,,wood ,,engrav+                        
,by ,r4 ,,john ,,be$ham                 
,,) ,,introduction ,,& ,,app5dix        
,,by ,,eric ,,gill                      
,,fab] ,,& ,,fab] ,,limit$  #bd         
,,russell ,,squ>e  ,,london4 #aiba      
,,cont5ts      ,,introduction ,,to      
,,second ,,edition  ,,wood-,,engrav+    
,,pa/ ,,& ,,pres5t  ,,wood ,,engrav+    
,,! ,,wood  ,,draw+  ,,engrav+  ,,pro(  
,,tak+  ,,prep>+ ,,block ,,= ,,pr9t]    
,,plugg+  ,,app5dix                     
,,illu/rations      ,wood-cut f ,!      
,decam]on1 ,v5ice1 #adib4 ,re-engrav$ by
 ,r4 ,j4 ,be$ham4  ,by p]mission ( ,!   
,%akespe>e ,head ,press  ,alphabet1 by  
,reynolds ,/one 7,by p]mission ( ,burns1
 ,gates  ,wa%b\rne1  ,ltd47  ,f ,=re/   
,reid's ,apo/ate1 by ,reynolds ,/one    
7,by p]mission ( ,fab]   ,fab]1 ,ltd47  
,w9t]1 f a sket* by ,v]rall1 by ,r4 ,j4 
,be$ham  ,/rawb]ry ,pick+1 by ,claire   
,leighton 7,by p]mission ( ,victor      
,gollancz7  ,m>*1 by ,mrs4 ,g4 ,rav]at  
8,miss ,j5kyns read+ ,rasselas10 by     

,joan ,hassall 7,by p]mission ( ,george 
,g4 ,h>rap  ,co41 ,ltd47  ,! ,cottage1  
by ,rob]t ,gibb+s                       
,,introduction ,,to ,,second ,,edition  
,?is book is n a treatise ^u ! art (    
wood-engrav+4 ,x is simply  a           
description ( ! tools & mat]ials requir$
 by a beg9n] & !  me?od ( us+ !m4 ,x is 
n int5d$ to assi/ anyone to become a    
comm]cial engrav]1 = t trade requires a 
long & specializ$  tra9+4 ,x is int5d$ r
 = ^? :o h occasion or opportunity  or  
incl9ation to make illu/rations or      
ornam5ts = books & :o are  revolt$ by ! 
degradation to :i* ! art ( =mal draw+   
has be5  br\ght by photographic         
8process0 reproduction4    ,! 8l9e0     
block & ! 8half-tone0 h "o cle> claim to
 usefulness3  viz4 :5 an exact facsimile
 is requir$4 ,x is d\btful1 h[ev]1 :e!r 
process reproduction w\ld h be5 develop$
 v f> if its use _h  be5 conf9$ to ^?   
occasions1 & ^? only1 :5 exact facsimile
 0  ( vital importance4 ,process        
reproduction owes its success to its    

comm]cial possibilities m ?an to its    
real m]its1 =1 9 spite (  ! frequ5tly   
reit]at$ boa/ ( ^? engag$ 9 bus9ess t   
no?+  c be a comm]cial success t does n 
8supply a want10 by photographic        
reproduction a spe$ & *eapness h be5    
obta9$ :i* h s$uc$  bo? arti/s & !      
public4 ,a 8want0 has c]ta9ly be5       
suppli$1 b x  is a want ( quantity r ?an
 ( quality1 &1 z 9 all cases :]e        
quantitative ideas are ! motive =ce1    
quality has inevitably  det]iorat$ s t  
book production has become a m]e bus9ess
 & )  no crit]ion save t ( a comm]cial  
success4    ,x is ( c\rse impossible to 
/em ! tide ( comm]cial degradation      
until ,pov]ty1 ,*a/ity1 & ,ob$i5ce take 
! place ( ,ri*es1 ,pleasure1  &         
,laiss]-faire z p]sonal & national      
ideals4 ,su* a *ange (  he>t _c occur   
m]ely z ! result ( economic or social or
  philosophical propag&a2 ! matt] is m  
fundam5tal ?an t4 ,!  mod]n _w is f\nd$ 
^u a d5ial ( absolute values1 a d5ial ( 
religion1 a d5ial ( ,god2 ^u su* d5ials 

no?+ c be built4  ,goodness becomes :at 
! police w all[ or c en=ce4 ,beauty     
becomes  :at pleases ! s5ses & ,tru?    
becomes :at w pay4    ,mean:ile x is    
possible = any individual t wills to d s
 to g out  into ! wild]ness & to live & 
"w 9 a mann] m 9 h>mony )  ! nature (   
man & ! w ( ,god4 ,= x is 9 accord nei!r
 )  ! w ( ,god nor ! nature ( man t any 
"o %\ld love himself  m ?an 8 neighb\r  
or 8 neighb\r m ?an ,god4 ,! pres5t /ate
  ( affairs is an unnatural & abnormal  
?+4 ,x is a disease4 ,& any  "o c by !  
grace ( ,god cure at lea/ himself & put 
8 own affairs  9 ord]4    ,9 ! doma9 (  
art ! rem$y is ! same z 9 any o!r4 ,! ?+
  good 9 itself mu/ be f\nd & lov$4     
,relative values mu/ give place to      
absolute1 ! lovely & lovable to !       
beautiful4 8,does x pay80 is n  ! "q4   
,is x good 9 itself8--,t is ! important 
?+4 ,& !  m y apply t /&>d to y\r own "w
 & to t ( o!rs1 !  m y w f9d ! necessity
 ( p]sonal responsibility4    ,b p]sonal
 responsibility = "w done is1 f ! po9t (

 view (  comm]cial success1 actually an 
evil6 ,make m5 responsible = _! "w  & n 
m]ely = do+ :at !y are told2 make _! own
 consci5ces  _! ma/]s & ! :ole ( our    
mod]n factory sy/em w come  tumbl+ d[n l
 a h\se ( c>ds4 ,= ! factory sy/em is a 
s]vile  sy/em 9 :i* p]sonal             
responsibility is d5i$ & ( no factory   
article may y say3 ?is is ! "w ( su* an 
"o--he made x4 ,9 !  matt] ( draw+ &    
illu/ration & engrav+1 degradation is   
inevitable :5 "o man draws1 ano!r t\*es 
up ! draw+1 ano!r  photographs1 ano!r   
t\*es up ! negative1 ano!r pr9ts x on ! 
metal1 ano!r et*es1 ano!r t\*es up !    
et*+1 ano!r r\ts x1  ano!r m\nts x1     
ano!r proves x & ano!r keeps ! acc\nts &
 to  cr[n all1 ano!r takes ! pr(its4    
,?is excessive sub-division is          
inevitable :]e pr(it mak+ is ! motive   
p[]4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 !  arti/ & ! workman 
:o are to be blam$1 n ! man ( bus9ess4  
7,!  man ( bus9ess does 8 job v well4   
,c]ta9ly he has no "r to be  rul]1 z he 
is at pres5t1 b x is our fault = all[+  

him to  rule47 ,& z good m5 mu/ prec$e  
good law1 & n vice v]sa1 s !  individual
 mu/ revolt aga9/ ! evil sy/em & n wait 
until ! _m  are prep>$ to revolt ) him4 
,wood-engrav+ & wood-cutt+ h gone  out (
 g5]al use n because photographic       
process reproduction is  bett]1 or ev5  
because x is *eap] & quick]1 b simply   
because  l>g] pr(its c be made by       
employ+ _m p]sons "u a sy/em (  divid$  
lab\r ?an by work+ 9 a small work%op &  
putt+ ! quality  ( ! "w be=e ! quantity 
( ! output4 ,! consum] or cu/om] is     
flatt]$ & 8 gross] appetites appeal$ to4
 ,! m]*ant does n ask  himself :at good 
?+ he c supply b :at he c supply at a   
good  pr(it4 ,! :ole tr\ble is t !      
responsibility = ! mak+ (  ?+s is n 9 ! 
h&s ( ! workman b 9 ^? ( ! man (        
bus9ess--& ?is is hell4    ,! advantage 
( wood-engrav+ !n is t x does away )    
sev]al  sets ( middle m5 & places       
responsibility ^u ! %\ld]s ( !  workman4
 ,! workman :o draws1 engraves & pr9ts 8
 own blocks is  ma/] ( ! situation4 ,he 

