file which includes the original illustrations4 ,see #ddfjd-;h4htm or #ddfjd-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/cache_/epu b_/#ddfjd_/pg#ddfjd-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/files_/#dd fjd_/ddfjd-;h4zip7 ,images of the original pages are available through the ,digital ,library of the ,falvey ,memorial ,library1 ,villanova ,university4 ,see http3_/_/digital4library4villanova4edu_/ ,item_/vudl3#bfgfei ,transcriber's note3 ,text enclosed by underscores is in italics 7italics74 ,text enclosed by equal signs is in bold face 7bold74 ,,how ,,to ,,become ,,an ,,engineer4 ,containing ,full ,instructions ,how to ,proceed in ,order to ,become a ,locomotive ,engineer2 ,also ,directions for ,building a ,model ,locomotive2 together with a ,full ,description of ,everything an ,engineer ,should ,know4 ,profusely ,illustrated4 ,,by ,,an ,,old ,,engineer ,,on ,,the ,,new ,,york ,,central ,,railroad4 ,new ,york3 ,frank ,tousey1 ,publisher #bi ,west #bfth ,street4 ,entered according to ,act of ,congress1 in the year #ahih1 by ,frank ,tousey1 in the ,office of the ,librarian of ,congress at ,washington1 ,d4,c4 ,,contents ,,chapter ,i4 ,,historical4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,description ,,of ,,the ,,locomotive4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,how ,,to ,,become ,,an ,,engineer4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,duties ,,of ,,an ,,engineer4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,how ,,to ,,run ,a ,,train4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,how ,,to ,,build ,a ,,model ,,locomotive4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,conclusion4 ,how to ,become an ,engineer4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,historical4 ,to begin a subject properly you must begin at the beginning4 ,boys who don't like history need not read this chapter1 for in it we tell how the steam engine began1 and if it never had begun1 you know1 there would never have been any engineers1 nor any necessity for writing this book4 ,for two or three generations we have had the story of ,james ,watt told us2 how when a boy and watching his mother's tea-kettle one day he saw the steam lift the lid1 and that suggested the idea that if a little steam could lift the lid of a kettle1 a great deal would lift still heavier weights and revolutionize the world4 ,now they tell us that ,watt was not the first one to have this idea by several1 that it was first suggested by the ,marquis of ,worcester1 in his book called the ,century of ,inventions1 as a way to drive up water by fire1 ,a4 ,d4 #affc4 ,this was about a hundred years before ,watt came on deck1 but the marquis never put his idea into practice1 and ,watt did1 so to the latter the credit belongs4 ,here are a few dates3 ,watt's invention of the separate condenser1 #agfe2 ,watt's first patent1 #agfi2 ,watt's first working engine introduced into a manufactory1 #agge2 first steam engine erected in ,ireland1 #agia2 first steamboat run on the ,hudson1 #agig2 first steamboat abroad1 #ahja4 ,first regular steamboat ever run was from ,albany to ,new ,york4 ,the name of the boat was the ,north ,river1 her builder was ,robert ,fulton1 and she made the passage in #cc hours4 ,the first railroad was built in ,england1 in #ahaa4 ,the first ocean steamer was the ,savannah1 an ,american craft of #cej tons1 which sailed from ,new ,york for ,liverpool1 ,july #ae1 #ahai1 making the voyage in #bf days4 ,such were the early beginnings of steam4 ,there are three principal kinds of engineers1 locomotive1 steamboat and stationary4 ,in this little book we propose to deal mainly with the duties of a locomotive engineer4 ,if one is a good locomotive engineer he can easily learn to manage the engine of a steamboat2 and if he is skilled in either of these particulars he will have no difficulty with the biggest stationary engine ever built4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,first ,,locomotive4 ,the work of the different engineers differs only in detail1 not in kind4 ,let us now glance at the history of the steam horse1 which has done more than any other one thing to revolutionize the world4 ,be very sure that the locomotive1 with its pistons1 its spinning drive wheels1 its polished steel and shining brass1 did not come into existence all at once4 ,by no means4 ,like everything else in the way of mechanical invention that attains greatness1 the locomotive had an insignificant beginning to reach which we shall be obliged to get back somewhere about the middle of the last century1 for then it was that the desire for faster traveling than horses can furnish seems to have had its birth4 ,the first attempt at a railway seems to have been at ,colebrook ,dale1 ,england1 a spot celebrated for having the first iron bridge in the world--where a small iron road was constructed in connection with some mines2 a horse furnished the motive power here4 ,the first railroad then was without a locomotive1 and1 strangely enough the first locomotive was without a railroad on which to run4 ,the first locomotive made its appearance in ,france4 ,it was simply a huge tea kettle on wheels1 and was built by ,joseph ,cugnot at ,paris in the year #agfi4 ,it is the custom of ,english writers to ignore ,cugnot's invention1 and claim for themselves the origin of the locomotive2 but that is only a pleasant way the ,english usually have4 ,cugnot's locomotive actually existed though1 and was undoubtedly the first4 ,it was operated by means of two bronze cylinders1 into which the steam passed through a tube from the boiler--escaping through another tube4 ,the boiler was fastened on the front of the car1 which moved on three wheels--the steam acted only on the foremost wheel4 ,the speed of ,cugnot's locomotive was about three miles an hour4 ,on the first trial it ran into a building and was broken to pieces4 ,in #aghd the famous ,watt patented a steam locomotive engine in ,england1 which1 however1 never was put to use4 ,in #ahjb1 ,trevethick and ,vivian patented a locomotive1 which1 in #ahjd1 traveled at the rate of five miles an hour1 drawing behind it a load of ten tons of coal4 ,several other traveling engines1 as they were then styled1 were invented by other mechanical engineers with only moderate success1 it being reserved for ,stephenson1 in #ahaa1 to build the first locomotive that should prove of practical use4 ,about this time a man named ,thomas ,gray1 of ,nottingham1 ,england1 brought upon himself the contempt and ridicule of the whole ,english nation by pushing forward the idea of the locomotive in connection with coal mines4 ,illustration3 ,,old ,,no4 #a4 ,it is all very well to spend money on these railway schemes1 said a member of parliament about that time referring to ,gray's projects1 it will do some good to the poor1 but ,i will eat all the coals your railways will ever carry4 #abg1jjj1jjj tons were carried recently in one year1 on ,english railroads alone4 ,what a tough time this parliamentary slow coach would have had to swallow all that6 ,the first practical locomotive in the world--,stephenson's invention1 was ,old ,no4 #a1 which pulled the first regular train on the ,stockton and ,darlington ,r4 ,r4 on ,tuesday1 ,september #bg1 #ahbe4 ,old ,no4 #a cost #b1ejj to build4 ,it was a very clumsy affair2 nothing better1 in fact1 than a big boiler on four wheels1 which were moved by great levers worked by pistons from the top of the machine4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,rocket4 ,old ,no4 #a has been preserved1 and was1 in the year #ahei1 placed upon a pedestal in that ,english town of ,darlington as a public memorial of the beginning of the railway4 ,no sooner had the ,stockton and ,darlington ,r4 ,r4 proved itself a success than all ,england was in arms against it4 ,here are some of the absurd objections urged against railroads1 taken from the newspapers of the day4 ,steam horses were contrary to nature2 they were damaging to good morals and religion2 the smoke of the locomotive would obscure the sun1 and thereby ruin the crops4 ,farmyards and farmhouses would be burned by their sparks2 the clanking1 puffing locomotive would have such an effect on the mind as to drive people crazy 7this was backed up by certificates from a dozen doctors72 locomotives would cause springs to dry up and fields to become sterile2 they would create great chasms by constantly running over the same ground4 ,what twaddle6 ,yet all their objections were made in good faith1 and we have by no means selected the most absurd4 ,old ,no4 #a4 proving too clumsy1 a lighter locomotive was soon after built by ,stephenson1 called the ,rocket1 which we illustrate4 ,it won a prize of #a1ejj in #ahbi1 and is still preserved in the great locomotive works at ,newcastle-on-,tyne1 ,england4 ,the first railroad in ,america was built from the granite quarries of ,quincy1 ,mass41 to the ,neponset river1 a few miles distant4 ,peter ,cooper built one of the first ,american locomotives4 ,it ran on the ,baltimore and ,ohio ,r4 ,r41 and was called the ,tom ,thumb4 ,the boiler of the ,tom ,thumb was built of gun barrels and shaped like a huge bottle standing upright upon a simple platform car4 ,such was the beginning of the locomotive4 ,in ,great ,britain alone over #fjj1jjj1jjj people are annually drawn by locomotives4 ,add to these figures1 which represent only a small island1 the persons drawn by locomotives in ,america1 ,europe1 and other parts of the world1 and the number becomes stupendous almost beyond belief4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,description ,,of ,,the ,,locomotive4 ,in order to become an engineer1 the first thing necessary is to gain a thorough understanding of the peculiarly complicated machine which it is the duty of engineers to control4 ,this is of the highest importance1 and a careful study of this chapter and the diagrams accompanying it will be of great assistance to anybody who contemplates becoming an engineer4 ,there are locomotives and locomotives1 all built on the same general plan1 but varying in details according to the ideas of their builders1 and the class of work which they are expected to perform4 ,illustration3 ,,an ,,american ,,locomotive ,,with ,,two ,,driving ,,wheels4 ,thus for elevated roads and short surface lines1 devoted principally to passenger travel1 locomotives of light capacity are employed2 costing less at the start1 and being less expensive to run4 ,illustration3 ,,american ,,locomotive ,,with ,,four ,,driving ,,wheels4 ,the dummy is even a grade below these1 being practically a stationary engine set on a car with driving wheels attached4 ,illustration3 ,,outside ,,view ,,of ,,locomotive4 ,illustration3 ,,inside ,,view ,,of ,,locomotive4 ,in ,america our locomotives are built with long boilers and have a general trim appearance4 ,some have two driving wheels1 others1 still longer1 have four4 ,we illustrate both of them4 ,english locomotives present a clumsy appearance alongside the ,american4 ,for us to attempt to decide which is the best1 would be the height of presumption4 ,certain it is1 however1 that ,english locomotives do run at a greater average speed than those in the ,united ,states4 ,we will now proceed to describe by tabular arrangement1 an ,english locomotive4 ,this description will practically describe the ,american locomotive as well4 ,we cannot enter into a detailed description of both for want of space1 and select therefore the machine which has attained to the highest speed4 ,we will first look at the outside of the locomotive4 #a1 #b1 #c1 ,barrel of ,boiler4 #f1 ,smoke-box4 #bb1 ,smoke ,stack4 #cb1 ,spring balance4 #cc1 ,whistle4 #cd1 ,dome4 #fd1 ,exhaust pipe4 #gj1 ,cab4 #he1 ,brake blocks4 #hg1 ,life guards4 #hh1 ,trailing axle and wheel4 #ei1 ,heading axle and wheel4 #ed1 ,driving axle4 ,o1 ,speed indicator4 ,p1 ,splasher4 ,s1 ,sand-box4 ,t1 ,tool-box4 ,v1 ,safety valve4 ,w1 ,balance-wheel4 ,let us now take an inside view of the locomotive4 ,compare the numbers carefully with the cut1 and take time to think what you are doing1 otherwise don't read this part at all4 #a1 #b1 #c1 ,rings arranged telescopically1 forming barrel of boiler4 #d1 ,solid angle-iron ring4 #e1 ,tube plate4 #f1 ,smoke box4 #g1 ,shell1 or covering plate4 #h1 ,foundation ring4 #i1 ,throat plate4 #aj1 ,back plate4 #aa1 ,fire door4 #ab1 ,covering plate of inside fire-box4 #ac1 ,tube plate4 #ad1 ,back plate4 #ae1 ,stays4 #af1 ,mouth-piece4 #ag1 ,stays from inside fire-box to shell plate4 #ah1 ,palm stays4 #ai1 ,tubes4 #bj1 ,smoke-box door4 #ba1 ,pinching screw4 #bb1 ,chimney4 #bc1 ,chimney cap4 #bd1 ,blast pipe4 #be1 ,top of blast pipe4 #bf1 ,balance weight4 #bg1 ,wheel spokes4 #bh1 ,front buffer4 #bi1 ,mud plug4 #cj1 ,safety valve4 #ca1 ,safety lever4 #cb1 ,spring balance4 #cc1 ,whistle4 #cd1 ,dome4 #ce1 ,regulator4 #cf1 ,steam pipes4 #cg1 ,elbow pipe4 #ch1 ,brick arch4 #ci1 ,fire bars4 #dj1 ,ash pan4 #da1 ,front damper4 #db1 ,back damper4 #dc1 ,frame plate4 #dd1 ,iron buffer beam 7front74 #de1 ,iron buffer beam 7back74 #df1 7,see half width plan7 cylinder4 #dg1 ,cylinder posts1 valve4 #dh1 ,valve chest4 #di1 ,steel motion plate4 #ej1 ,horn blocks4 #ea1 ,axle boxes4 #eb1 ,slide bars4 #ec1 ,connecting rod4 #ed1 ,crank shaft4 #ee1 ,crank shaft1 big end of4 #ef1 ,crank shaft1 arm of4 #eg1 ,expansion link4 #eh1 ,weigh-bar shaft4 #ei1 ,valve spindle4 #fj1 ,valve rod guide4 7,see half width plan74 #fa1 ,pump4 #fb1 ,delivery pipe4 #fc1 ,field pipe4 #fd1 ,exhaust pipe4 #fe1 ,volute spring4 #ff1 ,draw-bar hook4 #fg1 ,lamp iron4 #fh1 ,oil cup4 #fi1 ,oil pipes4 #gj1 ,cab4 #ga1 ,regulator handle4 #gb1 ,reversing lever4 #gc1 ,draw-bar4 #gd1 ,draw-pin4 #ge1 ,steam-brake cylinder4 #gf1 ,hand-brake4 #gg1 ,sand-rod4 #gh1 ,front damper4 #gi1 ,back damper4 #hj1 ,trailing wheel4 #ha1 ,driving wheel4 #hb1 ,leading wheel4 #hc1 ,spring4 #hd1 ,hand rail4 #he1 ,brake blocks4 #hf1 ,waste water-cocks4 #hg1 ,life guard4 #hh1 ,railing axle4 #hi1 ,leading axle4 ,z1 ,lead plug4 #dc1 ,frame plate from end to end of engine4 #dd1 ,iron buffer-beam4 #df1 ,cylinders4 #ej1 ,horn block1 to carry axle-box and brass4 #ea1 ,axle-box and brass4 #eb1 ,slide bars4 #ec1 ,connecting-rod4 #ed1 ,driving axle4 #ee1 ,big end of driving axle4 #ef1 ,arm of driving axle4 #ei1 ,valve-spindle4 #fj1 ,valve-rod guide4 #fa1 ,pump4 #gf1 ,hand brake4 #he1 ,brake blocks4 #hh1 ,trailing axle4 #hi1 ,leading axle4 #ij1 ,piston rod4 #ia1 ,piston head1 held on the rod by a brass nut4 #ib1 ,backway eccentric rod4 #ic1 ,frontway eccentric rod4 #id1 ,eccentric ,straps4 #ie1 ,eccentric sheaves4 #if1 ,tire4 #ig1 ,lip on tire4 #ih1 ,brake irons4 #ii1 ,foot plating4 #ajj1 ,transverse stay4 ,a1 ,water space between inside and outside fire boxes4 ,b1 ,slide-block with end of pump-ram screwed into the end4 ,c1 ,link motion 7see #eg1 inside view74 ,d1 ,slide valve rod1 working guide4 ,h1 ,inside journal1 showing how the axle is supported inside of frame plates4 ,i1 ,cross-head1 solid1 with piston rod4 ,illustration3 ,,underneath ,,the ,,locomotive--,,half ,,width ,,plan4 #ae1 stays in walls of fire-boxes4 #ah1 stays from crown plate to covering plate4 #ai1 tubes4 #bc1 smoke-stack4 #dj1 ash-pan4 #ed1 crank shaft4 #ee1 big end of crank-shaft4 #ef1 arm of big end4 #cd1 dome4 ,illustration3 ,,in ,,front ,,of ,,the ,,locomotive ,,cross-,,section4 ,a1 water space4 ,f1 nave of wheel4 ,p1 ,p1 splashers over driving wheels4 ,r1 right side of engine4 ,l1 left side of engine4 #ge1 steam brake handle4 #cc1 whistle handle4 #bc1 smoke stack4 ,k1 ,k1 weather glasses4 ,o1 speed indicator4 ,e1 conductor's bell4 ,n1 oil for cylinder4 ,x1 blower handle4 ,r1 right side of engine4 ,l1 left side of engine4 ,m1 ,m1 gauge glasses4 ,,some ,,points ,,about ,,the ,,locomotive4 ,here are a few interesting points about this particular locomotive which we have just been describing4 ,it is a single engine on six wheels--which are well distributed1 with a large boiler of abundant steam generating power with cylinders of great capacity1 and driving wheels of moderate diameter4 ,it is accompanied by a tender on six wheels1 capable of holding a supply of #b1ebj gallons of water1 and #dj cwt4 of coal4 ,notwithstanding its great capacity1 this tender is so low that a tall man may stand on top of the coal without fear of being knocked down by bridges4 ,there are over #dg tons of metal in the locomotive and tender4 ,when they are in full working order the gross weight with water and fuel amounts to #ei tons4 ,this locomotive drew its first train #hg miles in #a hour and #ej minutes4 ,,differences ,,in ,,locomotives4 ,it is an old saying and a true one that no two locomotives are ever alike1 any more than two men are ever alike4 ,the difference is due not so much to the materials of which the locomotive is built as to the method in which they are put together1 for no two engines were ever put together geometrically alike4 ,they may differ in some simple matter4 ,it may be in the casting of the cylinders1 in the quality of the copper of the fire box1 in the valves or in the smoke stack4 ,whatever the difference may be there is still always a difference which is bound to affect the running qualities either for better or for worse4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,how ,,to ,,become ,,an ,,engineer4 ,the boy who aims to become an engineer1 if he desires success1 must make up his mind to two things4 ,first1 that he will1 all his life1 have plenty of hard work4 ,second1 that he will1 in spite of all obstacles become a good engineer4 ,a boy who looks forward to the honorable calling should be of robust health and perfect physically4 ,if these conditions do not exist1 he should abandon the thought at once1 and turn his attention to something else4 ,there is no royal road to engineering any more than there is to any other honorable calling4 ,a position must first be obtained in the round house as general helper4 ,for a time the candidate must content himself with doing chores1 cleaning up and any odd jobs which are given him to do4 ,at this stage of the game he must cultivate habits of observation1 be an attentive listener and try to understand and remember the engine talk1 that is going on about him4 ,everything he learns in this way is going to be of service later on4 ,for the first few months1 unless he is fortunate enough to gain favor in the eyes of some obliging engineer1 no one is going to stop to explain matters and he need not expect it4 ,nevertheless there are a thousand and one little things that he can pick up if he is shrewd1 all of which will come in play later on4 ,when the locomotive is taken out watch how they do it4 ,when it comes in keep your eyes open for points1 and you will be sure to get them4 ,when it breaks down and comes in for repairs then is the very time of all others to be on hand if you can and watch how they fix it4 ,every day will bring its own information--the boy's work is to watch and remember1 but he must not ask too many questions1 and never any at improper times1 unless he desires the ill-will of everybody in the yard4 ,by and bye he will be made an oiler1 put to cleaning the big iron horse and other work of similar sort4 ,after a time he will slip into a fireman's job1 and then he must understand that his chance has come4 ,now all depends upon himself4 ,make friends with your engineer while you are acting as fireman1 and learn from him all you can4 ,the way to make friends is to be industrious1 obliging and always courteous1 no matter how tired you are or how badly things seem to go4 ,the troubles and disappointments of one day should not be brought down to the next4 ,let every day be a new beginning in itself4 ,don't drink4 ,don't swear4 ,don't lose your temper and flare out under reproof4 ,don't shirk your work and try to do as little us you can4 ,illustration3 ,,behind ,,the ,,locomotive--,,looking ,,in ,,from ,,the ,,cab4 ,don't say to yourself so and so ain't my work and ,i ain't going to do it4 ,do whatever your hands find to do and do it with all your might4 ,a model engineer is distinguished by the fullness of his knowledge of the engine1 and this must be learned while you are a fireman--not after you become an engineer4 ,he should love his work--the locomotive should be his hobby--and whatever contributes to enlarge his stock of information concerning it should contribute to his happiness4 ,unless he can feel that way1 he should promptly step out of the cab and turn his attention to some other business1 for he can never hope to make a good engineer4 ,on the engine is the only place where one can learn to be an engineer4 ,during the time the engine is under steam with a train1 everything seen1 heard1 felt and smelt is capable of affording a lesson4 ,on the engine the eye is trained to distinguish different colors at considerable distances4 ,if one is color-blind he cannot be a good engineer4 ,on the engine the ear learns to detect the slightest variation in the beats and knocks about the machinery--to distinguish the difference between the knock of an axle box and the knock of a journal4 ,on the engine the body learns to distinguish the shocks1 oscillations1 etc41 which are due to a defective road from those which arise from a defective engine4 ,the olfactory nerves became very sensitive so as to detect the generation of heat from friction before any mischief is done4 ,it is only while an engine is in steam and going at good speed that the rocks1 coral-reefs and sand-banks on railways can be seen and learned1 and the value of and the rank acquired by an engineer are in exact proportion to the pains he takes to find them out1 and to remark their dangerous position on his chart4 ,a model engineer can tell you all about any particular engine he happens to see merely by glancing at it4 ,he will be able to say this was built by so and so4 ,i know it by this crank1 that piston4 ,look here1 he says1 that rod was built when ,i was a boy1 it's all out of date now1 consequently the engine must have been built in such a year4 ,in short the model engineer should be familiar with the history of locomotive engines from ,old ,no4 #a down to date4 ,the model engineer is always a good fireman4 ,a man may be a first-rate mechanic1 he may have worked at the best class of machinery1 he may have built engines and have read all the published books on the locomotive1 and yet1 if he is not a good hand at the coal shovel1 he will never be a first-class engineer4 ,a good fireman knows when to put on coal1 how and where and just how much4 ,a man may be the best mechanic the world ever saw and know nothing of these things which are the very all essentials of a good engineer4 ,a model engineer is clean himself1 and his engine is cleaner4 ,cleanliness is said to be next to godliness4 ,upon a railroad it may with truth be said that cleanliness is next below the highest talent and next above the length of service4 ,a clean engineer frequently scales the ladder of progress much faster than a dirty one1 although the latter may have everything else in his favor4 ,a model engineer runs the most important trains1 and he is never the man who wore the greasy1 dirty cap or the coat and trousers all smeared with oil4 ,what is the secret of constant successful engine driving8 ,not length of service1 not because a man has served so many years on freight trains and so many more on passenger trains1 for the best engineers are ever those who have been promoted over the heads of others for their smartness4 ,promotion according to merit should be the invariable rule on railroads4 ,seniority should have nothing to do with it4 ,the position is too important1 there are too many lives at stake1 too much money involved to make it right or proper to push one man forward beyond another simply because of the length of his service4 ,that sort of thing is all right for ordinary business1 but for engine driving it won't do4 ,merit tells4 ,to the best engineer belong the best trains4 ,chance never built an engine1 and it should have nothing to do with running it4 ,yet the opposite way of doing things is the general rule4 ,engineer ,a retires1 dies or is killed1 and ,engineer ,b is promoted because he happens to be next on the list4 ,he may be a dull1 stupid fellow1 and ,engineer ,c as bright as a dollar1 but in the chance death of ,a1 ,b gets the prize1 and everybody that has any interest in the successful running of his train becomes the loser thereby4 ,engine driving1 to be good1 must be based upon rules and principles4 ,he who strictly observes them wins2 he who don't1 loses4 ,with the latter all is uncertainty2 the hand trembles upon the regulator1 the eye watches with painful anxiety the needle of the pressure gauge1 and gazes into the fire to find out its deficiencies1 but gains nothing but blindness by the attempt4 ,with the engineer who has a reason for every act performed1 either by himself or his fireman1 all is different4 ,he works by rules and principles that have proved themselves a thousand times over to be safe1 practical and certain in their results4 ,sound rules and principles are absolutely sure in the effects of their application--not right to-day and wrong to-morrow2 not right in a short trip and all astray on a long one2 not right on one particular engine and wrong on another2 not right on the first part of the run and wrong at the end2 not right with one kind of coal and wrong with another1 but always right1 every time4 ,under the guidance of sound rules and principles1 the mind of the driver is full1 and he is enabled1 under all circumstances1 to handle the regulator with confidence1 to travel with a boiler full of steam1 and to finish with success4 ,in a word1 these are rules and principles which lead up to and make the success of an engineer4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,duties ,,of ,,an ,,engineer4 ,let us now consider in detail some of the more important duties of an engineer4 ,,the ,,notice ,,board4 ,before going to his engine an engineer should1 for his own safety1 as well as that of the public1 visit the special and general notice boards and post himself fully upon the running of the trains for the day4 ,by neglecting this more than one engineer has lost his life4 ,an anecdote bearing on this is related on good authority1 as follows3 ,by incessant rain a river had become so swollen that1 owing to the rush of water1 the spiles of a wooden railway bridge became shifted4 ,the bridge was inspected1 and one side of it pronounced to be dangerous4 ,arrangements were made to use only one track until repairs could be made1 and notice of such arrangements posted in the round-house4 ,the engineer neglected to visit the