,transcrib]'s note3 ,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics 7italics74 ,page numb]s enclos$ by curly braces 7example3 #be7 h be5 incorporat$ to facilitate ! use ( ! ,index4 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are available ?r\gh ,int]net ,ar*ive4 ,see https3_/_/ar*ive4org_/details_/diatomace (phi#jj;boye 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,,duck ,,pond1 ,,corn] ,,( ,,f\r? ,,& ,,m>ket ,,/reets 7,,ab\t #agjj7 ,,! ,,diatomace ,,( ,,philadelphia ,,& ,,vic9ity ,,by ,,*>les ,s4 ,,boy]1 ,a4,m41 ,f4,r4,m4,s4 ,,illu/rat$ ,,) ,,sev5 ,,hundr$ ,,draw+s ,,by ,,! ,,au?or ,,press ,,( ,j4 ,b4 ,,lipp9cott ,,company ,,ea/ ,,wa%+ton ,,squ>e ,,philadelphia #aiaf ,,preface ,! pres5t contribution to ! local flora is int5d$ z an introduction to m ext5d$ rese>*4 ,! /udy is ( advantage 9 relation to ! life hi/ory ( aquatic animals1 ! det]m9ation ( ocean curr5ts1 z prov$ by pol> discov]ies1 ! inve/igation ( geological /rata :]e o!r fossil =ms are abs5t1 & ! analysis ( wat] supply2 &1 :5 we consid] ! univ]sal di/ribution ( diatomace 9 ! e>?1 ! wat] & ev5 9 ! air & ! enorm\s deposits =m$ 9 pa/ ages & /ill =m+1 we are able to realize ! importance ( a k ( ^! complicat$ =ms & _! function ( purification4 ,! abs5ce ( descriptive works ( ref]5ce 9 available =m 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! polyglot confusion ( au?orities abroad & ! am\nt ( "t1 pati5ce & skill requir$ 9 obta9+1 prep>+ & exam9+ specim5s1 r5d] ! /udy "o ( difficulty4 ,! bibliography is omitt$1 z x is und]/ood by ^? :o possess ! works ( ref]5ce1 & b few synonyms are giv51 hav+ b little1 except hi/orical1 value1 especially :5 x is consid]$ t mod]n inve/igators h no access to _m ( ! e>li] collections1 :5 any ( ^! exi/4 ,s f> z ! m>9e =ms are conc]n$1 x is probable t ne>ly all occurr+ nor? ( ,florida are "h includ$1 & ! fre%-wat] species describ$ repres5t a l>ge proportion ( ^? f\nd ea/ ( ! ,alleghanies4 ,all ( ! figures are drawn to ! same scale1 a magnification ( eight hundr$ diamet]s1 f specim5s 9 my possession1 ne>ly all ( :i* 7 f\nd 9 or ne> ,philadelphia4 ,if ! "w is ( any value 9 induc+ fur!r inve/igation1 ,i hope1 9 ! words ( ,juli5 ,deby1 t ^? :o foll[ my advice w f9d 9 ! /udy ( ^! wond]ful little organisms z mu* pleasure z ,i myself h f\nd4 ,,! ,,au?or4 #e;,,introduction ,! ,delaw>e ,riv] rises 9 ! ,we/]n ,catskill ,m\nta9s1 fl[s s\?w>d = ab\t ?ree hundr$ & sev5ty-five miles1 & exp&s into ,delaw>e ,bay ab\t sixty miles f ! sea4 ,its orig9 is among ! ,devonian & ,c>bonif]\s rocks1 & 9 its c\rse x passes ?r\gh ,silurian1 ,triassic & ,cretace\s =mations1 f9ally rea*+ ! ,cambrian & ,laur5tian b$s4 ,x also dra9s regions ( ! glacial drift & b$s :i* ov]lie ov]turn$ ,mioc5e /rata1 & are sometimes mix$ ) !m4 ,f ! m\nta9s1 ne>ly f\r ?\s& feet high1 to ! ,bay1 :]e ! dep? ( wat] is n great] ?an sev5ty-five feet1 ! diatomace\s flora1 f ,alp9e cascades to ! salt m>%es ( ,new ,j]sey1 conta9s a l>g] numb] ( species ?an any o!r equal portion ( ! ,am]ican coa/4 ,! city ( ,philadelphia1 ab\t "o hundr$ miles f ! sea1 lies at ! junction ( ! ,s*uylkill ) ! ,delaw>e1 & mu* ( ! l& ne> ! riv]s1 especially s\?w>d1 is flat & l[1 compos$ ( rec5t alluvial deposits4 ,9 ! c5tral di/ricts ! gr\nd is high1 ! deep sub-soil be+ mo/ly a dry gravel re/+ ^u gneiss & s*i/1 al?\gh x is 9 "p compos$ ( a blui% clay :i* 0 probably laid d[n 9 ! b$ ( ! anci5t riv] be=e ! la/ p]iod ( ! glacial drift4 ,! blue clay 0 n all deposit$ at ! same "t1 z 9 ! l[] /rata _m m>9e =ms are f\nd :i* d n occur 9 ! upp] lay]s4 ,?is is notably ! case 9 a deposit obta9$ at ,spreckel's ,sug> ,ref9]y & also at ! ea/ end ( ,walnut ,/reet ,bridge1 :]e a lay] ( blue clay occurs :i* is ov]la9 by glacial drift4 ,9 o!r p>ts ( ! city mixtures ( blue clay ) m rec5t deposits are f\nd1 includ+ fre%-wat] =ms f num]\s creeks & rivulets :i* trav]s$ :at is n[ ! city prop]1 & especially f ! vic9ity ( ,f\r? & ,m>ket ,/reets1 :]e !re exi/$ z late z ! ye> #agjj a l>ge pond kn[n z ! ,duck ,pond :i* 0 subject to tidal ov]fl[ f its outlet1 ,dock ,creek4 ,! riv] wat] at ,philadelphia is n noticeably bracki%1 al?\gh ! tide ext5ds ?irty miles above ! city &1 be=e ! build+ ( ,fairm\nt ,dam1 to ! ,falls ( ! ,s*uylkill4 ,at c]ta9 times1 :5 ! riv] is l[1 ! influx ( tide wat] is suffici5t to produce an abundance ( bracki% wat] diatoms at ,gre5wi* ,po9t4 ,! entire abs5ce1 h[ev]1 at pres5t1 ( _m ( ! m>9e =ms obta9$ 9 dr$g+s 9 ! ,delaw>e opposite ! city1 z at ,smi?'s ,isl&1 n[ remov$1 & 9 c]ta9 well bor+s at ,pavonia1 ,p5sauk51 ,gl\ce/] & o!r places 9 ,new ,j]sey1 :]e ! dep? rea*$ ! old blue clay1 indicates conditions q diff]5t f ^? n[ preval5t4 ,9 ! ,bay itself comp>atively few liv+ species are f\nd1 at lea/ 9 any abundance4 ,9 ! /udy ( local =ms :i* foll[s1 ! di/rict includ$ may be consid]$ z circumscrib$ by ! circumf]5ce ( a circle hav+ a radius ( "o hundr$ miles f ,philadelphia1 conta9+ ! ,/ates ( ,new ,j]sey & ,delaw>e1 ! s\!a/]n "p ( #f,p5nsylvania1 a portion ( ,m>yl& on ! s\? & ext5d+ ea/w>d to ,new ,york ,bay & ,long ,isl& ,s\nd z f> z ,new ,ro*elle4 ,! great] numb] ( fre%-wat] species describ$ h be5 obta9$ f ne> ! city along ! ,d>by1 ,crum1 ,ridley & ,br&yw9e ,creeks & f v>i\s places 9 ,new ,j]sey1 includ+ ! ,p9e ,b>r5 region ( ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,/ate4 ,num]\s collections h be5 made 9 ! ,s*uylkill & ! v>i\s res]voirs & along ! ,wissahickon1 :]e an ,alp9e gorge 9 m9iature ( s+ul> lovel9ess is to be f\nd )9 ! limits ( a city4 ,! fossil deposits are f well bor+s ne> ,camd51 ,n4 ,j41 & f excavations 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! city4 ,!re appe>s to be no relation betwe5 ! ,mioc5e b$s ( ! ea/]n coa/ & ! deposits "h describ$1 all ( :i* h be5 =m$ lat] ?an ! glacial p]iod or 9 an int]val betwe5 two su* p]iods4 ,app>5tly no diatoms grew dur+ ! glacial era1 at lea/ 9 suffici5t abundance to leave any p]ceptible traces ( _! exi/5ce4 ,an exam9ation ( glacial fl\r & clays f ! ,catskills %[s an entire abs5ce ( ^! =ms1 & ,i h nev] f\nd !m 9 ! milky fl[ f ! glaci]s ( ! ,alps nor 9 ! con/antly muddy /reams 9 c]ta9 ( our ,we/]n ,/ates4 ,! opacity ( ! wat] produces ! same result z ! abs5ce ( light 9 ! deep lakes ( ,new ,engl&1 :]e diatoms are f\nd only on ! /alks or roots ( wat]-plants ne> ! %ore1 :ile 9 %all[ ponds1 su* z ! small lake ne> ! summit ( ,mt4 ,lafayette1 ! gr[? is abundant4 ,c]ta9 species w gr[ :]ev] !re are moi/ure1 light & heat1 b ! great] numb] require ! pres5ce1 9 small am\nts1 ( sub/ances produc$ by ! decay ( animal & vegetable life4 ,an abundance ( diatoms 9 fre% wat] is usually an indication ( its potability1 :ile _! entire abs5ce 9 %all[ wat] may be due to an excess ( bact]ia4 ,! specim5s f :i* ! draw+s are made h be5 collect$ by ! au?or = _m ye>s2 9 addition to possess+ an almo/ complete libr>y on ! subject1 he has _h ! advantage ( exam9+ mat]ial obta9$ by ! late ,mr4 ,lewis ,woolman & num]\s slides furni%$ by a numb] ( fri5ds1 includ+ ,mr4 ,john ,a4 ,%ulze1 ,mr4 ,frank ,j4 ,keeley & ,mr4 ,t4 ,*alkley ,palm]1 to :om ,i "h take pleasure 9 express+ my ?anks4 ,! difficulties ( ! /udy are well /at$ by ,ag>dh 9 ! foll[+ extract f ! preface to 8 ,sy/ema ,alg>um3 ,because1 inde$1 9 ?is respect1 no "o w wond] :e!r 9 ! di/9ction ( species & ref]5ce to synonyms we h1 p]*ance1 committ$ _m errors4 ,!y h occurr$ & are b\nd to occur1 p>tly f ! fact t "o is n p]mitt$ to see ! orig9al specim5s ( all au?ors2 p>tly1 because sometimes ev5 ! orig9al specim5s ( ^! plants are errone\s2 p>tly1 because ! figures & descriptions ( au?ors are (t5 lack+ & imp]fect4444 ,!re is add$ ! difficulty ( ! /udy itself ( ^! plants1 _! subm]g$ habitat1 ! m9ut5ess ( _! /ructure1 ! r>ity ( _! fruit1 ! *ange 9 ! dri$ #gplant1 ! impossibility ( culture1 ! fallacies ( microscopical vision & ! *aotic condition ( ,algology itself to-day4 ,! words ( ,ag>dh1 writt5 9 #ahbd1 are almo/ z true to-day4 ,! lack ( au!ntic specim5s1 :i* we hope w be rem$i$ 9 "t by ! collections ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itute1 num]\s incorrectly labell$ slides 9 amateur collections1 ! imp]fections ( figures copi$ & recopi$1 )\t reg>d to relative size or correct ref]5ces1 & ! confusion 9 ! attempts to h>monize diff]5t descriptions1 det] ! /ud5t at ! outset4 ,! rema9+ difficulties m5tion$ by ,ag>dh add1 h[ev]1 to ! rem>kable int]e/ ^! =ms h always _h1 s9ce no increase 9 optical p]fection ( ! microscope s]ves to less5 ! my/]y ( _! /ructure & mode ( gr[?4 ,,classification ,! few species ( diatoms fir/ discov]$ 7 includ$ by ,lyngbye1 ,dillwyn1 & o!rs 9 ! g5us ,conf]va4 ,9 #ahbd1 ! species1 increas$ to =ty-eight1 7 sep>at$ by ,ag>dh into eight g5]a di/+ui%$ p>tly by _! mode ( gr[?4 ,b little *ange 0 made until ,heib]g1 9 #ahfc1 advocat$ ! division into symmetrical & asymmetrical =ms4 ,)\t ent]+ ^u a g5]al review ( ! lat] classifications1 includ+ ,pfitz]'s & ,petit's divisions accord+ to ! numb] & location ( ! *romatophores1 or ! arrangem5t ( ,pr(4 ,h4 ,l4 ,smi?1 because ( ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( a raphe1 or t ( ,m]es*k[sky into motile & immotile =ms1 ! modification ( all ( ^! me?ods by ,s*uett is "h adopt$1 v>i$ 9 accordance ) c]ta9 monographs :i* appe> to (f] advantage4 ,x is cu/om>y1 especially among writ]s :o are famili> ) o!r classes ( plants1 to decry any classification ( diatoms accord+ to ! m>k+s ( _! silice\s envelopes4 ,z1 h[ev]1 "o ( ! *ief di/9ctions ( ! class is ! possession ( a m or less silice\s & inde/ructible fru/ule1 & z ! cell & its cont5ts are nev] se5 except )9 ! valves1 _! v>iety =ms ! only available me?od ( id5tification4 ,! cell cont5ts1 ow+ to ! difficulty ( obs]v+ _! liv+ condition1 _! cont9u$ *ange1 _! lack ( di/9ct v>iation & _! entire abs5ce 9 fossil =ms1 r5d] _! consid]ation z a complete me?od ( classification an impossibility4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! cell cont5ts c be br\ght into relation ) ! m>k+s ( _! silice\s envelope1 x w be a consummation = :i* ! future /ud5t ( ^! complicat$ =ms ought to be grateful4 ,t ?is result is "o to be expect$ may be inf]r$ f ! fact t ! arrangem5t ( protoplasmic masses 9 ! int]ior ( ! cell is co9cid5t 9 "s cases ) m>k+s on ! valve1 & ! "* ( ! endo*rome is assum+ a c]ta9 value 9 acc5tuat+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 su* =ms z ,pleurosigma & ,gyrosigma1 or 9 ! resemblance betwe5 ,hantzs*ia & ,nitzs*ia1 or betwe5 ,surirella & ,campylodiscus4 ,m]es*k[sky1 h[ev]1 /ates t x is necess>y to be c>eful 9 e/abli%+ ! relation%ip betwe5 diatoms bas$ on ! resemblance ( _! *romatophores1 #h;& fur!r obs]ves t 9 ,hantzs*ia amphioxys1 ,scoliotropis late/riata & ,a*nan!s brevipes1 ?ree widely sep>at$ =ms1 ! *romatophores are ess5tially ! same4 ,9 "o ( ! e>lie/ classifications ( diatoms1 ! individual cell receiv$ less consid]ation ?an ! nature ( ! filam5t or ?allus 9 :i* _m species occur 9 ! fir/ /ages ( _! gr[?4 ,^?1 h[ev]1 :i* exi/ 9 colonies at fir/ are1 soon] or lat]1 brok5 up into sep>ate fru/ules1 ei!r be=e or at ! "t ( _! maturity or previ\s to conjugation1 :ile v _m species are nev] se5 except 9 a free /ate4 ,! union ( fru/ules1 !re=e1 is ( second>y importance & ! gr\p mu/ be consid]$ z filam5t\s or unicellul> alg4 ,_! relation to o!r alg is n well det]m9$4 ,among ! ,desmidiace1 a family ( ! ord] ,conjugales1 ( ! class ,*lorophyce1 ! cells are 9 _m =ms divid$ by a con/riction into symmetrical halves4 ,! ,conjugales are />* =m+1 ) walls ( cellulose4 ,9 ! ,diatomace ! />* is replac$ by oil globules1 :ile ! walls ( cellulose are m or less fill$ ) a deposit ( silica4 ,! ,conjugales1 h[ev]1 reproduce by zygospores & usually conta9 pyr5oids1 z may be se5 9 ! p>ietal *romatophores ( ,spirogyra4 ,9 ! class ,het]okont we h ! res]ve mat]ial 9 ! =m ( oil1 in/ead ( />*1 b !re are no pyr5oids4 ,to ?is class belongs ! ord] ,conf]vace1 9 :i* ! cells are unicellul> or filam5t\s1 & to :i* all ( ! ,diatomace 7 ref]r$4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 ,diatomace h a close aff9ity to ! ,desmidiace & to ! ,conf]vace1 ! det]m9ation ( _! orig91 "o f ano!r1 or f a common ance/ral type1 appe>s to be a matt] ( conjecture4 #i,,morphology ,,& ,,developm5t ,,! ,,cell ,! cell membrane is compos$ ( two usually equal p>ts1 ea* ( :i* consi/s ( a valve & a girdle or zone =m$ ( cellulose modifi$ by silica deposit$ 9 an insoluble /ate f a v dilute aque\s solution4 ,! valves are m silice\s & robu/ ?an ! girdle4 ,bo? are 9 mo/ species easily sep>able1 or at lea/ ! b&s ( ! girdle :i* may be m or less closely fa/5$ to ! valves h a motion ov] ea* o!r p]mitt+ ! cell to enl>ge at pleasure4 ,! longitud9al diamet] ( ! cell1 or ! di/ance betwe5 ! c5tres ( ! two valves1 w v>y accord+ to ! convexity ( ! valve & ! age ( ! fru/ule :i* may be (t5 det]m9$ by ! wid? or numb] ( ! girdle b&s4 ,^!1 ow+ to _! div]sity ( =m & arrangem5t1 w be fur!r describ$ "u ! g5]ic diagnoses4 ,! silice\s cell-wall is cov]$ on ! outside by a lay] ( protoplasm call$ ! coleod]m4 ,?is lay] may be q ?9 & evid5t only :5 treat$ ) fu*s9 or ,bism>ck br[n1 or x may be ( consid]able ?ickness4 ,! cell conta9s ! cytoplasma1 protoplasm1 cell-sap1 endo*rome1 pyr5oids1 oil globules & nucleus1 toge!r ) c]ta9 o!r less und]/ood bodies4 ,! ,cytoplasma is a ?9 sk9 ( colorless plasma cov]+ ! entire inn] surface ( ! cell4 ,x is invisible 9 ! liv+ cell b is evid5t 9 plasmolysis4 ,9 long =ms x is ?ick5$ at ! ends & is cond5s$ at ! plasma bridge :i* frequ5tly connects ! two valves & divides ! cell into two p>ts1 ea* conta9+ m or less protoplasm surr\nd+ ! vacuole 9 :i* are f\nd ! cell-sap & c]ta9 granules4 ,9 "s =ms1 z ,meloseira1 ! cytoplasma includes ! entire mass ( protoplasm4 ,! ,endo*rome is se5 9 ! =m ( "o or m b&s or plates1 ( a yell[i% or br[ni% color1 on ! inn] side ( ! valves or connective zone1 or 9 granules or irregul> masses1 m or less num]\s1 on ! inn] walls1 or sometimes gr\p$ ne> ! c5tre4 ,x consi/s ( a mixture ( *lorophyll & diatom9e :i* diff] 9 _! relative solubility 9 alcohol & 9 _! spectroscopic analyses4 ,! color v>ies f gre5 to a *ocolate br[n 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( diatom9e4 ,s f> z ! function ( ! endo*rome is conc]n$ x does n appe> to diff] f t ( ord9>y *lorophyll1 absorb+1 "u ! influ5ce ( light1 ! c>bon1 & dis5gag+ ! oxyg5 ( ! c>bonic anhydride 9 ! wat]4 ,diatoms d n live 9 absolutely pure or non-arat$ wat]4 ,! individual plates or granules ( ! endo*rome are call$ *romatophores4 ,_! numb] & significance w be ref]r$ to 9 ! description ( g5]a4 ,,! ,,pyr5oids4--,9 ! *romatophores ( _m species are f\nd colorless1 homog5e\s bodies1 /rongly refractive1 ( v>i\s %apes1 usually l5ticul> or fusi=m1 :i* are kn[n z ,pyr5oids 7,s*mitz74 ,!y are sc>cely evid5t 9 ! liv+ cell1 b are di/+ui%$ by ! action ( hmatoxyl9 & o!r reag5ts4 ,flat =ms occur 9 ,surirella & ,pleurosigma1 l5s =ms 9 ,p9nul>ia1 ,/auroneis1 ,syn$ra1 ,fragil>ia & ,nitzs*ia1 :ile a sph]ical =m is f\nd 9 ,cymbella cuspidata4 ,! pyr5oids are always imb$d$ 9 ! *romatophore4 ,_! gr[? is by division4 ,s*mitz consid]s !m a "p ( ! liv+ *romatophore1 & _! sub/ance z work+ mat]ial :i* 9 excess has become resolv$ into ! nature ( a cry/al :i* its =m sometimes resembles4 ,comp>isons are made betwe5 !m & cry/alloids f\nd 9 c]ta9 monocotyl$ons4 ,! pyr5oid is evid5tly conc]n$ 9 ! =mation ( ! *romatophore1 or 9 its division4 ,mu* ( ! conjecture1 h[ev]1 is due to ! behavior ( pyr5oids 9 o!r plants4 #aj,,oil ,,globules4--,x has be5 e/abli%$ by ,pfitz] t />* & sug>1 z assimilation products1 are replac$ by oil 9 ! cells ( diatoms 7da bekannli* ,/a]ke und ,zuck] bei d5 ,bacill>iace5 ni*t na*zuweis5 s9d74 ,! oil drops are m or less num]\s1 ( v>i\s sizes1 & are f\nd 9 ! cytoplasma1 ! cell-sap1 & sometimes ! *romatophores4 ,m]es*k[sky describes c]ta9 globules z elopla/s1 :i* he divides into f\r k9ds accord+ to _! numb] & position4 ,:e!r all ( ^! are oil globules is a "q n yet det]m9$4 ,o!r bodies1 kn[n z ,buets*li granules1 or volut91 & describ$ z little bli/]s fill$ ) a tol]ably robu/ refractive sub/ance1 are consid]$ by ,laut]born to be a nitrog5 res]ve /ore4 ,!y are f\nd 9 ! cytoplasma1 or 9 ! cell-sap1 & c be fix$ 9 picric acid & /a9$ 9 me?yl5e blue4 ,,note4--,= a discussion ( ! morphology ( diatoms & a valuable rsum ( ! inve/igations ( ,buets*li1 ,k>/51 ,laut]born1 ,m]es*k[sky1 ,muell]1 ,pfitz]1 ,s*uett1 & o!rs1 ! /ud5t is ref]r$ to ,d] ,bau d] ,diatomzelle1 by ,dr4 ,otto ,he9z]l+1 9 ,biblio!ca ,botanica1 #aijh4 ,,cell ,,division ,! gr[? ( diatoms foll[s ! usual me?od ( cell division z describ$ by ,sa*s 7,text ,book ( ,botany1 #bnd ed41 p4 #af73 ,! nucleus ( a cell :i* is ab\t to divide becomes broad]1 assum+ ! =m ( a biconcave l5s1 & its nucleolus breaks up into irregul> granules :i* toge!r ) its o!r granul> cont5ts beg9 to =m a nucle> disc 9 ! equatorial plane4 ,a delicate /riation is n[ app>5t 9 :at is becom+ ! long axis ( ! nucleus1 at "r angles to ! nucle> disc1 & ! *>act]i/ic nucle> sp9dle is gradually produc$4 ,! nucle> disc splits into two halves ly+ side by side1 ea* ( :i* travels to ! correspond+ pole ( ! nucleus2 ?us two nuclei are con/itut$ :i* are connect$ by fibrill4 ,! cell-wall & ! *romatophore b&s divide1 ea* nucleus passes to ! c5tre1 & two new cells are =m$4 ,9 ! meantime1 to p]mit ( ?is division1 ! two silice\s valves sep>ate1 ! girdle b&s slipp+ ov] ea* o!r1 & opposite ! l>g] or enclos+ valve a new valve is =m$1 ! girdle b& ( :i* is se5 lat] )9 ! girdle ( ! "m valve4 ,opposite ! small] valve ( ! orig9al cell & adjo9+ ! new valve1 ano!r valve is =m$ :i* also produces a girdle )9 ! girdle ( ! small] valve4 ,z a result ( division we h1 !re=e1 ! valves ( ! orig9al1 or "m cell1 ! two new valves & f\r girdle b&s4 7,pl4 #dj1 ,figs4 #ah & #ai47 ,9 ! process ( division1 ! cont9ual =mation ( new valves1 enclos$ 9 ! old] girdle b&s1 w naturally cause a r$uction 9 ! size ( ! fru/ule4 ,:ile ?is r$uction1 ow+ to ! ela/icity ( ! girdle1 does n always occur1 ,i believe1 yet1 9 mo/ cases1 ! diamet] is s r$uc$ t a rejuv5esc5ce ( gr[? is requir$4 ,?is is caus$ by ! production ( auxospores :i* may appe> )\t conjugation4 ,9 ?is process1 ! beg9n+ ( :i*1 9 c]ta9 species1 may be notic$ by ! increase 9 ! size ( ! girdle z 9 r$uplication1 ! two valves sep>ate & )9 is =m$ a m or less sph]ical mass ab\t twice ! size ( ! orig9al fru/ule & :i* =ms on its circumf]5ce two l>ge & (t5 %apeless valves4 ,^! valves =m o!rs :i* assume ! appe>ance ( ! orig9al valves1 b l>g]1 & proce$ to gr[ 9 ! usual way4 ,! r$uction 9 size ( ! fru/ule seldom proce$s fur!r ?an ab\t half ! size ( ! type =m1 s t1 z a g5]al rule1 x may be /at$ t diatoms are n (t5 small] ?an half ! l>g] size4 ,,reproduction ,! process ( reproduction has be5 obs]v$ 9 _m cases1 b ! conclusions rea*$ are some:at at v>iance ) ea* o!r4 ,! auxospore =mation is simply a #aame?od ( rejuv5esc5ce4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! auxospores are ?r[n (f f filam5t\s diatoms1 x is probable t two may conjugate1 _! cont5ts divid+ ea* into two daught] cells :i* unite into two zygospores4 ,! usual me?od is ! union ( two fru/ules1 :i*1 ?r[+ (f ! old valves1 coalesce into a s+le mass ( protoplasm :i* produces an auxospore1 sometimes call$ a sporangial fru/ule4 ,x is /at$ t 9 "s cases two fru/ules coalesce & produce two auxospores4 ,! exi/5ce ( spores 9 diatoms is a mu*-disput$ po9t4 ,:ile !y h nev] be5 se51 ! inf]5ce t !y exi/ is v great1 z o!rwise x becomes difficult to und]/& ! sudd5 gr[? ( species 9 localities & "u conditions t seem to preclude ! actual pres5ce ( ! liv+ fru/ule4 ,x is a matt] ( common obs]vation t1 9 exam9+ collections ( liv+ =ms1 m9ute fru/ules or br[ni% globules appe> to resemble l>g] diatoms4 ,9 ga!r+s ( ,gomphonema1 :5 _m specim5s are sessile on ! same object1 num]\s int]m$iate sizes1 v>y+ f m9ute globules to ! type1 are se51 yet n positively demon/rable z ! same4 ,conjugation1 ! =mation ( auxospores1 & ! actual process ( cell division are seldom se51 z !y occur dur+ ! night or at lea/ 9 d>kness4 ,x is advisable 9 ord] to obs]ve r$uplication to obta9 ! mat]ial ab\t midnight & place x 9 v dilute alcohol4 ,9 filam5t\s =ms1 h[ev]1 ! cell division is easily obs]v$ at any "t 9 its v>i\s /ages4 ,by imm]s+ 9 picric acid 7saturat$ solution71 transf]r+ to v dilute alcohol :i* is gradually increas$ 9 /r5g?1 & !n pass+ ?r\gh oil ( cloves & f9ally to ! m\nt+ m$ium1 excell5t prep>ations c be made4 ,by /a9+ ) gold *loride alone ! nucleus is made app>5t )\t fur!r treatm5t4 ,,evolution ,,( ,,=ms ,x may be assum$ t diatoms orig9at$ 9 ! sea2 to d5y ?is requires evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( fre%-wat] species previ\s to ! ,mioc5e p]iod :i* is entirely m>9e4 ,9 ^? subject to fluctuations ( ! waves1 z pelagic diatoms1 _! exi/5ce appe>s to be cont+5t ^u ! me?ods by :i* ! sep>ate fru/ules c coh]e4 ,v>i\s devices1 includ+ hooks1 spiral bundles1 horns & processes exud+ ?reads ( plasma1 exi/ = hold+ toge!r ! fru/ules4 ,:5 m>9e =ms are f\nd 9 quiet wat]s "s ( ^! devices1 be+ no long] ( any value1 cease to gr[1 al?\gh free swimm+ diatoms are r>e4 ,!y ei!r occur 9 long *a9s or are /ipitate or sessile4 ,if x is fur!r assum$ t ! fre%-wat] diatoms are f\nd 9 great] abundance 9 lat] p]iods1 ! action ( runn+ /reams makes necess>y ! provision ( "s means by :i* ! species may cont9ue to colonize4 ,?is may be recogniz$ 9 ! occurr5ce ( l9e> =ms *iefly 9 /reams4 ,circul> =ms1 su* z ,cyclotella :i* h no raphe1 are f\nd 9 quiet wat]s1 su* z pools or dit*es1 & nev] exi/ liv+ 9 runn+ /reams4 ,^? =ms only w\ld be able to live 9 wat] hav+ a m or less swift curr5t "u "o ( ?ree conditions3 !y mu/1 z 9 ,gomphonema1 be adh]5t to surr\nd+ objects by a /ipe2 or be enclos$ 9 a gelat9\s tube1 z 9 ,homoeocladia2 or h an indep5d5t motion p[]ful en\gh to ov]come ! influ5ce ( ! curr5t4 ,x is true t _m =ms ) a raphe h no app>5t motion4 ,9 ! case ( ,ma/ogloia provision is made 9 a gelat9\s cu%ion 9 :i* ! fru/ules are pres]v$4 ,9 ,cocconeis1 ) a true raphe 9 "o valve only1 9 ,epi!mia1 ) a p>tial raphe1 or 9 c]ta9 ,eunoti ) a trace ( "o1 we f9d species evid5tly deg5]ate & p>asitic4 ,! long ,syn$r1 hav+ only a m$ian l9e1 live 9 runn+ /reams1 s9ce !y are atta*$ at "o end to o!r algae4 ,=ms ) a true raphe appe> to be m highly develop$1 s9ce !y are able to seek locations favorable to gr[?4 ,giv51 !re=e1 ! /ructure ( ! valve1 ! habitat may be inf]r$4 #ab,,! ,,motion ,,( ,,diatoms ,! erratic backw>d & =w>d movem5t ( c]ta9 diatoms1 especially ^? ( ! ,naviculoid gr\p1 or ! sl[1 roll+ motion ( ,surirella1 has be5 discuss$ 9 s _m ways )\t def9ite conclusions t a brief /atem5t w be suffici5t4 ,osmosis1 ! amoeboid movem5t ( ! coleod]m1 ! protrusion ( protoplasm or protoplasmic ?reads ?r\gh ! raphe1 ! exi/5ce ( actual organs ( locomotion or cilia1 & ! lack ( syn*ronism 9 ! *emical action occurr+ at ! ends ( ! cell :i* is sometimes divid$ by ! plasma bridge1 h be5 (f]$ 9 explanation4 ,! *ief objection to ! !ory ( cyclosis appe>s to be t ! resultant motion is s greatly 9 excess ( ! rotation ( protoplasm 9 ! cell4 ,m or less motion is obs]v$ 9 v>i\s k9ds ( free cells1 b ! movem5t ( diatoms is n evid5t 9 ^? )\t ei!r a raphe or a keel ^u :i* & app>5tly by :i* ! ph5om5a are produc$4 ,mr4 ,t4 ,*alkley ,palm]1 9 v>i\s articles 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,delaw>e ,c\nty ,in/itute ( ,sci5ce1 especially 9 ,vols4 #a & #c1 gives ! results ( exhau/ive exp]im5ts4 ,no?+1 x w\ld seem1 he says1 c\ld be m conclusive z to ! ess5tial sam5ess ( ! nature ( motion 9 monads & diatoms1 ?an ! fact t bo? monads & diatoms require oxyg5 9 ord] to p]=m motion1 t !y come to re/ :5 oxyg5 becomes sc>ce1 & t !y resume _! motion :5 oxyg5 is aga9 suppli$4 ,he also ?9ks t ! liv+ sub/ance ( ! cell1 m or less deeply ov]laid ) coleod]m sub/ance ( v>y+ consi/5cy1 & itself assum+ t degree ( fluidity :i* be/ meets ! requirem5ts ( ! situation1 p]meates ! raphes1 circulates 9 ! keels1 or 9 "s cases protrudes q beyond ! silica1 & functions z ! actual propulsive ag5t4 ,,! ,,function ,,( ,,diatoms ,( all =ms ( vegetation1 ! ,diatomace are1 p]haps1 ! mo/ ubiquit\s4 ,:]e-ev] a suffici5t am\nt ( moi/ure1 heat & light are f\nd1 !y gr[4 ,x 0 dur+ ! ,mioc5e p]iod t !y fir/ appe>$1 &1 z m>9e =ms1 rea*$ _! greate/ developm5t1 bo? z to size & beauty ( m>k+1 :ile _! preval5ce ?r\gh\t ! _w 9 enorm\s quantities has be5 (t5 m5tion$4 ,! ,mioc5e b$s ( ,ri*mond & ,m>yl& cont9u$ ov] ! ,cretace\s =mations ( ,new ,j]sey h outcropp$ 9 c]ta9 localities )9 our di/rict1 b are n consid]$ 9 ?is discussion4 ,! function ( diatoms is n ess5tially diff]5t f t ( o!r alg 9 provid+ food = aquatic animals1 su* z ,salp & oy/]s1 b x is1 h[ev]1 9 o!r respects t !y are n only important b necess>y factors 9 ! pres]vation ( life4 ,full nature sw>ms ) life2 "o wondr\s mass ,( animals1 or atoms organiz$1 ,wait+ ! vital brea?1 :5 p>5t heav5 ,%all bid 8 _s bl[4 ,! ho>y f51 ,9 putrid /reams1 emits ! liv+ cl\d ,( pe/il5ce4 ,?ro' subt]ranean cells ,:]e se>*+ sunbeams sc>ce c f9d a way1 ,e>? animat$ heaves4 ,i am n c]ta9 if ,?omson fully und]/ood ! matt]1 b he has rem>kably describ$ ! facts4 ,:5 ! vital brea? ( return+ spr+ animates ! e>?1 ! subt]ranean cells ( diatoms1 ! atoms organiz$1 ?r\gh ! lib]ation ( va/ quantities ( oxyg51 imm$iately beg9 ! purification ( ! putrid /reams4 ,7 ^! /reams n s purifi$1 ! accumulation ( animal & vegetable dbris w\ld ev5tually cause an enorm\s bact]ial gr[? fatal to animal life4 #ac;,,diatomace ,unicellul> or filam5t\s4 ,cells ei!r free1 sessile1 unit$ 9 filam5ts1 imm]s$ 9 a gelat9\s envelope or 9 fronds compos$ ( bran*+ tubes2 microscopic1 enclos$ 9 a m or less silice\s envelope 7fru/ule71 compos$ ( two p>ts 7valves71 usually connect$ by an int]v5+ b& 7zone or girdle74 ,cell cont5ts include yell[i% or br[ni% *lorophyll-l bodies :i* occur 9 "o or sev]al b&s 7placco*romatic71 or z v>i\sly di/ribut$ granul> masses 7cocco*romatic7 l9+ ! inn] walls4 ,gr[? by ord9>y cell division or by auxospores2 sexual multiplication by ! =mation ( sporangia4 ,valves ( two k9ds3 7a7 ,^? 9 :i* ! m>k+s or p>ts are m or less conc5tric 7,c5tric72 7b7 ,^? 7,p5nat7 9 :i* ! p>ts are m or less symmetrically divid$ by a l9e 7pseudoraphe7 or by a cleft 7raphe74 ,,c5tric ,valves )\t a divid+ l9e or cleft2 m>k+s m or less radiate2 transv]se section ( fru/ule circul>1 polygonal1 or elliptical1 sometimes irregul>4 ,divid$ into f\r gr\ps3 #a4 ,discoide4--,fru/ules 7cells7 discoid2 valves )\t horns or elevations 7sometimes ) processes74 #b4 ,sol5oide4--,fru/ules ) num]\s girdle b&s4 #c4 ,biddulphioide4--,fru/ules box-l1 i4 e41 ) ! longitud9al axis great] ?an 9 ! ,discoide4 ,valves ) two or m angles1 elevations or horns4 #d4 ,rutil>ioide4--,valves z if naviculoid1 b ) irregul> or radial /ructure4 ,gr\ps #b & #d are n includ$ 9 our description4 ,no4 #b conta9s plankton g5]a only1 :ile ,no4 #d consi/s ( g5]a n yet f\nd 9 ?is locality4 ,,discoide #a4 ,cosc9odisce4--,valve n divid$ by rays or co/ into sectors2 puncta sometimes radiate2 ocelli or processes abs5t4 #b4 ,act9odisce4--,valve ) radial /ri divid$ into sectors3 ocelli & processes abs5t4 #c4 ,eupodisce4--,valve disc-%ap$ ) mammi=m processes or "o or m ocelli4 #a4 ,,cosc9odisce 7a7 ,meloseir94--,fru/ules %ort1 9 *a9s4 7b7 ,cosc9odisc94--,fru/ules disc =m1 usually s+le1 r>ely 9 %ort *a9s4 7a7 ,,meloseir9 #a4 ,meloseira4--,valve punctate1 ) a con/riction or furr[ betwe5 edge ( valve & girdle4 #b4 ,gaillonella4--,valve punctate1 ) a circul> coll> or cre/ ne> edge ( valve4 #c4 ,lysigonium4--,valve punctate1 nei!r keel$ nor con/rict$4 #d4 ,hyalodiscus4--,valve punctate 9 ! c5tre2 bord] ) decussat+ radial l9es4 #e4 ,/ephanopyxis4--,bord] ( valve ) a cr[n ( ?orns2 valve areolate4 #f4 ,pyxidicula4--,valve areolate1 ) a bord] ( sp9es4 #ad,,meloseira ,,ag4 7#ahbd71 em4 ,,de ,,toni 7#ahib7 7melos1 a limb or memb]1 & seira1 a *a97 ,fru/ules globose1 ellipsoidal or cyl9drical1 concat5ate1 closely jo9$ toge!r4 ,valve ei!r simply punctate or punctate & areolate4 ,a con/riction ( ! cell-wall1 =m+ a furr[ betwe5 ! edge ( ! valve & ! girdle1 is m or less evid5t4 ,! g5us ,meloseira con/itut$ by ,ag>dh has be5 v>i\sly modifi$ by ,kuetz+1 ,?waites1 ,wm4 ,smi?1 ,van ,heurck1 ,de ,toni1 & o!rs4 ,9 ,sy/ema ,alg>um ,ag>dh includ$ c]ta9 species ( ,conf]va1 ( ,lyngbye1 ,dillwyn & o!rs1 & limit$ 8 g5us to fru/ules m or less globose 7fila articulata ad g5icula con/ricta71 al?\gh 9 8 ,conspectus ,criticus 7p4 #fd71 he modifies ! description 7fila t]etia articulata1 articulis diametro qualibus vel longioribus7 to include ,m4 v>ians4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ,lysigonium ,l9k1 ,gaillonella ,bory1 & o!r g5]a enl>g$ by ,ehr5b]g & ,kuetz+1 came to be includ$ "u ,meloseira1 ,?waites sugge/$ ! division ( ! g5us into two3 ,or?osira1 9 :i* ! fru/ules are n convex at ! ends & ,aulacosira 9 :i* no c5tral l9e is app>5t b ) two di/9ct sulci4 ,wm4 ,smi? adopts ! g5us ,or?osira b rejects ,aulacosira1 includ+ all =ms "u ! =m] g5us & ,meloseira1 sugge/+ t diff]5ces exi/ 9 ! =mation ( ! sporangia ( ! two g5]a4 ,m4 v>ians & ,m4 cr5ulata appe> to =m auxospores or sporangial fru/ules 9 diff]5t ways1 z w be notic$ h]eaft]4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! pres5t /ate ( our k is s limit$ & z mu* confusion w\ld result 9 fur!r *ang+ ! nom5clature1 ,i %all adopt1 = ! mo/ "p1 ! division made by ,de ,toni1 sep>at+ ,gaillonella & ,lysigonium & employ+ ! "n ,meloseira z em5dat$ 9 ,sylloge ,alg>um1 al?\gh1 z /at$1 x omits ! species ( ,ag>dh4 ,t a fur!r division may be necess>y is indicat$ by ! diff]5ces exi/+ betwe5 ! ,or?osira =ms & ! o!rs4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,species ,fru/ules cyl9drical & l5g!n$3 ,valves ) two di/9ct furr[s2 granules small di/ans ,valves ) co>se granules granulata ,valves d5ticulate on ! m>g9 cr5ulata ,valves d5ticulate & con/rict$ roeseana ,valves ) r[ ( l>ge puncta on ! girdle side undulata ,fru/ules cyl9drical & compress$3 ,valves punctate & areolate sulcata ,! *romatophores consi/ ( circul> & compress$ or irregul> flat granules :i* lie along ! wall ( ! cell4 ,,meloseira ,,di/ans 7,,ehr47 ,,kuetz4 ,fru/ules cyl9drical1 sl5d]1 ) two furr[s1 "o on ea* side ( ! suture2 valve 9 zone view ) f9e puncta 9 longitud9al r[s2 puncta 9 valve view scatt]$4 ,l4 #g-aj 4 ,meloseira nivalis ,wm4 ,sm4 ,cosc9odiscus m9or ,wm4 ,sm4 ,fre% wat]4 ,fossil 9 ,new ,engl& deposits4 ,pl4 #a1 ,figs4 #h & #i4 ,,note4--,9 all species ( ,meloseira1 z well z ,gaillonella & ,lysigonium1 ! fru/ules are s closely coh]5t t :5 ! filam5ts are brok5 entire fru/ules are less frequ5tly f\nd ?an a union ( two valves ( contigu\s fru/ules4 #ae,,meloseira ,,granulata 7,,ehr47 ,,ralfs ,fru/ules cyl9drical1 robu/1 #e-ah 9 diam41 ) l>ge granules 9 longitud9al1 sometimes spiral1 l9es1 v>iable 9 size & arrangem5t 9 ! same filam5t4 ,valve 9 valve view ) scatt]$ puncta4 ,v>iable 9 relative wid? & l5g?1 pass+ to ,m4 cr5ulata4 ,gaillonella granulata ,ehr4 ,or?osira punctata ,wm4 ,sm4 ,fre% wat]4 ,fossil at ,coldspr+1 ,l4 ,i4 ,pl4 #a1 ,fig4 #aj4 ,,meloseira ,,cr5ulata 7,,ehr47 ,,kuetz4 ,fru/ules cyl9drical1 ) furr[s on ea* side ( ! suture1 #aj-bj 9 diam42 puncta 9 longitud9al r[s4 ,m>g9s ( valves d5ticulate at ! junction ( ! fru/ules2 valves ) puncta scatt]$ at ! c5tre1 radiate at ! circumf]5ce4 ,common 9 fre% wat]2 q v>iable 9 size4 ,gaillonella cr5ulata ,ehr4 ,or?osira ori*alcea ,wm4 ,sm4 9 "p2 n ,conf]va ori*alcea4 ,m]t5s or ,gaillonella auri*alcea ,ehr4 & ,bailey4 ,pl4 #a1 ,figs4 #a & #b4 ,,meloseira ,,roeseana ,,rab4 ,fru/ules cyl9drical1 con/rict$ t[>d ea* end1 ) co>se1 longitud9al /ri2 valve convex1 /ri punctate1 radiat+1 ) sev]al l>ge granules at ! c5tre4 ,connective zone ) longitud9al r[s ( f9e puncta4 ,diam4 #ab-de 4 ,or?osira sp9osa ,grev4 ,fre% wat]4 ,m$ia1 ,pa4 7,palm]72 n common4 ,pl4 #a1 ,figs4 #e & #f4 ,,meloseira ,,roeseana ,,v>4 ,,epid5dron 7,,ehr47 ,,grun4 ,fru/ules d5ticulate at ! m>g92 valve ) co>se granules at ! c5tre f :i* radiate l9es ( f9e puncta4 ,wet rocks ( ! ,wissahickon4 ,pl4 #a1 ,figs4 #c & #d4 ,,meloseira ,,undulata 7,,ehr47 ,,kuetz4 ,fru/ules s+le or 9 twos1 usually broad] ?an long1 con/rict$ ne> ! m>g94 ,valve ) six to twelve int]nal projections =m+ ) ! outl9e ( ! con/riction ( ! valve a polygonal figure )9 ! circumf]5ce4 ,surface ( ! valve ) radiat+ l9es ( puncta disappe>+ t[>d ! c5tre1 at :i* are num]\s co>se puncta4 ,meloseira g[5ii ,a4 ,s*midt4 ,blue clay ( ,philadelphia1 especially common at ,twelf? & ,m>ket ,/s4 ,pl4 #a1 ,figs4 #ae1 #af1 #ag4 ,,meloseira ,,sulcata ,,kuetz4 ,fru/ules q robu/1 ) diam4 sev]al times ! l5g?1 deeply furr[$ at ! m>g91 areolate & punctate4 ,valve ) radiat+ /ri disappe>+ t[>d ! c5tre1 & ) a d\ble r[ ( cells ne> ! m>g91 ! out] "o hav+ ! appe>ance ( a cr[n ( tee?4 ,gaillonella sulcata ,ehr4 ,p>alia sulcata 7,ehr47 ,cleve4 ,p>alia m>9a ,heib4 #af,m>9e & bracki%4 ,common 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 & fossil 9 ! ,mioc5e4 ,! ,philadelphia =m is ! v>4 g5u9a ,grun4 ,pl4 #a1 ,figs4 #aa & #ab4 ,9 a ga!r+ f ,m$ia ( ,meloseira cr5ulata 7,palm] leg471 occasional filam5ts are notic$ ) mu* long] & n>r[] fru/ules :i* become enl>g$ 9 ! middle & are se5 to conta9 inn] fru/ules 9 ! process ( /ill fur!r division1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b1 ,pl4 #ch4 ,meloseira dickei ,?waites %[s int]nal box-l cells plac$ "o )9 ! o!r1 :i* 7 suppos$ by ,?waites to be a me?od ( reproduction4 ,wm4 ,smi? d\bts ?is1 b is unable to (f] any explanation4 ,9 ! pres5t =m ! mode ( r$uplication is t usually f\nd 9 filam5t\s =ms1 b 9 ?is case ! pres5ce ( p]fect fru/ules enclos+ o!rs 9 ! process ( /ill fur!r division has be5 h]et(ore unfamili> to me4 ,! swell+ 9 ! middle appe>s to indicate t n all filam5t\s diatoms are r$uc$ 9 size by subdivision4 ,9 outl9e ! valve is l t ( a truncat$ cone1 z describ$ by ,petit 9 ref]r+ to ,gaillonella granulata v>4 bambus9a ,petit 7,diat4 ,n\v4 et ,r>es1 ,j\r4 de ,micrographie1 #ahij74 ,,gaillonella ,,bory ,,de ,,/4 ,,v9c5t 7#ahbc7 7nam$ aft] ,gaillon1 a botani/ ( ,dieppe7 ,fru/ules ellipsoidal1 unit$ 9 long filam5ts1 usually f\nd 9 pairs2 ea* valve is furni%$ ) a circul> coll> or cre/ ext5d+ at "r angles to ! convex edge4 ,valve hyal9e at ! c5tre f ne> :i* radiate l9es ( f9e puncta1 #ah-bj 9 #aj 4 ,,note4--,! orig9al names ( bo? ,meloseira & ,gaillonella are reta9$1 z !re is no good reason = contract+ ! ,greek diph?ong 9 ! fir/1 & ! second is ! correct spell+4 ,,gaillonella ,,nummuloides 7,,dillw47 ,,bory ,fru/ules z 9 ! g5]ic diagnosis4 ,diam4 #cj 4 ,conf]va nummuloides ,dillwyn 7,brit4 ,conf]v1 p4 #de1 ,sup4 ,pl4 ,b74 ,meloseira nummuloides ,ag4 ,heib]g & ,o',me>a assign ?is species to ,lysigonium monili=me 7,muell47 ,l9k1 :i* is n keel$4 ,:ile ,dillwyn's & ,lyngbye's figures d n %[ ! keel1 x is probable f _! descriptions t ! angul> outl9e produc$ by ! keel 0 notic$4 ,m>9e or bracki%4 ,coa/ ( ,new ,j]sey2 ,hudson ,riv] 7,bail474 ,pl4 #a1 ,figs4 #ac & #ad4 ,gaillonella monili=mis ( ,bailey is ?is =m1 z he describes x z hav+ two m9ute projections ( ! delicate transv]se ridges se5 ne> ! ends ( ! two globules belong+ to a jo9t4 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci5ce1 #ahdb1 p4 #hi1 ,pl4 #b1 ,fig4 #c47 ,,lysigonium ,,l9k 7#ahbj7 7luo1 to loose1 & gonu1 a jo9t7 ,fru/ules globose1 concat5ate2 valve simply punctate4 ,,lysigonium ,,monili=me 7,,muell47 ,,l9k ,fru/ules usually 9 twos1 n keel$2 valve ) puncta 9 longitud9al l9es1 ! puncta ( ! envelop+ zone l>g] & 9 transv]se r[s4 ,l4 #be-dj 7,de ,toni74 ,conf]va monili=mis ,muell] 7#aghc74 #ag;,conf]va nummuloides ,eng4 ,bot4 pl41 #bbhg1 n ,dillwyn4 ,meloseira borr]i ,grev4 ,lysigonium nummuloides 7,lyngb41 ,kuetz47 ,o',me>a ,gaillonella nummuloides 7,dillw47 ,bory4 ,see ,o',me>a1 p4 #bdh4 ,m>9e & bracki%4 ,long ,isl& ,s\nd & coa/ ( ,new ,j]sey4 ,pl4 #a1 ,fig4 #g4 ,,lysigonium ,,v>ians 7,,ag47 ,,de ,,toni ,fru/ules cyl9drical1 9 long filam5ts1 slightly con/rict$ on ea* side ( ! suture2 puncta 9 oblique r[s 9 zone view4 ,valves #ae-ce 9 diam4 7,de ,toni71 sub-plane1 ) f9e puncta 9 l9es radiat+ f ! c5tre4 ,"u m$ium magnification ! fru/ules appe> smoo?4 ,v v>iable 9 size4 ,meloseira v>ians ,ag4 ,fre% wat]4 ,common 9 dit*es & spr+s4 ,pl4 #a1 ,figs4 #ah & #ai4 ,,hyalodiscus ,,ehr4 7#ahde7 7hyalos1 transp>5t1 & discus1 a disc7 ,fru/ules sph]oidal2 valve ) a flatt5$1 irregul>ly punctate umbilicus f :i* proce$ radiat+ or decussat+ l9es ( f9e puncta4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,species ,valves divid$ into sectors /ellig] ,valves n divid$ b int]rupt$ by %ort d>k l9es at int]vals radiatus ,valves ) v f9e puncta scoticus ,,hyalodiscus ,,/ellig] ,,bail4 ,valve ) puncta 9 oblique decussat+ r[s :i*1 by reason ( ! diff]5ce 9 obliquity1 =m num]\s sectors4 ,umbilicus irregul>1 ) scatt]$1 co>se puncta4 ,m>g9 wide1 /riat$4 ,podosira maculata ,wm4 ,sm4 ,blue clay4 ,n common4 ,pl4 #a1 ,fig4 #bb4 ,,hyalodiscus ,,radiatus ,,v>4 ,,arctica ,,grun4 ,valve ) radiat+ puncta f a r small umbilicus1 ! rays int]sp]s$ ) %ort1 d>k l9es1 hav+ ! appe>ance ( sp9es1 at irregul> int]vals4 ,m>g9 broad1 /riat$4 ,pyxidicula radiata ,o',me>a4 ,! ,philadelphia =m corresponds exactly to ,grun['s v>iety :i* has clos] puncta ?an ! type =m4 ,blue clay4 ,r r>e4 ,pl4 #a1 ,fig4 #ba4 #ah;,,hyalodiscus ,,scoticus 7,,kuetz47 ,,grun4 ,valve small1 ) puncta ab\t #bd 9 #aj 1 appe>+ hyal9e4 ,de ,toni rem>ks t x resembles a small =m ( ,h4 subtilis :i* occurs nor? & s\? ( our limits & is yet likely to be record$4 ,cyclotella scotica ,kuetz4 ,podosira hormoides ,wm4 ,sm4 ,blue clay4 ,n r>e4 ,pl4 #a1 ,fig4 #bj4 ,endo*rome 9 ! =m ( f\r flaps or pat*es b\nd toge!r ab\t a common pyr5oid4 ,9 ,h4 subtilis num]\s rod-%ap$ *romatophores lie 9 a r[ & are n b\nd 9 ! c5tre 7,m]es*k[sky74 ,,/ephanopyxis ,,ehr4 7#ahdd7 em4 ,,grun4 7#ahhd7 7/ephanos1 a cr[n1 & pyxis1 a k9d ( vase or box7 ,fru/ules ellipsoidal1 concat5ate2 valves tumid1 ( unequal convexity1 co>sely areolate1 ! cells 9 r[s p>allel to ! longitud9al axis1 n radiate1 ) /ray sp9es or tee? plac$ conc5trically m or less ne> ! m>g94 ,accord+ to ,k>/5 ! *romatophores are r\nd or angul> discs :i* lie ne> ! connective zone4 ,,/ephanopyxis ,,turris 7,,grev47 ,,ralfs ,valve cyl9drical1 ) a cr[n ( /\t sp9es less ?an ! diamet] ( ! valve ne> ! m>g94 ,cells hexagonal1 ab\t #b 9 #aj 1 sometimes punctate4 ,! valve hav+ ! great] convexity has ! l>g] sp9es1 ?\gh usually less ( !m4 ,creswellia turris ,grev4 7,gregory1 ,diat4 ( ! ,clyde1 ,t4 ,r4 ,s4 ,e41 vol4 #ba1 "p #d1 p4 #ff47 ,/ephanopyxis app5diculata ,ehr48 ,creswellia is incorrectly bas$1 z /at$ by ,ralfs1 on ! concat5ation ( ! valves :i* 0 n notic$ by ,ehr5b]g 9 ! fossil =ms4 ,x _h be5 sugge/$ by ,kuetz+ 9 ,sy/ema ,alg>um 7p4 #abf74 ,blue clay4 ,port ,p5n & ,smi?'s ,isl&4 ,pl4 #b1 ,figs4 #a & #b4 ,,/ephanopyxis ,,corona 7,,ehr47 ,,grun4 ,valve l>g] ?an 9 turris1 sub-globose1 co>sely areolate cells1 #d-e 9 #aj 4 ,"o valve furni%$ ) a cr[n ( tee? %ap$ l ! lett] ,t & unit$ at ! top into a r+ above ! m>g9 ( ! valve2 ! o!r valve ) long sp9es m or less conc5trically arrang$4 ,blue clay4 ,n common4 ,fossil 9 ! ,nott+ham deposit4 ,pl4 #b1 ,fig4 #c4 ,,note4--,! diatomace\s deposit1 s (t5 call$ ,b]muda or ,b]muda tripoli1 especially by =eign writ]s1 is 9 reality ! ,mioc5e /ratum ext5d+ = miles along ! ,patux5t ,riv] ne> ! village ( ,nott+ham1 ,md4 ,! au?or is p]fectly famili> ) ! location1 hav+ made l>ge collections !re4 ,! mi/ake 9 ! "n is due to ! fact t ,pr(4 ,bailey receiv$ mat]ial f ,mr4 ,tuomey m>k$ ,b]muda ,hundr$1 :i* is locat$ ne> ,pet]sburg1 ,va4 ,attempts h be5 made to f9d mat]ial !re & :ile !re is an e>? conta9+ ,mioc5e diatoms at ,pet]sburg1 x does n exactly correspond to ! mat]ial s5t to ,ehr5b]g by ,bailey1 :o 0 9 d\bt z to ! locality4 ,! ,b]muda ,isl&s are ( coral =mation & h no deposits ( diatomace\s e>?4 #ai,,pyxidicula ,,ehr4 7#ahcc7 7dim4 ( pyxis1 a box7 ,fru/ules globul>1 solit>y or 9 %ort fasci4 ,valve m or less hemisph]ical1 areolate1 de/itute ( sp9es4 ,,pyxidicula ,,cruciata ,,ehr4 ,valve hemisph]ical1 ) l>ge1 hexagonal cells4 ,an inn] /ratum is f9ely punctate4 ,blue clay4 ,walnut ,/4 ,bridge4 ,r>e4 ,pl4 #ch1 ,fig4 #h4 ,?is =m is n usually describ$ z hav+ punctate areol1 b x does n app>5tly diff] f o!r =ms ( ,pyxidicula ( ,ehr5b]g z describ$ by ,kuetz+ 7,species ,alg>um1 pp4 #ba-bc71 includ+ ,p4 areolata4 ,9 fact1 x diff]s f ,/ephanopyxis1 :i* is also sometimes punctate1 only 9 ! abs5ce ( sp9es4 ,9 fossil deposits ! abs5ce ( an easily deta*$ /ratum is n significant4 ,! diff]5ce1 except 9 size1 betwe5 x & ,p4 m$it]ranea ,grun4 7,v4 ,h4 ,s41 ,pl4 #ie1 ,figs4 #ae & #af71 ,i am unable to det]m9e4 ,al?