c blame nobody b himself if 8 "w goes   
wrong4 ,:e!r x goes "r or wrong dep5ds  
^u 8 notions ( "r  & wrong4 ,! fir/ ?+  
is t he %\ld be free to satisfy 8 own   
consci5ce & n be a m]e tool 9 ! h&s (   
ano!r4 ,lib] e/ causa  sui1 s]vus autem 
ord9atur ad alium 7i4e4 ,! freeman is   
responsible to  himself--b = ! slave    
someone else is responsible4 ,sa9t      
,?omas  ,aqu9as1 ,summa ,!ologica74     
,ano!r advantage ( wood-engrav+ is t x  
=ces ^u ! workman  "s respect = ! ?+ 9  
itself & makes x impossible = him to    
place a m]ely relative value ^u ! art ( 
draw+4 ,m]e lik5ess to  nature is mu* m 
easily a*iev$ by draw+1 :e!r 9 l9e or   
wa%1  ^u pap]4 ,! grav] & ! wood bo? (  
!m make _! own dem&s  & make m]e        
imitation ( nature almo/ impossible4 ,! 
workman is  compell$ to consid] 8 "w    
prim>ily z an engrav+ & only  second>ily
 z a repres5tation4 ,?is is a good ?+1 =
 a "w ( art  is prim>ily a ?+ ( ,beauty 
9 itself & n a repres5tation (  some?+  
else1 h[ev] beautiful t o!r ?+ may be4  

,?is ! public  does n und]/&4 ,h5ce !   
absurdity ( all[+ ! public to be        
suppli$ by p]sons :o are n workm5 & :o h
 no k ( !  implications ( good          
workman%ip b are simply m5 ( bus9ess out
 to  supply :atev] is mo/ pr(itable to  
!mselves4    ,he :o w\ld be an engrav]  
mu/ !re=e />t ) a cle>  und]/&+ t !re is
 8no money 9 x02 ?\gh if he be pati5t & 
devot$ he may make a liv+ or a "p ( a   
liv+ by x4 ,fur!r1 he mu/  be prep>$ to 
/>t ) ! wood & ! grav] & 8 s5se ( :at is
  beautiful 9 itself & n /ra9 aft]      
effects4 ,he %\ld take x =  grant$ t a  
zig-zag patt]n su* z a *ild w\ld engrave
 is bett]  ?an ! mo/ exp]t imitation ( a
 sunset4 ,9 fact he mu/ be pre p>$  to  
beg9 at ! beg9n+ & to put ! fir/ ?+s    
fir/4                                   
,e4 ,g4              ,,wood-,,engrav+   
,,pa/ ,,& ,,pres5t      ,al?\gh ,mr4    
,eric ,gill 9 8 introduction has expla9$
 t ?is book is  n a treatise on ! art ( 
wood-engrav+1 ,i feel con/ra9$ to add a 
*apt] to ! pres5t edition ( ! "w1 *iefly

 on ! pa/ & mod]n  /yles ( wood engrav+2
 also to give "s in=mation to ! y\ng]   
craftsm51 "s ( :om1 hav+ liv$ only 9 an 
age ( photo-me*anical  reproduction1 are
 q unaw>e ( ! important "p t wood       
engrav+  has _h 9 ! pa/ = ! purposes (  
book-illu/ration4    ,x is a v old      
craft1 old] ?an book-pr9t+ f type4 ,x   
quickly  became ! *ief means ( decorat+ 
& illu/rat+ books1 & cont9u$  to be s   
until ! inv5tion ( photographic         
processes1 :i*1 = g5]al  purposes h     
supplant$ x4 ,"s ( ! old blocks1 cut 9  
simple  outl9e1 fit ! pr9t$ page 9 a mo/
 admirable mann]2 9 _!  p>ticul> /yle !y
 h n be5 surpass$4 ,an example ( ?is is 
!  re-cut f ,! ,decam]on #adib on page  
#dg4 ,^! e>ly blocks 7 all  cut on !    
long gra9 ( ! wood1 a me?od t cont9u$   
until x 0  discov]$ t ! end gra9 0 a    
bett] m$ium = cutt+ ( f9e  l9es = %ad+  
or outl9e4    ,x is a disput$ po9t :e!r 
arti/s l ,dr] or ,holbe9 engrav$  _! own
 "w4 ,x 0 probably left to ! exp]t to   
cut 9 fai?ful  facsimile ! draw+s done  

by ! arti/ on wood4 ,) a few notable    
exceptions1 ?is me?od ( ! division (    
lab\r1 ! arti/ be+ "o  p]son & ! engrav]
 ano!r1 cont9u$ until wood-engrav+ 0    
supplant$ by process4 ,= reproductive   
purposes x 0 a natural  division4 ,aft] 
t a completely new /yle ( engrav+1 t ( !
  pres5t day1 came into be+4    ,?omas  
,bewick 0 "o ( ! great exceptions to ?is
 division ( arti/  & engrav]4 ,n only   
did he engrave 8 own draw+s1 b he evolv$
 a  completely new /yle4 ,he ab&on$     
elaborate cross hat*+1 & = !  mo/ "p cut
 9 ! mo/ direct & simple way4           
,nev]!less1 =  ord9>y reproductive      
purposes ! arti/ & engrav] cont9u$ to be
  diff]5t p]sons2 ! arti/ cont9u$ to    
draw on ! wood1 fill+ !  %ad+ ) a wa% ( 
,indian ink & f9i%+ by means ( p5 or    
p5cil  l9es1 or p]haps us+ ! p5 alone1 b
 :e!r drawn by p5 or p5cil  ! engrav]   
fai?fully reproduc$ x1 l9e by l9e4 ,?is 
necessitat$  great skill on ! "p ( !    
engrav]1 = ! m]e/ ?ick5+ or  ?9n+ ( !   
l9es alt]$ ! effect ( ! draw+4 ,b       

sometimes !  draw+ 0 done by wa% only1 9
 :i* case ! engrav] kept z ne>ly  z he  
c\ld to ! %ade or tone ( ! orig9al )\t !
 aid (  cross-hat*+4    ,?is cont9u$    
until photography made itself felt4 ,x  
is rem>kable t a  va/ indu/ry1 ( :i* !  
c9ema is ! late/ developm5t1 %\ld h     
aris5 z ! result ( ! discov]y t c]ta9   
sub/ances *ang$  _! col\r & "* 9 !      
pres5ce ( light4 ,x fir/ greatly        
influ5c$ wood-engrav+ & f9ally ou/$ x z 
a means (  reproduction4 ,photograph]s  
f\nd a way ( photograph+ on to ! wood  n
 only draw+s b o!r photographs1 & !     
engrav] _h to adju/  8 /yle to ! new    
m$ium1 = to cut direct f a photograph 0 
v  diff]5t f cutt+ facsimile f a draw+4 
,! black l9es (  cross-hat*+ disappe>$ &
 :ite l9es took _! place4 ,:5ev]        
possible a :ite l9e 0 cut & cross-hat*+1
 :]e x 0 necess>y1  consi/$ ( :ite l9es 
cross+ ea* o!r4 ,n only s b a me?od (   
cutt+ %ort :ite l9es or dots1 kn[n      
g5]ally z /ippl+1 came to  be us$4      
,reproductive engrav+ spe$$ up & became 

