,by ,james ,freeman ,cl>ke1 ,d4,d4 ,,t5 ,,great ,,religions4 ,"p ,i4 ,an ,essay 9 ,comp>ative ,!ology4 ,new ,popul> ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 gilt top1 #b4jj4 ,,t5 ,,great ,,religions4 ,"p ,,ii4 ,comp>ison ( all ,religions4 ,cr[n #hvo1 gilt top1 #b4jj4 ,,common ,,s5se ,,9 ,,religion4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #b4jj4 ,,memorial ,,& ,,biographical ,,sket*es4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #b4jj4 ,,e-,,day ,,religion4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #a4ej4 ,,ev5ts ,,& ,,epo*s ,,9 ,,religi\s ,,hi/ory4 ,) ,maps & ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #b4jj4 ,,! ,,ideas ,,( ,,! ,,apo/le ,,paul4 ,translat$ into _! ,mod]n ,equival5ts4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #a4ej4 ,,self-,,culture3 ,physical1 ,intellectual1 ,moral1 & ,spiritual4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #a4ej4 ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury ,,que/ions4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #a4ej4 ,,exotics4 ,poems translat$ f ! ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 & ,italian1 by ,j4 ,f4 ,c4 & ,l4 ,c4 #ahmo1 #a4jj4 ,,h\ghton1 ,,miffl9 ,,& ,,company1 ,,bo/on ,,& ,,new ,,york4 ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury ,,que/ions ,,by ,,james ,,freeman ,,cl>ke ,illu/ration ,,bo/on ,,& ,,new ,,york ,,h\ghton1 ,,miffl9 ,,& ,,company ,! ,riv]side ,press1 ,cambridge #ahig4 ,,copyright1 #ahig1 ,,by ,,eliot ,c4 ,,cl>ke ,,all ,,rights ,,res]v$ ,,prefatory ,,note ,%ortly be=e 8 dea?1 ,dr4 ,cl>ke select$ ! mat]ial = ?is book1 & p>tly prep>$ x = publication4 ,he wi%$ ?us to pres]ve "s ( 8 pap]s :i* _h excit$ int]e/ :5 pr9t$ 9 p]iodicals or read z lectures4 ,) slight exceptions1 ! book is issu$ j z prep>$ by ! au?or4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,lit]>y ,,/udies4 ,,lyric ,,& ,,dramatic ,,elem5ts ,,9 ,,lit]ature ,,& ,,art #c ,,dualism ,,9 ,,national ,,life #bh ,,did ,,%akespe>e ,,write ,,bacon',s ,,works8 #ch ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,a ,,great ,,poem3 ,,gray',s ,,elegy #fj ,,religi\s ,,& ,,philosophical4 ,,aff9ities ,,( ,,buddhism ,,& ,,*ri/ianity #ga ,,:y ,i ,,am ,,n ,a ,,free-,,religioni/ #ij ,,h ,,animals ,,s\ls8 #ajj ,,apropos ,,( ,,tyndall #abh ,,law ,,& ,,design ,,9 ,,nature #adi ,,hi/orical ,,& ,,biographical4 ,,! ,,two ,,c>lyles1 ,,or ,,c>lyle ,,pa/ ,,& ,,pres5t #afb ,,buckle ,,& ,,8 ,,!ory ,,( ,,av]ages #aif ,,voltaire #bce ,,ralph ,,waldo ,,em]son #bgj ,,h>riet ,,m>t9eau #bhd ,,! ,,rise ,,& ,,fall ,,( ,,! ,,slave ,,p[] ,,9 ,,am]ica #cab ,,lit]>y ,,/udies ,,lyric ,,& ,,dramatic ,,elem5ts ,,9 ,,lit]ature ,,& ,,art ,! ,g]man philosophy has made a di/9ction betwe5 ! ,subjective & ! ,objective1 :i* has be5 f\nd s conv5i5t t x has be5 already naturaliz$ & is almo/ acclimat$ 9 our lit]ature4 ,! di/9ction is ?is3 9 all ?\ght !re are two factors1 ! ?9k] himself1 & t ab\t :i* he ?9ks4 ,all ?\ght1 say our fri5ds ! ,g]mans1 results f ^! two factors3 ! subject1 or ! man ?9k+2 & ! object1 :at ! man ?9ks ab\t4 ,all t "p ( ?\ght :i* comes f ! man himself1 ! ,ego1 !y call subjective2 all t "p :i* comes f ! outside _w1 ! non-,ego1 !y call objective4 ,i am ab\t to apply ?is di/9ction to lit]ature & art2 b in/ead ( ! t]ms ,subjective & ,objective1 ,i %all use ! words ,lyric & ,dramatic4 ,= example1 :5 a writ] or an arti/ puts a great deal ( himself into 8 "w1 ,i call him a lyric writ] or arti/4 ,lyrical1 9 poetry1 is ! t]m appli$ to t species ( poetry :i* directly expresses ! individual emotions ( ! poet4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i call an arti/ or poet dramatic :5 8 own p]sonality disappe>s1 & is lo/ 9 t :i* he pa9ts or describes4 ,a lyric or subjective writ] gives u m ( himself ?an ( ! outside _w2 a dramatic or objective writ] gives u m ( ! outside _w ?an ( himself4 ,lyric poetry is t :i* is to be sung2 ! lyre accompanies song4 ,n[1 song is ma9ly p]sonal or subjective4 ,x expresses ! s+]'s p]sonal emotions1 feel+s1 desires2 & = ^! reasons ,i select ?is phrase lyric to express all subjective or p]sonal utt]ances 9 art4 ,! drama1 on ! o!r h&1 is a photograph ( life2 ( live m5 & wom5 act+ !mselves out freely & individually4 ,! dramatic writ] ought to disappe> 9 8 drama2 if he does n d s he is n a dramatic writ]1 b a lyri/ 9 disguise4 ,! dramatic elem5t is ! p[] ( los+ "o's self--op9ions1 feel+1 "*--9 t :i* is outside & =eign1 & reproduc+ x j z x is4 ,9 p]fect dramatic expression ! p]sonal equation is :olly elim9at$4 ,! writ] disappe>s 9 8 *>act]s2 8 own hopes & fe>s1 emotions & convictions1 d n color 8 "w4 ,b ! lyric elem5t works 9 ! opposite way4 ,9 song1 ! s+] is prom95t m ?an :at he s+s4 ,he suffuses 8 subject ) 8 own ?\ghts & feel+s4 ,if he describes nature1 he m]ely gives u ! feel+s x awak5s 9 8 own m9d4 ,if he attempts to write a play1 we see ! same actor ?9ly disguis$ reappe>+ 9 all ! p>ts4 ,n[1 !re is a curi\s fact connect$ ) ?is subject4 ,x is t great lyric & dramatic au?ors or arti/s are apt to appe> 9 duads or pairs4 ,:5ev] we meet ) a highly subjective writ]1 we are apt to f9d him associat$ ) ano!r z em95tly objective4 ,?is happ5s s (t5 t "o might imag9e t ea* type ( ?\ght attracts its opposite & t5ds to draw x out & develop x4 ,x may be t g5ius1 :5 x acts on disciples :o are p]sons ( tal5t1 draws out :at is l itself1 & makes imitators2 :5 x acts on a disciple :o himself possesses g5ius1 x draws out :at is opposite to itself & develops ano!r orig9al ?9k]4 ,g5ius1 l love1 is attract$ by its opposite1 or c\nt]p>t4 ,love & g5ius seek to =m :oles2 !y look = :at w complete & fulfill !mselves4 ,:51 !re=e1 a great g5ius has come1 fully develop$ on "o side1 he ex]cises an irresi/ible attraction on ! next great g5ius1 9 :om ! opposite side is lat5t1 & is an important factor 9 8 developm5t4 ,?us1 p]haps1 we obta9 ! duads1 ^: curi\s concurr5ce ,i w n[ illu/rate by a few /rik+ in/ances4 ,beg9n+ our survey ) ,engli% lit]ature1 :o are ! fir/ two great poets ^: names occur to u8 ,naturally1 ,*auc] & ,sp5s]4 ,n[1 ,*auc] is em95tly dramatic & objective 9 8 g5ius2 :ile ,sp5s] is di/9ctly a lyrical & subjective poet4 ,*auc] tells /ories2 & /ory-tell+ is objective4 ,"o ( ! mo/ r5[n$ collections ( /ories is ! ,arabian ,nights2 b :o kn[s any?+ ab\t ! au?ors ( ^? ent]ta9+ tales8 ,!y are m]ely pictures ( ,ea/]n life1 reflect$ 9 ! m9ds ( "s imp]sonal au?ors1 ^: names ev5 are unkn[n4 ,hom] is ano!r great /ory-tell]2 & ,hom] is s objective1 s little ( a p]sonality1 t "s mod]n critics suppose !re may h be5 sev]al ,hom]s4 ,*auc] is a /ory-tell] also2 & 9 8 /ories ev]y?+ belong+ to 8 age appe>s1 except ,*auc] himself4 ,8 writ+s are full ( pictures ( life1 sket*es ( "*2 9 "o ^w1 he is a dramatic or objective writ]4 ,he pa9ts ?+s z !y are1--gives u a panorama ( 8 p]iod4 ,knights1 squires1 yeom51 prie/s1 fri>s1 pass be=e u1 z 9 ,t5nyson's poem ,! ,lady ( ,%alott4 ,! m9d ( an objective /ory-tell]1 l ,*auc]1 is ! fai?ful mirror1 :i* imp>tially reflects all t passes be=e x1 b cracks f side to side :5ev] he lets a p]sonal feel+ ent] 8 m9d1 = !n ! drama sudd5ly disappe>s & a lyric ( p]sonal hope or fe>1 gladness or sadness1 takes its place4 ,sp5s] is em95tly a lyric poet4 ,8 own g5ius suffuses 8 /ories ) a summ] gl[ ( w>m1 t5d]1 g5]\s s5tim5t4 ,9 8 descriptions ( nature he does n catalogue details1 b sugge/s impressions1 :i* is ! only way ( truly describ+ nature4 ,!re are "s writ]s :o c describe sc5]y1 s t ! read] feels z if he _h se5 x himself4 ,! secret ( all su* description is t x does n c\nt or measure1 b sugge/s4 ,x is n quantitative b qualitative analysis4 ,x does n apply a foot rule to nature1 b gives ! impression made on ! m9d & he>t by ! sc5e4 ,i h nev] be5 at ,frascati nor 9 ,sicily1 b ,i c h>dly p]suade myself t ,i h n se5 ^? places4 ,i h di/9ct impressions ( bo?1 simply f read+ two ( ,george ,s&'s /ories4 ,i h 9 my m9d a picture ( ,frascati1 ) deep rav9es1 fill$ ) foliage2 ) climb+1 clu/]+1 /raggl+ v9es & trees & bu%es2 ) ov]hang+ crags1 deep masses ( %ad[ bel[1 bright sun%9e on ! /one p9es above4 ,s ,i h ano!r picture ( ,sicilian sc5]y1 wide & op51 ) imm5se dep?s ( blue sky1 & long rea*es ( l&scape2 ev]-pres5t ,etna1 so>+ sn[-clad into ! /ill air2 an atmosph]e ( purity1 fill+ ! he>t ) calm cont5t4 ,x may be t ,catania & ,frascati are n l ?is2 b ,i feel z if ,i _h se5 !m1 n z if ,i _h he>d !m describ$4 ,x is ?us t ,sp5s] describes nature2 by t\*+ "s *ord ( fancy 9 ! s\l4 ,notice ?is picture ( a boat on ! sea3-- ,s =? !y r[d2 & t ,f]ryman ,) 8 /iff o>s did bru% ! sea s /rong ,t ! ho> wat]s f 8 frigate ran1 ,& ! light bubbles dancd all along ,:iles ! salt br9e out ( ! bill[s sprang2 ,at la/1 f> (f1 !y _m isl&s spy1 ,on e side1 float+ ! floods among4 ,y notice t y are 9 ! boat y\rself1 & ev]y?+ is told z x appe>s to y !re2 y see ! b5d+ ( ! /iff o>s by y\r side1 & ! little bubbles danc+ on ! wat]1 & ! isl&s1 n z !y are1 rock-an*or$1 b z !y seem to y1 float+ on ! wat]4 ,?is is subjective description1--putt+ ! read] 9 ! place1 & lett+ him see x all f t po9t ( view4 ,s ,sp5s] speaks ( ! o>s sweep+ ! wat]y wild]ness2 & ( ! gu/y w9ds fill+ ! sails ) fe>4 ,p]haps ! highe/ description ought to include bo? ! lyric & dramatic elem5ts4 ,"h is a specim5 ( sea description1 by an almo/ unkn[n ,am]ican poet1 ,f5n]1 p]fect 9 its way4 ,! poem is call$ ,gulf ,we$3-- ,a we>y we$ wa%$ to & fro1 ,dre>ily dr5*$ 9 ! ocean br9e2 ,so>+ high1 or s9k+ l[1 ,la%$ along )\t w ( m9e2 ,sport ( ! spoom ( ! surg+ sea1 ,flung on ! foam af> & ne>2 ,m>k my manifold my/]y1 ,gr[? & grace 9 _! place appe>4 ,i be> r\nd b]ries1 gray & r$1 ,rootless & rov] ?\gh ,i be2 ,my spangl$ leaves1 :5 nicely spread1 ,arboresce z a trunkless tree2 ,corals curi\s coat me o'er ,:ite & h>d 9 apt array2 ,mid ! wild waves' rude upro> ,gracefully gr[ ,i1 night & day4 ,he>ts !re are on ! s\nd+ %ore1 7,some?+ :isp]s s(t to me17 ,re/less & roam+ = ev]more1 ,l ?is we>y we$ ( ! sea2 ,be> !y yet on ea* beat+ brea/ ,! et]nal ,type ( ! wondr\s :ole1 ,gr[? unfold+ amid/ unre/1 ,grace in=m+ ! sil5t s\l4 ,all nature becomes alive 9 ! ,sp5s]ian description4 ,take1 = example1 ! wond]ful /anza :i* describes ! music ( ! ,b[] ( ,bliss3-- ,! joy\s birds1 %r\d$ 9 *e]ful %ade ,_! notes unto ! voice attemp]'d sweet2 ,?' angelical1 s(t1 trembl+ voices made ,to ! in/rum5ts div9e respond5ce meet2 ,! silv]-s\nd+ in/rum5ts did meet ,) ! bass murmur ( ! wat]'s fall2 ,! wat]'s fall1 ) diff]5ce discreet1 ,n[ l\d1 n[ l[1 unto ! w9ds did call2 ,! g5tle w>bl+ w9ds l[ answ]d to all4 ,consid] ! spl5did portrait ( ,belphbe3-- ,9 h] fair eyes two liv+ lamps did flame1 ,k9dl$ above at ! ,heav5ly ,mak]'s light2 ,& d>t$ fi]y beams out ( ! same1 ,s pass+ pi]c+1 & s wondr\s bright1 ,!y q b]eav$ ! ra% behold]'s sight2 ,9 !m ! bl9d$ god 8 lu/ful fire ,to k9dle (t essay'd b _h no might1 ,= ) dread maje/y & awful ire ,%e broke 8 wanton d>ts & qu5*d base desire4 ,h] ivory =ehead1 full ( b\nty brave1 ,l a broad tablet did itself dispread1 ,= love 8 l(ty triumphs to engrave1 ,& write ! battles ( 8 great godhead2 ,all good & honor might !re9 be read1 ,= !re _! dwell+ 02 & :5 %e spake1 ,sweet words1 l dropp+ honey %e did %$2 ,&1 twixt ! pe>ls & rubies s(tly brake ,a silv] ,s\nd1 t heav5ly music seem$ to make4 ,if we exam9e ?is picture1 we see t x is n a photograph1 su* z ! sun makes1 b a lov]'s description ( 8 mi/ress4 ,he sees h]1 n z %e is1 b z %e is to him4 ,he pa9ts h] out ( 8 own he>t4 ,9 h] eyes he sees1 n only brilliancy & color1 b heav5ly light2 he reads 9 !m an unt\*$ purity ( s\l4 ,look+ at h] =ehead1 he sees1 n :it5ess & r\ndness1 b goodness & honor4 ,%akespe>e's lov]s always describe _! mi/resses 9 ?is way1 out ( _! own s\l & he>t4 ,x is 8 own feel+ t ! lov] gives1 see+ p]haps ,hel5's beauty 9 a br[ ( ,egypt4 ,aft] ,*auc] & ,sp5s] ! next great ,engli% poets ^: names naturally occur to u are ,%akespe>e & ,milton4 ,n[1 ,%akespe>e 0 ! mo/ objective dramatic writ] :o ev] liv$2 :ile ,milton 0 em95tly & :olly a subjective & lyrical writ]4 ,x is true t ,%akespe>e 0 s great t he is "o ( ! v few m5 ( g5ius 9 :om appe> bo? ( ^! elem5ts4 ,9 8 plays he is s objective t he is :olly lo/ 9 8 *>act]s1 & 8 p]sonality absolutely disappe>s2 9 8 sonnets he unlocks 8 he>t & is lyrical & subjective2 he !re gives u 8 inmo/ self1 & we seem to "k him z we "k a fri5d ) :om we h liv$ 9 intimate relations = ye>s4 ,/ill1 he w be be/ rememb]$ by 8 plays2 & into !m he put ! gr&eur & univ]sality ( 8 g5ius2 s we mu/ necess>ily consid] him z ! greate/ dramatic g5ius ( all "t4 ,b he belong$ to a gr\p ( dramatic poets ( :om he 0 ! greate/3 ,b5 ,jonson1 ,beaumont & ,flet*]1 ,mass+]1 ,=d1 ,web/]1--any "o ( :om w\ld make ! =tune ( ! /age to-day4 ,x 0 a great age ( dramatic lit]ature1 & x came v naturally to meet a dem&4 ,! play !n 0 :at ! novel is to-day4 ,z p to-day h no soon] read a new novel ?an !y want ano!r1 s1 9 ,%akespe>e's "t1 !y _h no soon] se5 a new play ?an !y ran to see ano!r4 ,h5ce ! amaz+ f]tility ( ! dramatic writ]s4 ,?omas ,heywood wrote ! :ole or a "p ( two hundr$ & tw5ty plays4 ,! manag] ( "o ( ! !atres b\ght a hundr$ & six new plays = 8 /age 9 six ye>s2 & 9 ! next five ye>s a hundr$ & sixty4 ,! price paid to an au?or = a play w\ld n[ be equal to ab\t two or ?ree hundr$ doll>s4 ,! dramatic elem5t1 z is natural1 ab\nds 9 ^! writ+s1 ?\gh 9 "s ( !m ! au?or's g5ius is pla9ly lyrical4 ,su*1 = example1 is ,mass+]'s1 :o always rem9ds me ( ,s*ill]4 ,bo? wrote plays1 b 9 bo? writ]s ! faculty ( los+ !mselves 9 _! *>act]s is want+4 ,! nobl5ess ( ,s*ill] appe>s 9 all 8 works1 & con/itutes a l>ge "p ( _! *>m4 ,s 9 ,mass+] all t5ds to g5]osity & elevation4 ,8 wor/ villa9s are ready to be conv]t$ & turn sa9ts at ! lea/ provocation4 ,_! wick$ness is 9 a condition ( un/able equilibrium2 x topples ov]1 & goodness becomes supreme 9 a s+le mom5t4 ,mass+] c\ld n create really wick$ p2 _! wick$ness is l a *ild's mom5t ( passion or willfulness1 end+ pres5tly 9 a flood ( te>s1 & a sweet reconciliation ) 8 pati5t "m4 ,b h[ diff]5t 0 x ) ,%akespe>e6 ,consid] 8 ,iago4 ,h[ deeply root$ 0 8 villa9y6 h[ x 0 a "p ( ! v texture ( 8 be+6 ,he _h con=m$ to x ! :ole philosophy ( 8 life4 ,8 cynical notions appe> 9 ! fir/ sc5e4 ,iago believes 9 meanness1 selfi%ness1 ev]y?+ t is base2 to him all t seems good is ei!r a pret5se or a weakness4 ,! man :o does n seek ! gratification ( 8 own desires is a fool4 ,!re is to ,iago no?+ sweet1 pure1 fair1 or true1 9 ?is _w or ! next4 ,he pr(anes ev]y?+ he t\*es4 ,he sne]s at ! angelic innoc5ce ( ,desdemona2 he sne]s at ! g5]\s1 impulsive s\l ( ,o!llo4 ,:5 "s "o speaks to him ( virtue1 he says ,virtue8 a fig6 'tis 9 ourselves t we are ?us or ?us4 ,our bodies are our g>d5s1 to :i* our wills are g>d5]s4 ,y c plant nettles or lettuce z y please4 ,t is to say1 !re is no reality 9 goodness4 ,! virtue ( ,desdemona w be gone to-morr[1 if %e takes ! :im4 ,! ,moor's fai? 9 goodness is folly2 x w cause him to be l$ by ! nose4 ,!re is no conv]t+ su* a man z t2 or only :51 by means ( t]rible disappo9tm5ts & angui%1 he is br\ght to see ! reality ( human goodness & div9e provid5ce4 ,& t c h>dly happ5 to him 9 ?is _w4 ,iago is a murd]] ( ! s\l1 ,macbe? a murd]] ( ! body4 ,! wick$ness ( ,macbe? is diff]5t f t ( ,iago2 t ( ,%ylock & ( ,ri*>d ,?ird diff]5t aga9 f ei!r4 ,macbe? is a half-brute1 a man 9 a l[ /ate ( developm5t1 ) little intellect & /rong passions4 ,%ylock is a highly intellectual man1 n a cynic l ,iago1 b embitt]$ by ill-treatm5t1 made v5om\s by cruel wrong & p]petual contempt4 ,oppression has made ?is wise man mad4 ,ri*>d ,?ird1 orig9ally bad1 has be5 turn$ into a cruel mon/] by ! egotism born ( p[]4 ,he has ! contempt = 8 race t belongs to ! ari/ocrat1 :o looks on m5 9 humbl] places z animals ( a l[] ord] made = 8 use or amusem5t4 ,n[1 ?is wond]ful p[] ( diff]5tiat+ *>act]s belongs to ! ess5ce ( ! dramatic faculty4 ,ea* ( ^! is develop$ f )91 f a p]sonal c5tre1 & is true to t4 ,e manife/ation ( ?is c5tral life is correlat$ to e o!r4 ,if "o ( ,%akespe>e's *>act]s says b t5 words 9 "o sc5e1 & !n t5 words m 9 ano!r1 we recognize him z ! same p]son4 ,8 spee* bewraye? him4 ,s x is 9 human life4 ,e man is fatally consi/5t ) himself4 ,s1 aft] we h se5 a numb] ( pictures by any "o ( ! great ma/]s1 we recognize him aga91 z soon z we ent] a gall]y4 ,we "k him by a c]ta9 /yle4 ,inf]ior arti/s h a mann]2 great arti/s h a /yle2 mann] is born ( imitation2 /yle ( orig9ality4 ,s1 !re is a special quality 9 e human be+1 if he w only all[ x to unfold4 ,! dramatic faculty recognizes ?is4 ,its k ( man is n a philosophy1 nor a m]e k ( human nature1 b a p]ception ( individual "*4 ,x fir/ integrates m5 z human be+s2 !n diff]5tiates !m z individuals4 ,play-writ]s1 noveli/s1 & arti/s :o d n possess ?is dramatic g5ius _c gr[ _! *>act]s f )91 f a p]sonal c5tre ( life2 b build !m up f )\t1 accord+ to a plan4 ,9 description ( nature1 h[ev]1 ,%akespe>e is1 z he ought to be1 subjective & lyric2 he t\*es nature ) human feel+s4 ,take 8 description ( a brook3-- ,! curr5t t ) g5tle murmur glides ,?\ "k'/1 be+ /opp'd impati5tly do? rage2 ,b :5 8 fair c\rse is n h9d]$1 ,he makes sweet music ) ! enamell'd /ones1 ,giv+ a g5tle kiss to e s$ge ,he ov]take? 9 8 pilgrimage1 ,& s by _m w9d+ nooks he /rays ,) will+ sport to ! wild ocean4 ,! brook is g5tle2 !n x becomes angry2 !n x is pacifi$ & beg9s to s+2 !n x /ops to kiss ! s$ge2 !n x is a pilgrim2 & x walks will+ly on to ! ocean4 ,s 9 8 sonnet3-- ,full _m a glori\s morn+ h ,i se5 ,flatt] ! m\nta9 top ) sov]eign eye2 ,kiss+ ) gold5 face ! mead[s gre51 ,gild+ pale /reams ) heav5ly al*emy2 ,anon p]mit ! base/ cl\ds to ride ,) ugly rack on 8 cele/ial face2 ,& f ! =lorn _w 8 visage hide1 ,/eal+ unse5 to we/ ) 8 disgrace2 ,ev5 s my sun "o e>ly morn did %9e1 ,) all triumphant spl5dor on my br[2 ,b out1 alack6 he 0 b "o h\r m9e2 ,! region cl\d ha? mask$ him f me n[2 ,yet him1 = ?is1 my love no :it disda9e?1 ,suns ( ?is _w may /a91 :5 heav5's sun /a9e?4 ,f ,%akespe>e1 ! m>vel ( dramatic g5ius1 turn to ,milton1 & we f9d ! opposite t5d5cy unfold$4 ,! ,p>adise ,lo/ is inde$ dramatic 9 =m1 ) diff]5t *>act]s & dialogues1 9 hell1 on e>?1 & 9 heav54 ,b 9 ess5ce x is undramatic4 ,milton is nev] = a mom5t lo/ 9 8 *>act]s2 8 gr& & noble s\l is always appe>+4 ,e "o speaks z ,milton w\ld h spok5 _h ,milton be5 9 ! same place1 & look$ at ?+s f ! same po9t ( view4 ,s9 & ,satan1 = example1 bo? talk l ,john ,milton4 ,s9 is v consci5ti\s1 & be=e %e w unlock ! gate ( hell %e is oblig$ to argue h]self into a conviction t x is "r to d s4 ,satan1 %e says1 is h] fa!r1 & *ildr5 ought to obey _! p>5ts2 s1 s9ce he tells h] to unlock ! gate1 %e ought to d s4 ,dea? reproa*es ,satan1 9 good set t]ms1 = 8 treason aga9/ ! ,almighty2 & ,satan1 z we all "k1 utt]s ! noble/ s5tim5ts1 & talks z ,milton w\ld h talk$1 _h ,milton be5 9 ,satan's position4#a ,com+ d[n ne>] to our own "t1 we f9d a duad ( great ,engli% poets1 usually associat$ 9 our m9ds1--,byron & ,scott4 ,scott 0 almo/ ! la/ ( ! dramatic poets ( ,engl&1 us+ ! ^w dramatic 9 its l>ge s5se4 ,8 plays nev] am\nt$ to mu*2 b 8 /ories 9 v]se & 9 prose are ess5tially dramatic4 ,9 nei!r does he reveal himself4 ,9 all 8 poetry y sc>cely f9d a ref]5ce to 8 p]sonal feel+s4 ,9 ! ,l',envoi to ! ,lady ( ! ,lake !re is a brief allusion ( ?is sort1 t\*+ because s unusual1 & almo/ ! only "o ,i n[ recall4 ,address+ ! ,h>p ( ! ,nor? he says3-- ,mu* h ,i ow$ ?y /ra9s ?r\gh life's long way1 ,?r\gh secret woes ! _w has nev] kn[n1 ,:5 on ! we>y night dawn$ we>i] day1 ,& bitt]] 0 ! grief dev\r$ alone2 ,t ,i o'erlive su* woes1 ,en*antress6 is ?9e own4 ,scott1 l ,*auc]1 br+s be=e u a long succession ( *>act]s1 f _m classes1 c\ntries1 & times4 ,scot* b>ons & freeboot]s1 ,engli% k+s1 soldi]s1 g5tlem51 crusad]s1 ,alp9e peasants1 m$ival c\nts1 s]fs1 ,jews1 ,saxons1--brave1 cruel1 g5]\s1--all sweep pa/ u1 9 a long succession ( pictures2 b ( ,scott himself no?+ appe>s except ! nobl5ess & purity ( ! tone :i* p]vades all4 ,he is !re=e em95tly a dramatic or objective writ]4 ,b ,byron is ! exact opposite4 ,! mighty exub]ance ( 8 g5ius1 :i* captivat$ 8 age1 & ! e*oes ( :i* ?rill d[n to ours1 9 all its va/ ov]fl[ ( passion1 imag9ation1 wit1--ev] s\nd$ b "o /ra91--himself4 ,8 own woes1 8 own wrongs are ! ev]-recurr+ !me4 ,?\gh he wrote _m dramas1 he 0 m undramatic ?an ,milton4 ,e "* 9 e play is m]ely a ?9ly disguis$ ,byron4 ,x 0 impossible = him to get away f himself4 ,if ,t5nyson's lovely l9e tells ! tru? :5 he says1-- ,love took up ! h>p ( life & smote on all its *ords ) might2 ,smote ! *ord ( self1 t1 trembl+1 pass$ 9 music out ( sight3 !n ,byron nev] really lov$2 = 9 8 poetry ! *ord ( self nev] passes out ( sight4 ,9 8 plays ! pr9cipal *>act]s are ,byron undilut$--z ,manfr$1 ,s>danapalus1 ,ca91 ,w]n]1 ,arnold4 ,all ! second>y *>act]s are ,byron m or less dilut$1--,byron & wat]1 may we say8 ,nev]1 s9ce ! _w began1 has !re be5 a poet s /eep$ 9 egotism1 s sick ( self-love z he2 & ! magnific5ce ( 8 g5ius appe>s 9 ! unfail+ int]e/ :i* he c give to ?is monoton\s !me4 ,b he 0 ! example ( a _s ) :i* ! :ole age 0 fill$ to saturation4 ,almo/ all ! n9ete5? c5tury poets ( ,engl& are subjective1 giv+ u _! own exp]i5ce1 s5tim5ts1 reflections1 philosophies4 ,wordswor?1 ,col]idge1 ,%elley1 ,keats1 revolve 9 ?is en*ant$ & en*ant+ circle4 ,keats & ,col]idge seem capable ( some?+ diff]5t4 ,s1 9 ! d\ble />1 made up ( ,wordswor? & ,col]idge1 ! fir/ is absolutely p]sonal & lyric1 ! second sometimes objective & dramatic4 ,& 9 t o!r d\ble /> ( ,%elley & ,keats ! same diff]5ce may be not$4 ,a /ill m /rik+ in/ance ( ! comb9ation ( ^! antagonisms is to be f\nd 9 our "t1 9 ,rob]t ,br[n+ & 8 wife4 ,mrs4 ,br[n+ is :olly lyric1 l a bird :i* s+s its own t5d] song ( love & hope & fai? till t wild music burd5s e b\gh2 & ^? m\rnful hymns hu% ! night to li/5+ sympa?y4 ,b 9 h] husb& we h a g5u9e r5aissance ( ! old dramatic p[] ( ! ,engli% b>ds4 ,rob]t ,br[n+ is s dramatic t he =gets himself & 8 read]s too1 9 8 *>act]s & _! situations4 ,to /udy ! v>ieties ( m5 & wom5 is 8 joy2 to reproduce !m unalloy$1 8 triumph4 ,"o curi\s in/ance ( ?is self-oblivi\s imm]sion 9 ! creations ( 8 m9d occurs to me4 ,9 "o ( 8 e>ly poems call$ ,9 a ,gondola--z x fir/ appe>$--two lov]s are happily conv]s+1 until 9 a mom5t1 we "k n :y1 ! tone becomes "o ( despair1 & !y bid ea* o!r an et]nal f>ewell4 ,:y ?is *ange ( tone !re is no explanation4 ,9 a lat] edition he condesc5ds to in=m u1 ins]t+ a note to ?is effect3 ,he is surpris$ & /abb$4 ,?is is ! opposite extreme to ,milton's angels c>efully expla9+ to ea* o!r t !y possess a specific levity :i* enables !m to drop upw>d4 ,if we ?9k ( our own poets ^: names are usually connect$1--,longfell[ & ,l[ell1 = in/ance1--we %all easily see :i* is dramatic & :i* lyric4 ,b ! only man ( truly dramatic faculty :om we h possess$ 0 "o 9 :om ! quality nev] fully rip5$1--,i mean ,edg> ,allan ,poe4 ,9 =eign lit]ature we may trace ! same t5d5cy ( m5 ( g5ius to arrange !mselves 9 c\plets4 ,take1 = in/ance1 9 ,italy1 ,dante & ,petr>*2 9 ,france1 ,voltaire & ,r\sseau2 9 ,g]many1 ,goe! & ,s*ill]4 ,dante is dramatic1 los+ himself 9 8 /]n subject1 8 dramatic *>act]s2 8 awful pictures ( gloomy de/9y4 ,petr>* is lyrical1 p]sonal1 s++ =ev] 8 own sad & sweet fate4 ,aga91 ,voltaire is ess5tially dramatic1--imm]s$ 9 ?+s1 absorb$ 9 life1 a man revel+ 9 all human accid5t & adv5ture1 & agl[ ) fai? 9 an e>?ly p>adise4 ,! sad ,r\sseau goes ap>t1 away f m52 /&+ l ,byron1 among !m1 b n ( !m2 9 a cl\d ( ?\ghts t are n _! ?\ghts4 ,&1 once m1 ?\gh ,goe! resembles ,%akespe>e 9 ?is1 t "s ( 8 works are subjective1 & o!rs objective1--?\gh1 9 ! greatness ( 8 m9d he reconciles all ! usual antagonisms ( ?\ght1--yet ! fully develop$ ,goe!1 l ! fully develop$ ,%akespe>e1 disappe>s 9 8 *>act]s & !me4 ,life to him1 9 all its =ms1 0 s int5sely int]e/+ t 8 own individual & subjective s5tim5ts are left out ( sight4 ,b ,s*ill] /&s oppos$ to ,goe!1 z be+ a dramati/ devoid ( dramatic g5ius1 b full ( p]sonal p[]2 s gr& 9 8 nobl5ess ( s\l1 s maje/ic 9 ! aspirations ( 8 s5tim5t1 s full ( patriotic ardor & devotion to tru? & goodness1 t he moves all he>ts z he walks ?r\gh 8 dramas1--! great poet visible 9 e sc5e & e l9e4 ,z 8 tri$ & noble fri5d says ( him 9 an equally undy+ /ra93-- ,burn$ 9 8 *eek1 ) ev]-deep5+ fire1 ,! _s's y\?1 :i* nev] passes by2 ,! c\rage1 :i* ?\gh worlds 9 hate conspire1 ,conqu]s at la/ _! dull ho/ility2 ,! l(ty fai?1 :i* ev]1 m\nt+ high]1 ,n[ presses on1 n[ waite? pati5tly2 ,by :i* ! good t5ds ev] to its goal-- ,by :i* day lights at la/ ! g5]\s s\l4 ,goe!'s *>act]s & /ories cov]$ ! wide/ range3 ,fau/1 made sick ) too mu* ?\ght1 & seek+ outw>d joy z a relief2 ,w]!r1 a self-absorb$ s5tim5tali/2 ,tasso1 an ,italian man ( g5ius1 a mixture ( imag9ation1 aspiration1 s5sitive self-di/ru/2 susceptible to op9ion1 sympa!tic2 ,iphig5ia1 a picture ( antique calm1 simplicity1 purity1 classic repose1 l t ( a /atue2 ,h]mann & ,doro!a1 a sweet idyl ( mod]n life1 9 a simple-m9d$ ,g]man village ) an op9ionat$1 hone/ l&lord1 a talkative apo!c>y1 a mo!rly l&lady1 a s5sible & good pa/or1 & ! two "y lov]s4 ,?is law ( duality1 or reaction ( g5ius on g5ius1 w also be f\nd to apply to arti/s1 philosoph]s1 hi/orians1 orators4 ,^! also come 9 pairs1 manife/+ ! same antagoni/ic qualities4 ,"s arti/s are lyric2 putt+ _! own s\ls into e face1 e figure1 mak+ ev5 a l&scape alive ) _! own mood2 add+-- ,a gleam ,( lu/re kn[n to nei!r sea nor l& ,b borr[$ f ! poet-pa9t]'s dream4 ,9 e l&scape ( ,claude we f9d ! s\l ( ,claude2 9 e rugg$ rock-defile ( ,salvator we read 8 mood4 ,^! arti/s are lyric2 b !re are also great dramatic pa9t]s1 :o give y1 n !mselves1 b m5 & wom52 s real1 s diff]5tiat$1 *>act]s s full ( ! v>iety & antagonism ( nature1 t ! :ole life ( a p]iod spr+s into be+ at _! t\*4 ,take = in/ance two names1 :i* always g toge!r1 /&+ side by side at ! summit ( ,italian art1--,mi*ael ,angelo & ,raphael4 ,?\gh ,raphael 0 a g5ius ( b\ndless exub]ance1 & p\r$ on ! wall & canvas a flood ( =ms1 creat+ z nature creates1 )\t pause or self-repetition1 yet !re is a tone 9 all :i* irresi/ibly speaks ( ! arti/'s own s\l4 ,he creat$ a _w ( ,raphaels4 ,grace1 sweetness1 & t5d]ness w5t into all 8 "w4 ,e l9e has ! same *>act]i/ic qualities4 ,turn to ! frescoes by ,mi*ael ,angelo 9 ! ,si/9e ,*apel4 ,z we look up at ^? mighty =ms--prophets1 sibyls1 se]s1 ) multitudes ( subord9ate figures--we gradually trace 9 ea* prophet1 k+1 or b>d an individual "*4 ,ea* "o is himself4 ,h[ fully ea* face & attitude is diff]5tiat$ by "s inw>d life4 ,h[ ea*--,david1 ,isaiah1 ,ezekiel1 ! ,p]sian & ! ,libyan sibyl--/&s out1 di/9ct1 fill$ ) a p[] or a t5d]ness all 8 own4 ,mi*ael ,angelo himself is n !re1 except z a f\nta9 ( creative life1 f ^: g5ius all ^! maje/ic p]sons come =? z liv+ realities4 ,hang+ on my walls are ! well-kn[n engrav+s ( ,guido's ,aurora & ,leon>do da ,v9ci's ,la/ ,supp]4 ,"o ( ^! is purely lyrical2 ! o!r z cle>ly dramatic4 ,! ,aurora is s exquisitely lovely1 ! =ms s full ( grace1 ! movem5t ( all ! figures s rapid yet s firm1 t ,i c nev] pass x )\t /opp+ to enjoy its *>ms4 ,b v>iety is abs5t4 ,! h\rs are lovely si/]s1 z ,ovid describes si/]s3-- ,facies non omnibus una1 ,nec div]sa tam51 qualis decet esse sororum4 ,b :5 we turn to ! ,la/ ,supp]1 we see ! dramatic arti/ at 8 be/4 ,! subject is su* z almo/ to compel a monoton\s treatm5t1 b !re is a wond]ful v>iety 9 ! attitudes & gr\p+4 ,ea* apo/le %[s by 8 attitude1 ge/ure1 expression1 t he is affect$ diff]5tly f all ! o!rs4 ,ev5 ! feet "u ! table speak4 ,/& be=e ! picture2 put y\rself into ! attitude ( ea* apo/le1 & y w imm$iately und]/& 8 /ate ( m9d4#b ,! m$ival religi\s arti/s 7 subjective1 s5tim5tal1 lyrical4 ,9 a sc5e l ! crucifixion1 all ! *>act]s1 :e!r apo/les1 ,roman soldi]s1 or ,jewi% ,ph>isees1 hang _! heads l bulru%es4 ,b see h[ ,rub5s1 t great dramatic pa9t]1 repres5ts ! sc5e4 ,! ,magdal51 wild ) grief1 ) di%evel$ hair1 has ?r[n h]self at ! foot ( ! cross1 clasp+ & kiss+ ! feet ( ,jesus4 ,on ! o!r faces are t]ror1 dismay1 d\bt1 unbelief1 mock]y1 curiosity1 triumph1 despair1--accord+ to ea* p]son's "* & attitude t[>d ! ev5t4 ,meantime ! ,roman c5turion1 seat$ on 8 spl5did horse1 is delib]ately & c>efully /rik+ 8 spe> into ! side ( ! suff]]4 ,8 face expresses only t he has a duty to p]=m & means to fulfill x p]fectly4 ,z ,rub5s is greatly dramatic1 8 pupil & foll[]1 ,v&yke1 is a great lyrical arti/1 ^: noble aspiration & g5]\s s5tim5t %[s itself 9 all 8 "w4 ,! s*ool ( ,v5ice1 ) ,titian & ,t9toretto at its head1 is gr&ly dramatic & objective4 ,! s*ool ( ,flor5ce1 ) ,guido & ,dom5i*9o at its head1 em95tly lyrical & subjective4 ,if we _h "t1 we might %[ t ! two ma/]s ( ,greek philosophy1 ,plato & ,ari/otle1 are1 ! "o lyrical1 & int5sely subjective1 platoniz+ ! univ]se2 & ! o!r z evid5tly objective1 imm]s$ 9 ! /udy ( ?+s2 rejoic+ 9 _! v>iety1 _! individuality1 _! p]si/5ce ( type4 ,! two ma/]s ( ,greek hi/ory1 ,h]odotus & ,?ucydides1 /& oppos$ to ea* o!r 9 ! same way4 ,h]odotus is ! /ory-tell]1 ! dramatic raconteur1 ^: *>m+ tales are z ent]ta9+ z ! ,arabian ,nights4 ,?ucydides is ! p]sonal hi/orian :o puts himself into 8 /ory1 & det]m9es its mean+ & moral accord+ to 8 own !ories & convictions4 ,we h ano!r example 9 ,livy & ,tacitus4 ,! two great ,am]ican orators mo/ frequ5tly m5tion$ toge!r are ,web/] & ,clay4 ,?\gh y w\ld smile if ,i 7 to call ei!r ( !m a lyric or a dramatic speak]1 yet ! ess5tial di/9ction we h be5 consid]+ may be cle>ly se5 9 !m4 ,clay's inspiration 0 p]sonal1 8 influ5ce1 p]sonal influ5ce4 ,8 !me 0 no?+2 8 treatm5t ( x ev]y?+4 ,b ,web/] rose or fell ) ! magnitude & importance ( ! occasion & argum5t4 ,:5 on ! wrong side1 he fail$1 = 8 intellect w\ld n "w well except 9 ! s]vice ( reality & tru?4 ,b ,clay 0 p]haps greate/ :5 argu+ aga9/ all facts & all reason4 ,!n he summon$ all 8 p[]s1--wit1 illu/ration1 analogy1 syllogisms1 appeals to feel+1 prejudice1 & passion2 & s swept along 8 confus$ & bl9d$ audi5ce to 8 conclusions4 ,i ?9k t subjective writ]s are lov$ m ?an dramatic4 ,we admire ! "o & we love ! o!r4 ,we admire ,%akespe>e & love ,milton2 we admire ,*auc] & love ,sp5s]2 we admire ,dante & love ,petr>*2 we admire ,goe! & love ,s*ill]2 & if ,byron _h n be5 s selfi% a man1 we %\ld h lov$ him too4 ,we admire ,mi*ael ,angelo & love ,raphael2 we admire ,rub5s & love ,v&yke2 we admire ,rob]t ,br[n+ & love ,mrs4 ,br[n+4 ,9 %ort1 we c>e m = ! man :o gives u himself ?an = ! man :o gives u ! :ole outside _w4 ,i h be5 able to give y only a few h9ts ( ?is curi\s di/9ction 9 art & lit]ature4 ,b if we c>ry x 9 our m9d1 we %all f9d x a key by :i* _m doors may be unlock$4 ,x w enable u to classify au?ors1 & und]/& !m bett]4 ,,dualism ,,9 ,,national ,,life ,! sci5ce ( comp>ative e?nology is "o :i* has be5 greatly develop$ dur+ ! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,! p]si/5ce ( race t5d5cies1 z 9 ! ,semitic tribes1 ,jews & ,arabs1 or 9 ! ,teutonic & ,celtic bran*es ( ! great ,aryan /ock1 has be5 g5]ally admitt$4 ,?\gh few w\ld n[ say1 ) ! e?nologi/ ,knox1 ,race is ev]y?+1 none w\ld :olly disp5se ) ?is factor1 z ,buckle did1 9 writ+ a hi/ory ( civilization4 ,racial v>ieties h exi/$ f prehi/oric times4 ,_! orig9 is lo/ 9 ! remote pa/4 ,z f> z hi/ory goes back1 we f9d !m ! same t !y are n[4 ,:5 & h[ ! primitive /ock diff]5tiat$ itself into ! great v>ieties :i* we call ,aryan1 ,semitic1 & ,turanian1 no "o c tell4 ,b !re are well-e/abli%$ v>ieties ( :i* we c trace ! rise & developm5t2 ,i mean national v>ieties4 ,! "* ( an ,engli%man or a ,fr5*man is z di/9ctly m>k$ z t ( a ,greek or ,roman4 ,!re is a g5]al resemblance among all ,engli%m52 & ! same k9d ( resemblance among all ,fr5*m51 ,spani>ds1 ,sw$es1 ,poles4 ,b ?is cry/allization into national types ( "* has tak5 place 9 a comp>atively %ort p]iod4 ,we look back to a "t :5 !re 7 no ,engli%m5 9 ,great ,brita92 b only ,danes1 ,saxons1 ,normans1 & ,celts2 no ,fr5*m5 9 ,france2 b ,gauls1 ,franks1 & ,romans4 ,gradually a di/9ct quality em]ges1 & we h ,fr5*m51 ,italians1 ,engli%m54 ,! type1 once arriv$ at1 p]si/s1 & becomes m m>k$4 ,x is m>k$ by p]sonal looks & mann]s1 by a common temp]am5t1 a common /yle ( ?9k+1 feel+1 act+2 ! same k9d ( morals & mann]s4 ,?is type 0 =m$ by ! action & reaction ( ! div]s races br\ght side by side--,normans & ,saxons mutually influ5c+ ea* o!r 9 ,engl&1 & be+ influ5c$ aga9 by climate1 conditions ( life1 =ms ( gov]nm5t1 national cu/oms4 ,s1 at la/1 we h ! well-develop$ national "*1--a my/]i\s b v c]ta9 elem5t1 f :i* no individual c :olly escape4 ,all dr9k ( t "o _s4 ,?us f> ,i h be5 /at+ :at we all "k4 ,b n[ ,i w\ld call y\r att5tion to a curi\s fact1 :i*1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 has n be=e be5 notic$4 ,x is ?is1--t :5 two nations1 dur+ _! =m+ p]iod1 h be5 9 relation to ea* o!r1 !re w be a peculi> "* develop$ 9 ea*4 ,t is to say1 !y w diff] f ea* o!r accord+ to c]ta9 well-def9$ l9es1 & ^! diff]5ces w repeat !mselves aga9 & aga9 9 hi/ory1 9 curi\s p>allelisms1 or dualisms4 ,to take ! mo/ famili> illu/ration ( ?is3 consid] ! national qualities ( ! ,fr5* & ,engli%4 ,! ,engli% & ,fr5*1 dur+ sev]al c5turies1 h be5 act+ & react+ on ea* o!r1 bo? 9 w> & peace4 ,n[1 :at are ! typical *>act]i/ics ( ^! two nations8 ,/at$ 9 a broad way !y might be describ$ some?+ z foll[s3-- ,! ,engli% m9d is m practical ?an ideal2 its movem5t is sl[ b p]si/5t2 its progress is by gradual developm5t2 x excels 9 ! indu/rial arts2 x rev]5ces p[]2 x loves lib]ty m ?an equality1 n object+ to an ari/ocracy4 ,x t5ds to individualism4 ,its conque/s h be5 due to ! p[] ( ord]1 & adh]5ce to law4 ,! ,fr5* m9d is m ideal ?an practical2 v]satile1 r ?an p]si/5t2 its movem5ts rapid1 its progress by crises & revolution1 r ?an by developm5t2 x excels 9 :atev] is ta/eful & arti/ic2 x admires glory r ?an p[]2 loves equality m ?an lib]ty2 objects to an ari/ocracy1 b is ready to yield individual rights at ! bidd+ ( ! community2 r5\nc+ individualism = ! sake ( communism2 & its successes h be5 due to en?usiasm r ?an to organization4 ,next1 look at ! ,greeks & ,romans4 ,^! peoples 7 9 intimate relations dur+ ! =m+ p]iod ( national life2 & we f9d 9 !m mu* ! same contra/s ( "* t we d 9 ! ,engli% & ! ,fr5*4 ,! ,romans 7 defici5t 9 imag9ation1 r prosaic1 fond ( rule & fix$ me?ods1 cons]vative ( anci5t cu/oms4 ,! ,greeks 7 quick & v]satile2 arti/ic to a high degree2 produc+ ma/]pieces ( ar*itecture1 pa9t+1 /atu>y1 & creat+ e =m ( lit]ature2 inv5t+ ! drama1 ! epic poem1 oratory1 odes1 hi/ory1 philosophy4 ,! ,romans borr[$ f !m _! art & _! lit]ature1 b 7 !mselves ! creators ( law1 ! organiz]s ( =ce4 ,! ,greeks & ,romans 7 ! ,engli% & ,fr5* ( antiquity2 & y w notice t !y occupy geographically ! same relative positions1--! ,greeks & ,fr5* on ! ea/2 ! ,romans & ,engli% on ! we/4 ,b n[ obs]ve ano!r curi\s fact4 ,! ,roman ,empire & ! ,greek republics came to an end2 & 9 ,greece no important nationality took ! place ( ^? wond]ful commonweal?s4 ,b 9 ,italy1 by ! union ( ! old inhabitants ) ! ,teutonic nor!rn invad]s1 mod]n ,italy 0 sl[ly =m$ into a new national life4 ,no long] d]iv+ any important influ5ce f ,greece 7:i* _h ceas$ to be a liv+ & indep5d5t =ce71 ,italy1 dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 came into relations ) ,spa9 & ! ,spani>ds4 ,9 ,spa91 z 9 ,italy1 a new national life 0 9 process ( =mation by ! union ( ! ,go?ic tribes1 ! ,mohamm$an invad]s1 & ! anci5t inhabitants4 ,! ,spani>ds occupi$ ,sicily 9 #abhb1 & ,naples fell lat] into _! h&s1 ab\t #adbj1 & 9 #aebf took possession ( ,milan4 ,?us ,italy & ,spa9 7 entangl$ 9 complex relations dur+ _! =m+ p]iod4 ,:at 0 ! f9al result8 ,mod]n ,italians became ! v opposite ( ! anci5t ,romans4 ,! ,spani>ds on ! we/ are n[ ! ,romans1 & ! ,italians1 ! ,greeks4 ,! ,spani>ds are sl[1 /rong1 cons]vative2 ! ,italians1 quick-witt$1 full ( feel+ & s5tim5t1 v]satile4 ,! ,spani>ds tru/ to organization1 ! ,italians to en?usiasm4 ,! ,spani>ds are practical1 ! ,italians ideal4 ,9 f9e1 ! ,spani>ds1 on ! we/1 are l ! ,engli% & ! anci5t ,romans2 ! ,italians1 on ! ea/1 l ! ,fr5* & ! ,greeks4 ,! ,engli% pride1 ! ,roman pride1 ! ,spani% pride1 we h all he>d (2 b ! ,fr5*1 ! ,greeks1 & ! ,italians are n s mu* incl9$ to pride & ! love ( p[]1 z to vanity & ! love ( fame4 ,engl&1 ,rome1 & ,spa91 unit$ by law & ! love ( organization1 gradually became solidifi$ into empires2 ,greece1 ,italy1 & ,france 7 always divid$ into indep5d5t /ates1 prov9ces1 or republics4 ,n[1 let u g ea/ & consid] two empires t h gr[n up1 side by side1 ) con/ant mutual relations3 ,japan & ,*9a4 ,! p ( ,japan1 on ! ea/1 are describ$ by all travel]s 9 language t might be appli$ to ! anci5t ,greeks or ! mod]n ,fr5*4 ,!y are said to be quick-witt$1 lively1 volatile1 ready ( appreh5sion1 ) a ke5 s5se ( honor1 :i* pref]s dea? to disgrace2 em95tly a social & pleasure-seek+ p1 fond ( fea/s1 danc+1 music1 & frolics4 ,m5 & wom5 are pleas+1 polite1 affable4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,*9ese are describ$ z m giv5 to reason ?an to s5tim5t1 prosaic1 sl[ to acquire1 b t5aci\s ( all t is ga9$1 v cons]vative1 great lov]s ( law & ord]2 ) little ta/e = art1 b mu* national pride4 ,!y are ! ,engli% ( ,asia2 ! ,japanese1 ! ,fr5*4 ,g back to e>li] times1 :5 ! two olde/ bran*es ( ! great ,aryan /ock div]g$ on ! table-l&s ( c5tral ,asia2 ! ,v$ic race desc5d+ into ,india1 & ! ,z5d p pass+ we/1 into ,p]sia4 ,! same duplex developm5t took place t we h se5 9 o!r in/ances4 ,! p on ! ,indus became :at !y /ill are1--a p ( s5tim5t & feel+4 ,l ! ,fr5*1 !y are polite1 & cultivate civility & c\rtesy4 ,! same t5d5cy to local adm9i/ration :i* we see 9 ,france is f\nd 9 ,india2 ! commune be+1 9 bo?1 ! g]m-cell ( national life4 ,! village communities 9 ,india are little republics1 almo/ indep5d5t ( any?+ outside4 ,dyna/ies *ange1 new rul]s & k+s arrive2 ,h9doo1 ,mohamm$an1 ,engli%2 b ! village community rema9s ! same4 ,l ! ,japanese1 ! ,fr5*1 ! ,italians1 ! inhabitants ( ,india are skillful manufactur]s ( ornam5tal articles4 ,_! religion t5ds to s5tim5t m ?an to morality1--to feel+1 r ?an to action4 ,?is is ! developm5t :i* ,india took :5 ^! races inhabit$ ! ,punjaub4 ,b ! anci5t ,p]sians 7 diff]5t4 ,_! religion includ$ a morality :i* plac$ its ess5ce 9 "r ?9k+ & "r action4 ,a s5tim5tal religion1 l t ( ,india & ( ,italy1 t5ds to ! adoration ( sa9ts & holy images & to multipli$ c]emonies4 ,a moral religion1 l t ( ,p]sia1 ( ,judea1 & ( ! ,teutonic races1 t5ds to ! adoration & s]vice ( ! unse54 ,! ,h9doos _h innum]able gods1 temples1 idols4 ,! ,p]sians wor%ip$ ! sacr$ fire1 )\t temple1 prie/1 alt>1 sacrifice1 or ritual4 ,! anci5t ,p]sians1 :olly unlike ! mod]n ,p]sians1 7 a p ( action1 en]gy1 ent]prise4 ,b :5 ! old ,p]sian empire fell1 ! "* ( ! p *ang$4 ,j z 9 ,italy ! old ,roman type disappe>$1 & 0 replac$ by ! opposite 9 ! mod]n ,italian1 s mod]n ,p]sia has swung r\nd to ! opposite pole ( national "*4 ,! ,p]sians & ,turks1 bo? pr(ess+ ! ,mohamm$an religion1 belong to diff]5t sects ( t fai?4 ,! ,turks are pr\d1 t5aci\s ( old cu/oms1 grave 9 _! demeanor1 g5]ally j 9 _! deal+s1 keep+ _! ^w4 ,! ,p]sians1 z !y appe> 9 ! works ( ,malcolm & ,moni]1 are *angeable1 k9dly1 polite1 giv5 to c]emonies1 fond ( poetry1 ) ta/e = f9e art & decoration1--a mobile p4 ,! ,turk is sil5t1 ! ,p]sian talkative4 ,! ,turk is pr\d & cold1 ! ,p]sian affable & full ( s5tim5t4 ,9 %ort1 ! ,p]sian is ! ,fr5*man1 & ! ,turk ! ,engli%man4 ,& "h aga91 z 9 ! o!r cases1 ! ,fr5* type ( nationality unfolds itself on ! ea/1 & ! ,engli% on ! we/4 ,^! national d\bles h n be5 exhau/$4 ,we h o!r in/ances ( tw9 nations1 born ( mu* ! same conflu5ce ( race elem5ts1 ( :om1 z ( ,esau & ,jacob1 x might be pr$ict$ to ! "m race1 ,two nations %all be born ( !e2 two k9ds ( p %all g =? f !e2 & ! "o %all be /rong] ?an ! o!r4 ,?us !re are ! tw9 races :i* inhabit ,sw$5 & ,norway2 ! ,sw$es1 on ! ea/1 are m intellig5t1 quick-witt$1 & v]satile2 ! ,norwegians1 on ! we/1 sl[1 p]si/5t1 & dispos$ to =eign conque/ & adv5ture1 z %[n 9 ! sea-k+s1 :o discov]$ ,icel&1 ,gre5l&1 & ,v9l&2 & ! mod]n emigrants :o reap ! va/ :eatfields ( ,m9nesota4 ,s1 too1 we might speak ( ! ,poles & ,g]mans4 ,! ,poli% nation1 on ! ea/1 resembl+ ! ,fr5*2 ! ,g]man1 on ! we/1 ! ,engli%4 ,b "t w n all[ me to c>ry out ^! p>allels into details4 ,! "q is1 are ^! m]e co9cid5ces1 or d !y belong to ! homologons ( hi/ory1 :]e ! same law ( progress repeats itself "u diff]5t conditions1 z ! skeleton ( ! mammal is f\nd 9 ! :ale4 ,su* curi\s homologons we f9d 9 national ev5ts1 & !y c h>dly be expla9$ z accid5tal co9cid5ces4 ,= in/ance1 ! ,engli% & ,fr5* revolutions proce$$ by six id5tical /eps4 ,fir/1 an insurrection ( ! p4 ,secondly1 ! de?ronem5t & execution ( ! k+4 ,?irdly1 a milit>y usurp]4 ,f\r?ly1 ! old l9e re/or$4 ,fif?ly1 aft] ! dea? ( ! re/or$ k+1 8 bro!r succe$s to ! ?rone4 ,six?ly1 a second revolution drives ! bro!r into exile1 & a con/itutional k+ ( a collat]al bran* takes 8 place4 ,b if ^! d\bles :i* ,i h describ$ come by "s my/]i\s law ( pol> =ce1 z 9 ! magnet1 :]e ! two k9ds ( electricity are repell$ to opposite poles1 & yet attract ea* o!r1 h[ acc\nt = ! regul>ity ( ! geographical position8 ,:y is ! ,fr5*1 ,greek1 ,h9doo1 ,p]sian1 ,italian1 ,poli%1 ,sw$i% type always at ! ea/1 & ! ,engli%1 ,roman1 ,iranic1 ,ottoman1 ,spani%1 ,g]man1 ,norwegian type always at ! we/8 ,are nations1 l tides1 affect$ by ! diurnal revolution ( ! globe8 ,?is1 ,i confess1 ,i am unable to expla92 & ,i leave x to o!rs to consid] :e!r :at ,i h describ$ is pure co9cid5ce1 or if x belongs 9 "s way to ! philosophy ( hi/ory & comes "u univ]sal law4 ,,did ,,%akespe>e ,,write ,,bacon',s ,,works#c ,! greate/ ( ,engli% poets is ,%akespe>e4 ,! greate/ prose writ] 9 ,engli% lit]ature is probably ,bacon4 ,ea* ( ^! writ]s1 alone1 is a m>vel ( intellectual gr&eur4 ,x is h>d to und]/& h[ "o man1 9 a few ye>s1 c\ld h writt5 all ! ma/]pieces ( ,%akespe>e1--?irty-six dramas1 ea* a "w ( g5ius su* z ! _w w nev] let die4 ,x is a m>vel t f "o m9d c\ld proce$ ! t5d] *>m ( su* poems z ,romeo & ,juliet1 ,z ,y ,l ,x1 or ,! ,w9t]'s ,tale2 ! wild romance ( ,! ,tempe/1 or ( ,a ,midsumm] ,night's ,dream2 ! awful trag$ies ( ,le>1 ,macbe?1 & ,o!llo2 ! pr(\nd philosophy ( ,hamlet2 ! p]fect fun ( ,twelf? ,night1 & ,! ,m]ry ,wives ( ,w9dsor2 & ! reproductions ( ,roman & ,engli% hi/ory4 ,x is ano!r m>vel t a man l ,bacon1 imm]s$ ne>ly all 8 life 9 bus9ess1 a successful lawy]1 an ambiti\s /atesman1 a c\rti] cultivat+ ! society ( ! sov]eign & ! favorites ( ! sov]eign1 %\ld also be ! f\nd] ( a new sy/em ( philosophy1 :i* has be5 ! s\rce ( _m inv5tions & new sci5ces d[n to ! pres5t day2 %\ld h critically survey$ ! :ole doma9 ( k1 & become a ma/] ( ,engli% lit]>y /yle4 ,ea* ( ^! ph5om5a is a m>vel2 b put !m toge!r1 & assume t "o man did x all1 & y h1 n a m>vel1 b a miracle4 ,yet1 ?is is ! result :i* ! moni/ic t5d5cy ( mod]n ?\ght has rea*$4 ,sev]al critics ( our "t h attempt$ to %[ t ,bacon1 besides writ+ all ! works usually attribut$ to him1 0 also ! au?or ( all ( ,%akespe>e's plays & poems4 ,?is !ory 0 fir/ publicly ma9ta9$ by ,miss ,delia ,bacon 9 #aheg4 ,x _h be51 be=e1 9 #ahef1 ass]t$ by an ,engli%man1 ,william ,h5ry ,smi?1 b only 9 a small volume pr9t$ = private circulation4 ,?is book made a di/+ui%$ conv]t 9 ! p]son ( ,"l ,palm]/on1 :o op5ly decl>$ 8 conviction t ,bacon 0 ! au?or ( ,%akespe>e's plays4 ,two pap]s by ,appleton ,morgan1 writt5 9 ! same s5se1 appe>$ la/ ye> 9 ,appletons' ,j\rnal4 ,b f> ! mo/ elaborate & ma/]ly "w 9 support ( ?is attempt to de?rone ,%akespe>e1 & to give 8 seat on ! summit ( ,p>nassus to ,"l ,bacon1 is ! book by ,judge ,holmes1 publi%$ 9 #ahff4 ,he has %[n mu* ability1 & br\ght =w>d e argum5t :i* has any plausibility connect$ ) x4 ,judge ,holmes 01 ( c\rse1 oblig$ to admit ! extreme antec$5t improbability ( 8 position4 ,c]ta9ly x is v difficult to believe t ! au?or ( su* immortal works %\ld h be5 will+1 = any reason1 p]man5tly to conceal 8 au?or%ip2 or1 if he c\ld hide t fact1 %\ld h be5 will+ to give ! au?or%ip to ano!r2 or1 if will+1 %\ld h be5 able s effectually to conceal ! sub/itution z to bl9d ! eyes ( all mank9d d[n to ! days ( ,miss ,delia ,bacon & ,judge ,holmes4 ,:at1 !n1 are ! argum5ts us$ by ,judge ,holmes8 ,! pro(s he adduces are ma9ly ^!3 7#a/7 ,t !re are _m co9cid5ces & p>allelisms ( ?\ght & expression betwe5 ! works ( ,bacon & ,%akespe>e2 7#b;d7 t !re is an am\nt ( k & le>n+ 9 ! plays1 :i* ,"l ,bacon possess$1 b :i* ,%akespe>e c\ld h>dly h _h4 ,besides ^! pr9cipal pro(s1 !re are _m o!r reasons giv5 :i* are ( inf]ior weight1--a phrase 9 a lett] ( ,sir ,tobie ,mat!w2 ano!r s5t5ce ( ,bacon himself1 :i* might be possibly tak5 z an admission t he 0 ! au?or ( ,ri*>d ,,ii42 ! fact t "s plays :i* ,%akespe>e c]ta9ly did n write 7 fir/ publi%$ ) 8 "n or 8 initials4 ,b 8 *ief argum5t is t ,%akespe>e _h nei!r ! le>n+ nor ! "t to write ! plays1 bo? ( :i* ,"l ,bacon possess$2 & t !re are curi\s co9cid5ces betwe5 ! plays & ! prose works4 ,^! argum5ts h all be5 answ]$1 & ! _w /ill believes 9 ,%akespe>e z be=e4 ,b ,i h ?\ght x might be int]e/+ to %[ h[ easily ano!r argum5t c\ld be made ( an exactly opposite k9d1--h[ easily all ^! pro(s might be rev]s$4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t if we are to believe t "o man 0 ! au?or bo? ( ! plays & ( ! philosophy1 x is mu* m probable t ,%akespe>e wrote ! works ( ,bacon ?an t ,bacon wrote ! works ( ,%akespe>e4 ,= !re is no evid5ce t ,bacon 0 a poet z well z a philosoph]2 b !re is ample evid5ce t ,%akespe>e 0 a philosoph] z well z a poet4 ,?is1 no d\bt1 assumes t ,%akespe>e actually wrote ! plays2 b ?is we h a "r to assume1 9 ! outset ( ! discussion1 9 ord] to /& on an equal gr\nd ) our oppon5ts4 ,! ,bacon vs4 ,%akespe>e argum5t runs ?us3 ,assum+ t ,"l ,bacon wrote ! works commonly attribut$ to him1 !re is reason to believe t he also wrote ! plays & poems commonly attribut$ to ,%akespe>e4 ,! c\nt] argum5t w\ld !n be3 ,assum+ t ,%akespe>e wrote ! plays1 & poems commonly attribut$ to him1 !re is reason to believe t he also wrote ! works commonly attribut$ to ,bacon4 ,?is is cle>ly ! fair basis ( ! discussion4 ,:at is assum$ on ! "o side on behalf ( ,bacon we h a "r to assume on ! o!r on behalf ( ,%akespe>e4 ,b be=e proce$+ on ?is basis1 ,i mu/ reply to ! only argum5t ( ,judge ,holmes :i* has mu* app>5t weight4 ,he cont5ds t x 0 impossible = ,%akespe>e1 ) ! opportunities he possess$1 to acquire ! k :i* we f9d 9 ! plays4 ,g5ius1 h[ev] great1 _c give ! k ( m$ical & legal t]ms1 nor ( ! anci5t languages4 ,n[1 x has be5 %[n t ! plays af=d evid5ce ( a great k ( law & m$ic9e2 & ( works 9 ,lat9 & ,greek1 ,fr5* & ,italian4 ,h[ c\ld su* in=mation h be5 obta9$ by a boy :o _h no advantages ( /udy except at a c\ntry gramm> s*ool1 :i* he left at ! age ( f\rte51 :o w5t to ,london at tw5ty-?ree & became an actor1 & :o sp5t mo/ ( 8 life z actor1 !atrical proprietor1 & man ( bus9ess8 ,?is objection pres5ts difficulties to u1 & = our "t1 :5 boys sometimes sp5d ye>s 9 ! /udy ( ,lat9 gramm>4 ,we _c und]/& ! rapidity ) :i* all sorts ( k 7 imbib$ 9 ! p]iod ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,!n e "o /udi$ ev]y?+4 ,!n ,greek & ,lat9 books 7 read by pr9ce & peasant1 by que5s & g5]als4 ,!n all sci5ces & arts 7 le>n$ by m5 & wom51 by "y & old4 ,?us speaks ,rob]t ,burton--:o 0 =ty ye>s old :5 ,%akespe>e di$3 ,:at a _w ( books (f]s itself1 9 all subjects1 arts & sci5ces1 to ! sweet cont5t & capacity ( ! read]6 ,9 ari?metic1 geometry1 p]spective1 opticks1 a/ronomy1 ar*itecture1 sculptura1 pictura1 ( :i* s _m & elaborate treatises h lately be5 writt52 9 me*anics & _! my/]ies1 milit>y matt]s1 navigation1 rid+ ( horses1 f5c+1 swimm+1 g>d5+1 plant+1 great tomes ( husb&ry1 cook]y1 faulconry1 hunt+1 fi%+1 f[l+2 ) exquisite pictures ( all sports & games4444 ,:at va/ tomes are extant 9 law1 physic1 & div9ity1 = pr(it1 pleasure1 practice4444 ,"s take an inf9ite delight to /udy ! v languages 9 :i* ^! books 7 writt53 ,hebrew1 ,greek1 ,syriac1 ,*aldee1 ,arabick1 & ! l4 ,?is 0 ! fa%ion ( t day1 to /udy all languages1 all subjects1 all au?ors4 ,a m9d l t ( ,%akespe>e c\ld n h fail$ to %>e ?is univ]sal desire = k4 ,aft] leav+ ! gramm> s*ool1 he _h n9e ye>s = su* /udies be=e he w5t to ,london4 ,z soon z he began to write plays1 he _h new motives = /udy2 = ! subjects ( ! drama 9 vogue 7 (t5 tak5 f classic /ory4 ,b ,%akespe>e _h access to ano!r s\rce ( k besides ! /udy ( books4 ,:5 he rea*$ ,london1 five or six play-h\ses 7 9 full activity1 & new plays 7 produc$ e ye> 9 va/ numb]s4 ,new plays 7 !n 9 con/ant dem&1 j z ! new novel & new daily or weekly pap] are call$ = n[4 ,! drama 0 ! p]iodical lit]ature ( ! "t4 ,dramatic au?ors wrote ) wond]ful rapidity1 borr[+ _! subjects f plays already on ! /age1 & f classic or rec5t hi/ory4 ,m>l[e1 ,gre5e1 ,lyly1 ,peele1 ,kyd1 ,lodge1 ,na%1 ,*ettle1 ,munday1 ,wilson1 7 all dramatic writ]s be=e ,%akespe>e4 ,philip ,h5sl[e1 a manag] or proprietor ( ! !atres1 b\ght two hundr$ & sev5ty plays 9 ab\t t5 ye>s4 ,?omas ,heywood wrote a "p or ! :ole ( two hundr$ & tw5ty plays dur+ 8 dramatic c>e]4 ,ea* act$ play furni%$ mat]ial = "s o!r4 ,!y 7 ! prop]ty ( ! play-h\ses1 n ( ! writ]s4 ,"o writ] aft] ano!r has accus$ ,%akespe>e ( indiff]5ce to 8 reputation1 because he did n publi% a complete & revis$ edition ( 8 works dur+ 8 life4 ,h[ c\ld he d ?is1 s9ce !y did n belong to him1 b to ! !atre8 ,yet e writ] 0 at full lib]ty to make use ( all he c\ld rememb] ( o!r plays1 z he saw !m act$2 & ,%akespe>e 0 n sl[ to use ?is opportunity4 ,no d\bt he ga9$ k 9 ?is way1 :i* he aft]w>d employ$ mu* bett] ?an did ! au?ors f :om he took x4 ,! fir/ plays pr9t$ "u ,%akespe>e's "n did n appe> till he _h be5 connect$ ) ! /age elev5 ye>s4 ,?is gives "t en\gh = him to h acquir$ all ! k to be f\nd 9 8 books4 ,t he _h read ,lat9 & ,greek books we are told by ,b5 ,jonson2 ?\gh t great s*ol> und]valu$1 z 0 natural1 ,%akespe>e's atta9m5ts 9 ^? languages4 ,b ,b5 ,jonson himself furni%es ! be/ reply to ^? :o ?9k t ,%akespe>e c\ld n h ga9$ mu* k ( sci5ce or lit]ature because he did n g to ,ox=d or ,cambridge4 ,:at opportunities _h ,b5 ,jonson8 ,a bricklay] by trade1 call$ back imm$iately f 8 /udies to use ! tr[el2 !n runn+ away & enli/+ z a common soldi]2 fight+ 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries2 com+ home at n9ete51 & go+ on ! /age2 s5t to prison = fight+ a duel--:at opportunities = /udy _h he8 ,he 0 ( a /rong animal nature1 combative1 9 p]petual qu>rels1 fond ( dr9k1 9 pecuni>y tr\bles1 m>ri$ at tw5ty1 ) a wife & *ildr5 to support4 ,yet ,jonson 0 celebrat$ = 8 le>n+4 ,he 0 ma/] ( ,greek & ,lat9 lit]ature4 ,he took 8 *>act]s f ,a!nu1 ,libanius1 ,philo/ratus4 ,someh[ he _h f\nd "t = all ?is /udy4 ,greek & ,lat9 ?\ght1 says ,ta9e1 7 incorporat$ ) 8 own1 & made a "p ( x4 ,he knew al*emy1 & 0 z famili> ) alembics1 retorts1 crucibles1 etc41 z if he _h pass$ 8 life 9 seek+ ! philosoph]'s /one4 ,he seems to h _h a specialty 9 e bran* ( k4 ,he _h all ! me?ods ( ,lat9 art1--possess$ ! brilliant concis5ess ( ,s5eca & ,lucan4 ,if ,b5 ,jonson--a bricklay]1 a soldi]1 a fight]1 a dr9k]--c\ld yet f9d "t to acquire ?is va/ k1 is !re any reason :y ,%akespe>e1 ) mu* m leisure1 might n h done ! l8 ,he did n possess z mu* ,greek & ,lat9 lore z ,b5 ,jonson1 :o1 probably1 _h ,%akespe>e 9 8 m9d :5 he wrote ! foll[+ passage 9 8 ,poeta/]3 ,8 le>n+ savors n ! s*ool-l gloss ,t mo/ consi/s 9 e*o+ words & t]ms1 ,& soone/ w9s a man an empty "n2 ,nor any long or f>-fet*$ circum/ance ,wrapt 9 ! curi\s g5]alties ( art-- ,b a direct & analytic sum ,( all ! wor? & fir/ effects ( art4 ,& = 8 poesy1 'tis s ramm$ ) life1 ,t x %all ga!r /r5g? ( life ) be+1 ,& live h]eaft] m admir$ ?an n[4 ,! only o!r s]i\s pro( (f]$ 9 support ( ! proposition t ,bacon wrote ! immortal ,%akespe>ean drama is t c]ta9 co9cid5ces ( ?\ght & language are f\nd 9 ! works ( ! two writ]s4 ,:5 we exam9e !m1 h[ev]1 !y seem v insignificant4 ,take1 z an example1 two or ?ree1 on :i* ,judge ,holmes relies1 & :i* he ?9ks v /rik+4 ,holmes says 7page #dh7 t ,bacon quotes ,ari/otle1 :o said t "y m5 7 no fit he>]s ( moral philosophy1 & ,%akespe>e says 7,troilus & ,cressida73-- ,unlike "y m5 :om ,ari/otle ?\ght ,unfit to he> moral philosophy4 ,b s9ce ,bacon's rem>k 0 publi%$ 9 #afje1 & ,troilus & ,cressida did n appe> until #afji1 ,%akespe>e might h se5 x !re1 & introduc$ x into 8 play f 8 recollection ( ! passage 9 ! ,advancem5t ( ,le>n+4 ,ano!r co9cid5ce m5tion$ by ,holmes is t bo? writ]s use ! ^w ?ru/3 ,bacon say+ t a %ip ?ru/ into ,weym\?2 & ,%akespe>e1 t ,milan 0 ?ru/ f ,milan4 ,he also ?9ks x _c be an accid5t t bo? frequ5tly use ! ^w wild]ness1 ?\gh 9 v diff]5t ways4 ,bo? also comp>e ,que5 ,elizabe? to a />4 ,bacon makes ,atlantis an isl& 9 mid-ocean2 & ! isl& ( ,prosp]o is also 9 mid-ocean4 ,bo? h a good deal to say ab\t mirrors1 & props1 & l phrases4 ,su* reason+ z ?is has v little weight4 ,y _c prove two contemporane\s writ+s to h proce$$ f "o au?or by ! same words & phrases be+ f\nd 9 bo?2 = ^! are 9 ! vocabul>y ( ! "t1 & are ! common prop]ty ( all :o read & write4 ,my position is t if ei!r ( ^! writ]s wrote ! works attribut$ to ! o!r1 x is mu* m likely t ,%akespe>e wrote ! philosophical works ( ,bacon ?an t ,bacon wrote ! poetical works ( ,%akespe>e4 ,assum+ !n1 z we h a "r to d 9 ?is argum5t1 t ,%akespe>e wrote ! plays1 :at reasons are !re = believ+ t he also wrote ! philosophy8 ,fir/1 ?is assumption w expla9 at once t hi!rto insoluble problem ( ! contradiction betwe5 ,bacon's "* & conduct & 8 works4 ,h[ c\ld he h be51 at ! same "t1 :at ,pope calls him1-- ,! wise/1 brighte/1 meane/ ( mank9d8 ,he 01 9 8 philosophy1 ! lead] ( 8 age1 ! re=m] ( old abuses1 ! fri5d ( progress4 ,9 8 conduct1 he 01 z ,macaulay has %[n1 f> beh9d 8 age1--f> beh9d ,sir ,edw>d ,coke2 cl++ to explod$ abuses1 )/&+ ! progress ( improvem5t1 /ruggl+ to pu% back ! human m9d4 ,9 8 writ+s1 he 0 calm1 dignifi$1 noble4 ,9 8 life1 he 0 an (fice-seek] ?r\gh long ye>s1 seek+ place by cr++ subs]vi5ce to m5 9 p[]1 made wret*$ to ! la/ degree :5 (fice 0 d5i$ him1 address+ s]vile supplications to noblem5 & to ! sov]eign4 ,to ga9 & keep (fice he w\ld des]t 8 fri5ds1 attack 8 b5efactors1 & make abject apologies = any manly ^w he might h incauti\sly utt]$4 ,8 philosophy rose f> above e>? & "t1 & sail$ supreme 9 ! air ( univ]sal reason4 ,b 8 desires 7 set on ?