,transcrib]'s notes ,italics 9 ! orig9al "w are transcrib$ betwe5 und]scores2 small-capitals h be5 transcrib$ z all capitals4 ,m transcrib]'s notes & a li/ ( corrections made may be f\nd at ! end ( ?is text4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a ,a ,,practical ,,treatise ,,on ,,gas-,,light2 ,,exhibit+ ,a ,,summ>y ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,app>atus ,,& ,,ma*9]y ,,be/ ,,calculat$ ,,= ,,illum9at+ ,,/reets1 ,,h\ses1 ,,& ,,manufactories1 ,,) ,,c>burett$ ,,hydrog51 ,,or ,,coal-,,gas1 ,,) ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,! ,,utility1 ,,safety1 ,,& ,,g5]al ,,nature ,,( ,,?is ,,new ,,bran* ,,( ,,civil ,,economy4 ,,by ,,fr$rick ,,accum1 ,,op]ative ,,*emi/1 ,,lectur] ,,on ,,practical ,,*emi/ry1 ,,on ,,m9]alogy1 ,,& ,,on ,,*emi/ry ,,appli$ ,,to ,,! ,,arts ,,& ,,manufactures2 ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,royal ,,iri% ,,academy1 ,,fell[ ,,( ,,! ,,l9n,n ,,society1 ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,royal ,,academy ,,( ,,sci5ces ,,( ,,b]l91 c4 c4 ,,) ,,sev5 ,,col\r$ ,,plates4 ,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,g4 ,,hayd51 ,,brydges-,,/reet1 ,,cov5t ,,g>d52 ,,= ,r4 ,,ack]mann1 #aja1 ,,/r&2 ,,longman1 ,,hur/1 ,,rees1 ,,orme1 ,,& ,,br[n2 ,,& ,,%]wood1 ,,neely1 ,,& ,,jones1 ,,pat]no/] ,,r[2 ,,& ,j4 ,,hat*>d1 ,,piccadilly4 ,price--,twelve ,%ill+s 9 ,bo>ds4 #ahae4 ,,ex ,,fumo ,,d>e ,,lucem4 ,,hor4 ,,preface4 #aa1 ,compton ,/reet ,soho4 ,! foll[+ pages are int5d$ to exhibit a summ>y view ( ! new art ( procur+ light1 by means ( c>burett$ hydrog5 gas obta9$ f pit-coal1 & :i* ( late has be5 employ$ ) unp>alell$ success1 z a sub/itute = c&les & lamps1 & is kn[n by ! "n ( ,,gas-,,light4 ,to accompli% ?is object1 ,i h giv51 9 ! fir/ "p ( ?is ,essay1 a concise & popul> view ( ! *emical !ory & production ( artificial light--,i h expla9$ ! action ( c&les & lamps--,i h %[n ! me?ods ( measur+ ! comp>ative illum9at+ p[] ( artificial light ( diff]5t k9ds1 s z to appreciate _! economical value--,i h /at$ ! proportions ( combu/ible mat]ials requisite = produc+ a light ( a c]ta9 /r5g?2 ) su* o!r prelim9>y facts & obs]vations z 7 deem$ necess>y to enable ! read] to und]/& fully ! nature ( ! new art ( illum9ation1 :i* x is ! object ( ?is ,essay to describe4 ,^! positions are foll[$ by a *emical view ( ! g5]al nature & composition ( coal--! *emical *anges :i* ?is sub/ance suff]s1 :5 employ$ 9 ! production ( gas-light--! diff]5t products x furni%es--! modes ( obta9+ !m--_! prop]ties & applications 9 ! v>i\s arts ( life4 ,i h giv5 a description ( ! app>atus & ma*9]y by means ( :i* ! coal-gas is prep>$1 & ! me?ods employ$ = di/ribut+ & apply+ x z a sub/itute = c&les & lamps to illum9ate h\ses1 /reets & manufactories2--,i h furni%$ ! data = calculat+ ! exp5se t mu/ att5d ! application ( ?is species ( light "u diff]5t circum/ances1 s z to det]m9e ! relative co/ or value ( gas-lights1 :5 comp>$ ) ! lights n[ 9 use--toge!r ) su* o!r practical directions & facts z w enable ! read] to =m a prop] e/imate ( ! gas-light illum9ation1 & to put ?is art into practice4 ,i h /at$ ! lead+ objects ( public & private utility to :i* ! new sy/em ( light+ may be successfully appli$1 c&idly po9t+ out ^? 9 :i* x _c be made use ( to advantage4 ,i h detail$ ! mo/ obvi\s effects :i* ! discov]y ( light+ ) coal-gas mu/ inevitably produce ^u ! arts & ^u dome/ic economy2 its prim>y advantages--its views--its limits1 & ! res\rces x pres5ts to indu/ry & public economy4 ,i h endeav\r$ to %[ h[ f> its application is safe1 & 9 :at respect x is entitl$ to public approbation & national enc\ragem5t4 ,x may n be improp]1 be=e conclud+1 to in=m ! read]1 t my qualifications = ! task ,i h und]tak5 are f\nd$ ^u _m ye>s exp]i5ce1 dur+ :i* "t1 ,i possess$ peculi> opportunities to witness & v]ify ! mo/ ext5d$ s]ies ( op]ations t ev] h be5 made = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ ! practicability1 safety1 & g5]al nature ( ! art ( apply+ coal-gas z a sub/itute = tall[ & oil2 & :i* h1 z x 71 fix$ ! fate ( ?is art4 ,! num]\s exp]im5ts ,i in/itut$1 ^u a l>ge scale1 by desire ( ! ,gas-,light ,company1 = ! purpose ( adduc+ !m 9 my evid5ce be=e ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 & ,h\se ( ,lords1 on a =m] occasion1 h enabl$ me to collect su* in=mation z c\ld n h be5 obta9$ by o!r means4 ,! sub/ance ( ^! results 7:i* are pr9t$ by ord] ( ,gov]nm5t17 are incorporat$ 9 ?is ,treatise1 toge!r ) su* o!r facts & obs]vations z h pres5t$ !mselves 9 ! r\t9e ( my pr(ession else:]e4 ,to g5]alize ! results ( my obs]vations1 & to make !m practically useful to ! public1 is ! aim ( ! pres5t publication1 & ,i ne$ sc>cely add1 t _! suffrages to ! zeal & indu/ry1 at lea/1 ) :i* ,i h endeav\r$ to atta9 my object1 w be a s\rce ( inf9ite satisfaction4 ,,fr$rick ,,accum ,cont5ts4 ,,introductory ,,obs]vation4 ,page #a4 ,progress ( ! arts4--,influ5ce ( x ^u ! morals & condition ( man4--,b5eficial t5d5cy ( *emical & me*anical improvem5ts4 --,/ate ( pre-em95ce ( p ) reg>d to civilization4--,h[ to be e/imat$4--,fl\ri%+ /ate ( ^? nations :i* h %[n ! greate/ activity 9 cultivat+ ! useful arts1 & e/abli%+ useful ent]prises4--,g5]al obs]vations on ?is subject4--,extra- ord9>y discov]ies ( mod]n times4--,new art ( procur+ light4-- ,object ( ! treatise4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,production ,,( ,,artificial ,,light1 c4 #h4 ,production ( ! flame g5]at$ dur+ ! combu/ion ( c]ta9 bodies4--,*>act]s ( flame :5 p]fect4--,mo/ lum9\s flame1 h[ produc$ ) ! lea/ consumption ( combu/ible matt]4--,conditions necess>y = t purpose4--,importance ( ?is subject1 ) reg>d to ! production & supply ( artificial light4--,! flame ( bodies may be t+$4--,blue flame1 r$ flame1 gre5 flame1 c4--,op9ion conc]n+ ! orig9 ( light emitt$ by bodies burn+ ) flame4-- ,philosophy ( ! subject4--,!ory ( ! action ( ! in/rum5ts ( illum9ation4--,rude me?od ( procur+ light employ$ 9 "s c\ntries4--,*emical action ( c&les1 & lamps4--,ag5cy ( ! tall[1 oil1 c4--,(fice ( ! wick4--,reason :y tall[ c&les require snuff+1 & wax c&les snuff !mselves--,fur!r obs]vations on ! subject4 ,,me?od ,,( ,,asc]ta9+ ,,! ,,illum9at+ ,,p[] ,,( ,,c&les1 ,,lamps1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,lum9\s ,,bodies4 #bb4 ,optical pr9ciple assum$ z law = det]m9+ ! relative /r5g? ( lights ( diff]5t k9ds4--,admeasurem5t ( ! int5sities ( light4--,quantity ( wax1 tall[1 oil1 c4 requisite = produc+ a light ( a c]ta9 /r5g?4--,me?od ( increas+ ! light ( tall[ c&les1 & to obviate ! necessity ( snuff+ !m4--,a tall[ c&le plac$ 9 an incl9$ position gives m light ?an :5 plac$ p]p5dicul>ly & snuff$ ) an in/rum5t4--,explanation ( ! fact4--,fur!r obs]vations on ?is subject4--,comp>ative co/ ( ! light obta9$ by burn+ tall[ c&les ( diff]5t sorts & sizes4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,gas-,,light4 #dg4 ,enc\ragem5t giv5 by ! legislature to ! new sy/em ( procur+ light4--,gas-light company1 incorporat$ by *>t]1 to apply ! new art ( illum9ation by way ( exp]im5t1 on a l>ge scale1 to illum9ate ! /reets & h\ses ( ! metropolis4--,p[] & au?orities grant$ to ?is corporate body4--are v re/rict$1 & d n prev5t o!r individuals f ent]+ into competition ) !m4--,b\nd>ies ( _! exp]im5ts4--limit ( capital employ$ by !m4--,p[] ( ,8 ,maje/y ) reg>d to ! gas-light *>t]4 ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,combu/ion ,,( ,,coal ,,9 ,,elucidation ,,( ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,gas- ,,light4 #di4 ,natural hi/ory ( pit-coal4--,imm$iate con/itu5t p>ts ( coal4-- ,_! relative quantities--are diff]5t 9 diff]5t k9ds ( coal4-- ,ph5om5a1 :i* happ5 dur+ ! combu/ion ( coal4--,analysis ( coal by di/illation4--,great wa/e ( matt] capable ( produc+ light & heat1 9 ! usual mode ( burn+ coal4--,pro(s ( ?is /atem5t4--,!ory ( ! production ( gas-light1 comp>$ ) ! production ( light obta9$ by c&les & lamps4--,place :i* ! discov]y ( light+ ) gas occupies 9 ! philosophical ord] ( k4 ,,hi/orical ,,sket* ,,( ,,! ,,rise ,,& ,,progress ,,( ,,! ,,application ,,( ,,coal- ,,gas ,,z ,a ,,sub/itute ,,= ,,procur+ ,,artificial ,,light4 #ee4 ,! discov]y ( ! inflammable nature & application ( coal-gas = ! production ( artificial light1 _c be claim$ by any body n[ liv+4--,e>ly notices ( ! inflammable prop]ty ( ! gas obta9$ by di/ill+ coal4--,attempts to sub/itute x = tall[ & oil4--,exp]im5ts made ) coal-gas by ,dr4 ,,clayton1 ,dr4 ,,hales1 & ! ,bi%op ( ,ll&aff4--,fir/ successful attempt ( light+ manu- factories ) gas4--,cr$itor & debtor acc\nt conc]n+ ! exp5ce ( ?is mode ( illum9ation1 :5 comp>$ ) ! light obta9$ by tall[ c&les4--,claims ( ,mr4 ,,murdo* ) reg>d to ! economical application ( coal-gas4--,claims ( ,mr4 ,,w9sor4--,exp]i- m5ts ( ,mr4 ,,nor!rn1 ,mr4 ,,clegg1 ,mr4 ,,cook1 ,mr4 ,,ack]mann4--,economical /atem5ts ( ! gas-light illum9ation :5 comp>$ ) ! co/ ( ! same quantity ( light obta9$ by means ( c&les & lamps4 ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,production ,,( ,,gas-,,light2 ,,& ,,description ,,( ,a ,,portable ,,app>atus ,,= ,,illu/rat+1 ,,9 ,,! ,,small ,,way1 ,,! ,,g5]al ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,sy/em ,,( ,,procur+ ,,light4 #gg4 ,philosophy ( ! production ( coal-gas4--,*>act]s ( ! v>i\s products :i* ! gas-light process af=ds1 _! quantities1 & modes ( obta9+ !m4--,quantity ( gas obta9able f a giv5 weight ( coal4--,illum9at+ p[] ( a giv5 bulk ( coal-gas comp>$ ) ! illum9at+ p[] ( a giv5 weight ( tall[ c&les4--,practical directions ) reg>d to ! production ( ! gas f coal4--,its *emical con/itution & analysis4--,pit-coal is n ! only sub/ance :i* af=ds c>burett$ hidrog5 gas4--,?is gas exi/s ready =m$ 9 nature4--,mode ( collect+ x :5 f\nd native4--,is giv5 out by all k9ds ( vegetable matt]1 submitt$ to di/illation 9 close vessels4--,o!r s\rces ( obta9+ ?is gaze\s fluid4--,practical directions ) reg>d to ! me?od ( obta9+ f coal1 ?is gaze\s sub/ance1 z be/ suit$ = illum9ation4--,*emical con/itution ( coal-gas4--,h[ asc]ta9$4 ,,utility ,,( ,,! ,,gas-,,light ,,illum9ation ,,) ,,reg>d ,,to ,,public ,,& ,,private ,,economy4 #ii4 ,objects to :i* ! new sy/em ( light+ ) gas may be b5eficially appli$4--,capital advantages ( ! gas-light illum9a- tion4--,places & public edifices light$ ) coal-gas 9 ?is metro- polis4--,situations be/ suit$ = ! application ( gas-lights4-- places :]e x _c be us$ to advantage4--,illum9ation ( b>racks1 ars5als1 dock y>ds1 c4 ) coal-gas4--,fur!r obs]va- tions on ?is subject4--,great heat produc$ by gas-lights4--,reason :y ! flame ( coal-gas produces m heat ?an ! flame ( c&les & lamps4--,admeasurem5t ( ! comp>ative degrees ( heat produc$ by gas-lights1 oil lamps1 tall[ & wax c&les1 c4--,gas lamps & burn]s1 v>i\s k9ds (4--,ornam5tal *&eli]s & c&elabras1 = apply+ coal-gas z a sub/itute = oil4--,o!r products obta9- able f coal besides gas4--,coke4--,its nature4--,combu/ion ( x4-- ,produces a m /rong & la/+ heat ?an coal4--,explanation ( ?is fact4--,advantages result+ f ! use ( coke z fuel4--,disad- vantages ( its application 9 c]ta9 circum/ances4--,relative effect ( heat produc$ by equal quantities ( coke & *>coal4--,me?od ( measur+ ! comp>ative effect ( diff]5t k9ds ( fuel 9 pro- duc+ heat4--,capital advantages result+ f ! application ( coke1 z fuel1 9 ! art ( burn+ lime4--,pla/] ( ,p>is1 bricks1 c4--,quantity ( coke obta9able f a c]ta9 quantity ( pit-coal4 --,k9d ( coke be/ suit$ = metallurgical op]ations4--,mode ( obta9+ x 9 ! gas-light process4--,sort ( coke be/ adapt$ = kit*5 & p>l\r fires4--,manufacture ( x4--,coal t>4--,h[ obta9$4--,its prop]ties4--,e>l ( ,dundonald's me?od ( manufac- tur+ t> f coal4--,quantity ( coal-t> produc$ 9 ! gas-light process f a giv5 quantity ( coal4--,*>act]s ( coal t> obta9$ f ,newca/le coal1 diff] f t produc$ f canel coal4--,coal pit*4--,process = obta9+ x4--,prop]ties ( coal- pit*4--,use ( x 9 ! arts4--quantity ( coal-pit* obta9able f a giv5 quantity ( t>4--,ammoniacal liquor produc$ dur+ ! di/illation ( coal4--,its *emical con/itution4--,quantity obta9$ f a giv5 quantity ( coal4--,g5]al obs]vation respect+ ! s*eme ( apply+ coal-gas z a sub/itute = c&les & lamps4-- ,effects :i* x mu/ produce ^u ! arts & ^u dome/ic economy4 --,its views4--,prim>y advantages4--,res\rces :i* x pres5ts to indu/ry & public economy4--,9 :at respect x is entitl$ to public approbation & national enc\ragem5t4--,effects ( prejudice aga9/ ! introduction ( new & useful discov]ies4--,h op]at$ /rongly 9 ret>d+ ! gas-light illum9ation4--,rem>kable sl[ness ) :i* improvem5ts ( ext5d$ utility make _! way into common use1 contra/$ ) ! rapid adoption ( fa%ionable *anges4--,o!r causes unfav\rable to ! adoption ( new & useful plans4--,fur!r obs]vations on ?is subject4--,! new sy/em ( light+ ) coal- gas c nev] sup]s$e ! use ( c&les & moveable lights4--,gas- light illum9ation _c prove injuri\s to ! ,gre5l& fi%]y-- nor c x dim9i% ! coal trade--mu/ prove b5eficial to x4--,! price ( coal ev5 :5 x is ! highe/ _c mat]ially affect ! b5eficial application ( gas-lights4--,/rik+ advantages to be d]iv$ f ! introduction ( gas-lights into manufactories4-- ,pr9cipal exp5se :i* mu/ always att5d ! gas-light illum9ation4 --,is ! dead capital employ$ = erect+ ! ma*9]y4--,float+ capital is small4--,advice to private individuals ) reg>d to ! erection ( a gas-light app>atus calculat$ = _! own use4-- ,exp5ce :i* mu/ att5d ! application ( ! new sy/em ( light+ "u diff]5t circum/ances4--,entire new s*eme ( illum9at+ /reets1 or small t[ns1 ) gas-lights2 :i* w\ld save all ! ma9 pipes = convey+ ! gas ?r\gh ! /reets z well z ! bran* pipes :i* conduct ! gas to ! lamps4--,manage- m5t ( ! gas-light ma*9]y is extremely simple & easy4--,! app>atus n liable to be out ( ord]4--,obs]vations on ! safety ( ! gas-light illum9ation4--,misappreh5sion ( ! public con- c]n+ x4--,causes t h al>m$ ! public conc]n+ ! application ( ! new lights4--,gas-lights _c give rise to ^? accid5ts :i* h s (t5 aris5 f ! c>eless snuff+ ( c&les1 c4--,produce no emb]s or sp>ks4--,_c fall1 or be dis- turb$ )\t becom+ ext+ui%$4--,are ! safe/ ( all lights4-- ,impossibility ( /reets or t[ns light$ ) gas to be ?r[n sudd5ly into d>kness by ! fracture ( ! gas-pipes convey+ ! gas to ! lamps--or by ! de/ruction ( "o or m ( ! gas- light ma*9]ies employ$ = prep>+ ! gas4--,illu/ration %[+ ! absurdity ( su* mi/ak5 notions4--,curi\s self-ex- t+ui%+ lamp1 inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,,clegg4--,8 ma*9e :i* measures & regi/]s 9 ! abs5ce ( ! obs]v]1 ! quantity ( gas deliv]$ by a pipe communicat+ ) a gas-light ma94--,lead+ *>act]s ( ! new lights4--,objects & views :i* ?is art embraces4--,x mu/ less5 ! consumption ( oil4--,occasion a defalcation 9 ! rev5ue4 ,,tabul> ,,view1 ,exhibit+ ! quantity ( ,,gas1 ,,coke1 ,,t>1 ,,pit*1 ,,ess5tial ,,oil1 & ,,ammoniacal ,,liquor1 obta9able f a giv5 quantity ( ,,coal3 toge!r ) an e/imate ( ! quantity ( ,coal necess>y to produce a quantity ( ,gas1 capable ( yield+ a ,light equal 9 duration ( "t & int5sity to t produc$ by ,tall[ ,c&les ( diff]5t k9ds4 #afd4 ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,gas-,,light ,,app>atus4 #aff4 ,,me?od ( correct+ ! relative pressure ( ! ,gasomet]1 s z to cause ! gas :i* x conta9s to be uni=mly ( an equal d5sity4 #aha4 ,,directions ,,to ,,workm5 ,,att5d+ ,,! ,,gas-,,light ,,app>atus4 #ahb4 ,,e/imate ( ! price ( a ,gas-,light ,app>atus4 #ahe4 ,,london ,price ,li/ ( ! mo/ ess5tial articles employ$ 9 ! erection ( a ,gas-light ,app>atus4 #ahf4 ,,errata4 ,page #bd1 l9e #aa1 = too1 read two4 #dh1 #bb1 = corporat$1 read incorporat$4 #ec1 #g1 = ?is combu/ion1 read ! combu/ion4 #fd1 #bd1 = ,,cleg1 read ,,clegg4 ibid #be1 = communicates1 read communicat$4 #fe1 erase ! 99 & put x aft] ! ^w ,,clegg1 l9e #bd1 p4 #fd4 ibid #ag1 = attemps1 read attempts4 #abe1 #bc1 = degree1 read degrees4 #acb1 #be1 = coal1 read coal-t>4 ,,directions ,,to ,,! ,,b9d]3 ,plate ,i4 fac+ ! title2 plate ,,ii4 fac+ page #gi2 plate ,,iii4 fac+ page #aae2 plate ,,iv4 fac+ page #aai2 plate ,v4 fac+ page #abj2 & plates ,,vi4 & ,,vii4 at ! end ( ! book4 ,a ,,practical ,,treatise ,,on ,,gas-,,light4 ,,introductory ,,obs]vation4 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,! ,,progress ,,( ,,! ,,arts ,,^u ,,! ,,morals ,,& ,,condition ,,( ,,man4 ,x is an und\bt$ tru?1 t ! successive improvem5ts 9 ! condition ( man1 f a /ate ( ignorance & b>b>ism1 to t ( ! highe/ cultivation & ref9em5t1 are usually effect$ by ! aid ( ma*9]y & exp$i5ts1 calculat$ to procure ! necess>ies1 ! com=ts1 & ! elegancies ( life2 & t ! pre-em95ce ( any p 9 civilization is1 & ought ev] to be1 e/imat$ by ! proportional /ate ( indu/ry1 & useful lab\r exi/+ among !m4 ,9 pro( ( ?is great & /rik+ tru?1 no o!r argum5t requires to be (f]$1 ?an an imm$iate ref]5ce to ! exp]i5ce ( all ages & places3 ! v>i\s nations ( ! e>?1 ! prov9ces ( ea* nation1 ! t[ns1 & ev5 ! villages ( ! same prov9ce1 diff] f ea* o!r 9 _! accommodations2 & are 9 e respect m fl\ri%+1 ! great] _! activity 9 e/abli%+ new *annels ( useful employ1 calculat$ to procure ! necess>ies & com=ts ( life4 ,h5ce ! nations :i* h %ewn ! mo/ +5uity 9 ?is way1 are n only ! ri*e/1 b also ! mo/ popul\s & ! be/ def5d$3 ! prov9ces ( ^? nations1 are se5 to fl\ri% likewise 9 proportion to _! respective degrees ( activity 9 ?is respect1 ,& f ^! ex]tions x is1 z ,,smi?#a emphatically rem>ks1 t 8! accommodation ( an ,european pr9ce does n always s mu* exce$ t ( an indu/ri\s & frugal peasant1 z ! accommodation ( ! latt] exce$s t ( _m an ,african k+1 ! absolute ma/] ( ! lives & lib]ties ( t5 ?\s& nak$ savages40 #a ,weal? ( ,nations1 *ap4 #a4 ,x 0 a /range notion ( ,r\sseau to ma9ta9 t mank9d 7 happi] :5 !y resembl$ wild bea/s1 ?an ) all ! exp&$ k ( civiliz$ life2 & t ! cultivation ( _! und]/&+ _h t5d$ to deg5]ate _! virtues4 ,!re c be no virtue b :at is f\nd$ on a compreh5sive e/imate ( ! effects ( human actions1 & an animal "u ! guidance ( in/9ct c =m no su* e/imate4 ,! v>iety ( production1 ( wants1 & fabrication ( a civiliz$ society1 has giv5 rise to b>t] or ex*ange2 mutual supply has increas$ ! sub-division ( lab\r1 & improv$ ! means ( conveyance4 ,/reams1 roads1 %ips1 & c>riages h ext5d$ _! b5eficial int]c\rse2 confid5ce betwe5 man & man has advanc$ ! moral pr9ciples ( society1 & af=d$ a progression1 ( :i* ! pa/ gradation may inde$ be trac$1 b to ! future "p ( :i* ! imag9ation c sc>cely =m a probable outl9e4 ,& z ! moral & physical p[]s ( man exp&1 new res\rces & new ag5cies are made subs]vi5t to our comm&s1 :i*1 9 an e>li] /ate ( society1 w\ld h appe>$ altoge!r vision>y4 ,:o among ! anci5ts w\ld h li/5$ to ! extraord9>y s*eme ( writ+ books ) su* rapidity1 t "o man1 by ?is new art1 %\ld p]=m ! "w ( tw5ty ?