a miracle ( skill4  ,! use ( /ipple     
rea*$ its out/&+ developm5t 9 ! "w ( !  
,am]ican1 ,timo?y ,cole4 ,9 8 engrav+s (
 ! ,old ,ma/]s he got  amaz+ effects (  
atmosph]e by means ( /ippl+ alone4    ,!
 same photographic influ5ce made itself 
felt among/ ! comm]cial  engrav]s (     
ma*9]y4 ,! black outl9es ( ! ma*9e      
became alt]$  to :ite l9es :5ev]        
possible1 & z 9 ! pictorial field1 !    
/yle  became completely alt]$4 ,"h let  
me say t ! engrav+ ( ma*9]y  = comm]cial
 catalogues is "o ( ! mo/ exact+ =ms (  
engrav+  t ,i "k4 ,z a means ( %[+ !    
object p]fectly x holds its own  to !   
pres5t day4 ,!re are a rapidly dw9dl+   
few :o /ill manage to  get a liv+ f x4  
,! great skill ( ! reproductive engrav] 
0 amaz+4 ,on ! /aff (  "s ( !           
p]iodicals1 :]e spe$ jo9$ to excell5ce (
 cutt+ 0  ess5tial1 !re 7 engrav]s :o   
c\ld cut a good portrait 9 two  h\rs1 & 
?is 9 ! /yle j describ$1 l9e ^u l9e 9 ! 
p]fectly free precision ( ! "t4 ,b ?is  
skill ( ! old  reproductive engrav]1    

skill l>gely = its own sake ,i fe>1 made
 m  easy 8 undo+4 ,individuality became 
p>tly lo/ 9 ! skill (  te*nique4 ,x     
sometimes seem$ z if he 7 imitat+ 8     
great  competitor1 ! process block4 ,!  
,am]icans 71 ,i ?9k1 great  (f5d]s 9    
?is4 ,?\gh a mo/ lovely craft1          
wood-engrav+1 j be=e  x 0 sup]s$$ by    
process1 _h n )9 x suffici5t orig9ality 
&  p[] to hold its own4 ,x 0 l>gely     
reproductive only3 ! real arti/  0 too  
(t5 left out4 ,process develop$ rapidly 
z ! m effective  way ( reproduc+        
orig9als ( "o sort or ano!r1 & !        
reproductive  engrav] 0 b]eft ( 8 craft4
 ,! output ( engrav+s _h be5  enorm\s4  
,"s ( ! old-e/abli%$ pr9t+ & publi%+    
firms  *]i% _! old wood blocks3 !y      
belong to ! furniture ( ! pa/4  ,o!rs   
sold _! blocks to ! boxwood m]*ant1 n by
 ! block b by  ! ton6    ,! p]iod j     
prec$+ ! influ5ce ( photography 0 "o1 9 
!  writ]'s op9ion1 :5 reproductive      
engrav+ rea*$ its highe/ level  = book  
illu/ration4 ,! engrav+s ( ?is p]iod1 if

 prop]ly pr9t$1  appeal = ! quality ( _!
 s(tness1 _! skill1 & a sweetness (     
effect seldom accompli%$ by ! mod]n     
/yle4 ,9 _m ( ! volumes (  ?is p]iod are
 wood-engrav+s unequall$ 9 _! fidelity  
to !  objects %[n1 & t h a beauty n     
surpass$ by mod]n or any o!r  engrav+4  
,b ! days :5 !y 7 engrav$ are long s9ce 
pa/4 ,we  wait aga9 = _! revival1 :i* ,i
 believe w come1 = x is too  good a ?+  
to be entirely lo/4 ,b x _c come z x    
came be=e3  t nev] happ5s4 ,! diff]5ce w
 be t ! arti/ w d 8 own  engrav+4 ,!re  
are engrav]s ( ! pres5t "t1 :o1 almo/   
unconsci\sly1 are do+ "w mu* 9 ! /yle ( 
?is p]iod4    ,! mod]n revival (        
wood-engrav+1 :i* came j aft] ! w>1 is  
q diff]5t 9 /yle f any t prec$$ x4 ,!   
arti/ &  engrav] are n[ "o1 z !y %\ld be
 :]e orig9al "w is to be done1  & e     
expon5t ( ! craft expresses 8 or h] own 
individuality4  ,! te*nique ( ! old     
s*ool 0 swept completely away4 8,/>t    
engrav+ ) an axe0 0 an exhortation      
ov]he>d1 & "s ( !  e>lie/ examples1 ) _!

 masses ( unreliev$ black1 r look z  if 
!y _h be5 engrav$ by t implem5t4 ,design
 is ! out/&+  quality ( ! pres5t /yle4  
,tw5ty ye>s has br\ght comm& ( !        
engrav+ tool & n[ mo/ excell5t "w is    
produc$ ) !  orig9ality ( !             
arti/-craftsman ^u x4 ,! e>ly crud5ess  
hav+  gone1 ! mod]n engrav] br+s to !   
pr9t$ page a decoration  out/&+ 9       
effect4 ,among/ ! mass ( process        
reproduction is !  ,wood-engrav]1       
engrav+ 8 own designs1 !reby express+ an
  orig9ality :i* w mo/ c]ta9ly m>k !    
pres5t age (  book-production z some?+  
well wor? exam9ation4 ,x is !re=e       
ess5tial t ! mod]n engrav] design 8 own 
engrav+s & he w  select ! k9d ( tools   
:i* w be/ express 8 own individuality1  
= x is ?is individuality ( ! arti/ :i*  
alone among/ all its  competitors w keep
 alive ,wood-engrav+ z a vital craft4   
,,wood ,,engrav+      ,t5 engrav+ tools 
are z _m z w be requir$ = ord9>y        
purposes4  ,! beg9n] c />t ) five1 b    
lab\r is (t5 sav$ by hav+ a  suffici5t  

numb]4 ,!y %\ld be ab\t #c in*es 9 l5g?1
 accord+ to  ! size ( ! work]'s h&1 & :5
 held 9 correct position ! po9t  ( !    
tool %\ld n ext5d beyond ! end ( ! ?umb 
m ?an half  an in*4 ,9 practice !       
greate/ fre$om is obta9$ :5 ! po9t      
ext5ds b little beyond ! ?umb1 b z "s   
all[ance mu/ be made  = repeat$ %>p5+   
away on ! oil/one1 ! half-in* ext5sion  
is  recomm5d$4 ,:5 pur*as$ !y are       
g5]ally mu* long]1 #f in*es1 b  ?is l5g?
 is mu* too great to all[ ! tool to be  
us$ ) ease4 ,!  mak]s w g5]ally gr9d !m 
d[n to ! requir$ l5g? = !  pur*as]1 an  
ink m>k or piece ( /amp pap] /uck to !  
tool  indicat+ exactly ! am\nt to be    
tak5 (f4 ,"o side ( ! h&le is  flat1 & !
 tool1 z x ent]s ! h&le1 is slightly    
curv$ upw>ds4  ,?is is to all[ = free   
passage ( ! h& & tool ov] ! surface (  !
 wood1 & ?\gh tools may be )\t ?is upw>d
 curve !y lose  fre$om ( action by be+  
s4                                      
,fig4 #a                                
,fig4 #a                                

,fig4 #b                                
,fig4 #b      ,( ! t5 tools1 six w be   
kn[n z t9t-tools1 ?ree z spit-/icks1  "o
 z scaup]4 ,! t9t-tools cut l9es ( uni=m
 wid? f extreme  f95ess 7,no4 #a7 to mu*
 great] wid? 7,no4 #f74 ,!y are us$ =   
t9t+1  t is1 cutt+ a s]ies ( l9es to    
produce a t9t or %ade2 =  outl9+1       
especially lett]+2 & = scaup+4 ,! numb]s
 us$ "h  are = descriptive conv5i5ce    
only4 ,:5 ord]+1 ! actual wid? (  cut   
requir$ %\ld be giv51 o!rwise ! pur*as] 
may receive  some?+ v diff]5t f :at 0   
expect$4                                
,fig4 #c                                
,fig4 #c      ,! spit-/icks 7,nos4 #a to
 #c7 are tools by :i* ! cut c be easily 
broad5$ by gradually press+ ! po9t deep]
 into ! wood4 ,by keep+  to "o dep? !y c
 also be us$ 9 ! same mann] z t9t-r\nd$ 
sides & cut ?r\gh ! wood ) smoo? ease4  
,in/ead ( spit-/icks1  tools kn[n z     
grav]s are (t5 us$4 ,!y are flat-sid$1 z
 t9t-tools  are1 b ! spread is mu*      
great]4 ,! cut made is ! same z t made  