\gh _m species ( ,meloseira are fre%-wat]1 ! habitat ( ! gr\p ,meloseir9 is1 9 g5]al1 m>9e4 ,x m ne>ly co9cides 9 /ructure & developm5t ) o!r alg n diatomace\s1 ! silice\s envelope con/itut+ its mo/ di/9ctive feature4 ,z we proce$ 9 ! classification1 ! /ructure bo? ( ! fru/ule & cont5ts becomes m complicat$4 7b7 ,,cosc9odisc9 #a4 ,cyclotella4--,valve ) two conc5tric divisions ( diff]5t /ructure1 "o a wide bord] & ! o!r a c5tral surface4 #b4 ,cosc9odiscus4--,valve areolate or punctate1 ) a n>r[ bord] ( ! same /ructure4 ,,cyclotella ,,kuetz4 7#ahcc7 7cyclos1 a circle7 ,fru/ules s+le or gem9ate1 cyl9drical1 %ort1 9 zone view rectangul> or ) undulat+ sides4 ,valve usually ) smoo? or punctate /ri1 c5tre sometimes bullose1 smoo?1 or ) granules scatt]$ or radiat+4 ,*romatophores num]\s along ! valves 7,pfitz]74 ,,cyclotella ,,/riata 7,,kuetz47 ,,grun4 ,valve #cj-hj 9 diam41 ) co>se /ri1 #g-ab 9 #aj 1 c5tre co>sely punctate & bullose4 ,cosc9odiscus /riatus ,kuetz4 ,cyclotella dallasiana ,wm4 ,sm4 ,common 9 ! blue clay4 ,pl4 #b1 ,fig4 #i4 ,,cyclotella ,,m5egh9iana ,,kuetz4 ,fru/ule 9 zone view rectangul>1 undulat$2 valve1 #aj-bj 9 diam41 m>g9al /ri robu/ & transv]sely punctate1 c5tre radiately punctate4 ,cyclotella kuetz+iana ,wm4 ,sm4 7n ,?waites74 ,crum ,creek4 ,pl4 #b1 ,fig4 #h4 #bj;,,cyclotella ,,m5egh9iana1 ,,v>4 ,,/ellig]a ,,cl4 ,,& ,,grun4 ,diff]s f ! type 9 ! co>se radiat+ l9es at ! c5tre4 ,broomall ,lake1 ,m$ia4 ,pl4 #b1 ,fig4 #d4 ,,cyclotella ,,m5egh9iana1 ,,v>4 ,,/ellulif]a ,,cl4 ,,& ,,grun4 ,z 9 type b ) ! c5tral rays granulate4 ,broomall ,lake1 ,m$ia4 ,pl4 #b1 ,fig4 #ab4 ,,cyclotella ,,/ylorum 7,,br487 ,v4 ,h4 ,m>g9 /riat$1 ! alt]nate /ri ?ick5$ ne> ! bord]1 produc+ an appe>ance ( subquadrate cells4 ,c5tre fa9tly granulate1 ! out] bord] ( :i* is encircl$ by #aj-ab puncta1 ea* ( :i* is surr\nd$ by a small hyal9e space4 ,blue clay4 ,r>e4 ,van ,heurck gives ?is =m d\btfully z a v>iety ( /riata1 :ile ,de ,toni makes x synonym\s ) x4 ,van ,heurck's figure is n t ( ,brightwell1 b z ! specim5 above describ$ is1 ,i believe1 exactly ! same z ,van ,heurck's1 ,i reta9 8 "n4 ,pl4 #b1 ,fig4 #aj4 ,,cyclotella ,,comta 7,,ehr47 ,,kuetz4 ,valve ) m>g9al /ri well m>k$1 ea* ?ird or f\r? co/a m robu/ ?an ! o!rs4 ,c5tral "p f9ely /riat$1 ! /ri punctate1 radiat+4 ,fre% wat]4 ,pl4 #b1 ,fig4 #g4 ,! =m "h figur$ is probably ! v>iety radiosa ,grun4 & is f a ,new ,engl& specim54 ,x is q likely to occur 9 ?is locality4 ,,cyclotella ,,op]culata 7,,ag47 ,,kuetz4 ,fru/ules 9 zone view undulat$4 ,angles r\nd$4 ,m>g9al co/ alt]nat+ ) m9ute sp9es2 c5tre ne>ly smoo?1 depress$1 convex or flexuose4 ,fre% wat]4 ,pl4 #b1 ,figs4 #e & #f4 ,! figure is drawn f a specim5 f ,bo/on1 ,mass41 ,h4 ,l4 ,smi? ,type ,slide ,no4 #ajg1 m>k$ equival5t to ,c4 m9utula ,wm4 ,sm4 ,,cyclotella ,,antiqua ,,wm4 ,,sm4 ,m>g9al co/ alt]nat+ ) ?ick puncta2 c5tre f9ely granulate ) subtriangul> elevations4 ,fru/ules 9 zone view rectangul>4 ,blue clay4 ,pl4 #b1 ,fig4 #aa4 ,! =m corresponds to ! orig9al specim5s ( ,wm4 ,smi? 9 ! deposit ( ,/av5g]1 ,norway4 ,! g5us ,cyclotella comprises ab\t sev5ty specific names1 _m ( :i* may be ref]r$ to o!r g5]a1 :ile "s ( ,ehr5b]g's are incapable ( v]ification on acc\nt ( ! small size ( ! figures & ! lack ( suffici5t description4 ,ab\t half ( ! =ms are m>9e4 ,! fre%-wat] species are usually f\nd liv+ 9 m or less /agnant wat] or 9 pools contam9at$ ) dra9age1 be+ an exception to ! g5]al rule t diatoms are m abundant 9 wat] free f delet]i\s matt]4 #ba;,,cosc9odiscus ,,ehr4 7#ahch7 7cosc9on1 a sieve1 & discus7 ,fru/ules solit>y1 cyl9drical1 compress$2 valve circul> or elliptical2 surface flat or sometimes convex ne> ! bord]2 m>k+s m or less angul>1 radiat+1 sometimes fasciculate2 bord] usually well def9$4 ,c5tral space1 if pres5t1 hyal9e1 sometimes surr\nd$ ) a rosette ( l>ge cells4 ,*romatophores r\nd1 angul> or irregul> discs usually )\t pyr5oids 7,k>/574 ,rattray's classification is "h foll[$1 s f> z x ref]s to our species4 ,exc5trici4--,valves circul>2 c5tral space abs5t2 m>k+s angul>1 9 oblique1 decussat+ r[s4 ,l9eati4--,c5tral space abs5t2 m>k+s angul>1 oblique decussat+ r[s /raight4 ,fasciculati4--,m>k+s fasciculate1 or sometimes only ne> ! bord]4 ,radiati4--,m>k+s r\nd$ or angul>1 m or less radiate4 ,elaborati4--,valves elliptical1 m>k+s r\nd$4 ,,exc5trici ,,cosc9odiscus ,,exc5tricus ,,ehr4 ,valve ) a hyal9e exc5tric space f :i* proce$1 usually 9 six directions1 r[s ( polygonal m>k+s decreas+ t[>d ! n>r[1 co>sely /riat$ bord]1 ! r[s appe>+ convex t[>d ! c5tre4 ,apiculi at unequal di/ances ap>t4 ,q v>iable 9 size4 ,common 9 ! blue clay & along ! coa/4 ,pl4 #b1 ,figs4 #ad & #bj4 ,fig4 #bj is probably v>4 p]pusilla ,grun4 7,diat4 ,fr4 ,jos4 ,l41 ,pl4 #d 7,d71 ,fig4 #g74 ,,l9eati ,,cosc9odiscus ,,l9eatus ,,ehr4 ,valve circul>1 m>k+s hexagonal1 cells 9 p>allel r[s4 ,bord] n>r[1 cellul>4 ,blue clay & ,atlantic coa/4 ,n common4 ,pl4 #c1 ,fig4 #h4 ,,fasciculati ,,cosc9odiscus ,,nitidus ,,greg4 ,valve flat1 m>k+s r\nd$1 di/ant1 radiate1 decreas+ t[>d ! bord] :i* is co>sely /riate4 ,q v>iable 9 size & 9 ! di/ance betwe5 ! m>k+s4 ,blue clay & ,atlantic coa/4 ,common4 ,pl4 #b1 ,fig4 #ah4 ,,cosc9odiscus ,,nitidulus ,,grun4 ,valve usually n q circul>2 m>k+s small] ?an 9 nitidus & fasciculate ne> ! bord]4 ,blue clay4 ,pl4 #b1 ,fig4 #ai4 ,v>i\s int]m$iate =ms betwe5 nitidus & nitidulus occur4 ,,cosc9odiscus ,,subtilis ,,ehr4 ,m>k+s polygonal1 irregul> at ! c5tre1 b =m+ num]\s fasciculi radiat+ #bbt[>d ! bord]1 ! r[s p>allel to ! c5tral r[ ( ea* fasciculus4 ,bord] n>r[ ) f9e /ri2 apiculi (t5 pres5t betwe5 ! fasciculi4 ,blue clay & along ! coa/4 ,v common 9 ! wat] supply ( ,philadelphia & ,camd51 :]e ! diamet] seldom exce$s #dj & ! m>k+s on ! semi-radius are #aj 9 #aj 4 ,pl4 #b1 ,fig4 #ag4 ,,cosc9odiscus ,,d5>ius ,,s*midt ,m>k+s l>g] ?an 9 ,c4 subtilis1 equal1 =m+ usually t5 fasciculi1 ea* beg9n+ ne> ! semi-radius & conta9+ t5 p>allel r[s ( granules4 ,common 9 ! blue clay & sp>+ly along ! coa/4 ,pl4 #b1 ,fig4 #ac4 ,=ms are f\nd int]m$iate betwe5 ,c4 subtilis & ,c4 d5>ius1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ae4 ,,cosc9odiscus ,,polyacan?us ,,grun4 ,m>k+s angul>1 #aj 9 #aj 1 decreas+ t[>d ! bord]1 fasciculate4 ,apiculi l>ge1 twelve or m1 usually ins]t$ at ! middle ( ea* fasciculus1 & ext5d+ into ! int]ior ( ! cell4 ,! apiculi 9 outl9e resemble ! heads ( horse-%oe nails1 & are se5 ) difficulty except :5 ! valve is exam9$ f ! inn] side4 ,bord] n>r[1 /riat$4 ,diam4 #gj 4 ,p5sauk51 ,n4 ,j41 artesian well4 ,pl4 #ch1 ,fig4 #e4 ,rattray's description ( ,c4 polyacan?us v>4 int]m$ia ,grun41 f ,cape ,wank>ema1 ,sib]ia1 gives ! diam4 z #fj 1 & !re are ab\t #g m>k+s by actual c\nt 9 #aj 9 ,grun['s figure 7,diat4 ,fr4 ,jos4 ,l&1 ,pl4 #c 7,c71 ,fig4 #be74 ,! apiculi are m num]\s1 b !re appe>s to be little d\bt ( ! g5]al simil>ity4 ,! ,philadelphia =m is abundant 9 ! ,p5sauk5 well deposit at a dep? ( #cc ft4 ,! apiculi become q di/9ct 9 slides /a9$ ) silv] nitrate by ,mr4 ,f4 ,j4 ,keeley2 !y are di/9ct f small apiculi sometimes evid5t betwe5 ! fasciculi4 ,! specim5s 9 ! ,p5sauk5 deposit are m+l$ ) o!r =ms :i* _c be di/+ui%$ f ,c4 subtilis4 ,:e!r ! two are id5tical1 ,i am unable to det]m9e4 ,rattray 7,rev4 ,cos41 p4 #dg7 ref]s to ,h4 ,l4 ,smi?'s ,type ,slide ,no4 #ajj1 f rice-field mud1 ,savannah1 ,ga41 z ,c4 subtilis4 ,9 ,smi?'s slide1 9 my possession1 a numb] ( ! =ms %[ fa9t outl9es ( ! l>ge apiculi & are o!rwise exactly l ,c4 polyacan?us4 ,,radiati ,,cosc9odiscus ,,velatus ,,ehr4 ,m>k+s angul>1 decreas+ slightly t[>d ! co>sely /riat$ bord]1 cov]$ ) f9e puncta4 ,blue clay4 ,pl4 #c1 ,fig4 #b4 ,,cosc9odiscus ,,m>g9atus ,,ehr4 ,m>k+s r\nd$1 l>ge1 decreas+ t[>d ! broad bord]1 :i* is co>sely m>k$ ) di/ant /ri4 ,! cells are punctate4 ,common 9 ! blue clay4 ,pl4 #c1 ,fig4 #i4 ,9 ! fossil =ms ! puncta are n evid5t1 h5ce ! species is usually describ$ z n punctate4 #bc;,,cosc9odiscus ,,radiatus ,,ehr4 ,m>k+s polygonal1 slightly decreas+ t[>d ! bord] :]e !y are mu* small]2 bord] well m>k$1 /riate4 ,q v>iable 9 size4 ,common 9 ! blue clay & along ! coa/4 ,pl4 #c1 ,fig4 #aa4 ,fig4 #a is probably a small] =m4 ,,cosc9odiscus ,,subaulacodiscoidalis ,,rattr4 ,m>k+s small1 decreas+ t[>d ! bord] 9 some:at fasciculate r[s4 ,ab\t "o-?ird ! di/ance f ! bord] are five 7,rattray f9ds six7 well-m>k$ apiculi some:at resembl+ ^? ( ,aulacodiscus4 ,bord] n>r[1 hyal9e4 ,r>e 9 ! l[] /ratum ( ! blue clay4 ,pl4 #c1 ,fig4 #d4 ,,cosc9odiscus ,,argus ,,ehr4 ,m>k+s angul> ) c5tral dots1 increas+ f ! c5tre t[>d ! bord]1 :]e !y are small]4 ,blue clay4 ,pl4 #c1 ,fig4 #g 7a small =m74 ,,cosc9odiscus ,,biangulatus ,,s*midt ,c5tral space & rosette abs5t1 m>k+s l>ge1 angul>1 n punctate1 ) l>ge c5tral papill1 decreas+ t[>d ! bord]4 ,bord] wide1 co>sely m>k$ ) r[s ( granules1 & ) two ind5tations on ! inn] side di/ant f ea* o!r ab\t two-?irds ( ! diamet]4 ,blue clay4 ,pl4 #c1 ,fig4 #c4 ,di/+ui%$ f ,cosc9odiscus a/]omphalus v>4 omphalan?a ,grun41 :i* also has two con/rictions1 by ! abs5ce ( punctate m>k+s4 ,,cosc9odiscus ,,a/]omphalus ,,ehr4 ,c5tral space small1 surr\nd$ by a rosette ( l>ge polygonal cells f :i* radiate hexagonal cells1 increas+ ab\t half way t[>d ! bord] & !n slightly decreas+4 ,cells punctate4 ,blue clay4 ,pl4 #b1 ,fig4 #af2 ,pl4 #dj1 ,fig4 #ab4 ,,cosc9odiscus ,,a/]omphalus ,,v>4 ,,omphalan?a 7,,ehr47 ,,grun4 ,c5tral space abs5t1 rosette evid5t4 ,m>k+s #b 9 #aj 1 some:at small] ne> ! rosette & decreas+ ne> ! bord]1 :i* is con/rict$ 9 two places1 z 9 ,c4 biangulatus4 ,blue clay4 ,pl4 #ch1 ,fig4 #aj4 ,,cosc9odiscus ,,oculus-,,iridis ,,ehr4 ,c5tral space & rosette di/9ct2 m>k+s polygonal1 n punctate1 ) l>ge papill1 small] ne> ! rosette1 increas+ t[>d ! semi-radius1 & !n decreas+ to ! /riat$ bord] :i* is comp>atively n>r[4 ,blue clay & ,atlantic coa/4 ,pl4 #c1 ,fig4 #aj4 #bd;,,elaborati ,,cosc9odiscus ,,lewisianus ,,grev4 ,valves elliptical1 major axis a little m ?an twice ! m9or4 ,f a po9t1 usually ne> "o side1 radiate r[s ( granules 9 l9es ne>ly p>allel to ! major axis4 ,bord] broad1 ) di/9ct /ri4 ,great ,s$ge ,isl&1 ,n4 ,j4 7artesian well71 & 9 outcrops lat] ?an ! ,mioc5e1 :]e x is usually f\nd4 ,pl4 #c1 ,fig4 #e4 #b4 ,,act9odisce ,,act9opty*9 ,valves divid$ into sectors alt]nately elevat$ & depress$4 7#a7 ,act9opty*us4--,sectors plane4 7#b7 ,polymyxus4--,sectors convex4 ,,act9opty*us ,,ehr4 7#ahci7 em4 ,v4 ,h4 7#ahij7 7actis1 a ray1 & ptyx1 a fold7 ,fru/ule cyl9drical1 less 9 l5g? ?an ! diamet]1 9 zone view undulat$4 ,valve divid$ into six or m sectors alt]nately rais$ & depress$1 areolate & punctate1 v>y+ 9 ! alt]nate divisions4 ,! areolation is conf9$ to ! out] lay] ( ! valve :ile ! punctation is usually on an inn] valve (t5 f\nd deta*$4 ,processes on ! bord]1 ?ree or m4 ,umbilicus circul> or angul>1 hyal9e4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,species ,sectors1 six undulatus ,sectors1 eight or m1 cellul> heliopelta ,sectors1 f\rte51 punctate vulg>is ,,act9opty*us ,,undulatus 7,,kuetz47 ,,ralfs ,valve areolate & punctate 9 qu9cunx1 divid$ into six equal sectors1 alt]nately elevat$ or depress$1 _! areolations appe>+ diff]5t4 ,m>g9 well def9$4 ,umbilicus smoo?1 hexagonal4 ,processes ?ree1 sometimes six1 ins]t$ )9 ! m>g9 ( ea* alt]nate division4 ,v v>iable 9 size & appe>ance4 ,?is is ! ,act9ocyclus ( ,bailey1 figur$ & describ$ 9 ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci5ce1 #ahdb1 p4 #ic1 ,pl4 #b1 ,fig4 #aa1 b n nam$4 ,kuetz+ describes & names x & ref]s to ,bailey4 ,act9opty*us omphalopelta ,ehr4 ,act9opty*us cellulosa ,ehr41 ,h4 ,l4 ,smi? ,sp4 ,typ41 #chd4 ,q common 9 m>9e & bracki% wat] & 9 ! blue clay4 ,pl4 #d1 ,figs4 #a1 #b1 #d & #f4 ,,act9opty*us ,,vulg>is ,,v>4 ,,int]rupta ,n4 ,,v>4 ,valve ) f\rte5 sectors1 ! alt]nate ones divid$ by a smoo? lanceolate space = ab\t "o-half ! radius1 =m+ ) ! smoo?1 circul> umbilicus a sev5 po9t$ />4 ,! sectors ?us divid$ h co>s] puncta 9 qu9cunx ?an ! o!r sectors1 end+ 9 a smoo? area ne> ! m>g91 & also l>g] black puncta scatt]$ f ! c5tre to ! semi-radius4 ,ne> ,a4 vulg>is v>4 neograd5sis ,pant4 ,blue clay4 ,n common4 ,pl4 #d1 ,fig4 #e4 #be;,,act9opty*us ,,heliopelta ,,grun4 ,,v>48 ,valve circul>1 sectors1 eight1 umbilicus circul>1 )\t rays2 bord] wide1 cellul>1 ) di/9ct rays4 ,ins]t$ at a di/ance )9 ! inn] edge ( ! bord] are l>ge processes1 "o on ea* ( f\r alt]nate sectors1 & two on ea* ( ! o!rs4 ,! sectors are cellulate & punctate4 ,ne> ,a4 heliopelta v>4 v]sicolor ,brun41 :i*1 h[ev]1 9 ! specim5 9 my collection f ,atlantic ,city 7artesian well71 has a great] numb] ( processes & !y are situat$ on ! edge ( ! bord]4 ,outcrop at ,buck%utem1 ,n4 ,j4 ,r>e4 ,pl4 #d1 ,fig4 #c4 ,x has be5 q well det]m9$1 ,i ?9k1 t ! typical =ms ( ,a4 heliopelta occur at ! base ( ! ,mioc5e4 ,at ,rock ,hall1 ,md41 on ! ea/]n %ore ( ,*esapeake ,bay1 at a dep? ( f #ba to #acj ft41 & at ,wildwood1 ,n4 ,j41 at a dep? ( f #gh to #agi ft41 diatomace\s b$s occur consid]$ by ,mr4 ,lewis ,woolman 7,geol4 ,surv4 ( ,n4 ,j41 #ahih1 pp4 #aaf-aba7 z syn*ron\s 9 age1 ! =m] be+ deposit$ 9 ! ,delaw>e ,riv] ,delta & ! latt] 9 ! ,*esapeake 9 po/-mioc5e times4 ,9 ea* ( ^! b$s a small =m ( ,a4 heliopelta is r>ely f\nd4 ,! mat]ial at ,buck%utem is po/-mioc5e1 & ! =m "h figur$ %[s a m>k$ v>iation f ! ,mioc5e species & a gradual approa* t[>d ,a4 undulatus4 ,,polymyxus ,l4 ,w4 ,,bail4 7#ahee7 ,valve circul>1 usually divid$ into f\rte5 sectors :i* are on ! same plane at ! c5tre1 b ! alt]nate ones are elevat$ into mammillat$ projections t]m9at$ by small processes on ! m>g94 ,zone view rectangul> ) undulations subconical1 t]m9at$ by ! processes4 ,,polymyxus ,,coronalis ,l4 ,w4 ,,bail4 ,c5tral space hyal9e1 r\nd$ or slightly /ellate1 f :i* radiate r[s ( f9e puncta 9 qu9cunx1 %[n 9 ! figure only on ! alt]nate elevations1 ! depress$ int]spaces be+ out ( focus4 ,! mammill are /at$ by ,bailey to v>y f six to t54 ,v r>e 9 ! blue clay 7,walnut ,/4 ,bridge74 ,occurs also 9 ! ,wildwood deposit 7,bull4 ,torrey ,bot4 ,club1 #ahie1 p4 #bfa74 ,pl4 #d1 ,fig4 #g1 & ,pl4 #e1 ,fig4 #b4 #c4 ,,eupodisce ,aulacodisc94--,valves ) mammi=m elevations ne> ! bord] surm\nt$ by nipple-l processes4 ,,aulacodiscus--,,! ,,only ,,g5us ,,z ,,above ,eupodisc94--,valves ) ocelli4 7#a7 ,act9ocyclus4--,valve ) "o small ocellus2 /ri radial4 7#b7 ,eupodiscus4--,valve ) "o or m ocelli2 /ri n radial4 7#c7 ,auliscus4--,valve ) l>ge1 elevat$ ocelli4 ,c5tral area hyal9e4 ,m>k+s granul> & co/ate4 7#d7 ,pseudauliscus4--,valve ) radiat+ granules4 ,no c5tral space4 #bf;,,aulacodiscus ,,ehr4 7#ahdd7 em4 ,,rattr4 7#ahhh7 7aulax1 a furr[1 & discus7 ,valve usually circul>1 plane or ) an elevat$ zone1 frequ5tly inflat$ b5ea? ! processes2 c5tral space irregul> or r\nd$1 sometimes abs5t2 m>k+s granul>1 radial1 sometimes 9 a reticulum4 ,! g5us comprises m ?an "o hundr$ species mo/ ( :i* are fossil1 & is repres5t$ 9 ?is locality by a s+le =m1 ,a4 argus1 includ$ by ,rattray 9 8 section ,reti=mes1 di/+ui%$ by ! pres5ce ( a reticulum4 ,,aulacodiscus ,,argus 7,,ehr47 ,,s*midt ,fru/ule 9 zone view elliptical4 ,valve circul>1 #abe-aij 9 diam41 closely cov]$ ) two k9ds ( m>k+s1 "o1 a me% ( l>ge1 radiat+1 angul> cells1 ! out] plate1 & ! o!r1 radiat+ r[s ( circul> granules ) hyal9e spaces int]v5+ & clos] ne> ! bord]1 =m+ ! inn] plate :i* c occasionally be se5 deta*$4 ,c5tral space abs5t4 ,! walls ( ! angul> cells are cross$ ) f9e l9es & are probably compos$ ( granules compress$ s closely z to produce p>tial opacity1 ! dep? ( :i* dep5ds 9 a measure n only on ! sup]position ( ! two plates1 b on ! relative clos5ess & ?ickness ( ! cell-walls4 ,9 a fully-develop$ specim5 ! effect is to produce m or less triangul> cells conta9+ ?ree or f\r granules4 ,9 "s cases ! opacity is s great z to r5d] detail invisible4 ,9 ! figure ! valve is suppos$ to be divid$ into ?ree sectors1 illu/rat+ at a ! l[] plate1 at c ! comb9ation ( ! upp] & l[] plates1 & 9 ! o!r sector ! cellul> me% ( ! upp] plate4 ,processes1 usually ?ree1 q robu/ & ins]t$ at f "o-f\r? to "o-fif? ! l5g? ( ! radius f ! bord] :i* is /riat$ on ! inn] side4 ,a =m ) f\r processes is f\nd 9 ! l[] blue clay4 ,tripodiscus argus ,ehr4 ,eupodiscus argus 7,ehr47 ,wm4 ,sm4 ,n uncommon 9 ! blue clay4 ,pl4 #d1 ,fig4 #h4 ,,act9ocyclus ,,ehr4 7#ahcg7 7actis1 a ray1 & cyclos7 ,valve circul> or elliptical2 surface flat at ! c5tre1 slop+ t[>d ! bord]4 ,c5tral space usually evid5t1 r\nd$ or irregul>4 ,m>k+s r\nd$1 granul>1 puncti=m1 9 radial1 or ne>ly radial1 r[s1 sometimes fasciculate4 ,a nodule1 m or less evid5t1 is f\nd ne> ! bord] :i* is usually /riate4 ,*romatophores r\nd discs or granules4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,species ,valve circul>1 r[s radial1 hyal9e l9es at ! bord] b>kleyi ,valve circul>1 r[s fasciculate monili=mis ,valve elliptical ellipticus ,! nodule is g5]ally suppos$ to be a ?ick5+ ( ! cell-wall1 &1 9 ! op9ion ( ,rattray1 a projection outw>d1 b :e!r !re may n be at ! same "t a slight inw>d protub]ance is difficult to det]m9e1 ?\gh1 z a rule1 he seems to ?9k !re is n4 #bg;,,act9ocyclus ,,b>kleyi ,,v>4 ,,aggregata ,,rattr4 ,surface flat f c5tre to semi-radius4 ,c5tral space irregul>1 sometimes ) a few scatt]$ granules4 ,m>k+s r\nd ) c5tral dots di/9ct1 ab\t #g at ! c5tre1 decreas+ 9 /raight radial r[s to #ab 9 #aj at ! bord]1 :]e !y =m monili=m /ri4 ,bord] n>r[ ) /ri ab\t #af 9 #aj 4 ,hyal9e int]spaces at ! orig9 ( ! %ort] r[s1 b n at equal int]vals4 ,at ! bord]1 l9e> hyal9e spaces occur at some:at irregul> int]vals betwe5 ! monili=m /ri ow+ to ! t]m9ation ( c]ta9 radial r[s be=e !y rea* ! circumf]5ce4 ,nodule small1 f "o-sev5? to "o-f\r? ! radius f ! bord]4 ,accord+ to ,rattray ! di/9ction betwe5 ,a4 ralfsii & ,a4 b>kleyi is p>tly 9 ! abs5ce ( ! zone arrangem5t ( ! hyal9e spaces 9 ! latt]1 & to ! slight diff]5ces 9 ! numb] ( granules4 ,! v>iety aggregata diff]s f ! type =m ( b>kleyi ma9ly 9 ! di/ance ( ! nodule f ! bord]4 ,i h specim5s f ! blue clay mat]ial at ,walnut ,/4 ,bridge1 & f ,smi?'s ,isl&1 9 :i* ! di/ance f ! bord] 9 "o case is1 z /at$ above1 q diff]5t f t 9 ! o!r4 ,9 specim5s f ,morris ,cove1 ,conn41 ! locality ref]r$ to by ,rattray1 v>iations occur4 ,blue clay4 ,pl4 #f1 ,fig4 #a4 ,9 ! figure ! subulate hyal9e spaces at ! bord] are1 9 "s in/ances1 wid] ?an usual4 ,,act9ocyclus ,,monili=mis ,,ralfs ,surface flat1 f c5tre to ab\t five-six?s ( ! radius4 ,c5tral space r\nd$1 ) "o or m granules4 ,m>k+s1 #h 9 #aj 1 r\nd1 9 radial r[s1 fasciculate1 ! oblique transv]se r[s irregul>1 v slightly decreas+ until ne> ! edge ( ! flatt5$ zone1 & !n sudd5ly decreas+ & appe>+ z decussat+ l9es oblique to ! bord]4 ,apiculi di/9ct1 int]fasciculate )9 ! bord]4 ,nodule q evid5t1 surr\nd$ by a r wide irregul> hyal9e space on ! m>g9 ( ! flatt5$ zone 9 ! middle ( ! fasciculus4 ,bord] wide1 ) /ri ab\t #bj 9 #aj 4 ,blue clay4 ,port ,p5n4 ,n common4 ,pl4 #f1 ,fig4 #b4 ,equival5t to ,act9ocyclus ehr5b]gii1 ,h4 ,l4 ,s4 ,type ,slide #aj4 ,9 a valve f ,port ,p5n1 ,delaw>e ,bay1 two nodules occur ne>ly opposite ea* o!r4 ,,act9ocyclus ,,ellipticus ,,v>4 ,,delaw>5sis ,n4 ,,v>4 ,valve rhombic-elliptical4 ,m>k+s some:at angul>1 #f 9 #aj at ! c5tre :]e !y are sub-conc5tric1 !nce decreas+ 9 l9es radiat+ m or less t[>d ! bord]1 :]e !y sudd5ly become puncti=m1 /ri ab\t #bj 9 #aj 4 ,bord] equal to "o-fif? ! radius4 ,a nodule is f\nd on ! inn] side ( ! bord]4 ,apiculi app>5tly abs5t4 ,! m>k+s are l>g] ?an 9 ! ,ri*mond =ms :i* are associat$ by ,rattray ) ,act9ocyclus ellipticus ,grun4 ,! =m corresponds closely to ,witt's ,ce/odiscus ovalis v>48 7,witt1 ,poli]s*ief4 von ,ar*angelsk-,kuroj$[o1 ,pl4 #h1 ,fig4 #b71 except z to ! bord]4 ,x does n answ] to ,van ,heurck's figure or any o!r4 ,blue clay4 ,v r>e4 ,pl4 #c1 ,fig4 #f4 #bh;,,eupodiscus ,,ehr4 7#ahdd7 7eu1 well1 p\s1 a foot1 & discus7 ,valve circul>1 #de-aag 9 diam4 7,de ,toni74 ,c5tral space abs5t1 surface plane ) angul> cells4 ,at ! bord] %ort1 circul> processes or ocelli4 ,,eupodiscus ,,radiatus ,,bail4 ,valve ) radiat+ hexagonal cells1 sometimes slightly curv$ t[>d ! l>ge ocelli ins]t$ ne> ! bord] :i* are hyal9e at ! c5tre4 ,bord] wide1 co>sely /riate4 ,! numb] ( ocelli h]et(ore record$ is f\r4 ,specim5s ) five processes are f\nd 9 ! artesian well at ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,fla41 & 9 mat]ial at ,twelf? & ,br&yw9e ,/s4 ,mr4 ,hugo ,bilgram has discov]$ valves ) ?ree & six ocelli4 ,n common 9 ! blue clay1 b abundant along ! s\!rn coa/ ( ! ,atlantic /ates & ! ,gulf ( ,mexico4 ,n ,eupodiscus radiatus ,wm4 ,sm1 :i* is ,biddulphia smi?ii 7,ralfs7 ,v4 ,h4 ,pl4 #e1 ,fig4 #c4 ,,auliscus ,,ehr4 7#ahdc7 7aulax1 a furr[1 ref]r+ to ! grooves 9 c]ta9 species1 accord+ to ,de ,toni1 b pref]ably f auliscos1 a small re$1 ref]r+ to ! processes87 ,fru/ule cyl9drical2 zone ) longitud9al r[s ( f9e puncta4 ,valve circul> or elliptical1 plane except ne> ! processes2 c5tral area hyal9e1 usually circul>4 ,m>k+s ( two k9ds1 granules radiat+ or scatt]$ & radiat+1 co/ate l9es1 prom95t or indi/9ct4 ,processes1 two or ?ree1 l>ge1 %ort1 cyl9drical1 ) hyal9e surface1 ne> ! ends ( ! major axis 9 a l9e oblique to x4 ,auliscus is divid$ by ,rattray into f\rte5 sections1 def9$ *iefly by ! "* & arrangem5t ( ! m>k+s4 ,ab\t eighty species are describ$1 b z _m ( ! =ms are fossil1 occur+ 9 ! ,mioc5e ( ,cali=nia1 ,oam>u & else:]e1 & z s few species are f\nd 9 ?is locality1 ,i %all ref] b briefly to ?is division4 ,/riolati4--,no transv]se m$ian areas1 /ri inconspicu\s punctatus ,l9eolati4--,m>k+s di/9ct1 pru9ose1 int]rupt$ pru9osus ,co/ati4--,transv]se m$ian areas usually di/9ct1 sculptus m>k+s cont9u\s1 co/ate clatus ,,auliscus ,,punctatus ,,bail4 ,valve broadly elliptical1 or suborbicul>1 cov]$ ) delicate int]rupt$ /ri radiat+ 9 s9u\s l9es to ! circumf]5ce1 m evid5t on ! transv]se m$ian area2 puncta #c 9 #aj 1 gr\p$ into a r\nd$ area on ea* side ( ! m$ian l9e1 else:]e scatt]$4 ,c5tral space r\nd$1 processes two1 l>ge1 suborbicul>4 ,port ,p5n1 ,delaw>e ,riv]4 ,r>e4 ,pl4 #e1 ,fig4 #f4 ,,auliscus ,,pru9osus ,,bail4 ,valve elliptical1 ) di/9ct1 int]rupt$1 pru9ose1 irregul> m>k+s div]g+ 9 curv$ l9es t[>d ! circumf]5ce 9 ! m$ian "p & conv]g+ t[>d ! processes1 int]sp]s$ ) num]\s d>k] m>k+s hav+ ! appe>ance ( apiculi4 ,c5tral space ne>ly circul>1 sometimes ) sev]al granules4 ,processes l>ge ne> ! ends ( ! major axis & n oblique to x1 or sc>cely s1 ! edges ) a cr5ulate bord]4 ,blue clay4 ,r r>e4 ,pl4 #e1 ,fig4 #h4 #bi;,,auliscus ,,sculptus 7,,wm4 ,,sm47 ,,ralfs ,valve elliptical or subcircul>1 m$ian areas di/9ct1 r\nd$1 circumscrib$ by co>se di/ant co/ radiat+ ne> ! bord] :]e !y are m evid5t1 & conv]g+ t[>d ! processes4 ,c5tral space r\nd$1 sometimes indef9ite4 ,processes1 two1 circul>4 ,typical specim5s %[ wide1 co>se1 di/ant co/1 b1 9 "s cases1 ! m$ian areas are indi/9ctly outl9$4 ,blue clay4 ,pl4 #e1 ,fig4 #e4 ,,auliscus ,c,,latus ,,bail4 ,valve elliptical or subcircul>1 ) radiat+ co/1 m evid5t ar\nd ! m$ian areas & at ! bord]1 conv]g+ t[>d ! processes1 ) int]m$iate punctate radiat+ l9es4 ,c5tral space r\nd$ or irregul>4 ,processes circul>4 ,a4 sculptus has co>s] co/ & ! int]spaces are hyal9e1 or app>5tly s1 :ile 9 ,a4 clatus ! punctate /ri betwe5 ! co/ are m evid5t4 ,blue clay4 ,n uncommon4 ,pl4 #e1 ,fig4 #d4 ,fig4 #g is a small1 indef9ite =m int]m$iate betwe5 ,a4 sculptus & ,a4 clatus4 ,! num]\s v>iations 9 ?is g5us make x difficult to satisfactorily diff]5tiate ! species4 ,! size ( ! f\r above describ$ v>ies f #dj to #aej 4 ,,pseudauliscus ,a4 ,s4 7#ahge7 ,,& ,,leudug]-,,=tmorel 7#ahgi7 ,valve circul> or subcircul>1 ne>ly flat or depress$ at ! c5tre4 ,c5tral space n evid5t4 ,processes circul>1 ) n>r[ bord]1 ne> ! circumf]5ce4 ,bord] n>r[1 /riat$4 ,m>k+s granul>1 radiat+1 sometimes int]sp]s$ ) /ri & apiculi4 ,diff]s f ,auliscus *iefly 9 ! abs5ce ( a c5tral space & co/4 ,,pseudauliscus ,,radiatus 7,,bail47 ,,rattr4 ,valve circul>1 or ne>ly s1 flat4 ,c5tral area ) scatt]$ granules radiat+ & increas+ 9 size outw>d 9 div]g+ r[s t[>d ! bord] :i* is co>sely /riat$4 ,processes1 two1 circul>4 ,two small apiculi are ins]t$ at ab\t "o-fif? ! radius f ! bord] ne> ! ends ( ! m9or axis4 ,blue clay4 ,r>e4 ,pl4 #e1 ,fig4 #i4 ,! apiculi are n always figur$4 ,!y appe> 9 a numb] ( specim5s f ! ,mioc5e ( ,m>yl&1 ,atlantic ,city1 ,h>vey ,c$>s & ,newb]n4 ,,pseudauliscus ,,sp9osus 7,,*ri/ian7 ,,rattr4 ,valve subcircul> or slightly quadrangul>1 depress$ at ! c5tre & ris+ to an elevat$ zone ne> ! bord]1 ! two zones sep>at$ by a di/9ct l9e4 ,! inn] zone indi/9ctly reticulate ) f9e puncta radiat+ f ! c5tre & apiculi at int]vals4 ,! out] zone ) small] apiculi surr\nd+ ! inn] zone & ) int]m+l$ r[s ( f9e puncta & int]rupt$ div]g+ /ri4 ,ne> ea* end ( ! m9or axis is a r long1 robu/ sp9e ins]t$ at "o-f\r? ! radius f ! bord] :i* is n>r[ & /riat$4 ,processes circul>1 close to ! circumf]5ce4 ,auliscus sp9osus ,*ri/ian4 ,blue clay4 ,r>e4 ,pl4 #e1 ,fig4 #aj4 ,! g5us is nam$ by ,s*midt1 describ$ by ,leudug]-,=tmorel & em5dat$ by ,rattray4 #cj;,,biddulphioide ,,biddulphie 7a7 ,tric]ati94--,fru/ule cyl9drical or prismatic1 ) ?ree or m sides4 7b7 ,biddulphi94--,fru/ule cyl9droid2 valve ) ends elevat$ into r\nd processes or long horns4 7c7 ,anaule4--,valve elliptical1 lunate or triangul>1 ) int]nal septa4 7d7 ,euodie4--,fru/ule cuneate 9 zone view2 valve lunate4 7a7 ,,tric]ati9 7#a7 ,ditylum4--,fru/ule imp]fectly silice\s4 ,zone ) num]\s divisions4 ,valve ) c5tral sp9e4 7#b7 ,tr9acria4--,processes ) %>p sp9es4 ,,ditylum ,,bail4 7#ahfa7 7dis1 two1 & tyle1 a swell+1 ref]r+ to ! outl9e ( ! fru/ule7 ,fru/ule quadrangul>1 convex at ! ends4 ,valve triangul>1 ) undulat+ sides1 ! angles end+ 9 a %>p po9t surm\nt$ by a bri/le4 ,surface ( valve convex at c5tre f :i* projects a long /\t sp9e4 ,,ditylum ,,intricatum 7,,we/7 ,,grun4 ,valve ) ! angles sep>at$ f ! c5tral "p by l9es imitat+ septa4 ,surface ) radiat+ l9es ( f9e puncta4 ,blue clay4 ,r>e4 ,pl4 #f1 ,fig4 #d4 ,deta*$ valves only h be5 f\nd 9 ! blue clay4 ,! =m is reg>d$ z b slightly silice\s &1 !re=e1 ! zone or girdle n be+ f\nd 9 ! fossil deposits1 ,i am unable to illu/rate x f mat]ial 9 ! vic9ity4 ,on ,plate #ch1 ,figs4 #f & #g1 ,i h sket*$ ! zone & valve views ( specim5s f\nd rec5tly at ,v]a ,cruz & labell$ by ,h4 ,l4 ,smi? ,tric]atum intricatum ,we/4 ,i c f9d no diff]5ce betwe5 ! rec5t & fossil =ms ( ! valves4 ,! zone is cov]$ ) f9e puncta 9 qu9cunx1 n visible "u ord9>y illum9ation4 ,! =m z figur$ 9 ,plate #f corresponds to ! figure ( ,li?odesmium undulatum ,ehr4 9 ,van ,heurck1 & ,we/1 9 describ+ ! ,tric]atium undulatum ,wm4 ,sm4 7figur$ z ,t4 /riolatum71 ?\ght t 8 ,t4 intricatum 0 di/9ct f ,ehr5b]g's =m on ! gr\nd t ! latt] came f ! ,b]muda 7,nott+ham7 e>? & mu/ be /rongly silice\s4 ,li?odesmium is *>act]iz$ by ! envelopm5t ( ! fru/ules by a cellul> membrane :i* does n appe>1 evid5tly1 9 ,ditylum4 ,d4 brightwellii is di/+ui%$ by its cr[n ( sp9es on ! m>g92 o!rwise x closely resembles ,d4 intricatum4 ,,tr9acria ,,heib4 7#ahfc7 7treis1 ?ree1 & acra1 a po9t7 ,valve triangul>1 angles elevat$ into sp9es4 ,cells at ! m>g9 l>ge4 ,,tr9acria ,,pileolus 7,,ehr47 ,,grun4 ,valve ) concave sides4 ,surface concave ) unequal puncti=m & scatt]$ m>k+s ) c5tral dots4 ,cells at ! m>g9 l>ge1 r\nd$4 ,at ! angles1 :i* v>y 9 elevation1 a few puncta are se54 ,tric]atium pileolus ,ehr4 ,blue clay4 ,r>e4 ,pl4 #f1 ,fig4 #i4 #ca7;b7 ,,biddulphi9 ,,biddulphia ,,gray 7#ahca7 em4 ,,van ,,heurck 7#ahhe7 7a g5us1 con/itut$ f ,conf]va biddulphiana ( ! ,engli% ,botany1 nam$ aft] a ,miss ,biddulph7 ,fru/ule prismatic or subcyl9drical1 concat5ate1 filam5t\s1 or 9 zig-zag1 or1 z usually f\nd1 free4 ,zone well develop$4 ,valve triangul>1 polygonal1 elliptic or subcircul>1 convex1 m or less elevat$ at ! angles into processes or horns4 ,m>k+s cellul> or punctate4 ,*romatophores1 small plates ( v>i\s =ms4 ,,key ,,to ,,! ,,species ,valves co/ate biddulphiana ,valves n co/ate3 ,m>k+s cellul>1 angles elevat$ into horns favus angles n elevat$ ant$iluviana ,m>k+s punctate1 angles ) subconical processes & long sp9es granulata sp9es %ort rhombus sp9es m9ute smi?ii processes truncate1 valve elliptical turgida valve orbicul> lvis processes abs5t1 valve divid$ by irregul> l9es alt]nans n s divid$ reticulum ,,biddulphia ,,biddulphiana 7,,smi?7 ,fru/ule quadrangul> ) convex ends & r\nd$ angles4 ,valve elliptical ) undulat$ sides1 divid$ by septa into ?ree or m sections4 ,processes l>ge1 r\nd$1 globul> or subconical4 ,zone v>y+ 9 wid?4 ,surface ) r\nd$ reticulations 9 longitud9al & transv]se r[s1 except at ! c5tre :]e !y are conc5tric & small]4 ,conf]va biddulphiana ,smi? 7,engli% ,botany1 #ahjg1 ,pl4 #agfb1 upp] figures74 ,diatoma biddulphianum ,ag4 ,biddulphia pul*ella ,gray4 ,blue clay4 ,hobok5 ,tunnel4 ,along ! coa/4 ,pl4 #g1 ,figs4 #a1 #b1 #c1 & #d4 ,q v>iable 9 size & numb] ( septate divisions4 ,fig4 #c is an unusual =m ) n>r[ zone1 hav+ b "o r[ ( l>ge reticulations1 evid5tly a "y fru/ule4 ,,biddulphia ,,favus 7,,ehr47 ,v4 ,h4 ,fru/ule quadrangul>1 elevat$ at ! angles into subconical processes oblique to ! longitud9al axis4 ,valve triangul> or quadrangul>1 plane1 ( two lay]s1 ! out] lay] compos$ ( l>ge hexagonal cells 9 r[s p>allel to ! sides1 ! inn] ( small puncta radiat+ f ! c5tre4 ,zone punctate 9 qu9cunx1 nev] f\nd op54 ,tric]atium favus ,ehr4 ,blue clay4 ,common along ! coa/4 ,! quadrangul> =m occurs only s\?w>d4 ,pl4 #f1 ,fig4 #f4 ,at a a cell %[+ ! l[] punctate lay]4 ,pl4 #dj1 ,fig4 #af1 a transv]se section ( a portion ( ! valve %[+ ! cellul> /ructure & ! punctat$ l[] /ratum4 #cb;,,biddulphia ,,ant$iluviana 7,,ehr47 ,v4 ,h4 ,fru/ules quadrangul>1 sometimes unit$ 9 zig-zag *a9s4 ,valve quadrangul> ) m or less concave sides1 sometimes cruci=m4 ,surface ) angul> cells arrang$ 9 conc5tric & radiat+ l9es increas+ t[>d ! circumf]5ce4 ,at ea* angle is a l>ge1 r\nd$ process1 :i*1 z well z ! second>y lay]1 sc>cely visible1 is f9ely punctate4 ,amphitetras ant$iluviana ,ehr4 ,amphitetras tessellata ,%ad4 ,blue clay4 ,r>e4 ,pl4 #f1 ,fig4 #c4 ,a cruci=m v>iety occurs at ,p5sauk51 ,n4 ,j41 artesian well 7,coll4 ,f4 ,j4 ,keeley74 ,,biddulphia ,,granulata ,,rop] ,valve elliptical-lanceolate1 convex1 ) diagonal r[s ( puncta #ab 9 #aj & sometimes ) small scatt]$ spurs4 ,processes inflat$ at ! base1 obtuse at ! ends1 :i* are curv$ outw>d t[>d alt]nate sides4 ,ne> ea* process & on opposite sides ( ! longitud9al axis is plac$ a /\t sp9e b5t or curv$ inw>d ne> ! middle4 ,connective zone ) diagonal r[s ( puncta small] ?an ^? on ! valve4 ,pavonia1 ,n4 ,j41 artesian well4 ,fossil 9 ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,along ! coa/4 ,n common4 ,pl4 #g1 ,fig4 #f4 ,,biddulphia ,,rhombus 7,,ehr47 ,,wm4 ,,sm4 ,valve rhomboidal1 sometimes triangul>1 ) subconical processes4 ,surface convex ) hexagonal reticulations1 #g-i 9 #aj 1 irregul> at ! c5tre & radiat+ to ! circumf]5ce4 ,m9ute spurs are scatt]$ ov] ! surface1 & on ea* side are usually two or ?ree %ort sp9es4 ,common along ! coa/ & fossil 9 ! ,mioc5e & lat] deposits4 ,pl4 #g1 ,fig4 #e 7some:at incl9$1 z usually se574 ,,biddulphia ,,smi?ii 7,,ralfs7 ,v4 ,h4 ,valve orbicul>1 convex1 ) reticulations #e 9 #aj radiat+ f ! c5tre & decreas+ t[>d ! m>g9 & processes :i* are truncate4 ,a %ort sp9e is f\nd on ea* side half way betwe5 ! processes4 ,zone n>r[ ) f9e puncta #ab 9 #aj 9 longitud9al r[s4 ,c]ataulus smi?ii ,ralfs4 ,eupodiscus radiatus ,wm4 ,sm4 ,blue clay4 ,along ! coa/ s\?w>d4 ,pl4 #g1 ,fig4 #h4 ,,biddulphia ,,turgida 7,,ehr47 ,,wm4 ,,sm4 ,valve elliptical or orbicul>1 surface convex4 ,processes v l>ge1 cyl9drical1 plac$ obliquely & incl9$ by ! torsion ( ! fru/ule4 ,betwe5 ! processes are two /\t sp9es1 "o on ea* side1 frequ5tly =k$ at ! ends4 ,puncta f9e1 irregul> at ! c5tre & radiat+ t[>d ! circumf]5ce4 ,c]ataulus turgidus ,ehr4 ,blue clay4 ,along ! coa/4 ,q v>iable 9 size4 ,pl4 #g1 ,fig4 #g4 #cc;,,biddulphia ,l,,vis ,,ehr4 ,valve suborbicul> or triangul>1 ) %ort1 truncate processes4 ,surface ) f9e puncta ab\t #ac 9 #aj radiat+ 9 /raight or curv$ l9es t[>d ! circumf]5ce & ) f9e spurs at int]vals4 ,ne>] "o process ?an ! o!r1 & ab\t half way betwe5 c5tre & circumf]5ce1 are two small sp9es1 "o on ea* side4 ,q v>iable 9 size4 ,blue clay4 ,common along ! coa/4 ,pl4 #g1 ,fig4 #i4 ,fig4 #aj 7magnification ab\t #bfj diamet]s only7 illu/rates sporangial fru/ules discov]$ by ,mr4 ,t4 ,*alkley ,palm] at ,re$y ,isl&1 ,delaw>e ,riv]4 ,9 fru/ules hav+ a cyl9drical =m1 ! endo*rome l9es ! cell-walls 9 ! =m ( granules :i* become congregat$ t[>d ! c5tre 9 ! sporangia4 ,,biddulphia ,,alt]nans 7,,bail47 ,v4 ,h4 ,valve triangul> or1 r>ely1 quadrangul>1 ) sides /raight or slightly concave1 usually unequal4 ,angles obtuse1 sep>at$ f ! c5tre by co/ate l9es4 ,surface ) puncta ( irregul> %ape1 l>ge at ! c5tre1 ) small] puncta int]sp]s$4 ,9 _m valves sev]al l9es appe>+ l co/ ext5d inw>d f ! bord] 9 v>i\s directions4 ,angles ) small puncta 9 transv]se & longitud9al r[s4 ,tric]atium alt]nans ,bail4 ,blue clay4 ,along ! coa/4 ,pl4 #f1 ,fig4 #g & probably ,fig4 #h4 ,,biddulphia ,,reticulum 7,,ehr47 ,fru/ule quadrangul>4 ,valve triangul> ) /raight or concave sides & r\nd$ angles4 ,surface convex at ! c5tre & angles4 ,m>k+s ( unequal size1 mo/ly l>g] at ! c5tre1 scatt]$2 at ! angles1 small puncta 9 longitud9al r[s4 ,tric]atium sculptum ,%ad4 ,tric]atium punctatum ,br4 ,tric]atium obtusum ,br4 ,= explanation ( ! synonymy see ,biddulphoid ,=ms ( ,n4 ,a4 ,diat41 ,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 #aijj1 p4 #gbd4 ,blue clay4 ,along ! coa/4 ,pl4 #f1 ,fig4 #e4 7c7 ,,anaule ,,eunotogramma ,,weisse 7#ahed7 7eu1 well1 noton1 a back1 & gramma7 ,fru/ule quadrangul>4 ,valve elliptical or lunate divid$ by septa :i* con/rict ! m>g94 ,surface flat ) punctate m>k+s4 ,,eunotogramma ,l,,ve ,,grun4 ,valve lunate ) obtuse ends4 ,septa1 f f\r to elev5 or m4 ,surface ) puncta 9 transv]se & longitud9al r[s1 sometimes indi/9ct & scatt]$4 ,%>k ,riv]4 ,r>e4 ,m common s\?w>d4 ,fossil at ,buck%utem1 ,n4 ,j4 ,pl4 #g1 ,fig4 #aa1 & ,pl4 #aj1 ,fig4 #ae4 ,i am unable to di/+ui% betwe5 ,e4 lve & ,e4 debile1 z int]m$iate =ms occur4 #cd,,t]ps9o ,,ehr4 7t]ps9oos1 gladd5+87 ,fru/ules quadrangul>1 adnate 9 filam5ts1 usually free4 ,valve elliptical or triangul>1 ) undulat+ sides divid$ by septa into ?ree or m sections4 ,,t]ps9o ,,am]icana 7,,bail47 ,,ralfs ,valve lob$ at ea* end or angle4 ,c5tral space r\nd$1 hyal9e4 ,surface ) f9e puncta 9 radiat+ l9es4 ,blue clay4 ,n common4 ,pl4 #f1 ,fig4 #aj4 ,,t]ps9o ,,nov-,c,,s>e ,,boy] ,valve triangul>1 ) concave sides & broad angles equally ?ree-lob$1 sep>at$ f ! c5tral "p by septa4 ,c5tral space small or abs5t4 ,puncta delicate1 radiat+ or scatt]$4 ,l4 ( side #fb 4 ,plei/oc5e clay at ,buck%utem1 ,n4 ,j4 ,fossil at ,wildwood1 ,n4 ,j4 ,t4 am]icana1 =ma trigona ,pant48 7,le ,diatomi/e1 ,vol4 #b1 p4 #bjg47 ,pl4 #f1 ,fig4 #aa4 7d7 ,,euodie ,,euodia ,,bail4 7#ahfj7 7d]ivation unc]ta92 app>5tly f euodia1 fragrant1 probably a euphemism7 ,fru/ule 9 zone view cuneate4 ,valve semi-lunate1 cosc9odiscoid4 ,,euodia ,,gibba ,,bail4 ,valve ) r\nd$ m>k+s1 l>g] & scatt]$ at ! c5tre1 radiat+ at ! circumf]5ce & 9 indef9ite /raight r[s at ! semi-radius4 ,delaw>e ,bay 7,mann74 ,pl4 #e1 ,fig4 #a4 ,i h n se5 ?is 9 ! ,philadelphia mat]ial4 ,! figure is drawn f a specim5 f ! ,gulf ,/ream1 ,s4 ,atlantic4 #ce,,p5nat ,valve zygomorph\s4 ,/ructure p9nate1 n conc5tric4 ,valve divid$ ei!r by a true raphe or cleft or by a l9e> space or l9e imitat+ a raphe4 ,divid$ into ?ree ,gr\ps3 #a4 ,fragil>ioide4--,valves )\t a raphe2 usually ) a pseudoraphe or m$ian l9e4 #b4 ,naviculoide4--,ei!r "o or bo? valves ) a true raphe4 #c4 ,surirelloide4--,valves 9 :i* ! raphe is conceal$ ne> ! m>g9 on "o or bo? sides ( ea* valve 9 a m or less elevat$ keel or w+4 ,,fragil>ioide 7a7 ,tabell>ie4--,valve symmetrical ) respect to bo? ! longitud9al & transv]se axes2 septate1 n cuneate4 7b7 ,m]idione4--,valve symmetrical ) respect to ! longitud9al axis1 asymmetrical to ! transv]se axis1 cuneate1 f9ely /riat$4 7c7 ,fragil>ie4--,valve ( v>i$ %ape1 n cuneate2 co/ate or ) transv]se r[s ( puncta4 7a7 ,,tabell>ie ,fru/ule 9 zone view rectangul>1 9 valve view l9e> or l9e>-elliptical1 sometimes con/rict$ 9 ! middle1 symmetrical to bo? axes1 n cuneate2 ) two or m septa or annuli4 ,*romatophores num]\s1 granul>4 ,rhabdonema4--,fru/ules ) num]\s septate p>titions hav+ "o or sev]al =am9a4 ,transv]se co/ or r[s ( co>se puncta4 ,tabell>ia4--,fru/ules ) two to six ne>ly /raight septa4 ,transv]se /ri subtly punctate4 ,grammatophora4--,fru/ules ) two s9uate p]=ate curv$ septa4 ,transv]se /ri subtly punctate4 ,/riatella4--,fru/ules ) alt]nate p>titions1 septate or p>tly s4 ,at!ya4--,fru/ules n septate b ) num]\s annuli4 ,,rhabdonema ,,kuetz4 7#ahdd7 7rhabdos1 a rod1 & nema1 a ?read7 ,fru/ules quadrangul>1 concat5ate1 compos$ ( num]\s septate p>titions ) transv]se co/ or r[s ( puncta4 ,valves elliptical1 ) a pseudoraphe & transv]se app>5t co/ & punctate l9es2 ! p>titions ) "o or sev]al =am9a4 ,*romatophores 9 rosettes ( v>i\s k9ds 7,k>/572 usually p>allel to ! septa4 ,,rhabdonema ,,arcuatum 7,,lyng47 ,,kuetz4 ,valve hyal9e at ! ends1 ) transv]se r[s ( puncta produc+ ! appe>ance ( co/ betwe5 ! r[s2 pseudoraphe di/9ct2 =am5 s+le4 ,diatoma arcuatum ,lyngbye4 ,common along ! coa/4 ,pl4 #h1 ,figs4 #a1 #b1 & #c2 ,pl4 #dj1 ,fig4 #aj4 #cf;,accord+ to ,t4 ,h4 ,buffham 7,j\r4 ,quek4 ,m4 ,c41 ,s]ies #b1 ,vol4 #b1 p4 #aca71 ! fru/ules are ( two k9ds1 ^? 