\s& amanu5ses8 ,:at philosoph] w\ld h giv5 cr$it to ! d>+ project ( navigat+ ! wide/ ocean8--or imag9$ ! a/oni%+ effect ( gun-p[d]--or ! ext5d$ application ( ! /eam eng9e8 ,:at mortal w\ld h d>$ to dive to ! bottom ( ! sea--or to so> al(t into ! air--or bid defiance to ! ?und] ( ! cl\ds8 ,discov]ies :i* h *ang$1 z x 71 ! c\rse ( human affairs1 & ! effects ( :i* h already c>ri$ ! intellectual op]ations ( ! human m9d1 to a height !y c\ld by no o!r means h atta9$4 ,! m5 ( ^? e>ly ages1 9 ! confid5ce ( _! own wisdom1 might h d]id$ ^! discov]ies z impossible1 or reject$ !m z vision>y2 b to ^?1 :o enjoy ! full effects ( su*1 & num]\s o!r successful inv5tions1 x becomes a duty to reason ^u diff]5t pr9ciples1 & to ex]t all means 9 _! p[] to give effect to ! progress ( useful k4 ,! artificial production & supply ( light dur+ ! abs5ce ( ! sun1 unque/ionably holds a di/+ui%$ rank among ! mo/ important arts ( civiliz$ life4 ,if we c\ld = a mom5t suppose ! privation ( artificial light1 x w\ld foll[ z an imm$iate consequ5ce t ! greate/ "p ( ! globe on :i* we dwell1 w\ld cease to be ! habitation ( man4 ,:e!r he c\ld ensn>e or ov]take ^? animals ^u ^: unprep>$ rema9s he w\ld !n be compell$ to fe$--:e!r he might /ore ! fruits ( ! e>? = 8 w9t] supply--:at might be ! physical & moral consequ5ces ( a /ate ( su* desolation1 may p]haps be conjectur$2 b no e/imate c %[ its dreadful magnitude4 ,h[ mu* d our com=ts1 & h[ greatly does ! ext5t ( our p[]s1 9 ! common affairs ( life1 dep5d ^u ! production & supply ( artificial light4 ,! flame ( a s+le c&le animates a family1 e "o foll[s 8 occupation1 & no dread is felt ( ! d>kness ( night4 ,x might be a curi\s speculation to enquire h[ f>1 & 9 :at respects1 ! morals ( m5 w\ld become degrad$ by ! want ( ?is contrivance4 ,b x is suffici5t on ! pres5t occasion1 t1 previ\s to ent]+ ^u a diss]tation respect+ a new art ( illum9ation1 a tra9 ( ideas has slightly be5 h9t$ at1 :i* _c fail to %[ its magnitude & importance4 ,! me?ods ( procur+ & di/ribut+ light1 dur+ ! abs5ce ( ! sun1 h n hi!rto atta9$ ! ext5t ( _! possible p]fection3 !re is yet a wide field = improvem5t 9 ! con/ruction ( ! in/rum5ts ( illum9ation1 & ! subject is highly des]v+ ! att5tion ( e individual4 ,! s*eme ( light+ h\ses1 /reets1 & manufactories1 by means ( ! inflammable gas1 obta9able by di/illation f common pit-coal1 pr(esses to increase ! weal? ( ! nation1 by add+ to ! numb] ( its int]nal res\rces1 & on ?is gr\nd x is entitl$1 at lea/1 to a c&id exam9ation4 ,! app>5t slight t has be5 ?r[n ^u ?is new brea* ( civil economy by "s individuals1 :o appe> to be incapable ( judg+ ( its nature1 has contribut$ to det] s5sible & well dispos$ p]sons f wi%+ x success4 ,x is ! m necess>y to /ate ?is fact1 because1 :5 a mi/ak5 notion once becomes diffus$1 conc]n+ ! nature ( a new project1 p]sons ( ! be/ int5tion are liable to become affect$ ) wrong impressions on _! m9d4 ,i am nei!r a %>e hold]1 nor a gov]nor1 nor am ,i directly or indirectly conc]n$ 9 any gas-light association4 ,! object ( ! succe$+ pages1 simply is to rescue ! art ( illum9ation ) coal-gas f misconception & misrepres5tation1 & by a fair1 & n ov]*>g$ /atem5t ( its m]its & its disadvantages1 to appeal f prejudice & ignorance1 to ! good s5se ( ! community4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,production ,,( ,,artificial ,,light2 ,,& ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,action ,,( ,,c&les ,,& ,,lamps4 ,! flame ( burn+ bodies consi/s ( su* inflammable matt] 9 ! act ( combu/ion z is capable ( exi/+ 9 a gaze\s /ate4 ,:5 all circum/ances are favorable to ! complete combu/ion ( ! products1 ! flame is p]fect2 if ?is is n ! case1 "p ( ! combu/ible body1 capable ( be+ conv]t$ into ! gaze\s /ate1 passes ?r\gh ! lum9\s flame unburnt1 & exhibits ! appe>ance ( smoke4 ,soot !re=e always indicates an imp]fect combu/ion4 ,h5ce flame is produc$ f ^? inflammable sub/ances only1 :i* are ei!r totally volatile :5 heat is appli$ to !m1 s z n to alt] _! *emical habitudes--or :i* conta9 a quantity ( combu/ible matt] t is readily volatiliz$ into vap\r by heat1 or ! elem5ts necess>y = produc+ su* vap\r or gaze\s products1 :5 ! *emical con/itution ( ! body is alt]$ by an increase ( temp]ature4 ,& h5ce ! flame ( bodies is no?+ else ?an ! inflammable product1 ei!r 9 a vapor\s or 9 a p]man5tly ela/ic gaze\s /ate4 ,?us orig9ates ! flame ( wood & coal1 :5 !y are burn$ 9 _! crude /ate4 ,!y conta9 ! elem5ts ( a quantity ( inflammable matt]1 :i* is capable ( assum+ ! gaze\s /ate by ! application ( heat1 & subsequ5t new *emical arrangem5ts ( _! con/itu5t p>ts4 ,z ! artificial light ( lamps & c&les is af=d$ by ! flame !y exhibit1 x seems a matt] ( consid]able importance to society1 to asc]ta9 h[ ! mo/ lum9\s flame may be produc$ ) ! lea/ consumption ( combu/ible matt]4 ,!re does n appe> to be any dang] ( error 9 conclud+1 t ! light emitt$ w be greate/ :5 ! matt] is completely consum$ 9 ! %orte/ "t4 ,x is !re=e necess>y1 t ! /ream ( volatiliz$ combu/ible gaze\s matt] %\ld pass into ! atmosph]e ) a c]ta9 det]m9ate velocity4 ,if ! quantity ( ?is /ream %\ld n be duly proportion$2 t is to say1 if x be too l>ge1 its int]nal p>ts w n be completely burn$ = want ( contact ) ! air4 ,if its temp]ature be bel[ t ( ignition1 x w n1 9 _m cases1 burn :5 x comes into ! op5 air4 ,& !re is a c]ta9 velocity at :i* ! quantity ( atmosph]ical air :i* comes 9 contact ) ! vap\r w be nei!r too great nor too small2 = too mu* air w dim9i% ! temp]ature ( ! /ream ( combu/ible matt] s mu* z v consid]ably to imp$e ! desir$ effect1 & too little w r5d] ! combu/ion languid4 ,we h an example ( a flame too l>ge 9 ! m\?s ( ! *imneys ( furnaces1 :]e ! lum9\s "p is m]ely sup]ficial1 or ( ! ?ickness ( ab\t an in* or two1 accord+ to circum/ances1 & ! int]nal "p1 ?\gh hot1 w n set fire to pap] pass$ into x ?r\gh an iron tube2 ! same defect ( air prev5t+ ! combu/ion ( ! pap]1 z prev5t$ ! int]ior fluid itself f burn+4 ,& 9 ! lamp ( ,arg& we see ! advantage ( an int]nal curr5t ( air1 :i* r5d]s ! combu/ion p]fect by ! application ( air on bo? sides ( a ?9 flame4 ,s likewise a small flame is always :it] & m lum9\s ?an a l>g]2 & a %ort snuff ( a c&le giv+ out less combu/ible matt] 9 proportion to ! circumambi5t air2 ! quantity ( light becomes increas$ to eight or t5 times :at a long snuff w\ld h af=d$4 ,! light ( bodies burn+ ) flame1 exi/s previ\sly ei!r comb9$ ) ! combu/ible body1 or ) ! sub/ance :i* supports ! combu/ion4 ,we "k t light exi/s 9 "s bodies z a con/itu5t "p1 s9ce x is dis5gag$ f !m :5 !y ent] into new comb9ations1 b we are unable to obta9 9 a sep>ate /ate ! basis ) :i* x 0 comb9$4 ,t 9 _m cases ! light evolv$ by artificial means is d]iv$ f ! combu/ible body1 is obvi\s1 if we recollect t ! col\r ( ! light emitt$ dur+ ! process ( combu/ion v>ies1 & t ?is v>iation usually dep5ds n ^u ! m$ium :i* supports ! process ( combu/ion1 b ^u ! combu/ible body itself4 ,h5ce ! col\r ( ! flame ( c]ta9 combu/ibles1 ev5 ( ! pure/ k9d may be t+$ by ! admixture ( v>i\s sub/ances4 ,! flame ( a common c&le is f> f be+ ( an uni=m col\r4 ,! l[e/ "p is always blue2 & :5 ! flame is suffici5tly elongat$1 s z to be j ready to smoke1 ! tip is r$ or br[n4 ,z = ! col\rs ( flames t arise f coals1 wood1 & o!r usual combu/ibles1 _! v>iety1 :i* h>dly am\nts to a few %ades ( r$ or purple1 int]mix$ ) ! bright yell[ light1 seems pr9cipally to arise f ! great] or less admixture ( aque\s vap\r1 d5se smoke1 or1 9 %ort1 ( o!r incombu/ible products :i* pass ?r\gh ! lum9\s flame unburnt4 ,_s ( w9e burns ) a bluei% flame4 ,! flame ( sulphur has ne>ly ! same t+e4 ,! flame ( z9c is ( a bright gre5i% :ite4 ,! flame ( mo/ ( ! prep>ations ( copp]1 or ( ! sub/ances ) :i* !y are mix$1 is vivid gre54 ,_s ( w9e1 mix$ ) common salt1 :5 set on fire1 burns ) a v unpleasant effect1 z may be exp]i5c$ by look+ at ! spectators :o are illum9at$ by su* light4 ,if a spoonful ( _s ( w9e & a little boracic acid1 or nitrate ( copp] be /irr$ toge!r 9 a cup1 & !n be set on fire1 ! flame w be beautifully gre54 ,if _s ( w9e be mix$ ) nitrate ( /rontia1 x w1 aft]w>ds1 on be+ inflam$1 burn ) a c>m9e r$ col\r4 ,muriate ( lime t+es ! flame ( burn+ _s ( w9e ( an orange col\r4#b #b ,see ,*emical ,amusem5t1 compris+ m9ute in/ructions = p]=m+ a s]ies ( /rik+ & int]e/+ *emical exp]im5ts1 p4 #h1 c4 ,be=e we consid] ! g5]al nature ( ,gas-,light1 x w be necess>y to give a %ort sket* ( ! !ory & action ( ! in/rum5ts ( illum9ation employ$ = supply+ light1 toge!r ) "s o!r facts connect$ ) ! artificial production & di/ribution ( light2 su* a proce$+ w enable u to und]/& ! g5]al nature ( ! new sy/em ( illum9ation :i* x is ! object ( ?is ,essay to expla94 ,to procure light = ! ord9>y purposes ( life1 we are acqua9t$ ) no o!r ready means ?an ! process ( combu/ion4 ,! rude me?od ( illum9ation consi/s1 z is suffici5tly kn[n1 9 successively burn+ c]ta9 masses ( fuel 9 ! solid /ate3 common fires answ] ?is purpose 9 ! ap>tm5ts ( h\ses1 & 9 "s light-h\ses4 ,small fires ( res9\s wood1 & ! bitum9\s fossil1 call$ canel-coal1 are 9 "s c\ntries appli$ to ! same end1 b ! mo/ g5]al & useful contrivance is t 9 :i* fat1 or oil1 ( an animal or vegetable k9d is burn$ by means ( a wick1 & ^! contrivances compreh5d c&les & lamps4 ,9 ! lamp ! combu/ible sub/ance mu/ be "o ( ^? :i* reta9 _! fluidity at ! ord9>y temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! c&le is =m$ ( a mat]ial :i* is n fusible b at a temp]ature consid]ably elevat$4 ,all ^! sub/ances mu/ be r5d]$ volatile be=e !y c produce a flame1 b = ?is purpose x is suffici5t to volatilize a small quantity ( any ( !m1 successively2 = ?is small quantity w suffice to give a useful light1 & h5ce we mu/ admire ! simple1 yet wond]ful contrivance ( a common c&le or lamp4 ,^! bodies conta9 a consid]able quantity ( ! combu/ible sub/ance1 suffici5t to la/ sev]al h\rs2 !y h likewise1 9 a p>ticul> place1 a sl5d] piece ( spongy vegetable sub/ance1 call$ ! wick1 :i* 9 fact is ! fire-place1 or laboratory :]e ! :ole op]ation is conduct$4 ,!re are ?ree articles :i* dem& our att5tion 9 ! lamp--! oil1 ! wick1 & ! supply ( air4 ,x is requir$ t ! oil %\ld be readily inflammable2 ! (fice ( ! wick appe>s to be *iefly1 if n solely1 to convey ! oil by capill>y attraction to ! place ( combu/ion2 z ! oil is decompos$ into c>burett$ hydrog5 gas & o!r products1 o!r oil succe$s1 & 9 ?is way a cont9ual curr5t & ma9t5ance ( flame is effect$4 ,:5 a c&le is = ! fir/ "t light$1 a degree ( heat is giv5 to ! wick1 suffici5t fir/ to melt1 & next to decompose ! tall[ surr\nd+ its l[] surface2 & j 9 ?is "p ! newly g5]at$ gas & vap\r is1 by admixture ) ! air1 conv]t$ into a blue flame2 :i*1 almo/ in/antane\sly encompass+ ! :ole body ( ! vap\r1 communicates s mu* heat to x1 z to make x emit a yell[i% :ite light4 ,! tall[ n[ liquefi$1 z fa/ z x boils away at ! top ( ! wick1 is1 by ! capill>y attraction ( ! same wick1 drawn up to supply ! place ( :at is consum$ by ! cotton4 ,! cong]ies ( capill>y tubes1 :i* =m ! wick1 is black1 because x is conv]t$ into coal2 a circum/ance common to x ) all o!r vegetable & animal sub/ances1 :5 "p ( ! c>bon & hydrog5 :i* ent] into _! composition hav+ be5 act$ on by combu/ion1 ! rema9d] & o!r fix$ p>ts are by any means :atev] cov]$ & def5d$ f ! action ( ! air4 ,9 ?is case1 ! burn+ sub/ance owes its protection to ! surr\nd+ flame4 ,= :5 ! wick1 by ! cont9ual wa/+ ( ! tall[1 becomes too long to support itself 9 a p]p5dicul> situation1 ! top ( x projects out ( ! cone =m$ by ! flame1 & ?us be+ expos$ to ! action ( ! air1 is ignit$1 loses its blackness1 & is conv]t$ into a%es2 b t "p ( ! combu/ible :i* is successively r5d]$ volatile by ! heat ( ! flame is n all burnt1 b "p ( x escapes 9 ! =m ( smoke ?r\gh ! middle ( ! flame1 because t "p _c come 9 contact ) ! oxyg5 ( ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e2 h5ce x foll[s1 t ) a l>ge wick & a l>ge flame1 ?is wa/e ( combu/ible matt] is proportionately mu* great] ?an ) a small wick & a small flame4 ,9 fact1 :5 ! wick is n great] ?an a s+le ?read ( cotton1 ! flame1 ?\gh v small1 is1 h[ev]1 peculi>ly bright1 & free f smoke2 :]eas 9 lamps1 ) v l>ge wicks1 su* z are (t5 susp5d$ be=e but*]s' %ops1 or ) ^? ( ! lamp-light]s1 ! smoke is v (f5sive1 & 9 great measure eclipses ! light ( ! flame4 ,a c&le diff]s f a lamp 9 "o v ess5tial circum/ance2 viz4 t ! oil or tall[ is liquefi$1 only z x comes into ! vic9ity ( ! combu/ion2 & ?is fluid is reta9$ 9 ! holl[ ( ! "p1 :i* is /ill concrete1 & =ms a k9d ( cup4 ,! wick1 !re=e1 %\ld n1 on ?is acc\nt1 be too ?91 because if ?is 7 ! case1 x w\ld n c>ry (f ! mat]ial z fa/ z x becomes fus$2 & ! consequ5ce w\ld be1 t x w\ld gutt] or run d[n ! sides ( ! c&le3 & z ?is inconv5i5ce arises f ! fusibility ( ! tall[ x is pla9 t a m fusible c&le w require a l>g] wick2 or t ! wick ( a wax c&le may be made ?9n] ?an t ( "o ( tall[4 ,! flame ( a tall[ c&le w ( c\rse be yell[1 smoky1 & obscure1 except = a %ort "t aft] snuff+4 ,:5 a c&le ) a ?ick wick is fir/ light$1 & ! wick snuff$ %ort1 ! flame is p]fect & lum9\s1 unless its diamet] be v great2 9 :i* la/ case1 !re is an opake "p 9 ! middle1 :]e ! combu/ion is imp$$ = want ( air4 ,z ! wick becomes long]1 ! int]val betwe5 its upp] extremity & ! apex ( ! flame is dim9i%$2 & consequ5tly ! tall[ :i* issues f t extremity1 hav+ a less space ( ignition to pass ?r\gh1 is less completely burn$1 & passes (f p>tly 9 smoke4 ,?is evil increases1 until at l5g? ! upp] extremity ( ! wick projects beyond ! flame & =ms a support = an accumulation ( soot :i* is af=d$ by ! imp]fect combu/ion1 & :i* reta9s its figure1 until1 by ! desc5t ( ! flame1 ! ext]nal air c h access to ! upp] extremity2 b 9 ?is case1 ! requisite combu/ion :i* might snuff x1 is n effect$2 = ! portion ( tall[ emitt$ by ! long wick is n only too l>ge to be p]fectly burn$1 b also c>ries (f mu* ( ! heat ( ! flame1 :ile x assumes ! ela/ic /ate4 ,by ?is dim9i%$ combu/ion1 & increas$ afflux ( half decompos$ oil1 a portion ( coal or soot is deposit$ on ! upp] "p ( ! wick1 :i* gradually accumulates1 & at l5g? assumes ! appe>ance ( a fungus4 ,! c&le !n does n give m ?an "o-t5? ( ! light :i* ! due combu/ion ( its mat]ials w\ld produce2 &1 on ?is acc\nt1 tall[ c&les require cont9ual snuff+4 ,b if we direct our att5tion to a wax c&le1 we f9d t z its wick l5g!ns1 ! light inde$ becomes less4 ,! wick1 h[ev]1 be+ ?9 & flexible1 does n long occupy its place 9 ! c5tre ( ! flame2 nei!r does x1 ev5 9 t situation1 enl>ge ! diamet] ( ! flame1 s z to prev5t ! access ( air to its int]nal "p4 ,:5 its l5g? is too great = ! v]tical position1 x b5ds on "o side2 & its extremity1 com+ 9 contact ) air1 is burn$ to a%es2 except+ su* a portion z is def5d$ by ! cont9ual afflux ( melt$ wax1 :i* is volatiliz$1 & completely burn$1 by ! surr\nd+ flame4 ,h5ce x appe>s1 t ! difficult fusibility ( wax r5d]s x practicable to burn a l>ge quantity ( fluid by means ( a small wick1 & t ?is small wick1 by turn+ on "o side 9 consequ5ce ( its flexibility1 p]=ms ! op]ation ( snuff+ itself1 9 a mu* m accurate mann] ?an c ev] be p]=m$ me*anically4 ,f ! above /atem5t x appe>s1 t ! important object to society ( r5d]+ tall[ c&les equal to ^? ( wax1 does n at all dep5d on ! combu/ibility ( ! respective mat]ials1 b ^u a me*anical advantage 9 ! cup1 :i* is af=d$ by ! inf]ior degree ( fusibility 9 ! wax3 & t1 9 ord] to obta9 ?is valuable object1 "o ( ! foll[+ effects mu/ be produc$3 ei!r ! tall[ mu/ be burn$ 9 a lamp1 to avoid ! gradual progression ( ! flame along ! wick2 or "s means mu/ be devis$ to enable ! c&le to snuff itself1 z ! wax-c&le does2 or ! tall[ itself mu/ be r5d]$ less fusible by "s *emical process4 ,! object is1 9 a comm]cial po9t ( view1 entitl$ to assidu\s & ext5sive inve/igation4 ,*emi/s 9 g5]al suppose ! h>dness or less fusibility ( wax to arise f oxyg54 ,mr4 ,,ni*olson#c is l$ by v>i\s consid]ations to imag9e1 t ! spontane\s snuff+ ( c&les made ( tall[ or o!r fusible mat]ials1 w sc>cely be effect$ b by ! discov]y ( "s mat]ial = ! wick1 :i* %all be volum9\s en\gh to absorb ! tall[1 & at ! same "t suffici5tly flexible to b5d on "o side4 #c ,philosophical ,j\rnal1 #dto ,s]ies1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #gj4 ,,me?od ,,( ,,asc]ta9+ ,,! ,,illum9at+ ,,p[] ,,( ,,c&les1 ,,lamps1 ,,gas-,,lights1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,lum9\s ,,bodies4 ,?\gh ! eye is n fitt$ to judge ( ! proportional =ce ( diff]5t lights1 x c di/+ui%1 9 _m cases ) great precision1 :5 two simil> surfaces1 pres5t$ toge!r1 are equally illum9at$4 ,b z ! lucid p>ticles are d>t$ 9 "r l9es1 !y mu/ spread uni=mly1 & h5ce _! d5sity w dim9i% 9 ! duplicate ratio ( _! di/ance4 ,f ! respective situations1 !re=e1 ( ! c5tres ( div]g5cy1 :5 ! contra/$ surfaces become equally bright1 we may easily compute _! relative degrees ( int5sity4 ,= ?is purpose x is assum$ z a pr9ciple1 t ! same quantity ( light1 div]g+ 9 all directions f a lum9\s body1 rema9s undim9i%$ 9 all di/ances f ! c5tre ( div]g5cy4 ,?us we mu/ suppose1 t ! quantity ( light fall+ on e body1 is ! same z w\ld h fall5 on ! places occupi$ by ! %ad[2 & if !re 7 any d\bt ( ! tru? ( ! supposition1 x might be confirm$ by "s simple exp]im5t4 ,!re=e1 x foll[s1 t1 s9ce ! %ad[ ( a squ>e in* ( any surface occupies at twice ! di/ance ( ! surface f ! lum9\s po9t ! space ( f\r squ>e in*es1 ! int5sity ( ! light dim9i%es z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance increases4 ,if1 consequ5tly1 we remove two s\rces ( light to su* di/ances f an object t !y may illum9ate x 9 equal degrees1 we may conclude t _! orig9al int5sities are inv]sely z ! squ>es ( ! di/ances4 ,h5ce1 if two lights ( unequal illum9at+ p[]s %9e ^u ! same surface at equal obliquities1 & an opake body be int]pos$ betwe5 !m & ! illum9at$ surface1 ! two %ad[s produc$1 mu/ diff] 9 blackness or int5sity 9 ! same degree4 ,= ! %ad[ =m$ by int]cept+ ! great] light1 w be illum9at$ by ! small] light only1 & rev]sely ! o!r %ad[ w be illum9at$ by ! great] light3 t is to say1 ! /rong] light w be att5d$ ) ! deep] %ad[4 ,n[ x is easy1 by remov+ ! /rong] light to a great] di/ance1 to r5d] ! %ad[ :i* x produces at ! common surface equal to t af=d$ by ! less4 ,exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d may be conv5i5tly made by fa/5+ a %eet ( :ite pap] aga9/ ! wall ( a room2 ! two lights1 ( :atev] nature !y are1 int5d$ to be comp>$1 mu/ !n be plac$ s t ! ray ( light f ea* %all fall ) ne>ly ! same angle ( incid5ce ^u ! middle ( ! pap]4 ,9 ?is situation1 if a book or o!r object be held to int]cept "p ( ! light :i* w\ld h fall5 on ! pap]1 ! two %ad[s may be made to appe> z 9 ?is figure2 ,illu/ration :]e ,a repres5ts ! surface illum9at$ by "o ( ! lights only2 ,b1 ! surface illum9at$ by ! o!r light2 ,c1 ! p]fect %ad[ f :i* bo? lights are exclud$4 ,x w easily be und]/ood t ! lights ab\t ,d & ,e1 ne> ! angle ,f1 w fall ) equal incid5ces :5 ! d\ble %ad[ is made to occupy ! middle ( ! pap]2 & consequ5tly1 if "o or bo? ( ! lights be remov$ directly t[>ds or f ! pap]1 z ! appe>ances may require1 until ! two %ad[s at ,e & ,d h ! same int5sity1 ! quantities ( light emitt$ by ea* w be z ! squ>es ( ! di/ances f ! pap]4 ,by "s exp]im5ts made 9 ?is way1 ! degree ( illum9ation ( diff]5t lights may readily be asc]ta9$ to ! t5? "p ( ! :ole4 ,&1 by exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d1 _m useful p>ticul>s may be %ewn4 ,=1 s9ce ! co/ & duration ( c&les1 & ! consumption ( oil 9 lamps1 are easily asc]ta9able1 x may be %ewn :e!r m or less light is obta9$ at ! same exp5ce dur+ a giv5 "t1 by burn+ a numb] ( small c&les in/ead ( "o or m ( great] ?ickness4 ,x w !re=e be easy to comp>e ! p[] ( diff]5t k9ds ( lamps or c&les1 or gas lights1 s z to det]m9e ! relative co/ ( ea* p>ticul> k9d ( ! combu/ible sub/ance employ$ = furni%+ light3--= example1 if a c&le & a gas-burn] supply+ coal-gas1 adju/$ by a /op-cock1 produce ! same d>kness ( %ad[1 at ! same di/ance f ! wall1 ! /r5g? or int5sity ( light is ! same4 ,an uni=m degree ( int5sity ( ! gas-light may readily be produc$1 by op5+ or %utt+ ! /op-cock1 if m or less be requir$1 & ! c&le is c>efully snuff$ to produce ! mo/ regul> & greate/ quantity ( light4 ,! size ( ! flame 9 exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d ( c\rse becomes unnecess>y1 & w v>y v mu* ) ! quality ( ! coal gas4 ,! bulk ( ! gas consum$1 & ! quantity ( tall[ us$1 by weigh+ ! c&le be=e & aft] ! exp]im5t1 furni% ! data = asc]ta9+ ! relative co/s ( tall[ & gas-light1 :5 comp>$ ) ea* o!r4 ,f exp]im5ts made by ,c\nt ,,rum=d1 conc]n+ ! quantity ( mat]ials requisite = produc+ a light ( a c]ta9 int5sity = a giv5 "t3 x 0 f\nd t we mu/ burn ( wax #ajj1 ( tall[ #aja1 ( oil1 9 an ,arg&'s lamp1 #abi1 ( an ill-snuff$ tall[ c&le #bbi p>ts1 by weight4 ,& ) reg>d to ! quantity ( c>burett$ hydrog51 or coal-gas1 ,i h f\nd t f #ah to #bj cubic feet 7accord+ to ! purity ( ! gas7 are requir$ to give a light equal 9 duration & 9 illum9at+ p[]s to #alb4 ( tall[ c&les1 six to ! p\nd1 provid$ !y 7 set up & burnt out "o aft] ano!r4#d #d #aablbs4 ( ,newca/le coal1 call$ ,tanfield ,moor1 produce1 ^u an av]age1 f #bej to #cjj cubic feet ( gas1 fit = illum9ation4 ,,fur!r ,,illu/rations ,,( ,,! ,,mode ,,( ,,comput+ ,,! ,,relative ,,co/ ,,or ,,value ,,( ,,light1 ,,emitt$ ,,by ,,means ,,( ,,c&les1 ,,lamps1 ,,o!r ,,bodies4 ,x is suffici5tly kn[n t ! light ( a c&le1 :i* is s exce$+ly brilliant :5 fir/ snuff$1 is v spe$ily dim9i%$ to "o-half & is usually n m ?an "o-fif? or "o-six? be=e ! uneas9ess ( ! eye induces u to snuff x4#e ,:5ce x foll[s1 t if c&les c\ld be made s z n to require snuff+1 ! av]age quantity ( light af=d$ by ! same quantity ( combu/ible matt] w\ld be m ?an d\bl$4 #e ,ezekiel ,walk]4--,ni*olson's ,j\rnal1 ,vol4 ,,iv4 #hvo4 ,s]ies4 ,:5 a light$ c&le is s plac$ z nei!r to require snuff+ or produce smoke1 x is reasonable to conclude t ! :ole ( ! combu/ible matt] :i* is consum$ is conv]t$ to ! purpose ( g5]at+ light2 & t ! int5sities ( light af=d$ 9 a giv5 "t1 by c&les ( diff]5t dim5sions1 are 9 proportion to ! quantity ( matt] consum$4 ,t is to say2 :5 c&les are made ( ! same mat]ials1 if "o c&le produce twice z mu* light z ano!r1 ! =m] w 9 ! same "t lose twice z mu* weight z ! latt]4 ,to prove ! tru? ( ?is position1 ,mr4 ,walk] made ! exp]im5ts conta9$ 9 ! foll[+ ,,table4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,weight ( ! ,di/ance ,no4 ( ,no4 ( ,"t ( ,c&les ,/r5g? ( ! ! ! burn+4 consum$ ( ,c&les ,exp]im5t4,c&les4 9 a ,light4 f ! giv5 ,wall4 "t4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- h4 oz4 dr4 ,feet4 #a #c #j #j #ae #a #g #a #c #c #j #a #a #a #g ,m\ld #c #j #j #ae #a #g ---------------------------------------- -------------- #a #b #ee #j #ae #a #h #b #c #b #ee #a #j #a #h ,m\ld #b #ee #j #ae #a #h ---------------------------------------- -------------- #a #c #j #j #ae #a #h #c #c #c #j #a #b #a #h ,m\ld #c #j #j #j #a #i ---------------------------------------- -------------- #d #e #c #j #a #e #a4ah #h ,m\ld #c #j #a #a #a4 #h ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,^! exp]im5ts1 ,mr4 ,walk] in=ms u1 7 made 9 ! foll[+ mann]3-- ,?ree c&les1 ! dim5sions ( :i* are giv5 9 ! table1 aga9/ #a1 #c1 & m\ld4 ,^! 