) spit-/icks b a mu* great] spread is   
possible4 ,! f9e/ is  kn[n z ! loz5ge   
grav]1 ! broade/ z ! squ>e grav]4 ,!y   
are  us$ 9 ! same mann] z spit-/icks &  
(t5 pref]r$ to !m1 b  !y lack ! smoo?   
ease ( cutt+ :i* is ! special feature ( 
spit-/icks4                             
,fig4 #d                                
,fig4 #d      ,! scaup]1 ! tool (       
greate/ wid?1 is us$ = cle>+ away !     
wood r\nd ! engrav+4 ,x is desirable t !
 belly "p ( ?is tool  %\ld be           
suffici5tly r\nd$3 a po9t too squ>e w n 
cut ?r\gh  ! wood easily4 ,an extra tool
 ) a squ>e po9t1 ab\t ! size ( !  l>ge/ 
t9t-tool1 may be f\nd useful = tak+ out 
corn]s4                                 
,fig4 #e                                
,fig4 #e      ,a good selection = !     
beg9n] />t+ ) five tools only w\ld be   
two spit-/icks 7#a  #c1 ,fig4 #c71 two  
t9t tools 7#d  #f1 ,fig4 #b71 & "o      
scaup]4    ,x mu/ be cle>ly borne 9 m9d 
t ! /yle or "* ( ! "w  is greatly       
influ5c$ by ! %ape ( ! po9t us$4 ,!     

craftsman w  be able1 aft] a little "t1 
to select ! %ape ( tool :i* be/ suits  8
 "w4 ,once a tool is made up1 & f\nd to 
be good1 to alt] x is n  desirable4 ,to 
conv]t x to its old =m is n easy4 ,r    
keep an old  "o to exp]im5t )1 if       
ne$ful1 & nev] *ance ! spoil+ ( a  prov$
 tool4    ,= ^? :o f9d a difficulty 9   
buy+ tools & :o wi% p]haps to  h !m made
 locally1 a good plan is to buy "o good 
tool1 & h  o!rs made to ?is model by !  
blacksmi?1 c>p5t] or o!r h&y man4  ,old 
files c be successfully turn$ into q    
good engrav+ tools4 ,!  po9t to rememb] 
is t ! belly or po9t "p ( ! tool be     
ev5ly  %ap$ on bo? sides4 ,if ?is is n  
att5d$ to1 ! tool w always  h a t5d5cy  
to cut too mu* 9 "o direction1 or spr+  
out ( !  wood4                          
,fig4 #f                                
,fig4 #f      ,a g\ge1 to be us$ z a    
*isel1 t is1 ) a mallet1 is us$ to c>ve 
away all wood r\nd ! engrav+1 s z to    
leave only ! engrav+ 9  relief4 ,?is is 
always necess>y :5 ! pr9t+ is done      

direct f !  wood block4 ,x is n necess>y
 :5 tak+ h&-pro(s4 ,a flat tool or      
small *isel is useful = l[]+ edges :i*  
fade into :ite1 =  prep>+ small plugs & 
= trimm+ /raight edges4                 
,fig4 #g                                
,fig4 #g                                
,fig4 #h                                
,fig4 #h      ,! s&bag 7,fig4 #g7 is    
made ( two circul> pieces ( lea!r sewn  
toge!r & fill$ ) f9e s&4 ,! s& is p\r$ 9
 j be=e  complet+ ! la/ /it*es4 ,any o!r
 durable sub/ance c be us$  in/ead (    
lea!r4 ,on ?is solid yet easy base !    
block held by ! left  h& c be turn$ ab\t
 at w4 ,x %\ld be n less ?an five in*es 
across4 ,to h x small] may mean         
difficulty :5 engrav+ l>ge  blocks4 ,a  
magnify+ glass is n recomm5d$ unless !  
eyesight is  defective4 ,:5 !re is      
defective vision x is saf] & bett] to   
use a  glass & avoid /ra91 s x mu/ be   
includ$ z a probably necess>y  ?+4 ,a   
d\ble l5s %\ld be us$1 & %\ld be l>ge   
en\gh to cov] a  block ( #b or #c in*es4

 ,! /& 7,fig4 #h7 all[s ! l5s to be     
turn$  away1 rais$ or l[]$ at w4 ,a     
wat*mak]'s glass c be us$ 7= "o  eye    
only7 held 9 position ov] ! eye by a    
piece ( /r+ r\nd !  head4 ,x provides   
only a small field ( view4              
,fig4 #i                                
,fig4 #i      ,fig4 #i %[s a globe fill$
 ) wat]1 to be us$ at night to          
conc5trate  ! light on to ! "w4 ,! light
 ( ! lamp is directly beh9d !  globe4 ,a
 bull's-eye l5s c be us$ z a sub/itute &
 is equally good4  ,x is well to %ield  
away by br[n pap] fix$ to ! top ( !     
globe1 or  o!r means1 all light t does n
 fall on ! block4 ,x is mo/  unre/ful to
 look up f "w into ! direct gl>e ( a    
lamp2 to "w  )\t a globe or bull's-eye )
 artificial light produces great        
eye-/ra9 & bad "w4 ,good light is       
ess5tial at all times4                  
,fig4 #aj                               
,fig4 #aj      ,fig4 #aj %[s ! roll] &  
slab us$ = ink+ ! engrav+ :5  tak+ a    
pro(4 ,a lea!r roll] is be/ b difficult 

to make2  composition is g5]ally us$4   
,an old me?od1 ! me?od ( ,caxton &  q   
good1 is to use a dabb]4 ,! ink is dabb$
 on in/ead ( roll$ on4  ,x c be easily  
made1 a cov]+ ( ?9 lea!r fill$ ) rags = 
padd+1 :i* mu/ be q firm1 be+ all t is  
requir$ 7,fig4 #aa74                    
,fig4 #aa                               
,fig4 #aa                               
,fig4 #ab                               
,fig4 #ab      ,! burni%] 7,fig4 #ab7 is
 us$ = rubb+ ! pro( (f aft] ink+ !      
block4 ,/eel is be/1 b bone w d1 or !   
back ( a teaspoon1 us+  ! b[l z a h&le4 
,a supply ( boxwood1 pro(+ ink1 an      
oil/one = %>p5+ tools &  "s pap] = tak+ 
pro(s w be necess>y4 ,! pap] mu/ be ?9  
7,india pap] be+ ! be/7 z x is v        
difficult to take a pro( on  ?ick pap]4 
,! table or ! b5* :]e ! "w is to be done
 mu/ always be firm4  ,! craftsman %\ld 
n be unduly b5d+ ov] ! "w1 b %\ld be z  
upright z possible1 ! height ( b5* &    
*air be+ adju/$ to  enable ! work] to   
see ! engrav+ )\t ei!r eye-/ra9 or      

