #c1 #aaa1 somebody will say4 cum quaepiam cohors impetum fcerat1 hosts vlcissim refugibant1 #e1 #ce1 #a1 every time one or another cohort charged1 the enemy fled back quick speed 7#bcid74 aliquis4 #bcij4 aliquis or aliqu some one1 some one or other1 has always some affirmative emphasis1 and is opposed to the idea of all1 much1 none3 as1 nn enim dclmtrem aliquem d ld1 sed perfectissimum quaerimus1 ,o4 #dg1 for it is not some spouter from school that we aim to find1 but the ideal orator4 omns ut aliquam pernicisam bstiam fugibant1 ,clu4 #da1 everybody avoided him1 like some dangerous wild animal or other4 aud aliquid ,gyars dgnum s vs esse aliquid1 ,j4 #a1 #gc1 venture some deed that deserves transportation1 if you care to be something grand4 nn sine aliqu sp1 ,d4 #g1 not without some hope4 quaer sitne aliqua cti an nlla1 ,caec4 #cc1 ,i ask whether there is some ground for an action or none4 num igitur aliquis dolor post mortem est8 ,,td4 #a1 #hb1 is there1 then1 some sense of pain after death8 ,with emphasis after s 7#bchh73 s aliquid d summ gravitte ,pompius1 multum de cupiditte ,caesar remsisset1 aliquam rem pblicam nbs habre licuisset1 ,ph4 #ac1 #b1 if ,pompey had sacrificed really something of his importance1 and ,caesar a good deal of his ambition1 we might have had what would have been to some degree a commonwealth4 #bcia4 aliquis is sometimes equivalent to aliquis alius3 as1 cum ,m4 ,psne et cum ,q4 ,pompi aut cum aliqu1 ,br4 #caj1 with ,piso or ,pompey or some other man4 ea mih cottdi aut tre aut vn aut aliqu semper supplicat1 ,pl4 ,aul4 prol4 #bc1 she always offers me incense or wine or something else every day4 qudam4 #bcib4 qudam1 a1 a certain1 denotes a thing which we cannot describe or do not care to4 nn inrdicul qudam ex mlitibus decimae leginis dxit3 pls quam pollicitus esset1 ,caesarem facere1 #a1 #db1 #f1 one of the privates of the ,tenth said a very dry thing3 that #8,caesar was doing more than he engaged to4' accurrit qudam ntus mihi nmine tantum1 ,h4 ,s4 #a1 #i1 #c1 up trots a man ,i knew by name alone4 assimilis qudam mgitu sonus1 ,suet4 ,galb4 #ah1 a mysterious sound like the lowing of a cow4 vidmus ntram su qudam itinere ad ultimum pervenre1 ,,dn4 #b1 #ce1 nature reaches perfection by a kind of road of her own4 ,often in translations from ,greek3 as1 alis librs ratinem quandam per omnem ntram rrum pertinentem v dvn esse adfectam putat1 ,,dn4 #a1 #cf1 in other works he supposes #8a kind of ,reason pervading all nature and endowed with divine power1 of ,zeno's doctrine4 #bcic4 qudam is often used to soften an exaggeration or a metaphor1 sometimes to denote contempt4 loquentissims homins innumerbils qusdam nminbat1 ,,do4 #a1 #ia1 great speakers he named1 absolutely without number4 ad omns enim mes impets quasi mrus qudam bon nmen impertris oppnitur1 ,v4 #e1 #b1 for against all assaults of mine the name of a good commander is set up1 like a regular wall4 sed aliud quoddam flum rtinis tuae1 ,l4 #be1 but there is quite a different fibre to your speech4 nn est erum urbnitte qudam quasi colrta rti1 ,br4 #agj1 their language lacks the tinge of an indefinable metropolitan element4 ,theomnstus qudam1 homo rdicul nsnus1 ,v4 #d1 #adh1 a person of the name of ,theomnastus1 an absurd1 crack-brained creature4 ,erratum3 #bcib 444 he supposes #8a kind of ,reason pervading all nature and endowed with divine power mismatched open quote in original2 author's meaning unclear 7work cited does not use explicit quotation marks7 quisque4 #bcid4 quisque1 each1 each in particular1 each by himself1 applies what is stated of all to each several case1 out of a number more than two4 laudt pr cntine omns sunt1 dntque pr merit quisque1 ,l4 #ch1 #bc1 #aa1 they were collectively commended in assembly convened1 and received presents1 each in proportion to his deserts4 quotins quaeque cohors prcurrerat1 magnus numerus hostium cadbat1 #e1 #cd1 #b1 as the cohorts successively charged1 a great number of the enemy fell every time 7#bchi74 mns cuiusque1 is est quisque1 nn ea figra quae digit dmnstrr potest1 ,,rp4 #f1 #bf1 the mind of a man is always the man1 and not that shape which can be pointed out by the finger4 #bcie4 quisque is sometimes used in a relative and demonstrative sentence both4 quod cuique obtigit1 id quisque teneat1 ,off4 #a1 #ba1 let every man keep what he has got4 id enim est cuiusque proprium1 qu quisque fruitur atque titur1 ,fam4 #g1 #cj1 #b1 for that is always a man's property which he has the enjoyment and use of4 #bcif4 ,in a complex sentence1 consisting of a main and a relative sentence1 quisque is usually expressed but once1 and then in the unemphatic relative sentence4 ,in ,english1 the equivalent of quisque goes with the main sentence4 nm fuit qu nn surrxerit1 tlumque quod cuique fors offerbat1 adripuerit1 ,v4 #d1 #ie1 not a man but sprang from his bed1 and seized in every instance such a weapon as chance threw in his way4 thetrum cum commne sit1 rct tamen dc potest1 eius esse eum locum1 quem quisque occuprit1 ,fin4 #c1 #fg1 though the theatre is open to all1 still it may be said with perfect propriety1 that each spectator is entitled to the seat he has taken4 ,messnam ut quisque nostrm vnerat1 haec vsere solbat1 ,v4 #d1 #e1 any ,roman1 who went to ,messana1 invariably went to see these statues 7#aici74 erum ut quisque prmus vnerat1 sub mr cnsistbat1 #g1 #dh1 #b1 as they successively arrived1 each man of them took his stand under the wall4 #bcig4 quisque is often used with s or suus1 superlatives1 and ordinals1 holding an unemphatic place after these words3 as1 ipse s quisque dligit1 ,l4 #hj1 a man always loves his own self4 suos quoique ms1 ,t4 ,ph4 #ded1 every man his own way4 huic pr s quisque nostrm medr velle dbmus1 ,l4 ,agr4 #a1 #bf1 this evil we ought to wish to remedy1 according to our several abilities4 optimum quidque rrissimum est1 ,fin4 #b1 #ha1 ever the fairest is the rarest4 nam in for vix decumus quisquest1 qu ipsus ss nverit1 ,pl4 ,ps4 #igc1 for in the marketplace there's scarce one man in every ten that knows himself4 qunt quque ann ,sicilia tta cnstur1 ,v4 #b1 #aci1 at the end of every four years all ,sicily is assessed4 quamquam prmum quidque explicmus1 ,fam4 #ab1 #a1 #a1 but stay--let me explain things successively2 or1 one thing after another4 litters msit1 ut is nulus ad s prm quque tempore adferrtur1 ,v4 #d1 #eh1 he sent a letter directing said ring to be sent to him without delay4 #bcih4 ,in old ,latin quisque is sometimes equivalent to qucumque or quisquis1 whoever3 as1 quisque obviam huic occesserit rt1 vpulbit1 ,pl4 ,as4 #djd1 whoever meets him in his wrath will catch it4 ,in cuiusque generis and cuiusque mod1 it means any and every3 as1 tot homins cuiusque mod1 ,v4 #d1 #g1 so many people of every sort1 i4e4 cuicuimod4 ,the neuter quidquid for quidque is not uncommon3 as1 cum prcessit paulum et qutenus quicquid s attingat perspicere coepit1 ,fin4 #e1 #bd1 when it has progressed a little and has begun to discover how far each thing affects it4 ,masculine quisquis for quisque is doubtful 7see ,fam4 #f1 #a1 #a74 uterque4 #bcii4 uterque1 each1 is used of two individuals1 and utrque of two sets or parties4 ,but sometimes utrque is used of two individuals4 7a47 ut illa ntra caelestis et terr vacat et mre1 sc utriusque hrum rrum hmnus animus est expers1 ,,td4 #a1 #fe1 even as the heavenly nature is free from the earthy and the humid1 so the soul of man has no part in either of these qualities 7#abdc74 nt tremefactus uterque est polus1 ,o4 ,f4 #b1 #dhi1 at his nod trembled each pole 7#abdc74 ,aetlirum utraeque mans ,hraclam ss inclsrunt1 ,l4 #cf1 #af1 #e1 both bands of the ,aetolians shut themselves up in ,heraclea4 7b47 sex fli nbs1 duae fliae sunt1 utraeque iam nptae1 ,l4 #db1 #cd1 #d1 we have six sons and two daughters1 both already married4 #bdjj4 ,reciprocal relations 7#bcdd7 are sometimes expressed by uterque followed by a different case of alter2 rarely by uterque and a different case of the same word4 7a47 qurum uterque contempsit alterum1 ,off4 #a1 #d1 each of whom lightly esteemed the other4 7b47 abdc nn potest 33 qu nn potest8 33 quia uterque utrquest cord1 ,t4 ,ph4 #gii1 she's not to be taken from him 33 why isn't she8 33 because they're heart to heart4 ,this doubling of uterque is found only half a dozen times2 not in ,cicero4 quvs and qulibet2 utervs and uterlibet4 #bdja4 quvs and qulibet1 any you please1 are used either in affirmative or negative sentences4 ,when two are spoken of1 utervs or uterlibet is used4 7a47 ut quvs intellegere posset1 ,v4 #e1 #ag1 so that any fool might know4 faciat quidlubet1 ,t4 ,hau4 #dfd1 let him do anything he likes4 7b47 qu utramvs rct nvit1 ambs nverit1 ,t4 ,andr4 prol4 #aj1 who knows either well1 knows both4 utrumlibet lige1 ,quinct4 #ha1 choose either you like4 quisquam and llus4 #bdjb4 quisquam 7#fib71 a single one1 any one at all1 and llus1 any1 are used chiefly in negative sentences or in interrogative1 conditional1 and comparative sentences implying negation1 or with sine4 vn ,athns1 neque m quisquam ib adgnvit1 ,,td4 #e1 #ajd1 ,i came to ,athens and not a person there knew me 7#afei74 interdcit omnibus1 n quemquam interficiant1 #g1 #dj1 #d1 he warns them collectively against killing any man at all 7#bchh74 hunc su quisquam sententi ex hc urbe expellet8 ,mil4 #ajd1 will anybody at all1 by his vote1 banish this man from ,rome8 quis hoc fcit ll in ,scythi tyrannus8 ,pis4 #ah1 what tyrant ever did this in any ,scythia8 s quisquam est timidus1 is ego sum1 ,fam4 #f1 #ad1 #a1 if anybody is timid1 ,i am the man4 qu saepius cum hoste cnflxit quam quisquam cum inimc concertvit1 ,,ip4 #bh1 who has measured swords oftener with the enemy than anybody ever wrangled with an opponent in private life4 sine ll met in ipsum portum penetrre coeprunt1 ,v4 #e1 #if1 without a bit of fear they began to make their way right into the harbour4 nm quisquam and nihil quicquam are old and late3 as1 lepidirem uxrem nm quisquam habet1 ,pl4 ,cas4 #ajjh1 nobody has a jollier wife4 noster mal nl quicquam prm1 ,t4 ,ph4 #hj1 our young master didn't make any trouble at first4 #bdjc4 nm is generally used for nn quisquam1 nm umquam for numquam quisquam1 nihil for nn quicquam1 and nllus for nn llus4 ,if only two are spoken of1 neuter is used4 ,the plural neutr is used of two parties4 nmst miserior m1 ,t4 ,hau4 #bfc1 no man's unhappier than ,i4 nm igitur vir magnus sine aliqu adflt dvn umquam fuit1 ,,dn4 #b1 #afg1 nobody who is a great man was ever without some divine inspiration4 ab nll ille lberlius quam ,cluenti trcttus est1 ,clu4 #afa1 by no man has he been treated more generously than by ,cluentius4 neutrum erum contr alterum iuvre1 ,caes4 ,c4 #a1 #ce1 #e1 to help neither of them against the other4 neutr alters prm cernbant1 ,l4 #ba1 #df1 #d1 neither party saw the others at first4 7,d47 ,,numerals4 #bdjd4 ,numerals are divided into ,adjectives3 ,cardinal1 nus1 one1 duo1 two1 c42 ,ordinal1 prmus1 first1 secundus1 second1 c42 ,distributive1 singul1 one each1 bn1 two each1 c42 and ,numeral ,adverbs3 semel1 once1 bis1 twice1 c4 ,for the inflection of numerals1 see #fcg-fdc4 ,transcriber's ,note3 ,the following section was printed as a single large table1 spanning two facing pages4 ,it has been reformatted for this text4 #bdje4 ,,arabic4 ,,cardinals4 ,,ordinals4 ,,distributives4 ,,numeral ,,adverbs4 ,,roman4 #a nus1 one 7#fch7 prmus1 first 7#fdc7 singul1 one each 7#fdc7 semel1 once ,i #b duo1 two 7#fci7 secundus1 second bn1 two each bis1 twice ,,ii #c trs1 three 7#fci7 tertius1 third tern1 trn1 three each ter1 thrice ,,iii #d quattuor1 four qurtus1 fourth quatern1 four each quater1 four times ,,iiii or ,,iv #e qunque1 five quntus1 fifth qun1 five each qunquins1 five times ,v #f sex1 six sextus1 sixth sn1 six each sexins1 six times ,,vi #g septem1 seven septimus1 seventh septn1 seven each septins1 seven times ,,vii #h oct1 eight octvus1 eighth octn1 eight each octins1 eight times ,,viii #i novem1 nine nnus1 ninth novn1 nine each novins1 nine times ,,viiii or ,,ix #aj decem1 ten decimus1 tenth dn1 ten each decins1 ten times ,x #aa ndecim1 eleven ndecimus1 eleventh ndn1 eleven each ndecins1 eleven times ,,xi #ab duodecim duodecimus duodn duodecins ,,xii #ac tredecim tertius decimus tern dn terdecins ,,xiii #ad quattuordecim qurtus decimus quatern dn quater decins ,,xiiii or ,,xiv #ae qundecim quntus decimus qun dn qundecins ,,xv #af sdecim sextus decimus sn dn sdecins ,,xvi #ag septendecim septimus decimus septni dn septins decins ,,xvii #ah duodvgint duodvcsimus duodvcn octins decins ,,xviii #ai ndvgint ndvcsimus ndvcn novins decins ,,xviiii or ,,xix #bj vgint1 twenty vcsimus1 twentieth vcn1 twenty each vcins1 twenty times ,,xx #ba vgint nus or nus et vgint vcsimus prmus or nus et vcsimus vcn singul or singul et vcn vcins semel or semel et vcins ,,xxi #bb vgint duo or duo et vgint vcsimus alter or alter et vcsimus vcn bn or bn et vcn vcins bis or bis et vcins ,,xxii #bh duodtrgint duodtrcsimus duodtrcn duodtrcins ,,xxviii #bi ndtrgint ndtrcsimus ndtrcn 99ndtrcins ,,xxviiii or ,,xxix #cj trgint trcsimus trcn trcins ,,xxx #dj quadrgint quadrgsimus quadrgn quadrgins ,,xxxx or ,x #ej qunqugint qunqugsimus qunqugn qunqugins #fj sexgint sexgsimus sexgn sexgins ,x #gj septugint septugsimus septugn septugins ,,xx #hj octgint octgsimus octgn octgins ,,xxx #ij nngint nngsimus nngn nngins ,,xxxx or ,,xc #ii ndcentum ndcentsimus ndcentn 99ndcentins ,,xxxxviiii or ,,xcix #ajj centum1 one hundred centsimus1 one hundredth centn1 a hundred each centins1 a hundred times ,c #aja centum nus or centum et nus centsimus prmus or centsimus et prmus centn singul centins semel or centins et semel ,,ci #bjj ducent 7#fda7 ducentsimus ducn ducentins ,,cc #cjj trecent trecentsimus trecn trecentins ,,ccc #djj quadringent quadringentsimus quadringn quadringentins ,,cccc #ejj qungent qungentsimus qungn qungentins ,d #fjj sescent sescentsimus sescn sescentins ,,dc #gjj septingent septingentsimus septingn septingentins ,,dcc #hjj octingent octingentsimus octingn octingentins ,,dccc #ijj nngent nngentsimus nngn nngentins ,,dcccc #a1jjj mlle1 thousand 7#fdb7 mllsimus1 thousandth singula mllia1 a thousand each mllins1 a thousand times #b1jjj duo mllia bis mllsimus bna mllia bis mllins #e1jjj qunque mllia qunquins mllsimus quna mllia qunquins mllins #aj1jjj decem mllia decins mllsimus dna mllia decins mllins #ej1jjj qunqugint mllia qunqugins mllsimus qunqugna mllia qunqugins mllins #ajj1jjj centum mllia centins mllsimus centna mllia centins mllins #a1jjj1jjj decins centna mllia decins centins mllsimus decins centna mllia decins centins mllins symbol ,erratum3 #bdje 444 quadringentsimus qudringentsimus ,transcriber's ,note3 ,in this section1 -- represents a letter or image that could not be reproduced in plain text4 ,,notation4 #bdjf4 ,numbers are noted by combinations of the characters ,i #a2 ,v #e2 ,x #aj2 1 later --1 --1 or ,l #ej2 ,c #ajj2 ,d #ejj2 or --1 post-,augustan ,m #ajjj4 #bdjg4 ,of these signs1 ,v seems to be the half of ,x1 which may be ,etruscan in origin4 ,the original signs for #ej and #ajjj were taken from the ,chalcidian ,greek alphabet 7#ah1 #ai71 in which they represented sounds unknown to early ,latin4 ,thus1 1 in the ,chalcidian alphabet representing ch 7#di71 was used by the early ,romans for #ej1 and became successively --1 --1 and ,l4 ,the form 1 is found very rarely1 -- oftener1 in the ,augustan period2 -- is common during the last century of the republic and in the early empire2 ,l1 due to assimilation with the ,roman letter1 appears in the last century of the republic4 ,the sign for #ajjj was originally 7,chalcidian ph72 it became -- 7the common classical form71 --1 or --2 the form ,m as a numeral appears in the second century ,a4,d41 although ,m is found much earlier as an abbreviation for mllia in ,m ,p1 that is mllia passuum4 ,for #ajj1 the sign 7,chalcidian th7 may have been used originally2 but ,c 7the abbreviation for centum7 came into use at an early period4 ,the sign ,d1 #ejj1 is the half of 4 #bdjh4 ,to denote #aj1jjj the sign for #ajjj was doubled3 thus1 1 written also --1 --1 --4 ,another circle was added to denote #ajj1jjj3 thus1 1 written also --1 --1 --4 ,the halves of these signs were used for #ejjj and #ej1jjj3 thus1 and 2 variations of these last two signs are found1 corresponding to the variations of the signs of which they are the halves4 #bdji4 ,from the last century of the republic on1 thousands are sometimes indicated by a line drawn above a numeral1 and hundreds of thousands by three lines enclosing a numeral3 as1 ,v #ejjj2 -- #a1jjj1jjj4 #bdaj4 ,to distinguish numerals from ordinary letters1 a line is often drawn above them3 as1 ,v,i #f4 ,this practice is common in the ,augustan period2 earlier1 a line is sometimes drawn across the numeral1 as1 -- #b2 -- #ejj4 #bdaa4 ,of the two methods of writing the symbols for #d1 #i1 #ad1 #ai1 c41 the method by subtraction 7,,iv1 ,,ix1 ,,xiv1 ,,xix1 c47 is rarer1 and is characteristic of private1 not public inscriptions4 ,erratum3 #bdaj 444 a line is sometimes drawn across the numeral examples show that 8across0 means 8through01 not 8above0 ,,some ,,forms ,,of ,,numerals4 #bdab4 qunctus1 the older form of quntus 7#agj1 #d7 is sometimes found in old and even in classical writers4 ,instead of septimus and decimus1 the older septumus and decumus are not uncommon 7#bh74 #bdac4 ,in the ordinals from twentieth upwards1 the older forms vcnsumus or vcnsimus1 trcnsumus or trcnsimus1 c41 c41 are not infrequently found instead of vcsimus1 trcsimus1 c41 c4 7#fc2 #bh74 #bdad4 ,in the numeral adverbs from qunquins upwards1 later forms in -s 7#fc7 are often found3 as1 qunquis1 decis1 c41 c4 #bdae4 ,in cardinals and ordinals from thirteen to seventeen inclusive1 the larger number sometimes comes first1 and in cardinals et is sometimes used1 though rarely in ,cicero4 decem trs1 ,l4 #cg1 #cj1 #g1 thirteen4 funds decem et trs relquit1 ,,ra4 #bj1 he left thirteen farms4 ,rarely the smaller number comes first with et3 as1 d tribus et decem funds1 ,,ra4 #ii1 of the thirteen farms4 #bdaf4 ,numbers from #ah to #ii inclusive which end in #h or #i are usually expressed by subtraction1 as in the list 7#bdje72 less frequently 7not in ,cicero1 rarely in classical writers7 by addition3 as1 decem et oct1 #d1 #ai1 #d2 decem novem1 ,ta4 ,h4 #b1 #eh4 #bdag4 ,in compound numbers from twenty-one to ninety-seven inclusive1 except those which end in eight or nine 7#bdaf71 the smaller number with et usually comes first or the larger number without et1 as in the list4 ,but rarely the larger number comes first with et3 as1 vgint et septem1 ,v4 #d1 #abc1 twenty and seven4 #bdah4 ,in numbers from a hundred and one upwards1 the larger number comes first1 either with or without et2 but with distributives et is not used4 ,with cardinals and ordinals the smaller number sometimes comes first with et2 as1 is rgis quadrgint anns et ducents praeterits1 ,,rp4 #b1 #eb1 after these two hundred and forty years of monarchy were ended4 ,,some ,,uses ,,of ,,numerals4 ,,cardinals ,,and ,,ordinals4 #bdai4 ,dates are expressed either by cardinals with a plural substantive or by ordinals with a singular substantive3 as1 dicttor factus est anns post ,rmam conditam ,,ccccxv1 ,fam4 #i1 #ba1 #b1 he was made dictator #dae ,u4 ,c4 7#acic74 ann trecentsim qunqugsim post ,rmam conditam1 ,nns ,ins1 ,,rp4 #a1 #be1 on the #eth of ,june1 #cej ,u4 ,c4 7#acej74 ,the ordinal is also used with a substantive not used in the singular3 as1 mancipia vnbant ,sturnlibus tertis1 ,att4 #e1 #bj1 #e1 the slaves were sold on the third day of the ,saturnalia4 ,as the ,romans1 however1 had no fixed official era1 they had no dates in the modern sense1 and marked the year by the names of the consuls4 ,,distributives4 #bdbj4 ,distributives are used to denote an equal division among several persons or things1 and in expressions of multiplication3 as1 bn sentrs singuls cohortibus praeposit1 ,l4 #c1 #fi1 #h1 two senators were put over every cohort3 sometimes when singul is added1 the cardinal is used1 thus3 singuls cnsribus dnri trecent impert sunt1 ,v4 #b1 #acg1 every censor was assessed #cjj denars4 bis bna1 ,,dn4 #b1 #di1 twice two4 ,poets use multiplication freely1 partly for variety1 but mainly from metrical necessity4 #bdba4 ,distributives are also used with substantives which have no singular1 or which have a different meaning in the singular2 but in this use one is always n1 not singul1 and three is often trn1 not tern3 as1 ut na castra iam facta ex bns vidrentur1 ,caes4 ,c4 #a1 #gd1 #d1 so that one camp seemed now to have been formed out of two4 trns catns vinctus1 #a1 #ec1 #e1 in triple irons4 ,similarly with things in pairs1 as3 bovs bn1 ,pl4 ,pers4 #cag1 a yoke of oxen4 #bdbb4 ,poets sometimes use the singular of distributives3 as1 centnque arbore flctum verberat1 ,v4 #aj1 #bjg1 and with a hundred beams at every stroke the wave he smites4 duplic ntr et corpore bn1 ,lucr4 #e1 #hgi1 twynatured and of body twain4 ,the plural is sometimes used in verse for the cardinal3 centum bracchia 4 4 4 centnsque mans1 ,v4 #aj1 #efe1 a hundred arms 4 4 4 and hundred hands4 ,,other ,,numerals4 #bdbc4 ,other numerical adjectives are multiplicatives1 ending in -plex2 they are3 simplex1 onefold1 simple1 sscuplex1 one and a half fold1 duplex1 triplex1 quadruplex1 quncuplex1 septemplex1 decemplex1 centuplex2 and proportionals1 used mostly in the neuter as substantives3 duplus1 twice as great1 triplus1 three times as great1 quadruplus1 septuplus1 octuplus4 ,besides these there are other adjectives derived from numerals3 as1 prmnus1 soldier of the first3 prmrius1 first rate3 bmus1 twinter1 two-year-old2 c41 c4 ,,expression ,,of ,,fractions4 #bdbd4 ,one half may be expressed by dmidium or dmidia pars2 other fractions with #a as a numerator by ordinals1 with or without pars3 as1 tertia pars or tertia1 #a_/c4 #bdbe4 ,if the numerator is greater than #a it is usually expressed by the cardinal feminine1 with the ordinal feminine for the denominator3 as1 duae septimae1 #b_/g4 ,but besides these forms there are others1 namely3 #bdbf4 7#a47 ,fractions with a numerator less by #a than the denominator1 except #a_/b1 may be expressed by cardinals with parts1 as1 duae parts1 #b_/c2 trs parts1 #c_/d2 quattuor parts1 #d_/e4 #bdbg4 7#b47 ,fractions with #ab or its multiples as a denominator are expressed in business language by the parts of an s3 thus1 #a_/ab1 uncia #a_/f1 sextns #a_/d1 quadrns #a_/c1 trins #e_/ab1 quncunx #a_/b1 smis #g_/ab1 septunx #b_/c1 bs #c_/d1 ddrns #e_/f1 dxtns #aa_/ab1 denx #ab_/ab1 s ex sse hrs1 ,quintil4 #g1 #a1 #bj1 heir to the whole2 relquit hrds ex bsse neptem1 ex terti parte neptem1 ,plin4 ,ep4 #g1 #bd1 #b1 she left her grandson heir to #b_/c1 her granddaughter to #a_/c4 hrdem ex ddrante1 ,n4 #be1 #e1 #b1 heir to #c_/d4 #bdbh4 ,sometimes fractions are expressed by addition3 as1 dmidia et quarta1 #c_/d2 pars tertia et septima1 #aj_/ba2 sometimes by division of the denominator3 as1 dmidia qunta1 #a_/aj4 7,e47 ,,prosody4 ,i4 ,,rules ,,of ,,quantity4 7,a47 ,,in ,,classical ,,latin4 #bdbi4 ,the length of the vowel in some classes of syllables1 as used in the classical period1 may be conveniently fixed in the memory by the following rules4 ,for the usage of older writers1 see #abf1 #abi1 #acb and #bdfd-bdgb4 ,for the general principles of length of vowels and syllables1 see #cc-da2 #aba-acd2 #agg-agh4 ,,monosyllables4 #bdcj4 ,monosyllables ending in a vowel or a single consonant have the vowel long3 as1 ds1 sl2 for ab2 for ex or ec-1 ps for 99peds2 ablative qu1 qu2 qun for 99qune2 locative sei1 commonly s2 sc 7#gjh72 dative and ablative plural qus 7#fhh74 ,exceptions4 #bdca4 ,the vowel is short in3 #bdcb4 7a47 ,monosyllables ending in b1 d1 m1 and t3 as1 ab1 ad1 dum1 dat4 #bdcc4 7b47 ,the indefinite qua1 ,n4 and ,ac42 the enclitics -que 7rarely -qu71 -ne1 -ve1 -ce2 and in the words cor1 fel1 mel2 os1 bone2 ac1 vir1 is1 pol1 quis 7,n472 fac1 fer1 per1 ter2 an1 bis1 in1 cis2 nec1 vel4 ,n4 hc is rarely short 7#ffd74 ,for the quantity of es1 see #gdg4 ,,polysyllables4 ,,penults4 #bdcd4 ,disyllabic perfects and perfect participles have the vowel of the penult long when it stands before a single consonant3 as1 vn1 vd1 vc 7#hfb72 fv 7#hfd71 ftus 7#iag74 ,exceptions4 #bdce4 7a47 ,nine perfects have the penult short 7#hei-hfa73 bib1 -fid ded1 scid stet1 stit tul1 -tud1 per-cul4 #bdcf4 7b47 ,ten perfect participles have the penult short 7#iah2 see also #iai73 citus1 datus itum1 ratus -rutus1 satus situs1 status litus1 quitus4 ,,final ,,syllables4 7#a47 ,,ending ,,in ,a ,,vowel4 #bdcg4 ,in words of more than one syllable1 final a and e are short2 final o1 u1 and i1 are long3 as1 7a47 ,n4 aquila2 ,pl4 ,n4 and ,ac4 oppida1 ctera1 omnia4 7b47 ,n4 ille2 ,n4 and ,ac4 rte2 impne 7#gja72 ,v4 bone2 ,ab4 tempore2 ,inf4 prmere2 ,imperat4 rege 7#hbf72 ,pres4 ,ind4 and ,imperat4 querere2 ,perf4 rxre4 7c47 ,n4 serm2 ,d4 and ,ab4 verb2 vr 7#gjd74 i4 reg1 er1 amb1 rxer 7#hbf72 est4 7d47 ,n4 and ,ac4 corn 7#ehg72 ,d4 and ,ab4 met 7#eij1 #dbe1 #eic72 di4 7e47 ,g4 frment2 ,v4 ,vergil 7#dei72 ,g4 dom 7#eid72 ,d4 nll1 orb2 ,ab4 sit 7#eed74 ,imperat4 vest 7#hde74 ,inf4 quer1 locr2 ,ind4 ,perf4 rx 7#hef71 rxist4 ,erratum3 #bdcg;a 444 oppida1 ctera1 omnia omna ,exceptions in a4 #bdch4 7a47 ,final a is long in the ablative1 in indeclinable words1 and in the imperative3 as1 7a47 ,ab4 mns 7#dbf74 7b47 quadrgint2 many indeclinable words are ablatives3 as1 contr1 ixt1 7#gjg74 ,the indeclinable heia1 ita1 and quia 7#gja71 have short a4 7c47 ,imperat4 loc 7#hde74 ,but puta1 for instance1 has short a 7#acj1 #d74 #bdci4 7b47 ,final a is long in some ,greek nominatives and vocatives3 as1 ,n4 lectr2 ,v4 ,aen1 ,pall4 ,erratum3 #bdch;c 444 ,but puta1 for instance1 has short a 7#acj1 #d74 short a4 ,exceptions in e4 #bddj4 7a47 ,final e is long in cases of nouns with stems in -- 7#eif71 in adverbs from stems in -o-1 and in the imperative singular active of verbs in -re3 as1 7a47 di 7,g41 ,d41 or ,ab471 hodi1 prdi2 see also #fjc4 7b47 alt 7#gje72 also fer1 ferm and oh or h2 but e is always short in bene and male2 nferne and superne4 7c47 doc 7#hde72 for cave1 see #acj1 #d4 #bdda4 7b47 ,final e is long in the endings of some ,greek nouns3 as1 ,n4 cramb1 ,circ2 ,v4 ,alcd2 ,ne4 ,pl4 ,n4 and ,ac4 ct1 mel1 pelag1 temp4 ,exceptions in o4 #bddb4 7a47 ,final o is short in the nominatives ego1 duo4 ,it is sometimes shortened in homo 7#acj1 #c7 and in the nominative of other stems in -n- 7#dhd1 #dhe73 as1 mentio1 ,nso1 virgo4 o is regularly short in endo1 in the ablatives cito and modo1 used as adverbs1 and in many other words in late poetry3 as1 lico1 immo1 ergo1 quando1 octo1 c42 very rarely in the ablative of the gerund4 #bddc4 7b47 ,before ,ovid1 o of the present indicative is regularly long4 ,it is shortened only in the following words 7#acj1 #c73 in volo1 six times 7,cat41 #d times2 ,hor41 ,prop474 scio1 twice 7,verg474 nescio1 six times 7,verg41 twice2 ,hor41 twice2 ,tib41 ,prop472 and once each in eo and veto 7,hor471 dsino 7,tib471 and findo 7,prop474 ,from ,ovid on1 short o is not uncommon4 ,short o in other forms of the verb is rare3 as1 dxero 7,hor472 esto1 ero1 dabo 7,ov472 but o is always short in the imperative cedo1 give1 tell4 ,exceptions in u4 #bddd4 ,final u is short in indu and noenu4 ,exceptions in i4 #bdde4 7a47 ,final i is short in nisi1 quasi1 and scuti2 also in the endings of some ,greek nouns3 as ,n4 and ,ac4 sinpi2 ,v4 ,pari1 ,amarylli2 ,d4 ,paridi1 ,minidi2 ,pl4 ,d4 ,trasi4 #bddf4 7b47 ,final i is common in mih1 tib1 sib2 ib1 ub 7#abi1 #b74 ,errata3 #bdde;a 444 ,final i is short in nisi1 quasi1 and scuti text unchanged1 but form 8scut0 with long occurs at least twice in this book 7#b47 ,,ending ,,in ,a ,,single ,,consonant ,,not s4 #bddg4 ,a final syllable ending in a single consonant not s has its vowel short3 as1 dnec4 illud4 animal 7#ecf72 semel4 agmen4 calcar 7#ecg72 soror1 stultior 7#acb74 moror1 loquar1 fatbor 7#acb72 regitur1 regimur1 reguntur4 regit 7#hbf72 amat1 sciat1 pnbat2 tinnit1 possit2 iacet1 neget1 esset 7#acb74 ,exceptions4 #bddh4 7a47 ,the last vowel is long in allc1 and in compounds of pr2 in the contracted genitive plural of stems in -u-3 as currm2 in all cases of illic and istic except the nominative masculine1 in the adverbs illc and istc1 and sometimes in nihl4 ,also in the endings of some ,greek nouns3 as1 ,n4 r1 aethr1 srn2 ,ac4 ,aenn4 #bddi4 7b47 ,in the short form of the genitive plural of stems in -o- and --1 the vowel was originally long1 but afterwards short3 as1 dvm 7#dfb71 caelicolm 7#dci74 #bdej4 7c47 ,the last vowel is long in it and petit and their compounds4 7#c47 ,,ending ,,in s4 #bdea4 ,final syllables in is and us have the vowel short2 those in as1 es1 and os1 have the vowel long3 as1 7a47 ,n4 lapis1 fnis2 ,g4 lapidis1 fnis2 magis4 ,indic4 ,pres4 regis 7#hbf72 ,fut4 eris 7#hea1 #hbf71 eritis1 locbis 7#hec1 #hbf71 locbitis4 7b47 ,n4 dominus2 currus2 ,n4 and ,ac4 tempus2 prius2 rgibus2 mus2 regimus4 7c47 aets2 ,pl4 ,ac4 mnss 7#dbd74 ,indic4 ,pres4 locs 7#hdj72 ,imp4 ers 7#hdh72 regbs 7#hdg72 ,plup4 rxers 7#hhj72 ,subj4 ,pres4 regs1 vestis1 doces 7#hdb74 7d47 ,n4 hrs2 sds2 nbs2 ,cers2 fids2 ,pl4 ,n4 and ,ac4 rgs 7#dbd72 ,indic4 ,pres4 docs 7#hdj72 ,fut4 regs 7#heb72 ,subj4 ,pres4 sis 7#hda72 locs 7#hdc72 ,imp4 esss 7#hej72 regers 7#hdi72 ,plup4 rxisss 7#hha74 7e47 ,n4 custs2 arbs2 ,pl4 ,ac4 vents 7#dbd74 ,exceptions in is4 #bdeb4 7a47 ,final is has in all plural cases3 as1 ,n4 and ,ac4 omns2 ,d4 and ,ab4 vis1 locs 7#ajh1 a71 vbs4 ,also in the nominatives singular ,quirs and ,samns1 usually in sangus 7#dhf71 and twice in pulvs4 #bdec4 7b47 ,final is has in the second person singular of verbs in -re1 in mvs1 in compounds of ss1 and in all present subjunctives singular3 as1 dus1 eds1 vels1 mls1 nls4 ,for -rs of the perfect subjunctive and the future perfect1 see #hgg1 #hgh1 #hhc1 #hhd4 ,exceptions in us4 #bded4 u is long in the nominative singular of consonant stems with before the final stem consonant3 as1 tells1 stem tellr-2 pals1 once palus 7,hor471 stem pald-2 in the genitive singular and nominative and accusative plural of nouns with stems in -u-3 as1 frcts2 and in the ending of some ,greek names3 as1 ,n4 ,panths2 ,g4 ,sapphs4 ,exceptions in as4 #bdee4 ,final as has short a in anas and in the ending of some ,greek nouns3 as1 ,n4 lias2 ,pl4 ,ac4 cratras4 ,exceptions in es4 #bdef4 ,final es has short e in the nominative singular of stems in -d- and -t- which have the genitive in -idis1 -itis1 and -etis 7#dge1 #dgf73 as1 praeses1 teges1 comes 7but in abis1 aris1 and paris71 also1 in penes1 in compounds of es1 thou art1 and in the endings of some ,greek nouns3 as1 ,n4 ,cynosarges2 ,pl4 ,n4 ,arcades1 cratres4 ,exceptions in os4 #bdeg4 ,final os has short o in the nominative of stems in -o-3 as1 servos1 suos1 ,dlos2 also in compos1 impos1 and exos2 and in the endings of some ,greek nouns3 as1 ,n4 and ,ac4 epos2 ,g4 chlamydos1 ,ernyos4 ,,position4 #bdeh4 ,for the general rule of position1 see #agg1 #agh2 but1 except in the thesis of a foot1 a final syllable ending with a short vowel generally remains short before a word beginning with two consonants or a double consonant3 as1 molli strta1 nemors ,zacnthos1 lc smaragd4 ,in ,horace such a final syllable is never lengthened before a word beginning with two consonants4 ,,hidden ,,quantity4 #bdei4 ,a vowel which stands before two consonants1 or a double consonant1 belonging to the same word1 so that its natural quantity cannot be determined from the scansion of the word1 is said to possess ,hidden ,quantity4 #bdfj4 ,the natural quantity of such a vowel may sometimes be ascertained3 7a47 from the statements of ancient writers2 7b47 from the way in which the vowel is written in ,latin inscriptions 7see #bd1 #bi72 7c47 from the transliteration of the word into other languages1 especially ,greek2 7d47 from the etymology of the word1 or from a comparison of it with kindred words in other ,indo-,european languages2 7e47 from comparison with derived words in the ,romance languages4 ,but all these kinds of evidence must be used with great caution4 #bdfa4 ,for the length of a vowel before ns1 nf1 and certain other groups of consonants1 see #abb4 #bdfb4 ,in inceptive verbs 7#hcd7 the ending -sc is thought to be always preceded by a long vowel3 as1 crsc1 nscor1 proficscor4 #bdfc4 ,in the perfect indicative active1 perfect participle passive and kindred formations of verbs in -g preceded by a short vowel1 as ag1 reg1 the theme syllable shows a long vowel3 as1 lx1 rx1 tx2 ctus1 lctus2 rctor2 ctit4 7,b47 ,,some ,,peculiarities ,,of ,,quantity ,,in ,,old ,,latin4 #bdfd4 ,for the preservation of a long vowel in certain specific endings in old ,latin1 see #acb4 #bdfe4 ,final -l is sometimes preserved long in the nominative singular3 as1 bacchnl 7,plaut472 also the syllable -es in the nominative singular of stems in -t- which have the genitive in -itis 7#dgg73 as mls 7,plaut47 #aga1 #a4 #bdff4 ,hic1 illic and istic1 when adverbs1 have a long final syllable2 but when nominative singular masculine1 have the final syllable regularly short4 #bdfg4 ,in ,plautus frstr always where determinable 7seven times7 has the final syllable short4 contr sometimes has a short final syllable in old ,latin4 #bdfh4 ,in ,latin poetry down to the time of ,cicero1 final s often does not 8make position0 before a following consonant 7#ff72 as1 temps fert 7,plaut472 mags stetisse 7,ter474 #bdfi4 ,the first syllable of ille1 illic 7the pronoun71 quippe1 imm1 inde1 unde1 nempe1 omnis1 and perhaps iste1 is sometimes shortened4 ,in ille1 illic1 quippe1 and imm the shortening is1 some hold1 due to the fact that in common speech one of the double consonants was often pronounced faintly or not at all2 while in inde1 unde1 nempe1 and omnis the nasal was very faintly sounded before the following consonant4 ,but some authorities hold that always in nempe1 and sometimes in ille1 quippe1 inde1 unde1 and perhaps iste1 before an initial consonant final e disappears1 and the word becomes a monosyllable4 ,,law ,,of ,,iambic ,,shortening4 #bdgj4 ,a long syllable1 preceded by a short monosyllable or by a short initial syllable1 and immediately preceded or followed by the verse-ictus1 may be shortened3 as1 t hnc1 dm m1 ad xrem1 volntte4 ,the short monosyllable may be a word which has become monosyllabic by elision3 as1 g7o7 hnc4 #bdga4 ,if the syllable to be shortened is the first of a word of more than one syllable1 or the second of a polysyllable1 it must be one which is long by position1 not by nature4 ,there are some possible exceptions to this rule1 such as verbmin 7,t4 ,ph4 #ijb72 but these are few and doubtful4 #bdgb4 ,iambic shortening took place not only in verse1 but also to a considerable extent in common speech1 particularly in iambic words 7see #acj71 in which the accent coperated with the verse-ictus to produce the shortening4 ,,ii4 ,,figures ,,of ,,prosody4 ,,hiatus4 #bdgc4 ,for hiatus within a word1 and the means by which it is avoided1 see #aad-abj4 #bdgd4 ,hiatus between two words is much more common in old ,latin than in writers of the classical period4 ,the precise extent to which it is allowed by the early dramatists is matter of dispute4 ,the following cases may be mentioned in which the ,latin poets admit hiatus3 #bdge4 7#a47 ,after interjections3 as1 hahahae homo1 ,t4 ,ph4 #daa2 et praesidium1 ,h4 #a1 #a1 #b4 #bdgf4 7#b47 ,after proper names1 and words of ,greek origin3 as1 ancillam ferre ,vener aut ,cupdin1 ,pl4 ,as4 #hjd2 ,thrici ,aquilne1 ,h4 ,epod4 #ac1 #c4 #bdgg4 7#c47 ,in the principal caesura of a verse4 ,so especially in ,plautus and ,terence after the fourth foot of the iambic septenarius1 and in ,plautus in the principal break in the iambic octonarius1 trochaic septenarius and trochaic octonarius4 #bdgh4 7#d47 ,often in the dramatists where there is a change of speakers3 as1 qu potuit vidre8 33 oculs 33 qu pact8 33 hiantibus1 ,pl4 ,merc4 #ahb4 #bdgi4 7#e47 ,probably sometimes in cases of repetition1 enumeration1 or sharp antithesis1 and where there is an important pause in the sense3 as1 eam volt meretrcem facere3 ea m dperit1 ,pl4 ,cur4 #df2 s pere1 hominum manibus periisse iuvbit1 ,v4 #c1 #fjf4 #bdhj4 ,vergil sometimes admits hiatus when the final syllable ending in a vowel is preceded or followed 7or both7 by two short syllables3 as1 lments gemitque et fmn llt1 ,v4 #d1 #ffg4 ,,elision4 #bdha4 ,for elision within a word1 see #aai4 #bdhb4 ,in verse a final vowel is generally elided before a vowel or h3 as1 quidve moror1 s77 omns n77 rdin7e7 habtis ,achvs1 ,v4 #b1 #ajb4 ,such a vowel was probably faintly sounded1 not dropped altogether4 #bdhc4 ,elision is frequent in most of the early poets2 but writers of the ,augustan and succeeding ages regarded it with increasing disfavour4 ,the elision of a long vowel before a short was in general avoided2 but there are numerous exceptions4 #bdhd4 ,monosyllabic interjections do not suffer elision4 #bdhe4 ,monosyllables ending in a diphthong seldom suffer elision before a short vowel4 #bdhf4 ,diphthongs arising from ,synizesis 7#bdii7 are sometimes elided in early ,latin verse1 but not in verse of the classical period4 #bdhg4 ,the monosyllables qu 7plural71 d1 st1 r1 sp1 are thought never to suffer elision before a short vowel4 #bdhh4 ,the dactylic poets very rarely elide the final syllable of an iambic 7 -7 or ,cretic 7- -7 word before a short vowel4 #bdhi4 ,elision seldom occurs if the syllable to be elided is immediately preceded by a vowel3 as in de7am7 et4 #bdij4 ,the final syllable of a ,greek word is rarely elided4 #bdia4 ,elision is more common toward the beginning of a verse than toward the end4 #bdib4 ,elision rarely occurs in the first syllable or last syllable of a verse2 but see under ,synapheia 7#beaj71 and for the elision of the enclitic -que or -ve at the end of a dactylic hexameter1 see #befh4 #bdic4 ,,ecthlipsis 7,gr4 1 a squeezing out74 ,final m and a preceding short vowel are usually elided before a vowel or h3 as1 mnstr7um7 horrend7um7 nform7e7 ingns1 cui lmen ademptum1 ,v4 #c1 #feh4 ,in such cases the ending was probably not cut off altogether1 but was given a faint nasal sound4 #bdid4 ,sometimes a monosyllable ending in a short vowel and m is not elided before a vowel3 as qum ego 7,ter472 snt cm odre 7,lucr474 ,such unelided monosyllables are most frequent in the early dramatists1 and in them usually fall under the verse-ictus4 ,see #fa4 #bdie4 ,the monosyllables dem1 stem1 rem1 spem1 sim1 are thought never to be elided before a short vowel4 #bdif4 ,after a word ending with a vowel1 -m1 or -us1 the verb est often loses its e3 as1 bonast1 bonumst1 bonust1 vsust4 ,so1 too1 es sometimes loses its vowel3 as homo's1 adeptus'4 ,this usage reflects the actual pronunciation of common speech4 #bdig4 ,,semi-,,hiatus ,,or ,,semi-,,elision4 ,a long final vowel is sometimes shortened before a vowel4 ,this may occur either in the arsis 7#bebj71 or in a resolved thesis3 as1 n qu amant 7,verg472 lctul rudtul 7,cat472 nam qu aget 7,ter474 ,this kind of shortening is not frequent except in the early dramatists1 who often shorten under the verse-ictus a monosyllable ending in a long vowel and followed by an initial vowel 7as in the third example above74 #bdih4 ,,synaloepha 7,greek 1 a smearing together7 is a general term used to denote the means of avoiding hiatus4 ,it includes elision and synizesis1 though some grammarians use it in the same sense as synizesis4 #bdii4 ,synizesis 7,greek 1 a settling together74 ,two vowels 7or a vowel and a diphthong7 which belong to different syllables sometimes coalesce so as to form one syllable4 ,this is called ,synizesis1 and is especially common in the early dramatists4 ,examples are3 meo1 eadem1 cuius1 aurei4 ,see #aag4 ,some grammarians would include under ,synizesis only cases in which a short vowel is subordinated to a following long2 as tuo4 #bejj4 ,the term ,synaeresis 7,greek 1 a taking together7 is sometimes used as a synonym for ,synizesis4 ,the ancient grammarians1 however1 used it in the sense of ,contraction 7#aah74 #beja4 ,,dialysis 7,greek 1 a breaking up74 ,conversely1 two vowels which usually form a diphthong are sometimes separated so as to form two syllables3 as cop 7,lucr47 for coep4 ,this1 however1 is really the survival of the original forms 7#abj74 #bejb4 ,the name ,,diaeresis 7,greek 1 a separating7 is sometimes used as a synonym for ,dialysis2 but it is better to restrict it to the meaning defined in #bedb4 #bejc4 ,,hardening4 ,a vocalic i or u is sometimes made consonantal before another vowel3 as1 abiete1 ariete 7,verg472 cnsilium 7,hor472 omnia 7,lucr474 ,see #aag and #hc4 ,this usage is sometimes included under ,synizesis 7#bdii71 while some grammarians term it ,synaeresis 7#bejj74 #bejd4 ,,softening4 ,conversely1 a consonantal i or u sometimes becomes vocalized before a vowel1 thus giving an additional syllable3 as1 silae for silvae 7,hor472 volisse for volvisse 7,ov474 ,see #eb4 ,this usage is sometimes included under the name ,dialysis 7#beja74 #beje4 ,,diastol 7,greek 1 a drawing asunder74 ,a syllable which in verse of the classical period is generally short is sometimes used as long for metrical convenience4 ,the syllable so employed generally falls under the verse-ictus1 and in most cases is immediately followed by the principal caesura1 or by a pause in the sense4 ,examples are3 terga fatgms hast1 nec tarda senectus1 ,v4 #i1 #faj4 tum sc ,mercurium adloquitr ac tlia mandat1 ,v4 #d1 #bbb4 caeca timt aliunde fta1 ,h4 #b1 #ac1 #af4 ,in many such cases this lengthening is not arbitrary1 but the 8lengthened0 syllable is one that was originally long 7see #acb74 #bejf4 ,the enclitic -que is sometimes lengthened under the ictus when another -que precedes or follows in the arsis3 as1 clns famulque metallqu caculaeque 7,accius74 #bejg4 ,,systol 7,greek 1 a drawing together74 ,conversely a syllable which in verse is regularly long is sometimes shortened for metrical convenience3 as1 dedrunt 7,hor471 nllus 7,hor471 imperat4 commod 7,cat474 ,in most cases this shortening is not arbitrary1 but represents a pronunciation which was in actual use1 especially among the common people4 #bejh4 ,,syncop 7,greek 1 a cutting short74 ,a short vowel is often dropped between two consonants3 as1 surpite for surripite 7,hor471 repostum for repositum 7,verg474 ,this usage doubtless reflects the common pronunciation2 see #aaj1 #aaa4 #beji4 ,,tmesis 7,greek 1 a cutting7 is the separation of the parts of a word3 as1 septem subiecta trin septemtrin subiecta 7,verg474 ,this usually occurs only in compounds2 but early poets sometimes divided other words3 as1 sax cere comminuit brum for sax cerebrum comminuit 7,ennius74 #beaj4 ,,synapheia 7,greek 1 a joining together7 is the linking together of two verses belonging to the same system4 ,here elision or word division may occur at the end of the first verse3 as1 ,ive nn probante u- xrius amnis1 ,h4 #a1 #b1 #ai4 ,iam licet venis mart7e71 uxor in thalam tib est1 ,cat4 #fa1 #aia4 ,errata3 #bdif 444 as homo's1 adeptus' text unchanged2 error for adeptu's 7adeptus es78 #bdii4 ,synizesis printed as shown3 expected small capitals instead of boldface ,,iii4 ,,versification4 ,,by ,,herman ,w4 ,,hayley1 ,,ph4,d4 #beaa4 ,,rhythm 7,gr4 1 from 1 to flow7 is the effect of regularity produced by the discrimination of a movement or sound into uniform intervals of time4 ,it is often marked by a stress or ictus recurring at fixed intervals4 ,rhythm is by no means confined to verse4 ,music1 dancing1 and even the regular beat of a trip-hammer1 have rhythm4 ,particular kinds of movement are often called rhythms1 as anapaestic rhythms1 dactylic rhythms1 c4 #beab4 ,,metre 7,gr4 1 a measure7 is the definite measurement of verse by feet1 lines1 strophes1 systems1 c4 #beac4 ,latin verse is quantitative1 the rhythm depending upon the quantity of the syllables 7but see #bedh74 ,the ictus naturally falls upon a long syllable 7or its equivalent74 ,english verse1 on the other hand1 is accentual1 its rhythm depending upon the accent of words4 ,,quantity4 #bead4 ,,signs ,,of ,,quantity4 ,a long syllable is indicated by -1 a short one by 4 ,a syllable which varies in quantity1 being sometimes long1 sometimes short1 is indicated by or 4 ,in the following metrical schemes1 indicates that the long is more usual or more strictly in accordance with the rhythm than the short4 ,the reverse is indicated by 4 #beae4 ,the ,,unit ,,of ,,measure is the duration of a short syllable and is called a ,time1 ,tempus1 or ,mora4 ,the mora did not have an absolute length1 but varied with the nature of the rhythm4 ,for greater convenience1 however1 it is assumed that its length was uniform1 and equalled that of an eighth note ,a long syllable1 being equal to two shorts1 has a length of two morae1 which is assumed to be the same as that of our quarter-note ,hence in notation and - #beaf4 ,,protraction4 ,a long syllable may be prolonged 7,protraction7 so as to have a length of three morae1 in which case it is called a triseme 7marked 71 or of four morae1 when it is termed a tetraseme 7marked 74 ,see #becg and #beda4 #beag4 ,,correption4 ,a long or short syllable may be shortened so as to occupy less than its normal time4 ,this is called ,correption 7,lat4 correpti1 a shortening74 ,see #bebc and #bebd4 #beah4 ,,resolution ,,and ,,contraction4 ,in some kinds of verse a long syllable may be1 as it were1 broken up 7,resolution7 into the equivalent two shorts2 and conversely two short syllables may in some cases be united 7,contraction7 into the equivalent long4 ,,feet4 #beai4 ,,feet4 ,latin verse 7like ,english7 is measured by groups of syllables called ,feet4 ,each of these groups has a definite length of so many morae 7#beae74 ,it is theoretically more accurate to make the foot purely a time-division1 as some authorities do2 but the definition given above is sanctioned by established usage4 #bebj4 ,,arsis and ,,thesis4 ,every complete foot consists of two parts1 an accented and an unaccented4 ,the part on which the rhythmical accent or ictus falls is called the ,thesis 7,gr4 1 a setting down74 ,the unaccented part of the foot is termed the ,arsis 7,gr4 1 a raising74 ,the name ,thesis originally referred to the setting down of the foot in beating time or marching1 or to the movement of the leader's hand in making the downward beat2 and ,arsis in like manner meant the raising of the foot or hand4 ,but the ,roman grammarians misunderstood the ,greek terms1 supposing them to refer to the lowering and raising of the voice1 and so interchanged them4 ,hence many modern writers prefer to use ,arsis to denote the accented1 and ,thesis the unaccented1 part of the foot4 ,,kinds ,,of ,,feet4 #beba4 ,the feet in common use are the following3-- ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,,feet ,,of ,,three ,,morae4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,name4 ,sign4 ,musically4 ,example4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,trochee - dcit ,iambus - legunt ,tribrach hominis ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,,feet ,,of ,,four ,,morae4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,dactyl - dcimus ,anapaest - regerent ,spondee - - fc ,proceleusmatic hominibus ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,,feet ,,of ,,five ,,morae4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,cretic - - fcerint ,first ,paeon - lgeritis ,fourth ,paeon - celerits ,bacchus - - regbant ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,,feet ,,of ,,six ,,morae4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,choriambus - - horribils ,ionic mire - - ddcimus ,ionic minre - - relegbant ---------------------------------------- ---------- #bebb4 ,other feet mentioned by the ancient grammarians are3-- ------------------------- ,name4 ,sign4 ------------------------- ,pyrrhic ,amphibrach - ,antibacchus or - - ,palimbacchus ,molossus - - - ,dispondee - - - - ,ditrochee - - ,diiambus - - ,antispast - - ,second ,paeon - ,third ,paeon - ,first ,epitrite - - - ,second ,epitrite - - - ,third ,epitrite - - - ,fourth ,epitrite - - - ------------------------- ,but these are of little practical importance1 as most of them never are employed in ,latin poetry1 and the few which do occur are used only as substitutes for other feet4 ,,cyclic ,,feet4 ,transcriber's ,note3 ,in this section1 forms such as #h or #af4 represent musical notes3 eighth note1 dotted sixteenth and similar4 #bebc4 ,a dactyl occurring in #c_/h time did not have the value of #b morae #a #a1 but was given instead that of #a 2 in other words both arsis and thesis suffered correption 7#beag71 but the ratio between them remained unchanged4 ,such a dactyl is called cyclic1 and is marked - 1 or musically #h4 #af4 #af4 ,there is also a cyclic anapaest1 marked - or #af4 #af4 #h4 ,some scholars1 however1 hold that the cyclic dactyl had approximately the value #a #a1 or #h4 #af #h1 and mark it - 4 ,in like manner they mark the cyclic anapaest -4 ,the true nature of these cyclic feet is very uncertain4 ,,irrational ,,syllables ,,and ,,feet4 #bebd4 ,a long syllable sometimes stands in place of a short4 ,a syllable thus used is called irrational 7marked 7 because it destroys the normal ratio between arsis and thesis4 ,the foot which contains such a syllable is itself called irrational4 ,the most common irrational foot is the irrational spondee 7- when it stands for a trochee2 - when it replaces an iambus71 which is found in iambic1 trochaic1 and logaoedic rhythms4 ,probably the irrational long suffered a slight correption 7#beag71 so that its duration was between that of the ordinary long and that of a short syllable4 ,,rhythms4 #bebe4 ,the different rhythms or metres are named trochaic1 iambic1 c41 according to their fundamental feet4 #bebf4 ,much of the ,latin poetry 7though not by any means all7 was written to be sung4 ,the ,greeks and ,romans employed in their music not only common 7or #b_/d7 time and triple 7#c_/h1 #c_/d7 time1 but also #e_/h time1 which last is very rarely used in modern music4 #bebg4 ,the ,greek and ,roman metricians divided the rhythms into three classes1 according to the ratio between arsis and thesis in their fundamental feet4 ,these classes were3-- 7a47 the ,equal ,class 7 1 genus pr7 in which thesis and arsis are equal in duration1 as in dactylics1 anapaestics1 c42 7b47 the ,double ,class 7 1 genus duplex7 in which the thesis has twice the duration of the arsis1 as in trochaics1 iambics1 c42 7c47 the ,hemiolic ,class 7 1 genus sscuplex7 in which the thesis has one and a half times the duration of the arsis1 as in bacchiacs1 cretics1 etc4 #bebh4 ,,ascending ,,and ,,descending ,,rhythms4 ,rhythms in which the thesis follows the arsis 7as in iambics7 are called ascending2 those in which it precedes the arsis 7as in trochaics7 are termed descending4 ,,anacrusis4 #bebi4 ,the ancients recognized both ascending and descending rhythms 7#bebh71 and regarded the former class as at least equal in importance to the latter2 but many modern scholars since the time of ,bentley have preferred to treat all rhythms as descending1 regarding the first arsis of an ascending rhythm as merely answering to a preliminary upward beat in music4 ,such an initial arsis was named by ,gottfried ,hermann ,anacrsis 7,gr4 1 a striking up74 ,scholars have been influenced to adopt the anacrustic theory in its widest extent largely by the fact that in most modern music a measure must commence with a downward beat1 a rule which did not hold in ancient music4 ,by this theory an iambic verse becomes trochaic with anacrusis1 an anapaestic verse dactylic with anacrusis1 c4 ,but in many cases those kinds of verse which begin with an arsis were subject to different rules of construction from those which begin with a thesis4 ,hence it seems best to restrict anacrusis to logaoedic verse1 in which it undoubtedly occurs4 #becj4 ,the anacrusis may be a long syllable1 a short syllable1 or two shorts 7but not two longs74 ,it is often irrational 7#bebd74 ,in metrical schemes it is often set off from the rest of the verse by a vertical row of dots3 thus1 ,,groups ,,of ,,feet4 #beca4 ,a group of two feet is called a dipody1 one of three a tripody1 one of four a tetrapody1 one of five a pentapody1 and one of six a hexapody4 ,the dipody is the measure of trochaic1 iambic1 and anapaestic verse4 ,other kinds of verse are measured by the single foot4 ,a single foot is sometimes called a monopody4 ,a group of three half feet1 i4e4 a foot and a half1 is sometimes called a trithemimeris1 one of two and a half feet a penthemimeris1 one of three and a half a hephthemimeris1 c4 #becb4 ,a ,rhythmical ,series1 ,rhythmical ,sentence1 or ,colon is a group of two or