7 fir/ weigh$1 & !n light$ at ! same in/ant4 ,at ! end ( ! "t ins]t$ 9 ! ?ird column ( ! above table1 !y 7 ext+ui%$ & weigh$ aga91 & ! loss ( weight ( ea* c&le is conta9$ 9 ! f\r? column4 ,! ?ree fir/ exp]im5ts 7 made "u su* fav\rable circum/ance1 t !re 0 little d\bt ( _! results be+ m accurate ?an :at practical utility requires1 b ! f\r? exp]im5t _c be dep5d$ on s mu*1 9 consequ5ce ( ! v>iable light ( ,no4 #e4 ,?is c&le 0 mov$ s (t5 to keep ! two %ad[s equal1 t x 0 f\nd necess>y to set d[n its mean di/ance f ! wall by e/imation2 b z ?is 0 done be=e ! c&les 7 weigh$1 ! exp]im5t]'s m9d c\ld n be "u ! influ5ce ( p>tiality = a sy/em4 ,! me?od :i* ,mr4 ,walk] employ$ 9 comp>+ "o light ) ano!r 9 ea* exp]im5t1 0 t :i* has be5 describ$ page #bd4 #a4 ,! exp]im5ts 7 made at diff]5t times1 & ! light ( ! m\ld c&le 0 made ! /&>d1 ) :i* ! lights ( ! o!rs 7 comp>$2 b x mu/ n be und]/ood1 t ?is c&le gave ! same /r5g? ( light 9 e exp]im5t4 #b4 ,! sign 9 ! #e? column1 signifies t ! c&le aga9/ :i* x is plac$1 gave a /rong] light ?an ! o!rs4 ,f ! exp]im5ts conta9$ 9 ! table1 x appe>s to be an e/abli%$ law1 :]e combu/ion is complete1 t ! quantities ( light produc$ by tall[ c&les1 are 9 ! complicate ratio ( _! times ( burn+ & weights ( matt] consum$4 ,= if _! quantities ( matt] be equal1 & times ( burn+ ! same1 !y w give equal quantities ( light1 by ! exp]im5ts4 ,& if ! times ( burn+ be equal1 ! quantities ( light w be directly z _! weights ( matt] exp5d$4 ,!re=e ! light is univ]sally 9 ! comp\nd ratio ( ! "t ( burn+ & weight ( matt] consum$4 ,if ! law :i* ,mr4 ,walk] has endeav\r$ to prove1 bo? by reason & exp]im5t1 be admitt$1 we h a /&>d ) :i* we may comp>e ! /r5g? ( any o!r light4 ,let a small m\ld c&le1 :5 light$1 be s plac$ z nei!r to produce smoke nor require snuff+1 & x w lose an ounce ( its weight 9 ?ree h\rs4 ,let ?is quantity ( light produc$ "u ^! circum/ances1 be repres5t$ by #a4jj4 ,!n %\ld ?is c&le at any o!r "t1 lose m or less ( its weight 9 ?ree h\rs ?an an ounce1 ! quantity ( light w be /ill kn[n1 because ! quantity ( light 9 a giv5 "t is directly z ! weight ( ! c&le consum$4#f #f ,to inve/igate rules = ?is purpose1 #a4 ,let ,m repres5t ! m\ld c&le1 a its di/ance f ! wall1 on :i* ! %ad[s 7 comp>$1 x its quantity ( matt] consum$ 9 a giv5 "t1 7t7 & ,q ! quantity ( light emitt$ by ,m 9 ! same "t3 #b4 ,let m repres5t any o!r c&le1 b its di/ance f ! same wall1 & y its quantity ( matt] consum$1 9 ! "t t4 ,!n z ! int5sities ( light are directly z ! squ>es ( ! di/ances ( ! two c&les f ! wall1 we h z a 3 ,q b 3 7b ,q7_/a ! quantity ( light1 emitt$ by m 9 ! "t4 ,!n let u suppose t ! quantities ( light are directly z ! quantities ( matt] consum$ 9 ! "t t1 & we h1 ,z x 3 ,q y 3 7y ,q7_/x ! quantity ( light emitt$ by m 9 t "t1 by hypo!sis4 ,n[1 :5 7b ,q7_/a 7,!o4 #a47 is 7,y ,q7_/,x 7,!o4 #b47 ! quantities ( light ( ,m & m are directly z _! quantities ( matt] consum$ 9 any giv5 "t4 ,,me?od ,,( ,,increas+ ,,! ,,light ,,( ,,tall[ ,,c&les1 ,,& ,,to ,,obviate ,,! ,,necessity ,,( ,,snuff+ ,,!m4 ,mr4 ,,ezekiel ,,walk] has %ewn t1 if a trifl+ alt]ation be made 9 ! me?od ( us+ common tall[ c&les1 !y w become excell5t sub/itutes = ^? ( wax4 ,a common c&le1 weigh+ "o-t5? ( a p\nd1 conta9+ f\rte5 s+le ?reads ( f9e cotton1 plac$ s z to =m an angle ( #cj degrees#g ) ! p]p5dicul>1 & light$1 requires no snuff+2 & :at is mu* m valuable = "s purposes1 x gives a light t is ne>ly uni=m 9 /r5g? )\t ! lea/ smoke4 ,^! effects are ?us produc$3 #g ,c&le/icks may be made to hold ! c&le at ?is angle1 or !y may be s contriv$ z to hold ! c&le at any angle at pleasure4 ,:5 a c&le burns 9 an incl9$ position1 mo/ "p ( ! flame rises p]p5dicul>ly f ! upp] side ( ! wick1 & :5 view$ 9 a c]ta9 direction1 x appe>s 9 ! =m ( an obtuse angl$ triangle4 ,& z ! end ( ! wick projects beyond ! flame at ! obtuse angle1 x meets ) ! air1 & is completely burnt to a%es3 h5ce x is r5d]$ incapable ( act+ z a conductor to c>ry (f "p ( ! combu/ible matt] 9 ! =m ( smoke4 ,by ?is spontane\s mode ( snuff+1 t "p ( ! wick :i* is act$ ^u by ! flame cont9ues ( ! same l5g?1 & ! flame itself v ne>ly ( ! same /r5g? & magnitude#h4 #h ,! wick's n be+ uni=mly twi/$ ?r\gh\t1 may occasion a little v>iation 9 ! dim5sions ( ! flame4 ,! advantages :i* may be d]iv$ f c&les t require no snuff+ & af=d no smoke1 may be readily und]/ood2 b ^! c&les h ano!r prop]ty :i* ought n to be pass$ ov] 9 sil5ce4 ,a c&le snuff$ by an in/rum5t gives a v fluctuat+ light1 :i*1 9 view+ ne> objects is highly injuri\s to ! eye2 & ?is is an inconv5i5ce :i* no %ade c remove4 ,b :5 a c&le is snuff$ spontane\sly1 x gives a light s p]fectly /eady & s uni=mly bright1 t ! adju/m5ts ( ! eye rema9 at re/1 & di/9ct vision is p]=m$ )\t pa91 & )\t uneas9ess4 ,c&les1 on :i* ,mr4 ,,walk] has made exp]im5ts1 are describ$ 9 ! foll[+ ,,table4 ---------------------------------------- --- ,no4 ( c&les ,no4 ( s+le ,no4 to ! p\nd ,l5g? 9?reads ( f9e avoirdupoise in*es4 cotton 9 ! weight4 wick4 ---------------------------------------- --- #a #ad #h4e #aj #b #ac #i4 #ab #c #aj #i4gd #ad #d #h #aj4 #bj #e #f #aj4be #bd ,m\ld #f #ac4 ---------------------------------------- --- ,numb] #a1 #b1 & #c4 ,^! c&les1 :5 light$ & plac$ to =m an angle ( #cj ) ! p]p5dicul>1 require no snuff+3 !y give lights :i* are ne>ly equal1 & combu/ion proce$s s regul>ly1 t no "p ( ! melt$ tall[ escapes unconsum$1 except f accid5tal causes4 ,no4 #d1 plac$ at ! angle m5tion$ above1 & light$1 requires no snuff+3 x gives a light v little /rong] ?an ,no4 #a1 b its col\r is n q s :ite1 nor its flame s /eady4 ,no4 #e4 ,?is c&le1 plac$ at an angle ( #cj1 & light$1 requires no snuff+2 its flame is r fluctuat+1 & n s :ite z ,no4 #d1 nor is its /r5g? ( light mu* great] ?an ,no4 #a4 ,! melt$ tall[ sometimes ov]fl[s :5 ! air 9 ! room is put 9 motion2 yet ! light ( ?is c&le is mu* improv$ by be+ plac$ 9 an incl9$ position4 ,! m\ld c&le1 treat$ 9 ! same mann]1 af=ds a v pure /eady flame1 )\t smoke & )\t snuff+1 & its /r5g? ( light is ab\t equal to t ( ,no4 #a4 ,! exp]im5ts h n be5 suffici5tly num]\s to det]m9e ) precision :i* ( ^! c&les af=ds ! mo/ light at a giv5 exp5ce1 b ! few exp]im5ts :i* h be5 made seem to indicate1 t ! quantity ( light is ne>ly z ! quantity ( combu/ible matt] consum$1 & ?us a c&le :i* is us$ 9 ! mann] po9t$ out gives m light ?an a c&le ( ! same dim5sion set p]p5dicul>ly & snuff$1 because "o "p ( a c&le t is snuff$1 is ?r[n away1 & ano!r "p flies (f 9 ! =m ( smoke4 ,& ?is is n ! only inconv5i5ce t att5ds ! us+ c&les 9 ?is mann]1 & :i* ! o!r me?od is free f1 = ! light :i* x gives is ( a bad quality1 on acc\nt ( its be+ v>iable & undulat+4 ,f ! "t t a c&le is snuff$ till x wants snuff+ aga91 its /r5g? ( light sc>cely cont9ues ! same = a s+le m9ute4 ,& t v>iation :i* frequ5tly takes place 9 ! height ( ! flame1 is a matt] ( /ill m s]i\s consequ5ce4 ,! flame ( a long c&le plac$ v]tically :5 x is snuff$ burns /eadily1 is ab\t two in*es high1 b x v frequ5tly rises to ! height ( f\r in*es or upw>ds2 drops d[n aga9 9 a mom5t1 till x is less ?an ?ree in*es1 & !n rises aga94 ,9 ?is mann] ! flame cont9ues 9 motion = "s "t be=e x returns to its orig9al dim5sions4 ,b x does n cont9ue long 9 a quiesc5t /ate be=e x beg9s a new s]ies ( undulations4 ,9 ?is mann] ! c&le burns till ! top ( ! wick is se5 ne> ! apex ( ! flame1 c>ry+ (f cl\ds ( smoke4 ,9 ?is /ate ( ?+s ! eye becomes uneasy = want ( light1 & ! snuff]s are appli$ to remove ! inconv5i5ce4 ,mr4 ,,walk] fur!r obs]ves1 t x is ^! sudd5 *anges1 & n ! nature ( c&le-light itself1 t d s mu* injury to ! eye ( ! /ud5t & arti/2 & t t injury may be easily prev5t$1 by lay+ aside ! snuff]s1 & 9 ! place ( "o l>ge c&le1 let two small ones be us$ 9 ! mann] /at$4 ,! foll[+ obs]vations on ?is subject are copi$ f ! ,mon?ly ,magaz9e1 #ahje1 p4 #bjf4 8,x is sc>cely necess>y to obs]ve1 t ! combu/ion ( c&les proce$s ! quick] 9 proportion z ! incl9ation is great]4 ,f ! exp]im5ts :i* ,i h made1 ,i %\ld consid] an angle ( =ty degrees ) ! p]p5dicul> z ! maximum ( incl9ation1 beyond :i* sev]al consid]able inconv5i5cies w\ld occur2 & ,i %\ld take #be degrees z ! m9imum ( incl9ation1 less ?an :i* does n suffici5tly expose ! po9t ( ! wick to ! action ( ! air4 8,by ^? :o are mu* 9 ! habit ( read+ or writ+ by c&le-light1 x w also be e/eem$ no inconsid]able addition to ! advantages already m5tion$1 t ! tr\ble ( seek+ & apply+ ! snuff]s is sup]s$$4 ,a c&le ( common size 9 a v]tical position1 requires ! application ( ! snuff]s =ty-five times dur+ its complete consumption4 8,b ,i f\nd an ob/acle to ! adoption ( ,mr4 ,,walk]'s plan1 :i*1 f ! incl9$ position ( ! c&le1 x did n imm$iately occur to me by :at means to c\nt]act4 ,any agitation ( ! air ( ! room1 occasion$ ei!r by ! op5+ or %utt+ ( a door1 or by ! quick passage ( a p]son ne> ! c&le1 caus$ ! melt$ tall[ to run ov]1 or1 9 m famili> language1 caus$ ! c&le to gutt]2 :i*1 ) ! c&le 9 ?is position1 became an insup]able b> to ! use ( x4 8,= ! prev5tion ( ?is inconv5i5ce1 ,i h _h a wire skeleton-%ade adapt$ to a rod be>+ ! same incl9ation z ! c&le1 & :i* at bottom jo9s ! c&le/ick 9 an horizontal l9e ( ab\t two in*es1 t]m9at+ 9 a nozzle fitt+ t ( ! c&le/ick4--,! di/ance ( ?is rod f ! c&le/ick1 or1 :i* is ! same ?+1 ! l5g? ( ! foot or horizontal l9e1 is ( c\rse to be det]m9$ by ! di/ance betwe5 ! two circles :i* =m ! upp] & l[] ap]tures ( ! %ade4--,x may s]ve1 p]haps1 m famili>ly to describe ?is "p ( ! app>atus1 to /ate1 t x be>s a p]fect resemblance to ! two fir/ /rokes ( ! writt5 figure #d2 & ! ?ird /roke1 if c>ri$ up z high z ! fir/1 & made slop+ in/ead ( upright1 w v well repres5t ! situation ( ! c&le4 8,:5 a /rong light1 = ! purposes ( read+ or writ+1 be requir$1 a :ite silk or pap] may be us$1 z is common1 ov] ! skeleton2 b :5 x be requir$ t ! light %\ld be disp]s$ ov] ! room1 a glass ( a simil> %ape may be adopt$1 = ! purpose ( prev5t+ ! flame f be+ influ5c$ by any agitation ( ! air ( ! room4 ,if ! upp] circle ( ! %ade be f\r in*es 9 diamet]1 ! apex ( ! flame w be )9 x dur+ m ?an half ! "t ( ! complete consumption ( ! c&le2 ! %ade w n1 !re=e1 require adju/+ = ! purpose ( prev5t+ injury to ! silk1 or :atev] else may be us$ ov] ! skeleton1 m ?an once dur+ t "t4 8,be+ myself mu* av]se to ! int]ruptions :i* a c&le us$ 9 a v]tical position occasions1 & :i*1 ?\gh %ort1 may1 "u "s circum/ances1 be highly vexati\s1 ,i wi% to ext5d to o!rs a b5efit :i* ,i prize r highly40 ,"l ,,/anhope#i has publi%$ a simple me?od ( manufactur+ c&les1 :i*1 accord+ to 8 ,lord%ip's /atem5t1 is sup]ior to ! me?od usually employ$4 ,! pr9ciples ^u :i* ! process dep5ds are ! foll[+3--,fir/1 ! wick ( ! c&le is to h only ?ree-f\r?s ( ! usual numb] ( cotton ?reads1 if ! c&le be ( wax or sp]maceti2 & only two-?irds ( ! usual numb]1 if ! c&le be ( tall[4 ,secondly1 x is requir$ t ! wick 9 all cases be p]fectly free f moi/ure1 a circum/ance seldom att5d$ to 9 ! manufactur+ ( c&les2 & ?irdly1 to deprive ! wick ( wax c&les1 ( all ! air :i* is entangl$ 9 its fibres1 & ?is may conv5i5tly be done1 by boil+ x 9 melt$ wax1 till no m air bubbles1 or fro? appe> on ! surface ( ! fluid4 #i ,repository ( ,arts1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #hf4 ,if ^! circum/ances be att5d$ to1 ?ree c&les ( any size ?us prep>$1 la/ z long z f\r ( ! same size manufactur$ 9 ! common way4 ,! light :i* !y af=d is sup]ior & m /eady ?an ! light ( common c&les2 & la/ly1 c&les made 9 ?is mann]1 :e!r ( wax1 sp]maceti1 or tall[1 d n require to be snuff$ z (t54 ,besides all ?is1 !y flame mu* less1 & are consequ5tly bett] = writ+1 read+1 work+ & draw+1 ?an c&les made by ! common me?od4 ,! foll[+ obs]vations w enable any p]son :o is will+ to try ! c&les manufactur$ accord+ to ,"l ,/anhope's plan1 to asc]ta9 ! real value ( ! improvem5ts sugge/$ by 8 ,lord%ip4 ,x %ews also ! result ( "s exp]im5ts1 made to asc]ta9 ! exp5ce ( burn+ oil 9 lamps ) wicks ( v>i\s sizes4 ,a tap] lamp1 ) eight ?reads ( cotton1 w consume 9 "o h\r #bbe_/ajjj oz4 ( sp]maceti oil3 at six %ill+s p] gallon1 ! exp5ce ( burn+ twelve h\rs is #ac4ga f>?+s4 ,at sev5 %ill+s1 x is #ae4iie f>?+s4 ,at eight %ill+s1 x is #ah4bhj f>?+s4 ,n4 ,b4 ,?is gives z good a light z tall[ c&les ( eight & t5 9 ! p\nd4 ,?is lamp seldom wants snuff+1 & ca/s a /eady & /rong light4 ,a tap]1 *amb]1 or wat* lamp1 ) f\r ord9>y ?reads ( cotton 9 ! wick1 consumes #a4ffd oz4 ( sp]maceti oil 9 "o h\r3 ! oil at sev5 %ill+s p] gallon1 ! exp5ce ( burn+ twelve h\rs1 #g4jb f>?+s4 ,at eight %ill+s1 x is #h4jbb f>?+s4 ,at n9e %ill+s1 x is #i4jbd f>?+s4 ,,table1 ,exhibit+ a s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 made ) a view to det]m9e ! real & comp>ative exp5ce ( burn+ c&les ( diff]5t sorts & sizes4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,numb] ( ,weight ( ,"t "o,! "t ,! exp5ce 9 c&les "o c&le4 c&le t "o twelve h\rs :5 9 "o la/$4p\nd wc&les are at p\nd4 la/4 #abs4 p] doz51 :i* also %ews ! proportion ( exp5ce at any price1 p] doz54 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,f>?+s & ,oz4 ,dr4 ,hr4 ,m94 ,hr4 ,m94 hundr$? p>ts4 ,a small #ah #j #ad #c #ae #ei #bf #i4gj wick4 #ai #j #ac #b #dj #ej #cd #aa4dj ,a l>ge #af #j #ae #b #dj #dd #b #ac4jh wick4 #ab #a #e #c #bg #da #bd #ac4ib #aj #a #h #c #cf #ch #bd #ae4jj #g #b #a #d #i #cb #ab #ag4hh #h #b #j #d #ae #cd #j #af4id #e #b #ac #e #ai #cj #ae #ai4jf ,m\ld ,m\lds at #ad;d4 c&les4 ,ea*4 p] doz54 ,) #c #b #ab #g #bj #db #ci #ae4gd wax'd #d #d #j #i #c #cf #bj #ah4ef wick4 #c #e #b #ag #cj #eb #cj #af4hbe ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,! "t ea* c&le la/$1 0 tak5 f an av]age ( sev]al trials on ea* size4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ by ,dr4 ,,frankl91 t ! flame ( two c&les jo9$1 gives a mu* /rong] light ?an bo? ( !m sep>ately4 ,! same1 has be5 obs]v$ by ,mr4 ,,w>r51 to be ! case ) flames ( gas-lights1 :i*1 :5 comb9$1 give a mu* /rong] light ?an !y w\ld af=d1 :5 9 a sep>ate /ate4 ,inde$1 9 all cases1 :]e flames = produc+ light are plac$ ne> to ea* o!r1 x is always b5eficial to pres]ve ! heat ( ! flame z mu* z possible4 ,"o ( ! mo/ simple me?ods ( do+ ?is1 is no d\bt1 ! plac+ ( ! sev]al flames toge!r1 & z ne> z possible to ea* o!r )\t t\*+1 9 ord] t !y may mutually cov] & def5d ea* o!r aga9/ ! p[]ful cool+ influ5ce ( ! surr\nd+ cold bodies4 ,?is pr9ciple is n[ employ$ 9 ! ,liv]pool lamp1 :i* acts by sev]al flat or ribb& wicks plac$ 9 ! =m ( a cyl9d]4 ,! p[] ( illum9ation ( ?is lamp is sup]ior 9 effect & m economical ?an any o!r lamp 9 use--& z flame is p]fectly transp>5t to ! light ( ano!r flame :i* passes ?r\gh x1 !re is no dang] ( loss ( light on acc\nt ( ! flames cov]+ ea* o!r4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,gas-,,light4 ,,prelim9>y ,,obs]vation4 ,a new art ( procur+ artificial light1 :i* consi/s 9 burn+ ! gaze\s fluid obta9$ by di/illation f common pit-coal1 has ( late engag$ ! att5tion ( ! public1 "u ! "n ( gas-light4 ,! enc\ragem5t t has be5 giv5 = "s ye>s pa/ by ! legislature to ?is sy/em ( light+1 has induc$ c]ta9 individuals to apply ! coal-gas light = ! illum9ation ( /reets1 h\ses1 roads1 & public edifices4 ,& x is suffici5tly kn[n t a company has be5 incorporat$ by *>t] "u ! "n ( ! 8,gas ,light & ,coke ,company10 to apply ?is new art ( procur+ light1 by way ( exp]im5t1 on a l>ge scale1 9 light+ ! /reets ( ! metropolis4#aj #aj ,an ,act = grant+ c]ta9 p[]s & au?orities to a company to be incorporat$ by *>t]1 call$ ! 8,gas ,light & ,coke ,company10 = mak+ inflammable air = ! light+ ( ! /reets ( ! metropolis1 c4--,session #ahaj1 #ej? ,geo4 ,,iii4 ,! p[] & au?orities grant$ to ?is corporate body are v re/rict$ & mod]ate4 ,! individuals compos+ x h no exclusive privilege2 _! *>t] does n prev5t o!r p]sons f ent]+ into competition ) !m4 ,_! op]ations are conf9$ to ! metropolis :]e !y are b\nd to furni% n only a /rong] & bett] light to su* /reets & p>i%es z *use to be light$ ) gas1 b also at a *eap] price ?an %all be paid = light+ ! said /reets ) oil 9 ! usual mann]4 ,! corporation is n p]mitt$ to traffic 9 ma*9]y = manufactur+ or convey+ ! gas into private h\ses1 _! capital or jo9t /ock is limit$ to #bjj1jjjl4 & ,8 ,maje/y has ! p[] ( decl>+ ! gas-light *>t] void1 if ! company fail to fulfil ! t]ms ( x4 ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,combu/ion ,,( ,,coal ,,9 ,,elucidation ,,( ,,! ,,nature ,,& ,,production ,,( ,,gas ,,light4 ,pit-coal exi/s 9 ?is isl& 9 /rata1 :i*1 z f> z conc]ns _m hundr$ g5]ations aft] u1 may be pron\nc$ inexhau/ible2 & is s admirably adapt$1 bo? = dome/ic purposes & ! uses ( ! arts1 t x is ju/ly reg>d$ z a mo/ ess5tial con/itu5t ( our national weal?4 ,l all o!r bitum9\s sub/ances1 x is compos$ ( a fix$ c>bonace\s base or bitum51 unit$ to m or less e>?y & sal9e matt] con/itut+ ! a%es left beh9d :5 ?is sub/ance is burnt4 ,! proportions ( ^! p>ts diff] consid]ably1 9 diff]5t k9ds ( coal2 & accord+ to ! preval5cy ( "o or o!r ( !m1 s ! coal is m or less combu/ible1 & possesses ! *>act]s ( p]fect pit-coal2 & by v>i\s %ades1 passes f ! mo/ inflammable canel-coal1 into bl9d1 ,kilk5ny1 or /one-coal2 &1 la/ly1 into a v>iety ( e>?y or /ony sub/ances2 :i*1 al?