,transcrib]'s note3 ,m9or spell+ & punctuation inconsi/5cies h be5 h>moniz$4 ,italic text has be5 m>k$ ) und]scores4 ,obvi\s typos h be5 correct$4 ,,companion ,,volume ,,by ,,! ,,same ,,au?or ,,*ats ,,on ,,old ,,furniture ,illu/rat$ by #gb ,full-page ,plates4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,r5aissance ,,on ,,! ,,cont95t ,,ii4 ,,! ,,engli% ,,r5aissance ,,iii4 ,,/u>t ,,or ,,jacobean 7,e>ly ,sev5te5? ,c5tury7 ,,iv4 ,,/u>t ,,or ,,jacobean 7,late ,sev5te5? ,c5tury7 ,v4 ,,que5 ,,anne ,,& ,,e>ly ,,georgian ,,/yles ,,vi4 ,,fr5* ,,furniture3 ,,! ,,p]iod ,,( ,,l\is ,,xiv4 ,,vii4 ,,fr5* ,,furniture3 ,,! ,,p]iod ,,( ,,l\is ,,xv4 ,,viii4 ,,fr5* ,,furniture3 ,,! ,,p]iod ,,( ,,l\is ,,xvi4 ,,ix4 ,,fr5* ,,furniture3 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,empire ,,/yle ,x4 ,,*ipp5dale ,,& ,,8 ,,/yle ,,xi4 ,,adam1 ,,hepple:ite1 ,,& ,,%]aton ,,/yles ,,xii4 ,,h9ts ,,to ,,collectors ,,*ats ,,on ,,cottage ,,& ,,f>mh\se ,,furniture ,,books ,,= ,,collectors ,) ,col\r$ ,frontispieces & _m ,illu/rations4 ,l>ge ,cr[n #hvo1 clo?4 ,,*ats ,,on ,,engli% ,,*9a4 ,by ,,ar?ur ,,hayd54 ,,*ats ,,on ,,old ,,furniture4 ,by ,,ar?ur ,,hayd54 ,,*ats ,,on ,,old ,,pr9ts4 ,by ,,ar?ur ,,hayd54 ,,*ats ,,on ,,co/ume4 ,by ,g4 ,,woolliscr(t ,,rhead4 ,,*ats ,,on ,,old ,,lace ,,& ,,ne$lework4 ,by ,e4 ,l4 ,,l[es4 ,,*ats ,,on ,,ori5tal ,,*9a4 ,by ,j4 ,f4 ,,black]4 ,,*ats ,,on ,,m9iatures4 ,by ,j4 ,j4 ,,fo/]4 ,,*ats ,,on ,,engli% ,,e>!nw>e4 ,by ,,ar?ur ,,hayd54 7,companion ,volume to ,*ats on ,engli% ,*9a47 ,,*ats ,,on ,,autographs4 ,by ,a4 ,m4 ,,broadley4 ,,*ats ,,on ,,old ,,pewt]4 ,by ,h4 ,j4 ,l4 ,j4 ,,mass1 ,m4,a4 ,,*ats ,,on ,,po/age ,,/amps4 ,by ,,fr$ ,j4 ,,melville4 ,,*ats ,,on ,,old ,,jewell]y ,,& ,,tr9kets4 ,by ,,maciv] ,,p]cival4 ,,*ats ,,on ,,cottage ,,& ,,f>mh\se ,,furniture4 ,by ,,ar?ur ,,hayd54 7,companion ,volume to ,*ats on ,old ,furniture47 ,,london3 ,t4 ,,fi%] ,,unw94 ,,new ,,york3 ,f4 ,a4 ,,/okes ,,company4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sidebo>d ,,( ,,c>v$ ,,oak4 ,,engli%1 ,,sev5te5? ,,c5tury4 7,9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum47 ,frontispiece4 ,,*ats ,,on ,,cottage ,,& ,,f>mh\se ,,furniture ,,by ,,ar?ur ,,hayd5 ,,au?or ,,( ,,*ats ,,on ,,old ,,furniture1 ,,etc4 ,,) ,a ,,*apt] ,,on ,,old ,,engli% ,,*9tzes ,,by ,,hugh ,,phillips ,,& ,,sev5ty-,,?ree ,,full-,,page ,,illu/rations ,,new ,,york ,,fr$]ick ,a4 ,,/okes ,,company ,,publi%]s 7,all rights res]v$47 ,,to ,,my ,,old ,,fri5d ,,fr$]ic ,,arup ,i ,,d$icate ,,?is ,,volume ,,9 ,,memory ,,( ,a ,,happy ,,lab\r ,,( ,,love ,,complet$ ,,preface ,! numb] ( works deal+ ) old ,engli% furniture has gr[n rapidly dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s4 ,n only has ! subject be5 broadly treat$ f ! hi/oric or f ! collector's po9t ( view1 b latt]ly ev]y?+ has be5 sci5tifically r$uc$ into dep>tm5ts ( k1 & individual p]iods h receiv$ detail$ treatm5t at ! h&s ( speciali/s4 ,museums & well-kn[n collections1 noblem5's seats & c\ntry h\ses h furni%$ photographs ( ! f9e/ examples1 & ^!1 n[ well-kn[n1 pieces h appe>$ aga9 & aga9 z illu/rations to volumes by v>i\s h&s4 ,x is obvi\sly ess5tial 9 ! /udy ( ! hi/ory & evolution ( furniture-mak+ 9 ?is c\ntry t sup]lative specim5s be select$ z ideal types = ! /ud5t ( design or = ! collector1 b su* pieces mu/ always be beyond ! means ( ! av]age collector4 ,! pres5t volume has be5 writt5 = t l>ge class ( collectors1 :o1 :ile appreciat+ ! beauty & ! subtlety ( great ma/]pieces ( ,engli% furniture1 h n long en\gh purses to pay ! prices su* examples br+ aft] fi]ce competition 9 ! auction-room4 ,! field ( m9or "w af=ds peculi> pleasure & dem&s especial /udy4 ,! "* ( ! cottage & f>mh\se furniture is z /urdy & indep5d5t z t ( ! p]sons = :om x 0 made4 ,= ?ree c5turies unkn[n cab9et-mak]s 9 t[ns & 9 villages produc$ "w unaffect$ by any =eign influ5ces4 ,l95-*e/s1 bacon-cupbo>ds1 ,bible-boxes1 gate tables1 & o!r tables1 dress]s1 & *airs possess p>ticul> /yles ( treatm5t 9 diff]5t di/ricts4 ,! eighte5?-c5tury cab9et-mak]s scatt]$ up & d[n ! ?ree k+doms & 9 ,am]ica f\nd 9 ,*ipp5dale's ,director a design-book :i* /imulat$ !m to produce furniture ( compell+ int]e/ to ! collector4 ,! examples ( su* "w illu/rat$ 9 ?is volume h be5 tak5 f a wide area & are su* z may come "u ! h& ( ! dilig5t collector 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 view ( ! increas$ love ( collect+ homely furniture suitable = mod]n use1 x is my hope t ?is book may f9d a ready welcome1 especially n[adays1 :5 s _m ( ! picturesque ar*itectural details ( old home/eads are be+ reproduc$ 9 ! g>d5 suburbs ( great cities4 ,x is possible t ! au?orities ( local museums may f9d 9 ?is class ( furniture a field = special rese>*1 z und\bt$ly specim5s ( local "w %\ld be secur$ = p]man5t exhibition be=e !y are disp]s$ f> & wide & _! id5tity ) p>ticul> di/ricts lo/ = ev]4 ,9 reg>d to ! sci5tific /udy ( f>mh\se & cottage furniture1 ! ideal arrangem5t is t foll[$ at ,skans51 ,/ockholm1 & at ,lyngby1 ne> ,cop5hag54 ,9 ! =m] a s]ies ( build+s h be5 erect$ 9 ! op5 air1 9 connection ) ! ,nor!rn ,museum1 ga!r$ f e "p ( ,sw$51 reta9+ _! ext]ior "* & fitt$ ) ! furniture ( _! =m] occupants4 ,x 0 ! desire ( ! f\nd]1 ,dr4 ,hazelius1 to pres5t an epitome ( ! national life4 ,simil>ly at ,lyngby1 an adjunct ( ! ,dansk ,folkemuseum at ,cop5hag51 ! life-"w ( ,hr4 ,ols5 has be5 giv5 to ga!r+ toge!r & re-erect+ a l>ge numb] ( old cottages & f>mh\ses f v>i\s di/ricts 9 ,d5m>k1 f ,icel&1 ! ,f>oe ,isl&s1 & f ,norway & ,sw$54 ,^! h _! obsolete agricultural implem5ts1 & old me?ods ( f5c+ & qua9t /yles ( /orage4 ,! furniture /&s 9 ^! specim5 homes exactly z if !y 7 occupi$4 ,x is a rem>kable op5-air museum1 & ! idea is wor?y ( s]i\s consid]ation 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,old cottages & f>mh\ses are fa/ disappe>+1 & ! pres]vation ( ^! beauties ( village & c\ntry life %\ld appeal to all lov]s ( national monum5ts4#a #a ,^? int]e/$ 9 ! me?od pursu$ 9 ,sw$5 & ,d5m>k & ! grave necessity = spe$y measures to pres]ve our national cottages & f>mh\ses f effacem5t w f9d illum9at+ articles on ! subject f ! p5 ( ,home ,c\nties 9 ! ,_w's ,"w1 ,augu/1 ,octob]1 & ,novemb]1 #aiaj1 & 9 ! ,am]ican ,educational ,review1 ,febru>y1 #aiaa1 9 an article by ,lucy ,m4 ,salmon4 ,old ,we/ ,surrey1 by ,g]trude ,jekyll 7,longmans ,co471 #aijd1 conta9s a weal? ( sugge/ive mat]ial relat+ to cottage furniture & articles ( daily use ( old-/yle c\ntry life n[ pass+ away4 ,9 connexion ) f>mh\se furniture1 old *9tzes is a subject nev] be=e writt5 ^u4 ,a *apt] 9 ?is volume is contribut$ by ,mr4 ,hugh ,phillips1 ^: special /udies conc]n+ ?is little kn[n field enable him to pres5t mu* valuable in=mation :i* has nev] be=e be5 9 pr9t1 toge!r ) illu/rations ( *9tzes actually tak5 f au!ntic examples ( old furniture4 ,a brief survey is made ( miscellane\s articles associat$ ) cottage & f>mh\se furniture4 ,"s specim5s ( ,sussex firebacks are illu/rat$1 toge!r ) f5d]s1 fir$ogs1 pot-hooks1 c&le-hold]s1 & brass & copp] c&le/icks4 ,! illu/rations h be5 select$ 9 ord] to convey a broad outl9e ( ! subject4 ,my especial ?anks are due to ,messrs4 ,phillips1 ( ! ,manor ,h\se1 ,hit*91 = plac+ at my disposal ! practical exp]i5ce ( _m ye>s' collect+ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 & by enri*+ ! volume ) illu/rations ( _m f9e examples ( great importance & r>ity nev] be=e photograph$4 ,to ,messrs4 ,a4 ,b4 ,daniell ,sons ,i am indebt$ = photographs ( specim5s 9 _! gall]ies4 ,9 pres5t+ ?is volume x is my int5tion t x %\ld be a companion volume to my ,*ats on ,old ,furniture1 :i* records ! hi/ory & evolution ( ! f9] /yles ( ,engli% furniture1 %[+ ! v>i\s =eign influ5ces on ,engli% craftsm5 :o made furniture = ! weal?y classes4 ,,ar?ur ,,hayd54 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,,page ,,introductory ,,note #be ,! m9or collector--,! orig9ality ( ! village cab9et-mak]--,8 fre$om f =eign influ5ces--,! traditional "* ( 8 "w--,difficult to e/abli% dates to cottage & f>mh\se furniture--,oak ! *ief wood employ$--,bee*1 elm1 & a% us$ 9 lieu ( mahogany & sat9wood--,village craftsman%ip n debas$ by e>ly-,victorian art--,its oblit]ation 9 ! age ( factory-made furniture--,! cons]vation ( old f>mh\ses ) _! furniture 9 ,sw$5 & 9 ,d5m>k--,! ne$ = ! pres]vation & exhibition ( old cottages & f>mh\ses 9 ,great ,brita94 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,sev5te5?-,,c5tury ,,/yles #dc ,typical ,jacobean furniture--,solidity ( ,engli% jo9]s' "w--,oak g5]al 9 its use--,! oak =e/s ( ,engl&--,/urdy indep5d5ce ( c\ntry furniture--,*e/s ( draw]s--,! sl[ assimilation ( =eign /yles--,! *ang+ habits ( ! p4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,gate-,,leg ,,table #hc ,its e>ly =m--,transitional & exp]im5tal /ages--,its e/abli%m5t z a p]man5t popul> type--,! gate-leg table 9 ! ,jacobean p]iod--,walnut & mahogany v>ieties--,its utility & beauty contribute to its long survival--,its adoption 9 mod]n days4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,f>mh\se ,,dress] #aac ,! days ( ! late ,/u>ts--,its e>ly table =m ) draw]s--,! decorat$ type ) %elves--,william & ,m>y /yle ) d\ble cupbo>ds--,! ,que5 ,anne cabriole leg--,mid-eighte5?-c5tury types4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,bible-,,box1 ,,! ,,cradle1 ,,! ,,sp9n+-,,:eel1 ,,& ,,! ,,bacon-,,cupbo>d #acg ,! ,puritan days ( ! sev5te5? c5tury--,! ,prote/ant ,bible 9 e home--,! v>iety ( c>v+ f\nd 9 ,bible-boxes--,! ,jacobean cradle & its =ms--,! sp9n+-:eel--,! bacon-cupbo>d4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,eighte5?-,,c5tury ,,/yles #aee ,! adv5t ( ! cabriole leg--,! s-call$ ,que5 ,anne /yle--,! survival ( oak 9 ! prov9ces--,! influ5ce ( walnut on cab9et-mak+--,! e>ly-,georgian types--,*ipp5dale & 8 contempor>ies4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,*air #ahi ,e>ly days--,! typical ,jacobean oak *air--,! evolution ( ! /ret*]--,! *air-back & its developm5t--,transition betwe5 ,jacobean & ,william & ,m>y =ms--,f>mh\se /yles contempor>y ) ! cane-back *air--,! ,que5 ,anne splat--,c\ntry ,*ipp5dale1 ,hepple:ite1 & ,%]aton--,! gr&fa!r *air--,ladd]-back types--,! sp9dle-back *air--,corn] *airs4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,w9dsor ,,*air #bdc ,e>ly types--,! /ick legs )\t /ret*]--,! tav]n *air--,eighte5?-c5tury pleasure g>d5s--,! rail-back v>iety--,*ipp5dale /yle ,w9dsor *airs--,! survival ( ! ,w9dsor *air4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,local ,,types #bfe ,wel% c>v+--,scotti% types--,lanca%ire dress]s1 w>drobes1 & *airs--,h]t=d%ire1 ,b$=d%ire1 ,cambridge1 & ,essex tables--,isle ( ,man tables4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,miscellane\s ,,ironwork1 ,,etc4 #bhe ,! ru%light-hold]--,! dipp]--,! *imney crane--,! ,scotti% crusie--,fir$ogs--,! w>m+-pan--,sussex firebacks--,gr&fa!r clocks4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,old ,,engli% ,,*9tzes4 7,by ,hugh ,phillips7 #cae ,! *>m ( old ,engli% *9tz--,hugu5ot clo?-pr9t]s settle 9 ,engl&--,jacob ,/ampe at ! sign ( ! ,calico ,pr9t]--,! ,que5 ,anne p]iod--,! ,*ipp5dale p]iod--,! age ( ma*9]y4 ,,index #cdc ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,sidebo>d ,,( ,,c>v$ ,,oak 7,,engli%1 ,,sev5te5?-,,c5tury7 ,frontispiece ,,*apt] ,i--,,introductory ,,note ,,page ,,*e/s 7,,sixte5? ,,c5tury7 #bi ,,elizabe?an ,,*air #ce ,,*e/ 7,,sev5te5? ,,c5tury7 #ce ,,int]ior ,,( ,,f>mh\se ,,p>l\r #ci ,,int]ior ,,( ,,cottage #ci ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,monk',s ,,b5* #ec ,,oak ,,*e/ ,,) ,,draw]s ,,und]nea? #ec ,,jo9t ,,/ools #eg ,,oak ,,table #eg ,,*e/ 7,,re/oration ,,p]iod7 #fc ,,e>ly ,,oak ,,table 7,,middle ,,sev5te5?-,,c5tury7 #fc ,,small ,,oak ,,table 7c4 #afhj7 #fe ,,jacobean ,,*e/ ,,( ,,draw]s 7c4 #affj7 #fe ,,*e/s ,,( ,,draw]s #fi ,,*e/ ,,( ,,draw]s 7,,cabriole ,,feet7 #gc ,,william ,,& ,,m>y ,,table 7c4 #afgj7 #gc ,,*ildr5',s ,,/ools #gg ,,r>e ,,b$/ead 7c4 #agjj7 #gg ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,triangul> ,,gate ,,table #hg ,,oak ,,side-,,table #hg ,,small ,,gate ,,table 7,,v ,,e>ly ,,type7 #ia ,,gate ,,table 7,,middle ,,sev5te5?-,,c5tury7 #ia ,,r>e ,,table ,,) ,,d\ble ,,gates #ic ,,r>e ,,table ,,) ,,d\ble ,,gates ,,& ,,only ,,"o ,,flap #ic ,,gate-,,leg ,,table 7,,re/oration ,,p]iod7 #ig ,,gate-,,leg ,,table 7,,york%ire ,,type7 #ig ,,gate-,,leg ,,table ,,) ,,six ,,legs 7,,b>ley-,,sug> ,,turn+7 #ii ,,gate-,,leg ,,table 7,,ball ,,turn+7 #ii ,,collapsible ,,table ,,) ,,r>e ,x ,,/ret*] #aja ,,primitive ,,gate-,,leg ,,table #aja ,,william ,,& ,,m>y ,,gate-,,leg ,,table #aje ,,squ>e-,,top ,,gate-,,leg ,,tables #aje ,,mahogany ,,gate-,,leg ,,tables #aji ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,oak ,,dress] 7,,ab\t #afhj7 #aag ,,oak ,,dress] 7,,p]iod ,,( ,,james ,,ii47 #aag ,,oak ,,dress] 7,,e>ly ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury7 #aai ,,oak ,,dress]1 ,,urn-,,%ap$ ,,legs 7,,re/oration ,,p]iod7 #aai ,,middle-,,jacobean ,,dress] #abc ,,william ,,& ,,m>y ,,oak ,,dress] #abg ,,oak ,,dress]4 ,,squ>e-,,leg ,,type #abg ,,unique ,,dress] ,,& ,,clock ,,comb9$ #aca ,,oak ,,dress]4 ,,que5 ,,anne ,,cabriole ,,legs #ace ,,lanca%ire ,,oak ,,dress] #ace ,,*apt] ,v ,,bible-,,boxes4 ,,e>ly ,,examples #adc ,,bible-,,boxes 7,,middle ,,sev5te5?-,,c5tury ,,& ,,ord9>y ,,type7 #ade ,,oak ,,cradles #adi ,,y>n-,,w9d] ,,& ,,sp9n+-,,:eel #aea ,,buck+ham%ire ,,bobb9s #aea ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,lanca%ire ,,oak ,,settles #aei ,,cupbo>d ,,) ,,draw]s #afc ,,que5 ,,anne ,,bureau ,,bookcase #afc ,,oak ,,tables 7,,e>ly ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury7 #afe ,,que5 ,,anne ,,glass- ,,or ,,*9a-,,cupbo>d #aga ,,georgian ,,corn]-,,cupbo>d #aga ,,oak ,,tables #agc ,,oak ,,tables1 ,,) ,,typical ,,c\ntry ,,cabriole ,,legs #agg ,,que5 ,,anne ,,tea-,,table #aha ,,oak ,,revolv+ ,,book-,,/& #aha ,,c\ntry ,,*ipp5dale ,,table #aha ,,squ>e ,,mahogany ,,flap-,,table #ahc ,,tripod ,,table 7c4 #agfj7 #ahc ,,c\ntry ,,*ipp5dale ,,& ,,c\ntry ,,adam ,,tables #ahg ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,oak ,,arm-,,*airs 7,,"o ,,dat$ #afej7 #aia ,,*e/nut ,,arm-,,*air ,,& ,,oak ,,arm-,,*air 7c4 #afij7 #aia ,,york%ire ,,*air 7,,re/oration ,,p]iod7 #aig ,,cromwellian ,,*airs #aig ,,oak ,,settle 7c4 #afge7 #bja ,,oak ,,arm-,,*airs 7,,"o ,,dat$ #aggg7 #bja ,,oak ,,*airs 7c4 #afhj7 ,,9 ,,walnut ,,/yles #bje ,,oak ,,*airs1 ,,%[+ ,,v>i\s ,,transitional ,,/ages #bji ,,*airs ,,9 ,,que5 ,,anne ,,/yle #bac ,,c\ntry ,,*ipp5dale ,,& ,,hepple:ite ,,*airs #bae ,,oak ,,settees ,,9 ,,*ipp5dale ,,/yle #bai ,,c\ntry ,,*airs ,,9 ,,*ipp5dale ,,& ,,%]aton ,,/yles #bbe ,,gr&fa!r ,,*air #bca ,,arm-,,*air ,,& ,,bacon-,,cupbo>d #bca ,,sp9dle-,,back ,,& ,,ladd]-,,back ,,*airs #bce ,,corn] ,,*airs #bcg ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,*airs ,,( ,,e>lie/ ,,=m ,,) ,,/ick ,,legs #bdg ,,oliv] ,,goldsmi?',s ,,*air #bea ,,*airs ,,) ,,fiddle-,,splat ,,& ,,cabriole ,,legs #bee ,,*ipp5dale ,,& ,,hepple:ite ,,w9dsor ,,*airs #beg ,,%]aton ,,/yle ,,w9dsor ,,*airs #bfa ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,*e/1 ,,dat$ #afcf 7,,wel%7 #bfi ,,cupbo>d1 ,,dat$ #agaj 7,,wel%7 #bfi ,,elm ,,w>drobe 7,,wel%74 ,,oak ,,dress] 7,,lanca%ire7 #bgc ,,flap-,,top ,,table 7,,h]t=d%ire ,,type7 #bge ,,sp9dle-,,back ,,*airs 7,,lanca%ire7 #bge ,,oak ,,*e/ ,,( ,,draw]s 7,,york%ire ,,type7 #bgi ,,lanca%ire ,,oak ,,settle 7c4 #affj7 #bgi ,,?ree-,,legg$ ,,table 7,,isle ,,( ,,man7 #bha ,,cricket ,,tables 7,,h]t=d%ire1 ,,s\? ,,b$s1 ,,cambridge1 ,,& ,,essex7 #bha ,,*apt] ,x ,,ru%light-,,hold]s1 ,,scot* ,,crusie1 ,,c&le-,,dipp]1 ,,pipe ,,clean]1 ,,etc4 #bhi ,,que5 ,,anne ,,pot-,,hang]1 ,,) ,,orig9al ,,grate #bia ,,kettle ,,trivet #bia ,,c\ntry ,,fir$ogs ,,& ,,fire-,,grate 7,,eighte5? ,,c5tury7 #big ,,sussex ,,iron ,,firebacks #cja ,,sussex ,,iron ,,firebacks ,,& ,,orig9al ,,wood ,,patt]n #cjc ,,gr&fa!r ,,clock ,,& ,,w>m+-,,pans #cjg ,,brass ,,dial ,,( ,,?irty-,,h\r ,,clock #cji ,,*apt] ,,xi--,,old ,,engli% ,,*9tzes ,,old ,,trade ,,c>d ,,%[+ ,,calico ,,pr9t]s ,,at ,,"w #cai ,,hugu5ot ,,pr9t$ ,,*9tz ,,) ,,portraits #cai ,,h&-,,pr9t$ ,,*9tzes4 ,,que5 ,,anne ,,p]iod ,,& ,,*9ese ,,/yle #cbc ,,exotic ,,bird ,,& ,,go?ic ,,/yles 7,,eighte5? ,,c5tury7 #cbg ,,h&-,,pr9t$ ,,*9tz ,,by ,r4 ,,jones 7,,old ,,=d7 #cca ,,hepple:ite ,,p]iod ,,& ,,victorian ,,p]iod ,,designs #cce ,,victorian ,,*9tz 7,,9 ,,! ,,collection ,,( ,,mrs4 ,,cobd5 ,,unw97 #cci ,,*apt] ,i ,,introductory ,,note ,,*apt] ,i ,,introductory ,,note ,! m9or collector--,! orig9ality ( ! village cab9et-mak]--,8 fre$om f =eign influ5ces--,! traditional "* ( 8 "w--,difficulty to e/abli% dates to cottage & f>mh\se furniture--,oak ! *ief wood employ$--,bee*1 elm1 & a% us$ 9 lieu ( mahogany & sat9wood--,village craftsman%ip n debas$ by e>ly ,victorian art--,its oblit]ation 9 ! age ( factory-made furniture--,! cons]vation ( old f>mh\ses ) _! furniture 9 ,sw$5 & 9 ,d5m>k--,! ne$ = ! pres]vation & exhibition ( old cottages & f>mh\ses 9 ,great ,brita94 ,9 reg>d to laun*+ ano!r volume on ! m>ket deal+ ) old furniture1 a ^w ( explanation is desirable1 = n[adays ( mak+ books !re is no end1 & mu* /udy is a we>9ess to ! collector4 ,9 ! pres5t volume att5tion has be5 especially giv5 to t class ( furniture kn[n z ,cottage or ,f>mh\se4 ,!re is no volume deal+ ) ?is phase ( collect+4 ,prices = old furniture ( ! f9e/ quality h gone up by leaps & b\nds1 & = ^? n possess$ ( ample means ! collection ( sup]lative /yles is at an end4 ,s+ul>ly en\gh1 ! mo/ native furniture & t mo/ typically racy ( ! soil has n hi!rto attract$ ! att5tion ( weal?y collectors4 ,! plutocrats :o buy only ! f9e/ creations ( ,*ipp5dale1 :o h imm$iate private in=mation :5 an exquisitely design$ ,%]aton piece is f\nd1 :o amass a mighty ho>d ( gilt ,/u>t furniture1 or :o boa/ ( an unrivall$ collection ( ,elizabe?an oak1 d n t\* ! m9or furniture made dur+ a p]iod ( ?ree hundr$ ye>s = ! common p4 ,! f9e/ classes ( ,engli% furniture made by skilful craftsm5 = weal?y patrons mu/ always be beyond ! range ( ! m9or collector4 ,e ye> br+s ke5] ze/ among ^? int]e/$ 9 furniture ( a bygone day1 & x is !re=e increas+ly difficult = p]sons ( ta/e & judgm5t :o _c af=d high prices to satisfy _! long+s4 ,x is obvi\s t specim5s ( massive appe>ance f9ely c>v$ 9 oak ( ! ,tudor age1 or ( elegantly turn$ "w 9 walnut ( ,jacobean days1 mu/ be readily recognis$ z valuable4 ,sumptu\s furniture tells its own /ory4 ,x is unlikely n[adays t su* wond]ful f9ds1 conc]n+ :i* imag9ative writ]s are always tell+ u1 w occur aga9--except on pap]4 ,popul> en?usiasm has be5 awak5$1 & m (t5 ?an n ! possessor ( "s m$iocre piece ( furniture or *9a atta*es a value to x :i* is absurd4 ,! publication ( prices realis$ at auction has :ett$ ! cupidity ( w\ld-be sell]s :o conv]t e>ly n9ete5?-c5tury *airs by a nod ( ! head into ,que5 ,anne1 & :o av] ) equal v]acity t ord9>y blue transf] pr9t$ w>e has be5 9 ! family a hundr$ ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*e/4 ,,middle ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury4 ,go?ic c>v+4 ,solid wood ends1 =m+ feet4 ,made f six bo>ds2 ) h&-=g$ nails & l>ge lock1 *>act]i/ic ( ,go?ic *e/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*e/4 ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury4 ,loz5ge panels1 disc turn+1 & ,go?ic brackets 7r>e74 7,by ! c\rtesy ( ,mr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,phillips1 ,hit*947 ,cottage & f>mh\se furniture may be said to be 9 some:at p>allel case to ,engli% e>!nw>e4 ,a qu>t] ( a c5tury ago1 or ev5 t5 ye>s ago1 collectors 9 g5]al conf9$ _! att5tion ma9ly to porcela94 ,! rage 0 = ,worce/]1 ,*elsea1 ,d]by1 or ,b[4 ,) ! exception ( ,w$gwood & ,turn]1 ! ,/af=d%ire pott]s _h n f\nd fav\r ) ! fa%ionable collector4 ,n[adays ,t(t di%es1 ,/af=d%ire figures by ,eno* ,wood1 vases by ,neale & ,palm]1 & ! entire s*ool ( lu/re w>e1 h receiv$ att5tion f ! speciali/1 & sci5tific classification has br\ght prices )9 measurable di/ance ( ^? paid = porcela94 ,:at e>!nw>e is to porcela91 s cottage & f>mh\se furniture are to ! elaborate /yles made = ! use ( ! ri*] classes4 ,! ,fr5* insipidities & rococo ornam5t ( ,*elsea & ,d]by & ! ori5tal e*oes ( ,worce/] & ( ,b[ are z little typical ( national eighte5?-c5tury s5tim5t z ! ribbon-back *air & ! ,*9ese fretwork ( ,*ipp5dale or ! sat9wood elegances ( ,%]aton4 ,to ,/af=d%ire & to local pott]ies scatt]$ all ov] ! c\ntry f ,sund]l& to ,bri/ol1 f ,lambe? to ,nott+ham1 f ,liv]pool to ,rye1 "o in/9ctively turns = real individuality & native tradition4 ,simil>ly f>mh\se furniture exhibits ! "w ( ! local cab9et-mak] 9 v>i\s di/ricts1 /rongly m>k$ by an adh]5ce to traditional =ms & int5sely insul> 9 its disreg>d ( prevail+ fa%ions4 ,x is z ,engli% z ! lea!r black-jack & ! home-brew$ ale4 ,contemporane\s ) ! great cab9et-mak]s :o drew _! inspiration f =eign s\rces--f ,italy1 f ,france1 f ,holl&1 & f ,spa9--small jobb+ cab9et-mak]s 9 e village & t[n _h _! patrons1 & :5 n mak+ wagons or f>m implem5ts1 produc$ furniture = ev]yday use4 ,z may readily be suppos$1 !re is 9 ^! results a bl9d navet :i* *>act]ises a design h&$ d[n f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,?is is "o ( ! surpris+ features ( ! village cab9et-mak]'s "w--its curi\s ana*ronism4 ,! sublime indiff]5ce to pass+ fa%ions is a/oni%+ly delightful to ! /ud5t & to ! collector4 ,!re is no?+ m unc]ta9 ?an to attempt ) exactitude to place a date ^u cottage or f>mh\se furniture4 ,! bacon-cupbo>d1 ! l95-*e/1 ! gate-table1 ! ladd]-back *air & ! w9dsor *air1 7 made ?r\gh successive g5]ations d[n to fifty ye>s ago )\t dep>t+ f ! orig9al patt]n ( ! ,*>les ,i4 or ! ,que5 ,anne p]iod4 ,oak *e/s are f\nd c>v$ ) ! ,go?ic l95-fold patt]n4 ,!y might be ( ! sixte5? c5tury except = ! fact t dates ( ! late eighte5? & e>ly n9ete5? c5tury are c>v$ ^u !m4 ,:ole di/ricts h reta9$ simil> /yles = c5turies1 & ! fondness = cle>ly def9$ types is almo/ z pron\nc$ z t ( ! ,asiatic rug-weav]1 :o makes ! same patt]ns z 8 remote ance/ors sold to ! anci5t ,greeks4 ,! village cab9et-mak]'s "w kn[s no sequ5ce ( ages ( oak1 walnut1 mahogany1 & sat9wood4 ,8 wood is f 8 native trees4 ,8 *airs come /raight f ! h$g][s4 ,8 hi/ory c be spann$ 9 "o long age ( oak1 int]m+l$ "h & !re ) elm & yew-tree & bee*4 ,! e>ly days ( primitive "w g back to ! m>k$ class di/9ction betwe5 g5tles & simples1 & ! end came only 9 ! la/ decades ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 :5 ! village craftsman 0 oblit]at$ by ! rapid advance ( factory & ma*9e made furniture4 ,x may at fir/ be assum$ by ! beg9n] t cottage & f>mh\se furniture is ?r\gh\t a weak & feeble imitation ( f9] pieces4 ,b ?is is n s4 ,! craftsm5 :o made ?is class ( furniture =m$ = !mselves special types :i* 7 nev] made by ! ,london cab9et-mak]s4 ,= in/ance1 ! ,jacobean gate-table1 ! ,lanca%ire w>drobe1 ! dress]1 & ! w9dsor *air1 h /yles peculi>ly _! own4 ,9 _m ( ! specim5s f\nd x w be se5 t ! village cab9et-mak] display$ v f9e workman%ip1 & !re are clev] t\*es & delightful mann]isms :i* make su* pieces ( int]e/ to ! collector4 ,9 e>ly days ( ! ville9s1 furniture 0 limit$ to a /ool1 a table1 & p]haps a *e/4 ,nor 0 ! use ( mu* furniture at ! f>m or 9 ! cottage a feature 9 ,tudor & e>ly ,/u>t days4 ,gorge\sly c>v$ oak & ri*ly turn$ walnut fill$ ! mansions ( ! weal?y1 b "o does n f9d its simpl] c\nt]p>t made = cottages till ne>ly #affj4 ,! few pieces ess5tial to e dwell+-h\se may be plac$ n e>li] ?an ! late sixte5? or e>ly sev5te5? c5tury--! *e/1 ! table1 ! =m1 & ! ,prote/ant ,bible-box4 ,*e/s ) scrat*$ ,go?ic m\ld+s1 tables ( ! tre/le type z us$ to-day1 =ms ( ! mo/ simple con/ruction1 exi/1 & may be said to belong to ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,bible-boxes became common dur+ ! e>ly sev5te5? c5tury1 & )\t *ange 9 _! /yle 7 made till ! late eighte5? c5tury4 ,9 mid-sev5te5?-c5tury days ! well-kn[n gate-table 0 introduc$4 ,( e>ly pieces we illu/rate a few examples1 ?\gh 9 connection ) f>mh\se & cottage1 ! e>ly days af=d a poor field1 z ! furniture ( ^? days n[ rema9+ 0 mo/ly made = great families4 ,! two sixte5?-c5tury *e/s illu/rat$ 7p4 #bi7 are int]e/+ z %[+ ! e>ly /yles4 ,! upp] photograph is ( a middle sixte5?-c5tury *e/1 ) ,go?ic c>v+ & solid wood ends =m+ feet4 ,?is type ( *e/ is made f six bo>ds4 ,! h&-=g$ nails %[ ! r\gh jo9]y1 & ! l>ge lock is *>act]i/ic ( su* ,go?ic *e/s4 ,! l[] *e/ is also ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,x has loz5ge panels1 & is fur!r ornam5t$ by disc turn+4 ,! ,go?ic brackets at ! base are r>e1 & x is an int]e/+ example4 ,illu/ration3 ,,elizabe?an ,,*air4 ,?is is ( ,sc&9avian orig91 & 0 kn[n 9 ,engl& be=e ! ,roman ,conque/1 be+ %[n 9 m$ival ,,mss4 ,su* designs surviv$ ! ,go?ic /yles4 7,by ! c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,phillips1 ,hit*947 ,illu/ration3 ,,*e/4 ,,sev5te5? ,,c5tury4 ,panels ) e>ly scrat*$ m\ld+s 7i4e41 n mitr$74 ,mitre+ came into g5]al use ab\t #afjj4 ,t ! *e/ rema9$ 9 some:at primitive =m is %[n by ! illu/ration ( a sev5te5?-c5tury specim5 7p4 #ce74 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! panels h e>ly scrat*$ m\ld+s1 t is to say !y are n mitr$4 ,! fa%ion ( mitre+ 9 cab9et-"w came into g5]al use ab\t ! ye> #afjj1 b m9or examples ( c\ntry furniture (t5 possess scrat*$ m\ld+ at a mu* lat] date4 ,on ! same page is an ,elizabe?an *air4 ,?is type is ( exceptional int]e/4 ,x has a long & pr\d hi/ory4 ,!y are1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,p]cy ,macquoid1 ( ,byzant9e orig92 _! patt]n 0 introduc$ by ! ,v>angian ,gu>d into ,sc&9avia1 & f !re d\btless br\ght to ,engl& by ! ,normans4 ,!y cont9u$ to be made until ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,^! turn$ *airs are int]e/+ z hav+ sp9dles1 :i* came into use at a mu* lat] p]iod 9 ! sp9dle-back *air4 ,) ! gr[? ( prosp]ity & ! increas$ use ( dome/ic com=ts1 cottage furniture becomes a wid] subject4 ,c>v$ oak b$/eads1 simple f\r-po/]s1 bacon-cupbo>ds1 l95-*e/s became m common4 ,9 eighte5?-c5tury days !re 0 q an outbur/ ( en?usiasm1 & ! small cab9et-mak] ga9$ k ( 8 craft & became ambiti\s4 ,on ! promulgation ( ,*ipp5dale's designs he made copies 9 elm & oak & bee* = village patrons & essay$ to foll[ ,hepple:ite & ev5 ,%]aton4 ,b ?is wave ( success 0 foll[$ by ! competitive inroad made by factory-made cab9et-"w1 & dur+ ^! la/ days ! local cab9et-mak] adh]$ clos] ?an ev] to ! e>ly oak examples ( 8 =efa!rs4 ,! village craft practically came to an end 9 ! fifties1 b x 0 a glori\s end1 & x is happy t x did n survive to produce bad "w ( atroci\s design4 ,! pass+ ( cottage & f>mh\se furniture may be said to be l ! disappe>ance ( dialect4 ,! mod]n _s has ent]$ into village life1 ! t[n newspap] has p]meat$ ! c\ntry-side & di/urb$ ! old-_w repose4 ,! lov] ( ,engli% folk-ways & ! simplicity ( rural life may e*o ! l9e ( ,wordswor?1 ,! ?+s t ,i h se5 ,i n[ c see no m4 ,9 ! illu/rations ( two int]iors %[n on p4 #ci x w be se5 h[ happily plac$ ! furniture becomes :5 9 its old home4 ,! atmosph]e ( ^! rural home/eads is at once soo?+ & re/ful1 & ! pieces ( furniture _h an add$ dignity4 ,x seems almo/ sacrilege to te> su* relics ( bygone days f _! anci5t re/+-place4 ,b ! collector is abroad1 & few sanctu>ies h escap$ 8 assidu\s att5tion4 ,! l[] illu/ration %[s ! int]ior ( a cottage ) its orig9al panell$ walls4 ,?is cottage actually has ,tudor frescoes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,int]ior ,,( ,,f>mh\se ,,p>l\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,int]ior ,,( ,,cottage4 ,) orig9al panell$ walls4 ,?is cottage has ,tudor frescoes4 ,! /udy ( old f>mh\se & cottage furniture has n be5 pursu$ 9 ?is c\ntry 9 s sci5tific a mann] z 9 ,sw$5 & 9 ,d5m>k4 ,! cons]vation ( national heirlooms is a matt] :i* mu/ be spe$ily dealt ) be=e !y become scatt]$4 ,x is a po9t :i* _c be repeat$ too (t54 ,at ,skans51 ,/ockholm1 old build+s h1 "u ,/ate sup]vision1 be5 re-erect$1 & ) _! furniture !y af=d a practical illu/ration ( ! p>ticul> type ( life ( ! di/rict ( _! orig94 ,at ,lyngby1 ne> ,cop5hag51 a s]ies ( f>mh\ses simil>ly illu/rate old types ( home/eads f v>i\s localities 9 ,d5m>k1 & f ,icel& & ! ,f>oe ,isl&s4 ,by su* a sy/ematic & p]man5t record ( f>m & cottage life & ! ev]yday art ( ! p x is possible to imp>t vitality to ! /udy ( ! subject4 ,! ,engli% me?od ( museum arrangem5t 9 dry-z-du/ mann]1 ) r[s ( furniture & cases ( *9a1 is a valley ( dry bones comp>$ ) su* a fre% & vigor\s h&l+ & me?od ( exposition z is foll[$ 9 ,sc&9avia4 ,if old ,engli% furniture is wor? ! pres]vation = ! b5efit ( /ud5ts ( craftsman%ip or z a relic ( bygone cu/oms1 !re is und\bt$ room = due consid]ation ( ! be/ means ( exhibit+ x4 ,a s]ies ( repres5tative f>mh\ses c\ld be re-erect$ at "s conv5i5t spot4 ,!re are _m p>ks ar\nd ,london & o!r great cities :i* w\ld be b5efit$ by su* picturesque build+s4 ,be=e x is too late1 & _m ( ^! beautiful /ructures h be5 de/roy$ to make room = mod]n improvem5ts1 & village life has become absorb$ by ! gr[+ t[ns1 x %\ld be possible to /ep 9 & pres]ve "s ( ! mo/ typical examples = ! enjoym5t ( ! nation4 ,! real int]e/ %[n by ! public 9 out-(-door object-lessons ( ?is nature is indicat$ by ! great cr[ds at ,exhibitions at ,e>l's ,c\rt & ! l1 :i* flock$ to ,tudor h\ses replete ) old furniture1 & villages transplant$ 9 la? & pla/] to simulate ! real ?+1 :i* seem+ly has be5 neglect$ f an educational po9t ( view4 ,! m\nta9 f>ms & ! home/eads ( ! m5 ( ! dales1 f5 f>ms1 & /one cottages f ! ,cotswolds1 half-timb]$ f>ms f ,surrey1 f ,*e%ire1 & f ,hamp%ire1 dat+ back to e>ly ,/u>t days--are n ^! wor?y ( pres]vation8 ,9 ! ,wel% hills1 & ne/l+ 9 ! dips ( ! ,grampians & ! ,*eviots1 f ,wessex to ,nor?umbria1 f ! ,bord] c\ntry to ! extremity ( ,cornwall1 f ,ea/ ,anglia to ! ,lakes1 are treasures ^u :i* ! ru?less h& ( de/ruction mu/ %ortly fall4 ,or f> afield 9 ,h>ris & 9 ,skye1 or remote ,connem>a1 !re are types :i* %\ld f9d a p]man5t abid+ place z national records ( ! homes ( ! m5 ( ! isl& k+dom4 ,?is %\ld n be an impossible nor un?9kable problem to solve be=e su* are all[$ to pass away4 ,! int5se value ( su* a fai?ful record is wor?y ( c>eful consid]ation by ! au?orities1 ei!r z a national und]tak+ or "u ! auspices ( "o ( ! le>n$ societies1 su* z ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies1 or ! ,society = ! ,protection ( ,anci5t ,build+s & ,monum5ts1 int]e/$ 9 ! safegu>d+ ( ! national h]itage bequea!d u by our =efa!rs4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,sev5te5?