,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,e ef=t has be5 made to replicate ?is text z fai?fully z possible1 includ+ inconsi/5t hyph5ation4 ,"s *anges h be5 made4 ,!y are li/$ at ! end ( ! text4 ,italic text has be5 m>k$ ) und]scores4 ,,milit>y ,,mann]s ,,& ,,cu/oms ,,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,spottiswoode ,,& ,,co41 ,,new-,,/reet ,,squ>e ,,& ,,p>liam5t ,,/reet ,,milit>y ,,mann]s ,,& ,,cu/oms ,,by ,,james ,,anson ,,f>r] ,,au?or ,,( #8,,primitive ,,mann]s ,,& ,,cu/oms' #8,,crimes ,,& ,,puni%m5ts' ,,etc4 ,illu/ration #8,homo hom9i res sacra'--,s5eca ,london ,,*atto ,,w9dus1 ,,piccadilly #ahhe ,! "r ( translation is res]v$4 ,,preface4 ,9 ! pres5t volume ,i h attempt$ )9 ! limits ( ! hi/orical p]iod & ( our ,european civilisation1 & )\t recognis+ any h>d & fa/ l9e betwe5 anci5t & mod]n1 ,*ri/ian & ,pagan1 to allude1 9 ! places t seem$ mo/ appropriate1 to all po9ts 9 ! hi/ory ( w> t appe>$ to be ei!r ( special int]e/ or ( ess5tial importance4 ,z examples ( su* po9ts ,i may ref] to ! treatm5t ( prison]s ( w>1 or ( surr5d]$ g>risons2 ! rules ab\t spies & surprises2 ! introduction (1 & feel+ ab\t1 new weapons2 ! mean+ ( p>ts ( milit>y dress2 ! orig9 ( peculi> cu/oms l ! old "o ( kiss+ ! e>? be=e a *>ge2 ! preval5t rules ( hon\r1 z display$ 9 notions ( ju/ice 9 reg>d to reprisals1 or ( fairness 9 /ratagems & deception4 ,! necessity ( obs]v+ 9 s va/ a field ! laws ( proportion has en=c$ resort to su* cond5sation1 t on subjects :i* des]ve or possess _! tomes ^u tomes1 ,i h 9 _m cases be5 unable to sp5d m ?an a page or a *apt]4 ,x is easi]1 h[ev]1 to err on ! side ( l5g? ?an ( brevity1 b on :i*ev] side ,i h exce$$1 ,i c only hope t o!rs1 :o may feel ! same int]e/ ) myself 9 ! subject )\t hav+ ! same "t to give to x1 may d]ive a ti! ( ! pleasure f read+ ! foll[+ n9e *apt]s t ,i h f\nd 9 putt+ !m toge!r4 ,! /udy1 ( c\rse1 is no new "o1 b !re c be no objection to call+ x by ! new "n ( ,bellology--a conv5i5t t]m1 q capable ( hold+ its own ) ,sociology or its cong5]s4 ,! only novelty ,i h aim$ at is "o ( treatm5t1 & consi/s 9 nev] los+ sight ( ! fact t to all milit>y cu/oms !re is a moral & human side :i* has be5 only too g5]ally ignor$ 9 ?is connection4 ,to read books l ,grose's #8,milit>y ,antiquities1' "o w\ld ?9k _! writ]s 7 deal+ ) ! mann]s1 n ( m5 b ( n9ep9s1 s utt]ly d !y dive/ !mselves ( all human int]e/ or moral feel+1 9 ref]5ce to ! cu/oms !y describe ) s laudable b toneless an accuracy4 ,! />t+-po9t ( mod]n bellological /udies w1 und\bt$ly1 always be ! ,p>liam5t>y ,blue ,book1 conta9+ ! reports 7less full ?an "o might wi%7 ( ! ,milit>y ,int]national ,conf]5ce t met at ,brussels 9 #ahgd1 to discuss ! exi/+ laws & cu/oms ( w>1 & to consid] :e!r any modification ( !m 7 ei!r possible or desirable4 ,mo/ ( ! repres5tatives appo9t$ to att5d by ! sev]al ,p[]s 7 milit>y m51 s t we are c>ri$ by _! conv]sation into ! actual realities ( mod]n w>f>e1 ) an au?ority & s5se ( tru? t "o is consci\s ( 9 no o!r milit>y book4 ,x is to be regrett$ t su* a "w1 in/ructive z x is beyond any o!r on ! subject1 has nev] be5 pr9t$ 9 a =m m popul> ?an its (ficial dress4 ,x 0 f x t ,i fir/ conceiv$ ! idea ( ! foll[+ pages1 & 9 ! sequel frequ5t ref]5ce w be made to x1 z ! s\rce ( ! mo/ tru/wor?y milit>y in=mation we possess1 & z c]ta9 to be = "s "t to come ! /&>d "w on all ! actual laws & cu/oms ( contempor>y w>f>e4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,laws ,,( ,,w>4 ,,page ,! prohibition ( explosive bullets 9 w> #b ,! importance ( ! ,decl>ation ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg ( #ahfh #c ,! ultimate triumph ( m de/ructive me?ods #d ,illu/rat$ by hi/ory ( ! crossb[ or ! musket #e ,or ( cannons1 torp$oes1 r$-hot %ot1 or ! bayonet #e ,numb]s sla9 9 mod]n & e>li] w>f>e #h ,! laws ( w> at ! ,brussels ,conf]5ce ( #ahgd #aj ,d ! laws ( w> t5d to improve8 #ac ,a negative answ] sugge/$ f ref]5ce #ac #a4 ,to ! use ( poison 9 w> #ad #b4 ,to ! bomb>dm5t ( t[ns #ae #c4 ,to ! de/ruction ( public build+s #af #d4 ,to ! de/ruction ( crops & fruit-trees #af #e4 ,to ! murd] ( prison]s or ! w\nd$ #ag #f4 ,to ! murd] ( surr5d]$ g>risons #ah #g4 ,to ! de/ruction ( fi%+-boats #ai #h4 ,to ! disuse ( ! decl>ation ( w> #ai #i4 ,to ! torture & mutilation ( combatants & non-combatants #bj #aj4 ,to ! cu/om ( contributions #bj ,! futile attempts ( ,grotius & ,vattel to humanise w>f>e #ba ,! rights ( w> 9 ! "t ( ,grotius #bd ,! futility ( int]national law ) reg>d to laws ( w> #bf ,! employm5t ( b>b>ian troops #bf ,! tak+ ( t[ns by assault #bg ,! laws ( w> contra/$ ) ! practice #bh ,w> easi] to aboli% ?an to humanise #cj ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,w>f>e ,,9 ,,*ivalr\s ,,times4 ,delusion ab\t "* ( w> 9 days ( *ivalry #cb ,! common slaught] ( wom5 & *ildr5 #cc ,! ,e>l ( ,d]by's sack ( ,poiti]s #cd ,! massacres ( ,grammont & ,gravel9es #ce ,! old poem ( ! ,v[ ( ! ,h]on #cf ,! massacre ( ,limoges by ,edw>d ! ,black ,pr9ce #cg ,! imprisonm5t ( ladies = ransom #ch ,prison]s ( w> />v$ to dea? #ci ,or massacr$1 if no prospect ( ransom #da ,or bl9d$ or o!rwise mutilat$ #db ,! mean+ ( a surr5d] at discretion #dd ,z illu/rat$ by ,edw>d ,,iii4 at ,calais #dd ,& by sev]al in/ances 9 ! same & ! next c5tury #de ,! practice ( burn+ 9 aid ( w> #dg ,& ( de/roy+ sacr$ build+s #dg ,! practice ( poison+ ! air #di ,! use ( b>b>\s weapons #ej ,! influ5ce ( religion on w> #ea ,! ,*ur* 9 va9 on ! side ( peace #eb ,curi\s v[s ( ! knights #ed ,! slight p]sonal dang] incurr$ 9 w> by !m #ed ,! explanation ( _! magnific5t co/ume #ee ,field sports 9 w>-"t #ef ,! desire ( ga9 ! *ief motive ( w> #eg ,! id5tity ( soldi]s & brig&s #eg ,! c>e] & "* ( ! ,black ,pr9ce #ei ,! place ( money 9 ! hi/ory ( *ivalry #fa ,its influ5ce z a w>-motive betwe5 ,engl& & ,france #fb ,g5]al l[ "* ( *ivalr\s w>f>e #fd ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,naval ,,w>f>e4 ,robb]y ! fir/ object ( m>itime w>f>e #ff ,! piratical orig9 ( ,european navies #fg ,m]ciless "* ( w>s at sea #fi ,=tunes made by private]+ 9 ,engl& #ga ,private]s commission$ by ! ,/ate #gb ,private]s def5d$ by ! publici/s #gc ,di/9ction betwe5 private]+ & piracy #gc ,failure ( ! ,/ate to regulate private]+ #gd ,private]+ condemn$ by ,"l ,nelson #gg ,private]+ aboli%$ by ! decl>ation ( ,p>is 9 #ahef #gh ,mod]n feel+ aga9/ seizure ( private prop]ty at sea #gi ,naval w>f>e 9 days ( wood5 %ips #hj ,unlawful me?ods ( m>itime w> #ha ,! ,emp]or ,leo ,,vi4's #8,treatise on ,tactics' #hc ,! use ( fire-%ips #hd ,dea? ! p5alty = s]v+ 9 fire-%ips #he ,torp$oes orig9ally reg>d$ z #8bad' w> #he ,engli% & ,fr5* doctr9e ( rights ( neutrals #hf ,enemy's prop]ty "u neutral flag secur$ by ,treaty ( ,p>is #hg ,%ortcom+s ( ! ,treaty ( ,p>is ) reg>d to-- #a4 ,a def9ition ( :at is contrab& #hh #b4 ,! "r ( se>* ( vessels "u convoy #hh #c4 ,! practice ( ,emb>goes #hi #d4 ,! ,jus ,ang>i #ij ,! ,int]national ,m>9e ,code ( ! future #ia ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,milit>y ,,reprisals4 ,int]national law on legitimate reprisals #ic ,! ,brussels ,conf]5ce on ! subject #ie ,illu/rations ( b>b>\s reprisals #ig ,in/ances ( non-retaliation #ih ,savage reprisals 9 days ( *ivalry #ajj ,hang+ ! commone/ reprisals = a brave def5ce #aja ,z illu/rat$ by ! w>f>e ( ! fifte5? c5tury #ajb ,survival ( ! cu/om to our own times #ajd ,! massacre ( a conqu]$ g>rison /ill a law ( w> #aje ,! %ell+ ( ,/rasburg by ! ,g]mans #ajf ,brutal w>f>e ( ,alex&] ! ,great #ajg ,! connection betwe5 brav]y & cruelty #aaj ,! abolition ( slav]y 9 its effects on w> #aab ,! /orm+ ( ,magdeburg1 ,brescia1 & ,rome #aab ,cic]o on ,roman w>f>e #aad ,! reprisals ( ! ,g]mans 9 ,france 9 #ahgj #aae ,_! revival ( ! cu/om ( tak+ ho/ages #aag ,_! resort to robb]y z a plea ( reprisals #aah ,g5]al ,von ,moltke on p]petual peace #aai ,! moral responsibility ( ! milit>y pr(ession #aba ,! ,press z a pot5t cause ( w> #abb ,plea = ! abolition ( dem&s = unconditional surr5d] #abc ,su* z l$ to ! bomb>dm5t ( ,alex&ria 9 #ahhb #abc ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,milit>y ,,/ratagems4 ,grotius' !ory ( fair /ratagems #abf ,! tea*+ ( int]national law #abg ,anci5t & mod]n naval /ratagems #abg ,e>ly ,roman dislike ( su* /ratagems #acb ,z ambuscades1 feign$ retreats1 or night attacks #acb ,! deg5]ate /&>d ( ,front9us & ,polynus #ace ,! ,conf]5ce /ratagem ( mod]n ,europe #acf ,! di/9ction betwe5 p]fidy & /ratagem #aci ,! p]fidy ( ,francis ,i4 #adj ,vattel's !ory ab\t spies #ada ,fr$]ick ! ,great's milit>y in/ructions ab\t spies #adb ,"l ,wolseley on spies & tru? 9 w> #add ,! cu/om ( hang+ or %oot+ spies #ade ,bett] to keep !m z prison]s ( w> #adf ,ballooni/s reg>d$ z spies #adg ,! practice ( milit>y surprises #adh ,dea? =m]ly ! p5alty = capture 9 a surprise #aej ,/ratagems ( unc]ta9 "* #aea ,su* z =g$ despat*es or false intellig5ce #aea ,! use ( ! telegraph 9 deceiv+ ! enemy #aea ,may prison]s ( w> be compell$ to propagate lies8 #aeb ,g5]al "* ( ! milit>y code ( fraud #aec ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,b>b>ian ,,w>f>e4 ,v>iable notions ( hon\r #aef ,primitive ideas ( a milit>y life #aef ,:at is civilis$ w>f>e8 #aeh ,advanc$ laws ( w> among sev]al savage tribes #aei ,symbols ( peace among savages #afa ,! ,samoan =m ( surr5d] #afb ,treaties ( peace among savages #afb ,abeyance ( laws ( w> 9 ho/ilities ) savages #afc ,zulus bl[n up 9 caves ) gun-cotton #afe ,wom5 & m5 kidnapp$ = transport s]vice on ! ,gold ,coa/ #aff ,humane int5tions ( ! ,spani>ds 9 ! ,new ,_w #afg ,contra/$ ) ! inhumanity ( _! actions #afg ,w>s ) natives ( ,engli% & ,fr5* 9 ,am]ica #agj ,high rew>ds (f]$ = scalps #aga ,! use ( bloodh\nds 9 w> #aga ,! use ( poison & infect$ clo!s #agb ,p5n's treaty ) ! ,indians #agc ,h[ ,mission>ies come to be a cause ( w> #agf ,explanation ( ! failure ( mod]n missions #agh ,! mission /ations z c5tres ( ho/ile intrigues #agi ,plea = ! ,/ate-regulation ( missions #aha ,depopulation "u ,prote/ant influ5ces #aha ,! prev5tion ( false rum\rs--,t5d5zlg5 #ahb ,civilis$ & b>b>ian w>f>e #ahc ,no real di/9ction betwe5 !m #ahd ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,w> ,,& ,,*ri/ianity4 ,! w> "q at ! "t ( ! ,re=mation #ahe ,! remon/rances ( ,erasmus aga9/ ! cu/om #ahf ,influ5ce ( ,grotius on ! side ( w> #ahg ,! w> "q 9 ! e>ly ,*ur* #ahh ,! ,fa!rs aga9/ ! lawfulness ( w> #aij ,causes ( ! *ang$ views ( ! ,*ur* #aib ,! cl]gy z active combatants = ov] a ?\s& ye>s #aic ,fight+ bi%ops #aic ,brav]y 9 w> & ecclesia/ical pref]m5t #aif ,pope ,julius ,,ii4 at ! siege ( ,mir&ola #aig ,! la/ fight+ bi%op #aig ,orig9 & mean+ ( ! decl>ation ( w> #aih ,sup]/ition 9 ! nam+ ( weapons1 %ips1 c4 #bjj ,! cu/om ( kiss+ ! e>? be=e a *>ge #bja ,connection betwe5 religi\s & milit>y ideas #bjb ,! ,*ur* z a pacific ag5cy #bjd ,h] ef=ts to set limits to reprisals #bjg ,! alt]$ attitude ( ! mod]n ,*ur* #bjh ,e>ly ,re=m]s only sanction$ j w>s #bjh ,voltaire's reproa* aga9/ ! ,*ur* #baj ,canon ,mozley's s]mon on w> #bab ,! answ] to 8 apology #bad ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,curiosities ,,( ,,milit>y ,,discipl9e4 ,increas$ sev]ity ( discipl9e #bah ,limitation ( ! "r ( matrimony #bai ,compulsory ,*ur* p>ade & its orig9 #bai ,atroci\s milit>y puni%m5ts #bba ,reasons = ! milit>y love ( r$ #bbc ,! orig9 ( be>-sk9 hats #bbc ,diff]5t qualities ( brav]y #bbe ,hi/orical fe>s = ! ext9ction ( c\rage #bbe ,! conque/s ( ! cause ( ,peace #bbg ,causes ( ! unpopul>ity ( milit>y s]vice #bbh ,! dulness ( life 9 ! ranks #bbh ,! preval5ce ( des]tion #bcj ,articles ( w> aga9/ ,mal+]+ #bca ,milit>y artificial oph?almia #bcc ,! debas+ influ5ce ( discipl9e #bcd ,illu/rat$ f ! old flogg+ sy/em #bce ,! discipl9e ( ! ,p59sul> army #bcf ,attempts to make ! s]vice m popul> #bci ,by rais+ ! private's wages #bci ,by %ort5+ 8 t]m ( s]vice #bdj ,! old recruit+ sy/em ( ,france & ,g]many #bda ,! conscription imm95t 9 ,engl& #bdb ,! "q ( milit>y s]vice = wom5 #bdb ,! probable results ( ! conscription #bdc ,milit>ism answ]able = ,socialism #bdf ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,limits ,,( ,,milit>y ,,duties4 ,! old feel+ ( ! moral /a9 ( blood%$ #bej ,milit>y purificatory cu/oms #bej ,mod]n *ange ( feel+ ab\t w>f>e #beb ,desc>tes on ! pr(ession ( arms #bed ,! old-_w s5tim5t 9 fav\r ( piracy #bee ,! c5tral "q ( milit>y e?ics #beg ,may a soldi] be indiff]5t to ! cause ( w>8 #beg ,! "r to s]ve made conditional on a good cause #beh ,by ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,bull+]1 ,grotius1 & ,sir ,james ,turn] #beh ,old ,greek feel+ ab\t m]c5>y s]vice #bfj ,orig9 ( our m]c5>y z oppos$ to gratuit\s s]vice #bfj ,armies rais$ by milit>y contractors #bfa ,! value ( ! di/9ction betwe5 =eign & native m]c5>ies #bfb ,orig9al limitation ( milit>y duty #bfd ,to ! actual def5ce ( ! realm #bfd ,ext5sion ( ! notion ( allegiance #bfe ,! connection ( ! milit>y oa? ) ! fir/ ,mut9y ,act #bfe ,recognis$ limits to ! claims on a soldi]'s ob$i5ce #bff ,! falsity ( ! common doctr9e ( duty #bff ,illu/rat$ by ! deva/ation ( ! ,palat9ate by ! ,fr5* #bfg ,& by ! bomb>dm5t ( ,cop5hag5 by ! ,engli% #bfh ,! example ( ,admiral ,keppel #bgj ,ju/ice betwe5 nations #bga ,its obs]vation 9 anci5t ,india & ,rome #bga ,/4 ,augu/9e & ,bay>d on ju/ice 9 w> #bgc ,grotius on good gr\nds ( w> #bgc ,! milit>y claim to exemption f moral responsibility #bgf ,! soldi]'s fir/ duty to 8 consci5ce #bgi ,! admission ( ?is pr9ciple involves ! end ( w> #bhj ,,milit>y ,,mann]s ,,& ,,cu/oms4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,laws ,,( ,,w>4 ,ce sont des lois de la gu]re4 ,il faut e/re bi5 cruel bi5 s\v5t p\r v5ir au b\t de son ennemi2 ,dieu doit e/re bi5 misricordieux en no/re endroict1 qui faisons tant de maux4--,,m>%al ,,montluc4 ,! prohibition ( explosive bullets 9 w>--,! importance ( ! ,decl>ation ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg ( #ahfh--,! ultimate triumph ( m de/ructive me?ods--,illu/rat$ by hi/ory ( ! cross-b[ or ! musket2 or ( cannons1 torp$oes1 r$-hot %ot1 or ! bayonet--,numb]s sla9 9 mod]n & e>li] w>f>e--,! laws ( w> at ! ,brussels ,conf]5ce ( #ahgd--;,d ! laws ( w> t5d to improve8--,a negative answ] sugge/$ f ref]5ce3 7#a7 to ! use ( poison 9 w>2 7#b7 to ! bomb>dm5t ( t[ns2 7#c7 to ! de/ruction ( public build+s2 7#d7 to ! de/ruction ( crops & fruit trees2 7#e7 to ! murd] ( prison]s or ! w\nd$2 7#f7 to ! murd] ( surr5d]$ g>risons2 7#g7 to ! de/ruction ( fi%+ boats2 7#h7 to ! disuse ( ! decl>ation ( w>2 7#i7 to ! torture & mutilation ( combatants & non-combatants2 7#aj7 to ! cu/om ( contributions--,! futile attempts ( ,grotius & ,vattel to humanise w>f>e--,! rights ( w> 9 ! "t ( ,grotius--,! futility ( int]national law ) reg>d to laws ( w>--,! employm5t ( b>b>ian troops--,! tak+ ( t[ns by assault--,! laws ( w> contra/$ ) ! practice--,w> easi] to aboli% ?an to humanise4 ,x is impossible to head a *apt] #8,! ,laws ( ,w>' )\t ?9k+ ( t fam\s *apt] on ,icel& head$ #8,! ,snakes ( ,icel&1' :]e9 ! writ] simply in=m$ 8 read]s t !re 7 none 9 ! c\ntry4 #8,! laws ( w>' make "o ?9k ( ! snakes ( ,icel&4 ,nev]!less1 a summ>y d5ial ( _! exi/5ce w\ld deprive ! hi/ory ( ! battle-field ( "o ( its mo/ int]e/+ features2 = !re is surely no?+ m surpris+ to an imp>tial obs]v] ( milit>y mann]s & cu/oms ?an to f9d t ev5 9 s j a cause z ! def5ce ( y\r own c\ntry limitations %\ld be set to ! "r ( injur+ y\r aggressor 9 any mann] y c4 ,:at1 = in/ance1 c be m obvi\s 9 su* a case ?an t no suff]+ y c inflict is ne$less :i* is mo/ likely p]man5tly to disable y\r adv]s>y8 ,yet1 by virtue ( ! ,int]national ,decl>ation ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 9 #ahfh1 y may n use explosive bullets aga9/ him1 because x is held t !y w\ld cause him ne$less suff]+4 ,by ! logic ( w>1 :at c be cle>] ?an t1 if ! explosive bullet deals worse w\nds1 & !re=e inflicts dea? m readily ?an o!r de/ructive ag5cies1 x %\ld be us$8 or else t ^? too %\ld be exclud$ f ! rules ( ! game--:i* might end 9 putt+ a /op to ! game altoge!r8 ,! hi/ory ( ! explosive bullet is wor? recall+1 = its prohibition is a /raw to clut* at 9 ^! days ( milit>y revival4 ,l ! plague1 & p]haps gunp[d]1 x _h an ,ea/]n orig94 ,x 0 us$ orig9ally 9 ,india aga9/ elephants & tig]s4 ,9 #ahfc x 0 introduc$ into ! ,russian army1 & subsequ5tly into o!r ,european armies1 = use aga9/ ammunition-waggons4 ,b x 0 n till #ahfg t a slight modification 9 its con/ruction r5d]$ x available = ! de/ruction ( mank9d4 ,! _w owes x to ! humanity ( ! ,russian ,m9i/] ( ,w>1 ,g5]al ,milut9e1 t at ?is po9t a pause 0 made2 & z ! ,cz>1 ,alex&] ,,ii41 0 no less humane ?an 8 m9i/]1 ! result 0 ! fam\s ,decl>ation1 sign$ 9 #ahfh by all ! *ief ,p[]s 7save ! ,unit$ ,/ates71 mutually =ego+ 9 _! future w>s by l& or sea ! use ( projectiles weigh+ less ?an #djj grammes 7to save _! use = artill]y71 ei!r explosive or fill$ ) inflammable sub/ances4 ,! ,c\rt ( ,b]l9 wi%$ at ! "t = "s o!r de/ructive contrivances to be equally exclud$1 b ! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t 0 afraid to g fur!r2 z if requir+ brea?+ "t aft] s imm5se an ef=t to dim9i% human suff]+1 be=e proce$+ 9 s p]il\s a direction4 ,! ,decl>ation ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 inasmu* z x is capable ( indef9ite expansion1 is a some:at awkw>d prec$5t = ^? :o 9 _! he>ts love w> & %ield its cont9uance ) apologetic platitudes4 ,h[1 !y ask1 c y en=ce agreem5ts betwe5 nations8 ,b ?is argum5t beg9s to tott] :5 we rememb] t !re is absolutely no sup]ior p[] or tribunal 9 exi/5ce :i* c en=ce ! obs]vance ( ! ,/4 ,pet]sburg ,decl>ation beyond ! consci5ce ( ! signatory ,p[]s4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t if int]national agreem5ts are ( value1 !re is no ne$ to /op %ort at ?is or t bullet3 :i* makes ! arbitration-tribunal loom 9 ! di/ance p]ceptibly ne>] ?an x did be=e4 ,at fir/ sight1 ?is agreem5t exclud+ ! use ( explosive bullets w\ld seem to fav\r ! !ory ( ^? :o see 9 e increase 9 ! p]il ( w> ! be/ hope ( its ultimate cessation4 ,a fam\s ,am]ican /atesman is report$ to h said1 & actually to h appeal$ to ! inv5tion ( gunp[d] 9 support ( 8 /atem5t1 t e discov]y 9 ! art ( w> has1 f ?is po9t ( view1 a life-sav+ & peace-promot+ influ5ce4#a ,b x is difficult to conceive a great] delusion4 ,! :ole hi/ory ( w> is aga9/ x2 = :at has t hi/ory be5 b ! /eady increase ( ! pa9s & p]ils ( w>1 z m effective weapons ( de/ruction h succe$$ "o ano!r8 ,! delusion _c be bett] dispell$ ?an by consid]ation ( ! facts t foll[4 ,x has (t5 seem$ z if humanity 7 ab\t to get ! bett] ( ! logical t5d5cy ( ! milit>y art4 ,! ,lat]an ,c\ncil ( #aaci 7a sort ( ,european congress 9 its day7 n only condemn$ ,arnold ( ,brescia to be burnt = h]esy1 b ana!matis$ ! cross-b[ = its inhumanity4 ,x =bade its use 9 ,*ri/ian w>f>e z alike hateful to ,god & de/ructive ( mank9d4#b ,sev]al brave pr9ces disda9$ to employ cross-b[ %oot]s1 & ,innoc5t ,,iii4 confirm$ ! prohibition on ! gr\nd t x 0 n fair to inflict on an enemy m ?an ! lea/ possible injury4#c ,! long-b[ consequ5tly came into great] use4 ,b ,ri*>d ,i41 9 spite ( ,popes or ,c\ncils or ,*ivalry1 reviv$ ! use ( ! cross-b[ 9 ,europe2 nor1 ?\gh 8 dea? by "o himself 0 reg>d$ z a judgm5t f ,heav51 did its use f t "t decl9e till ! arquebus & !n ! musket took its place4 ,cannons & bombs 7 at fir/ call$ diabolical1 because !y sugge/$ ! malice ( ! enemy ( mank9d1 or s]p5t9es1 because !y seem$ worse ?an ! poison ( s]p5ts4#d ,b ev5 cannons 7 at fir/ only us$ aga9/ =tifi$ walls1 & !re is a tradition ( ! fir/ occasion :5 !y 7 direct$ aga9/ m54#e ,& torp$oes1 n[ us$ )\t scruple1 7 call$ infam\s & inf]nal :51 "u ! "n ( ,am]ican ,turtles1 !y 7 fir/ tri$ by ! ,am]ican ,colonies aga9/ ! %ips ( _! "m c\ntry4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 t knight #8)\t fe> or reproa*1' ! ,*evali] ,bay>d1 ord]$ all muskete]s :o fell into 8 h&s to be sla9 )\t m]cy1 because he held ! introduction ( fire-arms to be an unfair innovation on ! rules ( lawful w>4 ,s r$-hot %ot 7or balls made r$ hot be=e ins]tion 9 ! cannon7 7 at fir/ object$ to1 or only consid]$ fair = purposes ( def5ce1 n ( attack4 ,yet1 :at d we f9d8--t ,l\is ,,xiv4 fir$ "s #ab1jjj ( !m into ,brussels 9 #afid2 t ! ,au/rians fir$ !m into ,lille 9 #agib2 & t ! ,engli% batt]ies fir$ !m at ! %ips 9 ,seba/opol h>b\r1 :i* =m$ "p ( ! ,russian def5ces4 ,*a9-%ot & b>-%ot 7 also disapprov$ ( at fir/1 or exclud$ f use by conv5tions apply+ only to p>ticul> w>s2 n[ !re exi/s no agreem5t preclud+ _! use1 = !y soon became common 9 battles at sea4 ,! inv5tion ( ! bayonet supplies ano!r illu/ration4 ,! acc\nts ( its orig9 are little bett] ?an leg5ds3 t x 0 inv5t$ s long ago z #acbc by a woman ( ,bayonne 9 def5ce ( ! ramp>ts ( t city aga9/ ! ,engli%2 or by ,pusygur1 ( ,bayonne1 ab\t #afej2 or borr[$ by ! ,dut* f ! natives ( ,madagasc>2 or connect$ ) a place call$ ! ,r$\te de la ,baonnette 9 ! ,ea/]n ,pyr5ees1 :]e ! ,basques1 hav+ exhau/$ _! ammunition aga9/ ! ,spani>ds1 are said to h ins]t$ _! knives into ! muzzles ( _! guns4 ,b x is c]ta9 t z soon z ! idea 0 p]fect$ by fix+ ! blade by r+s outside ! muzzle 79 ! latt] qu>t] ( ! sev5te5? c5tury71 battles became m murd]\s ?an ev]1 ?\gh ! de/ruction ( infantry by cavalry 0 dim9i%$4 ,! battle ( ,ne]w9d5 9 #afic1 9 :i* ! ,fr5* g5]al1 ,luxemb\rg1 defeat$ ! ,pr9ce ( ,orange1 is said to h be5 ! fir/ battle t 0 decid$ by a *>ge ) a bayonet1 & ! losses 7 enorm\s on bo? sides4#f ,hi/ory1 9 fact1 is full ( su* cases1 9 :i* ! victory has uni=mly la9 ultimately ) ! legitimacy ( ! weapon or me?od t 0 at fir/ reject$ z inhumane4 ,= ! mom5t1 ! law ( nations =bids ! use ( c]ta9 me?ods ( de/ruction1 su* z bullets fill$ ) glass or nails1 or *emical comp\nds l kakodyl1 :i* c\ld conv]t 9 a mom5t ! atmosph]e r\nd an army into "o ( deadly poison2#g yet we h no?+ l c]ta9ty--we h n ev5 hi/orical probability--t ^! =bidd5 means1 or worse means1 w n be resort$ to 9 ! w>s ( ! future1 or t reluctance to meet su* =ms ( dea? w 9 ! lea/ degree affect ei!r _! frequ5cy or _! duration4 ,x is easy to expla9 ?is law ( hi/ory4 ,! soldi]'s c\rage1 z he faces ! mitrailleuse ) ! same indiff]5ce ) :i* he w\ld face sn[-balls or bread-pellets1 is a miracle ( :i* discipl9e is ! simple explanation2 = :e!r ! soldi] be hir$ or co]c$ to face dea?1 x is all "o to him aga9/ :at k9d ( bullet he ru%es1 s long z discipl9e rema9s--z ,helvetius ! ,fr5* philosoph] once def9$ x1 ! art ( mak+ soldi]s m afraid ( _! own (fic]s ?an ( _! enemy4#h ,to ,cle>*us1 ! ,lac$monian1 is attribut$ ! say+ t a soldi] %\ld always fe> 8 own g5]al m ?an ! enemy3 a m5tal /ate easily produc$ 9 e sy/em ( milit>y me*anism4 ,:atev] =m ( dea? be 9 front ( a man1 x is less c]ta9 ?an t 9 8 re>4 ,! ,a%antees z !y m>* to battle s+ a song :i* is ! soldi]'s philosophy all ! _w ov]3 #8,if ,i g on1 ,i %all die2 if ,i /ay beh9d ,i %all be kill$2 x is bett] to g on4'#i ,h[ (t5 is x said1 9 ext5uation ( mod]n w>f>e1 t x is inf9itely less de/ructive ?an t ( anci5t or ev5 m$ival times2 & t ! actual loss ( life 9 battle has n kept pace ) ! developm5t ( new & m effective life-tak+ implem5ts6 ,yet x is difficult to imag9e a /rang] p>adox1 or a proposition t1 if true1 w\ld reflect great] descr$it on our me*anical sci5ce4 ,if our ,gatl+ guns1 or ,nord5feldt #e-;b>rels capable ( fir+ #fjj r\nds a m9ute1 are less effective to de/roy an enemy ?an all ! p>aph]nalia ( a m$ival army1 :y n 9 t case return to weapons t by ! hypo!sis bett] fulfill$ ! purposes ( w>8 ,?is "q is a r$uctio ad absurdum ( ?is soo?+ delusion2 b z a matt] ( fact1 !re is no comp>ison 9 de/ructiv5ess betwe5 our mod]n w>f>e & t ( our ance/ors4 ,! app>5t diff]5ce 9 our fav\r arises f a practice allud$ to by ,philip de ,comm9es1 :i* ?r[s a flood ( light ^u ! subject3 #8,!re 7 sla9 9 ?is battle ab\t #f1jjj m51 :i*1 to p t are unwill+ to lie1 may seem v mu*2 b 9 my "t ,i h be5 9 sev]al actions1 :]e = "o man t 0 really sla9 !y h report$ a hundr$1 ?9k+ by su* an acc\nt to please _! ma/]s2 & !y sometimes deceive !m ) _! lies4' ,t is to say1 z a rule ! numb] ( ! sla9 %\ld be divid$ by a hundr$4 ,?is rem>k applies ev5 to battles l ,crecy or ,ag9c\rt1 :]e ! numb]s sla9 7 unusually high1 & :]e !y are said to h be5 accurately asc]ta9$ by c\nt+ aft] ! victory4 ,:5 ,froiss>t on su* au?ority quotes #a1bia z ! total numb] ( w>riors ( knightly or high] rank sla9 at ,crecy1 x is possible ( c\rse t he is n ! victim ( deception2 b :at ( ! #cj1jjj common soldi]s = ^: dea? he also v\*es8 ,a monk ( ,/4 ,albans1 also a contempor>y1 speaks only ( an unkn[n numb] 7et vulgus cujus num]us ignoratur72 :i* 9 ! acc\nt ( ! ,abbot ,hugo 0 put def9itely at m ?an #ajj1jjj4 ,x is evid5t f ?is t ! greate/ laxity prevail$ 9 ref]5ce to *ronicl+ ! numb]s ( ! sla92 s t if we take #c1jjj in/ead ( #cj1jjj z ! sum total ( common soldi]s sla9 at ,crecy1 x is probable t we %all be ne>] ! tru? ?an if we implicitly accept ,froiss>t's /atem5t4 ,! same scepticism w ( c\rse hold good ( ! battles ( ! anci5t _w4 ,is x likely1 = in/ance1 t 9 a battle 9 :i* ! ,romans are said only to h lo/ #ajj m51 ! ,mac$onians %\ld h lo/ #bj1jjj8aj ,or aga91 is x possible1 consid]+ ! difficulty ( ! commiss>iat ( a l>ge army1 ev5 9 our own days ( tra9s & telegraphs & improv$ agriculture1 t ,m>ius 9 "o battle c h sla9 #bjj1jjj ,teutons1 & tak5 #ij1jjj prison]s8 ,b :il/ no conclusion is possible b t ! figures ( ! old] hi/ories are altoge!r too untru/wor?y to af=d any basis = comp>ison1 ! calculation re/s on some?+ m l fair evid5ce1 t 9 ! =tnight betwe5 ,augu/ #d1 #ahgj1 ! date ( ! battle ( ,wissemb\rg1 & ,augu/ #ah1 t ( ,gravelotte1 includ+ ! battles ( ,wo]? & ,=ba* on ,augu/ #f1 ( ,c\rcelles on ! #ad?1 & ( ,vionville on ! #af? m ?an #ajj1jjj ,fr5* & ,g]mans met _! dea? on ! battle-field1 to say no?+ ( ^? :o p]i%$ aft]w>ds 9 agonies 9 ! hospitals4 ,rec5t w>s h be5 und\bt$ly %ort] ?an !y (t5 7 9 old5 times1 b _! brevity is f\nd$ on no reason t c ensure its recurr5ce3 nor1 if #ajj1jjj are to be mis]ably ca/ out ( exi/5ce1 is ! ga9 s v great1 if ! task1 in/ead ( be+ spread ov] a numb] ( ye>s1 requires only a =tnight = its accompli%m5t4 ,= ! ne>e/ approa* to a /atem5t ( :at ! laws ( w> 9 our own "t really are1 we mu/ turn to ! ,brussels ,conf]5ce1 :i* met 9 #ahgd at ! summons ( ! same great ,russian to :om ! _w owes ! ,/4 ,pet]sburg ,decl>ation1 & :i* con/itut$ a g5u9e attempt to mitigate ! evils ( w> by an int]national agreem5t & def9ition ( _! limits4 ,! idea ( su* a plan 0 orig9ally sugge/$ by ! ,in/ructions publi%$ 9 #ahfc by ,presid5t ,l9coln = ! gov]nm5t ( ! armies ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! civil w>4#aa ,! project = su* an int]national agreem5t1 orig9ally submitt$ by ! ,russian ,gov]nm5t = discussion1 0 v mu* modifi$ be=e ev5 a compromise ( op9ion c\ld be arriv$ at on ! sev]al po9ts x conta9$4 ,& ! project s modifi$1 z a prelim9>y basis = future agreem5t1 ow+ to ! timid refusal ( ! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t to take fur!r "p 9 ! matt]1 nev]1 un=tunately1 rea*$ its f9al /age ( a def9ite code2#ab b x rema9s nev]!less ! mo/ au?oritative utt]ance extant ( ! laws g5]ally ?\ght to be b9d+ 9 mod]n w>f>e on ! practices & passions ( ! combatants4 ,! foll[+ articles f ! project z f9ally modifi$ are und\bt$ly ! mo/ important3-- ,art4 #ab4 ,! laws ( w> d n all[ to bellig]5ts an unlimit$ p[] z to ! *oice ( means ( injur+ ! enemy4 ,art4 #ac4 ,accord+ to ?is pr9ciple are /rictly =bidd5-- a4 ,! use ( poison or poison$ weapons4 b4 ,murd] by trea*]y ( individuals belong+ to ! ho/ile nation or army4 c4 ,murd] ( an antagoni/ :o1 hav+ laid d[n 8 arms1 or hav+ no long] ! means ( def5d+ himself1 has surr5d]$ at discretion4 d4 ,! decl>ation t no qu>t] w be giv54 e4 ,! use ( arms1 projectiles1 or sub/ances :i* may cause unnecess>y suff]+1 z well z ( ^? prohibit$ by ! ,decl>ation ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg 9 #ahfh4 f4 ,abuse ( ! flag ( truce1 ! national flag1 or ! milit>y insignia or uni=m ( ! enemy1 z well z ! di/9ctive badges ( ! ,g5eva ,conv5tion4 g4 ,all de/ruction or seizure ( ! enemy's prop]ty :i* is n imp]atively requir$ by ! necessity ( w>4 ,art4 #ae4 ,=tifi$ places are alone liable to be besieg$4 ,t[ns1 agglom]ations ( h\ses or villages :i* are op5 or undef5d$1 _c be attack$ or bomb>d$4 ,art4 #ag4 444 ,all necess>y /eps %\ld be tak5 to sp>e z f> z possible build+s devot$ to religion1 arts1 sci5ces1 & *>ity1 hospitals & places :]e sick & w\nd$ are collect$1 on condition t !y are n us$ at ! same "t = milit>y purposes4 ,art4 #ah4 ,a t[n tak5 by /orm %all n be giv5 up to ! victori\s troops = plund]4 ,art4 #bc4 ,prison]s ( w> 444 %\ld be treat$ ) humanity4444 ,all _! p]sonal effects except _! arms are to be consid]$ _! own prop]ty4 ,arts4 #cf1 #cg4 ,! population ( an occupi$ t]ritory _c be compell$ to take "p 9 milit>y op]ations aga9/ _! own c\ntry1 nor to swe> allegiance to ! enemy's p[]4 ,art4 #ch4 ,! hon\r & rights ( ! family1 ! life & prop]ty ( individuals1 z well z _! religi\s convictions & ! ex]cise ( _! religion1 %\ld be respect$4 ,private prop]ty _c be confiscat$4 ,art4 #ci4 ,pillage is expressly =bidd54 ,!re is at fir/ sight a pleas+ r+ ( humanity 9 all ?is1 ?\gh1 z yet1 x only repres5ts ! bett] milit>y _s1 :i* is always f> 9 advance ( actual milit>y practice4 ,9 ! monoton\s hi/ory ( w> !re are always comm&]s :o wage x ) less f]ocity ?an o!rs1 & writ]s :o plead = ! mitigation ( its cruelties4 ,z 9 mod]n hi/ory a ,m>lbor\gh1 a ,well+ton1 or a ,vill>s =ms a pleasant contra/ to a ,feuquires1 a ,belleisle1 or a ,bl*]1 s 9 anci5t hi/ory a ,m>cellus or a ,lucullus helps u to =get a ,m>ius or an ,alex&]2 & ! s5tim5ts ( a ,cic]o or ,tacitus 7 z f> 9 advance ( _! "t z ^? ( a ,grotius or ,vattel 7 ( !irs4 ,accord+ to ! accid5t ( ! exi/5ce ( su* m51 ! laws ( w> fluctuate f age to age2 b1 ! "q arises1 ,d !y become p]ceptibly mild]8 d !y ev] p]man5tly improve8 ,x w be said t !y d1 because x w be said t !y h2 & t ! annals ( mod]n w>s pres5t no?+ to resemble ! atrocities t may be collect$ f anci5t or m$ival hi/ory4 ,yet su* /atem5ts c>ry no conviction4 ,det]ioration seems z likely z improvem5t2 & unless ! cu/om is *eck$ altoge!r1 ! w>s ( ! tw5tie? c5tury may be expect$ to exce$ 9 b>b>ity any?+ ( :i* we h any conception4 ,a v brief inquiry w suffice to dispel ! common assurances ( improvem5t & progress4 ,poison is =bidd5 9 w>1 says ! ,b]l9 ,conf]5ce2 b s x always 01 ev5 9 ! ,in/itutes ( ,m5u1 & ) p]haps less diff]5ce ( op9ion 9 anci5t ?an 9 mod]n times4 ,grotius & ,vattel & mo/ ( _! foll[]s disall[ x1 b two publici/s ( grave au?ority def5d x1 ,bynk]%oeck & ,wolff4 ,! latt] publi%$ 8 #8,jus ,g5tium' z late z #agdi1 & 8 argum5t is wor? translat+1 s9ce x c only be met by argum5ts :i* equally apply to o!r modes ( milit>y slaught]4 #8,naturally x is lawful to kill an enemy by poison2 = z long z he is our enemy1 he resi/s ! rep>ation ( our "r1 s t we may ex]cise aga9/ 8 p]son :atev] suffices to av]t 8 p[] f ourselves or our possessions4 ,!re=e x is n unfair to get rid ( him4 ,b1 s9ce x comes to ! same ?+ :e!r y get rid ( him by ! sword or by poison 7:i* is self-evid5t1 because 9 ei!r case y get rid ( him1 & he c no long] resi/ or injure y71 x is naturally lawful to kill an enemy by poison4' ,& s1 he argues ) equal =ce1 ( poison$ weapons4#ac ,t poison is n 9 use 9 our day we d n !re=e owe to our int]national lawy]s1 b to ! accid5t ( tradition4 ,9 ,roman hi/ory ! !ory appe>s to h be5 unanim\s aga9/ x4 #8,su* conduct1' says ! ,roman writ] ,florus ( a g5]al :o poison$ "s spr+s 9 ord] to br+ "s cities 9 ,asia to a spe$i] surr5d]1 #8al?\gh x ha/5$ 8 victory1 r5d]$ x infam\s1 s9ce x 0 done n only aga9/ div9e law1 b aga9/ ance/ral cu/oms4'#ad ,our /atesman ,fox refus$ indignantly to avail himself ( an (f] to poison ,napoleon1 b s did ! ,roman consuls refuse a simil> proposal ) reg>d to ,pyrrhus2 & ,tib]ius & ! ,roman s5ate repli$ to a plan = poison+ ,arm9ius1 t ! ,roman p puni%$ _! enemies n by fraud or 9 secret1 b op5ly & 9 arms4 ,! hi/ory ( bomb>d+ t[ns af=ds an in/ance ( some?+ l actual det]ioration 9 ! usages ( mod]n w>f>e4 ,regul> & simple bomb>dm5t1 t is1 ( a t[n indiscrim9ately & n m]ely its =tresses1 has n[ become ! e/abli%$ practice4 ,yet1 :at did ,vattel say 9 ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury8 #8,at pres5t we g5]ally cont5t ourselves ) batt]+ ! ramp>ts & def5ces ( a place4 ,to de/roy a t[n ) bombs & r$-hot balls is an extremity to :i* we d n proce$ )\t cog5t reasons4' ,:at said ,vauban /ill e>li]8 #8,! fire mu/ be direct$ simply at ! def5ces & batt]ies ( a place 444 & n aga9/ ! h\ses4' ,!n :at ( ! ,engli% bomb>dm5t ( ,cop5hag5 9 #ahjg1 :5 ! ca!dral & "s #cjj h\ses 7 de/roy$2 :at ( ! ,g]man bomb>dm5t ( ,/rasburg 9 #ahgj1 :]e rifl$ mort>s 7 us$ = ! fir/ "t1#ae & ! fam\s libr>y & picture gall]y de/roy$2 & :at la/ly ( ! ,g]man bomb>dm5t ( ,p>is1 ab\t :i*1 /rangely en\gh1 ev5 ! milit>y consci5ce ( ! ,g]mans 0 /ruck1 s t 9 ! highe/ circles d\bts ab\t ! propriety ( su* a proce$+ at "o "t prevail$ f a moral no less ?an f a milit>y po9t ( view8#af ,) respect aga9 to sacr$ or public build+s1 w>f>e t5ds to become increas+ly de/ructive4 ,x 0 ! rule 9 ,greek w>f>e to sp>e sacr$ build+s1 & ! ,romans frequ5tly sp>$ sacr$ & o!r build+s1 z ,m>cellus1 = in/ance1 at ,syracuse4#ag ,yet :5 ! ,fr5* ravag$ ! ,palat9ate 9 #afhi !y n only set fire to ! ca!drals1 b sack$ ! tombs ( ! anci5t ,emp]ors at ,spi]s4 ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 de/roy$ "s ( ! f9e/ build+s at ,dresd5 & ,prague4 ,9 #ahad ! ,engli% =ces de/roy$ ! ,capitol at ,wa%+ton1 ! ,presid5t's h\se1 & o!r public build+s2#ah & 9 #ahae ! ,prussian g5]al1 ,bl*]1 0 ) difficulty re/ra9$ f bl[+ up ! ,bridge ( ,j5a at ,p>is & ! ,pill> ( ,au/]litz4 ,milit>y m5 h always ! excuse ( reprisals or accid5t = ^! acts ( ,v&alism4 ,yet ,vattel _h said 79 language :i* b repeat$ ! language ( ,polybius & ,cic]o73 #8,we ought to sp>e ^? edifices :i* d hon\r to human society1 & d n contribute to ! enemy's /r5g?1 su* z temples1 tombs1 public build+s1 & all works ( rem>kable beauty4' ,( z little avail has be5 ! same writ]'s obs]vation t ^? :o te> up v9es & cut d[n fruit trees are to be look$ ^u z savage4 ,! ,fijian isl&]s 7 b>b>ians en\gh1 b ev5 !y us$ z a rule to sp>e _! enemies' fruit trees2 s did ! anci5t ,indians2 & ! ,koran =bids ! wanton de/ruction ( fruit trees1 palm trees1 corn & cattle4 ,!n :at %all we ?9k ( ! armies ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 9 ! ,palat9ate n only burn+ ca/les1 c\ntry-h\ses1 & villages1 b ru?lessly de/roy+ crops1 v9es1 & fruit trees8#ai or ( ! ,prussian w>rior1 ,bl*]1 de/roy+ ! ornam5tal trees at ,p>is 9 #ahae8 ,x is said t ! ,g]mans refus$ to let ! wom5 & *ildr5 leave ,/rasburg be=e !y began to bomb>d x 9 #ahgj4bj ,yet ,vattel himself tells u h[ ,titus1 at ! siege ( ,j]usalem1 suff]$ ! wom5 & *ildr5 to dep>t1 & h[ ,h5ri ,,iv41 besieg+ ,p>is1 _h ! humanity to let !m pass ?r\gh 8 l9es4 ,x 0 9 a campaign ( ?is c5tury1 #ahae1 t ,g5]al ,roquet collect$ ! ,fr5* (fic]s1 & bade !m tell ! gr5adi]s t ! fir/ man :o %\ld br+ him 9 a ,prussian prison] %\ld be %ot2 & x 0 9 reprisals = ?is t a few days lat] ! ,prussians kill$ ! ,fr5* w\nd$ at ,g5appe4#ba ,grotius1 aft] quot+ ! fact t a decree ( ! ,amphictyons =bade ! de/ruction ( any ,greek city 9 w>1 ass]ts ! exi/5ce ( a /rong] bond betwe5 ! nations ( ,*ri/5dom ?an betwe5 ! /ates ( anci5t ,greece4 ,& !n we rememb] h[ ! ,prussians bomb>d$ ! ,dani% t[n ( ,snd]borg1 & almo/ utt]ly de/roy$ x1 ?\gh x lay beyond ! possibility ( _! possession2 & we ?9k ( ,p]onne 9 ,france r$uc$ to ru9s1 ) ! great] "p ( its f9e ca!dral1 9 #ahgj2 & ( ! ,g]man %ells direct$ aga9/ ! ,fr5* fire-eng9es t endeav\r$ to save ! ,/rasburg ,libr>y f ! flames t consum$ x2 & we wond] t s great a juri/ c\ld h be5 capable ( s griev\s a delusion4 ,to murd] a g>rison t _h made an ob/9ate def5ce1 or 9 ord] to t]rorise o!rs f do+ ! same1 0 a "r ( mod]n w> disput$ by ,grotius1 b admitt$ by ,vattel n to be totally explod$ a c5tury lat]4 ,yet !y bo? quote cases :i* prove t to murd] enemies :o _h made a gallant def5ce 0 reg>d$ 9 anci5t times z a violation ( ! laws ( w>4 ,to murd] enemies :o _h surr5d]$ 0 z contr>y to ,greek or ,roman z x ev] 0 to ,*ri/ian w>f>e4 ,! g5]al ,greek & ,roman practice 0 to all[ qu>t] to an enemy :o surr5d]$1 & to r$eem or ex*ange _! prison]s4#bb ,!re 0 inde$1 by ! laws ( w>1 a "r to slay or enslave !m1 & ?\gh bo? rights 7 sometimes ex]cis$ ) great b>b>ity1 ! ext5t to :i* ! =m] "r 0 ex]cis$ has be5 v mu* exagg]at$4 ,o!rwise1 :y %\ld ,diodorus ,siculus1 9 ! c5tury prec$+ our era1 h spok5 ( m]cy to prison]s z ! common law 7 71 & ( ! violation ( su* law z an act ( exceptional b>b>ity8#bc ,x may be fairly d\bt$ :e!r ! ,fr5* prison]s 9 ! ,engli% hulks dur+ ! w> ) ,napoleon suff]$ less ?an ! ,a!nian prison]s 9 ! m9es ( ,syracuse2 & z to qu>t]1 :at ( ! ,fr5* volunte]s or ,franc-tireurs :o 9 #ahgj fell into ! h&s ( ! ,g]mans1 or ( ! ,fr5* peasants1 :o1 ?\gh levi$ & arm$ by ! local au?orities "u ! proclamation ( ,napoleon1 71 if tak51 put to dea? by ! ,allies 9 #ahad8 ,"s o!r illu/rations t5d fur!r to %[ t !re is no real progress 9 w>1 & t _m ( ! fanci$ mitigations ( x are m]ely accid5tal & ephem]al features4 ,! ,fr5* & ,engli% 9 old5 "t us$ to sp>e "o ano!r's fi%+ boats & _! crews4 #8,fi%]m51' said ,froiss>t1 #8?\gh !re may be w> betwe5 ,france & ,engl&1 nev] injure "o ano!r2 !y rema9 fri5ds1 & assi/ ea* o!r 9 case ( ne$1 & buy & sell _! fi% :5ev] "o has a l>g] quantity ?an ! o!r1 = if !y 7 to fight we %\ld h no fre% fi%4'#bd ,yet 9 ! ,crimean w>1 ! ,engli% fleets 9 ! ,baltic seiz$ or burnt ! fi%+ boats ( ! ,f9ns1 & de/roy$ ! c>goes ( fi% on :i*1 hav+ be5 salt$ 9 ! summ] mon?s1 !y 7 dep5d5t = _! subsi/5ce dur+ ! w9t]4#be ,polybius in=ms u t ! tolians 7 reg>d$ z ! common outlaws ( ,greece1 because !y did n scruple to make w> )\t decl>+ x4 ,invasions ( t sort 7 reg>d$ z robb]ies1 n z lawful w>s4 ,yet decl>ations ( w> may n[ be disp5s$ )1 ! fir/ prec$5t = do+ s hav+ be5 set by ,gu/avus ,adolphus4 ,gu/avus ,adolphus1 9 #afbg1 issu$ "s humane ,articles ( ,w>1 :i* =bade1 among o!r ?+s1 injuries to old m51 wom51 & *ildr54 ,yet )9 a few ye>s ! ,sw$i% soldi]y1 l o!r troops ( _! "t1 made ! gratuit\s torture & mutilation ( combatants or non-combatants a common episode ( _! milit>y proce$+s4#bf ,:5 ,h5ry ,v4 ( ,engl& invad$ ,france1 e>ly 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 he =bade 9 8 ,g5]al ,ord]s ! wanton injury ( prop]ty1 insults to wom51 or gratuit\s blood%$4 ,yet f\r c5turies lat] ! "* ( w> _h s little *ang$ t we f9d ! ,duke ( ,well+ton1 :5 invad+ ! same c\ntry1 lam5t+ 9 a ,g5]al ,ord] t1 #8accord+ to all ! in=mation :i* ! ,comm&] ( ! ,=ces _h receiv$1 outrages ( all descriptions' _h be5 committ$ by 8 troops1 #89 pres5ce ev5 ( _! (fic]s1 :o took no pa9s :atev] to prev5t !m4'#bg ,! ,fr5* compla9 t _! la/ w> ) ,g]many 0 n w>1 b robb]y2 z if pillage & w> _h ev] be5 di/9ct 9 fact or 7 di/+ui%able 9 ?\ght4 ,!re appe>s to h be5 v little limit to ! robb]y t 0 committ$ "u ! "n ( contributions2 yet ,vattel tells u t1 ?\gh 9 8 "t ! practice _h di$ out1 ! bellig]5t sov]eigns1 9 ! w>s ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 us$ to regulate by treaty ! ext5t ( ho/ile t]ritory 9 :i* ea* might levy contributions1 toge!r ) ! am\nt :i* might be levi$1 & ! mann] 9 :i* ! levy+ p>ties 7 to conduct !mselves4#bh ,is x n prov$ !n by ! above facts1 t ! laws ( w> r fluctuate f age to age )9 some:at n>r[ limits ?an p]man5tly improve1 & t !y are apt to lose 9 "o direction :atev] !y ga9 9 ano!r8 ,humanity 9 w>f>e n[1 z 9 antiquity1 rema9s ! exception1 n ! rule2 & may be f\nd n[1 z at all times1 9 books or 9 ! f9] imag9ations ( a few1 f> m (t5 ?an 9 ! real life ( ! battle-field4 ,! plea ( %ort5+ ! horrors ( w> is always ! plea = c>ry+ !m to an extreme2 z by ,l\vois = deva/at+ ! ,palat9ate1 or by ,su*et1 ! ,fr5* g5]al1 = driv+ ! helpless wom5 & *ildr5 into ! citadel ( ,l]ida1 & = !n %ell+ !m all night ) ! humane object ( br++ ! gov]nor to a spe$i] surr5d]4#bi ,writ]s on ! ,law ( ,nations h 9 fact l$ u into a ,fool's ,p>adise ab\t w> 7:i* has done m ?an any?+ else to keep ! cu/om 9 exi/5ce71 by repres5t+ x z some?+ q mild & almo/ ref9$ 9 mod]n times4 ,vattel1 ! ,swiss juri/1 set ! example4 ,he publi%$ 8 "w on ! rights ( nations two ye>s aft] ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w> _h begun1 & he speaks ( ! ,european nations 9 8 "t z wag+ _! w>s #8) great mod]ation & g5]osity1' ! v ye> be=e ,m>%al ,belleisle gave ord]s to make ,we/phalia a des]t4 ,vattel too x 0 :o fir/ appeal$ to ! am5ities t occasionally int]rupt ho/ilities 9 support ( 8 !ory ( ! g5]osity ( mod]n w>f>e4 ,b :at aft] all does x come to1 if rival g5]als address ea* o!r 9 t]ms ( civility or int]*ange acceptable gifts8 ,at ,seba/opol1 ! ,engli% ,sir ,edmond ,lyons s5t ! ,russian ,admiral ,ma*9(f ! pres5t ( a fat buck1 ! latt] ackn[l$g+ ! complim5t ) ! return ( a h>d ,dut* *eese4 ,at ,gibralt>1 :5 ! m5 ( ,elliot's g>rison 7 suff]+ sev]ely f scurvy1 ,crillon s5t !m a c>tload ( c>rots4 ,^! ?+s h always occurr$ ev5 9 ! fi]ce/ times ( milit>y b>b>ism4 ,at ! siege ( ,orleans 7#adbi7 ! ,e>l ( ,suffolk s5t ! ,fr5* comm&] ,dunois a pres5t ( dess]t1 consi/+ ( figs1 dates1 & rais9s2 & ,dunois 9 return s5t ,suffolk "s fur = 8 cloak2 yet !re 0 little limit 9 ^? days to ! f]ocity %[n 9 w> by ! ,fr5* & ,engli% to "o ano!r4 ,a ransom 0 extort$ ev5 = ! bodies ( ! sla94 ,! occasional gleams ( humanity 9 ! hi/ory ( w> c\nt = no?+ 9 ! g5]al picture ( its savag]y4 ,! juri/s 9 ?is way h help$ to give a totally false col\r to ! real nature ( w>2 & sc>cely a day passes 9 a mod]n campaign t does n give ! lie to ! rules laid d[n 9 ! pond]\s tomes ( ! int]national-law writ]s4 ,x is said t ,gu/avus ,adolphus always _h ) him 9 camp a copy ( #8,grotius1' z ,alex&] is said to h slept ov] ,hom]4 ,! improbability ( f9d+ a copy ( #8,grotius' 9 a mod]n camp may be tak5 z an illu/ration ( ! neglect t has long s9ce fall5 on ! re/ra9ts ) :i* our publici/s h s\ght to fett] our g5]als1 & ( ! futility ( all su* endeav\rs4 ,all hon\r to ,grotius = hav+ s\ght to make w>f>e a few degrees less atroci\s ?an he f\nd x2 b let u n !re=e deceive ourselves into an extravagant belief 9 ! efficacy ( 8 lab\rs4 ,kant1 :o liv$ lat]1 & _h ! same problem to face1 *]i%$ no su* delusion z to ! possibility ( humanis+ w>f>e1 b w5t /raight to ! po9t ( try+ to /op x altoge!r2 & ,kant 0 9 e po9t ! bett] reason]4 ,ei!r w\ld d\btless h reg>d$ ! o!r's reason+ on ! subject z ,utopian2 b :i* ) ! bett] reason8 ,grotius took ! c\rse ( fir/ /at+ :at ! extreme rights ( w> 71 z prov$ by prec$5t & usage1 & ( !n plead+ = _! mitigation on ! gr\nd ( religion & humanity4 ,9 ei!r case he appeal$ to prec$5t1 & only set ! bett] aga9/ ! worse2 leav+ !reby ! rights ( w> 9 utt] confusion1 & q devoid ( any pr9ciple ( measurem5t4 ,let u take z an illu/ration ( 8 me?od ! "q ( ! slaught] ( wom5 & *ildr54 ,?is he began ) admitt+ to be a /rict "r ( w>4 ,pr(ane hi/ory suppli$ him ) sev]al in/ances ( su* massacres1 & s m especially did ,biblical hi/ory4 ,he refra9$1 he expressly tells u1 f adduc+ ! slay+ ( ! wom5 & *ildr5 ( ,he%bon by ! ,hebrews1 or ! comm& giv5 to !m to deal 9 ! same way ) ! p ( ,canaan1 = ^! 7 ! works ( ,god1 ^: rights ov] mank9d 7 f> great] ?an ^? ( man ov] bea/s4 ,he pref]r$1 z com+ ne>] to ! practice ( 8 own "t1 ! te/imony ( t v]se 9 ! ,psalms :i* says1 #8,bless$ %all he be :o %all da% ?y *ildr5 aga9/ a /one4' ,subsequ5tly he )drew ?is "r ( w>1 by ref]5ce to ! bett] prec$5ts ( anci5t times4 ,x does n appe> to h occurr$ to him t ! prec$5ts ( hi/ory1 if we g to !m = our rules ( w>1 w prove any?+1 accord+ to ! "* ( ! actions we select4 ,camillus 79 ,livy7 speaks ( *ildhood z inviolable ev5 9 /orm$ cities2 ! ,emp]or ,sev]us1 on ! o!r h&1 ord]$ 8 soldi]s to put all p]sons 9 ,brita9 to ! sword indiscrim9ately1 & 9 8 turn appeal$ to prec$5t1 ! ord]1 namely1 ( ,agamemnon1 t ( ! ,trojans n ev5 *ildr5 9 _! mo!rs' womb %\ld be sp>$ f de/ruction4 ,! *ildr5 ( ,israel 7 =bidd5 9 _! w>s to cut d[n fruit trees2 yet :5 !y w>r$ aga9/ ! ,moabites1 #8!y /opp$ all ! wells ( wat] & fell$ all ! good trees4' ,x 0 only possible 9 ?is way to di/+ui% ! bett] cu/om f ! worse1 n ! "r f ! wrong2 ei!r be+ equally ju/ifiable on a m]e appeal to hi/orical in/ances4 ,! rules ( w> :i* prevail$ 9 ! "t ( ,grotius--! e>ly "t ( ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>--may be briefly summ>is$ f 8 "w z foll[s4 ,! rights ( w> ext5d$ to all p]sons )9 ! ho/ile b\nd>ies1 ! decl>ation ( w> be+ ess5tially direct$ aga9/ e individual ( a bellig]5t nation4 ,any p]son ( a ho/ile nation1 !re=e1 might be sla9 :]ev] f\nd1 provid$ x 7 n on neutral t]ritory4 ,wom5 & *ildr5 might be lawfully sla9 7z x w be %[n t !y 7 also liable to be 9 ! be/ days ( *ivalry72 & s might prison]s ( w>1 suppliants = _! lives1 or ^? :o surr5d]$ unconditionally4 ,x 0 lawful to assass9ate an enemy1 provid$ x involv$ no violation ( a tacit or express agreem5t2 b x 0 unlawful to use poison 9 any =m1 ?\gh f\nta9s1 if n poison$1 might be made undr9kable4 ,any?+ belong+ to an enemy might be de/roy$3 8 crops1 8 h\ses1 8 flocks1 8 trees1 ev5 8 sacr$ edifices1 or 8 places ( burial4 ,t ^! extreme rights ( w> 7 lit]ally en=c$ 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury admits ( no d\bt2 nor if any ( !m h at all be5 mitigat$1 c we attribute x s mu* to ! humane attempt ( ,grotius & 8 foll[]s to set re/rictions on ! rightful ex]cise ( pr$om9ant =ce1 z to ! accid5tal influ5ce ( individual comm&]s4 ,x has be5 well rem>k$ t ! "r ( non-combatants to be unmole/$ 9 w> 0 recognis$ by g5]als be=e x 0 ev] proclaim$ by ! publici/s4#cj ,& ! same tru? applies to _m o!r *anges 9 w>f>e1 :i* h be5 (t5] ! result ( a tempor>y milit>y fa%ion1 or ( new ideas ( milit>y exp$i5cy1 ?an ( ob$i5ce to ,grotius or ,vattel4 ,!y set !mselves to z futile a task z ! prov]bial impossibility ( :it5+ ! negro2 ) ?is result--t ! de/ructiv5ess ( w>1 its crimes1 & its cruelties1 are some?+ new ev5 to a _w t _c lose ! recollection ( ! sack ( ,magdeburg 9 #afca1 or ! deva/ation ( ! ,palat9ate 9 #afhi4ca ,! publici/s h b recognis$ & reflect$ ! float+ s5tim5ts ( _! "t1 )\t giv+ u any def9ite pr9ciple by :i* to sep>ate ! p]missible f ! non-p]missible practice 9 w>4 ,we h se5 h[ mu* !y are at issue on ! use ( poison4 ,!y are equally at issue z to ! "r ( employ+ assass9ation2 z to ! ext5t ( ! legitimate use ( fraud2 z to ! "r ( beg9n+ a w> )\t decl>ation2 z to ! limits ( ! invad]'s rights ( robb]y2 z to ! "r ( ! invad$ to rise aga9/ 8 invad]2 or z to :e!r individuals s ris+ are to be treat$ z prison]s ( w> or hang$ z assass9s4 ,let u consid] :at !y h done = u ) reg>d to ! "r ( us+ savages = allies1 or ) reg>d to ! rights ( ! conqu]or ov] ! t[n he has tak5 by assault4 ,! "r to use b>b>ian troops on ! ,*ri/ian battle-field is unanim\sly d5i$ by all ! mod]n text-writ]s4 ,"l ,*a?am's indignation aga9/ ,engl&'s employm5t ( !m aga9/ h] revolt$ colonies 9 ,am]ica avail$ z little4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! ,crimean w> ,russia prep>$ to arm "s savage races )9 h] empire1 & br\ght ,circassians into ,hung>y 9 #ahdh4cb ,france employ$ ,african ,turcos bo? aga9/ ,au/ria 9 #ahei & aga9/ ,prussia 9 #ahgj2 & x is )9 ! recollection ( ! y\nge/ :at came ( ! employm5t by ,turkey ( ,ba%i-,baz\ks4 ,are !y likely n to be us$ 9 future because ,blunts*li1 ,hefft]1 or ,:eaton prohibits !m8 ,to take a t[n by assault is ! wor/ dang] a soldi] c h to face4 ,! !ory !re=e _h a %[ ( reason1 t )\t ! rew>d ( unlimit$ lic5ce he c\ld nev] be br\ght to ! brea*4 ,tilly is said to h repli$1 :5 he 0 entreat$ by "s ( 8 (fic]s to *eck ! rap9e & blood%$ t has immortalis$ ! sack ( ,magdeburg 9 #afca3 #8,?ree h\rs' plund]+ is ! %orte/ rule ( w>4 ,! soldi] mu/ h some?+ = 8 toil & tr\ble4'#cc ,x is on su* occasions1 !re=e1 t w> %[s itself 9 its true "*1 & t ,m4 ,gir>d9's rem>k1 #8,la gu]re c'e/ l'assass9at1 la gu]re c'e/ le vol1' reads l a revelation4 ,! sc5e nev] v>ies f age to age2 & ! /orm+ ( ,badajoz & ,san ,seba/ian by ! ,engli% =ces 9 ! ,p59sul> ,w>1 or ( ,con/ant9e 9 ,alg]ia by ! ,fr5* 9 #ahcg1 tea*es u :at we may expect to see 9 ,europe :5 next a t[n is tak5 by assault1 z ,/rasburg might h be5 9 #ahgj4 #8,no age1 no nation1' says ,sir ,w4 ,napi]1 #8ev] s5t =? brav] troops to battle ?an ^? :o /orm$ ,badajoz' 7,april #ahab74 ,yet = two days & nights !re reign$ 9 its /reets1 says ! same writ]1 #8%ameless rapacity1 brutal intemp]ance1 savage lu/1 cruelty1 & murd]4'#cd ,& :at says he ( ,san ,seba/ian n a ye> & a half lat]8 ,a ?und]/orm t broke out #8seem$ to be a signal f hell = ! p]petration ( villany :i* w\ld h %am$ ! mo/ f]oci\s b>b>ians ( antiquity4' 444 #8,! dire/1 ! mo/ revolt+ cruelty 0 add$ to ! catalogue ( crime3 "o atrocity 444 /agg]s ! m9d by its enorm\s1 incr$ible1 indescribable b>b>ity4'#ce ,if (fic]s lo/ _! lives 9 try+ to prev5t su* de$s--^: v atrocity1 z "s "o has said1 pres]ves !m f our full execration1 because x makes x impossible to describe !m--is x likely t ! gallant soldi]s :o cr[n$ _! brav]y ) su* devilry w\ld h be5 "o :it re/ra9$ by ! consid]ation t 9 refus+ qu>t]1 or 9 murd]+1 tortur+1 or mutilat+ non-combatants1 !y 7 act+ contr>y to ! rules ( mod]n w>f>e8 ,if1 !n1 we temp] !ory ) practice1 & des]t our books = ! facts ( ! battle-field 7s f> z !y are ev] told 9 full71 we may p]haps lay d[n ! foll[+ z ! mo/ important laws ( mod]n w>f>e3 #a4 ,y may n use explosive bullets2 b y may use conical-%ap$ ones1 :i* inflict f> m mutilation ?an r\nd ones1 & ev5 explosive bullets if !y d n fall bel[ a c]ta9 magnitude4 #b4 ,y may n poison y\r enemy1 because y ?us take f him ! *ance ( self-def5ce3 b y may bl[ him up ) a f\gass or dynamite1 f :i* he is equally incapable ( def5d+ himself4 #c4 ,y may n poison y\r enemy's dr9k+-wat]2 b y may infect x ) dead bodies or o!rwise1 because t is only equival5t to turn+ ! /ream4 #d4 ,y may n kill helpless old m51 wom51 or *ildr5 ) ! sword or bayonet2 b z mu* z y please ) y\r ,congreve rockets1 h[itz]s1 or mort>s4 #e4 ,y may n make w> on ! peaceable occupants ( a c\ntry2 b y may burn _! h\ses if !y resi/ y\r claims to rob !m ( _! utt]mo/ f>?