notice board1 ran his train past the man appointed to pilot him over the break1 got his train off the track1 and was killed4 ,after the engineer has read the notices and made himself thoroughly acquainted with them1 he may proceed to his engine--not before4 ,,inspection ,,of ,,the ,,engine4 ,when on the foot plate the first thing an engineer wants to do is to inspect his engine in every part4 ,begin with the water in the gauge glass and ascertain its level and find out whether it correctly indicates the height of the water in the boiler by opening the lower cock in the usual manner4 ,satisfied that the boiler is safe1 the engineer must assume the responsibility of looking after it1 for should anything prove wrong afterward1 he alone can be called to account4 ,he should also observe what pressure of steam there is in the boiler1 what is the condition of the fire1 how much coal there is in the tender and its quality1 and lastly that the water supply is all right4 ,if the inspection is made properly all will go well2 if in a half-hearted1 slip-shod fashion trouble is sure to follow4 ,,inspection ,,of ,,an ,,engine ,,over ,a ,,pit4 ,it is a good and a safe rule to examine an engine over a pit before starting out4 ,when this is done properly and regularly1 the habit is unmistakably the mark of a good engineer4 ,that an engine may be properly examined over a pit1 it is necessary that it should be placed in such a position that every part of it may be seen and inspected without having the machinery moved4 ,the examination1 to be complete1 should be commenced at one specified point1 and continued all around the engine1 until the engineer returns to the place where he began4 ,in general1 the only tools needed are wrenches4 ,the inspection should begin at the trailing engine axle1 on the engineer's side1 and the best rule is to examine everything1 not forgetting the fact that more engines break down in consequence of bolts and split pins working out than from any other cause4 ,after the engineer's side has been properly examined1 the under side of the engine next claims attention4 ,the engineer should begin at the crank shaft1 taking his stand1 where it is possible to do so1 between the shaft and the fire box1 while he is testing the bolts and rivets connected with it4 ,,big ,,ends4 ,big ,ends require to be fitted brass and brass1 to work well1 and to be well-cottered or bolted up1 but with sufficient slackness on the crank bearing to allow of their being easily moved sideways by hand1 so that a little room may be left for the expansion of the journal by heat4 ,big ,end brasses do best1 wear longest1 and knock least1 when tightened up a little at a time and often1 instead of being allowed to run until they thump alarmingly4 ,with proper attention they seldom run hot4 ,,little ,,ends4 ,little ,ends need scarcely any supervision excepting what is required from the oiler1 provided they are fitted with steel bushes4 ,those fitted with brasses require the same attention as ,big ,ends4 ,,eccentrics4 ,when the eccentrics are being examined particular attention should be paid to the bolts1 nuts1 safety-cotters and set-pins4 ,the bolts which hold the two halves of each eccentric strap together should always nip tightly1 as any slackness always affects the engine's speed4 ,inspect carefully also the inside springs and axle boxes1 specially the latter4 ,see that the fireman oils them2 if he does not1 you are to blame4 ,the ash-pan1 piston rod1 smoke box1 etc41 all need to be looked at with care1 for to run right the engine must start right1 and this brings us to the most important thing of all--the condition of the fire before leaving the round house1 for there is no other one thing on which an engineer's good name1 success and future prospects depend so much as on the condition of the fire at the beginning of the day's work4 ,if the fire is not properly lighted at the start1 no matter how good the engine or how smart the engineer1 constant trouble during the trip1 to say nothing of an increased consumption of coal which is bound to tell against him1 will be the result4 ,don't get to your work late1 and don't allow your fireman to be late4 ,if the fire is to be properly built he has got to take time to it4 ,fires thrown together in a hurry always turn out bad4 ,,duties ,,of ,a ,,fireman4 ,as the model engineer must first have served as fireman1 let us say a word on that score4 ,before a fireman can serve on a passenger train1 he should have served awhile as freight brakeman1 or in the yard shifting cars4 ,before going on an express train1 he must have run on slow trains as fireman4 ,all this is necessary that he may acquire a knowledge of the petty details of his work4 ,a superintendent who puts a green hand at firing certainly exhibits a great want of good judgment1 to say the least1 and just this has often been the cause of serious accidents and loss of life4 ,here are a few things that a man must know before he can become an engineer3 #a4 ,how to make up a proper fire in a locomotive fire-box4 #b4 ,how to handle the shovel when the engine is running4 #c4 ,how to learn roads and signals4 #d4 ,how to calculate the effect of the weather on the rails4 #e4 ,how to manage an engine and train on varying grades4 #f4 ,how to have full control of an engine and train at full speed4 #g4 ,how to work the steam expansively and yet keep time4 #h4 ,how to regulate the water supply4 #i4 ,how to read the gauges at a glance and understand just what they mean4 ,now all these things have got to be learned while a fireman1 for unless you know them you can never become an engineer4 ,some engineers will give no instructions4 ,they demand certain results1 and if the fireman don't do just what they expect because he does not understand what is wanted1 they call him a fool1 snatch the shovel out of his hand and do the work themselves4 ,it is the engineer who is the fool in this case1 and doubly so if he loses his temper and swears4 ,certainly it is very hard for a sensitive young man to learn of such a master1 but after all it is good discipline4 ,never mind if you are sworn at and dubbed an idiot4 ,no matter if you do choke a few fires and stop a few trains4 ,persevere6 ,keep your temper1 watch how the engineer does it and try to do the same yourself next time4 ,show him that you are not the idiot he has called you1 prove that you are no fool by your patience and perseverance--qualities1 like enough1 which he himself does not possess4 ,a first class engineer1 however1 will show a new fireman just what he wants done and how to do it4 ,here are a few lines from an excellent manual on engineering1 describing the conduct of a good engineer to his fireman4 ,read them with care3 ,with good engineers an awkward fireman soon changes his habits and appearance--he gets the knots dressed off of him1 as it were4 ,has he been taught to come on duty dirty and late8 ,he is sharply reproved1 and very properly too4 ,does he throw the fire irons down anywhere after using them8 ,he is told there is a place for everything in that engine4 ,is he dirty about his work8 ,he is shown how to handle the shovel1 oil feeder and everything else without blackening himself to such a degree that a boy in the street mistakes him for a chimney sweep4 ,thanks to such engineers1 who deserve much praise for keeping their firemen in proper training1 for1 just as they are trained so will they turn out engineers1 good or bad4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,how ,,to ,,run ,a ,,train4 ,a good engineer works his engine with direct reference to the number of cars he has to pull4 ,it would seem as though any fool might know this1 yet instances are on record where careless engineers have actually pulled out of a station without their trains1 and never discovered that they were missing until they had occasion to whistle for brakes4 ,,starting4 ,in starting the regulator should be opened gently1 especially with a full boiler4 ,care is necessary when starting to keep the cylinders and valves clear of water4 ,half a pint of water will wash the faces of the cylinders and valves4 ,slip or no slip1 it is better to use a little sand than to incur the risk of slipping when the rails are inclined to be slippery4 ,when the engine begins to feel its load the regulator can be opened more4 ,a few clear1 sonorous puffs at the start do good2 they rouse the fire into action at once--there is no hesitation in the matter4 ,they also clear the tubes of loose cinders and soot left in them after being swept out4 ,when you are well under way pull the lever up a notch or two at a time until you get it just where you want it4 ,don't jerk it too far1 then let it out too much and have to pull it back4 ,feel your way as you go1 and time and trouble will be saved4 ,nothing looks so bad as to see an engineer suddenly close the regulator1 pull the lever very nearly out of gear and smack the steam on again4 ,the force with which the steam may strike the piston under such circumstances is very great and often may do damage4 ,to an attentive engineer the start is full of interest2 for1 although he may have made a careful and thorough examination of his engine before joining his train1 he cannot feel satisfied that all is right until the full pressure of the steam is on the piston and the engine feels its load4 ,,steam ,,blowing4 ,now the engineer must begin to use his ears and eyes4 ,as the train moves on he listens4 ,is the steam blowing8 ,it is4 ,which side8 ,this is the way to find out4 ,suppose a blow is heard at each turn and only when the outside crank is nearly in a straight line with the piston rod looking from the left-hand side of the foot-plate and with the outside cranks on the same center line and on the same side of the axle as the inside crank4 ,then it would be discovered that a piston is blowing because the sound is intermittent1 for the blowing through of a valve would be a continuous leaking4 ,further it would be certain that the defect was not in the left hand cylinder1 there being no steam in it when the cranks were in the position above described1 and therefore we must look to the right hand cylinder where the full pressure of steam must be on the piston4 ,,beats ,,of ,,the ,,engine4 ,there are four beats for one revolution of the driving wheel or the crank axle4 ,these beats tell you in emphatic language whether the engine is running right1 or whether there is something out of gear4 ,learn what they mean and never let your attention be drawn from them4 ,if the beats weaken--any one of them--it means trouble4 ,taken in time the difficulty may be easily remedied1 allowed to pass unnoticed1 death and disaster may result4 ,,keeping ,,up ,,steam4 ,it is scarcely necessary to state that to properly run your engine steam must be kept up4 ,when the engine has got the train up to speed1 steam should begin to issue from the safety valves4 ,when it does not do so there has not been a full boiler1 as there always should be at the start and the fireman must be made to understand how to make a starting fire in proper shape4 ,on short runs this does not matter so much1 but on express trains it is of the highest importance4 ,on long runs if the engine is not instantly up to the mark at the start1 and if the feeds must be held off to allow the fire and the engine a chance of recovery1 the consequences are that the water in the boiler gets lower and less1 and the uncertainty of ever getting the water up again becomes greater every minute1 especially with a heavy train and against a strong side wind4 ,,management ,,of ,,fires4 ,of course the state of the steam depends altogether upon the way the fires are managed1 but for us to give directions how to manage a locomotive fire-box to the best advantage would require pages of description which could scarcely be understood unless one had had previous practical experience4 ,remember one thing1 the engineer is responsible for the fire1 even if he does not make it4 ,he must therefore know when a fire is good and when it is bad1 why and what to do4 ,we shall1 however1 describe two styles of fire1 the thoroughly bad and the thoroughly good4 ,all intermediate grades every man must learn for himself4 ,,how ,,to ,,build ,a ,,bad ,,fire4 ,pile your coal up in the shape of a cone1 by shoveling all the coal into the middle of the fire box1 and putting as little on the sides as you possibly can4 ,such a fire possesses the following characteristics3 ,uncertainty as regards steam making1 positive certainty as regards the destruction of fire boxes and tubes4 ,it generally draws air at the walls of the fire-box1 and in consequence1 the fire-irons are always in the fire1 knocking it about and wasting the fuel4 ,as such fires are found in the center of the grate1 they weigh down the bars and burn them out in the middle in short order4 ,lastly1 the cold air being admitted into the fire-box up the sides instead of in the middle1 comes in direct contact with the heated plates and stays1 doing them a great deal of damage by causing contraction and expansion4 ,take the best engine ever built and let an engineer run it awhile with these haycock fires1 as they are called--and many do it--you will be sure to find the boiler subject to sudden leakage1 either in the joints of the plates or in the stays1 the tubes1 or the foundation