9 :i* ! l5g? & bread? are ! same & ^? :i* are mu* l5g!n$1 ) a wide hyal9e girdle frequ5tly 9 ! middle4 ,at ! "t ( fructification ! small] fru/ules are atta*$ to a l>g] "o :i* produces a sporangium at ! end ( ! girdle f :i* ! o!r end ( ! fru/ule has disappe>$1 or1 if ! two halves ( ! fru/ule rema91 two sporangia are =m$4 ,,rhabdonema ,,m9utum ,,kuetz4 ,fru/ules small2 valve n smoo? at ! ends1 elliptical or lanceolate-elliptical1 ) transv]se r[s ( puncta2 pseudoraphe di/9ct4 ,=am5 s+le1 alt]nat+ above & bel[ 9 adjo9+ p>titions4 ,common 9 ! blue clay & along ! coa/4 ,pl4 #h1 ,fig4 #g & ,pl4 #ch1 ,fig4 #aa4 ,,rhabdonema ,,adriaticum ,,kuetz4 ,valve l9e>-lanceolate1 ) smoo? angles2 r[s ( puncta transv]se1 ! int]vals appe>+ z co/1 z 9 arcuatum4 ,=am9a1 ?ree4 ,blue clay 9 ! ,p5sauk5 & ,pavonia deposits & along ! coa/4 ,pl4 #h1 ,figs4 #d1 #e & #f4 ,,tabell>ia ,,ehr4 7#ahci7 7tabella1 a tablet7 ,fru/ules quadrangul>1 adnate 9 filam5ts1 frequ5tly f\nd 9 zig-zag *a9s1 unit$ by a gelat9\s i/hmus1 at l5g? sep>at+4 ,valve l9e>1 inflat$ 9 ! middle & at ! ends2 /ri transv]se4 ,*romatophores num]\s1 small1 along ! zones4 ,,tabell>ia ,,f5e/rata 7,,lyng47 ,,kuetz4 ,valve elongat$2 pseudoraphe n>r[2 transv]se /ri fa9t4 ,9 ! zone view a /raight septum is %[n at ea* end ( a valve4 ,common1 especially 9 ! c$> swamps & ponds ( ! ,p9e ,b>r5 region1 ,n4 ,j4 ,pl4 #h1 ,figs4 #aa & #ab4 ,,tabell>ia ,,flocculosa 7,,ro?7 ,,kuetz4 ,valve l9e>1 ) m$ian inflation l>g] ?an ! t]m9al2 pseudoraphe r broad 9 ! middle2 transv]se /ri subtly punctate4 ,9 zone view ! fru/ules are quadrangul>1 or ne>ly s1 ) ab\t six sometimes curv$ septa at "o end alt]nat+ ) ^? on ! o!r end4 ,conf]va flocculosa ,ro?4 ,common especially 9 ! ,p9e ,b>r5s ( ,new ,j]sey4 ,pl4 #h1 ,figs4 #h1 #i & #aj4 ,,grammatophora ,,ehr4 7#ahdj7 7f gramma1 a lett]1 & phoreo1 ,i be>7 ,fru/ules quadrangul>1 adnate1 9 zig-zag1 unit$ by an i/hmus1 or1 usually1 f\nd free2 divid$ by two s9uate & p]=ate curv$ septa4 ,valve l9e> or oblong1 sometimes ) s9uate sides1 & ) a pseudoraphe & transv]se punctate l9es4 ,*romatophores granul>4 #cg;,,grammatophora ,,m>9a 7,,lyng47 ,,kuetz4 ,valve l9e>-elliptical1 ) smoo? apices4 ,septum ) a wide undulation ne> its orig91 !nce /raight & incrassate at ! end4 ,/ri 9 qu9cunx1 #ah-ba 9 #aj 4 ,diatoma m>9um ,lyngbye4 ,blue clay4 ,along ! coa/4 ,pl4 #h1 ,figs4 #ag & #ah4 ,,grammatophora ,,m>9a ,,v>4 ,,subtilissima 7,,bail47 ,v4 ,h4 ,valve l9e>1 slightly con/rict$ ne> ! smoo? apices4 ,septum undulat$ ne> its orig9 & !n /raight1 incrassate at ! end4 ,puncta 9 qu9cunx v subtle1 #cd-cf 9 #aj 4 ,grammatophora subtilissima ,bail4 ,grammatophora oceanica v>4 subtilissima 7,bail47 ,v4 ,h41 accord+ to ,de ,toni4 ,g4 m>9a & ,g4 oceanica are unit$ by "s au?ors2 ! latt] has m subtle /ri4 ,along ! coa/4 ,pl4 #h1 ,figs4 #ac & #ad4 ,,grammatophora ,,s]p5t9a ,,ralfs ,valve l9e>-elliptical1 long1 measur+ to #aej 7,de ,toni72 smoo? at ! apices4 ,septum ) num]\s undulations & hook$ at ! apex4 ,puncta 9 qu9cunx1 #ag 9 #aj 4 ,along ! coa/4 ,pl4 #h1 ,fig4 #ba4 ,,grammatophora ,,angulosa ,,v>4 ,,hamulif]a 7,,kuetz47 ,,grun4 ,fru/ule ne>ly quadrate2 valve ) r\nd$ b n smoo? apices4 ,septum b5t into a %>p angle ne> its orig9 & end+ 9 a broad hook4 ,puncta 9 transv]se r[s1 #ad 9 #aj 4 ,along ! coa/4 ,pl4 #h1 ,figs4 #ae & #af4 ,,grammatophora ,,isl&ica ,,ehr4 ,fru/ule oblong2 valve elliptical-lanceolate4 ,septum robu/ ) sev]al undulations & hook$ at ! end4 ,pseudoraphe di/9ct2 transv]se r[s ( puncta1 #aj 9 #aj 4 ,report$ by ,kuetz+ 9 ! ,atlantic ,ocean & by ,ka9 at ,belm>1 ,n4 ,j4 ,i h n f\nd x on our coa/ & ,i believe1 9 "s cases1 x has be5 confus$ ) ,g4 angulosa v>4 hamulif]a4 ,! figure is drawn f an ,icel& =m 9 ,h4 ,l4 ,smi? ,t4 ,s41 #ahf4 ,pl4 #h1 ,figs4 #ai & #bj4 ,,/riatella ,,ag4 7#ahcb7 7dim4 ( /ria1 ref]r+ to ! l9es on ! fru/ule7 ,fru/ules tabulate1 adnate 9 %ort1 /ipitate filam5ts1 sc>cely silice\s1 divid$ into p>titions1 septate or p>tly s at alt]nate ends4 #ch,,/riatella ,,unipunctata 7,,lyng47 ,,ag4 ,fru/ules ) num]\s b5t septa ext5d+ ! entire l5g?4 ,valve lanceolate1 some:at unsymmetrical1 subtly punctate1 ) pseudoraphe q di/9ct4 ,! specific "n is d]iv$ f ! appe>ance ( ! endo*rome :i* 9 ! liv+ specim5 is inv>iably collect$ 9 a c5tral mass ) sl5d] ?reads radiat+ 9 all directions t[>d ! cell-wall 7,wm4 ,sm474 ,pyr5oids cuneate1 9 ! c5tre ( ! endo*rome1 num]\s4 ,long ,isl& ,s\nd & along ! coa/4 ,pl4 #h1 ,figs4 #bb & #bc4 ,,/riatella ,,int]rupta 7,,ehr47 ,,heib4 ,fru/ules quadrangul>1 ) robu/ alt]nate septa ext5d+ to ! middle4 ,puncta 9 qu9cunx1 #bb 9 #aj 4 ,tessella int]rupta ,ehr4 ,v r>e along ! coa/4 ,pl4 #h1 ,fig4 #bd4 7,f a =m f\nd at ,/on+ton1 ,conn47 ,,at!ya ,,we/ 7#ahfj7 7nam$ aft] ,?omas ,at!y7 ,fru/ules quadrangul>1 tabulate1 ) num]\s annuli4 ,valve elliptical-lanceolate1 ) a pseudoraphe & a c5tral punctum4 ,ext5d+ f ea* end is a /rong sp9e half z long z ! valve4 ,,at!ya ,,decora ,,we/ ,! only species4 ,diagnosis ( ! g5us4 ,! valves are imp]fectly silice\s1 sc>cely visible 9 balsam4 ,v local4 ,abundant at ,%>k ,riv]1 ,n4 ,j4 ,pl4 #h1 ,fig4 #be4 7b7 ,,m]idione ,valve symmetrical 9 zone & valve view along ! sagittal l9e1 b asymmetrical to ! transv]se axis1 cuneate4 ,9 zone view sometimes ) w$ge-%ap$ septa4 ,valve f9ely /riat$1 )\t c5tral & usually )\t t]m9al nodules2 a pseudoraphe pres5t4 ,licmophora4--,fru/ules cuneate 9 /ipitate fan-%ap$ fascicles4 ,m]idion4--,fru/ules cuneate 9 spiral fascicles4 ,,licmophora ,,ag4 7#ahbg7 7licmos1 a fan1 & phoreo1 ,i be>7 ,fru/ules w$ge-%ap$1 jo9$ toge!r into fan-%ap$1 /ipitate fascicles4 ,valve cuneate1 r\nd$ at bo? ends1 septate4 ,*romatophores granul>1 r\nd or oval 9 our species4 #ci;,,analysis ,,( ,,species 7,9 accordance1 s f> z x relates to our species1 ) ! classification ( ,c4 ,m]es*k[sky1 ,diagnoses ( ,new ,licmophor1 ,nuova ,not>isia1 #aija47 ,placat--valve n>r[1 /ri v f9e1 septa sup]ficial flabellata ,dubi--valve bacilli=m1 septa %all[1 fru/ule ) ?ick walls ovulum ,p>adox--valve ) l[] end produc$1 /ri f9e1 p>adoxa pseudoraphe di/9ct1 septa deep gracilis t9cta baileyi 8 ,lyngbye--valve n>r[1 att5uat$ at bo? ends1 di/9ct1 septa deep lyngbyei ,p]i/riat--valve broad1 pseudoraphe wide1 /ri robu/ ehr5b]gii ,,licmophora ,,flabellata 7,,c>m47 ,,ag4 ,fru/ule elongate1 n>r[2 valve n>r[1 lanceolate-cuneate1 enl>g$ at ! base2 /ri v f9e1 #cj 9 #aj 4 ,e*9ella flabellata ,c>m4 ,licmophora spl5dida ,wm4 ,sm4 ,common along ! coa/4 ,pl4 #i1 ,figs4 #a & #b4 ,,licmophora ,,ovulum ,,m]4 ,valve ovate1 att5uat$ to ! r\nd$ inf]ior apex2 pseudoraphe indi/9ct1 /ri f9e1 #bd 9 #aj 4 ,zone view broad1 cuneate1 angles r\nd$1 inf]ior apex broad2 fru/ule robu/1 septa sup]ficial1 /raight4 7,m]es*k[sky1 9 "p47 ,atlantic ,city4 ,common4 ,pl4 #i1 ,figs4 #h & #i4 ,,licmophora ,,p>adoxa 7,,lyng47 ,,ag4 ,fru/ule broad1 ) r\nd$ angles2 septa curv$2 valve ovate1 inf]ior apex produc$4 ,pseudoraphe di/9ct2 /ri v>y+ f #be bel[ to #cj above 9 #aj 4 ,e*9ella p>adoxa ,lyng4 ,rhipidophora p>adoxa ,kuetz4 ,along ! coa/4 ,pl4 #i1 ,figs4 #f & #g4 ,,licmophora ,,gracilis 7,,ehr47 ,,grun4 ,fru/ule cuneate1 n>r[1 ) s9uate m>g92 valve clavate1 l9e> at ! base2 /ri1 #bj to #bb 9 #aj 4 ,new ,ro*elle4 ,along ! coa/4 ,pl4 #i1 ,fig4 #aa4 ,,licmophora ,,gracilis ,,v>4 ,,elongata 7,,kuetz47 ,,de ,,toni ,z 9 ! type1 b m graceful & ) deep] septa4 ,rhipidophora elongata ,kuetz4 ,along ! coa/4 ,n common4 ,pl4 #i1 ,figs4 #ab & #ac4 #dj,,licmophora ,,t9cta 7,,ag47 ,,grun4 ,fru/ules cuneate1 n>r[1 usually f\nd 9 twos4 ,valve clavate1 hyal9e1 r broad at ! base2 septa mod]ately deep2 pseudoraphe indi/9ct2 /ri1 #bg at ! base1 #cj 9 ! middle & #cc at ! apex 9 #aj 4 ,gomphonema t9ctum ,ag4 ,along ! coa/4 ,abundant f ab\t ! middle ( ,july to ! middle ( ,augu/4 ,pl4 #i1 ,figs4 #ad & #ae4 ,,licmophora ,,baileyi 7,,edw47 ,,grun4 ,fru/ule broadly cuneate or ) convex m>g9s1 r>ely almo/ orbicul>2 valve spatulate or ovate ) sl5d]1 produc$ base2 septa v deep2 pseudoraphe di/9ct2 /ri #bj 9 #aj 4 ,podosph5ia baileyi 7,edw47 ,lewis4 ,long ,isl& ,s\nd & upp] coa/ ( ,new ,j]sey4 ,?is =m is plac$ 9 a d\btful position by ,m]es*k[sky4 ,z x corresponds m closely to ! ,p>adox1 x is plac$ "h provisionally4 ,! girdle face & apex ( ! valve are r\nd1 ! pseudoraphe is di/9ct & ! septa deep1 b ! /ipe is %ort4 ,pl4 #i1 ,fig4 #aj & ,pl4 #ch1 ,figs4 #c & #d4 ,,licmophora ,,lyngbyei 7,,kuetz47 ,,grun4 ,fru/ule cuneate1 slightly r\nd$ at ! angles4 ,valve oblanceolate2 pseudoraphe di/9ct2 septa deep2 /ri1 #ab 9 #aj bel[1 & #af 9 #aj above4 ,podosph5ia lyngbyei ,kuetz4 ,along ! coa/4 ,pl4 #i1 ,figs4 #c & #d4 ,,licmophora ,,ehr5b]gii 7,,kuetz47 ,,grun4 ,fru/ule cuneate1 broad4 ,valve obovate-lanceolate2 pseudoraphe wide2 /ri co>se1 #h 9 #aj 1 monili=m4 ,podosph5ia ehr5b]gii ,kuetz4 ,along ! coa/4 ,pl4 #i1 ,fig4 #e4 ,,m]idion ,,ag4 7#ahbd7 7m]izo1 ,i divide7 ,fru/ules 9 zone view cuneate1 adnate 9 circul> or spiral fasci1 at l5g? becom+ free4 ,valve symmetrical ) respect to ! longitud9al axis1 m or less cuneate2 co/ & /ri transv]se4 ,*romatophores num]\s1 small1 elongat$1 9 irregul> r[s on ! zone 7,pfitz]74 ,,m]idion ,,circul>e 7,,grev47 ,,ag4 ,transv]se co/ co>se1 v>iable 9 numb] & di/ance ap>t1 sometimes int]rupt$ or indi/9ct2 /ri int]/itial1 #af 9 #aj 4 ,9 spr+s & small /reams ( pure wat]4 ,e*9ella circul>is ,grev4 #da,m]idion con/rictum ,ralfs1 sometimes giv5 z a v>iety ( ,m4 circul>e1 diff]s only 9 ! con/riction bel[ ! apex4 ,! two k9ds ( fru/ules are usually f\nd gr[+ toge!r & z ! v>iation is (t5 extremely slight !y are "h includ$ "u ! e>li] "n4 ,pl4 #aj1 ,figs4 #a1 #b & #c4 ,fig4 #a repres5ts ! con/rict$ =m :i* is ! m common4 ,fig4 #c is a sporangial =m4 ,! sporangial fru/ules v>y 9 %ape & size1 "s be+ long & sl5d]1 o!rs clavate1 b !y are all m or less tumid 9 ! middle1 ) co/ m indef9ite ?an 9 p]fect valves4 ,all gradations occur1 "o end becom+ %ort] until ! valve has ! %ape ( ! v>iety kn[n z con/rictum4 ,x w\ld seem1 !re=e1 t ! non-con/rict$ =m is a passage f ! sporangial to ! small] or adult =m1 or is ( no specific importance4 ,all =ms are f\nd liv+ toge!r4 ,! adult fru/ules are ! small] ones2 x is f !m t ! sporangia are produc$4 ,m]idion int]m$ium ,h4 ,l4 ,smi? 7,am]4 ,qu>t4 ,mic4 ,j\r41 ,vol4 #a1 p4 #ab7 is *>act]iz$ by less evid5t co/ & is m delicate 9 g5]al appe>ance4 ,"s =ms are capitate & o!rs are n4 ,pr(4 ,smi? comp>es ! ,m4 int]m$ium ) ,p]onia er9acea ,brb4 & ,arnott :i* he has nam$ ,m4 er9aceum1 hi!rto f\nd only 9 ,europe1 & po9ts out ! relation ( ! two =ms to ,licmophora4 ,an exam9ation ( ! ,h4 ,l4 ,s4 type slides ( ! two diatoms proves t ,p]onia has v delicate co/ & a di/9ct pseudoraphe n noticeable 9 ,m]idion4 ,on ! slide ( ,p]onia are fru/ules exactly simil> to c]ta9 ( ! sporangial v>iations ( ,m4 circul>e4 ,! fan-l arrangem5t ( ,licmophora1 ! m>9e =m1 & ! circul> *a9s ( ,m]idion1 ! fre%-wat] g5us1 are simil>4 ,bo? are /ipitate at ! beg9n+ ( _! gr[?4 7c7 ,,fragil>ie ,divid$ into ?ree sections3 ,diatom94--,valve circul>1 elliptical to l9e>1 quadrate or cruci=m1 ) transv]se co/2 )\t raphe1 a pseudoraphe sometimes want+4 ,fragil>i94--,valve elongate1 ) small c5tral & t]m9al elevations1 )\t co/ b ) transv]se punctate /ri2 )\t g5u9e c5tral nodule4 ,eunoti94--,valve lunate2 a raphe sometimes p>tially =m$ ) t]m9al nodules ne> ! edges4 ,,diatom9 ,diatoma4--,fru/ules 9 filam5ts4 ,valve l9e> or elliptical1 co/ate4 ,plagiogramma4--,fru/ules 9 fasci or free4 ,valve co/ate4 ,opephora4--,valve co/ate1 ) an inn] punctate /ratum4 ,,diatoma ,,de ,,c&olle 7#ahje7 em4 ,,heib4 7#ahfc7 7diatemno1 ,i cut 9 two7 ,fru/ules oblong or quadrate1 adnate 9 filam5ts1 atta*$ by alt]nate angles & f9ally sep>at+4 ,valve l9e> or elliptical1 ) transv]se co/ & r[s ( puncta & a pseudoraphe4 ,*romatophores l>ge granules )\t def9ite arrangem5t4 7,see ,pl4 #dj1 ,fig4 #aa47 #db;,,diatoma ,,vulg>e ,,bory4 ,valve elliptical-lanceolate1 ) apices sometimes ro/rate or capitate2 pseudoraphe n>r[2 co/1 #e 9 #aj 4 ,common ev]y:]e 9 pure fre% wat] & extremely v>iable4 ,pl4 #aj1 ,figs4 #i & #aj4 ,v>4 elongatum 7,ag47 v>4 ehr5b]gii 7,kuetz47--elliptical-lanceolate1 con/rict$ ne> ! apex4 ,v>4 gr&e 7,wm4 ,sm47 ,grun4--l9e>1 elongat$1 con/rict$ ne> ! apices4 ,pl4 #aj1 ,fig4 #d4 ,bo? ( ^! v>ieties1 ) num]\s int]m$iate =ms1 are abundant ne> ,newt[n ,squ>e4 ,v>ieties ( ,grun[1 kn[n z breve1 ovate-lanceolate2 productum1 ovate-lanceolate ) produc$ apices2 capitulatum1 lanceolate ) capitate extremities1 are m+l$ toge!r 9 ! same ga!r+4 ,,diatoma ,,anceps 7,,ehr47 ,,kir*n4 ,valve l9e> ) ro/rate apices2 co/ robu/2 /ri delicate1 #bj 9 #aj 4 ,zone view quadrangul>4 ,common 9 fre% wat]4 ,pl4 #aj1 ,figs4 #e & #f4 ,fig4 #aa1 ,pl4 #dj1 %[s fru/ules conta9+ ! nuclei & *romatophores4 ,,diatoma ,,hiemale 7,,lyng47 ,,heib4 ,valve ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate2 apices obtuse1 n produc$4 ,co/ n num]\s1 robu/2 /ri monili=m4 ,zone view quadrate1 ! co/ z septa deeply divid+ ! valve into convex elevations4 ,common 9 spr+s4 ,pl4 #aj1 ,figs4 #g & #h4 ,9 all species ( ,diatoma a punctum1 or pore1 is obs]v$1 usually at alt]nate ends ( ! two valves1 by means ( :i* a communication exi/s betwe5 adjo9+ fru/ules & causes !m to adh]e 9 zig-zag *a9s :5 p>tially sep>at$4 ,,plagiogramma ,,grev4 7#ahei7 7plagios1 on ! side1 & gramma1 a lett]7 ,fru/ules quadrangul>1 adnate 9 fasci1 or free4 ,valve l9e>1 elliptical1 or elliptical-lanceolate1 divid$ by two or m m$ian & two t]m9al co/ or ) a c5tral & two t]m9al hyal9e spaces4 ,valve ) two m$ian & two t]m9al co/3 ,l9e>1 pseudoraphe di/9ct pygmum ,l9e>1 ) /ri at ! ends walli*ianum ,ovate-lanceolate obesum ,valve )\t co/ b ) c5tral & t]m9al nodules3 pseudoraphe abs5t tessellatum #dc,,plagiogramma ,,pygm,,um ,,grev4 ,valve l9e>-elliptical2 pseudoraphe di/9ct2 r[s ( granules transv]se1 usually six 9 ea* comp>tm5t1 monili=m1 ?ree on ea* side4 ,blue clay4 ,n common4 ,pl4 #aj1 ,fig4 #ac4 ,,plagiogramma ,,walli*ianum ,,grev4 ,valve l9e>1 r\nd$ at ! ends2 pseudoraphe abs5t2 transv]se r[s ( granules1 six or sev5 9 ea* comp>tm5t1 & two or ?ree r[s ( small] granules at ea* end4 ,blue clay4 ,n common4 ,pl4 #aj1 ,fig4 #ad4 ,,plagiogramma ,,obesum ,,grev4 ,valve rhombic-lanceolate1 ! co/ sc>cely visible2 pseudoraphe r wide2 r[s ( granules1 ab\t sev5 9 ea* comp>tm5t1 slightly radiat+4 ,blue clay4 ,n common4 ,pl4 #aj1 ,fig4 #ab4 ,,plagiogramma ,,tessellatum ,,grev4 ,valve elliptical-lanceolate2 c5tral space transv]sely elliptical to ! major axis1 half ! diamet] ( ! valve2 t]m9al spaces m or less circul> or ovate4 ,granul> m>k+s l>ge1 quadrangul>1 9 transv]se r[s4 ,pseudoraphe n di/9ct4 ,z ! c5tral space does n rea* ! m>g91 x is a "q :e!r ?is =m is a ,plagiogramma or a new g5us4 ,blue clay4 ,r>e4 ,pl4 #aj1 ,fig4 #aa4 ,,opephora ,,petit 7#ahhh7 7ope1 an op5+1 & phoreo7 ,fru/ule rectangul>4 ,valve cunei=m1 l9e> or elliptical-lanceolate1 ) broad1 transv]se /ri & a well-def9$ pseudoraphe or m$ian area4 ,! g5us portant des /ries en =me de b\tonnires1 z ,petit rem>ks1 is q ne> ,fragil>ia1 "u :i* ! species "h describ$ 7 orig9ally includ$4 7,see ,s*midt's ,atlas1 ,pl4 #bih1 :]e num]\s =ms ( ,f4 p9nata are figur$47 ,,opephora ,,s*w>tzii 7,,grun47 ,,petit ,valve obovate-lanceolate or ne>ly l9e> ) r\nd$ apices2 /ri transv]se1 broad1 #c or #d 9 #aj 2 m$ian area lanceolate4 ,an inn] /ratum1 ) puncta 9 transv]se r[s1 is app>5t4 ,blue clay4 ,n uncommon4 ,v>iable 9 size4 ,pl4 #aj1 ,figs4 #af & #ai4 ,,opephora ,,pacifica 7,,grun47 ,,petit ,valve l9e>1 oblong1 ) r\nd$ apices4 ,m$ian area l9e>1 n>r[2 /ri punctate4 ,blue clay4 ,pl4 #aj1 ,fig4 #ah4 ,petit 7,diat4 ,cap ,horn7 9 8 diagnosis /ates t ! valves are cunei=m1 b !y are n always s4 #dd,,opephora ,,p9nata ,,v>4 ,,lanceolata ,n4 ,,v>4 ,valve lanceolate2 co/ slightly radiate1 punctate2 m$ian area broad1 lanceolate4 ,diff]s f ,o4 p9nata 9 outl9e1 radiation ( ! co/ & m$ian area4 ,blue clay4 ,r>e4 ,pl4 #aj1 ,fig4 #ag4 ,,fragil>i9 ,fragil>ia4--,fru/ules 9 fasci4 ,valve ) transv]se /ri4 ,pseudoraphe indi/9ct4 ,rhaphoneis4--,/ri radiate2 pseudoraphe di/9ct4 ,dim]ogramma4--,pseudoraphe broad4 ,tra*ysph5ia4--,valve cunei=m4 ,syn$ra4--,valve elongate4 ,a/]ionella4--,fru/ules 9 />-%ap$ clu/]s4 ,,fragil>ia 7,,lyng47 ,,rab4 7fragilis1 because ( ! fasci easily break+ up7 ,fru/ules rectangul>1 adnate 9 fasci1 soon break+ up4 ,valve lanceolate1 oblong or elliptical 9 g5]al outl9e1 ) convex or s9uate m>g9s2 )\t co/2 pseudoraphe n>r[ or indi/9ct2 /ri transv]se4 ,*romatophores v>y accord+ to species4 ,9 "s !y consi/ ( f\r b&s on ! valves2 9 o!rs !y are granul> 7,m]es*k[sky74 ,brun divides ! g5us into two sections1 ,fragil>ia prop] & ,/aurosira4 ,! =m]1 ) an indi/9ct pseudoraphe1 includes ! species viresc5s1 arctica1 undata & l9e>is1 :ile ! latt]1 ) di/9ct pseudoraphe1 includes capuc9a1 h>risonii1 con/ru5s & p>asitica4 ,,fragil>ia ,,viresc5s ,,ralfs ,fru/ules 9 long fasci4 ,valve elliptical-lanceolate1 obtuse at ! apices2 pseudoraphe indi/9ct2 /ri1 #ag 9 #aj 1 punctate4 ,v common 9 spr+s & pure /reams4 ,! fasci are (t5 a foot or m 9 l5g?4 ,pl4 #aj1 ,figs4 #bj & #ba4 ,,fragil>ia ,,arctica ,,grun4 ,valve oblong or elliptical1 #aj 9 l5g?2 /ri subtle1 ) co>se1 %ort /ri at int]vals on ! m>g9 & evid5t 9 zone view4 ,m>9e4 ,common at ,cape ,may1 ,n4 ,j4 ,pl4 #aj1 ,figs4 #bb & #bc4 ,,fragil>ia ,,undata ,,wm4 ,,sm4 ,valve 9 g5]al outl9e l9e>-elliptical1 ) extremities produc$2 /ri subtle2 pseudoraphe di/9ct4 ,fre% wat]4 ,pl4 #aj1 ,figs4 #bd1 #be1 #bg1 #bh & #bi4 #de;,,fragil>ia ,,l9e>is ,,c/r4 ,valve l9e>1 ) r\nd$ apices2 /ri subtle2 pseudoraphe indi/9ct4 ,m>9e4 ,cape ,may4 ,pl4 #aj1 ,fig4 #cg4 ,fig4 #cf is an indet]m9ate =m occasionally f\nd 9 ! blue clay4 ,,fragil>ia ,,capuc9a ,,v>4 ,,mesolepta ,,rab4 ,valve l9e>1 con/rict$ at ! hyal9e middle2 apices slightly produc$2 /ri1 #ag 9 #aj 4 ,q v>iable 9 size4 ,s*uylkill ,riv]4 ,morrisville 7,keeley74 ,pl4 #aj1 ,fig4 #cd4 ,,fragil>ia ,,h>risonii 7,,wm4 ,,sm47 ,,grun4 ,fru/ules rectangul>1 solit>y or 9 twos4 ,valve cruci=m2 pseudoraphe n>r[1 lanceolate2 /ri robu/1 radiat+ 9 ! middle1 compos$ ( conflu5t puncta1 l>g] at ! circumf]5ce4 ,blue clay4 ,pl4 #aj1 ,fig4 #ca4 ,,fragil>ia ,,con/ru5s 7,,ehr47 ,,grun4 ,valve 9 g5]al outl9e lanceolate1 ) produc$ apices2 pseudoraphe lanceolate1 di/9ct or broad2 /ri subtle1 #ae 9 #aj 4 ,l4 ( valve1 #aj-de 4 ,/aurosira con/ru5s ,ehr4 ,odontidium tabell>ia ,wm4 ,sm4 ,blue clay4 ,pl4 #aj1 ,fig4 #cj4 ,,fragil>ia ,,p>asitica 7,,wm4 ,,sm47 ,fru/ules solit>y or 9 twos4 ,valve lanceolate1 sometimes con/rict$ 9 ! middle2 pseudoraphe wide1 lanceolate2 /ri subtle4 ,p>asitic on o!r diatoms4 ,odontidium p>asiticum ,wm4 ,sm4 ,n common4 ,m$ia 7,palm]74 ,9 ! con/rict$ =m x is kn[n z ,f4 con/ru5s v>4 b9odis 7,ehr47 ,grun4 ,pl4 #aj1 ,fig4 #ce4 ,an exam9ation ( ! synonymy ( ! species ( ,fragil>ia w conv9ce ! /ud5t ( ! difficulty ( det]m9+ ! correct "n ev5 9 well-kn[n =ms4 ,if all ( ! species ( ,fragil>ia prop] h granul> *romatophores1 & all ( ,/aurosira are placco*romatic1 a satisfactory division c be made1 b s long z ^! facts are n kn[n 9 all species1 & z au?ors h repeat$ly confus$ ! two divisions1 ! nom5clature w be unc]ta94 ,f4 h>risonii is probably 9 any case to be sep>at$ f ! o!rs4 ,de ,toni includes x "u its orig9al "n ( ,odontidium1 :i* g5us he places ne> to ,diatoma4 ,! numb] ( species 9 our locality is too limit$ to r5d] fur!r discussion ( any value4 #df,,rhaphoneis ,,ehr4 7#ahdd7 7rhaphis1 a ne$le7 ,fru/ule 9 zone view l9e>4 ,valve lanceolate or elliptical-lanceolate2 pseudoraphe di/9ct2 /ri radiat+1 monili=m4 ,,rhaphoneis ,,amphic]os ,,ehr4 ,valve lanceolate1 broad1 ) apices produc$2 /ri 9 curv$ l9es1 monili=m1 ! l>ge granules 9 longitud9al l9es4 ,blue clay4 ,pl4 #aj1 ,fig4 #ch4 ,,rhaphoneis ,,amphic]os ,,v>4 ,,rhombica ,,grun4 ,valve z 9 type =m b %ort]1 ) l>g] & m remote granules4 ,blue clay4 ,pl4 #aj1 ,figs4 #ci & #dj4 ,,rhaphoneis ,,belgica ,,v>4 ,,int]m$ia ,,grun4 ,valve lanceolate1 ro/rate2 granules 9 longitud9al & ne>ly transv]se1 n radiat+1 l9es4 ,absecon1 ,n4 ,j4 ,pl4 #aj1 ,fig4 #da4 ,,dim]ogramma ,,ralfs 7#ahfa7 7dis1 two1 m]os1 a "p1 gramma1 a lett]7 ,fru/ules quadrangul>1 inflat$ at ! angles1 9 fasci4 ,valve ovate or lanceolate2 /ri monili=m1 transv]se or slightly radiate2 m$ian area or pseudoraphe broad1 lanceolate4 ,,dim]ogramma ,,m>9um 7,,greg47 ,,ralfs ,valve lanceolate or l9e> & inflat$ 9 ! middle2 /ri monili=m1 transv]se or slightly radiate2 m$ian area l9e> or lanceolate1 sometimes n rea*+ ! smoo? extremities2 /ri1 #h 9 #aj 4 ,pl4 #ab1 ,figs4 #i & #aj4 ,fig4 #i diff]s 9 its lanceolate outl9e1 9 hav+ f\r puncta on ea* side 9 a r[1 & 9 ! /ri :i* are radiate4 ,,dim]ogramma ,,surirella 7,,ehr47 ,,grun4 ,valve elliptical-lanceolate1 ) r\nd$ apices2 /ri monili=m1 radiate2 pseudoraphe n>r[1 lanceolate4 ,blue clay4 ,pl4 #ab1 ,fig4 #aa4 #dg;,,dim]ogramma ,,m9us 7,,greg47 ,,ralfs ,valve rhombic-lanceolate2 /ri punctate1 radiate2 pseudoraphe lanceolate2 apices smoo?4 ,blue clay4 ,along ! coa/4 ,pl4 #ab1 ,figs4 #ab1 #ac1 #ad4 ,,tra*ysph5ia ,,petit 7#ahgg7 7tra*ys1 r\gh1 & sph51 a w$ge7 ,fru/ules rectangul>4 ,valve cunei=m ) co>se puncta 9 transv]se & longitud9al l9es2 pseudoraphe n>r[1 l9e>4 ,"o species only4 ,,tra*ysph5ia ,,au/ralis ,,petit ,*>act]s ( ! g5us4 ,valve small2 puncta1 #f 9 #aj 4 ,alli$ to ,dim]ogramma4 ,%>k ,riv]1 ,n4 ,j4 ,r>e4 ,pl4 #ab1 ,fig4 #ae4 ,,syn$ra ,,ehr4 7#ahcj7 7syn$rion1 a sitt+ toge!r7 ,fru/ules adnate 9 small /ipitate clu/]s or free4 ,valve elongate1 l9e> or l9e>-lanceolate2 pseudoraphe di/9ct2 co/ abs5t4 ,! g5us ,syn$ra has few di/9ctive *>act]s4 ,z ,brun rem>ks 7,diat4 des ,alpes et du ,jura1 p4 #abb71 ! dilatation ( ! extremities & ! pseudo-nodule are ( little value 9 classification1 z ! int]m$iate =ms are s num]\s4 ,fragil>ia occurs 9 v long ribbons or fasci1 ,syn$ra 9 %ort fasci or radiat+ clu/]s4 ,fragil>ia is seldom long] ?an ?ree or f\r times ! wid?1 :ile ,syn$ra is ne>ly always s4 ,! =m] has f9e1 (t5 subtle1 m>k+s & n>r[ pseudoraphe1 :ile ! latt] has co>s] punctate /ri & a m di/9ct pseudoraphe4 ,*romatophores usually consi/ ( two b&s1 "o on ea* ( ! valves4 ,k>/5 /ates t 9 ! m>9e =ms ! *romatophores are oval or polygonal discs1 ea* ( :i* usually encloses a pyr5oid4 ,,syn$ra ,,ulna 7,,nitzs*7 ,,ehr4 ,fru/ules solit>y or 9 twos4 ,valve #aej-bej 9 l5g?1 l9e> or l9e>-lanceolate1 ) ro/rate apices2 /ri1 #i 9 #aj 4 ,common 9 riv]s & /reams4 ,pl4 #aa1 ,figs4 #d1 #g & #aa 7874 ,frequ5tly int]rupt$ 9 ! middle4 ,! di/9ction made by ,wm4 ,smi? z to ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( ! c5tral blank space is probably n necess>y1 z bo? =ms are f\nd :i* are o!rwise id5tical4 ,fig4 #e repres5ts ! =mation ( a sporangial fru/ule :i* diff]s f ! usual =m 9 its inflat$ ends prolong$ into ro/rate apices4 ,figs4 #a & #f are sporangial fru/ules4 #dh,,syn$ra ,,biceps 7,,kuetz47 ,,s*midt ,valve sublanceolate1 inflat$ at ! ends1 apices r\nd$2 c5tral space n always di/9ct2 pseudoraphe n>r[2 /ri radiate at ! ends4 ,?is is n ,kuetz+'s species1 if ! descriptions & figures are accept$1 nor is x ,h4 ,l4 ,smi?'s ,type ,no4 #ede1 :i* is ,s4 ulna v>4 danica1 nor is x ,s4 biceps ,wm4 ,smi?1 b x is exactly ,s*midt's =m 7,atlas1 ,pl4 #cjc1 ,figs4 #aj-ae74 ,s*uylkill ,riv]4 ,pl4 #aa1 ,fig4 #c4 ,,syn$ra ,,danica ,,kuetz4 ,valve lanceolate1 sudd5ly con/rict$ at ! r\nd$ apices2 c5tral space frequ5tly abs5t4 ,v common 9 /reams4 ,pl4 #aa1 ,fig4 #b4 ,! figure repres5ts an unusually l>ge =m4 ,x diff]s f ,s4 ulna only 9 its apices4 ,,syn$ra ,,capitata ,,ehr4 ,valve long1 l9e>1 dilat$ into triangul> acute apices2 pseudoraphe di/9ct2 /ri radiate at ! ends4 ,blue clay4 ,pl4 #aa1 ,fig4 #h4 ,,syn$ra ,,acus ,,kuetz4 ,valve v n>r[1 lanceolate1 acicul>1 ) obtuse apices4 ,common 9 ! ,s*uylkill ,riv]4 ,pl4 #aa1 ,figs4 #i & #ah4 ,,syn$ra ,,g\l>di ,,br,b4 ,valve con/rict$ 9 ! middle2 apices sub-acute1 sometimes slightly ro/rate or capitate2 c5tral space evid5t4 ,ne%am9y ,creek 7,palm]74 ,blue clay4 ,crum ,creek4 ,pl4 #aa1 ,figs4 #ab & #ac4 ,,syn$ra ,,pul*ella 7,,ralfs7 ,,kuetz4 ,valve lanceolate1 tap]+ to ! sub-acute1 ro/rate or slightly capitate apices2 dilat$ at ! c5tral hyal9e space2 pseudoraphe di/9ct4 ,v v>iable 9 size4 ,crum ,creek4 ,s*uylkill ,riv]4 ,r common4 ,pl4 #aa1 ,figs4 #ad1 #ae1 #af4 ,,syn$ra ,,pul*ella ,,v>4 ,,abnormis ,,mac*iati8 ,valve z 9 type =m1 except t "o end is curv$ l a beak1 z 9 ,s4 hamata ,wm4 ,sm41 :i* x resembles4 ,n uncommon 9 ! ,s*uylkill ,riv]4 ,pl4 #aa1 ,fig4 #ag4 ,,syn$ra ,,oxyrhyn*us ,,v>4 ,,undulata ,,grun4 ,valve l9e>-lanceolate ) produc$ ro/rate apices1 asymmetrical1 sigmoid2 pseudoraphe n>r[2 pseudo-nodule l>ge4 ,common 9 fre% wat]4 ,pl4 #ab1 ,fig4 #a4 #di,,syn$ra ,,pul*ella ,,v>4 ,,flexella ,n4 ,,v>4 ,fru/ule slightly att5uat$ at ! ends1 truncate1 some:at tumid 9 ! middle & flex$4 ,valve lanceolate1 ) obtuse or subcapitate apices & ) two almo/ imp]ceptible con/rictions at ! middle produc+ a tumid appe>ance2 pseudoraphe di/9ct2 pseudo-nodule abs5t4 ,l4 #ef 2 /ri1 #ad-af 9 #aj 4 ,"s valves are b5t & incis$ on "o side4 ,! outl9e ( ! valve is t ( pul*ella4 ,common at ,newt[n ,squ>e4 ,pl4 #ab1 ,fig4 #b4 ,,syn$ra ,,radians ,,kuetz4 ,fru/ules l9e>1 9 small fasci4 ,valve #cd 9 l5g?1 l9e>1 ) apices ro/rate1 obtuse1 sometimes slightly capitate2 pseudoraphe di/9ct2 /ri ab\t #bj 9 #aj 4 ,fre% wat]4 ,pl4 #aj1 ,figs4 #cb & #cc4 ,!re is difficulty 9 recogniz+ ,s4 radians ,k4 z describ$ & figur$ by diff]5t au?ors4 ,on ,plate #ab1 ,fig4 #h1 ,i h drawn a specim5 f ,h4 ,l4 ,smi?'s ,type ,slide ,no4 #egd1 labell$ ,s4 radians ,kuetz41 n ,wm4 ,smi?1 :i*1 h[ev]1 corresponds closely to ,smi?'s figure 7,brit4 ,diat4 #a1 ,pl4 #aa1 ,fig4 #hi74 ,de ,toni gives ,s4 radians ,kuetz4 z equival5t to ,s4 t5]a ,wm4 ,sm4 ,van ,heurck's figure ( ,s4 radians1 & also ! figure ( ulna v>41 said to be synonym\s ) ,h4 ,l4 ,smi?'s ,s4 radians1 :i* does n correspond to ! specim5s on ,smi?'s slide 9 my possession1 are confus+4 ,9 ,van ,heurck's ,synopsis ! /ri are said to be #af or #ag1 :ile ,de ,toni describes !m z subtle & f #ag to #bd 9 #aj 4 ,! l5g? is q v>iable4 ,sev]al species ( ,syn$ra resemble ,s4 radians 9 ! mode ( gr[?1 z !y are adnate at fir/1 9 %ort b&s1 ! fru/ules be+ sessile on o!r plants or objects1 atta*$ at ! t]m9al nodules :i*1 al?\gh sc>cely visible 9 mo/ =ms1 are probably pres5t 9 all4 ,! fru/ules are n closely connect$ at ! free end1 & soon become entirely deta*$4 ,9 ,diatoma & ,fragil>ia1 we f9d a punctum or pore at "o end ( a valve1 b n 9 l9e ) ! pseudoraphe2 9 ,syn$ra1 a m9ute pore is usually f\nd 9 ! position ( ! t]m9al nodule &1 9 "s species1 indications ( a c5tral nodule are obs]v$2 ! m$ian l9e is wid] b !re is no raphe4 ,9 ! fre%-wat] ,syn$r1 _m ( :i* are among ! longe/ ( diatoms1 liv+ 9 runn+ /reams1 ! t]m9al nodules are mu* m indi/9ct1 :ile ! m>9e =ms h di/9ct t]m9al nodules1 are n1 z a rule1 f\nd 9 b&s1 & assume a m naviculoid outl9e4 ,,syn$ra ,,vau*]i ,,v>4 ,,p>vula 7,,kuetz47 ,,rab4 ,valve lanceolate1 ) produc$ or ro/rate apices2 pseudo-nodule wide1 exc5tric4 ,l4 #ag 4 ,crum ,creek4 ,pl4 #ab1 ,fig4 #e4 ,fig4 #f repres5ts a v>iety ) co>s] /ri f ! ,s*uylkill ,riv]4 ,bo? are easily mi/ak5 = ,fragil>ia int]m$ia4 #ej,,syn$ra ,,fulg5s 7,,grev47 ,,wm4 ,,sm4 ,fru/ules gem9ate or flabellate on a /ipe4 ,valve slightly inflat$ 9 ! middle & at ! apices2 pseudoraphe n>r[2 /ri f9ely punctate1 radiate at ! ends4 ,m>9e4 ,atlantic ,city4 ,pl4 #aa1 ,fig4 #aj4 ,,syn$ra ,,aff9is ,,kuetz4 ,valve lanceolate2 /ri m>g9al1 leav+ a broad lanceolate pseudoraphe4 ,common along ! coa/4 ,pl4 #ab1 ,fig4 #c4 ,,syn$ra ,,aff9is ,,v>4 ,,p>va 7,,kuetz47 ,v4 ,h4 ,valve lanceolate1 sl5d]2 /ri m>g9al1 %ort] ?an 9 ! type4 ,syn$ra gracilis ,kuetz4 ,common along ! coa/4 ,pl4 #ab1 ,fig4 #g4 ,,syn$ra ,,aff9is ,,v>4 ,,tabulata 7,,ag47 ,v4 ,h4 ,valve l9e>-lanceolate2 /ri1 #aa 9 #aj 1 v %ort4 ,n common4 ,new ,ro*elle4 ,pl4 #ab1 ,fig4 #d4 ,,a/]ionella ,,hassall 7#ahee7 7dim4 ( a/]1 a />7 ,fru/ules l9e>1 slightly inflat$ at ! ends1 arrang$ 9 />-%ap$ clu/]s :i* soon break up4 ,valve l9e>1 unequally inflat$ at ! ends4 ,,a/]ionella ,,=mosa ,,hass4 ,valve clavate at ! ends2 /ri transv]se1 #ag 9 #aj 1 pseudoraphe v n>r[ or indi/9ct2 an ovoid1 hyal9e area at ea* end4 ,new>k1 ,n4 ,j4 ,broomall's ,lake1 ,m$ia 7,palm]74 ,pl4 #ab1 ,figs4 #ai1 #bj1 #ba4 ,,a/]ionella ,,inflata ,,heib4 ,valve l9e>1 capitate at ea* end & tumid 9 ! middle2 /ri di/9ctly punctate2 pseudoraphe indi/9ct1 or n app>5t4 ,l4 #cj 4 ,fre% wat]4 ,may's ,l&+1 ,n4 ,j4 ,pl4 #ab1 ,fig4 #bb4 ,,eunoti9 ,eunotia4--,fru/ules ei!r free1 9 fasci or epiphytic4 ,valves arcuate4 ,act9ella4--,fru/ules1 solit>y or 9 small clu/]s1 cuneate4 ,valve inflat$ at "o end4 #ea;,,eunotia ,,ehr4 7#ahcg7 em4 ,,grun4 7#ahfb7 7eu1 well1 & noton1 a back1 ref]r+ to ! /rong1 ridg$ dorsum7 ,fru/ules free1 9 fasci or epiphytic4 ,valve arcuate1 )\t co/1 transv]sely /riat$2 pseudoraphe abs5t2 pseudo-nodules at ea* end4 ,*romatophores lam9ate along ! concave zone & ! valves4 ,v _m species ( ,eunotia h be5 creat$ to diff]5tiate size & numb] ( cr5 or undulations4 ,an exam9ation ( c]ta9 fossil deposits ( ,new ,engl&1 z well z a ga!r+ f ! blue clay ( ,philadelphia1 w %[ =ms :i* v>y inf9itely4 ,e4 major & ,e4 gracilis are sc>cely di/+ui%able because ( ! int]m$iate v>iations4 ,! /ri 9 all =ms are punctate1 b ! puncta are frequ5tly conflu5t4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,species ,eunotia is divid$ into two sections1 ,himantidium & ,eunotia prop]4 ,9 ,himantidium1 ! fru/ules are 9 fasci1 ei!r %ort or long4 ,among ^? ) %ort fasci are major1 gracilis1 & nymanniana2 ^? ) long fasci are pect9alis1 soli]olii & v5]is4 ,eunotia prop] includes fru/ules1 free or epiphytic1 9 :i* ! valves are n d5tate on ! dorsal m>g91 su* z lun>is1 hemicyclus1 biceps & prrupta2 & ^? 9 :i* ! valves are d5tate or cr5ate on ! dorsum1 su* z monodon1 triodon1 diadema & o!rs4 ,! resemblance betwe5 ,eunotia & ,epi!mia is noticeable4 ,9 bo?1 ! epiphytic "* ( ! valve is se5 9 ! %ape ( ! fru/ule :i* is ar*$1 &1 9 ! free =ms1 is adh]5t at ! ends only4 ,9 ,epi!mia1 ! m$ian is m evid5t ?an ! t]m9al nodules4 ,9 ,eunotia1 !re is no m$ian nodule1 b ! end nodules1 9 "s species1 are q evid5t1 & a t5d5cy is %[n to produce a v %ort raphe4 ,! arrangem5t ( puncta 9 valve view is simil> 9 bo? g5]a4 ,,section #a4 ,,himantidium ,,eunotia ,,major 7,,wm4 ,,sm47 ,,rab4 ,valve arcuate1 l9e>1 subcapitate1 recurv$4 ,/ri punctate1 #ab 9 #aj ,l4 #ij-aij 4 ,common 9 fre% wat]4 ,pl4 #ac1 ,figs4 #a & #b4 ,,eunotia ,,gracilis 7,,ehr47 ,,rab4 ,valve ) sides p>allel2 apices slightly capitate & revolute2 /ri1 #aj 9 #aj 4 ,! /ri on ! connective membrane m delicate ?an 9 ,e4 major4 ,int]m$iate =ms occur4 ,common 9 fre% wat]4 ,pl4 #ac1 ,fig4 #c4 ,fig4 #d is indet]m9ate4 ,,eunotia ,,nymanniana ,,grun4 ,valve small1 curv$1 ) p>allel dorsal & v5tral m>g9s2 apices truncate & recurv$ into dorsal elevations2 /ri delicate4 ,blue clay4 ,n common4 ,pl4 #ac1 ,fig4 #cb4 #eb;,,eunotia ,,pect9alis 7,,kuetz47 ,valve l9e>1 arcuate1 apices slightly ro/rate2 /ri di/9ctly punctate ) puncta 9 longitud9al r[s ne>] toge!r at ! ends4 ,himantidium pect9ale ,kuetz4 ,common 9 fre% wat]4 ,pl4 #ac1 ,figs4 #f & #g4 ,! fasci are associat$ 9 l>ge masses1 sometimes an in* or m 9 diamet]1 & late 9 ,augu/ are f\nd a foot or m 9 l5g?1 ( a beautiful *ocolate color4 ,exce$+ly abundant 9 ! c$>-swamp /reams ( ! ,p9e ,b>r5 regions ( ,new ,j]sey4 ,9 w9t]1 ! dead fru/ules =m a p>*m5t-l coat+ ^u ! twigs1 dead leaves1 & o!r dbris on ! bord]s ( /reams4 ,?is species c sc>cely be ref]r$ to ,dillwyn's ,conf]va pect9alis1 z1 9 8 description1 quot+ ,muell]1 he says t ! filam5ts are ( a dirty gre5 color2 seldom exce$+ half an in* 9 l5g?4 ,dillwyn's =m is probably ,fragil>ia viresc5s1 :i* equals ,fragil>ia pect9alis ,ehr41 :ile ,kuetz+'s species is ,fragil>ia pect9alis ,ralfs4 ,x is n impossible to confuse ,fragil>ia viresc5s & ,eunotia pect9alis :5 ! zone only is se5 "u a l[ p[] & _! mode ( gr[? is simil>4 ,,eunotia ,,pect9alis ,,v>4 ,,undulata ,,ralfs ,valve z 9 type =m1 b ) undulate m>g9s4 ,common 9 ! c$> swamps ( ,new ,j]sey4 ,pl4 #ac1 ,figs4 #h & #aj4 ,,eunotia ,,pect9alis ,,v>4 ,,soli]olii 7,,kuetz47 ,valve z 9 type1 b ) int]nal divisions z ?\gh 9 ! process ( r$uplication4 ,n common4 ,moore/[n1 ,n4 ,j4 7,palm]74 ,pl4 #ac1 ,fig4 #i4 ,,eunotia ,,pect9alis ,,v>4 ,,v5tricosa ,,grun4 ,z 9 type1 b ) ! valves tumid 9 ! middle4 ,may's ,l&+1 ,n4 ,j4 ,pl4 #ac1 ,fig4 #ab4 ,fig4 #aa is a =m f\nd 9 ! blue clay4 ,x diff]s 9 ! co>s] puncta f ! v>4 v5tricosa4 ,9 outl9e x resembles ,eunotia arcus ,wm4 ,sm41 :i* is ,c]atoneis arcus 7,ehr47 ,kuetz41 b ! c5tral nodule is n pres5t z 9 ! latt] =m1 :i* connects ,eunotia & ,cymbella4 ,x may be a =m ( ,e4 luna ,ehr4 7,a4 ,s41 ,atlas1 ,pl4 #bhf1 ,figs4 #cc & #cd47 ,,eunotia ,,v5]is ,,kuetz4 ,valve ) convex dorsal & /raight v5tral m>g9s1 m or less con/rict$ ne> ! sub-acute apices4 ,/ri subtle1 punctate4 ,eunotia incisa ,greg4 ,may's ,l&+1 ,n4 ,j4 ,blue clay1 ,pavonia1 ,n4 ,j4 ,pl4 #ac1 ,figs4 #cj & #ca4 #ec;,,eunotia 7,,prop]7 ,,eunotia ,,lun>is 7,,ehr47 ,,grun4 ,fru/ules sessile1 solit>y or 9 clu/]s4 ,valve arcuate1 n>r[1 att5uat$ t[>d ! apices1 :i* are sometimes slightly ro/rate or ro/rate-capitate2 transv]se /ri1 #ad 9 #aj 1 punctate4 ,v common 9 dit*es1 especially 9 ! spr+4 ,v>iable 9 l5g?4 ,pl4 #ab1 ,figs4 #bd & #be4 ,,eunotia ,,hemicyclus 7,,ehr47 ,,ralfs ,valve semicircul>1 ) obtuse apices2 /ri transv]se1 punctate2 t]m9al nodules m9ute & indi/9ct4 ,hammonton ,pond1 ,n4 ,j4 ,r>e4 ,pl4 #ab1 ,fig4 #bc4 ,! g5us ,pseudo-,eunotia 0 creat$ by ,grun[ = =ms l ,eunotia1 b )\t t]m9al nodules4 ,z1 h[ev]1 9 ,e4 lun>is & ,e4 hemicyclus nodules are evid5t1 al?\gh n s l>ge z 9 _m species1 ,i include ^! two =ms z h]et(ore "u ,eunotia4 ,,eunotia ,,biceps ,,ehr4 ,valve l9e>1 slightly arcuate1 n>r[1 ) r\nd$ apices some:at revolute2 /ri1 #af 9 #aj 4 ,may's ,l&+1 ,n4 ,j4 ,pl4 #ac1 ,fig4 #bg4 ,,eunotia ,,pr,,rupta ,,ehr4 ,valve convex on dorsal side1 apices dilat$ & truncate2 /ri di/ant at c5tre4 ,common 9 ! blue clay4 ,pl4 #ac1 ,fig4 #e4 ,,eunotia ,,pr,,rupta ,,v>4 ,,bid5s ,,grun4 ,valve ) two undulations2 o!rwise z 9 type4 ,eunotia bigibba ,greg4 ,) ! type4 ,pl4 #ac1 ,fig4 #ai4 ,,eunotia ,,robu/a ,,ralfs ,valve arcuate1 ) sev]al or num]\s dorsal ridges or cr5 :i* decrease 9 relative size 9 proportion to _! numb]4 ,/ri radiate1 v>iable 9 di/ance ap>t1 & 9 size ( puncta4 ,ralfs includ$ "u ?is "o "n ! foll[+ species nam$ by ,ehr5b]g3 ,e4 diodon 7#b cr572 ,e4 triodon 7#c72 ,e4 tetraodon 7#d72 ,e4 p5todon 7#e72 ,e4 diadema 7#f72 ,e4 heptodon 7#g72 ,e4 octodon 7#h72 ,e4 enneadon 7#i72 ,e4 decadon 7#aj72 ,e4 h5decadon 7#aa72 ,e4 duodecadon 7#ab72 ,e4 s]ra 7#ac72 ,e4 prioritis 7#ad72 all m ?an #bj1 ,e4 polyodon4 ,e4 scal>is1 ) f #ae to #ag cr51 & ,e4 icosodon ) #bj1 may be add$4 ,x is probable t all ( ^! =ms occur at ,may's ,l&+1 ,n4 ,j4 ,! =ms ) m ?an eight cr5 are comp>atively r>e4 ,9 ! blue clay ^? ) f f\r to six are mo/ common4 ,pl4 #ac1 ,figs4 #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 #af1 #ag1 #ba1 #bd1 #be4 #ed;,,eunotia ,,bactriana ,,ehr4 ,valve l9e>1 apices revolute1 acute1 d5tate on ! dorsal m>g91 ) "o acute cr5a ne> ea* end4 ,tom's ,riv]1 ,n4 ,j4 ,r>e4 ,pl4 #ac1 ,fig4 #ah4 ,,eunotia ,,bid5tula ,,wm4 ,,sm4 ,valve ) /raight v5tral m>g91 & ) two undulations on ! dorsum2 apices l>ge1 r\nd$4 ,may's ,l&+1 ,n4 ,j4 ,r>e4 ,pl4 #ac1 ,fig4 #bj 7n ,s*umann's =m1 :i* has angul> cr574 ,,eunotia ,,=mica ,,ehr4 ,,v>48 ,valve turgid 9 ! middle & at ! apices :i* are unilat]ally truncate4 ,p5sauk51 ,n4 ,j4 7artesian well74 ,pl4 #ac1 ,fig4 #bf 7n a typical =m74 ,! foll[+ are =ms :i* appe> to be indet]m9ate1 or1 9 any case1 are sc>cely wor?y ( di/9ction by specific names1 z might be said ( o!rs ( ! innum]able v>iations ( ?is g5us3 ,fig4 #bc1 ,pl4 #ac1 probably a =m ( prrupta4 ,newt[n ,squ>e4 ,fig4 #bh1 ,pl4 #ac1 f ! blue clay4 ,fig4 #bi1 ,pl4 #ac1 an asymmetrical =m1 app>5tly abnormal1 b n r>e at ,may's ,l&+1 ,n4 ,j4 ,fig4 #ag1 ,pl4 #ch4 ,valve convex on ! dorsal side1 incis$ on ! v5tral2 /ri ab\t #ae 9 #aj 1 clos] at ! ends2 ,l4 #cj 4 ,s*uylkill ,riv]4 ,fig4 #ah1 ,pl4 #ch4 ,valve arcuate1 asymmetrical1 broad] at "o end2 t]m9al nodules l>ge2 /ri1 #aj 9 #aj 2 ,l4 #dg 4 ,gl\ce/]1 ,n4 ,j41 artesian well4 ,num]\s v>iations ( ! above species are illu/rat$ 9 ,s*midt 7,atlas1 ,pls4 #bhe-bia74 ,,act9ella ,,lewis 7#ahfe7 7dim4 ( act91 a ray7 ,fru/ules solit>y1 or 9 small clu/]s1 sub-cuneate or ne>ly l9e>4 ,valve arcuate1 r\nd$ at "o end & sudd5ly wid5$ at ! o!r into a cup-%ap$ or ly*noid inflation4 ,,act9ella ,,punctata ,,lewis ,valve ) f9e1 transv]se /ri2 on ! m>g91 puncta at int]vals2 t]m9al nodules di/9ct4 ,may's ,l&+1 ,n4 ,j4 ,pl4 #ab1 ,figs4 #af1 #ag1 #ah4 ,fig4 #ag1 f ,tom's ,riv]1 ,n4 ,j41 is an approa* t[>d ,a4 brasili5sis ,grun4 ,fig4 #ah repres5ts ! fru/ules gem9ate1 a frequ5t occurr5ce4 #ee,,naviculoide ,9 discuss+ ! ,naviculoid gr\p1 ! g5]al divisions ( ,cleve are "h foll[$1 & all diatoms hav+ a true raphe are includ$4 ,i h add$ ! g5us ,epi!mia & also ,rhopalodia1 p>tly because !y conta9 a raphe ( a c]ta9 k9d & p>tly because !y resemble ! m>k+s ( c]ta9 ( ! g5us ,hantzs*ia 9 ! foll[+ gr\p1 al?\gh 9 o!r respects !re is probably no simil>ity4 ,! difficulty ( comb9+ ! num]\s g5]a into gr\ps :i* are naturally affiliat$ is avoid$ 9 ! foll[+ arrangem5t bas$ on sup]ficial simil>ities1 & is int5d$ m]ely z an artificial key4 ,to unite all =ms hav+ a raphe & :i* are symmetrical ) valves simil> & n sigmoid1 "u ! "o g5us ,navicula1 z has be5 ! cu/om previ\s to ! publication ( ,cleve's monograph1 w\ld result 9 associat+ species diff]+ 9 s _m respects 9 relation to /ructure ( ! valve & cell cont5ts t x seems advisable to reta9 ! new g5]a1 especially z ! orig9al g5us is likely to be /ill fur!r r$uc$ :5 m is kn[n ( ! /ructure & life hi/ory ( ! gr\p4 ,,key ,,to ,,! ,,g5]a ,valves dissimil>4 ,a*nan! symmetrical ,cocconeis asymmetrical to ! longitud9al axis ,anor?oneis to ! transv]se axis ,rhoicosph5ia 9 zone view ,a*nan!s ,valves simil> & asymmetrical asymmetrical to ! longitud9al axis valves p>allel ,cymbella valves n p>allel ,amphora valves keel$1 twi/$ 7sometimes symmetrical7 ,amphiprora valves keel$ ,tropidoneis valves r5i=m & keel$ ,auricula m$ian l9e sigmoid at ! ends ,scoliotropis asymmetrical to ! transv]se axis /ri punctate & co/ate ,gomphoneis /ri punctate ,gomphonema ,valves simil>1 symmetrical & sigmoid /ri oblique ,pleurosigma /ri at "r angles ,gyrosigma ,valves simil>1 symmetrical1 n sigmoid /ri punctate1 nodules elongat$ ,fru/ulia /ri subtly punctate1 c5tral nodule =k$ ,amphipleura /ri punctate & reticulate1 9 two /rata ,dictyoneis /ri punctate & alveolate1 9 ?ree /rata ,tra*yneis /ri punctate1 9 two /rata ,brbissonia /ri int]rupt$ by blank l9es ,anomoeoneis /ri cross$ by longitud9al l9es ,caloneis /ri oblique1 m$ian fissures 9 opposite directions ,neidium /ri punctate & co/ate1 m$ian l9e ) horns ,diploneis /ri punctate2 valves sep>at$ by septate plates ,ma/ogloia /ri punctate1 c5tral area dilat$ into a /auros ,/auroneis /ri punctate1 area )\t /auros or horns ,navicula /ri co/ate1 n punctate ,p9nul>ia #ef;,,a*nan! ,fru/ules /ipitate1 free or p>asitic4 ,valves cuneate1 elliptical or suborbicul>1 dissimil>1 b5t along ! transv]se or ! longitud9al axes1 ! l[] valve ) a true raphe & c5tral & t]m9al nodules1 ! upp] valve ) a pseudoraphe or m$ian l9e4 ,rhoicosph5ia4--,/ipitate2 valves ) transv]se puncta1 b5t along ! transv]se axis1 cuneate1 ) diaphragms at ! ends4 ,anor?oneis4--,free2 puncta radiate2 valves b5t slightly along ! transv]se axis1 suborbicul>4 ,cocconeis4--,p>asitic2 valves elliptical1 usually b5t along ! longitud9al axis2 /ri punctate1 transv]se & longitud9al4 ,a*nan!s4--,/ipitate2 valves lanceolate or elliptical1 b5t along ! transv]se axis2 /ri transv]se1 punctate2 co/ sometimes pres5t4 ,,rhoicosph5ia ,,grun4 7#ahfj7 7rhoicos1 curv$1 & sph51 a w$ge7 ,fru/ule 9 zone view curv$2 valves cuneate1 dissimil>1 ! upp] ) a pseudoraphe1 ! l[] ) a raphe4 ,*romatophore a s+le plate along bo? valves1 & "o ( ! inn] walls ( ! zone4 ,conjugation z 9 ,gomphonema1 ) :i* x is g5]ally associat$ 9 classification4 ,,rhoicosph5ia ,,curvata 7,,kuetz47 ,,grun4 ,valve clavate1 ) r\nd$ apex & base2 l[] valve ) raphe1 a n>r[ axial area & slightly radiate1 punctate /ri2 ! upp] valve ) a n>r[ pseudoraphe & p>allel /ri2 a %ort diaphragm at ! ends ( ea* valve4 ,l5g? usually f #ae to #be 1 b frequ5tly ( twice ! size4 ,common 9 ,crum ,creek4 ,pl4 #ai1 ,figs4 #be1 #bf1 #bg4 ,,anor?oneis ,,grun4 7#ahfh7 7anor?os1 n /raight7 ,valves dissimil>1 ! upp] valve ) an exc5tric axial area1 ! l[] ) an exc5tric raphe4 ,,anor?oneis ,,exc5trica 7,,donk47 ,,grun4 ,valves orbicul>1 ) radiat+1 punctate /ri1 clos] at ! circumf]5ce1 produc+ ! appe>ance ( a bord]4 ,axial area n rea*+ ! ends4 ,fru/ules occur free on ! s&s ( ! sea-%ore4 ,l4 #be to #ej 4 ,belm>1 ,n4 ,j4 ,pl4 #af1 ,figs4 #cj & #ca4 #eg;,,cocconeis ,,ehr4 7#ahce7 em4 ,,grun4 7#ahfh7 7coccos1 a b]ry7 ,valves elliptical1 dissimil>1 ! upp] valve ) a pseudoraphe & ! l[] ) a g5u9e raphe & nodules1 usually ) a rim or annulus4 ,fru/ules epiphytic4 ,cocconeis is g5]ally consid]$ z a deg5]at$ =m ( ,ma/ogloia1 z indicat$ by ! obsoletely loculif]\s rim4 ,! fru/ules are usually b5t along ! longitud9al axis1 probably because ( ! atta*m5t to ! curv$ /ems ( wat]-plants4 ,! cell cont5ts ( only a few species are kn[n4 ,9 ,c4 p$iculus1 a s+le *romatophore occurs on ! inside ( ! upp] valve4 ,9 conjugation1 two cells op5 & secrete a gelat9\s mass f :i* an auxospore is =m$4 ,cleve sep>ates ! =ms hav+ a loculif]\s rim 7,cocconeis7 f ^? )\t a rim 7,eucocconeis74 ,z ! rim is easily deta*able1 ! di/9ction is (t5 made ) difficulty4 ,,cocconeis ,,scutellum ,,ehr4 ,valves elliptical1 ! upp] ) a l9e> or lanceolate pseudoraphe & co>se puncta 9 transv]se & radiat+ l9es2 ! l[] valve ) mu* f9] puncta 9 radiat+ l9es1 a lanceolate axial area &1 sometimes1 a loculif]\s rim4 ,along ! coa/4 ,common1 b extremely v>iable4 ,pl4 #af1 ,fig4 #ba 7upp] valve74 ,fig4 #ah1 v>4 8 ,,cocconeis ,,scutellum ,,v>4 ,,ornata ,,grun4 ,upp] valve ) l9e> axial area1 & transv]se & radiat+ punctate l9es :i* end at ! bord] 9 a d\ble r[ ( f9] puncta2 l[] valve ) mu* f9] puncta1 a lanceolate axial area & a loculif]\s rim4 ,atlantic ,city4 ,common4 ,pl4 #af1 ,figs4 #bg & #bh4 ,! =ms along ! coa/ v>y inf9itely bo? 9 size & appe>ance4 ,! v>4 ornata is v abundant along ! entire coa/4 ,9 any ga!r+1 valves are f\nd ) or )\t ! rim :i* is frequ5tly se5 deta*$4 ,! upp] valve is sometimes )\t ! d\ble r[ ( puncta4 ,fig4 #ba repres5ts an upp] valve m co>sely punctate ?an usually occurs4 ,v _m int]m$iate =ms might be notic$4 ,,cocconeis ,,p$iculus ,,ehr4 ,valves rhombic-elliptical1 v convex1 some:at asymmetrical2 ! upp] valve ) a l9e> pseudoraphe1 sometimes wid5$ ne> ! ends1 & slightly radiat+1 f9ely punctate /ri2 l[] valve ) n>r[1 axial area & f9ely punctate1 radiat+ /ri4 ,n uncommon 9 fre% wat]4 ,abundant 9 a dit* at ,paoli1 ,pa4 ,pl4 #af1 ,figs4 #bc & #bd4 ,,cocconeis ,,plac5tula ,,ehr4 ,valve elliptical2 upp] valve ) a l9e> or lanceolate axial area1 & punctate /ri 9 transv]se & radiat+ r[s1 ! puncta at equal di/ances2 ! l[] valve ) a lanceolate axial area1 radiat+ r[s ( puncta1 & a wide bord] ( f9ely punctate1 radiat+ /ri1 sep>at$ f ! c5tral "p ( ! valve by a n>r[ hyal9e zone4 ,common 9 salt1 bracki% & fre% wat]4 ,pl4 #af1 ,figs4 #ai & #bj4 #eh;,,cocconeis ,,plac5tula ,,v>4 ,,l9eata 7,,ehr47 ,v4 ,h4 ,z 9 ! type1 except t ! upp] valve has ! puncta arrang$ 9 zig-zag1 giv+ ! appe>ance ( s9u\s1 longitud9al l9es4 ,common along ! coa/4 ,pl4 #af1 ,fig4 #bi4 ,c4 p$iculus & ,c4 plac5tula are ! only species ,i h f\nd 9 fre% wat]4 ,cleve /ates t ! =m] occurs also 9 bracki% wat]4 ,! foll[+ are among ! species plac$ by ,cleve 9 a new g5us1 ,eucocconeis1 di/+ui%$ by ! abs5ce ( a loculif]\s rim4 ,,cocconeis ,,dirupta ,,greg4 ,valves elliptical1 ! l[] ) f9e puncta 9 slightly radiat+ l9es1 a n>r[ axial area & a c5tral area dilat$ into a lanceolate1 /auri=m space2 ! t]m9al fissures turn$ 9 opposite directions2 ! upp] valve simil> to ! l[] valve except 9 ! abs5ce ( raphe & nodules4 ,along ! coa/4 ,new ,ro*elle4 ,pl4 #af1 ,fig4 #bb 7l[] valve74 ,,cocconeis ,,pellucida ,,grun4 ,valves elliptical1 ! upp] ) broad axial area on ea* side ( :i* are f9e1 longitud9al r[s ( %ort /ri2 ! l[] valve ) m num]\s longitud9al r[s1 a m>g9al l9e & indi/9ct raphe2 ! t]m9al fissures small & turn$ 9 opposite directions4 ,new ,ro*elle4 ,pl4 #af1 ,figs4 #be & #bf4 ,9 ! v>4 m9or ,grun4 ! m$ian l9e ( ! l[] valve is sometimes slightly sigmoid4 ,,a*nan!s ,,bory 7#ahbb7 7a*ne1 fro? or d[n1 & an?os1 a fl[]7 ,fru/ules /ipitate1 solit>y or 9 %ort fasci1 flex$4 ,valves elliptical or lanceolate1 naviculoid1 dissimil>1 ! l[] ) a raphe & m$ian & t]m9al nodules1 & ! upp] ) a pseudoraphe or m$ian space4 ,! g5us has no app>5t aff9ity ) any o!r4 ,,a*nan!s ,,longipes ,,ag4 ,valves l9e>-elliptical1 obtuse at ! apex1 sometimes slightly con/rict$ 9 ! middle4 ,connective zone ) transv]se1 subtly punctate /ri1 int]rupt$ by longitud9al l9es4 ,c5tral nodule ( l[] valve dilat$ into a /auros rea*+ ! m>g94 ,valves co/ate1 ! co/ alt]nat+ ) d\ble r[s ( f9e puncta4 ,along ! coa/1 9 e/u>ies4 ,pl4 #af1 ,figs4 #a & #b4 ,a4 longipes is ! only species 9 our locality consid]$ by ,cleve z belong+ to ! g5us2 ! o!r =ms1 di/+ui%$ by ! abs5ce ( co/1 are includ$ 9 ! g5us ,a*nan?idium ( ,kuetz+4 ,9 ,a4 longipes1 ! *romatophores consi/ ( scatt]$1 r\nd$ granules1 :ile 9 ,a*nan?idium ! *romatophore is a s+le plate along ! upp] valve1 or a d\ble "o #ei;along ! connective zone4 ,x is necess>y1 !re=e1 to di/+ui% betwe5 ,a4 longipes & ! foll[+ gr\p1 b1 because ( ! long cont9u$ union ( all ( ! /ipitate =ms hav+ ! g5]al appe>ance ( a true ,a*nan!s1 ,i %all cont9ue to describe ! local species "u ! g5]ally accept$ "n4 ,,a*nan!s ,,brevipes ,,ag4 ,valves )\t co/2 /ri monili=m2 upp] valve ) exc5tric pseudoraphe or m$ian l9e2 o!rwise z 9 ,a4 longipes4 ,along ! coa/1 9 e/u>ies4 ,pl4 #af1 ,fig4 #c4 ,,a*nan!s ,,subsessilis ,,kuetz4 ,valves l9e>-elliptical1 r\nd$ at ! ends2 upp] valve ) exc5tric pseudoraphe2 /ri monili=m1 puncta small] ?an 9 ,a4 brevipes4 ,along ! coa/1 9 e/u>ies4 ,pl4 #af1 ,figs4 #d1 #e1 #f4 ,! ?ree species describ$ above are nam$ f ! l5g? ( ! /ipe1 b ?is v>ies consid]ably & is n ( special significance4 ,,a*nan!s ,,inflata 7,,kuetz47 ,,grun4 ,valves m or less inflat$ 9 ! middle1 usually ) ! /auros ( ! l[] valve asymmetrical & wid] ?an 9 ,a4 subsessilis1 ) :i* x agrees 9 size & m>k+s4 ,gl\ce/]1 ,n4 ,j4 7artesian well74 ,pl4 #af1 ,figs4 #g & #h4 ,,a*nan!s ,,co>ctata 7,,br,b47 ,,grun4 ,valves lanceolate1 oblong1 broad at ! ends & con/rict$ 9 ! middle4 ,/auros wide2 pseudoraphe ( ! upp] valve exc5tric2 /ri slightly radiate on ! l[] valve2 puncta small4 ,blue clay4 ,pl4 #af1 ,fig4 #i4 ,,a*nan!s ,,lanceolata 7,,br,b47 ,,grun4 ,valves m or less elliptical2 /ri radiat+1 #ab 9 #aj 1 punctate2 on ! l[] valve a horse-%oe %ap$ hyal9e space on "o side ( ! c5tre2 on ! upp] valve an irregul> /auros1 n rea*+ ! m>g94 ,l4 #h-bj 4 ,9 spr+s4 ,abundant at ,newt[n ,squ>e4 ,pl4 #af1 ,figs4 #aj1 #aa1 #ab4 ,,a*nan!s ,,exigua ,,grun4 ,valves oblong-lanceolate1 ) ro/rate ends1 sometimes slightly con/rict$ 9 ! middle4 ,/auros r wide2 /ri punctate1 radiat+1 #bb 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #aj-ab 4 ,/auroneis exilis ,kuetz4 7n ,a*nan!s exilis ,kuetz47 ,frequ5tly f\nd 9 aqu>ia :]e ,i h kept x gr[+ cont9u\sly = ye>s4 ,pl4 #af1 ,figs4 #ad & #ae4 ,,a*nan!s ,,l9e>is ,,=ma ,,curta ,h4 ,l4 ,,smi? ,fru/ules solit>y or gem9ate4 ,valves l9e>-elliptical1 or elliptical-lanceolate4 ,l[] valve )\t di/9ct axial area2 upp] valve ) axial area wid5$ 9 ! middle2 /ri slightly radiate 7874 ,l4 #g 4 ,"o ( ! smalle/ ( diatoms4 #fj,?is =m ,i f\nd 9 a pure ga!r+ cov]+ ! sides ( a gre5h\se tank at ,elm1 ,n4 ,j4 ,x 0 s5t to ,pr(4 ,h4 ,l4 ,smi?1 :o det]m9$ x z =ma curta ( ,a4 l9e>is4 ,pl4 #af1 ,figs4 #af & #ag4 ,,a*nan!s ,,danica 7,,floegel7 ,,grun4 ,valves rhombic-lanceolate1 ) subacute ends4 ,/ri1 #be 9 #aj 1 radiate4 ,l[] valve ) /auros wid5$ t[>d ! m>g91 & cleft into ?ree divisions4 ,pavonia1 ,n4 ,j4 7artesian well74 ,pl4 #af1 ,fig4 #ac4 ,i h se5 ! l[] valve only4 ,cleve /ates t ! upp] valve is co/ate ) alt]nat+ f9e l9eol twice z close z ! co/4 ,,cymbella ,,ag4 7#ahcj7 7cymbe1 a boat7 ,fru/ules free1 /ipitate or enclos$ 9 tubes4 ,valve boat-%ap$2 m$ian l9e asymmetrical1 /raight or curv$4 ,*romatophore s+le1 cov]+ ! entire int]ior ( ! fru/ule1 except ! v5tral "p ( ! zone & ! m$ian l9es4 ,its longitud9al axis is on ! dorsal "p ( ! zone4 ,a pyr5oid lies 9 a fold ( ! *romatophore on ! dorsal "p4 ,! g5us includes ! =m] g5]a ( ,cocconema1 *>act]iz$ by /ipitate =ms1 & ,encyonema 9 :i* ! fru/ules are frequ5tly enclos$ 9 gelat9\s tubes4 ,,section #a4--;,,cymbella ,,prop]4 ,,fru/ules ,,free ,,or ,,sometimes ,,/ipitate ,,cymbella ,,het]opleura 7,,ehr47 ,,kuetz4 ,valve ne>ly symmetrical1 lanceolate1 ) ro/rate1 produc$ apices2 m$ian l9e ne>ly /raight2 axial area l9e>1 wid5$ 9 ! middle2 /ri radiate1 punctate4 ,blue clay4 ,pl4 #ah1 ,fig4 #aj4 ,,cymbella ,,cuspidata ,,kuetz4 ,valve broad1 elliptical1 ) ro/rate1 some:at acute1 apices & ne>ly /raight1 v5tral m>g92 m$ian l9e /raight1 axial area l9e>1 wid5$ 9 ! middle2 /ri radiate1 punctate4 ,blue clay4 ,pl4 #ah1 ,fig4 #ag4 ,,cymbella ,,naviculi=mis ,,au]swald ,valve l9e>-elliptical1 ) abruptly produc$ apices2 v5tral m>g9 /raight2 m$ian l9e almo/ /raight2 axial area n>r[1 c5tral area l>ge1 r\nd$2 /ri di/ant 9 ! middle1 clos] at ! ends4 ,fre% wat]4 ,pl4 #ah1 ,fig4 #f4 ,,cymbella ,,ehr5b]gii ,,kuetz4 ,valve lanceolate1 ) v5tral m>g9 ne>ly /raight & apices sub-ro/rate2 m$ian l9e /raight1 exc5tric2 axial area n>r[2 c5tral area wid5$ 9 ! middle2 /ri co>sely punctate4 ,fre% wat]4 ,pl4 #ah1 ,fig4 #i4 #fa;,,cymbella ,,aff9is ,,kuetz4 ,valve ab\t ?ree times z long z broad1 /rongly convex on ! dorsal side & /raight on ! v5tral2 apices sub-ro/rate2 /ri punctate2 axial area n>r[1 n wid5$ 9 ! middle2 m$ian l9e curv$2 a small or indi/9ct punctum on ! v5tral side ( ! m$ian l9e 7n %[n 9 ! figure74 ,common 9 ponds4 ,abundant 9 ,ea/ ,p>k ,res]voir4 ,pl4 #ah1 ,fig4 #ah4 ,,cymbella ,,excisa 7,,kuetz47 ,,de ,,toni ,valve z 9 aff9is1 b ) tumid & excis$ v5tral m>g92 a punctum is f\nd on ! v5tral side 7n %[n 9 ! figure74 ,accord+ to ,cleve ?is is a v>iety ( ,c4 aff9is4 ,common 9 ponds4 ,pl4 #ah1 ,figs4 #ae1 #ai8 ,,cymbella ,,p>va 7,,wm4 ,,sm47 ,,cl4 ,valve semi-lanceolate1 ) produc$ apices2 v5tral m>g9 slightly tumid2 axial area n>r[2 /ri co>sely b obscurely punctate4 ,c4 aff9is & ,c4 p>va are q v>iable1 ! latt] diff]+ by its lanceolate =m & ! abs5ce ( a punctum1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is sometimes difficult to recognize4 ,9 a ga!r+ ( ,c4 p>va1 x is q possible to f9d num]\s abnormal =ms :i* appe> to be sporangial1 s t specific di/9ctions are difficult if bas$ on occasional specim5s4 ,common 9 ponds4 ,pl4 #ch1 ,fig4 #ad4 ,,cymbella ,,amphicephala ,n,,geli ,valve unequally elliptical1 ) broad1 ro/rate apices2 axial area n>r[2 m$ian l9e /raight2 c5tral area small1 r\nd$2 /ri1 #ab 9 #aj on ! dorsal1 clos] on ! v5tral1 side & at ! ends4 ,kirkwood ,pond1 ,n4 ,j4 ,pl4 #ah1 ,fig4 #af4 ,,cymbella ,,s9uata ,,greg4 ,valve l9e>-elliptical1 gibb\s on ! v5tral side2 axial area indi/9ct2 c5tral area wid5$ on ! v5tral side ne>ly to ! m>g94 ,crum ,creek4 ,pl4 #ah1 ,fig4 #ac4 ,,section #b4--;,,cocconema4 ,,fru/ules ,,/ipitate ,,cymbella ,,asp]a 7,,ehr47 ,,cl4 ,valve l>ge1 cymbi=m1 arcuate on ! dorsal1 slightly gibb\s on ! v5tral side2 axial area l9e>1 broad1 slightly wid5$ 9 ! middle2 no r[ ( puncta on ! v5tral side4 ,! puncta =m curv$ longitud9al l9es & ! inn]mo/ r[ on ! v5tral side appe>s sometimes di/ant f ! o!rs1 b n z 9 ,c4 ci/ula4 ,cocconema asp]um ,ehr4 ,cymbella ga/roides ,kuetz4 #fb,n ,cymbella ga/roides ,h4 ,l4 ,smi?1 ,type ,no4 #aah1 :i* is ,c4 mexicana ,a4 ,s41 hav+ a punctum 9 ! middle ( ! c5tral nodule2 9 outl9e x is l ,c4 ga/roides v>4 m9or ,kuetz4 ,blue clay4 ,pl4 #ah1 ,fig4 #a 7an unusual =m1 b x resembles ,grun['s4 7,diat4 ,franz ,jos4 ,l&1 ,pl4 #a1 ,fig4 #g47 ,,cymbella ,,cymbi=mis 7,,kuetz47 ,,br,b4 ,valve cymbi=m1 slightly gibb\s on ! v5tral m>g92 apices broad1 some:at truncate2 a punctum occurs on ! v5tral side ( ! m$ian l9e2 /ri1 #h 9 #aj 1 closely punctate4 ,kirkwood ,pond1 ,n4 ,j4 ,pl4 #ah1 ,fig4 #b4 ,,cymbella ,,ci/ula 7,,hempr47 ,,kir*n4 ,valve cymbi=m1 ) gibb\s v5tral m>g9 & truncate apices2 a di/9ct r[ ( sev]al puncta occurs bel[ ! m$ian l9e 9 typical =ms4 ,blue clay4 ,pl4 #ah1 ,fig4 #c4 ,,cymbella ,,lanceolata 7,,ehr47 ,,kir*n4 ,valve cymbi=m1 ) gibb\s v5tral m>g92 apices truncate2 axial area v n>r[1 sc>cely wid5$ 9 ! middle2 /ri ) f9e close puncta4 ,kirkwood ,pond1 ,n4 ,j4 ,pl4 #ah1 ,fig4 #d4 ,,cymbella ,,mexicana 7,,ehr47 ,a4 ,s4 ,valve broad1 ) gibb\s v5tral m>g9 & sub-ro/rate1 truncate apices2 m$ian l9e ) reflex$ t]m9al fissures2 /ri ) co>se puncta2 a l>ge punctum occurs 9 ! c5tre ( ! c5tral area4 ,blue clay4 ,pl4 #ah1 ,fig4 #e4 ,,cymbella ,,tumida 7,,br,b47 ,v4 ,h4 ,valve cymbi=m1 ) gibb\s v5tral m>g9 & abruptly ro/rate ends2 m$ian l9e arcuate2 axial area n>r[2 c5tral area l>ge1 orbicul>2 bel[ ! c5tral nodule is a punctum2 /ri punctate4 ,crum ,creek4 ,pl4 #ah1 ,fig4 #g4 ,,section #c4--;,,encyonema4 ,,fru/ules ,,9 ,,tubes ,,cymbella ,,v5tricosa ,,kuetz4 ,valve lunate1 ) /raight or slightly gibb\s v5tral m>g92 axial area indi/9ct2 m$ian l9e /raight or ne>ly s2 /ri punctate4 ,v common1 b extremely v>iable4 ,! v5tral m>g9 is sometimes /raight & sometimes q gibb\s4 ,pl4 #ah1 ,figs4 #ad1 #bb2 ,pl4 #ch1 ,fig4 #af2 ,pl4 #dj1 ,fig4 #h4 #fc;,c4 v5tricosa is consid]$ by "s au?ors to be equival5t to ,c4 aff9is v>4 semicircul>is ,lag]/41 ,encyonema pro/ratum 7,b]k47 ,ralfs1 ,e4 cspitosum ,kuetz4 & ,e4 au]swaldii ,rab4 ,h4 ,l4 ,smi?'s ,type ,slide ( ,c4 v5tricosa ,ag4 is said to equal ,c4 aff9is ,kuetz41 b ! specim5s appe> to me to be equival5t to ,c4 v5tricosa ,kuetz4 ,cleve unites _m =ms1 includ+ ,e4 cspitosum1 "u ,c4 v5tricosa4 ,,cymbella ,,pro/rata 7,,b]k47 ,,cl4 ,valve semi-elliptical1 obtuse at ! apices1 :i* are sometimes prolong$ & turn$ d[nw>ds2 m$ian l9e /raight1 t]m9al nodules di/ant f ! ends2 axial area n>r[1 c5tral area r\nd$2 /ri 9 radiat+1 slightly curv$ l9es1 indi/9ctly punctate4 ,common 9 fre% wat]2 occasional 9 bracki%4 ,pl4 #ah1 ,fig4 #ba 7repres5ts a frequ5t v>iation74 ,,cymbella ,,philadelphica ,n4 ,,sp4 ,valve semi-elliptical-lanceolate1 ) r\nd$ apices2 v5tral m>g9 /rongly gibb\s2 t]m9al nodules di/ant f ! ends2 axial area broad1 c5tral area wid5$ on ! dorsal side2 /ri radiate1 n curv$ nor ( unequal l5g?1 indi/9ctly punctate1 #aj 9 #aj on ! dorsal1 #h 9 #aj on ! v5tral side4 ,l4 #hf 4 ,?is =m approa*es ,encyonema pro/ratum 7,b]k47 ,ralfs1 ,s*midt's ,atlas1 ,pl4 #ga1 ,fig4 #g1 b diff]s 9 ! /ri & ! axial & c5tral areas4 ,blue clay ( ,philadelphia4 ,r>e4 ,pl4 #ah1 ,fig4 #h4 ,,cymbella ,,triangulum 7,,ehr47 ,,cl4 ,valve semi-elliptical1 ) acute ends2 m$ian l9e /raight2 v5tral side half ! wid? ( ! dorsal1 ) /raight1 slightly convex or concave m>g92 /ri radiate1 co>sely punctate4 ,gloeonema triangulum ,ehr4 ,bak]'s ,run1 ,willi/[n1 ,pa4 ,pl4 #ah1 ,fig4 #bd4 ,,cymbella ,,turgida 7,,greg47 ,,cl4 ,valve semi-elliptical1 ) acute ends2 v5tral m>g9 gibb\s2 v5tral side half ! wid? ( ! dorsal2 m$ian l9e /raight2 t]m9al fissures turn$ d[nw>ds2 axial area broad2 /ri radiate1 co>sely punctate4 ,bak]'s ,run1 ,willi/[n1 ,pa4 ,pl4 #ah1 ,fig4 #bc4 ,,cymbella ,,turgida 7,,greg47 ,,cl4 ,,v>4 8 ,valve lunate1 ) gibb\s v5tral m>g92 m$ian l9e /raight2 t]m9al fissures turn$ d[nw>ds ne> ! ends2 axial area lanceolate1 /ri radiate on ! dorsal side1 #h 9 #aj 1 punctate1 #i on ! v5tral side1 clos] at ! ends :]e !y are conv]g5t4 ,l4 #fe 4 ,n a typical =m4 ,willi/[n1 ,pa4 ,pl4 #ah1 ,fig4 #ab4 ,,cymbella ,,rhomboidea ,n4 ,,sp4 ,valve rhomboidal1 ) acute ends2 dorsal "p "o & a half times ! wid? ( ! v5tral2 m$ian l9e ne>ly /raight1 ) t]m9al fissures turn$ d[nw>ds ne> ! ends2 axial area broad1 n wid5$ 9 ! middle1 except slightly on ! v5tral side2 /ri #fdradiate1 di/ant 9 ! middle ( ! dorsal side :]e !y are #g 9 #aj 1 co>sely punctate1 ! puncta 9 longitud9al l9es1 #i 9 #aj on ! v5tral side1 clos] at ! ends4 ,l4 #fi 4 ,bak]'s ,run1 ,willi/[n1 ,pa4 ,pl4 #ah1 ,fig4 #aa4 ,,cymbella ,,gracilis 7,,rab47 ,,cl4 ,valve semi-lanceolate1 ) acute ends2 m$ian l9e ne>ly /raight1 ) t]m9al fissures turn$ d[nw>ds1 di/ant f ! ends2 axial area l9e>2 v5tral m>g9 /raight or slightly gibb\s 9 ! middle4 ,hammonton ,pond1 ,n4 ,j4 ,pl4 #ah1 ,fig4 #bj4 ,,cymbella ,,lacu/ris 7,,ag47 ,,cl4 ,valve elliptical-lanceolate1 ) obtuse ends1 ne>ly symmetrical2 m$ian l9e /raight1 t]m9al fissures di/ant f ! ends2 /ri radiate 9 ! middle1 conv]g5t at ! ends1 co>sely l9eate4 ,belm>1 ,n4 ,j4 ,pl4 #ah1 ,fig4 #be4 ,,amphora ,,ehr4 7#ahdj7 7amphora1 a j>7 ,valves asymmetrical along ! longitud9al axis1 z 9 ,cymbella1 b ) ! plane pass+ ?r\gh ! dorsal & v5tral sides ( "o valve at an angle ) t ( ! o!r4 ,z ,cleve /ates1 ,cymbella & ,amphora are =ms ( ,navicula ) bo? valves simil> & asymmetrical along ! longitud9al axis1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,cymbella & ,amphora is 9 ! degree ( asymmetry4 ,if1 foll[+ ,h4 ,l4 ,smi?'s diagrams 7,l5s1 ,vol4 #b1 #ahgc1 p4 #ff71 we assume t ! usual =m ( ! valve 9 ,navicula is elliptical or lanceolate1 & ! zone view is rectangul>1 we h 9 ,cymbella an arcuate m$ian l9e & a m or less r5i=m valve1 :ile ! zone view rema9s rectangul> ) ! valves p>allel4 ,n[1 if ! valves are asymmetrical along ! longitud9al axis1 & "o side ( "o valve is sep>at$ f ! correspond+ side ( ! opposite valve by a wid] connective zone ?an is ! case on ! o!r side1 ! transv]se section ( ! fru/ule w appe> cuneate1 z 9 ,amphora1 & ! connective zone w be wid] on "o side ?an ! o!r4 ,:51 !re=e1 we exam9e an entire fru/ule z x is usually se51 we %all f9d ! two raphes ( ! valves 9 focus at ! same "t on ! v5tral side1 &1 by *ang+ ! focus1 ! convex sides ( ! same valves are se51 ! dorsal view )1 usually1 a wid] connective zone4 ,z an illu/ration1 comp>e ,figs4 #e & #f1 on ,plate #ae1 ,fig4 #f be+ ! v5tral1 & ,fig4 #e ! dorsal view4 ,z ,amphor are epiphytic or p>asitic1 !y are consid]$1 z ,cleve rem>ks1 l ,a*nan!s & ,cocconeis1 z deg5]at$ =ms4 ,*romatophores usually s+le1 ly+ on ! v5tral connective zone4 ,m]es*k[sky describes n9e =ms4 ,cleve divides ! g5us into a numb] ( gr\ps z foll[s3 ,amphora prop]4--,connective zone n complex2 valves ) longitud9al l9es on ! dorsal side2 co>sely punctate or co/ate4 ,diplamphora4--,zone complex2 o!rwise z 9 ,amphora4 ,halamphora4--,longitud9al l9es abs5t2 fru/ule elongate1 ) protract$ ends4 #fe,oxyamphora4--,zone complex2 longitud9al l9es abs5t2 fru/ule elliptical2 valve lunate1 ) or )\t a c5tral /auros2 /ri punctate4 ,amblyamphora4--,zone complex2 fru/ule rectangul>2 valve lunate2 /ri punctate2 axial & c5tral areas indi/9ct4 ,psammamphora4--,zone n complex2 fru/ule rectangul>2 c5tral nodule frequ5tly dilat$ to a /auros2 no axial or c5tral area4 ,cymbamphora4--,valve semi-lanceolate2 m$ian l9e /raight1 approximate to ! v5tral m>g94 ,,amphora ,,amphora ,,robu/a ,,greg4 ,fru/ule elliptical1 truncate2 valve lunate1 ) /raight v5tral m>g92 m$ian l9e bi>cuate2 v5tral side ) co>se1 radiate /ri1 #f 9 #aj 1 on bo? sides ( ! m$ian l9e4 ,along ! coa/4 ,pl4 #ae1 ,fig4 #a4 ,,amphora ,,proteus ,,greg4 ,fru/ule elliptical1 truncate2 valve lunate1 ) /raight v5tral m>g92 m$ian l9e bi>cuate2 no c5tral area4 ,/ri on ! dorsal side n int]rupt$1 #i 9 #aj 4 ,v5tral side /riate t[>d ! ends4 ,diff]s f ,a4 robu/a *iefly 9 size & co>s5ess ( puncta4 ,extremely v>iable 9 size4 ,common along ! coa/4 ,pl4 #ae1 ,figs4 #e1 #f1 & #ai4 ,,amphora ,,ovalis 7,,br,b47 ,,kuetz4 ,fru/ule elliptical1 truncate2 valve lunate2 m$ian l9e bi>cuate2 /ri on dorsal side #aj-af 9 #aj 4 ,v>4 libyca 7,ehr47 ,cl4--,c5tral area di/9ct on ! dorsal side4 ,v>4 p$iculus 7,kuetz47 ,cl4--,c5tral area & nodule q di/9ct4 ,/ri f9] ?an 9 v>4 libyca4 ,common 9 ponds4 ,q v>iable4 ,pl4 #ae1 ,fig4 #g4 ,,amphora ,,gigantea ,,v>4 ,,fusca ,a4 ,s4 ,fru/ule elliptical2 valve lunate1 ) /raight v5tral m>g94 ,axial area abs5t on ! dorsal side2 dorsal /ri1 #aj 9 #aj 1 punctate4 ,v5tral "p hyal9e except at ! ends1 :i* are obliquely /riat$1 ) %ort1 punctate l9es4 ,l4 #gj-abj 4 ,absecon1 ,n4 ,j4 ,pl4 #ch1 ,fig4 #a4 ,,diplamphora ,,amphora ,,crassa ,,greg4 ,valve l9e>-elliptical1 ) obtuse1 incurv$ ends4 ,m$ian l9e bi>cuate4 ,axial & c5tral areas indi/9ct on ! dorsal side2 /ri co>sely punctate1 int]rupt$ by a longitud9al l9e on ! dorsal side4 ,along ! coa/4 ,pl4 #ae1 ,fig4 #c4 #ff;,,amphora ,,areolata ,,grun4 ,valve ) /raight v5tral m>g92 m$ian l9e /raight1 approximate to ! v5tral m>g92 axial area indi/9ct2 sev]al longitud9al l9es cross$ by app>5t co/ :i* alt]nate ) r[s ( f9e puncta4 ,blue clay4 ,r>e4 ,pl4 #ae1 ,fig4 #aa4 ,,halamphora ,,amphora ,,c(f,,i=mis 7,,ag47 ,,kuetz4 ,fru/ule lanceolate1 truncate2 zone ) num]\s divisions4 ,valve arcuate on ! dorsal & ne>ly /raight on ! v5tral side2 ends protract$ or slightly capitate4 ,a4 apon9a ,kuetz4 ,a4 sal9a ,wm4 ,sm4 ,along ! coa/4 ,pl4 #ae1 ,figs4 #h & #ah4 ,,oxyamphora ,,amphora ,,l9eolata ,,ehr4 ,fru/ule membranace\s1 elliptical1 truncate1 ) broad ends4 ,zone ) num]\s divisions4 ,dorsal "p /riat$ transv]sely2 v5tral side ) longitud9al l9es4 ,a4 plicata ,greg4 ,a4 hyal9a ,h4 ,l4 ,smi?1 ,type ,no4 #fd4 ,along ! coa/4 ,pl4 #ae1 ,figs4 #i & #aj4 ,,amphora ,,o/re>ia ,,br,b4 ,fru/ule oblong1 ) r\nd$ angles4 ,zone ) five or m divisions transv]sely /riat$4 ,c5tral area n>r[1 bi>cuate2 c5tral nodule dilat$ to a /auros4 ,valve n>r[1 ) arcuate dorsal & /raight v5tral m>g91 acute at ! ends4 ,/ri transv]se1 f9ely punctate4 ,a4 vitra ,cl42 ,a4 porcellus ,kitton2 ,a4 quadrata ,brb42 ,a4 elegans ,greg4 ,appe>ance v>ies accord+ to ! position ( ! valve4 ,along ! coa/4 ,pl4 #ae1 ,figs4 #ab & #ba4 ,,amphora ,l,,vis ,,greg4 ,fru/ule oblong1 hyal9e & membranace\s4 ,valve l9e> or slightly arcuate1 ) v5tral m>g9 tumid 9 ! middle2 ends obtuse2 c5tral nodule dilat$ to a /auros2 m$ian l9e v n>r[1 bi>cuate1 co9cid+ ) ! dorsal m>g9 at ! ends2 /ri transv]se1 punctate4 ,blue clay4 ,pl4 #ae1 ,fig4 #ac4 ,,amphora ,,acuta ,,greg4 ,valve lunate1 ) acute ends2 v5tral m>g9 /raight2 v5tral side v n>r[4 ,c5tral nodule dilat$ to a /auros2 /ri transv]se1 punctate4 ,along ! coa/4 ,pl4 #ae1 ,fig4 #bj4 #fg;,,amblyamphora ,,amphora ,,obtusa ,,greg4 ,fru/ule rectangul>4 ,valve l9e>1 obliquely r\nd$ at ! ends1 ) arcuate dorsal1 & /raight v5tral1 m>g92 m$ian l9e bi>cuate2 /ri1 #ah-bj 9 #aj 4 ,along ! coa/4 ,common4 ,pl4 #ae1 ,fig4 #d4 ,,psammamphora ,,amphora ,,ar5>ia ,,donk4 ,fru/ule hyal9e1 rectangul>1 slightly tumid 9 ! middle1 ) r\nd$ angles4 ,valve l9e> ) broad v5tral side & /raight or s9uate v5tral m>g94 ,/ri1 #bd-bg 9 #aj 7,cleve74 ,common along ! coa/4 ,pl4 #ae1 ,fig4 #ag4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ,a4 obtusa & ,a4 ar5>ia is n always evid5t if ! valves alone are se54 ,! =m] has a complex zone1 ! latt] a simple zone1 & ! valve has f9] /ri4 ,cleve's descriptions & ref]5ces 9 reg>d to ^! two =ms d n agree ) ! descriptions & figures ( ,h4 ,l4 ,smi?1 or ) ! figures ( ,s*midt4 ,! valves ( mo/ ,amphor are capable ( assum+ v>i\s outl9es accord+ to _! position4 ,,amphora ,,ocellata ,,v>4 ,,c+ulata ,,cleve ,fru/ule rectangul>4 ,valve l9e>1 ) dorsal m>g9 arcuate & ! v5tral m>g9 /raight4 ,c5tral nodule ) a /auros on ! dorsal side4 ,squan ,riv]1 ,n4 ,j4 ,pl4 #ae1 ,figs4 #ad & #ae4 ,,cymbamphora ,,amphora ,,angu/a ,,v>4 ,,eul5/e9ii ,,grun4 ,valve lanceolate1 acute at ! ends4 ,m$ian l9e /raight1 approximate to ! m>g94 ,axial area wid5$ on ! dorsal side1 indi/9ct on ! v5tral2 /ri punctate4 ,a4 eul5/e9ii ,a4 ,s4 ,common along ! coa/4 ,pl4 #ae1 ,fig4 #af4 ,on ,pl4 #dj1 ,figs4 #ba1 #bb1 & #bc1 ,i h attempt$1 imitat+ ,h4 ,l4 ,smi?'s figures 7,l5s1 l4c471 to illu/rate ! diff]5ce 9 ! transv]se sections ( ,navicula1 ,cymbella & ,amphora4 ,fig4 #ba repres5ts ! transv]se section ( a convex ,navicula1 9 :i* ! valves ecg & fdh are p>allel1 & ! m$ian nodules c & d are c5tral4 ,fig4 #bb is a transv]se section ( ,cymbella 9 :i* ! valves are ne>ly p>allel & ! m$ian nodules are exc5tric4 ,! girdles on "o side1 ea & af1 are n>r[] ?an gb & bh on ! o!r side4 ,fig4 #bc is a transv]se section ( an ,amphora 9 :i* ! valves appe> 9 zone view ) ! m$ian nodules ( bo? valves on ! same side4 ,! girdles on ! v5tral side1 ea & af1 are n>r[] ?an gb & bh on ! dorsal side4 ,! girdles on ! dorsal side are seldom z broad z gb & bh1 ! valve ext5d+ ov] a great "p ( ! dorsal side to g' & h'4 #fh;,,amphiprora ,,ehr4 7#ahdc7 7amphi1 on bo? ends1 & prora1 a pr[7 ,fru/ule twi/$ 9 ! longitud9al axis1 con/rict$ 9 ! middle2 zone complex1 ) num]\s divisions cross$ by f9e /ri4 ,valve lanceolate1 acute4 ,! raphe conf9$ )9 a sigmoid keel or ext5sion ( ! valve2 ! c5tral & t]m9al nodules indi/9ct4 ,/ri transv]se1 punctate1 ) co>s] /ri at ! junction ( ! keel & l[] "p ( ! valve4 ,*romatophores s+le1 ) ind5t$ bord] except 9 ,a4 pul*ra1 9 :i* !re are two *romatophores ) entire bord]s4 ,,amphiprora ,,alata ,,kuetz4 ,fru/ule ) a r[ ( puncta at ! junction l9e4 ,valve l9e>1 acute at ! ends4 ,m$ian l9e sigmoid4 ,/ri l9eate on ! l[] "p ( ! valve1 punctate on ! keel4 ,along ! coa/4 ,n common4 ,pl4 #ad1 ,fig4 #c4 ,,amphiprora ,,pul*ra ,,bail4 ,fru/ule ) sigmoid connective zone4 ,valve v convex1 ) s9uate keel & junction l9es evid5t4 ,9 zone view & 9 valve view1 "o half ( ! fru/ule1 ow+ to ! elevation ( ! keel1 is wid] ?an ! o!r half4 ,/ri punctate1 co>s] on ! keel4 ,n uncommon along ! coa/4 ,pl4 #ad1 ,figs4 #a & #b4 ,,amphiprora ,,conspicua ,,grev4 ,valve l9e> or elliptical1 ) acute ends4 ,m$ian l9e sigmoid1 b ! junction l9es n evid5t4 ,/ri l9eate1 ) co>s] l9es ne> ! middle4 ,n common4 ,port ,p5n1 ,delaw>e ,riv]4 ,pl4 #ad1 ,fig4 #d4 ,,amphiprora ,,ornata ,,bail4 ,fru/ule membranace\s1 con/rict$ 9 ! middle1 ) well-m>k$ folds ext5d+ f ! junction l9e 9 bo? directions4 ,valve lanceolate1 con/rict$ 9 ! middle & ) protract$ ends4 ,keel undulate on ! edge4 ,a beautiful1 transp>5t & delicate =m1 ! only fre%-wat] species 9 our locality4 ,delaw>e ,wat] ,gap1 ,pa4 ,pl4 #ad1 ,figs4 #f & #g4 ,,amphiprora ,,paludosa ,,wm4 ,,sm4 ,fru/ule membranace\s1 con/rict$1 ) truncate ends4 ,valve l9e>1 ) acute ends4 ,/ri sc>cely visible4 ,cape ,may 7,cleve74 ,pl4 #ad1 ,fig4 #e4 ,,tropidoneis ,,cleve 7#ahia7 7tropis1 a keel7 ,fru/ule oblong1 con/rict$ 9 ! middle2 keel n sigmoid4 ,axial area n evid5t4 ,/ri v f9e1 punctate1 9 longitud9al l9es4 #fi,,tropidoneis ,,lepidopt]a 7,,greg47 ,,cleve ,valve ) /raight1 m$ian exc5tric l9e4 ,keel unilat]al1 project+ above ! m$ian l9e 9 zone view2 c5tral area small4 ,transv]se /ri f9ely punctate4 ,z usually se51 ! valve is incl9$4 ,accord+ to ,k>/5 !re are two *romatophores on ! connective zone1 ea* divid$ into f\r p>ts1 ea* ( :i* conta9s a l>ge oval pyr5oid4 ,amphiprora lepidopt]a ,greg4 ,along ! coa/4 ,pl4 #ad1 ,figs4 #h & #i4 ,,auricula ,,ca/racane 7#ahgc7 7auricula1 ! e>1 ! %ape ( ! valve7 ,fru/ule globose4 ,valve r5i=m or cymbi=m1 elevat$ into a keel :i* is n sigmoid4 ,m$ian l9e bi>cuate4 ,diff]s f ,amphiprora 9 n hav+ a sigmoid keel4 ,,auricula ,,mucronata 7,h4 ,l4 ,,smi?7 ,,p]agallo ,9 zone view1 ! m$ian l9e deeply bisects ! longitud9al axis1 end+ 9 a mucronate c5tral nodule4 ,connective zone complex4 ,valve v complex1 ) v5tral m>g9 ne>ly /raight & raphe exc5tric4 ,c5tral nodule ne> ! m>g91 t]m9al nodules small4 ,/ri1 #ce-dj 9 #aj 7,cleve74 ,*romatophore s+le1 on ! v5tral "p4 ,amphora mucronata ,h4 ,l4 ,smi?4 ,amphora 787 insecta ,grun4 ,auricula insecta 7,grun47 ,cleve4 ,a r>e & v curi\s pelagic species 7,p]agallo1 ,diat4 ,villefran*e74 ,pr(4 ,h4 ,l4 ,smi? includ$ ?is =m 9 8 fir/ c5tury ( ,species ,typic ,diatomace>um1 :i* 0 issu$ prior to #ahgf1 ! date ( publication1 9 ,s*midt's ,atlas1 ( ,amphora insecta ,grun4 ,atlantic ,city1 ,n4 ,j4 ,r>e4 ,pl4 #ae1 ,fig4 #b4 ,,scoliotropis ,,cleve 7#ahid7 7scolios1 twi/$1 & tropis1 a keel7 ,fru/ule l9e>1 oblong4 ,m$ian l9e sigmoid ne> ! ends4 ,valve ) transv]se co/ alt]nat+ ) two int]m$iate r[s ( puncta 9 oblique l9es4 ,,scoliotropis ,,late/riata ,,v>4 ,,amphora ,,cleve ,valve asymmetrical1 ) ! m$ian l9e curv$4 ,fru/ule sub-acute at ! ends4 ,m$ian l9es n on ! same side ( ea* valve ( ! fru/ule4 ,abundant at ,cape ,may1 ,n4 ,j4 ,n common else:]e4 ,pl4 #ad1 ,figs4 #aj & #aa4 ,,gomphoneis ,,cleve 7#ahid7 7gomphos1 a peg1 & neis 7naus77 ,valve elongat$1 asymmetrical to ! transv]se axis2 axial area n>r[2 c5tral area r\nd$1 /igmatic2 /ri radiat+1 co/ alt]nat+ ) d\ble r[s ( f9e puncta4 ,an indi/9ct1 longitud9al l9e ne> ! bord]4 ,*romatophores & conjugation h n be5 det]m9$4 #gj;,,gomphoneis ,,h]culaneum 7,,ehr47 ,,cl4 ,valve clavate1 ) r\nd$ apex2 co/1 #ac 9 #aj 1 alt]nat+ ) d\ble r[s ( f9e puncta1 #bb 9 #aj 1 9 oblique r[s2 axial area n>r[1 c5tral area r\nd$1 ) "o /igma4 ,gomphonema capitatum ,ehr v>4 h]culaneum ,ehr41 ,h4 ,l4 ,s41 ,type ,slide ,no4 #agg4 ,common 9 ! blue clay4 ,pl4 #ai1 ,fig4 #b4 ,pl4 #ch1 ,fig4 #ae1 zone view ( "y fru/ule4 ,,gomphoneis ,,mamilla 7,,ehr47 ,,cl4 ,valve lanceolate1 ) r\nd$ apex & base2 /ri co/ate1 #aj 9 #aj 1 alt]nat+ ) d\ble r[s ( f9e puncta2 axial area l9e>1 sometimes oblique1 c5tral area small1 ) "o or m /igmas4 ,blue clay4 ,r>e4 ,pl4 #ai1 ,fig4 #a4 ,9 "o fru/ule ,i notic$ "o valve ) "o /igma & ! o!r ) f\r /igmas4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ,g4 mamilla & ,g4 elegans is n v great4 ,9 ! latt] ! c5tral area is l>g] & ! longitud9al l9es n s ne> to ! m>g94 ,! /igmas =m a circlet4 ,!re appe>s to be a co9cid5ce 9 ! relation ( ,gomphoneis to ,gomphonema1 & t ( ! true ,a*nan!s to ! gr\p describ$ by ,cleve "u ,a*nan?idium4 ,9 ,gomphoneis & ,a*nan!s ! /riation is bo? co/ate & punctate :ile 9 ,gomphonema & ,a*nan?idium ! /riation is punctate only4 ,,gomphonema ,,ag4 7#ahbd7 7gomphos1 a peg1 & nema1 a filam5t7 ,valve elongat$1 asymmetrical ) respect to ! transv]se axis2 /ri transv]se1 usually radiate1 punctate4 ,*romatophore b& s+le1 ! middle ly+ on "o zone4 ,9 conjugation1 accord+ to ,?waites & ,pfitz]1 f two "m cells1 :i* d n =m a positive union1 two auxospores are develop$ p>allel to ! orig9al fru/ules4 ,9 ,plate #ai1 ,fig4 #ai1 ,i h drawn a repres5tation ( ! auxospore =mation z ,i h frequ5tly obs]v$ x 9 a ga!r+ s5t me by ,mr4 ,t4 ,c4 ,palm]1 conta9+ ,g4 angu/atum1 a common species 9 ?is locality4 ,! sagittal plane ( ! valve ( ! auxospore is at "r angles to ! plane ( ! valve ( ! "m cell4 ,two valves ( "o ( ! "m cells are se5 sep>at$1 "o on ea* side ( ! auxospore :i* is ne>ly twice ! l5g? ( ! orig9al fru/ules4 ,! two valves ( ! o!r "m cell are n %[n z !y are n usually f\nd closely unit$4 ,9 ! figure "o valve alone ( ! auxospore is se51 ! opposite valve n be+ 9 focus4 ,! valves ( ! auxospore are usually m or less arcuate1 z 9 ,cymbella1 to :i* ! g5us is closely alli$4 ,grun[ divides ,gomphonema into two gr\ps1 ,asymmetric & ,symmetric1 accord+ to ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( /igmas4 ,cleve sugge/s ,/igmatic & ,a/igmatic z m suitable 9 ord] to agree ) ! ,cymbell4 ,! ,/igmatic are f\nd *iefly 9 fre% wat]1 sometimes 9 bracki%4 ,all ( ! m>9e =ms belong to ! ,a/igmatic1 :i*1 h[ev]1 include "s common fre%-wat] =ms4 ,_m species ( ,gomphonema are /ipitate1 "s occur 9 gelat9\s masses1 & o!rs are free4 #ga;,,gomphonema ,,montanum ,,s*um4 ,valve slightly bicon/rict$1 ) obtuse apex & basis1 some:at cuneate2 axial area l9e>1 wid5$ 9 ! middle unilat]ally2 /igma1 "o2 /ri ab\t #aa 9 #aj 1 m di/ant 9 ! middle1 punctate4 ,gomphonema subclavatum v>4 montana 7,s*um47 ,cl4 ,pavonia1 ,n4 ,j41 artesian well4 ,r>e4 ,pl4 #ai1 ,fig4 #c4 ,,gomphonema ,,gem9atum ,,lyng4 ,valve bicon/rict$1 ) l>ge1 r\nd$1 sub-truncate apex & broad1 sub-truncate basis2 /ri1 #i 9 #aj 1 radiate 9 ! middle1 alt]nately long] & %ort]1 transv]se at ! basis & ne> ! apex :]e !y aga9 radiate1 co>sely punctate1 puncta1 #ab 9 #aj 4 ,axial area l9e>2 c5tral area r\nd$1 ) sev]al l>ge /igmas 9 a longitud9al r[2 t]m9al fissures hook-%ap$4 ,blue clay4 ,pl4 #ai1 ,fig4 #d4 ,,gomphonema ,,lanceolatum ,,v>4 ,,insignis 7,,greg47 ,,cl4 ,valve lanceolate2 axial area n>r[2 c5tral area unilat]al ) "o /igma2 /ri ) co>se & di/ant puncta4 ,common & v>iable4 ,gomphonema insigne ,greg4 ,pl4 #ai1 ,figs4 #f & #ab4 ,fig4 #ab %[s a unilat]al c5tral area4 ,fig4 #f is m clavate 9 outl9e ) small c5tral area4 ,9 bo? =ms ! co>se puncta are 9 di/9ct longitud9al l9es 9 ! middle4 ,,gomphonema ,,acum9atum ,,v>4 ,,turris 7,,ehr47 ,,cl48 ,valve clavate1 ) cuneate1 acute apex2 axial area di/9ct2 c5tral area unilat]al ) "o /igma4 ,blue clay4 ,pl4 #ai1 ,fig4 #aa4 ,,gomphonema ,,acum9atum ,,v>4 ,,turris 7,,ehr47 ,,cl4 ,valve clavate1 ) cuneate apiculate apex & n>r[ basis2 axial area n>r[1 ) a unilat]al c5tral space2 /igma opposite ! %ort /ri2 /ri m radiate 9 ! upp] "p1 di/ant 9 ! middle4 ,smi?'s ,isl&1 ,delaw>e ,riv]4 ,pl4 #ai1 ,fig4 #e4 ,,gomphonema ,,acum9atum ,,v>4 ,,coronata 7,,ehr47 ,,cl4 ,valve twice con/rict$1 ) broad1 cuneate apex2 /ri radiate 9 ! middle1 conv]g5t ne> ! apex & radiate at ! apex4 ,v>iable 9 size & outl9e4 ,blue clay4 ,fre% wat]4 ,common4 ,pl4 #ai1 ,fig4 #g4 ,,gomphonema ,,acum9atum ,,v>4 ,,trigonocephala 7,,ehr47 ,,cl4 ,valve broad1 ) cuneate apex2 axial area n>r[2 c5tral area unilat]al ) "o /igma4 ,pavonia1 ,n4 ,j41 artesian well4 ,pl4 #ai1 ,fig4 #bj4 #gb;,,gomphonema ,,con/rictum ,,ehr4 ,valve clavate1 con/rict$ b5ea? ! abruptly r\nd$ apex1 gibb\s 9 ! middle1 /ri alt]nately long] & %ort]2 axial area n>r[1 c5tral area unilat]al1 ) "o /igma4 ,common 9 fre% wat]4 ,pl4 #ai1 ,fig4 #h4 ,,gomphonema ,,sph,,rophorum ,,ehr4 ,valve clavate1 ) capitate or ro/rate-capitate apex & n>r[ basis2 axial area v n>r[2 c5tral area small1 unilat]al1 ) "o /igma4 ,common 9 fre% wat]4 ,pl4 #ai1 ,figs4 #i & #aj4 ,fig4 #aj appe>s to be a transitional =m hav+ a m di/9ct axial area & ro/rate apex4 ,,gomphonema ,,augur ,,ehr4 ,valve broadly clavate1 truncate & apiculate at ! apex2 basis sub-acute2 axial area di/9ct2 c5tral area small1 unilat]al ) "o /igma2 /ri ) di/ant puncta4 ,blue clay4 ,willi/[n1 ,pa4 ,pl4 #ai1 ,fig4 #ba4 ,,gomphonema ,,intricatum ,,kuetz4 ,valve n>r[1 lanceolate1 slightly gibb\s 9 ! middle2 axial area di/9ct2 c5tral area transv]se ) "o /igma2 /ri p>allel4 ,q v>iable4 ,common 9 fre% wat]4 ,pl4 #ai1 ,fig4 #ad4 ,,gomphonema ,,angu/atum ,,kuetz4 ,valve lanceolate1 ) sub-ro/rate apex & basis2 axial area indi/9ct2 c5tral area unilat]al1 ) "o small /igma2 /ri slightly radiate1 indi/9ctly punctate4 ,v common 9 fre% wat]4 ,pl4 #ai1 ,figs4 #ah & #ai4 ,fig4 #ai1 z /at$ above1 repres5ts ! =mation ( an auxospore4 ,,gomphonema ,,quale ,,greg4 ,valve l9e>-lanceolate1 ne>ly symmetrical1 ) capitate apex & basis2 axial area n>r[2 c5tral area unilat]al1 ) "o /igma2 /ri radiate 9 ! middle1 slightly conv]g5t at ! ends4 ,gomphonema intricatum v>4 quale 7,greg47 ,cl4 ,blue clay4 ,n common4 ,pl4 #ai1 ,fig4 #ae4 ,,gomphonema ,,s>cophagus ,,greg4 ,valve l9e>1 irregul> 9 outl9e1 ) r\nd$ apex & basis2 axial area di/9ct2 c5tral area small1 unilat]al1 ) "o /igma2 /ri irregul> ) co>se1 di/9ct puncta4 ,occasional 9 fre% wat]4 ,pl4 #ai1 ,fig4 #af4 ,,gomphonema ,,capitatum ,,ehr4 ,valve clavate1 broad at ! sub-truncate apex & slightly con/rict$1 or ) p>allel m>g9s2 axial area l9e>1 c5tral area /ellate1 ) "o /igma2 /ri 9 ! middle alt]nately long] & %ort]4 ,blue clay4 ,pl4 #ai1 ,fig4 #bb4 #gc;,,gomphonema ,,p>vulum ,,v>4 ,,micropus 7,,kuetz47 ,,cl4 ,valve clavate1 ) r\nd$ apex & basis2 axial area indi/9ct2 c5tral area unilat]al1 ) a small /igma2 /ri di/ant 9 ! middle4 ,common4 ,pl4 #ai1 ,fig4 #ag4 ,,gomphonema ,,v5tricosum ,,greg4 ,valve clavate1 ) broad apex & produc$1 r\nd$ basis2 axial area n>r[1 wid5$ 9 ! middle2 /igma "o2 /ri di/ant 9 ! middle1 f9ely punctate4 ,blue clay4 ,pl4 #ai1 ,fig4 #ac4 ,,gomphonema ,,olivaceum ,,lyng4 ,valve clavate1 ) broad apex & n>r[ basis2 axial area v n>r[2 c5tral area irregul>1 )\t /igma2 /ri radiate1 f9ely punctate4 ,v common4 ,pl4 #ai1 ,fig4 #bc4 ,,gomphonema ,,brasili5se ,,v>4 ,,dem]> ,,grun48 ,valve lanceolate1 ) sub-cuneate apex & n>r[$ basis2 axial area lanceolate1 broad2 no /igma2 m$ian fissures remote2 /ri p>allel1 #ab 9 #aj 1 punctate1 ! puncta obsolesc5t1 small or int]rupt$4 ,willi/[n1 ,pa4 ,r>e4 ,pl4 #ai1 ,fig4 #bd4 ,,pleurosigma ,,wm4 ,,sm4 7#aheb7 7pleura1 a side1 & sigma1 ! lett] s7 ,valve lanceolate1 sigmoid2 axial area v n>r[1 c5tral area small2 /ri punctate1 9 transv]se & oblique l9es4 ,cleve divides ! =ms usually kn[n z ,pleurosigma into two g5]a1 ,pleurosigma & ,gyrosigma4 ,pleurosigma includes all =ms hav+ oblique r[s ( puncta1 :ile ,gyrosigma includes all hav+ longitud9al r[s4 ,bo? h transv]se /ri4 ,! =m] consi/s entirely ( m>9e species1 :ile 9 ! latt] ! species are f\nd 9 fre%1 bracki% & salt wat]4 ,! endo*rome 9 ,pleurosigma1 accord+ to ,muell]1 consi/s ( two b&s :i* diff] 9 ! m$ian "p ( ea* valve4 ,m]es*k[sky says t ! endo*rome is s divid$ z to =m f\r b&s1 two on ea* valve1 t _! position is diff]5t 9 diff]5t species1 & t !y are n ! same on valves ( ! same fru/ule4 ,cleve pref]s to classify ! species ( ,pleurosigma & ,gyrosigma 9 accordance ) ! outl9e ( ! valve & ! flexure ( ! m$ian l9e4 ,i %all1 h[ev]1 reta9 ! me?od us$ by ,p]agallo & ,grun[ & arrange ! =ms accord+ to ! /riation4 7#a7 ,,oblique ,,/ri ,,ab\t #ij ,,degrees1 ,,m ,,di/9ct ,,?an ,,! ,,transv]se ,,pleurosigma ,,=mosum ,,wm4 ,,sm4 ,valve elongat$1 sl5d]1 g5tly sigmoid1 acute at ! ends2 oblique /ri cross+ ea* o!r at ab\t #ij degrees2 #aj-af 9 #aj 2 transv]se /ri1 #ad-bj 9 #aj 7,cleve74 ,along ! coa/4 ,pl4 #bb1 ,fig4 #e4 #gd,,pleurosigma ,,obscurum ,,wm4 ,,sm4 ,valve l9e>1 n sigmoid1 or sc>cely s2 ends obtuse1 subconical2 raphe sigmoid1 ne> ! m>g9 at ! extremities2 transv]se & oblique /ri equidi/ant1 #bh 9 #aj 7,wm4 ,sm474 ,abundant at ,gre5wi* ,po9t1 ,philadelphia4 ,pl4 #bb1 ,fig4 #d4 7#b7 ,,oblique ,,/ri ,,clos] ,,at ,,! ,,ends ,,pleurosigma ,,naviculaceum ,,br,b4 ,valve lanceolate1 slightly sigmoid at ! extremities2 raphe /rongly sigmoid ne> ! m>g9 at ! ends2 c5tral nodule l>ge1 r\nd$2 oblique /ri1 #ac-ad 9 ! middle1 clos] at ! ends2 transv]se /ri1 #ah-bj 9 #aj 7,p]agallo74 ,long ,isl& ,s\nd4 ,pl4 #bb1 ,fig4 #f4 ,,pleurosigma ,,virg9iacum ,h4 ,l4 ,,smi? ,valve slightly sigmoid1 ) acute ends2 raphe m sigmoid ?an ! valve1 exc5tric ne> ! ends2 oblique /ri 9 diff]5t directions at ! c5tre1 #ac 9 #aj 1 clos] & less di/9ct at ! ends2 c5tral nodule small b prom95t because ( its ?ickness1 produc+ by diffraction an app>5tly wide area 7some:at exagg]at$ 9 ! figure74 ,l4 #ie 1 usually l>g]4 ,p4 aff9e v>4 fossilis ,grun4 7,p]agallo74 ,p4 normanii v>4 fossilis ,grun4 7,cleve74 ,common 9 ! blue clay4 ,pl4 #bb1 ,fig4 #h4 7#c7 ,,oblique ,,/ri #fj ,,degrees ,,pleurosigma ,,angulatum 7,,quekett7 ,,cl4 ,valve rhomboidal1 ) sub-ro/rate or produc$ ends2 c5tral nodule rhomboidal2 raphe c5tral2 transv]se & oblique /ri at an angle ( #fj degrees1 equidi/ant1 #ah-bb 9 #aj 4 ,navicula angulata ,quekett4 ,along ! coa/4 ,pl4 #bb1 ,fig4 #c4 ,,pleurosigma ,,/rigosum ,,wm4 ,,sm4 ,valve lanceolate1 ) sub-acute1 some:at revolute1 apices2 oblique /ri at an angle ( ab\t #fj degrees1 o!rwise z 9 angulatum4 ,along ! coa/4 ,n common4 ,pl4 #bb1 ,fig4 #a4 ,,pleurosigma ,,/u>ii ,,br,b4 ,valve lanceolate1 ) produc$ apices2 raphe less sigmoid ?an ! valve & exc5tric2 oblique /ri1 #ai-ba 9 #aj 1 at an angle ( ab\t #fj degrees4 ,along ! coa/4 ,common4 ,pl4 #bb1 ,fig4 #g4 #ge7d7 ,,oblique ,,/ri #fj ,,degrees1 ,,! ,,transv]se ,,m ,,di/ant ,,pleurosigma ,,rigidum ,,wm4 ,,sm4 ,valve ne>ly /raight or slightly sigmoid1 ) obtuse ends2 raphe c5tral1 exc5tric ne> ! ends2 oblique /ri1 #ag-ba1 transv]se1 #af-ai 9 #aj 4 7,p]agallo74 ,new ,ro*elle1 ,n4 ,y4 ,pl4 #bb1 ,fig4 #b 7v ne> ! v>4 gigantea ,grun47 ,,gyrosigma ,,hassall 7#ahde7 7gyros1 curv$1 & sigma7 ,valve lanceolate1 sigmoid2 axial area v n>r[1 c5tral area small2 /ri punctate1 9 transv]se & longitud9al r[s4 ,*romatophores two1 9 long & n>r[ b&s1 p]=at$1 diff]+ f ^? ( ,pleurosigma4 ,! elopla/s are also arrang$ diff]5tly 9 ! two g5]a4 7,m]es*k[sky1 tudes sur l',endo*rome des ,diatomes1 ,imp]ial ,academy ( ,petrograd1 #aija1 ,vol4 #aa1 ,no4 #f1 p4 #ah et seq47 ,! arrangem5t is accord+ to ,p]agallo4 7#a7 ,,longitud9al ,,/ri ,,m ,,di/ant ,,?an ,,! ,,transv]se ,,gyrosigma ,,hippocampus 7,,ehr47 ,valve lanceolate1 sigmoid1 ) obtuse ends2 raphe ne>ly c5tral2 transv]se /ri #ae-ag1 longitud9al1 #aj-ab 9 #aj 4 ,navicula hippocampus ,ehr4 ,pleurosigma hippocampus 7,ehr47 ,wm4 ,sm4 ,gyrosigma att5uatum 7,kuetz47 ,cl4 ,long ,isl& ,s\nd4 ,pl4 #bc1 ,fig4 #c4 7#b7 ,,longitud9al ,,& ,,transv]se ,,/ri ,,ne>ly ,,equal ,,gyrosigma ,,balticum 7,,ehr47 ,,cl4 ,valve ) m>g9s p>allel ne>ly to ! extremities1 :i* are sudd5ly unilat]ally sub-conical & obtuse2 raphe sigmoid2 transv]se & longitud9al /ri ne>ly equally di/ant1 #ae 9 #aj 7,p]474 ,l4 #bjj-cfj 4 ,navicula baltica ,ehr4 ,pleurosigma balticum 7,ehr47 ,wm4 ,sm4 ,common along ! coa/4 ,pl4 #bc1 ,fig4 #b4 ,,gyrosigma ,,p>k]i ,,v>4 ,,/auroneioides ,,grun4 ,valve lanceolate1 slightly sigmoid1 ends produc$ into beaks ) sub-acute apices2 raphe /raight 9 ! middle "p2 c5tral nodule elliptical2 transv]se /ri1 #ba1 & longitud9al1 #bd 9 #aj 7,p]474 ,an app>5t /auros1 v>iable 9 wid?1 ext5ds to ! m>g9 &1 9 consequ5ce1 ! m$ian transv]se /ri are m evid5t4 ,l4 #ge 4 ,s*uylkill ,riv]4 ,r r>e4 ,pl4 #bc1 ,fig4 #g4 #gf;,,gyrosigma ,,simile 7,,grun47 ,valve slightly sigmoid1 broad1 ) obtuse ends2 raphe sigmoid1 ne>ly c5tral2 transv]se /ri1 #ae1 longitud9al1 #af-ag 9 #aj 7,p]474 ,pleurosigma simile ,grun4 ,gyrosigma balticum v>4 similis 7,grun47 ,cl4 ,%>k ,riv]1 ,n4 ,j4 ,pl4 #bc1 ,fig4 #d4 7#c7 ,,transv]se ,,/ri ,,m ,,di/ant ,,gyrosigma ,,acum9atum 7,,kuetz47 ,,cl4 ,valve sigmoid1 tap]+ to ! sub-acute ends2 raphe c5tral2 transv]se & longitud9al /ri ne>ly equally di/ant1 #ag or #ah 9 #aj 7,p]474 ,fru/ulia acum9ata ,kuetz4 ,port ,p5n1 ,delaw>e ,riv]4 ,pl4 #bc1 ,fig4 #e4 ,,gyrosigma ,,/rigilis 7,,wm4 ,,sm47 ,,cl4 ,valve sigmoid1 ) obtuse ends2 raphe d\bly sigmoid2 axial area r wide2 transv]se /ri1 #ac1 & longitud9al1 ab\t #af 9 #aj 4 ,long ,isl& ,s\nd4 ,n common4 ,pl4 #bc1 ,fig4 #a4 ,,gyrosigma ,,kuetz+ii 7,,grun47 ,,cl4 ,valve sigmoid1 lanceolate1 ) sub-acute ends2 raphe c5tral1 ! c5tral nodule elliptical2 transv]se /ri1 #ba-bc1 & longitud9al1 #be-bf 9 #aj 4 ,pleurosigma sp5c]ii v>4 acutiuscula ,grun4 ,pleurosigma sp5c]ii v>4 kuetz+ii ,grun4 ,common 9 fre% wat]4 ,pl4 #ch1 ,fig4 #ab4 ,,gyrosigma ,,scalproides 7,,rab47 ,,cl4 ,valve slightly sigmoid1 ) obtuse ends2 raphe ne>ly /raight2 c5tral nodule elliptical2 transv]se /ri1 #bb1 slightly radiate & m di/ant 9 ! middle2 longitud9al /ri1 #bi 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #fj 4 ,common 9 /reams4 ,pl4 #ch1 ,fig4 #i4 ,9 ,pl4 #bc1 ,fig4 #f repres5ts a =m m sigmoid4 ,,gyrosigma ,,sp5c]ii ,,v>4 ,,nodif]a ,,grun4 ,valve sigmoid1 ) obtuse ends2 raphe c5tral2 c5tral nodule obliquely elongat$2 transv]se /ri1 #ag-ah 9 #aj 1 curv$ 9 ! middle ( ! valve1 longitud9al /ri1 #bb 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #aej 4 ,blue clay4 ,pl4 #bc1 ,fig4 #h4 ,,gyrosigma ,,prolongatum 7,,wm4 ,,sm47 ,,cl4 ,valve n>r[1 lanceolate1 produc$ into beaks1 curv$ 9 a contr>y direction2 raphe c5tral2 transv]se /ri1 #bj-ba 9 #aj 1 longitud9al clos]4 ,l4 #adj 4 ,along ! coa/1 nor?w>d4 ,pl4 #ch1 ,fig4 #ac4 ,i h n se5 any specim5s s\? ( ,new ,engl&1 b !y w probably occur4 #gg7d7 ,,/ri ,,alike1 ,,extremities ,,produc$ ,,gyrosigma ,,fasciola 7,,ehr47 ,,cl4 ,valve lanceolate1 att5uat$ into curv$ beaks turn$ 9 opposite directions2 raphe c5tral1 /raight1 except at ! beaks2 transv]se /ri1 #bb1 longitud9al1 #bd 9 #aj 7,p]474 ,new ,york ,bay4 ,pl4 #bc1 ,fig4 #i4 ,,fru/ulia ,,ag4 7#ahbd72 em4 ,,grun4 7#ahfe7 7fru/ulum1 a small piece7 ,valves naviculoid1 simil>1 usually free b sometimes enclos$ 9 gelat9\s tubes or emb$d$ 9 mucus4 ,m$ian l9e betwe5 two ?ick5$ ribs4 ,c5tral & t]m9al nodules frequ5tly elongat$4 ,surface ( valve ) f9e puncta 9 longitud9al & transv]se l9es appe>+ hyal9e "u m$ium p[]s4 ,*romatophores1 two1 ext5d+ along ! girdle4 ,!y diff] f ^? ( ,navicula 9 be+ sep>at$ f ! wall 9 ! middle by a hemisph]ical mass ( protoplasm4 ,accord+ to ,pfitz]1 ea* *romatophore is divid$ 9 ! middle1 all[+ a connection betwe5 ! hemisph]ical mass & ! c5tral plasma mass4 ,s*mitz /ates t ! *romatophore is ?ick5$ 9 ! middle & conta9s a pyr5oid4 ,9 conjugation1 two fru/ules =m two cyl9drical bodies :i* lat] become conical & f :i* are =m$ ! sporangial valves twice ! usual size4 ,,fru/ulia ,,lewisiana 7,,grev47 ,,de ,,toni ,valve elliptical or l9e>1 ) r\nd$ ends2 t]m9al nodules elongat$1 at a di/ance f ! ends2 /ri1 #bd 9 #aj 4 ,port ,p5n1 ,delaw>e ,riv]4 ,along ! coa/4 ,pl4 #ag1 ,fig4 #a4 ,,fru/ulia ,,rhomboides 7,,ehr47 ,,de ,,toni ,valve lanceolate or rhombic-lanceolate1 r\nd$ at ! ends2 c5tral & t]m9al nodules %ort2 /ri1 #bj 9 #aj 1 sometimes co>s]4 ,common 9 fre% wat]4 ,pl4 #ag1 ,fig4 #b4 ,,fru/ulia ,,rhomboides ,,v>4 ,,amphipleuroides ,,grun4 ,valve rhombic-lanceolate2 c5tral & t]m9al nodules elongat$2 m$ian l9e some:at exc5tric4 ,blue clay4 ,pl4 #ag1 ,fig4 #c4 ,,fru/ulia ,,rhomboides ,,v>4 ,,saxonica 7,,rab47 ,,de ,,toni ,valve small] ?an 9 rhomboides1 ) some:at produc$ ends1 clos] m$ian ribs & r\nd$ c5tral nodule4 ,fre% wat]4 ,pl4 #ag1 ,fig4 #f4 ,,fru/ulia ,,vulg>is 7,,?waites7 ,,de ,,toni ,valve elliptical-lanceolate1 ) r\nd$ or sometimes sub-ro/rate ends2 c5tral & t]m9al nodules slightly elongat$2 /ri delicate1 clos] at ! ends4 ,fru/ules at fir/ 9 gelat9\s tubes4 ,colletonema vulg>is ,?waites4 ,fre% wat]4 ,pl4 #ag1 ,fig4 #d4 #gh;,,fru/ulia ,,int]posita 7,,lewis7 ,,de ,,toni ,valve l9e>-elliptical1 r\nd$ at ! ends2 t]m9al nodules %ort4 ,navicula int]posita ,lewis4 ,along ! coa/4 ,port ,p5n1 ,delaw>e ,riv]4 ,pl4 #ag1 ,fig4 #e4 ,,amphipleura ,,kuetz4 7#ahdd7 7amphi1 on bo? sides1 pleura1 a side7 ,fru/ules free1 9 gelat9\s masses or 9 tubes4 ,valve l9e>-lanceolate2 c5tral nodule n>r[1 ext5d+ half ! l5g? ( ! valve or m1 !n =k+ t[>d ! ends4 ,t]m9al nodules prolong$1 z 9 ,fru/ulia1 into a porte-crayon-%ap$ figure4 ,*romatophores two1 v %ort4 ,,amphipleura ,,pellucida ,,kuetz4 ,fru/ules free or 9 muc\s masses4 ,valve fusi=m2 =ks ab\t "o-f\r? ! l5g? ( ! valve2 /ri transv]se1 punctate1 #cf-dj 9 #aj 7,j4 ,j4 ,woodw>d74 ,occasional 9 ! ,delaw>e ,riv]4 ,pl4 #ag1 ,fig4 #i4 ,,amphipleura ,,rutilans 7,,tr5tepohl7 ,,cl4 ,fru/ules enclos$ 9 gelat9\s tubes4 ,valve l9e>-lanceolate1 obtuse at ! ends2 =ks ab\t "o-?ird ! l5g? ( ! valve2 /ri1 #bh 9 #aj 4 ,conf]va rutilans ,tr5tepohl4 ,s*izonema dillwynii ,wm4 ,sm4 ,abundant at ,belm>1 ,n4 ,j4 ,pl4 #ag1 ,fig4 #aj4 ,fig4 #aa repres5ts a portion ( ! gelat9\s tube conta9+ fru/ules4 ,,dictyoneis ,,cleve 7#ahij7 7dictyon1 a net7 ,fru/ules oblong4 ,valve lanceolate1 con/rict$ 9 ! middle 79 our species72 an out] lay] f9ely punctate & an inn] lay] ( reticulations2 ! m>g9 ( ! valve divid$ into l>ge1 quadrate cells4 ,! g5us ,dictyoneis includes species at "o "t ascrib$ to ,ma/ogloia & ,navicula4 ,! /ructure1 h[ev]1 is n l t ( ei!r1 z ! loculi are atta*$ to ! valve & are n sep>able z 9 ,ma/ogloia1 & ! cell-wall is n l t ( any ,navicula4 ,cleve rem>ks t ,dictyoneis is f\nd 9 w>m wat]s4 ,lewis f\nd "o specim5 at ,black ,rock ,h>bor1 ,l4 ,i41 & "o 9 ! ,delaw>e ,riv] blue clay4 ,! specim5s "h describ$ ,i f\nd liv+ on ! ,new ,j]sey coa/4 ,,dictyoneis ,,m>g9ata ,,v>4 ,,typica ,,cleve ,valve p&uri=m1 ) cuneate lobes2 axial area n>r[1 l9e>1 sc>cely1 or n at all1 wid5$ 9 ! middle2 t]m9al fissures 9 contr>y directions2 out] /ratum f9ely punctate1 ab\t #be 9 #aj 1 9 p>allel /ri2 inn] /ratum co>sely reticulat$4 ,f\r & "o-f\r? times long] ?an broad2 m>g9al cells1 #e 9 #aj 1 small] or obsolesc5t 9 ! middle ( ! valve2 cells ( ! valve 9 irregul> transv]se r[s1 #aj-ab 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #ic 4 ,navicula m>g9ata ,lewis4 ,absecon1 ,n4 ,j4 ,pl4 #bj1 ,fig4 #c4 #gi;,,dictyoneis ,,m>g9ata ,,v>4 ,,commutata ,,cleve ,valve f\r & "o-half times long] ?an broad2 cells ( ! valve 9 irregul>1 transv]se r[s ab\t #aa 9 #aj 2 m>g9al cells ne>ly equal1 #f 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #abe 4 ,absecon1 ,n4 ,j4 ,pl4 #bj1 ,fig4 #b4 ,,dictyoneis ,,m>g9ata ,,v>4 ,,maxima ,n4 ,,v>4 ,valve ) cuneate segm5ts2 m>g9al cells1 #d 9 #aj 2 cells ( ! valve1 #e 9 #aj 1 obsolesc5t 9 ! middle & small]2 transv]se /ri1 #be 9 #aj 4 ,atlantic ,coa/4 ,r>e4 ,pl4 #bj1 ,fig4 #a 7f a specim5 f\nd at ,colon74 ,,tra*yneis ,,cleve 7#ahid7 7tra*ys1 r\gh1 & neis 7naus71 nam$ f ! *ief species7 ,valve m or less l9e> or l9e>-lanceolate4 ,x appe>s to be compos$ ( ?ree /rata1 "o an int]ior1 co>sely dott$1 an ext]ior ( f9e puncta 9 longitud9al /ri1 sc>cely visible1 & a m$ian ( transv]se ana/omos+ co/ =m+ irregul> alveoli4 ,*romatophores1 two or f\r b&s on ! zone 7,m]es*k[sky74 ,,tra*yneis ,,asp]a ,,v>4 ,,int]m$ia ,,grun4 ,valve l9e>-elliptic2 axial area a /auros wid5$ outw>d & unilat]al4 ,/ri ( ! m$ian lay] ( radiat+ r[s ( oblong alveoli4 ,along ! coa/4 ,n common4 ,pl4 #ag1 ,fig4 #ae4 ,! type =m & its num]\s v>ieties are q ubiquit\s4 ,v l>ge specim5s occur 9 ! ,ant>ctic regions1 especially 9 mat]ial f ,ross ,isl&1 ,s4 ,victoria ,l& 7,%ackleton ,ant4 ,exp474 ,,br,,bissonia ,,grun4 7#ahfj7 7nam$ aft] ,alphonse de ,brbisson1 ! di/+ui%$ ,fr5* naturali/7 ,fru/ules /ipitate2 valve lanceolate2 /ri transv]se 9 ! middle1 radiate at ! ends4 ,m$ian area n>r[1 c5tral nodule elongat$1 t]m9al fissures at a di/ance f ! ends4 ,valve ) an out] f9ely punctate /ratum4 ,at "o end ( "o valve 9 ea* fru/ule is f\nd a conspicu\s punctum1 ! plasma pore ( ,otto ,muell]1 ?r\gh :i* ! fru/ule is connect$ ) ! gelat9\s /ipe1 analog\s to ! pore 9 ,diatoma connect+ ! zig-zag fru/ules4 ,*romatophore s+le1 ly+ on "o girdle & pass+ ov] to ea* valve4 ,,br,,bissonia ,,boeckii 7,,kuetz47 ,,grun4 ,valve lanceolate1 ) sub-acute apices2 /ri1 #c-d 9 #aj 1 n rea*+ ! m$ian l9e4 ,blue clay4 ,v r>e4 ,common 9 bracki% wat] at ,*e/]t[n1 ,md4 7,t4 ,c4 ,palm]7 ,pl4 #ag1 ,fig4 #g4 #hj;,,br,,bissonia ,,palm]ii1 ,n4 ,,sp4 ,valve rhombic-lanceolate1 ) cuneate ends & produc$ apices4 ,c5tral nodule m elongate & t]m9al fissures fur!r f ! ends ?an 9 ,b4 boeckii4 ,pavonia1 ,n4 ,j4 7artesian well1 dep? ( #dj ft474 ,r>e4 ,pl4 #ag1 ,fig4 #h4 ,i