+s bel[4 ,weal?1 prec$5ce1 titles1 patronage1 ! mace1 ! seals1 ! coronet1 l>ge h\ses1 fair g>d5s1 ri* manors1 massy s]vices ( plate1 gay hang+s1 7 objects = :i* he /oop$ to ev]y?+ & endur$ ev]y?+4 ,^! words ( ,macaulay h be5 ?\ght too sev]e4 ,b we defy any admir] ( ,bacon to read 8 life1 by ,sp$d+1 )\t admitt+ _! ess5tial tru?4 ,h[ 0 x possible = a man to sp5d half ( 8 life 9 ! meane/ ( pursuits1 & ! o!r half 9 ! noble/8 ,?is difficulty is remov$ if we suppose t ,bacon1 ! c\rti] & lawy]1 ) 8 o!r ambitions1 0 desir\s ( ! fame ( a great philosoph]2 & t he induc$ ,%akespe>e1 !n 9 ! prime ( 8 p[]s1 to help him write ! prose essays & treatises :i* are 8 *ief works4 ,he has himself admitt$ t he did actually ask ! aid ( ! dramati/s ( 8 "t 9 writ+ 8 books4 ,?is rem>kable fact is /at$ by ,bacon 9 a lett] to ,tobie ,mat!w1 writt5 9 ,june1 #afbc1 9 :i* he says t he is devot+ himself to mak+ 8 writ+s m p]fect--in/anc+ ! ,essays & ! ,advancem5t ( ,le>n+--by ! help ( "s good p5s1 :i* =sake me n4 ,"o ( ^! p5s 0 t ( ,b5 ,jonson1 ! o!r might easily h be5 t ( ,%akespe>e4 ,c]ta9ly !re 0 no bett] p5 9 ,engl& at t "t ?an 84 ,:5 ,%akespe>e's plays 7 be+ produc$1 ,"l ,bacon 0 fully occupi$ 9 8 law practice1 8 p>liam5t>y duties1 & 8 (fice-seek+4 ,! l>ge/ "p ( ! ,%akespe>e drama 0 put on ! /age1 z mod]n rese>* r5d]s probable1 9 ! t5 or twelve ye>s beg9n+ ) #aeij4 ,9 #aeig ,%akespe>e 0 ri* en\gh to buy ! new place at ,/rat=d-on-,avon1 & 0 also l5d+ money4 ,9 #afjd he 0 "p own] ( ! ,globe ,!atre1 s t ! majority ( ! plays :i* ga9$ = him ?is =tune mu/ h be5 produc$ be=e t "t4 ,n[1 ^! 7 j ! busie/ ye>s ( ,bacon's life4 ,9 #aehd he 0 elect$ to ,p>liam5t4 ,ab\t ! same "t1 he wrote 8 fam\s lett] to ,que5 ,elizabe?4 ,9 #aehe he 0 already seek+ (fice f ,wals+ham & ,burleigh4 ,9 #aehf he sat 9 ,p>liam5t = ,taunton1 & 0 active 9 debate & on committees4 ,he became a b5*] 9 ! same ye>1 & began to plead 9 ! c\rts ( ,we/m9/]4 ,9 #aehi he became que5's c\nsel1 & memb] ( ,p>liam5t = ,liv]pool4 ,aft] ?is he cont9u$ active1 bo? 9 ,p>liam5t & at ! b>4 ,he s\ght1 by ! help ( ,essex1 to become ,attorney-,g5]al4 ,f t p]iod1 z cr[n lawy]1 8 :ole "t & ?\ght 7 requir$ to trace & fru/rate ! conspiracies ) :i* ! k+dom 0 full4 ,x 0 evid5t t dur+ ^! ye>s he _h no "t to compose fifte5 or tw5ty ( ! greate/ works 9 any lit]ature4 ,b h[ 0 ,%akespe>e occupi$ :5 ,bacon's philosophy appe>$8 ,! ,advancem5t ( ,le>n+ 0 publi%$ 9 #afje1 aft] mo/ ( ! plays _h be5 writt51 z we le>n f ! fact ( ,%akespe>e's pur*ase ( h\ses & l&s4 ,! ,novum ,organum 0 publi%$ 9 #afbj1 aft] ,%akespe>e's dea?4 ,b x _h be5 writt5 ye>s be=e2 revis$1 alt]$1 & copi$ aga9 & aga9--x is said twelve times4 ,bacon _h be5 engag$ ^u x dur+ ?irty ye>s1 & x 0 at la/ publi%$ incomplete & 9 fragm5ts4 ,if ,%akespe>e assi/$ 9 ! composition ( ?is "w1 8 dea? 9 #afaf w\ld acc\nt1 at once1 = its be+ left unf9i%$4 ,& ,%akespe>e w\ld h _h ample "t to furni% ! ideas ( ! ,organum 9 ! la/ ye>s ( 8 life1 :5 he _h left ! !atre4 ,9 #afac he b\ght a h\se 9 ,black ,fri>s1 :]e ,b5 ,jonson also liv$4 ,might n ?is h be5 t !y might m conv5i5tly cop]ate 9 assi/+ ,bacon to write ! ,novum ,organum8 ,:5 we ask :e!r x w\ld h be5 easi] = ! au?or ( ! philosophy to h compos$ ! drama1 or ! dramatic poet to h writt5 ! philosophy1 ! answ] w dep5d on :i* is ! great] "w ( ! two4 ,! great] includes ! less1 b ! less _c include ! great]4 ,n[1 ! univ]sal te/imony ( mod]n criticism 9 ,engl&1 ,g]many1 & ,france decl>es t no l>g]1 deep]1 or ampl] intellect has ev] appe>$ ?an t :i* produc$ ! ,%akespe>e drama4 ,?is myriad-m9d$ poet 0 also philosoph]1 man ( ! _w1 acqua9t$ ) practical affairs1 "o ( ^? :o saw ! pres5t & =esaw ! future4 ,all ! ideas ( ! ,baconian philosophy might easily h _h _! home 9 ?is va/ intellig5ce4 ,great z are ! ?\ghts ( ! ,novum ,organum1 !y are f> inf]ior to t _w ( ?\ght :i* is 9 ! drama4 ,we c easily conceive t ,%akespe>e1 hav+ produc$ 9 8 prime ! wond]s & glories ( ! plays1 %\ld 9 8 aft] leisure h develop$ ! lead+ ideas ( ! ,baconian philosophy4 ,b x is difficult to imag9e t ,bacon1 :ile devot+ 8 ma9 /r5g? to politics1 to law1 & to philosophy1 %\ld z a m]e pa/ime = 8 leisure1 h produc$ 9 8 idle mom5ts ! greate/ intellectual "w ev] done on e>?4 ,if ! great] includes ! less1 ! m9d ( ,%akespe>e includes t ( ,bacon1 & n vice v]sa4 ,?is w appe> m pla9ly if we consid] ! quality ( intellect display$ respectively 9 ! dramas & ! philosophy4 ,! "o is syn!tic1 creative2 ! o!r analytic1 critical4 ,! "o puts toge!r1 ! o!r takes ap>t & exam9es4 ,n[1 ! g5ius :i* c put toge!r c also take ap>t2 b x by no means foll[s t ! p[] ( tak+ ap>t implies t ( putt+ toge!r4 ,a wat*-mak]1 :o c put a wat* toge!r1 c easily take x to pieces2 b _m a *ild :o has tak5 8 wat* to pieces has f\nd x impossible to put x toge!r aga94 ,:5 we comp>e ! ,%akespe>e plays & ! ,baconian philosophy1 x is curi\s to see h[ ! "o is ?r\gh\t a display ( ! syn!tic intellect1 & ! o!r ( ! analytic4 ,! plays are pure creation1 ! production ( liv+ :oles4 ,!y p our ?\ght ) a race ( be+s :o are liv+ p]sons1 & n pale ab/ractions4 ,^! airy no?+s take fle% & =m1 & h a "n & local habitation =ev] on ! e>?4 ,hamlet1 ,desdemona1 ,o!llo1 ,mir&a1 are z real p z ,que5 ,elizabe? or ,m>y ( ,scotl&4 ,b :5 we turn to ! ,baconian philosophy1 ?is faculty is abs5t4 ,we h ent]$ ! laboratory ( a great *emi/1 & are surr\nd$ by retorts & crucibles1 te/s & re-ag5ts1 :]e ! "w done is a c>eful analysis ( all exi/+ ?+s1 to f9d :at are _! con/itu5ts & _! qualities4 ,poetry creates1 philosophy takes to pieces & exam9es4 ,x is1 ,i ?9k1 a hi/oric fact1 t :ile ^? au?ors ^: prim>y quality is poetic g5ius h (t5 be5 also1 on a l[] plane1 em95t z philosoph]s1 !re is1 p]haps1 n a s+le in/ance ( "o ^: prim>y di/9ction 0 philosophic analysis1 :o has also be51 on a l[] plane1 em95t z a poet4 ,milton1 ,petr>*1 ,goe!1 ,lucretius1 ,voltaire1 ,col]idge1 7 prim>ily & em95tly poets2 b all excell$1 too1 9 a less degree1 z logicians1 metaphysicians1 m5 ( sci5ce1 & philosoph]s4 ,b :at in/ance h we ( any man l ,bacon1 *iefly em95t z lawy]1 /atesman1 & philosoph]1 :o 0 also di/+ui%$1 ?\gh 9 a less degree1 z a poet8 ,among great lawy]s1 is !re "o em95t also z a dramatic or lyric au?or8 ,cic]o tri$ x1 b 8 v]ses are only dogg]el4 ,9 ,"l ,campbell's li/ ( ! "l *ancellors & *ief ju/ices ( ,engl& no su* in/ance appe>s4 ,if ,bacon wrote ! ,%akespe>e drama1 he is ! "o exception to an o!rwise univ]sal rule4 ,b if ,%akespe>e cop]at$ 9 ! production ( ! ,baconian philosophy1 he belongs to a class ( poets :o h done ! same4 ,col]idge 0 "o ( ! mo/ imag9ative ( poets4 ,8 ,*ri/abel & ,anci5t ,m>9] are pure creations4 ,b 9 lat] life he orig9at$ a new sy/em ( philosophy 9 ,engl&1 ! influ5ce ( :i* has n ceas$ to be felt to our day4 ,! case w\ld be exactly simil> if we suppose t ,%akespe>e1 hav+ rang$ ! realm ( imag9ative poetry 9 8 y\?1 _h 9 8 lat] days ( leisure cop]at$ ) ,bacon & ,b5 ,jonson 9 produc+ ! ,advancem5t ( ,le>n+ & ! ,novum ,organum4 ,we c easily ?9k ( !m z meet+1 sometimes at ! h\se ( ,b5 ,jonson1 sometimes at t ( ,%akespe>e 9 ,black ,fri>s1 & sometimes gue/s at t private h\se built by ,"l ,bacon = purposes ( /udy1 ne> 8 spl5did palace ( ,gorhambury4 ,a mo/ +5i\sly contriv$ h\se1 says ,basil ,montagu1 :]e1 9 ! society ( 8 philosophical fri5ds1 he devot$ himself to /udy & m$itation4 ,aubrey tells u t he _h ! aid ( ,hobbes 9 writ+ d[n 8 ?\ghts4 ,"l ,bacon appe>s to h possess$ ! happy gift ( us+ o!r m5's faculties 9 8 s]vice4 ,b5 ,jonson1 :o _h be5 a ?or\gh /ud5t ( *emi/ry1 al*emy1 & sci5ce 9 all ! =ms !n kn[n1 aid$ ,bacon 9 8 obs]vations ( nature4 ,hobbes aid$ him 9 giv+ cle>ness to 8 ?\ghts & 8 language4 ,& f ,%akespe>e he may h d]iv$ ! radical & c5tral ideas ( 8 philosophy4 ,he us$ ! help ( ,dr4 ,playf] to translate 8 philosophy into ,lat94 ,tobie ,mat!w gives him ! la/ argum5t ( ,galileo = ! ,cop]nican sy/em4 ,he s5ds 8 works to o!rs1 begg+ !m to correct ! ?\ghts & ! /yle4 ,x is evid5t1 !n1 t he w\ld h be5 glad ( ! concurr5ce ( ,%akespe>e1 & t c\ld easily be _h1 ?r\gh _! common fri5d1 ,b5 ,jonson4 ,if ,bacon wrote ! plays ( ,%akespe>e1 x is difficult to give any satisfactory reason = 8 concealm5t ( t au?or%ip4 ,he _h mu* pride1 n to say vanity1 9 be+ kn[n z an au?or4 ,he _h 8 "n atta*$ to all 8 o!r works1 & s5t !m z pres5ts to ! univ]sities1 & to individuals1 ) lett]s call+ _! att5tion to ^! books4 ,w\ld he h be5 will+ p]man5tly to conceal ! fact ( 8 be+ ! au?or ( ! be/ poetry ( 8 "t8 ,! reasons assign$ by ,judge ,holmes = ?is are n satisfactory4 ,!y are3 8 desire to rise 9 ! pr(ession ( ! law1 ! l[ reputation ( a play-writ]1 8 wi% to write m freely "u an incognito1 & 8 wi% to re/ 8 reputation on 8 philosophical works4 ,b if he 7 reluctant to be reg>d$ z ! au?or ( ,le> & ,hamlet1 he 0 will+ to be kn[n z ! writ] ( ,masques1 & a play ab\t ,ar?ur1 exhibit$ by ! /ud5ts ( ,gray's ,inn4 ,x is an error to say t ! reputation ( a play-writ] 0 l[4 ,judge ,holmes1 himself1 tells u t !re 0 no?+ rem>kable 9 a b>ri/] ( ! inns ( c\rt writ+ = ! /age4 ,=d & ,beaumont 7 bo? lawy]s z well z em95t play-writ]s4 ,"l ,backhur/1 ,"l ,brooke1 ,sir ,h5ry ,wotton1 all wrote plays4 ,& we f9d no?+ 9 ! ,%akespe>e dramas :i* ,bacon ne$ h fe>$ to say "u 8 own "n4 ,x w\ld h be5 ru9 to ,sir ,philip ,francis to h av[$ himself ! au?or ( ,junius4 ,b ! ,%akespe>e plays satiriz$ no "o1 & made no enemies4 ,if !re 7 any reasons = concealm5t1 !y c]ta9ly d n apply to ! ye> #afbc1 :5 ! fir/ folio appe>$1 :i* 0 aft] ! dea? ( ,%akespe>e & ! fall ( ,bacon4 ,! ackn[l$gm5t ( _! au?or%ip at t "t c\ld no long] int]f]e ) ,bacon's rise4 ,& x w\ld be v little to ! cr$it ( 8 intellig5ce to assume t he 0 n !n aw>e ( ! value ( su* works1 or t he did n desire ! reputation ( be+ _! au?or4 ,x w\ld h be5 contr>y to 8 v nature n to h wi%$ = ! cr$it ( t au?or%ip4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re w\ld be no?+ surpris+ 9 ! fact ( ,%akespe>e's lay+ no claim to cr$it = hav+ assi/$ 9 ! composition ( ! ,advancem5t ( ,le>n+4 ,%akespe>e 0 by nature z retic5t & mode/ z ,bacon 0 egoti/ical & o/5tati\s4 ,:at a veil is drawn ov] ! poet's p]sonality 9 8 sonnets6 ,we read 9 !m 8 inmo/ s5tim5ts1 b !y tell u absolutely no?+ ( ! ev5ts ( 8 life1 or ! facts ( 8 position4 ,& if1 z we assume1 he 0 "o among sev]al :o help$ ,"l ,bacon1 ?\gh he might h done ! mo/1 !re 0 no special reason :y he %\ld proclaim t fact4 ,g]v9us has %[n1 9 ?ree /rik+ pages1 ! fundam5tal h>mony betwe5 ! ideas & m5tal t5d5cies ( ,%akespe>e & ,bacon4 ,_! philosophy ( man & ( life 0 ! same4 ,if1 !n1 ,bacon ne$$ to be help$ 9 ?9k+ out 8 sy/em1 !re 0 no "o alive :o w\ld h giv5 him su* /imulus & enc\ragem5t z ,%akespe>e4 ,?is also may expla9 8 n m5tion+ ! "n ( ,%akespe>e 9 8 works2 = t might h call$ too mu* att5tion to ! s\rce f :i* he receiv$ ?is important aid4 ,nev]!less1 ,i reg>d ! moni/ic !ory z 9 ! la/ degree improbable4 ,we h two great au?ors1 & n "o only4 ,b if we are compell$ to accept ! view :i* ascribes a common s\rce to ! ,%akespe>e drama & ! ,baconian philosophy1 ,i ?9k !re are good reasons = pref]r+ ,%akespe>e to ,bacon z ! au?or ( bo?4 ,:5 ! plays appe>$1 ,bacon 0 absorb$ 9 pursuits & ambitions =eign to su* "w2 8 accept$ writ+s %[ no sign ( su* creative p[]2 he 0 ! la/ man 9 ! _w n to take ! cr$it ( su* a success1 & _h no motive to conceal 8 au?or%ip4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re 0 a p]iod 9 ,%akespe>e's life :5 he _h abundant leisure to cop]ate 9 ! lit]>y plans ( ,bacon2 8 ample intellect 0 full ( ! ideas :i* took =m 9 ^? works2 & he 0 j ! p]son nei!r to claim nor to desire any cr$it = l5d+ su* assi/ance4 ,!re is1 c]ta9ly1 e reason to believe t1 among 8 o!r ambitions1 ,bacon desir$ t ( /rik+ out a new pa? ( discov]y1 & initiat+ a bett] me?od 9 ! /udy ( nature4 ,b we "k t1 9 do+ ?is1 he s\ght aid 9 all qu>t]s1 & especially among ,%akespe>e's fri5ds & companions4 ,x is highly probable1 !re=e1 t he became acqua9t$ ) ! great dramati/1 & t ,%akespe>e knew ( ,bacon's designs & became int]e/$ 9 !m4 ,& if s1 :o c\ld (f] bett] sugge/ions ?an he2 & :o w\ld m will+ly accept !m ?an ! ov]work$ /atesman & lawy]1 :o wi%$ to be also a philosoph]8 ,f9ally1 we may ref] ^? :o believe t ! %ape ( ! br[ & head indicates ! quality ( m5tal p[] to ! portraits ( ! two m54 ,! head ( ,%akespe>e1 accord+ to all ! bu/s & pictures :i* rema9 to u1 belongs to ! type :i* antiquity has transmitt$ to u 9 ! portraits ( ,hom] & ,plato4 ,9 ?is va/ dome ( ?\ght !re 0 room = ev]y?+4 ,! head ( ,bacon is also a gr& "o1 b less ample1 less complete--less ,t]es1 totus atque rotundus4 ,^! portraits !re=e agree ) all we "k ( ! writ+s1 9 %[+ u :i*1 & :i* only1 ( ! two m9ds 0 capable ( conta9+ ! o!r4 ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,a ,,great ,,poem#d ,!re are at lea/ ?ree exi/+ manuscripts ( ,grays ,elegy1 9 ! au?or's autograph4 ,! e>lie/1 conta9+ ! l>ge/ numb] ( v>iations & ! mo/ curi\s1 is t n[ 9 ! possession ( ,sir ,william ,fras] 9 ,london1 & = :i* he paid ! l>ge sum ( #bcj1 9 #ahge4 ,by ! k9dness ( ,sir ,william ,fras]1 ,i exam9$ ?is manuscript at 8 rooms 9 ,london1 9 #ahhb4 ,a facsimile copy ( ?is valuable autograph1 photograph$ f ! orig9al 9 #ahfb1 is n[ be=e me4 ,a second copy 9 ! h&writ+ ( ,gray1 call$ ! ,pembroke manuscript1 is 9 ! libr>y ( ,pembroke ,hall1 ,cambridge4 ,a facsimile ( ?is autograph appe>s 9 ,mat?ias's edition ( ,mason's ,gray1 publi%$ 9 #ahad4 ,a ?ird copy1 9 ! poet's h&writ+1 copi$ by him = 8 fri5d1 ,dr4 ,:>ton1 is 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,i exam9$ ?is1 also1 9 #ahhb1 & _h an accurate copy made = me by "o ( ! assi/ants 9 ! museum4 ,?is 0 writt5 aft] ! o!r two1 z is evid5t f ! fact t x approa*es mo/ ne>ly to ! =m :i* ! ,elegy f9ally assum$ :5 pr9t$4 ,!re are only n9e or t5 expressions 9 ?is manuscript :i* diff] f ! poem z publi%$ by ,gray4 ,mo/ ( ^! are unimportant4 ,or he *ang$1 9 ?ree places1 into &4 ,& 9 our a%es he *ang$ into ,ev5 9 our a%es1 :i* 0 a cle> improvem5t4 ,x 0 n until aft] ?is ?ird copy 0 writt5 t ! improvem5t 0 made :i* *ang$ ,=give1 ye ,pr\d1 ! involunt>y ,fault1 ,if ,memory to ,^! no ,trophies raise1 into ,nor y1 ye pr\d1 impute to ^! ! fault1 ,if ,memory o'er _! tomb no trophies raise4 ,ano!r important alt]ation ( a s+le ^w 0 also made aft] ?is ?ird manuscript 0 writt54 ,?is 0 ! *ange1 9 ! =ty-fif? /anza1 ( ,re9s ( ,empire into ,rod ( ,empire4 ,! ,elegy 9 a ,c\ntry ,*ur*y>d became at once "o ( ! mo/ popul> poems 9 ! language1 & has rema9$ s to ?is "t4 ,x has be5 equally a favorite ) common read]s1 ) lit]>y m51 & ) poets4 ,its place w always be 9 ! highe/ rank ( ,engli% poetry4 ,! fact1 h[ev]1 is--& x is a v curi\s fact--t ?is fir/-class poem 0 ! "w ( a ?ird-class poet4 ,= ,?omas ,gray c]ta9ly does n /& 9 ! fir/ class ) ,%akespe>e1 ,sp5s]1 & ,milton4 ,nor c he fairly be put 9 ! second class ) ,dryd51 ,pope1 ,burns1 ,wordswor?1 & ,byron4 ,he belongs to ! ?ird1 ) ,c[ley1 ,c[p]1 ,%elley1 & ,keats4 ,!re may be a d\bt conc]n+ "s ( :om ,i h nam$1 b !re c be no d\bt t ,gray w nev] /& high] ?an ^? :o may be plac$ by critics 9 ! ?ird class4 ,yet x is equally c]ta9 t he has produc$ a fir/-class poem4 ,h[ is ?is p>adox to be expla9$8 ,:at is ! *>m ( ,gray's ,elegy8 ,! ?\ghts are suffici5tly commonplace4 ,t all m5 mu/ die1 t ! mo/ humble may h _h 9 !m "s p[] :i*1 "u o!r circum/ances1 might h made !m fam\s1--^! are some:at trite /atem5ts2 b ! fasc9ation ( ! v]ses consi/s 9 ! tone1 solemn b s]5e1 :i* p]vades !m2 9 ! pictures ( com+ night1 ( break+ day1 ( *e]ful rural life1 ( happy homes2 & la/ly1 9 ! p]fect f9i% ( ! v]se & ! curi\s felicity ( ! diction4 ,9 %ort1 ! poem is a "w ( high art4 ,x 0 n inspir$1 b x 0 c>efully elaborat$4 ,& ?is appe>s pla9ly :5 we comp>e x1 z x /&s 9 ! ,fras] manuscript1 ) its f9al =m4 ,?is poem 0 a "w ( eight ye>s4 ,its head+ 9 ! ,fras] manuscript is ,/anzas ,wrote 9 a ,c\ntry ,*ur*y>d4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 begun at ,/oke 9 #agdb1 cont9u$ at ,cambridge1 & _h its la/ t\*es add$ at ,/oke-,pogis1 ,june #ab1 #agej4 ,9 a lett] to ,horace ,walpole ( t date1 ,gray says1 ,hav+ put an end to a ?+ ^: beg9n+ y saw long ago1 ,i imm$iately s5d x to y4 ,! corrections made by ,gray dur+ ?is p]iod 7 _m1 & 7 probably all improvem5ts4 ,_m poets :5 !y try to improve _! v]ses only injure !m4 ,b ,gray's corrections 7 inv>iably = ! bett]4 ,we may ev5 say t1 if x _h be5 publi%$ z x 0 fir/ writt51 & z x n[ /&s 9 ! ,fras] manuscript1 x w\ld h rank$ only ) ! be/ poetry ( ,%5/one or ,c[p]4 ,let me indicate "s ( ! mo/ important *anges4 ,9 l9e sev5te51 ! f9e epi!t ( inc5se-brea?+ 0 an addition4 ,! breezy call ( inc5se-brea?+ morn1 = ! ,fras] manuscript reads-- ,=ev] sleep4 ,! breezy call ( morn4 ,n9ete5? l9e1 ,fras] manuscript has-- ,or *anticle] s %rill1 or e*o+ horn1 correct$ to ,! cock's %rill cl>ion1 or ! e*o+ horn4 ,tw5ty-f\r?--,com+ kiss 0 correct$ to envi$ kiss4 ,=ty-?ird--,awake ! sil5t du/ 0 correct$ to provoke ! sil5t du/4 ,=ty-sev5?--,! correction ( ,re9s ( ,empire to ,rod ( ,empire fir/ appe>s 9 ! m>g9 ( ! ,pembroke manuscript4 ,fifty-sev5?--,9 ! ,fras] manuscript x reads-- ,"s village ,cato1 :o ) dauntless brea/1 ,"s mute1 +lori\s ,tully "h may re/2 ,"s ,cs>1 etc4 ,9 ! ,pembroke manuscript1 ^! classical p]sonages h disappe>$1 & ! great improvem5t 0 made ( sub/itut+ ,hampd51 ,milton1 & ,cromwell1 & ?us ma9ta9+ ! ,engli% color+ ( ! poem4 ,fifty-fir/--,?is v]se1 beg9n+1 ,b ,k1 etc41 0 plac$1 9 ! ,fras] manuscript1 aft] ! "o beg9n+1 ,"s village ,cato1 b ) a note 9 ! m>g9 to transf] x to :]e x n[ /&s4 ,! ?ird l9e ( ! /anza 0 fir/ writt51 ,*ill ,p5ury _h damp$4 ,?is 0 fir/ correct$ to depress$1 & aft]w>d to repress$4 ,fifty-fif?--,_! fate =bade1 *ang$ to ,_! lot =bade4 ,sixty-six?--,_! /ruggl+ virtues 0 improv$ to ,_! gr[+ virtues4 ,sev5ty-fir/--,cr[n ! %r9e 0 alt]$ to heap ! %r9e1 & 9 ! next l9e ,inc5se hall[$ by ! muse's flame 0 wisely *ang$ to ,inc5se k9dl$ by ! muse's flame4 ,aft] ! sev5ty-second l9e /&1 9 ! ,fras] manuscript1 ! foll[+ /anzas1 :i* ,gray1 ) admirable ta/e1 aft]w>d omitt$4 ,b1 be=e he decid$ to leave !m out altoge!r1 he drew a black l9e d[n ! m>g91 indicat+ t he w\ld transf] !m to ano!r place4 ,^! /anzas 7 orig9ally int5d$ to close ! poem4 ,aft]w>d ! ?\ght occurr$ to him ( ! ho>y-head$ swa9 & ! ,epitaph4 ,! ?\ghtless ,_w to ,maje/y may b[1 ,exalt ! ,brave & idolize ,success1 ,b m to ,innoc5ce _! safety owe ,?an ,p[] & ,g5ius e'er conspire to bless4 ,& ?\1 :o1 m9dful ( ! unhonor$ ,dead1 ,do/1 9 ^! ,notes1 _! artless ,tale relate1 ,by ,night & lonely ,contemplation l$ ,to l+] 9 ! gloomy ,walks ( ,fate2 ,h>k1 h[ ! sacr$ ,calm t broods ar\nd ,bids e fi]ce1 tumultu\s ,passion cease1 ,9 /ill1 small ,acc5ts :isp]+ f ! ,gr\nd ,a grateful ,e>ne/ ( et]nal ,peace4 ,no m ) ,reason & ?yself at ,/rife1 ,give anxi\s ,c>es & useless ,wi%es room2 ,b ?r\gh ! cool1 seque/]$ ,vale ( ,life ,pursue ! sil5t ,t5or ( ?y ,doom4 ,aft] ^! /anzas1 accord+ to ! ,fras] manuscript1 7 to foll[ ^! l9es1 :i* ,i d n rememb] to h se5 else:]e3-- ,if *ance t e'er "s p5sive ,_s m1 ,by sympa!tic ,mus+s "h delay$1 ,) va9 ?\gh k9d ,enquiry %all explore ,?y once-lov$ ,haunt1 ?y long-neglect$ ,%ade1 ,haply1 etc4 ,b ,gray soon disp5s$ ) ?is feeble /anza1 & made a new "o by *ang+ x into ! "o beg9n+3-- ,= !e1 :o m9dful4 ,! n9ety-n9? & "o hundr$? l9es /& 9 ! ,fras] manuscript-- ,) ha/y foot/eps bru% ! dews away ,on ! high br[ ( yond] hang+ lawn4 ,! foll[+ /anza is noticeable = ! inv]sions s frequ5t 9 ,gray1 & :i* he _h1 p]haps1 unconsci\sly adopt$ f 8 famili>ity ) ! classics4 ,he aft]w>d omitt$ x3-- ,him h we se5 ! gre5wood side along1 ,:ile o'er ! hea? we hi$1 our labors done4 ,(t z ! wood-l>k pip$ h] f>ewell song1 ,) wi/ful eyes pursue ! sett+ sun4 ,9 ! manuscript ! ^w is spell$ :i/ful4 ,9 l9e #aja1 ho>y bee* is correct$ to spread+ bee*1 & aft]w>d to nodd+ bee*4 ,l9e #aac--;,dirges meet 0 *ang$ to dirges dire2 & aft] #aaf came ! beautiful /anza1 aft]w>d omitt$ by ,gray z be+ de trop 9 ?is place3-- ,!re1 scatt]$ (t1 ! e>lie/ ( ! ye>1 ,by h&s unse51 are %[]s ( violets f\nd2 ,! r$brea/ loves to build & w>ble !re1 ,& little foot/eps lightly pr9t ! gr\nd4 ,ev5 9 ?is v]se !re 7 two corrections4 ,rob9 0 alt]$ 9 ! ,fras] manuscript into r$brea/1 & frequ5t violets into %[]s ( violets4 ,"o ( ! mo/ curi\s accid5ts to :i* ?is fam\s poem has be5 subject$ 0 an errone\s *ange made 9 ! e>ly editions1 :i* has be5 propagat$ almo/ to our "t4 ,9 ! /anza beg9n+-- ,! boa/ ( ,h]aldry1 ! pomp ( ,p[]1 ,gray wrote ,awaits alike ! inevitable ,h\r4 ,& s x /&s 9 all ?ree manuscripts1 & 9 ! pr9t$ edition :i* he himself sup]9t5d$4 ,8 mean+ 01 ,! inevitable ,h\r awaits ev]y?+4 ,x /&s !re1 wait+ ! boa/ ( ,h]aldry1 etc4 ,b 8 editors1 misl$ by 8 inv]t$ /yle1 suppos$ t x 0 ! gifts ( ,h]aldry1 ,p[]1 ,beauty1 etc41 t 7 wait+1 & !re=e correct$ :at !y ?\ght ,gray's bad gramm>1 & pr9t$ ! ^w await4 ,b s !y de/roy$ ! mean+4 ,^! ?+s 7 n wait+ at all = ! dread h\r2 !y 7 enjoy+ !mselves1 c>eless ( its approa*4 ,b ! h\r 0 wait+ = !m4 ,gray's orig9al read+ has be5 re/or$ 9 ! la/ editions4 ,9 trac+ ! developm5t ( ?is f9e poem1 we see x gradually improv+ "u 8 c>eful t\*1 till x becomes a "w ( high art4 ,9 "s poets--,wordswor?1 = example--inspiration is at its maximum1 & art at its m9imum4 ,9 ,gray1 ,i ?9k1 inspiration 0 at its m9imum1 & art at its maximum4 ,,religi\s ,,& ,,philosophical ,,aff9ities ,,( ,,buddhism ,,& ,,*ri/ianity#e ,x has long be5 kn[n t _m analogies exi/ betwe5 ,buddhism & ,*ri/ianity4 ,! c]emonies1 ritual1 & rites ( ! ,buddhi/s /rik+ly resemble ^? ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,! ,buddhi/ prie/s are monks4 ,!y take ! same ?ree v[s ( pov]ty1 *a/ity1 & ob$i5ce :i* are b9d+ on ^? ( ! ,roman ,*ur*4 ,!y are m5dicants1 l ! m5dicant ord]s ( ,/4 ,francis & ,/4 ,dom9ic4 ,!y are tonsur$2 use /r+s ( beads1 l ! ros>y1 ) :i* to c\nt _! pray]s2 h inc5se & c&les 9 _! wor%ip2 use fa/s1 processions1 litanies1 & holy wat]4 ,!y h some?+ ak9 to ! adoration ( sa9ts2 repeat pray]s 9 an unkn[n tongue2 h a *ant$ psalmody ) a d\ble *oir2 & susp5d ! c5s] f five *a9s4 ,9 ,*9a1 "s ,buddhi/s wor%ip ! image ( a virg91 call$ ! ,que5 ( ,heav51 hav+ an infant 9 h] arms1 & hold+ a cross4 ,9 ,?ibet ! ,gr& ,lamas we> a mitre1 dalmatica1 & cope1 & pron\nce a b5$iction on ! laity by ext5d+ ! "r h& ov] _! heads4 ,! ,dalai-,lama resembles ! ,pope1 & is reg>d$ z ! head ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! wor%ip ( relics is v anci5t among ! ,buddhi/s1 & s are pilgrimages to sacr$ places4 ,besides ^! resemblances 9 outw>d c]emonies1 m important ones appe> 9 ! inn] life & hi/ory ( ! two religions4 ,bo? belong to ^? sy/ems :i* d]ive _! "* f a human f\nd]1 & n f a national t5d5cy2 to ! class :i* conta9s ! religions ( ,moses1 ,zoroa/]1 ,confucius1 & ,mohamm$1 & n to t 9 :i* ! ,brahmanical1 ,egyptian1 ,sc&9avian1 ,greek1 & ,roman religions are f\nd4 ,bo? ,buddhism & ,*ri/ianity are ca?olic1 & n e?nic2 t is1 n conf9$ to a s+le race or nation1 b by _! mission>y _s pass+ beyond ^! b\nd>ies1 & mak+ conv]ts among _m races4 ,*ri/ianity began among ! ,jews z a ,semitic religion1 b1 be+ reject$ by ! ,jewi% nation1 e/abli%$ itself among ! ,aryan races ( ,europe4 ,9 ! same way ,buddhism1 beg9n+ among an ,aryan p--! ,h9doos--0 expell$ f ,h9do/an1 & e/abli%$ itself among ! ,mongol races ( ,ea/]n ,asia4 ,besides its resemblances to ! ,roman ,ca?olic side ( ,*ri/5dom1 ,buddhism has /ill clos] analogies ) ! ,prote/ant ,*ur*4 ,l ,prote/antism1 x is a re=m1 :i* rejects a hi]>*al sy/em & does away ) a prie/ly ca/e4 ,l ,prote/antism1 x has emphasiz$ ! purely humane side ( life1 & is a religion ( humanity r ?an ( piety4 ,bo? ! ,*ri/ian & ,buddhi/ *ur*es tea* a div9e inc>nation1 & bo? wor%ip a ,god-man4 ,are ^! rem>kable analogies only casual resemblances1 or are !y real aff9ities8 ,by aff9ity we "h mean g5etic relation%ip4 ,are ,buddhism & ,*ri/ianity relat$ z "m & *ild1 "o be+ d]iv$ f ! o!r2 or are !y relat$ by bo? be+ d]iv$ f "s common ance/or8 ,is ei!r d]iv$ f ! o!r1 z ,*ri/ianity f ,judaism1 or ,prote/antism f ! ,papal ,*ur*8 ,t !re c be no su* aff9ity z ?is seems evid5t f hi/ory4 ,hi/ory %[s no trace ( ! contact :i* w\ld be requir$ = su* influ5ce4 ,if ,*ri/ianity _h tak5 its cu/oms f ,buddhism1 or ,buddhism f ,*ri/ianity1 !re mu/ h be5 ample hi/oric evid5ce ( ! fact4 ,b1 in/ead ( ?is1 hi/ory %[s t ea* has gr[n up by its own natural developm5t1 & has unfold$ its qualities sep>ately & alone4 ,! law ( evolution also tea*es t su* great sy/ems d n come f imitation1 b z gr[?s f a primal g]m4 ,nor does hi/ory give ! lea/ evid5ce ( a common ance/ry f :i* bo? took _! common traits4 ,we "k t ,buddhism 0 d]iv$ f ,brahmanism1 & t ,*ri/ianity 0 d]iv$ f ,judaism4 ,n[1 ,judaism & ,brahmanism h few analogies2 !y c\ld n1 !re=e1 h transmitt$ to _! (fspr+ :at !y did n !mselves possess4 ,brahmanism came f an ,aryan /ock1 9 ,c5tral ,asia2 ,judaism f a ,semitic /em1 ?\s&s ( miles to ! we/4 ,if ,buddhism & ,*ri/ianity came f a common s\rce1 t s\rce mu/ h ant$at$ bo? ! ,mosaic & ,brahmanical sy/ems4 ,ev5 !n x w\ld be a case ( atavism 9 :i* ! orig9al type disappe>$ 9 ! *ildr51 to reappe> 9 ! lat] desc5dants4 ,are1 !n1 ^! /rik+ resemblances1 & o!rs :i* are /ill to be m5tion$1 only accid5tal analogies8 ,?is does n necess>ily foll[2 = !re is a ?ird alt]native4 ,!y may be :at are call$ 9 sci5ce homologies2 t is1 ! same law work+ out simil> results "u ! same conditions1 ?\gh "u diff]5t circum/ances4 ,! :ale lives "u diff]5t circum/ances f o!r mammalia2 b be+ a mammal1 he has a l osse\s /ructure4 ,:at seems to be a f91 be+ dissect$1 turns out to be an arm1 ) h& & f+]s4 ,!re are l homologies 9 hi/ory4 ,take ! in/ance ( ! ,engli% & ,fr5* revolutions4 ,9 ea* case ! legitimate k+ 0 tri$1 condemn$1 & execut$4 ,a republic foll[$4 ,! republic gave way be=e a /rong-h&$ usurp]4 ,!n ! orig9al race ( k+s 0 re/or$2 b1 hav+ le>n$ no?+ & =gott5 no?+1 !y 7 displac$ a second "t1 & a con/itutional mon>* plac$ on ! ?rone1 :o1 ?\gh n ! legitimate k+1 /ill belong$ to ! same race4 ,"h ! same laws ( human nature h work$ out simil> results2 = no "o w\ld sugge/ t ,france _h copi$ its revolutions f ,engl&4 ,&1 9 religion1 human nature reproduces simil> cu/oms & c]emonies "u l conditions4 ,:51 = in/ance1 y h a me*anical sy/em ( pray]1 9 :i* ! numb] ( pray]s is ( *ief importance1 !re mu/ be "s way ( c\nt+ !m1 & s ! ros>y has be5 inv5t$ indep5d5tly 9 diff]5t religions4 ,we h no room to po9t out h[ ?is law has work$ 9 o!r in/ances2 b x is en\gh to ref] to ! pr9ciple4 ,besides ^! resemblances betwe5 ,buddhism & ,*ri/ianity1 !re are also "s equally rem>kable diff]5ces1 :i* %\ld be notic$4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ! /rik+ fact t ,buddhism has be5 unable to recognize ! exi/5ce ( ! ,inf9ite ,be+4 ,x has be5 call$ a!ism by ! majority ( ! be/ au?orities4 ,ev5 ,ar?ur ,lillie1 :o def5ds ?is sy/em f ! *>ge ( agno/icism1 says3#f ,an agno/ic s*ool ( ,buddhism )\t d\bt exi/s4 ,x pr(esses pla9 a!ism1 & holds t e mortal1 :5 he escapes f re-bir?s1 & ! causation ( ,k>ma by ! awak5m5t ( ! ,bodhi or gnosis1 w be annihilat$4 ,?is ,buddhism1 by ,eugne ,burn\f1 ,sa9t-,hilaire1 ,max ,mll]1 ,csoma de ,krs1 &1 ,i believe1 almo/ e writ] ( note1 is pron\nc$ ! orig9al ,buddhism1--! ,buddhism ( ! ,s\?4 ,almo/ e writ] ( note1 !re=e1 :o has /udi$ ,buddhism 9 ! ,pli1 ,s+halese1 ,*9ese1 & o!r languages1 & has _h direct access to its orig9al s\rces1 has pron\nc$ x a sy/em ( a!ism4 ,b ?is op9ion is oppos$ to ! fact t ,buddhi/s h ev]y:]e wor%ip$ unse5 & sup]human p[]s1 erect$ magnific5t temples1 ma9ta9$ an elaborate ritual1 & ador$ ,buddha z ! supreme rul] ( ! worlds4 ,h[ %all we expla9 ?is p>adox8 ,all dep5ds on ! def9ition we give to ! ^w a!ism4 ,if a sy/em is a!i/ic :i* sees only ! temporal1 & n ! et]nal2 :i* kn[s no ,god z ! au?or1 creator1 & rul] ( ,nature2 :i* ascribes ! orig9 ( ! univ]se to natural causes1 to :i* only ! f9ite is kn[able1 & ! inf9ite unkn[able--!n ,buddhism is a!ism4 ,b1 9 t case1 mu* ( ! poly!ism ( ! _w mu/ be reg>d$ z a!ism2 = poly!ism has l>gely wor%ip$ f9ite gods4 ,! :ole race ( ,olympian deities 7 f9ite be+s4 ,above !m rul$ ! ev]la/+ necessity ( ?+s4 ,b :o calls ! ,greek wor%ip]s a!i/s8 ,! ,buddha1 to mo/ ,buddhi/s1 is a f9ite be+1 "o :o has pass$ ?r\gh num]\s bir?s1 has rea*$ ,nirvana1 & w "o day be sup]s$$ by ano!r ,buddha4 ,yet1 = ! "t1 he is ! ,supreme ,be+1 ,rul] ( all ! ,worlds4 ,he is ! object ( wor%ip1 & really div9e1 if 9 a subord9ate s5se4 ,i w\ld n1 !re=e1 call ?is religion a!ism4 ,no religion :i* wor%ips sup]human p[]s c ju/ly be call$ a!i/ic on acc\nt ( its meagre metaphysics4 ,h[ _m ,*ri/ians !re are :o d n fully realize ! inf9ite & et]nal nature ( ! ,deity6 ,to _m ,he is no m ?an ! ,buddha is to 8 wor%ip]s1--a supreme be+1 a mighty rul]1 gov]n+ all ?+s by 8 w4 ,h[ few see ,god ev]y:]e 9 nature1 z ,jesus saw ,him1 lett+ 8 sun %9e on ! evil & good1 & s5d+ 8 ra9 on ! j & unju/4 ,h[ few see ,him 9 all ( life1 s t n a sp>r[ dies1 or a s+le hair ( ! head falls1 )\t ! ,fa!r4 ,mo/ ,*ri/ians recognize ! ,deity only z occasionally int]f]+ by special provid5ces1 p>ticul> judgm5ts1 & ! l4 ,b 9 ,*ri/ianity ?is ignorance ( ! et]nal nature ( ,god is ! exception1 :ile 9 ,buddhism x is ! rule4 ,9 ! reaction aga9/ ,brahmanism1 ! ,brahmanic fai? 9 ! inf9ite 0 lo/4 ,9 ! fully develop$ sy/em ( ! anci5t ,h9doo religion ! inf9ite ov]p[]$ ! f9ite1 ! temporal _w 0 reg>d$ z an illusion1 & only ! et]nal 0 real4 ,! reaction f ?is extreme 0 s complete z to c>ry ! ,buddhi/s to ! exact opposite4 ,if to ! ,brahman all ! f9ite visible _w 0 only maya--illusion1 to ! ,buddhi/s all ! inf9ite unse5 _w 0 unkn[able1 & practically no?+4 ,p]haps ! mo/ orig9al feature ( ,*ri/ianity is ! fact t x has comb9$ 9 a liv+ syn!sis t :i* 9 o!r sy/ems 0 divid$4 ,jesus reg>d$ love to ,god & love to man z id5tical1--posit+ a h>moni\s :ole ( "t & et]nity1 piety & humanity1 fai? & works1--& ?us laid ! f\ndation ( a l>g] sy/em ?an ei!r ,brahmanism or ,buddhism4 ,he did n inv5t piety1 nor discov] humanity4 ,long be=e he came ! ,brahmanic lit]ature _h s\nd$ ! deepe/ dep?s ( spiritual life1 & ! ,buddhi/ mission>ies _h prea*$ univ]sal b5evol5ce to mank9d4 ,b ! angelic hymn :i* =etold ! new religion z br++ at once ,glory to ,god 9 ! highe/1 & on e>? peace1 good w to m5 indicat$ ! ess5ce ( ! fai? :i* 0 at ! same "t a heav5ly love & an e>?ly bless+4 ,?is diff]5ce ( result 9 ! two sy/ems came probably f ! diff]5t me?ods ( _! au?ors4 ,) ,jesus life 0 ! s\rce ( k2 ! life 0 ! light ( m54 ,) ! ,buddha1 reflection1 m$itation1 ?\ght 0 ! s\rce ( k4 ,9 ?is1 h[ev]1 he includ$ intuition no less ?an reflection4 ,sakya-muni und]/ood p]fectly t a m]e intellectual judgm5t possess$ little motive p[]2 !re=e he 0 n satisfi$ till he _h obta9$ an intuitive p]ception ( tru?4 ,t alone gave at once re/ & p[]4 ,b z ! pure intellect1 ev5 9 its highe/ act1 is unable to grasp ! inf9ite1 ! ,buddha 0 an agno/ic on ?is side ( 8 cre$ by ! v success ( 8 me?od4 ,:o1 by se>*+1 c f9d out ,god8 ,! inf9ite c only be kn[n by ! process ( liv+ exp]i5ce4 ,?is 0 ! me?od ( ,jesus1 & has be5 t ( 8 religion4 ,= :at is fai? b t receptive /ate ( m9d :i* waits on ! ,"l to receive ! illum9ation :i* x _c create by its own processes8 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 x is probable t ! fatal defect 9 ,buddhism :i* has neutraliz$ its g5]\s philan?ropy & its noble humanities has be5 ! abs5ce ( ! inspiration :i* comes f ! belief 9 an et]nal _w4 ,man is too great to be satisfi$ ) "t alone1 or et]nity alone2 he ne$s to live f & = bo?4 ,h5ce1 ,buddhism is an arre/$ religion1 :ile ,*ri/ianity is progressive4 ,*ri/ianity has %[n ! capacity ( outgr[+ its own defects & correct+ its own mi/akes4 ,= example1 x has l>gely outgr[n its habit ( p]secut+ infidels & h]etics4 ,no "o is n[ put to dea? = h]esy4 ,x has also pass$ out ( ! /age 9 :i* religion is consid]$ to consi/ 9 leav+ ! _w & ent]+ a mona/]y4 ,! an*orites ( ! e>ly c5turies are no long] to be f\nd 9 ,*ri/5dom4 ,ev5 9 ,ca?olic c\ntries ! purpose ( mona/ic life is no long] to save ! s\l by ascetic tortures1 b to atta9 "s practical end4 ,! ,prote/ant ,re=mation1 :i* broke ! yoke ( prie/ly p[] & set free ! m9d ( ,europe1 0 a movem5t orig9at+ 9 ,*ri/ianity itself1 l o!r developm5ts ( a simil> k9d4 ,no su* signs ( progress exi/ 9 ! sy/em ( ,buddhism4 ,x has lo/ ! mission>y ardor ( its e>ly ye>s2 x has ceas$ f creat+ a va/ lit]ature su* z grew up 9 its y\ng] days2 x no long] produces any wond]s ( ar*itecture4 ,x ev5 lags beh9d ! active life ( ! c\ntries :]e x has its greate/ p[]4 ,x is a curi\s analogy betwe5 ! two sy/ems t1 :ile nei!r ! ,*ri/ nor ! ,buddha practic$ or taught asceticism1 _! foll[]s soon made ! ess5ce ( religion to consi/ 9 "s =m ( mona/ic life4 ,bo? ,jesus & ,sakya-muni w5t ab\t do+ good4 ,bo? s5t _! foll[]s into ! _w to prea* a gospel4 ,jesus1 aft] ?irty ye>s ( a retir$ life1 came among m5 eat+ & dr9k+1 & associat+ ) publicans & s9n]s4 ,sakya-muni1 aft] sp5d+ "s ye>s z an an*orite1 delib]ately r5\nc$ t mode ( religion z unsatisfactory1 & associat$ ) all m51 z ,jesus aft]w>d did4 ,)9 a few c5turies aft] _! dea?1 _! foll[]s relaps$ into ascetic & mona/ic practices2 b ) ?is diff]5ce1 t :ile 9 ,*ri/5dom !re has always be5 bo? a regul> & a secul> cl]gy1 9 ! ,buddhi/ c\ntries ! :ole prie/hood live 9 mona/]ies4 ,!y h no p>i% prie/s1 unless z an exception4 ,:ile 9 ,*ri/ian c\ntries ! cl]gy has become m & m a practical body1 9 sympa?y ) ! common life1 9 ,buddhi/ l&s !y live ap>t & ex]cise little influ5ce on ! civil condition ( ! p4 ,nor mu/ we pass by ! important fact t ! ^w ,*ri/5dom is synonym\s ) a progressive civilization1 :ile ,buddhism is ev]y:]e connect$ ) "o :i* is arre/$ & /ation>y4 ,! b\nd>ies ( ! ,*ri/ian religion are exactly coext5sive ) ! advance ( sci5ce1 art1 lit]ature2 & ) ! cont9u$ accumulation ( k1 p[]1 weal?1 & ! com=ts ( human life4 ,accord+ to ,ku551#g "o ( ! mo/ rec5t /ud5ts ( ^! que/ions1 ?is diff]5ce is due to ! pr9ciple ( hope :i* exi/s 9 ,*ri/ianity1 b is abs5t 9 ,buddhism4 ,! "o has always believ$ 9 a k+dom ( ,god "h & a bless$ immortality h]eaft]4 ,buddhism has n ?is hope2 & ?is1 says ,ku551 is a blank :i* no?+ c fill4 ,s l>ge a ?9k] z ,alb]t ,rville has express$ 8 belief t ev5 ! intol]ance ( ,*ri/ianity indicat$ a passionate love ( tru? :i* has creat$ mod]n sci5ce4 ,he says t if ,europe _h n pass$ ?r\gh ^? ages ( intol]ance1 x is d\btful :e!r ! sci5ce ( our day w\ld ev] h arriv$4#h ,x is only )9 ! b\nd>ies ( nations pr(ess+ ! ,*ri/ian fai? t we mu/ g to-day to le>n ! late/ discov]ies 9 sci5ce1 ! be/ works ( art1 ! mo/ fl\ri%+ lit]ature4 ,only )9 ! same circle ( ,*ri/ian /ates is !re a gov]nm5t by law1 & n by w4 ,only )9 ^! b\nd>ies h ! rights ( ! individual be5 secur$1 :ile ! p[] ( ! /ate has be5 increas$4 ,gov]nm5t by law1 jo9$ ) p]sonal fre$om1 is only to be f\nd :]e ! fai? exi/s :i* tea*es t ,god n only supports ! univ]sal ord] ( natural ?+s1 b is also ! fri5d ( ! individual s\l2 & 9 j t circle ( /ates 9 :i* ! doctr9e is taught t !re is no individual s\l = ,god to love & no ,div9e pres5ce 9 ! ord] ( nature1 human life has subsid$ into apa?y1 progress has ceas$1 & x has be5 f\nd impossible to con/ruct national unity4 ,sa9t-,hilaire affirms#i t 9 politics & legislation ! dogma ( ,buddhism has rema9$ inf]ior ev5 to t ( ,brahmanism1 & has be5 able to d no?+ to con/itute /ates or to gov]n !m by equitable rules4 ,^! ,buddhi/ nations are really six3 ,siam1 ,burma1 ,nepaul1 ,?ibet1 ,t>t>y1 & ,ceylon4 ,! activity & social progress 9 ,*9a & ,japan are no exceptions to ?is rule2 = 9 nei!r c\ntry has ,buddhism any appreciable influ5ce on ! "* ( ! p4 ,to ^? :o d5y t ! !ology ( a p influ5ces its "*1 x may be in/ructive to see h[ exactly ! good & evil influ5ces ( ,buddhism correspond to ! positive & negative traits ( its doctr9e4 ,its m]its1 says ,sa9t-,hilaire1 are its practical "*1 its abnegation ( vulg> gratifications1 its b5evol5ce1 mildness1 s5tim5t ( human equality1 au/]ity ( mann]s1 dislike ( falsehood1 & respect = ! family4 ,its defects are want ( social p[]1 egoti/ical aims1 ignorance ( ! ideal good1 ( ! s5se ( human "r & human fre$om1 skepticism1 incurable despair1 contempt ( life4 ,all its human qualities correspond to its doctr9al tea*+ f ! beg9n+4 ,x has always taught b5evol5ce1 pati5ce1 self-d5ial1 *>ity1 & tol]ation4 ,its defects arise inevitably f its negative aim1--to get rid ( sorr[ & evil by s9k+ into apa?y1 in/ead ( seek+ = ! triumph ( good & ! com+ ( a reign ( ,god "h on ! e>?4 ,z reg>ds ! ,buddha himself1 mod]n /ud5ts diff] widely4 ,"s1 ( c\rse1 d5y 8 v exi/5ce1 & r$uce him to a sol> my?4 ,m4 ,emile ,s5>t1 z quot$ by ,old5b]g1#aj foll[+ ! ,lalita ,vi/>a z 8 au?ority1 makes ( him a sol> h]o1 born ( ! morn+ cl\d1 cont5d+ by ! p[] ( light ) ! demons ( d>kness1 ris+ 9 triumph to ! z5i? ( heav5ly glory1 !n pass+ into ! night ( ,nirvana & disappe>+ f ! sc5e4 ,! difficulty ab\t ?is sol> my? !ory is t x proves too mu*2 x is too p[]ful a solv5t2 x w\ld dissolve all hi/ory4 ,h[ easy x w\ld be1 9 a few c5turies1 to turn ,g5]al ,wa%+ton & ! ,am]ican ,revolution into a sol> my?6 ,great ,brita91 a region ( cl\ds & ra91 repres5ts ! ,k+dom ( ,d>kness2 ,am]ica1 ) m sun%9e1 is ! ,day4 ,great ,brita91 z ,d>kness1 wi%es to dev\r ! ,"y ,day1 or dawn ( light1 :i* ,am]ica is ab\t to diffuse ov] ! e>?4 ,b ,wa%+ton1 ! sol> h]o1 arrives4 ,he is f ,virg9ia1 t is1 born ( a virg94 ,he 0 born 9 ,febru>y1 9 ! sign ( ,aqu>ius & ! ,fi%es1--pla9ly ref]r+ to ! bir? ( ! sun f ! ocean4 ,z ! sun surveys ! e>?1 s ,wa%+ton 0 said to be a surveyor ( _m regions4 ,! /ory ( ! fruitless attempts ( ! ,indians to %oot him at ,braddock's defeat is evid5tly leg5d>y2 &1 9 fact1 ?is battle itself mu/ be a my?1 = h[ c we suppose two ,engli% & ,fr5* armies to h cross$ ! ,atlantic1 & !n gone into a wild]ness we/ ( ! m\nta9s1 to fight a battle8 ,s easy is x to turn hi/ory into a sol> my?4 ,! "* ( ,sakya-muni mu/ be le>n$ f 8 religion & f au!ntic tradition4 ,9 _m respects 8 "* & influ5ce resembl$ t ( ,jesus4 ,he oppos$ prie/ly assumptions1 taught ! equality & bro!rhood ( man1 s5t out disciples to tea* 8 doctr9e1 0 a re=m] :o reli$ on ! p[] ( tru? & love4 ,_m ( 8 report$ say+s resemble ^? ( ,jesus4 ,he 0 oppos$ by ! ,brahmans z ,jesus by ! ,ph>isees4 ,he comp>$ ! ,brahmans :o foll[$ _! traditions to a *a9 ( bl9d m51 :o move on1 n see+ :]e !y g4#aa ,l ,jesus1 he taught t m]cy 0 bett] ?an sacrifices4 ,l ,jesus1 he taught orally1 & left no writ+4 ,jesus did n tea* 9 ,hebrew1 b 9 ! ,aramaic1 :i* 0 ! popul> dialect1 & s ! ,buddha did n speak to ! p 9 ,sanskrit1 b 9 _! own tongue1 :i* 0 ,pli4 ,l ,jesus1 he seems to h in/ruct$ 8 he>]s by p>ables or /ories4 ,he 0 "o ( ! greate/ re=m]s ! _w has ev] se52 & 8 influ5ce1 aft] t ( ! ,*ri/1 has probably exce$$ t ( any "o :o ev] liv$4 ,b1 beside su* real resemblances betwe5 ^! two ma/]s1 we are told ( o!rs /ill m /rik+1 :i* w\ld c]ta9ly be h>d to expla9 unless "o ( ! sy/ems _h borr[$ f ! o!r4 ,^! are said to be ! prexi/5ce ( ,buddha 9 heav52 8 bir? ( a virg92 salutation by angels2 pres5tation 9 ! temple2 baptism by fire & wat]2 dispute ) ! doctors2 temptation 9 ! wild]ness2 transfiguration2 desc5t into hell2 asc5sion into heav54#ab ,if ^! leg5ds c\ld be trac$ back to ! "t be=e ,*ri/1 !n x might be argu$ t ! ,gospels h borr[$ f ,buddhism4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 is n ! fact4 ,^! /ories are tak5 f ! ,lalita ,vi/>a1 :i*1 accord+ to ,rhys ,davids1#ac 0 probably compos$ betwe5 six hundr$ & a ?\s& ye>s aft] ! "t ( ,buddha1 by "s ,buddhi/ poet 9 ,nepaul4 ,rhys ,davids1 "o ( our be/ au?orities1 says ( ?is poem3 ,z evid5ce ( :at e>ly ,buddhism actually 01 x is ( ab\t ! same value z "s m$ival poem w\ld be ( ! real facts ( ! gospel hi/ory4#ac ,m4 ,erne/ de ,buns51 9 8 "w on ! ,angel ,messiah1 has giv5 a v exhau/ive /atem5t1 says ,mr4 ,davids1 ( all ! possible *annels ?r\gh :i* ,*ri/ians c be suppos$ to h borr[$ f ! ,buddhi/s4 ,b ,mr4 ,davids's conclusion is t he f9ds no evid5ce ( any su* communications ( ideas f ! ,ea/ to ! ,we/4#ad ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! wild /ories ( ! ,lalita ,vi/>a & ! sob] n>ratives ( ! ,gospels is q app>5t4 ,ano!r writ]1 ,pr(essor ,seydel1#ae ?9ks1 aft] a full & c>eful exam9ation1 t only five facts 9 ! ,gospels may h be5 borr[$ f ,buddhism4 ,^! are3 7#a7 ,! fa/ ( ,jesus be=e 8 "w2 7#b7 ,! "q 9 reg>d to ! bl9d man--,:o did s91 ?is man1 or 8 p>5ts8 7#c7 ,! prexi/5ce ( ,*ri/2 7#d7 ,! pres5tation 9 ! ,temple2 7#e7 ,na?anael sitt+ "u a fig-tree1 comp>$ ) ,buddha "u a ,bo-tree4 ,b ,ku55 has exam9$ ^! p>allels1 & consid]s !m m]ely accid5tal co9cid5ces4 ,&1 9 tru?1 x is v h>d to conceive ( "o religion borr[+ its facts or leg5ds f ano!r1 if t o!r /&s 9 no hi/oric relation to x4 ,t ,buddhism %\ld h tak5 mu* f ,brahmanism is natural2 = ,brahmanism 0 its "m4 ,t ,*ri/ianity %\ld h borr[$ _m ( its me?ods f ,judaism is equally natural2 = ,judaism 0 its cradle4 ,mod]n travel]s 9 ,burma & ,t>t>y h f\nd t ! ,buddhi/s hold a k9d ( camp-meet+ 9 ! op5 air1 :]e !y pray & s+4 ,suppose t "s critic1 notic+ ?is1 %\ld ass]t t1 :5 ,wesley & 8 foll[]s e/abli%$ simil> cu/oms1 !y mu/ h borr[$ !m f ! ,buddhi/s4 ,! absurdity w\ld be evid5t4 ,new religions gr[1 !y are n imitations4 ,x has be5 ?\ght1 h[ev]1 t ,*ri/ianity 0 d]iv$ f ! ,ess5es1 because ( c]ta9 resemblances1 & x is argu$ t ! ,ess5es mu/ h obta9$ _! mona/ic habits f ! ,!rapeut 9 ,egypt1 & t ! ,!rapeut receiv$ !m f ! ,buddhi/s1 because !y c\ld n h f\nd !m else:]e4 ,?is !ory1 h[ev]1 has be5 dismiss$ f ! sc5e by ! "y ,g]man s*ol>1#af :o has prov$ t ! essay on ! ,!rapeut ascrib$ to ,philo 0 really writt5 by a ,*ri/ian an*orite 9 ! ?ird or f\r? c5tury4 ,! result1 !n1 ( our inve/igation1 is ?is3 ,!re is no probability t ! analogies betwe5 ,*ri/ianity & ,buddhism h be5 d]iv$ ! "o f ! o!r4 ,!y h come f ! common & univ]sal ne$s & nature ( man1 :i* repeat !mselves aga9 & aga9 9 l positions & l circum/ances4 ,t ,jesus & ,buddha %\ld bo? h retir$ into ! wild]ness be=e und]tak+ _! great "w is probable1 = x has be5 ! habit ( o!r re=m]s to let a p]iod ( m$itation prec$e _! com+ be=e ! _w4 ,t bo? %\ld h be5 tempt$ to r5\nce _! ent]prise is also 9 accordance ) human nature4 ,t1 9 aft] times1 ! simple n>ratives %\ld be ov]laid ) additions1 & a :ole mass ( sup]natural wond]s add$1--z we f9d 9 ! ,apocryphal ,gospels & ! ,lalita ,vi/>a1--is also 9 accordance ) ! work+ ( ! human m9d4 ,lay+ aside all su* unsatisfactory resemblances1 we mu/ reg>d ! ,buddha z hav+ be5 "o ( ! noble/ ( m51 & "o :om ,jesus w\ld h readily welcom$ z a fell[ work] & a fri5d4 ,he oppos$ a dom9ant prie/hood1 ma9ta9$ ! equal religi\s rights ( all mank9d1 ov]?rew ca/e1 enc\rag$ woman to take h] place z man's equal1 =bade all bloody sacrifices1 & prea*$ a religion ( peace & good w1 seek+ to triumph only 9 ! fair conflict ( reason ) reason4 ,if he 0 defective 9 ! l(tie/ in/9cts ( ! s\l2 if he knew no?+ ( ! inf9ite & et]nal2 if he saw no?+ p]man5t 9 ! s\l ( man2 if 8 highe/ purpose 0 negative1--to escape f pa91 sorr[1 anxiety1 toil1--let u /ill be grateful = ! influ5ce :i* has done s mu* to tame ! savage ,mongols1 & to introduce hospitality & humanity into ! homes ( ,lassa & ,siam4 ,if ,edw9 ,arnold1 a poet1 idealizes him too highly1 x is ! bett] fault1 & %\ld be easily =giv54 ,h]o-wor%ip]s are becom+ sc>ce 9 our "t2 let u make ! mo/ ( ^? we h4 ,,:y ,i ,,am ,,n ,a ,,free-,,religioni/#ag ,:at is meant by ,free ,religion8 ,i und]/& by x1 individualism 9 religion4 ,x is ! religi\s belief :i* has made itself indep5d5t ( hi/oric & traditional influ5ces1 s f> z x is 9 ! p[] ( any "o to atta9 su* indep5d5ce4 ,9 ,*ri/ian l&s x means a religion :i* has cut loose f ! ,bible & ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 & :i* is z ready to "q ! tea*+ ( ,jesus z t ( ,socrates or ,buddha4 ,x is1 :at ,em]son call$ himself1 an endless seek]1 ) no pa/ beh9d x4 ,x is entire tru/ 9 ! private reason z ! sole au?ority 9 matt]s ( religion4 ,free ,religion may be reg>d$ z ,prote/antism c>ri$ to its ultimate results4 ,a ,prote/ant ,*ri/ian accepts ! lead]%ip ( ,jesus1 & keeps himself 9 ! ,*ri/ian communion2 b he uses 8 own private judgm5t to discov] :at ,jesus taught1 & :at ,*ri/ianity really is4 ,! ,free ,religioni/ goes a /ep f>!r1 & decides by 8 own private judgm5t :at is true & :at false1 no matt] :e!r taught by ,jesus or n4 ,free ,religion1 z ?us und]/ood1 seems to me oppos$ to ! law ( evolution1 & incompatible ) x4 ,evolution educes ! pres5t f ! pa/ by a cont9u\s process4 ,free ,religion cuts itself loose f ! pa/1 & makes e man ! f\nd] ( 8 own religion4 ,accord+ to ! law ( evolution1 confirm$ by hi/ory1 e advance 9 religion is ! developm5t f some?+ go+ be=e4 ,jewi% mono!ism grew out ( poly!ism2 ,*ri/ianity & ,mohamm$anism out ( ,judaism2 ,buddhism out ( ,brahmanism2 ,prote/ant ,*ri/ianity out ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,jesus himself said1 ,?9k n t ,i am come to de/roy ! ,law or ! ,prophets3 ,i am n come to de/roy1 b to fulfil4 ,! high] religions are n made2 !y gr[4 ,( ea* x may be said1 z ( ! poet3 ,nascitur1 non fit4 ,!re=e1 if !re is to arrive some?+ high] ?an our exi/+ ,*ri/ianity1 x mu/ n be a sy/em :i* =sakes ! ,*ri/ian belief1 b some?+ develop$ f x4 ,accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( evolution1 e gr[+ & productive religion obeys ! laws ( h]$ity & ( v>iation4 ,x has an inh]it$ common life1 & a t5d5cy to modification by individual activity4 ,omit or depress ei!r factor1 & ! religion loses its p[] ( gr[?4 ,)\t a common life1 ! pr9ciple ( developm5t is arre/$4 ,he :o leaves ! great curr5t :i* comes f ! pa/ loses headway4 ,?is curr5t1 9 ! ,*ri/ian communion1 is ! inh]it$ _s ( ,jesus4 ,x is 8 life1 cont9u$ 9 8 ,*ur*2 8 c5tral convictions ( love to ,god & to man2 ( fa!rhood & bro!rhood2 ( ! p[] ( tru? to conqu] error1 ( good to ov]come evil2 ( a ,k+dom ( ,heav5 to come to u "h4 ,x is ! fai? ( ,jesus 9 ?+s unse52 8 hope ( ! triumph ( "r ov] wrong2 8 love go+ d[n to ! l[lie/ *ild ( ,god4 ,^! vital convictions 9 ! s\l ( ,jesus are communicat$ by contact f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,!y are propagat$1 z he sugge/$1 l leav5 hidd5 9 ! d\gh4 ,by a diff]5t figure1 ,plato1 9 8 dialogue ( ,ion1 %[s t inspiration is transmitt$ l ! magnetic influ5ce1 :i* causes iron r+s to adh]e & hang toge!r 9 a *a94 ,?\ghts & op9ions are communicat$ by argum5t1 reason+1 spee*1 & writ+2 b fai? & inspiration by ! influ5ce ( life on life4 ,! life ( ,jesus is ?us cont9u$ 9 8 ,*ur*1 & ^? :o /& outside ( x lose mu* ( ?is transmitt$ & sympa!tic influ5ce4 ,common life 9 a religi\s body furni%es ! motive =ce :i* c>ries x =w>d1 :ile individual fre$om gives ! p[] ( improvem5t4 ,! two pr9ciples ( h]$ity & v>iation mu/ be unit$ 9 ord] to comb9e union & fre$om1 & to secure progress4 ,:]e fre$om ( ?\ght ceases1 religion becomes rigid4 ,x is incapable ( developm5t4 ,su*1 = in/ance1 is ! condition ( ,buddhism1 :i*1 at fir/ full ( intellectual activity1 has n[ h>d5$ into a monki% ritual4 ,free ,religion sacrifices ! motive p[] d]iv$ f association & religi\s sympa?y = ! sake ( a l>g] intellectual fre$om4 ,! result is individualism4 ,x f\nds no *ur*es1 b sp5ds mu* =ce 9 criticis+ ! ,*ri/ian community1 its belief1 & its me?ods4 ,^! are1 no d\bt1 op5 to criticism1 :i* w\ld d good if adm9i/]$ sympa!tically & f )91 b produce little result :5 deliv]$ 9 ! _s ( antagonism4 ,imp]fect z ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* is1 x ought to be rememb]$ t 9 x are to be f\nd ! *ief /r5g? & help ( ! *>ities1 philan?ropies1 & moral re=ms ( our "t4 ,e "o :o has at he>t a movem5t = ! b5efit ( humanity appeals in/9ctively = aid to ! ,*ri/ian *ur*es4 ,x is 9 ^! t su* movem5ts usually orig9ate1 & are c>ri$ on4 ,ev5 :51 z 9 ! antislav]y movem5t1 a "p ( ! *ur*es refuse to sympa?ize ) a new moral or social movem5t1 ! reproa*es made aga9/ !m %[ t 9 ! m9d ( ! community an int]e/ 9 all humane endeavor is consid]$ to be a "p ( _! "w4 ,! common life & convictions ( ^! bodies enable !m to accompli% :at individualism does n v5ture to und]take4 ,individualism is incapable ( organiz$ & su/a9$ "w ( ?is sort1 ?\gh x c1 & (t5 does1 cop]ate e>ne/ly ) x4 ,! tea*+ ( ,jesus is f\nd$ on ! syn!sis ( ,tru? & ,love4 ,jesus decl>es himself to h be5 born to be> witness to ! tru?1 & he also makes love1 div9e & human1 ! sub/ance ( 8 gospel4 ,! love elem5t produces union1 ! tru? elem5t1 fre$om4 ,union )\t fre$om /iff5s into a rigid cons]vatism4 ,fre$om )\t union breaks up into an intellectual atomism4 ,! ,*ri/ian *ur*es h gone into bo? extremes1 b nev] p]man5tly2 = ,*ri/ianity1 z long z x adh]es to its f\nd] & 8 ideas1 has ! p[] ( self-recov]y4 ,its diseases are self-limit$4 ,x has _h _m su* p]iods1 b has recov]$ f !m4 ,x pass$ ?r\gh an age 9 :i* x ran to ascetic self-d5ial1 & made sa9ts ( self-tortur+ an*orites4 ,x aft]w>d became a speculative sy/em1 & t5d$ to metaphysical cre$s & doctr9al di/9ctions4 ,x became a p]secut+ *ur*1 burn+ h]etics & ,jews1 & tortur+ infidels z an act ( fai?4 ,x 0 torm5t$ by d>k sup]/itions1 believ+ 9 wit*craft & magic4 ,b x has left all ^! evils beh9d4 ,no "o is n[ put to dea? = h]esy or wit*craft4 ,! mona/ic ord]s 9 ! ,*ur* are prea*]s & tea*]s1 or giv5 to *>ity4 ,no "o c\ld be burn$ to-day z a h]etic4 ,no "o to-day believes 9 wit*craft4 ,! old cre$s :i* once held ! ,*ur* 9 irons are n[ sl[ly dis9tegrat+4 ,b re=m1 z ,i h said1 mu/ come f )91 by ! gradual elim9ation ( ^? inh]it$ beliefs :i* int]f]e ) ! unity ( ! ,*ur* & ! lead]%ip ( ,*ri/ himself4 ,! ,platonic & ,egyptian ,tr9ity rema9+ z dogma1 repeat$ b n und]/ood1--! ,mani*an division ( ! human race into *ildr5 ( ,god & *ildr5 ( ! ,devil1--! s*ola/ic doctr9e ( ! ,atonem5t1 by :i* ! blood ( ,jesus expiates human guilt1--are be+ gradually expla9$ 9 accordance ) reason & ! tea*+ ( ,jesus4 ,"s beliefs1 once ?\ght to be ( vital importance1 are n[ se5 by _m to be uness5tial1 or are look$ at 9 a diff]5t light4 ,in/ead ( mak+ ,jesus an exceptional p]son1 we are com+ to reg>d him z a repres5tative man1 ! realiz$ ideal ( :at man 0 meant to be1 & w "o day become4 ,in/ead ( consid]+ 8 s9lessness z sett+ him ap>t f 8 race1 we look on x z %[+ t s9 is n ! natural1 b unnatural1 condition ( mank9d4 ,8 miracles are reg>d$ n z violations ( ! laws ( nature1 b anticipations ( laws :i* "o day w be univ]sally kn[n1 & :i* are b\ndless z ! univ]se4 ,nor w !y 9 future be reg>d$ z evid5ce ( ! mission ( ,jesus1 s9ce he himself 0 griev$ :5 !y 7 s look$ ^u1 & he made 8 tru? & 8 "* ! true evid5ce t he came f ,god4 ,! old di/9ction betwe5 natural & sup]natural w disappe> :5 x is se5 t ,jesus _h a sup]natural "w & "*1 ! same 9 k9d z ours1 ?\gh high] 9 degree4 ,! supreme gifts :i* make him ! provid5tial lead] ( ! race d n set him ap>t f 8 bre?r5 if we see t x is a law ( humanity t gifts diff]1 & t m5 end[$ ) sup]ior p[]s become lead]s 9 sci5ce1 art1 lit]ature1 politics2 z ,jesus has become ! *ief great spiritual lead] ( mank9d4 ,m5 are n[ se>*+ ! ,scriptures1 n "u ! bondage ( an infallible lett]1 b seek+ = ! c5tral ideas ( ,jesus & ! _s ( 8 gospel4 ,!y beg9 to accept ! maxim ( ,goe!3 ,no matt] h[ mu* ! gospels contradict ea* o!r1 provid$ ! ,gospel does n contradict itself4 ,! pr(\nd convictions ( ,*ri/1 :i* p]vade all 8 tea*+1 give ! clue by :i* to expla9 ! div]g5ces 9 ! n>rative4 ,we int]pret ! lett] by ! light ( ! _s4 ,we see h[ ,jesus emphasiz$ ! law ( human happ9ess1--t x comes f )91 n f )\t2 t ! pure 9 he>t see ,god1 & t x is m bless$ to give ?an to receive4 ,we compreh5d ! /ress he lays on ! laws ( progress1--t he :o humble? himself %all be exalt$4 ,we recognize 8 pr(\nd conviction t all ,god's *ildr5 are de> to him1 t 8 sun %9es on ! evil & ! good1 & t he w seek ! "o lo/ %eep till he f9d x4 ,we see 8 tru/ 9 ! com+ ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god 9 ?is _w1 ! triumph ( good ov] evil1 & ! approa*+ "t :5 ! k ( ,god %all fill ! e>? z ! wat]s cov] ! sea4 ,& we f9d 8 pr(\nd fai? 9 ! immortal life :i* abides 9 u1 s t :oev] %>es t fai? ) him c nev] die4 ,! m firmly ^! c5tral ideas ( ,jesus are und]/ood & held1 ! less importance belongs to any criticism ( ! lett]4 ,?is or t say+1 attribut$ to ,jesus 9 ! record1 maybe subject$ to attack2 b x is ! ma9 curr5t ( 8 tea*+ :i* has made him ! lead] ( civiliz$ man = eighte5 c5turies4 ,t maje/ic /ream w sweep on undi/urb$1 ?\gh !re may be eddies "h or /agnant pools !re1 :i* induce ha/y obs]v]s to suppose t x has ceas$ to fl[4 ,ru/icus expectat dum defluit amnis1 at ille ,volvitur et volvetur1 9 omne volubilis vium4 ,i sometimes read attacks on special say+s ( ! record1 :i* argue1 to ! critic's m9d1 t ,jesus 0 9 error "h1 or mi/ak5 !re4 ,b ,i w\ld recomm5d to su* writ]s to pond] ! sugge/ive rule ( ,col]idge3 ,until ,i c und]/& ! ignorance ( ,plato1 ,i %all consid] myself ignorant ( 8 und]/&+2 or ! rem>k ( ,em]son to ! y\? :o br\ght him a pap] 9 :i* he ?