ring4 ,such engines are always in the repair shop1 and because of bad firing and nothing else4 ,,how ,,to ,,build ,a ,,good ,,fire4 ,the good locomotive fire should maintain steam under all circumstances of load or weather1 should consume its own smoke1 should burn up every particle of good matter in the coal1 or1 in other words1 capable of being worked to the highest point of economy4 ,such a fire requires to be made at the beginning1 and maintained in a form almost resembling the inside of a saucer1 shallow and concave1 with its thinnest part in the center4 ,a fire like this will make steam when other fires will make none4 ,it is the only style of fire that should be permitted by a good engineer4 ,,firing4 ,to fire properly the fireman should stand in such a position as to be able to reach the coals in the tender easily1 and to work the shovel without shifting his feet1 except when he turns slightly on his heels1 first1 toward the coal1 and then toward the fire hole4 ,if a fireman1 in the act of firing1 lifts his feet off the foot plate1 he will roll about1 and the firing will be improperly done1 in consequence of the coal being knocked off the shovel by the latter catching against the fire hole ring or depletion plate4 ,don't jam the shovel into the fire-box--stop it dead at the fire-hole ring4 ,give the coals a fling1 discharging them like shot right into their intended destination4 ,don't jam your shovel into the coal and load it down as much as possible4 ,a few lumps of coal lying nicely on the body of the shovel can be handled better4 ,the shovel should not be pushed into the coal by the knees1 but should be worked only by the muscles of the arm4 ,throw the first shovelful of coal into the left hand front corner1 the second shovelful in the right hand front corner1 the third shovelful in the right hand back corner1 the fourth shovelful in the left hand back corner1 the fifth shovelful under the brick arch1 close to the tube plate2 the sixth and last shovelful under the door4 ,to land this one properly the shovel must enter the fire-box and should be turned over sharp to prevent the coals falling in the center of the grate or the fire4 ,now comes the question when to fire4 ,to fire properly1 with the greatest effect in saving fuel1 it should be done as soon as the steam begins to lift the valves1 when by opening the fire-door and putting on a small quantity of coal the steam is checked sufficiently to prevent its being wasted by blowing off4 ,some engineers have an idea that unless the steam blows off furiously they have not done their duty by the engine4 ,a big mistake this4 ,when steam1 water and fuel are being thrown away through the safety valves1 it is a positive proof of the existence of either one or the other of the following evils3 ,either the engine is too small for its work or too great for its man1 and both the engine and the man would do better on short runs2 the former until it could be doctored1 or the latter until he had learned to bottle his noise4 ,the intervals between the rounds of firing1 which should consist of six shovelfuls only each time the door is opened1 is in every case regulated by the weight of the train or load1 the state of the weather and the time allowed for running the trip1 together with the quality of coal4 ,the greatest possible mistake on an engine is putting on too much coal4 ,the fire is choked1 clinkers are formed1 the temperature of the boiler is reduced1 contraction and expansion sets in and leaks are formed--in a word everything goes wrong4 ,the secret of good firing is to fire frequently1 a little at a time4 ,,feeding4 ,having discussed fire1 let us now consider the other element upon which the locomotive lives--water4 ,the maintainance of steam in proper shape requires a knowledge of how and when to feed4 ,the aim in feeding should be to regulate1 as nearly as possible1 the supply to the demand--just sufficient to keep the water at a proper level in the glass4 ,this keeps up an even temperature in the boiler plates1 tubes and fire-box1 and this has much to do with the service of an engine4 ,many engineers always work their feed in the precise way to get the worst results4 ,as soon as the boiler is full of steam and blowing off they turn on the pump full and keep it on until the steam is from #cj to #ej pounds below the maximum pressure before turning it off4 ,this method is the very worst possible4 ,what is wanted is a constant moderate supply of water1 keeping the pressure as nearly even as possible4 ,nothing can beat this4 ,when injectors are used one of them should be screwed down so that it will act moderately like a pump4 ,this will save the water which is usually lost in turning injector on and off4 ,,on ,,the ,,foot-,,plate4 ,when the train is under full headway the engineer should stand in his proper place on the foot-plate so as to be able to command the regulator and reversing valve at an instant's notice4 ,especially is this necessary at night1 when the engineer's attention should always be on his engine1 listening constantly to its beats to detect any irregularity which may arise from some defect in the machinery1 frequently casting his eyes on the pressure gauge1 and on the level of the water in the gauge glass4 ,when the fireman puts on coal1 the engineer should look round occasionally1 to be sure that he is doing it right1 placing the coal next to the walls of the fire-box1 and not piling them in a heap in the middle4 ,when the rails are slippery1 great care is required to prevent the engine from slipping1 by closing the regulator in time4 ,when about to enter a tunnel1 the sand valves should be opened1 and the sand allowed to flow freely until the train emerges from the tunnel--sand is cheaper than steam4 ,never forget that lives and property depend upon the faithful performance of your work4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,how ,,to ,,build ,a ,,model ,,locomotive4 ,as a preparatory step toward becoming an engineer1 it is highly desirable for the boy who looks forward to that honorable calling to familiarize himself with the different parts of the locomotive engine4 ,this we have stated before4 ,there is no better way to accomplish it than to build a model locomotive4 ,at first glance this may seem to be among the things impossible1 but it is not so1 providing the boy has a mechanical turn1 and any boy who has not better not think of becoming an engineer4 ,we now propose to give simple and accurate directions for building a model locomotive1 accompanying the same with a series of illustrations1 which we trust will be sufficient for the purpose intended4 ,before beginning we have one word of caution to offer4 ,don't do your work in a hurry4 ,don't calculate on the length of time it is going to take you to do it4 ,make up your mind to understand each detail before you begin1 and to work slowly and carefully4 ,if you remember this you will probably be able to build your locomotive4 ,if you forget it you certainly will fail4 ,,how ,,to ,,begin4 ,first of all in building a model locomotive1 as in every other class of engineering work1 it is necessary to get the measurements correct in spacing out the different parts to be joined together2 and do not think that because it is only a model you are making that any off-hand way will do1 because you will find before the engine is half finished that great accuracy is necessary if you wish your model to work4 ,a slight mistake in the measurements of a large engine will cause so much friction as to take half its power to overcome4 ,the same mistake with your model will stop it entirely4 ,in soldering be careful to get the metal thoroughly heated4 ,you will then get a firm joint--otherwise not4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,in giving these directions we assume that the boy who will undertake to follow them is accustomed to the use of tools to some extent4 ,if not1 he will have to learn as he advances by repeated experiments4 ,try your experiments on something else4 ,in soldering1 for instance1 solder pieces of brass together until you learn to make a joint4 ,don't try your experiments on your model1 or you will grow discouraged before you are half through4 ,a word more about soldering4 ,do not touch the metal with the soldering-iron and then take it away4 ,you might be able to solder in that way but the joint would not hold1 but fall apart at the first pressure or slight blow4 ,soldering on the best work should be used very seldom1 and all the fastenings should be either done by riveting1 screwing or brazing1 and it is hardly necessary to remark that no part of a boiler should be soldered which comes in contact with the flame of the lamp or furnace4 ,brazing had better not be attempted by any boy who has not been practically taught the art1 unless it be on small joints4 ,to braze the seams of a model boiler would require a forge fire1 or a very powerful gas blast--too expensive for the amateur4 ,small things such as a broken slide valve1 rod1 etc41 can be brazed by using a gas blowpipe4 ,this will cost but little to make1 and as it will be useful1 we explain4 ,see ,fig4 #a4 ,to make a blowpipe such as is pictured in ,fig4 #a1 first get a small piece of brass tube1 ,a1 of about half an inch diameter1 and #e inches long4 ,drill a hole at #b inches from one end1 and insert a piece of gas pipe1 ,b1 soldering it in place4 ,now take a glass tube a quarter of an inch in diameter and #g inches long1 hold one end in a gas flame1 and when red-hot draw it out to a fine point1 then file round and break off the tip1 leaving a small hole4 ,now take a sound cork and squeeze it into the tube ,a as at ,c1 drill a quarter inch hole through its center1 insert the glass tube ,d1 and the blow pipe is finished4 ,to use it you connect the pipe ,b with a gas bracket by means of a rubber tube1 and attach the glass tube ,d to a pair of bellows by means of another piece of rubber tubing4 ,the bellows should have an air-bag attached4 ,otherwise you will have a jerky1 uncertain flame4 ,when you want to braze any article1 bind the parts together with some very fine brass wire and cover with a little powdered borax and water2 then lay the article on a piece of charcoal1 and if it is necessary to preserve the temper of the steel you are about brazing1 cut a potato in half and push each end of the steel rod into the halves1 which will keep the temperature from getting too high4 ,then turn on the gas and start your blow pipe1 at the same time working the bellows with your foot1 and by either pushing in the glass tube ,d1 or drawing it slightly out1 you can regulate the shape of the flame as required4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,now bring the flame to bear on the joint you wish to braze1 having first supplied plenty of borax4 ,soon you will find the brass wire melting and running into the joint like water4 ,it must then be neatly filled up and the joint will be scarcely visible4 ,here are a few tools which will be useful to you in this work4 ,a center punch1 or steel spike for mashing metal for drilling1 etc41 and a small riveting hammer4 ,three or four files of different degrees of fineness1 a screw plate and taps1 a small hand-drill with a set of drills to fit and a good firm vise4 ,a lathe is of course desirable4 ,curves for bending metal you can easily make from pieces of bar-iron1 holding them in the vise while working on them4 ,when you have your tools ready get the material for your model4 ,several sheets of brass and copper1 the castings and various sized screws and bolts are what will be required4 ,all being thus prepared the time has arrived to take the ,,first ,,step4 ,the first step toward building a model locomotive is to be posted on the action of steam in the cylinder4 ,go to encyclopedia and read up on that point4 ,if you have no encyclopedia go and look one up in some library4 ,you can't build your engine until you understand this4 ,next draw an accurate plan of your model4 ,figure #b is the idea4 ,it is a side view of our locomotive4 ,let us describe4 ,a4 ,boiler4 ,b4 ,smoke-stack4 ,c4 ,screwhead1 to fill boiler with water4 ,d4 ,steam chest with safety valve attached on top4 ,e4 ,whistle4 ,f4 ,steam tap to start the engine with4 ,h4 ,h4 ,leading and trailing wheels4 ,i4 ,driving wheel4 ,k4 ,cylinders4 ,l4 ,frame4 ,m4 ,buffers4 ,n4 ,set thumbscrew to fasten on the tender4 ,o4 ,the lamp4 ,p4 ,tap1 used to ascertain the quantity of water in the boiler4 ,r4 ,s4 ,hand rail4 ,to all locomotives there are three principal parts1 the frame work1 or carriage1 the engine1 or cylinders1 and parts connected with them1 and the boiler4 ,our model shall be a fifteen inch one4 ,,laying ,,out ,,materials is the next thing in order4 ,first we want a sheet of brass for the bed plate1 #a_/afth of an inch thick1 cut #dad inches1 and be sure to cut the corners square4 7,see ,figure #c47 ,hammer this out flat1 file it smooth and dress up1 with emery cloth fastened upon a flat piece of wood4 ,next cut a square hole in it as at ,c1 beginning half an inch from ,b1 and making the opening #aa #a-a_/b inches4 ,be careful to center this hole on the line ,a ,b1 or your engine will be lopsided1 and you must take the same care in setting the smoke stack1 dome1 etc4 ,now take ,fig4 #d4 ,this represents one of the side frames4 ,cut these out now1 thus3 ,drill holes at ,a ,b ,c for the axles to work in4 ,finish both sides the same way4 ,turn the bed plate upside down1 fasten the frames on at a quarter of an inch from either side by small angle pieces 7,fig4 #e71 or by soldering1 which is easier done4 ,then solder a piece across each end1 about half an inch deep1 and the frame is ready for the wheels4 ,these you can make if you have a lathe1 but it would be better to buy your wheels ready made if you can1 but if you can't do that1 and have the lathe1 turn your tires up to the form shown in ,fig4 #f4 ,the small wheels should be about #b-a_/b inches in diameter1 and the driving wheels1 #d inches4 ,the rim1 ,b1 should project a little over #a_/afth of an inch1 and the rest of the edge should be beveled off rightly1 as at ,a4 ,the spokes should then be filed up smooth1 drilling out the center hole for the axle before removing it from the lathe4 ,great care must be taken to turn both the driving wheels to exactly the same diameter1 or one wheel would travel further in a revolution than the other1 and as they ought both to be fixed rigidly on the crank shaft1 the engine would never travel in a straight line1 but would go round and round in a circle4 ,get some steel wire for the axles and fasten them to the wheels by soldering or by cutting a slot with a fine file in the center of the wheel1 as at ,a1 ,fig4 #g4 ,then file a small portion of the ends of the axle flat and drive in a brass wedge made by a piece of wire which will hold them together firmly4 ,the crank shaft1 or axle1 must be hammered up to shape1 making it hot occasionally in the gas flame while working it4 ,the cranks should be at right angles to each other1 and the throw of the crank half the distance of the cylinder stroke4 ,for instance1 say the cylinder being a #a-a_/b inch stroke1 the distance between ,a ,b 7,fig4 #h7 will be three-quarters of an inch1 you must then ease the size of the crank at ,a to prevent the piston knocking the cylinder ends4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,the cylinders you had better buy ready made or have them made for you4 ,get a pair of oscillating cylinders of three-quarter inch bore and inch and a half stroke4 ,these will drive your engines several miles an hour4 ,fig4 #i gives an underneath view of the frame work and the place to put the cylinders in4 ,they must be supported by two lugs1 ,a ,a1 screwed to the bed plate ,b1 which must have a piece cut out on either side to allow the driving wheels ,c1 to work in1 as at ,d2 because1 being larger than the others1 they project beyond the top of the bed plate1 as shown in ,fig4 #b4 ,next screw on by means of the hook ,f1 the buffer beam1 previously cut from a piece of mahogany1 #e inches long1 half an inch thick and one inch deep1 nicely squared and sand papered4 ,drill a hole at ,g1 and pass the shank of the hook through the beam and piece of brass in front of the frame1 screwing up tight with nut ,h4 ,for buffers you may take two brass1 flat-headed screws1 and attach them to the beam half an inch from either end1 allowing half an inch projection4 ,now polish everything smooth and bright4 ,next warm the model over the gas--don't let it get hot--and carefully lacquer it with a small brush taking care not to go over any part more than once4 ,the spokes of the wheels must be painted1 the buffer beams varnished and the cylinders painted1 leaving the covers and flanges bright4 ,now put away your work to dry1 covering carefully from dust4 ,,how ,,to ,,make ,,the ,,boiler4 ,in making the boiler you can't be too careful4 ,this is the part where the greatest chance for failure comes in4 ,buy a piece of copper tubing #aa inches long1 #c inches wide and half an inch in diameter4 ,if you want to make it yourself bend your copper round a wooden roller and rivet or solder together--riveting is the best if you can get it tight4 ,you must then turn two circles of brass about an eighth of an inch thick for the ends and polish all4 ,fig #aj gives you the idea4 ,now push the ends into either end of the tube about an eighth of an inch from the edge1 as at ,a1 ,fig4 #aa1 and solder in place4 ,the projecting flange must be hammered down all around as at ,b1 soldered and finished with a half round file4 ,when filing solder use only an old worn file as a good one soon fills up4 ,,smokestack1 ,,tubes1 ,,etc4 ,now drill a hole at ,a 7,fig4 #aj7 for the smokestack1 which should be three-quarters of an inch in diameter4 ,then cut a slot in the bottom of the boiler #f inches long by #a-a_/b inches wide1 commencing one-quarter of an inch from the forward end of the boiler4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,next take a sheet of copper and cut a piece about #f-a_/d inches long by #f inches wide and bend it over a wooden roller to the shape shown in ,fig4 #ab1 keeping it #a-a_/b inches apart between ,a and ,b4 ,cut also two other pieces of copper to the shape of your bent sheet 7,fig4 #ab71 and make it long enough to reach to the dotted line4 ,these form the two ends1 and may be placed an eighth of an inch from the edges1 as in ,fig4 #ac1 and soldered in place1 and the projecting rims turned over and sweated with solder from the outside1 in the same manner that you did the boiler ends in ,fig4 #aa4 ,then drill a three-quarter inch hole at ,b 7,fig4 #ac7 for the bottom of the smokestack to go into1 and cut a piece of three-quarter inch brass tubing of sufficient length to pass out at top of boiler about half an inch1 as shown at ,a1 ,fig4 #aj4 ,you can then hammer out a rim or flange on the bottom end of the smokestack and push it up through the hole in the copper box1 soldering it in place from the top as at ,a1 ,fig4 #ad4 ,then drill two small holes at each end of the box1 ,b ,c1 ,fig4 #ad4 ,these should be a little more than an eighth of an inch in diameter1 to allow an eighth of an inch tube to pass through4 ,now get two #ab-;inch lengths of hard drawn steam pipe1 an eighth of an inch in diameter1 and with your screw plate put a thread on each end1 about half an inch in length4 ,then make eight nuts to fit the threads on the piping1 filing them up into proper shape4 ,now take the piping and bend it very gently1 to prevent it cracking1 around a bar of iron or handle of some tool held in the vise1 until it is in the form shown in ,fig4 #ae4 ,do each one the same1 then mix a little turpentine with white lead1 and smear each end1 where you have formed the screws1 taking care not to get any into the tubes1 which can be temporarily plugged up4 ,next put a nut at either end1 as far as the thread will take it1 then smear a little white lead around the holes drilled in the ends of the box1 ,b ,c1 ,fig4 #ad4 ,push the tubes in from the inside1 and screw up firmly with the remaining nuts1 in the position shown at ,fig4 #af4 ,the inside nuts can then be tightened up with a wrench1 and if you do all this carefully1 you will never be troubled with any leakage1 no matter what pressure you may get in your boiler4 ,these tubes are immensely strong1 and owing to their small size1 the water in them is raised quickly to a higher temperature than that contained in the rest of the boiler1 causing a continual circulation to take place1 and a constant supply of steam to be found4 ,the box can now be placed in the boiler1 through the slot cut in the bottom1 taking care that the top of the box is not more than half way up the boiler1 as at ,b1 ,fig4 #aj4 ,this will leave a portion projecting below the lower edge of boiler like ,c4 ,this part protects the flame of the lamp from being blown away by the draught caused by traveling along1 and which would cause you to lose steam4 ,solder it firmly in position from the outside to prevent the flame from touching any soldered portion4 ,also solder neatly round ,a1 ,fig4 #aj4 ,the smoke stack can be made from another piece of three-quarter inch brass2 turn it up in your lathe bright and put a collar on it at ,a ,fig4 #ag1 to allow it to push on to the piece of tube left projecting at ,a ,fig4 #aj4 ,the top of the smoke stack1 ,b ,fig4 #ag1 will also require turning in the lathe and must be fitted on neatly4 ,get advice from some mechanic about the steam chest1 which is a brass casting and will have to be turned up in the lathe1 and after cutting a circular hole in the top of the boiler of about an inch in diameter it can be either screwed or soldered on1 previously putting the steam pipe ,e in position by drilling a hole at ,f and after bending it as shown1 pass it through at ,f and solder in place4 ,the top of pipe ,e should be about a quarter of an inch from the top of inside of steam chest4 ,before soldering on the steam chest drill two holes as at ,g ,h ,fig4 #aj1 one for the small lug ,g to be screwed into1 which holds one end of the lever of the safety valve1 and that at ,h should be drilled conical with a rimer1 and the valve ,h can be turned in the lathe and afterwards ground to fit the hole with a little emery and water1 by means of a slot cut across the top and worked round with a screw driver4 ,the spring case of the safety valve ,i1 ,figure #aj1 is easily made from a piece of one-eighth inch brass tubing1 using some small1 hard1 brass wire to form the spring4 ,when finished it should be hooked to the eye and screwed into the boiler at ,v4 ,the manhole or screwhead1 ,k1 is used to refill the boiler when it has steamed low and will have to be turned up to shape1 and the bed1 ,l1 which it screws into can be firmly soldered on the boiler1 having first drilled a hole slightly larger than the diameter of the screw itself1 which should be sufficiently large to allow an ordinary tin funnel to be used to refill by1 and the screw ought to be long enough to hold a leather washer under the head to keep it steam-tight4 ,the whistle1 ,m1 will require a hole drilled for it to be screwed into1 and that1 as also the steam-tap1 ,n1 and water-tap1 ,o1 can be bought cheap1 ready to put on4 ,the tap ,o should be screwed in at a slightly higher level than the top of box ,b1 and when working the engine should steam issue from it when turned on instead of water1 you ought to immediately blow off steam by safety valve ,h4 ,then unscrew ,k1 and refill the boiler with water4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,by this time the framework will be quite dry1 no doubt1 so you can1 after cleaning and polishing the boiler1 attach it to the frame by a screw or solder at the forward end1 and the steam-pipe ,n can be screwed on to the projecting piece of tube left at ,f1 while you also screw a short length of pipe into the steam box of engine through a hole in the bed plate4 ,then bend it up to the steam tap1 and solder them carefully in position2 this will hold the after end of the boiler firm4 ,go over every soldered joint to see if any small hole is left1 and resolder where necessary1 as a hole in the boiler not larger than a pin's point would prevent you from getting any pressure of steam in the boiler1 as the water would all blow out4 ,now lacquer or paint your boiler1 and while it is drying turn your attention to the lamp1 which we picture in ,fig4 #ah4 ,,the ,,lamp4 ,the lamp is simply an oblong tin box1 about #e inches long by #a-a_/d inches wide and three-quarters of an inch deep4 ,to make it cut a piece of tin #d-a_/b by #e inches and bend it to shape4 ,then solder the two edges together and cut two ends to fit2 push them in and solder in place4 ,now cut three pieces of brass quarter-inch tubing into three-quarter inch lengths2 drilling holes in top of lamp1 insert them1 allowing a quarter of an inch to project1 as at ,a1 ,fig4 #ag4 ,then solder them on four pieces of bent wire--,c1 ,c1 ,c1 ,c1 ,fig4 #ah--;by which to hang the lamp by means of two wire pins run through them and small holes drilled in the sides of projecting piece ,c1 ,fig4 #aj4 ,the screw filler ,b1 ,fig4 #ah1 will have to be soldered in1 also1 and when complete the tubes ,a may be filled with cotton wick and the lamp about three-parts full of a methylated alcohol1 which will give a clear1 smokeless flame4 ,now you can start your locomotive by filling the boiler about three parts full of hot water1 and then hooking the lamp underneath2 you will soon get up a good pressure of steam4 ,see that the taps are all turned off1 and if there is no leakage from careless workmanship1 you will find on turning the steam tap on1 that the locomotive will run beautifully and will travel at great speed either on a smooth oil-cloth or a board floor4 ,on rails it would run quicker still1 but for this engine1 if you make a small tender of the shape shown in ,fig4 #ai1 and fasten it at any angle by the set-screw on the foot-plate of the engine shown at ,n1 ,fig4 #b1 the model will run in any sized circle you may wish without rails1 according to the angle you fix the tender to the engine4 ,wooden cars you can make if you wish1 but each one added will reduce the speed of the engine1 of course4 ,tin is the best material to use for the tender1 as no great strength is required--indeed it should be made as light as possible4 ,the wheels and axles you must finish in the same manner as those on the engine1 and it can be made into a tank to hold an extra supply of alcohol by soldering a piece of tin round the inside and covering it in with another piece cut to shape and