take pleasure 9 nam+ ?is species aft] ,mr4 ,t4 ,*alkley ,palm]1 ( ,m$ia1 ,pa41 ! au?or ( num]\s pap]s on ! ,diatomace4 ,lewis p>tly describes a simil> =m1 :i* he does n "n1 z a species ( ,navicula f\nd 9 ! blue clay at ,kaighn's ,po9t1 ,n4 ,j4 7,lewis1 ,new & ,int]m$iate ,=ms1 etc41 p4 #ae1 ,pl4 #a1 ,fig4 #h47 ,,anomoeoneis ,,pfitz] 7#ahga7 7anomoios1 unlike1 & neis 7naus71 a boat7 ,valve lanceolate1 axial area n>r[1 c5tral area wid5$2 transv]se /ri punctate1 ! puncta 9 longitud9al r[s or int]rupt$ by blank l9es4 ,a s+le *romatophore lies along "o ( ! girdle sides & ext5ds ov] ! valves1 ea* ( ! two p>ts be+ deeply not*$ or slit at ! ends4 ,accord+ to ,s*mitz !re are two pyr5oids1 b ,he9z]l+ ?9ks !re is b "o4 ,cleve consid]s ?is g5us n well f\nd$1 z x is bas$ ^u ! cell cont5ts ( b "o species1 ! /ructure ( ! o!r species n be+ kn[n4 ,z ! =ms "h describ$ are easily recogniz$ by ! int]rupt$ puncta1 ! g5us is1 at lea/1 conv5i5t4 ,,anomoeoneis ,,sph,,rophora 7,,kuetz47 ,,cl4 ,valve elliptic-lanceolate1 ends ro/rate-capitate4 ,axial area n>r[1 c5tral area r\nd$1 l>g] on "o side ( ! m$ian l9e ?an ! o!r4 ,/ri v slightly radiate1 #af 9 #aj 1 punctate1 ! puncta int]rupt$ by longitud9al blank l9es4 ,pfitz] /ates t ! c5tral plasma mass is unequal on ! two sides4 ,navicula sphrophora ,kuetz4 ,fre% & bracki% wat]4 ,n common4 ,pl4 #dj1 ,fig4 #b4 ,,anomoeoneis ,,s]ians 7,,br,b47 ,,cl4 ,valve lanceolate1 acute2 axial area lanceolate2 /ri1 #bd 9 #aj 2 puncta elongate4 ,n common 9 ?is locality1 b abundant nor?w>ds2 fossil 9 ! peat deposits ( ,new ,engl&4 ,may's ,l&+1 ,n4 ,j4 ,pl4 #ag1 ,fig4 #ab4 ,=ma m9or--,valve rhombic-lanceolate1 small] ?an ! type4 ,may's ,l&+1 ,n4 ,j4 ,pl4 #ag1 ,fig4 #ac4 ,,anomoeoneis ,,follis 7,,ehr47 ,,cl4 ,valve rhomboid1 tumid 9 ! middle & obtuse at ! produc$ ends4 ,c5tral area lanceolate2 /ri radiate 9 ! middle1 transv]se at ! ends4 ,navicula follis ,ehr4 ,navicula tro*us ,kuetz4 #ha,report$ by ,lewis z v r>e 9 ! blue clay ( ! ,delaw>e ,riv]4 ,i h n se5 x 9 ?is locality4 ,! figure is drawn f a specim5 9 ! ,w4 ,bridgewat]1 ,mass41 deposit4 ,pl4 #ag1 ,fig4 #ad4 ,,caloneis ,,cleve 7#ahid7 7calos1 beautiful7 ,valve convex1 l9e> or lanceolate 9 g5]al outl9e1 ) transv]se1 smoo? or f9ely punctate /ri cross$ by "o or m longitud9al l9es4 ,endo*rome ( two *romatophores ly+ "o on ea* valve1 entire 9 "s species & deeply cleft 9 o!rs4 ,,caloneis ,,lib] 7,,wm4 ,,sm47 ,,cl4 ,valve l9e>1 ) p>allel m>g9s & r\nd$ ends2 axial area n>r[1 c5tral area orbicul>2 /ri transv]se 9 ! middle1 slightly div]g5t at ! ends1 #af 9 #aj 2 t]m9al fissures slightly curv$ 9 ! same direction2 longitud9al l9e m$ian4 ,l4 #hb 4 ,atlantic coa/1 *iefly s\?w>d4 ,pl4 #dj1 ,fig4 #a4 ,,caloneis ,,silicula 7,,ehr47 ,,cl4 ,valve l9e>1 gibb\s 9 ! middle1 ) broad sub-cuneate ends2 axial area n>r[1 c5tral area r\nd$2 longitud9al l9e m>g9al2 /ri p>allel or ne>ly s1 #af to #ah 9 #aj 4 ,navicula silicula ,ehr4 ,navicula limosa ,donk4 ,blue clay4 ,pl4 #ba1 ,fig4 #c 7v>4 g5u9a ,cl474 ,,caloneis ,,silicula ,,v>4 ,,inflata 7,,grun47 ,,cl4 ,valve gibb\s 9 ! middle1 ) r\nd$ ends2 c5tral area elliptical4 ,s*uylkill ,riv]4 ,pl4 #ba1 ,fig4 #d4 ,c4 silicula may be recogniz$ by its yell[ color :5 dry4 ,its v>ieties are extremely num]\s4 ,,caloneis ,,tr9odis 7,,lewis7 ,valve divid$ into ?ree segm5ts ( equal wid?2 ends cuneate & usually produc$2 axial area elliptical ) a lunate m>k+ on ea* side2 /ri radiate 9 ! middle1 else:]e p>allel1 ab\t #bj 9 #aj 1 f9ely punctate2 longitud9al l9e m>g9al1 sc>cely visible2 ! /ri become fa9t] t[>d ! axial area4 ,occasional 9 /reams & 9 ! blue clay4 ,abundant 9 a wat]-tr\gh at ,a%b\rne1 ,pa4 ,pl4 #ba1 ,fig4 #h4 ,i h reta9$ ,lewis' "n z specific4 ,lewis1 wrongly1 ,i ?9k1 ascribes 8 species to ,navicula tr9odis ,wm4 ,sm41 :i* is n figur$ by ,smi?1 b is illu/rat$ by ,van ,heurck 7,syn4 ,pl4 #ad1 ,fig4 #ca;a71 & is nam$ by ,cleve ,navicula cont5ta v>4 biceps ,arnott4 #hb;,de ,toni includes ,lewis' "n "u ,rhoiconeis tr9odis 7,wm4 ,sm47 ,grun4 ,rhoiconeis is a*nan?i=m1 ) fru/ules arcuate1 & ! species is nam$ by ,cleve ,a*nan!s tr9odis 7,arnott74 ,caloneis s*umanniana 7,grun47 ,cl41 to :i* z a v>iety ,cleve unites ,lewis' =m1 appe>s to resemble x only 9 ! lunate m>ks4 ,fig4 #i repres5ts a s+le specim5 f\nd 9 ! ,pavonia deposit & :i* ,i believe to be an abnormal =m ( ,c4 tr9odis1 diff]+ only 9 ! degree ( inflation & 9 ! l>g] c5tral area4 ,navicula tr9odis v>4 inflata ,s*ultze1 f ,/at5 ,isl&1 is ! same =m figur$ by ,lewis1 :o /ates t c]ta9 specim5s h produc$ apices4 ,,caloneis ,,p]magna 7,,bail47 ,,cl4 ,valve lanceolate1 ) produc$ apices2 m$ian l9e ne>ly /raight2 axial area lanceolate1 irregul> or slightly unilat]al1 ab\t half ! wid? ( ! valve2 /ri1 #i 9 #aj 1 radiate & indi/9ctly punctate2 longitud9al l9es d\ble4 ,l4 #ajj-bjj 4 ,p9nul>ia p]magna ,bail4 ,common 9 bracki% wat]4 ,pl4 #ba1 ,fig4 #a4 ,,caloneis ,,p]magna ,,v>4 ,,lewisiana ,n4 ,,v>4 ,valve lanceolate1 ) undulat+ sides & sub-cuneate apices2 axial area less ?an "o-?ird ! wid? ( ! valve2 /ri radiate1 #ab 9 #aj 1 indi/9ctly punctate2 longitud9al l9es d\ble1 clos] toge!r ?an 9 ! type4 ,l4 #adj 4 ,lewis illu/rates ?is v>iety 9 ,new & ,r>e ,species1 ,pl4 #b1 ,fig4 #aa1 & /ates t x is probably ,navicula esox ,kuetz+4 ,?is is an error1 z ,kuetz+'s species is ,p9nul>ia esox ,ehr41 a =m ne> ,p4 major4 ,r common 9 ! ,delaw>e ,riv]4 ,pl4 #ba1 ,fig4 #b4 ,,caloneis ,,=mosa 7,,greg47 ,,cl4 ,valve lanceolate1 ) sub-cuneate apices2 axial area "o-f\r? to "o-fif? ! wid? ( ! valve1 some:at unilat]al1 dilat$ 9 ! middle2 /ri1 #ab-ad 9 #aj radiate1 punctate2 longitud9al l9es d\ble1 di/9ct4 ,v>iable 9 size & outl9e4 ,abundant along ! %ores ( ! ,delaw>e ,riv]4 ,pl4 #ba1 ,fig4 #ah4 ,,caloneis ,,brevis ,,v>4 ,,vexans 7,,grun47 ,,cl4 ,valve elliptical-lanceolate2 apices obtuse2 m$ian fissures di/ant2 axial area n>r[2 c5tral area l>ge1 orbicul>2 longitud9al l9es close toge!r1 m$ian4 ,%>k ,riv]1 ,n4 ,j4 ,pl4 #ba1 ,fig4 #e4 ,,caloneis ,,w>dii ,,cl4 ,valve l9e>1 ends cuneate2 axial area l9e>2 c5tral area dilat$ to a /auros rea*+ ! m>g92 /ri p>allel1 radiate at ! ends1 #ah 9 #aj 2 longitud9al l9es m>g9al4 ,n uncommon 9 ! ,delaw>e ,riv]4 ,pl4 #ba1 ,figs4 #f & #g4 #hc;,,caloneis ,,p[ellii 7,,lewis7 ,,cl4 ,valve l9e>1 ) cuneate ends2 axial area l9e>2 c5tral area l>ge1 quadrate1 unit$ to ! wide longitud9al l9es2 /ri p>allel1 smoo?1 #h 9 #aj 4 ,long ,isl& 7,lewis72 ,smi?'s ,isl&1 ,delaw>e ,riv]4 ,pl4 #ba1 ,fig4 #aj4 ,,neidium ,,pfitz] 7#ahga7 7neidion1 dim4 ( naus1 a boat7 ,valve l9e> or lanceolate2 m$ian fissures turn$ 9 opposite directions1 t]m9al fissures appe>+ bifurcate 7872 /ri transv]se1 usually oblique1 f9ely punctate1 cross$ by "o or sev]al longitud9al blank l9es4 ,*romatophores1 two1 ly+ on ! girdle side1 9 cell division ea* =m+ a p>tially divid$ pair4 ,a l>ge pyr5oid is said to be f\nd 9 ! middle ( ea* *romatophore1 b ,m]es*k[sky /ates t ! pyr5oids are abs5t1 b t 9 ,n4 aff9e f\r elopla/s are always se5 9 ! c5tre ( ! fru/ule4 ,a g5us easily recogniz$ by ! peculi> t]m9al & m$ian fissures & by ! yell[i% or br[ni% color ( ! valves :5 dry1 d>k] ?an 9 ,caloneis4 ,,neidium ,,aff9e 7,,ehr47 ,,pfitz] ,valve l9e>1 ) protract$1 sub-ro/rate or capitate ends4 ,navicula aff9is ,ehr4 ,,neidium ,,aff9e ,,v>4 ,,g5u9a ,,=ma ,,maxima ,,cl4 ,/ri1 #ad 9 #aj 1 punctate1 oblique 9 ! middle1 conv]g5t at ! ends2 puncta1 #ae 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #bch 4 ,p5sauk51 ,n4 ,j4 7artesian well74 ,pl4 #ba1 ,fig4 #aa4 ,v>4 g5u9a =ma m9or ,cl4--,l4 #bf 2 /ri1 #bd 9 #aj 4 ,br&yw9e ,creek4 ,pl4 #ba1 ,fig4 #ab4 ,,neidium ,,aff9e ,,v>4 ,,amphirhyncus 7,,ehr47 ,,cl4 ,valve l9e>1 ) protract$ capitate ends2 /ri transv]se1 int]rupt$ by sev]al longitud9al l9es4 ,willi/[n1 ,pa4 ,pl4 #ba1 ,fig4 #ac4 ,,neidium ,,amphigomphus 7,,ehr47 ,,pfitz] ,valve ) p>allel m>g9s & cuneate ends2 /ri transv]se1 int]rupt$ by sev]al longitud9al l9es2 c5tral area wid5$ transv]sely4 ,navicula amphigomphus ,ehr4 ,wissahickon4 ,pl4 #ba1 ,fig4 #ad4 ,,neidium ,,productum 7,,wm4 ,,sm47 ,,cl4 ,valve l9e>1 elongate1 ) capitate apices2 /ri slightly oblique2 longitud9al l9es m>g9al2 axial area v n>r[1 c5tral area small4 ,navicula producta ,wm4 ,sm4 ,newt[n ,squ>e4 ,pl4 #ba1 ,fig4 #af4 #hd,,neidium ,,iridis 7,,ehr47 ,,cl4 ,valve l9e> or lanceolate-elliptical1 ) sub-cuneate or r\nd$ ends2 /ri oblique1 ab\t #ah 9 #aj 2 c5tral area orbicul>4 ,navicula iridis ,ehr4 ,navicula firma ,kuetz4 ,willi/[n1 ,pa42 ,middlet[n1 ,delaw>e ,co41 ,pa4 7,palm]74 ,pl4 #ba1 ,fig4 #ag4 ,! =m "h figur$ is probably ! v>iety ampliata 7,ehr47 ,cl4 ) less acute apices & m elliptical outl9e4 ,! species occurs 9 _m v>iations1 ! l>g] be+ f\nd nor?w>d1 especially 9 ! peat deposits ( ,new ,engl&4 ,,neidium ,,hit*cockii 7,,ehr47 ,,cl4 ,valve l9e>1 ) triundulate m>g9 & cuneate ends2 /ri transv]se1 oblique4 ,navicula hit*cockii ,ehr4 ,pavonia1 ,n4 ,j4 7artesian well72 ,kirkwood ,pond1 ,n4 ,j4 ,pl4 #ba1 ,fig4 #ae4 ,,diploneis ,,ehr4 7#ahdj7 7diplos1 d\ble7 ,valve elliptical or p&uri=m2 m$ian l9e enclos$ 9 /rongly silice\s horns correspond+ to ! lyre-%ap$ areas ( ,navicula lyra b nev] punctate2 c5tral nodule1 quadrate2 valve co/ate1 or /riate1 or bo?2 betwe5 ! horns & ! out] "p are ?9n] spaces or sulci1 &1 9 "s species1 outside ( ! sulci are n>r[ spaces kn[n z lunul4 ,*romatophores1 two1 ^u ! girdle or ! valves4 ,pyr5oids h be5 f\nd 9 "o species only1 ,d4 int]rupta4 ,,diploneis ,,elliptica 7,,kuetz47 ,,cl4 ,valve elliptical2 c5tral nodule l>ge2 sulci n>r[1 curv$1 close to ! horns2 /ri punctate1 9 r[s radiat+ m & m t[>d ! ends4 ,v>iable 9 size & 9 ! co>s5ess ( puncta :i* are f #aj to #ac 9 #aj 7,cleve74 ,cleve describes ,d4 ovalis ,hilse z hav+ ! c5tral nodule r\nd$1 b o!rwise ab\t ! same z ,d4 elliptica1 & z equival5t to ,navicula ovalis ,a4 ,s*midt 7,atlas1 ,pl4 #g1 ,figs4 #cc to #cf74 ,v common 9 fre% wat] & occasional 9 bracki%4 ,pl4 #bj1 ,fig4 #ad4 ,,diploneis ,,smi?ii 7,,br,b47 ,,cl4 ,valve elliptical2 c5tral nodule n broad2 furr[s ev5ly curv$ on ! out] edge1 cross$ by co/ & d\ble oblique r[s ( alveoli4 ,v>iable 9 size & 9 ! curvature ( ! furr[s4 ,cleve =ms a new species1 ,d4 major1 ( ! l>ge =m figur$ by ,s*midt 7,atlas1 ,pl4 #g1 ,figs4 #ah1 #ai1 #ba & #bb71 /at+ t ! /ructure is mu* co>s] & ! =m is l>g] ) broad furr[s4 ,9 ! specim5 "h figur$ ! size is m$ian & ! furr[s are z 9 ,d4 major4 ,m>9e & bracki%4 ,common4 ,pl4 #bj1 ,fig4 #ag4 #he;,,diploneis ,,crabro ,,v>4 ,,p&ura 7,,br,b47 ,,cl4 ,valve con/rict$1 segm5ts tongue-%ap$2 c5tral nodule small2 horns n>r[1 ne>ly p>allel1 ) a r[ ( l>ge puncta2 co/1 #d 9 #aj 1 conv]g5t 9 ! middle1 radiat+ at ! ends1 alt]nat+ ) a d\ble r[ ( puncta1 #aa 9 #aj 4 ,pavonia1 ,n4 ,j4 7artesian well74 ,pl4 #bj1 ,fig4 #d4 ,,diploneis ,,crabro ,,v>4 ,,expleta 7,a4 ,s47 ,,cl4 ,valve slightly con/rict$1 segm5ts tongue-%ap$2 co/ robu/1 #e or #f 9 #aj 1 alt]nat+ ) d\ble r[s ( r co>se puncta4 ,l4 #ef 4 ,port ,p5n1 ,delaw>e ,riv]4 ,pl4 #bj1 ,fig4 #ae4 ,,diploneis ,,crabro ,,v>4 ,,p&urella ,,cl48 ,valve con/rict$1 ! lobes elliptical2 c5tral nodule l>ge1 ) horns p>allel 9 ! middle1 conv]g5t at ! ends2 furr[s wide1 ) fa9t co/2 no lunula2 co/ p>allel 9 ! middle1 radiate at ! ends1 #i 9 #aj 1 alt]nat+ ) v f9e d\ble r[s ( puncta 7n %[n 9 ! figure74 ,l4 #fe 4 ,blue clay4 ,pl4 #bj1 ,fig4 #ac4 ,,diploneis ,,crabro ,,v>48 ,valve con/rict$1 segm5ts elliptical2 co/1 #h 9 #aj 1 conv]g+ 9 ! middle1 radiat+ at ! ends2 horns n>r[2 furr[s wide1 co/ate2 lunul indi/9ct4 ,l4 #ge 4 ,resembles v>4 p&urella except 9 ! conv]g5ce ( ! co/ & 9 ! lunula4 ,squan ,riv]4 ,m>9e4 ,pl4 #bj1 ,fig4 #i4 ,,diploneis ,,fusca ,,v>4 ,,delicata 7,a4 ,s47 ,,cl4 ,valve elliptical2 furr[s broad1 cross$ ) r[s ( fa9t co/ & alveoli2 co/1 #f or #g 9 #aj 2 alveoli1 #aj 9 #aj 1 9 %ort1 irregul>1 longitud9al r[s4 ,l4 #hd 4 ,port ,p5n1 ,delaw>e ,riv]4 ,pl4 #bj1 ,fig4 #aa4 ,,diploneis ,,gru5dl]i 7,a4 ,s47 ,,cl4 ,valve con/rict$1 segm5ts tongue-%ap$1 (t5 unequal2 horns broad1 div]g5t 9 ! middle2 furr[s n>r[2 co/ transv]se1 cross$ by f #c to #g longitud9al co/1 int]rupt$ 9 ! middle at ! bord]4 ,blue clay4 ,pl4 #bj1 ,figs4 #g & #h4 ,,diploneis ,,puella 7,,s*um47 ,,cl4 ,valve elliptical1 sometimes orbicul>2 furr[s v n>r[2 /ri1 #bj 9 #aj 1 indi/9ct4 ,l4 #ae 4 ,diploneis elliptica v>4 m9utissima ,grun4 ,%>k ,riv]1 ,n4 ,j4 ,bracki%4 ,pl4 #bj1 ,fig4 #ab4 ,,diploneis ,,exc5trica1 ,n4 ,,sp4 ,valve elliptical2 c5tral nodule quadrate2 furr[s ( ! same wid? ?r\gh\t1 ne>ly p>allel2 co/ radiat+ t[>d ! ends1 #aj 9 #aj 1 indi/9ct on ! furr[s1 alt]nat+ ) alveoli1 #g 9 #aj 1 9 irregul>1 longitud9al l9es4 ,"o side ( ! valve is "o & a half times ! wid? ( ! o!r4 ,l4 #di 4 #hf;,i c f9d nei!r description nor figure ( any species to :i* ,i c ascribe ?is =m4 ,x approa*es ,d4 elliptica4 ,! alveoli are q di/9ct & di/ant f ea* o!r4 ,bracki% wat]4 ,v abundant 9 a ga!r+ f ,squan ,riv]1 ,n4 ,j4 ,pl4 #bj1 ,fig4 #aj4 ,,diploneis ,,oculata 7,,br,b47 ,,cl4 ,valve elliptical2 /ri radiate at ! ends1 ab\t #bj 9 #aj 1 co>sely punctate4 ,l4 #bc 4 ,fre% wat]4 ,pl4 #bf1 ,fig4 #g4 ,! figure is drawn f ,brbisson's orig9al mat]ial 9 ,h4 ,l4 ,smi?'s ,type ,slide ,no4 #bii4 ,navicula oculata ,brb4 ,report$ f ,new ,j]sey4 ,i h n se5 ?is species 9 ?is locality4 ,navicula oculata1 ref]r$ to by ,ka9 z occurr+ 9 ,%>k ,riv]1 is n ?is =m4 ,,diploneis ,,gemmata 7,,grev47 ,,cl4 ,valve oblong-l9e>1 ) cuneate ends & p>allel or slightly concave sides2 c5tral nodule l>ge2 horns p>allel2 furr[s ab\t "o-?ird ! wid? ( ! valve4 ,co/ ab\t #e 9 #aj 1 alt]nat+ ) d\ble r[s ( f9e puncta2 %ort co/ occur along ! bord]s ( ! horns4 ,port ,p5n1 ,delaw>e ,riv]4 ,pl4 #bj1 ,fig4 #af4 ,,diploneis ,,campylodiscus 7,,grun47 ,,cl4 ,valve suborbicul>2 c5tral nodule quadrate2 horns div]g5t2 co/1 #f 9 #aj 1 alt]nat+ ) d\ble r[s ( alveoli2 furr[s broad1 co/ate ne> ! horns4 ,diff]s f ,cleve's description 9 hav+ #f1 in/ead ( #d1 co/ 9 #aj 4 ,p5sauk51 ,n4 ,j4 7artesian well74 ,r>e4 ,pl4 #bj1 ,fig4 #f4 ,,ma/ogloia ,,?waites 7#ahef7 7ma/os1 a brea/1 & gloios1 gelat9\s1 ref]r+ to ! mamillate cu%ion 9 :i* ! fru/ules are (t5 imm]s$7 ,fru/ule rectangul>4 ,valves simil>1 naviculoid4 ,c5tral & axial areas usually n>r[ or indi/9ct2 /ri punctate1 p>allel 9 ! middle4 ,on ea* side1 betwe5 ! valve & ! zone1 is a septate plate4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,species ,/ri int]rupt$ by a hyal9e furr[ on ea* side ( ! m$ian l9e k9smanii ,/ri n int]rupt$3 ,loculi1 five1 or less exigua m ?an five1 equal1 end+ at di/ance f ! ends smi?ii end+ ne> ! ends1 di/9ct lanceolata indi/9ct elegans v num]\s apiculata unequal angulata #hg,k>/5 /ates t !re are two *romatophores1 ea* ( :i* ext5ds f ! middle ( "o valve to ! end & d[n ! middle ( ! o!r valve4 ,m]es*k[sky says1 h[ev]1 t !re are f\r plates or *romatophores1 sometimes on ! valve1 sometimes on ! zone1 accord+ to ! species1 & t two long pyr5oids unite ! two opposite *romatophores4 ,,ma/ogloia ,,k9smanii ,,lewis ,valve lanceolate-elliptical1 ) sub-ro/rate ends2 loculi m num]\s ?an 9 ,m4 angulata b less ?an 9 ,m4 apiculata1 ! middle ones l>g]4 ,m$ian l9e ) a sulcus on ea* side2 c5tral area quadrate4 ,ma/ogloia braunii ,grun4 7,accord+ to ,cleve74 ,atlantic ,city4 ,pl4 #ag1 ,fig4 #af4 ,,ma/ogloia ,,exigua ,,lewis ,valve elliptical- or l9e>-lanceolate2 loculi1 #b-e1 usually #c1 l>g] 9 ! middle & r\nd$2 c5tral space small2 /ri1 #bj-bd 9 #aj 4 ,along ! coa/4 ,pl4 #ag1 ,fig4 #bd4 ,,ma/ogloia ,,smi?ii ,,?waites ,valve lanceolate1 sub-ro/rate2 loculi =m+ a wide b& end+ at a di/ance f ! ends2 /ri transv]se1 ) puncta =m+ longitud9al r[s2 c5tral area r\nd$ or transv]sely elliptical4 ,along ! coa/4 ,pl4 #ag1 ,fig4 #ai4 ,,ma/ogloia ,,lanceolata ,,?waites ,valve lanceolate1 ) sub-ro/rate apices2 loculi v num]\s2 m$ian & c5tral areas indi/9ct2 /ri1 #ai 9 #aj 1 punctate1 conv]g5t at ! ends4 ,along ! coa/4 ,pl4 #ag1 ,fig4 #ah4 ,,ma/ogloia ,,elegans ,,lewis ,valve lanceolate1 acute2 loculi indi/9ct or rudim5t>y1 ext5d+ to ! ends2 c5tral area app>5tly quadrate1 sometimes indi/9ct2 puncta di/9ct1 #ae 9 #aj 1 9 transv]se & longitud9al r[s4 ,along ! coa/4 ,common4 ,pl4 #ag1 ,fig4 #bj4 ,,ma/ogloia ,,apiculata ,,wm4 ,,sm4 ,valve elliptical-lanceolate1 sometimes ) slightly produc$ apices2 m$ian l9e betwe5 two ribs2 c5tral space v small2 loculi num]\s2 puncta 9 slightly radiat+ r[s & 9 longitud9al l9es4 ,along ! coa/4 ,pl4 #ag1 ,figs4 #ba1 #bb1 #bc4 ,,ma/ogloia ,,angulata ,,lewis ,valve elliptical1 ) produc$ apices2 loculi usually less ?an #ab1 unequal1 ! l>g] 9 ! middle2 /ri1 #ab 9 #aj 1 puncta 9 decussat+ r[s4 ,diff]s f apiculata 9 its m broadly elliptical %ape1 ! small] numb] ( its loculi & ! angul> "* ( its /riation 7,lewis74 #hh;,consid]$ by ,cleve z synonym\s ) ,m4 apiculata ,grun41 n ,wm4 ,smi?1 & by ,de ,toni z synonym\s ) ,m4 apiculata ,wm4 ,sm4 ,9 any case1 ,m4 angulata ,lewis is n ! same z ,m4 apiculata ,wm4 ,sm41 ! loculi ( :i* are equal4 ,atlantic ,city4 ,h4 ,l4 ,smi? ,t4 ,s4 ,no4 #baa4 ,pl4 #ag1 ,fig4 #ag4 ,,/auroneis ,,ehr4 7#ahdc7 7/auros1 a cross1 & neis 7naus71 a boat7 ,fru/ules free1 sometimes gem9ate2 valve z 9 ,navicula b ) a /auros4 ,cell cont5ts z 9 ,navicula4 ,m]es*k[sky1 h[ev]1 says t ! *romatophores always conta9 m pyr5oids ?an are f\nd 9 ,navicula4 ,he9z]l+ gives ! numb] z two to f\r 9 ea* *romatophore4 ,cleve includes "u ,navicul ,micro/igmatic all species ( ,/auroneis1 ,pleuro/auron1 ,s*izo/auron1 c]ta9 ,s*izonem & ,navicul4 ,z a matt] ( conv5i5ce1 & because ,i h already includ$ c]ta9 ,s*izonem & ,scoliopleura "u ,navicula1 & because ( ! small numb] ( species 9 our locality1 ,i h arrang$ !m "u ! ?ree divisions ( ,cleve z foll[s3 ,/auroneis4--,=ms hav+ a true /auros1 )\t diaphragms4 ,pleuro/auron4--,=ms l ,/auroneis b ) diaphragms at ! ends4 ,s*izo/auron4--,=ms hav+ a bifid /auros4 ,,/auroneis ,,pho5ic5t]on ,,ehr4 ,valve lanceolate1 obtuse2 /ri radiate1 #ah 9 #aj 1 di/9ctly punctate4 ,l4 usually #abe b sometimes #bjj 4 ,common 9 fre% wat]4 ,pl4 #bg1 ,fig4 #a4 ,,/auroneis ,,anceps ,,ehr4 ,valve lanceolate1 ) ro/rate or capitate ends2 /auros 9 "s cases does n rea* ! m>g94 ,! v>ieties are v num]\s4 ,v>4 gracilis 7,ehr47 ,cl4--,valve lanceolate1 /ri v f9e2 m>g9 ( /auros /riat$4 ,l4 #ajj 4 ,cape ,may1 ,n4 ,j4 ,pl4 #bg1 ,fig4 #e4 ,v>4 amphicephala 7,kuetz47 ,cl4--,valve capitate at ! ends2 /ri1 #bd 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #dg 4 ,fre% wat]4 ,pl4 #bg1 ,fig4 #g4 ,v>4 8--,valve ) produc$ ends2 /ri1 #cj or m 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #ajd 4 ,willi/[n1 ,pa4 ,pl4 #bg1 ,fig4 #d4 ,v>4 8--,valve ) produc$ ends2 /ri1 ab\t #bh 9 #aj 1 punctate4 ,l4 #dg 4 ,newt[n ,squ>e4 ,pl4 #bg1 ,fig4 #h4 ,v>4 8--,valve ) produc$ ends2 /ri1 #bb 9 #aj 1 %[+ a t5d5cy to =m longitud9al r[s ( puncta z 9 ,/auroneis /odd]i ,gre5leaf1 b ! r[s are n s evid5t4 ,l4 #fj 4 ,pavonia1 ,n4 ,j41 artesian well4 ,pl4 #bg1 ,fig4 #i4 ,,/auroneis ,,frickei ,,v>4 ,,angu/a ,n4 ,,v>4 ,valve lanceolate1 gradually tap]+ to ! obtuse ends2 t]m9al fissures prom95t1 =k+ at a di/ance ( #g f ! ends4 ,fru/ules frequ5tly gem9ate4 ,l4 #agc 4 ,newt[n ,squ>e4 ,r>e4 ,pl4 #bf1 ,fig4 #ah4 ,ne> ,/auroneis frickei ,a4 ,s4 7,atlas1 ,pl4 #bdb1 ,fig4 #af71 except t ! /auros is n>r[ at ! m>g94 #hi,,/auroneis ,,sal9a ,,wm4 ,,sm4 ,valve lanceolate1 obtuse2 /auros n>r[1 ) %ort1 scatt]$ /ri at ! m>g91 #ah 9 #aj 1 punctate4 ,l4 #fe 4 ,along ! coa/4 ,common4 ,pl4 #bg1 ,fig4 #f4 ,,/auroneis ,,legum5 ,,ehr4 ,valve elliptical-lanceolate1 inflat$ 9 ! middle1 ) produc$ sub-capitate or ro/rate ends sep>at$ by diaphragms4 ,/auros wide1 /riat$ at ! m>g9s2 axial area v n>r[2 /ri radiate1 ab\t #bf 787 9 #aj 1 punctate4 ,l4 #bh 4 ,pavonia1 ,n4 ,j41 artesian well4 ,pl4 #ci1 ,fig4 #ae4 ,9 ,cleve's description & ,van ,heurck's figure1 ! m$ian inflation is n l>g] ?an ! o!rs4 ,9 ! pres5t =m ! m$ian inflation is wid]4 ,,/auroneis ,,acuta ,,wm4 ,,sm4 ,valve rhombic-lanceolate1 obtuse2 a diaphragm at ea* end2 /auros wid5$ outw>ds2 /ri1 #ae or #af 9 #aj 1 punctate4 ,l4 #acj 4 ,blue clay4 ,pl4 #bg1 ,fig4 #b4 ,,/auroneis ,,am]icana ,a4 ,s4 ,valve elliptical-lanceolate1 obtuse2 /ri1 #ad 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #aai 4 ,pavonia1 ,n4 ,j41 artesian well4 ,r>e4 ,! only specim5 f\nd is asymmetrical ) respect to ! transv]se axis4 ,on ,plate #dj1 ,fig4 #d1 is illu/rat$ an abnormal =m ( ,/auroneis1 app>5tly ne> ,s4 acuta1 hav+ an elongat$ c5tral nodule & radiat+1 curv$ & co>sely punctate /ri4 ,blue clay4 ,,/auroneis ,,smi?ii ,,grun4 ,valve lanceolate1 inflat$ 9 ! middle & at ! ends1 :i* h diaphragms & are produc$ into ro/rate apices2 /auros rea*+ ! m>g92 /ri p>allel1 ab\t #be 9 #aj 7#bh to #cj1 ,cleve71 di/9ctly punctate4 ,n uncommon 9 mead[ pools ne> ,newt[n ,squ>e4 ,pl4 #bg1 ,fig4 #aa4 ,,/auroneis ,,crucicula 7,,grun47 ,,cl4 ,valve lanceolate1 ) obtuse1 produc$ ends2 /auros bifid2 /ri1 #bd 9 #aj 1 oblique1 p>allel to ! bran*es ( ! /auros1 clos] at ! ends1 punctate4 ,l4 #cb 4 ,newt[n ,squ>e4 ,ea/ ,p>k ,res]voir4 ,r>e4 ,pl4 #bg1 ,fig4 #aj4 ,,navicula ,,bory 7#ahbf7 7dim4 ( navis1 a boat7 ,valve l9e> to elliptical2 ends acute1 r\nd$1 ro/rate1 capitate or truncate2 axial area usually di/9ct2 c5tral area di/9ct1 r\nd$ or r>ely ext5d$ into a transv]se fascia2 /ri transv]se or radiate1 punctate2 c5tral area n dilat$ into a transv]se /auros nor into horns4 #ij,! endo*rome 9 ! great] numb] ( species consi/s ( two *romatophores ext5d+ along ! zone & sometimes p>tly ov] ! valves4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 z 9 ,n4 h5n$yi1 ,n4 lyra & ,n4 hum]osa1 ! b&s are on ! valves4 ,c]ta9 species h f\r b&s1 o!rs eight1 & 9 "o ! endo*rome is granul>4 7,m]es*k[sky1 l4 c41 p4 #i et seq47 ,pyr5oids are usually abs5t4 ,on acc\nt ( ! div]sity ( ! *romatophores1 ,m]es*k[sky consid]s ! g5us n homog5e\s4 ,! difficulty ( arrang+ gr\ps accord+ to ! cell cont5ts1 h[ev]1 is s great t1 = ! pres5t1 ! species mu/ be describ$ by ! usual *>act]i/ics ( ! valves & divid$ z foll[s1 accord+ to ,cleve1 to ! ext5t ( employ+ ! classification ( all ,naviculoid =ms z applicable1 especially to ! species ( ,navicula4 ,van ,heurck's analysis includes ,p9nul>ia1 ,tra*yneis1 ,diploneis1 ,caloneis1 ,neidium & ,anomoeoneis1 :i* are "h sep>at$1 :ile ,n4 lyra & ,n4 h5n$yi are plac$ 9 diff]5t gr\ps1 al?\gh !y are closely relat$4 ,9 o!r respects ,cleve's divisions correspond1 to "s ext5t1 to ^? ( ,van ,heurck4 ,! g5us ,navicula at "o "t includ$ ! foll[+3 ,dictyoneis1 ,pleurosigma1 ,gyrosigma1 ,caloneis1 ,neidium1 ,diploneis1 ,fru/ulia1 ,tra*yneis1 ,anomoeoneis1 ,p9nul>ia & ,/auroneis1 & few =ms ) a raphe escap$4 ,= ?is reason ! diagnosis ( ! pres5t g5us is some:at limit$4 ,pleurosigma & ,gyrosigma diff] f ,navicula 9 _! outl9e1 ,dictyoneis 9 ! d\ble /ratification1 ,caloneis 9 ! m>g9al l9es1 ,neidium 9 ! m$ian & t]m9al fissures1 ,diploneis 9 ! horns1 ,fru/ulia 9 ! t]m9al nodules1 ,tra*yneis 9 ! /ratification ( ! valve1 ,anomoeoneis 9 ! longitud9al arrangem5t ( ! puncta1 ,p9nul>ia 9 ! smoo? co/ & ,/auroneis 9 ! /auros4 ,z ! object ( ! pres5t "w is to aid ! /ud5t ( local =ms 9 ! id5tification ( species by ! briefe/ me?ods1 ! fur!r discussion ( ! reasons = classification w be left = 8 gratification 9 ref]r+ to ! au?orities on ! subject4 ,,punctat ,,cleve ,valve elliptical to lanceolate2 c5tral nodule n /auroid or cont9u$ into lyri=m spaces2 /ri di/9ctly or co>sely punctate1 9 radiate r[s4 ,,navicula ,,maculata 7,,bail47 ,,cl4 ,valve lanceolate-elliptical1 ) produc$ or sub-ro/rate ends2 axial area n>r[1 wid] ne> ! ends & dilat$ to a r\nd$1 transv]se c5tral area2 /ri radiate1 #f 9 #aj 1 puncta1 #g 9 #aj 1 9 irregul>1 longitud9al r[s4 ,l4 #ij to #abj 7,cl474 ,/auroneis maculata ,bail4 ,navicula fis*]i ,a4 ,s4 ,blue clay4 ,along ! coa/1 especially s\?w>d4 ,pl4 #bd1 ,fig4 #a4 ,,navicula ,,latissima ,,greg4 ,valve oblong-elliptical or elliptical-lanceolate1 ) sub-cuneate ends2 axial area lanceolate1 wid5$ 9 ! middle to an orbicul> space2 /ri radiate1 #g 9 #aj 1 puncta1 #aa 9 #aj 1 ! m$ian /ri alt]nat+ ) %ort /ri along ! sides4 ,l4 #ej-aej 7,cl74 ,blue clay4 ,pavonia1 ,n4 ,j41 artesian well4 ,pl4 #bd1 ,fig4 #c4 #ia,,navicula ,,latissima ,,v>4 ,,elongata 7,,pant47 ,,cl4 ,valve elliptical-lanceolate1 ) r\nd$ ends2 /ri & puncta clos] ?an 9 ! type =m2 axial area n>r[1 wid5$ 9 ! middle2 t]m9al fissures hook-%ap$1 turn$ 9 diff]5t directions4 ,navicula hum]osa v>4 elongata ,pant4 ,fossil at ,buck%utem1 ,n4 ,j4 ,pl4 #bd1 ,fig4 #e4 ,,navicula ,,fu*sii ,,pant4 ,valve elliptical1 ) slightly produc$ apices2 axial area wide1 lanceolate2 c5tral area orbicul>2 /ri alt]nately long] & %ort] 9 ! middle1 #aj-ab 9 #aj 2 puncta on ! bord] ( ! axial area l>g]1 elongat$2 m$ian fissures incrassate4 ,navicula hum]osa v>4 fu*sii 7,pant47 ,cl4 ,navicula 7latissima v>487 fu*sii ,pant4 ,port ,p5n1 ,delaw>e ,riv]4 ,pl4 #bd1 ,fig4 #f4 ,,navicula ,,hum]osa ,,br,b4 ,valve lanceolate-elliptical or oblong-elliptical1 ) sub-cuneate or sub-ro/rate ends2 axial area n>r[1 lanceolate2 c5tral area r\nd$1 some:at transv]se2 t]m9al fissures hook-%ap$1 9 ! same direction2 c5tral pores incrassate2 /ri1 #aa 9 #aj 1 ! middle alt]nately long] & %ort]1 clos] at ! ends4 ,l4 #fj-hf 4 ,v>iable 9 size1 outl9e & f95ess ( /riation4 ,n4 monilif]a ,cleve 7,n4 granulata ,brb47 diff]s 9 hav+ co>s] /ri4 ,blue clay4 ,along ! coa/4 ,pl4 #be1 ,fig4 #e4 ,,navicula ,,pusilla ,,wm4 ,,sm4 ,valve ovate-elliptical1 ) ro/rate or sub-ro/rate ends2 axial area n>r[2 c5tral area elliptical2 /ri radiate1 #aj-ab 9 #aj 9 ! middle :]e !y are long] & %ort] alt]nately1 clos] at ! ends2 m$ian fissures some:at incrassate1 t]m9al 9 ! same direction4 ,l4 #dg 4 ,smi?'s ,isl&1 ,delaw>e ,riv]4 ,pl4 #be1 ,figs4 #d1 #f8 ,cleve gives ! /ri z #ac-ah 9 ! typical =m1 & #aa-ac 9 v>ieties4 ,9 ! =m "h figur$ ! /riation is z /at$ by ,de ,toni1 b is ab\t #ai at ! ends4 ,fig4 #f appe>s to be a small =m ( ,n4 pusilla1 ne> lanceolata ,grun41 at lea/ accord+ to ! figure 9 ,arctic ,diatoms1 b n ,gregory's figure4 ,x occurs r>ely 9 fre% wat] at ,newt[n ,squ>e4 ,x may be a small =m ( ,n4 punctulata &1 if s1 is probably accid5tal1 z ! mat]ial is entirely fre%-wat]4 ,,navicula ,,pusilla ,,v>4 ,,subcapitata ,n4 ,,v>4 ,valve elliptical ) ro/rate-capitate & truncate ends2 /ri ab\t #ab 9 #aj 9 ! middle :]e !y are unequal2 axial area n>r[1 slightly wid5$ 9 ! middle2 c5tral pores incrassate1 t]m9al fissures 9 ! same direction4 ,diff]s f type 9 outl9e & c5tre4 ,pavonia1 ,n4 ,j41 artesian well4 ,r>e4 ,pl4 #be1 ,fig4 #h4 #ib,,navicula ,,delaw>5sis ,,grun4 ,valve elliptical-lanceolate1 ) sub-ro/rate ends2 axial area n>r[1 lanceolate1 wid5$ 9 ! middle2 /ri ab\t #aj 9 #aj 2 9 ! middle1 mu* clos] at ! ends2 puncta 9 ! middle1 #i 9 #aj 1 clos] & mu* small] at ! ends4 ,l4 #eh-ie 4 ,cleve 7,le ,diatomi/e1 ,vol4 #b1 p4 #ad7 /ates t ?is =m is v ne> ,n4 pusilla b is mu* l>g]4 ,specim5s f ,smi?'s ,isl& measure #eh-fe 1 f ,wildwood1 #ie 9 l5g?4 ,pl4 #be1 ,fig4 #c4 ,,navicula ,,punctulata ,,wm4 ,,sm4 ,valve elliptical-lanceolate1 ) sub-ro/rate ends2 axial area n>r[1 c5tral area r\nd$2 /ri1 #aa 9 #aj 1 clos] at ! ends1 a few %ort] 9 ! middle2 puncta1 #aj 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #ed 4 ,navicula m>9a ,ralfs4 ,port ,p5n1 ,delaw>e ,riv] 7bracki% wat]74 ,pl4 #be1 ,fig4 #i4 ,al?\gh ?is species is describ$ z m>9e 9 ! ,synopsis ( ,pr(4 ,smi?1 ,i h nev] f\nd x 9 purely m>9e localities 7,donk974 ,,navicula ,,punctata ,,v>4 ,,asymmetrica ,,lag]/$t ,valve lanceolate1 ) ro/rate ends2 axial area n>r[1 c5tral area transv]se1 irregul>2 /ri radiate1 punctate1 #ab 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #cf 4 ,navicula amphibola ,cleve4 ,blue clay4 ,pl4 #bg1 ,fig4 #ae4 ,,navicula ,,brasili5sis ,,v>4 ,,bicuneata ,,cl41 ,,=ma ,,con/ricta ,valve oblong-elliptical1 slightly con/rict$1 ) cuneate-ro/rate ends2 axial area n>r[2 c5tral area dilat$ transv]sely & unilat]ally2 /ri1 #i 9 #aj 2 puncta clos] at ! bord] & 9 irregul> longitud9al r[s 9 ! middle2 t]m9al fissures small1 hook-%ap$1 turn$ 9 ! same direction4 ,l4 #ic 4 ,corresponds closely to ,cleve's v>iety except 9 ! con/riction4 ,blue clay4 ,pl4 #be1 ,fig4 #b4 ,,navicula ,,lacu/ris ,,greg4 ,valve lanceolate1 sub-acute2 axial area n>r[2 c5tral area orbicul>2 /ri radiate1 #ad 9 #aj 1 punctate1 ! m$ian puncta sometimes m di/ant ?an ! o!rs4 ,blue clay4 ,r>e4 ,pl4 #bg1 ,fig4 #ab4 ,,lyrat ,,cl4 ,valve elliptical or elliptical-lanceolate2 /ri punctate1 transv]se2 axial area n>r[ or indi/9ct2 c5tral area exp&$ on ea* side into lyre-%ap$ or horn-l blank spaces4 ,,navicula ,,pr,,texta ,,ehr4 ,valve elliptical2 lat]al areas n regul>1 ) scatt]$ puncta2 /ri radiate1 #e or #f 9 #aj 2 puncta1 #g or #h 9 #aj 2 along ! axial area1 a s+le or d\ble r[ ( puncta2 at #ic! middle ( ! bord]1 on ea* side1 two /ri approa* ea* o!r closely ) a %ort /ria betwe5 !m2 t]m9al fissures small1 9 ! same direction4 ,l4 #abj 4 ,port ,p5n1 ,delaw>e ,riv]4 ,pl4 #bd1 ,fig4 #b4 ,:ile v>iable 9 size & /riation1 approa*+ ,n4 h5n$yi1 ?is species1 z "h figur$1 is f\nd 9 ! ,mioc5e & lat] deposits & is extant 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! _w4 ,,navicula ,,irrorata ,,grev4 ,valve oblong-elliptical1 ) cuneate-ro/rate ends2 /ri1 #g or #h 9 #aj 1 puncta1 #g 9 #aj 2 axial area bord]$ by puncta 9 unequal1 transv]se r[s4 ,l4 #hd 4 ,blue clay4 ,r>e4 ,pl4 #bd1 ,fig4 #d4 ,,navicula ,,h5n$yi ,,wm4 ,,sm4 ,valve elliptical2 areas semilanceolate2 /ri ab\t #aa 9 #aj 1 sometimes long] & %ort] on ! m>g92 %ort r[s ( transv]se /ri along ! axial area4 ,blue clay4 ,pl4 #be1 ,fig4 #ab4 ,v>4 circumsecta ,grun4--,z 9 ! type b ) ! lat]al areas fa9tly /riate or punctate4 ,v>4 manca ,a4 ,s4--,valve lanceolate-elliptical1 ! lat]al areas n>r[ & conv]g5t t[>d ! ends2 %ort r[s ( transv]se /ri along ! axial area2 /ri1 #i 9 #aj 2 c5tral pores incrassate4 ,blue clay4 ,pl4 #be1 ,fig4 #aa4 ,,navicula ,,lyra ,,ehr4 ,valve elliptical1 ) r\nd$1 sub-ro/rate or sub-cuneate ends2 lat]al areas n>r[2 /ri1 #f to #ad 9 #aj 7,cl471 punctate4 ,l4 #ej-ahj 4 ,v>4 ehr5b]gii ,cl4--,lat]al areas con/rict$ 9 ! middle1 div]g5t at ! ends4 ,cleve ref]s to ,s*midt1 ,atlas1 ,pl4 #b1 ,fig4 #be1 :i* is n div]g5t at ! ends4 ,along ! coa/4 ,pl4 #be1 ,fig4 #aj4 ,a n>r[] =m occurs :i* has ! areas div]g5t4 ,v>4 8--,valve elliptical1 lat]al areas n>r[1 conv]g5t at ! ends ) %ort r[s ( punctate /ri2 m>g9al /ri1 #aj 9 #aj 1 punctate4 ,l4 #fj 4 ,squan ,riv]1 ,n4 ,j4 ,pl4 #bj1 ,fig4 #e4 ,v>4 dilatata ,a4 ,s4--,valve elliptical1 ro/rate2 lat]al areas conv]g5t 9 ! middle & ne>ly p>allel or conv]g5t at ! ends4 ,blue clay4 ,pl4 #be1 ,fig4 #ac4 ,n4 lyra is exce$+ly v>iable 9 outl9e1 f95ess ( /riation & 9 ! lat]al areas4 ,int]m$iate =ms occur approa*+ ,n4 h5n$yi & ,n4 spectabilis4 ,9 ,n4 h5n$yi ! lat]al areas are broad1 semilanceolate1 n n>r[$ 9 ! middle4 ,9 ,n4 spectabilis ! lat]al areas are broad & n>r[$ 9 ! middle4 ,9 ,n4 lyra ! lat]al areas are n>r[ & ei!r con/rict$ or n 9 ! middle4 ,9 _m =ms 9 #id^! ?ree species ! lat]al areas are m or less /riat$ or punctate4 ,cleve does n consid] ?is a di/9ction ( any importance1 al?\gh c]ta9 v>ieties are f\nd$ ^u x4 ,all ?ree species are v common 9 ! blue clay & along ! coa/1 b _! v>ieties are too num]\s to describe or figure4 ,,navicula ,,spectabilis ,,v>4 ,,em>g9ata ,,cl4 ,valve elliptical2 lat]al areas broad1 n>r[$ 9 ! middle1 delicately /riat$2 m>g9al /ri1 #aj 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #gj 4 ,blue clay4 ,pl4 #be1 ,fig4 #g4 ,,navicula ,,pygm,a ,,kuetz4 ,valve elliptical1 appe>+ hyal9e2 axial & c5tral areas fa9t2 lat]al areas conv]g5t 9 ! middle2 /ri indi/9ct1 ab\t #be 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #bc 4 ,br&yw9e ,creek 7,palm]74 ,pl4 #bg1 ,fig4 #bc4 ,,decussat ,,cl4 ,valve elliptical or lanceolate2 axial area n>r[2 c5tral area small2 /ri punctate1 9 transv]se & oblique1 curv$ r[s4 ,,navicula ,,plac5ta ,,ehr4 ,valve elliptical1 ) %ort1 ro/rate-capitate ends2 axial area n>r[2 c5tral area elliptical2 /ri 9 two directions1 ! transv]se ab\t #bb 7to #bg1 ,cl47 9 #aj 1 ! oblique /ri cross+ 9 bo? directions 9 curv$ l9es appe>+ co>s] ?an ! transv]se 7,lewis74 ,a v peculi> species :i*1 z ,cleve rem>ks1 seems n to be alli$ to any o!r4 ,l4 ab\t #ce 1 q con/ant 9 size4 ,x is report$ f ,f9l&1 ,scotl&1 ,hung>y & ,new ,zeal&4 ,dr4 ,lewis f\nd x 9 ! ,delaw>e ,riv]4 ,x is occasional 9 ! ,s*uylkill ,riv] & ! blue clay1 & v abundant on ,m>*antia & mosses on ! wet rocks ( ! upp] ,wissahickon 7,f4 ,j4 ,keeley74 ,pl4 #bg1 ,fig4 #ag4 ,,l9eolat ,,cl4 ,valve m or less lanceolate2 axial area n>r[ or indi/9ct2 /ri radiate or p>allel1 l9eate1 t is1 ) ! puncta clos] ?an ! /ri4 ,,navicula ,,radiosa ,,kuetz4 ,valve lanceolate ) sub-ro/rate apices2 axial area indi/9ct2 c5tral area small2 /ri radiate 9 ! middle1 f #f to #h 9 #aj 1 & conv]g5t at ! ends1 ab\t #ab 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #dg 4 ,v common 9 fre% wat]4 ,pl4 #bf1 ,fig4 #ag2 ,pl4 #dj1 ,fig4 #i4 ,,navicula ,,p]egr9a ,,ehr4 ,valve lanceolate1 obtuse2 axial area n>r[2 c5tral area l>ge1 r\nd$ or slightly irregul>2 /ri co>se 9 ! middle1 #e 9 #aj 1 radiate2 conv]g5t at ! ends1 #g or #h 9 #aj 4 ,abundant 9 bracki% wat]4 ,delaw>e ,riv]4 ,pl4 #bf1 ,fig4 #bj4 #ie,,navicula ,,cypr9us 7,,wm4 ,,sm47 ,valve lanceolate1 slightly gibb\s 9 ! middle1 sub-cuneate at ! ends2 axial area n>r[2 c5tral area small2 /ri radiate 9 ! middle1 #aj 9 #aj 1 ) %ort]1 transv]se /ri int]m$iate2 transv]se at ! extreme ends4 ,l4 #hb 4 ,navicula digito-radiata v>4 cypr9us 7,ehr4 87 ,wm4 ,sm4 ,:e!r ! =m "h figur$ is ,ehr5b]g's or n1 x is ! species kn[n z ,p9nul>ia cypr9us ,ehr4 ( ,wm4 ,smi?4 ,common 9 ,%>k ,riv]1 ,n4 ,j4 ,pl4 #bf1 ,fig4 #ba4 ,,navicula ,,re9h>dtii ,,grun4 ,valve elliptical or elliptical-lanceolate1 ) broad1 r\nd$ ends2 axial area n>r[1 wid5$ at ! ends to ! wid? ( ! valve2 c5tral area wid5$ transv]sely to an irregul>1 quadrate space2 /ri co>se1 #h 9 #aj 1 di/9ctly l9eate1 alt]nately long] & %ort] 9 ! middle1 radiate1 ne>ly transv]se at ! ends4 ,l4 #ei 4 ,blue clay4 ,r>e4 ,pl4 #bf1 ,fig4 #bb4 ,,navicula ,,lanceolata ,,v>4 ,,ar5>ia 7,,donk47 ,,cl4 ,valve lanceolate2 axial area v n>r[ or indi/9ct2 c5tral area small1 r\nd$2 /ri radiate1 #aa 9 #aj 9 ! middle1 clos] at ! ends4 ,l4 #dg-ed 4 ,navicula ar5>ia ,donk4 ,%>k ,riv]1 ,n4 ,j4 ,pl4 #bf1 ,fig4 #bc4 ,,navicula ,,sal9>um ,,grun4 ,valve elliptical-lanceolate ) produc$ sub-capitate or ro/rate ends2 /ri radiate 9 ! middle1 long] & %ort]2 transv]se at ! ends1 l9eate4 ,l4 #cb 4 ,atlantic ,city1 ,n4 ,j4 ,pl4 #bf1 ,fig4 #bd4 ,,navicula ,,viridula ,,v>4 ,,ro/ellata ,,kuetz4 ,valve lanceolate ) ro/rate ends2 axial area v n>r[1 c5tral area orbicul>2 /ri radiate 9 ! middle1 ab\t #ab 9 #aj 1 conv]g5t at ! ends & clos]4 ,l4 #dc 4 ,common 9 fre% wat]4 ,pl4 #bf1 ,fig4 #af4 ,,navicula ,,gracilis ,,v>4 ,,s*izonemoides 7,,ehr47 ,v4 ,h4 ,valve lanceolate1 obtuse2 axial area wid5$ 9 ! middle2 /ri radiate 9 ! middle1 ab\t #ab 9 #aj 1 transv]se or slightly conv]g5t at ! ends4 ,l4 #de-fj 4 ,occurs 9 gelat9\s tubes2 usually f\nd free4 ,colletonema neglectum ,?waites4 ,fre% wat]4 ,pl4 #bf1 ,fig4 #ai4 ,,navicula ,,ramosissima 7,,ag47 ,,cl4 ,valve lanceolate1 sub-acute2 axial area v n>r[2 c5tral area sc>cely wid5$2 /ri1 #ab 9 #aj 1 p>allel ?r\gh\t4 ,l4 #de 4 ,micromega ramosissimum ,ag4 ,s*izonema smi?ii ,kuetz4 7n ,ag474 ,ea/ ,riv]1 ,n4 ,y4 ,pl4 #bf1 ,fig4 #ad4 #if,,navicula ,,anglica ,,ralfs ,valve elliptical1 ) sub-capitate or ro/rate ends2 axial area n>r[1 c5tral area small2 /ri radiate1 #ab-ac 9 #aj 1 di/9ctly punctate4 ,l4 #bf 4 ,fre% wat]4 ,pl4 #bf1 ,fig4 #bf4 ,,navicula ,,ga/rum ,,ehr4 ,valve elliptical1 ) ro/rate ends2 axial area n>r[1 c5tral area transv]se or irregul>2 /ri radiate1 #i 9 #aj 9 ! middle4 ,l4 #bf 4 ,! =m "h figur$ approa*es ,n4 anglica4 ,kirkwood ,pond1 ,n4 ,j4 ,pl4 #bf1 ,fig4 #be4 ,,navicula ,,dicephala ,,wm4 ,,sm4 ,valve l9e>1 ) ro/rate or ro/rate-capitate ends2 axial area n>r[1 c5tral area rectangul>1 transv]se2 /ri radiate1 #ab 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #cb 4 ,fre% wat]4 ,pl4 #bg1 ,fig4 #af4 ,,navicula ,,humilis ,,donk4 ,valve elliptical1 ) broad1 ro/rate ends2 axial area n>r[2 c5tral area small2 /ri radiate & di/ant 9 ! middle1 conv]g5t at ! ends1 co>se1 appe>+ co/ate1 av]ag+ #i 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #ai 4 ,z ,donk9 /ates1 ! /ri are v conspicu\s4 ,navicula hung>ica v>4 capitata 7,ehr47 ,cl4 ,navicula globiceps ,lag]/$t1 accord+ to ,cleve4 ,willi/[n1 ,pa4 ,pl4 #bg1 ,fig4 #bd4 ,,navicula ,,p9nata ,,pant4 8 ,valve lanceolate1 obtuse2 axial area n>r[1 wid5$ 9 ! middle2 /ri co>se1 #g 9 #aj 9 ! middle1 radiate1 #aj 9 #aj at ! ends & transv]se1 indi/9ctly l9eate4 ,l4 #dj 4 ,ne> ,navicula ardua ,mann 7,diat4 ,albatross ,voy41 ,cont4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,h]b>ium ,vol4 #aj1 ,"p #e1 p4 #ccf1 ,pl4 #ec1 ,fig4 #b7 :i*1 h[ev]1 is said to h /rictly unbead$ co/4 ,pavonia1 ,n4 ,j41 artesian well4 ,pl4 #bg1 ,fig4 #bj4 ,,navicula ,,p5nata ,a4 ,s4 ,valve lanceolate1 acute2 axial area n>r[2 c5tral area quadrate1 transv]se2 /ri radiate1 co>se1 #e 9 #aj 1 l9eate4 ,l4 #fh-ie 7,cleve74 ,pavonia1 ,n4 ,j41 artesian well4 ,pl4 #bg1 ,fig4 #bb4 ,,navicula ,,inflexa ,,greg4 ,valve slightly elliptical-lanceolate1 sub-acute1 smoo? at ! ends2 axial area n>r[1 wid5$ 9 ! middle2 /ri radiate1 #aa 9 #aj 1 l9eate4 ,fru/ule 9 zone view con/rict$ 9 ! middle4 ,l4 #bh-de 4 ,common along ! coa/4 ,pl4 #bg1 ,figs4 #ah & #ai4 #ig,,navicula ,,oblonga ,,kuetz4 ,valve l9e>-lanceolate1 ) broad1 r\nd$ ends2 m>g9 sometimes undulate2 axial area n>r[2 c5tral area l>ge1 orbicul>2 /ri 9 ! middle di/ant1 radiate1 conv]g5t at ! ends & curv$ or %>ply b5t1 #g 9 #aj 1 l9eate4 ,l4 #gj-bjj 7,cleve74 ,blue clay4 ,occasional 9 fre% wat]4 ,pl4 #bg1 ,fig4 #ba4 ,,navicula ,,ha/a ,,pant4 ,valve lanceolate1 g5tly tap]+ to ! obtuse1 produc$ ends2 axial area lanceolate1 wid5$ to an orbicul> space 9 ! middle2 /ri radiate1 ! m$ian co>se & q di/ant1 #e 9 #aj 1 becom+ clos] at ! ends :]e !y are #ab 9 #aj 1 l9eate4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! m$ian /ri gives ! appe>ance ( a /auros4 ,occasional 9 ! blue clay4 ,pl4 #bg1 ,fig4 #ac4 ,,navicula ,,ha/a ,,v>4 ,,punctata ,n4 ,,v>4 ,valve z 9 type b ) /ri 9 ! middle di/9ctly punctate & rea*+ ! m$ian l9e4 ,gre5wi* ,po9t1 ,philadelphia4 ,pl4 #bg1 ,fig4 #ad4 ,,navicula ,,rhyncocephala ,,kuetz4 ,valve lanceolate1 ) produc$ ends2 axial area indi/9ct2 c5tral area small1 r\nd$2 /ri radiate 9 ! middle1 conv]g5t at ! ends1 #aj-aa 9 #aj 1 punctate4 ,l4 #db 4 ,fre% wat]4 ,common4 ,pl4 #ca1 ,fig4 #h4 ,,navicula ,,cryptocephala ,,kuetz4 ,valve lanceolate1 ) ro/rate ends2 axial area indi/9ct2 c5tral area small2 /ri1 #af 9 #aj 1 l9eate1 radiate 9 ! middle1 conv]g5t at ! ends4 ,l4 #bh 4 ,common 9 fre% wat]4 ,int]m$iate =ms occur betwe5 ,n4 rhyncocephala & ,n4 cryptocephala4 ,pl4 #ca1 ,fig4 #i4 ,,navicula ,,longa 7,,greg47 ,,ralfs ,valve sl5d]1 rhombic1 elongat$1 ) acute ends2 axial area indi/9ct2 c5tral area small2 /ri1 #f or #g 9 #aj 1 radiate 9 ! middle1 else:]e transv]se2 c5tral pores closely approximate4 ,l4 #abj 4 ,new ,ro*elle1 ,n4 ,y4 ,pl4 #ca1 ,fig4 #aj4 ,cleve ref]s ?is =m to ,n4 directa v>4 remota ,grun4 ,"s specim5s are f\nd 9 ?is locality %[+ ! g5]ally twi/$ m$ian l9e m5tion$ by ,gregory4 ,,mesolei ,,cl4 ,valve l9e> or elliptical2 axial area n>r[2 c5tral area quadrate2 /ri radiate1 f9ely punctate4 ,,navicula ,,mutica ,,kuetz4 ,valve ovate1 elliptical or lanceolate2 axial area n>r[2 c5tral area dilat$ into a /auros n rea*+ ! m>g92 /ri ab\t #bj 9 #aj 1 m di/ant 9 ! middle1 radiate1 punctate4 ,a punctum occurs on "o side ( ! c5tral nodule4 #ih,report$ f ,new ,j]sey 9 fre% wat]4 ,i h n f\nd x4 ,! figure is f a specim5 f ano!r locality4 ,pl4 #bf1 ,fig4 #f4 ,,navicula ,,m9ima ,,grun4 ,valve broadly elliptical1 #ac-ae 9 l5g?2 axial area n>r[2 c5tral area small b ) a quadrate pseudo-/auros :i* is /riat$2 /ri1 ab\t #bh 9 #aj 1 radiate4 ,agrees closely ) ,n4 saug]i v>4 ,grun4 9 ,v4 ,h4 ,synopsis1 ,pl4 #ad1 ,fig4 #af1 said to be int]m$iate betwe5 ,n4 m9ima & ,n4 atomoides ,grun4 ,n4 m9ima v>4 atomoides ,grun4 is small]4 ,common 9 wat]-tr\ghs4 ,pl4 #bf1 ,fig4 #ac4 ,,navicula ,,pupula ,,v>4 ,,bacill>ioides ,,grun4 ,valve l9e>1 ) r\nd$ ends2 axial area l9e>1 exp&+ on bo? sides ne> ! ends ( ! valve1 =m+ a transv]se lunate space2 c5tral area small1 app>5tly exp&$ into a /auros1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is /riat$2 /ri1 #ah 9 #aj 1 at ! middle1 clos] at ! ends1 punctate4 ,l4 #ed 4 ,pavonia1 ,n4 ,j41 artesian well4 ,pl4 #bf1 ,fig4 #i4 ,,bacill>es ,,cl4 ,valve l9e> or l9e>-elliptical1 ) broad ends2 axial area n>r[1 ! m$ian l9e enclos$ 9 silice\s ribs2 /ri f9ely punctate1 m di/ant 9 ! middle4 ,,navicula ,,bacillum ,,ehr4 ,valve l9e>1 ) r\nd$ ends2 axial area enclos$ 9 silice\s ribs & slightly exp&$ on ea* side at ! ends2 t]m9al nodules incrassate2 c5tral area small1 elliptical2 /ri1 #ae 9 #aj 9 ! middle1 transv]se1 di/9ctly punctate1 clos] at ! ends ,l4 #dg 4 ,fre% wat]4 ,pl4 #bf1 ,fig4 #aj4 ,cleve describes ! =m z hav+ slightly radiate /ri 9 ! middle4 ,!re is consid]able diff]5ce 9 ! descriptions ( ,cleve1 ,donk91 ,grun[ & ,van ,heurck1 z also 9 all ( ! figures4 ,,navicula ,,am]icana ,,ehr4 ,valve oblong-l9e>1 ) r\nd$ ends1 sometimes slightly con/rict$2 axial area ab\t "o-half ! wid? ( ! valve1 dilat$ 9 ! middle2 /ri p>allel 9 ! middle1 radiate at ! ends1 #ae-af 9 #aj 4 ,a punctum is usually f\nd 9 ! c5tral nodule4 ,l4 #ee-aed 4 ,blue clay4 ,occasional 9 fre% wat]4 ,pl4 #bf1 ,fig4 #h4 ,,decipi5tes ,,cl4 ,valve lanceolate1 ) obtuse ends2 axial area n>r[2 c5tral area orbicul>2 /ri radiate 9 ! middle & m di/ant4 ,,navicula ,,sem5 ,,ehr4 ,valve elliptic-lanceolate1 ) sub-ro/rate1 truncate apices2 axial area n>r[1 #iis9u\s2 c5tral area orbicul>2 t]m9al fissures small1 hook-%ap$2 /ri robu/1 #g or #h 9 ! middle1 clos] at ! ends1 indi/9ctly punctate or l9eolate4 ,blue clay4 ,n common4 ,pl4 #bf1 ,fig4 #aa4 ,cleve /ates t ?is =m belongs to ! po/-glacial deposits & is f\nd liv+ only 9 ! ,h>tz ,m\nta9s4 ,,navicula ,,integra ,,wm4 ,,sm4 ,valve lanceolate ) triundulate m>g9s & ro/rate-apiculate ends2 /ri radiate1 m di/ant 9 ! middle1 #bj-bc 9 1 punctate2 axial