\ght he _h refut$ ,plato3 ,if y attack ! k+1 be sure t y kill him4 ,:5 ! ,*ri/ian _w really takes ,jesus himself z its lead]1 in/ead ( build+ its fai? on op9ions ab\t him1 we may anticipate ! arrival ( t union :i* he =esaw & =etold--,z ?\1 fa!r1 art 9 me1 & ,i 9 !e1 t !y also may be "o 9 u1 t ! _w may believe t ?\ ha/ s5t me4 ,!n ,*ri/ians1 ceas+ f p>ty /rife & sect>ian diss5sion1 w unite 9 "o mighty ef=t to cure ! evils ( humanity & r$ress its wrongs4 ,be=e a unit$ ,*ri/5dom1 :at mis]ies c\ld rema9 unreliev$8 ,w>1 t crim9al absurdity1 t mon/r\s ana*ronism1 mu/ at la/ be aboli%$4 ,paup]ism1 vice1 & crime1 ?\gh cont9u+ 9 sporadic =ms1 w\ld cease to exi/ z a "p ( ! p]man5t in/itutions ( civilization4 ,a truly ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 unit$ "u ! ,ma/]1 w\ld lead all humanity up to a high] plane4 ,! imm5se =ces develop$ by mod]n sci5ce1 & ! magnific5t discov]ies 9 ! realm ( nature1 helpless n[ to cure ! wrongs ( suff]+ man1 w\ld become in/rum5ts ( pot5t use "u ! guidance ( moral =ces4 ,accord+ to ! law ( evolution1 ?is is :at we h a "r to expect4 ,if we foll[ ! l9es ( hi/oric developm5t1 n be+ l$ into extreme individualism2 if we ma9ta9 ! cont9uity ( human progress1 ?is va/ result mu/ f9ally arrive4 ,= su* reasons ,i pref] to rema9 9 ! communion ( ! ,*ri/ian body1 do+ :at ,i may to assi/ its upw>d movem5t4 ,= su* reasons ,i am n a ,free ,religioni/4 ,,h ,,animals ,,s\ls#ah ,to answ] ?is "q1 we mu/ fir/ inquire :at we mean by a s\l4 ,if we mean a human s\l1 x is c]ta9 t animals d n possess x1--at lea/ n 9 a fully develop$ condition4 ,if we mean1 ,d !y possess an immortal s\l8 t is1 p]haps1 a "q difficult to answ] ei!r 9 ! affirmative or ! negative4 ,b if we mean by ! s\l an immat]ial pr9ciple ( life1 :i* cord9ates ! bodily organization to a unity2 :i* is ! gr\nd ( gr[?1 activity1 p]ception1 volition2 :i* is intellig5t1 affectionate1 & to a c]ta9 ext5t free2 !n we mu/ admit t animals h s\ls4 ,! same argum5ts :i* induce u to believe t !re is a s\l 9 man apply to animals4 ,! _w has g5]ally believ$ t 9 man1 beside ! body1 !re is also s\l4 ,:y h p believ$ x8 ,! reason probably is1 t1 beside all t c be acc\nt$ = z ! result ( ! juxtaposition ( mat]ial p>ticles1 !re rema9s a v important elem5t unacc\nt$ =4 ,me*anical & physical ag5cy may expla9 mu*1 b ! mo/ ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( vital ph5om5a !y d n expla94 ,!y d n acc\nt = ! unity 9 v>iety1 p]man5ce 9 *ange1 gr[? f )9 by cont9u\s processes1 com+ f ! vital functions 9 an organiz$ body4 ,e su* body has a unity peculi> to itself1 :i* _c be consid]$ ! result ( ! collocation ( mat]ial molecules4 ,x is a unity :i* controls ^! molecules1 arranges & re>ranges !m1 ma9ta9s a /eady activity1 c>ries ! body ?r\gh ! ph5om5a ( gr[?1 & causes ! v>i\s organs to cop]ate = ! purposes ( ! :ole4 ,! vital p[] is n m]ely ! result ( mat]ial ph5om5a1 b x reacts on ^! z a cause4 ,add to ?is t /range ph5om5on ( human consci\sness1 ! s5se ( p]sonality1--:i* is ! cle> p]ception ( selfhood z a di/9ct un*ang+ unit1 resid+ 9 a body all ( ^: p>ts are 9 p]petual flux1--& we see :y ! op9ion ( a s\l has aris54 ,x has be5 assum$ by ! common s5se ( mank9d t 9 e liv+ body ! cause ( ! mode ( exi/5ce ( ea* "p is conta9$ 9 ! :ole4 ,z soon z dea? int]v5es ea* "p is left free to pass ?r\gh *anges peculi> to itself alone4 ,life is a p[] :i* acts f ! :ole ^u ! p>ts1 caus+ !m to resi/ *emical laws1 :i* beg9 to act z soon z life dep>ts4 ,! unity ( a liv+ body does n result f an +5i\s juxtaposition ( p>ts1 l t ( a wat*1 = example4 ,= ! unity ( a liv+ body implies t :i* is call$ ! vital vortex1 or p]petual ex*ange ( p>ticles4 ,a wat* or clock is ! ne>e/ approa* :i* has be5 made by man to ! creation ( a liv+ be+4 ,a wat*1 = in/ance1 conta9s ! pr9ciple ( its action 9 itself1 & is n mov$ f )\t2 9 t x resembles a liv+ creature4 ,we c easily conceive ( a wat* :i* might be made to g sev5ty ye>s1 )\t be+ w\nd up4 ,x might ne$ to be oil$ occasionally1 b n z (t5 z an animal ne$s to be f$4 ,a wat* is also l a liv+ creature 9 hav+ a unity z a :ole n belong+ to ! sep>ate p>ts1 & to :i* all p>ts conspire1--namely1 t ( m>k+ ! progress ( "t4 ,:y1 !n1 say t a man has a s\l1 & t a wat* has n8 ,! diff]5ce is ?is4 ,! high] pr9ciple ( unity 9 ! wat*1 t is1 its p[] ( m>k+ "t1 is :olly an effect1 & nev] a cause4 ,x is purely & only ! result ( ! arrangem5t ( :eels & spr+s2 9 o!r words1 ( mat]ial conditions4 ,b 9 man1 ! pr9ciple ( unity is also a cause4 ,life reacts ^u body4 ,! laws ( matt] are modifi$ by ! p[] ( life1 *emical action is susp5d$1 liv+ muscles are able to endure )\t lac]ation ! application ( =ces :i* w\ld de/roy ! dead fibre4 ,s ! ?\ght1 ! love1 ! w ( a liv+ creature react on ! physical frame4 ,a sight1 a s\nd1 a few spok5 words1 a message se5 9 a lett]1 cause an imm5se revulsion 9 ! physical condition4 ,some?+ is sudd5ly told u1 & we fa9t away1 or ev5 die1 f ! effect ( ! message4 ,"h m9d acts ^u matt]1 %[+ t 9 man m9d is n m]ely a result1 b also a cause4 ,h5ce m5 h g5]ally believ$ 9 ! exi/5ce ( a s\l 9 man4 ,!y h n be5 taught x by metaphysicians1 x is "o ( ! spontane\s inductions ( common s5se f univ]sal exp]i5ce4 ,b ?is argum5t applies equally to prove a s\l 9 animals4 ,! same reaction ( s\l on body is con/antly app>5t4 ,e "t t y :i/le to y\r dog1 & he comes b\nd+ t[>d y1 8 m9d has act$ on 8 body4 ,8 w has obey$ 8 ?\ght1 8 muscles h obey$ 8 w4 ,! cause ( 8 motion 0 m5tal1 n physical4 ,?is is too evid5t to require any fur!r illu/ration4 ,!re=e1 reg>d+ ! s\l z a pr9ciple ( life1 connect$ ) ! body b n its result1 or1 9 o!r words1 z an immat]ial pr9ciple ( activity1 !re is ! same reason = believ+ 9 ! s\l ( animals t !re is = believ+ 9 ! s\l ( man4 ,b :5 we ask z to ! nature ( ! animal s\l1 & h[ f> x is analog\s to t ( man1 we meet ) c]ta9 difficulties4 ,let u see !n h[ _m ( ! human qualities ( ! s\l are to be f\nd 9 animals1 & s discov] if !re is any rema9d] n possess$ by !m1 peculi> to ourselves4 ,t ! vital s\l1 or pr9ciple ( life1 belongs equally to plants1 animals1 & m51 is evid5t4 ,?is is s app>5t z to be grant$ ev5 by ,desc>tes1 :o reg>ds animals z m]e ma*9es1 or automata1 de/itute ( a ?9k+ s\l1 b n ( life or feel+4 ,!y are automata1 b liv+ & feel+ automata4 ,desc>tes d5ies !m a s\l1 because he def9es ! s\l z ! ?9k+ & kn[+ p[]4 ,b ,locke 7) :om ,leibnitz fully agre$ on ?is po9t7 ascribes to animals ?\ght z well z feel+1 & makes _! diff]5ce f man to consi/ 9 _! n possess+ ab/ract ideas4 ,we %all pres5tly see ! tru? ( ?is mo/ sagaci\s rem>k4 ,plants1 animals1 & m5 are alike 9 possess+ ! vital pr9ciple1 :i* produces gr[?1 :i* causes !m to pass ?r\gh regul> phases ( developm5t1 :i* enables !m to dige/ & assimilate food tak5 f )\t1 & :i* c>ries on a /eady circulation )94 ,to ?is are add$1 9 ! animal1 ! function ( volunt>y locomotion1 p]ception ?r\gh ! s5ses ( an outw>d _w1 ! p[] ( feel+ pleasure & pa91 "s wond]ful in/9cts1 & "s degree ( reflective ?\ght4 ,animals also possess memory1 imag9ation1 playfulness1 indu/ry1 ! s5se ( %ame1 & _m o!r v human qualities4 ,take1 = example1 ,buffon's f9e description ( ! dog 7,hi/oire du ,*i573-- ,by nature fi]y1 irritable1 f]oci\s1 & sangu9>y1 ! dog 9 8 savage /ate is a t]ror to o!r animals4 ,b dome/icat$ he becomes g5tle1 atta*$1 & desir\s to please4 ,he ha/5s to lay at ! feet ( 8 ma/] 8 c\rage1 8 /r5g?1 & all 8 abilities4 ,he li/5s = 8 ma/]'s ord]s1 inquires 8 w1 consults 8 op9ion1 begs 8 p]mission1 und]/&s ! indications ( 8 wi%es4 ,)\t possess+ ! p[] ( human ?\ght1 he has all ! w>m? ( human s5tim5t4 ,he has m ?an human fidelity1 he is con/ant 9 8 atta*m5ts4 ,he is made up ( zeal1 ardor1 & ob$i5ce4 ,he rememb]s k9dness long] ?an wrong4 ,he endures bad treatm5t & =gets x--dis>m+ x by pati5ce & submission4 ,no "o :o has ev] _h a dog = a fri5d w ?9k ?is description exagg]at$4 ,if any %\ld s consid] x1 we w cite = _! b5efit :at ,mr4 ,jesse1 "o ( ! late/ /ud5ts ( ! can9e race1 ass]ts conc]n+ x1 9 8 ,rese>*es into ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,briti% ,dog 7,london1 #ahff74 ,he says t rem>kable in/ances ( ! foll[+ virtues1 feel+s1 & p[]s ( m9d are well au!nticat$3-- ,! dog risks 8 life to give help2 goes = assi/ance2 saves life f dr[n+1 fire1 o!r animals1 & m52 assi/s di/ress2 gu>ds prop]ty2 kn[s b\nd>ies2 res5ts injuries2 repays b5efits2 communicates ideas2 comb9es ) o!r dogs = sev]al purposes2 und]/&s language2 kn[s :5 he is ab\t to die2 kn[s dea? 9 a human be+2 devotes 8 :ole life to ! object ( 8 love2 dies ( grief & ( joy2 dies 9 8 ma/]'s def5se2 commits suicide2 rema9s by ! dead2 solicits1 & gives al>m2 kn[s ! *>act]s ( m52 recognizes a portrait1 & m5 aft] long abs5ce2 is fond ( praise & s5sible to ridicule2 feels %ame1 & is s5sible ( a fault2 is playful2 is incorruptible2 f9ds 8 way back f di/ant c\ntries2 is magnanim\s to small] animals2 is jeal\s2 has dreams2 & takes a la/ f>ewell :5 dy+4 ,mu* ( ?is1 x may be said1 is in/9ctive4 ,we mu/ !re=e di/+ui% betwe5 ,in/9ct & ,intellig5ce2 or1 r1 betwe5 in/9ctive intellig5ce & reflective intellig5ce4 ,_m writ]s on ! subject ( animals h n c>efully di/+ui%$ ^! v diff]5t activities ( ! s\l4 ,ev5 ,m4 ,l]oy1 "o ( ! fir/ 9 mod]n times :o br\ght c>eful obs]vation to ! /udy ( ! nature ( animals1 has n always kept 9 view ?is di/9ction---z has be5 notic$ by a subsequ5t ,fr5* writ] ( v consid]able ability1 ,m4 ,fl\r5s4#ai ,! foll[+ m>ks1 accord+ to ,m4 ,fl\r5s1 di/+ui% in/9ct f intellig5ce3-- ,,in/9ct ,,intellig5ce ,is spontane\s1 ,is delib]ate1 necess>y1 conditional1 inv>iable1 modifiable1 innate1 comes f obs]vation & exp]i5ce1 fatal1 is free1 p>ticul>4 g5]al4 ,?us ! build+ faculty ( ! beav] is an in/9ct1 = x acts spontane\sly1 & always 9 ! same way4 ,x is n a g5]al faculty ( build+ 9 all places & ways1 b a special p[] ( build+ h\ses ( /icks1 mud1 & o!r mat]ials1 ) ! entrance "u wat] & a dry place )94 ,:5 beav]s build on a runn+ /ream1 !y beg9 by mak+ a dam across x1 :i* pres]ves !m f los+ ! wat] 9 a dr\ght2 b ?is also is a spontane\s & inv>iable act4 ,! old /ories ( _! driv+ piles1 us+ _! tails = tr[els1 & hav+ well-plann$ h\ses ) _m *amb]s1 h be5 f\nd to be fictiti\s4 ,t ! beav] builds by in/9ct1 ?\gh intellig5ce comes 9 to modify ! in/9ct1 appe>s f 8 wi%+ to build 8 h\se or 8 dam :5 x is n ne$$4 ,mr4 ,brod]ip1 ! ,engli% naturali/1 _h a pet beav] t manife/$ 8 build+ in/9ct by dragg+ toge!r w>m+-pans1 sweep+-bru%es1 boots1 & /icks1 :i* he w\ld lay crosswise4 ,he !n w\ld fill 9 8 wall ) clo!s1 bits ( coal1 turf1 lay+ x v ev54 ,f9ally1 he made a ne/ = himself beh9d 8 wall ) clo!s1 hay1 & cotton4 ,z ?is creature _h be5 br\ght f ,am]ica v "y1 all ?is proc$ure mu/ h be5 in/9ctive4 ,b 8 intellig5ce %[$ itself 9 8 adapt+ 8 mode ( build+ to 8 new circum/ances4 ,8 in/9ct l$ him to build 8 wall1 & to lay 8 /icks crosswise1 & to fill 9 ) :at he c\ld f9d1 accord+ to ! univ]sal & spontane\s proc$ure ( all beav]s4 ,b 8 mak+ use ( a *e/ ( draw]s = "o side ( 8 wall1 & tak+ bru%es & boots in/ead ( cutt+ d[n trees1 7 no d\bt acts ( intellig5ce4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! wond]ful proc$ure ( bees is purely in/9ctive4 ,bees1 f ! beg9n+ ( ! _w1 & 9 all c\ntries ( ! e>?1 h liv$ 9 simil> communities2 h _h _! que51 to lay eggs = !m3 if _! que5 is lo/1 h develop$ a new "o 9 ! same way1 by alt]+ ! conditions ( exi/5ce 9 "o ( _! l>v2 h con/ruct$ _! hexagonal cells by ! same ma!matical law1 s z to secure ! mo/ /r5g? ) ! lea/ outlay ( mat]ial4 ,all ?is is in/9ct--= x is spontane\s & n delib]ate2 x is univ]sal & con/ant4 ,b :5 ! bee deflects 8 comb 9 ord] to avoid a /ick ?ru/ across ! inside ( ! hive1 & beg9s ! v>iation be=e he rea*es ! /ick1 ?is c only be reg>d$ z an act ( intellig5ce4 ,animals1 !n1 h bo? in/9cts & intellig5ce2 & s has man4 ,a l>ge "p ( human life proce$s f t5d5cies z purely1 if n z vigor\sly1 in/9ctive z ^? ( animals4 ,man has social in/9cts1 :i* create human society4 ,*ildr5 play f an in/9ct4 ,! mat]nal in/9ct 9 a human "m is1 till modifi$ by reflection1 z spontane\s1 univ]sal1 & necess>y z ! same in/9ct 9 animals4 ,b 9 man ! in/9cts are r$uc$ to a m9imum1 & are soon modifi$ by obs]vation1 exp]i5ce1 & reflection4 ,9 animals !y are at _! maximum1 & are modifi$ 9 a mu* less degree4 ,x is sometimes said t animals d n reason1 b man does4 ,b animals are q capable ( at lea/ two modes ( reason+1 t ( comp>ison & t ( inf]5ce4 ,!y comp>e two modes ( action1 or two sub/ances1 & judge ! "o to be pref]able to ! o!r1 & accord+ly select x4 ,sir ,em]son ,t5n5t tells u t elephants1 employ$ to build /one walls 9 ,ceylon1 w lay ea* /one 9 its place1 !n /& (f & look to see if x is plumb1 &1 if n1 w move x ) _! trunk1 till x lies p]fectly /raight4 ,?is is a pure act ( reflective judgm5t4 ,he n>rates an adv5ture :i* befell himself 9 ,ceylon :ile rid+ on a n>r[ road ?r\gh ! =e/4 ,he he>d a rumbl+ s\nd approa*+1 & directly !re came to meet him an elephant1 be>+ on 8 tusks a l>ge log ( wood1 :i* he _h be5 direct$ to c>ry to ! place :]e x 0 ne$$4 ,sir ,em]son ,t5n5t's horse1 unus$ to ^! mon/]s1 0 al>m$1 & refus$ to g =w>d4 ,! sagaci\s elephant1 p]ceiv+ ?is1 evid5tly decid$ t he mu/ himself g out ( ! way4 ,b to d ?is1 he 0 oblig$ fir/ to take ! log f 8 tusks ) 8 trunk1 & lay x on ! gr\nd1 :i* he did1 & !n back$ out ( ! road betwe5 ! trees till only 8 head 0 visible4 ,b ! horse 0 /ill too timid to g by1 :]eupon ! judici\s pa*yd]m pu%$ himself f>!r back1 till all ( 8 body1 except ! end ( 8 trunk1 _h disappe>$4 ,!n ,sir ,em]son succe$$ 9 gett+ 8 horse by1 b /opp$ to witness ! result4 ,! elephant came out1 took ! log up aga91 laid x across 8 tusks1 & w5t on 8 way4 ,?is /ory1 told by an unimpea*able witness1 %[s sev]al successive acts ( reason+4 ,! log-be>] inf]r$ f ! horse's t]ror t x w\ld n pass2 he aga9 inf]r$ t 9 t case he mu/ himself get out ( ! way2 t1 to d ?is1 he mu/ lay d[n 8 log2 t he mu/ g f>!r back2 & accompany+ ?is 0 8 s5se ( duty1 mak+ him fai?ful to 8 task2 &1 mo/ ( all1 8 consid]ation ( :at 0 due to ?is human travel]1 :i* kept him f driv+ ! horse & man be=e him z he w5t on4 ,!re is ano!r well-au!nticat$ anecdote ( an elephant2 he 0 foll[+ an ammunition wagon1 & saw ! man :o 0 seat$ on x fall (f j be=e ! :eel4 ,! man w\ld h be5 cru%$ _h n ! animal in/antly run =w>d1 &1 )\t an ord]1 lift$ ! :eel ) 8 trunk1 & held x susp5d$ 9 ! air1 till ! wagon _h pass$ ov] ! man )\t hurt+ him4 ,"h 7 comb9$ pres5ce ( m9d1 good w1 k ( ! dang] to ! man1 & a rapid calculation ( h[ he c\ld be sav$4 ,p]haps ,i may prop]ly introduce "h an acc\nt ( ! manife/ations ( m9d 9 ! animals ,i h _h ! mo/ opportunity ( obs]v+4 ,i h a horse1 :o 0 nam$ ,rubezahl1 aft] ! m\nta9 _s ( ! ,h>z made fam\s 9 ! /ories ( ,musaeus4 ,we h contract$ 8 "n to ,ruby = conv5i5ce4 ,n[ ,i h reason to believe t ,ruby c di/+ui% ,sunday f o!r days4 ,on ,sunday ,i h be5 9 ! habit ( driv+ to ,bo/on to *ur*2 b on o!r days1 ,i drive to ! neighbor+ village1 :]e are ! po/-(fice1 %ops ( me*anics1 & o!r /ores4 ,to g to ,bo/on1 ,i usually turn to ! "r :5 ,i leave my driveway2 to g to ! village1 ,i turn to ! left4 ,n[1 on ,sunday1 if ,i leave ! re9s loose1 s t ! horse may d z he pleases1 he inv>iably turns to ! "r1 & goes to ,bo/on4 ,on o!r days1 he z inv>iably turns to ! left1 & goes to ! village4 ,he does ?is s con/antly & regul>ly1 t none ( ! family h any d\bt ( ! fact t he kn[s t x is ,sunday2 h[ he kn[s x we are unable to discov]4 ,i h left my h\se at ! same h\r on ,sunday & on ,monday1 9 ! same c>riage1 ) ! same numb] ( p]sons 9 x2 & yet on ,sunday he always turns to ! "r1 & on ,monday to ! left4 ,he is f$ at ! same "t on ,sunday z on o!r days1 b ! man comes back to h>ness him a little lat] on ,sunday ?an at o!r times1 & t is possibly 8 me?od ( kn[+ t x is ! day = go+ to ,bo/on4 ,b see h[ mu* ( obs]vation1 memory1 & ?\ght is impli$ 9 all ?is4 ,aga91 ,ruby has %[n a v di/9ct feel+ ( ! sup]natural4 ,driv+ "o day up a hill ne> my h\se1 we met a horse-c> com+ d[n t[>d u1 runn+ )\t horses1 simply by ! =ce ( gravity4 ,my horse became s fright5$ t he ran into ! gutt]1 & ne>ly ov]turn$ me2 & ,i got him pa/ ) ! greate/ difficulty4 ,n[ he _h met ! c>s com+ d[n t hill1 drawn by horses1 a hundr$ times1 & _h nev] be5 al>m$4 ,moreov]1 only a day or two aft]1 9 go+ up ! same hill1 we saw a c> mov+ uphill1 be=e u1 :]e ! horses 7 entirely invisible1 be+ conceal$ by ! c> itself1 :i* 0 betwe5 u & ! horses4 ,b ?is did n fright5 ,ruby at all4 ,he evid5tly said to himself1 ,! horses are !re1 ?\gh ,i d n see !m4 ,b 9 ! o!r case x seem$ to him an effect )\t a cause--some?+ pla9ly sup]natural4 ,!re 0 no?+ 9 ! aspect ( ! c> itself to al>m him2 he _h se5 t (t5 en\gh4 ,he 0 simply t]rifi$ by see+ x move )\t any adequate cause--j z we %\ld be1 if we saw our *airs beg9 to walk ab\t ! room4 ,our ,newf\ndl& dog's "n is ,donatello2 :i*1 aga91 is %ort5$ to ,don 9 common p>lance4 ,he has all ! affectionate & excell5t qualities ( 8 race4 ,he is ! mo/ good-natur$ creature ,i ev] saw4 ,no?+ provokes him4 ,little dogs may yelp at him1 ! cat or kitt5s may sn>l & spit at him3 he pays no att5tion to !m4 ,a little dog climbs on 8 back1 & lies d[n !re2 "o ( ! cats w lie betwe5 8 legs4 ,b at night1 :5 he is on gu>d1 no "o c approa* ! h\se un*all5g$4 ,b 8 affection = ! family is v great4 ,to be all[$ to come into ! h\se & lie d[n ne> u is 8 *ief happ9ess4 ,he 0 v fond ( my son ,e----1 :o play$ ) him a good deal1 & :5 ! "y man w5t away1 dur+ ! w>1 ) a ?ree mon?s' regim5t1 ,don 0 mu* depress$ by 8 abs5ce4 ,he walk$ d[n regul>ly to ! /ation1 & /ood !re till a tra9 ( c>s came 92 & :5 8 fri5d did n arrive 9 x1 he w5t back1 ) a melan*oly air1 to ! h\se4 ,b at la/ ! "y man return$4 ,x 0 9 ! ev5+1 & ,don 0 ly+ on ! piazza4 ,z soon z he saw 8 fri5d1 8 exultation knew no b\nds4 ,he leap$ ^u him1 & ran r\nd him1 b>k+ & %[+ ! wilde/ signs ( delight4 ,all at once he turn$ & ran up into ! g>d51 & came back br++ an apple1 :i* he laid d[n at ! feet ( 8 "y ma/]4 ,x 0 ! only ?+ he c\ld ?9k ( to d = him--& ?is sign ( 8 affection 0 q pa!tic4 ,! reason :y ,don ?\ght ( ! apple 0 probably ?is3 we _h taught him to g & get an apple = ! horse1 :5 s direct$4 ,we w\ld say1 ,g1 ,don1 get an apple = poor ,ruby2 !n he w\ld run up into ! g>d51 & br+ an apple1 & hold x up to ! horse2 & p]haps :5 ! horse tri$ to take x he w\ld pull x away4 ,aft] do+ ?is a few times1 he w\ld f9ally lie d[n on 8 back "u ! horse's nose1 & all[ ! latt] to take ! apple f 8 m\?4 ,he w\ld also kiss ! horse1 on be+ told to d s4 ,:5 we said1 ,don1 kiss poor ,ruby1 he leap$ up & kiss$ ! horse's nose4 ,b he aft]w>ds hit ^u a m conv5i5t me?od ( do+ x4 ,he got 8 paw ov] ! re9 & pull$ d[n ! horse's head1 s t he c\ld cont9ue ! osculatory process m at 8 ease1 sitt+ com=tably on ! gr\nd4 ,animals "k :5 !y h done wrong2 s f>1 at lea/1 z t means disobey+ our w or comm&4 ,! only great fault :i* ,don ev] committ$ 0 /eal+ a piece ( meat f our neighbor's kit*54 ,i d n ?9k he 0 puni%$ or ev5 scold$ = x2 = we did n f9d x out till lat]1 :5 x w\ld h done no good to puni% him4 ,b a week or two aft] t1 ! g5tleman ^: kit*5 _h be5 robb$ 0 /&+ on my lawn1 talk+ ) me1 & he ref]r$1 laugh+ly1 to :at ,don _h done4 ,he did n ev5 look at ! dog1 mu* less *ange 8 tones to ^? ( rebuke4 ,b ! mom5t ,don he>d 8 "n m5tion$1 he turn$ & walk$ away1 & hid himself "u ! l[ bran*es ( a ,norway spruce ne> by4 ,he 0 evid5tly pr(\ndly a%am$ ( himself4 ,0 ?is ! result ( consci5ce1 or ( ! love ( approbation8 ,9 ei!r case1 x 0 v human4 ,t ! love ( approbation is common to _m animals we all "k4 ,dogs & horses c]ta9ly c be influ5c$ by praise & blame1 z easily z m54 ,_m ye>s ago we _h occasion to draw a load ( gravel1 & we put ,ruby into a tip-c>t to d ! "w4 ,he 0 pr(\ndly depress$1 & evid5tly felt x z a degradation4 ,he hung 8 head1 & %[$ su* m>ks ( humiliation t we h nev] done x s9ce4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 :5 he goes out1 "u ! saddle1 by ! side ( a "y horse1 ?is vet]an animal tries z h>d to appe> "y z any old ba*elor ( sixty ye>s :o is /ill ambiti\s ( social triumphs4 ,he dances along1 & goes sideways1 & has all ! airs & graces ( a "y colt4 ,all ?is1 too1 is v human4 ,at "o "t my dog 0 fond ( go+ to ! railway /ation to see ! p1 & ,i always ord]$ him to g home1 fe>+ he %\ld be hurt by ! c>s4 ,he easily und]/ood t if he w5t !re1 x 0 contr>y to my wi%es4 ,nev]!less1 he (t5 w5t2 & ,i d n "k b ?is fondness = =bidd5 fruit 0 r human1 too4 ,s1 :5ev] he 0 ne> ! /ation1 if he saw me com+1 he w\ld look ! o!r way1 & pret5d n to "k me4 ,if he met me any:]e else1 he always b\nd$ to meet me ) great delight4 ,b at ! /ation x 0 q diff]5t4 ,he w\ld pay no att5tion to my :i/le or my call4 ,he ev5 pret5d$ to be ano!r dog1 & w\ld look me "r 9 ! face )\t app>5tly recogniz+ me4 ,he gave me ! cut direct1 9 ! mo/ imp]t95t mann]2 ! reason evid5tly be+ t he knew he 0 do+ :at 0 wrong1 & did n l to be f\nd out4 ,possibly he may h reli$ a little on my ne>-sight$ness1 9 ?is manuvre4 ,t animals h acute obs]vation1 memory1 imag9ation1 ! s5se ( approbation1 /rong affections1 & ! p[] ( reason+ is !re=e v evid5t4 ,"l ,bacon also speaks ( a dog's rev]5ce = 8 ma/] z p>tak+ ( a religi\s elem5t4 ,m>k1 says he1 :at a g5]osity & c\rage a dog w put on1 :5 he f9ds himself ma9ta9$ by a man1 :o to him is in/ead ( a ,god--:i* c\rage he c\ld n atta91 )\t t confid5ce 9 a bett] nature ?an 8 own4 ,:o t has se5 ! mute admiration & tru/ 9 a dog's eye1 z he looks up at 8 ma/]1 b c see 9 x some?+ ( a religi\s rev]5ce1 ! g]m & fir/ pr9ciple ( religion8 ,:at1 !n1 is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! human s\l & t ( ! animal 9 its highe/ developm5t8 ,t !re is a v m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 man & ! highe/ animal is evid5t4 ,! human be+1 weak] 9 proportion ?an all o!r animals1 has subject$ !m all to himself4 ,he has subdu$ ! e>? by 8 inv5tions4 ,physically too feeble to dig a hole 9 ! gr\nd l a rabbit1 or to fell a tree l a beav]2 unable to live 9 ! wat] l a fi%1 or to move ?r\gh ! air l a bird2 he yet1 by 8 inv5tive p[] & 8 ma*9]y1 c compel ! =ces ( nature to "w = him4 ,!y are ! true g5ii1 slaves ( 8 lamp4 ,air1 fire1 wat]1 electricity1 & magnetism build 8 cities & 8 /ately %ips1 run 8 err&s1 c>ry him f l& to l&1 & accept him z _! ma/]4 ,:5ce does man obta9 ?is p[]8 ,"s say x is ! human h& :i* has made man supreme4 ,x is1 no d\bt1 a wond]ful ma*9e2 a box ( tools 9 itself4 ,! size & /r5g? ( ! ?umb1 & ! p[] ( oppos+ x to ! extremities ( ! f+]s1 di/+ui%es1 accord+ to mo/ anatomi/s1 ! human h& f t ( ! quadruman\s animals4 ,9 ^? monkeys :i* are ne>e/ to man1 ! ?umb is s %ort & weak1 & ! f+]s s long & sl5d]1 t _! tips c sc>cely be br\ght 9 opposition4 ,excell5t = climb+1 !y are n good = tak+ up small objects or support+ l>ge ones4 ,b ! h& ( man c\ld accompli% little )\t ! m9d beh9d x4 ,x 0 !re=e a good rem>k ( ,gal51 t man is n ! wise/ ( animals because he has a h&2 b ,god has giv5 him a h& because he is ! wise/ ( animals4 ,! size ( ! human bra91 relatively great] ?an t ( almo/ any o!r animal2 man's /ructure1 adapt+ him to /& erect2 8 ability to exi/ 9 all climates2 8 p[] ( subsi/+ on v>i$ food3 all ^! facts ( 8 physical nature are associat$ ) 8 sup]ior m5tal p[]1 b d n produce x4 ,! "q recurs1 ,:at enables him to /& at ! head ( ! animal creation8 ,p]haps ! *ief app>5t di/9ctions betwe5 man & o!r animals are ^!3-- #a4 ,! l[e/ races ( m5 use tools2 o!r animals d n4 #b4 ,! l[e/ human be+s possess a v]bal language2 o!r animals h none4 #c4 ,man has ! capacity ( self-culture1 z an individual2 o!r animals h n4 #d4 ,human be+s1 associat$ 9 society1 are capable ( progress 9 civilization1 by means ( sci5ce1 art1 lit]ature1 & religion2 o!r animals are n4 #e4 ,m5 h a capacity = religion2 no animal1 except man1 has ?is4 ,! l[e/ races ( m5 use tools1 b no o!r animal does ?is4 ,?is is s univ]sally admitt$ by sci5ce t ! pres5ce ( ! rude/ tools ( /one is consid]$ a suffici5t trace ( ! pres5ce ( man4 ,if /one hat*ets or hamm]s or arr[heads are f\nd 9 any /ratum1 ?\gh no human bones are detect$1 an?ropologi/s reg>d ?is z a suffici5t pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( human be+s 9 ! p]iod indicat$ by su* a geologic =mation4 ,! only tools us$ by animals 9 procur+ food1 9 w>1 or 9 build+ _! homes1 are _! natural organs3 _! beaks1 tee?1 claws1 etc4 ,x may be add$ t man alone we>s clo!s2 o!r animals be+ suffici5tly clo!d by nature4 ,no animals make a fire1 ?\gh !y (t5 suff] f cold2 b !re is no race ( m5 unacqua9t$ ) ! use ( fire4#bj ,no animals possess a v]bal language4 ,animals c rememb] "s ( ! words us$ by m51 & associate ) !m _! mean+4 ,b ?is is n ! use ( language4 ,x is m]ely ! memory ( two associat$ facts1--z :5 ! animal recollects :]e he f\nd food1 & goes to ! same place to look = x aga94 ,animals h diff]5t cries1 indicat+ diff]5t wants4 ,!y use "o cry to call _! mate1 ano!r to t]rify _! prey4 ,b ?is is n ! use ( v]bal language4 ,human language implies n m]ely an acqua9tance ) ! mean+ ( p>ticul> words1 b ! p[] ( putt+ !m toge!r 9 a s5t5ce4 ,animals h no su* language z ?is2 =1 if !y _h1 x w\ld h be5 le>n$ by m54 ,man has ! p[] ( le>n+ any v]bal language4 ,adelung & ,vat] reckon ov] ?ree ?\s& languages spok5 by m51 & any man c le>n any ( !m4 ,! negroes speak _! own languages 9 _! own c\ntries2 !y speak ,arabic 9 ,nor? ,africa2 !y le>n to speak ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 & ,spani% 9 ,am]ica1 & ,ori5tal languages :5 !y g to ! ,ea/4 ,if any animals _h a v]bal language1 ) its vocabul>y & gramm>1 m5 w\ld long ago h le>n$ x1 & w\ld h be5 able to conv]se ) !m4 ,aga91 no animal except man is capable ( self-culture1 z an individual4 ,animals are tra9$ by ext]nal influ5ces2 !y d n tea* !mselves4 ,an old wolf is mu* m cunn+ ?an a "y "o1 b he has be5 made s by ! =ce ( circum/ances4 ,y c tea* y\r dog tricks1 b no dog has ev] taught himself any4 ,yet ! l[e/ savages tea* !mselves to make tools1 to ornam5t _! paddles & clubs1 & acquire c]ta9 arts by dilig5t ef=t4 ,birds w sometimes practice ! tunes :i* !y he> play$1 till !y h le>n$ !m4 ,!y w also sometimes imitate ea* o!r's songs4 ,t is1 !y possess ! p[] ( vocal imitation4 ,b to imitate ! s\nds we he> is n self-culture4 ,x is n develop+ a new p[]1 b x is ex]cis+ 9 a new way a natural gift4 ,yet we mu/ admit t 9 ?is habit ( birds !re is ! rudim5t1 at lea/1 ( self-education4 ,all races ( m5 are capable ( progress 9 civilization4 ,_m1 inde$1 rema9 9 a savage /ate = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 & we _c positively prove t any p>ticul> race :i* has always be5 unciviliz$ is capable ( civilization4 ,b we are l$ to believe x f hav+ kn[n ( s _m tribes ( m5 :o h em]g$ f apa?y1 ignorance1 & b>b>ism into ! light ( sci5ce & art4 ,s x 0 ) all ! ,teutonic races1--! ,go?s1 ,g]mans1 ,kelts1 ,lomb>ds1 ,sc&9avians4 ,s x 0 ) ! ,arabs1 :o roam$ = ?\s&s ( ye>s ov] ! des]ts1 a race ( ignorant robb]s1 & !n1 fill$ ) ! great inspiration ( ,islam1 flam$ up into a brilliant coruscation ( sci5ce1 lit]ature1 art1 milit>y success1 & pr(\nd le>n+4 ,:at great civilizations h gr[n up 9 ,*9a1 ,india1 ,p]sia1 ,assyria1 ,babylon1 ,phnicia1 ,egypt1 ,greece1 ,rome1 ,c>?age1 ,etruria6 ,b no su* progress has ev] appe>$ among ! animals4 ,z _! p>5ts 71 five ?\s& ye>s ago1 s1 ess5tially1 are !y n[4 ,nor are animals religi\s1 9 ! s5se ( wor%ip+ unse5 p[]s high] ?an !mselves4 ,my horse %[$ a s5se ( ! sup]natural1 b ?is is n wor%ip4 ,^! are "s ( ! mo/ m>k$ po9ts ( diff]5ce betwe5 man & all o!r animals4 ,n[ ^! c all be acc\nt$ = by ! hypo!sis 9 :i* ,locke & ,leibnitz bo? agre$2 namely1 t :ile animals are capable ( reason+ ab\t facts1 !y are incapable ( ab/ract ideas4 ,or1 we may say ) ,col]idge1 t :ile animals1 9 common ) man1 possess ! faculty ( und]/&+1 !y d n possess t ( reason4 ,col]idge seems to h int5d$ by ?is exactly :at ,locke & ,leibnitz meant by _! /atem5t4 ,:5 my dog ,don he>d ! ^w apple1 he ?\ght ( ! p>ticul> concrete apple "u ! tree2 & n ( apples 9 g5]al1 & _! relation to pe>s1 pea*es1 etc4 ,don und]/ood me :5 ,i told him to g & get an apple1 & obey$2 b he w\ld n h und]/ood me if ,i _h rem>k$ to him t apples 7 bett] ?an pe>s1 m :olesome ?an pea*es1 n s h&some z grapes4 ,i %\ld !n h gone into ! region ( ab/ract & g5]al ideas4 ,n[ x is precisely ! possession ( ?is p[] ( ab/ract ?\ght :i* w expla9 ! sup]iority ( man to all o!r animals4 ,x expla9s ! use ( tools2 = a tool is an in/rum5t prep>$1 n = "o special purpose1 b to be us$ g5]ally1 9 c]ta9 ways4 ,a baboon1 l a man1 might pick up a p>ticul> /one ) :i* to crack a p>ticul> nut2 b ! ape does n make & keep a /one hamm]1 to be us$ on _m simil> occasions4 ,a box ( tools conta9s a collection ( saws1 planes1 draw-knives1 etc41 n made to use on "o occasion m]ely1 b made = saw+1 cutt+1 & plan+ purposes g5]ally4 ,/ill m evid5t is x t ! p[] ( ab/raction is necess>y = v]bal language4 ,we d n "h use ! common t]m articulate spee*1 = we c conceive ( animals articulat+ _! vocal s\nds4 ,b a ^w is an ab/raction4 ,! notion is lift$ out ( ! concrete p>ticul> fact1 & deposit$ 9 ! ab/ract g5]al t]m4 ,all words1 except prop] names1 are ab/ract2 & to possess & use a v]bal language is impossible1 )\t ! possession ( ?is m5tal faculty4 ,9 reg>d to self-culture1 x is cle> t = any /eady progress "o mu/ keep be=e 8 m9d an ab/ract idea ( :at he wi%es to d4 ,?is enables him to rise above impulse1 passion1 in/9ct1 habit1 circum/ance4 ,by ! /eady contemplation ( ! propos$ aim1 "o c arrange circum/ances1 re/ra9 impulse1 direct "o's activity1 & become really free4 ,9 l mann]1 races become develop$ 9 civilization by ! impact ( ab/ract ideas4 ,sometimes x is by com+ 9 contact ) o!r civiliz$ nations1 :i* gives !m an ideal sup]ior to any?+ be=e kn[n4 ,sometimes ! motive p[] ( _! progress is ! reception ( tru?s ( sci5ce1 art1 lit]ature1 or religion4 ,x is n necess>y to %[ t )\t ab/ract1 univ]sal1 & necess>y ideas no religion is possible2 = religion1 be+ ! wor%ip ( unse5 p[]s1 conceiv$ z exi/+1 z active1 z spiritual1 necess>ily implies ^! ideas 9 ! m9d ( ! wor%ip]4 ,we f9d1 !n1 9 ! s\l ( animals all active1 affectionate1 & intellig5t capacities1 z 9 t ( man4 ,! only diff]5ce is t man is capable ( ab/ract ideas1 :i* give him a l>g] lib]ty ( action1 :i* enable him to adopt an aim & pursue x1 & :i* *ange 8 affections f an in/9ctive atta*m5t into a pr9ciple ( g5]\s love4 ,add1 !n1 to ! animal s\l ! capacity = ab/ract ideas1 & x w\ld rise at once to ! level ( man4 ,meantime1 9 a l>ge "p ( _! nature1 !y h ! same faculties ) ourselves4 ,!y %>e our emotions1 & we !irs4 ,!y are made a little l[] ?an man1 & if we are s\ls1 s surely are !y4 ,are !y immortal8 ,to discuss ?is "q w\ld require m space ?an we c "h give to x4 ,= my own "p1 ,i fully believe 9 ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( all s\ls1 at ! same "t assum+ _! cont9u$ advance4 ,! law ( life is progress2 & "o ( ! be/ features 9 ! some:at unspiritual !ory ( ,d>w9 is its pr(\nd fai? 9 p]petual improvem5t4 ,?is !ory is ! mo/ />tl+ optimism t has ev] be5 taught1 = x makes p]petual progress to be ! law ( ! :ole univ]se4 ,_m ( ! argum5ts = ! immortality ( man _c inde$ be us$ = our dumb relations1 ! animals4 ,we _c argue f _! univ]sal fai? 9 a future life2 nor cont5d t !y ne$ an immortality on moral gr\nds1 to recomp5se _! good conduct & puni% _! wick$ness4 ,we might inde$ adduce a reason impli$ 9 our ,savi\r's p>able1 & believe t ! poor creatures :o h receiv$ _! evil ?+s 9 ?is life w be com=t$ 9 ano!r4 ,moreov]1 we might f9d 9 _m animals qualities fitt+ !m = a high] /ate4 ,!re are animals1 z we h se51 :o %[ a fidelity1 c\rage1 g5]osity1 (t5 sup]ior to :at we see 9 man4 ,! dogs :o h lov$ _! ma/] m ?an food1 & />v$ to dea? on 8 grave1 are surely well fitt$ = a high] exi/5ce4 ,jesse tells a /ory ( a cat :i* 0 be+ /on$ by cruel boys4 ,m5 w5t by1 & did n int]f]e2 b a dog1 t saw x1 did4 ,he drove away ! boys1 & !n took ! cat to 8 k5nel1 lick$ h] all ov] ) 8 tongue1 & 8 conduct int]e/$ p1 :o br\ght h] milk4 ,! can9e nurse took c>e ( h] till %e 0 well1 & ! cat & dog rema9$ fa/ fri5ds ev] aft]4 ,su* an action 9 a man w\ld h be5 call$ h]oic2 & we ?9k su* a dog w\ld n be out ( place 9 heav54 ,yet x is n s mu* on p>ticul> cases ( animal sup]iority t we rely1 b on ! difficulty ( conceiv+1 9 any s5se1 ( ! de/ruction ( life4 ,! pr9ciple ( life1 :e!r we call x s\l or body1 matt] or _s1 escapes all obs]vation ( ! s5ses4 ,all t we "k ( x by obs]vation is t1 beside ! p>ticles ( matt] :i* compose an organiz$ body1 !re is some?+ else1 n cognizable by ! s5ses1 :i* attracts & dismisses !m1 modifies & cord9ates !m4 ,! unity ( ! body is n to be f\nd 9 its s5sible ph5om5a1 b 9 some?+ :i* escapes ! s5ses4 ,into ! vortex ( t life mat]ial molecules are be+ cont9ually absorb$1 & f x !y are p]petually dis*>g$4 ,if dea? means ! dissolution ( ! body1 we die _m times 9 ! c\rse ( our e>?ly c>e]1 = e body is said by human anatomi/s to be *ang$ 9 all its p>ticles once 9 sev5 ye>s4 ,:at !n rema9s1 if all ! p>ticles g8 ,! pr9ciple ( organization rema9s1 & ?is invisible1 p]si/5t pr9ciple con/itutes ! id5tity ( e organiz$ body4 ,if ,i say t ,i h ! same body :5 ,i am fifty :i* ,i _h at tw5ty1 x is because ,i mean by body t :i* cont9ues unalt]$ amid ! fa/-fly+ p>ticles ( matt]4 ,?is life pr9ciple makes & remakes ! mat]ial frame2 t body does n make x4 ,:5 :at we call dea? int]v5es1 all t we c ass]t is t ! life pr9ciple has done :olly & at once :at x has always be5 do+ gradually & 9 "p4 ,:at happ5s to ! mat]ial p>ticles1 we see3 !y become deta*$ f ! organiz+ pr9ciple1 & relapse into simply me*anical & *emical conditions4 ,:at has happ5$ to t organiz+ pr9ciple we nei!r see nor "k2 & we h absolutely no reason at all = say+ t x has ceas$ to exi/4 ,?is is z true ( plants & ( animals z ( m52 & !re is no reason = suppos+ t :5 ^! die _! pr9ciple ( life is end$4 ,x probably has rea*$ a crisis1 :i* consi/s 9 ! putt+ on ( new =ms & asc5d+ into a high] ord] ( organiz$ exi/5ce4 ,,apropos ,,( ,,tyndall#ba ,we h all read 9 our ,vic> ( ,wakefield ! fam\s spee* made by ! v5]able & le>n$ ,ephraim ,j5k9son to good ,dr4 ,primrose3 ,! cosmogony1 or creation ( ! _w1 has puzzl$ philosoph]s 9 all ages4 ,san*onia?on1 ,mane?o1 ,b]osus1 & ,ocellus ,lucanus h all attempt$ x 9 va91 etc4 ,b we h>dly expect$ to h ?is "q ( cosmogony reop5$ by an em95t sci5ti/ 9 an address to ! ,briti% ,association4 ,:at ,san*onia?on1 ,mane?o1 ,b]osus1 & ,ocellus ,lucanus h all attempt$ 9 va9 ,pr(essor ,tyndall has n only discuss$ be=e a body ( m5 le>n$ 9 ! physical sci5ces1 b has done x 9 su* a mann] z to r\se two cont95ts to a new int]e/ 9 ! "q4 ,"o p>ty has imm$iately accus$ him ( irreligion & infidelity1 :ile ano!r has decl>$ 8 /atem5ts innoc5t if n virtu\s4 ,b ! "q :i* has be5 lea/ debat$ is1 ,:at has ! pr(essor really said8 or1 ,has he said any?+8 ,! celebrat$ s5t5ce :i* has occasion$ ?is excitem5t is z foll[s3-- ,ab&on+ all disguise1 ! confession t ,i feel b\nd to make be=e y is1 t ,i prolong ! vision backw>d across ! b\nd>y ( ! exp]im5tal evid5ce1 & disc]n 9 t matt] :i* we 9 our ignorance1 & not)/&+ our pr(ess$ rev]5ce = its ,creator1 h hi!rto cov]$ ) opprobrium1 ! promise & pot5cy ( e =m & quality ( life4 ,does he1 !n1 decl>e himself a mat]iali/8 ,a mat]iali/ is "o :o ass]ts ev]y?+ :i* exi/s to be matt]1 or an affection ( matt]4 ,:at1 !n1 is matt]1 & h[ is t to be def9$8 ,! common def9ition ( matt] is1 t :i* is p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses1 or ! sub/ance und]ly+ s5sible ph5om5a4 ,by means ( ! s5ses we p]ceive su* qualities or ph5om5a z resi/ance1 =m1 color1 p]fume1 s\nd4 ,:5ev] we obs]ve ^! ph5om5a1 :5ev] we see1 he>1 ta/e1 t\*1 or smell1 we attribute ! affections ?us excit$ to an ext]nal sub/ance1 :i* we call matt]4 ,b we are aw>e ( o!r ph5om5a :i* are n p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses1--- su* z ?\ght1 love1 & w4 ,we are z c]ta9 ( _! exi/5ce z we are ( s5sible ph5om5a4 ,i am z sure ( ! reality ( love z ,i am ( ! :it5ess ( *alk4 ,by a law ( our m9d1 :5ev] we p]ceive s5sible ph5om5a1 we necess>ily attribute !m to a sub/ance outside ( ourselves1 :i* we call matt]4 ,& by ano!r law1 or ! same law1 :5ev] we p]ceive ! ph5om5a ( consci\sness1 we necess>ily attribute !m to a sub/ance :i* we call s\l1 m9d1 or _s4 ,all t we "k ( matt]1 & all t we "k ( s\l1 is _! ph5om5a1 & z ^! are entirely diff]5t1 we are oblig$ to assume t matt] & m9d are diff]5t4 ,none ( ! qualities or attributes ( matt] belong to m9d1 none ( ^? ( m9d to matt]4 ,does ,tyndall d5y ?is di/9ction8 ,app>5tly n4 ,he n only makes ,bi%op ,butl] decl>e1 ) unansw]able p[]1 t mat]ialism c nev] %[ any connection betwe5 molecul> processes & ! ph5om5a ( consci\sness1 b he di/9ctly it]ates ?is 9 8 own p]son at ! end ( ! address2 ass]t+ t !re is no fusion possible betwe5 ! two classes ( facts1 ^? ( s5sation & ^? ( consci\sness4 ,pr(essor ,tyndall1 !n1 9 ! fam\s s5t5ce above quot$1 does n decl>e himself a mat]iali/ 9 ! only s5se 9 :i* ! t]m has hi!rto be5 us$4 ,he does n pret5d t s5sation1 ?\ght1 emotion1 & w are r$ucible1 9 ! la/ analysis1 to solidity1 ext5sion1 divisibility1 etc42 he positively & absolutely d5ies ?is4 ,:5 ,tyndall1 !re=e1 ass]ts t he disc]ns 9 matt] ! promise & pot5cy ( e =m & quality ( life1 he uses ! ^w matt] 9 a new s5se4 ,he does n mean by x ! und]ly+ subject ( s5sible ph5om5a4 ,x is n ! matt] :i* we see1 he>1 t\*1 ta/e1 & smell4 ,:at is x !n8 ,x is some?+ beyond ! limits ( obs]vation & exp]im5t2 = he says t 9 ord] to discov] x we mu/ prolong ! vision backw>d across ! b\nd>y ( ! exp]im5tal evid5ce4 ,9 %ort1 x is some?+ :i* we "k no?+ ab\t4 ,x is a conjecture1 an op9ion1 a !oretical matt]4 ,9 ano!r place he calls ?is imag9>y sub/ance a cosmical life4 ,?is some?+1 :i* %all be ! common basis ( ! ph5om5a ( s5se & s\l1 n only is n kn[n1 b app>5tly is n kn[able4 ,= he assures u t ! v attempt to und]/& ?is cosmical life :i* makes ! connection betwe5 physical & m5tal ph5om5a1 is to so> 9 a vacuum1 or to try to lift "o's self by 8 own wai/b&4 ,( c\rse1 !n1 ! cont5ts ( ! fam\s s5t5ce are n sci5ce4 ,x is n ! great sci5ti/1 ! pr(\nd obs]v] ( nature1 ! di/+ui%$ exp]im5tali/1 :o speaks to u 9 t s5t5ce1 b "o :o is !oriz+1 z we all h a "r to !orize4 ,we also1 if we *oose1 may imag9e "s cosmical life beh9d bo? matt] & s\l1 z ! common orig9 ( bo?1 & call ?is life _s4 ,we %all !n be ?9k+ ( exactly ! same sub/ance t ,tyndall is ?9k+ (1 only we give x ano!r "n4 ,he has m]ely giv5 ano!r "n to ! great ,be+ beh9d all ! ph5om5a ( body & s\l1 out ( :i* or :om all proce$4 ,b to give ano!r "n to a fact is n to tell u any?+ m ab\t x4 ,all mean+ hav+ evaporat$ f ! ^w matt]1 ! s5t5ce loses its :ole significance1 & x appe>s t ! al>m+ decl>ation ass]ts no?+ at all6 ,9 ab&on+ all disguise ,tyndall has run little risk1 = our analysis %[s t he has n ass]t$ any?+ except1 p]haps1 ?is1 t !re is1 9 8 judgm5t1 "s unkn[n common basis 9 :i* matt] & m9d bo? inh]e4 ,?is ass]tion is n al>m+ nor dang]\s1 = x is only :at has always be5 believ$4 ,z !re is no mat]ialism1 9 any kn[n s5se ( t t]m1 9 ! doctr9e ( ?is address1 s likewise !re is no a!ism4 ,9 fact1 9 ?is same s5t5ce ,tyndall speaks ( ! creator ( :at he likes to call matt] or cosmical life4 ,he objects /rongly to a creator :o works me*anically1 & he seems to reprove ,d>w9 = admitt+ an orig9al or primordial =m1 creat$ at fir/ by ! ,deity4 ,! an?ropomorphism1 :i* x seem$ ! object ( ,mr4 ,d>w9 to set aside1 is z firmly associat$ ) ! creation ( a few =ms z ) ! creation ( a multitude4 ,9 ano!r passage he says3 ,is !re n a temptation to close to "s ext5t ) ,lucretius1 :5 he affirms t nature is se5 to d all ?+s spontane\sly ( h]self )\t ! m$dl+ ( ! gods84 ,b ?is la/ s5t5ce %[s a s+ul> vacillation 9 s cle> a ?9k] z ,tyndall4 ,h[ c "o close to "s ext5t ) su* a /atem5t z t ( ,lucretius8 ,ei!r ! gods m$dle1 or !y d n m$dle4 ,!y c h>dly be consid]$ z m$dl+ to "s ext5t4 ,9 /ill ano!r passage he contra/s ! doctr9e ( evolution ) ! usual doctr9e ( creation1 reject+ ! la/ 9 favor ( ! o!r1 because creation makes ( ,god an artific]1 fa%ion$ aft] ! human model1 & act+ by brok5 ef=ts1 z man is se5 to act4 ,all ^! expressions are some:at vague1 imply+1 z x seems1 a c]ta9 obscurity 9 ,tyndall's own ?\ght4 ,b x is n a!ism4 ,8 cosmical life probably is exactly :at ,cudwor? means by pla/ic life4 ,x is well kn[n t ,cudwor?1 ^: great "w is a confutation ( all a!ism1 himself admits :at he calls a pla/ic nature 9 ! univ]se z a subord9ate in/rum5t ( div9e ,provid5ce4 ,j z ,tyndall objects to reg>d+ ! ,deity z an artific]1 ,cudwor? objects to ! me*anic !i/s1 :o make ! ,deity act directly ^u matt] f )\t1 by sep>ate ef=ts1 in/ead ( p\r+ a creative & arrang+ life into nature4 ,we c easily see t ,cudwor?1 l ,tyndall1 w\ld object to ,d>w9's "o or two primordial g]ms4 ,8 pla/ic nature is work+ ev]y:]e & always1 ?\gh "u a div9e guidance4 ,x is a life1 & !re=e incorporeal4 ,x is an unconsci\s life1 :i* acts1 n kn[+ly1 b fatally4 ,man1 accord+ to ,cudwor?1 p>takes ( ?is life f ! life ( ! univ]se1 j z he p>takes ( heat & cold f ! heat & cold ( ! univ]se4 ,?us ,cudwor?1 believ+ 9 "s su* cosmical life z ,tyndall imag9es1 conceives x z be+ itself ! organ & in/rum5t ( ! ,deity4 ,tyndall1 !re=e1 ?\gh less cle> 9 8 /atem5ts ?an ,cudwor?1 is n logically involv$ 9 a!ism by ^? /atem5ts1 unless we implicate 9 ! same condemnation ! writ] ^: va/ "w con/itutes ! fulle/ ars5al ( weapons aga9/ all ! =ms ( a!ism4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 ,tyndall does n come to any cle>ness on ?is po9t1 :i* 9 "o possess+ su* a lucidity ( intellect mu/ be occasion$ by 8 leav+ 8 own doma9 ( sci5ce & v5tur+ into ?is metaphysical _w1 ) :i* he is n s famili>4 ,8 acqua9tance ) ! hi/ory ( ^! /udies seems n to be ext5sive4 ,= example1 he attributes to ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 z if he 7 ! discov]]1 :at bo? ,hobbes & ,desc>tes _h already /at$1 t !re is no necess>y resemblance betwe5 our s5sations & ! ext]nal objects f :i* !y are d]iv$4 ,9 reg>d to a belief 9 ,god1 he tells u t 9 8 weak] mom5ts he loses x1 or t x becomes cl\d$ & dim1 b t :5 he is at 8 be/ he accepts x mo/ fully4 ,?is belief1 !re=e1 is n ) ,tyndall a matt] ( conviction1 f\nd$ on reason1 b a "q ( moods4 ,no wond]1 !n1 t he relegates religion to ! region ( s5tim5t1 & decl>es t x has no?+ to d ) k4 ,x mu/ n t\* any "q ( cosmogony1 or1 if x does1 mu/ submit to ! control ( sci5ce 9 t field4 ,b :at has sci5ce to d ) cosmogony8 ,sci5ce re/s on obs]vation ( facts2 b our pr(essor tells u t he obta9s 8 great cosmological idea ( a cosmical life by prolong+ 8 vision backw>d across ! b\nd>y ( ! exp]im5tal evid5ce4 ,su* sci5ce z ?is1 :i* is bas$ on no exp]i5ce1 & is incapable ( v]ification1 has h>dly ! "r to w>n religi\s belief away f any field4 ,tyndall seems a little a/ray 9 mak+ creation & evolution contradictory & incompatible4 ,evolution1 he tells u1 is ! manife/ation ( a p[] :olly inscrutable to ! intellect ( man4 ,we "k t ,god is1--t is1 we "k x 9 our bett] moods1--b :at ,god is1 we _c ev] "k4 ,at all ev5ts we mu/ n consid] him z a ,creator4 ,two c\rses1 says ,tyndall1 & only two1 are possible4 ,ei!r let u op5 our doors freely to ! conception ( creative acts1 or1 ab&on+ !m1 let u radically *ange our notions ( matt]4 ,8 objections to ! idea ( a ,creator appe> to be 7#a7 t x is d]iv$1 n f ! /udy ( ,nature1 b f ! obs]vation ( m52 & 7#b7 t x repres5ts ! ,deity z an artific]1 fa%ion$ aft] a human model1 & act+ by brok5 ef=ts z man is se5 to act4 ,are ^! objections s\nd8 ,:5 we /udy man1 are we n !n also /udy+ ,nature8 ,is n man himself ! highe/ manife/ation ( ,nature8 ,if s1 & if we see ! quality ( any p[] be/ 9 its highe/ & fulle/ op]ations1 we c /udy ! nature ( ,god be/ by look+ into our own4 ,we %\ld1 9 fact1 "k v little ( ,nature if we did n look )9 z well z )\t4 ,tyndall ju/ly dem&s unlimit$ fre$om ( inve/igation 9 ! pursuit ( sci5ce4 ,b :5ce came ?is v idea ( fre$om except f ! human m9d8 ,no?+ 9 ! ext]nal _w is free2 all is fatal4 ,su* ideas z cause1 =ce1 sub/ance1 law1 unity1 ideality1 are n obs]v$ 9 ! outw>d _w--!y are giv5 by ! activity ( ! m9d itself4 ,subtract ^! f our ?\ght1 & we %\ld "k v little ( ,nature or its orig94 ,no d\bt ! idea ( a ,creator1 & ( "o p]fect 9 wisdom1 p[]1 & goodness1 is d]iv$ by man f 8 own m9d4 ,b x is n necess>y t su* a ,creator %\ld be an artific]1 or proce$ by brok5 ef=ts4 ,he may act by evolution1 or processes ( developm5t4 ,he may create p]petually1 by a life fl[+ f himself into all ?+s4 ,he may create ! univ]se anew at e mom5t--n z a man lights a tor* ) a mat* & !n goes away1 b z ! sun creates 8 image 9 ! wat] by a p]petual process4 ,?us ,god may be reg>d$ z creat+ ea* animal & ea* plant1 :ile he ma9ta9s ! my/]i\s =ce ( developm5t by :i* x gr[s f its egg or its se$4 ,! ess5tial idea ( creation is an inf9ite cause1 act+ accord+ to a p]fect intellig5ce1 = a p]fect good4 ,!re is no?+1 necess>ily1 ( an artific] or ( brok5 ef=ts 9 ?is4 ,x is ! v idea ( div9e creation giv5 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,f :om1 & ?r\gh :om1 & to :om1 are all ?+s4 ,9 him1 we live1 & move1 & h our be+4 ,! !i/ may well accept ! view giv5 by ,goe!1 9 8 little poem1 ,gott1 ,gem?1 und ,welt4 ,:at k9d ( ,god w\ld ,he be :o only pu%es ! univ]se f )\t8 ,:o lets ! ,all ( ,?+s run r\nd & r\nd on 8 f+]8 ,x becomes him f> bett] to move ! univ]se f )91 ,to take ,nature up into ,himself1 to let ,himself d[n into ,nature1 ,s t :atev] lives1 & moves1 & has its be+ 9 ,him ,nev] loses ,8 p[]1 nev] misses ,8 _s4 ,su* a conception ( ,god1 z a p]petual ,creator1 is ess5tial to ! intellectual re/ ( ! human m9d1 & x is pa9ful to see ! irresolution ( ,pr(essor ,tyndall 9 reg>d to x4 ,cle> & confid5t z ,jove 9 ! doma9 :i* is 8 own1 :]e 8 ma/]ly p[]s ( obs]vation1 discrim9ation1 & judgm5t leave him )\t a pe]1 he seems %orn ( 8 /r5g? on ent]+ ?is field ( metaphysics4 ,he has w>n$ !ology n to trespass on ! gr\nds ( sci5ce2 or1 if %e ent]s !m1 to submit to sci5ce z h] sup]ior4 ,!ology has be5 9 ! habit ( treat+ sci5ce 9 ! same sup]cili\s way2 tell+ h] t %e 0 an intrud] if %e v5tur$ to discuss que/ions ( psy*ology or religion4 ,?is is equally unwise on ei!r "p4 ,!ologians %\ld be glad :5 m5 ( sci5ce become s]i\sly int]e/$ 9 ^! great que/ions ( ! ,:5ce & ! ,:i!r4 ,! address ( ,pr(essor ,tyndall is excell5t 9 its int5tion z well z 9 its c&id & manly treatm5t ( ! subject4 ,its indecision & indi/9ctness are probably due to 8 hav+ accept$ too implicitly ! guidance ( ,sp5c]1 ?us assum+ t religi\s tru? is unkn[able1 t creation is impossible1 & t only ph5om5a c become objects ( k4 ,insoluble my/]y is !re=e 8 f9al answ] to ! que/ions he has himself rais$4 ,goe! is wis] :5 he foll[s ! ,apo/le ,paul1 & reg>ds ! ,deity z ! fullness :i* fille? all 9 all4 ,!re is no unity to ?\ght1 & no hope = sci5tific progress1 m ?an = moral culture1 unless we see intellig5ce at ! c5tre1 intellig5ce on ! circumf]5ce ( be+4 ,to place an imp5etrable d>kness in/ead ( an uncl\d$ light on ! ?rone ( ! univ]se1 is to ?r[ a %ad[ ov] ! ,creation4 ,we say t !re is no unity 9 ?\ght )\t ?is conviction4 ,! only real unity we "k 9 ! _w is our own4 ,all we see ar\nd u1 includ+ our own body1 is divisible1 subject to alt]ation & *ange4 ,only ! ego1 or s\l1 is consci\s ( a p]fect unity 9 a p]petual id5tity4 ,unless we c attribute to ! s\rce ( all be+ a simil> p]sonal unity1 !re c be no coh]5ce to sci5ce1 b x mu/ =ev] rema9 fragm5t>y & divid$4 ,?is is :at we mean by ass]t+ ! p]sonality ( ,deity4 ,?is idea rea*es :at ,"l ,bacon calls ! v]tical po9t ( natural philosophy or ! summ>y law ( ,nature1 & con/itutes1 z he decl>es1 ! union ( all ?+s 9 a p]petual & uni=m law4 ,& unless we c recognize 9 ! ultimate f\nta9 ( be+ an intellig5t purpose1 ! mean+ ( ! univ]se dep>ts4 ,)\t intellig5ce 9 ! cause !re is none 9 ! effect4 ,!n ! _w has no mean+1 life no aim4 ,! univ]se comes out ( d>kness1 & is plung+ into d>kness aga94 ,take away f ! doma9 ( k ! idea ( a creat+ & presid+ intellig5ce1 & !re rema9s no motive = sci5ce itself4 ,pr(essor ,tyndall is sagaci\s en\gh to see & c&id en\gh to admit t )\t moral =ce to :ip x into action ! a*ievem5ts ( ! intellect w\ld be poor inde$1 & t sci5ce itself n unfrequ5tly d]ives motive p[] f ultra-sci5tific s\rces4 ,fai? 9 ,god1 z an intellig5t creator & rul] ( ! _w1 has awak5$ en?usiasm = sci5tific inve/igation among bo? ! ,aryan & ! ,semitic races4 ,! pure/ & highe/ =m ( mono!ism is t ( ,*ri/ianity2 & 9 ,*ri/5dom has sci5ce made its l>ge/ progress4 ,n by m>tyrs = sci5ce1 b by m>tyrs = religion1 has ! human m9d be5 emancipat$4 ,mr4 ,tyndall says ( sci5tific fre$om1 ,we f\ght & won our battle ev5 9 ! middle ages4 ,b ! h]oes ( intellectual lib]ty h be5 ! h]oes ( fai?4 ,hundr$s ( ?\s&s h di$ = a religi\s cre$2 b h[ _m h di$ = a sci5tific !ory8 ,lu!r w5t to ,worms1 & ma9ta9$ 8 op9ions !re 9 defiance ( ! ana!mas ( ! *ur* & ! ban ( ! empire1 b ,galileo d5i$ 8 mo/ *]i%$ convictions on 8 knees4 ,galileo 0 z noble a "* z ,lu!r2 b sci5ce does n create ! texture ( s\l :i* makes s _m m>tyrs 9 all ! religi\s sects ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,let ! doctr9e ( cosmical =ce supplant our fai? 9 ! ,almighty1 & 9 a few hundr$ ye>s sci5ce w\ld probably fade out ( ! _w f pure inanition4 ,! _w w\ld probably n c>e en\gh = any?+ to c>e = sci5ce4 ,! light ( et]nity mu/ fall on ?is our human & e>?ly life1 to ar\se ! s\l to a liv+ & p]man5t int]e/ ev5 9 ?+s se5 & temporal4 ,pr(essor ,tyndall says3 ,:e!r ! views ( ,lucretius1 ,d>w91 & ,sp5c] are "r or wrong1 we claim ! fre$om to discuss !m4 ,! gr\nd :i* !y cov] is sci5tific gr\nd4 ,x is n only a "r1 b a duty to exam9e ^! !ories1 s9ce !y are held s]i\sly & urg$ e>ne/ly by able m54 ,b we mu/ d\bt :e!r !y ought to claim ! au?ority ( sci5ce4 ,!y are propos$ by sci5tific m51 & !y ref] to sci5tific subjects4 ,b ^! !ories1 9 _! pres5t developm5t1 belong to metaphysics r ?an to sci5ce4 ,sci5ce consi/s1 fir/1 ( obs]vation ( facts2 secondly1 ( laws inf]r$ f ^? facts2 & ?irdly1 ( a v]ification ( ^? laws by new obs]vation & exp]im5t4 ,t :i* _c be v]ifi$ is no "p ( sci5ce2 a/ronomy is a sci5ce1 s9ce e eclipse & occultation v]ifies its laws2 geology is a sci5ce1 s9ce e new obs]vation ( ! /rata & _! cont5ts accords ) ! e/abli%$ "p ( ! sy/em2 *emi/ry is a sci5ce = ! same reason4 ,b ,d>w9's !ory ( ! trans=mation ( species by natural selection is z yet unv]ifi$4 ,!re is no evid5ce ( a direct desc5t ( e>li] f lat] species 9 ! geological succession ( animals4 ,s says ,agassiz1 & on ?is po9t 8 te/imony c h>dly be impea*$4 ,pr(essor ,w4 ,?ompson1 ano!r good geological au?ority1 says3 ,9 successive geological =mations1 al?\gh new species are con/antly appe>+1 & !re is abundant evid5ce ( progressive *ange1 no s+le case has yet be5 obs]v$ ( "o species pass+ ?r\gh a s]ies ( inappreciable modifications into ano!r4 ,nei!r has any su* *ange tak5 place )9 hi/oric times1 = ! animals & plants f\nd 9 ! tombs ( ,egypt are id5tical1 9 all respects1 says ,m4 ,quatrefages1 ) ^? n[ exi/+4 ,he adds ! op9ion1 aft] a v c>eful & c&id exam9ation ( ! hypo!sis ( ,d>w91 t ! !ory & ! facts d n agree4 ,n be+ v]ifi$1 !n1 ?is !ory is n yet sci5ce1 b an unv]ifi$ m5tal hypo!sis1 t is1 metaphysics4 ,x is important t ?is %\ld be di/9ctly said1 = :5 m5 em95t 9 sci5ce prop\nd new !ories1 ^! !ories !mselves are apt to be reg>d$ z sci5ce1 & ^? :o oppose !m are accus$ ( be+ oppos$ to sci5ce4 ,?is is ! t5d5cy :i* ,pr(essor ,tyndall has s ju/ly describ$ 9 ?is v address3 ,:5 ! human m9d has a*iev$ greatness & giv5 evid5ce ( p[] 9 any doma91 !re is a t5d5cy to cr$it x ) simil> p[] 9 any o!r doma94 ,because ,tyndall is great 9 exp]im5tal sci5ce1 _m are apt to accept 8 cosmological conclusions4 ,because he is a great obs]v] 9 natural hi/ory1 8 metaphysical !ories are suppos$ to be support$ by obs]vation1 & to re/ on exp]i5ce4 ,pr(essor ,tyndall's own address t]m9ates1 n 9 sci5ce1 b nesci5ce4 ,x treats ( a realm ( atoms & molecules ^: exi/5ce sci5ce has nev] demon/rat$1 & attributes to !m pot5cies :i* sci5ce has nev] v]ifi$4 ,x is a sy/em1 n made necess>y by ! /r+5t con/ra9t ( facts1 b av[$ly con/ruct$ 9 ord] to avoid ! belief 9 an intellig5t ,creator1 & a univ]se m>k$ by ! pres5ce ( design4 ,8 !ory1 he admits1 no less ?an t ( ,d>w91 0 n con/ruct$ 9 ! pure int]e/s ( tru? = its own sake4 ,!re 0 ano!r purpose 9 bo?1--to get rid ( a !ology ( f9al causes1 ( a !ology :i* conceives ( ,god z a human artific]4 ,he wi%$ to exclude religion f ! field ( cosmogony1 & =bid x to intrude on ! region ( k4 ,!ologians h (t5 be5 reproa*$ = /udy+ ) a purpose1 b x seems t ?is is a frailty belong+ n to !ologians only1 b to all human be+s :o c>e a good deal = :at !y believe4 ,pr(essor ,tyndall accepts religi\s fai? z an important elem5t ( human nature1 b consid]s x z conf9$ to ! s5tim5ts1 & z n bas$ 9 k4 ,he d\btless comes to ?is conclusion f foll[+ too implicitly ! traditions ( mod]n ,engli% psy*ology4 ,^! assume t k comes only f )\t1 ?r\gh ! s5ses1 & nev] f )91 ?r\gh intuition4 ,?is prepossession1 s+ul>ly ,engli% & insul>1 is ?us /at$ by ,john ,/u>t ,mill 9 8 article on ,col]idge4 ,s5sation1 & ! m9d's consci\sness ( its own acts1 are n only ! exclusive s\rces1 b ! sole mat]ials ( our k4 ,!re is no k a priori2 no tru?s cognizable by ! m9d's inw>d light1 & gr\nd$ on intuitive evid5ce4 ,^! views h be5 develop$ 9 ,engl& by ! two ,mills1 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ,ba91 & o!rs1 :o h made great ef=ts to %[ h[ s5sations may be trans=m$ into ?