-,,c5tury ,,/yles ,,*ronology ,,james ,i4 7#afjc-be7 #afjf ,second colonisation ( ,virg9ia begun2 ,raleigh's fir/ colony 9 ,virg9ia 0 f\nd$ 9 #aehe4 #afaa ,! colonisation ( ,ul/] begun4 ,publication ( ! ,au?oris$ v]sion ( ! ,bible4 #afbj ,! sail+ ( ! ,mayfl[] & ! f\ndation ( ,new ,engl& by ! ,puritans4 ,,*>les ,i4 7#afbe-di7 #afcj ,john ,w9?rop & a numb] ( ,puritans settle 9 ,massa*usetts4 #afcc ,reclamation ( =e/ l&s4 #afcd ,w5twor? introduces flax cultivation into ,irel&4 #afce ,taxes = ,%ip ,money levi$ on inl& c\nties4 #afcg ,john ,hampd51 a c\ntry g5tleman1 refuses to pay ,%ip ,money4 ,,civil ,,w> 7#afdb-di7 #afdb ,battle ( ,edgehill4 ,=mation ( ,ea/]n ,association4 ,norfolk1 ,suffolk1 ,essex1 ,cambridge1 & ,h]t=d unite = purpose ( def5ce aga9/ ! ,royali/s4 #afdc ,battles ( ,read+1 ,gran?am1 ,/ratton1 ,*algrove ,field1 ,adwalton ,moor 7ne> ,brad=d71 ,lansd[n1 ,r\ndway ,d[n1 ,bri/ol1 ,gl\ce/]1 ,newbury1 ,w9ceby1 ,hull4 #afdd ,battles ( ,nantwi*1 ,copr$y ,bridge1 ,m>/on ,moor1 ,tipp]muir1 ,lo/)iel1 ,newbury4 #afde ,battles ( ,inv]lo*y1 ,naseby1 ,langport1 ,kilsy?1 ,bri/ol1 ,philiphaugh1 ,r[ton ,hea?4 #afdh ,battles ( ,maid/one1 ,pembroke1 ,pre/on1 ,col*e/]4 ,,! ,,commonweal? 7#afdb-eh7 #afdi ,battle ( ,ra?m9es4 ,/orm+ ( ,drogh$a & ,wex=d by ,cromwell4 #afej ,montrose defeat$ at ,corbiesdale & execut$4 ,battle ( ,dunb>4 #afea ,battle ( ,worce/]4 #afeb ,w> ) ,holl&4 #afef ,w> ) ,spa94 #afeg ,de/ruction ( ,spani% fleet by ,blake4 #afeh ,battle ( ! ,dunes4 ,victory ( ,engli% & ,fr5* fleet ov] ,spa94 ,,int]regnum 7#afeh-fj7 #afei ,ris+ 9 ,*e%ire = ,*>les4 ,,*>les ,,ii4 7#affj-he7 #afgb ,! /op ( ! ,ex*equ]4 ,*>les refuses to repay ! pr9cipal ( ! sums he _h borr[$ & r$uces int]e/ f #ab p] c5t4 to #f p] c5t4 ,?is result$ 9 great di/ress1 felt 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,,james ,,ii4 7#afhe-hh7 #afhe ,insurrection ( ,argyll 9 ,scotl&4 ,monm\? ris+ 9 ,we/ ( ,engl&4 ,revocation ( ,edict ( ,nantes4 ,! expulsion ( a l>ge numb] ( ,fr5* ,prote/ant artisans4 ,settlem5t ( skill$ silk-weav]s & o!rs 9 ,engl&4 ,,william ,,iii4 ,,& ,,m>y 7#afhi-id7 ,,william ,,iii4 7#afhi-agjb7 #afhi ,siege ( ,londond]ry4 #afij ,battle ( ! ,boyne4 ,william defeats ,james1 :o flees to ,france4 #afia ,capitulation ( ,lim]ick2 #aj1jjj ,iri% soldi]s & (fic]s jo9$ ! s]vice ( ! ,fr5* ,k+4 #afib ,battle ( ,la ,hogue1 ,fr5* fleet de/roy$4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,sev5te5?-,,c5tury ,,/yles ,typical ,jacobean furniture--,solidity ( ,engli% jo9]s' "w--,oak g5]al 9 its use--,! oak =e/s ( ,engl&--,/urdy indep5d5ce ( c\ntry furniture--,*e/s ( draw]s--,! sl[ assimilation ( =eign /yles--,! *ang+ habits ( ! p4 ,to ! lov] ( old oak1 v>i$ 9 "* & ess5tially ,engli% 9 its practical realisation ( ! exact ne$s ( its us]s1 ! sev5te5? c5tury provides an exceptionally f9e field4 ,! *airs1 ! tables1 ! d[]-*e/s & ! f\r-po/ b$/eads ( ! f>mh\se 7 /urdy reflections ( sumptu\s furniture made = ! nobility & g5try 9 ,jacobean & ,elizabe?an times4 ,! designs may h be5 sugge/$ by f9] & e>ly models1 b ! balance1 ! s5se ( proportion1 & ! c>v+1 7 ! result ( ! village c>p5t]'s own individual ideas z to ! requirem5ts ( ! furniture = use 9 ! f>mh\se4 ,obvi\sly /r5g? & /ability 7 important factors1 & ornam5t1 z su*1 took a subsidi>y place 9 8 s*eme4 ,b1 al?\gh co>se & possess+ a lean+ t[>ds ! unwieldy1 & (t5 massive )\t ! accompany+ gr&eur ( ! highly-tra9$ craftsman's "w1 !re is a bread? ( treatm5t 9 su* pieces :i* is at once recognisable4 ,!y 7 made = use & no little ?\ght 0 be/[$ on _! l9es1 &1 rightly appreciat$1 !y possess a consid]able beauty4 ,!re is no?+ f9ick+ ab\t ?is sev5te5?-c5tury f>mh\se furniture4 ,!re is no mean+less ornam5t4 ,produc$ 9 conditions suitable = quiet & re/ra9$ craftsman%ip1 contemplative cab9et-mak]s began to evolve /yles t are f> remov$ f ! av]age design ( furniture made to-day "u m pret5ti\s surr\nd+s4 ,! gate table1 ) its long hi/ory & its amplification ( /ructure & ornam5t1 to :i* a sep>ate *apt] is devot$ 7,*apt] ,,iii71 is a case 9 po9t4 ,x 0 ext5sively us$ 9 inns & 9 f>mh\ses & f\nd itself 9 set def9ite types spread ov] a wide area f "o end ( ! c\ntry to ! o!r4 ,its practicability caught ! ta/e ( lov]s ( utility4 ,its add$ gracefulness ( =m1 9 comb9ation ) its adaptability to mod]n ne$s1 has recaptur$ ! fancy ( h\sewives to-day4 ,x is ! happy survival ( a beautiful & useful piece ( +5i\s cab9et-"w4 ,to-day "o f9ds unexpect$ly a ,london fa%ion l+]+ 9 ! prov9ces ye>s aft]w>ds4 ,a /ray air f a light op]a or "s cat*-phrase ( t[n slang is gaily b&i$ ab\t z curr5t co9 9 bucolic je/ long aft] its circulation 9 ! metropolis has ceas$4 ,! fa%ions 9 prov9cial furniture mov$ z sl[ly4 ,half a c5tury aft] c]ta9 /yles 7 ! vogue !y crept imp]ceptibly into c\ntry use4 ,9 spee* & song ! transplantation is m rapid1 b 9 craftsman%ip1 ! /udi$ "w ( m5's h&s1 ! use ( novelty is aga9/ ! gra9 ( ! cons]vative m9d ( ! c\ntry cab9et-mak]4 ,!re=e ?r\gh\t ! entire field ( ?is m9or furniture x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t x is q usual to f9d examples ( "o c5tury reflect+ ! glories ( ! p]iod long s9ce gone4 ,solidity ( ,engli% ,jo9]s' ,"w4--,! love ( old c\ntry furniture ( ! sev5te5? c5tury is h>dly an acquir$ ta/e4 ,old oak is at once a j>r+ note 9 a ,%]aton draw+-room ) delicate col\r s*eme ( da9ty wallpap] & sat9 cov]+s4 ,b z a g5]al rule1 :5 x is fir/ se5 9 its prop] environm5t1 9 an old-_w f>mh\se ) panell$ walls1 & mullion$ w9d[s1 set squ>ely on an oak floor & b5ea? black5$ oak beams ripe ) age1 x w9s imm$iate recognition z repres5tative ( a f9e p]iod ( furniture4 ,x is admitt$ by exp]ts1 & x is ! pr\d boa/ ( possessors ( old oak1 t ! jo9]'s "w ( ?is /yle--! sev5te5? c5tury at its be/--/&s unequall$ = its solidity & s\nd practical adhesion to fix$ pr9ciples gov]n+ /urdy furniture fa%ion$ = h>d & cont9u$ usage4 ,( c\rse1 !re 7 no screws us$ 9 ^? days1 & little glue4 ,! jo9ts dovetail$ into ea* o!r ) great exactness & 7 fa/5$ by ! wood5 p9s s (t5 visible 9 old examples4 ,! mod]n copyi/ has a f9e reg>d = ^! wood5 pegs4 ,he kn[s t 8 cli5ts set /ore by !m1 & he accord+ly sees to x t !y are well 9 evid5ce 9 8 replicas4 ,b !re is yet a di/9ction :i* may be notic$ betwe5 8 pegs & ! orig9als4 ,8 are accurately r\nd1 turn$ by ma*9]y to fit an equally circul> ma*9e-turn$ hole4 ,!y tell _! own /ory in/antly to a tra9$ eye1 to say no?+ ( ! piece ( furniture z a :ole1 :i* always has little conflict+ t\*es to d5ote its mod]nity4 ,z an in/ance ( ! =m ( ! sixte5? c5tury cont9u+ 9 use until mid-sev5te5?-c5tury days ! illu/ration ( an oak table 7p4 #fc7 br+s out ?is po9t4 ,! heavy balu/]-l legs1 only j remov$ f ! e>li] bulb\s types1 & ! massive treatm5t belong to ! days ( ,james ,i41 & yet su* pieces really 7 made 9 ,cromwellian days4 ,! rude simplicity ( mu* ( ! f>mh\se furniture is indicat$ by ! ,monk's ,b5* illu/rat$ 7p4 #ec74 ,! back is conv]tible into a table top4 ,! e>ly pla9ness ( /yle = s late a piece z #afej is p>ticul>ly notewor?y4 ,?is specim5 is int]e/+ by reason ( its exceptionally l>ge back4 ,on ! same page is illu/rat$ a *e/ ) two draw]s und]nea?4 ,?is =m is t]m$ a ,mule ,*e/1 & is ! e>lie/ =m ( ! *e/ ( draw]s4 ,^! ,cromwellian *e/s ) draw]s cont9u$ to be made 9 ! c\ntry = a hundr$ ye>s1 b 9 m fa%ionable circles !y soon develop$ into ! well-kn[n ,jacobean *e/ ( draw]s1 ! prototype ( ! =m 9 use to-day4 ,z an in/ance ( ?is l+]+ ( fa%ion ! *e/ illu/rat$ is dat$ #agja1 q fifty ye>s aft] its fir/ appe>ance z a new /yle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,monk',s ,,b5*4 ,c4 #afej4 ,) back conv]tible into table top4 ,exceptionally l>ge back4 7,note e>ly pla9ness ( /yle47 7,by c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,a4 ,b4 ,daniell ,sons47 ,illu/ration3 ,,oak ,,*e/ ,,) ,,draw]s ,,und]nea?4 ,t]m$ a ,mule ,*e/4 ,! e>lie/ =m ( *e/ ( draw]s4 ,?is piece 9 /yle is ,middle ,sev5te5? ,c5tury1 b is dat$ #agja4 ,oak ,g5]al 9 its ,use4--,! oak z a wood 0 9 g5]al use bo? 9 ! furniture ( ! ri*] classes & 9 ! f>mh\se furniture ( sev5te5?-c5tury days & e>li]4 ,inlaid "w is unkn[n 9 furniture ( ?is type4 ,x 0 sp>+ly us$ 9 pieces ( m important orig94 ,! room %[n at ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum f ,siz]gh ,ca/le has inlays ( holly & bog oak4 ,& ! suite ( furniture at ,h>dwicke ,hall made = ,bess ( ,h>dwicke 0 made by ,engli% workm5 :o _h be5 9 ,italy1 ! same p]sons :o produc$ simil> "w at ,longleat4 ,small panels ) r\gh inlaid "w are n uncommon 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury 9 *e/s1 b$/eads1 & draw]s4 ,b ! prevail+ types ( oak )\t ! add$ inlays ( o!r woods 7 rigidly adh]$ to 9 cab9et-mak]s' "w = ! f>mh\se4 ,! great oak =e/s1 su* z ,%]wood1 furni%$ an abundance ( timb] = all dome/ic purposes1 & up to ! sev5te5? c5tury little o!r wood 0 us$ = any /ructural or arti/ic purpose4 ,practically oak may be consid]$ z ! national wood4 ,f ! ,h>ry ,grce ,dieu ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 & ! ,gold5 ,h9d ( ,drake to ! ,victory ( ,nelson1 ! great %ips 7 ( ,engli% oak4 ,! magnific5t hamm]-beam ro( ( ,we/m9/] ,hall is ( ! same wond]ful wood4 ,all ov] ! c\ntry are scatt]$ build+s timb]$ ) oak beams1 f ca!drals & anci5t *ur*es to f>mh\ses & mills4 ,! oak piles ( old ,london ,bridge 7 tak5 up aft] six c5turies & a half & f\nd to be /ill s\nd at ! he>t4 ,! mass ( furniture ( ne>ly ?ree c5turies ago has surviv$ ow+ to ! durability ( its wood4 ,to ?is day ,engli% oak comm&s great e/eem1 al?\gh =eign oak has tak5 its place 9 ! g5]al timb] trade1 yet !re is none :i* possesses su* /rong & la/+ qualities4 ,x w /& a /ra9 ( #a1ijj lbs4 p] squ>e in* transv]sely to its fibres4 ,/urdy ,indep5d5ce ( ,c\ntry ,furniture4--,! h>dness ( ! oak z a wood is "o ( ! factors :i* det]m9$ ! /yles ( decoration ( ! furniture into :i* x 0 fa%ion$4 ,x 0 n easily capable ( intricate c>v$ "w1 ev5 9 ! h&s ( accompli%$ craftsm54 ,! fanta/ic fl[] & fruit pieces ( ,gr9l+ ,gibbons & o!r c>v]s 7 9 lime or *e/nut1 & ! age ( walnut1 a m pliant & s(t] wood to "w 9 ?an oak1 0 yet to come4 ,! c\ntry mak]1 little v]s$ 9 ! subtleties ( cab9et-"w1 cont5t$ himself ) a n>r[ range ( types1 :i* la/$ ov] a consid]able p]iod4 ,?is is especially noticeable 9 8 *airs1 & specim5s are f\nd ( ! same =m z ! middle sev5te5? c5tury belong+ to ! la/ decade ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,e>ly ,,oak ,,table4 ,c4 #afdj4 ,reta9+ ,elizabe?an bulb\s =m ( leg & hav+ ,cromwellian /yle feet4 ,brass h&les add$ lat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,jo9t ,,/ools4 ,height1 #a ft4 #aj-a_/b ins4 ,height1 #a ft4 #h-a_/b ins4 ,height1 #a ft4 #e ins4 7,ab\t #afdj47 7,ab\t #affj47 ,! typical sidebo>d ( ! sev5te5? c5tury only v>ies slightly 9 =m accord+ to ! "p ( ! c\ntry f :i* x comes4 ,! g5]al design is always p]man5t4 ,a l>ge cupbo>d bel[1 two small] ones above1 set some:at back f ! front ( ! l[] "o1 ! sides ( ! upp] ones sometimes cant$ (f1 leav+ two triangul> spaces ( flat top at ! ends ( ! bottom "o4 ,! :ole is surm\nt$ by a top %elf1 support$ by ! upp] cupbo>ds & two boldly turn$ pill>s4 ,?is is usually ! design4 ,! decoration is ( ! simple/1 & pres5ts no?+ beyond ! p[]s ( ! village c>p5t]4 ,! m\ld+s are simple2 !re is slight conv5tional c>v+1 frequ5tly consi/+ ( holl[ flut+s1 & ! pill>s1 boldly turn$1 are v r>ely enri*$ by any ornam5t4 ,a c>eful exam9ation ( su* pieces is always int]e/+ f a te*nical po9t ( view4 ,! fram+ ( ! panels is se5 to be work$ out by ! plane1 b ! panels !mselves m (t5 ?an n h be5 r$uc$ to approximate flatness ) an adze4 ,if view$ 9 a side light ! surface is ?us slightly v>i$1 %[+ ! diff]5ces 9 ! planes ( ! v>i\s facets produc$ by ! adze & giv+ an effect entirely diff]5t f ! me*anical smoo?+ ( a surface by ! use ( a plane4 ,! fram+ ( ! front & ends ( ^! sidebo>ds is 9 detail exactly l ! ord9>y ,jacobean wall panell+ or wa9scot4 ,! m\ld+s are all work$ on ! rails or /yles1 n mitr$ & glu$ on1 no mitr$ m\ld+s be+ us$ except occasionally 9 ! c5tre panel betwe5 ! doors4 ,! fram+ is mortis$ toge!r & p9n$ ) oak p9s4 ,! doors are usually hung on iron /rap h+es1 & ! h&les ( ! doors are ( wr\ght iron4 ,frequ5tly ! doors ( ! upp] cupbo>ds are hung on pivots1 n h+es4 ,su* a sidebo>d belongs to ! middle p]iod ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & is repres5tative ( a wide class us$ 9 f>mh\ses4 ,x is easi] to foll[ ! v>i\s movem5ts 9 ! design ( ! sev5te5?-c5tury table ?an a c5tury lat]1 :5 m complex circum/ances gov]n$ its use4 ,! illu/rations on p4 #eg give e>ly =ms1 ) "s sugge/ion z to ! progression 9 design4 ,! e>ly oak ,table is a curi\s comp\nd ( design4 ,x has reta9$ ! ,elizabe?an bulb\s =m ( leg & has ! ,cromwellian foot4 ,9 date ! piece is ab\t #afdj4 ,! brass h&le has be5 add$ lat]4 ,! ,jo9t ,/ools on ! l[] half ( ! page af=d a picture ( sl[ly advanc+ inv5tion 9 turn$ "w4 ,! "o on ! left ( ! gr\p is ! e>lie/1 & is ab\t #afdj 9 date4 ,its legs are se5 to be ( co>s] "w1 r\ghly turn$1 b typically e>ly ,jacobean 9 bread? ( treatm5t4 ,! two on ! "r are ab\t #affj 9 date4 ,! left-h& "o %[s ! urn-%ap$ leg ( ! /rong1 broad treatm5t 7z 9 ! ,table illu/rat$ p4 #fc71 br\ght into subjection & exhibit+ a gracefulness ( =m & balance t make furniture ( ?is type s lovable4 ,! small] /ool %[s ! ball-c>v+ associat$ ) ! ,re/oration p]iod1 & f\nd 9 gate tables4 ,a comb9ation ( ^! /yles ( turn+ is %[n 9 ! graceful oak ,table illu/rat$ p4 #fe1 9 date ab\t #afhj4 ,*e/s ( ,draw]s4--,! cons]vative _s ( ! m9or craftsm5 is especially noticeable 9 ! articles ( ev]yday use4 ,! m]*ant's acc\nt l$g] ) its gre5 back & cross-/it*$ patt]n 9 vellum /rips1 /ill 9 use1 is to be f\nd 9 ! same /yle 9 ,holbe9 pictures ( ! days ( ! ,hanseatic ,league4 ,brass & copp] c&le/icks h a long l9eage1 & _! =m is only a slight v>iant f v e>ly examples4 ,! evolution ( ornam5t is especially int]e/+2 ! old /onew>e ,bell>m9e =m /ill rema9s 9 ! be>d$ mask at ! lip ( *9a jugs at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! two buttons at ! back ( ! coattails cont9ue long aft] _! prim>y use to loop up ! sword-belt has vani%$4 ,9 ,am]ica ! e>ly c>v$ *e/s ( ! ,puritan coloni/s 7 foll[$ by simil> designs contempor>y ) our own ,jacobean /yle = a p]iod well t[>ds ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! panels on *airs & *e/s h ! same arcad$ designs z f\nd 9 ,elizabe?an b$/eads & fireplaces4 ,^! become gradually cry/allis$ 9 conv5tional =m1 & ,lockwood1 ! ,am]ican writ] on old colonial furniture1 has r$uc$ ! types co9cid5t ) our own ,jacobean /yles into t5 di/9ct patt]ns1 until ! adv5t ( ! well-kn[n *e/s ( draw]s ) geometric rais$ ornam5t laid on1 :i* pieces ( furniture 9 ,re/oration days 7 set ^u a /&4 ,we h %[n 9 ! illu/ration 7p4 #ec7 ! e>lie/ =m ( ! *e/ ) draw]s und]nea?4 ,! /age transitional betwe5 ?is & ! multif>i\s designs ) bevell$ panels 9 geometric design is exemplifi$ by ! *e/1 9 date ab\t #affj1 illu/rat$ 7p4 #fc71 hav+ two draw]s & a c5tre bevell$ panel1 & ) two arcad$ panels on ea* side ( ?is & also arcad$ panels at ! ends ( ! *e/4 ,?is =m 0 rapidly succe$$ by ! well-kn[n *e/s ( draw]s on ball feet or on /& s mu* appreciat$ by collectors4 ,we illu/rate a suffici5t numb] ( pieces to cov] ! usual /yles & to assi/ ! beg9n] to id5tify examples com+ "u 8 obs]vation4 ,al?\gh x %\ld be not$ t z ^! *e/s ( draw]s are s mu* s\ght aft] !y are manufactur$ n[adays by ! hundr$ & out ( old wood1 s t great c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 pay+ big prices = !m unless "u exp]t guidance4 ,! specim5 appe>+ on p4 #fe is a f9e example1 9 date #affj1 & :5 ! ball feet are orig9al1 z 9 ?is example1 ! g5u95ess ( ! *e/ ( draw]s is und\bt$4 ,too (t5 /&s or feet are add$1 & x is exce$+ly r>e to f9d t ! brass h&les are orig9al4 ,q an indu/ry is c>ri$ on 9 reproduc+ old brass escut*eons & h&les f r>e designs & c>efully imp>t+ to !m signs ( age1 s t !y may be us$ 9 made-up *e/s ( draw]s & tables4 ,( types ( /&s1 ! two *e/s ( draw]s illu/rat$ p4 #fi are fair examples4 ,! upp] *e/ is a curi\s ,jacobean type ) sunk panels & hav+ an unusually high /&4 ,!re is a sugge/ion t ?is has be5 add$ lat]1 z ! foot is eighte5?-c5tury 9 "*4 ,! l[] *e/ is ( ! ,*>les ,,ii4 type ) sunk panels & hav+ ! arcad$ foot ( t p]iod4 ,x w be obs]v$ t 9 addition to ! f\r draw]s x has a draw] at ! bottom4 ,illu/ration3 ,,oak ,,table4 ,c4 #afej4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*e/4 ,,ab\t #affj4 ,) bevell$ panels & draw]s & arcad$ panels & ends4 7,by ! c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,phillips1 ,hit*947 ,illu/ration3 ,,small ,,oak ,,table4 ,c4 #afhj4 ,%[+ two =ms ( m\ld+s 9 legs & /ret*]4 7,by c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,a4 ,b4 ,daniell ,sons47 ,illu/ration3 ,,jacobean ,,*e/ ,,( ,,draw]s4 ,c4 #affj4 ,height1 #b ft4 #aa-c_/d ins42 dep?1 #a ft4 #aa ins42 wid?1 #c ft4 #c-a_/b ins4 ,! ball foot1 n always pres5t1 indicates g5u9e example4 ,! treatm5t ( ! /& or legs ( ^! *e/s ex]cis$ ! +5uity ( v>i\s g5]ations ( cab9et-mak]s4 ,9 ! specim5 illu/rat$ p4 #fi1 ! eighte5? c5tury is rea*$4 ,! transition f pass+ ,jacobean /yles into ^? ( ,que5 ,anne is cle>ly se54 ,! bevell$ panels /ill rema91 ) add$ geometric intricacies ( design1 & a new feature appe>s 9 ! flut$ sides4 ,b ! mo/ int]e/+ feature is ! cabriole leg1 s def9itely indicative ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! ,sl[ ,assimilation ( ,=eign ,/yles 9 ,furniture4--,f>mh\se furniture almo/ es*ew$ fa%ion4 ,9 sev5te5?-c5tury days x pursu$ ! ev5 t5or ( its way untrammell$ by t[n influ5ces4 ,engl& 9 ^? days 0 n trav]s$ by roads t l5t !mselves to neighb\rly communication4 ,a hundr$ ye>s lat] ,w$gwood f\nd ! wret*$ roads 9 ,/af=d%ire1 :]e waggons sunk axle-deep 9 ruts & pits1 a h9drance to 8 bus9ess1 & ,william ,cobbett 9 8 ,rural ,rides leaves a record ( ,surrey woefully primitive at ,h9dhead1 ) dang]\s hills & bogs1 :]e ! horses took ! lead & crept d[n1 p>tly ^u _! feet & p>tly ^u _! hocks4 ,f ! days ( ,james ,i4 to ^? ( ,james ,,ii41 f ! fir/ ,/u>t ,sov]eign to ! la/ ( t ill-/>r$ h\se1 ! c\ntry pass$ ?r\gh rapid /ages ( volcanic hi/ory4 ,! op5+ ye>s ( ! c5tury saw ! colonisation ( ,ul/] by ! ,scots & ! ,engli% settl]s1 & ! sail+ ( ! ,mayfl[] & ! f\ndation ( ,new ,engl& by ! ,puritans1 n9e ye>s aft] ! publication ( ! ,au?oris$ v]sion ( ! ,bible4 ,"u ,*>les ,i4 came ! /ruggle betwe5 ! despotic p[] ( ! ,cr[n & ! newly awak5$ w ( ! p4 ,p>liam5t>y "r came into conflict ) royal pr]ogative4 ,! sm\ld]+ fire bur/ into flame :5 ,john ,hampd51 a c\ntry g5tleman1 refus$ to pay ,%ip ,money1 :i* 0 levi$ on ! inl& c\nties 9 #afcg1 & ! arre/ ( five memb]s ( ,p>liam5t 9 #afdb--;,hampd51 ,pym1 ,holles1 ,haselrig1 & ,/rode--precipitat$ ! c\ntry into civil w>4 ,= sev5 ye>s a cont9ual s]ies ( battles 7 wag$ by ! cont5d+ =ces4 ,! ,ea/]n ,c\nties =m$ !mselves into a m>tial association1 & ! ,k+ set up 8 /&>d at ,nott+ham4 ,f ,bri/ol to ,hull & f ,nantwi* to ,newbury fi]ce engagem5ts tore ! c\ntry asund]4 ,an ,iri% army 0 rais$ = ! ,k+1 & ! ,scots "u ,leslie cross$ ! bord] 9 ! ,p>liam5t>ian cause4 ,) ! execution ( ,*>les ,i4 came o!r dang]s2 ! sword 0 n %ea!d1 nor _h revolution left a cont5t$ c\ntry-side4 ,cromwell divid$ ! k+dom into elev5 milit>y di/ricts1 & "u 8 rule ,engl& took h] place at ! head ( ! ,prote/ant ,/ates 9 ,europe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,oak ,,*e/ ,,( ,,draw]s4 ,curi\s ,jacobean type1 ) sunk panels & unusually high /&4 ,?is /& is ! well-kn[n eighte5?-c5tury foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,oak ,,*e/ ,,( ,,draw]s4 ,*>les ,,ii4 type1 ) sunk panels & arcad$ /& & feet typical ( ! p]iod4 ,) ! dea? ( ! ,protector & ! re/oration ( ! ,/u>ts1 :5 ,*>les ,,ii4 return$ home1 came an influx ( =eign cu/oms & =eign arts le>n$ by expell$ royali/s 9 _! en=c$ soj\rn on ! ,cont95t4 ,london & ! ,c\rt in/antly became ! c5tre ( voluptu\s fa%ion4 ,! pages ( ,pepys's ,di>y af=d in/ructive pictures ( ! la/ qu>t] ( ! c5tury at ,:itehall ) ! ,m]ry ,mon>* exhibit$ 9 vivid col\rs1 & m intimate /ill are ! ^w-portraits clev]ly et*$ by ! ,c\nt de ,grammont 9 8 ,memoirs ( ! gay circle at ,c\rt4 ,& aft] ,*>les came 8 bro!r ,james1 nor 7 civil /rife & ,c\rt intrigue memories ( ! pa/4 ,re/lessness /ill *>act]ises ! clos+ ye>s ( ! c5tury4 ,! insurrection ( ,monm\? 9 ! ,we/ ( ,engl& 0 foll[$ by ! ,bloody ,assize ( ,judge ,jeffreys4 ,! air is fill$ ) tr\ble1 & blund]+ /atecraft br+s fre% disa/]1 culm9at+ 9 ! ignom9i\s flight ( ! ,k+4 ,nor does ?is complete ! *ang+ sc5es ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,a new era "u ,william ! ,dut*man br\ght new & p]man5t influ5ces1 & religi\s tol]ation & con/itutional gov]nm5t became firmly root$ z ! h]itage ( ! p ( ?is c\ntry4 ,x is ess5tial t a r\gh idea ( ! p]iod be ga9$ 9 ord] to appreciate ! kaleidoscopic "* ( ! ev5ts t rapidly succe$$ ea* o!r4 ,! p>alysis ( ! arts dur+ ! civil w> _h n a little influ5ce on ! furniture ( ! p]iod belong+ to ! class ( :i* we treat 9 ?is volume4 ,! weal? ( noble & patrician families _h be5 scatt]$1 e/ates _h be5 confiscat$1 & sumptu\s furniture & appo9tm5ts pillag$ & de/roy$1 especially :5 x (f5d$ ! n>r[ ta/es ( ! ,puritan soldi]y4 ,"s ( ! m9or pieces no d\bt f\nd _! way into humbl] homes & s]v$ z models = simpl] folk4 ,) a de>? ( ari/ocratic patrons !re 7 no new art impulses to /ir craftsm5 to _! highe/ moods1 b 9 spite ( w> & di/urbances affect+ all classes1 furniture = common use _h to be made1 & ! ready-f\nd types ex]cis$ a cont9u$ influ5ce on all ! e>li] "w4 ,9 reg>d to f>mh\se furniture ! foll[+ types repres5t 9 ! ma9 ! sev5te5?-c5tury /yles3 ! b$/ead1 ! sidebo>d or dress]1 ! table & ! *air 9 its v>i\s =ms1 ! ,bible-box & ! cradle4 ,! ,jacobean *e/ ( draw]s1 a developm5t ( ! d[]-*e/1 came 9 mid-sev5te5?-c5tury days1 & prior to ! ,william & ,m>y /yles4 ,! sidebo>d1 a developm5t ( ! bacon-cupbo>d1 came into fa%ion 9 ! middle ( ! c5tury4 ,x 0 a reflex ( ! gr&] furniture ( ! manor h\se & ! nobleman's mansion4 ,x is difficult to fix exact dates to ,jacobean furniture ( ?is "*4 ,z a g5]al rule x is saf] to place x at a lat] date ?an is ! usual cu/om4 ,illu/ration3 ,,oak ,,*e/ ,,( ,,draw]s4 ,%[+ transition to ,que5 ,anne type4 ,cabriole feet1 bevell$ panels1 & flut$ sides4 ,illu/ration3 ,,william ,,& ,,m>y ,,table4 ,c4 #afgj4 ,) f9ely turn$ legs & /ret*] & scallop$ und]work4 7,by ! c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,phillips1 ,hit*947 ,! ,*ang+ ,habits ( ! ,p4--,! %ift+ phases ( ! re/less sev5te5? c5tury make x exce$+ly difficult1 9 spite ( exp]ts1 to decide def9itely z to ! exact date ( furniture4 ,! c\ntry be+ 9 su* an unsettl$ /ate obvi\sly influ5c$ ! manufacture ( dome/ic furniture4 ,its natural evolution 0 brok5 & ! re/ra9t ( ! ,jacobean =ms 0 9 ! ma9 due to ! conditions prevail+ 9 reg>d to _! manufacture4 ,! long li/ ( battles giv5 9 ! *ronological table at ! comm5cem5t ( ?is *apt] is advis$ly record$ to %[ ! int5se upheaval :i* 0 caus$ by ! civil w>s :i* rag$ f nor? to s\?1 f ea/ to we/1 & convuls$ any arti/ic impulses :i* may h be5 9 process ( mat]ialisation4 ,x is obvi\s ! class ( ,table ( ! ,william & ,m>y p]iod1 9 date ab\t #afgj1 illu/rat$ 7p4 #gc71 ) f9ely turn$ legs & /ret*] & scallop$ und]work1 belongs to a p]iod f> m advanc$ 9 com=t ?an ! days :5 su* a table z t illu/rat$ p4 #fc 0 ! ord9>y type4 ,by ! end ( ! c5tury ! gr[? ( sea p[] & ! a/oni%+ developm5t ( trade br\ght correspond+ dome/ic luxuries4 ,! two *ildr5's /ools illu/rat$ 7p4 #gg7 mu/ h come f a c\ntry squire's or weal?y prov9cial m]*ant's h\se4 ,_! uphol/]$ seats emulate ! gr&eur ( f9] types4 ,! r>e =m ( oak b$/ead illu/rat$ on ! same page is a survival ( ! e>ly type4 ,9 date ?is is ab\t #agjj2 n too (t5 are su* examples f\nd1 = ent]pris+ re/or]s & mak]s h seiz$ ^! old ,jacobean b$/eads & conv]t$ !m into s-call$ ,jacobean sidebo>ds1 :]e9 no?+ is old except ! wood4 ,x requires "s little imag9ation to conjure up :at ! daily meals 7 9 ! days ( ! e>ly ,/u>ts4 ,!re 0 ! lea!r jack1 ! horn mug1 & ! long table 9 ! hall :]e ! f>m] & 8 s]vants ate toge!r4 ,an old black-lett] song1 entitl$ ,:5 ?is old cap 0 new1 9 date #afff1 9 ! ,roxburgh ,songs & ,ballads1 has two v]ses :i* pa9t a lively picture3-- ,black-jacks to e man ,7 fill'd ) w9e & be]2 ,no pewt] pot nor c ,9 ^? days did appe>2 ,good *e] 9 a nobleman's h\se ,0 c\nt$ a seemly %[2 ,we want$ n brawn nor s\se ,:5 ?is old cap 0 new4 ,we took n su* delight ,9 cups ( silv] f9e2 ,none "u ! degree ( knight ,9 plate drank be] or w9e2 ,n[ ea* me*anical man ,ha? a cupbo>d ( plate = %[1 ,:i* 0 a r>e ?+ !n ,:5 ?is old cap 0 new4 ,! me*anical man is a delightful t\* ( ! old song-writ]4 ,we fe> he w\ld h be5 %ock$ at ! deg5]acy ( a lat] day1 :5 9 place ( ! mug t 0 h&$ r\nd came ! effem9ate teacups4 ,! *ange f ale1 at breakfa/ & d9n] & supp]1 to tea ! bev]age ( ! poor1 w\ld be a sad awak5+ f ! ideals set up by ! rollick+ song-writ] ( ,re/oration days4 ,b su* innovations mu/ ne$s be closely reg>d$ by ! /ud5t ( furniture4 ,we wi% sometimes t hi/orians _h sp>$ a few pages f milit>y evolutions & ,c\rt intrigues to let u "k :at ! p>l\rs & b$rooms ( our ance/ors look$ l4 ,a r\gh rsum f ,macaulay's ,/ate ( ,engl& 9 #afhe1 :]e9 he quotes au?ority by au?ority1 holds a mirror to sev5te5?-c5tury life4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*ildr5',s ,,/ools1 ,c4 #afij4 ,illu/ration3 ,,r>e ,,b$/ead4 ,c4 #agjj4 ,survival ( e>ly type4 ,at ,enfield1 h>dly out ( sight ( ! smoke ( ! capital1 0 a region ( five-&-tw5ty miles 9 circumf]5ce1 :i* conta9$ only ?ree h\ses & sc>cely any enclos$ fields1 :]e de] w&]$ free 9 ?\s&s4 ,r$ de] 7 z common 9 ,gl\ce/]%ire & ,hamp%ire z !y are n[ 9 ! ,grampians4 ,que5 ,anne1 travell+ to ,portsm\?1 on "o occasion1 saw a h]d ( no less ?an five hundr$4 ,agriculture 0 n a greatly kn[n sci5ce4 ,! rotation ( crops 0 imp]fectly und]/ood4 ,! turnip _h j be5 introduc$ to ?is c\ntry1 b x 0 n ! practice to fe$ %eep & ox5 ) ?is 9 ! w9t]4 ,!y 7 kill$ & salt$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! cold wea!r1 & dur+ sev]al mon?s ev5 ! g5try ta/$ little fre% animal food except game & riv] fi%4 ,9 ! days ( ,*>les ,,ii4 x 0 at ! beg9n+ ( ,novemb] t families laid 9 _! /ock ( salt provisions1 !n call$ ,m>t9mas beef4 ,! /ate ( ! roads 9 ^? days 0 some:at b>b>\s4 ,ruts 7 deep1 desc5ts precipit\s1 & ! way (t5 difficult to di/+ui% 9 ! dusk f ! un5clos$ f5 & hea? on ea* side4 ,pepys & 8 wife1 travell+ 9 _! own coa*1 lo/ _! way betwe5 ,newbury & ,read+4#b ,9 "s p>ts ( ,k5t & ,sussex none b ! /ronge/ horses c\ld1 9 w9t]1 get ?r\gh ! bog 9 :i* !y sank deep at e /ep4 ,! coa*es 7 (t5 pull$ by ox54#c ,:5 ,pr9ce ,george ( ,d5m>k visit$ ! mansion ( ,petwor? he 0 six h\rs travell+ n9e miles4 ,?r\gh\t ! c\ntry nor? ( ,york & we/ ( ,exet] goods 7 c>ri$ by long tra9s ( packhorses4 #b ,pepys's ,di>y1 ,june #ab1 #af #h4 #c ,po/le?waite's ,diction>y ( ,roads4 ,! capital 0 a place f> remov$ f ! c\ntry4 ,x 0 seldom t ! c\ntry squire paid a visit ?i!r4 ,t[>ds ,london & ,london]s he felt an av]sion t m ?an once produc$ important political effects 7,macaulay74 ,ap>t f ! c\ntry g5tlem5 7 ! petty proprietors :o cultivat$ _! own fields ) _! own h&s & enjoy$ a mode/ compet5ce )\t affect+ to h scut*eons & cre/s4 ,?is great class ( yeomanry =m$ a mu* m important "p ( ! nation ?an n[4 ,accord+ to ! mo/ reliable /ati/ics ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 !re 7 no less ?an a hundr$ & sixty ?\s& proprietors1 :o ) _! families made a sev5? ( ! population ( ^? days1 & ^! d]iv$ _! livelihood f small freehold e/ates4 ,su*1 !n1 7 ! *ief diff]5ces divid+ ! life ( ! c\ntry f ! life ( ! t[n4 ,! ,london m]*ants _h t[n mansions h>dly less inf]ior to ! nobility4 ,*elsea 0 a quiet village ) a ?\s& inhabitants1 & sportsm5 ) dog & gun w&]$ ov] ,m>ylebone4 ,g5]al ,ogle?orpe1 :o di$ 9 #aghe1 us$ to boa/ t he _h %ot a woodcock 9 :at is n[ ,reg5t ,/reet1 9 ,que5 ,anne's reign4 ,! days ( ! ,/u>ts 7 n s rosy z writ]s ( romance h *os5 to h u believe4 ,at ,norwi*1 ! c5tre ( ! clo? indu/ry1 *ildr5 ( ! t5d] age ( six 7 engag$ 9 lab\r4 ,at ,bri/ol a labyr9? ( n>r[ lanes1 too n>r[ = c>t traffic1 0 built ov] vaults4 ,goods 7 convey$ across ! city 9 trucks drawn by dogs4 ,meat 0 s de> t ,k+1 9 8 ,natural & ,political ,conclusions1 e/imates t half ! population ( ! c\ntry only ate animal food twice a week1 & ! o!r half only once a week or n at all4 ,bread su* z is n[ giv5 to ! inmates ( a workh\se 0 !n seldom se5 ev5 on ! tr5*] ( a yeoman or a %opkeep]4 ,! majority ( ! nation liv$ almo/ entirely on rye1 b>ley1 & oats4 ,! *ange f ^! conditions to ^? we associate ) ! eighte5? c5tury 0 n a sudd5 b a sl[ "o4 ,) ! increase ( av]age prosp]ity came ! additional requirem5ts 9 h\sehold furniture4 ,x is impossible n[ to /ate accurately :at ! exact furniture 0 ( ! v>i\s classes ( ! community4 ,_m ( ! sev5te5?-c5tury pieces n[ rema9+ h be5 treasur$ 9 great h\ses & belong to a v>iety :i* 9 ^? days 0 reg>d$ z sumptu\s4 ,n[ & aga9 we cat* glimpses ( ! =m] life ( ! m5 & wom5 ( ^? days4 ,little pieces ( conclusive evid5ce are br\ght to light :i* enable safe conclusions to be drawn4 ,b ! ev]yday normal "* has too (t5 gone unrecord$4 ,we are left ) ,c\rt memoirs1 di>ies ( ! great1 lit]>y pro(s ( ! m s*ol>ly1 b ! simple annals ( ! poor are1 9 ! ma91 unrecord$4 ,9 view ( ?is s]ies ( que] & rem>kable facts /rung toge!r to af=d ! read] a r\gh & ready picture ( ^? dim days1 "o comes to believe t mu* ( ! ord9>y sev5te5?