area v n>r[1 c5tral area r\nd$ or elliptical4 ,l4 #cc-dc 4 ,pavonia1 ,n4 ,j41 artesian well4 ,common 9 ,*e/] ,riv]1 ,md4 ,pl4 #bf1 ,fig4 #e4 ,,micro/igmatic ,,cl4 ,valve lanceolate2 axial area n>r[2 c5tral area small1 r\nd$2 /ri f9ely punctate1 ne>ly p>allel4 7,includes "h only ! division ,libellus47 ,,navicula ,,tumida 7,,br,b47 ,,cl4 ,valve lanceolate1 ) r\nd$ ends2 axial area n>r[1 c5tral area elliptical2 raphe slightly sigmoid2 /ri1 #ac 9 #aj 1 f9ely punctate1 a few %ort] 9 ! middle4 ,scoliopleura tumida 7,brb47 ,v4 ,h4 ,cape ,may1 ,n4 ,j4 ,pl4 #be1 ,fig4 #a4 ,,navicula ,,grevillei 7,,ag47 ,,cl4 ,fru/ules 9 gelat9\s tubes1 rectangul>2 zone ) num]\s longitud9al divisions4 ,valve elliptical-lanceolate1 obtuse2 axial area n>r[1 c5tral area small2 /ri l9eate1 ab\t #ah 9 #aj 9 ! middle :]e !y are slightly radiate & m evid5t1 clos] ne> ! ends & transv]se2 m$ian l9e ) t]m9al pores di/ant f ! ends4 ,l4 #fj 4 ,s*izonema grevillei ,ag4 ,ea/ ,riv]1 ,n4 ,y4 ,pl4 #ca1 ,figs4 #c & #d4 ,,navicula ,,libellus ,,greg4 ,valve rhombic-elliptical1 obtuse at ! ends2 axial area n>r[1 c5tral r\nd$1 small2 /ri punctate1 slightly radiate1 ab\t #ai 9 #aj 2 t]m9al fissures close to ! ends1 indi/9ct4 ,l4 #fj 4 ,cleve describes ?is =m z hav+ acute ends1 :ile ,gregory /ates t x is m obtuse & broad] ?an ,n4 rhombica4 ,gregory's ,figure #aja app>5tly %[s ! ends acute1 b he says t ! valve view is rhombic or elliptic-lanceolate1 broad1 ) obtuse ends 7,diat4 ( ! ,clyde1 p4 #eg1 ,pl4 #f74 ,hack5sack ,swamp1 ,n4 ,j4 ,pl4 #ca1 ,fig4 #e4 ,,or?o/i* ,,cl4 ,valve lanceolate or elongat$2 axial area n>r[2 c5tral area sometimes app>5tly dilat$ into a /auros2 /ri punctate1 ! puncta 9 transv]se & longitud9al r[s4 #ajj,,navicula ,,cuspidata ,,kuetz4 ,valve rhombic-lanceolate1 ) acute ends2 axial area l9e>1 n>r[1 n wid5$ 9 ! middle2 /ri transv]se1 #ad-ai 9 #aj 7,cl474 ,l4 #gj-aej 4 ,blue clay4 ,n uncommon 9 fre% wat]4 ,pl4 #bf1 ,figs4 #a & #b4 ,fig4 #b repres5ts an inn] valve or /ratum1 ) /rong co/ v>iable 9 size1 =m]ly kn[n z ,surirella craticula ,ehr4 ,n4 cuspidata v>4 ambigua 7,ehr47 ,cl4--,valve elliptical-lanceolate1 ) ro/rate ends1 small] ?an ! type & ) f9] /ri4 ,crum ,creek4 ,pl4 #bf1 ,fig4 #c4 ,,navicula ,,spicula 7,,hickie7 ,,cl4 ,valve n>r[1 lanceolate ) acute ends2 axial area n>r[1 c5tral area dilat$ into a /auros rea*+ ! m>g92 transv]se /ri1 #be-bi 9 #aj 1 longitud9al clos]4 ,l4 #ej-acj 7,cl474 ,sometimes confus$ ) ,n4 crucig]a4 ,/auroneis spicula ,hickie4 ,new>k1 ,n4 ,j4 ,pl4 #bf1 ,fig4 #d4 ,,navicula ,,crucig]a 7,,wm4 ,,sm47 ,,cl4 ,valve lanceolate1 n>r[1 ) acute apices2 c5tral nodule a /auros rea*+ ! m>g9 b cross$ by two or ?ree co>s] /ri2 transv]se /ri1 #ab 9 #aj 1 punctate1 ! puncta ab\t #be 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #hj-ajj 7,cl474 ,fru/ules 9 gelat9\s tubes or free4 ,s*izonema crucig] ,wm4 ,sm4 ,pl4 #bf1 ,fig4 #ae4 ,report$ z occurr+ 9 ,new ,york ,bay1 b ,i h n se5 x4 ,! figure is f a specim5 f ano!r locality4 ,,m9uscul ,,cl4 ,valve lanceolate or elliptical1 *iefly di/+ui%$ by ! small size2 axial area indi/9ct2 c5tral area small2 /ri radiate1 v f9ely punctate4 ,,navicula ,,atomus ,n,,geli ,valve elliptical1 #f-h 9 l5g?2 /ri radiate1 #bf-cj 1 clos] ne> ! ends2 axial area l9e>1 sc>cely wid5$ 9 ! middle4 ,wat]-tr\ghs & dit*es4 ,probably common1 b frequ5tly n notic$ because ( its m9ut5ess4 ,a m\nt+ m$ium ( ! highe/ refractive index1 su* z realg>1 is requir$ to resolve ! /ri4 ,9 ! figure ! /ri are drawn a little co>s] ?an !y appe> 9 mo/ specim5s4 ,pl4 #bf1 ,fig4 #ab4 ,l,,vi/riat ,,cl4 ,valve lanceolate1 axial area di/9ct2 c5tral area orbicul>2 /ri co>se1 indi/9ctly punctate1 approa*+ ! co/ ( ,p9nul>ia4 #aja,,navicula ,,y>r5sis ,,grun4 ,valve elliptical-lanceolate1 ) r\nd$ ends2 axial area lanceolate1 wid5$ 9 ! middle2 /ri1 #e 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #ig 4 ,cape ,may1 ,n4 ,j4 ,common4 ,pl4 #be1 ,fig4 #ad4 ,fig4 #ae1 a small] =m1 #fe 9 l5g?2 /ri1 #f 9 #aj 4 ,fig4 #af1 #ed 9 l5g?2 /ri1 #h 9 #aj 7ne> v>4 valida ,pant474 ,,navicula ,,elegans ,,wm4 ,,sm4 ,valve elliptical-lanceolate1 ) produc$ ends2 axial area v n>r[1 c5tral area l>ge1 orbicul>2 /ri /rongly div]g5t 9 ! middle1 slightly1 if at all1 conv]g5t at ! ends1 curv$ t[>d ! m>g91 indi/9ctly l9eate1 #i 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #ie 4 ,blue clay4 ,n r>e4 ,pl4 #ca1 ,fig4 #a4 ,navicula elegans v>4 cuspidata ,cl4--,valve z 9 type =m b small] & ) ro/rate apices2 /ri1 #aj 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #hb 4 ,belm>1 ,n4 ,j4 ,pl4 #ca1 ,fig4 #b4 ,cleve rem>ks t ! type =m is acute & ! /ri #i1 :ile ! v>4 cuspidata has #ab /ri 9 #aj 4 ,9 ,fig4 #a1 ,pl4 #ca1 is repres5t$ a valve hav+ #i /ri 9 #aj 1 b n acute1 :ile ,fig4 #b1 ) b slight v>iation 9 /ri1 is m cuspidate4 ,x is probable !re are int]m$iate v>iations4 ,,navicula ,,palpebralis ,,br,b4 ,valve elliptical-lanceolate1 ) acute apiculate ends2 axial area broad1 lanceolate2 /ri radiate1 l9eate1 ab\t #aa 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #fj 4 ,along ! coa/4 ,pl4 #ca1 ,figs4 #f & #g4 ,on ,plate #dj1 ,fig4 #e1 is repres5t$ an abnormal =m ( ,navicula 9 :i* ! c5tral pores are 9 a l9e transv]se to ! longitud9al axis & ea* raphe is curv$ 9 a l9e :i* almo/ returns to ! c5tre4 ,! puncta are 9 curv$ l9es radiat+ f ! r\nd$ hyal9e c5tre4 ,pavonia1 ,n4 ,j41 artesian well4 ,weissflog has describ$ valves ( ,navicula some:at simil> 9 punctation4 ,,p9nul>ia ,,ehr4 7#ahdc7 7p9nula1 a small fea!r7 ,valve l9e> or ne>ly s1 ) r\nd$ ends2 axial area broad2 c5tral & t]m9al areas l>ge2 co/ smoo?1 transv]se or radiat+1 usually conv]g5t at ! ends4 ,! co/ are *annels on ! inside ( ! valve1 clos$1 except 9 ! middle :]e elliptical =am9a1 op5+ into ! int]ior ( ! valve1 give rise ?r\gh _! t]m9al m>g9s to ! two longitud9al l9es on ea* side ( ! valve4 ,! raphe beg9s z a groove 9 ! side ( ! conical c5tral nodule & cont9ues z a cleft at "r angles to ! plane ( ! surface ( ! valve1 9 :i* case ! raphe =ms a s+le l9e2 if ! raphe is incl9$ to ! valve surface1 !n two l9es appe> 9 projection1 ! upp] & l[] edges ( ! cleft4 ,9 "s =ms ! surface ( ! edge ( ! raphe on "o side is fold$ or groov$ = a consid]able di/ance1 & ! opposite edge is elevat$ into a ridge or #ajbtongue fitt+ into ! groove4 ,9 su* cases x is possible1 9 projection1 to see ! upp] or out] edges ( ! raphe1 ! l[] edges & ! edges ( ! tongue & groove1 ?us %[+ f\r l9es2 sometimes1 :5 ! tongue & groove d n meet1 six l9es4 ,! s-call$ inn] *annel is ! "p ( ! raphe on ! inside ( ! tongue1 & ! s-call$ ext]ior *annel is ! "p ( ! raphe on ! outside ( ! tongue4 ,if1 9 addition to ?is =mation ( ! raphe1 ! plane ( cleavage *anges t[>d ! t]m9al nodules1 ! l9es w cross ea* o!r &1 :5 two are sup]impos$1 disappe> altoge!r4 ,= ! c>eful exam9ation ( ! raphe x is necess>y to employ l>ge =ms1 & x is advisable to use nitrate ( silv] :i* rema9s 9 ! raphe1 &1 z 9 slides m\nt$ by ,mr4 ,f4 ,j4 ,keeley1 %[s 9 a beautiful mann] ! entire outl9e ( raphe & fissures4 ,! t]m9al fissures owe _! sep>ation to ! diff]5t directions tak5 by ! two edges ( ! raphe on ea* side1 "o edge b5d+ 9 a wide curve t[>d ! end ( ! valve1 %[+ two l9es1 ! upp] & l[] edges ( "o side ( ! raphe :5 incl9$ to ! plane ( ! surface1 & ! o!r edge ( ! raphe turn+ sudd5ly 9 an opposite direction & end+ abruptly 9 a curve1 giv+ rise to ! appe>ance1 by diffraction1 ( a punctum4 ,pl4 #dj1 ,figs4 #ac1 #ad & #ae4 ,endo*rome consi/s ( two *romatophores ly+ on ! zones4 ,p9nul>ia is usually divid$ into ! ,majores1 or l>g]1 & ! ,m9ores1 or small] =ms1 ! latt] be+ fur!r divid$ accord+ to _! /ri4 ,! foll[+ classification is *iefly t ( ,cleve4 ,majores4--,valve l>ge1 l9e> ) p>allel or slightly radiate /ri & broad axial area4 ,gracillim4--,valve small1 /ri p>allel or ne>ly s2 axial area v n>r[4 ,capitat4--,valve ) capitate or ro/rate ends2 /ri radiate4 ,div]g5tes4--,/ri /rongly radiate4 ,brevi/riat4--,/ri %ort4 ,di/antes4--,/ri di/ant4 ,tabell>i4--,/ri radiate 9 ! middle1 /rongly conv]g5t at ! ends4 ,m>94--,m>9e =ms4 ,,majores ,,p9nul>ia ,,major 7,,kuetz47 ,,wm4 ,,sm4 ,valve l9e>1 usually slightly gibb\s 9 ! middle & at ! ends2 raphe oblique2 axial area less ?an "o-?ird ! wid? ( valve1 conv]g5t at ! ends2 /ri1 #g or #h 9 #aj 1 radiate 9 ! middle1 conv]g5t at ! ends1 cross$ by a n>r[ b&4 ,l4 8 to #cjj 4 ,blue clay4 ,fre% wat]4 ,abundant at ,middlet[n1 ,delaw>e ,co4 7,t4 ,c4 ,palm]74 ,pl4 #bh1 ,fig4 #d4 ,fig4 #i1 ,pl4 #bi1 is "o ( a numb] ( small] =ms :i* are difficult to det]m9e1 approa*+ ,p4 viridis4 ,,p9nul>ia ,,major ,,v>4 ,,pul*ella ,n4 ,,v>4 ,valve /rongly gibb\s 9 ! middle & gradually wid5$ to ! r\nd$ ends2 axial area broad1 less ?an "o-?ird ! wid? ( ! valve1 wid5$ unilat]ally 9 ! middle2 /ri1 #g 9 #aj 1 cross$ by a b& ne>ly z wide z ! l5g? ( ! co/ & sc>cely di/9ct4 ,l4 #bgc 4 #ajc,! c5tral nodule is sc>cely evid5t1 probably because x is n s ?ick z 9 o!r =ms4 ,! outl9e is ne> to t ( ,n4 mesogongyla & c]ta9 =ms ( ,n4 nobilis1 diff]+ f ! latt] 9 ! m$ian l9e1 /ri & b& :i* is wid] ?an t ( ,p4 latevittata v>4 dom+5sis ,cl4 ,hammonton ,pond1 ,n4 ,j4 ,pl4 #bh1 ,fig4 #b4 ,a v beautiful =m :i* ,i _c f9d describ$ or figur$4 ,x does n appe> to be ,n4 major v>4 turgidula ,cl41 :i* has a n>r[ b&4 ,9 ! fossil deposit f ,hopk9ton1 ,n4 ,h41 valves occur simil> 9 outl9e b small]4 ,,p9nul>ia ,,nobilis ,,ehr4 ,valve slightly gibb\s 9 ! middle & at ! ends2 m$ian l9e complex2 /ri1 #d or #e 9 #aj 1 slightly conv]g5t or p>allel at ! ends1 cross$ by a b& "o-?ird z wide z ! l5g? ( ! /ri4 ,l4 8 to #cej 4 ,blue clay4 ,fre% wat]4 ,pl4 #bh1 ,fig4 #a4 ,,p9nul>ia ,,dactylus ,,ehr4 ,valve broad1 l9e>1 slightly gibb\s 9 ! middle2 ends broad1 r\nd$2 m$ian l9e n complex1 s9u\s2 /ri1 #d or #e 9 #aj 1 cross$ by a v broad b&4 ,l4 8 to #cjj 4 ,navicula gigas ,a4 ,s4 ,blue clay4 ,fre% wat]4 ,pl4 #bh1 ,fig4 #c4 ,=ms occur :i* are ) difficulty assign$ to ei!r nobilis or dactylus4 ,,p9nul>ia ,,dactylus ,,v>4 ,,d>iana 7,a4 ,s47 ,,cl4 ,valve l9e>-lanceolate1 obtuse2 axial area broad1 less ?an "o-?ird ! wid? ( ! valve2 /ri1 #f 9 #aj 1 cross$ by a broad b&4 ,l4 #bbj 4 ,absecon1 ,n4 ,j4 ,pl4 #bi1 ,fig4 #c4 ,,p9nul>ia ,,dactylus ,,v>4 ,,dem]> ,,cl4 ,valve elliptical-lanceolate1 ) sub-cuneate ends2 axial area lanceolate1 broad 9 ! middle2 m$ian l9e flexuose2 /ri radiate ?r\gh\t1 #f 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #aej 4 ,blue clay4 ,pl4 #bi1 ,fig4 #aj4 ,,p9nul>ia ,,g5tilis 7,,donk47 ,,cl4 ,valve l9e>1 ) r\nd$ ends2 axial area ab\t "o-f\r? ! diamet] ( ! valve2 /ri radiate 9 ! middle1 conv]g5t at ! ends1 #g 9 #aj 1 cross$ by a broad indi/9ct b&4 ,fre% wat]4 ,n common4 ,pl4 #bi1 ,fig4 #a4 ,,p9nul>ia ,,trigonocephala ,,cl4 ,valve l9e>1 gibb\s 9 ! middle & at ! cuneate ends2 axial area wid] betwe5 ! middle & ! ends1 dilat$ to an elliptical space 9 ! middle2 /ri1 #f 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #ade 4 ,blue clay4 ,pl4 #bi1 ,fig4 #h4 #ajd,,p9nul>ia ,,viridis ,,nitzs* ,valve l9e>-elliptical1 ) r\nd$ ends2 axial area n>r[1 wid5$ 9 ! middle2 /ri1 #f to #g 9 #aj 1 cross$ by a b& z wide z "o-?ird ! l5g? ( ! /ri4 ,common 9 fre% wat]4 ,pl4 #bi1 ,fig4 #b4 ,q v>iable 9 size4 ,approa*es ,p4 major by int]m$iate =ms z 9 ,fig4 #i1 ,pl4 #bi4 ,,p9nul>ia ,,viridis ,,v>4 ,,fallax ,,cl4 ,valve l9e>1 ) r\nd$ ends2 axial area n>r[1 slightly wid5$ 9 ! middle2 /ri sometimes unilat]ally int]rupt$1 ne>ly p>allel1 #aj 9 #aj 4 ,elm1 ,n4 ,j4 ,pl4 #bi1 ,fig4 #d4 ,9 ,fig4 #b1 ,pl4 #cj1 a =m is repres5t$ :i* corresponds closely to ,navicula viridis v>4 ,b1 ( ,wm4 ,smi?4 ,x is giv5 z synonym\s ) v>4 fallax2 x is bilat]ally int]rupt$4 ,blue clay4 ,,p9nul>ia ,,viridis ,,v>4 8 ,valve l9e>-elliptical1 ) r\nd$ ends2 axial area n>r[1 wid5$ 9 ! middle to a transv]se fascia :i* is sometimes unilat]al2 /ri1 #ad1 9 ! middle1 div]g5t1 conv]g5t at ! ends & clos]1 cross$ by a n>r[ b&4 ,l4 #de-fj 4 ,fascia sometimes abs5t or v n>r[4 ,nor?brook1 ,pa4 ,pl4 #cj1 ,fig4 #ag 7repres5ts a =m ) wid] area ?an usual74 ,,p9nul>ia ,,viridis ,,v>4 ,,caudata ,n4 ,,v>4 ,valve elliptical-lanceolate1 ) sub-ro/rate ends2 axial area n>r[1 wid5$ to an orbicul> space 9 ! middle2 /ri radiate 9 ! middle1 #aa-ab 9 #aj 1 conv]g5t & clos] at ! ends1 cross$ by a n>r[ b&2 m$ian l9e ) v long t]m9al fissures2 t]m9al nodules noticeable because ( ! ?ick5+ ( ! edges ( ! t]m9al /ri4 ,l4 #dc 4 ,fre% wat]1 ,newt[n ,squ>e4 ,n common4 ,pl4 #cj1 ,fig4 #ah4 ,,p9nul>ia ,,socialis 7,,palm]7 ,valve l9e>1 ) r\nd$ ends2 axial area broad1 "o-?ird ! wid? ( ! valve2 /ri slightly radiate 9 ! middle1 conv]g5t at ! ends1 else:]e p>allel1 #h 9 #aj 1 cross$ by an indi/9ct b& ab\t "o-?ird ! l5g? ( ! /ri4 ,l4 #fj-abj 4 ,?is species1 discov]$ by ,mr4 ,palm] ne> ,m$ia1 ,pa41 is rem>kable = ! gr\p+ ( ! fru/ules held ) girdle sides toge!r by a silice\s cem5t+ ( valve edges & enclos$ 9 a common coleod]m4 ,! usual numb] includ$ 9 a gr\p is f\r1 b sometimes six or eight are notic$4 ,! fru/ules adh]e ne> _! ends & are s firmly fa/5$ t boil+ 9 nitric acid & bi*romate ( pota% = fifte5 m9utes w n sep>ate !m4 ,navicula socialis ,palm] 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,phila41 #aiaj1 p4 #dfj1 ,pl4 #ce74 ,m$ia1 ,pa4 ,pl4 #bi1 ,fig4 #e4 #aje,,p9nul>ia ,,/u>ii ,,cl4 ,valve l9e>1 ) r\nd$ ends2 axial area broad1 less ?an "o-?ird ! wid? ( ! valve2 c5tral area a transv]se fascia2 /ri1 #g 9 #aj 1 p>allel except at ! ends :]e !y are slightly conv]g5t2 m$ian l9e flexuose1 ) %ort1 t]m9al semicircul> fissures4 ,l4 #he 4 ,port ,p5n1 ,delaw>e ,riv]4 ,r>e4 ,pl4 #bi1 ,fig4 #f4 ,,gracillim ,,p9nul>ia ,,mol>is 7,,grun47 ,,cl4 ,valve v convex1 l9e>1 ) sub-cuneate ends2 axial area n>r[1 exp&$ 9 ! middle to a transv]se fascia rea*+ ! m>g92 /ri div]g5t 9 ! middle1 conv]g5t at ! ends1 #af 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #fj 4 ,fre% wat]4 ,pl4 #bi1 ,fig4 #ae4 ,,p9nul>ia ,,leptosoma ,,grun4 ,valve l9e>1 r\nd$ at ! ends2 axial area n>r[2 c5tral area a broad transv]se fascia2 /ri slightly div]g5t 9 ! middle & conv]g5t at ! ends1 #ag 9 #aj 9 ! middle1 clos] at ! ends4 ,l4 #ef 4 ,fre% wat]4 ,n common4 ,pl4 #cj1 ,fig4 #aj4 ,,capitat ,,p9nul>ia ,,mesolepta ,,ehr4 ,valve l9e>1 ) triundulate m>g9s & capitate ends2 axial area n>r[1 wid5$ 9 ! middle2 /ri div]g5t 9 ! middle1 conv]g5t at ! ends1 ab\t #ab 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #cd 4 ,common 9 fre% wat]4 ,pl4 #bi1 ,fig4 #ac4 ,,p9nul>ia ,,mesolepta ,,v>4 ,,/auronei=mis ,,grun4 ,valve triundulate1 capitate2 axial area n>r[1 wid5$ 9 ! middle to a transv]se fascia1 broad] at ! m>g92 /ri /rongly div]g5t 9 ! middle & conv]g5t at ! ends1 #i-aj 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #gj 4 ,pavonia1 ,n4 ,j41 artesian well4 ,fre% wat]4 ,pl4 #cj1 ,fig4 #bj4 ,,p9nul>ia ,,subcapitata ,,greg4 ,valve l9e> or l9e>-elliptical1 ) sub-capitate ends2 axial area di/9ct1 wid5$ to a transv]se fascia 9 ! middle2 /ri div]g5t 9 ! middle1 conv]g5t at ! ends1 #ac 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #cb 4 ,fre% wat]4 ,pl4 #bi1 ,fig4 #bj4 #ajf,,p9nul>ia ,,subcapitata ,,v>4 ,,pauci/riata ,,grun4 ,valve l9e>-elliptical1 ) r\nd$ ends2 axial area gradually wid5$ into a broad1 transv]se fascia2 /ri div]g5t 9 ! middle1 conv]g5t at ! ends1 #aa-ab 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #dg 4 ,fre% wat]4 ,pl4 #cj1 ,fig4 #af4 ,,p9nul>ia ,,t]mes 7,,ehr47 ,a4 ,s4 ,valve l9e>1 ) concave m>g9s & ro/rate-capitate ends2 axial area n>r[1 wid5$ 9 ! middle to an orbicul> or sub-quadrate space2 /ri div]g5t 9 ! middle1 sc>cely1 if at all1 conv]g5t at ! ends1 #aj 9 #aj 4 ,p5sauk51 ,n4 ,j41 artesian well4 ,pl4 #bi1 ,fig4 #ag4 ,?is is1 ,i believe1 ! =m figur$ by ,s*midt 7,atlas1 ,pl4 #de1 ,fig4 #fg74 ,cleve ref]s x to ,p9nul>ia int]rupta =ma biceps1 9 :i* ! c5tral space is rhomboid4 ,,p9nul>ia ,,t]mes ,,v>4 ,,/auronei=mis ,v4 ,h4 ,valve l9e>1 ) concave m>g9s & capitate-ro/rate ends2 axial area n>r[1 wid5$ into a rhomboidal fascia1 rea*+ ! m>g92 /ri1 #aj 9 #aj 1 div]g5t 9 ! middle1 conv]g5t at ! ends4 ,p9nul>ia int]rupta =ma /auronei=mis ,cl4 ,fre% wat]4 ,pl4 #bi1 ,fig4 #ad4 ,,p9nul>ia ,,app5diculata 7,,ag47 ,,cl4 ,valve l9e>1 ) subcapitate ends2 axial area n>r[2 c5tral area a transv]se fascia2 /ri div]g5t 9 ! middle1 conv]g5t at ! ends1 #af 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #dc 4 ,fre% wat]4 ,m>l pits1 ,l5ola1 ,n4 ,j4 7,palm]74 ,pl4 #bi1 ,fig4 #ah4 ,,p9nul>ia ,,braunii ,,grun4 ,valve l9e>-lanceolate1 ) capitate ends2 axial area gradually wid5$ t[>d ! middle & exp&$ into a fascia rea*+ ! m>g92 /ri div]g5t 9 ! middle1 conv]g5t at ! ends1 #aa 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #eb 4 ,p5sauk51 ,n4 ,j41 artesian well4 ,pl4 #bi1 ,fig4 #af4 ,,p9nul>ia ,,micro/auron 7,,ehr47 ,,cl4 ,valve convex1 l9e>1 tap]+ to sub-cuneate or sub-ro/rate ends2 axial area v n>r[2 c5tral area a broad fascia2 /ri div]g5t 9 ! middle1 conv]g5t at ! ends1 #ab 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #ce 4 ,pavonia1 ,n4 ,j41 artesian well4 ,pl4 #bi1 ,fig4 #ai4 ,?is =m does n exactly correspond to ,cleve's diagnosis1 z ! ends are n broad4 ,all species 9 ! gr\p ,capitat are q v>iable4 #ajg;,,div]g5tes ,,p9nul>ia ,,div]g5s ,,v>4 ,,elliptica ,,grun4 ,valve l9e>1 ) r\nd$ ends2 axial area wid5$ 9 ! middle to a transv]se fascia2 /ri1 #i 9 #aj 1 div]g5t 9 ! middle1 conv]g5t at ! ends4 ,l4 #aej 4 ,fre% wat]4 ,n common 9 ?is locality4 ,pl4 #ca1 ,fig4 #ac4 ,,p9nul>ia ,,c>d9aliculus ,,cl4 ,valve l9e>1 ) r\nd$ ends2 axial area wide1 less ?an "o-?ird ! wid? ( ! valve1 exp&$ to a transv]se fascia2 /ri div]g5t 9 ! middle & slightly conv]g5t at ! ends1 #i 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #ig 4 ,blue clay4 ,pl4 #cj1 ,fig4 #a4 ,z a rule1 ! m$ian fissures 9 ,p9nul>ia are turn$ inw>ds on ! side ( ! long] edge ( ! t]m9al fissures1 b n always4 ,9 ?is specim5 ! m$ian fissures are turn$ slightly t[>d ! side ( ! %ort] edge ( ! t]m9al fissures4 ,,p9nul>ia ,,legum5 ,,ehr4 ,valve l9e>1 ) m or less triundulate m>g9s & broad1 capitate ends2 axial area less ?an "o-f\r? ! wid? ( valve1 wid5$ 9 ! middle2 /ri /rongly div]g5t 9 ! middle & conv]g5t at ! ends1 #aj 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #hd 4 ,fre% wat]4 ,may's ,l&+1 ,n4 ,j4 ,pl4 #cj1 ,fig4 #c4 ,,p9nul>ia ,,legum5 ,,v>4 8 ,valve z 9 type1 b ) a transv]se fascia2 /ri1 #aj 9 #aj 1 curv$ or b5t ne> ! ends4 ,l4 #hd 4 ,?is =m is n v>4 flor5t9a ,grun4 ,may's ,l&+1 ,n4 ,j4 7) ! type74 ,pl4 #cj1 ,fig4 #d4 ,,p9nul>ia ,,br,,bissonii 7,,kuetz47 ,,cl4 ,valve l9e>-elliptical1 ) r\nd$ ends2 axial area n>r[1 wid5$ into a transv]se fascia :i* is usually broad] at ! ends2 /ri div]g5t 9 ! middle1 conv]g5t at ! ends1 ab\t #ab 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #dj-fj 7,cl474 ,fre% wat]4 ,common4 ,pl4 #bi1 ,fig4 #ab2 ,pl4 #ca1 ,fig4 #aa4 ,v>iable 9 outl9e4 ,,p9nul>ia ,,mormonorum 7,,grun47 ,valve l9e>1 ) r\nd$ ends2 /ri div]g5t 9 ! middle1 conv]g5t at ! ends1 #aj 9 #aj 2 axial area rhombic-lanceolate1 wid5$ to a fascia usually rea*+ ! bord]4 ,l4 #fb 4 ,navicula mormonorum ,grun4 ,common ne> ,willi/[n1 ,pa4 ,?is =m is reg>d$ by ,cleve z ,p4 brbissonii1 b ! axial area appe>s to di/+ui% x4 ,! valves are sometimes n>r[$ 9 ! middle4 ,pl4 #bi1 ,fig4 #aa4 #ajh;,,brevi/riat ,,p9nul>ia ,,acrosph,,ria 7,,br,b47 ,,cl4 ,valve l9e>1 gibb\s 9 ! middle & at ! ends2 axial area ab\t half ! wid? ( ! valve2 m$ian l9e ) approximate c5tral pores2 m$ian area punctate2 /ri ne>ly p>allel1 radiate at ! ends1 #i 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #cb-ahj 7,cl474 ,blue clay4 ,rec5t1 fre% wat]4 ,pl4 #cj1 ,fig4 #g4 ,,p9nul>ia ,,acrosph,,ria ,,v>4 ,,turgidula ,,grun4 8 ,valve /rongly gibb\s 9 ! middle2 ends r\nd$2 /ri1 #ab-ac 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #ed 4 ,blue clay1 ,gl\ce/]1 ,n4 ,j41 artesian well4 ,pl4 #cj1 ,fig4 #h4 ,,p9nul>ia ,,bl&ita ,n4 ,,sp4 ,valve l9e>1 gibb\s 9 ! middle1 & ) r\nd$ ends2 /ri radiate 9 ! middle1 conv]g5t at ! ends1 #ac 9 #aj 2 axial area ab\t "o-f\r? ! wid? ( ! valve1 wid5$ 9 ! middle2 m$ian l9e ) small semicircul> t]m9al fissures4 ,l4 #fe 4 ,pavonia1 ,n4 ,j41 artesian well4 ,r>e4 ,pl4 #cj1 ,fig4 #be4 ,,p9nul>ia ,,p>va 7,,ehr47 ,,cl4 ,,v>4 8 ,valve l9e>1 tap]+ to ! subcapitate ends2 axial area broad1 lanceolate2 m$ian l9e ) approximate c5tral pores & semicircul> t]m9al fissures2 /ri slightly div]g5t 9 ! middle & conv]g5t at ! ends1 #ab 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #eh 4 ,diff]s f ! type 9 hav+ f9] /ri4 ,atco1 ,n4 ,j4 ,pl4 #cj1 ,fig4 #ad4 ,,p9nul>ia ,,nodosa ,,=ma ,,capitata ,,cl4 ,valve triundulate1 ) capitate ends2 axial area ab\t "o-f\r? ! wid? ( valve2 /ri p>allel1 conv]g5t at ! ends1 #aj 9 #aj 1 sometimes int]rupt$ 9 ! middle4 ,l4 #dg 4 ,fre% wat]4 ,common4 ,pl4 #cj1 ,figs4 #ae & #ai4 ,,p9nul>ia ,,polyonca 7,,br,b47 ,,lewis ,valve ) triundulate m>g9s1 m inflat$ 9 ! middle1 ) capitate ends2 axial area v broad2 /ri m>g9al1 %ort1 #i 9 #aj 1 div]g5t 9 ! middle1 conv]g5t at ! ends4 ,l4 #ig 4 ,kirkwood ,pond1 ,n4 ,j4 ,pl4 #cj1 ,fig4 #ba4 ,! description ( ,kuetz+ 7,species ,alg>um1 p4 #he71 :]e he /ates t ! m>g9s are triundulate1 ! m$ian inflation l>g]1 apices r\nd$-capitate1 appe>s to suffici5tly di/+ui% ?is species1 :i* ,i believe to be ! same z ,brun's ,navicula p]ipunctata1 except t ! =m figur$ 7,espces ,n\velles1 ,pl4 #af1 ,fig4 #aa7 is int]rupt$ 9 ! middle1 a common v>iation 9 ^! =ms4 ,cleve makes ,navicula polyonca ,brb4 equal ,p9nul>ia mesolepta1 b at ! same "t he consid]s ,lewis' =m & also ,brun's z equival5t to ,navicula =mica ,ehr41 & calls x ,p9nul>ia nodosa v>4 =mica ,ehr4 ,p4 mesolepta has a n>r[] area ?an nodosa4 ,i adh]e to ,lewis' id5tification1 z 9 any case x is ! =m "h figur$ & is ne>ly1 if n q1 ! same z ,brun's species4 #aji;,,di/antes ,,p9nul>ia ,,lata 7,,br,b47 ,,wm4 ,,sm4 ,valve l9e>-elliptical1 broad2 axial area broad1 wid5$ 9 ! middle2 /ri slightly radiate 9 ! middle1 #c 9 #aj 2 m$ian l9e oblique1 ! t]m9al fissures hook-%ap$4 ,l4 #hf 4 ,blue clay4 ,n uncommon4 ,pl4 #cj1 ,fig4 #bc4 ,,p9nul>ia ,,borealis ,,ehr4 ,valve l9e>1 ) r\nd$ or sub-truncate ends2 axial area ab\t "o-f\r? ! wid? ( ! valve1 wid5$ 9 ! middle2 m$ian l9e ) l>ge hook-%ap$ t]m9al fissures2 /ri1 #d or #e 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #ed 4 ,blue clay4 ,occasional 9 fre% wat] 9 a small] =m4 ,specim5s occur int]m$iate betwe5 ,p4 lata & ,p4 borealis4 ,pl4 #cj1 ,fig4 #bb2 ,pl4 #ca1 ,fig4 #ab4 ,,p9nul>ia ,,borealis ,,v>4 ,,scal>is 7,,ehr47 ,,cl4 ,valve n>r[1 l9e>2 axial area broad1 wid5$ into a transv]se fascia2 /ri1 #h 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #cb 4 ,fre% wat]4 ,pl4 #cj1 ,fig4 #bd4 ,,tabell>i ,,p9nul>ia ,,/omatophora 7,,grun47 ,,cl4 ,valve l9e>1 ) r\nd$ ends2 axial area less ?an "o-?ird ! wid? ( ! valve1 gradually wid5$ 9 ! middle to a transv]se fascia2 on ea* side ( ! c5tral nodule is a lunate space2 /ri div]g5t 9 ! middle1 conv]g5t at ! ends1 #ac 9 #aj 2 t]m9al fissures v long1 bayonet %ap$4 ,l4 #ge 4 ,cleve describes a v>iety cont9ua z n int]rupt$4 ,9 "s =ms ! fascia is m>k$ by v fa9t1 %ort /ri on ! m>g94 ,fre% wat]4 ,newt[n ,squ>e4 ,pl4 #cj1 ,fig4 #ab4 ,,p9nul>ia ,,gibba 7,,kuetz47 ,v4 ,h4 ,valve l9e>1 tap]+ to ! subcapitate ends2 axial area dilat$ 9 ! middle2 /ri1 #aj-aa 1 div]g5t 9 ! middle1 conv]g5t at ! ends4 ,l4 #hj 4 ,fre% wat]4 ,pl4 #cj1 ,fig4 #e4 ,,p9nul>ia ,,mesogongyla 7,,ehr47 ,,cl4 ,valve l9e>1 gibb\s 9 ! middle1 ends subcapitate2 axial area n>r[1 wid5$ 9 ! middle to a l>ge orbicul> space2 /ri /rongly div]g5t 9 ! middle1 conv]g5t at ! ends1 #aa 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #fj 4 ,fre% wat]4 ,common4 ,pl4 #cj1 ,fig4 #f4 #aaj,,p9nul>ia ,,/auropt]a 7,,grun47 ,,cl4 ,valve l9e>1 ) slightly triundulate m>g9s tap]+ to ! subcapitate ends2 axial area m ?an "o-?ird ! wid? ( ! valve1 slightly wid5$ 9 ! middle2 m$ian l9e ) approximate c5tral pores & semicircul> t]m9al fissures2 /ri div]g5t 9 ! middle1 conv]g5t at ! ends1 #aa 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #hb 4 ,may's ,l&+1 ,n4 ,j4 ,pl4 #cj1 ,fig4 #ac4 ,"s ( ! =ms are m triundulate ?an ! specim5 figur$4 ,,p9nul>ia ,,/auropt]a ,,v>4 ,,int]rupta ,,cl4 ,valve l9e>1 tap]+ to ! subcapitate ends2 axial area broad1 wid5$ 9 ! middle to a transv]se fascia2 /ri div]g5t 9 ! middle1 conv]g5t at ! ends1 #aj 9 #aj 2 m$ian pores approximate4 ,l4 #aah 4 ,s*uylkill ,riv]4 ,pl4 #cj1 ,fig4 #aa4 ,,p9nul>ia ,,tabell>ia 7,,ehr47 ,,cl4 ,valve l9e>1 gibb\s 9 ! middle & tap]+ to ! subcapitate ends2 axial area ab\t "o-?ird ! wid? ( ! valve1 wid5$ 9 ! middle2 m$ian l9e ) approximate c5tral pores & bayonet-%ap$ t]m9al fissures2 /ri sometimes unilat]ally int]rupt$1 div]g5t 9 ! middle1 /rongly conv]g5t at ! ends1 #i 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #ach 4 ,blue clay4 ,r>e4 ,pl4 #cj1 ,fig4 #i4 ,! =m "h figur$ has co>s] /ri ?an 9 ! type :i* is also usually m capitate4 ,p4 legum5 has triundulate m>g9s1 ,p4 mesogongyla has an orbicul> space1 :ile ,p4 gibba has ! space wid5$4 ,accord+ to ,cleve1 ,p4 gibba has approximate c5tral pores1 z has also ,p4 mesogongyla4 ,9 :at ,i h consid]$ to be ,p4 legum51 ! c5tral pores are m approximate ?an 9 ! o!r two species m5tion$4 ,9 fact1 all ( ! ?ree resemble ea* o!r closely1 & are v>i\sly nam$ by diff]5t au?ors4 ,! =m ( ,p4 gibba "h figur$1 :i* may be ,p4 /auropt]a1 is n ! typical =m ( ,wm4 ,smi?1 :i* has a n>r[ area & c5tral space4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 among ! typical specim5s 9 ,h4 ,l4 ,smi?'s ,type ,slide ,no4 #bge1 small] valves :i* %[ a resemblance4 ,,m>9 ,,p9nul>ia ,,rectangulata 7,,greg47 ,,cl4 ,valve l9e>1 ) abruptly r\nd$ ends2 axial area v n>r[2 c5tral area l>ge1 some:at quadrate2 /ri1 #g-h 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #gh 4 ,navicula rectangulata ,greg4 ,%>k ,riv]1 ,n4 ,j4 ,pl4 #bi1 ,fig4 #g4 #aaa;,,epi!mia ,,br,b4 7#ahch7 7epi!ma1 a cov] or lid7 ,fru/ules epiphytic1 solit>y1 sometimes gem9ate1 adh]5t on ! v5tral side at ! ends2 9 zone view rectangul>1 sometimes tumid 9 ! middle4 ,valve arcuate1 hav+ an int]ior co/ate /ratum or transv]se septa ext5d+ to ! girdle1 (t5 deta*$1 & an ext]ior valve surface ) transv]se r[s ( puncta4 ,c5tral & t]m9al nodules n easily se52 9 "s species a true raphe is indicat$4 ,! resemblance betwe5 ,epi!mia & ,eunotia has be5 already m5tion$4 ,9 ! %ape & /riation ( ! valves !re is an approa* to ,cymbella4 ,! g5us is divid$ into two gr\ps1 "o 9 :i* ! co/ alt]nate ) d\ble r[s ( puncta1 z 9 ,e4 turgida1 & ! o!r 9 :i* ! r[s ( puncta are m ?an two4 ,! endo*rome usually consi/s ( a b& ly+ along ! v5tral zone & ext5d+ 9 two flaps on ! valves4 ,,epi!mia ,,turgida 7,,ehr47 ,,kuetz4 ,valve arcuate1 ) ends subcapitate2 co/ radiate1 #d 9 #aj 1 alt]nat+ ) d\ble r[s ( puncta4 ,m$ian nodule c5tral1 ! raphe curv$ t[>d ! v5tral edge :i* x closely foll[s4 ,p>asitic on alg4 ,v common 9 fre% wat]1 especially 9 ponds4 ,9 ! figure ! valve is asymmetrical ) respect to ! transv]se axis1 an unusual condition4 ,pl4 #ca1 ,fig4 #ad4 ,,epi!mia ,,argus ,,kuetz4 ,valve ) dorsal m>g9 convex1 & v5tral m>g9 ne>ly /raight2 ends r\nd$1 con/rict$2 co/ robu/1 alt]nat+ ) m ?an two r[s ( puncta2 zone view rectangul>1 ! ?ick5$ ends ( ! co/ =m+ l>ge nodules 9 a r[ along ! edge ( ! valve next to ! connect+ zone4 ,cy/opleura argus 7,ehr47 ,kunze4 ,common 9 fre% wat]4 ,pl4 #ca1 ,figs4 #ae & #ba4 ,,epi!mia ,,argus ,,v>4 8 ,valve /rongly arcuate on ! dorsal side & concave on ! v5tral2 tap]+ to ! r\nd$ b n produc$ ends2 co/ at unequal di/ances1 ab\t #b 9 #aj 2 granules 9 transv]se r[s1 #h 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #ajj 4 ,p5sauk51 ,n4 ,j41 artesian well4 ,pl4 #ca1 ,fig4 #af4 ,,epi!mia ,,muell]i ,a4 ,s4 8 ,valve broad1 convex1 slightly arcuate1 ) obtuse1 some:at con/rict$ apices2 co/ ab\t #d 9 #aj 2 /ri1 #ab-ad 9 #aj 2 9 zone view ! outl9e is rectangul>1 slightly tumid 9 ! middle4 ,l4 #gh 4 ,blue clay4 ,pl4 #ca1 ,fig4 #ag4 #aab;,,epi!mia ,,zebra ,,v>4 ,,proboscidea 7,,kuetz47 ,,grun4 ,valve convex on ! dorsal1 concave on ! v5tral side2 co/1 #c-d 9 #aj 1 slightly radiat+2 apices recurv$1 capitate4 ,blue clay4 ,pl4 #ca1 ,fig4 #ah4 ,,epi!mia ,,gibb]ula ,,v>4 ,,producta ,,grun4 ,valve n>r[1 lunate1 ) produc$ & arcuate apices2 co/ radiate1 #c-d 9 #aj 2 /ri1 #af-ah 9 #aj 1 punctate4 ,l4 #eh 1 usually small]4 ,blue clay4 ,pl4 #ca1 ,fig4 #ai4 ,,epi!mia ,,musculus ,,kuetz4 ,valve %ort1 /rongly arcuate on ! dorsal1 concave on ! v5tral side2 apices slightly produc$2 co/ radiate1 ab\t #e 9 #aj 2 /ri1 #ae 9 #aj 1 punctate4 ,l4 #bj-fj 4 ,%>k ,riv]1 ,n4 ,j4 ,pl4 #ca1 ,fig4 #bj4 ,,epi!mia ,,musculus ,,v>4 ,,con/ricta 7,,br,b47 ,v4 ,h4 ,fru/ule elliptical1 slightly con/rict$ 9 ! middle4 ,valve convex on ! dorsal1 /raight on ! v5tral side2 co/ ab\t #d 9 #aj 2 /ri ab\t #ah 9 #aj 1 f9ely punctate4 ,l4 #de 4 ,epi!mia succ9ta ,brb4 ,new ,ro*elle1 ,n4 ,y4 ,pl4 #ca1 ,fig4 #bb4 ,,rhopalodia ,,muell] 7#ahhe7 7,rhopalodes1 l a w> club7 ,fru/ule 9 zone view l9e>1 l9e>-elliptical 79 our species71 or clavate4 ,valve r5i=m or lunate2 a raphe1 n visible 9 "s species 9 ! usual position ( ! valve1 is f\nd along ! convex edge or keel4 ,m$ian & t]m9al nodules1 al?\gh v small1 c be det]m9$4 ,! "n is m appropriate to ! ,african species :i* are clavate4 ,two species only are f\nd 9 ?is locality4 ,! *ief di/9ction betwe5 ,epi!mia & ,rhopalodia is 9 ! position ( ! raphe & ! nodules4 ,9 ,r4 gibba & ,r4 v5tricosa ! co/ are p>allel & n radiate s9ce ! valves are n lunate4 ,*romatophore a s+le b& irregul>ly divid$4 ,,rhopalodia ,,gibba 7,,kuetz47 ,,muell] ,valve l9e>1 arcuate on ! dorsal1 /raight on ! v5tral side1 reflex$ at ! extremities4 ,co/1 #f-g 9 #aj 2 /ri ab\t #ad 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #hj-bjj 4 ,fre% wat]4 ,common4 ,pl4 #ca1 ,fig4 #bc4 ,9 ?is species ! raphe & nodules c be se5 only :5 ! valve is exam9$ at "r angles to its usual position4 #aac,,rhopalodia ,,v5tricosa 7,,kuetz47 ,,muell] ,valve gibb\s 9 ! middle on ! dorsal side1 /raight on ! v5tral side1 ) reflex$ apices2 co/1 #g 9 #aj 2 /ri1 #ad-af 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #dj-ajj 4 ,! m$ian nodule appe>s z a m9ute depression 9 ! middle ( ! dorsal side4 ,! two species usually occur toge!r4 ,epi!mia gibba v>4 v5tricosa ,kuetz4 ,pl4 #ca1 ,fig4 #bd4 ,,surirelloide ,! ,surirelloide are usually und]/ood to include ! g5]a ,surirella1 ,podocy/is1 ,cymatopleura & ,campylodiscus1 all ( :i* resemble ea* o!r m or less1 ei!r 9 hav+ a keel or m>k+s l ! divisions ( ! keel 9 ,surirella & a m$ian l9e1 or pseudoraphe4 ,! g5us ,nitzs*ia also has a keel1 b x does n bord] ea* side ( ! valve z 9 ,surirella1 be+ f\nd ei!r ne> "o m>g9 or betwe5 x & ! c5tre4 ,c]ta9 ( ! ,surirell are alli$ to ! gr\p ,tryblionella ( ! ,nitzs*i1 :ile =ms ( ,/5opt]obia are di/+ui%$ ) difficulty f ! gr\p ,sigmata4 ,! foll[+ arrangem5t1 !re=e1 is int5d$ to include all g5]a hav+ a keel or some?+ :i* resembles x4 ,hantzs*ia4--,valve asymmetrical2 keels ( ! two valves opposite ea* o!r4 ,nitzs*ia4--,valve asymmetrical2 keels n 7usually7 opposite ea* o!r4 ,surirella4--,valve usually symmetrical2 a keel on ea* bord]4 ,cymatopleura4--,valve )\t an elevat$ keel1 b ) m>k+s l ^? ( ,surirella2 undulat$ 9 zone view4 ,campylodiscus4--,valves saddle-%ap$4 ,,hantzs*ia ,,grun4 7#ahgg7 7nam$ aft] ,c4 ,a4 ,hantzs*7 ,valve arcuate1 ) ro/rate ends2 keel puncta %ort1 prolong$ into co/ or ext5d+ across ! valve2 m$ian nodule rudim5t>y2 ! keels ( ! two valves opposite ea* o!r4 ,di/+ui%$ f ,nitzs*ia *iefly by ! position ( ! keels4 ,accord+ to ,m]es*k[sky1 h[ev]1 two species ( ,nitzs*ia1 ,n4 lanceolata & ,n4 spectabilis1 %[ ! same peculi>ity4 ,*romatophores f\r1 two on ea* ( ! zones 7,m]es*k[sky74 ,,hantzs*ia ,,amphioxys 7,,ehr47 ,,grun4 ,valve slightly arcuate1 ) ro/rate apices2 keel puncta1 #h 9 #aj 2 /ri transv]se1 #af-ah 9 #aj 1 punctate4 ,l4 #fj 4 ,q v>iable4 ,fre% wat]4 ,pl4 #cb1 ,fig4 #i4 #aad;,,hantzs*ia ,,amphioxys ,,v>4 ,,major ,,grun4 ,valve z 9 type1 b ! keel puncta are #e 9 #aj & ! /ri are #aa-ab 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #ga 4 ,h4 amphioxys v>4 major ,grun4 is /at$ to be #abj 9 l5g?4 ,! pres5t =m is small] b corresponds 9 puncta & /riation4 ,van ,heurck rem>ks t x approa*es ,h4 virgata4 ,abundant 9 s& ripples on ! bea* at ,cape ,may1 ,n4 ,j4 ,pl4 #ci1 ,fig4 #d4 ,fig4 #f1 ,pl4 #ci1 is drawn f an au!ntic specim5 ( ,wm4 ,smi?'s ,nitzs*ia amphioxys1 f ,engl&1 & is introduc$ = comp>ison4 ,! c5tral nodule is n evid5t4 ,fig4 #c1 ,pl4 #ci1 is f a specim5 f an unkn[n locality4 ,! keel puncta are #f & ! /ri #af 9 #aj 4 ,,hantzs*ia ,,virgata 7,,rop]7 ,,grun4 ,valve arcuate on ! dorsal side1 ne>ly /raight on ! v5tral side1 ) ro/rate1 recurv$ apices2 keel puncta prolong$ to "o-?ird ! wid? ( ! valve1 #d 9 #aj 2 transv]se /ri1 #i-aj 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #aae 4 ,%>k ,riv]1 ,n4 ,j4 7,ka974 ,i h n be5 able to f9d ?is =m on our coa/4 ,! figure is drawn f a specim5 f ano!r locality4 ,pl4 #cb1 ,fig4 #bc4 ,,hantzs*ia ,,m>9a 7,,donk47 ,,grun4 ,valve ) dorsal m>g9 slightly arcuate1 v5tral m>g9 /raight2 apices ro/rate & recurv$2 keel puncta1 #f 9 #aj 1 prolong$ into co/ across ! entire valve2 transv]se /ri1 #ab 9 #aj 1 9 d\ble r[s ( alt]nat+ puncta betwe5 ! co/4 ,l4 #ajf 4 ,epi!mia m>9a ,donk94 ,along ! coa/4 ,pl4 #cb1 ,fig4 #bb4 ,,nitzs*ia ,,hassall 7#ahde71 em4 ,,grun4 7#ahhj7 7nam$ aft] ,*ri/ian ,l4 ,nitzs*1 ( ,halle7 ,fru/ules usually free1 sometimes enclos$ 9 tubes or unit$ into a filam5t4 ,valves keel$1 ! keels ( ! two valves usually diagonally opposite 7see ,hantzs*ia72 keel puncta %ort or prolong$4 ,accord+ to ,m]es*k[sky1 !re are at lea/ two endo*rome plates plac$ transv]sely on ! zones2 sometimes !re are f f\r to six plates1 9 "o species tw5ty granules & 9 ano!r no trace ( any endo*rome :atev]4 ,! foll[+ analysis is t ( ,grun[ z giv5 9 ,cleve & ,grun['s ,arctic ,diatoms1 & adopt$ & illu/rat$ by ,van ,heurck 9 8 ,synopsis4 ,,gr\ps #a4 ,tryblionella4--,keel v exc5tric1 valve (t5 fold$2 keel puncta indi/9ct1 usually ! same 9 numb] z ! /ri4 #b4 ,p&uri=mes4--,valve broad1 con/rict$ 9 ! middle1 ) m or less evid5t fold2 keel v ne> ! edge2 keel puncta q evid5t or app>5tly want+4 #aaec4 ,apiculat4--,keel v ne> ! edge2 valve l9e> or some:at n>r[] 9 ! middle2 /ri on ! longitud9al fold fa9t] ?an on ! rema9+ surface1 or want+2 puncta n 9 qu9cunx4 #d4 ,pseudo-,tryblionella4--,keel m or less close to ! edge2 valve ) a m or less deep longitud9al fold ov] :i* ! /ri are spread 9 ! same way z ov] ! rema9+ surface2 keel puncta always di/9ct4 #e4 ,circumsut4--,valve ) m or less wide longitud9al fold2 keel v exc5tric2 keel puncta q evid5t2 surface ( valve irregul>ly punctate & also trav]s$ by r[s ( delicate puncta :i* belong to a diff]5t lay] ( ! valve4 #f4 ,dubi4--,l ! gr\p ,pseudo-,tryblionella1 b ! valves are n s mu* fold$2 fru/ules sometimes n>r[$ 9 ! middle4 ,! sep>ation ( species is difficult &1 9 "p1 d\btful4 ,keel exc5tric4 #g4 ,bilobat4--,l ! gr\p ,dubi1 b ) m c5tral keel & s =m+ a transition to ! gr\p ,pseudo-,amphiprora2 valves )\t longitud9al folds4 #h4 ,pseudo-,amphiprora4--,valve ) q c5tral1 %>p keel1 arcuate1 )\t longitud9al fold2 keel puncta always evid5t2 fru/ule n>r[$ 9 ! middle ) m or less m>k$ c5tral nodule4 ,includes two species n f\nd 9 ?is locality4 #i4 ,p]rya4--,valve ar*$ ) v %>p c5tral keel2 n n>r[$ 9 ! middle2 keel puncta mo/ly on %ort or long l9es :i* are sometimes int]rupt$4 ,includes six species n f\nd 9 ?is locality4 #aj4 ,epi!mioide4--,keel exc5tric2 keel puncta ext5d$ into co/ across ! entire valve4 #aa4 ,grun[ia4--,z 9 ! gr\p ,epi!mioide1 except t ! co/ are %ort]1 n ext5d+ across ! valve2 keel v exc5tric4 #ab4 ,scal>es4--,l ,grun[ia1 b ) %>p]1 some:at exc5tric keel2 transv]se section ( fru/ule quadrangul>4 #ac4 ,insignes4--,l ,scal>es1 b ) m c5tral keel s t _m ( ! =ms are ne> ! gr\p ,p]rya2 fru/ule some:at sigmoid4 #ad4 ,bacill>ia4--,keel c5tral or ne>ly s2 valve some:at ar*$2 keel %>p1 z 9 ! gr\p ,insignes4 #ae4 ,vivaces4--,keel mod]ately exc5tric2 valve1 accord+ to position1 semi-lanceolate1 ) keel puncta 9 %ort r[s1 or lanceolate ) q c5tral keel4 ,! valves h 9 _m positions a resemblance to ,hantzs*ia1 s t ,n4 vivax frequ5tly becomes conf\nd$ ) a =m ( ,h4 amphioxys4 ,! m$ian keel puncta are n di/ant & a c5tral nodule is n evid5t z is ! case 9 all species ( ,hantzs*ia4 #af4 ,spa?ulat4--,l ! gr\p ,bacill>ia1 b usually ) v delicate /riat$ valves2 keel 9 valve view usually bord]$ ) two p>allel l9es4 #ag4 ,dissipat4--,l ,vivaces & ,spa?ulat1 b ) small] c5tral keel & )\t p>allel l9es4 ,valves usually small1 v delicately /riat$2 no c5tral nodule4 #ah4 ,sigmoide4--,keel q c5tral2 no p>allel l9es2 fru/ule sigmoid2 valve )\t longitud9al furr[2 keel puncta n ext5d$2 no c5tral nodule evid5t4 #ai4 ,sigmata4--,l ,sigmoide1 b ) a m exc5tric keel4 #bj4 ,obtus4--,l ,sigmata1 ) a m or less exc5tric keel :i* has 9 ! middle a small b5d+ to ! inside2 middle keel puncta some:at m di/ant ?an ! o!rs1 & betwe5 !m a c5tral nodule evid5t4 #aafba4 ,spectabiles4--,valve l>ge1 slightly arcuate1 ) exc5tric keel2 no longitud9al folds2 keel puncta some:at ext5d$ ov] ! valve b mu* less ?an 9 ! gr\p ,insignes1 & (t5 sc>cely p]ceptible4 #bb4 ,l9e>es4--,keel some:at exc5tric1 b less ?an 9 ,spectabiles2 fru/ule /raight1 sometimes a little con/rict$ 9 ! middle1 s t a transition is %[n to ! gr\ps ,dubi & ,bilobat4 ,valve )\t longitud9al fold2 keel puncta r\nd or some:at angul>1 sc>cely ext5d$4 #bc4 ,lanceolat4--,valve lanceolate1 l9e>-lanceolate or r>ely elliptical1 ) v exc5tric keel2 n fold$2 keel puncta n ext5d$4 #bd4 ,nitzs*iella4--,valve ) exc5tric keel & long1 produc$ apices4 ,,tryblionella ,,nitzs*ia ,,tryblionella ,,hantzs* ,valve elliptical-lanceolate1 ) subacute apices2 longitud9al fold well m>k$2 /ri co>se1 transv]se1 #e 9 #aj 2 indi/9ct puncta int]m$iate betwe5 ! /ri4 ,l4 #de 4 ,q v>iable4 ,blue clay4 ,pl4 #cb1 ,fig4 #h4 ,,nitzs*ia ,,granulata ,,grun4 ,valve elliptical or elliptical-lanceolate2 /ri 9 d\ble r[s1 ea* r[ ( ?ree or f\r small puncta along ! m>g9 & r[s ( l>ge puncta ab\t #f 9 #aj across ! valve4 ,l4 #bh-dd 4 ,blue clay4 ,along ! coa/4 ,pl4 #cb1 ,fig4 #c4 ,,nitzs*ia ,,navicul>is 7,,br,b47 ,,grun4 ,valve elliptical-lanceolate1 ) acute apices2 /ri on "o side a d\ble r[ ( l>ge & small puncta1 & on ! o!r side radiate %ort r[s ( l>ge puncta1 #g 9 #aj 2 middle ( valve hyal9e4 ,l4 #ce-fj 4 ,blue clay4 ,n common4 ,pl4 #cb1 ,fig4 #d4 ,,nitzs*ia ,,compressa 7,,bail47 ,valve elliptical-lanceolate1 sometimes acum9ate2 /ri1 #f or #g 9 #aj 1 co>sely punctate4 ,l4 #ef 4 ,pyxidicula compressa ,bailey4 ,nitzs*ia punctata 7,wm4 ,sm47 ,grun4 ,tryblionella punctata ,wm4 ,sm4 ,common along ! coa/4 ,pl4 #ci1 ,fig4 #g4 ,v>4 m9or 7,h4 ,l4 ,smi?74--,valve acum9ate2 /ri1 #h 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #bb 4 ,pyxidicula compressa v>4 m9or ,h4 ,l4 ,smi?1 ,type ,slide ,no4 #dca4 ,pl4 #ci1 ,fig4 #h4 ,! small] =ms occur nor?w>d1 :ile ! l>g] are f\nd s\?w>d4 ,?is is unque/ionably ,bailey's =m1 z indicat$ by 8 figure & by ! fact t x is f\nd ev]y:]e along ! coa/4 ,wm4 ,smi?'s ,t4 punctata is ! same species1 al?