+4 #f4 ,y may n refuse qu>t] to an enemy2 b y may if he be n equipp$ 9 a p>ticul> outfit4 #g4 ,y may n kill y\r prison]s ( w>2 b y may ord] y\r soldi]s n to take any4 #h4 ,y may n ask a ransom = y\r prison]s2 b y may m ?an cov] _! co/ 9 ! lump sum y exact = ! exp5ses ( ! w>4 #i4 ,y may n purposely de/roy *ur*es1 hospitals1 museums1 or libr>ies2 b #8milit>y exig5cies' w cov] y\r do+ s1 z !y w almo/ any?+ else y *oose to d 9 brea* ( any o!r re/rictions on y\r conduct4 ,& x is into ^! absurdities t ! reason+s ( ,grotius & 8 foll[]s h l$ u4 ,! real dream]s1 x appe>s1 h be51 n ^? :o1 l ,h5ri ,,iv41 ,sully1 ,/4 ,pi]re1 or ,kant1 h dream$ ( a _w )\t w>s1 b ^? :o h dream$ ( w>s wag$ )\t lawlessness1 passion1 or crime4 ,on !m be ?r[n back ! taunts ( ,utopianism :i* !y h %[]$ s long on ! only view ( ! matt] :i* is really logical & consi/5t4 ,on !m1 at lea/1 re/s ! %ad[1 & mu/ re/ ! reproa*1 ( an egregi\s failure1 unless rec5t w>s are ( no acc\nt & tea* no lesson4 ,& if _! failure be real & signal1 :at rema9s = ^? :o wi% = bett] ?+s1 & = "s *eck on de$s t ?reat5 our civilisation1 b to turn _! backs on ! in/ructors !y once tru/$2 to light _! fires r ?an to load _! %elves ) ,grotius1 ,vattel1 & ! re/2 & to ?r[ 9 _! lot = ! future ) ! op9ion1 hi!rto despis$1 ?\gh x 0 ,kant's1 & ! endeav\r hi!rto discr$it$1 ?\gh x 0 ,h5ry ! ,great's1 ,sully's1 & ,elizabe?'s--! op9ion1 t is1 t x 7 easi] to aboli% w> ?an to humanise x1 & t only 9 ! gr[? ( a _s ( int]national confid5ce lies any possible hope ( its ultimate ext9ction8 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,w>f>e ,,9 ,,*ivalr\s ,,times4 ,voi m'avete fatto torn>e que/'arte del soldo quasi *e nulla1 ed io ne l'aveva presuppo/a la pi eccell5te e la pi onorevole *e si facesse4--,,ma*iavelli1 ,dell',arte della ,gu]ra4 ,delusion ab\t "* ( w> 9 days ( *ivalry--,! common slaught] ( wom5 & *ildr5--,! ,e>l ( ,d]by's sack ( ,poiti]s--,! massacres ( ,grammont & ,gravel9es--,! old poem ( ! ,v[ ( ! ,h]on--,! massacre ( ,limoges by ,edw>d ! ,black ,pr9ce--,! imprisonm5t ( ladies = ransom--,prison]s ( w> />v$ to dea?2 or massacr$1 if no prospect ( ransom2 or bl9d$ or o!rwise mutilat$--,! mean+ ( a surr5d] at discretion1 z illu/rat$ by ,edw>d ,,iii4 at ,calais2 & by sev]al in/ances 9 ! same & ! next c5tury--,! practice ( burn+ 9 aid ( w>2 & ( de/roy+ sacr$ build+s--,! practice ( poison+ ! air--,! use ( b>b>\s weapons--,! influ5ce ( religion on w>--,! ,*ur* 9 va9 on ! side ( peace--,curi\s v[s ( ! knights--,! slight p]sonal dang] incurr$ 9 w> by !m--,! explanation ( _! magnific5t co/ume--,field-sports 9 w>-"t--,! desire ( ga9 ! *ief motive to w>--,! id5tity ( soldi]s & brig&s--,! c>e] & "* ( ! ,black ,pr9ce--,! place ( money 9 ! hi/ory ( *ivalry--,its influ5ce z a w>-motive betwe5 ,engl& & ,france--,g5]al l[ "* ( *ivalr\s w>f>e4 ,= an imp>tial e/imate ( ! cu/om ( w>1 ! be/ prep>ation is a /udy ( its lead+ features 9 ! days ( *ivalry4 ,n only are mo/ ( our mod]n milit>y usages directly desc5d$ f t p]iod1 ?\gh _m claim a f> remot] ance/ry1 & g back to ! days ( primitive savag]y1 b x is ! tradition ( *ivalry t *iefly keeps alive ! delusion t x is possible = w>f>e to be conduct$ ) humanity1 g5]osity1 & c\rtesy4 ,hallam1 = in/ance1 obs]ves t 9 ! w>s ( our ,edw>d ,,iii41 #8! _s ( hon\rable z well z c\rte\s behavi\r t[>ds ! foe seems to h arriv$ at its highe/ po9t2' & he ref]s especially to ! cu/om ( ransom+ a prison] on 8 p>ole1 & to ! g5]\s treatm5t by ! ,black ,pr9ce ( ! ,fr5* k+ tak5 captive at ,poiti]s4 ,9 ord] to demon/rate ! extreme exagg]ation ( ?is view1 & to %[ t ) w>1 z ) ! great] crimes1 moral greatness is only connect$ accid5tally1 occasionally1 or 9 romance1 x is necess>y to exam9e some:at closely ! w>f>e ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,*ivalry1 accord+ to c]ta9 hi/orians1 0 dur+ t c5tury 9 process ( decl9e2 b ! decl9e1 if any1 0 r 9 ! nature ( its =ms & c]emonies ?an ( its _s or ess5ce4 ,x 0 ! c5tury ( ! mo/ illu/ri\s names 9 *ivalry1 9 ,france ( ,b]tr& du ,guescl91 9 ,engl& ( ! ,black ,pr9ce1 ,sir ,walt] ,manny1 ,sir ,john ,*&os4 ,x 0 ! c5tury ( ! battles ( ,crecy1 ,poiti]s1 ,avray1 & ,nav>ette4 ,x 0 ! c5tury ( ! ,ord] ( ! ,/> 9 ,france1 ( ! ,g>t] & ! ,ba? 9 ,engl&4 ,above all1 x 0 ! c5tury ( ,froiss>t1 :o pa9t$ its mann]s & ?\ghts ) a vividness s surpass+ t to read 8 pages is almo/ to live 9 8 "t4 ,s t ! f\rte5? c5tury may fairly be tak5 z ! p]iod 9 :i* *ivalry rea*$ its highe/ p]fection1 & 9 :i* ! milit>y type ( life & "* atta9$ its noble/ developm5t4 ,x is ! c5tury ( :i* we in/9ctively ?9k :5 we w\ld imag9e a "t :5 ! rivalry ( brave de$s gave bir? to h]oism1 & ! rivalry ( milit>y g5]osity inve/$ ev5 ! cruelties ( ! battle-field ) ! halo ( romance4 ,imag9ation1 h[ev]1 plays u false "h z else:]e4 ,froiss>t himself1 :o describ$ w>s & battles & noble feats ( arms ) a c&\r equal to 8 hone/ delight 9 !m1 is alone pro( en\gh t !re seldom 0 a p]iod :5 w> 0 m f]oci\sly conduct$2 :5 ! laws 9 re/ra9t ( x1 impos$ by ! voice ( morality or religion1 7 less felt2 :5 ! motives = x z well z ! inc5tives ( p]sonal c\rage1 7 m m]c5>y2 or :5 ! demoralisation consequ5t ^u x 7 m widely or m fatally spread4 ,! facts t foll[ 9 support ( ?is conclusion come1 9 default ( any o!r special ref]5ce1 solely f t *>m+ *ronicl]2 allusions to o!r s\rces be+ only necess>y to prove ! exi/5ce ( a common usage1 & to leave no room = ! !ory t ! cases ga!r$ f ,froiss>t 7 b occasional or accid5tal occurr5ces4 ,ev5 savage tribes1 l ! ,zulus1 sp>e ! lives ( wom5 & *ildr5 9 w>1 & su* a re/ra9t is ! fir/ te/ ( any w>f>e claim+ to rank above ! mo/ b>b>\s4 ,b 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury su* indiscrim9ate slaught] 0 ! commone/ episode ( w>3 a fact n among ! lea/ surpris+ :5 we rememb] t ! protection ( wom5 & ! def5celess 0 "o ( ! special clauses ( ! oa? tak5 by knights at ! c]emony ( inve/iture4 ,five days aft] ! dea? ( ,edw>d ,,iii41 & actually dur+ negotiations betwe5 ,france & ,engl&1 ! admirals ( ,france & ,spa91 at ! comm& ( ! ,k+ ( ,france1 sail$ = ,rye1 :i* !y burnt1 slay+ ! inhabitants1 :e!r m5 or wom5 7#acgg72 & x is a reasonable supposition t ! same conduct m>k$ _! fur!r progress ( pillage & inc5di>ism 9 ! ,isle ( ,wight4 ,nor 7 su* acts only ! incid5ts ( m>itime w>f>e1 & p]petrat$ m]ely by ! pirates ( ei!r c\ntry2 = !y occurr$ z frequ5tly 9 ho/ilities by l&1 & 9 connection ) ! noble/ names ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,at ,tailleb\rg1 9 ,sa9tonge1 ! ,e>l ( ,d]by _h all ! inhabitants put to ! sword1 9 reprisals = ! dea? ( "o knight1 :o dur+ ! assault on ! t[n _h met ) 8 dea?4 ,s x f>$ dur+ ! same campaign ) ?ree o!r places 9 ,poit\1 ! *ronicl] giv+ u m details ) ref]5ce to ! fate ( ,poiti]s4 ,!re 7 no knights 9 ! t[n accu/om$ to w> & capable ( organis+ a def5ce2 & x 0 only p ( ! poor] sort :o (f]$ a brave b futile resi/ance to ! army4 ,:5 ! t[n 0 won1 #gjj p 7 massacr$2 #8= ! ,e>l's p put e "o to ! sword1 m51 wom51 & little *ildr54' ,! ,e>l ( ,d]by took no /eps to /op ! slaught]1 b aft] _m *ur*es & h\ses _h be5 de/roy$1 he =bade "u pa9 ( dea? any fur!r inc5di>ism1 app>5tly = no o!r reason ?an t he wi%$ to /ay !re = t5 or twelve days4 ,a few ye>s lat]1 :5 ! ,fr5* _h recov]$ ,poiti]s1 ! ,engli% knights1 :o _h be5 !re1 m>*$ away to ,niort1 :i*1 on ! refusal ( ! inhabitants to admit !m1 !y =?) attack$ & spe$ily won1 ow+ to ! abs5ce1 z at ,poiti]s1 ( any knights to direct ! def5ce4 ,! male & female inhabitants alike 7 put to ! sword4 ,all ^! in/ances occur 9 "o %ort *apt] ( ,froiss>t4 ,sometimes ?is promiscu\s slaught] ev5 rais$ its p]petrators to high] e/eem4 ,an episode ( ?is sort occurr$ 9 ! fam\s w> betwe5 ! citiz5s ( ,gh5t & ! ,e>l ( ,fl&]s4 ,! ,"l d',enghi51 ) #d1jjj cavali]s & a l>ge =ce ( foot1 besieg$ ! t[n ( ,grammont1 :i* 0 atta*$ to ,gh5t4 ,ab\t f\r o'clock "o f9e ,sunday 9 ,june1 ! besieg]s ga9$ ! t[n1 & ! slaught]1 says ,froiss>t1 0 v great ( m51 wom51 & *ildr51 = to none 0 m]cy %[n4 ,upw>ds ( #ejj ( ! inhabitants 7 kill$2 numb]s ( old p & wom5 7 burnt 9 _! b$s2 & ! t[n be+ !n set on fire 9 m ?an two hundr$ places1 0 spe$ily r$uc$ to a%es4 #8,fair son1' said ! ,e>l ( ,fl&]s1 greet+ 8 return+ relative1 #8y are a valiant man1 & if x please ,god w be a gallant knight1 = y h made a h&some beg9n+4' ,hi/ory1 h[ev]1 may rejoice t s promis+ a c>e] 0 *eck$ 9 ! bud2 = ! "y nobleman's dea? 9 a skirmi% )9 a few days made 8 fir/ feat ( arms also 8 la/4 ,a simil> /ory is connect$ ) ! memory ( ! fight+ ,bi%op ( ,norwi*1 fam\s 9 ^? days4 ,hav+ be5 au?oris$ by ,pope ,urban ,,vi4 to make w> on ,pope ,clem5t ,,vii41 he w5t & besieg$ ! t[n ( ,gravel9es ) %ot & wild-fire1 #8till 9 ! end our m5 ent]$ ! t[n ) _! ,bi%op1 :5 !y at 8 comm&m5t de/roy+ bo? man1 woman1 & *ild1 left n "o alive ( all ^? :o rema9$ 9 ! t[n4'#cf ,?is 0 9 #achc2 & x w be obs]v$ h[ !n1 j z 9 lat] days1 ! excuse ( sup]ior ord]s s]v$ z an excuse = ! p]petration ( any crime1 provid$ only x 7 committ$ 9 w>4 ,x w\ld be an error to suppose t ^! ?+s 7 ! m]e accid5t ( w>1 due to ! passion ( ! mom5t1 or to ! feeble control ( lead]s ov] _! m54 ,9 a v curi\s old ,fr5* poem1 call$ #8,! ,v[ ( ! ,h]on1' indisputable evid5ce exi/s t ! slaught] ( wom5 & *ildr5 0 n only (t5 prem$itat$ be=e ! op5+ ( ho/ilities1 b t an oa? b9d+ a man to x 0 sometimes giv5 & accept$ z a tok5 ( comm5dable brav]y4 ,! poem 9 "q deals ) hi/orical ev5ts & p]sons2 & if n to be tak5 z lit]al hi/ory1 und\bt$ly keeps )9 ! limits ( probability1 z prov$ by o!r te/imony ( ! mann]s ( ^? times4 ,rob]t1 ,c\nt ( ,artois1 exil$ f ,france1 comes to ,engl&1 & br++ a roa/$ h]on be=e ,edw>d ,,iii4 & 8 c\rt1 prays !m to make v[s by x be=e eat+ ( x 79 accordance ) ! cu/om :i* atta*$ to su* oa?s peculi> sanctity7 conc]n+ ! de$s ( w> !y w\ld und]take aga9/ ! k+dom ( ,france4 ,edw>d ,,iii41 ! ,e>l ( ,salisbury1 ,sir ,walt] ,manny1 ! ,e>l ( ,d]by1 ,"l ,suffolk1 hav+ all sworn accord+ to ! ,c\nt's wi%es1 ,sir ,fauquemont1 /riv+ to outdo !m 9 ! pr(ession ( milit>y zeal1 swore t if ! k+ w\ld cross ! sea to invade ,france1 he w\ld always appe> 9 ! van ( 8 troops1 c>ry+ deva/ation & fire & slaught]1 & sp>+ n alt>s1 nor relations1 nor fri5ds1 nei!r helpless wom5 nor *ildr54#cg ,let ! read] reflect t ^! ?+s occurr$ 9 w>1 n ( ,*ri/ians aga9/ infidels1 b ( ,*ri/ians ) "o ano!r1 & 9 a p]iod commonly belaud$ = its advance 9 *ivalr\s humanity4 ,! incid5ts relat$ 7 ( too common occurr5ce to call = special rem>k by _! *ronicl]2 b ! peculi> atrocities ( ! fam\s sack ( ,limoges1 by ! express ord]s ( ,edw>d ! ,black ,pr9ce1 7 too mu* ev5 = ,froiss>t4 ,x is be/ to let him tell 8 own /ory f ! mom5t ( ! entry ( ! besieg+ =ce3 #8,! ,pr9ce1 ! ,duke ( ,lanca/]1 ! ,e>ls ( ,cambridge & ( ,pembroke1 ,sir ,guisc>d d',angle1 & ! o!rs1 ) _! m51 ru%$ into ! t[n4 ,y w\ld !n h se5 pillag]s active to d mis*ief1 runn+ ?r\gh ! t[n1 slay+ m51 wom51 & *ildr51 accord+ to _! comm&s4 ,x 0 a mo/ melan*oly bus9ess1 = all ranks1 ages1 & sexes ca/ !mselves on _! knees be=e ! ,pr9ce1 begg+ = m]cy2 b he 0 s inflam$ ) passion & rev5ge t he li/5$ to none1 b all 7 put to ! sword1 :]ev] !y c\ld be f\nd1 ev5 ^? :o 7 n guilty2 =1 ,i "k n :y1 ! poor 7 n sp>$1 :o c\ld n h _h any "p 9 ?is treason2 b !y suff]$ = x1 & inde$ m ?an ^? :o _h be5 ! lead]s ( ! trea*]y4 ,!re 0 n t day 9 ! city ( ,limoges any he>t s h>d5$ or t _h any s5se ( religion1 :o did n deeply bewail ! un=tunate ev5ts pass+ be=e _! eyes2 = upw>ds ( #c1jjj m51 wom51 & *ildr5 7 put to dea? t day4 ,god h m]cy on _! s\ls1 = !y 7 v]itable m>tyrs4' ,yet ! man ^: memory is /a9$ ) ?is crime1 among ! blacke/ 9 hi/ory1 0 he :om n 8 own c\ntry alone1 b ! ,europe ( 8 day1 dubb$ ! ,mirror ( ,knigh?ood2 & ^? :o bl9dly b 7accord+ to ! /ill preval5t sophi/ry ( milit>ism7 rightly c>ri$ out 8 ord]s c\nt$ among !m at lea/ ?ree ( ! noble/ names 9 ,engl&4 ,! abs5ce 9 *ivalry ( any feel+ /rong en\gh to save ! lives ( wom5 f ! sword ( ! w>rior r5d]s improbable priori any ke5 scruples aga9/ mak+ !m prison]s ( w>4 ,9 ,france su* scruples 7 /rong] ?an 9 ,engl&4 ,! soldi]s ( ! ,black ,pr9ce took captive ! ,du*ess ( ,b\rbon1 "m to ! ,k+ ( ,france1 & imprison$ h] 9 ! ca/le ( ,bellep]*e2 :5ce %e 0 aft]w>ds conduct$ into ,guy5ne1 & ransom exact$ = h] lib]ty4 ,simil> facts m>k ! :ole p]iod f ! twelf? to ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,:5 ! ,crusad]s "u ,ri*>d ,i4 took ,mess9a by assault1 !y c>ri$ (f ) _! o!r lawful spoils all ! noble/ wom5 belong+ to ! ,sicilians4#ch ,edw>d ,i4 made prison]s ( ! que5 ( ,rob]t ,bruce & h] ladies1 & ( ! ,c\ntess ( ,bu*an1 :o _h cr[n$ ,bruce4 ,! latt]1 he said1 z %e _h n us$ ! sword1 %\ld n p]i% by x2 b = h] lawless conspiracy %e %\ld be %ut up 9 a *amb] ( /one & iron1 circul> z ! cr[n %e gave2 & at ,b]wick %e %\ld be susp5d$ 9 ! op5 air1 a spectacle to travell]s1 & = h] ev]la/+ infamy4 ,accord+ly1 a turret 0 fitt$ up = h] ) a /rong cage ( lattice-"w1 made ( /rong po/s & b>s ( iron4#ci ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 ! ,engli%1 9 _! w> ^u ! ,fr5* fronti]1 accord+ to ,mon/relet1 #8made _m prison]s1 & ev5 c>ri$ (f wom51 z well noble z n1 :om !y kept 9 close conf9em5t until !y ransom$ !mselves4'#dj ,! notion1 !re=e1 t 9 ^? times any special c\rtesy 0 %[n 9 w> to ! weak] sex mu/ be receiv$ ) extreme latitude4 ,9 #aaid1 ,h5ry1 ,emp]or ( ! ,romans1 hav+ tak5 ,sal]no 9 ,apulia by /orm1 actually put up = auction to 8 troops ! wives & *ildr5 ( ! *ief citiz5s :om he _h sla9 & exil$4 ,to pass to ! treatm5t ( prison]s ( w>1 :o1 be x rememb]$1 7 only ^? :o c\ld promise ransom4 ,! old hi/orian ,hov$51 speak+ ( a battle t 0 f\ght 9 #aagc1 says t !re fell 9 x m ?an #aj1jjj ,flem+s2 ! rema9d]1 :o 7 tak5 captive1 be+ ?r[n into prison 9 irons1 & !re />v$ to dea?4 ,!re is no evid5ce :e!r1 or = h[ long1 />v+ rema9$ 9 vogue2 b ! iron *a9s 7 habitual1 d[n ev5 to ! f\rte5? c5tury or lat]1 among ! ,g]mans & ,spani>ds1 ! extortion ( a heavi] ransom be+ ! motive = increas+ ! weight ( *a9 & ! g5]al discom=t ( prison4 ,to let a prison] g at l>ge on p>ole = 8 ransom 0 an advance initiat$ by ! ,fr5*1 t sprang naturally out ( a /ate ( ho/ilities 9 :i* mo/ ( ! combatants became p]sonally acqua9t$1 b x 0 /ill conduct s exceptional t ,froiss>t always speaks ( x 9 t]ms ( high eulogy4 ,x 0 also an advance t (t5 sprang out ( ! pla9e/ necessities ( ! case1 z :51 aft] ! battle ( ,poiti]s1 ! ,engli% f\nd _! prison]s to be d\ble _! own numb]s1 :]e=e 9 consid]ation ( ! risk !y ran1 !y ei!r receiv$ ransom f !m on ! spot or gave !m _! lib]ty 9 ex*ange = a promise to br+ _! ransom-money at ,*ri/mas to ,bordeaux4 ,b]tr& du ,guescl9 did ! same by ! ,engli% knights aft] _! defeat at ,pontval92 & x 0 9 ref]5ce to ?is la/ occasion t ,froiss>t calls att5tion to ! sup]iority ( ! ,fr5* ov] ! ,g]mans 9 n %ackl+ _! prison]s ) a view to a heavi] ransom4 #8,curses on !m = x1' he exclaims ( ! ,g]mans2 #8!y are a p )\t pity or hon\r1 & !y ought nev] to receive qu>t]4 ,! ,fr5* ent]ta9$ _! prison]s well & ransom$ !m c\rte\sly1 )\t be+ too h>d ^u !m4' ,nev]!less we mu/ suspect t ?is sort ( c\rtesy 0 r occasional ?an habitual4 ,( ?is same ,du ,guescl91 :om ,/4-,palaye calls ! fl[] ( *ivalry1#da two /ories are told t ?r[ a diff]5t b curi\s light on ! mann]s ( ^? times4 ,hav+ on "o occasion defeat$ ! ,engli% & tak5 _m ( !m prison]s1 ,du ,guescl9 tri$ to obs]ve ! rules ( di/ributive ju/ice 9 ! p>tition ( ! captives1 b fail+ ( success & unable to discov] to :om ! prison]s really belong$1 he & ,clisson 7:o 7 bro!rs 9 arms7 9 ord] to t]m9ate ! diff]5ces :i* ! victori\s ,fr5* _h ) "o ano!r on ! subject1 conceiv$ t ! only fair solution 0 to h !m all massacr$1 & accord+ly m ?an #ejj ,engli%m5 7 put to dea? 9 cold blood outside ! gates ( ,bressire4#db ,s1 on a second occasion1 su* a quantity ( ,engli% 7 tak5 t #8!re 0 n1 d[n to ! commone/ soldi]1 anyone :o _h n "s prison] ( :om he c\nt$ to w9 a good ransom2 b z !re 0 a dispute betwe5 ! ,fr5* to "k to :om ea* prison] belong$1 ,du ,guescl91 to put !m all on a level1 ord]$ !m to put all to ! sword1 & only ! ,engli% *iefs 7 sp>$4'#dc ,?is f]oci\s w>rior1 ! product & pride ( 8 "t1 & ! fav\rite h]o ( ,fr5* *ivalry1 0 hide\s 9 face & figure2 & if we ?9k ( him1 ) 8 r\nd br[n face1 8 flat nose1 8 gre5 eyes1 8 crisp hair1 8 %ort neck1 8 broad %\ld]s1 8 long arms1 %ort body1 & badly made legs1 we h evid5tly "o ( ! wor/ specim5s ( t type :i* 0 = s long ! curse ( humanity1 ! w>rior ( m$ival ,europe4 ,9 respect1 !re=e1 ( ,hallam's /atem5t t ! c\rtesy ( *ivalry gradually introduc$ an indulg5t treatm5t ( prison]s :i* 0 almo/ unkn[n to antiquity1 x is cle> t x w\ld be unwise to press too closely ! comp>ison on ?is head betwe5 pre-,*ri/ian & po/-,*ri/ian w>f>e4 ,at ! siege ( ,tol$o1 ! ,besque de ,vila9es1 a fell[-soldi] ( ,du ,guescl9 9 ! ,spani% w>1 9 ord] to intimidate ! besieg$ into a surr5d]1 _h z _m gall[s erect$ 9 front ( ! city z he _h tak5 prison]s1 & actually _h m ?an two doz5 hung by ! execution] ) t object4 ,9 ! pages ( ,livy or ,?ucydides !re may be _m a bad de$ record$1 b at lea/ !re is no?+ worse ?an ! de$s ( ! ,besque de ,vila9es1 or ( ,du ,guescl91 ,con/able ( ,france1 or ( ,edw>d ! ,black ,pr9ce ( ,engl&4 ,!re is ano!r po9t besides ! fett]+ ( prison]s 9 :i* att5tion is drawn 9 ,froiss>t to ! exceptional b>b>ity ( ! ,spani>ds2 & 9 no e/imate ( ! milit>y type ( life 9 ! palmie/ days ( *ivalry w\ld x be reasonable to omit all consid]ation ( ,spa94 ,9 ! w> betwe5 ,ca/ile & ,portugal1 ! =ces "u ,don ,john ( ,ca/ile laid siege to ,lisbon1 closely inve/+ x2 & if any ,portuguese 7 tak5 prison]s 9 a skirmi% or o!rwise1 _! eyes 7 put out1 _! legs1 arms1 or o!r memb]s torn (f1 & 9 su* plight !y 7 s5t back to ,lisbon ) ! message t :5 ! t[n 0 tak5 m]cy w\ld be %[n to none4 ,su* 0 ! /ory told by ! ,portuguese ambassador to ! ,duke ( ,lanca/]1 & repeat$ on 8 au?ority by ,froiss>t4 ,= ! cr$it ( humanity1 to say no?+ ( *ivalry1 "o w\ld fa9 disbelieve ! tale altoge!r1 or reg>d x z an episode t /ood by itself & ap>t f ! g5]al practice ( ! age1 s9ce x is ! only "o ( ! k9d relat$ by ,froiss>t4 ,b ! frequ5cy z mu* z ! r>ity ( a practice may acc\nt = ! sil5ce ( an annali/1 & !re is little d\bt t mutilation ( ! k9d describ$ 0 common 9 ! *ivalr\s p]iod1 ev5 if obsolete or ne>ly s 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,bl9d+ & ca/ration 7 n only puni%m5ts inflict$ = (f5ces aga9/ ! =e/ laws ( ! ,norman k+s ( ,engl&1 b 7 ! common fate ( captive enemies 9 arms ?r\gh\t ,europe 9 ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies4 ,?is1 = in/ance1 0 ! treatm5t ( _! ,wel% prison]s by ! ,e>ls ( ,%rewsbury & ,*e/] 9 #ajih2 z also ( ,william ,,iii41 ,k+ ( ,sicily1 at ! h&s ( ,h5ry1 ,emp]or ( ! ,romans1 9 #aaid4 ,at ! close ( ! twelf? c5tury1 9 ! w> betwe5 ,ri*>d ,i4 ( ,engl& & ,philip ,augu/us ( ,france1 bl9d+ 0 resort$ to on bo? sides2 = ,hov$5 expressly says3 #8,! ,k+ ( ,france _h ! eyes put out ( _m ( ! ,engli% k+'s subjects :om he _h made prison]s1 & ?is provok$ ! ,k+ ( ,engl&1 unwill+ z he 01 to simil> acts ( impiety4' ,& to take a la/ in/ance1 9 #abbe1 ! ,milanese hav+ tak5 prison]s #ejj ,g5oese crossb[m51 depriv$ ea* ( !m ( an eye & an arm1 9 rev5ge = ! injury done by _! b[s4#dd ,s t x w\ld be int]e/+1 if possible1 to le>n f "s hi/orian ! date & cause ( ! cessation ( cu/oms s pr(\ndly b>b>\s & brutal4 ,by ! rules1 aga91 ( *ivalr\s w>f>e all p]sons f\nd )9 a t[n tak5 by assault 7 liable1 & all ! male adults likely1 to be kill$4 ,b]tr& du ,guescl9 made x a maxim be=e attack+ a place to ?reat5 its comm&] ) ! alt]native ( surr5d] or dea?2 a milit>y cu/om p]haps z old z w> itself1 & "o t has desc5d$ un*ang$ to our own times4 ,only by a timely surr5d] c\ld ! besieg$ *]i% any hope = _! lives or =tunes2 & ev5 ! (f] ( a surr5d] might be refus$1 & an unconditional surr5d] be insi/$ ^u in/ead4 ,?is is prov$ by ! well-kn[n /ory ( ,edw>d ,,iii4 at ! siege ( ,calais1 a /ory sometimes call$ 9 d\bt m]ely = re/+ solely on ! au?ority ( ,froiss>t4 ,! gov]nor ( ,calais (f]$ to surr5d] ! t[n & all ?+s 9 x1 9 return = a simple p]mission to leave x 9 safety4 ,sir ,walt] ,manny repli$ t ! k+ 0 resolv$ t !y %\ld surr5d] !mselves solely to 8 w1 to ransom or kill !m z he pleas$4 ,! ,fr5*man retort$ t !y w\ld suff] ! dire/ extremities r ?an submit to ! smalle/ boy 9 ,calais f>+ worse ?an ! re/4 ,! k+ ob/9ately refus$ to *ange 8 m9d1 till ,sir ,walt] ,manny1 press+ ^u him ! reluctance ( 8 (fic]s to g>rison 8 ca/les ) ! prospect ( reprisals :i* su* an ex]cise ( 8 w>-"r w\ld r5d] probable1 ,edw>d s f> rel5t$ z to insi/ on hav+ six citiz5s ( ,calais left to ! absolute disposal ( 8 rev5ge4 ,:5 ! six :o (f]$ !mselves z a sacrifice = ! re/ ( _! fell[-citiz5s rea*$ ! pres5ce ( ! k+1 ! latt]1 ?\gh all ! knights ar\nd him 7 mov$ ev5 to te>s1 gave in/ant ord]s to behead !m4 ,all :o 7 pres5t plead$ = !m1 & above all1 ,sir ,walt] ,manny1 9 accordance ) 8 promise to ! ,fr5* gov]nor2 b x 0 all 9 va91 & b = ! entreaties ( ! que51 ^? six citiz5s w\ld h fall5 victims to ! savage wra? ( ! pitiless ,edw>d4 ,two facts support ! probable tru? ( ! above n>rative f ,froiss>t4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is 9 p]fect keep+ ) ! conduct ( ! same w>rior at ! tak+ ( ,ca54 ,:5 ! k+ he>d :at mis*ief ! inhabitants _h inflict$ on 8 army by _! vigor\s def5ce1 he gave ord]s t all ! re/ ( ! inhabitants %\ld be sla9 & ! t[n burnt2#de & _h x n be5 = ! remon/rances ( ,sir ,godfrey de ,h>c\rt1 !re is little reason to d\bt b t he w\ld ?us h glutt$1 z he crav$ to d1 ! int5se native savag]y ( 8 s\l4 ,9 ! second place1 ! /ory is 9 p]fect keep+ ) ! common w>-rule ( t & lat] times1 by virtue ( :i* a conqu]or might always avail himself ( ! di/ress ( 8 enemy to insi/ ^u a surr5d] at discretion1 :i* ( c\rse 0 equival5t to a surr5d] to dea? or any?+ else4 ,h[ commonly dea? 0 inflict$ 9 su* cases may be %[n f "s n>ratives ( capitulations giv5 by ,mon/relet4 ,:5 ,meaux surr5d]$ to ,h5ry ,v41 six ( ! def5d]s 7 res]v$ by "n to be deliv]$ up to ju/ice 7su* 0 ! common expression71 & f\r 7 %ortly aft] behead$ at ,p>is4#df ,:5 ,meulan surr5d]$ to ! reg5t1 ! ,duke ( ,b$=d1 numb]s 7 specially except$ f ^? to :om ! ,duke grant$ _! lives1 #8to rema9 at ! disposal ( ! "l reg5t4'#dg ,:5 "s ,fr5* soldi]s hav+ tak5 refuge 9 a =t 7 s closely besieg$ by ! ,e>l ,m>%al ( ,engl& z to be oblig$ to surr5d] at discretion1 _m ( !m 7 hang$4#dh ,:5 ! g>rison ( ,guise capitulat$ to ,sir ,john de ,luxemb\rg1 a g5]al p>don 0 grant$ to all1 except to c]ta9 :o 7 to be deliv]$ up to ju/ice4#di ,:5 ! same capta91 ) ab\t "o ?\s& m51 besieg$ ! ca/le ( ,guetron1 :]e9 7 "s sixty or eighty ,fr5*m51 ! latt] propos$ to surr5d] on condition ( ! safety ( _! lives & =tunes2 #8!y 7 told !y mu/ surr5d] at discretion4 ,9 ! end1 h[ev]1 x 0 agre$ to by ! gov]nor t f f\r to six ( 8 m5 %\ld be sp>$ by ,sir ,john4 ,:5 ?is agreem5t _h be5 settl$ & pl$ges giv5 = its p]=mance1 ! gov]nor re-ent]$ ! ca/le1 & 0 c>eful n to tell 8 companions ! :ole t _h pass$ at ! conf]5ce1 giv+ !m to und]/& 9 g5]al t !y 7 to m>* away 9 safety2 b :5 ! ca/le 0 surr5d]$ all )9 x 7 made prison]s4 ,on ! morr[1 by ! ord]s ( ,sir ,john de ,luxemb\rg1 !y 7 all /rangl$ & hung on trees h>d by1 except ! f\r or six be=e m5tion$--"o ( _! companions s]v+ = ! execution]4'#ej ,"o m ( ^! black acts1 s common among ! w>riors ( *ivalry1 & ?is po9t p]haps w be accept$ z prov$4 ,! ,fr5* _h ga9$ possession ( ! ca/le ( ,r\51 b aft] twelve days 7 oblig$ to surr5d] at discretion to ! ,engli%2 #8!y 7 all made prison]s1 & put "u a good gu>d2 & %ortly aft]1 "o hundr$ & fifty 7 behead$ at ,r\54'#ea ,let u pass next f ! animate to ! inanimate _w z affect$ by w>f>e4 ,! sett+ on fire ( ,grammont 9 m ?an two hundr$ places is a fair sample ( ! normal use ( arson z a milit>y weapon 9 ! *ivalr\s p]iod4 ,to burn an undef5d$ t[n or village 0 acc\nt$ no meanness2 & 0 z frequ5t z ! de/ruction ( crops1 fruit trees1 or o!r s\rces ( human subsi/5ce4 ,! cu/om ( te>+ up v9es or fruit trees contra/s /rongly ) ! comm& ( ,x]xes to 8 =ces to sp>e ! groves ( trees ^u _! m>*2 & any read] ( anci5t hi/ory w ackn[l$ge ! va/ det]ioration f ! pagan laws ( w> :i* e page ( ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ian *ivalry reveals & exposes4 ,b little z 0 ! =be>ance display$ 9 w> t[>ds def5celess wom5 & *ildr51 or to ! crops & h\ses t gave !m food & %elt]1 x might p]haps h be5 expect$ t1 at a "t :5 no s]i\s diss5t _h come to divide ,*ri/ianity1 & :5 ! def5ce ( religion & religi\s c]emonies 7 among ! pr(ess$ duties ( knigh?ood1 *ur*es & sacr$ build+s %\ld h enjoy$ especial immunity f ! ravages ( w>4 ,ev5 9 pagan w>f>e ! temples ( ! enemy z a rule 7 sp>$2 su* an act z ! de/ruction ( ! sacr$ edifices ( ! ,m>si by ! ,romans "u ,g]manicus be+ contr>y to ! bett] traditions ( ,roman milit>y prec$5t4 ,p]missible z x 0 by ! rules ( w>1 says ,polybius1 to de/roy an enemy's g>risons1 cities1 or crops1 or any?+ else by :i* 8 p[] might be weak5$1 x 0 ! "p ( m]e rage & madness to de/roy su* ?+s z _! /atues or temples1 by :i* no b5efit or injury accru$ to "o side or ! o!r2 nor are allusions to violations ( ?is rule num]\s 9 pre-,*ri/ian w>f>e4#eb ,! practice ( ! ,romans & ,mac$onians to meet peaceably toge!r 9 "t ( w> on ! isl& ( ,delos1 on acc\nt ( its sanctity z ! reput$ bir?place ( ,apollo1#ec has no p>allel 9 ! hi/ory ( w> among ! nations ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,! mo/ t c be said = ! f\rte5? c5tury 9 ?is respect is t slightly /rong] scruples protect$ *ur*es & mona/]ies ?an ! lives ( wom5 & *ildr54 ,?is is impli$ 9 ,froiss>t's acc\nt ( ! /orm+ ( ,gu]r&e3 #8,m51 wom51 & *ildr5 7 put to ! sword1 & f9e *ur*es sacrilegi\sly burnt2 at :i* ! ,"l ,lewis 0 s mu* enrag$1 t he imm$iately ord]$ tw5ty-f\r ( ! mo/ active to be hang$ on ! spot4' ,b ! slighte/ embitt]m5t ( feel+ remov$ all scruples 9 fav\r ( sacr$ build+s4 ,ri*>d ,,ii41 hav+ ) 8 army cross$ ! ,twe$1 took up 8 qu>t]s 9 ! beautiful abbey ( ,melrose2 aft] :i* ! mona/]y1 ?\gh sp>$ 9 all previ\s w>s ) ,scotl&1 0 burnt1 because ! ,engli% _h det]m9$1 says ,froiss>t1 to ru9 ev]y?+ 9 ,scotl& be=e return+ home1 9 rev5ge = ! rec5t alliance ent]$ into by t c\ntry ) ,france4 ,! abbey ( ,dunf]ml9e1 :]e ! ,scot* k+s us$ to be buri$1 0 also burnt 9 ! same campaign2 & s x f>$ ) all o!r p>ts ( ,scotl& t ! ,engli% ov]ran2 = !y #8sp>$ nei!r mona/]ies nor *ur*es1 b put all to fire & flame4' ,nei!r did any great] degree ( *ivalry display itself 9 ! matt] ( ! modes & weapons ( w>f>e4 ,al?\gh reason c urge no valid objection aga9/ ! means ( de/ruction resort$ to by ho/ile =ces1 :e!r poison$ arr[s1 explosive bullets1 or dynamite1 yet c]ta9 ?+s h be5 g5]ally exclud$ f ! category ( fair milit>y practices1 z = example ! poison+ ( an enemy's wat]4 ,b ! w>riors ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 ev5 if !y /& acquitt$ ( poison+ riv]s & wells1 _h no scruples ab\t poison+ ! air3 :i* p]haps is ne>ly equival5t4 ,! great eng9es !y call$ ,s[s or ,muttons1 l t "o1 #abj feet wide & #dj feet long1 f :i* ,philip von ,artefeld & ! m5 ( ,gh5t ca/ heavy /ones1 beams ( wood1 or b>s ( hot copp] into ,oud5>de1 mu/ h made life inside su* a place unpleasant en\gh2 b worse ?+s c\ld be inject$ ?an copp] b>s or missiles ( wood4 ,! ,duke ( ,norm&y1 besieg+ ! ,engli% g>rison at ,?9-l',evque1 _h dead horses & o!r c>rion flung into ! ca/le1 to poison ! g>rison by ! smell2 & s9ce ! air 0 hot z 9 midsumm]1 x is small wond] t ! dictates ( reason soon triumph$ ov] ! _s ( resi/ance4 ,& at ! siege ( ,grave ! *ivalry ( ,brabant made a simil> use ( c>rion to empoison ! g>rison into a surr5d]4 ,ev5 9 weapons diff]5t degrees ( b>b>ity are cle>ly disc]nible1 accord+ z !y are int5d$ to effect a disabl+ w\nd1 or a w\nd t w cause ne$less lac]ation & pa9 by ! difficulty ( _! removal4 ,a b>b$ arr[ or spe> betok5s ( c\rse ! latt] object1 & x is wor? visit+ ! multi-b>b$ weapons 9 ,k5s+ton ,museum f diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w1 to le>n to :at l5g?s milit>y +5uity may g 9 ?is direction4 ,! spe> heads ( ! ,crusad]s 7 b>b$2#ed & s 7 ! arr[s us$ at ,crecy & else:]e1 z may be se5 on ref]5ce to ! manuscript pictures1 ! object be+ to make x impossible to extract !m )\t lac]ation ( ! fle%4 ,! s>bacane or long holl[ tube 0 9 use = %oot+ poison$ arr[s at ! enemy2#ee & pictures rema9 ( ! vials ( combu/ibles t 7 (t5 atta*$ to ! end ( arr[s & lances4#ef ,! above facts cle>ly %[ ! mann] & _s ) :i* our ance/ors wag$ w> 9 ! days ( :at ,hallam calls *ivalr\s virtue3 "o ( ! mo/ /up5d\s hi/orical impo/ures t has ev] become an accept$ article ( popul> belief4 ,! milit>y usages ( ! ,greeks & ,romans 7 mild & poli%$1 comp>$ to ! immeasurable savag]y :i* m>k$ ^? ( ! ,*ri/ians ( ,froiss>t's day4 ,z = ! r$eem+ features1 ! r>e g5]osity or c\rtesy to a foe1 !y might be cit$ 9 almo/ equal abundance f ! w>f>e ( ! ,r$ ,indians2 b :at %$s a peculi> /a9 on t ( ! ,*evali]s is ! o/5tati\s connection ( religion ) ! atrocities ( ^? blood-seek+ m>aud]s4 ,! ,*ur* by a peculi> religi\s s]vice bless$ & sanctifi$ bo? ! knight & 8 sword2 & ! mo/ solemn rite ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? 0 pr(an$ to ! level ( a prelim9>y ( battle4 ,at ,ea/] & ,*ri/mas1 ! great religi\s fe/ivals ( a pr(ess$ly peace-lov+ wor%ip1 ! ,psalm t 0 deem$ mo/ appropriate to be sung 9 ! *apels ( ! ,pope & ! ,k+ ( ,france 0 t beg9n+1 #8,b5$ictus ,dom9us ,deus meus1 qui docet manus meas ad bellum et digitos meos ad prlia4' ,x 0 a curi\s feature ( ?is religion ( w> t1 :5 ,edw>d ,,iii4's =ces invad$ ,france1 s /rict 0 ! sup]/ition t l$ !m to obs]ve ! fa/ ( ,l5t1 t among o!r ?+s convey$ into ! c\ntry 7 vessels & boats ( lea!r :]e) to obta9 supplies ( fi% f ! lakes & ponds ( ! enemy4 ,x is inde$ pass+ /range t ,*ri/ianity1 :i* c\ld comm& s /rict an obs]vance ( its ord9ances z is impli$ 9 ! transport ( boats to cat* fi% = ,l5t1 %\ld h be5 p[]less to place any *eck :atev] on ! f]oci\s milit>ism ( ! "t2 & ! v little t 0 ev] done by ! ,*ur* to *eck or humanise w>f>e is an et]nal reflection on ! s-call$ conv]sion ( ,europe to ,*ri/ianity4 ,nev]!less ! ,*ur*1 to d h] ju/ice1 us$ :at influ5ce %e possess$ on ! side ( peace 9 a mann] %e has long s9ce lo/ sight (2 nor 0 ! ,papacy 9 its mo/ di/ract$ days ev] s indiff]5t to ! evils ( w> z ! ,prote/ant ,*ur* has be5 s9ce1 & is /ill4 ,clem5t ,,vi4 succe$$ 9 mak+ peace betwe5 ,france & ,engl&1 j z ,alex&] ,,iii4 av]t$ a w> betwe5 ! two c\ntries 9 #aafa4 ,innoc5t ,,vi4 tri$ to d ! same2 & ,urban ,v4 return$ f ,rome to ,avignon1 hop+ to effect ! same good object4 ,gregory ,,xi4 0 ke5ly di/ress$ at ! failure ( ef=ts simil> to ^? ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,! ,popes inde$ endeav\r$ to /op w>s1 z !y endeav\r$ to /op t\rnam5ts1 or ! use ( ! crossb[2 b !y 7 defeat$ by ! int5se b>b>ism ( *ivalry2 nor c x be laid to ! *>ge ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 z x c to t ( ! ,*ur* ( ! ,re=mation1 t %e ev] fold$ h] h&s 9 despairful apa?y be=e a cu/om %e admitt$ to be evil4 ,! c>d9als & ar*bi%ops ( ^? days 7 con/antly engag$ 9 pacific1 nor always futile1 embassies4 ,& ! prelates w\ld frequ5tly prea* to ei!r side argum5ts ( peace3 a fact t contra/s badly ) ! almo/ univ]sal sil5ce & impot5ce ( ! mod]n pulpit1 ei!r to /ay a w> or to mitigate its b>b>ities4 ,b x is true t !y knew equally well h[ to play on ! m>tial z on ! pacific *ord 9 _! audi5ces2 = ! eloqu5ce ( an ,ar*bi%op ( ,t\l\se turn$ sixty t[ns & ca/les to ! int]e/ & rights ( ! ,fr5* k+ 9 8 qu>rel ) ,engl&2 & ! prea*+ ( prelates & lawy]s 9 ,pic>dy _h a simil> effect 9 o!r l>ge t[ns4 ,nor 7 ! ,engli% cl]gy sl[] ?an ! ,fr5* to ass]t ! rights ( _! k+ & c\ntry1 = ,simon ,tibald1 ,bi%op ( ,london1 made sev]al long & f9e s]mons to demon/rate 7z always is demon/rat$ 9 su* cases7 t ! ,k+ ( ,france _h act$ mo/ unju/ly 9 r5ew+ ! w>1 & t 8 conduct 0 at total v>iance bo? ) equity & reason4 ,b ^! appeals to ! judgm5t ( _! congregations by ! cl]gy are also a pro( t 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury ! op9ion ( ! p did n c\nt = s little z is (t5 suppos$ 9 ! mak+ ( peace & w>4 ,yet ! p[] ( ! p 9 ?is respect 0 d\btless z insignificant z x /ill is 9 our own days3 no?+ be+ m rem>kable1 ev5 9 ! free gov]nm5t ( mod]n ,engl&1 ?an ! influ5ce ( ! p 9 !ory & _! influ5ce 9 fact on ! mo/ important "q t reg>ds _! de/9ies4 ,nor are ! moral causes difficult to trace :i* 9 ^? times made w>s break out s frequ5tly & la/ s long1 t ^? :o n[ read ( !m c only m>vel h[ civilisation ev] em]g$ at all1 ev5 to ! imp]fect degree to :i* x is giv5 to u to enjoy x4 ,! love ( adv5ture & ! hope ( fame 7 ( c\rse among ! pr9cipal motives4 ,! say+ ( ,adam ,smi?1 t ! great secret ( education is ! direction ( p]sonal vanity to prop] objects1 conta9s ! key to all advance t has ev] be5 made 9 civilisation1 & to e %ortcom+4 ,! savag]y ( ! middle ages 0 due to ! direction ( p]sonal vanity exclusively into milit>y *annels1 s t ! desire = di/9ction (t5 display$ itself 9 =ms ( p]fect absurdity1 z 9 ! case ( ! "y ,engli% knights :o w5t abroad ) "o eye veil$1 b9d+ !mselves by a v[ to _! ladies nei!r to see ) _! eyes nor to reply to any?+ ask$ ( !m till !y _h signalis$ !mselves by ! p]=mance ( "s wondr\s de$ 9 ,france4 ,! gradual op5+ up 9 lat] days ( o!r pa?s to di/9ction ?an t ( arms has v mu* dim9i%$ ! dang] to ! public peace involv$ 9 ! wor?less education ( our ance/ors4 ,nor 0 ! p]sonal di/9ction ( ! w>rior ga9$ at any great risk ( p]sonal dang]4 ,! p]sonal dang] 9 w> decreas$ 9 exact ratio ) ! rank ( ! combatant1 & x 0 only ! l[] ord]s ( ! social hi]>*y :o unres]v$ly risk$ _! lives4 ,9 case ( defeat !y _h no ransom to (f] = m]cy1 & appe> almo/ habitually to h be5 sla9 )\t any4 ,if x 0 a common ?+ = ei!r side to settle be=e a battle ! names ( ^? on ! o!r :o %\ld be admitt$ to ransom1 x 0 no uncommon ?+ to det]m9e1 z ! ,engli% did be=e ,crecy1 to give no qu>t] to ! enemy at all4 ,b z a rule ! battle-field 0 ( little m p]il to ! knight ?an ! t\rnam5t2 & ?\gh _m p]i%$ :5 p[]less to av]t ! long ?9 dagg]1 call$ ! misricorde1 f ! int]/ices ( _! arm\r or ! vizor ( _! helmets1 yet ! /rik+ fact 9 ,froiss>t is ! great numb] ( battles1 skirmi%es1 & sieges 9 :i* ! same names occur1 prov+ h[ seldom _! be>]s 7 w\nd$1 disabl$1 or kill$4 ,?is ( c\rse 0 due ma9ly to ! m>vell\s def5sive arm\r !y wore1 :i* ju/ifies ! wond] n m]ely h[ !y f\ght b ev5 h[ !y mov$4 ,:e!r encas$ 9 coats ( mail1 sewn ^u or worn ov] ! gambeson or ?ick und]g>m5t ( clo? or lea!r1 or 9 plates ( solid /eel1 at fir/ worn ov] ! mail & !n in/ead ( x1 & (t5 ) ! pla/ron or brea/plate ( =g$ iron b5ea? bo? haub]k & gambeson1 !y evid5tly _h little to fe> f arr[1 sword1 or lance1 unless :5 !y neglect$ to let d[n ! vizor ( ! helmet1 z ,sir ,john ,*&os did1 :5 he met ) 8 dea? f a lance w\nd 9 ! eye 7#acgj74 ,_! *ief dang] lay 9 ! hamm]+ ( battle-axes on _! helmets1 :i* /unn$ or w\nd$1 b seldom kill$ !m4 ,b ! foot soldi]s & light cavalry1 ?\gh g5]ally well equipp$1 7 less well protect$ by arm\r ?an ! knights1 ! haub]k or coat ( mail be+ all[$ 9 ,france only to p]sons possess$ ( a c]ta9 e/ate2 s t ! knights 7 =midable less to "o ano!r ?an to ^? :o by ! conditions ( ! combat c\ld n be s =midable to !mselves4 ,! surcoat 0 also a def5ce to ! knight1 z indicat+ ! ransom he c\ld pay = 8 life4 ,o!rwise x is impossible to acc\nt = 8 read9ess to g into action ) ?is long robe fl[+ ov] 8 plate ( /eel & all 8 o!r acc\trem5ts4 ,_h ,sir ,john ,*&os n be5 entangl$ 9 8 long surcoat :5 he slipp$1 he might h liv$ to fight _m ano!r battle to ! hon\r ( ,engli% *ivalry4 ,ri*ness ( arm\r s]v$ also ! same purpose z ! surcoat4 ,at ! battle ( ,nicopoli1 :5 ! fl[] ( ! ,fr5* nobility met ) s disa/r\s a defeat at ! h&s ( ! ,turks1 ! lords ( ,france 71 says ,froiss>t1 s ri*ly dress$ out 9 _! emblazon$ surcoats z to look l little k+s1 & _m = a "t ow$ _! lives to ! extreme ri*ness ( _! arm\r1 :i* l$ ! ,s>ac5s to suppose !m great] lords ?an !y c\ld really boa/ to be4 ,s aga9 ! elaborate gold necklaces worn by di/+ui%$ (fic]s 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury 7 probably r symbols ( ! ransom _! we>]s c\ld pay1 ?an worn m]ely = o/5tation & vanity4 ,x 0 to c>elessness on ?is score t ! ,scot* ow$ _! great losses at ! battle ( ,musselbor\gh 9 #aedh3 = 7to put ! words ( ,pat9 9 mod]n dress7 _! #8vil5ess ( port 0 ! cause t s _m ( ! great m5 & g5tlem5 7 kill$ & s few sav$4 ,! outw>d %[1 ! semblance & sign :]eby a /rang] might disc]n a villa9 f a g5tleman1 0 n among !m to be se54' ,w> "u ^! conditions *iefly affect$ ! lives ( ! great by pleasantly reliev+ ! monotony ( peaceful days4 ,9 "t ( peace !y _h few occupations b hawk+1 hunt+1 & tilt+1 & dur+ ho/ilities ^? amusem5ts cont9u$4 ,field sports1 sometimes spok5 ( by _! eulogi/s z ! image ( w>1 7 n abs5t dur+ its reality4 ,edw>d ,,iii4 hunt$ & fi%$ daily dur+ 8 campaign 9 ,france1 hav+ ) him ?irty falcon]s on horseback1 sixty c\ples ( /agh\nds1 & z _m greyh\nds4 ,& _m ( 8 nobles foll[$ 8 example 9 tak+ _! hawks & h\nds across ! ,*annel4 ,b ! prec$+ causes ( ! frequ5cy ( w> 9 ! days ( *ivalry are q insignificant :5 comp>$ ) t motive :i* n[adays ma9ly f9ds v5t 9 ! peaceful *annels ( comm]ce--namely1 ! common desire ( ga94 ,! desire = glory _h f> less to d ) x ?an ! desire ( lucre2 nor is any?+ f ! beg9n+ to ! end ( ,froiss>t m conspicu\sly display$ ?an ! m]ely m]c5>y motive = w>4 ,! ransom ( prison]s or ( t[ns1 or ev5 ransom = ! sla91#eg af=d$ a %ort & royal road to weal?1 & 0 ! *ief inc5tive1 z x 0 also ! *ief rew>d ( brav]y4 ,! ,*evali] ,bay>d made by ransoms 9 ! c\rse ( 8 life a sum equal to #d1jjjl41 :i* 9 ^? days mu/ h be5 a =tune2#eh & ,sir ,walt] ,manny 9 a s+le campaign enri*$ himself by #h1jjjl4 9 ! same way4#ei ,s t ! /ory is p]fectly cr$ible ( ! old ,scot* knight1 :o 9 a ye> ( univ]sal peace pray$1 #8,"l1 turn ! _w upside d[n t g5tlem5 may make bread ( x4' ,loot & rap9e1 ! mod]n attractions ( ! brig&1 7 !n 9 fact ! ma9 temptations ( ! knight or soldi]2 & ! di/9ction betwe5 ! latt] & ! brig& 0 f> less ?an x _h be5 9 ! pre-,*ri/ian p]iod1 or ?an x is 9 m mod]n times4 ,inde$ ! v ^w brig& meant1 orig9ally1 m]ely a foot-soldi] :o f\ght 9 a brigade1 9 :i* s5se x 0 us$ by ,froiss>t2 & x 0 only ! con/ant addiction ( ! =m] to ! occupations ( ! highwayman t l5t to ! ^w brig& its subsequ5t evil connotation4 ,b x 0 n m]ely ! common soldi] to :om ! fir/ "q 9 a case ( w> 0 ! pr(it to be ga9$ by x2 = m5 ( ! be/ families ( ! ari/ocracy 7 no less addict$ to ! l& piracy :i* !n con/itut$ w>1 z is prov$ by su* names z ,calv]ly1 ,g\rnay1 ,albret1 ,hawkwood1 & ,guescl94 ,! noble :o 0 a soldi] 9 w> (t5 cont9u$ to fight z a robb] aft] peace 0 made1 nor ?\ght x b5ea? him to make wret*$ villag]s comp\nd = _! lives2 & 9 spite ( truces & treaties1 pillage & ransom af=d$ 8 *ief & (t5 8 sole s\rce ( livelihood4 ,! /ory ( ,*>les de ,beaumont dy+ ( regret = ! ransom he _h lo/1 because by mi/ake he _h sla9 in/ead ( captur+ ! ,duke ( ,burgundy at ! battle ( ,nancy1 is a fair illu/ration ( ! dom9ion !n ex]cis$ by ! l[e/ m]c5>y feel+s ov] ! nobility ( ,europe4 ,?is m]c5>y side ( *ivalr\s w>f>e has be5 s lo/ sight ( 9 ! conv5tional descriptions ( x1 t x is wor? :ile to br+ into prom95ce h[ v little ! cause ( w> really conc]n$ ^? :o took "p 9 x1 & h[ unf\nd$ is ! idea t m5 tr\bl$ to fight = ! weak or ! oppress$ "u f9e impulses ( *ivalry1 & n simply 9 any place or = any object t held out to !m ! prospect ( ga94 ,h[ o!rwise is x possible to acc\nt = ! conduct ( ! ,black ,pr9ce1 9 fight+ to re/ore ,p$ro ! ,cruel to ! ?rone ( ,ca/ile1 f :i* he _h be5 displac$ 9 fav\r ( ,h5ry ( ,tra/am>e n m]ely by ! arms ( ,du ,guescl9 & ! ,fr5* freeboot]s1 b by ! wi%es & cons5t ( ! p8 ,any ?\ght = ! p conc]n$1 or ( sympa?y = _! lib]ation1 z little ent]$ into ! m9d ( ! ,black ,pr9ce z if ! "q _h conc]n$ toads or rabbits4 ,provid$ x af=d$ an occasion = fight+1 x matt]$ no?+ t ,p$ro _h rul$ oppressively2 t he _h murd]$1 or at lea/ 0 believ$ to h murd]$1 8 wife1 ! si/] ( ! reign+ ,k+ ( ,france3 nor t he _h ev5 be5 condemn$ by ! ,pope z an enemy to ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,yet be=e ! battle ( ,nav>ette 7#acfg71 9 :i* ,h5ry 0 completely defeat$1 ! ,pr9ce did n hesitate 9 8 pray]s = victory to ass]t t he 0 wag+ w> solely 9 ! int]e/s ( ju/ice & reason2 & x 0 = 8 success 9 ?is iniquit\s exploit 7a success :i* only await$ 8 dep>ture f ! c\ntry to be foll[$ by a ris+ 9 fav\r ( ! mon>* he _h depos$7 t ! ,pr9ce won 8 *ief title to fame2 t ,london exhau/$ itself 9 %[s1 triumphs1 & fe/ivals 9 8 hon\r2 & t ,g]mans1 ,engli%1 & ,flemi% ) "o accord entitl$ him #8! mirror ( knigh?ood4' ,! ,pr9ce 0 only ?irte5 :5 he f\ght at ,crecy1 & he f\ght ) c\rage3 he 0 only t5 ye>s old] :5 he won ! battle ( ,poiti]s1 & he behav$ ) c\rtesy to ! captive ,fr5* k+1 f :om he look$ = an extortionate ransom3 b ! extravagant eulogies commonly heap$ ^u him prove h[ little exalt$ 9 reality 0 ! milit>y ideal ( 8 age4 ,8 sack ( ,limoges1 fam\s among milit>y atrocities1 has already be5 spok5 (2 nor %\ld x be =gott51 z ano!r indication ( 8 "*1 t :5 two mess5g]s br\ght him a summons f ! ,k+ ( ,france to answ] ! appeal ( ! ,gascons ( ,aquita9e1 he actually imprison$ !m1 %[+ himself h[ev] 9 ?is sup]ior to 8 nobles & b>ons1 :o actually advis$ capital puni%m5t z ! fitte/ sal>y to ! envoys = _! pa9s4 ,! ,free ,companies1 or hordes ( robb]s1 :o ravag$ ,europe ?r\gh all ! p]iod ( *ivalry & con/itut$ ! greate/ social difficulty ( ! "t1 7 simply =m$ ( knights & m5-at-arms1 :o1 :5 a public w> no long] ju/ifi$ !m 9 robb+ & murd]+ on behalf ( ! ,/ate1 turn$ robb]s & murd]]s on _! own acc\nt4 ,aft] ! treaty ( ,bretigny _h put a /op to ho/ilities betwe5 ,france & ,engl& 7#acfj71 #ab1jjj ( ^! m51 m5 ( rank & family z well z ne$y adv5tur]s1 & "u lead]s ( e nationality1 resolv$ soon] ?an lay d[n _! arms to m>* into ,burgundy1 !re to relieve by ! ransoms !y might levy ! pov]ty !y c\ld n o!rwise av]t4 ,_m a w> _h no o!r ju/ification ?an ! lib]ation ( "o p f _! outrages by turn+ !m ^u ano!r4 ,?us ,du ,guescl9 l$ 8 ,:ite ,company into ,spa9 on behalf ( ,h5ry ! ,ba/>d1 less to av5ge ! cruelties ( ,p$ro ?an to free ,france f ! curse ( h] unemploy$ *ivalry2 & ,h5ry ! ,ba/>d1 :5 by su* help he _h wre/$ ! k+dom ( ,ca/ile f 8 bro!r ,p$ro1 design$ an invasion ( ,granada simply to div]t f 8 own t]ritories ! allies :o _h plac$ him 9 possession ( !m4 ,?is 0 a con/ant s\rce ( w> 9 ^? days1 j z 9 our own ! exi/5ce ( l>ge armies leads ( necessity to w>s = _! employm5t2 & ev5 ! ,crusades d]ive "s explanation f ! op]ation ( ! motive indicat$4 ,no hi/orical microscope1 inde$1 w detect any diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,free ,companies & ! regul> troops1 s9ce n only ! latt] m]g$ into ! =m]1 b bo? 7 actuat$ by ! sole pursuit ( ga91 & equally indiff]5t to ideas ( hon\r or patriotism4 ,! cre$ ( bo? 0 summ$ up 9 ! foll[+ regretful spee*1 attribut$ to ,aym]igot ,m>cel1 a great capta9 ( ! pillag+ b&s3 #8,!re is no pleasure 9 ! _w l t :i* m5 su* z ourselves enjoy$4 ,h[ happy 7 we :51 rid+ out 9 se>* ( adv5tures1 we met a ri* abbot1 a m]*ant1 or a /r+ ( mules1 well lad5 ) drap]ies1 furs1 or spices1 f ,montpelli]1 ,bezi]s1 & o!r places6 ,all 0 our own1 or ransom$ accord+ to our w4 ,e day we ga9$ money1 444 we liv$ l k+s1 & :5 we w5t abroad ! c\ntry trembl$2 ev]y?+ 0 ours bo? 9 go+ & return+4' ,9 ! days ( *ivalry1 ?is desire ( ga91 h[ev] gott51 p]vad$ & vitiat$ all classes ( m5 f ! l[e/ to ! highe/4 ,*>les ,,iv4 ( ,france1 :5 8 si/] ,isabella1 que5 ( ,edw>d ,,ii41 fl$ to him1 promis$ to help h] ) gold & silv]1 b secretly1 le/ x %\ld br+ him into w>2 & !n :5 mess5g]s f ,engl& came ) gold & silv] & jewels = himself & 8 m9i/]s1 bo? he & 8 c\ncil became 9 a %ort "t z cold to ! cause ( ,isabella z !y _h be5 w>m1 ! k+ ev5 go+ s f> z to =bid any ( 8 subjects "u pa9 ( bani%m5t to help 8 si/] 9 h] project$ return4 ,& aga91 :5 ,edw>d ,,iii4 0 ab\t to make w> ) ,france1 0 he n told t 8 allies 7 m5 :o lov$ to ga9 weal?1 & :om x 0 necess>y to pay be=eh&8 ,& did he n f9d t a judici\s di/ribution ( flor9s 0 z effective 9 w9n+ ov] to 8 int]e/s a duke1 a m>quis1 an ar*bi%op1 & ! lords ( ,g]many1 z ! poor] citiz5s ( ! t[ns ( ,fl&]s8 ,money1 !re=e1 or its equival5t1 & n ! title to ! cr[n ( ,france1 0 at ! root ( ! w>s wag$ abroad by ! ,engli% "u ,edw>d ,,iii4 ,! "q ( title simply s]v$ z pretext1 cov]+ ! bas] objects ( ! invasion4 ,no hi/orical fact is cle>]1 ignor$ ?\gh x has be5 9 ! popul> hi/ories ( ,engl&1 ?an t ! unpopul>ity ( 8 successor1 ,ri*>d ,,ii41 arose f 8 m>riage ) ! daught] ( ! ,k+ ( ,france1 & f 8 desire = peace betwe5 ! two k+doms1 ( :i* ! m>riage 0 ! pro( & ! security4 ,:5 8 wi% = peace l$ to ! =mation ( a w> & a peace p>ty among ! ,engli% nobility1 ,froiss>t says3 #8,! poor] knights & ar*]s 7 ( c\rse = w>1 z _! sole livelihood dep5d$ ^u x4#fj ,!y _h le>nt idl5ess & look$ to w> z a means ( support4' ,9 ref]5ce to ! great peace conf]5ce held at ,ami5s 9 #acia1 he obs]ves3 #8,_m p]sons w n readily believe :at ,i am ab\t to say1 ?\gh x is /rictly true1 t ! ,engli% are fond] ( w> ?an ( peace4 ,dur+ ! reign ( ,edw>d1 ( happy memory1 & 9 ! lifetime ( 8 son ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 !y made su* gr& conque/s 9 ,france1 & by _! victories & ransoms ( t[ns1 ca/les1 & m5 ga9$ su* weal?1 t ! poore/ knights became ri*2 & ^? :o 7 n g5tlem5 by bir?1 by gallantly haz>d+ !mselves 9 ^! w>s1 7 ennobl$ by _! val\r & wor?4 ,^? :o came aft] !m 7 desir\s ( foll[+ ! same road4444 ,ev5 ! ,duke ( ,gl\ce/]1 son ( ,k+ ,edw>d1 incl9$ to ! op9ion ( ! commons1 z did _m o!r knights & squires :o 7 desir\s ( w> to enable !m to support _! /ate4'#fa ,no o!r c\ntry1 inde$1 pleas$ ^! ,engli% brig& knights s well z ,france = ! purpose ( milit>y plund]4 ,h5ce ! ,engli% :o return$ f ! exp$ition to ,ca/ile compla9$ bitt]ly t 9 ! l>ge t[ns :]e !y expect$ to f9d ev]y?+1 !re 0 no?+ b w9es1 l>d1 & empty c(f]s2 b t x 0 q o!rwise 9 ,france1 :]e !y _h (t5 f\nd 9 ! cities tak5 9 w> su* weal? & ri*es z a/oni%$ !m2 x 0 9 a w> ) ,france !re=e t x behov$ !m to haz>d _! lives1 = x 0 v pr(itable1 n 9 a w> ) ,ca/ile or ,portugal1 :]e !re 0 no?+ b pov]ty & loss to be suff]$4#fb ,) ?is evid5ce f ,froiss>t may be comp>$ a passage f ,philip de ,comm9es1 :]e he says1 9 speak+ ( ,l\is ,,xi4 t[>ds ! end ( ! foll[+ c5tury3 #8,our ma/] 0 well aw>e t ! nobility1 cl]gy1 & commons ( ,engl& are always ready to ent] ^u a w> ) ,france1 n only on acc\nt ( _! old title to its cr[n1 b by ! desire ( ga91 = x pleas$ ,god to p]mit _! pr$ecessors to w9 sev]al memorable battles 9 ?is k+dom1 & to rema9 9 possession ( ,norm&y & ,gui5ne = ! space ( #cej ye>s1 444 dur+ :i* "t !y c>ri$ ov] enorm\s booty into ,engl&4 ,n only 9 plund] :i* !y _h tak5 9 ! sev]al t[ns1 b 9 ! ri*ness & quality ( _! prison]s1 :o 7 mo/ ( !m great pr9ces & lords1 & paid !m va/ ransoms = _! lib]ty2 s t e ,engli%man aft]w>ds hop$ to d ! same !reby & return home lad5 ) spoils4'#fc ,su*1 !n1 7 ! antec$5ts ( ! evil cu/om ( w> :i* has desc5d$ to our own "t2 & we %all h tak5 ! fir/ /ep to its abolition :5 we h ?us le>nt to read its real desc5t & place 9 hi/ory1 & to reject z pure halluc9ation ! idea t 9 ! w>f>e ( ! pa/ any m ?an ( ! pres5t !re 0 any?+ noble or great or glori\s4 ,t brave de$s 7 (t5 done & noble conduct sometimes display$ 9 x mu/ n bl9d u to its o!r & d>k] features4 ,x 0 a w>f>e 9 :i* n ev5 wom5 & *ildr5 7 safe f ! sword or lance ( ! knight or soldi]2 nor sacr$ build+s exempt f _! rage4 ,x 0 a w>f>e 9 :i* ! occasional m]cy %[n _h a m]c5>y ta9t2 9 :i* ! defeat$ 7 only sp>$ = _! ransom2 & 9 :i* prison]s 7 con/antly liable to torture1 mutilation1 & fett]s4 ,above all1 x 0 a w>f>e 9 :i* m5 f\ght m f a sordid gre$ ( ga9 ?an f any love or atta*m5t to _! k+ or c\ntry1 s t all s5se ( loyalty w\ld spe$ily evaporate if a k+ l ,ri*>d ,,ii4 *anc$ to wi% to live peaceably ) 8 neighb\rs4 ,x is n unimportant to h ?us %[n ! w>f>e ( *ivalry 9 its true light4 ,= x is ! delusion ) reg>d to x1 :i* m ?an any?