\ghts2 h[ association ( ideas may h develop$ in/9cts2 h[ h]$it>y impressions1 repeat$ = a million ye>s1 may at la/ h tak5 on ! aspect ( necess>y tru?s4 ,9 %ort1 !y h laid out great labor & +5uity 9 prov+ t a s5sation may1 v gradually1 be trans=m$ into a ?\ght4 ,b all ?is labor is probably a wa/e ( "t & ( intellectual p[]4 ,! attempt at turn+ s5sation into ?\ght only results 9 turn+ ?\ght into s5sation4 ,x is an error t we only "k :at we p]ceive ?r\gh ! s5ses1 or trans=m by ! action ( ! m9d4 ,x is n true t we only "k t ( :i* we c =m a s5sible image4 ,we "k ! exi/5ce ( ! s\l z c]ta9ly z t ( ! body4 ,we "k ! inf9ite & ! et]nal z well z we "k ! f9ite & temporal4 ,we "k sub/ance1 cause1 immortal beauty1 absolute tru?1 z surely z ! flitt+ ph5om5a :i* pass )9 ! sph]e ( s5sational exp]i5ce4 ,^! convictions belong1 n to ! sph]e ( s5tim5t & emotion1 b to t ( k4 ,x is because !y %[ u realities & n imag9ations1 t !y n]ve ! s\l to su* va/ ef=ts 9 ! sph]e ( morals1 lit]ature1 & religion4 ,! argum5ts aga9/ ! indep5d5t exi/5ce ( ! s\l :i* ,tyndall puts into ! m\? ( 8 ,lucretian disciple are n difficult to answ]4 ,y c =m no picture ( ! s\l1 he says4 ,no2 & nei!r c we =m a m5tal picture ( love or hate1 ( "r & wrong1 or ev5 ( bodily pa9 & pleasure4 ,if localiz$ 9 ! body1 ! s\l mu/ h =m4 ,mu/ a pa91 localiz$ 9 ! f+]1 h =m8 ,:5 a leg is amputat$1 9 :i* "p does ! s\l reside8 ,we answ]1 t ! s\l resides 9 ! body1 ) r$uc$ p[]4 ,its in/rum5t is less p]fect ?an be=e--l a telescope :i* has lo/ a l5s4 ,if consci\sness is an ess5tial attribute ( ! s\l1 :]e is ! s\l :5 consci\sness ceases by ! depression ( ! bra98 ,is !re any difficulty1 we reply1 9 suppos+ t ! s\l may pass sometimes into a /ate ( torpor1 :5 its in/rum5t is injur$8 ,a s\l may sleep1 & s be unconsci\s1 )\t be+ dead4 ,! diseas$ bra9 may produce immorality3 c ! reason control x8 ,if n1 :at is ! use ( ! reason8 ,to ?is we answ] t ! s\l may lose its p[] ) a diseas$ body2 b :5 furni%$ ) ano!r & bett] body1 x w rega9 x4 ,if y reg>d ! body only z an in/rum5t1 y w neglect to take c>e ( x4 ,does ! a/ronom] neglect to take c>e ( 8 telescope8 ,^! answ]s to ! ,lucretian may be f> f complete2 b !y are at lea/ z good z ! objections4 ,! s\l1 no d\bt1 dep5ds on ! body1 & _c d its "w well :5 ! body is out ( ord]2 b does t prove x to be ! result ( ! body8 ,if s1 ! same argum5t w\ld prove ! c>p5t] to be ! result ( 8 box ( tools1 & ! organi/ to be ! result ( 8 organ4 ,! organi/ draws sweet music f 8 in/rum5t4 ,b z 8 organ gr[s old1 or is injur$ by ! wea!r1 or ! pipes crack1 & ! p$als get out ( ord]1 ! music becomes m & m imp]fect4 ,at la/ ! in/rum5t is :olly ru9$1 & ! music :olly ceases4 ,is1 !n1 ! organi/ dead1 or 0 he only ! result ( ! organ8 ,)\t phosphorus1 no ?\ght1 say ! mat]iali/s4 ,true4 ,s1 )\t ! organ1 no music4 ,j z 9 addition to ! musical in/rum5t we ne$ a p]=m]1 s 9 addition to ! bra9 we ne$ a s\l4 ,!re are two worlds ( k1--! outw>d _w1 :i* is p]ceiv$ ?r\gh ! s5ses1 & :i* belongs to physical sci5ce1 & ! inw>d _w1 p]ceiv$ by ! nobl] reason1 & f :i* a cele/ial light /reams 91 irradiat+ ! m9d ?r\gh all its p[]s4 ,religion & sci5ce are n oppos$1 ?\gh diff]5t2 _! sph]es are diff]5t1 ?\gh n to be divid$4 ,ea* is supreme 9 its own region1 b ea* ne$s ! help ( ! o!r 9 ord] to d its own "w well4 ,pr(essor ,tyndall claims fre$om ( discussion & inquiry = himself & 8 sci5tific bre?r51 & says he w oppose to ! dea? any limitation ( ?is lib]ty4 ,he ne$ n be anxi\s on ?is po9t4 ,religi\s fai? has already f\ght ?is battle1 & won = sci5ce z well z = itself p]fect lib]ty ( ?\ght4 ,! ,prote/ant *ur*es may say1 ,) a great sum obta9$ we ?is fre$om4 ,by ! lives ( its confessors & ! blood ( its m>tyrs has x secur$ = all m5 to-day equal rights ( ?\ght & spee*4 ,:at nei!r ,cop]nicus1 ,kepl]1 nor ,galileo c\ld d 0 accompli%$ by ! c\rage ( ,m>t9 ,lu!r1 ,john ,calv91 ,john ,knox1 & ,oliv] ,cromwell4 ,& n[ ! fre$om !y obta9$ by su* sacrifices we inh]it & enjoy3 ,we are free-born4 ,we may be ?ankful t 9 mo/ c\ntries to-day no repression nor dictation prev5ts any man f express+ 8 inmo/ ?\ght4 ,we are glad t ! mo/ rabid unbelief & extreme d5ial c be spok5 calmly 9 ! op5 day4 ,?is is "o great discov]y ( mod]n times1 t errors lose half _! influ5ce :5 op5ly utt]$4 ,we owe ?is discov]y to ! ,re=mation4 ,! re=m]s made possible a tol]ation mu* l>g] ?an _! own2 unwitt+ly1 :ile seek+ fre$om = _! own ?\ghts1 !y won ! same fre$om = o!rs1 :o w5t f>!r ?an !y4 ,!y build$ bett] ?an !y knew4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pr(essor ,tyndall's address is tranquil yet e>ne/1 mode/1 & manly4 ,b its be/ result is1 t x %[s u ! impot5ce ( ! me?od ( s5sation to expla9 ! my/]y ( ! univ]se4 ,x has %[n u cle>ly ! limitations ( ! und]/&+ judg+ by s5se--%[n t x sees our _w cle>ly1 b is bl9d to ! o!r4 ,x c tell e blade ( grass1 & "n e m9]al2 b x /&s helpless & hopeless be=e ! problem ( be+4 ,sci5ce & religion may ea* say ) ! apo/le1 ,we "k 9 "p & prophesy 9 "p4 ,toge!r & unit$1 !y may "o day see & "k ! :ole4 ,,law ,,& ,,design ,,9 ,,nature#bb ,9 ! pap] :i* op5s ?is discussion on ,law & ,design 9 ,nature1 ,pr(essor ,newcomb ann\nces 9 a s+le s5t5ce a proposition1 ! tru? or falsehood ( :i*1 he tells u1 is ! sole "q pres5t$ = discussion 9 ! pres5t s]ies ( pap]s4 ,b1 z soon z we exam9e ?is proposition1 we f9d t x conta9s n "o sole "q1 b ?ree4 ,! ?ree are indep5d5t ( ea* o!r1 & d n necess>ily /& or fall toge!r4 ,!y are ^!3-- #a4 ,! :ole c\rse ( ,nature1 consid]$ z a succession ( ph5om5a1 is condition$ solely by antec$5t causes4 #b4 ,9 ! action ( ^! causes1 no reg>d to consequ5ces is traceable4 #c4 ,& no reg>d to consequ5ces is necess>y to =esee ! ph5om5a4 ,( ^! ?ree propositions ,i admit ! tru? ( ! fir/2 d5y ! tru? ( ! second2 &1 = want ( space1 & because ( its relative unimportance1 leave ! ?ird unexam9$4 ,! fir/ proposition is s evid5tly true1 & s univ]sally admitt$1 t x 0 h>dly wor? posit+ = discussion4 ,x is m]ely affirm+ t e natural ph5om5on implies a cause4 ,! ^w antec$5t is ambigu\s1 b1 if x int5ds logical & n *ronological antec$5ce1 x is unobjectionable4 ,s und]/ood1 we are m]ely ask$ if we c accept ! law ( univ]sal causation2 :i* ,i suppose we %all all readily d1 s9ce ?is law is ! basis ( !ology no less ?an ( sci5ce4 ,)\t x1 we c\ld n prove ! exi/5ce ( ! fir/ cause4 ,pr(essor ,newcomb has divid$ u into two conflict+ s*ools1 "o ( !ology & ! o!r ( sci5ce4 ,tak+ my place 9 ! s*ool ( !ology1 ,i ?9k ,i may safely ass]t = my bre?r5 t on ?is po9t !re is no conflict1 b t we all admit ! tru? ( ! law ( univ]sal causation4 ,x w be notic$ t ,pr(essor ,newcomb has c>efully word$ 8 /atem5t1 s z n to conf9e u to physical causes1 nor ev5 to exclude sup]natural causes f )\t1 work+ into ! nexus ( natural laws4 ,he does n say antec$5t physical causes1 nor does he say causes :i* h exi/$ f ! beg9n+4 ,admitt+ ?us ! tru? ( ! fir/ proposition1 ,i mu/ resolutely d5y t ( ! second2 s9ce1 by accept+ x1 ,i %\ld surr5d] ! v cause ,i wi% to def5d1 namely1 t we c p]ceive design 9 ,nature4 ,f9al causes are ^? :i* reg>d consequ5ces4 ,! pr9ciple ( f9ality is def9$ by ,m4 ,janet 79 8 rec5t exhau/ive "w1 ,les ,causes f9ales7 z ! pres5t det]m9$ by ! future4 ,"o example ( ! way 9 :i* we c trace 9 ,nature a reg>d to consequ5ces is s excell5tly /at$ by ?is em95t philosoph] t we w introduce x "h3 ,consid] :at is impli$ 9 ! egg ( a bird4 ,9 ! my/]y & night ( incubation !re comes1 by ! comb9ation ( an incr$ible numb] ( causes1 a liv+ ma*9e )9 ! egg4 ,x is absolutely sep>at$ f ! ext]nal _w1 b e "p is relat$ to "s future use4 ,! outw>d physical _w :i* ! creature is to inhabit is :olly divid$ by imp5etrable veils f ?is int]nal laboratory2 b a pre/abli%$ h>mony exi/s betwe5 !m4 ,)\t1 !re is light2 )91 an optical ma*9e adapt$ to x4 ,)\t1 !re is s\nd2 )91 an ac\/ic app>atus4 ,)\t1 are vegetables & animals2 )91 organs = _! reception & assimilation4 ,)\t1 is air2 )91 lungs ) :i* to brea! x4 ,)\t1 is oxyg52 )91 blood to be oxyg5iz$4 ,)\t1 is e>?2 )91 feet are be+ made to walk on x4 ,)\t1 is ! atmosph]e2 )91 are w+s ) :i* to fly ?r\gh x4 ,n[ imag9e a bl9d & idiotic workman1 alone 9 a cell>1 :o simply by mov+ 8 limbs to & fro %\ld be f\nd to h =g$ a key capable ( op5+ ! mo/ complex lock4 ,if we exclude design1 ?is is :at ,nature is suppos$ to be do+4 ,t design exi/s 9 ,nature1 & t e>?ly ph5om5a actually dep5d on f9al causes z well z on effici5t causes1 appe>s f ! indu/ry ( man4 ,man is c]ta9ly a "p ( ,nature1 & ^? :o accept evolution mu/ reg>d him z ! highe/ developm5t result+ f natural processes4 ,n[1 all ov] ! e>?1 f morn+ till ev5+1 m5 are act+ = ends4 ,reg>d to consequ5ces is traceable 9 all _! conduct4 ,!y are mov$ by hope & expectation4 ,!y devise plans1 & act = a purpose4 ,f ! savage hamm]+ 8 fl9t arr[heads1 up to a ,%akespe>e compos+ ,hamlet1 a ,columbus seek+ a new way to ,asia1 or a ,paul conv]t+ ,europe to a ,syrian religion1 human indu/ry is a con/ant pro( t a l>ge "p ( ! c\rse ( ,nature on ?is e>? is ! result ( design4 ,&1 z man develops into high] /ages1 ?is pr9ciple ( design rises also f ! simple to ! complex1 tak+ ev] l>g] =ms4 ,a %ip1 = in/ance1 %[s ?r\gh\t ! adaptation ( means to ends1 by :i* complex adaptations produce a unity ( result4 ,& t !re is no conflict betwe5 ! action ( physical causes & f9al causes is demon/rat$ by ! works ( man1 s9ce !y all result f ! h>moni\s action ( bo?4 ,9 /udy+ human works we ask two que/ions1--,h[8 & ,:y8 ,we ask1 ,:at is x =8 & ,h[ is x done8 ,! two l9es ( inquiry run p>allel1 & )\t conflict4 ,s1 9 /udy+ ! works ( ,nature1 to seek = design does n ob/ruct ! inve/igation ( causes1 & may (t5 aid x4 ,?us ,h>vey is said to h be5 l$ to ! discov]y ( ! circulation ( ! blood by seek+ = ! use ( ! valves ( ! ve9s & he>t4 ,! human m9d is s con/itut$ t1 :5ev] x sees an ev5t1 x is oblig$ to inf] a cause4 ,s1 :5ev] x sees adaptation1 x inf]s design4 ,x is n necess>y to "k ! end propos$1 or :o 7 ! ag5ts4 ,adaptation itself1 imply+ ! use ( means1 leads u irresi/ibly to inf] int5tion4 ,we d n "k :o built ,/oneh5ge1 or "s ( ! pyramids1 or :at !y 7 built =2 b no "o d\bts t !y 7 ! result ( design4 ,?is inf]5ce is /r5g!n$ if we see comb9ation t[>d an end1 & prep>ation made be=eh& = a result :i* comes aft]w>d4 ,f prep>ation1 comb9ation1 & adaptation1 we are l$ to believe 9 ! pres5ce ( human design ev5 :]e we did n be=e "k ( ! pres5ce ( human be+s4 ,a few rudely %ap$ /ones1 f\nd 9 a /ratum belong+ to ! ,quat]n>y p]iod1 9 :i* man _h be=e n be5 believ$ to exi/1 *ang$ t op9ion4 ,^? *ipp$ fl9ts %[$ adaptation2 f adaptation design 0 inf]r$2 & design impli$ ! pres5ce ( man4 ,n[1 we f9d 9 ,nature1 especially 9 ! organization & in/9cts ( animals1 myriads ( simil> in/ances ( prep>ation1 comb9ation1 & adaptation4 ,two explanations only ( ?is occurr$ to antiquity1--design & *ance4 ,socrates1 ,plato1 & o!rs1 7 l$ by su* facts to inf] ! creation ( ! _w by an intellig5t au?or--ille opifex r]um4 ,democritus1 ,epicurus1 & ,lucretius1 ascrib$ x to ! =tuit\s conc\rse ( atoms4 ,b mod]n sci5ce has expell$ *ance f ! univ]se1 & sub/itut$ law4 ,laplace1 obs]v+ =ty-?ree in/ances 9 ! sol> sy/em ( planets & _! satellites revolv+ on _! axes or mov+ 9 _! orbits1 f we/ to ea/1 decl>$ t ?is c\ld n be a m]e co9cid5ce4 ,*ance1 !re=e1 be+ set aside1 ! "q takes ano!r =m3 ,did ! cosmos t we see come by design or by law8 ,b does ?is really *ange ! "q8 ,grant+1 = example1 ! tru? ( ! !ory ( ! developm5t ( all =ms ( life1 "u ! op]ation ( law1 f a primal cell1 we mu/ !n ask1 ,did ^! laws come by *ance or by design8 ,x is n possible to evade t issue4 ,if ! univ]se result$ f non-intellig5t =ces1 ^? =ces !mselves mu/ h exi/$ z ! result ( *ance or ( intellig5ce4 ,if y put out ! eyes1 y leave bl9dness2 if y /rike intellig5ce out ( ! creative my/]y1 y leave bl9d =ces1 ! result ( accid5t4 ,:atev] is n f intellig5ce is f accid5t4 ,to sub/itute law = *ance is m]ely remov+ ! difficulty a little fur!r back2 x does n solve x4 ,to elim9ate int]v5tions f ! univ]se is n to remove design4 ,! mo/ pr(\nd !i/s h d5i$ su* int]ruptions ( ! c\rse ( ,nature4 ,leibnitz is an illu/ri\s example ( ?is4 ,janet decl>es him to h be5 ! true au?or ( ! !ory ( evolution1 by 8 ,law ( ,cont9uity1 ( ,ins5sible ,p]ceptions1 & ( ,inf9itely ,small ,increm5ts4 ,yet he also fully believ$ 9 f9al causes4 ,desc>tes1 :o object$ to "s teleological /atem5ts1 believ$ t ! ,creator impos$ laws on *aos by :i* ! _w em]g$ into a cosmos4 ,we "k t exi/+ animals are evolv$ by a cont9u\s process f eggs1 & exi/+ vegetables by a l process f se$s4 ,no "o ev] suppos$ t !re 0 less ( design on ?is acc\nt 9 _! creation4 ,s1 if all exi/+ ?+s came at fir/ by a l process f a s+le g]m1 x w\ld n argue less1 b f> m1 ( design 9 ! univ]se4 ,! !ory ( natural selection does n enable u to disp5se ) f9al causes4 ,?is !ory requires ! exi/5ce ( =ces work+ accord+ to ! law ( h]$ity & ! law ( v>iation1 toge!r ) a suitable environm5t4 ,b :5ce came ?is arrangem5t1 by :i* a law ( h]$ity 0 comb9$ ) a law ( v>iation1 & bo? made to act 9 a suitable environm5t8 ,"h we f9d aga9 ! ?ree m>ks ( a design+ intellig5ce3 prep>ation1 comb9ation1 adaptation4 ,t intellig5ce :i* comb9es & adapts means to ends is m]ely rem&$ to ! initial /ep ( ! process1 in/ead ( be+ all[$ to act cont9u\sly along ! :ole l9e ( evolution4 ,ev5 ?\gh y c expla9 by ! action ( me*anical =ces ! :ole developm5t ( ! sol> sy/em & its cont5ts f a nebula1 y h only accumulat$ all ! action ( a creative intellig5ce 9 ! nebula itself4 ,because ,i c expla9 ! me*anical process by :i* a wat* keeps "t1 ,i h n exclud$ ! necessity ( a wat*mak]4 ,because1 walk+ ?r\gh my neighbor's gr\nds1 ,i come ^u a wat]-ram pump+ up wat] by a purely me*anical process1 ,i d n argue t ?is me*anism makes ! assumption ( an inv5tor sup]flu\s4 ,9 human indu/ry we p]ceive a p[] capable ( us+ ! bl9d =ces ( ,nature = an intellig5t end2 :i* prep>es be=eh& = ! int5d$ result2 :i* comb9es v>i\s conditions suit$ to produce x1 & s creates ord]1 sy/em1 use4 ,b we obs]ve 9 ,nature exactly simil> examples ( ord]1 me?od1 & sy/em1 result+ f a va/ numb] ( comb9ations1 correlations1 & adaptations ( natural =ces4 ,man himself is su* a result4 ,he is an animal capable ( activity1 happ9ess1 progress4 ,b innum]able causes are comb9$ & h>moniz$ 9 8 physical frame1 ea* necess>y to ?is end4 ,z ! human intellig5ce is ! only p[] we "k capable ( accompli%+ su* results1 analogy leads u to assume t a simil> intellig5ce presides ov] ! l comb9ations ( means to ends 9 ,nature4 ,if any "o que/ions ! value ( ?is argum5t f analogy1 let him rememb] h[ entirely we rely ^u x 9 all ! bus9ess ( life4 ,we "k only ! motives :i* gov]n our own actions2 b we inf] by analogy t o!rs act f simil> motives4 ,kn[+ t we ourselves comb9e means design$ to effect ends1 :5 we see o!rs adapt+ means to ends1 we assume t !y act also ) design4 ,h5ce we h a "r to ext5d ! argum5t fur!r & high]4 ,! result ( :at ,i h said is ?is3 ,! ph5om5a ( ! univ]se _c be satisfactorily expla9$ except by ! /udy bo? ( effici5t causes & ( f9al causes4 ,r\t9e sci5ti/s1 conf9+ !mselves to ! "o1 & r\t9e !ologians1 conf9+ !mselves to ! o!r1 may suppose !m to be 9 conflict4 ,b m5 ( l>g] insight1 l ,leibnitz1 ,newton1 ,desc>tes1 & ,bacon1 easily see ! h>mony betwe5 !m4 ,l ,hegel !y say3 ,nature is no less artful ?an p[]ful2 x atta9s its end :ile x all[s all ?+s to act accord+ to _! con/itution2 or !y decl>e ) ,bacon t ! highe/ l9k ( ,nature's *a9 is fa/5$ to ! foot ( ,jupit]'s *air4 ,b ! belief 9 f9al causes does n imply belief 9 sup]natural int]v5tion1 nor ( any di/urbance 9 ! cont9uity ( natural processes4 ,x means t ,nature is p]vad$ by an intellig5t pres5ce2 t m9d is above & ar\nd matt]2 t me*anical laws are !mselves a manife/ation ( "s provid+ wisdom1 & t :5 we say ,nature we also say ,god4#bc ,,hi/orical ,,& ,,biographical ,,! ,,two ,,c>lyles1 ,,or ,,c>lyle ,,pa/ ,,& ,,pres5t#bd ,9 ,?omas ,c>lyle's e>li] days1 :5 he foll[$ a bett] inspiration ?an 8 pres5t1--:5 8 writ+s 7 /eep$1 n 9 cynicism1 b 9 ! pure human love ( 8 fell[ be+s1--9 ! days :5 he did n wor%ip ,=ce1 b ,tru? & ,goodness1--9 ^? days1 x 0 ! fa%ion ( critics to pass ! mo/ sweep+ c5sures on 8 writ+s z affect$1 un9telligible1 extravagant4 ,b he work$ 8 way on1 9 spite ( t sup]ficial criticism1--he won = himself an audi5ce2 he ga9$ r5[n2 he became au!ntic4 ,n[1 ! same class ( critics admire & praise :atev] he writes4 ,= ! rule ) mo/ critics is t ( ! bully 9 s*ool & college1--to tyrannize ov] ! new boys1 to abuse ! /rang]s1 b to treat ) respect :oev] has bravely f\ght 8 way into a recogniz$ position4 ,c>lyle has f\ght 8 way into ! position ( a great lit]>y *ief1--s n[ he may be ev] s c>eless1 ev] s willful1 & he w be spok5 ( 9 high t]ms by all mon?lies & qu>t]lies4 ,:5 he des]v$ admiration1 he 0 treat$ ) cool contempt2 n[ t he des]ves ! %>pe/ criticism1 n only = 8 false moral position1 b = 8 gross lit]>y s9s1 ! critics treat him ) def]5ce & respect4 ,b let u say be=eh& t we c nev] write ( ,?omas ,c>lyle ) bitt]ness4 ,we h receiv$ too mu* good f him 9 pa/ days4 ,he is our ,lo/ ,lead]1 b we h lov$ & honor$ him z few m5 7 ev] lov$ & honor$4 ,x is !re=e ) t5d]ness1 & n any cold1 indiff]5t criticism1 t we f9d fault ) him n[4 ,we %all always be grateful to ! real ,c>lyle1 ! old ,c>lyle ( ,s>tor ,res>tus1 ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 ( ! ,life ( ,s*ill]1 ( ,h]oes & ,h]o-,wor%ip1 & ( t long & noble s]ies ( articles 9 ! ,ed9burgh1 ,=eign ,review1 ,we/m9/]1 & ,fraz]1 ea* ( :i* illum9at$ "s !me1 & ?rew ! glory ( g5ius ov] :atev] 8 m9d t\*$ or 8 p5cil drew4 99 99 99 99 99 ,c>lyle's ,fr$]ick ! ,great#be seems to u a badly writt5 book4 ,let u consid] ! volume conta9+ ! fifte5?1 sixte5?1 & sev5te5? *apt]s4 ,no?+ 9 ^! *apt]s is br\ght out cle>ly4 ,:5 we h f9i%$ ! book1 ! m9d is fill$ ) a confusion ( vague images4 ,we "k t ,mr4 ,c>lyle is n b\nd to provide u ) bra9s z well z ) a hi/ory1 b nei!r 0 he s b\nd 9 o!r days4 ,yet no su* confusion 0 left aft] read+ ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,h[ brilliantly di/9ct 0 e lead+ ev5t1 e influ5tial p]son1 e pa!tic or poetic episode1 9 t *>m$ n>rative6 ,:o c =get ,c>lyle's acc\nt ( ! ,m5ads1 ! ,k+'s ,flight to ,v>5nes1 ! ,con/itutions t w\ld n m>*1 ! ,septemb] ,massacres1 ,*>lotte ,corday1--e *ief tragic movem5t1 e grotesque episode1 mov+ =w>d1 di/9ct & cle>1 to ! f9al issue1 a :iff ( grape%ot8 ,is !re any?+ l t 9 ?is confus$ ,fr$]ick8 ,comp>e1 = example1 ! *apt]s on ,voltaire 9 ! pres5t volume ) ! article on ,voltaire publi%$ 9 #ahbi4 ,! sixte5? book is devot$ to ! t5 ye>s ( peace :i* foll[$ ! second ,silesian w>4 ,^! 7 f #agdf to #agef4 ,! book conta9s fifte5 *apt]s4 ,c>lyle beg9s1 9 *apt] i41 by lam5t+ t !re is v little to be kn[n or said ab\t ^! t5 ye>s4 ,no?+ visible 9 !m ( ma9 significance b a cra% ( au?ors' qu>rels1 & ! cr[n+ visit ( ,voltaire4 ,yet "o w\ld ?9k t matt] en\gh might be f\nd 9 describ+ ! imm5se activity ( ,fri$ri*1 ( :i* ,macaulay says1 ,8 ex]tions 7 su* z 7 h>dly to be expect$ f a human body or a human m9d4 ,dur+ ^! ye>s ,fr$]ick br\ght a sev5? "p ( 8 p into ! army1 & organiz$ & drill$ x "u 8 own p]sonal inspection1 till x became ! f9e/ 9 ,europe4 ,he compil$ a code ( laws1 9 :i* he1 among ! fir/1 aboli%$ torture4 ,he made con/ant j\rneys ?r\gh 8 dom9ions1 exam9+ ! condition ( manufactures1 arts1 comm]ce1 & agriculture4 ,he introduc$ ! /ricte/ economy into ! exp5ditures ( ! /ate4 ,he indulg$ himself1 inde$1 9 v>i\s ar*itectural extravagances at ,b]l9 & ,potsdam1--b o!rwise sav$ e flor9 = 8 army4 ,he wrote ,memoirs ( ! ,h\se ( ,br&5burg1 & an epic poem on ! ,art ( ,w>4 ,b our au?or disda9s to give u an acc\nt ( ^! ?+s4 ,!y are n picturesque1 !y c be told 9 only g5]al t]ms1 & ,c>lyle w tell u only :at an eyewitness c\ld see or a li/5] he>4 ,accord+ly1 in/ead ( giv+ u an acc\nt ( ^! great labors ( 8 h]o1 he ins]ts 7*apt] ii47 a peep at ,voltaire & 8 div9e ,emilie1 a visit to ,fr$]ick by ,m>%al ,saxe2 7*apt] iii47 a long acc\nt ( ,c&idate ,l9s5b>?'s visit to ! k+2 ,sir ,jonas ,hanway /alks across ! sc5e2 ! lawsuit ( ,voltaire ab\t ! ,jew ,hirs*2 a demon news-writ] gives an idea ( ,fri$ri*2 ! qu>rel ( ,voltaire & ,maup]tuis2 ,fri$ri* is visible 9 ,holl& to ! nak$ eye = "s m9utes4 ,?is is v unsatisfactory4 ,reports ( eyewitnesses are1 no d\bt1 picturesque & valuable2 b s only on condition ( be+ prop]ly arrang$1 & t5d+1 9 _! use1 t[>d "s positive result4 ,!n ! tone ( bant]1 ( irony1 almo/ ( p]siflage1 is disc\rag+4 ,if ! :ole /ory ( ,fri$ri* is s un9telligible1 un9t]e/+1 or incommunicable1 :y take ! tr\ble to write x8 ,! poco-curante air ) :i* he n>rates1 z ?\gh x 7 ( no great consequ5ce :e!r he told 8 /ory or n1 contra/s wond]fully ) 8 e>ly e>ne/ness4 ,c>lyle writes ?is hi/ory l a man ?or\ghly blas4 ,impossible = him to take any int]e/ 9 x himself1--h[1 !n1 does he expect to int]e/ u8 ,has he n himself told u1 9 8 =m] writ+s1 t ! man :o proposes to tea* o!rs any?+ mu/ be good en\gh to believe x fir/ himself8 ,"h is ! problem we h to solve4 ,h[ came ?is *ange f ! ,c>lyle ( ! ,pa/ to ! ,c>lyle ( ! ,pres5t1--f ,c>lyle ! univ]sal believ] to ,c>lyle ! univ]sal skeptic1--f him to :om ! _w 0 full ( wond] & beauty1 to him :o c see 9 x no?+ b ,=ce on ! "o side & ,%ams on ! o!r8 ,:at *ang$ t t5d]1 lov+1 brave s\l into ?is h>d cynic8 ,& h[ 0 x1 z ,fai? & ,love fad$ out ( him1 t ! life pass$ f 8 ?\ght1 ! glory f 8 p51 & ! page1 once alive ) fla%+ ideas1 turn$ into ?is confus$ heap ( rubbi%1 9 :i* silv] spoons1 old %oes1 gold sov]eigns1 & copp] p5nies are pit*$ out promiscu\sly1 = ! pati5t read] to sift & pick ov] z he c8 ,9 read+ ! ,c>lyle ( ?irty ye>s ago1 we 7 l ,cali=nia m9]s1--come ^u a ri* plac]1 nev] be=e op5$1 :]e we c\ld all become ri* 9 a day4 ,n[ ! read] ( ,c>lyle is a *iffoni]1 rak+ 9 a heap ( /reet du/ = :atev] preci\s matt]s may turn up4 ,to inve/igate ?is "q is our purpose n[1--& 9 do+ s we w consid]1 9 succession1 ^! two ,c>lyles4 ,i4 ,x 0 ab\t ! ye> #ahcj t read]s ( books 9 ?is vic9ity became aw>e ( a new p[] com+ up 9 ! lit]>y republic4 ,op9ions conc]n+ him v>i$ widely4 ,to "s he seem$ a ,jack ,cade1 lead] ( rebels1 foe to good ta/e & all s\nd op9ions4 ,especially did 8 admiration = ,goe! & = ,g]man lit]ature seem to _m prepo/]\s & extravagant4 ,x 0 said ( ^!1 t ! =ce ( folly c\ld no fur!r g1--t !y con/itut$ a burlesque too extravagant to be amus+4 ,! tone ( ,c>lyle 0 said to be ( unb\nd$ assumption2 8 language to be obscure & b>b>\s2 8 ideas compos$ ( extravagant p>adoxes1 famili> tru?s or famili> falsehoods2 wilde/ extravagance & m]e/ sill9ess4 ,b to o!rs1 & especially to ! y\ng] m51 ?is new writ] came1 op5+ up unkn[n worlds ( beauty & wond]4 ,a /range influ5ce1 unlike any o!r1 attract$ u to 8 writ+4 ,be=e we knew 8 "n1 we knew him4 ,we c\ld recognize an article by our new au?or z soon z we op5$ ! pages ( ! ,=eign ,review1 ,ed9burgh1 or ,we/m9/]1 & read a few p>agraphs4 ,b x 0 n ! /yle1 ?\gh m>k$ by a s+ul> fre$om & orig9ality--n ! tone ( k9dly humor1 ! good-natur$ irony1 ! happy illu/rations br\ght f af>1--n ! am\nt ( lit]>y k1 ! famili>ity ) ,g]man1 ,fr5*1 ,italian1 ,spani% lit]ature1--n any or all ( ^! :i* s bewit*$ u4 ,we knew a "y man :o us$ to walk f a neighbor+ t[n to ,bo/on e week1 9 ord] to read ov] aga9 two articles by ,c>lyle 9 two numb]s ( ! ,=eign ,review ly+ on a table 9 ! read+-room ( ! ,a!num4 ,?is 0 8 food1 9 ! /r5g? ( :i* he c\ld g a week1 till hung] drove him back to get ano!r meal at ! same table4 ,we knew o!r "y m5 & "y wom5 :o taught !mselves ,g]man 9 ord] to read = !mselves ! au?ors made s lum9\s by ?is writ]4 ,^? 7 c\nt$ =tunate :o possess$ ! works ( our au?or1 z yet unpubli%$ 9 ,am]ica1--8 ,life ( ,s*ill]1 8 ,g]man ,romance1 8 ,review articles4 ,:at1 !n1 0 ! *>m1--:5ce ! fasc9ation8 ,to expla9 ?is we mu/ describe a little ! /ate ( lit]ature & op9ion 9 ?is vic9ity at ! "t :5 ,c>lyle's writ+s fir/ made _! appe>ance4 ,unit>ianism & ,or?odoxy _h f\ght _! battle1 & 7 re/+ on _! arms4 ,ea* _h intr5*$ itself 9 c]ta9 positions1 ea* _h won to its side mo/ ( ^? :o legitimately belong$ to x4 ,controv]sy _h done all x c\ld1 & _h come to an end4 ,among ! ,unit>ians1 ! s-call$ practical prea*+ 0 9 vogue2 t is1 e?ical & moral essays1 po9t+ out ! goodness ( be+ good1 & ! excell5ce ( :at 0 call$ moral virtue4 ,!re 01 no d\bt1 a body ( orig9al ?9k]s & writ]s1--bett] ?9k]s & writ]s1 x may be1 ?an we h n[1--:o 7 prep>+ ! way = ano!r advance4 ,*ann+ _h already unfold$ 8 doctr9e ( man1 ( :i* ! c5tral idea is1 t human nature is n to be m\ld$ by religion1 b to be develop$ by x4 ,walk]1 ,gre5wood1 ,w>e1 & _! brave associates1 7 conduct+ ?is j\rnal ) unsurpass$ ability4 ,b some?+ m 0 ne$$4 ,! g5]al "* ( prea*+ 0 n ( a vitaliz+ sort4 ,x 0 mu* l :at ,c>lyle says ( prea*+ 9 ,engl& at ! same p]iod3 ,! mo/ en?usia/ic ,evangelicals d n prea* a ,gospel1 b keep describ+ h[ x %\ld & might be prea*$2 to awak5 ! sacr$ fire ( fai? is n _! endeavor2 b at mo/1 to describe h[ fai? %[s & acts1 & sci5tifically to di/+ui% true fai? f false4 ,x is n ! ,love ( ,god :i* is taught1 b ! love ( ! ,love ( ,god4 ,accord+ to ?is1 ,god 0 outside ( ! _w1 at a di/ance f 8 *ildr51 & oblig$ to communicate ) !m 9 ?is indirect way1 by break+ ?r\gh ! walls ( natural law ) an occasional miracle4 ,!re 0 no door by :i* he c\ld ent] into ! %eepfold to 8 %eep4 ,miracles 7 repres5t$1 ev5 by ,dr4 ,*ann+1 z abnormal1 z violations ( ! laws ( nature2 some?+1 !re=e1 unnatural & mon/r\s1 & n to be believ$ except on ! be/ evid5ce4 ,god c\ld n be suppos$ to break ?r\gh ! walls ( ?is h\se ( nature1 except 9 ord] to speak to 8 *ildr5 on "s great occasions4 ,t he _h done x1 9 ! case ( ,*ri/ianity1 c\ld be prov$ by ! elev5 volumes ( ,dr4 ,l>dn]1 :i* %[$ ! ,f\r ,gospels to h be5 writt5 by ! companions ( ,*ri/1 & n o!rwise4 ,! :ole ( ?is !ory re/$1 x w be obs]v$1 on a s5su\s sy/em ( m5tal philosophy4 ,all k comes ?r\gh ! s5ses1 0 its f\ndation4 ,revelation1 l e o!r =m ( k1 mu/ come ?r\gh ! s5ses4 ,a miracle1 :i* appeals to ! sight1 t\*1 he>+1 is ! only possible pro( ( a div9e act4 ,=1 9 ! la/ analysis1 all our !ology re/s on our philosophy4 ,!ology1 be+ belief1 mu/ proce$ accord+ to ^? laws ( belief1 :atev] !y are1 :i* we accept & hold4 ,! man :o ?9ks t all k comes ?r\gh ! s5ses mu/ receive 8 !ological k also t way1 & no o!r4 ,?is 0 ! g5]al op9ion ?irty or =ty ye>s ago2 h5ce ?is !ory ( ,*ri/ianity1 :i* supposes t ,god is oblig$ to break 8 own laws 9 ord] to communicate x4 ,b ! result ( ?is belief 0 h>mful4 ,x t5d$ to make our religion =mal1 our wor%ip a m]e c]emony2 x made real communication ) ,god impossible2 x turn$ pray] into a self-magnetiz+ op]ation2 x left u virtually )\t ,god & hope 9 ! _w4 ,?anks to ,him :o nev] leaves himself )\t a witness 9 ! human he>t1 ?is !ory 0 (t5 nullifi$ 9 practice by ! irrepressible in/9cts :i* x d5i$1 by ! spiritual intuitions :i* x ridicul$4 ,ev5 ,pr(essor ,norton1 its *ief *ampion1 _h a he>t /eep$ 9 ! sweete/ piety4 ,d5y+1 intellectually1 all intuitions ( ,god1 ,duty1 & ,immortality1 8 beautiful & t5d] hymns %[ ! highe/ spiritual insight4 ,/ill x _c be d5i$ t ?is !ory t5d$ to dry up ! f\nta9s ( religi\s fai? 9 ! human he>t1 & to leave u 9 a m]ely me*anical & unspiritualiz$ _w4 ,n[ ! fir/ voice :i* came to break ?is en*antm5t 01 to _m1 ! voice ( ,?omas ,c>lyle4 ,x ne$$ = ?is end1 x always ne$s1 a man :o c\ld come face to face ) ,tru?4 ,e great idol-break]1 e man :o has deliv]$ ! _w f ! yoke ( ,=ms1 has be5 "o :o 0 able to see ! sub/ance ( ?+s1 :o 0 gift$ ) ! insight ( realities4 ,=ms ( wor%ip1 =ms ( belief1 at fir/ ! *annels ( life1 ?r\gh :i* ! ,liv+ ,_s fl[$ into human he>ts1 at la/ became petrifi$1 incru/$1 *ok$4 ,a few drops ( ! vital curr5t /ill ooze sl[ly ?r\gh !m1 & our p>*$ lips1 suck+ ^! few drops1 cl+ all ! m closely to ! =m z x becomes less & less a vehicle ( life4 ,! poore/ ^w1 old & trite1 is preci\s :5 !re is no op5 vision4 ,we d well cont9ually to resort to ! half-dead =m1 till ! day dawn1 & ! day-/> arise 9 our he>ts4 ,b at la/ !re comes a man capable ( disp5s+ ) ! =m1--a man end[$ ) a high degree ( ! intuitive faculty1--a born se]1 a prophet1 see+ ! great realities ( ! univ]se ) op5 vision4 ,! "w ( su* a man is to break up ! old =mulas & introduce new light & life4 ,?is "w 0 done = ! ,or?odox ?irty ye>s ago by ! writ+s ( ,col]idge2 = ! ,unit>ians 9 ?is vic9ity1 by ! writ+s ( ,?omas ,c>lyle4 ,?is 0 ! secret ( ! en?usiasm felt = ,c>lyle1 9 ^? days1 by s _m ( ! y\ng] m5 & wom54 ,he taught u to look at realities in/ead ( names1 at sub/ance in/ead ( surface1--to see ,god 9 ! _w1 9 nature1 9 life1 9 provid5ce1 9 man1--to see div9e tru? & beauty & wond] ev]y:]e ar\nd4 ,he taught t ! only organ necess>y by :i* to see ! div9e 9 all ?+s 0 s9c]ity1 or inw>d tru?4 ,& s he enabl$ u to escape f ! =m into ! _s1 he help$ u to rise to t plane ( fre$om f :i* we c\ld see ! div9e 9 ! human1 ! inf9ite 9 ! f9ite1 ,god 9 man1 heav5 on e>?1 immortality beg9n+ "h1 et]nity p]vad+ "t4 ,?is made = u a new heav5 & a new e>?1 a new religion & a new life4 ,fai? 0 once m possible1 a fai? n b\ght by ! r5unciation ( mature reason or ! beauty & glory ( ! pres5t h\r4 ,b all ?is 0 taught u by our new prophet1 n by ! intellect m]ely1 b by ! _s 9 :i* he spoke4 ,he did n seem to be giv+ u a new cre$1 s mu* z inspir+ u ) a new life4 ,t :i* came f 8 exp]i5ce w5t into ours4 ,!re=e x might h be5 difficult1 9 ^? days1 = any ( 8 disciples to /ate :at x 0 t !y _h le>n$ f him4 ,!y _h n le>n$ 8 doctr9e1--!y _h absorb$ x4 ,h5ce1 v naturally1 came ! imitations ( ,c>lyle1 :i* s disgu/$ ! memb]s ( ! old s*ool4 ,h5ce ! absurd ,c>lyli% writ+1 ! feeble imitations by hone/1 b weak disciples ( ! great ma/]4 ,x 0 a pity1 b n unnatural1 & x soon pass$ by4 ,z ,c>lyle ?us did 8 "w1 n s mu* by direct tea*+ z by an influ5ce hidd5 9 all t he said1 x did n mu* matt] on :at subject he wrote1--! influ5ce 0 !re /ill4 ,b 8 articles on ,goe! 7 ! mo/ attractive1 because he ass]t$ t 9 ?is patri>* ( ,g]man lit]ature he _h f\nd "o :o saw 9 all ?+s _! real ess5ce1 "o ^: maje/ic & tra9$ intellig5ce c\ld int]pret to u 9 all p>ts ( nature & life ! inmo/ quality1 ! t]za ess5za1 z ! ,italian ,platoni/s call$ x1 :i* made ea* itself4 ,goe! 0 ann\nc$ z ! prophet ( ,realism4 ,he1 x %\ld seem1 _h p]fectly escap$ f words into ?+s4 ,he saw ! _w1 n ?r\gh dogmas1 traditions1 =mulas1 b z x 0 9 itself4 ,to him ! _w's un)]$ c\nt5ance ,0 fre% z on creation's day4 ,consid] ! imm5se *>m ( su* hopes z ^!6 ,no wond] t ! critics compla9$ t ! disciples ( ,c>lyle 7 ins5sible to ridicule4 ,:at did !y c>e = ! laught]1 :i* seem$ to !m1 9 _! en?usiasm1 l ! crackl+ ( ?orns "u ! pot4 ,ridicule1 9 fact1 nev] t\*es ! s9c]e en?usia/4 ,x is a good & useful weapon aga9/ affectation1 b x falls1 %iv]$ to pieces1 f ! magic brea/plate ( tru?4 ,no s9c]e p]son1 at "w 9 a cause :i* he kn[s to be important1 ev] m9ds be+ laugh$ at4 ,b besides 8 admirable discussions ( ,goe!1 ,c>lyle's ,life ( ,s*ill] op5$ ! portals ( ,g]man lit]ature1 & made an epo* 9 biography & criticism4 ,x 0 a new ?+ to read a biography writt5 ) su* en?usiasm1--to f9d a critic :o c\ld really write ) rev]5ce & t5d] love ( ! poet :om he criticis$4 ,in/ead ( tak+ 8 seat on ! judicial b5*1 & call+ 8 au?or up be=e him to be judg$ z a culprit1 ,c>lyle walks ) ,s*ill] ?r\gh ! circles ( 8 poems & plays1 z ,dante goes ) ,virgil ?r\gh ! ,inf]no & ,p>adiso4 ,he accepts ! great poet z 8 tea*] & ma/]1#bf a ?+ unkn[n be=e 9 all criticism4 ,x 0 suppos$ t a biograph] w\ld become a m]e ,boswell if he look$ up to 8 h]o1 in/ead ( look+ d[n on him4 ,x 0 n und]/ood t x 0 t angel ( ! _w1 ,rev]5ce1 :i* _h exalt$ ev5 a poor1 mean1 va9 fool1 l ,boswell1 & enabl$ him to write "o ( ! be/ books ev] writt54 ,x 0 n 8 rev]5ce = ,johnson :i* made ,boswell a fool1--8 rev]5ce = ,johnson made him1 a fool1 capable ( writ+ "o ( ! be/ books ( mod]n times4 ,?is capacity ( rev]5ce 9 ,c>lyle--?is p[] ( p]ceiv+ a div9e1 inf9ite quality 9 human s\ls--t+es all 8 biographical writ+ ) a deep religi\s tone4 ,he wrote ( ,goe!1 ,s*ill]1 ,ri*t]1 ,burns1 ,novalis1 ev5 ,voltaire1 ) rev]5ce4 ,he c\ld see _! defects easily en\gh1 he c\ld playfully expose _! weaknesses2 b b5ea? all 0 ! sacr$ und]tone ( rev]5ce = ! div9e elem5t 9 ea*1--= t :i* ,god _h made & meant !m to be1 & :i* !y _h realiz$ m or less imp]fectly 9 ! /ruggle ( life4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! rev]5ce ( a ,c>lyle & t ( a ,boswell is1 t "o is bl9d & ! o!r intellig5t4 ,! "o wor%ips 8 h]o d[n to 8 %oes & /ock+s1 ! o!r di/+ui%es ! div9e idea f its weak embodim5t4 ,two articles f ?is happy p]iod--t on ! ,signs ( ! ,times & t call$ ,*>act]i/ics--indicate "s ( ,c>lyle's lead+ ideas conc]n+ "r ?9k+ & "r liv+4 ,9 ! fir/1 he decl>es ! pres5t to be an age ( me*anism1--n h]oic1 dev\t1 or philosophic4 ,all ?+s are done by ma*9]y4 ,m5 h no fai? 9 individual endeavor or natural =ce4 ,metaphysics has become mat]ial4 ,gov]nm5t is a ma*9e4 ,all ?is he ?9ks evil4 ,! liv+ =ce is 9 ! individual s\l1--n me*anic1 b dynamic4 ,religion is a calculation ( exp$i5cy1 n an impulse ( wor%ip2 no ?\s&-voic$ psalm f ! he>t ( man to 8 invisible ,fa!r1 ! ,f\nta9 ( all goodness1 beauty1 & tru?1 b a contrivance by :i* a small quantum ( e>?ly enjoym5t may be ex*ang$ = a mu* l>g] quantum ( cele/ial enjoym5t4 ,virtue is pleasure1 is pr(it4 ,9 all s5ses we wor%ip & foll[ aft] p[]1 :i* may be call$ a physical pursuit4 7,ah1 ,c>lyle ( ! ,pres5t6 does n t w& ( ?9e old true self t\* !e87 ,no man n[ loves tru?1 z tru? mu/ be lov$1 ) an inf9ite love2 b only ) a f9ite love1 &1 z x 71 p> am\rs4 ,9 ! o!r article1 ,*>act]i/ics1 pr9t$ two ye>s lat]1 9 #ahca1 he unfolds ! doctr9e ( ,unconsci\sness z ! sign ( heal? 9 s\l z well z body4 ,he f9ds society sick ev]y:]e2 he f9ds its religion1 lit]ature1 sci5ce1 all diseas$1 yet he ends ! article1 z ! o!r 0 end$1 9 hope ( a *ange to some?+ bett]4 ,^! two articles may be consid]$ z an introduction to 8 next great "w1 ,s>tor ,res>tus1 or ! ,clo!s-,philosophy4 ,"h1 9 a ve9 ( irony & g5ial humor1 he unfolds 8 doctr9e ( sub/ance & =m4 ,! object ( all ?\ght & all exp]i5ce is to look ?r\gh ! clo!s to ! liv+ b5ea? !m4 ,accord+ to 8 book1 all human in/itutions are ! clo?+ ( society2 language is ! g>m5t ( ?\ght1 ! heav5s & e>? ! "t-ve/ure ( ! ,et]nal4 ,s1 too1 are religi\s cre$s & c]emonies ! clo?+ ( religion2 s are all symbols ! ve/ure ( "s idea2 s are ! cr[n & sceptre ! ve/ure ( gov]nm5t4 ,?is book is ! autobiography ( a seek] = tru?4 ,9 x he is l$ f ! %[s ( ?+s to _! inn]mo/ sub/ance1 & z 9 all 8 o!r writ+s1 he tea*es "h also t s9c]ity1 tru?fulness1 is ! organ by :i* we are l$ to ! solid rock ( reality1 :i* und]lies all %[s & %ams4 ,,ii4 ,we n[ come to treat ( ,c>lyle 9 8 pres5t aspect1--a mu* less agreeable task4 ,we leave ,c>lyle ! g5]\s & g5tle1 = ,c>lyle ! h>d cynic4 ,we leave him1 ! fri5d ( man1 lov] ( 8 race1 = ano!r ,c>lyle1 advocate ( negro slav]y1 wor%ip] ( m]e =ce1 sne]+ at philan?ropy1 & admir+ only tyrants1 despots1 & slavehold]s4 ,! *ange1 & ! /eps :i* l$ to x1 *ronologically & logically1 x is our bus9ess to scrut9ize1--n a grateful occupation inde$1 b possibly in/ructive & useful4 ,?omas ,c>lyle1 aft] sp5d+ 8 previ\s life 9 ,scotl&1 & f #ahbg to #ahcd 9 8 solitude at ,craig5putto*1 remov$ to ,london 9 ! latt] ye>1 :5 ?irty-eight ye>s old4 ,s9ce !n he has p]man5tly resid$ 9 ,london1 9 a h\se situat$ on "o ( ! quiet /reets runn+ at "r angles ) ! ,?ames4 ,he came to ,london almo/ an unkn[n man2 he has !re become a great "n & p[] 9 lit]ature4 ,he has _h = fri5ds su* m5 z ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 ,/]l+1 ,maurice1 ,leigh ,hunt1 ,br[n+1 ,?ack]ay1 & ,em]son4 ,8 ,fr5* ,revolution 0 publi%$ 9 #ahcg2 ,s>tor ,res>tus 7publi%$ 9 ,fraz] 9 #ahcc1 & 9 ,bo/on 9 a volume 9 #ahcf7 0 put =? collectively 9 #ahch2 & 9 ! same ye> 8 ,miscellanies 7also collect$ & issu$ 9 ,bo/on 9 #ahch7 7 publi%$ 9 ,london1 9 f\r volumes4 ,*>tism 0 issu$ 9 #ahci4 ,he gave f\r c\rses ( ,lectures 9 ,willis's rooms to a select b cr[d$ audi5ce1 9 #ahcg1 #ahch1 #ahci1 & #ahdj4 ,only ! la/ ( ^!--,h]oes & ,h]o-,wor%ip--0 publi%$4 ,pa/ & ,pres5t foll[$ 9 #ahdc1 ,oliv] ,cromwell 9 #ahde4 ,9 #ahej he pr9t$ ,latt]-,day ,pamphlets1 & subsequ5tly 8 ,life ( ,/]l+ 7#ahea71 & ! f\r volumes1 n[ issu$1 ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great4 ,! fir/ evid5ce ( an alt]$ t5d5cy is p]haps to be trac$ 9 ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,x is a noble & glori\s book2 b1 z "o ( 8 fri5dly critics has said1 its philosophy is contemptu\s & mock+1 & x depicts ! v>i$ & gigantic *>act]s :i* /alk across ! sc5e1 n s mu* z responsible & liv+ mortals1 z ! m]e me*anical implem5ts ( "s trem5d\s & irresi/ible de/9y4 ,9 ,h]oes & ,h]o-,wor%ip ! habit has gr[n ( rev]+ m]e w1 r ?an calm intellectual & moral p[]4 ,! same ?+ is %[n 9 ,pa/ & ,pres5t1 9 ,cromwell1 & 9 ,latt]-,day ,pamphlets1 :i* ! critic quot$ above says is only rem>kable z a viol5t imitation ( himself1 & n ( 8 bett] self4 ,= ! works ( ?is lat] p]iod1 inde$1 ! be/ motto w\ld be t v]se f ,daniel3 ,he %all exalt himself1 & magnify himself1 & speak m>vel\s ?+s2 nei!r %all he reg>d ! ,god ( 8 fa!rs1 b 9 8 /ead %all he honor ! ,god ( ,=ces1 a god :om 8 fa!rs knew n4 ,probably ?is apo/asy f 8 bett] fai? _h begun1 be=e ?is1 to %[ itself 9 conv]sation4 ,at lea/ ,m>g>et ,full]1 9 a lett] dat$ #ahdf1 f9ds h]self 9 8 pres5ce admir+ 8 brilliancy1 b disclaim+ & reject+ almo/ ev]y?+ he said4 ,= a c\ple ( h\rs1 says %e1 he 0 talk+ ab\t poetry1 & ! :ole h>angue 0 "o eloqu5t proclamation ( ! defects 9 8 own m9d4 ,all ,c>lyle's talk1 ano!r ev5+1 says %e1 0 a def5ce ( m]e =ce1--success ! te/ ( "r2 if p w\ld n behave well1 put coll>s r\nd _! necks2 f9d a h]o1 & let !m be 8 slaves4 ,mazz9i 0 !re1 &1 aft] "s va9 attempts to remon/rate1 became v sad4 ,mrs4 ,c>lyle said to me1 ',^! are b op9ions to ,c>lyle2 b to ,mazz9i1 :o has giv5 8 all1 & help$ br+ 8 fri5ds to ! scaffold1 9 pursuit ( su* subjects1 x is a matt] ( life & dea?4' ,z ?is mood ( ,mr4 ,c>lyle comes out s /rongly 9 ! ,latt]-,day ,pamphlets1 x is p]haps be/ to dwell on !m at great] leisure4 ,! fir/ is ,! ,pres5t ,"t4 ,9 ?is he describes ,democracy z inevitable1 b z utt]ly evil2 calls = a gov]nm5t2 f9ds mo/ ,european gov]nm5ts1 t ( ,engl& includ$1 to be %ams & falsities1--no-gov]nm5t1 or drift+1 to be a yet great] evil4 ,! object1 he /ates1 is to f9d ! noble/ & be/ m5 to gov]n4 ,democracy fails to d ?is2 = univ]sal ballot+ is n adequate to ! task4 ,democracy answ]$ 9 ! old republics1 :5 ! mass 7 slaves1 b w n answ] n[4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates are no pro( ( its success1 = 7#a/7 an>*y is avoid$ m]ely by ! quantity ( *eap l&1 & 7#b;d7 ! ,unit$ ,/ates h produc$ no spiritual results1 b only mat]ial4 ,democracy 9 ,am]ica is no-gov]nm5t1 & its only feat is to h produc$ eighte5 millions ( ! greate/ bores ev] se5 9 ! _w4 ,mr4 ,c>lyle's plan1 !re=e1 is to f9d1 someh[1 ! be/ man = a rul]1 to make him a despot1 to make ! mass ( ! ,engli% & ,iri% slaves1 to beat !m if !y w n "w1 to %oot !m if !y /ill refuse4 ,! only me?od ( f9d+ ?is be/ man1 :i* he sugge/s1 is to call = him4 ,accord+ly1 ,mr4 ,?omas ,c>lyle calls1 say+1 ,be/ man1 come =w>d1 & gov]n4 ,! sum1 !re=e1 ( 8 recipe = ! diseases ( ! times is ,,slav]y4 ,! second pamphlet is call$ ,model ,prisons1 & ! ma9 object ( ?is is to ridicule all attempts at help+ m5 by philan?ropy or humanity4 ,! talk ( ,frat]nity is nons5se1 & mu/ be drumm$ out ( ! _w4 ,beg9n+ ) model prisons1 he f9ds !m mu* too good = ! sc\ndrels :o are %ut up !re4 ,he w\ld h !m :ipp$ & hung 7sev5ty ?\s& 9 a ye>1 we suppose1 z 9 bluff ,k+ ,h>ry's "t1 ) no great b5efit !refrom74 ,rev5ge1 he says1 is a "r feel+ aga9/ bad m51--only ! excess ( x wrong4 ,! prop] ?+ to say to a bad man is1 ,caitiff1 ,i hate !e4 ,a coll> r\nd ! neck1 & a c>t-:ip ov] ! back1 is :at he ?9ks w\ld be m j to crim9als ?an a model prison4 ,! :ole ef=t ( humanity %\ld be to help ! indu/ri\s & virtu\s poor2 ! crim9als %\ld be swept out ( ! way1 :ipt1 enslav$1 or hung4 ,z = human bro!rhood1 he does n admit bro!rhood ) sc\ndrels4 ,p>ticul>ly disgu/+ to him is x to he> ?is philan?ropy to bad m5 call$ ,*ri/ianity4 ,*ri/ianity1 he ?9ks1 does n tell u to love ! bad1 b to hate !m z ,god hates !m4 ,accord+1 probably1 to 8 private expurgat$ v]sion ( ! ,gospel1 t ye may be ! *ildr5 ( y\r ,fa!r 9 heav51 ^: sun rises only on ! good1 & ^: ra9 falls only on ! j4 ,d[n+ ,/reet & ,new ,d[n+ ,/reet are fi]y tirades aga9/ ! gov]n+ classes 9 ,engl&4 ,mr4 ,c>lyle says 7accord+ to 8 inevitable refra971 t ,engl& does n want a re=m$ ,p>liam5t1 a body ( talk]s1 b a re=m$ ,d[n+ ,/reet1 a body ( work]s4 ,he describes ! utt] imbecility ( ! ,engli% gov]nm5t1 & calls l\dly = "s able man to take its place4 ,two passages are wor? quot+2 ! fir/ z to ,engl&'s aspect 9 h] =eign relations1 :i* is q z true = #ahfd z = #ahed4 ,h[ x /&s ) ! ,=eign ,(fice1 aga91 "o /ill less kn[s4 ,seizures ( ,sapi5za1 & ! l sudd5 appe>ances ( ,brita9 9 ! "* ( ,h]cules-,h>lequ91 wav+1 ) big bully-voice1 h] sword ( %>pness ov] field-mice1 & 9 ! air mak+ horrid circles 7horrid ,ca!r9e-:eels & dea?-disks ( metallic t]ror f said huge sword7 to see h[ !y w l x4 ,h]cules-,h>lequ91 ! ,attorney ,triumphant1 ! ,_w's ,busybody6 ,or see ! foll[+ description ( ! sort ( rul]s :o prevail 9 ,engl&1 no less ?an 9 ,am]ica3-- ,if our gov]nm5t is to be a ,no-,gov]nm5t1 :at is ! matt] :o adm9i/]s x8 ,fl+ an orange-sk9 into ,/4 ,james ,/reet1 let ! man x hits be y\r man4 ,he1 if y b5d him a little to x1 & tie ! due (ficial bladd]s to 8 ankles1 w d z well z ano!r ?is sublime problem ( balanc+ himself ^u ! vortexes1 ) ! long load$ pole 9 8 h&1 & w1 ) /raddl+1 pa9ful ge/ures1 float hi!r & ?i!r1 walk+ ! wat]s 9 t s+ul> mann] = a little :ile1 till he also capsize1 & be left float+ feet upp]mo/1--aft] :i* y *oose ano!r4 ,conc]n+ :i* we may say1 t if ?is is ! result ( mon>*y & ari/ocracy 9 ,engl&1 we c /ick a little long] to our democracy 9 ,am]ica4 ,mr4 ,c>lyle says t ! object ( all ^! me?ods is to f9d ! able/ man = a rul]4 ,he ?9ks our republican me?od v insuffici5t & absurd1--mu* pref]r+ ! ,engli% sy/em1--& !n tells u t ?is is ! outcome ( ! latt]2 t y might z well select y\r rul] by ?r[+ an orange-sk9 into ! /reet z by ! me?od foll[$ 9 ,engl&4 ,despotism1 temp]$ by assass9ation1 seems to be ,c>lyle's notion ( a good gov]nm5t4 ,! pamphlet ,/ump-,orator is simply a bitt] d5unciation ( all talk+1 spee*-mak+1 & writ+1 z ! curse ( ! "t1 & ends ) ! proposition to cut out ! tongues ( "o :ole g5]ation1 z an act ( m]cy to !m & a bless+ to ! human race4 ,?us ?is collection ( ,latt]-,day ,pamphlets consi/s ( ! bitt]e/ cynicism4 ,c>lyle sits 9 x1 z 9 a tub1 sn>l+ at fre$om1 yelp+ at philan?ropy1 gr[l+ at ! ,engli% gov]nm5t1 snapp+ at all m5 :o speak or write1 & end+ ) "o long h[l ov] ! univ]sal falsity & holl[ness ( mank9d 9 g5]al4 ,aft] :i* he proce$s to 8 f9al apo!osis ( despotism pure & simple1 9 ?is ,life ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great4 ,( ?is x is n necess>y to say m ?an t ,fr$]ick1 be+ an absolute despot1 b a v able "o1 hav+ plung$ ,europe into w> 9 ord] to /eal ,silesia1 is ev]y:]e admir$1 ju/ifi$1 or excus$ by ,c>lyle1 :o res]ves 8 rebukes & contempt = ^? :o f9d fault ) all ?is4 ,t1 ) ^! op9ions1 ,c>lyle %\ld h tak5 sides ) ! slavehold]s' conspiracy aga9/ ! ,union is n surpris+4 ,8 sympa?ies 7 ) !m2 fir/1 z slavehold]s1 secondly1 z ari/ocrats4 ,he hates u because we are democrats1 & he loves !m because !y are despots & tyrants4 ,long be=e ! outbreak ( ! rebellion1 he _h ridicul$ emancipation1 & d5\nc$ z folly & evil ! noble/ de$ ( ,engl&1--! emancipation ( h] ,we/ ,india slaves4 ,9 scornful1 bitt] satire1 he d5\nc$ ,engl& = keep+ ! fa/ :i* ,god _h *os51 9 undo+ ! heavy burd5s1 lett+ ! oppress$ g free1 & break+ e yoke4 ,he ridicul$ ! black man1 & describ$ ! poor pati5t ,african z ,qua%ee1 /eep$ to ! eyes 9 pumpk94 ,9 ! hateful s]vice ( oppression he _h already done 8 be/ to uphold slav]y & disc\rage fre$om4 ,& :ile he fully believ$ 9 enslav+ ! labor+ population1 black or :ite1 & driv+ x to "w by ! c>t-:ip1 he z fully abhorr$ republicanism ev]y:]e1 & mo/ ( all 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,he _h exhau/$ ! res\rces ( language 9 vilify+ ,am]ican in/itutions4 ,x 0 a matt] ( c\rse1 !re=e1 t at ! outbreak ( ?is civil w> all 8 sympa?ies %\ld be ) ^? :o :ip wom5 & sell babies4 ,h[ is x t ?is great *ange %\ld h tak5 place8 ,m5 *ange1--b n (t5 9 ?is way4 ,! ard5t re=m] (t5 h>d5s into ! /iff cons]vative4 ,! radical 9 religion is v likely to jo9 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,if a ,ca?olic *anges 8 religion1 he goes ov] to a!ism4 ,to sw+ f "o extreme to ano!r1 is a common exp]i5ce4 ,b x is a new ?+ to see calmness 9 y\?1 viol5ce 9 age1--to f9d ! "y man wise & all-sid$1 ! old man bigot$ & n>r[4 ,we ?9k ! explanation to be ?is4 ,?omas ,c>lyle f ! beg9n+ has n %[n ! lea/ appreciation ( ! ess5tial ?+ 9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,br\ght up 9 ,scotl&1 inh]it+ f ,calv9ism a s5se ( tru?1 a love ( ju/ice1 & a rev]5ce = ! ,jewi% ,bible1 he has nev] pass$ out ( ,judaism into ,*ri/ianity4 ,to him1 ,oliv] ,cromwell is ! be/ type ( true religion2 inflexible ju/ice ! be/ attribute ( ,god or man4 ,he is a wor%ip] ( ,jehovah1 n ( ! ,god & ,fa!r ( ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,he sees 9 ,god tru? & ju/ice2 he does n see 9 him love4 ,he is himself a prophet aft] ! type ( ,elijah & ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,he is ! voice cry+ 9 ! wild]ness2 & we may say ( him1 !re=e1 z 0 said ( 8 prototype1 ,he 0 a burn+ & a %9+ light1 & ye 7 will+1 = a season1 to rejoice 9 8 light1--b n always1--n n[4 ,c>lyle does n1 inde$1 claim to be a ,jew1 or to reject ,*ri/4 ,on ! contr>y1 he speaks ( him ) v s9c]e respect4 ,he seems1 h[ev]1 to "k no?+ ( him b :at he has read 9 ,goe! ab\t ! wor%ip ( sorr[4 ,! ,gospel appe>s to him to be1 ess5tially1 a wor%ip ( sorr[4 ,t ,*ri/ came to save s9n]s1--( t ,c>lyle has n ! fa9te/ idea4 ,to him ! notion ( sav+ s9n]s is only rose-wat] philan?ropy4 ,he does n wi% !m sav$1 he wi%es !m damn$1--swept into hell z soon z conv5i5t4 ,b1 z ev]y?+ :i* is real has two sides1 t ( tru? & t ( love1--x usually happ5s t he :o only sees "o side at la/ ceases ev5 to see t4 ,all goodness1 to ,c>lyle1 is tru?1--9 man x is s9c]ity1 or love ( reality1 sight ( ! actual facts1--9 ,god x is ju/ice1 div9e adh]5ce to law1 inf9ite guidance ( ! _w & ( e human s\l accord+ to a /rict & inevitable rule ( righte\sness4 ,at fir/ ?is seems to be a provid5ce1--& ,c>lyle has ev]y:]e1 9 ! e>li] epo*1 %[n full confid5ce 9 ,provid5ce4 ,b believe only 9 ju/ice & tru?1--omit ! doctr9e ( =giv5ess1 r$emption1 salvation1--& fai? 9 ,provid5ce becomes soon] or lat] a despair+ fatalism4 ,! d>k problem ( evil rema9s insoluble )\t ! doctr9e ( r$emption4 ,s x 0 t ,c>lyle1 see+ at fir/ ! *ief duty ( man to be ! wor%ip ( reality1 ! love ( tru?1 next made t virtue to consi/ 9 s9c]ity1 or be+ 9 e>ne/4 ,tru? 0 be+ true to "o's self4 ,9 ?is lay ! ess5ce ( h]oism4 ,s t ,burns1 be+ s9c]e & e>ne/1 0 a h]o1--,od9 0 a h]o1--,mohamm$ 0 a h]o1--,cromwell 0 a h]o1--,mirabeau & ,danton 7 h]oes1--& ,fr$]ick ! ,great 0 a h]o4 ,t :i* 0 fir/ ! love ( tru?1 & caus$ him to rev]5ce ! calm intellectual =ce ( ,s*ill] & ,goe!1 soon became e>ne/ness & s9c]ity1 & !n became p[]4 ,= ! pro( ( e>ne/ness is p[]4 ,s f p[]1 by elim9at+ all love1 all t5d]ness1 z be+ only rose-wat] philan?ropy1 he at la/ became a wor%ip] ( m]e w1 ( =ce 9 its grosse/ =m4 ,s he illu/rates ^? l9es ( ,%akespe>e 9 :i* ?is process is s well describ$4 ,9 ,troilus & ,cressida ,ulysses is insi/+ on ! importance ( keep+ ev]y?+ 9 its place1 & giv+ to ! be/ ?+s & p]sons _! due priority4 ,o!rwise1 m]e =ce w gov]n all ?+s4 ,/r5g? w\ld be "l ( imbecility1-- z ,c>lyle inde$ op5ly decl>es t x ought to be1-- ,& ! rude son %\ld /rike 8 fa!r dead1 :i* ,c>lyle does n q approve ( 9 ! case ( ,dr4 ,francia4 ,b :y n1 if he ma9ta9s t /r5g? is ! measure ( ju/ice8 ,=ce %\ld be "r2 or1 r1 "r & wrong 7,betwe5 ^: endless j> ju/ice resides7 ,%\ld lose _! names & s %\ld ju/ice1 too4 ,!n ev]y?+ includes itself 9 p[]1 ,p[] into w1 w into appetite2 ,& appetite1 an univ]sal wolf1 ,s d\bly second$ ) w & p[]1 ,mu/ make p]=ce an univ]sal prey1 ,&1 la/1 eat up himself4 ,j s1 9 ! progress ( ,c>lyle's lit]>y c>e]1 fir/1 =ce became "r1--!n1 ev]y?+ includ$ itself 9 p[]1--next1 p[] 0 lo/ 9 w1 & w 9 m]e caprice or appetite4 ,f 8 admiration = ,goe!1 z ! type ( intellectual p[]1 he pass$ to ! praise ( ,cromwell z ! expon5t ( w1 & !n to t ( ,fr$]ick1 ^: appetite = plund] & t]ritory 0 second$ by an iron w & ! highe/ p[] ( intellect2 b ^: ambition dev\r$ himself1 8 c\ntry1 & its prosp]ity1 9 ! mad pursuit ( victory & conque/4 ,! explanation1 !re=e1 ( our au?or's lapse1 is simply ?is1 t he wor%ip$ tru? divorc$ f love1 & s ceas$ to wor%ip tru?1 & fell into ! idolatry ( m]e w4 ,tru? )\t love is n tru?1 b h>d1 willful op9ion1 j z love )\t tru? is n love1 b weak good-nature & s(t concession4 ,c>lyle has no idea ( t sublime feature ( ,*ri/ianity1 :i* %[s to u ,god c>+ m = ! "o s9n] :o rep5ts ?an ! n9ety & n9e j p]sons :i* ne$ no rep5tance4 ,to him "o j p]son des]ves m c>e ?an n9ety-n9e s9n]s4 ,yet x is /range t he did n le>n f 8 ma/]1 ,goe!1 ?is ess5tial trait ( ! ,gospel4 ,= ,goe!1 9 a "w translat$ by ,c>lyle himself1 di/+ui%es betwe5 ! ?ree religions ?us4 ,! e?nic or ,g5tile religions1 he says1 rev]5ce :at is above u1--! religion ( ! philosoph] rev]5ces :at is on our own level1--b ,*ri/ianity rev]5ces :at is b5ea? u4 ,?is is ! la/ /ep1 says ,goe!1 :i* mank9d 7 de/9$ to atta91--to recognize humility & pov]ty1 mock]y & despite1 disgrace & wret*$ness1 z div9e1--nay1 ev5 on s9 & crime to look n z h9drances1 b to honor & love !m z fur!rances ( :at is holy4 ,on s9 & crime1 z we h se51 ,c>lyle looks ) no su* t5d]ness4 ,b if he does n c>e = ! words ( ,*ri/1 tea*+ u t we mu/ =give if we hope to be =giv51 if he does n c>e = ! words ( 8 ma/]1 ,goe!1 he might at lea/ rememb] 8 own exposition ( ?is doctr9e 9 an e>ly "w1 :]e he %[s t ! poor left to p]i% by disease infect a :ole community1 & decl>es t ! safety ( all is involv$ 9 ! safety ( ! humble/4 ,9 #ahdj1 :5 he wrote ,*>tism1 ,c>lyle seems to h kn[n bett] ?an he did 9 #ahee1 :5 he wrote ^! ,latt]-,day ,pamphlets4 ,!n he said3-- ,to believe practically t ! poor & luckless are "h only z a nuisance to be abrad$ & abat$1 & 9 "s p]missible mann] made away1 & swept out ( sight1 is n an amiable fai?4 ,( ,irel&1 too1 he said3-- ,we ,engli% pay1 ev5 n[1 ! bitt] sm>t ( long c5turies ( inju/ice to ,irel&4 ,x is ! feel+ ( inju/ice t is insupportable to all m54 ,! brutale/ black ,african feels x1 & _c be> t he %\ld be us$ unju/ly4 ,no man c be> x1 or ought to be> x4 ,?is seems l ! rose-wat] philan?ropy :i* he subsequ5tly s mu* dislik$4 ,9 ?is book also he speaks ( a sev5 ye>s' ,silesian robb]-w>1--we tru/ n int5d+ to call 8 belov$ ,fr$]ick a robb]6 ,& aga9 he proposes1 z "o ( ! be/ ?+s to be done 9 ,engl&1 to h all ! p taught by gov]nm5t to read & write1--! same ?+ :i* ?is ,am]ican democracy1 9 :i* he c\ld see n "o good ?+1 has s long be5 do+4 ,t 0 ! plan by :i* ,engl& 0 to be sav$1--a plan fir/ sugge/$ 9 ,engl& 9 #ahdj1--;adopt$ & act$ on 9 ,am]ica = two hundr$ ye>s4 ,b j z love sep>at$ f tru? becomes cruelty1 s tru? by itself--tru? n temp]$ & fulfill$ by love--runs soon] or lat] into falsehood4 ,tru?1 aft] a :ile1 becomes dogmatism1 ov]be>+ ass]tion1 willful refusal to see & he> o!r ?an "o's own belief2 t is to say1 x becomes falsehood4 ,su* has be5 ! case ) our au?or4 ,on all ! subjects to :i* he has committ$ himself he closes 8 eyes1 & refuses to see ! o!r side4 ,l 8 own symbol1 ! mighty ,bull1 he makes 8 *>ge ) 8 eyes %ut4 ,det]m9$1 = example1 to rehabilitate su* m5 z ,mirabeau1 ,cromwell1 ,fr$]ick1 & ,fr$]ick's fa!r1 he does ?or\gh "w1 & def5ds or excuses all _! enormities1 palliat+ :5ev] he _c ju/ify4 ,:at c we call ?is :i* he says#bg conc]n+ ! execution ( ,lieut5ant ,katte1 by ord] ( old ,k+ ,fri$ri* ,wilhelm8 ,tir$ ( ! tyranny ( 8 fa!r1 tir$ ( be+ kick$ & can$1 ! "y pr9ce tri$ to escape4 ,he 0 caught & held z a des]t] f ! army1 & 8 fa!r tri$ to run him ?r\gh ! body4 ,lieut5ant ,katte1 :o _h aid$ him 9 gett+ away1 hav+ be5 kick$ & can$1 0 s5t to a c\rt-m>tial to be tri$4 ,! c\rt-m>tial f\nd him guilty n ( des]t+1 b ( int5d+ to des]t1 & s5t5c$ him to two ye>s' imprisonm5t4 ,:]eupon ! k+ w5t into a rage1 decl>$ t ,katte _h committ$ high treason1 & ord]$ him to be execut$4 ,:]eupon ,c>lyle ?us writes3-- ',nev] 0 su* a transaction be=e or s9ce 9 mod]n hi/ory1' cries ! angry read]2 'cruel1 l ! gr9d+ ( human he>ts "u mill/ones2 l----' ,or1 inde$1 l ! do+s ( ! gods1 :i* are cruel1 b n t alone4 ,9 o!r words1 ,c>lyle _c make up 8 m9d frankly to condemn ?is atroci\s murd]1 & call x by its "r "n4 ,he mu/ ne$s try to sophi/icate u by talk+ ab\t ! do+s ( ! gods4 ,because ,div9e ,provid5ce takes m5 out ( ! _w 9 v>i\s ways1 x is !re=e all[able to a k+1 provid$ he be a h]o grim en\gh & e>ne/ en\gh1 to kick m51 cane !m1 & run !m ?r\gh ! body :5 he pleases2 &1 aft] hav+ s5t a man to be tri$ by c\rt-m>tial1 if ! c\rt acquits him1 to ord] him to be execut$ by 8 own despotic w4 ,a tru?-tell+ ,c>lyle ought to h said1 ,i admit ?is is murd]2 b ,i l ! old fell[1 & s ,i w call x "r4 ,a ,c>lyle gr[n sophi/ical mumbles some?