\gh ! puncta are small]4 #aag,,p&uri=mes ,,nitzs*ia ,,p&uri=mis ,,greg4 ,valve elliptical1 con/rict$ 9 ! middle1 ) sub-cuneate apices2 longitud9al fold1 ) a punctate longitud9al l9e2 /ri transv]se & oblique1 #ae 9 #aj 2 keel puncta1 #f 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #ajh 4 ,along ! coa/4 ,m (t5 f\nd s\?w>d4 ,pl4 #ci1 ,fig4 #b4 ,,nitzs*ia ,,p&uri=mis ,,v>4 ,,m9or ,,grun4 ,valve elliptical1 con/rict$ 9 ! middle1 ) cuneate apices2 keel puncta1 #i 9 #aj 2 /ri 9 transv]se & oblique l9es ab\t #bj 9 #aj 2 longitud9al fold bord]$ by a punctate l9e4 ,l4 #cd 4 ,pavonia1 ,n4 ,j41 artesian well4 ,pl4 #cb1 ,fig4 #e4 ,! v>4 cont9ua ,grun4 is report$ z occurr+ 9 ,%>k ,riv]4 ,x v>ies 9 hav+ ! longitud9al fold punctate4 ,x is also usually small] ?an v>4 m9or4 ,,apiculat ,,nitzs*ia ,,apiculata 7,,greg47 ,,grun4 ,valve oblong-l9e>1 ) cuneate-apiculate apices2 /ri punctate1 app>5tly int]rupt$ or p]vi\s1 ab\t #ah 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #bf 4 ,*e/] ,riv]1 ,md4 ,pl4 #cb1 ,fig4 #f4 ,! puncta are cont9u$ across ! valve1 b are less di/9ct on ! fold4 ,! figure %[s ! entire fru/ule ) ! fold on ea* valve4 ,! valves are sometimes slightly con/rict$4 ,,nitzs*ia ,,acum9ata 7,,wm4 ,,sm47 ,,grun4 ,valve l9e>1 sometimes slightly con/rict$ 9 ! middle1 ) acum9ate apices2 longitud9al fold entirely )\t or ) indi/9ct /ri2 keel puncta n evid5t2 /ri1 #ad-ae 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #hb 4 ,port ,p5n1 ,delaw>e ,riv]4 ,pl4 #cb1 ,fig4 #ac4 ,,nitzs*ia ,,plana ,,wm4 ,,sm4 ,valve l9e>2 apices acute1 slightly con/rict$ 9 ! middle2 longitud9al fold fur!r f ! keel ?an ! m>g91 broad1 ) scatt]$ puncta2 /ri subtle1 irregul>1 int]rupt$1 ab\t #ah 9 #aj 2 keel puncta oblong1 #c-f 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #ajj-agj 4 ,blue clay4 ,along ! coa/4 ,pl4 #cb1 ,fig4 #b4 #aah,,pseudo-,,tryblionella ,,nitzs*ia ,,litoralis ,,v>4 ,,delaw>5sis ,,grun4 ,valve l9e>1 ) obtusely r\nd$ cuneate ends1 sc>cely1 if at all1 con/rict$ 9 ! middle2 longitud9al fold wide2 keel puncta1 #e or #f 9 #aj 1 sometimes conflu5t2 /ri obscure1 ab\t #ba 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #ge 4 ,delaw>e ,riv]4 ,pl4 #cb1 ,fig4 #ab4 ,?is =m is drawn f a slide ( ,*ri/ian ,febig] conta9+ an abundance ( specim5s f ,delaw>e ,city1 & m>k$ ,nitzs*ia dubia4 ,,circumsut ,,nitzs*ia ,,circumsuta 7,,bail47 ,,grun4 ,valve elliptical1 sometimes m ?an #bjj 9 l5g?2 longitud9al fold m or less conspicu\s2 keel puncta ab\t #d 9 #aj 1 ! middle di/ant ) ! appe>ance ( a nodule2 /ri irregul>1 subtle1 f9ely punctate1 frequ5tly int]rupt$4 ,surirella circumsuta ,bail4 ,tryblionella scutellum ,wm4 ,sm4 ,common 9 bracki% wat]4 ,pl4 #cb1 ,fig4 #a4 ,,dubi ,,nitzs*ia ,,dubia ,,wm4 ,,sm4 ,valve l9e>1 sc>cely1 if at all1 con/rict$ 9 ! middle1 ) cuneate1 produc$1 apiculate apices1 some:at recurv$2 keel v exc5tric2 puncta sometimes p>tly prolong$1 ab\t #i 9 #aj 2 /ri1 #bj-bd 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #ic 4 ,report$ f along ! ,new ,j]sey coa/4 ,i h n se5 x4 ,x is g5]ally reg>d$ z fre%-wat]4 ,slides sometimes labell$ ,n4 dubia are 9 reality ,n4 litoralis v>4 delaw>5sis4 ,pl4 #ci1 ,fig4 #e4 ,! figure is drawn f a specim5 f ano!r locality4 ,,bilobat ,,nitzs*ia ,,bilobata ,,wm4 ,,sm4 ,valve l9e>-lanceolate1 con/rict$ 9 ! middle1 apiculate at ! ends2 keel puncta #f 9 #aj 1 prolong$ unequally across "p ( ! valve1 ! two m$ian sub-remote2 /ri1 #af 9 #aj 4 ,fru/ule oblong1 truncate1 con/rict$ 9 ! middle4 ,l4 #abj 4 ,%>k ,riv]1 ,n4 ,j41 ,*e/] ,riv]1 ,md4 ,pl4 #cb1 ,figs4 #aj & #aa4 ,,epi!mioide ,,nitzs*ia ,,epi!mioides ,,grun4 ,valve l9e>1 ) cuneate1 ro/rate apices2 slightly con/rict$ on ! keel side2 keel puncta1 #h or #i 9 #aj 1 ext5d+ z co/ across ! valve2 /ri delicate1 #bb 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #dg 4 ,bracki% wat]1 ,long ,isl& ,s\nd4 ,pl4 #cb1 ,fig4 #ba4 #aai;,,grun[ia ,,nitzs*ia ,,tabell>ia ,,grun4 ,valve rhomboidal1 inflat$ 9 ! middle2 apices produc$2 keel puncta ext5d 9 co/ across half ( ! valve1 #g 9 #aj 2 /ri transv]se1 ab\t #bb 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #bj 4 ,dim]ogramma s9uatum ,?waites4 ,nitzs*ia s9uata v>4 tabell>ia 7,grun47 ,v4 ,h4 ,s*uylkill ,riv]4 ,n common4 ,pl4 #cb1 ,fig4 #g4 ,,scal>es ,,nitzs*ia ,,scal>is 7,,ehr47 ,,wm4 ,,sm4 ,valve l9e>1 ) obtusely conical apices2 co/ transv]se1 ext5d+ m or less to "o-?ird ! wid? ( ! valve1 #c or #d 9 #aj 2 /ri1 #i or #aj 9 #aj 1 punctate4 ,l5g? ( valve q v>iable1 up to #dhj 7,cleve74 ,a well-kn[n =m1 abundant 9 salt m>%es & m or less bracki% wat]4 ,pl4 #cc1 ,fig4 #f4 7,to ! "r ( ! figure is an outl9e ( ! valve r$uc$ "o-?ird47 ,,insignes ,,nitzs*ia ,,insignis ,,greg4 ,valve ne>ly l9e> or l9e>-lanceolate2 apices broad1 slightly produc$1 obtuse2 keel puncta ext5d$ into %ort co/1 #d or #e 9 #aj 2 /ri ab\t #ad 9 #aj 4 ,l5g? v>iable up to #djj 4 ,delaw>e ,bay4 ,pl4 #cc1 ,fig4 #h4 ,,bacill>ia ,,nitzs*ia ,,paxillif] 7,o4 ,f4 ,,muell]7 ,,heib]g ,fru/ules unit$ 9 a filam5t1 aft]w>ds free2 valve lanceolate ) ne>ly c5tral keel2 keel puncta1 #g-i 9 #aj 2 /ri ab\t #ba 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #aaj 4 ,vibrio paxillif] ,o4 ,f4 ,muell]4 ,bacill>ia p>adoxa ,gmel94 ,nitzs*ia p>adoxa 7,gmel97 ,grun4 ,bracki% wat] or /reams subject to its influ5ce4 ,pl4 #cc1 ,figs4 #ac & #ad4 ,otto ,fr$]ick ,muell]1 9 #aghf1 publi%$ at ,cop5hag5 a "w on ,infusorial ,animalcules1 includ+ a description ( a ,vibrio :i* he nam$ paxillif]1 obvi\sly allud+ to ! p>tially-ext5d$ fru/ules be>+ at ! end a tablet-l bundle4 ,two ye>s lat]1 ,gmel9 describ$ ! same =m z ,bacill>ia p>adoxa1 a "n /ill us$4 ,heib]g1 h[ev]1 9 #ahfc1 plac$ ! =m "u ,nitzs*ia :]e x prop]ly belongs & call$ x ,nitzs*ia paxillif] 7,o4 ,f4 ,muell]74 ,i h adopt$ ,heib]g's "n4 ,p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable ( all diatoms4 ,_m species possess ! p[] ( motion1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is evid5t only 9 ! free fru/ule4 ,9 ,n4 paxillif]1 ! movem5t ( ! fru/ules occurs )\t ! loss ( cont9uity or adh]5ce to ea* o!r1 s t1 :ile at "o "t ! adnate fru/ules =m a n>r[ filam5t1 l t ( ,fragil>ia1 at ano!r #abj"t !y move lat]ally to _! extreme l5g? & =m a ?read ( fru/ules adh]5t at _! ends1 lat] resum+ _! orig9al position4 ,! motion is repeat$ at int]vals ( f five to t5 seconds4 ,no satisfactory explanation ( ! movem5t has ev] be5 made4 ,9 ! filam5t\s =m ! fru/ules adh]e to wat]-plants4 ,,vivaces ,,nitzs*ia ,,flum95sis ,,grun4 ,valve lanceolate1 apices produc$2 keel puncta1 #d-f 9 #aj 1 p>tly ext5d$ 9 %ort co/2 /ri transv]se1 #ad-ae 9 #aj 1 punctate2 keel )\t a pseudo-nodule4 ,l4 #gc 4 ,common at ,gre5wi* ,po9t1 ,philadelphia4 ,pl4 #cb1 ,fig4 #af4 ,! =m "h figur$ is small] ?an ! type1 :i* is f #acj-afj 9 l5g?4 ,,spa?ulat ,,nitzs*ia ,,spa?ulata ,,br,b4 ,fru/ule l9e>1 truncate1 dilat$ at ! ends2 zone ) longitud9al folds2 valve lanceolate1 keel c5tral2 apices acute1 ) an elevat$ app5dage2 keel puncta1 #e-f 9 #aj 2 /ri v f9e4 ,l4 #ef 4 ,atlantic ,city & ,cape ,may1 ,n4 ,j4 7,lewis74 ,pl4 #dj1 ,fig4 #c4 ,,dissipat ,,nitzs*ia ,,dissipata 7,,kuetz47 ,,grun4 ,valve lanceolate1 ) sub-ro/rate apices2 keel exc5tric2 keel puncta ab\t #f 9 #aj 2 /ri1 #ad 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #bj-dj 4 ,fre% & bracki% wat]4 ,pl4 #dj1 ,fig4 #g4 ,,sigmoide ,,nitzs*ia ,,macil5ta ,,greg4 ,fru/ule sigmoid1 truncate at ! ends2 valve l9e>1 ) sub-acute apices & ne>ly c5tral keel2 keel ) #e-f puncta 9 #aj 2 /ri obscure1 ab\t #be to #bh 787 9 #aj 4 ,l5g? v>iable1 up to #dij 4 ,z ! valve is usually se5 :5 ! keel is on ! m>g91 ! outl9e 7r$uc$ "o-?ird1 %[n to ! left ( ! figure7 is1 z a rule1 sigmoid4 ,delaw>e ,bay4 ,pl4 #cc1 ,fig4 #g4 ,,nitzs*ia ,,v]micul>is 7,,kuetz47 ,,hantzs* ,valve l9e>1 sigmoid1 att5uat$ t[>d ! obtuse ends2 keel puncta1 #i 9 #aj 1 q di/9ct2 /ri v f9e4 ,l4 #aje 4 ,fre%-wat] pools4 ,pl4 #cb1 ,fig4 #bd2 ,pl4 #cc1 ,fig4 #i4 #aba,,sigmata ,,nitzs*ia ,,sigma 7,,kuetz47 ,,wm4 ,,sm4 ,fru/ule l9e>1 sigmoid2 valve l9e>1 slightly sigmoid1 tap]+ to ! sub-acute apices2 keel exc5tric1 puncta1 #h 9 #aj 2 /ri1 #bj-bd 9 #aj 4 ,l4 to #bej 4 ,along ! coa/4 ,pl4 #ci1 ,fig4 #ac4 ,,nitzs*ia ,,sigmatella ,,greg4 ,valve l9e>1 sigmoid1 slightly att5uat$ t[>d ! obtuse apices2 keel exc5tric1 puncta1 #h-aj 787 9 #aj 2 /ri delicate1 #be-cj 9 #aj 4 ,l4 to #djj 4 ,! keel puncta are q obscure4 ,nitzs*ia curvula ,wm4 ,sm4 ,nitzs*ia sigma v>4 curvula 7,wm4 ,sm47 ,de ,toni4 ,fre% wat]4 ,hammonton ,pond2 ,may's ,l&+1 ,n4 ,j4 ,pl4 #cc1 ,figs4 #d & #e4 ,gregory rem>ks t ! keel puncta are se5 9 "s specim5s4 ,9 bo? ( ! =ms figur$ ,i h c\nt$ #cj /ri 9 #aj 1 b1 aft] _m exam9ations1 ,i h n be5 q c]ta9 ab\t ! keel puncta4 ,! g5]al appe>ance ( ! valves 9 any position is t ( a ,/5opt]obia or ,surirella anceps1 ) :i* x occurs4 ,,nitzs*ia ,,clausii ,,hantzs* ,valve l9e>1 slightly sigmoid1 tap]+ to ! sub-capitate ends2 keel puncta1 #aa 9 #aj 2 /ri subtle4 ,l4 #dj 4 ,abundant 9 ,ridley ,creek1 ,delaw>e ,co4 7,palm]74 ,pl4 #cb1 ,fig4 #bj4 ,,obtus ,,nitzs*ia ,,obtusa ,,wm4 ,,sm4 ,fru/ule sigmoid1 r\nd$ at ! ends2 keel some:at exc5tric1 inflex$ 9 ! middle1 ! two m$ian puncta di/ant2 keel puncta1 #e-f 9 #aj 2 /ri1 #bf 9 #aj 4 ,l4 to #cjj 4 ,along ! coa/4 ,pl4 #ci1 ,fig4 #af4 ,,nitzs*ia ,,obtusa ,,v>4 ,,flexella ,h4 ,l4 ,,smi? ,valve m att5uate at ! ends ?an ! type & small]4 ,pl4 #ci1 ,fig4 #ad4 ,,nitzs*ia ,,obtusa ,,v>4 ,,scalpelli=mis ,,grun4 ,valve l9e>1 ) apices unilat]ally truncate2 keel exc5tric2 keel puncta1 #h 9 #aj 2 /ri1 #bf 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #dh 4 ,along ! coa/4 ,pl4 #cb1 ,fig4 #ag4 #abb,,spectabiles ,,nitzs*ia ,,spectabilis ,,v>4 ,,am]icana ,,grun4 ,fru/ule l9e>1 slightly con/rict$ 9 ! middle1 ) sub-cuneate ends2 valve l9e>1 slightly arcuate1 tap]+ to ! sub-ro/rate ends2 keel exc5tric1 keel puncta sometimes conflu5t1 #d-f 9 #aj 1 prolong$ into %ort co/2 /ri di/9ct1 #ad 9 ! middle1 #ah at ! ends 9 #aj 7b v>iable 9 diff]5t specim5s74 ,l4 #ahf 4 ,blue clay1 especially at ,tioga ,/4 ,pl4 #cc1 ,fig4 #c2 ,pl4 #ci1 ,fig4 #a4 ,?is is1 probably1 "o ( ! mo/ beautiful ( ! ,nitzs*i4 ,x sometimes1 accord+ to ,de ,toni1 rea*es a l5g? ( #ebj 4 ,grun[ /ates t 8 v>iety is f\nd 9 ! ,s4 ,bridgeton deposit4 ,9 a slide ( ,moell] labell$ ,bridgeton1 ,ma9e1 ,i f9d specim5s id5tical 9 e respect ) ! ,philadelphia =m4 ,,l9e>es ,,nitzs*ia ,,l9e>is 7,,ag47 ,,wm4 ,,sm4 ,valve l9e>1 slightly inflex$ 9 ! middle2 keel exc5tric2 keel puncta1 #h-i 9 #aj 1 ! two m$ian di/ant2 /ri ab\t #cj 9 #aj 4 ,fru/ules 9 zone view n>r[$ t[>d ! ends1 truncate4 ,l4 #ge 4 ,v common 9 fre% wat]4 ,pl4 #cb1 ,fig4 #ah4 ,fig4 #bj1 ,pl4 #dj1 a transv]se section ( fru/ule4 ,,lanceolat ,,nitzs*ia ,,palea 7,,kuetz47 ,,wm4 ,,sm4 ,valve l9e>-lanceolate1 slightly ro/rate at ! apices2 keel puncta1 #aj 9 #aj 1 ! m$ian n di/ant2 /ri1 #cc-cf 9 #aj 2 zone view l9e>1 ) r\nd$ ends4 ,l4 #be-fe 4 ,fre% wat]4 ,pl4 #cb1 ,fig4 #ae4 ,,nitzs*ia ,,amphibia ,,grun4 ,valve lanceolate1 apices sometimes slightly produc$1 r\nd$2 keel puncta1 #h-i 9 #aj 2 /ri1 #af 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #bj-cb 4 ,fre% wat]4 ,pl4 #cb1 ,figs4 #ad & #be4 ,,nitzs*ia ,,communis ,,rab4 ,fru/ule l9e>1 slightly att5uat$ at ! obtuse ends2 valve elliptical-lanceolate1 att5uat$ t[>d ! obtuse ends2 keel puncta1 #ab 9 #aj 2 /ri m ?an #cj 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #ce 4 ,fre% wat]4 ,pl4 #cb1 ,fig4 #ai4 ,,nitzs*ia ,,int]m$ia ,,hantzs* ,valve l9e>-lanceolate2 keel puncta1 #h 9 #aj 2 /ri ab\t #bd 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #ajj 4 ,crum ,creek4 ,n common4 ,pl4 #cc1 ,fig4 #b4 #abc,,nitzs*iella ,,nitzs*ia ,,longissima 7,,br,b47 ,,ralfs ,valve l9e>-lanceolate1 ) exce$+ly long horns or beaks2 keel puncta ab\t #aj 9 #aj 2 /ri ab\t #af 9 #aj 4 ,l4 to #ejj 4 ,%>k ,riv]1 ,n4 ,j4 ,pl4 #cc1 ,fig4 #a4 ,=ma p>va ,v4 ,h4--,keel puncta1 #aj-ab 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #gj 4 ,ea/ ,p>k ,res]voir1 ,philadelphia4 ,pl4 #cc1 ,fig4 #aj4 ,diff]s f ,n4 clo/]ium 7,ehr47 ,wm4 ,sm4 9 ! keel puncta4 ,! type =m occurs 9 bracki% & salt wat]4 ,! occurr5ce ( ! v>iety 9 fre% wat] is ano!r in/ance ( ! f9d+ ( presumably bracki% =ms 9 ! wat] supply ( ! city4 ,if ^! cases prove to be unusual1 x may be because ( "o ( two reasons4 ,! ,s*uylkill ,riv]1 be=e ! build+ ( ! dam at ,fairm\nt1 0 tidal z f> z ! ,falls ( ,s*uylkill1 & bracki% influ5ces1 :ile n n[ exi/5t1 may h caus$ ! gr[? ( =ms :i* n[ survive4 ,ano!r reason may be t ! op5+ ( ! locks at ,fairm\nt ,dam may cause a slight admission ( bracki% =ms f tidal wat] bel[4 ,! abundance ( ! bracki% species appe>s to indicate t ! fir/ reason is ! m plausible4 ,,nitzs*ia ,,rev]sa ,,wm4 ,,sm4 ,valve lanceolate ext5d$ into beaks or horns curv+ 9 opposite directions2 keel puncta n evid5t2 /ri1 #bj-bf 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #gj 4 ,bracki% wat]4 ,abundant 9 ,duck ,creek1 ,delaw>e ,riv]4 ,pl4 #cc1 ,fig4 #aa4 ,,nitzs*ia ,,acicul>is 7,,kuetz47 ,,wm4 ,,sm4 ,valve lanceolate1 ) beaks or horns ab\t half ! l5g? ( ! m$ian "p ( ! valve2 keel puncta1 #ah 9 #aj 2 /ri exce$+ly delicate1 ab\t #dj 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #de 4 ,fre% wat]4 ,d>by ,creek4 ,pl4 #cc1 ,fig4 #ab4 ,,homoeocladia ,,ag4 7#ahbg7 7homoios1 l1 & clados1 a bran*7 ,fru/ules l ,nitzs*ia1 b enclos$ 9 bran*+ or simple tubes4 ,,homoeocladia ,,fili=mis ,,wm4 ,,sm4 ,fru/ule l9e>1 tumid 9 ! middle1 obtuse at ! ends2 valve l9e>-lanceolate1 ) some:at acute apices2 keel c5tral or ne>ly s2 keel puncta1 #h 9 #aj 2 /ri delicate4 ,l4 #ajh 4 ,fre% & bracki% wat]4 ,new>k1 ,n4 ,j4 ,pl4 #cc1 ,fig4 #ae4 #abd,,surirella ,,turp9 7#ahbh7 7nam$ aft] ,dr4 ,suriray1 a physician ( ,havre7 ,valve l9e>1 elliptical or ovate2 pseudoraphe l9e> or lanceolate2 a m>g9al keel =m+ w+s or al se5 9 zone view2 co/ %ort or rea*+ ! pseudoraphe1 frequ5tly ) int]co/al /ri m or less evid5t4 ,! g5us is divid$ by ,grun[ accord+ to ! l5g? & =m ( ! co/4 ,i include ,/5opt]obia4 ,section #a4--;,co/ ( ne>ly equal wid? ?r\gh\t1 rea*+ ! pseudoraphe4 ,section #b4--;,co/ %ort or m>g9al4 ,section #c4--;,co/ dilat$ at ! m>g91 att5uat$ t[>d ! pseudoraphe4 ,section #d4--,valve hav+ ! appe>ance ( ,nitzs*ia1 ) inconspicu\s al 7,/5opt]obia74 ,! endo*rome consi/s ( two lam9ate *romatophores1 "o on ea* valve4 ,! auxospores are s+le1 orig9at+ f ! union ( two fru/ules 7,h4 ,l4 ,smi?74 ,,section #a ,,surirella ,,bis]iata 7,,ehr47 ,,br,b4 ,valve lanceolate1 subacute at ! ends2 co/ robu/1 ab\t #b 9 #aj 1 p>allel 9 ! middle1 radiate at ! ends2 pseudoraphe n>r[4 ,l4 #ajj 4 ,surirella bifrons ,ehr4 ,fre% wat]4 ,pl4 #ci1 ,fig4 #ab2 ,pl4 #ce1 ,fig4 #b 7small] =m74 ,,surirella ,,l9e>is ,,wm4 ,,sm4 ,valve l9e>1 ) cuneate ends1 slightly con/rict$ 9 ! middle2 co/ p>allel1 #b-c 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #ij 4 ,fre% wat]4 ,pl4 #ce1 ,fig4 #h4 ,,surirella ,,amphioxys ,,wm4 ,,sm4 ,valve oblong-l9e>1 ) cuneate ends2 pseudoraphe n>r[2 co/1 #c-d 9 #aj 2 /ri1 #ad-af 9 #aj 1 some:at radiate4 ,l4 #cd-ed 4 ,surirella moell]iana ,grun4 ,fre% & bracki% wat]4 ,common along ! coa/4 ,pl4 #ce1 ,figs4 #ab & #ac4 ,,surirella ,,robu/a ,,ehr4 ,valve l9e>-ovate2 pseudoraphe wide2 al prom95t2 co/ wide1 #a 9 #aj 4 ,fru/ule 9 zone view clavate4 ,l4 #bjj-cfe 4 ,fre% wat]4 ,pl4 #cf1 ,fig4 #b4 #abe,,surirella ,,spl5dida 7,,ehr47 ,,kuetz4 ,valve ovate2 co/1 #a to #b 9 #aj 2 pseudoraphe l9e>1 n>r[4 ,l4 #abe-bjj 4 ,fre% wat]4 ,pl4 #ce1 ,fig4 #c4 ,s4 spl5dida is small] ?an ,s4 robu/a & wid] 9 proportion1 b1 z int]m$iate =ms occur1 x is difficult to di/+ui% betwe5 !m4 ,,surirella ,,elegans ,,ehr4 ,valve ovate1 r\nd$ at "o end & acute at ! o!r2 pseudoraphe lanceolate1 n>r[2 co/1 #a 9 #aj 2 /ri subtle1 #bb 9 #aj 4 ,fru/ule 9 zone view cuneate4 ,l4 #ahj-bbj 4 ,fre% wat]4 ,pl4 #cf1 ,fig4 #a4 ,,surirella ,,/riatula ,,turp9 ,valve broad1 obovate or elliptical1 r\nd$ at ea* end2 co/1 #a 9 #aj 1 curv$ at ! ends2 /ri1 #ad 9 #aj 4 ,fru/ule 9 zone view cuneate2 m>g9al al q robu/4 ,l4 #ajj-afj 4 ,blue clay4 ,bracki% wat]4 ,pl4 #cd1 ,fig4 #a4 ,9 ! specim5 figur$1 ! outl9e is exactly elliptical1 al?\gh ! species is usually conical at "o end4 ,,surirella ,,gemma ,,ehr4 ,valve ovate or ovate-elliptical1 r\nd$ at ea* end1 sometimes asymmetrical along ! longitud9al axis2 pseudoraphe v n>r[2 co/ di/ant1 at irregul> int]vals1 ab\t #b 9 #aj 1 some:at radiate1 rea*+ ! pseudoraphe2 /ri1 #bj 9 #aj 1 punctate4 ,fru/ule 9 zone view cuneate4 ,l4 #gj-abj 4 ,along ! coa/4 ,pl4 #cf1 ,fig4 #d4 ,,surirella ,,t5]a ,,greg4 ,valve ovate2 pseudoraphe n>r[1 well-def9$2 co/ indi/9ct1 #b 9 #aj 1 _! m>g9s invisible2 /ri ab\t #ad 9 #aj 1 punctate1 m evid5t ne> ! m>g94 ,l4 #ij 4 ,surirella diaphana ,bleis*4 ,pavonia1 ,n4 ,j41 artesian well4 ,pl4 #ce1 ,fig4 #f4 ,! figure is t ( ! v>4 n]vosa ,a4 ,s4 7,atlas1 ,pl4 #bc1 ,fig4 #ae71 :i* diff]s f ! type 9 hav+ ! position ( ! co/ indicat$ by scatt]$ puncta4 #abf,,section #b ,,surirella ,,guatimal5sis ,,ehr4 ,valve ovate2 pseudoraphe v n>r[ & indi/9ct2 co/ %ort1 m>g9al1 #b-b 9 #aj 1 abs5t f ! r\nd$ end4 ,l4 #abj 4 ,surirella c>d9alis ,kitton4 ,smi?'s ,isl&1 ,delaw>e ,riv]4 ,pl4 #cf1 ,fig4 #e4 ,,surirella ,,ovalis ,,br,b4 ,valve ovate2 co/ %ort1 m>g9al1 radiate1 #c-f 9 #aj 1 (t5 unequal2 c5tral area ovate1 indi/9ctly co/ate2 /ri sc>cely visible1 ab\t #ah 9 #aj 2 pseudoraphe n>r[4 ,l4 #de-ic 4 ,surirella davidsonii ,a4 ,s4 ,fre% or bracki% wat]4 ,pl4 #ce1 ,fig4 #e2 ,pl4 #ci1 ,fig4 #aa4 ,! small] specim5 is f ! ,delaw>e ,riv]1 & ! l>g] f ! ,hudson ,riv]4 ,,surirella ,,crum5a ,,br,b4 ,valve ne>ly orbicul>2 co/ %ort1 m>g9al1 radiate2 pseudoraphe n>r[1 indi/9ct2 c5tral area indi/9ctly co/ate1 sometimes int]rupt$4 ,on acc\nt ( ! extreme confusion 9 ! names ( _m =ms :i* appe> to be v>iations ( ,s4 ovalis1 ,i h foll[$ ,van ,heurck 9 reta9+ ! orig9al names z specific4 ,de ,toni gives ,s4 crum5a z a v>iety ( ,s4 ovalis4 ,fre% & bracki% wat]4 ,q common 9 ! ,delaw>e ,riv]4 ,pl4 #ce1 ,fig4 #d4 ,,surirella ,,p9nata ,,wm4 ,,sm4 ,valve ovate or oblong-ovate2 co/ rea*+ ! l9e> pseudoraphe1 ab\t #f 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #dj 4 ,surirella ovalis v>4 p9nata 7,wm4 ,sm47 ,de ,toni4 ,s4 p9nata is ! type ( a numb] ( small =ms usually f\nd toge!r1 includ+ ,s4 p&uri=mis1 ,s4 angu/a & ,s4 m9uta4 ,fre% wat]4 ,m$ia 7,palm]74 ,pl4 #cf1 ,fig4 #g2 ,fig4 #i 7abnormal74 ,v>4 m9uta1 a small =m ( ,s4 p9nata1 occurs ) ! type4 ,,surirella ,,p&uri=mis ,,wm4 ,,sm4 ,valve l9e>-oblong1 ) r\nd$ ends1 m or less con/rict$ 9 ! middle2 o!rwise z 9 ,s4 p9nata4 ,l4 #ed 4 ,fre% wat]4 ,pl4 #cf1 ,fig4 #f4 #abg,,surirella ,,angu/a ,,kuetz4 ,valve l9e>1 ) cuneate ends2 o!rwise z 9 ,s4 p9nata4 ,fre% wat]4 ,pl4 #cf1 ,fig4 #h4 ,s4 p9nata1 ,s4 p&uri=mis1 & ,s4 angu/a h a n>r[ c5tral area1 & diff] f ,s4 ovalis :i* has %ort co/4 ,,surirella ,,oblonga ,,ehr4 8 ,valve elliptical-lanceolate1 ) obtuse ends2 co/1 m>g9al1 #b 9 #aj 2 m$ian area granulate2 pseudoraphe n>r[1 lanceolate1 sc>cely visible2 /ri ab\t #ah 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #fj 4 ,blue clay4 ,r>e4 ,pl4 #ce1 ,fig4 #i4 ,?is has ! outl9e & appe>ance ( ,s4 oblonga ,ehr4 7,mik4 ,pl4 #ae1 ,fig4 #dh71 b ! co/ are clos]4 ,,surirella ,,rec$5s ,a4 ,s4 ,valve ovate2 co/1 #b-b 9 #aj 2 pseudoraphe n>r[1 n rea*+ ! ends ( ! valve2 int]co/al spaces m evid5t ne> ! middle4 ,l4 #ej 4 ,blue clay4 ,n uncommon4 ,pl4 #ce1 ,fig4 #g4 ,,surirella ,,cruciata ,a4 ,s4 ,valve ovate2 pseudoraphe v n>r[2 co/1 #b 9 #aj 2 ! outl9e ( sev]al ( ! m$ian co/ /rongly emphasiz$1 :ile ! o!r co/ are indi/9ct4 ,l4 #ed 4 ,blue clay4 ,pl4 #ce1 ,fig4 #aj4 ,,surirella ,,gracilis ,,grun4 ,valve l9e>1 ) sub-cuneate ends1 slightly con/rict$ 9 ! middle2 pseudoraphe v n>r[2 co/1 #f-g 9 #aj 2 transv]se /ri ab\t #bf 9 #aj 1 punctate4 ,l4 #ge 4 ,accord+ to ,de ,toni 7p4 #eih71 ?is =m is a ,nitzs*ia4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 a n>r[ pseudoraphe4 ,pavonia1 ,n4 ,j41 artesian well4 ,r>e4 ,pl4 #ce1 ,fig4 #aa4 ,,section #c ,,surirella ,,fa/uosa ,,ehr4 ,valve ovate2 co/ ab\t #a-b 9 #aj 1 dilat$ at ! m>g9 & contract+ at ab\t "o-f\r? ! di/ance t[>d ! middle2 area1 ovate-lanceolate2 pseudoraphe1 n>r[ & indi/9ct2 int]co/ate /ri m evid5t ne> ! m>g91 #ai 9 #aj 1 becom+ aga9 evid5t 9 a n>r[ b& ab\t "o-half ! di/ance to ! pseudoraphe4 ,l4 #ej-abj 4 ,along ! coa/4 ,m common s\?w>d4 ,pl4 #ce1 ,fig4 #a4 #abh,,surirella ,,febig]ii ,,lewis ,valve ovate-lanceolate2 co/ ab\t #b 9 #aj ) punctate int]spaces ext5d+ half ! di/ance t[>d ! m$ian hyal9e area1 :i* is divid$ longitud9ally on ea* side ( ! n>r[ pseudoraphe by two longitud9al b&s compos$ ( %ort1 transv]se1 irregul>1 punctate l9es4 ,along ! coa/4 ,pl4 #cf1 ,fig4 #c4 ,,section #d 7,,/5opt]obia7 ,,surirella ,,anceps ,,lewis ,fru/ule l9e>1 /raight or ne>ly s2 valve sigmoid ) r\nd$ apices2 co/ m>g9al1 ne>ly obsolete2 /ri di/9ct1 ab\t #ae 9 #aj 2 pseudoraphe wide4 ,l4 to #cbj 4 ,hammonton ,pond & ,tom's ,riv]1 ,n4 ,j4 ,pl4 #cd1 ,fig4 #b4 ,,surirella ,,int]m$ia ,,lewis ,fru/ule l9e>1 /raight1 wid5$ at ! truncate ends2 valve l9e>1 sigmoid1 tap]+ to ! sub-acute ends2 co/ ab\t #e 9 #aj 2 /ri ab\t #bj 9 #aj 4 ,l4 v>iable4 ,hammonton ,pond1 ,n4 ,j4 ,pl4 #cd1 ,fig4 #c2 ,pl4 #ci1 ,fig4 #i 7zone view74 ,?is1 p]haps1 is =ma sub-acuta ,fricke4 ,fig4 #g1 ,pl4 #cd1 is probably a small =m ( ,s4 int]m$ia1 f ,willi/[n1 ,pa4 ,x resembles a ,nitzs*ia4 ,,surirella ,,delicatissima ,,lewis ,fru/ule l9e>1 r\nd$ at ! ends2 valve l9e>-lanceolate1 sometimes v slightly con/rict$ 9 ! middle1 ) acute apices2 co/1 #e 9 #aj 2 /ri ab\t #bj 9 #aj 2 pseudoraphe well def9$1 lanceolate4 ,l4 to #ij 4 ,fre% wat]4 ,newt[n ,squ>e4 ,pl4 #cd1 ,figs4 #e & #f 7small =ms74 ,,surirella ,,arctissima ,a4 ,s4 ,valve l9e>1 tap]+ to ! sub-acute ends2 co/ m>g9al1 #e 9 #aj 2 /ri1 #ah 9 #aj 2 pseudoraphe n evid5t4 ,l4 #ahd 4 ,may's ,l&+1 ,n4 ,j4 ,pl4 #cd1 ,fig4 #d4 ,fig4 #aj1 ,pl4 #ci1 is a small =m f ,newt[n ,squ>e1 ,pa41 9 :i* ! l5g? is #hf 1 ! co/ #e & ! /ri #af 9 #aj 4 ,,podocy/is ,,kuetz4 7#ahdd7 7p\s1 a foot1 & cy/is1 a bag7 ,fru/ules cuneate1 simil> to ,surirella1 b atta*$ by %ort /ipes to o!r alg2 valve obovate4 #abi,,podocy/is ,,adriatica ,,kuetz4 ,valve ne>ly symmetrical1 obovate1 ) transv]se co/ ab\t #d 9 #aj 1 alt]nat+ ) d\ble r[s ( co>se puncta2 m$ian l9e di/9ct1 l9e>4 ,l4 #dc 4 ,podocy/is am]icana ,bail4 ,hell ,gate1 ,n4 ,y4 ,pl4 #dj1 ,fig4 #f4 ,,cymatopleura ,,wm4 ,,sm4 7#ahea7 7cuma1 a wave1 & pleura1 a side7 ,valve elliptical2 surface transv]sely undulate1 ) %ort1 m>g9al co/4 ,fru/ule 9 zone view l9e>1 ) undulat$ sides4 ,auxospore =mation z 9 ,surirella4 ,,cymatopleura ,,solea 7,,br,b47 ,,wm4 ,,sm4 ,valve oblong1 ) cuneate apices1 con/rict$ 9 ! middle2 co/ ab\t #f 9 #aj 2 /ri1 #aj 9 #aj 2 pseudoraphe sc>cely visible4 ,l4 #ej-cjj 4 ,blue clay4 ,common 9 ! ,hudson ,riv]4 ,pl4 #cd1 ,figs4 #h & #i4 ,,cymatopleura ,,elliptica 7,,br,b47 ,,wm4 ,,sm4 ,valve elliptical2 m>g9al co/ %ort1 #c 9 #aj 2 /ri delicate1 #ah 9 #aj 2 undulations f\r or m4 ,l4 #gj-adj 4 ,blue clay4 ,pl4 #cg1 ,fig4 #a4 ,=ma spiralis4--,valve ovate1 swell$ into curv$ ridges at ! l[] end1 ) a contraction ( ! valve4 ,port ,p5n1 ,delaw>e ,riv]4 ,pl4 #cg1 ,fig4 #b4 ,,cymatopleura ,,m>9a ,,lewis ,fru/ule l9e>1 ) num]\s undulations1 ends apiculate2 valve l9e>-lanceolate1 ) acute ends2 /ri transv]se1 punctate at unequal int]vals1 f #af-ah 9 #aj 4 ,l4 #dc 4 ,ea/ ,riv]1 ,n4 ,y4 ,pl4 #cg1 ,figs4 #c & #d4 ,lewis /ates t ! ends are m or less truncate4 ,i d n f9d !m s4 ,,campylodiscus ,,ehr4 7#ahda7 7campulos1 curv$ l a saddle7 ,valve orbicul> or sub-orbicul>1 ) co/ or punctate rays conv]g+ f ! circumf]5ce t[>d ! hyal9e c5tre1 :i* sometimes appe>s l a pseudoraphe4 ,fru/ule ( two saddle-%ap$ valves at "r angles to ea* o!r4 ,! zone view may be ( almo/ any %ape accord+ to position4 ,endo*rome consi/s ( two b&s1 ea* l9+ ! inn] surface ( ea* valve4 ,auxospore & conjugation unkn[n4 #acj;,,campylodiscus ,,e*5eis ,,ehr4 ,valve sub-orbicul>1 saddle-%ap$2 co/ indi/9ct1 %ort1 m>g9al2 r[s ( r\nd or elongat$ puncta conv]ge t[>d ! lanceolate1 hyal9e m$ian space4 ,diam4 #hj-adj 4 ,campylodiscus argus ,bail4 ,blue clay4 ,res]voir at ,?ompson & ,tw5ty-six? ,/s41 ,phila4 ,pl4 #cg1 ,fig4 #f4 ,?is =m1 usually consid]$ z bracki% & m>9e1 is occasionally f\nd 9 fre% wat]4 ,accord+ to ,deby1 x is fossil 9 ! ,*ampla9 deposit ( ,n4 ,a4 ,,campylodiscus ,,hib]nicus ,,ehr4 ,valve irregul>ly orbicul>2 co/1 #dj-fj1 ab\t #b 9 #aj 1 wide at ! m>g9 & att5uat$ t[>d ! c5tre :i* is some:at quadrate2 ! radials r\gh ) m9ute apiculi4 ,p5sauk51 ,n4 ,j41 artesian well4 ,pl4 #cg1 ,fig4 #e4 #aca;,,app5dix ,,collection ,,& ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,diatoms ,x is assum$ t e /ud5t ( ! ,diatomace has a g5]al k ( ! collection1 prep>ation1 m\nt+ & exam9ation ( mat]ial4 ,= ! novice1 h[ev]1 ! foll[+ me?ods1 us$ by ! au?or = _m ye>s1 may be ( s]vice4 ,collection ( ,fre%-wat] ,mat]ial4--,! yell[ film on ! inside ( aqu>ia always conta9s small species4 ,/ems ( wat]-plants ne> ! %ores ( ponds & ! subm]g$ roots1 ! br[ni% coat+ ( rocks 9 /reams & wat]-falls1 f\nta9s1 & wat]-tr\ghs1 are prolific4 ,at all times ( ! ye>1 "s diatoms may be f\nd 9 a ?9 lay] ^u ! mud ( riv]s or creeks4 ,9 ! spr+1 br[n pat*es ( mud1 fill$ ) bubbles1 float+ ne> ! %ore 9 ponds1 or com+ d[n ) ! curr5t 9 riv]s1 are ri* 9 v>i\s =ms4 ,)9 ! limits assign$ to our di/rict1 ,i h made collections 9 ! foll[+ localities3 ,s*uylkill ,riv]1 includ+ ! region ne> ,fairm\nt ,dam1 sev]al res]voirs & ! wat]-supply2 ! ,wissahickon & ,fairm\nt ,p>k1 ,d>by1 ,crum & ,ridley ,creeks1 ! ,ne%am9y & ! ,br&yw9e2 mead[ pools & rivulets ne> ! city2 ! upp] ,delaw>e1 ! ,wat] ,gap & num]\s cascades nor?w>d2 ! ,%awangunk ,m\nta9s & ! ,poconos2 _m p>ts ( ,new ,j]sey along ! coa/2 ! ,p9e ,b>r5 region1 ! ,hammonton1 ,atsion & ,kirkwood ,ponds & ! swamps ne> ,atco4 ,9 ! collection ( fre%-wat] mat]ial1 x is well to be provid$ ) a numb] ( small bottles4 ,take a h&ful ( ! wat]-plants or alg1 & squeeze ! mat]ial into ! bottles1 or1 lack+ a bottle1 wrap x 9 pap]4 ,) a small =ceps x is possible to deta* m9ute quantities ( a pure ga!r+ :i* may n ne$ fur!r prep>ation beyond burn+ to a r$ heat on ! cov]-glass be=e m\nt+4 ,a malacca cane1 ) ext5d+ rod to :i* may be screw$ a bottle1 net1 spoon or hook1 is useful on a long trip4 ,if x is impossible to sep>ate ! ?9 film ( diatoms f ! mud 9 ! b$ ( /reams1 dip up ! surface mud ) "o bottle1 all[ to settle a few m9utes1 !n p\r (f ! sup]natant liquid1 :i* w be comp>atively free f s&1 into ano!r bottle4 ,x mu/ be confess$1 h[ev]1 t ! mud 9 /reams ne> ,philadelphia conta9s a l>ge quantity ( f9e mica :i*1 9 "s in/ances1 x is impossible to remove4 ,collection ( ,m>9e ,mat]ial4--,%ell scrap+s1 ! /oma*s ( fi%1 m>9e alg1 especially ! br[n & r$ alg1 ! hulls ( vessels1 mud f an*ors & dr$g+s1 are all s\rces :i* may prove valuable4 ,9 ! s& ripples1 aft] ! tide rec$es1 a yell[i%-br[n deposit w be notic$4 ,?is %\ld be tak5 up c>efully ) a spoon & plac$ 9 a bottle2 ! s& w settle at once & a v pure ga!r+ w be held 9 susp5sion 9 ! wat]4 ,su* collections may be made along ! entire coa/ ( ,new ,j]sey on sunny days 9 summ]4 ,9 salt mead[s ne> ,absecon & ,hack5sack1 l>ge quantities ( diatoms1 includ+ ,pleurosigma1 may be obta9$ 9 ! yell[ scum float+ on ! surface4 ,! ,blue ,clay ,deposit4--,! blue clay occurs z a pre- or po/-glacial deposit 9 ! b$ ( ! anci5t ,delaw>e ,riv]1 &1 at dep?s v>y+ usually f fifte5 to =ty feet bel[ ! surface1 has be5 obta9$ f artesian wells at ,pavonia1 ,p5sauk5 & ,gl\ce/]1 ,n4 ,j41 also at ,port ,p5n on ! ,delaw>e1 & especially f ! dr$g+s #acbmade by ! removal ( ,smi?'s ,isl& opposite ! city4 ,9 ! city prop]1 x may be /at$ briefly t mat]ial may be f\nd 9 a /ratum ( v light blue clay at a dep? v>y+ f tw5ty to sixty feet 9 _m places s\? ( ,ar* ,/4 ea/ ( ,broad ,/41 & also along ! b$s ( anci5t rivulets ne> ,tioga ,/41 at ,sixte5? ,/41 & 9 c]ta9 o!r places :i* 7 probably subject to tidal ov]fl[4 ,"o ( ! be/ collections 0 made along ! bank ( ! ,s*uylkill at ! ea/ end ( ,walnut ,/4 ,bridge1 at a dep? ( ?irte5 feet bel[ ! surface4 ,excavations = ! ,read+ ,t]m9al & ! ,subway & sev]al build+s1 z ! ,b+ham ,h\se1 h furni%$ num]\s specim5s4 ,clean+ ! ,mat]ial4--,"s ga!r+s may be s pure z to be ready = m\nt+ :5 treat$ ) dilute alcohol & oil ( cloves4 ,if1 :5 ga!r$1 ! diatoms are imm]s$ 9 a saturat$ solution ( picric acid = sev]al days1 !y may be /a9$ ) c>m9e or me?yl5e blue1 or :atev] may be requir$ to emphasize ! cont5ts ( ! fru/ules1 includ+ ! endo*rome & ! pyr5oids4 ,aft] /a9+1 pass z rapidly z exp$i5t ?r\gh ! treatm5t ) dilute alcohol & oil ( cloves1 & m\nt 9 b5zol balsam1 avoid+ heat4 ,a hot solution ( m]curic bi*loride is sometimes us$ = ! pres]vation ( ! endo*rome1 al?\gh wa%+ is ne$$ be=e m\nt+4 ,= ! p>ticul> /a9 consid]$ be/ = c]ta9 details ( /ructure1 x w be advisable to consult works on ,micro-,*emi/ry or ,he9z]l+ 7l4 c474 ,! /a9s ( mo/ importance are c>m9e1 me?yl5e blue1 hmatoxyl91 gold *loride & ,bism>ck br[n4 ,:atev] me?od may be us$ 9 /a9+1 ! id5tification ( =ms is impossible1 9 mo/ cases1 unless ! valves are c>efully clean$ & ! cell-cont5ts de/roy$4 ,= ?is purpose provide a cass]ole hold+ f five to eight ounces1 an iron tripod /& ) alcohol lamp1 sev]al six-in* te/-tubes1 pref]ably ^? ) a /&>d base1 fitt$ ) pure rubb] corks4 ,take ! mat]ial z free f twigs1 dead leaves1 s&1 & o!r matt] z possible1 place x 9 ! cass]ole1 & add ab\t ! same quantity ( nitric acid4 ,boil = tw5ty m9utes & !n add ab\t half a teaspoonful ( p[d]$ bi*romate ( pota%1 /irr+ ) a glass rod4 ,!n take a beak]-glass p>tly fill$ ) wat] & p\r into x sl[ly ! liquid :i* has be5 all[$ to cool a %ort "t1 :irl+ ! cass]ole to cause ! conc5tration ( s& 9 ! c5tre4 ,all[ ! mat]ial to settle = half an h\r or long]1 accord+ to ! am\nt ( diatoms & _! size4 ,p\r (f ! wat]1 add m wat]1 & place 9 a te/-tube4 ,repeat ! decantation1 %ak+ ! te/-tube1 clos$ ) a rubb] cork1 vigor\sly ea* "t4 ,f "t to "t :irl ! diatoms 9 ! cass]ole & ?r[ away ! s& collect$ 9 ! c5tre4 ,by repeat+ ! decantation1 %ak+ & :irl+1 ! deposit w be f\nd to consi/ almo/ entirely ( diatoms4 ,x may be necess>y to repeat ! boil+ 9 ! acid & bi*romate4 ,if1 h[ev]1 any detritus o!r ?an s& is not$1 boil 9 sulphuric acid & add f "t to "t m9ute p9*es ( p[d]$ *lorate ( pota%1 be+ c>eful to protect ! eyes by hold+ a piece ( glass be=e !m2 o!rwise ! explosions :i* occur are likely to ?r[ "s ( ! boil+ acid into ! eyes & de/roy ! sight4 ,! mat]ial1 :5 clean1 %\ld be :ite or1 9 ! case ( ,syn$ra1 yell[i%4 ,x is q easy to con/ruct a box fitt$ ) ! prop] app>atus = boil+ & provid$ ) a glass door = obs]vation1 & a me?od ( introduc+ ! *lorate ( pota% ?r\gh a small ap]ture or tube4 ,! box may be plac$ 9 ! g>d5 or fa/5$ outside ( a w9d[ s t ! poison\s fumes may be c>ri$ (f4 ,an excell5t me?od1 9 ! case ( l>g] =ms1 is to boil ! mat]ial already clean$ by ! acid 9 wat] to :i* a few %av+s ( co>se br[n soap are add$4 ,! diff]5ce 9 d5sity w hold 9 susp5sion any floccul5t matt]1 & :ile _m ( ! small] #acc;=ms w n settle1 ! o!rs w be p]fectly clean$4 ,:5 satisfi$ ) ! clean+1 pres]ve ! /ock mat]ial 9 "p alcohol &1 9 us+1 p\r into a small] bottle ! am\nt requir$1 replace ! dilute alcohol ) di/ill$ wat]1 & m\nt z direct$4 ,x (t5 happ5s t ga!r+s are made consi/+ almo/ entirely ( s&4 ,attempts at clean+ 9 ! usual way w cause ! loss ( ne>ly all ( ! diatoms4 ,9 ?is case1 aft] ! mat]ial has be5 treat$ ) acid until no?+ rema9s b s& & a few diatoms1 ! me*anical f+] mu/ be us$4 ,9 ! clean+ ( m>9e deposits1 v>i\s me?ods may be requir$4 ,9 ! case ( p>tly silice\s species1 wa%+ 9 pure wat] repeat$ly is all t c be done4 ,! l>g] & heavi] diatoms may be sep>at$ f ! s& by elutriation or by :irl+ 9 a cass]ole1 by rock+ 9 a %all[ di% ! %ape ( a wat* cry/al1 or by p\r+ sl[ly ov] a /rip ( plate-glass at lea/ two feet 9 l5g? incl9$ at an angle ( ?irty degrees4 ,! s& w cl+ to ! glass1 :ile ! great] portion ( ! diatoms w run (f4 ,:]e p>ticles ( %ells or =am9if]a are pres5t1 a prelim9>y boil+ 9 hydro*loric acid is advisable4 ,9 all m>9e ga!r+s1 ! salt %\ld fir/ be wa%$ out be=e proce$+ ) ! clean+4 ,= h>d5$ masses ( clay & = fossil deposits1 x is necess>y to boil 9 c>bonate ( soda & foll[ ) ! acid treatm5t4 ,citric acid & acetate ( pota% us$ alt]nately 9 boil+ may be tri$4 ,soak+ = a "t 9 acetate ( pota% & all[+ ! mat]ial to deliquesce = a week be=e fur!r process1 has prov$ successful 9 "s in/ances4 ,! repetition ( sev]al me?ods & ! g5tle break+ ( ! h>d] masses ) ! po9t ( a ne$le w dis9tegrate almo/ any diatomace\s e>?1 b1 z a la/ resort = refractory deposits1 boil 9 pure wat]1 add a piece ( cau/ic pota% ab\t ! size ( a pea1 cont9ue ! boil+ n m ?an ?irty seconds long]1 & p\r in/antly into dilute hydro*loric acid2 o!rwise ! diatoms w be de/roy$4 ,aft]w>ds proce$ ) ! usual treatm5t4 ,slides & ,cov]s4--,take half an ounce ( ,no4 #a cov]s1 circles1 & place !m 9 a wide-m\!d bottle4 ,add a portion ( ! foll[+ mixture 7,dr4 ,c>l ,seil]'s =mula73 ,bi*romate ( pota% #b oz4 ,sulphuric acid #c fl4 oz4 ,wat] #be fl4 oz4 ,%ake ! bottle 9 ord] t ! surfaces ( ! cov]s may be fully expos$ to ! action ( ! acid1 & set aside = sev]al h\rs4 ,decant ! solution1 add wat] repeat$ly until all traces ( ! mixture are remov$1 & keep ! circles 9 ! bottle 9 fifty-p] c5t4 alcohol4 ,:5 ne$$1 take out a circle ) =ceps & dry on a l95 clo?4 ,! slides may be treat$ 9 ! same way1 or !y may be easily prep>$ by imm]sion 9 a solution ( wa%+ soda1 & !n wa%$ & dri$4 ,?is process may be us$ 9 clean+ ! balsam or /yrax f old slides4 ,prep>ation ( ,/rewn ,m\nts4--,place sev]al cov]s on ! m\nt+ /&4 ,) a dipp+ tube1 cov] ea* circle ) di/ill$ wat]1 & add a small drop ( ! prep>$ diatoms1 be+ c>eful to avoid any vibration ( ! /&4 ,heat ! /& until small bubbles beg9 to appe>1 remove ! lamp1 & all[ ! wat] to evaporate4 ,if ! above me?od is c>efully foll[$1 ! diatoms w be deposit$ 9 an ev5 lay]1 provid$ ! mat]ial is n too d5se4 ,take a slide1 c5tre x1 & place a small am\nt ( /yrax on ! c5tre4 ,inv]t ! prep>$ cov]1 & g5tly place x ^u ! /yrax4 ,heat ! slide #acdon ! m\nt+ /& until ! /yrax bubbles & !n all[ to cool4 ,if bubbles /ill rema91 heat aga9 until !y disappe>4 ,x is well to m\nt sev]al slides m ?an requir$1 z "s may be imp]fect4 ,prep>ation ( ,select$ ,m\nts4--,take a slide1 place a m9ute quantity ( beeswax on two places at a di/ance ap>t ne>ly equal to ! diamet] ( ! cov] us$4 ,place a cov] on ! wax & press x d[n flat1 or suffici5tly to keep x 9 position4 ,dip a f9e ne$le into ! foll[+ cem5t3 ,glacial acetic acid #ab dra*ms ,gelat9e #b dra*ms ,alcohol #a dra*m ,?is is made by add+ ! acid to ! gelat9e 9 a wat]-ba? & !n ! alcohol1 & filt]+4 ,apply ! moi/5$ ne$le to ! c5tre ( ! cov] & spread z small a quantity z possible 9 a ?9 lay]4 ,n[ place ! slide ^u ! turn table1 c5tre x ) respect to ! position ( ! gelat9e1 & ) ! f9e/ sable bru% draw a circle ab\t a t5? ( an in* 9 diamet] ar\nd ! gelat9e 9 wat]-color 7,w9dsor71 blue or v]milion1 or 9 ,india ink4 ,in/ead ( ! wat]-color1 a circle ( t9-foil ! size ( ! cov] & pi]c$ ) a hole 9 ! c5tre may be us$1 b ! color$ circle is to be pref]r$1 z1 :5 br\ght into view1 x indicates exactly ! focus requir$ = obs]v+ ! diatom4 ,! bottle conta9+ ! clean$ mat]ial1 :i* has be5 kept 9 wat] & alcohol1 %\ld be refill$ ) di/ill$ wat] & well %ak51 :5 a small portion may be tak5 up ) a dipp+ tube & ev5ly di/ribut$ ov] a portion ( a slide & !n dri$4 ,by ! use ( a me*anical f+]1 fitt$ ) a small piece ( f9ely spun glass atta*$ by wax to ! hold] ( ! f+]1 :5 ! microscope is focuss$ until ! glass ?read t\*es ! diatom select$1 x w adh]e to ! ?read4 ,raise ! body ( ! microscope1 remove ! slide conta9+ ! spread mat]ial1 or move x to ano!r "p ( ! /age1 & place ! slide ) ! prep>$ cov] 9 ! same position4 ,n[ c>efully l[] ! body-tube ( ! in/rum5t until ! diatom re/s ^u ! gelat9e1 brea! g5tly ^u x1 remove ! cov] f ! slide1 inv]t x ov] ano!r slide conta9+ a drop ( /yrax & proce$ by heat+ to m\nt z be=e4 ,! size ( ! diatom1 ! am\nt ( gelat9e1 & sev]al o!r factors1 w ent] into ! "q ( success or failure4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 employ$ ! above me?od & h m\nt$ ?\s&s ( slides ( select$ diatoms successfully4 ,x is necess>y to avoid any air curr5t :i* w cause ! diatom to fall f ! ?read4 ,on v cold days ! glass ?read sometimes becomes electrifi$ & ! diatoms w n /ick2 on sultry days 9 ,augu/ 9 our locality ! diatoms w /ick too closely4 ,by ! same me?od1 slides ( arrang$ diatoms c be made us+ a glass circle prop]ly m>k$ ) l9es 9 ! eye-piece4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to use glass ?reads m or less 9 proportion to ! size ( ! diatoms4 ,a cat's :isk] is pref]r$ by "s to ! glass ?read4 ,x has ! advantage ( n break+1 b unless x is q %ort x is too flexible4 ,if ! po9t ( ! ?read becomes cov]$ ) gelat9e1 l[] x into a m9ute drop ( wat] ^u a sep>ate slide1 & by mov+ x ab\t x w be clean$4 ,! diatom itself may be wa%$ 9 ! same way1 if x is n too small4 ,in/rum5ts ,requir$4--,= collect+1 9 ord] to det]m9e ! quality ( ! f9d1 any simple l5s ( fifte5 to tw5ty diamet]s is suffici5t4 ,a ,/anhope is q useful #ace;al?\gh difficult to obta91 :ile an a*romatic triplet ( suffici5t p[] w probably be all t is necess>y4 ,= select+ ) ! me*anical f+]1 an objective ( two-?irds-in* focus is ! mo/ conv5i5t1 b = det]m9+ species a "o-fif?-in* is ne$$1 an imm]sion objective be+ ess5tial = m9ute =ms4 ,no p>ticul> =m ( microscope is requir$4 ,any in/rum5t hav+ /&>d p>ts1 incl9ation ( ! body to ! axis1 a sub-/age cond5s] & movable /age1 w prove s]viceable 9 ne>ly all inve/igations4 ,= critical "w1 measurem5t ( /ri & location ( specim5s on ! slide1 ! l>ge models ( ,baus* & ,lomb leave no?+ to be desir$4 ,"o small] in/rum5t may be us$ = rapid exam9ation & = selection ) ! me*anical f+]4 ,if ! /age is suppli$ ) a v]ni]1 ! diatoms c be locat$ rapidly & record$ = future ref]5ce4 ,! ,z5tmay] ,army ,hospital /& ) me*anical /age is excell5t4 ,! ,cont95tal /&s1 conv5i5t = laboratory "w1 especially 9 ! exam9ation ( bact]ia1 are n s s]viceable z ! l>g] /&s ( ,am]ican & ,engli% make4 ,! /& especially design$ by ,dr4 ,h5ri ,van ,heurck1 ! celebrat$ ,belgian naturali/1 is1 )\t d\bt1 admirably suit$ to ! inve/igation ( ! ,diatomace4 ,9 ! =m ( ! ,circuit ,/age z made by ,watson & ,sons1 ( ,london1 suppli$ ) prop] cond5s] & me*anical /age ) v]ni] atta*m5t1 x has be5 us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ! pres5t "w ) mu* satisfaction4 ,! draw+s h all be5 made ) an ,abb cam]a lucida1 a #c mm4 objective & a ,no4 #aj eye-piece1 produc+ a magnification ( ab\t #hjj diamet]s4 ,all illu/rations are f actual specim5s 9 my cab9et or1 9 a few in/ances1 f slides s5t me by fri5ds4 ,9 ! measurem5t ( /ri & puncta1 ! numb] 9 t5 microns is /at$1 & w be f\nd to be approximately correct 9 mo/ ( ! draw+s1 except :5 ! numb] is 9 excess ( tw5ty 9 t5 microns1 9 :i* case x is impossible to repres5t ! m>k+s accurately on figures ( ! magnification adopt$4 ,all draw+s are f specim5s 9 ?is locality1 except 9 a few cases m5tion$ 9 ! text4 #acg;,,index 7,,synonyms ,,9 ,,italics7 ,,page ,a*nan!s1 #eh brevipes ,ag41 #ei co>ctata 7,brb47 ,grun41 #ei danica 7,floegel7 ,grun41 #fj exigua ,grun41 #ei inflata 7,kuetz47 ,grun41 #ei lanceolata 7,brb47 ,grun41 #ei l9e>is =ma curta ,h4,l4,s41 #ei longipes ,ag41 #eh subsessilis ,kuetz41 #ei ,act9ella1 #ed punctata ,lewis1 #ed ,act9ocyclus1 #bf b>kleyi v>4 aggregata ,rattr41 #bg ellipticus v>4 delaw>5sis n4 v>41 #bg monili=mis ,ralfs1 #bg ,act9opty*us1 #bd cellulosa ,ehr41 #bd heliopelta ,grun4 v>481 #be omphalopelta ,ehr41 #bd undulatus 7,kuetz47 ,ralfs1 #bd vulg>is v>4 int]rupta n4 v>41 #bd ,amphipleura1 #gh pellucida ,kuetz41 #gh rutilans 7,tr5tepohl7 ,cl41 #gh ,amphiprora1 #fh alata ,kuetz41 #fh conspicua ,grev41 #fh lepidopt]a ,greg41 #fi ornata ,bail41 #fh paludosa ,wm4 ,sm41 #fh pul*ra ,bail41 #fh ,amphitetras1 ant$iluviana ,ehr41 #cb tessellata ,%ad41 #cb ,amphora1 #fe acuta ,greg41 #ff angu/a v>4 eul5/e9ii ,grun41 #fg apon9a ,kuetz41 #ff ar5>ia ,donk41 #fg areolata ,grun41 #ff c(fi=mis 7,ag47 ,kuetz41 #ff crassa ,greg41 #fe eul5/e9ii ,a4,s41 #fg gigantea v>4 fusca ,a4,s41 #fe insecta ,grun41 #fi lvis ,greg41 #ff l9eolata ,ehr41 #ff mucronata ,h4,l4,s41 #fi obtusa ,greg41 #fg ocellata v>4 c+ulata ,cl41 #fg o/re>ia ,brb41 #ff ovalis 7,brb47 ,kuetz41 #fe v>4 libyca 7,ehr47 ,cl41 #fe v>4 p$iculus 7,kuetz47 ,cl41 #fe plicata ,greg41 #ff porcellus ,kitton1 #ff proteus ,greg41 #fe quadrata ,brb41 #ff robu/a ,greg41 #fe sal9a ,wm4 ,sm41 #ff vitra ,cl41 #ff ,anomoeoneis1 #hj follis 7,ehr47 ,cl41 #hj s]ians ,brb41 #hj sphrophora 7,kuetz47 ,cl41 #hj ,anor?oneis1 #ef exc5trica 7,donk47 ,grun41 #ef ,a/]ionella1 #ej =mosa ,hass41 #ej inflata ,heib41 #ej ,at!ya1 #ch decora ,we/1 #ch ,aulacodiscus1 #bf argus 7,ehr47 ,a4,s41 #bf ,auliscus1 #bh clatus ,bail41 #bi pru9osus ,bail41 #bh punctatus ,bail41 #bh sculptus 7,wm4 ,sm47 ,ralfs1 #bi sp9osus ,*ri/ian1 #bi ,auricula1 #fi insecta 7,grun47 ,cl41 #fi mucronata 7,h4,l4,s47 ,p]41 #fi ,bacill>ia1 #aai p>adoxa ,gmel91 #aai ,biddulphia1 #ca alt]nans 7,bail47 ,v4 ,h41 #cc ant$iluviana 7,ehr47 ,v4 ,h41 #cb biddulphiana 7,smi?71 #ca favus 7,ehr47 ,v4 ,h41 #ca granulata ,rop]1 #cb lvis ,ehr41 #cc pul*ella ,gray41 #ca reticulum 7,ehr471 #cc rhombus 7,ehr47 ,wm4 ,sm41 #cb smi?ii 7,ralfs7 ,v4 ,h41 #cb turgida 7,ehr47 ,wm4 ,sm41 #cb ,brbissonia1 #gi boeckii 7,kuetz47 ,grun41 #gi palm]ii n4 sp41 #hj ,caloneis1 #ha brevis v>4 vexans ,grun41 #hb =mosa 7,greg47 ,cl41 #hb lib] 7,wm4 ,sm47 ,cl41 #ha p]magna 7,bail47 ,cl41 #hb v>4 lewisiana n4 v>41 #hb p[ellii 7,lewis7 ,cl41 #hc silicula 7,ehr47 ,cl41 #ha v>4 inflata 7,grun47 ,cl41 #ha tr9odis 7,lewis71 #ha w>dii ,cl41 #hb ,campylodiscus1 #abi argus ,bail41 #acj e*5eis ,ehr41 #acj hib]nicus ,ehr41 #acj ,c]ataulus smi?ii ,ralfs1 #cb turgidus ,ehr41 #cb ,cocconeis1 #eg dirupta ,greg41 #eh p$iculus ,ehr41 #eg pellucida ,grun41 #eh plac5tula ,ehr41 #eg v>4 l9eata 7,ehr47 ,v4 ,h41 #eh scutellum ,ehr41 #eg v>4 ornata ,grun41 #eg ,cocconema asp]um ,ehr41 #fa ,colletonema neglectum ,?waites1 #ie vulg>is ,?waites1 #gg ,conf]va biddulphiana ,smi?1 #ca flocculosa ,ro?1 #cf monili=mis ,muell]1 #af nummuloides ,dillw41 #afag rutilans ,tr5tepohl1 #gh ,cosc9odiscus1 #ba argus ,ehr41 #bc a/]omphalus ,ehr41 #bc v>4 omphalan?a ,grun41 #bc biangulatus ,a4 ,s41 #bc d5>ius ,a4 ,s41 #bb exc5tricus ,ehr41 #ba v>4 p]pusilla ,grun41 #ba lewisianus ,grev41 #bd l9eatus ,ehr41 #ba m>g9atus ,ehr41 #bb m9or ,wm4 ,sm41 #ad nitidulus ,grun41 #ba nitidus ,greg41 #ba oculus-iridus ,ehr41 #bc polyacan?us ,grun41 #bb radiatus ,ehr41 #bc /riatus ,kuetz41 #ai subaulacodiscoidalis ,rattr41 #bc subtilis ,ehr41 #ba velatus ,ehr41 #bb ,creswellia turris ,grev41 #ah ,cyclotella1 #ai antiqua ,wm4 ,sm41 #bj comta 7,ehr47 ,kuetz41 #bj dallasiana ,wm4 ,sm41 #ai kuetz+iana ,wm4 ,sm41 #ai m5egh9iana ,kuetz41 #ai v>4 /ellig]a ,cl4 & ,grun41 #bj v>4 /ellulif]a ,cl4 & ,grun41 #bj op]culata 7,ag47 ,kuetz41 #bj scotica ,kuetz41 #ah /riata 7,kuetz47 ,grun41 #ai /ylorum 7,br487 ,v4 ,h41 #bj ,cymatopleura1 #abi elliptica 7,brb47 ,wm4 ,sm41 #abi m>9a ,lewis1 #abi solea 7,brb47 ,wm4 ,sm41 #abi ,cymbella1 #fj aff9is ,kuetz41 #fa amphicephala ,ngeli1 #fa asp]a 7,ehr47 ,cl41 #fa ci/ula 7,hempr47 ,kir*n41 #fb cuspidata ,kuetz41 #fj cymbi=mis 7,kuetz47 ,brb41 #fb ehr5b]gii ,kuetz41 #fj excisa 7,kuetz47 ,de ,toni1 #fa ga/roides ,kuetz41 #fa gracilis 7,rab47 ,cl41 #fd het]opleura 7,ehr47 ,kuetz41 #fj lacu/ris 7,ag47 ,cl41 #fd lanceolata 7,ehr47 ,kir*n41 #fb mexicana 7,ehr47 ,a4 ,s41 #fb naviculi=mis ,au]swald1 #fj p>va 7,wm4 ,sm47 ,cl41 #fa philadelphica n4 sp41 #fc pro/rata 7,b]k47 ,cl41 #fc rhomboidea n4 sp41 #fc s9uata ,greg41 #fa triangulum 7,ehr47 ,cl41 #fc tumida 7,brb47 ,v4 ,h41 #fb turgida 7,greg47 ,cl41 #fc v>481 #fc v5tricosa ,kuetz41 #fb ,diatoma1 #da anceps 7,ehr47 ,kir*n41 #db arcuatum ,lyng41 #ce biddulphianum ,ag41 #ca hiemale 7,lyng47 ,heib41 #db m>9um ,lyng41 #cg vulg>e ,bory41 #db v>4 elongatum 7,ag471 #db v>4 gr&e 7,wm4 ,sm47 ,grun41 #db ,dictyoneis1 #gh m>g9ata v>4 commutata ,cl41 #gi v>4 maxima n4 v>41 #gi v>4 typica ,cl41 #gh ,dim]ogramma1 #df m>9um 7,greg47 ,ralfs1 #df m9us 7,greg47 ,ralfs1 #dg s9uatum ,?waites1 #aai surirella 7,ehr47 ,grun41 #df ,diploneis1 #hd campylodiscus 7,grun47 ,cl41 #hf crabro ,ehr4 v>481 #he v>4 expleta 7,a4 ,s47 ,cl41 #he v>4 p&ura 7,brb47 ,cl41 #he v>4 p&urella ,cl481 #he elliptica 7,kuetz47 ,cl41 #hd v>4 m9utissima ,grun41 #he exc5trica n4 sp41 #he fusca v>4 delicata 7,a4 ,s47 ,cl41 #he gemmata 7,grev47 ,cl41 #hf gru5dl]i 7,a4 ,s47 ,cl41 #he oculata 7,brb47 ,cl41 #hf puella 7,s*um47 ,cl41 #he smi?ii 7,brb47 ,cl41 #hd ,ditylum1 #cj intricatum 7,we/7 ,grun41 #cj ,e*9ella circul>is ,grev41 #dj flabellata ,c>m41 #ci p>adoxa ,lyng41 #ci ,encyonema1 #fb ,epi!mia1 #aaa argus ,kuetz41 #aaa v>481 #aaa gibba v>4 v5tricosa ,kuetz41 #aac gibb]ula v>4 producta ,grun41 #aab m>9a ,donk41 #aad muell]i ,a4 ,s481 #aaa musculus ,kuetz41 #aab v>4 con/ricta 7,brb47 ,v4 ,h41 #aab succ9cta ,brb41 #aab turgida 7,ehr47 ,kuetz41 #aaa zebra v>4 proboscidea 7,kuetz47 ,grun41 #aab ,eunotia1 #ea bactriana ,ehr41 #ed biceps ,ehr41 #ec bid5tula ,wm4 ,sm41 #ed bigibba ,greg41 #ec =mica ,ehr4 v>481 #ed gracilis 7,ehr47 ,rab41 #ea