more feet 7but not more than six7 which are united into a rhythmic whole by strengthening one of the ictuses1 so that it becomes the principal or dominant ictus of the whole group4 #becc4 ,,the ,,verse4 ,a rhythmical series1 or group of two 7or even three7 series1 which forms a distinct and separate whole is called a ,verse4 ,the final syllable of a verse must terminate a word 7except in cases of synapheia1 see #beaj71 and may be either long or short 7whence it is termed syllaba anceps7 without regard to the rhythm4 ,hiatus 7#bdgd7 is freely allowed at the end of a verse 7though in rare cases elision occurs before a vowel at the beginning of the following verse2 see #bdib and #befh74 ,a verse is generally 7but not always7 written as one line4 ,hence1 the words 8verse0 and 8line0 are often used as synonyms4 ,,syllaba ,,anceps4 #becd4 ,in the present work1 the final syllable of each verse is marked long or short as the rhythm may require1 without reference to its quantity in a given example2 and in the general schemes it is to be understood that the final syllable is syllaba anceps 7#becc7 unless the contrary is expressly stated4 #bece4 ,,dicolic ,,and ,,asynartetic ,,verses4 ,a verse which consists of two rhythmical series 7or cola7 is called dicolic4 ,if the series of which the verse is made up are quasi-independent of each other1 so that hiatus or syllaba anceps occurs in the caesura1 the verse is styled asynartetic 7,gr4 1 not joined together74 #becf4 ,,names ,,of ,,verses4 ,verses are called trochaic1 iambic1 dactylic1 c41 according to their fundamental 7or characteristic7 feet4 ,a verse which contains one foot 7or one dipody if iambic1 trochaic1 or anapaestic2 see #beca7 is called a monometer1 one of two a dimeter1 one of three a trimeter1 one of four a tetrameter1 one of five a pentameter1 and one of six a hexameter4 ,trochaic1 iambic1 and anapaestic verses are often named by ,latin adjectives in -rius 7used as nouns7 denoting the number of feet4 ,thus1 such a verse of eight feet is called an octnrius1 one of seven a septnrius1 one of six a snrius1 c4 ,a short verse which is employed to close a system 7#bedg71 or to mark a metrical or musical transition between longer verses1 is called a clausula4 ,,catalexis1 ,,pause1 ,,syncope4 #becg4 ,,catalexis4 ,a verse1 the last foot of which is incomplete1 is said to suffer ,catalexis 7,gr4 1 a stopping short7 or to be catalectic2 one of which the last foot is complete is called acatalectic4 ,it is usually the last part of the foot that is omitted2 but 7according to the theory now generally accepted7 in catalectic iambic verses it is the last arsis that is omitted1 the preceding thesis being protracted 7#beaf7 to compensate for the loss1 thus3 - #bech4 ,a verse in which both the last arsis and the next to the last are suppressed1 so that a whole foot appears to be wanting1 is called brachycatalectic4 #beci4 ,a verse is said to be catalectic in syllabam1 in disyllabum1 or in trisyllabum1 according to the number of syllables remaining in the last foot4 ,thus1 the dactylic tetrameter - - - - is catalectic in syllabam1 but - - - - is catalectic in disyllabum4 #bedj4 ,,pauses4 ,theoretically all the feet 7or dipodies2 see #beca7 into which a verse is divided must be equal in duration4 ,hence1 when a final syllable 7or two final syllables7 is lost by catalexis1 compensation is made for the loss by a pause at the end of the verse4 ,such a pause1 which serves to fill out the last measure1 answers to a rest in music4 ,a pause of one mora is often indicated by the sign 1 and one of two morae by 4 #beda4 ,,syncope is the omission of one or more arses in the body of a verse4 ,compensation is made for the suppression of an arsis by protracting 7#beaf7 the preceding thesis4 ,,caesura4 ,transcriber's ,note3 ,in this section1 a free-standing represents the 8diaeresis0 symbol as described in the text4 #bedb4 ,,caesura ,,and ,,diaeresis4 ,a ,caesra 7literally a cutting1 from caedo1 ,i cut7 is the break in a verse produced by the ending of a word within a foot4 ,when the end of a word coincides with the end of a foot1 the break is called a ,diaeresis 7,gr4 1 a separating74 ,a caesura is marked 1 a diaeresis 4 ,the word caesura is often loosely used to include both caesura proper and diaeresis4 #bedc4 ,strictly speaking1 there is a caesura 7or diaeresis1 as the case may be7 wherever a word ends within a verse2 but the main incision in the verse is so much more important than the rest that it is often called the principal caesura1 or simply the caesura4 #bedd4 ,caesuras are named according to their position in the verse2 thus a caesura after the third half-foot 7i4e4 in the second foot7 is called trithemimeral 7from ,gr4 1 containing three halves71 one after the fifth half-foot 7i4e4 in the third foot7 penthemimeral 7,gr4 1 consisting of five halves71 one after the seventh half-foot 7i4e4 in the fourth foot7 hephthemimeral 7,gr4 71 c4 ,the ,latin names caesra smiternria 7 the trithemimeral caesura71 smiqunria 7 the penthemimeral71 smiseptnria 7 the hepthemimeral71 c41 are sometimes used4 ,for the masculine and feminine caesuras1 see #beeg4 ,,strophe4 ,,system4 #bede4 ,,the ,,strophe4 ,a fixed number of verses recurring in a regular order is called a ,strophe4 ,a strophe commonly contains verses of different kinds1 but some strophes are composed of verses which are all alike4 ,the most common strophes in ,latin poetry are either distichs 7i4e4 groups of two lines each71 tristichs 7of three lines each71 or tetrastichs 7of four74 ,strophes and verses are frequently named after some poet who made use of them4 ,so the ,alcaic strophe 7named after ,alcaeus71 the ,sapphic strophe 7named after ,sappho71 the ,glyconic verse 7named after ,glycon71 the ,asclepiadean 7after ,asclepiades71 the ,phalaecean 7after ,phalaecus71 the ,pherecratean 7after ,pherecrates71 c4 #bedf4 ,a ,stichic ,series is a series of verses of the same kind not combined into strophes4 #bedg4 ,,the ,,system4 ,a group of rhythmical series 7see #becb7 which is of greater extent than a verse is called a ,system4 ,long systems1 such as are common in ,greek poetry1 are comparatively rare in ,latin verse4 ,few verses have more than two rhythmical series2 none more than three4 #bedh4 ,although in all probability the ,latin accent was mainly one of stress rather than of pitch1 it seems to have been comparatively weak4 ,hence1 when it conflicted with the metrical ictus1 it could be the more easily disregarded4 ,but accentual or semi-accentual poetry seems to have existed among the common people even in the ,augustan age1 and even in classical ,latin verse in certain cases 7as in the last part of the dactylic hexameter7 conflict between ictus and accent was carefully avoided4 ,after the third century ,a4,d4 the accent exerted a stronger and stronger influence upon versification1 until in the ,middle ,ages the quantitative ,latin verse was quite supplanted by the accentual4 ,,numeri ,,italici4 #bedi4 ,some of the earliest remains of ,latin literature are believed to show a rhythmical structure4 ,these are chiefly prayers1 imprecations1 sacred songs and the like1 couched in a set form of words4 ,of the rules according to which these carmina were composed1 almost nothing is known4 ,according to one theory1 they are wholly accentual1 and are composed of rhythmical series1 each series containing four theses4 ,frequently an arsis is suppressed1 and compensation for the omission is made by dwelling longer upon the thesis4 ,as an example is given the prayer in ,cato1 ,d ,r ,rstic1 #ada3 ,mrs pter t prcor quasque t ss vlns prptis mh dm fmiliaque nstra1 c4 ,,the ,,saturnian4 #beej4 ,,the ,,saturnian is the best known and most important of the old ,italian rhythms2 but its nature long has been1 and still is1 matter of high dispute4 ,there are two principal theories as to its character1 the quantitative and the accentual1 each of which is advocated by many distinguished scholars4 #beea4 7#a47 ,,the ,,quantitative ,,theory4 ,according to this theory1 the ,saturnian is a verse of six feet1 with an anacrusis 7#bebi74 ,there is a break after the fourth arsis1 or more rarely after the third thesis4 ,each thesis may be either a long syllable or two shorts2 each arsis may be a short syllable1 a long1 or two shorts1 but an arsis is not resolved before the principal break or at the end of the verse4 ,hiatus is common1 especially at the principal break in the verse4 ,a short final syllable may be lengthened by the influence of the verse-ictus4 ,an arsis is frequently suppressed1 especially the penultimate arsis4 ,two arses are never suppressed in the same half-verse1 and rarely two in the same verse4 ,examples of the ,saturnian1 measured quantitatively1 are3 ,dabnt malm ,metll ,navi potae4 ,novm ,iovs concrds flia sorrs4 7,naevius47 ,virm mih1 ,camna1 nsec verstum4 7,livius ,andronicus47 ,erm sectm sequntur mlt mrtls4 7,naevius47 ,compare in ,english3 8,the quen was n the prlour1 ating brad and hney40 #beeb4 ,most of the ,roman grammarians who discussed the nature of the ,saturnian seem to have regarded it as quantitative4 ,in modern times the quantitative theory has been advocated by ,ritschl1 ,buecheler1 ,havet1 ,christ1 ,lucian ,mueller1 ,w4 ,meyer1 ,reichardt and many others4 #beec4 7#b47 ,,the ,,accentual ,,theory4 ,according to this theory1 the ,saturnian is an accentual verse1 constructed without regard to quantity4 ,it is divided by the principal break into two halves1 the first of which has three theses4 ,the second half usually has three1 but may have only two1 in which case it is usually preceded by an anacrusis 7#bebi74 ,two accented syllables are regularly separated by an unaccented syllable1 but in strictly constructed ,saturnians the second and third unaccented syllables are regularly separated by two unaccented ones4 ,hiatus was at first freely admitted1 but in the ,saturnians of the second century ,b4,c4 occurs only at the principal break4 ,examples of the ,saturnian1 measured according to this theory1 are3 ,dbunt mlum ,metll ,navi potae4 ,nvem ,ivis concrds flia sorrs4 7,naevius47 ,vrum mhi1 ,camna1 nsec verstum4 7,livius ,andronicus47 ,erum sctam sequntur mlt mrtls4 7,naevius47 #beed4 ,the accentual theory was held by the scholiast on ,v4 ,g4 #b1 #che1 and in modern times has been upheld 7in one form or another7 by ,o4 ,keller1 ,thurneysen1 ,westphal1 ,gleditsch1 ,lindsay and others4 ,the brief statement given above agrees essentially with that of ,o4 ,keller4 ,gleditsch holds that each half-verse has four accents1 as3 ,dbunt mlum ,mtell ,navi pota2 ,lindsay that the first hemistich has three accents and the second two1 as3 ,dbunt mlum ,metll ,navi potae4 ,the whole question is still far from its final settlement4 ,,dactylic ,,rhythms4 #beee4 ,these are descending rhythms belonging to the ,equal ,class 7see #bebg74 ,in them the fundamental foot is the dactyl 7- 71 for which its metrical equivalent1 the spondee 7- 71 is frequently substituted4 ,,the ,,dactylic ,,hexameter4 #beef4 ,the ,,dactylic ,,hexameter is the verse regularly employed in epic1 didactic1 and bucolic poetry1 and is used by the ,latin writers oftener than any other measure4 ,it consists of six feet1 the last of which is a spondee 7but with the privilege of syllaba anceps2 see #becd74 ,the fifth foot is usually a dactyl2 but sometimes a spondee is employed1 in which case the verse is called spondaic4 ,in each of the other four feet either a dactyl or a spondee may be used4 ,the scheme is therefore3 - - - - - - ,in the final 7fifth7 1 the long-syllable line is in brackets4 #beeg4 ,a caesura which comes immediately after the thesis of a foot is called masculine2 one which falls in the middle of the arsis 7i4e4 after the first short of a dactyl7 is termed feminine4 ,the ,roman writers show a strong preference for masculine principal caesuras1 and in general their treatment of the caesura is more strict than that of the ,greek poets4 #beeh4 ,the principal caesura in the ,latin hexameter is most frequently the penthemimeral 7#bedd73 as in3 ,arma virumque can ,troiae qu prmus ab rs 7,v4 #a1 #a74 ,next in order of frequency stands the hephthemimeral1 which is usually accompanied by a secondary trithemimeral1 and in many cases also by a feminine caesura in the third foot3 as in the verse1 nsgnem piette virum tot adre labrs 7,v4 #a1 #aj74 ,if the secondary trithemimeral caesura is lacking1 the penthemimeral is usually accompanied by a feminine caesura in the second foot4 ,sometimes1 though more rarely1 the principal break in the line is the feminine caesura in the third foot 7often called the 8caesura after the third trochee071 as in the verse ,spargns mida mella sopriferumque papver 7,v4 #d1 #dhf74 #beei4 ,the diaeresis 7see #bedb7 after the fourth foot 7often called 8bucolic diaeresis0 from its use by pastoral writers7 sometimes occurs1 but is much less common in ,latin hexameters than in ,greek4 ,an example is ,dc mihi1 ,dmoet1 cuium pecus8 ,an ,meliboe8 7,v4 ,e4 #c1 #a74 ,this diaeresis1 though common in ,juvenal1 is rare in most of the ,latin poets 7even the bucolic71 and when it does occur1 it is usually accompanied by a penthemimeral caesura4 ,lucian ,mueller and others deny that the bucolic diaeresis ever forms the principal break in a line4 #befj4 ,when a line has several caesuras1 it is often hard to determine which is the principal one4 ,in general1 masculine caesuras out-rank feminine2 the penthemimeral takes precedence over the hephthemimeral1 and the latter over all other caesuras4 ,but if the hephthemimeral1 or even one of the minor caesuras1 coincides with an important pause in the sentence1 it may out-rank the penthemimeral4 ,thus in the verse ,pault7im7 adnbam terrae2 iam tta tenbam 7,v4 #f1 #ceh71 the principal caesura is after terrae1 not adnbam4 ,lines without a principal caesura are rare4 ,an instance is ,nn quvs videt inmodulta pomata idex 7,h4 ,,ap4 #bfc74 #befa4 ,the great flexibility of the hexameter makes it an admirable vehicle of poetic expression4 ,accumulated spondees give the verse a slow and ponderous movement3 as in the line ,ill77 inter ss magn v bracchia tollunt 7,v4 ,g4 #d1 #agd74 ,the multiplication of dactyls imparts to the verse a comparatively rapid and impetuous motion1 as in the famous verse ,quadrupedante putrem sonit quatit ungula campum 7,v4 #h1 #eif74 ,but even when dactyls are numerous1 the ,latin hexameter1 8the stateliest measure ever moulded by the lips of man10 should not be read with the jerky #c_/h movement which is characteristic of the ,english hexameter4 #befb4 ,the following passage may serve to illustrate the movement of the hexameter1 and to show how the use of the different caesuras imparts variety to the measure3 soci --nequ7e7 en7im7 gnr sumus ante malrum-- pass gravira1 dabit deus hs quoque fnem4 ,vs et ,scyllaeam rabiem penitusque sonants accstis scopuls1 vs et ,cclpea saxa expert2 revoct7e7 anims1 maestumque timrem mittite3 forsan et haec lim meminisse iuvbit4 7,v4 #a1 #aih74 ,compare in ,english3 ,rolls and rages amain the restless1 billowy ocean1 ,while with a roar that soundeth afar the white-maned breakers ,leap up against the cliffs1 like foemen madly rejoicing4 ,,notes ,,on ,,the ,,hexameter4 #befc4 7#a47 ,in all probability1 the hexameter was originally a composite verse1 made up of two tripodies1 or of a tetrapody and a dipody4 ,hence hiatus in the principal caesura is not very rare1 even in the ,augustan poets4 ,the stress upon the first and fourth theses was probably stronger than that upon the other four4 #befd4 7#b47 ,in the second half of the hexameter1 particularly in the fifth and sixth feet1 verse-ictus and word-accent show a strong tendency to coincide4 #befe4 7#c47 ,a monosyllable rarely stands before the principal caesura or at the end of the verse4 ,when the verse ends in a monosyllable1 the thesis of the last foot is generally a monosyllable also1 as in the line ,crspnus minim m prvocat2 accipe1 s vs 7,h4 ,s4 #a1 #d1 #ad74 ,exceptions to this rule sometimes occur when the poet wishes to produce a particular effect1 as in ,parturient monts1 nsctur rdiculus ms 7,h4 ,,ap4 #aci74 #beff4 7#d47 ,a hexameter generally ends in a word of two or three syllables1 almost never in one of four1 rarely in one of five4 ,but spondaic verses 7#beef7 generally end with a word of four syllables1 more rarely with one of three1 almost never with one of two4 #befg4 7#e47 ,spondaic verses are comparatively rare in ,ennius and ,lucretius1 but become more frequent in ,catullus4 ,they are not common in ,vergil1 ,horace1 ,propertius and ,ovid1 and do not occur at all in ,tibullus4 ,persius has one spondaic verse1 ,valerius ,flaccus one1 ,claudian five1 ,silius ,italicus six1 ,statius seven4 ,ennius has lines composed entirely of spondees1 and so in one instance 7#aaf1 #c7 ,catullus4 ,ennius also resolves the thesis of a dactyl in a few cases4 #befh4 7#f47 ,a verse which is connected with the following one by elision 7#bdib7 is called hypermetrical4 ,such verses are rare1 and usually end with the enclitics -que or -ve4 #befi4 7#g47 ,the dactylic hexameter was introduced into ,latin literature by ,ennius1 and was further perfected by ,lucilius1 ,lucretius1 and ,cicero1 who took him as their model4 ,catullus and the group to which he belonged followed ,alexandrian models more closely1 while the great poets of the ,augustan age carried the technique of the hexameter to its highest perfection4 ,horace in his lyric poetry treats the hexameter with great strictness2 but in the ,satires and ,epistles he handles it with much freedom1 imparting to the measure a more colloquial character by the frequent use of spondees and by less rigorous treatment of the caesura4 ,,the ,,dactylic ,,pentameter4 #begj4 ,the ,,dactylic ,,pentameter is a verse consisting of two catalectic dactylic tripodies1 separated by a fixed diaeresis4 ,spondees are admitted in the first tripody1 but not in the second4 ,the final thesis of the first tripody is protracted to a tetraseme 7#beaf7 to compensate for the omission of the arsis4 ,the scheme is therefore - - - - - #bega4 7#a47 ,the verse is not asynartetic 7#bece71 neither syllaba anceps nor hiatus being allowed at the end of the first tripody4 #begb4 7#b47 ,this verse is known as the pentameter because the ancient grammarians measured it - - - - - - #begc4 ,the pentameter is rarely used except in combination with the hexameter1 with which it forms the so-called ,elegac ,distich3 - - - - - - - - - - - #begd4 ,the ,elegiac ,distich is used chiefly in elegiac poetry 7whence the name71 in amatory verse and in epigrams4 ,the end of the pentameter generally coincides with a pause in the sense4 ,as examples of the ,elegiac ,distich1 the following may serve3 ,quam legis ex ill tibi vnit epistola terr ltus ub77 aequores additur ,hister aqus4 ,s tibi contigerit cum dulc vta salte1 candida fortnae pars manet na meae4 ,o4 ,tr4 #e1 #g1 #a4 ,compare in ,english 7but see #befa ad fin473 8,these lame hexameters the strong-winged music of ,homer6 ,no--but a most burlesque1 barbarous experiment 4 4 4 ,hexameters no worse than daring ,germany gave us1 ,barbarous experiment1 barbarous hexameters40 7,,tennyson74 #bege4 ,the ,elegiac ,distich was introduced into ,roman poetry by ,ennius1 who used it in epigrams4 ,varro employed it in his ,saturae1 and ,catullus seems to have been the first of the ,latins who used it in ,elegiac poetry4 ,the elegiac and amatory poets of the ,augustan age1 especially ,ovid1 perfected it1 and wielded it with unequalled grace and ease4 #begf4 ,ovid nearly always closes the pentameter with a disyllabic word2 but earlier poets1 especially ,catullus1 are less careful in this regard4 ,elision is less frequent in the pentameter than in the hexameter4 ,it sometimes occurs in the main diaeresis of the pentameter1 though rarely4 ,,the ,,dactylic ,,tetrameter ,,acatalectic 7or ,alcmanian74 #begg4 ,this verse is chiefly used in composition with a trochaic tripody to form the ,greater ,archilochian verse 7#bfgg72 but it occurs alone once in ,terence 7,andria #fbe71 and is employed in stichic series 7#bedf7 by ,seneca4 ,the scheme is3 - - - - ,an example is3 hocine crdibil7e7 aut memorbile 7,t4 ,andr4 #fbe74 ,this verse is often called ,alcmanian because it was used by the ,greek poet ,alcman4 ,,the ,,dactylic ,,tetrameter ,,catalectic 7or ,archilochian74 #begh4 ,this verse consists of four dactylic feet1 the last one being incomplete4 ,the scheme is3 - - - - ,in the final 1 the long-syllable line is in brackets4 ,an example is3 ,crmine prpetu celebrr7e7 et 7,h4 #a1 #g1 #f74 ,this verse differs from the preceding in that the last foot is always a trochee or spondee1 never a dactyl4 ,it is used only in the ,alcmanian strophe 7#bgbd74 ,,the ,,dactylic ,,trimeter ,,catalectic 7or ,lesser ,archilochian74 #begi4 ,this verse has the scheme3 - - - ,an example is3 rboribsque coma 7,h4 #d1 #g1 #b74 ,it is used chiefly in the ,first ,archilochian ,strophe 7see #bgbe74 ,in form it is the same as the second half of the pentameter 7#begj74 #behj4 ,these verses 7#begh1 #begi7 are often called ,archilochian because they were first used by the ,greek poet ,archilochus4 ,erratum3 rboribsque coma 7,h4 #d1 #g1 #b74 rboribsque co ma 7,h4 #d1 #g1 #b74 ,,iambic ,,rhythms4 #beha4 ,these are ascending rhythms 7#bebh7 in #c_/h time4 ,the fundamental foot is the ,iambus 7 -71 for which its metrical equivalent the tribrach 1 the irrational spondee -1 the irrational dactyl 1 the cyclic anapaest -1 or the proceleusmatic is sometimes substituted4 #behb4 ,the ,greek poets excluded all feet except the iambus and tribrach1 and in comedy the anapaest1 from the even places in iambic verse4 ,the ,latin poets were not so strict3 but when one of the even feet was formed by a word or a word-ending1 they did not usually allow the foot to be a spondee or an anapaest1 but required it to be an iambus4 ,,the ,,iambic ,,trimeter ,,or ,,senarius4 #behc4 ,the ,,iambic ,,trimeter is the verse most frequently used by the ,roman dramatists4 ,it consists of six iambic feet1 or three iambic dipodies4 ,the ictus on the second thesis of each dipody was probably weaker than that upon the first thesis4 ,some ancient authorities1 however1 held that the ictus on the second thesis was the stronger4 ,the last foot is always an iambus4 ,the normal scheme is therefore3 - - - - - - ,some prefer 7see #bebi7 to regard this verse as a trochaic trimeter catalectic with anacrusis4 ,the normal scheme will then be3 - - - - - - #behd4 ,the ,latin poets differ widely in their treatment of the ,senarius1 some 7especially ,plautus1 ,terence1 and the other early dramatists7 handling it with great freedom1 while others 7especially ,phaedrus and ,publilius ,syrus7 conform more closely to ,greek models4 ,we may therefore distinguish two periods3 7,a47 ,early ,period4 #behe4 ,any one of the substitutions enumerated in #beha is admitted in any foot except the last4 ,the scheme is therefore3 - - - - - - - - - - - ,the main caesura is usually penthemimeral 7#bedd72 but it is sometimes hephthemimeral1 in which case there is generally a secondary caesura in1 or diaeresis after1 the second foot4 ,the following passage may serve to show the rhythm3 ,ubi vnt7um7 ad aeds st ,drom pultt fors2 ans quadam prdit2 hac ub7i7 aperit stium1 contnu77 hic s conicit intr771 ego cnsequor2 ans fribus obdit pssul7um71 ad lnm redit4 ,hc scr potuit at nusqu7am7 alib1 ,clnia1 qu stdi vtam sum t77 absent7e7 exgerit1 ubi d77 nprvsst nterventum mlier1 c4 ,t4 ,hau4 #bge4 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - #behf4 7#a47 ,in the early dramatists1 substitutions are very numerous1 and lines which follow the normal scheme are rare4 ,substitutions are most frequent in the first foot4 #behg4 7#b47 ,four shorts rarely stand in succession unless they belong to the same foot4 ,hence a dactyl or tribrach is seldom followed by an anapaest4 #behh4 7#c47 ,the dactyl and proceleusmatic are rare in the fifth foot4 ,the proceleusmatic occurs chiefly in the first foot4 #behi4 7#d47 ,the fifth foot is very often a spondee4 ,it must not be a pure iambus except 7a47 when the line ends with a polysyllable of four or more syllables2 7b47 when it ends with a word which forms a ,cretic 7#beba72 7c47 when it ends with an iambic word preceded by one which forms a ,fourth ,paeon 7#beba71 or by an anapaestic word which is itself preceded by a final short syllable2 7d47 when there is a change of speakers before the last foot2 7e47 when elision occurs in the fifth or sixth foot4 #beij4 7#e47 ,the main caesura is rarely preceded by a monosyllable4 #beia4 7#f47 ,in the ,senarius1 and in the other iambic and trochaic verses of the early dramatists1 a resolved arsis or thesis is usually placed so that its first syllable begins a word1 or so that the two shorts of the resolved arsis or thesis are enclosed by other syllables belonging to the same word4 ,hence a dactylic word with the ictus on the penult or ultima 7e4g4 tempre7 rarely occurs4 ,but there are occasional exceptions to the rule1 especially in the case of words that are closely connected 7e4g4 a preposition with its case74 7,b47 ,later ,period4 #beib4 ,later writers conform more closely to ,greek usage1 but differ from one another in the degree of strictness with which they follow it4 ,the general scheme is3 - - - - - - - - ,the main caesura is usually the penthemimeral 7#bedd74 ,the hephthemimeral sometimes occurs1 but usually in connection with the penthemimeral1 or with a diaeresis after the second foot4 ,if the hephthemimeral is used without either of these1 the second and third trochees of the line must form one word1 as in ut gadet nsitva dcerpns pira4 7,h4 ,epod4 #b1 #ai47 #beic4 7#a47 ,the anapaest is rare in nearly all classical writers2 ,catullus does not admit it at all1 and ,horace only five times in all4 ,the proceleusmatic is admitted in the first foot by ,seneca1 the author of the ,octvia1 ,phaedrus1 ,publilius ,syrus and ,terentianus ,maurus2 other writers exclude it altogether4 ,catullus keeps the fifth foot pure1 and ,horace does not admit the tribrach in the fifth foot4 #beid4 7#b47 ,catullus 7#d and #bi71 ,horace 7,epod4 #af71 ,vergil 7,cat4 #c1 #d1 #h71 and the authors of the ,pripa sometimes use the pure iambic trimeter1 without resolutions or substitutions4 #beie4 7#c47 ,phaedrus follows in part the earlier usage1 admitting the spondee1 dactyl1 and anapaest1 in every foot except the last4 ,the dactyl he employs chiefly in the first1 third1 and fifth feet1 the anapaest in the first and fifth4 ,the proceleusmatic he admits only in the first4 #beif4 ,the rhythm of the ,senarius may be illustrated by the following lines3 ,but one amid the throng of eager listeners1 ,a sable form with scornful eye and look averse1 ,out-stretched a lean fore-finger and bespake ,haroun4 ,,the ,,choliambus 7or ,scazon74 #beig4 ,the ,,choliambus is an iambic trimeter in which a trochee has been substituted for the final iambus4 ,the penultimate syllable is therefore long instead of short4 ,the caesura is generally the penthemimeral 7#bedd74 ,if it is hephthemimeral1 there is regularly a diaeresis after the second foot4 ,the scheme is3 - - - - - - - ,an example is3 ,fulsre quondam cndid tib sls4 7,cat4 #h1 #c47 #beih4 7#a74 ,the anacrustic scheme 7see #bebi7 of the choliambus is3 - - - - - i4e4 trochaic trimeter with anacrusis 7#bebi71 syncope 7#beda71 and protraction 7#beaf74 #beii4 7#b47 ,resolutions and substitutions are less common in the choliambus than in the ordinary trimeter4 ,no monosyllable except est is admitted at the end of the line4 ,the tribrach in the first foot is rare1 and the fifth foot is regularly an iambus4 #bfjj4 7#c74 ,the verse is named ,choliambus 7i4e4 8lame0 or 8limping iambus07 or ,scazon 78hobbler07 from its odd1 limping movement4 ,it is sometimes called ,hipponactean from its inventor ,hipponax1 and is chiefly used to produce a satiric or ludicrous effect4 ,it was introduced into ,roman poetry by ,cn4 ,mattius1 and was employed by ,varro1 ,catullus1 ,persius1 ,petronius1 ,martial1 and others4 ,,the ,,iambic ,,trimeter ,,catalectic4 #bfja4 ,the ,,iambic ,,trimeter ,,catalectic occurs in ,horace 7#a1 #d and #b1 #ah74 ,the caesura is regularly penthemimeral 7#bedd74 ,resolutions are not admitted1 except in one doubtful case1 rgumque puers 7#b1 #ah1 #cd71 where puers may be read 7with synizesis3 see #bdii74 ,the scheme is3 - - - - - ,examples are3 ,me rendet n dom lacnar4 7,h4 #b1 #ah1 #b47 - - - - - ,seu pscit agn sve mlit had4 7,h4 #a1 #d1 #ab47 - - - - - #bfjb4 7#a47 ,the anacrustic scheme is3 - - - - - 1 i4e4 trochaic trimeter catalectic with anacrusis 7#bebi71 syncope 7#beda71 and protraction 7#beaf74 #bfjc4 7#b47 ,horace seems to have changed his practice with reference to the first foot4 ,in #a1 #d the first foot is a spondee in nine lines out of ten2 in #b1 #ah1 it is a spondee in only two lines out of twenty4 ,,the ,,iambic ,,tetrameter ,,acatalectic 7or ,octonarius74 #bfjd4 ,this verse consists of four iambic dipodies1 or eight complete iambic feet4 ,the substitutions enumerated in #beha are admitted in the first seven feet2 but the last foot is always an iambus4 ,the principal break in the line is usually a diaeresis after the fourth foot 7which in that case must be a pure iambus71 or a caesura after the arsis of the fifth4 ,the full scheme is3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - #bfje4 ,the following lines are examples of this metre3 ,enm vr1 ,dve1 nl locst sgntiae neque scrdiae1 quant7um7 ntellx mdo senis sentntiam d nptis3 quae snn ast prvidentur m77aterum pessm dabunt4 7,t4 ,andr4 #bjf47 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - #bfjf4 ,compare in ,english3 ,he smote the rock1 and forth a tide of crystal waters streamed amain2 ,up sprang the flowrets from the ground1 and ,nature smiled o'er all the plain4 #bfjg4 7#a47 ,the iambic octonarius is chiefly a comic verse4 ,terence has about eight hundred lines in this measure1 ,plautus only about three hundred1 ,varro a few4 #bfjh4 7#b47 ,substitutions are much less common than in the senarius1 especially in the even feet4 #bfji4 7#c47 ,when there is a diaeresis after the fourth foot1 so that the line is divided into two equal halves1 the verse is asynartetic 7#bece74 ,there seems1 however1 to be no certain instance of hiatus in the diaeresis in the ,terentian plays4 ,erratum3 #bfje 444 ,enm vr1 ,dve1 nl locst ,enm vr1 ,dve1 nllocst ,,iambic ,,septenarius4 7,a47 ,early ,usage4 #bfaj4 ,the ,,iambic ,,septenarius consists of seven and a half iambic feet4 ,in any of the complete feet the substitutes mentioned in #beha are admitted4 ,there is usually a diaeresis after the fourth foot1 which in that case must be a pure iambus4 ,if there is not such a diaeresis1 there is generally a caesura after the arsis of the fifth foot4 ,the scheme of substitution is3-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - #bfaa4 ,examples of the ,septenarius are the lines3 ,sprbit smptum sbi senex levt7um7 ess7e7 hrunc bit3 n77 ill7e7 had scit hoc paulm lucr quant7um7 damn77 adprtet4 ,t nscis quod scs1 ,drom1 s spis4 ,mtum dcs4 7,t4 ,hau4 #gdf47 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,compare in ,english3 8,now who be ye would cross ,lochgyle1 this dark and stormy water80 7,campbell47 #bfab4 7#a47 ,the ,iambic ,septenarius of the early comedy is not properly a 8tetrameter catalectic0 like the ,greek1 for the penultimate syllable is sometimes resolved1 which is never the case in the ,greek catalectic tetrameter4 ,for the same reason the ordinary anacrustic 7#bebi7 scheme of the early ,septenarius is erroneous2 for a triseme cannot be resolved4 #bfac4 7#b47 ,when there is a diaeresis after the fourth foot1 the verse is asynartetic 7see #bece74 #bfad4 7#c47 ,the ,septenarius seems not to have been used in tragedy4 7,b47 ,later ,usage4 #bfae4 ,varro and ,catullus 7#be7 employ a form of the ,septenarius which conforms more closely to ,greek models1 keeping the arses of the even feet pure and rarely admitting resolutions4 ,there is regularly a diaeresis after the fourth foot4 ,the scheme is3-- - - - - - - - or anacrustically 7#bebi7 - - - - - - - #bfaf4 ,catullus does not admit resolutions at all1 save in one very doubtful case 7#be1 #e74 ,varro seems to admit them in the first foot only4 ,,iambic ,,dimeter ,,acatalectic 7or ,quaternarius74 #bfag4 ,the ,,iambic ,,dimeter ,,acatalectic consists of two complete iambic dipodies or four iambic feet4 ,in the first three feet the tribrach1 irrational spondee1 irrational dactyl and cyclic anapaest are admitted2 but the proceleusmatic is very rare1 except in the first foot of the ,versus ,reizianus 7#bfbe71 7of which a ,quaternarius forms the first colon74 ,the scheme for substitution is3 - - - - - - - ,examples are3 ,rogitre quasi diffcile sit - - 7,t4 ,eu4 #bji74 ,ast go vicissim rser - - - 7,h4 ,epod4 #ae1 #bd74 ,pernxit hc ,isonem - - - - 7,h4 ,epod4 #c1 #ab74 #bfah4 7#a47 ,the verse may also be regarded as a trochaic dimeter catalectic with anacrusis 7#bebi71 with the normal scheme3 - - - - #bfai4 7#b47 ,horace admits resolutions only four times1 the tribrach once in the second foot and the dactyl thrice in the first4 #bfbj4 7#c47 ,plautus 7except in a few instances71 ,terence1 and ,horace employ the dimeter only as a clausula 7#becf7 to longer verses4 ,petronius1 ,seneca1 and ,prudentius use it to form systems 7#bedg72 but it is rarely so employed by earlier writers4 ,erratum3 #bfag 444 line printed as shown1 with mismatched bracket ,,the ,,iambic ,,dimeter ,,catalectic 7or ,ternarius74 #bfba4 ,this is like the preceding verse1 except that the last foot is incomplete4 ,examples are3-- ,nequ7e7 d perspicere quv - - 7,pl4 ,cap4 #ghd74 ,date2 mx eg7o7 hc revrtor - - - 7,t4 ,andr4 #dhe74 #bfbb4 7#a47 ,the verse may also be regarded as a syncopated catalectic trochaic dimeter with anacrusis 7#bebi74 ,the normal scheme will then be3-- - - - #bfbc4 7#b47 ,plautus and ,terence use this verse as a clausula 7#becf74 ,petronius is the first who employs it to form systems 7#bedg74 ,,other ,,iambic ,,verses4 #bfbd4 ,other short iambic verses1 the acatalectic dipody 7e4g4 eg7o7 llm fam1 eg7o7 llm sit1 ,pl4 ,cas4 #aec71 and the catalectic tripody 7e4g4 inps amtor1 ,pl4 ,tri4 #bef7 sometimes occur1 but are rare4 ,,the ,,versus ,,reizianus4 #bfbe4 ,this is a composite verse1 consisting of two cola1 an iambic dimeter acatalectic and an iambic tripody catalectic4 ,the scheme is therefore1 - - - - - - - - - - - ,examples are3-- ,sed in adibus quid tbi mes n7am7 ert negt m77 absnte1 nis7i7 ego isseram8 volo scre4 ,tac77 rg ,quia vnims coct7um7 ad nptis4 ,quid t1 malm1 crs4 7,pl4 ,aul4 #dbg47 #bfbf4 ,the nature of the second colon of this verse has long been disputed4 ,reiz and ,christ treat it substantially as above2 ,studemund regards it as a syncopated iambic dimeter catalectic 7 - - 71 ,spengel and ,gleditsch as anapaestic1 ,leo as logaoedic1 ,klotz as sometimes logaoedic and sometimes anapaestic6 ,the view of ,christ 7,metrik#b1 p4 #cdh7 seems1 on the whole1 the most reasonable1 though the question cannot be said to be fully decided4 ,the tribrach is rare in the second colon1 but there seems to be a case in ,plautus1 ,r4 #fge b4 #bfbg4 ,for other iambic verses and combinations of verses1 see special editions of the dramatists4 ,,trochaic ,,rhythms4 #bfbh4 ,these are descending rhythms in #c_/h time4 ,the fundamental foot is the trochee - 1 for which its metrical equivalent the tribrach 1 the irrational spondee - 1 the cyclic dactyl - 1 the irrational anapaest 1 and 7rarely7 the proceleusmatic 1 are sometimes substituted4 ,erratum3 #bfbh 444 the tribrach 1 the irrational spondee the ,,the ,,trochaic ,,tetrameter ,,catalectic 7or ,septenarius74 #bfbi4 ,the ,,trochaic ,,tetrameter ,,catalectic is1 next to the iambic trimeter1 the verse most frequently used by the early ,roman dramatists4 ,it consists of seven and a half trochaic feet1 or four trochaic dipodies 7the last one being incomplete74 ,the ictus on the second thesis of each dipody was probably weaker than that on the first thesis4 ,the normal scheme is3-- - - - - - - - - ,as in the case of the senarius1 we may distinguish two periods in the usage3-- 7,a47 ,early ,period4 #bfcj4 ,the tribrach is admitted in any of the complete feet1 and the irrational spondee1 cyclic dactyl1 and irrational anapaest in any of the first six feet4 ,terence does not admit the proceleusmatic in the ,septenarius 7nor in any other kind of trochaic verse71 but ,plautus admits it in the first foot4 ,the seventh foot of the ,septenarius is usually a trochee1 but the tribrach sometimes occurs there4 ,the principal break in the line is usually a diaeresis after the fourth foot 7which in that case must not be a dactyl71 often accompanied by a secondary diaeresis after the second foot4 ,sometimes1 however1 the principal break is a diaeresis after the fifth foot1 in which case there is generally a secondary diaeresis after the third foot or a caesura in the fourth4 ,the full scheme of substitutions is3-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,the following lines are examples of the ,septenarius3-- ,squere ss1 erm qu ldifics dcts dlrntibus qu quoni7am7 ers quod mpervit nglxist prsequ1 nnc vens eti7am7 ltr77 inrsum dminum3 quae neque fer pssunt neque fand77 mqu7am7 accpit qusquam prfers1 crnufex4 7,pl4 ,am4 #ehe47 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - #bfca4 7#a47 ,when there is a diaeresis after the fourth foot1 the verse is asynartetic 7#bece74 ,in ,plautus hiatus in the diaeresis is not rare2 but there seems to be no certain instance of it in ,terence 7see ,ph4 #ebh1 ,ad4 #fig74 #bfcb4 7#b47 ,an anapaest is not allowed to follow a dactyl4 #bfcc4 7#c47 ,the seventh foot is usually a trochee2 rarely a tribrach or dactyl4 ,the tribrach and dactyl are seldom found in the fourth foot4 7,b47 ,later ,usage4 #bfcd4 ,the later and stricter form of the ,septenarius keeps the arses of the odd feet pure1 and regularly shows a diaeresis after the fourth foot4 - - - - - - - - ,resolutions occur1 but are far less common than in the earlier form of the verse4 ,the strict form of the ,septenarius is found in ,varro1 ,seneca1 and often in late poets 7as ,ausonius1 ,prudentius1 c474 #bfce4 ,the rhythm of the ,septenarius may be illustrated by this line3-- 8,comrades1 leave me here a little1 while as yet 'tis early morn40 7,tennyson47 ,,the ,,trochaic ,,tetrameter ,,acatalectic 7or ,octonarius74 #bfcf4 ,the ,,trochaic ,,tetrameter ,,acatalectic is chiefly confined to the lyrical portions of the early comedy4 ,it consists of four complete trochaic dipodies or eight trochaic feet4 ,the tribrach1 irrational spondee1 irrational anapaest and cyclic dactyl may stand in any foot save the last4 ,the last foot is regularly a trochee or a tribrach1 though 7the last syllable being syllaba anceps1 #becc7 an apparent spondee or anapaest1 but not a dactyl1 may arise4 ,the principal break in the line is regularly a diaeresis after the fourth foot 7which in that case must not be a dactyl74 ,occasionally1 however1 there is instead a caesura in the fourth or fifth foot4 ,the scheme is3-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,example3-- ,cnse4 ,sed hes t4 ,quid vs8 ,cnsn posse m7e7 ffirmre8 7,t4 ,eu4 #bag74 - - - - - - - - ,compare in ,english3-- ,over stream and mount and valley sweeps the merry1 careless rover1 ,toying with the fragrant blossoms1 beating down the heads of clover4 #bfcg4 7#a47 ,when there is a diaeresis after the fourth foot1 the verse is asynartetic 7#bece74 #bfch4 7#b47 ,the ,octonarius is essentially a lyric metre1 and is much less common than the ,septenarius4 ,erratum3 #bfcf 444 ,cnse4 ,sed hes t4 ,quid vs8 ,cnse4 ,sedhes t4 ,quid vs8 ,,the ,,trochaic ,,tetrameter ,,claudus 7or ,scazon74 #bfci4 ,this verse is a trochaic tetrameter acatalectic1 with syncope and protraction in the seventh foot4 ,the normal scheme is3 - - - - - - - ,an example is3-- ,nc coruscus mber alt nbil cadns mltus - - - - - - - 7,varro1 ,sat4 fr4 #eeg ,buech474 #bfdj4 7#a47 ,substitutions are much rarer in this verse than in the ordinary trochaic octonarius4 #bfda4 7#b47 ,the ,scazon was introduced among the ,greeks by ,hipponax1 whence it is sometimes called the ,hipponactean4 ,varro seems to be the only ,roman poet who uses it4 ,,the ,,nine-,,syllabled ,,alcaic4 #bfdb4 ,this verse consists of two complete trochaic dipodies1 with anacrusis4 ,the second foot is always an irrational spondee4 ,the scheme is3-- - - - - ,an example is3-- ,silva labrants gelque4 7,h4 #a1 #i1 #c47 ,this verse occurs only in ,horace1 where it forms the third line of the ,alcaic ,strophe 7see #bgcf74 ,,the ,,trochaic ,,dimeter ,,acatalectic 7or ,quaternarius74 #bfdc4 ,this verse consists of two complete trochaic dipodies4 ,it is very rare1 but there are probably a few instances of it in ,plautus1 e4g4 ,per4 #ca3-- ,bsilic77 accipire vct - - - ,,the ,,trochaic ,,dimeter ,,catalectic 7or ,ternarius74 #bfdd4 ,this consists of two trochaic dipodies1 the second being incomplete4 ,it occurs in the early dramatists and in ,horace4 ,the scheme for ,plautus and ,terence is3-- - - - - - - ,the ,horatian scheme is3-- - - - - ,examples are3-- ,at und7e7 auxilim petam 7,t4 ,ph4 #gbi74 ,nn ebur nequ7e7 areum 7,h4 #b1 #ah1 #a74 #bfde4 7#a47 ,this is sometimes called the ,euripidean verse1 from its use by ,euripides4 ,the tribrach in the third foot is rare1 and is not found in ,terence4 ,horace keeps all the feet pure4 #bfdf4 7#b47 ,plautus and ,terence often use this verse between trochaic tetrameters1 but sometimes employ several ,ternarii in succession1 as in ,plaut4 ,e4 #c-f1 ,cas4 #iec-f1 ,ps4 #baa-ac4 ,,the ,,trochaic ,,tripody ,,acatalectic4 #bfdg4 ,this verse is confined to the early drama1 where it is employed as a clausula 7#becf71 especially with ,cretics4 ,it consists of three complete trochaic feet4 ,the same substitutions are admitted in every foot that are allowed in the first two feet of the ,ternarius 7#bfdd74 ,an example is3-- ,ha bonm tene srvom - - 7,pl4 ,most4 #gba74 ,this verse is sometimes called the ,ithyphallic4 ,,the ,,trochaic ,,tripody ,,catalectic4 #bfdh4 ,this verse is employed by the early dramatists1 usually either as a clausula 7#becf7 or in groups of two lines each4 ,terence generally uses it in the former way1 ,plautus in the latter4 ,the scheme of substitutions is3-- - - - - - ,example3-- ,qu77 mpiger fu - - - 7,pl4 ,r4 #ibe74 ,in one instance 7,r4 #ibd ff47 ,plautus has six catalectic tripodies in succession4 ,,other ,,trochaic ,,verses4 #bfdi4 ,the ,trochaic ,monometer ,acatalectic is sometimes used by ,plautus as a clausula 7#becf7 to ,cretic tetrameters41 ,it consists of one complete trochaic dipody1 e4g4 nmis inepta' s1 ,r4 #fha4 ire inists1 ,am4 #bdg4 ,terence uses the catalectic monometer twice 7,eu4 #bib1 ,ph4 #dhe7 at the beginning of a scene1 e4g4 ,dri1 ,ph4 #dhe4 ,plautus has a few other trochaic verses and combinations of verses1 for which see special editions of his plays4 ,,logaoedic ,,rhythms4 #bfej4 ,logaoedic verse consists of dactyls and trochees combined in the same metrical series4 ,the dactyls are 8cyclic0 7see #bebc71 occupying approximately the time of trochees1 and hence the verse moves in #c_/h time4 ,except in the 8,lesser ,alcaic0 verse 7#bffc71 only one dactyl may stand in a single series2 and a dactyl must not occupy the last place in a line4 #bfea4 7#a47 ,the name 8logaoedic0 7,gr4 1 from 1 speech1 prose1 and 1 song7 may refer to the apparent change of rhythm 7due to the mixture of dactyls and trochees71 in which logaoedic verse resembles prose2 but this is a disputed point4 #bfeb4 7#b47 ,in the logaoedic verses of ,horace1 an irrational spondee almost always takes the place of a trochee before the first dactyl2 and if an apparent choriambus 7- 2 see #beba7 is followed by another apparent choriambus in the same verse1 the two are regularly separated by a caesura4 ,these rules are not observed by ,catullus4 #bfec4 7#c47 ,anacrusis 7#bebi7 and syncope 7#beda7 are very common in logaoedic verse4 #bfed4 ,the following are the principal logaoedic rhythms3-- ,,dipody4 ,,the ,,adonic4 #bfee4 ,this is a logaoedic dipody1 with the scheme3-- - - ,examples are3-- ,trruit rbem 7,h4 #a1 #b1 #d74 ,rra iuvntus 7,h4 #a1 #b1 #bd74 #bfef4 7#a47 ,some regard the ,adonic as a syncopated catalectic tripody3 - - #bfeg4 7#b47 ,a ,latin ,adonic should consist of a disyllable a trisyllable1 or the reverse4 ,this rule did not hold in ,greek1 where such lines occur as 4 ,elision is not allowed in the ,latin ,adonic4 ,late ,latin poets 7like ,terentianus7 sometimes employ the ,adonic in stichic series 7#bedf74 ,,tripodies4 ,,the ,,aristophanic4 #bfeh4 ,this is a logaoedic tripody acatalectic1 with a dactyl in the first place4 ,the scheme is therefore3-- - - - ,there is no fixed caesura4 ,examples are3-- ,qud latet t marnae 7,h4 #a1 #h1 #ac74 ,fnera n virlis 7,h4 #a1 #h1 #ae74 ,some authorities write the scheme as3 - - - i4e4 a syncopated logaoedic tetrapody catalectic4 ,,the ,,pherecratean 7or ,pherecratic74 #bfei4 ,this verse is used by ,catullus 7#cd1 #fa71 and by ,horace 7as the third line of the ,third ,asclepiadean ,strophe3 see #bgcc74 ,it is a logaoedic tripody1 with the dactyl in the second place4 ,the scheme is3-- - - - - - ,the trochee and iambus are admitted in the first foot by ,catullus1 but not by ,horace4 ,the iambus is very rare4 ,there is no fixed caesura4 ,examples are3-- ,grt1 ,prrha1 sub ntr 7,h4 #a1 #e1 #c74 ,with initial trochee3 ,ltemve papver 7,cat4 #fa1 #aie74 ,with initial iambus3 ,pellaque canmus 7,cat4 #cd1 #d74 ,some authorities prefer to regard the ,pherecratean as a syncopated logaoedic tetrapody catalectic1 with the scheme3-- - - - - - ,,tetrapodies4 ,,the ,,glyconic4 #bffj4 ,this verse is used by ,catullus 7#cd1 #fa71 by ,horace 7in the ,first1 ,second1 and ,third ,asclepiadean ,strophes3 see #bgca1 #bgcb1 #bgcc71 and by ,seneca and other later writers4 ,it is a logaoedic tetrapody catalectic1 with a dactyl in the second place4 ,the scheme is3-- - - - - - - ,the trochee and iambus in the first foot occur in ,catullus1 but not in ,horace 7except in the doubtful case1 #a1 #ae1 #cf74 ,there is generally a trithemimeral caesura2 more rarely one in the arsis of the second foot4 ,examples are3-- ,qum morts timut gradm 7,h4 #a1 #c1 #ag74 ,with initial trochee3 ,mntim domin7a7 t fors 7,cat4 #cd1 #i74 ,with initial iambus3 ,pell7ae7 t puer77 ntegr 7,cat4 #cd1 #b74 #bffa4 7#a47 ,this verse in composition with the ,pherecratean forms the ,priapean 7#bfgd74 #bffb4 7#b47 ,in admitting the trochee and iambus in the first foot1 ,catullus follows ,greek models1 while ,horace adheres to the stricter ,roman usage1 as laid down by the grammarians of his own day4 ,seneca observes the same rule as ,horace1 but some of the later writers 7e4g4 ,terentianus7 revert to the earlier and freer usage4 ,,the ,,lesser 7or ,,decasyllabic7 ,,alcaic4 #bffc4 ,this verse is a logaoedic tetrapody acatalectic1 with dactyls in the first and second places4 ,the scheme is3-- - - - - ,there is no fixed caesura1 though there is frequently a break after the thesis1 or in the arsis1 of the second foot4 ,examples are3-- ,flmina cnstiternt act 7,h4 #a1 #i1 #d74 ,mntibus t ,tiberm revrt 7,h4 #a1 #bi1 #ab74 ,,pentapodies4 ,,the ,,phalaecean 7or ,hendecasyllable74 #bffd4 ,this verse is a logaoedic pentapody with the dactyl in the second place4 ,the ,greek poets admitted the trochee and iambus1 as well as the spondee1 in the first foot1 and ,catullus followed their example2 but in ,petronius1 ,martial1 and the ,pripa the first foot is always a spondee1 and in later writers nearly always4 ,horace does not use the ,phalaecean4 ,there is no fixed caesura1 though the penthemimeral is often found4 ,the scheme is3-- - - - - - - - ,examples are3-- ,cius vs fier liblle mnus 7,mart4 #c1 #b1 #a74 ,with initial trochee3 ,d di facits me sodls 7,cat4 #dg1 #f74 ,with initial iambus3 git pssimus mnim pota 7,cat4 #di1 #e74 ,compare in ,english3-- 8,look1 ,i come to the test1 a tiny poem ,all composed in a metre of ,catullus40 7,tennyson47 #bffe4 ,the ,phalaecean is a favourite metre in epigrams4 ,it was used by ,sappho1 ,phalaecus 7from whom it took its name71 and other ,greek poets1 and was introduced into ,roman poetry by ,laevius and ,varro4 ,it is a favourite metre with ,catullus1 and is found in the fragments of ,cinna1 ,cornificius and ,bibaculus1 in the ,pripa1 in ,petronius1 ,statius1 ,martial1 c4 ,in ,catullus #ee1 a spondee is often employed instead of the dactyl1 the two kinds of feet alternating in the latter verses of the poem2 but this innovation seems not to have found favour4 ,erratum3 #bffd 444 - - - - - printed as shown3 expected - in last foot ,,the ,,lesser ,,sapphic4 #bfff4 ,this verse is a logaoedic pentapody acatalectic1 with the dactyl in the third place4 ,the scheme is3-- - - - - - - ,the trochee in the second foot was admitted by ,alcaeus and ,sappho1 and occurs in ,catullus1 but not in ,horace4 ,in ,horace the caesura regularly falls after the thesis1 or 7less frequently7 in the arsis1 of the dactyl2 but in ,catullus1 as in ,sappho and ,alcaeus1 it has no fixed position4 ,examples of this verse are3-- ,with masculine caesura3 ,im sats terrs nivis tque drae 7,h4 #a1 #b1 #a74 ,with feminine caesura3 ,phobe slvrmque potns ,dina 7,h4 ,c4 ,s4 #a74 ,with trochee in second foot3 ,se ,sacs sagttifersve ,prths 7,cat4 #aa1 #f74 ,,the ,,greater 7or ,,hendecasyllabic7 ,,alcaic4 #bffg4 ,this verse is a logaoedic pentapody catalectic1 with anacrusis and with the dactyl in the third foot4 ,the scheme is3-- - - - - - ,there is nearly always a diaeresis after the second foot4 ,examples are3-- mtre plchr flia plchrir 7,h4 #a1 #af1 #a74 ,vids ut lt stt nive cndidm 7,h4 #a1 #i1 #a74 #bffh4 ,alcaeus admitted a trochee in the second foot1 and allowed the anacrusis to be either long or short2 but ,horace admitted only the spondee in the second foot1 and usually 7in ,bk4 #d always7 employed a long anacrusis4 ,horace also differed from his predecessor in assigning a fixed place to the caesura1 which in ,alcaeus has no regular position4 ,errata3 #bffg 444 mtre plchr flia plchrir mtre ,vids ut lt stt nive cndidm cndi dm ,,composite ,,logaoedic ,,verses4 ,,the ,,lesser ,,asclepiadean4 #bffi4 ,this is a composite verse1 consisting of two series1 a syncopated logaoedic tripody a logaoedic tripody catalectic4 ,there is regularly a diaeresis between the two series4 ,the scheme is3-- - - - - - ,examples are3-- ,macns atavs dite rgibs 7,h4 #a1 #a1 #a74 ,qus dsderi st pudor at mods 7,h4 #a1 #bd1 #a74 ,,the ,,greater ,,asclepiadean4 #bfgj4 ,this is a composite verse1 consisting of three series4 ,it differs from the preceding 7#bffi7 in having a syncopated logaoedic dipody 7- 7 inserted between the two tripodies4 ,the three series are regularly separated by diaeresis4 ,the scheme is therefore3-- - - - - - - ,examples are3-- ,nllam1 ,vre1 sacr vte pris sveris rborm ,crc mte solm ,tburis t monia ,ctil4 7,h4 #a1 #ah1 #a-b74 ,erratum3 #bfgj 444 ,crc mte solm ,tburis t monia ,ctil4 ,ctil47 with superfluous parenthesis ,,the ,,greater ,,sapphic4 #bfga4 ,this is a composite verse1 consisting of a syncopated logaoedic tetrapody a syncopated logaoedic tetrapody catalectic4 ,there is regularly a diaeresis between the two series1 and a caesura after the thesis of the first dactyl4 ,the scheme is3-- - - - - - - ,an example is3-- ,t des r ,sybarn cr propers amnd 7,h4 #a1 #h1 #b74 #bfgb4 7#a47 ,the second series has the same form as the ,aristophanic1 if the latter be written as a tetrapody 7see #bfeh ad fin474 #bfgc4 7#b47 ,horace 7#a1 #h7 is the only ,latin poet who makes use of the ,greater ,sapphic4 ,it seems to be an imitation of the ,greek ,sapphic3-- - - - - - 1 e4g4 but if so1 the imitation is not exact4 ,,the ,,priapean4 #bfgd4 ,this verse is employed by ,catullus 7#ag7 and in the ,pripa 7#hf74 ,it consists of a syncopated logaoedic tetrapody a syncopated logaoedic tetrapody catalectic4 ,there is regularly a diaeresis between the two parts1 but hiatus and syllaba anceps are not allowed at the end of the first series4 ,the scheme is3-- - - - - - - ,examples are3-- ,colnia qua cups pnte ldere lng 7,cat4 #ag1 #a74 ,hnc lcm tibi ddic cnsecrque ,prip4 7,cat4 ,fr474 ,the first series has the same form as the ,glyconic 7#bffj71 and the second series has the same form as the ,pherecratean1 if the latter be written as a tetrapody 7see #bfei ad fin474 ,,dactylo-,,trochaic ,,rhythms4 #bfge4 ,,dactylo-,,trochaic verse1 like logaoedic1 is composed of dactyls and trochees2 but whereas in logaoedic verse the dactyls and trochees occur within the same metrical series1 