fitted with a screw nut to fill by as shown in ,fig4 #ah4 ,such is the method of constructing a model locomotive which will run without complicated machinery4 ,the boy who has succeeded in following these directions will no doubt be ambitious to try his hand on a more complete model on a larger scale1 something like ,fig4 #bj for instance1 which is a side view of a large model locomotive in a finished state4 ,,how ,,to ,,build ,a ,,large ,,model ,,locomotive4 ,in building a large model the first thing to be done is to decide how large you want it4 ,sketch your model carefully1 or1 if not able to draw plans1 get some one who is to help you4 ,make your plan the exact size of the model you intend to build1 then you can take all the measurements from it and save yourself a lot of trouble and time4 ,remember1 however1 that the larger you make the engine the more expensive the castings and materials will be4 ,should you persevere1 however1 and by good fortune succeed1 you will have a model locomotive that would cost you two or three hundred dollars to buy ready made4 ,if you have a lathe and can turn the wooden models for the castings yourself1 use sheet iron for the frame-work1 etc41 where possible2 the total expense will not be so very great4 ,begin your work in the same way you did on the other model4 ,if you want a bigger engine than the one shown in ,fig4 #bj1 there would be no trouble in increasing the measurements1 which we are about to give1 proportionately1 remembering that ,fig4 #bj is drawn to an eighth-inch scale4 ,,dimensions4 ,make your dimensions as follows3 ,length over all1 #c ft4 #b in4 ,length of bed-plate1 #c4e in4 ,width of bed-plate1 #i in4 ,diameter of driving wheels1 #h-a_/d in4 ,diameter of leading wheels1 #e-a_/d in4 ,gauge--that is width of track on which model can run--#f-a_/b in4 ,cylinders1 #a-c_/d in4 bore by #b-a_/b in4 stroke4 ,length of boiler1 including smoke box1 #bh in4 ,diameter of boiler1 #e in4 ,cylinders of the above dimensions will drive the engine at a high rate of speed1 with from #cj to #ej lbs4 of steam4 ,,description ,,of ,,large ,,model ,,locomotives4 ,in ,fig4 #bj1 the different parts of the engine are lettered1 and it will be well for the boy who desires to make a locomotive like it to compare the following description with the cut1 before he does anything else4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,a is the smoke stack and ,b the steam blast used to increase the intensity of the fire worked by rod ,c running through the hollow hand-rail ,d and ending in handle ,f4 ,g is the steam-dome1 which with the safety valve is the same pattern previously used4 ,h is the extra safety valve1 worked from the foot-plate4 ,i is the steam whistle1 ,k wind guard1 ,l starting lever1 ,m smoke-box with door1 ,n ,o spring buffers2 ,p is the line-clearer or wheel guard4 ,q are the leading wheels1 ,r ,r the driving wheels1 ,s is one of the cylinders with piston rods and guides bolted to frame and showing double connecting rod at ,t ,t4 ,u ,u are the springs which support the weight of the boiler1 etc41 on the axle bearings4 ,the spring or rear wheel does not show1 being inside the safety guard and hand-rail ,v4 ,w is the back pressure valve1 through which the water is thrown by the force-pump into the boiler1 and ,x is the blow-off tap to clear the engine from all water after having used it4 ,y shows the side of the ash-pan4 ,,how ,,to ,,do ,,the ,,work ,,on ,,the ,,large ,,model ,,locomotive4 ,first of all comes the frame work4 ,it wants to be of eighth inch sheet iron squared up perfectly true and flat and cut as is shown in ,fig4 #ba1 beginning #d-a_/b inches from ,a1 and leaving #f inches at ,b1 and cutting it #f inches wide there by #h inches long1 and continuing it #d inches wide for the rest of the distance4 ,be careful to keep it quite central on the line ,a ,b1 and leave two connecting strips #a inch wide as at ,c ,c4 ,the side frames come next4 ,these must be much stronger and quite different from those used in the previous model4 ,they may be cut from the same eighth inch iron to the shape shown in ,fig4 #bb4 ,the center of slot ,b is #ag inches from one end1 the center of ,a #aj inches from ,b1 and the center of ,c #ac inches from ,b4 ,in measuring1 always start from a given center if you want to be accurate4 ,that is1 from ,b to ,a and from ,b to ,c2 not from ,b to ,a and from ,c to ,b4 ,the slots are each #a-a_/d inches wide by #b inches deep1 leaving #a inch of iron at the top1 as shown4 ,the four large boles shown in ,fig4 #bc are only ornamental1 and can be now cut out4 ,they also serve to lighten the frame4 ,the frames1 after being smoothed up can be fastened to the bed plate in the manner described before1 by angle-irons1 or knees1 riveted on4 ,two end pieces must also be prepared4 ,let them be #a inch deep1 with the ends hammered square1 at right angles1 and then riveted to the bed plate and side frames1 as shown in ,fig4 #bj4 ,then drill three holes in them1 about an inch and a half from either end1 and one in the center1 by which to bolt on the buffer beams by means of a couple of screws put in at the back4 ,the buffer beams should be mahogany1 #a inch wide by #b deep by #aj long1 squared nicely and sandpapered4 ,a hook can then be made--,fig4 #bc--;and a hole being drilled in the center of the beam1 you can pass the hook stem through and into the central hole of framework1 and screw up tight with nut at back1 which will hold all firmly in place4 ,the buffers for this model must be properly made1 with springs to take the pressure in case you should run into anything4 ,fig4 #bd shows this buffer4 ,you will have to get it cast4 ,turn out in your lathe a wooden mold and get four castings in brass made from it4 ,a ,fig4 #bd is cast with a square base plate #b inches square1 as in front view ,b1 and is secured to the buffer beam by four flat-headed screws4 ,the piece ,c must be turned true and just the size to slide in and out of ,a easily4 ,each part must be finished up in the lathe4 ,a should be an inch and a half long4 ,drill a hole in the buffer beam to allow the head of the pin to work freely1 and another hole in base plate of buffer the size of the pin1 whose head prevents the spring from forcing ,c entirely away from ,a4 ,the spring should be made of thick steel wire2 the buffers can then be screwed in as just mentioned4 ,the wheel-guard or line-clearer ,p 7,fig4 #bj7 can next be cut out to shape and bolted on to frame1 and should just clear the line by a quarter of an inch4 ,we will now proceed to the axle bearings and springs1 ,u1 ,fig4 #bj4 ,make a wooden model like ,fig4 #be1 and get #f castings in brass made from it4 ,they must then be filed up square and smooth and fitted into the slots cut at ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,fig #bb1 and either screwed or riveted on by the side holes4 ,before finally fixing them prepare #f brass bearings1 ,b1 ,fig #be1 which must fit exactly and slide easily in the inner surface of ,a1 then drilling a hole through each five-eighths of an inch in diameter4 ,these take the axles1 which in this model are all straight1 and three-quarters of an inch in diameter1 shouldered off to five-eighths for the bearings4 ,next for the springs4 ,take #d pieces of either sheet iron or brass for the supports1 #a-a_/b inches long by #a_/d inch wide4 ,drill a hole in either end as shown at ,c1 ,fig4 #bf4 ,a should be three-eighths of an inch wide1 drilled through1 a pin put in and all riveted together loosely4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,now take a clock spring and cut it into shape1 as at ,d1 ,fig4 #bf4 ,the top piece requires to be made hot with your blow-pipe1 then the ends turned over to hold the pin ,b4 ,each piece of spring must be a little shorter than the one above it1 and the ends neatly tapered1 all to be inclosed in the brass band ,f1 which has a small hole drilled at ,f to hold the end of the pin by which the pressure is directed on to the axle boxes1 as shown in ,fig4 #bj4 ,a hole is also to be drilled in the bed plate over the center of each axle box to allow the pin to pass through1 and also a smaller one an inch and a half on each side for the support ,a1 ,fig4 #bf1 to screw into4 ,now all can be fitted into position4 ,next come the cylinders4 ,these are to be an inch thick and three-quarters bore by two and a half inch stroke4 ,they should be of the fixed slide-valve pattern1 with double eccentrics fitted on the middle axle shaft1 and reversing lever brought to quadrant on foot plate4 ,they had better be bought ready made4 ,fig4 #bg shows their working4 ,a ,a are the eccentrics1 ,b the slide-valve rod with guide ,g attached4 ,c ,c is the bed plate and ,d the balance weight1 ,f the rod leading to quadrant and lever on foot plate4 ,the cranks are put on outside the wheels and fastened by keys as in ,fig4 #bj4 ,the connecting rod ,t should be cut to the form shown in ,fig4 #bh1 and the ends squared out and a brass band fitted in with a hole drilled from top ,a to oil by and a set screw ,b to adjust the bearings perfectly4 ,if you wish to fit a force pump it should be placed centrally between the cylinders and be worked by an eccentric on the main shaft1 but a pump on a model locomotive is next to useless unless it is also made to work by hand4 ,in ,fig4 #bi1 we have one which can be worked either way4 ,a is the pump2 ,b the eccentric on main-shaft to work it by steam power4 ,to work by hand you have only to push up hook connection ,c1 which disconnects it from the eccentric2 and then by working the handle ,d1 which is screwed into the bottom of the plunger ,c1 the water is forced into the boiler4 ,an extra stuffing-box at ,f will be required4 ,g is the exhaust water pipe bent up to the back-pressure valve on boiler1 and ,h the supply pipe carried on to rear of engine4 ,two small blow-off cocks will be necessary on each cylinder to get rid of the condensed steam when starting4 ,they can be connected with a tye-rod1 and both worked from the foot-plate with a single handle4 ,now paint to suit your taste and put away to dry4 ,next comes the boiler1 which will need extreme care4 ,for this you will require sheet copper an eighth of an inch thick4 ,first cut a piece #ai inches long by #af wide and bend it round1 forming a cylinder #e inches in diameter4 ,the cap must be closely riveted and the two ends hammered out into a flange outward1 leaving the body of the boiler #ag inches long1 as in ,fig4 #cj4 ,b is the shape of the piece to be next riveted on at after end4 ,now take another sheet #i inches wide and hammer a half inch flange round it1 so as to fit over the dotted line at ,a4 ,rivet them firmly together and also another piece in after end4 ,it will then have the appearance of ,fig4 #ca1 and should be #d-a_/b inches deep from ,a to ,b1 and forming a copper box #f inches wide from ,b to ,c and #h inches from ,c to ,d4 ,then rivet together another box to form the inner casing #d-a_/b inches wide by #f-a_/b inches long and #i inches deep1 the bottom to be hammered outward to the dimensions of ,b ,c ,c ,d1 as shown in section ,fig4 #cb at ,a ,a4 ,a hole is next to be cut out in the center of rear plate and also the rear part of inner casing which comes opposite to it1 and #a-c_/d inches by #b-a_/b forming the furnace door4 ,a casting of that shape and #c_/d of an inch thick1 which is the distance between the inner and outer casing ,b ,c1 must be procured and drilled with holes every #c_/h of an inch and firmly riveted in position1 as shown in ,fig4 #cb at ,d4 ,two pins should project on either side of the inner surface to support the fire-bars and ash pan1 and the bars should be made of cast iron and small enough to get out easily by tilting up one side2 they should run lengthwise of the engine4 ,for the boiler tubes some hard drawn brass tubing three-quarters of an inch in diameter will be required4 ,cut the pieces slightly over #ag inches long1 then drill #aj holes in the inner plate as at ,e1 ,fig4 #cb1 and in the position and arrangement shown in ,fig4 #cc4 ,these tubes should have a wire ring brazed on about a quarter of an inch from either end1 and then being placed in their respective holes in the tube plate1 the projecting portion is to be headed back with a flange1 or you can fit them in as already shown in ,fig4 #af by each being double screwed and nutted4 ,these tubes allow the smoke and flame to pass through from the furnace to the smoke box1 ,m1 ,fig4 #bj1 and so away up the smoke stack1 and by the large surface they expose to the fire1 help to raise steam very quickly4 ,in some engines as many as #cjj tubes are fitted4 ,the steam supply pipe and regulating lever handle should now be made and placed in position1 and ,fig4 #cd shows the shape to make it4 ,a ,b are the front and rear plates of the boiler1 ,c is the supply pipe bent with a screw end downward1 after passing plate ,a1 and then upward into the steam dome1 where it should be securely fastened into a cross-piece4 ,d is the tap or valve which can be turned on or off from the foot-plate by means of the long rod1 ,f1 ending in the lever handle1 ,g4 ,the rod must be fitted with a stuffing-box1 the same as those used on the cylinders1 and packed with cotton wick to prevent loss of steam by leakage4 ,when all this is complete1 the forward end of the