+ ab\t its be+ l ! do+s ( ! gods1 & leaves (f ) t small attempt at humbug4 ,be brave1 my m51 & def5d my ,"l ,jeffreys next = bully+ juries into hang+ prison]s4 ,0 n ,jeffreys grim too8 ,9 fact1 are n mo/ murd]]s grim8 ,we h _h occasion =m]ly1 9 ?is j\rnal1 to exam9e ! writ+s ( ano!r v positive & cle>-head$ ?9k]1--,mr4 ,h5ry ,james4 ,mr4 ,james is1 9 8 philosophy1 ! v anti!sis ( ,c>lyle4 ,) equal f]vor ( ?\ght1 ) a l vehem5ce ( /yle1 ) a some:at simil> contempt = 8 oppon5ts1 ,mr4 ,james takes exactly ! opposite view ( religion & duty4 ,z ,c>lyle prea*es ! law1 & ! law alone1 ma9ta9+ ju/ice z ! sole ,div9e attribute1 s ,mr4 ,james prea*es ! ,gospel only1 d5y+ totally t to ! ,div9e ,m9d any di/9ction exi/s betwe5 sa9t & s9n]1 unless t ! s9n] is some:at m ( a favorite ?an ! sa9t4 ,we did n1 d n1 agree ) ,mr4 ,james 9 8 anti-nomianism2 z betwe5 him & ,c>lyle1 we ?9k 8 doctr9e f> ! tru] & nobl]4 ,he /&s on a high] plane1 & sees mu* ! f>!r4 ,a c\rse ( read+ 9 ,mr4 ,james's books might1 we ?9k1 help our ,engli% cynic n a little4 ,god is ! p]fect h>mony ( ju/ice & love4 ,8 ju/ice is w>m$ ?r\gh & ?r\gh ) love1 8 love is sanctifi$ & made /rong by ju/ice4 ,& s1 9 ,*ri/1 p]fect ju/ice 0 fulfill$ 9 p]fect love4 ,b 9 him fir/ 0 fully reveal$1 9 ?is _w1 ! ,div9e fa!rly t5d]ness to ! lo/1 to ! s9n]1 to ^? l[e/ d[n & f>!/ away4 ,9 him 0 taught t our own r$emption f evil does n lie 9 despis+ & hat+ m5 worse ?an ourselves1 b 9 sav+ !m4 ,! h>d ,ph>isaic ju/ice ( ,c>lyle may call ?is rose-wat] philan?ropy1 b till he accepts x f 8 he>t1 & rep5ts ( 8 contempt = 8 fall5 fell[m51 till he le>ns to love sc\ndrels1 !re is no hope = him4 ,he liv$ once 9 ! heav5 ( rev]5ce1 fai?1 & love2 he has gone f x into ! hell ( ,ph>isaic scorn & contempt4 ,till he comes back out ( t1 !re is no hope = him4 ,b su* a noble nature _c be ?us lo/4 ,he w "o day1 let u tru/1 wor%ip ! div9e love :i* he n[ abhors4 ,cromwell ask$1 on 8 dea?-b$1 if ^? once 9 a /ate ( grace c\ld fall1 &1 be+ assur$ n1 said1 ,i am safe !n1 = ,i am sure ,i 0 once 9 a /ate ( grace4 ,!re is a tru? 9 ?is doctr9e ( ! p]sev]ance ( sa9ts4 ,"s tru?s once fully se51 ev5 ?\gh aft]w>d reject$ by ! m9d & w1 /ick l a b>b$ arr[ 9 ! consci5ce1 torm5t+ ! s\l till !y are aga9 accept$ & obey$4 ,su* a tru? ,c>lyle once saw1 9 ! great doctr9e ( rev]5ce = ! fall5 & ! s9ful4 ,he w see x aga91 if n 9 ?is _w1 !n 9 "s o!r _w4 ,! fir/ ,c>lyle 0 an en?usia/1 ! la/ ,c>lyle is a cynic4 ,f en?usiasm to cynicism1 f ! _s ( rev]5ce to ! _s ( contempt1 ! way seems long1 b ! condition ( arriv+ is simple4 ,disc>d ,,love1 & ! :ole road is pass$ ov]4 ,divorce love f tru?1 & tru? ceases to be op5 & receptive1--ceases to be a positive function1 turns into acrid criticism1 bitt] disda91 cruel & holl[ laught]1 empty ( all inw>d peace4 ,su* is ! road :i* ,c>lyle has pass$ ov]1 f 8 e>ne/1 hopeful y\? to 8 bitt] old age4 ,c>lyle fulfill$ = _m1 dur+ ^! ye>s1 ! noble "w ( a m$iator4 ,by rev]5ce & love he saw :at 0 div9e 9 nature1 9 man1 & 9 life4 ,by ! pr(\nd s9c]ity ( 8 he>t1 8 wor%ip ( reality1 8 hatr$ ( falsehood1 he escap$ f ! commonplaces ( lit]ature to a bett] l& ( insight & k4 ,s he 0 enabl$ to lead _m o!rs out ( _! entanglem5ts1 into 8 own lum9\s insight4 ,x 0 a great & bless$ "w4 ,w\ld t x _h be5 suffici5t = him6 ,,buckle ,,& ,,8 ,,!ory ,,( ,,av]ages#bh ,we welcom$ k9dly ! fir/ in/allm5t ( ,mr4 ,buckle's "w1#bi giv+ a cursory acc\nt ( x1 & h9t+1 r ?an urg+1 ! objections :i* readily sugge/$ !mselves aga9/ !ories conc]n+ ,man1 ,hi/ory1 ,civilization1 & ,human ,progress4 ,b n[ x seems a prop] "t to discuss ) a little m delib]ation ! !mes op5$ be=e u by ?is intrepid writ]1--?is late/ *ampion ( t !ory ( ! m9d :i* 9 ! la/ c5tury 0 call$ ,mat]ialism & ,necessity1 & :i* 9 ! pres5t has be5 re-baptiz$ z ,positivism4 ,! doctr9es ( :i* ,mr4 ,buckle is ! ard5t advocate seem to u1 ! m ?or\ghly we consid] !m1 to be ess5tially !oretical1 sup]ficial1 & n>r[4 ,!y are de/itute ( any broad basis ( reality4 ,9 _! application by ,mr4 ,buckle1 !y fail to solve ! hi/oric problems ^u :i* he tries _! p[]4 ,) a %[ ( sci5ce1 !y are unsci5tific1 be+ a m]e collection ( unv]ifi$ hypo!ses4 ,& if ,mr4 ,buckle %\ld succe$ 9 introduc+ 8 pr9ciples & me?ods into ! /udy ( hi/ory1 x w\ld be equival5t to putt+ backw>d = ab\t a c5tury ?is :ole dep>tm5t ( ?\ght4 ,yet1 :ile we /ate ?is z our op9ion1 & "o :i* we %all pres5tly endeavor to sub/antiate by ample pro(1 we d n d5y to ,mr4 ,buckle's volumes ! int]e/ aris+ f vigor\s & indep5d5t ?9k+1 fai?ful /udy ( details1 & a /rong1 believ+ purpose4 ,!y are int]e/+ & valuable contributions to our lit]ature4 ,b ?is is n on acc\nt ( _! purpose1 b 9 spite ( x2 not)/&+ _! doctr9es1 n because ( !m4 ,! int]e/ ( ^! books1 z ( all good hi/ory1 d]ives itself f _! picturesque reproduction ( life4 ,:atev] ( value belongs to ,mr4 ,buckle's "w is ! same z t ( ! writ+s ( ,macaulay1 ,motley1 & ,c>lyle4 ,:oev] has ! p[] ( plung+ l a div] into ! _s ( ano!r p]iod1 sympa?iz+ ) its tone1 imbu+ himself ) its in/9cts1 %>+ its loves & hates1 its fai? & its skepticism1 w write its hi/ory s z to int]e/ u4 ,= :oev] w really %[ to u ! brea?+ ess5ce ( any age1 any /ate ( society1 or any c\rse ( human ev5ts1 _c fail ( excit+ t elem5t ( ! s\l :i* causes man ev]y:]e to rejoice 9 meet+ ) man4 ,he :o w write ! hi/ory ( ,arabians1 ,kelts1 or ,*9ese1 ( ! ,middle ,ages1 ! ,norman ,sea-k+s1 or ! ,roman ,plebs1 s t we c see ourselves b5ea? ^! div]se surr\nd+s ( race1 c\ntry1 & p]iod1 & see t ^! also are really ,,m51--?is writ] in/antly awak5s our int]e/1 :e!r he call himself poet1 noveli/1 or hi/orian4 ,9 all cases1 ! secret ( success is to write s z to enable ! read] to id5tify himself ) ! *>act]s ( ano!r age4 ,great au?ors enable u to look at actions1 n f )\t1 b f )94 ,:5 we read ! hi/oric plays ( ,%akespe>e1 or ! hi/oric novels ( ,scott1 we are *>m$ by f9d+ t k+s & que5s are1 aft] all1 our poor human fell[-creatures1 %>+ all our old1 famili> /ruggles1 pa9s1 & joys4 ,:5 we read t great hi/oric ma/]piece1 ! ,fr5* ,revolution ( ,c>lyle1 ! magic t\* ( ! arti/ introduces u into ! he>t ( e "* 9 ! motley1 %ift+ sc5e4 ,we are ! poor k+ escap+ to ,v>5nes "u ! dewy night & solemn />s4 ,we are tumultu\s ,mirabeau1 ) 8 demonic b g5]\s s\l4 ,we are devot$ ,*>lotte ,corday2 we are ! ,gironde2 we ! poor prison]s ( ,t]ror1 wait+ 9 our prison = ! sl[ morn+ to br+ ! inevitable doom4 ,?is is ! "o indisp5sable faculty = ! hi/orian2 & ?is faculty ,mr4 ,buckle s f> possesses z to make 8 page a liv+ "o4 ,x is true t 8 sympa?y is intellectual r ?an imag9ative4 ,x is n ( ! high ord] ( ,%akespe>e1 nor ev5 ( t ( ,c>lyle4 ,b1 s f> z x goes1 x is a true faculty1 & makes a true hi/orian4 ,yet we _c b notice h[ ! effectual work+ ( ?is hi/oric organ is int]f]$ ) by ! dogmatic purpose ( ,mr4 ,buckle2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 h[ 8 !oretic aim is di/urb$ by ! int]e/ ( 8 n>rative4 ,8 hi/ory is always meant to be an argum5t4 ,8 n>rations ( ev5ts are nev] = _! own sake1 b always to prove "s !sis4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 no consecutive n>rative1 no progress ( ev5ts1 no su/a9$ int]e/4 ,^! volumes are episodes1 put toge!r we _c well say h[1 or :y4 ,9 ! sev5? *apt] ( ! fir/ volume we h a graphic description ( ! ,c\rt life 9 ,engl& 9 ! days ( ,*>les ,,ii41 ,james ,,ii41 ,william1 & ! ,georges1 9 connection ) ! condition ( ! ,*ur* & cl]gy4 ,f ?is we are tak51 9 ! next *apt]1 to ,france1 & to simil> relations betwe5 ,h5ry ,,iv41 ,l\is ,,xiii41 ,ri*elieu1 & ! ,fr5* ,ca?olics & ,prote/ants4 ,we !n are br\ght back to ,engl&1 to consid] ! protective sy/em !re2 & once m we return to ,france1 to inve/igate its op]ation 9 t c\ntry4 ,aft]w>d we h an essay on ,! ,/ate ( ,hi/orical ,lit]ature 9 ,france f ! ,end ( ! ,sixte5? to ! ,end ( ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury1 foll[$ by ano!r essay on ! ,proximate ,causes ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,_m v well f9i%$ biographic portraits are giv5 u 9 ^! *apt]s4 ,!re are excell5t sket*es ( ,burke1 ,voltaire1 ,ri*elieu1 ,bossuet1 ,montesquieu1 ,r\sseau1 ,bi*at1 9 ! fir/ volume2 & ( ,adam ,smi?1 ,reid1 ,black1 ,leslie1 ,hutton1 ,cull51 ,hunt]1 9 ! second4 ,^! num]\s biographic sket*es1 :i* are (t5 accompani$ ) good lit]>y notices ( ! writ+s ( ^! au?ors1 are v ably writt52 b x is curi\s to rememb]1 :ile read+ !m1 t ,mr4 ,buckle ?9ks t1 z hi/ory advances1 x has less & less to d ) biography4 ,!re is an incurable defect 9 ! me?od ( ?is "w4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! dogmatic purpose is con/antly break+ into ! int]e/ ( ! n>ration2 on ! o!r1 ! int]e/ ( ! n>ration is cont9ually entic+ ! writ] f 8 argum5t into endless episodes & details ( biography4 ,! argum5t is depriv$ ( its =ce by ! /ory2 ! /ory is int]rupt$ cont9ually on acc\nt ( ! argum5t4 ,mr4 ,buckle has mi/ak5 ! philosophy ( hi/ory = hi/ory itself4 ,a hi/ory ( civilization is n a piece ( metaphysical argum5t1 b a consecutive acc\nt ( ! social progress ei!r ( an age or ( a nation4 ,?is irreconcilable conflict ( purpose1 :ile x leaves to ! p>ts ( ! "w _! value1 de/roys its wor? z a :ole4 ,mr4 ,buckle might probably inquire :e!r we w\ld elim9ate :olly f hi/ory all philosophic aim1 all teleologic purpose4 ,he objects1 & v prop]ly1 to degrad+ hi/ory into m]e annals1 )\t any in/ructive purpose4 ,we agree ) him4 ,we d n admire ! /yle ( hi/ory :i* feels nei!r passion nor sympa?y1 :i* n>rates crimes )\t indignation1 & :i* has no aim 9 its n>ration except to ent]ta9 a pass+ h\r4 ,b x is "o ?+ delib]ately to ann\nce a !sis & br+ deta*$ passages ( hi/ory to prove x1 & ano!r to write a hi/ory :i*1 by its incid5ts1 _s1 & *>act]s %all convey impulse & in/ruction4 ,! hi/orian may dwell ^u ! ev5ts :i* illu/rate 8 convictions1 & may develop ! argum5t dur+ ! progress ( 8 mov+ panorama2 b ! hi/ory itself1 z x moves1 %\ld impress ! lesson4 ,! hi/ory ( ,mr4 ,motley1 = example1 illu/rates & impresses ! evils ( bigotry1 sup]/ition1 & p]secution on ! life ( nations1 q z p[]fully z does t ( ,mr4 ,buckle2 b ,mr4 ,motley nev] susp5ds 8 n>rative 9 ord] to prove to u logically t p]secution is an evil4 ,mr4 ,buckle1 9 8 /yle ( writ+1 belongs to a mod]n class ( au?ors :om we may call ! bully+ s*ool4 ,x is true t he is f> less extravagant ?an "s ( !m1 & inde$ is n deeply t+$ ) _! peculi> mann]4 ,! fir/ great ma/] ( ?is class ( writ]s is ,?omas ,c>lyle2 b _! peculi>ity has be5 c>ri$ to its greate/ ext5t by ,rusk94 ,its *>act]i/ic feature is treat+ ) supreme contempt1 z ?\gh !y 7 hopeless imbeciles1 all :o v5ture to "q ! dicta ( ! writ]4 ,?is sup]b arrogance makes ^! writ]s r popul> ) ! ,engli%1 :o1 z a nation1 l equally well to bully & to be bulli$4 ,buckle pr(esses to h at la/ f\nd ! only true key to hi/ory1 & to h discov]$ "s ( its important laws1 especially ^? :i* reg>d ! progress ( civilization4 ,i4 ,8 ,view ( ,fre$om4--,mr4 ,buckle's fundam5tal position is1 t ! actions ( m5 are gov]n$ by fix$ laws1 & t1 :5 ^! laws are discov]$1 hi/ory w become a sci5ce1 l geometry1 geology1 or a/ronomy4 ,! *ief ob/acle hi!rto to its becom+ a sci5ce has be5 ! belief t ! actions ( m5 7 det]m9$1 n by fix$ laws1 b by free w 7:i* he consid]s equival5t to *ance71 or by sup]natural int]f]5ce or provid5ce 7:i* he reg>ds z equival5t to fate74 ,we %all ?us be l$1 he says 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #f1 ,am4 ed471 to "o va/ "q1 :i*1 inde$1 lies at ! root ( ! :ole subject1 & is simply ?is3 ,are ! actions ( m51 & !re=e ( societies1 gov]n$ by fix$ laws1 or are !y ! result ei!r ( *ance or ( sup]natural int]f]5ce8 ,id5tify+ fre$om ) *ance1 ,mr4 ,buckle d5ies t !re is su* a ?+1 & ma9ta9s t e human action is det]m9$ by "s antec$5t1 inw>d or outw>d1 & t n "o is det]m9$ by ! free *oice ( ! man himself4 ,8 pr9cipal argum5t aga9/ free w is ! law ( av]ages1 :i* we w !re=e proce$ to consid] 9 its be>+ on ?is po9t4 ,/ati/ics1 c>efully collect$ dur+ _m ye>s & )9 diff]5t c\ntries1 %[ a regul>ity ( return 9 c]ta9 vices & crimes1 :i* indicates ! pres5ce ( law4 ,?us1 ab\t ! same numb] ( murd]s are committ$ e ye> 9 c]ta9 c\ntries & l>ge cities1 & ev5 ! in/rum5ts by :i* !y are committ$ are employ$ 9 ! same proportion4 ,suicide also foll[s "s regul> law4 ,9 a giv5 /ate ( society1 a c]ta9 numb] ( p]sons mu/ put an end to _! own life4 ,9 ,london1 ab\t two hundr$ & =ty p]sons kill !mselves e ye>1--9 ye>s ( panic & disa/] a few m1 9 prosp]\s ye>s n q s _m4 ,o!r actions ( m5 are det]m9$ 9 ! same way1--n by p]sonal volition1 b by "s controll+ circum/ance4 ,x is n[ kn[n t ! numb] ( m>riages 9 ,engl& be>s a fix$ & def9ite relation to ! price ( corn4 ,ab]rations ( memory are m>k$ by ?is g5]al "* ( necess>y & inv>iable ord]4 ,! same av]age numb] ( p]sons =get e ye> to direct ! lett]s dropp$ into ! po/-(fices ( ,london & ,p>is4 ,facts ( ?is k9d =ce u to ! conclusion1 says ,buckle1 t ! (f5ses ( m5 are ! result1 n s mu* ( ! vices ( ! individual (f5d]1 z ( ! /ate ( society into :i* he is ?r[n4 ,! argum5t !n is3 ,if man's moral actions are "u law1 !y are n free1 = fre$om is ! abs5ce ( law4 ,! argum5t ( ,mr4 ,buckle is conclusive1 provid$ fre$om does necess>ily imply ! abs5ce ( law4 ,b su*1 we ?9k1 is n ! fact4 ,! actions ( man d n proce$ solely f ! impact ( ext]nal circum/ances2 = !n he w\ld be no bett] ?an a ball /ruck ) a bat4 ,nor d !y proce$ solely f ! impulses ( 8 animal nature2 = !n he w\ld be only a sup]ior k9d ( ma*9e1 mov$ by spr+s & :eels4 ,b 9 addition to ext]nal & int]nal impulse !re is also 9 man ! p[] ( p]sonal ef=t1 activity1 w1--to :i* we give ! "n ( ,free ,*oice1 or ,fre$om4 ,?is modifies & det]m9es a "p ( 8 actions1--:ile a second "p come f ! influ5ce ( circum/ance1 & a ?ird f organic in/9cts & habitual t5d5cies4 ,n[1 x is q c]ta9 t no man has fre$om ( w en\gh to cause 8 :ole nexus ( activity to proce$ f x4 ,= if a man c\ld cause all 8 actions to proce$ by a m]e *oice or ef=t1 he c\ld turn himself at w into ano!r man4 ,9 o!r words1 !re c\ld be no su* ?+ z p]man5t moral "*4 ,no "o c\ld be describ$2 = :ile we 7 describ+ him1 he might *oose to be diff]5t1 & s w\ld become somebody else4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t "s "p ( e man's life mu/ lie outside ( ! doma9 ( fre$om4 ,9 :at1 !n1 does ! ess5ce ( fre$om consi/8 ,if x be n ! fre$om to d :atev] we *oose1 :at is x8 ,pla9ly1 if we analyze our own exp]i5ce1 we %all f9d t x is simply :at its s*ola/ic "n implies1 fre$om ( *oice1 or lib] arbitrio4 ,x is n1 9 ! la/ analysis1 fre$om to act1 b x is fre$om to *oose4 ,b fre$om to *oose :at8 ,c we *oose any?+8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,our fre$om ( *oice is limit$ by our k4 ,we _c *oose t :i* we d n "k4 ,we mu/ *oose some?+ )9 ! range ( our exp]i5ce4 ,& our fre$om ( *oice consi/s 9 ! alt]native ( mak+ ?is *oice or omitt+ to make x1--ex]t+ ourselves or n ex]t+ ourselves4 ,consci\sness te/ifies univ]sally to ?is ext5t ( fre$om4 ,we "k by our consci\sness t we c ex]t ourselves or n ex]t ourselves at any mom5t1--ex]t ourselves to act or n ex]t ourselves to act1 to speak or n to speak4 ,?is p[] ( mak+ or n mak+ an ef=t is fre$om 9 its simple/ & l[e/ =m4 ,9 ?is l[e/ =m1 x is app>5t t human fre$om is inadequate to give any p]man5t "* to human actions4 ,!y w be direct$ by ! laws ( organization & circum/ance4 ,fre$om 9 ?is s5se may be comp>$ to ! p[] :i* a man has ( r[+ a boat 9 ! mid/ ( a fog4 ,he may ex]t himself to r[1 he may r[ at any mom5t =w>d or backw>d1 to ! "r or to ! left4 ,he has ?is fre$om1--b x does n enable him to g 9 any special direction4 ,n be+ able to direct 8 boat to any fix$ aim1 x is c]ta9 t x w be drift$ by ! curr5ts or bl[n by ! w9ds4 ,fre$om 9 ?is =m is only willfulness1 because devoid ( an inw>d law4 ,b let ! w direct itself by a fix$ law1 & x at once becomes true fre$om1 & beg9s to impress itself ^u actions1 modify+ ! results ( organization & circum/ance4 ,n ev5 9 ?is case c x de/roy ^? results2 x only modifies !m4 ,x ent]s z a ?ird factor ) ^? o!r two to produce ! product4 ,! total "* ( a man's actions w be repres5t$ by a =mula1 ?us3 ,john's ,organization ,john's ,circum/ances ,john's ,fre$om ,john's ,"*4 ,apply ?is to ! /ate ( society :]e ! law ( av]ages has be5 discov]$4 ,9 su* a society !re are always to be f\nd ?ree classes ( p]sons4 ,9 ! fir/ class1 fre$om is ei!r dormant or is m]e willfulness4 ,! law ( m9d is subject !re=e 9 ^! to ! law ( ! memb]s4 ,! w is an enslav$ w1 & its influ5ce on action is a nullity1 n ne$+ to be tak5 into ! acc\nt4 ,f ?is class come ! l>ge/ proportion ( ! crimes & vices1 regul> 9 numb] because result+ f con/ant conditions ( society4 ,( ^! p]sons we c pr$ict ) c]ta9ty t1 "u c]ta9 /rong temptations to evil1 !y w inevitably yield4 ,b 9 ano!r class ( p]sons ! w has le>n$ to direct itself by a moral law t[>d a fix$ aim4 ,! man 9 ! boat is n[ /e]+ by a compass1 & ceases to be ! sport ( curr5t & gale4 ,! w reacts ^u organization1 & directs circum/ance4 ,! man has le>n$ h[ to ma/] 8 own nature1 & h[ to arrange ext]nal conditions4 ,we c pr$ict ) c]ta9ty t "u no possible influ5ces w ?is class yield to "s =ms ( evil4 ,!re is also 9 ea* community a ?ird class1 :o are /ruggl+1 b n emancipat$4 ,!y are p>tly free1 b n :olly s4 ,f ?is class come ! slight v>iations ( ! av]age1 n[ a little bett]1 n[ a little worse4 ,apply+ ?is view ( ! fre$om ( ! w to hi/ory1 we see t ! problem is f> m complicat$ ?an ,mr4 ,buckle admits4 ,man's fre$om1 ) him1 is an elem5t n to be tak5 into consid]ation1 because x does n exi/4 ,b ! tru? is1 t human fre$om is n only a factor1 b a v>iable factor1 ! value ( :i* *anges ) e v>iety ( human condition4 ,9 ! savage condition x obeys organization & circum/ances1 & has little effect on social condition4 ,b z civilization advances1 ! p[] ( fre$om to react on organization & circum/ance increases1 v>y+ h[ev] aga91 accord+ to ! =ce & inspiration ( ! ideas by :i* x is guid$4 ,& ( all ^! ideas1 precisely ^? :i* ,mr4 ,buckle und]rates1 namely1 moral & religi\s ideas1 are ^? :i* mo/ completely emancipate ! w f circum/ances1 & vitalize x ) an all-conqu]+ =ce4 ,to see ?is1 take two extreme cases1--t ( an ,african ,hott5tot1 & t ( ,joan ( ,arc4 ,free w 9 ! ,african is p[]less2 he rema9s ! helpless *ild ( 8 situation4 ,b ! ,maid ( ,arc1 ?\gh utt]ly de/itute ( ,mr4 ,buckle's ,intellectual ,tru?s 7be+ unable to read or write1 & hav+ receiv$ no in/ruction save religi\s ideas71 & want+ 9 ! ,skepticism :i* he ?9ks s ess5tial to all hi/oric progress1 yet develops a p[] ( w :i* reacts ^u circum/ances s z to turn into ano!r *annel ! curr5t ( ,fr5* hi/ory4 ,all bonds ( situation & circum/ance are swept asund] by ! p[] ( a w set free by mighty religi\s convictions4 ,! elem5t ( fre$om1 !re=e1 is "o n to be neglect$ by an hi/orian1 except to 8 own loss4 ,! law ( av]ages applies only to undevelop$ m51 or to ! undevelop$ sides ( human nature1 :]e ! elem5t ( fre$om has n come 9 play4 ,:5 ! human race %all h made su* progress t x %all conta9 a city inhabit$ by a million p]sons all equal to ! ,apo/le ,paul & ! ,apo/le ,john 9 spiritual developm5t1 x w n be f\nd t a c]ta9 regul> numb] kill _! wives e ye>1 or t f two hundr$ & ?irte5 to two hundr$ & =ty annually commit suicide4 ,nor w ?is escape f ! av]ages be ow+ to an increas$ acqua9tance ) physical laws s mu* z to a high] moral developm5t4 ,we %all return to ?is po9t1 h[ev]1 :5 we exam9e m fully ,buckle's doctr9e 9 reg>d to ! small influ5ce ( religion on civilization4 ,,ii4 ,mr4 ,buckle's ,view ( ,organization4--,mr4 ,buckle sets aside entirely ! :ole great fact ( organization1 ^u :i* ! sci5ce ( e?nology is bas$4 ,p]haps ! n>r[ness ( 8 m9d %[s m conspicu\sly 9 ?is ?an else:]e4 ,he attributes no influ5ce to race 9 civilization4 ,:ile s _m em95t writ]s at ! pres5t day say1 ) ,mr4 ,knox1 t ,race is ev]y?+1 ,mr4 ,buckle quietly rejo9s t ,race is no?+4 ,orig9al di/9ctions ( race1 he says1 are altoge!r hypo!tical4 ,we h no decisive gr\nd = say+ t ! moral & intellectual faculties 9 man are likely to be great] 9 an infant born 9 ! mo/ civiliz$ "p ( ,europe1 ?an 9 "o born 9 ! wilde/ region ( a b>b>\s c\ntry4 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #abg1 ,am4 ed47 ,we (t5 he> ( h]$it>y tal5ts1 h]$it>y vices1 & h]$it>y virtues2 b :oev] w critically exam9e ! evid5ce w f9d t we h no pro( ( _! exi/5ce4 ,he d\bts ! exi/5ce ( h]$it>y insanity1 or a h]$it>y t5d5cy to suicide1 or ev5 to disease4 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #abh1 note47 ,he does n believe 9 any progress ( natural capacity 9 man1 b only ( opportunity1 t is1 an improvem5t 9 ! circum/ances "u :i* t capacity aft] bir? comes into play4 ,"h !n is ! gi/ ( ! :ole matt]4 ,! progress is "o1 n ( int]nal p[]1 b ( ext]nal advantage4 ,he goes on to say1 9 s _m words1 t ! only diff]5ce betwe5 a b>b>ian *ild & a civiliz$ *ild is 9 ! pressure ( surr\nd+ circum/ances4 ,9 support ( ^! op9ions he quotes ,locke & ,turgot4 ,x is difficult to und]/& h[ an intellig5t & well-in=m$ man1 an imm5se read] & active ?9k]1 c h liv$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury & reta9 ^! views4 ,= /ud5ts at e extreme ( ?\ght h equally recogniz$ ! =ce ( organization1 ! con/ancy ( race1 ! p]man5t v>ieties exi/+ 9 ! human family1 ! /eady rul+ ( ! laws ( desc5t4 ,if !re is any "o "p ( ! sci5ce ( an?ropology 9 :i* ! n9ete5? c5tury has rev]s$ ! judgm5t ( ! eighte5?1--& t equally among m5 ( sci5ce1 poets1 mat]iali/s1 ideali/s1 anatomi/s1 philologi/s1--x is j "h4 ,to f9d s intellig5t a man reproduc+ ! la/ c5tury 9 ! mid/ ( ! pres5t is a little extraord9>y4 ,p]haps !re c\ld n be f\nd f\r great ?9k]s m diff]5t 9 _! t5d5cies ( ?\ght & range ( /udy ?an ,goe!1 ,spurzheim1 ,dr4 ,pri*>d1 & ,max ,mll]2 yet ^! f\r1 ea* by 8 own me?od ( obs]vation1 h %[n ) conclusive =ce ! law ( v>iety & ( p]man5ce 9 organization4 ,goe! ass]ts t e individual man c>ries f 8 bir? to 8 grave an unalt]able speciality ( be+1--t he is1 d[n to ! smalle/ fibre ( 8 "*1 "o & ! same man2 & t ! :ole mighty p[] ( circum/ance1 modify+ ev]y?+1 _c aboli% any?+1--t organization & circum/ance hold on toge!r ) an equally p]man5t influ5ce 9 e human life4 ,gall & ,spurzheim tea* t e fibre ( ! bra9 has its orig9al quality & =ce1 & t su* qualities & =ces are transmitt$ by obscure b c]ta9 laws ( desc5t4 ,pri*>d1 ) imm5se le>n+1 describes race aft] race1 giv+ ! types ( ea* human family 9 its physiology4 ,&1 f9ally1 ! great sci5ce ( comp>ative philology1 work$ out by su* ?9k]s & /ud5ts z ,bopp1 ,la?am1 ,humboldt1 ,buns51 ,max ,mll]1 & a ho/ ( o!rs1 has prov$ ! p]man5ce ( human v>ieties by ample glossological evid5ce4 ,?us ! mod]n sci5ce ( e?nology has aris51 on ! basis ( physiology1 philology1 & e?ology1 & is p]haps ! *ief discov]y ( ! age4 ,yet ,mr4 ,buckle quietly ignores ! :ole ( x1 & cont9ues1 ) ,locke1 to reg>d e human m9d z a piece ( :ite pap]1 to be writt5 on by ext]nal ev5ts1--a piece ( s(t putty1 to be m\ld$ by circum/ances4 ,! facts on :i* ! sci5ce ( e?nology re/s are s num]\s & s /rik+1 t ! only difficulty 9 select+ an illu/ration is f ! quantity & ri*ness ( mat]ial4 ,b we may take two in/ances1--t ( ! ,teutons & ,kelts1 to %[ ! p]man5ce ( diff]5ces "u ! same circum/ances1 & t ( ! ,jews1 ! ,arabs1 & ! ,gypsies1 to %[ ! cont9uity ( id5tity "u diff]5t circum/ances4 ,= if x c be made evid5t t diff]5t races ( m5 pres]ve diff]5t *>act]s1 ?\gh liv+ = long p]iods "u simil> circum/ances1 & t ! same race pres]ves ! same "*1 ?\gh liv+ = long p]iods "u diff]5t circum/ances1 ! pro( is conclusive t "* is n d]iv$ f circum/ances only4 ,we %all n inde$ g to ! extreme ( su* e?nologi/s z ,knox1 ,nott1 or ,gliddon1 & say t ,race is ev]y?+1 & circum/ances no?+1 b we %all see t ,mr4 ,buckle is mi/ak5 9 say+ t ,circum/ances are ev]y?+1 & race no?+4 ,! diff]5ces ( "* betwe5 ! ,g]man & ,keltic v>ieties ( ! human race are m>k$1 b n extreme4 ,!y bo? belong to ! same great ,indo-,european or ,aryan family4 ,!y bo? orig9at$ 9 ,asia1 & ! ,g]man emigration seems to h foll[$ imm$iately aft] t ( ! ,kelts4 ,yet :5 describ$ by ,cs>1 ,tacitus1 & ,/rabo1 !y diff]$ f ea* o!r exactly z !y diff] n[4 ,!y h liv$ = "s two ?\s& ye>s 9 ! same climate1 "u simil> political & social in/itutions1 & yet !y h pres]v$ _! orig9al div]sity4 ,accord+ to ! description ( ,cs>#cj & ,tacitus#ca ! ,g]man tribes diff]$ ess5tially f ! ,gauls or ,kelts 9 ! foll[+ p>ticul>s4 ,! ,g]mans lov$ fre$om1 & 7 all free4 ,! ,kelts did n c>e = fre$om4 ,! meane/ ,g]man 0 free4 ,b all ! inf]ior p among ! ,kelts 7 virtually slaves4 ,! ,g]mans _h no prie/s1 & did n c>e = sacrifices4 ,! ,kelts _h a p[]ful prie/hood & impos+ religi\s rites4 ,! ,g]mans 7 rem>kable = _! blue eyes1 light hair1 & l>ge limbs4 ,! ,kelts 7 d>k-complexion$4 ,! ,gauls 7 m quick1 b less p]sev]+1 ?an ! ,g]mans4 ,ready to attack1 !y 7 soon disc\rag$4 ,tacitus1 describ+ ! ,g]mans1 says3 ,!y are a pure1 unmix$1 & indep5d5t race2 !re is a family lik5ess ?r\gh ! nation1 ! same =m & features1 /]n blue eyes1 ruddy hair2 a /rong s5se ( honor2 rev]5ce = wom52 religi\s1 b )\t a ritual2 sup]/iti\sly believ+ 9 sup]natural signs & port5ts1 b n 9 a prie/hood2 n liv+ 9 cities1 b 9 scatt]$ homes2 respect+ m>riage2 ! *ildr5 br\ght up 9 ! dirt1 among ! cattle2 hospitable1 frank1 & g5]\s2 fond ( dr9k+ be]1 & eat+ prep>ations ( milk4 ,! ,g]man & ,keltic races1 ?us di/+ui%$ 9 ! days ( ,cs>1 are equally di/9ct to-day4 ,ca?olicism1 ! religion ( a prie/hood1 a ritual1 & au?ority1 prevails among ! ,kelts2 ,prote/antism among ! ,g]mans4 ,irel&1 be+ ma9ly ,keltic1 is ,ca?olic1 ?\gh a "p ( a ,prote/ant nation4 ,france1 be+ ma9ly ,keltic1 is also ,ca?olic1 9 spite ( all its illum9ation1 its sci5ce1 & its k ( intellectual laws4 ,b z ,france conta9s a l>ge infusion ( ,g]man 7,franki%7 blood1 x is ! mo/ ,prote/ant ( ,ca?olic nations2 :ile ,scotl&1 conta9+ ! l>ge/ infusion ( ,keltic blood1 is ! mo/ prie/-ridd5 ( ,prote/ant nations4 ,?is la/ fact1 :i* ,mr4 ,buckle ass]ts1 & sp5ds half a volume 9 try+ to acc\nt =1 is expla9$ at once by e?nology4 ,:]ev] ! ,g]mans g to-day1 !y rema9 ! same p !y 7 9 ! days ( ,tacitus2 !y c>ry ! same blue eyes & light hair1 ! same love ( fre$om & hatr$ ( slav]y1 ! same t5d5cies to individualism 9 ?\ght & life1 ! same t5d5cy to sup]/iti\s belief 9 sup]natural ev5ts1 ev5 :5 )\t belief 9 any religion or *ur*2 & ev5 ! same love = be]1 & lac concretum1 n[ call$ s*me]case 9 our ,we/]n settlem5ts4 ,! ,kelt1 also1 ev]y:]e cont9ues ! same4 ,he loves equality m ?an fre$om4 ,he is a democrat1 b n an abolitioni/4 ,v social1 clanni%1 ) m wit ?an logic1 v s5sitive to praise1 brave1 b n det]m9$1 ne$+ a lead]1 he c>ries ! _s ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* into ,prote/antism1 & ! _s ( despotism into free in/itutions4 ,& t physical1 no less ?an m5tal qualities1 cont9ue "u all climates & in/itutions is illu/rat$ by ! blue eyes & light hair :i* ! travell] meets among ! ,g5oese & ,flor5t9es1 rem9d+ him ( _! ,lomb>d ance/ors2 :ile _! sup]ior t5d5cies to fre$om 9 *ur* & /ate sugge/ ! same orig94 ,n9ete5 hundr$ ye>s h pass$ s9ce ,julius ,cs> po9t$ out ^! div]sities ( "* !n exi/+ betwe5 ! ,g]mans & ,kelts4 ,s9ce !n !y h pass$ f b>b>ism to civilization4 ,in/ead ( liv+ 9 =e/s1 z hunt]s & h]dsm51 !y h built cities1 engag$ 9 comm]ce1 manufactures1 & agriculture4 ,!y h be5 conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity1 h conqu]$ ! ,roman empire1 engag$ 9 crusades1 f\ght 9 a hundr$ diff]5t w>s1 develop$ lit]atures1 arts1 & sci5ces1 *ang$ & *ang$ aga9 _! =ms ( gov]nm5t1 h be5 organiz$ by ,feudalism1 by ,despotism1 by ,democracy1 h gone ?r\gh ! ,prote/ant re=mation1 h emigrat$ to all c\ntries & climates2 & yet1 at ! end ( ?is long p]iod1 ! ,g]man ev]y:]e rema9s a ,g]man1 & ! ,kelt a ,kelt4 ,! descriptions ( ,tacitus & ,cs> /ill describe !m accurately4 ,& yet ,mr4 ,buckle und]takes to write a hi/ory ( civilization )\t tak+ ! elem5t ( race into acc\nt4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 ! p[] ( ?is elem5t ( race is illu/rat$ /ill m /rik+ly 9 ! case ( ! w&]+ & disp]s$ families1 :o1 hav+ ceas$ to be a nation1 cont9ue 9 _! disp]sions to manife/ ! p]man5t type ( _! orig9al & ineffaceable organization4 ,:]ev] ! ,jew goes1 he rema9s a ,jew4 ,9 all climates1 "u all gov]nm5ts1 speak+ all languages1 8 physical & m5tal features cont9ue ! same4 ,?is amaz+ fact has be5 held by _m !ologians to be a /&+ miracle ( ,div9e ,provid5ce4 ,b ,provid5ce works by law1 & ?r\gh second causes1 & uses 9 ?is in/ance ! laws ( a specially /ubborn organization & ! =ce ( a t5aci\s & p]si/5t blood to accompli% its ends4 ,! same k9d ( blood 9 ! k9dr$ ,semitic family ( ,arabs produces a l result1 ?\gh to a less /rik+ degree4 ,! ,b$\9s w&] = ?\s&s ( miles away f _! p59sula1 b always cont9ue ,arabs 9 appe>ance & "*4 ,! light1 s9ewy body & brilliant d>k eye1 ! ab/emi\s habit & roam+ t5d5cy1 m>k ! ,arab 9 ,h9do/an or ,b>b>y4 ,x is a ?\s& ye>s s9ce ^! nomad tribes left _! native home1 b !y cont9ue ! same p on ! ,p]sian ,gulf or amid ! des]ts ( ,sah>a4 ,! case ( ! ,gypsies1 h[ev]1 may be /ill m /rik+1 because ^! seem1 9 _! w&]+s ov] ! e>?1 to h gradually dive/$ !mselves ( e o!r common attribute except t ( race4 ,unlike ! ,jews & ,arabs1 !y n only adopt ! language1 b also ! religion1 ( ! c\ntry :]e !y happ5 to be4 ,yet !y always rema9 unfus$ & unassimilat$4 ,! ,gypsies fir/ appe>$ 9 ,europe 9 #adag1 9 ,moldavia1 & !nce spread into ,transylvania & ,hung>y4#cb ,!y aft]w>d pass$ into all ! c\ntries ( ,europe1 :]e _! numb]1 at ! pres5t "t1 is suppos$ to rea* #gjj1jjj or #hjj1jjj4 ,ev]y:]e !y adopt ! common =m ( wor%ip1 b are )\t any real fai?4 ,p>tially civiliz$ 9 "s c\ntries1 !y always reta9 _! own language beside t ( ! p among :om !y live4 ,?is language1 be+ evid5tly d]iv$ f ! ,sanskrit1 settles ! "q ( _! orig94 ,x is common to all _! bran*es ?r\gh ! _w2 z are also ! sweet voice ( _! maid5s1 & _! habits ( horse-deal+1 =tune-tell+1 & petty l>c5y4 ,)\t ! bond ( religion1 hi/ory1 gov]nm5t1 lit]ature1 or mutual k & int]c\rse1 !y /ill rema9 "o & ! same p 9 all _! disp]sions4 ,:at gives ?is unity & p]man5ce1 if n race8 ,yet race1 to ,mr4 ,buckle1 means no?+4 ,,iii4 ,mr4 ,buckle's ,!ory conc]n+ ,skepticism4--,"o ( ! laws ( hi/ory :i* ,mr4 ,buckle consid]s himself to h e/abli%$1 if n discov]$1 is t a _s ( skepticism prec$es necess>ily ! progress ( k1 & !re=e ( civilization4 ,by skepticism he means a d\bt ( ! tru? ( receiv$ op9ions4 ,he ass]ts t a _s ( d\bt is ! necess>y antec$5t to ! love ( inquiry4 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #bdb1 ,am4 ed47 ,d\bt mu/ int]v5e be=e inve/igation c beg94 ,"h1 !n1 we h ! act ( d\bt+ z ! orig9ator1 or at all ev5ts ! necess>y antec$5t1 ( all progress4 ,if ?is 7 s1 progress w\ld be impossible4 ,= ! great gr\ndwork ( k = ea* g5]ation mu/ be laid 9 ! m9ds ( *ildr52 & *ildr5 le>n1 n by d\bt+1 b by believ+4 ,*ildr5 are actuat$ at ! same "t by an insatiable curiosity & an unque/ion+ fai?4 ,!y ask ! reason ( ev]y?+1 & !y accept e reason :i* is giv5 !m4 ,if !y /opp$ to "q & to d\bt1 !y w\ld le>n v little4 ,b by n d\bt+ at all1 :ile !y are made to believe "s errors1 !y acquire an imm5se am\nt ( in=mation4 ,k9d ,"m ,nature und]/&s ! process ( le>n+ & ! pr9ciple ( progress mu* bett] ?an ,mr4 ,buckle1 & =tunately supplies e new g5]ation ( *ildr5 ) an ard5t desire = k1 & a disposition to believe ev]y?+ !y he>4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 ,mr4 ,buckle ref]s to m5 r ?an *ildr54 ,he may n insi/ on *ildr5's /opp+ to "q ev]y?+ !y he> be=e !y believe4 ,b 9 m5 p]haps ?is _s is ess5tial to progress4 ,:at great skeptics1 !n1 h be5 also great discov]]s8 ,:i* 0 ! greate/ discov]]1 ,leibnitz or ,bayle1 ,sir ,isaac ,newton or ,voltaire8 ,a fai? am\nt+ ne>ly to cr$ulity is almo/ ess5tial to discov]y1--a fai? :i* =esees :at x _c prove1 :i* foll[s sugge/ions & h9ts1 & s traces ! fa9te/ impressions left by ! fly+ foot/eps ( tru?4 ,! attitude ( ! intellect 9 all discov]y is n t ( d\bt1 b ( fai?4 ,! discov]] always appe>s to critical & skeptical m5 z a vision>y4 ,to skepticism1 says ,mr4 ,buckle1 we owe ! _s ( inquiry1 :i*1 dur+ ! la/ two c5turies1 has gradually encroa*$ on e possible subject1 & re=m$ e dep>tm5t ( practical & speculative k4 ,b ?is is pla9ly :at logicians call a hy/]on prot]on1 or :at common p call putt+ ! c>t be=e ! horse4 ,x is n skepticism :i* produces ! _s ( inquiry1 b ! _s ( inquiry :i* produces skepticism4 ,x 0 n a d\bt conc]n+ ! ,mosaic cosmogony :i* l$ to ! /udy ( geology2 ! /udy ( geology l$ to ! d\bt ( ! cosmogony4 ,skepticism conc]n+ ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur* did n lead to ! discov]y ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em2 ! discov]y ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em l$ to d\bts conc]n+ ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur* :i* d5i$ x4 ,p d n beg9 by d\bt+1 b by seek+4 ,! love ( k leads !m to inquire1 & inquiry %[s to !m new tru?s4 ,! new tru?s1 be+ f\nd to be oppos$ to receiv$ op9ions1 cause a d\bt conc]n+ ^? op9ions to arise 9 ! m9d4 ,skepticism1 !re=e1 may easily foll[1 b does n prec$e inquiry4 ,skepticism1 be+ a negative pr9ciple1 is necess>ily unproductive & b>r54 ,to h no /rong belief1 no fix$ op9ion1 no vital conviction = or aga9/ any?+1--?is is surely n a /ate ( intellect favorable to any great creation or discov]y4 ,goe!1 :o 0 c]ta9ly no bigot1 says1 9 a volume ( 8 po/hum\s works1 t skepticism is only an inv]t$ sup]/ition1 & t ?is skepticism is "o ( ! *ief evils ( ! pres5t age4 ,x is worse1 he adds1 ?an sup]/ition1 = sup]/ition is ! inh]itance ( en]getic1 h]oic1 progressive natures2 skepticism belongs to weak1 contract$1 %r9k+ m51 :o v5ture n out ( !mselves4 ,"l ,bacon says 7,advancem5t ( ,le>n+1 ,book ,,ii47 t d\bts h _! advantages 9 le>n+1 ( :i* he m5tions two1 b says t bo? ^! commodities d sc>cely c\nt]vail an inconv5i5ce :i* w intrude itself1 if x be n deb>r$2 :i* is1 t :5 a d\bt is once receiv$1 m5 labor r h[ to keep x a d\bt ?an h[ to solve x4 ,x w be se51 !re=e1 t ,"l ,bacon gives to skepticism sc>cely m enc\ragem5t ?an is giv5 x by ,goe!4 ,mr4 ,buckle says 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #bej7 t ,skepticism1 :i* 9 physics mu/ always be ! beg9n+ ( sci5ce1 9 religion mu/ always be ! beg9n+ ( tol]ation4 ,we h se5 t 9 physics skepticism is r ! end ( sci5ce ?an its beg9n+1 & ! same is true ( tol]ation4 ,skepticism does n necess>ily produce tol]ation4 ,! ,roman augurs1 :o laugh$ 9 ea* o!r's faces1 7 q ready to assi/ at ! spectacle ( ,*ri/ians ?r[n to ! lions4 ,skeptics1 n hav+ any inw>d conviction z a support1 re/ on e/abli%$ op9ions1 & are angry at see+ !m di/urb$4 ,a /rong belief is suffici5t = itself1 b a half-belief wi%es to put d[n all d\bts by =ce4 ,?is is well express$ by ,?omas ,burnet 7,epi/ola #b1 ,de ,ar*4 ,phil473 ,non potui non 9 illam semp] prop5d]e op9ionem1 ,nem9em irasci 9 v]itate def5d5da1 qui e&em pl5e possidet1 viditque 9 cl>o lum9e4 ,evid5s enim1 et indubitata ratio1 sibi sufficit et acquiescit3 aliisque a scopo ob]rantibus1 non tam succ5set1 quam mis]etur4 ,s$ cum argum5torum adv]santium aculeos s5timus1 et quodammodo p]iclit>i causam no/ram1 tum demum /uamus1 et eff]vescimus4 ,! lea/ firm believ]s h (t5 be5 ! mo/ viol5t p]secutors4 ,n]o p]secut$ ! ,*ri/ians2 ,m>cus ,anton9us p]secut$ !m2 b nei!r ,n]o nor ,anton9us _h any religi\s reason = ?is p]secution4 ,anton9us1 ! be/ head ( 8 "t1 0 a suffici5t skeptic to suit ,mr4 ,buckle1 z reg>ds all po9ts ( ! e/abli%$ religion1 b 8 skepticism did n prev5t him f be+ a p]secutor4 ,unbeliev+ ,popes1 l ,alex&] ,,vi4 & ,leo ,x41 h p]secut$4 ,true tol]ation is n born ( unbelief1 z ,mr4 ,buckle supposes1 b ( a deep] fai?4 ,religi\s lib]ty has n be5 giv5 to ! _w by skeptics1 b by su* m5 z ,milton1 ,baxt]1 ,j]emy ,taylor1 & ,rog] ,williams4 ,s f> f g5]al skepticism be+ ! antec$5t condition ( intellectual progress & discov]y1 x is a sign ( approa*+ intellectual /agnation & decay4 ,a great religi\s movem5t usually prec$es & prep>es ! way = a great m5tal developm5t4 ,?us ! religi\s activity born ( ,prote/antism %[$ its results 9 ,engl& 9 ! age ( ,elizabe?1 & 9 a g5]al outbreak ( intellectual activity ov] all ,europe4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! skepticism ( ! eighte5? c5tury 0 accompani$ by comp>ative /agnation ( ?\ght ?r\gh\t ,*ri/5dom4 ,,iv4 ,mr4 ,buckle's ,view ( ! small ,influ5ce ( ,religion on ,civilization4--,mr4 ,buckle ?9ks x is errone\s to suppose t religion is "o ( ! prime mov]s ( human affairs4 7,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ahc47 ,religion1 accord+ to him1 has little to d ) human progress4 ,9 ?is op9ion1 he diff]s f ne>ly all o!r great hi/orians & philosophical ?9k]s4 ,9 mod]n times1 ,hegel1 ,niebuhr1 ,guizot1 ,arnold1 & ,macaulay1 among o!rs1 h discuss$ ! "p tak5 by religi\s ideas 9 ! developm5t ( man1 lay+ ! greate/ /ress on ?is elem5t4 ,b ,mr4 ,buckle d5ies t religion is "o ( ! prime mov]s 9 human affairs4 ,! ,crusades h be5 ?\ght to h ex]cis$ "s influ5ce on ,european civilization4 ,b religion 0 c]ta9ly ! prime mov] ( ! ,crusades4 ,mohamm$anism ex]cis$ "s influ5ce on ! developm5t ( ,european life4 ,b ,mohamm$anism 0 an embodim5t ( religi\s ideas4 ,! ,prote/ant ,re=mation %ook e in/itution1 e nation1 e "p ( social life1 9 ,*ri/5dom1 & ,europe rock$ to its f\ndations "u ! influ5ce ( ?is great movem5t4 ,b religion 0 ! prime mov] ( x all4 ,! ,engli% ,revolution turn$ on religi\s ideas4 ,! rise ( ! ,dut* ,republic 0 det]m9$ by !m4 ,9 "o =m !y coloniz$ ,s\? ,am]ica & ,mexico2 9 ano!r =m1 !y plant$ ,new ,engl&4 ,su* great con/ructive m9ds z ^? ( ,alfr$ & ,*>lemagne h be5 b5evol5tly inspir$ by rational religion2 su* d>k1 de/ructive natures z ^? ( ,philip ,,ii4 ( ,spa91 ,ca?>9e de ,m$icis ( ,france1 & ,m>y ,tudor ( ,engl& h be5 malevol5tly inspir$ by fanatical religion4 ,on :at gr\nds1 !n1 does ,mr4 ,buckle dispute ! influ5ce ( religion8 ,on two gr\nds ma9ly4 ,fir/1 he tells u t moral ideas are n susceptible ( progress1 & !re=e _c h ex]cis$ any p]ceptible influ5ce on ! progress ( civilization4 ,= t :i* does n *ange1 he argues1 _c influ5ce t :i* *anges4 ,t :i* has be5 kn[n = ?\s&s ( ye>s _c be ! cause ( an ev5t :i* took place = ! fir/ "t only ye/]day4 ,s9ce civilization is ! product ( moral & intellectual ag5cies1 says ,mr4 ,buckle1 & s9ce t product is con/antly *ang+1 x _c be regulat$ by ! /ation>y ag5t2 because :5 surr\nd+ circum/ances are un*ang$1 a /ation>y ag5t c produce only a /ation>y effect4 ,on ?is pr9ciple1 gravitation c\ld n be ! cause ( ! appe>ance ( ,donati's comet 9 ! neighborhood ( ! sun4 ,= gravitation is a /ation>y & uni=m ag5t2 x _c !re=e produce an accel]at$ motion4 ,mr4 ,buckle w answ]1 t ?\gh ! law ( gravitation is "o & ! same 9 all ages1 & uni=m 9 its action1 ! result ( its action may be diff]5t at diff]5t times1 accord+ to ! position 9 ! univ]se ( ! object act$ ^u4 ,true2 & 9 l mann] we may say1 t1 ?\gh religi\s ideas are immutable1 ! result ( _! action on ! human m9d may be diff]5t1 accord+ to ! position ( t m9d 9 relation to !m4 ,! doctr9e ( "o ,god1 ! ,mak] & ,"l ( all ?+s1 0 n a new "o1 or "o newly discov]$ 9 ! sev5? c5tury4 ,yet :5 appli$ by ,mohamm$ to ! ,arabian m9d1 x 0 l a sp>k com+ 9 contact ) gunp[d]4 ,^? w&]+ sons ( ! des]t1 unkn[n be=e 9 ! affairs ( ! _w1 & a negative quantity 9 human hi/ory1 sprang up a t]rible p[]1 capable ( ov]runn+ & conqu]+ half ! e>?4 ,religion awak5$ !m2 religion organiz$ !m2 religion direct$ !m4 ,! fact t an idea is an old "o is no pro(1 !re=e1 t x may n sudd5ly beg9 to act ) awful effici5cy on civilization & ! de/9y ( man4 ,! o!r reason giv5 by ,mr4 ,buckle :y religi\s ideas h little influ5ce 9 hi/ory is1 t ! religion ( a nation is symptomatic ( its m5tal & moral /ate4 ,m5 take ! religi\s ideas :i* suit !m4 ,a religion n suit$ to a p _c be accept$ by x2 or1 if accept$1 has no influ5ce on x4 ,?is ?\ght1 argu$ at consid]able l5g? by ,mr4 ,buckle1 is s p]fectly true z to be a truism4 ,! religion ( a p is no d\bt an effect4 ,b may x n also be a cause8 ,x1 no d\bt1 _c be receiv$ by a p n prep>$ = x4 ,b does x !re=e ex]cise no influ5ce on a p :i* x f9ds prep>$8 ,fire _c explode an unexplosive mat]ial1 nor inflame "o n inflammable4 ,b does x foll[ t x effects no?+ :5 br\ght into contact ) "o :i* is inflammable or explosive8 ,a burn+ coal laid on a rock or put into ! wat] produces no effect4 ,b does ?is prove t ! explosion ( gunp[d] is 9 no mann] due to ! contact ( fire8 ,! religion ( mank9d1 says ,mr4 ,buckle1 is ! effect ( _! improvem5t1 & n ! cause ( x4 ,8 pro( is t missions & mission>ies among ! hea!n produce only a sup]ficial *ange among b>b>\s & un5light5$ tribes4 ,k1 he says1 mu/ prep>e ! way = x4 ,!re mu/1 no d\bt1 be "s k9d ( prep>ation = ,*ri/ianity4 ,b does x foll[ t ,*ri/ianity1 :5 its way is prep>$1 is only an effect8 ,:y may x n be also a cause8 ,judaism prep>$ ! way = ,*ri/ianity4 ,b did n ,*ri/ianity produce "s effect on ,judaism8 ,! ,arab m9d 0 prep>$ = ,mohamm$anism4 ,b did n ,mohamm$anism produce "s effect on ! ,arab m9d8 ,europe 0 prep>$ by v>i\s influ5ces = ,prote/antism4 ,b did n ,prote/antism produce "s effects on ,europe8 ,x might1 ) equal tru?1 & p]haps ) great] tru?1 be ass]t$ t intellectual ideas are ! result ( previ\s tra9+1 & t !y are !re=e an effect1 & by no means a cause4 ,! intellectual tru?s accept$ by any p]iod dep5d c]ta9ly on ! advanc$ condition ( human culture4 ,y _c tea* log>i?ms to ,hott5tots1 trigonometry to ,digg] ,indians1 or ! diff]5tial calculus to ! ,feejee ,isl&]s4 ,h5ce1 accord+ to our au?or's logic1 ^? v intellectual ideas :i* he ?9ks ! only great mov]s 9 human affairs are really no mov]s at all1 b only symptoms ( ! actual intellectual condition ( a nation4 ,b x is a curi\s fact1 t1 :ile ,mr4 ,buckle consid]s religi\s ideas ( s little importance 9 ! hi/ory ( civilization1 he nev]!less devotes a l>ge "p ( bo? 8 volumes to prov+ ! great evil done to civilization by errone\s =ms ( religi\s op9ion4 ,ne>ly ! :ole ( 8 second volume is 9 fact giv5 to %[+ ! h>m done 9 ,spa9 & ,scotl& by false sy/ems ( religi\s ?\ght4 ,:y sp5d page aft] page 9 %[+ ! evil influ5ce ( false religion on society1 if religion1 :e!r true or false1 has sc>cely any influ5ce at all8 ,:y se>* ?r\gh all ! records ( religi\s fanaticism & sup]/ition1 to br+ up to ! day ! gho/s ( dead beliefs1 if ^! beliefs are1 aft] all1 p[]less ei!r = good or evil8 99 99 99 99 99 ,! second volume1 ! rec5t publication ( :i* has sugge/$ ?is second review ( ,mr4 ,buckle's "w1 conta9s mu* ( int]e/ & value1 b suff]s f ! imp]fect me?od ( :i* we compla9$ at ! beg9n+ ( ?is article4 ,x is *iefly devot$ to a description ( ! evils result+ f prie/craft 9 ! two c\ntries ( ,spa9 & ,scotl&4 ,x conta9s six *apt]s4 ,! fir/ is on ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,spani% ,intellect f ! fif? to ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! o!r five *apt]s relate to ,scotl&4 ,9 ! *apt] on ,spa9 ,buckle attempts to %[ h[ loyalty & sup]/ition began 9 ?is nation1 & :at has be5 ! result4 ,( c\rse1 accord+ to 8 !ory1 he is oblig$ to trace _! orig9 to ext]nal circum/ances1 & he f9ds ! cause ( ! sup]/ition 9 ! climate1 :i* produc$ dr\ght & fam9e1 & 9 ! e>?quakes :i* al>m$ ! p4 ,& "h ,mr4 ,buckle1 foll[+ ! philosophy ( ,lucretius1 conf\nds religion & fe>1 & puts ! occasion = ! cause4 ,b1 beside e>?quakes1 ! ,arian h]esy help$ to create ?is sup]/ition1 by id5tify+ ! w>s = national indep5d5ce ) ^? = religion1 & s giv+ a great asc5d5cy to ! prie/s4 ,h5ce ! ,*ur* 9 ,spa9 e>ly acquir$ great p[]1 &1 naturally ally+ itself ) ! gov]nm5t1 gave rise to ! s5tim5t ( loyalty1 :i* 0 increas$ by ! ,moori% invasion & ! long w>s :i* foll[$4 ,loyalty & sup]/ition ?us became s deeply root$ 9 ! ,spani% m9d1 t !y c\ld n be eradicat$ by ! ef=ts ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,no?+ b k c cure ?is bl9d & s]vile loyalty & ?is abject sup]/ition1 & :ile ,spa9 cont9ues sunk 9 ignorance x mu/ always rema9 sup]/iti\s & submissive4 ,"s difficulties1 h[ev]1 sugge/ !mselves 9 ! way ( ?is v simple explanation4 ,if sup]/iti\s loyalty to ,*ur* & k+ comes f e>?quakes1 :y are n ! e>?quake regions ( ! ,we/ ,indies & ( ,s\? ,am]ica m loyal1 in/ead ( be+ 9 a /ate ( *ronic revolution8 ,& h[ came ,scotl& to be s diseas$ ) loyalty & sup]/ition1 :5 %e is s free f e>?quakes8 ,& if k is su* a c]ta9 cure = sup]/ition1 :y 0 n ,spa9 cur$ by ! flood ( light :i* %e1 alone ( all ,european c\ntries1 enjoy$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages8 ,spa9 0 = a long "t ! s\rce ( sci5ce & art to all ,europe1 ^: ,*ri/ian sons resort$ to h] univ]sities & libr>ies = in/ruction4 ,!re 0 taught to ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 & ,g]man /ud5ts ! philosophy ( ,ari/otle1 ! ,grco-,arabic lit]ature1 ma!matics1 & natural hi/ory4 ,! num]als1 gunp[d]1 pap]1 & o!r inv5tions ( ! ,arabs1 pass$ into ,europe f ,spa94 ,%e possess$1 !re=e1 t k ( physical laws :i* ,mr4 ,buckle decl>es to be ! only cure = sup]/ition4 ,yet %e 0 n cur$4 ,! nation :i*1 accord+ to 8 !ory1 ought to h be5 soone/ deliv]$ f sup]/ition1 accord+ to 8 /atem5ts has reta9$ its yoke long] ?an any o!r4 ,f ,spa9 ,mr4 ,buckle passes to ,scotl&1 :]e he f9ds a /ill m complicat$ problem4 ,sup]/ition & loyalty ought to g toge!r1 he ?9ks1--& usually d2 b 9 ,scotl& !y are divorc$4 ,! ,scot* h always be5 sup]/iti\s1 b disloyal4 ,to ! explanation ( ?is fact ,mr4 ,buckle b5ds 8 en]gies ( ?\ght1 & ( c\rse is able to f9d a !ory to acc\nt = x4 ,?is !ory we %all n /op to detail2 x is too complex1 & at ! same "t too sup]ficial1 to dwell ^u4 ,its *ief po9t is t ! ,prote/ant noblem5 & ,prote/ant cl]gy qu>rel$ ab\t ! weal? ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 & s !re 0 9 ,scotl& a complete rupture betwe5 ! two classes else:]e 9 alliance4 ,?us ! cl]gy1 f9d+ !mselves despis$ by ! gov]n+ class1 unit$ !mselves he>tily ) ! p1 & advocat$ democratic pr9ciples4 ,su* is ! explanation giv5 to ! c\rse ( hi/ory 9 a great nation4 ,a qu>rel betwe5 its noblem5 & its m9i/]s 7:o are ( c\rse repres5t$ z m]c5>y self-seek]s7 det]m9es its p]man5t "*6 ,mr4 ,buckle1 to :om ! love ( plund] appe>s z ! cause ( :at o!r m5 reg>d z loyalty or religion1 expla9s by ! same fact ! loyalty ( ! ,highl&]s to ,k+ ,*>les4 ,!y ?\ght t1 if he conqu]$1 he w\ld all[ !m to plund] ! ,l[l&]s once m4 ,?is is ,buckle's explanation4 ,an e?nologi/ w\ld h rememb]$ ! fact t ! ,gaels are pure-blood$ ,kelts1 & t ! ,kelts pur sang are ev]y:]e di/+ui%$ = loyalty to _! *iefs4 ,mr4 ,buckle enc\nt]s ano!r difficulty 9 ,scotti% hi/ory 9 ?is1 t ?\gh a new & spl5did lit]ature arose 9 ,scotl& at ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 x 0 unable to dim9i% national sup]/ition4 ,x 0 ?or\ghly skeptical1 & yet did n produce ! appropriate effect ( skepticism4 ,s t at ?is po9t "o ( ,mr4 ,buckle's f\r great laws ( hi/ory seems to break d[n4 ,= a mom5t he appe>s disc\rag$1 & lam5ts1 ) real pa?os1 ! limitations ( ! human intellect4 ,b 9 ! next *apt] he addresses himself aga9 to ! solution ( 8 two-fold problem1 viz43 #a/1 t ! same p %\ld be lib]al 9 _! politics & illib]al 9 _! religion2 &1 #b;d1 t _! free & skeptical lit]ature 9 ! eighte5? c5tury %\ld h be5 unable to less5 _! religi\s illib]ality4 ,9 approa*+ ?is "p ( 8 task1 9 ! fif? *apt]1 our au?or gives a v elaborate & highly color$ picture ( ! religion ( ,scotl&4 ,x is too well done4 ,l "s ( ,macaulay's descriptions1 x is s v /rik+ z to impress u almo/ inevitably z a c>icature4 ,e /atem5t 9 :i* ! horrors & cruelties ( ,calv9ism are describ$ is inde$ re9=c$ by ample citations or pl5tiful ref]5ces 9 ! footnotes4 ,b "s ( ^! seem capable ( a diff]5t inf]5ce f t drawn 9 ! text4 ,= in/ance1 he *>ges ! ,scotti% cl]gy ) tea*+1 t1 ?\gh ! arrangem5ts orig9ally made by ! ,deity to puni% 8 creatures 7 ample1 !y 7 insuffici5t2 & hell1 n be+ big en\gh to conta9 ! c\ntless victims incessantly p\r$ into x1 _h 9 ^! latt] days be5 enl>g$4 ,!re 0 n[ suffici5t room4 ,he supports ! *>ge by ?is ref]5ce to ,ab]ne?y1--,hell has enl>g$ itself1--app>5tly n be+ aw>e t ,ab]ne?y 0 m]ely quot+ f ,isaiah4 ,he says t to write poetry 0 consid]$ by ! ,scot* cl]gy to be a griev\s (f5ce1 & wor?y ( special condemnation4 ,he supports 8 /atem5t by ?is ref]5ce3 ,a ma/]%ip 9 a gramm> s*ool 0 (f]$ 9 #agfg to ,john ,wilson1 ! au?or ( ',clyde' 7a poet1 by ! by1 n f\nd among ! tw5ty ,john ,wilsons commemorat$ by ,watt74 ,b1 says 8 biograph]1 ! magi/rates & m9i/]s ( ,gre5ock ?\ght fit1 be=e !y w\ld admit ,mr4 ,wilson to ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ! gramm> s*ool1 to /ipulate t he %\ld ab&on '! pr(ane & unpr(itable art ( poem-mak+4' ,?is fact1 h[ev]1 by no means proves t poetry 0 consid]$1 !ologically1 a s91 = p]haps x 0 reg>d$ practically z only a disqualification4 ,x is to be fe>$ t _m ( our s*ool committees n[--c\ntry %opkeep]s1 p]haps1 or city ald]m5--w\ld1 ap>t f ,calv9ism1 ?9k t a poet mu/ be necess>ily a dream] & an unpractical man4 ,a few exagg]ations ( ?is k9d !re may be4 ,b1 on ! :ole1 ! acc\nt seems to be correctly giv52 & x is "o :i* w d good4 ,9 ! rema9+ portion ( ! second volume ,mr4 ,buckle gives a v vigor\s description ( ! intellectual progress ( ! ,scot* dur+ ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies4 ,8 acc\nt ( ,adam ,smi? z a writ] is peculi>ly brilliant4 ,8 views ( ,hume & ,reid are ably drawn4 ,!nce he proce$s to discuss ! discov]ies ( ,black & ,leslie 9 natural philosophy1 ( ,smi? & ,hutton 9 geology1 ( ,cav5di% 9 *emi/ry1 ( ,cull5 & ,hunt] 9 physiology & pa?ology4 ,^! discussions are int]e/+1 & %[ a great range ( k & p[] ( /udy 9 ! writ]4 ,yet !y are episodes1 & h little be>+ on ! ma9 c\rse ( 8 ?\ght4 ,we h ?us giv5 a cursory survey ( ^! volumes4 ,we d n ?9k ,buckle's philosophy s\nd1 8 me?od good1 or 8 doctr9es t5able4 ,yet we _c b sympa?ize ) "o :o has devot$ 8 /r5g? & y\? ) su* untir+ indu/ry to su* a great ent]prise4 ,& we mu/ ne$s be t\*$ ) ! pla9tive confession :i* breaks f 8 we>i$ m9d & exhau/$ hope 9 ! la/ volume1 :5 he accepts ! defeat ( 8 e>ly endeavor1 & submits to ! disappo9tm5t ( 8 y\?ful hope4 ,we %\ld be glad to quote ! entire passage1#cc because x is ! be/ 9 ! book1 & because he expresses 9 x1 9 ! mo/ cond5s$ =m1 8 ideas & purposes z an hi/oric writ]4 ,b our limit$ space all[s u only to comm5d x to ! special att5tion ( ! read]4 ,,voltaire#cd ,mr4 ,p>ton has giv5 u 9 ^! volumes#ce ano!r ( 8 int]e/+ & in/ructive biographies4 ,n z int]e/+1 inde$1 z "s o!rs1--= example1 z 8 life ( ,&rew ,jackson2 nor z in/ructive z 8 lives ( ,frankl9 & ( ,jeff]son4 ,! nature ( ! case made ?is impossible4 ,! /ory ( ,jackson _h nev] be5 told till ,mr4 ,p>ton und]took x4 ,x 0 a hi/ory ( fronti] life1 ( /range adv5tures1 ( desp]ate c\rage1 ( a =ce ( "* :i* conqu]$ all ob/acles & a*iev$ extraord9>y results2 a /ory ,( mov+ accid5ts by flood & field1 ,( hair-bread? 'scapes i' ! imm95t deadly brea*1 ,( be+ tak5 by ! insol5t foe4 ,no su* int]e/ atta*es to ! ,life ( ,voltaire4 ,8 mo/ s]i\s adv5ture 0 be+ %ut up 9 ! ,ba/ille = a pasqu9ade1 & be+ set free aga9 on 8 solemn prote/ation1 true or false1 t he nev] wrote x4 ,x is an old /ory1 told a ?\s& times1 ) all its gloss1 if x ev] _h any1 q worn (f4 ,! ,life ( ,frankl91 :i*1 on ! :ole1 we ?9k ! be/ ( ,p>ton's biographies1 0 full ( int]e/ & in/ruction ( ano!r k9d4 ,x 0 ! life ( a build]1--( "o :o gave 8 great p[]s to con/ruction1 to build+ up new in/itutions & new sci5ces1 to ! discov]y ( k & ! creation ( national life4 ,voltaire 0 a diffus] ( k already f\nd1 b he _h n ! pati5ce nor ! devotion ( a discov]]4 ,8 gift 0 n to con/ruct good in/itutions1 b to de/roy bad ones1--a "w ! int]e/ ( :i* is necess>ily ephem]al4 ,no wond]1 !re=e1 t ,mr4 ,p>ton1 ) all 8 practic$ skill z a biograph]1 has n be5 able to give to ! /ory ( ,voltaire ! ?rill+ int]e/ :i* he imp>t$ to t ( ,frankl9 & ( ,jackson4 ,we gladly take ! pres5t opportunity to add our recognition ( ,mr4 ,p>ton's s]vices to ^? :i* h come to him f o!r qu>t]s4 ,a writ] ( unequal m]it1 & "o ^: judgm5t is (t5 bias$ by 8 prejudices1 he nev]!less has done mu* to %[ h[ biography %\ld be writt54 ,( all =ms ( human writ+ !re is none :i* ought to be at once s in/ructive & s int]e/+ z ?is1 b 9 ! l>ge majority ( in/ances x is ! mo/ vapid & empty4 ,! good biographies1 9 all languages1 are s few t !y c almo/ be c\nt$ on ! f+]s2 b ^! are among ! mo/ preci\s books 9 ! lit]ature ( mank9d4 ,! /ory ( ,ru?1 ! ,odyssey ( ,hom]1 ,plut>*'s lives1 ! ,memorabilia ( ,x5ophon1 ! life ( ,agricola1 ! ,confessions ( ,augu/9e1 among ! anci5ts2 &1 9 mod]n times1 ,boswell's ,johnson1 ! autobiographies ( ,alfi]i1 ,b5v5uto ,cell9i1 ,frankl91 ,goe!1 ,voltaire's ,*>les ,,xii41 & ,s\!y's ,life ( ,wesley are specim5s ( :at may be accompli%$ 9 ?is direction4 ,x has be5 ?\ght t any man c write a biography1 b x requires g5ius to und]/& g5ius4 ,h[ mu* intellig5ce is necess>y to collect ) discrim9ation ! significant facts ( a human life2 to p5etrate to ! law ( :i* !y are ! expression2 to give ! picturesque proportions to e "p1 to arrange ! =egr\nd1 ! middle di/ance1 & ! backgr\nd ( ! panorama2 to br+ out 9 prop] light & %ad[ ! features & de$s ( ! h]o6 ,few biograph]s take ?is tr\ble4 ,!y cont5t !mselves ) collect+ ! lett]s writt5 by & to _! subject2 sweep+ toge!r ! facts ( 8 life1 important or o!rwise2 arrang+ !m 9 "s k9d ( *ronological ord]2 & !n hav+ ?is pr9t$ & b\nd up 9 "o or two heavy volumes4 ,to all ?is _m writ]s ( biography add ano!r fault1 :i* is almo/ a fatal "o4 ,!y treat _! subject de haut en bas1 pref]r+ to look d[n ^u him r ?an to look up to him4 ,!y occupy !mselves 9 criticis+ 8 faults & po9t+ out 8 defici5cies1 till !y =get to m5tion :at he has accompli%$ to make him wor?y ( hav+ 8 life writt5 at all4 ,we lately saw a life ( ,pope treat$ 9 ?is /yle4 ,"o unacqua9t$ ) ,pope1 aft] read+ x1 w\ld say1 ,if he 0 su* a contemptible fell[1 & 8 writ+s s insignificant1 :y %\ld we h to read 8 biography8 ,?omas ,c>lyle has ! great m]it ( lead+ ! way 9 ! opposite direction1 & ( ?us initiat+ a new /yle ( biography4 ,! old me?od 0 = ! writ] to reg>d himself z a judge on ! b5*1 & ! subject ( 8 biography z a prison] at ! b>4 ,c>lyle1 9 8 ,life ( ,s*ill]1 %[$ himself a lov+ disciple1 sitt+ at ! feet ( 8 ma/]4 ,we recollect t :5 ?is "w fir/ appe>$ !re 7 only a few copies kn[n to be 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,"o 0 9 ! possession ( an em95t pr(essor 9 ,h>v>d ,college1 ( :om ! pres5t writ] borr[$ x4 ,on return+ x1 he 0 ask$ :at he ?