in dactylo-trochaic they always form separate series4 ,hence dactylo-trochaic verses are always composite1 consisting of two or more series in combination4 #bfgf4 ,it is uncertain whether the dactyls in dactylo-trochaic verse were cyclic 7#bebc7 or whether there was a change of time in the middle of the verse4 ,,the ,,greater ,,archilochian4 #bfgg4 ,this verse is composed of a dactylic tetrameter acatalectic a trochaic tripody4 ,there is regularly a diaeresis after the first colon1 and a caesura after the third thesis4 ,the fourth foot is always a pure dactyl4 ,the third foot is very often a spondee4 ,the scheme is3-- - - - - - - - ,an example is3-- ,slvitur cris hims grt vice vris t ,favn 7,h4 #a1 #d74 ,in ,archilochus the verse is said to have been asynartetic 7#bece72 but ,horace and ,prudentius do not allow hiatus or syllaba anceps in the diaeresis1 and ,prudentius sometimes neglects the diaeresis altogether4 ,,the ,,iambelegus4 #bfgh4 ,this verse consists of a trochaic dimeter catalectic with anacrusis a ,lesser ,archilochian 7#begi74 ,no resolutions are allowed in the first colon1 and the dactyls in the second colon are never replaced by spondees4 ,there is regularly a diaeresis between the two cola4 ,the scheme is3-- - - - - - - - ,an example is3-- ,rpre nec mtr domum carula t reveht 7,h4 ,epod4 #ac1 #af74 #bfgi4 ,this verse occurs only in the ,second ,archilochian ,strophe 7#bgbf7 of ,horace4 ,some authorities treat the first colon as an iambic dimeter4 ,the name ,iambelegus was given to the verse because the ancient grammarians regarded it as a dactylic pentameter for the first half of which an iambic colon had been substituted4 ,,the ,,elegiambus4 #bfhj4 ,this verse consists of the same cola as the ,iambelegus 7#bfgh71 but in reverse order4 ,spondees are not admitted in the first colon1 and no resolutions occur in the second colon4 ,there is regularly a diaeresis between the cola4 ,the scheme is3-- - - - - - - - ,an example is3-- ,scrbere vrsiculs amre percussm grav 7,h4 ,epod4 #aa1 #b74 #bfha4 ,this verse occurs only in the ,third ,archilochian ,strophe 7#bgbg7 of ,horace4 ,the name ,elegiambus is given to it as being the reverse of the ,iambelegus 7see #bfgi74 ,,anapaestic ,,rhythms4 #bfhb4 ,in these the fundamental foot is the anapaest -1 for which its metrical equivalents the spondee - -1 dactyl - and proceleusmatic are sometimes substituted4 #bfhc4 ,the anapaestic verse of the early ,latin comedy is extremely irregular1 and its limits are often hard to define4 ,spondees and apparent bacchii 7reduced to anapaests by the law of iambic shortening2 see #bdgj7 are extremely common1 and metrical irregularities of various kinds abound4 ,the ,latin language has so few anapaestic words that it does not lend itself readily to this rhythm4 ,terence wisely abstained altogether from anapaestic verse4 ,varro1 ,seneca1 and ,prudentius and other late writers wrote anapaests conforming more closely to ,greek models4 ,,the ,,anapaestic ,,tetrameter ,,acatalectic 7or ,octonarius74 #bfhd4 ,this consists of four anapaestic dipodies or eight complete anapaestic feet4 ,there is regularly a diaeresis after the fourth foot1 and the last thesis of the line is never resolved4 ,hiatus and syllaba anceps sometimes occur in the diaeresis1 the verse being asynartetic 7#bece74 ,the scheme is3-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,examples are3-- ,neque qud dubitem neque qud timeam me77 n pctore conditmst cnsilium 7,pl4 ,ps4 #ege74 ,quid mhi meliust quid mgis in remst qu7am7 crpore vtam scldam 7,pl4 ,r4 #bbj74 #bfhe4 ,the proceleusmatic is very rare in the fourth foot1 but the spondee is very common there4 ,some editors divide the anapaestic octonarii into dimeters 7or quaternarii7 and write them as such4 ,erratum3 #bfhd 444 me77 n pctore conditmst cnsilium me77 n pc tore con ditmst cn silium ,,the ,,anapaestic ,,tetrameter ,,catalectic 7or ,septenarius74 #bfhf4 ,this is like the preceding1 except that the last foot is incomplete4 ,the seventh thesis may be resolved4 ,there is regularly a diaeresis after the fourth foot1 and hiatus and syllaba anceps sometimes occur in the diaeresis4 ,the scheme is3-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,examples are3-- ,em nm77 habet hr7um78 occdist4 dc gitur quis habet nscs 7,pl4 ,aul4 #gbj74 ,hunc hminem decet aur77 xpend773 huic dect sttuam statu77 ex ar 7,pl4 ,b4 #fdj74 ,,the ,,anapaestic ,,dimeter ,,acatalectic 7or ,quaternarius74 #bfhg4 ,this verse consists of two anapaestic dipodies1 or four complete anapaestic feet4 ,there is generally a diaeresis after the second foot1 and the fourth thesis is not resolved4 ,the scheme is3-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,examples are3-- ,quod lbet nn lubet iam cntinu4 ,ita m77 mor lass7um7 anim ldificat1 fugat1 git appett raptt retinet 7,pl4 ,cist4 #bad74 ,this verse is often used to form systems1 which frequently end in a paroemiac 7see #bfhh74 ,,the ,,anapaestic ,,dimeter ,,catalectic 7or ,paroemiac74 #bfhh4 ,this verse consists of two anapaestic dipodies or four anapaestic feet1 the last foot being incomplete4 ,the third thesis is sometimes resolved4 ,there is no fixed caesura4 ,the scheme is3-- - - - - - - - - - - - - ,examples are3-- ,volucr pede corpore plcher 7,ausonius74 ,nims tnd7em7 eg7o7 bs t contmnor4 ,quipp7e7 go t n contmnam1 stratiticus homo qu clear8 7,pl4 ,ps4 #iaf74 #bfhi4 7#a47 ,the ,paroemiac is generally used to close a system of acatalectic anapaestic dimeters2 but sometimes several paroemiacs in succession form a system 7as in the second example above71 especially in ,ausonius1 ,prudentius1 and other late poets4 #bfij4 7#b47 ,other anapaestic verses sometimes occur1 especially in the early comedy1 but they are rare4 ,errata3 #bfhh 444 ,volucr pede corpore plcher ,volucr pede cor pore pl cher ,nims tnd7em7 eg7o7 bs t contmnor4 tn d7em7 eg7o7 ,,cretic ,,rhythms4 #bfia4 ,these are rhythms of the ,hemiolic class 7#bebg71 in #e_/h time4 ,the fundamental foot is the ,cretic 7- -74 ,either 7but not both7 of the two longs of a ,cretic is sometimes resolved 7giving the ,first ,paeon - or the ,fourth ,paeon -72 but there is rarely more than one resolution in a single verse4 ,the middle short is sometimes replaced by an irrational long 7giving - -1 or if there is resolution1 - or - 72 but this never occurs in the last foot of a verse1 and but rarely when the middle syllable is the penult of a spondaic word 7e4g4 ns nostrs74 #bfib4 7#a47 ,the ictus on the first long of the ,cretic was probably 7at least in most cases7 stronger than that on the second4 ,the first long and the short form the thesis1 the second long the arsis1 - - #bfic4 7#b47 ,the impetuous1 swinging movement of the ,cretic rhythm fits it for the expression of passionate emotion4 ,,the ,,cretic ,,tetrameter ,,acatalectic4 #bfid4 ,this verse consists of four complete ,cretic feet4 ,there is usually a diaeresis after the second foot1 but sometimes there is instead a caesura after the first long of the third foot4 ,resolution is not admitted before the diaeresis or the end of the line4 ,the irrational long middle syllable is admitted in the first and third feet4 ,the scheme is3-- - - ,examples are3-- t mals gadeant tqu7e7 ex incmmods 7,t4 ,andr4 #fbg74 ,dind7e7 uterqu7e7 mpertr in medi7um7 xeunt 7,pl4 ,am4 #bbc74 #bfie4 ,this verse is common in the cantica of the early drama1 and is often repeated to form systems4 ,hiatus and syllaba anceps sometimes occur in the diaeresis4 ,errata3 #bfid 444 ,dind7e7 uterqu7e7 mpertr in medi7um7 xeunt ,the word 8,deinde0 may not display as intended4 ,the accent should appear over the letters 8ei01 which are tied together4 ,,the ,,cretic ,,tetrameter ,,catalectic4 #bfif4 ,this is similar to the preceding1 except that the last foot is incomplete4 ,the scheme is3-- - ,examples are3-- ,s cads1 nn cads qun cadam tcum 7,pl4 ,most4 #cbi74 ,nv77 eg7o7 hoc saculum mribus qubs sit 7,pl4 ,tri4 #bhc74 ,,other ,,cretic ,,verses4 #bfig4 ,the ,cretic trimeter acatalectic sometimes occurs1 though rarely3 e4g4 ,im revortr4 dist i7am7 d mih 7,pl4 ,most4 #cch74 ,more frequent is the dimeter acatalectic1 which has the scheme3-- - ,this is often compounded with a trochaic tripody catalectic3 e4g4 ,hc ub77 ,amphtru77 erus cnspictus st 7,pl4 ,am4 #bdb71 and sometimes with a trochaic tripody acatalectic 7e4g4 ,pl4 ,ps4 #abdh71 a trochaic dipody acatalectic 7e4g4 ,pl4 ,cap4 #bad71 or a ,thymelicus - - 7e4g4 ,pl4 ,am4 #bde74 ,for other kinds of ,cretic verses1 see special editions of the early dramatists4 ,erratum3 #bfig 444 ,hc ub77 ,amphtru77 erus cnspictus st cnspictusst ,,bacch,,ac ,,rhythms4 #bfih4 ,these are rhythms of the ,hemiolic class 7#bebg71 in #e_/h time4 ,the fundamental foot is the ,bacchus 7 - -74 ,either 7or both7 of the two longs of a bacchus is sometimes resolved4 ,for the initial short syllable an irrational long is sometimes substituted4 ,occasionally two shorts are so substituted1 especially in the first foot of a verse4 #bfii4 7#a47 ,the ictus on the first long of the bacchus was probably stronger than that on the second long4 #bgjj4 7#b47 ,the bacchiac rhythm1 like the ,cretic1 has an impetuous and passionate character4 ,,the ,,bacchiac ,,tetrameter ,,acatalectic4 #bgja4 ,this verse consists of four complete bacchiac feet4 ,there is generally a caesura after the first long of the second or third foot1 or 7more rarely7 a diaeresis after the second foot4 ,an irrational long 7or two shorts7 may be substituted for the initial short only in the first and third feet4 ,resolution is not allowed before the caesura or the end of the verse4 ,the scheme is3-- - - ,examples are3-- ,habnd7um7 et fernd7um7 hoc onst cum labre 7,pl4 ,am4 #age74 ,at tmen ubi fids8 s rogs nl pudnt hc 7,t4 ,andr4 #fcg74 ,vetula sunt min7ae7 mb7ae74 ,at bons fuisse crd 7,pl4 ,b4 #aabi74 #bgjb4 7#a47 ,there are seldom more than two resolutions in the same verse1 and never more than three4 ,bacchiac tetrameters are often repeated to form systems4 #bgjc4 7#b47 ,according to some authorities1 bacchiac tetrameters catalectic sometimes occur1 e4g4 ,pl4 ,cas4 #fef1 #hfg1 ,men4 #ifi1 #iga1 ,most4 #cac1 ,poen4 #bdd4 ,,other ,,bacchiac ,,verses4 #bgjd4 7#a47 ,bacchiac dimeters are occasionally found1 especially as clausulae to bacchiac systems4 ,an example is3-- ,ad att7em7 agndam 7,pl4 ,tri4 #bcb74 ,an acatalectic dimeter is not seldom compounded with a catalectic iambic tripody3 e4g4 ,rern tr in nn t77 hs tnsitr8 7,pl4 ,b4 #aabg74 #bgje4 7#b47 ,bacchiac hexameters occur in a few instances1 as3-- ,satn parva rs est volptt7um7 in vt77 atqu7e7 in att7e7 agnd 7,pl4 ,am4 #fcc74 #bgjf4 7#c47 ,hypermetrical combination of bacchii into a system appears to occur in ,varro1 ,sat4 ,men4 fr4 #dje ,buech4 ,,choriambic ,,rhythms4 #bgjg4 ,in these1 the fundamental foot is the choriambus 7- -74 ,true choriambic verse is very rare in ,latin poetry1 though apparent choriambi of the form - - or - are common in logaoedic verse 7#bfeb74 ,apparently1 however1 in ,terence1 ,ad4 #faa-ac1 t neque quid m faciam nc quid agam certm sit4 mmbra met dbilia snt1 animus timre bstipuit1 pctore cnsstere nl cnsil quit1 there are three choriambic trimeters1 the first two with iambic close1 the third with trochaic4 ,in the second line there is syllaba anceps at the end of the second choriambus4 ,in ,plautus1 ,casina #fbi1 ,menaechmi #aaj1 and perhaps ,asinaria #acc1 we have a choriambic dimeter an acatalectic trochaic dipody4 ,owing to the frequent occurrence of the apparent choriambus in certain kinds of logaoedic verse1 the metricians of ,horace's day regarded them as really choriambic4 ,hence the rule mentioned in #bfeb1 a rule unknown to ,greek writers of logaoedic verse4 ,,ionic ,,rhythms4 #bgjh4 ,in these1 the fundamental foot is the ,ionic1 of which there are two forms1 the ,ionic mire - - 1 so called because it begins with the greater part 7i4e4 the thesis7 of the foot1 and the ,ionic minre - -1 which receives its name from the fact that it begins with the less important part of the foot 7i4e4 the arsis74 #bgji4 7#a47 ,ionics minre are often treated as ,ionics mire with anacrusis1 - - 1 c4 ,see #bebi ad fin4 #bgaj4 7#b47 ,ionic verse shows numerous resolutions and irrational longs1 especially in early ,latin4 ,the accumulation of short syllables imparts to the verse a wild and passionate character4 #bgaa4 7#c47 ,anaclsis 7,gr4 1 8a bending back07 is an exchange of place between a short syllable and the preceding long 7e4g4 - - for - - or - - - - for - - - -71 and is very frequent in ,ionic verse4 ,,the ,,ionic mire ,,tetrameter ,,catalectic 7or ,sotadean74 #bgab4 ,this verse consists of four ,ionic mire feet1 the last foot being incomplete4 ,in the early ,latin poets1 beginning with ,ennius1 the ,sotadean is treated with much freedom3 resolution1 contraction 7#beah71 anaclasis 7#bgaa71 and irrational longs are freely admitted4 ,examples are3-- ,nm quam varia snt genera pomatrum1 ,bab1 qumque long dstinct7a7 ali7a7 b alis ss1 nsce 7,accius1 ,didasc4 p4 #cje ,m474 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,compare in ,greek3-- ' 7,sotades74 #bgac4 ,later poets 7,petronius1 ,martial1 ,terentianus ,maurus7 are more strict in their usage1 admitting 7with very few exceptions7 only the forms - 1 - 1 - - besides the normal - 4 ,hence their scheme is3-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,examples are3-- ,mlls1 vete rs ,dliac man recs pde tendite1 crs7um7 addite1 cnvolte plnt 7,petron4 #bc74 ,laevius and ,varro employ ,ionic mire systems of considerable length4 ,,the ,,ionic minre ,,tetrameter ,,catalectic 7or ,galliambic47 #bgad4 ,this consists of four ,ionic minre feet1 the last one incomplete4 ,anaclasis1 resolution1 and contraction are extremely common1 and the multiplication of short syllables gives the verse a peculiarly wild and frenzied movement4 ,catullus very rarely admits ,ionics that are not anaclastic 7never in the first half of the verse1 except the doubtful cases #fc1 #ah2 #ed2 #ge72 but ,varro is less strict in this regard4 ,the penultimate long is nearly always resolved4 ,there is rarely more than one resolution in the same half-verse4 ,a diaeresis regularly occurs after the second foot4 ,the scheme is3-- - ,transcriber's ,note3 ,for brackets1 see below1 after #bgag4 ,examples are3-- ,ades1 nquit1 ,cybb1 fera mntium de 7,maecenas74 - - - - - - ,super lta vectus ttis celer rate mari 7,catullus #fc1 #a74 - - - - - ,qu ns decet citts celerre tripudis 7,id4 #fc1 #bf74 - - - - - - - ,ego ivenis1 eg7o7 adulscns eg7o7 ephbus1 ego pur 7,id4 #fc1 #fc74 - - - ,tibi tpana nn inn sonit mtri' dem 7,varro1 ,sat4 ,men4 #acb ,buech474 - - - - - #bgae4 ,it has been suggested that ,catullus probably felt the rhythm not as ,ionic1 but as trochaic or logaoedic3-- - - 1 or the like4 ,this view has much in its favour2 but the true nature of the rhythm is still matter of dispute4 #bgaf4 ,compare the ,greek3-- and in ,english3-- 8,perished many a maid and matron1 many a valorous legionary1 ,fell the colony1 city and citadel1 ,london1 ,verulam1 ,camulodun40 7,tennyson74 #bgag4 ,horace 7#c1 #ab7 employs a system of ten pure ,ionics minre1 e4g43-- ,miserrum 7e7st nequ7e7 amr dare ldum neque dlc mala vn laver7e7 at ex animr metunts patrua verbera lnguae4 ,there is generally a diaeresis after each foot4 ,errata3 #bgad 444 - ,the notations in brackets represent3 #a #b #c - #a #d #a3 breve over bracketed long line #b3 pair of breves over long line over bracketed breve #c3 accented long line over bracketed pair of breves #d3 pair of breves over bracketed breve over bracketed long line ,lyric ,metres of ,horace4 #bgah4 ,the following is a list of the ,horatian lyric metres3-- #bgai4 7#a47 ,the ,,iambic ,,trimeter 7see #beib ff474 ,epode #ag4 #bgbj4 7,,ii47 ,the ,,iambic ,,strophe1 an iambic trimeter 7#beib7 followed by an iambic dimeter acatalectic 7#bfag73-- - - - - - - - - - - ,epodes #a-aj4 ,so in ,archilochus1 e4g43-- 1 1 1 ' ' ' 4 7,fr4 #hh1 ,bergk74 #bgba4 7,,iii47 ,the ,,hipponactean or ,,trochaic ,,strophe1 a trochaic dimeter catalectic 7#bfdd7 followed by an iambic trimeter catalectic 7#bfja73-- - - - - - - - - - ,c4 #b1 #ah4 #bgbb4 7,,iv47 ,the ,,first ,,pythiambic ,,strophe1 a dactylic hexameter 7#beef7 followed by an iambic dimeter acatalectic 7#bfag73-- - - - - - - - - - - ,epodes #ad and #ae4 ,so in ,archilochus1 e4g43-- 1 ' 4 7,fr4 #hd1 ,bergk74 ,transcriber's note3 ,in nos4 #bgbc and #bgbd1 the notation represent a bracketed long line over a pair of breves4 #bgbc4 7,v47 ,the ,,second ,,pythiambic ,,strophe1 a dactylic hexameter 7#beef7 followed by a pure iambic trimeter 7#beid73-- - - - - - - - - - - - ,epode #af4 ,so the ,greek epigrammatists1 e4g43-- 2 4 7,nicaenetus74 #bgbd4 7,,vi47 ,the ,,alcmanian ,,strophe1 a dactylic hexameter 7#beef7 followed by a dactylic tetrameter catalectic 7#begh73-- - - - - - - - - - ,c4 #a1 #g1 #bh2 ,epode #ab4 #bgbe4 7,,vii47 ,the ,,first ,,archilochian ,,strophe1 a dactylic hexameter 7#beef7 followed by a ,lesser ,archilochian 7#begi73-- - - - - - - - - ,c4 #d1 #g4 #bgbf4 7,,viii47 ,the ,,second ,,archilochian ,,strophe1 a dactylic hexameter 7#beef7 followed by an iambelegus 7#bfgh73-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,epode #ac4 #bgbg4 7,,ix47 ,the ,,third ,,archilochian ,,strophe1 an iambic trimeter 7#beib7 followed by an elegiambus 7#bfhj73-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,epode #aa4 ,compare ,archilochus fr4 #he1 ,bergk 7elegiambus2 the trimeter is lost73-- ' 1 '1 4 #bgbh4 7,x47 ,the ,,fourth ,,archilochian ,,strophe1 a ,greater ,archilochian 7#bfgg7 followed by an iambic trimeter catalectic 7#bfja73-- - - - - - - - - - - - - ,c4 #a1 #d4 ,so ,archilochus1 e4g43-- ' 7,fr4 #ajc1 ,bergk74 ,see1 however1 #bfgg ad fin4 #bgbi4 7,,xi47 ,the ,,lesser ,,asclepiadean ,,metre1 a series of ,lesser ,asclepiadeans 7#bffi7 employed stichically 7#bedf73-- - - - - - ,c4 #a1 #a2 #c1 #cj2 #d1 #h4 ,so ,alcaeus1 e4g43-- 7,fr4 #cc1 ,bergk74 #bgcj4 7,,xii47 ,the ,,greater ,,asclepiadean ,,metre1 a series of ,greater ,asclepiadeans 7#bfgj7 employed stichically 7#bedf73-- - - - - - - ,c4 #a1 #aa1 #ah2 #d1 #aj4 ,so ,alcaeus1 e4g43-- 7,fr4 #dd1 ,bergk74 ,many editors hold 7with ,meineke7 that the ,horatian odes were written in tetrastichs 7#bede71 and hence that this metre and the preceding were employed by ,horace in strophes of four lines each4 ,catullus 7#cj7 seems to use the ,greater ,asclepiadean by distichs1 and so apparently ,sappho 7fr4 #fi1 ,bergk74 ,but as to these points there is still much dispute4 #bgca4 7,,xiii47 ,the ,,first ,,asclepiadean ,,strophe1 a ,glyconic 7#bffj7 followed by a ,lesser ,asclepiadean 7#bffi73-- - - - - - - - - - ,c4 #a1 #c1 #ac1 #ai1 #cf2 #c1 #i1 #ae1 #ai1 #bd1 #be1 #bh2 #d1 #a1 #c4 ,cf4 ,alcaeus3-- ' ' ' 4 7,fr4 #hb1 ,bergk74 ,in one instance1 ,c4 #d1 #a1 #ce1 elision occurs at the end of the ,glyconic4 #bgcb4 7,,xiv47 ,the ,,second ,,asclepiadean ,,strophe1 three ,lesser ,asclepiadeans 7#bffi7 followed by a ,glyconic 7#bffj73-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,c4 #a1 #f1 #ae1 #bd1 #cc2 #b1 #ab2 #c1 #aj1 #af2 #d1 #e1 #ab4 #bgcc4 7,,xv47 ,the ,,third ,,asclepiadean ,,strophe1 two ,lesser ,asclepiadeans 7#bffi71 a ,pherecratean 7#bfei7 and a ,glyconic 7#bffj73-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,c4 #a1 #e1 #ad1 #ba1 #bc2 #c1 #g1 #ac2 #d1 #ac4 ,compare ,alcaeus 7,pherecratean followed by ,glyconic2 apparently two ,lesser ,asclepiadeans preceded1 but they are lost73-- 4 7,fr4 #dc1 ,bergk74 #bgcd4 7,,xvi47 ,the ,,greater ,,sapphic ,,strophe1 an ,aristophanic 7#bfeh7 followed by a ,greater ,sapphic 7#bfga73-- - - - - - - - - - ,c4 #a1 #h4 #bgce4 7,,xvii74 ,the ,,sapphic ,,strophe1 three ,lesser ,sapphics 7#bfff7 and an ,adonic 7#bfee73-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,c4 #a1 #b1 #aj1 #ab1 #bj1 #bb1 #be1 #cj1 #cb1 #ch2 #b1 #b1 #d1 #f1 #h1 #aj1 #af2 #c1 #h1 #aa1 #ad1 #ah1 #bj1 #bb1 #bg2 #d1 #b1 #f1 #aa2 ,carmen ,saeculare4 ,also in ,catullus #aa and #ea4 ,so ,sappho3-- - 7,fr4 #b1 ,bergk74 ,sappho apparently treated the third ,sapphic and the ,adonic as continuous2 but ,horace and ,catullus allow syllaba anceps 7and ,horace in four cases1 #a1 #b1 #dg2 #a1 #ab1 #g1 and #ca2 #a1 #bb1 #ae1 hiatus7 at the end of the third line4 ,on the other hand1 both ,catullus and ,horace sometimes join the third line to the fourth 7by dividing a word1 ,hor4 #a1 #b1 #ai2 #be1 #aa2 #b1 #af1 #g2 ,cat4 #aa1 #aa2 by elision ,hor4 #d1 #b1 #bc2 ,car4 ,saec4 #dg2 ,cat4 #aa1 #ai71 and in a few instances the second to the third 7,hor1 #b1 #b1 #ah2 #af1 #cd2 #d1 #b1 #bb2 ,cat4 #aa1 #bb1 all by elision7 by synapheia 7see #beaj74 ,in ,horace1 the last foot of the third line is nearly always an irrational spondee4 #bgcf4 7,,xviii47 ,the ,,alcaic ,,strophe1 two ,greater ,alcaics 7#bffg71 a nine-syllabled ,alcaic 7#bfdb7 and a ,lesser ,alcaic 7#bffc73-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,c4 #a1 #i1 #af1 #ag1 #bf1 #bg1 #bi1 #ca1 #cd1 #ce1 #cg2 #b1 #a1 #c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 #aa1 #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 #ag1 #ai1 #bj2 #c1 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #ag1 #ba1 #bc1 #bf1 #bi2 #d1 #d1 #i1 #ad1 #ae4 ,so ,alcaeus3-- 1 ' ' 4 7,fr4 #ah1 ,bergk74 ,in the ,greek poets the last two lines are sometimes joined by synapheia 7#beaj71 and ,horace has elision at the end of the third verse in #b1 #c1 #bg2 #c1 #bi1 #ce4 ,but he frequently admits hiatus in that place4 #bgcg4 7,,xix47 ,the ,,ionic ,,system1 a system of ten pure ,ionics minre 7see #bgag73-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,c4 #c1 #ab4 ,erratum3 #bgcf 444 ' ' text has without accent ,lyric ,strophes of ,catullus4 #bgch4 ,catullus in #cd uses a strophe consisting of three ,glyconics 7#bffj7 followed by a ,pherecratean 7#bfei73-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,in #fa he employs a strophe consisting of four ,glyconics followed by a ,pherecratean4 #bgci4 ,index of ,horatian ,odes and their ,metres4 ,the ,roman numerals in the table refer to the numbers assigned to the various strophes in #bgai-bgcg4 --------------------------- ,,book4 ,,ode4 ,,metre4 --------------------------- #a #a ,,xi4 #b ,,xvii4 #c ,,xiii4 #d ,x4 #e ,,xv4 #f ,,xiv4 #g ,,vi4 #h ,,xvi4 #i ,,xviii4 #aj ,,xvii4 #aa ,,xii4 #ab ,,xvii4 #ac ,,xiii4 #ad ,,xv4 #ae ,,xiv4 #af ,,xviii4 #ag ,,xviii4 #ah ,,xii4 #ai ,,xiii4 #bj ,,xvii4 #ba ,,xv4 #bb ,,xvii4 #bc ,,xv4 #bd ,,xiv4 #be ,,xvii4 #bf ,,xviii4 #bg ,,xviii4 #bh ,,vi4 #bi ,,xviii4 #cj ,,xvii4 #ca ,,xviii4 #cb ,,xvii4 #cc ,,xiv4 #cd ,,xviii4 #ce ,,xviii4 #cf ,,xiii4 #cg ,,xviii4 #ch ,,xvii4 #b #a ,,xviii4 #b ,,xvii4 #c ,,xviii4 #d ,,xvii4 #e ,,xviii4 #f ,,xvii4 #g ,,xviii4 #h ,,xvii4 #i ,,xviii4 #aj ,,xvii4 #aa ,,xviii4 #ab ,,xiv4 #ac ,,xviii4 #ad ,,xviii4 #ae ,,xviii4 #af ,,xvii4 #ag ,,xviii4 #ah ,,iii4 #ai ,,xviii4 #bj ,,xviii4 #c #a-f ,,xviii4 #g ,,xv4 #h ,,xvii4 #i ,,xiii4 #aj ,,xiv4 #aa ,,xvii4 #ab ,,xix4 #ac ,,xv4 #ad ,,xvii4 #ae ,,xiii4 #af ,,xiv4 #ag ,,xviii4 #ah ,,xvii4 #ai ,,xiii4 #bj ,,xvii4 #ba ,,xviii4 #bb ,,xvii4 #bc ,,xviii4 #bd ,,xiii4 #be ,,xiii4 #bf ,,xviii4 #bg ,,xvii4 #bh ,,xiii4 #bi ,,xviii4 #cj ,,xi4 #d #a ,,xiii4 #b ,,xvii4 #c ,,xiii4 #d ,,xviii4 #e ,,xiv4 #f ,,xvii4 #g ,,vii4 #h ,,xi4 #i ,,xviii4 #aj ,,xii4 #aa ,,xvii4 #ab ,,xiv4 #ac ,,xv4 #ad ,,xviii4 #ae ,,xviii4 ,carmen ,,xvii4 ,saeculare ,epodes #a-aj ,,ii4 #aa ,,ix4 #ab ,,vi4 #ac ,,viii4 #ad ,,iv4 #ae ,,iv4 #af ,v4 #ag ,i4 --------------------------- ,,abbreviations ,,used ,,in ,,citing ,,the ,,authors4 #bgdj4 ,in ,part ,first1 in which authors are occasionally cited1 but without direct reference to their works1 the usual abbreviations are employed3 as ,plaut41 ,ter41 ,cic41 ,verg41 ,hor41 c41 c4 #bgda4 ,in ,part ,second1 the principles adopted are as follows3 #bgdb4 7#a47 ,a reference consisting of figures alone 7as1 #b1 #b1 #c71 denotes book1 chapter1 and section of ,caesar de ,bello ,gallico4 #bgdc4 7#b47 ,a reference to a work 7in italics71 without a preceding abbreviation for the author's name 7as1 ,,td4 #a1 #b2 ,mil4 #c71 denotes the book and section1 or the section only1 of a work by ,cicero4 ,the abbreviations used to denote his works are given in the list below 7#bgde74 #bgdd4 7#c47 ,a reference made to ,vergil 7,v471 followed by figures alone1 is a reference to the ,aeneid3 as1 ,v4 #a1 #bj4 ,similarly1 ,h4 stands alone for the ,odes of ,horace2 ,o4 alone for the ,metamorphoses of ,ovid2 and ,ta4 alone for the ,annals of ,tacitus4 #bgde4 7#d47 ,roman letters are used in the abbreviations of the names of authors1 italics in the abbreviations of the names of their works1 as in the following ,list3-- ,,list ,,of ,,abbreviations4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,abbreviations4 ,authors and ,works4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,caes4 ,caesar4 ,c4 d ,bell ,cvl4 ,see #bgdb4 d ,bell ,gallic4 ,cat4 ,catullus4 ,see #bgdc4 ,cicero4 ,ac4 ,acadmica4 ad ,br4 ad ,brtum ,epistulae4 ,agr4 d lge ,agrri4 ,arch4 pr ,archi4 ,att4 ad ,atticum ,epistulae4 ,balb4 pr ,balb4 ,br4 ,brtus4 ,c4 in ,catilnam4 ,caec4 pr ,caecn4 ,caecil4 ,dvinti in ,caecilium4 ,cael4 pr ,caeli4 ,,cm4 ,cat ,maior4 ,clu4 pr ,cluenti4 ,d4 pr ,diotar4 ,div4 d ,dvintine4 ,,dn4 d ,derum ,ntr4 ,,do4 d rtre4 ,fam4 ad ,familirs ,epistulae4 ,fat4 d ,ft4 ,fin4 d ,fnibus4 ,fl4 or ,flacc4 pr ,flacc4 ,,hr4 d ,haruspicum ,respnss4 ,,ip4 d ,imperi ,pomp4 ,inv4 d ,inventine4 ,l4 ,laelius4 ,l,agr4 d lge ,agrri4 ,leg4 d ,lgibus4 ,lig4 pr ,ligri4 ,marc4 pr ,marcell4 ,mil4 pr ,milne4 ,mur4 pr ,mrn4 ,o4 rtor4 ,off4 d ,officis4 ,,og4 d ,optim ,genere rtrum4 ,,op4 d rtri ,parttine4 ,par4 ,paradoxa4 ,,pc4 d ,prvincis ,cnsulribus4 ,ph4 ,philippicae4 ,pis4 in ,psnem4 ,pl4 or ,planc4 pr ,planci4 ,q4 or ,quint4 pr ,qunti4 ,q,fr4 ad ,quntum ,frtrem ,epistulae4 ,,ra4 pr ,rsci ,amern4 ,,rc4 pr ,rsci ,cmoed4 ,,rp4 d ,r ,pblic4 ,rab4 pr ,rabri perduellinis re4 ,rab,p4 pr ,rabri ,posthum4 ,scaur4 pr ,scaur4 ,sest4 pr ,ssti4 ,sull4 pr ,sll4 ,t4 or ,top4 ,topica4 ,,td4 ,tusculnae ,disputtins4 ,tim4 ,timaeus4 ,tul4 pr ,tulli4 ,v4 a4 pr4 in ,verrem cti ,i4 ,v4 in ,verrem cti ,,ii4 ,corn41 ,cornif4 ,cornificius4 ,e4 ,ennius4 ,fest4 ,festus4 ,gell4 ,gellius4 ,h4 ,horace4 ,,ap4 ,ars ,poetica4 ,see #bgdd4 ,carmina4 ,e4 ,epistulae4 ,epod4 ,epdoi4 ,s4 ,sermns4 ,j4 ,juvenal4 ,l4 ,livy4 ,lucil4 ,lucilius4 ,lucr4 ,lucretius4 ,macrob4 ,macrobius4 ,sat4 ,sturnlia4 ,mart4 ,martial4 ,n4 ,nepos4 ,o4 ,ovid4 ,a4 ,amrs4 ,,aa4 ,ars ,amtria4 ,f4 ,fst4 ,see #bgdd4 ,metamorphss4 ,tr4 ,trstia4 ,pl4 ,plautus4 ,am4 ,amphitru4 ,as4 ,asinria4 ,aul4 ,aululria4 ,b4 ,bacchids4 ,cap4 ,captv4 ,cas4 ,casina4 ,cist4 ,cistellria4 ,cu4 or ,cur4 ,curculi4 ,e4 ,epidicus4 ,men4 ,menaechm4 ,mer4 ,merctor4 ,,mg4 ,mles ,glrisus4 ,most4 ,mostellria4 ,per4 ,persa4 ,poen4 ,poenulus4 ,ps4 ,pseudolus4 ,r4 ,rudns4 ,st4 ,stichus4 ,tri4 ,trinummus4 ,tru4 ,truculentus4 ,vid4 ,vdulria4 ,plin4 ,ep4 ,pliny's ,epistulae4 ,plin4 ,,nh4 ,pliny's ,ntrlis ,historiae4 ,prop4 ,propertius4 ,publil4 ,syr4 ,publilius ,syrus4 ,quint4 or ,quintil4 ,quintilian4 ,s4 ,sallust4 ,c4 ,catilna4 ,fr4 ,lep4 ,fragmenta rtinis ,lepid4 ,fr4 ,phil4 ,fragmenta rtinis ,phillipp4 ,i4 ,iugurtha4 ,sen4 ,seneca4 ,ben4 d ,beneficis4 ,ep4 ,epistulae4 ,st4 ,statius4 ,th4 ,thbais4 ,suet4 ,suetonius4 ,aug4 ,augustus4 ,cal4 ,caligula4 ,cl4 ,claudius4 ,galb4 ,galba4 ,iul4 ,ilius4 ,tib4 ,tiberius4 ,t4 ,terence4 ,ad4 ,adelphoe4 ,andr4 ,andria4 ,eu4 ,eunchus4 ,hec4 ,hecyra4 ,hau4 ,hauton ,tmrmenos4 ,ph4 ,phormi4 ,ta4 ,tacitus4 ,see #bgdd4 ,annls4 ,a4 or ,agr4 ,agricola4 ,d4 ,dialogus4 ,g4 ,germnia4 ,h4 ,historiae4 ,tib4 ,tibullus4 ,v4 ,vergil4 ,see #bgdd4 ,aenis4 ,e4 ,eclogae4 ,g4 ,gergica4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,errata in ,list of ,abbreviations3 d ,bell ,gallic4 d ,fnibus4 d ,optim ,genere rtrum4 d rtri ,parttine4 d ,prvincis ,cnsulribus4 8d0 printed as 8de0 in all ,,index ,,of ,,subjects4 ,,the ,,references ,,are ,,to ,,sections4 ,abbreviations1 ,c4 for ,gius1 #bj2 ,cn4 for ,gnaeus1 #bj2 4 for ,gia1 #bj2 ,k4 for ,kalendae1 #bj4 ,ability1 verbal expressions of1 in indic4 with infin41 #adie1 #adif2 in impf4 indic41 #adig2 in conditional periods1 #bjgd1 #baja2 words of1 with gerundive construction1 #bbed4 ,ablative case1 defined1 #dai2 sing41 how formed1 #dbe1 #dbf2 plur41 how formed1 #dbh2 lacking1 see ,defective2 of words in -tu- 7-su-71 #bce1 #dcj4 -- stems1 in -d1 #dbf1 #ddc2 in -eis1 #ddj1 #ddc2 in -s and -s1 #dda2 in -s for is1 #ddj2 in -bus1 #ddb2 inscriptional forms1 #ddc2 ,greek nouns1 #ddd1 #dde4 -o- stems1 in -d1 #dbf1 #dfe2 in -s1 -s1 -s1 #deh2 in -bus1 #dfd2 inscriptional forms1 #dfe2 ,greek nouns1 #dff4 ,consonant stems1 for --1 no certain evidence is cited1 #ejb2 substs41 in - and -ei1 #ejb1 #ejg2 adjs41 in -1 #ejc1 #fbb1 #fbf2 in -d1 #dbf1 #ejg2 inscriptional forms1 #ejg2 ,greek nouns1 #ejh-eab4 -i- stems1 substs41 in -1 -e1 #eeb-eeh1 #efa1 #eag-ebg1 #eca2 adjs41 in -1 -e1 #eeh-efa1 #ebe-ecg1 #fcd-fcf2 adjs41 in - alone1 #eei1 #fbi2 pres4 part41 in -1 -e1 #efj1 #fcc2 inscriptional forms1 #efd2 ,greek nouns1 #efe4 -u- stems1 in -u 7-d71 #eic2 in -ubus1 #eib2 inscriptional forms1 #eic4 ,pronouns1 peculiar and inscriptional forms1 of ego1 t1 su1 #fdh1 #fej1 #fea2 of meus1 tuus1 suus1 #fec-fee2 of hc1 #ffc-ffe2 of ille1 iste1 #ffg1 #ffh2 of illic1 istic1 #fgj2 of is1 #fgc1 #fgd2 of dem1 #fgg1 #fgh2 of ipse1 #fhj2 of qu1 quis1 #fhh-fij2 of aliquis1 c41 #fib4 ,uses of1 #abif-adjj2 general1 #abif-acja2 meaning of1 #abig1 #abii1 #acjj2 as adv41 #gjc-gjg1 #acgf2 combined with acc41 #aaii1 #acjc4 ,ablative proper1 #abig1 #acjb-accj2 attached to subst41 #acja1 #acac1 #acad2 of separation1 want1 departure1 #acjb-acjf1 #abic1 #abid2 denoting place from which1 with town and island names1 #acjg-acaj2 denoting origin and place from which1 with country names1 #acji1 #acaj2 in dates1 #acjg2 dom1 rre1 hum1 #acaa2 of source1 stuff1 or material1 #acab-acae2 of the doer of an action1 #acah1 #acai1 #adgf1 #adgg1 #bbdc2 of cause1 influence1 or motive1 #acaf-acai2 with faci and sum1 denoting that with which or to which something is done1 #acae2 caus1 grti1 c41 #abeg1 #acag2 denoting person1 equivalent to abstract1 #acai2 of comparison1 #acbj-accj2 with alter1 alius1 #acbc2 with compar4 advs41 #acbg2 in expressions of age1 #acbi2 opnine1 exspecttine1 sp1 #accj2 amplius1 longius1 pls1 minus1 #acbh1 #acbi2 with judicial verbs1 #abhj-abhb4 ,locative ablative1 #abii1 #acca-acee2 attached to subst41 #acja1 #acca2 in dates1 #acjg1 #acca2 dom1 rr1 hum1 orb1 #accg2 bell1 mlitiae1 #acch2 joined with loc4 adv41 #acdj2 of place where1 with town and island names1 #acca-acce1 #acdb1 #acdc2 of place where1 with forum1 urbs1 oppidum1 c41 #accb1 #accc2 of place where1 with other appellatives1 #acdd1 #acdg2 of place where1 with country names1 #accf1 #acdg2 with tene1 recipi1 c41 #acdh2 with fd1 cnfd1 glrior1 laetor1 ntor1 st1 frtus1 #acdi2 of time at which1 #acda1 #acej1 #acea2 of time within which1 #aceb-aced2 of time during which1 #acee4 ,instrumental ablative #acjj1 #acef-acii2 of accompaniment1 #acef1 #aceg2 with inctus1 coninctus1 #aceg2 of manner1 #aceh-acfa2 absolute1 #acfb-acgd1 see also #aecc1 #aijj1 #baaj1 #baba2 of quality1 #acge2 of the route taken1 #acgf2 of instrument or means1 #acgg-achd1 #adgf1 #adgg2 with fruor1 fungor1 potior1 tor1 vscor1 sus est1 opus est1 #acgi-achd2 of specification1 #ache2 with verbs of fulness1 #achf2 with adjs4 of fulness1 #achg2 of measure1 exchange1 price1 #achh-acib2 with dignus1 indignus1 c41 #acib2 of amount of difference1 #acic-acii1 #aaec1 #aaed1 #adei2 of time before or after which1 #acid1 #aaed2 with absum and dist1 #aaec2 of intervllum and spatium in designations of distance1 #acii2 of persons1 instead of abl4 with ab1 #adgg4 ,combined with other abls4 in same sentence1 #adjj2 with in and sub after verbs of rest1 #adbc2 with in after verbs of motion1 #adbd2 of gerundive construction and gerund1 #bbfe-bbfh2 supine in - as1 #bce1 #bbfi1 #bbgg4 ,abounding1 verbs of1 with gen41 #abic2 with abl41 #achf2 adjs4 of1 with gen41 #abfc1 #abfd2 with abl41 #achg4 ,abridgement1 of sentences1 #ajeg1 #baaa4 ,abstaining1 verbs of1 with gen41 #abid2 with abl41 #acjb-acjf1 #abid2 with qun1 #aihf4 ,abstract1 substs41 defined1 #g2 plur4 of1 #daf1 #aaji2 subst4 suffixes denoting quality1 #bdf-bfd2 adj4 suffixes denoting quality1 #bha-big2 suffixes denoting action1 #bab-bcg1 #bdi1 #bhe2 abstract in rel4 sentence instead of in main sentence1 #ahjj4 ,acatalectic verse1 defined1 #becg4 ,accent1 general rules of1 #hd-ia2 in gen4 and voc4 of -o- decl41 #hg2 on final syllable1 #hh2 marks of1 #bi1 #c2 #cj2 #he2 of proclitics and enclitics1 #ib-id2 of preps41 #ib2 of rel4 and indef4 prons41 #ib2 of compounds of faci1 #cid2 in verse1 #bedh4 ,accentual1 verse1 #bedh2 verse1 in carmina1 #bedi2 theory of the ,saturnian1 #beec4 ,accompaniment1 abl4 of1 #acef1 #aceg4 ,accomplishing1 verbs of1 with subjv41 #aegi1 #agab2 with purpose clause1 #aiea2 with result clause1 #aiee1 #aife2 with acc4 and infin41 #baif4 ,accusative case1 defined1 #dai2 sing41 of neut4 nouns1 how formed1 #dbc2 plur41 of neut4 nouns1 how formed1 #dbc2 sing4 and plur41 of gender nouns1 how formed1 #dbd2 lacking1 see ,defective2 ending in d1 #adi4 -- stems1 in -m1 #dcf2 inscriptional forms1 #ddc2 ,greek nouns1 #ddd1 #dde4 -o- stems1 in -om and -um1 #deb2 in --1 #acj1 #b2 #dfa2 inscriptional forms1 #dfe2 ,greek nouns1 #dff4 ,consonant stems1 in -s1 #eje1 #ejg1 #fbb2 inscriptional forms1 #ejg2 ,greek nouns1 #ejh-eab4 -i- stems1 in -im1 -em1 #edg-eea1 #eag-ebe2 inscriptional forms1 #efd2 ,greek nouns1 #efe4 -u- stems1 inscriptional forms1 #eic4 ,adverbs from1 #fii-gjb1 #edi1 #aaef4 ,pronouns1 peculiar and inscriptional forms1 of ego1 t1 su1 #fdh1 #fej1 #fea2 of meus1 tuus1 suus1 #fec-fee2 of hc1 #ffc-ffe2 of ille1 iste1 #ffg2 of illic1 istic1 #fgj2 of is1 #fgc2 of dem1 #fgg2 of ipse1 #fhj4 ,uses of1 #aabd-aagd2 general1 #aabd-aaca4 ,of the object1 #aacb-aaej2 with compounds of ad1 circum1 ex1 in1 ob1 per1 prae1 praeter1 trns1 #aacg2 double1 with verbs compounded with preps41 #aach1 #aaih2 with verbs of feeling1 commonly intrans41 #aaci2 emphasizing or defining1 #aadj-aadf1 #aagc1 #adge2 of kindred derivation with verb1 #aadj1 #aagc2 of kindred meaning with verb1 #aada2 neut41 of adj41 with verb1 #aadb2 with verbs of smelling and tasting1 #aadc2 neut41 of pron41 with verbal expression1 #aadd1 #ahdj1 #ahea2 of appellative1 used adverbially1 #aade2 attached to subst41 #aabi1 #aadf2 of part concerned1 #aadg2 of thing put on or off1 #aadh2 of exclamation1 #aadi1 #aaej1 #baab2 with verb not expressed1 #aaej4 ,of space and time1 #aaea-aaef1 #adge2 with abhinc1 #aaed2 with ordinals1 #aaee2 expressing #8time at which1' #aaef2 of aim of motion1 #aaeg-aaff2 of end of motion with in and sub1 #adbc2 with verbs of rest1 #adbd2 with names of towns1 islands1 peninsulas1 #aaeg-aafj2 with names of countries1 #aafa2 with appellatives1 #aaei1 #aafa2 domum1 rs1 fors1 #aafb-aafd2 exsequis1 nfitis1 malam crucem1 malam rem1 #aafe4 ,two accusatives combined1 #aafg-aagd2 of obj4 and pred41 #aafg1 #aafh2 with verbs of teaching1 hiding1 demanding1 questioning1 #aafi-aaga2 with verbs of wishing1 reminding1 inducing1 accusing1 #aagb2 defining acc4 and acc4 of person1 #aagc2 acc4 of extent or duration or aim of motion and acc4 of object1 #aagd4 ,with verbs otherwise taking dat41 #aahd1 #aahe2 with compounds of verbs of intrans4 use1 #aaia2 combined with dat4 or abl41 #aaii1 #acjc2 with propior1 proximus1 prope1 c41 #abja2 with nmen d1 c41 #abad2 pred41 instead of dat41 #abba1 #abbd2 with prep41 instead of objective gen41 #abfa2 with verbs of remembering and forgetting1 #abhh2 with verbs of reminding1 #abia2 with per1 to express instrument1 #acgh2 with abtor1 fungor1 fruor1 perfruor1 potior1 #achj2 with opus est1 #achc2 with sus est1 #achd2 with post and ante in expressions of time1 #acid-acig2 of extent1 with verbs of surpassing1 #acih2 with comparatives1 #acih2 with preps41 see ,prepositions4 ,with infin41 #aacd1 #bagb-bbjc1 #bcab1 #bcac1 #bcba1 #bccj-bccd2 infin4 as subst4 acc41 #bbjd-bbjf2 acc4 subj4 of infin4 omitted1 #bahc2 pred4 noun referring to unexpressed subj4 of infin4 in1 #bbac2 use of reflexive pron4 in construction of acc4 with infin41 #bcch-bcdj2 obj4 of gerundive1 #bbdg2 acc4 of gerundive and gerund1 use of1 #bbej-bbec1 #bbdc2 obj4 of gerund1 #bbdb1 #bbee1 #bbei1 #bbfe2 supine in -um as1 #bce1 #aaff1 #bbfi2 following supine in -um1 #bbgb4 ,accusing1 verbs of1 with two accusatives1 #aagb2 with gen41 #abhj-abhb2 with abl41 #abhj-abhb2 with quod1 #aheb2 with cr1 #aheb2 with acc4 and infin41 #bahe4 ,acquitting1 verbs of1 with two accusatives1 #aagb2 with gen41 #abhj-abhb2 with abl41 #abhj-abhb4 ,action1 suffixes denoting1 #bab-bcg1 #bdi1 #bhe2 words denoting1 range of meaning of1 #bac4 ,conceivable1 subjv4 of1 in simple sentence1 #aeed-aefb2 in subordinate sentence1 #agca2 in rel4 characteristic or result sentences1 #ahah2 in quam sentences1 #ahhh2 in quamquam sentences1 #aija2 in sentences of result with ut1 #aidg2 in sentences of purpose with ut1 #aifb2 in sentences with quand1 #bjaj2 tense of1 in subordinate sentence1 #agec4 ,congruent and coincident1 #agcc2 coincident1 introduced by quod1 quia1 #ahej2 introduced by qu1 #ahbf2 introduced by cum1 #ahgd4 ,repeated1 subjv4 of1 #agcj2 non-occurrent1 tense of1 in subordinate sentence1 #agec2 defined1 #bjbd2 treated1 #bjia-bajh1 see ,conditional2 pres41 c41 see ,present1 c42 continued1 see ,continued4 ,active voice1 defined1 #gbc1 #adfi2 pere1 vne1 f1 meaning of1 #adga2 of coep and dsin1 #adhc2 perf4 partic4 with force of1 #ijg1 #adhe2 deponents having1 #adhh1 #adhi2 deponents having pres4 system in1 #adhh2 changed to pass41 #adgb-adhj4 ,adjectives1 defined1 #h2 iambic shortening of the endings of1 #abi1 #acj2 used substantively1 with -e1 - in abl4 sing41 #eeh1 #efa1 #fca2 pres4 partic4 used as1 with - in abl4 sing41 #efj1 #fcc2 formation of1 #ahj-bjc2 roots and stems1 #ahc-aih2 without formative suffix1 #aie1 #aih1 #aii2 with formative suffix1 #aie-aih1 #bjj-bjc4 ,suffixes of1 #bhj-cfj2 primitive1 with act4 meaning1 #bha-bij1 #bic1 #bid1 #bif2 primitive1 with pass4 meaning1 #bia-big1 #bhb1 #bhc1 #cje2 denominative1 #bih-cfj1 #bhg2 of material or resemblance1 #bii-cja2 of appurtenance1 #cjb-ccj2 of supply1 #cca-cch2 diminutive1 #cci1 #cdj2 of the compar41 #cdb-cdh2 of the superl41 #cdb-cde1 #cdi-ceb2 comparison of1 see ,comparison4 ,compound1 formation and meaning of1 #cgi-cij1 see ,composition2 inflection of1 #cih-fdc1 see ,gender1 ,number1 ,case1 ,declension2 of #8one1' #8two1' #8three' endings1 #faa4 ,agreement of1 #ajhb-ajih2 used substantively1 #ajii-aajd1 #aajf1 #ajic1 #abjc1 #abej2 with acc4 appended1 #aacj2 neut4 acc4 of1 denoting manner1 #aadb2 pred41 with verbs of making1 choosing1 naming1 c41 #aafg2 with dat41 #aahc1 #abjj-abjd2 with acc41 #abja2 with acc4 and prep41 #abja2 with gen41 #abjb-abjd1 #abch1 #abde1 #abfc-abgj2 with abl41 #abjb1 #acjf2 with loc41 #acci2 instead of gen41 #abcc1 #abfb2 compar41 with abl4 or with quam1 #acbj-accj2 prepositional expressions equivalent to1 #adbh2 two adjs4 compared1 #adeg2 explanatory1 put in rel4 sentence1 #ahaj2 rel4 sentence coordinated with1 #ahbj2 quamquam with1 #aijj2 quamvs with1 #aijc2 infin4 with1 #baff2 gerundive used as1 #bbdh1 #bbdi2 with acc4 of gerundive construction or gerund1 #bbeb2 with dat4 of gerundive construction1 #bbed2 with gen4 of gerundive construction or gerund1 #bbeh2 with supine in -1 #bbgd2 partic4 as1 #bbhc1 #bbhd2 adj4 relatives1 see ,relative2 pred41 see ,predicate2 attributive1 see ,attributive2 numeral1 see ,numeral adjectives4 ,adjunct1 adverbial1 defined1 #ajec4 ,admiring1 verbs of1 with gen41 #abhf4 ,adonic1 the1 #bfee-bfeg4 ,advantage1 dat4 of1 #aagh1 #abje-abaj4 ,adverbial1 adjunct1 defined1 #ajec2 acc41 #aadj-aadf2 ablatives1 ire1 ratine1 c41 #aceh4 ,adverbs1 defined1 #aj1 #fif2 diminutives of1 #cda2 comparison of1 #cfa-cfd2 compounded with nouns or noun stems1 #chb1 #chc1 #che2 compounded with verbs1 #cif2 in -im1 #edi1 #gjj1 #gaj2 origin of1 #fif-gaj1 #gab2 from acc41 #fii-gjb1 #edi1 #aaef2 from abl41 #gjc-gjg2 from loc41 #gjh1 #gji1 #acdj2 from prons41 #gjf1 #gaj2 from adjs41 #gja1 #gjb1 #gjd1 #gje2 from partic41 #gjd1 #acgb2 denoting route by which1 #gjg1 #acgf2 of manner1 #gjj1 #gjd1 #gaj2 of place at which1 #gjh1 #gji2 of place to which1 #gaj2 of place from which1 #gaj2 sentences as1 #gab2 correlative1 #gaa1 #ahca2 adjs4 used with force of1 #aadb-aadf4 ,with gen41 #abdb1 #abdh1 #abec1 #abed2 acc4 of appellative used as1 #aade2 compar41 followed by abl4 or quam1 #acbg-accj2 development into preps41 #fif1 #adjb-adjd2 preps4 with force of1 #adjg1 #adjh1 #adcb2 words used as preps4 and advs41 #adab-adaf1 #adba2 prepositional expressions equivalent to1 #adbh2 function of1 #adch2 with meaning of adj41 #adci2 with partic4 used as substs41 #addj2 with substs41 #adda2 used in place of substs41 #addb2 use of neg4 advs41 #addc-adec2 neg4 advs41 two in one sentence1 #adeb1 #adec2 two advs41 compared1 #adeg2 used as connectives1 #afhg-afib1 #bacc-baei2 postpositive1 #afhh2 subordinate sentences as1 #agae2 qu1 unde1 c41 in place of rel4 pron4 with prep41 #agic2 indef4 rel41 introducing indic41 #ahad2 numeral1 #bdjd1 #bdje2 numeral1 forms in -ins1 -is1 #bdad4 ,adversative1 words1 use of1 #afgf-afhf1 #baca1 #baej-baec4 ,advising1 verbs of1 case with1 #aaha-aahe2 with purpose clause1 #aiej4 ,affirmative1 expressed by two negatives1 #adeb2 answer1 expected with -ne1 -n1 #aejd2 answer1 expected with nnne1 #aejf2 answer1 expected with num1 #aejg2 answer1 how expressed1 #aeaa1 #aeab2 meaning of haud sci an1 c41 #aghb2 coordination1 #baei2 sentence1 aliquis in1 #bcij2 sentence1 quvs1 qulibet1 utervs1 uterlibet in1 #bdja4 ,agent1 suffixes denoting1 #bjd-baa2 of action1 see ,doer4 ,agreement1 of subst41 #ajgg-ajha2 of mobile substs41 #ajgh2 explaining two or more substs41 #ajgi2 collective or distributive1 explaining plur41 #ajhj2 in apposition with thought or clause1 #ajha4 ,of adjective1 #ajhb-ajih2 with persons or things implied in subst41 #ajhc2 attributive1 with one of several substs41 #ajhd2 attributive1 sing4 with plur4 subst41 #ajhe2 with combined adj4 and subst41 #ajhf2 pred41 with substs4 denoting persons1 #ajhh2 with substs4 denoting things1 #ajhi2 with substs4 denoting persons and things1 #ajij2 with nearest subst41 #ajia2 absente nbs1 #ajib2 neut4 adj4 used as subst4 in pred41 #ajic4 ,of verb1 #ajfb-ajgf1 #ajhj1 #ahjg2 in plur4 with several sing4 subjs41 #ajfd1 #ajfe2 in sing4 with several sing4 subjs41 #ajff1 #ajfg2 with mixed subjs41 sing4 and plur41 #ajfh2 with sing4 subj4 and abl4 with cum1 #ajfi2 when subjs4 are connected by nec 4 4 4 nec1 aut1 aut 4 4 4 aut1 #ajgj2 with collectives1 #ajga2 agreeing with appositive or pred4 subst41 #ajgb2 when subjs4 are of different pers41 #ajgf2 agreeing with subst4 introduced by quam1 c41 #ajgc2 age1 c41 #ajge2 agreeing in pers4 with antec4 of rel4 or implied antec41 #ahjg4 ,of pronouns1 demonstrative1 determinative1 rel41 #ajic-ajih1 #ahja-ahaa2 agreement determined by sense1 #ajie1 #ahjd2 with several substs41 #ajif1 #ahjc2 agreeing with pred4 subst41 #ajig1 #ahjf2 in agreement1 equivalent to gen41 #ajih4 ,aim1 of motion1 denoted by acc41 #aaeg-aaff2 of motion1 acc4 of1 combined with a second acc41 #aagd2 verbs of1 with purpose clause1 #aidi4 ,alcaic1 strophe1 #bede2 the nine-syllabled1 #bfdb2 the lesser 7decasyllabic71 #bffc2 the greater 7hendecasyllabic71 #bffg1 #bffh2 in ,horace1 #bgcf4 ,alcmanian1 verse1 #begg2 strophe1 #bgbd4 ,alphabet1 treated1 #af-bi2 source of1 #ah2 changes in1 #ag1 #ai1 #ba1 #be2 letters of1 gender1 #dab2 see ,pronunciation4 ,amphibrach1 #bebb4 ,anaclasis1 #bgaa4 ,anacrusis1 #bebi1 #becj4 ,analogical lengthening1 #abc4 ,anapaest1 defined1 #beba2 cyclic1 #bebc4 ,anapaestic1 rhythms1 #bfhb-bfij2 tetrameter acatalectic1 #bfhd1 #bfhe2 tetrameter catalectic1 #bfhf2 dimeter acatalectic1 #bfhg2 dimeter catalectic1 #bfhh1 #bfhi4 ,anaphora1 #afib4 ,anaptyctical vowel1 #agb2 #aaa1 b4 ,annalistic present1 #aeia4 ,answers1 forms of expected1 #aejd-aeaj1 #aefc2 yes and no1 how expressed1 #aeaa-aead2 of alternative questions1 how expressed1 #aebe4 ,antecedent1 defined1 #agif2 position of1 #agif-agih2 omitted1 #agih1 #agii2 indef41 #agii2 implied in possess41 #ahjg2 rules for agreement of rel4 with1 #ajhb-ajih1 #ahja-ahaa2 see also ,relative4 ,antepenult1 defined1 #age2 when accented1 #hf1 #b4 ,antibacchius1 #bebb4 ,antispast1 #bebb4 ,antitheses1 asyndeton in1 #afdj4 ,anxiety1 expressions of1 with ut1 n clauses1 #aieg1 #aieh4 ,apex1 #bi1 #c4 ,aphaeresis1 #aaj1 #aab1 #afh4 ,apocope1 #aaj1 #aac1 #afh4 ,apodosis1 defined1 #ajfa2 fut4 perf4 in1 coincident in time with fut4 perf4 in prot41 #afbg2 with tam1 nn minus1 nn magis1 aequ1 perinde1 ixt1 #ahhi1 #ahij2 correlative lacking in1 #ahij2 see ,conditional1 ,relative1 ,conjunctive4 ,appeal1 questions of1 in pres4 indic41 #aeca2 in fut41 #aeca1 #afbc2 in subjv41 #aefc2 in subordinate sentence1 #agca2 tense of1 in subordinate sentence1 #agec2 in indirect question1 #aghf2 in ind4 disc41 #bcac1 #bcad4 ,accusative in1 #aaej4 ,appellatives1 defined1 #e2 in acc4 with expressions of motion1 #aafa2 loc4 of1 #accg-acda2 used without prep4 to denote place where1 #acdd-acdg2 used with prep4 to denote place where1 #acdg4 ,appointing1 see ,making4 ,appositive1 defined1 #ajde2 verb agreeing with1 #ajgb2 agreement of1 #ajgg-ajha2 to a thought or clause1 #ajha2 with loc41 #accc1 #acdj1 #acda2 gen4 as1 with possess4 pron41 #abce2 gen4 used for1 #abef2 dat4 used for1 #abac2 to a rel41 #ahji2 sentence with quod as1 #ahde2 infin4 as subst4 acc4 in apposition1 #bbjd2 infin4 as subst4 nom4 in apposition1 #bbjg2 appositive partic41 #bbic-bbif4 ,appurtenance1 adj4 suffixes denoting1 #cjb-ccj4 ,archilochian1 verse1 #begh-behj2 the lesser1 #begi2 the greater1 #bfgg2 strophe1 in ,horace1 #bgbe-bgbh4 ,aristophanic1 #bfeh4 ,arsis1 #bebj4 ,ascending rhythms1 #bebh4 ,asclepiadean1 the lesser1 #bffi2 the greater1 #bfgj2 in ,horace1 #bgbi-bgcc4 ,asking1 verbs of1 with two accusatives1 #aafi-aaga2 with acc4 and prepositional phrase1 #aagj2 with indirect question1 #aggd2 with gerundive construction1 #bbej4 ,asseverations1 pres4 subjv4 in1 #aedb2 fut4 in1 #afbb2 ita 4 4 4 ut in1 #aedb1 #afbb1 #aicg2 expressed by nam1 #baee4 ,assimilation1 of vowels1 #add2 of consonants1 #afc-aff2 subjv4 of1 #agbh2 subjv4 of1 sequence of tenses in1 #aggj-aggb4 ,assumption1 expressed by subjv4 of desire1 #aeec2 expressed by fut41 #afbj4 ,asynartetic verses1 #bece4 ,asyndetic1 coordination1 defined1 #afcg2 in simple sentences1 #afch-afdb2 between sentences or periods1 #babc-babg4 ,asyndeton1 enumerative1 #babf2 of summary1 #babg2 see ,asyndetic4 ,atonic syllable1 #ajb4 ,attraction1 of verb1 subst41 adj41 pron41 partic41 see ,agreement1 subjv4 of1 #agbh2 sequence of tenses in1 #aggj-aggb2 in cum sentences1 #ahei2 in quoniam sentences1 #ahhb-ahhd2 in quam sentences1 #ahhh2 in quamquam sentences1 #aija2 in sentences with postquam1 ub1 ut1 c41 #aibd2 with dum1 dnec1 quoad1 quamdi1 #aiid4 ,attribute1 defined1 #ajci2 kinds of1 #ajdj-ajdc2 attached to proper name1 #ajdd2 with loc41 #accb1 #accc2 with domum1 doms1 #aafd4 ,attributive1 subst41 agreement of1 #ajgg-ajha2 adj41 agreement of1 #ajhb-ajih1 see ,agreement2 subordinate sentence as1 #agae2 use of antequam1 #aibj2 gerundive1 #bbdh1 #bbdi2 partic41 #bbhb-bbhf4 ,avoiding1 verbs of1 with n and subjv41 #aifj4 ,bacchiac rhythms1 #bfih-bgjf4 ,bacchius1 #beba4 ,begin1 verbs meaning1 with infin41 #bafi4 ,believing1 verbs of1 with dat41 #aaha1 #aahb4 ,benefiting1 verbs of1 case with1 #abje-abaj4 ,birth1 place of1 in abl41 #acji2 verbs of1 with abl41 #acab4 ,blaming1 verbs of1 used with quod1 #aheb4 ,books1 pres4 used in1 #aeib2 see ,titles4 ,brachycatalectic verse1 #bech4 ,bucolic diaeresis1 #beei4 ,buying1 verbs of1 with gen41 #abgd2 with abl41 #achh-acib4 ,caesura1 #bedb-bedd2 hiatus in1 #bdgg2 masculine and feminine1 #beeg2 after the third trochee1 #beeh4 ,calling1 verbs of1 with two accusatives1 #aafg2 with indef4 subj41 #ajcc4 ,can1 verbs meaning1 with infin41 #bafi4 ,capability1 suffixes denoting1 #bhd1 #bib-bid4 ,capable1 adjs4 meaning1 with gerundive construction or gerund1 #bbeb4 ,cardinal numerals1 decl4 of1 #fcg-fdb1 #dca2 list of1 #bdjd1 #bdje2 some forms of1 #bdae-bdah2 in dates1 #bdai2 in combination with singul1 #bdbj4 ,case1 endings1 function of1 #cih2 endings1 lacking in prons41 #fde2 the cases1 defined1 #dai1 #dbj2 oblique cases1 defined1 #dai2 nouns1 defective in1 see ,defective2 rules for formation of the cases of nouns1 general1 #dbb-dbh2 in -- stems1 #dcf-ddc2 in -o- stems1 #deb-dfe2 in cons4 stems1 #die-ejg2 in -i- stems1 #edj-efd2 in -u- stems1 #eij-eie2 in -- stems1 #fjb-fjg2 principal and secondary cases1 #aaaa1 #aaab2 see ,agreement1 ,nominative1 c41 ,prepositions4 ,catalectic verse1 defined1 #becg2 in syllabam1 c41 #beci4 ,catalexis1 #becg4 ,catullus1 lyric strophes of1 #bgch4 ,causal1 sentences1 defined1 #agaf2 mood in1 #agba2 subjv4 of ind4 disc4 and attraction in1 #agbb1 #bcai2 tense of1 after secondary1 #agef2 words1 use of1 #bacc1 #baed-baeh2 see ,cause4 ,causative1 verbs1 #cfh2 use of verb1 #bcjd4 ,cause1 gen4 of1 #abcb-abch2 abl4 of1 #acaf-acai2 expressed by abl4 abs41 #acag1 #acfg2 coordinated member denoting1 #agjc2 rel4 sentences of1 #ahbd-ahcj2 expressed by sentence with quod1 quia1 #ahch-aheh2 expressed by sentence with cum1 #ahei1 #ahgd-ahhj2 expressed by sentence with quoniam1 #ahhb1 #ahhd2 expressed by sentence with postquam1 ub1 ut1 c41 #aibf1 #aicj2 expressed by sentence with dum1 #aiih2 expressed by sentence with quand1 quandque1 #bjaj1 #bjac1 #bjad2 expressed by abl4 of gerundive construction or gerund1 #bbff2 expressed by partic41 #bbie1 #acag2 otherwise expressed1 #acag4 ,cease1 verbs meaning1 with infin41 #bafi4 ,change1 in characters of alphabet1 #ag1 #ai1 #ba1 #be2 in sound of vowels1 #ie-ade2 in sound of diphthongs1 #ie-aja2 in sound of consonants1 #adf-agd2 see ,substitution1 ,development1 ,disappearance1 ,assimilation1 ,dissimilation1 ,interchange1 ,lengthening1 ,shortening1 ,weakening1 ,hiatus1 ,contraction1 ,elision1 ,affinities4 ,characteristic1 rel4 sentences of1 #ahah-ahbc4 ,charge1 gen4 of1 #abhj-abhb4 ,choliambus1 #beig-bfjj4 ,choosing1 verbs of1 with two accusatives1 #aafg2 with pred4 abl41 #acfc4 ,choriambic rhythms1 #bgjg4 ,choriambus1 #beba4 ,circumflex accent1 #agd-agg4 ,circumstances1 expressed by abl4 abs41 #acfb1 #acfe2 by abl4 of gerundive construction or gerund1 #bbff4 ,cities1 see ,towns4 ,claudus1 trochaic tetrameter1 #bfci-bfda4 ,clause1 defined1 #ajee2 subst4 in apposition to1 #ajha2 see ,sentence1 ,subordinate4 ,clausula1 #becf4 ,climax1 asyndeton in1 #afci2 introduced by vr1 #afhd4 ,cognate1 see ,kindred4 ,coincident action1 defined1 #agcc2 introduced by qu1 #ahbf2 introduced by quod1 quia1 #ahej2 introduced by cum1 #ahfd1 #ahgd2 introduced by dum1 #aiih4 ,collectives1 defined1 #f2 suffixes forming1 #bbh1 #bdi2 with sing4 and plur4 verb1 #ajga1 #ajhj2 with plur4 subst41 #ajhj2 words denoting person used as1 #ajii2 used in abl4 with ab1 #adgg4 ,colon1 #becb4 ,combination1 of sentences1 #ajee2 of substs4 by a prep41 #adbf-adbh2 of different copulatives1 #affb-afff4 ,command1 acc4 in1 #aaej2 intimated by question1 #aeca2 expressed by subjv41 #aedg-aeeb2 expressed by imper41 #aega-aehf2 accompanied by voc4 or voc4 nom41 #aega2 expressed by fut41 #afbd2 introduced by proinde1 proin1 #baeg2 verbs of1 case with1 #aaha-aahe2 subjv4 coordinated with verbs of1 #agjh2 verbs of1 with purpose clause1 #aiej2 verbs of1 with acc4 and infin41 #bbjj-bbjb4 ,common1 names1 defined1 #e2 quantity1 definition and sign of1 #cj2 gender1 nouns of1 #daj4 ,comparative1 of adjectives1 diminutive formed from stem of1 #cdj2 formed from stems and roots1 #cdb2 stem of1 #cdf1 #dgj2 suffixes of1 #cdf-cdh2 doubled suffix of1 #cdh2 lacking1 #ceh1 #cfj2 formed by magis1 #cfj2 declension and case forms of1 #fba-fbc1 #ejc1 #eje1 #ejg2 used as adverbs1 #gja2 of adverbs1 ending of1 #cfa1 #cfc1 #cfd2 lacking1 #cfd4 ,use of1 #adee-adfd2 general function of1 #adee2 used in comparison of adjs4 and advs41 #adeg1 #adeh2 combined with a positive1 #adeh2 modified by abl4 of difference1 #acic1 #adei2 modified by acc41 #acih2 expressing disproportion1 #adfj1 #adfa2 in neg4 sentence1 for superl41 #adfb2 emphasized by magis1 #adfc2 modified by aequ1 #adfc2 with abl41 for positive1 #adfd2 strengthening a superl41 #adfh2 agreeing with a rel41 #ahaj2 followed by quam1 quam ut1 quam qu1 #ahif2 qu of purpose with1 #aigd2 followed by quasi1 #babb2 followed by abl4 of gerundive construction1 #bbfh2 double1 with quam 4 4 4 tam1 #ahic2 with quant 4 4 4 tant1 #aigc4 ,sentence1 defined1 #agaf2 with ut1 coordinated member equivalent to1 #agjd2 quisquam and llus in1 #bdjb2 period of equality1 