-c5tury furniture mu/ be reg>d$ z hav+ belong$ to ! great yeoman class ( ! community4 ,) ?is belief ! collector v rightly reg>ds x ( /]l+ wor?1 z rem9isc5t ( ! m5 f ^: /urdy /ock has sprung a great race4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,gate-,,leg ,,table ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,gate-,,leg ,,table ,its e>ly =m--,transitional & exp]im5tal /ages--,its e/abli%m5t z a p]man5t popul> type--,! gate-leg table 9 ! ,jacobean p]iod--,walnut & mahogany v>ieties--,its utility & beauty contribute to its long survival--,its adoption 9 mod]n days4 ,! gate-leg table is always reg>d$ ) v5]ation by collectors4 ,x has a *>m ( /yle & beauty ( con/ruction :i* af=d nev]-end+ delight to possessors ( old examples4 ,x is an inspir$ piece ( cab9et-"w :i* belongs to ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & exhibits ! supreme ef=t ( ! e>ly ,jacobean craftsm5 to break away f ! squ>e massive tables1 ! l9eal desc5dants ( ! great bulb\s-legg$ table ( ! ,elizabe?an hall4 ,d9+-tables ) ! device ( slides to draw out :5 occasion requir$1 ev5 9 e>ly days became a necessity4 ,x is a note indicat+ ! *ang+ habits ( ! p4 ,a table 0 no long] us$ = "o purpose4 ,! l>ge table requir$ a p]man5t place 9 a l>ge room4 ,b small] h\ses fitt$ ) m9or furniture _h _! limitations ( space1 & s ! +5uity ( a table t w\ld close toge!r & /& aga9/ a wall1 or c\ld be us$ z a r\nd table = d9+1 0 a welcome innovation4 ,its ,e>ly ,=m4--,! s]ies ( illu/rations 9 ?is *apt] af=d a fairly compreh5sive survey ( ! progress & diff]+ "* ( ! gate-leg table dur+ ! hundr$ ye>s t x held a place 9 dome/ic furniture4 ,x is difficult to say ) exactitude :i* are ! e>lie/ =ms1 or :e!r ! r\nd table )\t ! mov+ gates 0 a sort ( transitional =m prior to ! use ( ! movable legs4 ,x is q possible t 9 8 attempt to inv5t some?+ m conv5i5t ?an ! heavy squ>e d9+-table ! progressive cab9et-mak] ( ! middle sev5te5? c5tury did /rike ! half-way =m4 ,b on ! o!r h& x mu/ be admitt$ t !re is ! possibility t ! gate-leg table came fir/1 & t ! types ) ?ree legs & half circul> tops /& by !mselves z lat] types4 ,on ! :ole1 "o is incl9$ to ! belief1 especially z x prettily illu/rates =ms ( natural evolution1 t ! ?ree-legg$ table ) fix$ legs & half r\nd top came fir/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,oak ,,side ,,table4 ,c4 #affj4 ,pla9 /yle4 ,! precursor ( ! gate-leg table4 ,illu/ration3 ,,triangul> ,,gate-,,leg ,,table4 ,c4 #afdj4 ,f9e example4 ,) arcad$ sp&rils & gate4 ,?is is ! next /age ( developm5t to above table4 7,by ! c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,phillips1 ,hit*947 ,! two tables illu/rat$ on p4 #hg belong to ?is ?ree-legg$ type4 ,! upp] "o is half circul> at ! top & ! ?ree legs are /ation>y4 ,?is p>ticul> table is 9 date ab\t #affj1 & al?\gh 9 ?is in/ance x is obvi\sly lat] ?an o!r =ms we illu/rate hav+ gate-legs1 yet by ! !ory we h advanc$ above1 x belongs to a type prior to ! use ( a gate4 ,! l[] "o is a f9e example1 9 date ab\t #afdj1 ( a triangul> gate-leg table4 ,! top is r\nd1 & ! illu/ration %[s ! gate op5 at "r angles to ! /ret*]4 ,! arcad$ sp&rils are an int]e/+ & r>e feature4 ,transitional ,types4--,n only is ! feel+ t[>ds ! gradual e/abli%m5t ( ?is new =m ( table %[n 9 its con/ruction1 fir/ ) f\r legs until x develop$ into a table ) twelve legs & d\ble gates1 b ! /yles ( ornam5t us$ 9 ! turn+ diff] greatly 9 "*4 ,! leg is capable ( wide & diff]+ treatm5t4 ,!re is ! urn leg1 a r>e & e>ly type1 ! ball turn$ leg1 egg-&-reel turn$ leg1 & ! /raight leg4 ,9 reg>d to ! /ret*] simil> v>ieties occur4 ,sometimes x is entirely pla91 & :5 x is decoratively turn$ x v>ies f ! e>ly survival ( ! ,go?ic tre/le to ! r>e cross /ret*] ( ! late collapsible table4 ,9 "s types ( ,york%ire tables ! /ret*]s are splat-=m1 l a ladd]-back *air4 ,! feet diff] 9 no less degree f ! usual ,jacobean type to ! scroll or ,spani% foot at a lat] date4 ,9 ! e>ly eighte5? c5tury !re is ! int]e/+ s]ies ( ,que5 ,anne flap tables :i* h gate-legs4 ,"s h ! bottom /ret*] to ! gate-leg4 ,^! belong to ! walnut p]iod1 :5 a great] vivacity became noticeable 9 ,engli% cab9et "w4 ,x is ?is picturesque & endless /ream ( designs :i* appeals to ! collector4 ,x is q wor?y ( /udy to foll[ ! diff]5ce 9 ! cab9et-"w ( ^! gate tables4 ,! long l9e ( craftsm5 :o fa%ion$ !m add$ "h & !re n only t\*es ( ornam5t t 7 p]sonal1 b inv5t$ details ( con/ruction z improvem5ts to exi/+ =ms4 ,a v e>ly type ) urn legs & hav+ pla9 gates is t illu/rat$ p4 #ia4 ,x is small 9 size & belongs to ! fir/ half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! survival ( ! ,go?ic tre/le feet ( an e>li] type is notewor?y4 ,! table on ! same page has ! tre/le ends /ill reta9$4 ,!re is /ill ! s+le leg at ea* end1 z 9 ! example above4 ,! gates are squ>e & pla9 & ! legs are ball turn$1 a comb9ation repres5t+ an e>ly type4 ,! size ( ?is piece is small & its date is ab\t #afej or some:at lat]4 ,its ,e/abli%m5t z a ,popul> ,type4--,! v>i$ improvem5ts & ! slightly diff]+ *>act]i/ics make x p]fectly cle>1 :5 exam9$ 9 detail1 t ! gate table 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry _h firmly e/abli%$ itself & _h won popul> approval z a p]man5t type4 ,9 ! se>* = tables ( ?is =m1 h[ev] wide ! net is spread by ^? indefatigable seek]s 9 out-(-!-way places1 & by ! small army ( trade collectors :o sc\r ! c\ntry = ! purpose ( une>?+ some?+ r>e & unique1 ! /ory is always ! same4 ,9 ! mo/ remote di/ricts su* tables are /ill f\nd3 ! gr[? ( ! use ( ?is gate-leg =m p]meat$ e "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,x 0 copi$ & recopi$1 native t\*es 7 add$1 & ! old lead+ l9es foll[$ by g5]ation aft] g5]ation ( craftsm54 ,x _h z great a vogue dur+ ! long p]iod ( its hi/ory z ! /yles ( ,*ipp5dale *airs _h at a lat] date1 :5 e c\ntry cab9et-mak] 0 seiz$ ) ! desire to produce m9or ,*ipp5dale 9 oak or bee* or elm4 ,illu/ration3 ,,small ,,gate ,,table4 ,,v ,,e>ly ,,type4 ,l5g?1 #c ft42 bread?1 #b ft4 #d ins42 height1 #b ft4 #c ins4 ,urn legs ) pla9 gates ) survival ( ,go?ic tre/le feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gate ,,table4 ,,middle ,,sev5te5? ,,c5tury4 ,e>ly example4 ,height1 #b ft42 top1 #b ft4 #i ins4 #b ft4 #c ins4 ,squ>e gates & turn$ leg indicate e>ly type4 ,tre/le ends /ill reta9$4 7,by ! c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,phillips1 ,hit*947 ,illu/ration3 ,,r>e ,,table4 ,) d\ble gates4 ,egg & reel turn+4 ,turn$ /ret*]s4 7,examples su* z ?is are wor? #ah to #ce ow+ to r>e =m47 ,illu/ration3 ,,r>e ,,gate ,,table4 ,) d\ble gates ) only "o flap & hav+ turn$ /ret*]s4 ,tables ) "o flap are r>e & usually h two gates4 ,by ! c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,phillips1 ,hit*947 ,! ,jacobean ,p]iod4--,ess5tially ! fl[] ( ! popul> creations ( ! ,jacobean furniture-design]1 ! gate table mu/ always /& z rem9isc5t ( ! days ( ,*>les ,i4 & ,*>les ,,ii4 ,no picture ( ?is p]iod is consid]$ arti/ically complete unless !re be a gate-leg table ) its picturesque l9es add+ a te*nical t\* ( correctness to int]iors4 ,! portrait ( ,h]rick1 ! p>son-poet ( ,devon1 imag9ative ?\gh x be1 :5ev] x appe>s on canvas or illu/rat+ 8 lyrics1 %[s ! poet beside a f9e gate-leg table4 ,/age tradition is equally sure on ! same po9t4 ,a company ( swagg]+ cavali]s at an inn is n complete )\t a gr\p arrang$ at "o ( ^! tables quaff+ w9e f flagons4 ,)\t d\bt ! f9e/ examples are to be f\nd f ! ye> #affj to ! end ( ! reign ( ,*>les ,,ii4 ,a new impetus _h be5 giv5 to furniture-mak+ 9 ,re/oration days4 ,! c\ntry _h settl$ d[n 9 tranquillity & ! dome/ic arts began aga9 to ?rive 9 natural mann] foll[+ ! e>li] motives ( ! days ( ,*>les ,i4 ,! rec5t civil w>s _h arre/$ _! developm5t1 & n[ !y bur/ =? aga9 ) r5ew$ y\?4 ,ripe examples ( ! be/ p]iod may be assign$ to ! la/ ?ree or f\r decades ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,^!1 x %\ld be expla9$1 are 9 oak4 ,we illu/rate 7p4 #ic7 a p>ticul>ly pleas+ specim5 ) d\ble gates :i* belongs to ?is f9e/ p]iod4 ,!re are1 x w be obs]v$1 twelve legs1 & ! /ret*]s are f9ely turn$ ) :at is kn[n z ! egg-&-reel patt]n4 ,z a matt] ( fact pieces su* z ?is1 on acc\nt ( ! r>e =m1 br+ f #ae to #ce1 & !y are rapidly be+ ga!r$ into ! folds ( collectors4 ,ano!r r>e =m is %[n on ! same page4 ,?is1 too1 has d\ble gates1 & ! /ret*]s are simil>ly turn$4 ,!re is only "o flap to ?is table1 & x w be obs]v$ t x makes ano!r v>iation f accept$ /yles 9 hav+ a rectangul> in/ead ( a circul> top4 ,tables ) "o flap are always r>e1 & :5 f\nd !y usually h two gates4 ,x w be se5 t !re are pleasant surprises 9 foll[+ *ang+ =ms all ?r\gh ! p]iod4 ,on p4 #ig a table is illu/rat$ ) two gates on "o /ret*]4 ,?is 9 date is ab\t #affj4 ,! table bel[1 on ! same page1 exhibits florid turn+ 9 ! legs4 ,! /ret*]s across ! two legs are half way up & are ! ,york%ire =m ( splat /ret*]4 ,?is type is f\nd z e>ly z #affj & z late z #agej4 ,! diff]5ce 9 /ructure is noticeable 9 two tables %[n on p4 #ii4 ,! "o has six legs & ! o!r eight legs4 ,! fir/ has f9ely turn$ legs & /ret*]s 9 :at is famili>ly kn[n z ! b>ley-sug> patt]n4 ,among its exceptional features are ! legs be+ only six 9 numb]1 ! gates be+ h+$ to /ret*]1 two legs ?us be+ disp5s$ )1 & ! additional b> across ! two c5tral /ret*]s4 ,?is is a r>e piece & 9 date is ab\t #afgj4 ,! ,gate ,table on ! same page ) eight legs is a good example ( ball turn+4 ,?is is a type :i* surviv$ well into ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gate ,,table4 ,c4 #affj4 ,r>e =m4 ,two gates on "o /ret*]4 ,l5g?1 #c ft4 #aj ins42 wid?1 #c ft4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gate ,,table4 ,exhibit+ florid turn+ & ,york%ire type ( splat /ret*]s4 ,examples are f\nd z e>ly z #affj & z late z #agej4 ,l5g?1 #d ft4 #g-a_/b ins42 wid?1 #c ft4 #c-a_/b ins4 7,by ! c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,phillips1 ,hit*947 ,illu/ration3 ,,gate ,,table4 ,f9e b>ley sug> turn$ legs & /ret*]s4 ,exceptional features3 ,only six legs 7gates h+$ to /ret*]1 two legs ?us disp5s$ )74 ,additional b> across two c5tral /ret*]s4 ,r>e example4 ,date #afgj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gate ,,table4 ,good example ( ball turn+4 ,a type :i* surviv$ well into ! eighte5? c5tury4 7,by ! c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,phillips1 ,hit*947 ,illu/ration3 ,,collapsible ,,table ,,) ,,r>e ,x ,,/ret*]4 ,c4 #affj4 ,! top folds ov]4 ,f9e example4 7,9 ! collection ( ,lady ,m>y ,holl&47 ,illu/ration3 ,,primitive ,,gate-,,leg ,,table4 ,,sev5te5? ,,or ,,e>ly ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury4 ,gates at "o end4 ,made by a local c>p5t] or :eelwright n conv]sant ) turn+4 ,z exhibit+ two types z wide asund] z ! poles1 & yet n f> remov$ 9 po9t ( "t1 ! two tables illu/rat$1 p4 #aja1 make a curi\s contra/4 ,! upp] "o1 9 date ab\t #affj1 is a sl5d]1 graceful example1 ) ! unusual ,x-%ap$ /ret*]4 ,x w be se5 f ! illu/ration t ! two /ret*]s :5 clos$ fit flat ) ! legs & ! top flaps ov]1 ?us mak+ ! table practically collapsible4 ,! l[] ,table1 ( late sev5te5? or e>ly eighte5? c5tury1 is a some:at primitive =m1 ) ! gates at "o end4 ,?is has obvi\sly be5 made by a local c>p5t] or :eelwright n conv]sant ) turn+1 z ! %ap+ ( ! legs is /rongly sugge/ive ( ! rude fa%ion+ ( ! %afts ( a f>m wagon4 ,walnut & ,mahogany ,v>ieties4--,z ! mid-,jacobean p]iod is left beh9d1 & walnut is ! *ief wood us$ 9 ornam5tal turn$ "w1 s ! "* ( ! gate table beg9s to incl9e t[>ds ! te*nique m suitable to walnut ?an to oak4 ,! turn+1 m easily done 9 ! =m] wood1 becomes m intricate4 ,h5ce "s examples appe> :i* are practically types ( ! walnut age4 ,b1 9 g5]al1 ! old gate-leg table is a survival ?r\gh\t ! ,william & ,m>y & ,que5 ,anne p]iods1 :]e9 c\ntry mak]s clung to ! oak =m & employ$ oak /ill 9 its manufacture4 ,! ,william & ,m>y ,gate ,table illu/rat$ 7p4 #aje7 is con/ruct$ ) "o gate4 ,x is small 9 size1 practically be+ an ornam5tal or occasional table4 ,x has a f9e "*1 & ! b>ley sug> patt]n is deeply turn$4 ,side by side ) ?is is a small squ>e-topp$ ,gate ,table ) ! pill>-leg1 d5ot+ a rev]sion to e>ly type4 ,! /ret*] is ( ! old tre/le =m4 ,bo? ^! pieces1 on acc\nt ( _! small size & well-balanc$ con/ruction1 %[ t consid]able att5tion 0 be+ paid to symmetry4 ,su* specim5s c readily be transplant$ to m mod]n surr\nd+s1 & yet 9 "s subtle mann] h>monise ) lat] furniture4 ,!y %>e ?is peculi>ity ) objects ( ,ori5tal art ( ! highe/ type4 ,old blue ,nank9 & old lac cab9ets1 al?\gh ana*ronisms amid furniture ( a lat] date1 possess ! prop]ty ( be+ 9 sympa?y ) _! new environm5t1 mu* 9 ! same mann] z an old ,p]sian rug becomes a re/ful acquisition 9 a luxuri\s ,we/]n home4 ,"s ( ! =ms are s r>e z to be almo/ unique4 ,x is seldom t s int]e/+ a piece is f\nd z ! ,table illu/rat$ 7p4 #aje7 ) ! scroll feet 9 ,spani% /yle4 ,x has only "o gate1 & ! top ( ! table lifts up1 =m+ a box4 ,! lock is %[n at ! front 9 ! photograph4 ,! adjac5t table has a corrupt$ =m ( ! ,spani% foot1 d\bl$ "u 9 cramp$ fa%ion l ! flapp] ( a seal4 ,?is also has "o gate2 9 date ?is piece is ab\t #afhj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,e>ly ,,gate ,,table4 ,) squ>e top & pill> leg4 ,/ret*]3 ,old tre/le =m4 ,top1 #b ft4 #d ins4 #a ft4 #aj ins4 ,,william ,,& ,,m>y ,,gate ,,table4 ,f9e "* deep-turn+ b>ley sug> patt]n ) only "o gate4 ,top1 #b ft4 #f ins4 #b ft4 7,by ! c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,a4 ,b4 ,daniell ,sons47 ,illu/ration3 ,,gate ,,table ,,) ,,squ>e ,,top4 ,c4 #afhj ,hav+ "o gate & corrupt$ =m ( c>v$ ,spani% foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gate-,,leg ,,table4 ,c4 #affj4 ,) "o gate4 ,top lifts up to =m box4 ,! feet are 9 ,spani% /yle4 ,! days ( mahogany1 ) ,*ipp5dale 9 8 prime & ,hepple:ite1 ,ince & ,mayhew1 ,rob]t ,manw>+1 ,mat?ias ,lock1 ,william ,%e>]1 & a cr[d ( o!rs1 br\ght intricate c>v+ 9 mahogany into int5se prom95ce4 ,?is 0 ! gold5 age ( furniture design4 ,an outbur/ ( en?usiasm1 foll[+ ! ar*itectural triumphs ( ! ,bro!rs ,adam1 :]e9 !y rais$ int]ior decoration to a level z high z t 9 ,france1 _h swept ov] ! c\ntry4 ,9 spite ( ! ri* pr(usion ( new design be+ p\r$ out 9 illu/rat$ volumes & 9 execut$ furniture1 ! old gate-leg table /ill surviv$4 ,9 =m x 0 ! same1 b ! ri*ness ( ! new wood 0 too entic+ = ! cab9et-mak] n to employ4 ,accord+ly we f9d examples 9 mahogany4 ,9 ! ,*ipp5dale p]iod ,x-%ap$1 clu/]-leg1 gate tables are f\nd1 & turn+ 0 us$ 9 ?is clu/]-leg =m4 ,! ripe inv5tiv5ess ( su* a design z ! gate-leg table 0 too evid5t to escape ! adoption by fam\s mak]s4 ,:5 +5uity ( con/ruction 0 at its z5i? ! gate-leg 0 n likely to be disc>d$ 9 fa%ionable furniture4 ,on p4 #aji two specim5s ( ?is p]iod are %[n4 ,! upp] "o is ( some:at unusual type1 hav+ a ,cupid's b[ und]fram+4 ,x is se5 t ! ,spani% foot has /ill surviv$ into ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! l[] table is aga9 a r>e =m4 ,x is probably e>ly 9 date = mahogany1 be+ ab\t #agdj4 ,! ,spani% foot is employ$1 b 9 a co>s5$ =m1 unusually inelegant1 & sugge/ive ( a golf club4 ,its ,utility & ,beauty4--,x is a natural "q t "o may ask z to ! reason t ! gate table _h su* a prolong$ life4 ,x pass$ ?r\gh sev]al /rong p]iods ( fa%ionable /yles t 7 ov]?r[n 9 turn by new] designs4 ,! reason is n f> to seek4 ,x surviv$ because ! public c\ld n d )\t x4 ,!re mu/ h be5 a cont9u\s dem&1 un*eck$ by ! excitem5ts ( contempor>y sub/itutes4 ,b app>5tly !re 0 no?+ to take its place1 or :i* c\ld p]man5tly supplant x4 ,its utility is und\bt$ly "o ( its mo/ m>k$ features4 ,?is alone affect$ its /ability z a possession ) :i* ! f>m]'s wife & ! cottag] w\ld n "p4 ,cu/oms long e/abli%$ 9 ! c\ntry 7 n easily discont9u$4 ,"m1 daught]1 & gr&daught] clung to ! old & practical =m ( table4 ,n[adays !re are families 9 ! %ires :om no?+ w\ld induce to sell _! old gate tables4 ,p>tly ?is is = love ( ! old home1 b ma9ly is x ! common-s5se attitude :i* rebels aga9/ ! sale ( any piece ( furniture :i* is 9 con/ant use4 ,_m objects long gone into disuse1 b really valuable f an arti/ic po9t ( view1 are readily disp5s$ )4 ,! cottag] imag9es t if he disposes ( a m]e ornam5t = a sum ( money ) :i* he c buy some?+ useful he has effect$ a good deal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mahogany ,,gate ,,table4 ,unusual type4 ,) ,cupid's b[ und]fram+4 ,spani% foot surviv+ into eighte5? c5tury4 ,height1 #b ft4 #e ins43 diamet] ( top1 #c ft4 #f ins42 wid?1 #d ft4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mahogany ,,gate ,,table4 ,r>e =m4 ,probably made ( ! new fa%ionable wood ab\t #agdj4 ,use ( ,spani% foot dy+ out4 ,diamet] ( top1 #d ft4 #e-a_/b ins4 #d ft4 #d ins4 7,by ! c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,phillips1 ,hit*947 ,s mu* = its utility4 ,its beauty is a quality :i* has appeal$ to p]sons ( high] arti/ic in/9cts4 ,x is n ! qua9tness1 because !re are scores ( o!r objects equally qua9t1 nor is x altoge!r ! antiquity1 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 n[adays t is a det]m9+ factor1 b x is ! actual symmetry ( =m & +5i\s =m ( con/ruction1 enhanc$ by ! wide range ( decorative treatm5t1 :i* irresi/ibly appeal to ! lov] ( ! beautiful4 ,^! manifold reasons1 !re=e1 end[$ ! gate-leg table ) great vitality4 ,its hold ( ! p 0 n relax$ till ! age ( ! factory-made furniture4 ,! banalities ( ! e>ly-,victorian p]iod1 :i* de/roy$ ta/e 9 p]sons ( f9] susceptibilities ?an ! common folk1 supplant$ ! old hi/oric =m1 & x 0 made no m4 ,its ,adoption 9 ,mod]n ,days4--,aft] ,william ,morris & 8 s*ool _h prea*$ ! revival ( ta/e & ! return to ! simple & ! beautiful1 & ,rusk9 ) fl[+ rhetoric _h in/ill$ a love = homespun into m5's m9ds1 !re came new] ideals :i*1 ) gradual dissem9ation1 h gr[n into a great mod]n movem5t :i* has become s ov]:elm+ly popul> t ! p5dulum has almo/ swung ! o!r way4 ,x has n[ become almo/ a truism t ! p]son ( ta/e to-day sees no?+ good 9 any?+ t is n old4 ,) ?is 9 view1 arti/s & p]sons ( advanc$ notions1 if !y c\ld n procure ! old1 _h copies made = !m ( "s ( ! mo/ beautiful /yles suitable = mod]n requirem5ts4 ,9 ?is !re 0 always ! great ,morrisian pr9ciple 9 view t ! highe/ art mu/ %[ a full utilit>ian purpose2 s x came ab\t t ! gate table 0 reviv$ & came glori\sly into its own aga94 ,to-day1 z 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 !re is no m popul> =m ( table1 & ! mod]n cab9et-mak] is manufactur+ hundr$s ( ^! tables4 ,! life-hi/ory ( ! gate-leg table is1 !re=e1 %[n to be an int]e/+ "o4 ,x is "o ( our olde/ =ms1 & its con/ruction n[adays1 save t x is n[ produc$ 9 a factory1 is s+ul>ly simil> to t 9 ! days :5 ,oliv] ,cromwell 0 e/abli%+ our p[] z a voice 9 ,europe1 :5 ,james ,,ii4 _h an eye t[>ds ! supremacy ( our navy1 & :5 lat] our troops f\ght 9 ,fl&]s4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,f>mh\se ,,dress] ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,f>mh\se ,,dress] ,! days ( ! late ,/u>ts--,its e>ly table =m ) draw]s--,! decorat$ type ) %elves--,william & ,m>y /yle ) d\ble cupbo>ds--,! ,que5 ,anne cabriole leg--,mid-eighte5?-c5tury types4 ,! v>i\s types ( dress] associat$ ) f>mh\se use are int]e/+ z be+ ap>t f ! sidebo>d1 a lat] fa%ion belong+ to furniture ( a high] type4 ,x 0 n until ! late days ( ,*ipp5dale1 & aft]1 t ! ,side ,table began to be designat$ a ,sidebo>d1 :i* lat] became a receptacle = w9e1 ) a cell>et1 & _h a draw] = table-l954 ,! sidebo>d is n a mod]n t]m1 = ! ^w is f\nd 9 ,dryd5 & 9 ,milton4 ,9 ! late eighte5?-c5tury days ! sidebo>d _h a brass rail at ! back1 & 0 ornam5t$ by two mahogany urns ( massive proportions4 ,usually ^! 7 us$ = ic$ wat] & = hot wat]1 ! latt] = wa%+ ! knives & =ks4 ,! ,adam sidebo>d ) its sev]e classical l9es1 & ,%]aton's elegant b[ fronts & sat9wood panels decorat$ ) pa9t+1 belong to ! lat] developm5ts ( ! sidebo>d z n[ kn[n4 ,! dress] is some?+ m homely4 ,x is indissolubly connect$ ) homel9ess & ) ! f>mh\se & ! c\ntry-side4 ,9 its v>i\s =ms x has appeal$ to lov]s ( simple furniture1 & f>mh\se examples h f\nd _! way into surr\nd+s m or less incongru\s4 ,! dress] 9 its m primitive =m requires ! necess>y environm5t4 ,x loses its *>m :5 plac$ 9 proximity to pieces ( m pret5ti\s "*4 ,! cupbo>d dress]1 or ! type ) op5 %elves1 is less decorative ?an "s ( ! =ms )\t ! back4 ,t is to say1 x requires ! exactly suitable accompanim5t to prev5t its simple l9es f be+ eclips$ by furniture ( a high] grade4 ,! dress] is1 !re=e1 especially desirable to ! collector furni%+ a c\ntry cottage 9 h>moni\s "*2 b its inclusion 9 ! mod]n draw+-room is an incongruity & its pres5ce 9 ! d9+-room is m (t5 ?an n an unw>rantable intrusion4 ,! ,days ( ! ,late ,/u>ts4--,x w be se5 t ! e>ly types h fronts f9ely decorat$ ) geometric designs panell$ 9 ! same fa%ion z ! ,jacobean *e/s ( draw]s1 su* z t illu/rat$ p4 #fi4 ,! split balu/] ornam5t is a noticeable feature 9 ?is /yle1 & ! f9e graceful balance ( ! panels ) ! draw]s ) drop brass h&les is an attractive feature belov$ by connoisseurs ( ! late ,/u>t p]iod4 ,! decoration 9 ! fronts ( ^! e>ly dress]s is z div]se 9 "* z ! fronts ( ! contempor>y *e/s ( draw]s4 ,?is v>iety is indicative ( ! p]sonal "* imp>t$ to ! "w ( ! old design]s4 ,x is r>e to f9d two examples exactly alike4 ,!y diff] 9 details1 mu* 9 ! same mann] z ! brass c&le/icks ( ! same p]iod1 :i* possess ! same *>m ( individuality4 ,illu/ration3 ,,oak ,,dress]4 ,,ab\t #afhj4 ,) f9ely decorat$ front4 7,by ! c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,a4 ,b4 ,daniell ,sons47 ,illu/ration3 ,,oak ,,dress]4 ,f9e example ( ! p]iod ( ,james ,,ii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,oak ,,dress] ,,( ,,unusual ,,type4 ,,e>ly ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury4 ,) ar*$ =mation bel[ & s]p5t9e outl9e at sides4 ,height1 #f ft4 #h-a_/b ins42 dep?1 #a ft4 #f ins42 wid?1 #f ft4 #b ins4 ,illu/ration3 ,,e>ly ,,oak ,,dress]4 ,,ab\t #affj4 ,) urn-%ap$ legs4 7,by ! c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,phillips1 ,hit*947 ,( ?is p>ticul> type ( oak ,dress] ! two examples illu/rat$ 7p4 #aag7 h *>act]i/ics :i* are common to ! class4 ,! geometric front panels1 ! laid-on m\ld+1 & ! ,jacobean leg--9 mo/ cases ! back legs ( ^! side dress]s are squ>e--%\ld be int5tly notic$4 ,9 reg>d to ! numb] ( ! legs1 ?is is gov]n$ by ! l5g? ( ! dress]4 ,9 ! l[] example x w be se5 t !re are six legs & t ! /ret*] is cont9u$ r\nd ?ree sides4 ,9 ?is example ! legs beg9 to %[ indications ( ! late-,jacobean /yle ( m delicate turn+4 ,9 ! upp] example ! legs are bold]4 ,^! are oak specim5s2 ! walnut v>ieties ( simil> design (f] m sumptu\s decoration & belong to furniture m suitable = ! manor h\se ?an = ! f>m or cottage4 ,an e>li] type1 9 date ab\t #affj1 illu/rat$ p4 #aai1 exhibits a less ornate appe>ance & has ! split urn-%ap$ legs 9 front & flat legs at ! back4 ,! split legs are f\nd sometimes 9 gate tables1 b :5 su* is ! case x may safely be conjectur$ t ^! tables are n ( ,engli% orig91 z ! split leg did n f9d great fav\r ) ! ,engli% cab9et-mak]s4 ,be=e pass+ to lat] examples x %\ld be obs]v$ t ?is p>ticul> =m ( dress] is mo/ frequ5tly f\nd )\t a top ) %elves4 ,examples !re are :i*1 z we %all %[1 h ! orig9al top1 b z a rule x is advisable to note ?is feature 9 exam9+ ^! ,jacobean dress]s1 = !re are a great numb] 9 ! m>ket to :i* lat] tops h be5 add$1 z suitable to m mod]n requirem5ts1 or z likely to prove m attractive to ^? collectors n famili> ) ! dress] 9 its e>li] =m4 ,orig9ally 9 e>ly dress]s ) %elves !re is no back1 t is to say1 ! %elves %[$ ! wall beh9d !m4 ,?is defici5cy has be5 oblig+ly suppli$ by lat] h&s4 ,! dress]1 z x f\nd itself aft] c]ta9 transitional /ages _h be5 pass$ ?r\gh1 is %[n 9 ! e>ly eighte5?-c5tury piece illu/rat$ 7p4 #aai74 ,?is is ( ! e>ly days ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 t is to say1 9 ! reign ( ,que5 ,anne4 ,x is "h se5 t ! dress] is a set piece ( furniture possess+ attributes in/antly m>k+ x z hav+ be5 c>efully design$ ) a due obs]vance z to ! purpose to :i* x 0 to be put4 ,! %elf at ! bottom 0 evid5tly int5d$ = use2 ! ar*$ =mation bel[ ! draw]s has be5 plann$ 9 t mann] to admit ( ut5sils plac$ !re be+ tak5 out & replac$ ) ease4 ,"o c only conjecture :at may h /ood !re1 maybe a b>rel ( cid]1 or p]haps only a breadpan4 ,! ,decorat$ ,type ) ,%elves4--,! back ) %elves 0 a useful addition1 :i*1 z w be se5 9 ! e>li] examples lead+ up to ?is lat] developm5t1 _h borne sev]al exp]im5ts 9 ! way ( cupbo>ds4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> specim5 ! brok5 or s]p5t9e outl9e at sides ( %elves is a noticeable feature1 & always adds a grace & *>m to ! dress] :5 employ$ by ! cab9et-mak]4 ,ano!r example 9 :i* ?is is effectively us$ is illu/rat$ on p4 #abc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dress]4 ,,e>ly ,,jacobean4 ,l5g?1 #f ft4 #e ins42 height1 #g ft4 #c ins42 dep?1 #a ft4 #h-a_/b ins4 ,,dress]4 ,,e>lie/ ,,decorat$ ,,type4 ,date ab\t #afgj4 7,by ! c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,phillips1 ,hit*947 ,to return to ! e>ly-,jacobean types3 two int]e/+ pieces are illu/rat$ toge!r 7p4 #abc74 ,t on ! left1 ) f\r legs & /ret*]1 has ?ree draw]s1 & ! upp] portion or back is ornam5t$ by a primitive scallop$ design sugge/ive ( ! c\ntry h&4 ,! o!r1 on ! "r1 has six legs & f\r draw]s1 & ! upp] portion is beg9n+ to receive detail$ treatm5t 9 reg>d to spac+ ( ! %elves1 & a small cupbo>d on ea* side fills ! gr[+ ne$ ( cupbo>ds & draw]s1 a rapidly gr[+ ta/e 9 ,engli% furniture = dome/ic use z ! home-life began to be m complex4 ,ab\t ?is "t ne/s ( boxes & draw]s 9 lac "w f ! ,ea/ began to be import$ into ?is c\ntry 9 ! bett] h\ses1 fir/ z articles ( great luxury & beauty1 on acc\nt ( _! col\r & f9e gold "w1 & lat] z be+ some?+ new & ess5tially utilit>ian 9 reg>d to ! accommodation !y af=d$ = ! treasures ! h\sewife wi%$ to put away f ! pry+ eyes ( h] curi\s neighb\rs4 ,z "t w5t on1 ! art ( ! cab9et-mak] became m intricate4 ,x is n ! place "h to ent] into ! m9uti ( ! developm5t ( draw]s & bureaus & cab9ets1 b ! late eighte5? c5tury br\ght su* furniture1 ap>t f po9ts 9 relation to beauty ( design1 to great con/ructive skill4 ,! age 0 "o ( hidd5 contrivances & intricately cunn+ me*anism conceal+ secret draw]s or receptacles4 ,su* pieces 7 nev] made = f>mh\se use2 b ! g]m ( ! idea is ev] pres5t 9 all furniture ) indications ( lock$ draw]s & cupbo>ds4 ,?is is ! note ( int5se civilisation z aga9/ ! simpl] modes ( primitive folk :o h no bolt to _! door & no lock to gu>d _! possessions4 ,william & ,m>y ,/yle ) ,d\ble ,cupbo>ds4--,! v>iety ) d\ble cupbo>ds are int]e/+ z giv+ a date to ! dress]s 9 :i* !y are f\nd4 ,x is usually accurate to place su* pieces 9 ! ,william & ,m>y p]iod1 t is to say f ! ye> #afhi to ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! t5d5cy 9 ?is class ( furniture is to cl+ t5aci\sly to old] =ms1 especially 9 c]ta9 portions ( ! cab9et-"w :i* pres5t$ difficulties to ! local cab9et-mak]4 ,! legs reta9$ _! e>ly-,jacobean "* ev5 :5 associat$ ) mu* lat] /yles4 ,?is is noticeable 9 ! ,william & ,m>y example illu/rat$ 7p4 #abg74 ,! arcad$ doors are inlaid1 ! canopy is decorat$1 ! und]work b5ea? ! draw]s belongs ess5tially to ! ,orange p]iod ( design 9 its feel+4 ,t ! dress] c\ld be made an ornam5tal piece ( furniture & f\nd its place z an important possession 9 ! f>mh\se1 bright ) an array ( *9a1 or pewt]1 or ev5 silv]1 is amply %[n by ! two examples illu/rat$ toge!r ( :i* ! =ego+ is "o4 ,! o!r oak dress] has at ! top1 :]e ! mugs are hang+1 ! orig9al mug-hooks4 ,x is ( ! squ>e-leg type & ! arcad$ "w bel[ ! draw]s gives di/9ction to its l9es2 x possesses also ! brok5 or s]p5t9e ends to ! %elves4 ,^! curves & simple t\*es ( ornam5t all contribute to make su* dress]s pleas+ 9 "* & repres5tative ( native "w attempt+ ) /rong endeav\r to produce arti/ic results suitable to _! environm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,william ,,& ,,m>y ,,oak ,,dress]4 ,,date ,c4 #afhi4 ,decorat$ canopy1 arcad$ doors1 inlaid & turn$ legs4 ,height1 #f ft4 #h-a_/b ins42 l5g?1 #f ft4 #d ins42 dep?1 #a ft4 #h ins4 ,illu/ration3 ,,oak ,,dress]4 ,squ>e leg type2 ) orig9al mug hooks4 ,height1 #f ft42 l5g?1 #d ft4 #c ins42 dep?1 #a ft4 #e ins4 ,! ,que5 ,anne ,cabriole ,leg4--,x is n to be expect$ t ! long-cont9u$ triumph ( ! cabriole leg ( ! eighte5? c5tury w\ld leave ! dress] )\t mak+ its m>k !reon4 ,! exact curve ( ! cabriole leg is dang]\s 9 ! h&s ( a novice1 :o r>ely if ev] gets ! correct balance 9 conjunction ) ! re/ ( ! con/ruction4 ,accord+ly1 9 f>mh\se pieces ?is tells its own /ory4 ,x is z ?\gh ! cabriole leg 7 a sudd5 aft]?\ght4 ,?is t\* ( repres5tative want ( repose is %[n 9 ! specim5 illu/rat$ 7p4 #ace74 ,9 date ?is is ab\t #agdj1 & is a some:at r>e =m1 hav+ d\ble cupbo>ds4 ,a unique ,dress] & ,clock comb9$ is illu/rat$ 7p4 #aca74 ,! =m ( ! dress]1 x w be se51 is q diff]5t f o!r specim5s4 ,! back is only suffici5tly high to c>ry a r[ ( small draw]s4 ,! legs are circul> & tap]$1 t]m9at+ 9 circul> feet4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! dress] is a clock ( ! famili> gr&fa!r =m 9 m9iature4 ,?is clock is n an addition to ! dress]1 b is a portion ( ! dress] & 0 made ) x4 ,! illu/ration %[s ! size ( ! door ( ! clock-case1 ) its h+es n cut d[n or 9 any way int]f]$ )1 & ! lock on ! o!r side is 9 ! c5tre ( ! panel4 ,x is obvi\s t no lat] h& has tamp]$ ) ?is f9e example1 & x /&s z a rem>kable dress] & unique 9 =m 9 its con/ruction ) ?is clock4 ,mid-eighte5?-c5tury ,types4--,9 ! ,lanca%ire ,dress] illu/rat$ 7p4 #ace7 ! top is rem9isc5t ( e>ly types4 ,! cupbo>d has remov$ its position to ! middle1 a dep>ture f all e>li] =ms4 ,?is is a v *>act]i/ic example1 & ! ample draw] accommodation %[s ! spe$y transition f ! old =m ( dress] ?r\gh its v>i$ /ages to ! lat] mod]n v>iety ( ! kit*5 dress]1 devoid ( poetry & lack+ int]e/ to ! collector1 & yet to ! /ud5t hav+ traces ( its anci5t l9eage4 ,! eighte5?