\ght ( x1 & repli$ t he consid]$ x writt5 ) mu* en?usiasm4 ,yes1 respond$ ! pr(essor1 ,i myself ?\ght x r extravagant4 ,en?usiasm 9 a biograph] 0 !n consid]$ to be ! same z extravagance4 ,b ?is h]o-wor%ip1 :i* is ! *>m 9 ,plut>*1 ,x5ophon1 & ,boswell1 inspir$ a l int]e/ 9 ,c>lyle's portraits ( ,s*ill]1 ,goe!1 ,ri*t]1 ,burns1 & ! actors 9 ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,s true is 8 own w>n+3 ,fri5d1 if y wi% me to take an int]e/ 9 :at y say1 be s k9d z to take "s int]e/ 9 x y\rself--a gold5 maxim1 to be kept 9 m9d by all hi/orians1 writ]s ( travels1 biograph]s1 prea*]s1 & tea*]s4 ,a social success may sometimes be accompli%$ by assum+ ! blas air ( ! ,roman emp]or :o said1 ,omnia fui1 nihil exp$it2 b ?is tone is ru9\s = "o :o wi%es ! e> ( ! public4 ,s9ce ! days ( ,c>lyle1 o!rs h writt5 9 ! same _s1 all[+ !mselves to take m or less int]e/ 9 ! man ^: life !y 7 relat+4 ,s ,macaulay1 9 8 sket*es ( ,clive1 ,ha/+s1 ,*a?am1 ,pym1 & ,hampd52 s ,lewes1 9 8 ,life ( ,goe!2 & s ,p>ton1 9 8 v>i\s biographies4 ,9 "s respects ,mr4 ,p>ton's biography rem9ds u ( ,macaulay's ,hi/ory4 ,bo? h be5 cr$it$ ) ! same qualities1 bo? *>g$ ) ! same defects4 ,bo? are indefatigable 9 collect+ mat]ial f all qu>t]s1--f o!r hi/ories & biographies1 memoirs1 lett]s1 newspap]s1 broadsides1 & p]sonal communications ga!r$ 9 _m out-(-!-way localities4 ,bo? h ! p[] ( disc>d+ insignificant details & reta9+ :at is sugge/ive & picturesque4 ,bo?1 !re=e1 h ! same supreme m]it ( be+ int]e/+4 ,bo? h /rong prejudices1 take sides e>ne/ly1 =get t !y are n>rators1 & beg9 to plead z attorneys & advocates4 ,bo? h be5 accus$1 rightly or wrongly1 ( grave inaccuracies4 ,b _! defects w n prev5t !m f hold+ _! place z tea*]s ( ! ,engli%-speak+ public4 ,engli% & ,am]ican read]s w long cont9ue to ?9k ( ,m>lbor\gh z ,macaulay repres5ts him2 ( ,jackson & ,jeff]son z ,p>ton describes !m4 ,su* ,rembr&t-l portraits fix ! att5tion by _! /range *i>o-oscuro4 ,!y may n be l nature1 b !y take ! place ( nature4 ,! mo/ rem>kable in/ance ( ?is k9d is ! repres5tation ( ,tib]ius by ,tacitus1 :i* has caus$ mank9d1 until v rec5tly1 to consid] ,tib]ius a mon/] ( lic5ti\sness & cruelty1 9 spite ( ! almo/ self-evid5t absurdity & self-contradiction ( ?is assumption4#cf ,limn]s ) su* a t]rible p[] ( portraiture %\ld be v c>eful h[ !y use x1 & n abuse ! faculty 9 ! int]e/ ( _! prejudices4 ,if ,mr4 ,p>ton resembles ,macaulay 9 "s respects1 9 "o po9t1 at lea/1 he is l ,c>lyle3 t is1 t 8 la/ h]o is ! lea/ int]e/+4 ,f ,s*ill] & ,goe! to ,fr$]ic ! ,great 0 a fall2 & s f ,frankl9 to ,voltaire4 ,c>lyle tells u :at a we>y task he _h ) 8 ,prussian k+1 & we ?9k t ,mr4 ,p>ton's labors ov] ! patri>* ( ! eighte5?-c5tury lit]ature mu/ h be5 equally di/ress+4 ,at a di/ance1 ,voltaire is a /rik+ ph5om5on3 ! mo/ brilliant wit ( almo/ any p]iod2 ! mo/ prolific writ]2 a successful dramati/1 hi/orian1 biograph]1 /ory-tell]1 controv]siali/1 lyrical poet1 /ud5t ( sci5ce4 ,truly1 a univ]sal g5ius1 a mighty p[]6 we say4 ,b look m closely1 & ?is g5ius turns into tal5t2 ?is encyclopdic k becomes only sup]ficial half k2 ?is royalty is a %am royalty2 x does n lead ! _w1 b foll[s x4 ,! "w into :i* ,voltaire put 8 he>t 0 de/ruction--! de/ruction ( falsehoods1 bigotries1 cruelties1 & %ams4 ,x 0 an important duty1 & "s "o _h to d x4 ,b x 0 tempor>y1 & "o ( :i* ! int]e/ is soon ov]4 ,if ,lu!r & ! o!r re=m]s _h aim$ at only de/roy+ ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 _! influ5ce w\ld h spe$ily ceas$4 ,b !y rebuilt1 z !y de/roy$2 ! sword 9 "o h&1 & ! tr[el 9 ! o!r4 ,!y de/roy$ 9 ord] to build2 !y took away ! outgr[n h\se1 to put ano!r 9 its place4 ,voltaire did n g s f> z t2 he want$ no new *ur* 9 ! place ( ! old "o4 ,voltaire & ,r\sseau are (t5 spok5 ( z ?\gh !y 7 fell[-work]s1 & are associat$ 9 _m m9ds z %>+ ! same convictions4 ,no?+ c be m untrue4 ,!y 7 radically opposite 9 ! v /ructure ( _! m9ds1 & _! foll[]s & admir]s are equally diff]5t4 ,if all m5 c be divid$ into ,platoni/s & ,ari/otelians1 !y may be 9 l mann] classifi$ z ^? :o pref] ,voltaire to ,r\sseau1 & vice v]sa4 ,bo? 7 inde$ !i/s1 & bo? oppos$ to ! popul> religion ( _! "t4 ,bo? 7 brilliant writ]s1 ma/]s ( ! ,fr5* language1 li/5$ to by ! p1 & ) a va/ popul>ity4 ,bo? 7 m or less p]secut$ = _! religi\s h]esies4 ,s f> !y resemble ea* o!r4 ,b ^! are only ext]nal resemblances2 radically & inw>dly !y 7 pol> opposites4 ,:at attract$ "o repell$ ! o!r4 ,voltaire 0 a man ( ! _w1 fond ( society & social pleasures2 ! *ild ( 8 "t1 popul>1 a univ]sal favorite4 ,r\sseau %rank f society1 hat$ its fa%ions1 did n enjoy its pleasures1 & belong$ to ano!r epo* ?an ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,r\sseau believ$ 9 human nature1 & ?\ght t if we c\ld return to our natural condition ! mis]ies ( life w\ld cease4 ,voltaire despis$ human nature2 he =ev] repeat$ t ! majority ( m5 7 knaves & fools4 ,r\sseau di/ru/$ education & culture z !y are commonly und]/ood2 b to ,voltaire's m9d !y 7 ! only matt]s ( any value1--all t made life wor? liv+4 ,r\sseau 0 m l ,pascal ?an l ,voltaire2 f> bel[ ,pascal1 no d\bt1 9 fix$ moral pr9ciples & ascetic virtue4 ,yet he resembl$ him 9 8 devotion to ideas1 8 en?usiasm = "s bett] day to come4 ,bo? 7 out ( place 9 _! own "t2 bo? 7 prophets cry+ 9 ! wild]ness4 ,put ,voltaire betwe5 ,pascal & ,r\sseau1 & x w\ld be some?+ l ! tableau ( ,goe! betwe5 ,bas$[ & ,lavat]4 ,prophete re*ts1 ,propliete l9ks1 ,das ,weltk9d 9 d] ,mitte4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ,voltaire & ,r\sseau 0 really t betwe5 a man ( tal5t & a man ( g5ius4 ,voltaire1 brilliant1 adroit1 full ( res\rce1 quick z a fla%1 v]satile1 ) imm5se p[]s ( work+1 ) a life full ( lit]>y successes1 has n left beh9d him a s+le ma/]piece4 ,he comes 9 ev]y:]e second be/4 ,z a trag$ian he is inf]ior to ,rac9e2 z a wit & comic writ] f> bel[ ,molire2 & he is q surpass$ z a hi/orian & biograph] by _m mod]n ,fr5* au?ors4 ,no g]m9at+ ideas are to be f\nd 9 8 writ+s1 no se$ corn = future h>ve/s4 ,he ?\ght himself a philosoph]1 & 0 s reg>d$ by o!rs2 b nei!r _h 8 philosophy any roots to x4 ,a suffici5t pro( ( ?is is ! fact t he %>$ ! sup]ficial optimism ( ! ,engli% dei/s1 z express$ by ,bol+broke & ,pope1 until ! ,lisbon e>?quake1 by de/roy+ ?irty ?\s& p1 *ang$ 8 :ole m5tal attitude4 ,till !n he c\ld say ) ,pope1 ,:atev] is1 is "r4 ,aft] t1 mo/ ?+s :i* are1 appe>$ to him fatally & hopelessly wrong4 ,t ?irty ?\s& p]sons %\ld p]i% 9 a few m9utes1 9 great suff]+1 he ?\ght inconsi/5t ) ! goodness ( ,god4 ,b take ! :ole _w ov]1 ?irty ?\s& p are cont9ually p]i%+1 9 ! c\rse ( a few h\rs or days4 ,:at diff]5ce does x make1 9 a philosophical po9t ( view1 if !y die all at once 9 a p>ticul> place1 or at long] int]vals 9 _m places8 ,voltaire asks1 ,:at crime _h ^? infants committ$ :o lie cru%$ on _! "m's brea/s8 ,:at crime1 we reply1 h ! infants committ$ :o h be5 dy+ by millions1 9 suff]+1 s9ce ! _w began8 ,0 ,lisbon1 he asks1 m wick$ ?an ,p>is8 ,b _h ,voltaire nev] notic$ be=e t wick$ p (t5 live on 9 heal? & pleasure1 :ile ! good suff] & die8 ,voltaire did n see1 :at x requires v little philosophy to discov]1 t a ,lisbon e>?quake really pres5ts no m difficulty to ! reason ?an ! suff]+ & dea? ( a s+le *ild4 ,ano!r fact :i* %[s ! %all[ nature ( ,voltaire's way ( ?9k+ is 8 expectation ( de/roy+ ,*ri/ianity by a comb9$ attack ^u x ( all ! wits & philosoph]s4 ,mr4 ,p>ton tells u t l',infme1 :i* ,voltaire expect$ to cru%1 0 n religion1 nor ! ,*ri/ian religion1 nor ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,x 01 he says1 religion claim+ sup]natural au?ority1 & en=c+ t claim by pa9s & p5alties4 ,no d\bt x 0 ! _s ( intol]ance & p]secution :i* excit$ 8 indignation4 ,b ! object ( t indignation 0 n ! ab/raction :i* ,mr4 ,p>ton pres5ts to u4 ,x 0 some?+ f> m concrete4 ,!re is no d\bt t ,voltaire conf\nd$ ,*ri/ianity ) ! *ur*es ab\t him1 & ^! ) _! abuses2 & ?us 8 object 0 to sweep away all positive religi\s in/itutions1 & to leave 9 _! place a philosophic deism4 ,else :at mean+ 9 8 fam\s boa/ t x requir$ twelve m5 to f\nd a belief1 :i* x w\ld ne$ only "o man to de/roy8 ,:at mean+1 o!rwise1 9 8 a/oni%m5t t ,locke1 hav+ 9 "o book s pr(\ndly trac$ ! developm5t ( ! und]/&+1 c\ld s degrade 8 own und]/&+ 9 ano!r8--ref]r+1 z ,mr4 ,morley believes1 to ,locke's ,reasonabl5ess ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,voltaire saw ar\nd him ,*ri/ianity repres5t$ by cruel bigots1 ecclesia/ics liv+ 9 indol5t luxury1 n>r[-m9d$ & h>d-he>t$ prie/s4 ,t 0 all ! ,*ri/ianity he saw ) 8 %>p p]ceptive faculty2 & he _h no p[] ( p5etrat+ into ! deep] life ( ! s\l :i* ^! corruptions misrepres5t$4 ,we d n blame him = ?is2 he 0 made s2 b x 0 a fatal defect 9 a re=m]4 ,! fir/ "w ( a re=m] is to discov] ! tru? & ! good lat5t amid ! abuses he wi%es to re=m1 & = ! sake ( :i* m5 endure ! evil4 ,a ,buddhi/ prov]b says1 ,! human m9d is l a lee*3 x nev] lets g ) its tail till x has tak5 hold some:]e else ) its head4 ,di/+ui% ! good 9 a sy/em f ! evil2 %[ h[ ! good c be pres]v$1 ?\gh ! evil is ab&on$1 & !n y may hope to effect a truly radical re=m4 ,radicalism means go+ to ! roots ( any?+4 ,voltaire 0 incapable ( becom+ a radical re=m] ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 because he _h 9 himself no faculty by :i* he c\ld appreciate ! c5tral =ces ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,mr4 ,morley says t ,voltaire has said no ^w1 nor ev5 %[n an indirect appreciation ( any ^w said by ano!r1 :i* /irs & exp&s t indef9ite exaltation kn[n z ! love ( ,god1 or ( ! l>g] ^w hol9ess4 ,?r\gh ! affronts :i* 8 reason receiv$ f c]ta9 pret5sions1 bo? 9 ! writ]s & 9 "s ( ^? ^: actions !y commemorat$1 ?is sublime trait 9 ! ,bible1 9 bo? portions ( x1 0 unhappily lo/ to ,voltaire4 ,he _h no e> = ! f9] vibrations ( ! spiritual voice4 ,& s also speaks ,c>lyle3 ,x is a mu* m s]i\s gr\nd ( (f5se t he int]m$dl$ 9 religion )\t be+ himself1 9 any measure1 religi\s2 t he ent]$ ! temple & cont9u$ !re ) a levity :i*1 9 any temple :]e m5 wor%ip1 c beseem no bro!r man2 t1 9 a ^w1 he ard5tly1 & ) long-cont9u$ ef=t1 w>r$ aga9/ ,*ri/ianity1 )\t und]/&+ beyond ! m]e sup]ficies ( :at ,*ri/ianity 04 ,9 fact1 9 ! organization ( ,voltaire1 ! organ ( rev]5ce1 ! cr[n ( ! :ole moral nature1 seems to h be5 at its m9imum4 ,a s5se ( ju/ice !re 02 an ard5t sympa?y ) ! oppress$1 a g5]\s hatr$ ( ! oppressor1 a ready devotion ( "t1 ?\ght1 weal?1 to ! relief ( ! d[n-trodd5 victim4 ,!re=e1 ) su* qualities1 ,voltaire1 by ! additional help ( 8 indefatigable en]gy1 (t5 succe$$ 9 pluck+ ! prey f ! jaws ( ! lion4 ,he 0 able to defeat ! comb9$ p[]s ( ,*ur* & ,/ate 9 8 advocacy ( "s individual suff]]1 9 8 battle aga9/ "s s+le wrong4 ,b 8 long w> aga9/ ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* 9 ,france left x j :]e x 0 :5 t w> began4 ,its p[] to-day 9 ,france is great] ?an x 0 !n1 because x is a pur] & bett] in/itution ?an x 0 !n4 ,t ,sph9x /ill sits by ! roadside prop\nd+ its riddle4 ,voltaire 0 n ! dipus :o c\ld solve x1 & s ! life ( t my/]y rema9s unt\*$ until n[4 ,! ,h5riade has (t5 be5 consid]$ ! great epic poem ( ,france4 ,?is m]ely means t ,france has nev] produc$ a great epic poem4 ,! ,h5riade is artificial1 prosaic1 & has no p>ticle ( ! gl[1 ! fire1 ! prolong$ en?usiasm1 :i* alone c give an epic poem to mank9d4 ,9 ?is s5t5ce all compet5t critics are agre$4 ,voltaire 0 busy ) lit]ature dur+ 8 :ole life4 ,he n only wrote cont9ually himself1 b he 0 a critic ( ! writ+s ( o!rs4 ,8 m9d 0 ess5tially critical1--=m$ to analyze1 discrim9ate %>ply1 comp>e1 & judge by "s univ]sal /&>d ( ta/e4 ,"h1 if any:]e1 he ought to be at 8 be/2 "h1 if 9 any dep>tm5t1 he %\ld /& at ! head ( ! _w's bo>d ( lit]>y c5sors4 ,b "h1 aga91 he is n ev5 second-rate2 "h1 m ?an else:]e1 he %[s h[ sup]ficial are 8 judgm5ts4 ,he te/s e writ] by ! ,fr5* /&>d 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,e ^w :i* ,goe!1 ,s*ill]1 ,less+1 h said ( o!r writ]s is full ( value & int]e/ to-day4 ,b :o w\ld g to ,voltaire = light on any book or au?or8 ,we h an in/9ctive b c]ta9 conviction t all 8 views are limit$ by 8 imm$iate environm5t1 p]v]t$ by 8 p]sonal prejudices4 ,?us1 he pref]s ,ario/o to ! ,odyssey1 & ,tasso's ,j]usalem to ! ,iliad4#cg ,8 inability to compreh5d ! greatness ( ,%akespe>e is well kn[n4 ,he is fill$ ) indignation because a ,fr5* critic _h call$ ,%akespe>e ! god ( ! /age4 ,! blood boils 9 my old ve9s1 says he2 & :at is frightful to ?9k (1 x 0 ,i myself :o fir/ %[$ to ,fr5*m5 ! few pe>ls to be f\nd 9 ! dunghill4#ch ,*e/]field's ,lett]s to 8 ,son he consid]s ! be/ book ^u education ev] writt54#ci ,?is is ! book 9 :i* a fa!r tea*es 8 son ! art ( polite falsehood1 ( :i* ,dr4 ,johnson says t x %[s h[ grace c be unit$ ) wick$ness1--! book ^: au?or is call$ by ,de ,v]e ! philosoph] ( flatt]y & dissimulation4 ,he admitt$ t !re 7 "s good ?+s 9 ,milton1 b speaks ( 8 conceptions z odd & extravagant4#dj ,he ?\ght ,condorcet mu* sup]ior to ,pascal4 ,! v]ses ( ,helvetius he believ$ bett] ?an any b ^? ( ,rac9e4 ,! era 0 :at ,villema9 calls ! gold5 age ( m$iocre writ]s2 & ,voltaire habitually prais$ !m all4 ,b ^! writ]s mo/ly belong$ to a mutual admiration society4 ,! anatomi/ ,tissot1 9 "o ( 8 physiological works1 says t ! g5ius ( ,did]ot came to %[ to mank9d h[ e v>iety ( tal5t c\ld be br\ght to p]fection 9 "o man4 ,did]ot1 9 8 turn1 w5t into frantic delight ov] ! novels ( ,ri*>dson4 ,s9ce ,i h read ^! works1 he says1 ,i make !m my t\*/one2 ^? :o d n admire !m are self-condemn$4 ,o my fri5ds1 :at maje/ic dramas are ^! ?ree1 ,cl>issa1 ,sir ,*>les ,gr&ison1 & ,pamela6 ,su* 0 ! eighte5? c5tury2 & ,voltaire belong$ to x ) all ! int5sity ( 8 ard5t nature4 ,he may be said nev] to h se5 or =ese5 any?+ bett]4 ,liv+ on ! v v]ge ( a great social revolution1 he does n appe> to h suspect$ :at its nature w\ld be1 ev5 if he suspect$ its approa*4 ,! cruelties ( ! ,*ur* exasp]at$ him1 b ! political condition ( society1 ! mis]y ( ! peasants1 ! luxury ( ! nobles1 ! despotism ( ! k+1 left him unmov$4 ,he 0 s+ul>ly defici5t 9 any conception ( ! value ( political lib]ty or ( free in/itutions4 ,if he _h liv$ to see ! com+ ( ! ,revolution1 x w\ld h utt]ly a/\nd$ him4 ,8 sympa?ies 7 ) an enlight5$ ari/ocracy1 n ) ! p4 ,9 ?is1 too1 he 0 ! man ( 8 "t1 & belong$ to ! middle ( 8 c5tury1 n ! end ( x4 ,he saw & lam5t$ ! evils ( bad gov]nm5t4 ,he po9t$ out ! mis]ies produc$ by w>4 ,he abhorr$ & d5\nc$ ! milit>y _s4 ,he call$ on ! cl]gy1 9 ! "n ( _! religion1 to jo9 him 9 8 righte\s appeals aga9/ ?is great curse ( mank9d4 ,:]e1 he asks1 9 ! five or six ?\s& s]mons ( ,massillon1 are !re two 9 :i* any?+ is said aga9/ ! sc\rge ( w>8 ,he rebukes ! philosoph]s & morali/s1 also1 = _! del9qu5cy 9 ?is matt]1 & replies =cibly to ,montesquieu's argum5t t self-def5se sometimes makes x necess>y to beg9 ! attack on a neighbor+ nation4 ,b he does n g back to trace ! evil to its root 9 ! abs5ce ( self-gov]nm5t4 ,9 a lett] to ! ,k+ ( ,prussia he says1 ,:5 ,i ask$ y to become ! deliv]] ( ,greece1 ,i did n mean to h y re/ore ! democracy4 ,i d n love ! rule ( ! rabble 7g\v]nem5t de la canaille74 ,aga91 writ+ to ! same1 9 ,janu>y1 #ageg1 he says1 ,y\r maje/y w conf] a great b5efit by de/roy+ ?is infam\s sup]/ition ,*ri/ianity2 ,i d n say among ! canaille1 :o d n des]ve to be enlight5$1 & :o ought to be kept d[n "u all yokes1 b among hone/ p1 p :o ?9k4 ,give :ite bread to ! *ildr51 b only black bread to ! dogs4 ,9 #agfb1 writ+ to ! ,m>quis d',arg5s1 he says1 ,! ,turks say t _! ,koran has sometimes ! face ( an angel1 sometimes ! face ( a bea/4 ,?is description suits our "t4 ,!re are a few philosoph]s1--!y h ! face ( an angel2 all else mu* resembles t ( a bea/4 ,aga91 he says to ,helvetius1 ,consid] no man y\r neighbor b ! man :o ?9ks2 look on all o!r m5 z wolves1 foxes1 & de]4 ,we %all soon see1 he writes to ,d',alemb]t1 new heav5s & a new e>?1--,i mean = hone/ p2 = z to ! canaille1 ! /upide/ heav5 & e>? is all !y are fit =4 ,! real gov]nm5t ( nations1 accord+ to him1 %\ld be adm9i/]$ by absolute k+s1 9 ! int]e/ ( free?9k]s4 ,x is true t aft] ,r\sseau _h publi%$ 8 trumpet-call 9 behalf ( democratic rights1 ,voltaire began to wav]4 ,x has be5 rem>k$ t at ! v "t :5 he express$ an increas+ ill-w aga9/ ! p]son ( ! au?or ( ',emile1' he 0 irresi/ibly attract$ to ! pr9cipal doctr9es ( ,r\sseau4 ,he ent]$1 z if 9 spite ( himself1 into pa?s t[>d :i* 8 feet 7 nev] be=e direct$4 ,z if to rev5ge himself = com+ "u ?is salut>y influ5ce1 he pursu$ ,r\sseau ) bl9d ang]4#da ,he h>%ly attack$ ! ,social ,contract1 b accept$ ! sov]eignty ( ! p2 say+ t civil gov]nm5t is ! w ( all1 execut$ by a s+le "o1 or by sev]al1 9 virtue ( ! laws :i* all h enact$4 ,he1 h[ev]1 spe$ily re/rict$ ?is democratic pr9ciple by conf9+ ! "r ( mak+ laws to ! own]s ( real e/ate4 ,he decl>es t ^? :o h nei!r h\se nor l& ought n to h any voice 9 ! matt]4 ,he n[ began 79 #agfd7 to look =w>d to ! end ( mon>*ies1 & to expect a revolution4 ,nev]!less1 he pla9ly decl>es1 ,! pret5d$ equality ( man is a p]nici\s *im]a4 ,if !re 7 n ?irty labor]s to "o ma/]1 ! e>? w\ld n be cultivat$4 ,b 9 practical & humane re=ms ,voltaire took ! lead1 & did good "w4 ,he oppos$ exam9ation by torture1 ! puni%m5t ( dea? = !ft1 ! confiscation ( ! prop]ty ( ! condemn$1 ! p5alties aga9/ h]etics2 secret trials2 prais$ trial by jury1 civil m>riage1 "r ( divorce1 & re=ms 9 ! direction ( hygi5e & education4 ,&1 above all1 :atev] fault may be f\nd ) ,voltaire1 let u nev] cease to appreciate 8 g5]\s ef=ts 9 behalf ( ! un=tunate victims ( ! atroci\s bigotry :i* !n prevail$ 9 ,france4 ,x is n necess>y to dwell "h on ! cases ( ,calas1 ! ,sirv5s1 ,la ,b>re1 & ! ,c\nt de ,lally4 ,!y are fully told by ,mr4 ,p>ton1 & to 8 acc\nt we ref] our read]s4 ,9 #agfb ! ,prote/ant pa/or ,ro*ette 0 hang$1 by ord] ( ! ,p>liam5t ( ,t\l\se1 = hav+ ex]cis$ 8 m9i/ry 9 ,langu$oc4 ,at ! same "t ?ree "y g5tlem51 ,prote/ants1 7 behead$1 = hav+ tak5 arms to def5d !mselves f be+ slaught]$ by ! ,ca?olics4 ,9 #agfb1 ! ,prote/ant m]*ant ,calas1 an ag$ & wor?y citiz5 ( ,t\l\se1 0 tortur$ & brok5 on ! :eel1 on a :olly unsupport$ *>ge ( hav+ kill$ 8 son to keep him f turn+ ,ca?olic4 ,a ,prote/ant girl nam$ ,sirv5 01 ab\t ! same "t1 tak5 f h] p>5ts1 & %ut up 9 a conv5t1 to compel h] to *ange h] religion4 ,%e escap$1 & p]i%$ by accid5t dur+ h] flight4 ,! p>5ts 7 accus$ ( hav+ kill$ h] to keep h] f becom+ a ,ca?olic4 ,!y escap$1 b ! wife di$ ( exposure & want4 ,9 #agff a crucifix 0 injur$ by "s wanton p]sons4 ,! ,bi%op ( ,ami5s call$ out = v5geance4 ,two "y (fic]s1 eighte5 ye>s old1 7 accus$4 ,"o escap$2 ! o!r1 ,la ,b>re1 0 condemn$ to h 8 tongue cut out1 8 "r h& cut (f1 & to be burn$ alive4 ,! s5t5ce 0 commut$ to dea? by decapitation4 ,voltaire1 sev5ty ye>s old1 devot$ himself ) ma/]ly ability & untir+ en]gy to save ^! victims2 & :5 he fail$ 9 t1 to %[ ! falsehood ( ! *>ges1 & to obta9 a revision ( ! judgm5ts4 ,he us$ all means3 p]sonal appeals to m5 9 p[] & to female favorites1 eloqu5ce1 wit1 pa?os 9 e =m ( writ+4 ,he call$ on all 8 fri5ds to aid him4 ,he p\r$ a flood ( light into ^! d>k places ( iniquity4 ,8 g5]\s labors 7 cr[n$ ) success4 ,he procur$ a rev]sal ( ^! iniquit\s decisions2 9 "s cases a re/oration ( ! confiscat$ prop]ty1 & a public recognition ( ! innoc5ce ( ^? condemn$4 ,)\t kn[+ x1 he 0 act+ z a disciple ( ,jesus4 ,p]haps he may h met 9 ! o!r _w ) ! great lead] ( humanity1 :om he nev] und]/ood bel[1 & be5 surpris$ to he> him say1 ,inasmu* z ?\ ha/ done x to ! lea/ ( my little ones1 ?\ ha/ done x unto me4 ,c>lyle tells u t ! *ief quality ( ,voltaire 0 adroitness4 ,he d5ies t he 0 really a great man1 & says t 9 "o ess5tial m>k ( greatness he 0 :olly want+1 t is1 e>ne/ness4 ,he adds t ,voltaire 0 by bir? a mock]2 t ?is 0 ! irresi/ible bias ( 8 disposition2 t ! fir/ "q ) him 0 always n :at is true b :at is false1 n :at is to be lov$ b :at is to be contemn$4 ,he 0 %all[ )\t h]oism1 full ( pett9ess1 full ( vanity2 n a great man1 b only a great p]sifleur4 ,b c]ta9ly "s o!r qualities ?an ^! 7 ess5tial to produce ! imm5se influ5ce :i* he ex]t$ 9 8 own "t1 & s9ce4 ,beside ! extreme adroitness ( :i* ,c>lyle speaks1 he _h z exhau/less an en]gy z 0 ev] grant$ to any ( ! sons ( m54 ,he 0 nev] happy except :5 he 0 at "w4 ,he work$ at home1 he work$ :5 visit+1 he work$ 9 8 c>riage1 he work$ at hotels4 ,amid annoyances & di/urbances :i* w\ld h p>alyz$ ! ?\ght & p5 ( o!rs1 ,voltaire labor$ on4 ,^u 8 sick b$1 9 extreme debility & 9 old age1 t untir+ p5 0 ev] 9 motion1 & :atev] came f x int]e/$ all mank9d4 ,besides ! innum]able books1 tracts1 & treatises :i* fill ! volumes ( 8 collect$ works1 !re are said to be 9 exi/5ce f\rte5 ?\s& ( 8 lett]s1 half ( :i* h nev] be5 pr9t$4 ,b ?is 0 only a "p ( ! outcome ( 8 t]rible vitality4 ,he 0 also an ent]pris+ & en]getic man ( bus9ess4 ,he speculat$ 9 ! funds1 l5t money on int]e/1 fitt$ out %ips1 b\ght & sold real e/ate1 solicit$ & obta9$ p5sions4 ,9 ?is way he *ang$ 8 patrimony ( ab\t two hundr$ ?\s& francs to an annual income ( ! same am\nt1--equal to at lea/ "o hundr$ ?\s& doll>s a ye> at ! pres5t "t4 ,he 0 det]m9$ to be ri*1 & he became s2 n because he lov$ money = itself1 nor because he 0 covet\s4 ,he gave money freely2 he us$ x 9 l>ge ways4 ,he s\ght weal? z a means ( self-def5se1--to protect himself aga9/ ! p]secution :i* 8 attacks on ! ,*ur* might br+ ^u him4 ,he also _h1 l a great writ] ( ! pres5t c5tury1 ,walt] ,scott1 ! desire ( be+ a l>ge l&$ proprietor & "l ( a manor2 &1 l ,scott1 he became "o1 reign+ at ,f]ney z ,scott rul$ at ,abbots=d4 ,9 def5d+ himself aga9/ 8 p]secutors he us$ o!r means n s legitimate4 ,"o ( 8 me?ods 0 sy/ematic falsehood4 ,he fir/ conceal$1 & !n d5i$1 ! au?or%ip ( any works :i* w\ld expose him to dang]4 ,he took ! tone ( injur$ innoc5ce4 ,= example1 he _h work$ ) delight1 dur+ tw5ty ye>s1 on 8 wret*$ ,pucelle4 ,to write new l9es 9 x1 or a new canto1 0 8 refre%m5t2 to read !m to 8 fri5ds gave him ! mo/ int5se satisfaction4 ,b :5 ! poem f\nd its way into pr9t1 ) :at an outcry he d5ies ! au?or%ip1 almo/ be=e he is *>g$ ) x4 ,he assumes ! air ( calumniat$ virtue4 ,! *>ge1 he decl>es1 is "o ( ! infam\s inv5tions ( 8 enemies4 ,he writes to ! ,j\rnal ,encyclopdique1 ,! cr[n+ po9t ( _! devili% manuvres is ! edition ( a poem call$ ',la ,pucelle d',orlans4' ,! editor has ! face to attribute ?is "w to ! au?or ( ! ',h5riade1' ! ',zare1' ! ',mrope1' ! ',alzire1' ! ',sicle de ,l\is ,,xiv4' ,he d>es to ascribe to ?is au?or ! flatte/1 meane/1 & mo/ gross "w :i* c come f ! press4 ,my p5 refuses to copy ! tissue ( silly & abom9able obsc5ities ( ?is "w ( d>kness4 ,:5 ! ,dictionnaire ,philosophique began to appe>1 he wrote to ,d',alemb]t1 ,z soon z any dang] arises1 ,i beg y w let me "k1 t ,i may disav[ ! "w 9 all ! public pap]s ) my usual c&or & innoc5ce4 ,mr4 ,p>ton tells u t he _h a hundr$ & eight pseudonyms4 ,he sign$ 8 pamphlets ,a ,b5$ict9e1 ,! ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 ,a ,quak]1 ,rev4 ,josias ,r\ssette1 ! ,abb ,lilladet1 ! ,abb ,bigorre1 ! ,pa/or ,b\rn4 ,he 0 also ready to tell a d[nright lie :5 x suit$ 8 conv5i5ce4 ,:5 ,c&ide 0 pr9t$1 9 #ageh1 he wrote1 z ,mr4 ,p>ton tells u1 to a fri5dly pa/or 9 ,g5eva1 ,i h at l5g? read ',c&ide4' ,p mu/ h lo/ _! s5ses to attribute to me t pack ( nons5se4 ,i h1 ?ank ,god1 bett] occupation4 ,?is optimism ( ,pangloss obvi\sly de/roys ! f\ndation ( our holy religion4 ,our holy religion6 ,an excuse may be f\nd = ^! falsehoods4 ,a writ]1 x may be said1 has a "r to 8 incognito2 if s1 he has a "r to protect x by d5y+ ! au?or%ip ( a book :5 *>g$ ) x4 ,?is is d\btful morality1 b ,voltaire w5t f> beyond ?is4 ,he volunte]$ 8 d5ials4 ,he ass]t$ 9 e way1 ) ! mo/ solemn assev]ations1 t he 0 n ! au?or ( a book :i* he _h writt5 ) delight4 ,b ?is 0 n ! wor/4 ,he n only told ^! au?or's lies1 b he 0 a delib]ate hypocrite1 pr(ess+ fai? 9 ,*ri/ianity1 receiv+ its sacram5ts1 ask+ spiritual help f ! ,pope1 & begg+ = relics f ! ,vatican1 at ! v "t t he 0 hop+ by /r5u\s ef=ts to de/roy bo? ,ca?olicism & ,*ri/ianity4 ,:5 he 0 endeavor+ to be admitt$ to a place 9 ! ,fr5* ,academy1 he wrote ?us to ! ,bi%op ( ,mirepoix3#db ,?anks to ,heav51 my religion tea*es me to "k h[ to suff]4 ,! ,god :o f\nd$ x1 z soon z he deign$ to become man1 0 ( all m5 ! mo/ p]secut$4 ,aft] su* an example1 x is almo/ a crime to compla94444 ,i c say1 be=e ,god :o he>s me1 t ,i am a good citiz5 & a true ,ca?olic4444 ,i h writt5 _m pages sanctifi$ by religion4 ,9 ?is ,mr4 ,p>ton admits t he w5t too f>4 ,:5 at ,colm>1 z a measure ( self-protection1 he resolv$ to commune at ,ea/]4 ,mr4 ,p>ton says t ,voltaire _h p5sions & r5ts to ! am\nt ( sixty ?\s& livres annually1 ( :i* ! k+ c\ld deprive him by a /roke ( ! p54 ,s he det]m9$ to prove himself a good ,ca?olic by tak+ ! sacram5ts4 ,z a necess>y prelim9>y1 he confess$ to a ,capu*9 monk4 ,he wrote to ,d',arg5s j be=e1 ,if ,i _h a hundr$ ?\s& m51 ,i "k :at ,i %\ld d2 b z ,i h !m n1 ,i %all commune at ,ea/]6 ,b1 writ+ to ,r\sseau1 he ?9ks x %ameful 9 ,galileo to retract 8 op9ions4 ,mr4 ,p>ton too1 :o is dispos$ to excuse "s ( ^! hypocrisies 9 ,voltaire1 is sc&aliz$ because ! pa/ors ( ,g5eva d5i$ ! *>ges ( h]esy br\ght aga9/ !m by ,voltaire2 say+ t we live1 z !y liv$1 9 an atmosph]e ( ins9c]ity4 ,9 ! mid/ ( all ?is1 ,voltaire took cr$it to himself = 8 frank av[als ( ! tru?3 ,i am n wrong to d>e to utt] :at wor?y m5 ?9k4 ,= =ty ye>s ,i h brav$ ! base empire ( ! despots ( ! m9d4 ,mr4 ,p>ton else:]e seems to ?9k x w\ld h be5 impossible = ,voltaire to v]sify ! ,psalms2 z x 0 ask$ him to give ! lie publicly to 8 :ole c>e]4 ,b if commun+ at ,ea/] did n d ?is1 h[ c\ld a v]sification ( a few psalms accompli% x8 ,p>ton quotes ,condorcet z say+ t ,voltaire c\ld n become a hypocrite1 ev5 to be a c>d9al4 ,c\ld any "o d a m hypocritical action ?an to p>take ! sacram5ts ( a ,*ur* :i* he despis$ 9 ord] to escape ! dang] ( p]secution8 ,:5 build+ 8 h\se at ,f]ney1 ! neighbor+ ,ca?olic curs int]f]$ ) him4 ,!y prohibit$ ! labor]s f work+ = him4 ,to meet ?is difficulty he det]m9$ to obta9 ! protection ( ! ,pope himself4 ,s he wrote to ! ,pope1 ask+ = a relic to put 9 ! *ur* he _h built1 & receiv$ 9 return a piece ( ! hair-%irt ( ,/4 ,francis4 ,he w5t to mass frequ5tly4 ,meantime1 9 8 lett]s to 8 bro!r free?9k]s1 he add$ 8 usual po/script1 ,ecrasez l',infme2 begg+ _! aid 9 cru%+ ,ca?olicism & ,*ri/ianity4 ,yet x does n seem t he consid]$ himself a hypocrite 9 ?us con=m+ outw>dly to a religion :i* he hat$4 ,he ?9ks t o!rs :o d s are hypocrites1 b n t he is "o4 ,9 #agfd he writes to ,madame du ,deff&1 ,! wor/ is t we are surr\nd$ by hypocrites1 :o worry u to make u ?9k :at !y !mselves d n ?9k at all4 ,s s+ul> are ! self-deceptions ( ! human m9d4 ,he writes to ,fr$]ic ridicul+ ! sacram5t ( extreme unction1 & !n solemnly p>takes ( ! eu*>i/4 ,c]ta9ly he did n belong to ! noble army ( m>tyrs4 ,he expect$ to ov]turn a great religi\s sy/em1 n by ! p[] ( fai?1 b by +5i\s pamphlets1 brilliant s>casms1 adroit deceptions4 ,9 ?us ?9k+ he 0 em95tly sup]ficial4 ,8 !ory on ?is subject is giv5 9 an article 9 ! ,dictionnaire ,philosophique1 quot$ by ,mr4 ,p>ton3 ,di/+ui% hone/ p :o ?9k1 f ! populace :o 7 n made to ?9k4 ,if usage obliges y to p]=m a ridicul\s c]emony = ! sake ( ! canaille1 & on ! road y meet "s p ( und]/&+1 notify !m by a sign ( ! head1 or a look1 t y ?9k z !y d4444 ,if imbeciles /ill wi% to eat acorns1 let !m h acorns4 ,mr4 ,p>ton describes 9 full 7vol4 ii4 p4 #daj7 ! c]emony ( ! eu*>i/ ( :i* ,voltaire p>took 9 8 own *ur* at ,f]ney4 ,x 0 ,ea/] ,sunday1 & ,voltaire m\nt$ ! pulpit & prea*$ a s]mon aga9/ !ft4 ,he>+ ( ?is1 ! bi%op 0 sc&aliz$1 & =bade all ! curates ( ! diocese f confess+1 absolv+1 or giv+ ! sacram5t to ,voltaire4 ,^u ?is ,voltaire writes & signs a =mal dem& on ! curate ( ,f]ney to all[ him to confess & commune 9 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 9 :i* he 0 born1 has liv$1 & wi%es to die2 (f]+ to make all necess>y decl>ations1 all requisite prote/ations1 9 public or private1 submitt+ himself absolutely to all ! rules ( ! ,*ur*1 = ! edification ( ,ca?olics & ,prote/ants4 ,all ?is 0 a m]e piece ( my/ification & fun4 ,he pret5d$ to be too sick to g to ! *ur*1 & made a ,capu*9 come & adm9i/] ! eu*>i/ to him 9 b$2 ,voltaire say+1 ,hav+ my ,god 9 my m\?1 ,i decl>e t ,i =give all my enemies4 ,no wond] t ) all 8 m>vel\s ability & 8 long w> ^u ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* he 0 unable to make any la/+ impression ^u x4 ,tal5t is n en\gh to make revolutions ( op9ion4 ,no s]i\s fai? 0 ev] de/roy$ by a je/4 ,if we return to ,r\sseau1 & comp>e 8 influ5ce ) t ( ,voltaire1 we %all f9d t x w5t f> deep]4 ,voltaire 0 a man ( imm5se tal5t4 ,tal5t orig9ates no?+1 b =mulates into ma/]ly expression :at has come to x f ! age 9 :i* x lives4 ,n a new idea c be f\nd1 we believe1 9 all ,voltaire's innum]able writ+s4 ,b g5ius has a vision ( ideal tru?4 ,x is a prophet ( ! future4 ,r\sseau1 ) 8 _m faults1 weaknesses1 follies1 0 a man ( g5ius4 ,he 0 probably ! mo/ eloqu5t writ] ( ,fr5* prose :o has ev] appe>$4 ,he 0 a man possess$ by 8 ideas4 ,he _h none ( ! adroitness1 wit1 +5uity1 ( ,voltaire4 ,in/ead ( amass+ an enorm\s =tune1 he support$ himself by copy+ music4 ,in/ead ( be+ surr\nd$ by admir]s & flatt]]s1 he l$ a solit>y life1 alone ) 8 ideas4 ,in/ead ( d5y+ ! au?or%ip ( 8 works1 & s giv+ an excuse to ! au?orities to leave him quiet1 he put 8 "n to 8 writ+s4 ,he work$ = 8 bread ) 8 h&s1 & 9 8 ,emile he recomm5d$ t all boys %\ld be taught "s manual craft4 ,voltaire ridicul$ ! g5tleman c>p5t] ( ,r\sseau2 b be=e t g5]ation pass$ away1 _m a ,fr5* nobleman _h reason to lam5t t he _h n be5 taught to use ! saw & ! plane4 ,if ,voltaire belong$ to ! eighte5? c5tury1 & br\ght to a brilliant focus its scatt]$ rays1 ,r\sseau belong$ m to ! n9ete5?4 ,amid/ ! p]siflage1 ! mock]y1 ! light & easy philosophy1 ( 8 day1 he /ood1 among !m1 b n ( !m1 9 a cr[d ( ?\ghts :i* 7 n _! ?\ghts4 ,?is is ! true explanation ( 8 weakness & /r5g?1 & ( ! int5se dislike felt = him by ,voltaire & ! s*ool ( ,voltaire4 ,!y belong$ to _! "t1 ,r\sseau to a com+ "t4 ,! eighte5? c5tury1 especially 9 ,france1 0 "o 9 :i* nature 0 at its m9imum & art at its maximum4 ,all 0 art4 ,b art sep>at$ f nature becomes artificial1 n to say artful4 ,decorum 0 ! law 9 morals2 ! bi5sances & conv5ances rul$ 9 society4 ,! /age 0 b\nd by conv5tional rules4 ,poetry walk$ 9 silk attire1 & made its toilette ) ! elaborate dignity ( ! leve ( ! ,gr& ,mon>que4 ,aga9/ all ?is ,r\sseau l$ ! reaction--! reaction inevitable z de/9y4 ,z art _h be5 pu%$ to an extreme1 s n[ naturalism 0 c>ri$ to ! opposite extreme4 ,r\sseau 0 ! apo/le ( nature 9 all ?+s4 ,*ildr5 7 to be educat$ by ! me?ods ( nature1 n accord+ to ! r\t9e ( old cu/om4 ,gov]nm5ts 7 to g back to _! orig9 9 human nature2 society 0 to be reorganiz$ on fir/ pr9ciples4 ,?is voice cry+ 9 ! wild]ness 0 l ! trumpet ( doom to ! age1 ann\nc+ ! age to come4 ,x laid ! axe at ! root ( ! tree4 ,its outcome 0 ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 t ru%+1 mighty flood1 :i* c>ri$ away ! ?rone1 ! ari/ocracy1 ! mann]s1 laws1 & prejudices ( ! pa/4 ,9 8 fir/ great "w1 ! "w :i* />tl$ ,europe1 ,r\sseau recall$ man to himself4 ,he said1 ,! true philosophy is to commune ) "o's self1--! greate/ say+1 ?9ks ,h5ri ,m>t91 t _h be5 pron\nc$ 9 t c5tury4 ,r\sseau condemn$ luxury1 & utt]$ a prophetic cry ( woe ov] ! tangl$ p]plexities ( ! "t4 ,!re is no long] a rem$y1 unless ?r\gh "s great revolution1 almo/ z mu* to be fe>$ z ! evil x w\ld cure1--:i* x is blamable to desire1 impossible to =esee4 ,man is naturally good1 says ,r\sseau4 ,be=e ! frightful words m9e & ?9e 7 inv5t$1 h[ c\ld !re h be51 he asks1 any vices or crimes8 ,he d5\nc$ all slav]y1 all inequality1 all =ms ( oppression4 ,8 writ+s 7 full ( exagg]ation1 b1 says ! ,fr5* hi/orian1 no soon] _h he op5$ 8 lips ?an he re/or$ e>ne/ness to ! _w4 ,! same writ]1 aft] speak+ ( ! faults ( ! ,n\velle ,hlose1 adds t nev]!less a multitude ( ! lett]s ( 8 ',julie' are ma/]pieces ( eloqu5ce1 passion1 & pr(undity2 & ! la/ portions are signaliz$ by a moral purity1 a wisdom ( views1 & a religi\s elevation altoge!r new 9 ! ,france ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,conc]n+ ,emile1 he says1 ,x is ! pr(\nde/ /udy ( human nature 9 our language2 x 0 an ark ( safety1 laun*$ by ,provid5ce on ! waves ( skepticism & mat]ialism4 ,if ,r\sseau _h be5 /rick5 out ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 :i!r1 we s]i\sly ask1 w\ld ! human m9d h drift$8#dc ,! ,social ,contract appe>$ 9 #agfb4 ,9 ?is "w ,r\sseau swept away by 8 p[]ful eloqu5ce ! argum5ts :i* plac$ sov]eignty else:]e ?an 9 ! h&s ( ! p4 ,?is fundam5tal idea 0 ! se$ corn :i* broke f ! e>? 9 ! fir/ ,revolution1 & be>s its ripe fruit 9 republican ,france to-day4 ,d',alemb]t1 :o dislik$ ,r\sseau1 said ( ,emile t x plac$ him at ! head ( all writ]s4 ,! ,social ,contract1 illogical & uns\nd 9 _m ?+s1 yet tore d[n ! :ole framework ( despotism4 ,van ,laun1 a m rec5t hi/orian1 tells u t ,r\sseau 0 a man ( ! p1 :o knew all _! wants2 t e vice he attack$ 0 "o t !y saw really pres5t 9 _! mid/2 t he op5$ ! flood-gates ( suppress$ desires1 :i* gu%$ =?1 ov]:elm+ a :ole artificial _w4 ,villema9 writes t ! words ( ,r\sseau1 desc5d+ l a flame ( fire1 mov$ ! s\ls ( 8 contempor>ies2 & t 8 books gl[ ) an eloqu5ce :i* c nev] pass away4 ,morley1 to :om ,r\sseau is ess5tially antipa?ic1 says ( ! ,social ,contract t its fir/ words1 ,man is born free1 b is ev]y:]e 9 *a9s1 ?rill$ two cont95ts1--t x 0 ! gospel ( ! ,jacob9s2 & ! action ( ! conv5tion 9 #agid c be expla9$ only by ! influ5ce ( ,r\sseau4 ,he taught ,france to believe 9 a gov]nm5t ( ! p1 by ! p1 & = ! p4 ,locke _h already taught ?is doctr9e 9 ,engl&1 :]e x produc$ no su* viol5t outbreak1 because x enc\nt]$ no su* gl>+ abuses4 ,su* is ! /rik+ contra/ betwe5 ^! two greate/ writ]s 9 mod]n ,fr5* lit]ature4 ,x is s+ul> to obs]ve _! in/9ctive antagonism 9 e po9t ( belief & "*4 ,! m]its ( "o are precisely opposite to ^? ( ! o!r3 _! faults are equally oppos$4 ,! ev5ts ( ,voltaire's life h be5 s (t5 told t ,mr4 ,p>ton has n be5 able to add mu* to our k ( 8 biography4 ,he 0 born 9 #afid & di$ 9 #aggh1 at ! age ( eighty-f\r1 ?\gh at 8 bir? he 0 s feeble t ^? :o believe t ! _w's progress dep5ds on ! survival ( ! fitte/ w\ld h ?\ght him n fit to be br\ght up4 ,?is 0 also ! case ) ,goe! & ,walt] ,scott4 ,8 fa!r 0 a not>y1 & ! "n ,ar\et _h t ( ,voltaire add$ to x1 x be+ a "n 9 8 "m's family4 ,?is affix 0 adopt$ by ! lad :5 9 ! ,ba/ille1 at ! age ( tw5ty-f\r4 ,z a duck takes to wat]1 s ,voltaire took to 8 p54 ,9 8 twelf? ye> he wrote v]ses address$ to ! ,dauph91 :i* s pleas$ ! fam\s ,n9on de l',enclos1 !n 9 h] n9etie? ye>1 t %e left ! boy a legacy ( two ?\s& francs4 ,he w5t to a ,jesuits' s*ool1 & always reta9$ a c]ta9 lik+ = ! ,jesuits4 ,8 fa!r wi%$ to make him a not>y1 b he w\ld p5 a /anza :5 he %\ld engross2 & ! usual /ruggles betwe5 ! pat]nal purpose & ! filial in/9ct end$1 z usual1 9 ! triumph ( ! latt]4 ,he l$ a wild c>e] = a "t1 9 ! society ( dissipat$ abbs1 debau*$ noblem51 & wom5 to :om pleasure 0 ! only object4 ,suspect$ ( hav+ writt5 a lampoon on ! dea? ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 he 0 s5t to ! ,ba/ille1 & came =? n only ) a new "n1 b ) lit]ature z 8 aim = ! re/ ( 8 life4 ,8 fir/ play appe>$ on ! /age 9 #agah1 & f t "t he cont9u$ to write till 8 dea?4 ,he travel$ f ! *teau ( "o nobleman to ano!r1 p\r+ out 8 satires & s>casms ?r\gh ! press2 ?reat5$ by ! angry rul]s & prie/s :o gov]n$ ,france1 b always escap+ by "s adroit manuvre4 ,9 ,engl& he became a dei/ & a ma!matician4 ,8 views ( ,*ri/ & ,*ri/ianity 7 summ$ up 9 a quatra9 :i* may be ?us translat$4 ,speak+ ( ,jesus1 he says1-- ,8 actions are holy1 8 e?ics div9e2 ,into he>ts :i* are w\nd$ he p\rs oil & w9e4 ,& if1 ?r\gh impo/ure1 ^? tru?s are receiv$1 ,x /ill is a bless+ to be ?us deceiv$4 ,he liv$ _m ye>s at ,cirey ) ! ,m>*ioness ( ,*telet2 ! m>quis1 h] husb&1 accept+ ! curi\s relation )\t any objection4 ,!n foll[$ ! /ill /rang] episode ( 8 resid5ce ) ,fr$]ic ! ,great1 _! love qu>rels & reconciliations4 ,aft] ?is fri5d%ip came to an end1 ,voltaire w5t to live ne> ,g5eva 9 ,switz]l&1 b soon b\ght ano!r e/ate j out ( ,switz]l&1 9 ,france1 & a ?ird a %ort di/ance away1 9 ! t]ritory ( ano!r p[]4 ,?us1 if ?reat5$ 9 "o /ate1 he c\ld easily pass into ano!r4 ,"h he liv$ & work$ till ! close ( 8 life1 an untir+ writ]4 ,he 0 a man ( inf9ite wit1 k9d-he>t$1 ) little malignity ( any sort1 wi%+ 9 ! ma9 to d good4 ,8 viol5t attacks ^u ,*ri/ianity may be expla9$ by ! fact ( ! corruptions ( ! ,*ur* :i* 7 ar\nd him4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,france 9 t day1 9 its high] circles1 0 a p]secut+ ,*ur*1 yet )\t fai?3 gre$y = weal?1 liv+ 9 luxury1 c>eless ( ! poor1 & well des]v+ ! attacks ( ,voltaire4 ,t he c\ld n look deep] & see ! ne$ ( religi\s in/itutions ( a bett] sort 0 8 mis=tune4 ,?is "w is a /oreh\se ( facts = ! hi/ory ( ,voltaire & 8 "t4 ,we d n ?9k x w mat]ially alt] ! judgm5t pron\nc$ on him by su* critics z ,c>lyle1 ,morley1 & ! majority ( ,fr5* writ]s 9 our day4 ,voltaire 0 a %9+ light 9 8 age1 b t age has gone by1 & c nev] return4 ,,ralph ,,waldo ,,em]son#dd ,,matt4 vi4 #bc4--;,if ?9e eye be s+le1 ?y :ole body %all be full ( light4 ,x is natural & fit t _m pulpits to-day %\ld take = _! !me ! "* & influ5ce ( ! great ?9k] & poet :o has j left u2 = e su* s\l is a new revelation ( ,god's tru? & love4 ,ea* op5s ! gateway betwe5 our l[] _w ( e>?ly c>e & e>?ly pleasure into a high] heav5ly _w ( _s4 ,su* m5 lift our lives to a high] plane1 & conv9ce u t we1 also1 belong to ,god1 to et]nity1 to heav54 ,& few1 9 our day1 h be5 su* m$iators ( heav5ly ?+s to mank9d z ,ralph ,waldo ,em]son4 ,la/ ,sunday aft]noon1 :5 ! t[n ( ,concord 0 m\rn+ ?r\gh all its /reets = ! loss ( its belov$ & rev]$ citiz52 :5 ! humble/ cottage _h on its door ! badge ( sorr[2 :5 great numb]s came f abroad to te/ify _! affection & respect1 t :i* impress$ me ! mo/ 0 ! inevitable response ( ! human he>t to :atev] is true & good4 ,cynics may tell u t m5 are dup$ by *>latans1 l$ by selfi% demagogues1 incapable ( kn[+ honor & tru? :5 set be=e !m2 t !y always /one _! prophets & crucify _! saviors2 t !y h eyes1 & d n see2 e>s1 & nev] he>4 ,?is is all true = a "t2 b inevitably1 by a law z sure z t :i* gov]ns ! movem5ts ( ! planets1 ! s\ls ( m5 turn at la/ t[>d :at is true1 g5]\s1 & noble4 ,! prophets & tea*]s ( ! race may be /on$ by "o g5]ation1 b _! monum5ts are rais$ by ! next4 ,!y are misund]/ood & misrepres5t$ to-day1 b to-morr[ !y become ! accr$it$ lead]s ( _! "t4 ,jesus1 :o knew well t he w\ld be reject$ & murd]$ by a p bl9d & deaf to 8 tru?1 also knew t ?is tru? w\ld soon] or lat] break d[n all opposition1 & make him ma/] & k+ ( ! _w4 ,i1 if ,i be lift$ up1 w draw all m5 unto me4 ,la/ ,sunday aft]noon1 z ! grateful procession foll[$ _! tea*] to 8 grave 9 ! ,concord cemet]y1 ! h>%ness ( our spr+ seem$ to rel5t1 & ,nature became t5d] t[>d him :o _h lov$ h] s well4 ,i ?\ght ( 8 words1 ,! visible heav5s & e>? sympa?iz$ ) ,jesus4 ,! t[n :]e ! embattl$ f>m]s /ood2 :]e ! musket 0 dis*>g$ :i* op5$ ! ,w> ( ! ,revolution--! gun ( :i* ,lafayette said1 ,x 0 ! al>m-gun ( ! _w2 ! t[n ( ,haw?orne's ,old ,manse1 & ( 8 grave1 n[ t ,em]son also sleeps 9 its quiet valley1 has receiv$ an add$ glory4 ,x has become "o ( ! ,meccas ( ! m9d4 ,let me describe ! m5tal & spiritual condition ( ,new ,engl& :5 ,em]son appe>$4 ,calv9ism1 ) its rigor\s dogmatism1 0 sl[ly dy+1 & _h be5 succe$$ by a calm & some:at =mal rationalism4 ,locke 0 /ill ! ma/] 9 ! realm ( ?\ght2 ,addison & ,blair 9 lit]>y expression4 ,9 poetry1 ! s*ool ( ,pope 0 engag$ 9 conflict ) t ( ,byron & 8 contempor>ies4 ,wordswor? _h l$ ! way to a deep] view ( nature2 b ,wordswor? c\ld sc>cely be call$ a popul> writ]4 ,9 !ology a c]ta9 lit]alism prevail$1 & ! doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity 7 inf]r$ f c\nt+ & weigh+ texts on ei!r side4 ,n ! high] reason1 ) its intuition ( et]nal ideas1 b ! analytic und]/&+1 ) its logical me?ods1 0 consid]$ to be ! rul] 9 ! _w ( ?\ght4 ,!re 0 m ( culture ?an ( intellectual life1 m ( good habits ?an ( moral en?usiasm4 ,religion _h become v mu* ( an ext]nal in/itution4 ,*ri/ianity consi/$ 9 hold+ rational or or?odox op9ions1 go+ regul>ly to *ur*1 & li/5+ e ,sunday to a c]ta9 numb] ( pray]s1 hymns1 & s]mons4 ,^! s]mons1 ) "s /rik+ exceptions1 7 r tame & me*anical4 ,9 ,bo/on1 x is true1 ,buckm9/] _h appe>$1--t s\l ( flame :i* soon wore to decay its weak body4 ,! consummate orator ,edw>d ,ev]ett _h foll[$ him 9 ,brattle ,squ>e pulpit4 ,above all1 ,*ann+ _h look$1 ) a new spiritual insight1 into ! tru?s ( religion & morality4 ,b /ill ! me*anical treatm5t prevail$ 9 a majority ( ! *ur*es ( ,new ,engl&1 & 0 consid]$1 on ! :ole1 to be ! wise/ & safe/ me?od4 ,!re 0 an unwritt5 cre$ ( morals1 lit]ature1 & social ?\ght to :i* all 7 expect$ to con=m4 ,!re 0 little orig9ality & mu* repetition4 ,on all subjects !re 7 c]ta9 =mulas :i* x 0 consid]$ prop] to repeat4 ,?\ art a bless$ fell[1 says "o ( ,%akespe>e's *>act]s1 to ?9k z o!r p ?9k4 ,n a man's ?\ght 9 ! _w keeps ! roadway bett] ?an ?9e4 ,! ?\ght ( ,new ,engl& kept ! roadway4 ,( c\rse1 at all times a l>ge "p ( ! belief ( ! community is d]iv$ f memory1 cu/om1 & imitation2 b 9 ^? days1 if ,i rememb] !m aright1 x 0 reg>d$ z a k9d ( duty to ?9k z e "o else ?\ght2 a sort ( del9qu5cy1 or weakness1 to diff] f ! majority4 ,if ! movem5ts ( ?\ght are n[ mu* m indep5d5t & spontane\s2 if to-day traditions h lo/ _! despotic p[]2 if ev5 ^? :o hold an or?odox cre$ are able to treat x z a dead lett]1 respectable = its pa/ uses1 b by no means b9d+ on u n[1 ?is is l>gely ow+ to ! manly position tak5 by ,em]son4 ,& yet1 let x be obs]v$1 ?is influ5ce 0 n ex]cis$ by attack+ old op9ions1 by argum5t1 by d5ial1 by criticism4 ,!odore ,p>k] did all ?is1 b 8 influ5ce on ?\ght has be5 f> less ?an t ( ,em]son4 ,p>k] 0 a h]o :o snuff$ ! battle af> (f1 & flung himself1 sword 9 h&1 into ! ?ick ( ! conflict4 ,b1 mu* z we love & rev]5ce 8 hone/y1 8 imm5se activity1 8 devotion to tru? & "r1 we mu/ admit to-day1 /&+ by ^! two fri5dly graves1 t ! p[] ( ,em]son to s(t5 ! rigidity ( "t-h>d5$ belief 0 f> ! great]4 ,x is ! old fable ( ! /orm & sun4 ,! viol5t attacks ( ! tempe/ only made ! travel] cl+ m closely to 8 cloak2 ! g5ial heat ( ! sun compell$ him to ?r[ x aside4 ,9 all ,em]son's writ+s !re is sc>cely any argum5t4 ,he attacks no man's belief2 he simply /ates 8 own4 ,8 me?od is always positive1 con/ructive4 ,he op5s ! w9d[s & lets 9 m light4 ,he is no man's oppon5t2 ! enemy ( no "o4 ,he /ates :at he sees1 & t :i* he does n see he passes by4 ,he 0 (t5 attack$1 b nev] repli$4 ,8 answ] 0 to g =w>d1 & say some?+ else4 ,he did n c>e = :at he call$ ! bugbe> consi/5cy4 ,if to-day he said :at seem$ l ,pan!ism1 & to-morr[ he saw "s tru? :i* seem$ to reveal a div9e p]sonality1 a supreme w1 he utt]$ ! la/1 z he _h decl>$ ! fir/1 always fai?ful to ! light )94 ,he left x to ! _s ( tru? to reconcile su* app>5t contradictions4 ,he 0 l 8 own humble-bee-- ,see+ only :at is fair1 ,sipp+ only :at is sweet2 ,?\ do/ mock at fate & c>e1 ,leave ! *aff & take ! :eat4 ,by ?is me?od ( positive /atem5t he n only sav$ ! "t usually wa/$ 9 argum5t1 attack1 reply1 rejo9d]1 b he gave u ! sub/ance ( ,tru?1 in/ead ( its =m4 ,logic & metaphysic reveal no tru?s2 !y m]ely arrange 9 ord] :at ! high] faculties ( ! m9d h made kn[n4 ,h5ce ! spe$y oblivion :i* desc5ds on polemics ( all sorts4 ,! great !ological debat]s1 :]e are !y8 ,! books ( ,horsley & ,mc,gee are buri$ 9 ! same grave ) ^? ( ,bel%am & ,prie/ley1 _! old oppon5ts4 ,! bitt] attacks on ,*ri/ianity by ,voltaire & ,pa9e are inurn$ 9 ! same d>k & =gott5 vaults ) ! equally bitt] def5ses ( ,*ri/ianity by its num]\s *ampions4 ,argum5t may (t5 be necess>y1 b no tru? is sla9 by argum5t2 no error c be kept alive by x4 ,em]son is an em95t example ( a man :o nev] repli$ to attacks1 b w5t on 8 way1 & saw at la/ all opposition hu%$1 all ho/ility at an end4 ,he devot$ 8 p[]s to giv+ to 8 read]s 8 insights1 kn[+ t ^! alone fe$ ! s\l4 ,?us m5 came to him to be f$4 ,8 %eep he>d 8 voice4 ,^? :o felt !mselves bett] = 8 in/ruction foll[$ him4 ,he collect$ ar\nd him ?us an ev]-increas+ b& ( disciples1 until 9 ,engl&1 9 ,g]many1 9 all l&s :]e m5 read & ?9k1 he is look$ up to z a ma/]4 ,_m ( ^! disciples 7 p]sons ( r>e gifts & p[]s1 l ,m>g>et ,full]1 ,!odore ,p>k]1 ,george ,ripley1 ,haw?orne4 ,_m o!rs 7 unkn[n to fame1 yet deeply s5sible ( ! bless+s !y _h receiv$ f _! prophet & se] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,= ?is 0 8 (fice4 ,he 0 a man :o saw4 ,he _h ! vision & ! faculty div9e4 ,he sat ne> ! f\nta9-head1 & ta/$ ! wat]s ( ,helicon 9 _! s\rce4 ,8 fir/ little book1 a duodecimo ( less ?an a hundr$ pages1 call$ ,nature1 publi%$ 9 #ahcf1 indicates all ^! qualities4 ,x beg9s ?us3-- ,our age is retrospective4 ,x builds ! sepul*res ( ! fa!rs4 ,x writes biographies1 hi/ories1 criticisms4 ,! =ego+ g5]ations beheld ,god & ,nature face to face2 we1 ?r\gh _! eyes4 ,:y %\ld n we also enjoy an orig9al relation to ! univ]se8 ,:y %\ld n we h a poetry & philosophy ( insight1 & n ( tradition1 & a religion by revelation to u1 & n ! hi/ory ( !irs8444 ,! sun %9es to-day also4444 ,und\bt$ly we h no que/ions to ask :i* are unansw]able4 ,?is 0 8 fir/ doctr9e1 t ( self-reliance4 ,he taught t ,god _h giv5 to e man ! p[] to see ) 8 own eyes1 ?9k ) 8 own m9d1 believe :at seem$ to him true1 plant himself on 8 in/9cts1 &1 z he says1 call a pop-gun a pop-gun1 ?\gh ! anci5t & honorable ( ! e>? decl>e x to be ! crack ( doom4 ,?is 0 manly & :olesome doctr9e4 ,x might1 no d\bt1 be abus$1 & lead "s p]sons to ?9k !y 7 m5 ( orig9al g5ius :5 !y 7 only ecc5tric4 ,x may h l$ o!rs to attack all in/itutions & traditions1 z ?\gh1 if a ?+ 7 old1 x 0 necess>ily false4 ,b ,em]son himself 0 ! be/ antidote to su* extravagance4 ,to a y\? :o br\ght to him a manuscript confut+ ,plato he repli$1 ,:5 y attack ! k+ y ought to be sure to kill him4 ,b 8 prote/ aga9/ ! prevail+ conv5tionalism 0 heal?y1 & 8 call on all to be !mselves 0 inspir+4 ,! same doctr9e is taught 9 ! introductory rem>ks ( ! editors ( ! ,dial4 ,!y say !y h obey$ ) joy ! /rong curr5t ( ?\ght :i* has l$ _m s9c]e p]sons to reprobate t rigor ( conv5tions :i* is turn+ !m to /one1 :i* r5\nces hope & only looks backw>d1 :i* suspects improvem5t1 & holds no?+ s mu* 9 horror z ! dreams ( y\?4 ,?is "w1 ! ,dial1 made a great impression1 out ( all proportion to its small circulation4 ,by ! eld]s x 0 cordially decl>$ to be un9telligible my/icism1 & s1 no d\bt1 mu* ( x 04 ,^? inside1 its own fri5ds1 (t5 made z mu* fun ( x z ^? outside4 ,yet x op5$ ! door = _m new & noble ?\ghts1 & 0 a wild bugle-note1 a reveill1 call+ on all g5]\s he>ts to look t[>d ! com+ day4 ,"h is an extract f "o ( ,em]son's lett]s f ,europe z e>ly z ,m>*1 #ahcc4 ,x is dat$ ,naples3-- ,& :at if x be ,naples6 ,x is only ! same _w ( cakes & ale1 ( man1 & tru?1 & folly4 ,i w n be impos$ ^u by a "n4 ,x is s easy to be ov]aw$ by names t x is h>d to keep "o's judgm5t upright1 & be pleas$ only aft] y\r own way4 ,bai & ,pausilippo s\nd s big t we are ready to surr5d] at discretion1 & n /ickle = our private op9ion aga9/ :at seems ! human race4 ,b "h's = ! pla9 old ,adam1 ! simple1 g5u9e self aga9/ ! :ole _w4 ,aga9 he says3 ,no?+ s fatal to g5ius z g5ius4 ,mr4 ,taylor1 au?or ( ',van ,artevelde1' is a man ( great intellect1 b by /udy ( ,%akespe>e is =c$ to reproduce ,%akespe>e4 ,?us ! fir/ great lesson taught by ,mr4 ,em]son 0 self-reliance4 ,& ! second 0 l x1 ?\gh app>5tly oppos$ to x1 ,god-reliance4 ,n really oppos$ to x1 = x meant ?is3 ,god is ne> to y\r m9d & he>t1 z he 0 to ! m9d & he>t ( ! prophets & inspir$ m5 ( ! pa/4 ,god is ready to inspire y also if y w tru/ 9 him4 ,9 ! little book call$ ,nature he says3-- ,! highe/ is pres5t to ! s\l ( man2 ! dread univ]sal ess5ce1 :i* is n wisdom1 or love1 or p[]1 or beauty1 b all 9 "o1 & ea* entirely1 is t = :i* all ?+s exi/1 & by :i* !y are4 ,believe t ?r\gh\t nature _s is pres5t2 t x is "o1 t x does n act ^u u f )\t1 b ?r\gh ourselves4444 ,z a plant on ! e>?1 s man re/s on ! bosom ( ,god1 n\ri%$ by unfail+ f\nta9s1 & draw+ at 8 ne$ inexhau/ible p[]4 ,& s 9 8 poem call$ ,! ,problem he tea*es t all religions are f ,god2 t all ! prophets & sibyls & l(ty s\ls t h sung psalms1 writt5 scripture1 & built ! temples & ca!drals ( m51 7 inspir$ by a _s above _! own4 ,he puts aside ! %all[ explanation t any ( ! great religions ev] came f prie/craft3-- ,out f ! he>t ( ,nature roll$ ,! burd5s ( ! ,bible old2 ,! litanies ( nations came1 ,l ! volcano's tongue ( flame1 ,up f ! burn+ core bel[1 ,! canticles ( love & woe4 ,! ^w unto ! prophet spok5 ,0 writ on tables yet unbrok52 ,! ^w by se]s or sibyls told1 ,9 groves ( oak or fanes ( gold1 ,/ill floats ^u ! mov+ w9d1 ,/ill :isp]s to ! will+ m9d4 ,"o acc5t ( ! ,holy ,gho/ ,! he$less _w ha? nev] lo/4 ,9 all t ,em]son says ( nature he is equally dev\t4 ,he sees ,god 9 x all4 ,x is to him full ( a div9e *>m4 ,9 ! woods1 he says1 is p]petual y\?4 ,)9 ^! plantations ( ,god a decorum & sanctity reigns1 & we return to reason & fai?4 ,! curr5ts ( ! ,univ]sal ,be+ circulate ?r\gh me4 ,i am "p & p>ticle ( ,god4 ,= say+ su* ?+s z ^! he 0 accus$ ( ,pan!ism4 ,& he 0 a ,pan!i/2 yet only z ,paul 0 a ,pan!i/ :5 he said1 ,9 ,him we live & move & h our be+2 ,f :om & ?r\gh :om are all ?+s2 ,! fullness ( him :o fille? all 9 all4 ,em]son 01 9 8 view ( nature1 at "o ) ,wordswor?1 :o said3-- ,! cl\ds 7 t\*$1 ,& 9 _! sil5t faces he c\ld read ,unutt]able love4 ,s5sation1 s\l1 & =m ,all melt$ into him2 !y swall[$ up ,8 animal be+2 9 !m did he live1 ,& by !m did he live2 !y 7 8 life4 ,9 su* high h\r ,( visitation f ! liv+ ,god1 ,?\ght 0 n2 9 enjoym5t x expir$4 ,em]son has ?us be5 to our day ! prophet ( ,god 9 ! s\l1 9 nature1 9 life4 ,he has /ood = _s aga9/ matt]4 ,d>w91 8 great pe]1 ! s]5e ma/] 9 ! s*ool ( sci5ce1 0 l him 9 ?is1--t he also said :at he saw & no m4 ,he also taught :at ,god %[$ to him 9 ! outw>d _w ( s5se1 z ,em]son :at ,god %[$ 9 ! inw>d _w ( _s4 ,amid ! /ormy disputes ( _! "t1 ea* ( ^! m5 w5t 8 own way1 8 eye s+le & 8 :ole body full ( light4 ,! "w ( ,d>w9 0 ! easi]1 = he float$ ) ! curr5t ( ! "t1 :i* sets at pres5t s /rongly t[>d ! /udy ( ?+s se5 & temporal4 ,b ! "w ( ,em]son 0 m noble1 = he /&s = ?+s unse5 & et]nal1--= a l>g] religion1 a high] fai?1 a nobl] wor%ip4 ,?is /rong & t5d] s\l has done its "w & gone on its way4 ,b he w always fill a ni*e ( ! univ]sal ,*ur* z a ,new ,engl& prophet4 ,he _h ! purity ( ! ,new ,engl& air 9 8 moral nature1 a t\* ( ! %rewd ,yankee wit 9 8 spee*1 & ! long inh]itance ( ance/ral fai? inc>nate & consolidat$ 9 blood & bra94 ,b to ?is 7 add$ qualities :i* 7 d]iv$ f "s f>-(f realm ( human life3 an ,ori5tal ca/ ( ?\ght1 a t\* ( m$ival my/icism1 & a vocabul>y br\ght f books unkn[n to our ,new ,engl& lit]ature4 ,no commonplaces ( language are to be f\nd 9 8 writ+s1 & ?\gh he read ! old] writ]s1 he does n imitate !m4 ,he1 also1 l 8 humble-bee1 has ga!r$ contributions f remote/ fields1 & enri*$ our language ) a new & picturesque spee* all 8 own4 ,let u1 !n1 be grateful = ?is be/ ( ,god's gifts1--ano!r s\l s5t to u fill$ ) div9e light4 ,?us we le>n anew h[ full are nature & life ( ,god3-- ,ev] fre% ! broad creation1 ,a div9e improvisation2 ,f ! he>t ( ,god proce$s ,a s+le w1 a million de$s4 ,"o ^w conc]n+ ,mr4 ,em]son's relation to ,*ri/ & to ,*ri/ianity4 ,! di/9ction :i* he made betwe5 ,jesus & o!r tea*]s 01 no d\bt1 "o ( degree & n "o ( k9d4 ,he put no great gulf ( sup]natural p[]s1 orig91 or (fice betwe5 ,*ri/ & ! e?nic prophets4 ,b 8 rev]5ce = ,jesus 0 pr(\nd & t5d]4 ,nor did he object to ! ^w ,*ri/ian or to ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,9 rec5t ye>s1 at lea/1 he n unfrequ5tly att5d$ ! s]vices ( ! ,unit>ian ,*ur* 9 8 t[n1 & ,i h met him at ,unit>ian conv5tions1 a b5ign & rev]$ pres5ce4 ,9 ! cemet]y at ,bonn1 on ! ,rh9e1 is ! tomb ( ,niebuhr1 ! hi/orian1 a man ( some:at l type1 z ,i judge1 to our ,em]son4 ,at lea/1 "s texts on 8 monum5t w\ld be admirably appropriate = any /one :i* may be plac$ ov] ! rema9s ( ! ,am]ican prophet & poet 9 ! sweet valley ( tombs 9 ,concord4 ,"o ( ^! texts 0 f ,sira* xlvii4 #ad1 #ag3 ,h[ wise wa/ ?\ 9 ?y y\?1 & z a flood fill$ ) und]/&+6 ,?y s\l cov]$ ! :ole e>?1 & ?\ fill$/ x ) d>k p>ables4 ,?y "n w5t f> unto ! isl&s1 & = ?y peace ?