+ else keeps alive ^? romantic notions ab\t w> & w>riors t are ! mo/ fatal h9drance to remov+ bo? f ! face ( ! e>?4 ,we cle>ly drive milit>ism to its la/ def5ces1 if we deprive x ( e p]iod & ( almo/ e "n on :i* x is wont to rely z entitl+ x to our admiration or e/eem4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,naval ,,w>f>e4 ,una et ea vetus causa bell&i e/ pr(unda cupido imp]ii et diviti>um4--,,sallu/4 ,robb]y ! fir/ object ( m>itime w>f>e--,! piratical orig9 ( ,european navies--,m]ciless "* ( w>s at sea--,=tunes made by private]+ 9 ,engl&--,private]s commission$ by ! ,/ate--,private]s def5d$ by ! publici/s--,di/9ction betwe5 private]+ & piracy--,failure ( ! ,/ate to regulate private]+--,private]+ condemn$ by ,"l ,nelson--,private]+ aboli%$ by ! ,decl>ation ( ,p>is 9 #ahef--,mod]n feel+ aga9/ seizure ( private prop]ty at sea--,naval w>f>e 9 days ( wood5 %ips--,unlawful me?ods ( m>itime w>--,! ,emp]or ,leo ,,vi4's #8,treatise on ,tactics'--,! use ( fire-%ips--,dea? ! p5alty = s]v+ 9 fire-%ips--,torp$oes orig9ally reg>d$ z #8bad' w>--,engli% & ,fr5* doctr9e ( rights ( neutrals--,enemy's prop]ty "u neutral flag secur$ by ,treaty ( ,p>is--,%ortcom+s ( ! ,treaty ( ,p>is ) reg>d to3--7#a7 ,a def9ition ( :at is contrab&2 7#b7 ,! "r ( se>* ( vessels "u convoy2 7#c7 ,! practice ( emb>goes2 7#d7 ,! jus ang>i--,! ,int]national ,m>9e ,code ( ! future4 ,! fir/ /rik+ diff]5ce betwe5 milit>y & naval w>f>e is t1 :ile--9 !ory1 at lea/--! milit>y =ces ( a c\ntry conf9e _! attacks to ! p]sons & p[] ( _! enemy1 ! naval =ces devote !mselves prim>ily to ! plund] ( 8 prop]ty & comm]ce4 ,if on l& ! !ory ( mod]n w> exempts f spoliation all ( an enemy's goods t d n contribute to 8 milit>y /r5g?1 on sea su* spoliation is ! pr(ess$ object ( m>itime w>f>e4 ,& ! diff]5ce1 we are told1 is #8! necess>y consequ5ce ( ! /ate ( w>1 :i* places ! citiz5s or subject ( ! bellig]5t /ates 9 ho/ility to ea* o!r1 & prohibits all int]c\rse betwe5 !m1'#fd al?\gh ! v reason = ! immunity ( private prop]ty on l& is t w> is a condition ( ho/ility betwe5 ! milit>y =ces ( two c\ntries1 & n betwe5 _! respective inhabitants4#fd ,writ]s on public law h inv5t$ _m +5i\s !ories to expla9 & ju/ify1 on rational gr\nds1 s fundam5tal a diff]5ce betwe5 ! two k9ds ( w>f>e4 #8,to make prize ( a m]*ant %ip1' says ,dr4 ,:ewell1 #8is an obvi\s way ( %[+ 7su* a %ip7 t its own ,/ate is unable to protect x at sea1 & ?us is a mode ( attack+ ! ,/ate2'#fe a reason t w\ld equally ju/ify ! slaught] ( nonag5>ians4 ,accord+ to ,hautefeuille1 ! diff]5ces fl[s naturally f ! conditions ( ho/ilities wag$ on diff]5t elem5ts1 & especially f ! abs5ce at sea ( any fe> ( a ris+ en masse :i*1 z x may be ! result ( :olesale robb]y on l&1 s]ves to "s ext5t z a safegu>d aga9/ x4#ff ,a simpl] explanation may trace ! diff]5ce to ! m>itime ,piracy :i* = _m c5turies 0 ! normal relation betwe5 ! ,engli% & ,cont95tal coa/s1 & out ( :i* ! navies ( ,europe 7 gradually evolv$4 ,sir ,h4 ,nicolas1 describ+ ! naval /ate ( ! ?irte5? & e>ly "p ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 proves by abundant facts ! foll[+ picture ( x3 #8,dur+ a truce or peace %ips 7 bo>d$1 plund]$1 & captur$ by vessels ( a fri5dly ,p[] z if !re _h be5 actual w>4 ,ev5 ,engli% m]*ant %ips 7 attack$ & robb$ z well 9 port z at sea by ,engli% vessels1 & especially by ^? ( ! ,c9que ,ports1 :i* seem to h be5 ne/s ( robb]s2 &1 judg+ f ! num]\s compla9ts1 x w\ld appe> t a g5]al sy/em ( piracy exi/$ :i* no gov]nm5t 0 /rong en\gh to re/ra94'#fg ,! gov]nm5ts ( ^? days 71 h[ev]1 n only n /rong en\gh to re/ra91 b1 z a rule1 only too glad to make use ( ^! pirates z auxili>ies 9 _! w>s ) =eign ,p[]s4 ,"s ,engli% %ips c>ry+ troops to ,france hav+ be5 disp]s$ by a /orm1 ! sailors ( ! ,c9que ,ports 7 ord]$ by ,h5ry ,,iii41 9 rev5ge1 to commit e possible injury on ! ,fr5*2 a commission und]tak5 ) su* zeal on _! "p t !y slew & plund]$ n only all ! =eign]s !y c\ld cat*1 b _! own c\ntrym5 return+ f _! pilgrimages 7#abdb74 ,dur+ ! :ole reign ( ,h5ry ,,iv4 7#acii-adac71 ?\gh !re exi/$ a truce betwe5 ,france & ,engl&1 ! ord9>y incid5ts ( ho/ilities cont9u$ at sea j z if ! c\ntries _h be5 at op5 w>4#fh ,! object on ei!r side 0 plund] & wanton deva/ation2 nor f _! l&+ on ea* o!r's coa/s1 burn+ ea* o!r's t[ns & crops1 & c>ry+ (f ea* o!r's prop]ty1 did ! c\ntry ( ei!r d]ive ! lea/ b5efit :atev]4 ,! monk ( ,/4 ,d5ys %[s t ^! pirates 7 really ! m>9]s on :om ! naval s]vice ( ,engl& *iefly dep5d$ 9 "t ( w>1 = he says1 9 speak+ ( ?is p]iod3 #8,! ,engli% pirates1 discont5t$ ) ! truce & unwill+ to ab&on _! pr(itable pursuits1 det]m9$ to infe/ ! sea & attack m]*ant %ips4 ,?ree ?\s& ( ! mo/ skilful sailors ( ,engl& & ,bayonne _h conf$]at$ = t purpose1 &1 z 0 suppos$1 ) ! approbation ( _! k+4' ,x 0 n till ! ye> #adac t ,h5ry ,v4 s\ght to put a /op to ! piratical practices ( ! ,engli% m>9e1 & he !n did s )\t requir+ a reciprocal endeav\r on ! "p ( ! o!r c\ntries ( ,europe4#fi ,m>itime w>f>e be+ ?us simply an ext5sion ( m>itime piracy1 ! usages ( ! "o naturally became ! usages ( ! o!r2 ! only diff]5ce be+ t 9 "t ( w> x 0 ) ! lic5ce & pay ( ! ,/ate1 & ) ! help ( knights & squires1 t ! pirates c>ri$ on _! accu/om$ programme ( inc5di>ism1 massacres1 & robb]ies4 ,f ?is connection1 !re=e1 a l[] "* ( w>f>e prevail$ f ! fir/ on sea ?an on l&1 & ! _s ( piracy brea!d ov] ! wat]s4 ,no m m]cy 0 %[n by ! regul> naval s]vice ?an 0 %[n by pirates to ! crew ( a captur$ or surr5d]$ vessel1 = w\nd$ & unw\nd$ alike 7 ?r[n into ! sea4 ,:5 ! fleet ( ,breton pirates defeat$ ! ,engli% pirates 9 ,july #adjc1 & took #b1jjj ( !m prison]s1 !y ?rew ov]bo>d ! great] "p ( !m2#gj & 9 ! great sea-fight betwe5 ! ,engli% & ,spani% fleets ( #acej1 ! :ole ( ! crew ( a ,spani% %ip t surr5d]$ to ! ,e>l ( ,lanca/] 7 ?r[n ov]bo>d1 #8accord+ to ! b>b>\s cu/om ( ! age4'#ga ,two o!r /ories ( t "t /ill fur!r display ! utt] want ( any?+ l *ivalr\s feel+ 9 m>itime usages4 ,a ,flemi% %ip1 on its way to ,scotl&1 hav+ be5 driv5 by a /orm on ! ,engli% coa/1 ne> ! ,?ames1 & its crew hav+ be5 sla9 by ! inhabitants1 ! k+ rew>d$ ! assass9s ) ! :ole ( ! c>go1 & kept ! %ip & ! rigg+ = himself 7#acah74gb ,9 #acgi1 :5 a fleet ( ,engli% knights1 "u ,sir ,john ,arundel1 on its way to ,brittany1 0 ov]tak5 by a /orm1 & ! jettison ( o!r ?+s fail$ to relieve ! vessels1 sixty wom51 _m ( :om _h be5 =c$ to emb>k1 7 ?r[n into ! sea4#gc ,! piratical orig91 !re=e1 ( ! navies ( ,europe suffici5tly expla9s ! fact t plund]1 :i* is less ! rule ?an an incid5t ( w> on l&1 rema9s its *ief object & feature at sea4 ,! fact may fur!r be expla9$ by ! survival ( piracy long sanction$ by ! ,/ates "u ! guise ( ,private]+4 ,if we w\ld und]/& ! popul>ity ( w>s 9 ,engl& 9 ! old private]+ days1 we mu/ recall ! magnific5t =tunes :i* 7 (t5 won z prize-money 9 ! c>e] ( legalis$ piracy4 ,dur+ ! w> :i* 0 conclud$ 9 #agdh by ! treaty ( ,aix-la-,*apelle1 ,engl& captur$ ( ,fr5* & ,spani% %ips collectively #c1dcd1 :il/ %e h]self lo/ #c1bch2 b1 small comp5sation z ?is balance ( #aif %ips 9 h] fav\r may seem aft] a conte/ ( "s n9e ye>s1 ! pecuni>y balance 9 h] fav\r is said to h am\nt$ to #b1jjj1jjjl4#gd ,we n[ beg9 to see :y our =efa!rs rang _! *ur* bells at ! ann\ncem5t ( w>1 z !y did at ! decl>ation ( ?is "o aga9/ ,spa94 ,w> repres5t$ to l>ge classes :at ! gold m9es ( ,p]u repres5t$ to ,spa9--! be/ ( all possible pecuni>y speculations4 ,9 ! ye> #agdg alone ! ,engli% %ips took #fdd prizes2 & ( :at enorm\s value !y (t5 76 ,"h is a li/ ( ! values :i* ! c>goes ( ^! prizes n unfrequ5tly rea*$3 ,t ( ! #8,hron1' a ,fr5* %ip1 #adj1jjjl4 ,t ( ! #8,conception1' a ,fr5* %ip1 #bjj1jjjl4 ,t ( #8,la ,*>mante1' a ,fr5* ,ea/ ,indiaman1 #bjj1jjjl4 ,t ( ! #8,ve/al1' a ,spani% %ip1 #adj1jjjl4 ,t ( ! #8,hector1' a ,spani% %ip1 #cjj1jjjl4 ,t ( ! #8,concordia1' a ,spani% %ip1 #fjj1jjjl4#ge ,two ,spani% regi/] %ips are record$ to h br\ght 9 #cejl4 to e =ema/ man :o took "p 9 _! capture4 ,9 #agde ?ree ,spani% vessels return+ f ,p]u hav+ be5 captur$ by ?ree private]sm51 ! own]s ( ! latt] receiv$ to _! sep>ate %>es ! sum ( #gjj1jjjl41 & e common seaman #hejl4 ,ano!r ,spani% galleon 0 tak5 by a ,briti% man-(-w> ) a million /]l+ 9 bullion on bo>d4 ,^! facts suffice to dispel ! wond] we might o!rwise feel at ! love our ance/ors _h = mix+ !mselves up1 = any pretext or = none1 9 ho/ilities ) ,cont95tal ,p[]s4 ,our policy 0 naturally spirit$1 :5 x meant *ances l ^! = all :o lack$ ei!r ! wit or ! w to live hone/ly1 & returns l ^! on ! capital inve/$ 9 ! patriotic equipm5t ( a few private]s4 ,b :at advantage ultimately accru$ to ei!r side1 aft] d$uction made = all losses & exp5ses1 or h[ f> ^! national piracies contribut$ to ! spe$i] re/oration ( peace1 7 que/ions t app>5tly did n ent] )9 ! range ( milit>y reason+ to consid]4 ,ev]y?+ 0 done to make attractive a life ( piracy sp5t 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,/ate4 ,orig9ally e ,european ,/ate claim$ "s int]e/ 9 ! prizes x commission$ its private]s to take2 b ! fact t ea* 9 turn surr5d]$ its claim proves ! difficulty !re 0 9 gett+ ^! piratical s]vants to submit _! plund] to ! adjudication ( ! prize-c\rts4 ,orig9ally all private]s 7 b\nd to deliv] captur$ arms & ammunition to _! sov]eign1 & to surr5d] a p]c5tage ( _! ga9s to ! ,/ate or ! admiral2 b x soon came to pass t sov]eigns _h to pay = ! arms !y might wi% to keep1 & t ! p]c5tage d$uct$ 0 fir/ dim9i%$ & !n aboli%$ altoge!r4 ,at fir/ #cj p] c5t4 0 d$uct$ 9 ,holl&1 :i* fell successively to #ah p] c5t41 to #aj p] c5t41 to no?+2 & 9 ,engl& ! #aj p] c5t4 orig9ally due to ! admiral 0 f9ally surr5d]$4#gf ,! crew also enjoy$ an additional prize ( money = e p]son sla9 or captur$ on an enemy's man-(-w> or private]1 & = e cannon 9 proportion to its bore4#gg ,( all ! *anges ( op9ion t h occurr$ 9 ! _w's hi/ory1 none is m in/ructive ?an t :i* gradually took place conc]n+ private]+1 & :i* end$ 9 its f9al r5unciation by mo/ ( ! m>itime ,p[]s 9 ! ,decl>ation ( ,p>is 9 #ahef4 ,! weight ( ! publici/s' au?ority 0 = long 9 its fav\r4 ,vattel only made ! proviso ( a j cause ( w> ! condition = reconcil+ private]+ ) ! com=t ( a good consci5ce4#gh ,val9 def5d$ x z a patriotic s]vice1 9 t x reliev$ ! ,/ate f ! exp5se ( fitt+ out w>-vessels4 ,em]igon d5\nc$ ! vocation ( pirates z infam\s1 :ile comm5d+ t ( private]s z hone/ & ev5 glori\s4 ,& = _m g5]ations ! di/9ction betwe5 ! two 0 held to be satisfactory1 t ! private] act$ "u ! commission ( 8 sov]eign1 ! pirate "u no "o's b 8 own4 ,morally1 ?is di/9ction ( itself prov$ little4 ,take ! /ory ( ! ,fr5* g5]al ,crillon1 :o1 :5 ,h5ri ,,iii4 propos$ to him to assass9ate ! ,duc de ,guise1 is said to h repli$1 #8,my life & my prop]ty are y\rs1 ,sire2 b ,i %\ld be unwor?y ( ! ,fr5* "n 7 ,i false to ! laws ( hon\r4' ,_h he accept$ ! commission1 w\ld ! de$ h be5 praisewor?y or infam\s8 ,c a commission affect ! moral quality ( actions8 ,! hangman has a commission1 b nei!r hon\r nor di/9ction4 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld a successful private] h be5 (t5 decorat$ ) ! title ( nobility or pres5t$ ) a sword by 8 k+8#gi ,hi/orically1 ! di/9ction _h ev5 less f\ndation4 ,9 old5 times individuals c>ri$ on _! own robb]ies or reprisals at _! own risk2 b _! actions did n become ! lea/ less piratical :51 ab\t ! ?irte5? c5tury1 reprisals 7 tak5 "u ,/ate control1 & became only lawful "u lett]s ( m>que duly issu$ by a sov]eign or 8 admirals4 ,9 _! acts1 conduct1 & :ole proc$ure1 ! commission$ private]s ( lat] times diff]$ 9 no disc]nible respects f ! pirates ( ! middle ages1 save 9 ! fact ( be+ utilis$ by ! ,/ate = its suppos$ b5efit3 & ?is diff]5ce1 only dat+ z x did f ! "t :5 ! prohibition to fit out cruis]s 9 "t ( w> )\t public au?ority fir/ became common1 0 evid5tly "o ( date r ?an ( nature4 ,moreov]1 ! attempt ( ! ,/ate to regulate its piratical s]vice fail$ utt]ly4 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury x 0 cu/om>y to make ! (fic]s ( a private] swe> n to plund] ! subjects ( ! commission+ bellig]5t1 or ( fri5dly ,p[]s1 or ( vessels sail+ "u safe-conducts2 9 ! next c5tury x became necess>y1 9 addition to ?is oa?1 to insi/ on heavy pecuni>y sureties2#hj & su* sureties became common /ipulations 9 treaties ( peace4 ,ne>ly e treaty betwe5 ! m>itime ,p[]s aft] ab\t #afjj conta9$ /ipulations 9 re/ra9t ( ! abuses ( private]+2 on ! value ( :i*1 ! compla9ts t arose 9 e w> t occurr$ ( private]s exce$+ _! p[]s are a suffici5t comm5t4 ,! num]\s ord9ances ( diff]5t c\ntries ?reat5+ to puni% z pirates all private]s :o 7 f\nd ) commissions f bo? bellig]5ts1 give u a /ill fur!r insight into ! "* ( ^? s]vants ( ! ,/ate4 ,9 fact1 s slight 0 ! di/9ction f\nd$ on ! possession ( a commission1 t ev5 private]s ) commissions 7 sometimes treat$ z actual pirates & n z legitimate bellig]5ts4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! freeboot]s & buccane]s :o ravag$ ! ,we/ ,indies1 & :o consi/$ ( ! outca/s ( ,engl& & ! ,cont95t1 ?\gh !y 7 duly commission$ by ,france to d _! utmo/ damage to ! ,spani% colonies & comm]ce 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 7 treat$ z no bett] ?an pirates if !y happ5$ to fall into ! h&s ( ! ,spani>ds4 ,& especially 0 ?is di/9ction disall[$ if !re 7 any d\bt conc]n+ ! legitimacy ( ! lett]s ( m>que4 ,engl&1 = in/ance1 refus$ at fir/ to treat z bett] ?an pirates ! private]s ( h] revolt$ coloni/s 9 ,am]ica2 & 9 ! ,fr5* ,revolution %e tri$ to p]suade ! ,p[]s ( ,europe s to deal ) private]s commission$ by ! republican gov]nm5t4 ,russia hav+ cons5t$ to ?is plan1 its execution 0 only h9d]$ by ! hon\rable refusal ( ,sw$5 & ,d5m>k to acc$e to s retrograde an innovation4#ha ,an illusory di/9ction betwe5 ! prize ( a pirate & t ( a private] 0 fur!r su/a9$ by ! judicial app>atus ( ! prize-c\rt4 ,! rights ( a captor 7 n complete till a naval tribunal ( 8 own c\ntry _h settl$ 8 claims to ! %ips or c>go ( an enemy or neutral4 ,by ?is device confiscation 0 dive/$ ( its lik5ess to plund]1 & a ?9 v5e] ( legality 0 laid on ! fundam5tal lawlessness ( ! :ole sy/em4 ,7 x left to ! wolves to decide on _! rights to ! captur$ %eep1 ! latt] w\ld h mu* ! same *ance ( release z vessels 9 a prize-c\rt ( ! captor4 ,a prize-c\rt has nev] yet be5 equally repres5tative ( ei!r bellig]5t1 or be5 s con/itut$ z to be absolutely imp>tial betwe5 ei!r4 ,b1 ev5 grant$ t a prize-c\rt gave its v]dicts ) ! /ricte/ reg>d to ! evid5ce1 ( :at nature 0 t evid5ce likely to be :5 x came *iefly f ! purs] on bo>d ! private]1 ^: duty x 0 to draw up a v]bal process ( ! circum/ances ( e visit or capture1 & :o1 z he 0 paid & nom9at$ by ! capta9 ( ! private]1 0 dep5d5t = 8 pr(its 9 ! conc]n on ! lawfulness ( ! prizes8 ,h[ easy to repres5t t a def5celess m]*ant vessel _h (f]$ resi/ance to se>*1 & t !re=e by ! law ( nations %e & h] c>go 7 lawful prize6 ,h[ tempt+ to falsify e circum/ance t really att5d$ ! capture1 or t legally affect$ ! captors' rights to _! plund]6 ,^! aspects ( private]+ soon l$ unbiass$ m9ds to a s\nd] judgm5t ab\t x ?an 0 disc]nible 9 receiv$ op9ion4 ,molloy1 an ,engli% writ]1 spoke ( x1 z long ago z #agfi1 z foll[s3 #8,x 7 well !y 7! private]s7 7 re/ra9$ by cons5t ( all pr9ces1 s9ce all good m5 acc\nt !m b "o remove f pirates1 :o )\t any respect to ! cause1 or hav+ any injury done !m1 or s mu* z hir$ = ! s]vice1 spoil m5 & goods1 mak+ ev5 a trade & call+ ( x4'#hb ,m>t5s1 ! ,g]man publici/1 at ! end ( ! same c5tury1 call$ private]+ a privileg$ piracy2 b ,nelson's op9ion may fairly c\nt = m ?an all2 & ( 8 op9ion !re rema9s no d\bt :atev]4 ,9 a lett] dat$ ,augu/ #g1 #ahjd1 he wrote3 #8,if ,i _h ! lea/ au?ority 9 controll+ ! private]s1 ^: conduct is s disgraceful to ! ,briti% nation1 ,i w\ld in/antly take _! commissions f !m4' ,9 ! same lett] he spoke ( !m z a horde ( sanction$ robb]s2#hc & on ano!r occasion he wrote3 #8,! conduct ( all private]+ is1 z f> z ,i h se51 s ne> piracy1 t ,i only wond] any civilis$ nation c all[ !m4 ,! lawful z well z ! unlawful comm]ce ( ! neutral flag is subject to e violation & spoliation4'#hd ,yet x 0 = ! sake ( su* spoliation1 :i* ,engl& *ose to reg>d z h] m>itime "r & to id5tify ) h] m>itime supremacy1 t1 "u ! pretext ( solicitude = ! lib]ties ( ,europe1 %e f\ght h] long w> ) ,france1 & made h]self ! enemy 9 turn ( ne>ly e o!r civilis$ ,p[] 9 ! _w4 ,! ,decl>ation ( ,p>is1 ! fir/ article ( :i* aboli%$ private]+ betwe5 ! signatory ,p[]s1 0 sign$ by ,"l ,cl>5don on behalf ( ,engl&2 b on ! gr\nd t x 0 n =mally a treaty1 nev] hav+ be5 ratifi$ by ,p>liam5t or ! ,cr[n1 x has actually be5 sev]al times propos$ 9 ! ,engli% ,p>liam5t to violate ! hon\r ( ,engl& by decl>+ t agreem5t null & void4#he ,"l ,d]by1 9 ref]5ce to su* proposals1 said 9 #ahfg3 #8,we h giv5 a pl$ge1 n m]ely to ! ,p[]s :o sign$ ) u1 b to ! :ole civilis$ _w4' ,?is 0 ! language ( real patriotism1 :i* e/eems a c\ntry's hon\r its highe/ int]e/2 ! o!r 0 ! language ( ! pla9e/ p]fidy4 ,9 ,novemb] #ahgf1 ! ,russian ,gov]nm5t 0 also /rongly urg$1 9 ! case ( w> ) ,engl&1 to issue lett]s ( m>que aga9/ ,briti% comm]ce1 9 spite ( ! int]national agreem5t to ! contr>y4#hf ,x is n likely t x w\ld h done s2 b ^! motions 9 diff]5t c\ntries give vital int]e/ to ! hi/ory ( private]+ z "o ( ! legitimate modes ( wag+ w>4 ,moreov]1 s9ce nei!r ,spa91 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 nor ,mexico sign$ ! ,decl>ation ( ,p>is1 w> ) any ( !m w\ld revive all ! atrocities & disputes t h embitt]$ previ\s w>s 9 :i* ,engl& has be5 engag$4 ,! prec$5t ( =m] treaties1 su* z t betwe5 ,sw$5 & ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces 9 #afge1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,prussia 9 #aghe1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,italy 9 #ahga1 by :i* ei!r p>ty agre$ 9 ! ev5t ( w> n to employ private]s aga9/ ! o!r1 af=ds an obvi\s sample ( :at diplomacy might yet d to dim9i% ! *ances ( w> betwe5 ! signatory & ! non-signatory ,p[]s4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates w\ld h sign$ ! ,decl>ation ( ,p>is if x _h exempt$ ! m]*ant vessels ( bellig]5ts z well f public arm$ vessels z f private]s3 & ?is mu/ be look$ to z ! next conque/ ( law ov] lawlessness4 ,russia & sev]al o!r ,p[]s 7 ready to accept ! ,am]ican am5dm5t1 :i*1 hav+ at fir/ only fall5 ?r\gh ow+ to ! opposition ( ,engl&1 0 subsequ5tly )drawn by ,am]ica h]self4 ,nev]!less1 t am5dm5t rema9s ! wi% n only ( ! civilis$ _w1 b ( our own m]*ants1 ^: c>ry+ trade1 ! l>ge/ 9 ! _w1 is1 9 ! ev5t ( ,engl& becom+ a bellig]5t1 9 dang] ( fall+ into ! h&s ( neutral c\ntries4 ,9 #aheh ! m]*ants ( ,brem5 drew up a =mal prote/ aga9/ ! "r ( %ips ( w> to seize ! prop]ty & %ips ( m]*ants4#hg ,9 ! w> ( #ahff ,prussia1 ,italy1 & ,au/ria agre$ to =ego ?is "t-hon\r$ "r ( mutual plund]2 & ! ,emp]or ( ,g]many endeav\r$ to e/abli% ! same limitation 9 ! w> ( #ahgj4 ,! old maxim ( w>1 ( :i* ! cu/om is a survival1 has long s9ce be5 disprov$ by political economy--! doctr9e1 namely1 t a loss to "o c\ntry is a ga9 to ano!r1 or t "o c\ntry pr(its by ! exact ext5t ( ! injury t x effects aga9/ ! prop]ty ( its adv]s>y4 ,hav+ lo/ its basis 9 reason1 x only rema9s to remove x f practice4 ,if we turn = a mom5t f ?is aspect ( naval w>f>e to ! actual conduct ( ho/ilities at sea1 ! desire to obta9 =cible possession ( an enemy's vessels mu/ cle>ly h _h a b5eficial effect 9 r5d]+ ! loss ( life less ext5sive ?an x 0 9 battles on l&4 ,to capture a %ip1 x 0 desirable1 if possible1 to disable )\t de/roy+ x2 s t ! fire ( ea* side 0 m g5]ally direct$ aga9/ ! ma/s & rigg+ ?an aga9/ ! hull or l[] p>ts ( ! vessel4 ,9 ! case ( ! #8,b]wick1' an ,engli% #gd-;gun %ip1 :i* /ruck h] col\rs to ! ,fr5* frigate1 ! #8,alce/e1' only f\r sailors 7 w\nd$1 & ! capta91 ^: head 0 tak5 (f by a b>-%ot1 0 ! only p]son sla92 & #8s small a loss 0 attribut$ to ! high fir+ ( ! ,fr5*1 :o1 mak+ sure ( ! #8,b]wick's' capture1 & want+ su* a %ip entire 9 _! fleet1 7 wise en\gh to d z little injury z possible to h] hull4'#hh ,! great battle betwe5 ! ,engli% & ,dut* fleets (f ,camp]d[n 7#agie7 0 exceptional bo? = ! damage inflict$ by bo? on ! hulls ( _! adv]s>ies1 & consequ5tly = ! heavy loss ( life on ei!r side4 #8,! appe>ance ( ! ,briti% %ips at ! close ( ! action 0 v unlike :at x g5]ally is :5 ! ,fr5* or ,spani>ds h be5 ! oppon5ts ( ! =m]4 ,n a s+le ma/ nor ev5 a top-ma/ 0 %ot away2 nor 7 ! rigg+ & sails ( ! %ips 9 _! usual tatt]$ /ate4 ,x 0 at ! hulls ( _! adv]s>ies t ! ,dut*m5 _h direct$ _! %ot4'#hi ,z ! ,engli% naturally retaliat$1 ?\gh #8z trophies ! appe>ance ( ! ,dut* prizes 0 gratify+1' z %ips ( w> #8!y 7 n ! slighte/ acquisition to ! navy ( ,engl&4'#ij ,:5 ?is happ5$1 z x c\ld n b (t5 d 9 pit*$ naval battles1 ! ,gov]nm5t sometimes made good to ! captors ! value ( ! prizes t ! s]i\s nature ( ! conflict _h caus$ !m to lose4 ,?us 9 ! case ( ! six ,fr5* prizes made at ! ,battle ( ! ,nile1 only ?ree ( :i* ev] rea*$ ,plym\?1 ! ,gov]nm5t1 #89 ord] t ! captors might n suff] = ! pr[ess !y _h display$ 9 riddl+ ! hulls ( ! captur$ %ips1 paid = ea* ( ! de/roy$ #gds1 ! 8,gu]ri]10 8,heureux10 & 8,m]cure10 ! sum ( #bj1jjjl41 :i* 0 z mu* z ! lea/ valuable ( ! rema9+ #gds _h be5 valu$ at4' ,x is curi\s to notice di/9ctions 9 naval w>f>e betwe5 lawful & unlawful me?ods simil> to ^? conspicu\s on l&4 ,su* projectiles z bits ( iron ore1 po9t$ /ones1 nails1 or glass1 are exclud$ f ! li/ ( ?+s t may be us$ 9 good w>2 & ! ,decl>ation ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg condemns explosive bullets z mu* on "o elem5t z on ! o!r4 ,unf\nd$ *>ges by "o bellig]5t aga9/ ano!r are1 h[ev]1 always liable to br+ ! illicit me?od into actual use on bo? sides "u ! pretext ( reprisals2 z we see 9 ! foll[+ ord] ( ! day1 issu$ at ,bre/ by ! ,fr5* ,vice-,admiral ,m>%al ,conflans 7,nov4 #h1 #agei73 #8,x is absolutely contr>y to ! law ( nations to make bad w>1 & to %oot %ells at ! enemy1 :o mu/ always be f\ght accord+ to ! rules ( hon\r1 ) ! arms g5]ally employ$ by polite nations4 ,yet "s capta9s h compla9$ t ! ,engli% h us$ su* weapons aga9/ !m4 ,x is1 !re=e1 only on ^! compla9ts1 & ) an extreme reluctance1 t x has be5 resolv$ to emb>k holl[ %ells on vessels ( ! l9e1 b x is expressly =bidd5 to use !m unless ! enemy beg94'#ia ,s ! ,engli% 9 _! turn *>g$ ! ,fr5* ) mak+ bad w>4 ,! w\nd receiv$ by ,nelson at ,ab\kir1 on ! =ehead1 0 attribut$ to a piece ( iron or a langridge %ot4#ib ,& ! w\nds t ! crew ( ! #8,brunswick' receiv$ f ! #8,v5geur' 9 ! fam\s battle betwe5 ! ,fr5* & ,engli% fleets 9 ,june #agid1 are said to h be5 peculi>ly di/ress+1 ow+ to ! ,fr5* employ+ langridge %ot ( raw ore & old nails1 & to _! ?r[+ /9kpots into ! por?oles1 :i* caus$ mo/ pa9ful burn+s & scald+s4#ic ,x is safe/ to discr$it su* accusations altoge!r1 = !re is no limit to ! b>b>ities t may come into play1 9 consequ5ce ( too ready a cr$ulity4 ,r$-hot %ot1 legitimate = ! def5ce ( l& =ts aga9/ %ips1 us$ n to be consid]$ good w> 9 ! conte/s ( %ips ) "o ano!r4 ,9 ! ?ree h\rs' action betwe5 ! #8,lively' & ! #8,t\rt]elle1' a ,fr5* private]1 ! use by ! latt] ( hot-%ot1 #8n usually deem$ hon\rable w>f>e1' 0 consid]$ to be wrong1 b a wrong on ! "p ( ^? :o equipp$ h] = sea m ?an on ! "p ( ! capta9 :o fir$ !m4#id ,! ,engli% assail+ batt]ies t fir$ r$-hot %ot aga9/ ,glck/adt 9 #ahac are said to h resort$ to #8a mode ( w>f>e v unusual ) u s9ce ! siege ( ,gibralt>4'#ie ,! #8,treatise on ,tactics1' by ! ,emp]or ,leo ,,vi41 c>ries back ! record ( ! means employ$ aga9/ an enemy 9 naval w>f>e to ! n9? c5tury4 ,! ?+s he recomm5ds z mo/ effective are3 cranes1 to let fall heavy weights on ! enemy's decks2 caltrops1 ) iron spikes1 to w\nd 8 feet2#if j>s full ( quicklime1 to suffocate him2 j>s conta9+ combu/ibles1 to burn him2 j>s conta9+ poison\s reptiles1 to bite him2 & ,greek fire ) its noise l ?und]1 to fright5 z well z burn him4#ig ,_m ( ^! me?ods 7 ( immemorial usage2 = ,scipio knew ! m]its ( j>s full ( pit*1 & ,hannibal ( j>s full ( vip]s4#ih ,no?+ 0 too bad = use 9 ^? days2 nor c x be asc]ta9$ :5 or :y !y ceas$ to be us$4 ,greek fire 0 us$ ) great effect 9 ! sea-battles betwe5 ! ,s>ac5s & ,*ri/ians2 & x is a fair cause = wond] t ! inv5tion ( gunp[d] %\ld h s entirely sup]s$$ x z to cause its v manufacture to h be5 =gott54 ,nei!r does hi/ory record ! date (1 nor ! reason =1 ! disuse ( quicklime1 :i* 9 ! fam\s fight (f ,dov] 9 #abag betwe5 ! ,fr5* & ,engli% contribut$ s greatly to ! victory ( ! latt]4#ii ,x is difficult to believe t s5tim5ts ( humanity %\ld h caus$ ^! me?ods to be disc>d$ f m>itime ho/ilities2 b t su* motives l$ to a c]ta9 mitigation 9 ! use ( fire-%ips appe>s f a passage 9 ,capta9 ,br5ton's #8,naval ,hi/ory1' :]e he says3 #8,! use ( fire-%ips has long be5 laid aside1 to ! hon\r ( ! nation :i* fir/ disp5s$ ) ?is b>b>\s aggravation ( ! horrors ( w>4' ,t is to say1 z he expla9s x1 ?\gh fire-%ips cont9u$ to accompany ! fleets1 !y 7 only us$ 9 an an*orage :]e !re 0 a fair *ance ( ! escape ( ! crew aga9/ :i* !y 7 s5t2 !y ceas$ to be us$1 z at "o "t1 to burn or bl[ up disabl$ %ips1 :i* ! conqu]or d>$ n bo>d & c>ry into port1 & :i* 7 cov]$ ) ! w\nd$ & dy+4 ,! la/ in/ance 9 :i* !y 7 s us$ by ! ,engli% 0 9 ! fight (f ,t\lon1 9 #agdd2 & _! use on t occasion is said to h receiv$ m]it$ reproa* f an hi/orian ( ! day4#ajj ,z ! s]vice ( a fire-%ip 0 "o t requir$ ! greate/ brav]y & coolness--s9ce x 01 ( c\rse1 attack$ 9 e possible way1 & x 0 (t5 difficult to escape by ! boat *a9$ beh9d x--x displays ! extraord9>y inconsi/5cy ( op9ion ab\t su* matt]s t x %\ld h be5 acc\nt$ r a s]vice ( infamy ?an ( hon\r4 ,molloy1 9 #agfi1 wrote ( x z ! practice ( 8 day to put to dea? prison]s made f a fire-%ip3 #8,g5]ally ! p]sons f\nd 9 !m are put to dea? if tak54'#aja ,& ano!r writ] says3 #8,:e!r x be f a ref9$ idea1 or f ! mo/ det]m9$ res5tm5t t[>ds ^? :o act 9 fire-%ips1 may be difficult to judge2 b !re is r>ely any qu>t] giv5 to su* z fall into ! enemy's p[]4'#ajb ,clock-ma*9es1 or torp$oes1 7 introduc$ into ,european w>f>e by ! ,engli%1 be+ int5d$ to de/roy ,napoleon's %ips at ,b\logne 9 #ahjd4 ,x is rem>kable t ! use ( !m 0 at fir/ reprobat$ by ,capta9 ,br5ton1 & by ,"l ,/4 ,v9c5t1 :o =esaw t o!r ,p[]s w\ld 9 turn adopt ! innovation4#ajc ,! ,fr5*1 :o pick$ up "s ( !m ne> ,b\logne1 call$ !m inf]nal ma*9es4 ,b at pres5t !y seem fairly e/abli%$ z "p ( good w>f>e1 9 default ( any int]national agreem5t aga9/ !m1 su* z t :i* exi/s aga9/ explosive bullets4 ,! same ,int]national ,act :i* aboli%$ private]+ betwe5 ! signatory ,p[]s settl$ also betwe5 !m two o!r disput$ po9ts :i* = c5turies 7 a frequ5t cause ( w> & jeal\sy--namely1 ! liability ( ! prop]ty ( neutrals to be seiz$ :5 f\nd 9 ! %ips ( an enemy1 & ( ! prop]ty ( an enemy to be seiz$ :5 f\nd 9 ! %ips ( a neutral4 ,ov] ! ab/ract "r ( bellig]5ts s to deal ) ! %ips or prop]ty ( neutral ,p[]s ! publici/s = long f\ght a battle-royal1 cont5d+ ei!r t a neutral %ip %\ld be reg>d$ z neutral t]ritory1 or t an enemy's prop]ty 0 lawful prize any:]e4 ,:il/ ! ,fr5* or ,cont95tal !ory reg>d$ ! nationality ( ! vessel r ?an ( its c>go1 s t ! goods ( a neutral might be fairly seiz$ on an enemy's vessel1 b ^? ( an enemy 7 safe ev5 9 a neutral %ip2 ! ,engli% !ory 0 diametrically ! opposite1 = ! ,admiralty re/or$ a neutral's prop]ty tak5 on an enemy's vessel1 b confiscat$ an enemy's goods if f\nd on a neutral vessel4 ,?is diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,engli% rule & t ( o!r c\ntries 0 a s\rce ( endless cont5tion4 ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 ( ,prussia1 9 #agec1 fir/ resi/$ ! ,engli% claim to seize ho/ile prop]ty sail+ "u a neutral flag4 ,!n came aga9/ ! same claim ! fir/ ,arm$ ,neutrality ( #aghj1 head$ by ,russia1 & aga9 9 #ahja ! second arm$ coalition ( ! ,nor!rn ,p[]s4 ,! diff]5ce ( rule 01 !re=e1 z su* diff]5ces always mu/ be1 a s\rce ( real weakness to ,engl&1 on acc\nt ( ! enemies x rais$ aga9/ h] all ov] ! _w4 ,yet ! ,cont95tal !ory ( free %ips mak+ free goods 0 consid]$ = g5]ations to be s adv]se to ! real int]e/s ( ,engl&1 t ,"l ,nelson1 9 #ahja1 *>act]is$ x 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords z #8a proposition s mon/r\s 9 itself1 s contr>y to ! law ( nations1 & s injuri\s to ! m>itime int]e/s ( ,engl&1 z to ju/ify w> ) ! advocates ( su* a doctr9e1 s long z a s+le man1 a s+le %ill+1 or a s+le drop ( blood rema9$ 9 ! c\ntry4'#ajd ,! ,treaty ( ,p>is has made b9d+ ! ,cont95tal rule1 & 9 spite ( ,"l ,nelson free %ips n[ make free goods4 ,! fact1 !re=e1 t if ,engl& 7 n[ at w> ) ,france %e c\ld n take ,fr5* prop]ty 7unless x 7 contrab&7 f a ,russian or ,am]ican %ip1 we owe n to ! publici/s :o 7 divid$ ab\t x1 nor to naval op9ion :i* 0 decid$ aga9/ x1 b to ! accid5tal alliance betwe5 ,france & ,engl& 9 ! ,crimean w>4 ,9 ord] to co-op]ate toge!r1 ea* waiv$ its old claim1 accord+ to :i* ,france w\ld h be5 free to seize ! prop]ty ( a neutral f\nd on ,russian vessels1 & ,engl& to seize ,russian prop]ty on ! vessels ( a neutral4 ,z ! ,unit$ ,/ates & o!r neutral ,p[]s z well w\ld probably h resi/$ by arms ! claim ( ei!r s to int]f]e ) _! neutrality1 ! mutual concession 0 "o ( common prud5ce2 & z ! same opposition w\ld h be5 p]5nial1 x 0 no great sacrifice on ! "p ( ei!r to p]petuate & ext5d by a treaty at ! close ( ! w> ! agreem5t t at fir/ 0 only to la/ = its cont9uance4 ,mu*1 h[ev]1 z t treaty has done = ! peace ( ! _w1 by assimilat+ 9 ^! respects ! m>itime law ( nations1 x has left _m cu/oms un*ang$ to *all5ge /ill ! att5tion ( re=m]s4 ,x is !re=e ( "s practical int]e/ to consid] ( :at nature future *anges %\ld be1 inasmu* z1 if we _c agree to cease f fight+ altoge!r1 ! next be/ ?+ we c d is to r$uce ! pretexts = x to z few z possible4 ,! res]vation1 !n1 9 fav\r ( confiscat+ prop]ty t is contrab& ( w> has left ! "r ( visit+ & se>*+ neutral or ho/ile m]*antm5 = contrab& unt\*$2 ?\gh no?+ has be5 a m fruitful s\rce ( qu>rel ?an ! want ( a common def9ition ( :at con/itutes contrab&4 ,any?+ :i*1 )\t fur!r manipulation1 adds directly to an enemy's p[]1 z weapons ( w>1 are contrab& by univ]sal admission2 b :e!r corn & provisions are1 z "s text-writ]s ass]t & o!rs d5y2 :e!r co9$ money1 horses1 or saddles are1 z 0 decid$ 9 #ahfc betwe5 ! ,nor!rn ,p[]s ( ,europe2 :e!r t> & pit* = %ips are1 z 0 disput$ betwe5 ,engl& & ,sw$5 = #bjj ye>s2 :e!r coal %\ld be1 z ,pr9ce ,bism>ck claim$ aga9/ ,engl& 9 #ahgj2 or :e!r rice is a w>-?reat5+ po9t ( diff]5ce betwe5 ,engl& & ,france 9 ?is v ye> ( grace2 ^! are que/ions t rema9 absolutely undecid$1 or are left to ! treaties betwe5 ! sev]al ,p[]s or ! arbitr>y caprice ( bellig]5ts4 ,! ,decl>ation ( ,p>is 0 equally sil5t z to ! "r 7dem&$ by all ! ,p[]s save ,engl&7 = %ips ( w>1 :i* h always be5 exempt f se>*1 to exempt f se>* also ! m]*ant vessels sail+ "u _! convoy4 ,s fundam5tal a div]g5ce betwe5 ! m>itime usages ( diff]5t c\ntries c only be su/a9$ "u ! p]il ( incurr+ ho/ility & w>1 )\t any correspond+ advantage 9 comp5sation4 ,! ,decl>ation ( ,p>is has also left unt\*$ ! old usage ( emb>goes4 ,a nation wrong$ by ano!r may /ill seize ! vessels ( t o!r :i* may be 9 its ports1 9 ord] to secure att5tion to its claims2 re/or+ !m 9 ! ev5t ( a peaceable settlem5t1 b confiscat+ !m if w> ensues4 ,! resemblance ( ?is practice ( ho/ile emb>go to robb]y1 #8occurr+ z x does 9 ! mid/ ( peace 444 ought1' says an ,am]ican juri/1 #8to make x disgraceful & drive x into disuse4'#aje ,x w\ld be z reasonable to seize ! p]sons & prop]ty ( all ! m]*ants resid5t 9 ! c\ntry1 z us$ to be done by ,france & ,engl&4 ,9 #agie1 ,holl&1 hav+ be5 conqu]$ by ,france1 became !reby an enemy ( ,engl&4 ,accord+ly1 #8ord]s 7 issu$ to seize all ,dut* vessels 9 ,briti% ports2' 9 virtue ( :i*1 sev]al gun-%ips & betwe5 fifty & sixty m]*ant vessels 9 ,plym\? ,s\nd 7 deta9$ by ! port admiral4#ajf ,x is difficult to conceive any?+ less def5sible z a practice betwe5 civilis$ ,/ates4 ,x equally desc5ds f ! b>b>\s orig9 ( m>itime law t all %ips ( an enemy wreck$ on our coa/1 or =c$ to take refuge 9 our h>b\rs by /ress ( wea!r or want ( provisions1 or 9 ignorance ( ! exi/5ce ( ho/ilities1 %\ld become ours by "r ( w>4 ,!re are g5]\s in/ances to ! contr>y4 ,! ,spani% ,gov]nor ( ,havana 9 #agdf1 :5 an ,engli% vessel 0 driv5 into t ho/ile port by /ress ( wea!r1 refus$ to seize ! vessel & take ! capta9 prison]2 & s did ano!r ,spani% gov]nor 9 ! case ( an ,engli% vessel ^: capta9 0 ignorant t ,honduras 0 ho/ile t]ritory4 ,b ^! cases are ! exception2 ! rule be+1 t a ho/ile ,p[] avails itself ( a capta9's ignorance or di/ress to make him a prison] & 8 %ip a prize ( w>2 ano!r pro(1 if fur!r ne$$1 h[ v little magnanimity really ent]s into ! conduct ( ho/ilities4 ,x is a /ill fur!r abuse ( ! rights ( w> t a bellig]5t ,/ate may d :at x pleases1 n only ) all ! vessels ( its own subjects1 b ) all ^? ( neutrals z well :i* happ5 to be )9 its jurisdiction at ! beg9n+ ( a w>2 t x may1 on pay+ ! own]s ! value ( _! freight be=eh&1 confiscate su* vessels & compel !m to s]ve 9 ! transport ( its troops or its munitions ( w>4 ,yet ?is is ! s-call$ jus ang>i1 to :i* ,pr9ce ,bism>ck appeal$ :5 9 ! w> ) ,france ! ,g]mans sank "s ,briti% vessels at ! m\? ( ! ,se9e4#ajg ,x is true we receiv$ lib]al comp5sation1 b ! "r is none ! less "o :i* all ! ,p[]s are int]e/$ 9 aboli%+4 ,if1 !n1 f ! prec$+ retrospect x appe>s t :atev] advance we h made on ! m>itime usages ( our ance/ors has be5 due solely to int]national agreem5t1 & to a fri5dly conc]t betwe5 ! *ief ,p[]s ( ! _w1 act+ ) a view to _! p]man5t & collective int]e/s1 ! inf]5ce is evid5tly 9 fav\r ( any fur!r advance be+ only possible 9 ! same way4 ,! r5unciations ( ea* ,p[] r$\nd to ! b5efit ( ea* & all2 nor c ! ga9 ( ! _w involve any real loss = ! sev]al nations t compose x4 ,we %all !re=e1 p]haps1 n err f> f ! tru?1 if we imag9e ! foll[+ articles1 9 complem5t ( ^? =mulat$ 9 ,p>is 9 #ahef1 to con/itute ! ,int]national ,m>9e ,code :i* w be f\nd 9 ! future to be mo/ calculat$ to remove s\rces ( cont5tion betwe5 nations1 & be/ adapt$1 !re=e1 to ! p]man5t int]e/s ( ! contract+ p>ties3 #a4 ,private]+ is & rema9s aboli%$4 #b4 ,! m]*ant vessels & c>goes ( bellig]5ts %all be exempt$ f seizure & confiscation4 #c4 ,! colonies ( ei!r bellig]5t %all be exclud$ f ! field ( legitimate ho/ilities1 & ! neutrality ( _! t]ritory %all ext5d to _! %ips & comm]ce4 #d4 ,! "r ( visit+ & se>*+ neutral or ho/ile m]*antm5 = contrab& ( w> %all be aboli%$4 #e4 ,contrab& ( w> %all be def9$ by int]national agreem5t2 & to deal 9 su* contrab& %all be made a brea* ( ! civil law1 prohibit$ & puni%$ by ea* ,/ate z a violation ( its proclamation ( neutrality4 #f4 ,except 9 ! case ( contrab& z a=esaid1 all trade %all be lawful betwe5 ! subjects ( ei!r bellig]5t1 s9ce individuals are no m involv$ 9 ! qu>rel betwe5 _! respective gov]nm5ts at sea ?an !y are on l&4 #g4 ,! only limitation to comm]ce %all be s effective a blockade ( an enemy's ports z %all r5d] x impossible = %ips to ent] or leave !m2 & ! m]e notification t a port is blockad$ %all n ju/ify ! seizure ( %ips t h sail$ f1 or are sail+ to1 !m 9 any "p ( ! _w4 #h4 ,! "r to lay ho/ile emb>goes on ! %ips ( a fri5dly ,p[]1 by reason ( a dispute aris+ betwe5 !m1 %all be aboli%$4 #i4 ,! "r to confiscate or de/roy ! %ips ( a fri5dly ,p[] = ! s]vice ( a bellig]5t ,/ate1 ! jus ang>i1 %all be aboli%$4 ,:at1 !n1 w\ld rema9 = ! naval =ces ( m>itime ,p[]s to d8 ,ev]y?+1 x may be repli$1 :i* con/itutes legitimate w>f>e1 & con=ms to ! elem5t>y conception ( a /ate ( ho/ility2 ! blockad+ ( ho/ile ports1 & all ! play ( attack & def5ce t may be imag9$ betwe5 bellig]5t navies4 ,:atsoev] is m ?an ?is--! plund] ( an enemy's comm]ce1 emb>goes on 8 %ips1 ! se>* ( neutral vessels--n only come? ( piracy1 z has be5 %[n1 b is 9 fact piracy itself1 )\t any necess>y connection ) ! conduct ( legitimate ho/ilities4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,milit>y ,,reprisals4 ,si quis clamet iniquum non d>e pnas qui peccavit1 respondeo multo esse iniquius tot innoc5tium millia citra m]itum 9 extremam voc>i calamitatem4--,,erasmus4 ,int]national law on legitimate reprisals--,! ,brussels ,conf]5ce on ! subject--,illu/rations ( b>b>\s reprisals--,in/ances ( non-retaliation--,savage reprisals 9 days ( *ivalry--,hang+ ! commone/ reprisals = a brave def5ce1 z illu/rat$ by ! w>f>e ( ! fifte5? c5tury--,survival ( ! cu/om to our own times--,! massacre ( a conqu]$ g>rison /ill a law ( w>--,! %ell+ ( ,/rasburg by ! ,g]mans--,brutal w>f>e ( ,alex&] ! ,great--,! connection betwe5 brav]y & cruelty--,! abolition ( slav]y 9 its effects on w>--,! /orm+ ( ,magdeburg1 ,brescia1 & ,rome--,cic]o on ,roman w>f>e--,! reprisals ( ! ,g]mans 9 ,france 9 #ahgj--,_! revival ( ! cu/om ( tak+ ho/ages--,_! resort to robb]y z a plea ( reprisals--,g5]al ,von ,moltke on p]petual peace--,! moral responsibility ( ! milit>y pr(ession--,! ,press z a pot5t cause ( w>--,plea = ! abolition ( dem&s = unconditional surr5d]1 su* z l$ to ! bomb>dm5t ( ,alex&ria 9 #ahhb4 ,on no subject connect$ ) ! op]ations ( w> has ,int]national ,law come z yet to lam] conclusions ?an conc]n+ ,milit>y ,reprisals1 or ! rev5ge t may be fairly exact$ by "o bellig]5t f ! o!r = violation ( ! canons ( hon\rable w>f>e4 ,g5]al ,halleck1 = in/ance1 :il/ z aga9/ an enemy :o puts 9 =ce ! extreme rights ( w> he ju/ifies a bellig]5t 9 foll[+ suit1 d5ies ! "r ( ! latt] to d s aga9/ an enemy :o passes all b\nds & conducts w> 9 a d[nright savage fa%ion4 ,:il/ !re=e1 accord+ to him1 ! law ( retaliation w\ld nev] ju/ify su* acts z ! massacre ( prison]s1 ! use ( poison1 or promiscu\s slaught]1 he w\ld consid] z legitimate reprisals acts l ! seque/ration by ,d5m>k ( debts due f ,dani% to ,briti% subjects 9 retaliation = ! confiscation by ,engl& ( ! ,dani% fleet 9 #ahjg1 or ,napoleon's seizure ( all ,engli% travell]s 9 ,france 9 retaliation = ,engl&'s seizure & condemnation ( ,fr5* vessels 9 #ahjc4ajh ,& a ,fr5* writ]1 9 ! same _s1 d5ies t ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t w\ld h be5 ju/ifi$ 9 retaliat+ on ,russia1 :5 ! ,cz> _h 8 ,fr5* prison]s ( w> consign$ to ! m9es ( ,sib]ia4#aji ,! di/9ction is cle>ly unt5able on any rational !ory ( ! laws ( retributive ju/ice4 ,y may retaliate = ! less]1 b n = ! great] injury6 ,y may *eck resort to infam\s ho/ilities by ! ?reat ( reprisals1 b mu/ fold y\r h&s & submit1 if y\r enemy becomes utt]ly b>b>\s6 ,y may re/ra9 him f burn+ y\r crops by burn+ 81 b mu/ be cont5t to g )\t r$ress if he slays y\r wives & *ildr56 ,h[ difficult ! "q really is appe>s f ! attempt made to settle x at ! ,brussels ,conf]5ce ( #ahgd1 :5 ! foll[+ clauses =m$ "p ( ! orig9al ,russian project submitt$ to ! consid]ation ( t meet+3 ,section ,,iv4 #fi4 #8,reprisals are admissible 9 extreme cases only1 due reg>d be+ paid z f> z possible to ! laws ( humanity :5 x %all h be5 unque/ionably prov$ t ! laws & cu/oms ( w> h be5 violat$ by ! enemy1 & t !y h _h rec\rse to measures condemn$ by ! law ( nations4' #gj4 #8,! selection ( ! means & ext5t ( ! reprisals %\ld be proportionate to ! degree ( ! infraction ( ! law committ$ by ! enemy4 ,reprisals t are disproportionately sev]e are contr>y to ! rules ( int]national law4' #ga4 #8,reprisals %\ld be all[$ only on ! au?ority ( ! comm&]-9-*ief1 :o %all likewise det]m9e ! degree ( _! sev]ity & _! duration4' ,! delicacy ( deal+ ) su* a subject1 :5 ! memories ( ! ,franco-,g]man w> 7 /ill fre% & gre51 l$ ultimately to a unanim\s agreem5t to suppress ^! clauses altoge!r1 & to leave ! matt]1 z ! ,belgian deputy express$ x1 9 ! doma9 ( unwritt5 law till ! progress ( sci5ce & civilisation %\ld br+ ab\t a completely satisfactory solution4 ,nev]!less1 ! majority ( m5 w be incl9$1 9 ref]5ce to ?is resolution1 to say ) ! ,russian ,b>on ,jom9i1 ! skilful ,presid5t ( t ,milit>y ,c\ncil3 #8,i regret t ! unc]ta9ty ( sil5ce is to prevail ) respect to "o ( ! mo/ bitt] necessities ( w>4 ,if ! practice c\ld be suppress$ by ?is retic5ce1 ,i c\ld n b approve ( ?is c\rse2 b if x is /ill to exi/ among ! necessities ( w>1 ?is retic5ce & ?is obscurity may1 x is to be fe>$1 remove any limits to its exi/5ce4' ,! necessity ( "s regulation ( reprisals1 su* z t conta9$ 9 ! clauses sugge/$ at ,brussels1 is no less atte/$ by ! ev5ts ( ! w> ( #ahgj ?an by ! cu/oms 9 ?is respect :i* h at all times prevail$1 & :i*1 z e>li] 9 "t1 =m a fitt+ introduction to ^? lat] occurr5ces4 ,t ! fe> ( reprisals %\ld act z a c]ta9 *eck ^u ! "* ( ho/ilities is too obvi\s a consid]ation n to h always s]v$ z a :olesome re/ra9t ^u milit>y lic5ce4 ,:51 = in/ance1 ,philip ,,ii4 ( ,spa9 9 8 w> ) ! ,ne!rl&s ord]$ t no prison]s ( w> %\ld be releas$ or ex*ang$1 nor any contributions be accept$ z an immunity f confiscation1 ! ?reat ( retaliation l$ to ! )drawal ( 8 iniquit\s proclamation4 ,nor w\ld o!r simil> in/ances be f> to seek4 ,nev]!less1 x is evid5t t1 z seldom z w> itself is prev5t$ by consid]ation ( ! =ces 9 opposition1 w its peculi> excesses1 :i* con/itute its details1 be re/ra9$ by ! fe> ( retaliatory measures2 & inasmu* z ! prim>y (f5ce is m (t5 ! creation ( rum\r ?an a prov$ fact1 ! usual result ( reprisals is1 n t "o bellig]5t am5ds its ways1 b t bo? bellig]5ts become m savage & ent] on a fatal c>e] ( competitive atrocities4 ,9 ! w>s ( ! fifte5? c5tury betwe5 ! ,turks & ,v5etians1 #8,sultan ,mahomet w\ld n suff] 8 soldi]s to give qu>t]1 b all[$ !m a ducat = e head1 & ! ,v5etians did ! same4'#aaj ,:5 ! ,duke ( ,alva 0 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 ! ,spani>ds1 at ! siege ( ,ha>lem1 ?rew ! heads ( two ,dut* (fic]s ov] ! walls4 ,! ,dut* 9 return behead$ twelve ,spani% prison]s1 & s5t _! heads into ! ,spani% tr5*es4 ,! ,spani>ds 9 rev5ge hung a numb] ( prison]s 9 sight ( ! besieg$2 & ! latt] 9 return kill$ m prison]s2 & s x w5t on dur+ all ! "t t ,alva 0 9 ! c\ntry1 )\t ! lea/ improvem5t result+ f su* sangu9>y reprisals4#aaa ,at ! siege ( ,malta1 ! ,gr& ,ma/]1 9 rev5ge = "s horrible ,turki% b>b>ities1 massacr$ all 8 prison]s & %ot _! heads f 8 cannon into ! ,turki% camp4#aab ,9 "o ( ! w>s ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 ! ,imp]iali/ =ces hav+ put to dea? a ,fr5* lieut5ant & ?irty troop]s a few h\rs aft] hav+ promis$ !m qu>t]1 ,feuquires1 = reprisals1 slew ! :ole g>rison ( two t[ns t he won by surprise1 ?\gh ! numb] s sla9 9 ea* in/ance am\nt$ to #fej m5 7#afhi74aac ,to all ^! cases ! "q ask$ by ,vattel v p]t95tly applies3 #8,:at "r h y to cut (f ! nose & e>s ( ! ambassador ( a b>b>ian :o has treat$ y\r ambassador 9 t mann]8' ,! "q is n an easy "o to answ]1 = we h no m "r 9 w> ?an 9 civil life to puni% ! innoc5t = ! guilty ap>t f ! ord9>y accid5ts ( ho/ilities1 ev5 if o!rwise we mu/ disp5se ) r$ress altoge!r4 ,to d s by int5tion & 9 cold blood is f]oci\s1 :atev] ! pretext ( ju/ification1 & is nev] wor? ! pass+ gratification x af=ds4 ,! citiz5s ( ,gh5t1 9 _! fam\s w> ) ! ,e>l ( ,fl&]s1 n only de/roy$ 8 h\se1 b ! silv] cradle & ba?+ tub he _h us$ z a *ild & ! v font 9 :i* he _h be5 baptiz$2 b su* reprisals are soon regrett$1 & read v pitiably 9 ! eyes ( ! aft]-_w4 ,x is pleasant] to record "s in/ances :]e ab/95ce f reprisals has n be5 )\t its rew>d4 ,x is said t ,cs> 9 ,ib]ia1 :51 9 spite ( a truce1 ! enemy kill$ _m ( 8 m51 in/ead ( retaliat+1 releas$ "s ( 8 prison]s & !reby br\ght ! foe to reg>d him ) fav\r4 ,we read 9 ,froiss>t t ! ,lisbon]s refra9$ f retaliat+ on ! ,ca/ilians1 :5 ! latt] mutilat$ _! ,portuguese prison]s2 & ! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t act$ nobly :5 x refus$ to reciprocate ! decree ( ! ,fr5* ,conv5tion 7?\gh t also 0 meant z a measure ( reprisals7 t no ,engli% or ,hanov]ian prison] %\ld be all[$ any qu>t]4#aad ,b ! be/ /ory ( ?is k9d is t told by ,h]odotus ( ,x]xes ! ,p]sian4 ,! ,sp>tans _h ?r[n into a well ! ,p]sian envoys :o _h come to dem& ( !m e>? & wat]4 ,9 remorse !y s5t two ( _! nobles to ,x]xes to be kill$ 9 atonem5t2 b ,x]xes1 :5 he he>d ! purport ( _! visit1 answ]$ !m t he w\ld n act l ! ,sp>tans1 :o by kill+ 8 h]alds _h brok5 ! laws t 7 reg>d$ z sacr$ by all mank9d1 & t1 ( su* conduct z he blam$ 9 !m1 he w\ld nev] be guilty himself4#aae ,b ! mo/ curi\s feature 9 ! hi/ory ( reprisals is ! fact t !y 7 once reg>d$ z ju/ly exact$ = ! m]e (f5ce ( ho/ile opposition or self-def5ce4 ,grotius /ates t x 0 ! almo/ con/ant practice ( ! ,romans to kill ! lead]s ( an enemy1 :e!r !y _h surr5d]$ or be5 captur$1 on ! day ( triumph4 ,jugur?a inde$ 0 put to dea? 9 prison2 b ! m usual practice appe>s to h be5 to keep conqu]$ pot5tates 9 cu/ody1 aft] !y _h be5 l$ 9 triumph be=e ! consul's *>iot4 ,?is 0 ! fate ( ,p]seus1 k+ ( ,mac$onia1 :o 0 also all[$ to reta9 8 att5dants1 money1 plate1 & furniture2#aaf ( ,g5tius1 k+ ( ,illyria2#aag ( ,bituitus1 k+ ( ! ,arv]nians4 ,prison]s ( less di/9ction 7 sold z slaves1 or kept 9 cu/ody till _! fri5ds paid _! ransom4 ,b 9 ! m$ival hi/ory ( ,europe1 9 ! s-call$ times ( *ivalry1 a f> worse _s prevail$ ) reg>d to ! treatm5t ( captives4 ,godfrey ( ,b\illon1 "o ( ! brighte/ memories ( *ivalry1 0 responsible = ! promiscu\s slaught] ( ?ree days :i* ! ,crusad]s exact$ = ! six weeks' siege :i* x _h co/ !m to take ,j]usalem 7#ajii74 ,! ,emp]or ,b>b>ossa _h #a1aij ,swabian prison]s deliv]$ to ! execution] at ,milan1 or %ot f milit>y eng9es4#aah ,*>les ( ,anj\ res]v$ _m prison]s1 tak5 at ! battle ( ,b5ev5tum1 to be kill$ z crim9als on 8 entrance into ,naples4 ,:5 ! ,fr5* took ! ca/le ( ,pesquire f ! ,v5etians by /orm1 !y slew all b ?ree :o surr5d]$ to ! pleasure ( ! k+2 & ,l\is ,,xii41 :o c\nt$ = a humane mon>*1 ?\gh 8 victims (f]$ #ajj1jjj ducats = _! lives1 swore t he w\ld nei!r eat nor dr9k till !y 7 hang$ 7#aeji74aai ,! indignation ( ! ,roman ,s5ate on "o occasion ) a consul :o _h sold z slaves #aj1jjj ,ligurian prison]s1 ?\gh !y _h surr5d]$ at discretion1#abj 0 a s5tim5t t nev] affect$ ! w>riors ( m$ival ,*ri/5dom4 ,a surr5d] at discretion ceas$ to con/itute a claim = m]cy4 ,:]e ! pagan held x wrong to enslave1 ! ,*ri/ian nev] hesitat$ to kill4 ,froiss>t's /ory ( ! six citiz5s ( ,calais1 :om ,edw>d ,,iii4 0 ) difficulty re/ra9$ f hang+ = ! ob/9ate siege :i* _! t[n _h resi/$1 ?r[s a light ov] ! w> cu/oms ( t "t1 :i* o!r incid5ts ( hi/ory abundantly confirm4 ,! record ( ! capitulations ( cities or g>risons is no pleasant "o1 b x is a record :i* mu/ be t\*$ ^u1 9 ord] t w> & its /ill preval5t maxims may be judg$ at _! prop] value4 ,we ne$ sc>cely travel fur!r ?an ! fifte5? c5tury alone 9 se>* ( facts to place 9 its prop] light ?is aspect ( m>tial atrocities4 ,:5 ! t[n ( ,r\5 surr5d]$ to ,h5ry ,v4 ( ,engl&1 ! latt] /ipulat$ = ?ree ( ! citiz5s to be left to 8 disposal1 ( :om two pur*as$ _! lives1 & ! ?ird 0 behead$ 7#adai74aba ,:5 ! same k+ ! ye> foll[+ 0 besieg+ ! ca/le ( ,mont]eau1 he s5t "s tw5ty prison]s to treat ) ! gov]nor = a surr5d]2 b :5 ! gov]nor refus$ to treat1 ev5 to save _! lives1 & :51 aft] a fe>ful leave-tak+ ) _! wives & relatives1 !y _h be5 escort$ back to ! ,engli% army1 #8! ,k+ ( ,engl& ord]$ a gall[s to be erect$ & _h !m all hang$ 9 sight ( ^? )9 ! ca/le4'#abb ,:5 ! ,engli% took ! ca/le ( ,r\gemont by /orm1 & "s sixty ( its def5d]s alive1 ) ! loss ( only "o ,engli%man1 ,h5ry ,v41 9 rev5ge = 8 dea?1 caus$ all ! prison]s to be dr[n$ 9 ! ,loire4#abc ,:5 ,meaux surr5d]$ to ! same k+1 x 0 /ipulat$ t six ( its brave/ def5d]s %\ld be deliv]$ up to ju/ice1 f\r ( :om 7 behead$ at ,p>is1 & its comm&] at once hung to a tree outside ! walls ( ! city 7#adbb74abd ,n t !re 0 any special cruelty 9 ! ,engli% mode ( w>f>e4 ,!y simply con=m$ to ! cu/oms ( ! "t1 z we may see by ref]5ce to ! ,fr5* & ,burgundian w>s into :i* !y all[$ !mselves to be drawn4 ,9 #adcd1 ! g>rison ( ,*aumont #80 soon s h>dly press$ t x surr5d]$ at discretion to ! ,duke ( ,burgundy 7,philip ! ,good71 :o _h upw>ds ( #ajj ( !m hang$2' & z ) ! t[nsm51 s ) ^? 9 ! ca/le4#abe ,b\rnonville1 :o comm&$ ,soissons = ! ,duke ( ,burgundy1 & :om ,mon/relet calls #8! fl[] ( ! w>riors ( all ,france1' 0 behead$ at ,p>is1 aft] ! capture ( ! t[n1 by ord] ( ! k+ & c\ncil1 & 8 body hung to a gibbet1 l a common malefactor's 7#adad74abf ,:5 ,d9ant 0 tak5 by /orm by ! ,burgundians1 ! prison]s1 ab\t #hjj1 7 dr[n$ be=e ,bov9es 7#adff74abg ,:5 ! t[n ( ,sa9t-fr\ surr5d]$ to ! ,duke ( ,burgundy1 t5 m51 left to ! disposal ( t w>rior1 7 behead$2 & s x f>$ also ) ! t[n ( ,tongres 7#adfg74abh ,aft] ! /orm+ & slaught] at ,lige1 be=e ! ,duke ( ,burgundy 7,*>les ! ,bold7 left ! city1 #8a great numb] ( ^? poor creatures :o _h hid !mselves 9 ! h\ses :5 ! t[n 0 tak5 & 7 aft]w>ds made prison]s1 7 hang$' 7#adfh74abi ,at ,nesle1 mo/ ( ^? :o 7 tak5 alive 7 hung1 & "s _h _! h&s cut (f 7#adgb74acj ,aft] ! battle ( ,granson1 ! ,swiss retook two ca/les f ! ,fr5*1 & hung all ! ,burgundians !y f\nd 9 !m4 ,!y !n retook ! t[n & ca/le ( ,granson1 & ord]$ #eab ,g]mans :om ! ,burgundians _h hung to be cut d[n1 & z _m ( ! ,burgundians z 7 /ill 9 ,granson to be susp5d$ on ! same halt]s 7#adgf74 ,9 ! skirmi%es t occurr$ 9 a "t ( truce on ! fronti]s ( ,pic>dy1 betwe5 ! ,fr5* k+'s =ces & ^? ( ! ,duke ( ,au/ria1 #8all ! prison]s t 7 tak5 on bo? sides 7 imm$iately hang$1 )\t p]mitt+ any1 ( :at degree or rank soev]1 to be ransom$' 7#adha74 ,& z a climax to ^! facts1 let u recall ! decree ( ! ,duke ( ,anj\1 :o1 :5 ,montpelli] 0 tak5 by siege1 condemn$ #fjj prison]s to be put to dea?1 #bjj by ! sword1 #bjj by ! halt]1 & #bjj by fire1 & :o1 b = ! remon/rances ( a c>d9al & a fri>1 w\ld und\bt$ly h execut$ 8 s5t5ce4 ,gha/ly facts en\gh ^!6 & a /range insight !y af=d u into ! real "* ( a pr(ession :i*1 9 ! days :5 ^! ?