\gh !y are inflammable1 d n m]it ! appellation ( coal4 ,e body kn[s t :5 pit-coals are burn+ 9 our grates1 a flame m or less lum9\s issues f !m1 & t !y frequ5tly emit beautiful /reams ( flame rem>kably bright4 ,b besides ! flame1 :i* is a peculi> gas 9 ! /ate ( combu/ion1 heat expels f coal an aque\s vap\r1 load$ ) sev]al k9ds ( ammoniacal salts1 a ?ick viscid fluid resembl+ t>1 & "s gases t are n ( a combu/ible nature4 ,! consequ5ce ( :i* is1 t ! flame ( a coal-fire is cont9ually wav]+ & *ang+1 bo? 9 %ape1 z well z brilliance & 9 col\r1 s t :at "o mom5t gave a beautiful bright light1 9 ! next1 p]haps1 is obscur$ by a /ream ( ?ick smoke4 ,b if coals1 in/ead ( be+ suff]$ to burn 9 ?is way1 are submitt$ to di/illation 9 close vessels1 all its imm$iate con/itu5t p>ts may be collect$4 ,! bitum9\s "p is melt$ out 9 ! =m ( t>4 ,!re is dis5gag$ at ! same "t1 a l>ge quantity ( an aque\s fluid1 contam9at$ ) a portion ( oil1 & v>i\s ammoniacal salts4 ,a l>ge quantity ( c>burett$ hidrog51 & o!r un9flammable gases1 make _! appe>ance1 & ! fix$ base ( ! coal rema9s beh9d 9 ! di/illatory app>atus 9 ! =m ( a c>bonace\s sub/ance1 call$ coke4 ,all ^! products may be sep>ately collect$ 9 diff]5t vessels4 ,! c>burett$ hidrog51 or coal-gas1 may be fre$ f ! non-inflammable gases1 & aft]w>ds =c$ 9 /reams out ( small app]tures1 :i*1 :5 light$1 may s]ve z ! flame ( a c&le to illum9ate a room or any o!r place4 ,x is ?us1 t f pit-coal a native production ( ?is c\ntry1 we may procure a pure1 la/+1 & copi\s light2 :i*1 9 o!r cases1 mu/ be d]iv$ f exp5sive mat]ials1 9 "p import$ f abroad4 ,x is *iefly ^u ! p[] ( collect+ ! products af=d$ by coal1 ) conv5i5ce & *eapness1 t ! promot]s ( ! gas-light illum9ation f\nd _! claims to public enc\ragem5t4 ,!y conceive t ! flame :i* pit-coal yields1 z x is n[ consum$1 is turn$ to v little advantage3 x is n only conf9$ to "o place1 :]e a r$ heat is m want$ ?an a brilliant flame1 b x is obscur$1 & sometimes entirely smo!r$1 by ! quantity ( incombu/ible mat]ials t asc5d along ) x & pollute ! atmosph]e4 ,t mu* inflammable matt] is ?us lo/1 is evid5t f facts t come "u our daily obs]vation4 ,we (t5 see a flame sudd5ly bur/ f ! d5se/ smoke1 & z sudd5ly disappe>2 & if a light be appli$ to ! little jets t issue f ! bitum9\s p>ts ( ! coal1 !y w cat* fire1 & burn ) a bright flame4 ,a consid]able quantity ( a gaze\s fluid1 capable ( af=d+ light & heat cont9ually escapes up ! *imney1 :il/ ano!r "p is occasionally ignit$1 & exhibits ! ph5om5a ( ! flame & light ( ! fire4 ,! !ory ( ! production ( gas-light is !re=e analog\s to ! action ( a lamp or c&le4 ,! wick ( a c&le be+ surr\nd$ by ! flame1 is 9 ! same situation ( ! pit-coal expos$ to di/illation4 ,! (fice ( ! wick is *iefly to convey tall[1 by capill>y attraction1 to ! place ( combu/ion4 ,z x is decompos$ into c>burett$ hidrog5 gas x is consum$ & flies (f1 ano!r portion succe$s2 & 9 ?is way a cont9u$ curr5t ( tall[ & ma9t5ance ( flame are effect$4 ,see page #ae4 ,! combu/ion ( oil by means ( a lamp dep5ds on simil> circum/ances4 ,! tubes =m$ by ! wick s]ve ! same (fice z a retort plac$ 9 a heat$ furnace ?r\gh :i* ! inflammable liquid is transmitt$4 ,! oil is drawn up into ^! ignit$ tubes1 & is decompos$ into c>burett$ hidrog5 gas1 & f ! combu/ion ( ?is gas ! illum9ation proce$s4 ,see p4 #ae4 ,:at !n does ! gas-light sy/em attempt8 ,no?+ m ?an to g5]ate1 by means ( suffici5t furnaces & a res]voir ( suffici5t capacity1 desir$ quantities ( ! gas1 :i* is ! same mat]ial ( ! flame ( c&les or lamps2 & !n by pass+ x ?r\gh pipes to any desir$ di/ance1 to exhibit x !re at ! m\?s ( ! conduct+ tubes1 s t x may be ignit$ = any desir$ purpose4 ,! only diff]5ce betwe5 ?is process & t ( an ord9>y c&le or lamp1 consi/s 9 hav+ ! furnace at ! manufactory1 in/ead ( its be+ 9 ! wick ( ! c&le or lamp--9 hav+ ! inflammable mat]ial di/ill$ at ! /ation1 in/ead ( its pres5t exhibitions 9 oil1 wax1 or tall[1 & !n 9 transmitt+ ! gas to any requir$ di/ance1 & ignit+ x at ! orifice ( ! conduct+ pipe in/ead ( ignit+ x at ! apex ( ! wick4 ,! pr9ciple is rational1 & ju/ifi$ by ! univ]sal mode 9 :i* all light is produc$4 ,inde$1 ?is discov]y ranks among ! num]\s rec5t applications ( *emical sci5ce to ! purposes ( life1 :i* promise to be ( ! mo/ g5]al utility4 ,x is evid5t f ! outl9e "h giv5 ( ! production & application ( coal-gas1 t all ! uses ( pit-coal are n exhau/$2 x w be suffici5t to obs]ve1 t ! complete analysis ( coal1 :i* has be5 hi!rto conf9$ to ! laboratory ( ! *emi/1 requir+ skill & nicety 9 ! op]ator1 & att5d$ ) great tr\ble & exp5ce1 is n[ s f> simplifi$1 t _m *aldrons ( coals may be decompos$ by "o gas-light app>atus 9 ! space ( six h\rs1 & all ! compon5t p>ts produc$ 9 _! mo/ useful %ape1 at an exp5ce out ( all proportion bel[ ! value ( ! products4 ,,sket* ,,( ,,! ,,rise ,,& ,,progress ,,( ,,! ,,discov]y ,,& ,,application ,,( ,,coal-,,gas1 ,,z ,a ,,sub/itute ,,= ,,procur+ ,,artificial ,,light4 ,to assi/ ! read] 9 compreh5d+ ! nature & object ( sub/itut+ coal-gas = tall[ or oil1 = ! purpose ( obta9+ light1 x may be prop] to t\* slightly ^u ! successive discov]ies t h be5 made z to ! decomposition ( coal1 & ! application ( its diff]5t +r$i5ts4 ,su* a sket* w add to ! _m examples t occur 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce & art1 %[+ ! sl[ progress ( mank9d 9 foll[+ up kn[n pr9ciples1 or extract+ f ackn[l$g$ facts e possible advantage4 ,9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society1 ,v4 ,,xli4 s long ago z ! ye> #agci1 is record$ a pap]1 exhibit+ an acc\nt ( "s exp]im5ts made by ,dr4 ,james ,clayton1 f :i* x appe>s t ! inflammable nature ( coal-gas 0 !n already kn[n4 ,dr4 ,clayton hav+ di/ill$ ,newca/le coal1 obta9$1 z products ( ! process1 an aque\s fluid1 a black oil1 & an inflammable gas1 :i* he caught 9 bladd]s1 & by prick+ ^! he 0 enabl$ to inflame ! gas at pleasure4 ,x is fur!r kn[n1 t 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ c5tury1 ,dr4 ,hales#aa on submitt+ pit-coal to a *emical exam9ation1 f\nd1 t dur+ ! ignition ( ?is fossil 9 close vessels1 ne>ly "o-?ird ( ! coal became volatiliz$ 9 ! =m ( an inflammable vap\r4 ,h5ce ! discov]y ( ! inflammable nature ( coal-gas c no long] be claim$ by any p]son n[ liv+4 #aa ,vegetab4 ,/atics1 vol4 ,i4 ,9 ! ye> #agfg1 ! ,bi%op ( ,ll&aff#ab exam9$ ! nature ( ! vap\r & gaze\s products evolv$ dur+ ! di/illation ( pit-coal4 ,?is le>n$ philosoph] notic$1 t ! volatile product is n only inflammable z x issues f ! di/illatory vessel1 b t x also reta9$ its inflammability aft] hav+ be5 made to pass ?r\gh wat]1 & suff]$ to asc5d ?r\gh two high curv$ tubes4 ,! solid matt]s obta9$ by ?is v5]able prelate1 71 an aque\s ammoniacal fluid1 a t5ace\s oil1 resembl+ t>1 an ammoniacal liquor1 & a spongy coal1 or coke4 #ab ,watson's ,*emical ,essays1 vol4 ,,ii4 ,! fir/ discov]y & application ( ! use ( coal-gas = ! purpose ( illum9ation is claim$ by ,mr4 ,murdo*4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,h5ry ( ,man*e/]1 has publi%$ ! foll[+ acc\nt#ac ( ?is discov]y4 #ac ,?ompson's ,sy/em ( ,*emi/ry1 vol4 ,i4 p4 #eb4 8,9 ! ye> #agib1 at :i* "t ,mr4 ,murdo* resid$ at ,r$ru?1 9 ,cornwall1 he comm5c$ a s]ies ( exp]im5ts ^u ! quantity & quality ( ! gases conta9$ 9 diff]5t sub/ances4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ^! he rem>k$1 t ! gas obta9$ by di/illation f coal1 peat1 wood1 & o!r inflammable sub/ances1 burnt ) great brilliancy ^u be+ set fire to2 & x occurr$ to him1 t by conf9+ & conduct+ x ?r\gh tubes1 x might be employ$ z an economical sub/itute = lamps & c&les4 ,! di/illation 0 p]=m$ 9 iron retorts1 & ! gas conduct$ ?r\gh t9n$ iron & copp] tubes to ! di/ance ( #gj feet4 ,at ?is t]m9ation1 z well z at int]m$iate po9ts1 ! gas 0 set fire to1 z x pass$ ?r\gh ap]tures ( diff]5t diamet]s & =ms1 purposely v>i$ ) a view ( asc]ta9+ :i* w\ld answ] be/4 ,9 "s ! gas issu$ ?r\gh a numb] ( small holes l ! head ( a wat]+ pan2 9 o!rs x 0 ?r[n out 9 ?9 long %eets2 & aga9 9 o!rs 9 circul> ones1 ^u ! pr9ciple ( ,arg&'s lamp4 ,bags ( lea!r & ( v>ni%$ silk1 bladd]s1 & vessels ( t9n$ iron1 7 fill$ ) ! gas1 :i* 0 set fire to1 & c>ri$ ab\t f room to room1 ) a view ( asc]ta9+ h[ f> x c\ld be made to answ] ! purpose ( a moveable or transf]able light4 ,trials 7 likewise made ( ! diff]5t quantities & qualities ( gas produc$ by coals ( v>i\s descriptions1 su* z ! ,swansea1 ,hav]=dwe/1 ,newca/le1 ,%rop%ire1 ,/af=d%ire1 & "s k9ds ( ,scot* coals4 8,mr4 ,murdo*'s con/ant occupations prev5t$ 8 giv+ f>!r att5tion to ! subject at t "t2 b he aga9 avail$ himself ( a mom5t ( leisure to repeat 8 exp]im5ts ^u coal & peat at ,old ,cumnock1 9 ,ayr%ire1 9 #agig2 & x may be prop] to notice t bo? ^!1 & ! =m] ones1 7 exhibit$ to num]\s spectators1 :o1 if necess>y1 c atte/ !m4 ,9 #agih1 he con/ruct$ an app>atus at ,soho ,f\ndry1 :i* 0 appli$ dur+ _m successive nights to ! light+ ( ! build+2 :5 ! exp]im5ts ^u diff]5t ap]tures 7 repeat$ & ext5d$ ^u a l>ge scale4 ,v>i\s me?ods 7 also practis$ ( wa%+ & purify+ ! air1 to get rid ( ! smoke & smell4 ,^! exp]im5ts 7 cont9u$1 ) occasional int]ruptions1 until ! epo* ( ! peace 9 ! spr+ ( #ahjb1 :5 ! illum9ation ( ! ,soho manufactory af=d$ an opportunity ( mak+ a public display ( ! new lights2 & !y 7 made to con/itute a pr9cipal feature 9 t exhibition40 ,9 ! ye> #ahjc & #ahjd1 ,mr4 ,w9sor exhibit$ at ! ,lyceum 9 ,london ! g5]al nature ( ?is new mode ( illum9ation ?\gh ! ma*9]y = procur+1 & ! mann] ( purify+ ! gas1 he kept a secret4 ,he exhibit$ ! mode ( conduct+ ! gas ?r\gh ! h\se1 & a numb] ( devices = *&eli]s1 lamps1 & burn]s1 by :i* x might be appli$4 ,among ^! he propos$ long flexible tubes susp5d$ f ! ceil+1 or wall ( ! room1 & at ! end communicat+ ) burn]s or lamps ( diff]5t k9ds4 ,?is g5tleman %[$ also by exp]im5t1 t ! flame ( ! gas-light1 produc$ no smoke2 t x 0 n s dang]\s z ! flame ( c&les or lamps2 t x c\ld n produce sp>ks2 & t x 0 n s readily ext+ui%$ by gu/s ( w9d or torr5ts ( ra94 ,mr4 ,,w9sor's display ( gas-lights took place m ?an two ye>s be=e ,mr4 ,,murdo*'s priority ( "r 0 he>d (4 ,9 /at+ ^! facts ,i d n mean to say t ,mr4 ,,murdo* d]iv$ ! h9t ( apply+ ! coal-gas f ! previ\s exhibition ( ,mr4 ,,w9sor1 because x is q )9 ! b\nds ( probability t ! ideas ( ,mr4 ,,murdo* may h aris5 totally indep5d5t ( all acqua9tance ) ,mr4 ,,w9sor's4 ,! claims ( inv5tion1 or ! det]m9ation ( ! "r ( priority1 conc]ns ! public only s f> z ! hon\r & e/imation ( any useful discov]y conf]r$ on ! inv5tor may induce o!r individuals to devote _! tal5ts to simil> pursuits2 by means ( :i*1 m discov]ies may be made1 & ! subject ( human inv5tion become ext5d$1 or r5d]$ m useful4 ,= z ! m]e b5efits :i* mank9d may d]ive f any p>ticul> discov]y1 !y are c]ta9ly m indebt$ to ! p]son :o fir/ appli$ ! discov]y to actual practice1 ?an to him :o fir/ made x1 & m]ely illu/rat$ x by b>r5 exp]im5ts4 ,mr4 ,,w9sor c]ta9ly press$ on ! m9d ( ! public ) unremitt$ p]sev]ance & dilig5ce ! ext5sive application ( gas-light 9 ! ye> #ahjb1 b he made no new discov]y ) reg>d to ! composition ( coal2 he did n ev5 inv5t ! mode ( conduct+ ! gas ?r\gh tubes2 & if he has po9t$ out ! p>ticul>s ( ! process1 he has made a v important1 ?\gh n ! mo/ brilliant improvem5t 9 ?is l9e ( bus9ess4 ,mr4 ,,w9sor's publications are1 p]haps1 b ill adapt$ to promote 8 cause2 & ! exagg]at$ calculation :i* ! sangu9e m9d ( a discov]] is naturally dispos$ to indulge 91 h1 to sup]ficial obs]v]s1 ?r[n an air ( ridicule & improbability on ! :ole s*eme ( light+ ) gas4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be safely affirm$1 t if ! same facts _h come =w>d1 "u ! sanction ( "s great "n 9 ! *emical or philosophical _w1 ! public incr$ulity w\ld long s9ce h be5 subdu$2 & ! plan1 :i* = _m ye>s has be5 /ruggl+ = exi/5ce1 w\ld h be5 eag]ly adopt$ z a national object4 ,on ! #ah? ( ,may1 #ahjd1 ,mr4 ,,fr$]ick ,,alb]t ,,w9sor1 took out a pat5t = comb9+ ! sav+ & purify+ ( ! inflammable gas 7= produc+ light & heat71 ! ammonia1 t>1 & o!r products ( pit-coal1 ) ! manufacture ( a sup]ior k9d ( coke 7see ,rep]tory1 #b;d ,s]ies1 v4 #agb74 ,&1 lately1 ! same g5tleman has tak5 out a second pat5t1 = fur!r improvem5ts 9 ^! processes4 ,9 ! ye> #ahje1 ,mr4 ,,nor!rn1 ( ,le$s1 also direct$ ! att5tion ( ! public to ! application ( coal-gas1 z a sub/itute = tall[ light1 z w be se5 by ! foll[+ extract ( ! ,mon?ly ,magaz9e = ,april1 #ahje4 8,i di/ill$ 9 a retort1 #ej ounces ( pit-coal 9 a r$ heat1 :i* gave #f ounces ( a liquid matt] cov]$ ) oil1 m or less fluid z ! heat 0 increas$ or dim9i%$4 ,ab\t #bf ounces ( c9d] rema9$ 9 ! retort2 ! re/ came ov] 9 ! =m ( air1 z x 0 collect$ 9 ! pneumatic app>atus4 ,i mix$ "p ( x ) atmosph]ical air1 & fir$ x ) ! electric sp>k ) a tol]able explosion1 :i* proves x to be hydrog5e4--,:e!r any ( ! o!r gases 7 mix$ ) x1 ,i did n !n det]m9e4 ,9 ! receiv] ,i f\nd a fluid ( an acid ta/e1 ) a great quantity ( oil1 &1 at ! bottom1 a sub/ance resembl+ t>4 8,! app>atus ,i make use ( = produc+ light is a ref9]'s crucible1 ! top ( :i* 7aft] fill+ ) coal7 ,i close ) a metal cov]1 lut$ ) clay or o!r lut+1 s z to prev5t ! escape ( ! gas2 a metal pipe is sold]$ into ! cov]1 b5t s z to come "u ! %elf 9 ! pneumatic tr\gh1 ov] :i* ,i place a j> ) a /op-cock & a small tube2 ! j> be+ previ\sly fill$ ) wat]1 ! crucible ,i place on ! common or o!r fire z is mo/ conv5i5t2 & z ! heat increases 9 x1 ! gas is =c$ rapidly ?r\gh ! wat] into ! j>1 & regul>ly displaces x4 ,i !n op5 ! cock & put fire to ! gas1 :i* makes its escape ?r\gh ! small tube1 & imm$iately a mo/ beautiful flame ensues1 p]fectly free f smoke or smell ( any k9d4 ,a l>g] light1 b n s vivid or cle>1 w be produc$ )\t pass+ ! gas ?r\gh wat]1 b att5d$ ) a smoke some:at great] ?an t ( a lamp *>g$ ) common oil4 8,i h great hopes t "s active me*anic or *emi/ w1 9 ! end1 hit on a plan to produce light = l>ge factories1 & o!r purposes1 at a mu* less exp5ce1 by ! above or simil> means1 ?an is at pres5t produc$ f oil40 ,soon aft]w>ds1 ,mr4 ,,samuel ,,clegg#ad ( ,man*e/]1 ,eng9e]1 communicat$ an acc\nt ( 8 me?od ( light+ up manufactories ) gas-light to ! ,society ( ,arts1 = :i* he receiv$ ! silv] m$al4 #ad ,?is g5tleman is at pres5t eng9e] to ! ,gas-,light ,company4 ,s9ce t "t1 ! application ( gas-light has spread rapidly1 & num]\s manufactories & o!r e/abli%m5ts h be5 light$ by coal-gas4 ,9 ,france1 ! application ( gas-lights to economical purposes1 0 po9t$ out long be=e x 0 publicly introduc$ into ?is c\ntry4 ,m4 ,,le ,,bon _h a h\se fitt$ up 9 ,p>is1 9 ! w9t] ( #ahjb1 s z to be entirely illum9at$ by gas-lights1 :i* 0 se5 by ?\s&s ) admiration2 & _h a brevet d'inv5tion 7pat5t7 grant$ to him by ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t1 = ! art ( produc+ light f wood1 ignit$ 9 close vessels4 ,_m o!r attempts h be5 made to d]ive advantage f ! diff]5t +r$i5ts ( coal2 b !y are too obscure to m]it p>ticul> enum]ation4 ,9 ! ye> #ahjh1 ,mr4 ,,murdo* pres5t$ to ! ,royal ,society 8 acc\nt ( ! application ( gas-light1 & 0 complim5t$ ) ,c\nt ,,rom=d's m$al = ! same4 ,! foll[+ /atem5t is tak5 f ,mr4 ,,murdo*'s pap]4 8,! :ole ( ! rooms ( ! cotton mill ( ,mr4 ,,lee1 at ,man*e/]1 :i* is ,i believe ! mo/ ext5sive 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 z well z its c\nt+-h\ses & /ore-rooms1 & ! adjac5t dwell+ h\se ( ,mr4 ,,lee1 are light$ ) ! gas f coal4 ,! total quantity ( light us$ dur+ ! h\rs ( burn+ has be5 asc]ta9$1 by a comp>ison ( %ad[s1 7see page #bc7 to be ab\t equal to ! light :i* #bejj m\ld c&les1 ( six to ! p\nd1 w\ld give2 ea* ( ! c&les ) :i* ! comp>ison 0 made consum+ at ! rate ( #d-aj?s ( an ounce 7#age gra9s7 ( tall[ p] h\r4 8,! gas-burn]s are ( two k9ds3 ! "o is ^u ! pr9ciple ( ! ,arg& lamp1 & resembles x 9 appe>ance2 ! o!r is a small curv$ tube ) a conical end1 hav+ ?ree circul> ap]tures or p]=ations1 ( ab\t a ?irtie? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 "o at ! po9t ( ! cone1 & two lat]al ones1 ?r\gh :i* ! gas issues1 =m+ ?ree div]g5t jets ( flame1 some:at l a fleur-de-lis4 ,! %ape & g5]al appe>ance ( ?is tube has procur$ x1 among ! workm51 ! "n ( ! cockspur burn]4 8,! numb] ( burn]s employ$ 9 all ! build+s am\nts to #bga ,arg&1 & #fec cockspurs1 ea* ( ! =m] giv+ a light equal to t ( f\r c&les ( ! description above-m5tion$2 & ea* ( ! latt] a light equal to two & a qu>t] ( ! same c&les2 mak+ !re=e ! total ( ! gas-light a little m ?an equal to t ( #bejj c&les1 six to ! p\nd4 ,:5 ?us regulat$1 ! :ole ( ! above burn]s require an h\rly supply ( #abej cubic feet ( ! gas produc$ f cannel-coal2 ! sup]ior quality & quantity ( ! gas produc$ f t mat]ial hav+ giv5 x a decid$ pref]5ce 9 ?is situation ov] e o!r coal1 not)/&+ its high] price4 8,! "t dur+ :i* ! gas-light is us$ may1 ^u an av]age ( ! :ole ye>1 be /at$ at lea/ at two h\rs p] day ( #bd h\rs4 ,9 "s mills1 :]e !re is ov] "w1 x w be ?ree h\rs2 & 9 ! few :]e night "w is /ill cont9u$ ne>ly #ab h\rs4 ,b tak+ two h\rs p] day z ! common av]age ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 ! consumption 9 ,messrs4 ,philips & ,lee's mill w be #abej #b #bejj cubic feet ( gas p] day2 to produce :i* #gjj weight ( cannel-coal is requir$ 9 ! retort4 ,! price ( ! be/ ,wiggan cannel-coal 7! sort us$7 is #ac;d4 p] cwt4 7#bbs4 #f;d4 p] ton7 deliv]$ at ! mill1 or say ab\t eight %ill+s = ! sev5 hundr$ weight4 ,multiply+ by ! numb] ( work+ days 9 ! ye> 7#cac17 ! annual consumption ( coal w be #aaj tons1 & its co/ #abel4 8,ab\t "o-?ird ( ! above quantity1 or say =ty tons ( good common coal1 value t5 %ill+s p] ton1 is requir$ = fuel to heat ! retorts1 ! annual am\nt ( :i* is #bjl4 8,! #aaj tons ( cannel-coal1 :5 di/ill$1 produce ab\t #gj tons ( good coke1 :i* is sold ^u ! spot at #as4 #d;d4 p] cwt4 & w !re=e am\nt annually to ! sum ( #icl4 8,! quantity ( t> produc$ f ea* ton ( cannel-coal is f #aa to #ab ale gallons1 mak+ a total annual produce ( ab\t #abej ale gallons1 :i* n hav+ be5 yet sold1 x _c yet be det]m9$ its value4 8,! int]e/ ( ! capital exp5d$ 9 ! necess>y app>atus & build+s1 toge!r ) :at is consid]$ z an ample all[ance = we> & te>1 is /at$ by ,mr4 ,,lee at ab\t #eejl4 p] annum1 9 :i* "s all[ance is made = ?is app>atus be+ made ^u a scale adequate to ! supply ( a /ill great] quantity ( light1 ?an he has occasion to make use (4 8,mr4 ,,lee is ( op9ion t ! co/ ( att5dance ^u c&les w\ld be z mu*1 if n m1 ?an ^u ! gas app>atus2 s t1 9 =m+ ! comp>ison1 no?+ ne$ be /at$ ^u t score1 on ei!r side4 8,! economical /atem5t = "o ye>1 !n1 /&s ?us3 ,co/ ( #aaj tons ( cannel coal #abe ,ditto ( #dj tons ( common ditto1 to c>bonise #bj ---- ,9 all #ade ---- ,d$uct ! value ( #gj tons ( coke #ic ,! annual exp5diture 9 coal1 aft] d$uct+ ! value ( ! coke1 & )\t all[+ any ?