r\nd+ ( ! back & %\ld]s4 ,be com=table  
:5 at "w4    ,see t ! tools are %>p be=e
 comm5c+ "w4 ,if %>p ! po9t  w always   
grip or 8bite0 :5 loosely 8run0 across !
 wood2 if blunt x  w slide ov]4 ,always 
use a sp>e piece ( boxwood :5 te/+      
tools4  ,! face ( ! tool only mu/ be    
%>p5$ 7see ,fig4 #a74 ,on no acc\nt  mu/
 ! %>p5+ be done f ! und]nea? or belly  
"p ( ! tool4  ,avoid be>+ too mu* on !  
po9t2 x is a quick me?od ( %>p5+1  b !  
angle ( ! face w gradually become m     
upright & ! tool  w n cut ?r\gh ! wood  
easily4 ,an angle ( #de is ab\t "r4     
,%>p5 by rubb+ ! face ( ! tool up & d[n 
! l5g? ( !  oil/one4 ,any lubricat+ oil 
w s]ve = ! /one4            ,,! ,,wood  
,! wood us$ is boxwood & :]e f95ess ( "w
 is desir$ no o!r  wood is suitable4    
,d>k m>ks sometimes indicate inf]ior    
quality2 :ite  m>ks are always bad &    
%\ld be avoid$4 ,_m o!r k9ds ( wood h   
be5 tri$ = engrav+ )\t success1         
especially = "w ( a  mod]ately f9e "*4  
,= l>ge "w1 su* z are t]m$ po/]s1       

sycamore & p9e are pr9cipally us$4    ,!
 me?od ( produc+ ^! l>ge blocks is call$
 cutt+4 ,knives1 8,v0  tools & g\ges1   
in/ead ( grav]s are us$1 & ! long gra9 (
 !  wood is ! pr9t+ surface ( ^!2 :]eas 
t :i* is accept$ z  engrav+ prop] is    
always on ! end gra9 ( ! boxwood4 ,?is  
be+ !  only really reliable wood = wood 
engrav+1 & ! engrav]'s /aple  mat]ial1 x
 des]ves m ?an a pass+ notice4          
,turkey produces ! f9e/ boxwood ?\gh _m 
good samples come f !  ,crimea & !      
,caucasus4    ,! be/ & mo/ valuable wood
 is ( v sl[ gr[?1 h>d & heavy1  & ( a v 
f9e & close texture4 ,! wood is s5t ov] 
9 logs4  ,c>eful judgm5t is requir$ 9   
its selection :5 s5t into ! m>ket4  ,x  
mu/ be ?or\ghly season$ be=e be+ us$ by 
! engrav] z new  wood reta9s its moi/ure
 = a long "t1 is mo/ liable to split &  
w>p1 & is v susceptible to *anges (     
temp]ature4    ,! measurem5t ( ! logs is
 f #g to #ab in*es 9 diamet] & !  fir/  
process ( blockmak+ is to cut ^! logs   
into slices crosswise  ab\t #a in* 9    

?ickness4 ,!y are !n plac$ s+ly 9 racks 
= _m  mon?s to season1 & dur+ ?is "t %>p
 cracks are he>d :i* d5ote  t ! slices (
 wood are dry+ & splitt+ f ! core4 ,ow+ 
to  ?is splitt+1 only blocks ( small    
size c be obta9$ f "o piece2  :]e l>g]  
blocks are requir$ & also = ! sake (    
economis+  wood1 x is necess>y to jo9   
pieces toge!r4 ,! be/ & /ronge/ way  is 
to groove & tongue !m toge!r4 ,! sides (
 ! pieces mu/ be  plan$ true1 ! grooves 
cut & ! tongues 7( "s h>d wood7 glu$    
into ! grooves ) v ?9 glue4 ,!y are !n  
press$ v tightly  toge!r ) clamps & left
 to dry4 ,ano!r way is simply to glue ! 
pieces toge!r )\t ! groove & tongue4 ,9 
an ev5 temp]ature !y  hold toge!r q     
well1 & if ! block is = tempor>y use1   
little  dang] ne$ be appreh5d$ ( !      
jo9t's op5+4 ,always use v ?9  glue ?9ly
 appli$4 ,! block has n[ to be plan$ d[n
 to ab\t #g_/h (  an in* ?ickness1 :i*  
is ! height ( type1 scrap$ ) a /eel     
scrap] until p]fectly level & smoo? &   
f9i%$ (f ) ! f9e/  s& or em]y pap]4     

,,draw+      ,! highly-poli%$ surface ( 
! wood w n take ! p5cil or bru%  unless 
prep>$1 & ! be/ m$ium = ?is is          
flake-:ite & f9ely  gr\nd brickdu/ 9    
equal proportions4 ,an am\nt suffici5t  
to cov] a  ?reep5ny piece is en\gh = a  
block ( #f in*es by #d in*es2 add "o or 
m drops ( wat]1 & rub ?9ly & ev5ly ) !  
f+]s until x  />ts to dry4    ,*9ese    
:ite may be us$ 9 ! place ( flake:ite4  
,x c be us$  )\t ! brick-du/ & appli$ to
 ! wood by ! f+]s z be=e or  spread     
ev5ly by means ( a s(t flat bru% pass+  
by direct /rokes ov]  ! surface4 ,?is   
me?od w be q effective1 b w n give su*  
an ev5 appe>ance z ! brick-du/ & :ite4  
,indian & ,*9ese ink rubb$ up 9 wat] & a
 f9e camel hair bru% are  us$ = draw+1  
or a p5cil may be us$4 ,! be/ is "o (   
m$ium  h>dness4 ,too s(t a p5cil rubs   
out easily & soon gives a dirty         
appe>ance to ! draw+2 "o too h>d is     
liable to bruise ! wood4    ,all draw+  
on ! wood mu/ be rev]s$4 ,ev5 9 cases   
:]e ?is is n  necess>y x is well to     

rememb] t ! pr9t f ! engrav+ w be  a    
rev]se ( ! draw+4 ,make rev]s+ a habit4 
,mu* annoyance may ?us  be avoid$1 = x  
is easy to produce an awkw>d absurdity1 
:i*1 ?\gh  n app>5t to o!r p1 spoils    
"o's own enjoym5t ( ! "w4 ,all  lett]+  
mu/ be rev]s$4 ,a view ( ! draw+ 9 a    
mirror be=e  comm5c+ to engrave w reveal
 any incorrectness 9 rev]s+4    ,!      
engrav] is to rememb] t ! production is 
to be an engrav+ &  n a draw+2 t x is to
 h ! "* ( an engrav+--an  engrav+       
manife/ & n an imitation ( ano!r draw+1 
half-tone1 or  any o!r process4 ,let !  
dep5d5ce be on ! engrav+ tools r  ?an ! 
p5cil4 ,z f> z possible draw direct on  
to ! wood4 ,if ?is1  by ! nature ( !    
subject1 is impossible1 x may be        
necess>y to trace  on to ! wood4        
,trace ! subject firmly ) a s(t p5cil & 
by wax+ ! sides ( !  block fix ! trac+  
tightly ov] x1 face d[n4 ,affix "o side 
fir/ 9  correct position1 rubb+ ! pap]  
on to ! wax$ side by means ( a  tool    
h&le or o!r suitable in/rum5t1 & /ret* !

 trac+ tightly  ov] until fix$ 9 simil> 
mann] to ! opposite side4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( 
beeswax1 soap w d1 b x is n ne>ly s     
effective1 or1 fail+  bo?1 ! pap] c be  
fold$ to ! back ( ! block 9 su* mann] t 
movem5t ( ! trac+ is impossible4 ,be+   
assur$ t !re w be no  movem5t ( ! pap]1 
trace aga9 on to ! wood by means ( a h>d
  p5cil1 or pref]ably1 a /eel po9t4 ,if 
ei!r ( ^! is too %>p or  press$ on too  
heavily1 x w scrat* or bruise ! wood4   
,by deta*+  ! pap] f "o side ! "w c be  
exam9$ )\t fe> ( movem5t1  c>e be+ tak5 
to fix aga9 be=e cont9u+ to trace4 ,only
 a v  fa9t l9e mu/ be expect$ & ?is is  
all t is requir$4    ,ano!r me?od is to 
scrape "s r$ *alk f9ely on to a sep>ate 
piece  ( pap] 7n too l>ge1 z x c be us$ 
ov] & ov] aga97 & rub x  well on until !
 pap] is ev5ly r$d5$4 ,place ! r$d5$    
surface  next ! wood und]nea? ! trac+--x
 ne$ n be fix$--& proce$ to  trace z    
be=e4 ,?is me?od w produce a fa9t r$ l9e
 & w be  useful :51 z sometimes happ5s1 
! subject is to be rev]s$ 9 !  f9al     