+s 7 its commone/ occurr5ces1 0 held to be ! noble/ ( all1 b ( :i* x is only too pat5t t its ma9spr+s 7 simply ! brig&'s love ( plund] & ( blood%$4 ,"o /ory may be quot$ to %[ t 9 ?is respect ! sixte5? c5tury 0 no improvem5t on ! fifte5?4 ,9 ! w> betwe5 ! ,dut* & ! ,spani>ds1 ! capta9 ( ,we]d ,ca/le1 hav+ previ\sly refus$ to surr5d] to ,sir ,francis de ,v]e1 begg$ at la/ = a capitulation ) ! hon\rs ( w>2 ,v]e's answ] 01 t ! hon\rs ( w> 7 halt]s = a g>rison t _h d>$ to def5d su* a hovel aga9/ artill]y4 ,! comm&ant 0 kill$ fir/1 & ! rema9+ #bf m51 hav+ be5 made to draw black & :ite /raws1 ! #ab :o drew ! :ite /raws 7 hang$1 ! ?irte5? only escap+ by cons5t+ to act z execution] ( ! re/6#aca ,x is cle>1 !re=e1 t 9 ! w>s ( ! pa/ ! axe & ! halt] h play$ z conspicu\s a "p z ! sword or ! lance2 a fact to :i* its due prom95ce has n always be5 giv5 9 ! /&>d hi/ories ( milit>y antiquities4 ,x is surpris+ to f9d h[ close to ! glories ( w> lie ! sick5+ vulg>ities ( murd]4 ,to ! ,duke ( ,som]set1 ! reg5t ( ,engl& = ,edw>d ,,vi41 appe>s to be due ! cr$it ( in/itut+ a mild] treatm5t ( a besieg$ b surr5d]$ g>rison ?an _h be5 previ\sly cu/om>y4 ,= ,de ,?\1 ! hi/orian1 speaks ( ! admiration ! ,duke receiv$ = sp>+ ! lives ( a ,scot* g>rison1 contr>y to t #8anci5t maxim 9 w> :i* decl>es t a weak g>rison =feits all claim to m]cy on ! "p ( ! conqu]ors1 :51 ) m c\rage ?an prud5ce1 !y ob/9ately p]sev]e 9 def5d+ an ill-=tifi$ place aga9/ ! royal army1' or refuse reasonable conditions4 ,b ! anci5t maxim la/$1 9 spite ( ?is bett] example1 ?r\gh\t ! sev5te5? & till late into ! eighte5? c5tury1 = we f9d ,vattel ev5 !n ?us prote/+ aga9/ x3 #8,h[ c\ld x be conceiv$ 9 an enlight5$ age t x 0 lawful to puni% ) dea? a gov]nor :o has def5d$ 8 t[n to ! la/ extremity1 or :o 9 a weak place _h ! c\rage to hold out aga9/ a royal army8 ,9 ! la/ c5tury ?is notion /ill prevail$2 x 0 look$ ^u z "o ( ! laws ( w>1 & is n ev5 at pres5t totally explod$4 ,:at an idea6 to puni% a brave man = hav+ p]=m$ 8 duty4'#acb ,b n ev5 yet is ! notion def9itely expung$ f ! unwritt5 code ( m>tial etiquette4 ,! orig9al ,russian project1 submitt$ to ! ,brussels ,conf]5ce1 propos$ to exclude1 among o!r illicit means ( w>1 #8! ?reat ( ext]m9ation t[>ds a g>rison t ob/9ately holds a =tress4' ,! proposal 0 unanim\sly reject$1 & t clause 0 c>efully exclud$ f ! publi%$ modifi$ text6 ,b z ! execution ( a ?reat is morally ( ! same value z ! ?reat itself1 x is evid5t t ! massacre ( a brave b conqu]$ g>rison /ill holds its place among ! laws ( ,*ri/ian w>f>e6 ,?is peculi> & mo/ sangu9>y law ( reprisals has always be5 def5d$ by ! common milit>y sophism1 t x %ort5s ! horrors ( w>4 ,! ?reat ( capital puni%m5t aga9/ ! gov]nor or def5d]s ( a t[n %\ld naturally dispose !m to make a conditional surr5d]1 & s sp>e bo? sides ! mis]ies ( a siege4 ,b argum5ts 9 def5ce ( atrocities1 on ! gr\nd ( _! %ort5+ a w>1 & com+ f milit>y qu>t]s1 mu/ be view$ ) ! greate/ suspicion1 &1 inasmu* z !y provoke reprisals & s int5sify passion1 ) ! greate/ di/ru/4 ,x 0 to su* an argum5t t ! ,g]mans resort$ 9 def5ce ( _! %ell+ ! t[n ( ,/rasburg1 9 ord] to intimidate ! inhabitants & drive !m to =ce ,g5]al ,uhri* to a surr5d]4 #8,! abbreviation1' said a ,g]man writ]1 #8( ! p]iod ( actual fight+ & ( ! w> itself is an act ( humanity t[>ds bo? p>ties2'#acc al?\gh ! savage act fail$ 9 its purpose & ,g5]al ,w]d] _h to fall back1 aft] 8 gratuit\s de/ruction ( life & prop]ty1 on ! sl[] process ( a regul> siege4 ,if _! t5d5cy to %ort5 a w> be ! f9al ju/ification ( milit>y proce$+s1 ! gr\nd beg9s to slip f "u u aga9/ ! use ( aconit9e or ( clo!s infect$ ) ! small-pox4 ,!re=e su* a pretext %\ld meet ) prompt condemnation1 not)/&+ ! ef=ts ( ! mod]n milit>y s*ool to r5d] x popul> ^u ! e>?4 ,9 respect1 !re=e1 to ?is law ( reprisals1 ! comp>ison is n to ! cr$it ( mod]n times z comp>$ ) ! pagan era4 ,a surr5d]1 :i* 9 ,greek & ,roman w>f>e involv$ z a rule p]sonal security1 came 9 ,*ri/ianis$ ,europe to involve capital puni%m5t out ( motives ( pure v9dictiv5ess4 ,! *ivalry s (t5 associat$ ) ! battle-field z at lea/ a r$eem+ feature fades on clos] inspection into ! v]ie/ fiction ( romance4 ,brav]y "u any =m has be5 ! con/ant pretext = capital reprisals4 ,edw>d ,i4 _h ,william ,wallace1 ! brave ,scot* lead]1 execut$ on ,t[] ,hill2 & x has be5 obs]v$ by "o writ]1 z ! facts already quot$ prove1 t ! cu/om ( ?us kill+ defeat$ g5]als #8may be trac$ ?r\gh a s]ies ( ye>s s connect$ & ext5sive t we are n able to po9t out ! exact "t :5 x ceas$4'#acd ,a *>act]i/ic incid5t ( ?is sort is connect$ ) ! fam\s pacification ( ,gui5ne by ,montluc 9 #aefb4 ,montluc _h won ,montsegur by /orm1 & its comm&] _h be5 tak5 alive4 ,! latt] 0 a man ( notori\s val\r1 & 9 a previ\s campaign _h be5 ,montluc's fell[-soldi] & fri5d4 ,= t reason _m int]c$$ = 8 life1 b ,montluc decid$ to hang him1 & simply on acc\nt ( 8 val\r4 #8,i well knew 8 c\rage1' he says1 #8:i* made me hang him4444 ,i knew him to be valiant1 b t made me ! r put him to dea?4' ,:at ( y\r *ivalry aft] t8 ,b ,alex&] ! ,great1 ^: c>e] has be5 ! ideal ( all succe$+ aspirants to milit>y fame1 dealt ev5 m sev]ely ?an ,montluc ) ,betis1 ! gallant def5d] ( ,gaza4 ,:5 ,gaza 0 at la/ tak5 by /orm1 ,betis1 aft] fight+ h]oically1 _h ! mis=tune to be tak5 alive & to be br\ght into ! pres5ce ( ! conqu]or4 ,alex&] address$ him ?us3 #8,y %all n die1 ,betis1 9 ! mann] y wi%$2 b make up y\r m9d to suff] :atev] torture c be ?\ght ( aga9/ a prison]2' & :5 ,betis = all answ] return$ him b ! sil5ce ( disda91 ,alex&] _h ?ongs fix$ to 8 ankles1 &1 himself act+ z *>iote]1 drove 8 yet liv+ victim r\nd ! city1 atta*$ to 8 *>iot :eels2 prid+ himself t by su* conduct he rivall$ ,a*illes' treatm5t ( ,hector4#ace ,a valiant resi/ance 0 ) ,alex&] always a suffici5t motive = ! mo/ sangu9>y reprisals4 ,arimages1 :o def5d$ a =tifi$ rock 9 ,sogdia1 ?\ght 8 position s /rong t :5 summon$ to surr5d]1 he ask$ taunt+ly :e!r ,alex&] c\ld fly2 & = ?is (f5ce1 :51 unable to hold out any long]1 ,arimages & 8 relations desc5d$ to ,alex&]'s camp to beg = qu>t]1 ,alex&] _h !m fir/ ( all flogg$ & !n crucifi$ at ! foot ( ! rock !y _h s bravely def5d$4#acf ,aft] ! long siege ( ,tyre1 ,alex&] _h #b1jjj ,tyrians1 ov] & above ! #f1jjj :o fell dur+ ! /orm+ ( t city1 nail$ to crosses along ! %ore1#acg p]haps 9 reprisal = a violation ( ! laws ( w>--= ,qu9tus ,curtius decl>es t ! ,tyrians _h murd]$ "s ,mac$onian ambassadors1 & ,arrian1 :o makes no m5tion ( ! crucifixion1 decl>es t !y slew "s ,mac$onian prison]s & ?rew !m f _! walls--b m probably 7s9ce !re 7 evid5tly diff]5t /ories ( ! ,tyrians' (f5ce7 on acc\nt simply ( ! ob/9ate resi/ance !y _h (f]$ to ,alex&]'s attack4 ,! ,mac$onian conqu]or reg>d$ 8 :ole exp$ition aga9/ ,p]sia z an act ( reprisals = ! invasion ( ,greece by ,x]xes1 #aej ye>s be=e 8 own "t4 ,:5 he set fire to ! ,p]sian capital & palace1 ,p]sepolis1 he ju/ifi$ himself aga9/ ,p>m5io's remon/rances on ! gr\nd t x 0 9 rev5ge = ! de/ruction ( ! temples 9 ,greece dur+ ! ,p]sian invasion2#ach & ?is motive 0 con/antly pres5t ) him1 9 ju/ification bo? ( ! w> itself & ( p>ticul> atrocities connect$ ) x4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 exp$ition1 he came to a city ( ! ,bran*id1 ^: ance/ors at ,miletus _h betray$ ! treasures ( a temple 9 _! *>ge to ,x]xes1 & _h by him be5 remov$ f ,miletus to ,asia4 ,z ,greeks !y met ,alex&]'s army ) joy1 & at once surr5d]$ _! city to him4 ,! next day1 aft] reflection giv5 to ! matt]1 ,alex&] _h e s+le inhabitant ( ! city sla91 9 spite ( _! p[]lessness1 9 spite ( _! supplications1 9 spite ( _! community ( language & orig94 ,he ev5 _h ! walls ( ! city dug up f _! f\ndation1 & ! trees ( _! sacr$ groves uproot$1 t n a trace ( _! city might rema94#aci ,nor c d\bt be ?r[n on ^! de$s by ! fact t !y are only m5tion$ by ,qu9tus ,curtius & n by ,arrian4 ,! sil5ce ( ! "o is no pro( ( ! falsity or cr$ulity ( ! o!r4 ,bo? writ]s liv$ _m c5turies aft] ,alex&]1 & 7 dep5d5t = _! k on ! writ+s1 !n extant b long s9ce lo/1 ( contempor>ies & eye-witnesses ( ! exp$ition to ,asia4 ,t ^? witnesses (t5 gave conflict+ acc\nts ( ! same ev5t we h ! assurance ( ei!r writ]2 b s9ce x is impossible to det]m9e ! degree ( discretion ) :i* ea* made _! selections f ! orig9al au?orities1 x is only reasonable to reg>d !m bo? z ( ! same & equal validity4 ,s5eca1 :o liv$ be=e ,arrian & :o !re=e 0 equally conv]sant ) ! orig9al au?orities1 h>dly ev] m5tions ,alex&] )\t expressions ( ! /ronge/ reprobation4 ,cruelty1 9 fact1 is reveal$ to u by hi/ory z ! mo/ conspicu\s trait 9 ! "* ( ,alex&]1 ?\gh n 9 8 case nor 9 o!rs inconsi/5t ) occasional acts ( magnanimity & ! gleams ( a high] nature4 ,?is cruelty1 h[ev]1 tak5 9 connection ) 8 und\bt$ brav]y1 calls 9 "q ! tru? ( a rem>k made by ,philip de ,comm9es1 & support$1 he affirm$1 by all hi/orians1 t no cruel man is ev] c\rage\s4 ,! popul> !ory1 t inhumanity is m likely to be ! concomitant ( a timid ?an ( a d>+ nature1 ignores altoge!r ! tea*+ ( hi/ory & ! conclusions ( priori reason+4 ,= if our reg>d = ! suff]+s ( o!rs is proportion$ to our reg>d = our own suff]+s1 inasmu* z our self-love is ! f\ndation & measure ( our p[]s ( sympa?y1 a man's disreg>d = ! suff]+s ( o!rs--9 o!r words 8 cruelty--is likely to be ! exact reflection ( 8 disreg>d = suff]+ 9 8 own p]son1 or1 9 o!r words1 ( 8 physical c\rage4 ,m51 moreov]1 l ,cic]o1 ( :om x 0 said by ,livy t he 0 bett] calculat$ = any?+ ?an = w>1 by _! v incapacity = positions :]e _! humanity is likely to be te/$1 are r>ely expos$ to ^? temptations ( cruelty 9 :i* m5 ( a m d>+ temp]am5t naturally f9d !mselves plac$4 ,& accord+ly we f9d1 by ref]5ce to in/ances :i* lie on ! surface ( hi/ory1 t great brav]y & great cruelty h m (t5 be5 unit$ ?an sep>ate4 ,9 ,fr5* hi/ory !re is ! cruelty ( ,*>les ! ,bold1 ,duke ( ,burgundy2 ( ,montluc & ,des ,adretz1 ! latt] ( :om made #cj soldi]s & _! capta9 leap f ! precipice ( a /rong place !y _h def5d$1 & ( bo? ( :om ,brantme rem>ks t !y 7 v brave b v cruel4#adj ,9 ,scot* hi/ory1 x 0 ,david ,i4 :o1 ?\gh fam$ = 8 c\rage & humanity1 suff]$ ! sick & ag$ to be sla9 9 _! b$s1 ev5 infants to be kill$ & prie/s murd]$ at ! v alt>s4#ada ,9 ,engli% hi/ory1 x 0 ,ri*>d ,cur-de-,lion :o _h #e1jjj ,s>ac5 prison]s l$ out to a l>ge pla9 to be massacr$ 7#aaia74adb ,9 ,jewi% hi/ory1 x 0 ,k+ ,david :o1 :5 he took ,rabbah ( ! ,ammonites1 #8br\ght =? ! p t 7 !re9 & put !m "u saws & h>r[s ( iron & "u axes ( iron1 & made !m pass ?r\gh ! brick kiln2 & ?us did he unto all ! cities ( ! *ildr5 ( ,ammon4'#adc ,x is n !re=e m probable t a man fam$ = 8 intrepidity w n l5d himself to c\nsels or actions ( cruelty ?an t ano!r defici5t 9 p]sonal c\rage w n be humane4 ,& "h "o cause is des]v+ ( att5tion z help+ to expla9 ! great] b>b>ity practis$ by ! mod]n nations 9 ! matt] ( reprisals1 ?an t :i* 0 p]mitt$ by ! code ( hon\r :i* act$ 9 re/ra9t ( !m 9 ! bett] p]iods ( pagan antiquity2 & t is ! *ange t has occurr$ ) reg>d to slav]y4 ,! abolition ( slav]y1 :i* 9 ,we/]n ,europe has be5 ! greate/ a*ievem5t ( mod]n civilisation1 did n un=tunately t5d to great] mildness 9 ! cu/oms ( w>4 ,= 9 anci5t times ! sale ( prison]s z slaves op]at$ to re/ra9 t indiscrim9ate & objectless slaught] :i* has be51 ev5 to cases )9 ?is c5tury1 ! m>k$ feature ( ! battle-field1 & m especially :]e cities or places h be5 tak5 by /orm4 ,av>ice ceas$ to op]ate1 z x once did1 9 fav\r ( humanity4 ,9 "o day ! population ( ,magdeburg1 tak5 by /orm1 0 r$uc$ f #be1jjj to #b1gjj2 & an ,engli% eye-witness ( t ev5t ?us describ$ x3 #8,( #be1jjj1 "s said #cj1jjj p1 !re 0 n a s\l to be se5 alive1 till ! flames drove ^? t 7 hid 9 vaults & secret places to seek dea? 9 ! /reets r ?an p]i% 9 ! fire2 ( ^! mis]able creatures "s 7 kill$ too by ! furi\s soldi]s1 b at la/ !y sav$ ! lives ( su* z came out ( _! cell>s & holes1 & s ab\t #b1jjj poor desp]ate creatures 7 left4'#add #8,!re 0 little %oot+1 ! execution 0 all cutt+ ( ?roats & m]e h\se murd]s4444 ,we c\ld see ! poor p 9 cr[ds driv5 d[n ! /reets1 fly+ f ! fury ( ! soldi]s1 :o foll[$ but*]+ !m z fa/ z !y c\ld1 & refus$ m]cy to anybody2 till1 driv+ !m d[n to ! riv]'s edge1 ! desp]ate wret*es w\ld ?r[ !mselves into ! riv]1 :]e ?\s&s ( !m p]i%$1 especially wom5 & *ildr54'#ade ,x is difficult to read ?is graphic description ( a /orm$ city )\t ! suspicion aris+ 9 ! m9d t a %e] ?ir/ = blood & love ( murd] is a mu* m pot5t su/a9] ( w> ?an x is usual or agreeable to believe4 ,! n>ratives ( mo/ victories & ( tak5 cities support ?is !ory4 ,at ,brescia1 = in/ance1 tak5 by ! ,fr5* f ! ,v5etians 9 #aeab1 x is said t #bj1jjj ( ! latt] fell to only #ej ( ! =m]4#adf ,:5 ,rome 0 sack$ 9 #aebg by ! ,imp]iali/ =ces1 we are told t #8! soldi]y ?rew !mselves ^u ! unhappy multitude1 &1 )\t di/9ction ( age or sex1 massacr$ all :o came 9 _! way4 ,/rang]s 7 sp>$ z little z ,romans1 = ! murd]]s fir$ indiscrim9ately at ev]yone1 f a m]e ?ir/ ( blood4'#adg ,b ?is ?ir/ ( blood 0 *eck$ 9 ! days ( slav]y by ! c\nt]act+ ?ir/ ( money2 !re hav+ be5 an obvi\s motive = giv+ qu>t] :5 a prison] ( w> repres5t$ some?+ ( tangible value1 l any o!r article ( booty4 ,! sack ( ,!bes by ,alex&]1 & its demolition to ! s\nd ( ! lute1 0 bad en\gh2 b aft] ! fir/ rage = slaught] 0 ov]1 !re rema9$ #cj1jjj p]sons ( free bir? to be sold z slaves4 ,& 9 ,roman w>f>e ! rule 0 to sell z slaves ^? :o 7 tak5 prison]s 9 a /orm$ city2 & x mu/ be rememb]$ t _m s sold 7 slaves already4#adh ,all :o 7 un>m$ or :o laid d[n _! arms 7 sp>$ f de/ruction1 z well z f plund]2#adi & = exceptions to ?is rule1 z = in/ance = ! indiscrim9ate & cruel massacre committ$ at ,illiturji 9 ,spa91 !re 0 always at lea/ ! pretext ( reprisals1 or "s special milit>y motive4#aej ,cic]o1 :o liv$ to see ! ,roman arms triumphant ov] ! _w & ! conv]sion ( ! ,roman republic into a milit>y despotism1 f\nd occasion to deplore at ! same "t ! debas$ /&>d ( milit>y hon\r4 ,he believ$ t 9 cruel v9dictiv5ess & rapacity 8 contempor>ies _h deg5]at$ f ! cu/oms ( _! ance/ors1 & he contra/$ regretfully ! utt] de/ruction ( ,c>?age1 ,numantia1 & ,cor9?1 ) ! mild] treatm5t ( _! e>li] enemies1 ! ,sab9es1 ,tusculans1 & o!rs4 ,he adduc$ z a pro( ( ! great] f]ocity ( ! w> _s ( 8 day ! fact t ! only t]m = an enemy 0 orig9ally ! mild] t]m ( /rang]1 & t x 0 only by degrees t ! ^w mean+ /rang] came to h ! connotation ( ho/ility4 #8,:at1' he asks1 #8c\ld h be5 add$ to ?is mildness1 to call him ) :om y are at w> by s g5tle a "n z /rang]8 ,b n[ ! progress ( "t has giv5 a h>d] signification to ! ^w2 = x has ceas$ to apply to a /rang]1 & has rema9$ ! prop] t]m = an actual enemy 9 arms4'#aea ,is a simil> process tak+ place 9 mod]n w>f>e ) reg>d to ! law ( reprisals8 ,x is a long leap f anci5t ,rome to mod]n ,g]many2 b to ,g]many1 z ! *ief milit>y ,p[] n[ 9 exi/5ce1 we mu/ turn1 9 ord] to und]/& ! law ( reprisals z x is int]pret$ by ! practice ( a c\ntry ^: p[] & example w make h] actions prec$5ts 9 all w>s t may occur 9 future4 ,! wor/ feature 9 reprisals is t !y are indiscrim9ate & m (t5 direct$ aga9/ ! innoc5t ?an ! guilty4 ,to murd] wom5 & *ildr51 old m51 or any "o else1 on ! gr\nd ( _! connection ) an enemy :o has committ$ an action call+ = retribution1 c be ju/ifi$ by no !ory t w\ld n equally apply to a simil> p>ody ( ju/ice 9 civil life4 ,x is a return to ! !ory & practices ( savages1 :o1 if !y _c rev5ge !mselves on a culprit1 rev5ge !mselves complac5tly on "s "o else4 ,= bodies ( peasants to resi/ a =eign invad] by =m+ ambuscades or mak+ surprises aga9/ him1 ?\gh 8 advance is m>k$ by fire & pillage & outrage1 may be contr>y to ! laws ( w> 7?\gh t po9t has nev] be5 agre$ ^u72 b to make su* attacks ! pretext = indiscrim9ate murd] & robb]y is an ext5sion ( ! law ( reprisals t 0 only def9itely import$ into ! milit>y code ( ,europe by ! ,g]man invad]s ( ,france 9 #ahgj4 ,! foll[+ facts1 (f]$ 9 pro( ( ?is /atem5t1 are tak5 f a small pamphlet1 publi%$ dur+ ! w> by ! ,int]national ,society = ,help to ! ,w\nd$1 & conta9+ only su* facts z 7 atte/$ by ! evid5ce ( (ficial docum5ts or ( p]sons ^: positions gave !m an exceptional title to cr$it4#aeb ,at "o place1 :]e tw5ty-five francs-tireurs _h hidd5 9 a wood & receiv$ ! ,g]mans ) a fusillade1 reprisals 7 c>ri$ s f> t ! cur1 ru%+ into ! /reets1 seiz$ ! ,prussian capta9 by ! %\ld]s & entreat$ m]cy = ! wom5 & *ildr54 #8,no m]cy' 0 ! only reply4#aec ,at ano!r place tw5ty-six "y m5 _h jo9$ ! francs-tireurs2 ! ,bad5 troops took & %ot _! fa!rs4#aed ,at ,nem\rs1 :]e a body ( ,uhlans _h be5 surpris$ & captur$ by "s mobiles1 ! floors & furniture ( sev]al h\ses 7 fir/ saturat$ ) petroleum & !n fir$ ) %ells4#aee ,! new !ory also 0 import$ into ! milit>y code1 t a village1 by ! m]e fact ( try+ to def5d itself1 con/itut$ itself a place ( w> :i* might be legitimately bomb>d$ &1 :5 tak51 subject$ to ! rights ( w> :i* /ill gov]n ! fate ( places tak5 by assault4#aef ,nor let x be suppos$ t ^? rights 7 n ex]cis$ z rigor\sly z !y ev] h be5 by victori\s troops4 ,at ,nog5t-sur-,se9e1 ! ,wurtemburg troops c>ri$ _! fury to ! slaught] ( wom5 & *ildr5 & ev5 ( ! w\nd$4 ,& if ! belief /ill l+]s t ! ,g]man troops ( ! ,emp]or ,william behav$ o!rwise t[>ds ! weak] sex ?an _! ance/ors 9 ,rome & ,italy "u ! ,con/able ( ,b\rbon1 let ! read] ref] to ! exp]i5ces ( ,cl]mont1 ,&]nay1 or ,neuville4#aeg ,reprisals beget1 ( c\rse1 reprisals2 & _h ! ,fr5* & ,g]man w> be5 by any accid5t prolong$1 x is appall+ to ?9k ( ! b>b>ities t w\ld h occurr$4 #8,?reat = ?reat1' wrote ,colonel ,r4 ,g>ibaldi to ! ,prussian comm&] at ,*tillon1 9 ref]5ce to ! latt]'s resolve to puni% ! inhabitants ( t place = ! acts ( "s francs-tireurs2 #8,i give y my assurance t ,i w n sp>e "o ( ! #bjj ,prussians :om y "k to be 9 my h&s4'#aeh #8,we w fight1' wrote ,g5]al ,*anzy to ! ,prussian comm&] at ,v5dme1 #8)\t truce or m]cy1 because x is a "q n[ n ( fight+ loyal enemies1 b hordes ( deva/ators4'#aei ,"u ! !ory ( legitimate reprisals1 ! ,g]mans resuscitat$ ! cu/om ( tak+ ho/ages4 ,! ,fr5* hav+ 79 accordance ) ! /ill recognis$ b b>b>\s rule ( w>7 tak5 prison]s ! capta9s ( "s ,g]man m]*ant vessels1 ! ,g]mans retaliat$ by tak+ tw5ty p]sons ( respectable position at ,dijon1 & n9e at ,ves\l1 & deta9+ !m z ho/ages4 ,nor 0 ?is an uncommon episode 9 ! campaign3 ?\gh ! s5d+ to ,g]many z prison]s ( w> ( ,fr5* m]*ants1 magi/rates1 lawy]s1 & doctors1 & ! mak+ !m answ]able ) _! lives & =tunes = actions ( _! c\ntrym5 :i* !y c\ld nei!r prev5t nor repress1 0 a revival 9 its wor/ =m ( ! !ory ( vic>i\s puni%m5t1 & a direction ( ho/ilities aga9/ non-combatants1 :i* 0 a gross violation ( ! proclamation ( ! ,prussian k+1 made at ! beg9n+ ( ! campaign 7aft] ! common cant ( ! lead]s ( armies71 t 8 =ces _h no w> to wage ) ! peaceable inhabitants ( ,france4 ,ev5 plund] ent]s into ! ,g]man law ( reprisals4 ,remiremont 9 ! ,vosges _h to pay #h1jjjl4 because two ,g]man eng9e]s & "o soldi] _h be5 tak5 prison]s by ! ,fr5* troops4 ,! usual =c$ milit>y contributions :i* ! victors exact$ did n exclude a sy/em ( pillage & deva/ation t ! pres5t age fondly believ$ to belong only to a pa/ /ate ( w>f>e4 ,on ,decemb] #e1 #ahgj1 a ,g]man soldi] wrote to ! ,cologne ,gazette3 #8,s9ce ! w> has ent]$ ^u its pres5t /age x is a real life ( brig&s we lead4 ,= f\r weeks we h pass$ ?r\gh di/ricts entirely ravag$2 ! la/ eight days we h pass$ ?r\gh t[ns & villages :]e !re 0 absolutely no?+ left to take4' ,nor 0 ?is plund] only ! "w ( ! common milit>y s]fs or conscripts1 ^: mis]able pov]ty might h s]v$ z an excuse1 b x 0 conduct$ by (fic]s ( ! highe/ rank1 :o1 = _! own b5efit1 robb$ f>ms & /ables ( _! %eep & horses1 & sack$ c\ntry h\ses ( _! works ( art1 _! plate1 & ev5 ( _! ladies' jewels4#afj ,! _w1 !re=e1 at lea/ owes ?is to ! ,g]mans1 t !y h taught u to see w> 9 its true light1 by remov+ x f ! realm ( romance1 :]e x 0 deck$ ) bright col\rs & noble actions1 to ! region ( sob] judgm5t1 :]e ! soldi]1 ! ?ief1 & ! murd]] are se5 9 sc>cely di/+ui%able col\rs4 ,!y h )drawn ! veil :i* bl9d$ our ance/ors to ! evils ( w>1 & :i* l$ dreamy humanit>ians to believe 9 ! possibility ( civilis$ w>f>e2 s t n[ ! de$s ( %ame ?reat5 to obscure ! de$s ( glory4 ,9 ! middle ages x 0 ! cu/om to decl>e a w> t 0 int5d$ to be wag$ ) special fury by s5d+ a man ) a nak$ sword 9 "o h& & a burn+ tor* 9 ! o!r1 to signify t ! w> s begun 0 to be "o ( blood & fire4 ,we h s9ce le>nt t !re is no ne$ to typify by any peculi> c]emony ! "* ( any p>ticul> w>2 = t ! *>act]i/ics ( all are ! same4 ,! ,g]man g5]al ,von ,moltke1 9 a publi%$ lett] :]e9 he ma9ta9$ t ,p]petual ,peace 0 a dream & n ev5 a beautiful "o1 w5t on to say1 9 def5ce ( w>1 t 9 x ! noble/ virtues ( mank9d 7 develop$--c\rage1 self-abnegation1 fai?fulness to duty1 ! _s ( sacrifice2 & t )\t w>s ! _w w\ld soon /agnate & lose itself 9 mat]ialism4#afa ,we h no data f :i* to judge ( ! probable /ate ( a w>less _w1 b we d "k t ! brighte/ samples ( ^! virtues h be5 ev] giv5 by ^? :o 9 peace & obscurity1 & )\t look+ = l&s1 or titles1 or m$als = _! rew>d1 h lab\r$ n to de/roy life b to save x1 n to l[] ! /&>d ( morality b to raise x1 n to prea* rev5ge b m]cy1 n to spread mis]y & pov]ty & crime b to increase happ9ess1 weal?1 & virtue4 ,is !re or w !re be no scope = c\rage1 = self-sacrifice1 = duty1 :]e fev] & disease are ! foes to be combat$1 :]e w\nds & pa9 ne$ to be cur$ or soo!d1 or :]e s9 & ignorance & pov]ty are ! =ces to be assail$8 ,b ap>t f ?is !re is ano!r side to ! picture ( w>1 ( :i* ,von ,moltke says n a ^w1 b ( :i*1 9 ! prec$+ pages1 "s indication has be5 giv54 ,n[ t we are no long] satisfi$ ) ! dry n>ratives ( /rategical op]ations1 b are beg9n+ to se>* into ! details ( milit>y proce$+s2 into ! fate ( ! captur$1 ( ! w\nd$1 ( ! pursu$2 into ! treatm5t ( ho/ages1 ( wom51 ( *ildr52 into ! /ati/ics ( massacre & spoliation t are ! p5alties ( defeat2 into ! "* ( /ratagems2 & into ! ju/ice ( reprisals1 we see w> 9 ano!r mirror1 & recognise t ! old "o gave b a di/ort$ reflection ( its realities4 ,no "o ev] d5i$ b t great qualities are display$ 9 w>2 b ! d\bt is spread+ fa/1 n only :e!r x is ! wor?ie/ field = _! display1 b :e!r x is n also ! pr9cipal nurs+-b$ ( ! crimes t are ! greate/ disgrace to our nature4 ,x is idle to ?9k t our humanity w fail to take its col\r+ f our call+4 ,m>%al ,montluc1 ! brave/ yet mo/ cruel ( ,fr5* soldi]s1 0 fond ( prote/+ t ! inhumanity he 0 guilty ( 0 9 corruption ( 8 orig9al & bett] nature2 & at ! close ( 8 book & ( 8 life1 he consol$ himself = ! blood he _h caus$ to fl[ l wat] by ! consid]ation1 t ! sov]eigns ^: s]vant he _h be5 7 7z he told "o ( !m7 really responsible = ! mis]y he _h caus$4 ,b does ! excuse avail him1 or ! millions :o h succe$$ to 8 trade8 ,a k+ or a gov]nm5t c commission m5 to execute its policy or its v5geance2 b is a free ag5t1 :o accepts a commission t he believes to be iniquit\s1 morally acquitt$ ( 8 %>e ( culpability8 ,is 8 responsibility no great] ?an t ( ! sword1 ! axe1 or ! halt] ) :i* he c>ries out 8 ord]s2 or does ! plea ( milit>y discipl9e ju/ify him 9 act+ ) no m moral re/ra9t ?an a slave1 or ?an a horse t has no und]/&+8 ,! ,prussian (fic] :o at ,dijon blew out 8 bra9s r ?an execute "s iniquit\s ord]#afb %[$ t he und]/ood ! dignity ( human nature z x 0 und]/ood 9 ! days ( ! bygone moral gr&eur ( ,rome4 ,su* a man des]v$ a monum5t f> m ?an mo/ to :om memorial monum5ts are rais$4 ,rec5t ev5ts l5d an additional int]e/ to ! "q ( reprisals1 & add emphasis to ! necessity ( plac+ !m1 z x 0 s\ght to d at ,brussels1 on ! foot+ ( an ,int]national ,agreem5t4 ,x is sometimes said t dyna/ic w>s belong to ! pa/1 & t k+s h no long] ! p[] to make w>1 z !y once did1 = _! own pleasure or pa/ime4 ,!re may be tru? 9 ?is1 ?\gh ! la/ great w> 9 ,europe b "o _h its imm$iate cause 9 an int]-dyna/ic jeal\sy2 b a f> m pot5t ag5cy = w> ?an ev] exi/$ 9 mon>*ical p[] is n[ wield$ by ! ,press4 ,w> 9 e c\ntry is ! direct pecuni>y int]e/ ( ! ,daily ,press4 #8,i "k proprietors ( newspap]s1' said ,cobd5 dur+ ! ,crimean w>1 #8:o h pocket$ #c1jjjl4 or #d1jjjl4 a ye> ?r\gh ! w> z directly z if ! money _h be5 vot$ to !m 9 ! ,p>liam5t>y e/imates4'#afc ,! temptation1 !re=e1 is great1 fir/ to ju/ify any giv5 w> by irrelevant issues or by /ories ( ! enormities committ$ by ! enemy1 or ev5 by positive false /atem5ts 7z :5 ! ,engli% ,press1 ) ! ,times at its head1 ) almo/ "o voice taught u t ! ,afghan rul] _h insult$ our ambassador1 & left u to f9d out our mi/ake :5 a too ready cr$ulity _h co/ u a w> ( "s #bj1jjj1jjjl472 & !n1 :5 w> has once begun1 to fan ! flame by dem&+ reprisals = atrocities t h g5]ally nev] be5 committ$ nor e/abli%$ by any?+ l pro(4 ,9 ?is way ! ,fr5* 7 *>g$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ ,g]man w> ) bomb>d+ ! op5 t[n ( ,sa>brck1 & ) fir+ explosive bullets f ! mitrailleuse2 & ! belief1 ?us falsely & purposely propagat$1 cov]$ ( c\rse ) ! cloak ( reprisals a good deal ( all t came aft]w>ds4 ,9 ?is way has aris5 ! mod]n practice ( ju/ify+ e resort to w>1 n z a trial ( /r5g? or te/ ( ju/ice betwe5 enemies1 b z an act ( virtu\s & necess>y *a/isem5t aga9/ crim9als4 ,*>ges ( violat$ fai?1 ( ! abuse ( flags ( truce1 ( di%on\rable /ratagems1 ( ! ill-treatm5t or torture ( prison]s1 are seiz$ ^u1 reg>dless ( any inquiry into _! tru?1 & made ! pretext = ! indef9ite prolongation ( ho/ilities4 ,! lawful enemy is d5\nc$ z a rebel or a crim9al1 :om x w\ld be wick$ to treat ) or tru/2 & only an unconditional surr5d]1 :i* drives him to desp]ation1 & s embitt]s ! w>1 is reg>d$ z a possible prelim9>y to peace4 ,! "t has surely come :5 su* a dem&1 on ! gr\nd ( reprisals1 %\ld cease to op]ate z a b> to peace4 ,"o ( ! proposals at ! ,brussels ,conf]5ce 0 t no comm&] %\ld be =c$ to capitulate "u di%on\rable conditions1 t is to say1 )\t ! cu/om>y hon\rs ( w>4 ,x %\ld be "o ( ! dem&s ( civilisation t an unconditional surr5d]1 su* z 0 insi/$ ^u f ,arabi 9 #ahhb & l$ to ! bomb>dm5t ( ,alex&ria ) all ! subsequ5t tr\bles1 %\ld "u no circum/ances be insi/$ on 9 treat+ ) an enemy2 & t no victori\s bellig]5t %\ld dem& ( a defeat$ "o :at "u rev]s$ conditions x w\ld consid] di%on\rable to grant itself4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,milit>y ,,/ratagems4 ,h6 qu'il y a de tromp]ie au monde6 et en no/re me/i] plus qu'en autre qui soit4--,,m>%al ,,montluc4 ,grotius' !ory ( fair /ratagems--,! tea*+ ( int]national law--,anci5t & mod]n naval /ratagems--,e>ly ,roman dislike ( su* /ratagems z ambuscades1 feign$ retreats1 or night attacks--,! deg5]ate /&>d ( ,front9us & ,polynus--,! conf]5ce-/ratagem ( mod]n ,europe--,! di/9ction betwe5 p]fidy & /ratagem--,! p]fidy ( ,francis ,i4--,vattel's !ory ab\t spies--,fr$]ick ! ,great's milit>y in/ructions ab\t spies--,"l ,wolseley on spies & tru? 9 w>--,! cu/om ( hang+ or %oot+ spies--,bett] to keep !m z prison]s ( w>--,ballooni/s reg>d$ z spies--,! practice ( milit>y surprises--,dea? =m]ly ! p5alty = capture 9 a surprise--,/ratagems ( unc]ta9 "*1 su* z =g$ despat*es or false intellig5ce--,! use ( ! telegraph 9 deceiv+ ! enemy--,may prison]s ( w> be compell$ to propagate lies8--,g5]al "* ( ! milit>y code ( fraud4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ aspects ( ! /ate ( w> is t ( its connection ) fraud1 deceit1 & guile4 ,if we may seek to obta9 our ends by =ce1 we may surely1 x is argu$1 d s by fraud2 = :at is ! moral diff]5ce betwe5 ov]com+ by sup]iority ( muscle & ! same result obta9$ by d9t ( bra98 ,lys&] ! ,sp>tan w5t s f> z to say t boys 7 to be *eat$ ) dice1 b an enemy ) oa?s2 & if ! _w has pr(ess$ horror at 8 s5tim5t1 x has n altoge!r despis$ 8 au?ority4 ,among milit>y /ratagems ! old] writ]s us$ to include e k9d ( deception practis$ by g5]als 9 w>1 n only aga9/ ! enemy1 b aga9/ _! own troops2 z1 = in/ance1 devices = prev5t+ or suppress+ a mut9y1 = /opp+ ! spread ( a panic1 or = enc\rag+ !m ) false news be=e or dur+ an engagem5t4 ,b 9 mod]n use ! t]m /ratagem has almo/ exclusive ref]5ce to artifices ( deception practis$ aga9/ an enemy2 & ! great] int]e/ t atta*es to ! latt] k9d ( guile ju/ifies ! n>r[$ d5otation ( ! ^w4 ,no "o1 = in/ance1 w\ld n[ reg>d z a /ratagem ! clev] behavi\r ( t ,?racian g5]al ,cos+as1 :o1 act+ also z prie/ to 8 =ces1 br\ght !m back to ob$i5ce by ! report he artfully propagat$ t c]ta9 long ladd]s :i* he _h caus$ to be made & fa/5$ toge!r 7 int5d$ to enable him to climb to heav51 !re to compla9 to ,juno ( _! misconduct4 ,! false pret5ce t is involv$ 9 a /ratagem is address$ to ! lead]s ( a ho/ile =ce1 9 ord] t _! fe> or confid5ce1 unduly rais$ by x1 may be play$ ^u to ! advantage ( _! m artful oppon5ts4 ,9 ! consid]ation1 !re=e1 ( milit>y /ratagems1 or ruses de gu]re1 x is be/ to con=m entirely to ! m re/rict$ s5se 9 :i* !y are und]/ood 9 mod]n p>lance4 ,! foll[+ /ratagem is a good "o to />t )4 ,dur+ ! ,franco-,g]man ,w> ( #ahgj1 tw5ty-five franc-tireurs clo!d !mselves 9 ,prussian uni=m1 & by ! help ( t disguise kill$ sev]al ,prussians at ,s5negy ne> ,troyes2 & ! de$ 0 made a subject ( op5 boa/ 9 a ,fr5* j\rnal4#afd ,0 ! boa/ a ju/ifiable or a %ameful "o8 ,di/9ctly ju/ifiable1 if at lea/ ,grotius1 ! fa!r ( our int]national law1 is ( any au?ority4 ,! reason+ ( ,grotius runs 9 ?is wise4 ,!re is a di/9ction betwe5 conv5tional signs t are e/abli%$ by ! g5]al cons5t ( all ! _w & ^? :i* are only e/abli%$ by p>ticul> societies or by individuals2 deception direct$ aga9/ ! =m] involves ! violation ( a mutual obligation1 & is !re=e unlawful1 :]eas t aga9/ ! latt] is lawful1 because x involves no su* violation4 ,!re=e1 :il/ x is wrong to deceive an enemy by words or signs :i* by g5]al cons5t are univ]sally und]/ood 9 a giv5 s5se1 x is n wrong to ov]come an enemy by conduct :i* involves no violation ( a g5]ally recognis$ & univ]sally b9d+ cu/om4 ,"u conduct ( ! latt] type fall su* acts z a simulat$ flight1 or ! use ( an enemy's arms1 8 /&>ds1 uni=m1 or sails4 ,a flight is n an in/itut$ sign ( fe>1 nor h ! arms or col\rs ( a p>ticul> c\ntry any univ]sally e/abli%$ mean+4#afe ,& 9 spite ( ! s\nd ( sophi/ry t accompanies ?is reason+1 ! tea*+ ( int]national law has n sub/antially sw]v$ on ?is po9t f ! direction giv5 to x by ,grotius4 ,9 ,cic]o's op9ion1 al?\gh bo? =ce & fraud 7 res\rces mo/ unwor?y ( rational humanity1 ! "o p]ta9+ r to ! nature ( ! lion & ! o!r to t ( ! fox1 fraud 0 an exp$i5t des]v+ ( m hatr$ ?an ! o!r4#aff ,b ! tea*+ ( lat] times has t5d$ to ov]look ?is di/9ction4 ,bynk]%oek1 t celebrat$ ,dut* juri/ :o advocat$ ! use ( poison z "o ( ! fair modes ( employ+ =ce1 decl>es x to be a matt] ( p]fect indiff]5ce :e!r /ratagem or op5 =ce be employ$ aga9/ an enemy1 provid$ p]fidy be abs5t f ! =m]4 ,& ,blunts*li1 :o is ! ,g]man publici/ ( greate/ au?ority 9 our own day1 expressly includes among ! lawful /ratagems ( w> ! use ( an enemy's uni=m or flag4#afg ,if1 !n1 we te/ ! receiv$ milit>y !ory by "s actual exp]i5ce1 ! foll[+ episodes ( hi/ory mu/ *all5ge r our admiration ?an our blame1 & /& ju/ifi$ by ! mo/ advanc$ !ories ( mod]n int]national law4 ,cimon1 ! ,a!nian admiral1 hav+ captur$ "s ,p]sian %ips1 made 8 own m5 /ep into !m & dress !mselves 9 ! clo!s ( ! ,p]sians2 & !n1 :5 ! %ips rea*$ ,cyprus1 & ! inhabitants ( t isl& came out joyfully to welcome _! fri5ds1 !y 7 ( c\rse m easily defeat$ by _! enemies4#afh ,ari/oma*us1 hav+ tak5 "s ,c>dian %ips1 plac$ 8 own r[]s 9 !m & t[$ 8 own %ips beh9d !m1 z if !y 7 be+ conduct$ 9 triumph4 ,:5 ! ,c>dians came out to greet _! suppos$ victori\s crews1 ,ari/oma*us & 8 m5 fell ^u !m & succe$$ 9 committ+ great c>nage4#afi ,mod]n hi/ory supplies analog\s cases4 ,9 ,septemb] #ahjj an ,engli% crew attack$ two %ips t lay at an*or at ,b>celona1 by =c+ a ,sw$i% vessel to take on bo>d "s ,engli% (fic]s1 soldi]s1 & sailors1 & s obta9+ a means ( approa* t 0 o!rwise impossible4#agj ,& ,engli% naval hi/orians tell ) pride1 r ?an ) %ame1 h[ 9 #agih two ,engli% %ips1 ! #8,sibylle' & ! #8,fox1' by sail+ "u false col\rs captur$ ?ree ,spani% gunboats 9 ,manilla ,roads4 ,:5 ! ,spani% gu>d-boat 0 s5t to inquire :at ! %ips 71 ! pilot ( ! #8,fox' repli$ t !y belong$ to ! ,fr5* squadron1 & t !y wi%$ to put into ,manilla1 = ! recov]y ( ! crews f sickness4 ,! ,engli% ,capta9 ,cooke 0 introduc$ "u ! ,fr5* "n ( ,lat\r2 & a conv]sation ensu$ 9 :i* ! c]emony ( wi%+ success to ! unit$ ex]tions ( ! ,spani>ds & ,fr5* aga9/ ! ,engli% 0 n =gott54 ,two ,spani% boats hav+ !n come to visit ! vessels1 _! crews 7 quickly h&$ bel[2 & a p>ty ( ,briti% sailors hav+ *ang$ clo!s ) !m & got into _! boat1 advanc$ to ! gunboats1 :i* !y captur$ )\t pull+ a trigg]4#aga ,on ano!r occasion ! same #8,sibylle1' :i* _h be5 tak5 f ! ,fr5* by ,romney 9 #agid1 captur$ a l>ge ,fr5* vessel t lay at an*or1 by /&+ 9 "u ,fr5* col\rs1 & only hoi/+ h] real ones :5 )9 a cable's l5g? ( h] prize2#agb ! only limit to su* a /ratagem on ! sea be+ ! necessity = a %ip to hoi/ h] real flag be=e proce$+ to actual ho/ilities4 ,a /ate ( w> mu/ surely play /range tricks ) our m9ds to make x possible = u to approve su* infam\s actions z ^? quot$4 ,!re c be no great] pro( ( ! utt] demoralisation x causes ?an t su* devices %\ld h ev] come to be ?\ght hon\rable2 & t no scruples %\ld h ev] int]v5$ aga9/ ! pro/itution ( a c\ntry's flag1 ! symbol ( h] indep5d5ce1 h] nationality1 & h] pride1 to ! %ame ( op5 falsehood4 ,antiqu>ies dispute ! correctness ( ! /atem5t ( ,polynus t ,artemisia1 ! ,que5 ( ,c>ia & ally ( ,x]xes aga9/ ,greece1 hoi/$ ,p]sian col\rs :5 9 pursuit ( ,greek %ips1 b a ,greek flag to prev5t ,greek %ips f pursu+ h]self1 because !y say t flags 7 n !n 9 use2 b und\bt$ly ! cu/om is a v old "o on ! seas ( hav+ a numb] ( diff]5t flags on bo>d a %ip1 = ! purpose ei!r ( m easily captur+ a weak] or ( m easily escap+ f a /rong] vessel ?an h]self4 ,! ,fr5*1 = in/ance1 9 #accg plund]$ & burnt ,portsm\?1 aft] hav+ be5 suff]$ to l& "u ! cov] ( ,engli% bann]s4#agc ,n only ! vessels ( pirates & private]s1 b ! w> vessels ( ! ,/ate1 le>n$ to sail "u col\rs t beli$ _! nationality4#agd ,! only limit to ! /ratagem ( ! false flag 7to :i* int]national cu/om gradually came to give ! =ce ( law7 came to be ! necessity ( hoi/+ ! real flag be=e proce$+ to fire1 a limitation t 0 n ( mu* mom5t aft] ! successful deception _h br\ght a def5celess m]*ant vessel )9 ! rea* ( easy capture4 ,& ) reg>d to %ips ( w>1 ! cannon-%ot by :i* "o vessel repli$ to ! *all5ge ( its suspect$ nationality by ! o!r came to be equival5t to ! capta9's ^w ( hon\r t ! flag :i* float$ above ! cannon he fir$ repres5t$ ! nationality ( :i* x pr(ess$ to be ! symbol4 ,! flag itself might tell a lie1 !re=e ! cannon-%ot oa? mu/ r$eem x f suspicion4 ,su* are ! extraord9>y ideas ( hon\r & morality t ! sy/em ( univ]sal fe>1 di/ru/1 & ho/ility1 by _m ?\ght to be s surpass+ly glori\s1 has caus$ to become preval5t ^u ! ocean4 ,9 spite1 !re=e1 ( ,grotius1 ! above /ratagems mu/ be consid]$ z di%on\rable2 & t s !y are beg9n+ to be consid]$ is indicat$ by ! fact t at ! ,brussels ,conf]5ce ( #ahgd ! use ( an enemy's flag or uni=m 0 expressly reject$ f ! category ( fair milit>y /ratagems4 ,b ! improvem5t is 9 spite ( int]national law1 n 9 consequ5ce ( x4 ,!re is an obvi\s di/9ction inde$ betwe5 ! above me?od ( ov]com+ an enemy & su* fav\rite devices z ambuscades1 feign$ retreats1 night attacks1 or ! div]sion ( a def5ce to ! wrong po9t4 ,b p]haps no?+ 9 ! hi/ory ( moral op9ion is m curi\s ?an t ev5 ^! modes ( deceit %\ld h be51 n by "o p or an unw>like p1 b by sev]al p1 & "o among !m ! mo/ w>like nation kn[n to hi/ory1 delib]ately reject$ z unfair & di%on\rable modes ( w>f>e4 ,! hi/orical evid5ce on ?is po9t appe>s to be q conclusive1 & is wor? recall+ = ! int]e/ t _c b atta* to "o ( ! /range/ b mo/ neglect$ *apt]s 9 ! hi/ory ( human e?ics4 ,! ,a*ans1 says ,polybius1 disda9$ ev5 to subdue _! enemies ) ! help ( deceit4 ,9 _! op9ion a victory 0 nei!r hon\rable nor secure t 0 n obta9$ 9 op5 combat by sup]ior c\rage4 ,!re=e !y e/eem$ x a k9d ( law among !m nev] to use any conceal$ weapons1 nor to ?r[ d>ts f a di/ance1 be+ p]suad$ t an op5 & close conflict 0 ! only fair me?od ( combat4 ,= ! same reason !y n only made a decl>ation ( w>1 b s5t notice ea* to ! o!r ( _! resolution to try ! =tune ( a battle1 & ( ! place :]e !y 7 det]m9$ to engage4#age ,& 9 ,t]nate1 "o ( ! ,molucca ,isl&s1 :i* suff]$ su* untold mis]ies aft] ! ,europeans _h discov]$ its spices & its hea!nism1 n only 0 w> nev] begun )\t be+ fir/ decl>$1 b x 0 also cu/om>y to in=m ! enemy ( ! numb] ( m5 & ! am\nt & k9d ( weapons ) :i* x 0 int5d$ to conduct ho/ilities4#agf ,b ! case ( ! ,romans is by f> ! mo/ rem>kable4 ,polybius1 ,livy1 & lian all agree 9 _! te/imony t = a long p]iod ( _! hi/ory ! ,romans refra9$ f all k9ds ( /ratagem z f a sort ( milit>y meanness2 & _! evid5ce is corroborat$ by ,val]ius ,maximus1 :o says t ! ,romans1 hav+ no ^w 9 _! language to express a milit>y ruse1 7 =c$ to borr[ ! ,greek ^w1 f :i* our own ^w /ratagem is d]iv$4#agg ,polybius1 :o liv$ & wrote z late z ! second c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 aft] compla9+ t artifice 0 !n s preval5t among ! ,romans t _! *ief /udy 0 to deceive "o ano!r 9 w> & 9 politics1 adds t1 9 spite ( ?is deg5]acy1 !y /ill decl>$ w> solemnly be=eh&1 seldom =m$ ambuscades1 & pref]r$ to fight man to man 9 close engagem5t4 ,s late z ! ye> #agb ,b4,c4 ! eld] s5ators regrett$ ! lo/ virtue ( _! ance/ors1 :o refra9$ f su* /ratagems z night attacks1 c\nt]feit flights1 & sudd5 returns1 & :o sometimes ev5 appo9t$ ! day ( battle & fix$ ! field ( combat1 look+ = victory n f fraud1 b only f sup]iority 9 p]sonal brav]y4#agh lian1 too1 decl>es t ! ,romans nev] resort$ to /ratagems till ab\t ! end ( ! ,second ,punic ,w>2 & truly ! great ,roman g5]al1 ,scipio1 :o took ! "n ( ,africanus1 display$ a ?or\gh ,african skill 9 ! use he made ( spies & surprises to br+ t w> to a successful issue4 ,) reg>d to night attacks ! ,mac$onians appe> to h *]i%$ simil> feel+s1 s9ce we f9d ,alex&] refus+ to attack ,d>ius by night on ! gr\nd t he did n wi% to ga9 a /ol5 victory4 ,& ) reg>d to close combat1 some?+ ( ! old ,roman & ,a*an feel+ 0 display$ 9 ,europe :5 fir/ ! crossb[1 & 9 lat] times ! musket1 r5d]$ p]sonal pr[ess ( less] importance4 ,be=e ! "t ( ,ri*>d ,i41 :5 ! crossb[ became ! *ief weapon 9 w>1 w>riors1 says ! ,abb ,velley1 7 s free & brave t !y w\ld only owe victory to _! lance & _! sword1 & ev]ybody dete/$ ^? p]fidi\s arms ) :i* a c[>d "u %elt] 0 enabl$ to slay ! brave/4#agi ,s said ,montluc ( ! musket1 :i* 9 #aebc _h n yet1 he says1 sup]s$$ 9 ,france ! use ( ! crossb[3 #8,w\ld to ,god ?is accurs$ in/rum5t _h nev] be5 inv5t$4444 ,s _m brave & valiant m5 w\ld n h met _! dea?s at ! h&s v (t5 ( ! greate/ c[>ds1 :o w\ld n s mu* z d>e look at ! man :om !y knock d[n f a di/ance ) _! accurs$ balls4'#ahj ,& 9 ! same _s ,*>les ,,xii4 ( ,sw$5 once bade 8 soldi]s to come to close qu>t]s ) ! enemy )\t %oot+1 on ! gr\nd t x 0 only = c[>ds to %oot4 ,su* ideas are1 ( c\rse1 dead beyond ! hope ( recov]y2 b !y are an odd comm5t>y on our conceit 9 ! improv$ tone ( our milit>y code ( hon\r4 ,we h long s9ce le>n$ to despise ^! old-_w notions ( hon\r & c\rage1 & to make v few exceptions inde$ to ! new] doctr9e ( ,*ri/5dom1 t 9 w> any?+ & ev]y?+ is fair4 ,b x is wor? ! pause ( a mom5t to reflect t su* moral s5tim5ts 9 re/ra9t ( ! use ( fraud 9 w> %\ld h once _h a real exi/5ce 9 ! _w2 t !y %\ld once h sway$ ! m9ds ( ! mo/ successful milit>y nation t ev] exi/$1 & /ood by !m till !y _h atta9$ t high degree ( p[] :i* 0 !irs at ! "t ( ! ,second ,punic ,w> 7#bag-aii ,b4,c47 ,9 comp>+ ! code ( milit>y hon\r preval5t 9 pagan antiquity ) t ( m rec5t times1 x is b fair to rememb] t ! pagan nations ( old recognis$ "s pr9ciples ( action :i* 7 nev] dreamt ( 9 ! be/ days ( ,*ri/ian *ivalry2 & t ! g5]als ( ! p :o we are sometimes told 7 a m]e robb] community w\ld h _h z /rong a feel+ aga9/ ! righte\sness ( a night attack1 a feign$ retreat1 or a surprise1 z our mod]n g5]als w\ld h ( an op5 violation ( a truce or conv5tion4 ,! d[nw>d pa? 9 ?is matt] is easy1 & ! hi/ory ( ,rome aft] ,scipio ,africanus is associat$ ) a *ange ( op9ion conc]n+ /ratagems t 9 no degree fell %ort ( t subtlety ( ! ,greeks1 ,gauls1 or ,africans1 :i* ! ,romans once reg>d$ z p]fidy4 ,front9us1 :o wrote a book on /ratagems 9 ! reign ( ,trajan1 & /ill m ,polynus1 :o wrote a l>ge book on ! same subject = ! ,emp]ors ,v]us & ,anton9us1 appe> to h ?\ght t no deceit 0 too bad to s]ve z a good prec$5t = ! conduct ( w>4 ,polynus n m]ely made a collection ( "s n9e hundr$ /ratagems1 b collect$ !m = ! express purpose ( _! be+ ( s]vice to ! ,roman ,emp]ors 9 ! w> !n und]tak5 aga9/ ,p>?ia4 ,to ! rul]s ( a p :o _h once reg>d$ ev5 an ambuscade z b5ea? _! *ivalry he br\ght z wor?y ( _! recollection & /udy actions :i* are an et]nal /a9 on ! memory ( ^? :o committ$ !m4 ,let u take = example ! devices he records = obta9+ possession ( besieg$ places1 rememb]+ t f ! mom5t ! *amade has be5 beat51 or any o!r sign be5 giv5 = a conf]5ce or p>ley betwe5 ! cont5d+ =ces1 a truce by tacit agreem5t is held to susp5d _! mutual ho/ilities4 #a4 ,?ibron p]suad$ ! gov]nor ( a =t 9 ,asia to come out to arrange t]ms1 "u an oa? t he %\ld return if !y fail$ to agree4 ,dur+ ! relaxation ( gu>d t naturally ensu$1 ,?ibron's m5 took ! =t by assault3 & ,?ibron1 reconduct+ ! gov]nor accord+ to 8 ^w1 =?) put him to dea?4#aha #b4 ,9 ! same way behav$ ,pa*es1 ! ,a!nian g5]al at ,notium4 ,hav+ got ,hippias1 ! gov]nor1 into 8 p[] "u ! same promise t ,?ibron made1 he took ! place by /orm1 massacr$ all he f\nd 9 x1 reconduct$ ,hippias accord+ to 8 oa?1 & _h him kill$ ^u ! spot4#ahb #c4 ,autophrodates propos$ a p>ley ) ! *iefs ( ! ,ephesian army1 hav+ previ\sly ord]$ 8 cavalry (fic]s & o!r troops to attack ! ,ephesians dur+ ! conf]5ce4 ,! result 0 a signal victory1 & ! capture or slaught] ( a great numb] ( ,ephesians4#ahc #d4 ,philip ( ,mac$on s5t "s envoys into a ,?racian city1 & :il/ ! p all met 9 assembly to he> ! proposals ( ! enemy ! ,k+ ( ,mac$on attack$ & took ! city4#ahd #e4 ,! ,?racians1 hav+ be5 defeat$ by ! ,botians1 made a truce ) !m1 = a c]ta9 numb] ( days1 & attack$ !m "o night1 :il/ ! enemy 7 engag$ 9 mak+ sacrifices4 ,& s dealt ,cleom5es ) ! ,argives2 he made a truce ) !m = sev5 days1 & attack$ !m ! second night4 ,all ^! ?+s are told by ,polynus1 n only )\t a ^w ( disapproval1 b app>5tly z good examples = ! conduct ( a w> actually 9 progress4 ,su* 0 ! /ate ( moral debasem5t 9 :i* _! long c>e] ( milit>y success ultimately l&$ ! great ,roman p4 ,nev]!less1 x is n = mod]n hi/ory to ca/ /ones at ,pa*es or at ,?ibron4 ,! ,conf]5ce-/ratagem atta9$ its highe/ developm5t 9 ! practice ( w>f>e 9 ,*ri/5dom2 s t ,montaigne decl>es x to h become a fix$ maxim among ! milit>y m5 ( 8 "t 7! sixte5? c5tury7 nev] 9 "t ( siege to g out to a p>ley4 ,t great ,fr5* soldi] ,montluc1 ^: autobiography conta9$ 9 8 ,comm5t>ies displays s curi\s a mixture ( brav]y & cruelty1 ( loyalty & cunn+1 & is p]haps ! be/ milit>y book by a milit>y man t has be5 writt5 s9ce ,cs>1 tells u h[ once1 :il/ he 0 b>ga9+ ) ! gov]nor ( ,s>v5al ab\t ! t]ms ( a capitulation1 8 m5 ent]$ ! place by a w9d[ on ! o!r side & compell$ ! gov]nor to surr5d] at discretion1 & h[ on ano!r occasion he s5t 8 soldi]s to ent] ,mont de ,m>san & put all !y met to ! sword1 :il/ he himself 0 delud+ ! gov]nor ) a p>ley4 #8,! mom5ts ( a p>ley are dang]\s1' he ju/ly obs]ves1 #8& !n m ?an ev] %\ld ! besieg$ be c>eful 9 gu>d+ _! walls1 = x is ! "t :5 ! besieg]s1 fe>ful ( los+ by a capitulation ! booty t w\ld be !irs if !y took ! place by /orm1 /udy to avail !mselves ( ! relaxation ( vigilance promot$ by ! truce to approa* ! walls ) great] facility & success4' ,& ! man :o wrote ?is z ! exp]i5ce ( 8 "t1 & illu/rat$ x by ! above acc\nts ( 8 own practice1 rose to be a ,m>%al ( ,france6 ,"s o!r examples ( ! same /ratagem prove h[ widely ! cu/om ent]$ into ! w>f>e ( ! ,european nations4 ,! gov]nor ( ,t]\anne1 besieg$ by ! =ces ( ! ,emp]or ,*>les ,v41 hav+ =gott5 9 a negotiation = a capitulation to /ipulate = a susp5sion ( arms1 ! t[n 0 surpris$ dur+ ! conf]5ce1 pillag$1 & utt]ly de/roy$4#ahe ,& ,feuquires1 a ,fr5* g5]al ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 & ! writ] ( a book ( milit>y memoirs :i* ran ?r\gh sev]al editions1 tells u h[ he surpris$ a place call$ ,kreil%eim 9 #afhh3 #8,i c\ld n h tak5 ?is place by =ce1 surr\nd$ z x 0 ) a wall & a /rong en\gh ca/le2 b ! colonel 9 comm& hav+ be5 imbecile en\gh to come outside ! place to p>ley ) me1 )\t exact+ a promise f me to let him return1 ,i reta9$ him & compell$ him to ord] 8 g>rison to surr5d] itself prison] ( w>4'#ahf ,& he actually quotes ?is to %[ t :5 x is necess>y to take a po/1 all sorts ( means %\ld be employ$1 provid$ !y d n di%on\r ! g5]al :o resorts to !m1 z w\ld ! failure ( 8 ^w to ! colonel h di%on\r$ himself _h ! colonel dem&$ x ( him4 ,a s\nd] s5se ( milit>y hon\r 0 display$ by ! ,engli% g5]al1 ,"l ,pet]bor\gh1 at ! siege ( ,b>celona 9 #agje4 ,don ,velasco _h promis$ to capitulate )9 a c]ta9 numb] ( days1 9 ! ev5t ( no succ\r arriv+1 & he surr5d]$ "o gate z a pro( ( 8 s9c]ity4 ,dur+ ! truce involv$ 9 ?is proce$+1 ! ,g]man & ,catalonian allies ( ! ,engli% ent]$ ! t[n & began t c>e] ( plund] & outrage :i* is ! con/ant rew>d & cr[n ( su* milit>y successes4 ,"l ,pet]bor\gh und]took to prev5t disord] 9 ! t[n1 expel ! alli$ soldi]y1 & return to 8 position4 ,he 0 tak5 at 8 ^w1 act$ up to 8 ^w1 & sav$ ! hon\r ( ,engl&4 ,b :at ( t ( 8 allies8 ,x is a f9e l9e t divides a /ratagem f an act ( p]fidy4 ,val]ius ,maximus d5\nces z an act ( p]fidy ! conduct ( ,cnu ,domitius1 :o1 hav+ receiv$ ! ,k+ ( ! ,arv]ni z a gue/ "u ! pret5ce ( a colloquy1 s5t him by sea a prison] to ,rome2#ahg b x is n easy to di/+ui% x f ! actions ( ,montluc or ,feuquires4 ,vattel lays d[n ! foll[+ doctr9e on ! subject3 ,z humanity compels u to pref] ! g5tle/ means 9 ! prosecution ( our rights1 if we c ma/] a /rong place1 surprise or ov]come an enemy by a /ratagem or a fe9t void ( p]fidy1 x is bett] to d s ?an to h resort to a bloody siege or ! c>nage ( a battle4 ,he expressly excludes p]fidy2 b might n ,polynus h def5d$ x on precisely ! same humanit>ian gr\nds z ^? by :i* ,vattel ju/ifies ! m ord9>y /ratagems8 ,might n an act ( p]fidy equally prev5t a siege or a battle8 ,if we are ju/ifi$ 9 cont5d+ = our rights by =ce1 x is h>d to say t we may n d s by fraud2 b x is /ill h>d] to di/+ui% ! k9ds & ! limits ( su* fraud1 or to say :]e x ceases to be lawful4 ,& to ?is l5g? did ,polynus app>5tly g1 z we see 9 ! cases ( d[nright p]fidy :i* he includes 9 8 collection ( /ratagems4 ,! ,locrians swore to obs]ve a treaty ) ! ,sicilians s long z !y trod ! e>? !y !n walk$ on1 or c>ri$ _! heads on _! %\ld]s3 ! next day !y ?rew away ! heads ( g>lic :i* !y _h c>ri$ "u _! cloaks on _! %\ld]s1 & ! e>? !y _h /rewn 9 _! %oes1 & began a g5]al massacre ( ! ,sicilians4#ahh ,! ,campanians1 hav+ agre$ to surr5d] half _! arms1 cut !m 9 half1 & s virtually surr5d]$ no?