tam 4 4 4 quam1 c4 in1 #ahhi1 #ahie2 of inequality1 #ahid2 with qu and e1 #aigc4 ,comparison1 of adjs41 #cdb-cfj2 in -ior1 issimus1 #cdc2 of adjs4 in -ilis1 #cde1 #cei2 of adjs4 in -er1 #cdd2 with superl4 in -rimus1 #cdd1 #cej2 with superl4 in -limus1 #cde1 #cej2 with superl4 in -timus1 #cea2 with superl4 in -mus or -imus1 #ceb2 with compar4 in -er or -er1 #cdg1 #cdh2 with compar4 and superl4 from different forms of same stem or from different stems1 #cec-cee2 without positive1 #cef1 #ceg2 without compar41 #ceh2 without superl41 #cei2 with magis and maxim1 #cfj2 not admitted1 #cfj4 ,of adverbs1 #cfa-cfd2 with superl4 in -d1 #cfb2 with superl4 in - or -um1 #cfb2 without positive1 #cfc2 without compar41 #cfd2 without superl41 #cfd4 ,of participles1 #bbhd4 ,use of degrees of1 #aded-adfh1 see ,positive1 ,comparative1 ,superlative4 ,ablative of1 #acbj-accj2 atque1 et in1 #afec1 #afed2 periods of1 with quam1 #ahhh-ahih2 with tamquam1 #aijh-aiaj2 conditional periods of1 #baag-babb4 ,compensation1 #aba4 ,complement1 the essential1 defined1 #aagg2 the essential1 uses of1 #aahj-abjd2 the optional1 defined1 #aagh2 the optional1 uses of1 #abje-abah2 see ,dative4 ,complementary1 dat41 see ,dative2 final clauses1 #aidh-aifj2 consecutive clauses1 #aidh1 #aife-aifi2 infin41 #bafh-baga1 #bbbc-bbbe1 #aiec4 ,completed1 action1 tenses of1 #afjc1 #afje1 #afad1 #afbf1 #bbah4 ,complex1 sentence1 defined1 #ajeh2 varieties of1 #ajeh-ajfa2 treated1 #agad-babb1 see ,sentence4 ,composition1 treated1 #cgf-cif2 of nouns1 #cgi-cij2 real compounds1 #cgi-che2 apparent compounds1 #chf-cij2 of verbs1 #cia-cif2 real compounds1 #cia1 #cib1 #gij2 apparent compounds1 #cic-cif1 #gij2 verb with verb1 #cid2 subst4 with verb1 #cie2 adv4 with verb1 #cif2 of partic41 #bbhd4 ,compound1 words1 defined1 #aha2 containing mute or f followed by l or r1 #agh2 direct1 defined1 #cgg2 indirect1 defined1 #cgg2 real1 defined1 #cgh2 apparent1 defined1 #cgh2 determinative1 defined1 #chb-chd2 objective1 defined1 #chd2 possess41 defined1 #che2 compound formative suffixes1 defined1 #bjj2 compound verbs1 with stem differing from simple1 #hba-hbc2 perf4 of1 #hbc2 reduplication in1 #hfj1 #hfa2 forms of1 #ibb-ajbj2 cases with1 #aacg1 #aach1 #aahg1 #aaia1 #aaid-aaii1 #abji2 formation of1 #adjb-adji2 compound sentence1 defined1 #ajef2 abridged1 #ajeg2 treated1 #afcf-agac2 see ,sentence1 ,composition4 ,compounds1 of dc1 dc1 accent of1 #hh2 of roots fac-1 ag-1 cap-1 #cgj2 of faci1 accent of1 #cid2 of faci1 form of1 #cid2 in -cola and -gena1 gen4 plur4 of1 #dci2 in -fer and -ger1 decl4 of1 #ded1 #faf2 of d1 #gef1 #geg2 of e1 #gfc-gfg2 of ed1 #gga2 in -f and -ficior1 #gij2 of dc1 imper4 of1 #hdf2 of ne1 #addd1 #adde2 changes within1 #agd4 ,conative1 use of verb1 #bcja-bcjc4 ,conceivable1 action1 subjv4 of1 in main sentence1 #aeed-aefb2 in subordinate sentence1 #agca2 tense of1 in subordinate sentence1 #agec2 in rel4 characteristic or result sentences1 #ahah2 in quam sentences1 #ahhh1 #ahif2 in quamquam sentences1 #aija2 in sentences of result with ut1 #aidg2 in sentences of purpose with ut1 #aifb2 with dum1 dnec1 quoad1 quamdi1 #aiid2 in sentences with quand1 #bjaj4 ,concession1 expressed by abl4 abs41 #acfg2 expressed by subjv4 of desire1 #aeec2 expressed by imper41 #aega2 expressed by fut41 #afbj2 coordinated member equivalent to clause of1 #agjb1 #agaj2 rel4 sentences of1 #ahbd-ahcj2 expressed by sentence with quod1 #ahdc2 expressed by sentence with quamquam1 #aijj2 expressed by sentence with quamvs1 #aijd2 expressed by sentence with quamlibet1 #aijg2 expressed by sentence with ut1 n1 #aifc2 expressed by sentence with ets1 tamets1 c41 #baaf2 expressed by partic41 #bbie2 ille 7quidem71 hc1 is1 iste in1 #bcfa4 ,concessive1 sentences1 defined1 #agaf2 tense of1 after secondary1 #agef2 cum1 #ahgf-ahhj2 ut 4 4 4 ita1 sc1 #aich2 protases1 #baaf2 conjunctions and advs41 use of1 #bacc1 #baej-baec4 ,conclusion1 introduced by erg1 itaque1 igitur1 #baeh2 see ,conditional4 ,concrete1 substs41 defined1 #e4 ,condemning1 verbs of1 with gen41 #abhj-abhb2 with abl41 #abhj-abhb2 with quod1 #aheb4 ,conditional1 sentences1 defined1 #agaf2 subjv4 of ind4 disc4 and attraction in1 #agbb2 subjv4 of repeated action in1 #agcj2 wish in form of1 with s1 s1 #aedf2 unchanged after primary tense1 #agec2 with s1 s frte1 for indirect question1 #aggg2 rel4 sentences equivalent to1 #ahab2 cum sentences equivalent to1 #ahei2 expressed by ut1 n 4 4 4 sc1 proviso1 #aifd4 ,periods1 #bjaf-bjba2 development of1 #bjaf2 words introducing prot41 #bjai-bjba2 classes of1 #bjbb-bjbd4 ,indeterminate protases1 #bjbe-bjij2 indic4 use1 #bjbe-bjga4 ,present indicative in prot41 #bjbf-bjcc2 with apod4 in pres4 indic41 #bjbf2 with apod4 in perf4 indic41 #bjbg2 with apod4 in impf4 indic41 #bjbh2 with apod4 in plup4 indic41 #bjbi2 with apod4 in fut41 #bjcj2 with apod4 in fut4 perf41 #bjca2 with apod4 in imper41 #bjcb2 with apod4 in pres4 subjv41 #bjcc4 ,perfect indicative in prot41 #bjcd-bjda2 with apod4 in pres4 indic41 #bjcd2 with apod4 in perf4 indic41 #bjce2 with apod4 in plup4 indic41 #bjcf2 with apod4 in fut41 #bjcg2 with apod4 in imper41 #bjch2 with apod4 in pres4 subjv41 #bjci2 with apod4 in impf4 subjv41 #bjdj2 with apod4 in plup4 subjv41 #bjda4 ,imperfect indicative in prot41 #bjdb-bjdg2 with apod4 in pres4 indic41 #bjdb2 with apod4 in perf4 indic41 #bjdc2 with apod4 in impf4 indic41 #bjdd2 with apod4 in fut41 #bjde2 with apod4 in pres4 subjv41 #bjdf2 with apod4 in impf4 subjv41 #bjdg4 ,pluperfect indicative in prot41 #bjdh-bjea2 with apod4 in pres4 indic41 #bjdh2 with apod4 in perf4 indic41 #bjdi2 with apod4 in impf4 indic41 #bjej2 with apod4 in impf4 subjv41 #bjea4 ,future in prot41 #bjeb-bjeh2 with apod4 in pres4 indic41 #bjeb2 with apod4 in perf4 indic41 #bjec2 with apod4 in fut41 #bjed2 with apod4 in fut4 perf41 #bjee2 with apod4 in imper41 #bjef2 with apod4 in pres4 subjv41 #bjeg2 with apod4 in perf4 subjv41 #bjeh4 ,future perfect in prot41 #bjei-bjfd2 with apod4 in pres4 indic41 #bjei2 with apod4 in perf4 indic41 #bjfj2 with apod4 in fut41 #bjfa2 with apod4 in fut4 perf41 #bjfb2 with apod4 in imper41 #bjfc2 with apod4 in pres4 subjv41 #bjfd4 ,general1 #bjcd1 #bjce1 #bjdd1 #bjej1 #bjed1 #bjfi-bjga2 special uses1 #bjfe-bjfg2 nn1 s 444 #bjfg2 with mror1 mrum est1 #bjfh2 use of subjv4 for indic41 #bjfi-bjga4 ,indeterminate protases1 subjv4 use1 #bjgb-bjij2 indic4 for subjv4 in expressions of ability1 duty1 c41 #bjgd2 non-occurrent action viewed as occurrent1 #bjge4 ,prot4 in pres4 subjv41 #bjgf-bjhc2 prot4 in perf4 subjv41 #bjhd-bjhh2 apod4 in pres4 subjv41 #bjgf1 #bjhd2 apod4 in perf4 subjv41 #bjgg1 #bjhe2 apod4 in pres4 indic41 #bjgh2 apod4 in fut41 #bjgi1 #bjhf2 apod4 in fut4 perf41 #bjhj2 apod4 in periphrastic1 #bjha1 #bjhg2 apod4 in impf4 subjv41 #bjhb1 #bjhh2 apod4 in plup4 subjv41 #bjhc2 conversion to past time1 #bjhi2 periods of exemplification1 #bjed1 #bjij4 ,protases of action non-occurrent1 #bjbd1 #bjia-bajh2 force of tenses1 #bjia-bjic2 prot4 in impf4 subjv41 #bjid-bjig2 prot4 in plup4 subjv41 #bjif1 #bjih-bajg2 periphrastic prot41 #bajh2 apod4 in impf4 subjv41 #bjid1 #bjig1 #bajh2 apod4 in plup4 subjv41 #bjie1 #bjih1 #bajh2 apod4 in pres4 subjv41 #bjih2 periphrastic apod41 #bjif1 #bajj2 apod4 in impf4 indic41 #baja1 #bajb1 #bajd1 #bajf2 apod4 in perf4 indic41 #baja1 #bajc-baje2 apod4 in plup4 indic41 #bajd1 #bajg4 ,variation of prot41 #baji-baaa2 variation of apod41 #baab-baae2 forms which apod4 may take1 #bjah2 coordinated member equivalent to prot41 #aegd1 #agja2 imper4 as prot41 #aegd2 prot4 expressed by abl4 abs41 #bbie2 prot4 expressed by partic41 #bbie2 conditional comparisons1 #baag-babb2 protases in ind4 disc41 #bcbf-bcbi2 apodoses in ind4 disc41 #bccj-bccd2 sentence1 quisquam and llus in1 #bdjb4 ,conjugation1 defined1 #cig2 of sum1 #gdd-gej2 of possum1 #gdd1 #gea-gec2 of d1 #gdd1 #ged-geg2 of bib1 ser1 sist1 #gdd1 #geh2 of inquam1 #gei-gfa2 of e1 #gei1 #gfb-gfg2 of que1 neque1 #gei1 #gfh2 of ed1 #gfi-gga2 of vol1 #ggb-ggd2 of nl1 #ggb1 #gge-ggg2 of ml1 #ggb1 #ggh1 #ggi2 of fer1 #ggb1 #ghj1 #gha2 of verbs in -ere 7third conjug471 #ghb-ghd2 of ai1 #ghe-ghg2 of f1 #ghe1 #ghh-gij2 of verbs in -i1 -ere1 #ghd-gia2 of verbs in -re 7first conjug471 #gib1 #gic2 of verbs in -re 7sec4 conjug471 #gid1 #gie2 of verbs in -re 7fourth conjug471 #gif1 #gig2 of deponent verbs1 #gih-hja2 of periphrastic forms1 #hjb-hjd2 see ,stems1 ,person1 ,formation4 ,conjunctional1 see ,conjunctive4 ,conjunctions1 defined1 #ac2 origin of1 #fif2 copulative1 use of1 #afdd-affa1 #afhg-afib1 #ahha1 #bacc-badi2 combination of different1 #affb-afff2 disjunctive1 use of1 #affg-afge1 #bacc-badi2 adversative1 use of1 #afgf-afhf1 #bacc1 #baej-baec2 postpositive1 #afgf2 quamquam as1 #ahii1 #aijj2 quamvs as1 #aijd1 #aije2 qu1 #aigf2 concessive1 use of1 #bacc1 #baej-baec2 causal and illative1 use of1 #bacc1 #baed-baeh2 affirmative coordination1 #baei2 see ,connectives4 ,conjunctive1 particle sentences1 #ahch-babb2 introduced by quod1 quia1 #ahch-aheh2 by nn quod1 nn qu1 c41 #ahee2 by cum1 #ahei-ahha2 by quoniam1 #ahhb-ahhd2 by quotins1 quotinscumque1 #ahhe-ahhg2 by quam1 #ahhh-ahih2 by quantus1 ut1 #ahib2 by quamquam1 #ahii-aijb2 by quamvs1 #aijc-aijf2 by quamlibet1 #aijg2 by tamquam1 #aijh-aiaj2 by quemadmodum1 #aijh2 by antequam1 priusquam1 #aiaa-aiba2 by prdi quam1 postrdi quam1 #aibb2 by postquam1 ub1 ut1 cum prmum1 #aibc-aicd2 by ut1 ut1 n1 #aice-aigj2 by ub1 #aiga2 by qu1 qu1 #aigb-aigf2 by quant1 #aigc2 by quminus1 #aigg1 #aigh2 by qu stius1 #aigi2 by qun1 #aihj-aiij2 by dum1 dnec1 quoad1 quamdi1 #aiia-bjji2 by modo1 #bjjc2 by quand1 quandque1 #bjaj-bjad2 by s1 nisi1 c41 #bjae-baae2 by ets1 tamets1 tamenets1 etiams1 s1 #baaf2 by quasi1 quam s1 tamquam s1 c41 #baag-babb2 particle sentences1 in ind4 disc41 #bcae1 #bcag1 #bcai4 ,connection1 of the parts of sentence1 #afcf-afib2 of sentences or periods1 #babc-baei2 relationship1 c41 words of1 with gen41 #abjc4 ,connectives1 compound sentence without1 #afcf-afdb2 separate sentences or periods without1 #babd-babg2 relatives as1 #baca2 demonstrative and determinative words as1 #babi1 #bacj2 concessive words as1 #baej-baec2 disjunctive words as1 #affg-afge1 #bacd-badi2 copulative words as1 #afdd-affa1 #bacd-badi2 adversative words as1 #afgf-afhf1 #baej-baec2 other words than conjunctions as1 #afhg-afib2 causal words as1 #baed-baeh2 illative words as1 #baed-baeh2 affirmative coordination1 #baei4 ,consecutive1 sentences1 defined1 #agaf2 tense of1 after secondary1 #ageg-agei2 complementary1 #aidh1 #aife-aifi2 pure1 #aidh1 #aigj4 ,consonants1 cons4 and vowel i and u1 #bb-bh2 x a double cons41 how sounded1 #gj2 x makes long syllable1 #agg2 doubled cons41 how written and how pronounced1 #hj2 doubled1 never ends a word1 #agg2 doubled1 makes long syllable1 #agg2 pronunciation of1 #ec-gb2 classification of the consonants1 #gc-gi2 consonant changes1 #adf-agd1 see ,substitution1 ,development1 ,disappearance1 ,assimilation1 ,dissimilation1 ,interchange2 mute or f followed by l or r1 how affecting preceding short vowel1 #agh2 cons4 roots1 defined1 #ahh2 cons4 stems of substs41 decl4 of1 #dfg-eab1 see ,declension2 cons4 stems of substs41 general rules of gender of1 #egj-ehd2 cons4 stems of adjs41 decl4 of1 #fba-fbf1 #dfg-eab4 ,see also ,glides4 ,contempt1 expressed by diminutives1 #bfi2 expressed by nesci quid1 c41 #aghi2 expressed by hc1 #bcej2 expressed by iste1 #bceg2 expressed by homo1 #bcfe2 expressed by qudam1 #bcic4 ,continued action1 tenses of1 #aehg1 #aeid1 #afai1 #bbah2 with cum1 #ahfd1 #ahfe2 see ,incomplete action4 ,continuants or ,continuous1 sounds1 defined1 #gd2 classified1 #gd2 subst4 stems in1 decl4 of1 #dha-dic4 ,contraction1 of vowels1 #aae1 #aah2 of verb forms1 #hhe-hic2 in versification1 #beah4 ,contrary to fact1 see ,non-occurrent4 ,contrasts1 asyndeton in1 #afdj2 introduced by et1 #badj2 hc and ille in1 #bceb2 ipse in1 #bcgd1 #bcge4 ,convicting1 verbs of1 with gen41 #abhj-abhb2 with abl41 #abhj-abhb4 ,coordination1 of sentences1 #ajee-ajfj1 #afcf2 asyndetic1 #afcg-afdb2 constructions1 history of1 #afic-afie1 #agje1 #agjf1 #agdj1 #aieg2 treated1 #afcf-afib2 without connective1 #afcf-afdb2 with copulative conjunctions1 #afdc-afff2 with disjunctive conjunctions1 #affg-afge2 with adversative conjunctions1 #afgf-afhf2 with other words as connectives1 #afhg-afib2 intermediate coordinate sentence1 treated1 #afic-agac2 coordination instead of acc4 and infin41 #afif2 question or exclamation in1 #afig2 instead of rel4 sentence1 #afih2 instead of temporal expression1 #afii2 instead of result clause1 #agjj2 instead of condition1 #agja1 #baaj2 instead of concessive clause1 #agjb2 instead of causal clause1 #agjc2 instead of compar4 clause with ut1 #agjd2 subjv4 of desire in1 #agje2 n in1 #agjf2 with verbs of wishing1 #agjg2 with verbs of request1 exhortation1 command1 c41 #agjh2 with oportet1 optumum est1 c41 #agji2 with permitt1 concd1 sin1 licet1 #agaj2 with cav1 c41 #agaa2 with cedo1 d1 persude1 cr1 fac1 c41 #agab2 with verbs in general1 #agac2 of questions1 #aghg2 of imper41 #aghg1 #agaj-agab2 of rel4 sentence with subst41 adj41 or partic41 #ahbj2 of rel4 sentences1 #ahcb1 #ahcc2 affirmative1 #baei2 expressed by quamquam1 ets1 tamets1 #baec2 expressed by quippe1 #afij4 ,copulative1 words1 use of1 #afdd-affa1 #afhg-afib1 #ahha1 #bacc-badi2 combination of different1 #affb-afff4 ,correlative1 prons41 table of1 #fie1 #ahca2 advs41 table of1 #gaa1 #ahca2 sentences1 #ahca2 idcirc1 ide1 c41 #ahee1 #aheh2 quoniam 4 4 4 continu1 c41 #ahhc2 quotins 4 4 4 totins1 c41 #ahhf2 quam 4 4 4 tam1 c41 #ahhi1 #ahij2 tamquam 4 4 4 sc1 ita1 #aijh2 ut 4 4 4 ita1 item1 c41 #aicg2 adversative1 ut 4 4 4 ita1 sc1 #aich2 conditional1 ut1 n 4 4 4 sc1 #aifd2 tantus 4 4 4 ut1 c41 #aigj2 qu 4 4 4 e1 hc1 #aigc2 quant 4 4 4 tant1 #aigc2 dum 4 4 4 subit1 repente1 iam1 c41 #aiie2 dum1 c41 444 tamdi1 c41 #aiii2 dum1 c41 444 usque1 c41 #bjjd2 quand 4 4 4 tum1 #bjaa2 sc 4 4 4 s1 #bjae2 s 4 4 4 igitur1 c41 #bjah1 #bjfg2 ets1 c4 444 tamen1 #baaf2 lacking in apod41 #ahij1 #aicg4 ,correption1 #beag4 ,costing1 verbs of1 with gen41 #abgd2 with abl41 #achh-acib4 ,countries1 names of1 in plur41 #aajg2 in acc4 with expressions of motion1 #aafa2 used adjectively1 #abcc2 abl4 of1 attached to a subst41 #acji2 denoting place from which1 #acji1 #acaj2 place in or at which1 #accf1 #acdg4 ,cretic1 defined1 #beba2 rhythms1 #bfia-bfig4 ,curses1 duim1 c4 in1 #gef4 ,customary1 action1 expressed by pres41 #aehh2 expressed by impf41 #aeif4 ,cyclic feet1 #bebc4 ,dactyl1 defined1 #beba2 cyclic1 #bebc4 ,dactylic1 rhythms1 #beee-behj2 hexameter1 #beef-befi2 pentameter1 #begj-begf2 tetrameter acatalectic1 #begg2 tetrameter catalectic1 #begh2 trimeter catalectic1 #begi4 ,dactylo-trochaic rhythms1 #bfge-bfha4 ,danger1 expressions of1 with ut1 n clauses1 #aieg1 #aieh4 ,dates1 expressed by abl41 #acjg2 expressed by loc41 #acjg1 #acca2 cardinals and ordinals in1 #bdai2 marked by names of consuls1 #bdai4 ,dative case1 defined1 #dai2 plur41 how formed1 #dbh2 lacking1 see ,defective1 substantives1 lacking cases4 -- stems1 in -1 #fah-fbj1 #fef1 #fic2 in -eis1 #ddj1 #ddc2 in -s for -is1 #ddj2 in -s and -s1 #dda2 in -bus1 #ddb2 inscriptional forms1 #ddc2 ,greek nouns1 #ddd4 -o- stems1 in -1 #fah-fbj1 #fef1 #fic2 in -s1 -s1 -s1 #deh2 in -bus1 #dfd2 inscriptional forms1 #dfe2 ,greek nouns1 #dff4 ,consonant stems1 in -1 #eja1 #ejg2 inscriptional forms1 #ejg2 ,greek nouns1 #ejh-eab4 -i- stems1 inscriptional forms1 #efd2 ,greek nouns1 #efe4 -u- stems1 in -ubus1 #eib2 inscriptional forms1 #eic4 -- stems1 in -1 #fjb1 #fjf2 in -1 #fjf2 sing41 of rs1 fids1 #afj1 #fjb4 ,pronouns1 peculiar and inscriptional forms1 of ego1 t1 su1 #fea2 of meus1 tuus1 suus1 #fec1 #fed2 of hc1 #ffc-ffe2 of ille1 iste1 #ffg1 #ffh2 of illic1 istic1 #fgj2 of is1 #fgb-fgd1 #afj2 of dem1 #fgg1 #fgh2 of qu1 quis1 #fhh1 #fij4 ,uses of1 #aage-abbe2 general1 #aage-aagi4 ,the complementary1 #aahj-abah2 as essential complement1 #aahj-abjd2 as optional complement1 #abje-abah2 made subj4 in pass41 #adhj1 #aaha2 with verbs of intrans4 use denoting state1 disposition1 feeling1 quality1 #aaha1 #aahd1 #aahe2 with sum and a pred4 noun1 #aahc2 with verbs of union1 contention1 difference1 #aahf1 #aceg2 with verbs combined with adversum1 obviam1 praest1 bene1 male1 satis1 #aahg2 with verbs of intrans4 use compounded with a prep41 #aahh-aaia2 with verbs of trans4 use1 #aaib2 with verbs of trans4 use compounded with a prep41 #aaid-aaii2 with adjs41 #abjj-abjd2 with verbs of trans4 or intrans4 use to denote person or thing interested1 benefited1 harmed1 #abje1 #acae2 with similis1 #abjd2 with interjections1 #abjf2 with sentences1 #abjg2 with verbs denoting warding off1 robbing1 ridding1 #abji2 with verbs of motion1 #abaj2 emotional1 #abaa2 of possessor1 #abab-abaf1 #adgh1 #baha1 #bbdc2 with compounds of sum1 #abab2 with mih est nmen1 c41 #abac1 #abad2 of the doer of an action1 #abae1 #abaf1 #adgh1 #baha1 #bbdc2 of relation1 #abag1 #abah4 ,the predicative1 #abai-abbd2 of tendency or result1 #abai-abbb2 with verbs of considering or accounting1 #abbb2 of purpose or intention1 #abbc-abbe4 ,double1 #abac1 #abad1 #abai-abbe2 combined with acc41 #aaii1 #abja1 #abad1 #abba1 #abbd2 combined with nom41 #abac1 #abad1 #abba1 #abbd2 attached to subst41 #aahc1 #abjh1 #abbe2 used with cnscius1 #abfe2 with rfert1 #abgh2 with impersonal verbs in pass41 #aaha2 pred4 noun in1 #bbad2 of gerundive construction and gerund1 #bbed-bbeg2 supine in - as1 #bbfi2 following supine in -um1 #bbgb2 with dem1 #bcgc4 ,decasyllabic ,alcaic1 #bffc4 ,declarations1 neg4 adv4 in1 #addc2 indic4 used in1 #adic2 verbal expressions denoting ability1 duty1 propriety1 necessity1 c4 in1 #adie-adig2 confounded with questions and exclamations1 #aejb2 subjv4 used in1 #aedj-aefb2 expressed by indic4 in rel4 sentence1 #ahac2 expressed by quod1 #ahch4 ,declarative1 sentence1 defined1 #ajbe2 in ind4 disc41 mood of1 #bcab4 ,declension1 defined1 #cig4 ,substantives1 #dcb-fjg2 -- stems1 #dcb-dde2 -- stems1 ,greek nouns1 #ddd1 #dde2 -o- stems1 #ddf-dff2 -o- stems1 ,greek nouns1 #dff2 cons4 stems1 #dfg-eab2 guttural mute stems 7-g-1 -c-71 #dga-dgc2 lingual mute stems 7-d-1 -t-71 #dgd-dgh2 labial mute stems 7-b-1 -p-71 #dgi1 #dhj2 stems in -l-1 -n-1 #dha-dhf2 stems in -r-1 -s-1 #dhg-dic2 stems in -u- or -v-1 #did2 cons4 stems1 ,greek nouns1 #ejh-eab2 case endings of cons4 stems1 #die-ejg1 see ,nominative1 c42 -i- stems1 #eac-efi2 parisyllables with nom4 in -is1 #eag-ebb2 parisyllables with nom4 in -s1 #ebc1 #ebd2 parisyllables with stems in -bri-1 -cri-1 -tri-1 #ebe2 parisyllabic neuters with nom4 in -e1 #ebf-ebh2 imparisyllables with stem in -ci-1 #eca2 imparisyllables with stem in -di-1 #ecb2 imparisyllables with stem in -ti-1 #ecc2 imparisyllables with stem in -bi-1 #ecd2 imparisyllables with stem in -pi-1 #ece2 imparisyllables with stem in -li-1 #ecf2 imparisyllables with stem in -ri-1 #ecg1 #ech2 imparisyllables with stem in -si-1 #eci2 -i- stems1 ,greek nouns1 #efe2 case endings of -i- stems1 #edj-efd1 see ,nominative1 c42 -u- stems1 #ehe-eie2 -- stems1 #eif-fjg4 ,adjectives1 #fje-fdc1 #dcb-efi2 stems in -o- and -- 7#8three endings'71 #fac-fbj1 #dcb-dff2 cons4 stems of #8two endings' 7the compar471 #fba-fbc1 #ejc1 #eje1 #ejg2 cons4 stems of #8one ending1' #fbd-fbf1 #dfg-eab1 #efa2 -i- stems1 #fbg-fcf1 #ebi-efi2 adjs4 used as substs41 #eeh1 #efa2 numeral adjs41 #fcg-fdc4 ,present participles1 #fcb1 #fcc1 #efj1 #efb-efd4 ,pronouns1 #fdd-fid2 personal1 #fdd-fea2 reflexive1 #fdd-fea2 possess41 #feb-fee2 demonstrative1 #fef-fgj2 determinative1 #fef-fei1 #fga-fge2 of identity1 #fef-fei1 #fgf-fgh2 intensive1 #fef-fei1 #fgi1 #fhj2 rel41 interrogative1 indef41 #fef-fei1 #fha-fid4 ,see ,gender1 ,number1 ,case4 ,decreeing1 see ,resolve4 ,defective1 substs41 in number1 #daf1 #dag1 see also #dgg1 #dhi1 #dic1 #eah1 #ebc1 #ebd1 #ecd1 #ede2 words of #dth decl41 no sing41 #ehh2 words of #eth decl41 no plur41 #eig1 #fjj2 in case1 #dcj2 cases lacking in #crd decl41 #dgc-ede2 cases lacking in #dth decl41 #ehh2 cases lacking in #eth decl41 #eig1 #fjj1 #fjd-fjg2 adjs41 in number1 #fbc2 in case1 #dcj1 #dca1 #cef2 cases lacking in cons4 stems1 #dgb1 #fbc-fbf2 cases lacking in -i- stems1 #eca-ecg1 #fbg1 #fcd-fcf2 in comparison1 #cef-cfj2 advs41 in comparison1 #cfc1 #cfd2 prons41 in case1 #fib2 verbs1 #hje-hag1 #ijj1 #ije1 #ijg1 #ibb-ajai4 ,defining1 acc41 #aadj-aadf1 #aagc1 #adge4 ,definite1 perf41 use of1 #afjb1 #afje-afac2 sequence of1 #agag1 #aged2 see ,perfect4 ,time1 in cum sentences1 #ahfa-ahfg2 in sentences with ub1 ut1 simul atque1 #aicc1 #aicd4 ,definition1 gen4 of1 #abee-abei2 perf4 subjv4 in1 with antequam1 #aiac4 ,degree1 denoted by advs41 #adch2 of comparison1 see ,comparison2 of difference1 see ,difference4 ,delaying1 verbs of1 with qun1 #aihf2 see ,hindering4 ,deliberating1 verbs of1 with indirect question1 #aggd4 ,deliberation1 questions of1 in pres4 ind41 #aeca2 in fut41 #aeca1 #afbc2 in subjv41 #aefc2 in subordinate sentence1 #agca2 tense of1 in secondary sentence1 #agec2 in indirect question1 #aghf1 #aggd4 ,demanding1 verbs of1 with two accusatives1 #aafi-aaga2 with acc4 and prepositional phrase1 #aagj2 with acc4 and infin41 #baid4 ,demonstrative1 prons41 decl4 of1 #fef-fgj2 agreement of1 #ajie-ajih1 see ,agreement2 with a compar41 #acbf2 omitted in rel4 sentence1 #agih2 as connectives1 #babh-bacj2 correlative prons41 #ahca2 use of hc1 #bcdg-bcee2 use of iste1 #bcef1 #bceg2 use of ille1 #bceh-bcfd2 see hc1 c42 advs41 #gaa4 ,denominative1 defined1 #aih2 substs41 #bdf-bgi1 #bbf1 #bbg1 #bcb2 adjs41 #bih-cfj1 #bhg2 verbs1 formation of1 #cfe-cge1 #hci1 #hdj2 inflection of1 #gib-gig2 list of1 #ihg-ajbb2 see ,verbs1 ,formation4 ,dentals1 #gg2 stems1 #dgd-dgh4 ,dependent1 see ,subordinate4 ,deponents1 defined1 #gbe1 #adhf2 imper4 of1 #big1 #gca2 prin4 parts of1 #gce2 how designated1 #gcf1 #gcg2 inflection of1 #gih-hja2 in -i1 list of1 #igg-ihf2 act4 forms of1 #gih2 with act4 and pass4 endings1 #hjj1 #adhh1 #adhi2 semi-deponents1 #hja1 #adhh2 perf4 partic4 of1 with act4 and pass4 meaning1 #ijg1 #acfd1 #adib2 with reflexive1 pass41 or reciprocal force1 #adhg2 with pass4 meaning1 #adij2 pass4 of1 how expressed1 #adia2 perf4 with pres4 force1 #bbhj4 ,deprive1 verbs meaning1 with abl41 #acjb-acjf4 ,descending rhythms1 #bebh4 ,descriptions1 impf4 in1 #aeii2 asyndeton in1 #afci2 in indic4 in rel4 sentence1 #ahac2 expressed by abl4 abs41 #acfg2 expressed by partic41 #bbie4 ,desiderative1 verbs1 definition and formation of1 #cge2 defective1 #haj4 ,desire1 subjv4 of1 #aedj-aeec2 in coordination1 #agje-agac2 in rel4 sentences of purpose1 #ahag2 in sentences with potius quam1 c41 #ahig2 in sentences of purpose with ut1 #aidg2 in sentences with dum1 #bjje4 ,verbs of1 with gen41 #abhf2 with purpose clause1 #aiej2 with acc4 and infin41 #bahi-baib1 #bbbh4 ,see ,wish1 ,wishing1 ,desirous4 ,desirous1 adjs4 meaning1 gen4 with1 #abfc1 #abfd4 ,determinative1 compounds1 defined and classified1 #chb-chd4 ,pronouns41 decl4 of1 #fef-fei1 #fga-fge2 agreement of1 #ajid-ajih1 see ,agreement2 omitted in rel4 sentence1 #agih2 as connectives1 #babh-bacj2 correlative prons41 #ahca2 use and force of1 #bcfe-bcgj1 #bcfa2 see is4 ,adverbs1 #gaa4 ,development1 of vowel before cons41 #agb2 of vowel between consonants1 #agb2 of cons41 #afg2 p between m and s1 m and t1 #afg4 ,diaeresis1 defined1 #bedb1 #bedc2 bucolic1 #beei4 ,dialysis1 #beja4 ,diastol1 #beje4 ,dicolic verses1 #bece4 ,difference1 verbs of1 case with1 #aahf2 amount of1 abl4 of1 #acic-acii1 #aaec1 #aaed1 #adei1 see ,extent2 qu 4 4 4 e1 #aigc4 ,difficult1 adjs4 meaning1 with supine in -1 #bbgd4 ,diiambus1 defined1 #bebb4 ,dimeter1 defined1 #becf2 iambic1 #bfag-bfbc2 trochaic1 #bfdc-bfdf2 anapaestic1 #bfhg-bfhi2 cretic1 #bfig2 bacchiac1 #bgjd4 ,diminutive1 substs41 suffixes forming1 #bfg-bgh2 meanings of1 #bfg-bgj2 gender of1 #bgj2 adjs41 #cci1 #cdj2 formed from compar4 stems1 #cdj2 advs41 #cda4 ,diphthongs1 defined1 #dg2 the1 #di2 origin of1 #dh1 #abj2 pronunciation of1 #di1 #ej2 quantity of1 #dg1 #abe2 quantity of1 before a vowel1 #abe2 ei in inscriptions to denote 1 #bi1 #b4 ,diphthong1 #ie-aja2 change of au1 #ig2 change of ou1 #ajj2 change of eu1 #aja2 change of ai1 ae1 #if2 change of a1 #aah1 #b2 change of oi1 oe1 #ii2 change of ei1 #ih1 #gfd1 #ghi4 ,dipody1 defined1 #beca2 iambic1 #bfbd2 trochaic1 #bfdi2 logaoedic1 #bfee-bfeh4 ,direct1 compound1 defined1 #cgg1 see ,composition2 quotation1 #agbc1 see ,quotations2 discourse1 defined1 #bcjh2 question1 see ,questions4 ,direction1 expressed by subjv41 #aedg-aeea2 introduced by ut1 ut1 n1 c41 #aedg2 expressed by fut41 #afbd2 verbs of1 subjv4 coordinated with1 #agjh2 introduced by proinde1 proin1 #baeg4 ,disadvantage1 dat4 of1 #aagh1 #abje-abaj4 ,disappearance1 of vowel1 #aaj-aac2 initial1 #aab2 medial1 #aaa2 final1 #aac2 of cons41 #afh-aga2 initial1 #afi2 medial1 #agj1 #fei2 final1 #aga1 #dbf1 #fdh1 #gje4 ,disapprobation1 questions of1 #aeff-aefi2 expressed by infin41 #bbaf4 ,disjunctive1 words1 use of1 #affg-afge1 #bacc-badi4 ,displeasing1 expressions of1 case with1 #aaha-aahe4 ,dispondee1 #bebb4 ,disproportion1 expressed by positive1 #aded2 expressed by compar41 #adfj1 #adfa2 compar4 denoting1 followed by quam1 quam ut1 quam qu1 #ahif4 ,dissimilation1 of l to r1 to avoid repetition of a liquid1 #agc1 #a2 by dropping a sound1 #agc1 #b4 ,distance1 designations of1 abl4 of intervllum and spatium in1 #acii2 see ,space1 ,time4 ,distich1 defined1 #bede2 elegiac1 #begc4 ,distress1 mental1 verbs of1 with gen41 #abhc-abhf2 with loc4 and abl41 #acci1 #acdd4 ,distributive1 numerals1 suffix of1 #cag2 decl4 of1 #fdc2 list of1 #bdjd1 #bdje2 some forms of1 #bdah2 uses of1 #bdbj-bdbb2 words1 with plur4 subst41 #ajhj2 with sing4 and plur4 verb1 #ajhj4 ,disyllabic1 preps41 position of1 #adcd2 perfects and perf4 partic41 quantity of penult vowel of1 #bdcd-bdcf4 ,ditrochee1 #bebb4 ,doer1 of action1 expressed by dat41 #abae1 #abaf1 #adgh1 #baha1 #bbdc2 expressed by abl4 with ab1 #acah1 #adgf1 #adgg1 #bbdc2 expressed by abl4 alone1 #acai1 #adgg4 ,doing1 verbs of1 with quod1 quia1 introducing coincident action1 #ahej2 with qu1 #ahbf2 with cum1 #ahgd4 ,double1 questions1 see ,alternative2 class1 of rhythms1 #bebg4 ,doubt1 questions of1 in pres4 indic41 #aeca2 in fut41 #aeca1 #afbc2 in subjv41 #aefc2 in subordinate sentence1 #agca2 tense of1 in subordinate sentence1 #agec2 in indirect question1 #aghf2 fortasse1 c41 and subjv41 #aeed2 verbs of1 loc4 and abl4 with1 #acci1 #acdd2 indirect question with1 #aggd2 with qun1 #aihf4 ,dreading1 verbs of1 with gen41 #abhf4 ,dual1 #dae4 ,dubitative1 see ,appeal4 ,duration1 of time1 denoted by acc41 #aaea-aaef1 #adge2 acc4 of1 combined with a second acc41 #aagd2 denoted by abl41 #acee4 ,duty1 verbal expressions of1 in indic41 #adie-adig2 in conditional periods1 #bjgd1 #baja4 ,easy1 adjs4 meaning1 cases with1 #abjj2 with gerundive construction or gerund1 #bbeb2 with supine in -1 #bbgd4 ,ecthlipsis1 #bdic4 ,effect1 suffixes denoting1 #bac1 #bag1 #bbd1 #bda4 ,effort1 see ,striving4 ,elegiac distich1 #begc4 ,elegiambus1 #bfhj1 #bfha4 ,elision1 within a word1 #aae1 #aai2 between words1 #bdha-bdie2 at end of verse1 #becc1 #befh4 ,emotion1 verbs of1 with quod1 quia1 #ahea2 with cum1 #ahea1 #ahge2 with acc4 and infin41 #bahg1 #bahh1 #bahd2 with perf4 infin41 #bbca4 ,emotional dative1 #abaa4 ,emphasizing1 acc41 #aadj-aadf1 #aagc1 #adge4 ,enclitics1 the1 #ic2 defined1 #ic2 accent of1 #ic2 quantity of1 #bdcc2 -met1 #fej1 #fee2 -pte1 #fee2 -ce1 #ffb1 #ffc1 #ffi1 #fgj1 #bjae2 dum1 with imper41 #aegc1 #aiib2 at end of verse1 #befh2 see -que1 c4 ,end1 of motion1 see ,motion4 ,endeavour1 verbs meaning1 with infin41 #bafi4 ,endings1 case1 function of1 #cih2 lacking1 in prons41 #fde2 of nouns and verbs1 shortened in the classical period1 #acb2 #8one1' #8two1' #8three1' adjs4 of1 see ,adjectives2 see ,person1 ,declension1 ,suffix4 ,enlargement1 of simple sentence1 #ajcg-ajed2 of subj41 #ajch-ajdg2 of pred41 #ajdh-ajed4 ,entreaty1 expressed by imper41 #aega2 verbs of1 subjv4 coordinated with1 #agjh4 ,enumerative asyndeton1 #babf4 ,envy1 verbs of1 with dat41 #aaha4 ,epicenes1 #daa4 ,epistolary1 impf41 #afja2 plup41 #afaf4 ,epitrite1 #bebb4 ,equal class1 of rhythms1 #bebg4 ,essential1 complement1 see ,complement4 ,ethical1 see ,emotional4 ,euripidean verse1 #bfdd-bfdf4 ,exchange1 abl4 of1 #achh-acib4 ,exclamation1 nom4 of1 #aaag2 acc4 of1 #aadi1 #aaej1 #baab2 gen4 of1 #abie2 verbal expressions denoting ability1 duty1 propriety1 necessity in1 #adie-adig2 indic4 in1 #adii2 confounded with questions and declarations1 #aejb2 introduced by prons4 and unde1 ub1 qu1 cr1 qu1 qun1 quam1 quand1 quotins1 #aebf1 #aebg2 introduced by ut1 #aebh2 two or more exclamations with one verb1 #aecj2 as member of coordinate sentence1 #afig2 subordinate1 or indirect1 #aggc1 see ,questions2 mrum quantum1 c41 #agij2 in apod4 of conditional sentence1 #bjah2 infin4 of1 #bbaf4 ,exclamatory1 sentence1 defined1 #ajbe2 questions1 #aeff-aefi4 ,exemplification1 periods of1 #bjed1 #bjij4 ,exhortation1 intimated by question1 #aeca2 expressed by subjv41 #aedg-aeea2 introduced by ut1 ut1 n1 nm1 nihil1 c41 #aedg2 expressed by imper41 #aega2 expressed by fut41 #afbd2 verbs of1 subjv4 coordinated with1 #agjh4 ,expectation1 expressions of1 with s1 s forte1 #aggg2 see ,hope4 ,explanatory1 cum1 #ahei1 #ahgd-ahhj4 ,explosives1 #gc4 ,extent1 of space1 denoted by acc41 #aaea-aaef1 #adge2 acc4 of1 combined with a second acc41 #aagd2 with verbs of surpassing1 #acih4 ,faithful1 adjs4 meaning1 cases with1 #abjj4 ,favour1 verbs of1 with dat41 #aaha1 #aahb4 ,fearing1 verbs of1 with indirect question1 #aggd1 #aiei2 with ut1 n clauses1 #aieg1 #aieh2 with acc4 and infin41 #aiei2 with complementary infin41 #aiei1 #bafi4 ,feeling1 verbs of1 with acc41 #aaci2 with gen41 #abhc-abhf2 with loc4 and abl41 #acci1 #acdd2 anim with verbs and adjs4 of1 #acci2 see ,emotion1 ,mental distress1 c4 ,feet1 metrical1 defined1 #beai2 kinds of1 #beba1 #bebb2 cyclic1 #bebc2 irrational1 #bebd2 groups of1 #beca1 #becb4 ,feminine1 gender1 general rules of1 #djg2 for cons4 and -i- stems1 #egg-eha2 caesura1 #beeg4 ,figures of prosody1 #bdgc-beaj4 ,final1 disappearance1 of vowel1 #aac2 of cons41 #aga4 ,syllable1 vowel of1 shortened1 #acb2 retained long1 #acb2 with accent1 #hh2 quantity of1 #bdcg-bdeg2 of verse1 syllaba anceps1 #becc1 #becd4 e from i1 #ajg1 b2 short vowel followed by word beginning with two consonants or double cons41 #bdeh4 ,sentences1 defined1 #agaf2 complementary1 #aidh-aifj2 pure1 #aidh1 #aifa-aifd2 tense of1 after perf4 definite1 #aged4 ,fitness1 adj4 suffixes implying1 #bih1 #cjb-ccj2 adjs4 denoting1 cases with1 #abjj2 adjs4 denoting1 with gerund and gerundive1 #bbeb4 ,flowers1 names of1 gender1 #djg1 #djh1 #egc4 ,forgetting1 verbs of1 with gen41 #abhg-abia2 with acc41 #abhh2 with infin41 #bafi4 ,formation1 one of the divisions of ,latin grammar1 treated1 #a1 #ahj-cif2 defined1 #ahj2 roots and stems1 #ahc-aih2 of nouns1 without formative suffix1 #aie1 #aih1 #aii2 with formative suffix1 #aie-aih1 #bjj-bjc4 ,substantives1 #bjd-bgi1 #bif1 #cjh1 #cji1 #cac1 #cad1 #ccc1 #ccd2 primitive1 #bjd-bde2 denominative1 #bdf-bgi1 #bbf1 #bbg1 #bcb2 suffixes denoting agent1 #bjd-baa2 action1 #bab-bcg1 #bdi2 instrument or means1 #bch-bde1 #bac1 #bbd2 concrete effect1 #bac1 #bag1 #bbd1 #bda2 result1 #bac1 #bbb1 #bca1 #bcd-bcf1 #bci1 #bdi1 #bif2 collectives1 #bbh1 #bdi2 quality1 #bdf-bfd2 person concerned1 #bfe1 #cji2 place1 #bff1 #bbh1 #bda1 #bdb1 #bde1 #bdi1 #cjh1 #cji1 #cad1 #ccd2 diminutive suffixes1 #bfg-bgh2 suffixes forming patronymics1 #bgi4 ,adjectives1 #bhj-cfj2 primitive1 #bhj-big1 #cje2 denominative1 #bih-cfj1 #bhg2 suffixes denoting act4 quality1 #bha-bij1 #bic1 #bid1 #bif2 pass4 quality1 #bia-big1 #bhb1 #bhc2 material or resemblance1 #bii-cja2 appurtenance1 #cjb-ccj2 supply1 #cca-cch2 diminutives1 #cci1 #cdj2 compar4 and superl4 suffixes1 #cdb-cfj2 suffixes denoting place1 #cag1 #cba1 #cdg4 ,adverbs1 diminutives1 #cda2 compar4 and superl4 endings1 #cfa-cfd4 ,verb stem1 #hbd-iai2 variable vowel1 #hbd-hbg2 theme1 #gch-gdj2 of denominative verbs1 #cfe-cge1 #hci1 #hdj2 frequentatives or intensives1 #cga-cgd2 desideratives1 #cge2 meditatives1 #cge1 #igj2 inceptives or inchoatives1 #hcd1 see ,inceptives2 pres4 indic41 #hbh-hdj2 pres4 subjv41 #hda-hdc2 imper41 #hdd-hdf2 impf4 indic41 #hdg1 #hdh2 impf4 subjv41 #hdi1 #hej2 fut41 #hea-hec2 perf4 indic41 #hed-hge2 perf4 stem without suffix1 #heh-hff2 perf4 stem in -s-1 #hfg1 #hfh2 perf4 stem in -v- or -u-1 #hfi-hge2 perf4 subjv41 #hgf-hgh2 perf4 imper41 #hgi1 #hac2 plup4 indic41 #hhj2 plup4 subjv41 #hha2 fut4 perf41 #hhb-hhd2 short or old forms1 in perf4 system1 #hhe-hic2 infin41 #hid-hih2 gerundive and gerund1 #hii2 supine1 #ijj2 pres4 partic41 #ija-ijc2 fut4 partic41 #ijd1 #ije2 perf4 partic41 #ijf-iai4 ,see ,composition4 ,formative suffix1 defined1 #aie1 see ,suffix4 ,fractions1 how expressed1 #bdbd-bdbh4 ,free1 verbs meaning1 with abl41 #acjb-acjf2 adjs4 meaning1 with abl41 #acjf4 ,frequentative1 verbs1 definition and formation of1 #cga-cgd2 conative use of1 #bcjc4 ,friendly1 adjs4 meaning1 cases with1 #abjj4 ,friendship1 words of1 with gen41 #abjc4 ,fulness1 verbs of1 with gen41 #abic2 with abl41 #achf2 adjs4 of1 with gen41 #abfc1 #abfd1 #achg2 with abl41 #achg4 ,future action1 expressed by pres41 #aeic1 #bjbf1 #bjcj2 expressed by perf41 #aeda1 #aedi1 #aeea1 #aeeh1 #afab1 #bjbg4 ,future ,perfect tense1 lacking in subjv4 and imper41 #gaf2 formation of1 #hhb-hhd2 short or old forms1 #hhe-hic2 fuerit vctrus1 #hjc2 infin41 #hhg2 dat4 of possessor with1 #abaf1 #adgh2 uses of1 in simple sentence1 #afbf-afcb1 #afjg1 #afji2 in prot4 and apod41 of coincident action1 #afbg2 denoting fut4 resulting state1 #afbh2 expressing rapidity of action1 #afbi2 denoting action postponed1 #afcj2 denoting action which will have occurred while something takes place1 #afca2 not differing from fut41 #afcb2 of inceptives1 #afjg2 pass41 with fuer1 c41 #afji2 perf4 used as1 #afab2 sequence of1 #agag1 #agdj-agdf1 #agea1 #agec2 in subordinate sentence1 rel4 time1 #agcc1 #agcf2 independent1 #agch2 with cum1 #ahfj-ahfb2 with antequam1 priusquam1 #aiae2 with ub1 simul atque1 c41 #aicd2 with dum1 #bjjf2 with dnec1 dnicum1 #bjji2 in conditional prot41 #bjbc1 #bjei-bjfd2 in conditional apod41 #bjbc1 #bjca1 #bjee1 #bjfb1 #bjhj2 represented by fore and perf4 partic41 #bbcd2 of direct discourse represented by plup4 or perf4 subjv4 in ind4 disc41 #bcbd4 ,futures1 virtual1 #agah4 ,future tense1 lacking in subjv41 #gaf2 imper41 #gaf1 #aege2 formation of1 #hea-hec2 -t1 #fh2 -r1 -r1 #fh2 dat4 of possessor with1 #abaf1 #adgh2 uses of1 in simple sentence1 #afai-afbe2 of fut4 action1 #afai2 expressing prediction1 will1 threat1 c41 #afai2 of diffident assertion1 #afbj2 in predictions1 #afba2 in asseverations1 #afbb2 in questions of appeal1 #afbc2 expressing exhortation1 request1 command1 c41 #afbd2 sequence of1 #agag1 #agdj-agdf1 #agea1 #agec2 in subordinate sentence1 #afbe2 fut4 perf4 with force of1 #afcb2 rel4 time1 #agcc-agce2 independent1 #agch2 with cum1 #ahfj-ahfb2 with antequam1 priusquam1 #aiac1 #aiaf2 with ub1 simul atque1 c41 #aicd2 with dum1 dnec1 quoad1 quamdi1 #aiif1 #bjjj1 #bjjb1 #bjji2 in conditional prot41 #bjbc1 #bjeb-bjeh2 in conditional apod41 #bjbc1 #bjcj1 #bjcg1 #bjde1 #bjed1 #bjfa1 #bjgi1 #bjhf2 periphrastic1 in conditional prot41 #bjib1 #bajh2 in conditional apod41 #bjgd1 #bjha1 #bjhg1 #bjic1 #bjig1 #bajj2 of direct discourse represented by impf4 or pres4 subjv4 in ind4 disc41 #bcbd2 infin41 see ,infinitive2 partic41 see ,participles4 ,galliambic1 #bgad-bgaf4 ,gender1 kinds of1 #djb2 defined1 #djc2 nouns1 defined1 #djb1 #cih2 mobile nouns1 #dji2 nouns of common1 #daj2 epicenes1 #daa2 variable1 #dac1 #ehf1 #eig2 general rules of1 #djb-dac2 of diminutives1 #bgj2 of inanimate things1 #djc2 of ,greek words1 #egj2 of -- stems1 #dcb1 #dcc2 of -o- stems1 #ddf1 #ddg2 general rules of1 for cons4 and -i- stems1 #egj-ehd2 of cons4 stems1 #dfg1 #dga-did2 of -i- stems1 #eac1 #eag-eci1 #ede2 of -u- stems1 #ehe1 #ehf1 #ehh2 of -- stems1 #eif1 #eig2 agreement of adj4 and partic4 in1 #ajhb-ajih2 agreement of rel4 pron4 in1 #ajhb-ajih1 #ahja-ahaa1 see ,relative2 agreement of demonstrative and determinative prons4 in1 #ajhb-ajih1 see ,demonstrative1 ,determinative2 agreement of subst4 in1 #ajgg-ajha2 see ,neuter4 ,general1 truth1 expressed by pres41 #aehh2 expressed by impf41 #aeii2 fut4 in1 #afbj2 in subordinate sentence1 tense of1 #agdh1 #agfj2 with antequam1 priusquam1 #aiab-aiad2 introduced parenthetically by ut1 #aidj2 introduced by sc1 ita1 #baei2 conditions1 #bjcd1 #bjce1 #bjdd1 #bjej1 #bjed1 #bjfi-bjga2 subj41 in #ast pers4 plur4 and #b;d pers4 sing41 omitted1 #ajcj4 ,genitive case1 defined1 #dai2 plur41 how formed1 #dbg2 stem of noun seen in1 #dba2 stem of noun indicated by1 #dba2 lacking1 see ,defective2 stem vowel of -o- stems lengthened in1 #ef1 #dfb4 -- stems1 in -us1 -ius1 #afb1 #fah-fbj1 #fef1 #feg1 #fid2 in -1 #afj1 #dcg2 in -s1 #dcg2 in -m1 #dci2 inscriptional forms1 #ddc2 ,greek nouns1 #ddc-dde4 -o- stems1 in -us1 -ius1 #abg1 #g2 #fah-fbj1 #fef1 #feg1 #fid2 in -1 -1 -1 #deh2 of words in -ius1 -ium1 form and accent of1 #hg1 #def1 #deg2 in -m1 -m1 #dfb1 #dfc1 #dfe1 #fdj1 #fda1 #fdc2 inscriptional forms1 #dfe2 ,greek nouns1 #dff4 ,consonant stems1 in -uum1 #dib1 #ejf2 in -om1 #did1 #ejg2 in -ium1 #dgg1 #dgh1 #dhi1 #dib1 #did1 #ejf1 #ejg2 inscriptional forms1 #ejg2 ,greek nouns1 #ejh-eab4 -i- stems1 in -um1 #ebg-ecg1 #efc1 #fbi1 #fca1 #fcc1 #fcf2 inscriptional forms1 #efd2 ,greek nouns1 #efe4 -u- stems1 in -uis1 #eij2 in -t1 #eij2 in -om1 #eia2 in -m1 #eia2 inscriptional forms1 #eic4 -- stems1 in -1 #fjb1 #fjf2 in -s1 #fjb1 #fjf2 in -1 #fjb1 #fjf2 of rs1 fids1 #afj1 #fjb4 ,present participles1 in -um1 #efc4 ,pronouns1 peculiar and inscriptional forms1 of ego1 t1 su1 #fdf1 #fdi2 of meus1 tuus1 suus1 #fec2 of hc1 #ffc1 #ffe2 of ille1 iste1 #ffg1 #ffh2 of illic1 istic1 #fgj2 of is1 #fgb-fgd2 of dem1 #fgg2 of qu1 quis1 #fhh1 #fij2 of neuter1 #fid4 ,uses of1 #abbf-abie2 general1 #abbf4 ,with substantives1 #abbg-abfb2 combined with one or more genitives limiting same subst41 #abbh2 with limited subst4 omitted1 #abbi2 of the subj41 cause1 origin1 owner1 #abcb-abch1 #abjg2 of personal and reflexive prons41 #abcd2 of word in apposition with possess4 pron41 #abce2 as pred4 with verbs meaning am1 belong1 become1 c41 #abcf1 #abcg2 with commnis1 proprius1 alinus1 sacer1 ttus1 #abch2 of quality1 attributively and predicatively1 #abci1 #abdj2 partitive1 #abda-abed2 with advs41 #abdb1 #abdh1 #abec1 #abed2 partitive1 with adjs41 #abde2 partitive1 in pred41 #abea2 partitive1 nostrm1 vestrm1 #bcce2 of definition1 #abee-abei2 with caus1 grti1 nmine1 erg1 #abeg2 with quidquid est1 c41 #abei2 the objective1 #abfj-abfb2 objective1 nostr1 vestr1 #bcce4 ,with adjectives1 #abfc-abgj1 #abjc1 #abjd2 with cnscius and dat41 #abfe2 with partic41 #abff2 with similis1 #abjd2 with dignus1 indignus1 #abfi4 ,with verbs1 #abga-abid2 with verbs of valuing1 c41 #abga-abge1 #abgi2 with rfert and interest1 #abgf-abgi2 with judicial verbs1 #abhj-abhb2 with miseret1 paenitet1 piget1 pudet1 taedet1 #abhc1 #abhd2 with misereor1 misere1 misersc1 #abhe2 with personal verbs of desiring1 loathing1 admiring1 dreading1 #abhf2 with verbs of memory1 #abhg-abia2 with verbs of participation and mastery1 #abib2 with verbs of fulness and want1 #abic2 with verbs of separating and abstaining1 #abid4 ,of exclamation1 #abie2 with mih est nmen1 nmen d1 c41 #abac1 #abad2 with opus1 #achc2 with post and intr in expressions of time1 #acif2 with preps41 #adjf1 #adac1 #adai1 #adbj1 #abcb2 possess41 with infin41 #abcg1 #bbjh1 #bbaa1 #abcb2 of gerundive construction and gerund1 #bbeh-bbfd1 #bafd4 ,genus1 par1 duplex1 sescuplex1 #bebg4 ,gerund1 no plur4 of1 #daf2 a verbal noun1 #gcb1 #bbcg2 formation of1 #hii2 dat4 of doer of action with1 #abae1 #adgh1 #bbdc2 abl4 with ab with1 #bbdc2 in reflexive sense1 #adhb2 treated1 #bbcg-bbfh2 character of1 #bbcg-bbci2 with and without obj41 #bbda1 #bbdb2 of verbs of trans4 use1 #bbdb1 #bbee1 #bbei1 #bbfe2 use of acc4 of1 with ad1 #bbeb1 #bafd2 with other preps41 #bbec2 use of dat4 of1 #bbee1 #bbeg2 in gen41 #bbei2 denoting purpose1 #bbfc2 with caus expressing purpose1 #bafd2 use of abl4 of1 #bbfe-bbfh2 denoting means1 cause1 c41 #bbff2 with preps41 #bbfg2 in abl4 of separation1 #bbfh4 ,gerundive1 a verbal noun1 #gcb1 #bbcg2 formation of1 #hii1 #bhh2 originally neither act4 nor pass41 #bhh1 #bbch2 dat4 of possessor with1 #abae1 #adgh1 #bbdc2 abl4 with ab with1 #bbdc2 treated1 #bbcg-bbfh2 character of1 #bbcg-bbci2 the construction1 #bbdj2 use of nom4 of1 #bbdc-bbdi1 #bbea2 with sum1 #bbdc2 inflection of1 with sum1 #hjd2 with sum in conditional periods1 #baja2 fruendus1 fungendus1 c41 #bbdd2 habe with1 #bbde2 impersonally1 #bbdf1 #bahj1 #bbdd2 impersonally with obj41 #bbdg2 adjectively1 #bhh1 #bbdh2 denoting possibility1 #bbdi2 with pass41 #bbea2 use of acc4 of1 #bbej-bbec1 #bbdc2 with verbs1 #bbej2 with ad1 #bbeb1 #bafd2 with other preps41 #bbec2 use of dat4 of1 #bbed1 #bbef1 #abjh2 use of gen4 of1 #bbeh-bbfd2 with subst4 or adj41 #bbeh1 #bbei2 with nostr1 c41 #bbfj1 #bbfa2 predicately with sum1 #bbfb2 with caus expressing purpose1 #bafd2 alone1 denoting purpose1 #bbfc2 with judicial verbs1 #bbfd2 use of abl4 of1 #bbfe-bbfh2 denoting means1 cause1 c41 #bbff2 with preps41 #bbfg2 in abl4 of separation1 #bbfh2 with compar4 expression1 #bbfh4 ,giving1 verbs of1 subjv4 coordinated with1 #agab2 with gerundive construction1 #bbej4 ,glides1 consonantal1 #afg4 ,glyconic1 #bffj-bffb4 ,gnomic1 see ,often4 ,gradation1 quantitative vowel1 #ace2 qualitative1 #ade4 ,grave accent1 #ij4 ,greek1 characters of the alphabet1 #ag1 #ah2 words1 eu in1 #aja2 changed in ,latin1 #agb1 #b2 quantity in1 #abe2 #abg1 #h1 #i2 patronymics1 #bgi2 nouns1 gender of1 #djf1 #djh1 #egj2 nouns of -- decl41 forms of1 #ddc-dde2 of -o- decl41 #dff2 of cons4 decl41 #ejh-eab2 of -i- decl41 #efe2 idiom1 imitated in ,latin with dat4 of volns1 c41 #abah2 acc41 see ,part concerned4 ,grief1 verbs of1 with quod1 quia1 #ahea2 with cum1 #ahea1 #ahge2 with acc4 and infin41 #bahg1 #bahh1 #bahd4 ,gutturals1 #dd1 #gg2 guttural mute stems1 decl4 of1 #dga-dgc4 ,haplology1 #agi4 ,happening1 verbs of1 case with1 #aaha-aahe2 qu with1 #ahbf1 #ahej2 quod with1 introducing coincident action1 #ahej2 cum with1 #ahgd1 #ahej2 with result clause1 #aife2 with result clause1 how translated1 #aiff4 ,hardening1 #bejc4 ,harming1 verbs of1 case with1 #abje-abaj4 ,having1 verbs of1 with two accusatives1 #aafg4 ,hearing1 verbs of1 in pres4 of past action1 #aeib2 with indirect question1 #aggd4 ,helping1 expressions of1 case with1 #aaha-aahe4 ,hemiolic class1 of rhythms1 #bebg4 ,hendecasyllabic ,alcaic1 #bffg1 #bffh4 ,hendecasyllable1 #bffd1 #bffe4 ,hephthemimeral caesura1 #bedd4 ,hephthemimeris1 #beca4 ,hesitate1 verbs meaning1 with qun1 #aihg2 with infin41 #bafi4 ,hexameter1 defined1 #becf2 dactylic1 #beef-befi2 bacchiac1 #bgje4 ,hexapody1 #beca4 ,hiatus1 within a word1 #aad-aaf2 between words1 #bdgc-bdhj2 at end of verse1 #becc4 ,hidden quantity1 #bdei-bdfc4 ,hiding1 verbs of1 with two accusatives1 #aafi-aaga2 with acc4 and prepositional phrase1 #aagj4 ,hindering1 verbs of1 with n1 #aifj1 #aigg2 with quminus1 #aifj1 #aigg2 with qun1 #aihf2 with acc4 and infin41 #bbjc2 with acc4 of gerundive construction or gerund1 #bbeb4 ,hipponactean verse1 #beig-bfjj1 #bfci-bfda2 strophe1 in ,horace1 #bgba4 ,hiring1 verbs of1 with gen41 #abgd2 with abl41 #achh-acib4 ,historical1 perf41 #afjb-afjd1 see ,perfect2 infin41 see ,intimation2 pres41 see ,vivid narration4 ,hope1 expressions of1 with s1 s forte1 #aggg2 with acc4 and infin41 #bahf2 with pres4 infin41 #bahf4 ,horace1 lyric metres of1 #bgah-bgcg1 #bgci4 ,hortatory1 see ,desire4 ,hostility1 words of1 with gen41 #abjc4 ,hypothesis1 expressed by abl4 abs41 #acfg2 expressed by partic41 #bbie2 variation of prot41 #baji-baaa4 ,hypermetrical verse1 #befh4 ,iambelegus1 #bfgh1 #bfgi4 ,iambic1 words1 last syllable of1 shortened in verse1 #abi2 shortening1 law of1 #abi1 #bdgj2 rhythms1 #beha-bfbg2 trimeter 7senarius71 #behc-beif2 choliambus1 #beig-bfjj2 trimeter catalectic1 #bfja-bfjc2 tetrameter acatalectic1 #bfjd-bfji2 septenarius1 #bfaj-bfaf2 dimeter acatalectic1 #bfag-bfbj2 dimeter catalectic1 #bfba-bfbc2 acatalectic dipody and catalectic tripody1 #bfbd2 versus ,reizianus1 #bfbe1 #bfbf2 trimeter1 in ,horace1 #bgai2 strophe1 in ,horace1 #bgbj4 ,iambus1 #beba4 ,ictus1 #beaa2 in combination with word accent1 #bedh4 ,identity1 pron4 of1 decl4 of1 #fgf-fgh2 use of1 #bcga-bcgc2 see dem4 ,illative1 words1 use of1 #bacc1 #baed-baeh4 ,illustrations1 ut in1 #aida2 introduced by nam1 #baee4 ,imparisyllables1 defined1 #dfi2 decl4 of1 cons4 stems1 #dga-eab2 -i- stems1 #ebi-efi2 gender of1 #ega-ehd4 ,imperative1 with short final vowel1 #acj1 #d2 tense of1 #gaf1 #aege2 of dc1 dc1 faci1 #aac1 #hdf2 of compounds of dc1 #hdf2 accent of compounds of dc1 dc1 #hh2 endings of1 #big1 #gca2 in -d1 #gdh2 formation of1 #hdd-hdf2 perf41 #hgi1 #hac2 sing41 of more than one1 #ajge2 with qun1 #aebg2 in commands1 #aega-aehj2 accompanied by amb1 age1 sn1 c41 #aegb1 #aegc1 #aiib2 in protasis of conditional sentence1 #aegd1 #bjcb1 #bjch1 #bjef1 #bjfc2 use of third person and longer forms1 #aege-aegh2 the fut41 #aege2 fac1 fac ut1 cr ut1 vid1 c41 #aegi2 periphrastic perf4 pass41 #aehj2 in prohibitions1 #aeha-aehf2 nn used with1 #aehb2 nl1 #aehc2 fuge1 parce1 mitte1 c41 with infin41 #aehd2 cav1 cav n1 fac n1 c41 #aehe2 in laws1 treaties1 c41 #aege1 #aehf2 asyndeton in1 #afda2 in coordination1 #aegd1 #afig1 #agaj-agab1 #aghg2 primary1 #agag2 sentence1 defined1 #ajbe2 in ind4 disc41 #bcab4 ,imperfect tense1 indicative1 formation of1 #hdg1 #hdh2 -t1 #acb2 dat4 of possessor with1 #abaf1 #adgh2 uses of1 in simple sentence1 #aeid-afja1 #adie-adig2 of action not performed in the past1 #adie2 of action not performed at present time1 #adig2 of past action going on1 #aeid2 of past action lasting while something occurs1 #aeie2 of repeated or customary action1 #aeif2 of past action still continued in past1 #aeig2 of action suddenly recognized1 #aeih2 in descriptions and general truths1 #aeii2 in letters and messages1 #afja2 in conative use1 #bcjb2 sequence of1 #agag1 #agdj-agde1 #agdg1 #agfj1 #bcbb1 #bcbh2 in subordinate sentence1 rel4 time1 #agcc-agce2 independent1 #agch2 with cum1 #ahfj1 #ahfa1 #ahfd1 #ahfe2 with antequam1 priusquam1 #aiah2 with postquam1 ub1 ut1 c41 #aicj1 #aicb1 #aicc2 with dum1 dnec1 quoad1 quamdi1 #aiig1 #bjja1 #bjjb1 #bjji2 in conditional prot41 #bjbc1 #bjdb-bjdg1 #bjfh2 in conditional apod41 #bjbc1 #bjbh1 #bjdd1 #bjej1 #baja1 #bajb1 #bajd1 #bajf4 ,subjunctive1 formation of1 #hdi1 #hej2 -t1 #acb2 in wishes1 #aedd1 #aede2 in expressions of obligation or necessity1 #aeeb2 of action conceivable1 #aeei1 #aefj1 #aefe2 of past action1 #aede1 #aeei1 #aefc1 #aefe1 #aefg1 #aefi2 of repeated action1 #agcj2 in subordinate sentence1 following secondary1 #agdg1 #agfb1 #agff1 #agga1 #bcbb2 referring to fut4 time1 #agdc1 #agdi1 #bcbd2 following primary1 #agea1 #agec1 #bcbi2 following pres4 of vivid narration and pres4 of quotation1 #ageb2 following perf4 definite1 #aged2 following perf4 infin4 or perf4 partic41 #agfg2 secondary1 #agfb2 with indef4 rel4 pron4 or adv41 #ahad2 with cum1 #ahgb1 #ahgc2 with quotins1 quotinscumque1 #ahhg2 with antequam1 priusquam1 #aiad1 #aiag1 #aiai1 #aibj2 with poste quam1 postquam1 c41 #aibd2 with dum1 dnec1 quoad1 quamdi1 #aiig1 #bjjb1 #bjjc1 #bjje1 #bjjg-bjji2 with modo1 #bjjc2 in conditional prot4 of indeterminate protases1 #bjbd1 #bjga1 #bjhi2 in conditional prot4 of action non-occurrent1 #bjia1 #bjib1 #bjid-bjig2 in conditional apod1 of indeterminate protases1 #bjbd1 #bjdj1 #bjdg1 #bjea1 #bjfh1 #bjga1 #bjgc1 #bjhb1 #bjhh1 #bjhi2 in conditional apod4 of action non-occurrent1 #bjia1 #bjib1 #bjid1 #bjih2 with quasi1 tamquam s1 c41 #babj2 in conditional apod4 of direct discourse1 how represented in ind4 disc41 #bcca-bccd4 ,impersonal1 verbs1 forms of1 #hae-hag2 defined1 #ajcd2 classified1 #hae1 #haf1 #ajcd2 in pass41 with dat41 #aaha2 used personally1 #aaha1 #abhd2 of mental distress1 with gen41 #abhc2 verbs of trans4 use used as1 #adgi2 verbs of intrans4 use used as1 #gbd1 #gfc1 #adgi2 with infin4 as subj41 #bbjh-bbaj2 use of abl4 of perf4 partic41 #acgb2 r with supine1 #bbgc2 construction1 with verbs of perceiving1 knowing1 thinking1 saying1 #bagg-bahb2 fruendum1 fungendum1 c41 #bbdd2 of other gerundives1 #bahj1 #bbdf1 #bbdg4 ,imprecation1 expressed by imper41 #aega2 in verse1 #bedi4 ,inceptives1 defective1 #hjh2 formation of1 #hcd2 the1 #ibg1 #ici1 #ife1 #ifh1 #igf1 #ihj1 #ihd2 meaning of perf4 of1 #afjg2 quantity of vowel preceding -sc1 #bdfb4 ,inchoatives1 see ,inceptives4 ,incomplete action1 expressed by gerundive construction1 #bbdj2 expressed by perf4 partic41 #bbhj2 see ,continued4 ,indeclinable1 adjs41 #dca1 #fcg1 #fdb2 centum1 #fcg2 see ,defective4 ,indefinite1 advs41 #gaa2 prons41 decl4 and list of1 #feh1 #fei1 #fha-fid2 adj4 and subst4 forms of1 #fhf2 abl41 qu1 qucum1 #fhi2 table of correlative prons41 #fie2 questions introduced by ecquis1 c41 #aeji2 nesci quis1 nesci unde1 sci ut1 c41 #aghh1 #aghi2 rel4 prons4 and advs41 followed by indic41 #ahad2 use of1 #bchh-bdjc1 see quis1 c4 ,use of #bnd pers4 sing41 in commands and prohibitions1 #aeej1 #aeea2 of action conceivable1 #aeef1 #aeeh1 #aeei2 of repeated action1 #agcj2 in cum sentences1 #ahei1 #ahfj2 with antequam1 priusquam1 #aiab2 with postquam1 ub1 ut1 c41 #aibd2 with sve 4 4 4 sve1 #bjai2 in conditional sentences1 #bjgj4 ,antecedent1 omitted1 #agii2 mult1 qudam1 c41 used with sunt qu1 c41 #ahbb2 abl4 qu used with quippe1 ut1 #ahbh2 adv41 quamquam1 #ahii2 adv41 quamvs1 #aijc2 adv41 quamlibet1 #aijg2 use of ut quisque1 #aici2 use of qu quisque1 #aigc2 adv41 quand1 #bjaj2 time1 with quand1 #bjaa2 time1 denoted by impf4 subjv4 of action non-occurrent1 #bjia2 subj41 of infin41 not expressed1 #bbab2 expressed1 #bbab2 unexpressed1 with pred4 noun in acc41 #bbac2 in #ast pers4 plur4 and #bnd pers4 sing41 omitted1 #ajcj4 ,independent1 time1 of subordinate sentence1 #agch1 #agdd4 ,indeterminate1 meaning1 verbs of1 #ajce2 with pred4 nom41 forming pred41 #ajce2 rel4 agreeing with pred4 subst41 #ahjf2 period1 defined1 #bjbd2 protases1 defined1 #bjbc2 treated1 #bjbe-bjij1 see ,conditional2 in pres4 or perf4 subjv4 in ind4 disc4 after secondary1 #bcbh2 apodoses to1 in ind4 disc41 #bccj4 ,indicative mood1 tenses of1 #gaf2 how translated1 #gag4 ,formation of tenses of1 pres41 #hbh-hdj2 impf41 #hdg1 #hdh2 perf41 #hed-hge2 stem without suffix1 #heh-hff2 stem in -s-1 #hfg1 #hfh2 stem in -v- or -u-1 #hfi-hge2 fut41 #hea-hec2 plup41 #hhj2 fut4 perf41 #hhb-hhd2 short or old forms1 #hhe-hic4 ,uses of1 in declarations1 #adic2 the neg4 of1 #adid2 in verbal expressions denoting ability1 duty1 propriety1 necessity1 c41 #adie-adig2 in questions and exclamations1 #adii-aecc1 see ,questions2 use of tenses in simple sentence1 #aehg-afcc1 see ,present1 c42 in subordinate sentence1 #agcb-agci2 tenses of1 sequence after1 #agag1 #agdf-agfa2 general rule for indic4 in subordinate sentence1 #agba2 in ind4 disc41 #agbi1 #bcah2 with s1 s forte1 #aggg2 with nesci quis1 c41 #aghh1 #aghi2 with mrum quantum1 c41 #agij2 in rel4 sentence equivalent to conditional prot41 #ahab2 in rel4 sentence of simple declaration or description1 #ahac2 in rel4 sentence introduced by indef4 pron4 or adv41 #ahad2 with sunt qu1 c41 #ahbc2 with qu tamen1 #ahbe2 in rel4 sentence resembling causal sentence1 #ahbf2 with quippe qu1 ut qu1 ut pote qu1 #ahbg2 with quippe qu 7adv471 ut qu1 #ahbh2 quod attinet ad1 c41 #ahcj2 with quod1 quia1 #ahch-aheh2 with cum1 #ahei-ahga1 #ahgc-ahgf1 #ahha2 with quoniam1 #ahhb-ahhd2 with quotins1 quotinscumque1 #ahhe1 #ahhf2 with quam1 #ahhh-ahie2 with quantum1 ut1 #ahib2 with quamquam1 #ahii1 #aijj2 with quamvs1 #aije1 #aijf2 with tamquam1 #aijh2 with quemadmodum1 #aijh2 with antequam1 priusquam1 #aiaa-aiba2 with prdi quam1 postrdi quam1 #aibb2 with postquam1 ub1 ut1 cum prmum1 #aibc-aicd2 with ut1 ut1 #aice-aidf2 with ub1 #aiga2 with qu1 qu1 #aigb1 #aigc1 #aigf2 with quant1 #aigc2 with dum1 dnec1 quoad1 quamdi1 #aiia-bjji2 with quand1 #bjaj-bjad2 in conditional periods of indeterminate protases1 #bjbc1 #bjbe-bjga1 #bjgd1 #bjgh-bjha1 #bjhf1 #bjhg1 #bjij2 in conditional periods of action non-occurrent1 #bjib1 #bjig1 #bajj-bajh1 #baab-baad2 with ets1 tamets1 tamenets1 etiams1 s1 #baaf4 ,indirect compound1 defined1 #cgg1 see ,composition4 ,indirect discourse1 defined1 #agbc1 #bcji2 verbs introducing1 #agbd1 #bcji2 with main verb not expressed1 #agbe1 #bcaj1 #bcai2 verb of saying1 introduced by qu1 quod1 cum1 put illogically in subjv41 #agbg1 #bcbj2 subjv4 of attraction1 #agbh2 sequence of tenses in1 #aggj-aggb2 in quod sentences1 #ahch1 #bcai2 in quia sentences1 #bcai2 in quoniam sentences1 #ahhb-ahhd2 in