pr9t4    ,^! fa9t outl9es mu/ be made   
/rong]1 ! draw+ complet$1 by  means (   
camel hair bru% & ,indian ink or by     
p5cil4 ,any %ad+ c be  put into ! draw+ 
by means ( ^!1 always rememb]+ t x is to
  be f9ally express$ 9 t]ms ( ! engrav+ 
tool4 ,to draw on ! wood  is awkw>d )\t 
"s support2 a piece ( wood z high z !   
block w  be necess>y on :i* to re/ ! h&4
            ,,engrav+                   
,fig4 #ac                               
,fig4 #ac      ,! tool has to be held 9 
su* a way t none ( ! f+]s nor !  ?umb is
 und]nea? x4 ,! h&le re/s 9 ! l[] "p ( !
 h&1  ! f\r? f+] 9 ! groove ( ! inn] "p 
( ! h&le & !  ?ird f+] by its side2 ^!  
two f+]s t\* ! h&le & keep x  9 position
 )9 ! h&4 ,foll[+ ! ?ird & f\r?1 ! two  
=ef+]s re/ on ! out] side ( ! blade :ile
 ! ?umb1 ext5d+  beyond ! f+]s almo/ to 
! po9t1 is on ! inside4 ,! ?umb is !    
only "p ( ! "r h& t t\*es ! block4 ,!   
f+]s t\* ea*  o!r 9 natural ord]3 !re   
ne$ be no space betwe5 any4 ,! tool     
%\ld be laid flat ^u ! table1 & may be  

tak5 up 9 "o movem5t  7,fig4 #ad74 ,se5 
f bel[ x %\ld !n %[ z ,fig4 #ae4 ,held 9
 ?is  way ! tool w pass flat ov] ! wood 
)\t any ob/ruction f any  "p ( ! f+]s or
 h&4                                    
,fig4 #ad                               
,fig4 #ad                               
,fig4 #ae                               
,fig4 #ae      ,! block is held on !    
s&bag by ! left h&1 g5]ally t[>ds !     
corn]s1 :i* all[s ! greate/ fre$om =    
turn+4 ,:5 cutt+  /raight l9es ! block  
is held /ation>y1 ! tool-h& cutt+  =w>d2
 :5 cutt+ curves ! block is turn$ r\nd1 
! tool-h&  rema9+ 9 "o position4 ,!re is
 no h>d rule 9 ?is1 ! h&s act+  flexibly
 = ea* o!r1 b x c be se5 at once :5     
engrav+ t a  circle _c be cut unless !  
block is turn$ r\nd 9 precise ratio to  
! cuts ( ! tool1 :ile to cut a /raight  
l9e ! wood _c advance  to ! tool's po9t4
    ,engrave ! l9es "o "u ! o!r1 n "o   
above ! o!r2 =  circles x is mu* m easy 
to />t ! cut at ! top ?an to />t        
und]nea?1 ?\gh to be able to />t        

und]nea? is sometimes useful4 ,!  flat  
"p ( ! h&le %\ld be j above ! surface ( 
! wood 9  cutt+ l9es or t9ts1 b ?is does
 n apply to all "w2 ! angle at  :i*     
tools are held mu/ be det]m9$ by ! %apes
 to be tak5 out4 ,d  n attempt to cut a 
long l9e ) "o cut1 b ) a succession (   
%ort ones1 & d n cut too deeply1 or !   
l9e or wood on :i* !  belly ( ! tool    
presses w be bruis$ & w pr9t brok5      
in/ead (  clean & def9ite4 ,if ! tool be
 %>p ! wood w *ip out crisply at  ea*   
cut2 ! l9es %\ld be cut out1 n pu%$ or  
press$ out4 ,blunt  tools are m         
responsible = slips ?an any?+ else      
except p]haps a  di/urb$ m9d4    ,%\ld  
!re be any dang] ( rubb+ ! draw+ dur+   
engrav+1 cov]  ! block ) a piece ( ?9   
pap] aft] ! mann] ( a trac+1 fir/  mak+ 
a small hole :]e "w is to comm5ce4    ,!
 craftsman is advis$ to practise by     
engrav+ some?+ def9ite1  some?+ t c be  
us$4 ,aimless cutt+ & digg+ ab\t on bits
 (  wood leads n[h]e1 = x is a v simple 
matt] to cut a l9e t ne$  n be cut 9 any

 p>ticul> place1 :]eas to cut ! l9es    
exactly to  ! subject1 to produce some?+
 t is requir$ is n only gett+  exp]i5ce1
 b ! result is kn[n at once 9 success or
 failure4                               
,fig4 #af                               
,fig4 #af                               
,fig4 #ag                               
,fig4 #ag      ,r\ghly speak+ !re are   
f\r diff]5t k9ds ( engrav+1 ( :i* any   
v>iations & comb9ations c be made4 ,!   
fir/ & mo/ natural is to  cut :ite l9es 
on black1 & 9 _m cases ! subject w be   
suffici5tly express$ )\t fur!r "w2 ,fig4
 #af is cut 9 ?is way4  ,fig4 #ag %[s ! 
backgr\nd t9t$ or %ad$1 t is1 l9es cut  
"o  "u ! o!r4 ,fig4 #ah is ! black lett]
 cle>$ 7scaup$7 away  leav+ x :ite1 :ile
 ,fig4 #ai %[s all wood cle>$ away      
except  outl9es4 ,bold simple lett]+ is 
an excell5t subject to beg9 )4 ,see  t !
 corn]s are jo9$ cleanly3 little jagg$  
bits left 9 look  slov5ly & pr9t 9 a    
dirty mann]4                            
,fig4 #ah                               

,fig4 #ah                               
,fig4 #ai                               
,fig4 #ai                               
,fig4 #bj                               
,fig4 #bj      ,! l>g] t9t-tools &      
scaup]s are us$ = scaup+ or cle>+1 t    
is1 = cle>+ a wide l9e r\nd ! "w & cutt+
 away all wood n  want$4 ,:ile do+ ?is x
 is ess5tial to protect ! surr\nd+ "w  f
 ! belly ( ! tool by a ?9 piece ( c>d   
7,fig4 #bj74 ,x mu/ be  ?9 yet (        
suffici5t sub/ance to )/& ! pressure ( !
 tool1  = ! "w is done by lev]+ out !   
wood z well z cutt+ x4 ,c>d  soon we>s  
out4 ,a ?9 piece ( h>d wood or bone w d 
well if smoo!d  & bevell$ (f a little on
 ! edge to be us$ "u ! tool4 ,!         
?ickness %\ld be ab\t t ( a p5ny4 ,:5   
scaup+ />t ! cut a  little away f ! "w  
gradually approa*+ until ! tool has     
cle>$  away all unnecess>y wood4 ,small]
 pieces mu/ ( c\rse be tak5 away by  !  
small] tools4 ,x is a good plan to ext5d
 ! fir/ f+] ( !  left h& ov] ! block    
until x presses aga9/ ! end ( ! ?umb (  