-c5tury f>mh\se v>ieties (f] no great dep>ture4 ,!y aim at be+ capaci\s & massive4 ,!y make no pret5sions to approa* ! niceties ( ! sidebo>d 9 use 9 ! bett] h\ses4 ,!y supply an und\bt$ want 9 ! f>mh\se = /orage4 ,!re 7 cordials & home-made w9es & mu* priz$ l95 & a bright array ( silv] & ,%effield plate & pewt]1 & no d\bt tea s]vices or porcela9 f ! new ,engli% factories ( ,worce/]1 ,d]by1 ,b[1 or maybe ,plym\? or ,bri/ol1 to be %ield$ f breakage4 ,! f>m]'s wife & ! f>m]'s daught]s 7 less ?an human if !y did n foll[ ! new fa%ions 9 "s degree1 m or less1 9 tea-dr9k+ & 9 becom+ ! pr\d possessors ( tea s]vices & d9n] s]vices some:at m delicate ?an ! old delft & co>se ,/af=d%ire w>e4 ,! cupbo>ds _h ample accommodation = ^! m valuable accessories ( ! f>mh\se p>l\r4 ,! cab9et-mak] !re=e develop$ on l9es exactly suitable = ! c\ntry cli5ts :om he s]v$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,unique ,,dress] ,,& ,,clock ,,comb9$4 ,! clock is n an addition1 b is a portion ( ! dress]1 & 0 made = x4 7,9 ! collection ( ,d4 ,a4 ,bevan1 ,esq47 ,! late =ms %[ ?is m>k$ t5d5cy to provide innum]able draw]s & cupbo>ds1 9 ! f>mh\se dress]s contempor>y ) ,*ipp5dale4 ,_m examples are f\nd :i* are practically elongat$ *e/s ( draw]s2 ! old *>act]i/ics ( ! dress] are abs5t1 ! back has disappe>$ altoge!r4 ,!re is no top ) %elves4 ,eight l>ge draw]s & two capaci\s cupbo>ds give great /orage room 9 a piece (t5 #i feet 9 l5g?4 ,!re is no?+ f9ick+ 9 ?is type ( furniture4 ,x /&s = homely com=t & love ( dome/ic ord]4 ,we may be sure t ! good dame :o us$ ?is l[] piece1 ) its eight solid draw]s ) s\nd locks1 0 a p]son ( frugal habits & love ( ! old f>m/ead4 ,we may safely assume t %e _h a well-fill$ /ock+ hidd5 away some:]e 9 ?is old-fa%ion$ repository1 put by = ! ra9y day4 ,9 conclusion x may be said t a good deal has be5 talk$ ab\t ,wel% dress]s1 z ?\gh !y 7 a type absolutely ap>t f any o!r4 ,! diff]5ces are n great1 z ! c>v+1 9 :i* ! ,wel% craftsman (f]s *>act]i/ics ( 8 own1 is abs5t 9 pieces ( furniture su* z ! dress]4 ,!n !re is ! ,norm&y dress]1 a mu*-abus$ t]m3 a consid]able numb] ( ^!1 & o!rs1 too1 f ,brittany1 h be5 import$ & ! t]ms h become trade descriptions4 ,b 9 ! ma9 ! ,engli% dress] has pass$ ?r\gh ! phases we h describ$1 & ! outl9es h]e9 sugge/$ may be fill$ 9 by ! pa9/ak+ collector4 ,9 ! *apt] deal+ ) local types !re is an illu/ration ( a ,lanca%ire dress] 7p4 #bgc7 :i* adds "o m example to ! gall]y ( dress]s we give z types 9 ?is *apt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,oak ,,dress]4 ,,date ,,ab\t #agdj4 ,) e>ly d\ble cupbo>ds4 ,legs 9 ,que5 ,anne /yle4 ,height1 #f ft4 #g ins42 wid?1 #i ft4 #e-a_/b ins42 dep?1 #b ft4 #b-a_/b ins4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lanca%ire ,,dress]4 ,,middle ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury4 ,top rem9isc5t ( e>ly types4 ,ample draw] accommodation4 ,transition to mod]n dress]4 ,deeply cut panels4 ,cupbo>d 9 middle z di/9ct f e>li] =ms at sides4 ,height1 #g ft4 #b ins42 wid?1 #f ft4 #g ins42 dep?1 #b ft4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,bible-,,box1 ,,! ,,cradle1 ,,! ,,sp9n+-,,:eel1 ,,& ,,! ,,bacon-,,cupbo>d ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,bible-,,box1 ,,! ,,cradle1 ,,! ,,sp9n+-,,:eel1 ,,& ,,! ,,bacon-,,cupbo>d ,! ,puritan days ( ! sev5te5? c5tury--,! ,prote/ant ,bible 9 e home--,! v>iety ( c>v+ f\nd 9 ,bible-boxes--,! ,jacobean cradle & its =ms--,! sp9n+-:eel--,! bacon-cupbo>d4 ,! ,au?oris$ v]sion ( ! ,holy ,bible1 translat$ out ( ! orig9al tongues & ) ! =m] translations dilig5tly comp>$ & revis$1 by ,8 ,maje/y's comm&1 f\nd a place 9 e h\sehold 9 ,/u>t days4 ,! lett] ( ! le>n$ translators ,to ! mo/ ,high & ,mighty ,pr9ce ,james1 by ! ,grace ( ,god1 ,k+ ( ,great ,brita91 ,france1 & ,irel&1 ,def5d] ( ! ,fai?1 c41 reta9s its place 9 mod]n editions4 ,x is an hi/oric docum5t wor?y ( pres]vation1 & p]haps ^? :o h =gott5 its t]ms may be glad to h _! memory refre%$4 ,x is ( surpass+ mom5t to all :o recognise ! ,prote/ant d]ivation ( ! ,bible z we n[ "k x1 & ! sect>ian feel+s :i* inspir$ ! translators "u ,k+ ,james 9 _! fulsome d$ication to ! ,mod]n ,solomon4 ,great & manifold 7 ! bless+s1 mo/ dread ,sov]eign1 :i* ,almighty ,god ! ,fa!r ( all m]cies be/[$ ^u u ! p ( ,engl&1 :5 fir/ he s5t y\r ,maje/y's ,royal ,p]son to rule & reign ov] u4 ,= :]eas x 0 ! expectation ( _m1 :o wi%$ n well unto our ,sion1 t ^u ! sett+ ( t bright ,occid5tal ,/>1 ,que5 ,elizabe?1 ( mo/ happy memory1 "s ?ick & palpable cl\ds ( d>kness w\ld s h ov]%ad[$ ?is l&1 t m5 %\ld h be5 9 d\bt :i* way !y 7 to walk2 & t x %\ld h>dly be kn[n :o 0 to direct ! unsettl$ ,/ate2 ! appe>ance ( y\r ,maje/y1 z ! ,sun 9 its /r5g?1 in/antly dispell$ ^? suppos$ & surmis$ mi/s1 & gave unto all t 7 well affect$ exce$+ cause ( com=t2 especially :5 we beheld ! ,gov]nm5t e/abli%$ 9 ,y\r ,highness & y\r hopeful se$1 by an und\bt$ title1 & ?is also accompani$ by peace & tranquillity at home & abroad4 ,x is1 z we affirm1 an int]e/+ docum5t z %[+ ! ,puritan t5d5cies at a "t :5 mu* 0 9 ! melt+-pot & ! fir/ ( ! ,/u>ts1 ) 8 broad ,scots acc5t & 8 unga9ly ways1 came d[n to ,/4 ,james's f ! ,nor?4 ,comp>e ! above lit]>y d$ication to ,james ! ,fir/ ) ! ^w-portrait pa9t$ by ,gre5 ! hi/orian1 & "o may draw "o's own inf]5ces4 ,8 big head1 8 slobb]+ tongue1 8 quilt$ clo!s1 8 rickety legs1 /ood out 9 z grotesque a contra/ ) all t m5 recall$ ( ,h5ry or ( ,elizabe? z 8 gabble & rodomontade1 8 want ( p]sonal dignity1 8 buffoon]y1 8 co>s5ess ( spee*1 8 p$antry1 8 contemptible c[>dice4 ,"u ?is ridicul\s ext]ior1 h[ev]1 lay a man ( mu* natural ability1 a ripe s*ol> ) a consid]able fund ( %rewdness1 ( "m-wit1 & ready rep>tee4 ,! ,prote/ant ,bible 9 e ,home4--,himself a !ologian1 ,james influ5c$ 8 contempor>ies4 ,!ology rules !re1 said ,grotius ( ,engl& only two ye>s aft] ,elizabe?'s dea?4 ,!re 0 an indiff]5ce to pure lett]s & p]sons 7 c\nt$ f9e s*ol>s :o 7 dilig5t 9 ! /udy ( ! ,bible4 ,! language ( ! p became enri*$ ) ?is /udy1 :i* ext5d$ to all classes4 ,john ,bunyan1 ! son ( a t9k] at ,el/[1 le>n$ 8 int5se prose f ! ,bible4 ,! peasant absorb$ ! ,bible till its words became 8 own4 ,) ! ,puritan movem5t came ! production ( m5 ( s]i\s type1 & ) x too came ! disappe>ance ( ! ri*] & bright] life & hum\r ( ,elizabe?an days4 ,x 0 a lit]>y movem5t & a religi\s movem5t :i* p5etrat$ to ! l[] classes & (t5 left ! upp] classes & g5try unmov$4 ,9 deal+ ) ?is & its reflex ^u ! dome/ic habits ( ! p1 ! visible effects 9 reg>d to furniture are /rik+ly evid5t 9 ! ple?ora ( ,bible-boxes belong+ to ^? 9 ?is p]iod ( ,biblical /udy1 to :om ,%akespe>e & ,b5 ,jonson 7 unkn[n & ,sp5s]'s ,fa]ie ,que5e & ,milton's ,comus 7 seal$ books4 ,x w\ld almo/ seem t 9 _m cases ! ,bible 0 ! only book :i* 0 read & treasur$4 ,x 0 incorporat$ 9 ! home life4 ,x s]v$ z a regi/] to record ! names & dates ( bir? & dea? or m>riage ( memb]s ( ! family4 ,"s ( ^! family regi/]s h be5 mo/ valuable 9 trac+ details 9 biography :]e p>i% regi/]s h fail$ to supply ! necess>y in=mation4 ,! ,v>iety ( ,c>v+ f\nd 9 ,bible-boxes4--,we give a s]ies ( illu/rations indicat+ "s ( ! int]e/+ details ( c>v+ to be f\nd on su* boxes1 :]e1 z 9 "w int5d$ = a treasure-*e/ to pres]ve a sacr$ book1 consid]able zeal has gone to ! elaboration ( ornam5t4 ,^! sev5te5?-c5tury relics ( a wave ( religi\s en?usiasm are ! crude ,puritan lik5esses1 belong+ to a less innately arti/ic race1 ( ! tab]nacles & ivory c>v$ ,madonnas & sa9ts ( ! ,italian r5aissance4 ,!y bo?1 ?\gh poles asund] 9 realisation1 repres5t ! in/9ctive love ( man = ornam5t 9 connection ) 8 religi\s emotions4 ,savage races ) ano!r ritual produce religi\s & c]emonial woodc>v+ repres5tative ( _! be/4 ,"h1 !n1 is ! ,puritan craftsman%ip1 ma9ly ( prov9cial orig9 & f\nd scatt]$ ov] v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 foll[+ motifs execut$ by ! same h&s z ,jacobean *airs & dress]s1 b be>+ ri* t\*es ( ornam5t1 betray+ mu* orig9ality1 )9 ! limit$ scope ( ,jacobean design4 ,! c>v+ has no?+ ( ! hum\r or /rong bold relief ( ! mis]]e seats ( ! palmy days ( ! woodc>v] 9 ! fifte5? & e>ly sixte5? c5tury 9 details t might well h be5 appli$ to ! ,bible-box4 ,! ambition ( ! ,puritan woodc>v] nev] rea*$ figure-"w1 or he might h repres5t$ ,biblical sc5es if 8 abhorr5ce ( grav5 images _h n demoralis$ 8 fancy4 ,"s ( ! e>ly boxes h bold c>v+4 ,we illu/rate a f9e example 7p4 #adc7 ( ! "t ( ,james ,i41 ab\t #afjj4 ,! design is floral1 :i* embodies ! well-kn[n conv5tional rose4 ,illu/rat$ on ! same page is ano!r c>v$ box ( unusual patt]n ) floriat$ design4 ,x 0 a frequ5t practice to treat ! front ( ! box z ?\gh x 7 cont9u\s & ! patt]n leaves (f at ! ends mu* 9 ! same mann] z mod]n wallpap]4 ,9 ! box above x w be se5 t ! front is panell$ & ! design is conf9$ to ! circumscrib$ area4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c>v$ ,,oak ,,bible-,,box4 ,,f9e ,,example4 ,,"t ,,( ,,james ,i4 ,,ab\t #afjj4 ,l5g?1 #b ft4 #d ins42 wid?1 #a ft4 #d ins42 height1 #aa-a_/b ins4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c>v$ ,,bible-,,box ,,( ,,unusual ,,patt]n4 7,by ! c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,phillips1 ,hit*947 ,illu/ration3 ,,bible-,,box ,,( ,,v ,,r>e ,,patt]n4 ,,ab\t #afej4 ,?is type always _h ! same k9d ( clasp4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bible-,,box ,,( ,,usual ,,patt]n ,,commonly ,,f\nd4 ,ano!r piece ) v r>e patt]n1 9 date ab\t #afej1 has a bold type ( c>v+ 9 ! two semicircles /ret*$ across ! front4 ,?is use ( semicircles occurs 9 types usually f\nd4 ,! example illu/rat$ 7p4 #ade7 has incis$ c>v+ or scrat*4 ,x w be se5 t !re is nev] an attempt at inlay or any ( ! delicacies ( ! ref9$ craftsman4 ,among ! v>i\s types ( scrat* boxes ! use ( circles & he>t-%ap$ ornam5t is con/ant4 ,! locks f\nd on ?is type ( box are always ( ! class z %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 & ! clasp is well kn[n4 ,9 ! collection ( ,bible-boxes ! novice mu/ c>efully le>n ! exact limitations ( ! s*ool ( woodwork]s 9 ?is m9or field4 ,! t\* ( ! =eign craftsman %\ld be easily recognisable1 ) its piquancy & real arti/ic feel+4 ,^! ,puritan ,bible-boxes h flat lids1 & 9 ord] to give "s t\* ( romance to !m or :et ! appetite ( ! collector !y are frequ5tly describ$ z lace-boxes1 ?\gh x is v d\btful if su* boxes 7 ev] us$ = /or+ lace4 ,sometimes simil> boxes ) slop+ lids 7 us$ z e>ly =ms ( writ+-desks4 ,! ,jacobean ,cradle4--,! specim5s ( ?is type ( furniture always exhibit1 9 ! oak v>iety associat$ ) f>mh\se use1 a pla9ness z a noticeable factor4 ,!y are usually panell$1 b ! panel has receiv$ no c>v$ ornam5t & is especially simple4 ,( c\rse !y always h rock]s4 ,9 ! examples illu/rat$ ! slight v>iation 9 ^! rock]s w be obs]v$4 ,sometimes !y are pla9 & sometimes !y h slight ornam5tal curves4 ,! only o!r ornam5t may be f\nd 9 ! turn$ knobs at ! foot & sometimes at ! head4 ,sometimes !re are f9e knobs on ! hood4 ,! hood is sometimes %ap$ & exhibits a nave attempt at symmetrical design4 ,^! cradles h long be5 famili> objects 9 cottag]s' homes1 b are n[ be+ displac$ by mod]n wick] cradles4 ,! picture ,a ,flood 7#ahgj71 by ,sir ,john ,e4 ,millais1 %[s "o ( ^! cradles float+ 9 a flood$ mead[4 ,! baby is cr[+ ) delight1 & a black cat sits at ! foot ( ! cradle4 ,! holes 9 ! example illu/rat$ 7p4 #adi7 are int5d$ to receive a cord /ret*$ across ! cradle to protect ! occupant4 ,illu/ration3 ,,oak ,,cradle4 ,) %ap$ hood & turn$ knobs at head & foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,oak ,,cradle4 ,) %ap$ hood ) turn$ ball ornam5ts4 ,holes on ea* side to fa/5 rope to protect occupant4 ,illu/ration3 ,,y>n-,,w9d] ,,& ,,sp9n+-,,:eel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,buck+ham%ire ,,bobb9',s4 ,turn$ wood bobb9s ) col\r$ beads to id5tify ! bobb9s f ea* o!r4 7,9 ! collection ( ! au?or47 ,! ,sp9n+-:eel4--,to ?is day ! sp9n+-:eel is us$ 9 ,scotl&1 9 ! ,highl&s4 ,! wool or y>n w9d]s are usually 9 w9dlass =m ) six spokes4 ,! turn+ ^u ^! w9d]s & sp9n+ :eels resembles ! sp9dles on ! sp9dle-back *airs4 ,!re is 9 ,buck+ham%ire bobb9s a simil> turn+1 individual 9 "* & exhibit+ consid]able arti/ic beauty4 ,9 sp9n+-:eels !re is consid]able scope = ! use ( f9e t\*es ( ornam5t1 9 su* practical objects de> to ! h\sewife4 ,bone sometimes 0 us$ 9 ! turn$ knobs4 ,! mak+ ( ^! sp9n+-:eels 0 und]tak5 by p]sons desir\s ( w9n+ ! e/eem ( ^? :o us$ !m4 ,_m ( !m h come d[n z heirlooms 9 families & h n be5 held z objects ( art1 to be reg>d$ z curiosities1 b z articles ( ev]yday use4 ,! use ( ! sp9n+-:eel 0 n conf9$ exclusively to ! f>m]'s wife4 ,9 e>ly days great ladies 7 adepts at sp9n+4 ,by ! "t ( ,george ,,iii4 x 0 employ$ by ! ladies ( titl$ families4 ,mrs4 ,delany1 :5 /ay+ ) ! ,du*ess ( ,portl& at ,bul/rode1 writes3 ,! ,que5 came ab\t twelve o'clock1 & caught me at my sp9n+-:eel1 & made me sp9 on & give h] a lesson aft]w>ds2 & ,i mu/ say %e did x tol]ably = a que54 ,?is lett]1 dat$ #agha1 goes to prove two ?+s1 t sp9n+ 0 a real task /ill und]tak5 by great ladies1 & n a fa%ionable amusem5t4 ,_h x be5 ! latt] ,mrs4 ,delany w\ld n h us$ ! expression caught me at my sp9n+-:eel1 :]e9 %e indicates t ! occupation 0 some:at ( a m5ial "o4 ,9 reg>d to ! ,buck+ham%ire bobb9s1 sometimes f9ely c>v$ 9 bone1 ^? illu/rat$ 7p #aea47 indicate ! "* ( ! cottag]s' treasures 9 ! pill[-lace-mak+ di/ricts4 ,! patt]ns ( ^! bobb9s are n repeat$4 ,individual t\*es are giv5 to ^! bobb9s by ! village turn]s :i* are n duplicat$4 ,9 use1 ! bobb9 has to be id5tifi$ by "s m>k1 & beads ( diff]5t col\rs are employ$1 :i* are affix$ by means ( a wire to ! bobb91 z is %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,! ,bacon-cupbo>d4--,ano!r class :i* x is conv5i5t to place among miscellane\s objects is ! bacon-cupbo>d4 ,! illu/ration 7p4 #bca7 %[s ! type ( bacon-cupbo>d ) seat & arms & draw]s b5ea?4 ,! position held by ! bacon-cupbo>d 9 ! f>mh\se is %[n by ! gr[+ dignity 9 ! "* ( ^! cupbo>ds4 ,! gradual gr[? & developm5t are %[n 9 _m specim5s ( ! ,que5 ,anne p]iod1 frequ5tly ( ,lanca%ire orig94 ,su* pieces1 ) classic pila/]s1 brok5 cornice1 & bevell$ panels & draw]s b5ea?1 are typifi$ 9 w>drobes & dress]s belong+ to eighte5?-c5tury f>mh\se furniture4 ,! developm5t ( capaci\s cupbo>ds = v>i\s dome/ic uses is noticeable 9 ?is class ( furniture up to e>ly n9ete5?-c5tury days4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,eighte5?-,,c5tury ,,/yles ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,eighte5?-,,c5tury ,,/yles ,! adv5t ( ! cabriole leg--,! s-call$ ,que5 ,anne /yle--,! survival ( oak 9 ! prov9ces--,! influ5ce ( walnut on cab9et-mak+--,! e>ly-,georgian types--,*ipp5dale & 8 contempor>ies4 ,! dawn ( ! eighte5? c5tury practically comm5c$ ) ! reign ( ,que5 ,anne4 ,! times 7 tr\bl\s4 ,z pr9cess1 9 ! days ( ,william ! ,dut*man & h] si/] ,m>y1 %e 0 =bidd5 ! ,c\rt z ,john ,*ur*ill1 !n ,e>l ( ,m>lbor\gh1 design$ to ov]?r[ ,william & place ,anne on ! ?rone4 ,7 ,i & my ,"l ,m>lbor\gh private p]sons1 ,william exclaim$1 ! sword w\ld h to settle betwe5 u4 ,at ! dea? ( ,m>y ! ,pr9cess ,anne1 toge!r ) ! ,m>lbor\ghs1 0 recall$ to ,/4 ,james's4 ,at ! dea? ( ,william1 9 #agjb1 ,anne came to ! ?rone4 ,only j 9 h] ?irty-sev5? ye>1 %e 0 s corpul5t & g\ty t %e c\ld n walk f ,we/m9/] ,hall to ! ,abbey1 & 0 c>ri$ 9 an op5 *air4 ,dur+ ! ,coronation c]emony %e 0 too infirm to support h]self 9 a /&+ position )\t assi/ance4 ,! age ( ,anne is rem>kable = its re/less intrigues4 ,c\rt plots 7 rife :5 ,que5 ,anne ,mrs4 ,morley 9 h] private lett]s to ! ,du*ess ( ,m>lbor\gh1 :o 0 ,mrs4 ,freeman1 f9ally broke ) ! ov]be>+ ,du*ess & made ,abigail ,hill1 "o ( ! ,m>lbor\gh creatures1 h] *ief confidant4 ,! ,prote/ant ,:ig p>ty fav\r$ ! long w> 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries & 9 ,spa91 al?\gh conduct$ by a ,tory g5]al1 ,m>lbor\gh1 :o1 by ! way1 did n take ! field 9 ,fl&]s till he 0 fifty-two1 a rem>kable a*ievem5t = s great a milit>y c>e]1 :]e9 he nev] f\ght a battle 9 :i* he 0 n victori\s4 ,! greatness ( ,m>lbor\gh is indisputable4 ,8 fond love = 8 wife runs l a gold ?read ?r\gh ! d>k web ( 8 life4 ,8 wife _h1 dur+ a l>ge "p ( ,anne's reign1 despotic empire ov] ,anne's feeble m9d4 ,hi/ory exhibits to u few spectacles m rem>kable1 says ,"l ,macaulay1 ?an t ( a great & wise man :o1 :5 he _h contriv$ va/ & pr(\nd s*emes ( policy1 c\ld c>ry !m into effect only by induc+ "o fooli% woman1 :o 0 (t5 unmanageable1 to manage ano!r woman :o 0 m fooli% /ill4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lanca%ire ,,oak ,,settle4 ,c4 #agfj4 ,l5g?1 #f ft42 dep?1 #b ft4 #a 94 ,illu/ration3 ,,lanca%ire ,,que5 ,,anne ,,settle4 ,%[+ transition into lat] type ( mod]n settee4 7,by ! c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,phillips1 ,hit*947 ,to u n[1 ) ! secret spr+s ( hi/ory laid b>e1 !re is mu* to m>vel at1 mu* to deplore z trivial4 ,9 reg>d to matt]s ( high /ate & ! suppl5ess ( "t-s]v]s1 memoirs & private j\rnals h expos$ _m a skeleton c>efully hidd5 f public gaze4 ,b ( ! life ( ! p1 especially ! life 9 ! c\ntry di/ricts1 ! picture is some:at blurr$4 ,m5 ( lett]s flock$ to ! t[n--! t[n 0 ,london4 ,prov9cial life lies beh9d a curta94 ,!re 7 ,spani% d\bloons com+ up f ,bri/ol & prize-money f ! w>s 0 scatt]$ inl& f ! ports4 ,scotl& 0 unit$ to ,engl& by ! ,act ( ,union4 ,i desire1 said ! ,que51 & expect f my subjects ( bo? nations t f h5ce=? !y act ) all possible respect & k9dness to "o ano!r1 & s t x may appe> to all ! _w !y h he>ts dispos$ to become "o p4 ,?is wi% has be5 amply fulfill$ & ! union has become some?+ m ?an a "n4 ,nev] h two peoples diff]5t 9 ?\ght1 9 tradition1 & 9 e/abli%$ law become s completely weld$ toge!r4 ,b ! w> ( ! ,spani% ,succession mu/ h dra9$ ,engli% blood z x tax$ ,engli% pockets4 ,six millions ( supplies & almo/ fifty millions ( debt1 wrote ,swift bitt]ly4 ,! tide ( ,m>lbor\gh's success 0 und\bt$ly secur$ by ! outp\r+ ( ,engli% lives4 ,/alw>t levies ( m5 f ! %ires w5t to jo9 ! /range m$ley ( ! =ces ( ! ,allies comm&$ by ,m>lbor\gh4 ,dut*m51 ,danes1 ,hanov]ians1 ,wrtemb]g]s1 & ,au/rians jo/l$ %\ld]s ) ea* o!r 9 8 troops4 ,he laun*$ !m ) calm imp]turbability aga9/ 8 oppon5ts at ,malplaquet1 = example1 :]e ) a ,pyrrhic triumph he lo/ tw5ty-f\r ?\s& m5 aga9/ half t numb] ( ! ,fr5* beh9d _! entr5*m5ts4 ,x is little wond] t ! w> 0 unpopul> 9 ! c\ntry1 :]e ! ,spani% ,succession & ! balance ( p[] 7 only symbols = s mu* pressure on ! ne$s ( ! lab\r+ classes4 ,bonfires might be lit = ,bl5heim1 b _m a village m\rn$ ^? :o w\ld nev] return4 ,9 spite ( ?is int]m+l+ ( ,engl& ) ,european politics1 ! g5]al life ( ! p rema9$ unt\*$ f outside influ5ce 9 reg>d to arts & manufacture4 ,cut (f f int]c\rse ) ,france1 ! gr&eur ( ! art ( ,l\is ,quatorze 0 z f> remov$ f e>ly eighte5?-c5tury ,engl& z ?\gh ,b\lle & ,jean ,bra9 & ,lepaute 7 9 ano!r cont95t & ! *teau ( ,v]sailles 9 ! fa/nesses ( ! ,urals4 ,x is true t ,l\is ,,xiv4 pres5t$ two wond]ful cab9ets to ! ,duke ( ,monm\?1 exquisite examples ( metal inlay & col\r$ m>quetry1 b su* pieces 7 beyond ! capabilities ( any ,engli% craftsman to emulate4 ,! *ief innovations ( ! e>ly eighte5? c5tury foll[$ ! ,dut* l9es famili>is$ 9 ! prec$+ days ( ,william & ,m>y4 ,oak rema9$ 9 f>mh\se & c\ntry furniture1 b 9 ! fa%ionable _w walnut 0 ext5sively us$1 & occasionally mahogany4 ,corn] cupbo>ds 7 introduc$ e>ly 9 ! reign ( ,anne1 & hoop$ *airs1 famili> 9 engrav+s ( ,flemi% int]iors1 came into g5]al use4 ,fiddle-splat *airs 7 also common 9 ! fir/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,9 reg>d to feet1 ! ball-&-claw1 & club foot 7 introduc$4 ,can+ ( *airs w5t out ( fa%ion till ! end ( ! c5tury4 ,%ell & p5dant ornam5t on knees ( *air-legs became m>k$ features1 &1 above all1 ! cabriole leg to *airs & tables is associat$ ) ! e>ly ye>s ( ! reign1 & ! t]m ,que5 ,anne is always appli$ to su* pieces4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cupbo>d ,,) ,,draw]s4 ,c4 #agjj4 ,) swan head p$im5t4 ,p$e/al at top = delft or *9a4 ,r\nd bead+s to draw]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,que5 ,,anne ,,bureau ,,bookcase4 ,f>mh\se oak v>iety4 ,emulat+ a f9] walnut or mahogany piece4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f9e ,,example ,,oak ,,table4 ,c4 #agbj4 ,well-proportion$ legs1 club feet1 orig9al und]cutt+4 ,exempl>y ( pr(essional c\ntry cab9et-mak]'s highe/ "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,oak ,,table4 ,c4 #agbj4 ,) ho( feet & knee1 possibly copi$ f a f9e ,que5 ,anne piece1 exemplify+ ! be/ "w ( c\ntry cab9et-mak]4 ,height1 #b ft4 #g ins42 top1 #a ft4 #g-a_/b ins4 #b ft4 #c ins4 7,by ! c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,phillips1 ,hit*947 ,! ,cabriole ,leg4--,?is =m ( leg1 swell+ into massive proportions :]e x jo9s ! seat1 & curv+ outw>ds & tap]+ to a ball-&-claw foot or a club foot1 la/$ till end ( ,*ipp5dale p]iod1 r\ghly1 = ne>ly half a c5tury4 ,x assum$ v>i\s =ms until x 0 supplant$ by ! /raight leg1 & ! /ret*]1 :i* _h disappe>$ ) ! use ( ! cabriole leg1 aga9 came into use4 ,examples ( ! cabriole leg appe> z illu/rations to v>i\s types ( furniture 9 ?is *apt]4 ,at fir/ its use did n int]f]e ) ! employm5t ( ! /ret*]1 b ab\t #agaj ! /ret*] disappe>$4 ,! ,lanca%ire ,que5 ,anne settle illu/rat$ 7p4 #aei7 %[s ! /ret*] jo9+ ! front leg to ! back4 ,9 ! settle illu/rat$ above1 9 date #agfj1 x w be se5 ! /ret*]s h vani%$4 ,! ,s-call$ ,que5 ,anne ,/yle4--,fa%ions sl[ly adopt$ 9 cab9et design d n readily arrange !mselves 9 exact p]iods co9cid+ ) ! reigns ( individual sov]eigns4 ,b x is conv5i5t to affix a label to c]ta9 m>k$ *anges & attribute _! g5]al use to a p>ticul> reign4 ,! innovation ( ! squ>e panel ) brok5 corn]s & ornam5tal curves at top is f\nd 9 ,que5 ,anne settles4 ,! dep>ture f ! squ>e panel & l9e ( ! curv$ & brok5 top is exhibit$ 9 ! second ,great ,seal ( ,anne1 commemorat+ ! ,union ) ,scotl&4 ,x is rem9isc5t ( ! ,dut* influ5ce1 & is f\nd 9 ,sussex firebacks ( an e>li] p]iod4 ,! /raight l9es ( e>ly-,jacobean cab9et-"w 7 rapidly und]go+ a *ange2 ! squ>e wood5 back ( ! *air 0 %ortly to be replac$ by fiddle splats1 :i* 9 _! turn1 9 late-,georgian days1 became pi]c$ & frett$ & c>v$ "u ! g5ius ( ,*ipp5dale's h&4 ,! two settles illu/rat$ 7p4 #aei7 %[ sev]al int]e/+ po9ts4 ,! panels are typical ( ! love ( ! curv$ l9e1 :i* ,hog>? def9$ z ! l9e ( beauty4 ,9 ! upp] "o ! arms /ill reta9 ! old ,jacobean =m 9 ?is f>mh\se example4 ,! ball foot /ill cl+s to ! e>li] =m4 ,! seat is sunk to receive a long cu%ion4 ,9 ! adjac5t specim5 ! seat ) its cu%ion & ! curv$ ,s arms uphol/]$ %[ ! transition into ! lat] type ( mod]n settee4 ,! curv$ outl9e f9ds simil> expression 9 ! hood ( gr&fa!r clock-cases & 9 ! %ape ( metal dials4 ,a cupbo>d ) draw]s illu/rat$ 7p4 #afc7 has :at is kn[n z a swan head4 ,! panels to ! doors h simil>ly novel features 9 _! /ructure4 ,x w be obs]v$ t !re is a squ>e p$e/al at ! top ( ?is piece1 :i* 0 int5d$ z a /& = a delft or ,*9ese j>4 ,! draw]s ( ?is cupbo>d h r\nd bead+s4 ,! typical in/ance ( curv$ design ) n a s+le /raight l9e1 n ev5 ! back legs1 :i* are b[$1 is ! gr&fa!r *air ) ! high back1 uphol/]$ all ov]4 ,! cabriole legs ) ball-& claw-feet1 ! ,c-%ap$ arms1 ! scroll uphol/]$ w+s1 & ! oval back1 dep>t f ! rectil9e>2 ev5 ! und]fram+ ( ! seat is b[-%ap$4 ,simil>ly1 ! walnut arm-*airs ( ! p]iod f #afij to #agae _h bold curves4 ,! arms always possess$ a curi\s scroll1 ! backs _h broad splats ) curl+ %\ld]s1 & (t5 a broad bold ribbon patt]n mak+ two loops to fill up ! top ( ! hoop at ! back1 ) a c>v$ %ell at ! po9t ( int]section4 ,big pieces ( furniture1 su* z bureaus1 _h ! brok5 ar* p$im5t1 & small] objects1 su* z mirrors1 _h ! ar*$ or brok5 top2 & :5 ^! dress+ mirrors _h small draw]s1 ^! disda9$ ! /raight front & became convex4 ,"u ! ,dut* influ5ce1 9 ! fir/ p]iod ( ,engli% v5e] "w1 f ab\t #afge to #agae1 v f9e cab9ets & bureaus & *e/s ( draw]s 7 made4 ,walnut 0 ! wood employ$1 ) ! panels inlaid ) poll>d elm1 boxwood1 ebony1 mahogany1 sycamore1 & o!r col\r$ woods4 ,figur$ walnut 0 belov$ by ! cab9et-mak] beg9n+ to feel 8 way 9 col\r s*emes ( decoration4 ,b&+s ( h]r+-bone inlay & r\nd$ m\ld+s to draw]s are v *>act]i/ic4 ,bureaus & important pieces _h birds & fl[]s & trees or fea!r m>quetry aft] f9e ,dut* models4 ,pick$ walnut1 especially exhibit+ a f9e fea!r$ figure1 0 us$ z v5e]1 & ) ^! & o!r glori\s creations ( ! walnut s*ool ( cab9et-work]s ! age ( walnut may be said to h be5 9 full sw+4 ,! ,survival ( ,oak 9 ! ,prov9ces4--,! =ego+ descriptions apply to fa%ionable folks' furniture4 ,su* fa%ions did n come into usage 9 ! f>mh\ses & 9 ! cottages4 ,oak 0 /ill employ$ )\t be+ displac$ by ! walnut ( ! t[n mak]4 ,oak 0 9 ! ma9 m suitable = ! p>ticul> class ( furniture :i* 0 likely to receive less delicate c>e ?an ! writ+-cab9ets & bureaus & ! *9a-cupbo>ds ( m fa/idi\s p4 ,tea-dr9k+ _h become ! luxury ( ! great _w ( society1 & _h h>dly come into g5]al use 9 ! c\ntry till late 9 ! reign ( ,anne1 ?\gh by #afij x _h ga9$ consid]able fav\r 9 ,london4 ,c(fee 0 introduc$ slightly e>li]1 & _m invectives 9 broadsides & 9 poetical satires appe> 9 ! late sev5te5? c5tury aga9/ c(fee & c(fee-h\ses4 ,9 #afgd ! ,wom5's ,petition aga9/ ,c(fee compla9$ t x made m5 z unfruitful z ! des]ts :5ce t unhappy b]ry is said to be br\ght2 t ! (fspr+ ( our mighty ance/ors w\ld dw9dle into a succession ( apes & pigmies1 & on a dome/ic message a husb& w\ld /op by ! way to dr9k a c\ple ( cups ( c(fee4 ,! prejudice aga9/ c(fee1 & especially aga9/ c(fee-h\ses1 0 la/+1 & c(fee fail$ to e/abli% itself z a national bev]age4 ,! lab\r+ classes decl9$ to be wean$ f _! ale & o!r /rong] dr9ks4 ,! ,spani>ds br\ght *ocolate f ,mexico2 ,rog] ,nor?1 ,attorney-,g5]al to ,james ,,ii41 utt]$ a viol5t polemic aga9/ *ocolate h\ses1 p]haps m on acc\nt ( ! political clubs ga!r$ !re ?an aga9/ ! bev]age itself4 ,! use ( c(fee-h\ses1 says he1 seems mu* improv$ by a new inv5tion call$ *ocolate-h\ses1 = ! b5efit ( rooks & cullies ( quality1 :]e gam+ is add$ to ! re/1 z if ! ,devil _h erect$ a new univ]sity1 & ^? 7 ! colleges ( its pr(essors4 ,illu/ration3 ,,que5 ,,anne ,,glass- ,,or ,,*9a-,,cupbo>d4 ,spun glass doors4 ,heavy b>s m>k e>ly type prior to trac]y4 ,,georgian ,,corn] ,,cupbo>d4 ,,late ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury4 ,brok5 ar*itraves & cu%ion top4 ,hav+ orig9al h+es4 7,by ! c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,phillips1 ,hit*947 ,illu/ration3 ,,small ,,oak ,,table4 #agjj-agbj4 ,height1 #b ft4 #d-c_/d ins42 wid?1 #b ft4 #c ins42 dep?1 #a ft4 #i-c_/d ins4 ,graceful proportion ) cabriole leg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,oak ,,table4 ,%[+ at a lat] p]iod ! la/ traces ( ! cabriole leg4 ,! v>y+ phases ( t[n life1 ( :i* ! above quotations give a pass+ glimpse1 f\nd little reflex 9 ! /urdy un*ang+ life ( ! prov9ces4 ,g5]ation aft] g5]ation1 m5 f>m$ ! same l&s & _! dep5d5ts liv$ 9 cottages adjac5t2 till]s ( ! gr\nd1 h]dsm51 toil]s 9 ! fields1 liv+ by ! sweat ( _! br[4 ,!y 7 cont5t ) simpl] pleasures1 :i* c5tr$ r\nd ! aleh\se & ! village gre51 or maybe ! village *ur*1 if ! hunt+ rector & ! /udi\s vic> 7 n too he$less ( ! fate ( _! flock4 ,b o!r influ5ces 7 soon to be at "w to break ! le?>gy ( ^? ( ! cl]gy :o slumb]$4 ,wesley f\nd$ ! ,me?odi/ movem5t4 ,:itefield began 8 s]mons 9 ! fields & look$ d[n f a gre5 slope on sev]al ?\s& colli]s grimy f ! coalpits ne> ,bri/ol to see1 z he prea*$1 te>s mak+ :ite *annels d[n _! black5$ *eeks4 ,lat] aga91 ,hannah ,m drew sympa?y to ! pov]ty & crime ( ! agricultural classes4 ,! ,influ5ce ( ,walnut on ,cab9et-mak+4--,if oak 0 ! wood :i* ! c\ntry jo9] lov$ be/1 he 0 n )\t "s sympa!tic lean+ t[>ds ! effects :i* c\ld be produc$ 9 ! s(t] walnut4 ,su* /yles accord+ly began sl[ly to h a m>k$ influ5ce ^u ! f>mh\se furniture 9 e>ly-,georgian days4 ,x 0 n easy to produce curv$ l9es 9 ! refractory oak1 t\gh & brittle1 b ! village craftsman essay$ 8 be/ to please 8 patrons ^: ta/e _h be5 caught by ! new] fa%ions obs]v$ 9 ! squire's p>l\r :5 pay+ r>e visits4 ,9 ! two examples illu/rat$ ( f>mh\se cupbo>d & bureau bookcase 7p4 #afc7 x w be se5 t "h is ! c\ntry mak] def9itely try+ 8 skill 9 8 native wood to emulate ! f9] walnut examples ( t[n cab9et-mak]s4 ,?is is ev5 m noticeable 9 reg>d to "s ( ! tables actually f\nd 9 f>mh\ses belong+ to z e>ly z ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! two specim5s illu/rat$ 7p4 #afe7 exemplify ?is t5d5cy to imitate ! designs ( tra9$ work]s4 ,! c\ntry t\* always betrays itself 9 ! cabriole leg1 :e!r 9 *air or 9 table4 ,! upp] table has less navet ?an mo/ examples f\nd4 ,!re is a balance 9 its con/ruction r>ely f\nd 9 prov9cial "w4 ,! legs1 always ! /umbl+-block to ! less exp]i5c$ artific]1 are "h ( exceptionally f9e proportions1 t]m9at+ 9 club feet4 ,! l[] table %[s a less capable treatm5t ( ! cabriole leg4 ,! ho( foot & ! c>v$ knee h obvi\sly be5 copi$ f a f9e ,que5 ,anne model4 ,9 ! und]fram+ ( bo? tables !re is an exp]im5t 9 ornam5t & =m r>ely attempt$ except 9 ! highe/ flights ( ! c\ntry mak]1 & z su* ^! two f9e examples mu/ be reg>d$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,oak ,,table4 ,%[+ clumsy corn]s & indicat+ ! navet ( ! c\ntry cab9et-mak]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,oak ,,table4 ,%[+ transition f cabriole leg to /raight leg ( #agfj4 ,! ,e>ly ,georgian ,types4--,treat+ ( ! e>ly-,hanov]ian p]iod f ! dea? ( ,que5 ,anne 9 #agad1 & includ+ ! reigns ( ,george ,i4 f #agad to #agbg & ,george ,,ii4 f #agbg to #agfj1 furniture ( all types beg9s to assume a complexity ( con/ruction4 ,at ! f9al outbur/ ! f9e ma/]pieces ( creation ( ! great s*ools ( design dur+ ! la/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 embodi$ ! life-"w ( ,*ipp5dale1 ! bro!rs ,adam1 ,hepple:ite1 ,%]aton1 & _m o!rs4 ,?is p]iod f #agej to #ahjj 0 ! gold5 age ( design 9 ,engl&4 ,x has _h a f>-rea*+ effect1 & /ill ca/s its glory ^u ! pres5t-day s*ools ( design]s1 ^: adaptations & l9es ( progress are bas$ ^u ! f9e/ fl[] ( ! eighte5?