+4#ahi ,pa*es1 ! ,a!nian1 says ,front9us1 hav+ promis$ p]sonal safety to 8 enemies on condition ( _! lay+ d[n _! arms1 or z he t]m$ x1 _! iron1 slew all ^? :o1 hav+ laid d[n _! arms1 /ill reta9$ ! iron clasps 9 _! cloaks4#aij ,by ^! means x is und\bt$ly possible to ga9 t advantage ov] y\r enemy :i*1 accord+ to e !ory ( w>1 x is ! p>am\nt object ( ho/ilities to obta92 = x has be5 too (t5 =gott5 t a nation's hon\r & "*1 :i* an enlight5$ patriotism %\ld value high] ?an ! m]e e>? on :i* x fe$s & treads1 are sacrific$ & impair$ :5ev] a treaty is tak5 by "o ( ! p>ties to x to h be5 made 9 ano!r s5se f t :i* 0 cle>ly und]/ood by bo? p>ties to h con/itut$ its _s at ! "t ( mak+ x4 ,:at a la/+ /a9 re/s1 = in/ance1 on ! memory ( ,francis ,i41 :o be=e sign+ ! ,treaty ( ,madrid1 by :i* he swore1 9 return = 8 lib]ty1 to re/ore ! ,du*y ( ,burgundy1 & to return a prison] to ,spa9 if he fail$ to d s1 made a =mal prote/ be=eh&1 9 ! pres5ce ( "s fri5ds1 t ! oa? he 0 ab\t to take 0 involunt>y & !re=e void1 & broke x ! mom5t he 0 free6 ,& ?is 0 ! man ^: memory is associat$ ) ! fam\s say+ aft] ! battle ( ,pavia3 #8,all is lo/ save hon\r4' ,:at he really said aft] t ev5t1 9 a lett] to 8 "m1 0 ?is3 #8,all is lo/ save my hon\r & my life1 :i* is safe1' & ! lett] w5t on at l5g?1 mu* m 9 keep+ ) ! "* ( t mon>*4#aia ,8 life inde$ he sav$2 8 hon\r he nev] recov]$4 ,x 0 agre$ at ! ,brussels ,conf]5ce t resort to e possible me?od ( obta9+ in=mation ab\t ! =ces or c\ntry ( an enemy %\ld c\nt z a fair milit>y /ratagem2 &1 inde$1 ) ! subject ( ! deceitful side ( w> ! milit>y !ory & treatm5t ( ,spies occupies no inconsid]able place4 ,vattel is aga9 z good an expon5t z we c h ( :at int]national law tea*es on ?is subject4 ,8 argum5t is z foll[s3 ,x is n contr>y to ! law ( nations to s$uce "o ( ! ho/ile side to turn spy1 nor to bribe a gov]nor to deliv] a t[n1 because su* actions d n1 l ! use ( poison or assass9ation1 /rike at ! common welf>e & safety ( mank9d4 ,su* actions are ! common episodes ( e w>4 ,b t !y are n 9 !mselves hon\rable or compatible ) a good consci5ce is prov$ by ! fact t g5]als :o resort to su* means nev] boa/ ( !m2 &1 if !y are at all excusable1 x is only 9 ! case ( a v j w>1 :5 !re is no o!r way ( sav+ a c\ntry f ru9 at ! h&s ( lawless conqu]ors4 ,a sov]eign has no "r to require ! s]vices ( a spy f any ( 8 subjects1 b he may hold out ! temptation ( rew>d to m]c5>y s\ls2 & if a gov]nor is will+ to sell himself & (f] u a t[n = money1 %\ld we scruple to take advantage ( 8 crime1 & to get )\t dang] :at we h a "r to get by =ce8 ,at ! same "t a spy may rightly be put to dea?1 because x is ! only way we h ( gu>d+ aga9/ ! mis*ief he may d u4#aib ,fr$]ick ! ,great ( ,prussia 0 a contempor>y ( ,vattel1 & 9 ,novemb] #agfj he publi%$ "s milit>y in/ructions = ! use ( 8 g5]als :i*1 9 ! matt] ( spies1 0 bas$ on a wid] practical k ( ! matt] ?an ( c\rse belong$ to ! m pacific publici/4 ,he classifi$ spies into ord9>y spies1 d\ble spies1 spies ( di/9ction1 & spies by compulsion4 ,by d\ble spies he meant spies :o also pret5d$ to be 9 ! s]vice ( ! side !y betray$4 ,by spies ( di/9ction he meant (fic]s ( huss>s1 ^: s]vices he _h f\nd useful "u ! peculi> circum/ances ( ! ,au/rian campaign4 ,:5 he c\ld n procure himself spies among ! ,au/rians1 ow+ to ! c>eful gu>d :i* _! light troops kept r\nd _! camp1 ! idea occurr$ to him1 & he act$ on x ) success1 ( utilis+ ! susp5sion ( arms t 0 cu/om>y aft] a skirmi% betwe5 huss>s to make ^? (fic]s ! means ( conduct+ an epi/ol>y correspond5ce ) ! (fic]s on ! o!r side4 ,spies by compulsion he expla9$ 9 ?is way3 #8,:5 y wi% to convey false in=mation to an enemy1 y take a tru/wor?y soldi] & compel him to pass to ! enemy's camp to report !re all t y wi% ! enemy to believe2 y also s5d by him lett]s to excite ! troops to des]tion4' ,& 9 ! ev5t ( its be+ impossible to obta9 in=mation ab\t ! enemy1 ?is di/+ui%$ *ild ( ,m>s prescribes ! foll[+3 ,*oose "s ri* citiz51 :o has l& & wife & *ildr51 & ano!r man disguis$ z 8 s]vant or coa*man1 :o und]/&s ! enemy's language4 ,=ce ! =m] to take ! latt] ) him to ! enemy's camp to compla9 ( injuries su/a9$1 ?reat5+ him t if he fail to br+ ! man back ) him aft] hav+ /ay$ long en\gh = ! desir$ object1 8 wife & *ildr5 %all be hang$ & 8 h\se burnt4 #8,i 0 myself con/ra9$1' adds ?is great w>rior1 #8to h rec\rse to ?is me?od1 :5 we 7 encamp$ at ----1 & x succe$$4'#aic ,su* 7 ! milit>y e?ics ( ! great philosoph] & k+1 ^: "* 9 ! clos] intimacy ( biography prov$ s disagreeable a revelation to ,c>lyle4 ,pagan antiquity might be se>*$ 9 va9 = practice or s5tim5ts m ignoble4 ,s]torius1 ! ,roman capta91 0 "o ( ! greate/ ma/]s ( /ratagem 9 ! _w1 yet h[ diff]5t 8 language f t ( ! ,great ,fr$]ick6 #8,a man1' he said1 #8:o has any dignity ( feel+ %\ld conqu] ) hon\r1 & n use any base means ev5 to save 8 life4' ,f ! s5tim5ts ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great reg>d+ spies1 let u pass to ^? ( our own "t4 ,f ,"l ,wolseley's #8,soldi]'s ,pocket-,book' may be ga9$ "s insight z to ! mann] 9 :i* a spy 9 an enemy's camp may correspond ) ! ho/ile g5]al4 ,! be/ way1 he sugge/s1 is to s5d a peasant ) a lett] writt5 on v ?9 pap]1 :i* may be roll$ up s tightly z to be portable 9 a quill an in* & a half long1 & ?is preci\s quill may be hidd5 9 ! hair or be>d1 or 9 a holl[ made at ! end ( a walk+-/ick4 ,x is also a good plan to write secret correspond5ce 9 lemon-juice across a newspap] or ! leaves ( a ,new ,te/am5t2 x is !n safe aga9/ discov]y1 & w become legible :5 held be=e a fire or ne> a r$ iron4 #8,z a nation1' says ,"l ,wolseley1 #8we are br$ up to feel x a disgrace ev5 to succe$ by falsehood2 ! ^w spy conveys some?+ z repulsive z slave2 we w keep hamm]+ along ) ! conviction t hone/y is ! be/ policy1 & t tru? always w9s 9 ! long run4 ,^! pretty little s5tim5ts d well = a *ild's copy-book1 b a man :o acts ^u !m _h bett] %ea! 8 sword = ev]4'#aid ,0 !re ev] su* a confession ( ! incompatibility ( ! soldi]'s call+ ) ! precepts ( ord9>y hon\r8 ,= h[ n s1 if he mu/ s f> /oop f ! ord9>y level ( moral rectitude z to be ready to scorn hone/y & to trifle ) tru?8 ,& !n ! "q is1 ,_h n a man bett] %ea! 8 sword = ev]1 or r n ent] at all ^u a trade :]e he w h to reg>d ! et]nal pr9ciples ( "r & wrong z s mu* pretty s5tim5t only fit = ! copy-book8 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 we h ! au?ority ( ,vattel1 ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 & ( ,"l ,wolseley t spies may or ev5 mu/ be employ$ 9 w>1 & t1 be ! trick]y or brib]y nev] s mean t procures _! s]vices1 no discr$it reflects itself ^u ^? g5]als :o use !m--x is impossible n to notice x z "o ( ! *ief anomalies 9 exi/+ milit>y usages t1 al?\gh a g5]al has an unlimit$ "r to avail himself ( ! s]vices ( a spy or a traitor1 ! p5alty = act+ 9 ei!r ( ! latt] capacities is dea?4 ,! capital p5alty is n ( itself any te/ ( ! moral "* ( ! action to :i* x is affix$1 = ! s]vice ( a fire-%ip1 :i* dem&$ ! mo/ desp]ate brav]y1 us$ to be und]tak5 9 ! face ( capital puni%m5t4 ,moreov]1 "s ( ! mo/ fam\s names 9 milit>y hi/ory h n hesitat$ to act z spies4 ,s]torius 0 hon\r$ by ,m>ius ) ! usual rew>ds ( signal val\r = hav+ le>nt ! language ( ! ,gauls & gone z a spy among/ !m disguis$ 9 _! dress4 ,! ,fr5* g5]al ,cu/9e ent]$ ,may5ce 9 ! disguise ( a but*]4 ,cat9at spi$ out ! /r5g? ( ,luxemb\rg 9 ! co/ume ( a coal-heav]4 ,montluc ent]$ ,p]pignan z a cook1 & only resolv$ nev] aga9 to act z a spy because ! n>r[ness ( 8 escape conv9c$ him1 n t x 0 a s]vice ( too mu* di%on\r1 b a s]vice ( too mu* dang]4 ,! cu/om ( kill+ spies is an old ,roman "o1#aie &1 inde$1 seems to h prevail$ all ! _w ov]4 ,nev]!less !re h be5 exceptions ev5 to t4 ,scipio ,africanus _h "s ,c>?ag9ian spies :o 7 br\ght be=e him l$ ?r\gh ! camp1 & !n dismiss$ "u escort1 & ) ! polite inquiry :e!r !y _h exam9$ ev]y?+ to _! satisfaction4#aif ,! consul ,lv9us is said to h dealt 9 ! same way ) "s spies t 7 tak51 & s did ,x]xes by "s ,greek detectives4 ,at ! fam\s siege ( ,antw]p 9 #aehd-e1 :5 a ,brabant spy 0 br\ght be=e ! ,pr9ce ( ,p>ma1 ! latt] gave ord]s t he %\ld be %[n all ! works connect$ ) ! wond]ful bridge t he 0 !n con/ruct+ across ! ,s*eldt1 & !n s5t him back to ! besieg$ city ) ^! words3 #8,g & tell ^? :o s5t y :at y h se54 ,tell !m t ,i firmly int5d ei!r to bury myself b5ea? ! ru9 ( ?is bridge or by means ( x to pass into y\r city4' ,!re is a cle> middle c\rse betwe5 bo? extremes4 ,in/ead ( be+ hung or %ot or s5t away scot free1 a spy might fairly be made a prison] ( w>4 ,sugge/ions 9 ?is s5se 7 made at ! ,brussels ,conf]5ce on ! ,laws ( ,w>4 ,! ,spani% delegate propos$ t ! cu/om ( hang+ or %oot+ detect$ spies %\ld be aboli%$1 & ! cu/om be sub/itut$ ( int]n+ !m z prison]s ( w> dur+ ! cont9uance ( ho/ilities4 ,! ,belgian delegate propos$ t 9 no case %\ld !y be put to dea? )\t trial2 & x 0 ev5 s\ght to e/abli% a di/9ction betwe5 ! des]ts ( ! really patriotic & ! m]ely m]c5>y spy4 ,! feel+ 9 fact made itself cle>ly visible1 t an act ( :i* a g5]al might fairly avail himself c\ld n 9 common ju/ice be reg>d$ z crim9al 9 ! ag5t4 ,betwe5 a g5]al & a spy ! common-law rule ( pr9cipal & ag5t pla9ly holds good3 #8,he :o acts ?r\gh ano!r acts ?r\gh himself4' ,9 a case ( espionage ei!r bo? pr9cipal & ag5t are guilty ( a crim9al act1 or nei!r is4 ,if ! spy z su* violates ! laws ( w>1 s does ! g5]al :o employs him2 & ei!r des]ves ! same puni%m5t4 ,7 x n s1 a g5]al :o %\ld hire a bravo to assass9ate an enemy w\ld incur no moral blame1 nor c\ld be held to act outside ! b\nd>y ( lawful & hon\rable ho/ilities4 ,9 "s o!r respects ! ,brussels ,conf]5ce display$ ! vagu5ess ( s5tim5t t prevails ab\t ! use ( spies 9 w>4 ,x 0 agre$ betwe5 all ! ,p[]s t no "o %\ld be consid]$ z a spy b "o :o secretly or "u false pret5ces s\ght to obta9 in=mation = ! enemy 9 occupi$ di/ricts2 t milit>y m5 collect+ su* in=mation )9 ! zone ( ho/ile op]ations %\ld n be reg>d$ z spies if x 7 possible to recognise _! milit>y "*2 & t milit>y m51 & ev5 civilians1 if _! proce$+s 7 op51 *>g$ ) despat*es1 %\ld n1 if captur$1 be treat$ z spies2 nor individuals :o c>ri$ despat*es or kept up communications betwe5 diff]5t p>ts ( an army ?r\gh ! air 9 balloons4 ,! ,g]man delegate propos$1 ) reg>d to balloons1 t ^? :o sail$ 9 !m might be fir/ ( all summon$ to desc5d1 !n fir$ at if !y refus$1 & if captur$ be treat$ z prison]s1 n z spies4 ,! rejection ( 8 proposal implies t by ! laws ( mod]n w> a ballooni/ is liable to be %ot z a spy2 s t1 f ! po9t ( view ( p]sonal dang]1 ! s]vice ( a balloon becomes d\bly h]oic4 ,! ,brussels ,conf]5ce settl$ no?+1 ow+ to ! )drawal ( ,engl& f t attempt to settle by agreem5t betwe5 ! nations ! laws t %\ld gov]n _! relations 9 w>-"t2 b f :at 0 on t occasion agre$ to or reject$ may be ga!r$ ! preval5t practice ( ,european w>f>e4 ,is x n !n a little rem>kable t = ! dang]\s s]vice ( espionage a diff]5t ju/ice %\ld be met$ out to civilians & to milit>y m52 & t a patriot :o risks 8 life 9 a balloon %\ld also risk x 9 ! same way z a spy1 a des]t]1 or a traitor8 ,b :atev] be ! fate ( a spy1 & 9 spite ( di/+ui%$ prec$5ts to ! contr>y1 m5 ( hon\r w always in/9ctively %r9k f a s]vice :i* involves falsehood f beg9n+ to end4 ,! s5tim5t is d\btless praisewor?y3 b :at is ! moral diff]5ce betwe5 ent]+ a t[n z a spy & ! milit>y s]vice ( w9n+ x by surprise8 ,:at1 = in/ance1 %all we ?9k ( ! ,spani% (fic]s & soldi]s :o1 dress$ z peasants & ) baskets ( nuts & apples on _! arms1 ga9$ possession ( ,ami5s 9 #aeig by spill+ ! cont5ts ( _! baskets & !n slay+ ! s5t9els z !y scrambl$ to pick !m up8#aig ,:at ( ! (fic]s :o1 9 ! disguise ( peasants & wom51 & conceal+ dagg]s & pi/ols1 got possession ( ,ulm = ! ,elector ( ,bav>ia8 ,:at ( ! ,fr5* :o1 9 ,dut* co/ume1 & by supplications 9 ,dut* to be grant$ a refuge f a pursu+ enemy1 surpris$ a =t 9 ,holl& 9 #afgb8aih ,:at ( ,pr9ce ,eug5e1 :o took ! =tress ( ,breysa* by s5d+ 9 a l>ge =ce conceal$ 9 hay-c>ts "u ! conduct ( two hundr$ (fic]s disguis$ z peasants8#aii ,:at ( ! ,*evali] ,bay>d1 t fav\rite ( leg5d>y *ivalry1 :o1 hav+ le>nt f a spy ! :]eab\ts ( a deta*m5t ( ,v5etian infantry1 w5t by night to ! village :]e !y slept1 & ) 8 m5 slew all b ?ree out ( "s ?ree hundr$ m5 z !y ran out ( _! h\ses8#bjj ,:at ( ,callicratidas ! ,cyr5an1 :o begg$ ! comm&] ( a =t to receive f\r sick soldi]s1 & s5t !m 9 on _! b$s ) an escort ( sixte5 soldi]s1 s t !y easily ov]p[]$ ! gu>ds & won ! place = _! g5]al8#bja ,:at ( ,phal>is1 :o1 hav+ petition$ = ! h& ( a comm&ant's daught]1 ov]came ! g>rison by s5d+ 9 soldi]s dress$ z wom5 s]vants1 & purport+ to be> pres5ts to 8 betro!d8#bjb ,:at ( ,feuquires1 :o1 :il/ pret5d+ to lead a ,g]man =ce & pray+ = %elt] f a sn[/orm1 affix$ 8 pt>ds to ! gates ( ,neuborg1 &1 hav+ tak5 ! t[n1 put ! :ole ( ! g>rison ( #fej m5 to ! sword8#bjc ,9 :at respect d su* actions :i* are ! ev]yday /ratagems ( a campaign1 & c\nt z p]fectly fair1 diff] f ! false pret5ces :i* con/itute ! iniquity ( ! spy8 ,9 ?is respect only--t :il/ he be>s 8 dang] alone1 9 ! case ( a surprise ! dang] is di/ribut$ among numb]s4 ,&1 9 po9t ( fact1 !re 0 a "t :5 ! s]vice ( a surprise & t ( espionage 7 s f> reg>d$ z ! same t by ! laws ( w> dea? 0 n only ! allott$ portion ( ! captur$ spy b ( all :o 7 caught 9 an endeav\r to take a place by surprise4 ,! rule1 accord+ to ,vattel1 0 n *ang$1 nor ! soldi]s :o 7 captur$ 9 a surprise reg>d$ or treat$ z prison]s ( w>1 till ! ye> #aeig1 :51 ,pr9ce ,maurice hav+ fail$ 9 an attempt to take ,v5loo by surprise1 & hav+ lo/ "s ( 8 m51 :o 7 put to dea? = t (f5ce1 ! new rule t has s9ce prevail$ 0 agre$ ^u by bo? sides = ! sake ( _! future mutual immunity f t p]il4 ,! usual rule laid d[n to di/+ui% a bad f a good /ratagem is t 9 ! latt] !re is no violation ( an expressly or tacitly pl$g$ fai?4 ,! violation ( a conf]5ce1 a truce1 or a treaty has always !re=e be5 reprobat$1 h[ev] commonly practis$4 ,b c]ta9 occurr5ces ( hi/ory sugge/ ! feasibility ( correspond+ /ratagems :i* _c be judg$ by s simple a =mula & :i* !re=e are ( /ill unc]ta9 "r4 ,! fir/ /ratagem ( ?is k9d t sugge/s itself is t ( =g]y4 ,hannibal1 hav+ defeat$ & sla9 ! ,roman g5]al ,m>cellus1 & !reby become possess$ ( 8 seal1 ! ,romans f\nd x necess>y to despat* messages to all _! g>rison t[ns t no m att5tion %\ld be paid to ord]s purport+ to come f ,m>cellus4 ,! prec$5t sugge/s ! use ( =g$ despat*es z a weapon ( w>4 ,to obta9 9 "t ( peace1 = use 9 "t ( w>1 ! signatures ( m5 likely to be ho/ile comm&]s1 w\ld obvi\sly be ( imm5se milit>y s]vice = purposes ei!r ( def5ce or aggression4 ,! /ratagem w\ld be di%on\rable 9 ! highe/ degree2 b1 un=tunately1 ! /&>d ( measurem5t 9 su* cases is r _! effectiv5ess ?an _! ab/ract morality4 ,! second /ratagem ( ! sort is ! /ratagem ( false intellig5ce4 ,to :at ext5t is x lawful to deceive an enemy by d[nright falsehood8 ,! ,*evali] ,bay>d1 #8)\t fe> or reproa*1' :5 besieg$ by ! ,imp]iali/s 9 ,mzires1 contriv$ to make ! enemy raise ! siege by s5d+ a mess5g] ) lett]s conta9+ false in=mation de/9$ to fall into ! h&s ( ! enemy4 ,! inv5tion ( ! telegraph has increas$ ! means ( deceiv+ ! enemy by false intellig5ce1 & 0 freely s us$ 9 ! ,civil ,w> ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x is said to be bett] to secure ! s]vices ( a few telegraph op]ators 9 a ho/ile c\ntry ?an to h doz5s ( ord9>y spies2 & = ?is reason1 accord+ to ! em95t au?or ( ! #8,soldi]'s ,pocket-,book'3 #8,be=e or dur+ an action an enemy may be deceiv$ to any ext5t by means ( su* m52 messages c be s5t ord]+ him to conc5trate ^u wrong po9ts1 or1 by giv+ him false in=mation1 y may induce him to move z y wi%4' ,ano!r /ratagem is sugge/$ by ! conduct ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,orange1 :o1 hav+ detect$ 9 "o ( 8 own secret>ies a spy 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,luxemb\rg1 =c$ him to write a lett] to ! latt] conta9+ su* in=mation z enabl$ himself to effect a m>* he wi%$ to conceal4 ,might n1 !n1 prison]s ( w> be us$ = ! same compulsory s]vice8 ,= a spy j z mu* z a soldi] is a recognis$ & accr$it$ milit>y ag5t1 &1 if ! =m] may be made ! *annel ( falsehood1 :y n ! prison] ( w>8 ,! ,romans made use ( ! latt] to acquire in=mation ab\t _! enemy's plans1 if 9 no o!r way1 by torture or ! ?reat ( x2 ! ,g]mans =c$ "s ( _! ,fr5* prison]s to p]=m c]ta9 milit>y s]vices connect$ ) c>ry+ on _! campaign--w\ld x be !re=e unfair to make use ( !m z ! ,pr9ce ( ,orange made use ( 8 secret>y8 ,to su* que/ions !re is no answ] f ! int]national law writ]s4 ,/ill less is !re any au?oritative milit>y doctr9e conc]n+ !m1 &1 if ! /ratagems 9 debate are exclud$ f #8good' w> by ! milit>y hon\r ( to-day1 ! above /udy ( w>like artifices has be5 made to little purpose if x has n taught u h[ *angeable & caprici\s t /&>d is1 & ( :at m>vell\s adju/m5t x is capable4 ,x 7 a treat at :i* ! gods !mselves might smile to see & he> a moral philosoph] & a milit>y (fic] br\ght into conf]5ce toge!r conc]n+ ! /ratagems p]missible 9 w>4 ,let ! read] imag9e !m try+ to di/ribute 9 j & equal p>ts ! due %>e ( blame atta*+ sev]ally to ! foll[+ ag5ts--to ! man :o betrays 8 c\ntry or 8 cause = gold1 & ! g5]al :o tempts him to 8 crime or accepts x gladly2 to ! man :o s]ves z a spy1 to ! g5]al :o on ! "o side s5ds or employs him z a spy1 & to ! g5]al :o on ! o!r side hangs him z a spy2 to ! man :o discov]s ! /r5g? ( a t[n 9 ! disguise ( a but*]1 & to 8 fell[-soldi]s :o ent] x disguis$ z peasants or "u ! plea ( %elt] f sickness or a sn[/orm2 to ! man :o ga9s an advantage by propagat+ false intellig5ce1 & ! man :o does s by ! use ( =g$ despat*es2 ! man :o1 l ,scipio1 plays at negotiations = peace 9 ord] ! bett] to spy out & avail himself ( an enemy's weakness1 & ! man :o makes (f]s ( treason to an enemy 9 ord] ! m easily to take him at a disadvantage--& ! conclusion w be n unlikely to occur to him1 :5 he %udd]s at ! possible l5g? & futility ( t imag9>y disputation1 t1 :atev] havoc is caus$ by a /ate ( w> to life1 to prop]ty1 to weal?1 to family affections1 to dome/ic hon\r1 x is a havoc absolutely incomp>able to t :i* x produces among ! receiv$ moral pr9ciples ( mank9d4 ,! milit>y code reg>d+ ! fair & legitimate use ( fraud & deception has no?+ :atev] 9 common ) ! ord9>y moral code ( civil life1 ! pr9ciples op5ly pr(ess$ 9 x be+ s totally =eign to our simple/ rules ( upright & wor?y conduct t 9 any o!r ?an ! fight+ classes ( our civilis$ societies !y w\ld n be advocat$ = v %ame1 nor li/5$ to = a mom5t )\t res5tm5t4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,b>b>ian ,,w>f>e4 ,non av>itia1 non crudelitas modum novit4444 ,qu clam commissa capite lu]5tur1 quia paludati fec]e laudamus4--,,s5eca4 ,v>iable notions ( hon\r--,primitive ideas ( a milit>y life--,:at is civilis$ w>f>e--,advanc$ laws ( w> among sev]al savage tribes--,symbols ( peace among savages--,! ,samoan =m ( surr5d]--,treaties ( peace among savages--,abeyance ( laws ( w> 9 ho/ilities ) savages--,zulus bl[n up 9 caves ) gun-cotton--,wom5 & m5 kidnapp$ = transport s]vice on ! ,gold ,coa/--,humane int5tions ( ! ,spani>ds 9 ! ,new ,_w contra/$ ) ! inhumanity ( _! actions--,w>s ) natives ( ,engli% & ,fr5* 9 ,am]ica--,high rew>ds (f]$ = scalps--,! use ( bloodh\nds 9 w>--,! use ( poison & infect$ clo!s--,p5n's treaty ) ! ,indians--,h[ ,mission>ies come to be a cause ( w>--,explanation ( ! failure ( mod]n ,missions--,! ,mission ,/ations z c5tres ( ho/ile intrigue--,plea = ! ,/ate-regulation ( ,missions--,depopulation "u ,prote/ant influ5ces--,! prev5tion ( false rum\rs1 ,t5d5zlg5--,civilis$ & b>b>ian w>f>e--,no real di/9ction betwe5 !m4 ,a mission>y1 see+ once a negro furr[+ 8 face ) sc>s1 ask$ him :y he put himself to su* ne$less pa91 & ! reply 03 #8,= hon\r1 & t p on see+ me may say1 ,!re goes a man ( he>t4' ,ridicul\s z ?is negro's idea ( hon\r mu/ appe> to u1 x be>s a suffici5t resemblance to o!r notions ( ! same k9d t h pass$ curr5t 9 ! _w at diff]5t times to satisfy u ( ! extreme v>iability ( ! s5tim5t 9 "q4 ,cs> built ) difficulty a bridge across ! ,rh9e1 *iefly because he held x b5ea? 8 own dignity1 or ! ,roman p's1 = 8 army to cross x 9 boats4 ,! ,celts ( old ?\ght x z ignom9i\s to fly f an inundation1 or f a burn+ or fall+ h\se1 z to retreat f an enemy4 ,! ,sp>tans consid]$ x +lori\s to pursue a fly+ foe1 or to be kill$ 9 /orm+ a besieg$ city4 ,! same ,gauls :o glori$ 9 broadsword-w\nds w\ld almo/ g mad ) %ame if w\nd$ by an arr[ or o!r missile t only left an imp]ceptible m>k4 ,! use ( lett]s 0 once ?\ght di%on\rable by all ! ,european nations4 ,m>%al ,montluc1 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 consid]$ x a sign ( abnormal ov]booki%ness = a man to pref] to sp5d a night 9 8 /udy ?an to sp5d x 9 ! tr5*es1 ?\gh1 n[1 a contr>y ta/e w\ld be ?\ght by mo/ m5 ! m>k ( a fool4 ,su* are "s ( ! curi\s ideas ( hon\r t h prevail$ at diff]5t times4 ,:]e9 we seem to recognise n m]ely *ange b advance2 "o *ief diff]5ce betwe5 ! savage & civilis$ /ate ly+ 9 ! diff]5t e/imates ent]ta9$ 9 ei!r ( m>tial pr[ess & ( milit>y hon\r4 ,we laugh n[adays at ! anci5t ,britons :o believ$ t ! s\ls ( all :o _h foll[$ any o!r pursuit ?an t ( arms1 aft] a despis$ life & an unlam5t$ dea?1 hov]$ p]=ce ov] f5s & m>%es1 unfit to m+le ) ^? ( w>riors 9 ! high] & bright] regions2 or at ! horsem5 :o us$ be=e dea? to w\nd !mselves ) _! spe>s1 9 ord] to obta9 t admission to ,walhalla :i* 0 d5i$ to all :o fail$ to die ^u a battle-field2 or at ! ,spani>ds1 :o1 :5 ,cato dis>m$ !m1 pref]r$ a volunt>y dea? to a life de/9$ to be sp5t )\t arms4#bjd ,no civilis$ w>rior w\ld pride himself1 z ,fijian w>riors did1 on be+ g5]ally kn[n z ! #8,wa/]' or #8,deva/ator' ( su*-&-su* a di/rict2 ! mo/ he w\ld look = w\ld be a title & p]haps a p]petual p5sion = 8 desc5dants4 ,we h no?+ l ! cu/om ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican tribes1 among :om diff]5t m>ks on a w>rior's robe told at a glance :e!r 8 fame re/$ on ! slaught] ( a man or a woman1 or only on t ( a boy or a girl4 ,we are inf]ior 9 ?is respect to ! ,dacota tribes1 among :om an eagle's fea!r ) a r$ spot on x d5ot$ simply ! slaught] ( an enemy1 ! same fea!r ) a not* & ! sides pa9t$ r$1 t ! said enemy _h _h 8 ?roat cut1 :il/ accord+ z ! not*es 7 on "o side or on bo?1 or ! fea!r p>tly d5ud$1 anyone c\ld tell aft] h[ _m o!rs ! h]o _h succe$$ 9 t\*+ ! dead body ( a fall5 foe4 ,! /ride is cle>ly a great "o f ,pyrrhus1 ! ,epirot k+1 :o1 :5 ask$ :i* ( two musicians he ?\ght ! bett]1 only deign$ to reply t ,polysp]*on 0 ! g5]al1 to ,napoleon1 ! ,fr5* emp]or1 :o conf]r$ ! cross ( ! ,legion ( ,hon\r on ,cresc5t9i ! s+]4 ,& z ! pursuit ( arms comes ) advanc+ civilisation to occupy a l[] level z comp>$ ) ! arts ( peace1 s ! belief is ! m>k ( a m poli%$ p t ! rapacity & cruelty :i* belong to ! w> cu/oms ( a m backw>d nation1 or ( an e>li] "t1 are abs5t f _! own4 ,!y inv5t ! expression civilis$ w>f>e to emphasise a di/9ction !y w\ld fa9 ?9k inh]5t 9 ! nature ( ?+s2 & look1 by its help1 ev5 on ! mode ( kill+ an enemy1 ) a moral vision t is absurdly di/ort$4 ,h[ few ( u1 = example1 b see ! utmo/ b>b>ity 9 /ick+ a man ) an assegai1 yet none :atev] 9 do+ s ) a bayonet8 ,& :y %\ld we pride ourselves on n mutilat+ ! dead1 :ile we h no scruples z to ! ext5t to :i* we mutilate ! liv+8 ,we are %ock$ at ! m5tion ( b>b>ian tribes :o poison _! arr[s1 or b>b _! d>ts1 yet ourselves ?9k no?+ ( ! frightful gangr5es caus$ by ! copp] cap 9 ! ,m9i rifle-ball1 & reject1 on ! score ( ! exp5se ( ! *ange1 ! proposal t bullets ( s(t lead1 :i* cause ne$less pa91 %\ld no long] be us$ among ! civilis$ ,p[]s = small-arm ammunition4#bje ,b :il/ ! diff]5ce 9 ^! respects betwe5 b>b>ism & civilisation is ?us "o t r t\*es ! surface ?an ! sub/ance ( w>1 ! result is inevitably 9 ei!r /ate a diff]5t code ( milit>y etiquette & s5tim5t1 ?\gh ! diff]5ce is f> less ?an 9 any o!r po9ts ( comp>ison betwe5 !m4 ,:5 ! nations ( ,*ri/5dom !re=e came 9 contact ) unkn[n & savage races1 ^: cu/oms seem$ diff]5t f _! own & little wor?y ( att5tion1 !y assum$ t ! latt] recognis$ no laws ( w>1 mu* z "s ( ! e>li] travell]s d5i$ ! possession or faculty ( spee* to p ^: language !y c\ld n int]pret4 ,f :i* assumption ! practical inf]5ce foll[$1 t ! re/ra9ts :i* 7 held sacr$ betwe5 enemies :o inh]it$ ! same traditions ( milit>y hon\r _h no ne$ to be obs]v$ 9 ho/ilities ) ! hea!n _w4 ,x is wor? :ile1 !re=e1 to %[ h[ baseless 0 ! prim>y assumption1 & h[ laws ( w>1 9 no way dissimil> to ^? ( ,europe1 may be detect$ 9 ! milit>y usages ( b>b>ism4 ,to sp>e ! weak & helpless 0 & is a common rule 9 ! w>f>e ( ! less civilis$ races4 ,! ,guan*es ( ! ,can>y ,isl&s1 says an old ,spani% writ]1 #8held x z base & mean to mole/ or injure ! wom5 & *ildr5 ( ! enemy1 consid]+ !m z weak & helpless1 !re=e improp] objects ( _! res5tm5t2 nei!r did !y ?r[ d[n or damage h\ses ( wor%ip4'#bjf ,! ,samoans consid]$ x c[>dly to kill a woman3#bjg & 9 ,am]ica ! ,si\x ,indians & ,w9nebagoes1 ?\gh b>b>\s en\gh 9 o!r respects1 are said to h %[n ! conv5tional respect to ! weak] sex4#bjh ,! ,basutos ( ,s\? ,africa1 :atev] may be _! cu/oms n[1 are decl>$ by ,casalis1 "o ( ! fir/ ,fr5* ,prote/ant mission>ies to _! c\ntry1 to h respect$ 9 _! w>s ! p]sons ( wom51 *ildr51 & travell]s1 & to h sp>$ all prison]s :o surr5d]$1 grant+ !m _! lib]ty on ! paym5t ( ransom4#bji ,few savage races 7 ( a wild] type ?an ! ,abipones ( ,s\? ,am]ica2 yet ,dobritzh(f]1 ! ,jesuit mission>y1 assures u n only t !y ?\ght x unwor?y ( !m to mangle ! bodies ( dead ,spani>ds1 z o!r savages did1 b t !y g5]ally sp>$ ! unw>like1 & c>ri$ away boys & girls un9jur$4 ,! ,spani>ds1 ,indians1 negroes1 or mulattoes :om !y took 9 w> !y did n treat l captives1 b ) k9dness & indulg5ce l *ildr54 ,dobritzh(f] nev] saw a prison] puni%$ by s mu* z a ^w or a bl[1 b he be>s te/imony to ! compassion & confid5ce (t5 display$ to captives by _! conqu]ors4 ,x is common to read ( ! cruelty ( ! ,r$ ,indians to _! captives2 b ,loskiel1 ano!r mission>y1 decl>es t prison]s 7 (t5 adopt$ by ! victors to supply ! place ( ! sla91 & t ev5 ,europeans1 :5 x came to an ex*ange ( prison]s1 sometimes refus$ to return to _! own c\ntrym54 ,9 ,virg9ia notice 0 s5t be=e w> to ! enemy1 t 9 ! ev5t ( _! defeat1 ! lives ( all %\ld be sp>$ :o %\ld submit )9 two days' "t4 ,loskiel gives "s o!r r curi\s te/imony ab\t ! ,r$ ,indians4 #8,:5 w> 0 9 contemplation !y us$ to admoni% ea* o!r to he>k5 to ! good & n to ! evil spirits1 ! =m] always recomm5d+ peace4 ,!y seem1' he adds ) surprise1 #8to h _h no idea ( ! devil z ! pr9ce ( d>kness be=e ! ,europeans came into ! c\ntry4' ,! symbol ( peace 0 ! burial ( ! hat*et or w>-club 9 ! gr\nd2 & :5 ! tribes r5ew$ _! cov5ants ( peace1 !y ex*ang$ c]ta9 belts ( fri5d%ip :i* 7 s+ul>ly expressive4 ,! pr9cipal belt 0 :ite1 ) black /reaks d[n ea* side & a black spot at ea* end3 ! black spots repres5t$ ! two p1 & ! :ite /reak betwe5 !m signifi$1 t ! road betwe5 !m 0 n[ cle> ( all trees1 brambles1 & /ones1 & t e h9drance 0 !re=e remov$ f ! way ( p]fect h>mony4 ,! ,a!nians us$ ! same language ( symbolism :5 !y decl>$ w> by lett+ a lamb loose into ! enemy's c\ntry3 ?is be+ equival5t to say+1 t a di/rict full ( ! habitations ( m5 %\ld %ortly be turn$ into a pa/ure = %eep4#baj ,! ,fijians us$ to sp>e _! enemy's fruit trees2 ! ,tongan isl&]s held x z sacrilege to fight )9 ! prec9cts ( ! burial place ( a *ief1 :]e ! greate/ enemies 7 oblig$ to meet z fri5ds4 ,mo/ ( ! l[] races recognise ! inviolability ( ambassadors & h]alds1 & h well-e/abli%$ emblems ( a truce or armi/ice4 ,! wi% = peace :i* ! ,zulu k+ 9 va9 s\ght f 8 ,engli% invad]s by ! symbol ( an elephant's tusk 7#ahgi71 0 convey$ 9 ! ,fiji ,isl&s by a :ale's too?1 9 ! ,s&wi* by a "y planta9 tree or gre5 bran* ( ! ti plant1 & among mo/ ,nor? ,am]ican tribes by a :ite flag ( sk9 or b>k4 ,! ,samoan symbol = an act ( submission 9 deprecation ( fur!r ho/ilities conveys "s indication ( ! possible orig9 ( ^! pacific symbols4 ,! conqu]$ ,samoan w\ld c>ry to 8 victor "s bamboo /icks1 "s firewood1 & "s small /ones2 = z a piece ( split bamboo 0 ! orig9al ,samoan knife1 & small /ones & firewood 7 us$ = ! purpose ( roa/+ pigs1 ?is symbol ( submission 0 equival5t to say+3 #8,"h we are1 y\r pigs1 to be cook$ if y please1 & "h are ! mat]ials :]e) to d x4'#baa ,9 ! same way ! elephant's tusk or ! :ale's too? may be a %ort way ( say+ to ! victor3 #8,y\rs is ! /r5g? ( ! elephant or ! :ale2 we recognise ! uselessness ( fight+ ) y4' ,9 ! same way _m savage tribes take ! greate/ pa9s to impress ! t]ms ( treaties z vividly z possible on ! memory ( ! contract+ p>ties by /rik+ & intelligible c]emonies4 ,9 ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s a wrea? wov5 conjo9tly by ! lead]s ( ei!r side & plac$ 9 a temple 0 ! *ief symbol ( peace4 ,on ! ,fiji ,isl&s1 ! combatant =ces w\ld meet & ?r[ d[n _! weapons at "o ano!r's feet4 ,! ,tahitians wove a wrea? ( gre5 b\ghs1 furni%$ by ea* side2 ex*ang$ two "y dogs2 & hav+ also made a b& ( clo? toge!r1 deposit$ ! wrea? & ! b& 9 ! temple1 ) imprecations on ! side :i* %\ld fir/ violate s solemn a treaty ( peace4#bab ,on ! ,h]vey ,isl&s1 ! tok5 ( ! cessation ( w> 0 ! break+ ( a numb] ( spe>s aga9/ a l>ge *e/nut tree2 ! almo/ imp]i%able coral tree 0 plant$ 9 ! valleys to signify ! hope t ! peace might la/ z long z ! tree2 & aft] ! drum ( peace _h be5 solemnly beat5 r\nd ! isl&1 x 0 unlawful = any man to c>ry a weapon1 or to cut d[n any iron-wood1 :i* he might turn into an implem5t ( de/ruction4 ,ev5 our cu/om ( proclaim+ t a w> is n und]tak5 aga9/ a p b aga9/ its rul]s is n unkn[n 9 savage life4 ,! ,a%antee army us$ to /rew leaves on _! m>*1 to signify t _! ho/ility 0 n ) ! c\ntry !y pass$ ?r\gh b only ) ! in/igators ( ! w>2 !y told ! ,fantees t !y _h no w> ) !m collectively1 b only ) "s ( !m4#bac ,h[ common a milit>y cu/om ?is appeal to ! treason ( an enemy is1 not)/&+ ! r>ity ( its success1 ev]ybody kn[s4 ,:51 = in/ance1 ! ,anglo-,zulu w> began1 x 0 solemnly proclaim$ t ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t _h no qu>rel ) ! ,zulu p2 x 0 a w> aga9/ ! ,zulu k+1 n aga9/ ! ,zulu nation4 7,jan4 #aa1 #ahgi47 ,s 7 ! ,a%antees told by ! ,engli% invad+ =ce2 s 7 ! ,afghans2 s 7 ! ,egyptians2 & s 7 ! ,fr5* by ! ,emp]or ,william be=e 8 m]ciless hordes laid wa/e & desolate "s ( ! faire/ prov9ces ( ,france2 s1 no d\bt1 w be told ! ,s\dan ,arabs4 ,& yet ?is appeal to treason1 ?is premium on a p's disloyalty1 is ! regul> precursor ( w>s1 :]e9 de/ruction = its own sake1 ! burn+ ( gra9 & villages = ! m]e pleasure ( ! flames1 =ms almo/ inv>iably ! mo/ prom95t feature4 ,! milit>y view always prevails ov] ! civil1 ( ! mean+ ( ho/ilities t h no ref]5ce to a population b only to its gov]nm5t4 ,9 ! ,zulu w>1 = in/ance1 9 spite ( ! above proclamation1 ! lieut5ant-g5]al ord]$ raids to be made into ,zulul& = ! express purpose ( burn+ empty kraals or villages2 def5d+ su* proc$ure by ! usual milit>y logic1 t ! m ! natives at l>ge felt ! /ra9 ( ! w>1 ! m anxi\s !y w\ld be to see x conclud$2 & x 0 q 9 va9 = ! ,lieut5ant-,gov]nor ( ,natal to argue t ! burn+ ( empty kraals w\ld nei!r d mu* h>m to ! ,zulus nor good to ! ,engli%2 & t :]eas ! w> _h be5 begun on ! gr\nd t x 0 wag$ aga9/ ! ,zulu k+ & n aga9/ 8 nation1 su* conduct 0 calculat$ to ali5ate f ! invad]s ! :ole ( ! ,zulu p1 includ+ ^? :o 7 well dispos$ to !m4 ,su* argum5ts h>dly ev] prevail ov] t passion = wanton de/ruction & = (t5 q unnecess>y slaught]1 :i* f9ds a ready & compreh5sive %elt] "u ! w+ ( milit>y exig5cies4 ,! assumption1 !re=e1 t savage races are ignorant ( all laws ( w>1 or incapable ( le>n+ !m1 w\ld seem to be bas$ r on our indiff]5ce ab\t _! cu/oms ?an on ! realities ( ! case1 see+ t ! prec$+ evid5ce to ! contr>y results f ! mo/ cursory inquiry4 ,b :atev] value !re may be 9 our own laws ( w>1 z help+ to con/itute a real diff]5ce betwe5 savage & civilis$ w>f>e1 ! be/ way to spread ! bless+ ( a k ( !m w\ld cle>ly be = ! m civilis$ races to adh]e to !m /rictly 9 all w>s wag$ ) _! less advanc$ neighb\rs4 ,an ,engli% comm&]1 = in/ance1 %\ld no m set fire to ! capital ( ,a%antee or ,zulul& = s paltry a pretext z ! display ( ,briti% p[] ?an he w\ld set fire to ,p>is or ,b]l92 he %\ld no m h villages or gran>ies burnt 9 ,africa or ,afghani/an ?an he w\ld 9 ,norm&y2 & he %\ld no m keep a ,zulu envoy or truce-be>] 9 *a9s#bad ?an he w\ld s deal ) ! be>] ( a :ite flag f a ,russian or ,italian enemy4 ,! rev]se pr9ciple1 :i* is yet 9 vogue1 t ) b>b>ians y mu/ or may be b>b>\s1 leads to "s curi\s illu/rations ( civilis$ w>f>e :5 x comes 9 conflict ) ! less civilis$ races4 ,9 "o ( ! ,franco-,italian w>s ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 m ?an #b1jjj wom5 & *ildr5 took refuge 9 a l>ge m\nta9 cav]n1 & 7 !re suffocat$ by a p>ty ( ,fr5* soldi]s1 :o set fire to a quantity ( wood1 /raw1 & hay1 :i* !y /ack$ at ! m\? ( ! cave2 b x 0 consid]$ s %ameful an act1 t ! ,*evali] ,bay>d _h two ( ! r+lead]s hung at ! cav]n's m\?4#bae ,yet :5 ! ,fr5* ,g5]al ,plissi] 9 ?is c5tury suffocat$ ! unresi/+ ,alg]ians 9 _! caves1 x 0 ev5 def5d$ z no worse ?an ! %ell+ ( a =tress2 & !re is evid5ce t gun-cotton 0 n unfrequ5tly us$ to bla/ ! entrance to caves 9 ,zulul& 9 :i* m51 wom51 & *ildr5 _h hop$ to f9d %elt] aga9/ an army :i* pr(ess$ only to be w>r+ ) _! k+4#baf ,! foll[+ description ( ! way 9 :i*1 9 ! ,a%antee w>1 ! ,engli% =ces obta9$ native c>ri]s = _! transport s]vice is n )\t its in/ruction 9 ?is respect3-- #8,we took to kidnapp+ ^u a gr& scale4 ,raids 7 made on all ! ,ass9 villages )9 rea* ( ! l9e ( m>*1 & ! m51 & sometimes ! wom51 c>ri$ (f & s5t up ! c\ntry "u gu>d1 ) cases ( provisions4 ,lieut5ant ,bolton1 ( ! #a/ ,we/ ,india ,regim5t1 r5d]$ imm5se s]vice 9 ?is way4 ,hav+ be5 = "s "t comm&ant ( ,accra1 he knew ! coa/ & _m ( ! *iefs2 & hav+ a man-(-w> plac$ at 8 disposal1 he w5t up & d[n ! coa/1 l&+ cont9ually1 hav+ int]views ) *iefs1 & obta9+ f !m l>ge numb]s ( m5 & wom52 or :5 ?is fail$1 l&+ at night ) a p>ty ( soldi]s1 surr\nd+ villages1 & sweep+ (f ! adult population1 leav+ only a few wom5 to look aft] ! *ildr54 ,9 ?is way1 9 ! c\rse ( a mon?1 he obta9$ sev]al ?\s&s ( c>ri]s4'#bag ,& !n a c]ta9 s*ool ( writ]s talks ( ! love & respect = ! ,briti% ,empire :i* ^! exhibitions ( our might are calculat$ to w9 f ! inf]ior races6 ,! ,a%antees are disgrac$ by ! practice ( human sacrifices1 & ! ,zulus h _m a b>b>\s usage2 b no am\nt ( righte\s indignation on t acc\nt ju/ifies su* deal+s ) !m z ^? above describ$4 ,if x does1 we c no long] condemn ! proce$+s ( ! ,spani>ds 9 ! ,new ,_w4 ,= we h to rememb] t x 0 n only ! ,*ri/ianity ( ! ,inquisition1 or ,spani% comm]ce t !y wi%$ to spread2 n m]e gold nor new l&s t !y covet$1 b t !y also /rove = su* humanit>ian objects z ! abolition ( b>b>\s cu/oms l ! ,mexican human sacrifices4 #8,! ,spani>ds t saw ^! cruel sacrifices1' wrote a contempor>y1 ! ,jesuit ,aco/a1 #8resolv$ ) all _! p[] to aboli% s dete/able & curs$ a but*]y ( m54' ,! ,spani>ds ( ! sixte5? c5tury 7 9 int5tion or expression e :it z humane z we ,engli% ( ! n9ete5?4 ,yet _! actions h be5 a reproa* to _! "n ev] s9ce4 ,cortes subject$ ,guatamoz91 k+ ( ,mexico1 to torture4 ,piz>ro _h ! ,inca ( ,p]u /rangl$ at ! /ake4 ,alv>ado invit$ a numb] ( ,mexicans to a fe/ival1 & made x an opportunity to massacre !m4 ,s&oval _h #fj caziques & #djj nobles burnt at "o "t1 & compell$ _! relations & *ildr5 to witness _! puni%m5t4 ,! ,pope ,paul _h v soon 7#aecg7 to issue a bull1 to ! effect t ! ,indians 7 really m5 & n brutes1 z ! ,spani>ds soon affect$ to reg>d !m4 ,! :ole "q 01 moreov]1 argu$ out at t "t betwe5 ,las ,casas & ,sepulv$a1 hi/oriograph] to ! ,emp]or ,*>les ,v4 ,sepulv$a cont5d$ t m c\ld be effect$ aga9/ b>b>ism by a mon? ( w> ?an by #ajj ye>s ( prea*+2 & 9 8 fam\s dispute ) ,las ,casas at ,valladolid 9 #aeej1 def5d$ ! ju/ice ( all w>s und]tak5 aga9/ ! natives ( ! ,new ,_w1 ei!r on ! gr\nd ( ! latt]'s s9 & wick$ness1 or on ! plea ( protect+ !m f ! cruelties ( _! own fell[-c\ntrym52 ! latt] plea be+ "o to :i* 9 rec5t ,engli% w>s a prom95t place has be5 always giv54 ,las ,casas repli$--& 8 reply is unansw]able--t ev5 human sacrifices are a small] evil ?an indiscrim9ate w>f>e4 ,he might h add$ t milit>y contact betwe5 p unequally civilis$ does m to b>b>ise ! civilis$ ?an to civilise ! b>b>\s population4 ,x is well wor?y ( notice & reflection t ! ,european battle-fields became di/9ctly m b>b>\s aft] habits ( great] f]ocity _h be5 acquir$ 9 w>s beyond ! ,atlantic1 9 :i* ! cu/om>y re/ra9ts 7 =gott51 & ! ties ( a common human nature dissolv$ by ! diff]5ces ( religion & race4 ,! same effect result$ 9 ,roman hi/ory1 :5 ! ext5d$ dom9ion ( ! ,republic br\ght its armies into contact ) foes beyond ! sea4 ,! ,roman annali/s be> witness to ! det]ioration t ensu$ bo? 9 _! modes ( wag+ w> & 9 ! national "*4#bah ,x is 9 an ,asiatic w> t we fir/ he> ( a ,roman g5]al poison+ ! spr+s2#bai 9 a w> = ! possession ( ,crete t ! ,cretan captives pref]r$ to poison !mselves r ?an suff] ! cruelties inflict$ on !m by ,metellus2#bbj 9 ! ,?racian w> t ! ,romans cut (f _! prison]s' h&s1 z ,cs> aft]w>ds did ^? ( ! ,gauls4#bba ,& we %\ld rememb] t a practical ,engli% /atesman l ,cobd5 =esaw1 z a possible evil result ( ! clos] relations betwe5 ,engl& & ! ,ea/1 a simil> det]ioration 9 ! national "* ( 8 c\ntrym54 #8,) ano!r w> or two1' he wrote1 #89 ,india & ,*9a1 ! ,engli% p w\ld h an appetite = bull-fights if n = gladiators4'#bbb ,nor is !re (t5 any comp5sation = su* results 9 ! improv$ condition ( ! tribes :om x is s\ght to civilise aft] ! me?od recomm5d$ by ,sepulv$a4 ,! happie/ fate ( ! populations he wi%$ to see civilis$ by ! sword 0 :]e !y anticipat$ _! ext]m9ation or slav]y by a sort ( volunt>y suicide4 ,9 ,cuba1 we are told t #8!y put !mselves to dea?1 :ole families do+ s toge!r1 & villages invit+ o!r villages to jo9 !m 9 a dep>ture f a _w t 0 no long] tol]able4'#bbc ,& s x 0 9 ! o!r hemisph]e2 ! ,ladrone isl&]s1 r$uc$ by ! sword & ! diseases ( ! ,spani>ds1 took measures int5tionally to dim9i% _! numb]s & to *eck population1 pref]r+ volunt>y ext9ction to ! f\l m]cies ( ! ,jesuits3 till n[ a lep]s' hospital is ! only build+ left on :at 0 once "o ( ! mo/ popul\s ( _! isl&s4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be admitt$ 9 ju/ice to ! ,spani>ds1 t ! pr9ciples :i* gov]n$ _! deal+s ) hea!n races infect$ m or less ! conduct ( coloni/s ( all nationalities4 ,a real or m (t5 a pret5d$ zeal = ! welf>e ( native tribes came among all ,*ri/ian nations to co-exi/ ) ! doctr9e1 t 9 case ( conflict ) !m ! common re/ra9ts ( w> might be put 9 abeyance4 ,:at1 = in/ance1 c be worse ?an ?is1 told ( ! e>ly ,engli% settl]s 9 ,am]ica by "o ( !mselves8 #8,! ,plym\? m5 came 9 ! mean "t to ,weym\?1 & !re pret5d$ to fea/ ! savages ( ^? p>ts1 br++ ) !m =ks & ?+s = ! purpose1 :i* !y set be=e ! savages4 ,!y ate !re( )\t any suspicion ( any mis*ief1 :o 7 tak5 ^u a wat*word giv51 & ) _! own knives hang+ ab\t _! necks 7 by ! ,plym\? plant]s /abb$ & sla94'#bbd ,among ! e>ly ,engli% settl]s x soon came to be ?\ght1 says ,ma!r1 a religi\s act to kill an ,indian4 ,9 ! latt] half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury bo? ! ,fr5* & ,engli% au?orities adopt$ ! cu/om ( scalp+ & ( (f]+ rew>ds = ! scalps ( _! ,indian enemies4 ,9 #afij ! mo/ heal?y & vigor\s ,indians tak5 by ! ,fr5* #87 sold 9 ,canada1 ! weak] 7 sacrific$ & scalp$1 & = e scalp !y _h a premium4'#bbe ,caleb ,lyman1 :o aft]w>ds became an eld] ( a *ur* at ,bo/on1 left an acc\nt ( ! way 9 :i* he himself & five ,indians surpris$ a wigwam1 & scalp$ six ( ! sev5 p]sons inside1 s t ea* might receive ! promis$ rew>d4 ,on _! petition to ! great & g5]al c\rt !y receiv$ #cjl4 ea*1 & ,p5hall[ says n only t !y probably expect$ eight times z mu*1 b t at ! "t ( writ+ ! prov9ce w\ld h readily paid a sum ( #hjjl4 = a simil> s]vice4#bbf ,capta9 ,lovewell1 says ! same contempor>y eulogi/ ( ! w> t la/$ f ,july #agbb to ,decemb] #agbe1 #8f ,dun/able ) ?irty volunte]s w5t nor?w>d1 :o m>*+ sev]al miles up c\ntry came on a wigwam :]e 7 two ,indians1 "o ( :om !y kill$ & ! o!r took1 = :i* !y receiv$ ! promis$ b\nty ( #ajjl4 a scalp1 & two %ill+s & sixp5ce a day besides4' 7,decemb] #ai1 #agbd47bbg ,at ! surprise ( ,norridjwock #8! numb] ( dead :i* we scalp$ 7 #bf1 besides ,mr4 ,rasle ! ,jesuit1 :o 0 a bloody inc5di>y4'#bbh ,x is evid5t t ^! v lib]al rew>ds mu/ h op]at$ z a frequ5t cause ( ,indian w>s1 & made ! coloni/s op5-e>$ to tales ( native outrages2 inde$ ! :ites sometimes disguis$ !mselves l ,indians1 & robb$ l ,indians1 9 ord]1 x w\ld appe>1 ! m effectually to raise ! w>-cry aga9/ !m4#bbi ,s9ce ! ,spani>ds fir/ tra9$ bloodh\nds 9 ,cuba to hunt ! ,indians1 ! alliance betwe5 soldi]s & dogs has be5 a fav\rite "o 9 b>b>ian w>f>e4 ,! ,portuguese us$ !m 9 ,brazil :5 !y hunt$ ! natives = slaves4#bcj ,& an ,engli% (fic] 9 a treatise he wrote 9 ! la/ c5tury z a sort ( milit>y guide to ,indian w>f>e sugge/$ coolly3 #8,e light horseman ought to be provid$ ) a bloodh\nd1 :i* w\ld be useful to f9d out ! enemy's ambu%es & to foll[ _! tracks4 ,!y w\ld seize ! nak$ savages1 & at lea/ give "t to ! horsem5 to come up ) !m4'#bca ,9 ! ,molucca ,isl&s ! use ( two bloodh\nds aga9/ a native *ief 0 ! cause ( a great conf$]acy betwe5 all ! isl&s to %ake (f ! ,spani% & ,portuguese yoke4#bcb ,& ev5 9 ! w> wag$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ,florida f #ahch to #ahdj1 ,g5]al ,taylor 0 au?oris$ to s5d to ,cuba = bloodh\nds to sc5t out ! ,indians2 nor1 accord+ to "o acc\nt1 0 _! aid resort$ to 9 va94#bcc ,poison too has be5 call$ 9 aid4 ,speak+ ( ! ,yuta ,indians1 a travell] assures u t #8z 9 ,au/ralia1 ars5ic & corrosive sublimate 9 spr+s & provisions h dim9i%$ _! numb]4'#bcd ,& 9 ! same way #8poison$ rum help$ to ext]m9ate ! ,tasmanians4'#bce ,b !re is worse yet 9 ?is direction4 ,! ,portuguese 9 ,brazil1 :5 ! importation ( slaves f ,africa r5d]$ ! capture ( ! natives less desirable ?an _! ext]m9ation1 left ! clo!s ( p]sons :o _h di$ ( small-pox or sc>let fev] to be f\nd by !m 9 ! woods4#bcf ,& ! c>avan trad]s f ! ,miss\ri to ,santa ,f are said by ! same me?od or 9 pres5ts ( tobacco to h communicat$ ! small-pox to ! ,indian tribes ( t di/rict 9 #ahca4bcg ,! enorm\s depopulation ( mo/ tribes by ! small-pox s9ce _! acqua9tance ) ! :ites is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable results 9 ! hi/ory ( _! mutual connection2 nor is x likely ev] to be kn[n to :at ext5t ! co9cid5ce 0 accid5tal4 ,x is pleasant to turn f ^! practical illu/rations ( ! !ory t no laws ( w> ne$ be reg>d$ 9 ho/ilities ) savage tribes to ! only record$ trial ( a contr>y sy/em1 & to f9d1 n only t x is associat$ ) "o ( ! greate/ names 9 ,engli% hi/ory1 b also t ! success x met ) fully ju/ifies ! suspicion & disfav\r ) :i* ! common] usage is beg9n+ to be reg>d$4 ,! ,indians ) :om ,p5n made 8 fam\s treaty 9 #afhb 7( :i* ,voltaire said t x 0 ! only treaty t 0 nev] ratifi$ by an oa?1 & ! only treaty t 0 nev] brok571 7 ( ! same ,algonqu9 race ) :om ! ,dut* _h sc>cely ev] kept at peace1 & aga9/ :om !y _h w>r$ 9 ! cu/om>y ru?less fa%ion ( ^? times4 ,! treaty 0 bas$ on ! pr9ciple ( an adju/m5t ( diff]5ces by a tribunal ( an equal numb] ( ,r$ m5 & ( ,:ite4 #8,p5n1' says ! hi/orian1 #8came )\t arms2 he decl>$ 8 purpose to ab/a9 f viol5ce1 he _h no message b peace1 & n "o drop ( ,quak] blood 0 ev] %$ by an ,indian'#bch ,= m ?an sev5ty ye>s1 f #afhb to #aged1 :5 ! ,fr5* w> broke out1 9 %ort1 dur+ ! :ole "t t ! ,quak]s _h ! pr9cipal %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ,p5nsylvania1 ! hi/ory ( ! ,indians & ,:ites 9 t prov9ce 0 free f ! tale ( murd]s & ho/ilities t 0 s common 9 o!r di/ricts2 s t ! s+le in/ance 9 :i* ! exp]im5t ( equal laws & =be>ance has be5 pati5tly p]sev]$ 91 c at lea/ boa/ ( a success t 9 support ( ! contr>y sy/em x 7 v difficult to f9d = an equal numb] ( ye>s 9 any o!r "p ( ! _w4 ,x may also be said aga9/ ,sepulv$a's doctr9e1 t ! habits ( a high] civilisation1 :]e !y are really wor? spread+1 spread m easily & ) m p]man5t effect among b>b>\s neighb\rs by ! m]e contagion ( a bett] example ?an by ! tea*+ ( fire & sword4 ,"s ( ! ,dyak tribes 9 ,borneo are said to h giv5 up human sacrifices f ! bett] influ5ces ( ! ,malays on ! coa/ di/rict4#bci ,! ,p]uvians1 accord+ to ,prescott1 spread _! civilisation among _! rud] neighb\rs m by example ?an by =ce4 #8,f> f provok+ ho/ilities1 !y all[$ "t = ! salut>y example ( _! own in/itutions to "w its effect1 tru/+ t _! less civilis$ neighb\rs w\ld submit to _! sceptre f a conviction ( ! bless+s x w\ld secure to !m4' ,!y exhort$ !m to lay aside _! cannibalism1 _! human sacrifices1 & _! o!r b>b>ities2 !y employ$ negotiation1 conciliatory treatm5t1 & pres5ts to lead+ m5 among ! tribes2 & only if all ^! means fail$ did !y resort to w>1 b to w> :i* at e /age 0 readily op5 to propositions ( peace1 & 9 :i* any unnecess>y outrage on ! p]sons or prop]ty ( _! enemy 0 puni%$ ) dea?4 ,some?+ w h be5 done = ! cause ( ?is bett] me?od ( civilis+ ! l[] races1 if we =ew>n & =e>m ourselves aga9/ ! symptoms ( ho/ilities ) !m by a ?or\gh und]/&+ ( ! conditions :i* r5d] su* ho/ilities probable4 ,= z an outbreak ( fev] is to "s ext5t prev5table by a k ( ! conditions :i* make = fev]s1 s may ! outbreak ( w> be av]t$ by a k ( ! laws :i* gov]n _! appe>ance4 ,! exp]i5ce :i* we owe to hi/ory 9 ?is respect is amply suffici5t to enable u to g5]alise ) "s degree ( confid5ce & c]ta9ty z to ! causes or /eps :i* produce w>s or prec$e !m2 & f ! remembrance ( our deal+s ) ! savage races ( ,s\? ,africa we may =eca/ ) "s misgiv+s ! probable c\rse ( our connection ) a c\ntry l ,new ,gu9ea4 ,a colony ( ,europeans 9 proximity ) b>b>ian neighb\rs naturally desires be=e long an increase ( t]ritory at ! exp5se ( ! latt]4 ,! fir/ sign ( su* a desire is ! exp$ition ( mission>ies into ! c\ntry1 :o n only s]ve to spy x out = ! b5efit ( ! colony1 b inv>iably weak5 ! native political =ce by ! creation ( a division ( feel+1 & ( an opposition betwe5 ! love ( old traditions & ! temptation ( novel cu/oms & ideas4 ,! innovat+ p>ty1 be+ at fir/ ! small]1 consi/+ ( ! feeble/ & poore/ memb]s ( ! community1 & ( ^? :o gladly flock to ! mission-/ations = refuge f _! (f5ces aga9/ tribal law1 ! mission>ies soon p]ceive ! impossibility ( fur!r success )\t ! help ( "s ext]nal aid4 ,! help ( a fri5dly =ce c alone turn ! balance ( influ5ce 9 _! fav\r1 & !y soon le>n to contemplate ) complac5cy ! advantages ( a milit>y conque/ ( ! natives by ! colony or "m-c\ntry4 ,! evils ( w> are cancell$1 9 _! eyes1 by ! delusive visions ( ultimate b5efit1 &1 9 accordance ) a n uncommon p]v]sion ( ! moral s5se1 an end t is assum$ to be religi\s is made to ju/ify measures t are ! rev]se4 ,:5 ! views & int]e/s ( ! colonial settl]s & ( ! mission>ies h ?us1 inevitably b )\t design1 fall5 into h>mony1 a w> is c]ta9 to be n f> di/ant4 ,app>5tly accid5tal1 x is 9 reality z c]ta9 z ! production ( gre5 f a mixture ( blue & yell[4 ,"s dispute ab\t b\nd>ies1 "s pass+ act ( viol5ce1 w s]ve = a reason ( qu>rel1 :i* w pres5tly be support$ by a fix$ array ( collat]al pretexts4 ,! ,press readily l5ds its aid2 & 9 a week ! colony trembles or affects to tremble f a panic ( invasion1 & vials ( virtue are exp5d$ on ! vices ( ! b>b>ians :i* h be5 = ye>s tol]at$ ) equanimity or indiff]5ce4 ,_! cu/oms are pa9t$ 9 ! blacke/ col\rs2 ! details ( savage usages are rak$ up f old books ( travel2 rum\rs ( massacres & injuries are s$ul\sly propagat$2 & ! :ole c\ntry is repres5t$ z 9 su* a /ate ( an>*y1 t ! majority ( ! population1 9 _! long+ = deliv]ance f _! own rul]s1 w\ld gladly welcome ev5 a =eign conqu]or4 ,9 %ort1 a w> aga9/ !m comes spe$ily to be reg>d$ z a w> 9 _! behalf1 z ! la/ ^w ( philan?ropy & b5efic5ce2 & ! atrocities t subsequ5tly ensue are pr(ess$ly und]tak51 n aga9/ ! un=tunate p :o endure !m1 b to lib]ate !m f ! rul] ( _! *oice or suff]ance1 9 ^: behalf h[ev] !y fight to ! dea?4 ,to e c\ntry1 !re=e1 :i* w\ld fa9 be sp>$ f ^! discr$itable w>s ) b>b>ian tribes on ! bord]s ( its colonies1 x is cle> t ! greate/ caution is necess>y aga9/ ! abuses ( mission>y propag&ism4 ,! almo/ absolute failure ( missions 9 rec5t c5turies1 & m especially 9 ! n9ete5?1 is intimately associat$ ) ! great] political importance :i* ! improv$ facilities ( travel & int]c\rse h conf]r$ ^u !m4 ,ev]yone has he>d h[ ,ca?olicism 0 p]secut$ 9 ,japan1 till at la/ ! v pr(ession ( ,*ri/ianity 0 made a capital crime 9 t "p ( ! _w4 ,b a travell]1 :o knew ! ,ea/ intimately at ! "t1 expla9s h[ x 0 t ! ,jesuits' lab\rs result$ s disa/r\sly4 ,on ! outbreak ( civil diss5sions 9 ,japan1 #8! ,*ri/ian prie/s ?\ght x a prop] "t = !m to settle _! religion on ! same f\ndation t ,mahomet did 81 by e/abli%+ x 9 blood4 ,_! ?\ghts ran on no?+ less ?an extirpat+ ! hea!n out ( ! l&1 & !y fram$ a conspiracy ( rais+ an army ( #ej1jjj ,*ri/ians to murd] _! c\ntrym51 t s ! :ole isl& might be illum9at$ by ,*ri/ianity su* z x 0 !n4'#bdj ,& 9 ! same way1 a mod]n writ]1 speak+ ( ! v limit$ success ( missions 9 ,india1 has ass]t$ frankly t #89 despair _m ,*ri/ians 9 ,india are driv5 to wi% & pray t "s "o1 or "s way1 may arise = conv]t+ ! ,indians by ! sword4'#bda ,nor are ! hea!n !mselves bl9d to ! political dang]s :i* are involv$ 9 ! pres5ce ( mission>ies among !m4 ,all ov] ! _w conv]sion is f ! native po9t ( view ! same ?+ z disaffection1 & w> is dread$ z ! c]ta9 consequ5ce ( ! adoption ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! ,fr5* bi%op1 ,lefebvre1 :5 ask$ by ! m&>9s ( ,co*9 ,*9a1 9 #ahdg1 ! purpose ( 8 visit1 said t he read 9 _! faces t !y suspect$ him #8( hav+ come to excite "s outbreak among ! neophytes1 & p]haps prep>e ! way = an ,european army2' & ! k+ 0 #8afraid to see ,*ri/ians multiply 9 8 k+dom1 & 9 case ( w> ) ,european ,p[]s1 comb9e ) 8 enemies4'#bdb ,h[ "r ev5ts h prov$ him to h be56 ,! /ory is ! same 9 ,africa4 #8,n long aft] ,i ent]$ ! c\ntry1' said ! mission>y1 ,mr4 ,cald]wood1 ( ,caffr>ia1 #8a lead+ *ief once said to me1 8,:5 my p become ,*ri/ians1 !y cease to be my p40'#bdc ,! ,norwegian mission>ies 7 = tw5ty ye>s 9 ,zulul& )\t mak+ any conv]ts b a few de/itute *ildr51 _m ( :om _h be5 giv5 to !m out ( pity by ! *iefs1#bdd & _! failure 0 actually ascrib$ by ! ,zulu k+ to _! hav+ taught ! incompatibility ( ,*ri/ianity ) allegiance to a hea!n rul]4#bde ,9 #ahgg1 a ,zulu ( au?ority express$ ! preval5t native reason+ on ?is po9t 9 language :i* supplies ! key to disappo9tm5ts t ext5d mu* fur!r ?an ,zulul&3 #8,we w n all[ ! ,zulus to become s-call$ ,*ri/ians4 ,x is n ! k+ says s1 b e man 9 ,zulul&4 ,if a ,zulu does any?