boiler can be furnished with a tube-plate riveted on and the tubes flanged over4 ,now the boiler must go to a practical brazier1 and be properly brazed4 ,cut the hole for the steam dome1 and let him braze it on at the same time4 ,if the job is practically done1 your boiler can be heated red-hot without fear4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,meanwhile buy your pressure gauge--it wants to be one and a half inches in diameter--and let the brazier test your boiler to #ajj pounds steam to the square inch capacity4 ,should it burst you will have to make another4 ,if not you need thereafter have no fears4 ,now make the smoke box1 which should be three inches deep and of the shape and dimensions shown in ,fig4 #ce4 ,this and the smoke-stack can be made of iron1 hammered up to shape and finished with a brass ring4 ,the smoke-box can be screwed on the forward flange or boiler4 ,the door is drawn open to show the amount of bulge it should be hammered to4 ,in the center a hole should be drilled through which to pass the screw used to close it1 which is attached to the loose bar1 ,a4 ,the handle1 ,b1 is then screwed up tight4 ,the door is circular and must be large enough to overlap the opening about half an inch and have a couple of bright iron or brass eyes1 ,c1 riveted on to form the hinge4 ,next comes the back-pressure valve1 ,fig #cf4 ,a is a front view with plate by which it is bolted to the boiler1 as at ,w1 ,fig4 #bj4 ,it is very simple to make1 and consists of the casting ,a with top and bottom covers and the ball-valve ,b1 which ought to be ground with a little emery and oil to fit perfectly4 ,it acts in this manner4 ,the water being forced up ,c from the pump1 raises ,b and passes into the boiler4 ,on the up stroke of pump1 the pressure is removed from under ,b and the pressure of steam in the boiler causes it to fall back and close the opening entirely1 preventing any water from passing away from the boiler4 ,a small flange can be put on each outer side of the boiler near the furnace to support it on bed-plate level with smoke box4 ,the boiler should now be covered with flannel1 cut to shape and wrapped round the body part and a casing of sheet tin put over it and secured by brass bands and small nuts underneath--as shown in ,fig4 #bj4 ,the steam supply pipe can now be connected with the cylinders and it should be made forked as in ,fig4 #cg4 ,a leads from steam pipe and branches off to each cylinder1 where it must be screwed up with white lead4 ,the exhaust pipes ,b ,b should be of larger tubing and bent round up the sides of the smoke box so as to be out of the way when you have to clean the tubes4 ,a small brass pipe1 ,c1 must also be passed through the chimney1 bent upwards and fitted with a tap which should take the steam from the top of the boiler and be used as shown at ,d ,f ,fig4 #bj4 ,this helps to raise steam very quickly4 ,fig4 #ch is a rear view of the foot plate and shows the necessary fittings which you must either make or buy to complete the model4 ,the cocks you might make but the water gauge you must buy4 ,a is the furnace door1 ,b two gauge taps1 ,c starting-lever handle1 ,d spring balance safety valve1 ,f wind-guard with two look-out holes1 ,g steam whistle handle1 ,h pressure gauge1 ,n the quadrant and lever for reversing the engine1 ,o the rear buffer beam with buffers1 ,p the wheels showing axle1 ,r ,r the springs for same and ,v the safety-guard rail on either side4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,when these fittings are all complete holes must be drilled in rear plate for each piece2 they must be firmly screwed in place with white lead4 ,the glass tube of the water gauge1 the stuffing-box1 and the gland of the starting lever should be closely packed with tallow and cotton wick4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,next paint the entire model over again and let it dry4 ,we give no directions as to colors2 use your own taste4 ,after the paint is thoroughly dry varnish with the best clear1 hard varnish and let it dry again4 ,while it is drying you can be making the rails4 ,get some square bar iron1 cut it into six-foot lengths1 if you wish the rails to be portable1 and drill a hole in each end half an inch deep4 ,the rails can be joined together at each end by means of a piece of wire and kept at a proper distance apart by being fastened to pieces of wood placed like sleepers1 fastened by screws passing through holes drilled in the rails every six inches4 ,these sections can be laid end to end1 and your line be made as long as you wish4 ,if you want a circular line1 each section must be bent to a portion of a circle2 one about #cj feet in diameter is suitable for this model4 ,when finished place your locomotive on the track and get up steam4 ,fill the boiler with water by means of a funnel until you see it rise up three parts of the way in the glass water-gauge4 ,then see that all taps are turned off and start the fire4 ,charcoal is the best fuel1 as it gives a clear1 hot fire without much smoke once you start it right4 ,try the safety-valve occasionally to see how your steam is getting on1 and when it begins to form turn on the blast-tap1 which will soon draw up the fire1 and you will presently see the pressure rise and show itself in the pressure-gauge4 ,when the gauge shows #cj lbs4 of steam you might start the model by turning on the cocks on cylinders until no more condensed steam issues from them4 ,then shut them off and turn on steam full power and watch the engine travel1 gradually increasing its speed4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,conclusion4 ,let us now bear the conclusion of the whole matter1 which takes us straight back to where we started1 and we again repeat if you want to become an engineer make up your mind that you will be a good one or none at all4 ,we have examined the locomotive inside and out1 underneath and on top1 even peering down the smoke-stack1 crawling into the fire-box1 and learning the true science of shoveling coal4 ,what then remains to be told8 ,nothing that can be remembered long enough to be of any practical use4 ,there are matters--dozens of them--connected with locomotive engineering which we have not even alluded to1 but they are for the most part such as must be learned by actual every day experience to be of any use4 ,we might1 perhaps1 under three heads speak a few closing words4 ,first let us take up ,,signals1 and post ourselves a bit on that most important subject4 ,the greater part of an engineer's time while on his engine must be spent in the lookout for signals4 ,upon this depends not only the safety of every soul on the train but his own as well4 ,never jump at conclusions in the matter of signals4 ,never assume that because a distant signal and all the other signals are off the line is clear4 ,every engineer should1 as far as possible1 not only see that each signal is off1 but he should also cast his eye over the road in front of him to see whether it should be off4 ,at night caution in the matter of signals is even more necessary than in daylight4 ,then the only safety lies in keeping a constant lookout4 ,you must know your road4 ,it is not enough to know where the up grades lie and where the downs4 ,you must know just how steep the grades are and their length4 ,often signals are badly placed and cannot be seen until the engine is close upon them4 ,with this you have nothing to do4 ,engineers do not place signals4 ,doubtless if they did they would alter the position of many of them4 ,all you have to do is to heed the signals1 no matter how well or how badly they are placed4 ,to enter into a detailed description of signals until some universal system of signaling is adopted1 would be but a waste of time4 ,you will have to learn all these things during your apprenticeship2 they are matters upon which books can give you little help4 ,presence of mind you must always have if you expect to become a good engineer1 and courage1 too--plenty of it4 ,this brings us to our second head1 which we will write ,,broke ,,down4 ,what to do when the engine has broken down8 ,there comes the tug of war1 the time when it will be definitely decided whether the engineer is good1 bad or indifferent4 ,hundreds of lives may depend upon prompt action1 thousands of dollars' worth of property are in the engineer's hands1 either to waste or save when the moment of the break down comes4 ,in ,mr4 ,s4 ,a4 ,alexander's excellent treatise entitled ,broke ,down is placed in red letters over every page1 ,protect ,yourself from ,approaching ,trains4 ,when a break-down occurs1 this is the first thought which should enter the engineer's mind1 and the first act should be to carry it out4 ,there are many causes of a break-down1 too many to enumerate4 ,in the roundhouse is the place to study break-downs1 for here1 daily1 every variety is open to inspection--broken crank-shafts1 broken eccentric-rods1 eccentric-straps and sheaves1 broken motion and broken springs4 ,of course an engine may be broken1 and yet able to run its train through4 ,this is an important consideration4 ,some engineers hardly know when they are beaten4 ,it is a matter of record that a certain engineer1 known as ,hell-fire ,jack1 ran his train over a bridge after one side had been washed away by a raging flood4 ,thousands of such daring deeds have been accomplished by engineers1 but ,cautious ,jacks will be better appreciated by the company than ,hell-fire ,jacks every time4 ,real heroism lies in good judgment and a cool head4 ,suppose that the right hand back gear eccentric-rod breaks4 ,can ,i get along in forward gear1 after having disconnected the rod and the strap8 is the question4 ,the answer is yes1 and it should be prompt1 as all such answers should be when the engine breaks down4 ,it is such readiness as this that makes break-downs but a matter of a few moments4 ,it is also highly necessary that the engineer should ask himself ,what tools have ,i upon the engine8 ,what can ,i do with them8 ,can ,i find them in the dark8 ,if ,i run off the track in what condition is my screw jack8 ,will it work properly8 ,have ,i a ratchet or bar to work it with8 ,these are things which should be continually kept in mind4 ,,air ,,brakes4 ,the air-brake has changed engine driving materially in the last few years1 and a word or two concerning it should be said4 ,the air-brake consists briefly of an air cylinder placed beneath each car1 which can be operated by the engineer from the foot plate1 the pressure of the air controlling the action of the brakes4 ,there are two valves to an air-brake1 one for ordinary stops and the other for sudden stops in case of emergency4 ,in the first only partial pressure of the confined air is used1 in the latter the full pressure is employed and the brakes brought against the wheels with all force at once4 ,one of the most important duties of an engineer is to be well assured that the air-brakes are in proper working order4 ,after the call for hand brakes has been given1 the air brakes must not be applied until the hand brakes are released4 ,air and hand brakes should never be used at the same time on a car4 ,when cars having different air pressures are coupled together the brakes will work first on that having the highest pressure4 ,special instruction is needed to fully comprehend the working of air brakes4 ,here is a speed table which may be useful4 ,we have taken the liberty of extracting it from ,alexander's ,ready-reference for ,locomotive ,engineers1 an excellent hand-book with which all candidates for the foot-plate should provide themselves4 ,published by the author1 ,s4 ,a4 ,alexander1 ,york1 ,pa4 ,,time ,,and ,,speed ,,tables4 ,key3 ,m ,minutes4 ,s ,seconds4 ,t #ajth of a ,second4 ,m ,s ,t #aj miles per hour is #f4jj to #a mile #aa #e4bg #a #ab #e4ij #a #ac #d4cg #a #ad #d4ag #a #ae #d4jj #a #af #c4de #a #ag #c4cb #a #ah #c4bj #a #ai #c4ji4e #a #bj #c4jj #a #ba #b4ea4e #a #bb #b4dc4e #a #bc #b4cf4e #a #bd #b4cj #a #be #b4bd #a #bf #b4ah4f #a #bg #b4ac4c #a #bh #b4jh4e #a #bi #b4jd #a #cj #b4jj #a #ca #a4ef #a #cb #a4eb4e #a #cc #a4di #a #cd #a4de4f #a #ce #a4db4f #a #cf #a4dj #a #cg #a4cg4c #a #ch #a4cd4g #a #ci #a4cb4c #a #dj #a4cj4j #a #da #a4bg4g #a #db #a4be4g #a #dc #a4bc4e #a #dd #a4ba4g #a #de #a4bj4j #a #df #a4ah4b #a #dg #a4af4f #a #dh #a4ae4j #a #di #a4ac4e #a #ej #a4ab4j #a #ea #a4aj4f #a #eb #a4ji4d #a #ec #a4jg4i #a #ed #a4jf4f #a #ee #a4je4d #a #ef #a4jd4c #a #eg #a4jc4b #a #eh #a4jb4b #a #fj #a4jj4j #a #fe #j4ee4c #a #gj #j4ea4d #a #ge #j4dh4j #a #hj #j4de4j #a #he #j4db4c #a #ij #j4dj4j #a #ie #j4cg4i #a #ajj #j4cf4j #a ,the boy who aims to become an engineer should not waste his school hours in idle dreaming or in too much sport4 ,improve every moment you can spare from other duties or needed exercise in studying arithmetic1 geometry1 algebra and mechanical engineering4 ,a little knowledge as a draughtsman will also be a great help4 ,above all1 get some larger manual on locomotive engineering and read and re-read it until you know its contents by heart4 ,remember that there is no limit to knowledge in any direction4 ,the time can never come to any engineer when he can truthfully say to himself1 ,i know it all1 and to his life-long study write ,illustration3 ,,the ,,end4 ,,the ,,largest ,,and ,,best ,,library4 ,,pluck ,,and ,,luck4 ,colored ,covers4 #cb ,pages4 ,all ,kinds of ,good ,stories4 ,price #e ,cents4 ,issued ,weekly4 ,read ,list ,below4 ,no4 #a ,dick ,decker1 the ,brave ,young ,fireman by ,ex ,fire ,chief ,warden #b ,the ,two ,boy ,brokers2 or1 ,from ,messenger ,boys to ,millionaires by a ,retired ,banker #c ,little ,lou1 the ,pride of the ,continental ,army4 ,a ,story of the ,american ,revolution by ,general ,jas4 ,a4 ,gordon #d ,railroad ,ralph1 the ,boy ,engineer by ,jas4 ,c4 ,merritt #e ,the ,boy ,pilot of ,lake ,michigan by ,capt4 ,thos4 ,h4 ,wilson #f ,joe ,wiley1 the ,young ,temperance ,lecturer by ,jno4 ,b4 ,dowd #g ,the ,little ,swamp ,fox4 ,a ,tale of ,general ,marion and ,his ,men by ,general ,jas4 ,a4 ,gordon #h ,young ,grizzly ,adams1 the ,wild ,beast ,tamer4 ,a ,true ,story of ,circus ,life by ,hal ,standish #i ,north ,pole ,nat2 or1 ,the ,secret of the ,frozen ,deep by ,capt4 ,thos4 ,h4 ,wilson #aj ,little ,deadshot1 the ,pride of the ,trappers by ,an ,old ,scout #aa ,liberty ,hose2 or1 ,the ,pride of ,plattsville by ,ex ,fire ,chief ,warden #ab ,engineer ,steve1 the ,prince of the ,rail by ,jas4 ,c4 ,merritt #ac ,whistling ,walt1 the ,champion ,spy4 ,a ,story of the ,american ,revolution by ,general ,jas4 ,a4 ,gordon #ad ,lost in the ,air2 or1 ,over ,land and ,sea by ,allyn ,draper #ae ,the ,little ,demon2 or1 ,plotting ,against the ,czar by ,howard ,austin #af ,fred ,farrell1 the ,barkeeper's ,so by ,jno4 ,b4 ,dowd #ag ,slippery ,steve1 the ,cunning ,spy of the ,revolution by ,general ,jas4 ,a4 ,gordon #ah ,fred ,flame1 the ,hero of ,greystone ,no4 #a by ,ex ,fire ,chief ,warden #ai ,harry ,dare2 or1 ,a ,new ,york ,boy in the ,navy by ,col4 ,ralph ,fenton #bj ,jack ,quick1 the ,boy ,engineer by ,jas4 ,c4 ,merritt #ba ,doublequick1 the ,king ,harpooner2 or1 ,the ,wonder of the ,whalers by ,capt4 ,thos4 ,h4 ,wilson #bb ,rattling ,rube1 the ,jolly ,scout and ,spy4 ,a ,story of the ,revolution by ,general ,jas4 ,a4 ,gordon #bc ,in the ,czar's ,service2 or1 ,dick ,sherman in ,russia by ,howard ,austin #bd ,ben o' the ,bowl2 or1 ,the ,road to ,ruin by ,jno4 ,b4 ,dowd #be ,kit ,carson1 the ,king of ,scouts by an ,old ,scout #bf ,the ,school ,boy ,explorers2 or1 ,among the ,ruins of ,yucatan by ,howard ,austin #bg ,the ,wide ,awakes2 or1 ,burke ,halliday1 the ,pride of the ,volunteers by ,ex ,fire ,chief ,warden #bh ,the ,frozen ,deep2 or1 ,two ,years in the ,ice by ,capt4 ,thos4 ,h4 ,wilson #bi ,the ,swamp ,rats2 or1 ,the ,boys ,who ,fought for ,washington by ,gen4 ,jas4 ,a4 ,gordon #cj ,around the ,world on ,cheek by ,howard ,austin #ca ,bushwhacker ,ben2 or1 ,the ,union ,boys of ,tennessee by ,col4 ,ralph ,fenton ,for sale by all newsdealers1 or sent to any address on receipt of price1 #e cents per copy--#f copies for #be cents4 ,address ,,frank ,,tousey1 ,publisher1 #bi ,west #bfth ,st4 ,n4 ,y4 ,,gold6 ,,gold6 ,,gold6 ,young ,klondike4 ,containing ,stories of a ,gold ,seeker4 ,,price #e ,,cents4 ,colored ,covers4 ,no4 #a ,young ,klondike2 or1 ,off ,for the ,land of ,gold4 #b ,young ,klondike's ,claim2 or1 ,nine ,golden ,nuggets4 #c ,young ,klondike's ,first ,million2 or1 ,his ,great ,strike on ,el ,dorado ,creek4 #d ,young ,klondike and the ,claim ,agents2 or1 ,fighting the ,land ,sharks of ,dawson ,city4 #e ,young ,klondike's ,new ,diggings2 or1 ,the ,great ,gold ,find on ,owl ,creek4 #f ,young ,klondike's ,chase2 or1 ,the ,gold ,pirates of the ,yukon4 #g ,young ,klondike's ,golden ,island2 or1 ,half a ,million in ,dust4 #h ,young ,klondike's ,seven ,strikes2 or1 ,the ,gold ,hunters of ,high ,rock4 #i ,young ,klondike's ,journey to ,juneau2 or1 ,guarding a ,million in ,gold4 #aj ,young ,klondike's ,lucky ,camp2 or1 ,working the ,unknown's ,claim4 #aa ,young ,klondike's ,lost ,million2 or1 ,the ,mine ,wreckers of ,gold ,creek4 #ab ,young ,klondike's ,gold ,syndicate2 or1 ,breaking the ,brokers of ,dawson ,city4 #ac ,young ,klondike's ,golden ,eagle2 or1 ,working a ,hidden ,mine4 #ad ,young ,klondike's ,trump ,card2 or1 ,the ,rush to ,rocky ,river4 #ae ,young ,klondike's ,arctic ,trail2 or1 ,lost in a ,sea of ,ice4 #af ,young ,klondike's ,new ,bonanza2 or1 ,the ,gold ,diggers of ,french ,gulch4 #ag ,young ,klondike's ,death ,trap2 or1 ,lost ,underground4 #ah ,young ,klondike's ,fight for a ,claim2 or1 ,the ,boomers of ,raccoon ,creek4 #ai ,young ,klondike's ,deep ,sea ,diggings2 or1 ,working at the ,mouth of the ,yukon4 #bj ,young ,klondike's ,winter ,camp2 or1 ,mining ,under the ,snow4 ,for sale by all newsdealers1 or sent to any address on receipt of price1 #e cents per copy--#f copies for #be cents4 ,address ,,frank ,,tousey1 ,publisher1 #bi ,west #bfth ,st41 ,new ,york4 ,work and ,win4 ,an ,interesting ,weekly for ,young ,america4 ,,bright1 ,,catchy ,,stories4 ,beautiful ,colored ,covers4 #cb ,pages4 ,price #e ,cents4 ,don't fail to read about ,,fred ,,fearnot',s ,wonderful ,adventures in ,,school1 at ,,college1 on the ,,stage1 ,,out ,,west and as a ,,detective4 ,they are ,,bright1 ,,interesting and ,,fascinating4 ,,complete ,,list4 #a ,fred ,fearnot2 or1 ,school ,days at ,avon4 #b ,fred ,fearnot1 ,detective2 or1 ,balking a ,desperate ,game4 #c ,fred ,fearnot's ,daring ,rescue2 or1 ,a ,hero in ,spite of ,himself4 #d ,fred ,fearnot's ,narrow ,escape2 or1 ,the ,plot ,that ,failed4 #e ,fred ,fearnot at ,avon ,again2 or1 ,his ,second ,term at ,school4 #f ,fred ,fearnot's ,pluck2 or1 ,his ,race to ,save a ,life4 #g ,fred ,fearnot as an ,actor2 or1 ,his ,fame ,before the ,footlights4 #h ,fred ,fearnot at ,sea2 or1 ,a ,chase ,across the ,ocean4 #i ,fred ,fearnot ,out ,west2 or1 ,adventures ,with the ,cowboys4 #aj ,fred ,fearnot's ,great ,peril2 or1 ,running ,down the ,counterfeiters4 #aa ,fred ,fearnot's ,double ,victory2 or1 ,killing ,two ,birds ,with ,one ,stone4 #ab ,fred ,fearnot's ,game ,finish2 or1 ,his ,bicycle ,race to ,save a ,million4 #ac ,fred ,fearnot's ,great ,run2 or1 ,an ,engineer ,for a ,week4 #ad ,fred ,fearnot's ,twenty ,rounds2 or1 ,his ,fight to ,save ,his ,honor4 #ae ,fred ,fearnot's ,engine ,company2 or1 ,brave ,work as a ,fireman4 #af ,fred ,fearnot's ,good ,work2 or1 ,helping a ,friend in ,need4 ,for sale by all newsdealers or sent to any address on receipt of price1 #e cents per copy1 or #f copies for #be cents4 ,,frank ,,tousey1 ,publisher1 #bi ,west #bfth ,st41 ,new ,york4 ,secret ,service4 ,old and ,young ,king ,brady1 ,detectives4 #cb ,pages of ,great ,detective ,stories4 ,handsomely ,decorated ,covers4 ,issued ,weekly4 ,price #e ,cents4 ,containing ,stories of ,old ,king ,brady1 the ,great ,detective1 assisted by ,young ,king ,brady1 his faithful young pupil4 ,embracing the most daring adventures1 startling scenes and hairbreadth escapes ever published4 ,,read ,,the ,,following ,,list4 #a4 ,the ,black ,band2 or1 ,the ,two ,king ,bradys ,against a ,hard ,gang4 #b4 ,told by the ,ticker2 or1 ,the ,two ,king ,bradys on a ,wall ,street ,case4 #c4 ,the ,bradys ,after a ,million2 or1 ,their ,chase to ,save an ,heiress4 #d4 ,the ,bradys' ,great ,bluff2 or1 ,a ,bunco ,game that ,failed to ,work4 #e4 ,in and ,out2 or1 ,the ,two ,king ,bradys on a ,lively ,chase4 ,for sale by all newsdealers or sent postpaid on receipt of price1 #e cents per copy1 by ,,frank ,,tousey1 ,publisher1 #bi ,west #bfth ,st41 ,new ,york4 ,handsome ,harry4 ,stories of ,land and ,sea4 ,issued ,weekly4 - #cb pages4 ,,handsomely ,,embellished ,,cover4 ,,the ,,most ,,entertaining ,,and ,,exciting ,,library ,,published ,read about ,,handsome ,,harry1 ,,the ,,brave ,,commander4 ,read about ,,ching-,,ching1 ,,the ,,tricky ,,chinee4 ,read about ,,samson1 ,,the ,,gigantic ,,negro4 ,price #e ,cents4 ,price #e ,cents4 ,,list ,,of ,,numbers3 #a4 ,handsome ,harry of the ,fighting ,belvedere4 #b4 ,handsome ,harry's ,peril2 or1 ,saved by ,his ,trusty ,crew4 #c4 ,handsome ,harry's ,chase2 or1 ,on the ,track of the ,vulture4 #d4 ,handsome ,harry in ,africa2 or1 ,a ,land ,hunt for ,his ,foe4 #e4 ,handsome ,harry and the ,slaver2 or1 ,adventures ,with ,friends and ,foes4 ,if you cannot procure any numbers of ,handsome ,harry from your newsdealer1 send the price1 #e cents per copy1 to us and we will send any copies ordered by return mail4 ,address ,,frank ,,tousey1 ,publisher1 #bi ,west #bfth ,st41 ,new ,york4 ,,our #aj ,,cent ,,hand ,,books4 ,,useful1 ,,instructive ,,and ,,amusing4 ,containing valuable information on almost every subject such as ,writing1 ,speaking1 ,dancing1 ,cooking2 also1 ,rules of ,etiquette1 ,the ,art of ,ventriloquism1 ,gymnastic ,exercises1 and ,the ,science of ,self-,defense1 etc41 etc4 #a ,,napoleon',s ,,oraculum ,,and ,,dream ,,book4 #b ,,how ,,to ,,do ,,tricks4 #c ,,how ,,to ,,flirt4 #d ,,how ,,to ,,dance4 #e ,,how ,,to ,,make ,,love4 #f ,,how ,,to ,,become ,,an ,,athlete4 #g ,,how ,,to ,,keep ,,birds4 #h ,,how ,,to ,,become ,a ,,scientist4 #i ,,how ,,to ,,become ,a ,,ventriloquist4 #aj ,,how ,,to ,,box4 #aa ,,how ,,to ,,write ,,love ,,letters4 #ab ,,how ,,to ,,write ,,letters ,,to ,,ladies4 #ac ,,how ,,to ,,do ,,it2 ,,or1 ,,book ,,of ,,etiquette4 #ad ,,how ,,to ,,make ,,candy4 #ae ,,how ,,to ,,become ,,rich4 #af ,,how ,,to ,,keep ,a ,,window ,,garden4 #ag ,,how ,,to ,,dress4 #ah ,,how ,,to ,,become ,,beautiful4 #ai ,,frank ,,tousey',s ,u4 ,s4 ,,distance ,,tables1 ,,pocket ,,companion ,,and ,,guide4 #bj ,,how ,,to ,,entertain ,,an ,,evening ,,party4 #ba ,,how ,,to ,,hunt ,,and ,,fish4 #bb ,,how ,,to ,,do ,,second ,,sight4 #bc ,,how ,,to ,,explain ,,dreams4 #bd ,,how ,,to ,,write ,,letters ,,to ,,gentlemen4 #be ,,how ,,to ,,become ,a ,,gymnast4 #bf ,,how ,,to ,,row1 ,,sail ,,and ,,build ,a ,,boat4 #bg ,,how ,,to ,,recite ,,and ,,book ,,of ,,recitations4 #bh ,,how ,,to ,,tell ,,fortunes4 #bi ,,how ,,to ,,become ,,an ,,inventor4 #cj ,,how ,,to ,,cook4 #ca ,,how ,,to ,,become ,a ,,speaker4 #cb ,,how ,,to ,,ride ,a ,,bicycle4 #cc ,,how ,,to ,,behave4 #cd ,,how ,,to ,,fence4 #ce ,,how ,,to ,,play ,,games4 #cf ,,how ,,to ,,solve ,,conundrums4 #cg ,,how ,,to ,,keep ,,house4 #ch ,,how ,,to ,,become ,,your ,,own ,,doctor4 #ci ,,how ,,to ,,raise ,,dogs1 ,,poultry1 ,,pigeons ,,and ,,rabbits4 #dj ,,how ,,to ,,make ,,and ,,set ,,traps4 #da ,,the ,,boys ,,of ,,new ,,york ,,end ,,men',s ,,joke ,,book4 #db ,,the ,,boys ,,of ,,new ,,york ,,stump ,,speaker4 #dc ,,how ,,to ,,become ,a ,,magician4 #dd ,,how ,,to ,,write ,,in ,,an ,,album4 #de ,,the ,,boys ,,of ,,new ,,york ,,minstrel ,,guide ,,and ,,joke ,,book4 #df ,,how ,,to ,,make ,,and ,,use ,,electricity4 #dg ,,how ,,to ,,break1 ,,ride ,,and ,,drive ,a ,,horse4 #dh ,,how ,,to ,,build ,,and ,,sail ,,canoes4 #di ,,how ,,to ,,debate4 #ej ,,how ,,to ,,stuff ,,birds ,,and ,,animals4 #ea ,,how ,,to ,,do ,,tricks ,,with ,,cards4 #eb ,,how ,,to ,,play ,,cards4 #ec ,,how ,,to ,,write ,,letters4 #ed ,,how ,,to ,,keep ,,and ,,manage ,,pets4 #ee ,,how ,,to ,,collect ,,stamps ,,and ,,coins4 #ef ,,how ,,to ,,become ,,an ,,engineer4 #eg ,,how ,,to ,,make ,,musical ,,instruments4 #eh ,,how ,,to ,,become ,a ,,detective4 #ei ,,how ,,to ,,make ,a ,,magic ,,lantern4 #fj ,,how ,,to ,,become ,a ,,photographer4 #fa ,,how ,,to ,,become ,a ,,bowler4 #fb ,,how ,,to ,,become ,a ,,west ,,point ,,military ,,cadet4 #fc ,,how ,,to ,,become ,a ,,naval ,,cadet4 #fd ,,how ,,to ,,make ,,electrical ,,machines4 #fe ,,muldoon',s ,,jokes4 #ff ,,how ,,to ,,do ,,puzzles4 #fg ,,how ,,to ,,do ,,electrical ,,tricks4 #fh ,,how ,,to ,,do ,,chemical ,,tricks4 #fi ,,how ,,to ,,do ,,sleight ,,of ,,hand4 #gj ,,how ,,to ,,make ,,magic ,,toys4 #ga ,,how ,,to ,,do ,,mechanical ,,tricks4 #gb ,,how ,,to ,,do ,,sixty ,,tricks ,,with ,,cards4 #gc ,,how ,,to ,,do ,,tricks ,,with ,,numbers4 #gd ,,how ,,to ,,write ,,letters ,,correctly4 #ge ,,how ,,to ,,become ,a ,,conjurer4 #gf ,,how ,,to ,,tell ,,fortunes ,,by ,,the ,,hand4 #gg ,,how ,,to ,,do ,,forty ,,tricks ,,with ,,cards4 #gh ,,how ,,to ,,do ,,the ,,black ,,art4 #gi ,,how ,,to ,,become ,,an ,,actor4 ,all the above books are for sale by newsdealers throughout the ,united ,states and ,canada1 or they will be sent1 post-paid1 to your address1 on receipt of #aj;c4 each4 ,send ,your ,name and ,address for ,our ,latest ,illustrated ,catalogue4 ,,frank ,,tousey1 ,publisher1 #bi ,,west #bfth ,,street1 ,,new ,,york4 ,transcriber's note3 ,the ,table of ,contents was added by the transcriber4 ,some inconsistent punctuation has been normalized throughout the book4 ,some inconsistent hyphenation 7e4g4 smokestack vs4 smoke-stack7 has been retained4 ,some illustrations in this book appear to have been lifted from ,locomotive ,engine ,driving3 ,a ,practical ,manual for ,engineers in ,charge of ,locomotive ,engines by ,michael ,reynolds 7,london3 ,crosby ,lockwood1 #ahhh74 ,fractions have been normalized to the form ,x-,y_/,z4 ,page #e1 changed locomotiive to locomotive4 ,page #g1 changed ,engilsh to ,english4 ,page #h1 changed clumsey to clumsy and prise to prize4 ,page #af1 changed guage to gauge4 ,page #ag1 changed will came to will come4 ,page #ai1 changed where on can to where one can4 ,page #ba1 changed gain to gains4 ,page #bb1 changed reponsibility to responsibility4 ,page #bd1 changed read then to read them4 ,page #bg1 changed thinest to thinnest4 ,page #bi1 changed guage to gauge 7twice7 and at at to at4 ,page #cd1 changed undestand to understand4 ,page #ea1 changed shown it ,fig4 #ce to shown in ,fig4 #ce and llittle to little4 ,page #ef1 changed definately to definitely4 ,page #eg1 changed air-brakes consists to air-brake consists4