-c5tury /yles4 ,! massive walnut *airs ) deep und]fram+ & broad hoop backs dep>t$ f ! solid splats ( ! ,anne /yle & endeav\r$ to become less squat by ! employm5t ( b&$ ribbon-"w1 co>se1 heavy1 & pond]\s 9 /yle4 ,settees1 arm-*airs & s+le *airs 9 ?is /yle came z ! f9al ef=ts ( ! walnut s*ool4 ,! graceful ribbon designs int]lac+ ea* o!r 9 knots1 & ! fl[+ c>v+ 9 mahogany ( ,*ipp5dale1 put a p]iod to all dullness & heavy design4 ,) ! new /yle & ! new wood a spl5did field 0 op5$ to cab9et-mak]s1 & ! quick appreciation ( ^! opportunities signalis$ _! "w z ( p]man5t arti/ic value4 ,among m important pieces1 ?\gh /ill fall+ "u ! category ( f>mh\se /yles1 may be m5tion$ ! ,que5 ,anne glass or *9a cupbo>d1 & ! ,georgian corn] cupbo>d1 illu/rat$ p4 #aga4 ,! =m] has heavy b>s1 :i* m>k ! e>ly type prior to trac]y1 & x has spun-glass doors4 ,porcela9 factories at ,b[1 ,worce/]1 & ,d]by br\ght su* cupbo>ds into m g5]al use aft] ! middle ( ! c5tury4 ,/af=d%ire e>!nw>e tea & c(fee s]vices 7 f\nd 9 great numb]s 9 f>mh\ses & cottages4 ,aft] ! days ( delft & /onew>e came ! priz$ *9a s]vices ( ! h\sewife4 ,pewt] 0 l>gely us$1 b ! numb] ( ale-jugs ( ,toby =m1 or cid]-mugs ) rural subjects to suit ! ta/es ( ! us]s1 indicate t m mod]n ideas & ta/e1 once exclusive to ! _w ( fa%ion1 _h p5etrat$ ! c\ntry di/ricts4 ,! ,georgian corn] cupbo>d %[s ! brok5 ar*itraves & cu%ion top4 ,! h+es %\ld be notic$ z be+ orig9al4 ,*ipp5dale & 8 ,contempor>ies4--,at fir/ us+ ! cabriole leg ) ball-&-claw foot1 n q z he f\nd x1 b r$uc$ to slightly m sl5d] proportions to be 9 symmetry ) 8 less massive backs to *airs1 ,*ipp5dale came to ! /raight l9e4 ,he employ$ x 9 ! legs ( tables & 9 ! seats ( *airs1 9 ! bracket supports1 & 9 ! top rail ( 8 *airs4 ,*ipp5dale 9 8 day1 made ! fir/ /raight top rail to ! *air4 ,x is int]e/+ to note ! phases ( *ang+ design 9 c\ntry-made furniture prior to 8 "t1 & ! sudd5 ma/]y ( =m :i* became ! common inh]itance ( all aft] 8 & o!r contempor>y design-books 7 promulgat$ broadca/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,que5 ,,anne ,,tea ,,table4 ,c4 #agaj4 ,) scallop$ edge = cups4 ,height1 #b ft4 #d ins42 dep?1 #a ft4 #i ins42 l5g?1 #b ft4 #h ins4 ,illu/ration3 ,,oak ,,revolv+ ,,book-,,/&4 ,c4 #agbj4 ,r>e =m4 ,diamet] ( top1 #b ft42 height1 #b ft4 #h ins4 7,9 ! collection ( ,miss ,holl&47 ,illu/ration3 ,,c\ntry ,,*ipp5dale ,,table4 ,leg ) exagg]at$ knee1 claw1 & ball foot4 ,accuracy 9 /raight jo9]y4 ,failure 9 curv$ "w4 ,top1 #b ft4 #g ins4 #a ft4 #c ins42 height1 #b ft4 #d ins4 ,illu/ration3 ,,squ>e ,,mahogany ,,flap ,,table4 ,c4 #agcj4 ,height1 #b ft4 #d ins42 l5g?1 #c ft4 #aj-a_/b ins42 wid?1 #b ft4 #a 94 ,r\nd cross /ret*]4 ,r>e =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tripod ,,table4 ,c4 #agfj4 ,*ipp5dale /yle1 probably unique4 ,elaborate rococo "w4 7,9 ! collection ( ,h>old ,b5dixon1 ,esq47 ,9 ! table ! cabriole leg %[$ e>ly signs ( pass+ away4 ,! two examples illu/rat$ 7p4 #agc7 cle>ly indicate ?is4 ,! upp] "o1 ( ! "t ( ,que5 ,anne1 %[s ! cabriole leg 9 f9e proportion "u due subjection1 & is a delicate example ( f9e cab9et-"w4 ,! l[] "o sees ! leg los+ its cabriole curve1 b /ill r\nd$ & /ill possess+ ! club foot4 ,ev5 m int]e/+ are ! two tables illu/rat$ 7p4 #agg74 ,! c\ntry mak] 0 sl[ to adopt ! cabriole leg :5 x 0 fa%ionable1 b :5 x became unfa%ionable he 0 equally lo? to dep>t f 8 accu/om$ /yle4 ,^! cle>ly po9t to ! transition betwe5 ! cabriole leg & ! /raight leg ( ,*ipp5dale1 & are ab\t #agfj 9 date4 ,! =ms ( design ( tables ( eighte5?-c5tury date are extremely v>i$ 9 "*1 d5ot+ ! rapidly *ang+ habits ( ! p4 ,! ,que5 ,anne tea-table1 ) scallop$ edges = cups1 m>ks ! note ( preciosity creep+ into c\ntry life4 ,a revolv+ book/& 9 table =m1 ( ab\t #agbj 9 date1 is ano!r r>e piece4 ,! adjac5t table 7p4 #aha7 is c\ntry ,*ipp5dale4 ,! exagg]at$ knee & ! feeble ball-&-claw foot m>k ! failure ( ! prov9cial h& at curv$ "w1 accurate ?\gh he might be 9 /raight jo9]y4 ,! ,cupid's b[ und]fram+ is int]e/+ 9 comb9ation ) ! re/ ( ! design4 ,! tripod table (f]$ difficulties ( con/ruction & is n (t5 f\nd4 ,! example illu/rat$ is probably unique 9 =m4 ,9 date x is ab\t #agfj1 & is rem>kable = ! attempt at elaborate rococo "w4 ,sometimes1 ?\gh n (t51 mahogany 0 us$ 9 f>mh\se examples4 ,! table illu/rat$ 7p4 #ahc7 is an in/ance ( ! use ( ?is wood in/ead ( oak4 ,x is ab\t #agcj 9 date1 & exhibits an unusual =m 9 ! r\nd cross /ret*]1 a t\* ( orig9ality by ! mak]4 ,x is1 z w be se51 a squ>e-topp$ table ) flaps4 ,elaboration ( a high ord] 0 happily n (t5 attempt$ by ! c\ntry workman1 or ! results ) 8 limit$ exp]i5ce w\ld h be5 disa/r\s4 ,in/ead ( a f9e s]ies ( really good1 solid1 & well-con/ruct$ furniture made = practical use we %\ld h _h a wild]ness ( failures at attempt+ ! impossible4 ,a copy ( a f9e ,*ipp5dale side-table illu/rat$ 7p4 #ahg7 is a case 9 po9t4 ,!re is ! usual want ( balance 9 ! poise ( ! leg1 b ! c>v+ is ( exceptional "*4 ,! table b5ea?1 ) its long & tap]+ legs1 has all ! *>act]i/ics ( ! ,adam /yle4 ,! bead$ decoration on ! legs1 ! classic flut+ & ! c>v$ rosette claim di/ant relation%ip ) ! classic inv5tions ( ,rob]t ,adam4 ,! wood is p9ewood1 & z an example x is ( s+ul> int]e/4 ,! rapid survey ( eighte5?-c5tury influ5ces be>+ on ! class ( furniture ( :i* ?is volume treats w p]haps induce ! collector to scrut9ise m c>efully all pieces com+ "u 8 notice1 ) a view to arriv+ at _! sali5t features 9 connection ) ! native design ( m or less untutor$ craftsm54 ,illu/ration3 ,,elaborate ,,table4 ,c\ntry attempt to imitate f9e ,*ipp5dale side table4 ,note ! want ( balance 9 leg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,p9ewood ,,c\ntry-,,made ,,adam ,,table4 ,note ! unusually long leg4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,*air ,illu/ration3 ,,oak ,,arm-,,*air4 ,,date ,c4 #afge4 ,) elaborate scroll back4 ,illu/ration3 ,,oak ,,arm-,,*air4 ,,date #afej4 ,) scrat*$ loz5ge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*e/nut ,,arm-,,*air4 ,,date #afij4 ,illu/ration3 ,,oak ,,arm-,,*air4 ,,date #afij4 7,by ! c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,phillips1 ,hit*947 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,*air ,e>ly days--,! typical ,jacobean oak *air--,! evolution ( ! /ret*]--,! *air-back & its developm5t--,transition betwe5 ,jacobean & ,william & ,m>y =ms--,f>mh\se /yles contempor>y ) ! cane-back *air--,! ,que5 ,anne splat--,c\ntry ,*ipp5dale1 ,hepple:ite1 & ,%]aton--,! gr&fa!r *air--,ladd]-back types--,! sp9dle-back *air--,corn] *airs4 ,9 ord] to deal exhau/ively ) ! evolution ( ! *air f its e>lie/ =ms to ! late/ developm5ts 9 sumptu\s uphol/]y1 x w\ld be necess>y to make an ext5d$ survey ( furniture1 dat+ back to e>ly classic days4 ,to enum]ate ! manifold v>ieties belong+ to v>i\s c\ntries & to trace ! gradual progress 9 =m1 :i* kept pace ) ! advance 9 civilisation1 w\ld be ( suffici5t int]e/ to occupy a :ole volume4 ,man1 z a sitt+ or l\ng+ animal1 has gr[n to require m elaborate =ms ( *air1 or settee1 or s(a1 & ! mod]n t5d5cy has be5 t[>ds com=t & luxury4 ,9 reg>d to ,engli% furniture ! int5se contra/ betwe5 ! days ( ,elizabe? & ^? ( ,victoria is at once noticeable4 ,accord+ to ,"l ,macaulay 9 8 comp>ison betwe5 ! mann]s ( 8 day & ^? ( ! pa/1 ! furniture ( a middle-class dwell+-h\se ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 0 equal to t ( a ri* m]*ant 9 ! "t ( ,elizabe?4 ,9 g5]al ?is may be true1 ?\gh n z reg>ds ! spaci\s /ructure & ! massive gr&eur ( ! ,tudor h\se4 ,9 _m details ! diff]5ces are mo/ notewor?y4 ,! wide gulf divid+ ! mod]n _w f ! days ( ! ,armada may be realis$ by reflect+ on su* an a/\nd+ fact t ,que5 ,elizabe? possess$ at "o "t ! only pair ( silk /ock+s 9 h] realm1 :i* 7 pres5t$ to h] by ,mi/ress ,montague1 :i* pleas$ h] s well t %e w\ld nev] we> any clo? hose aft]w>ds4 ,! /urdy "* ( ! yeom5 ( ! days ( ! ,tudors is exhibit$ 9 _! furniture4 ,! illu/rations ( ?is *apt] 9 reg>d to ! *air & its /ructural developm5t indicate ! sl[ly acquir$ ta/es1 runn+ "s decades beh9d ! fa%ionable furniture1 /rong ) =eign influ5ces1 :i* _h come into m or less g5]al use4 ,engl& no long] s5t h] fleeces to be wov5 9 ,fl&]s & to be dy$ 9 ,flor5ce4 ,! sp9n+ ( y>n1 ! weav+1 full+1 & dye+ ( clo?1 0 spread+ rapidly f ! t[ns to ! c\ntry-side4 ,! wor/$ trade1 ( :i* ,norwi* 0 ! c5tre1 ext5d$ ov] ! :ole ( ! ,ea/]n ,c\nties4 ,f>m]s' wives ev]y:]e began to sp9 _! wool f _! own %eep's backs into a co>se homespun4 ,! r\gh & wattl$ f>mh\ses 7 be+ replac$ by dwell+s ( brick & /one4 ,! disuse ( salt fi% & ! great] consumption ( meat m>k$ ! improvem5t :i* 0 tak+ place among ! c\ntryfolk4 ,! wood5 tr5*]s 9 ! f>mh\ses 7 supplant$ by pewt]1 & !re 7 yeom5 :o c\ld boa/ ( _! silv]4 ,c>pets 9 ri*] dwell+-h\ses sup]s$$ ! wret*$ floor+ ( ru%es4 ,ev5 pill[s1 n[ 9 common usage1 7 articles ( luxury 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! f>m] & ! trad] deem$ !m z only fit = wom5 9 *ild-b$4 ,! *imney-corn] came into usage 9 ,elizabe?an days ) ! g5]al use ( *imneys4 ,! m$ival =tress _h giv5 place to ! gr&eur ( ! ,elizabe?an hall 9 ! h\ses ( ! weal?y m]*ants4 ,! rise ( ! middle classes br\ght ) x 9 its wake ! correspond+ advance ( ! yeom5 & _! dep5d5ts4 ,visions ( ! ,new ,_w ?rew a haze ( prodigality & pr(usion ov] ! imag9ation ( ! meane/ seaman4 ,e>ly ,days4--,( f>mh\se types t c au?oritatively be attribut$ to ,tudor days !re are few1 b ! succe$+ age ( ! ,/u>ts is ri* ) examples ( und\bt$ au!nticity4 ,_m ( !m are dat$1 & !y all be> a /rong family resemblance to ea* o!r1 ow+ to ! n>r[ range ( motifs 9 ! c>v$ panels4 ,!re is a fix$ insul>ity 9 ^! e>ly examples1 & ! same traditional patt]ns 9 scrollwork or 9 conv5tional loz5ge design reta9$ _! hold = _m g5]ations4 ,! oak arm-*air ( a f>mh\se kit*5 made 9 ! days ( ,*>les ,i4 0 /ill foll[$ 9 close detail 9 ! days ( ,george ,,iii41 z dat$ examples te/ify1 & x w\ld puzzle an exp]t1 )\t ! date to guide him1 to say :e!r ! piece 0 eighte5? or sev5te5? c5tury "w4 ,x may be add$ t z a g5]al rule !re is a m>k$ lean+ t[>ds g5]osity 9 imp>t+ age to old furniture4 ,x is n[ v g5]ally recognis$ t1 l w9e1 x ga9s pre/ige ) l5g? ( ye>s4 ,x !re=e gr[s 9 antiquity accord+ to ! fancy ( ! own] or ! imag9ation ( ! collector4 ,among ! e>ly =ms ( *airs fall+ "u ! category ( f>mh\se furniture may be notic$ examples ( r\gh & massive build1 em95tly fit to s]ve ! purpose = :i* !y 7 design$4 ,ornam5t is r$uc$ to a m9imum1 & !y /& z rude monum5ts to ! cab9et-mak]'s craft 9 fa%ion+ !m & foll[+ tradition to suit 8 cli5t's ta/es4 ,9 reg>d to ! sixte5? c5tury !re _c be said to be any type fall+ "u ! head+ ( cottage or f>mh\se *airs4 ,we h already illu/rat$ 7p4 #ce7 an e>ly =m ( ,elizabe?an days1 b su* examples are r>e4 ,practically cottag]s _h only /ools 9 common use4 ,x 0 n until ab\t #afej t a simplifi$ =m ( ! well-kn[n v>iety ( ! *airs ( ! ,jacobean oak p]iod came into g5]al use4 ,illu/ration3 ,,york%ire ,,*air4 ,,date #affj4 ,late example1 ) ball turn+ 9 /ret*]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cromwellian ,,*airs4 ,,date #affj4 ,) indication ( transition to ,*>les ,,ii4 p]iod4 7,by ! c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,phillips1 ,hit*947 ,! ,typical ,jacobean ,oak ,*air4--,! sev5te5? c5tury (f]s a wide field ( selection1 & _m examples exi/ :i* und\bt$ly 7 9 use 9 f>mh\ses at t p]iod4 ,! arm-*air illu/rat$ p4 #aia1 ) ! initials ,w4,i ,a41 is evid5tly made = ! f>mh\se4 ,x is noticeable = its complete abs5ce ( ornam5tal c>v+ except a ?9ly scrat*$ loz5ge4 ,9 date ?is is f #afej to #agjj1 & if made = a weal?i] p]son at t date x w\ld be ri*ly c>v$4 ,! adjac5t *air %[s ! next advance 9 type4 ,x is a sup]ior f>mh\se *air ( ! p]iod4 ,x has a c>v$ top ) scroll cre/+4 ,! holes 9 ! seat1 x %\ld be obs]v$1 orig9ally held ropes1 ^u :i* a cu%ion 0 support$4 ,! wood5 seat is an addition made 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! two o!r *airs illu/rat$ on ! same page are lat] examples1 9 date ab\t #afij4 ,"o ( ^! is fa%ion$ ( *e/nut4 ,! =m ( ^! backs is relat$ to ! contempor>y high-back cane *airs ( ! "t ( ,*>les ,,ii4 & ,james ,,ii4 ,b ^! fa%ions influ5c$ ! proportions only ( f>mh\se *airs4 ,9 arriv+ at ! date ( su* specim5s z ^! ! bevell$ panel is an important factor 9 det]m9+ ! late p]iod4 ,cu%ions _h no place 9 ! effects ( ! f>mh\se 9 e>ly days1 al?\gh ropes 7 sometimes us$ to support cu%ions1 z we h %[n4 ,b z a g5]al rule ! wood5 seats %[ tangible signs ( r\gh usage ( c5turies1 & ! /ret*] has its worn surface m>k$ by g5]ations ( own]s :o f\nd x protective aga9/ ! cold flagg$ or ru%-/rewn floor & ! draughts 9 days prior to c>pets & rugs4 ,! ,evolution ( ! ,/ret*]4--,9 mak+ a /udy ( ! evolution ( ! *air ! /ret*] is an important factor4 ,= obvi\s reasons1 z expla9$ above1 no e>ly *airs 7 made )\t ! /ret*] across ! front1 a good s\nd s]viceable piece ( ,briti% oak to /& r\gh we> & te>4 ,gradually1 keep+ "t ) ! m>* ( com=t1 ! front /ret*] beg9s to leave its old position ne> ! floor1 & 9 lat] examples x is half-way up ! front legs4 ,x /ill _h a use1 & a v important "o3 x add$ consid]able /r5g? & solidity to ! *air1 & is ne>ly always f\nd 9 *airs int5d$ = use4 ,9 ! s]ies illu/rat$ h]e9 !re are only few examples )\t ! front /ret*]4 ,lat] x took ano!r =m1 z ! illu/rat$ specim5s 9 ?is *apt] %[3 x unit$ ! two side /ret*]s1 & cross$ ! *air und]nea? 9 ! c5tre at "r angles to ! side /ret*]s4 ,its purpose 9 add+ /ability to ?is class ( furniture 0 evid5tly nev] lo/ sight (4 ,at fir/ /rictly utilit>ian1 ! /ret*] 0 a solid foot-re/2 lat]1 :5 p>tly utilit>ian 9 add+ to ! /r5g?1 x became suitable = ornam5tation1 ,al?\gh 9 ! class ( furniture "h "u review su* ornam5t nev] took an elaborate =m1 !re are examples slightly diff]+ 9 "* f *airs int5d$ = ! use ( ! weal?i] classes1 & ^! are evid5tly a local ef=t to keep 9 t\* ) prevail+ ta/e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,oak ,,settle4 ,) back panel "u seat made f old] ,oak ,*e/4 ,date #afge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,oak ,,arm ,,*air4 ,,date #afge4 ,) ,bevell$ ,panels4 ,illu/ration3 ,,oak ,,arm ,,*air4 ,,date #aggg4 ,) initials ,a4,s4 ,c4,b4 ,f9ely turn$ /ret*]s1 su* z are f\nd 9 gate tables1 are a feature ( a c]ta9 class ( local *airs1 su* z ^? illu/rat$ on p4 #aig4 ,?is k9d ( *air )\t arms is r m decorat$ & con=ms m to ! /yles ( furniture made = high] sph]es ?an ! f>mh\se4 ,! upp] *air ) its light op5 back & ornate decoration is a ,york%ire type1 & ! ball turn+ 9 ! /ret*] %[s ! transition p]iod to ,*>les ,,ii4 ,! o!r two are ,cromwellian *airs1 b %[+ indications ( ! next p]iod4 ,9 date !y are all ?ree ab\t #affj4 ,! ,*air-back & its ,developm5t4--,ano!r po9t 9 connection ) ! ord]$ progress ( ! *air-mak] is ! gradual developm5t ( ! back ( ! *air4 ,at fir/ x 0 /raight upright1 & no attempt 0 made to imp>t an angle to re/ ! back ( ! sitt]4 ,types su* z ! arm-*air ) squ>e panel 7p4 #aia7 & ! upright settle ) ! five panels illu/rat$ on p4 #bja indicate ?is feature ( discom=t4 ,! next /age is a slight incl9ation 9 ! back1 /ill possess+ a flat panel4 ,?is angle1 :ile n con=m+ to mod]n notions ( ease1 0 an attempt to (f] great] com=t ?an be=e4 ,?is /yle1 9 a hundr$ =ms1 ) ! m9imum ( incl9ation 9 ! back1 cont9u$ = a v consid]able p]iod4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! ne>ly /raight-back$ *airs ( ,d]by%ire & ,york%ire orig91 ) ! turn$ /ret*]s1 & x actually 9 lat] days became almo/ upright 9 ! s]ies ( *airs foll[+ ! lat] ,/u>t types ) cane back & cane seat1 noticeable = _! tall n>r[ backs ) a resemblance to ! prie-dieu *air ( cont95tal usage4 ,! settle illu/rat$ is a pla9] v>iety ( ! settle made = use by fa%ionable folk ) delicately panell$ back4 ,v (t51 9 cottage furniture1 *e/s & o!r pieces are brok5 up to make into small] furniture or to be incorporat$ into furniture ( a lat] design4 ,(t5 x is f\nd t ! und]fram+ ( an old gate table made 9 ! sev5te5? or eighte5? c5tury is f an e>li] *e/4 ,9 ! pres5t in/ance x w be se5 t ! back panels ( ! settle h be5 made f an old] *e/1 :i* be>s ! inscrib$ initials1 /ill visible1 ,i4,e4 ,9 date ?is settle is ab\t #afge1 & is contempor>y ) ! squ>e-back$ *air illu/rat$ on ! same page4 ,"h ! panel 9 back projects1 t is1 x is slightly bevell$ =w>d4 ,! bevell+ ( ! panel is always a sign t a *air is lat] 9 date ?an ! ye> #afgj4 ,illu/rat$ on ! same page is a rem>kable *air hav+ ! initials ,a4,s4,c4,b4 & ! date #aggg c>v$ on x4 ,x is a /rik+ in/ance ( ! adh]5ce to old "t-hon\r$ =m by ! local cab9et-mak]1 ) t\*es t1 ev5 al?\gh ! date 7 n pres5t1 w\ld tell _! own /ory4 ,?is dull wood proclaims a message 9 acc5ts no less sure ?an ! /urdy yeoman's to ,lady ,cl>a ,v]e de ,v]e1 & z a *air 9 date anno ,dom9i #aggg may af=d to smile at ! claims ( long desc5t ( m pret5ti\s & fa%ionable furniture4 ,x is l a ri* ve9 ( dialect runn+ 9 "s old c\ntry song ripe ) phrase ( ,saxon days4 ,x seems incr$ible t ?is survival ( e>ly-,jacobean days %\ld h be5 put toge!r by a village craftsman true to conv5tion & exact 9 seat & arms & /ret*]4 ,b x 0 n done un?9k+ly4 ,"h is a *air1 a/\nd+ to note1 made :5 ,%]aton 0 creat+ 8 new /yles to supplant ,*ipp5dale1 & :5 ,hepple:ite /ood betwe5 ! two ma/]s z a via m$ia4 ,& ! back ( ?is village *air has two di/9ct features translat$ f ,hepple:ite's s*ool--! :eate> cre/ & ! panel ) its brok5 corn]6 ,illu/ration3 ,,oak ,,*airs4 ,,date ,,ab\t #afhj4 ,%[+ ! incl9ation ( ! craftsm5 to assimilate designs !n be+ fa%ion$ 9 walnut4 7,by ! c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,phillips1 ,hit*947 ,transition betwe5 ,jacobean & ,william & ,m>y ,=ms4--,! rapid gr[? ( ! f9] specim5s ( furniture made 9 walnut br\ght a new note into ! f>mh\se v>iety4 ,! elegance & grace ( ! new] /yles 7 at once evid5t4 ,9 ! same mann] z ! gr&iose spl5d\r ( ,elizabe?an woodc>v+ 0 succe$$ by a less massive /yle 9 oak1 deg5]at+ into a rude simplicity 9 f>mh\se examples1 s 9 turn ,jacobean lo/ fav\r4 ,walnut l5t itself to m intricate turn+1 & lightness & great] delicacy claim$ ! popul> fav\r ( fa%ionable folk4 ,! cane seat & ! cane back at once indicate ?is new ta/e4 ,! use ( cu%ions became g5]al & ! sunk seat = ! squab cu%ion is a feature 9 ! lat] ye>s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,oak /ill rema9$ ! fav\rite wood ( ! c\ntry craftsman1 9 spite ( its m refractory qualities4 ,b :5 ! walnut /yles became s firmly e/abli%$ t cli5ts dem&$ furniture 9 ?is fa%ion1 elm & bee* & yew 7 f\nd pliable en\gh to con=m to ! m sl5d] t\*es & ! f9] turn+ consid]$ desirable4 ,walnut 0 9 its turn supplant$ by mahogany1 & x w be %[n lat] h[ f>mh\se furniture foll[$ ! dictates ( fa%ion 9 days :5 ! outbur/ ( spl5did design by ,*ipp5dale1 ,hepple:ite1 & ,%]aton1 toge!r ) a cr[d ( less] kn[n m51 spread f> & wide new pr9ciples 9 ! art ( furniture-mak+ & br\ght c\ntry furniture ano!r /age 9 its evolution4 ,f>mh\se furniture sl[ly assimilat$ ! te*nique & design ( ! walnut age4 ,! love = ! native oak 0 s pron\nc$ t c\ntry mak]s did n des]t ?is wood & essay$ to produce effects by its employm5t t 7 exce$+ly difficult & (t5times unsuccessful4 ,! ?ree *airs illu/rat$ p4 #bje %[ ?is transition /yle1 ab\t ! ye> #afhj1 /ruggl+ ) te*nical difficulties & af=d+ a f9e s]ies ( po9ts 9 ! evolution ( design4 ,f>mh\se ,/yles contempor>y ) ! ,cane-back ,*air4--,f>mh\se furniture r>ely1 if ev]1 _h cane-"w 9 ! back or 9 ! seat4 ,b ! craftsman1 :ile appreciat+ ! delicacy ( ! cane back 9 add+ lightness to ! *air1 circumv5t$ 8 inability to "w 9 cane by sub/itut+ ?9 v]tical splats to give ! necess>y effect ( transp>5cy4 ,! ?ree *airs illu/rat$ %[ ea* 9 v>y+ degree ! qua9t compromise made betwe5 ! te*nique ( oak & ! te*nique ( walnut1 & ! attempt to reproduce ! walnut designs4 ,! arm-*air exhibits /rong relation%ip ) ! old] ,jacobean *air 9 its turn$ legs & uprights1 b ^! h assum$ a m sl5d] proportion4 ,! front /ret*] is 9 ! new] mann]4 ,! sunk seat is int5d$ to receive a cu%ion4 ,!re %\ld be no difficulty = ! amateur correctly to assign a date to su* a piece4 ,! process ( reason+ w\ld be some:at z foll[s3--,! l[] half ( ! *air is ,jacobean1 b ! front /ret*] sugge/s ! ,*>les ,,ii4 p]iod1 borne out by ! op5 back1 :i* removes x f ! ,cromwellian p]iod1 & ! details ( ! top rail ) its curv$ top indicate t ! c\ntry mak] _h se5 ! tall /raight-back *airs ( ! ,william & ,m>y p]iod ) ! cane-"w panel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,oak ,,*airs4 ,) cre/+ rail1 ( ,*>les ,,ii4 p]iod1 reta9$ & p]=at$ ar* c5tre peculi> to walnut designs4 ,) elaboration 9 turn$ legs1 & uprights1 ( ,william & ,m>y p]iod reta9$1 & hav+ ,que5 ,anne splat ( #agaj4 ,) sunk seat = squab cu%ion1 turn$ uprights & legs & curi\s back1 %[+ transition f la? back to splat back4 ,! middle *air m closely approa*es ! upright *air ( ! ,*>les ,,ii4 p]iod4 ,!re is a /raight top-rail1 supplem5t$ by a lunette1 giv+ ! top a "* ( its own4 ,?is specim5 is exceptionally int]e/+4 ,! "r-h& *air 9 its seat & legs is pron\nc$ly ,jacobean4 ,b ! back ) ! ?ree splats & ! co>sely c>v$ top-rail betray ! h& ( ! c\ntry craftsman foll[+ 9 oak ! m graceful curves ( ! work] 9 walnut ( ! days ( ,*>les ,,ii4 ,x w be se5 t ^! ?ree *airs1 ea* 9 v>y+ mann]1 evade ! difficulties ( ! light cane-back by ! sub/itution ( ?9 rails1 &1 z w be se5 f ! illu/ration ( ?ree o!r *airs 7p4 #bji71 ! next /age ( walnut design ) fiddle-%ap$ splat (f]$ equal problems to ! mak]s ( cottage furniture4 ,sometimes !y elim9at$ ! splat altoge!r1 :ile adopt+ o!r po9ts ( design f\nd 9 *airs ) ! ,que5 ,anne splat ( #agaj4 ,9 e case ! fondness = old e/abli%$ /yles is exhibit$ 9 ! fact t ! c\ntry cab9et-mak] cl+s dogg$ly to ^! & appe>s too cons]vative or too timid to break :olly away f tradition4 ,9 consequ5ce1 8 "w1 ) pat*es ( new] design weld$ on to ! old1 is qua9tly incongru\s4 ,!re is ?us an abs5ce ( ?9k+ out ! design z a :ole4 ,! m9or mak] ?\ght out ! p>ts z he w5t along4 ,"s ( 8 results are extraord9>y 9 _! *>act]i/ics3 !y resemble t freak ( fa%ion t]m$ h>lequ9 tea s]vices1 :]e ! cups are ( "o patt]n & ! sauc]s ( ano!r4 ,be>+ 9 m9d ^! unfail+ proclivities ( ! mak] ( cottage & f>mh\se furniture1 ! collector %\ld n f9d x difficult to recognise ! c\ntry h& at once4 ,n[ & aga9 "o is /ruck ) ! extraord9>y +5uity ( "s ( ! "w1 or "o is *>m$ ) ! fai?fulness ) :i* designs h be5 translat$ f ! gold5 b[l to ! silv]1 or1 to be lit]al1 f walnut & mahogany to oak & elm & bee*4 ,b "o is nev] amaz$ at ! delicacy ( proportion1 ! balanc$ symmetry1 or ! f]tility ( inv5tion--^! attributes belong to cab9et-mak]s on a high] plane4 ,( ?ree *airs illu/rat$ on p4 #bji1 t on ! left 9 ! legs & seat %[s ! moribund ,jacobean /yle4 ,! /ret*] indicates ! oncom+ ( ! new] /yles1 & ! back ) its cre/+ rail is ( ! ,*>les ,,ii4 p]iod4 ,its ret5tion is curi\s1 & ! p]=at$ ar*$ c5tre is peculi> to designs f\nd 9 walnut2 its use 9 oak by ! mak] ( ?is *air 0 a blund]1 z oak is too h>d a wood to employ = su* a design4 ,illu/ration3 ,,que5 ,,anne ,,*air4 ,entirely oak =m except back & splat4 ,illu/ration3 ,,que5 ,,anne ,,*air4 ,9 oak1 ) /rong incl9ations t[>ds walnut /yles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,que5 ,,anne ,,*air4 ,walnut design made 9 oak = f>mh\se use4 ,illu/ration3 ,,que5 ,,anne ,,arm-,,*air4 ,) %ap$ front1 walnut design execut$ 9 oak4 7,by ! c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,phillips1 ,hit*947 ,illu/ration3 ,,c\ntry ,,*ipp5dale ,,*air1 ,,/yle ,,m]g+ ,,into ,,hepple:ite4 ,less pron\nc$ ,cupid's b[ top4 ,illu/ration3 ,,two ,,*airs ,,c\ntry ,,hepple:ite ,,/yle ,,made ,,entirely ,,9 ,,oak4 ,left-h& *air ) ,pr9ce ( ,wales's fea!rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,types ,,( ,,cottage ,,*airs ,,9 ,,oak4 ,hav+ features ( ! ?ree /yles--,que5 ,anne1 ,*ipp5dale1 & ,%]aton4 ,two *airs ,que5 ,anne /yle4 ,*air ,c\ntry ,*ipp5dale /yle4 ,! middle *air %[s an equal admixture ( /yles4 ,! elaboration 9 ! turn$ legs & uprights belongs to ! ,william & ,m>y p]iod & ! splat is ! ,que5 ,anne fiddle patt]n ( #agaj4 ,! seat beg9s to %[ ano!r =m 9 hav+ ! middle sunk = ! use ( a squab cu%ion4 ,! "r-h& *air p>ts ) ! und]fram+ bel[ ! seat1 :i* gives a t\* ( lightness to ! con/ruction4 ,! turn$ legs & uprights h dep>t$ f ! co>se e>ly-,jacobean /yle & p]ceptibly dep5d on walnut prototypes = _! "*4 ,! back %[s ! transition f ! la? back 7su* z 9 ! *airs simulat+ ! cane-"w7 to ! splat back4 ,x is an int]e/+ & r>e example1 m>k+ ! sl[ assimilation ( new =ms by isolat$ mak]s4 ,?is specim5 came f ,irel& & evid5tly possesses native t\*es ( orig9ality :i* defy ! connoisseur to det]m9e its exact date4 ,! ,que5 ,anne ,splat4--,! fiddle-%ap$ splat ( #agaj m>ks a turn+-po9t 9 ! con/ruction ( ! *air4 ,! walnut *airs ) can$ backs ( ! "t ( ,james ,,ii4 & ! e>ly days ( ,william ,,iii4 7 c>v$ ri*ly1 & sometimes !re 0 a splat divid+ ! can+ at ! back1 :i* lat]1 also 9 can$-back examples1 is curv$ & pla94 ,! g5]al t5d5cy 9 ! reigns ( ,william & ,m>y1 especially t[>ds ! close ( ! p]iod1 0 "o ( economy1 & elaborate c>v+ began to disappe>4 ,! ,que5 ,anne smoo? splat ( fiddle =m rapidly became popul>4 ,?is ,anglo-,dut* /yle became acclimatis$ "h1 & is *>act]i/ic ( ! homely examples ( ! ,que5 ,anne p]iod4 ,9 walnut x 0 comp>atively easy to c>ry out c>v+4 ,9 oak su* elaboration 0 well-nigh impossible4 ,x 0 !re=e natural t 9 ! f>mh\se examples ! pla9 ,dut* splat w\ld readily f9d fav\r z m easily execut$4 ,by ! "t t ! fiddle splat _h become popul> ! /ret*] jo9+ ! cabriole legs comm5c$ to disappe>4 ,! splat plays an important "p z indicat+ %>p v>iations 9 design--walnut ) op5 c>v+1 intricate & floriat$2 walnut ) ! pla9 fiddle splat1 ) its correspond+ m9or =m 9 oak2 mahogany1 ) ! adv5t ( ,*ipp5dale1 ) ! splat aga9 op51 c>v$ ) graceful ribbon-"w4 ,! arm-*air illu/rat$ p4 #bac is a rem>kable in/ance ( int]m+l+ ( /yles4 ,! front legs are 9 ,jacobean /yle1 & are cont9u$ 9 ! same mann] z ! usual type ( oak *air z supports = ! arms1 b an orig9al t\* & nave dep>ture is 9 ! curve giv5 to ?is upright f ! seat upw>ds4 ,! seat is %ap$ l t ( ! ,w9dsor *air4 ,! arms are some:at /iff = ! back ) its ,cupid's-b[ design1 :i* has a sprightl9ess & grace mak+ x a ?+ ap>t4 ,! :ole is n unpleas+4 ,x is a rem>kable in/ance ( ! attempt$ assimilation ( sev]al div]se /yles by an undevelop$ cab9et-mak] ) /rong ideas ( 8 own4 ,! oak =m is rigidly reta9$ 9 all except ! back & splat ( ,que5 ,anne days4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c\ntry-,,made ,,oak ,,settee ,,) ,,d\ble ,,back ,,9 ,,*ipp5dale ,,/yle4 ,! %ap$ und]fram+ is a feature only f\nd 9 f>mh\se v>ieties4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c\ntry-,,made ,,oak ,,settee ,,9 ,,*9ese ,,*ipp5dale ,,/yle4 7,by ! c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,phillips1 ,hit*947 ,! adjac5t *air1 ) its tall back ) curv$ splat & its cabriole legs1 m>ks ! transition betwe5 ,william & ,m>y & ,que5 ,anne4 ,! top rail indicates by its clumsy jo9]y ! t\* ( ! immature c\ntry cab9et-mak]4 ,x is an attempt to approa* a f9e model ) insuffici5cy ( skill by ! mak]4 ,! use ( ! cabriole leg ei!r 9 *airs or 9 dress]s 9 homely furniture has always prov$ a /umbl+-block to ! m9or craftsman4 ,! delicacy ( balance requir$ 9 ord] to pres]ve ! h>mony ( ! :ole has prov$ too subtle a problem = him to h&le1 & to ! practis$ eye ^! f>mh\se pieces at once proclaim _! orig94 ,! broad splat & ! /raight squ>e front & ! bold cabriole leg ( ! ,que5 ,anne type 9 walnut 7 (t5 copi$ 9 oak4 ,! example ( ! *air ) ! lat] tape/ry cov]+1 illu/rat$ p4 #bac1 is a case :]e ! local cab9et-mak] has fai?fully copi$ detail = detail f "s f9e orig9al 9 walnut4 ,8 is 9 oak = m /r5u\s usage4 ,! adjac5t arm-*air is ( ! ,que5 ,anne /yle1 ) a %ap$ front t is v r>ely f\nd 9 su* pieces4 ,! mak] "h has n be5 s successful 9 cat*+ ! bold l9es ( 8 orig9al4 ,!re is a s5se ( some?+ lack+ 9 ! curves ( ! back4 ,! t\*es ( 8 own t he has add$ 9 ! arms1 rev]t+ to an e>li] ,jacobean type1 reveal ! unpractis$ h&4 ,c\ntry ,*ipp5dale1 ,hepple:ite1 & ,%]aton4--,a ^w 9 pass+ may be said 9 reg>d to ! unique "* ( furniture ( ^! types4 ,x is obvi\s t factory-made furniture turn$ out by ! hundr$ pieces c (f] no?+ p]sonal1 :atev] its m]its or dem]its ( design or workman%ip4 ,x is ?is p]sonal note1 ! love ( a craftsman 9 8 creation1 t appeals to ! collector1 :e!r x be ( ,p]sian rugs or ( old brass c&le/icks4 ,x is abs5t 9 art produc$ 9 a :olesale mann]4 ,blund]+ly z ! village craftsm5 w5t to "w1 !y (t5 /umbl$ into great ?+s1 & !y always produc$ orig9al results4 ,prior to ! publication ( ! design-books ( ! great eighte5?-c5tury ma/]s ( cab9et-mak+1 ! furniture ( c]ta9 localities began to assume a "* ( its own1 ! result ( long tradition1 & designs su* z ! dragon f\nd 9 ,wel% c>v+ became e/abli%$4 ,! t]m unique is peculi>ly appropriate to furniture ( ?is calibre1 = r>ely are two pieces f\nd to be exactly alike4 ,n only did diff]5t mak]s add novel features1 b ! same craftsman app>5tly did n repeat himself4 ,! p]mutations ( =m gov]n+ furniture are illimitable1 associat$ z !y are ) s _m details ( con/ruction4 ,to take ! *air--! leg1 its %ape1 & ! design ( its turn+2 ! /yle & "* ( ! "w on ! /ret*]2 ! =m ( ! seat2 ! decoration & =mation ( ! front2 ! back1 its l5g?1 & ! v>iety ( splats & panels2 & ! top rail ) its v>iations--^! are only ! sali5t features 9 :i* diff]5ces appe>4 ,su* modifications ( design & piquant t\*es ( p]sonal "* appeal to ! collector1 :o loves ! foibles & fanciful moods ( ! native craftsman1 be he ev] s humble4 ,*ipp5dale publi%$ 8 ,director 9 #aged1 & x became a work+ guide to all ambiti\s craftsm54 ,ince & ,mayhew1 cab9et-mak]s ( ,broad ,/reet1 ,gold5 ,squ>e1 _h issu$ ,h\sehold ,furniture 9 #agdh1 & ,hepple:ite ,co4 foll[$ lat] ) ! ,cab9et ,mak] & ,uphol/]]'s ,guide 9 #aghh1 :]e ! delicacies ( ornam5t 7 relat$ to ! *a/] classic models1 & 9 #agid came ,%]aton ) 8 ,draw+ ,book1 ri* ) subtle sugge/iv5ess4 ,a r\gh g5]alisation %[s ! ,*ipp5dale s*ool hold+ sway f #agcj to #aghj1 ! ,hepple:ite s*ool f #agge to #agie1 & ! ,%]aton s*ool f #agij to #ahje3 & beh9d all1 ! /rong influ5ce ( ! ,bro!rs ,adam 9 _! classic revival4 ,:at _h previ\sly be5 tradition came v spe$ily into l9e ) curr5t modes4 ,fa%ion1 z we h %[n1 _h a sl[ & imp]man5t effect ^u village ideals4 ,b ! output ( ^! great illu/rat$ volumes1 ) work+ draw+s1 und\bt$ly _h a wide-rea*+ influ5ce4 ,! la/ qu>t] ( ! eighte5? c5tury saw an int5se outbur/ ( int]e/ 9 ! arts ( int]ior decoration4 ,a great am\nt ( f9ely design$ & beautifully execut$ furniture belongs to ^? days1 & ! e*o ( ! spl5did a*ievem5ts 9 mahogany & 9 sat9wood is se5 9 ! f>mh\se & cottage furniture1 :i* came s+ul>ly close ^u ! heels ( fa%ion4 ,*ipp5dale furniture 9 oak1 elm1 or bee* is be+ l>gely collect$4 ,we illu/rate a suffici5t numb] ( types to %[ t ?is class ( design kn[n z ,cottage ,*ipp5dale1 has peculi> *>ms ( its own4 ,! arm-*air illu/rat$ p4 #bbe is 9 elm1 & is 9 ! /yle ,*ipp5dale employ$ 9 8 ri* mahogany creations 9 #agfj4 ,! f9e int]lac$ c>v+ ( ! back is graceful & well proportion$4 ,! adjac5t *air1 9 elm1 /ill foll[s ! ,*ipp5dale /yle4 ,! seat is ru%1 & ! mak] has conf9$ himself to 8 own limitations & avoid$ 9 ! splat ! too intricate "w ( m sumptu\s models4 ,he has arriv$ at a v f9ely balanc$ result4 ,! he>t cut out ( ! splat is frequ5tly f\nd 9 cottage examples1 sugge/+ t "s ( ! m ornate examples may h be5 made z w$d+ pres5ts = "y c\ples j sett+ up h\sekeep+1 or possibly ! village cab9et-mak] himself _h ?