! tool h&4 ,?is position gives great    
control & prev5ts mu*  slipp+4          
,fig4 #ba                               
,fig4 #ba                               
,fig4 #bb                               
,fig4 #bb                               
,fig4 #bc                               
,fig4 #bc      ,) ! scaup] cle> a l9e   
r\nd ! "w a little m ?an its own  wid?4 
,?is is suffici5tly wide to enable a    
pro( to be tak54 ,if all !  wood is tak5
 away x is almo/ impossible to pro( "s  
subjects 7?9  lett]+1 = in/ance7 )\t a  
h&-press1 = ?is wood supports !  roll] &
 burni%] & gives protection to ! "w :ile
 pro(+4    ,:]e a light t9t %ades into  
:ite z 9 a sky or light p>ts ( a dress  
x is necess>y to l[] ! edges 9 "s way   
be=e cutt+1 o!rwise  ! h>d edge is apt  
to cat* ! ink & cause a smudgy          
objectionable  l9e in/ead ( runn+       
cleanly into ! :ite4 ,to avoid ?is1 l[] 
or  scrape ! h>d edge into ! scaup+ tak+
 c>e n to damage !  surr\nd+ wood4 ,x c 
be done by ! %>p edge ( spit/ick or     

t9t-tool1 or ! edge c fir/ be l[]$ by a 
flat scaup] & !n  scrap$ smoo?ly into ! 
scaup+ by ! %>p edge ( ! engrav+  tool4 
,! ,section ,fig4 #bd %[s ! %>p edge    
l[]$ into ! scaup+4                     
,fig4 #bd                               
,fig4 #bd      ,! dep? ( ! cle>+        
indicat$ 9 ! ,section is exagg]at$ =    
purposes ( cl>ity4 ,if ! scaup+ is too  
deep bruis+ ( ! sides is  likely2 if too
 %all[ ! pr9t w pick up ! ink f ! ridges
 at  ! bottom ( ! scaup+ :i* h t\*$ !   
ink roll]4            ,,pro( ,,tak+     
,place a little pr9t]'s ink on a slab   
7:i* c be ( /one1 slate1 or  ev5 glass7 
& spread x out ?9ly ) a knife1 !n roll  
until  di/ribut$ ev5ly & ?9ly4 ,avoid   
roll+ out too mu* ink at once2  m c be  
add$ easily1 b to take away means clean+
 ! :ole )  turp5t9e & rag1 or scrap+ ) a
 knife4 ,if a dabb] be us$1 beat  ! ink1
 :i* is plac$ m 9 ! c5tre ( ! slab1     
until q ev54  ,! am\nt to roll or dab on
 to ! block w be discov]$ q easily  aft]
 a trial or two--too mu* ink w blur !   

"w2 too little w  pr9t grey4 ,place !   
pap] on ! ink$ block )\t slurr+ x1 & on 
! pap] drop a ?9 piece ( c>d--a po/c>d w
 d--hold d[n by !  left h& & rub on !   
top ( ! c>d ) ! burni%] until an        
impression is tak54 ,! pr9t c be exam9$ 
f "t to "t by  lift+ a corn]1 hold+ !   
rema9+ pap] d[n firmly ) ! left  h& on !
 c>d4 ,m burni%+ mu/ be appli$ to ^?    
p>ts :i*  h n tak5 ! ink4 ,if ! engrav$ 
l9es be f9e1 light pressure mu/  be giv5
 to ! burni%] le/ ! l9es be bruis$1     
:]eas if ! p>ts  are black heavi]       
pressure mu/ be giv54 ,a little oil     
rubb$ on "o side  ( ! c>d--! side on :i*
 ! burni%] is to be appli$--!n rubb$  (f
 aga91 w all[ ! burni%] to slide ov] )  
ease & prev5t  /ick+2 :ile if ! burni%] 
is appli$ )\t ! c>d1 bruis+ is  liable  
to occur to f9e l9es4 ,india pap] is    
excell5t on :i* to take  pro(s by h&4   
,o!r k9ds c be us$ if free f ridges & n 
too  ?ick4 ,! ?ick] ! pap] ! great] w be
 ! difficulty 9 gett+  a pr9t1 = ! ink  
does n /ick x to ! block1 z is ! case ) 

?9 pap]1 & any exam9ation ( ! pr9t ne>ly
 always moves ! pap]  out ( position &  
8d\bl+0 is ! result4    ,?is fir/ pr9t  
is (t5 call$ ! 8ov]lay40 ,x %[s n only !
  engrav+ b all ! surr\nd+ wood & pieces
 betwe5 t h be5  too l>ge to be cut away
 by a scaup]4 ,to take a pro( ( !       
engrav+  only1 ^! black pieces on !     
ov]lay mu/ be cut out cleanly ) a  %>p  
knife or ! po9t ( a t9t-tool1 &1 aft]   
ink+ ! block  aga91 ^! pieces are plac$ 
on _! correspond+ p>ts on ! wood4  ,!y  
are ?us block$ out--ov]lay$--by ! pieces
 ( pap] cut f !  fir/ pr9t4 ,place fre% 
pap] on ! block & pro( z be=e1 great]   
c>e h[ev] is necess>y to prev5t 8d\bl+40
 ,:]e pl5ty ( black is  9 ! engrav+ !   
process is simple1 b if ! subject is (  
?9  l9es1 su* z f9e lett]+1 x is a      
some:at delicate op]ation4 ,9  ?is case 
! less x is exam9$ :il/ ! pro( is be+   
tak5 !  bett]4    ,dur+ ! process (     
engrav+1 9 ord] to see exactly :at has  
be5  done s f>1 "o may wi% to take a    
pro(4 ,b ! ink+ ( ! block  w\ld         

oblit]ate t "p ( ! draw+ :i* has n yet  
be5 engrav$4  ,in/ead1 !re=e1 ( tak+ a  
pro( ) ink ! foll[+ me?od w  be f\nd    
conv5i5t3--,press "s precipitat$        
*alk7obta9able at any  *emi/'s7 into !  
engrav$ "p & wipe ! surface clean ) !   
palm  ( ! h& ?us leav+ ! *alk 9 ! holl[s
 & incisions only4 ,!  block w !n appe> 
exactly z 9 a pr9t 7only n rev]s$71 i4e4
 !  surface ( ! wood w %[ d>k aga9/ !   
:ite *alk4            ,,prep>+ ,,block  
,,= ,,pr9t]                             
,fig4 #be                               
,fig4 #be      ,if ! block is to be s5t 
to ! pr9t] all unnecess>y wood has to be
  tak5 away1 & if !re are l>ge surfaces 
?is is be/ done by g\ge &  mallet4 ,fir/
 saw ! block squ>e to )9  ( an in* ( "w1
 !n  fix x 9 a vice or clamp to a b5*4  
,use ! g\ge z a *isel1 nev]  =gett+ to h
 ! cutt+ edge po9t+ t[>ds c5tre ( block4
 ,if  us$ t[>ds ! edges pieces ( wood w 
sudd5ly *ip away & ! la/  /roke ( !     
mallet w1 p]haps1 ru9 ! "w1 ?\gh an     
exp]i5ce (  ?is k9d is seldom repeat$4  

,! block w h to be turn$ ab\t 9  ! vice 
to enable ! g\g+ to be made t[>ds !     
c5tre & c>e mu/  be tak5 to hold ! g\ge 
high en\gh j to cle> ! "w & s  prev5t   
bruis+4 ,! wood mu/ be tak5 away deeply4
 ,if cut too %all[1  ! ridges =m$ by !  
g\ge w pick up ! ink f ! roll] :i*  ink 
aga9 w be pick$ up by ! pap] :il/ pro(+4
 ,any edges or  small pieces t ! g\ge _c
 cle> away mu/ be trimm$ (f ) !  scaup]1
 ! c>d be+ us$ to protect ! "w4         
,wood-cut f ,! ,decam]on1 ,v5ice1 #adib4
 ,re-engrav$ by ,r4 ,j4 ,be$ham4        
,by p]mission ( ,! ,%akespe>e ,head     
,press     ,wood-cut f ,! ,decam]on1    
,v5ice1 #adib4 ,re-engrav$ by ,r4 ,j4   
,be$ham4                 ,by p]mission (
 ,! ,%akespe>e ,head ,press             
,,plugg+      ,if "s small mi/ake has   
aris5 su* z a deep bruise1 false cut1   
slip1  etc41 x c be made good by plugg+1
 t is1 by ! ins]tion ( a new  piece (   
wood :]e ! mi/ake has occurr$4 ,?is     
requires skill &  c>e1 = ! new piece (  
wood mu/ fit 9 exactly1 o!rwise a :ite  