\ wa/ belov$4 ,! c\ntries m>vell$ at !e = ?y songs & prov]bs & p>ables & int]pretations4 ,& equally appropriate w\ld be ?is ,horatian l9e1 also on ,niebuhr's monum5t3-- ,quis desid]io sit pudor aut modus tam c>i capitis4 ,f a lifelong fri5d ( ,em]son ,i h j receiv$ a lett] conta9+ ^! words1 :i*1 bett] ?an mo/ descriptions1 give ! "* ( 8 s\l3-- ,& s ! :ite w+s h spread1 & ! great s\l has left u4 '',tis dea? is dead2 n he4' ,he _h no vanity1 no selfi%ness2 no gre$1 no hate2 none ( ! weights t drag on common mortals4 ,8 life 0 an illum9ation2 a l>ge1 fair light2 ! ,ph>os ( ,new ,engl&1 z 9 o!r days our de> bro!r call$ him4 ,& ?is light %one fur!r & wid] ! long] x burn$4 ,,h>riet ,,m>t9eau#de ,! :ole "w#df is v int]e/+4 ,h[ c\ld x be o!rwise1 9 giv+ ! hi/ory ( s rem>kable a life8 ,! am\nt ( lit]>y "w :i* ,miss ,m>t9eau p]=m$ is amaz+4 ,%e began to write = ! press :5 %e 0 n9ete51 & cont9u$ until %e c\ld no long] hold h] p54 ,! p5 0 h] sword1 :i* %e wield$ ) a w>rior's joy1 9 ! conflict ( tru? ) error1 ( "r ) wrong4 ,%e wrote _m books2 b h] articles 9 reviews & newspap]s 7 innum]able4 ,we f9d no attempt 9 ei!r "p ( ?is biography to give a complete li/ ( h] writ+s4 ,p]haps x w\ld be impossible4 ,%e nev] seems to h ?\ght ( keep+ su* a record h]self1 any m ?an a h]o records ! numb] ( ! bl[s he /rikes1 9 battle4 ,no soon] _h %e dismiss$ "o task ?an ano!r came2 & sometimes sev]al 7 go+ on toge!r4 ,l o!r volum9\s writ]s1 %e enjoy$ ! ex]cise ( h] productive p[]s2 &1 z %e some:]e tells u1 h] happie/ h\rs 7 ^? 9 :i* %e 0 seat$ at h] desk ) h] p54 ,h] pr9cipal works cov] a l>ge range ( ?\ght & /udy4 ,"o ( h] fir/ books1 ,! ,traditions ( ,pale/9e1 %e cont9u$ to reg>d long aft] ) m affection ?an any o!r ( h] writ+s1 except ,ea/]n ,life4 ,b h] au?or%ip began :5 %e 0 n9ete51 9 an article contribut$ to a ,unit>ian mon?ly4 ,aft]w>ds %e obta9$ ?ree sep>ate prizes (f]$ by ! ,c5tral ,unit>ian ,association = ?ree essays on diff]5t topics4 ,ab\t ! same "t %e wrote ,five ,ye>s ( ,y\?1 a tale :i* %e nev] look$ at aft]w>d4 ,b h] fir/ great /ep 9 au?or%ip1 & t :i* at once made h] a p[] 9 politics & 9 lit]ature1 0 tak5 :5 %e comm5c$ h] s]ies ( tales on ,political ,economy4 ,%e began1 h[ev]1 to write ^! /ories1 n kn[+ t %e 0 treat+ que/ions ( ,political ,economy1 ! v "n ( :i*1 %e says1 0 !n ei!r unkn[n to me1 or convey$ no mean+4 ,%e 0 !n ab\t tw5ty-five ye>s old4 ,%e _h ! usual difficulties ) v>i\s publi%]s :i* unkn[n au?ors are sure to exp]i5ce1 & ^! tales1 :i* became s popul>1 7 reject$ by "o firm aft] ano!r4 ,"o ( !m 0 refus$ by ! ,society = ! ,diffusion ( ,useful ,k1 z be+ too dull4 ,! presid5t ( t ,society1 ,"l ,br\gham1 aft]w>d v5t$ 8 rage on ! sub-committee :i* reject$ ! (f]$ /ory1 & s _h p]mitt$ _! ,society1 in/itut$ = t v purpose1 to be driv5 out ( ! field by a little deaf woman at ,norwi*4 ,at la/ a publi%] 0 f\nd :o agre$ to take ! books on v unsatisfactory t]ms4 ,z soon z ! fir/ numb] appe>$1 ! success ( ! s]ies 0 e/abli%$4 ,a second edition ( five ?\s& copies 0 imm$iately call$ =1--! entire p]iodical press came out 9 favor ( ! tales1--& f t h\r ,miss ,m>t9eau _h only to *oose :at to write1 sure t x w\ld at once f9d a publi%]4 ,%e 0 at ?is "t ?irty ye>s old4 ,%e 0 already deaf1 h] heal? poor2 b %e !n began a c>e] ( intellectual labor seldom equal$ by ! /ronge/ man ?r\gh ! longe/ life4 ,%e began to write e morn+ aft] breakfa/2 &1 unless :5 travel+1 seldom pass$ a morn+ dur+ ! re/ ( h] life )\t writ+1--work+ f eight o'clock until two4 ,h] me?od 01 aft] select+ h] subject1 to procure all ! /&>d works ^u x1 & /udy !m4 ,%e !n proce$$ to make ! plan ( h] "w1 & to draw ! outl9e ( h] /ory4 ,if ! sc5e 0 laid abroad1 %e procur$ books ( travels & topography4 ,!n %e drew up ! cont5ts ( ea* *apt] 9 detail1 &1 aft] ?is prelim9>y labor1 ! /ory 0 writt5 easily & ) joy4 ,( ^! /ories %e wrote ?irty-f\r 9 two ye>s & a half4 ,%e 0 !n ?irty-two4 ,%e receiv$ #b1jjj = ! :ole s]ies1--a suffici5tly small comp5sation1--b %e e/abli%$ h] position & h] fame4 ,h] pr9cipal books publi%$ aft]w>d 7 h] two works on ,am]ica1 ! novels ,de]brook & ,! ,h\r & ! ,man2 n9e volumes ( tales on ! ,=e/ & ,game ,laws2 f\r /ories 9 ! ,playfell[2 ,life 9 ! ,sick-,room2 ,lett]s on ,mesm]ism2 ,ea/]n ,life1 ,pa/ & ,pres5t2 ,hi/ory ( ,engl& dur+ ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,peace2 ,lett]s on ! ,laws ( ,man's ,social ,nature & ,developm5t2 ,translation & ,cond5sation ( ,comte's ,positive ,philosophy2 besides _m small] works1 mak+ fifty-two titles 9 ,allibone4 ,9 addition to ?is1 %e wrote _m articles 9 reviews & magaz9es2 & ,mrs4 ,*apman m5tions t %e s5t to a s+le ,london j\rnal1 ! ,daily ,news1 sixte5 hundr$ articles1 at ! rate sometimes ( six a week4 ,surely ,h>riet ,m>t9eau 0 "o :o work$ fai?fully :ile h] day endur$4 ,b1 if we w\ld d h] ju/ice1 we mu/ consid] also ! motive & _s 9 :i* %e work$4 ,ea* ?+ %e did _h = its purpose no?+ m]ely p]sonal1 b "s good to mank9d4 ,?\gh !re 0 no?+ 9 h] "* ( ! s5tim5talism ( philan?ropy1 %e 0 fill$ ) ! _s ( philan?ropy4 ,a born re=m]1 %e inh]it$ f h] ,hugu5ot & h] ,unit>ian ance/ors ! love ( tru? & ! hatr$ ( error1 ) ! c\rage :i* 0 ready to av[ h] op9ions1 h[ev] unpopul>4 ,?us1 h] "w 0 w>f>e1 & e article or book :i* %e pr9t$ 0 a bl[ deliv]$ aga9/ "s flagrant wrong1 or :at %e believ$ su*1--9 def5se ( "s /ruggl+ tru?1 or some?+ suppos$ to be tru?4 ,%e might be mi/ak52 b h] purposes ?r\gh life 71 9 ! ma91 noble1 g5]\s1 & good4 ,& !re c be no "q ( h] ability1 moral & intellectual4 ,no commonplace m9d c\ld h ov]come su* ob/acles & a*iev$ su* results4 ,app>5tly %e _h no v high op9ion ( h] own intellectual p[]s4 ,%e d5ies t %e possesses g5ius2 b %e ass]ts h] own p[]4 ,%e criticises ,de]brook ) "s sev]ity4 ,&1 9 fact1 ,h>riet ,m>t9eau's m9d is analytic r ?an creative2 x is /rong r ?an subtle2 &1 if x possesses imag9ation1 x is ( r a prosaic k9d4 ,h] intellect is ( a curi\sly mascul9e ord]2 no o!r female writ] 0 ev] less fem99e4 ,) all h] broad humanity %e has little sympa?y = individuals4 ,a l>ge majority ( ^? :om %e m5tions 9 h] memoirs %e treats ) a c]ta9 contempt4 ,h] e>ly life seems to h be5 v sad4 ,we are aga9 & aga9 told h[ %e 0 misund]/ood & maltreat$ 9 h] own home4 ,h] heal? 0 bad until %e 0 ?irty2 p>tly ow+1 z %e suppos$1 to ill-treatm5t4 ,%e ne$$ affection1 & 0 treat$ ) /]nness4 ,ju/ice %e did n receive1 nor k9dness1 & h] he>t 0 s\r$ & h] temp] spoil$1 s %e tells u1 by ?is mismanagem5t4 ,z %e does n specify1 or give u ! details ( ?is ill-treatm5t1 ! /ory is useless z a w>n+2 & we h>dly see ! reason = ?us publi%+ ! wrongs ( h] *ildhood4 ,z *ildr5 may be sometimes unju/ to p>5ts1 no less ?an p>5ts to *ildr51 ! facts & ! moral are bo? left unc]ta94 ,&1 on ! :ole1 h] *ief reason = tell+ ! /ory appe>s to be ! m5tal necessity %e 0 "u ( judg+ & s5t5c+ ^? f :om %e supposes h]self to h receiv$ ill-treatm5t 9 any "p ( h] life4 ,?is is inde$ ! mo/ pa9ful feature ( ! "w be=e u4 ,kn[+ ! ess5tially g5]\s & j _s ( ,h>riet ,m>t9eau1 x is /range to see h[ c>efully %e has load$ ?is piece ( artill]y ) explosive & lac]at+ missiles1 to be dis*>g$ aft] h] dea? among ^? ) :om %e _h m+l$ 9 social int]c\rse or lit]>y labors4 ,"s aga9/ :om %e laun*es h] s>casms are /ill liv+2 "s are dead1 b h left fri5ds beh9d1 to be w\nd$ by h] cau/ic judgm5ts4 ,is x t h] defici5cy 9 a woman's s5sibility1 or ! abs5ce ( a poetic imag9ation1 prev5t$ h] f realiz+ ! suff]+ %e w\ld inflict8 ,or is x ! habit ( m9d f :i* ^? are apt to suff] :o devote !mselves to ! re=m ( abuses8 ,z ea* k9d ( manual occupation exposes ! workman to "s special disease1--z ^? :o dig canals suff] f mal>ia1 & file-gr9d]s f maladies ( ! lungs1--s x seems t ea* moral occupation has its appropriate moral dang]4 ,cl]gym5 are apt to be dogmatic or sect>ian2 lawy]s become %>p & sophi/ical2 musicians & arti/s are irritable2 & ! dang] ( a re=m] is ( becom+ a c5sori\s critic ( ^? :o _c accept 8 me?ods1 or :o w n jo9 8 p>ty4 ,t ,h>riet ,m>t9eau did n escape ?is risk w pres5tly appe>4 ,:ile writ+ h] politico-economical /ories %e mov$ to ,london1 & !re ex*ang$ ! quiet seclusion ( h] ,norwi* life = social triumphs ( ! fir/ ord]1 & int]c\rse ) e k9d ( celebrity4 ,all _h read h] books1 f ,victoria1 :o 0 !n a little girl p]us+ !m ) h] gov]ness1 to =eign k+s & savants ( ! highe/ di/9ction4 ,s ?is "y au?or--= %e 0 only ?irty--0 receiv$ at once into ! mo/ brilliant circles ( ,london society4 ,b x does n appe> t %e lo/ a s+le p>ticle ( h] dignity or self-possession4 ,among ! great %e nei!r ass]t$ h]self too mu* nor %[$ too mu* def]5ce4 ,vanity 0 n h] foible2 & h] head 0 too solidly set ^u h] %\ld]s to be turn$ by su* successes4 ,%e enjoy$ ! society ( ^! p ( sup]ior ref9em5t1 rank1 & culture1 b did n come to dep5d ^u x2 & 9 all ?is ,h>riet ,m>t9eau s9n$ n 9 h] _s4 ,b :y1 9 writ+ ab\t ^! p long aft]w>d1 %\ld %e h ?\ght x necess>y to produce su* %>p & absolute s5t5ces on ea* & all8 ,into ?is judgm5t-hall ( ,osiris-,m>t9eau1 e "o :om %e has ev] kn[n is call$ up to receive 8 f9al doom4 ,! poor ,unit>ian m9i/]s1 :o _h taught ! *ild z !y be/ c\ld1 are dismiss$ ) contemptu\s sev]ity4 ,?is religi\s in/ruction _h c]ta9ly done h] "s good4 ,religion1 %e admits1 0 h] be/ res\rce till %e wr\ght h] way to some?+ bett]4 ,ann ,turn]1 daught] ( ! ,unit>ian m9i/]1 gave h] piety a practical turn1 & :5 afraid ( e "o %e saw1 %e 0 n at all afraid ( ,god2 &1 on ! :ole1 %e says religion 0 a great com=t & pleasure to h]4 ,nev]!less1 %e is a/oni%$ t ,unit>ians %\ld believe t !y are giv+ _! *ildr5 a ,*ri/ian education4 ,%e accuses ^! tea*]s ( h] *ildhood ( alt]+ ! ,scripture to suit _! own notions2 be+ app>5tly ignorant t mo/ ( ! int]polations or mi/ranslations ( :i* !y compla9$ h s9ce be5 conc$$ z su* by ! be/ ,or?odox critics4 ,b %e does n hesitate to give h] op9ion ( all h] old acqua9tances 9 ! franke/ mann]1 & = ! mo/ "p x is unfavorable4 ,mrs4 ,opie & ,mrs4 ,john ,taylor are among ! m]e p$ants4 ,william ,taylor1 f want ( tru? & conviction1 talk$ blasphemy4 ,%e speaks ) contempt ( a physician :o politely urg$ h] to come & d9e ) him1 because he _h neglect$ h] until %e became fam\s4 ,"l ,br\gham 0 va9 & selfi%1 l[ 9 morals1 & unre/ra9$ 9 temp]4 ,"l ,campbell 0 flatt]+ to an insult+ degree2 ,ar*bi%op ,:ately1 odd & ov]be>+1 sometimes rude & tiresome1 & s+ul>ly ov]rat$2 ,/anley1 ,bi%op ( ,norwi*1 timid1 s5sitive1 he$less1 )\t c\rage or dignity4 ,macaulay talk$ nons5se ab\t ! copyright bill1 & set at naught e pr9ciple ( ju/ice 9 reg>d to au?ors' e>n+s4 ,macaulay's opposition to t bill 0 bas$ on su* gr\nds ( p]fect ju/ice t he defeat$ x s+le-h&$4 ,b ,h>riet ,m>t9eau decid$ !n & !re t ,macaulay 0 a failure1 & t he want$ he>t1 & t he nev] has a*iev$ any complete success4 ,! poet ,campbell _h a morbid crav+ = praise4 ,z to wom51 ,lady ,morgan1 ,lady ,davy1 ,mrs4 ,jameson1 ,mrs4 ,au/91 may make wom5 blu% & m5 be insol5t ) _! gross & palpable vanities4 ,l&se] 0 a toady to great p4 ,morpe? _h evid5t weaknesses4 ,sir ,*>les ,bell %[$ 8 ignorance by rely+ on ! argum5t = ,design4 ,! res\rces ( ,ea/lake 7 v borns4 ,john ,/]l+ rudely ignor$ me4 ,lady ,m>y ,%eph]d 0 a p$ant4 ,col]idge1 %e ass]ts1 w only be rememb]$ z a w>n+2 ?\gh tw5ty ye>s ago %e1 ,miss ,m>t9eau1 reg>d$ him z a poet4 ,godw9 0 timid4 ,basil ,montagu 0 c[>dly2 & ,"l ,monteagle agreeable en\gh to ^? :o 7 n p>ticul> ab\t s9c]ity4 ,urquh>t _h insane egotism & f]oci\s discont5t4 ,! ,h[itts made an un9telligible claim to my fri5d%ip1 _! temp]s are turbul5t & unreasonable4 ,x may be "s explanation ( ?is un9telligible claim t x 0 he>d ?r\gh h] trumpet4 ,fr$rika ,brem] is accus$ ( habits ( flatt]y & a want ( common s5se4 ,miss ,mit=d is prais$1 b !n accus$ ( a habit ( flatt]y1 & blam$ = h] disp>agem5t ( o!rs4 ,& x is ,miss ,m>t9eau :o br+s ?is *>ge6 ,%e also tells u t ,miss ,brem] proposes to re=m ! _w by a float+ religiosity1 :atev] t may be4 ,b p]haps h] sev]e/ s5t5ce is pron\nc$ on ! ,kembles1 :o are accus$ ( incurable vulg>ity & unreality4 ,9 ?is case1 z 9 o!rs1 ,miss ,m>t9eau pron\nces ?is public c5sure on ^? :om %e _h le>n$ to "k 9 ! intimacy ( private fri5d%ip & p]sonal confid5ce4 ,%e ?us violates ! rules r o/5tati\sly laid d[n 9 h] ,introduction4 ,= %e claims !re t %e practices self-d5ial 9 int]dict+ ! publication ( h] lett]s1#dg & gives h] reasons ?us3 ,epi/ol>y conv]sation is writt5 spee*2 & ! onus re/s ) ^? :o publi% x to %[ :y ! laws ( honor1 :i* are unconte/$ 9 reg>d to conv]sation1 may be violat$ :5 ! conv]sation is writt5 in/ead ( spok54 ,mo/ ( h] %>p judgm5ts above quot$ are pron\nc$ on ^? :om %e le>n$ to "k 9 ! private int]c\rse ( society4 ,sometimes %e recites ! sub/ance ( :at %e he>d 7or suppos$ t %e he>d2 = %e us$ an e>-tube :5 %e fir/ w5t to live 9 ,london74 ,?us %e tells ab\t a conv]sation ) ,wordswor?1 & reports 8 compla9ts ( ,jeffrey & o!r review]s1 & quotes him z say+ ab\t "o ( 8 own poems1 t x 0 a *a9 ( v valooable ?\ghts4 ,y see1 x does n be/ fulfill ! conditions ( poetry2 b x is 7solemnly7 a *a9 ( extremely valooable ?\ghts4 ,%e !n proce$s to pron\nce h] s5t5ce on ,wordswor? z %e did on ,col]idge4 ,%e felt at once1 %e says1 9 ,wordswor?'s works1 ! abs5ce ( s\nd1 accurate1 weighty ?\ght1 & ( g5u9e poetic inspiration4 ,%e also in=ms u t ! v basis ( philosophy is abs5t 9 him1 & t x is only necess>y to op5 ,%elley1 ,t5nyson1 or ev5 poor ,keats 444 to feel t1 ) all _! tru? & all _! *>m1 few ( ,wordswor?'s pieces are poems4 ,ev5 poor ,keats6 ,?is is h] de haut en bas /yle ( criticism on ,wordswor?1 "o ( ^: poems is g5]ally accept$ z ! f9e/ writt5 9 ! ,engli% language dur+ ! la/ hundr$ ye>s4 ,& ?is is h] way ( respect+ ! code ( honor 9 reg>d to private conv]sation6 ,9 #ahcd1 at ! age ( ?irty-two1 ,h>riet ,m>t9eau sail$ = ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e %e rema9$ two ye>s4 ,%e w5t = re/2 b ! quantity ( "w done 9 ^? two ye>s w\ld h be5 en\gh to fill five or six ye>s ( any common life4 ,at ?is po9t %e began a new c>e]2 =m+ new ties1 engag+ 9 new duties1 /udy+ new problems1 & beg9n+ a new activity 9 ano!r sph]e ( labor4 ,! same great qualities :i* %e _h hi!rto display$ %[$ !mselves "h aga92 accompani$ ) _! correspond+ defects4 ,h] wond]ful p[] ( /udy enabl$ h] to ent] into ! v mid/ ( ! ph5om5a ( ,am]ican life2 h] noble g5]osity induc$ h] to ?r[ h]self he>t1 h&1 & m9d into ! greate/ /ruggle !n wag+ on ! face ( ! e>?4 ,! antislav]y "q1 :i* ! great majority ( p ( culture despis$ or dislik$1 took possession ( h] s\l4 ,%e became "o ( ! p>ty ( ,abolitioni/s1 ( :i* ,mr4 ,g>rison 0 ! *ief1 & liv$ to see t p>ty triumph 9 ! d[nfall ( slav]y4 ,%e took h] %>e ( ! hatr$ or ! scorn heap$ on t fi]y body ( zeal\s propag&i/s1 & 0 c\nt$ wor?y ( belong+ to :at %e h]self call$ ! ,m>tyr ,age ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,=tunately = h]self1 be=e %e visit$ ,bo/on1 & became acqua9t$ ) ! ,abolitioni/s1 %e w5t to ,wa%+ton1 & travel$ some:at ext5sively 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates4 ,at ,wa%+ton %e saw _m em95t ,s\!rn s5ators1 :o cordially invit$ h] to visit !m at _! homes4 ,9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a %e 0 welcom$ or introduc$ by ,mr4 ,calh\n1 ,gov]nor ,hayne1 & ,colonel ,pre/on4 ,judge ,port] took *>ge ( h] 9 ,l\isiana4 ,9 ,k5tucky %e 0 ! gue/ ( ,mrs4 ,irw91 ,h5ry ,clay's daught] & neighbor4 ,)\t fully accept+ ,mrs4 ,*apman's some:at sweep+ ass]tion t !re 0 no em95t /atesman1 man ( sci5ce1 politician1 p>tisan1 philan?ropi/1 juri/1 pr(essor1 m]*ant1 div9e1 nor di/+ui%$ woman1 9 ! :ole l&1 :o did n pay h] homage1 !re is no d\bt t %e receiv$ ! respect & good-w ( _m su*4 ,%e 0 deeply impress$1 %e says1 on arriv+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ) a society bask+ 9 "o bright sun%9e ( good-w4 ,%e ?\ght ! ,new ,engl&]s1 p]haps1 ! be/ p 9 ! _w4 ,_m well-kn[n names appe> 9 ^! pages1 z soon becom+ intimate acqua9tances or fri5ds2 among ^! 7 ,judge ,/ory1 ,john ,g4 ,palfrey1 ,/eph5 ,c4 ,phillips1 ! ,gilmans ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,furness ( ,philadelphia1 & 9 ,massa*usetts ! ,s$gwicks1 ! ,foll5s1 ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,ellis ,gray ,lor+1 ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,*>les ,g4 ,lor+1 ,dr4 ,*ann+1 ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,h5ry ,w>e1 ,dr4 ,fl9t ( ,salem1 & ,ephraim ,peabody4 ,:5 ,miss ,m>t9eau _h id5tifi$ h]self ) ,mr4 ,g>rison & 8 fri5ds by tak+ "p 9 _! meet+s1 ^? :o _h m]ely s\ght h] on acc\nt ( h] position & reputation naturally fell away4 ,b x may be d\bt$ :e!r %e 0 9 su* dang] ( be+ mobb$ or murd]$ z %e & h] editor suppose4 ,%e seems to ?9k t ,mr4 ,h5ry ,w>e did a v brave de$ 9 driv+ to ,mr4 ,francis ,jackson's h\se to take h] home f an antislav]y meet+4 ,%e speaks ( ! reign ( t]ror :i* exi/$ 9 ,bo/on at t "t4 ,no d\bt %e1 & o!r ,abolitioni/s1 _h _! %>e ( abuse2 b x is n probable t any p]sons 71 z %e ?\ght1 plott+ aga9/ h] life4 ,%e & h] fri5ds 7 det]r$ f tak+ a propos$ j\rney to ,c9c9nati & ,l\isville by be+ in=m$ t x 0 int5d$ to mob h] 9 ! fir/ city & to hang h] 9 ! second4 ,n[1 ! writ] ( ?is article 0 at t "t resid+ 9 ,l\isville1 & ?\gh antislav]y discussions & antislav]y lectures _h tak5 place !re ab\t t p]iod1 & ?\gh antislav]y articles n unfrequ5tly appe>$ 9 ! city j\rnals1 no objection or opposition 0 made to all ?is by anybody 9 t place4 ,9 fact1 x 0 easi] at t "t to speak aga9/ slav]y 9 ,l\isville ?an 9 ,bo/on4 ,! lead+ p 9 ,k5tucky ( all p>ties 7 !n op5ly oppos$ to slav]y1 & decl>$ _! hope & purpose ( mak+ ,k5tucky a free ,/ate4 ,a ye> lat]1 ,dr4 ,*ann+ publi%$ 8 "w on slav]y1 :i* 0 d5\nc$ = its abolitionism by ! ,bo/on ,/atesman1 & %>ply criticis$ 9 a pamphlet by ! ,massa*usetts attorney-g5]al4 ,b copi\s extracts f ?is "w1 especially ( ! p>ts :i* expos$ ! sophisms ( ! def5d]s ( slav]y1 7 publi%$ 9 a ,l\isville magaz9e1 & n ! lea/ objection 0 made to x 9 t city4 ,at a lat] p]iod x might h be5 diff]5t1 ?\gh an antislav]y pap] 0 publi%$ 9 ,l\isville z late z #ahde1 "o ( ! editors be+ a native ,k5tuckian4 ,aft] h] return f ! ,unit$ ,/ates %e publi%$ h] two works1 ,society 9 ,am]ica1 & ,retrospect ( ,we/]n ,travel2 & !n wrote h] fir/ novel1 ,de]brook4 ,! books on ,am]ica 7 p]haps ! be/ !n writt5 by any =eign] except ,de ,tocqueville4 ,!y 7 g5]\s1 hone/1 k9d1 & utt]ly frank1--!y 7 full ( capital descriptions ( ,am]ican sc5]y4 ,%e spoke ! tru? to u1 & %e spoke x 9 love4 ,! *ief fault 9 ^! works 0 h] tone ( dogmatism1 & h] ex ca!dr judgm5ts2 :i*1 z we h be=e h9t$1 are among ! defects ( h] qualities4 ,9 #ahch1 :5 ?irty-six ye>s old1 %e 0 tak5 ) s]i\s illness1 :i* conf9$ h] to h] room = six ye>s4 ,%e attributes ?is illness to h] anxiety ab\t h] ag$ aunt & "m4 ,h] "m1 %e tells u1 0 irritable on acc\nt ( ,miss ,m>t9eau's fame & position 9 society2 9 %ort1 %e 0 jeal\s ( h] daught]'s success4 ,miss ,m>t9eau 0 oblig$ to sit up late aft] midnight to m5d h] own clo!s1 z %e 0 n all[$ to h a maid or to hire a work+-woman1 ev5 at h] own exp5se4 ,h[ %e c\ld h be5 prev5t$ is difficult to see1 especially z %e 0 ! money-mak+ memb] ( ! family4 ,x seems h>dly wor? :ile to give u ?is glimpse into dome/ic difficulties4 ,b1 no d\bt1 %e is q correct 9 add+1 z ano!r reason = h] illness1 ! toils :i* 7 break+ h] d[n4 ,! /ronge/ m5 c\ld h>dly be> su* a /ra9 on ! n]v\s sy/em )\t giv+ way4 ,& "h comes 9 ! important episode ( ,mr4 ,atk9son1 mesm]ism1 & ! ,new ,philosophy4 ,%e believes t %e 0 cur$ ( a disease1 pron\nc$ incurable by ! regul> physicians1 by mesm]ism4 ,by ?is %e means ! influ5ce ex]t$ ^u h] by c]ta9 manipulations f ano!r p]son4 ,& z long z we are confess$ly s ignorant ( n]v\s diseases1 !re seems no reason to "q ! facts to :i* ,miss ,m>t9eau te/ifies4 ,%e 01 !re is little d\bt1 cur$ by ^! manipulations2 :at ! p[] 0 :i* wr\ght ?r\gh !m rema9s to be asc]ta9$4 ,9 reg>d to ,mr4 ,atk9son & 8 philosophy1 accept$ by h] ) su* satisfaction1 & :i* h5ce=? became ! ma/]-light ( all h] see+1 our allott$ space w all[ u only to speak v briefly4 ,! results ( ?is new m5tal dep>ture c\ld n b di/urb & afflict _m ( h] fri5ds1 to :om fai? 9 ,god1 ,*ri/1 & immortality 0 /ill de>4 ,to ,miss ,m>t9eau h]self1 h[ev]1 h] disbelief 9 ^! seem$ a happy emancipation4 ,%e c>ri$ into ! ass]tion ( h] new & unpopul> ideas ! same hone/y & c\rage %e _h always %[n1 & also ! same sup]b dogmatism & contempt = ^? :o diff]$ f h]4 ,app>5tly x 0 always to h] an absolute impossibility to imag9e h]self wrong :5 %e _h once come to a conclusion4 ,9 !ory %e might conceive x possible to be mi/ak51 b practically %e felt h]self infallible4 ,! foll[+ examples w %[ h[ %e speaks1 ?r\gh\t h] biography1 ( ^? :o held ! op9ions %e _h reject$4 ,miss ,m>t9eau1 be+ a ,necess>ian1 says1 ,all ! be/ m9ds ,i "k are ,necess>ians2 all1 inde$1 :o are qualifi$ to discuss ! subject at all4 ,! v smalle/ am\nt ( sci5ce is en\gh to enable any rational be+ to see t ! con/itution & action ( w are det]m9$ by ! influ5ces beyond ! control ( ! possessor ( ! faculty4 ,%e adds1 t = m ?an ?irty ye>s %e has se5 h[ awful are ! evils :i* arise f t mon/r\s remnant ( old sup]/ition1--! supposition ( a self-det]m9+ p[]1 etc4 ,n[1 among ^? %e _h intimately kn[n 7 ,dr4 ,*ann+ & ,james ,m>t9eau1 nei!r ( !m believ+ 9 ! doctr9e ( ,necessity4 ,speak+ ( ,*ri/ianity1 aft] %e _h reject$ x1 %e calls x a mon/r\s sup]/ition4 ,else:]e %e speaks ( ! ,*ri/ian sup]/ition ( ! contemptible nature ( ! body2 says t ,*ri/ians deprave _! moral s5se2 talks ( ! selfi% complac5cies ( religion1 & ( ! atmosph]e ( selfi%ness :i* is ! v life ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e & ( e o!r !ological s*eme2 speaks ( ! ,*ri/ian my?ology z a sup]/ition :i* fails to make happy1 fails to make good1 fails to make wise1 & has become z great an ob/acle 9 ! way ( progress z ! prior my?ologies x took ! place (4 ,= ?ree c5turies x has be5 und]m9$1 & its ov]?r[ completely decid$4 ,?us easily does %e settle ! "q ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,miss ,m>t9eau ceas$ to believe 9 immortality2 & imm$iately all believ]s 9 immortality became1 to h] m9d1 selfi% or /upid1 or bo?4 ,i nei!r wi% to live long] "h1 %e says1 nor to f9d life aga9 else:]e4 ,x seems to me simply absurd to expect x1 & a m]e act ( re/rict$ human imag9ation & morality to conceive ( x4 ,!re is a total abs5ce ( evid5ce = a r5ew$ life4 ,i myself utt]ly disbelieve 9 a future life4 ,%e w\ld submit1 ?\gh reluctantly1 to live aga91 if compell$ to4 ,if ,i f9d myself consci\s aft] ! lapse ( life1 x w be all "r1 ( c\rse2 b1 z ,i said1 ! supposition appe>s to me absurd4 ,"u ! in/ructions ( ,mr4 ,atk9son1 ,miss ,m>t9eau ceas$ to believe 9 a p]sonal ,god1 or any ,god b an unkn[n ,fir/ ,cause1 id5tical ) ! ,univ]se4 ,! argum5t = ,design1 on :i* ,mr4 ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 = in/ance1 lays su* /ress1 seem$ to h] pu]ile & unphilosophical4 ,! ,god ( ,*ri/ians %e calls an invisible idol4 ,he :o does ju/ice to 8 own faculties mu/ give up ! p]sonality ( ! ,fir/ ,cause4 ,%e consid]$ ! religion 9 h] ,life 9 ! ,sick-,room to h be5 ins9c]e2 :i* we1 :o "k ! p]fect hone/y ( ,h>riet ,m>t9eau1 mu/ take ! lib]ty to d5y4 ,?\gh decl>+ h]self to be no ,a!i/1 because %e believes 9 an unkn[n & unkn[able ,fir/ ,cause1 %e reg>ds philosophical ,a!i/s z ! be/ p %e _h ev] kn[n1 & 0 delight$ 9 f9d+ h]self unacqua9t$ ) ,god1 & s at peace4 ,x is curi\s to read ^! ,lett]s on ! ,laws ( ,man's ,nature & ,developm5t1 ( :i* ,h>riet ,m>t9eau & ,mr4 ,atk9son are ! jo9t au?ors4 ,! simple joy ) :i* !y decl>e !mselves ! pr\d discov]]s ( ?is happy l& ( ! unkn[able is almo/ t\*+4 ,all t we "k1 say !y1 is matt] or its manife/ation4 ,m9d is ! product ( ! bra91 & ! bra9 is n1 z ev5 "s phr5ologi/s h ass]t$1 ! in/rum5t ( ! m9d4 ,! bra9 is ! s\rce ( consci\sness1 w1 reason4 ,man is a creature ( necessity4 ,x seems c]ta9 t m9d1 or ! conditions ess5tial to m9d1 is evolv$ f gray vesicul> matt]4 ,no?+ 9 nature indicates a future life4 ,k recognizes t no?+ c be free1 or by *ance2 no1 n ev5 ,god1--,god is ! sub/ance ( ,law4 ,:]eupon ,miss ,m>t9eau inquires :e!r ,mr4 ,atk9son1 9 speak+ ( ,god1 did n m]ely use ano!r "n = ,law4 ,we "k no?+ beyond law1 d we8 asks ?is meek disciple1 seek+ = in=mation4 ,mr4 ,atk9son replies t we mu/ assume "s fundam5tal pr9ciple z a ?+ ess5tial1 ?\gh unkn[n2 & x is ?is :i* ,i wrongly en\gh p]haps t]m$ ,god4 ,b if x is wrong to call ?is pr9ciple ,god1 & if !y "k no?+ else beh9d ph5om5a1 :y d !y compla9 s bitt]ly at be+ *>g$ ) ,a!ism8 ,& directly ,mr4 ,atk9son ass]ts t ,philosophy f9ds no ,god 9 nature2 no p]sonal be+ or creator1 nor sees ! want ( any4 ,a ,creator aft] ! lik5ess ( man he affirms to be an impossibility4 ,=1 ?\gh he pr(esses to "k no?+ ab\t ,god1 he someh[ contrives to "k t ,god is n :at o!rs believe him to be4 ,et]nal sleep aft] dea? he pr(esses to be ! only hope ( a wise man4 ,! idea ( free-w is s absurd t x w\ld make a ,democritus fall on 8 back & ro> ) laught]4 ,*ri/ianity is nei!r reasonable nor moral4 ,miss ,m>t9eau responds t deep & sweet is h] repose 9 ! conviction t !re is no !ory ( ,god1 ( an au?or ( ,nature1 ( an orig9 ( ! ,univ]se1 :i* is n utt]ly repugnant to my faculties2 :i* is n 7to my feel+s7 s irrev]5t z to make me blu%1 s mislead+ z to make me m\rn4 ,& ?us d ! apo/le & ! disciple g on1 triumphantly proclaim+ _! own limitations to ! end ( ! volume4 ,& yet ! effect ( ?is book is by no means :olly disagreeable4 ,to be sure1 9 _! con/ant ass]tions ( ! impossibility ( any belief b _! own be+ true1 _! hone/ n>r[ness may (t5 be a little amus+4 ,!y seem l two eyeless fi% 9 ! recesses ( ! d>kness ( ! ,mammo? ,cave talk+ to ea* o!r ( ! absurdity ( believ+ 9 any sun or upp] _w4 ,b !y are s hone/1 s s9c]e1 s mu* 9 love ) ,tru?1 & s free f any self-seek+1 t we f9d x easy to sympa?ize ) _! nave s5se ( discov]y1 z !y g s\nd+ on _! dim & p]il\s way4 ,only we _c b ?9k :at a disappo9tm5t x mu/ be to ,h>riet ,m>t9eau to f9d h]self alive aga9 9 ! o!r _w4 ,9 h] case1 z ,mr4 ,w5twor? ,higg9son acutely rem>ks1 we are depriv$ ( ! pleasure ( sympa?iz+ ) h] gladness at discov]+ h] mi/ake1 s9ce ano!r life w be to h] a disagreeable z well z an un=ese5 ev5t4 ,nor is x extraord9>y1 to ^? :o trace ,h>riet ,m>t9eau's intellectual hi/ory1 t %e %\ld h fall5 into ^! melan*oly conclusions4 ,9 h] *ildhood & y\?1 mo/ ( ! ,unit>ians ( ,engl&1 foll[]s ( ,prie/ley1 adopt$ 8 philosophy ( mat]ialism & necessity4 ,prie/ley did n believe 9 a s\l1 b tru/$ = a future life to ! resurrection ( ! body4 ,he 0 also a firm believ] 9 philosophical necessity4 ,an active & logical m9d l ,miss ,m>t9eau's1 de/itute ( ! ke5ness & pr(undity :i* belong$ to t ( h] bro!r ,james1 might v naturally arrive at a disbelief 9 any?+ b matt] & its ph5om5a4 ,f ignorance ( ^! facts1 ,mrs4 ,*apman expresses surprise t ! inconsi/5cy ( ,h>riet ,m>t9eau's belief 9 necessity1 ) o!r p>ts ( h] ,unit>ianism1 %\ld n h /ruck h]self1 h] judges1 or ! d5om9ation at l>ge4 ,x w\ld h be5 inconsi/5t ) ,am]ican ,unit>ianism1 b x 0 n =eign f ! views ( ,engli% ,unit>ians at t "t4 ,! publication ( ^! ,lett]s naturally caus$ pa9 to religi\s p1 & especially to ^? ( !m :o _h kn[n & honor$ ,miss ,m>t9eau = h] _m pa/ s]vices 9 ! cause ( human fre$om & progress4 ,_m ( ^! 7 ,unit>ians & ,unit>ian m9i/]s1 :o _h be5 long pr\d ( h] z a memb] ( _! d5om9ation & "o ( _! mo/ valu$ co-work]s4 ,x seem$ necess>y = !m to decl>e _! diss5t f h] new views1 & ?is diss5t 0 express$ 9 an article 9 ! ,prospective ,review1 writt5 by h] own bro!r1 ,james ,m>t9eau4 ,mrs4 ,*apman n[ makes kn[n1 :at has hi!rto be5 only a matt] ( conjecture1 t ?is review gave su* s]i\s (f5se to ,miss ,m>t9eau t %e f t "t refus$ to recognize h] bro!r or to h any fur!r communication ) him4 ,mrs4 ,*apman1 :o seldom or nev] f9ds h] h]o9e 9 ! wrong1 ju/ifies & approves h] conduct also "h1 quot+ a passage f ! review 9 support ( ,miss ,m>t9eau's conduct 9 treat+ h] bro!r z "o ( ! defam]s ( old times :om %e mu/ nev] aga9 meet4 ,9 ?is passage ,mr4 ,m>t9eau only expresses 8 pr(\nd grief t 8 si/] %\ld sit at ! feet ( su* a ma/] z ,mr4 ,atk9son1 & lay d[n at 8 bidd+ h] e>ly fai? 9 moral obligation1 9 ! liv+ ,god1 9 ! immortal sanctities4 ,he calls ?is an inv]sion ( ! natural ord] ( nobl5ess1 imply+ t ,mr4 ,atk9son ought to h sat at h] feet in/ead2 &1 turn+ to ! review itself1 we f9d ?is ! only passage 9 :i* a s+le ^w is said :i* c\ld be reg>d$ z a c5sure on ,miss ,m>t9eau4 ,b ,mr4 ,atk9son is inde$ h&l$ ) "s sev]ity4 ,8 language is criticis$1 & 8 logic is prov$ fallaci\s4 ,mu* ! l>ge/ "p ( ! review is1 h[ev]1 devot$ to a refutation ( 8 philosophy & doctr9es4 ,n[1 z s l>ge a "p ( ! ,lett]s is p]vad$ ) d5unciations ( ! bigotry :i* w n he> ! o!r side ( a "q1 & fill$ ) admiration ( ^? :o pref] tru? to ! ties ( k9dr$1 fri5d%ip1 & old association1 we %\ld h ?\ght t ,miss ,m>t9eau w\ld rejoice 9 hav+ a bro!r :o c\ld say1 ,amica ,h>riet1 s$ magis amica v]itas4 ,n at all4 ,x 0 evid5t t he _h said no?+ ab\t h]self at :i* %e c\ld take (f5se2 b 9 speak+ aga9/ h] new philosophy & h] new philosoph] he _h committ$ ! unp>donable s94 ,& ,mrs4 ,*apman all[s h]self to reg>d x z a natural inf]5ce t ?is hone/ & manly review result$ f mascul9e t]ror1 frat]nal jeal\sy ( sup]iority1 ) a sect>ian & prov9cial impulse to pull d[n & cru% a _w-wide celebrity4 ,%e consid]s x incompreh5sible 9 an advocate ( free ?\ght t he %\ld express 8 ?\ghts freely 9 opposition to a book :i* argu$ aga9/ all possible k ( ,god & aga9/ all fai? 9 a future life4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 only j to ,miss ,m>t9eau to say t %e h]self has br\ght no su* *>ges aga9/ h] bro!r1 b left ! matt] 9 sil5ce4 ,we _c b ?9k t x w\ld h be5 bett] = ,miss ,m>t9eau's reputation if h] biograph] _h foll[$ h] example4 ,b1 ?\gh we mu/ object to ,mrs4 ,*apman's views on ?is po9t1 & on "s o!rs1 we mu/ add t h] "p ( ! second volume is prep>$ ) mu* ability1 & is evid5tly ! result ( dilig5t & loyal fri5d%ip4 ,miss ,m>t9eau c\ld n h select$ a m fai?ful fri5d to :om to confide ! hi/ory ( h] life4 ,on two subjects1 h[ev]1 we are oblig$ to diss5t f h] /atem5ts4 ,"o is 9 reg>d to ,dr4 ,*ann+1 :om %e1 = "s unkn[n reason1 sy/ematically disp>ages4 ,he 0 a good man1 ,mrs4 ,*apman admits1 b n 9 any s5se a great "o4 ,) b5evol5t int5tions1 he c\ld n greatly help ! n9ete5? c5tury1 = he knew v little ab\t x1 or1 inde$1 ( any o!r4 ,he _h nei!r insight1 c\rage1 nor firmness4 ,9 8 own ,*ur* _h sprung up a vigor\s opposition to slav]y1 :i* he innoc5tly1 9 s f> z ignorantly1 us$ ! little /r5g? he _h to /ay4 ,c]ta9ly x is n necess>y to def5d ! memory ( ,dr4 ,*ann+ aga9/ su* a sup]cili\s judgm5t z ?is4 ,b we might well ask :y1 if he is n a great man1 & did n help ! n9ete5? c5tury1 8 works %\ld cont9ue to be circulat$ all ov] ,europe8 ,:y %\ld su* m5 9 ,france z ,lab\laye & ,rmusat occupy !mselves 9 translat+ & diffus+ !m8 ,:y %\ld ,buns5 class him among ! five prophets ( ! ,div9e ,consci\sness 9 ,human ,hi/ory1--speak+ ( 8 fe>less spee*1 8 unfail+ good s5se1 & 8 gr&eur ( s\l1 :i* makes him a prophet ( ! ,*ri/ianity ( ! ,future8 ,buns5 calls him a ,greek 9 8 manly nature1 a ,roman 9 8 civic qualities1 & an apo/le 9 8 ,*ri/ianity4 ,& 0 t man defici5t 9 c\rage or firmness :o nev] falt]$ 9 ! support ( any op9ions1 h[ev] unpopul>1 :e!r x 0 to def5d ,unit>ianism 9 its weak beg9n+s1 to appe> 9 ,faneuil ,hall z ! lead] aga9/ ! def5d]s ( ! ,alton mob1 to head ! petition = ! p>don ( ,abn] ,kneel&1 & to lay on ! alt> ( antislav]y ! fame acquir$ by pa/ labors8 ,is he to be accus$ ( repress+ ! antislav]y movem5t 9 8 own *ur*1 :5 !re is on record ! lett] 9 :i* he advocat$ giv+ ! use ( ! *ur* build+ to ! society repres5t$ by ,mrs4 ,*apman h]self2 & :5 ! m5 ( influ5ce 9 8 society refus$ x8 ,nor1 9 ^? days ( _! unpopul>ity1 did ,mrs4 ,*apman & h] fri5ds c\nt ,dr4 ,*ann+'s aid s insignificant4 ,9 h] article on ,! ,m>tyr ,age1 ,miss ,m>t9eau describes ! pr(\nd impression caus$ by ,dr4 ,*ann+'s sudd5 appe>ance 9 ! ,/ate ,h\se to give 8 c\nt5ance & aid to ,g>rison & ! ,abolitioni/s1 9 :at1 %e says1 0 a matt] to !m ( life & dea?4 ,& %e adds1 ,he 0 !nce=? consid]$ by ! _w an accession to _! pr9ciples1 ?\gh n to _! organiz$ body4 ,nor d we q und]/& ,mrs4 ,*apman's giv+ to ,miss ,m>t9eau ! cr$it ( be+ ! cause ( ! petition = ! p>don ( ,abn] ,kneel&2 z 8 conviction1 & ! consequ5t petition1 did n take place until %e _h be5 ne>ly two ye>s out ( ! c\ntry4 ,& :y does ,mrs4 ,*apman select = special contempt1 z unfai?ful to _! duty to mank9d1 ! ,unit>ian m9i/]s8 ,:y does %e speak ( ! c[>dly ranks ( ,am]ican ,unit>ians ) su* peculi> emphasis8 ,x is n our bus9ess "h to def5d ?is d5om9ation2 b we _c b recall ! ,prote/ aga9/ ,am]ican ,slav]y prep>$ & sign$ 9 #ahde by "o hundr$ & sev5ty-?ree ,unit>ian m9i/]s1 out ( a body conta9+ n m ?an two hundr$ & fifty 9 all4 ,& x 0 ?is body :i* furni%$ to ! cause "s ( its mo/ honor$ memb]s4 ,( ^? :o h belong$ to ! ,unit>ian body1 we n[ recall ! names ( su* p]sons z ,samuel ,j4 ,may1 ,samuel ,may1 ,josiah ,qu9cy1 ,john ,qu9cy ,adams1 ,john ,pi]pont1 ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,ellis ,gray ,lor+1 ,john ,g4 ,palfrey1 ,john ,p4 ,hale1 ,dr4 & ,mrs4 ,foll51 ,!odore ,p>k]1 ,john ,p>kman1 ,john ,t4 ,s>g5t1 ,james ,russell ,l[ell1 ,wm4 ,h4 ,furness1 ,*>les ,sumn]1 ,caleb ,/etson1 ,john ,a4 ,&rew1 ,lydia ,m>ia ,*ild1 ,dr4 ,s4 ,g4 ,h[e1 ,horace ,mann1 ,t4 ,w4 ,higg9son4 ,s mu* = ! c[>dly ranks ( ,am]ican ,unit>ians4 ,! la/ ye>s ( ,miss ,m>t9eau 7 happy & peaceful4 ,%e _h a pleasant home at ,ambleside1 on ,lake ,w9d]m]e4 ,%e _h _m fri5ds1 0 consci\s ( hav+ done a good "w1 & if %e _h no hopes 9 ! h]eaft]1 nei!r _h %e any fe>s conc]n+ x4 ,%e 0 a /rong1 upright1 true-he>t$ woman2 "o ( ^? :o h help$ to v9dicate ! "r ( wom5 to le>n ! alphabet4 ,,! ,,rise ,,& ,,fall ,,( ,,! ,,slave ,,p[] ,,9 ,,am]ica#dh ,on ! fir/ day ( ,janu>y1 #ahcb1 :5 ! ,am]ican ,antislav]y ,society 0 =m$ 9 ! (fice ( ,samuel ,e4 ,sewall 9 ,bo/on1 ! abolition ( slav]y ?r\gh any su* ag5cy seem$ impossible4 ,almo/ all ! great int]e/s ( ! c\ntry 7 comb9$ to def5d & su/a9 ! sy/em4 ,! capital inve/$ 9 slaves am\nt$ to at lea/ "o ?\s& millions ( doll>s4 ,?is va/ pecuni>y int]e/ 0 rapidly increas+ by ! gr[+ dem& = ! cotton crop ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates--a dem& :i* cont9ually ov]lapp$ ! supply4 ,! :ole political p[] ( ! ?irte5 slave ,/ates 0 9 ! h&s ( ! slavehold]s4 ,no :ite man 9 ! ,s\?1 unless he 0 a slavehold]1 0 ev] elect$ to ,congress1 or to any important political position at home4 ,! two great p>ties1 ,:ig & ,democrat1 7 pl$g$ to ! support ( slav]y 9 all its con/itutional rights1 & vi$ ) ea* o!r 9 giv+ to ^! ! l>ge/ int]pretation4 ,by a con/itutional provision1 :i* c\ld n be alt]$1 ! slave ,/ates _h 9 ,congress1 9 #ahdj1 tw5ty-five m ,repres5tatives 9 proportion to _! numb] ( vot]s ?an ! free ,/ates4 ,by ! cohesion ( ?is great political & pecuni>y int]e/ ! slavehold]s1 ?\gh comp>atively few 9 numb]1 7 able to gov]n ! nation4 ,! ,presid5ts1 bo? h\ses ( ,congress1 ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! two great political p>ties1 ! press ( ! c\ntry1 ! m]cantile int]e/1 & t my/]i\s =ce :i* we call society1 7 virtually 9 ! h&s ( ! slavehold]s4 ,:5ev] _! privileges 7 attack$1 all ^! p[]s ralli$ to _! def5se4 ,public op9ion1 9 ! highe/ circles ( society & 9 ! l[e/1 0 p]fectly agre$ on ?is "o "q4 ,! saloons ( ! ,fif? ,av5ue & ! mob ( ! ,five ,po9ts 7 equally loyal to ! sacr$ cause ( slav]y4 ,?us all ! great p[]s :i* control free /ates 7 comb9$ = its def5se2 & ! attempt to assail ?is in/itution might ju/ly be reg>d$ z madness4 ,9 fact1 all dang] seem$ s remote1 t ev5 s late z #ahdj x 0 common = slavehold]s to admit t prop]ty 9 man 0 an absurdity & an inju/ice4 ,! sy/em itself 0 s secure1 t !y c\ld af=d to conc$e its pr9ciple to _! oppon5ts4 ,j z m5 =m]ly f\ght duels z a matt] ( c\rse1 :ile frankly admitt+ t x 0 wrong to d s1--j z at ! pres5t "t we conc$e t w> is absurd & un*ri/ian1 b yet g to w> cont9ually1 because we "k no o!r way ( settl+ int]national disputes1--s ! slavehold]s us$ to say1 ,slav]y is wrong2 we "k t3 b h[ is x to be aboli%$8 ,:at c we d ab\t x8 ,su* 0 ! /ate ( ?+s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates less ?an half a c5tury ago4 ,on "o side 0 an enorm\s pecuni>y int]e/1 va/ political p[]1 ! weight ( ! press1 an almo/ unanim\s public op9ion1 ! necessities ( comm]ce1 ! au?ority ( fa%ion1 ! tea*+s ( ne>ly e d5om9ation 9 ! ,*ri/ian *ur*1 & ! moral obligations attribut$ to ! sacr$ cov5ants ( ! fa!rs ( ! ,republic4 ,on ! o!r side !re 7 only a few voices cry+ 9 ! wild]ness1 ,x is unju/ to claim prop]ty 9 man4 ,! object ( ! "w be=e u is to %[ h[1 aft] ! slave p[] _h rea*$ ?is summit ( influ5ce1 x lo/ x all 9 a s+le g5]ation2 h[1 less by ! zeal ( its oppon5ts ?an by ! madness ( its def5d]s1 ?is enorm\s fabric ( oppression 0 und]m9$ & ov]?r[n2 & h[1 9 a few ye>s1 ! insignificant h&ful ( antislav]y p br\ght to _! side ! great majority ( ! nation4 ,c]ta9ly a "w :i* %\ld d ju/ice to su* a hi/ory w\ld be "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ books ev] writt54 ,= 9 ?is s]ies ( ev5ts ev]y?+ 0 involv$ :i* t\*es mo/ ne>ly ! m9d1 ! consci5ce1 ! imag9ation1 & ! he>t ( man4 ,h[ _m radical problems 9 /atesman%ip1 9 political economy1 9 e?ics1 9 philosophy1 9 !ology1 9 hi/ory1 9 sci5ce1 came up = discussion dur+ ?is long controv]sy6 ,:at pa!tic /ories ( suff]+1 :at sep>ation ( families1 :at tales ( torture1 :at cruelty gr[n into a cu/om1 :at awful dep?s ( mis]y1 came cont9ually to light1 z ?\gh ! judgm5t-day 7 beg9n+ to dawn on ! d>k places ( ! e>?6 ,:at romances ( adv5ture1 :at /ories ( c\rage & endurance1 ( +5uity 9 contrivance1 ( det]m9ation ( s\l1 7 li/5$ to by brea?less audi5ces z relat$ by ! humble lips ( ! fugitives f bondage6 ,h[ trite & meagre became all ! commonplaces ( oratory be=e ! flam+ eloqu5ce ( ^! t]rible facts6 ,h[ tame grew all ! conv5tional rhetoric ( pulpit & plat=m1 by ! side ( spee* vitaliz$ by ! imm$iate pres5ce ( ?is maje/ic argum5t6 ,! book :i* %\ld reproduce ! antislav]y hi/ory ( ^? ?irty ye>s w\ld possess an unimag9$ *>m4 ,we _c say t ,mr4 ,wilson's volumes d all ?is1 nor _h we any "r to expect x4 ,he proposes to himself no?+ ( ! sort4 ,:at he gives u is1 h[ev]1 ( v great value4 ,x is a v c>efully collect$1 cle>ly arrang$1 & accurate acc\nt ( ! rise & progress1 decl9e & cata/rophe1 ( slav]y 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,mr4 ,wilson does n attempt to be philosophical l ,bancr(t & ,drap]2 nor are 8 pages z picturesque z are ^? ( ,motley & ,c>lyle4 ,he tells u a pla9 unv>ni%$ tale1 ! int]e/ ( :i* is to be f\nd 9 ! /atem5t ( ! facts exactly z !y occurr$4 ,consid]+ t x is a /ory ( ev5ts all ( :i* he saw & a l>ge "p ( :i* he 01 !re is a s+ul> abs5ce ( prejudice4 ,he is no man's enemy4 ,he has pass$ ?r\gh ! fire1 & !re is no smell ( smoke on 8 g>m5ts4 ,an intellig5t indignation aga9/ ! crimes committ$ 9 def5se ( ! sy/em he describes p]vades 8 n>rative4 ,8 imp>tiality is n indiff]5ce1 b an abs5ce ( p]sonal rancor4 ,individuals & _! conduct are criticis$ only s f> z is necess>y to make cle> ! c\rse ( ev5ts & ! condition ( public feel+4 ,! def5d]s ( slav]y at ! ,nor? & ,s\? are reg>d$ n z bad m51 b z ! outcome ( a bad sy/em4 ,mr4 ,wilson's book is a treasury ( facts1 & w nev] be sup]s$$ s f> z ?is peculi> value is conc]n$4 ,9 ?is respect x some:at resembles ,hildre?'s ,hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,tak+ little space = speculation1 comm5t1 or picturesque color+1 !re is all ! m room left = ! /eady fl[ ( ! n>rative4 ,) a few unimportant omissions1 ! two volumes n[ publi%$ conta9 a full hi/ory ( slav]y & antislav]y f ! ,ord9ance ( #aghg & ! compromises ( ! ,con/itution d[n to ! election ( ,l9coln & ! outbreak ( ! civil w>4 ,z a "w ( ref]5ce !y are invaluble1 = ea* ev5t 9 ! long /ruggle = fre$om is di/9ctly & accurately told1 :ile ! calm /ory advances ?r\gh its v>i\s /ages4 ,in/ead ( foll[+ ?is n>rative 9 detail1 :i* our space w n all[1 we pref] to call our read]s' att5tion to "s ( ! m /rik+ incid5ts ( ?is great revolution4 ,our fa!rs1 :5 !y f\nd$ ! nation1 _h little ?\ght t slav]y 0 ev] to atta9 su* va/ ext5sion4 ,!y suppos$ t x w\ld gradually die out f ! ,s\?1 z x _h disappe>$ f ! ,nor?4 ,yet ! :ole dang] to _! "w lay "h4 ,slav]y1 if any?+1 0 ! w$ge :i* 0 to split ! ,union asund]4 ,:5 ! ,con/itution 0 =m$1 9 #aghg1 ! slavehold]s1 by d9t ( great ef=t1 succe$$ 9 gett+ ! little end ( ! w$ge ins]t$4 ,x 0 v n>r[1 a m]e %>p l9e1 & x w5t 9 only a v little way2 s x seem$ to be no?+ at all4 ,! slavehold]s at t "t did n cont5d t slav]y 0 "r or good4 ,!y admitt$ t x 0 a political evil4 ,!y confess$1 _m ( !m1 t x 0 a moral evil4 ,all ! great ,s\!rn revolution>y bodies _h accu/om$ !mselves to believe 9 ! rights ( man1 9 ! pr9ciples ( humanity1 9 ! bless+s ( lib]ty2 & !y c\ld n def5d slav]y4 ,mason ( ,virg9ia1 9 ! debates 9 ! ,f$]al ,conv5tion1 d5\nc$ slav]y & ! slave-trade4 ,! evil ( slav]y1 said he1 affects ! :ole ,union4 ,slav]y disc\rages arts & manufactures4 ,! poor despise labor :5 done by slaves4 ,!y prev5t ! immigration ( :ites1 :o really enri* a c\ntry4 ,!y produce ! mo/ p]nici\s effects on ! mann]s4 ,e ma/] ( slaves is born a petty tyrant4 ,!y br+ ! judgm5t ( ,heav5 on a c\ntry4 ,williamson ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a decl>$ himself 9 pr9ciple & practice oppos$ to slav]y4 ,madison ?\ght x wrong to admit 9 ! ,con/itution ! idea t !re c\ld be prop]ty 9 man4 ,b ! extreme ,s\!rn ,/ates1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a & ,georgia1 insi/$ on ! "r ( import+ slaves1 at lea/ = a little :ile2 & s !y 7 all[$ to import !m = tw5ty ye>s4 ,!y also insi/$ on hav+ _! slaves repres5t$ by !mselves 9 ,congress1 & s !y 7 all[$ to c\nt ?ree fif?s ( ! slaves 9 det]m9+ ! ratio4 ,?is seem$ a small ?+1 b x 0 ! ent]+ ( ! w$ge4 ,x 0 tol]at+ ! pr9ciple ( slav]y2 n admitt+ x1 b tol]at+ x4 ,at ! same "t t ?is ,conv5tion 0 =m+1 ! ,f$]al ,con/itution ,congress 0 prohibit+ slav]y 9 all ! t]ritory nor?we/ ( ! ,ohio4 ,?is prohibition ( slav]y 0 adopt$ by ! unanim\s votes ( ! eight ,/ates pres5t1 includ+ ,virg9ia1 ! ,c>ol9as1 & ,georgia4 ,two ye>s lat] x 0 recogniz$ & confirm$ by ! fir/ ,congress "u ! ,con/itution4 ,jeff]son1 a commission] to revise ! /atute law ( ,virg9ia1 prep>$ a bill = gradual emancipation 9 t ,/ate4 ,9 #agij a petition 0 pres5t$ to ,congress1 sign$ by ,b5jam9 ,frankl91 ! la/ public act ( 8 life1 decl>+ equal lib]ty to be ! bir?right ( all1 & ask+ ,congress to devise means = re/or+ lib]ty to ! slaves1 & s remov+ ?is inconsi/5cy f ! "* ( ! ,am]ican p4 ,9 #ahjd ! p ( ,virg9ia petition$ ,congress to h ! ,ord9ance ( #aghg susp5d$1 t !y might hold slaves2 b a committee ( ,congress1 ( :i* ,john ,r&olph ( ,virg9ia 0 *airman1 report$ t x w\ld be highly dang]\s & inexp$i5t to impair a provision wisely calculat$ to promote ! happ9ess & prosp]ity ( ! ,nor?we/ ,t]ritory4 ,b 9 #ahbj ! fir/ heavy bl[ came on ! w$ge to drive x into ! log4 ,! ,union is a t\gh log1 & ! w$ge c\ld be driv5 a good way 9 )\t splitt+ x2 b ! fir/ bl[ :i* drove x 9 0 ! adopt+ ! ,miss\ri ,compromise1 all[+ slav]y to come ,nor? & take possession ( ,miss\ri4 ,! ?irty ye>s ( prosp]ity :i* _h foll[$ ! adoption ( ! ,con/itution _h *ang$ ! feel+s ( m5 bo? ,nor? & ,s\?4 ,! ideas ( ! ,revolution _h rec$$ into ! backgr\nd2 ! ?ir/ = weal? & p[] _h tak5 _! place4 ,s ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 :i* _h cordially agre$ ?irty ye>s be=e to prohibit ! ext5sion ( slav]y1 & _h readily admitt$ x to be a political evil1 n[ dem&$ z a "r ! privilege ( c>ry+ slaves into ,miss\ri4 ,!y ?reat5$ to dissolve ! ,union1 talk$ ( a fire only to be ext+ui%$ by seas ( blood1 & propos$ to hang a memb] f ,new ,hamp%ire :o spoke ( lib]ty4 ,"s ( ! ,nor!rn m5 7 n fright5$ by ^! ?reats1 & valu$ !m at _! real wor?4 ,b we "k t ! result 0 a compromise4 ,slav]y 0 to take possession ( ,miss\ri1 on condition t no o!r ,/ate z f> nor? z ,miss\ri %\ld be slave-hold+4 ,slav]y 0 to be exclud$ f ! re/ ( ! t]ritory =ev]4 ,?is b>ga9 0 applaud$ & ju/ifi$ by ,s\!rn politicians & newspap]s z a great triumph on _! "p2 & x 04 ,t fatal compromise 0 a surr5d] ( pr9ciple = ! sake ( peace1 b>t]+ consci5ce = quiet2 & we 7 soon to reap ! bitt] fruits4 ,face to face1 9 deadly opposition1 ea* det]m9$ on ! total de/ruction ( 8 antagoni/1 /ood ?is ,golia? ( ! slave p[] & ! little ,david ( antislav]y1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! t5 ye>s :i* ext5d$ f #ahcj to #ahdj4 ,! giant 0 ultimately to fall f ! w\nds ( 8 m9ute oppon5t1 b n dur+ ?is decade or ! next4 ,= _m ye>s ea* ( ! p>ties 0 gr[+ /rong]1 & ! fight 0 gr[+ fi]c]4 ,organization on ! "o side 0 cont9ually becom+ m p[]ful2 en?usiasm on ! o!r cont9ually built up a m det]m9$ op9ion4 ,! slave p[] won repeat$ victories2 b e victory increas$ ! numb] & ardor ( its oppon5ts4 ,! fir/ attempt to de/roy antislav]y pr9ciples 0 by means ( mobs4 ,mobs seldom take place 9 a community unless :]e ! upp] /ratum ( society & ! l[] are 9 sympa!tic opposition to "s /ruggl+ m9ority4 ,!n ! l[] class takes its convictions f ! high]1 & reg>ds itself z ! h& execut+ :at ! head ?9ks ought to be done4 ,respectability d5\nces ! victim1 & ! rabble ha/5s to take v5geance on him4 ,ev5 a mob _c act effici5tly unless inspir$ by ideas2 & ^! x mu/ receive f "s high] s\rce4 ,s x 0 :5 ,prie/ley 0 mobb$ at ,birm+ham2 s x 0 :5 ,wesley & 8 fri5ds 7 mobb$ 9 all p>ts ( ,engl&4 ,s x 0 also 9 ,am]ica :5 ! (fice ( ! ,philan?ropi/ 0 de/roy$ 9 ,c9c9nati2 :5 halls & *ur*es 7 burn$ 9 ,philadelphia2 :5 ,miss ,cr&all 0 mobb$ 9 ,connecticut2 :5 ,lovejoy 0 kill$ at ,alton4 ,antislav]y meet+s 7 s (t5 invad$ by riot]s1 t on "o occasion ,/eph5 ,s4 ,fo/] is report$ to h decl>$ t ! speak]s 7 n do+ _! duty1 because ! p li/5$ s quietly4 ,if we 7 do+ our duty1 said he1 !y w\ld be ?r[+ brick-bats at u4 ,^! demon/rations only r\s$ & int5sifi$ ! ardor ( ! ,abolitioni/s1 :ile br++ to _! side ^? :o lov$ fair play1 & ^? 9 :om ! elem5t ( battle 0 /rong4 ,mobs also 7 an excell5t adv]tisem5t = ! ,antislav]y ,society2 & ?is is :at e new cause ne$s mo/ = its ext5sion4 ,e "t t "o ( _! meet+s 0 viol5tly brok5 up1 e "t t any outrage or injury 0 (f]$ to ! ,abolitioni/s1 all ! newspap]s 9 ! l& gave !m a gratuit\s adv]tisem5t by conspicu\s notices ( ! ev5t4 ,s ! public m9d 0 direct$ to ! "q1 & curiosity 0 excit$4 ,! antislav]y conv5tions 7 m cr[d$ f day to day1 _! j\rnals 7 m 9 dem&1 & _! plans & op9ions became ! subject ( conv]sation ev]y:]e4 ,& c]ta9ly !re c\ld be no m int]e/+ place to visit ?an "o ( ^! meet+s ( ! ,antislav]y ,society4 ,) untir+ assiduity ! ,abolitioni/s br\ght to _! plat=m ev]y?+ :i* c\ld excite & impress _! audi5ce4 ,_! orators 7 ( e k9d1--r\gh m5 & %rill-voic$ wom51 poli%$ speak]s f ! univ]sities1 /amm]+ fugitives f slav]y1 philosoph]s & fanatics1 a!i/s & ,*ri/ian m9i/]s1 wise m5 :o _h be5 made mad by oppression1 & babes 9 intellect to :om ,god _h reveal$ "s ( ! noble/ tru?s4 ,!y murd]$ ! ,k+'s ,engli%1 !y utt]$ gl>+ fallacies1 ! bl[s aim$ at evildo]s (t5 glanc$ aside & hit good m54 ,invective 01 p]haps1 ! too frequ5t /aple ( _! argum5t1 & any diff]5ce ( op9ion w\ld be apt to turn _! weapons aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,?is *ur*-militant (t5 became a *ur*-t]magant4 ,yet1 aft] all su* abatem5t = errors ( judgm5t or bad ta/e1 _! meet+s 7 a spl5did ar5a on :i* 0 f\ght "o ( ! greate/ battles = mank9d4 ,! eloqu5ce we he>d !re 0 n ( ! s*ools1 & _h no?+ artificial ab\t x4 ,x foll[$ ! rule ( ,demo/h5es1 & 0 all direct$ to action4 ,e ^w 0 a bl[4 ,!re 0 no respect = dignities or au?orities4 ,! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! object ( su* unfeign$ idolatry to ! av]age ,am]ican1 0 d5\nc$ z a cov5ant ) hell4 ,! great m5 ( ! nation1 ,web/]1 ,clay1 ,jackson1 7 usually select$ z ! objects ( ! sev]e/ c5sure4 ,! rule 0 to /rike at ! heads :i* rose above ! cr[d1 z des]v+ ! /]ne/ condemnation4 ,presid5ts & gov]nors1 heads ( univ]sities1 em95t div9es1 great *ur*es & d5om9ations1 7 convict$ z traitors to ! "r1 or held up to unsp>+ ridicule4 ,no conv5tional proprieties 7 reg>d$ 9 ! t]rible e>ne/ness ( ?is enrag$ spee*4 ,x 0 l ! lava p\r+ f ! dep?s ( ! e>?1 & melt+ ! v rocks :i* oppos$ its resi/less c\rse4 ,( c\rse ?is fi]ce attack r\s$ z fi]ce a def5se4 ,"o extreme g5]at$ ! o!r4 ,! cry = imm$iate abolition 0 answ]$ by labor$ def5ses ( slav]y itself4 ,=m]ly its advocates only excus$ x z a necess>y evil2 n[ !y began to def5d x z a positive good4 ,!n 0 se5 ! lam5table sight ( ,*ri/ian m9i/]s & respect$ div9es hurry+ to ! support ( ! sum ( all villanies4 ,! ,episcopal bi%op ( a ,new ,engl& ,/ate def5d$ ) ardor ! sy/em ( slav]y z an in/itution support$ by ! ,bible & comm&$ by ,god himself4 ,! presid5t ( a ,new ,engl& college decl>$ slav]y to be a positive in/itution ( reveal$ religion1 & n inconsi/5t ) ! law ( love4 ,! m9i/] ( a ,bo/on *ur*1 go+ to ! ,s\? = 8 heal?1 amus$ 8 leisure by writ+ a book on slav]y1 9 :i* x is made to appe> z a rose-color$ & delightful in/itution1 & its oppos]s are sev]ely c5sur$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ le>n$ pr(essors 9 a ,massa*usetts !ological s*ool compos$ a treatise to refute ! h]esy ( ! high] law1 & to ma9ta9 ! duty ( return+ fugitive slaves to bondage4 ,"u su* guidance x 0 natural t ! *ur*es %\ld g5]ally /& alo( f ! ,abolitioni/s & condemn _! c\rse4 ,x 0 equally natural t ! ,abolitioni/s %\ld !n d5\nce ! *ur*es z ! bulw>k ( slav]y4 ,nev]!less1 f ! ,*ri/ian body came mo/ ( ^? :o devot$ _! lives to ! extirpation ( ?is great evil & iniquity4 ,& ,mr4 ,g>rison1 at lea/1 always ma9ta9$ t 8 conv]ts 7 mo/ likely to be made among ^? ^: consci5ces _h be5 educat$ by ! ,*ur* & ! ,bible4 ,f public meet+s 9 ! ,nor?1 ! conflict ( ideas next ext5d$ itself to ! floor ( ,congress1 :]e x cont9u$ to rage dur+ ne>ly ?irty ye>s1 until ! w> ( tongue & p5 *ang$ to t ( *>g+ squadrons1 ! /orm ( %ot & ! roll ( cannon4 ,! "q f\nd its way into ! debates ( ,congress 9 ! =m ( petitions = ! abolition ( slav]y & ! slave-trade 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia4 ,if ! slavehold]s _h all[$ ^! petitions to be receiv$ & ref]r$1 tak+ no notice ( !m1 x seems probable t no important results w\ld h foll[$4 ,b1 bl9d$ by rage & fe>1 !y oppos$ _! reception1 ?us d5y+ a privilege belong+ to all mank9d1--t ( ask+ ! gov]nm5t to r$ress _! grievances4 ,!n came to ! front a man already em95t by 8 desc5t1 8 great atta9m5ts1 8 long public s]vice1 8 great position1 & 8 comm&+ ability4 ,john ,qu9cy ,adams1 aft] hav+ be5 ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 accept$ a seat 9 ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 & 0 "o ( ! mo/ labori\s & useful ( its memb]s4 ,he 0 n !n an ,abolitioni/1 nor 9 favor ev5 ( aboli%+ slav]y 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia4 ,b he believ$ t ! p _h ! "r to petition ! gov]nm5t = any?+ !y desir$1 & t _! respectful petitions %\ld be respectfully receiv$4 ,sixty-five ye>s old 9 #ahcb1 :5 he began ?is conflict1 8 w>f>e ) ! slave p[] end$ only :51 /ruck ) dea? :ile 9 8 seat1 he saw ! la/ ( e>? & 0 cont5t4 ,) :at en]gy1 :at dauntless c\rage1 :at untir+ indu/ry1 :at mat*less p[]s ( argum5t1 :at inexhau/ible res\rces ( k1 he pursu$ 8 object1 ! future hi/orian ( ! /ruggle :o c fully pa9t :at ,mr4 ,wilson is only able to indicate1 w take pleasure 9 describ+4 ,"o sc5e w rema9 =ev] memorable z "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ triumphs ( human oratory2 & ?is we mu/ describe a little m fully4 ,febru>y #f1 #ahcg1 be+ ! day = pres5t+ petitions1 ,mr4 ,adams _h already pres5t$ sev]al petitions = ! abolition ( slav]y 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia 7a measure to :i* he 0 himself !n oppos$71 :5 he proce$$ to /ate#di t he _h 9 8 possession a pap] ^u :i* he wi%$ ! decision ( ! ,speak]4 ,! pap]1 he said1 came f tw5ty p]sons decl>+ !mselves to be slaves4 ,he wi%$ to "k :e!r ! ,speak] w\ld consid] ?is pap] z com+ "u ! rule ( ! ,h\se4#ej ,! ,*air said he w\ld take ! advice ( ! ,h\se on t "q4 ,& !reupon began a /orm ( indignation :i* rag$ ar\nd ,mr4 ,adams dur+ f\r days4#ea ,consid]+ t ! ,h\se _h ord]$1 less ?an ?ree weeks be=e1 t all pap]s relat+ 9 any way to slav]y %\ld be laid on ! table )\t any action be+ tak5 on !m1 ?is f\r days' discussion ab\t su* a pap]1 end+ 9 ! pass+ ( sev]al resolutions1 0 r an amus+ illu/ration ( ! irrepressible "* ( ! antislav]y movem5t4 ,! ,s\!rn memb]s seem$ at fir/ a/oni%$ at :at !y ha/ily assum$ to be an attempt ( ,mr4 ,adams to introduce a petition f slaves4 ,"o mov$ t x be n receiv$4 ,ano!r1 indignant at su* a tame way ( meet+ ! "q1 decl>$ t any "o attempt+ to introduce su* a petition %\ld be imm$iately puni%$2 & if t 0 n done at once1 all ! memb]s f ! slave ,/ates %\ld leave ! ,h\se4 ,l\d cries arose1 ,expel him6 expel him6 ,mr4 ,alfr$ decl>$ t ! petition ought to be burn$4 ,mr4 ,waddy ,?ompson ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 :o soon receiv$ a ca/igation :i* he little anticipat$1 mov$ t ,john ,qu9cy ,adams1 hav+ committ$ a gross disrespect to ! ,h\se 9 attempt+ to introduce a petition f slaves1 ought to be in/antly br\ght to ! b> ( ! ,h\se to receive ! sev]e c5sure ( ! ,speak]4 ,simil> resolutions 7 (f]$ by ,mr4 ,haynes & ,mr4 ,lewis1 all assum+ t ,mr4 ,adams _h attempt$ to introduce ?is petition4 ,he at la/ took ! floor1 & said t he ?\ght ! "t ( ! ,h\se 0 be+ consum$ ne$lessly1 s9ce all ^! resolutions 7 f\nd$ on an error4 ,he _h n attempt$ to pres5t ! petition1--he _h only ask$ ! ,speak] a "q 9 reg>d to x4 ,he also advis$ ! memb] f ,alabama to am5d 8 resolution1 :i* /at$ ! petition to be = ! abolition ( slav]y 9 ! ,di/rict1 :]eas x 0 ! v rev]se ( t4 ,x 0 a petition = some?+ :i* w\ld be v objectionable to himself1 ?\gh x might be ! v ?