quamquam sentences1 #aija2 in tamquam sentences1 #aiji2 in antequam1 priusquam sentences1 #aiaf1 #aiai1 #aiba2 in sentences with postquam1 ub1 ut1 c41 #aibd2 with nn dubit1 #aihg2 with dum1 dnec1 quoad1 quamdi1 #aiid1 #aiie1 #bjje1 #bjjg1 #bjjh2 in sentences with quand1 #bjaj2 fut4 perf4 of main sentence how represented in1 #bbcd2 mood of main sentence in1 #bcab-bcad2 declarative sentences in1 #bcab2 imper4 sentences in1 #bcab2 interrogative sentences in1 #bcab2 rhetorical questions in1 #bcac2 original subjv4 questionsin1 #bcad2 mood of subordinate sentences in1 #agbb-agbi1 #bcae-bcbj2 indic4 in1 #agbi1 #aiie1 #bcah2 rel4 sentence equivalent to main sentence in acc4 with infin41 #bcaf2 sentences introduced by conjunctive particles in acc4 with infin41 #bcag2 tense of infin4 in1 #bcba2 tense of subjv4 in1 #bcbb-bcbd2 fut4 and fut4 perf4 of subordinate sentence how represented in1 #bcbd2 use of prons4 in1 #bcbe1 #bcda1 #bcdb2 conditional protases in1 #bcbf-bcbi2 conditional apodoses in1 #bccj-bccd2 see ,infinitive4 ,indirect object1 see ,complement4 ,indirect question1 see ,questions4 ,induced lengthening1 #abb4 ,infinitive1 in -e1 -1 #acd1 #b2 gender of1 #dab2 the infinitives1 verbal nouns1 #gcb1 #bafj-bafc2 fut4 act4 and pass1 and perf4 pass41 #gcb1 #hih1 #bbgc2 short or old forms of1 #hhe-hic2 the fut4 perf41 #hhg2 formation of1 #hid-hih2 pass4 in -ier1 #hig4 ,use of1 treated1 #bafj-bbcf2 origin and character of1 #bafj-bafc2 old and poetical use of1 #bafd-baff2 of purpose1 #bafd1 #bafe2 with adjs41 #baff2 ordinary use of1 #bafg-bbae2 the complementary1 #bafh-baga1 #bbbc1 #aiec2 acc4 with1 #bagb-bbjc2 acc4 with1 origin of construction of1 #aacd1 #bagb1 #bagc2 with verbs of perceiving1 knowing1 thinking1 saying1 #bage-bahd1 #bbai1 #bbbf2 with verbs of accusing1 #bahe2 with verbs of hoping1 promising1 threatening1 #bahf2 with verbs of emotion1 #bahg1 #bahh1 #bahd2 with verbs of desire1 #bahi-baib1 #bbbh2 with verbs of resolving1 #baia2 with verbs of demanding1 #baid2 with sude1 persude1 precor1 #baie2 with verbs of accomplishing1 #baif2 with verbs of teaching and training1 #baig2 with verbs of bidding1 forbidding1 allowing1 #baih-bbjb2 with verbs of hindering1 #bbjc1 #aifj2 as subst4 acc41 #bbjd-bbjf2 as subj41 #bbjg-bbae2 of exclamation1 #bbaf2 use of pres41 #bbah-bbbb1 #bbcf2 use of perf41 #bbah1 #bbbj1 #bbbc-bbca2 use of fut41 #bbah1 #bbcb-bbcf2 fut4 pass41 use of1 #bbgc2 with verbs signifying represent1 #bbii2 in declarative sentences in ind4 disc41 #bcab2 in rhetorical questions in ind4 disc41 #bcac2 in rel4 sentences equivalent to main sentences in ind4 disc41 #bcaf2 in conjunctive particle sentences in ind4 disc41 #bcag2 force of tenses in ind4 disc41 #bcba2 use of tenses in conditional apodoses in ind4 disc41 #bccj-bccd2 use of reflexive pron4 in construction of acc4 with infin41 #bcch-bcdj2 partic4 in agreement with1 #acgc2 act4 and pass41 with forms of coep and dsin1 #adhc2 with forms of possum1 que1 neque1 #adhd2 with nl1 fuge1 parce1 mitte1 c41 #aehc1 #aehd2 of intimation1 #aecd-aeci2 used interrogatively1 #aech2 after cum1 ub1 ut1 postquam1 #aeci1 #ahfh1 #ahfi1 #aibd2 after dnec1 #bjji2 sequence after1 #agag1 #agff-agfi2 with dignus1 indignus1 idneus1 aptus1 #ahai2 with quam1 #ahih2 with verbs of fearing1 #aiei2 with sequitur1 efficitur1 #aife2 with nn dubit1 #aihg4 ,inflection1 defined1 #cig2 of the noun1 #cih-gab1 see ,gender1 ,number1 ,case1 ,declension2 of the verb1 #gac-ajbb1 see ,conjugation1 ,formation1 ,verbs4 ,influence1 abl4 of1 #acaf-acai2 otherwise expressed1 #acag2 see ,inducing4 ,initial1 disappearance1 of vowel1 #aab2 of cons41 #afi4 ,injuring1 expressions of1 case with1 #aaha-aahe4 ,inscriptions1 cons4 i1 how represented in1 #bi1 #b2 i longa in1 #bd2 long vowel1 how represented in1 #bi2 the apex in1 #bi2 ou in1 #ajj2 ai in1 #if2 in1 #bi1 #a2 oi1 oe1 ei in1 #ii2 final m dropped in1 #fa1 #ddc1 #dfe1 #efd2 final s dropped in1 #dfe1 #ejg1 #efd1 #eic2 ablatives in -d1 -d1 -d1 -d1 in1 #dbf1 #ddc1 #dfe1 #ejg1 #eic2 case forms of -- decl4 in1 #ddc2 of -o- decl4 in1 #dfe2 of cons4 decl4 in1 #ejg2 of -i- decl4 in1 #efd2 of -u- decl4 in1 #eic2 of ego1 t1 su in1 #fea2 of meus1 tuus1 suus in1 #fed2 of hc in1 #ffe2 of ille in1 #ffh2 of is in1 #fgd2 of dem in1 #fgh2 of qu1 quis in1 #fij2 person endings in1 #gbi2 form of sum in1 #gdh2 form of possum in1 #gec2 forms of e in1 #gfd1 #gfe2 form of tul in1 #gha2 fut4 perf4 in1 #hhd1 #hhh2 perf4 subjv4 in1 #hgg1 #hhg2 pass4 infin4 in1 #hig1 #ife2 use of nom4 in1 #aaad4 ,instrument1 suffixes denoting1 #bch-bde1 #bac1 #bbd2 abl4 of1 #acgg-achd1 #adgf1 #adgg4 ,instrumental case1 meaning of1 #acjj2 uses of1 #acef-acii1 see ,ablative4 ,intensive1 verbs1 definition and formation of1 #cga-cgd2 pron41 decl4 of1 #fef1 #feg1 #fgi1 #fhj2 use of1 #bcgd-bchd2 see ipse4 ,intention1 dat4 of1 #abbc-abbe4 ,interest1 dat4 of1 #abje-abaj2 expressed by emotional dat41 #abaa4 ,interjections1 defined1 #ad2 used with nom41 #aaag1 #aabc2 used with voc41 #aabc2 used with dat41 #abjf2 used with acc41 #aadi1 #aaej2 used with gen41 #abie2 hiatus after1 #bdge2 monosyllabic1 not elided1 #bdhd4 ,intermediate1 coordinate sentence1 treated1 #afic-agac4 ,interrogations1 neg4 adv4 in1 #addc2 as apod4 in tam 4 4 4 quam sentences1 #ahhi4 ,interrogative adverbs1 #gaa1 #aebf4 ,interrogative implication1 infin4 of intimation with1 #aech4 ,interrogative pronouns1 decl4 of1 #feh1 #fei1 #fha-fid2 adj4 and subst4 forms of1 #fhc-fhe2 use of1 in simple sentences1 #aebf-aecc1 #aghg-agia2 in subjv4 questions1 #aefc-aegj2 in indirect question1 #aghe1 #aghf2 quid tib hanc crtist rem1 #aacf3 of kindred meaning with verb1 #aadd1 #ahdj1 #ahea2 with verbs of intrans4 use1 #aahc-aahf2 with emotional dat41 #abaa2 with rfert1 interest1 #abgf-abgi2 rel4 developed from1 #agie1 #ahjh2 difference between uter and quis1 qu1 #bche2 difference between quis1 quid1 and qu1 quod1 #bchf4 ,interrogative sentences1 defined1 #ajbe2 quisquam and llus in1 #bdjb2 see ,questions4 ,interrogative subjunctive1 #aefc-aefi2 in subordinate sentence1 #agca2 in indirect question1 #aghf4 ,intimation1 infin4 of1 #aecd-aeci1 #agag1 #ahfh1 #ahfi1 #aibd1 #bjji4 ,intransitive use1 verbs of1 used impersonally in pass41 #gbd1 #adgi2 verbs of trans4 use used as1 #aacc2 used transitively1 #aacg1 #aaci1 #aaia2 with dat41 #aaha-aaia1 #abje2 use of gerundive of1 #bbdf4 ,ionic1 rhythms1 #bgjh-bgag2 mire1 #bgjh-bgac2 minre1 #bgjh1 #bgji1 #bgad-bgag2 system1 in ,horace1 #bgcg4 ,ionic mire1 defined1 #beba2 see ,ionic4 ,ionic minre1 defined1 #beba2 see ,ionic4 ,irrational syllables and feet1 #bebd4 ,irregular1 verbs1 defined1 #gdc2 conjugated1 #gdd-gha1 see ,conjugation4 ,islands1 names of1 in acc41 with expressions of motion1 #aaeg1 #aaeh2 constructions with1 to denote place from which1 #acjg-acaj2 constructions with1 to denote place in or at which1 #acca-accf1 #acdb1 #acdc2 rel4 advs41 ub1 qu1 unde1 referring to1 #agic4 ,iterative1 see ,frequentative4 ,ithyphallic verse1 #bfdg4 ,joy1 verbs of1 with quod1 quia1 #ahea2 with cum1 #ahea1 #ahge2 with acc4 and infin41 #bahg1 #bahh1 #bahd4 ,judicial1 verbs1 with gen41 #abhj-abhb2 with abl41 #abhj-abhb2 with gen4 of gerundive construction1 #bbfd4 ,keeping1 verbs of1 with two accusatives1 #aafg2 with pred4 abl41 #acfc4 ,kindred1 derivation1 acc4 of1 #aadj1 #aagc2 meaning1 acc4 of1 #aada4 ,know how1 verbs meaning1 with infin41 #bafi4 ,knowing1 verbs of1 coordinated1 #afif2 with indirect question1 #aggd2 with acc4 and infin41 #bage2 time of infin4 with1 #bbai1 #bbbf2 adjs4 meaning1 gen4 with1 #abfc1 #abfd4 ,known1 adjs4 meaning1 cases with1 #abjj4 ,labials1 #de1 #gg2 labial mute stems1 decl4 of1 #dgi1 #dhj4 ,labiodental1 #gg4 ,lacking1 adjs4 of1 with gen41 #abfc2 with abl41 #acjf2 verbs of1 with gen41 #abic2 with abl41 #abic1 #acjb-acjf4 ,lamentation1 expressed by infin41 #bbaf4 ,laws1 duim1 c4 in1 #gef2 forms of perf4 subjv4 and fut4 perf4 in1 #hhg2 infin4 in -ier in1 #hig2 imper4 in1 #aege1 #aehf2 use of -que in1 #afdi2 use of ast in1 #afhe2 extr quam in1 #ahid2 qu of purpose in1 #aigd2 quandque in1 #bjab1 #bjad4 ,learn1 verbs meaning1 with infin41 #bafi4 ,leaving1 verbs of1 infin4 of purpose with1 #bafe4 ,legal1 see ,laws4 ,lengthening1 of vowels1 #aba-abc2 by compensation1 #aba2 in gen4 plur41 #abc1 #dfb4 ,letters1 tenses in1 #afja1 #afaf2 of alphabet1 see ,alphabet4 ,letting1 verbs of1 with gen41 #abgd2 with abl41 #achh-acib4 ,lightening1 #afh4 ,like1 adjs4 meaning1 cases with1 #abjj4 ,loathing1 verbs of1 with gen41 #abhf4 ,local sentences1 #agaf4 ,locative case1 defined1 #dbj2 in what words used1 #dbj2 form of1 in -- stems1 #dch1 #ddc2 in -o- stems1 #deg1 #dfj2 in cons4 stems1 #ejd2 in -i- stems1 #eed2 in -u- stems1 #eid2 of hc1 #ffe2 of qu1 quis1 #fhi2 used as adv41 #gjh1 #gji1 #acdj2 meaning of1 #abii2 uses of1 #acca-acee2 attached to subst41 #acja1 #acca2 in dates1 #acjg1 #acca2 of names of towns and islands1 #acca-acce2 meaning near1 #acca2 with attribute1 #accb1 #accc2 of names of countries1 #accf2 dom1 rr1 hum1 orb1 #accg2 bell1 mlitiae1 #acch2 of other appellatives1 #acci2 joined with loc4 adv41 #acdj2 denoting time when1 #acda2 as abl41 #acdb-acee1 see ,ablative2 qun1 use of1 #aihj-aiij2 s1 #bjae4 ,logaoedic rhythms1 #bfej-bfgd4 ,loss1 see ,disappearance4 ,main1 sentences1 in ind4 disc41 mood of1 #bcab-bcad4 ,making1 verbs of1 with two accusatives1 #aafg2 with pred4 abl41 #acfc4 ,manner1 expressed by neut4 acc4 of adj41 #aadb2 abl4 of1 #aceh-acfa2 expressed by abl4 abs41 #acfg2 denoted by advs41 #gjj1 #gjd1 #gaj1 #adch2 denoted by abl4 of gerundive construction or gerund1 #bbff2 expressed by partic41 #bbie4 ,masculine1 gender1 general rules for1 #dje1 #djf2 for cons4 and -i- stems1 #ega-egf2 caesura1 #beeg4 ,mastery1 verbs of1 with gen41 #abib2 with abl41 #acgi2 with acc41 #achj4 ,material1 substs41 defined1 #f2 substs41 plur4 of1 #daf1 #aajh2 adj4 suffixes denoting1 #bii-cja2 abl4 of1 #acab-acae1 #adbf2 expressed by gen41 #abcb2 expressed by adj41 #adbg4 ,maxims1 imper4 in1 #aege1 #aehf4 ,means1 suffixes denoting1 #bch-bde1 #bac1 #bbd2 expressed by abl4 abs41 #acfg2 abl4 of1 #acgg-achd2 expressed by cum1 #ahgd2 expressed by quod1 quia1 #ahej2 expressed by qu1 #ahbf2 expressed by abl4 of gerundive construction or gerund1 #bbff2 expressed by partic41 #bbie4 ,measure1 abl4 of1 #achh-acib2 expressed by gen41 #abee2 unit of1 defined1 #beae4 ,medial1 disappearance1 of vowel1 #aab2 of cons41 #agj4 ,meditative1 verbs1 definition and formation of1 #cge2 the1 #igj4 ,memory1 adjs4 of1 with gen41 #abfc2 verbs of1 with gen41 #abhg-abia2 with acc41 #abhf1 #abia2 with de and abl41 #abhi1 #abia4 ,mental distress1 verbs of1 with gen41 #abhc-abhf4 ,metre1 #beab4 ,metrical lengthening1 #abc1 #b4 ,middle1 see ,reflexive4 ,military1 expressions1 dat4 in1 #abbc1 #abbe2 abl4 in1 #acef4 ,mobile1 nouns1 defined1 #dji2 substs41 agreement of1 #ajgh4 ,modal sentences1 #agaf4 ,modesty1 plur4 of1 #ajgd4 ,molossus1 #bebb4 ,monometer1 defined1 #becf2 trochaic1 #bfdi4 ,monopody1 #beca4 ,monosyllables1 defective in case1 #dcj2 quantity of1 #bdcj-bdcc2 rarely elided1 #bdhd1 #bdhe1 #bdhg1 #bdid1 #bdie4 ,months1 names of1 adjs41 #fbg2 decl4 of1 #fbg4 ,moods1 names of1 #gae2 subjv4 in simple sentence1 syntax of1 #aedj-aegj1 see ,subjunctive2 imper41 uses of1 #aega-aehf1 see ,imperative2 indic4 in simple sentence1 syntax of1 #adic-aecc1 see ,indicative2 of subordinate sentence1 #agbj-agca2 indic4 in subordinate sentence1 general rule1 #agba2 indic4 in subordinate sentence1 in ind4 disc41 #agbi1 #bcah2 subjv4 of repeated action in subordinate sentence1 #agcj2 subjv4 of wish1 action conceivable1 interrogation in subordinate sentence1 #agca2 subjv4 in indirect question1 #aggc-aghf2 moods in rel4 sentence1 #ahab-ahcj2 use of moods in ind4 disc4 and subjv4 of attraction1 #agbb-agbi1 #bcab-bcbj2 see quod1 cum1 c4 ,mora1 #beae4 ,motion1 aim of1 denoted by acc41 #aaeg-aaff2 end of1 denoted by dat41 #abaj2 from1 how expressed1 #acjg-acaa2 abl4 of route taken with verbs of1 #acgf2 verbs of1 with in and sub and acc41 #adbc2 with in and sub and abl41 #adbd2 with infin4 of purpose1 #bafd2 with supine in -um1 #aaff1 #bbgj4 ,motive1 abl4 of1 #acaf-acai2 expressed by abl4 abs41 #acfg1 #acag2 otherwise expressed1 #acag2 introduced by quod1 #ahec2 expressed by tamquam1 #aiji4 ,mountains1 names of1 gender1 #dje1 #djf4 ,multiplicatives1 #bdbc4 ,mutes1 #gc2 mute stems1 decl4 of1 #dga-dhj1 see ,declension4 ,names1 of characters of alphabet1 #af2 proper1 defined1 #e2 plur4 of1 #daf1 #aaje2 form of gen4 and voc4 of1 in -o- decl41 #hg1 #deg1 #dei2 with accent on final syllable1 #hc2 ending in -ius1 -ius1 -ius1 declensional forms of1 #deh2 with attribute attached1 #ajdd2 see ,greek2 common1 defined1 #e2 of males1 gender of1 #dje2 of females1 gender of1 #djg4 ,naming1 verbs of1 with two accusatives1 #aafg2 with indef4 subj41 #ajcc4 ,narration1 vivid1 pres4 of1 #aeij2 asyndeton in1 #afci2 see ,present4 ,nasals1 #gf4 ,near1 adjs4 meaning1 cases with1 #abjj-abjc4 ,necessary1 adjs4 meaning1 cases with1 #abjj-abjc4 ,necessity1 verbal expressions of1 in conditional periods1 #bjgd1 #baja2 verbal expressions of1 subjv4 coordinated with1 #agji2 verbal expressions of1 in indic41 #adie-adig2 expressed by subjv41 #aeeb4 ,need1 adjs4 of1 with gen41 #abfc2 verbs meaning1 with abl41 #acjb-acjf2 with gen41 #abic4 ,negative1 advs41 general use of1 #addc-adec2 with wishes1 #aedj2 with exhortations1 prohibitions1 c41 #aedg2 two in one sentence1 #adeb1 #adec1 #affj1 #affa2 nn1 with subjv4 of action conceivable1 #aeed2 n1 nn1 in subjv4 questions1 #aefc1 #aeff2 n1 nve1 neque1 nn1 nm1 with imper41 #aeha1 #aehb1 #aehf2 conjs41 use of1 #afeg-affa1 #bada-badd2 combination of1 with affirm4 conjs41 #affe2 n in coordinated subjv41 #agjf2 necne and an nn in indirect questions1 #aggh2 meaning of haud sci an1 c41 #aghb2 ut n1 n1 ut nn1 c41 of purpose and result1 #aidg2 in conditional prot41 #bjbj1 #bjba2 nn1 position of1 in conditional sentences1 #bjfg2 apod4 in tam 4 4 4 quam sentences1 #ahhi2 implied by perf41 #afaj2 answer1 expected with -ne1 -n1 #aejd2 expected with nnne1 #aejf2 expected with num1 #aejg2 how expressed1 #aeac2 sentence1 quvs1 qulibet1 utervs1 uterlibet in1 #bdja2 sentence1 quisquam in1 #bdjb4 ,neglect1 verbs meaning1 with infin41 #bafi4 ,neuter1 gender1 defined1 #djb2 general rule for1 #dab2 for cons4 and -i- stems1 #ehb-ehd2 nom4 and acc4 plur41 form of1 #dbc2 in -1 #acj1 #b2 #dfa2 of -u- stems1 #ehf2 of adjs41 as substs41 use of1 #ajic1 #aaja1 #aajf1 #abej2 acc41 of pron41 with verbal expressions1 #aadd2 word1 with partitive gen41 #abdg2 adjs41 in gen4 with verbs of valuing1 #abga2 use of gerundive in1 #bahj1 #bbdd1 #bbdf1 #bbdg4 ,nine-syllabled ,alcaic1 #bfdb4 ,nominative case1 defined1 #dai2 sing41 of gender nouns1 how formed1 #dbb1 #ddh1 #die1 #ehg1 #eih2 sing41 of nouns with stems in --1 -l-1 -n-1 -r-1 -s-1 how formed1 #dbb1 #dcd1 #dif-ejj2 sing41 of neut4 nouns1 how formed1 #dbc1 #ddh1 #dif2 plur41 of neut4 nouns1 how formed1 #dbc2 lacking1 see ,defective2 of fem4 and neut4 in -a1 -1 #acj1 #a and #b2 in -or1 -r1 #acb2 ending in d1 #adi2 #aga1 #b4 -- stems1 with long final vowel1 #acj1 #a2 #dcf2 #dde2 in -s1 #dcf2 inscriptional forms1 #ddc2 ,greek nouns1 #ddd1 #dde4 -o- stems in -os and -us1 #deb2 in -us1 -er1 -r1 #dec1 #ded1 #fac-fag2 in -ei1 -es1 -s1 #dfa1 #dfe2 in -1 -1 -1 #deh2 neut4 plur41 in -1 #fe1 #dfa2 inscriptional forms1 #dfe2 ,greek nouns1 #dff4 ,consonant stems1 sing41 how formed1 #die-ejj2 plur41 in -s1 #eje1 #ejg2 inscriptional forms1 #ejg2 ,greek nouns1 #ejh-eab4 -i- stems1 sing41 how formed1 #edj-edf2 plur41 in -s1 -s1 -eis1 -ia1 -i1 #efb1 #efd2 inscriptional forms1 #efd2 ,greek nouns1 #efe4 -u- stems1 inscriptional forms1 #eic4 ,pronouns1 without case ending1 #fde2 peculiar and inscriptional forms1 of tuus1 meus1 suus1 #fec2 of hc1 #ffc-ffe2 of ille1 iste1 #ffg1 #ffh2 of illic1 istic1 #fgj2 of is1 #fgc1 #fgd2 of dem1 #fgg1 #fgh2 of ipse1 #fhj2 of qu1 quis1 #fhh1 #fij2 alis1 alid1 for alius1 aliud1 #fai4 ,uses of1 #aaac-aabc2 subj4 of verb1 #aaac1 #ajbg2 general1 #aaac2 as subj41 in titles1 c41 #aaad-aaaf2 in exclamations1 #aaag2 as case of address1 #aaah-aabc2 combined with voc41 #aaba2 with mih est nmen1 c41 #abac1 #abad2 pred41 instead of dat41 #abba1 #abbd2 with opus est1 #achc2 as subj4 of infin41 #aece2 accompanying imper41 #aega2 pred4 noun with infin4 in1 #bahd2 pred41 see ,predicate2 of gerundive construction1 #bbdc-bbdi1 #bbea4 ,non-occurrent1 action1 tense of1 in subordinate sentence1 #agec1 #bcbi2 protases of1 defined1 #bjbd2 treated1 #bjia-baah1 see ,conditional2 apodoses of1 in ind4 disc41 #bcca-bccd4 ,notation1 #bdjf-bdaa4 ,nouns1 defined1 #c-h2 endings of1 with shortened vowel1 #abi1 #acj2 with long vowel retained1 #acb2 formation of1 #ahj-bjc2 roots and stems1 #ahc-aih2 without formative suffix1 #aie1 #aih1 #aii2 with formative suffix1 #aie-aih1 #bjj-bjc2 suffixes of1 #bjd-cfd1 see ,formation2 compound1 formation and meaning of1 #cgi-cij2 gender nouns1 defined1 #cih1 #djb2 mobile1 defined1 #dji2 epicenes1 #daa2 of common gender1 #daj2 inflection of1 #cih-gab1 see ,gender1 ,number1 ,case1 ,declension2 with two forms of stem1 #dja1 #dac1 #dgj1 #dge1 #eca1 #ede1 #eff-efi1 #fjc2 agreement of1 #ajgg-ajih1 see ,agreement2 use of1 #ajii-adfh1 see ,ablative1 c41 ,substantives1 ,adjectives4 ,nouns of the verb1 enumerated1 #gcb2 formation of1 #hid-iai1 see ,formation2 sequence of tenses following1 #agff-agfi2 uses of1 #bafj-bbii2 see ,infinitive1 ,gerund1 ,gerundive1 ,supine1 ,participles4 ,number1 in nouns1 defined1 #dad2 in verbs1 defined1 #gbb2 dual forms1 #dae2 nouns defective in1 see ,defective2 sing4 and plur41 with different meaning1 #dah1 #dhj2 agreement of verb in1 #ajfb-ajgf2 agreement of subst4 in1 #ajgg-ajha2 agreement of adj4 and partic4 in1 #ajhb-ajih2 agreement of rel4 pron4 in1 #ajhb-ajih1 #ahja-ahaa1 see ,relative2 agreement of demonstrative and determinative prons4 in1 #ajhb-ajih1 see ,demonstrative1 ,determinative2 sing41 in collective sense1 #ajii2 sing41 of a class1 #aajj2 sing41 of neut4 adjs4 used as substs41 #aaja1 #ajic1 #abej2 plur41 of a class1 #aajd2 plur41 of proper names1 #aaje1 #daf2 plur41 of neut4 adjs4 used as substs41 #aajf2 plur41 of names of countries1 #aajg2 plur41 of material substs41 #aajh1 #daf2 plur41 of abstracts1 #aaji1 #daf2 plur41 in generalizations and in poetry1 #aaaj2 denoted by gen4 of quality1 #abci2 denoted by advs41 #adch4 ,numeral adjectives1 decl4 of1 #fcg-fdc2 agreeing with a rel41 #ahaj2 kinds of1 #bdjd2 table of1 #bdje2 see ,numerals4 ,numeral adverbs1 #bdjd2 table of1 #bdje2 forms in -ins1 -is1 #bdad4 ,numerals1 cardinals1 decl4 of1 #fcg-fdb1 #dca2 ordinals and distributives1 decl4 of1 #fdc2 kinds of1 #bdjd2 table of1 #bdje2 notation1 #bdjf-bdaa2 some forms of1 #bdab-bdah2 some uses of cardinals and ordinals1 #bdai2 some uses of distributives1 #bdbj-bdbb2 multiplicatives1 proportionals1 and adjs4 derived from numerals1 #bdbc2 fractions1 #bdbd-bdbh2 see ,numeral ,adjectives1 ,cardinal numerals1 ,ordinal1 ,distributive4 ,numeri ,italici1 #bedi4 ,obeying1 expressions of1 case with1 #aaha-aahe4 ,object1 of a subst41 defined1 #ajdf2 of a verb1 direct1 becomes nom4 in pass41 #aabe2 constructions of1 #aacb-aaej1 #aafg-aagd1 see ,accusative2 subordinate sentence as1 #agae2 expressed by sentence with quod1 #ahde2 complementary clause as1 #aidh2 infin4 as1 #bafg-bbjf1 see ,infinitive2 of gerundive1 #bbdg2 of gerund1 #bbdb1 #bbee1 #bbei1 #bbfe2 indirect1 see ,complement4 ,objective1 compounds1 defined1 #chd2 gen41 #abfj-abfb2 gen41 nostr1 vestr used as1 #bcce4 ,obligation1 expressions of1 in indic4 with infin41 #adie-adig2 expressed by subjv41 #aeeb2 expressed by gerundive1 #bbdc1 #bbdh4 ,obligatory1 use of verb1 #bcjf4 ,oblique cases1 #dai4 ,octnrius1 defined1 #becf2 iambic1 #bfjd-bfji2 trochaic1 #bfcf-bfch2 anapaestic1 #bfhd1 #bfhe4 ,office1 suffixes denoting1 #baf1 #bce2 titles of1 with gerundive construction1 #bbed4 ,often1 perf4 expressing action often or never done1 #afaa4 ,omission1 of prep41 with several substs41 #adcj2 of antecedent of rel41 #agih1 #agii2 of subj4 acc4 of infin41 #bahc1 #bahd4 ,open vowels1 #df4 ,optative1 see ,wish4 rti ,oblqua1 see ,indirect ,discourse4 ,order1 see ,command4 ,ordinal1 numerals1 decl4 of1 #fdc2 in acc41 to express time1 #aaee2 with post and ante in expressions of time1 #acid-acig2 list of1 #bdjd1 #bdje2 in dates1 #bdai2 some forms of1 #bdab-bdah2 with subst4 not used in sing41 #bdai2 quisque with1 #bcig4 ,origin1 adj4 suffixes implying1 #bih1 #cjb-ccj2 gen4 of1 #abcb-abch2 expressed by abl41 #acab-acae1 #acji1 #adbf2 expressed by adj41 #adbg4 ,ought1 verbs meaning1 with infin41 #bafi4 ,owner1 gn4 of1 #abcb-abch4 ,paeon1 #beba1 #bebb4 ,palatal1 #dd1 #gg4 ,palimbacchius1 #bebb4 ,pardoning1 expressions of1 case with1 #aaha-aahe4 ,parentage1 denoted by abl41 #acab4 ,parentheses1 asyndeton in1 #afdb2 introduced by nam1 et1 c41 #afdb2 quod sciam1 qu quidem1 #ahbi2 with ut1 scut1 prout1 #aije1 #aidj1 #aidb1 #bjag2 expressed by purpose clause with ut1 n1 #aifb2 s placet1 c41 #baac4 ,parisyllables1 defined1 #eae2 decl4 of1 #eag-ebh1 #edj-efi1 see ,declension2 gender of1 #egg-egi4 ,paroemiac1 #bfhh1 #bfhi4 ,part concerned1 acc4 of1 #aadg4 ,participation1 adjs4 of1 with gen41 #abfc1 #abfd2 verbs of1 with gen41 #abib4 ,participles1 defined1 #gcb1 #bbgh2 suffix1 -nus1 #bif1 #caf-cbb2 in -mino-1 #big2 agreement of1 #ajhb-ajic1 see ,agreement2 in dat41 to denote person viewing or judging1 #abag2 cause or motive expressed by1 #acag2 question with1 #aecc2 rel4 sentence coordinated with1 #ahbj2 quamquam with1 #aijj2 quamlibet with1 #aijg2 quamvs1 with1 #aijg2 intimating condition1 #baaj2 quasi1 tamquam1 ut1 velut with1 #baba2 with gerundive construction1 #bbed2 uses of1 treated1 #bbgh-bbii2 character of1 #bbgh2 time of1 #bbgi-bbha2 the attributive1 #bbhb-bbhf2 expressing permanent condition1 #bbhb2 compared1 c41 #bbhd2 the subst41 #bbhg-bbib2 the appositive1 #bbic-bbif2 representing rel4 sentence1 #bbid2 expressing time1 means1 c41 #bbie2 the predicative1 #bbig-bbii4 ,present1 stem of1 #edc1 #fcb2 abl4 sing4 of1 #efj1 #fcc2 decl4 of1 #fcb1 #fcc2 gen4 plur4 of1 in -um1 #efc2 of sum1 #gdi2 formation of1 #ija-ijc2 with gen41 #abff2 in abl4 abs41 #acfb2 in reflexive sense1 #adhb2 with verbs signifying represent and verbs of senses1 #bbih1 #bbii4 ,perfect1 formation of1 #ijf-iai2 lacking1 #haa1 #ije1 #ijg1 #ibb-ajai2 advs4 from1 #gjd1 #acgb2 dat4 of possessor with1 #abaf1 #adgh2 of origin1 with abl41 #acab2 in abl4 abs41 #acfb1 #acfd2 of deponents1 #ijg1 #acfd1 #adib1 #bbhj2 abl4 neut4 of1 used impersonally1 #acgb2 agreeing with sentence or infin41 #acgc2 with sus est and opus est1 #achb2 used as subst41 #addj2 with act4 meaning1 #adhe2 with fu1 fueram1 fuer1 #afji2 sequence after1 #agff1 #agfg2 of contemporaneous action1 #bbhj2 translated as abstract1 #bbhe1 #bbhf2 with habe1 faci1 d1 c41 #afjf1 #bbig2 quantity of penult vowel in disyllabics1 #bdcd-bdcf4 ,future1 formation of1 #ijd1 #ije2 with sum1 #hjb1 #hjc2 with sum1 use of1 #afcc1 #agcg1 #agdb1 #agdf1 #agdg2 use of1 in conditional sentences1 #bjgd1 #bjha1 #bjhg1 #bjib1 #bjic1 #bjig1 #bajj1 #bajh2 in abl4 abs41 #acfb2 as adj41 #bbhc4 ,perfect active1 #ijg4 ,particles1 interrogative1 see ,interrogative2 exclamatory1 see ,questions2 of wishes1 #aedj2 conjunctive particle sentence1 #ahch-babb1 see ,conjunctive4 ,partitive1 gen41 #abda-abed2 nostrm1 vestrm used as1 #bcce4 ,parts1 of speech1 #b-ae2 prin41 of verbs1 #gcc-gce2 prin41 classification of verbs according to1 #ibj-ajbb1 see ,verbs4 ,passive voice1 defined1 #gbc1 #adgb2 of verbs of intrans4 use1 #gbd1 #gfc1 #adgi2 nom4 of1 for acc4 of act41 #aabe1 #adgc2 of compound verbs1 with acc41 #aach2 of verbs of feeling1 commonly intransitive1 #aaci2 two accusatives of the act4 in1 #aafg-aaga1 #adgd2 act4 of a different verb serving as1 #adga2 defining acc4 or acc4 of extent or duration made subj4 in1 #adge2 verbs of trans4 use used impersonally in1 #adgi2 the doer of the action how expressed with1 #acah1 #acai1 #adgf-adgh1 #baha1 #bbdc2 use of1 #adgb-adhe2 complementary dat4 of act4 made subj4 in1 #aaha1 #adhj1 #bbjb2 with reflexive meaning1 #adha1 #adhg1 #aadh2 of coep and dsin1 #adhc2 perf4 partic4 with act4 meaning1 #adhe2 deponents with force of1 #adhg2 deponents with meaning of1 #adij2 perf4 partic4 of deponents with act4 and pass4 meaning1 #ijg1 #acfd1 #adib2 forms with fu1 c41 #afji2 of verbs of perceiving1 knowing1 thinking1 saying1 c41 personal and impersonal constructions of1 #bagg-bahb2 of iube1 vet1 sin1 used personally1 #bbja2 with gerundive1 #bbea2 fut4 infin41 formation and use of1 #bbgc4 ,patronymics1 suffixes forming1 #bgi2 gen4 plur4 of1 #dci4 ,pauses1 #bedj4 ,penalty1 denoted by gen41 #abhb2 denoted by abl41 #abhb4 ,pentameter1 defined1 #becf2 dactylic1 #begj-begf4 ,pentapody1 defined1 #beca2 logaoedic1 #bffd-bffh4 ,penthemimeral caesura1 #bedd4 ,penthemimeris1 #beca4 ,penult1 defined1 #age2 when accented1 #hf1 #hg2 quantity of1 in polysyllables1 #bdcd-bdcf4 ,perceiving1 verbs of1 coordinated1 #afif2 in pres4 with postquam1 ub1 ut1 c41 #aibf2 with acc4 and infin41 #bage2 time of infin4 with1 #bbai1 #bbbf4 ,perfect tense1 indicative1 formation of1 #hed-hge2 stem without suffix1 #heh-hff2 stem in -s-1 #hfg1 #hfh2 stem in -v- or -u-1 #hfi-hge2 short or old forms1 #hhe-hic2 -runt and -re in #crd pers4 plur41 #gbg2 quantity of vowel preceding -runt1 -re1 #hef1 #heg2 -t1 #heg1 #fh2 reduplication of1 #heh-hfa1 #ibb-icb1 #ihi1 #iie1 #ajaa2 quantity of penult vowel in disyllabic perfects1 #bdcd-bdcf4 ,dative of possessor with1 #abaf1 #adgh2 in simple sentence1 uses of1 #afjb-afac1 #afaf2 definite1 defined1 #afjb2 historical1 defined1 #afjb2 historical1 function of1 #afjc2 historical1 for plup41 #afjd2 definite1 function of1 #afje2 definite1 expressed by habe and partic41 #afjf2 definite1 of inceptives1 #afjg2 definite1 denoting pres4 resulting state1 #afjh2 definite1 pass4 with fu1 c41 #afji2 definite1 other uses of1 #afaj-afaf1 #bjbg1 #bjcj2 sequence of1 #agag1 #agdj-agfa1 #bcbb-bcbd1 #bcbf-bcbi2 in subordinate sentence1 rel4 time1 #agcc1 #agcf2 independent1 #agch2 with cum1 #ahfj1 #ahfa1 #ahff1 #ahfg1 #ahfi1 #ahga2 with antequam1 priusquam1 #aiab1 #aiag1 #aibj2 with postquam1 ub1 ut1 c41 #aibe1 #aibg1 #aibi1 #aicj1 #aicb2 with dum1 dnec1 quoad1 quamdi1 #aiih1 #bjja1 #bjjb1 #bjjf1 #bjjg1 #bjji2 in conditional prot41 #bjbc1 #bjcd-bjda1 #bjff-bjfh2 in conditional apod41 #bjbc1 #bjbg1 #bjce1 #bjdc1 #bjdi1 #bjec1 #bjfj1 #baja1 #bajc-baje4 ,subjunctive1 formation of1 #hgf-hgh2 short or old forms1 #hhe-hic2 in wishes1 #aeda1 #aedc2 in exhortations1 prohibitions1 c41 #aedi1 #aeea2 of action conceivable1 #aeeg1 #aeeh2 with force of fut41 #aeda1 #aedi1 #aeea1 #aeeh2 of repeated action1 #agcj2 sequence of1 #agfd1 #agfe2 in subordinate sentence1 following primary1 #agdf1 #agfb1 #agff1 #agga1 #bcbc2 following pres4 of vivid narration and pres4 of quotation1 #ageb2 following perf4 definite1 #aged2 following secondary1 in rel41 causal1 and concessive sentences1 #agef2 following secondary1 in consecutive sentences1 #ageg2 following secondary1 in indirect question1 #agfj2 following secondary1 in ind4 disc41 #bcbh2 in sequence with adjacent verb1 #agfa2 of action non-occurrent1 in pres4 sequence1 #agfc2 in sequence with perf4 infin41 #agfh2 with antequam1 priusquam1 #aiac1 #aiaf1 #aiai2 with ut purpose1 #aifb2 in conditional prot41 #bjbc1 #bjgj1 #bjgb1 #bjhd-bjhh1 #bjij2 in conditional apod41 #bjbc1 #bjeh1 #bjgc1 #bjgg1 #bjhe1 #bjij2 with quasi1 tamquam s1 c41 #baai2 in ind4 disc4 representing a fut4 perf41 #bcbd4 ,imperative1 formation of1 #hac1 #hgi2 pass41 #aehj4 ,infinitive1 see ,infinitive4 ,participle1 see ,participles4 ,periods1 connection of1 #babc-baei4 ,periphrastic1 forms of the verb1 #hjb-hjd2 fut4 partic4 with form of sum1 #hjb1 #hjc2 fut4 partic4 with form of sum1 use of1 #afcc1 #agcg1 #agdb1 #agdf1 #agdg2 in conditional sentences1 #bjgd1 #bjha1 #bjhg1 #bjib1 #bjic1 #bjig1 #bajj1 #bajh2 gerundive with sum1 #hjd1 #baja1 #bbdc2 circumlocutions for perf4 pass41 fut4 act41 fut4 pass4 infin41 #gcb1 #hih1 #bbgc2 perf4 pass4 imper41 #aehj2 perf4 with habe1 #afjf1 #bbig2 fore1 futrum esse1 ut1 #bbcc2 fore with perf4 partic41 #bbcd2 forms in conditional apodoses of action non-occurrent in ind4 disc41 #bcca-bccd4 ,permission1 verbs of1 subjv4 coordinated with1 #agaj2 verbs of1 with purpose clause1 #aiej2 expressed by quamvs1 #aijd2 expressed by quamlibet1 #aijg4 ,permissive1 use of verb1 #bcjg4 ,person1 in verbs1 defined1 #gba2 in imper41 #gca2 #crd pers4 plur41 in indef4 sense1 #ajcc2 agreement of verb in1 #ajfb2 when subjects are of different pers41 #ajgf2 when subj4 is rel41 #ahjg2 use of ns for ego1 #ajgd2 order of persons1 #ajgf2 pers4 of qu1 #agib4 ,personal pronouns1 decl4 of1 #fdd-fea2 possess41 #feb-fee2 when used with #ast and #bnd pers41 #ajbi2 possess4 used instead of gen41 #abcd1 #abfb2 gen4 of1 used possessively1 #abcd2 preps4 following1 #adce2 use of nostrm1 vestrm1 nostr1 vestr1 #bcce2 possess4 omitted1 #bcdf2 possess4 meaning proper1 appropriate1 favourable1 #bcdf2 ipse with1 #bcgf2 see ego1 c4 ,personal verbs1 impersonal verbs used as1 #aaha1 #abhd2 verbs of intrans4 use used as1 in pass41 #aaha1 #adhj1 #bbjc2 verbs of perceiving1 knowing1 thinking1 saying as1 in pass41 #bagg-bahb2 iube1 vet1 sin as1 in pass41 #bbja4 ,person endings1 vowel of1 short1 #abi1 #acj2 vowel of1 long1 #acb2 -mino in imper41 #big1 #gca2 -min in #bnd pers4 plur41 #big1 #gcj2 function of1 #gac1 #gba2 table of1 #gbf2 -runt and -re in perf41 #gbg2 of #ast and #bnd pers41 #gbh2 -ris and -re in #bnd pers4 pass41 #gcj2 in inscriptions1 #gbi2 #crd pers4 plur4 -ont1 -unt1 #hbg4 ,persuading1 verbs of1 case with1 #aaha-aahe2 subjv4 coordinated with1 #agab4 ,phalaecean1 #bffd1 #bffe4 ,pherecratean1 #bfei4 ,phonetic1 see ,sound4 ,pity1 see ,mental distress4 ,place1 subst4 suffixes denoting1 #bff1 #bbh1 #bda1 #bdb1 #bde1 #bdi2 adj4 suffixes denoting1 #cag1 #cba1 #cdg2 advs4 denoting1 #gjh1 #gji1 #adch2 expressed by loc41 #acca-acda2 expressed by loc4 abl41 #acdb-acdi2 expressed by attributive prepositional phrase1 #adbf1 #abcc2 expressed by adj41 #adbg1 #abcc2 expressed by gen41 #adbg1 #abcb2 from which1 advs4 denoting1 #gaj2 from which1 how expressed1 #acjg-acaa2 to which1 advs4 denoting1 #gaj2 to which1 how expressed1 #aaeg-aaff1 #abaj2 rel4 advs41 ub1 qu1 unde1 #agic4 ,places1 names of1 see ,towns4 ,plants1 names of1 gender1 #djg1 #djh1 #egc4 ,pleasing1 expressions of1 case with1 #aaha-aahe4 ,plenty1 see ,fulness4 ,pluperfect tense1 indicative1 formation of1 #hhj2 short or old forms1 #hhe-hic2 dat4 with1 #abaf1 #adgh2 uses of1 in simple sentence1 #afad-afah1 #afjg1 #afji2 of past action completed1 #afad2 expressing past resulting state1 #afae2 in letters1 #afaf2 for perf41 #afag2 of time anterior to past repeated action1 #afah2 of inceptives1 #afjg2 pass4 with fueram1 c41 #afji2 sequence of1 #agag1 #agdj-agde1 #agdg1 #agdh1 #agee-agfj1 #bcbb-bcbd1 #bcbf-bcbi2 in subordinate sentence1 rel4 time1 #agcc1 #agcf2 independent1 #agch2 with cum1 #ahfj1 #ahfa2 with antequam1 priusquam1 #aiah2 with postquam1 ub1 ut1 c41 #aibh1 #aibi1 #aicb1 #aicc2 with dum1 dnec1 #aiig1 #bjji2 in conditional prot41 #bjbc1 #bjdh-bjea2 in conditional apod41 #bjbc1 #bjbi1 #bjcf1 #bajd1 #bajg4 ,subjunctive1 formation of1 #hha2 -t1 #fh2 short or old forms1 #hhe-hic2 in wishes1 #aedd2 in expressions of obligation or necessity1 #aeeb2 of action conceivable1 #aefa2 of repeated action1 #agcj2 sequence of1 #agfb1 #agfc2 in subordinate sentence1 following secondary1 #agdg1 #agfb1 #agff1 #agga1 #bcbb2 following pres4 of vivid narration and pres4 of quotation1 #ageb2 following primary1 #agec1 #bcbi2 following perf4 definite1 #aged2 following perf4 infin41 or perf4 partic41 #agfg2 with cum1 #ahgb1 #ahgc2 with quotins1 quotinscumque1 #ahhg2 with antequam1 priusquam1 #aiad1 #aibj1 #aiba2 with poste quam1 postquam1 c41 #aibd2 with dnec1 #bjji2 with indef4 rel4 pron4 or adv41 #ahad2 in conditional prot41 #bjbd1 #bjga1 #bjhi1 #bjia1 #bjif1 #bjih-bajg2 in conditional apod41 #bjbd1 #bjda1 #bjga1 #bjgc1 #bjhc1 #bjhi1 #bjia1 #bjie1 #bjii2 with quasi1 tamquam s1 c41 #babj2 in ind4 disc4 representing a fut4 perf41 #bcbd2 in conditional apod4 of direct discourse1 how represented in ind4 disc41 #bcca-bccd4 ,plural number1 in nouns1 defined1 #dad2 lacking1 see ,defective2 with different meaning from sing41 #dah1 #dhj2 of material substs41 #daf1 #aajh2 of abstracts1 #daf1 #aaji2 of proper names1 #daf1 #aaje2 of names of countries1 #aajg2 in generalizations and in poetry1 #aaaj2 adjs4 in1 used as substs41 #aajc1 #aajd1 #aajf2 in substs41 in agreement1 #ajgg-ajha2 in adjs41 prons41 and partic41 in agreement1 #ajhb-ajih2 in verbs1 defined1 #gbb2 with sing4 and plur4 subjects1 #ajfb-ajgf2 of modesty1 #ajgd2 of gerundive with nostr1 c41 #bbfa4 ,polysyllables1 quantity of penult in1 #bdcd-bdcf2 quantity of final syllable in1 #bdcg-bdeg4 ,position1 syllables long by1 #agg2 syllable containing vowel before mute or f followed by l or r1 #agh2 final short vowel before word beginning with two consonants or double cons41 #bdeh2 final s does not always make1 #bdfh2 of preps41 #adcc-adcg4 ,positive1 expressing disproportion1 #aded2 used in comparison of adjs4 and advs41 #adeg1 #adeh2 combined with a compar41 #adeh2 expressed by compar4 with abl41 #adfd2 see ,comparison1 ,affirmative4 ,possession1 adj4 suffixes implying1 #bih1 #cjb-ccj2 expressed by dat41 #abjg1 #abab-abaf2 expressed by gen41 #abcb-abch4 ,possessive compounds1 #che4 ,possessive pronouns1 decl4 of1 #feb-fee2 agreement of1 #ajhb-ajih2 used instead of gen4 of personal or reflexive pron41 #abcd1 #abfb2 with word in apposition in gen41 #abce2 with rfert and interest1 #abgg2 gen4 of1 with infin41 #abcg1 #bbjh1 #bbaa2 implying antecedent to rel41 #ahjg2 of reflexive1 referring to subj4 of verb1 #bccf2 of reflexive1 referring to word not subj4 of verb1 #bccg2 of reflexive1 in construction of acc4 with infin41 #bcch-bcdj2 of reflexive1 in subordinate clauses1 #bcda-bcdc2 omitted1 #bcdf2 meaning proper1 appropriate1 favourable1 #bcdf2 see meus1 c4 ,possessor1 dat4 of1 #abab-abaf1 #adgh1 #baha1 #bbdc4 ,possibility1 expressed by subjv41 #aeed-aefb2 denoted by gerundive1 #bbdi2 verbal expressions of1 see ,ability4 ,postpositive1 words1 #afgf1 #afhh2 preps41 #adcc-adcf4 ,posttonic syllable1 #ajb4 ,potential1 use of verb1 #bcje2 see ,action conceivable4 ,prayer1 duim1 c4 in1 #gef2 forms of perf4 subjv4 and fut4 perf4 in1 #hhg2 expressed by imper41 #aega2 in verse1 #bedi4 ,predicate1 defined1 #ajbc1 #ajce2 omitted1 #ajcf2 enlarged1 #ajdh-ajed2 pred4 subst41 verb agreeing with1 #ajgb2 agreement of pred4 subst41 #ajgg-ajha2 in oblique case1 #ajeb1 #acfc2 pred4 adj41 agreement of1 #ajhb-ajih2 pred4 nom41 with verb of indeterminate meaning1 #ajce2 with other verbs1 #ajea2 infin4 as pred4 nom41 #bbjg2 noun1 in nom4 with complementary infin41 #baga2 in acc41 referring to subj4 acc4 #bagd2 in nom41 with verbs of perceiving1 knowing1 c41 used in pass41 #bagg2 in nom41 with verbs of perceiving1 knowing1 c41 used in act41 #bahd2 in acc41 referring to unexpressed indef4 subj4 of infin41 #bbac2 in dat41 with implied subj4 of infin41 #bbad2 in acc41 with verbs of making1 choosing1 naming1 c41 #aafg1 #aafh2 pred4 uses of gen41 #abcf1 #abcg1 #abci1 #abea2 pred4 use of abl4 of quality1 #acge2 with tor4 #acha2 pred4 partic4 with sus est1 opus est1 #achb2 pred4 use of prepositional expressions1 #adbh2 pron4 agreeing with pred4 subst41 #ajig1 #ahjf2 pred4 use of gen4 of gerundive construction1 #bbfb-bbfd2 see ,predicative4 ,predicative1 dat41 #abai-abbe2 partic41 #bbig-bbii4 ,prefixes1 advs4 as verbal1 #adjb-adji4 ,prepositions1 defined1 #aa1 #fif1 #adjb2 as proclitics1 #ib2 accent of1 when following case1 #ib2 how written in inscriptions and mss41 #ib2 as positive1 #ceg2 compounded with nouns or noun stems1 #cha-chc1 #che1 #cij2 compounded with verbs1 #cia1 #cib2 inseparable1 #cib1 #adji2 origin of1 #fif1 #adjb-adjd2 function of1 #adje2 inflected forms of substs4 used as1 #adjf1 #adac1 #adai1 #adbj2 trace of adverbial use in tmesis1 #adjg2 use as advs4 and as preps4 discussed1 #adab-adaf1 #adba2 used with acc41 #adaj-adaf2 used with abl41 #adae-adba2 used with abl4 proper1 #abig1 #adae1 #adai-adba2 used with loc4 abl41 #abii1 #adaf2 used with instrumental abl41 #acjj2 with acc4 or abl41 #adbb-adbe1 #adae2 substs4 combined by1 #adbf-adbh2 repetition of1 with two or more substs41 #adbi2 omission of1 with a second subst41 #adcj2 two4 with one subst41 #adca1 #adcb2 position of1 #adcc-adcg2 in oaths1 #adcg2 verbs compounded with1 cases after1 #aacg1 #aach1 #aahh-aaia1 #aaid-aaii1 #abji2 with infin4 as obj41 #bbje2 with gerundive construction or gerund in acc41 #bbeb1 #bbec2 in abl41 #bbfg2 with subst4 and partic41 #bbhe1 #bbhf2 for special uses of different preps41 see ,index of ,latin ,words4 ,present stems1 used as roots1 #aij-aid1 #hee2 roots used as1 #gch-gdc1 #hbh1 #hdd4 ,present system1 of verbs1 formation of1 #hbh-hec4 ,present tense1 indicative formation of1 #hbh-hdj2 -t1 -t1 -t1 #acb2 -r1 #acb2 dat4 of possessor with1 #abaf1 #adgh1 #baha2 uses of1 in simple sentence1 #aehg-aeic1 #afja2 of pres4 action1 #aehg2 of customary or repeated action1 or general truth1 #aehh2 of past action1 still continued1 #aehi2 of vivid narration1 #aeij1 #afci2 the annalistic1 #aeia2 of verbs of hearing1 seeing1 saying1 #aeib2 in quotations1 #aeib2 of fut4 action1 #aeic1 #bjbf2 in letters1 #afja2 sequence of1 #agag1 #agdj-agdf1 #agdi-agec1 #bcbb-bcbd1 #bcbf-bcbi2 in subordinate sentence1 rel4 time1 #agcc-agce2 independent1 #agch2 with cum1 #ahfj-ahfb1 #ahff1 #ahfg1 #ahfi1 #ahga2 with quoniam1 #ahhc2 with antequam1 priusquam1 #aiae1 #aiah2 with postquam1 ub1 ut1 c41 #aibf1 #aibg1 #aicj1 #aicb2 with dum1 dnec1 quoad1 quamdi1 #aiie1 #bjjj1 #bjja1 #bjjf1 #bjjg1 #bjji2 in conditional prot41 #bjbc1 #bjbf-bjcc1 #bjfe-bjfh1 #bjgd2 in conditional apod41 #bjbc1 #bjbf1 #bjcd1 #bjdb1 #bjdh1 #bjeb1 #bjei1 #bjgh4 ,subjunctive1 formation of1 #hda-hdc2 -t1 -t1 -t1 #acb2 -r1 #acb2 in wishes1 #aeda1 #aedb2 in exhortations1 prohibitions1 c41 #aedh1 #aeej1 #aeea2 of action conceivable1 #aeef2 of repeated action1 #agcj2 primary1 #agfb2 referring to fut4 time1 #agdc1 #agdi2 following perf4 definite1 #aged2 following secondary in rel41 causal1 and concessive sentences1 #agef2 following secondary in consecutive sentences1 #ageg2 following secondary in indirect question1 #agfj2 following secondary in ind4 disc41 #bcbh2 in sequence with adjacent verb1 #agfa2 of action non-occurrent1 in pres4 sequence1 #agfc2 in sequence with perf4 infin41 #agfh2 with antequam1 priusquam1 #aiab1 #aiae1 #aiai2 with ut purpose1 #aifb2 with dum1 dnec1 quoad1 #bjjc1 #bjje1 #bjjg2 with modo1 #bjjc2 in conditional prot41 #bjbc1 #bjgj1 #bjgb1 #bjgf-bjhc1 #bjij1 #bjic1 #bjif2 in conditional apod41 #bjbc1 #bjcc1 #bjci1 #bjdf1 #bjeg1 #bjfd1 #bjgj1 #bjgf1 #bjhd1 #bjij2 with quasi1 tamquam s1 c41 #baai2 in ind4 disc4 representing a fut41 #bcbd4 ,infinitive1 see ,infinitive4 ,participle1 see ,participles4 ,preventing1 see ,hindering4 ,priapean1 #bfgd4 ,price1 gen4 of1 #abga2 abl4 of1 #achh-acib4 ,primary tenses1 #agag1 #agfb4 ,primitive1 defined1 #aih2 substs41 #bjd-bde1 see ,substantives2 adjs41 #bhj-big1 #cje1 see ,adjectives2 verbs1 theme in1 #gch-gda2 inflection of1 #gdc-gia2 formation of pres4 stem of1 #hbh-hch2 list of1 #ibb-ihf1 see ,verbs4 ,principal cases1 #aaaa1 #aaab4 ,principal parts1 of the verb1 #gcc-gce2 classification of verbs according to1 #ibj-ajbb1 see ,verbs4 ,privation1 see ,separation4 ,proceleusmatic1 #beba4 ,proclitics1 #ib4 ,prohibitions1 expressed by subjv41 #aedg-aeea2 expressed by imper41 #aeha-aehf2 expressed by fut41 #afbd2 perf4 infin4 with vol1 nl in1 #bbbd4 ,promise1 expressed by fut41 #afai2 implication of1 in fut4 perf41 #afbi4 ,promising1 verbs of1 with acc4 and infin41 #bahf2 with pres4 infin41 #bahf1 #bbba1 #bbcf4 ,pronominal1 see ,pronouns4 ,pronoun1 questions1 #aebf-aecj2 questions1 indirect1 #aghe4 ,pronouns1 defined1 #i2 as proclitics1 #ib2 inflection of1 #fdd-fid2 personal1 #fdd-fea2 reflexive1 #fdd-fea2 possess41 #feb-fee2 demonstrative1 #fef-fgj2 determinative1 #fef-fei1 #fga-fge2 of identity1 #fef-fei1 #fgf-fgh2 intensive1 #fef-fei1 #fgi1 #fhj2 rel41 interrogative1 indef4 #fef-fei1 #fha-fid2 interrogative1 adj4 and subst4 forms of1 #fhc-fhe2 indef41 adj4 and subst4 forms of1 #fhf2 reduplicated1 #fej2 correlative1 #fie1 #ahca2 advs4 from1 #fif-fih1 #gja1 #gjb1 #gjd-gaj4 ,agreement of1 #ajic-ajih1 #ahja-ahaa1 see ,agreement2 adj41 equivalent to gen41 #ajih1 #abcd1 #abfb2 used in neut4 acc4 with verbal expressions1 #aadd2 as connectives1 #babi-bacb2 use of1 in ind4 disc41 #bcbe1 #bcch-bcdb2 use of1 #bcce-bdjc2 use of personal1 #bcce2 use of reflexive1 #bccf-bcde2 use of possess41 #bcdf2 use of hc1 #bcdg-bcee2 use of iste1 #bcef1 #bceg2 use of ille1 #bceh-bcfd2 use of is1 #bcfe-bcgj2 use of dem1 #bcga-bcgc2 use of ipse1 #bcgd-bchd2 use of uter1 quis1 #bche1 #bchf2 use of rel41 #agib-ahcg2 use of indef4 quis1 qu1 #bchh1 #bchi2 use of aliquis1 #bcij1 #bcia2 use of qudam1 #bcib1 #bcic2 use of quisque1 #bcid-bcih2 use of uterque1 #bcii1 #bdjj2 use of quvs1 qulibet1 utervs1 uterlibet1 #bdja2 use of quisquam1 llus1 #bdjb2 use of nm1 nihil1 nllus1 neuter1 #bdjc2 place of reciprocal taken by inter ns1 c41 invicem1 c41 #bcdd1 #bcde2 see ,relative1 c41 qu1 c4 ,pronunciation1 of names of characters of alphabet1 #af1 #ca-gb2 of vowels1 #cc1 #cg-db2 of diphthongs1 #dg1 #di2 of consonants1 #ec-gb2 change of sound of vowels1 #ajc-ade2 of diphthongs1 #ie-aja2 of consonants1 #adf-agd2 rules of vowel quantity1 #cd-cf1 #bdbi-bdgb1 see ,quantity2 division of syllables1 #age2 long and short syllables1 #agg1 #agh2 of es1 est in combination with other words1 #gdg2 see also ,accent1 ,substitution1 ,development1 ,disappearance1 ,assimilation1 ,dissimilation1 ,interchange1 ,lengthening1 ,shortening1 ,weakening1 ,hiatus1 ,contraction1 ,elision4 ,proper1 names1 defined1 #e2 of -o- decl41 form and accent of voc4 and gen4 sing4 of1 #hg1 #def-dei2 with accent on final syllable1 #hh2 plur4 of1 #daf1 #aaje2 ending in1 -ius1 -ius1 -ius1 declensional forms of1 #deh2 with attribute attached1 #ajdd2 see ,greek4 ,proportionals1 #bdbc4 ,propriety1 verbal expressions of1 in indic41 #adie-adig2 subjv4 coordinated with verbal expressions of1 #agji2 verbal expressions of1 in conditional periods1 #bjgd1 #baja2 expressed by subjv41 #aedg-aeeb2 expressed by gerundive construction1 #bbdc1 #bbdh4 ,prosody1 #bdbi-bgci2 see ,quantity1 ,figures of prosody1 ,versification4 ,protasis1 defined1 #ajfa2 fut4 perf4 in1 coincident in time with fut4 perf4 in apod41 #afbg2 concessive1 #baaf2 see ,conditional1 ,relative1 ,conjunctive4 ,protest1 introduced by sentence with quod1 #ahdb4 ,protestations1 subjv4 in1 #aedb2 fut4 in1 #afbb2 ita 4 4 4 ut1 #aedb1 #afbb1 #aicg4 ,protraction1 #beaf4 ,proviso1 introduced by ut1 n 4 4 4 ita1 #aifd2 by dum1 #bjjc2 by modo1 #bjjc4 ,punishment1 see ,penalty4 ,purpose1 dat4 of1 #abbc-abbe2 clauses1 tense of1 after perf4 definite1 #aged2 rel4 sentences of1 #ahag2 expressed by quod1 id1 #ahdj2 sentences of1 with priusquam1 #aiai2 sentences of1 with ut1 n1 c41 #aidg-aifd2 sentences of1 with qu1 #aigd2 sentences of1 with adv4 qu1 #aigf2 sentences of1 with dum1 dnec1 c41 #bjje-bjji2 infin4 of1 #bafd1 #bafe2 expressed by acc4 of gerundive construction1 #bbej2 expressed by dat4 of gerundive construction1 #bbef2 expressed by gerundive construction or gerund with caus1 #bafd1 #bbeh1 #bbgj2 expressed by gen4 of gerundive construction alone1 #bbfc2 expressed by gen4 of gerund alone1 #bbfc2 expressed by acc4 of gerundive construction or gerund with ad1 #bafd1 #bbgj2 denoted by supine1 #aaff1 #bbgj2 expressed by partic41 #bbie2 use of reflexive pron4 in subjv4 clauses of1 #bcda1 #bcdb4 ,pyrrhic1 #bebb4 ,pythiambic strophe1 in ,horace1 #bgbb1 #bgbc4 ,qualitative1 vowel changes1 #acf-adc2 gradation1 #ade4 ,quality1 subst4 suffixes denoting1 #bdf-bfd2 adj4 suffixes denoting1 #bha-big2 gen4 of1 #abci1 #abdj2 abl4 of1 #acge4 ,quantitative1 vowel gradation1 #ace2 verse1 #bedh2 theory of the ,saturnian1 #beea4 ,quantity1 of diphthongs1 #dg1 #abe2 how denoted in inscriptions1 #bd1 #bi2 how denoted in books1 #cj1 #bead2 common1 definition and sign of1 #cj1 #bead2 pronunciation of long and short vowels1 #cc1 #ch-dj2 change in quantity of vowels and preservation of long quantity1 #abc-acc2 long and short syllables1 #agg2 of syllable containing vowel before mute or f followed by l or r1 #agh2 general principles of vowel quantity1 #ce-cf2 vowel before another vowel or h1 #ce2 diphthong before a vowel1 #abe2 compounds of prae1 #abe2 gen4 in 1 #abg1 #g2 length of e in di1 r1 fid1 1 #abg1 #d2 #fja1 #fjb2 the endings -1 -s1 -1 -s1 -1 -s1 #abg1 #g2 gen4 in -us1 -ius1 #abg1 #f2 #fah1 #fef1 #feg1 #fid2 vowel before nf1 ns1 cons4 i1 gn1 #abb2 as determining accent1 #hf-hh2 -t in perf41 #heg2 1 i1 in perf4 subj4 #hgg1 #hgh2 1 i1 in fut4 perf41 #hhc1 #hhd2 rules of1 in classical ,latin1 #bdbi-bdfc2 monosyllables1 #bdcj-bdcc2 penults1 #bdcd-bdcf2 final syllables ending in vowel1 #bdcg-bddf2 final syllables ending in single cons4 not s1 #bddg-bdej2 final syllables ending in s1 #bdea-bdeg2 position1 #bdeh2 hidden1 #bdei-bdfc2 some peculiarities of1 in old ,latin1 #bdfd-bdfi2 law of ,iambic shortening1 #bdgj-bdgb2 in versification1 #bead-beah4 ,quaternrius1 iambic1 #bfag-bfbj2 trochaic1 #bfdc2 anapaestic1 #bfhg4 ,questioning1 verbs of1 with two accusatives1 #aafi-aaga2 with acc4 and prepositional phrase1 #aagj2 with indirect question1 #aggd4 ,questions1 indic4 in1 #adii2 commoner in ,latin than in ,english1 #aejj2 two1 short 7quid est1 quid vr1 c47 leading to longer1 #aejj2 kinds of1 #aeja4 ,yes or ,no questions1 #aeja-aebe2 confounded with exclamations and declarations1 #aejb2 without interrogative particle1 #aejb2 with nn1 #aejb2 with -ne1 -n1 #aejc-aeje2 with nnne1 #aejc1 #aejf2 with nnne 4 4 4 nn 4 4 4 nn1 #aejf2 with num1 #aejc1 #aejg2 with numne1 #aejg2 an1 anne1 n nn in single1 #aejc1 #aejh2 with ecquis1 ecqu1 ecquand1 n umquam1 #aeji2 with satin1 satin ut1 #aeaj2 how answered1 #aeaa-aead4 ,alternative1 history of1 #aeae-aeag2 without interrogative particle1 #aeah2 with utrum1 -ne1 -n1 and an1 anne1 an nn1 #aeai2 with necne1 #aebj2 with several alternatives1 #aeba2 with utrum1 and -ne and an1 #aebb2 with utrumne 4 4 4 an1 #aebb2 with no alternative expressed1 #aebc2 how answered1 #aebe4 ,pronoun questions1 #aebf-aecj2 introduced by interrogative advs41 #aebf2 with ut1 how1 #aebh2 with quisne1 c41 #aebi2 two or more with one verb1 #aecj4 ,subjunctive questions1 #aefc-aegj2 of appeal1 #aefc2 in alternative form1 #aefd2 asking whether action is conceivable1 #aefe2 in exclamative sentences1 with no interrogative word or with -ne1 #aeff1 #aefg2 with ut1 ut1 #aefh2 with ut1 ut1 and -ne1 -n1 #aefi2 in subordinate sentence1 #agca2 tense of1 in subordinate sentence1 #agec4 ,indirect1 defined1 #aggc2 subjv4 in1 #aggc2 expressions introducing1 #aggd2 with verbs of fearing1 #aggd1 #aiei2 sequence of tenses in1 #agfj2 ,yes or ,no questions as1 #agge-aggg2 introduced by s1 s frte1 #aggg2 alternative questions as1 #aggh-aghd2 introduced by qu sci an1 qu scs an1 quis scit an1 #agha2 introduced by haud sci an1 #aghb2 without interrogative particle1 #aghd2 pron4 questions as1 #aghe2 original subjv4 questions as1 #aghf2 rel4 constructions distinguished from1 #agia2 use of reflexive pron4 in1 #bcda1 #bcdb4 ,accusative without verb in1 #aaej2 verbal expressions denoting ability1 duty1 propriety1 necessity in1 #adie-adig2 in indic4 pres4 or fut41 intimating command1 exhortation1 deliberation1 appeal1 #aeca1 #afbc2 set forms expressing curiosity1 incredulity1 wrath1 captiousness1 #aecb2 threats introduced by scn qu mod1 #aecb2 united with partic41 abl4 abs41 or subordinate sentence1 #aecc2 coordinate with imper4 or t rog1 scn1 c41 #afig1 #aghg2 introduced by indef4 nesci quis1 c41 #aghh1 #aghi2 mrum quantum1 c41 #agij2 direct1 defined1 #agbc2 question and answer1 original form of rel4 sentence1 #agie2 in apod4 of conditional sentence1 #bjah2 introduced by nam1 #baee2 in ind4 disc41 #bcab-bcad2 use of uter1 quis1 qu1 #bche1 #bchf4 ,reason1 introduced by quod1 #ahec2 introduced by nn qu1 c1 #ahee2 introduced by quoniam1 #ahhd2 expressed by tamquam1 #aiji2 coordinated members denoting1 #agjc2 see ,cause4 ,recessive accent1 #hi-ia4 ,reciprocal1 action1 deponents expressing1 #adhg1 see ,reflexive2 pron41 place taken by inter ns4 c41 nvicem1 c41 #bcdd1 #bcde2 relations1 expressed by uterque and alter1 #bdjj4 ,redundant verbs1 #hah-hbc1 #ibd-ajai4 ,reduplication1 defined1 #ahi2 in prons41 #fej2 in verb roots1 #geh1 #hbh1 #hbi2 in perf41 #heh-hfa1 #ibb-icb1 #ihi1 #iie1 #ajaa4 ,reflexive pronouns1 decl4 of1 #fdd-fea2 possess41 #feb-fee2 possess4 used instead of gen41 #abcd1 #abfb2 gen4 of1 used possessively1 #abcd2 preps4 following1 #adce2 referring to subj4 of verb1 #bccf2 referring to word not the subj4 of verb1 #bccg2 in construction of acc4 with infin41 #bcch-bcdj2 in subordinate clauses1 #bcda-bcdc2 inter s1 invicem inter s1 invicem s1 invicem1 and expressions with alter1 alius1 for reciprocal1 #bcdd1 #bcde2 possess4 omitted1 #bcdf2 possess4 meaning proper1 appropriate1 favourable1 #bcdf2 is used for1 #bcgj2 ipse with1 #bcgf2 see su1 suus4 ,reflexive verbs1 #adha2 pres4 partic4 of1 in reflexive sense1 #adhb2 gerund of1 in reflexive sense1 #adhb2 deponents1 #adhg2 with acc41 #aadh4 ,reizianus versus1 #bfbe1 #bfbf4 ,relation1 dat4 of1 #abag1 #abah4 ,relationship1 words of1 with gen41 #abjc4 ,relative adverbs1 #gaa2 in place of rel4 pron4 and prep41 #agic2 correlative prons4 and advs41 #ahca2 adv41 ut1 ut1 #aice2 quoad1 #aiia4 ,relative conjunctive particles1 #agid2 sentences introduced by1 #ahch-babb4 ,relative pronouns1 decl4 of4 #feh1 #fei1 #fha-fid2 agreement of1 #ajid-ajih1 #ahja-ahaa2 agreement determined by sense1 #ajie1 #ahjd2 with several substs41 #ajif1 #ahjc2 referring to proper name and explanatory appellative combined1 #ahje2 agreeing with pred4 subst41 #ajig1 #ahjf2 equivalent to gen41 #ajih2 verb agreeing in pers4 with antec4 of rel41 #ahjg2 verb agreeing in pers4 with antec4 of rel4 implied in possess41 #ahjg2 rel4 attracted to case of antec41 #ahjh2 word in appos4 with rel41 #ahji2 word explanatory of antec4 agreeing with rel41 #ahaj2 quod1 id quod1 quae rs1 #ahaa2 rel4 introducing main sentence1 #ahce2 rel4 introducing main sentence put in acc4 with infin4 in ind4 disc41 #bcaf2 with a compar41 #acba1 #acbf2 preps4 following1 #adcd1 #adce2 introducing rel4 sentence1 #agib2 representing any pers41 #agib2 rel4 advs4 instead of1 #agic2 developed from interrogative pron41 #agie1 #ahjh2 quod before s1 c41 #ahcg2 as connectives1 #babh1 #baca1 #bacb2 see qu4 ,relative sentence1 treated1 #agib-ahcg2 introduced by rel4 words1 #agib-agid2 development of1 #agie2 preceding main sentence1 #agie2 with subst4 in both members1 #agie1 #agif2 following main sentence1 #agif2 urbem quam statu vostra est1 #agig2 with determinative1 demonstrative1 subst41 omitted1 #agih2 qu prdenti es1 nihil t fugiet1 #ahjj2 indic4 in1 #agba2 tense of1 after secondary1 #agef2 subjv4 of ind4 disc4 and attraction in1 #agbb1 #ahae2 subjv4 of repeated action in1 #agcj1 #ahae2 equivalent to conditional prot41 indic4 or subjv4 in1 #ahab1 #baaj2 of simple declarations or descriptions1 indic4 in1 #ahac2 introduced by indef4 prons4 and advs41 indic4 in1 #ahad2 of purpose1 subjv4 in1 #ahag2 of characteristic or result1 subjv4 in1 #ahah-ahbc2 with dignus1 indignus1 idneus1 aptus1 #ahai2 coordinated with subst41 adj41 or partic41 #ahbj2 with antec4 omitted1 indef4 antec41 or nm est qu1 nihil est quod1 c41 #agii1 #ahba1 #ahbb2 sunt qu1 c41 with indic41 #ahbc2 of cause1 reason1 proof1 concession1 subjv4 in1 #ahbd-ahcj2 qu tamen with indic41 #ahbe2 sentences with indic41 resembling causal sentences1 #ahbf2 quippe qu1 ut qu1 ut pote qu1 with indic4 and subjv41 #ahbg2 quippe qu 7adv471 ut qu1 #ahbh2 parenthetical subjv41 quod sciam1 qu quidem1 #ahbi2 quod attinet ad1 c41 #ahcj2 following praeut1 #aide2 coordination of rel4 sentences1 with rel4 omitted1 #ahcb1 #ahcc2 with rel4 repeated1 #ahcc2 with second rel4 replaced by is1 hc1 c41 #ahcc2 subordination of1 #ahcd2 equivalent to main sentence1 #ahce2 equivalent to main sentence1 in ind4 disc41 #bcaf2 other rel4 sentences in ind4 disc41 #bcae1 #bcah1 #bcai2 qu fact1 c41 #ahcf2 coordinated member equivalent to1 #afih2 represented by partic41 #bbid4 ,relative time1 of subordinate sentence1 #agcb1 #agda4 ,remembering1 adjs4 meaning1 with gen41 #abfc1 #abfd2 verbs of1 with gen41 #abhg-abia2 with acc41 #abhh2 with de and abl41 #abhi1 #abij2 with infin41 #bafi4 ,reminding1 verbs of1 cases with1 #aagb1 #abia4 ,remove1 verbs meaning1 with abl41 #acjb-acjf2 with dat41 #aaie1 #abji4 ,repeated1 action 7ter in ann1 c471 #acec2 expressed