+ = ! t>1 is !re=e #eb ,& ! int]e/ ( capital sunk1 & we> & te> ( app>atus #eej ,mak+ ! total exp5ce ( ! gas app>atus p] annum1 ab\t #fjj 8,t ( c&les1 to give ! same light1 w\ld be ab\t #bjjjl4 ,= ea* c&le1 consum+ at ! rate ( #d-aj?s ( an ounce ( tall[ p] h\r1 ! #bejj c&les burn+1 ^u an av]age ( ! ye>1 two h\rs p] day1 w\ld1 at "o %ill+ p] p\nd1 ! pres5t price1 am\nt to ne>ly ! sum ( money above-m5tion$4 8,if ! comp>ison 7 made ^u an av]age ( ?ree h\rs p] day1 z 9 mo/ cases1 w\ld p]haps be ne>] to ! tru?1 & ! te> & we> rema9+ ne>ly ! same z on ! =m] case1 ! :ole co/ w\ld n exce$ #fejl4 :ile t ( ! tall[ w\ld be #cjjjl40 ,mr4 ,,ack]man 9 ?is metropolis1 has %[n t ! art ( gas-light illum9ation is n conf9$ to great manufactories1 b t its advantages are equally applicable to ^? on a mod]ate scale4 ,! :ole ( ,mr4 ,,ack]man's e/abli%m5t1 8 public libr>y1 w>eh\se1 pr9t+-(fices & "w-%ops1 toge!r ) 8 dwell+ h\se1 f ! kit*5 to ! draw+-room1 has1 = ^! f\r ye>s pa/1 be5 light$ ) gas1 to ! total exclusion ( all o!r lights4 ,! result ( ! :ole ( ?is proce$+ w be obvi\s f ! foll[+ lett]3 ,to ,,mr4 ,,accum4 ,,sir1 8,9 answ] to y\r reque/ ) reg>d to my gas-lights1 :i* ,i n[ h 9 my h\se1 ,i take ?is mode ( in=m+ y1 t ,i *>ge two retorts ) #bdjlbs4 ( coal1 half cannel & half ,newca/le1 f :i* ,i extract #ajjj cubic feet ( gas4 ,to obta9 ?is quantity ( gas1 :5 ! retorts are cold1 ,i use f #ajj to #aajlb4 ( common coals2 b :5 !y are 9 a work+ /ate1 t is to say1 :5 !y are once r$ hot1 ! c>bonis+ fuel am\nts to ab\t #belb4 p] retort4 ,! bulk ( gas ?us obta9$ supplies #dj ,arg&'s lamps1 ( ! l>ge size1 = f\r h\rs p] night1 dur+ ! long w9t] ev5+s1 toge!r ) eight ,arg&'s lamps & ab\t #bb s+le cockspur burn]s1 = ?ree h\rs p] night3 9 addition to :i* my pr9t]s employ #af cockspur burn]s = t5 h\rs p] day to heat _! plates in/ead ( *>coal fire4 ,9 ! dep? ( w9t] we *>ge two retorts p] day3 b1 ^u an av]age1 we "w #cfe retorts 9 #cfe days4 ,n[ #cfe retorts conta9+ #abjlb4 ( coal ea*1 make #dchjjlb4 :i* is equal to t5 *aldrons ( ,newca/le & eight tons ( cannel coal4 #aj *aldrons ( ,newca/le coals1 at #fes4 make #cb #aj #j #h tons ( cannel coal1#ae 7?is coal is sold by weight7 at #ajjs4 p] ton #dj #j #j #g *aldrons ( common coals = c>bonis+1 at #ees4 #ai #e #j ,to wages paid ! s]vant = att5d+ ! gas app>atus #cj #j #j ,int]e/ ( money sunk #cj #j #j ,! we> & te> ( ! gas-light app>atus ,i consid] to be equal to ! we> & te> ( lamps1 c&le/icks1 c4 employ$ = oil1 tall[1 c4 ----------- ,total exp5ce ( ! gas lights #aea #ae #j ,,d$uct #bc *aldrons ( coke1 at #fjs4 p] *aldron #fi ,ammoniacal liquor #e ,t> #f ,*>coal employ$ by ! copp]-plate pr9t]s to heat _! plates1 :i* is n[ done ) ! gas- light flame1 co/1 annua #be ,two *aldrons ( coals m9us us$ z fuel1 = w>m+ ! h\se1 s9ce ! adoption ( ! gas- lights1 at #fes4 p] *aldron #f #aj ------ #aaa #aj #j ---------- ,nett exp5ces ( ! gas-lights #dj #e #j ---------- ,! lights us$ 9 my ,e/abli%m5t1 prior to ! gas- lights1 am\nt$ annually to #afj #j #j ,my pres5t sy/em ( light+ ) gas co/s1 p] ann4 #dj #e #j ---------- ,balance 9 favor ( ! gas = "o ye> #aai #ae #j ,su* is ! simple /atem5t ( my pres5t sy/em ( light+1 ! brilliancy ( :i*1 :5 contra/$ ) our =m] lights1 be>s ! same comp>ison to !m z a bright summ] sun-%9e does to a murky ,novemb] day3 nor are we1 z =m]ly1 almo/ suffocat$ ) ! effluvia ( *>coal & fumes ( c&les & lamps4 ,9 addition to ?is1 ! damage su/a9$ by ! spill+ ( oil & tall[ ^u pr9ts1 draw+s1 books & pap]1 c4 am\nt$ annually to upw>ds ( #ejl4 ,all ! workm5 employ$ 9 my e/abli%m5t consid] _! gas-lights z ! greate/ bless+2 & ,i h only to add1 t ! light we n[ enjoy1 7 x to be produc$ by means ( ,arg&'s lamps or c&les1 w\ld co/ at lea/ #cejl4 p] annum4 ,i am1 ) respect1 ,y\rs1 ,/r&1 ,m>* #ac1 #ahae4 ,r4 ,,ack]man40 #ae ,al?\gh cannel-coal sells at ne>ly d\ble ! price ( ,newca/le coal1 ,i use x 9 pref]5ce to ! latt]1 because x af=ds a l>g] portion ( gas1 & gives a mu* m brilliant light4 ,ano!r manufactur] :o 0 "o ( ! fir/ t adopt$ ! use ( ?is me?od ( illum9ation 9 ! small way1 & :o gave a /atem5t ( its advantages to ! public1 is ,mr4 ,,cook1 a manufactur] ( metal toys1 at ,birm+ham1 a cle>-head$1 prud5t man1 n apt to be dazzl$ by a fanciful speculation1 b gov]n$ 9 8 transactions by a simple balance ( pr(it & loss4 ,!re is a navet 9 8 own acc\nt ( ! process :i* w amuse z well z in/ruct ! read]4 8,my app>atus is simply a small ca/-iron pot1 ( ab\t eight gallons1 ) a ca/-iron cov]1 :i* ,i lute to x ) s&4 ,into ?is pot ,i put my coal4 ,i pass ! gas ?r\gh wat] into ! gasomet] or res]voir1 :i* holds ab\t #djj gallons2 &1 by means ( old gun-b>rels1 convey x all r\nd my %ops4 ,n[1 f tw5ty or tw5ty-five p\nds ( coal1 ,i make p]haps six hundr$ gallons#af ( gas2 =1 :5 my res]voir is full1 we are =c$ to burn away ! ov]plus 9 wa/e1 unless we h "w to use x z x is made3 b1 9 g5]al1 we g on mak+ & us+ x1 s t ,i _c tell to fifty or a hundr$ gallons2--&1 9 fact1 a great deal dep5ds on ! coals1 "s coals mak+ mu* m ?an o!rs4 ,^! tw5ty-five p\nds ( coal put into ! retort1 & say tw5ty-five p\nds m to heat ! retort1 :i* is m ?an x does take "o "t ) ano!r1 b ,i am will+ to say ! utmo/1 are wor? f\r-p5ce p] day4 ,f ?is f\r-p5ce we burn eighte5 or tw5ty lights dur+ ! w9t] season40 #af ,a w9e-gallon is equal to #bca cubic in*es4 ,?us are ! c&les :i* ,mr4 ,,cook us$ to employ1 & :i* co/ him ?ree %ill+s a day1 entirely sup]s$$4 ,b1 besides 8 exp5ce 9 c&les1 oil & cotton = sold]+1 us$ to co/ him full #cjl4 a ye>2 :i* is entirely sav$1 z he n[ does all 8 sold]+ by ! gas flame only4 ,= 89 all trades 9 :i* ! bl[-pipe is us$ ) oil & cotton1 or :]e *>coal is employ$ to produce a mod]ate heat1 ! gas flame w be f\nd mu* sup]ior1 bo? z to quickness & neatness 9 ! "w3 ! flame is %>p]1 & is con/antly ready = use2 :ile1 ) oil & cotton or *>coal1 ! workman is always oblig$ to wait = 8 lamp or coal gett+ up2 t is1 till x is suffici5tly on fire to d 8 "w4 ,?us1 a great quantity ( oil is always burn$ away useless2 b1 ) ! gas1 ! mom5t ! /op-cock is turn$1 ! lamp is ready1 & n a mom5t is lo/40 ,we mu/ ref] to ,mr4 ,,cook's lett] = ! details ( exp5ce1 :i* he gives ) fai?ful m9ut5ess1 & always lean+ to ! side unfav\rable to ! gas4 ,! result ( ! :ole is1 t he saves #cjl4 out ( ! #ejl4 :i* 8 lights =m]ly co/ him3 &1 :5 we consid] t 8 calculation all[s ! gas-lights to burn ! :ole ye>1 & ! c&les only tw5ty weeks1 !re c be little d\bt1 t ! sav+s 9 ?is case foll[ ne>ly ! same proportion z 9 ! =m]4 ,if ! app>atus be erect$ ev5 on a small] scale1 8! sav+10 ,mr4 ,,cook assures u1 8w /ill be consid]able3 = ! poor man1 :o lights only six c&les1 or uses "o lamp1 if ! app>atus is put up 9 ! *eape/ way possible1 w f9d x only co/ him #ajl4 or #abl4 :i* he w ne>ly1 if n q1 save ! fir/ ye>40 ,mr4 ,,ack]man hav+1 9 ?is t[n1 set ! example ( light+ 8 e/abli%m5t ) gas1 sev]al o!r individuals soon foll[$ ! attempt4 ,! foll[+ /atem5t w %[1 t ?is species ( light may be made use ( ) ! greate/ advantage1 ^u a /ill small] scale1 :]e no great nicety ) reg>d to ! app>atus = procur+ gas is requir$4 ,! foll[+ report ,i h receiv$ f ,messrs4 ,,lloyd1 ( ,que5 ,/reet1 ,s\?w>k1 ?imble manufactur]s & :itesmi?s1 :o h us$ ! gas-light = sold]+ & o!r purposes ^! five ye>s pa/4 ,f #d pecks or #a bu%el ( coals1 weigh+ #filbs4 = :i* we n[ pay 7#ahji7 #as4 we produce #d pecks ( coke & peck ( coal n c>bonis$ rema9s 9 ! di/ill+ pot1 :i* toge!r ) ! coke weighs #ehlbs4 #f oz4 value at #as4 p] bu%el #j #a #d we procure #flbs4 #d oz4 ( t> :i* we use z pi?--x saves u #j #a #j ---------- #j #b #d ,d$uct = coal #j #a #j ---------- ,pr(it on coke & t> #j #a #j ---------- ,! gas yield$ by ! #d pecks ( coals 9 ! pot1 make #db brilliant lights1 :i* burn #g h\rs4 ,to keep #db tall[ c&les :i* 7 =m]ly us$ 9 ! manufactory burn+ = ! same "t1 requir$ #glbs4 :i* at #as4 p] lb4 co/ #j #g #j ,to ?is1 add pr(its on coke & t> #j #a #j ---------- ,ga9$ out ( e bu%el ( coal #j #h #j ---------- 8,! gas-burn]s made use ( 9 our manufactory produce jets ( flame1 :i* 9 our bus9ess1 :]e mu* sold]+ ) ! bl[-pipe mu/ be done1 h a decid$ sup]iority ov] ,arg&'s lamps4 ,we are n nice conc]n+ ! quality ( ! gas--a great "p ( x is burn$ f ! gasomet]1 )\t all[+ x to purify itself 9 ! gasomet]1 because our gasomet] is n l>ge en\gh to /ore up ! :ole quantity ( gas we want = use40 ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,production ,,( ,,gas-,,light1 ,,& ,,description ,,( ,a ,,portable ,,app>atus ,,= ,,exhibit+1 ,,9 ,,! ,,small ,,way1 ,,! ,,g5]al ,,nature ,,( ,,?is ,,species ,,( ,,light4 ,to obta9 c>burett$ hidrog51 or coal-gas1 f common pit-coal1 & to apply x = ! purposes ( illum9ation1 ! coal is introduc$ into l>ge iron cyl9d]s1 call$ retorts1 to ! ap]tures ( :i* iron pipes are adapt$1 t]m9at+ 9 a vessel1 or vessels1 de/9$ to purify & collect ! gas4 ,! retorts *>g$ ) coals & made air-tight1 are plac$ ^u ! fire1 ! action ( :i* extricates ! gaze\s products f ! coals1 toge!r ) an aque\s ammoniacal vap\r1 & a t5ace\s bitum9\s fluid1 or t>1 c4 ,! liquid sub/ances are convey$ into prop] vessels1 & ! gaze\s products are conduct$1 by means ( pipes1 "u ! gasomet]1 :]e ! gas is aga9 wa%$1 & rema9s ready = use4 ,!re are also o!r pipes lead+ f ! gasomet]1 :i* bran* out into small] ramifications1 until !y t]m9ate at ! places :]e ! lights are want$4 ,! extremities ( ! pipes h small ap]tures1 out ( :i* ! gas issues1 & ! /reams ( gas be+ light$ at ^? ap]tures burn ) a cle> & /eady flame z long z ! supply ( gas cont9ues4 ,all ! pipes :i* come f ! gasomet] are furni%$ at _! extremities ) /op-cocks to regulate ! admission ( ! gas4 ,! burn]s are =m$ 9 v>i\s ways1 ei!r a tube end+ ) a simple orifice1 at :i* ! gas issues 9 a /ream1 & if once light$ w cont9ue to burn ) ! mo/ /eady & regul> light imag9able1 z long z ! gas is suppli$2 or two conc5tric tubes ( brass1 or %eet-iron1 are plac$ at a di/ance ( a small fraction ( an in* f ea* o!r1 & clos$ at ! bottom4 ,! gas :i* ent]s betwe5 ^! cyl9d]s1 :5 light$1 =ms an ,arg& lamp1 :i* is suppli$ by an int]nal & ext]nal curr5t ( air 9 ! usual mann]4 ,or ! two conc5tric tubes are clos$ at ! top ) a r+ hav+ small p]=ations1 out ( :i* ! gas alone c issue1 ?us =m+ small di/9ct /reams ( light4 ,illu/ration ,! gas-app>atus1 plate #b1 w be f\nd v conv5i5t = exhibit+1 9 ! small way1 ! g5]al nature ( ?is new art ( illum9ation1 :il/ at ! same "t x may s]ve to asc]ta91 at a trifl+ exp5ce1 ! comp>ative value ( diff]5t k9ds ( coals int5d$ to be employ$ = ! production ( ?is species ( light1 z well z o!r occasional purposes connect$ ) ! gas-light sy/em ( illum9ation4 ,x consi/s ( ?ree di/9ct app>atus3--namely1 a portable furnace1 fig4 #a1 plate #b1 by means ( :i* ! gas is prep>$--fig4 #b1 a purify]1 or cond5s]1 :i* sep>ates & purifies ! products obta9$ f ! coal1 s z to r5d] ! gas fit = ! purpose ( illum9ation--fig4 #c1 a gasomet]1 or res]voir = receiv+ & pres]v+ ! purifi$ /ock ( gas1 & f :i* x may be transf]r$ & di/ribut$ z occasion may require4 ,! foll[+ /atem5t w expla9 m fully ! g5]al nature ( ?is portable *amb] app>atus3--a1 repres5ts a ca/ iron retort1 su* z is us$ = *emical op]ations 9 ! small way4 ,?is retort re/s ^u a tripod ( hamm]$ iron1 plac$ ^u ! b>s ( ! grate ( ! *emical furnace4 ,into ?is retort ! coals are put = furni%+ ! gas4 ,x is provid$ ) a solid iron /opp] gr\nd air-tight into ! m\? ( ! retort1 & ! /opp] is secur$ 9 its place by an iron w$ge pass+ ov] x 9 ! c5tre2 by means ( :i* ! m\? ( ! retort :5 *>g$ ) coal is readily made air-tight1 & ! /opp] may easily be remov$ by knock+ out ! iron w$ge4 b4 is a metal pipe :i* conveys all ! di/illatory products f ! retort into ! purifi] fig4 #b4 ,?is tube is b5t at "r angles at ! extremity :]e x ent]s ! int]m$iate vessel fig4 #b4 ,! purifi] fig4 #b1 is divid$ into ?ree comp>tm5ts m>k$ c4 d4 e4 ,! fir/ comp>tm5t is fill$ ) wat]1 & by means ( x an air-tight communication is e/abli%$ ) ! retort :i* furni%es ! gas4 ,! second comp>tm5t1 d1 conta9s a solution ( cau/ic pot-a% compos$ ( ab\t #b p>ts ( cau/ic pot-a% & #af ( wat]1 or a mixture ( quick-lime & wat] ( ! consi/5ce ( v ?9 cream4 ,! object ( ?is comp>tm5t is to sep>ate ! non-inflammable gases & o!r products evolv$ dur+ ! di/illation ( ! coal1 f ! c>burett$ hidrog5 or coal-gas1 s z to r5d] x fit = use4 ,! ?ird comp>tm5t e is left empty to receive ! t> & o!r liquid products4 ,into ! fir/ comp>tm5t c1 all ! gaze\s & liquid products are deliv]$1 z !y become evolv$ dur+ ! di/illation1 by means ( ! pipe b4 ,! comp>tm5t d1 ( ! purifi]1 or alcali vessel1 is furni%$ ) a wide p]p5dicul> pipe1 :i* s]ves to make an air-tight communication ) ! retort1 by all[+ ! tube b1 to pass readily ?r\gh x4 ,f ! *amb] c1 ! liquid & gaze\s products pass to ! t>-*amb]1 or comp>tm5t e1 by means ( ! desc5d+ pipe f4 ,! t> & o!r cond5sible sub/ances are !re=e deposit$ at e1 :il/ ! gaze\s products alone asc5d f ! t>-*amb] e1 by ! pipe g1 & d[n aga9 ! pipe h1 7:i* is clos$ at ! top7 into ! comp>tm5t d1 ( ! vessel or purifi]1 fig4 #b4 ,! gas be+ ?us made to pass f ! comp>tm5t e1 up into ! pipe g1 & d[n ! pipe h1 7:i* is clos$ at ! top7 into ! purifi] d1 is br\ght into contact ) ! liquor 9 t vessel1 :]e x is oppos$ to a pressure 9 proportion to ! p]p5dicul> height ( ! column ( liquid :i* x conta9s4 ,! funnel 9 ! comp>tm5t c1 is consid]ably high] ?an ! purify+ app>atus1 x !re=e all[s ! liquid :i* x conta9s1 :5 press$ ^u by ! gas1 to asc5d into x1 )\t ov]fl[+ ! app>atus1 & to desc5d aga9 z ! pressure dim9i%es--i is ano!r wide-m\? funnel1 by means ( :i* ! *amb] d1 is fill$ ) ! alcal9e solution1 or mixture ( lime & wat]4 ,! c>bonic acid gas & sulphurett$ hidrog51 evolv$ dur+ ! di/illation ( ! coal1 are ?us made to comb9e ) ! alcali or lime1 9 ! comp>tm5t d1 ( ! purifi]1 =m+ c>bonate & hidro-sulphuret ( lime4 ,! c>burett$ hidrog51 be+ left m or less pure1 is convey$ ?r\gh ! pipe k1 into ! gasomet]1 fig4 #c4 ,! communication ( ! purifi]1 fig4 #b1 ) ! gasomet]1 is made by means ( ! well-kn[n wat]-valve l1 plac$ s t ! communicat+ tube k1 may be easily remov$ at pleasure--m1 is a cock = draw+ (f ! t>1 c4 n1 a gauge-cock = asc]ta9+ ! height ( ! liquid 9 ! *amb] d4 ,! gasomet]1 fig4 #c1 ! object ( :i* is to /ore up ! gas1 consi/s ( two pr9cipal p>ts--namely1 a l>ge int]ior vessel design$ to conta9 ! gas1 & an out] ci/]n or vessel1 ( r great] capacity1 9 :i* ! =m] is susp5d$1 design$ to conta9 ! wat] by :i* ! gas is conf9$4 ,! int]ior vessel :i* conta9s ! gas is susp5d$ by *a9s or cords hung ov] pullies1 to :i* weights are atta*$1 s z to ne>ly equipoise x4 o is a pipe1 :i* communicates ) ! wat]-valve l1 & by means ( :i* ! gas passes f ! purifi]1 fig4 #b1 into ! gasomet]4 ,! upp] end ( ?is pipe is cov]$1 9 ! mann] ( a hood1 by a cyl9drical vessel p1 op5 at bottom1 b p>tially imm]s$ b5ea? ! surface ( ! wat] conta9$ 9 ! out] ci/]n ( ! gasomet]1 & p]=at$ r\nd ne> ! l[] edge ) a numb] ( small holes4 ,! gas displaces ! wat] f ?is receiv] p1 & escapes ?r\gh ! small holes1 ris+ 9 bubbles ?r\gh ! wat]1 s z to expose a l>ge surface to its action1 t x may be prop]ly wa%$1 c4 ,aft] ris+ ?r\gh ! wat] ! gas ent]s ! gasomet]1 :i* is susp5d$ to move up & d[n by ! *a9s1 pullies1 & balance-weights1 q4 ,f ! c5tre ( ! gasomet] a tube1 r1 desc5ds1 :i* includes a pipe1 s1 fix$ p]p5dicul> f ! bottom ( ! ci/]n4 ,! fix$ pipe r1 =ms a guide to keep ! gasomet] always p]p5dicul>4 t is also an iron pipe made fa/ 9 ! c5tre ( ! inn] vessel1 & communicates ) ! upright tube1 s1 9 ! out] vessel4 ,?is contrivance obliges ! gas to pass into ! pipe t1 :il/ x also s]ves to keep ! gasomet] /eady :5 ne>ly out ( ! out] ci/]n4 ,:5 ! op]ation comm5ces1 ! gasomet] is sunk d[n ne>ly to a level ) ! surface ( ! wat] 9 ! out] ci/]n1 & is consequ5tly fill$ ) wat]2 b z ! gas ent]s1 x rises up to receive x4 ,x is to be not$1 t ! balance-weights q q1 %\ld n be q s heavy z ! gasomet]1 9 ord] t "s pressure may be ex]t$1 to =ce ! gas out ( ! burn]s ) a prop] jet4 ,! gas :i* issues f ! retort ent]s ! purifi] z /at$ already1 & asc5ds ! pipe o1 into ! vessel1 p1 f :i* x displaces ! wat]1 & passes out at ! small holes1 z be=e describ$1 ris+ ?r\gh ! wat] into ! gasomet]1 & rais+ x up3 ! gas !n passes away to ! burn]s1 u u4 ,9 ?is mann] ! process proce$s until ! :ole ( ! volatile products ( ! coal 9 ! retort is evaporat$4 ,! use ( ! gasomet] is1 to equalize ! emission ( ! gas :i* comes f ! retort m quickly at "s "t ?an o!rs4 ,:5 ?is happ5s1 ! int]ior vessel rises up to receive x1 & :5 ! /ream f ! retort dim9i%es1 ! weight ( ! gasomet] expels its cont5ts4 ,:5 ! process is f9i%$1 ! retort is suff]$ to cool1 & its gr\nd /opp] is !n remov$ to repl5i% x ) coal4 ,! residue f\nd 9 ! retort is coke4 v v are cocks to let (f any liquid t may collect 9 ! pipe o or t2 = if ! smalle/ portion ( liquid 7 to ob/ruct ! free passage ( ! gas to ! burn]s1 ! consequ5ce w\ld be1 t ! lights w\ld n burn /eadily--!y w\ld1 z x is call$1 dance1 or become ext+ui%$4 x is ! ma9 /op-cock :i* communicates ) ! burn]s--^!1 ( c\rse1 may be plac$ z conv5i5ce may require4 z z are two project+ p>ts 9 ! top ( ! gasomet]2 !y are int5d$ to receive ! hood p1 & ! upp] extremity ( ! pipe t1 s z to all[ ! gasomet] to be :olly imm]s$ into ! ci/]n4 ,! :eels or pullies ( ! gasomet] h a groove to all[ ! l9ks ( ! *a9 to pass freely4 ,9 ?is app>atus !re is no provision made = ! unequal pressure :i* ! gas suff]s1 accord+ly z ! gasomet] is m or less imm]s$ 9 wat]4 ,x w be obs]v$ t1 9 ?is app>atus1 ! weight ( ! int]ior vessel is con/antly increas+1 9 proportion z x fills ) gas1 & rises out ( ! wat]1 & consequ5tly1 if a con/ant1 uni=m1 c\nt]pois+ weight1 equal only to t ( ! gasomet] 9 ! fir/ mom5t ( its rise1 be employ$1 ! gas becomes gradually m & m compress$ by t "p ( ! weight ( ! gasomet] :i* is n c\nt]pois$1 & if its pressure or quantity be !n e/imat$ by ! bulk :i* x occupies1 )\t mak+ all[ance = ! increas+ pressure1 a mat]ial error mu/ arise1 & ?is1 9 ! l>ge way1 w\ld give rise to insurm\ntable difficulties ) reg>d to ! regulation ( ! size ( ! flames2 :i* c\ld n be r5d]$ uni=m4 ,suppose ! ci/]n or ext]ior vessel full ( wat]1 & ! gasomet] p>tly fill$ ) gas & p>tly ) wat]1 x is evid5t t ! balance-weight may be s adju/$1 z to occasion an exact equilibrium1 s t ! ext]nal air %all n t5d to ent] into ! gasomet] nor ! gas to escape f x2 & 9 ?is case ! wat] w /& exactly at ! same level bo? )9 ! gasomet] & )9 ! out] ci/]n4 ,on ! contr>y1 if ! balance-weights be dim9i%$1 ! gasomet] w !n press d[nw>ds f its own gravity1 & ! wat] w /& l[] 9 ! gasomet] ?an x does 9 ! ci/]n2 9 ?is case1 ! includ$ air or gas w suff] a degree ( compression above t exp]i5c$ by ! ext]nal air1 exactly proportion$ to ! weight ( a column ( wat]1 equal to ! diff]5ce ( ! ext]nal & int]nal surfaces ( ! wat]4 ,to comp5sate = ?is increas+ weight ( ! gasomet]1 & r5d] a scale ( equal graduations accurate1 "s h +5i\sly adopt$ ! plan ( a spiral pulley to ! *a91 :i* has ! effect ( gradually avoid+ ! evil1 b ! be/ way ( accompli%+ x w be /at$ h]eaft]4 ,) reg>d to ! philosophy or ! production ( coal-gas1 x proves t pit-coal conta9s solid hidrog51 c>bon1 & oxig54 ,:5 ! int5sity ( ! heat has rea*$ a c]ta9 degree1 a "p ( ! c>bon unites ) "p ( ! oxig5 & produces c>bonic acid1 :i* by means ( caloric is melt$ into ! gaze\s /ate & =ms c>bonic acid gas2 at ! same "t1 "p ( ! hidrog5 ( ! coal comb9es ) ano!r portion ( c>bon & caloric1 & =ms ! c>burett$ hidrog5 gas1 :i* v>ies consid]ably 9 its con/itution1 accord+ to ! circum/ances "u :i* x is produc$2 a portion ( olifiant gas1 c>bonic oxid1 hidrog51 & sulphurett$ hidrog51 is also produc$ dur+ ! process4 ,! quantities ( ^! products v>y accord+ to ! nature ( ! coal employ$ 9 ! process4 ,pit-coal is n ! only sub/ance :i* af=ds c>burett$ hydrog52 ?is gaze\s fluid may be obta9$ 9 a great v>iety ( ways1 & ) v consid]able diff]5ces 9 specific gravity & proportion ( +r$i5ts4 ,x is f\nd pl5tifully native or ready =m$ on ! surface ( /agnant wat]s1 m>%es1 wet dit*es1 c4 ?r\gh :i*1 if exam9$ closely1 l>ge bubbles w be se5 to rise 9 hot wea!r1 & may be increas$ at pleasure by /irr+ ! bottom or mud ) a /ick4 ,9 close /ill ev5+s if a light$ c&le is held ov] ! surface1 fla%es ( blue lamb5t flame may sometimes be p]ceiv$ spread+ to a consid]able di/ance4 ,all t is n fabul\s conc]n+ ! ignis fatuus is probably d]iv$ f ?is s\rce4 ,?is species ( gas is t]m$ = di/9ction ! c>burett$ hydrog5 ( m>%es4 ,9 ! pure/ =m 9 :i* x c be collect$ x is mix$ ) ab\t #bj p] c5t4 ( azot or nitrog54 ,to procure ! gas = ! purpose ( philosophical amusem5t1 fill a wide-m\!d bottle ) ! wat] ( ! dit*1 & keep x inv]t$ !re9 ) a l>ge funnel 9 its neck1 !n ) a /ick /ir ! mud at ! bottom j "u ! funnel1 s z to cause ! bubbles ( air :i* rise f ! mud to ent] into ! bottle2 :5 by ?us /irr+ ! mud 9 v>i\s places1 ! air may be cat*$ 9 ! bottle4 ,c>burett$ hidrog5 gas is also giv5 out v abundantly by all k9ds ( vegetable matt] :5 subject$ to a scor*+ heat suffici5t to decompose !m4 ,:5 heat$ 9 close vessels mu* m gas is obta9$ ?an :5 burnt 9 ! op5 air4 ,if moi/5$ *>coal be put into an e>!n retort & heat be appli$ till ! retort becomes ignit$2 gas w be evolv$1 consi/+ p>tly ( c>bonic acid1 & p>tly ( c>burett$ hidrog54 ,a gas ( simil> prop]ties is obta9$ by caus+ /eam to pass ?r\gh a tube fill$ ) r$-hot *>coal2 by pass+ _s ( w9e1 or camphor1 ?r\gh r$-hot tubes2 by di/ill+ oils1 wood1 bones1 wax & tall[1 or any animal or vegetable body :atev]4 ,inde$ x w\ld be endless to enum]ate ! v>i\s s\rces ( ?is gaze\s fluid4 ,a mo/ curi\s v>iety ( c>burett$ hidrog5 gas has be5 discov]$ by ! associat$ ,dut* *emi/s 7,,van ,,dieman1 ,,troo/wyck1 & o!rs7 :i* is procur$ f e!r or alcohol1 & has ! rem>kable prop]ty ( g5]at+ a heavy oil :5 9 contact ) *lor9e gas4 ,h5ce x has be5 t]m$ oily c>burett$ hidrog51 or olifiant gas--x consi/s ( c>burett$ hydrog51 sup]saturat$ ) c>bon4 ,! oil g5]at$ is heavi] ?an wat]1 :iti%1 & semi-transp>5t4 ,by keep+1 x becomes yell[ & limpid2 its smell is highly fragrant & p5etrat+--its ta/e some:at sweet--x is p>tly soluble 9 wat]1 imp>t+ to x1 its peculi> smell4 ,a portion ( ?is gas always accompanies ! common c>burett$ hidrog5 obta9$ f coal1 & ^? sorts ( coal t af=d ! l>ge/ quantity ( x are be/ suit$ = ! production ( gas-light4 ,! nature ( c>burett$ hidrog5 obta9$ f coal v>ies consid]ably accord+ to ! conditions "u :i* x is obta9$4 ,! fir/ "p is always mu* heavi] ?an ! la/1 ?