\ghts 9 t direction1 & su* "w 0 de/9$ to equip 8 own home4 ,! illu/ration ( a *air1 9 bee*1 ) a pla9 wood5 seat1 has a some:at intricate ribbon-l patt]n t]m9at+ 9 ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales's fea!rs4 ,! he>t is pres5t 9 ! design at ! base ( ! splat1 cut out 9 fretwork4 ,! arm-*air on ! "r1 ) its dipp$ seat1 is 9 oak1 & is an in/ance repres5t+ ! adaptations ( ,%]aton /yles 9 ! prov9ces4 ,ano!r page ( *airs 9 oak 7p4 #bae7 %[s ! influ5ces at "w 9 m\ld+ ! "* ( ! /yles ( ! late eighte5? & e>ly n9ete5? c5tury f>mh\se furniture4 ,( ! ?ree *airs at top ( p4 #bae1 ! left-h& "o is 9 ,*ipp5dale /yle m]g+ into ,hepple:ite4 ,! ,cupid's b[ at ! top rail has become less pron\nc$4 ,! o!r two *airs on "r are typically ,hepple:ite 9 "*4 ,! ,pr9ce ( ,wales's fea!rs1 s (t5 associat$ ) ,hepple:ite's own "w1 are embodi$ 9 ! splat ( "o4 ,illu/ration3 ,,elm ,,*air4 ,,c\ntry ,,*ipp5dale ,,/yle4 #agfj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,elm ,,*air1 ,,c\ntry ,,*ipp5dale ,,/yle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bee* ,,*air4 ,,c\ntry ,,*ipp5dale ,,/yle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,oak ,,*air1 ,,c\ntry ,,*ipp5dale ,,/yle4 ,,) ,,dropp$ ,,seat4 ,9 ! l[] gr\p1 ! "r-h& *air is ( ! ,*ipp5dale type4 ,! o!r two *airs h features ( ?ree /yles--! ,que5 ,anne1 ! ,*ipp5dale1 & ! ,%]aton4 ,x is ?is piquancy & incongru\s comb9ation ( /yles adjac5t to ea* o!r 9 po9t ( "t1 b hav+ little o!r relation%ip1 :i* make ! prov9cialisms ( ! cab9et-mak] ( exceptional int]e/4 ,at times m ambiti\s attempts 7 made 9 oak1 foll[+ ! l9es ( ! ,*ipp5dale /yle 9 mahogany4 ,^! h pron\nc$ features always recognisable z belong+ to ! f>mh\se v>iety ( furniture4 ,two examples are illu/rat$1 p4 #bai4 ,! upp] example ( c\ntry-made oak settee1 ) d\ble back1 at once indicates t x is prov9cial by ! %ap$ und]fram+1 :i* is nev] f\nd 9 o!r classes ( furniture4 ,! l[] example ( f>mh\se oak settee is cle>ly 9 ,*ipp5dale's ,*9ese /yle4 ,a ref]5ce to ! ,g5tleman & ,cab9et ,mak]'s ,directory1 publi%$ by ,?omas ,*ipp5dale 9 #aged1 %[s t ?is ,*9ese /yle adopt$ by ! local mak] is v f> remov$ f ! s]ies ( delicate fretwork designs illu/rat$ by ,*ipp5dale 9 8 volume4 ,x is true t ! old design] ( ,/4 ,m>t9's ,lane s5t =? 8 "w ) ! sub-title /at+ t x 0 calculat$ to improve & ref9e ! pres5t ,ta/e1 & suit$ to ! ,fancy & ,circum/ances ( ,p]sons 9 all ,degrees ( ,life4 ,! great ma/] cab9et-mak]1 9 scatt]+ 8 designs f> & wide1 evid5tly _h 9 m9d ! =mation ( a new /yle4 ,he build$ bett] ?an he knew4 ,! importance ( 8 book ( designs _c be ov]rat$4 ,x 0 subscrib$ = 9 ,york%ire1 9 ,devon1 9 ,we/morl&1 & 9 ,irel&1 & /raightway m9or m5 look$ ^u ^! delightful inv5tions & began to foll[ to ! be/ ( _! ability ! ideals set =? by ,*ipp5dale ! dream]4 ,t he 0 an ideali/ 9 ?is book ( designs is navely expla9$ 9 8 ,preface3 ,i frankly confess t 9 ! execut+ _m ( ! draw+s my p5cil has b fa9tly copi$ out ^? images t my fancy sugge/$1 & _h !y n be5 publi%$ till ,i c\ld h pron\nc$ !m p]fect1 p]haps !y _h nev] se5 ! light4 ,b ,*ipp5dale 0 also a practical cab9et-mak] z well z a design]4 ,he has a l+]+ d\bt t aft] all1 p]haps1 ! c\ntry cab9et-mak] & ^? :o b\ght ! book = use might n be able to c>ry out 8 designs4 ,evid5tly ?is _h /ruck o!rs too4 ,p]haps he 0 accus$ ( fobb+-(f 9 a design-book m]e fanciful "w t 0 too f> above ! plane ( ord9>y cab9et-"w4 ,he meets ?is objection ) a decl>ation1 s to speak1 ^u hon\r1 ) :i* he w9ds up 8 ,preface1 :i* is a pretty piece ( eighte5?-c5tury adv]tis+3-- ,^u ! :ole1 ,i h giv5 no design b :at may be execut$ ) advantage by ! h&s ( a skilful workman1 ?\gh "s ( ! pr(ession h be5 dilig5t en\gh to repres5t !m 7especially ^? aft] ! ,go?ic & ,*9ese mann]7 z s _m speci\s draw+s1 impossible to be work$ (f by any me*anic :atsoev]4 ,i w n scruple to attribute ?is to malice1 ignorance1 & inability1 & ,i am confid5t ,i c conv9ce all noblem51 g5tlem51 or o!rs1 :o w hon\r me ) _! comm&s1 t e design 9 ! book c be improv$1 bo? z to beauty & enri*m5t1 9 ! execution ( x1 by--,_! ,mo/ ,ob$i5t ,s]vant1 ,?omas ,*ipp5dale4 ,en\gh has be5 said to prove t c\ntry ,*ipp5dale is n a misnom]4 ,x is equally true t ! ,hepple:ite /yle 0 dissem9at$ 9 l fa%ion 9 ! prov9ces4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ^! trade catalogues1 z !y really 71 br\ght out some:at 9 rivalry ) ea* o!r by ! great ,london design]s & cab9et-mak]s1 7 ! only lit]ature ! c\ntry mak]s _h to indicate t[n fa%ions4 ,^! volumes !re=e s]v$ a d\ble purpose 9 procur+ cli5ts = ! firm & 9 /imulat+ ! art ( ! c\ntry design]4 ,t !y 7 9 "p int5d$ to be educational is %[n by ! ,preface to ! ,cab9et ,mak] & ,uphol/]]'s ,guide1 publi%$ by ,a4 ,hepple:ite ,co41 ,cab9et-mak]s4 ,we quote f ! ,preface ( ! ?ird edition1 improv$1 #agid4 ,! ,preface op5s ) a lam5t t ow+ to ! mutability ( all ?+s1 b m especially ( fa%ions1 =eign]s :o seek a k ( ,engli% ta/e & workman%ip may be misl$ by ! lab\rs ( our pr$ecessors 9 ?is l9e ( little use4 ,! same reason 9 fav\r ( ?is "w w apply also to _m ( our own c\ntrym5 & artisans1 ^: di/ance f ! metropolis makes ev5 an imp]fect k ( its improvem5ts acquir$ ) mu* tr\ble & exp5se4 ,9 ?is in/ance we hope = rew>d2 & ?\gh we lay no claim to extraord9>y m]it 9 our designs1 we flatt] ourselves !y w be f\nd s]viceable to "y workm5 9 g5]al1 & occasionally to m exp]i5c$ ones4 ,9 view1 !re=e1 ( ! books ( design we h enum]at$1 x is obvi\s t ! c\ntry design] _h a new field op5 to him1 & n[ & aga9 he made ample use ( 8 opportunities4 ,dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( ! eighte5? c5tury !re 0 q an outbur/ ( lit]ature on furniture1 mu* ( x =gott5 & mu* ( x wait+ to be dis9t]r$ by pati5t rese>*2 & ) ! dissem9ation ( ^! f9e designs "s ( ! mo/ p]fect examples ( c\ntry-made furniture began to exhibit t\*es ( skill ( ! practis$ h&4 ,! ,gr&fa!r ,*air4--,f ! illu/ration giv5 on p4 #bca x w be se5 t ! type kn[n z ! gr&fa!r has a humble l9eage4 ,x w be f\nd ) ! same w+s & curv$ arms & pla9 wood5 seat 9 ! aleh\se or 9 ! +le nook ( ! f>mh\se4 ,! specim5 we illu/rate does duty z a bacon-cupbo>d z well z a *air4 ,usually su* pieces h ! cupbo>d op5+ at ! back1 b 9 ?is in/ance ! cupbo>d op5s 9 front4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c\ntry ,,gr&fa!r ,,*air4 ,illu/ration3 ,,arm-,,*air ,,& ,,bacon-,,cupbo>d4 ,op5s at foot4 ,?is type usually op5s at back4 ,z e>ly z ! op5+ ye>s ( ! eighte5? c5tury !re 7 uphol/]$ *airs ( a some:at simil> type to ! s-call$ gr&fa!r ) scroll$ arms or w+s4 ,! example we illu/rate is repres5tative ( ^? :i* may be met ) 9 ! c\ntry f>mh\se4 ,ladd]-back ,types4--,! ladd]-back *air belongs to ! nor!rn half ( ,engl&1 & simil>ly ! sp9dle-back *air is f\nd 9 ! same locality4 ,! ,w9dsor *air1 on ! o!r h&1 is ma9ly conf9$ to ! s\!rn half ( ! c\ntry4 ,^! are po9ts :i* become noticeable aft] ye>s ( sy/ematis$ rese>*1 & al?\gh n[adays ^! ?ree v>ieties ( *air may /ill be f\nd1 some:at scatt]$1 _! real home & place ( orig9 is z indicat$4 ,ano!r feature ( int]e/ is t bo? ladd]-back & sp9dle-back v>ieties1 ) b slight diff]5ces1 are f\nd on ! ,cont95t4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ?is class ( *air has a ru% seat4 ,?is feature x has 9 common ) ! sp9dle-back *air4 ,! ru%-bottom *air cov]s a wide area4 ,x comes ) an air ( navet & ru/ic simplicity4 ,"o recalls ! long l9es ( gre5 ru%es by ! riv]-bank & ! ru%-ga!r]s 9 idyllic placidity sl[ly trimm+ ! banks1 di/urb+ coot & moorh5 ) _! punt1 & add+ ano!r human t\* to ! lonely angl]4 ,!y are pursu+ a call+ z old z ! riv] itself1 & ! use ( ru% = floor1 = light+1 or = seat+ furniture1 f\nd occupation = g5]ations ( m5 ply+ curi\s trades1 ( :i* ! plait+ ( osi]s into baskets & ! ?at*+ ( cottage ro(s may be numb]$ among ! decay+ indu/ries4 ,inde$1 ?is latt] art & ! mak+ ( bir* & hea? brooms may be almo/ said to be ext9ct4 ,a good artisan :o c ?at* 9 ! old arti/ic /yle is mu* s\ght aft]4 ,( c\rse ricks h /ill to be ?at*$1 b ! picturesque skill ( ma/]s ( ?is old-_w craft is abs5t1 & corrugat$ iron %eets h f\nd fav\r 9 lieu ( ! old /yle4 ,! ladd]-back *air is1 z its "n d5otes1 decorat$ ) horizontal supports1 ladd] fa%ion4 ,^! are capable ( ! mo/ pleas+ v>iation4 ,! p]fection ( =m ( ?is type is se5 9 ! arm-*air illu/rat$ p4 #bcg4 ,! well-balanc$ proportion ( ! ladd] rails is a te/ z to ! excell5ce ( ! design4 ,!y are n mean+less ornam5ts put 9 place1 un?9k+ly1 to create a new /yle4 ,! two examples illu/rat$ on page #bce %[ o!r types ( ! ladd]-back *air4 ,! left-h& "o %[s ! lat] /ages 9 ! developm5t ( ! design1 & its top rail is ( ! ,%]aton p]iod4 ,! "r-h& "o1 ) arms1 is composite 9 its "*1 & is 9 date ab\t #ahbj1 & exhibits a t\* ( ! ,%]aton sl5d]ness ( /yle 9 ! splats & ! r\nd turn+ ( arms4 ,bo? examples %[ ! qua9t survival ( ! ,que5 ,anne foot4 ,! ladd]-back =m surviv$ ! eighte5? c5tury & la/$ d[n to )9 fifty ye>s ago1 :5 x became m]g$ into t ( ! ,w9dsor *air4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ladd]-,,back ,,type ,,( ,,*air4 ,%[+ ,empire influ5ce 9 curv$ back4 ,dat$ #ahbj-ahcj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sp9dle-,,back ,,nurs+ ,,*air ,,) ,,rock]4 ,?ree r[s ( sp9dles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sp9dle-,,back ,,*air4 ,two r[s ( sp9dles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ladd]-,,back ,,*airs ,,) ,,ru% ,,seat4 ,bo? *airs %[+ qua9t survival ( ! ,que5 ,anne feet4 ,late ,eighte5? ,c5tury1 ) top rail 9 ,%]aton /yle4 ,lat] =m ( splat ) turn$ ends4 ,dat$ #ahbj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c\ntry ,,b>b]',s ,,*air4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ladd]-,,back ,,*air4 ,p]fect specim5 9 reg>d to /yle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,oak ,,corn] ,,*air4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ladd]-,,back ,,=m ,,( ,,corn] ,,*air ,,) ,,ru% ,,seat4 ,probably ,lanca%ire4 7,by ! c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,phillips1 ,hit*947 ,! ,sp9dle-back ,*air4--,! sp9dle-back *air is ( long l9eage4 ,z e>ly z ! reign ( ,*>les ,i4 ?is type 0 kn[n4 ,!re is /ill treasur$ 9 ,am]ica ! *air ( ,gov]nor ,c>v]1 ) simple turn+ 9 legs & back1 :i* practically consi/$ ( upright po/s r\nd$ & hav+ slight ornam5t4 ,! back 0 set ) sp9dles4 ,! old] types ( ^! *airs _h ?ick upright po/s1 ! back & back legs be+ two po/s & ! front legs1 cont9u$ upw>d beyond ! seat1 =m+ supports = ! arms4 ,^! po/s are (t5 six or sev5 in*es 9 circumf]5ce1 & belong to e>ly-,jacobean days4 ,! type f\nd its way to ,am]ica 9 ,puritan days & has cont9u$ to be a fav\rite4 ,hickory wood 0 us$ = ,am]ican specim5s1 & consid]able att5tion has be5 paid to ?is =m ( *air & its v>ieties1 ! diff]+ heights ( ! po/s & ! numb] ( ! sp9dles & _! "*1 by ,am]ican collectors4 ,9 ,engl& examples are n easily f\nd ( e>ly date4 ,! examples illu/rat$ 7p4 #bce71 a ,nurs+ ,*air on rock]s & an ord9>y ,sp9dle-,back ,*air1 are ( eighte5?-c5tury days1 & are suffici5t to indicate ! type ( *air1 b ^! two repres5t ! /yle :5 x _h become ( m g5]al use4 ,practically x 0 n until ! eighte5? c5tury t su* types 7 commonly us$ 9 cottages & f>mh\ses4 ,^! turn$ *airs1 turn$ 9 e portion b ! ru% seat1 l5d !mselves to ! above-m5tion$ two /yles ( treatm5t4 ,_! upright po/s =m+ ! op5 back c be treat$ ) v]tical splats divid$ by horizontal divisions1 or !y c1 z 9 ! ladd] =m1 receive horizontal splats4 ,! complete simplicity ( ?is attitude t[>ds ! back absolv$ ! homely cab9et-mak] f dang]\s exp]im5ts4 ,avoid+ curv$ backs1 he _h n to face ! intricacies ( ! nicety ( balance 9 ! splat4 ,altoge!r x 0 a v satisfactory solution1 & 9 practice result$ 9 ! production ( a wide range ( *airs1 diff]+ 9 slight details b well )9 ! range ( ! local workman's art4 ,! unassum+ simplicity ( ?is class ( *air made its appeal to ,madox-,br[n1 :o held t simplicity & utility 7 ! two desid]ata1 unit$ ) s\ndness ( con/ruction1 = dome/ic furniture4 ,v5e] 0 z abhorr5t to him z to all g5u9e lov]s ( ! arti/ic4 ,let u be hone/1 let u be g5u9e 9 furniture z 9 aught else1 7 8 words4 ,if we mu/ ne$s make our *airs & tables ( *eap wood1 d n let !m masqu]ade z mahogany or rosewood2 let ! ?+ appe> t :i* x is2 x w n lack dignity if x be good ( its k9d & well made4 ,accord+ly he put 8 !ories into practice & design$ "s furniture4 ,9 a *air 9 ! possession ( ,mr4 ,h>old ,ra?bone he has employ$ ! ru% seat & us$ sp9dles to decorate ! back1 & 9 ano!r *air 9 ! same collection he has adh]$ to ! horizontal ladd]-back /yle1 c\pl$ ) ! ru% seat1 ) pleas+ effect4 ,corn] ,*airs4--,among int]e/+ types ( *airs (t5 ) l+]+ traces ( ! ,jacobean /yle & additional features ( splats t may be reg>d$ z /&+ on ! ?re%old ( ! ,*ipp5dale p]iod1 corn] *airs /& 9 a class alone4 ,! illu/rations on p4 #bcg %[ "s typical examples4 ,! *air ) ! d\ble ti] is ! oak adaptation ( ,*ipp5dale ) ! ret5tion ( ! old ,jacobean =m ( support = ! arm4 ,^! *airs ) ?is add$ ti] are (t5 us$ z c\ntry b>b]'s *airs4 ,! ru%-seat$ corn] *air on ! same page1 probably made 9 ,lanca%ire1 is sugge/ive ( ! ladd]-back =m1 & !re are indications 9 its con/ruction t x is subsequ5t to ! ,hepple:ite p]iod4 ,) ^! notes relative to ! evolution ( ! *air1 & ) c>efully select$ illu/rations ( types likely to be ( use to ! collector1 en\gh has be5 said to :et ! curiosity ( ! read] to /udy ! matt] = himself4 ,x requires ke5 & discrim9at+ judgm5t to allocate specim5s ) pass+ exactitude z to "t & place4 ,! ta/e = ! subject mu/ be natural & n acquir$4 ,tra9+ alone w give ! eye ! read9ess to detect false t\*es & mod]n additions4 ,! se>* = b>ga9s goes on apace1 & ^? :o enjoy /alk+ _! qu>ry 9 out-(-!-way places h an excit+ que/ n[adays = f9e pieces4 ,to ^? ) endless pati5ce1 =be>+ "u disappo9tm5t1 & hav+ pl5ty ( leisure1 ! se>* w (f] abundant delight1 if1 to quote ,mrs4 ,battle1 !y enjoy ! rig\r ( ! game4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,w9dsor ,,*air ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,w9dsor ,,*air ,e>ly types--,! /ick legs )\t /ret*]--,! tav]n *air--,eighte5?-c5tury pleasure g>d5s--,! rail-back v>iety--,*ipp5dale /yle ,w9dsor *airs--,! survival ( ! ,w9dsor *air4 ,! ,w9dsor *air 9 its e>ly =m is co9cid5t ) ! e>ly ye>s ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,its hi/ory & developm5t !re=e exhibit traces ( ! v>i\s /yles 9 furniture :i* ran _! c\rses ?r\gh\t ! c5tury4 ,x is ess5tially a *air :i* belongs to m9or furniture1 & 9 its use x is b\nd up ) ! c\ntry f>mh\se1 ! c\ntry inn1 or 9 ! metropolis ) ! *ocolate-h\ses & tav]ns1 & lat] ) ! innum]able pleasure g>d5s :i* sprang up ar\nd ! metropolis 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,!re is m ?an a /rong sugge/ion t ! type orig9at$ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! fir/ =ms h a simil>ity to ! easily made ?ree-legg$ /ools4 ,! seat is "o piece ( wood into :i* holes are bor$ to admit ! legs4 ,! orig9 ( ! t]m ,w9dsor *air1 accord+ to a /ory l>gely curr5t 9 ,am]ica1 is t ,george ,,iii41 ! ,f>m] ,k+1 saw a *air ( ?is design 9 a humble cottage ne> ,w9dsor1 & 0 s enam\r$ ( x t he ord]$ "s to be made = ! royal use4 ,! *air _h a s+ul> vogue 9 ,am]ica1 & x is /at$ t ,george ,wa%+ton _h a r[ ( ,w9dsor *airs at 8 h\se at ,m\nt ,v]non1 & ,jeff]son sat 9 a ,w9dsor *air :5 he sign$ ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce 9 #aggf4 ,! ,/ick ,legs )\t ,/ret*]4--,obvi\sly ?is is ! e>lie/ type1 & ! illu/rations ( ^! primitive =ms 7p4 #bdg7 %[ ! simplicity ( ! jo9]y4 ,! *air on ! left ) its almo/ /raight top rail sugge/s a probable date4 ,x 0 n till #agfh t ,*ipp5dale made ! fir/ /raight top rail 9 ,engli% furniture4 ,! seat is ( ! saddle-=m4 ,! sp9dles at ! back 9 ! l[] r[ tap] at ea* end4 ,x w be obs]v$ 9 all ! types we illu/rate 9 ?is *apt] t ! arms ext5d 9 "o piece ar\nd ! *air4 ,nor has e example ! saddle seat4 ,on ! same page is illu/rat$ "o ) a pla9 seat1 b /ill hav+ ! /ick legs set at an angle t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! *air4 ,:atev] int]e/ atta*es to ?is e>ly type1 f a collect+ po9t ( view1 !y _c comp>e 9 beauty ) ! f9] v>ieties ( a lat] p]iod1 ) cabriole leg & ) pi]c$ splat1 display+ a pleas+ div]sity ( patt]ns 9 pi]c$ "w1 no two ( :i* are always q alike4 ,illu/ration3 ,,w9dsor ,,*airs4 ,e>lie/ =m2 /ick legs ) no /ret*]4 7,by ! c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,phillips1 ,hit*947 ,! ,tav]n ,*air4--,x 0 ,dr4 ,johnson :o decl>$ t a tav]n *air 0 ! ?rone ( human felicity4 ,und\bt$ly ! eighte5? c5tury f\nd ! ne$ ( a com=table *air = club meet+s at tav]ns & aleh\ses4 ,! c\ntry inn to-day has its ,w9dsor *airs1 _m ( !m ( great age4 ,nor 7 *airs ( ?is type always ) arms4 ,!re are _m pla9] *airs )\t arms & hav+ :at is t]m$ fiddle-/r+ backs2 m (t5 ?an n across ?is back !re is a rail put transv]sely to /r5g!n x4 ,_m ( ^! *airs 7 made by local c>p5t]s & :eelwrights4 ,!y employ$ any wood t happ5$ to be 9 _! work%op at ! "t2 9 consequ5ce ! v>iety ( woods 9 :i* ^! *airs are f\nd is great4 ,sometimes ! seat is made f bee* or elm & ! arms are fa%ion$ f ! wood ( ! pe>-tree4 ,! curv$ horse%oe rails & back are m (t5 ?an n con/ruct$ f ! a%4 ,eighte5? ,c5tury ,pleasure ,g>d5s4--,!re is no d\bt t we owe ! consid]able output ( ,w9dsor *airs 9 ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury to ! gr[? ( c(fee-h\ses1 & especially ! num]\s tea & pleasure g>d5s on ! outskirts ( ,london & o!r great t[ns4 ,^! semi-rural resorts began to be 9 great dem& z a recreation = jad$ eighte5?-c5tury t[n-dwell]s4 ,! nobility & p]sons ( fa%ion _h ,ba? & ,tunbridge ,wells to fly to = c\ntry air & op5-air recreation4 ,! citiz5 & me*anic1 ! society beau1 & ! politician1 cr[d$ to ,ranelagh ,g>d5s1 to ,vauxhall1 to ,sadl]'s ,wells1 & to ,hamp/ead1 to enjoy sunny aft]noons & summ] ev5+s 9 ! op5 air1 or to sp5d ,sundays4 ,x 0 ! eighte5?-c5tury div]sion simil> to ! n9ete5?-c5tury ,cry/al ,palace & ! tw5tie?-c5tury ,e>l's ,c\rt4 ,to quote ,mr4 ,p]cy ,macquoid 9 8 lordly "w on ,engli% furniture1 ,s great 7 ! numb]s ( visitors to ^! places t att5tion 0 call$ to _! increase 9 "o ( ! contempor>y weekly j\rnals1 :]e a calculation 0 made t on ,sundays alone two hundr$ ?\s& p visit$ ! tea-g>d5s situat$ on ! nor!rn side ( ,london2 & z half-a-cr[n p] head 0 probably ! lea/ sum exp5d$ by !m1 x c be no exagg]ation to /ate t #bj1jjj on a f9e ,sunday 0 tak5 at ^! places ( amusem5t4 ,_m *eap *airs mu/ h be5 requir$ at su* places ( ent]ta9m5t4 ,betwe5 ! ye> #agfj & ! end ( ! c5tury ! ,w9dsor *air 0 be+ made = g5]al c\ntry use4 ,! backs & arms ( ^!1 cont9ues ,mr4 ,macquoid1 are made ( hoops ( yew1 held toge!r by a numb] ( sl5d] uprights & a p]=at$ splat ( ! same t\gh & pliant wood2 ! seats 7 g5]ally inv>iably ( elm1 z yew cut into a sup]ficies ( any size is liable to split2 ! legs & /ret*]s 7 g5]ally ( yew4 ,illu/ration3 ,,oliv] ,,goldsmi?',s ,,*air4 ,wood1 pa9t$ gre51 ) circul> seat1 curv$ arms1 & high back4 ,bequea!d by ,oliv] ,goldsmi? 9 #aggd to 8 fri5d1 ,dr4 ,hawes4 7,be?nal ,gre5 ,museum47 ,! ,rail-back ,v>iety4--,we h allud$ to ! use ( ! rail plac$ across ! back f ! top rail to ! seat1 cross+ ! uprights4 ,x is n an elegant device1 b x 0 us$ z a means ( /r5g!n+ ! back4 ,x seems almo/ unnecess>y1 al?\gh possibly ^! *airs receiv$ a good deal ( r\gh usage4 ,lat]1 :5 ! fiddle splat began to be employ$1 ?is transv]se rail--sometimes !re 7 two us$--0 discont9u$4 ,an hi/oric example ( ! *air ) transv]se rails is t :i* 0 once 9 ! possession ( ,oliv] ,goldsmi?4 ,!re is no d\bt ab\t ! au!nticity ( ?is1 z x 0 bequea!d by ! poet to 8 m$ical att5dant1 ,dr4 ,hawes1 :o1 by ! way1 0 ! f\nd] ( ! ,royal ,humane ,society4 ,goldsmi? told 8 f>m] fri5ds at 8 cottage at ,edgw>e t he %\ld nev] 9 future sp5d m ?an two mon?s a ye> 9 ,london1 & at ! "t ( 8 dea? 9 #aggd he 0 negotiat+ ! sale ( ! lease ( 8 ,temple *amb]s4 ,?is *air 7illu/rat$ p4 #bea7 has a r small %ap$ seat1 curv$ arms1 a top rail t is ( exceptional int]e/ consid]+ ! date1 :i* is1 say1 f #aggj to #aggd1 p]haps a little e>li]4 ,?is 0 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,hepple:ite p]iod1 :i* la/$ till #agij4 ,! ye> #agfh 01 z we h already said1 ! date at :i* *airs ) /raight top rails1 design$ by ,adam & execut$ by ,*ipp5dale1 7 fir/ made4 ,! turn$ legs are int]e/+1 %[+ ! ho($ foot1 & ! turn$ /ret*] reta9s an e>li] =m4 ,! *air is ( s(t wood1 probably bee*1 & is pa9t$ gre54 ,x is pres]v$ at ! ,be?nal ,gre5 ,museum1 ) ! di/9ctive label on ! /&3 ,oliv] ,goldsmi?'s ,*air4 ,! ,splat ,back & ! ,cabriole ,leg4--,x is "h t ! ,w9dsor *air assumes a "* ess5tially *>m+ & attracts ! admiration ( connoisseurs ( /yles t are peculi>ly ,engli%4 ,! splat back is a feature only f\nd 9 ,engli% v>ieties ( ! ,w9dsor *air4 ,9 ,am]ica a great deal ( att5tion has be5 paid to old types1 & !re ! pliant hickory wood is us$ 9 ! mak+ ( *airs ( ?is =m2 b ! splat back is nev] us$ 9 ,am]ica1 & :5 f\nd by collectors !re ! piece is attribut$ to ,engli% manufacture4 ,! splat1 ) its v>y+ =ms1 d5otes ! date ( ! *air4 ,f #agdj to #aggj ! =m ) cabriole legs & ) f9ely ornam5t$ fiddle splat 0 at its be/4 ,we illu/rate a suffici5t numb] ( specim5s to %[ h[ graceful & p]fectly well balanc$ ^! *airs _h become4 ,9 contemplat+ pieces rem>kable = ! highe/ /yle1 x mu/ be admitt$ t _! arti/ry & _! simple unaffect$ s5se ( com=t d make a direct appeal to ^? :o are will+ to recognise f9e qualities 9 m9or furniture4 ,! two *airs illu/rat$ 7p4 #bee7 diff] slightly 9 details ( con/ruction4 ,t on ! left has ! pla9 urn splat1 a survival ( ! ,que5 ,anne type4 ,! seat is f9ely %ap$ & ! legs are cabriole =m4 ,! top rail is almo/ /raight1 & is ornam5t$ at ! two ends ) turn$ discs4 ,! ?ree /ret*]s are turn$1 & 9 ! adjac5t *air ! /ret*]s are simil>1 save 9 a slight v>iation 9 ! patt]n ( ! turn+4 ,b "h ! splat is p]=at$ ) an intricate design sugge/ive ( ! l9es ( ,*ipp5dale2 ! top rail is a dep>ture 9 =m1 imp>t+ a di/9ctiv5ess :i* lifts ! *air f ! ord9>y type4 ,illu/ration3 ,,w9dsor ,,*air4 ,) pla9 fiddle splat ( ,que5 ,anne type1 ,*ipp5dale top rail & cabriole legs1 & ?ree turn$ /ret*]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,w9dsor ,,*air4 ,) pi]c$ fiddle splat1 %ap$ arms1 cabriole legs1 & ?ree turn$ /ret*]s4 7,by ! c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,phillips1 ,hit*947 ,illu/ration3 ,,*ipp5dale ,,w9dsor ,,*airs4 ,*ipp5dale splats4 ,! type ( splat indicates ! date ( ,w9dsor *airs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hepple:ite ,,w9dsor ,,*air4 ,exceptionally f9e legs back & front4 ,urn back4 ,probably ,wel% c>v+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hepple:ite ,,p]iod ,,w9dsor ,,*air4 ,) :eel back1 9 yew4 7,by c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,a4 ,b4 ,daniell ,sons47 ,*ipp5dale ,/yle ,w9dsor ,*airs4--,! page ( *airs 7p4 #beg7 tells its own /ory4 ,! beautiful sweep ( ! curv$ back is always a sign ( ! old & true =m4 ,lat] imitations or replicas seem someh[ to lose ?is effect4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! back ( ?is /yle 0 produc$ by ! village :eelwright 9 horse%oe =m1 b possibly t is a conjecture :i* is m fanciful ?an real4 ,x has also--collectors are (t5 fond ( inv5t+ !ories to fit little-kn[n facts--be5 ass]t$ t ! :eel-back v>iety1 :i* is ( some:at m mod]n gr[?1 is due to ! same orig94 ,?is :eel is frett$ ) six triangul> op5+s4 ,"o *air on ?is page has ! :eel unp]=at$4 ,9 ! exam9ation ( ! details ( ! f\r examples !re is no?+ ( great importance to diff]5tiate !m f ea* o!r 9 con/ruction4 ,! two at ! top are sugge/ive ( ,*ipp5dale 9 ! ornam5t employ$ 9 ! splat4 ,! l[] two incl9e m to ! slightly lat] ,hepple:ite p]iod4 ,( ^! ! "o on ! left has only f\rte5 upright rails at ! l[] portion & six 9 ! upp] portion ( ! back1 9 comp>ison ) sixte5 & eight 9 ! o!r *airs4 ,! legs ( ?is *air are exceptionally f9e bo? back & front4 ,! "w 9 ! splat is slightly sugge/ive ( ,wel% c>v+1 especially t /yle associat$ ) ,wel% love-spoons4 ,foll[+ ! influ5ce ( ,*ipp5dale & ,hepple:ite came ! /yle ( ,%]aton1 :i* aft] #agij began to affect ! "* ( "s =ms ( m9or furniture4 ,t ?is 0 a v real factor is (t5 %[n mo/ unexpect$ly 9 cottage & f>mh\se pieces4 ,! sat9wood & ! pa9t$ panel1 & ! intricacies & subtleties ( 8 employm5t ( col\r1 7 ( c\rse too f> remov$ f ! simple cab9et-"w ( ! c\ntry mak] to h ! lea/ effect ^u him1 ev5 if he ev] saw !m4 ,b ! sl5d]ness & elegance ( ! ,%]aton /yles did 9 a small degree h weight ) cab9et-mak]s z a :ole 9 ! prov9ces4 ,s t x is q )9 reasonable surmise to attribute c]ta9 =ms to ! ,%]aton s*ool1 or r to ! oncom+ ( ! e>ly n9ete5?-c5tury mann]isms4 ,on p4 #bfa two examples are illu/rat$ %[+ ?is influ5ce4 ,! "o ) ! horse%oe back is devoid ( ! splat1 :i* _h n[ disappe>$4 ,! turn$ legs beg9 to %[ signs ( mod]nity4 ,! o!r has ! top-rail famili> 9 lat] =ms ( cottage *air4 ,! turn$ rails = ! arms & ! type ( turn+ 9 ! legs %[ signs ( decad5ce4 ,! f9e days ( ! old ,w9dsor *air 7 com+ to an end4 ,illu/ration3 ,,w9dsor ,,*air4 ,horse%oe back1 saddle seat1 turn$ legs1 ) /ret*]4 ,%]aton /yle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,w9dsor ,,*air4 ,curv$ top rail1 turn$ arms1 legs1 & /ret*]4 ,%]aton /yle1 pi]c$ fiddle splat4 ,! ,survival ( ! ,w9dsor ,*air ,type4--,ap>t f ! love ( ! simple =m & especially well-conceiv$ design ( ! ,w9dsor *air1 :i* h made x at once ! especial fav\rite ( arti/s & lov]s ( simplicity & utility1 x has won ! practical approval ( g5]ations ( innkeep]s1 :o to ?is day /ore hundr$s ( *airs = use at village fe/ivals4 ,:at we h said 9 reg>d to ! popul>ity ( ! gate-leg table applies 9 great] degree to ! ,w9dsor *air4 ,! indu/ry ( turn+ ! legs & rails ( ?is type ( *air is /ill c>ri$ on 9 ,buck+ham%ire4 ,until rec5t ye>s mu* ( ?is turn+ 0 done by h& by villag]s 9 ! di/rict surr\nd+ ,high ,wycombe1 :]e ! p>ts are s5t to be f9i%$ & made up4 ,to ?is day "s ( ! old *air-mak]s use ! antiquat$ pole la!4 ,b ! *airs h dep>t$ f _! old /atel9ess4 ,x is true t !y h surviv$1 almo/ 9 spite ( !mselves4 ,!y are n n[ ! objects ( beauty !y once 74 ,b !y h1 by reason ( mod]n requirem5ts1 f\nd a fre% field ( usefulness4 ,w x be suppos$ t ! mod]n (fice *air is 9 reality a ,w9dsor8 ,an exam9ation w at once %[ ?is1 ev5 9 ! late/ ,am]ican types4 ,! saddle-%ap$ seat is !re1 ! /raight turn$ legs1 & ! back is ! same except t ! upp] ext5sion has disappe>$ & ! old c5tre rail has become broad] z a prop]ly-=m$ re/ = ! tir$ cl]k's back4 ,a p]usal ( a few catalogues ( up-to-date (fice furniture w e/abli% ?is4 ,"h1 !n1 is ! la/ /age ( ! c\ntry ,w9dsor *air4 ,! tw5tie?-c5tury ,w9dsor has come to t[n & graces ! head ca%i]'s private (fice 9 a bank or ! s5ior p>tn]'s room ( a firm ( /ockbrok]s4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,local ,,types ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,local ,,types ,wel% c>v+--,scotti% types--,lanca%ire dress]s1 w>drobes1 & *airs--,h]t=d%ire1 ,b$=d%ire1 ,cambridge1 & ,essex tables--,isle ( ,man tables4 ,! *>m ( collect+ cottage & f>mh\se furniture lies 9 ! wide area ov] :i* x is f\nd4 ,^? :o h giv5 especial att5tion to collect+ x h le>n$ in/9ctively to diff]5tiate betwe5 ! "w ( v>i\s localities4 ,"s well-def9$ types ( cottage furniture are only to be f\nd 9 c]ta9 c\nties1 & n[h]e else4 ,take = example ! ladd]-back & ! sp9dle *airs4 ,! latt] are usually f\nd 9 ! nor!rn half & ! =m] 9 ! s\!rn half ( ,engl&4 ,x is obvi\s t craftsm5 develop+ on orig9al l9es1 or on l9es m or less ap>t f outside influ5ce1 mu/ e/abli% designs peculi>ly id5tifi$ ) _! field ( lab\rs4 ,! /urdy insul>ity ( ! ,briti% peasant1 & 8 uneasy reception ( =eign sugge/ion1 h _h a v pron\nc$ influ5ce ^u 8 me?ods ( "w4 ,he has ! defects ( 8 qualities1 ! /]n1 almo/ uncompromis+ cons]vatism 9 habit ( m9d & 9 8 daily pursuits4 ,a close /udy ( ! ?\ghts1 & z f> z is record$ ! writt5 ideals1 ( ! rural lab\r+ population exhibit an extraord9>y fixity ( purpose 9 cl++ t5aci\sly to old cu/oms4 ,! c\ntry songs m (t5 ?an n express disapproval ( innovations & call up ! memories ( sl[ly vani%+ cu/oms4 ,! f>m h&s recall wi/fully ! old /yle ( ,%e>]s' fea/s & ,h>ve/ homes1 :5 great fe/ivities ) song & dance & old c\ntry sports enliv5$ ! company4 ,9 ,york%ire ?is 0 t]m$ ! ,mel ,supp]1 9 ,k5t ! ,k]n ,supp]1 & 9 p>ts ( ! ,nor? ( ,engl& x 0 call$ ! ,*urn ,supp]4 ,annual fea/s 7 giv5 to lab\r]s su* z ! ,wayzgoose or ,bean fea/1 :i* lat] "n rema9s to ?is day4 ,! good old days is a refra9 n conf9$ to ! cottag] 9 8 relation ) ! f>m]4 ,! f>m]1 imbu$ ) ! same wi/ful reg>d = ! vani%$ pa/1 bewails ! ,may ,day t5ants' fea/ ( ! eighte5?