+ wrong1 he at once goes to a mission-/ation1 & says he wants to become a ,*ri/ian2 if he wants to run away ) a girl1 he becomes a ,*ri/ian2 if he wi%es to be exempt f s]v+ ! k+1 he puts on clo!s1 & is a ,*ri/ian2 if a man is an umtagati 7evil-do]71 he becomes a ,*ri/ian4'#bdf ,x is on ?is acc\nt t 9 w>s ) savage nations ! de/ruction ( mission-/ations has always be5 s con/ant an episode4 ,nor c we wond] at ?is :5 we recollect t 9 ! ,caffre w> ( #ahea1 = in/ance1 x 0 a subject ( boa/ ) ! mission>ies t x 0 ,caffres tra9$ on ! mission-/ations :o _h pres]v$ ! ,engli% po/s along ! fronti]s1 c>ri$ ! ,engli% despat*es1 & f\ght aga9/ _! own c\ntrym5 = ! pres]vation & def5ce ( ! colony4#bdg ,x is r a poor result ( all ! money & lab\r t has be5 sp5t 9 ! attempt to ,*ri/ianise ,s\? ,africa1 t ! ,wesleyan mission-/ation at ,ed5dale %\ld h contribut$ an effici5t =ce ( cavalry to fight aga9/ _! c\ntrym5 9 ! ,zulu campaign2 & we may hesitate :e!r mo/ to despise ! mission>ies :o c\nt su* a result z a triumph ( _! ef=ts1 or ! conv]ts :om !y rew>d ) tea & cake = milit>y s]vice ) ! enemies ( _! c\ntrym54#bdh ,x ne$s no great /ra9 ( intellig5ce to p]ceive t ?is use ( mission-/ations z milit>y tra9+-s*ools sc>cely t5ds to enhance ! advantages ( conv]sion 9 ! m9ds ( ! hea!n among :om !y are plant$4 ,= ^! reasons1 & because x is becom+ daily m app>5t t w>s are less a necess>y evil ?an an optional mis]y ( human life1 ! pr9cipal measure = a c\ntry :i* w\ld fa9 improve1 & live at peace )1 ! less civilis$ races :i* t\* ! num]\s bord]s ( its empire1 w\ld be ! legal re/ra9t or prev5tion ( mission>y ent]prise3 a proposal t w appe> less />tl+ if we reflect t 9 no qu>t] ( ! globe c t me?od ( civilis+ b>b>ism po9t to m ?an local or ephem]al success4 ,! ,prote/ant missions ( ?is c5tury are 9 process ( failure1 z fatal & decid$ z t :i* befel ! ,ca?olic missions ( ! ,fr5*1 ,portuguese1 or ,spani%1 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1 & v mu* f ! same causes4 ,! ,engli% w>s 9 ,s\? ,africa1 ) :i* ! ,prote/ant mission>ies h be5 s closely connect$1 h fru/rat$ all attempts to ,*ri/ianise t region1 j z #8! fe>ful w>s occasion$ directly or indirectly by ! mission>ies' s5t by ! ,portuguese to ! k+doms ( ,congo & ,angola 9 ! sixte5? c5tury r5d]$ futile simil> attempts on ! ,we/ ,coa/4#bdi ,! same process ( depopulation "u ,prote/ant influ5ces may n[ be obs]v$ 9 ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s or ,new ,zeal& t r$uc$ ! population ( ,hispaniola1 "u ,spani% ,*ri/ianity1 f a million to #ad1jjj 9 a qu>t] ( a c5tury4#bej ,no ,prote/ant mission>y ev] lab\r$ ) m zeal ?an ,eliot did 9 ,am]ica 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 b ! tribes he taught h long s9ce be5 ext9ct3 #8l "o ( _! own =e/ trees1 !y h )]$ f core to b>k2'#bea &1 9 %ort1 ! hi/ory ( bo? ,ca?olic & ,prote/ant missions alike may be summ$ up 9 ?is "o g5]al /atem5t3 ei!r !y h fail$ altoge!r ( results on a suffici5t scale to be wor?y ( notice1 or ! imp>tial page ( hi/ory unfolds to u "o uni=m tale ( civil w>1 p]secution1 conque/1 & extirpation 9 :atev] regions !y c boa/ ( m at lea/ ( ! semblance ( success4 ,ano!r measure 9 ! int]e/s ( peace w\ld be ! organisation ( a class ( well-paid (ficials ^: duty x %\ld be to exam9e on ! spot into ! tru? ( all rum\rs ( outrages or atrocities :i* are circulat$ f "t to "t1 9 ord] to set ! tide ( public op9ion 9 fav\r ( ho/ile measures4 ,su* rum\rs may1 ( c\rse1 h "s f\ndation1 b 9 n9e cases out ( t5 !y are false4 ,s lately z ! ye> #ahhb1 ! ,times & o!r ,engli% pap]s 7 s f> deceiv$ z to give _! read]s a horrible acc\nt ( ! sacrifice ( #bjj "y girls to ! spirits ( ! dead 9 ,a%antee2 & p 7 beg9n+ to ask !mselves :e!r su* ?+s c\ld be suff]$ )9 rea* ( an ,engli% army1 :5 x 0 happily discov]$ t ! :ole /ory 0 fictiti\s4 ,/ories ( ?is sort are :at ! ,g]mans call ,t5d5zlg51 or lies inv5t$ to produce a c]ta9 effect4 ,_! effect 9 r\s+ ! w>-_s is und5iable2 &1 al?\gh ! heal?y scepticism :i* has ( rec5t ye>s be5 born ( exp]i5ce af=ds u "s protection1 no exp5diture c\ld be m economical ?an "o :i* %\ld aim at r5d]+ !m p[]less by neutralis+ !m at ! f\nta9-head4 ,9 ! prec$+ hi/orical survey ( ! relations 9 w> betwe5 communities /&+ on diff]5t levels ( civilisation1 ! allusion1 among "s ( ! rude/ tribes1 to laws ( w> v simil> to ^? suppos$ to be b9d+ betwe5 m poli%$ nations t5ds to discr$it ! di/9ction betwe5 civilis$ & b>b>ian w>f>e4 ,! progress ( k ?reat5s ! ov]?r[ ( ! di/9ction1 j z x has already r$uc$ t betwe5 organic & inorganic matt]1 or betwe5 animal & vegetable life1 to a di/9ction f\nd$ r on human ?\ght ?an on ! nature ( ?+s4 ,& x is probable t ! m ! milit>y side ( savage life is /udi$1 ! few] w be f\nd to be ! l9es ( dem>cation :i* are ?\ght to e/abli% a diff]5ce 9 k9d 9 ! conduct ( w> by bellig]5ts 9 diff]5t /ages ( progress4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ?is respect is *iefly "o ( weapons1 ( /rategy1 & ( tactics2 & x w\ld seem t :atev] sup]iority ! m civilis$ community may claim 9 its rules ( w> is m ?an comp5sat$ 9 savage life bo? by ! less frequ5t occurr5ce ( w>s & by _! f> less fatal "*4 ,b1 h[ev] mu* ! frequ5cy & f]ocity ( ! w>s wag$ by b>b>ian races z comp>$ ) ^? wag$ by civilis$ nations has be5 exagg]at$1 !re is no d\bt b t 9 w>f>e1 m ?an 9 any?+ else1 !re is mo/ 9 common betwe5 civilisation & savag]y1 & t ! di/9ction betwe5 !m mo/ ne>ly disappe>s4 ,9 art & k & religion ! di/9ction betwe5 ! two is s wide t ! evolution ( "o f ! o!r seems /ill to _m m9ds incr$ible2 b 9 w>1 & ! ?\ghts :i* relate to x1 ! po9ts ( analogy _c fail to /rike ! mo/ indiff]5t4 ,we see /ill 9 ei!r condition1 ! same notions ( ! glory ( fight+1 ! same belief 9 w> z ! only s\rce ( /r5g? & hon\r1 ! same hope f x ( p]sonal advancem5t1 ! same read9ess to seize any pretext = resort+ to x1 ! same fooli% s5tim5t t x is mean to live )\t x4 ,!n only w ! di/9ction betwe5 ! two be f9al1 complete1 & real1 :5 all fight+ is relegat$ to b>b>ism1 & reg>d$ z unwor?y ( civilis$ humanity2 :5 ! enlight5m5t ( op9ion1 :i* has fre$ u already f su* curses z slav]y1 ! torture-*amb]1 or duell+1 %all dem& in/9ctively ! settlem5t ( all causes ( qu>rel by peaceful arbitration1 & leave to ! l[] races & ! l[] creation ! old-fa%ion$ resort to a trial ( viol5ce & might1 to competition 9 fraud & f]ocity4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,w> ,,& ,,*ri/ianity4 ,etsi adi]ant milites ad ,joannem et =mam obs]vationis accep]ant1 si etiam c5turio cr$id]at1 omnem po/ea militem ,dom9us 9 ,petro ex>m&o disc9xit4--,,t]tullian4 ,! w> "q at ! "t ( ! ,re=mation--,! remon/rances ( ,erasmus aga9/ ! cu/om--,influ5ce ( ,grotius on ! side ( w>--,! w> "q 9 ! e>ly ,*ur*--,! ,fa!rs aga9/ ! lawfulness ( w>--,causes ( ! *ang$ views ( ! ,*ur*--,! cl]gy z active combatants = ov] "o ?\s& ye>s--,fight+ ,bi%ops--,brav]y 9 w> & ecclesia/ical pref]m5t--,pope ,julius ,,ii4 at ! siege ( ,mir&ola--,! la/ fight+ ,bi%op--,orig9 & mean+ ( ! decl>ation ( w>--,sup]/ition 9 ! nam+ ( weapons1 %ips1 c4--,! cu/om ( kiss+ ! e>? be=e a *>ge--,connection betwe5 religi\s & milit>y ideas--,! ,*ur* z a pacific ag5cy--,h] ef=ts to set limits to reprisals--,! alt]$ attitude ( ! mod]n ,*ur*--,e>ly re=m]s only sanction$ j w>s--,voltaire's reproa* aga9/ ! ,*ur*--,canon ,mozley's s]mon on w>--,! answ] to 8 apology4 ,:e!r milit>y s]vice 0 lawful = a ,*ri/ian at all 0 at ! "t ( ! ,re=mation "o ( ! mo/ ke5ly debat$ que/ions2 & consid]+ ! =ce ( op9ion array$ on ! negative side1 its ultimate decision 9 ! affirmative is a matt] ( m wond] ?an is g5]ally giv5 to x4 ,sir ,?omas ,m *>ges ,lu!r & 8 disciples ) c>ry+ ! doctr9es ( peace to ! extreme limits ( non-resi/ance2 & ! views on ?is subject ( ! ,m5nonites & ,quak]s 7 b :at at "o "t seem$ n unlikely to h be5 ^? ( ! ,re=m$ ,*ur* g5]ally4 ,by f> ! =emo/ *ampion on ! negative side 0 ,erasmus1 :o be+ at ,rome at ! "t :5 ! ,league ( ,cambray1 "u ! auspices ( ,julius ,,ii41 0 m$itat+ w> aga9/ ! ,republic ( ,v5ice1 wrote a book to ! ,pope1 entitl$ #8,antipolemus1' :i*1 ?\gh nev] complet$1 probably exi/s 9 "p 9 8 tract kn[n "u ! title ( #8,dulce ,bellum inexp]tis1' & pr9t$ among 8 #8,adagia4' ,9 x he compla9$1 z "o might compla9 /ill1 t ! cu/om ( w> 0 s recognis$ z an incid5t ( life t m5 wond]$ !re %\ld be any to :om x 0 displeas+2 & likewise s approv$ ( g5]ally1 t to f9d any fault ) x sav\r$ n only ( impiety1 b ( actual h]esy4 ,to speak ( x1 !re=e1 z he did 9 ! foll[+ passage1 requir$ "s c\rage3 #8,if !re be any?+ 9 ! affairs ( mortals :i* x is ! int]e/ ( m5 n only to attack1 b :i* ought by e possible means to be avoid$1 condemn$1 & aboli%$1 x is ( all ?+s w>1 ?an :i* no?+ is m impi\s1 m calamit\s1 m widely p]nici\s1 m invet]ate1 m base1 or 9 sum m unwor?y ( a man1 n to say ( a ,*ri/ian4' ,9 a lett] to ,francis ,i4 on ! same subject1 he notic$ z an a/oni%+ fact1 t out ( su* a multitude ( abbots1 bi%ops1 ar*bi%ops1 & c>d9als z exi/$ 9 ! _w1 n "o ( !m %\ld /ep =w>d to d :at he c\ld1 ev5 at ! risk ( 8 life1 to put an end to s deplorable a practice4 ,! failure ( ?is view ( ! cu/om ( w>1 :i* is 9 its ess5ce m oppos$ to ,*ri/ianity ?an ! cu/om ( sell+ m5 = slaves or sacrific+ !m to idols1 to take any root 9 m5's m9ds1 is a mis=tune on :i* ! :ole hi/ory ( ,europe s9ce ,erasmus =ms a suffici5t comm5t>y4 ,t failure is p>tly due to ! unlucky accid5t :i* l$ ,grotius 9 ?is matt] to ?r[ all 8 weight into ! opposite scale4 ,= ?is fam\s juri/1 ent]+ at mu* l5g? into ! "q ( ! compatibility ( w> ) ! pr(ession ( ,*ri/ianity 7!reby prov+ ! importance :i* 9 8 day /ill atta*$ to x71 came to conclusions 9 fav\r ( ! receiv$ op9ion1 :i* are curi\sly *>act]i/ic bo? ( ! writ] & 8 "t4 ,8 g5]al argum5t 01 t if a sov]eign 0 ju/ifi$ 9 putt+ 8 own subjects to dea? = crimes1 mu* m 0 he ju/ifi$ 9 us+ ! sword aga9/ p :o 7 n 8 subjects1 b /rang]s to him4 ,& ?is absurd argum5t 0 en=c$ by consid]ations z feeble z ! foll[+3 t laws ( w> 7 laid d[n 9 ! ,book ( ,deut]onomy2 t ,john ! ,bapti/ did n bid ! soldi]s1 :o consult$ him1 to =sake _! call+1 b to ab/a9 f extortion & be cont5t ) _! wages2 t ,cornelius ! c5turion1 :om ,/4 ,pet] baptiz$1 nei!r gave up 8 milit>y life1 nor 0 exhort$ by ! apo/le to d s2 t ! ,emp]or ,con/ant9e _h _m ,*ri/ians 9 8 armies1 & ! "n ( ,*ri/ inscrib$ ^u 8 bann]s2 & t ! milit>y oa? aft] 8 "t 0 tak5 9 ! "n ( ! ,?ree ,p]sons ( ! ,tr9ity4 ,"o s+le reflection w suffice to display ! utt] %all[ness ( ?is reason+1 :i* 0 aft] all only borr[$ f ,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,= if ,biblical texts are a ju/ification ( w>1 !y are cle>ly a ju/ification ( slav]y2 :il/1 on ! o!r h&1 ! g5]al _s ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 to say no?+ ( sev]al positive passages1 is at lea/ equally oppos$ to "o cu/om z to ! o!r4 ,if !n ! abolition ( slav]y is "o ( ! s]vices = :i* ,*ri/ianity z an influ5ce 9 hi/ory claims a l>ge %>e ( ! cr$it1 its failure to aboli% ! o!r cu/om mu/ 9 fairness be set aga9/ x2 = x 7 easi] to def5d slave-hold+ out ( ! language ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ?an to def5d milit>y s]vice1 f> m be+ actually said !re to inculcate ! duty ( peace ?an to inculcate ! pr9ciples ( social equality3 & ! same may be said ( ! writ+s ( ! ,fa!rs4 ,! diff]5t attitude ( ! ,*ur* t[>ds ^! two cu/oms 9 mod]n times1 h] vehem5t condemnation ( ! "o1 & h] tol]ance or enc\ragem5t ( ! o!r1 appe>s all ! m surpris+ :5 we rememb] t 9 ! e>ly c5turies ( our era h] attitude 0 exactly ! rev]se1 & t1 :il/ slav]y 0 p]mitt$1 ! unlawfulness ( w> 0 d5\nc$ ) no unc]ta9 or wav]+ voice4 ,:5 ,t]tullian wrote 8 treatise #8,de ,corona' 7#bja7 conc]n+ ! "r ( ,*ri/ian soldi]s to we> laurel cr[ns1 he us$ words on ?is subject :i*1 ev5 if at v>iance ) "s ( 8 /atem5ts made 9 8 #8,apology' ?irty ye>s e>li]1 may be tak5 to express 8 matur] judgm5t4 #8,%all ! son ( peace' 7t is1 a ,*ri/ian71 he asks1 #8act 9 battle :5 x w n befit him ev5 to g to law8 ,%all he adm9i/] bonds & imprisonm5ts & tortures & puni%m5ts :o may n av5ge ev5 8 own injuries8444 ,! v transf]5ce ( 8 enrolm5t f ! army ( light to t ( d>kness is s94' ,& aga93 #8,:at if ! soldi]s did g to ,john & receive ! rule ( _! s]vice1 & :at if ! ,c5turion did believe2 ! ,"l by 8 dis>m+ ( ,pet] dis>m$ e soldi] f t "t =w>d4' ,t]tullian made an exception 9 fav\r ( soldi]s ^: conv]sion 0 subsequ5t to _! enrolm5t 7z 0 impli$ 9 discuss+ _! duty ) reg>d to ! laurel-wrea?71 ?\gh insi/+ ev5 9 _! case t !y ought ei!r to leave ! s]vice1 z _m did1 or to refuse p>ticipation 9 its acts1 :i* 7 inconsi/5t ) _! ,*ri/ian pr(ession4 ,s t at t "t ,*ri/ian op9ion 0 cle>ly n only av]se to a milit>y life be+ ent]$ ^u aft] baptism 7( :i* !re are no in/ances on record71 b 9 fav\r ( its be+ =sak51 if ! enrolm5t prec$$ ! baptism4 ,! ,*ri/ians :o s]v$ 9 ! armies ( ,rome 7 n m5 :o 7 conv]ts or ,*ri/ians at ! "t ( enroll+1 b m5 :o rema9$ ) ! col\rs aft] _! conv]sion4 ,if x is c]ta9 t "s ,*ri/ians rema9$ 9 ! army1 x appe>s equally c]ta9 t no ,*ri/ian at t "t ?\ght ( ent]+ x4 ,?is seems ! be/ solution ( ! mu*-debat$ "q1 to :at ext5t ,*ri/ians s]v$ at all 9 ! e>ly c5turies4 ,ir5u speaks ( ! ,*ri/ians 9 ! second c5tury z n kn[+ h[ to fight1 & ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 8 contempor>y1 consid]$ ,isaiah's prophecy ab\t ! swords be+ turn$ into pl\gh%>es z 9 "p fulfill$1 because 8 co-religioni/s1 :o 9 times pa/ _h kill$ "o ano!r1 did n !n "k h[ to fight ev5 ) _! enemies4 ,! *>ge made by ,celsus aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians1 t !y refus$ to be> arms ev5 9 case ( necessity1 0 admitt$ by ,orig51 b ju/ifi$ on ! gr\nd ( ! unlawfulness ( w>4 #8,we inde$1' he says1 #8fight 9 a special way on ! k+'s behalf1 b we d n g on campaigns ) him1 ev5 %\ld he press u to d s2 we d battle on 8 behalf z a peculi> army ( piety1 prevail+ by our pray]s to ,god = him4' ,& aga93 #8,we no long] take up ! sword aga9/ p1 nor le>n to make w> any m1 hav+ become ?r\gh ,jesus1 :o is our g5]al1 sons ( peace4' ,no?+ c\ld be cle>] nor m conclusive ?an ?is language2 & ! same attitude t[>ds w> 0 express$ or impli$ by ! foll[+ ,fa!rs 9 *ronological ord]3 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 ,tatian1 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,t]tullian1 ,cyprian1 ,lactantius1 ,ar*elaus1 ,ambrose1 ,*ryso/om1 ,j]ome1 & ,cyril4 ,eusebius says t _m ,*ri/ians 9 ! ?ird c5tury laid aside ! milit>y life r ?an abjure _! religion4 ,( #aj1jej pagan inscriptions t h be5 collect$1 #ede 7 f\nd to belong to pagan soldi]s1 :ile ( #d1gcd ,*ri/ian inscriptions ( ! same p]iod1 only #bg 7 ^? ( soldi]s2 f :i* x seems r absurd to inf]1 z a ,fr5* writ] has inf]r$1 n t !re 0 a great disproportion ( ,*ri/ian to pagan soldi]s 9 ! imp]ial armies1 b t mo/ ,*ri/ian soldi]s be+ soldi]s ( ,*ri/ did n l to h x record$ on _! epitaphs t !y _h be5 9 ! s]vice ( any man4#beb ,on ! o!r h&1 !re 7 c]ta9ly always "s ,*ri/ians :o rema9$ 9 ! ranks aft] _! conv]sion1 9 spite ( ! milit>y oa? 9 ! names ( ! pagan deities & ! quasi-wor%ip ( ! /&>ds :i* con/itut$ "s "p ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian antipa?y to w>4 ,?is is impli$ 9 ! rem>ks ( ,t]tullian1 & /&s 9 no ne$ ( ! support ( su* leg5ds z ! ,?und]+ ,legion ( ,*ri/ians1 ^: pray]s obta9$ ra91 or ( ! ,!ban legion ( #f1jjj ,*ri/ians m>tyr$ "u ,maximian4 ,x 0 left z a matt] ( individual consci5ce4 ,9 ! /ory ( ! m>tyr ,maximilian1 :5 ,dion ! proconsul rem9d$ him t !re 7 ,*ri/ian soldi]s among ! life-gu>ds ( ! ,emp]ors1 ! =m] repli$1 #8,!y "k :at is be/ = !m to d2 b ,i am a ,*ri/ian & _c fight4' ,m>cellus1 ! conv]t$ c5turion1 ?rew d[n 8 belt at ! head ( 8 legion1 & suff]$ dea? r ?an cont9ue 9 ! s]vice2 & ! annals ( ! e>ly ,*ur* ab\nd 9 simil> m>tyrdoms4 ,nor c !re be mu* d\bt b t a love ( peace & dislike ( blood%$ 7 ! pr9cipal causes ( ?is e>ly ,*ri/ian attitude t[>ds ! milit>y pr(ession1 & t ! idolatry & o!r pagan rites connect$ ) x only act$ z m9or & second>y det]r5ts4 ,?us1 9 ! ,greek ,*ur* ,/4 ,basil w\ld h exclud$ f communion = ?ree ye>s any "o :o _h %$ an enemy's blood2 & a simil> feel+ expla9s ,!odosius' refusal to p>take ( ! ,eu*>i/ aft] 8 great victory ov] ,eug5ius4 ,! canons ( ! ,*ur* exclud$ f ord9ation all :o _h s]v$ 9 an army aft] baptism2 & 9 ! fif? c5tury ,innoc5t ,i4 blam$ ! ,spani% *ur*es = _! laxity 9 admitt+ su* p]sons into holy ord]s4#bec ,! anti-milit>y t5d5cy ( op9ion 9 ! e>ly p]iod ( ,*ri/ianity appe>s !re=e indisputable1 & ,t]tullian w\ld probably h smil$ at ! prophet :o %\ld h pr$ict$ t ,*ri/ians w\ld h ceas$ to keep slaves long be=e !y %\ld h ceas$ to commit murd] & robb]y "u ! fiction ( ho/ilities4 ,b x proves ! /r5g? ( ! orig9al impetus1 t ,ulphilas1 ! fir/ apo/le to ! ,go?s1 %\ld purposely1 9 8 translation ( ! ,scriptures1 h omitt$ ! ,books ( ,k+s1 z too /imulative ( a love ( w>4 ,h[ utt]ly 9 ?is matt] ,*ri/ianity came to =sake its e>li] ideal is kn[n to all4 ,?is result$ p>tly f ! frequ5t use ( ! sword = ! purpose ( conv]sion1 & p>tly f ! rise ( ! ,mahometan p[]1 :i* made w>s ) ! infidel appe> 9 ! light ( acts ( fai?1 & *ang$ ! :ole ( ,*ri/5dom into a k9d ( va/ /&+ milit>y ord]4 ,b x result$ /ill m f t compromise effect$ 9 ! f\r? c5tury betwe5 paganism & ! new religion1 9 :i* ! =m] reta9$ m ?an x lo/1 & ! latt] gave less ?an x receiv$4 ,consid]+ t ! ,druid prie/s ( anci5t ,gaul or ,brita91 l ^? ( pagan ,rome1 7 exempt f milit>y s]vice1#bed & (t51 accord+ to ,/rabo1 _h su* influ5ce z to "p combatants on ! po9t ( an engagem5t1 no?+ is m rem>kable ?an ! ext5t to :i* ! ,*ri/ian cl]gy1 bi%ops1 & abbots came to lead armies & fight 9 battle1 9 spite ( canons & c\ncils ( ! ,*ur*1 at a "t :5 t ,*ur*'s p[] 0 great]1 & its influ5ce wid]1 ?an x has ev] be5 s9ce4 ,hi/orians h sc>cely giv5 due prom95ce to ?is fact1 :i* cov]s a p]iod ( at lea/ a ?\s& ye>s2 = ,gregory ( ,t\rs m5tions two bi%ops ( ! six? c5tury :o _h kill$ _m enemies ) _! own h&s1 :il/ ,erasmus1 9 ! sixte5?1 compla9s ( bi%ops tak+ m pride 9 lead+ ?ree or f\r hundr$ dragoons1 ) swords & guns1 ?an 9 a foll[+ ( deacons & div9ity /ud5ts1 & asks1 ) j s>casm1 :y ! trumpet & fife %\ld s\nd sweet] 9 _! e>s ?an ! s++ ( psalms or ! words ( ! ,bible4 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 :5 w> & *ivalry 7 at _! height1 occurr$ a rem>kable prote/ aga9/ ?is /ate ( ?+s f ,wycliffe1 :o1 9 ?is1 z 9 o!r respects1 anticipat$ ! ,re=mation3 #8,fri>s n[ say t bi%ops c fight be/ ( all m51 & t x falle? mo/ prop]ly to !m1 s9ce !y are lords ( all ?is _w4 ,!y say1 ,*ri/ bade 8 disciples sell _! coats1 & buy !m swords2 b :]eto1 if n to fight8 ,?us fri>s make a great array1 & /ir up m5 to fight4 ,b ,*ri/ taught n 8 apo/les to fight ) a sword ( iron1 b ) ! sword ( ,god's ^w1 :i* /&e? 9 meekness ( he>t & 9 ! prud5ce ( man's tongue4444 ,if manslay+ 9 o!rs be odi\s to ,god1 mu* m 9 prie/s :o %\ld be vic>s ( ,*ri/4' ,& ,wycliffe proce$s n only to prote/ aga9/ ?is1 b to advocate ! g5]al cause ( peace on e>?1 on gr\nds :i* he is aw>e t m5 ( ! _w w scorn & reject z fatal to ! exi/5ce ( k+doms4#bee ,x 0 no occasional1 b an invet]ate practice1 &1 app>5tly1 common 9 ! _w1 long be=e ! sy/em ( feudalism gave x "s ju/ification by ! connection ( milit>y s]vice ) ! enjoym5t ( l&s4 ,yet x has n[ s completely disappe>$ t--z a pro( ( ! possible *ange ( ?\ght :i* may ultimately r5d] a ,*ri/ian soldi] z great an anomaly z a fight+ bi%op--x is wor? recall+ f hi/ory "s in/ances ( s curi\s a cu/om4 #8,! bi%ops !mselves--n all1 b _m'--says a writ] ( ,k+ ,/eph5's reign1 #8b\nd 9 iron1 & completely furni%$ ) arms1 7 accu/om$ to m\nt w>-horses ) ! p]v]t]s ( _! c\ntry1 to %>e 9 _! spoil2 to b9d & torture ! knights :om !y took 9 ! *ance ( w>1 or :om !y met full ( money4'#bef ,x 0 at ! battle ( ,b\v9es 7#abad7 t ! fam\s ,bi%op ( ,beauvais f\ght ) a club in/ead ( a sword1 out ( respect = ! rule ( ! canon :i* =bade an ecclesia/ic to %$ blood4 ,mat!w ,p>is tells ! /ory h[ ,ri*>d ,i4 took ! said bi%op prison]1 & :5 ! ,pope begg$ = 8 release z be+ 8 own son & a son ( ! ,*ur*1 s5t to ,innoc5t ,,iii4 ! episcopal coat ( mail1 ) ! inquiry :e!r he recognis$ x z t ( 8 son or ( a son ( ! ,*ur*2 to :i* ! ,pope _h ! wit to reply t he c\ld n recognise x z belong+ to ei!r4#beg ,! /ory also be>s repeat+ ( ! impati5t knight :o1 %>+ ! comm& ( a division at ! battle ( ,falkirk ) ! ,bi%op ( ,durham1 cri$ out to 8 sl[] colleague1 be=e clos+ ) ! ,scots1 #8,x is n = y to tea* u w>2 to y\r ,mass1 bi%op6' & !re) ru%$ ) 8 foll[]s into ! fray 7#abih74beh ,x is1 h[ev]1 ne$less to multiply in/ances1 :i*1 if ,du ,cange may be cr$it$1 became m common dur+ ! deva/ation ( ,france by ! ,danes 9 ! n9? c5tury1 :5 all ! milit>y aid t 0 available became a matt] ( national exi/5ce4 ,t ev5t r5d]$ ,*>lemagne's capitul>y a dead lett]1 by :i* t mon>* _h =bidd5 any ecclesia/ic to m>* aga9/ an enemy1 save two or ?ree bi%ops to bless ! army or reconcile ! combatants1 & a few prie/s to give absolution & celebrate ! ,mass4#bei ,x appe>s t ?is law 0 made 9 response to an exhortation by ,pope ,adrian ,,ii41 simil> to "o address$ 9 ! previ\s c5tury by ,pope ,za*>y to ,*>lemagne's ance/or1 ,k+ ,pep94 ,b ?\gh milit>y s]vice & ! t5ure ( ecclesia/ical b5efices became m common f ! "t ( ! ,dani% irruptions1 in/ances are record$ ( abbots & ar*bi%ops :o *ose r to surr5d] _! temporalities ?an to take "p 9 active s]vice2 & = _m c5turies ! :ole "q seems to h re/$ on a mo/ unc]ta9 foot+1 law & cu/om dem&+ z a duty t :i* public & ecclesia/ical op9ion condon$1 b :i* ! ,*ur* h]self condemn$4 ,x is a signal m>k ( ! degree to :i* religion became envelop$ 9 ! milit>y _s ( ^? mis]able days ( *ivalry1 t ecclesia/ical pref]m5t 0 sometimes ! rew>d ( brav]y on ! field1 z 9 ! case ( t *apla9 to ! ,e>l ( ,d\glas :o1 = 8 c\rage display$ at ! battle ( ,ott]b\rne1 01 ,froiss>t tells u1 promot$ ! same ye> to a canonry & ar*deaconry at ,ab]de54 ,vas>i1 9 8 #8,life ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1' has a good /ory :i* is n only highly typical ( ?is m>tial ,*ri/ianity1 b may be also tak5 to m>k ! fur!/ po9t ( div]g5ce rea*$ by ! ,*ur* 9 ?is respect f ! /&po9t ( h] e>li] tea*+4 ,pope ,julius ,,ii4 w5t "o day to see a /atue ( himself :i* ,mi*ael ,angelo 0 execut+4 ,! "r h& ( ! /atue 0 rais$ 9 a dignifi$ attitude1 & ! arti/ consult$ ! ,pope z to :e!r he %\ld place a book 9 ! left4 #8,put a sword into x1' quo? ,julius1 #8= ( lett]s ,i "k b little4' ,?is 0 ! ,pope ( :om ,bayle says t nev] man _h a m w>like s\l1 & ( :om1 ) "s d\bt1 he repeats ! anecdote ( 8 hav+ ?r[n into ! ,tib] ! keys ( ,/4 ,pet]1 ) ! decl>ation t he w\ld !nce=? use ! sword ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 he w5t 9 p]son to ha/5 ! siege ( ,mir&ola1 9 opposition to ! prote/s ( ! c>d9als & to ! sc&al ( ,*ri/5dom 7#aeaj74 ,!re x 0 t to enc\rage ! soldi]s he promis$ !m1 t if !y ex]t$ !mselves valiantly he w\ld make no t]ms ) ! t[n1 b w\ld suff] !m to sack x2#bfj & ?\gh ?is did n occur1 & ! t[n ultimately surr5d]$ on t]ms1 ! head ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* _h himself convey$ into x by ! brea*4 ,! sc&al ( ?is proce$+ contribut$ its %>e to ! discont5t :i* produc$ ! ,re=mation2 & t movem5t cont9u$ /ill fur!r ! disfav\r ) :i* _m already view$ ! connection ( ! cl]gy ) actual w>f>e4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 happ5$ occasionally s9ce t epo* t prie/s ( m>tial ta/es h be5 enabl$ to gratify !m1 ! cu/om hav+ become m & m r>e z public op9ion grew /rong] aga9/ x4 ,! la/ record$ in/ance ( a fight+ div9e 01 x w\ld seem1 ! ,bi%op ( ,d]ry1 :o1 hav+ be5 rais$ to t see by ,william ,,iii4 9 gratitude = ! di/+ui%$ brav]y ) :i*1 ?\gh a cl]gyman1 he _h conduct$ ! def5ce ( ,londond]ry aga9/ ! =ces ( ,james ,,ii41 & = :i* ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d rew>d$ him ) ! title ( ,doctor ( ,div9ity1 0 %ot dead at ! battle ( ! ,boyne4 ,he _h1 says ,macaulay1 #8dur+ ! siege 9 :i* he _h s highly di/+ui%$ himself1 contract$ a passion = w>1' b 8 zeal to gratify x on t second occasion co/ him ! fav\r ( ! k+4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 some:at rem>kable t hi/ory %\ld h call$ no special att5tion to ! la/ in/ance ( a bi%op :o f\ght & di$ ^u a battle-field1 nor h suffici5tly emphasis$ ! great revolution ( ?\ght :i* fir/ *ang$ a common occurr5ce into some?+ unusual1 & f9ally into a memory t seems ridicul\s4 ,no hi/orical fact af=ds a great] ju/ification ?an ?is = ! hope t1 absurd z is ! idea ( a fight+ bi%op to our own age1 t ( a fight+ ,*ri/ian may be to our po/]ity4 ,z bi%ops 7 9 ! middle ages w>riors1 s !y 7 also ! common be>]s ( decl>ations ( w>4 ,! ,bi%op ( ,l9coln bore1 = in/ance1 ! *all5ge ( ,edw>d ,,iii4 & 8 allies to ,*>les ,v4 at ,p>is2 & greatly (f5d$ 0 ! ,engli% k+ & 8 c\ncil :5 ,*>les return$ ! *all5ge by a common valet--!y decl>$ x indec5t = a w> betwe5 two su* great lords to be decl>$ by a m]e s]vant1 & n by a prelate or a knight ( val\r4 ,! decl>ation ( w> 9 ^? times appe>s to h meant simply a *all5ge or defiance l t !n & aft]w>ds cu/om>y 9 a duel4 ,x appe>s to h orig9at$ out ( habits t gov]n$ ! relations betwe5 ! feudal b>ons4 ,we le>n f ,froiss>t t :5 ,edw>d 0 made ,vic> ( ! ,g]man ,empire an old /atute 0 r5ew$ :i* _h be=e be5 made at ! emp]or's c\rt1 to ! effect t no "o1 int5d+ to injure 8 neighb\r1 might d s )\t s5d+ him a defiance ?ree days be=eh&4 ,! foll[+ extract f ! *all5ge ( w> s5t by ! ,duke ( ,orleans1 ! bro!r ( ! ,k+ ( ,france1 to ,h5ry ,,iv4 ( ,engl&1 te/ifies to ! close resemblance betwe5 a decl>ation ( w> & a *all5ge to a de$ ( arms1 & to ! levity :i* (t5 gave rise to ei!r3 #8,i1 ,l\is1 write & make kn[n to y1 t ) ! aid ( ,god & ! bless$ ,tr9ity1 9 ! desire :i* ,i h to ga9 r5[n1 & :i* y likewise %\ld feel1 consid]+ idl5ess z ! bane ( lords ( high bir? :o d n employ !mselves 9 arms1 & ?9k+ ,i c no way bett] seek r5[n ?an by propos+ to y to meet me at an appo9t$ place1 ea* ( u accompani$ ) #ajj knights & esquires1 ( "n & arms )\t reproa*1 !re to combat till "o ( ! p>ties %all surr5d]2 & he to :om ,god %all grant ! victory %all d ) 8 prison]s z he pleases4 ,we w n employ any incantations t are =bidd5 by ! ,*ur*1 b make use ( ! bodily /r5g? giv5 u by ,god1 ) arm\r z may be mo/ agreeable to ev]yone = ! security ( 8 p]son1 & ) ! usual arms1 t is lance1 battle-axe1 sword1 & dagg] 444 )\t aid+ himself by any bodk9s1 hooks1 be>d$ d>ts1 poison$ ne$les or razors1 z may be done by p]sons unless !y are positively ord]$ to ! contr>y4444'#bfa ,h5ry ,,iv4 answ]$ ! *all5ge ) "s contempt1 b express$ 8 read9ess to meet ! duke 9 s+le combat1 :5ev] he %\ld visit 8 possessions 9 ,france1 9 ord] to prev5t any great] effusion ( ,*ri/ian blood1 s9ce a good %eph]d1 he said1 %\ld expose 8 own life = 8 flock4 ,x ev5 seem$ at "o "t z if w>s might h resolv$ !mselves into ?is m rational mode ( settlem5t4 ,! ,emp]or ,h5ry ,,iv4 *all5g$ ! ,duke ( ,swabia to s+le combat4 ,philip ,augu/us ( ,france is said to h propos$ to ,ri*>d ,i4 to settle _! diff]5ces by a combat ( five on ea* side2 & :5 ,edw>d ,,iii4 *all5g$ ! realm ( ,france1 he (f]$ to settle ! "q by a duel or a combat ( #ajj m5 on ea* side1 ) :i* ! ,fr5* k+ w\ld1 x appe>s1 h compli$1 _h ,edw>d cons5t$ to /ake ! k+dom ( ,engl& aga9/ t ( ,france4 ,9 ! cu/om ( nam+ ! implem5ts ( w> aft] ! mo/ rev]$ names ( ! ,*ri/ian hagiology may be obs]v$ ano!r trace ( ! close alliance t result$ betwe5 ! milit>y & spiritual sides ( human life1 some:at l t :i* prevail$ 9 ! sort ( wor%ip paid to _! lances1 pikes1 & battle-axes by ! anci5t ,sc&9avians4#bfb ,?us ! two fir/ =ts :i* ! ,spani>ds built 9 ! ,ladrone ,isl&s !y call$ respectively aft] ,/4 ,francis ,xavi] & ! ,virg9 ,m>y4 ,twelve %ips 9 ! ,armada 7 call$ aft] ! ,twelve ,apo/les1 & s 7 twelve ( 8 cannons by ,h5ry ,,viii41 "o ( :i*1 ,/4 ,john by "n1 0 captur$ by ! ,fr5* 9 #aeac4bfc ,x is probable t m]e irrev]5ce _h less to d ) ?is cu/om ?an ! hope !reby ( obta9+ fav\r 9 w>1 su* z may also be trac$ 9 ! c]emony ( consecrat+ milit>y bann]s1 :i* has desc5d$ to our own times4#bfd ,to ! same ord] ( sup]/ition belongs ! old cu/om ( fall+ d[n & kiss+ ! e>? be=e />t+ on a *>ge or assault ( battle4 ,! practice is allud$ to sev]al times 9 ,montluc's ,comm5t>ies1 b s little 0 x und]/ood by a mod]n ,fr5* editor t 9 "o place he sugge/s ! read+ baissr5t la tte 7!y l[]$ _! heads7 = baisr5t la t]re 7!y kiss$ ! e>?74 ,b ! latt] read+ is confirm$ by passages else:]e2 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! #8,memoirs ( ,fleurange1' :]e x is /at$ t ,ga/on de ,foix & 8 soldi]s kiss$ ! e>?1 accord+ to cu/om1 be=e proce$+ to m>* aga9/ ! enemy2#bfe &1 aga91 9 ! #8,life ( ,bay>d1' by 8 secret>y1 :o records x among ! virtues ( t knight t he w\ld rise f 8 b$ e night to pro/rate himself at full l5g? on ! floor & kiss ! e>?4#bff ,?is kiss+ ( ! e>? 0 an abbreviat$ =m ( tak+ a p>ticle ( x 9 ! m\?1 z bo? ,elmham & ,livius m5tion to h be5 done by ! ,engli% at ,ag9c\rt be=e attack+ ! ,fr5*2 & ?is aga9 0 an abbreviat$ =m ( receiv+ ! sacram5t1 = ,villani says ( ! ,flemi% at ,cambray 7#acjb7 t !y made a prie/ g all ov] ! field ) ! sacr$ elem5ts1 & t1 in/ead ( communicat+1 ea* man took a little e>? & put x into 8 m\?4#bfg ,?is seems a m likely explanation ?an t ! cu/om 0 int5d$ z a rem9d] to ! soldi] ( 8 mortality1 z if 9 a trade l 8 !re c\ld be any lack ( te/imony ( t sort4 ,x is curi\s to obs]ve h[ w> 9 e /age ( civilisation has be5 ! c5tral int]e/ ( public religi\s supplication2 & h[1 f ! pagans ( old to mod]n savages1 ! pettie/ qu>rels & conflicts h be5 deem$ a matt] ( int]e/ to ! immortals4 ,! ,s&wi* isl&]s & ,tahitians s\ght ! aid ( _! gods 9 w> by human sacrifices4 ,! ,fijians be=e w> 7 wont to pres5t _! gods ) co/ly (f]+s & temples1 & (f] ) _! pray]s ! be/ !y c\ld ( l& crabs or :ales' tee?2 be+ s conv9c$ t !y !reby ensur$ to !mselves ! victory1 t once1 :5 a mission>y call$ ! att5tion ( a w> p>ty to ! scant9ess ( _! numb]s1 !y only repli$1 ) disda9ful confid5ce1 #8,our allies are ! gods4' ,! pray] :i* ! ,roman pontifex address$ to ,jupit] on behalf ( ! ,republic at ! op5+ ( ! w> ) ,antio*us1 k+ ( ,syria1 is extremely curi\s3 #8,if ! w> :i* ! p has ord]$ to be wag$ ) ,k+ ,antio*us %all be f9i%$ aft] ! wi% ( ! ,roman s5ate & p1 !n to !e1 ,o ,jupit]1 w ! ,roman p exhibit ! great games = t5 successive days1 & (f]+s %all be pres5t$ at all ! %r9es ( su* value z ! s5ate %all decree4'#bfh ,?is rude /ate ( !ology1 :]e9 a victory f ! gods may be obta9$ = a fair consid]ation 9 ex*ange1 t5ds to keep alive1 if x did n orig9ate1 t s5se ( dep5d5ce on invisible p[]s :i* con/itutes ! mo/ rudim5t>y =m ( religion2 = x is a rem>kable fact t ! fa9te/ notions ( sup]natural ag5cies are f\nd precisely among tribes ^: milit>y organisation or love = w> is ! l[e/ & lea/ develop$4 ,9 proportion z ! w>-_s is cultivat$ does ! wor%ip ( w>-presid+ deities prevail2 & s9ce ^! are =m$ f ! memories ( w>riors :o h di$ or be5 sla91 _! attributes & wi%es rema9 ^? ( ! =m] e>?ly pot5tate1 :o ?\gh no long] visible1 may /ill be gratifi$ by pres5ts ( fruit1 or by slaught]$ ox5 or slaves4 ,! ,khonds ( ,orissa1 9 ,india1 af=d an in/ance ( ?is close & p]nici\s association betwe5 religi\s & milit>y ideas1 :i* may be trac$ ?r\gh ! hi/ory ( _m f> m advanc$ communities4 ,= ?\gh !y reg>d ! joy ( ! peace dance z ! v highe/ atta9able ^u e>?1 !y attribute1 n to _! own w1 b to t ( _! w> god1 ,loha ,p5nu1 ! s\rce ( all _! w>s4 ,! deva/ation ( a fev] or tig] is accept$ z a h9t f t div9ity t 8 s]vice has be5 too long neglect$1 & !y acquit !mselves ( all blame = a w> begun = no bett] reason1 by ! foll[+ philosophy ( its orig93 #8,loha ,p5nu said to himself1 ,let !re be w>1 & he =?) ent]$ into all weapons1 s t f in/rum5ts ( peace !y became weapons ( w>2 he gave edge to ! axe & po9t to ! arr[2 he ent]$ into all k9ds ( food & dr9k1 s t m5 9 eat+ & dr9k+ 7 fill$ ) rage1 & wom5 became in/rum5ts ( discord in/ead ( soo!rs ( ang]4' ,& !y address ?is pray] to ,loha ,p5nu = aid aga9/ _! enemies3 #8,let our axes cru% clo? & bones z ! jaws ( ! hyna cru% its prey4 ,make ! w\nds we give to gape4444 ,:5 ! w\nds ( our enemies heal1 let lam5ess rema94 ,let _! /ones & arr[s fall on u z ! fl[]s ( ! m[a-tree fall 9 ! w9d4444 ,make _! weapons brittle z ! long pods ( ! k>ta-tree4' ,9 _! belief t w>s 7 ( ext]nal causation to !mselves1 & 9 _! endeav\r to w9 by pray] a fav\rable issue to _! appeal to arms1 x c\ld sc>cely be ma9ta9$ t ! nations ( ,*ri/5dom h at all times %[n any m>k$ sup]iority ov] ! mod]n ,khonds4 ,b 9 spite ( ?is1 & ( ! fi]ce milit>y "* t ,*ri/ianity ultimately assum$1 ! ,*ur* always kept alive "s ( h] e>li] traditions ab\t peace1 & ev5 9 ! d>ke/ ages set "s b>ri]s to ! common fury ( ! soldi]4 ,:5 ! ,roman ,empire 0 ov]?r[n1 h] influ5ce 9 ?is direction 0 9 m>k$ contra/ ) :at x has be5 ev] s9ce4 ,ev5 ,al>ic :5 he sack$ ,rome 7#daj7 0 s f> affect$ by ,*ri/ianity z to sp>e ! *ur*es & ! ,*ri/ians :o fl$ to !m4 ,leo ! ,great1 ,bi%op ( ,rome1 inspir$ ev5 ,attila ) respect = 8 prie/ly au?ority1 & av]t$ 8 c>e] ( conque/ f ,rome2 & ! same bi%op1 ?ree ye>s lat] 7#dee71 plead$ ) ! victori\s ,g5s]ic t 8 ,v&als %\ld sp>e ! unresi/+ multitude & ! build+s ( ,rome1 nor all[ torture to be inflict$ on _! prison]s4 ,at ! in/ance ( ,gregory ,,ii41 ,luitpr&1 ! ,lomb>d k+1 )drew 8 troops f ! same city1 resign$ 8 conque/s1 & (f]$ 8 sword & dagg] on ! tomb ( ,/4 ,pet] 7#gcj74 ,yet m praisewor?y & p]haps m effective 7 ! ef=ts ( ! ,*ur* f ! t5? c5tury onw>ds to *eck t sy/em ( private w> :i* 0 !n ! bane ( ,europe1 z ! sy/em ( public & int]national w>s has be5 s9ce4 ,9 ! s\? ( ,france sev]al bi%ops met & agre$ to exclude f ! privileges ( a ,*ri/ian 9 life & aft] dea? all :o violat$ _! ord9ances direct$ aga9/ t cu/om 7#iij74 ,only f\r ye>s lat] ! ,c\ncil ( ,limoges exhort$ m5 to swe> by ! bodies ( ! sa9ts t !y w\ld cease to violate ! public peace4 ,l5t appe>s to h be5 to "s ext5t a season ( ab/95ce f fight+ z f o!r pleasures1 = "o ( ! *>ges aga9/ ,l\is le ,dbonnaire 0 t he summon$ an exp$ition = t "t ( ! ye>4 ,9 #ajcb a ,bi%op ( ,aquita9e decl>$ himself ! recipi5t ( a message f heav51 ord]+ m5 to cease f fight+2 &1 n only did a peace1 call$ ! ,truce ( ,god1 result = sev5 ye>s1 b x 0 resolv$ t su* peace %\ld always prevail dur+ ! great fe/ivals ( ! ,*ur*1 & f e ,?ursday ev5+ to ,monday morn+4 ,& ! regulation = "o k+dom 0 spe$ily ext5d$ ov] ,*ri/5dom1 confirm$ by sev]al ,popes1 & en=c$ by excommunication4#bfi ,if su* ef=ts 7 n altoge!r successful1 & ! w>s ( ! b>ons cont9u$ till ! royal p[] 9 e c\ntry 0 /rong en\gh to suppress !m1 x mu/ none ! less be recognis$ t ! ,*ur* f\ght1 if %e f\ght 9 va91 aga9/ ! b>b>ism ( a milit>y society1 & ) an ard\r t is 9 /rik+ contra/ ) h] apa?y 9 m rec5t hi/ory4 ,x mu/ also be grant$ t ! idea ( :at ! ,papacy might d = ! peace ( ! _w1 z ! supreme arbit] ( disputes & m$iator betwe5 cont5d+ ,p[]s1 ga9$ possession ( m5's m9ds1 & ent]$ into ! def9ite policy ( ! ,*ur* ab\t ! twelf? c5tury1 9 a mann] t might sugge/ reflection = ! n9ete5?4 ,! "n ( ,g]ohus de ,reig]sp]g is connect$ ) a plan = ! pacification ( ! _w1 by :i* ! ,pope 0 to =bid w> to all ,*ri/ian pr9ces1 to settle all disputes betwe5 !m1 & to en=ce 8 decisions by ! greate/ p[]s t h ev] yet be5 devis$ = human au?ority--namely1 by excommunication & deposition4 ,& ! ,popes attempt$ some?+ ( ?is sort4 ,:51 = in/ance1 ,innoc5t ,,iii4 bade ! ,k+ ( ,france to make peace ) ,ri*>d ,i41 & 0 told t ! dispute conc]n$ a matt] ( feudal relation%ip ) :i* ! ,pope _h no "r ( int]f]5ce1 he repli$ t he int]f]$ by "r ( 8 p[] to c5sure :at he ?\ght s91 & q irrespective ( feudal rights4 ,he also refus$ to consid] ! de/ruction ( places & ! slaught] ( ,*ri/ians z a matt] ( no conc]n to him2 & ,honorius ,,iii4 =bade an attack ^u ,d5m>k1 on ! gr\nd t t k+dom lay "u ! special protection ( ! ,papacy4#bgj ,! cl]gy1 moreov]1 7 ev5 9 ! mo/ w>like times ( hi/ory ! *ief ag5ts 9 negotiations = peace1 & 9 ! attempt to set limits to milit>y reprisals4 ,:51 = in/ance1 ! ,fr5* & ,engli% 7 ab\t to engage at ,poiti]s1 ! ,c>d9al ( ,p]igord sp5t ! :ole ( ! ,sunday t prec$$ ! day ( battle 9 laudable b ineffectual attempts to br+ ! two sides to an agreem5t )\t a battle4 ,& :5 ! ,duke ( ,anj\ 0 ab\t to put #fjj ( ! def5d]s ( ,montpelli] to dea? by ! sword1 by ! halt]1 & by fire1 x 0 ! ,c>d9al ( ,albany & a ,dom9ican monk :o sav$ him f ! infamy ( su* a de$ by rem9d+ him ( ! duty ( ,*ri/ian =giv5ess4 ,9 ^! respects x mu/ be pla9 to e "o t ! attitude & p[] ( ! ,*ur* has entirely *ang$4 ,%e has /ood ap>t m & m z "t has gone on f h] great opportunities z a promot] ( peace4 ,h] influ5ce1 x is notori\s1 no long] c\nts = any?+1 :]e x 0 once s p[]ful1 9 ! field ( negotiation & reconcilem5t4 ,%e lifts no voice to d5\nce ! evils ( w>1 nor to plead = great] re/ra9t 9 ! ex]cise ( reprisals & ! abuse ( victory4 ,%e l5ds no aid to tea* ! duty ( =be>ance & fri5d%ip betwe5 nations1 to dim9i% _! idle jeal\sies1 nor to expla9 ! real id5tity ( _! int]e/s4 ,x may ev5 be said )\t risk ( contradiction1 t :atev] attempt has be5 made to fur!r ! cause ( peace ^u e>? or to dim9i% ! horror ( ! cu/oms ( w>1 has come1 n f ! ,*ur*1 b f ! s*ool ( ?\ght to :i* %e has be5 mo/ oppos$1 & :i* %e has /udi$ mo/ p]si/5tly to revile4 ,9 respect1 too1 ( ! ju/ice ( ! cause ( w>1 ! ,*ur* )9 rec5t c5turies has entirely vacat$ h] position4 ,x is noticeable t 9 ! #cg? article ( ! ,engli% ,*ur*1 :i* is to ! effect t a ,*ri/ian at ! comm& ( ! magi/rate may we> weapons & s]ve 9 ! w>s1 ! ^w ju/a1 :i* 9 ! ,lat9 =m prec$$ ! ^w bella or w>s1 has be5 omitt$4#bga ,! lead]s ( ! ,re=mation decid$ on ! :ole 9 fav\r ( ! lawfulness ( milit>y s]vice = a ,*ri/ian1 b ) ! di/9ct res]vation t ! cause ( w> %\ld be j4 ,bull+]1 :o 0 ,zw+li's successor 9 ! ,re=m$ ,*ur* at ,zuri*1 decid$ t ?\gh a ,*ri/ian might take up arms at ! comm& ( ! magi/rate1 x w\ld be 8 duty to disobey ! magi/rate if he purpos$ to make w> on ! guiltless2 & t only ! dea? ( ^? soldi]s on ! battle-field 0 glori\s :o f\ght = _! religion or _! c\ntry4 ,?omas ,becon1 *apla9 to ,ar*bi%op ,cranm]1 compla9$ ( ! utt] disreg>d ( a j & patriotic motive = w> 9 ! code ( milit>y e?ics !n preval5t4 ,speak+ ( ! fight]s ( 8 day1 he ?us *>act]is$ _! position 9 ! ,/ate3 #8,! rapacity ( wolves1 ! viol5ce ( lions1 ! fi]c5ess ( tig]s is no?+ 9 comp>ison ( _! furi\s & cruel tyranny2 & yet d _m ( !m ?is n = ! safegu>d ( _! c\ntry 7= s x w\ld be ! m tol]able71 b to satisfy _! but*]-l affects1 to boa/ ano!r day ( h[ _m m5 !y h be5 ! dea?1 & to br+ home ! m preys t !y may live ! fatt] ev] aft] = ^! spoils & /ol5 goods4'#bgb ,f milit>y s]vice he ma9ta9$ t all consid]ations ( ju/ice & humanity _h be5 entirely bani%$1 & _! /ead be5 tak5 by robb]y & !ft1 #8! insatiable spoil+ ( o!r m5's goods1 & a :ole sea ( b>b>\s & bea/-l mann]s4' ,9 ?is way ! necessity ( a j cause z a reason = tak+ "p 9 actual w>f>e 0 reass]t$ at ! "t ( ! ,re=mation1 & has only s9ce !n be5 all[$ to drop out ( sight altoge!r2 s t n[ public op9ion has no guide 9 ! matt]1 & ev5 less ?an x _h 9 anci5t ,rome1 ! attitude ( ! ,*ur* t[>ds ! ,/ate on ?is po9t be+ r t ( ,anax>*us ! philosoph] to ,alex&] ! ,great1 :51 to console t conqu]or = 8 murd] ( ,clitus1 he said to him3 #8,"k y n t ,jupit] is repres5t$ ) ,law & ,ju/ice at 8 side1 to %[ t :atev] is done by sov]eign p[] is "r8' ,consid]+1 !re=e1 t no human in/itution yet devis$ or actually 9 exi/5ce has _h or has a moral influ5ce or facilities = ex]cis+ x at all equal to t enjoy$ by ! ,*ur*1 x is all ! m to be regrett$ t %e has nev] tak5 any real int]e/ 9 ! abolition ( a cu/om :i* is at ! root ( half ! crime & mis]y ) :i* %e has to cont5d4 ,:atev] hopes might at "o "t h be5 reasonably ent]ta9$ ( ! ,re=m$ ,*ur* z an anti-milit>y ag5cy1 ! cause ( peace soon sank into a sort ( h]esy1 or :at 0 worse1 an unfa%ionable t5et1 associat$1 condemn$1 & contemn$ ) o!r articles ( religi\s diss5t4 #8,^? :o condemn ! pr(ession or art ( soldi]y1' said ,sir ,james ,turn]1 #8smell rank ( anabaptism & quak]y4'#bgc ,x w\ld be difficult to f9d 9 ! :ole range ( hi/ory any su* example ( wa/$ moral =ce4 ,z ,erasmus _h cause to deplore x 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 s _h ,voltaire 9 ! eighte5?4 ,! latt] compla9$ t he did n rememb] a s+le page aga9/ w> 9 ! :ole ( ,b\rdal\e's s]mons1 & he ev5 sugge/$ t ! real explanation might be a lit]al want ( c\rage on ! "p ( ! cl]gy4 ,! passage is wor? quot+ f ! orig9al1 bo? = its *>act]i/ic en]gy ( expression & = its cle> insight into ! real "* ( ! cu/om ( w>3--#8,p\r les autres morali/es gages que l'on nomme prdicateurs1 ils n'ont jamais seulem5t os pr*] contre la gu]re4444 ,ils se g>d5t bi5 de dcri] la gu]re1 qui runit t\t ce que la p]fidie a de plus l*e dans les manife/es1 t\t ce que l'infme friponn]ie a de plus bas dans les f\rnitures des armes1 t\t ce que le brig&age a d'affreux dans le pillage1 le viol1 le l>c91 l'homicide1 la dva/ation1 la de/ruction4 ,au contraire1 ces bons prtres bniss5t en crmonie les t5d>ds de meurtre2 et leurs confrres *ant5t p\r de l'arg5t des *ansons juives1 qu& la t]re a t inonde de sang4'#bgd ,if ,voltaire's reproa* is unju/1 x c ( c\rse be easily refut$4 ,! *all5ge is a fair "o4 ,let him be convict$ ( ov]/at+ 8 *>ge1 by ! m5tion ( any ecclesia/ic ( m>k f ei!r ! ,ca?olic or ! ,prote/ant s*ool )9 ! la/ two c5turies ^: "n is associat$ ) ! advocacy ( ! mitigation or ! abolition ( conte/s ( =ce2 or any w> 9 ! same p]iod :i* ! cl]gy ( ei!r d5om9ation h z a body resi/$ ei!r on ! gr\nd ( ! inju/ice ( its orig9 or ( ! ru?less cruelty ) :i* x has be5 wag$4 ,:atev] has yet be5 attempt$ 9 ?is direction1 or :atev] anti-milit>y /imulus has be5 giv5 to civilisation1 has come di/9ctly f m5 ( ! _w or m5 ( lett]s1 n f m5 ( di/9ction 9 ! ,*ur*3 n f ,fnelon or ,paley1 b f ,william ,p5n1 ! ,abb ,/4-,pi]re 7^: connection ) ! ,*ur* 0 only nom9al71 f ,vattel1 ,voltaire1 & ,kant4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ,*ur* has lo/ h] old position ( spiritual asc5d5cy ov] ! consci5ces ( mank9d1 & has surr5d]$ to o!r guides & tea*]s ! influ5ce %e once ex]cis$ ov] ! _w4 ,?is is especially ! case ) our own ,*ur*2 = be=e ! mo/ gigantic evil ( our "t1 h] pulpit /&s mute1 & cold] ?an mute4 ,:atev] sanction or support a body l ! ,peace ,society has met ) f ! ,*ur* or *ur*es ( ,engl& dur+ its sev5ty ye>s' /ruggle on behalf ( humanity has be51 n ! g5]al rule1 b ! r>e exception2 & rec5t ev5ts w\ld ev5 seem to %[ t ! voice ( ! pulpit1 s f> f ev] becom+ a pacific ag5cy1 is de/9$ to become 9 ! future ! great tocs9 ( w>1 ! l\de/ clam\r] = c\nsels ( aggression4 ,?is attitude on ! "p ( ! ,*ur* hav+ become m & m m>k$ & conspicu\s1 z w>s 9 rec5t c5turies h become m frequ5t & m fi]ce1 x 0 n unnatural t "s attempt %\ld at la/ h be5 made to give "s sort ( ju/ification ( a fact :i* has und\bt$ly become an increas+ s\rce ( p]plexity & di/ress to all s9c]e & reflective ,*ri/ians4 ,9 default ( a bett]1 let u take ! ju/ification (f]$ by ,canon ,mozley 9 8 s]mon on #8,w>1' prea*$ be=e ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d on ,m>* #ab1 #ahga1 ( :i* ! foll[+ summ>y conveys a fai?ful1 ?\gh ( necessity an abbreviat$1 reflection4 ,! ma9 po9ts dwelt ^u 9 t explanation or apology are3 ,t ,*ri/ianity1 by its orig9al recognition ( ! division ( ! _w into nations1 ) all _! inh]5t rights1 !reby recognis$ ! "r ( w>1 :i* 0 pla9ly "o ( !m2 t ! ,*ur*1 nev] hav+ be5 con/itut$ a judge ( national que/ions or motives1 c only /& neutral betwe5 oppos+ sides1 contemplat+ w> z x 7 =5sically1 z a mode ( int]national settlem5t t is amply ju/ifi$ by ! want ( any o!r2 t a natural ju/ice is inh]5t n only 9 w>s ( self-def5ce1 b 9 w>s = rectify+ ! political di/ribution ( ! _w's races or nationalities1 & 9 w>s t aim at progress & improvem5t2 t ! _s ( self-sacrifice insep>able f w> conf]s ^u x a moral "* t is 9 special h>mony ) ! ,*ri/ian type2 t z w> is simply ! work+ out ( a problem by =ce1 !re is no m hatr$ betwe5 ! individual combatants ?an !re is 9 ! work+ out ( an argum5t by reason+1 #8! enmity is 9 ! two :oles--! ab/ractions--! individuals are at peace2' t ! impossibility ( a sub/itution ( a univ]sal empire = indep5d5t nations1 or ( a c\rt ( arbitration1 b>s all hope ( ! atta9m5t ( an era ( peace ?r\gh ! natural progress ( society2 t ! abs5ce ( any head to ! nations ( ! _w con/itutes a defect or want ( plan 9 its sy/em1 :i* z x has be5 giv5 to x by nature _c be rem$i$ by o!r means2 t x is no "p ( ! mission ( ,*ri/ianity to recon/ruct t sy/em1 or r want ( sy/em1 ( ! _w1 f :i* w> fl[s1 nor to provide ano!r _w = u to live 92 b t1 nev]!less1 ,*ri/ianity only sanctions x ?r\gh ! m$ium ( natural society1 & on ! hypo!sis ( a _w at discord ) itself4 ,"o may well wond] t su* a tissue ( irrelevant argum5ts c\ld h be5 address$ by any man 9 a _s ( s]i\sness to an assembly ( 8 fell[s4 ,imag9e su* utt]ances be+ ! la/ ^w ( ,*ri/ianity6 ,surely a son ( ! ,*ur* 7 m recognisable "u ! fight+ ,bi%op ( ,beauvais' coat ( mail ?an "u ! disguise ( su* language z ?is4 ,:y %\ld x be assum$1 "o might ask1 t ! exi/5ce ( di/9ct nations1 ea* enjoy+ ! p[]1 & !re=e ! "r to make w> ^u its neighb\rs1 is incompatible ) ! exi/5ce ( an int]national morality :i* %\ld r5d] ! ex]cise ( ! w>-"r impossible1 or v difficult2 or t ! ,*ur*1 _h %e tri$1 c\ld h contribut$ no?+ to s desirable a result8 ,x is begg+ ! "q altoge!r to cont5d t a /ate ( ?+s is impossible :i* has nev] be5 attempt$1 :5 ! v po9t at issue is :e!r1 _h x be5 attempt$1 x might n by ?is "t h come to be realis$4 ,! "r ( ! m$ival b>ons & _! vassals to wage private w> toge!r belong$ once z mu* to ! sy/em1 or want ( sy/em1 ( ! _w z ! "r ( nations to attack "o ano!r 9 our own or an e>li] p]iod ( hi/ory2 yet s f> 0 ! ,*ur*1 ev5 9 ^? days1 f %r9k+ f contact ) s b>b>\s a cu/om z some?+ beyond h] p[] or h] mission1 t %e 0 h]self ! ma9 social in/rum5t t br\ght x to an end4 ,! great ef=ts made by ! ,*ur* to aboli% ! cu/om ( private w> h already be5 m5tion$3 a po9t :i* ,canon ,mozley1 p]haps1 did wisely to ignore4 ,yet !re is1 surely1 no suffici5t reason :y ! peace ( ! _w %\ld be an object ( less int]e/ to ! ,*ur* 9 ^! days ?an x 0 9 ^?2 or :y h] influ5ce %\ld be less z "o *ief elem5t 9 ! natural progress ( society ?an x 0 :5 %e f\ght to release human society f ! deprav+ cu/om ( ! "r ( private w>4 ,x is impossible to cont5d t1 _h ! ,*ur* inculcat$ ! duties ( ! individual to o!r nations z well z to 8 own1 9 ! way to :i* human reason w\ld naturally respond1 su* a c\rse w\ld h _h no effect 9 solv+ ! problem ( enabl+ sep>ate nationalities to coexi/ 9 a /ate ( peace z well z ( indep5d5ce4 ,x is at lea/ ! rev]se ( self-evid5t t ! promotion ( feel+s ( int]national frat]nity1 ! disc\ragem5t ( habits ( int]national jeal\sy1 ! ex]cise ( acts ( int]national fri5d%ip1 ! tea*+ ( ! real id5tity ( int]national int]e/s1 9 all ( :i* ! pulpit might h l5t1 or might yet l5d1 an invaluable aid1 w\ld h _h1 or w\ld /ill h any detrim5tal effect on ! political sy/em ( di/9ct nationalities1 or on ! motives & actions ( a rational patriotism4 ,x is difficult to believe t ! d5unciations ( a ,*ur* ^: religi\s tea*+ _h p[] to re/ra9 ! milit>y fury ( an ,al>ic or a ,g5s]ic w\ld h be5 altoge!r p[]less ov] ! conduct ( ^? ,g]man hordes ^: milit>y excesses 9 ,france1 9 #ahgj1 h left a la/+ blot on _! m>tial triumph & ! "* ( _! discipl9e2 or t h] ef=ts on behalf ( peace1 :i* m ?an a ?\s& ye>s ago effectually reconcil$ ! ,angles & ,m]cians1 ! ,franks & ,lomb>ds1 w\ld be wa/$ 9 help+ to remove any /&+ causes ( qu>rel t may /ill exi/ betwe5 ,france & ,g]many1 ,engl& & ,russia1 ,italy & ,au/ria4 ,!re are1 inde$1 hopeful signs1 9 spite ( ,canon ,mozley's apology ( despair1 t ! prie/hood ( ,*ri/5dom may yet reawake to a s5se ( its p[] & opportunities = remov+ f ! _w an evil cu/om :i* lies at ! root ( almo/ e o!r1 & is ! ma9 cause & su/5ance ( crime & paup]ism & disease4 ,x is possible t we h already pass$ ! wor/ p]iod ( indiff]5ce 9 ?is respect1 or t x may "s day prove only to h be5 connect$ ) ! animosities ( rival sects1 ev] ready to avail !mselves ( ! *ances t w> betwe5 diff]5t nations might sev]ally br+ to _! sev]al petty int]e/s4 ,) ! subsid5ce ( su* animosities1 x 7 reasonable to expect ! ,*ur* to reass]t ! m g5u9e pr9ciple ( h] action & attitude--t no evil incid5t to human society is to be reg>d$ z irrem$iable till e res\rce has be5 exhau/$ to cope ) x1 & e outlet ( escape f x be5 prov$ to be a failure4 ,!n1 b n till !n1 is x becom+ 9 ,*ri/ian prie/s to utt] ! language ( helplessness2 !n1 b n till !n1 %\ld ! ,*ur* fold h] h&s 9 despair4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,curiosities ,,( ,,milit>y ,,discipl9e4 ,la discipl9e n'e/ que l'art d'inspir] aux soldats plus de peur de leurs (fici]s que des ennemis4--,,helvetius4 ,increas$ sev]ity ( discipl9e--,limitation ( ! "r ( matrimony--,compulsory ,*ur* p>ade1 & its orig9--,atroci\s milit>y puni%m5ts--,reasons = ! milit>y love ( r$--,! orig9 ( be>-sk9 hats--,diff]5t qualities ( brav]y--,hi/orical fe>s = ! ext9ction ( c\rage--,! conque/s ( ! cause ( peace--,causes ( ! unpopul>ity ( milit>y s]vice--,! dulness ( life 9 ! ranks--,! preval5ce ( des]tion--,articles ( w> aga9/ mal+]+--,milit>y artificial oph?almia--,! debas+ influ5ce ( discipl9e illu/rat$ f ! old flogg+ sy/em--,! discipl9e ( ! ,p59sul> army--,attempts to make ! s]vice m popul>1 by rais+ ! private's wages1 by %ort5+ 8 t]m ( s]vice--,! old recruit+ sy/em ( ,france & ,g]many--,! conscription imm95t 9 ,engl&--,! "q ( milit>y s]vice = wom5--,! probable results ( ! conscription--,milit>ism answ]able = ,socialism4 ,two widely diff]5t conceptions ( milit>y discipl9e are conta9$ 9 ! words ( an ,engli% writ] ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & 9 ^? ( ! ,fr5* philosoph]1 ,helvetius1 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,!re is a f9e r+ ( ! be/ ,engli% _s 9 ! s5t5ce ( ,gitt9s3 #8,a soldi] ought to fe> no?