by pres4 indic41 #aehh2 by impf4 indic41 #aeif2 subjv4 of1 #agcj2 subjv4 of1 in cum sentences1 #ahei1 #ahfj2 subjv4 of1 in sentences with quotins1 quotinscumque1 #ahhg2 subjv4 of1 in sentences with dum1 dnec1 quoad1 quamdi1 #aiid1 #bjjb1 #bjji2 with postquam1 ub1 ut1 #aicb2 in general conditions1 #bjbf1 #bjcd1 #bjce1 #bjcg1 #bjdd1 #bjej1 #bjga4 ,represent1 verbs meaning1 with pres4 partic4 used predicatively1 #bbih1 #bbii2 with infin41 #bbii4 ,request1 expressed by imper41 #aega2 expressed by fut41 #afbd2 verbs of1 subjv4 coordinated with1 #agjh2 with purpose clause1 #aiej4 ,resemblance1 adj4 suffixes denoting1 #bii-cja4 ,resisting1 verbs of1 with dat41 #aaha2 with n and subjv41 #aifj2 with quminus1 #aigg2 with qun1 #aihf4 ,resolution1 #beah4 ,resolve1 verbs meaning1 with purpose clause1 #aiej2 with infin41 #aiec1 #bafi2 with acc4 and infin41 #baic4 ,rest1 verbs of1 followed by in or sub and abl41 #adbc2 followed by in and acc41 #adbd4 ,restraining1 verbs of1 with n1 #aifj1 #aigg2 with quminus1 #aifj1 #aigg2 with qun1 #aihf2 with acc4 and infin41 #bbjc2 with acc4 of gerundive construction or gerund1 #bbeb4 ,result1 clauses1 tense of1 after secondary1 #ageg-agei2 rel4 sentences of1 #ahah-ahbc2 with dgnus1 indgnus1 c41 #ahai2 after assertions or questions of existence or non-existence1 #ahba1 #ahbb2 sentences with ut1 ut nn1 c41 #aidg1 #aidh1 #aife-aigj2 tantum abest1 #aifi2 quam ut1 #ahif2 coordinated member equivalent to clause of1 #agjj2 dat4 of1 #abai-abbb2 suffixes denoting1 #bac1 #bbb1 #bca1 #bcd-bcf1 #bci1 #bdi1 #bif4 ,rhetorical questions1 see ,appeal4 ,rhythm1 defined1 #beaa2 kinds of1 #bebe-bebh2 ,numeri ,italici1 #bedi2 ,saturnian1 #beej-beed2 dactylic1 #beee-behj2 iambic1 #beha-bfbg2 trochaic1 #bfbh-bfdi2 logaoedic1 #bfej-bfgd2 dactylo-trochaic1 #bfge-bfha2 anapaestic1 #bfhb-bfij2 cretic1 #bfia-bfig2 bacchiac1 #bfih-bgjf2 choriambic1 #bgjg2 ionic1 #bgjh-bgag4 ,rhythmical sentence1 #becb1 #becc4 ,rhythmical series1 #becb1 #becc4 ,rivers1 names of1 gender1 #dje1 #djf2 decl41 #eah1 #eai1 #edi1 #eed1 #eef4 ,roots1 defined1 #ahc2 nature of1 #ahd2 three kinds1 noun roots1 verb roots1 pron4 roots1 #ahf2 two or more forms of one root1 #ahg2 vowel and cons4 roots1 #ahh2 reduplicated1 #ahi2 reduplicated in verbs1 #geh1 #hbh1 #hbi2 pres4 stems used as1 #aij-aid1 #hee2 used as stems1 #aie1 #aih1 #aii2 used as stems in verbs1 #gch-gdc1 #hdd2 root stem1 defined1 #aie2 root verbs1 defined1 #gdc2 root verbs1 inflected1 #gdd-gha1 #hbh2 prin4 parts of root verbs1 #ibb4 ,route taken1 advs4 denoting1 #gjg1 #acgf2 abl4 of1 #acgf4 ,sapphic1 strophe1 #bede2 the lesser1 #bfff2 the greater1 #bfga-bfgc2 in ,horace1 #bgcd1 #bgce4 ,saturnian1 #beej-beed4 ,saying1 verbs of1 with indef4 subj41 #ajcc2 in pres4 of past action1 #aeib2 in plup41 #afag2 ind4 disc4 with1 #agbd1 #bcji2 illogically in subjv4 in clause introduced by qu1 quod1 cum1 #agbg1 #bcbj2 coordinated1 #afif2 with acc4 and infin41 #bage2 time of infin4 with1 #bbai1 #bbbf2 see ,indirect discourse4 ,scazon1 choliambus1 #beig-bfjj2 trochaic tetrameter1 #bfci-bfda4 ,secondary cases1 #aaaa1 #aaab4 ,secondary tenses1 #agag1 #agfb2 rules for use of1 #agdj-aggb2 subordinate to indic41 #agdf-agfa2 subordinate to subjv41 #agfb-agfe2 subordinate to noun of verb1 #agff-agfi2 subjv4 in ind4 disc4 or by attraction1 #aggj-aggb1 #bcbb-bcbd1 #bcbf-bcbi2 perf4 def4 and pres4 of vivid narration1 #agag1 #ageb1 #aged2 secondary sequence with primary1 #agea-agec2 primary sequence with secondary1 #agee-agfj4 ,seeing1 verbs of1 in pres4 of past action1 #aeib2 with indirect question1 #aggd2 in pres4 with postquam1 ub1 ut1 c41 #aibf4 ,selling1 verbs of1 with gen41 #abgd2 with abl41 #achh-acib4 ,semi-deponents1 #hja1 #adhh4 ,semi-elision1 #bdig4 ,semi-hiatus1 #bdig4 ,smiqunria caesura1 #bedd4 ,smiseptnria caesura1 #bedd4 ,smiternria caesura1 #bedd4 ,semivowels1 #eb4 ,snrius1 defined1 #becf2 iambic1 #behc-beif4 ,sentence1 defined1 #ajbc2 simple1 defined1 #ajbd2 simple1 enlarged1 #ajcg-ajed2 simple1 combined1 #ajee2 simple1 treated1 #ajii-afce2 declarative1 defined1 #ajbe2 exclamatory1 defined1 #ajbe2 imper41 defined1 #ajbe2 coordinate and subordinate1 #ajee-ajfa2 subordinate1 history of1 #afic-afie1 #agje1 #agjf1 #aieg1 see ,subordinate sentences2 compound1 defined1 #ajef2 compound1 abridged1 #ajeg2 compound1 treated1 #afcf-agac2 complex1 defined1 #ajeh2 complex1 varieties of1 #ajeh-ajfa2 as advs41 #gab2 interrogative1 defined1 #ajbe1 see ,questions2 coordinate1 treated1 #afcf-afib2 intermediate coordinate1 treated1 #afic-agac1 see ,coordination2 complex1 treated1 #agad-babb2 compar41 defined1 #agaf2 local1 defined1 #agaf2 temporal1 defined1 #agaf1 see ,temporal2 modal1 defined1 #agaf2 correlative1 #ahca2 main1 introduced by rel4 pron41 #ahce-ahcg2 conjunctive particle1 #ahch-babb1 see ,conjunctive2 connection of sentences1 #babc-baei2 rhythmical1 #becb1 #becc2 see ,conditional1 ,causal1 ,concessive1 ,final1 ,consecutive1 ,relative sentence4 ,separating1 verbs of1 with dat41 #aaie1 #abji2 with gen41 #abid2 with abl41 #acjb-acjf1 #abid2 with gerundive construction or gerund1 #bbfh2 adjs4 of1 with gen41 #abfc2 with abl41 #acjf4 ,separation1 expressed by supine in -1 #bbgg2 see ,separating4 ,septnrius1 defined1 #becf2 iambic1 #bfaj-bfaf2 trochaic1 #bfbi-bfce2 anapaestic1 #bfhf4 ,sequence of tenses1 #agde-aggb2 subjv4 subordinate to indic41 #agdf-agfa2 subjv4 subordinate to subjv41 #agfb-agfe2 subjv4 subordinate to noun of verb1 #agff-agfi2 subjv4 in ind4 disc4 or by attraction1 #aggj-aggb1 #bcbb-bcbd1 #bcbf-bcbi4 ,series1 rhythmical1 #becb1 #becc2 stichic1 #bedf4 ,service1 adjs4 of1 with dat41 #abjj4 ,serving1 verbs of1 with dat41 #aaha1 #aahb4 ,sharing1 verbs meaning1 with gen41 #abfc4 ,shortening1 of vowels1 #abd-acb2 of vowel before another vowel1 #abd2 in final syllable1 #abi-acb2 in nom4 of -- stems1 #acj1 #a2 #dcf2 in neut4 plur41 #acj1 #b2 #dfa2 in abl4 ending e of cons4 stems1 #ejb2 in verb endings1 #acj1 #acb2 in nom4 ending -or1 #acb2 in mih1 tib1 sib1 ib1 ub1 alicub1 ncubi1 scubi1 ubinam1 ubivs1 ubicumque1 ibdem1 #abi1 #b2 in iambic words in verse1 #abi1 #a2 before -n for -sn1 #abi1 #a2 in perf4 ending -runt1 #heg2 in perf4 subjv41 #hgf2 variations of quantity1 #acd2 in first syllable of ille1 illic1 quippe1 imm1 c41 #bdfi2 iambic1 rule of1 #bdgj-bdgb2 vowel before another vowel retained long1 #abg2 long vowel in specific endings in ,old ,latin1 #acb4 ,showing1 verbs of1 with two accusatives1 #aafg4 ,sibilants1 #gi4 ,simple1 words1 defined1 #aha2 formative suffixes1 defined1 #bjj2 sentence1 defined1 #ajbd1 see ,sentence4 ,singular number1 in nouns1 defined1 #dad2 lacking1 see ,defective2 with different meaning from plur41 #dah1 #dhj2 in substs41 in agreement1 #ajgg-ajha1 see ,agreement2 in adjs41 prons41 partic41 in agreement1 #ajhb-ajih1 see ,agreement2 in collective sense1 #ajii2 of a class1 #aajj2 neut41 of adjs4 used as substs41 #ajic1 #aaja1 #abej2 of other adjs4 used as substs41 #aajb1 #aajc2 in verbs1 defined1 #gbb2 in verbs1 in agreement1 #ajfb-ajgf1 #ajhj1 see ,agreement2 of gerundive1 with nostr1 c41 #bbfj4 ,smell1 verbs of1 with acc41 #aadc4 ,softening1 #bejd4 ,sonants1 #ge4 ,sotadean1 #bgab1 #bgac4 ,sound1 one of the divisions of ,latin ,grammar1 treated1 #a1 #af-agi2 change of1 in vowels1 #ee-aac2 change of1 in diphthongs1 #hj-hh2 change of1 in consonants1 #aad-aed2 see ,substitution1 ,development1 ,disappearance1 ,assimilation1 ,dissimilation1 ,interchange1 ,lengthening1 ,shortening1 ,weakening1 ,hiatus1 ,contraction1 ,elision1 ,affinities1 ,pronunciation1 ,accent1 ,quantity4 ,sounds1 continuous1 defined1 #ea2 momentary1 defined1 #ea2 classified1 #ed4 ,source1 abl4 of1 #acab-acae1 #adbf2 expressed by gen41 #abcb2 expressed by adj41 #adbg4 ,space1 extent of1 denoted by acc41 #aaea-aaef1 #acih1 #adge2 denoted by abl41 #aaec1 #acii4 ,sparing1 expressions of1 case with1 #aaha-aahe4 ,specification1 abl4 of1 #ache2 acc4 of1 see ,part concerned2 gen4 of1 see ,genitive4 ,spirants1 #gh4 ,spondaic verse1 defined1 #beef2 use1 #beff1 #befg4 ,spondee1 defined1 #beba2 irrational1 #bebd4 ,statements1 general1 with antequam1 priusquam1 #aiab-aiad2 particular1 with antequam1 priusquam1 #aiae-aiba4 ,stems1 defined1 #aie2 roots used as1 #aie1 #aih1 #aii2 root used as stem in root verbs1 #gch-gdc1 #hbh1 #hdd2 pres41 used as roots1 #aij-aid1 #hee2 new1 how formed1 #aif2 root stem1 defined1 #aie2 stem vowel retained before ending1 in verbs1 #cfg1 #hdj2 retained in nouns1 #djj2 noun stems classified1 #cii2 noun stems1 how found1 #dba2 how indicated1 #dba2 nouns with two forms of stem or two stems1 #dja1 #dac1 #dgj1 #dge1 #eca1 #ede1 #eff-efi1 #fjc1 #fcb2 prons4 with1 #fde1 #feb1 #fgb2 verbs with1 #gbj1 #hah-hbc1 #ibd-ajai2 -- stems of substs41 decl4 of1 #dcb-dde2 -o- stems of substs41 decl4 of1 #ddf-dff2 cons4 stems of substs41 decl4 of1 #dfg-eab1 see ,declension2 -i- stems of substs41 decl4 of1 #eac-efi1 see ,declension2 mixed1 #eac2 -- stems1 decl4 of1 #ehe-eie2 -- stems1 decl4 of1 #eif-fjg2 -o- and -- stems of adjs41 decl4 of1 #fac-fbj1 #dcb-dff2 cons4 stems of adjs41 decl4 of1 #fba-fbf1 #dfg-eab1 see ,declension2 -i- stems of adjs41 decl4 of1 #fbg-fcf1 #ebi-efi1 see ,declension2 of pres4 partic41 #fcb2 of personal prons41 #fde2 of hc1 #ffb2 of is1 #fgb2 of ipse1 #fgi2 of qu1 quis1 #fha1 #fhg-fhi2 of the verb1 number of1 #gah2 defective verbs1 #hje-hag2 formation of1 #hbd-iai1 #cfe-cge1 see ,formation2 verbs arranged according to prin4 parts1 #ibj-ajbb1 see ,verbs4 ,stichic series1 #bedf4 ,stipulation1 verbs of1 with purpose clause1 #aiej4 ,striving1 verbs of1 with purpose clause1 #aiej2 with complementary infin41 #aiec4 ,strophe1 defined1 #bede2 ,alcaic and ,sapphic1 #bede4 ,stuff1 abl4 of1 #acab-acae2 gen4 of1 #abee4 ,subject1 of sentence1 defined1 #ajbc2 subst4 or equivalent word or words1 #ajbf2 in nom41 #ajbg2 when expressed and when omitted1 #ajbh-ajcd2 enlarged1 #ajch-ajdg2 subordinate sentence as1 #agae2 quod sentence as1 #ahde2 cum sentence as1 #ahga2 complementary clause as1 #aidh2 infin4 as1 #bafg1 #bbjg-bbae2 perf4 partic4 as1 #bbhi2 nom41 of infin41 #aece2 acc41 of infin41 #bagc2 of infin41 omitted1 #aecg1 #bahc2 gen4 of1 #abcb-abch4 ,subjunctive mood1 tenses of1 #gaf2 how translated1 #gag4 ,formation of tenses of1 pres41 #hda-hdc2 impf41 #hdi1 #hej2 perf41 #hgf-hgh2 plup41 #hha2 short or old forms1 #hhe-hic4 ,uses of1 forms of possum and dbe in1 #adih2 of desire1 #aedj-aeec2 in wishes1 #aedj-aedf2 in exhortation1 direction1 statement of propriety1 obligation1 necessity1 prohibition1 #aedg-aeeb2 expressing willingness1 assumption1 concession1 #aeec2 of action conceivable1 in simple sentences1 #aeed-aefb2 accompanied by frtasse1 c41 #aeed2 velim1 nlim1 mlim1 #aeee2 vellem1 nllem1 mllem1 #aefj2 in questions1 in simple sentences1 #aefc-aefi2 tenses of1 in simple sentences1 #afcd1 #afce2 tenses of1 in subordinate sentences1 #agdj-aggb2 sequence of tenses1 #agdj-agde2 subordinate to indic41 #agdf-agfa2 subordinate to subjv41 #agfb-agfe2 subordinate to noun of verb1 #agff-agfi2 tenses of1 in ind4 disc4 and by attraction1 #aggj-aggb1 #bcbb-bcbd2 tenses of1 in conditional protases in ind4 disc41 #bcbf-bcbi2 in coordination1 #agje-agac1 see ,coordination2 in ind4 disc41 #agbb-agbg1 #bcab-bcbd1 #bcbf-bcbi2 of attraction or assimilation1 #agbh2 of repeated action1 #agcj2 of wish1 action conceivable1 interrogation1 in subordinate sentence1 #agca2 of indirect question1 #aggc-aghf1 see ,questions2 indic4 questions apparently indirect1 #aghg-agia2 s1 s forte with1 #aggg2 rel4 sentence equivalent to conditional prot41 #ahab2 with indef4 rel4 prons4 and advs41 #ahad2 rel4 sentences of purpose in1 #ahaf1 #ahag2 rel4 sentences of characteristic or result in1 #ahaf1 #ahah-ahbc2 with dignus1 indignus1 idneus1 #ahai2 coordinated with subst41 adj41 or partic41 #ahbj2 with antec4 omitted1 indef4 antec41 or nm est qu1 nihil est quod1 c41 #ahba1 #ahbb2 rel4 sentences of cause1 reason1 proof1 concession in1 #ahbd-ahcj2 quippe qu1 ut qu1 ut pote qu with1 #ahbg2 parenthetical1 quod sciam1 qu quidem1 #ahbi2 with quod1 quia1 #ahch-aheh2 with cum1 #ahei1 #ahgj1 #ahgb1 #ahgc1 #ahgg-ahha2 with quoniam1 #ahhb-ahhd2 with quotins1 quotinscumque1 #ahhg2 with quam1 #ahif1 #ahig2 with quamquam1 #aijj1 #aija2 with quamvs1 #aijd1 #aije2 with quamlibet1 #aijg2 with tamquam1 #aiji2 with antequam1 priusquam1 #aiaa-aiba2 with prdi quam1 #aibb2 with ub1 ut quisque1 #aicb2 with ut1 ut1 n1 #aidg-aigj2 with ub1 #aiga2 with qu1 qu1 #aigb1 #aigd-aigf2 with quminus1 #aigg1 #aigh2 with qu stius1 #aigi2 with qun1 #aihj-aiij2 with dum1 dnec1 quoad1 quamdi1 #aiia-bjji2 with modo1 #bjjc2 with quand1 #bjaj2 in conditional periods1 #bjbc-baae2 with ets1 tamets1 tamenets1 etiams1 s1 #baaf2 with quas1 quam s1 tamquam s1 c41 #baag-babb2 use of reflexive in subordinate clauses containing1 #bcda1 #bcdb4 ,subordinate constructions1 history of1 #afic-afie1 #agje1 #agjf1 #agdj1 #aieg4 ,subordinate relations1 expressed coordinately1 #afic-agac1 see ,coordination4 ,subordinate sentences1 #ajee1 #ajeh-ajfa2 question in1 #aecc2 treated1 #agad-babb2 how expressed1 #agad2 value of1 #agae2 names of1 #agaf2 tenses of indic4 in1 #agcb-agci2 tenses of subjv4 in1 #agdj-aggb2 mood of1 #agbj-agca1 #aggc-babb2 following supine in -um1 #bbgb2 introduced by supine in -1 #bbge2 mood of1 in ind4 disc41 #bcae-bcbj2 use of reflexive pron4 in1 #bcda-bcdc2 is used for reflexive in1 #bcgj4 ,subordination1 of rel4 sentence1 #ahcd4 ,substantives1 defined1 #d-g2 abstract1 #g2 concrete1 #e2 material1 #f2 endings of1 law of iambic shortening applied to1 #abi-acb2 formation of1 #ahj-bjc2 roots and stems1 #ahc-aih2 without formative suffix1 #aie1 #aih1 #aii2 with formative suffix1 #aie-aih1 #bjj-bjc2 suffixes of1 #bjd-bgi1 see ,suffix2 compound1 formation and meaning of1 #cgi-cij2 inflection of1 #cih-fjg1 see ,gender1 ,number1 ,case1 ,declension2 adjs4 used as1 with -e1 - in abl4 sing41 #eeh1 #efa1 #fca2 advs4 from1 #fif-gjj1 #gjc1 #gjh1 #gaj4 ,modifiers of1 #ajch-ajdg2 obj4 of1 defined1 #ajdf2 pred41 see ,predicate2 agreement of1 #ajgg-ajha1 see ,agreement4 ,uses of1 #ajii-adfh2 used adjectively1 #ajdb2 adjs4 used as1 #ajii-aajd1 #aajf1 #ajic1 #abej2 with acc4 appended1 #aabi1 #aacf2 with dat4 appended1 #aahc1 #abjh1 #abbe2 with gen41 #abbg-abfb2 with abl4 appended1 #acja1 #acjg1 #acji1 #acad1 #acdb1 #acge-acgg2 with loc4 appended1 #acja1 #acca2 omitted in abl4 abs4 #acga2 used alone as abl4 abs41 #acgb2 used as preps41 #adjf2 combination of1 by a prep41 #adbf-adbh2 prepositional expressions equivalent to1 #adbh2 repetition of prep4 with several1 #adbi2 omission of prep4 with several1 #adcj2 two preps4 with one subst41 #adca1 #adcb2 qualified by adv41 #adci-adda2 advs4 used as1 #addb2 subordinate sentences with value of1 #agae2 expressed in both members of rel4 sentence1 #agie1 #agif2 put before the rel41 #agig2 omitted before rel41 #agih2 rel4 sentence coordinated with1 #ahbj2 quod clause with value of1 #ahde2 complementary clause with value of1 #aidh2 infin4 as subst4 acc41 #bbjd-bbjf2 with acc4 of gerundive construction or gerund1 #bbeb2 with dat4 of gerundive construction #bbed2 with gen4 of gerundive construction or gerund1 #bbeh2 the subst4 partic41 #bbhg-bbib4 ,substitution1 of consonants1 #adg-afd1 passim2 of l for d or r1 #adg1 #adh2 of r for s1 #aed2 of h for guttural aspirate1 #aeb2 of b for p1 #afd1 #b2 of g for c1 #afd1 #f2 of d for t1 #adi1 #b4 ,suffix1 formative1 defined1 #aie2 nouns with1 #aie-aih1 #bjj-bjc2 nouns without1 #aie1 #aih1 #aii2 simple and compound1 defined1 #bjj2 preceded by vowel1 #bjb4 ,substantive suffixes1 #bjd-bgi2 primitive1 #bjd-bde2 denominative1 #bdf-bgi1 #bbf1 #bbg1 #bcb2 denoting agent1 #bjd-baa2 denoting action1 #bab-bcg1 #bdi2 forming collectives1 #bbh1 #bdi2 denoting concrete effect1 #bac1 #bag1 #bbd1 #bda2 denoting instrument or means1 #bch-bde1 #bac1 #bbd2 denoting result1 #bac1 #bbb1 #bca1 #bcd-bcf1 #bci1 #bdi1 #bif2 denoting quality1 #bdf-bfd2 denoting person concerned1 #bfe1 #cji2 denoting place1 #bff1 #bbh1 #bda1 #bdb1 #bde1 #bdi1 #cjh1 #cji1 #cad1 #ccd2 forming diminutives1 #bfg-bgh2 denoting patronymics1 #bgi4 ,adjective suffixes1 #bhj-cfj2 primitive1 #bhj-big1 #cje2 denominative1 #bih-cfj1 #bhg2 denoting active quality1 #bha-bij1 #bic1 #bid1 #bif2 denoting passive quality1 #bia-big1 #bhb1 #bhc2 denoting material or resemblance1 #bii-cja2 denoting appurtenance1 #cjb-ccj2 denoting supply1 #cca-cch2 forming diminutives1 #cci1 #cdj2 compar4 suffixes1 #cdf-cdh2 superl4 suffixes1 #cdi-ceb2 denoting place1 #cag1 #cba1 #cdg4 ,adverb suffixes1 diminutive1 #cda2 of compar4 and superl41 #cfa-cfd4 ,verbal suffixes1 denominative1 #cfe-cge2 frequentative or intensive1 #cga-cgd2 desiderative1 #cge2 meditative1 #cge2 inceptive or inchoative1 #hcd2 -n1 -t1 -i1 #hcb1 #hcc1 #hce-hch4 ,pronoun suffix -met1 #fej1 #fee2 -pte1 #fee2 -ce1 #ffb-ffd1 #ffi1 #fgj4 ,summary1 asyndeton of1 #babg4 ,superlative1 ,of adjs41 suffixes of1 #cdi-ceb2 of adjs4 in -er1 #cdd1 #cej2 of adjs4 in -ilis1 #cde1 #cej1 #cei2 lacking1 #cei1 #cfj2 formed from stems and roots1 #cdb2 formed by mxim1 #cfj4 ,of adverbs1 endings of1 #cfa-cfc2 lacking1 #cfd2 with gen41 #abdb4 ,use of summus1 c41 #abdi2 abl4 with words of superl4 meaning1 #acic2 used when two things are compared1 #adef2 expressed by compar4 and neg41 #adfb2 of more than two things1 #adfe2 strengthened by nus1 quam1 maxim1 c41 #adff1 #ahib1 #aijc2 denoting high degree1 #adfg2 absolute1 #adfg2 of eminence1 #adfg1 #adfh2 strengthened by a compar41 #adfh2 accompanied by vel1 #afga2 agreeing with a rel41 #ahaj2 tam 4 4 4 quam qu1 quantus1 ut1 c41 #ahib2 double1 with quam 4 4 4 tam1 #ahic2 represented by quamvs with adj4 or adv41 #aijc2 ut quisque1 quisque with1 #aici4 ,supine1 acc4 or abl4 of substs4 in -tu- 7-su-71 #bce1 #bbfi2 the supines1 verbal nouns1 #gcb1 #bbfi2 formation of1 #ijj2 lacking1 #ijj2 denoting purpose1 #aaff1 #bbgj2 use of supine in -um1 #bbfi-bbgc2 use of supine in -1 #bbfi1 #bbgd-bbgg4 ,surds1 #ge4 ,surprise1 expressed by dat41 #abaa2 questions of1 #aecb1 #aeff-aefi2 verbs of1 with quod1 quia1 #ahea2 with cum1 #ahea1 #ahge2 with acc4 and infin41 #bahg1 #bahh1 #bahd2 expressed by infin41 #bbaf4 ,syllaba anceps1 #becc1 #becd4 ,syllabic function1 #bb1 #hb1 #hc4 ,syllables1 final1 vowel of shortened1 #abi-acb2 see ,shortening2 vowel of retained long1 #acb2 quantity of1 #agg2 containing h1 qu1 #agg2 containing short vowel before mute or f followed by l or r1 #agh2 division of1 #age2 names of1 #age2 irrational1 #bebd2 see ,accent1 ,atonic4 ,synaeresis1 #bejj4 ,synaloepha1 #bdih4 ,synapheia1 #beaj4 ,syncope1 defined1 #aaa1 #afh1 #bejh2 in versification1 #beda4 ,synecdochical1 acc41 see ,part concerned4 ,synizesis1 #aag1 #bdii4 ,system1 the pres41 #hbh-hec1 #cfe-cfg1 #gch-gdj2 the perf41 #hed-iai1 #gch-gdj1 see ,formation2 in versification1 defined1 #bedg4 ,systol1 #bejg4 ,taking away1 verbs of1 with dat41 #abji2 with infin4 of purpose1 #bafe4 ,taking up1 verbs of1 with infin4 of purpose1 #bafe4 ,taste1 verbs of1 with acc41 #aadc4 ,teaching1 verbs of1 with two accusatives1 #aafi-aaga2 with acc4 and infin41 #baig4 ,telling1 verbs of1 with indirect question1 #aggd4 ,temporal1 sentences1 defined1 #agaf2 subjv4 of ind4 disc4 and attraction in1 #agbb1 #bcai2 subjv4 of repeated action in1 #agcj2 cum1 #ahei-ahgc2 quoniam1 #ahhb1 #ahhc2 antequam1 priusquam1 c41 #aiaa-aibb2 dum1 dnec1 quoad1 quamdi1 #aiia2 quand1 #bjaj-bjab2 postquam1 ub1 ut1 c41 #aibc-aicd2 coordinated member equivalent to1 #afii4 ,tempus1 in versification1 #beae4 ,tendency1 dat4 of1 #abai-abbb4 ,tenses1 of the indic41 #gaf2 of the subjv41 #gaf2 of the imper41 #gaf2 meanings of1 #gag2 from two stems1 #gbj2 formation of1 #hbd-iai1 see ,formation2 primary and secondary1 #agag2 sequence of1 #agdj-agde4 ,in simple sentences1 pres4 indic41 #aehg-aeic1 #afja2 impf4 indic41 #aeid-afja1 #adie-adig2 fut41 #afai-afbe2 perf4 indic41 #afjb-afac1 #afaf2 plup4 indic41 #afad-afah1 #afjg1 #afji2 fut4 perf41 #afbf-afcb1 #afjg1 #afji2 subjv41 #afcd1 #afce1 #aedj-aefi4 ,in subordinate sentences1 indic41 #agcb-agci2 subjv41 general remarks1 #agdj-agde2 subjv4 subordinate to indic41 #agdf-agfa2 subjv4 subordinate to subjv41 #agfb-agfe2 subjv4 subordinate to noun of the verb1 #agff-agfi2 subjv4 in ind4 disc4 or by attraction1 #aggj-aggb1 #bcbb-bcbd2 conditional protases in ind4 disc41 #bcbf-bcbi2 use in indirect questions1 #aggc-agia2 use in rel4 sentence1 #agib-ahcg2 use with conjunctive particles1 #ahch-babb4 ,of infin41 #bbah-bbcf1 #bcba2 conditional apodoses in ind4 disc41 #bccj-bccd2 of partic41 #bbgh-bbii2 see ,present1 c4 ,ternrius1 iambic1 #bfba-bfbc2 trochaic1 #bfdd-bfdf4 ,tetrameter1 defined1 #becf2 dactylic1 #begg1 #begh2 iambic1 #bfjd-bfji2 trochaic1 #bfbi-bfda2 anapaestic1 #bfhd-bfhf2 cretic1 #bfid-bfif2 bacchiac1 #bgja-bgjc2 ionic1 #bgab-bgaf4 ,tetrapody1 defined1 #beca2 logaoedic1 #bffj-bffc4 ,tetraseme1 #beaf4 ,tetrastich1 #bede4 ,thanks1 expressed by fut41 #afbb2 ita 4 4 4 ut in1 #aedb1 #afbb1 #aicg4 ,theme1 of verb1 #gch-gdj4 ,thesis1 #bebj4 ,thinking1 verbs of1 with indef4 subjv41 #ajcc2 with two accusatives1 #aafg2 coordinated1 #afif2 ind4 disc4 with1 #agbd2 illogically in subjv4 in rel4 clause1 #agbg1 #bcbj2 with acc4 and infin41 #bage2 time of infin4 with1 #bbai1 #bbbf2 see ,indirect ,discourse4 ,threat1 introduced by question1 #aecb2 expressed by fut41 #afai2 implication of in fut4 perf41 #afbi4 ,threatening1 expressions of1 case with1 #aaha-aahe2 with acc4 and infin41 #bahf2 with pres4 infin41 #bahf4 ,thymelicus1 #bfig4 ,time1 duration of1 denoted by acc41 #aaea-aaef2 acc4 of duration of made subj4 in pass41 #adge2 duration of1 denoted by abl41 #acee2 at which1 denoted by acc41 #aaef2 at which1 denoted by loc41 #acda2 at which1 denoted by abl41 #acej1 #acea1 #acec2 within which1 denoted by abl41 #aceb-aced2 before or after which1 #acid-acig1 #aaed2 denoted by advs41 #adch2 rel41 of subordinate sentence1 #agcb1 #agda2 independent1 of subordinate sentence1 #agch1 #agdd2 antequam with nouns denoting1 #aibj2 postquam with nouns denoting1 #aibi2 denoted by abl4 of gerundive construction or gerund1 #bbff2 of partic41 #bbgi-bbha2 expressed by abl4 abs41 #acfg2 expressed by partic41 #bbie2 see ,temporal4 ,a1 in versification1 defined1 #beae4 ,titles1 of books1 use of nom4 in1 #aaad-aaaf2 of office1 with gerundive construction1 #bbed4 ,tmesis1 defined1 #adjg1 #beji2 in qucumque1 #fib4 ,towns1 names of1 form of loc4 case of1 #dch1 #dfj1 #ejd1 #eed2 decl4 of1 #eah1 #edi1 #eed1 #eeg2 in acc4 with expressions of motion1 #aaeg-aafj2 used adjectively1 #abcc2 constructions with1 to denote place from which1 #acjg-acaj2 constructions with1 to denote place in or at which1 #acca-accf1 #acdb1 #acdc2 rel4 advs41 ub1 qu1 unde1 referring to1 #agic4 ,transfer of quantity1 #acc4 ,transition1 expressed by quid quod1 #ahdi2 expressed by quoniam1 #ahhd2 hc and ille in1 #bcec1 #bcfj4 ,transitive use1 verbs of1 defined1 #aacc2 used intransitively1 #aacc1 #adgi2 verbs usually intransitive used as1 #aacg1 #aaci1 #aaia2 with double acc41 #aach2 with dat41 #aaib-aaii1 #abje-abaj2 used impersonally1 #adgi2 use of gerundive of1 #bahj1 #bbdf1 #bbdg2 use of gerund of1 #bbdb1 #bbee1 #bbei1 #bbfe4 ,trees1 names of1 gender1 #djg1 #djh1 #egc4 ,trial1 expressions of1 with s1 s forte1 #aggg4 ,tribrach1 #beba4 ,trimeter1 defined1 #becf2 dactylic1 #begi2 iambic 7senarius71 #behc-beif2 the choliambus1 #beig-bfjj2 iambic1 catalectic1 #bfja-bfjc2 cretic1 #bfig4 ,tripody1 defined1 #beca2 iambic1 #bfbd2 trochaic1 #bfdg1 #bfdh2 logaoedic1 #bfei4 ,triseme1 #beaf4 ,tristich1 #bede4 ,trithemimeral caesura1 #bedd4 ,trithemimeris1 #beca4 ,trochaic1 rhythms1 #bfbh-bfdi2 tetrameter catalectic1 #bfbi-bfce2 tetrameter acatalectic1 #bfcf-bfch2 tetrameter claudus1 #bfci-bfda2 nine-syllabled ,alcaic1 #bfdb2 dimeter acatalectic1 #bfdc2 dimeter catalectic1 #bfdd-bfdf2 tripody acatalectic1 #bfdg2 tripody catalectic1 #bfdh2 monometer1 c41 #bfdi2 dactylo-trochaic1 #bfge-bfha2 strophe1 in ,horace1 #bgba4 ,trochee1 #beba4 ,trusting1 verbs of1 case with1 #aaha-aahe4 ,try1 verbs meaning1 with infin41 #bafi4 ,undertaking1 verbs of1 with gerundive construction1 #bbej4 ,unfulfilled1 wishes1 tenses of1 #aedd1 #aede2 conditions1 see ,non-occurrent4 ,union1 verbs of1 case with1 #aahf4 ,unit of ,measure1 #beae4 ,unsyllabic function1 #bb1 #hb1 #hc4 ,useful1 adjs4 meaning1 cases with1 #abjj2 with gerundive construction or gerund1 #bbeb4 ,value1 abl4 of1 #achh-acib4 ,valuing1 verbs of1 with gen41 #abga-abge4 ,variable1 vowel1 #hbd-hbg1 #hci1 #hdj1 #geh1 #gei1 #cff4 ,variations of quantity1 #acd4 ,velars1 #dd1 #gg4 ,verbs1 defined1 #ab2 endings of1 shortened1 #abi2 endings of1 retained long1 #acb2 reduplicated verb roots1 #geh1 #hbh1 #hbi2 reduplicated perf41 #heh-hfa1 #ibc-icb2 primitive1 theme in1 #gch-gda2 compounded with nouns or noun stems1 #chd1 #cie2 with preps41 #cia1 #cib1 #cif2 with verb stems1 #cid2 with advs41 #cif2 root verbs1 defined1 #gdc2 irregular1 defined1 #gdc2 inflected1 #gdd-gha2 semi-deponents1 #hja1 #adhh4 ,inflection of1 #gac-ajbb2 the stem1 #gad-gbj2 the person ending1 #gba-gca2 nouns of the verb1 #gcb2 prin4 parts1 #gcc-gce2 designation of the verb1 #gcf1 #gcg2 theme of the verb1 #gch-gdj2 arrangement of the verb1 #gda1 #gdb2 inflection of primitive verbs1 #gdc-gia2 inflection of denominative verbs1 #gib-gig2 deponent1 #gih-hja2 periphrastic forms1 #hjb-hjd2 defective verbs1 #hje-hag1 #ijg1 #ibb-ajai2 redundant verbs1 #hah-hbc1 #ibd-ajai4 ,formation of stems of1 #hbd-iai2 variable vowel1 #hbd-hbg2 pres4 indic4 of root verbs1 #hbh2 pres4 indic4 of verbs in -ere1 #hbi-hch2 pres4 indic4 of denominatives1 #cci1 #hdj2 pres4 subjv41 #hda-hdc2 imper41 #hdd-hdf2 impf4 indic41 #hdg1 #hdh2 impf4 subjv41 #hdi1 #hej2 fut41 #hea-hec2 perf4 indic41 #hed-hge2 perf4 subjv41 #hgf-hgh2 perf4 imper41 #hgi2 plup4 indic41 #hhj2 plup4 subjv41 #hha2 fut4 perf41 #hhb-hhd2 short or old forms1 #hhe-hic2 infin41 #hid-hih2 gerundive and gerund1 #hii2 supine1 #ijj2 pres4 partic41 #ija-ijc2 fut4 partic41 #ijd1 #ije2 perf4 partic41 #ijf-iai2 formation of denominative verbs1 #cfe-cge4 ,list of1 #ibj-ajbb2 root verbs1 #ibb2 verbs in -ere1 perf4 stem without suffix1 #ibc-iea2 verbs in -ere1 perf4 stem in -s-1 #ieb-ifa2 verbs in -ere1 perf4 stem in -v-1 #ifb-igj2 verbs in -ere1 perf4 stem in -u-1 #iga-igf2 deponents in -1 #igg-ihf2 verbs in -re1 perf4 stem without suffix1 #ihi1 #iij2 verbs in -re1 perf4 stem in -v-1 #iia1 #iib2 verbs in -re1 perf4 stem in -u-1 #iic2 deponents in -r1 #iid2 verbs in -re1 perf4 stem without suffix1 #ihe-iih2 verbs in -re1 perf4 stem in -s-1 #iii1 #ajjj2 verbs in -re1 perf4 stem in -v-1 #ajja-ajjc2 verbs in -re1 perf4 stem in -u-1 #ajjd-ajjg2 deponents in -r1 #ajjh-ajaj2 verbs in -re1 perf4 stem without suffix1 #ajaa-ajac2 verbs in -re1 perf4 stem in -s-1 #ajad1 #ajae2 verbs in -re1 perf4 stem in -v-1 #ajaf-ajah2 verbs in -re1 perf4 stem in -u-1 #ajai2 deponents in -r1 #ajbj-ajbb4 ,use of1 #adfi-bbii2 in #crd pers4 with indef4 subjv41 #ajcc2 omitted1 #ajcf2 agreement of1 #ajfb-ajgf1 #ajhj1 #ahjg1 see ,agreement2 gen4 with1 #abga-abid1 see ,genitive2 compounded1 #adjb-adji1 see ,prepositions2 sequence of tenses following noun of1 #agff-agfi2 use of nouns of1 #bafj-bbii2 with acc4 of gerund and gerundive1 #bbej1 #bbeb2 with abl41 #bbed-bbeg2 some occasional peculiarities of1 #bcjj-bcjg2 conative use1 #bcja-bcjc2 causative use1 #bcjd2 potential use1 #bcje2 obligatory use1 #bcjf2 permissive use1 #bcjg2 cases with1 see ,ablative1 c41 ,prepositions2 of transitive and intransitive use1 see ,transitive use1 ,intransitive use2 impersonal1 see ,impersonal2 see ,subjunctive1 c41 ,present1 c4 ,verse1 defined1 #becc2 treatment of end of1 #becc2 dicolic1 #bece2 asynartetic1 #bece2 names of1 #becf2 catalectic and acatalectic1 #becg2 brachycatalectic1 #bech2 catalectic in syllabam1 c41 #beci2 verses combined to make strophe1 #bede2 accentual and quantitative1 #bedh2 spondaic1 #beef1 #beff1 #befg2 hypermetrical1 #befh4 ,versification1 #beaa-bgci4 ,vivid narration1 pres4 of1 #aeij1 see ,present4 ,vocative case1 defined1 #dbj2 in what words used1 #dbj2 origin of form of1 in -o- decl41 #ga1 #gf2 form and accent of1 in -o- decl41 #agb1 #deb1 #ded1 #deh1 #dei2 forms of1 in ,greek words of -- decl41 #dde2 in ,greek words of cons4 decl41 #eji1 #eab2 in ,greek words of -i- decl41 #efe2 of meus1 #feb2 use of1 #aaai-aabc2 nom4 used as1 #aaah-aabc2 combined with nom41 #aaba2 used in pred41 #aabb2 accompanied by 1 pr1 eho1 heus1 au1 c41 #aabc2 use of t1 #aaah1 #aeff1 #aega2 accompanying imper41 #aega2 as apod41 #baab4 ,voice1 in verbs1 defined1 #gbc1 #adfi1 #adgb2 see ,active1 ,passive4 ,voiced and ,unvoiced1 #ge4 ,vowels1 cons4 and vowel i and u1 #bb1 #eb2 long and short1 how denoted1 #bi2 classification of1 #dc-df2 pronunciation of1 #cc1 #cg-db2 vowel changes1 #ie-ade2 see ,lengthening1 ,shortening1 ,weakening1 ,diphthongs1 ,development1 ,disappearance1 ,hiatus1 ,contraction1 ,elision1 ,assimilation1 ,dissimilation1 ,gradation1 ,interchange2 rules of vowel quantity1 #ce1 #cf1 #bdbi-bdgb2 vowel roots1 defined1 #ahh2 stem vowel retained before ending1 in verbs1 #cfg1 #hdj2 in nouns1 #djj2 variable1 #hbd-hbg1 #geh1 #gei1 #hbi1 #hci1 #hdj1 #cff2 long vowel in perf4 stem1 #hfb-hfe1 #icf-idf2 vowel stems1 substs4 and adjs41 see -i- stems4 ,want1 verbs of1 with gen41 #abic2 with abl41 #acjb-acjf1 #abic2 adjs4 of1 with gen41 #abfc2 with abl41 #acjf4 ,warding off1 verbs of1 with dat41 #abji4 ,weakening1 of vowels1 #ajb-aji2 in medial syllables1 #ajc-ajf2 in final syllables1 #ajg2 of diphthongs1 #ajh1 see ,diphthongs4 ,weeping1 verbs of1 used transitively1 #aaci4 ,will1 expressed by fut41 #afai2 shall and will1 #afai2 verbs of1 with purpose clause1 #aidi2 with infin41 #bafi2 with perf4 infin41 #bbbe4 ,willingness1 expressed by subjv4 of desire1 #aeec4 ,winds1 names of1 gender1 #dje4 ,wish1 expressed by subjv41 #aedj-aedf2 introduced by utinam1 ut1 ut1 qu1 modo1 n1 nn1 nec1 #aedj2 with s1 s1 #aedf2 expressed by subjv4 in subordinate sentence1 #agca2 expressed by imper41 #aega2 as prot4 of conditional period1 #baaj4 ,wishing1 verbs of1 with double acc41 #aagb2 subjv4 coordinated with1 #agjg2 with ut1 n1 #aiej2 with infin41 #bafi2 with acc4 and infin41 #bahi1 #baij1 #bbbh2 with perf4 act4 infin41 #bbbc1 #bbbd2 with perf4 pass4 infin41 #bbbi2 see ,desire4 ,without1 expressed by partic4 and neg41 #bbif4 ,wondering1 verbs of1 with indirect question1 #aggd2 with quod1 quia1 #ahea2 with cum1 #ahea1 #ahge2 with acc4 and infin41 #bahg1 #bahh1 #bahd4 ,words1 simple1 defined1 #aha2 compound1 defined1 #aha2 gender words1 #cih1 #djb2 their sound1 #b-agi2 their formation1 #ahj-cif2 their inflection1 #cig-ajbb4 ,yes1 how expressed1 #aeaa1 #aeab4 ,yes or ,no ,questions1 #aeja-aebe2 in indirect questions1 #agge-aggg2 see ,questions4 ,yielding1 expressions of1 case with1 #aaha-aahe4 ,errata for ,index3 missing or incorrect punctuation has been silently regularized ,ablative ,case ,conditional _/ with s1 s frte1 for indirect question1 #aggg2 printed as shown3 body text always spells fort- ,future tense _/ -r1 -r1 #fh2 printed as shown3 see endnote on first edition 444 -i- stems1 in -um1 #ebg-ecg1 #efc1 #fbi1 #fca1 #fcc1 #fcf2 #ebg-ccg 444 ,pronouns1 peculiar and inscriptional forms1 inscriptional1 ,gerundive1 _/ originally neither act4 nor pass41 #bhh1 #bbch2 act nor ,participles _/ ,future 444 use of1 in conditional sentences 444 #bjic1 #bjig1 #bajj1 #bajh2 #biic ,,index ,,of ,,latin ,,words4 ,,the ,,references ,,are ,,to ,,sections4 a1 the vowel1 pronunciation of1 #cc1 #ch1 #dj1 #da1 #dc2 final1 quantity of1 #bdcg-bdci4 a1 weakened to e1 #ajd2 weakened to i1 #ajd2 weakened to u1 #ajd4 1 how denoted in inscriptions1 #bi1 #a and #c4 ab 771 prep41 #adag2 form of1 #afd1 #b2 with abl4 proper1 #abig2 in expressions of distance1 #aaec2 after alinus1 #abjb2 expressions with1 used with adjs41 #abfh2 with abl4 of separation1 c41 #acjd2 with town names1 #acjh2 denoting origin1 #acji2 expressing source1 #acab2 expressing cause1 c41 #acag2 expressing doer of action1 #acah1 #adgf1 #adgg1 #bbdc2 with act4 verbs equivalent to pass41 #acah2 with things and animals1 #acah1 #adgg2 with gerundive construction or gerund1 #bbfg2 with subst4 and partic41 #bbhe1 #bbhf2 quantity of1 #bdcj1 #bdcb4 abe1 forms of1 #gff4 abhinc1 with acc41 #aaed2 with abl41 #aaed4 abis1 gender and decl4 of1 #dgg2 quantity of e in1 #bdef4 abig1 prin4 parts of1 #icg4 abnue1 forms of1 #hai4 abole1 prin4 parts of1 #ajjc4 abolsc1 prin4 parts of1 #ifh4 abs1 prep41 #adag2 pronunciation of1 #ed1 #afd2 form of1 #gaj4 abscond1 perf4 of1 #hfj4 absns1 #gdi1 #ijb4 absente nbs1 #ajib4 absiste1 with infin41 for nl1 #aehd1 #bagj4 absorbe1 forms of1 #ajjf4 absque1 apsque1 #adba1 #agja1 #baaj4 absum1 with abl4 of amount of difference1 #aaec2 with dat41 #abab2 paulum abest1 c41 with qun1 #aihf4 abunde1 with partitive gen41 #abdh4 abtor1 with acc41 #achj4 ac1 quantity1 #bdcc2 see atque4 accdit1 with quod1 #ahde2 with ut1 #aife4 ,accherns1 in acc41 #aaeg2 in loc41 #accf2 in abl41 #acjg1 #accf1 #acdc4 accid1 forms of1 #icj2 tense after1 #ageh2 accidit with result clause1 #aife1 #aiff4 accd1 prin4 parts of1 #icj4 accpi1 with acc4 and infin41 #bage2 accpimus with pres4 infin41 #bbbj4 acctus1 #iai4 accommodtus1 with dat4 of person and acc4 with ad of thing1 #abja2 with gerundive construction1 #bbed4 accumb1 prin4 parts of1 #igd4 cer1 comparison of1 #cdd2 decl4 of1 #fbg-fbi4 acsc1 prin4 parts of1 #igf4 acis1 decl4 of1 #fjf1 #fjg4 acquisc1 defective1 #ije4 acu1 form of1 #cfg1 #hci1 #hdj2 perf4 of1 #hfe2 prin4 parts of1 #idg4 acus1 gender of1 #ehh2 decl4 of1 #eib4 ad1 prep41 #adaj2 in comp41 form of1 #adh2 position of1 frequently following a relative1 #adce2 compounds of1 with acc41 #aacg2 compounds of1 with dat41 #aahh1 #aahi1 #aaid2 compounds of1 other constructions with1 #aaij1 #aaia1 #aaif1 #aaih2 with urbem or oppidum1 #aaei2 signifying motion towards or nearness1 #aafj2 with country names and appellatives1 #aafa2 expressions with1 used with adjs41 #abja1 #abfh2 adque adque1 #adjh2 ad id introductory to sentence with quod1 #ahdg2 with gerundive construction or gerund1 #bafd1 #bbeb1 #bbgj2 with subst4 and partic41 #bbhe1 #bbhf4 adaequ1 correlative of ut1 #aicg4 adamussim1 form of1 #edi1 #fih1 #fii4 add1 with quod1 #ahdf4 ade1 verb1 conjug4 of1 #gfc1 #gff4 ade1 adv41 correlative of ut1 ut nn1 #aigj4 adeps 7adips71 decl4 of1 #dhj2 gender of1 #dhj1 #ehj4 adfatim1 form of1 #edi1 #fii2 with partitive gen41 #abdh4 adfnis1 decl4 of1 #eeh2 with gen41 #abfc2 with dat41 #abfh4 adgredior1 forms of1 #gia1 #gii1 #ihf4 adhc1 form of1 #ic2 with partitive gen41 #abec2 with compar41 #adei4 adici1 with quod1 #ahdf4 adig1 construction with1 #aaih4 adim1 perf4 of1 #hbc2 with infin4 as obj41 #bbjf4 adipscor1 #ihj2 with gen41 #abib2 adeptus as pass41 #adib4 adiuero1 adiuerit1 #hia4 adleg1 prin4 parts of1 #icg4 adlici1 prin4 parts of1 #ief4 admodum1 adv41 #fih1 #fii4 adnexuerant1 #ifj4 adolsc1 prin4 parts of1 #ifh4 ador1 gender of1 #ege4 adorior1 forms of1 #gia4 ad ravim1 adv41 #edi4 adsenti1 adsentior1 #hjj1 #ajae1 #adhh2 with haud1 #addi4 adsperg1 constructions with1 #aaii4 adsufaci1 with acc4 and infin41 #baig4 adl1 #adhi4 adlor1 with dat4 or acc41 #aahd4 adultus1 with act4 meaning1 #ijg1 #adhe4 adveni1 forms of1 #hbb4 adversum1 prep41 #adaj2 verbs combined with1 followed by dat41 #aahg4 adversus1 prep41 #adaj2 used after impius1 #abja2 expression with1 instead of objective gen41 #abfa4 advert1 see animum advert4 advesperscit1 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#bcgc4 atqu1 form of1 #gjf2 use of1 #baeb4 atqun1 #baeb4 atteruisse1 #ifc4 atting1 forms of1 #ibe4 attonde1 #iie4 attribu1 with gerundive construction1 #bbej4 au1 diphthong1 pronunciation of1 #dg1 #di2 change of sound of1 to and 1 #ig1 #ajh4 au1 with voc4 nom4 and voc41 #aabc4 aucup1 #adhi4 aude1 forms of1 #hja1 #adhh4 audi1 conjug4 of1 #gif1 #gig2 audi cum1 #ahgj2 used personally in pass41 #bagh4 auge1 prin4 parts of1 #iii4 auspict1 as adv41 #gjd1 #acgb4 auspic1 #adhi4 aut1 connecting substs4 with sing4 or plur4 verb1 #ajgj2 aut 4 4 4 aut connecting substs4 with sing4 or plur4 verb1 #ajgj2 use of1 #affg-affi1 #badi4 autem1 introducing parenthesis1 #afdb2 position of1 #afgf2 common use of1 #afgg2 in questions1 #afgh2 with s1 sn1 #bjba2 introducing adversative sentence1 #baea4 auxilium1 sing4 and plur4 of1 meaning1 #dah2 dat4 of1 with verb1 #abbj1 #abbc4 av1 hav1 #hje4 ave1 defective1 #hji4 avis1 decl4 of1 #eba1 #eee4 axis1 gender of1 #egi4 b1 sound of before s or t1 #ed1 #afd2 from v1 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decl4 of4 #ecb1 #fcf4 bis1 quantity1 #bdcc4 bis tant quam1 #ahie4 blandior1 prin4 parts of1 #ajba4 bltus1 gender of1 #djh4 bonus1 form of1 #afa2 comparison of1 #cee2 decl4 of1 #fac2 bon as gen4 of value1 #abge4 bs1 gender and decl4 of1 #did4 brevis1 decl4 of1 #fcj1 #fca4 brim1 #edh2 gender of1 #egi4 ,burrus1 for later ,pyrrhus1 #ba4 c1 the sign1 earliest form of1 #bj2 used as abbreviation1 #bj2 sound of1 #bj1 #ee2 q written for1 #bj1 #fij2 medial1 how treated1 #agj1 #d2 medial1 disappearance of1 #agj1 #a-e2 changed to g1 causing development of vowel1 #afd1 #f4 cad1 compounds of1 #hfj1 #icj2 prin4 parts of1 #icj2 followed by ab and abl41 #acah4 caeds1 decl4 of1 #ebc1 #efc2 form caedis1 #eda4 caed1 perf4 of1 #heh2 prin4 parts of4 #icj2 compounds of1 #icj4 caelebs1 defective1 #fbd4 caelestis1 -um in gen4 plur41 #efc4 caelicolm1 gen41 #dci1 #bddi4 caelite1 caelits1 decl4 of1 #dgg1 #fbf4 cale1 defective1 #ije2 prin4 parts of1 #ajjf4 calsc1 prin4 parts of1 #igf4 calix1 decl4 of1 #dgc2 gender of1 #dgc1 #eha4 callis1 gender of1 #egi4 calve1 defective1 #hji4 calx1 heel1 decl4 of1 #eca2 gender of1 #eca1 #eha4 calx1 limestone1 decl4 of1 #eca2 gender of1 #eca1 #eha4 canlis1 decl4 of1 #ebj1 #eed2 gender of1 #egi4 cande1 prin4 parts of1 #ajjf4 candsc1 prin4 parts of1 #igf4 cne1 defective1 #hji4 cnsc1 prin4 parts of1 #igf4 canis 7cans71 gender and decl4 of1 #dhf1 #ejj1 #eff4 can1 prin4 parts of1 #ibd4 capx1 with gen41 #abfg4 capss1 prin4 parts of1 #igj4 capi1 conjug4 of1 #ghd2 pres4 stem of1 #hcb1 #hcf2 perf4 of1 #hfc2 forms caps1 c41 #hhg2 prin4 parts of1 #idj2 compounds of1 #idj4 card1 decl4 of1 #dhe2 gender of1 #dhe1 #egd4 carduus1 gender of1 #djh4 care1 defective1 #ije2 prin4 parts of1 #ajjf2 constructions with1 #acjc1 #acjd4 carnifex1 form of1 #ajh4 car1 decl4 of1 #ede2 gender of1 #ede1 #egd4 carp1 prin4 parts of1 #iec2 compounds of1 #iec4 ,carthgin1 see ,karthgin4 ,carystus1 how used in abl41 #acjh4 casss1 gender of1 #egi4 caudex1 see cdex4 caulis1 gender of1 #egi4 causa1 gen4 of definition with caus1 #abeg2 caus expressing cause1 c41 #acag2 caus resembling prep41 #adjf2 nlla causa est qun1 #aihc2 caus with gerundive construction or gerund1 #bafd1 #bbeh1 #bbgj4 cauts1 decl4 of1 #ebc4 cave1 perf4 of1 #hfd2 prin4 parts of1 #iif2 cav1 used of several persons1 #ajge2 cav1 cav n1 cavt n1 c41 with subjv41 #aehe1 #agaa1 #aiej1 #aifj4 -ce 7-c71 enclitic1 #ic1 #aac2 in hc1 #ffc1 #fei2 in istic1 illic1 #ffi1 #fgj2 in sc1 #bjae2 quantity1 #bdcc4 cedo1 #hje2 coordinated1 #agab2 with short o1 #bddc4 cd1 prin4 parts of1 #ieh4 cl1 with double acc41 #aafi2 with d and abl41 #aagj2 constructions with pass4 of1 #aaga4 cntus1 with act4 meaning1 #ijg4 cnse1 prin4 parts of1 #ajje2 coordinated1 #agjh2 with purpose clause1 #aiej2 with acc4 and infin41 #bage1 #baic4 centum1 indeclinable1 #fcg4 cern1 pres4 stem of1 #hcc2 prin4 parts of1 #ifd2 cernitur1 impersonally1 #baha4 cert1 in answers1 #aeab2 correlative of s1 #bjah4 cert1 verb1 with dat41 #aahf4 cert1 adv41 in answers1 #aeab4 csor1 form for cnsor1 #fc4 cterum1 use of1 #afgf1 #afhc4 ctus1 decl4 of1 #ejh4 ceu1 #baah4 ch1 sound of1 #gb2 use of1 #gb4 ,chersonsus1 in loc41 #accf4 cicer1 gender of1 #egc4 cicur1 defective1 #fbd4 cie1 forms of1 #hba2 perf4 partic4 of1 #iah2 prin4 parts of1 #ajjb2 defective1 #ajjb4 cing1 prin4 parts of1 #ied4 circ1 adv4 and prep41 #gjg1 #adaj1 #adab2 with gerundive construction or gerund1 #bbec4 circiter1 prep41 #adaj2 not compounded1 #adjf4 circum1 prep41 #adaj2 compounds of1 with acc41 #aacg2 with double acc41 #aach2 with dat41 #aaid1 #aaie2 other constructions with1 #aaif4 circumd1 conjug4 of1 #geg2 constructions with1 #aaii4 circumfodi1 forms of1 #gia4 circumfund1 constructions with1 #aaii4 circum st1 perf4 of1 #hfj4 cis1 comparison of1 #ceg2 prep41 #adaj2 quantity1 #bdcc4 citerior1 formation of1 #cdh2 comparison of1 #ceg4 citimus1 formation of1 #cea2 comparison of1 #ceg4 citius quam1 #ahig4 cito1 with iambic shortening of the final o1 #acj1 #c2 #bddb4 citr1 prep1 and adv41 #adaj1 #adab4 citus1 #iah1 #bdcf4 cvis1 decl4 of1 #eba1 #eee4 clds1 decl4 of1 #ebc2 form cldis1 #eda4 clam1 as adv41 #adae2 with acc41 #adae2 with abl41 #adae4 clang1 defective1 #hjh4 clrsc1 prin4 parts of1 #igf4 classis1 decl4 of1 #eba1 #eee4 claud1 claude1 defective1 #hjh4 claud1 cld1 prin4 parts of1 #ieh2 compounds of1 #ieh2 form cld1 #aji4 clvis1 decl4 of1 #eai1 #eea1 #eee4 ,cldius1 form of1 #ig4 clue1 defective1 #hji4 ,cn41 abbreviation for ,gnaeus1 #ah4 cdex1 form of1 #ig4 coem1 prin4 parts of1 #icg4 co1 with dat41 #aahf4 coep1 defective1 #hab2 synopsis of1 #hab2 forms of pres4 system1 #ii1 #hac1 #idj2 form cop1 #abj1 #hac1 #hfc2 form coeptrus1 #had2 prin4 parts of1 #idj2 use of act4 and pass4 of1 #adhc4 coerce1 prin4 parts of1 #ajjf4 cgnsc1 form of1 #afi1 #b2 perf4 partic4 of1 #iai2 prin4 parts of1 #ife2 used personally in pass41 #bagh4 cg1 prin4 parts of1 #icg4 collis1 decl4 of1 #eef2 gender of1 #egi4 col1 prin4 parts of1 #igb4 colus1 gender of1 #ddg4 com-1 compounds of1 with dat41 #aahh1 #aahi1 #aaid2 other constructions with1 #aaij1 #aaif1 #aaig4 combr1 prin4 parts of1 #iec4 comed1 conjug4 of1 #gga4 comitia1 with gerundive construction1 #bbed4 comminscor1 prin4 parts of1 #ihj4 commiserscit1 construction with1 #abhc4 commodum1 acc4 as adv41 #gja1 #aaef4 commonfaci1 with double acc41 #abia2 with acc4 and gen4 or d and abl41 #abia4 commone1 with double acc41 #abia2 with acc4 and gen4 or d and abl41 #abia4 commnis1 constructions with1 #abjb1 #abch4 commt1 with abl41 #achi2 with cum1 #achi4 cm1 prin4 parts of1 #iec4 compar1 construction with1 #aaig4 compectus1 #ihj4 compede1 compedium1 #ecb2 stems of1 #efi2 gender of1 #ecb1 #egb4 comperc1 forms of1 #icj2 comperce with infin4 for nl1 #aehd4 comperi1 comperior1 forms of1 #ajab2 used personally in pass41 #bagh4 compesc1 prin4 parts of1 #igf2 conpesce with infin4 for nl1 #aehd4 comping1 prin4 parts of1 #ich2 perf4 of1 #hfc4 complector1 pres4 stem of1 #hce2 prin4 parts of1 #ihe4 comple1 with gen41 #abic2 with abl41 #achf4 complic1 prin4 parts of1 #iic4 complrs1 decl4 of1 #fbc4 compos1 defective1 #fbd2 with gen41 #abfc2 quantity of second o in1 #bdeg4 comprim1 prin4 parts of1 #ieh4 compung1 prin4 parts of1 #ied4 concd1 coordinated1 #agaj2 with purpose clause1 #aiej2 with acc4 and infin41 #aied2 used personally in pass41 #bagh4 concid1 perf4 of1 #hfj4 concin1 prin4 parts of1 #igb4 concitus 7conctus71 #iai4 concolor1 decl4 of1 #ecg1 #eei4 concors1 decl4 of1 #ecb1 #eei4 concrdu1 #gef4 concupsc1 prin4 parts of1 #ifh4 concurr1 with dat41 #aahf4 condign1 with abl41 #acib4 condn1 with double acc41 #aagb4 cnficior1 cnf1 #gij4 cnfd1 forms of1 #hja1 #adhh2 with dat41 #aaha2 with abl41 #acdi4 cnfiteor1 prin4 parts of1 #ajaj4 cnfric1 prin4 parts of1 #iic4 cnfring1 prin4 parts of1 #ich4 congru1 prin4 parts of1 #idg2 congrure for congruere1 #hai4 cnve1 prin4 parts of1 #ajjj4 conloc1 with in and abl41 #adbd2 with gerundive construction1 #bbej2 with supine1 #bbga4 conqur1 prin4 parts of1 #ifg4 conrig1 prin4 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gerundive construction or gerund1 #bbgd2 with supine in -1 #bbgd2 facile est implying non-occurrent action1 #adif4 faci1 parts supplied by f1 #ghh1 #adga2 pass4 of1 #ghh2 pres4 stem of1 #hcf2 in composition1 #cid1 #gij1 #idj2 imper4 of1 #if1 #hdf2 perf4 of1 #hfc2 forms faxim1 c41 #hhg1 #hhh2 form faxitur1 #hhh2 prin4 parts of1 #idj2 with gen4 of value1 #abga2 with abl41 #acae2 fac1 facit1 fac ut1 facit ut with subjv41 #aegi1 #agab2 fac n with subjv41 #aehe2 with purpose clause1 #aiea2 with result clause1 #aife1 #aifg2 with acc4 and infin41 #baif2 with perf4 partic41 #bbig2 with pres4 partic4 used predicatively1 #bbih2 in causative use1 #bcjd4 fall1 prin4 parts of1 #icb4 falsus1 comparison of1 #ceh4 fams1 decl4 of1 #ebd1 #fjc4 famul1 #aaa1 b1 #dee4 fr1 form of1 #aga2 decl4 of1 #dcj1 #dhi2 gender of1 #ehc4 farci1 prin4 parts of1 #ajad2 compounds of1 #ajad4 fr1 #hje4 fs1 defective1 #dcj2 gender of1 #egh2 fs est implying non-occurrent action1 #adif2 with supine in -1 #bbgd4 fascis1 gender of1 #egi4 fastdisus1 with gen41 #abfc4 fateor1 prin4 parts of1 #ajaj2 compounds of1 #ajaj4 fatsc1 defective1 #hjh4 fave1 prin4 parts of1 #iif4 febris1 decl4 of1 #eai1 #eej1 #eee4 fel1 gender and decl4 of1 #dcj1 #dhb2 quantity1 #bdcc4 femur1 gender and decl4 of1 #dhi4 fer1 quantity1 #bddj4 feri1 defective1 #haj4 ferm1 quantity1 #bddj4 fer1 conjug4 of1 #ggb1 #ghj1 #gha2 form tul1 #hfj1 #bdce2 form tetul1 #gha1 #hfj2 form tol1 #gha2 compound forms1 rettul1 rtul1 #gha1 #hfa2 defective1 #ghj1 #hjg1 #ijj2 form of fert1 #hbh2 form of feram1 c41 #hdb2 form of fer1 c41 #hdd2 prin4 parts of1 #ibb2 ferunt1 they say1 #ajcc2 used reflexively1 #adha1 #adhb2 molest fer with quod1 quia1 quom1 #ahea4 fertilis1 comparison of1 #cei2 with gen41 #abfc4 ferve1 ferv1 #hba1 #hff2 prin4 parts of1 #iih4 fervsc1 prin4 parts of1 #igf4 fcus1 gender of1 #djh4 fidlis1 constructions with1 #abja4 fids1 gen4 and dat4 sing4 of1 #afj2 defective1 #fjj2 decl4 of1 #fjb4 fd1 forms of1 #hja2 with abl41 #acdi4 fg1 prin4 parts of1 #ieh4 flia1 decl4 of1 #ddb2 with familis1 #dcg4 flius1 gen4 sing4 of1 #def2 voc4 sing4 of1 #dei2 nom4 plur4 fl1 #dfa2 dat4 and abl4 sing4 fls1 #dfd2 with familis1 #dcg4 find1 perf4 of1 #hfa1 #bdce2 prin4 parts of1 #icd2 with o shortened1 #bddc4 fing1 prin4 parts of1 #ied4 fnis1 difference of meaning in sing4 and plur41 #dah2 decl4 of1 #eef2 gender of1 #egi2 fn as prep4 with abl41 #adjf1 #adai2 as subst4 with gen41 #adai2 position of1 #adai2 fne with gen41 #adai4 f1 conjug4 of1 #ghe1 #ghh2 quantity of in1 #abg2 supplying parts of faci1 #ghh1 #adga2 form f1 #ghi2 form fier1 #ghi1 #hie2 fiere1 #ghi1 #hie2 quantity of i in fier1 c41 #ghi2 in composition1 #cid1 #gij2 defective1 #hjg2 fit with quminus1 #aigg4 flgit1 with double acc41 #aafi2 with ab and abl41 #aagj2 constructions with pass4 of1 #aaga2 with ut1 #aiej4 flve1 defective1 #hji4 flect1 pres4 stem of1 #hce2 prin4 parts of1 #ifj4 fle1 prin4 parts of1 #ajja2 with acc41 #aaci4 -flg1 forms of1 #iec4 fl1 prin4 parts of1 #iia4 flocc1 as gen4 of value1 #abgb4 flre1 prin4 parts of1 #ajjf4 flrsc1 prin4 parts of1 #igf4 flu1 prin4 parts of1 #ieh4 fodi1 forms of1 #gia2 pres4 stem of1 #hcf2 prin4 parts of1 #idf4 follis1 gender of1 #egi4 fors1 use of1 #aafb4 forceps1 decl4 of1 #dhj2 gender of1 #ehj4 forfex1 gender of1 #eha4 fornix1 gender of1 #eha4 forsan1 with subjv41 #aeed4 forsitan1 form of1 #gab2 with subjv41 #aeed4 fortasse1 with subjv41 #aeed2 introducing concessive period1 #baej2 with subj4 infin41 #bbji4 fove1 prin4 parts of1 #iif4 frang1 perf4 of1 #hfc2 prin4 parts of1 #ich2 compounds of1 #ich4 frem1 prin4 parts of1 #igb4 frtus1 with abl41 #acdi4 fric1 prin4 parts of1 #iic2 compounds of1 #iic4 frgsc1 prin4 parts of1 #iei4 frg1 comparison of1 #cec2 indeclinable1 #dca2 as adj41 #dca2 with bonae1 #abbj4 fruor1 prin4 parts of1 #igh2 with abl41 #acgi2 with acc41 #achj2 use of gerundive of1 #bbdd4 frstra1 frstr1 #gja1 #gjg1 #bdfg4 fugi1 pres4 stem of1 #hcf2 defective1 #ije2 prin4 parts of1 #idj2 fuge with infin4 for nl1 #aehd1 #bagj4 fulge1 forms of1 #ajjj4 fund1 prin4 parts of1 #idd4 fungor1 prin4 parts of1 #igi2 with abl41 #acgi2 with acc41 #achj2 use of gerundive of1 #bbdd4 fnis1 gender of1 #egi4 furfur1 gender of1 #ehc4 fstis1 decl4 of1 #eba1 #eee2 gender of1 #egi4 g1 introduction of1 #bj2 form of1 #bj2 followed by v1 #bg2 sound of1 #bj1 #eg2 from c1 #afd1 #f2 initial before n1 disappearance of1 #afi1 #b2 medial1 disappearance of1 #agj1 #a2 assimilation of1 #aff1 #i2 gn1 quantity of vowel preceding1 #abb1 c4 ,gia1 abbreviated1 #bj4 ,gius1 abbreviated1 #bj2 quantity of a in1 #abg1 #e2 decl4 of1 #abg1 #g2 #deh4 ganni1 defective1 #haj4 gaude1 forms of1 #hja1 #adhh2 with quod1 quia1 quom1 #ahea2 with s1 #bjfh2 with acc4 and infin41 #bahh2 with perf4 infin41 #bbca4 gem1 prin4 parts of1 #igb2 with acc41 #aaci4 genertus1 with abl41 #acab4 genius1 voc4 sing4 of1 #dei4 gen1 gender of1 #ehf2 decl4 of1 #eib4 ger1 form of1 #aed2 prin4 parts of1 #iec4 gign1 forms of1 #igc2 genitus with abl41 #acab4 gls1 decl4 of1 #ech1 #edd2 stems of1 #efi2 gender of1 #egi4 glsc1 defective1 #hjh4 glmus1 #fb1 #dia4 glrior1 with abl41 #acdi4 glb1 defective1 #hjh4 ,gnaeus1 abbreviated1 #bj2 diphthong before vowel in1 #abe4 gracilis1 comparison of1 #cde4 gradior1 conjug4 of1 #gii2 compounds of1 #gia1 #gii1 #ihf2 pres4 stem of1 #hcf2 prin4 parts of1 #ihf4 grtia1 sing4 and plur4 of1 meaning1 #dah2 grti1 gen4 of definition with1 #abeg2 grti1 expressing cause1 c41 #acag2 grti1 resembling prep41 #adjf2 grtis ag with quod and cum1 #aheb1 #ahge2 e grti 4 4 4 quod1 #ahed2 grti with gen4 of gerundive construction or gerund1 #bbeh4 grtulor1 with quod1 #aheb2 with cum1 #aheb1 #ahge4 grave est1 implying non-occurrent action1 #adif4 grex1 decl4 of1 #dgb2 gender of1 #eha4 grs1 gender and decl4 of1 #did4 h1 from guttural aspirate1 #aeb2 not a cons41 #agg2 medial1 disappearance of1 #aea2 elision before1 #bdhb1 #bdic4 habe1 prin4 parts of1 #ajjd2 compounds of1 #ajjd2 with pr and abl41 #aafh2 with dat41 #abbb2 with gen4 of value1 #abga2 habt1 #aegf2 with perf4 partic41 #afjf1 #bbig2 with gerundive1 #bbde1 #bbej4 ,hadria1 gender of1 #dcc4 haere1 defective1 #ije2 prin4 parts of1 #ajjj2 with dat41 #aahf4 hau1 use of1 #adej4 haud1 see haut4 hauddum1 following cum1 #ahfh4 hauri1 fut4 partic4 of1 #ije2 forms of1 #ajad4 hausci1 formation of1 #cif1 #adej4 haut1 haud1 with adjs41 advs41 verbs1 #addi2 haud sci an1 c41 #addi1 #aeed1 #aghb4 hav1 av1 #hje4 hebe1 defective1 #hji4 hebes1 decl4 of1 #ecc1 #fce4 hia1 with voc4 nom4 and voc41 #aabc2 with short final vowel1 #bdch4 hem1 with voc4 nom4 and voc41 #aabc4 hercle1 in answers1 #aeac4 her1 here1 #acda4 heu1 with nom4 of exclamation1 #aaag2 with acc41 #aadi2 with gen41 #abie4 heus1 with voc4 nom4 and voc41 #aabc4 hc1 decl4 of1 #feh-ffe2 nom4 plur41 hsce1 #dfa1 #ffd1 #ffe2 dat4 and abl4 plur41 hbus1 #ffd1 #ffe2 formation of1 #fei1 #ffb2 with short vowel1 #ffd1 #bdff2 inscriptional forms of1 #ffe2 full form with -ce1 #ffc2 hoice1 #feh2 hcine1 #ffc2 with correlatives1 #fie2 huius1 quantity1 #aec1 #b4 ,adj4 equivalent to gen41 #ajih2 rules for agreement of1 #ajid-ajih2 neut4 acc4 used adverbially1 #aaef2 neut4 with partitive gen41 #abdh2 huius as gen4 of value1 #abgb2 with rel41 #agig2 correlative of qu1 #ahca2 used instead of repeated rel41 #ahcc2 correlative of ut1 ut nn1 #aigj2 hc 4 4 4 qu1 #aigc2 as connective1 #babi1 #bacj2 hoc ipsum1 ttum hoc1 as attribute of infin41 #bbae2 pointing out what is near in place1 time1 or thought1 #bcdg2 referring to the speaker1 #bcdh2 haec meaning the realm1 our country1 c41 #bcdi2 expressing something familiar1 with shade of contempt1 #bcej2 referring to words of a sentence1 #bcea2 hc and ille contrasted1 #bceb-bcee2 in concessions1 #bcfa2 dem used with1 #bcgb4 hc1 adv41 #gjh1 #acdj2 defined by loc41 #acdj2 quantity of vowel in1 #bdff4 hiemps 7hiems71 form of1 #afg1 #die2 decl4 of1 #dcj4 hinc1 adv41 #gaj2 as coordinating word1 #afia4 hsc1 defective1 #hjh4 ,hispalis1 decl4 of1 #eah1 #edi1 #eed2 in abl4 with in1 #acce4 hom1 homins sunt qu1 #ahbb2 hominem as indef41 #bbab2 expressing feeling1 as admiration or contempt1 #bcfe2 with short final vowel1 #bddb2 form1 #add4 honrificus1 comparison of1 #cec4 horre1 prin4 parts of1 #ajjf2 with acc41 #aaci4 horrsc1 prin4 parts of1 #igf4 hosticaps1 nom41 #dcf4 hostis1 decl4 of1 #eag1 #eeb4 hc1 with gen41 #abed4 humilis1 comparison of1 #cde4 humus1 gender of1 #ddg2 hum1 loc41 #dfj2 use of hum1 #accg2 hum1 use of1 #acaa4 i1 as vowel and as cons41 how represented1 #bb1 #bd1 #bf2 the vowel1 pronunciation of1 #cc1 #ch-da2 the cons41 pronunciation of1 #ei2 the cons41 how represented1 #bd1 #bf2 the doubled consonant1 how represented1 #bc2 the cons41 medial1 disappearance of1 #aec1 #b2 ii 7cons4 and vowel71 the combination1 #eb2 interchange of vowel and cons41 #aec1 #d2 i longa1 #bc1 #bd2 final1 quantity of1 #abi1 #bdcg1 #bdde1 #bddf4 i1 intermediate sound between u and1 #bc1 #ajc2 from a1 #ajd2 from e1 #ajc2 from o1 #aje2 medial1 disappearance of1 #aaa2 weakened to e1 #ajg1 b2 in perf4 subjv41 #hgh2 in fut4 perf41 #hhc4 1 how denoted in inscriptions1 #bi1 #b2 from a1 ae1 #ajh1 a2 from oi1 oe1 #ajh1 a2 from ei1 #ajh1 a1 #gfd1 #ghi2 in perf4 subjv41 #hgg2 in fut4 perf41 #hhd4 iace1 prin4 parts of1 #ajjf4 iaci1 form of1 in compounds1 #eb1 #ajd1 #idj2 