\gh /ill light] ?an common air1 & holds 9 solution a portion ( oil1 = on /&+ = "s "t ov] wat] x becomes light]1 & is f\nd to require less oxyg5 = saturation ?an be=e4 ,! oil :i* x held susp5d$1 !n becomes precipitat$4 ,! av]age specific gravity ( ! fir/ & la/ gas mix$1 :i* may be tak5 z an av]age ( ! :ole specific gravity is to t ( common air z #b to #c--aablb4 ( common cannel coal produce at its m9imum1 f #cej to #cfj cubic feet ( c>burett$ hidrog5 gas2 b ! same quantity ( ! be/ ,newca/le coal1 t is to say1 su* z coke1 :i*1 :5 laid on ! fire readily und]goes a k9d ( semi-fusion1 & s5ds out brilliant /reams ( flame1 produces ^u an av]age f #cjj to #cfj cubic feet ( ?is gaze\s fluid1 besides a l>ge portion ( sulphurett$ hidrog51 c>bonic oxid & c>bonic acid4 ,half a cubic foot ( ?is c>burett$ hidrog51 fre% prep>$1 t is to say1 hold+ 9 solution or susp5sion1 a portion ( ! ess5tial oil1 :i* is g5]at$ dur+ ! evolution ( ! gas1 is equal 9 illum9at+ p[] to f #agj to #ahj gra9s ( tall[1 7be+ ! quantity consum$ by a c&le six to ! p\nd 9 "o h\r47 ,n[1 "o p\nd avoirdupoise is equal to #gjjj gra9s1 & consequ5tly "o p\nd ( c&les ( six 9 ! p\nd1 burn+ "o at a "t 9 succession1 w\ld la/ 7if we take #age gra9s ( tall[ to be consum$ 9 an h\r7 #gjjj_/age #dj h\rs4 ,to produce ! same light we mu/ burn "o half ( a cubic foot ( coal-gas p] h\r2 !re=e1 "o-half multipli$ by =ty h\rs is equal to tw5ty cubic feet ( gas 9 #dj h\rs1 consequ5tly equal to "o p\nd ( c&les1 six to ! p\nd1 provid$ !y 7 burnt "o aft] ano!r4 ,"o hundr$ & twelve p\nds ( cannel-coal1 produce1 at its m9imum1 ?ree hundr$ & fifty cubic feet ( gas2 & are equal to ?ree hundr$ & fifty1 divid$ by tw5ty1 :i* la/ is equival5t to "o p\nd ( tall[1 mak+ "o hundr$ & twelve p\nds ( cannel-coal1 equal to #cej_/bj #aglbs4 ( tall[4 ,fur!r1 "o hundr$ & twelve p\nds ( cannel-coal1 divid$ by sev5te5 & a half ( tall[ make six & f\r-t5?s ( cannel-coal1 equal to "o p\nd ( tall[4 ,) reg>d to ,newca/le coals#ag1 x may be /at$ t "o *aldron ( ,wall's-,end coal may be made to produce 9 ! l>ge way upw>ds ( #aa1jjj cubic feet ( crude gas2 :i*1 :5 prop]ly purifi$1 dim9i%es to ne>ly #aj1jjj cubic feet4 #ag ,"o *aldron ( ,newca/le coal weighs f #bhej to upw>ds ( #bighlb4 ,! production ( c>burett$ hydrog51 bo? ) reg>d to quantity & quality f ! same k9d ( coal dep5ds mu* ^u ! degree ( temp]ature employ$ 9 ! di/illatory process4 ,if ! t> & oil produc$ dur+ ! evolution ( ! gas 9 its nasc5t /ate1 be made to come 9 contact ) ! sides ( ! r$ hot retorts1 or if x be made to pass ?r\gh an iron cyl9d] or o!r vessel heat$ r$ hot1 a l>ge portion becomes decompos$ into c>burett$ hydrog5 gas & olifiant gas1 & ?us a mu* l>g] quantity ( gas is produc$ ?an w\ld be obta9$ )\t su* precaution f ! same quantity ( coal4#ah #ah ,"o p\nd ( coal-t> produces #ae cubic feet ( c>burett$ hidrog5 ab\nd+ 9 olifiant gas4 ,! di/illation ( ! coal1 7if gas be ! *ief object7 %\ld !re=e n be c>ri$ on too rapidly4 ,mo/ ( ! retorts us$ 9 ! l>ge way1 are calculat$ = conta9+ ab\t "o hundr$ weight ( coal1 & 9 g5]al1 :5 previ\sly heat$1 produce f two & "o-half to ?ree cubic feet ( gas1 9 f\r h\rs = ea* p\nd ( coal !y conta92 b :5 ! lay] ( coals 9 !m does n exce$ f\r in*es 9 dep?1 ?ree & "o-half to f\r feet ( gas may be obta9$ 9 ! same "t4 ,! retorts be/ calculat$ = l>ge gas-light works are sev5 or eight foot long 7)\t ! m\?-piece7 & twelve in*es 9 diamet]1 tap]+ d[n to t5 in*es--if !y are l>g] ! coal :i* !y conta9 _c be heat$ prop]ly4 ,! advantages t may be d]iv$ f ! circum/ances be=e /at$ are ( great] value 9 ! gas-light manufacture ?an is (t5 imag9$1 & ! quantity z well z ! quality ( ! gas is v mu* influ5c$ by su* circum/ances4 ,if coal be di/ill$ ) a v l[ r$ heat sc>cely obs]vable by daylight1 ! gas produc$ gives a feeble light--if ! temp]ature be increas$ s t ! di/illatory vessel is ( a dull r$ness1 ! light is m brilliant & ( a bett] col\r--if a bright or *]ry-r$ heat be employ$ ! gas produc$1 burns ) a brilliant :ite flame1 & if ! heat be increas$ s f> t ! retort is almo/ :ite hot1 & consequ5tly 9 dang] ( melt+1 ! gas giv5 out1 has little illum9at+ p[]1 & burns ) a cle> bluei% flame2#ai or if ! coal ab\nds 9 pyrites or sulphuret ( iron1 z is sometimes ! case ) ,newca/le coal1 a l>ge quantity ( sulphurett$ hidrog5 is likewise evolv$1 :i* al?\gh x increases ! illum9at+ p[] ( ! coal-gas1 has ! capital disadvantage1 ( produc+ an intol]able suffocat+ od\r1 :5 ! gas is burnt :i* is p>ticul>ly p]ceptible 9 l[ rooms illum9at$ ) su* gas4 #ai ,x is *iefly a mixture ( c>bonic oxid1 & hydrog5 gas4 ,^! obs]vations also apply to ! di/illation ( t>1 :i* :5 di/ill$ ei!r 9 a vapor\s or nasc5t /ate1 dur+ its fir/ production f coal 9 ! ord9>y process1 or if x be submitt$ to a second di/illation1 m+l$ ) a fre% portion ( pit-coal1 a practice usually _h rec\rse to :5 ?is product _c be dispos$ ( m advantage\sly4 ,! be/ dep? ( coal 9 ! retort = procur+ excell5t gas1 & at ! same "t = yield+ ! greate/ quantity f ! same weight 9 ! %orte/ possible "t1 is ab\t six in*es4 ,! brightness ( ! coal-gas flame is r dim9i%$ :5 ! gas has be5 long kept ov] wat]1 & h5ce = illum9ation x %\ld be us$ z soon z prep>$1 b ( c\rse prop]ly purifi$4 ,! quantity ( gas tak5 up by wat] is affect$ by temp]ature1 because ! temp]ature increases its ela/icity2 ! quantity ( gas absorb$1 dim9i%es z ! temp]ature increases1 & increases z ! temp]ature dim9i%es4 #g "p ( its own bulk ( pure coal-gas is absorb$ by ! wat] ov] :i* x is conf9$ 9 ! gazomet]4 ,! *emical con/itution ( ?is gaze\s fluid is be/ asc]ta9$ by burn+ x 9 a vessel ( oxyg5 gas1 ov] lime-wat] 9 a pneumatic res]voir1 by means ( a bladd] & b5t brass pipe4 ,two products are !n obta9$1 viz4 wat] & c>bonic acid4 ,t wat] is produc$1 may be %[n by burn+ a v small /ream ( ! gas 9 a long funnel-%ap$ tube op5 at bo? ends4 ,! =mation ( c>bonic acid is ev9c$1 by ! copi\s precipitation ( ! lime-wat] 9 ! =ego+ exp]im5t4 ,if c>burett$ hydrog5 be mix$ ) a suffici5t quantity ( oxyg5 gas or common air & fir$ by ! electric sp>k1 or by any o!r me?od1 an explosion takes place m or less viol5t accord+ to ! quantity ( c>bonace\s matt] cond5s$ 9 ! hydroc>bonat2 & ! rema9+ gas consi/s ( c>bonic acid1 toge!r ) any unconsum$ gas1 or excess ( oxyg51 :il/ ! wat] cond5ses 9 drops on ! sides ( ! vessel4 ,a few cubic in*es ( ! mix$ airs is z mu* z c be conv5i5tly manag$ at a s+le explosion2 & :5 any portion ( olefiant gas is pres5t1 ev5 ?is quantity w endang] v ?ick glass j>s4 ,a v vivid r$ flame appe>s at ! mom5t ( ! explosion1 & a great enl>gem5t takes place 9 an in/ant1 aft] :i* ! bulk is sudd5ly r$uc$ to mu* less ?an ! orig9al quantity4 ,:5 ! c>bonic acid is absorb$ by lime-wat]1 if ! gasses h be5 prop]ly proportion$1 no gaze\s residue is left1 except accid5tal impurities4 ,?\gh c>burett$ hydrog5 gas1 is sometimes naturally produc$ 9 coal-m9es1 & occasionally mixes ) common air1 produc+ dreadful explosions1 yet :5 coal-gas is mix$ ) common air1 x does n explode unless ! gas be to ! air z #a to #aj ne>ly4 ,su* are ! lead+ *emical habitudes ( ?is gaze\s product4 ,! v>ieties ( c>burett$ hydrog5 gas all agree 9 be+ inflammable2 b !y possess ?is prop]ty 9 v>i\s degrees1 z is ev9c$ by ! v>iable brightness ( ! flame :i* !y yield :5 set on fire4 8,messrs4 ,,sobolewsky & ,,horr]1 ( ,/4 ,pet]sburgh1 h employ$ wood = ! purpose ( produc+ c>burett$ hydrog5 gas4 ,! pyroligne\s acid obta9$ 9 ?is op]ation1 :5 fre$ f ! empyreumatic oil ) :i* x is mix$1 becomes acet\s acid1 & is applicable to all ! uses ( v9eg>4 ,a cubic cord ( wood equal to #b4acc ,fr5* metres 7a metre be+ r m ?an an ,engli% y>d71 yields #bee ,p>is p\nds ( *>coal1 & #gj buckets ( acid4 ,! latt] gives #cj p\nds ( t>1 aft] ! extraction ( x #ej buckets ( good v9eg> rema94 ,! same quantity ( wood furni%es #ej1jjj cubic feet ( gas1 suffici5t = ! supply ( #djjj lamps = five h\rs40#bj #bj ,see ,repository ( ,arts1 ,vol4 ,,xi4 ,no4 #cf1 p4 #cda4 ,,utility ,,( ,,! ,,gas-,,light ,,illum9ation1 ,,) ,,reg>d ,,to ,,public ,,& ,,private ,,economy4 ,f :at has be5 /at$ 9 ! prec$+ pages x becomes obvi\s1 t a sub/ance yield+ an artificial light may be obta9$ f common coal 9 imm5se quantities4 ,! attempt to d]ive advantage f s valuable a discov]y is surely no idle speculation4 ,let u !re=e n[ consid] to :at objects ( public & private utility ?is mode ( procur+ light may be appli$ ) effect4 ,x is obvi\s t coal-gas may be pres]v$ 9 a res]voir = any l5g? ( "t & t x may be convey$ by means ( tubes to any di/ance fl[+ equably & regul>ly l wat]4 ,^?1 inde$1 :o h n se5 ! contrivance w f9d x difficult to imag9e ) :at ease x is manag$4 ,! gas may be di/ribut$ ?r\gh an inf9ity ( ramifications ( tubes ) ! utmo/ facility4 ,ne> ! t]m9ation ( ea* ( ! tubes ?r\gh :i* x fl[s1 x is conf9$ by a valve or /op-cock1 ^u turn+ :i*1 :5 requir$ to be light$1 x fl[s out 9 an equable /ream & asc5ds by its specific levity4 ,!re is no?+ to indicate its pres5ce2 no noise at ! op5+ ( ! /op-cock or valve--no di/urbance 9 ! transp>5cy ( ! atmosph]e--x in/antly bur/s on ! approa* ( a light$ tap]1 into a brilliant1 noiseless1 /eady & beautiful flame4 ,its purity is atte/$ by its n black+ or soil+ 9 ! lea/ degree ! metallic orifice f :i* x issues1 nor ev5 a %eet ( :ite pap]1 or poli%$ surface br\ght 9 contact ) x4 ,!re is no escape ( combu/ible matt] unconsum$1 :i* is s great a nuisance 9 all our common lights4 ,! products ( ! combu/ion are wat] & c>bonic acid gas#ba4 ,! accurate & elegant exp]im5ts ( ,dr4 ,w4 ,,h5ry h %ewn 9 ! mo/ satisfactory mann]1 t consid]ably less c>bonic acid is produc$ by ! flame ( coal-gas1 ?an by t ( oil1 tall[1 or wax#bb1 :i* suffici5tly refutes ! absurd notions t h be5 circulat$ respect+ ! p]nici\s effects ( gas-lights4 ,b if ! gas f ,newca/le coal is badly prep>$1 or n depriv$ ( ! portion ( sulphurett$ hydrog51 :i* x usually conta9s1 x !n emits fi]y sp>ks & produces a portion ( sulphure\s acid by virtue ( ! union ( ! oxyg5 ( ! air ) ! sulphur dissolv$ 9 ! gas1 ! consequ5ce ( :i* is1 a suffocat+ od\r1 :i* is p>ticul>ly obs]vable 9 ! high] /ratum ( ! air ( ap>tm5ts 9 :i* ! gas is burnt4 ,su* gas likewise t>ni%es all metallic bodies--x discol\rs ! pa9t+s effect$ ) metallic oxids1 & always produces a suffocat+ od\r v noxi\s to heal?4 ,x is fre$ f ! sulphurett$ hydrog5 & may be r5d]$ fit = illum9ation by pass+ x repeat$ly ?r\gh v dilute solutions ( sub-acetate ( lead1 gre5 sulphate ( iron1 quicklime & wat]1 or hyp]-oxymuriate ( lime4 #ba ,! wat] 7:i* passes (f 9 imp]ceptible vap\r7 is g5]at$ by "p ( ! oxyg5 ( ! air unit+ ) "p ( ! hydrog51 :i* =ms ! great bulk ( ! coal-gas3 & ! c>bonic acid gas is produc$ by ! union ( ano!r portion ( ! oxyg5 unit+ ) ! small] portion ( c>bon1 :i* is ! o!r compon5t "p ( ! coal-gas4 #bb #ajj ,cubic in*es ( c>burett$ hydrog5 f coal1 require = burn+ #bbj cubic in*es ( oxyg5 & produce #ajj cubic in*es ( c>bonic acid--#ajj cubic in*es ( ! same gas obta9$ f wax1 require = burn+ #bhj cubic in*es ( oxyg5 & produce #acg cubic in*es ( c>bonic acid--#ajj cubic in*es ( ! same gas procur$ f lamp-oil1 require #aij cubic in*es ( oxyg5 = burn+1 & produce #abd cubic in*es ( c>bonic acid4 ,! foll[+ l9es relat+ to ! salubrity ( ! gas-light illum9ation are copi$ f ,mr4 ,lee's evid5ce 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 :5 exam9$ on t subject4 ,"q--8,is ! heal? ( y\r manufactur]s at all affect$ by ! use ( gas8--,answ]--,n 9 ! lea/1 or ,i w\ld n h adopt$ x4 ,i believe ,i expla9$ to ! ,committee1 t ,i us$ ! gas-lights 9 my own h\se fir/40 ,q4 8,y h n se5 ! smalle/ alt]ation 9 ! heal? ( y\r workm58--,a4 ,n 9 ! lea/1 = _h ,i se5 x1 x w\ld h be5 a fatal objection to x40 ,q4 8,& y say ! same 9 reg>d to ! use ( ! gas-lights 9 y\r own family8--,a4 ,c]ta9ly ,i d40 ,z to ! brilliancy ( ! flame1 an appeal may be made to e "o :o has witness$ ! gas-light illum9ation1 :e!r x be n sup]ior to ! be/ wax c&le-light1 or ! light ( ,arg&'s lamps4 ,x may be describ$ z a ri* compact flame1 burn+ ) a :ite & agreeable light4 ,x is also p]fectly /eady1 :5 ! flame is limit$ to a mod]ate size3 9 l>ge masses1 x is subject to t undulation :i* is common to x ) all flames ( c]ta9 dim5sions1 & is caus$ by ! agitation ( ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e4 ,! gas flame is entirely free f smell4 ,! coal-gas itself c]ta9ly has a disagreeable foetid od\r be=e x is burnt1 s has ! vap\r ( wax1 oil1 & tall[1 z x comes f a lamp or c&le newly bl[n out4 ,?is concession proves no?+ aga9/ ! flame ( gas :i* is p]fectly inodor\s1 a :ite h&k]*ief1 pass$ repeat$ly ?r\gh x & appli$ to ! nose1 excites no od\r4 ,ano!r peculi> advantage ( ! gas flame is1 t x may be appli$ 9 any direction we please1 z !re is no?+ to spill & ! gas is propell$ by a c]ta9 =ce :i* is always ! same1 x w burn equally well 9 an almo/ horizontal z 9 an upright position2 & we c ?us obviate two great objections to all our artificial lights1 t _! lea/ lum9\s end is direct$ d[nw>ds :]e ! light is g5]ally mo/ want$1 & t a %ade is ca/ bel[ by ! /& or support ( ! combu/ible matt]4 ,! size1 %ape & int5sity ( ! gas-flame may be regulat$ by simply turn+ a /op-cock :i* supplies ! gas to ! burn]4 ,x may at comm& be made to burn ) an int5sity suffici5t to illum9ate e corn] ( a room1 or s l[ & dim z b>ely to be p]ceiv$4 ,x is unnecess>y to po9t out h[ valuable su* lights may be 9 nurs]ies1 /ables1 w>eh\ses1 9 ! *amb]s ( ! sick1 c4 ,f ! facility ) :i* ! gas-flame c be convey$ 9 any direction1 f ! div]sifi$ application1 size & %ape :i* ! flame c be made to assume1 !re is no o!r k9d ( light s well calculat$ = be+ made ! subject ( spl5did illum9ations4 ,:]e lu/res are requir$ 9 ! middle ( a room1 ! be/ mode ( conduct+ ! gas to ! *&eli]1 is to pass ! gas-pipe ?r\gh ! ceil+ f ! room above1 imm$iately ov] ! lu/re4 ,?is c be easily done )\t injury to ! ap>tm5t4 ,:]e side-lights & *&eli]s are requir$ ! tubes ne$ nev] appe> 9 sight1 b may be conceal$ 9 ! wall or floor ( ! h\se4 ,:5 transp>5cies are want$ z decorations = halls1 lobbies1 c4 m ?an light1 recesses may be fill$ ) diff]5t col\r$ m$ia1 or pa9t+s1 & any int5sity ( light may be ?r[n on ! object4 ,if a numb] ( m9ute holes are made 9 ! end ( a gas pipe1 x =ms z _m jets de feu1 :i* h a v brilliant appe>ance2 ^! may sometimes be plac$ 9 ! focus ( a p>abolic reflector4 ,9 cases :]e ! light is requir$ to be ?r[n to a di/ance1 o!r burn]s are con/ruct$ ^u ! same pr9ciple z ! ,arg& lamp1 =m+ a cyl9d] ( flame1 & admitt+ a curr5t ( air bo? to ! inside & outside4 ,on comp>+ ! flame ( a gas-light ) ! flame ( a c&le :atev] its size may be1 x appe>s j z yell[ & dull z ! flame ( a common lamp appe>s :5 comp>$ ) t ( a lamp ( ,arg&4 ,! beautiful :it5ess ( gas-light nev] fails to excite ! surprize & admiration ( ^? :o behold x = ! fir/ "t4 ,a l>ge edifice or manufactory light$ by gas1 contra/$ ) "o ( ! same k9d light$ by c&les or lamps1 resembles a /reet on ! night ( a g5]al illum9ation1 comp>$ ) ! glimm]+ light ( its ord9>y p>i% lamps4 ,! int5sity ( "o ( ! p>i% gas-light lamps1 n[ exhibit$ 9 ! /reets ( ?is metropolis1 w be> ample te/imony ( ?is ass]tion2 ! light ( ! p>i% gas-lamps1 is to ! int5sity ( ! p>i% oil lamps z #a to #ab4 ,"o ( ! mo/ obvi\s applications ( ! gas-light illum9ation unque/ionably consi/s 9 light+ /reets1 %ops & h\ses2 & let x be obs]v$ t z ?is is f\nd safe & economical1 x proves all t ! mo/ ard5t fri5ds ( ! gas-light sy/em c desire4 ,= 9 cont5d+ ) ! common mode ( light+ ! /reets & %ops1 ! new lights mu/ beat out ( ! m>ket ! *eape/ ( all artificial lights2 & z x has succe$$ 9 do+ ?is x %ews 9 ! mo/ satisfactory po9t ( view1 ! prodigi\s advantages ( gas-lights :5 comp>$ ) ! mat]ials ( tall[ & oil4 ,! orig9al exp5ce ( lay+ ! pipes = convey+ ! gas1 toge!r ) ! co/ ( ! ma*9]y1 is all t is requir$2 ! prep>ation ( ! gas be+ itself a lucrative process1 no d\bt w pay all its exp5ces besides ! int]e/ ( capital1 & leave a surplus ( pr(it4 ,inde$ ! application ( ! coal-gas1 z a sub/itute = tall[ & oil1 to illum9ate h\ses1 %ops1 c4 is no long] problematical1 a consid]able ext5t ( ?is capital1 toge!r ) num]\s %ops & h\ses be+ already suppli$ ) ?is species ( light4#bc #bc ,! ,lib]ty ( ,norton ,falgate1 z f> z ,bi%opgate-/reet1 is light$ ) gas-light1 f ! ,*>t]$ ,company's /ation at ,norton ,falgate2 & gas-light pipes are laid f t /ation z f> z ! we/ end ( ,*eapside1 & 9 all ! /reets nor? ( t great ?or\ghf>e4 ,9 ! ,we/ end ( ! ,t[n1 ! ma9 pipes = supply+ ! /reets & h\ses ) light f ! ,gas-,light ,company1 ext5d ?r\gh ! mo/ eligible p>ts2 f _! ,e/abli%m5t 9 ,pet]-/reet1 ,we/m9/]1 along ! l9e f ,pall ,mall to ,temple-b>1 compleatly surr\nd+ ! p>i% ( ,/4 ,m>t9's 9 ! ,field4 ,ma9 pipes are also plac$ 9 ! ,hay-m>ket1 ,cov5try-/reet1 ,long-,acre1 ,/4 ,m>t9's-lane2 & 9 ! pr9cipal p>ts ( ! p>i%es ( ,/4 ,james & ,/4 ,ann4 ,9 ! ,ea/ end ( ! metropolis1 ! gas-light ma9s ext5d f ,cornhill to ,/4 ,paul's1 ,wood-/reet1 ,=e-/reet1 c4--,cons5t has also be5 giv5 to ! incorporat$ ,gas-,light ,company = lay+ _! pipes 9 ! p>i% ( ,/4 ,/eph5's 9 ! ,field2 ,/4 ,paul ,cov5t-g>d52 ,/4 ,m>y-le-,/r&2 ,/4 ,clem5t ,danes2 ,/4 ,george's1 ,bloomsbury2 ,/4 ,giles's 9 ! ,fields2 ,/4 ,&rew's1 ,holborn1 above ! b>s2 "p ( ! p>i% ( ,/4 ,m>y-la-bonne2 besides sev]al o!r di/ricts1 compreh5d+ ! :ole ( ! city & suburbs ( ,we/m9/]4 ,en\gh !re=e1 has be5 done to prove ! possibility ( light+ h\ses1 & /reets1 ) gas1 :i* w\ld h be5 reg>d$ tw5ty ye>s ago z an extravagant p>adox4#bd #bd ,i am in=m$ by ,mr4 ,,clegg1 ! eng9e] ( ! ,*>t]$ ,gas-,light ,company1 "u ^: direction ! new sy/em ( light+ is c>ri$ on1 t ! total l5g? ( pipe laid d[n1 z ma9s1 9 ! /reets ( ,london am\nts