+ b ,god & di%on\r4' ,& !re is ! true ,fr5* wit & insight 9 t ( ,helvetius3 #8,discipl9e is b ! art ( inspir+ soldi]s ) m fe> = _! own (fic]s ?an !y h = ! enemy4'#bge ,b ! diff]5ce involv$ lies less 9 ! national "* ( ! writ]s ?an 9 ! lapse ( "t betwe5 !m1 discipl9e hav+ by degrees ga9$ s greatly 9 sev]ity t a soldi] _h come to be reg>d$ less z a moral free ag5t ?an z a me*anical in/rum5t1 :o1 if he _h any fe> left = ,god & di%on\r1 felt x 9 a v m9or degree to t :i* he *]i%$ = 8 colonel or comm&]4 ,?is is ! broad fact :i* expla9s & ju/ifies ! proposition ( ,helvetius2 ?\gh no "o1 recollect+ ! evils ( ! days ( loos] discipl9e1 might see cause to regret ! *ange :i* depriv$ a soldi] almo/ entirely ( ! moral lib]ty t naturally belong$ to him z a man4 ,! t5d5cy ( discipl9e to become m & m sev]e has ( c\rse ! effect ( r5d]+ milit>y s]vice less popul>1 & consequ5tly recruit+ m difficult1 )\t1 unhappily1 any correspond+ dim9ution 9 ! frequ5cy ( w>s1 :i* are indep5d5t ( ! hirel+s :o fight !m4 ,7 x o!rwise1 some?+ might be said = ! milit>y axiom1 t a soldi] enjoys none ( ! common rights ( man4 ,!re is !re=e no ga9 f any po9t ( view 9 d5y+ to ! milit>y class ! enjoym5t ( ! rights & privileges ( ord9>y humanity4 ,! ext5t ( ?is d5ial & its futility may be %[n by ref]5ce to army regulations conc]n+ m>riage & religi\s wor%ip4 ,9 ! ,prussian army1 till #ahgj1 m>riages 7 legally null & void & ! (fspr+ ( !m illegitimate 9 ! case ( (fic]s m>ry+ )\t royal cons5t1 or ( subord9ate (fic]s )\t ! cons5t ( ! comm&] ( _! regim5ts4 ,b aft] ! ,franco-,g]man w> s great 0 ! social disord] f\nd to be consequ5t ^u ^! re/rictions1 t a special law _h to be made to remove ! b> ( illegitimacy f ! m>riages 9 "q4#bgf ,9 ! ,engli% army ! inability ( privates to m>ry be=e ! completion ( sev5 ye>s' s]vice1 & ! possession ( at lea/ "o badge1 & !n only ) ! cons5t ( ! comm&+ (fic]1 is a cu/om s entirely contr>y to ! lib]ty enjoy$ 9 o!r walks ( life1 t1 :atev] its incid5tal advantages1 x c sc>cely fail to act z a det]r+ motive :5 ! *oice ( a c>e] becomes a subject ( reflection4 ,! cu/om ( :at is kn[n 9 ! army z ,*ur* ,p>ade af=ds ano!r in/ance ( ! unreasonable curtailm5ts ( individual lib]ty t are /ill reg>d$ z ess5tial to discipl9e4 ,a soldi] is drumm$ to *ur* j z he is drumm$ to ! drill-gr\nd or ! battle-field4 ,8 pres5ce 9 *ur* is a matt] ( compulsion1 n ( *oice or conviction2 & ! g5]al pr9ciple t su* att5dance is valueless unless x is volunt>y is waiv$ 9 8 case z 9 t ( v "y *ildr51 ) :om1 9 ?is respect1 he is plac$ on a p>4 ,if we inquire = ! orig9 ( ! practice1 we %all probably f9d x 9 c]ta9 old ,saxon & imp]ial articles ( w>1 :i* %[ t ! pray]s ( ! milit>y 7 =m]ly reg>d$ z equally efficaci\s ) _! swords 9 obta9+ victories ov] _! enemies2 & !re=e z a v necess>y "p ( _! duty4#bgg ,! ,am]ican articles ( w>1 s9ce #ahjf1 enact t #8x is e>ne/ly recomm5d$ to all (fic]s & soldi]s to att5d div9e s]vice1' ?us obviat+ 9 a reasonable way all ! evils inevitably connect$ ) a purely compulsory1 & !re=e humiliat+1 *ur* p>ade4#bgh ,x may be t ^! re/rictions ( a soldi]'s lib]ty are necess>y2 b if !y are1 & if1 z ,"l ,macaulay says1 soldi]s mu/1 #8= ! sake ( public fre$om1 9 ! mid/ ( public fre$om1 be plac$ "u a despotic rule1' #8mu/ be subject to a %>p] p5al code & to a m /r+5t code ( proc$ure ?an are adm9i/]$ by ! ord9>y tribunals1' s t acts1 innoc5t 9 ! citiz5 or only puni%$ slightly1 become crimes1 capitally puni%able1 :5 committ$ by !m1 !n at lea/ we ne$ no long] be a/oni%$ t x %\ld be almo/ z difficult to entrap a recruit z to cat* a crim9al4 ,b ov] & above ! intr9sic disadvantages ( milit>y s]vice1 x w\ld almo/ seem z if ! w>-presid+ g5ii _h ( set purpose essay$ to make x z di/a/eful z possible to mank9d4 ,= !y h made discipl9e n m]ely a curtailm5t ( lib]ty & a =feiture ( rights1 b1 z x 71 an exp]im5t on ! extreme limits ( human endurance4 ,!re has be5 no tyranny 9 ! _w1 political1 judicial1 or ecclesia/ical1 b has _h its p>5t & patt]n 9 "s milit>y sy/em4 ,x has be5 f its armies m ?an f its k+s t our _w has le>nt its lesson ( arbitr>y tribunals1 tortures1 & cruel puni%m5ts4 ,! ,inquisition itself c\ld sc>cely h devis$ a m excruciat+ puni%m5t ?an ! old ,engli% milit>y "o ( rid+ ! ,wood5 ,horse1 :5 ! victim 0 made to sit a/ride planks nail$ toge!r 9 a %>p ridge1 s z r\ghly to resemble a horse1 ) 8 h&s ti$ beh9d him1 & muskets fix$ to 8 legs to drag !m d[nw>ds2 or aga91 ?an ! puni%m5t ( ! ,picket1 9 :i* ! h& 0 fa/5$ to a hook 9 a po/ above ! head1 & ! man's susp5d$ body left to be support$ by 8 b>e heel re/+ on a wood5 /ump1 ( :i* ! end 0 cut to ! %>pness ( a sword po9t4#bgi ,! puni%m5t ( runn+ ! gauntlet 7f ! ,g]man ,gass5lauf51 /reet runn+1 because ! victim ran ?r\gh ! /reet betwe5 two l9es ( soldi]s :o torm5t$ him on 8 c\rse7 is said to h be5 inv5t$ by ,gu/avus ,adolphus2 & is p]haps1 f ! fact ( ?us br++ ! cruelty ( _m m5 to be> on a s+le comrade1 ! mo/ c[>dly =m ( torture t has ev] yet f\nd fav\r among milit>y au?orities4#bhj ,b ! p5al "p ( milit>y discipl9e1 ) its r$-hot irons1 its flogg+s1 & its v>i\s =ms ( dea?1 is too repulsive to d m ?an glance at z te/imony ( ! cruelty & despotism t h nev] be5 sep>at$ f ! call+ ( arms4 ,! art ( ! discipl9>ian has ev] be5 to br+ su* a s]ies ( mis]ies to be> ^u a man's life t ! prospect ( dea? ^u ! battle-field %\ld h = him r *>ms ?an t]rors2 & ! tale ( ! soldi] :o1 :5 8 regim5t 0 to be decimat$1 drew a blank )\t ! fatal ,d ^u x1 & imm$iately (f]$ x to a comrade1 :o _h n yet drawn1 = half-a-cr[n1 %[s at h[ *eap a rate m5 may be r$uc$ to value _! lives aft] exp]i5ce ( ! realities ( a milit>y c>e]4 ,_m ( ! devices are curi\s by :i* ?is indiff]5ce to life has be5 matur$ & su/a9$4 ,9 anci5t ,a!ns ! public temples 7 clos$ to ^? :o refus$ milit>y s]vice1 :o des]t$ _! ranks or lo/ _! buckl]s2 :il/ a law ( ,*>ondas ( ,catana con/ra9$ su* (f5d]s to sit = ?ree days 9 ! public =um dress$ 9 ! g>m5ts ( wom54 ,_m a ,sp>tan "m w\ld /ab h] son :o came back alive f a defeat2 & su* a man1 if he escap$ 8 "m1 0 deb>r$ n only f public (fices b f m>riage2 expos$ to ! bl[s ( all :o *ose to /rike him2 compell$ to dress 9 mean clo?+1 & to we> 8 be>d neglig5tly trimm$4 ,& 9 ! same way a ,norse soldi] :o fl$1 or lo/ 8 %ield1 or receiv$ a w\nd 9 any save ! front "p ( 8 body1 0 by law prev5t$ f ev] aft]w>ds appe>+ 9 public4#bha ,!re are1 inde$1 few milit>y cu/oms b h _! orig9 & explanation 9 ! artificial promotion ( c\rage 9 ! m9ds ( ! combatants4 ,?is is true ev5 to ! details & peculi>ities ( co/ume4 ,engli% *ildr5 are1 p]haps1 /ill taught t ,fr5* soldi]s we> r$ tr\s]s 9 ord] t ! sight ( blood may n fright5 !m 9 w>-"t2 & d\btless ,fr5* *ildr5 imbibe a simil> !ory reg>d+ ! r$ coats ( ! ,engli%4 ,! same reason 0 giv5 by ,julius ,f]retus 9 ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury = ! %ort r$ frock !n g5]ally worn by ! milit>y4#bhb ,! fir/ m5tion ( r$ z a special milit>y col\r 9 ,engl& is said to h be5 ! ord] issu$ 9 #aebf = ! coats ( all yeom5 ( ! h\sehold to be ( r$ clo?4#bhc ,b ! col\r goes1 at lea/1 z f> back z ,lycurgus1 ! ,sp>tan lawgiv]1 :o *ose x1 accord+ to ,x5ophon1 because r$ is mo/ easily tak5 by clo? & mo/ la/+2 accord+ to ,plut>*1 t its brightness might help to raise ! spirits ( its we>]s2 or1 accord+ to lian & ,val]ius ,maximus1 9 ord] to conceal ! sight ( blood1 t raw soldi]s might n be dispirit$ & ! enemy proportionately enc\rag$4 ,! be>-sk9 hats1 :i* /ill make "s ,engli% regim5ts s ridicul\s & unsightly1 7 orig9ally no d\bt int5d$ to inspire t]ror4 ,evelyn1 writ+ ( ! ye> #afgh1 says3 #8,n[ 7 br\ght into s]vice a new sort ( soldi]s call$ ,gr5adi]s1 :o 7 dext]\s 9 fl++ h&-gr5ades1 e man hav+ a h&ful4 ,!y _h furr$ caps ) cop$ cr[ns l ,janiz>ies1 :i* made !m look v fi]ce2 & "s _h long hoods hang+ d[n beh9d z we picture fools4' ,we may fairly id5tify ! motive ( su* headge> ) ! result2 & ! m s s9ce ! look+ fi]ce ) ! borr[$ sk9s ( be>s 0 a well-kn[n artifice ( ! anci5t ,romans4 ,?us ,vegetius speaks ( helmets z cov]$ ) be>-sk9s 9 ord] to t]rify ! enemy1#bhd & ,virgil has a significant description ( a w>rior z ,horridus 9 jaculis et pelle ,liby/idis urs4 ,we may trace ! same motive aga9 9 ! figures ( fi]ce birds or bea/s depict$ on flags & %ields & helmets1 :5ce !y h desc5d$ ) less h>mful purpose to cre/s & armorial be>+s4 ,?us ! ,cimbri1 :om ,m>ius defeat$1 wore on _! plume-cov]$ helmets ! head ( "s fi]ce animal ) its m\? op51 va9ly hop+ !reby to intimidate ! ,romans4 ,! latt]1 be=e x became cu/om>y to display ! images ( _! emp]ors on _! /&>ds1 re>$ al(t ! m5ac+ repres5tations ( dragons1 tig]s1 wolves1 & su* l2 & ! figure ( a dragon 9 use among ! ,saxons at ! "t ( ! ,conque/1 & aft] t ev5t reta9$ by ! e>ly ,norman pr9ces among ! ensigns ( w>1#bhe may reasonably be attribut$ to ! same motive4 ,! leg5d ( ,/4 ,george kill+ ! ,dragon1 if x is n a survival ( ,!seus & ! ,m9otaur1 v likely orig9at$ z a my?1 int5d$ to be explanatory ( ! cu/om4 ,la/ly1 "u ?is head %\ld be m5tion$ ,villani's acc\nt ( ! ,engli% arm\r worn 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 :]e he describes h[ ! pages /udi$ to keep x clean & bright1 s t :5 _! ma/]s came to action _! arm\r %one l look+ glass & gave !m a m t]rify+ appe>ance4#bhf ,0 ! result "h aga9 ! motive1 & mu/ we look = ! prim>y cause ( ! great solicitude /ill paid to ! brightness ( acc\trem5ts to ! hope !reby to add a pang ! m to ! t]ror desirable to in/il into an enemy8 ,su* 7 "s ( ! artificial supports suppli$ to brav]y 9 =m] times4 ,b !re is all ! diff]5ce 9 ! _w betwe5 ! brav]y appeal$ to by our ance/ors & t requir$ s9ce ! revolution effect$ 9 w>f>e by ! inv5tion ( gunp[d]4 ,be=e t epo*1 ! use ( catapults1 b[s1 or o!r missiles did n d$uct f ! p>am\nt importance ( p]sonal val\r4 ,! brave soldi] ( old5 times display$ ! brav]y ( a man :o defi$ a =ce simil> or equal to 8 own1 & aga9/ :i* ! use ( 8 own "r h& & intellect might help him to prevail2 b 8 mod]n desc5dant pits 8 brav]y ma9ly aga9/ haz>d1 & owes x to *ance alone if he escape alive f a battle4 ,h[ev] high] 9 k9d may be ! brav]y requir$ to face a %[] ( %rapnel ?an to cont5d aga9/ swords & spe>s1 x is assur$ly a brav]y t involves r a bl9d tru/ 9 luck ?an a rational tru/ 9 p]sonal =titude4 ,s ?or\ghly inde$ 0 ?is *ange =ese5 & appreciat$ t at e successive advance 9 ! me?ods ( slaught] curi\s fe>s = ! total ext9ction ( milit>y c\rage h haunt$ m9ds too readily appreh5sive1 & f\nd sometimes rem>kable expression4 ,:5 ! catapult#bhg 0 fir/ br\ght f ,sicily to ,greece1 ,k+ ,ar*idamus saw 9 x ! grave ( true val\r2 & ! s5tim5t aga9/ fire>ms1 :i* l$ ,bay>d to exclaim1 #8,c'e/ une honte qu'un homme de cur soit expos prir p> une mis]able friqu5elle1' 0 "o t 0 traceable ev5 d[n to ! la/ c5tury 9 ! hi/ory ( ,europe4 ,= ,*>les ,,xii4 ( ,sw$5 is decl>$ by ,b]5hor/ to h felt ke5ly ! infamy ( su* a mode ( fight+2 & ,m>%al ,saxe held musketry fire 9 su* contempt t he ev5 w5t s f> z to advocate ! re9troduction ( ! lance1 & a return to ! close combats cu/om>y 9 e>li] times4#bhh ,b our milit>y codes conta9 no reflection ( ! diff]5t aspects "u :i* p]sonal brav]y ent]s into mod]n1 z comp>$ ) anci5t1 w>f>e2 & ?is omission has t5d$ to ?r[ gov]nm5ts back ^u pure =ce & compulsion1 z ! only possible way ( recruit+ _! regim5ts4 ,! old ,roman milit>y puni%m5ts1 su* z cruelly sc\rg+ a man be=e putt+ him to dea?1 af=d c]ta9ly no models ( a l5i5t discipl9e2 b :5 we read ( companies :o lo/ _! col\rs be+ = puni%m5t only r$uc$ to fe$ on b>ley in/ead ( :eat1 & reflect t dea? by %oot+ w\ld be ! p5alty "u ! discipl9e ( mo/ mod]n nations#bhi = an action be>+ any complexion ( c[>dice1 x is impossible to admit t a rational adju/m5t ( puni%m5ts to (f5ces is at all bett] obs]v$ 9 ! w> articles ( ! mod]ns ?an 9 ! milit>y codes ( pagan antiquity4 ,?is1 at lea/1 is cle>1 f ! hi/ory ( milit>y discipl9e1 t only by ! mo/ repressive laws1 & by a tyranny subv]sive ( ! commone/ rights ( m51 is x possible to reta9 m5 9 ! fight+ s]vice ( a c\ntry1 aft] =c+ or cajol+ !m into x4 ,& ?is consid]ation fully meets ! !ory ( an inh]5t love ( fight+ dom9at+ human nature1 su* z t cont5d$ = 9 a lett] f ,"l ,palm]/on to ,cobd51 :]e9 he argues t man is by nature a fight+ & qu>rell+ animal4 ,! proposition is true und\bt$ly ( "s savage races1 & ( ! idle knights ( ! days ( *ivalry1 b1 n ev5 9 ^? days1 ( ! l[] classes1 :o incurr$ ! real dang]s ( w>1 & /ill less ( ! un=tunate privates or conscripts ( mod]n armies4 ,fight+ is only possible betwe5 civilis$ c\ntries1 because discipl9e fir/ fits m5 = w> & = no?+ else1 & !n w> aga9 necessitates discipl9e4 ,nor is any?+ ga9$ by ignor+ ! conque/s t h already be5 won ov] ! savage prop5sity to w>4 ,s+le ,/ates no long] suff] private w>s )9 _! b\nd>ies1 l ^? cu/om>y betwe5 ! feudal b>ons2 we decide mo/ ( our qu>rels 9 law c\rts1 n ^u battle-fields1 & wisely pref] argum5ts to arms4 ,a population z l>ge z t ( ,irel& & ab\t d\ble z l>ge z t ( all our colonies 9 ,au/ralia put toge!r lives 9 ,london alone1 n only )\t weapons ( def5ce 9 _! h&s1 b ) s little ta/e = blood-enc\nt]s t y may walk = :ole days ?r\gh its l5g? & bread? )\t s mu* z see+ a s+le /reet-fight4 ,if !n ?is miracle ( social ord] has be5 a*iev$1 :y n ! wid] "o ( t h>mony betwe5 nations :i* requires b a little common-s5se & det]m9ation on ! "p ( ^? mo/ conc]n$ 9 ord] to become an accompli%$ reality8 ,! limitations ( p]sonal lib]ty already allud$ to w\ld ( !mselves suffice 9 a c\ntry ( free in/itutions to r5d] ! milit>y pr(ession di/a/eful & unpopul>4 ,! actual p]ils ( w>1 at no "t great] ?an ^? ( m9es1 railways1 or m]*ant-%ipp+1 w\ld nev] alone det] m5 f s]vice2 s t we mu/ look = o!r causes to expla9 ! difficulty ( recruit+ & ! frequ5cy ( des]tion1 :i* are ! p]plexity ( milit>y sy/ems /ill bas$1 z our own is1 on ! pr9ciple ( volunt>y n compulsory enli/m5t4 ,:at !n makes a milit>y life s little an object ( desire 9 c\ntries :]e x c be avoid$ is m ?an its dang]s1 m ev5 ?an its loss ( lib]ty1 its irr$eemable & appall+ dulness4 ,! %ades 9 po9t ( *e]fulness mu/ be few & f9e :i* di/+ui% a b>rack f a convict prison4 ,9 none ( ! employm5ts ( civil life is !re any?+ to comp>e ) ! unspeakable monotony ( p>ades1 recurr+ ?ree or f\r times e day1 v>i$ p]haps 9 wet wea!r by ! milit>y cate*ism1 & ) ! int]vals ( "t sp5t 9 occupations ( nei!r int]e/ nor dignity4 ,! l5g? ( "t devot$ to ! m]e clean+ & poli%+ ( acc\trem5ts is su*1 t ! task has actually come to h ! "n #8soldi]+'2 & ! "w :i* comes next 9 importance to ?is soldi]+ is ! humble "o ( peel+ potatoes = d9n]4 ,ev5 milit>y greatcoats require on a mod]ate e/imate half a h\r or m e day to be prop]ly fold$1 ! p5alty ( an additional h\r's drill be+ ! probable result ( any c>elessness 9 ?is highly important milit>y function4 ,b = ! att5tion ?us giv5 to milit>y dress ! au?or ( ! #8,soldi]'s ,pocket ,book' supplies u ) a reason3 #8,! bett] y dress a soldi]1 ! m highly he w be ?\ght ( by wom5 & consequ5tly by himself4' ,/ill less calculat$ to l5d attractiv5ess to ! life ( ! ranks are ! daily fatigue works1 or extra duties :i* fall 9 turn on ! m5 ( e company1 su* z coal c>ry+1 passage clean+1 gutt] cle>+1 & o!r l m5ial works ( necessity4 ,b x is ! long h\rs ( s5try duty1 popul>ly call$ #8,s5try-g1' :i* con/itute ! soldi]'s greate/ bane4 ,gu>d duty 9 ,engl&1 recurr+ at %ort p]iods1 la/s a :ole day & night1 e f\r h\rs ( ! tw5ty-f\r be+ sp5t 9 full acc\trem5ts 9 ! gu>d-room1 & e int]v5+ two h\rs on active s5try1 ?us mak+ 9 all--sixte5 h\rs 9 ! gu>d-room1 & eight on ! s5try po/4 ,! volunt>y suff]+s ( ! sa9ts1 ! tortures devis$ by ! religi\s ord]s ( old5 days1 or ! self-inflict$ h>d%ips ( sport1 pale be=e ! two h\rs' s5try-g on a w9t]'s night4 ,?is x is t kills our soldi]s m fatally ?an an enemy's cannon1 & is borne ) m admirable pati5ce ?an ev5 ! h>d%ips ( a siege4 #8,aft] ab\t ?irty-"o or ?irty-two ye>s ( age1' says ,sir ,f4 ,rob]ts1 #8! private soldi] usually ages rapidly1 & becomes a vet]an bo? 9 looks & habits2'#bij & ?is di/+ui%$ milit>y comm&] po9ts to excessive s5try duty z ! cause4 ,b1 possible z x ?us is1 by rig\r ( discipl9e1 to produce 9 a soldi] total indiff]5ce to dea?1 by depriv+ him ( ev]y?+ t makes life desirable1 x is impossible to produce indiff]5ce to t$ium2 & a policy is evid5tly self-de/ructive :i*1 by aim+ exclusively at produc+ a me*anical "*1 r5d]s milit>y s]vice itself s unpopul> t only ! "y1 ! inexp]i5c$1 or ! ill-advis$ w jo9 ! col\rs at all2 t #aj p] c5t4 ( ^? :o d jo9 !m w des]t2 & t ! re/ w reg>d x z ! gala day ( _! lives :5 !y become legally entitl$ to _! dis*>ge f ! ranks4 ,9 ,engl& ab\t #aj p] c5t4 ( ! recruits des]t e ye>1 z comp>$ ) #ej p] c5t4 f ! small army ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! reason = s great a diff]5ce is probably n s mu* t ! ,am]ican discipl9e is m sev]e or dull ?an ! ,engli%1 z t 9 ! new] c\ntry1 :]e subsi/5ce is easi]1 ! c\nt]-attractions ( peaceful trades (f] m pl5tiful inducem5ts to des]tion4 ,des]tion f ! ,engli% ranks has naturally dim9i%$ s9ce ! introduction ( ! %ort-s]vice sy/em has set a visible t]m to ! h>d%ips ( a milit>y life4 ,adh]5ce to ! col\rs = sev5 or eight ye>s1 or ev5 = twelve1 :i* is n[ ! longe/ s]vice possible at ! "t ( enli/m5t1 & adh]5ce to !m = life1 cle>ly place a v diff]5t complexion on ! desirability ( an illegal escape f !m4 ,s t consid]+ ! r$uctions t h be5 made 9 ! t]m ( s]vice1 & ! increase ( pay made 9 #ahfg1 & aga9 9 #ahgc1 no?+ m /rongly demon/rates ! national av]sion ( ! ,engli% p to arms ?an ! exce$+ difficulty ) :i* ! ranks are recruit$1 & ! high av]age ( ! p]c5tage ( des]tions4 ,if ( rec5t ye>s recruit+ has be5 bett]1 ! explanation is simply t trade has be5 worse2 /ati/ics ( recruit+ be+ ! be/ possible b>omet] ( ! /ate ( ! nation1 s9ce ! sc>city or abundance ( recruits v>ies concomitantly ) ! brisk or slack dem& = lab\r 9 o!r employm5ts4 ,9 few ?+s has ! _w gr[n m tol]ant ?an 9 its op9ion & treatm5t ( ,des]tion4 ,dea? 0 once its c]ta9 p5alty1 & dea? ) e aggravation t brutal cruelty c\ld add4 ,two ( ,rome's mo/ fam\s g5]als 7 ,scipio milianus & ,paulus milius2 yet ! =m] consign$ des]t]s to fight wild bea/s at ! public games1 & ! latt] _h !m trodd5 to dea? by elephants4 ,a =m ( des]tion1 con/itut+ "o ( ! mo/ curi\s b lea/ notic$ *apt]s 9 ! hi/ory ( milit>y discipl9e1 is t ( ,mal+]+1 or ! feign+ ( sickness1 & self-mutilation1 disabl+ f s]vice4 ,! practice goes f> back into hi/ory4 ,cic]o tells ( a man :o 0 sold = a slave = hav+ cut (f a f+]1 9 ord] to escape f a campaign 9 ,sicily4 ,vegetius1 ! great au?ority on ,roman discipl9e1 speaks ( soldi]s :o simulat$ sickness be+ puni%$ z traitors2#bia & an old ,engli% writ] on ! subject says ( ! ,romans3 #8,:osoev] mutilat$ _! own or _! *ildr5's bodies s z !reby design$ly to r5d] !m unfit to c>ry arms 7a practice common en\gh 9 ^? eld] times :5 all 7 press$ to ! w>s71 7 adjudicat$ to p]petual exile4'#bib ,! writ] "h ref]r$ to liv$ long be=e ! days ( ! conscription1 ) :i* he fanci$ self-mutilation to be connect$4 ,& x c]ta9ly seems t :]eas all ! milit>y codes ( mod]n nations conta9 articles deal+ ) t (f5ce1 & decree+ p5alties aga9/ x1 !re 0 less ( x 9 ! days be=e compulsory s]vice4 ,!re is1 = in/ance1 no m5tion ( x 9 ! ,g]man articles ( w> ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ?\gh ! o!r milit>y crimes 7 precisely ^? t are common en\gh /ill4#bic ,b ev5 9 ,engl&1 :]e soldi]s are n yet milit>y slaves1 x has be5 f\nd necess>y to deal1 by specific clauses 9 ! army regulations1 ) a set ( facts ( :i* !re is no notice 9 ! w> articles ( ! sev5te5? or eighte5? c5tury4#bid ,! inf]5ce !re=e is1 t ! conditions ( milit>y s]vice h become univ]sally m disagreeable4 ,! clauses 9 ! actual w> articles des]ve to be quot$1 t x may appe>1 by ! provisions aga9/ x1 to :at l5g?s ! arts ( self-mutilation are c>ri$ by despair+ m54 ,! #ha/ ,article ( ,w> provides puni%m5t aga9/ any soldi] 9 ,h] ,maje/y's army #8:o %all mal+]1 feign or produce disease or infirmity1 or %all wilfully d any act or wilfully disobey any ord]s :e!r 9 hospital or o!rwise1 !reby produc+ or aggravat+ disease or infirmity or delay+ 8 cure1 444 or :o %all maim or injure himself or any o!r soldi]1 :e!r at ! in/ance ( su* o!r soldi] or n1 or cause himself to be maim$ or injur$ by any o!r p]son ) int5t !reby to r5d] himself or su* o!r soldi] unfit = s]vice1 444 or :o %all tamp] ) 8 eyes ) int5t !reby to r5d] himself unfit = s]vice4' ,t x %\ld be necess>y ?us to provide aga9/ self-inflict$ injuries is surely comm5t>y en\gh on ! condition ( life 9 ! ranks4 ,! allusion to tamp]+ ) ! eyes may be illu/rat$ f a passage 9 ! #8,life ( ,sir ,c4 ,napi]1' :]e9 we are told h[ 9 ! ye> #ahjh a private ( ! #bh? ,regim5t taught 8 fell[-soldi]s to produce artificial oph?almia by hold+ _! eyelids op51 :il/ a comrade 9 arms w\ld scrape "s lime f ! b>rack ceil+ into _! eyes4#bie ,= a pr(ession ( :i* su* ?+s are common incid5ts1 surely ! wond] is1 n t x %\ld be difficult1 b t x %\ld be possible at all1 to make recruits4 ,9 ! days ( ,mehemet ,ali 9 ,egypt1 s num]\s 7 ! cases 9 :i* ! natives volunt>ily bl9d$ !mselves1 & ev5 _! *ildr51 ( "o eye 9 ord] to escape ! conscription1 t ,mehemet ,ali is said to h f\nd himself "u ! necessity ( rais+ a "o-ey$ regim5t4 ,o!rs = ! same purpose w\ld *op (f ! trigg] f+] ( ! "r h&1 or disable !mselves f bit+ c>tridges by knock+ out "s ( _! upp] tee?4 ,sc>cely a peasant 9 ! fields b bore ! trace ( "s su* volunt>ily inflict$ disfigurem5t4 ,b ) su* facts x seems idle to talk ( any inh]5t love = fight+ dom9at+ ! va/ majority ( mank9d4 ,! sev]ity ( milit>y discipl9e has ev5 a worse effect ?an ^? yet allud$ to 9 its t5d5cy to demoralise ^? :o are long subject to x1 by induc+ m5tal habits ( s]vility & bas5ess4 ,aft] ,alex&] ! ,great _h kill$ ,clitus 9 a fit ( drunk5 rage1 ! ,mac$onian soldi]y vot$ t ,clitus _h be5 ju/ly sla91 & pray$ t he might n enjoy ! rites ( sepulture4#bif ,milit>y s]vility c\ld sc>cely g fur!r ?an t1 b su* bas5ess is only possible "u a /ate ( discipl9e :i*1 to make a soldi]1 unmakes a man1 by depriv+ him ( all t di/+ui%es 8 species4 ,"u no o!r ?an milit>y tra9+1 & 9 no o!r ?an ! milit>y class1 w\ld ! atrocities h be5 possible :i* us$ to be p]petrat$ 9 ! b>rack rid+-s*ool 9 ! old flogg+ days4 ,(fic]s & privates ne$$ ! debas+ influ5ce ( discipl9e to enable !m to look on z pati5t spectators at ! suff]+s ( a helpless comrade tortur$ by ! cat-o'-n9e tails4 ,sir ,c4 ,napi] said t z a subalt]n he #8frequ5tly saw #fjj1 #gjj1 #hjj1 #ijj1 & #a1jjj la%es s5t5c$ by regim5tal c\rts-m>tial & g5]ally e la% inflict$2' a feel+ ( horror w\ld run ?r\gh ! ranks at ! fir/ bl[s & "s recruits w\ld fa9t1 b t 0 all4#big ,_h !y be5 m5 & n soldi]s1 !y w\ld n h /ood su* iniquities4 ,a typical in/ance ( ?is m>tial ju/ice or law 7to employ ! conv5tional pr(anation ( ^? words7 0 t ( a s]geant :o 9 #agib 0 s5t5c$ to #a1jjj la%es = hav+ enli/$ two drumm]s = ! ,ea/ ,india ,company :om he knew to belong already to ! ,foot ,gu>ds2 b ! classical description ( an ,engli% flogg+ w always be ,som]ville's acc\nt ( its infliction ^u himself 9 8 #8,autobiography ( a ,work+ ,man4'#bih ,!re y may read h[ ! regim5t 0 drawn up f\r-deep inside ! rid+-s*ool2 h[ ! (fic]s 7m5 ( g5tle bir? & bre$+7 /ood )9 ! l9es ( ! m52 h[ ! bas9 ( wat] & t[els 7 ready prep>$ 9 case ! victim %\ld fa9t2 h[ ! h&s & feet ( ! latt] 7 fa/5$ to a ladd] by a rope2 & h[ ! regim5tal s]geant-major /ood ) book & p5cil coolly c\nt+ ea* /roke z x 0 deliv]$ ) sl[ & delib]ate torture till ! full complem5t ( a hundr$ la%es _h be5 inflict$4 ,! m]e read+ ( x ev5 n[ is en\gh to make ! blood boil1 b t m51 brave & freeborn1 %\ld h /ood by 9 _! hundr$s & se5 ! actual reality )\t /irr+1 proves h[ utt]ly all human feel+ is eradicable by discipl9e1 & h[ sure is ! tra9+ x supplies 9 disreg>d = ! common claims ( humanity4 ,happily1 flogg+s 9 ! ,engli% army n[ c\nt among ! curiosities ( milit>y discipl9e1 l ! wood5 horse or ! ?umb-screw2 b ! /rik+ ?+ is t ! discipl9e1 9 ! s5se ( ! good conduct ( ! army 9 ! field1 0 nev] worse ?an 9 ! days :5 #a1jjj la%es 7 common s5t5ces4 ,x 0 precisely :5 c\rts-m>tial _h ! legal p[] to ex]cise su* tyranny t ! ,duke ( ,well+ton compla9$ to ,"l ,ca/l]eagh t ! law 0 n /rong en\gh to ma9ta9 discipl9e 9 an army ^u actual s]vice4#bii ,speak+ ( ! army 9 ! ,p59sula he says3 #8,x is impossible to describe to y ! irregul>ities & outrages committ$ by ! troops2 444 !re is n an outrage ( any description :i* has n be5 committ$ on a p :o h receiv$ u z fri5ds by soldi]s :o nev] yet = "o mom5t suff]$ ! slighte/ want or ! smalle/ privation4444 ,we are an excell5t army on p>ade1 an excell5t "o to fight1 b we are worse ?an an enemy 9 a c\ntry4' ,& aga9 a few mon?s lat]3 #8,i really believe t m plund] & outrage h be5 committ$ by ?is army ?an by any o!r t 0 ev] 9 ! field4' ,9 ! g5]al ord] ( ,may #ai1 #ahji1 are ^! words3 #8,! (fic]s ( companies mu/ att5d to ! m5 9 _! qu>t]s z well z on ! m>*1 or ! army w soon be no bett] ?an a b&itti4'#cjj ,:5ce x is fair to inf] t sev]ity ( discipl9e has no necess>y connection ) ! good behavi\r or easy control ( troops 9 ! field1 su* discipl9e "u ! ,iron ,duke himself hav+ be5 conspicu\s = s lam5table a failure4 ,! real fact w\ld seem to be1 t troops are difficult to manage j 9 proportion to ! rig\r1 ! monotony1 & ! dulness ( ! discipl9e impos$ ^u !m 9 "t ( peace2 ! reb\nd correspond+ to ! compression1 by a moral law t seems to foll[ ! physical "o4 ,?is fact is n[h]e bett] notic$ ?an 9 ,"l ,wolseley's n>rative ( ! ,*9a w> ( #ahfj1 :]e he says1 9 allusion to ! g5]al love ( pillage & de/ruction t *>act]ises soldi]s & 0 s conspicu\sly display$ at ! %ameful burn+ ( ! beautiful palaces 9 & r\nd ,pek93 #8,soldi]s are no?+ m ?an gr[n-up s*oolboys4 ,! wild mom5ts ( enjoym5t pass$ 9 ! pillage ( a place live long 9 a soldi]'s memory4444 ,su* a "t =ms s m>k$ a contra/ ) ! ord9>y r\t9e ( exi/5ce pass$ "u ! tight h& ( discipl9e t x becomes a rem>kable ev5t 9 life & is rememb]$ accord+ly4'#cja ,! exp]i5ce ( ! ,p59sul> w> proves h[ sl5d] is ! l9k betwe5 a well-drill$ & a well-discipl9$ army4 ,! be/ discipl9$ army is ! "o :i* conducts itself ) lea/ excess 9 ! field & is lea/ demoralis$ by victory4 ,x is ! h\r ( victory t is ! great te/ ( ! value ( milit>y regulations2 & s well aw>e ( ?is 0 ! be/ discipl9$ ,/ate ( antiquity1 t ! soldi]s ( ,sp>ta desi/$ f pursuit z soon z victory 0 assur$ to !m1 p>tly because x 0 deem$ ung5]\s to de/roy ^? :o c\ld make no fur!r resi/ance 7a s5tim5t absolutely want+ f ! boa/$ *ivalry ( ,*ri/ian w>f>e71 & p>tly t ! enemy might be tempt$ to pref] flight to resi/ance4 ,x is a reproa* to mod]n g5]al%ip t x has be5 p[]less to re/ra9 su* excesses z ^? :i* h made ! successful /orm+ ( cities r a disgrace ?an an hon\r to ^? :o h won !m4 ,! only way to *eck !m is to make ! (fic]s responsible = :at occurs1 z might be done1 = in/ance1 by puni%+ a g5]al capitally = /orm+ a city ) =ces s badly discipl9$ z to nullify ! advantages ( success4 ,an ,engli% milit>y writ]1 speak+ ( ! /orm+ ( ,ismail & ,praga by ! ,russians "u ,suw>r[1 says truly t #8po/]ity w hold ! fame & hon\r ( ! comm&] responsible = ! life ( e human be+ sacrific$ by discipl9$ armies beyond ! fair v]ge ( battle2' b x is idle to speak z if only ,russian armies 7 guilty ( su* excesses1 or to say t no?+ b ! prospect ( !m c\ld tempt ! ,russian soldi] to m\nt ! brea* or ! scal+-ladd]4 ,! ,russian soldi] 9 hi/ory yields n "o :it to ! ,engli% or ,fr5* 9 brav]y1 nor is !re a gra9 ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,russian /orm+ ( ,ismail & ,praga & ! ,engli% /orm+ ( ,ciudad ,rodrigo1 ,badajoz1 or ,san ,seba/ian1 t t>ni%$ ! lu/re ( ! ,briti% arms 9 ! fam\s ,p59sul> w>4 ,& %\ld we be tempt$ to ?9k t successes l ^! associat$ ) ! names ( ^! places may be s important 9 w> z to outweigh all o!r consid]ations1 we mu/ also n =get t ! p]man5t milit>y "* ( nations1 = humanity or ! rev]se1 c\nts = m 9 ! long run ( a p's hi/ory ?an any advantage t c possibly be ga9$ 9 a s+le campaign4 ,en\gh has1 p]haps1 be5 said ( ! unpopul>ity ( milit>y s]vice1 & ( ! obvi\s causes !re(1 to make x cr$ible t1 _h ! sy/em ( conscription nev] be5 resort$ to 9 ,europe1 & ! pr9ciple ( volunt>y enli/m5t rema9$ intact & univ]sal1 ! difficulty ( procur+ ! human fight+ mat]ial 9 suffici5t quantities w\ld 9 c\rse ( "t h r5d]$ w>f>e impossible4 ,z o!r indu/ries ?an m]e fight+ h won _! way 9 ! _w1 ! difficulty ( hir+ recruits to sell _! lives to _! c\ntry has kept ev5 pace ) ! facility ( obta9+ livelihoods 9 m regul> & m lucrative z well z less mis]able avocations4 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury soldi]s 7 v highly paid comp>$ ) o!r classes1 & ! humble/ private receiv$ a daily wage equival5t to t ( a skill$ me*anic2#cjb b ! hi/orical process has s f> rev]s$ matt]s t n[ ! pay ( ! humble/ me*anic w\ld comp>e fav\rably ) t ( all ! fight+ grades l[] ?an ! commission$ & w>rant ranks4 ,consequ5tly1 e attempt to make ! s]vice popul> has z yet be5 futile1 no amelioration ( x enabl+ x to compete ) pacific occupations4 ,! private's pay 0 rais$ f sixp5ce to a %ill+ dur+ ! w>s ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution2#cjc & be=e t x 0 f\nd necess>y1 ab\t ! "t ( ! w> ) ! ,am]ican colonies1 to bribe m5 to enli/ by ! sy/em 7s9ce aboli%$7 ( giv+ b\nties at ! "t ( enli/m5t4 ,previ\s to ! introduction ( ! b\nty sy/em1 a gu9ea to provide ! recruit ) necess>ies & a cr[n :]e) to dr9k ! k+'s heal? 0 all t 0 giv5 ^u enli/m5t1 ! s]vice itself 7) ! *ances ( loot & ! alli$ pleasures7 hav+ be5 b\nty en\gh4#cjd ,ev5 ! sy/em ( b\nties prov$ attractive only to boys2 = z ! ,engli% /atesman said1 ^: "n is hon\rably associat$ ) ! fir/ *ange 9 our sy/em f enli/m5t = life to enli/m5t = a limit$ p]iod1 #8m5 gr[n up ) all ! grossness & ignorance & consequ5t want ( consid]ation incid5t to ! l[] classes' 7 too w>y to accept ! (f]s ( ! recruit+ dep>tm5t4#cje ,! %ort5+ ( ! t]m ( s]vice 9 #ahjf & subsequ5tly ! increase ( pay1 ! mitigation ( puni%m5ts1 mu/ all be und]/ood z attempts to r5d] ! milit>y life m attractive & m capable ( compet+ ) o!r trades2 b t !y h all signally fail$ is prov$ by ! *ronic & ev]-increas+ difficulty ( decoy+ recruits4 ,! little pamphlet1 publi%$ by au?ority & di/ribut$ gratis at e po/-(fice 9 ! k+dom1 %[+ =? #8! ,advantages ( ! ,army' 9 _! rosie/ col\rs1 _c c\nt]act ! influ5ce ( ! oral evid5ce ( m51 :o1 aft] a %ort p]iod ( s]vice1 are disp]s$ to all corn]s ( ! c\ntry1 ) _! tales ( milit>y mis]y to tell1 confirm+ & propagat+ t popul> !ory ( a soldi]'s life :i* sees 9 x a sort ( e>?ly purgatory = faults ( "* acquir$ 9 y\?1 a call+ only to be adopt$ by ^? ^: antec$5ts r5d] indu/ry di/a/eful to !m1 & unfit !m = m useful pursuits4 ,! same difficulty ( recruit+ 0 felt 9 ,france & ,g]many 9 ! la/ c5tury1 :5 volunt>y enli/m5t 0 /ill ! rule4 ,9 t curi\s old milit>y book1 ,flem+'s #8,volkomm5e ,teuts*e ,soldat1' is a picture ( ! recruit+ (fic]1 foll[$ by trumpet]s & drumm]s1 p>ad+ ! /reets1 & %ak+ a hat full ( silv] co9s ne> a table spread ) ! additional temptations ( w9e & be]4#cjf ,b x soon became necess>y to supplem5t ?is sy/em by co]cive me?ods2 & :5 ! habitual neglect ( ! w\nd$ & ! great numb] ( ne$less w>s made x difficult or impossible to fill up ! ranks ) fre% recruits1 ! ,g]man au?orities resort$ to a regul> sy/em ( kidnapp+1 tak+ m5 z !y c\ld get !m f _! pl\ghs1 _! *ur*es1 or ev5 f _! v b$s4 ,9 ,france1 too1 ,l\is ,,xiv4 _h to resort to =ce = fill+ 8 ranks 9 ! w> ( ! ,spani% ,succession2 al?\gh ! sy/em ( recruit+ rema9$ nom9ally volunt>y till v mu* lat]4 ,! total co/ ( a ,fr5* recruit am\nt$ to n9ety-two livres2 b ! l5g? ( 8 s]vice1 ?\gh x 0 *ang$ f "t to "t f p]iods v>y+ f ?ree to eight ye>s1 nev] exce$$ ! latt] limit1 nor came to be = life z x did practically 9 ,engl&4 ,! exp]i5ce ( o!r c\ntries proves1 !re=e1 t ,engl& w soon] or lat] adopt ! pr9ciple ( conscription or cease to wa/e blood & money 9 ,cont95tal qu>rels4 ,! conscription w be = h] ! only possible way ( obta9+ an army at all1 or "o at all comm5surate ) ^? ( h] possible ,european rivals4 ,we %\ld n =get t 9 #ahgh1 :5 we 7 on ! v]ge ( a w> ) ,russia 7& we live always on ! v]ge ( a w> ) ,russia71 our be/ milit>y exp]ts met & agre$ t only by means ( compulsory s]vice c\ld we hope to cope ) our enemy ) any *ance ( success4 ,& ! conscription1 :e!r "u a free gov]nm5t or n1 means a tyranny comp>$ to :i* ! tyrannies ( ! ,tudors or ,/u>ts 7 z a yoke ( silk to a yoke ( iron4 ,x w\ld matt] little t x %\ld lead to or involve a political despotism1 = ! great] despotism w\ld ev] be ! milit>y "o1 cru%+ out all individuality1 moral lib]ty1 & indep5d5ce1 & consign+ to ! s\l-de/roy+ r\t9e ( petty milit>y details all ! tal5t1 ta/e1 k1 & weal? ( our c\ntry1 :i* h hi!rto giv5 x a di/9ctive "* 9 hi/ory1 & a =emo/ place among ! nations ( ! e>?4 ,9 ! ye> #agjb a woman s]v$ z a capta9 9 ! ,fr5* army ) su* signal brav]y t %e 0 rew>d$ ) ! ,ord] ( ,/4 ,l\is4 ,nor 0 ?is ! only result2 = ! episode r\s$ a s]i\s debate 9 ! _w1 :e!r1 or n1 milit>y s]vice might be expect$ (1 or exact$ f1 ! female sex g5]ally4#cjg ,:y1 !n1 %\ld ! conscription be conf9$ to "o half only ( a population1 9 ! face ( s _m hi/orical in/ances ( wom5 :o h %[n pre-em95t1 or at lea/ av]age1 milit>y capacity8 ,& if milit>y s]vice is s ennobl+ & excell5t a ?+1 z x is said to be1 = ! male population ( a c\ntry1 :y n also = ! female8 ,or z we may be sure t x w\ld be to ! la/ degree debas+ = ! latt] half ( ! community1 may we n suspect t ! reason+ is altoge!r sophi/ical :i* claims o!r effects z ! consequ5ce ( its op]ation on ! /rong] sex8 ,:at ^? effects are likely to be on ! fur!r developm5t ( ,european civilisation1 we are z yet sc>cely 9 a position to judge4 ,we are /ill liv+ only on ! ?re%old ( ! *ange1 & c h>dly e/imate ! ultimate effect on human life ( ! transf]5ce to ! :ole male population ( a c\ntry ( ! habits & vices previ\sly conf9$ to only a section ( x4 ,b ?is at lea/ is c]ta91 t at pres5t e pr$iction :i* u%]$ 9 ! *ange is be+ falsifi$ f ye> to ye>4 ,?is univ]sal s]vice :i* we call ! conscription 01 we 7 told1 to u%] 9 a sort ( mill5nium2 x 0 to h ! effect ( humanis+ w>f>e2 ( rais+ ! moral tone ( armies2 & ( secur+ peace1 by mak+ ! prospect ( its alt]native too appall+ to mank9d4 ,n only has x done none ( ^! ?+s1 b !re are ev5 indications ( consequ5ces ! v rev]se4 ,! am5ities t ca/ occasional gleams ov] ! pr(essional ho/ilities ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 z :51 = in/ance1 ,crillon besieg+ ,gibralt> s5t a c>t-load ( c>rots to ! ,engli% gov]nor1 ^: m5 7 dy+ ( scurvy1 h pass$ altoge!r out ( ! pale ( possibility1 & giv5 place to a hatr$ betwe5 ! combatant =ces t is temp]$ by no c\rtesy nor re/ra9$ by ! %ad[ ( humanity4 ,:ole nations1 in/ead ( a p>ticul> class1 h be5 famili>is$ ) de$s ( robb]y & blood%$1 & p>t$ ) a l>ge "p ( _! leisure once available = progress 9 indu/ry4 ,w> itself is at any giv5 mom5t inf9itely m probable ?an x us$ to be1 f ! con/ant expectation ( x :i* comes ( con/ant prep>ation2 no?+ hav+ be5 prov$ fals] by hi/ory ?an ! popul> p>adox :i* has desc5d$ to u f ,vegetius t ! prep>ation = w> is ! high road to peace4#cjh ,:51 "o may ask1 has ! _w n be5 prep>$ = w>1 & h[ !n has x _h s mu* ( x8 ,& z to ! high] moral tone likely to spr+ f univ]sal milit>ism1 ( :at k9d may we expect x to be1 :5 we read 9 a "w by ! greate/ liv+ ,engli% g5]al1 de/9$1 ,c>lyle hop$1 "o day to make %ort "w ( ,p>liam5t1 su* an exposition z ! foll[+ ( ! relation betwe5 ! moral duties ( a soldi] & ^? ( a civilian3 #8,he 7! soldi]7 mu/ be taught to believe t 8 duties are ! noble/ :i* fall to a man's lot4 ,he mu/ be taught to despise all ^? ( civil life4 ,soldi]s1 l mission>ies1 mu/ be fanatics4'#cji ,erasmus once obs]v$ 9 a lett] to a fri5d h[ little x matt]$ to mo/ m5 to :at nationality !y belong$1 see+ t x 0 only a "q ( pay+ taxes to ,?omas in/ead ( to ,john1 or to ,john in/ead ( to ,?omas2 b x becomes a matt] ( ev5 less importance :5 x is only a "q ( be+ tra9$ = murd] & blood%$ 9 ! drill-y>ds ( ?is or t gov]nm5t4 ,:at is x to a conscript :e!r x is = ,france or ,g]many t he is =c$ to und]go drill & discipl9e1 :5 ! insipidity ( ! drill & ! tyranny ( ! discipl9e is ! same 9 ei!r case8 ,if ! old def9ition ( a man z a reason+ animal is to be ex*ang$ = t ( a fight+ animal1 & ! claims ( a c\ntry ^u a man are to be solely or ma9ly 9 respect ( 8 fight+ utility1 x is evid5t t ! relation is alt]$ betwe5 ! individual & 8 c\ntry1 & t !re is no long] any tie ( affection betwe5 !m1 nor any?+ to make "o nationality diff]5t f or pref]able to ano!r4 ,?is is cle>ly ! t5d5cy ( ! conscription2 & x is already rem>kable h[ x has less5$ ^? e>li] & n>r[] views ( patriotism :i* 7 ! pretext =m]ly = s _m trials ( /r5g? betwe5 nations4 ,:at1 !n1 are ! probable ultimate effects ( ?is innovation on ! developm5t & ma9t5ance ( ! peace 9 ,europe8 ,! conscription1 by r$uc+ ! idea ( a c\ntry to t m]ely ( a milit>y despotism1 has naturally caus$ ! diff]5ces betwe5 nations to s9k into a second>y place1 & to be sup]s$$ by ^? diff]5ces ( class1 op9ions1 & int]e/s :i* are altoge!r indep5d5t ( nationality1 & reg>dless ( ! b>ri]s ( language or geography4 ,?us ! artisan ( "o c\ntry has le>nt to reg>d 8 fell[-work] ( ano!r c\ntry z 9 a mu* tru] s5se 8 c\ntryman ?an ! prie/ or noble :o1 because he lives 9 ! same geographical area z himself1 pays 8 taxes to ! same c5tral gov]nm5t2 & ! diff]5t political s*ools 9 ! sev]al c\ntries ( ,europe h f> m 9 common ) "o ano!r ?an ) ! opposite p>ty ( _! own nationality4 ,s t ! fir/ effect ( t great milit>y eng9e1 ! conscription1 has be5 to unloos5 ! bonds ( ! idea ( nationality :i* has s long usurp$ ! title to patriotism2 to free u f t notion ( our duty t[>ds our neighb\r :i* bids u hate him because he is our neighb\r2 & to dim9i% to t ext5t ! *ances ( w> by ! und]m9+ ( ! prejudice :i* has ev] be5 its ma9/ay4 ,b ! conscription 9 lay+ "o spectre has rais$ ano!r2 = ov] aga9/ ,nationalism1 ! jeal\sy ( nations1 x has re>$ ,socialism1 ! jeal\sy ( classes4 ,x has done s1 n only by weak5+ ! old national idea :i* kept ! rivalry ( classes 9 abeyance1 b by ! paup]ism1 mis]y1 & discont5t :i* are necess>ily involv$ 9 ! addition x causes to milit>y exp5diture4 ,! increase caus$ by x is s enorm\s z to be almo/ incr$ible4 ,9 ,france ! annual milit>y exp5diture is n[ ab\t tw5ty-five million p\nds1 :]eas 9 #ahfi1 be=e ! new law ( univ]sal liability to s]vice1 ! total annual co/ ( ! army 0 little ov] fifte5 millions1 or ! av]age annual co/ ( ! pres5t army ( ,great ,brita94 #8,no?+1' said ,froiss>t1 #8dra9s a treasury l m5-at-arms2' & x is probably bel[ ! tru? to say t a c\ntry is ! poor] by a p\nd = e %ill+ x exp5ds ^u its army4 ,?us by ! nature ( ?+s is ,socialism se5 to fl[ f ! conscription2 & we h only to look at ! rec5t hi/ory ( ,europe to see h[ ! =m] has gr[n & spread 9 exact ratio to ! ext5sion ( ! latt]4 ,t x does n yet prevail s widely 9 ,engl& z 9 ,france1 or ,g]many1 or ,russia is because z yet we h n t compulsory milit>y s]vice = :i* our milit>y advis]s are beg9n+ to clam\r4 ,! gr[? ( ,socialism 9 its turn is n )\t an effect t may prove highly b5eficial z a solv5t ( ! milit>ism :i* is ! uncomp5sat$ evil ( mod]n times4 ,= x t5ds to compel ! gov]nm5ts ( our diff]5t nationalities to draw clos] toge!r1 &1 adopt+ "s ( ! cosmopolitanism ( _! common foe1 to ent] into league & union aga9/ ^? enemies to actual in/itutions = :om milit>ism itself is prim>ily responsible1 ow+ to ! example s long set by x 9 me?ods ( lawlessness1 to ! sanction s long giv5 by x to crime4 ,) ,sociali/ic !ories p]meat+ e c\ntry1 b m especially ^? t groan "u ! conscription1 int]national jeal\sies are smo!r$ & kept d[n1 & mu/1 if ! cause cont9ues1 ultimately die out4 ,h5ce ! curi\s result1 b a result fraught ) hopefulness = ! future1 t ! peace ( ! _w %\ld owe itself n[1 9 an indirect b cle>ly traceable mann]1 to ! milit>y sy/em :i* ( all o!rs t 0 ev] inv5t$ is ! be/ calculat$ to prev5t & endang] x4 ,b s9ce ?is is m]ely to say t ! dang] ( =eign w> is less5$ by ! imm95t fe> ( civil w>1 little is ga9$ by ! ex*ange ( "o p]il = ano!r4 ,socialism c only be av]t$ by remov+ ! cause :i* gives bir? to x--namely1 t unproductive exp5diture on milit>y =ces :i* int5sifies & p]petuates paup]ism4 ,s t ! problem ( ! times = u 9 ,engl& is n h[ we may obta9 a m lib]al milit>y exp5diture1 /ill less h[ we may compass compulsory s]vice2 b r h[ mo/ spe$ily we c disb& our army--an ev]-gr[+ dang] to our peace & lib]ty--& h[ we c advance else:]e ! cause ( univ]sal dis>mam5t4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,limits ,,( ,,milit>y ,,duty4 #8,i confess :5 ,i w5t into arms at ! beg9n+ ( ?is w>1 ,i nev] tr\bl$ myself to exam9e sides2 ,i 0 glad to he> ! drums beat = soldi]s1 z if ,i _h be5 a m]e ,swiss1 t _h n c>$ :i* side w5t up or d[n1 s ,i _h my pay4'--,,memoirs ,,( ,a ,,cavali]4 ,! old feel+ ( ! moral /a9 ( blood%$--,milit>y purificatory cu/oms--,mod]n *ange ( feel+ ab\t w>f>e--,desc>tes on ! pr(ession ( arms--,! old-_w s5tim5t 9 fav\r ( piracy--,! c5tral "q ( milit>y e?ics--,may a soldi] be indiff]5t to ! cause ( w>8--,! "r to s]ve made conditional on a good cause1 by ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,bull+]1 ,grotius1 & ,sir ,james ,turn]--,old ,greek feel+ ab\t m]c5>y s]vice--,orig9 ( our m]c5>y z oppos$ to gratuit\s s]vice--,armies rais$ by milit>y contractors--,! value ( ! di/9ction betwe5 =eign & native m]c5>ies--,orig9al limitation ( milit>y duty to ! actual def5ce ( ! realm--,ext5sion ( ! notion ( allegiance--,! connection ( ! milit>y oa? ) ! fir/ ,mut9y ,act--,recognis$ limits to ! claims on a soldi]'s ob$i5ce--,! falsity ( ! common doctr9e ( duty illu/rat$ by ! deva/ation ( ! ,palat9ate by ! ,fr5* & by ! bomb>dm5t ( ,cop5hag5 by ! ,engli%--,! example ( ,admiral ,keppel--,ju/ice betwe5 nations--,its obs]vation 9 anci5t ,india & ,rome--,/4 ,augu/9e & ,bay>d on ju/ice 9 w>--,grotius on good gr\nds ( w>--,! milit>y claim to exemption f moral responsibility--,! soldi]'s fir/ duty to 8 consci5ce--,! admission ( ?is pr9ciple involves ! end ( w>4 ,x mu/ ne$s be t new que/ions arise1 or old p]plexities 9 a fre% =m2 & ( ^! "o t has ris5 aga9 9 our "t is ?is3 ,does any moral /a9 atta* to blood%$ committ$ ^u ! battle-field8 ,or is ! diff]5ce betwe5 milit>y & ord9>y homicide a real "o1 & does ! plea ( duty sanction any act1 h[ev] atroci\s 9 ! ab/ract1 provid$ x be committ$ "u ! uni=m ( ! ,/ate8 ,! g5]al op9ion is1 ( c\rse1 t no soldi] 9 8 milit>y capacity c be guilty ( crime2 b op9ion has n always be5 s fix$1 & x is wor? notic+ t 9 ! =ms ( civilisation t prec$$ our own1 & 9 "s exi/+ mod]n races ( l[] type ?an our own1 traces cle>ly appe> ( a s5se ( wrong atta*+ to any =m ( blood%$ :atev]1 :e!r ( fair battle or ( base trea*]y1 call+ alike = ! purify+ influ5ces ( expiation & cleans+4 ,9 ,s\? ,africa1 = in/ance1 ! ,basuto return+ f w> proce$s ) all 8 arms to ! ne>e/ /ream1 to purify n only 8 own p]son b 8 javel9s & 8 battle-axe4 ,! ,zulu1 too1 practises ablutions on ! same occasion2 & ! ,be*uana w>rior we>s a rude k9d ( necklace1 to rem9d him ( ! expiation due f him to ! sla91 & to disp]se ! dreams t might o!rwise tr\ble him1 & p]haps ev5 drive him to die ( remorse4#caj ,! same feel+s may be detect$ 9 ! old _w4 ,! ,mac$onians _h a peculi> =m ( sacrificatory purification1 :i* consi/$ 9 cutt+ a dog 9 half & lead+ ! :ole army1 array$ 9 full arm\r1 betwe5 ! two p>ts4#caa ,z ! ,botians _h ! same cu/om1 x 0 probably = ! same reason4 ,at ,rome1 = ! same purpose1 a %eep1 & a bull1 & a pig or bo>1 7 e ye> l$ ?ree times r\nd ! army & !n sacrific$ to ,m>s4 ,9 ,jewi% hi/ory ! prohibition to ,k+ ,david to build ! temple 0 expressly connect$ ) ! blood he _h %$ 9 battle4 ,9 old ,greek my?ology ,!seus held himself unfit1 )\t expiation1 to be admitt$ to ! my/]ies ( ,c]es1 ?\gh ! blood t /a9$ 8 h&s 0 only t ( ?ieves & robb]s4 ,& 9 ! same _s ,hector refus$ to make a libation to ! gods be=e he _h purifi$ 8 h&s aft] battle4 #8,) unwa%5 h&s1' he said1 #8to p\r out sp>kl+ w9e to ,zeus ,i d>e n1 nor is x ev] ! cu/om = "o soil$ ) ! blood & du/ ( battle to (f] pray]s to ! god ^: seat is 9 ! cl\ds4'#cab ,= ! cause ( ?is feel+ we may p]haps *oose betwe5 an almo/ in/9ctive reluctance to take human life1 & "s su* sup]/ition z expla9s ! necessity = purification among ! ,basutos1--! idea1 namely1 ( escap+ ! rev5ge ( ! sla9 by ! m$ium ( wat]4#cac ,! latt] explanation w\ld be 9 keep+ ) ! n uncommon notion 9 savage life ( ! inability ( a _s to cross runn+ wat]1 & w\ld help to acc\nt = ! necessity !re 0 = a ,hebrew to flee1 or = a ,greek to make "s expiation1 ev5 ?\gh only guilty ( an act ( un9t5tional homicide4 ,& 9 ?is way x is possible t ! sanctity ( human life1 :i* is "o ( ! *ief m>ks1 & %\ld be "o ( ! *ief objects1 ( civilisation1 orig9at$ 9 ! v same fe> ( a po/-mortem v5geance1 :i* leads "s savage tribes to entreat p>don ( ! be> or elephant !y h sla9 aft] a successful *ase4 ,b1 acc\nt z we l = ! orig9 ( ! feel+1 its und\bt$ exi/5ce is ! po9t ( int]e/1 = x is easy to see t "u slightly m fav\rable conditions ( hi/ory x might h rip5$ into a /ate ( ?\ght :i* w\ld h held ! soldi] & ! manslay] 9 equal abhorr5ce4 ,*ri/ianity 9 its primitive =m c]ta9ly aim$ at & v ne>ly effect$ ! transition4 ,9 ! ,greek ,*ur* a ,*ri/ian soldi] 0 deb>r$ f ! ,eu*>i/ = ?ree ye>s if he _h sla9 an enemy 9 battle2 & ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* ( ! fir/ ?ree c5turies w\ld h e*o$ ! s5tim5t express$ by ,/4 ,cyprian 9 8 lett] to ,donatus3 #8,homicide :5 committ$ by an individual is a crime1 b a virtue :5 committ$ 9 a public w>2 yet 9 ! latt] case x d]ives its impunity1 n f its ab/ract h>mlessness1 b solely f ! scale ( its enormity4' ,! education ( c5turies has long s9ce effac$ ! e>li] scruple2 b !re are t5s ( ?\s&s ( ,engli%m5 to :om ! milit>y pr(ession is ! la/ !y w\ld volunt>ily adopt1 & x w\ld be ra% to pr$ict ! impossibility ( ! revival ( ! old] feel+1 or ! dim5sions x may ultimately assume4 ,! greate/ poet ( our "t1 :o m ?an any o!r liv+ man has help$ to lead ,european op9ion into new *annels1 may1 p]haps1 9 ! foll[+ l9es h anticipat$ ! v]dict ( ! com+ "t1 & div9$ an und]curr5t ( ?\ght t is beg9n+ to fl[ ev5 n[ among/ u ) no inconsid]able =ce ( feel+3-- ,la phrase1 cette altire et vile c\rtisane1 ,dore le meurtre en gr&1 f\rbit la p]tuisane1 ,protge les s\d>ds contre le s5s commun1 ,p]suade les niais que t\s sont faits p\r un1 ,pr\ve que la tu]ie e/ glorieuse et bonne1 ,dr\te la logique et l'vid5ce1 et donne ,un sauf-conduit au crime trav]s la raison4#cad ,! de/ruction ( ! romance ( w> by ! great] publicity giv5 to its details ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! press cle>ly t5ds to /r5g!n ?is feel+1 by temp]+ popul> admiration = milit>y success ) a cool+ admixture ( horror & disgu/4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! foll[+ description ( ! /orm+ ( ! ,egyptian tr5*es at ,tel-el-,kebir1 by an eye-witness ( x3--#8,9 ! r$\bts into :i* our m5 7 sw>m+ ! ,egyptians1 ?r[+ away _! arms1 7 f\nd c[]+1 t]ror-/rick51 9 ! corn]s ( ! works1 to hide !mselves f our m54 ,al?\gh !y _h made su* a contemptible exhibition1 f a soldi]ly po9t ( view1 x 0 impossible to help pity+ ! poor wret*es z !y huddl$ toge!r2 x seem$ s mu* l rats 9 a pit :5 ! t]ri] has set to "w4' ,& "s #b1ejj ( !m 7 aft]w>ds buri$ on ! spot1 mo/ ( !m kill$ by bayonet w\nds 9 ! back4 ,?is is an in/ance ( ! tu]ie t ,victor ,hugo speaks (1 :i* we all call glori\s :5 we meet 9 ! /reets1 res]v+1 "s ( u1 ano!r op9ion = ! secret *amb]4 ,/ill1 :5 x comes to comp>+ ! "w ( a victory to t ( a t]ri] 9 a rat-pit1 x mu/ be admitt$ t ! realism ( w> ?reat5s to become m repell5t ?an its romance 0 once attractive1 & to det] m5 m & m f ! *oice ( a pr(ession ( :i* simil> disgu/+ sc5es are ! common & ! probable episodes4 ,desc>tes1 ! fa!r ( mod]n philosophy & ( free ?\ght1 :o1 f a y\?ful love = arms & camp-life1 :i* he attribut$ to a c]ta9 heat ( liv]1 began life 9 ! army1 actually gave up 8 milit>y c>e] = ! reasons :i* he ?us express$ 9 a lett] to a fri5d3 #8,al?\gh cu/om & example r5d] ! pr(ession ( arms ! noble/ ( all1 ,i1 = my own "p1 :o only reg>d x l a philosoph]1 value x at its prop] wor?1 &1 inde$1 ,i f9d x v difficult to give x a place among ! hon\rable pr(essions1 see+ t idl5ess & lic5ti\sness are ! two pr9cipal motives :i* n[ attract mo/ m5 to x4'#cae ,( c\rse no "o 9 mod]n times w\ld come to ! same conclusions z ,desc>tes = ! same reasons1 ! discipl9e ( our armies be+ some:at m s]i\s ?an x 0 9 ! fir/ half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,nev]!less1 x is impossible to read ( ! ,g]man campaign 9 ,france )\t hop+1 = ! good ( ! _w1 t ! inevitable association ( w> ) ! mo/ revolt+ =ms ( crime !re9 display$1 may "s day produce a g5]al /ate ( s5tim5t simil> to t anticipat$ by ,desc>tes4 ,x may be1 said t ! example ( ,desc>tes proves & indicates no?