-c5tury ,engli% squire4 ,we get t\*es ( disda9 = ! oncom+ fa%ion ( seclusion :i* invad$ ! f>mh\se 9 ,a ,f>m]'s ,boy1 by ,rob]t ,bloomfield4 ,he lam5ts t ! annual fea/ ( ! h>ve/ home _h lo/ its =m] joviality4 ,?is 0 writt5 9 #agih4 ,! aspect only ) ! sub/ance gone4 ,evid5tly ! mug t pass$ ar\nd 0 becom+ a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,! self-same ,horn is /ill at our comm&1 ,b s]ves none n[ b ! plebeian h&4 ,! picture he draws ( ! f>m] :o1 9 face ( prevail+ fa%ion1 yields up ! cu/om t he de>ly loves is pa!tic4 ,! long table & d9+ 9 common toge!r _h seem+ly vani%$4 ,! sep>ate table & ! co/ly b[l t\* ! ru/ic poet's pride4 ,he italicises ! ^w sep>ate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*e/4 ,,dat$ #afcf4 ,) ,wel% inscription on lid4 7,/&+ on table ( lat] date47 ,illu/ration3 ,,wel% ,,cupbo>d4 ,) typical co>se /yle ( c>v+4 ,%\ld be #afej at late/4 ,inscrib$ ,i4,s4 #agaj4 ,?is lov+ reg>d = ! pa/ is natural at a "t :5 ! rural population jeal\sly fe>$ ! oncom+ ( ! age ( ma*9]y1 :i* ?reat5$ to sup]s$e _m ( _! local indu/ries & f9ally succe$$ 9 s do+4 ,! ob/9ate adh]5ce to old =ms 0 possibly "p ( a n]v\s fe> ( ! unkn[n future4 ,! love = exi/+ =ms ( furniture 0 !re=e "p ( ?is appreh5sive ret5tion ( tradition4 ,n only 0 ! resi/ance ( t[n fa%ions a /rong feature1 b local prejudices prevail$ aga9/ ! adoption ( designs belong+ to rival c\nties4 ,to ?is day ! ,/af=d%ire clo!s-horse1 c>ri$ on pulleys to ! ceil+ :5 n 9 use1 diff]s f ! clo!s-horse ( ! cottag] 9 ! ,s\? ) no su* me*anical device4 ,9 ,ed9burgh1 9 ! n>r[ closes1 !re is a k9d ( gall[s project+ f ! w9d[s4 ,^! app>5tly m9or details :i* f9d _! embodim5t 9 articles ( ev]yday use1 fasc9ate & hold ! att5tion ( ! acute collector ( cottage furniture4 ,! same local types apply to ! art ( ! pott] & are well kn[n to collectors4 ,!re are ,sussex tygs & ,nott+ham be>s & ,sund]l& & ,newca/le jugs & mugs4 ,bri/ol _h its *>act]i/ic e>!nw>e1 & ! ,l[e/(t *9a factory 0 /rongly ,suffolk 9 its homely inscriptions ) a t\* ( dialect4 ,wel% ,c>v+4--,wales is fam\s = ! abundance ( ! oak f>mh\se furniture pr\dly kept to ?is day 9 families :o h held ! same home/ead sometimes = c5turies4 ,"o ( ! mo/ noticeable features is ! elaboration ( ! c>v+ & its native repres5tation1 co>sely c>v$1 )\t =eign influ5ce1 ( birds & bea/s & h]aldic mon/]s :i* l>gely figure 9 ! decorative panels ( *e/s1 & especially dress]s4 ,s popul> 0 oak t x might almo/ be advanc$ t !re nev] 0 any mahogany 9 ,wales4 ,b x is indisputable t ! great outbur/ 9 c>v$ mahogany *airbacks co9cid5t ) ! adv5t ( ,*ipp5dale & ! publication ( 8 ,director1 nev] p5etrat$ ,wales1 al?\gh x l$ to ! f\ndation ( a rem>kable s*ool ( woodc>v+ on ! new l9es 9 ,irel&1 kn[n z ,iri% ,*ipp5dale1 a /udy ( :i* c be made 9 ,mr4 ,ow5 ,:eel]'s volume on old furniture4 ,! int5se love ( ! ,wel% woodc>v] = intricacy is h>dly less ?an t ( ! /urdy ,swiss craftsm5 environ$ by m\nta9s4 ,p]haps ! long w9t]s & ! solit>y life influ5ce ! developm5t ( individual "* 9 ! appli$ arts4 ,! ,wel% love-spoons ( wood1 l9k$ toge!r & exhibit+ delicate pi]c$ "w & m9ute c>v+ ( no mean ord]1 are among o!r attractive specim5s ( native art4 ,ironwork ( f9e quality is also to be f\nd 9 ,wales4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lanca%ire ,,dress]4 ,,ab\t #agcj-agej4 ,oak inlaid ) mahogany4 ,illu/ration3 ,,elm ,,w>drobe 7,,wel%74 ,,ab\t #afgj4 7,by ! c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,phillips1 ,hit*947 ,illu/ration3 ,,flap-,,top ,,table4 ,r>e ,h]t=d%ire ,example4 ,diamet] ( top1 #b ft4 #f ins4 7,by ! c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,a4 ,b4 ,daniell ,sons47 ,illu/ration3 ,,lanca%ire ,,sp9dle-,,back ,,*airs4 ,a c>v$ oak *e/ ( ,wel% orig91 dat$ #afcf1 ) ,wel% inscription on lid1 is illu/rat$ 7p4 #bfi74 ,! table on :i* x /&s is ( a lat] date4 ,! c>v+ 9 ?is piece is delicate & ! middle panel is typical ( ! repres5tation ( birds & foliage4 ,! ,wel% cupbo>d on ! same page typifies ! co>se woodc>v+ associat$ ) ,wel% f>mh\se art4 ,9 /yle ?is really belongs to a date n lat] ?an #afej4 ,b x is dat$ #agaj & be>s ! initials ,i4,s4 ,?is is an int]e/+ example1 %[+ h[ middle-,jacobean /yles l+]$ 9 c\ntry di/ricts remote f outside influ5ce until ! e>ly eighte5? c5tury4 ,an elm w>drobe1 probably ab\t #afgj 9 date1 %[s ano!r type1 b /ill reta9+ ! co>se "* ( its c>v+ & its well-fill$ panels & uprights 7illu/rat$ p4 #bgc74 ,scotti% ,types4--,scotl& has antiquities ( h] own :i* are closely alli$ to ^? ( all ! ,gaelic races4 ,z ) ,wel% c>v$ f>mh\se furniture1 !re is a m>k$ lean+ t[>ds co>se /yle4 ,z a rule x is too utilit>ian 9 appe>ance to display mu* c>v+4 ,! sp9n+-:eel is /ill f\nd 9 f>mh\ses1 & is /ill us$ 9 ,h>ris & ! outly+ isl&s4 ,sometimes ^! old ,highl& sp9n+-:eels come into ! m>ket ) ! smoo? surface worn by g5]ations ( work]s1 a surface impossible to reproduce4 ,! ,scotti% ironwork is especially int]e/+4 ,p]haps ! mo/ curi\s ( ! ,scotti% antiquities is ! crusie4 ,?is is und\bt$ly a survival ( ! classic oil lamp4 ,x consi/s ( a %all[ tr\gh ) a sp\t 9 :i* ! wick /&s1 ! oil be+ conta9$ 9 ! tr\gh 7see illu/ration1 p4 #bhi74 ,lanca%ire ,furniture4--,! especial *>act]i/ics ( ,lanca%ire-made furniture are a /rong lean+ to solid /ructure & a v noticeable retic5ce 9 c>v+4 ,well-balanc$ z a rule1 & possess+ good jo9]y1 !y h be5 fav\rites ) collectors ( furniture design$ = mod]n use4 ,a ,que5 ,anne oak dress] illu/rat$ 7p4 #ace7 %[s ?is ,lanca%ire /urd9ess at its be/4 ,?is /yle ( l>ge dress] ) cabriole legs is associat$ ) ,lanca%ire cab9et "w4 ,a ,lanca%ire dress]1 ! date ( :i* is f ab\t #agcj to #agej1 %[s ! oak dress] inlaid ) mahogany4 ,! c>v$ p$im5t & ! c>v$ und]work b5ea? ! draw]s m>k ?is z an unusual specim5 7p4 #bgc74 ,a typical ,lanca%ire oak settle is illu/rat$ 7p4 #bgi71 %[+ ! ,jacobean /yle 9 ! c>v$ "w & 9 ! arms4 ,9 date ?is is ab\t #affj4 ,x w be notic$ t ! front ( ! seat has a r[ ( holes1 :i*1 prior to ! uphol/]$ cu%ion1 a lat] addition1 7 int5d$ = ropes to support a cu%ion1 mu* 9 ! same mann] z ! iron la?s ( a mod]n b$/ead4 ,on ! same page is illu/rat$ an oak *e/ ( draw]s ( ,york%ire orig91 9 date ab\t #aggj4 ,its pla9 l9es sugge/ ! ,hepple:ite types ( subdu$ "*4 ,9 reg>d to sp9dle-back *airs1 ,lanca%ire (f]s di/9ctive v>ieties4 ,two examples are illu/rat$ 7p4 #bge7 z indicat+ ?is local type4 ,illu/ration3 ,,oak ,,*e/ ,,( ,,draw]s4 ,c4 #aggj4 ,york%ire type4 ,height1 #c ft4 #c ins42 wid?1 #c ft4 #a 942 dep?1 #a ft4 #e-a_/b ins4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lanca%ire ,,oak ,,settle4 ,c4 #affj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,isle ,,( ,,man ,,table4 ,%[+ ?ree legs ) knee bree*es & buckle %oes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cricket ,,table4 ,c4 #agjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cricket4 ,c4 #agej4 7,^! types are f\nd 9 ,h]t=d%ire1 ,s\? ,b$=d%ire1 ,s\? ,cambridge1 & ,essex47 ,?ree ,legg$ ,tables4--,h]t=d%ire1 ,b$=d%ire1 ,cambridge1 & ,essex h produc$ a type ( tables t]m$ colloquially cricket tables1 possibly because ! ?ree legs are sugge/ive ( ?ree /umps4 ,! t]m is a fooli% "o & n v appropriate4 ,a v int]e/+ flap-top table ) ! ?ree flaps to turn d[n1 illu/rat$ 7p4 #bge71 is a v r>e ,h]t=d%ire example4 ,?is is small 9 size1 hav+ only a diamet] ( two & a half feet4 ,two o!r tables1 "o 9 date ab\t #agjj & ! o!r1 ( sl5d] =m1 9 date ab\t #agej1 are typical ( ?is class ( table4 ,a v int]e/+ table is a specim5 f ! ,isle ( ,man hav+ ?ree c>v$ legs ) knee-bree*es & buckle %oes4 ,sussex is also well-kn[n = h] ironwork 7see ,*apt] ,x474 ,norfolk & ,suffolk us$ to h a class ( oak furniture ( qua9t type1 less cumb]some ?an ! ,wel%4 ,a type ( ,%]aton ,w9dsor *air1 (t5 inlaid ) brass1 us$ also to be f\nd !re4 ,on ! :ole1 ^? localities :i* are remov$ f important t[ns are ! ri*e/ 9 cottage furniture1 = example1 ,wales1 ,devon%ire1 ,cumb]l&1 ,nor?umb]l&1 & p>ts ( ,york%ire4 ,9 places1 :]e ! prosp]ity ( ! peasants is ( long /&+1 ! cottage furniture has be5 ma9ta9$ :ole almo/ until ! pres5t day4 ,altoge!r ! /udy ( local types af=ds consid]able scope = critical /udy4 ,x is ess5tial t su* pieces %\ld be id5tifi$ & classifi$ be=e x is too late4 ,rapidly all cottage & f>mh\se furniture is be+ scatt]$ ov] all p>ts ( ,engl&4 ,collectors transf] furniture f ! ,nor? to ! ,s\?1 & ! rural treasures ( ! peasant h be5 br\ght to t[ns & disp]s$ to ali5 di/ricts4 ,! ,education ,act ( #ahgj & ! halfp5ny newspap] h br\ght t[n fa%ions to ! door ( ! cottag]1 & ! motor has laid a heavy tribute on ru/ic seclusion4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,miscellane\s ,,ironwork1 ,etc4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,miscellane\s ,,ironwork1 ,,etc4 ,! ru%light-hold]--,! dipp]--,! *imney crane--,! ,scotti% crusie--,fir$ogs--,! ,w>m+-pan--,sussex firebacks--,gr&fa!r clocks4 ,! ev]yday iron ut5sils & implem5ts ( ! cottages 7 simple4 ,x is "o ( ! curi\s features ( ! ,engli% peasantry t j z !y clung to _! oak ( g5]ations back :5 mahogany 0 9 vogue1 s !y adh]$ t5aci\sly to ironwork ( almo/ m$ival "* :5 o!r metals 7 9 fa%ionable ev]yday use4 ,?us ! cottag] did n feel ! oncom+ desire = ! brass1 or lat] silv] & plat$ c&le/icks1 b rema9$ firm 9 8 affection = ! ru%light-hold]s 9 iron1 ! same types :i* 8 ance/ors _h us$1 & ! fir$ogs & firebacks ( e>li] type rema9$ to decorate 8 he>?4 ,?us ironwork & r>ely brasswork =m ! sum total ( ! metal portion ( cottage furniture4 ,we w deal ) ^! v>i\s utilit>ian objects "o by "o4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! c\ntry f>m] 0 n famili> ) ready-made c&les1 & x probably no m ent]$ 8 head to pur*ase c&les 9 a t[n ?an x occurr$ to him to d o!r ?an bake 8 own bread4 ,! cottag] !re=e made 8 c&les = himself4 ,if he 7 well-to-d & c\ld af=d to ent]ta9 8 fri5ds 9 mode/ fa%ion1 he w\ld d\btless l to illum9ate 8 table ) c&les ( symmetrical =m4 ,9 :i* case he w\ld use a c&le-m\ld1 & ! wax b\ght 9 t[ns w\ld s]ve = ?is purpose4 ,b he 0 n always s ri*1 & p]haps he 0 happie/ ( all ) ! fa9tly glimm]+ ru% dips :i* 8 =be>s us$4 ,^! af=d$ a r\gh-&-ready =m ( light+4 ,!y burn$ & splutt]$ l a tor* or flick]$ fa9tly z ! tall[ grew ?94 ,_! =m closely resembl$ an amateur's fir/ attempt at mak+ a cig>ette4 ,!y 7 made 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ! ?9 wirelike ru%es :i* grew by ! wat]'s edge 7 ga!r$ & /ripp$ ( _! gre5 surface till only ! s(t :ite pi? rema9$4 ,?is s]v$ z a wick4 ,! wax 0 !n melt$ ov] a fire 9 a tr\gh or c&le-dipp]1 ( :i* an illu/ration appe>s 7p4 #bhi74 ,across ?is long receptacle ! pi? wicks 7 laid till ! wax soak$ into !m4 ,!y 7 !n tak5 out = ! wax to cool & 7 dipp$ once or twice aft]w>ds 9 ord] to =m _! out] coat+4 ,by su* a primitive process a k9d ( ?9 tap] 0 =m$4 ,x 0 n p>allel along its sides1 b bulg$ & n>r[$ ?r\gh\t its l5g? 9 primitive mann]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ru%light ,,hold]s4 ,%[+ ru% fix$ ready = light+4 ,,scot* ,,crusie4 ,) hold]4 ,,ru%light ,,hold]s4 ,%[+ =ceps = hold+ ru%light4 ,illu/ration3 ,,suffolk ,,pipe ,,clean]4 ,! long clay *ur*w>d5 pipes 7 plac$ 9 ?is iron rack & put into ! fire1 aft] :i* !y came out p]fectly clean$4 ,,c&le-,,dipp]4 7,9 ! collection ( ,messrs4 ,phillips1 ,hit*947 ,illu/ration3 ,,que5 ,,anne ,,pot-,,hang]4 ,) orig9al grate4 ,same date4 7,by ! c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,phillips1 ,hit*947 ,illu/ration3 ,,kettle ,,trivet4 ,brass & ,iron4 ,dat$ ab\t #aggj4 ,su* a tap]1 f its unev5 ?ickness1 w\ld naturally n fit ! socket ( a c&le/ick1 & ! only receptacle w\ld be a scissor-l me*anism ) jaws capable ( clasp+ x at any po9t4 ,?us we f9d ! ru%light-hold] ( common use1 z illu/rat$ 7p4 #bhi74 ,! illu/rations %[ two ru%-hold]s ) ! ru%lights affix$ 9 position ready = light+1 & "o %[+ h[ ! jaws or =ceps clip ! ru%light4 ,9 practice ab\t an in* or an in* & a half 0 above ! clip & ! re/ bel[4 ,a ru%light "s twelve to fifte5 in*es long w\ld burn half an h\r1 & x _h to receive con/ant att5tion1 be+ pu%$ upw>ds e five m9utes4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! p]sons :o us$ ?is primitive =m ( light did n use x = read+ nor = a long p]iod at a "t4 ,!y usually w5t to b$ e>ly aft] sunset4 ,9 reg>d to ru%light-hold]s ! e>lie/ =m 0 )\t ! accompany+ c&le-socket1 b :5 ! use ( tall[ dip c&les became preval5t1 lat] =ms are f\nd1 z illu/rat$1 ) ! c&le-socket 9 addition to ! hold] = ! ru%light4 ,! ,scotti% crusie is an iron tr\gh ( dim5sions l a small sauceboat1 :i* 0 us$ = light+ purposes1 & 0 (t5 susp5d$1 z 9 ! "o illu/rat$ 7p4 #bhi71 f a crane or hang]4 ,?is crusie 0 fill$ ) oil & ! illum9ation giv5 by a float+ wick1 mu* 9 ! same mann] z classic examples1 to :i* ! %ape be>s a di/ant resemblance4 ,! fir$ogs 7 always simple1 d\btless ! product ( ! local blacksmi?4 ,:]e !y _h hooks along ! backs !y held crossb>s to prev5t ! logs fall+ into ! room4 ,! dates ( ^!1 z ( all cottage ironwork1 are almo/ impossible to fix1 ow+ to ! survival ( ! e>li] types ev5 s late z ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! ,*imney ,crane4--,a mo/ important "p ( ! cottag]'s fireplace 0 8 *imney crane4 ,^! 7 ( two k9ds1 ! pot-hook & ! sw+-arm v>iety4 ,! pot-hook hung 9 ! *imney f a *a91 & f its tee? 0 fix$ a cat* :i* might be l[]$ or rais$ to keep ! cauldron at a level ) ! flames4 ,! sw+-arm type is m elaborate1 & 0 made to fit v l>ge fireplaces1 :]e ! fire might n inv>iably be 9 ! same spot on ! he>?4 ,?is type 0 us$ 9 ! kit*5s ( ! bett] f>mh\ses4 ,its end 0 fix$ to ! wall ( ! he>?1 & ! pot c\ld be swung backw>ds & =w>ds & sideways1 besides be+ rais$ or l[]$ to ! fire4 ,! pot-hook is ( great antiquity1 & belongs to days :5 man fir/ le>n$ to cook 8 food4 ,frequ5tly 9 ?is c\ntry e>ly examples are dug up4 ,!re are f9e specim5s to be se5 ( ! late ,celtic p]iod at ! ,ow5s ,college ,museum1 at ! ,nor?ampton ,museum1 at ! ,liv]pool ,museum1 at ! ,pitt ,riv]s ,museum at ,f>nham1 at ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 & else:]e4 ,pot-hooks & hang]s is an ,engli% phrase d5ot+ ! beg9n+ ( ?+s academic1 & ! ,fr5* phrase p5dre la crmaillre 7lit]ally to hang ! pot-hook7 is us$ to-day 9 ref]5ce to :at we t]m a h\se-w>m+ p>ty on settl+ 9 a new abode4 ,ano!r int]e/+ cottage treasure is ! cake-bak]4 ,?is 0 a k9d ( ?ick fry+-pan hav+ a lid1 :i* protect$ ! d\gh f ! heat :5 x 0 held ov] ! sm\ld]+ a%es4 ,! tops ( ^! are (t5 incis$ ) qua9t patt]ns1 ! impress ( :i* appe>s on ! cake4 ,kettle-trivets are sometimes f\nd 9 cottages1 possibly relics f bett] h\ses or hav+ belong$ to ! m prosp]\s f>m]4 ,!y are n :olly ( iron1 be+ p>tly ( brass4 ,! specim5 illu/rat$ 7p4 #bia7 is ( late eighte5?-c5tury days4 ,! ,w>m+-pan4--,!re is an especial *>m 9 ! old brass w>m+-pan ( ! f>mh\se & ! treasur$ highly-poli%$ ornam5t ( _m a pr\d cottag] to-day4 ,_m mod]n-made w>m+-pans f ,holl& & else:]e h f\nd _! way into ! possession ( unsuspect+ collectors4 ,b f9e old ,engli% w>m+-pans are int]e/+1 & summon up memories ( c>eful h\sewives & well-air$ lav5d]-smell+ %eets 9 anci5t old-_w inns4 ,on f9e examples inscriptions may be f\nd1 & ! incis$ "w ( ! patt]n on ! brass cov]s is (t5 individual 9 "*4 ,( ! examples illu/rat$ 7p4 #cjg7 "o has an incis$ inscription ar\nd ! edge1 ,! ,"l only is my portion4 ,! o!r has a dott$ geometrical patt]n ) a />-l design ( conv5tional floral incis$ "w4 ,x is un=tunate t ! dilig5ce ( ! h\sewife has (t5 oblit]at$ mu* ( ! f9e "w ( "s ( ^! designs4 ,! w>m+-pan (f]s 9 itself a complete field = ! collector4 ,he c comp>e ! "w ( sev5te5?-c5tury ,dut* examples1 ) _! qua9t religi\s inscriptions & _! f9ely emboss$ & engrav$ ornam5tation1 ) ,engli% specim5s ( ! same date4 ,t ! w>m+-pan 0 9 use 9 ,elizabe?an days is prov$ by ref]5ces 9 ,%akespe>e4 ,x has a long hi/ory1 f ,sir ,john ,fal/aff1 :5 ,b>dolph 0 bidd5 to put 8 face betwe5 ! %eets & d ! (fice ( a w>m+-pan1 to ,mr4 ,pickwick--to quote ,s]geant ,buzfuz1 ,don't tr\ble y\rself ab\t ! w>m+-pan--! w>m+-pan6 ,:y1 g5tlem51 :o does tr\ble himself ab\t a w>m+-pan8 ,sussex ,firebacks4--,! fireback 0 usually "p ( ! cottag]'s belong+s1 ?\gh p]haps only "o w\ld figure 9 8 h\se1 :]e possibly 8 only he>? 0 9 8 liv+-room4 ,^! 7 ca/ & =g$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 & l>ge numb]s appe> to h be5 made 9 ,sussex1 :i* is1 or r 01 ! greate/ hunt+-gr\nd = good specim5s ( cottag]s' ironwork4 ,"s highly int]e/+ specim5s ( ^! are to be h]e9 illu/rat$4 ,! records ( ! ,sussex iron indu/ry g back to a v e>ly date1 & ! t[n ( ,lewes1 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 rais$ taxes by *>g+ a toll on e c>tload ( iron admitt$4 ,"u ,edw>d ,,iii4 ! ,sussex ironworks provid$ ?ree ?\s& horse%oes & tw5ty-n9e ?\s& nails = ! ,engli% army 9 its campaign 9 ,scotl&4 ,! local rhyme-- ,ma/] ,hogge & 8 man ,john ,!y did ca/ ! fir/ cannon-- is n )\t reason1 z 9 ,bodiam ,ca/le & else:]e are mort>s ( ,sussex "w ( fifte5?-c5tury /yle4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury a consid]able numb] ( firebacks 0 made1 "s ) ! royal arms & ) ! royal ciph]1 ,e4,r41 & be>+ dates & sometimes mak]s' names4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c\ntry ,,fir$ogs4 ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fire ,,grate4 ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury4 ,! e>lie/ =m 0 /amp$ ) ! fleur-de-lys or ) portions ( twi/$ cable to =m "s sort ( symmetrical design4 ,we are enabl$1 by ! k9dness ( ,mr4 ,c4 ,dawson1 ,f4,s4,a41 ( ,lewes1 to reproduce "s ,sussex firebacks f 8 collection4 ,an example ( ! fir/ half ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 illu/rat$ 7p4 #cja71 %[s ! rope-l bord] impress$ on ! s& m\ld1 & ! field impress$ ) repetitions ( a fleur-de-lys f a s+le /amp4 ,ano!r int]e/+ fireback is ! ,royal ,oak design1 ) ! initials ,c4,r4 ,?is is commemorative ( ! escape ( ,*>les ,,ii4 f pursuit by ,cromwell's ,ironsides & 8 refuge 9 ! oak-tree4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ?is specim5 has a m\ld$ edge1 :i* is f a s+le wood patt]n c>v$ 9 "o piece4 ,amid/ ! oak foliage w be se5 ?ree cr[ns1 & ?is exub]ance ( loyalty be>s a resemblance to c]ta9 *airs ( ! p]iod 7copi$ by ! score n[adays71 9 :i* ! cr[n f9ds a place 9 ! /ret*]4 ,"o fireback illu/rat$ 7p4 #cjc7 %[s an ironma/] ) 8 hamm] at 8 =ge4 ,! adjac5t piece has ! ,tudor rose surm\nt$ by ! royal cr[n1 & be>s ! date #afej1 slightly e>li] ?an ! ,royal ,oak example4 ,all ! =ego+ specim5s are native 9 _! conception ( design4 ,!y approximate closely to ! ,jacobean c>v$ panel ) its n>r[ range ( subjects1 & h a relation%ip to ,/u>t ne$lework ) its royal symbolism4 ,lat] came ! ,dut* influ5ce1 mo/ m>k$ 9 its effect ^u ! %ape1 height1 & "* ( ^! firebacks4 ,?is became especially noticeable 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 & 9 ! illu/rations 7p4 #cjc7 ( two wood5 patt]ns f :i* ! firebacks 7 made at ,a%burnham1 ,sussex1 ?is is cle>ly %[n4 ,! designs are ornate & repres5t ei!r "s scriptural or my?ological subject4 ,! woodc>v+ is ( a /yle /rongly "u ,dut* influ5ce1 & ! tall proportions sugge/ grave/ones 7inde$1 9 ,sussex !re are head/ones made ( iron1 ) pictures & inscriptions74 ,! mode ( ca/+ ^! iron firebacks 9 s& & ! employm5t ( wood5 patt]ns to =m ! m\ld into :i* ! molt5 metal 0 to run is famili> to any f\ndry 9 ca/+ iron4 ,9 reg>d to ! e>ly examples ) ! twi/$ cable rim1 x is conjectur$ t pieces ( twi/$ rope 7 actually laid on ! wet s& to produce ?is patt]n--t is1 be=e ! use ( c>v$ wood5 patt]ns su* z are illu/rat$4 ,9 reg>d to ! bold] cable twi/ patt]n1 x is believ$ ?is 0 produc$ by impression ( pieces ( rope /iff5$ ) glue1 & twi/$ ar\nd iron rods4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sussex ,,iron ,,fireback4 ,,fir/ ,,half ,,( ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury4 ,rope-l bord] impress$ on s& m\ld4 ,! field impress$ ) repetitions f a s+le fleur-de-lys /amp4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sussex ,,iron ,,fireback4 ,! ,royal ,oak ,design1 commemorative ( ! ,re/oration4 ,late ,sev5te5? ,c5tury4 ,m\ld$ edge & c>v$ 9 "o piece f a s+le patt]n4 7,9 ! collection ( ,*>les ,dawson1 ,esq41 ,f4,s4,a41 ,lewes47 ,illu/ration3 ,,sussex ,,firebacks4 ,tudor ,rose surm\nt$ by ,royal ,cr[n4 ,dat$ #afej4 ,depict+ ,ironma/] at 8 ,=ge4 7,v ru/y & worn47 ,illu/ration3 ,,orig9al ,,wood5 ,,patt]ns4 ,dut* influ5ce4 ,eighte5? ,c5tury4 ,f :i* firebacks 7 made at ,a%burnham1 ,sussex4 7,by ! c\rtesy ( ,*>les ,dawson1 ,esq41 ,f4,s4,a41 ,lewes47 ,! size ( ! wood5 patt]n is slightly l>g] ?an ! resultant fireback1 ow+ to ! %r9kage ( ! metal on cool+4 ,?is dim9ution 9 design is a factor 9 ! pott]'s art1 :5 figures 9 "s cases lose ne>ly a ?ird ( _! orig9al proportions :5 m\ld$ 9 ! clay prior to fir+4 ,firebacks h attract$ a consid]able am\nt ( int]e/4 ,!re are _m collectors1 & a great deal ( close /udy has be5 appli$ to ! subject4 ,c\ntry museums 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,weald ( ,sussex & ,k5t conta9 _m notable examples1 especially ^? ( ,lewes1 ,ha/+s1 ,brighton1 ,ro*e/]1 ,maid/one1 & ,guild=d4 ,9 ! fir/ m5tion$ !re are "s v r>e & beautiful examples ( ,sussex firebacks4 ,especially int]e/+ 9 connection ) ! ,sussex ironworks is ! illu/ration 7p4 #cji7 ( a clock face made by a local mak]1 ,bee*+ ( ,a%burnham1 9 ! late sev5te5? c5tury4 ,?is brass dial ( a ?irty-h\r clock1 ) s+le h& & al>um1 is ornam5t$ ) designs %[+ v>i\s phases ( ! iron indu/ry z c>ri$ on 9 ,sussex4 ,!re is a cannon ) dim9utive figures hold+ ! mat*4 ,!re are cannon-balls1 & a liliputian fireback ) a cr[n on x4 ,m5 ) pickaxes1 m5 fell+ trees1 & o!rs t5d+ ! furnaces1 symbolise ! bus9ess ( a f\ndry4 ,x 0 n until #afij t ! m9ute num]als 7 plac$ outside ! m9ute divisions 9 clock faces1 s t ?is face1 hav+ ! m9ute num]als abs5t & ! m9ute divisions 9 ! inn] circle1 presumably belongs to ! late sev5te5? c5tury4 ,gr&fa!r ,clocks4--,a volume on cottage & f>mh\se furniture w\ld be incomplete )\t "s ref]5ce to gr&fa!r clocks4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury ?is type ( clock _h become popul>4 ,! e>ly brass-bracket clock kn[n z ,cromwellian1 v>y+ f six to t5 in*es 9 height1 _h a spr+4 ,) ! use ( ! long p5dulum & revolv+ drums1 ar\nd :i* catgut is w\nd to support ! heavy weights1 ^! unprotect$ p>ts requir$ a wood5 case4 ,! lant]n or bird-cage clocks 7wallclocks f :i* ! p5dulum & weights hung unprotect$7 la/$ till ab\t #afhj1 :5 ! fir/ gr&fa!r type ) wood case came into use4 ,! e>ly examples ) cases exhibit+ f9e m>quetry are outside ! scope ( ! class ( furniture n[ "u consid]ation4 ,9 su* specim5s !re is frequ5tly a r\nd or oval op5+ cov]$ ) glass 9 ! c5tre ( ! panel4 ,9 e>li] types ! metal dial is squ>e1 & lat] x became lunett$ at top1 & ! wood case _h a correspond+ curve4 ,9 clocks made = great h\ses !re 7 *imes1 & _! works 7 by well-kn[n t[n mak]s4 ,b 9 cottage examples1 in/ead ( ! eight-day movem5t1 m (t5 ?an n ! clock only ran = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,!re is little attempt at ornam5t 9 ^! pla9 oak v>ieties4 ,! case is s\ndly con/ruct$1 & sometimes1 9 exceptional examples1 ! head is surm\nt$ by brass ball f9ials1 z 9 ! f9] examples4 ,z a rule ! c\ntry cab9et-mak] conf9$ himself to an ornam5tal scroll$ head4 ,9 lat] examples ! metal dial--& ^! come at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury--is pa9t$ ) "s ru/ic sc5e ) figures1 & frequ5tly !re is a revolv+ dial %[+ ! days ( ! mon?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,w>m+-,,pans4 ,f9ely decorat$ ) incis$ "w4 ,"o ) inscription1 ,! ,"l only is my portion4 7,by ! c\rtesy ( ,mr4 ,s4 ,g4 ,f5ton47 ,illu/ration3 ,,gr&fa!r ,,clock4 ,) ,oak ,case4 ,made by ,j4 ,paxton1 ,/4 ,neots4 ,height1 #f ft4 #aj ins4 ,illu/ration3 ,,brass ,,dial ,,( ,,?irty-,,h\r ,,clock4 ,s+le ,h& & ,al>um4 ,late ,sev5te5? ,c5tury4 ,ornam5t$ ) designs %[+ v>i\s phases ( ! iron indu/ry1 z c>ri$ on at ,a%burnham1 ,sussex4 7,9 ! collection ( ,*>les ,dawson1 ,esq41 ,f4,s4,a41 ,lewes47 ,! entire head cov]+ ! dial is (t5 removable 9 old clocks to :i* !re is no h+$ door1 z 9 lat] made examples4 ,^! c\ntry gr&fa!r clocks are mu* treasur$ by _! own]s1 & h be5 h&$ d[n 9 families = g5]ations4 ,ow+ to ! indefatigability ( collectors & _! p]si/5t & tempt+ (f]s1 _m h left _! old homes4 ,! dem& has be5 great1 & ?\s&s ( gr&fa!r clocks h be5 made dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s & sold z antique1 or old cases ) pla9 panels h receiv$ ! unwelcome att5tion ( ! mod]n re/or] & h be5 c>v$ to please a popul> :im = c>v$ oak panels4 ,9 reg>d to dates ( gr&fa!r clocks ! records ( ! ,clockmak]s' ,company give a li/ ( mak]s ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 enabl+ ! p]iod to be fairly accurately fix$4 ,! walnut cases inlaid ) floral m>quetry1 (t5 attribut$ to ! p]iod #afij-agbe1 t is ,william & ,m>y & ,que5 ,anne1 frequ5tly belong to a qu>t] ( a c5tury lat]4 ,! case-mak]s clung m closely to old designs ?an did ! clockmak]s4 ,h5ce ! case v (t5 is ( app>5tly old] /yle ?an ! works1 ?\gh bo? 7 made contemporane\sly4 ,9 addition to ?is1 new clocks 7 put 9 old] cases1 or vice v]sa1 :i*1 l putt+ new pictures 9 old frames1 adds to ! gaiety ( collect+4 ,9 g5]al ! ,london clock-cases are only r\ghly indicative1 9 comp>ison ) ! ,company records1 ( contempor>y /yles ( furniture4 ,9 c\ntry-made pieces ! wood cases are any?+ f tw5ty to =ty ye>s beh9d ,london fa%ions4 ,= example1 ! ar*$ top occurs aft] #agbj 9 ,london1 & aft] #agce 9 ! prov9ces4 ,9 ! ,director ( ,*ipp5dale & 9 ,%]aton's & ,hepple:ite's books ( designs !re are illu/rations ( clock cases4 ,! progression ( /yles ( eighte5?-c5tury gr&fa!r clock cases is f pla9 oak to figur$ walnut1 black & r$ lacqu]1 floral1 seawe$1 or mosaic m>quetry1 & 9 ! latt] decades ( ! eighte5? c5tury inlaid mahogany cases1 & _m ( ^! h f9ely v5e]$ panels4 ,9 _m c\ntry clocks oak cases are v5e]$ 9 mahogany1 b z a rule c\ntry made gr&fa!r cases are pla9 oak4 ,! example illu/rat$ 7p4 #cjg7 indicates ! pla9 type ( solidly made prov9cial piece4 ,! clock 0 made by ,j4 ,paxton at ,/4 ,neots4 ,! mahogany-cas$ gr&fa!r clock is nev] f\nd 9 cottages4 ,!re are no ,*ipp5dale /yles 9 ?is field = ! collector to se>* =4 ,! pla9ness ( ! c\ntry /yle has happily 9 _m in/ances pres]v$ !m f ali5 h&s4 ,an int]e/+ revival1 *iefly on acc\nt ( exp5se1 is f\nd 9 ! ,dut* clock1 ) *9a face pa9t$ ) fl[]s1 :i* ! cottag] b\ght 9 e>ly & middle n9ete5?-c5tury days4 ,?is =m ( clock rev]t$ to ! unprotect$ p5dulum & weights1 & is an object-lesson 9 :at ! /yle ( ,engli% clock 0 be=e ! use ( a long wood5 case4 ,b ^! ,dut* clocks are int]e/+ r ?an valuable1 & h n yet claim$ ! att5tion ( collectors4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,old ,,engli% ,,*9tzes ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,old ,,engli% ,,*9tzes ,,by ,,hugh ,,phillips ,! *>m ( old ,engli% *9tz--,hugu5ot clo?-pr9t]s settle 9 ,engl&--,jacob ,/ampe at ! sign ( ! ,calico ,pr9t]--,! ,que5 ,anne p]iod--,! ,*ipp5dale p]iod--,! age ( ma*9]y4 ,! pres5t *apt] has be5 add$ ) p]haps "s ju/ification1 s9ce x seem$ to ! writ] t su* a subject z old ,engli% *9tzes might appropriately take its place beside ! equally homely craft ( ! rural cab9et-mak]4 ,= ! *9tz is ! tapiss]ie d'aubusson ( ! peasant--x cov]s 8 *airs & drapes 8 w9d[s1 giv+ w>m? & weal? ( col\r to ! o!rwise b>r5 appe>ance ( 8 cottage4 ,fur!r1 x reflects 8 simple horticultural ta/es1 = ! brilliantly col\r$ roses1 pansies1 & convolvuluses :i* %9e prom95tly on ! glaz$ surface ( ! clo? are ^? fl[]s :i* are always to be f\nd 9 8 g>d54 ,*9tz or pr9t$ cotton is ! only decorative fabric kn[n to ! village uphol/]]4 ,:5 p]sons ( weal? hung _! w9d[s ) silk brocades & cov]$ _! *airs ) co/ly ne$lework & damasks1 ! rural cab9et-mak] 0 supply+ 8 mode/ cli5tle ) ^! homely patt]ns pr9t$ ^u common clo?4 ,^! unassum+ fabrics 7 z mu* *]i%$ by ! cottag]s z any?+ :i* !y possess$4 ,! classical ornam5t ( exp5sive silks !y did n und]/&1 & ! freely treat$ birds & fl[]s :i* figur$ on *9tz repres5t$ ! ,alpha & ,omega ( beauty 9 textile design4 ,s great1 inde$1 is ! fasc9ation ( ^! = ! cottag]s t to-day1 9 di/ricts less p5etrat$ by mod]n advance1 ! rural populace w n ext5d _! affections to ! up-to-date designs ( uphol/]]s1 b insi/ ^u ! old spot & sprig patt]ns ( _! ance/ors4 ,!re is mu* wisdom 9 ! cons]vative ta/e ( ! peasant1 = ! old *9tz ( ! eighte5? & e>ly n9ete5? c5turies 0 ( ! highe/ arti/ic m]it4 ,9 ! heyday ( its fame ! fabric 0 exce$+ly fa%ionable among/ ! ri*e/ p]sons1 & !re are abundant records ( ! popul>ity ( old ,engli% *9tzes ^u ! ,cont95t4 ,=1 at its be/ p]iods1 ! *9tz 0 n a base imitation ( m exp5sive fabrics2 x did n1 = in/ance1 occupy ! relation%ip ( pewt] to silv] or m\ld$ composition to g5u9e woodc>v+4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! design+ ( *9tzes is an art ( di/9ction1 gov]n$ by canons :i* be> little relation%ip to o!r decorative textile crafts4 ,= :]e ! silk-weav] is conf9$ to solid patt]ns :i* w appe> 9 8 transv]se ?reads1 ! pr9t] ( clo?s c w&] unre/ra9$ into designs ( wond]ful intricacy & beauty3 e col\r 9 nature he c imitate1 & no object is too delicate or too ri* to /amp ^u 8 cotton4 ,inde$1 8 art /ops little %ort ( t ( ! pa9t] ( pictures4 ,illu/ration3 ,,old ,,trade ,,c>d ,,%[+ ,,calico ,,pr9t]s ,,at ,,"w4 ,jacob ,/ampe liv+ at ye ,sighn ( ! ,callico ,pr9t] 9 ,h\nsdit* ,pr9ts all sorts ( ,callicoes ,l9e+s ,silkes ,/uffs ,new or ,ould at ,reasonable ,rates4 7,f old pr9t at ,briti% ,museum47 ,illu/ration3 ,,engli% ,,pr9t$ ,,calico4 ,,ab\t #afij4 ,) contempor>y portraits4 7,by c\rtesy ( ,mr4 ,t4 ,d4 ,phillips47 ,a glance at ! illu/rations w m closely confirm ?is1 = su* designs c\ld n be imitat$ by any o!r textile process1 ! multitud9\s twi/s & curves & ! delicate %ades & pat*es ( col\r be+ only possible to ! pr9t]4 ,int]e/+ z is ! /udy ( old *9tzes1 ! hi/ory ( ! art 9 ,engl& is ev5 m fasc9at+4 ,f ! obscurity ( a small local craft x became "o ( our great national indu/ries4 ,( its e>lie/ hi/ory 9 ,engl& we "k no?+1 & a se>* among old docum5ts fails to reveal any traces ( *9tz-pr9t+ be=e ! ,r5aissance4 ,!re are sev]al vague ref]5ces to ! subject 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1 b none ( !m disclose any solid in=mation4 ,?us ! "q ( :o 0 ! fir/ *9tz-pr9t] rema9s an unsolv$ riddle4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 t 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury !re 0 a gradual immigration ( =eign workm5 ( ,dut* & ,fr5* nationalities :o 7 well v]s$ 9 ! art ( cotton-pr9t+--!n well e/abli%$ ^u ! ,cont95t4 ,^! p came ov] 9 gradually increas+ numb]s1 _! arrival culm9at+ 9 ! huge influx ( =eign]s ab\t #afej to #agjj4 ,! majority ( !m 7 by trade silk-weav]s & pr9t]s4 ,_! dep>ture 0 a s]i\s bl[ to ,france1 = !y transf]r$ to ,engl& :at _h be5 great national indu/ries 9 ,france4 ,settl+ 9 & ab\t ,london1 ! refugees peaceably recomm5c$ _! "w1 & soon ! weav+ ( silks 9 ,spitalfields & ! pr9t+ ( *9tzes 9 ,ri*mond1 ,b[1 & ,old ,=d became a s\rce ( great prosp]ity to ?is c\ntry4 ,on p4 #cai is an illu/ration ( a sev5te5?