already to ne>ly #ae miles4 ,9 ! ,ea/]n "p ( ,london1 ! same ,company is engag$ to lay _! pipes 9 ! pr9cipal p>ts ( ,:ite*apel1 ,spitalfields1 ,/4 ,luke's1 & ! adjo9+ neighb\rhood4 ,"o "p ( ! city ( ,london1 ext5d+ f ,temple-b> to ! ,we/ end ( ,*eapside2 f ,newgate-/reet to ,holborn ,b>s1 toge!r ) ! int]v5+ /reets1 is also provid$ ) pipes laid d[n by ano!r gas-light association1 :o h op5$ a new ,e/abli%m5t 9 ,wat]-lane1 ,fleet-/reet1 b are unconnect$ ) ! ,*>t]$ ,company4 ,a ?ird company is project$ 9 ,s\?w>k1 & a f\r? 9 ! ,ea/]n di/rict ( ,london1 creat+ by a rivalry ( int]e/1 t laudable competition :i* always proves b5eficial to ! public at l>ge1 & :i* _c fail to accel]ate ! progress ( ?is new art ( procur+ light4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,john ! ,evangeli/ 9 ?is metropolis has be5 illum9at$ ) gas-lights = upw>ds ( two ye>s3 ! lights employ$ 9 ?is edifice is equal to #cfj tall[ c&les eight to ! p\nd4 ,! av5ues to ! ,h\se ( ,lords & ,h\se ( ,commons1 ,we/m9/]-hall1 ,we/m9/]-bridge2 ! h\se & (fices ( ! ,speak] ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 ! ,mansion-h\se1 & _m o!r places1 des]ve to be nam$1 z hav+ already adopt$ ?is species ( illum9ation4 ,ano!r advantage\s application ( ! gas-light mu/ be ! supply+ ( light-h\ses4 ,f ! spl5d\r & di/+ui%+ =ms :i* ! gas-light flame is capable ( assum+1 no light is bett] calculat$ = signal-lights ?an ?is4 ,by means ( "o s+le furnace z mu* gas might readily be procur$ z w\ld furni% a flame ( suffici5t int5sity1 dur+ ! longe/ w9t] night1 exce$+ 9 brilliancy or int5sity ( light any light-h\se 9 ,brita9 or else:]e4 ,if e light-h\se r\nd ?is isl& 7 possess$ ( a gas-light furnace1 "o-half "p ( ! enorm\s exp5ce :i* !y at pres5t require w\ld furni% a mu* m brilliant light4 ,! *eapness ( ?is light & its efficacy = ! purpose1 w\ld soon multiply ! numb] ( light-h\ses1 & ?us mo/ ess5tially contribute to ! security ( navigation on our coa/4 ,! gas may be made to issue f tubes by long n>r[ slips1 & a surface ( flame produc$ ( any giv5 dim5sions1 & free f all smoke t w\ld obscure ! reflectors4 ,! ease ) :i* ! l>ge/ gas-light flame is in/antly ext+ui%$ by %utt+ ! /op-cock1 & ! read9ess ) :i* a long l9e ( gas cat*es fire by apply+ a light$ tap] to "o extremity1 are prop]ties t _c fail to recomm5d x = ! purposes ( telegraphic communications by night4 ,ano!r application ( ! gas unque/ionably might be ! light+ ( b>racks1 ars5als1 dock-y>ds1 & o!r e/abli%m5ts :]e mu* light is want$ 9 a small place4 ,! annual exp5ce ( light+ ! b>racks ( ,great ,brita9 is said to fall little %ort ( #ej1jjjl4 a small "p ( :i* on ! new plan1 w\ld supply !m ) a mu* pur] & saf] light4 ,! uses ( ! gas-lights already enum]at$ mu/ ( !mselves1 ju/ify u 9 atta*+ great importance to ! discov]y1 & if r$uc$ to practice all ov] ! k+dom1 w\ld employ a l>ge capital 9 a way ! mo/ advantage\s & productive4 ,b ! utility ( ?is light w be almo/ indef9itely increas$ to ! use ( private families4 ,t su* an application is practicable1 9 all t[ns ( ,great ,brita91 is obvi\s1 f :at has be5 done already1 & t x w\ld be highly economical & ornam5tal1 !re c be little d\bt4 ,by means ( gas we may h a pure & agreeable light at comm& 9 e room ( our h\se1 j z we h ! comm& ( wat]1 ) ?is s+ul> advantage1 t ^! lights may burn = h\rs )9 an in* ( ! mo/ combu/ible sub/ance )\t dang]1 because !y nei!r c burn d[n l a c&le nor emit sp>ks4 ,^! prop]ties make ! gas-lights a mo/ desirable light on bo>d our %ips ( w>1 :]e sev]e regulations are necess>y to prev5t dang] f fire1 :i* aft] all are frequ5tly evad$4 ,! gas-light might be us$ 9 ! /ore-rooms1 & ev5 9 ! p[d] magaz9e1 & ! capta9 w\ld completely comm& ! supply ( light by ! possession ( ! key :i* op5s & %uts ! /op-cock4 ,a small app>atus :i* may be erect$ at a trifl+ exp5ce w\ld be suffici5t = t purpose4 ,9 %ops1 c\nt+-h\ses1 & public (fices1 ! advantages are a :ite light1 ne>ly equal to day-light1 a w>m? :i* almo/ sup]s$es ! use ( fires1 a total abs5ce ( smoke1 smell1 & vap\r1 & great economy ( lab\r4 ,! heat produc$ by gas-lights mu/ be obs]v$ by e "o :o has _h an opportunity ( att5d+ to x 9 ! mo/ sup]ficial mann]1 & ! reason :y gas-lights produce m heat ?an oil or c&le-light w n appe> /range to our *emical read]s 7& :o is !re n[ t does n "k some?+ ( *emi/ry87 :5 x is consid]$ t ! gas-light flame cond5ses m air ?an ! flame ( oil & tall[1 & consequ5tly mu/ produce m heat4 ,! flame ( gas may be produc$ 9 s l>ge a surface1 z to be appli$ to heat ! mo/ spaci\s ap>tm5ts z well z to light !m4 ,if ! gas is made to issue by a circul> rim ( ab\t twelve in*es diamet]2 x =ms a sort ( an ,arg& lamp on a great scale1 & x is manife/ t a circumf]5ce ( ?ree feet ( flame w heat ! air v rapidly1 & ) su* uni=mity t we ne$ no long] be expos$ to ! p>tial heat+ occasion$ by ! /rong draft ( a l>ge fire4 ,a lamp ( ?is description 9 ! c5tre ( a l>ge room1 ) a v small fire to secure a gradual r5ewal ( ! air w\ld enable u to enjoy ! mo/ heal?ful & agreeable temp]ature4 ,f trials made on ?is subject1 ,i am enabl$ to /ate1 t ?ree ,arg&'s lamps1 consum+ five cubic feet ( gas p] h\r1 are suffici5t to keep a room #aj feet squ>e at a temp]ature ( #ee ,fahr4 :5 ! air )\t doors has a temp]ature ( freez+4#be #be ,mr4 ,,dalton's me?od ( asc]ta9+ ! comp>ative quantity or effects ( heat evolv$ dur+ ! combu/ion ( diff]5t inflammable gases1 & o!r sub/ances capable ( burn+ ) flame1 z /at$ 9 8 ,sy/em ( ,*emi/ry1 vol4 ,i4 p4 #gf1 des]ves to be recomm5d$ to ^? :o are m imm$iately int]e/$ 9 ?is subject4 ,! process1 :i* is simple1 easy1 & accurate1 is z foll[s3 ,take a bladd] ( any size1 7let u suppose = ! sake ( illu/ration1 ! bladd] to hold or to be equal 9 capacity to #cj1jjj gra9s ( wat]17 & hav+ furni%$ x ) a /op-cock & a small jet pipe1 fill x ) ! combu/ible gas ! heat+ p[] ( :i* is to be tri$4 ,take also a t9n$ iron vessel ) a concave bottom ( ! same capacity1 p\r into x z mu* wat] z w make ! vessel & wat] toge!r equal to ! above /at$ bulk ( wat] 9 ! bladd]1 viz4 #cj1jjj gra9s4 ,?is be+ done1 set fire to ! gas at ! orifice ( ! pipe1 & br+ ! po9t ( ! flame "u ! bottom ( ! t9n$ vessel1 & suff] x to burn !re1 by squeez+ ! bladd] till ! :ole ( ! gas is consum$4 ,! increase ( temp]ature ( ! wat] 9 ! t9n$ vessel be+ c>efully notic$ be=e & aft] ! exp]im5t1 gives v accurately ! heat+ p[] ( ! giv5 bulk ( ! inflammable gas4 ,x 0 ?us prov$ t-- ,olefiant gas raises an equal volume ( wat] #ad ,c>burett$ hidrog51 or coal gas #aj ,c>bonic oxid #d ,hidrog5 #e ,sp]maceti oil #aj gra9s burnt 9 a lamp rais$ #cj1jjj gra9s ( wat] #e ,tall[ #e ,wax #e1ge ,oil ( turp5t9e #c ,_s ( w9e #b ,9 all processes ( ! arts :]e a mod]ate heat is want$ ! gas-light flame w be f\nd v advantage\s--ev5 on a l>ge scale ?is flame may be us$ ) pr(it4 ,x possesses advantages :i* _c be obta9$ f flam+ fuel1 :]e mu* nicety is requir$2 because no fuel c be manag$ l ! flame ( coal-gas4 ,= x is well kn[n1 t :5 too little air be giv5 to flam+ fuel x produces no flame1 b sooty vap\r2 & if too mu* air be admitt$ to make ^? vap\rs break out into flame1 ! heat is (t5 too viol5t4 ,x is a fact1 t flame1 :5 produc$ 9 great quantity1 & made to burn viol5tly1 by mix+ ) a prop] portion ( fre% air1 driv+ x on ! subject1 & ?r[+ x into :irls & eddies1 !reby mix+ ! air ) e "p ( ! hot vap\r1 produces a v int5se heat4 ,! great p[] ( a gas-flame does n appe> :5 we try small quantities ( x1 & all[ x to burn quietly1 because ! air is n intimately br\ght into contact ) x1 b acts only on ! outside2 & ! quantity ( burn+ matt] 9 ! surface ( a small flame is too m9ute to produce mu* effect4 ,illu/ration ,b :5 ! flame is produc$ 9 l>ge quantity & is freely br\ght =w>d into contact & agitat$ ) air1 its p[] to heat bodies is imm5sely increas$4 ,x is !re=e peculi>ly prop] = heat+ l>ge quantities ( matt] to a viol5t degree1 especially if ! contact ( solid fuel ) su* matt] is inconv5i5t4 ,z ! gas-flame may be made to assume any %ape & int5sity1 & z !re is no?+ to spill1 x may be exhibit$ "u su* v>iety ( =ms & designs1 z _c fail to give rise to ! mo/ ta/eful ornam5tal illum9ation4 ,,plates ,,iii4 ,,iv4 & ,v4 exhibit su* designs ( diff]5t k9ds ( gas-lamps1 *&eli]s1 lu/res1 c&elabras1 c4 z are already 9 use 9 ?is ,metropolis4 ,,plate ,,iii4 fig4 #a1 repres5ts a ,rod ,lamp4 ,! gas passes ?r\gh ! rod a1 to ! ,arg& burn]1 :i* is surr\nd$ by a cyl9drical *imney1 c1 swell+ out at ! l[] extremity4 ,! con/ruction ( ! ,arg& burn] we h m5tion$ already1 p4 #gh4 ,9 all ! gas-light burn]s1 con/ruct$ on ,arg&'s plan1 c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! flame be 9 contact ) ! air on all sides1 & t ! curr5t ( air be direct$ t[>ds ! upp] extremity ( ! flame4 ,?is may be effect$ by caus+ a curr5t ( air to rise up p]p5dicul> f ! bottom ( ! *imney glass1 & to pass out aga9 ?r\gh ! contract$ "p1 or upp] extremity ( ! *imney2 b no o!r curr5t ( air %\ld ev] be p]mitt$ to come ne> ! gas-flame1 or ent] ! glass *imney :i* cov]s or def5ds ! light2 = if m air be p]mitt$ to mix ) ! flame ?an is suffici5t = ! compleat combu/ion ( ! coal-gas1 x necess>ily dim9i%es ! heat1 & consequ5tly r$uces ! quantity ( light4 ,fig4 #b4 ,a ,rod ,gas ,lamp1 ) bran*es4 ,! gas passes ?r\gh ! holl[ rod1 a1 & "p ( ! holl[ bran*1 b1 to ! burn] ( ! lamp4 ,! cyl9drical %ap$ glass1 c1 exhibit$ 9 ?is figure1 is n s well adapt$ = ! compleat combu/ion ( coal-gas1 z ! belly-%ap$ *imney1 c1 repres5t$ 9 fig4 #a1 #c1 #e1 #f1 because ! asc5d+ curr5t ( fre% air is n turn$ out ( its p]p5dicul> c\rse1 & ?r[n imm$iately 9 a conc5trat$ /ate1 into ! upp] "p ( ! flame :]e ! combu/ion ( ! gas is less p]fect4 ,! ext]ior curr5t ( air :i* ent]s at ! bottom into ! lamp1 rises m]ely ) a velocity proportion$ to ! l5g? ( ! cyl9d]1 & to ! r>efaction ( ! air 9 ! same1 b )\t be+ propell$ to ! apex ( ! flame1 z x %\ld d1 & is made to d1 9 ! belli$ glass adapt$ to ! lamp1 fig4 #a4 ,fig4 #c4 ,a ,bracket ,lamp4 a1 ! tube :i* conveys ! gas to ! burn]2 b1 ! /op-cock ( ! tube4 ,fig4 #d4 ,a ,p5d5t ,rod ,lamp2 9 :i* ! gas is suppos$ to come f a pipe above1 ?r\gh ! ceil+1 into ! pipe1 a1 to supply ! burn]s4 ,! tulip-%ap$ *imney1 b1 ( ?is lamp1 is likewise ill adapt$ = gas-light burn]s4 ,fig4 #e4 ,a p5d5t d\ble-bracket ,lamp4 ,! gas pass+ ?r\gh ! p]p5dicul> tube1 a1 into ! brackets1 b b2 c %[s ! ,arg& burn]4 ,fig4 #f4 ,a sw+ ,bracket ,lamp4 a1 ! gas-pipe ) its /op-cock2 b1 a brass ball1 communicat+ ) ! pipe1 a2 c1 ! conduct+ tube1 gr\nd air-tight into ! ball1 b1 & communicat+ ) ! burn] ( ! lamp1 s z to all[ x to h an horizontal motion4 ,fig4 #g4 ,%ews ! con/ruction ( ! ball b1 & pipe1 c1 ( ! lamp1 fig4 #f4 ,fig4 #h4 ,a ,sw+ ,cockspur ,lamp1 con/ruct$ ^u ! same plan z fig4 #f4 ,^! two lamps are v conv5i5t = desks 9 c\nt+-h\ses1 c4 ,fig4 #i4 ,a /op-cock ) ball & socket1 :i*1 :5 adapt$ to a gas-light pipe1 all[s x to h an univ]sal motion1 s t ! light may be turn$ 9 any direction4 ,fig4 #aj4 ,section ( ! /op-cock1 ) ball & socket4 ,fig4 #aa4 ,%[s ! ball & socket1 fig4 #i1 9 p]spective4 ,illu/ration ,,plate ,,iv1#bf fig4 #a4 ,a ,c&elabrum2 ! gas pipe asc5d+ f ! floor ( ! ap>tm5t1 ?r\gh ! column a1 & t]m9at+ 9 ! burn] ( ! lamp4 #bf ,! gas-lamps exhibit$ 9 ?is plate1 are employ$ 9 ! libr>y1 c\nt+-h\se1 w>eh\se1 & (fices ( ,mr4 ,,ack]man1 &1 by ^: p]mission1 !y are copi$ on ?is occasion4 ,fig4 #b4 ,a fancy p5d5t ,cockspur ,lamp4 ,! gas be+ transmitt$ to ! burn]s1 c c1 by means ( ! pipe1 a4 ,fig4 #c4 ,a ,p$e/al ,arg& ,lamp4 a1 ! pipe & /op-cock1 :i* transmits to1 & %uts (f ! gas f ! burn] ( ! lamp4 ,fig4 #d4 ,a ,p$e/al ,cockspur ,lamp4 a1 ! /op-cock & gas-pipe4 ,fig4 #e4 ,a fancy bracket ,cockspur ,lamp1 int5d$ m]ely to %[ t ! coal-gas1 z x passes to ! burn]1 is p]fectly devoid ( col\r1 & invisible4 a is a glass vessel furni%$ at its orifice ) a brass cap1 c1 & p]=at$ ball1 out ( :i* ! gas-flame proce$s4 b1 ! pipe :i* conveys ! gas into ! glass vessel1 a4 ,fig4 #f4 ,a ,bracket ,arg& ,lamp4 a & b1 ! gas pipe communicat+ ) ! burn]4 ,fig4 #g & #h4 ,a ,horizontal ,bracket ,lamp4 a1 ! gas pipe1 suppos$ to be conceal$ 9 ! ceil+4 b1 ! communicat+ pipe1 :i*1 toge!r ) c1 bran*es out at "r angles at d d4 e e1 are ! burn]s ( ! lamp4 ,,plate ,v4 fig4 #a4 ,a ,c&elabrum1 into :i* ! gas-pipe asc5ds f ! floor ( ! ap>tm5t1 ! lat]al bran*es communicat+ ) ! c5tral tube4 ,fig4 #b4 ,an ,arabesque ,*&eli]4 ,! gas ent]s f ! ceil+ ( ! room into ! rope-%ap$ pipe1 a1 f :i* x proce$s ?r\gh "o ( ! ar*$ ribs1 b b1 into ! horizontal hoop1 or pipe1 c4 ,fig4 #c4 ,a ,roman ,*&eli]4 ,! gas ent]s ?r\gh ! inflexible holl[ *a91 a1 into ! c5tral tube1 b1 f :5ce ! burn]s are suppli$ by ! lat]al bran*es1 c c4 ,fig4 #d4 ,a ,go?ic ,*&eli]4 ,! gas is transmitt$ to ! burn]s ?r\gh ! rope1 a1 :i* includes a tube1 & ! communication ) ! burn]s is e/abli%$ ?r\gh ! lat]al bran*es4 ,fig4 #e4 ,a ,p$e/al ,figure ,lamp4 ,! gas is "h made to pass by means ( a pipe ?r\gh ! body ( ! figure into ! lattice-"w plateau1 con/ruct$ ( holl[ & p]=at$ brass tubes4 ,illu/ration ,fig4 #f4 ,a ,p$e/al ,vase ,lamp4 ,! gas-tube ent]s ?r\gh "o ( ! claw-feet ( ! alt>-%ap$ p$e/al1 into ! glass vase1 a1 at ! bottom ( :i* x jo9s ! tubes communicat+ ) ! metallic corn-e>s1 b1 at ! upp] extremities ( :i* x =ms jets de feu4 ,fig4 #g4 ,a ,gir&ole4 ,! gas ent]s ?r\gh ! bracket1 a1 & is convey$ to ! burn]s by ! desc5d+ tubes1 b b4 ,fig4 #h4 ,a ,c&elabrum1 hav+ a c5tral pipe1 ?r\gh :i* ! gas is conduct$ to ! burn] at ! top4 ,,o!r ,,products ,,obta9able ,,f ,,coal3 ,,namely1 ,,coke1 ,,t>1 ,,ess5tial ,,oil1 c4 ,hav+ ?us f> consid]$ ! nature ( coal-gas z a sub/itute = ! lights n[ 9 use1 x w be necess>y to att5d m p>ticul>ly to "s o!r products :i* are obta9$ dur+ ! production ( ?is species ( light3 namely1 coke1 t>1 ammoniacal liquor1 c4 ,coke4--,! sub/ance call$ coke1 :i* con/itutes ! skeleton ( ! coal1 or its c>bonace\s base1 is left beh9d 9 ! retort1 aft] all ! evaporable products h be5 expell$ f ! coal by heat4--,see page #he4 ,x is suffici5tly kn[n1 t coke is a m valuable fuel ?an ! coal f :i* x is obta9$4 ,h5ce1 imm5se quantities are prep>$ 9 ! l>ge way1 b ! gaze\s & o!r sub/ances are lo/ 9 ! process employ$ = c>boniz+ ! coal4#bg ,9 ! manufacture ( coal-gas1 ! coke comes f ! retort1 enl>g$ 9 size1 & greatly dim9i%$ 9 weight1 :5 comp>$ ) ! orig9al coal4 ,9 :atev] /ate ! coal may be :5 introduc$ into ! retort1 ! coke is uni=mly tak5 out 9 l>ge masses1 s t ! refuse coal1 or du/1 & sweep+s ( ! pit1 :i* are n[ ?r[n away1 may be employ$ & conv]t$ into an excell5t fuel4 ,coke is decid$ly sup]ior to coal = all dome/ic1 & m especially = cul9>y purposes2 ! heat :i* x ?r[s out be+ m uni=m1 m int5se1 & m durable4 ,no flame1 inde$1 accompanies x1 & x seldom ne$s ! application ( ! pok]1--t specific = ! ennui ( ,engli%m52 b ^! defici5ces are m ?an balanc$ by ! valuable prop]ty ( emitt+ no sp>ks1 ( giv+ m heat1 & burn+ free f du/ & smoke4 #bg ,! prep>ation ( coke is z foll[s3--,a quantity ( l>ge coal is plac$ on ! gr\nd 9 a r\nd heap1 ( f #ab to #ae feet 9 diamet]1 & ab\t two feet 9 height2 z _m z possible ( ! l>ge pieces are plac$ on _! ends1 to =m passages = ! air2 above !m are ?r[n ! small] pieces & coal du/1 & 9 ! mid/ ( ?is circul> heap1 is left1 a vacancy ( a foot wide :]e a few faggots are deposit$ to k9dle x4 ,f\r or five ap]tures ( ?is k9d are =m$ r\nd ! r+1 p>ticul>ly on ! side expos$ to ! w9d2 !re is1 h[ev]1 seldom occasion to light x ) wood1 = o!r masses be+ g5]ally on fire1 ! workm5 mo/ frequ5tly use a few %ovels ( coal already burn+1 :i* acts m rapidly ?an wood1 & soon k9dles ! surr\nd+ pile2 z ! fire spreads1 ! mass increases 9 bulk1 puffs up1 becomes spongy & light1 cakes into "o body1 & at l5g? loses its volatile p>ts1 & emits no m smoke4 ,x !n acquires an uni=m r$ col\r1 incl9+ a little to :ite1 9 :i* /ate x beg9s to break into gaps & *9ks1 & assumes ! appe>ance ( ! "u "p ( a mu%room2 at ?is mom5t ! heap mu/ be quickly cov]$ ) a%es1 ( :i* !re is always a suffici5t provision ar\nd ! num]\s fires1 :]e ! coke is prep>$4 ,t coke mu/ give out m heat dur+ its combu/ion ?an coal1 w at once become obvi\s1 :5 we consid] t ! quantity ( matt] :i*1 9 ! combu/ion ( coal is *ang$ f a solid to a /ate ( ela/ic fluidity1 mu/ necess>ily c>ry (f a portion ( caloric1 :i* !n becomes conv]t$ 9 a lat5t /ate )\t produc+ heat1 :il/ ! gl[ ( ! coke radiates caloric ) an int5sity unimpair$ by any dem& ( ?is k9d4 ,x is ?us t coke1 ?\gh some:at m difficult ( ignition ?an common coal1 always gives out a m /eady1 a m la/+1 & a m int5se heat4 ,! only inconv5i5ces t att5d ! use ( coke is1 t1 z x consumes1 x leaves mu* m a%es ?an common coal1 *>coal1 or wood2 & ^! mu* heavi] too1 :i* are1 !re=e1 liable to collect 9 su* quantity z to ob/ruct ! free passage ( air ?r\gh ! fire2 & fur!r1 t :5 ! heat is v int5se1 ^! a%es are dispos$ to melt or vitrify into a t5aci\s drossy sub/ance1 :i* clogs ! grate1 ! sides ( ! furnace & ! vessels4 ,?is la/ inconv5i5ce is only tr\blesome1 h[ev]1 :5 ! heat requir$ is v great4 ,9 ord9>y heats1 su* z are produc$ by kit*5 or p>l\r grates1 ! a%es d n melt1 & ?\gh !y are m copi\s & heavy ?an ^? ( *>coal or wood1 !y d n *oke up ! fire1 unless ! b>s ( ! grate be too close toge!r4 ,! relative effects ( heat produc$ by coke & coal are z foll[s3-- ,six hundr$ p\nds ( pit-coal are capable ( evaporat+ #aj cubic feet ( wat] 9 #bj h\rs1 & #dcjlb4 ( coke are capable ( evaporat+ #ag cubic feet ( wat] 9 #ab h\rs & a half4#bh #bh ,9 ord] to le>n ! relative effect ( diff]5t k9ds ( fuel1 ) reg>d to _! capability ( produc+ heat1 *emi/ry tea*es t equal quantities ( fuel alike exp5d$1 w raise ! temp]ature ( a giv5 quantity ( wat] ?r\gh ! same numb] ( degrees2 :5ce1 by kn[+ ! orig9al quantity & temp]ature ( wat]1 toge!r ) ! quantity ( fuel exp5d$ to raise ! wat] to ! boil+ po9t1 ! result s\ght may be express$ by /at+ ! quantity ( wat] at #cj degrees1 :i* w\ld h be5 rais$ #ahj degrees by "o p\nd ( ! fuel employ$2 or 9 ! =m ( a rule1 ,multiply ! quantity ( wat] by ! numb] express+ ! degrees actually rais$2 multiply ! numb] ( p\nds ( fuel exp5d$ by #ahj degrees4 ,divide ! fir/ product by ! latt]1 & ! quoti5t w express ! wat] :i* w\ld h be5 rais$ #ahj degrees by "o p\nd ( ! fuel4 ,or equal quantities ( wat] may be compleatly evaporat$ "u equal surfaces & circum/ances1 ) ! diff]5t k9ds ( fuel1 ! nature ( :i* is to be exam9$2 ! quantities ( fuel exp5d$ = t purpose give ! relative effect ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( fuel1 ) reg>d to _! p[] ( produc+ heat4 ,! ,e>l ( ,dundonald has %[n t1 9 ! application = burn+ lime1 a quantity ( coke uni=mly burns a giv5 portion ( lime-/one 9 "o-?ird "p ( ! "t t ! quantity ( coal f :i* ! coke _h be5 made c\ld d4 ,?is effect is to be acc\nt$ = f hav+ previ\sly fre$ ! coal1 or r its coke1 f ! moi/ure & ! t>1 :i* x s5ds out dur+ combu/ion1 & :i* cond5ses on ! middle & upp] /rata ( /ratifi$ lime/one & coal 9 ! lime kiln1 & imp$es ! :ole mass ( mat]ials f com+ into a rapid & compleat ignition2 because ! great] ! quantity ( mat]ials1 & ! soon] ! :ole is ignit$1 ! bett] & m economically ! lime is burn$1 bo? z to coals & "t2 ! sav+ ( :i* la/ is a mat]ial object1 especially at lime-kilns :]e !re is 9 ! summ] "t a great dem& = lime1 ! coke occasion+ ! kilns to hold a ?ird m lime at ! same "t4 ,9 ! art ( mak+ bricks1 9 ! smelt+ ( metallic ores1 & ! dry+ ( malt1 ! advantages ( coke ov] coal1 are suffici5tly kn[n4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt giv5 by ,mr4 ,davis1#bi %[s t ! advantages t may be d]iv$ 9 ! processes ( burn+ lime1 pla/] ( p>is1 & bricks1 by means ( coke1 are great] ?an at fir/ sight might be imag9$4 #bi ,philosophical ,magaz9e1 ,vol4 #cc1 p4 #dce4 8,! coke obta9$ 9 ! gas process is s valuable1 t x appe>s inexplicable t m5 %\ld n avail !mselves ( ?is mode ( procur+ light1 to ! almo/ total exclusion ( all o!r me?ods n[ 9 use4 ,z a l&hold]1 plac$ among an indu/ri\s b :olly illit]ate society ( m51 ,i h _h ! m opportunity ( try+ ?is species ( fuel or coke1 :i* ,i c\ld n o!rwise procure 9 ?is seque/]$ spot1 at a tol]ably *eap rate1 = purposes to :i* x has n1 z f> z ,i "k1 be5 hi!rto employ$4 ,i mu/ tell y t ,i am my own lime-burn]1 pla/] ( p>is bak]1 & brick-mak]2 & t 9 ^! processes ( rural economy ,i h d]iv$ ! greate/ b5efits f ?is species ( fuel1 :i* ,i n[ prep>e at a *eap rate1 al?