+ = :i* ! g5tleman f ,alabama 0 cont5d+4 ,!n ,mr4 ,adams sat d[n1 leav+ 8 oppon5ts m angry ?an ev]1 b some:at confus$ 9 _! m9ds4 ,!y c\ld n v well c5sure him = do+ :at he _h n done1 b !y wi%$ v mu* to c5sure him4 ,s ,mr4 ,waddy ,?ompson modifi$ 8 resolution1 mak+ x /ate t ,mr4 ,adams1 by creat+ ! impression1 & leav+ ! ,h\se "u ! impression1 t ! petition 0 = ! abolition ( slav]y1 _h trifl$ ) ! ,h\se1 & %\ld receive its c5sure4 ,aft] a multitude ( o!r spee*es f ! enrag$ ,s\!rn *ivalry1 ! debate ( ! fir/ day came to an end4 ,on ! next day 7,febru>y #g71 9 reply to a "q1 ,mr4 ,adams /at$ aga9 t he _h n attempt$ to pres5t ! petition1 ?\gh 8 own feel+s w\ld h l$ him to d s1 b _h kept x 9 8 possession1 out ( respect to ! ,h\se4 ,he _h said no?+ to lead ! ,h\se to inf] t ?is petition 0 = ! abolition ( slav]y4 ,he %\ld consid] be=e pres5t+ a petition f slaves2 ?\gh1 9 8 op9ion1 slaves _h a "r to petition1 & ! m]e fact ( a petition be+ f slaves w\ld n ( itself prev5t him f pres5t+ x4 ,if ! petition 7 a prop] "o1 he %\ld pres5t x4 ,a petition 0 a pray]1 a supplication to a sup]ior be+4 ,slaves might pray to ,god2 0 ?is ,h\se s sup]ior t x c\ld n condesc5d to he> a pray] f ^? to :om ! ,almighty li/5$8 ,he end$ by say+ t1 9 ask+ ! "q ( ! ,speak]1 he _h int5d$ to %[ ! greate/ respect to ! ,h\se1 & _h n ! lea/ purpose ( trifl+ ) x4 ,^! brief rem>ks ( ,mr4 ,adams made x necess>y = ! slavehold]s aga9 to *ange _! tactics4 ,mr4 ,dromgoole ( ,virg9ia n[ br\ght =w>d 8 fam\s resolution1 :i* ,mr4 ,adams aft]w>ds made s ridicul\s1 accus+ him ( hav+ giv5 color to an idea t slaves _h a "r to petition1 & t he %\ld be c5sur$ by ! ,speak] = ?is act4 ,ano!r memb] propos$1 r late 9 ! day1 t a committee be appo9t$ to inquire :e!r any attempt _h be5 made1 or n1 to (f] a petition f slaves4 ,ano!r (f]$ a s]ies ( resolutions1 decl>+ t if any "o h]eaft] %\ld (f] petitions f slaves he ought to be reg>d$ z an enemy ( ! ,s\?1 & ( ! ,union2 b t z ,john ,qu9cy ,adams _h /at$ t he meant no disrespect to ! ,h\se1 t all proce$+s z to 8 conduct %\ld n[ cease4 ,& s1 aft] _m o!r spee*es1 ! second day's debate came to an end4 ,! next day 0 set ap>t to c\nt ! votes = ,presid5t1 & s ! debate 0 resum$ ,febru>y #i4 ,x soon become m confus$ ?an ev]4 ,motions 7 made to lay ! resolutions on ! table2 !y 7 )drawn2 !y 7 r5ew$2 !y 7 vot$ d[n2 &1 f9ally1 aft] mu* discussion1 & :5 at la/ ! f9al "q 0 ab\t be+ tak51 ,mr4 ,adams inquir$ :e!r he 0 to be all[$ to be he>d 9 8 own def5se be=e be+ condemn$4 ,s he obta9$ ! floor1 & imm$iately ! :ole aspect ( ! case 0 *ang$4 ,dur+ ?ree days he _h be5 ! prison] at ! b>2 sudd5ly he became ! judge on ! b5*4 ,nev]1 9 ! hi/ory ( =5sic eloqu5ce1 has a s+le spee* effect$ a great] *ange 9 ! purpose ( a delib]ative assembly4 ,(t5 z ! ,horatian description has be5 quot$ ( ! j man1 t5aci\s ( 8 purpose1 :o fe>s n ! rage ( citiz5s clamor+ = :at is wrong1 x has nev] f\nd a fitt] application ?an to ! un%ak5 m9d ( ,john ,qu9cy ,adams1 /&+ alone1 9 ! mid/ ( 8 antagoni/s1 l a solid monum5t :i* ! idle /orms beat aga9/ 9 va94 ,he began by say+ t he _h be5 wait+ dur+ ^! ?ree days = an answ] to ! "q :i* he _h put to ! ,speak]1 & :i* ! ,speak] _h put to ! ,h\se1 b :i* ! ,h\se _h n yet answ]$1 namely1 :e!r ! pap] he held 9 8 h& came "u ! rule ( ! ,h\se or n4 ,!y _h discuss$ ev]y?+ else1 b _h n answ]$ t "q4 ,!y _h wa/$ ! "t ( ! ,h\se 9 consid]+ h[ !y c\ld c5sure him = do+ :at he _h n done4 ,all he wi%$ to "k 01 :e!r a petition f slaves %\ld be receiv$ or n4 ,he himself ?\ght t x ought to be receiv$2 b if ! ,h\se decid$ o!rwise1 he %\ld n pres5t x4 ,only "o g5tleman _h und]tak5 to discuss t "q1 & 8 argum5t 01 t if slav]y 0 aboli%$ by ,congress 9 any ,/ate1 ! ,con/itution 0 violat$2 &1 !re=e1 slaves ought n to be all[$ to petition = any?+4 ,he1 ,mr4 ,adams1 0 unable to see ! connection betwe5 ! premises & ! conclusion4 ,h]eupon poor ,mr4 ,fr5*1 ! au?or ( ?is argum5t1 tri$ to expla9 :at he meant by x1 b left 8 mean+ z confus$ z be=e4 ,!n ,mr4 ,adams add$1 t if y depriv$ any "o 9 ! community ( ! "r ( petition1 :i* 0 only ! "r ( (f]+ a pray]1 y w\ld f9d x difficult to "k :]e to /op2 "o g5tleman _h object$ to ! reception ( "o petition1 because (f]$ by wom5 ( a bad "*4 ,mr4 ,patton ( ,virg9ia says he kn[s t "o ( ! names is ( a woman ( a bad "*4 ,h[ does he "k x8 ,h]eupon ,mr4 ,patton expla9$ t he did n himself "k ! woman1 b _h be5 told t h] "* 0 n good4 ,s1 said ,mr4 ,adams1 y fir/ d5y ! "r ( petition to slaves1 !n to free p ( color1 & !n y inquire into ! moral "* ( a petition] be=e y receive 8 petition4 ,! next /ep w be to inquire into ! political belief ( ! petition]s be=e y receive y\r petition4 ,mr4 ,rob]tson ( ,virg9ia _h said t no petitions ought to be receiv$ = an object :i* ,congress _h no p[] to grant4 ,mr4 ,adams repli$1 ) mu* acut5ess1 t on mo/ que/ions ! "r ( grant+ ! petition might be 9 d\bt3 a majority mu/ decide t po9t2 x w\ld !re=e foll[1 f ,mr4 ,rob]tson's rule1 t no "o _h a "r to petition unless he belong$ to ! pr$om9ant p>ty4 ,mr4 ,adams !n turn$ to ,mr4 ,dromgoole1 :o _h *>g$ him ) ! rem>kable crime ( giv+ color to an idea1 & soon made t ,repres5tative ( ! ,old ,dom9ion appe> v ridicul\s4 ,mr4 ,adams !n proce$$ to rebuke1 ) dignity b sev]ity1 ! conduct ( ^? :o _h propos$ to c5sure him )\t any correct k ( ! facts ( ! case4 ,8 criticisms _h ! effect ( compell+ ^! g5tlem5 to excuse !mselves & to (f] v>i\s explanations ( _! mi/akes4 ,^! assailants sudd5ly f\nd !mselves 9 an attitude ( self-def5se4 ,mr4 ,adams graci\sly accept$ _! explanations1 advis+ !m 9 future to be c>eful :5 !y und]took to (f] resolutions ( c5sure4 ,he !n in=m$ ,mr4 ,waddy ,?ompson ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a t he _h "o or two que/ions to put to him4 ,by ?is "t x _h become a pretty s]i\s bus9ess to receive ! att5tions ( ,mr4 ,adams2 & ,mr4 ,waddy ,?ompson imm$iately rose to expla94 ,b ,mr4 ,adams ask$ him to wait until he _h fully /at$ ! "q :i* ,mr4 ,?ompson 0 to answ]4 ,?is ,s\!rn /atesman _h ?reat5$ ! ex-,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ) an indictm5t by ! gr& jury ( ! ,di/rict = words spok5 9 debate 9 ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 & _h add$ t1 if ! petition 0 pres5t$1 ,mr4 ,adams w\ld be s5t to ! p5it5ti>y4 ,sir1 said ,mr4 ,adams1 ! only answ] ,i make to su* a ?reat f t g5tleman is1 to invite him1 :5 he returns to 8 con/itu5ts1 to /udy a little ! fir/ pr9ciples ( civil lib]ty4 ,he !n call$ on ! g5tlem5 f ! slave ,/ates to say h[ _m ( !m indors$ t s5tim5t4 ,i d n1 said ,mr4 ,und]wood ( ,k5tucky4 ,i d n1 said ,mr4 ,wise ( ,virg9ia4 ,mr4 ,?ompson 0 compell$ to attempt ano!r explanation1 & said he meant t1 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 any memb] ( ! legislature :o %\ld pres5t a petition f slaves c\ld be indict$4 ,!n1 repli$ ,mr4 ,adams1 & ?is produc$ a great s5sation1 if x is ! law ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a t memb]s ( h] ,legislature may be indict$ by juries = words spok5 9 debate1 ,god ,almighty receive my ?anks t ,i am n a citiz5 ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,mr4 ,adams end$ 8 spee* by decl>+ t ! honor ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives 0 always reg>d$ by him z a sacr$ s5tim5t1 & t he %\ld feel a c5sure f t ,h\se z ! heavie/ mis=tune ( a long life1 *eck]$ z x _h be5 by _m vicissitudes4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,adams began 8 def5se1 n only 0 a l>ge majority ( ! ,h\se oppos$ to 8 c\rse1 b !y _h br\ght !mselves by a s]ies ( viol5t h>angues into a condition ( bitt] excitem5t aga9/ him4 ,:5 he end$1 ! effect ( ?is extraord9>y spee* 0 su*1 t all ! resolutions 7 reject$1 & out ( ! :ole ,h\se only tw5ty-two memb]s c\ld be f\nd to pass a vote ( ev5 indirect c5sure4 ,! victory 0 won1 & won by ,mr4 ,adams almo/ s+le-h&$4 ,we c\nt ,horatius ,cocles a h]o = hold+ ! ,roman bridge aga9/ a ho/ ( enemies2 b great] honors belong to him :o successfully def5ds aga9/ ov]:elm+ numb]s ! anci5t safegu>ds ( public lib]ty4 ,= ?is reason we h repeat$ "h at su* l5g? ! /ory ( ?ree days1 :i* ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ought always to rememb]4 ,x took t5 ye>s to accompli% ! actual repeal ( ^! gag-laws4 ,b ! ma9 "w 0 done :5 ! "r ( spee* 0 obta9$ = ! fri5ds ( fre$om 9 ,congress2 & ,john ,qu9cy ,adams 0 ! great lead] 9 ?is w>f>e4 ,he 0 jo9$ on t ar5a by o!r noble *ampions1--,gidd+s1 ,mann1 ,palfrey1 ,john ,p4 ,hale1 ,*ase1 ,sew>d1 ,slade ( ,v]mont1 ,julian ( ,indiana4 ,o!rs no less devot$ foll[$ !m1 among :om came f ,massa*usetts ,*>les ,sumn] & ,h5ry ,wilson1 ! au?or ( ! pres5t "w4 ,:at he _c prop]ly say ( himself %\ld be said = him4 ,?\gh an accompli%$ & eag] politician1 ,h5ry ,wilson has nev] sacrific$ any great pr9ciple = ! sake ( political success4 ,8 s]vices to ! antislav]y cause h be5 invaluable1 8 labors 9 t cause unremitt+4 ,p]sonal feel+s & p]sonal int]e/s he has be5 ready to sacrifice = ! sake ( ! cause4 ,loyal to 8 fri5ds1 he has n be5 bitt] to 8 oppon5ts2 & if any man :o f\ght ?r\gh t long /ruggle 7 to be its hi/orian1 no "o w d5y ! claims ( ,mr4 ,wilson to t honor4 ,"u ! lead ( ,john ,qu9cy ,adams1 ! p[] to discuss ! :ole subject ( slav]y 9 ! ,national ,legislature 0 won1 & nev] aga9 lo/4 ,?is 0 ! second triumph ( ! antislav]y movem5t2 its fir/ 0 ! p[] won by ,g>rison & 8 fri5ds ( discuss+ ! subject be=e ! p4 ,! wolfi% mob 9 ! cities & 9 ,congress might cont9ue to h[l1 b x _h lo/ its claws & tee?4 ,b n[ came ! fir/ great triumph ( ! slave p[]1 9 ! annexation ( ,texas4 ,?is 0 a cruel bl[ to ! fri5ds ( fre$om4 ,x 0 m s]i\s because ! motive ( annexation 0 op5ly ann\nc$1 & ! issue di/9ctly pres5t$ 9 ! ,presid5tial election4 ,mr4 ,up%ur1 ,tyl]'s ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 9 an (ficial dispat*1 decl>$ t ! annexation ( ,texas 0 necess>y to secure ! in/itution ( slav]y4 ,! ,democratic ,conv5tion :i* nom9at$ ,mr4 ,polk = ! ,presid5cy delib]ately made ! annexation ( ,texas ! lead+ feature ( its plat=m4 ,nor 0 ! slave p[] 9 ?is movem5t oppos$ m]ely by ! antislav]y feel+ ( ! c\ntry4 ,s\!rn s5ators help$ to defeat ! measure :5 fir/ pres5t$ 9 ! =m ( a treaty by ,mr4 ,tyl]'s adm9i/ration4 ,ne>ly ! :ole ,:ig p>ty 0 oppos$ to x4 ,! c&idate ( ! ,:igs1 ,h5ry ,clay1 _h publicly decl>$ t annexation w\ld be a great evil to ! nation4 ,tw5ty memb]s ( ,congress1 ) ,john ,qu9cy ,adams at _! head1 _h proclaim$ 9 an address to _! con/itu5ts t x w\ld be equival5t to a dissolution ( ! ,union4 ,dr4 ,*ann+1 9 #ahch1 _h said t x w\ld be bett] = ! nation to p]i% ?an to commit su* an outrage\s wrong4 ,edw>d ,ev]ett1 9 #ahcg1 spoke ( annexation z an enorm\s crime4 ,:ig & ,democratic legislatures _h repeat$ly d5\nc$ x4 ,9 #ahdc1 :5 ! ,democrats _h a majority 9 ! ,massa*usetts legislature1 !y resolv$ t "u no circum/ances :atev] c\ld ! p ( ,massa*usetts approve ( annexation4 ,m>t9 ,van ,bur5 oppos$ x z unju/ to ,mexico4 ,s5ator ,b5ton1 ?\gh previ\sly 9 favor ( ! measure1 9 a spee* 9 ,miss\ri decl>$ t ! object ( ^? :o 7 favor+ ! s*eme 0 to dissolve ! ,union1 ?\gh he aft]w>d came aga9 to its support4 ,& yet :5 ! ,presid5tial campaign 0 9 progress1 a ,democratic tor*light procession miles long 0 se5 m>*+ ?r\gh ! /reets ( ,bo/on1 & flaunt+ ! lone /> ( ,texas along its :ole l9e4 ,& :5 ,polk 0 elect$1 & ! decision ( ! nation virtually giv5 = ?is s*eme1 x seem$ almo/ hopeless to cont5d long] aga9/ su* a triumph ( slav]y4 ,if ! p ( ! ,nor? c\ld submit to ?is outrage1 x appe>$ z if !y c\ld submit to any?+4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 0 n ! case4 ,on "o side ! slave p[] 0 greatly /r5g!n$ by ! admission ( ,texas to ! ,union z a slave ,/ate2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 !re came a l>ge accession to ! antislav]y body4 ,& ?is cont9u$ to be ! case dur+ _m ye>s4 ,! slave p[] won a succession ( political victories1 ea* ( :i* 0 a moral victory to its oppon5ts4 ,_m :o 7 n conv]t$ to antislav]y by ! annexation ( ,texas 9 #ahde 7 br\ght ov] by ! defeat ( ! ,wilmot ,proviso & ! passage ( ! ,fugitive ,slave ,law 9 #ahej4 ,_m :o 7 n al>m$ by ^! successes ( slav]y 7 conv9c$ ( ! dang] :5 !y beheld ! actual work+ ( ! ,fugitive ,slave ,act4 ,h[ _m ,bo/on g5tlem51 be=e oppos$ to ! ,abolitioni/s1 7 br\ght sudd5ly to _! side :5 !y saw ! ,c\rt ,h\se 9 *a9s1 & 7 prev5t$ by soldi]s gu>d+ ,an?ony ,burns f go+ to _! banks or insurance (fices 9 ,/ate ,/reet6 ,all ^? bitt] h\rs ( defeat & disa/] plant$ ! se$s ( a great] h>ve/ = fre$om4 ,o!rs :o rema9$ ins5sible to ! disgrace ( ! slave laws ( #ahej 7 recruit$ to ! ranks ( fre$om by ! repeal ( ! ,miss\ri ,compromise 9 #ahed4 ,?is la/ act1 ,mr4 ,wilson ju/ly says1 did m ?an any o!r to ar\se ! ,nor?1 & conv9ce x ( ! desp]ate encroa*m5ts ( slav]y4 ,m5 :o tamely acquiesc$ 9 ?is great wrong 7 />tl$ into moral life by ! murd]\s assault on ,*>les ,sumn] by ,pre/on ,brooks 9 #ahef4 ,^? :o c\ld submit to ?is 7 r\s$ by ! bord] ruffians f ,miss\ri :o invad$ ,kansas1 & made ! proslav]y ,con/itution = t ,/ate4 ,! ,dr$ ,scott decision 9 #aheg1 :i* decl>$ slav]y to be no local in/itution1 limit$ to a s+le "p ( ! l&1 b hav+ a "r to exi/ 9 ! free ,/ates "u ! ,con/itution1 al>m$ ev5 ^? :o _h be5 ins5sible to ! previ\s aggressions ( slav]y4 ,?is s]ies ( political successes ( ! slave p[] 0 appall+4 ,e pr9ciple ( lib]ty1 e re/ra9t on despotism1 0 ov]?r[n 9 succession1 until ! :ole p[] ( ! nation _h fall5 into ! h&s ( an olig>*y ( betwe5 ?ree & f\r hundr$ ?\s& slavehold]s4 ,b e "o ( _! political victories 0 a moral defeat2 e access to _! /r5g? z an organization add$ an imm5se =ce to ! public op9ion oppos$ to !m2 & ea* ( _! successes 0 respond$ to by "s advance ( ! antislav]y movem5t4 ,! annexation ( ,texas 9 #ahde 0 answ]$ by ! appe>ance ( ,john ,p4 ,hale1 9 #ahdg1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ate1--! fir/ man :o 0 elect$ to t body on di/9ctly antislav]y gr\nds & indep5d5t ( ei!r ( ! great p>ties4 ,! response to ! defeat ( ! ,wilmot ,proviso & passage ( ! ,fugitive ,slave ,law 9 #ahej 0 ! election ( ,*>les ,sumn] to ! ,s5ate 9 ,april1 #ahea1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( ! und]gr\nd railroad 9 all ! free ,/ates4 ,:5 ! ,s\? abrogat$ ! ,miss\ri ,compromise1 ! ,nor? repli$ by ! initiation ( ! ,republican p>ty4 ,! ,kansas outrages gave to fre$om ,john ,br[n ( ,osawatomie4 ,& ! answ] to ! ,dr$ ,scott decision 0 ! nom9ation ( ,abraham ,l9coln4 ,till t mom5t ! =ces ( fre$om & slav]y _h /ood oppos$1 l two great armies1 ea* receiv+ con/ant recruits & an acccession ( new p[]4 ,on "o side1 hi!rto1 _h be5 all ! political triumphs1 & on ! o!r all ! moral4 ,b ) ?is fir/ great political success ( _! oppon5ts ! slave p[] became :olly demoraliz$1 gave up ! conflict1 ?rew away ! results ( all its =m] victories1 & ab&on$ ! field to its enemies1 plung+ into ! d>k abyss ( secession & civil w>4 ,& yet1 :at 0 ! issue involv$ 9 t election8 ,x 0 simply :e!r slav]y %\ld or %\ld n be ext5d$ into new ,t]ritories4 ,all t ! ,republican p>ty dem&$ 0 t slav]y %\ld n be ext5d$4 ,x did n dream ( aboli%+ slav]y 9 ! slave ,/ates4 ,we rememb] h[1 long aft] ! w> began1 we refus$ to d ?is4 ,! ,s\!rn]s _h e gu>anty !y c\ld desire t !y %\ld n be int]f]$ ) at home4 ,if !y _h gracefully acquiesc$ 9 ! decision ( ! majority1 _! in/itution might h fl\ri%$ = ano!r c5tury4 ,! ,fugitive ,slave ,law w\ld h be5 repeal$2 or1 at all ev5ts1 trial by jury w\ld h be5 giv5 to ! man claim$ z a fugitive4 ,b no attempt w\ld h be5 made by ! ,republican p>ty to int]f]e ) slav]y 9 ! slave ,/ates1 = t p>ty did n believe x _h ! "r s to d4 ,b1 9 tru?1 ! c\rse ( ! ,s\!rn lead]s illu/rat$ 9 a /rik+ way ! di/9ction betwe5 a politician & a /atesman4 ,!y 7 v acute politicians1 tra9$ 9 all ! tactics ( _! art2 b !y 7 poor /atesm51 incapable ( any l>ge /rategic plan ( action4 ,z /atesm51 !y %\ld h made arrangem5ts = ! gradual abolition ( slav]y1 z an in/itution incapable ( su/a9+ itself 9 civiliz$ c\ntries 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,or1 if !y wi%$ to ma9ta9 x z long z possible1 !y ought to h se5 t ?is c\ld only be accompli%$ by pres]v+ ! support ( ! int]e/s & ! public op9ion ( ! ,nor?4 ,alliance ) ! ,nor!rn ,/ates 0 _! only security2 &1 !re=e1 !y ought to h kept ! ,nor!rn consci5ce on _! side by a loyal adh]5ce to all compacts & cov5ants4 ,in/ead ( ?is1 !y contriv$ to outrage1 "o by "o1 e feel+ ( honor1 e s5tim5t ( duty1 & e ve/$ "r ( ! free ,/ates1 until1 at la/1 x became pla9 to all t x 0 an irrepressible conflict1 & mu/ be settl$ def9itely ei!r = slav]y or = fre$om4 ,:5 ?is po9t 0 rea*$ by ! ,am]ican p1 !y saw also t x c\ld n be settl$ 9 favor ( slav]y1 = no concession w\ld satisfy ! slavehold]s1 & no contract ^! might make c\ld be dep5d$ on4 ,! ,nor? gave !m1 9 #ahej1 ! ,fugitive ,slave ,law = ! sake ( peace4 ,did x ga9 peace8 ,no4 ,x rel9qui%$1 = ! sake ( peace1 ! ,wilmot ,proviso4 ,0 ! ,s\? satisfi$8 ,no4 ,9 #ahec ,mr4 ,d\glas (f]$ x ! ,nebraska ,bill4 ,0 x cont5t$8 ,by no means4 ,mr4 ,pi]ce & ,mr4 ,bu*anan did _! be/ to give x ,kansas4 ,did !y cont5t ! ,s\? by _! ef=ts8 ,no4 ,mr4 ,d\glas1 ,mr4 ,pi]ce1 & ,mr4 ,bu*anan 7 all set aside by ! ,s\?4 ,! ,lecompton ,bill 0 n en\gh4 ,! ,dr$ ,scott decision 0 n en\gh4 ,! slavehold]s dem&$ t slav]y %\ld be e/abli%$ by a positive act ( ,congress 9 all ! ,t]ritories ( ! ,union4 ,ev5 ,judge ,d\glas %rank agha/ f ! ent]prise ( giv+ !m su* a law z t2 & s ,judge ,d\glas 0 imm$iately ?r[n aside4 ,?us1 by ! folly ( ! ,s\!rn lead]s !mselves1 m ?an by ! ef=ts ( _! oppon5ts1 ! majority 0 obta9$ by ! ,republicans 9 ! election ( #ahfj4 ,b dur+ ?is conflict came _m v d>k days = fre$om4 ,"o ( ^! 0 aft] ! passage ( ! ,fugitive ,slave ,law 9 #ahej4 ,t law 0 "o ( a s]ies ( compromises1 int5d$ to make a f9al settlem5t ( ! "q & to sil5ce all antislav]y agitation4 ,al?\gh def5d$ by great lawy]s1 :o ?\ght x necess>y to save ! ,union1 !re is little d\bt t x 0 z uncon/itutional z x 0 cruel4 ,! ,con/itution decl>es t no p]son %all be depriv$ ( 8 lib]ty )\t due process ( law1 & also t 9 suits at common law1 :5 ! value 9 controv]sy %all exce$ tw5ty doll>s1 ! "r ( trial by jury %all be pres]v$4 ,an?ony ,burns 0 9 full possession ( 8 lib]ty2 he 0 a self-support+1 tax-pay+ citiz5 ( ,massa*usetts2 & 9 t5 days1 by ! action ( ! ,fugitive ,slave ,law1 he 0 turn$ into a slave "u ! decision ( a ,unit$ ,/ates commission]1 )\t see+ a judge or a jury4 ,! passage ( ?is law1 & its actual en=cem5t1 caus$ great excitem5t among ! free color$ p at ! ,nor?1 z well z among ! fugitives f slav]y4 ,no "o 0 safe4 ,x 0 evid5t t x 0 meant to be en=c$1--x 0 n meant to be idle ?und]4 ,b in/ead ( disc\rag+ ! fri5ds ( fre$om1 x r\s$ !m to great] activity4 ,m fugitives ?an ev] came f ! slave ,/ates1 & ! und]gr\nd railroad 0 9 full] activity ?an be=e4 ,! me?ods employ$ by fugitives to escape 7 v v>i\s & +5i\s4 ,"o man 0 br\ght away 9 a pack+-box4 ,ano!r clung to ! l[] side ( ! gu>d ( a /eam]1 wa%$ by wat] at e roll ( ! vessel4 ,"o well-kn[n case 0 t ( ,ell5 ,crafts1 :o came f ,georgia disguis$ z a "y ,s\!rn g5tleman1 att5d$ by h] husb& z body-s]vant4 ,%e rode 9 ! c>s1 sitt+ ne> ,s\!rn]s :o knew h]1 b did n recognize h] 9 ?is co/ume1 & at la/ arriv$ safe 9 ,philadelphia4 ,9 "o in/ance a slave escap$ f ,k5tucky1 ) all 8 family1 walk+ "s di/ance on /ilts1 9 ord] to leave no sc5t = ! pursu+ blood-h\nds4 ,:5 ^! poor p rea*$ ! ,nor?1 & told _! /ories on ! antislav]y plat=m1 !y excit$ great sympa?y1 :i* 0 n conf9$ to pr(ess$ antislav]y p4 ,a ,unit$ ,/ates commission]1 :o might be call$ on to return fugitives to bondage1 frequ5tly _h !m conceal$ 9 8 own h\se1 by ! action ( 8 wife1 ^: g5]\s he>t nev] we>i$ 9 ?is "w1 & :o 0 ! means ( sav+ _m f bondage4 ,a ,democratic ,unit$ ,/ates m>%al1 9 ,bo/on1 ^: duty x 0 to arre/ fugitive slaves1 0 9 ! habit ( tell+ ! slave-own] :o call$ on him = assi/ance t he did n "k any?+ ab\t nigg]s1 b he w\ld f9d out :]e ! man 0 f ^? :o did4 ,:]eupon he w\ld g directly to ,mr4 ,g>rison's (fice & tell him he want$ to arre/ su* or su* a man1 a fugitive f slav]y4 ,b1 said he1 curi\sly en\gh1 ! next ?+ ,i he>d w\ld be1 t ! fell[ 0 9 ,canada4 ,& :5 a color$ man 0 actually s5t back to slav]y1 z 9 ! case ( ,burns1 ! ev5t excit$ s mu* sympa?y ) ! fugitive1 & s mu* horror ( ! law1 t its effects 7 disa/r\s to ! slave p[]4 ,?omas ,m4 ,simms 0 arre/$ 9 ,bo/on z a fugitive f slav]y1 ,april #c1 #ahea1 & 0 s5t to slav]y by ! decision ( ,george ,ticknor ,curtis1 a ,unit$ ,/ates commission]4 ,! answ] to ?is act1 by ,massa*usetts1 0 ! election ( ,*>les ,sumn]1 tw5ty-"o days aft]1 to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ate4 ,an?ony ,burns 0 return$ to slav]y by ord] ( ,edw>d ,g4 ,lor+1 9 ,may1 #ahed2 & ,massa*usetts respond$ by remov+ him f 8 (fice z ,judge ( ,probate1 & refus+ 8 confirmation z a pr(essor 9 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,! passage ( :at 7 call$ ! compromise measures ( #ahej1 includ+ ! ,fugitive ,slave ,law1 _h1 x 0 fondly believ$1 put an end to ! :ole antislav]y agitation4 ,! two great p>ties1 ,:ig & ,democrat1 _h agre$ t su* %\ld be ! case4 ,! great lead]s1 ,h5ry ,clay & ,daniel ,web/]1 ,cass & ,bu*anan1 7 active 9 call+ on ! p to subdue _! prejudices 9 favor ( fre$om4 ,s\!rn fire-eat]s1 l ,toombs & ,alex&] ,/eph5s1 jo9$ ^! ,union-sav]s1 & became apo/les ( peace4 ,agitation 0 ! only evil1 & agitation mu/ n[ come to an end4 ,public meet+s 7 held 9 ! l>ge cities1--"o 9 ,ca/le ,g>d5 9 ,new ,york1 ano!r 9 ,faneuil ,hall 9 ,bo/on4 ,9 ^! meet+s ! lion & ! lamb lay d[n toge!r4 ,rufus ,*oate & ,b5jam9 ,hallet jo9$ 9 dem&+ t all antislav]y agitation %\ld n[ cease4 ,! *ur* 0 call$ ^u to assi/ 9 ! "w ( ,union-sav+1 & _m lead+ div9es l5t _! aid 9 ?is attempt to sil5ce ^? :o desir$ t ! oppress$ %\ld g free1 & :o wi%$ to break e yoke4 ,_m seem$ to suppose t all antislav]y agitation 0 def9itely suppress$4 ,presid5t ,fillmore call$ ! compromise measures a f9al adju/m5t4 ,all ! p[]s :i* control human op9ion--! two great political p>ties1 ! secul> & ! religi\s newspap]s1 ! l>ge *ur*es & popul> div9es1 ! m]*ants & lawy]s--_h agre$ t ! antislav]y agitation %\ld n[ cease4#eb ,b j at t mom5t1 :5 ! d>kness 0 ! deepe/1 & all ! great p[]s 9 ! *ur* & /ate _h decre$ t !re %\ld be no m said conc]n+ ,am]ican slav]y1 ! voice ( a woman broke ! sil5ce1 & ,am]ican slav]y became ! "o subject ( discussion ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,uncle ,tom's ,cab9 0 writt5 by ,mrs4 ,/[e = ! ,national ,era1 ,dr4 ,bailey's pap] 9 ,wa%+ton4 ,x 0 int5d$ to be a %ort /ory1 runn+ ?r\gh two or ?ree numb]s ( ! j\rnal1 & %e 0 to receive a hundr$ doll>s = writ+ x4 ,b1 z %e wrote1 ! fire burn$ 9 h] s\l1 a great inspiration came ov] h]1 &1 n kn[+ :at %e 0 ab\t to d1 %e mov$ ! he>ts ( two cont95ts to _! v dep?s4 ,aft] h] /ory _h appe>$ 9 ! newspap]1 %e (f]$ x z a novel to sev]al publi%]s1 :o refus$ x4 ,accept$ at la/1 x _h a circulation unprec$5t$ 9 ! annals ( lit]ature4 ,9 eight weeks its sale _h rea*$ "o hundr$ ?\s& copies 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :ile 9 ,engl& a million copies 7 sold )9 ! ye>4 ,on ! ,european ,cont95t ! sale 0 imm5se4 ,a s+le publi%] 9 ,p>is issu$ five editions 9 a few weeks1 & be=e ! end ( #aheb x 0 translat$ into ,italian1 ,spani%1 ,dani%1 ,sw$i%1 ,dut*1 ,flemi%1 ,g]man1 ,poli%1 & ,magy>4 ,to ^! 7 aft]w>d add$ translations into ,portuguese1 ,wel%1 ,russian1 ,arabic1 & _m o!r languages4 ,= a "t1 x /opp$ ! publication & sale ( all o!r works2 & )9 a ye> or two f ! day :5 ! politicians _h decid$ t no m %\ld be said conc]n+ ,am]ican slav]y1 x _h become ! subject ( conv]sation & discussion among millions4 ,uncle ,tom's ,cab9 0 publi%$ 9 #aheb4 ,^? 7 v d>k h\rs 9 ! great /ruggle = fre$om4 ,:o t %>$ !m c ev] =get ! bitt]ness caus$ by ! defection ( ,daniel ,web/]1 & 8 #g? ( ,m>* spee* 9 #ahej2 by ! passage ( ! ,fugitive ,slave ,law1 :i* made ! :ole area ( ! free ,/ates a hunt+-gr\nd = ! slavehold]s2 & by ! rejection ( ! ,wilmot ,proviso1 :i* ab&on$ all ! new t]ritory to slav]y8 ,?is 0 foll[$ by ! election ( ,frankl9 ,pi]ce z ,presid5t 9 #aheb1 on a plat=m 9 :i* ! ,democratic p>ty pl$g$ itself to resi/ all agitation ( ! subject ( slav]y 9 ,congress or outside ( x4 ,& 9 ,decemb]1 #ahec1 ,/eph5 ,a4 ,d\glas introduc$ 8 ,nebraska ,bill1 :i* repeal$ ! ,miss\ri ,compromise ( #ahbj1 & op5$ all ! t]ritory h]et(ore secur$ to fre$om to slavehold]s & _! slaves4 ,?is (f] on ! "p ( ,mr4 ,d\glas 0 a volunt>y bid = ! support ( ! slavehold]s 9 ! next ,presid5tial election4 ,& 9 spite ( all prote/s f ! ,nor?1 all resi/ance by ,democrats z well z _! oppon5ts1 all argum5ts & appeals1 ?is solemn agreem5t betwe5 ! ,nor? & ! ,s\? 0 violat$1 & e re/riction on slav]y remov$4 ,nebraska & ,kansas 7 organiz$ z ,t]ritories1 & ! "q ( slav]y left to local tribunals1 or :at 0 call$ squatt] sov]eignty4 ,! passage ( ?is measure %[$ ! va/ political advance ( ! slave p[] 9 ! c\ntry1 & h[ greatly x _h corrupt$ ! political consci5ce ( ! nation4 ,x also %[$1 to ^? :o _h eyes1 t slav]y 0 ! w$ge :i* 0 to split ! ,union asund]4 ,b !re 7 9 ! ,nor? _m p]sons :o /ill ?\ght t dang] to ! ,union came r f ! discussion ( slav]y ?an f slav]y itself4 ,!y suppos$ t if all opposition to slav]y %\ld cease1 !n !re w\ld be no m dang]4 ,! ,abolitioni/s 7 ! cause ( all ! p]il2 & ! way to save ! ,union 0 to sil5ce ! ,abolitioni/s4 ,t1 h[ev]1 _h be5 tri$ ineffectually :5 !y 7 few & weak2 & n[ x 0 too late1 z ^! ,union-sav]s ought to h se54 ,mr4 ,d\glas & 8 support]s def5d$ _! cause by ma9ta9+ t ! ,miss\ri ,compromise 0 n a contract1 b a simple act ( legislation1 & !y taunt+ly ask$1 ,:y1 s9ce antislav]y m5 _h always ?\ght t ,compromise a bad ?+1 %\ld !y n[ object to its be+ repeal$8 ,ev5 ?is sophism _h its effect ) "s1 :o did n notice t ,d\glas's resolutions only repeal$ t half ( ! ,compromise :i* 0 favorable to fre$om1 :ile lett+ ! o!r half rema94 ,"o "p ( ! ,act ( #ahbj 0 t ,miss\ri %\ld be admitt$ z a slave ,/ate2 ! o!r "p 0 t all ! re/ ( ! ,t]ritory %\ld be =ev] free4 ,only ! la/ "p 0 n[ repeal$4 ,miss\ri 0 left 9 ! ,union z a slave ,/ate4 ,! political advance n[ made by slav]y w appe> f ! foll[+ facts3-- ,9 #agig ! slave p[] ask$ = only life2 x did n wi% to ext5d itself2 x unit$ ) ! ,nor? 9 prohibit+ its own ext5sion into ! ,nor?we/ ,t]ritory4 ,9 #ahbj x did wi% to ext5d itself2 x refus$ to be %ut out ( ,miss\ri1 b 0 will+ t ! re/ ( ! ,t]ritory %\ld be always free4 ,9 #ahde x insi/$ on ext5d+ itself by annex+ ,texas1 b x admitt$ t x _h no "r to g into any ,t]ritory z f> nor? z ,miss\ri4 ,9 #ahej x refus$ to be %ut out ( any ( ! new t]ritory1 & resi/$ ! ,wilmot ,proviso2 b /ill confess$ t x _h no "r to g into ,kansas or ,nebraska4 ,five ye>s aft]1 by ! ef=ts ( ,/eph5 ,a4 ,d\glas & ,frankl9 ,pi]ce1 x refus$ to be %ut out ( ,kansas1 & repeal$ ! "p ( ! ,miss\ri ,compromise :i* exclud$ x f t region4 ,b1 9 ord] to accompli% ?is repeal1 x took ! plausible "n ( popul> sov]eignty1 & claim$ t ! p %\ld !mselves decide :e!r !y w\ld h a slave ,/ate or a free ,/ate4 ,"o additional /ep came4 ,! p decid$ or 7 ab\t to decide = fre$om2 & !n ! slave p[] set aside its own doctr9e ( popul> sov]eignty & invad$ ! ,t]ritory ) an army ( ,miss\rians1 *ose a legislature = ! p ( ,kansas compos$ ( ,miss\rians1 :o pass$ laws e/abli%+ slav]y & puni%+ ) f9e & imprisonm5t any :o %\ld ev5 speak aga9/ x4 ,! p ( ,kansas refus$ to obey ^! laws4 ,!y w\ld h be5 slaves already if !y _h obey$ !m4 ,!n _! own gov]nor1 appo9t$ by our ,presid5t1 l$ an army ( ,miss\rians to de/roy _! t[ns & plund] & murd] _! p4 ,no?+ 0 left !m b to resi/4 ,!y did resi/ manfully b prud5tly1 & by a rem>kable comb9ation ( c\rage & caution ! p ( ! little ,free-,/ate t[n ( ,lawr5ce succe$$ 9 sav+ !mselves f ?is dang] )\t %$d+ a drop ( blood4 ,m51 wom51 & *ildr5 7 animat$ by ! same h]oic _s4 ,! wom5 work$ by ! side ( ! m54 ,! m5 7 plac$ on ! outpo/s z s5t9els & ord]$ by _! g5]al n to fire z long z !y c\ld possibly avoid x4 ,& ^! m5 /ood on _! po/s1 & all[$ !mselves to be %ot at by ! invad]s1 & did n return ! fire4 ,"o man receiv$ two bullets ?r\gh 8 hat1 & 0 ready to fire if ! enemy came ne>]1 b nei!r fir$ nor quitt$ 8 po/4 ,! m5 7 brave & ob$i5t to ord]s2 ! wom5 7 resolute1 sagaci\s1 & prud5t4 ,s !y escap$ _! fir/ great dang]4 ,b slav]y does n give up its po9t s easily aft] "o defeat4 ,prep>ations 7 made along ! ,miss\ri fronti] = ano!r invasion1 conduct$ 9 a m milit>y mann] & by troops "u bett] discipl9e4 ,! ,free-,/ate p ( ,kansas 7 to be ext]m9at$4 ,f week to week !y 7 expect+ an attack1 & _h to wat* cont9ually aga9/ x4 ,aft] hav+ work$ all day ! m5 7 oblig$ to d milit>y duty & /& gu>d all night4 ,m5 :o liv$ f\r & five miles out f ,lawr5ce got wood & wat] = _! wives 9 ! morn+1 left !m a revolv] ) :i* to def5d !mselves1 & w5t to ,lawr5ce to d milit>y duty1 return+ at night aga94 ,if we _h a writ] gift$ ) ! g5ius ( ,macaulay to describe ! resi/ance ( ,kansas to ! ,f$]al au?orities on "o side & ! ,miss\ri invad]s on ! o!r1 x w\ld %[ z h]oic c\rage & endurance z are relat$ 9 ! brilliant pages :i* tell ( ! def5se ( ,londond]ry4 ,! invad]s 7 unscrupul\s1 kn[+ t !y _h no?+ to fe> f ! gov]nm5t at ,wa%+ton4 ,s5ator ,at*ison1 =m]ly ! presid+ (fic] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ate1 op5ly advis$ ! p ( ,miss\ri to g & vote 9 ,kansas4 ,g5]al ,/r+fell[ told !m to take _! b[ie-knives & ext]m9ate e sc\ndrel :o 0 ta9t$ ) ,free-soilism or ,abolitionism4 ,! ord]s 7 obey$4 ,! fir/ legislature 0 elect$ by arm$ invad]s f ,miss\ri1 & ,bu=d ) a regim5t ( ,s\!rn soldi]s ent]$ ! ,t]ritory 9 #ahef1 & surr\nd$ ,lawr5ce4 ,^! troops1 "u ,at*ison1 ,bu=d1 & ,/r+fell[1 burn$ h\ses & hotels1 & /ole mu* prop]ty4 ,osawatomie 0 sack$ & burn$1 ,leav5wor? invad$ & plund]$1 & ,free-,/ate m5 7 kill$4 ,a proslav]y con/itution =m$ by ,miss\ri slavehold]s 0 =c$ ?r\gh ,congress1 b reject$ by ! p ( ,kansas1 :o at la/ ga9$ possession ( _! own ,/ate by indomitable c\rage & pati5ce4 ,f\r t]ritorial gov]nors1 appo9t$ by ! ,presid5t1 select$ f ! ,democratic p>ty & favorable to ! ext5sion ( slav]y1 7 all conv]t$ to ! cause ( fre$om by ! sight ( ! outrages committ$ by ! ,miss\ri invad]s4 ,amid ?is sc5e ( tumult arose a w>rior on ! side ( fre$om de/9$ to take 8 place ) ,william ,wallace & ,william ,tell among ! few names ( patriots :i* are nev] =gott54 ,john ,br[n ( ,osawatomie 0 "o ( ^? :o1 9 ^! lat] days1 h reproduc$ = u ! almo/ =gott5 type ( ! ,jewi% h]o & prophet4 ,he 0 a man :o believ$ 9 a ,god ( ju/ice1 :o believ$ 9 fight+ fire ) fire4 ,he 0 "o :o came 9 ! _s & p[] ( ,elijah1 an au/]e man1 a man absorb$ 9 8 ideas1 fix$ z fate 9 pursu+ !m4 ,yet 8 he>t 0 full ( t5d]ness1 he _h no feel+ ( rev5ge t[>d any1 & he really lo/ 8 own life r ?an risk ! lives ( o!rs4 ,:ile 9 ,kansas he become a lead] ( m51 a capta91 equal to e exig5cy4 ,! ruffians f ,miss\ri f\nd to _! surprise t1 be=e !y c\ld conqu] ,kansas1 !y _h "s real fight+ to d1 & mu/ face ,%>pe's rifles2 & z soon z !y und]/ood ?is1 _! zeal = _! cause 0 v mu* abat$4 ,9 ?is /ruggle ,john ,br[n 0 be+ educat$ = ! la/ sc5e ( 8 life1 :i* has lift$ up 8 "n1 & plac$ x 9 t body :i* ,daniel ,o',connell us$ to call ,! ord] ( ,lib]ators4#ec ,out ( ^! p]secutions ( ,free-,/ate m5 9 ,kansas came ! assault on ,*>les ,sumn]1 = words spok5 9 debate4 ,*>les ,sumn] 0 elect$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ate 9 #ahea4 ,he f\nd 9 ,congress "s /rong *ampions ( fre$om4 ,john ,qu9cy ,adams 0 gone2 b ,sew>d 0 !re1 & ,*ase1 & ,john ,p4 ,hale1 9 ! ,s5ate2 & ,horace ,mann1 ,gidd+s1 & o!r true m5 9 ! ,h\se4 ,h5ry ,wilson himself1 always a loyal fri5d to ,sumn]1 did n come till #ahee4 ,^! m5 all diff]$ f "o ano!r1 & ea* possess$ special gifts = 8 ardu\s "w4 ,!y /ood face to face ) an imp]i\s majority1 accu/om$ to rule4 ,!y _h only imp]fect support at home1--p & press at ! ,nor? _h be5 demoraliz$ by slav]y4 ,!y mu/ wat* _! words1 be c>eful ( :at !y said1 control _! emotions1 ma9ta9 an equal temp]4 ,some?+ ( ! results ( ?is discipl9e we ?9k we p]ceive 9 ! calm tone ( ,mr4 ,wilson's volumes1 & ! abs5ce ( passion 9 8 n>ration4 ,^! m5 mu/ give no occasion to ! enemy to blaspheme1 b be c>eful ( _! lips & _! lives4 ,_! gifts1 we h said1 7 v>i\s4 ,sew>d 0 a politician1 tra9$ 9 all ! intricate ways ( ,new ,york p>ty /ruggles2 b he 0 also a ?9k] ( no small p[] ( p5etration4 ,he c\ld see pr9ciples1 b 0 too mu* dispos$ to sacrifice or po/pone !m to "s suppos$ exig5cy ( ! h\r4 ,9 8 orations1 :5 he spoke = mank9d1 8 views 7 l>ge2 b 9 8 politics he sometimes gave up to p>ty 8 be/-consid]$ convictions4 ,?\ght & action1 he seem$ to believe1 belong$ to two sph]es2 9 8 ?\ght he 0 (t5 broad] 9 8 range ?an any o!r s5ator1 b 9 action he 0 frequ5tly tempt$ to temporize4 ,mr4 ,*ase 0 a man ( a diff]5t sort4 ,he _h no disposition to conc$e any ( 8 views4 ,a cauti\s man1 he mov$ sl[ly2 b :5 he _h tak5 8 position1 he 0 n dispos$ to leave x4 ,john ,p4 ,hale 0 admirable 9 reply4 ,8 retorts 7 rapid & ke51 & yet 7 utt]$ s good-natur$ly1 & ) s mu* wit1 t x 0 difficult = 8 oppon5ts to take (f5se4 ,b ,*>les ,sumn] 0 ! noble/ ,roman ( !m all4 ,) a m v>i\s culture1 a high] tone ( moral s5tim5t1 he 0 also a le>n$ /ud5t & a man ( implacable op9ions4 ,he nev] c\ld compreh5d ,mr4 ,sew>d's diplomacy1 & probably ,mr4 ,sew>d c\ld nev] und]/& ,sumn]'s inability to compromise4 ,he 0 defici5t 9 imag9ation & 9 tact2 !re=e he c\ld n ent] into ! m9ds ( o!rs1 & imp]fectly und]/ood !m4 ,b ! purity ( 8 s\l & life1 ! *ildlike simplicity ( 8 purposes1 & ! sweetness ( 8 disposition1 7 v *>m+ to ^? :o knew him well4 ,add to ?is ! res\rces ( a m9d /or$ ) e k9d ( k1 & a memory :i* nev] =got any?+1 & 8 v pres5ce 9 ,wa%+ton gave an add$ value to ! place4 ,he _h se5 m5 & cities1 & 0 intimate ) ,european celebrities1 b yet 0 an ,israelite inde$ 9 :om 0 no guile4 ,fond ( ! good op9ions ( o!rs1 & well pleas$ ) _! approbation1 he nev] sacrific$ a conviction to w9 _! praise or to avoid _! c5sure4 ,c]ta9ly1 he 0 "o ( ! pure/ m5 :o ev] took "p 9 ,am]ican politics4 ,x 0 su* a man z ?is1 s gift$ & adorn$1 s spotless & upright1 :o by ! wise provid5ce ( ,god 0 p]mitt$ to be ! victim ( a brutal assass94 ,x 0 ?is noble head1 ! in/rum5t ( labori\s ?\ght = ! public welf>e1 :i* 0 beat5 & bruis$ by ! club ( a ruffian1 on ,may #bb1 #ahef4 ,l\d 0 ! triumph ?r\gh ! ,s\?1 great ! joy ( ! slave p[]4 ,!y _h disabl$1 ) cruel bl[s1 _! *ief enemy4 ,little did !y =esee--bad m5 nev] d =esee--t ,*>les ,sumn] 0 to return to 8 seat1 & become a great p[] 9 ! l&1 long aft] _! sy/em _h be5 cru%$1 & _! pr\d ,/ates trampl$ into ru9 by ! tread ( ,nor!rn armies4 ,!y did n =esee t he 0 to be ! tru/$ c\nselor ( ,l9coln dur+ ^? ye>s ( w>2 & t1 aft] !y _h be5 conqu]$1 he w\ld become "o ( _! be/ fri5ds 9 _! great calamity1 & repay _! evil ) good4 ,?is murd]\s assault on ,mr4 ,sumn] _c be consid]$ z hav+ /r5g!n$ ! political position ( ! slave p[]4 ,x 0 a great mi/ake 9 itself1 & x 0 a great] mi/ake 9 be+ indors$ by su* multitudes 9 ! slave ,/ates4 ,9 ?us tak+ ! responsibility ( ! act1 !y fully admitt$ t brutality1 viol5ce1 & c[>dly attempts at assass9ation are natural *>act]i/ics ( slav]y4 ,a ?rill ( horror w5t ?r\gh ! civiliz$ _w on ?is occasion4 ,all ! free ,/ates felt !mselves outrag$4 ,t an attempt %\ld be made to kill 9 8 seat a ,nor!rn man1 = words spok5 9 debate1 0 a gross insult & wrong to ! nation1 & deep5$ ev]y:]e ! dete/ation felt = ! sy/em4 ,b madness mu/ h its p]fect "w4 ,"o m /ep rema9$ to be tak5 by ! slave p[]1 & t 0 to claim ! "r1 "u ! ,con/itution1 & protect$ by ! g5]al gov]nm5t1 to c>ry slaves & slav]y into all ! ,t]ritories4 ,x 0 n en\gh t !y 7 n prohibit$ by acts ( ,congress4 ,!y mu/ n all[ ! p ( ! ,t]ritories to decide = !mselves :e!r slav]y %\ld exi/ among !m or n4 ,x _h a "r to exi/ !re1 9 spite ( ! p4 ,a s+le man f ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 go+ ) 8 slaves into ,nebraska1 %\ld h ! p[] ( mak+ t a slave ,/ate1 ?\gh all ! re/ ( its inhabitants wi%$ x to be free4 ,& if he 7 tr\bl$ by 8 neighbors1 he _h a "r to call on ! milit>y p[] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to protect him aga9/ !m4 ,su* 0 ! doctr9e ( ! ,dr$ ,scott case1 su* ! doctr9e accept$ by ! majority ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ate "u ! lead ( ,jeff]son ,davis 9 ! spr+ ( #ahei4 ,su* 0 ! doctr9e dem&$ by ! ,s\!rn memb]s ( ! ,democratic ,conv5tion 9 ,*>le/on1 ,s4 ,c41 9 ,may1 #ahfj1 &1 fail+ to c>ry x1 !y broke up t conv5tion4 ,& x 0 because !y 7 defeat$ 9 ?is purpose ( c>ry+ slav]y into ! ,t]ritories t !y sec$$ f ! ,union1 & =m$ ! ,s\!rn ,conf$]acy4 ,!y _h ga9$ a long succession ( political triumphs1 :i* we h briefly trac$ 9 ?is article4 ,!y _h annex$ ,texas1 & made ano!r slave ,/ate ( t ,t]ritory4 ,!y _h e/abli%$ ! pr9ciple t slav]y 0 n to be exclud$ by law f any ( ! ,t]ritories ( ! nation4 ,!y _h repeal$ ! ,miss\ri ,compromise1 pass$ ! ,fugitive ,slave ,law1 obta9$ ! ,dr$ ,scott decision f ! ,supreme ,c\rt4 ,9 all ?is !y _h be5 aid$ by ! ,democratic p>ty1 & 7 sure ( ! cont9u$ help ( t p>ty4 ,) ^! allies1 !y 7 c]ta9 to gov]n ! c\ntry = a long p]iod ( ye>s4 ,! ,presid5t1 ! ,s5ate1 ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 7 all on _! side4 ,z reg>d$ slav]y 9 ! ,/ates1 !re 0 no?+ to ?reat5 its exi/5ce !re4 ,! ,republicans propos$ only to re/rict x to ! region :]e x actually exi/$1 b c\ld n & w\ld n m$dle ) x !re94 ,if ! slave p[] _h be5 satisfi$ ) ?is1 x seems probable t x might h reta9$ its asc5d5cy 9 ! c\ntry = a long p]iod4 ,an imm5se region 0 /ill op5 to its colonies4 ,cotton 0 /ill k+1 & ! slavehold]s possess$ all ! available cotton-gr[+ regions4 ,!y 7 weal?y1 !y 7 p[]ful1 !y gov]n$ ! nation4 ,!y ?rew all ?is p[] away by sec$+ f ! ,union4 ,:y did !y d ?is8 ,! frequ5t answ] to ?is "q is conta9$ 9 ! prov]b1 ,:om ! gods w\ld de/roy !y fir/ make mad4 ,no d\bt ?is act 0 "o ( madness1 & no d\bt x 0 provid5tial4 ,b ,provid5ce works n by direct int]f]5ce1 b by ma9ta9+ ! laws ( cause & effect4 ,:y did !y become s mad8 ,:y ?is supreme folly ( rel9qui%+ actual enorm\s p[]1 9 ord] to set _! lives & =tunes on ! haz>d ( a die8 ,x seems to be ! doom ( all vault+ ambition to ov]leap itself1 & to fall on ! o!r side4 ,:5 ,macbe? _h ga9$ all 8 ends1 :5 he _h become ,?ane ( ,cawdor & ,glamis1 & k+1 he _h no peace1 because ! succession _h be5 promis$ to ,banquo3-- ,^u my head !y plac$ a fruitless cr[n1 ,& put a b>r5 sceptre 9 my gripe1 ,!nce to be wr5*$ ) an unl9eal h&1 ,no son ( m9e succe$+4 ,if't be s1 ,= ,banquo's issue h ,i fil$ my m9d1 ,= !m ! graci\s ,duncan h ,i mur!r$1 ,put rancors 9 ! vessel ( my peace4 444 ,to make !m k+s1 ! se$ ( ,banquo k+s6 ,r ?an s1 come fate into ! li/1 ,& *ampion me to ! utt]ance4 ,:5 ,napoleon ! ,fir/ 0 ma/] ( ne>ly all ,europe1 he c\ld n be satisfi$ :ile ,engl& resi/$ 8 p[]1 & ,russia _h n submitt$ to x4 ,s he also said1-- ,r ?an s1 come fate into ! li/1 ,& *ampion me to ! utt]ance4 ,he also ?rew away all 8 imm5se p[] because he c\ld n arre/ 8 own c\rse or limit 8 own dem&s on fate4 ,su* ambitions _c /op1 s long z !re is any?+ unconqu]$ or unpossess$4 ,all ?is avails me no?+1 s long z ,i see ,mordecai ! ,jew sitt+ at ! k+'s gate4 ,! madness :i* seizes ^? gre$y ( p[] is l ! passion ( ! game/]1 :o is unable to limit 8 desire ( ga94 ,by ?is law ( insatiable ambition ,provid5ce equalizes de/9ies1 & p[] is prev5t$ f be+ consolidat$ 9 a few h&s4 ,! motive :i* actuates ^! ambitions1 & makes !m ?9k t no?+ is ga9$ s long z any?+ rema9s to be ga9$1 seems to be a secret fe> t !y are 9 dang] ( los+ all unless !y c obta9 m4 ,?is inw>d dread appe>s to h possess$ ! he>ts ( ! ,s\!rn slavehold]s4 ,s9ce slav]y has be5 aboli%$1 _m ( !m admit t !y h m cont5t 9 _! pres5t pov]ty ?an !y =m]ly _h 9 _! l>ge possessions4 ,!y 7 !n s5sitive to e sugge/ion :i* t\*$ _! in/itution4 ,h5ce _! p]secution ( ,abolitioni/s1 h5ce _! cruelty to ! slaves !mselves1--= cruelty is (t5 ! *ild ( fe>4 ,h5ce ! atrocity ( ! slave laws4 ,h5ce ! desire to secure m & l>g] gu>anties f ! ,unit$ ,/ates = _! in/itution4 ,e rumor 9 ! air tr\bl$ !m4 ,! fact t antislav]y op9ion exi/$ at ! ,nor?1 t x 0 cont9ually increas+1 t a great political p>ty 0 gr[+ up :i* 0 oppos$ to _! sy/em1 t su* m5 z ,g>rison & ,w5dell ,phillips exi/$ 9 ,bo/on1 t ,sew>d & ,sumn] 7 9 ! ,s5ate1--all ?is 0 intol]able4 ,! only way ( acc\nt+ = ,s\!rn irritability1 = ,s\!rn aggressions1 = its p]petual dem& = m p[]1 is to be f\nd 9 ?is lat5t t]ror4 ,!y d\bt$ :e!r ! f\ndations ( _! :ole sy/em 7 n rott52 !y fe>$ t x re/$ on falsehood & lies2 !y secretly felt t x 0 contr>y to ! w ( ,god2 an in/9ct 9 _! s\ls told !m t x 0 oppos$ to ! _s ( ! age & ! laws ( progress2 & ?is fe> made !m frantic4 ,:5 m5's m9ds are 9 ?is /ate1 !y are l ! glass toy call$ a ,rup]t's bubble4 ,a s+le scrat* on ! surface causes x to fly 9 pieces4 ,! scrat* on ! surface ( ! slave sy/em :i* caus$ x to ru% into secession & civil w> 0 ! attempt ( ,john ,br[n on ,h>p]'s ,f]ry4 ,x seem$ a trifle1 b x indicat$ a great deal4 ,x 0 ! fir/ drop ( a com+ /orm4 ,:5 "o man 0 able to lay d[n 8 life1 9 a conflict ) _! sy/em1 ) su* c\rage & nobl5ess1 9 a cause n 8 own1 a %udd] ran ?r\gh ! :ole ,s\?4 ,to :at might ?is gr[8 ,& s !y said1 ,let u cut ourselves :olly (f f ^! dreadful fanaticisms1 f ^! t]rible dang]s4 ,let u make a community ( our own1 & %ut out f x entirely all antislav]y op9ion1 & live only ) ^? :o ?9k z we d4 ,& s came ! end4 ,9 review+ ,mr4 ,wilson's "w1 we h ?us se5 h[ x describes ! gradual & simultane\s gr[? 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( two ho/ile p[]s1--"o political1 ! o!r moral4 ,! "o cont9u$ to accumulate ! outw>d =ces :i* belong to ! organization2 ! o!r1 ! inw>d =ces :i* are associat$ ) en?usiasm4 ,! "o add$ cont9ually to its ext]nal /r5g? by ! passage ( new laws1 ! addition ( new t]ritory1 ! m absolute control ( p>ties1 gov]nm5t1 c\rts1 ! press1 & ! /reet4 ,! o!r increas$ its p[] by accumulat+ an int5s] conviction1 a cle>] k1 a firm] fai?1 & a m devot$ consecration to its cause4 ,! weapons ( ! "o 7 =ce1 adroitness1 & worldly int]e/2 ^? ( ! o!r1 fai? 9 ,god1 9 man1 & 9 tru?4 ,great tru?s draw to _! side noble auxili>ies4 ,s x 0 ) ! antislav]y movem5t4 ,! h]oism1 ! romance1 ! eloqu5ce1 ! be/ lit]ature1 ! gr&e/ =ms ( religion1 ! mo/ g5]\s & pure/ *>act]s1--all 7 br\ght to x by a sure aff9ity4 ,z ,wordswor? said to ,t\ssa9t l',ouv]ture1 s x might be decl>$ "h3-- ,?\ ha/ great allies2 ,?y fri5ds are exaltations1 agonies1 ,& love1 & man's unconqu]able m9d4 ,! be/ poets ( ,am]ica1 ,bryant1 ,longfell[1 ,:itti]1 ,l[ell1 7 9 full sympa?y ) ?is cause1 & _! be/ poetry 0 _! songs = fre$om4 ,%all we ev] =get ! cau/ic humor ( ,hosea ,bigl[ & ,bird(r$um ,saw98 ,& h[ l(ty a flight ( inspiration did ! same b>d take1 :5 he *ant$ 9 v]ses nobl]1 z x seems to u1 ?an any?+ s9ce ,wordswor?'s ,ode to ,immortality1 ! ,return ( ! ,h]oes :o _h wr\ght salvation = ! de> l& bright beyond comp>e among ! nations6 ,:at h]oism1 :at t5d]ness1 :at /]n rebuke1 :at noble satire1 h att5d$ e ev5t 9 ?is long /ruggle1 f ! lyre ( ,:itti]6 ,no?+ 9 ,campbell excels ! r+ ( "s ( 8 trumpet-calls1 no?+ 9 ,c[p] ! pa?os ( 8 elegies ov] ! m>tyrs ( fre$om4 ,! be/ m5 & ! be/ wom5 7 always to be f\nd at ! meet+s ( ! ,antislav]y ,society4 ,!re 7 to be se5 su* upright lawy]s z ,ellis ,gray ,lor+ & ,samuel ,e4 ,sewall & ,john ,a4 ,&rew1 su* em95t writ]s z ,em]son1 su* great prea*]s z ,!odore ,p>k] & ,bee*]1 su* editors z ,bryant & ,greeley4 ,to ?is cause did ,william ,ell]y ,*ann+ devote 8 la/ ye>s & be/ ?\ghts4 ,if ! *ur*es z organizations /ood alo(1 be+ only timidly good1 z organizations are apt to be1 ! pure/ ( _! body 7 sure to be f\nd 9 ?is great company ( latt]-day sa9ts4 ,antislav]y m5 _h _! faults4 ,!y 7 (t5 unju/ to _! oppon5ts1 ?\gh un9t5tionally s4 ,!y 7 sometimes n>r[ & bitt]2 & ) !m1 z ) all v e>ne/ p1 any diff]5ce ( op9ion z to me?ods seem$ to involve moral obliquity4 ,b !y 7 do+ ! great "w ( ! age1--! mo/ necess>y "w ( all1--& mu* might be p>don$ to _! passionate love ( ju/ice & humanity4 ,9 _! meet+s c\ld be he>d _m ( ! able/ speak]s ( ! "t1 & "o1 ! be/ ( all4 ,he held ! silv] b[ ( ,apollo1 & dreadful 0 its clangor :5 he laun*$ its %afts aga9/ spiritual wick$ness 9 high places4 ,^? deadly arr[s 7 sometimes misdirect$1 & occasionally !y /ruck ! good m5 :o 7 mean+ to d _! duty4 ,su* errors1 we suppose1 are incid5t to all :o are speak+ & act+ 9 su* t]rible e>ne/2 9 ! great day ( acc\nts _m mi/akes w h to be rectifi$4 ,b surely among ! goodly company ( apo/les & prophets1 & 9 ! noble army ( m>tyrs !re assembl$1 few w be f\nd m free f ! s9s ( selfi% int]e/ & p]sonal ambition ?an ^? :o 9 ,congress1 9 ! pulpit1 on ! plat=m1 or ) ! p51 f\ght ! great battle ( ,am]ican fre$om4 ,"o great moral mu/ be drawn f ?is /ory be=e we close4 ,x demon/rates1 by a great hi/orical pro(1 t no evil h[ev] mighty1 no abuse h[ev] deeply root$1 c resi/ ! p[] ( tru? fai?fully utt]$ & /eadily appli$4 ,if ?is great in/itution ( slav]y1 re/+ on su* a f\ndation ( enorm\s pecuni>y int]e/1 buttress$ by su* p[]ful supports1 fell 9 ! life ( a s+le g5]ation be=e ! unaid$ p[] ( tru?1 :y %\ld we ev] despair8 ,h5ce=?1 :5ev] a mighty evil is to be assail$1 or a cruel despotism ov]?r[n1 m5 w look to ?is hi/ory ( ! greatness & decad5ce ( slav]y2 &1 s enc\rag$1 w believe t ,god is on ! side ( ju/ice1 & t tru? w always prevail aga9/ error4 ,b to ?is we mu/ add1 t x is only :]e free in/itutions exi/ t tru? has full p[] 9 su* a conflict4 ,we ne$ free spee*1 a free press1 free s*ools1 & free *ur*es1 9 ord] t tru? may h a free c\rse4 ,! great advantage ( a republic l ours is1 t x gives to tru? a fair *ance 9 its conflict ) error4 ,! ,s\!rn ,/ates w\ld long ago h aboli%$ slav]y if x _h possess$ su* in/itutions4 ,b1 ?\gh republican 9 =m1 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates 7 9 reality an olig>*y1 9 :i* five millions ( :ites & ?ree millions ( slaves 7 gov]n$ by ! absolute & irresponsible p[] ( less ?an half a million ( slavehold]s4 ,fre$om 0 p]mitt$ by !m except :5 ?is in/itution 0 conc]n$1 !n x 0 absolutely =bidd54 ,no book writt5 aga9/ _! peculi> in/itution c\ld be pr9t$ on any ,s\!rn press or sold 9 any ,s\!rn book/ore4 ,no newspap] attack+ slav]y 0 all[$ to be circulat$ ?r\gh ,s\!rn mails4 ,no public meet+ c\ld be held to discuss ! "r & wrong ( slav]y4 ,no m9i/] c\ld prea* aga9/ ! sy/em4 ,no man c\ld express1 ev5 9 conv]sation1 8 ho/ility to x1 )\t risk ( p]sonal injury4 ,an espionage z %>p1 & an inquisition z rel5tless z ^? ( ,v5ice or ,spa91 gov]n$ society1 at lea/ 9 ! cotton & sug> ,/ates ( ! ,union4 ,b at ! ,nor? op9ion 0 free1 & !re=e slav]y fell4 ,fi%] ,ames compress$ 9 an epigram ! evil & good ( republican in/itutions4 ,9 a mon>*y1 said he1 we are 9 a %ip1 v com=table :ile ?+s g well2 b /rike a rock1 & we g to ! bottom4 ,9 a republic1 we are on a raft2 our feet are wet1 & x is n always agreeable1 b we are safe4 ,x is a la/+ pro( ( ! cons]vative p[] ( free in/itutions1 t !y 7 able to uproot su* a sy/em z slav]y by creat+ a moral =ce capable ( putt+ x d[n2 t !y c\ld c>ry u ?r\gh a civil w>1 /ill leav+ ! press & spee* free3 t !y /ood ! /ra9 ( a presid5tial election )\t tak+ f ! vot]s a s+le "r2 & s1 at la/1 conqu]$ a rebellion on s va/ a scale t e ,european mon>*y1 ) its imm5se /&+ army1 w\ld h be5 p[]less 9 its pres5ce4 ,let ^? ,am]icans :o are dispos$ to disp>age _! own in/itutions be> ?is hi/ory 9 m9d4 ,we h evils "h1 & great ones2 b !y come at once to ! surface1 & !re=e c be met & ov]come by ! p[] ( intellig5t op9ion4 ,s x has always be5 9 ! pa/2 s x w be1 ,god aid+ u1 9 ! future4 ,we are ab\t to meet ! ,c5t5nial ,anniv]s>y ( our national life2 & on t day we c look back to our fa!rs1 ! f\nd]s ( ! ,republic1 & say to !m1--,y gave u ! ine/imable bless+ ( free in/itutions2 we h us$ ^? in/itutions to de/roy ! only great evil :i* y transmitt$ to u unt\*$4 ,we n[ c s5d d[n ! ,republic to our *ildr51 pure f ?is /a91 & capable ( endur+ ,,9 ,,secula ,,seculorum4 ,! ,riv]side ,press ,,cambridge1 ,,massa*usetts1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,electrotyp$ ,,& ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,h4 ,o4 ,,h\ghton ,,& ,,co4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,see ! argum5t to prove t x w\ld n be difficult to climb to heav54 #b ,simon ,pet]'s attitude expresses a/oni%m5t & p]plexity4 ,he holds out bo? h&s1 & seems to say1 ,x _c be6 ,9 ,?addeus we see suspicion1 d\bt1 di/ru/4 ,i always suspect$ him4 ,mat!w is speak+ to ,pet] & ,?omas1 8 h& held out t[>d ,jesus3 ,b ,i he>d him say s4 ,?omas3 ,:at c x mean8 ,:at w be ! end8 ,james3 7,h&s spread wide ap>t 9 a/oni%$ p]plexity37 ,is x possible8 ,philip has laid bo? h&s on 8 brea/1 & lean+ t[>d ,jesus says1 ,"l1 is x ,i8 ,at ! o!r end1 "o is lean+ =w>d1 8 h&s re/+ on ! table1 to cat* ! next words2 "o />t+ back1 confus$ & conf\nd$4 #c ,! ,nor? ,am]ican ,review1 ,febru>y1 #ahha4 #d ,! ,indep5d5t1 #ahhb4 #e ,! ,nor? ,am]ican ,review1 ,may1 #ahhc4 #f ,buddha & ,e>ly ,buddhism4 ,trbn] ,co41 #ahha4 #g ,hibb]t ,lectures1 #ahhb1 page #bia4 #h ,a4 ,rville3 ,prolgomnes de l',hi/ore des ,religions4 #i ,le ,b\ddha et sa ,religion1 page #adi1 p> ,j4 ,b>?lemy ,sa9t-,hilaire1 ,p>is4 #aj ,s5>t3 ,essai sur la ,lg5de du ,buddha4 ,p>is1 #ahge4 #aa ,old5b]g3 ,buddha1 se9 ,leb51 se9e ,lehre1 se9e ,geme9de4 ,b]l91 #ahha4 ,?is is "o ( ! late/ & be/ books on our subject4 #ab ,?ree ,lectures on ,buddhism3 ,romantic ,leg5d ( ,buddha1 by ,samuel ,beal4 ,london1 #ahge4 ,eitel4 #ac ,hibb]t ,lectures3 ,orig9 & ,gr[? ( ,buddhism1 by ,t4 ,w4 ,rhys ,davids4 #ahha4 #ad ,ibid41 page #adc4 #ae ,buddhi/is*-,*ri/li*e ,h>monie4 #af ,p4 ,e4 ,lucius3 ,die ,!rapeut5 und ihre ,/ellung1 c4 ,/rassburg1 #ahhj4 #ag ,! ,nor? ,am]ican ,review1 ,octob]1 #ahhg4 #ah ,! ,atlantic ,mon?ly1 ,octob]1 #ahgd4 #ai ,! ,intellig5ce & ,p]fectibility ( ,animals1 by ,c4 ,g4 ,l]oy4 ,translat$ into ,engli% 9 #ahgj4 ,de l',in/9ct et l',intellig5ce des ,animaux1 p> ,p4 ,fl\r5s4 ,p>is1 #ahfd4 #bj ,x is a mi/ake to say t ! ,tasmanians d n use fire4 #ba ,! ,galaxy1 ,decemb]1 #ahgd4 #bb ,symposium 9 ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,review1 ,may1 #ahgi4 #bc ,9 ?is brief pap] x is n possible ev5 to allude to ! objections :i* h be5 br\ght aga9/ ! doctr9e ( f9al causes4 ,= ^! objections1 & ! answ]s to !m1 ,i w\ld ref] ! read] to ! "w ( ,janet1 be=e m5tion$4 #bd ,! ,*ri/ian ,exam9]1 ,septemb]1 #ahfd4 #be ,hi/ory ( ,fri$ri* ! ,second1 call$ ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 by ,?omas ,c>lyle4 ,9 f\r volumes4 ,h>p] & ,bro!rs1 #ahfd4 #bf ,tu se' lo mio mae/ro1 e 'l mio autore1 ,o degli altri poeti onore e lume4 #bg ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bbc4 #bh ,! ,*ri/ian ,exam9]1 ,novemb]1 #ahfa4 #bi ,hi/ory ( ,civilization 9 ,engl&4 ,by ,h5ry ,?omas ,buckle4 ,vols4 ,i4 & ,,ii4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton & ,company4 #cj ,comm4 ,,vi4 #aa1 et seq4 #ca ,g]mania4 #cb ,george ,borr[1 ,! ,z9cali4 ,see also an excell5t article by ,a4 ,g4 ,paspati1 translat$ f ,mod]n ,greek by ,rev4 ,c4 ,haml91 ,d4 ,d41 9 ,j\rnal ( ,am]ican ,ori5tal ,society1 #ahfa4 #cc ,see ,vol4 ,,ii4 pp4 #bee-bei1 ,am]ican edition4 #cd ,! ,atlantic ,mon?ly1 ,augu/1 #ahha4 #ce ,life ( ,voltaire1 by ,james ,p>ton4 ,9 two vols4 ,bo/on3 ,h\ghton1 ,miffl9 ,co4 #ahhf4 #cf ,voltaire himself1 ) 8 acute p]ception1 seems to h be5 "o ( ! fir/ to discov] ! absurdity ( ! repres5tation ( ,tib]ius by ,tacitus4 #cg ,essai sur les ,murs1 *4 cxxi4 #ch ,p>ton1 ii4 #edi4 #ci ,ibid41 ii4 #eea4 #dj ,ibid41 i4 #bcb4 #da ,m>t9's ,hi/ory ( ,france4 #db ,p>ton1 i4 #dfa4 #dc ,m>t9's ,hi/ory ( ,france4 #dd ,a s]mon prea*$ ,may #g1 #ahhb4 #de ,! ,nor? ,am]ican ,review1 ,may1 #ahgg4 #df ,h>riet ,m>t9eau's ,autobiography4 ,edit$ by ,m>ia ,we/on ,*apman4 #b vols4 #dg ,= "s reason %e aft]w>d saw fit p>tially to ab&on ?is self-d5ial1 & all[$ ,mrs4 ,*apman to pr9t any lett]s writt5 to h]self by ,miss ,m>t9eau4 #dh ,hi/ory ( ! ,rise & ,fall ( ! ,slave ,p[] 9 ,am]ica1 by ,h5ry ,wilson1 ,nor? ,am]ican ,review1 ,janu>y1 #ahge4 #di ,congressional ,globe = ,febru>y #f1 #ahcg4 #ej ,rule adopt$ ,janu>y #ah1 t all petitions relat+ to slav]y be laid on ! table )\t any action be+ tak5 on !m4 #ea ,febru>y #f1 #g1 #i1 #aa4 #eb ,! writ] ( ?is article recalls a sc5e :i* occurr$ 9 8 pres5ce 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ate e>ly 9 #ahea4 ,mr4 ,clay 0 speak+ ( ! antislav]y agitators & ( ! ,free-,soil p>ty1 & said1 ) mu* bitt]ness1 ,we h put !m d[n1--d[n1--d[n1 :]e !y w rema92 d[n to a place s l[1 t !y c nev] get up aga94 ,john ,p4 ,hale1 nev] at a loss = a reply1 imm$iately arose & said1 ,! ,s5ator f ,k5tucky says t ,i & my fri5ds h be5 put d[n1--d[n1--d[n1 :]e we %all h to /ay4 ,x may be s4 ,inde$1 if ! ,s5ator says s1 ,i am afraid x mu/ be s4 ,=1 if !re is any good au?ority on ?is subject1 any man :o kn[s by 8 own p]sonal & con/ant exp]i5ce :at x is to be put d[n1 & to be kept d[n1 x is ! honorable ,s5ator f ,k5tucky4 ,mr4 ,clay's aspirations _h be5 s (t5 baffl$1 t ?is 0 a v ke5 ?ru/4 ,! writ] spoke to ,mr4 ,hale %ortly aft]1 & he said1 ,i d n ?9k ,mr4 ,clay w =give me t hit2 b ,i c\ld n help x4 ,!y may h got u d[n1 b !y %all n trample ^u u4 #ec ,o',connell1 9 an album belong+ to ,john ,h[>d ,payne1 writes ?is s5t5ce aft] 8 "n4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,punctuation & spell+ 7 made consi/5t :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ?is book2 o!rwise !y 7 n *ang$4 ,simple typographical errors 7 correct$2 occasional unbalanc$ quotation m>ks reta9$4 ,ambigu\s hyph5s at ! ends ( l9es 7 reta9$4 ,page #ci3 ,appeltons' ,j\rnal 0 punctuat$ t way 9 ! orig9al book & on ! ma/head ( ! ,j\rnal itself4 ,page #df3 g5]alties 0 spell$ t way 9 ! orig9al book & 9 "s copies ( ,! ,poe/a/] itself4 ,page #bbj3 ,greek translit]ation 9 curly braces 0 add$ by ,transcrib]4 ,page #cji3 ,op5+ quotation m>k be=e unfail+ good s5se 0 add$ by ,transcrib]4