pres4 stem of1 #hcf2 perf4 of1 #hfc2 defective1 #ije2 prin4 parts of1 #idj4 iamdi1 accent of1 #ib4 ib1 quantity1 #abi1 #b2 #bddf2 form of1 #gji2 ub 4 4 4 ib1 #ahca4 ibdem1 quantity1 #abi1 #b4 c1 forms of1 #icg4 idcirc1 as coordinating word1 #afia2 idcirc 4 4 4 quod 7quia71 #ahed1 #ahee1 #bjfg2 before ut1 n1 #aifa2 correlative of s1 #bjah1 #bjfg4 dem1 decl4 of1 #fgf-fgh2 abl4 of1 with loc1 #abeb2 correlative of qu1 #ahca2 used instead of repeated rel41 #ahcc2 connecting two different predicates to same person or thing1 #bcga2 used with hc1 c41 #bcgb2 followed by qu1 c41 meaning the same as1 #bcgc4 ide1 as coordinating word1 #afia2 ide 4 4 4 quod1 #ahed2 ide 4 4 4 quia1 #ahed1 #ahee1 #aheh1 #bjfg2 before ut1 n1 #aifa2 correlative of s1 #bjfg4 idneus1 with dat4 and acc41 #abja2 with qu1 #ahai2 with infin41 #ahai4 ds1 gender of1 #ehh4 iecur1 gender and decl4 of1 #dhi4 igitur1 position of1 #afhh2 erg igitur1 #afhi2 correlative of s1 #bjah2 use of1 #afhh1 #baeh4 ignis1 decl4 of1 #eba1 #eee4 gnr1 with haud1 #addi4 gnsc1 form of1 #agj1 #f2 fut4 partic4 of1 #ije2 prin4 parts of1 #ife4 licet1 form of1 #gab2 with acc41 #aadi4 lic1 adv41 #fih1 #gjc2 correlative of s1 #bjfg2 with shortened o1 #bddb4 ille1 decl4 of41 #fef-fei1 #fff-ffh2 illut1 #fei2 old and inscriptional forms of1 #ffg1 #ffh2 combined with ecce and em1 #ffg2 with correlatives1 #fie4 ,adj4 equivalent to gen41 #ajih2 rules for agreement of1 #ajid-ajih2 neut4 with partitive gen41 #abdh2 with subjv4 questions1 #aeff2 with rel41 #agig2 correlative of qu1 #ahca2 used instead of repeated rel41 #ahcc2 correlative of ut1 ut nn1 #aigj2 of ind4 disc4 representing t and vs of direct discourse1 #bcbe2 hc and ille contrasted1 #bceb-bcee2 pointing to what is remote in place1 time1 or thought1 #bceh2 pointing out a celebrity1 #bcei2 indicating change of subj41 #bcfj2 in concessions1 #bcfa2 in poetry1 to repeat a thing with emphasis1 #bcfb2 in poetry1 to emphasize the second of two ideas1 #bcfc2 in poetry1 to anticipate the real subj41 #bcfd2 dem used with1 #bcgb2 first syllable of1 shortened1 #bdfi4 ill1 illc1 adv41 #gjh2 use of1 #acdj2 quantity of second i1 #bdff4 illic1 decl4 of1 #ffi1 #fgj2 rare forms of1 #fgj2 quantity of second i1 #bdff2 first syllable of1 shortened1 #bdfi4 imber1 form of1 #aaa1 b2 decl4 of1 #ebe1 #edb1 #eef4 ,imbros1 in abl4 with in1 #accd4 imbu1 prin4 parts of1 #idg4 immne quantum1 #agij4 immemor1 decl4 of1 #ecg1 #eei4 immine1 defective1 #hji4 imm1 in answers1 #aead2 with shortened o1 #bddb2 first syllable of1 shortened1 #bdfi4 impr1 decl4 of1 #ecg1 #efa4 impedi1 with n1 #aifj1 #aigg2 with quminus1 #aifj1 #aigg2 with acc4 and infin41 #bbjc4 imper1 use of1 #bbjb4 imperti1 constructions with1 #aaii4 imping1 prin4 parts of1 #ich2 perf4 of1 #hfc4 impius1 constructions with1 #abja4 imple1 with gen41 #abic2 with abl41 #achf4 implic1 prin4 parts of1 #iic4 impos1 quantity of o in1 #bdeg4 impossse1 #igb4 impbs 7impbis71 decl4 of1 #dia1 #fbd1 #fbe4 mus1 comparison of1 #cef2 with partitive meaning1 #abdi4 in1 comparison of1 #ceg2 compounds of1 with acc41 #aacg2 compounds of1 with dat41 #aahh1 #aahi1 #aaid2 compounds of1 other constructions with1 #aaij1 #aaia1 #aaif1 #aaih2 with acc4 of names of towns and islands1 #aaeh2 with urbem and oppidum1 #aaei2 with country names and appellatives1 #aafa2 with domum1 doms1 #aafd2 with malam crucem and malam rem1 #aafe2 used after adjs41 #abja1 #abfh2 expressions with1 for dat4 of tendency or result1 #abba2 expression with1 instead of partitive gen41 #abdf2 expression with1 instead of objective gen41 #abfa2 with urbe and oppid1 #accc2 with abl4 of town and island names1 #accd1 #acce2 with abl41 of domus1 #accg2 with loc4 abl41 #abii1 #acdf1 #acdg2 in expressions of time1 #acec2 older endo1 #adjb1 #adbb2 older indu1 #adbb2 with acc4 and abl41 #adbc1 #adbd2 in e introductory to sentence with quod1 #ahdg2 with acc4 of gerundive construction or gerund1 #bbec2 with abl4 of gerundive construction or gerund1 #bbfg2 quantity1 #bdcc4 in-1 privative1 with gerundives1 #bbdi4 incertum an1 #aghb4 incss1 prin4 parts of1 #igj4 incid1 defective1 #ije4 incipi1 prin4 parts of1 #idj4 incitus 7inctus71 #iai4 inclutus 7inclitus71 #iai2 comparison of1 #ceh4 increpvit1 increprit1 #iic4 incubvre1 incubitus1 #iic4 incumb1 prin4 parts of1 #igd4 incuti1 prin4 parts of1 #ifa4 inde1 enclitic1 #ic2 with partitive gen41 #abec2 as coordinating word1 #afia2 first syllable of1 shortened1 #bdfi4 indige1 prin4 parts of1 #ajjf2 with gen41 #abic1 #acje2 with abl41 #abic4 indignor1 with quod1 quia1 quom1 #ahea2 with acc4 and infin41 #bahh4 indgnus1 with abl41 #abfi1 #acib2 with gen41 #abfi2 with qu1 #ahai2 with infin41 #ahai2 with ut1 #ahai2 with supine in -1 #bbgf4 indols1 decl4 of1 #ebc4 ind nmen1 case with1 #abad4 indu1 #adbb1 #bddd4 indulge1 prin4 parts of1 #iii4 indu1 prin4 parts of1 #idg2 constructions with1 #aaii4 inepti1 defective1 #haj4 iners1 form of1 #gc2 decl4 of1 #ecc4 nfera1 defective1 #cef4 nfer1 use of1 #cdg4 nferior1 formation of1 #cdh2 comparison of1 #cef4 nferne1 with short final vowel1 #bddj4 nfimus1 comparison of1 #cef2 with partitive meaning1 #abdi4 nfntum est1 implying non-occurrent action1 #adif4 nfit1 #gij4 nfitis1 defective1 #dcj2 with e1 #aafe4 nfr1 form of1 #ic2 not compounded1 #adjf2 prep4 and adv41 #adaj1 #adab2 nfr quam1 #ahid4 nfric1 prin4 parts of1 #iic4 inger1 imper4 of inger1 #hdf4 ingru1 prin4 parts of1 #idg4 inquus1 constructions with1 #abja4 inlici1 prin4 parts of1 #ief4 inld1 prin4 parts of1 #ieh4 inmitt1 construction with1 #aaih4 inops1 decl4 of1 #ece1 #eei1 #fcf2 with gen41 #abfc4 inperc 7im-71 forms of1 #icj4 inquam1 conjug4 of1 #gei-gfa2 with direct quotations1 #gfj2 defective1 #gfj1 #hje2 form of inquit1 #hbh2 prin4 parts of1 #ibb2 #crd pers4 sing4 with indef4 subj41 #ajcc4 inquis1 defective1 #dcj1 #dgg4 nscius1 with gen41 #abfc4 nsili1 prin4 parts of1 #ajai4 nsinu1 construction with1 #aaih4 nsperg1 constructions with1 #aaii4 nstar1 defective1 #dcj4 nsuper quam1 #ahie4 intelleg1 prin4 parts of1 #iec4 inter1 form of1 #gaj2 prep41 #adaj2 compounds of1 with dat41 #aahh1 #aahi1 #aaid2 compounds of1 other constructions with1 #aaij1 #aaia1 #aaif2 expression with1 instead of partitive gen41 #abdf2 position of1 #adcd2 with infin4 as obj41 #bbje2 with gerundive construction or gerund1 #bbec2 inter ns1 inter vs1 inter s1 expressing reciprocal relations1 #bcdd4 intercd1 with n1 #aifj4 intercld1 cases with1 #aaii1 #acjc1 #acjd2 with quminus1 #aigg2 with n1 #aigg4 interdc1 cases with1 #aaii2 with purpose clause1 #aiej2 with n1 #aifj4 interdu1 #gef4 intere1 with partitive gen41 #abec2 cum intere1 #ahfh4 interem1 prin4 parts of1 #icg4 intere1 followed by ab and abl41 #acah4 interest1 constructions with1 #abgf-abgi4 interfier1 #gij4 interim1 cum interim1 #ahfh4 interior1 formation of1 #cdh2 comparisonof1 #ceg4 interleg1 prin4 parts of1 #icg4 intermitt1 with qun1 #aihf4 internsc1 prin4 parts of1 #ife4 interrog1 with double acc41 #aafi2 with d and abl41 #aagj2 constructions with pass4 of1 #aaga4 intervllum1 use of abl4 of1 #acii4 intibus1 gender of1 #djh4 intimus1 formation of1 #cea2 comparison of1 #ceg2 with partitive meaning1 #abdi4 inton1 prin4 parts of1 #iic4 intr1 in expressions of time1 #acif2 prep41 #adaj2 intr 4 4 4 quam1 #aibi4 inveh1 used reflexively1 #adhb4 inveni1 used personally in pass41 #bagh4 invetersc1 prin4 parts of1 #ifh4 invicem1 adv41 #fii2 invicem inter s1 invicem s1 invicem1 expressing reciprocal relations1 #bcde4 invictus1 comparison of1 #ceh4 invtus1 comparison of1 #ceh2 use of dat4 of1 #abah4 i1 with voc4 nom4 and voc41 #aabc4 ipse1 the superlative ipsissumus1 #ceh2 decl4 of1 #fef1 #feg1 #fgi1 #fhj2 gen4 of1 in apposition with possess4 pron41 #abce2 with abl4 abs41 #acff2 ipsum1 hoc ipsum1 as attribute of infin41 #bbae2 in contrasts1 #bcgd1 #bcge2 with personals and reflexives1 #bcgf2 standing for s or suus1 #bcgg2 meaning actual1 positive1 even1 #bcgi2 meaning regular1 proper1 real1 #bchj2 and et ipse1 meaning as well1 likewise1 too1 #bcha2 meaning alone1 mere1 #bchb2 meaning exactly1 just1 precisely1 right1 #bchc2 meaning of oneself1 voluntarily1 of one's own motion1 #bchd4 ipsissumus1 #ceh4 ipsus1 #fhj4 rscor1 with quod1 quia1 quom1 #ahea4 is1 dat4 sing4 of1 #abg1 #fgb2 decl4 of1 #fef-fei1 #fga-fgd2 it1 #fei2 stems of1 #fgb2 old and inscriptional forms of1 #fgc1 #fgd2 combined with ecce1 #fgc2 in table of correlatives1 #fie2 eius1 quantity1 #aec1 #b4 ,adj4 equivalent to gen41 #ajih2 id quod1 #ahaa2 is1 eius mod followed by rel4 sentence of characteristic or result1 #ahah2 rules for agreement of1 #ajid-ajih2 acc4 used adverbially1 #aabi1 #aadd1 #aadf1 #aaef1 #ahdj2 neut4 with partitive gen41 #abdh2 abl4 of1 with loci1 #abeb2 with rel41 #agig2 correlative of qu1 #ahca2 used instead of repeated rel41 #ahcc2 correlative of ut1 ut nn1 #aigj1 e 4 4 4 qu1 #aigc2 as connective1 #babi1 #bacj2 eum1 subj4 of infin41 omitted1 #bahc2 in concessions1 #bcfa2 referring to something named in context1 #bcfe2 referring to something named before or after1 #bcff2 with connective1 denoting important addition1 #bcfg2 indicating something restrained or restricted by a rel4 or indef41 #bcfh2 used for reflexive1 #bcgj2 quantity1 #bdcc4 iste1 form of1 #aga1 #a2 decl4 of1 #fef-fei1 #fff1 #ffg2 istut1 #fei2 old forms of1 #ffg2 combined with ecce1 #ffg2 with correlatives1 #fie4 ,with rel41 #agig2 correlative of ut1 ut nn1 #aigj2 pointing out something connected with person addressed1 #bcef2 expressing contempt1 #bceg2 in concessions1 #bcfa2 dem used with1 #bcgb2 first syllable of1 shortened1 #bdfi4 ist1 istc1 adv41 #gjh1 #acdj2 quantity of second i1 #bdff4 istic1 decl4 of1 #ffi1 #fgj2 rare forms of1 #fgj2 quantity of second i1 #bdff4 istice 7istic71 pron41 #ic4 istce 7istc71 adv41 #ic4 istuc1 form of1 #fei2 dem used with1 #bcgb2 with long u1 #bddh4 ita1 ita enimvr1 ita vr1 in answers1 #aeab2 nn ita in answers1 #aeac2 correlative of ut1 ut nn1 #ahca1 #aicg1 #aigj2 correlative of tamquam1 #aijh2 preceding qun1 #aihh2 correlative of dum1 quoad1 quamdi1 #aiii2 correlative of dum n1 #bjjc2 correlative of s1 #bjah2 correlative of quasi1 tamquam s1 c41 #baah2 expressing affirmative coordination1 #baei2 introducing acc4 and infin41 #bagf2 with short final vowel1 #bdch4 itaque1 position of1 #afhh2 itaque erg1 erg itaque1 #afhi2 use of1 #afhh1 #baeh4 item1 correlative of ut1 #ahca1 #aicg4 iter1 decl4 of1 #ejj2 gender of1 #egc4 itidem1 correlative of ut1 #aicg4 ibar1 gender and decl4 of1 #dhi4 iube1 form of iuss1 #ajj2 forms of1 #ajjj2 with subjv4 coordinated1 #agjh1 #bbjj2 with acc4 and infin41 #baih2 with ut1 #bbjj2 used personally in pass41 #bbja2 in causative use1 #bcjd4 idicium1 abl4 of1 with judicial verbs1 #abhj4 idic1 used personally in pass41 #bagh4 iuncus1 gender of1 #djh4 iung1 prin4 parts of1 #ied2 with dat41 #aahf2 inctus with cum1 #aceg4 ,iuppiter1 form of1 #id2 formation of1 #chi2 decl4 of1 #did1 #ejj4 irtus1 with active meaning1 #ijg4 ir1 with fut4 infin41 #bbce2 with pres4 infin41 #bbcf4 is1 right1 decl4 of1 #dia1 #dif1 #dih2 dat4 sing4 in -1 #eja1 #ejg2 ire cnsultus1 pertus1 #abfh4 is1 broth1 decl4 of1 #dia4 iuvenis1 comparison of1 #cec1 #ced2 gender and decl4 of1 #dhf1 #ejj1 #eff4 iuv1 perf4 of1 #hfd2 form iuerint1 #hia2 fut4 partic4 of1 #ije2 prin4 parts of1 #iij4 ixt1 not compounded1 #adjf2 prep4 and adv41 #adaj1 #adab2 ixt quam1 #ahij4 j1 the character1 #bf4 k1 supplanted by c1 #bj2 used as abbreviation1 #bj4 kalendae1 abbreviated1 #bj2 no sing41 #dag4 ,karthgin1 #ejd1 #gjh1 #acca2 -1 #acdc4 l1 doubled1 pronunciation of1 #fj2 anaptyctical vowel inserted before1 #agb1 #a2 from d or r1 #adg1 #aff1 #g2 preceded by mute or f1 #agh4 lbor1 prin4 parts of1 #ihc4 lac1 decl4 of1 #dgh4 lacss1 prin4 parts of1 #igj4 99laci1 pres4 stem of1 #hcf4 lacte1 defective1 #hji4 lacus1 decl4 of1 #eib4 laed1 prin4 parts of1 #ieh2 compounds of1 #ieh4 ,laens1 accent of1 #hh4 laetor1 with abl41 #acdi2 with quod1 quia1 quom1 #ahea2 with acc4 and infin41 #bahh4 lmentor1 with acc41 #aaci4 langusc1 prin4 parts of1 #igf4 lanx1 decl4 of1 #eca4 lr1 gender and decl4 of1 #dhi4 largior1 prin4 parts of1 #ajba4 largiter1 with partitive gen41 #abdh4 largus1 with gen41 #abfd4 late1 prin4 parts of1 #ajjf4 latsc1 prin4 parts of1 #igf4 ltus1 partic41 form of1 #afi1 #d4 ltus1 adj41 with acc4 appended1 #aacj4 laud1 conjug4 of1 #gib1 #gic2 use of pass4 of1 #adia4 lav1 forms of1 #hbj1 #hfd1 #iij2 prin4 parts of1 #iij4 leg1 prin4 parts of1 #icg2 compounds of1 #icg4 ,lmnus1 use of acc4 of1 #aaeh2 use of abl4 of1 #accd2 use of loc4 of1 #accd4 lnbunt1 #heb4 ,lth1 gender of1 #djf4 lev1 with gen41 #abid2 with abl41 #acjc1 #acjd4 lx1 abl4 of1 with judicial verbs1 #abhj4 liber1 libr1 in titles of books1 #aaae2 use of abl4 of1 #acde4 lber1 with gen41 #acjf2 with abl41 #acjf2 with prep41 #acjf4 lberlis1 with gen41 #abfc4 lber1 constructions with1 #acjc1 #acjd2 used personally in pass41 #bagh4 libet1 form of1 #bh4 lice1 prin4 parts of1 #ajjf4 liceor1 prin4 parts of1 #ajji4 licet1 forms of1 #haf1 #hag2 implying non-occurrent action1 #adif2 s licuerit1 #afcb2 coordinated1 #agaj2 as correlative of quamvs1 #aijd2 with subj4 infin41 #bbji1 #bbad2 with concessive partic41 #bbie4 lin1 gender of1 #ehc4 ,liger1 decl4 of1 #eai1 #edd1 #eef4 lin1 pres4 stem of1 #hcb1 #hcc2 perf4 partic4 of1 #iah2 forms of1 #ifd4 linqu1 prin4 parts of1 #ich4 linter1 see lunter4 lique1 prin4 parts of1 #ajjf4 liqusc1 prin4 parts of1 #igf4 lis1 form of1 #afi1 #d2 decl4 of1 #ecc2 stems of1 #efi4 littera1 sing4 and plur4 of1 meaning1 #dah4 litus1 #iah1 #bdcf4 lve1 defective1 #hji4 loc1 with in and abl41 #adbd2 with gerundive1 #bbej4 locupls1 decl4 of1 #ecc4 locus1 form of1 #afi1 #d2 use of abl4 of1 #acdd1 #acde2 repeated in rel4 sentence1 #agif4 long1 #gje2 long ab1 #acjh2 with compar41 #adei2 with superl41 #adff4 longius1 without quam1 #acbh2 with quam1 #acbh2 with abl41 #acbh4 longus1 with acc4 appended1 #aacj2 longus est implying non-occurrent action1 #adif4 loquor1 prin4 parts of1 #igh4 lubet 7libet71 forms of1 #haf1 #hag4 lce1 prin4 parts of1 #iii4 lcscit1 impersonal1 #ajcd4 lcsc1 lcsc1 prin4 parts of1 #iei4 lcet1 impersonal1 #ajcd4 ld1 prin4 parts of1 #ieh4 lus1 decl4 of1 #dcj4 lge1 prin4 parts of1 #iii2 with acc41 #aaci2 with acc4 and infin41 #bahh4 lunter 7linter71 decl4 of1 #ebe2 gender of1 #egc4 lu1 prin4 parts of1 #idg4 lxuris1 decl4 of1 #fje4 m1 development of an anaptyctical vowel before1 #agb1 #b2 final1 how treated1 #fa2 assimilation of1 #afd1 #c2 monosyllables ending in1 with vowel short1 #bdcb2 final1 elided1 #bdic-bdie4 made1 prin4 parts of1 #ajjf4 madsc1 prin4 parts of1 #igf4 ,maecens1 accent of1 #hh4 maere1 defective1 #hji2 with acc41 #aaci2 with quod1 quia1 quom1 #ahea4 mage1 form of1 #cfc4 magis1 form of1 #cfc2 as sign of compar41 #cfj2 magis 4 4 4 quam1 #adeg2 with compar41 #adfc2 magis quod1 c41 444 quam qu1 c41 #ahee2 nn magis quam1 #ahhi4 magister1 formation of1 #cdh4 magnificus1 comparison of1 #cec4 magnus1 comparison of1 #cec2 agreeing with dat4 of tendency or result1 #abbj2 magn as gen4 of value1 #abga1 #abgi2 magn as abl4 of value1 #abgc1 #acij1 #acia2 magnum est implying non-occurrent action1 #adif4 maior1 form of1 #bc2 #aff1 #i2 comparison of1 #cec2 agreeing with dat4 of tendency or result1 #abbj2 in expressions of age1 #acbi4 male1 comparison of1 #cfc2 verbs combined with1 followed by dat41 #aahg2 intimating negation1 #adea2 quantity1 #bddj4 maledcns1 comparison of1 #ced4 maledicus1 comparison of1 #ced4 maleficus1 comparison of1 #ceh4 malevolus1 comparison of1 #ceh4 ml1 form of1 #agj1 #b2 formation of1 #cif2 conjug4 of1 #ggb1 #gge1 #ggh1 #ggi2 form of mlim1 c41 #hda2 prin4 parts of1 #ibb2 use of mlim1 ml1 #aeee2 use of mllem1 #aefj2 coordination of forms of1 #agjg2 with ut1 #aiej2 with infin41 #bafi2 with acc4 and infin41 #bahi1 #baij4 malus1 comparison of1 #cee2 malam crucem and malam rem1 #aafe4 manceps1 decl4 of1 #dhj4 mand1 prin4 parts of1 #iej2 with subjv4 coordinated1 #agjh2 with purpose clause1 #aiej4 mane1 prin4 parts of1 #ajjj4 manus1 gender of1 #ehh4 marcsc1 prin4 parts of1 #igf4 mare1 declension of1 #ebf1 #ebg1 #edf1 #eeb1 #eeg4 marg1 gender of1 #egd4 marmor1 gender of1 #dhi1 #ege4 ,mrspiter1 formation of1 #chi4 ms1 decl4 of1 #ech1 #edd4 mtr1 comparison of1 #cfc4 mtrsc1 prin4 parts of1 #igf4 mtrus1 comparison of1 #cdd4 maxim1 as sign of superl41 #cfj2 with superl41 #adff4 maximus1 form of1 #bh2 formation of1 #cea2 comparison of1 #cec2 agreeing with dat4 of tendency or result1 #abbj2 maxim as gen4 of value1 #abga2 maximus nt1 superl4 of senex1 #cec4 medius1 with partitive meaning1 #abdi2 with loc4 abl41 #acdf4 mel1 gender and decl4 of1 #dcj1 #dhb2 quantity1 #bdcc4 melior1 comparison of1 #cee2 decl4 of1 #ejc1 #eje1 #fbb4 melius1 form of1 #ajg1 c2 comparison of1 #cfc2 melius est implying non-occurrent action1 #adif2 melius est with perf4 infin41 #bbca4 melos1 decl4 of1 #ejh4 memin1 defective1 #hab2 synopsis of1 #hab2 no pass41 #hac2 perf4 imper4 act4 mement1 mementte1 #hac1 #hgi2 meminns1 perf4 act4 partic41 #ijg2 with gen41 #abhg2 with acc41 #abhh2 with d and abl41 #abhi2 meaning of1 #afjg2 with secondary sequence1 #agfi2 memin cum1 #ahgj2 with infin41 #bafi2 with acc4 and infin41 #bage2 with pres4 infin41 #bbbj4 memor1 decl4 of1 #ecg1 #eei1 #fcf2 with gen41 #abfc4 memori tene1 with pres4 infin41 #bbbj4 memor1 used personally in pass41 #bagh2 memortur1 impersonally1 #baha4 ,menandr1 gen41 #dff4 mns1 decl4 of1 #ecc2 venit in mentem1 #abij2 use of mentis1 #acci4 mnsis1 decl4 of1 #dib1 #ejj1 #eff2 gender of1 #egi4 mentior1 prin4 parts of1 #ajba4 mercs1 gender of1 #egb4 mere1 mereor1 prin4 parts of1 #ajjd2 two inflections1 #adhh4 merges1 gender of1 #egb4 merg1 prin4 parts of1 #ieh4 merdis1 defective1 #eig2 gender of1 #eig4 meritus1 comparison of1 #ceh4 merx 7mercs1 mers71 decl4 of1 #eca4 ,messlla1 formation of1 #bgd4 messis1 decl4 of1 #ebj1 #eea4 mtior1 prin4 parts of1 #ajbb4 met1 pres4 stem of1 #hce4 metu1 #cfg2 prin4 parts of1 #idg2 with ut1 #aieg2 with qun1 #aihf4 metus est s1 #bjfh4 meus1 voc4 m1 #dei1 #feb2 mih1 quantity1 #fj1 #bddf2 decl4 of1 #feb-fee2 me1 with rfert1 interest1 #abgg2 meum as attribute of infin41 #bbae2 represented by suus in ind4 disc41 #bcbe2 used instead of gen41 #abcd1 #abfb4 mic1 prin4 parts of1 #iic2 compounds of1 #iic4 mih est nmen1 case with1 #abac4 ,mltus1 in loc41 #accd4 militiae1 loc41 #dch1 #acch4 mille1 decl4 of1 #fdb4 mina1 form of1 #agb1 #b4 minim1 comparison of1 #cfc2 intimating negation1 #adea2 in answers1 #aeac4 minimus1 formation of1 #ceb2 comparison of1 #cee2 minimum with partitive gen41 #abdh2 minim as gen4 of value1 #abga2 minim as abl4 of value1 #acia2 minimus nt1 superl4 of iuvenis1 #cec4 minister1 formation of1 #cdh4 ministr bibere1 #bafd4 minor1 comparison of1 #cee2 minus with partitive gen41 #abdh2 minris as gen4 of value1 #abga1 #abgd2 in expressions of age1 #acbi4 minor1 verb1 with fut4 infin41 #bbce2 with pres4 infin41 #bbcf4 minu1 pres4 stem of1 #hcc2 prin4 parts of1 #idh4 minus1 form of1 #cfc2 without quam1 #acbh2 with quam1 #acbh2 with abl41 #acbh2 in expressions of age1 #acbi2 intimating negation1 #adea2 nihil minus in answers1 #aeac2 with nihil1 #afgf1 #afhf1 #baea2 nn minus quam1 #ahhi2 with s1 #bjba4 mra sunt1 with s1 #bjfh4 mrificus1 comparison of1 #ceh4 mror1 conjug4 of1 #gih2 with gen41 #abhf2 pass4 of1 how expressed1 #adia2 with quod1 quia1 quom1 #ahea2 with s1 #bjfh2 with acc4 and infin41 #bahh4 mrum est1 with s1 #bjfh4 mrum quantum1 as adv41 #gab1 #agij4 mrum qun1 #aihd4 ms1 #fdf4 misce1 form of1 #ajjd2 prin4 parts of1 #ajjd2 with dat41 #aahf4 misere1 with gen41 #abhe2 forms of1 #hae1 #ajji2 impersonal1 #ajcd2 impersonal1 construction with1 #abhc2 used personally1 #abhd4 misereor1 forms of1 #hae1 #ajji2 used impersonally1 #ajji2 with gen41 #abhe2 construction with misertur1 #abhc4 miserscit1 defective1 #hae2 construction with1 #abhc4 mitt1 prin4 parts of1 #ieh2 mitte with infin4 for nl1 #aehd2 quod mitt1 c41 #ahdj2 with infin4 of purpose1 #bafd2 with acc4 and infin41 #bage2 perf4 partic4 of1 used with faci1 #bbig4 mbilis1 comparison of1 #cei4 modius1 gen4 plur4 of1 #dfb4 modo1 with iambic shortening in1 #acj1 #c2 #bddb2 with wishes1 #aedj2 with imper41 #aegb2 with nn1 #affa1 #afhj-afhb2 modo 4 4 4 modo1 #afhg2 with s1 #bjai2 with dum and subjv41 #bjjc1 #baaj2 alone with subjv41 #bjjc1 #baaj4 mls 7mlis71 decl4 of1 #ebc2 form of1 #eda4 molest fer1 with quod1 quia1 quom1 #ahea4 mlior1 prin4 parts of1 #ajba4 mol1 prin4 parts of1 #igb4 mone1 conjug4 of1 #gid1 #gie2 prin4 parts of1 #ajjd2 with double acc41 #aagb1 #abia2 with acc4 and gen4 or d and abl41 #abia2 with subjv4 coordinated1 #agjh2 with purpose clause1 #aiej2 with acc4 and infin41 #aied4 mns1 gender of1 #ehj4 morde1 perf4 of1 #heh1 #hei2 prin4 parts of1 #iie4 morior1 forms of1 #gia1 #gii2 compounds of1 forms of1 #gia1 #gii2 pres4 stem of1 #hcf2 fut4 partic4 of1 #ije2 perf4 partic4 of1 #iaj2 prin4 parts of1 #iha2 mortuus used actively1 #acfd4 ms1 decl4 of1 #dia2 ms est with result clause1 #aife2 ms est with infin41 #bbaa4 move1 with shortened forms1 #hia2 prin4 parts of1 #iif2 mtus1 form of1 #hb2 case constructions with1 #acjc1 #acjd2 with purpose clause1 #aiea2 moveor with quminus1 #aigg4 mox1 with fut4 perf41 #afcj4 mulce1 prin4 parts of1 #ajjj4 mulge1 prin4 parts of1 #ajjj4 multiplex1 decl4 of1 #eca4 multum1 comparison of1 #cfc4 multus1 comparison of1 #cee2 multum with partitive gen41 #abdh2 mult with compar41 #adei2 mult sunt qu1 c41 #ahbb2 nn multum abest with qun1 #aihf4 mniceps1 decl4 of1 #dgi1 #dhj1 #die1 #ejg4 mnificus1 comparison of1 #ceh4 mnus1 dat4 of1 with verb1 #abbc4 mt1 with abl41 #achi2 with cum1 #achi4 n1 adulternum1 before c1 g1 q1 x1 #fb2 ncn1 #agj1 #e2 before s1 #fc1 #aee2 after m1 #agb1 #b2 in coninx1 #abb1 e2 medial1 disappearance of1 #agj1 #f2 final ns1 disappearance of1 #aga1 #d2 assimilation of1 #aff1 #e2 nf1 ns1 gn1 quantity of vowel preceding1 #abb1 dropped in pres4 partic41 #ijb4 nam1 introducing parenthesis1 #afdb2 with et1 #afdh2 position of1 #afhh2 causal or illative1 #baed2 asseverative1 #baee2 introducing question1 #baee2 introducing explanation1 illustration1 c41 #baee4 namque1 position of1 #afhh1 #baee2 use of1 #baed1 #baee4 nam quis1 #fib4 nancscor1 prin4 parts of1 #ihj4 nscor1 prin4 parts of1 #ihj2 with abl41 #acab2 with prep1 and abl41 #acab2 constructions of ntus in expressions of age1 #acbi2 ntus used actively1 #acfd4 nt maximus1 superl4 of senex1 #cec4 nt minimus1 superl4 of iuvenis1 #cec4 nauc1 as gen4 of value1 #abgb4 nvis1 decl4 of1 #eai1 #eea1 #eee4 nvus1 form of1 #afi1 #b4 n1 with subjv41 #addg2 n 4 4 4 quidem1 #addg2 nn modo 7nn slum7 444 sed n 4 4 4 quidem1 #afhb2 n 4 4 4 quidem after a neg41 #affa2 with wishes1 #aedj2 with subjv4 in exhortations1 #aedg2 with subjv4 questions1 #aefc2 with imper41 #addg1 #aeha1 #aehf2 with coordinated subjv41 #agjf2 in purpose clauses1 #aidg2 with expressions of fear1 #aieh2 ut n1 #aidg2 n nn1 #aieg2 with dum and subjv41 #bjjc2 with subjv41 following supine in -um1 #bbgb2 followed by quis1 qu1 indef41 #bchh2 see ut4 -ne 7-n71 enclitic and interrogative1 #ic2 #agj1 #b2 ttine1 #fej2 hcine1 c41 #ffc2 illicine1 c41 #fgj2 answer expected with1 #aejc1 #aejd2 position of1 #aeje2 numne1 #aejg2 anne1 #aejc1 #aejh2 in first half of alternative question1 #aeag1 #aeai2 necne1 #aebj1 #aggh2 utrum 4 4 4 ne 4 4 4 an1 #aebb2 utrumne1 #aebb2 -ne 444-ne1 #aebd2 with quis1 uter1 quantus1 #aebi2 with subjv4 questions1 #aefg2 with ut1 ut1 in questions1 #aefi2 in indirect questions1 #agge2 -ne 4 4 4 -ne in indirect questions1 #aggf2 utrum 4 4 4 -ne 4 4 4 an1 utrumne 4 4 4 an in indirect questions1 #aggi2 in second member of indirect alternative question1 #aghj2 appended to infin4 of exclamation1 #bbaf2 quantity1 #bdcc4 nec1 and not1 but not1 #adde2 nec 4 4 4 nec connecting substs4 with sing4 or plur4 verb1 #ajgj2 in sense of nn1 #addf2 necne1 #aebj1 #aggh2 with wishes1 #aedj2 for n 4 4 4 quidem1 #afeh2 nec 4 4 4 quidem1 #afeh2 in purpose clauses1 #aidg2 quantity1 #bdcc2 see neque4 necdum1 #addf4 necessrius1 constructions with1 #abja4 necesse est1 implying non-occurrent action1 #adif2 coordinated1 #agji2 with infin41 #bbaa4 nec1 forms of1 #iic4 nec opnns1 #addf4 nect1 pres4 stem of1 #hce2 forms of1 #ifj4 ncubi1 quantity1 #abi2 form of1 #adf1 #gji4 ndum1 with subjv41 #aifb4 nefs1 defective1 #dcj2 gender of1 #egh2 with supine in -1 #bbgd2 nefs est with infin41 #bbaa4 negleg1 perf4 of1 #hbc2 prin4 parts of1 #iec4 neg1 translation of1 #adde2 used personally in pass41 #bagh4 negtium d1 with purpose clause1 #aiej4 negtium est1 with infin41 #bbaa4 nm1 form of1 #aah1 #aej2 decl4 of1 #dcj1 #dhe2 forms of nllus used for1 #dhe2 translation of1 #adde2 with nn1 #adeb2 with subjv4 in exhortations1 #aedg2 with imper41 #aehf2 after et1 atque1 -que1 #afei2 nm est qu1 #ahbb2 ut nm1 nm ut1 #aidg2 nm quisquam1 #bdjb2 nm for nn quisquam1 and nm umquam for numquam quisquam1 #bdjc4 nempe1 first syllable of1 shortened1 #bdfi4 ne1 pres4 stem of1 #hcg2 form neunt1 #hcg2 prin4 parts of1 #ajja4 nquam1 comparison of1 #cec2 indeclinable1 #dca2 as adj41 #dca4 neque1 with imper41 #aeha2 introducing parenthesis1 #afdb2 as copulative conj41 #afdd1 #afeg1 #bada-badd2 neque 4 4 4 neque1 #afeg2 preferred to et nn1 #afei2 nec 4 4 4 nn1 #affj2 neque 4 4 4 haud1 #affj2 after a neg41 #affa2 neque 4 4 4 et1 et 4 4 4 neque1 #affe2 neque 4 4 4 -que1 #affe2 neque 4 4 4 ac1 #affe2 in purpose clauses1 #aidg2 see nec4 neque1 conjug4 of1 #gfh2 form of nequit1 #hbh2 pass4 forms of1 #gfh1 #adhd2 prin4 parts of1 #ibb2 translation of1 #adde4 nesci1 formation of1 #cif2 translation of1 #adde2 with nisi1 #bjbj2 with infin41 #bafi2 with acc4 and infin41 #bage2 with o shortened1 #bddc2 nesci an1 #aghb2 nesci quis1 c41 #aghh1 #aghi2 nesci qumodo1 as adv41 #gab1 #aghh1 #aghi2 nesci qu pact1 as adv41 #gab1 #aghh1 #aghi4 neu1 #afgd2 see nve4 neuter1 form of1 #abj2 gen4 sing4 of1 #abg1 #f2 #fah-fbj1 #feg1 #fid2 decl4 of1 #fah-fbj1 #fid2 translation of1 #adde2 use of sing4 and plur41 #bdjc4 nve1 form of1 #afgd2 with imper41 #aeha1 #aehf2 in purpose clauses1 #aidg4 nex1 gender of1 #eha4 n1 #bjbj2 with mrum1 #bjfh4 nigrsc1 inceptive verb1 prin4 parts of1 #igf4 nihil1 form of1 #add1 #aej1 #dee2 used adverbially1 #aadd2 with partitive gen41 #abdh2 translation of1 #adde2 with nn1 #adeb2 for nm1 #adfb2 nihil minus in answers1 #aeac2 with subjv4 in exhortations1 #aedg2 after et1 atque1 -que1 #afei2 nihil est quod1 #ahbb1 #ahda2 nihil habe quod1 #ahbb2 ut nihil1 nihil ut1 #aidg2 nihil quicquam1 #bdjb2 used for nn quicquam1 #bdjc2 nihil abest1 with qun1 #aihf2 nihil aliud quam1 #ahie2 nihil1 as gen4 of value1 #abgb2 nihil1 as abl4 of value1 #acia2 nihil minus1 #afgf1 #afhf2 cum nihilminus1 #ahfh2 nihil minus introducing adversative sentence1 #baea2 nihilum1 form of1 #aej1 #dee2 nl1 form of1 #aea1 #dee2 with in second syllable1 #bddh4 nimi1 with compar41 #adei4 nimis1 with partitive gen41 #abdh4 nimium1 with partitive gen41 #abdh4 nisi1 introducing subst4 with which verb agrees1 #ajgc2 with abl4 abs41 #acgd2 nisi quod1 #ahdh2 nisi quia1 #ahdh2 nisi s1 #bjbj2 in adversative sense1 after nesci1 with tamen1 #bjbj2 as neg4 of s1 #bjaf1 #bjbj2 nisi forte1 vr1 #bjbj2 coordinating1 #baec2 nisi frte with infin4 in ind4 disc41 #bcag2 followed by quis1 qu1 indef41 #bchh2 with short final vowel1 #bdde4 nite1 prin4 parts of1 #ajjf4 ntor1 prin4 parts of1 #ihc2 with abl41 #acdi2 with haud1 #addi2 with purpose clause1 #aiea2 with infin41 #aiec1 #bafi4 nix1 gender and decl4 of1 #did1 #ejj2 use of plur4 of1 #aajh4 n1 prin4 parts of1 #iia4 nbilis1 comparison of1 #cei4 noce1 prin4 parts of1 #ajjf4 noct1 #ecc1 #gjc4 noenu1 form of1 #ii1 #fii1 #addd1 #bddd2 use of1 #addd4 noenum1 form of1 #ii1 #dee1 #fii1 #addd2 use of1 #addd4 nl1 form of1 #gge1 #cif2 conjug4 of1 #ggb1 #gge-ggg2 form of nlim1 c41 #hda2 imper4 of1 #hdd2 prin4 parts of1 #ibb2 translation of1 #adde2 use of nlim1 nl1 #aeee2 use of nllem1 #aefj2 use of nl1 nlte1 #aehc1 #aehd2 nlim with subjv41 #aehe2 coordination of forms of1 #agjg2 with infin41 #bafi2 with acc4 and infin41 #bahi1 #baij1 #bbbh2 with perf4 act4 infin41 in prohibitions1 #bbbd2 with perf4 pass4 infin41 #bbbi4 nmen1 decl4 of1 #dha2 mih1 est nmen1 case with1 #abac2 nmen d1 ind1 c41 case with1 #abad2 gen4 of definition with1 #abef2 gen4 of definition with nmine1 #abeg2 abl4 of1 with judicial verbs1 #abhj2 nmine resembling prep41 #adjf4 nmus1 #hib4 nn1 formation1 #ii1 #dee1 #fii1 #addd2 common use of1 #addc1 #adid2 nn1 nm1 c41 #adeb2 nm nn1 c41 #adeb2 nn 4 4 4 nn1 #adeb2 in questions1 #aejb2 nnne 4 4 4 nn1 #aejf2 an nn1 #aejh1 #aeai2 with and without particles in answers1 #aeac2 with wishes1 #aedj2 with subjv4 in exhortations1 #aedg2 with subjv4 of action conceivable1 #aeed2 with subjv4 questions1 #aefc1 #aeff2 with imper41 #aehb2 with fut4 expressing prohibition1 #afbd2 after et1 atque 7ac71 -que1 #afei2 ut nn1 #aidg2 n nn1 #aieg2 with dum and subjv41 #bjjc2 s nn1 #bjbj2 nn aliter1 correlative of ut1 #aicg2 nn aliud quam1 #ahie2 nn dubit1 constructions with1 #aihf1 #aihg2 nndum 4 4 4 cum1 #ahfi2 cum 4 4 4 nndum1 #ahfh2 nn magis 4 4 4 quam1 #ahhi2 nn minus 4 4 4 quam1 #ahhi2 nn modo1 after a neg41 #affa2 nn modo1 followed by sed etiam1 c41 #afhj2 nn modo1 meaning nn dcam1 #afha2 nn modo1 followed by n 4 4 4 quidem1 vix1 #afhb2 nn multum abest1 with qun1 #aihf2 nn quod1 nn qu1 c41 #ahee1 #aihi2 nn secus1 correlative of ut1 #aicg2 nn secus1 correlative of quasi1 tamquam s1 c41 #baah2 nn solum1 followed by sed etiam1 c41 #afhj2 nn solum1 followed by n 4 4 4 quidem1 vix1 #afhb2 nn tantum1 #afhj4 nnne1 answer expected with1 #aejc1 #aejf2 nnne 4 4 4 nn1 #aejf2 in indirect questions1 #agge4 nnnihil1 as abl4 of price1 #acia4 nn nll sunt qu1 #ahbb4 ns1 decl4 of1 #fdd-fea2 used for ego1 #ajgd2 see ego4 nsc1 form of1 #afi2 prin4 parts of1 #ife2 compounds of1 #ife4 noster1 decl4 of1 #feb2 used for meus1 #ajgd2 nostr with rfert1 interest1 #abgg2 represented by suus in ind4 disc41 #bcbe2 used instead of gen41 #abcd1 #abfb4 nostrs1 accent of1 #hh4 ntsc1 prin4 parts of1 #igf4 novus1 comparison of1 #ceh4 nox1 decl4 of1 #ecc2 stems of1 #efi2 adv41 #ecc4 noxius1 with gen41 #abfd4 nb1 prin4 parts of1 #iec4 ndiustertius1 form of1 #gab4 nd1 constructions with1 #acjc1 #acjd4 ndus1 with gen41 #abfc2 with abl41 #acjf2 with prep41 #acjf4 nllus1 form of1 #aai2 forms of1 used for nm1 #dhe2 gen4 sing4 of1 #abg1 #f2 #fah-fbj2 decl4 of1 #fah-fbj2 translation of1 #adde2 for nn or n1 #addh2 with nn1 #adeb2 ut nllus1 nllus ut1 #aidg2 nlla causa est qun1 #aihc2 used for nn llus1 #bdjc4 num1 an acc41 #aaef2 answer expected with1 #aejc1 #aejg2 numne1 #aejg2 numquid1 #aejg2 num 4 4 4 num1 #aebd2 in indirect questions1 #agge2 followed by quis1 qu1 indef41 #bchh4 ,numidia1 in loc41 #accf4 nummus1 gen4 plur4 of1 #dfb4 numquam1 translation of1 #adde2 with nn1 #adeb2 with subjv4 in exhortations1 #aedg2 with subjv4 of action conceivable1 #aeef4 nunc1 an acc41 #aaef4 nnti1 form of1 #ajj2 with ut1 #aiej2 with acc4 and infin41 #bage2 used personally in pass41 #bagh2 nntitur1 impersonally1 #baha4 -nu1 defective1 #ije2 prin4 parts of1 #idg4 nper1 comparison of1 #cfd2 form of1 ,,iii1 a4 nusquam1 with partitive gen41 #abec2 translation of1 #adde4 o1 the vowel1 pronunciation of1 #cc1 #ch-da1 #dc-de2 final1 quantity of1 #bdcg1 #bddb1 #bddc4 o and 1 weakening of1 #aje1 #ajg1 c1 #deb1 #hbg2 in contraction1 #aah1 #c2 combination into diphthongs1 #abj2 analogical lengthening1 #abc2 iambic shortening1 #abi1 #acj2 qualitative changes of1 #adj1 #ada1 #adc2 qualitative gradation1 #ade4 1 with nom4 of exclamation1 #aaag2 with voc4 nom4 and voc41 #aabc2 with acc41 #aadi2 utinam1 s1 with wishes1 #aeda1 #aedf4 ob1 prep41 #adaj2 form of1 #afd1 #b2 compounds of1 with acc41 #aacg2 compounds of1 with dat41 #aahh1 #aahi1 #aaid2 compounds of1 other constructions with1 #aaij1 #aaia1 #aaif2 expressing cause1 c41 #acag2 with gerundive construction or gerund1 #bbec4 obcumb1 prin4 parts of1 #igd4 obe1 construction with1 #aaia4 bice1 decl4 of1 #dgc2 gender of1 #eha4 oblvscor1 prin4 parts of1 #ihj2 cases with1 #abhg1 #abhh4 obmutsc1 prin4 parts of1 #igf4 obside1 prin4 parts of1 #iig4 obsisto1 with n1 #aifj1 #aigg2 with quminus1 #aifj1 #aigg4 obsolsc1 prin4 parts of1 #ifh4 obst1 with n1 #aifj1 #aigg2 with quminus1 #aifj1 #aigg4 obsurdsc1 prin4 parts of1 #igf4 obtund 7op-71 forms of1 #ica4 obviam1 verbs combined with1 followed by dat41 #aahg4 occalsc1 prin4 parts of1 #igf4 occid1 prin4 parts of1 #icj4 occin1 perf4 of1 #hbc2 forms of1 #igb4 occul1 prin4 parts of1 #igb4 cior1 comparison of1 #ceg4 cius1 comparison of1 #cfc4 oct1 with shortened final o1 #bddb4 d1 defective1 #hab2 synopsis of1 #hab2 forms sus sum1 fu1 #hac2 no pass41 #hac2 form sus1 #had2 form srus1 #had2 meaning of1 #afjg4 oe1 diphthong1 pronunciation of1 #dg1 #di2 changes of1 #ii4 offici1 with n1 #aifj2 with quminus1 #aifj4 h1 quantity of o in1 #abg1 #h2 quantity of in1 #bddj4 oi1 diphthong1 pronunciation of1 #di1 #ej2 changes of1 #ii4 oleaster1 gender of1 #djh4 ole1 prin4 parts of1 #ajjf4 olus1 ollus1 olle1 #ffg1 #ffh4 omitte1 with infin41 for nl1 #aehd4 omnn1 use of1 #baej4 omnis1 gen4 in appos4 with possess4 pron41 #abce2 omnium with gen4 of pron41 #abcd2 used partitively1 #abdd2 with loc4 abl41 #acdf2 first syllable of1 shortened1 #bdfi4 onustus1 with gen41 #achg2 with abl41 #achg4 opera1 use of abl4 of1 #acgh4 operi1 prin4 parts of1 #ajai4 opnine1 with compar41 #accj4 opis1 decl4 of1 #dcj1 #dhj4 oportet1 forms of1 #haf2 implying non-occurrent action1 #adif2 coordinated1 #agji2 with subj4 infin41 #bbji2 in past tense with pres4 infin41 translation of1 #bbbb2 with perf4 pass4 and act4 infin41 #bbcj4 opperior1 prin4 parts of1 #ajbj4 oppidum1 pred4 in agreement with1 #ajgb2 acc4 of1 with in or ad1 #aaei2 oppid and in oppid1 #accc2 oppidm1 #dfc4 opping1 prin4 parts of1 #ich2 perf4 of1 #hfc4 oppgn1 construction with1 #aaia4 ,ops1 decl4 of1 #dhj4 opstipsc 7ob-71 prin4 parts of1 #igf4 optbile est1 implying non-occurrent action1 #adif4 optbilius est1 implying non-occurrent action1 #adif4 optim1 comparison of1 #cfc4 optimus1 form of1 #bh1 #ajc2 formation of1 #cea2 comparison of1 #cee2 optimum est implying non-occurrent action1 #adif2 optumum est coordinated1 #agji4 opt1 coordination of forms of1 #agjg2 with ut1 #aiej2 with acc4 and infin41 #baij4 opus est1 with abl41 #acgi2 with partic41 #achb2 with subj4 nom4 or acc41 #achc2 with gen41 #achc2 coordinated1 #agji2 with supine in -1 #bbgf2 with subst4 and partic41 #bbhf4 orbis1 gender of1 #egi2 loc4 orb1 #accg4 orb1 constructions with1 #acjc1 #acjd4 rdior1 prin4 parts of1 #ajbb4 rd1 gender of1 #egd4 orior1 forms of1 #gia1 #gii2 gerundive of1 #hii2 prin4 parts of1 #iha2 ortus and oriundus with abl41 #acab2 ortus used actively1 #acfd4 r1 coordinated1 #agjh2 with ut1 #aiej2 with acc4 and infin41 #baid4 os1 decl4 of1 #dib2 gender of1 #egf2 plur4 ossua1 #ehf2 quantity1 #bdcc4 s1 decl4 of1 #dcj1 #dia2 gender of1 #egf4 ostend1 forms of1 #ibd4 ou1 diphthong1 pronunciation of1 #dg1 #ej2 changes of1 #ajj4 p1 changed to b1 #afd1 #b2 development of1 between m and s1 m and t1 #afg2 assimilation of1 #afd1 #c and #d2 #aff1 #b4 pacscor1 prin4 parts of1 #ihj2 compounds of1 #ihj2 pactus used passively1 #acfd4 paene ut1 #aidg4 paenitet1 forms of1 #hae1 #hag2 impersonal1 #ajcd2 construction with1 #abhc2 used personally1 #abhd2 with subj4 infin41 #bbji2 with perf4 infin41 #bbca4 palam1 as adv4 and prep41 #adba4 palle1 prin4 parts of1 #ajjf4 pallsc1 prin4 parts of1 #igf4 pals1 decl4 of1 #dge2 gender of1 #ehd4 pand1 prin4 parts of1 #iej2 compounds of1 #iej4 pang1 perf4 of1 #heh1 #hfc2 forms of1 #ibe4 papver1 gender of1 #egc4 pr1 decl4 of1 #ecg1 #edd1 #efa2 agreeing with abl4 of quality1 #abdj2 pr est implying non-occurrent action1 #adif2 with infin41 #bbaa2 with gerundive construction1 #bbed2 with long vowel1 #bddh4 parc1 defective1 #ije2 forms of1 #icj2 compounds of1 #icj2 parce with infin4 for nl1 #aehd1 #bagj4 parcus1 with gen41 #abfd4 pre1 prin4 parts of1 #ajjf4 paricdas1 nom41 #dcf2 see #acc4 paris1 quantity of e in1 #bdef4 pari1 forms of1 #gia2 pres4 stem of1 #hcf2 fut4 partic4 of1 #ije2 prin4 parts of1 #ibh4 pariter1 followed by et1 #afec2 correlative of ut1 #aicg4 pars1 decl4 of1 #ecj1 #ecc2 use of abl4 of1 #acde2 pars 4 4 4 pars1 #afhg4 particeps1 decl4 of1 #dhj1 #fbd1 #fbe4 partim1 acc4 as adv41 #edi1 #fii2 with partitive gen41 #abdh4 partior1 conjug4 of1 #gih2 prin4 parts of1 #ajba2 parttus used passively1 #acfd4 partus1 decl4 of1 #eib4 parum1 with partitive gen41 #abdh2 intimating negation1 #adea4 parv1 comparison of1 #cfc4 parvus1 comparison of1 #cee2 parv as gen4 of value1 #abga1 #abgi2 parv as abl4 of value1 #acia4 psc1 prin4 parts of1 #ife2 used reflexively1 #adhb4 passus1 gen4 plur4 passm1 #eia4 pate1 prin4 parts of1 #ajjf4 patior1 pres4 stem of1 #hcf2 prin4 parts of1 #ihf2 compounds of1 #ihf2 with acc4 and infin41 #baih2 nn patior with purpose clause1 #aiej4 pauc sunt qu1 #ahbb4 paulum1 with partitive gen41 #abdh2 paulum abest1 with qun1 #aihf4 pauper1 comparison of1 #cdd2 decl4 of1 #dhi1 #fbd1 #fbe2 with gen41 #abfd4 pavsc1 prin4 parts of1 #ici4 pect1 pres4 stem of1 #hcb1 #hce2 prin4 parts of1 #ifj4 peior1 comparison of1 #cee4 peius1 comparison of1 #cfc4 pelagus1 decl4 of1 #dic1 #ejh4 pellici1 prin4 parts of1 #ief4 pell1 prin4 parts of1 #icb2 compounds of1 #icb2 constructions with1 #acjc1 #acjd4 pelvis1 decl4 of1 #eej4 pende1 perf4 of1 #hei2 prin4 parts of1 #iie4 pend1 prin4 parts of1 #icj2 with gen4 of value1 #abga4 penes1 prep41 #adaj2 position of1 #adcd2 quantity of second e in1 #bdef4 penus1 gender of1 #ehh4 per1 prep41 #adaj2 after its case1 #agh2 compounds of1 with acc41 #aacg2 with acc4 of duration of time1 #aaea2 expressing cause1 c41 #acag2 denoting place1 #acdf2 expressing manner1 #acfa2 expressing instrument1 #acgh2 position of1 #adcg2 quantity1 #bdcc4 perag1 prin4 parts of1 #icg4 percell1 perf4 of1 #hfa1 #bdce2 prin4 parts of1 #ice4 percitus1 #iai4 perd1 forms of1 #geg2 forms of1 supplied by pere1 #geg1 #adga2 with infin4 as obj41 #bbjf4 peregr1 #acdj4 perem1 prin4 parts of1 #icg4 pere1 supplying forms of perd1 #geg1 #adga2 followed by ab and abl41 #acah4 perfric1 prin4 parts of1 #iic4 perfruor1 with abl41 #acgi2 with acc41 #achj4 perg1 prin4 parts of1 #iec4 perinde1 pronunciation of1 #ic2 correlative of ut1 #aicg2 correlative of quasi1 tamquam s1 c41 #baah2 perinde 4 4 4 quam1 #ahij4 pertus1 with gen41 #abfc2 with ire1 #abfh1 #ache2 with infin41 #baff2 with gen4 of gerundive construction or gerund1 #bbeh4 perleg1 prin4 parts of1 #icg4 permagn1 as gen4 of estimation1 #abgi4 permagn1 as abl4 of value1 #abgc1 #acij1 #acia4 permitt1 coordinated1 #agaj2 with purpose clause1 #aiej1 #bbjb2 with acc4 and infin41 #bbjb2 with gerundive construction1 #bbej4 permulsus1 #ajjj4 pernicis1 decl4 of1 #fjf4 persus1 #had2 with act4 meaning1 #ijg4 persus sum1 #hac4 perpes1 decl4 of1 #ecc4 perpetior1 prin4 parts of1 #ihf4 perplace1 prin4 parts of1 #ajjd4 persude1 with purpose clause1 #aiej2 with acc4 and infin41 #aied1 #baie4 pertund1 forms of1 #ica4 perveni1 forms of1 #hbb4 ps1 compounds of1 decl4 of1 #ecb1 #fcf4 pessim1 comparison of1 #cfc4 pessimus1 formation of1 #cea2 comparison of1 #cee4 pessumd1 conjug4 of1 #geg4 pet1 forms of1 #hie1 #ifg2 quantity in petit1 #bdej2 with subjv4 coordinated1 #agjh2 with gerundive construction1 #bbej4 ph1 sound of1 #ai2 use of1 #gb4 piget1 forms of1 #hae1 #hag2 impersonal1 #ajcd2 construction with1 #abhc2 used personally1 #abhd4 pil1 as gen4 of value1 #abgb4 ping1 prin4 parts of1 #ied4 piper1 gender of1 #egc4 ps1 pns1 forms of1 #hai1 #igb4 place1 prin4 parts of1 #ajjd2 compounds of1 #ajjd2 s placuerit1 #afcb2 coordination of forms of1 #agjg2 placet with purpose clause1 #aiej2 placet1 #baac2 placet with subj4 infin41 #bbji2 placitus1 with act4 meaning1 #ijg4 plang1 prin4 parts of1 #ied4 plaud1 prin4 parts of1 #ieh2 compounds of1 #ieh4 plbs 7plps1 plbs71 pronunciation of1 #ed2 decl4 of1 #ebd1 #ecd1 #fjc4 plnus1 with gen41 #abfc2 with abl41 #abfh1 #achg4 -ple1 prin4 parts of1 #ajja4 plrque1 use of1 #abdd2 with abl4 abs41 #acff4 plrumque1 with partitive gen41 #abdh4 -plic1 prin4 parts of1 #iic2 compounds of1 #iic4 pluit1 defective1 #hae2 form plvit1 #hbc2 prin4 parts of1 #idg2 impersonal1 #ajcd4 plrimum1 comparison of1 #cfc4 plrimus1 formation of1 #ceb2 comparison of1 #cee2 plrimum with partitive gen41 #abdh2 plrim as gen4 of value1 #abga2 quam plrim as abl4 of value1 #acia4 pls1 adj4 and adv41 comparison of1 #cee1 #cfc2 defective1 #cee2 decl4 of1 #fbc2 with partitive gen41 #abdh2 plris as gen4 of value1 #abga1 #abgd1 #abgi2 without quam1 #acbh2 with quam1 #acbh2 with abl41 #acbh2 plrs with subjv4 of action conceivable1 #aeef4 pol1 quantity1 #bdcc4 polle1 defective1 #hji4 polliceor1 with acc4 and infin41 #bahf2 with fut4 infin41 #bbce2 with pres4 infin41 #bbcf4 pne1 not compounded1 #adjf2 prep41 #adaj4 pn1 form of1 #aaa2 forms of1 #igb2 nmen pn1 case with1 #abad2 with in and abl41 #adbd4 popul1 populor1 #hjj1 #adhh4 por-1 inseparable prep41 #cib1 #adji4 porrig1 porg1 prin4 parts of1 #iec4 porticus1 gender of1 #ehh4 pos1 prep4 #adaj4 posc1 form of1 #agj1 #aj2 pres4 stem of1 #hcd2 perf4 of compounds of1 #hfj2 prin4 parts of1 #ibg2 with double acc41 #aafi2 with ab and abl41 #aagj2 constructions with pass4 of1 #aaga4 possum1 conjug4 of1 #gdd1 #gea2 form of1 #geb1 #gec2 potis sum1 c41 for1 #geb2 defective1 #gec2 old and rare forms of1 #gec2 pass4 forms of1 #gec1 #adhd2 prin4 parts of1 #ibb2 potns1 #ibb2 with haud1 #addi2 with superl41 #adff1 #ahib2 implying non-occurrent action1 #adif2 in subjv41 #adih2 s potuer1 #afcb2 quod 7quantum7 4 4 4 possum1 #ahcj2 nn possum quin 7ut nn71 c41 #aihe2 nn possum in conditions1 #bjgd2 in past tense with pres4 infin41 translation of1 #bbbb2 with perf4 infin41 #bbbc2 use of pres4 infin4 of1 for fut41 #bbcf2 in perf4 infin4 in conditional apodoses in ind4 disc41 #bccc4 post1 forms of1 #adaj2 compounds of1 with dat41 #aaie2 in expressions of time1 #acid-acig2 followed by quam or cum in expressions of time1 #acig2 with fut4 perf41 #afcj2 with subst4 and partic41 #bbhe1 #bbhf4 poste1 prep41 #adaj4 poste1 with partitive gen41 #abec4 postera1 defective1 #cef4 poster1 use of1 #cdg4 posterior1 formation of1 #cdh2 comparison of1 #cef4 posthabe1 prin4 parts of1 #ajjd4 postid1 with partitive gen41 #abec2 prep41 #adaj4 postide1 with partitive gen41 #abec4 postquam1 poste quam1 posquam1 with infin41 #aeci1 #aibd2 with indic4 and subjv41 #aibc-aica4 postrmus1 formation of1 #ceb2 comparison of1 #cef2 with partitive meaning1 #abdi4 postrdi1 as adv41 #acda2 with gen41 #adac1 #abcb2 with acc41 #adjf1 #adac2 postrdi quam1 #aibb4 postul1 with subjv4 coordinated1 #agjh2 with ut1 #aiej2 used personally in pass41 #bagh2 with acc4 and infin41 #aiec1 #baid4 postumus1 formation of1 #cea2 comparison of1 #cef4 pote1 forms of1 used with or without sum1 #geb2 ut pote qu1 #ahbg2 ut pote cum1 #ahgi4 potior1 forms of1 #gia1 #gii2 prin4 parts of1 #iha2 with gen41 #abib2 with abl41 #acgi2 with acc41 #achj2 use of gerundive of1 #bbdd4 potis1 with or without sum1 #geb4 potius1 after vel1 #afgj2 with sve1 #afgb2 potius quam1 #ahig4 ptus1 with act4 meaning1 #ijg4 prae1 prep41 #adag2 comparison of1 #ceg2 compounds of1 with acc41 #aacg2 compounds of1 with dat41 #aahh1 #aahi1 #aaid2 compounds of1 other constructions with1 #aaij1 #aaia1 #aaif2 with abl4 proper1 #abig2 expressing cause1 c41 #acag2 prae quam1 #ahie2 prae quam quod1 #ahie4 praebe1 form of1 #aah1 #b2 #abe2 forms of1 #ajjd4 praecin1 prin4 parts of1 #igb4 praecipi1 with subjv4 coordinated1 #agjh2 with purpose clause1 #aiej2 with acc4 and infin41 #baid4 praecx1 decl4 of1 #eca4 praehibe1 with short diphthong1 #abe2 form of1 #ajjd4 praeleg1 prin4 parts of1 #icg4 praemorde1 forms of1 #iie4 ,praeneste1 decl4 of1 #eeg4 praesgus1 with gen41 #abfd4 praescius1 with gen41 #abfd4 praeside1 prin4 parts of1 #iig4 praesidium1 dat4 of1 with verb1 #abbj1 #abbc4 praest1 prin4 parts of1 #ihi2 with purpose clause1 #aiea2 praestat with subj4 infin41 #bbji4 praest1 adv41 verbs combined with1 followed by dat41 #aahg4 praestlor1 with dat4 or acc41 #aahd4 praeter1 form of1 #gaj2 prep41 #adaj2 compounds of1 with acc41 #aacg2 praeter quam quod1 #ahdh1 #ahie2 praeter quam1 #ahie2 with infin4 as obj41 #bbje4 praetermitt1 with qun1 #aihf4 praeterquam1 introducing subst4 with which verb agrees1 #ajgc4 praeut1 #aide4 prande1 perf4 of1 #hff2 prin4 parts of1 #iih2 prnsus1 with act4 meaning1 #ijg4 precor1 with subjv4 coordinated1 #agjh2 with purpose clause1 #aiej2 with acc4 and infin41 #baie4 prehend1 #abe2 or praehend1 prnd1 #iej4 prem1 prin4 parts of1 #ieh2 compounds of1 #ieh4 prdi1 as adv41 #acda2 with acc41 #adjf1 #adac2 with gen41 #adac1 #abcb2 prdi quam1 #aibb4 prmum1 #cfb1 #gja2 prmum 7prm7 444 deinde 4 4 4 tum1 #afhg2 ub1 ut1 cum prmum1 #aibc-aicd4 prmus1 formation of1 #ceb2 comparison of1 #ceg2 with partitive meaning1 #abdi4 prior1 comparison of1 #ceg4 prius quam1 for potius quam1 #ahig4 priusquam1 with fut4 perf41 #afbf2 with pres4 indic4 of fut4 action1 #aeic2 general statement of use1 #aiaa2 in general statements1 #aiab-aiad2 in particular statements1 #aiae-aiba4 prv1 constructions with1 #acjc1 #acjd4 pr1 prep41 #adag2 with abl4 proper1 #abig2 following dc1 habe1 put1 #aafh2 expressions with1 for dat4 of tendency or result1 #abba2 quam pr1 #adfa2 pr e introductory to sentence with quod1 #ahdg2 pr quam1 #ahie2 with gerundive construction or gerund1 #bbfg4 pr1 interjection1 with nom4 of exclamation1 #aaag2 with voc4 nom4 and voc41 #aabc2 with acc41 #aaej4 procul1 as adv4 and prep41 #adba4 prcumb1 prin4 parts of1 #igd4 prcurr1 perf4 of1 #hfj4 prdigus1 with gen41 #abfd4 prdnunt1 #hcc4 proficscor1 prin4 parts of1 #ihj2 profectus1 used actively1 #acfd4 prfsus1 with gen41 #abfc4 prgntus1 with abl41 #acab4 prgredior1 forms of1 #gia1 #gii4 prohibe1 forms prohibsss1 c41 #hhg2 contracted1 #ajjd2 case constructions with1 #acjc1 #acjd2 with n1 #aifj2 with quminus1 #aifj1 #aigg2 with acc4 and infin41 #bbjc4 proin1 introducing command1 #baeg4 proinde1 disyllabic in verse1 #ic1 #g2 correlative of quasi1 tamquam s1 c41 #baah2 introducing command1 #baeg4 prmitt1 with acc4 and infin41 #bage2 with fut4 infin41 #bbce4 prm1 perf4 of1 #hbc2 prin4 parts of1 #iec4 prope1 prep41 #adaj2 comparison of1 #ceg2 with acc41 #abja2 prope ut1 #aidg4 prpende1 prin4 parts of1 #iie4 proper1 with acc4 and infin41 #baij4 propior1 comparison of1 #ceg2 with acc41 #abja4 propius1 prep41 #adaj2 with acc41 #abja4 proprius1 constructions with1 #abjb1 #abch4 propter1 prep41 #adaj2 expressing cause1 c41 #acag2 not compounded1 #adjf2 position of1 #adcd2 with gerundive construction or gerund1 #bbec2 with subst4 and partic41 #bbhf4 proptere1 as coordinating word1 #afia2 proptere 4 4 4 quod1 #ahed2 proptere 4 4 4 quia1 #ahed1 #aheh2 before ut1 n1 #aifa4 prout1 #aidb4 prvidus1 with gen41 #abfc4 proxim1 prep4 #adaj2 with acc41 #abja4 proximus1 formation of1 #cea2 comparison of1 #ceg2 with acc41 #abja4 prdns1 form of1 #aaa2 with gen41 #abfc4 -pte1 enclitic1 #fee4 pbs1 decl4 of1 #dia1 #ebc1 #fbd1 #fbe4 pudet1 forms of1 #hae1 #hag2 impersonal1 #ajcd2 construction with1 #abhc2 used personally1 #abhd2 with subj4 infin41 #bbji4 pugn1 with dat41 #aahf4 pung1 perf4 of1 #hbc1 #heh2 prin4 parts of1 #ibe4 puppis1 decl4 of1 #eai1 #eej1 #eee4 ptsc1 prin4 parts of1 #igf4 put1 with pr and abl41 #aafh2 with gen4 of value1 #abga2 coordinated1 #afif2 used personally in pass41 #bagh2 putr1 subj4 of1 omitted with verbs of desire1 #baij2 puta1 for instance1 with short final vowel1 #bdch4 putus1 #iai4 q1 written for c1 #bj1 #fij2 followed by u1 #bg1 #fd1 #agg1 see qu4 qu1 before consonants or when final1 changed to c1 #aeh2 other changes1 #aef2 #agj1 #c and #d4 qu 4 4 4 qu1 #afhg4 quaad1 #aiia4 quadrns1 decl4 of1 #ecc2 gender of1 #ehj2 meaning of1 #bdbg4 quaer1 prin4 parts of1 #ifg2 prin4 parts of compounds of1 #ifg2 s quaeris1 #baac4 quaes1 with imper41 #aegb4 qulis1 in questions1 #aebf2 agreement of1 #ahjb2 tlis 4 4 4 qulis1 #ahca4 quam1 form of1 #gjb2 introducing subst4 with which verb agrees1 #ajgc2 after a compar41 #acbd-acbg1 #acbi2 after alius and alter1 #acbc2 after amplius1 longius1 pls1 minus1 #acbh2 in expressions of time1 #acig2 in comparisons1 #adeg1 #adeh2 quam pr1 after compar41 #adfa2 with superl41 #adff1 #ahib2 in questions1 #aebf2 moods with1 #ahhh2 in compar4 period of equality1 #ahhi2 tam 4 4 4 quam1 #ahca1 #ahhi2 nn minus1 nn magis 4 4 4 quam1 #ahhi2 aequ 4 4 4 quam1 #ahij2 perinde 4 4 4 quam1 #ahij2 ixt 4 4 4 quam1 #ahij2 tam 4 4 4 quam coordinating words1 #ahia2 tam 4 4 4 quam qu1 #ahib2 quam 4 4 4 tam with double compar4 or superl41 #ahic2 in compar4 period of inequality1 #ahid2 supr quam1 #ahid2 nfr quam1 #ahid2 ltr quam1 #ahid2 extr quam1 #ahid2 nihil aliud1 nn aliud quam1 #ahie2 secus quam1 #ahie2 bis tant quam1 #ahie2 prae quam1 #ahie2 contr quam1 #ahie2 praeter quam quod1 #ahie2 super quam quod1 #ahie2 nsuper quam1 #ahie2 pr quam1 #ahie2 advorsum quam1 #ahie2 magis quod1 c41 444 quam qu1 c41 #ahee2 quam1 quam ut1 quam qu1 with subjv4 after compar4 denoting disproportion1 #ahif2 potius1 citius 7ante1 prius7 quam1 potius quam ut1 #ahig2 with infin41 #ahih2 priusquam1 antequam1 #aeic1 #afbf1 #aiaa-aiba2 prdi quam1 postrdi quam1 #aibb2 postquam1 poste quam1 posquam1 #aibc-aica2 intr 4 4 4 quam1 #aibi2 tamdi 4 4 4 quam1 #aiii2 quam s1 #baag4 quamdi1 accent of1 #ib2 use of1 #aiia1 #aiid1 #aiii-bjja4 quamlibet1 use of1 #aijg4 quamquam1 with abl4 abs41 #acgd1 #aijj2 as adv41 #ahii2 as conj4 with indic41 subjv41 adj41 partic41 #ahii-aijb2 coordinating1 #baec2 with infin4 in ind4 disc41 #bcag4 quamvs1 with abl4 abs41 #acgd2 use of1 #aijc-aijg4 quand1 used with accusative of exclamation1 #aaej2 in questions1 #aebf2 nesci quand1 #aghh2 as indef4 adv41 #bjaj2 temporal1 #bjaj1 #bjaa2 causal1 #bjac2 with quidem1 #bjac2 as prot4 of conditional period1 #baaj2 followed by quis1 qu1 indef41 #bchh2 with shortened o1 #bddb4 quandque1 #bjab1 #bjad4 quant 4 4 4 tant1 #ahca1 #aigc4 quantum1 introducing subst4 with which verb agrees1 #ajgc2 quantum 4 4 4 tantum1 #ahca4 quantus1 neut4 with partitive gen41 #abdh2 quantum est with gen41 #abei2 quanti as gen4 of value1 #abga1 #abgd1 #abgi2 in questions1 #aebf2 with -ne1 #aebi2 agreement of1 #ahjb2 quantum 4 4 4 possum1 c41 #ahcj1 #ahib4 quasi1 with abl4 abs41 #acgd2 in figurative expressions1 #aidd2 in conditional comparisons1 #baag-babj2 with partic41 nouns1 and abridged expressions1 #baba2 after a compar41 #babb2 in actual comparisons1 #babb2 followed by s1 #baah2 dem quasi1 #bcgc2 with short final vowel1 #bdde4 quati1 pres4 stem of1 #hcf2 prin4 parts of1 #ifa2 compounds of1 #ifa4 -que1 enclitic1 #ic2 connecting substs4 with sing4 or plur4 verb1 #ajfd-ajff2 use of1 as copulative conj41 #afdd1 #afdf1 #afdg1 #afdi-afea1 #afee1 #afef1 #bade1 #badf1 -que 4 4 4 -que1 #afej2 meaning but1 #afee2 -que nn1 c41 #afei2 et 4 4 4 -que1 #affc2 -que 4 4 4 et1 #affd2 -que 4 4 4 atque1 #affd2 atque 4 4 4 -que1 #affd2 neque 4 4 4 -que1 #affe2 quantity1 #bdcc1 #bejf2 at end of verse1 #befh4 quemadmodum1 with infin4 in ind4 disc41 #bcag4 que1 conjug4 of1 #gei1 #gfh2 used with neg41 #gfh2 pass4 forms of1 #gfh1 #adhd2 form of queam1 c41 #hdb2 perf4 partic4 of1 #iah1 #bdcf2 prin4 parts of1 #ibb4 queror1 conjug4 of1 #gih2 prin4 parts of1 #igh2 with acc41 #aaci4 qu1 decl4 of1 #fha-fhc2 quot1 #fei2 stems of1 #fha1 #fhg2 rel41 #fhb2 interrogative adj41 #fhc2 interrogative subst41 #fhe2 quius1 quoi1 #feh1 #fhh2 dat4 and abl4 plur4 qus1 #fhh2 inscriptional forms of1 #fij2 derivatives of1 #fia1 #fib2 with correlatives1 #fie2 neut4 acc4 used adverbially1 #aadd1 #ahdj2 neut4 with partitive gen41 #abdh2 quod est with gen41 #abei2 in questions1 #aebf2 use of1 #agib2 rules for agreement of1 #ajid-ajih1 #ahja-ahaa2 agreeing with antecedent implied in possess41 #ahjg2 id quod1 #ahaa2 quae rs1 #ahaa2 equivalent to conditional prot41 #ahab2 with indic41 #ahac-ahae2 with subjv4 denoting purpose1 #ahaf1 #ahag2 with subjv4 of characteristic or result1 #ahah-ahbc2 with dignus1 indignus1 idneus1 aptus1 #ahai2 est qu1 nm est qu1 nn habe quod1 c41 #ahbb2 est qu1 c41 with indic41 #ahbc2 with subjv4 of cause or concession1 #ahbd2 qu tamen1 #ahbe2 with indic4 instead of causal subjv41 #ahbf2 quippe qu1 #ahbg1 #ahbh2 ut qu1 #ahbg1 #ahbh2 ut pote qu1 #ahbg2 quod sciam1 c41 #ahbi2 qu quidem1 #ahbi2 quod attinet ad1 quod 4 4 4 possum1 #ahcj2 correlatives of1 #ahca2 omitted in second clause1 #ahcb1 #ahcc2 repeated1 #ahcc2 place supplied by is1 c41 in second clause1 #ahcc2 introducing main sentence1 #ahce1 #baca1 #bcaf2 formulas qu fact1 c41 #ahcf2 preceding s1 c41 #ahcg1 #bacb2 tam 4 4 4 quam qu1 #ahib2 quam qu1 #ahif2 prae quam quod1 #ahie2 referring to is1 #bcfh2 dem qu1 the same as1 #bcgc2 quis1 qu1 distinguished from uter1 #bche2 quis1 quid1 distinguished from qu1 quod1 #bchf2 indef41 after s1 c41 #fhf1 #bchh2 qu 7plur47 not elided before short vowel1 #bdhg4 qu1 adv41 form and use of1 #fhi1 #gjf1 #aigb2 in questions1 #aebf2 with wishes1 #aeda2 quippe