+2 & we may feel pretty sure t 8 scruples seem$ extravagantly absurd to 8 contempor>ies1 if he suff]$ !m to "k !m4 ,nev]!less1 he might h appeal$ to sev]al well-kn[n hi/orical facts z a reason aga9/ too ha/y a condemnation ( 8 app>5t sup]-s5sitiv5ess4 ,he might h argu$ t ! pr(ession ( a pirate once reflect$ no m moral discr$it ?an t ( a soldi] did 9 8 days2 t ! pirate's reply to ,alex&]1 t he infe/$ ! seas by ! same "r :]e) ! conqu]or deva/at$ ! l&1 convey$ a moral s5tim5t once g5]ally accept$1 nor ev5 !n q ext9ct2 t 9 ! days ( ,hom] x 0 z natural to ask a seaf>] :e!r he 7 a freeboot] z :e!r he 7 a m]*ant2 t s late 9 ,greek hi/ory z ! "t ( ,?ucydides1 sev]al tribes on ! ma9l& ( ,greece /ill glori$ 9 piracy1 & acc\nt$ _! plund] hon\rably won2 & t at ,rome ! ,cilician pirates1 :om x devolv$ on ,pompey to disp]se1 7 jo9$ by p]sons ( weal?1 bir?1 & education1 #8z if1' says ,plut>*1 #8_! employm5t 7 wor?y ( ! ambition ( m5 ( hon\r4' ,rememb]+1 !re=e1 ^! ?+s1 & ! fact t n s v _m c5turies ago public op9ion 0 s l5i5t to ! practice ( bi%ops & ecclesia/ics tak+ an active "p 9 w>f>e t !y commonly did s 9 spite ( canons & c\ncils to ! contr>y1 x is a fair subject = speculation :e!r ! moral op9ion ( ! future may n come to co9cide ) ! feel+ ( ,desc>tes1 & x behoves u to keep our m9ds alive to possibilities ( *ange 9 ?is matt]1 already x w\ld seem 9 process ( =mation4 ,:o w v5ture to pr$ict :at may be ! effect ( ! rise ( ! g5]al level ( education1 & ( ! high] moral life ( our "t1 on ! popul> judgm5t ( ev5 fifty ye>s h5ce reg>d+ a volunt>ily adopt$ milit>y life8 ,we may1 p]haps1 attribute x to ! extreme position tak5 up ) reg>d to milit>y s]vice by ! ,quak]s & ,m5nonites t ! example ( ,desc>tes _h s slight a foll[+4 ,t ?ick phalanx ( our k9d :o fondly mi/ake _! own m5tal timidity = mod]ation1 p]petually make use ( ! doctr9es ( extremi/s z an excuse = tol]at+ or ev5 def5d+ :at 9 ! ab/ract !y admit to be evil2 & x 0 un=tunately ) ?is mod]ate p>ty t ,grotius elect$ to ?r[ 9 8 lot4 ,no "o admitt$ m /rongly ! evils ( w>4 ,! reason he himself gave = writ+ 8 #8,de ,jure ,pacis et ,belli' 0 ! lic5ce he saw prevail+ ?r\gh\t ,*ri/5dom 9 resort+ to ho/ilities2 rec\rse _h to arms = slight motives or = none2 & :5 w> 0 once begun an utt] rejection ( all rev]5ce = div9e or human law1 j z if ! unre/ra9$ commission ( e crime became !nce=? legitimate4 ,yet1 in/ead ( ?r[+ ! weight ( 8 judgm5t into ! scale ( op9ion :i* oppos$ ! cu/om altoge!r 7?\gh he did advocate an int]national tribunal t %\ld decide diff]5ces & compel ob$i5ce to its decisions71 he only tri$ to %ackle x ) rules ( dec5cy t are absolutely =eign to x1 ) ! result1 aft] all1 t he did v little to humanise w>s1 & no?+ to make !m less frequ5t4 ,nev]!less1 ?\gh ,grotius admitt$ ! ab/ract lawfulness ( milit>y s]vice1 he made x conditional on a ?or\gh conviction ( ! righte\sness ( ! cause at issue4 ,?is is ! great & p]man5t m]it ( 8 "w1 & x is "h t we t\* on ! pivot or c5tral "q ( milit>y e?ics4 ,! or?odox !ory is1 t ) ! cause ( w> a soldi] has no conc]n1 & t s9ce ! matt] 9 cont5tion is always too complicat$ = him to judge ( its m]its1 8 only duty is to bl9dfold 8 reason & consci5ce1 & ru% :i!rsoev] 8 s]vices are comm&$4 ,p]haps ! be/ exposition ( ?is simple milit>y philosophy is t giv5 by ,%akespe>e 9 8 sc5e ( ! eve ( ,ag9c\rt1 :]e ,h5ry ,v41 9 disguise1 conv]ses ) "s soldi]s ( ! ,engli% army4 #8,me?9ks1' says ! k+1 #8,i c\ld n die any:]e s cont5t$ z 9 ! k+'s company1 8 cause be+ j & 8 qu>rel hon\rable4' ,william4 #8,t's m ?an we "k4' ,bates4 #8,ay1 or m ?an we %\ld seek aft]1 = we "k en\gh if we "k we are ! k+'s subjects4 ,if 8 cause be wrong1 our ob$i5ce to ! k+ wipes ! crime ( x out ( u4' ,yet ! :isp] ( our own day is1 ,does x8 ,= a soldi]1 n[adays1 enjoys equally ) ! civilian1 :o by 8 vote contributes to prev5t or promote ho/ilities1 ! great] facilities af=d$ by ! spread ( k = ! ex]cise ( 8 judgm5t2 & x is to subject him to undes]v$ ignom9y to deb> him f ! free use ( 8 intellect1 z if he 7 a m9or or an imbecile1 incompet5t to ?9k = himself4 ,putt+ ev5 ! difficulty ( decision at its wor/1 x c nev] be great] = ! soldi] ?an x is = ! vot]2 & if ! =m] is incompet5t to =m an op9ion1 :5ce does ! peasant or me*anic d]ive 8 ability8 ,moreov]1 ! exi/5ce ( a j & good cause has always be5 ! condition insi/$ on z alone capable ( sanction+ milit>y s]vice by writ]s ( e %ade ( ?\ght--by ,/4 ,augu/9e z repres5t+ ! e>ly ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 by ,bull+] or ,becon z repres5tatives ( ! e>ly ,re=m$ ,*ur*1 & by ,grotius z repres5tative ( ! mod]n s*ool ( publici/s4 ,grotius cont5ds t no citiz5 or subject ought to take "p 9 an unju/ w>1 ev5 if he be comm&$ to d s4 ,he op5ly ma9ta9s t disob$i5ce to ord]s is 9 su* a case a less] evil ?an ! guilt ( homicide t w\ld be incurr$ by fight+4 ,he incl9es to ! op9ion t1 :]e ! cause ( w> seems d\btful1 a man w\ld d bett] to refra9 f s]vice1 & to leave ! k+ to employ ^? ^: read9ess to fight might be less hamp]$ by que/ions ( "r & wrong1 & ( :om !re w\ld always be a pl5tiful supply4 ,)\t ^! res]vations he reg>ds ! soldi]'s task z s mu* ! m dete/able ?an ! execution]'s1 z manslaught] )\t a cause is m he9\s ?an manslaught] ) "o1#caf & ?9ks no k9d ( life m wick$ ?an t ( m5 :o1 )\t reg>d = ! cause ( w>1 fight = hire1 & to :om ! "q ( "r is equival5t to ! "q ( ! highe/ wage4#cag ,^! are /rong op9ions & expressions1 & z _! g5]al acceptance w\ld logically r5d] w> impossible1 x is no small ga9 to h 9 _! fav\r s great an au?ority z ,grotius4 ,b x is an ev5 great] ga9 to be able to quote on ! same side an actual soldi]4 ,sir ,james ,turn] at ! end ( 8 milit>y treatise call$ #8,pallas ,armata1' publi%$ 9 #afhc1 came to conclusions :i*1 ?\gh adv]se to ,grotius1 conta9 "s rem>kable admissions & %[ ! diff]5ce t two c5turies h made on milit>y maxims ) reg>d to ?is subject4 #8,x is no s9 = a m]e soldi]1' he says1 #8to s]ve = wages1 unless 8 consci5ce tells him he fights 9 an unju/ cause4' ,aga91 #8,t soldi] :o s]ves or fights = any pr9ce or ,/ate = wages 9 a cause he kn[s to be unju/1 s9s damnably4' ,he ev5 argues t soldi]s ^: orig9al s]vice began = a j cause1 & :o are con/ra9$ by _! milit>y oa?s to cont9ue 9 s]vice = a new & unju/ cause ( w>1 ought to #8des]t _! employm5t & suff] any?+ t c\ld be done to !m be=e !y draw _! swords aga9/ _! own consci5ce & judgm5ts 9 an unju/ qu>rel4'#cah ,^! moral s5tim5ts ( a milit>y man ( ! sev5te5? c5tury are absolutely ali5 to ! milit>y doctr9es ( ! pres5t day2 & 8 rem>ks on wages recall yet ano!r important l&m>k ( anci5t ?\ght t has be5 remov$ by ! progress ( "t4 ,e>ly ,greek op9ion ju/ly made no di/9ction betwe5 ! m]c5>y :o s]v$ a =eign c\ntry & ! m]c5>y :o s]v$ 8 own4 ,all hir$ milit>y s]vice 0 reg>d$ z disgraceful1 nor w\ld anyone ( good bir? h dreamt ( s]v+ 8 own c\ntry save at 8 own exp5se4 ,! ,c>ians r5d]$ _! names infam\s z ! fir/ ( ! ,greek race :o s]v$ = pay2 :il/ at ,a!ns ,p]icles introduc$ ! cu/om ( support+ ! poor] def5d]s ( _! c\ntry out ( ! ex*equ]4#cai ,aft]w>ds1 ( c\rse1 no p ev] committ$ itself m eag]ly to ! pursuit ( m]c5>y w>f>e4 ,9 ,engl& also gratuit\s milit>y s]vice 0 orig9ally ! condition ( ! feudal t5ure ( l&1 nor 0 anyone b\nd to s]ve ! k+ = m ?an a c]ta9 numb] ( days 9 ! ye>1 =ty be+ g5]ally ! longe/ t]m4 ,= all s]vice 9 excess ( ! legal limit ! k+ 0 oblig$ to pay2 & 9 ?is way1 & by ! scutage tax1 by :i* _m t5ants b\ght !mselves (f f _! /rict obligations1 ! pr9ciple ( a paid milit>y =ce 0 recognis$ f ! "t ( ! ,conque/4 ,b ! *ief /ip5di>y =ces appe> to h be5 =eign m]c5>ies1 support$1 n out ( ! commutation tax1 b out ( ! k+'s privy purse1 & /ill m out ( ! loot won f _! victims 9 w>4 ,^! 7 ^? soldi]s ( =tune1 *iefly f ,fl&]s1 ,brabanons1 or ,r\t]s1 ^: excesses z brig&s l$ to _! excommunication by ! ,?ird ,lat]an ,c\ncil 7#aagi71 & to _! de/ruction by a crusade ?ree ye>s lat]4#cbj ,b ! g]m ( our mod]n recruit+ sy/em mu/ r be look$ = 9 ^? milit>y contracts or ind5tures1 by :i* f ab\t ! "t ( ,edw>d ,,iii4 x became cu/om>y to raise our =ces3 "s p[]ful subject contract+ ) ! k+1 9 consid]ation ( a c]ta9 sum1 to provide soldi]s = a c]ta9 "t & task4 ,?us 9 #achb ! w>-lov+ ,bi%op ( ,norwi* contract$ ) ,ri*>d ,,ii4 to provide #b1ejj m5-at-arms & #b1ejj ar*]s = a ye>'s s]vice 9 ,france1 9 consid]ation ( ! :ole fifte5? t _h be5 vot$ by ,p>liam5t = ! w>4#cba ,9 ! same way sev]al bi%ops ind5t$ to raise soldi]s = ,h5ry ,v4 ,& ?us a =eign w> became a m]e matt] ( bus9ess & hire1 & armies to fight ! ,fr5* 7 rais$ by speculative contractors1 v mu* z m5 are rais$ n[adays to make railways or take "p 9 o!r works ne$ful = ! public at l>ge4 ,! engagem5t 0 purely pecuni>y & comm]cial1 & 0 entirely dive/$ ( any connection ) consci5ce or patriotism4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! mo/ obvi\sly j cause ( w>1 t ( national def5ce 9 case ( invasion1 cont9u$ to be altoge!r disconnect$ ) pay1 & rema9$ s mu* ! duty ( ! militia or capable male population ( ! c\ntry1 t bo? ,edw>d ,,iii4 & ,ri*>d ,,ii4 direct$ writs ev5 to ar*bi%ops & bi%ops to arm & array all abbots1 priors1 & monks1 betwe5 ! ages ( sixte5 & sixty1 = ! def5ce ( ! k+dom4#cbb ,orig9ally1 !re=e1 ! paid army ( ,engl&1 z oppos$ to ! militia1 impli$ ! introduction ( a /rictly m]c5>y =ce consi/+ indiff]5tly ( natives or =eign]s1 into our milit>y sy/em4 ,b cle>ly !re 0 no moral diff]5ce betwe5 ! two classes ( m]c5>ies s engag$4 ,! hire1 & n ! cause1 be+ ! ma9 consid]ation ( bo?1 ! ,engli%man & ! ,brabanon 7 equally m]c5>ies 9 ! ord9>y acceptation ( ! t]m4 ,! prejudice aga9/ m]c5>ies ei!r goes too f> or n f> en\gh4 ,if a ,swiss or an ,italian hir+ himself to fight = a cause ab\t :i* he 0 ignorant or indiff]5t 0 a m]c5>y soldi]1 s 0 an ,engli%man :o ) equal ignorance & indiff]5ce accept$ ! wages (f]$ him by a milit>y contractor ( 8 own nation4 ,ei!r ! conduct ( ! ,swiss 0 blameless1 or ! ,engli%man's moral del9qu5cy 0 ! same z 84 ,! public op9ion ( =m] times reg>d$ bo?1 ( c\rse1 z equally blameless1 or r z equally m]itori\s4 ,& x is wor? notic+ t ! ^w m]c5>y 0 appli$ alike to ! hir$ milit>y s]vant ( 8 own z ( ano!r c\ntry4 ,%akespe>e1 = in/ance1 applies ! t]m m]c5>y to ! #a1fjj ,fr5*m5 ( l[ degree sla9 at ,ag9c\rt1 :om ,mon/relet di/+ui%es f ! #aj1jjj ,fr5*m5 ( position :o lo/ _! lives on t memorable day-- ,9 ?is t5 ?\s& !y h lo/1 ,!re are b sixte5 hundr$ m]c5>ies4 ,& ev5 s late z #agef1 ! orig9al signification ( ! ^w _h s little *ang$1 t 9 ! great debate 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords on ! ,militia ,bill ( t ye> ,"l ,temple & sev]al o!r orators spoke ( ! national /&+ army z an army ( m]c5>ies1 )\t mak+ any di/9ction betwe5 ! ,engli%m5 & ! ,hessians :o s]v$ 9 x4#cbc ,! moral di/9ction t n[ prevails betwe5 ! paid s]vice ( natives & ( =eign]s is1 !re=e1 ( comp>atively rec5t orig94 ,x 0 "o ( ! features ( ! ,re=mation 9 ,switz]l& t its lead]s insi/$ = ! fir/ "t on a moral diff]5ce betwe5 ,swiss soldi]s :o s]v$ _! own c\ntry = pay1 & ^? :o ) equal brav]y & cr$it sold _! /r5g? to ! s]vice ( ! highe/ =eign bidd]4 ,zw+li1 & aft] him 8 disciple ,bull+]1 effect$ a *ange 9 ! moral s5tim5t ( ,switz]l& equival5t to t :i* a man w\ld effect n[adays :o %\ld p]suade m5 to disc\nt5ance or ab&on milit>y s]vice ( any k9d = pay4 ,"o ( ! great ob/acles to ,zw+li's success 0 8 decid$ prote/ aga9/ ! "r ( any ,swiss to sell himself to =eign gov]nm5ts = ! commission ( blood%$1 reg>dless ( any injury 9 ju/ification2 & x 0 ma9ly on t acc\nt t ,bull+] succe$$ 9 #aedi 9 prev5t+ a r5ewal ( ! alliance or milit>y contract betwe5 ! cantons & ,h5ry ,,ii4 ( ,france4 #8,:5 a private individual1' he said1 #8is free to enrol himself or n1 & engages himself to fight aga9/ ! fri5ds & allies ( 8 sov]eign1 ,i "k n :e!r he does n hire himself to commit homicide1 & :e!r he does n act l ! gladiators1 :o1 to amuse ! ,roman p1 let !mselves to ! fir/ com] to kill "o ano!r4' ,b x is evid5t t1 except ) a res]vation limit+ a man's s]vice to a j national cause1 ,bull+]'s argum5t w also apply to ! case ( a hir$ soldi] ( 8 own c\ntry4 ,! duty ( e man to def5d 8 c\ntry 9 case ( invasion is intelligible en\gh2 & x is v important to notice t orig9ally 9 no c\ntry did ! duty ( milit>y ob$i5ce mean m4 ,9 #abig ! ,high ,con/able & ,m>%al ( ,engl& refus$ to mu/] ! =ces to s]ve ,edw>d ,i4 9 ,fl&]s1 on ! plea t nei!r !y nor _! ance/ors 7 oblig$ to s]ve ! k+ outside 8 dom9ions2#cbd & ,sir ,e4 ,coke's rul+ 9 ,calv9's case1#cbe t ,engli%m5 are b\nd to att5d ! k+ 9 8 w>s z well )\t z )9 ! realm1 & t _! allegiance is n local b indef9ite1 0 n accept$ by writ]s on ! con/itution ( ! c\ntry4 ,! exi/+ militia oa?1 :i* /rictly limits ob$i5ce to ! def5ce ( ! realm1 cov]$ ! :ole milit>y duty ( our ance/ors2 & x 0 only ! innovation ( ! milit>y contract t prep>$ ! way = our mod]n idea ( ! soldi]'s duty z unqualifi$ & unlimit$ ) reg>d to cause & place & "t4 ,! v ^w soldi] meant orig9ally /ip5di>y1 8 pay or solde 7f ! ,lat9 solidum7 com+ to con/itute 8 *ief *>act]i/ic4 ,f a s]vant hir$ = a c]ta9 task = a c]ta9 "t ! /eps 7 easy to a s]vant ^: hire b\nd him to any task & = ! :ole ( 8 life4 ,! exi/+ milit>y oa?1 :i* b9ds a recruit & practically compels him z mu* to a w> ( aggression z ( def5ce at ! bidd+ ( ! executive1 owes its orig9 to ! revolution ( #afhi1 :5 ! refusal ( ,dumb>ton's fam\s ,scot* regim5t to s]ve _! new ma/]1 ,william ,,iii41 9 ! def5ce ( ,holl& aga9/ ,france1 r5d]$ x advisable to pass ! ,mut9y ,act1 conta9+ a m /r+5t def9ition ( milit>y duty by an oa? c\*$ 9 extremely g5]al t]ms4 ,su* has be5 ! effect ( "t 9 confirm+ ?is new] doctr9e ( ! contract impli$ by ! milit>y /atus1 t ! def5ce ( ! mon>* #89 p]son1 cr[n1 & dignity aga9/ all enemies1' to :i* ! mod]n recruit pl$ges himself at 8 atte/ation1 w\ld be held to b9d ! soldi] n to )hold 8 s]vices 7 he call$ ^u to ex]cise !m 9 ! planet ,m>s itself4 ,h5ce x appe>s to be an indisputable fact ( hi/ory t ! mod]n milit>y !ory ( ,europe1 :i* dem&s complete spiritual self-ab&onm5t & unqualifi$ ob$i5ce on ! "p ( a soldi]1 is a di/9ct trespass outside ! b\nds ( ! orig9al &1 s to speak1 con/itutional idea ( milit>y duty2 & t 9 our own c\ntry x is z mu* an encroa*m5t on ! rights ( ,engli%m5 z x is on ! wid] rights ( man4 ,b :at is ! value ( ! !ory itself1 ev5 if we take no acc\nt ( ! hi/ory ( its gr[?8 ,if milit>y s]vice precludes a man f discuss+ ! ju/ice ( ! end pursu$ 9 a w>1 x c h>dly be disput$ t x equally precludes him f inquiries ab\t ! means1 & t if he is b\nd to consid] himself z fight+ 9 any case = a lawful cause he has no "r to br+ 8 moral s5se to be> ^u ! details ( ! s]vice requir$ ( him4 ,b "h occurs a loophole1 a flaw1 9 ! argum5t2 = no subject nor soldi] c be compell$ to s]ve z a spy1 h[ev] ne$ful su* s]vice may be4 ,t proves t a limit does exi/ to ! claims on a soldi]'s ob$i5ce4 ,& ,vattel m5tions z a common occurr5ce ! refusal ( troops to act :5 ! cruelty ( ! de$s comm&$ ( !m expos$ !m to ! dang] ( savage reprisals4 #8,(fic]s1' he says1 #8:o _h ! highe/ s5se ( hon\r1 ?\gh ready to %$ _! blood 9 a field ( battle = _! pr9ce's s]vice1 h n ?\ght x any "p ( _! duty to run ! haz>d ( an ignom9i\s dea?1' su* z 0 involv$ 9 ! execution ( su* behe/s4 ,yet :y n1 if _! pr9ce or g5]al comm&$ !m8 ,by :at pr9ciple ( morality or common s5se 7 !y ju/ifi$ 9 decl9+ a p>ticul> s]vice z too iniquit\s = !m & yet 9 hold+ !mselves b\nd to ! l>g] iniquity ( an aggressive w>8 ,:at "r has a ma*9e to *oose or decide betwe5 good & bad any m ?an betwe5 j & unju/8 ,its moral incompet5ce mu/ be ?or\ghgo+1 or else 9 no case af=d an ext5uat+ plea4 ,y mu/ ei!r grant x ev]y?+ or no?+1 or else (f] a rational explanation = y\r rule ( di/9ction4 ,= x cle>ly ne$s expla9+1 :y1 if !re are ord]s :i* a soldi] is n b\nd to obey1 if !re are cases :]e he is compet5t to discuss ! moral nature ( ! s]vices requir$ ( him1 x %\ld n also be op5 to him to discuss ! ju/ice ( ! w> itself ( :i* ^? s]vices are m]ely incid5ts4 ,let u turn f ! ab/ract to ! concrete1 & take two in/ances z a te/ ( ! pr9ciple4 ,9 #afhi1 ,m>%al ,duras1 comm&] ( ! ,fr5* army ( ! ,rh9e1 receiv$ ord]s to de/roy ! ,palat9ate1 & make a des]t betwe5 ,france & ,g]many1 ?\gh nei!r ! ,elector nor 8 p _h done ! lea/ injury to ,france4 ,did a s+le soldi]1 did a s+le (fic] quail or hesitate8 ,voltaire tells u t _m (fic]s felt %ame 9 act+ z ! in/rum5t ( ?is iniquity ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 b !y act$ nev]!less 9 accordance ) _! suppos$ hon\r1 & ) ! /ill or?odox !ory ( milit>y duty4 ,!y /opp$ %ort at no atrocity4 ,!y cut d[n ! fruit-trees1 !y tore d[n ! v9es1 !y burnt ! gran>ies2 !y set fire to villages1 to c\ntry-h\ses1 to ca/les2 !y desecrat$ ! tombs ( ! anci5t ,g]man emp]ors at ,spi]s2 !y plund]$ ! *ur*es2 !y r$uc$ well-nigh to a%es ,opp5heim1 ,spi]s1 ,worms1 ,mannheim1 ,heidelb]g1 & o!r fl\ri%+ cities2 !y r$uc$ #djj1jjj human be+s to homelessness & de/ruction--& all 9 ! "n ( milit>y duty & milit>y hon\r6 ,yet1 ( a tru?1 ^? 7 da/>dly de$s if ev] da/>dly de$s h be5 done b5ea? ! sun2 & x is ! %e]e/ sophi/ry to ma9ta9 t ! m5 :o s implicitly c>ri$ out _! ord]s w\ld n h done m = _! mis]able hon\r1 w\ld n h _h a high] conception ( duty1 _h !y foll[$ ! dictates ( _! reason & consci5ce r ?an ^? ( _! milit>y sup]iors1 & refus$ to sacrifice _! humanity to an ov]/ra9$ !ory ( _! milit>y obligation1 & _! memory to ev]la/+ execration4 ,9 ! case ( ^! de/roy]s milit>y duty meant simply milit>y s]vility1 & x 0 ?is reckless s]vility t l$ ,voltaire 9 8 #8,c&ide' to put into ! m\? ( 8 inimitable philosoph]1 ,m>t91 t def9ition ( an army :i* tales l ! =ego+ sugge/$ & ju/ifi$3 #8,a million ( assass9s1 9 regim5ts1 trav]s+ ,europe f end to end1 & committ+ murd] & brig&age by rules ( discipl9e = ! sake ( bread1 because incompet5t to ex]cise any m hone/ call+4'#cbf ,an ,engli% case ( ?is c5tury may be tak5 z a p>allel "o to ! ,fr5* ( ! sev5te5?1 & z an additional te/ ( ! or?odox milit>y dogma t ) ! cause ( w> a soldi] has no conc]n4 ,x is ! ,cop5hag5 exp$ition ( #ahjg1 ?an :i* no act ( might )9 ?is c5tury 0 m /rongly reprobat$ by ! public op9ion ( ,europe1 & by all b ! ,tory op9ion ( ,engl&4 ,a fleet & army hav+ be5 s5t to ! ,dani% capital1 & ! ,dani% ,gov]nm5t hav+ refus$ to surr5d] _! fleet1 :i* 0 dem&$ z ! alt]native ( bomb>dm5t1 ! ,engli% milit>y (ficials proce$$ to bomb>d ! city1 ) inf9ite de/ruction & slaught]1 :i* 7 only /ay$ at la/ by ! surr5d] ( ! fleet z orig9ally dem&$4 ,!re 0 no qu>rel ) ,d5m>k at ! "t1 !re 0 no compla9t ( injury2 only ! surr5d] ( ! fleet 0 dem&$4 ,engli% public op9ion 0 bo? excit$ & divid$ ab\t ! morality ( ?is act1 :i* 0 only ju/ifi$ on ! plea t ! ,gov]nm5t 0 9 possession ( a secret article ( ! ,treaty ( ,tilsit betwe5 ,napoleon & ! ,cz> ( ,russia1 by :i* ! ,dani% fleet 0 to be made use ( 9 an attack ^u ,engl&4 ,b ?is secret article 0 n divulg$1 accord+ to ,alison1 till t5 ye>s aft]w>ds1#cbg & _m disbeliev$ 9 its exi/5ce altoge!r1 ev5 suppos+ t its exi/5ce w\ld h be5 a good case = w>4 ,_m milit>y m5 !re=e %>$ 9 ! feel+ t condemn$ ! act1 yet !y scrupl$ n to contribute _! aid to x4 ,7 !y "r8 ,read ,sir ,c4 ,napi]'s op9ion ( x at ! "t1 & !n say :]e1 9 ! case ( a man s ?9k+1 w\ld h la9 8 duty3 #8,?is ,cop5hag5 exp$ition--is x an unju/ action = ! g5]al good8 ,:o c say t su* a prec$5t is p>donable8 ,:5 once ! l9e ( ju/ice has be5 pass$1 !re is no %ame left4 ,engl& has be5 unju/4444 ,0 n our high hon\r wor? ! dang] we might p]haps h risk$ 9 ma9ta9+ t hon\r inviolate8'#cbh ,^! op9ions1 :e!r "r or wrong1 7 %>$ by _m m5 9 bo? s]vices4 ,sir ,c4 ,napi] himself says3 #8,7 !re n pl5ty ( soldi]s :o ?\ght ^! ?+s wrong8 444 b w\ld x h be5 possible to all[ ! army & navy 444 to decide ^u ! propriety ( su* attacks8'#cbi ,! answ] is1 t if !y did1 :e!r all[$ or n1 su* ?+s w\ld be impossible1 or1 at all ev5ts1 less probable3 :i* is ! be/ reason possible = ! cont5tion t !y %\ld4 ,_h !y done s 9 ?is v in/ance1 our hi/orians w\ld h be5 sp>$ ! explanation ( an episode t is a d>k blot ^u our annals4 ,a m pleas+ prec$5t1 !re=e1 ?an t ( ! ,fr5* (fic]s 9 ! ,palat9ate1 or ( ! ,engli% at ,cop5hag51 is ! case ( ,admiral ,keppel1 :o1 :il/ numb]s ( naval (fic]s flock$ to ! ,admiralty to (f] _! s]vices or to reque/ employm5t1 /eadily decl9$ to take "p 9 ! w> ( ,engl& aga9/ h] ,am]ican colonies1 because he deem$ h] cause a bad "o4#ccj ,he did no viol5ce to 8 reason or consci5ce nor t>ni%$ 8 fame by act+ a "p1 ( :i* 9 8 individual capacity he disapprov$4 ,8 example is "h held up z illu/rat+ ! only true doctr9e1 & ! only "o t at all accords ) ! mo/ rudim5t>y pr9ciples ( ei!r religion or morality4 ,! contr>y doctr9e bids a man to =swe> ! use ( bo? 8 reason & 8 consci5ce 9 consid]ation = 8 pay1 & deprives him ( t lib]ty ( ?\ght & moral action comp>$ ) :i* 8 civil & political lib]ty are no?+ wor?4 ,= :at inde$ is ?is contr>y "t-hon\r$ doctr9e :5 /ripp$ ( all sup]fluities1 & display$ 9 ! outfit ( common s5se & common words8 ,:at is x b t ! duty ( milit>y ob$i5ce ov]rides all duty ( a man t[>ds himself2 t1 ?\gh he may n volunt>ily de/roy 8 body1 he _c d too mu* viol5ce to 8 s\l2 t x is 8 duty to annihilate 8 moral & intellectual be+1 to commit spiritual suicide1 to =ego ! use ( ! noble/ faculties :i* belong to him z a man2 t to d all ?is is a j cause ( pride to him1 & t he is 9 all respects ! nobl] & bett] = assimilat+ himself to t bra9less & he>tless condition :i* is t also ( 8 *>g] or 8 rifle8 ,if ?is doctr9e is true & s\nd1 !n x may be ask$ :e!r !re has ev] be5 or exi/s ^u ! e>? any tyranny1 ecclesia/ical or political1 comp>able to ?is milit>y "o2 :e!r any b ! bas] =ms ( prie/craft h ev] s\ght to deprive a man s completely ( ! enjoym5t ( 8 highe/ human attributes1 or to absolve him s utt]ly f all moral responsibility = 8 actions4 ,?is position c sc>cely be disput$1 save by d5y+ ! reality ( any di/9ction betwe5 j & unju/ 9 int]national conduct2 & aga9/ ?is d5ial may be set n only ! evid5ce ( e age1 b ( e language above ! /age ( m]e b>b>ism4 ,disreg>d ( ! diff]5ce is "o ( ! be/ measures ( ! civilisation ( a p or epo*4 ,we at once1 = in/ance1 =m a high] e/imate ( ! civilisation ( anci5t ,india1 :5 we read 9 ,arrian t h] k+s 7 s appreh5sive ( committ+ an unju/ aggression t !y w\ld n lead _! armies out ( ,india = ! conque/ ( o!r nations4#cca ,"o ( ! be/ features 9 ! old pagan _w 0 ! importance atta*$ to ! ju/ice ( ! motives = break+ ! peace4 ,! ,romans appe> nev] to h begun a w> )\t a previ\s consultation ) ! ,college ( ,fecials z to its ju/ice2 & 9 ! same way1 & = ! same purpose1 ! e>ly ,*ri/ian emp]ors consult$ ! op9ion ( ! bi%ops4 ,if a ,roman g5]al made an unju/ attack ^u a p 8 triumph 0 refus$1 or at lea/ resi/$2 nor are ! in/ances infrequ5t 9 :i* ! s5ate decre$ re/itution :]e a consul1 act+ on 8 own responsibility1 _h depriv$ a population ( its arms1 its l&s1 or its lib]ties4#ccb ,h5ce ! ,romans1 ) all _! app>5t aggressiv5ess1 won ! "* ( a /rict reg>d to ju/ice1 :i* 0 no small "p ( ! secret ( _! p[]4 #8,y boa/1' ! ,rhodians said to !m1 #8t y\r w>s are successful because !y are j1 & plume y\rselves n s mu* on ! victory :i* concludes !m z on ! fact t y nev] beg9 !m )\t good cause4'#ccc ,conque/ corrupt$ ! ,romans 9 ^! respects z x has done _m ano!r p2 b ev5 to ! end ( ! ,republic ! tradition ( ju/ice surviv$2 nor is !re any?+ f9] 9 ! hi/ory ( t p ?an ! attempt ( ! p>ty head$ by ,ateius ! tribune to prev5t ,crassus leav+ ,rome :5 he 0 sett+ out to make w> ^u ! ,p>?ians1 :o n only _h committ$ no injury1 b 7 ! allies ( ! ,republic2 or ?an ! vote ( ,cato1 t ,cs>1 :o1 9 "t ( peace1 _h sla9 or r\t$ #cjj1jjj ,g]mans1 %\ld be giv5 up to ! p he _h injur$ 9 atonem5t = ! wrong he _h done to !m4 ,! idea ( ! importance ( a j cause ( w> may be trac$1 ( c\rse1 9 hi/ory1 aft] ! ext9ction ( ! gr& pagan philosophy 9 :i* x _h its orig94 ,x 0 insi/$ on ev5 by ,*ri/ian writ]s :o1 l ,/4 ,augu/9e1 did n reg>d all milit>y s]vice z wick$4 ,:at1 he ask$1 7 k+doms b robb]ies on a va/ scale1 if _! ju/ice 7 put out ( ! reckon+4#ccd ,a ,fr5* writ] ( ! "t ( ,*>les ,v4 conclud$ t :ile soldi]s :o fell 9 a j cause 7 sav$1 ^? :o di$ = an unju/ cause p]i%$ 9 a /ate ( mortal s94#cce ,ev5 ! ,*evali] ,bay>d1 :o accompani$ ,*>les ,,viii4 )\t any scruple 9 8 conque/ ( ,naples1 0 fond ( say+ t all empires1 k+doms1 & prov9ces 71 if )\t ! pr9ciple ( ju/ice1 no bett] ?an =e/s full ( brig&s2#ccf & ! f9e say+ is attribut$ to him1 t ! /r5g? ( arms %\ld only be employ$ = ! e/abli%m5t ( "r & equity4 ,b on ! :ole ! ju/ice ( ! cause ( w> became ( less & less importance z "t w5t on2 nor h our mod]n ,*ri/ian societies ev] d]iv$ b5efit 9 t respect f ! in/ruction or guidance ( _! *ur*es at all equal to t :i* ! society ( pagan ,rome d]iv$ f ! in/itution ( its ,fecials1 z ! gu>dians ( ! national consci5ce4 ,x 0 among ! humane endeav\rs ( ,grotius to try to rem$y ?is defect 9 mod]n ,/ates by e/abli%+ c]ta9 g5]al pr9ciples by :i* x might be possible to te/ ! pretext ( any giv5 w> f ! side ( its ju/ice4 ,at fir/ sight x appe>s obvi\s t a def9ite injury is ! only ju/ification = a resort to ho/ilities1 or1 9 o!r words1 t only a def5sive w> is j2 b !n ! "q arises h[ f> def5ce may be anticipatory1 & an injury fe>$ or probable give ! same rights z "o actually su/a9$4 ,! majority ( w>s1 t h n be5 m]ely w>s ( conque/ & robb]y1 may be trac$ to t pr9ciple 9 hi/ory1 s well express$ by ,livy1 t m5's anxiety n to be afraid ( o!rs causes !m to become objects ( dread !mselves4#ccg ,= ?is reason ,grotius refus$ to admit z a good casus belli ! fact t ano!r nation 0 mak+ w>like prep>ations1 build+ g>risons & =tresses1 or t its p[] might1 if un*eck$1 gr[ to be dang]\s4 ,he also reject$ ! pretext ( m]e utility z a good gr\nd = w>1 or su* pleas z ! ne$ ( bett] t]ritory1 ! "r ( fir/ discov]y1 or ! improvem5t or puni%m5t ( b>b>\s nations4 ,a /rict adh]5ce to ^! pr9ciples1 vague z !y are1 w\ld h prev5t$ mo/ ( ! blood%$ t has occurr$ 9 ,europe s9ce ,grotius wrote4 ,! difficulty1 h[ev]1 is1 t1 z betwe5 nations1 ! pr9ciple ( utility easily ov]%ad[s t ( ju/ice2 & al?\gh ! two are relat$ z ! tempor>y to ! p]man5t exp$i5cy1 & !re=e z ! less] to ! great] exp$i5cy1 ! relation betwe5 !m is seldom obvi\s at ! "t ( *oice1 & x is easy be=eh& to demon/rate ! exp$i5cy ( a w> ( :i* "t alone c %[ bo? ! inexp$i5cy & ! inju/ice4 ,any w>1 !re=e1 h[ev] unju/ x may seem1 :5 judg$ by ! canons ( ,grotius1 is easily con/ru$ z j :5 measur$ by ! light ( an imp]i\s & magnifi$ pass+ int]e/2 & ! abs5ce ( any recognis$ def9ition or /&>d ( j deal+ betwe5 nations af=ds a salve to _m a consci5ce t 9 ! matt]s ( private life w\ld be s5sitive & scrupul\s en\gh4 ,! /ory ( ,k+ ,agesilaus is a mirror 9 :i* v few ages or c\ntries may n see _! own hi/ory reflect$4 ,:5 ,phbidas1 ! ,sp>tan g5]al1 seiz$ ! ,cadmeia ( ,!bes 9 ! "t ( peace1 ! great] "p ( ,greece & _m ,sp>tans condemn$ x z a mo/ iniquit\s act ( w>2 b ,agesilaus1 :o at o!r times 0 wont to talk ( ju/ice z ! greate/ ( all ! virtues1 & ( val\r )\t x z ( little wor?1 def5d$ 8 (fic]'s action1 on ! plea t x 0 necess>y to reg>d ! t5d5cy ( ! action1 & to acc\nt x ev5 z glori\s if x result$ 9 an advantage to ,sp>ta4 ,b :5 e all[ance is made = w>s ( :i* ! ju/ice is n cle>ly def9$ f ! exp$i5cy1 _m w>s h occurr$ ( s palpably unju/ a "*1 t !y c\ld n h be5 possible b = ! exi/5ce ( ! loose/ s5tim5ts ) reg>d to ! responsibility ( ^? :o took "p 9 !m4 ,we read ( w>s or ! pretexts ( w>s 9 hi/ory ( :i* we all1 :e!r milit>y m5 or civilians1 readily recognise ! inju/ice2 & by apply+ ! same pr9ciples ( judgm5t to ! w>s ( our own c\ntry & "t we are ea* & all ( u furni%$ = ! direction ( our consci5ce ) a /&>d :i*1 if n absolutely sci5tific or consi/5t1 is suffici5t = all ! practical purposes ( life1 & is completely subv]sive ( ! excuse :i* is af=d$ by occasional in/ances ( difficult & d\btful decision4 ,! same facilities :i* exi/ = ! civilian :5 he votes = or aga9/ taxation = a giv5 w>1 or 9 approval or disapproval ( ! gov]nm5t :i* und]takes x1 exi/ also = ! soldi] :o l5ds 8 active aid to x2 nor is x unreasonable to claim = ! action ( ! "o ! same responsibility to 8 own consci5ce :i* by g5]al admission atta*es to ! o!r4 ,x is surely some?+ l a degradation to ! soldi] t he %\ld n enjoy 9 ?is respect ! same rights z ! civilian2 t 8 m]it alone %\ld be te/$ by no high] a !ory ( duty ?an t :i* is appli$ to ! m]it ( a horse2 & t 8 capacity = bl9d & unreason+ ob$i5ce %\ld be acc\nt$ 8 highe/ atta9able virtue4 ,! transition f ! idea ( milit>y vassalage to t ( milit>y allegiance has surely produc$ a /range conception ( hon\r1 & "o fitt] = conscripts ?an = free m51 :5 a man is held z by a vice to take "p 9 a c\rse ( action :i* he believes to be wrong4 ,n only does no o!r pr(ession en=ce su* an obligation1 b 9 e o!r walk ( life a man's ass]tion ( 8 own p]sonal responsibility is a s\rce r ( cr$it to him ?an ( infamy4 ,t 9 ! p]=mance ( any social function a man %\ld be call$ ^u to make an unconditional surr5d] ( 8 free w1 & yield an ob$i5ce z ?\ghtless z a dummy's to sup]ior ord]s1 w\ld seem to be a pr9ciple ( conduct pilf]$ f ! ,society ( ,jesus1 & utt]ly unwor?y ( ! nobility ( a soldi]4 ,z a matt] ( hi/ory1 ! prie/ly organisation took ! milit>y "o = its model3 :i* %\ld lead u to suspect t ! tyranny we f9d fault ) 9 ! copy is equally pres5t 9 ! orig9al1 & t ! latt] is m>k$ by ! same vices t x transmitt$ to ! borr[$ organisation4 ,! pr9ciple "h cont5d$ =1 t ! soldi] %\ld be fully satisfi$ 9 8 own m9d ( ! ju/ice ( ! cause he fights =1 is ! condition t ,*ri/ian writ]s1 f ,augu/9e to ,grotius1 h plac$ on ! lawfulness ( milit>y s]vice4 ,! objection to x1 t its adoption w\ld mean ! ru9 ( milit>y discipl9e1 w appe> ! greate/ argum5t ( all 9 its fav\r :5 we reflect t its univ]sal adoption w\ld make w> itself1 :i* is ! only reason = discipl9e1 altoge!r impossible4 ,:]e w\ld h be5 ! w>s ( ! la/ two hundr$ ye>s _h x be5 9 =ce8 ,or :]e ! ,engli% w>s ( ! la/ six1 ) _! ?\s&s ( lives & _! millions ( money sp5t = no visible good nor glory 9 fight+ ) ,afghans1 ,zulus1 ,egyptians1 & ,arabs8 ,once re/rict legitimate w>f>e to ! limits ( national def5ce1 & x is evid5t t ! refusal ( m5 to take "p 9 a w> ( aggression w\ld equally put an end to ! necessity ( def5sive ex]tion4 ,if no gov]nm5t c\ld rely on its subjects = ! purposes ( aggression & inju/ice1 x goes )\t say+ t ! j cause ( w> w\ld p]i% simultane\sly4 ,x is !re=e altoge!r to be wi%$ t t reliance %\ld be weak5$ & de/roy$4 ,! reason+1 !n1 :i* conta9s ! key t is alone capable ( clos+ p]man5tly ! portals ( ,janus is ?is3 t !re exi/s a di/9ction betwe5 a j & an unju/ w>1 betwe5 a good & a bad cause1 & t no man has a "r ei!r to take "p kn[+ly & wilfully 9 a cause he believes to be unju/1 nor to commit himself s]vilely to a !ory ( duty :i* deprives him1 at ! v outset1 ( 8 inali5able human bir?right ( free ?\ght & free w4 ,?is is ! pr9ciple ( p]sonal responsibility :i* has long s9ce won admission ev]y:]e save 9 ! s]vice ( ,m>s1 & :i* requires b to be ext5d$ !re to free ! _w f ! cu/om t has longe/ & mo/ ru9\sly afflict$ x4 ,= x attacks t cu/om :]e x has nev] yet be5 s]i\sly attack$ be=e1 at its real s\rce--namely1 9 ! he>t1 ! bra91 & ! consci5ce1 t1 9 spite ( all w>p+ & tra9+1 /ill belong to ! individual units :o alone make x possible4 ,x behoves all ( u1 !re=e1 :o are int]e/$ 9 aboli%+ milit>y b>b>ism1 n m]ely to yield a passive ass5t to x ourselves1 b to claim = x ass5t & ass]tion f o!rs4 ,we mu/ ask & reask ! "q3 ,:at is ! title by :i* a man1 ?r\gh ! m]e fact ( 8 milit>y clo?1 claims exemption f ! moral law t is univ]sally b9d+ ^u 8 fell[s8 ,= ?is pr9ciple ( individual milit>y responsibility is ( su* p[]1 t if c>ri$ to its consequ5ces1 x mu/ ultimately prove fatal to milit>ism2 & if x has n yet ! prescription ( "t & common op9ion 9 its fav\r1 x is seal$ nev]!less ) ! au?ority ( _m ( ! be/ intellects t h help$ to enlight5 ! pa/1 & is indissolubly conta9$ 9 ! tea*+ alike ( our religi\s z ( our moral code4 ,x c1 9 fact1 only be ga9said by a d5ial ( ! fundam5tal maxims ( ^? two guides ( our conduct1 & = t reason /&s absolutely pro( aga9/ ! assaults ( argum5t4 ,try to reconcile ) ! ord9>y conceptions ( ! duties ( a man or a ,*ri/ian ! duty ( do+ :at 8 consci5ce condemns1 & x may be safely pr$ict$ t y w try 9 va94 ,! consid]ations t may occur ( utility & exp$i5cy beat 9 va9 aga9/ ! f> great] exp$i5cy ( a _w at peace1 fre$ f ! curse ( ! w>rior's de/ructiv5ess2 nor c ! :ole arm\ry ( milit>y logic supply a s+le c\nt]-argum5t :i* does n resolve itself into an argum5t ( suppos$ exp$i5cy1 & :i* may n !re=e be effectually p>ri$1 ev5 on ?is n>r[] debat+ gr\nd1 by ! consid]ation ( ! ov]:elm+ advantages :i* c\ld n b fl[ f ! univ]sal acceptance ( ! contr>y & high] pr9ciple--! pr9ciple t = a soldi]1 z = anyone else1 8 fir/ duty is to 8 consci5ce4 ,or1 to put ! conclusion 9 ! fewe/ words3 ,! soldi] claims to be a non-moral ag5t4 ,t is ! corn]-/one ( ! :ole milit>y sy/em4 ,*all5ge !n ! claimant to ju/ify 8 fir/ pr9ciple1 & ! cu/om ( w> w %ake to its f\ndation1 & 9 "t g ! way t o!r evil cu/oms h gone be=e x1 :5 once _! moral support has be5 und]m9$ or %att]$4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,halleck's ,int]national ,law1 ii4 #ba4 ,yet )9 ?ree weeks ( ! beg9n+ ( ! w> ) ,france #fj1jjj ,prussians 7 hors de combat4 #b #8,artem illam mortif]am et ,deo odibilem bali/r>iorum et sagitt>iorum adv]sus ,*ri/ianos et ,ca?olicos ex]c]i de ct]o sub ana!mate prohibemus4' #c ,fau*et's ,orig9es des ,*evali]s1 c4 c41 ii4 #ef2 ,grose's ,milit>y ,antiquities1 i4 #adb2 & ,demm9's ,encyclopdie d',armur]ie1 #eg1 #dif4 #d ,fau*et1 ii4 #eg4 #8,lequel eng91 p\r le mal qu'il faisait 7pire que le v59 des s]p5s71 fut nomm s]p5t9e1' c4 #e ,grose1 ii4 #cca4 #f ,dy]1 ,mod]n ,europe1 iii4 #aeh4 #g ,sc(f]n's ,projectile ,weapons1 c41 #ff4 #h ,sur l',esprit1 i4 #efb4 #i ,reade1 ,a%antee ,campaign1 #eb4 #aj ,livy1 xliv4 #db4 #aa ,^! ,in/ructions are publi%$ 9 ,halleck's ,int]national ,law1 ii4 #cf-ea2 & at ! end ( ,edw>ds's ,g]mans 9 ,france4 #ab #8,x w\ld h be5 desirable1' said ! ,russian ,gov]nm5t1 #8t ! voice ( a great nation l ,engl& %\ld h be5 he>d at an inquiry ( :i* ! object w\ld appe> to h met ) its sympa?ies4' #ac ,jus ,g5tium1 art4 #hhg1 #hgh4 #ad ,florus1 ii4 #bj4 #ae ,edw>ds's ,g]mans 9 ,france1 #afd4 #af ,?is rem>kable fact is c]tifi$ by ,mr4 ,russell1 9 8 ,di>y 9 ! la/ ,great ,w>1 #cih1 #cii4 #ag ,cic]o1 ,9 ,v]rem1 iv4 #ed4 #ah ,see ev5 ! ,annual ,regi/]1 lvi4 #ahd1 = a d5unciation ( ?is proce$+4 #ai ,sismondi's ,hi/4 des ,franais1 xxv4 #bj ,edw>ds's ,g]mans 9 ,france1 #aga4 #ba ,lieut-,col4 ,*>ras1 ,la ,campagne de #ahae1 i4 #baa1 ii4 #hh4 #bb ,woolsey's ,int]national ,law1 p4 #bbc4 #bc ,cf4 lib4 xii4 #ha1 & xiii4 #be1 #bf2 quot$ by ,grotius1 iii4 xi4 xiii4 #bd iii4 #da4 #be ,cambridge ,essays1 #ahee1 #8,limitations to ,sev]ity 9 ,w>1' by ,c4 ,buxton4 #bf ,see ,raum]'s ,ges*i*te ,europa's1 iii4 #eji-fjc1 if any d\bt is felt ab\t ! fact4 #bg ,g5]al ,ord] ( ,octob] #i1 #ahac4 ,comp>e ^? ( ,may #bi1 #ahji1 ,m>* #be1 #ahaj1 ,june #aj1 #ahab1 & ,july #i1 #ahac4 #bh ,vattel1 iii4 ix4 #afe4 #bi ,sir ,w4 ,napi] 7,p59sul> ,w>1 ii4 #cbb7 says ( ! proce$+ t x 0 #8politic inde$1 yet sc>cely to be admitt$ )9 ! pale ( civilis$ w>f>e4' ,x occurr$ 9 ,may #ahaj4 #cj ,blunts*li's ,mod]nes ,vlk]re*t1 art4 #egc4 #ca ,= ! "* ( mod]n w> see ! acc\nt ( ! ,franco-,g]man w> 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,review = ,april #ahga4 #cb ,halleck1 ii4 #bb4 #cc ,vehse's ,au/ria1 i4 #cfi4 ,yet1 z usual on su* occasions1 ! excesses 7 committ$ 9 ! tee? ( ,tilly's ef=ts to oppose !m4 #8,imp]avit ,tillius a devictorum cdibus et corporum ca/imonia ab/9]5t1 quod imp]ium a quibusdam fur5tibus male s]vatum annales aliqui fu]e conque/i4'--,adlzreit]'s ,annales ,boic ,g5tis1 ,"p iii4 l4 #af1 c4 #ch4 #cd ,battles 9 ! ,p59sul> ,w>1 #aha1 #ahb4 #ce ,ibid4 #cif4 #cf ,foxe's ,actes & ,monum5ts1 iii4 #eb4 #cg ,sa9t-,palaye1 ,mmoires sur la ,*eval]ie1 iii4 #aj1 #acc4 #ch ,v9sauf's ,it9]>y ( ,ri*>d ,i41 ii4 #af4 #ci ,mat!w ( ,we/m9/]1 #dfj2 ,grose1 ii4 #cdh4 #dj ,mon/relet1 ii4 #aae4 #da ,mmoires sur la ,*eval]ie1 i4 #cbb4 #db ,petitot1 v4 #ajb2 & ,mn>d1 ,vie de ,b4 du ,guescl91 #ddj4 #dc ,petitot1 v4 #acd4 #dd ,meyrick1 ,anci5t ,arm\r1 ii4 #e4 #de i4 #abc4 #df ,mon/relet1 i4 #bei4 #dg ii4 #e4 #dh ii4 #aa4 #di ii4 #bb1 comp>e ii4 #ef4 #ej ,mon/relet1 ii4 #aaa4 #ea ii4 #aac4 #eb ,see = "s1 ,livy1 xxix4 #h1 xxxi4 #bf1 #cj1 xxxvii4 #ba1 xliii4 #g1 xliv4 #bi4 #ec ,livy1 xliv4 #bi4 #ed ,meyrick1 i4 #da4 #ee ,demm91 ,encyclopdie d',armur]ie1 #dij4 #ef ,meyrick1 ii4 #bjd4 #eg ,grose1 ii4 #aad4 #eh ,petitot1 xvi4 #acd4 #ei ,grose1 ii4 #cdc4 #fj iv4 #bg4 #fa iv4 #cf4 #fb iii4 #aji4 #fc ,mmoires1 vi4 #a4 #fd ,halleck1 ,int]national ,law1 ii4 #aed4 #fe ,elem5ts ( ,morality1 sec4 #ajfh4 #ff ,des ,droits et ,devoirs des ,nations neutres1 ii4 #cba-cbc4 #fg ,hi/ory ( ! ,royal ,navy1 i4 #ceg4 #fh ,nicolas1 ii4 #cda4 #fi ,nicolas1 ii4 #dje4 #gj ,mon/relet1 i4 #ab4 #ga ,nicolas1 ii4 #ajh4 #gb ,ibid4 i4 #ccc4 #gc ,froiss>t1 ii4 #he4 #gd ,entick1 ,new ,naval ,hi/ory 7#ageg71 #hbc4 #8,"s ( ! ,spani% prizes 7 imm5sely ri*1 a great _m ( ! ,fr5* 7 ( consid]able value1 & s 7 _m ( ! ,engli%2 b ! balance 0 ab\t two millions 9 fav\r ( ! latt]4' #ge ,f ,entick's ,new ,naval ,hi/ory 7#ageg71 #hja-hag4 #gf ,m>t5s1 ,essai sur les ,corsaires 7,horne's translation71 #hf1 #hg4 #gg ,ibid4 #ic4 #gh ,,iii4 xv4 #bbi4 #gi ,em]igon1 ,on ,insurances 7translation71 #ddb4 #hj ,m>t5s1 #ai4 #ha ,hautfeuille1 ,des ,droits et ,devoirs des ,nations neutres1 ii4 #cdi4 #hb ,de ,jure ,m>itimo1 i4 #gb4 #hc ,despat*es1 vi4 #ade4 #hd ,despat*es1 vi4 #gi4 #he ,! la/ occasion 0 on ,april #ac1 #ahge4 #hf ,halleck1 ,int]national ,law1 ii4 #caf4 #hg ,blunts*li1 ,mod]nes ,vlk]re*t1 art4 #ffe4 #hh ,james1 ,naval ,hi/ory1 i4 #bee4 #hi ,james1 ii4 #ga4 #ij ,ibid4 ii4 #gg4 #ia ,ortolan1 ,diplomatie de la ,m]1 ii4 #cb4 #ib ,campbell's ,admirals1 viii4 #dj4 #ic ,campbell1 vii4 #ba4 ,james1 i4 #afa4 ,/9kpots are j>s or %ells *>g$ ) p[d]1 gr5ades1 c4 #id ,james1 i4 #bhc4 #ie ,br5ton1 ii4 #dga4 #if ,caltrops1 or cr[s'-feet1 are bits ( iron ) f\r spikes s arrang$ t h[ev] !y fall "o spike always rema9s upw>ds4 ,d>ius plant$ ! gr\nd ) caltrops be=e ,arbela4 #ig ,*apt] xix4 ( ! ,tactica4 #ih ,front9us1 ,/rategematicon1 ,,iv4 vii4 #i1 #aj4 #8,amphoras pice et tda pl5as2 444 vascula vip]is pl5a4' #ii ,rog] de ,w5dov]1 ,*ronica4 #8,calcem vivam1 et 9 pulv]em subtilem r$actam1 9 altum projici5tes1 v5to illam f]5te1 ,francorum oculos exccav]unt4' #ajj ,br5ton1 i4 #fce4 #aja ,de ,jure ,m>itimo1 i4 #bfe4 #ajb ,rees's ,cyclopdia1 #8,fire-%ip4' #ajc ,br5ton1 ii4 #dic1 #did4 #ajd ,halleck1 ii4 #cag4 #aje ,woolsey1 ,int]national ,law1 #ahg4 #ajf ,james1 i4 #bgg4 #ajg ,phillimore1 ,int]national ,law1 iii4 #ej-eb4 #ajh ,int]national ,law1 ii4 #ie4 #aji ,villiaum1 ,l',esprit de la ,gu]re1 #ef4 #aaj ,de ,comm9es1 viii4 #h4 #aaa ,watson's ,philip ,,ii41 ii4 #gd4 #aab ,ibid4 i4 #bac4 #aac ,memoirs1 c4 #ai4 #aad ,villiaum 7,l',esprit de la ,gu]re1 #ga7 gives ! foll[+ v]sion3 #8,en #agic et en #agid1 le g\v]nem5t anglais ayant viol le droit des g5s contre la ,rpublique ,franaise1 la ,conv5tion1 dans un accs de brutale colre1 dcrta qu'il ne s]ait plus fait aucun prisonni] anglais ou hanovri51 c'e/--dire que les va9cus s]ai5t mis mort1 encore qu'ils se r5diss5t4 ,mais ce dcret fut simplem5t comm9atoire2 le ,comit de ,salut ,public1 sa*ant trs-bi5 que de misrables soldats n'tai5t po9t c\pables1 donna l'ordre secret de faire grce t\s les va9cus4' #aae ,h]odotus1 vii4 #acf4 #aaf ,livy1 xlv4 #db4 #aag ,ibid4 xlv4 #dc4 #aah ,w>d1 ,law ( ,nations1 i4 #bej4 #aai ,petitot's ,mmoires1 xvi4 #agg4 #abj ,livy1 xlii4 #h1 #i4 #aba ,mon/relet1 ,*ronicles1 i4 #bjj4 #abb ,ibid4 i4 #bbd4 #abc ,ibid4 i4 #bdi4 #abd ,ibid4 i4 #bei4 #abe ,mon/relet1 ii4 #aef4 #abf ,ibid4 #abj4 #abg ,philip de ,comm9es1 ii4 #a4 #abh ,ibid4 ii4 #b4 #abi ,ibid4 ii4 #ad4 #acj ,philip de ,comm9es1 iii4 #i4 #aca ,motley's ,unit$ ,ne!rl&s1 iii4 #cbc4 #acb ,vattel1 iii4 #h1 #adc4 #acc ,borb/a$t1 ,franco-,g]man ,w> 7translation71 #ffb4 #acd ,w>d1 i4 #bbc4 #ace ,qu9tus ,curtius1 iv4 #f1 & ,grote1 viii4 #cfh4 #acf ,qu9tus ,curtius1 vii4 #aa4 #acg ,ibid4 iv4 #ae4 #ach ,arrian1 iii4 #ah4 #aci ,qu9tus ,curtius1 vii4 #e4 #adj #8,t\s deux fur5t trs braves1 trs vaillants1 =t biz>res et cruels4' #ada ,lyttleton1 ,h5ry ,,ii41 i4 #ahc4 #adb ,hov$51 #fig4 #adc #b ,samuel xii4 #ca4 #add ,memoirs ( a ,cavali]1 i4 #dg4 #ade ,memoirs ( a ,cavali]1 #di4 #adf #8,life ( ,bay>d' 9 ,petitot's ,mmoires1 xvi4 #i4 #adg ,major-,g5]al ,mit*ell's ,biographies ( ,em95t ,soldi]s1 #ib4 #adh ,livy1 xxxi4 #dj4 ,:5 ,pelium 0 tak5 by /orm1 only ! slaves 7 tak5 z spoil2 ! freem5 7 ev5 let (f )\t ransom4 #adi ,ibid4 xxviii4 #c4 #aej ,ibid4 xxviii4 #bj1 xxvii4 #af1 xxxi4 #bg4 #aea ,de ,(ficiis1 i4 #ab4 ,yet on ?is passage is f\nd$ ! common ass]tion t among ! ,romans #8! ^w :i* signifi$ /rang] 0 ! same ) t :i* 9 its orig9al d5ot$ an enemy' 7,w>d1 ii4 #agd72 imply+ t 9 _! eyes a /rang] & an enemy 7 "o & ! same ?+4 ,cic]o says exactly ! rev]se4 #aeb ,recueil de ,docum5ts sur les exactions1 vols1 et cruauts des armes prussi5nes en ,france4 ,! book is out ( pr9t1 b may be se5 at ! ,briti% ,museum1 "u ! title1 #8,prussia--,army (4' ,x is to be regrett$ t1 :il/ e book1 h[ev] dull1 relat+ to t w> has be5 translat$ into ,engli%1 ?is record has hi!rto escap$ ! publicity x s well des]ves4 #aec ,ibid4 #ai4 #aed ,ibid4 #h4 #aee ,ibid4 #ac4 #aef ,*audordy's ,circul> ( ,novemb] #bi1 #ahgj1 9 ! ,recueil4 #aeg ,recueil1 #ab1 #ae1 #fg1 #aai4 #aeh ,ibid4 #ef4 #aei ,ibid4 #ed4 #afj ,recueil1 #cc-cg1 & ,lady ,bloomfield's ,rem9isc5ces1 ii4 #bce1 #h1 #i4 #afa ,! ,times1 ,m>* #g1 #ahha4 #afb ,recueil1 #bi2 comp>e #ia4 #afc ,morley's ,cobd51 ii4 #agg4 #afd ,pr(essor ,%eldon ,amos quotes ! fact1 b refra9s f nam+ ! pap]1 9 8 preface to ,mann+'s ,comm5t>ies on ! ,law ( ,nations1 xl4 ,0 x n ! ,j\rnal de ,france = ,nov4 #ba1 #ahga8 #afe iii4 i4 viii4 #d4 #aff ,de ,(ficiis1 i4 #ac4 #afg ,mod]nes ,vlk]re*t1 ,art4 #efe4 #afh ,polynus1 ,/rategematum libri octo1 i4 #cd4 #afi ,polynus1 v4 #da4 #agj ,ortolan's ,diplomatie de la m]1 ii4 #ca1 #cge-g4 #aga ,james's ,naval ,hi/ory1 ii4 #baa2 ,campbell's ,admirals1 vii4 #acb4 #agb ,james1 ,naval ,hi/ory1 ii4 #bbe4 #agc ,nicolas1 ,royal ,navy1 ii4 #bg4 #agd ,hautefeuille1 ,droit ,m>itime1 iii4 #dcc4 #8,les vaisseaux de l',etat eux-mmes ne r\giss5t pas de ces grossi]s m5songes qui pr5n5t le nom de ruses de gu]re4' #age xiii4 #a4 #agf ,montaigne1 *4 v4 #agg vii4 #d4 #8,quia appellatione no/ra vix apte exprimi possunt1 ,grca pronuntiatione ,/ratagemata dicuntur4' #agh ,livy1 xlii4 #dg4 #agi ,hi/oire de la ,france1 iii4 #dja4 #ahj ,! ^w musket is f mus*etto1 a k9d ( hawk1 imply+ t its attack 0 equally de/ructive & un=ese54 #aha ,polynus1 ii4 #ai4 #ahb ,polynus1 iii4 #b2 f ,?ucydides1 iii4 #cd4 #ahc ,ibid4 vii4 #bg1 #b4 #ahd ,ibid4 iv4 #b-d4 #ahe ,lisk5ne1 ,biblio?que ,hi/orique et ,militaire1 iii4 #hde4 #ahf ,memoirs1 *4 xix4 #ahg ix4 #f1 #c4 #ahh vi4 #bb4 #ahi vi4 #ae4 #aij iv4 #g1 #ag4 #aia ,e4 ,f\rni]1 ,l',esprit dans l',hi/oire1 #ade-aej4 #aib iii4 #aj4 #aic ,lisk5ne1 v4 #bcc-d4 #aid ,soldi]'s ,pocket-,book1 #ha4 #aie ,polynus1 viii4 #af1 #h4 #8,lege ,romanorum jub5te ho/ium exploratores int]fic]e4' #aif ,livy1 xxx4 #bi4 ,accord+ to ,polynus1 he gave !m a d9n] & s5t !m back ) in/ructions to tell :at !y _h se52 viii4 #af1 #h4 #aig ,watson's ,philip ,,ii4 iii4 #caa4 #aih ,lisk5ne1 iii4 #hdj4 #aii ,h(fman1 ,kriegsli/1 #ae4 #bjj ,petitot's ,mmoires de la ,france1 xv4 #cag4 #bja ,polynus1 ii4 #bg4 #bjb ,ibid4 v4 #a1 #d4 #bjc ,memoirs1 *4 xix4 #bjd ,livy1 xxxiv4 #ag4 #bje ,z at ! ,brussels ,conf]5ce1 #ahgd1 :5 su* a proposal 0 made by ! 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bayonet1 #f ,jom9i1 ,b>on1 ,presid5t ( ,brussels ,conf]5ce1 #ie ,julius ,,ii41 /ory (1 #aif ,jus ,ang>i1 #ij ,ju/ice 9 w>1 #bjh1 #beh-i1 #bga1 #bgc-hj ,khonds1 !ory ( w>1 #bjc ,kidnapp+ soldi]s 9 ,g]many1 #bda ,kiss+ ! e>?1 cu/om (1 #bja ,lat]an ,c\ncil1 ,?ird1 #d ,laws ( w> among savages1 #aei ,l5t1 obs]vation (1 9 w>1 #ea1 #bje ,leo ! ,great1 #bjd ,lett]s ( m>que1 #gd1 #gh ,lett]s1 milit>y contempt =1 #aef ,limoges1 ,c\ncil (1 #bjc ,loha ,p5nu1 an ,indian w>-god1 #bjc ,mac$onian w>f>e1 #acc ,magic1 use (1 9 w>1 #aii ,mal+]+1 #bca-d ,m>riage1 re/rictions on1 #bah-i ,m]c5>y s]vice1 #bfj-c ,milit>y cant1 #ba1 #aje-f1 #aah1 #afc -- v&alism1 #af1 #dh1 #afc1 #bcg ,mission>ies1 #agf-ahb -- failure (1 #agg -- legal control (1 #aha ,mission>ies1 ,norwegian1 9 ,zulul&1 #agi ,mission /ations de/roy$1 #ahj ,mozley1 ,canon1 on w>1 #bab ,musket1 #e1 #acc ,mut9y ,act1 fir/1 #bfe ,names ( weapons1 #bjj ,neutral %ips & prop]ty1 #hf ,night attacks1 #acc ,numb]s sla9 9 w>1 #h-aj ,oa?1 milit>y1 #bfd-e ,oa? by cannon-%ot1 #acj ,oph?almia1 artificial1 #bcc ,palat9ate1 deva/ation ( !1 #ag1 #bfg ,pay1 soldi]s'1 #bci1 #bfa ,p]fidy1 cases (1 #ace ,p]jury1 cases (1 #aci ,p]petual peace1 ,von ,moltke on1 #aai ,piracy1 #fg-gj1 #bee ,plund] ( prop]ty at sea1 #fg-gj ,plund] ( prop]ty on l&1 #fa-c1 #ff1 #aah ,poison1 use (1 9 w>1 #ac1 #ad1 #agb-c ,poison+ ! air1 #di ,poison+ wat]1 #ad1 #bi ,press1 influ5ce (1 9 w>1 #aab1 #agg1 #ahb1 #bec ,prison]s1 treatm5t (1 #ag1 #ah1 #dj1 #he1 #ii1 #aac ,prison]s1 behead$1 #ig1 #ajf -- bl9d$1 #dc -- burnt1 #ajc1 #aaa -- dr[n$1 #aja-b-f -- hung1 #df1 #aja-c -- maim$1 #dc1 #ajc -- massacr$1 #da1 #aaa -- tortur$1 #aid ,private]+1 #gj-i -- ,"l ,nelson on1 #gg ,prizes & prize-money1 #gj ,prize ,c\rt1 #gf ,puni%m5ts1 milit>y1 #bba-f ,purificatory battle rites1 #bej ,purs]s on private]s1 #gf ,recruit+1 difficulty (1 #bdj -- =m] sy/em (1 9 ,france & ,g]many1 #bda ,r$1 ! milit>y col\r1 #bbc ,r$-hot %ot1 #e1 #hc ,reprisals1 #ic-aah -- savage ,g]man1 #aag-h ,"r ( se>*1 #hh ,"r ( wreck1 #hi ,roman w>f>e1 #aad1 #acb1 #bga-b ,sacr$ build+s 9 w>1 #af1 #dh-i ,sea battles1 #hj1 #hc ,scalp+ enemies1 #agj ,s5try-g1 #bbi ,slav]y1 influ5ce ( its cessation on w>1 #aab ,socialism1 *ief cause (1 #bde-h ,soldi]s ( m>k3 ,al>ic1 #bjd ,alex&] ! ,great1 #ajg-aj1 #acc ,b>b>ossa1 #ajj ,bay>d1 #f1 #eg1 #adi1 #aea1 #afe1 #bja1 #bbf1 #bgc ,b]tr& du ,guescl91 #dj-a1 #dd ,black ,pr9ce1 !1 #cg1 #ei ,bl*]1 #af1 #ag ,cs>1 #ih1 #aef1 #afi1 #bgb ,cat9at1 #ade ,*&os1 ,sir ,john1 #ee ,*>les ( ,anj\1 #ajj ,*>les ! ,bold1 #aaa ,*>les ,,xii4 ( ,sw$51 #acc1 #bbf ,crillon1 #bb1 #gc1 #bdc ,cu/9e1 #ade ,david1 k+ ( ! ,jews1 #aaa1 #bea ,david ,i4 ( ,scotl&1 #aaa ,des ,adretz1 #aaa ,edw>d ,i41 #ajf ,edw>d ,,iii41 #dd ,eug5e1 ,pr9ce1 #adi ,feuquires1 #ig1 #ach1 #adi ,francis ,i41 #adj ,francis de ,v]e1 #ajd ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 #af1 #adb ,g5s]ic1 #bje ,godfrey de ,b\illon1 #ajj ,gu/avus ,adolphus1 #ai-bj1 #bb1 #bba ,h5ri ,quatre1 #cj ,h5ry ,v41 #aja ,keppel1 ,admiral1 #bgj ,manny1 ,sir ,walt]1 #dd1 #eg ,maurice1 ,pr9ce1 #aej ,montluc1 #ajg1 #aba1 #acc1 #acg1 #ade1 #aef ,moltke1 #aai ,orange1 ,pr9ce (1 #aeb ,p>ma1 ,pr9ce (1 #adf ,plissi]1 #afe ,pet]bor\gh1 ,"l1 #ach ,pyrrhus1 #aeg ,ri*>d ,i41 #aaa1 #aie ,saxe1 ,m>%al1 #bbf ,scipio1 #adf ,s]torius1 #adc1 #ade ,sully1 #cj ,suw>r[1 #bch ,well+ton1 ,duke (1 #bj1 #bcf ,wolseley1 ,"l1 #adc-d1 #aea1 #bdd ,x]xes1 #dg1 #ii1 #adf ,spani>ds 9 w>1 #dj1 #db1 #ig1 #afg-i1 #bjj ,spies1 #ada-h ,vattel on1 #ada ,fr$]ick ! ,great on1 #adb ,"l ,wolseley on1 #adc-d ,/orm+ cities1 #bg1 #bch ,surprises1 #adh-i ,surr5d] at discretion1 #de1 #ajj1 #abc ,t]nate1 isl& (1 #aca ,torp$oes1 fir/ use (1 #e -- introduc$ into ,european w>f>e1 #he ,treatise on ,tactics by ,leo ,,vi41 #hc ,truce ( ,god1 #bje ,w>1 real "* (1 #bg1 #ahf1 #baj ,w>s1 abolition ( private1 #bje1 #bbg ,weapons1 #ej ,wom51 imprison$ 9 w>1 #ch ,wom5 & *ildr51 slaught] (1 #bc1 #cc-h1 #aag ,wom5 z soldi]s1 #bdb ,writ]s1 c43 ,arrian1 #aji ,blunts*li1 #abg ,bynk]%oeck1 #ad1 #abg ,cic]o1 #aad1 #abf ,desc>tes1 #bed ,dobritzh(f]1 #afj ,em]igon1 #gc ,erasmus1 #ahf1 #bdd ,froiss>t1 #bc ,front9us1 #acd ,grotius1 #ad1 #ag1 #bc1 #abf1 #ahg1 #bef1 #beh1 #bgc ,hallam1 #cb1 #ej ,hautefeuille1 #fg ,kant1 #bc1 #cj ,las ,casas1 #afg ,molloy1 #gg ,orig51 #aij ,palm]/on1 ,"l1 #bbg ,p5n1 #agc ,polynus1 #ace ,qu9tus ,curtius1 #aji ,/4 ,pi]re1 ,abb1 #cj ,sepulv$a1 #afg ,t]tullian1 #ahi ,turn]1 ,sir ,james1 #bei ,val91 #gc ,vattel1 #ad1 #ah1 #ba1 #gc1 #ajd-e1 #aci1 #ada1 #bff ,vauban1 #ae ,victor ,hugo1 #beb ,voltaire1 #baj1 #bfg-h ,:ewell1 #fg ,wycliffe1 #aic ,zw+li1 #bfc ,spottiswoode ,co41 ,pr9t]s1 ,new-/reet ,squ>e1 ,london4 ,transcrib]'s notes3 ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( *anges made to ! orig9al4 ,! fir/ l9e is ! orig9al l9e1 ! second ! correct$ "o4 ,page #aa1 footnote3 l ,engl& %\ld h be5 he>d an inquiry ( :i* l ,engl& %\ld h be5 he>d at an inquiry ( :i* ,page #gh3 :i* aboli%$ private]+ bewe5 ! signatory ,p[]s1 :i* aboli%$ private]+ betwe5 ! signatory ,p[]s1 ,page #bdd3 su* an expositon z ! foll[+ ( ! relation betwe5 su* an exposition z ! foll[+ ( ! relation betwe5