-c5tury trade c>d ( "o ( ! *9tz-pr9t]s1 or1 z !y 7 !n call$1 calico-pr9t]s4 ,"h we see 9 a mo/ lucid mann] ! process by :i* *9tzes 7 produc$ 9 ! "t ( ,james ,,ii4 ,! inscription runs3 ,jacob ,/ampe liv+ at ,ye ,sighn ( ! ,callico ,pr9t] 9 ,h\nsdit* ,pr9ts all sorts ( ,callicoes ,l9e+s ,silkes ,/uffs1 ,new or ,ould1 at ,reasonable ,rates4 ,a pr9t] is /&+ at a table ^u :i* is /ret*$ a l5g? ( clo?1 :i* falls 9 folds on ! floor4 ,he holds 9 8 h& a wood5 block1 :i* he is apply+ at int]vals to ! clo?4 ,! o!r h& conta9s a mallet1 :i* is ab\t to /rike ! wood5 block & /amp ! col\r firmly into ! ?reads ( ! mat]ial4 ,beh9d him is an appr5tice boy1 /&+ ov] a tub ( col\r1 prep>+ ! blocks = 8 ma/] to use4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h&-,,pr9t$ ,,*9tz4 ,que5 ,anne ,p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h&-,,pr9t$ ,,*9tz4 ,*9ese /yle4 ,middle ,eighte5? ,c5tury4 ,by s clumsy a process v delicate "w c\ld n be produc$1 &1 inde$1 ! few examples ( ?is p]iod :i* rema9 are v heavy 9 "*4 ,"o ( ^!1 :i* has be5 l5t by ,mr4 ,j4 ,d4 ,phillips1 ! own]1 is illu/rat$ on p4 #cai4 ,x belongs to ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury & corresponds to ! ,william & ,m>y p]iod ( ,engli% furniture1 be+ contempor>y ) ! pieces illu/rat$ on pp4 #gg1 #aag 9 ! e>li] *apt]s4 ,x w be se5 t ?is example conta9s two portraits 9 co/ume ( ! late ,/u>t p]iod1 possibly int5d$ = portraits ( ,william & ,m>y4 ,_! portraits are ( frequ5t occurr5ce on ,lambe? delft ( ?is p]iod4 ,! pr9t] has only produc$ ! outl9e1 ! col\r be+ add$ by h& ) a bru%1 = at ?is date ! pr9t+ ( col\r by ! successive application ( blocks _h n be5 ma/]$4 ,! black ink to-day lies ?ick ^u ! clo?1 z co>sely z ?\gh x _h be5 dabb$ on ) a /5cil4 ,! mat]ial is a r\gh h&-wov5 canvas4 ,pr9t$ clo?s ( ! p]iod ( ,*>les ,,ii4 & ,james ,,ii4 & ,william & ,m>y are exce$+ly r>e & seldom met )1 z1 ow+ to _! r\ghness1 !y h be5 de/roy$ by subsequ5t own]s4 ,a few1 h[ev]1 are to be f\nd on walnut *airs "u ! cov]+s ( lat] date4 ,(t51 inde$1 "o meets a *air cov]$ 9 ,victorian horsehair :i* w reveal und]nea? ! successive cov]+s ( _m g5]ations ( own]s1 includ+ p]haps ! mat]ial 9 :i* x 0 fir/ uphol/]$4 ,z ! sev5te5? c5tury wore on & we ent] ^u ! e>ly ye>s ( ! eighte5? c5tury--! days ( ,que5 ,anne--! *9tz-pr9t]s became m prosp]\s4 ,_! "w1 ow+ to its increas+ delicacy1 met ) great public approval1 & x began to supplant wov5 silks = ! purposes ( curta9s1 cov]+s1 & dresses4 ,?us ! silk-weav]s ( ,spitalfields f\nd a decl9+ m>ket = _! goods & soon came into friction ) ! pr9t]s4 ,mu* bad feel+ ensu$1 & ev5tually _! qu>rels result$ 9 ! di/ribution ( defamatory lit]ature :i* is to-day mo/ amus+4 ,! weav]s circulat$ ! curi\s ,spittlefields ,ballad aga9/ ,calico ,madams1 or ! ladies :o wore *9tz dresses4 ,,! ,,spittlefields ,,ballads ,,or ,,! ,,weav]',s ,,compla9t ,,aga9/ ,,! ,,callico ,,madams ,our trade is s bad ,t ! weav]s run mad ,?r\gh ! want ( bo? "w & provisions1 ,t "s hungry poor rogues ,fe$ on gra9s l our hogs1 ,!y're r$uc$ to su* wret*$ conditions1 ,!n well may !y tayre ,:at our ladies n[ we> ,& z foes to our c\ntry upbraid 'em1 ,till none %all be ?\ght ,a m sc&al\s slut ,?an a tawdry ,callico ,madam4 ,:5 our trade 0 9 weal? ,our wom5 _h heal?1 ,we silks1 ri* embroid]ies & sat9s1 ,f9e /uffs & good crapes ,= ea* ord'n>y trapes ,t is de/9'd to hobble 9 patt9s2 ,b n[ we've a ,*9ce ,= ! wife ( a pr9ce1 ,& a butt]fly g[n = a gay dame1 ,?9 pa9t$ old %eets ,= ea* trull 9 ! /reets ,to appe> l a ,callico ,madam4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h&-,,pr9t$ ,,*9tz4 ,exotic-,bird /yle4 ,middle ,eighte5? ,c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h&-,,pr9t$ ,,*9tz4 ,go?ic /yle4 ,late ,eighte5? ,c5tury4 ,! poet 9 sev]al long /anzas w>ms 9 8 indignation1 & f9ally directs 8 v]se aga9/ ! male fri5ds ( all fair we>]s ( *9tzes1 sugge/+ t-- ,x's no matt] at all ,if ! ,pr9ce ( ,iniquity _h 'em1 ,or t ea* = a bride ,%\ld be curs$ly ti$ ,to "s damn'd ,callico ,madam4 ,x is n surpris+ t ! weav]s %\ld f9d x difficult to set _! productions aga9/ ^? ( ! clo?-pr9t]s1 = ! *9tzes ( ?is p]iod are surpass+ly beautiful4 ,"o ( !m is illu/rat$ on p4 #cbc4 ,"h ! mat]ial is no long] a r\gh canvas1 b is n[ a light dress cambric1 simil> to ! ?9 smoo? *9tz clo? :i* has surviv$ till to-day4 ,a delicate patt]n ( int]tw9+ /ems w9ds upw>ds1 ! /alks hav+ blossoms ( f9ely cut outl9e & brilliant col\rs4 ,old *9tzes ( ?is p]iod may be recognis$ by _! lightness & by ! long ?9 designs ( int]m+l+ fl[]s ( ,indian type4 ,^! 7 all m or less borr[$ f ! ,m>supalitan pr9t$ clo?s br\ght ov] by ! ,india trad+ companies1 & ! fl[]s & col\r+s ( ?is date are ne>ly always v closely copi$ f ,ea/]n orig9als1 ! cornfl[] & c>nation be+ among ^? mo/ frequ5tly met )4 ,! ill-feel+ betwe5 ! pr9t]s & weav]s 0 ( long duration1 & ev5tually took ! =m ( op5 riots & /reet demon/rations simil> to ^? ( to-day4 ,on "o occasion1 9 #agai1 !y w5t f ,spitalfields to ,we/m9/] & prote/$ aga9/ ! popul>ity ( *9tzes & sugge/$ t _! use be =bidd54 ,on ! return j\rney !y manife/$ _! feel+s by te>+ (f ! *9tz g[ns ( v>i\s ladies :om !y met ^u ! r\te4 ,evid5tly ,p>liam5t p&]$ to ^! lab\r riots1 = 9 #agcf pr9t$ clo?s 7 =bidd5 by ,act ( ,p>liam5t1 b ?is legislation 0 ( %ort duration2 ! ,act 0 soon repeal$ & ! fasc9at+ mat]ial became ! rage once m4 ,! next /age at :i* we look ^u *9tz-pr9t+ is ab\t #agfj1 9 ! middle ( ! p]iod ( ,*ipp5dale furniture4 ,?is is ! gold5 p]iod ( its pr9t+4 ,te*nically & arti/ically ! h&-pr9t$ *9tz n[ rea*$ its climax4 ,col\r-"w by sup]impos$ blocks 0 9 full sw+1 & ! design] _h1 9 ! works ( contempor>y arti/s1 a wid] field = ! selection ( subjects suitable = 8 fabric4 ,among ! _m v>ieties ( *9tzes :i* we f9d at ?is date ! mo/ prom95t are ! ,go?ic & ,*9ese designs to suit ! curr5t ta/e 9 furniture1 & ! exotic bird patt]ns1 :i* are p]haps ! f9e/ ( all4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h&-,,pr9t$ ,,*9tz4 ,,ab\t #agfj4 ,by ,r4 ,jones1 ( ,old ,=d1 ,london4 ,! =mation ( ! designs has *ang$ consid]ably by ?is "t & we no long] f9d ! int]tw9+ or s]p5t9e =m z 9 ! ,que5 ,anne *9tzes4 ,! fl[]s & objects to be pr9t$ are n[ mass$ toge!r & repres5t$ z little disjo9t$ isl&s float+ 9 mid-air4 ,by ?is di/9ctive feature !y may easily be recognis$4 ,"o ( ^! *>m+ exotic bird *9tzes is illu/rat$ on p4 #cbg4 ,"h a pheasant is re/+ "u a palm-tree ^u a small isl& ( d5sely pack$ foliage4 ,! :ole idea ( ! design is tak5 f ! ,*9ese porcela9 ( ! p]iod4 ,! bird1 ! fl[]s1 & e object portray$ come f ! ,ea/ & are drawn 9 ! mann] con/antly se5 ^u ! ,famille ,rose di%es & vases ( ! p]iod4 ,^! exotic bird patt]ns are n exclusively f\nd ^u *9tzes1 = ! collector ( ,engli% porcela9 w be famili> ) !m 9 ! e>ly productions ( ! ,b[ & ,worce/] factories4 ,ano!r feature :i* "o notices 9 pr9t$ fabrics at ?is date is ! buff gr\nd4 ,! clo? is :ite1 & ! patt]n is pr9t$ ^u x 9 ?is /ate s t ! p9ks1 blues1 & gre5s ( ! fl[]s may h e advantage ( transp>5cy4 ,! buff backgr\nd is !n pr9t$ 9 aft]w>ds1 leav+ a ?9 m>g9 ar\nd ! design4 ,9 ?is mann] great ri*ness & dep? is giv5 to ! col\rs )\t undue h>%ness1 :i* w\ld be ! result if !y 7 exhibit$ ^u a :ite backgr\nd4 ,! illu/ration on p4 #cbc %[s a *9tz 9 ! ,*9ese mann]1 design$ to con=m ) ! ori5tal furniture ( ,*ipp5dale4 ,"h aga9 we see ! deta*$ islets ( vegetation1 b in/ead ( exotic birds we h ,*9ese vases conta9+ fl[]s1 & 9 ! =egr\nd a rococo %ell1 "o ( ! !n little-kn[n species f ! ,ea/ greatly treasur$ 9 ,engl&4 ,! c>nations & foliage w be readily recognis$ z copies f ,*9ese pa9t+s4 ,"o might illu/rate a v l>ge numb] ( ^! ,*9ese *9tzes1 b space w only p]mit "o example4 ,?is p>ticul> specim5 is probably unique2 x is tak5 f an old roll ( *9tz pr9t$ ab\t #agfj & left ov] aft] ! own] _h curta9$ 8 h\se4 ,! roll 7ab\t tw5ty y>ds long7 has be5 c>efully pres]v$ & h&$ d[n f g5]ation to g5]ation1 s t its orig9al col\rs & s(t glaze rema9 intact4 ,a *9tz 9 ! ,go?ic mann] is illu/rat$ on p4 #cbg4 ,x diff]s slightly f ! o!rs 9 t ! isl& =mation is comb9$ ) s]p5t9e foliage4 ,9 ! c5tre is a pat* ( gr\nd ^u :i* are ! ru9s ( a ,go?ic *ur*4 ,! arti/1 h[ev]1 has n =gott5 to please ^? patrons :o might pref] ! ,*9ese /yle1 & !re=e he has quietly add$ ! incongru\s elem5ts ( prunus fl[]s 9 ! =egr\nd & palm-trees 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,at fir/ ?is qua9t admixture may appe> a bad art1 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t at ?is qua9t p]iod ! :ole pr9ciple ( decorative design 0 upset by ! rococo s*ool1 & qua9tness & delicacy ( detail outweigh$ ! great] consid]ations ( l9e & proportion4 ,we f9d a simil> treatm5t ( design lat] on 9 _m ,spode plates1 especially 9 blue transf]-pr9t$ subjects4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pr9t$ ,,*9tz4 ,hepple:ite ,p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pr9t$ ,,*9tz4 ,victorian ,p]iod4 ,9 ! ?ird qu>t] ( ! eighte5? c5tury we ent] ^u a new era 9 ! hi/ory ( *9tzes4 ,we may appropriately call x ! age ( ma*9]y1 = f ?is date ! me*anical processes came 9 :]eby *9tz-pr9t+ 0 rais$ f ! position ( a comp>atively small craft to t ( a huge national indu/ry4 ,! great manufactur+ t[ns 9 ! ,nor?1 su* z ,man*e/]1 7 ris+ 9 importance1 & ,lanca%ire 0 =m+ ! basis ( its gigantic cotton trade4 ,foll[+ ^! trade movem5ts1 ! old indu/ry ( clo?-pr9t+ gradually left its c5tre 9 ,london & 0 develop$ on a l>g] scale 9 ! ,nor? ( ,engl&4 ,9 spite ( ?is great comm]cial _s :i* seiz$ ! pr9t+ ( textiles1 h&-block pr9t+ did n pass away1 = x has surviv$ till to-day z ! be/ me?od = f9e arti/ic "w2 cretonnes & *9tzes produc$ 9 ?is mann]1 ev5 dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury1 are always good4 ,me*anical roll] "w1 h[ev]1 0 responsible = a l>ge output ( "w :i* is little wor?y ( pres]vation1 & 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury we f9d mu* ma*9e-pr9t$ *9tz :i*1 to say ! lea/1 is n rem9isc5t ( ! f9e h&work :i* prec$$ x 9 ! mid-eighte5? c5tury4 ,! e>lie/ ma*9e-"w 0 c>ri$ out by means ( engrav$ copp] plates appli$ to ! clo? 9 a pr9t]'s press4 ,"o ( ^! is illu/rat$ on p4 #cca4 ,x is exce$+ly f9e 9 its details1 & v few old specim5s ( ?is patt]n are 9 exi/5ce4 ,9 sev]al places are ins]t$ ! pr9t]'s "n & date1 ,r4 ,jones1 ,old ,=d1 #agfa4 ,! design is d\btless borr[$ f ! ,toiles de ,j\y1 pr9t$ by a ,bav>ian at ,j\ay1 ne> ,v]sailles1 ab\t ?is "t4 ,! draw+1 h[ev]1 is f9] ?an any specim5s ( 8 "w :i* h come to ! au?or's notice4 ,a %eph]dess is t5d+ to h] flock amid a classical ru9 :ile %e is li/5+ to ! music ( a flute4 ,9 ano!r portion ( ! design1 a cock & h5 are m\rn+ = ! loss ( "o ( _! brood :i* has be5 c>ri$ (f by an eagle4 ,?is design is wor?y ( int]e/ = its sup]ior quality1 z x mu/ h be5 produc$ = "s v f9e h\se4 ,!re is ano!r specim5 pr9t$ 9 r$ 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum4 ,! "o :i* is illu/rat$ "h 0 f\nd ^u an exce$+ly f9e ,*ipp5dale b$/ead4 ,dur+ ! ,hepple:ite & ,%]aton p]iods ( furniture ! *9tz ceases to h its patt]n deta*$ & gr\p$4 ,ar*itectural details ) figures disappe>1 & once m ! design] returns to fl[]s z 8 subject = illu/ration4 ,! foliage1 h[ev]1 n[ takes ! =m ( v]tical /ripes1 be+ conta9$ )9 lace-l rib&s plac$ at ev5 di/ances4 ,on p4 #cce is an illu/ration ( a *9tz ab\t #agij 9 :i* ^! features w be notic$4 ,9 ! n9ete5? c5tury we f9d ! *9tz cov]$ ) disjo9t$ sprigs1 z ?\gh ! fl[]s _h be5 pluck$ & ca/ ^u ! clo?4 ,_! outl9e is s(t5$ by a m>g9 ( dots4 ,an illu/ration ( ?is /yle is %[n on p4 #cce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pr9t$ ,,*9tz4 ,f ! ,calico ,pr9t+ ,factory at ,sobd51 9 ,lanca%ire4 ,pr9t$ 9 #ahca "u ! direction ( ,ri*>d ,cobd54 7,9 ! collection ( ,mrs4 ,cobd5 ,unw947 ,"o ne$ n pursue ! hi/ory ( *9tzes fur!r1 = to d s w\ld entail a discussion ( mod]n me?ods4 ,suffice x to say t 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury we come across ! hide\s black gr\nds1 ! base imitation ( wov5 designs1 leop>d sk9s1 & o!r in>ti/ic p]v]sions4 ,we mu/ r bid adieu to ?is beautiful art ere x has begun to decl9e4 ,x w af=d ! read] mu* pleasure if he %\ld =m a collection ( old specim5s & frame !m ar\nd 8 walls1 = !n he w fully appreciate _! *>m4 ,9 exam9+ 8 own collection ! au?or has sp5t _m a pleasant h\r1 = ^! gaily col\r$ *9tzes are among ! mo/ articulate relics :i* h come d[n to u4 ,!y brea! ! _s1 ! feel+s1 & ! ideals ( ! p]iods :]e9 !y 7 made4 ,!y %[ lucidly ! v>i\s *anges 9 fa%ion & ! rise & wane 9 ! popul>ity ( c]ta9 =ms ( decoration4 ,s delectable are _! s(t1 fad$ col\rs1 s fasc9at+ are ! designs1 & above all1 s en*ant+ is ! old-_w mu/y sc5t :i* always cl+s to !m1 t x w\ld be h>d inde$ to )hold "o's affection f !m4 ,,index ,adam /yle table1 #ahf ,am]ica1 ! ,w9dsor *air acclimatis$ 91 #bdf ,am]ica1 sp9dle-back *airs1 #bci ,am]ica1 c>v$ *e/s ( ,puritan coloni/s1 #fj ,am]ica1 types co9cid5t ) ,jacobean1 #fj ,ana*ronism 9 c\ntry mak]s' "w1 #bjd ,anne1 ,que51 *9tz pr9t+ 9 "t (1 #cbe ,anne1 ,que51 /yle--cabriole leg1 adv5t (1 #afg ,anne1 ,que51 *e/s ( draw]s1 #fg ,anne1 ,que51 sc&al at ,c\rt (1 #aeh ,anne1 ,que51 s-call$ /yle1 #afg ,back--! *air1 & its developm5t1 #bjc ,bacon cupbo>ds1 #aed ,ball & claw foot1 introduction (1 #afb ,b>ley sug> turn+1 illu/rat$1 #aje ,b$=d%ire tables1 #bhc ,b$/ead1 ,jacobean1 illu/rat$1 #gg ,bevel ( panel indicat+ date1 #bjd ,bible-boxes1 #cd1 #aci-aed ,bloomfield1 ,rob]t1 quot$1 #bfh ,bobb9s1 ,buck+ham%ire1 #aec ,brittany dress]s1 #acd ,brok5 corn]s1 ,que5 ,anne /yle1 #afg1 #afi ,buck+ham%ire bobb9s1 #aec ,bureau bookcase & cupbo>d1 #agf ,bureaus1 m>quetry 9 col\r$ woods1 #afi ,byzant9e types ( furniture exi/5t 9 ,elizabe?an days1 #cg ,cabriole leg1 adv5t ( !1 #afg ,cabriole leg 7,que5 ,anne p]iod71 #abi ,cambridge tables1 #bhc ,c&le dipp]1 !1 #bhh ,cane-back *airs1 #bjc1 #bjg ,cane-back *airs1 late ,/u>t1 #aii ,cane-back *air1 its influ5ce on f>mh\se /yles1 #bjh ,can+ 9 *airs out ( fa%ion1 #afb ,*airs-- ,am]ica1 ,w9dsor *air1 types (1 #bdf ,back1 !1 its developm5t1 #bjc ,can$-back *air1 its influ5ce on f>mh\se /yles1 #bjh ,can$ *airs1 late ,/u>t1 #aii1 #bjc1 #bjg ,can+ out ( fa%ion1 #afb ,*>les ,,ii4 p]iod /yles1 #baa ,*ipp5dale /yles1 #agi ,*ipp5dale1 ,w9dsor /yles1 #bed ,corn] *airs1 #bdj ,c\ntry ,*ipp5dale1 ,hepple:ite & ,%]aton1 #bba ,cupid's b[ top rail1 #bah ,cu%ions1 _! use )1 #aii1 #bjg ,d]by%ire *airs1 #bjc ,elizabe?an turn$ *airs1 #cg ,evolution ( ! *air1 #ahi-bda ,fiddle splat *airs1 introduction (1 #afb ,fiddle splat1 ,que5 ,anne /yle1 #bag ,fiddle splat1 ,w9dsor1 at its be/1 #bed ,fiddle-/r+ backs1 #bdi ,goldsmi?1 ,oliv]1 8 *air1 #bec ,gr&fa!r v>iety1 #afh1 #bcj ,hepple:ite c\ntry /yles1 #bba ,hepple:ite ,w9dsor *airs1 #bed ,horse%oe back1 ,w9dsor1 #bei1 #bfj ,jacobean1 typical =m1 #aif ,ladd]-back *airs1 #bcc ,lanca%ire ru%-bottom *airs1 #bda ,lanca%ire sp9dle back *airs1 #bgh ,mod]n (fice-*air1 d]ivation (1 #bfj ,pr9ce ( ,wales's fea!rs 9 back1 #bbg ,ribbon-back1 introduction (1 #agi ,ru%-bottom$ *airs1 #bcc ,%ell ornam5t employ$1 #afg ,%]aton c\ntry /yles1 #bba ,%]aton ,w9dsor *airs1 #bei1 #bfj ,sp9dle-back *airs1 #bcd ,splat1 ,que5 ,anne1 !1 #bag ,/raight-back$ *airs1 #bjc ,/ret*]1 evolution ( !1 #bjj ,tav]n *airs1 #bdi ,:eel-back ,w9dsor *airs1 #bei ,woods us$1 ,w9dsor *airs1 #bdi1 #bej ,*>les ,,ii4 *e/s ( draw]s1 #fb ,*>les ,,ii4 p]iod1 impetus giv5 to furniture design1 #ie ,*>les ,,ii4 p]iod1 /yles ( *airs1 #baa ,*e/s1 ,go?ic1 #cd ,*e/s1 sixte5? c5tury1 #cd ,*e/s1 ,wel% c>v+1 #bgg ,*e/s ( draw]s1 #fj ,*e/s ( draw]s1 ,*>les ,,ii4 p]iod1 #fb ,*e/s ( draw]s1 ,que5 ,anne /yle1 #fg ,*ildr5's /ools1 ,jacobean1 illu/rat$1 #gg ,*imney crane1 !1 #bid ,*9a & glass cupbo>ds1 #ahj ,*9ese designs 9 *9tzes1 #ccc ,*9ese /yle ( ,*ipp5dale1 #bbg ,*9tz pr9t+ becomes a national indu/ry1 #cba ,*9tzes1 old ,engli%1 #cag-cda ,*ipp5dale & 8 contempor>ies1 #ahj ,*ipp5dale clock cases1 #cab ,*ipp5dale quot$1 #bbg1 #bbh ,*ipp5dale1 ribbon designs (1 #agi ,*ipp5dale /yle1 prov9cial1 #bba ,*ipp5dale /yle ,w9dsor *airs1 #bed ,*ocolate h\ses1 polemic aga9/1 #agj ,*ronology1 sev5te5?-c5tury1 #de-dh ,claw-&-ball foot1 introduction (1 #afb ,clock & dress] comb9$1 #abi ,clocks1 gr&fa!r1 #cjf ,club foot1 introduction (1 #afb ,cobbett1 ,william1 quot$1 #fg ,c(fee-dr9k+ & c(fee-h\ses1 #agj ,c(fee1 wom5's petition aga9/1 #agj ,corn] *airs1 #bdj ,cottage furniture & e>!nw>e comp>$1 #ca ,c\ntry cab9et-mak]1 8 mixture ( /yles1 #baa ,c\ntry ,*ipp5dale1 ,hepple:ite & ,%]aton1 #bba ,c\ntry furniture1 its /urdy indep5d5ce1 #bd ,c\ntry mak]s little influ5c$ by contempor>y fa%ion1 #ej ,cradles1 #adh ,cromwellian *e/s ) draw]s1 #eb ,crusie1 ! ,scotti%1 #bgg1 #bic ,cupbo>d1 ! bacon1 #aed ,cupbo>d1 ,wel% c>v+1 #bgg ,cupbo>ds1 corn]1 introduction (1 #afb ,cupbo>ds & draw]s1 ta/e =1 #abe ,cupid's b[ und]fram+1 #ajg1 #ahe ,cupid's b[ top rail ( *air1 #bah ,cu%ions1 _! use ) *airs1 #aii1 #bjg ,delany1 ,mrs41 quot$1 #aec ,d5m>k1 ! cons]vation ( old f>mh\se furniture 91 #ch ,d]by%ire *airs1 #bjc ,design books1 eighte5?-c5tury1 publication (1 #bbb ,director1 by ,*ipp5dale1 a work+ guide1 #bbc ,draw] accommodation a feature 9 late dress]s1 #acj ,draw]s1 *e/s (1 #fj ,draw]s1 *e/s (1 ,*>les ,,ii4 p]iod1 #fb ,draw]s1 *e/s (1 ,que5 ,anne /yle1 #fg ,dress] & clock comb9$1 #abi ,dress]s1 f>mh\se1 #aae-ace ,dress]s-- ,brittany1 #acd ,lanca%ire1 #acd ,norm&y1 #acd ,wel%1 #acc ,dut* artisans pr9t e>ly ,engli% *9tzes1 #cba ,dut* influ5ce e>ly eighte5? c5tury1 #afh1 #agj ,e>!nw>e & cottage furniture comp>$1 #ca ,eighte5?-c5tury dress]s1 #acj ,eighte5?-c5tury pleasure g>d5s1 #bdi ,eighte5?-c5tury /yles1 #aeg-ahg ,elizabe?an turn$ *airs1 #cg ,engli% *9tzes1 old1 #cag-cda ,engli% f>mh\se furniture1 desirability ( its pres]vation1 #db ,engli% jo9]s' "w1 its solidity1 #ea ,essex tables1 #bhc ,exotic bird patt]ns 9 *9tzes1 #ccc ,f>m]'s ,boy 7,rob]t ,bloomfield7 quot$1 #bfh ,f>mh\se furniture 7,engli%71 desirability ( its pres]vation1 #db ,f>mh\se furniture influ5c$ by walnut /yles1 #bjh ,f>mh\se /yles contempor>y ) ! cane-back *air1 #bjh ,feet-- ,arcad$ foot1 ,*>les ,,ii4 p]iod1 #fb ,ball1 #fb2 illu/rat$1 #fe ,claw-&-ball foot1 introduction ( !1 #afb ,club foot1 its introduction1 #afb ,ho( foot1 !1 #agf ,scroll or ,spani% foot1 #ajd1 #bjc ,spani% foot1 !1 #ajd1 #bjc ,spani% foot1 9 corrupt$ =m1 illu/rat$1 #aje1 #aji ,tre/le1 9 ,go?ic /yle1 #ij ,fiddle splat *airs1 introduction (1 #afb ,fiddle splat1 ,que5 ,anne /yle1 #bag ,fiddle splat ,w9dsor *air at its be/1 #bed ,fiddle-/r+ backs1 #bdi ,firebacks1 ,sussex1 #bif ,firebacks1 ,sussex1 f9e examples exhibit$1 #cje ,fir$ogs1 cottage & f>mh\se1 #bid ,food ( c\ntry population1 sev5te5? c5tury1 #ha ,=eign /yles1 sl[ assimilation (1 #fg ,fr5* artisans pr9t e>ly ,engli% *9tzes1 #cba ,gate-leg tables1 #he-aab ,gate-leg table1 d\ble gates1 #if2 illu/rat$1 #ic ,gate-leg table1 e/abli%$ z a popul> type1 #ij ,gate-leg table1 squ>e top1 illu/rat$1 #aje ,geometric panels1 *e/s ( draw]s1 #fa2 dress]s1 #aba ,georgian /yles1 e>ly types1 #agi ,gibbons1 ,gr9l+1 ! /yle (1 #ef ,goldsmi?1 ,oliv]1 8 *air1 #bec ,go?ic brackets to *e/s1 #cd ,go?ic *e/s1 #cd ,go?ic tre/le1 gate-leg table1 #hi ,gr&fa!r *air1 !1 #bcj ,gr&fa!r *air1 curv$ l9es (1 #afh ,gr&fa!r clocks1 #cjf ,gr&fa!r clock comb9$ ) dress]1 #abi ,great ,seal ( ,que5 ,anne1 %[+ /yle ( ornam5t1 #afh ,h>dwick ,hall1 suite at1 #ee ,hepple:ite clock cases1 #cab ,hepple:ite influ5ce on village "w1 #bjg ,hepple:ite quot$1 #bbi1 #bcj ,hepple:ite /yle1 prov9cial1 #bba ,h]t=d%ire tables1 #bhc ,hog>?1 ! l9e ( beauty ! curve1 #afh ,ho( foot1 !1 #agf ,horse%oe-back ,w9dsor *airs1 #acj1 #beg1 #bfj ,incongruity ( prov9cial cab9et-mak]1 #baa ,inlaid "w r>ely employ$1 #ee ,inlaid "w ) walnut1 #afi ,inlaid "w1 woods us$1 #afi ,iri% ,*ipp5dale1 #bgb ,ironwork1 miscellane\s1 #bhg-cac ,ironwork1 ,scotti%1 #bgg ,isle ( ,man tables1 #bhc ,jacobean cradles1 #adh ,jacobean dress]s ) geometric panels1 #aba ,jacobean furniture1 typical /yles1 #di ,jacobean oak *air1 typical =m1 #aif ,jacobean p]iod1 its *>act]i/ics1 #ie ,jacobean p]iod1 late /yles (1 #aae ,jacobean /yle1 its transition to ,william & ,m>y1 #bjg ,jacobean ,sussex firebacks1 #bii1 #cjj ,jo9]y1 ! solidity ( ,engli%1 #ea ,jones1 ,r41 ( ,old ,=d1 *9tz pr9t]1 #ccg ,kettle trivet1 ! cottag]'s1 #bie ,lacqu] employ$ 9 clock-cases1 #cab ,ladd]-back *air1 !1 #bcc ,lanca%ire *9tzes1 #ccg ,lanca%ire dress]s1 #acd ,lanca%ire furniture1 #bgh ,lanca%ire ,que5 ,anne settle1 #afg ,lanca%ire ru%-bottom *air1 #bda ,legs-- ,b>ley sug> turn+ illu/rat$1 #aje ,cabriole leg1 introduction ( !1 #afg ,egg & reel turn+1 #dc2 illu/rat$1 #ic ,eight legs 7gate table71 #ii ,elizabe?an bulb\s leg1 #fj ,jacobean /raight-turn$ leg1 #fj ,jacobean1 v>i\s =ms ( turn+1 #hi ,que5 ,anne cabriole leg1 #abi ,six legs1 gate table1 illu/rat$1 #ii ,split urn leg1 illu/rat$1 #ia1 #aai ,/raight leg aga9 9 vogue1 #ahj ,urn-%ap$ leg1 #fj ,urn-%ap$ splat1 #aba2 illu/rat$1 #ia1 #aai ,l95-fold patt]n on *e/s1 #cb ,local types1 #cc ,local types ( furniture1 #bfg-bhd ,london & ! vic9ity1 *9tz pr9t$ 91 #cbb ,longleat1 oak furniture at1 #ee ,lyngby 7ne> ,cop5hag571 collection ( old f>mh\se furniture at1 #da ,macaulay quot$1 #aeh ,macaulay1 ,/ate ( ,engl& 9 #afhe quot$1 #gf ,mahogany gate-leg tables1 #ajc ,mahogany /yles1 _! gracefulness1 #agi ,mahogany1 ! *ief design]s (1 ( ! gold5 age1 #ajd ,m>lbor\gh1 ,du*ess (1 & h] intrigues1 #aeh ,m>quetry bureaus 9 col\r$ woods1 #afi ,m>quetry1 woods us$ 91 #afi ,m9or cab9et-mak]s' "w lack+ h>mony1 #bab ,mod]n (fice-*air1 d]ivation f ,w9dsor type1 #bfc ,m1 ,hannah1 & ! agricultural classes1 #age ,morris1 ,william1 8 influ5ce on furniture1 #aaa ,mule *e/s1 #eb ,norfolk1 oak furniture1 #bhc ,norm&y dress]s1 #acd ,normans1 furniture1 /yles (1 introduc$ by1 #cg ,nor?1 ,rog]1 quot$1 #agj ,oak1 errone\sly us$ to c>ry out walnut designs1 #bab ,oak1 g5]al 9 its use1 #ee ,oak supplant$ by walnut 9 fa%ionable furniture1 #bjg ,oak ! *ief wood employ$1 #cc ,(fice-*air1 d]ivation f ,w9dsor type1 #bfc ,ori5tal patt]ns 9 *9tzes1 #ccc ,panell+1 bevel (1 indicat+ date (1 #bjd ,panels1 sunk1 ,jacobean /yle1 #fb ,patt]ns1 wood1 us$ = firebacks1 #cjj ,p1 *ang+ habits ( !1 9 sev5te5? c5tury1 #gb ,pepys's ,di>y1 quot$1 #gi ,pleasure g>d5s1 eighte5?-c5tury1 #bdi ,pot-hook1 !1 #bid ,pot-hooks1 f9e examples1 :]e exhibit$1 #bid ,pr9ce ( ,wales's fea!rs1 #bbg ,prov9cial furniture _m decades beh9d fa%ion1 #ej ,que5 ,anne1 cabriole leg1 #abi ,que5 ,anne dress]s1 #abb ,que5 ,anne flap tables1 #hi ,que5 ,anne p]iod1 ! splat ( !1 #bag ,re/oration p]iod1 *e/s ( draw]s1 #fb ,ribbon designs1 introduction (1 #agi ,roads 9 prov9ces1 bad /ate (1 #gi ,ru%-bottom *air1 !1 #bcc ,ru%light hold]1 !1 #bhh ,sc&9avian orig9 ( ,elizabe?an *air1 #cg ,scotl&1 ,union )1 proclamation by ,que5 ,anne1 #afa ,scotti% types ( ironwork1 #bgg ,seawe$ m>quetry 9 clock-cases1 #cab ,settle1 ,lanca%ire =m1 #bgh ,settle1 ,que5 ,anne /yle1 #afg ,sev5te5?-c5tury1 *ronology (1 #de-dh ,sev5te5?-c5tury settle 7,lanca%ire71 #bgh ,sev5te5?-c5tury sidebo>d1 typical /yle1 #ef ,sev5te5?-c5tury /yles1 #di-hb ,sev5te5?-c5tury /yles1 types (1 #gb ,%ell ornam5t1 e>ly eighte5?-c5tury1 #afg ,%]aton clock-cases1 #cab ,%]aton influ5ce on c\ntry mak]s1 #bcd ,%]aton influ5ce 9 ,w9dsor *airs1 #bei ,%]aton /yle1 prov9cial1 #bba ,sidebo>d1 typical sev5te5?-c5tury /yle1 #ef ,sixte5?-c5tury *e/s1 #cd ,siz]gh ,ca/le1 oak room at1 #ee ,spani% foot1 its use1 #ajd1 #ajg ,spani% ,succession1 ,w> ( !1 #afa ,sp9dle-back *air1 !1 #bcd ,sp9dle-back *airs 7,lanca%ire71 #bgh ,sp9n+-:eels1 #aec ,spitalfields weav]s1 compla9t z to *9tz fa%ions1 #cbf1 #ccj ,splat1 ! ,que5 ,anne1 #bag ,/af=d%ire pott]y & cottage furniture comp>$1 #ca ,/&s = *e/s ( draw]s1 #fg ,/ockholm1 collection ( f>mh\se furniture at1 #ch ,/ools1 *ildr5's ,jacobean1 illu/rat$1 #gg ,/raight-back$ *airs1 #bjc ,/ret*]1 evolution ( !1 #bjj ,/ret*]1 ,york%ire splat =m1 #if ,suffolk oak furniture1 #bhc ,sussex firebacks1 #bif ,sussex ironworks1 !1 #bie1 #bif ,swan head to cupbo>d1 #afh ,sw$51 ! cons]vation ( old f>mh\se furniture 91 #ch ,swift quot$1 #afa ,tables-- ,adam /yle1 #ahf ,arcad$ sp&rils1 illu/rat$1 #agi ,b$=d%ire types1 #bhc ,cambridge types1 #bhc ,collapsible =m 7,*>les ,,ii471 #ajc ,cross /ret*]1 ,x =m1 #ajc ,cupid's b[ und]fram+1 #ajg2 illu/rat$1 #aji ,elizabe?an bulb\s-leg =m1 #fj ,essex types1 #bhc ,flap tables 7,que5 ,anne71 #hi2 7,georgian71 illu/rat$1 #ahc ,gate-leg1 #he-aab ,go?ic tre/le1 gate-leg table1 #hi ,h]t=d%ire types1 #bhc ,isle ( ,man table1 #bhc ,scallop$-edge tea-table1 illu/rat$1 #aha ,scallop$ und]fram+1 illu/rat$1 #gc ,sixte5?-c5tury /yle1 #eb ,sp&rils1 arcad$1 illu/rat$1 #agi ,/ret*]s1 splat =m1 #hi2 illu/rat$1 #ig ,tea-table1 ,que5 ,anne /yle1 #ahe ,?ree-legg$1 #bhc ,und]fram+1 ,cupid's b[1 illu/rat$1 #aji ,v>i\s local types1 #bhc ,york%ire type1 #hi ,tap]s1 h[ made by cottag]s1 #bhh ,tav]n *air1 !1 #bdi ,tea-dr9k+ becomes national1 #agj ,tea-g>d5s1 eighte5?-c5tury1 #bdi ,tea-table1 ,que5 ,anne /yle1 #ahe ,?ree-legg$ tables1 #bhc ,transition f ,jacobean to ,william & ,m>y /yles1 #bjg ,tre/le 9 gate-leg table1 #hi ,triangul> gate =m1 #hf2 illu/rat$1 #hg ,tripod tables1 #ahe ,turn+1 v>i\s patt]ns 9 ,jacobean leg1 #hi ,union ) ,scotl&1 #afa ,v>angian ,gu>d introduce ,byzant9e furniture into ,sc&9avia1 #cg ,v5e]1 9 walnut1 e>ly eighte5?-c5tury1 #afi ,village cab9et-mak]1 orig9ality (1 #cb ,wales1 ,pr9ce (1 fea!rs 9 *air back1 #bbg ,walnut gate-leg tables1 #ajc ,walnut 9 g5]al use1 #bjg ,walnut /yles1 e>ly eighte5?-c5tury1 #afi ,walnut supplant$ by mahogany1 #bjg ,w>m+-pan1 !1 #bie ,w>drobe1 ,lanca%ire type1 #bgh ,wel% c>v+1 #bgb ,wel% dress]s1 #acc ,wesley & ! ,me?odi/ movem5t1 #age ,:itefield & ! colli]s1 #age ,:eel-back ,w9dsor *airs1 #beg ,william & ,m>y dress]s1 #abf ,william & ,m>y gate-leg tables1 #ajd ,william & ,m>y p]iod1 f9ely turn$ "w1 #ge ,william & ,m>y /yle1 its developm5t f ,jacobean1 #bjg ,w9dsor *air1 !1 #bdc-bfc ,w9dsor *air1 !1 ,%]aton influ5ce1 #bei ,w9dsor *air1 its survival1 #bfj ,w9dsor *airs1 ,*ipp5dale /yle1 #bed ,wood patt]ns us$ = firebacks1 #cjj ,woods employ$ 9 f>mh\se furniture1 #cc ,woods us$ 9 ,w9dsor *airs1 #bdi1 #bej ,woods us$ 9 walnut m>quetry1 #afi ,wom5's petition aga9/ c(fee1 #agj ,york%ire *airs1 #bjc ,york%ire splat /ret*] to tables1 #if ,,unw9 ,,bro!rs1 ,,limit$1 ,,! ,,gre%am ,,press1 ,,wok+ ,,& ,,london4 ,,volumes ,,= ,,collectors ,,by ,,! ,,same ,,au?or ,,*ats ,,on ,,old ,,furniture ,companion volume to ,*ats on ,cottage & ,f>mh\se ,furniture ,press ,notices1 ,fir/ ,edition ,mr4 ,hayd5 kn[s 8 subject intimately4--,pall ,mall ,gazette4 ,! h9ts to collectors are ! be/ & cle>e/ we h se52 s t altoge!r ?is is a model book ( its k9d4--,a!num4 ,a useful & in/ructive volume4--,spectator4 ,an abundance ( illu/rations completes a well-writt5 & well-con/ruct$ hi/ory4--,daily ,news4 ,mr4 ,hayd5's ta/e is s\nd & 8 k ?or\gh4--,scotsman4 ,a book ( m ?an usual compreh5siv5ess & m ?an usual m]it4--,vanity ,fair4 ,mr4 ,hayd5 has work$ at 8 subject on sy/ematic l9es1 & has made 8 book :at x purports to be--a practical guide = ! collector4--,saturday ,review4 ,,*ats ,,on ,,engli% ,,*9a ,press ,notices1 ,fir/ ,edition ,a h&some h&book t ! amateur 9 d\bt w f9d useful1 & ! *9a-lov] w enjoy = its illu/rations1 & = ! au?or's obvi\s love & und]/&+ ( 8 subject4--,/4 ,james's ,gazette4 ,all lov]s ( *9a w f9d mu* ent]ta9m5t 9 ?is volume4--,daily ,news4 ,x gives 9 a few pi?y *apt]s j :at ! beg9n] wants to "k ab\t ! pr9cipal v>ieties ( ,engli% w>e4 ,we c w>mly comm5d ! book to ! *9a collector4--,pall ,mall ,gazette4 ,"o ( ! be/ po9ts ab\t ! book is ! cle> way 9 :i* ! *>act]i/ics ( ea* factory are not$ d[n sep>ately1 s t ! v]ie/ tyro ought to be able to judge = himself if he has a piece or pieces :i* w\ld come "u ?is head+1 & ! m>ks are v accurately giv54--,que54 ,,*ats ,,on ,,engli% ,,e>!nw>e 7,companion volume to ,*ats on ,engli% ,*9a7 ,complem5t>y to ! useful companion volume1 9 ?is ',*ats' ,s]ies1 on ,engli% ,*9a :i* ,mr4 ,hayd5 issu$ five ye>s ago4--,times4 ,is a comp5di\s acc\nt ( our native ,engli% faence1 abundantly illu/rat$ & accurately writt54--,gu>dian4 ,a ?or\ghly tru/wor?y work+ h&book4--,tru?4 ,x is a m9e ( k1 ga!r$ f all qu>t]s1 & ! outcome ( p]sonal exp]i5ce & rese>*1 & x is writt5 ) no little *>m ( /yle4--,lady's ,pictorial4 ,mr4 ,hayd5 kn[s & writes exactly :at is ne$$ to help ! amateur to become an intellig5t collector1 :ile 8 pa9/ak+ c>e 9 v]ify+ facts r5d]s 8 "w a /able book ( ref]5ce4--,connoisseur4 ,! volume has be5 writt5 z a companion to ,mr4 ,hayd5's ',*ats on ,engli% ,*9a' 9 ! same s]ies1 & ^? :o recall ! admirable "* ( t book w f9d ?is to be 9 no way inf]ior4--,nation4 ,! illu/rations are pr(use & excell5t1 & ! au?or & ! publi%]s mu/ be comm5d$ = (f]+ u s _m reproductions ( typical specim5s t h n appe>$ 9 any previ\s h&book4 ,! illu/rations alone are wor? ! co/ ( ! book4--,man*e/] ,gu>dian4 ,mr4 ,hayd5's book is fill$ to ov]fl[+ ) beautiful & mo/ in/ructive & helpful illu/rations1 & altoge!r x is "o t w give imm5se pleasure to collectors1 & mu* in=mation to ! admir+ b ignorant4--,liv]pool ,c\ri]4 ,,*ats ,,on ,,old ,,pr9ts ,a ,practical ,guide to ,collect+ & ,id5tify+ ,old ,engrav+s4 ,mr4 ,hayd5 writes at once ) en?usiasm & discrim9ation on 8 !me4--,daily ,telegraph4 ,any "o :o1 hav+ an initial int]e/ 9 matt]s ( art1 wants to =m s\nd & intellig5t op9ions ab\t engrav+s1 w f9d ?is book ! v ?+ = him4--,lit]>y ,_w4 ,^! ',*ats' comprise a full & admirably lucid description ( e bran* ( ! engrav]'s art1 ) copi\s & sugge/ive illu/rations4--,morn+ ,lead]4