qu1 #ahbh2 ut qu1 #ahbh2 with subjv41 #aigf4 quia1 form of1 #gja2 nisi quia1 #ahdh2 use of1 #ahed-aheh2 with infin4 in ind4 disc41 #bcag2 with short final vowel1 #bdch4 qucumque1 decl4 of1 #fib2 tmesis in1 #fib2 quodcumque est with gen41 #abei2 agreement of1 #ahjb2 with indic41 #ahad2 referring to is1 #bcfh4 qudam1 decl4 of1 #fib2 with ex or d #abdf2 qudam sunt qu1 c41 #ahbb2 usual force of1 #bcib2 used to soften metaphor or expressing contempt1 #bcic4 quidem1 with n1 #addg1 #affa1 #afhb2 with sn in answers1 #aeab2 with nn and minim in answers1 #aeac2 qu quidem1 #ahbi2 cum quidem1 #ahfh2 with dum and subjv41 #bjjc2 with quand1 #bjac2 with s1 #bjai2 introducing concessive period1 #baej2 following ille in concessions1 #bcfa4 quis1 decl4 of1 #dgg2 gender of1 #egb4 quisc1 perf4 of1 #hga2 prin4 parts of1 #ifh4 qulibet1 decl4 of1 #fib2 use of1 #bdja4 qun1 form of1 #aac1 #aihj2 in questions1 #aebf1 #aeca1 #aiha2 with imper4 or indic41 #aebg2 nn qun1 #ahee1 #aihi2 with subjv4 in question1 #aihb2 nlla causa est qun1 #aihc2 mrum qun1 #aihd2 with nn possum1 c41 #aihe2 with other verbs and expressions1 #aihf-aiij2 quantity of1 #bdcj4 quncunx1 decl4 of1 #eca2 meaning of1 #bdbg4 qunqutrs1 gender of1 #ehh4 quntus1 form of1 #agj1 #d2 #bdab4 quippe1 #afij1 #baef2 quippe qu1 #ahbg1 #ahbh2 quippe cum1 #ahgi2 first syllable shortened1 #bdfi4 ,quirs1 accent of1 #hh2 decl4 of1 #ecc2 quantity of second i in1 #bdeb4 quis1 decl4 of1 #fhd1 #fhf2 quit1 #fei2 stems of1 #fha1 #fhg2 interrogative subst41 #fhd2 interrogative adj41 #fhe2 feminine1 quis1 quae1 #fhd2 quai1 #fhg2 quoius1 quoi1 c41 #feh1 #fhh2 dat4 and abl4 plur4 qus1 #fhh2 nom4 plur4 qus1 #fhh2 inscriptional forms of1 #fij2 derivatives of1 #fia1 #fib2 with correlatives1 #fie2 adj4 equivalent to gen41 #ajih2 rules for agreement of1 #ajid-ajih2 quid tib with subst4 in -ti and est1 #aacf2 neut4 acc4 used adverbially1 #aadd2 neut4 with partitive gen41 #abdh2 abl4 of1 with loc1 #abeb2 quid for quis1 #adfb2 quid est1 quid dcis1 quid1 quid vr1 c41 #aejj2 in questions1 #aebf2 with -ne1 #aebi2 nesci quis1 #aghh1 #aghi2 sci quid as indef41 #aghh2 quis est qu1 #ahbb2 quid est quod1 c41 #ahda2 quid quod1 #ahdi2 quis1 qu distinguished from uter1 #bche2 quis1 quid distinguished from qu1 quod1 #bchf2 indef41 after s1 c41 #fhf1 #bchh2 quantity1 #bdcc4 quisnam1 decl4 of1 #fib4 quispiam1 decl4 of1 #fib2 use of1 #bchi4 quisquam1 decl4 of1 #fib2 with haud1 #addi2 use of1 #bdjb1 #bdjc2 nm quisquam and nihil quicquam1 #bdjb4 quisque1 decl4 of1 #fib2 with abl4 abs41 #acff2 with ut1 when1 #aicb2 with ut1 as1 #aici2 with superl41 #aici2 usual force of1 #bcid2 in both rel4 and demonstrative sentence1 #bcie2 in rel4 sentence alone1 #bcif2 following s1 suus1 superl41 or ordinal1 #bcig2 equivalent to qucumque1 quisquis1 #bcih2 cuiusque generis1 cuiusque mod1 #bcih4 quisquis1 decl4 of1 #fib2 quidquid est with gen41 #abei2 with indic41 #ahad2 for quisque1 #bcih4 quvs1 decl4 of1 #fib2 use of1 #bdja4 qu1 adv41 with acc4 of exclamation1 #aaej2 with gen41 #abed2 in questions1 #aebf2 instead of rel4 pron4 with prep41 #agic2 qu 4 4 4 e1 #ahca2 nn qu1 nn e qu1 nn qu nn1 #ahee2 with indic41 #aigc2 with subjv41 #aigd2 qu n1 #aige2 followed by quis1 qu1 indef41 #bchh4 quoad1 form of1 #aiia2 use of1 meaning all the time while1 #aiid1 #aiii-bjja2 meaning until1 #bjjg1 #bjjh4 quod1 conj41 origin of1 #ahch2 with declarative and causal sense1 #ahch2 resembling pron4 quod1 #ahcj-ahdb2 with veni1 mitt1 #ahdj2 quid est quod1 c41 #ahda2 meaning as to what1 #ahdb2 meaning in case1 #ahdc1 #baaj2 with indic4 and subjv41 #ahch2 meaning the fact that1 #ahdd-aheb2 add quod1 #ahdf2 adici quod1 #ahdf2 nisi quod1 #ahdh2 praeter quam quod1 #ahdh1 #ahie2 super quam quod1 #ahdh1 #ahie2 tantum quod1 #ahdh2 quid quod1 #ahdi2 with gaude1 c41 #ahea2 with verbs of praising1 c41 #aheb2 meaning because1 #ahec2 with correlatives e1 ide1 c41 #ahed1 #ahee2 nn quod1 sed quod1 c41 #ahee2 magis quod 4 4 4 quam quod1 c41 #ahee2 nn quod nn1 #ahee2 following supine in -um1 #bbgb4 quois1 formation of1 #cbi4 quoius1 in questions1 #aebf4 quom1 see cum4 quminus1 use of1 #aigg1 #aigh4 quoniam1 form of1 #aec1 #d2 #ahhb2 use of1 #ahhb-ahhd4 quoque1 with sed1 #afhj4 qur1 see cr4 qu stius1 #aigi4 quot1 indeclinable1 #dca2 as adj41 #dca2 not used partitively1 #abdd2 nesci quot1 #aghh2 tot 4 4 4 quot1 #ahca4 quotins1 in questions1 #aebf2 with perf4 indic4 of anterior time1 #afac2 totins 4 4 4 quotins1 #ahca1 #ahhf2 mood with1 #ahhe-ahhg4 quotinscumque1 use of1 #ahhe-ahhg4 r1 development of short vowel before1 #aaa1 b2 varies with d1 #adh2 before i1 #id2 changed to l1 #aff1 #g2 from s1 #aed1 #dhh2 medial1 disappearance of1 #agj1 #i2 preceded by mute or f1 #agh4 rabis1 decl4 of1 #fjf4 rd1 prin4 parts of1 #ieh4 rapi1 pres4 stem of1 #hcf2 prin4 parts of1 #ige2 compounds of1 #ige4 rauci1 defective1 #ije4 re-1 compounds with1 perf4 of1 #gha1 #hfa4 repse1 #fhj4 receptu1 #abbe4 recid1 defective1 #ije4 recipi1 loc4 abl4 with1 #acdh4 recordor1 with gen41 #abhg2 with acc41 #abhh2 with d and abl41 #abhi2 with infin41 #bafi2 with acc4 and infin41 #bage4 recumb1 prin4 parts of1 #igd4 recs1 with n1 #aifj1 #aigg2 with quminus1 #aifj1 #aigg2 with qun1 #aihf4 red- 7re-71 inseparable prep41 #cib1 #adji4 redd1 conjug4 of41 #geg2 with infin4 as obj41 #bbjf2 with perf4 partic41 #bbig4 rednunt1 #hcc4 redux1 decl4 of1 #eca1 #fce4 refell1 prin4 parts of1 #icb4 r fert 7rfert71 forms of1 #haf2 constructions with1 #abgf-abgi2 with subj4 infin41 #bbji4 refertus1 with gen41 #abfc1 #achg2 with abl41 #abfh1 #achg4 reg1 conjug4 of1 #ghb1 #ghc2 no supine1 #ijj2 prin4 parts of1 #iec2 compounds of1 #iec4 releg1 prin4 parts of1 #icg4 relicuus 7reliquus71 with partitive meaning1 #abdi4 rns1 gender of1 #ehc4 rende1 defective1 #hji4 reor1 perf4 partic4 of1 #iah1 #bdcf2 prin4 parts of1 #ajjh4 reparc1 forms of1 #icj4 repell1 prin4 parts of1 #icb4 reperi1 prin4 parts of1 #ajaa4 replic1 prin4 parts of1 #iic4 rp1 prin4 parts of1 #iec4 reprim1 with qun1 #aihf4 repugn1 with n1 #aifj1 #aigg2 with quminus1 #aifj1 #aigg4 requis1 decl4 of1 #dgg1 #fjc2 gender of1 #egb4 rs1 gen4 and dat4 sing4 of1 #abg1 #d2 decl4 of1 #fja1 #fjb2 malam rem and in malam rem1 #aafe2 repeated in rel4 sentence1 #agif2 quae rs1 #ahaa2 form r not elided before short vowel1 #bdhg2 form rem not elided before short vowel1 #bdie4 reside1 prin4 parts of1 #iig4 resipsc1 prin4 parts of1 #ifh4 resist1 with n1 #aifj1 #aigg2 with quminus1 #aifj1 #aigg4 reson1 forms of1 #iic4 responde1 prin4 parts of1 #iie4 restis1 decl4 of1 #ebj1 #eej4 rte1 decl4 of1 #ebh1 #eeg4 retend1 forms of1 #ibd4 retice1 prin4 parts of1 #ajjd4 retine1 with qun1 #aihf4 rettul1 rtul1 #gha1 #hfa4 retund1 prin4 parts of1 #ica4 reus1 with gen41 #abfc4 revvsc 7-vvsc71 #iei4 revortor1 forms of1 #hja4 ,rhodus1 in loc41 #accd4 rde1 prin4 parts of1 #ajjj4 rige1 prin4 parts of1 #ajjf4 rigsc1 prin4 parts of1 #igf4 rbur1 gender of1 #djh2 decl4 of1 #dhi4 rd1 prin4 parts of1 #ieh4 rog1 with double acc41 #aafi2 with d and abl41 #aagj2 constructions with pass4 of1 #aaga2 with gerundive construction1 #bbej4 rubsc1 prin4 parts of1 #igf4 rubus1 gender of1 #djh4 rudns1 gender of1 #ehj4 rudis1 with gen41 #abfc4 rumex1 gender of1 #djh4 rump1 prin4 parts of1 #ich2 compounds of1 #ich4 ru1 perf4 partic4 of1 #iah1 #bdcf2 prin4 parts of1 #idg4 rursum1 russum1 rsum1 accusatives as adverbs1 #gja4 rs1 decl4 of1 #dcj1 #dia2 loc4 rr1 #ejd2 use of rr1 #accg2 acc4 as adv41 #fii2 acc4 without prep41 #aafb2 use of abl4 rre1 #acaa2 use of loc4 abl4 rre1 #acdd1 #acde2 rre as adv41 #gjc4 s1 sound of1 #fe2 followed by u1 #bg1 #fe2 7and ss7 used for z1 #ba1 #fg2 intervocalic1 #aee2 ss from tt1 #aei2 changed to r1 #aed1 #dhh2 7and st71 initial1 disappearance of1 #afi1 #d2 medial1 disappearance of1 #agj1 #b2 final1 disappearance of1 #ff1 #aga2 ns1 quantity of vowel preceding1 #abb1 a2 final syllables in1 quantity of vowel of1 #bdea-bdeg2 does not always make position1 #bdfh4 sacer1 comparison of1 #ceh2 constructions with1 #abjb1 #abch4 saepe1 comparison of1 #cfd4 saepi1 prin4 parts of1 #ajad4 ,sagra1 gender of1 #djf4 sl1 decl4 of1 #dcj1 #dhb2 gender of1 #ehc4 sali1 prin4 parts of1 #ajai2 compounds of1 #ajai4 sam1 pron41 #fge4 ,samns1 accent of1 #hh2 decl4 of1 #ecc2 quantity of i in1 #bdeb4 sanci1 forms of1 #ajad4 sn1 introducing concessive period1 #baej2 sn quam1 #agij2 sn1 sn quidem1 in answers1 #aeab2 with imper41 #aegb4 snsc1 prin4 parts of1 #igf4 sangus1 form of1 #aga1 #d2 decl4 of1 #dhf2 gender of1 #egi2 quantity of i in1 #bdeb4 sapi1 pres4 stem of1 #hcf2 prin4 parts of1 #ifi2 compounds of1 #ifi4 sarci1 prin4 parts of1 #ajad4 ss 7for sus71 #fec4 satin1 in questions1 #aeaj4 satis1 verbs combined with1 followed by dat41 #aahg2 with partitive gen41 #abdh2 satis est implying non-occurrent action1 #adif2 satis est1 c41 with perf4 infin41 #bbca4 satisd1 conjug4 of1 #geg4 satius est1 implying non-occurrent action1 #adif4 scalp1 prin4 parts of1 #iec4 scand1 prin4 parts of1 #iej2 compounds of1 #iej4 sclicet1 form of1 #gab2 in answers1 #aeab4 scind1 perf4 of1 #hei1 #hfj1 #bdce2 prin4 parts of1 #icd4 sci1 pres4 stem of1 #hcg2 imper4 of1 #hdf2 fut4 scb1 #heb2 prin4 parts of1 #ajaf2 with haud1 #addi1 #aeed1 #aghb2 sct1 scitte1 #aegf2 scn1 coordinated1 #aghg2 sci quid1 c41 as indef41 #aghh2 with infin41 #bafi2 with acc4 and infin41 #bage2 with o shortened1 #bddc4 scirpus1 gender of1 #djh4 scsc1 prin4 parts of1 #ife4 scrb1 prin4 parts of1 #iec4 sculp1 prin4 parts of1 #iec4 sec1 prin4 parts of1 #iic2 compound of1 #iic4 secris1 decl4 of1 #ebj1 #eej1 #eed4 scrus1 with gen41 #abfd4 secus1 comparison of1 #cfd2 defective1 #dcj2 secus quam1 #ahie2 nn secus1 correlative of ut1 #aicg2 of quasi1 tamquam s1 c41 #baah4 sed1 set1 use of1 #afgf1 #afgi2 after nn modo1 c41 #afhj-afhb2 coordinating rel4 sentence1 #ahbj2 nn quod1 c41 444 sed1 c41 #ahee2 introducing adversative sentence1 #baea4 sd- 7s-71 as inseparable prep41 #cib1 #adji2 as prep41 #adag4 sede1 perf4 of1 #hfb2 prin4 parts of1 #iig2 compounds of1 #iig4 sds1 decl4 of1 #dgf1 #eff4 seges1 gender of1 #egb4 ,seleucia1 abl4 of1 with in1 #accd4 smentis1 decl4 of1 #eai1 #eea1 #eee4 smis1 decl4 of1 #eci2 meaning of1 #bdbg4 sentus1 gen4 sing4 sent1 sentuos1 #eij1 #eic4 sensc1 prin4 parts of1 #igf4 senex1 comparison of1 #cec2 decl4 of1 #ejj4 sents1 gender of1 #egi4 senti1 prin4 parts of1 #ajae4 sepeli1 prin4 parts of1 #ajag4 septemplex1 decl4 of1 #eca4 septunx1 #bdbg4 sequor1 prin4 parts of1 #igh4 seris1 decl4 of1 #fjg4 ser1 string1 prin4 parts of1 #igb4 ser1 sow1 conjug4 of1 #gdd1 #geh2 root verb1 reduplicated1 #gdd1 #geh2 form of serit1 #hbh2 perf4 partic4 of1 #iah1 #bdcf2 prin4 parts of1 #ibb2 prin4 parts of compounds of1 #ibb2 satus with abl41 #acab4 sstertius1 gen4 plur4 of1 #dfb4 stius1 comparison of1 #cfd2 with qu1 #aigi4 seu1 see sve4 sextns1 gender of1 #ehj2 meaning of1 #bdbg4 s1 sei1 adv41 #gjh2 with wishes1 #aedf2 with pres4 indic4 of fut4 action1 #aeic2 with fut4 perf41 #afbf2 s or s forte in questions1 #aggg2 form of1 #bjae2 correlatives of1 #bjae1 #bjah2 with quidem1 #bjai2 with modo1 #bjai2 with tamen1 #bjai2 s 7sve7 4 4 4 sve1 #bjai2 neg4 of1 s nn1 nisi1 nisi s1 n1 #bjbj2 s autem1 minus1 aliter1 #bjba2 in conditions1 #bjbe-baae2 with mror1 mrum est1 mra sunt1 gaude1 terre1 metus est1 #bjfh2 s placet1 c41 #baac2 ets1 s1 c41 concessive1 #baaf2 quasi1 quam s1 tamquam s1 c41 #baag-babb2 s nn with infin4 in ind4 disc41 #bcag2 squis referring to is1 #bcfh2 followed by quis1 qu1 indef41 #bchh4 sc1 form of1 #aac1 #bjae2 adv41 #gjh2 correlative of tamquam1 #aijh2 correlative of ut1 #ahca1 #aicg1 #aigj2 preceding quin1 #aihh2 correlative of s1 #bjae1 #bjah2 correlative of quasi1 tamquam s1 c41 #baah2 expressing affirmative coordination1 #baei2 introducing acc4 and infin41 #bagf4 scubi1 quantity1 #abi1 #b2 form of1 #abi1 #gji4 scunde1 form of1 #adf1 #gaj4 scut1 after quamvs1 #aije2 form of1 #aicg2 meaning since1 #aidf4 scuti1 with short final vowel1 #bdde4 ,sicyn1 ,sicyne1 #acca4 sd1 prin4 parts of1 #idc4 sile1 prin4 parts of1 #ajjf4 silex1 gender of1 #eha4 similis1 comparison of1 #cde2 constructions with1 #abjd2 agreeing with abl4 of quality1 #abdj4 similiter1 correlative of ut1 #aicg2 correlative of quasi1 tamquam s1 c41 #baah4 simplex1 decl4 of1 #eca4 simul1 as adv4 and prep41 #gja1 #adba2 with et1 #afdh2 simul 4 4 4 simul1 #afhg4 simul atque1 ac1 et1 ut1 and simul1 use of1 #aibc-aicd1 #afac4 sn1 #bjba4 sine1 prep41 #adag2 with abl4 proper1 #abig2 position of1 #adcd2 intimating prot4 of conditional period1 #baaj2 with gerundive construction or gerund1 #bbfg4 sin1 pres4 stem of1 #hcc2 forms of1 #hic1 #ifd2 perf4 partic4 of1 #iah1 #bdcf2 with subjv4 coordinated1 #agaj2 with purpose clause1 #aiej2 with acc4 and infin41 #baih2 used personally in pass41 #bbja4 ss 7for s vs71 #ggd2 with imper41 #aegb2 parenthetical1 #baac4 ss1 determinative pron41 #fge4 sist1 conjug4 of1 #gdd1 #geh2 root verb1 reduplicated1 #gdd1 #geh2 form of sistit1 #hbh2 perf4 of1 #acc1 #hei1 #bdce2 perf4 of compounds of1 #hfj2 perf4 partic4 of1 #iah1 #bdcf2 prin4 parts of1 #ibb4 sitis1 decl4 of1 #eah1 #edh1 #eed4 sve1 conjunction1 use of1 #affg1 #afgb1 #afgc2 followed by quis1 qu1 indef41 #bchh2 see s4 societs1 formation1 #ajc1 a4 scors1 decl4 of1 #eei4 sds1 with imper41 #aegb4 sole1 forms of1 #hja1 #adhh4 slum1 with nn1 #afhj1 #afhb4 slus1 gen4 sing4 of1 #abf1 #f2 #fah-fbj2 decl4 of1 #fah-fbj2 gen4 in apposition with possess4 pron41 #abce2 slus est qu1 #ahbb4 solv1 prin4 parts of1 #idg2 constructions with1 #acjc1 #acjd4 son1 forms of1 #hbj2 defective1 #ije2 prin4 parts of1 #iic2 compound of1 #iic4 sorbe1 forms of1 #ajjf2 compounds of1 #ajjf4 sors1 decl4 of1 #ecc1 #edc1 #eef4 sortior1 prin4 parts of1 #ajba4 ss1 determinative pron41 #fge4 sspes1 decl4 of1 #dgg1 #fbd1 #fbe4 sparg1 prin4 parts of1 #ieh2 compounds of1 #ieh4 ,sparta1 abl4 of1 with in1 #accd4 spatium1 use of abl4 of1 #acii4 specis1 decl4 of1 #fjf1 #fjg4 speci1 spici1 pres4 stem of1 #hcf2 forms of1 #ief4 specus1 gender of1 #ehh2 decl4 of1 #eib4 spern1 pres4 stem of1 #hcc2 prin4 parts of1 #ifd4 spr1 with acc4 and infin41 #bage1 #bahf2 with fut4 infin41 #bbce2 with pres4 infin41 #bbcf4 sps1 defective1 #fjj1 #fjb2 sp with compar41 #accj2 form sp not elided before short vowel1 #bdhg2 form spem not elided before short vowel1 #bdie4 spoli1 constructions with1 #acjc1 #acjd4 sponde1 perf4 of1 #agc1 #b2 #hei2 prin4 parts of1 #iie2 compounds of1 #iie4 spu1 prin4 parts of1 #idg4 squle1 defective1 #hji4 sta1 stc 7for ista1 istc71 #ffg4 statu1 #cfg2 prin4 parts of1 #idg2 compounds of1 #idg2 with in and abl41 #adbd2 with purpose clause1 #aiej2 with infin41 #aiec1 #bafi2 with acc4 and infin41 #aied4 stern1 prin4 parts of1 #ifd4 sternu1 pres4 stem of1 #hcc2 prin4 parts of1 #idh4 stert1 prin4 parts of1 #igb4 stingu1 prin4 parts of1 #ied4 stirps1 gender of1 #ehj4 st1 pres4 stem of1 #hcg2 perf4 of1 #agc1 #b2 #hei1 #bdce2 perf4 of compounds of1 #hfj2 defective1 #ije2 prin4 parts of1 #ihi2 with abl41 #acdi2 stat per aliquem with quminus1 #aigg2 form st not elided before short vowel1 #bdhg2 form stem not elided before short vowel1 #bdie4 strep1 prin4 parts of1 #igb4 strde1 perf4 of1 #hfb2 prin4 parts of1 #iig4 strigilis1 decl4 of1 #eai1 #eea1 #eee4 string1 prin4 parts of1 #ied4 stru1 perf4 of1 #afd1 #a2 #hfe1 #hfg2 prin4 parts of1 #iec4 stude1 prin4 parts of1 #ajjf2 with purpose clause1 #aiea2 with infin41 #bafi2 with acc4 and infin41 #baij4 studisus1 with gen4 of gerundive construction or gerund1 #bbeh4 stupe1 prin4 parts of1 #ajjf4 stupsc1 prin4 parts of1 #igf4 ,styx1 gender of1 #djf4 sude1 prin4 parts of1 #ajjj2 with subjv4 coordinated1 #agab2 with purpose clause1 #aiej2 with acc4 and infin41 #baie4 sub1 form of1 #afd1 #b2 compounds of1 with dat41 #aahh1 #aahi1 #aaid2 compounds of1 other constructions with1 #aaij1 #aaia1 #aaif2 with loc4 abl41 #abii2 with acc4 and abl41 #adbb1 #adbc4 subcumb1 prin4 parts of1 #igd4 subinde1 pronunciation of1 #ic4 subit1 with cum1 #ahfi4 subrepsit1 #ige4 subrupi1 forms of1 #ige4 subter1 with acc41 #adaj2 with abl41 #adaf4 subtund1 forms of1 #ica4 susc1 perf4 of1 #hga2 prin4 parts of1 #ifh4 sg1 prin4 parts of1 #iec4 su1 decl4 of1 #fdd-fea2 use of gen4 of1 #abcd2 s1 subj4 of infin41 omitted1 #bahc2 su with gerundive1 #bbfj1 #bbfa2 in ind4 disc4 representing ego and ns of direct discourse1 #bcbe2 referring to subj4 of verb1 #bccf2 referring to word not subj4 of verb1 #bccg2 use in construction of acc4 with infin41 #bcch-bcdj2 use in subordinate clauses1 #bcda-bcdc2 inter s1 invicem inter s1 invicem s1 expressing reciprocal relations1 #bcdd1 #bcde2 is used for1 #bcgj2 ipse with1 #bcgf2 ipse standing for1 #bcgg2 s quisque1 #bcig4 ,slla1 formation of1 #bgd4 sultis 7for s voltis71 #ggd2 with imper41 #aegb2 parenthetical1 #baac4 sum1 form esum1 #gdf2 conjugation of1 #gdd1 #gde2 old forms of1 #gdh2 pronunciation of es1 and est after a vowel or -m1 #gdg1 #bdif2 pronunciation of es1 and est after -s1 #gdg1 #bdif2 sont1 #gdh2 escit1 c41 #gdh2 siem1 c41 #gdh1 #hda2 estd1 #gdh2 form of eram1 er1 c41 #aed1 #gdf1 #hdh2 es for ess1 #gdg2 partic4 of1 #gdi1 #ijb2 in compounds1 #gdi1 #ijb2 no gerund or gerundive of1 #gdi2 no perf4 partic4 or supine of1 #gej1 #ijj2 fuam1 c41 #gej1 #hdb2 fore1 c41 #gej1 #hjc2 fit1 c41 #abf1 #gej1 #hfe2 with potis1 pote1 #geb2 no perf4 system of1 #gde1 #hjg2 form est1 #hbh2 suffix of pres4 subjv4 -i- and -i-1 #hda2 form of sim1 c41 #hda2 form of es1 c4 7imper471 #hdd2 form of essem1 c41 #hej2 form of esse1 #hie2 prin4 parts of1 #ibb2 root verb1 #gdd4 ,used impersonally1 #ajcd2 omitted1 #ajcf2 fut4 partic4 with1 #hjb1 #hjc1 #afcc1 #agcg1 #agdb1 #agdf1 #agdg2 gerundive with1 #hjd1 #baja1 #bbdc2 dat4 of possessor with1 #abab2 dat4 of tendency or result with1 #abai2 gen4 of value with1 #abga2 abl4 with1 #acae2 combinations with est implying non-occurrent action1 #adif2 use of s1 est1 #aegf2 fu1 fueram1 fuer1 with perf4 partic41 #afji2 est qu1 #ahbb2 with attributive cum sentence1 #ahgj1 #ahga2 with attributive postquam or ut sentence1 #aibg2 esse1 subj4 of1 omitted with verbs of desire1 #baij2 fore or futrum esse ut as circumlocution1 #bbcc2 fore with perf4 partic41 #bbcd2 predicate use of gen4 of gerundive construction with1 #bbfb2 futrus as adj41 #bbhc2 futrus as subst41 #bbib2 esse and fuisse with fut4 partic41 and futrum fuisse ut in conditional apodoses in ind4 disc41 #bcca1 #bccd2 form sim not elided before short vowel1 #bdie4 sum1 pron41 #fge4 summus1 formation of1 #ceb2 comparison of1 #cef2 with partitive meaning1 #abdi4 sm1 prin4 parts of1 #iec4 ,snium1 in loc41 #accd4 su1 prin4 parts of1 #idg4 supellx1 decl4 of1 #ede1 #eef4 super1 compounds of1 with dat41 #aahh1 #aahi1 #aaid2 compounds of1 other constructions with1 #aaij1 #aaia1 #aaif2 with acc4 and abl41 #adbb1 #adbe2 super id introductory to sentence with quod1 #ahdg2 super quam quod1 #ahdh1 #ahie2 with acc4 of gerundive construction or gerund1 #bbec2 with abl4 of gerundive construction or gerund1 #bbfg4 supera1 defective1 #cef4 superbi1 defective1 #haj4 superfit1 c41 #gij4 super1 use of1 #cdg2 no sing41 #dag4 superior1 formation of1 #cdh2 comparison of1 #cef4 superne1 with short final vowel1 #bddj4 supersede1 constructions with1 #acjc1 #acjd4 superstes1 decl4 of1 #dgg1 #fbd1 #fbe4 supplex1 decl4 of1 #eca4 supr1 prep41 #adaj2 supr quam1 #ahid4 suprmus1 formation of1 #ceb2 comparison of1 #cef4 surg1 surrig1 prin4 parts of1 #iec4 surpuit1 c41 #ige4 ss1 gender and decl4 of1 #did4 suscnse1 with quod1 quia1 quom1 #ahea4 suscipi1 with gerundive1 #bbej4 susque dque1 #adjh4 suus1 form of1 #ajg1 c2 decl4 of1 #feb-fee2 used instead of gen41 #abcd1 #abfb2 in ind4 disc4 representing meus1 noster of direct discourse1 #bcbe2 referring to subj4 of verb1 #bccf2 referring to word not subj4 of verb1 #bccg2 use in construction of acc4 with infin41 #bcch-bcdj2 use in subordinate clauses1 #bcda-bcdc2 omitted1 #bcdf2 meaning proper1 appropriate1 favourable1 #bcdf2 ipse standing for1 #bcgg2 suus quisque1 #bcig4 t1 sound of1 #fh2 varies with l1 #adg2 with r1 #adh2 with t1 #adi1 #b2 initial1 disappearance of1 #afi1 #a2 tt1 treatment of1 #aei1 #afj2 assimilation of1 #aff2 dt1 the combination1 its treatment1 #aei1 #afj2 final1 in it1 illut1 c41 #fei2 monosyllables ending in1 with vowel short1 #bdcb4 tbs1 decl4 of1 #ebc1 #fjc4 tbsc1 prin4 parts of1 #igf4 tace1 prin4 parts of1 #ajjd4 taedet1 forms of1 #hae2 impersonal1 #ajcd2 construction with1 #abhc2 used personally1 #abhd4 tag1 #ibe4 talentum1 gen4 plur4 of1 #dfb4 tlis1 followed by rel4 sentence of result1 #ahah2 tlis 4 4 4 qulis1 #ahca2 correlative of ut1 ut nn1 #aigj4 talpa1 gender of1 #dcc4 tam1 form of1 #gjb2 tam 4 4 4 quam1 correlatives1 #ahca2 tam 4 4 4 quam1 use of1 #ahhi1 #ahia2 tam 4 4 4 quam qu1 #ahib2 quam 4 4 4 tam1 #ahic2 correlative of ut1 ut nn1 #aigj2 preceding qun1 #aihh4 tamdi1 correlative of dum1 quoad1 quamdi1 quam1 dnec1 #aiii1 #bjjd4 tamen1 with abl4 abs41 #acgd2 common use of1 #afgf1 #afhf2 qu tamen1 #ahbe2 cum tamen1 #ahfh2 cum 4 4 4 tamen1 #ahhj2 correlative of s1 #bjah2 with s1 #bjai2 with nisi1 #bjbj2 correlative of ets1 tamets1 c41 #baaf2 introducing adversative sentence1 #baea2 after partic4 expressing concession1 #bbie4 tamenets1 #baaf4 tamets1 concessive1 #baaf2 coordinating1 #baec4 tamquam1 in periods of comparison1 #aijh2 introducing reason1 #aiji2 with or without s in conditional comparisons1 #baag-baba4 tandem1 form of1 #afd1 #c4 tang1 prin4 parts of1 #ibe2 forms tag1 c41 #ibe2 compounds of1 #ibe4 tantisper1 #aiii4 tantopere1 correlative of ut1 ut nn1 #aigj4 tantum1 with nn1 #afhj2 quantum 4 4 4 tantum1 #ahca2 tantum quod1 #ahdh2 tantum abest ut 4 4 4 ut1 #aifi2 correlative of dum1 quoad1 quamdi1 #aiii4 tantummodo1 #aiii4 tantundem1 with partitive gen41 #abdh4 tantus1 form of1 #adg2 tantum with gen41 #abdh1 #abei2 tant as gen4 of value1 #abga1 #abgd1 #abgi2 correlative of ut1 ut nn1 #aigj2 quant 4 4 4 tant1 #aigc2 preceding qun1 #aihh4 teges1 gender of1 #egb4 teg1 defective1 #ijj2 prin4 parts of1 #iec4 temn1 defective1 #hjh2 pres4 stem of1 #hcc2 prin4 parts of1 #iee4 temper1 comparison of1 #cfd4 temper1 with n1 #aifj2 with qun1 #aihf4 tempt1 with purpose clause1 #aiea2 with infin41 #aiec4 tend1 prin4 parts of1 #ibd2 form of tennitur1 #aff1 #d2 #ibd2 compounds of1 #ibd2 with perf4 infin41 #bbbe4 tene1 prin4 parts of1 #ajjd2 compounds of1 #ajjd2 with loc4 abl41 #acdh2 with n1 #aifj2 with quminus1 #aigg2 with qun1 #aihf2 memori tene with pres4 infin41 #bbbj4 tenus1 with abl4 proper1 #abig1 #adbj2 as subst4 with gen41 #adjf1 #adbj2 position of1 #adbj4 tepsc1 prin4 parts of1 #igf4 ter1 quantity1 #bdcc4 teres1 decl4 of1 #ecc1 #eei1 #fce4 terge1 terg1 forms of1 #ajjj4 ter1 prin4 parts of1 #ifc4 terre1 prin4 parts of1 #ajjd2 with s1 #bjfh4 terunc1 as gen4 of value1 #abgb4 tex1 prin4 parts of1 #igb4 th1 sound of1 #gb2 use of1 #ai4 ,tiberis1 decl4 of1 #eah1 #edi1 #eed4 time1 prin4 parts of1 #ajjf2 with ut1 #aieg4 ting1 prin4 parts of1 #ied4 ts1 #fdf4 toll1 form of1 #aff1 #f2 #hcc2 supplying parts of fer1 #ghj2 prin4 parts of1 #ibf4 tonde1 perf4 of1 #hei2 prin4 parts of1 #iie2 compounds of1 #iie4 ton1 forms of1 #iic2 tonat1 defective1 #hae2 tonat1 impersonal1 #ajcd4 torpsc1 prin4 parts of1 #igf4 torque1 prin4 parts of1 #iii4 torquis1 gender of1 #egi4 torre1 prin4 parts of1 #ajjd4 tot1 indeclinable1 #dca2 as adj41 #dca2 not used partitively1 #abdd2 tot 4 4 4 quot1 #ahca4 totidem1 not used partitively1 #abdd4 totins 4 4 4 quotins1 #ahca1 #ahhf4 ttus1 gen4 sing4 of1 #abg1 #f2 #fah-fbj2 decl4 of1 #fah-fbj2 construction with1 #abjb1 #abch2 with loc4 abl41 #acdf2 ttum hc as attribute of infin41 #bbae4 trdux1 gender of1 #eha4 trah1 prin4 parts of1 #iec4 trns1 compounds of1 with acc41 #aacg2 compounds of1 with double acc41 #aach2 as adv41 #adjb2 prep41 #adaj4 tremsc1 tremsc1 prin4 parts of1 #igf1 #hcd4 trem1 prin4 parts of1 #igb4 trs1 decl4 of1 #fci2 with ex or d1 #abdf4 tribu1 #cfg2 prin4 parts of1 #idg2 nmen tribu1 case with1 #abad4 tribus1 gender of1 #ehh2 decl4 of1 #eib4 trins1 gender of1 #ehj2 meaning of1 #bdbg4 triplex1 decl4 of1 #eca4 trd1 prin4 parts of1 #ieh4 trux1 decl4 of1 #eca1 #fce4 t1 decl4 of1 #fdd-fea2 when expressed1 #ajbi2 used in address1 #aaah2 dat4 with acc4 of exclamation1 #aaej2 with subjv4 questions1 #aeff2 with imper41 #aega2 t1 subj4 of infin41 omitted1 #bahc2 vs1 subj4 of infin41 omitted1 #bahc2 t as indef41 #bbab2 vostr with gerundive1 #bbfj1 #bbfa2 represented by ille or is in ind4 disc41 #bcbe2 use of vestrm1 vestr1 #bcce2 inter vs expressing reciprocal relation1 #bcdd4 tber1 gender of1 #egc4 tueor1 prin4 parts of1 #ajji4 tum1 form of1 #gja1 #aaef2 prmum 7prm7 4 4 4 deinde 4 4 4 tum1 #afhg2 tum 4 4 4 tum1 #afhg2 cum 4 4 4 tum1 #ahca1 #ahha2 correlative of quand1 #bjaa2 correlative of s1 #bjah2 tum dnique1 tum dmum1 correlatives of s1 #bjah4 tumsc1 prin4 parts of1 #igf4 tund1 prin4 parts of1 #ica2 compounds of1 #ica2 perf4 of1 #bdce4 turb1 gender of1 #egd4 turge1 forms of1 #ajjj4 turris1 decl4 of1 #eag1 #eej1 #eee4 tussi1 defective1 #haj4 tussis1 decl4 of1 #eag1 #edh1 #eed4 tuus1 decl4 of1 #feb-fee2 tu with rfert1 interest1 #abgg2 tuum as attribute of infin41 #bbae2 used instead of gen41 #abcd1 #abfb4 u1 as vowel and as cons41 how represented1 #bb1 #bf2 the vowel1 pronunciation of1 #bg1 #cc1 #ch-da2 used for y1 #ba2 after q1 g1 s1 #bg1 #agg1 #bejd2 intermediate sound1 #bh2 interchange of vowel and cons41 #eb2 final1 quantity of1 #bdcg1 #bddd4 u1 change of1 especially before b1 p1 m1 f1 to i1 #bh1 #ajc2 from a1 #ajd1 f2 from o1 #aje1 #ajg1 #deb1 #hbg2 weakened to i1 #aje2 followed by o1 #ajg1 c1 #aeg1 #deb1 #hbg2 medial u1 from -av-1 -ov-1 iv1 #ajf4 1 how denoted in inscriptions1 #bi1 #a1 #c2 from au1 #ig2 from ou1 #ajj2 from oi1 oe1 #ii4 ber1 udder1 gender of1 #egc4 ber1 fruitful1 decl4 of1 #ecg1 #fcf4 ub1 quantity1 #abi1 #bddf2 form of1 #adf1 #gji2 in questions1 #aebf2 with infin41 #aeci2 with perf4 indic4 of anterior action1 #afac2 with fut4 perf41 #afbf2 nesci ub1 #aghh2 instead of rel4 pron4 with prep41 #agic2 ub 4 4 4 ib1 #ahca2 ub prmum1 #aibc2 use of1 meaning when1 #aibc-aibf1 #aicb-aicd2 use of1 meaning where1 #aiga2 introducing conditional prot41 #baaj4 ubicumque1 quantity1 #abi1 #b4 ubinam1 quantity1 #abi1 #b2 with partitive gen41 #abec4 ubque1 quantity1 #abi1 #b4 ubivs1 quantity1 #abi1 #b4 ui1 diphthong1 pronunciation of1 #di2 monophthong1 #ie4 ulcscor1 prin4 parts of1 #ihj4 llus1 formation of1 #bgd2 gen4 sing4 of1 #afb1 #fah-fbj2 decl4 of1 #fah-fbj2 with haud1 #addi2 use of1 #bdjb1 #bdjc4 ls1 comparison of1 #ceg2 prep41 #adaj4 ulterior1 formation of1 #cdh2 comparison of1 #ceg4 ultimus1 formation of1 #cea2 comparison of1 #ceg2 with partitive meaning1 #abdi4 ultr1 prep4 and adv41 #adaj1 #adab2 position of1 #adcd2 ultr quam1 #ahid4 me1 defective1 #hji4 umquam1 with haud1 #addi2 with n in questions1 #aeji4 uncia1 #bdbg4 unde1 form of1 #adf1 #gaj2 with acc4 of exclamation1 #aaej2 in questions1 #aebf2 nesci unde1 #aghh2 instead of rel4 pron4 with prep41 #agic2 first syllable of1 shortened1 #bdfi4 unguis1 decl4 of1 #eef2 gender of1 #egi4 ungu 7ung71 prin4 parts of1 #ied4 nus1 form of1 #hg2 gen4 sing4 of1 #abg1 #f2 #fah-fbj1 #fch2 decl4 of1 #fah-fbj1 #fch2 gen4 in apposition with possess4 pron41 #abce2 with ex or d1 #abdf2 with gen41 #abdf2 with superl41 #adff2 unus est qu1 #ahbb4 nusquisque1 decl4 of1 #fib4 urbs1 pred4 in agreement with1 #ajgb2 acc4 of1 with in or ad1 #aaei2 gen4 of definition with1 #abef2 urbe and in urbe1 #accc4 urge1 prin4 parts of1 #ajjj4 r1 prin4 parts of1 #iec4 usque1 as prep41 #adad2 correlative of dum1 quoad1 quamdi1 dnec1 #aiii1 #bjjd2 usque e1 usque ad eum fnem1 #bjjd4 sus est1 with abl41 #acgi2 with partic41 #achb2 with acc41 #achd2 by what authors used1 #achd2 with subst4 and partic41 #bbhf4 ut1 utei1 ut1 form of1 #aice2 with gen41 #abed2 with satin in questions1 #aeaj2 in wishes1 #aedj2 with subjv4 in exhortations1 #aedg2 with questions1 #aefh1 #aefi2 coordinated member equivalent to result clause with1 #agjj2 sci ut as indef41 #aghh2 with dignus1 indignus1 #ahai2 quam ut1 #ahif2 general statement of use in subordinate clause1 #aidg1 #aidh2 ut n1 #aidg2 ut nn1 #aidg2 nm ut1 vix ut1 c41 #aidg2 in complementary final clauses1 #aidi-aifj2 after expressions of fear1 c41 #aieg1 #aieh2 in pure final clauses1 #aifa-aifd2 in parenthetical clauses1 #aifb2 expressing assumption or concession1 #aifc1 #baaj2 in provisos1 #aifd2 in complementary consecutive clauses1 #aife-aifi2 tantum abest ut 4 4 4 ut1 #aifi2 in pure consecutive clauses1 #aigj2 after nn possum1 c41 #aihe4 ,how1 in questions and exclamations1 #aebh4 ,as1 with infin41 #aeci2 with fut4 perf41 #afbf2 coordinated member equivalent to comparative sentence with1 #agjd2 ut qu1 #ahbg1 #ahbh2 ut pote qu1 #ahbg2 ut 4 4 4 ita1 sc1 item1 #ahca2 ut pote cum1 #ahgi2 with superl41 #ahib2 ut or scut after quamvs1 #aije2 correlatives of1 #aicg2 scuti1 scut1 velut1 velut1 #aicg2 with adversative correlation1 #aich2 with quisque1 #aici2 introducing parenthesis1 #aidj2 in illustrations1 #aida2 ut1 prout1 making allowance1 #aidb2 meaning as indeed1 as in fact1 #aidc2 meaning like1 #aidd2 praeut1 #aide2 scut1 since1 #aidf2 with infin4 in ind4 disc41 #bcag2 dem ut1 #bcgc4 ut1 ut prmum1 simul ut1 when1 use of1 #aibc-aicd2 with quisque1 #aicb4 ut1 where1 #aicf4 ut1 ut s1 in conditional comparisons1 #baag1 #baba4 uter1 form of1 #adf2 formation of1 #cdg2 gen4 sing4 of1 #afb1 #fah-fbj1 #feg1 #fic2 decl4 of1 #fah-fbj1 #fic2 as rel4 or indef41 #fic2 in questions1 #aebf2 with -ne1 #aebi2 distinguished from quis1 qu1 #bche4 ter1 decl4 of1 #ebe4 utercumque1 decl4 of1 #fid4 uterlibet1 decl4 of1 #fid2 use of1 #bdja4 uterque1 gen4 sing4 of1 #abg1 #f2 #feg1 #fid2 decl4 of1 #fid2 utriusque with gen4 of pron41 #abed2 as subst4 and as adj41 #abdc2 of two individuals1 #bcii2 utrque1 of two sets1 #bcii2 utrque1 of two individuals1 #bcii2 combined with different case of alter or different case of same word to express reciprocal relations1 #bdjj4 utervs1 decl4 of1 #fid2 use of1 #bdja4 tilis1 comparison of1 #cei2 constructions with1 #abja4 utinam1 in wishes1 #aedj4 tor1 prin4 parts of1 #ihc2 with abl41 #acgi1 #acha2 use of gerundive of1 #bbdd4 utrum 4 4 4 an1 anne1 an nn1 #aeag1 #aeai2 utrum 4 4 4 an 4 4 4 an1 #aeba2 utrum 4 4 4 -ne 4 4 4 an1 #aebb2 utrumne 4 4 4 an1 #aebb2 utrum1 alone1 #aebc2 as pron41 #aebb2 utrum 4 4 4 -ne 4 4 4 an1 utrumne 4 4 4 an1 #aggi2 followed by quis1 qu1 indef41 #bchh4 v1 the character1 as vowel and as cons41 #bb2 as cons41 #be1 #bf2 sound of1 #fi2 after q1 g1 s1 #bg1 #agg2 interchange of vowel and cons41 #eb2 changed to b1 #afa2 medial1 disappearance of1 #aec1 #a4 vac1 constructions with1 #acjc1 #acjd4 vacuus1 with gen41 #abfd2 with abl41 #acjf2 with prep41 #acjf4 vd1 defective1 #hjh2 prin4 parts of1 #ieh4 vae1 with dat41 #abjf4 vafer1 comparison of1 #ceh4 vh1 with nom4 of exclamation1 #aaag4 vale1 defective1 #ije2 prin4 parts of1 #ajjf4 valsc1 prin4 parts of1 #igf4 valls 7vallis71 #eda4 vnsc1 prin4 parts of1 #igf4 vannus1 gender of1 #ddg4 vas1 gender and decl4 of1 #dge4 vs1 decl4 of1 #dib2 gender of1 #egh4 vts1 decl4 of1 #dgh1 #eff4 -ve1 enclitic1 #ic2 appended to n1 #aeha1 #aehf1 #afgd2 use of1 #affg1 #afgd2 quantity1 #bdcc2 at end of verse1 #befh4 vcors1 decl4 of1 #ecb4 vectis1 gender of1 #egi4 veh1 prin4 parts of1 #iec4 vel1 with superl41 #adff1 #afga2 meaning if you will1 even1 perhaps1 for instance1 #afga2 use of1 #affg1 #affi1 #afgj2 followed by etiam1 potius1 dcam1 #afgj2 in sense of aut1 #afgj2 quantity1 #bdcc4 vell1 see voll4 velut1 velut1 #aicg2 velut s1 in conditional comparisons1 #baag-baba4 vnd1 formation of1 #cie2 forms of1 #geg2 forms of1 supplied by vne1 #geg1 #adga2 vnum d used for1 #aafe4 vne1 formation of1 #cie2 supplying forms of vnd1 #geg1 #adga2 vnum e used for1 #aafe2 followed by ab and abl41 #acah4 veni1 perf4 of1 #hfb2 prin4 parts of1 #ajac2 compounds of1 #hbb2 venit in mentem1 #abij2 quod veni1 c41 #ahdj2 with infin4 of purpose1 #bafd2 with supine1 #bbga4 venter1 decl4 of1 #ebe4 vnum d1 use of1 for vnd1 #aafe4 vnum e1 use of1 for vne1 #aafe4 veprs1 gender of1 #egi4 vr1 gender and decl4 of1 #dhi4 verberis1 decl4 of1 #dhi2 gender of1 #egc4 vereor1 conjug4 of1 #gih2 prin4 parts of1 #ajji2 with gen41 #abhf2 with ut1 n1 #aieg1 #aieh2 vereor n as expansion of apod41 #baad2 with infin41 #aiei1 #bafi2 with indirect question1 #aiei4 verg1 defective1 #hjh4 vermis1 gender of1 #egi4 vr1 use of1 #afhd2 with nisi1 #bjbj2 introducing adversative sentence1 #baea2 position of1 #afgf2 nn hercle vr1 minim vr1 #aeac2 vr1 ita enimvr1 ita vr1 in answers1 #aeab4 verr1 see vorr4 versicolor1 decl4 of1 #ecg4 versus1 prep41 #adad2 position of1 #adad4 vert 7vort71 prin4 parts of1 #iej4 ver1 gender of1 #ehf2 decl4 of1 #eib4 vrum1 in answers1 #aeab2 with et1 #afdh2 vrum or vrum etiam after nn modo1 c41 #afhj2 common use of1 #afgi2 introducing adversative sentence1 #baea4 vscor1 with abl41 #acgi2 use of gerundive of1 #bbdd4 vesperscit1 prin4 parts of1 #ifh4 vesper1 vespere1 use of1 #gjc1 #acda4 vester1 decl4 of1 #feb2 vestr with rfert1 interest1 #abgg2 used instead of gen41 #abcd1 #abfb4 vet1 forms of1 #iic2 used personally in pass41 #bbja2 with o shortened1 #bddc4 vetus1 comparison of1 #ceh2 decl4 of1 #dia1 #ejc1 #fbf4 vicem1 resembling prep41 #adjf4 vcniae1 loc41 #acci1 #acdj4 vicis1 decl4 of1 #dcj1 #dgc4 vidlicet1 form of1 #gab4 vide1 perf4 of1 #hfb2 prin4 parts of1 #iig2 vid1 vid ut with subjv41 #aegi2 vid n1 vidt n with subjv41 #aehe1 #aieh2 in pres4 indic4 after postquam1 c41 #aibf2 with purpose clause1 #aiea2 s vidtur1 #baac2 with acc4 and infin41 #bage2 videor with infin41 #bafi2 videor personally1 #bagi2 vidtur impersonally1 #baha2 vidr1 subj4 of1 omitted with verbs of desire1 #baij4 vige1 prin4 parts of1 #ajjf4 vigil1 gender and decl4 of1 #fcf1 #dhb1 #edd1 #efa4 vinci1 prin4 parts of1 #ajad4 vinc1 prin4 parts of1 #ich4 vrus1 gender and decl4 of1 #dic4 vs1 decl4 of1 #dcj1 #eah1 #edh1 #eed2 stems of1 #efi4 vscus1 gender and decl4 of1 #dia4 vs1 pres4 stem of1 #hce2 prin4 parts of1 #ide4 vtis1 decl4 of1 #ebb4 vt1 with dat4 or acc41 #aahd2 with n1 #aifj4 vvsc1 prin4 parts of1 #iei4 vv1 prin4 parts of1 #iec4 vix1 #adea2 nn modo 7nn slum7 4 4 4 sed vix1 #afhb2 vix 4 4 4 cum1 #ahfi2 vix ut1 #aidg2 with gerundives1 #bbdi2 vixdum 4 4 4 cum1 #ahfi4 voll 7vell71 perf4 of1 #hff2 prin4 parts of1 #iea4 vol1 conjug4 of1 #ggb1 #ggc2 forms volt1 vult1 voltis1 vultis1 #ggd2 forms vellem1 c41 #adf2 ss1 #ggd2 ss with imper41 #aegb2 ss parenthetical1 #baac2 sultis1 #ggd2 sultis with imper41 #aegb2 sultis parenthetical1 #baac2 form of volt1 #hbh2 form of velim1 c41 #hda2 prin4 parts of1 #ibb2 use of dat4 of partic4 of1 #abah2 use of velim1 vol1 #aeee2 use of vellem1 #aefj2 vol1 velim1 with subjv41 #aegi2 s voluer1 #afcb2 coordination of forms of1 #agjg1 #aghg2 quam vs1 c41 #acgd1 #aijc-aijf2 with ut1 #aiej2 with infin41 #bafi2 with acc4 and infin41 #aied1 #bahi1 #baij1 #bbbh2 with perf4 act4 infin41 #bbbc1 #bbbd1 #bbbh2 with perf4 pass4 infin41 #bbbi2 in conative use1 #bcjc4 volturius1 voc4 sing1 of1 #dei4 volucris1 stems of1 #dij1 #ejj1 #eff4 volv1 prin4 parts of1 #idg4 vmis1 decl4 of1 #dia1 #dii2 gender of1 #egi4 vom1 prin4 parts of1 #igb4 vorr1 verr1 prin4 parts of1 #iej4 vorsus1 prep41 #adad2 position of1 #adad4 vort1 see vert4 vs1 decl4 of1 #fdd-fea2 see t4 voster1 see vester4 vostrs1 accent of1 #hh4 vot1 see vet4 vove1 prin4 parts of1 #iif4 x1 double cons41 #gj2 sound of1 #gj2 result of assimilation1 #afd2 makes position1 #agg4 y1 introduction of1 #ag2 represented by u1 #ba2 pronunciation of1 #cc1 #db4 z1 introduction of1 #ag2 represented by s and ss1 #ba2 makes position1 #agg4 ,errata for ,index of ,latin ,words3 missing or incorrect punctuation has been silently regularized caelicolm1 caelicolm1 fids1 _/ gen4 and dat4 sing4 of1 #afj2 text unchanged1 but reference is to first edition hc1 _/ hoice1 #feh2 printed as if separate entry ill1 _/ quantity of second i1 #bdff4 quanty nihil _/ cum nihilminus1 #ahfh2 printed as shown1 with one word ,,morris ,,morgan',s ,,latin ,,series ,,for ,,schools ,,and ,,colleges ,,essentials ,,of ,,latin ,,for ,,beginners4 ,henry ,c4 ,pearson1 ,teachers' ,college1 ,new ,york4 #ij cents4 ,a ,,school ,,latin ,,grammar4 ,morris ,h4 ,morgan1 ,harvard ,university4 #a4jj4 ,a ,,first ,,latin ,,writer4 ,m4 ,a4 ,abbott1 ,groton ,school4 #fj cents4 ,,connected ,,passages ,,for ,,latin ,,prose ,,writing4 ,maurice ,w4 ,mather1 ,harvard ,university1 and ,arthur ,l4 ,wheeler1 ,bryn ,mawr ,college4 #a4jj4 ,,caesar4 ,,episodes ,,from ,,the ,,gallic ,,and ,,civil ,,wars4 ,maurice ,w4 ,mather1 ,harvard ,university4 #a4be4 ,,cicero4 ,,ten ,,orations ,,with ,,extracts ,,from ,,the ,,epistles ,,to ,,serve ,,as ,,illustrations4 ,j4 ,remsen ,bishop1 ,eastern ,high ,school1 ,detroit1 ,frederick ,a4 ,king1 ,hughes ,high ,school1 ,cincinnati1 and ,nathan ,w4 ,helm1 ,phillips ,exeter ,academy1 ,exeter1 ,n4,h4 #a4be4 ,six ,orations only1 #a4jj4 ,,selections ,,from ,,latin ,,prose ,,authors ,,for ,,sight ,,reading4 ,susan ,braley ,franklin and ,ella ,catherine ,greene1 ,miss ,baldwin's ,school1 ,bryn ,mawr4 #dj cents4 ,,cicero4 ,,cato ,,maior4 ,,frank ,g4 ,,moore1 ,,columbia ,university4 #hj cents4 ,,cicero4 ,,laelius ,,de ,,amicitia4 ,clifton ,price1 ,university of ,california4 #ge cents4 ,,selections ,,from ,,livy4 ,harry ,e4 ,burton1 ,dartmouth ,college4 #a4ej4 ,,horace4 ,,odes1 ,,epodes ,,and ,,carmen ,,saeculare4 ,clifford ,h4 ,moore1 ,harvard ,university4 #a4ej4 ,,horace4 ,,satires4 ,edward ,p4 ,morris1 ,yale ,university4 #a4jj4 ,,horace4 ,,odes1 ,,epodes ,,and ,,carmen ,,saeculare ,,and ,,satires4 ,moore and ,morris4 #b4jj4 ,,lucretius4 ,william ,a4 ,merrill1 ,university of ,california4 #b4be4 ,,latin ,,literature ,,of ,,the ,,empire4 ,alfred ,gudeman1 ,university of ,pennsylvania4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,prose3 ,velleius to ,boethius #a4hj ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,poetry3 ,pseudo-,vergiliana to ,claudianus #a4hj ,,selections ,,from ,,the ,,public ,,and ,,private ,,law ,,of ,,the ,,romans4 ,james ,j4 ,robinson1 ,yale ,university4 #a4be4 ,,american ,,book ,,company ,,selections ,,from ,,the ,,works ,,of ,,ovid ,edited by ,,frank ,j4 ,,miller1 ,ph4,d4 7,yale71 ,professor of ,latin1 ,university of ,chicago ,annotated ,edition1 #a4dj ,text ,edition1 #j4ej ,these selections are fairly representative1 and are edited in such a way as to illustrate the style and subject-matter of each poem1 and at the same time to show the exact relation of every part to the complete work4 ,the book includes over #c1hjj lines from the ,metamorphoses1 thus more than meeting the requirements in ,ovid of the ,college ,entrance ,examination ,board1 and in addition the following3 ,selections from ,heroides1 ,amores1 ,ars ,amatoria1 ,remedia ,amoris1 ,fasti1 ,tristia1 and ,epistulae ex ,ponto2 ,life of ,ovid1 ,poetic ,forms of ,ovid's ,works2 with notes on the selections1 and vocabulary4 ,the notes have been prepared with special reference to the needs of both the school and the college student4 ,they include3 ,general assistance in the translation of difficult and obscure passages2 judicious references on points of syntax to all the modern school grammars in common use2 notes and comments upon points of antiquarian interest2 and suggestions and illustrations of the relations of ,ovid's stories to their earlier sources1 and especially of their effect upon ,english literature4 ,the vocabulary1 which has been prepared especially for this volume1 gives the literal meaning of each word1 and also all of the typical meanings which occur in the text4 ,generous assistance in word derivation is offered as well4 ,,american ,,book ,,company ,,livy ,,and ,,horace ,,selections ,,from ,,livy1 #a4ej ,edited by ,,harry ,e4 ,,burton1 ,ph4,d41 ,professor of ,latin1 ,dartmouth ,college4 ,text ,edition1 #j4ce ,these selections are intended to give a more comprehensive idea of ,livy's genius and versatility than can be had from the reading of any one or two books1 and also to provide material dealing with the more significant and interesting periods of the early history of ,rome4 ,the passages are varied in nature1 and are not confined to military history2 they are not so short as to appear fragmentary4 ,each subject is presented in a series of continuous chapters1 the notes supplying introductory and explanatory material for a proper understanding of the period4 ,there is a comprehensive introduction1 and a complete system of cross-reference4 ,,horace4 ,,odes1 ,,epodes1 ,,and ,,carmen ,,saeculare1 #a4ej ,edited by ,,clifford ,h4 ,,moore1 ,ph4,d41 ,professor of ,latin1 ,harvard ,university4 ,text ,edition1 #j4dj ,while elementary matters have not been neglected in this edition1 particular attention has been devoted to the literary side of ,horace's work1 and to his literary relations4 ,the introduction1 besides dealing with the poet's life and writings1 discusses his lyric metres and peculiarities of syntax4 ,the commentary is not limited to the baldest aids1 but is intended to give such assistance in interpretation as may help students to some appreciation of ,horace's art and charm4 ,the relation of the poet to his ,greek models1 and especially his influence on subsequent ,latin literature1 are clearly shown4 ,,american ,,book ,,company ,,cicero ,,cicero4 ,,cato ,,maior ,,de ,,senectute1 #j4hj ,edited by ,,frank ,g4 ,,moore1 ,ph4,d41 ,associate ,professor of ,latin and of ,roman ,archaeology1 ,dartmouth ,college4 ,text ,edition1 #j4cj ,an edition embodying much new critical material1 and abundant grammatical helps4 ,unusual attention has been paid to those rhetorical features which are most likely to be misunderstood1 to the confusion of the argument1 while at the same time both grammar and rhetoric have been treated as a means to an end4 ,the text is supplied with very full footnotes4 ,the scholarly introduction sets forth the character of ,cato clearly and impressively1 and is supplemented by a comparative list of distinguished old men1 and by verses by ,pope ,leo ,,xiii on ,frugality and the ,green ,old ,age4 ,there are critical notes1 and an index4 ,,cicero4 ,,laelius ,,de ,,amicitia1 #j4ge ,edited by ,,clifton ,,price1 ,ph4,d41 ,assistant ,professor of ,latin1 ,university of ,california4 ,text ,edition1 #j4cj ,this edition enables the student to understand and interpret the text1 and contains enough elementary matter to adapt it to use in the best preparatory schools1 and at the same time enough advanced material for the first year in college4 ,the book is complete in itself1 the grammatical principles being stated in the notes4 ,the notes at the bottom of the page have been made very comprehensive1 and the proper balance has been preserved between the notes on syntax and those on interpretation4 ,the system of cross-reference1 and the emphasis laid on the figures of speech and grammar1 form strong features of the book4 ,,american ,,book ,,company ,,greek ,,dictionaries ,,liddell ,,and ,,scott',s ,,greek-,,english ,,lexicon ,compiled by ,,henry ,,george ,,liddell1 ,d4,d41 and ,,robert ,,scott1 ,d4,d1 assisted by ,,henry ,,drisler1 ,,ll4,d4 ,imperial ,quarto1 #agid pages4 ,sheep1 #aj4jj ,the present edition of this great work has been thoroughly revised1 and large additions made to it4 ,the editors have been favored with the coperation of many scholars1 and several important articles have been entirely rewritten4 ,,liddell ,,and ,,scott',s ,,greek-,,english ,,lexicon--,intermediate ,royal ,octavo1 #iaj pages4 ,cloth1 #c4ej2 ,half ,leather1 #d4jj ,this abridgment will not only meet every need encountered in preparatory schools1 but will also satisfy the requirements of most college students4 ,,liddell ,,and ,,scott',s ,,greek-,,english ,,lexicon--,abridged ,crown ,octavo1 #hcb pages4 ,half ,leather1 #a4be ,this abridgment is intended chiefly for use by students in secondary and college preparatory schools4 ,,thayer',s ,,greek-,,english ,,lexicon ,,of ,,the ,,new ,,testament ,being ,grimm's ,wilke's ,clavis ,novi ,testamenti4 ,translated1 ,revised1 and ,enlarged by ,,joseph ,,henry ,,thayer1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,royal ,octavo1 #gbg pages4 ,cloth1 #e4jj2 ,half ,leather1 #f4ej ,,yonge',s ,,english-,,greek ,,lexicon ,by ,c4 ,d4 ,,yonge4 ,edited by ,,henry ,,drisler1 ,,ll4,d4 ,royal ,octavo1 #ijc pages4 ,sheep1 #d4ej ,,autenrieth',s ,,homeric ,,dictionary ,translated and ,edited by ,,robert ,p4 ,,keep1 ,ph4,d4 ,new ,edition4 ,revised by ,,isaac ,,flagg1 ,ph4,d4 #abmo1 #cab pages4 ,illustrated4 ,cloth #a4aj ,,american ,,book ,,company ,,smyth',s ,,greek ,,series ,,for ,,colleges ,,and ,,schools ,,beginner',s ,,greek ,,book4 ,a4 ,r4 ,benner1 ,phillips ,academy1 ,andover1 and ,h4 ,w4 ,smyth1 ,harvard ,university4 #a4be4 ,,brief ,,greek ,,syntax4 ,louis ,bevier1 ,jr41 ,rutgers ,college4 #j4ij4 ,,greek ,,prose ,,composition ,,for ,,schools4 ,c4 ,w4 ,gleason1 ,volkmann ,school1 ,boston4 #j4hj4 ,,greek ,,prose ,,composition ,,for ,,colleges4 ,edward ,h4 ,spieker1 ,johns ,hopkins ,university4 #a4cj4 ,,aeschylus4 ,,prometheus4 ,j4 ,e4 ,harry1 ,university of ,cincinnati4 #a4ej4 ,,aristophanes4 ,,clouds4 ,l4 ,l4 ,forman1 ,cornell ,university4 ,,demosthenes4 ,,on ,,the ,,crown4 ,m4 ,w4 ,humphreys1 ,university of ,virginia4 ,,euripides4 ,,iphigenia ,,in ,,tauris4 ,w4 ,n4 ,bates1 ,university of ,pennsylvania4 #a4be4 ,,euripides4 ,,medea4 ,m4 ,l4 ,earle1 ,columbia ,university4 #a4be4 ,,herodotus4 ,books ,,vii4-,,viii4 ,c4 ,f4 ,smith and ,a4 ,g4 ,laird1 ,university of ,wisconsin4 #a4ge4 ,,homer4 ,,iliad4 ,j4 ,r4 ,s4 ,sterrett1 ,cornell ,university4 ,,books ,i4-,,iii4 ,,and ,,selections4 #a4fj4 ,,books ,i4-,,iii4 #a4bj4 ,,lysias4 ,c4 ,d4 ,adams1 ,dartmouth ,college4 #a4ej4 ,,plato4 ,,apology ,,and ,,crito4 ,isaac ,flagg1 ,university of ,california4 #a4dj4 ,,plato4 ,,euthyphro4 ,w4 ,a4 ,heidel1 ,wesleyan ,university4 #a4jj4 ,,theocritus4 ,h4 ,r4 ,fairclough and ,a4 ,t4 ,murray1 ,leland ,stanford1 ,jr41 ,university4 ,,thucydides4 ,books ,,ii4-,,iii4 ,w4 ,a4 ,lamberton1 ,university of ,pennsylvania4 #a4ge4 ,,xenophon4 ,,anabasis4 ,books ,i4-,,iv4 ,m4 ,w4 ,mather1 formerly of ,harvard ,university1 and ,j4 ,w4 ,hewitt1 ,wesleyan ,university4 #a4ej4 ,,xenophon4 ,,hellenica 7,selections74 ,c4 ,l4 ,brownson1 ,college of the ,city of ,new ,york4 #a4fe4 ,,greek ,,archaeology4 ,h4 ,n4 ,fowler1 ,western ,reserve ,university1 and ,j4 ,r4 ,wheeler1 ,columbia ,university4 #b4jj4 ,,greek ,,literature4 ,w4 ,c4 ,wright1 ,bryn ,mawr ,college4 #a4ej4 ,,greek ,,religion4 ,arthur ,fairbanks1 ,director of the ,boston ,museum of ,fine ,arts4 #a4ej4 ,,greek ,,sculpture4 ,r4 ,b4 ,richardson1 late ,director of the ,american ,school of ,classical ,studies1 ,athens4 #a4ej4 ,others in preparation4 ,,american ,,book ,,company ,,descriptive ,,catalogue ,,of ,,high ,,school ,,and ,,college ,,textbooks ,published ,complete and in ,sections ,we issue a ,catalogue of ,high ,school and ,college ,textbooks1 which we have tried to make as valuable and as useful to teachers as possible4 ,in this catalogue are set forth briefly and clearly the scope and leading characteristics of each of our best textbooks4 ,in most cases there are also given testimonials from well-known teachers1 which have been selected quite as much for their descriptive qualities as for their value as commendations4 ,for the convenience of teachers this ,catalogue is also published in separate sections treating of the various branches of study4 ,these pamphlets are entitled3 ,english1 ,mathematics1 ,history and ,political ,science1 ,science1 ,modern ,foreign ,languages1 ,ancient ,languages1 ,commercial ,subjects1 and ,philosophy and ,education4 ,a single pamphlet is devoted to the ,newest ,books in all subjects4 ,teachers seeking the newest and best books for their classes are invited to send for our ,complete ,high ,school and ,college ,catalogue1 or for such sections as may be of greatest interest4 ,copies of our price lists1 or of special circulars1 in which these books are described at greater length than the space limitations of the catalogue permit1 will be mailed to any address on request4 ,all correspondence should be addressed to the nearest of the following offices of the company3 ,new ,york1 ,cincinnati1 ,chicago1 ,boston1 ,atlanta1 ,san ,francisco4 ,,american ,,book ,,company ,,latin ,,dictionaries ,,harper',s ,,latin ,,dictionary ,founded on the translation of ,freund's ,latin-,german ,lexicon4 ,edited by ,e4 ,a4 ,,andrews1 ,,ll4,d4 ,revised1 ,enlarged1 and in great part ,rewritten by ,,charlton ,t4 ,,lewis1 ,ph4,d41 and ,,charles ,,short1 ,,ll4,d4 ,royal ,octavo1 #bjcj pages4 ,sheep1 #f4ej2 ,full ,russia1 #aj4jj ,the translation of ,dr4 ,freund's great ,latin-,german ,lexicon1 edited by the late ,dr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,andrews1 and published in #ahej1 has been from that time in extensive and satisfactory use throughout ,england and ,america4 ,meanwhile great advances have been made in the science on which lexicography depends4 ,the present work embodies the latest advances in philological study and research1 and is in every respect the most complete and satisfactory ,latin ,dictionary published4 ,,lewis',s ,,latin ,,dictionary ,,for ,,schools ,by ,,charlton ,t4 ,,lewis1 ,ph4,d4 ,large ,octavo1 #abjj pages4 ,cloth1 #d4ej2 ,half ,leather1 #e4jj ,this dictionary is not an abridgment1 but an entirely new and independent work1 designed to include all of the student's needs1 after acquiring the elements of grammar1 for the interpretation of the ,latin authors commonly read in school4 ,,lewis',s ,,elementary ,,latin ,,dictionary ,by ,,charlton ,t4 ,,lewis1 ,ph4,d4 ,crown ,octavo1 #ieb pages4 ,half ,leather1 #b4jj ,this work is sufficiently full to meet the needs of students in secondary or preparatory schools1 and also in the first and second years' work in colleges4 ,,smith',s ,,english-,,latin ,,dictionary ,a ,complete and ,critical ,english-,latin ,dictionary4 ,by ,,william ,,smith1 ,,ll4,d41 and ,,theophilus ,d4 ,,hall1 ,m4,a41 ,fellow of ,university ,college1 ,london4 ,with a ,dictionary of ,proper ,names4 ,royal ,octavo1 #gfe pages4 ,sheep1 #d4jj ,,american ,,book ,,company ,erratum for ,advertising ,section3 ,,cicero4 ,,ten ,,orations 444 ,nathan ,w4 ,helm ,w ,helm4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,errors and ,inconsistencies ,all typographical errors are listed near their first occurrence4 ,most are trivial1 such as missing or incorrect punctuation1 or misplaced macrons in quoted material4 ,the word 8invisible0 means that there is an appropriately sized blank space but the letter or punctuation mark itself is missing4 ,the notation 8macron invisible0 applies only to the letter i1 and means that the text shows a plain 7neither dot nor diacritic visible7 where the expected form is 4 ,with other letters it is impossible to know whether the macron is absent or simply invisible4 ,non-,trivial ,errors #cci 444 of red red gold text unchanged #hdh 444 -m1 -t1 and -nt 7#ce1 #b1 #c7 the s becomes r printed as shown3 missing punctuation or conjunction8 #ief4 444 spiciunt 7,cato71 spxit 7,naev41 ,enn474 text unchanged3 error for spexit8 #igb4 444 ,once 7#hah1 #hdg7 pnsbant pnsbart #abdb4 444 ,stertinius1 sapientum octvus octvos #aife;a 444 splendor vester facit ut word may be 8voster03 major blot over text #bdde4 444 ,final i is short in nisi1 quasi1 and scuti text unchanged3 form scut with long occurs at least twice in this book #bdif4 444 as homo's1 adeptus' text unchanged2 error for adeptu's 7adeptus es78 ,index ,conditional _/ with s1 s frte1 for indirect question1 #aggg2 printed as shown3 body text always spells fort- 8,ghosts0 of first edition ,long ,vowel before -gn3 ,in the first edition1 all words in -gn- were written with preceding long vowel3 mgn-1 pgn-1 dgn- and similar4 ,this was changed in the second edition1 but some forms remain3 #ajig haec est nbilis ad ,trsumennum pgna #ahaa quae rs mgn #aiea;b contend1 stude1 pgn #bbgf dgnus and indgnus ,section ,numbering3 ,index under ,future ,tense3 _/ -r1 -r1 #fh ,these subjects are not mentioned in section #fh4 ,the references apply to a section in the first edition4 ,the same applies to similar citations under ,perfect and ,pluperfect4 ,index under ,present3 _/ -t1 -t1 -t1 #acb ,the number is correct for this edition1 but the section no longer contains any forms in -t4 ,section #afj 7several references7 ,this section in the first edition seems to have vanished from the revised edition4 ,the only correct references to #afj are those under 8,t04 ,some others may refer to section #abg1 subsections #c and #d4 ,elsewhere ,a few areas mentioned in the ,index do not seem to exist4 ,in particular1 there are repeated references to ,interchange 7of sounds74 ,other missing headers include ,affinities1 ,inducing1 ,interrogative 7by that name7 and ,quotations1 as well as ,section #abf4f 7genitive singular of slus74 ,some of these may have been named in the first edition4