hemicyclus 7,ehr47 ,ralfs1 #ec incisa ,greg41 #eb luna ,ehr41 #eb lun>is 7,ehr47 ,grun41 #ec major 7,wm4 ,sm47 ,rab41 #ea nymanniana ,grun41 #ea pect9alis 7,kuetz471 #eb v>4 soli]olii 7,kuetz471 #eb v>4 undulata ,ralfs1 #eb v>4 v5tricosa ,grun41 #eb prrupta ,ehr41 #ec v>4 bid5s ,grun41 #ec robu/a ,ralfs1 #ec v5]is ,kuetz41 #eb ,eunotogramma1 #cc lve ,grun41 #cc ,euodia1 #cd gibba ,bail41 #cd ,eupodiscus1 #bh argus 7,ehr47 ,wm4 ,sm41 #bf radiatus ,bail41 #bh radiatus ,wm4 ,sm41 #cb ,fragil>ia1 #dd arctica ,grun41 #dd capuc9a v>4 mesolepta ,rab41 #de con/ru5s 7,ehr47 ,grun41 #de h>risonii 7,wm4 ,sm47 ,grun41 #de l9e>is ,c/r41 #de p>asitica 7,wm4 ,sm471 #de undata ,wm4 ,sm41 #dd viresc5s ,ralfs1 #dd ,fru/ulia1 #gg acum9ata ,kuetz41 #gf int]posita 7,lewis7 ,de ,toni1 #gh lewisiana 7,grev47 ,de ,toni1 #gg rhomboides 7,ehr47 ,de ,toni1 #gg v>4 amphipleuroides ,grun41 #gg v>4 saxonica ,rab41 #gg vulg>is 7,?waites7 ,de ,toni1 #gg ,gaillonella1 #af cr5ulata ,ehr41 #ae granulata ,ehr41 #ae monili=mis ,bail41 #af nummuloides 7,dillw47 ,bory41 #af sulcata ,ehr41 #ae ,gloeonema1 #fc triangulum ,ehr41 #fc ,gomphoneis1 #gj h]culaneum 7,ehr47 ,cl41 #gj mamilla 7,ehr47 ,cl41 #gj ,gomphonema1 #gj acum9atum1 #ga v>4 coronata 7,ehr47 ,cl41 #ga v>4 trigonocephala 7,ehr47 ,cl41 #ga v>4 turris 7,ehr47 ,cl41 #ga v>4 turris 7,ehr47 ,cl481 #ga quale ,greg41 #gb angu/atum ,kuetz41 #gb augur ,ehr41 #gb brasili5se v>4 dem]> ,grun481 #gc capitatum ,ehr41 #gb capitatum v>4 h]culaneum ,ehr41 #gj con/rictum ,ehr41 #gb gem9atum ,lyng41 #ga insigne ,greg41 #ga intricatum ,kuetz41 #gb lanceolatum v>4 insignis 7,greg47 ,cl41 #ga montanum ,s*um41 #ga olivaceum ,lyng41 #gc p>vulum v>4 micropus 7,kuetz47 ,cl41 #gc s>cophagus ,greg41 #gb sphrophorum ,ehr41 #gb subclavatum v>4 montana ,s*um41 #ga t9ctum ,ag41 #dj v5tricosum ,greg41 #gc ,grammatophora1 #cf angulosa v>4 hamulif]a 7,kuetz47 ,grun41 #cg isl&ica ,ehr41 #cg m>9a 7,lyng47 ,kuetz41 #cg v>4 subtilissima 7,bail47 ,v4 ,h41 #cg s]p5t9a ,ralfs1 #cg subtilissima ,bail41 #cg ,gyrosigma1 #ge acum9atum 7,kuetz47 ,cl41 #gf att5uatum 7,kuetz47 ,cl41 #ge balticum 7,ehr47 ,cl41 #ge v>4 similis 7,grun47 ,cl41 #gf fasciola 7,ehr47 ,cl41 #gg hippocampus 7,ehr471 #ge kuetz+ii 7,grun47 ,cl41 #gf p>k]i v>4 /auroneioides ,grun41 #ge prolongatum 7,wm4 ,sm47 ,cl41 #gf scalproides 7,rab47 ,cl41 #gf simile 7,grun471 #gf sp5c]ii v>4 nodif]a ,grun41 #gf /rigilis 7,wm4 ,sm47 ,cl41 #gf ,hantzs*ia1 #aac amphioxys 7,ehr47 ,grun41 #aac v>4 major ,grun41 #aad m>9a 7,donk47 ,grun41 #aad virgata 7,rop]7 ,grun41 #aad ,himantidium pect9ate ,kuetz41 #eb ,homoeocladia1 #abc fili=mis ,wm4 ,sm41 #abc ,hyalodiscus1 #ag radiatus v>4 arctica ,grun41 #ag scoticus 7,kuetz47 ,grun41 #ah /ellig] ,bail41 #ag subtilis ,bail41 #ah ,licmophora1 #ch baileyi 7,ehr47 ,grun41 #dj ehr5b]gii 7,kuetz47 ,grun41 #dj flabellata 7,c>m47 ,ag41 #ci gracilis 7,ehr47 ,grun41 #ci v>4 elongata 7,kuetz47 ,de ,toni1 #ci lyngbyei 7,kuetz47 ,grun41 #dj ovulum ,m]41 #ci p>adoxa 7,lyng47 ,ag41 #ci spl5dida ,wm4 ,sm41 #ci t9cta 7,ag47 ,grun41 #dj ,lysigonium1 #af monili=me 7,muell47 ,l9k1 #af nummuloides 7,lyng47 ,o',me>a1 #ag v>ians 7,ag47 ,de ,toni1 #ag ,ma/ogloia1 #hf angulata ,lewis1 #hg apiculata ,wm4 ,sm41 #hg braunii ,grun41 #hg elegans ,lewis1 #hg exigua ,lewis1 #hg k9smanii ,lewis1 #hg lanceolata ,?waites1 #hg smi?ii ,?waites1 #hg ,meloseira1 #ad borr]i ,grev41 #ag cr5ulata 7,ehr47 ,kuetz41 #ae di/ans 7,ehr47 ,kuetz41 #ad g[5ii ,a4 ,s41 #ae granulata 7,ehr47 ,ralfs1 #ae nivalis ,wm4 ,sm41 #ad nummuloides ,ag41 #af roeseana ,rab41 #ae v>4 epid5dron 7,ehr47 ,grun41 #ae sulcata ,kuetz41 #ae undulata 7,ehr47 ,kuetz41 #ae v>ians ,ag41 #ag ,m]idion1 #dj circul>e 7,grev47 ,ag41 #dj con/rictum ,ralfs1 #da ,micromega ramosissimum ,ag41 #ie ,navicula1 #hi aff9is ,ehr41 #hc am]icana ,ehr41 #ih amphibola ,cl41 #ib amphigomphus ,ehr41 #hc anglica ,ralfs1 #if angulata ,quek41 #gd ardua ,mann1 #if ar5>ia ,donk41 #ie atomus ,ngeli1 #ajj bacillum ,ehr41 #ih baltica ,ehr41 #ge brasili5sis v>4 bicuneata ,cl41 =ma con/ricta1 #ib crucig]a 7,wm4 ,sm47 ,cl41 #ajj cryptocephala ,kuetz41 #ig cuspidata ,kuetz41 #ajj v>4 ambigua 7,ehr47 ,cl41 #ajj cypr9us 7,wm4 ,sm471 #ie delaw>5sis ,grun41 #ib dicephala ,wm4 ,sm41 #if digito-radiata v>4 cypr9us 7,ehr487 ,wm4 ,sm41 #ie elegans ,wm4 ,sm41 #aja v>4 cuspidata ,cl41 #aja firma ,kuetz41 #hd fis*]i ,a4 ,s41 #ij follis ,ehr41 #hj fu*sii ,pant41 #ia ga/rum ,ehr41 #if gigas ,a4 ,s41 #ajc globiceps ,lag]/$t1 #if gracilis v>4 s*izonemoides 7,ehr47 ,v4 ,h41 #ie grevillei 7,ag47 ,cl41 #ii ha/a ,pant41 #ig v>4 punctata n4 v>41 #ig h5n$yi ,wm4 ,sm41 #ic v>4 circumsecta ,grun41 #ic v>4 manta ,a4 ,s41 #ic hippocampus ,ehr41 #ge hit*cockii ,ehr41 #hd hum]osa ,brb41 #ia v>4 elongata ,pant41 #ia v>4 fu*sii 7,pant47 ,cl41 #ia humilis ,donk41 #if hung>ica v>4 capitata 7,ehr47 ,cl41 #if inflexa ,greg41 #if integra ,wm4 ,sm41 #ii int]posita ,lewis1 #gh iridis ,ehr41 #hd irrorata ,grev41 #ic lacu/ris ,greg41 #ib lanceolata v>4 ar5>ia 7,donk47 ,cl41 #ie latissima ,greg41 #ij v>4 elongata 7,pant47 ,cl41 #ia libellus ,greg41 #ii limosa ,donk41 #ha longa 7,greg47 ,ralfs1 #ig lyra ,ehr41 #ic v>4 dilatata ,a4 ,s41 #ic v>4 ehr5b]gii ,cl41 #ic v>481 #ic maculata 7,bail47 ,cl41 #ij m>g9ata ,lewis1 #gh m>9a ,ralfs1 #ib m9ima ,grun41 #ih mormonorum ,grun41 #ajg mutica ,kuetz41 #ig oblonga ,kuetz41 #ig oculata ,brb41 #hf palpebralis ,brb41 #aja p5nata ,a4 ,s41 #if p]egr9a ,ehr41 #id p9nata ,pant481 #if plac5ta ,ehr41 #id prtexta ,ehr41 #ib producta ,wm4 ,sm41 #hc punctata v>4 asymmetrica ,lag]/$t1 #ib punctulata ,wm4 ,sm41 #ib pupula v>4 bacill>ioides ,grun41 #ih pusilla ,wm4 ,sm41 #ia v>4 subcapitata n4 v>41 #ia pygma ,kuetz41 #id radiosa ,kuetz41 #id ramosissima 7,ag47 ,cl41 #ie rectangulata ,greg41 #aaj re9h>dtii ,grun41 #ie rhyncocephala ,kuetz41 #ig sal9>um ,grun41 #ie sem5 ,ehr41 #ih silicula ,ehr41 #ha socialis ,palm]1 #ajd spectabilis v>4 em>g9ata ,cl41 #id sphrophora ,kuetz41 #hj spicula 7,hickie7 ,cl41 #ajj tro*us ,kuetz41 #hj tumida 7,brb47 ,cl41 #ii viridula v>4 ro/ellata ,kuetz41 #ie y>r5sis ,grun41 #aja ,neidium1 #hc aff9e 7,ehr47 ,pfitz]1 #hc v>4 amphirhyncus 7,ehr47 ,cl41 #hc v>4 g5u9a =ma maxima ,cl41 #hc v>4 g5u9a =ma m9or ,cl41 #hc amphigomphus 7,ehr47 ,pfitz]1 #hc hit*cockii 7,ehr47 ,cl41 #hd iridis 7,ehr47 ,cl41 #hd productum 7,wm4 ,sm47 ,cl41 #hc ,nitzs*ia1 #aad acicul>is 7,kuetz47 ,wm4 ,sm41 #abc acum9ata 7,wm4 ,sm47 ,grun41 #aag amphibis ,grun41 #abb amphioxys ,wm4 ,sm41 #aad apiculata 7,greg47 ,grun41 #aag bilobata ,wm4 ,sm41 #aah circumsuta 7,bail47 ,grun41 #aah clausii ,hantzs*1 #aba communis ,rab41 #abb compressa ,bail41 #aaf v>4 m9or ,h4 ,l4 ,s41 #aaf curvula ,wm4 ,sm41 #aba dissipata 7,kuetz47 ,grun41 #abj dubia ,wm4 ,sm41 #aah epi!mioides ,grun41 #aah flum95sis ,grun41 #abj granulata ,grun41 #aaf insignis ,greg41 #aai int]m$ia ,hantzs*1 #abb l9e>is 7,ag47 ,wm4 ,sm41 #abb litoralis v>4 delaw>5sis ,grun41 #aah longissima 7,brb47 ,ralfs1 #abc =ma p>va ,v4 ,h41 #abc macil5ta ,greg41 #abj navicul>is 7,brb47 ,grun41 #aaf obtusa ,wm4 ,sm41 #aba v>4 flexella ,h4 ,l4 ,s41 #aba v>4 scalpelli=mis ,grun41 #aba palea 7,kuetz47 ,wm4 ,sm41 #abb p&uri=mis ,greg41 #aag v>4 m9or ,grun41 #aag p>adoxa 7,gmel97 ,grun41 #aai paxillif] 7,o4 ,f4 ,muell]7 ,heib41 #aai plana ,wm4 ,sm41 #aag punctata 7,wm4 ,sm47 ,grun41 #aaf rev]sa ,wm4 ,sm41 #abc scal>is 7,ehr47 ,wm4 ,sm41 #aai sigma 7,kuetz47 ,wm4 ,sm41 #aba v>4 curvula 7,wm4 ,sm47 ,de ,toni1 #aba sigmatella ,greg41 #aba s9uata v>4 tabell>ia 7,grun47 ,v4 ,h41 #aai spa?ulata ,brb41 #abj spectabilis v>4 am]icana ,grun41 #abb tabell>ia ,grun41 #aai tryblionella ,hantzs*1 #aaf v]micul>is 7,kuetz47 ,hantzs*1 #abj ,odontidium p>asiticum ,wm4 ,sm41 #de tabell>ia ,wm4 ,sm41 #de ,opephora1 #dc pacifica 7,grun47 ,petit1 #dc p9nata v>4 lanceolata n4 v>41 #dd s*w>tzii 7,grun47 ,petit1 #dc ,or?osira ori*alcea ,wm4 ,sm41 #ae punctata ,wm4 ,sm41 #ae sp9osa ,grev41 #ae ,p>alia m>9a ,heib41 #ae sulcata 7,ehr47 ,cl41 #ae ,p9nul>ia1 #aja acrosphria 7,brb47 ,cl41 #ajh v>4 turgidula ,grun481 #ajh /u>ii ,cl41 #aje app5diculata 7,ag47 ,cl41 #ajf bl&ita n4 sp41 #ajh borealis ,ehr41 #aji v>4 scal>is 7,ehr47 ,cl41 #aji braunii ,grun41 #ajf brbissonii 7,kuetz47 ,cl41 #ajg c>d9aliculus ,cl41 #ajg cypr9us ,wm4 ,sm41 #ie dactylus ,ehr41 #ajc v>4 d>iana 7,a4 ,s47 ,cl41 #ajc v>4 dem]> ,cl41 #ajc div]g5s v>4 elliptica ,grun41 #ajg g5tilis 7,donk47 ,cl41 #ajc gibba 7,kuetz47 ,v4 ,h41 #aji int]rupta =ma /auronei=mis ,cl41 #ajf lata 7,brb47 ,wm4 ,sm41 #aji legum5 ,ehr41 #ajg v>481 #ajg leptosoma ,grun41 #aje major 7,kuetz47 ,wm4 ,sm41 #ajb v>4 pul*ella n4 v>41 #ajb mesogongyla 7,ehr47 ,cl41 #aji mesolepta ,ehr41 #aje v>4 /auronei=mis ,grun41 #aje micro/auron 7,ehr47 ,cl41 #ajf mol>is 7,grun47 ,cl41 #aje mormonorum ,grun41 #ajg nobilis ,ehr41 #ajc nodosa =ma capitata ,cl41 #ajh p>va 7,ehr47 ,cl41 #ajh p]magna ,bail41 #hb polyonca 7,brb47 ,lewis1 #ajh rectangulata 7,greg47 ,cl41 #aaj socialis 7,palm]71 #ajd /auropt]a 7,grun47 ,cl41 #aaj v>4 int]rupta =ma /auronei=mis ,cl41 #aaj /omatophora 7,grun47 ,cl41 #aji subcapitata ,greg41 #aje v>4 pauci/riata ,grun41 #ajf tabell>ia 7,ehr47 ,cl41 #aaj t]mes 7,ehr47 ,a4 ,s41 #ajf v>4 /auronei=mis ,v4 ,h41 #ajf trigonocephala ,cl41 #ajc viridis ,nitzs*1 #ajd v>4 caudata n4 v>41 #ajd v>4 fallax ,cl41 #ajd v>481 #ajd ,plagiogramma1 #db obesum ,grev41 #dc pygmum ,grev41 #dc tessellatum ,grev41 #dc walli*ianum ,grev41 #dc ,pleurosigma1 #gc /u>ii ,brb41 #gd aff9e v>4 fossilis ,grun41 #gd angulatum 7,quekett7 ,cl41 #gd balticum 7,ehr47 ,wm4 ,sm41 #ge =mosum ,wm4 ,sm41 #gc hippocampus 7,ehr47 ,wm4 ,sm41 #ge naviculaceum ,brb41 #gd normanii v>4 fossilis ,grun41 #gd obscurum ,wm4 ,sm41 #gd rigidum ,wm4 ,sm41 #ge simile ,grun41 #gf sp5c]ii v>4 acutiuscula ,grun41 #gf v>4 kuetz+ii ,grun41 #gf /rigosum ,wm4 ,sm41 #gd virg9iacum ,h4 ,l4 ,s41 #gd ,podocy/is1 #abh adriatica ,kuetz41 #abi am]icana ,bail41 #abi ,podosira hormoides ,wm4 ,sm41 #ah maculata ,wm4 ,sm41 #ag ,podosph5ia baileyi 7,edw47 ,lewis1 #dj ehr5b]gii ,kuetz41 #dj lyngbyei ,kuetz41 #dj ,polymyxus1 #be coronalis ,l4 ,w4 ,bail41 #be ,pseudauliscus1 #bi radiatus 7,bail47 ,rattr41 #bi sp9osus 7,*ri/ian7 ,rattr41 #bi ,pyxidicula1 #ai compressa ,bail41 #aaf v>4 m9or ,h4 ,l4 ,s41 #aaf cruciata ,ehr41 #ai radiata ,o',me>a1 #ag ,rhabdonema1 #ce adriaticum ,kuetz41 #cf arcuatum 7,lyng47 ,kuetz41 #ce m9utum ,kuetz41 #cf ,rhaphoneis1 #df amphic]os ,ehr41 #df v>4 rhombica ,grun41 #df belgica v>4 int]m$ia ,grun41 #df ,rhipidophora elongata ,kuetz41 #ci p>adoxa ,kuetz41 #ci ,rhoicosph5ia1 #ef curvata 7,kuetz47 ,grun41 #ef ,rhopalodia1 #aab gibba 7,kuetz47 ,muell]1 #aab v5tricosa 7,kuetz47 ,muell]1 #aac ,s*izonema crucig] ,wm4 ,sm41 #ajj dillwynii ,wm4 ,sm41 #gh grevillei ,ag41 #ii smi?ii ,kuetz41 #ie ,scoliopleura tumida 7,brb47 ,v4 ,h41 #ii ,scoliotropis1 #fi late/riata v>4 amphora ,cl41 #fi ,/auroneis1 #hh acuta ,wm4 ,sm41 #hi am]icana ,a4 ,s41 #hi anceps ,ehr41 #hh v>4 amphicephala 7,kuetz47 ,cl41 #hh v>4 gracilis 7,ehr47 ,cl41 #hh crucicula 7,grun47 ,cl41 #hi exilis ,kuetz41 #ei frickei v>4 angu/a n4 v>41 #hh legum5 ,ehr41 #hi maculata ,bail41 #ij pho5ic5t]on ,ehr41 #hh sal9a ,wm4 ,sm41 #hi smi?ii ,grun41 #hi spicula ,hickie1 #ajj ,/aurosira con/ru5s ,ehr41 #de ,/ephanopyxis1 #ah app5diculata ,ehr41 #ah corona 7,ehr47 ,grun41 #ah turris 7,grev47 ,ralfs1 #ah ,/riatella1 #cg int]rupta 7,ehr47 ,heib41 #ch unipunctata 7,lyng47 ,ag41 #ch ,surirella1 #abd amphioxys ,wm4 ,sm41 #abd anceps ,lewis1 #abh angu/a ,kuetz41 #abg arctissima ,a4 ,s41 #abh bifrons ,ehr41 #abd bis]iata 7,ehr47 ,brb41 #abd c>d9alis ,kitton1 #abf circumsuta ,bail41 #aah cruciata ,a4 ,s41 #abg crum5a ,brb41 #abf davidsonii ,a4 ,s41 #abf delicatissima ,lewis1 #abh diaphana ,bleis*1 #abe elegans ,ehr41 #abe fa/uosa ,ehr41 #abg febig]ii ,lewis1 #abh gemma ,ehr41 #abe gracilis ,grun41 #abg guatimal5sis ,ehr41 #abf int]m$ia ,lewis1 #abh l9e>is ,wm4 ,sm41 #abd moell]iana ,grun41 #abd oblonga ,ehr481 #abg ovalis ,brb41 #abf v>4 p9nata 7,wm4 ,sm47 ,de ,toni1 #abf p&uri=mis ,wm4 ,sm41 #abf p9nata ,wm4 ,sm41 #abf v>4 m9uta ,grun41 #abf rec$5s ,a4 ,s41 #abg robu/a ,ehr41 #abd spl5dida 7,ehr47 ,kuetz41 #abe /riatula ,turp91 #abe t5]a ,greg41 #abe ,syn$ra1 #dg acus ,kuetz41 #dh aff9is ,kuetz41 #ej v>4 p>va 7,kuetz47 ,v4 ,h41 #ej v>4 tabulata 7,ag47 ,v4 ,h41 #ej biceps 7,kuetz47 ,a4 ,s41 #dh capitata ,ehr41 #dh danica ,kuetz41 #dh fulg5s 7,grev47 ,wm4 ,sm41 #ej g\l>di ,brb41 #dh gracilis ,kuetz41 #ej oxyrhyn*us v>4 undulata ,grun41 #dh pul*ella 7,ralfs7 ,kuetz41 #dh v>4 abnormis ,mac*iati81 #dh v>4 flexella n4 v>41 #di radians ,kuetz41 #di ulna 7,nitzs*7 ,ehr41 #dg vau*]i v>4 p>vula 7,kuetz47 ,rab41 #di ,tabell>ia1 #cf f5e/rata 7,lyng471 #cf flocculosa 7,ro?7 ,kuetz41 #cf ,t]ps9o1 #cd am]icana 7,bail47 ,ralfs1 #cd nov-cs>e ,boy]1 #cd ,tessella int]rupta ,ehr41 #ch ,tra*yneis1 #gi asp]a v>4 int]m$ia ,grun41 #gi ,tra*ysph5ia1 #dg au/ralis ,petit1 #dg ,tric]atium alt]nans ,bail41 #cc favus ,ehr41 #ca obtusum ,br41 #cc pileotus ,ehr41 #cj punctatum ,br41 #cc sculptum ,%ad41 #cc ,tr9acria1 #cj pileolus 7,ehr47 ,grun41 #cj ,tripodiscus argus ,ehr41 #bf ,tropidoneis1 #fh lepidopt]a 7,greg47 ,cl41 #fi ,tryblionella punctata ,wm4 ,sm41 #aaf scutellum ,wm4 ,sm41 #aah ,vibrio paxillif] ,o4 ,f4 ,muell]1 #aai ,,plates ,,plate #a ,,meloseira #c-d ,meloseira roeseana v>4 epid5dron 7,ehr47 ,grun4 #ae #e-f ,meloseira roeseana ,rab4 #ae #h-i ,meloseira di/ans 7,ehr47 ,kuetz4 #ad #aj ,meloseira granulata 7,ehr47 ,ralfs #ae #aa-ab ,meloseira sulcata ,kuetz4 #ae #ae-af-ag ,meloseira undulata 7,ehr47 ,kuetz4 #ae ,,gaillonella #ac-ad ,gaillonella nummuloides 7,dillw47 ,bory #af ,,lysigonium #g ,lysigonium monili=me 7,muell47 ,l9k4 #af #ah-ai ,lysigonium v>ians 7,ag47 ,de ,toni #ag ,,hyalodiscus #bj ,hyalodiscus scoticus 7,kuetz47 ,grun4 #ah #ba ,hyalodiscus radiatus v>4 arctica ,grun4 #ag #bb ,hyalodiscus /ellig] ,bail4 #ag ,,note4--,! figures 9 all ( ! plates1 except :5 o!rwise not$1 are magnifi$ #hjj diamet]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #a ,,plate #b ,,/ephanopyxis #a-b ,/ephanopyxis turris 7,grev47 ,ralfs #ah #c ,/ephanopyxis corona 7,ehr47 ,grun4 #ah ,,cyclotella #d ,cyclotella m5egh9iana v>4 /ellig]a ,cl4 & ,grun4 #bj #e-f ,cyclotella op]culata 7,ag47 ,kuetz4 #bj #g ,cyclotella comta 7,ehr47 ,kuetz4 #bj #h ,cyclotella m5egh9iana ,kuetz4 #ai #i ,cyclotella /riata 7,kuetz47 ,grun4 #ai #aj ,cyclotella /ylorum 7,br487 ,v4 ,h4 #bj #aa ,cyclotella antiqua ,wm4 ,sm4 #bj #ab ,cyclotella m5egh9iana v>4 /ellulif]a ,cl4 & ,grun4 #bj ,,cosc9odiscus #ac ,cosc9odiscus d5>ius ,a4 ,s4 #bb #ad ,cosc9odiscus exc5tricus ,ehr4 #ba #ae-ag ,cosc9odiscus subtilis ,ehr4 #ba #af ,cosc9odiscus a/]omphalus ,ehr4 #bc #ah ,cosc9odiscus nitidus ,greg4 #ba #ai ,cosc9odiscus nitidulus ,grun4 #ba #bj ,cosc9odiscus exc5tricus v>4 p]pusilla ,grun4 8 #ba ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #b ,,plate #c ,,cosc9odiscus--,cont9u$ #a-aa ,cosc9odiscus radiatus ,ehr4 #bc #b ,cosc9odiscus velatus ,ehr4 #bb #c ,cosc9odiscus biangulatus ,a4 ,s4 #bc #d ,cosc9odiscus subaulacodiscoidalis ,rattr4 #bc #e ,cosc9odiscus lewisianus ,grev4 #bd #g ,cosc9odiscus argus ,ehr4 #bc #h ,cosc9odiscus l9eatus ,ehr4 #ba #i ,cosc9odiscus m>g9atus ,ehr4 #bb #aj ,cosc9odiscus oculus-iridis ,ehr4 #bc ,,act9ocyclus #f ,act9ocyclus ellipticus v>4 delaw>5sis n4 v>4 #bg ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #c ,,plate #d ,,act9opty*us #a-d-f ,act9opty*us undulatus 7,kuetz47 ,ralfs4 #bd #b ,act9opty*us undulatus 7inn] /ratum7 #bd #c ,act9opty*us heliopelta ,grun4 v>48 #be #e ,act9opty*us vulg>is v>4 int]rupta n4 v>4 #bd ,,polymyxus #g ,polymyxus coronalis ,l4 ,w4 ,bail4 #be ,,aulacodiscus #h ,aulacodiscus argus 7,ehr47 ,a4 ,s4 #bf ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #d ,,plate #e ,,euodia #a ,euodia gibba ,bail4 #cd ,,polymyxus #b ,polymyxus coronalis ,l4 ,w4 ,bail41 zone view #be ,,eupodiscus #c ,eupodiscus radiatus ,bail4 #bh ,,auliscus #d ,auliscus clatus ,bail4 #bi #e ,auliscus sculptus 7,wm4 ,sm47 ,ralfs #bi #f ,auliscus punctatus ,bail4 #bh #g ,auliscus 7int]m$iate =m betwe5 ,a4 clatus & ,a4 sculptus7 #bi #h ,auliscus pru9osus ,bail4 #bh ,,pseudauliscus #i ,pseudauliscus radiatus 7,bail47 ,rattr4 #bi #aj ,pseudauliscus sp9osus 7,*ri/ian7 ,rattr4 #bi ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #e ,,plate #f ,,act9ocyclus #a ,act9ocyclus b>kleyi v>4 aggregata ,rattr4 #bg #b ,act9ocyclus monili=mis ,ralfs4 #bg ,,biddulphia #c ,biddulphia ant$iluviana 7,ehr47 ,v4 ,h4 #cb #e ,biddulphia reticulum 7,ehr47 #cc #f ,biddulphia favus 7,ehr47 ,v4 ,h4 #ca #g-h ,biddulphia alt]nans 7,bail47 ,v4 ,h4 #cc ,,tr9acria #i ,tr9acria pileolus 7,ehr47 ,grun4 #cj ,,ditylum #d ,ditylum intricatum 7,we/7 ,grun4 #cj ,,t]ps9o #aj ,t]ps9o am]icana 7,bail47 ,ralfs4 #cd #aa ,t]ps9o nov-cs>e ,boy] #cd ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #f ,,plate #g ,,biddulphia #a-b-c-d ,biddulphia biddulphiana 7,smi?7 #ca #e ,biddulphia rhombus 7,ehr47 ,wm4 ,sm4 #cb #f ,biddulphia granulata ,rop] #cb #g ,biddulphia turgida 7,ehr47 ,wm4 ,sm4 #cb #h ,biddulphia smi?ii 7,ralfs7 ,v4 ,h4 #cb #i ,biddulphia lvis ,ehr4 #cc #aj ,biddulphia lvis ,ehr4 ,sporangial fru/ules 7#bfj diam47 #cc ,,eunotogramma #aa ,eunotogramma lve ,grun4 #cc ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #g ,,plate #h ,,rhabdonema #a-b-c ,rhabdonema arcuatum 7,lyng47 ,kuetz4 #ce #d-e-f ,rhabdonema adriaticum ,kuetz4 #cf #g ,rhabdonema m9utum ,kuetz4 #cf ,,tabell>ia #h-i-aj ,tabell>ia flocculosa 7,ro?7 ,kuetz4 #cf #aa-ab ,tabell>ia f5e/rata 7,lyng47 ,kuetz4 #cf ,,grammatophora #ac-ad ,grammatophora m>9a v>4 subtilissima 7,bail47 ,v4 ,h4 #cg #ae-af ,grammatophora angulosa v>4 hamulif]a 7,kuetz47 ,grun4 #cg #ag-ah ,grammatophora m>9a 7,lyng47 ,kuetz4 #cg #ai-bj ,grammatophora isl&ica ,ehr4 #cg #ba ,grammatophora s]p5t9a ,ralfs4 #cg ,,/riatella #bb-bc ,/riatella unipunctata 7,lyng47 ,ag4 #ch #bd ,/riatella int]rupta 7,ehr47 ,heib4 #ch ,,at!ya #be ,at!ya decora ,we/ #ch ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #h ,,plate #i ,,licmophora #a-b ,licmophora flabellata 7,c>m47 ,ag4 #ci #c-d ,licmophora lyngbyei ,kuetz4 #dj #e ,licmophora ehr5b]gii 7,kuetz47 ,grun4 #dj #f-g ,licmophora p>adoxa 7,lyng47 ,ag4 #ci #h-i ,licmophora ovulum ,m]4 #ci #aj ,licmophora baileyi 7,edw47 ,grun4 #dj #aa ,licmophora gracilis 7,ehr47 ,grun4 #ci #ab-ac ,licmophora gracilis v>4 elongata 7,kuetz47 ,de ,toni #ci #ad-ae ,licmophora t9cta 7,ag47 ,grun4 #dj ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #i ,,plate #aj ,,m]idion #a-b-c ,m]idion circul>e 7,grev47 ,ag4 #dj ,,diatoma #d ,diatoma vulg>e v>4 gr&e 7,wm4 ,sm47 ,grun4 #db #e-f ,diatoma anceps 7,ehr47 ,kir*n4 #db #g-h ,diatoma hiemale 7,lyng47 ,heib4 #db #i-aj ,diatoma vulg>e ,bory4 #db ,,plagiogramma #aa ,plagiogramma tessellatum ,grev4 #dc #ab ,plagiogramma obesum ,grev4 #dc #ac ,plagiogramma pygmum ,grev4 #dc #ad ,plagiogramma walli*ianum ,grev4 #dc ,,eunotogramma #ae ,eunotogramma lve ,grun4 #cc ,,opephora #af-ai ,opephora s*w>tzii 7,grun47 ,petit4 #dc #ag ,opephora p9nata v>4 lanceolata n4 v>4 #dd #ah ,opephora pacifica 7,grun47 ,petit4 #dc ,,fragil>ia #bj-ba ,fragil>ia viresc5s ,ralfs4 #dd #bb-bc ,fragil>ia arctica ,grun4 #dd #bd-be-bg-bh-bi ,fragil>ia undata ,wm4 ,sm4 #dd #bf ,fragil>ia undata ,wm4 ,sm41 v>48 #dd #cj ,fragil>ia con/ru5s 7,ehr47 ,grun4 #de #ca ,fragil>ia h>risonii 7,wm4 ,sm47 ,grun4 #de #cd ,fragil>ia capuc9a v>4 mesolepta ,rab4 #de #ce ,fragil>ia p>asitica 7,wm4 ,sm47 #de #cf ,fragil>ia sp4 8 #de #cg ,fragil>ia l9e>is ,c/r4 #de ,,rhaphoneis #ch ,rhaphoneis amphic]os ,ehr4 #df #ci-dj ,rhaphoneis amphic]os v>4 rhombica ,grun4 #df #da ,rhaphoneis belgica v>4 int]m$ia ,grun4 #df ,,syn$ra #cb-cc ,syn$ra radians ,kuetz4 #di ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #aj ,,plate #aa ,,syn$ra--,cont9u$ #a-e-f ,syn$ra ulna 7,nitzs*7 ,ehr4 ,sporangial #dg #b ,syn$ra danica ,kuetz4 #dh #c ,syn$ra biceps 7,kuetz47 ,a4 ,s4 #dh #d-g-aa ,syn$ra ulna 7,nitzs*7 ,ehr4 #dg #h ,syn$ra capitata ,ehr4 #dh #i-ah ,syn$ra acus ,kuetz4 #dh #aj ,syn$ra fulg5s 7,grev47 ,wm4 ,sm4 #ej #ab-ac ,syn$ra g\l>di ,brb4 #dh #ad-ae-af ,syn$ra pul*ella 7,ralfs7 ,kuetz4 #dh #ag ,syn$ra pul*ella v>4 abnormis ,mac*iati8 #dh ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #aa ,,plate #ab ,,syn$ra--,cont9u$ #a ,syn$ra oxyrhyn*us v>4 undulata ,grun4 #dh #b ,syn$ra pul*ella v>4 flexella n4 v>4 #di #c ,syn$ra aff9is ,kuetz4 #ej #d ,syn$ra aff9is v>4 tabulata 7,ag47 ,v4 ,h4 #ej #e-f ,syn$ra vau*]i v>4 p>vula 7,kuetz47 ,rab4 #di #g ,syn$ra aff9is v>4 p>va 7,kuetz47 ,v4 ,h4 #ej #h ,syn$ra radians 7,kuetz47 ,h4 ,l4 ,s4 #di ,,dim]ogramma #i-aj ,dim]ogramma m>9um 7,greg47 #df #aa ,dim]ogramma surirella 7,ehr47 ,grun4 #df #ab-ac-ad ,dim]ogramma m9us 7,greg47 ,ralfs4 #dg ,,tra*ysph5ia #ae ,tra*ysph5ia au/ralis ,petit4 #dg ,,act9ella #af-ag-ah ,act9ella punctata ,lewis4 #ed ,,a/]ionella #ai-bj-ba ,a/]ionella =mosa ,hass4 #ej #bb ,a/]ionella inflata ,heib4 #ej ,,eunotia #bc ,eunotia hemicyclus 7,ehr47 ,ralfs #ec #bd-be ,eunotia lun>is 7,ehr47 ,grun4 #ec ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ab ,,plate #ac ,,eunotia--,cont9u$ #a-b ,eunotia major 7,wm4 ,sm47 ,rab4 #ea #c ,eunotia gracilis 7,ehr47 ,rab4 #ea #d ,eunotia major 7,wm4 ,sm47 ,rab4 7int]m$iate =m7 #ea #e ,eunotia prrupta ,ehr4 #ec #f-g ,eunotia pect9alis 7,kuetz47 #eb #h-aj ,eunotia pect9alis v>4 undulata ,ralfs #eb #i ,eunotia pect9alis v>4 soli]olii 7,kuetz47 #eb #aa ,eunotia luna ,ehr4 v>48 #eb #ab ,eunotia pect9alis v>4 v5tricosa ,grun4 #eb #ac ,eunotia robu/a ,ralfs 7,e4 scal>is ,ehr47 #ec #ad ,eunotia robu/a ,ralfs 7,e4 prioritis ,ehr47 #ec #ae ,eunotia robu/a ,ralfs 7,e4 decadon ,ehr47 #ec #af ,eunotia robu/a ,ralfs 7,e4 octodon ,ehr47 #ec #ag-bb ,eunotia robu/a ,ralfs 7,e4 heptodon ,ehr47 #ec #ah ,eunotia bactriana ,ehr4 #ed #ai ,eunotia prrupta v>4 bid5s ,grun4 #ec #bj ,eunotia bid5tula ,wm4 ,sm4 #ed #ba ,eunotia robu/a ,ralfs 7,e4 diadema ,ehr47 #ec #bc ,eunotia prrupta ,ehr4 v>48 #ec #bd ,eunotia robu/a ,ralfs 7,e4 triodon ,ehr47 #ec #be ,eunotia robu/a ,ralfs 7,e4 tetraodon ,ehr47 #ec #bf ,eunotia =mica ,ehr4 v>48 #ed #bg ,eunotia biceps ,ehr4 #ec #bh-bi ,eunotia sp48 #ed #cj-ca ,eunotia v5]is ,kuetz4 #eb #cb ,eunotia nymanniana ,grun4 #ea ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ac ,,plate #ad ,,amphiprora #a-b ,amphiprora pul*ra ,bail4 #fh #c ,amphiprora alata ,kuetz4 #fh #d ,amphiprora conspicua ,grev4 #fh #e ,amphiprora paludosa ,wm4 ,sm4 #fh #f-g ,amphiprora ornata ,bail4 #fh ,,tropidoneis #h-i ,tropidoneis lepidopt]a 7,greg47 ,cleve4 #fi ,,scoliotropis #aj-aa ,scoliotropis late/riata v>4 amphora ,cleve4 #fi ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ad ,,plate #ae ,,amphora #a ,amphora robu/a ,greg4 #fe #c ,amphora crassa ,greg4 #fe #d ,amphora obtusa ,greg4 #fg #e-f-ai ,amphora proteus ,greg4 #fe #g ,amphora ovalis 7,brb47 ,kuetz4 #fe #h-ah ,amphora c(fi=mis 7,ag47 ,kuetz4 #ff #i-aj ,amphora l9eolata ,ehr4 #ff #aa ,amphora areolata ,grun4 #ff #ab-ba ,amphora o/re>ia ,brb4 #ff #ac ,amphora lvis ,greg4 #ff #ad-ae ,amphora ocellata v>4 c+ulata ,cleve4 #fg #af ,amphora angu/a v>4 cul5/e9ii ,grun4 #fg #ag ,amphora ar5>ia ,donk4 #fg #bj ,amphora acuta ,greg4 #ff ,,auricula #b ,auricula mucronata 7,h4 ,l4 ,smi?7 ,p]agallo #fi ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ae ,,plate #af ,,a*nan!s #a-b ,a*nan!s longipes ,ag4 #eh #c ,a*nan!s brevipes ,ag4 #ei #d-e-f ,a*nan!s subsessilis ,kuetz4 #ei #g-h ,a*nan!s inflata 7,kuetz47 ,grun4 #ei #i ,a*nan!s co>ctata 7,brb47 ,grun4 #ei #aj-aa-ab ,a*nan!s lanceolata 7,brb47 ,grun4 #ei #ac ,a*nan!s danica 7,floegel7 ,grun4 7l[] valve7 #fj #ad-ae ,a*nan!s exigua ,grun4 #ei #af-ag ,a*nan!s l9e>is =ma curta ,h4 ,l4 ,smi? #ei ,,cocconeis #ah ,cocconeis scutellum v>48 #eg #ai-bj ,cocconeis plac5tula ,ehr4 #eg #ba ,cocconeis scutellum ,ehr4 7upp] valve7 #eg #bb ,cocconeis dirupta ,greg4 7l[] valve7 #eh #bc-bd ,cocconeis p$iculus ,ehr4 #eg #be-bf ,cocconeis pellucida ,grun4 #eh #bg-bh ,cocconeis scutellum v>4 ornata ,grun4 #eg #bi ,cocconeis plac5tula v>4 l9eata 7,ehr47 ,v4 ,h4 #eh ,,anor?oneis #cj-ca ,anor?oneis exc5trica 7,donk47 ,grun4 #ef ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #af ,,plate #ag ,,fru/ulia #a ,fru/ulia lewisiana 7,grev47 ,de ,toni #gg #b ,fru/ulia rhomboides 7,ehr47 ,de ,toni #gg #c ,fru/ulia rhomboides v>4 amphipleuroides ,grun4 #gg #d ,fru/ulia vulg>is 7,?waites7 ,de ,toni #gg #e ,fru/ulia int]posita 7,lewis7 ,de ,toni #gh #f ,fru/ulia rhomboides v>4 saxonica 7,rab47 ,de ,toni #gg ,,brebissonia #g ,brbissonia boeckii 7,kuetz47 ,grun4 #gi #h ,brbissonia palm]ii n4 sp4 #hj ,,amphipleura #i ,amphipleura pellucida ,kuetz4 #gh #aj-aa ,amphipleura rutilans 7,tr5tepohl7 ,cl4 #gh ,,anomoeoneis #ab ,anomoeoneis s]ians 7,brb47 ,cl4 #hj #ac ,anomoeoneis s]ians =ma m9or #hj #ad ,anomoeoneis follis 7,ehr47 ,cl4 #hj ,,tra*yneis #ae ,tra*yneis asp]a v>4 int]m$ia ,grun4 #gj ,,ma/ogloia #af ,ma/ogloia k9smanii ,lewis #hg #ag ,ma/ogloia angulata ,lewis #hg #ah ,ma/ogloia lanceolata ,?waites #hg #ai ,ma/ogloia smi?ii ,?waites #hg #bj ,ma/ogloia elegans ,lewis #hg #ba-bb-bc ,ma/ogloia apiculata ,wm4 ,sm4 #hg #bd ,ma/ogloia exigua ,lewis #hg ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ag ,,plate #ah ,,cymbella #a ,cymbella asp]a 7,ehr47 ,cl4 #fa #b ,cymbella cymbi=mis 7,kuetz47 ,brb4 #fb #c ,cymbella ci/ula 7,hempr47 ,kir*n4 #fb #d ,cymbella lanceolata 7,ehr47 ,kir*n4 #fb #e ,cymbella mexicana 7,ehr47 ,a4 ,s4 #fb #f ,cymbella naviculi=mis ,au]swald4 #fj #g ,cymbella tumida 7,brb47 ,v4 ,h4 #fb #h ,cymbella philadelphica n4 sp4 #fc #i ,cymbella ehr5b]gii ,kuetz4 #fj #aj ,cymbella het]opleura 7,ehr47 ,kuetz4 #fj #aa ,cymbella rhomboidea n4 sp4 #fc #ab ,cymbella turgida 7,greg47 ,cl4 v>48 #fc #ac ,cymbella s9uata ,greg4 #fa #ad ,cymbella v5tricosa ,kuetz4 #fb #ae-ai ,cymbella excisa 7,kuetz47 ,de ,toni4 #fa #af ,cymbella amphicephala ,ngeli4 #fa #ag ,cymbella cuspidata ,kuetz4 #fj #ah ,cymbella aff9is ,kuetz4 #fa #bj ,cymbella gracilis 7,rab47 ,cl4 #fd #ba ,cymbella pro/rata 7,b]k47 ,cl4 #fc #bb ,cymbella v5tricosa ,kuetz48 #fb #bc ,cymbella turgida 7,greg47 ,cl4 #fc #bd ,cymbella triangulum 7,ehr47 ,cl4 #fc #be ,cymbella lacu/ris 7,ag47 ,cl4 #fd ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ah ,,plate #ai ,,gomphoneis #a ,gomphoneis mamilla 7,ehr47 ,cl4 #gj #b ,gomphoneis h]culaneum 7,ehr47 ,cl4 #gj ,,gomphonema #c ,gomphonema montanum ,s*um4 #ga #d ,gomphonema gem9atum ,lyng4 #ga #e ,gomphonema acum9atum v>4 turris 7,ehr47 ,cl4 #ga #f-ab ,gomphonema lanceolatum v>4 insignis 7,greg47 ,cl4 #ga #g ,gomphonema acum9atum v>4 coronata 7,ehr47 ,cl4 #ga #h ,gomphonema con/rictum ,ehr4 #gb #i-aj ,gomphonema sphrophorum ,ehr4 #gb #aa ,gomphonema acum9atum v>4 turris 7,ehr47 ,cl48 #ga #ac ,gomphonema v5tricosum ,greg4 #gc #ad ,gomphonema intricatum ,kuetz4 #gb #ae ,gomphonema quale ,greg4 #gb #af ,gomphonema s>cophagus ,greg4 #gb #ag ,gomphonema p>vulum v>4 micropus 7,kuetz47 ,cl4 #gc #ah-ai ,gomphonema angu/atum ,kuetz4 #gb #bj ,gomphonema acum9atum v>4 trigonocephala 7,ehr47 ,cl4 #ga #ba ,gomphonema augur ,ehr4 #gb #bb ,gomphonema capitatum ,ehr4 #gb #bc ,gomphonema olivaceum ,lyng4 #gc #bd ,gomphonema brasili5se v>4 dem]> ,grun48 #gc ,,rhoicosph5ia #be-bf-bg ,rhoicosph5ia curvata 7,kuetz47 ,grun4 #ef ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ai ,,plate #bj ,,dictyoneis #a ,dictyoneis m>g9ata v>4 maxima n4 v>4 #gi #b ,dictyoneis m>g9ata v>4 commutata ,cleve4 #gi #c ,dictyoneis m>g9ata v>4 typica ,cleve4 #gh ,,diploneis #d ,diploneis crabro v>4 p&ura 7,brb47 ,cl4 #he #f ,diploneis campylodiscus 7,grun47 ,cl4 #hf #g-h ,diploneis gru5dl]i 7,a4 ,s47 ,cl4 #he #i ,diploneis crabro ,ehr4 v>48 #he #aj ,diploneis exc5trica n4 sp4 #he #aa ,diploneis fusca v>4 delicata 7,a4 ,s47 ,cl4 #he #ab ,diploneis puella 7,s*um47 ,cl4 #he #ac ,diploneis crabro v>4 p&urella ,cl48 #he #ad ,diploneis elliptica 7,kuetz47 ,cl4 #hd #ae ,diploneis crabro v>4 expleta 7,a4 ,s47 ,cl4 #he #af ,diploneis gem9ata 7,grev47 ,cl4 #hf #ag ,diploneis smi?ii 7,brb47 ,cl4 #hd ,,navicula #e ,navicula lyra ,ehr4 v>48 #ic ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bj ,,plate #ba ,,caloneis #a ,caloneis p]magna 7,bail47 ,cl4 #hb #b ,caloneis p]magna v>4 lewisiana n4 v>4 #hb #c ,caloneis silicula 7,ehr47 ,cl4 #ha #d ,caloneis silicula v>4 inflata 7,grun47 ,cl4 #ha #e ,caloneis brevis v>4 vexans 7,grun47 ,cl4 #hb #f-g ,caloneis w>dii ,cl4 #hb #h ,caloneis tr9odis 7,lewis7 #ha #i ,caloneis tr9odis 7,lewis7 v>48 #ha #aj ,caloneis p[ellii 7,lewis7 ,cl4 #hc #ah ,caloneis =mosa 7,greg47 ,cl4 #hb ,,neidium #aa ,neidium aff9e 7,ehr47 ,pfitz] #hc #ab ,neidium aff9e v>4 g5u9a =ma m9or ,cl4 #hc #ac ,neidium aff9e v>4 amphirhyncus 7,ehr47 ,cl4 #hc #ad ,neidium amphigomphus 7,ehr47 ,pfitz]4 #hc #ae ,neidium hit*cockii 7,ehr47 ,cl4 #hd #af ,neidium productum 7,wm4 ,sm47 ,cl4 #hc #ag ,neidium iridus 7,ehr47 ,cl4 #hd ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ba ,,plate #bb ,,pleurosigma #a ,pleurosigma /rigosum ,wm4 ,sm4 #gd #b ,pleurosigma rigidum ,wm4 ,sm4 #ge #c ,pleurosigma angulatum 7,quekett7 ,cl4 #gd #d ,pleurosigma obscurum ,wm4 ,sm4 #gd #e ,pleurosigma =mosum ,wm4 ,sm4 #gc #f ,pleurosigma naviculaceum ,brb4 #gd #g ,pleurosigma /u>ii ,brb4 #gd #h ,pleurosigma virg9iacum ,h4 ,l4 ,smi? #gd ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bb ,,plate #bc ,,gyrosigma #a ,gyrosigma /rigilis 7,wm4 ,sm47 ,cl4 #gf #b ,gyrosigma balticum 7,ehr47 ,cl4 #ge #c ,gyrosigma hippocampus 7,ehr47 #ge #d ,gyrosigma simile 7,grun47 #gf #e ,gyrosigma acum9atum 7,kuetz47 ,cl4 #gf #f ,gyrosigma scalproides 7,rab47 ,cl4 #gf #g ,gyrosigma p>k]i v>4 /auroneioides ,grun4 #ge #h ,gyrosigma sp5c]ii v>4 nodif]a ,grun4 #gf #i ,gyrosigma fasciola 7,ehr47 ,cl4 #gg ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bc ,,plate #bd ,,navicula #a ,navicula maculata 7,bail47 ,cl4 #ij #b ,navicula prtexta ,ehr4 #ib #c ,navicula latissima ,greg4 #ij #d ,navicula irrorata ,grev4 #ic #e ,navicula latissima v>4 elongata 7,pant47 ,cl4 #ia #f ,navicula fu*sii ,pant4 #ia ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bd ,,plate #be ,,navicula #a ,navicula tumida 7,brb47 ,cl4 #ii #b ,navicula brasili5sis v>4 bicuneata ,cl4 =ma con/ricta4 #ib #c ,navicula delaw>5sis ,grun4 #ib #d-f ,navicula pusilla ,wm4 ,sm4 #ia #e ,navicula hum]osa ,brb4 #ia #g ,navicula spectabilis v>4 em>g9ata ,cl4 #id #h ,navicula pusilla v>4 subcapitata n4 v>4 #ia #i ,navicula punctulata ,wm4 ,sm4 #ib #aj ,navicula lyra ,ehr4 #ic #aa ,navicula h5n$yi v>4 manca ,a4 ,s4 #ic #ab ,navicula h5n$yi ,wm4 ,sm4 #ic #ac ,navicula lyra v>4 dilatata ,a4 ,s4 #ic #ad ,navicula y>r5sis ,grun4 #aja #ae ,navicula y>r5sis ,grun4 7small] =m7 #aja #af ,navicula y>r5sis ,grun4 v>48 #aja ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #be ,,plate #bf ,,navicula #a-b ,navicula cuspidata ,kuetz4 #ajj #c ,navicula cuspidata v>4 ambigua 7,ehr47 ,cl4 #ajj #d ,navicula spicula 7,hickie7 ,cl4 #ajj #e ,navicula integra ,wm4 ,sm4 #ii #f ,navicula mutica ,kuetz4 #ig #h ,navicula am]icana ,ehr4 #ih #i ,navicula pupula v>4 bacill>ioides ,grun4 #ih #aj ,navicula bacillum ,ehr4 #ih #aa ,navicula sem5 ,ehr4 #ih #ab ,navicula atomus ,ngeli4 #ajj #ac ,navicula m9ima ,grun4 #ih #ad ,navicula ramosissima 7,ag47 ,cl4 #ie #ae ,navicula crucig]a 7,wm4 ,sm47 ,cl4 #ajj #af ,navicula viridula v>4 ro/ellata ,kuetz4 #ie #ag ,navicula radiosa ,kuetz4 #id #ai ,navicula gracilis v>4 s*izonemoides 7,ehr47 ,v4 ,h4 #ie #bj ,navicula p]egr9a ,ehr4 #id #ba ,navicula cypr9us 7,wm4 ,sm47 #ie #bb ,navicula re9h>dtii ,grun4 #ie #bc ,navicula lanceolata v>4 ar5>ia 7,donk47 ,cl4 #ie #bd ,navicula sal9>um ,grun4 #ie #be ,navicula ga/rum ,ehr4 #if #bf ,navicula anglica ,ralfs4 #if ,,diploneis #g ,diploneis oculata 7,brb47 ,cl4 #hf ,,/auroneis #ah ,/auroneis frickei v>4 angu/a n4 v>4 #hh ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bf ,,plate #bg ,,/auroneis--,cont9u$ #a ,/auroneis pho5ic5t]on ,ehr4 #hh #b ,/auroneis acuta ,wm4 ,sm4 #hi #c ,/auroneis am]icana ,a4 ,s4 #hi #d ,/auroneis anceps v>48 #hh #e ,/auroneis anceps v>4 gracilis 7,ehr47 ,cl4 #hh #f ,/auroneis sal9a ,wm4 ,sm4 #hi #g ,/auroneis anceps v>4 amphicephala 7,kuetz47 ,cl4 #hh #h ,/auroneis anceps v>48 #hh #i ,/auroneis anceps v>48 #hh #aj ,/auroneis crucicula 7,grun47 ,cl4 #hi #aa ,/auroneis smi?ii ,grun4 #hi ,,navicula #ab ,navicula lacu/ris ,greg4 #ib #ac ,navicula ha/a ,pant4 #ig #ad ,navicula ha/a v>4 punctata n4 v>4 #ig #ae ,navicula punctata v>4 asymmetrica ,lag]/$t #ib #af ,navicula dicephala ,wm4 ,sm4 #if #ag ,navicula plac5ta ,ehr4 #id #ah-ai ,navicula inflexa ,greg4 #if #bj ,navicula p9nata ,pant48 #if #ba ,navicula oblonga ,kuetz4 #ig #bb ,navicula p5nata ,a4 ,s4 #if #bc ,navicula pygma ,kuetz4 #id #bd ,navicula humilis ,donk4 #if ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bg ,,plate #bh ,,p9nul>ia #a ,p9nul>ia nobilis ,ehr4 #ajc #b ,p9nul>ia major v>4 pul*ella n4 v>4 #ajb #c ,p9nul>ia dactylus ,ehr4 #ajc #d ,p9nul>ia major 7,kuetz47 ,wm4 ,sm4 #ajb ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bh ,,plate #bi ,,p9nul>ia--,cont9u$ #a ,p9nul>ia g5tilis 7,donk47 ,cl4 #ajc #b ,p9nul>ia viridis ,nitzs*4 #ajd #c ,p9nul>ia dactylus v>4 d>iana 7,a4 ,s47 ,cl4 #ajc #d ,p9nul>ia viridis v>4 fallax ,cl4 #ajd #e ,p9nul>ia socialis ,palm] #ajd #f ,p9nul>ia /u>ii ,cl4 #aje #g ,p9nul>ia rectangulata 7,greg47 ,cl4 #aaj #h ,p9nul>ia trigonocephala ,cl4 #ajc #i ,p9nul>ia major 7,kuetz47 ,wm4 ,sm4 7small =m ne> ,p4 viridis7 #ajb #aj ,p9nul>ia dactylus v>4 dem]> ,cl4 #ajc #aa ,p9nul>ia mormonorum 7,grun47 #ajg #ab ,p9nul>ia brbissonii 7,kuetz47 ,cl4 #ajg #ac ,p9nul>ia mesolepta ,ehr4 #aje #ad ,p9nul>ia t]mes v>4 /auronei=mis ,v4 ,h4 #ajf #ae ,p9nul>ia mol>is 7,grun47 ,cl4 #aje #af ,p9nul>ia braunii ,grun4 #ajf #ag ,p9nul>ia t]mes 7,ehr47 ,a4 ,s4 #ajf #ah ,p9nul>ia app5diculata 7,ag47 ,cl4 #ajf #ai ,p9nul>ia micro/auron 7,ehr47 ,cl4 v>48 #ajf #bj ,p9nul>ia subcapitata ,greg4 #aje ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bi ,,plate #cj ,,p9nul>ia--,cont9u$ #a ,p9nul>ia c>d9aliculus ,cl4 #ajg #b ,p9nul>ia viridis v>4 fallax ,cl48 7v>4 ,b41 ,wm4 ,sm4874 #ajd #c ,p9nul>ia legum5 ,ehr4 #ajg #d ,p9nul>ia legum5 v>48 #ajg #e ,p9nul>ia gibba 7,kuetz47 ,v4 ,h4 #aji #f ,p9nul>ia mesogongyla 7,ehr47 ,cl4 #aji #g ,p9nul>ia acrosphria 7,brb47 ,cl4 #ajh #h ,p9nul>ia acrosphria v>4 turgidula ,grun4 #ajh #i ,p9nul>ia tabell>ia 7,ehr47 ,cl4 v>48 #aaj #aj ,p9nul>ia leptosoma ,grun4 #aje #aa ,p9nul>ia /auropt]a v>4 int]rupta ,cl4 #aaj #ab ,p9nul>ia /omatophora 7,grun47 ,cl4 #aji #ac ,p9nul>ia /auropt]a 7,grun47 ,cl4 #aaj #ad ,p9nul>ia p>va 7,ehr47 ,cl4 v>48 #ajh #ae-ai ,p9nul>ia nodosa =ma capitata ,cl4 #ajh #af ,p9nul>ia subcapitata v>4 pauci/riata ,grun4 #aje #ag ,p9nul>ia viridis ,nitzs* v>4 #ajd #ah ,p9nul>ia viridis v>4 caudata n4 v>4 #ajd #bj ,p9nul>ia mesolepta v>4 /auronei=mis ,grun4 #aje #ba ,p9nul>ia polyonca 7,brb47 ,lewis4 #ajh #bb ,p9nul>ia borealis ,ehr4 #aji #bc ,p9nul>ia lata 7,brb47 ,wm4 ,sm4 #aji #bd ,p9nul>ia borealis v>4 scal>is 7,ehr47 ,cl4 #aji #be ,p9nul>ia bl&ita n4 sp4 #ajh ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #cj ,,plate #ca ,,navicula #a ,navicula elegans ,wm4 ,sm4 #aja #b ,navicula elegans v>4 cuspidata ,cl4 #aja #c-d ,navicula grevillei 7,ag47 ,cl4 #ii #e ,navicula libellus ,greg4 #ii #f-g ,navicula palpebralis ,brb4 #aja #h ,navicula rhyncocephala ,kuetz4 #ig #i ,navicula cryptocephala ,kuetz4 #ig #aj ,navicula longa 7,greg47 ,ralfs4 #ig ,,p9nul>ia #aa ,p9nul>ia brbissonii 7,kuetz47 ,cl4 #ajg #ab ,p9nul>ia borealis ,ehr4 #aji #ac ,p9nul>ia div]g5s v>4 elliptica ,grun4 #ajg ,,epi!mia #ad ,epi!mia turgida 7,ehr47 ,kuetz4 #aaa #ae-ba ,epi!mia argus ,kuetz4 #aaa #af ,epi!mia argus v>48 #aaa #ag ,epi!mia muell]i ,a4 ,s4 #aaa #ah ,epi!mia zebra v>4 proboscidea 7,kuetz47 ,grun4 #aab #ai ,epi!mia gibb]ula v>4 producta ,grun4 #aab #bj ,epi!mia musculus ,kuetz4 #aab #bb ,epi!mia musculus v>4 con/ricta 7,brb47 ,v4 ,h4 #aab ,,rhopalodia #bc ,rhopalodia gibba 7,kuetz47 ,muell] #aab #bd ,rhopalodia v5tricosa 7,kuetz47 ,muell] #aac ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ca ,,plate #cb ,,nitzs*ia #a ,nitzs*ia circumsuta 7,bail47 ,grun4 #aah #b ,nitzs*ia plana ,wm4 ,sm4 #aag #c ,nitzs*ia granulata ,grun4 #aaf #d ,nitzs*ia navicul>is 7,brb47 ,grun4 #aaf #e ,nitzs*ia p&uri=mis v>4 m9or ,grun4 #aag #f ,nitzs*ia apiculata 7,greg47 ,grun4 #aag #g ,nitzs*ia tabell>ia ,grun4 #aai #h ,nitzs*ia tryblionella ,hantzs* #aaf #aj-aa ,nitzs*ia bilobata ,wm4 ,sm4 #aah #ab ,nitzs*ia litoralis v>4 delaw>5sis ,grun4 #aah #ac ,nitzs*ia acum9ata 7,wm4 ,sm47 ,grun4 #aag #ad-be ,nitzs*ia amphibia ,grun4 #abb #ae ,nitzs*ia palea 7,kuetz47 ,wm4 ,sm4 #abb #af ,nitzs*ia flum95sis ,grun4 #abj #ag ,nitzs*ia obtusa v>4 scalpelli=mis ,grun4 #aba #ah ,nitzs*ia l9e>is 7,ag47 ,wm4 ,sm4 #abb #ai ,nitzs*ia communis ,rab4 #abb #bj ,nitzs*ia clausii ,hantzs*4 #aba #ba ,nitzs*ia epi!mioides ,grun4 #aah #bd ,nitzs*ia v]micul>is 7,kuetz47 ,wm4 ,sm4 #abj ,,hantzs*ia #i ,hantzs*ia amphioxys 7,ehr47 ,grun4 #aac #bb ,hantzs*ia m>9a 7,donk47 ,grun4 #aad #bc ,hantzs*ia virgata 7,rop]7 ,grun4 #aad ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #cb ,,plate #cc ,,nitzs*ia #a ,nitzs*ia longissima 7,brb47 ,ralfs #abc #b ,nitzs*ia int]m$ia ,hantzs* #abb #c ,nitzs*ia spectabilis v>4 am]icana ,grun4 #abb #d-e ,nitzs*ia sigmatella ,greg4 #aba #f ,nitzs*ia scal>is 7,ehr47 ,wm4 ,sm4 #aai #g ,nitzs*ia macil5ta ,greg4 #abj #h ,nitzs*ia insignis ,greg4 #aai #i ,nitzs*ia v]micul>is 7,kuetz47 ,hantzs* #abj #aj ,nitzs*ia longissima =ma p>va ,v4 ,h4 #abc #aa ,nitzs*ia rev]sa ,wm4 ,sm4 #abc #ab ,nitzs*ia acicul>is 7,kuetz47 ,wm4 ,sm4 #abc #ac-ad ,nitzs*ia paxillif] 7,o4 ,f4 ,muell]7 ,heib4 #aai ,,homoeocladia #ae ,homoeocladia fili=mis ,wm4 ,sm4 #abc ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #cc ,,plate #cd ,,surirella #a ,surirella /riatula ,turp9 #abe #b ,surirella anceps ,lewis #abh #c ,surirella int]m$ia ,lewis #abh #d ,surirella arctissima ,a4 ,s4 #abh #e-f ,surirella delicatissima ,lewis #abh #g ,surirella int]m$ia ,lewis =ma m9or8 #abh ,,cymatopleura #h-i ,cymatopleura solea 7,brb47 ,wm4 ,sm4 #abi ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #cd ,,plate #ce ,,surirella #a ,surirella fa/uosa ,ehr4 #abg #b ,surirella bis]iata 7,ehr47 ,brb4 #abd #c ,surirella spl5dida 7,ehr47 ,kuetz4 #abe #d ,surirella crum5a ,brb4 #abf #e ,surirella ovalis ,brb4 #abf #f ,surirella t5]a ,greg4 #abe #g ,surirella rec$5s ,a4 ,s4 #abg #h ,surirella l9e>is ,wm4 ,sm4 #abd #i ,surirella oblonga ,ehr48 #abg #aj ,surirella cruciata ,a4 ,s4 #abg #aa ,surirella gracilis ,grun4 #abg #ab-ac ,surirella amphioxys ,wm4 ,sm4 #abd ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ce ,,plate #cf ,,surirella--,cont9u$ #a ,surirella elegans ,ehr4 #abe #b ,surirella robu/a ,ehr4 #abd #c ,surirella febig]ii ,lewis #abh #d ,surirella gemma ,ehr4 #abe #e ,surirella guatimal5sis ,ehr4 #abf #f ,surirella p&uri=mis ,wm4 ,sm4 #abf #g-i ,surirella p9nata ,wm4 ,sm4 #abf #h ,surirella angu/a ,kuetz4 #abg ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #cf ,,plate #cg ,,cymatopleura #a ,cymatopleura elliptica 7,brb47 ,wm4 ,sm4 #abi #b ,cymatopleura elliptica =ma spiralis #abi #c-d ,cymatopleura m>9a ,lewis #abi ,,campylodiscus #e ,campylodiscus hib]nicus ,ehr4 #acj #f ,campylodiscus e*5eis ,ehr4 #acj ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #cg ,,plate #ch #a ,amphora gigantea v>4 fusca ,a4 ,s4 #fe #b ,meloseira cr5ulata 7,ehr47 ,kuetz4 #ae #c-d ,licmophora baileyi 7,edw47 ,grun4 #dj #e ,cosc9odiscus polyacan?us ,grun4 #bb #f-g ,ditylum intricatum 7,we/7 ,grun4 #cj #h ,pyxidicula cruciata ,ehr4 #ai #i ,gyrosigma scalproides 7,rab47 ,cl4 #gf #aj ,cosc9odiscus a/]omphalus v>4 omphalan?a 7,ehr47 ,grun4 #bc #aa ,rhabdonema m9utum ,kuetz4 #cf #ab ,gyrosigma kuetz+ii 7,grun47 ,cl4 #gf #ac ,gyrosigma prolongatum 7,wm4 ,sm47 ,cl4 #gf #ad ,cymbella p>va 7,wm4 ,sm47 ,cl4 #fa #ae ,gomphoneis h]culaneum 7,ehr47 ,cl4 7zone view7 #gj #af ,cymbella v5tricosa ,kuetz4 #fb #ag-ah ,eunotia sp4 7abnormal87 #ed ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ch ,,plate #ci #a ,nitzs*ia spectabilis v>4 am]icana ,grun4 7zone view7 #abb #b ,nitzs*ia p&uri=mis ,greg4 #aag #c ,hantzs*ia amphioxys 7,ehr47 ,grun4 #aac #d ,hantzs*ia amphioxys v>4 major ,grun4 #aad #e ,nitzs*ia dubia ,wm4 ,sm4 #aah #f ,nitzs*ia amphioxys ,wm4 ,sm4 #aad #g ,nitzs*ia compressa 7,bail47 #aaf #h ,nitzs*ia compressa v>4 m9or ,h4 ,l4 ,smi? #aaf #i ,surirella int]m$ia ,lewis 7zone view7 #abh #aj ,surirella arctissima ,a4 ,s4 =ma m9or #abh #aa ,surirella ovalis ,brb4 #abf #ab ,surirella bis]iata 7,ehr47 ,brb4 #abd #ac ,nitzs*ia sigma 7,kuetz47 ,wm4 ,sm4 #aba #ad ,nitzs*ia obtusa v>4 flexella ,h4 ,l4 ,smi? #aba #ae ,/auroneis legum5 ,ehr4 #hi #af ,nitzs*ia obtusa ,wm4 ,sm4 #aba ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ci ,,plate #dj #a ,caloneis lib] 7,wm4 ,sm47 ,cl4 #ha #b ,anomoeoneis sphrophora 7,kuetz47 ,cl4 #hj #c ,nitzs*ia spa?ulata ,brb4 #abj #d ,/auroneis 8 abnormal #hi #e ,navicula 8 abnormal #aja #f ,podocy/is adriatica ,kuetz4 #abi #g ,nitzs*ia dissipata 7,kuetz47 ,grun4 #abj #h ,cymbella v5tricosa ,kuetz4 7zone view7 #fb #i ,navicula radiosa ,kuetz4 7zone view7 #id #aj ,detail ( ,rhabdonema arcuatum 7,lyng47 ,kuetz4 #ce #aa ,diatoma anceps 7,ehr47 ,kir*n4 7conta9+ *romataphores7 #db #ab ,cosc9odiscus a/]omphalus ,ehr4 7trans4 section1 aft] ,pelletan7 #bc #ac-ad-ae ,transv]se section 7diagram7 ( ,p9nul>ia %[+ /raight1 oblique & groov$ raphes #aja #af ,transv]se section 7diagram7 ( ,biddulphia favus %[+ inn] punctate /ratum 7aft] ,deby7 #ca #ag ,transv]se 7ideal7 section ( ,surirella #abd #ah-ai ,transv]se 7ideal7 section ( ,p9nul>ia1 be=e & aft] division #aja #bj ,transv]se section ( ,nitzs*ia l9e>is 7,ag47 ,wm4 ,sm4 #abb #ba ,transv]se section 7diagram7 ( ,navicula #hi #bb ,transv]se section 7diagram7 ( ,cymbella #fj #bc ,transv]se section 7diagram7 ( ,amphora #fe ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #dj