l9e w %[ all r\nd x4 ,= v small plugs ! 
simple/ me?od (  mak+ a hole is to get a
 c>p5t]'s nail1 r\nd or squ>e type1     
accord+ to ! %ape ( ! plug requir$1 file
 ! sides to ! "r  size & flatt5 !       
bottom1 f9ally gett+ ! edges & bottom   
%>p  & smoo? on ! oil-/one4 ,drive ?is  
into ! wood1 ab\t #a_/af to #a_/h  ( an 
in* accord+ to ! size ( ! plug4 ,take ! 
nail out aga9 by a  /raight pull to     
avoid bruis+ ! sides1 & if ! nail has   
be5  prop]ly %ap$1 a clean hole ) %>p   
edges w be ! result4 ,into  ?is hole    
ins]t a piece ( boxwood1 trimm$ to exact
 size by means ( a  flat tool or *isel1 
!n g5tly hamm] ) a piece ( wood until ! 
bottom ( ! hole is felt4 ,to dip ! end (
 ! plug into ?9 glue or  gum be=e       
ins]tion w help to keep x fa/1 b small  
plugs accurately  trimm$ w hold )\t     
glue4 ,= l>g] plugs glue mu/ be us$4    
,fig4 #bf                               
,fig4 #bf      ,?r\gh a ?9 piece ( c>d  
cut a hole l>ge en\gh to all[ ! head (  
! plug to protrude1 place x 9 ! block to

 protect ! engrav+1 !n  cut (f !        
project+ head close to ! c>d ) a f9e    
saw4 ,by means (  ! scaup] & c>d1 always
 cutt+ t[>ds ! c5tre1 l[] !  rema9+     
projection until ne>ly level ) surr\nd+ 
surface1 &  f9i% (f ) ! *isel laid flat 
on ! block4 ,an excell5t tool )  :i* to 
get ! plug level is a f9e t9t-tool laid 
on its side & us$  z a *isel1 *isel or  
t9t-tool be+ us$ 9 a slic+ movem5t & n  
driv54    ,two or ?ree plugg+ nails1    
made ready & kept = ! purpose1 w be  all
 t are requir$ = small] plugs4 ,! holes 
c also be made by  drills su* z are us$ 
= fretwork4 ,l>g] plugs mu/ be scaup$ or
  *isell$ out1 tak+ c>e t ! sides g     
/raight d[n & t !  edges are )\t a      
bruise4 ,! l>g] ! plug1 ! deep] mu/ be !
  hole1 ! dep? = l>ge plugs be+ half-way
 ?r\gh ! block4 ,plugs on  ! extreme    
edge ( ! block require m c>e b !        
difficulties c  ne>ly always be ov]come 
by a little +5uity4 ,a drop ( wat] plac$
 on  a bruise w (t5 br+ x to ! surface  
aga94 ,hot wat] is /ill m  effective1   

:ile1 if ! bruis+ is deep & g5]al1 /eam+
 ! :ole  surface is ! be/ me?od ?\gh x  
makes ! wood rott5 &  disagreeable to   
cut on aft]w>ds4              ,,app5dix 
,! beg9n] %\ld comm5ce ) patt]ns &      
pictures ( :ite l9es on  black4 ,!      
normal developm5t ( ?is fir/ me?od is ! 
silh\ette )  :ite l9es ^u x4 ,hav+      
atta9$ skill ) grav]s & scaup]s he  may 
proce$ to engrave patt]ns & pictures (  
black l9es on :ite1  fir/ 9 pla9 outl9e1
 & !n1 la/ ( all1 he may attempt !      
modell+ & elaboration ( ! g5]al surface4
                                        
,,note ,,on ,,wood-,,cuts      ,! me?od 
( wood-engrav+ :i* is describ$ 9 ?is    
book is di/9ct  f t kn[n prop]ly z      
8wood-cutt+04 ,! 8woodcut0 is done ) a  
knife on ! long gra9 ( ! wood in/ead ( !
 end gra94 ,x is  necess>ily done on s(t
 wood & is !re=e less suitable = use 9  
conjunction ) type 9 a pr9t+ press1     
except = l>ge "w4 ,b !  wood-engrav]    
%\ld c]ta9ly practise ! art ( wood-cutt+
 also &  = ! purpose he w require1 9    

addition to "s planks ( pe> wood  or a  
simil> f9e-gra9$ wood1 a knife & sev]al 
wood-c>v]'s *isels  & g\ges--! fir/ =   
cutt+ l9es & edges & ! latt] =  cutt+   
away ! backgr\nd4 ,! knife 7,fig4 #bg7  
is ! mo/ important (  ^! tools & ! be/  
=m is l a v f9e c>p5t]'s *isel )  a     
small h&le1 su* z c be grasp$ 9 ! f+]s1 
a %ort blade ab\t  "o in* long1         
?ree-eigh?s ( an in* wide & z ?9 z t ( a
  p5-knife1 ) ! cutt+ end gr\nd at an   
angle ( ab\t #cj ) !  upp] edge4    ,x  
is held v mu* z a p5 is held = writ+ &1 
( c\rse1 ! cut  is made always 9 !      
direction :i* does n burr ! gra9 ( !    
wood  j z a skew] is %>p5$ by cutt+     
t[>ds & n away f its  po9t4    ,al?\gh 9
 connection ) ! pr9t+ press ! wood-cut  
has n !  same usefulness z !            
wood-engrav+ on acc\nt ( ! s(t wood     
necess>ily us$ & ! impossibility ( do+ !
 f9e/ "w ) !  same degree ( precision1  
nev]!less1 z an indep5d5t art t (       
wood-cutt+ is on an equality ) any o!r1 
&1 9 "o respect1 !  fact t only s(t wood

 c be us$ is an advantage2 = su* wood1  
p9e  or pe>1 is m easy to get ?an a h>d 
=eign wood l ! ,turki%  box-wood4 ,!    
wood-cutt] may !re=e g into 8 own back  
g>d5 =  8 mat]ial & is indep5d5t ( !    
=eign m]*ant4 ,! difficulty (  !        
wood-engrav] 9 ?is matt] is1 h[ev]1 n q 
insup]able1 =1  if prop]ly season$ &    
prep>$1 holly or black?orn are q good = 
end gra9 "w &1 ?\gh n z h>d z boxwood1  
make a v fair  sub/itute4               
,alphabet1 by ,reynolds ,/one4 7,by     
p]mission ( ,burns1 ,gates  ,wa%b\rne1  
,ltd47    ,alphabet1 by ,reynolds ,/one 
7,by p]mission ( ,burns1 ,gates         
,wa%b\rne1                              
,ltd47      ,f ,=re/ ,reid's ,apo/ate1  
by ,reynolds ,/one 7,by p]mission (     
,fab]                                   
,fab]1 ,ltd47     ,f ,=re/ ,reid's      
,apo/ate1 by ,reynolds ,/one 7,by       
p]mission ( ,fab]                       
,fab]1 ,ltd47                ,w9t]1 f a 
sket* by ,v]rall1 by ,r4 ,j4 ,be$ham    
,w9t]1 f a sket* by ,v]rall1 by ,r4 ,j4 

,be$ham      ,/rawb]ry ,pick+1 by       
,claire ,leighton 7,by p]mission (      
,victor ,gollancz7                      
,/rawb]ry ,pick+1 by ,claire ,leighton  
7,by p]mission ( ,victor                
,gollancz7                              
,m>*1 by ,mrs4 ,g4 ,rav]at              
,m>*1 by ,mrs4 ,g4 ,rav]at      8,miss  
,j5kyns read+ ,rasselas10 by ,joan      
,hassal4 7,by p]mission ( ,george       
,g4 ,h>rap  ,co41 ,ltd47     8,miss     
,j5kyns read+ ,rasselas10 by ,joan      
,hassall 7,by p]mission ( ,george       
,g4 ,h>rap  ,co41 ,ltd47                
,! ,cottage1 by ,rob]t ,gibb+s          
,! ,cottage1 by ,rob]t ,gibb+s          
,john ,dick9son & ,company adv]tisem5t  
,spic]s ,ltd4 adv]tisem5t