\gh ,i wa/e almo/ ! :ole ( ! light ( ! coal gas int5tionally4 ,! coal :i* ,i employ$ =m]ly = ! burn+ ( lime/one into lime1 is a v inf]ior k9d ( small coal1 call$ "h ,wel% culm4 ,! kiln = burn+ ! lime/one into lime is a cup-%ap$ concavity1 surr\nd$ ) solid brick-"w1 op5 at ! top1 & t]m9at+ bel[ by an iron grate4 ,x has a /one door t may be op5$ & clos$ = *>g+ & empty+ ! furnace :5 requir$4 ,?is furnace ,i =m]ly *>g$ ) alt]nate /rata or lay]s ( small coal & lime/one1 ! latt] be+ brok5 previ\sly into pieces n l>g] ?an a man's fi/1 until ! kiln 0 completely fill$4 ,! /one is ?us sl[ly decompos$2 ! upp] "p ( ! *>ge desc5ds1 & :5 x has arriv$ at ! bottom ( ! furnace new /rata are sup]-impos$1 s z to keep ! furnace cont9ually full dur+ a p]iod ( #ej h\rs4 ,! quantity ( lime ,i procur$ ) small coal =m]ly am\nt$ to #he bu%els4 ,! /rata ( coal necess>y = ! production ( ?is quantity ( lime require to be f\r in*es ?ick1 & ! "t necess>y = calc9ation 01 z /at$ already1 #ej h\rs4 8,on apply+ coke in/ead ( coal1 ! produce ( lime may be increas$ to ne>ly #cj p] c5t4 f ! same furnace1 & ! "t requir$ to effect ! calc9ation ( ?is quantity ( lime-/one is r$uc$ to #ci h\rs3 x also requires less att5dance & less lab\r1 & ! :ole sav+1 ?us accompli%$1 am\nts to m ?an #ej p] c5t4 on ! lime-kiln4 8,i h lately also employ$ coke = ! burn+ ( bricks4 ,my bricks are burnt 9 clamps1 made ( bricks !mselves4 ,! place = ! fuel1 or fire-place1 is p]p5dicul>1 ab\t ?ree feet high4 ,! flues are =m$ by ga!r+ or ar*+ ! bricks ov]1 s z to leave a space betwe5 ea* ( a brick's bread?2 & z ! :ole ( ! coal1 if ?is fuel be employ$1 mu/1 on acc\nt ( ! con/ruction ( ! pile1 be put 9 at once1 ! *>ge ( ! bricks is n1 & nev] c be1 burnt prop]ly ?r\gh\t2 & ! int]f]5ce ( ! legislature1 ) reg>d to ! measurem5t ( ! clamp1 is a suffici5t inducem5t = ! manufactur] to all[ no m space = coal ?an he c possibly sp>e4 8,if coke be appli$ in/ead ( coal1 ! ar*es1 or empty spaces 9 ! clamp or pile1 z well z ! /rata ( ! fuel1 may be consid]ably small]3 ! heat produc$ 9 ?is case is m uni=m & m int5se1 & a sav+ ( #cj p] c5t4 at lea/ is ga9$4 8,9 ! bak+ my own pla/]-/one ,i also employ coke4 ,! calc9ation ( ! /one = manure ,i p]=m 9 a common rev]b]atory furnace1 & ! m5 :o conduct ! process 7:o are o!rwise av]se to e ?+ new7 are mu* pleas$ ) ! /ead9ess ( ! fire1 & little att5dance :i* ! process requires1 :5 coke is us$ in/ead ( coal4 8,^! are ! few facts ,i wi% to /ate1 ) reg>d to ! useful application ( ?is species ( fuel1 :i*1 no d\bt1 h]eaft] w become an object ( economy ( incalculable advantage to individuals1 if its nature be bett] und]/ood ?an x is at pres5t40 ,! quantity ( coke obta9able f a giv5 quantity ( coal v>ies accord+ to ! nature ( ! coal employ$4 ,"o *aldron ( ,newca/le coal produc$1 ^u an av]age1 9 ! gas-light manufacture1 f "o *aldron & a qu>t] to "o *aldron & a half ( well =m$ coke4 ,if ! c>bonization ( ! coal has be5 c>ri$ to its utmo/ po9t1 ! coke produc$1 has a brilliant silv]y lu/re4 ,su* coke is excell5t = metallurgical op]ations1 because x /&s ! p[]ful bla/ ( ! bell[s1 b = cul9>y & o!r purposes ( dome/ic economy1 ! c>bonization %\ld n be c>ri$ s f>1 because1 ! coke !n produc$1 k9dles m readily & makes a m *e]ful fire4 ,coal-t>1 ,oil1 & ,pit*4--,ano!r1 valuable product obta9able f pit-coal1 is coal-t>4#cj ,?is sub/ance is deposit$1 9 ! purification ( ! coal-gas1 9 a sep>ate vessel de/9$ to receive x4 #cj ,9 ! ye> #affe1 ,be*]1 a ,g]man *emi/1 br\ght to ,engl& 8 discov]y = extract+ t> f coal1 ?is di/illation he p]=m$ 9 close vessels4 ,x is n m5tion$ 9 ! records ( ! "t1 :e!r ,be*] obta9$1 or r collect$1 any o!r articles ?an ! t>4 ,! coal-t> is s call$ f its resembl+ common t> 9 its appe>ance1 & mo/ ( its qualities4 ,sev]al works h be51 at diff]5t times1 erect$ bo? 9 ,engl& & on ! cont95t1 to procure f coal a sub/itute = t>2 b !y turn$ out unpr(itable speculations4 ,9 #agha1 ! ,e>l ( ,dundonald inv5t$ a mode ( di/ill+ coal 9 ! l>ge way1 :i* enabl$ him n only to =m coke1 b1 at ! same "t1 to save & collect ! t>4 ,ev5 ?is process h[ev]1 = :i* a pat5t 0 tak5 out1 has ga9$ v little gr\nd4 ,its object 0 /ill too limit$2 = ?\gh "s ( ! +r$i5ts ( coal 7 procur$1 !y 7 procur$ at an exp5se t ne>ly balanc$ ! pr(its2 & no att5tion :atev] 0 paid to ! coal gas1 :i* con/itutes ! mo/ important "p ( coal4 ,coal-t> may be us$ ) advantage = pa9t+ & secur+ wood t is expos$ to ! action ( air or wat]4 ,! wood be+ w>m$1 ! t> is appli$ cold1 & p5etrat+ into ! pores1 gives ! timb] an uncommon degree ( h>dness & durability4 ,"o *aldron ( ,newca/le coal produces 9 ! gas-light manufacture f #aej to #ahjlb ( t>1 accord+ to ! circum/ances "u :i* x is produc$4 ,see page #id4 ,! t> obta9$ f ,newca/le coal-t> is specifically heavi] ?an t produc$ f cannel-coal2 h5ce x s9ks 9 wat]1 :]eas ! latt] swims on ! surface ( t fluid4 ,to r5d] ! t> fit = use1 x requires to be evaporat$ to give x a suffici5t consi/5ce4 ,if ?is process be p]=m$ 9 close vessels1 a portion ( an ess5tial oil is obta9$1 :i* is kn[n to col\rm5 by ! "n ( oil ( t>4 ,to obta9 ?is oil1 a common /ill is fill$ ) ! coal-t>1 &1 be+ prop]ly lut$1 ! fire is k9dl$ & kept up v mod]ate1 = ! t> is v apt to boil up 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! process4 ,! fir/ product t di/ils ov] is pr9cipally a br[n ammoniacal fluid1 mix$ h[ev] ) a good deal ( oil4 ,z ! process advances1 & ! heat is increas$1 ! quantity ( ammoniacal liquor less5s1 & t ( oil increases1 & t[>ds ! end ( ! di/illation ! product is *iefly oil4 ,! oil & ammoniacal wat] :i* di/il ov] d n mix1 s t !y may be easily sep>at$ by decantation4 ,! oil is a yell[i% inf]ior k9d ( oil ( turp5t9e1 :i* is v useful 9 pa9t+ %ips1 = mak+ v>ni%es1 & o!r co>se out-door "w4 ,two hundr$ p\nds ( t> produce1 ^u an av]age1 fifty-?ree p\nds ( ess5tial oil4 ,if ! coal-t> is want$ to be conv]t$ into pit*1 )\t obta9+ ! oil :i* x is capable ( furni%+1 ! evaporation ( x may be p]=m$ 9 a common boil]2 b z x is extremely liable to boil ov]1 ! greate/ precaution is necess>y 9 conduct+ ! evaporation4 ,a boil] con/ruct$ on ! foll[+ plan is v conv5i5t = ! conv]sion ( coal-t> into pit*4 ,! contrivance consi/s 9 add+ a sp\t1 or rim1 to ! common boil]1 into :i* ! t> spreads itself z x rises1 & by ?is means becomes cool$1 & ! boil+ ov] is *eck$4 ,illu/ration3 ,kettle = boil+ ,t>4 #ajjjlb4 ( coal-t> produce1 ^u an av]age1 f #dfj to #dhjlb4 ( pit*4 ,a subsequ5t fusion1 ) a g5tle heat1 conv]ts ! coal-pit* into a sub/ance possess+ all ! *>act]s ( asphaltum4 ,ammoniacal ,fluid4--,! prop]ties ( ! ammoniacal liquor1 :i* accompanies ! t>1 & :i* is deposit$ 9 ! t>-ci/]n1 has n yet be5 fully inve/igat$4 ,x is employ$ already 9 ! manufacture ( muriate ( ammonia 7sal ammoniac74 ,"o *aldron ( coal af=ds f #bbj to #bdjlb4 ( ?is ammoniacal fluid1 :i* is compos$ *iefly ( sulphate1 & c>bonate ( ammonia4--,su* are ! products obta9able f coal4 ,h[ev] c]ta9 ! practicability ( ext5d+ ! new lights to ! dwell+ h\ses ( e t[n & village is1 x _c be expect$ t su* an ev5t %\ld take place spe$ily & g5]ally4 ,to eradicate prejudice1 & to alt] e/abli%$ habits1 is a "w :i* no?+ b "t c effect2 because prejudice is ! effect ( habit1 & c seldom be eradicat$ f ! m9ds ( su* individuals z consid] ! ready occurr5ce ( a proposition z a te/ ( its tru?4 ,to e/abli% a new philosophical !ory has1 9 e in/ance1 requir$ "t suffici5t to educate an entire g5]ation ( m54 ,! rejection ( ! ,ari/otelian philosophy--! adoption ( exp]im5tal rese>*--! sub/itution ( ! doctr9e ( gravitation in/ead ( t ( vortices1 & ! rejection ( phlogi/on by mod]n *emi/s1 are suffici5tly illu/rative ( ?is ass]tion4 ,new arts1 & new practices1 are /ill m difficult to be introduc$4 ,! new art ( blea*+ ne$ m]ely be m5tion$ to prove ?is ass]tion4 ,! new gramm>--! new rudim5ts ( sci5ce--! new /ile--or ! new in/rum5t1 h[ev] sup]ior to ! old 9 simplicity1 facility1 & tru?1 mu/ be less valuable to ! ord9>y tea*] or artisan1 ^: memory is famili>iz$ ) ! precepts ( ! latt]1 & ^: only ambition is to e>n 8 subsi/5ce ) ! lea/ possible ex]tion4 ,! sl[ness ) :i* improvem5ts ( e k9d1 make _! way into common use1 & especially su* discov]ies z are mo/ calculat$ to be ( an ext5d$ or g5]al utility is v rem>kable1 & =ms a /rik+ contra/ to ! extreme avidity ) :i* ^? unmean+ *anges are adopt$1 :i* folly & caprice are cont9ually s5d+ =? into ! _w "u ! auspices ( fa%ion4 ,on ! fir/ view ( ! subject x appe>s v extraord9>y1 t any p]son %\ld neglect1 or refuse to avail himself ( a propos$ inv5tion1 or improvem5t1 :i* is evid5tly calculat$ to economise 8 lab\r1 & to encrease 8 com=ts2 b :5 we reflect on ! p[] ( habit1 & consid] h[ difficult x is = a p]son ev5 to p]ceive ! disadvantages or imp]fections ( =m] modes to :i* he has be5 accu/om$ f 8 e>ly y\?1 our surprize w be dim9i%$1 or vani% altoge!r4 ,_m o!r circum/ances1 besides prejudice1 are unfav\rable to ! introduction ( new & useful discov]ies4 ,among ^! jeal\sy1 malice1 envy1 & rev5ge1 h too (t5 _! %>e 9 ob/ruct+ ! progress ( real improvem5t1 & 9 prev5t+ ! adoption ( plans evid5tly calculat$ to promote ! public good4 ,a plan l ! pres5t1 :i* proposes n only to tr5* ^u dome/ic habits1 b to give an entire new direction to a portion ( ! skill & capital ( ! c\ntry1 mu/ necess>ily enc\nt] ! mo/ /r5u\s opposition4 ,x is ?us t "s individuals h mu/]$ all _! /r5g? aga9/ ! introduction ( ?is new art4 ,an endeav\r has be5 made to move ! public op9ion by dismal =ebod+s ( ! ,gre5l& trade1 & ! subsequ5t loss ( a nurs]y ( ,briti% seam54 ,?is objection is no?+ m ?an ! common clam\r t is always set up aga9/ e new means ( abridg+ lab\r1 to :i* _h ! public li/5$1 an int]dict w\ld h be5 laid ^u ! sp9n+ & ?re%+ ma*9es1 ! /eam eng9e1 & a ?\s& o!r improvem5ts 9 ma*9]y4 ,inde$ su* clam\r sc>cely ev] fails to be made :5 ! ext5sion ( ma*9]y & ! abridgem5t ( lab\r or ! application ( inanimate p[]s are consid]$4 ,on su* occasions1 x is /at$ by c]ta9 humane b mi/ak5 objectors1 t ! s*eme ( me*anical & *emical improvem5t is po9t$ aga9/ ! human species--t x t5ds to drive !m out ( ! sy/em ( b5eficial employm5t--t ! introduction ( ma*9]y is injuri\s to ! lab\r+ class ( society1 by abridg+ _! "w4 ,two creatures (f] !mselves = employm5t & support--a man & a horse4 ,i mu/ inv>iably pref] ! latt]1 & leave ! =m] to />ve4 ,two o!r be+s--a horse & a /eam-eng9e1 are c&idates = my fav\r4 ,my pref]5ce to ! latt] t5ds to ext]m9ate ! species ( ! =m]4 ,9 bo? cases x is /at$1 t ! numb] ( intellig5t creatures capable ( ! enjoym5t ( happ9ess mu/ be dim9i%$ = want ( support2 & t1 on ! :ole1 ! sum ( ! propos$ improvem5t is n only a less proportion ( good to society1 b a positive accession ( mis]y to ! unemploy$ poor4 ,on ?is wide & ext5d$ argum5t1 :i* c 9 fact be ma9ta9$ aga9/ all improvem5ts :atev] 9 no o!r way ?an by insi/+ t ! savage /ate ( man1 ) all its wants1 its ignorance1 its f]ocity1 & its privations1 is pref]able to ! social int]c\rse ( ef=t & division ( lab\r we are habituat$ to pref]1 x may be suffici5t to obs]ve t x includes matt] n only = reason+ & induction1 b also = exp]im5t4 ,by ref]5ce to ! matt] ( fact1 ?\gh x mu/ be all[$ t new improvem5ts1 :i* *ange ! habits ( ! poor1 mu/ at fir/ expose !m to a tempor>y inconv5i5ce & di/ress1 aga9/ :i*1 9 fairness1 x is ! duty ( society to def5d !m2 yet ! inv>iable result ( su* improvem5ts is always to bett] ! condition ( mank9d4 ,a tempor>y inconv5i5ce to individuals mu/ (t5 be incurr$ = ! sake ( g5]al national b5efit4 ,x is to manufactories c>ri$ on by ma*9]y & to ! abridgm5t ( lab\r1 t ?is c\ntry is indebt$ = h] ri*es1 h] indep5d5ce & pre-em95t /ation among ! nations ( ! _w4 ,b let u return to ! subject4--,! progress ( ! new mode ( light+ ) coal-gas c nev] :olly sup]s$e ! use ( c&les & moveable lights4 ,! objection ) reg>d to ! ,gre5l& trade is equally futile4 ,?is traffic1 might ) m propriety be call$ a dra91 ?an a nurs]y1 ( ! naval =ce4 ,! nature ( ! ,gre5l& s]vice requires t ! crew %\ld consi/ *iefly ( able-bodi$ sailors2 & be+ protect$ m51 n subject to ! impress law1 !y are ?us r5d]$ useless = national def5ce4 ,! nurs]y ( ,briti% seam5 is ! coa/+ trade2 & if ! gas-light illum9ation be put 9 practice to a l>ge ext5t1 x w increase t trade z mu* z x w dim9i% ! ,gre5l& fi%]y4 ,ev5 on ! extreme supposition t x w\ld annihilate ! ,gre5l& fi%]ies altoge!r1 we %\ld h no reason to regret ! ev5t4 ,! s\nde/ pr9ciples ( political economy mu/ condemn ! practice ( fitt+ out vessels to navigate ! pol> seas = oil1 if we c extract a sup]ior mat]ial = procur+ light at a *eap] rate f ! produce ( our own soil4 ,inde$ ! fi%]ies w f9d ample enc\ragem5t1 & ! consequ5ce ( light+ our /reets ) gas c prove injuri\s only to our cont95tal fri5ds1 "o ( ^: /aple commodities1 tall[1 we %all !n h less occasion to pur*ase4 ,!re w be less wa/e inde$1 b a great] consumption ( coal4 ,! l[] classes ( ! community are at pres5t v scantily suppli$ ) fir+2 & no?+ b a r$uction ( price is necess>y to increase to a v l>ge am\nt ! :ole av]age quantity ( fuel consum$ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! lightness ( ! coke produc$ 9 ! gas-light manufacture dim9i%+ ! exp5ce ( l& c>riage1 w facilitate its g5]al diffusion--! com=ts ( ! poor w be mat]ially augm5t$1 & a numb] ( useful op]ations 9 agriculture & ! arts be c>ri$ on1 :i* are n[ *eck$ & imp$$ by ! price ( fuel4 ,if any additional want 7 want$ = ! coke x w readily be f\nd 9 ! cont95tal m>ket2 coke be+ mu* bett] suit$ ?an coal to ! habits ( mo/ ,european nations4 ,! gas-light illum9ation _c t5d to dim9i% ! coal-trade2 on ! contr>y x w prove b5eficial to x2 x w contribute to l[] ! price ( ! sup]ior k9ds ( coal1 & keep a level :i* _c be %ak5 "u any circum/ances2 x w contribute to prev5t comb9ations :i* d c]ta9ly op]ate to ! prejudice ( ! public1 & d sometimes put ?is great t[n at ! m]cy ( p>ticul> proprietors 9 ! nor?1 :o deal out coal 9 ! way !y please4 ,! competition ?us produc$1 x is impossible n to consid] z an advantage1 :i* w\ld prev5t 9 future su* comb9ations1 & put ^? 9 ,london out ( ! rea* ( !m4 ,x is wor?y obs]vation1 t ! annual importation ( coal into ?is ,metropolis1 is above "o million & eighty-eight ?\s& *aldrons4#ca #ca ,to give an idea h[ long !re is a probability ( ,great ,brita9 be+ appli$ ) coal f ! riv]s ,tyne & ,we> only1 x mu/ be obs]v$1 #a/4 ,t ! ,seams ( coal :i* are n[ work$ at ,newca/le & ,sund]l&1 are equal to a seam or b$ ( #ae miles by #bj miles4 #b;dly4 ,t ?is seam1 on an av]age1 is at lea/ f\r feet & a half ?ick4 #c;dly1 ,t #a-f? "p ( ! above ext5t is suffici5t = pill>s to support ! ro(s ( ! m9es1 c4 ,&1 #d?ly1 ,x appe>s1 by exp]im5ts1 t a cubic y>d ( coal weighs #a ton1 or #bj cwt4 ,london ,*aldrons ,! total consumption ( coal f ! riv]s ,tyne & ,we> kn[n f ! regi/] to be #b1cjj1jjj ,! numb] ( tons 9 ! above quantity tak+ ! ,london *aldron at #bg cwt4 is #c1ajj1jjj ,n[ a ton weight ( coal is e/imat$ to occupy 9 ! e>? ! space ( "o cubic y>d4 ,! numb] ( cubic y>ds 9 ! squ>e mile is #c1jig1fjj ,! b$s or seams ( coal are1 on an av]age1 #d feet & a half 9 ?ickness1 :i* increases ! above numb] ( cubic y>ds 9 ! squ>e mile by half ! numb] ( squ>e y>ds to #a1edh1hjj ,& h5ce ! squ>e mile ( ! b$s or seams ( coal we are describ+ conta9s1 ( cubic y>ds & tons ( coal #d1fde1jjj ,a d$uction ( #a-f? = pill>s to support ! m9e1 c4 #hjj1jjj ,! numb] ( tons p] squ>e mile #e1dde1jjj ,we h already m5tion$ ! l5g? & bread? ( ! seams ( coal to be equal to #bj miles by #ae1 mak+ an area ( #cjj squ>e miles1 & consequ5tly a s\rce ( consumption = #cge ye>s4 ,x may be object$ to ! univ]sality ( our conclusion1 t ! price ( coals1 diff]+ v mu* 9 diff]5t places1 w occasion a v>iation 9 ! exp5ce ( ! new mode ( illum9ation4 ,b !re are two reasons :y ?is %\ld h less place1 because we f9d1 9 ,mr4 ,murdo*'s /atem5t1 page #fi1 t ( #fjjl4 ! e/imat$ ye>ly exp5ce ( light+ ! cotton mill1 #eejl4 consi/ ( int]e/ ( capital1 & te> & we> ( app>atus1 leav+ ! co/ ( coal only #ejl4 a sum s trifl+1 :5 we reflect t x replaces #bjjjl4 wor? ( c&les1 t ! price ( coal1 ev5 :]e x is highe/1 c b slightly affect ! g5]al pr(its4#cb #cb ,see1 also1 ,mr4 ,ack]mann's /atem5t1 page #ga4 #b;dly1 ,! coal1 by yield+ ! gas & o!r products1--namely1 t>1 pit*1 ammoniacal liquor1 c4 ( :i* we h treat$ already1 is conv]t$ into a sub/ance1 increas$ 9 bulk1 & 9 ! p[] ( produc+ heat1 namely1 coke2 & z a manufactory g5]ally requires heat+ z well z light+1 !re w be a ga9 bo? ways4 ,! manufactur]1 by di/ill+ 8 coal1 in/ead ( burn+ x z x comes f ! pit1 w save 8 c&les & improve 8 fuel4 ,"o ef=t at ! outset1 9 erect+ a prop] app>atus1 w r$uce 8 annual disbursem5t1 = ^! two articles ( prime necessity1 mu* 9 ! same mann]1 7?\gh 9 a f> great] degree7 z ! f>m] ga9s by build+ a ?ra%+ ma*9e & lay+ aside ! use ( ! flail4 ,! pr9cipal exp5ce 9 ! pursuit ( ?is bran* ( civil & dome/ic economy is !re=e ! dead capital employ$ 9 erect+ ! ma*9]y de/9$ = prep>+ & convey+ ! gas2 ! float+ or live capital is comp>atively small4 ,at ! same "t1 7 we to (f] an advice to ! public on ?is subject1 x w\ld be1 t no private individual resid5t 9 ,london %\ld attempt to light 8 premises = ! sake ( economy ) coal-gas by means ( 8 own app>atus1 ^: annual exp5ce = light does n exce$ #fjl4 because ! exp5ce ( erect+ & att5d+ a small app>atus is almo/ z great z "o con/ruct$ on a l>g] scale w\ld be4 ,= if ! quantity ( gas want$ is n suffici5t to keep ! retorts cont9ually 9 a r$-hot or work+ /ate1 ! co/ ( ! gas w be consid]ably enhanc$2 because ei!r ! empty retorts mu/ be cont9u$ r$-hot1 or ! fire mu/ be suff]$ to g out2 & ! retorts1 :5 cold1 _c be br\ght to a work+ /ate1 t is to say1 be made r$ hot aga91 b at a consid]able exp5ce ( fuel1 :i* mu/ be wa/$ to no purpose4 ,:]eas1 if ! retorts are con/antly kept r$ hot & 9 action1 "o half ( ! coal necess>y to produce a giv5 quantity ( gas w !n be sav$4 ,b :5 a /reet1 or a small neighb\rhood is want$ to be light$1 & ! retorts c always be kept 9 a work+ /ate1 t is to say1 r$ hot1 ! op]ation may be comm5c$ ) safety2 because ! sum requir$ = erect+ ! app>atus1 & ! lab\r att5d+ x1 toge!r ) ! int]e/ ( money sunk1 w !n soon be liquidat$ by ! light :i* x w af=d4 ,individuals1 !re=e1 may engage 9 ! di/illation ( coal1 & trade ) advantage 9 ! articles produc$ by t process1 & ! light+ ( cities may be accompli%$ )\t ! aid ( incorporat$ bodies2 & p>i%es may be light$ by almo/ z _m individuals z !re are /reets 9 a p>i%4 ,f exp]im5ts1 made by ,mr4 ,,clegg1 on ! effects produc$ by a numb] ( gas-lights1 ( a c]ta9 int5sity1 !re is reason to believe t ! /reets ( small t[ns might be illum9at$ at a *eap] rate1 by means ( a t[]1 or pagoda1 furni%$ ) gas-lamps1 ?an c be done 9 ! ord9>y way by /reet lamps3 ! gas be+ conduct$ to ! top ( ! build+ f ! app>atus bel[1 & ! light direct$ d[n aga91 ^u ! objects to be illum9at$1 by means ( reflectors plac$ at a c]ta9 angle4 ,by ?is contrivance1 all ! ma9 pipes :i* convey ! gas ?r\gh ! /reets1 z well z ^? collat]al ones t bran* out f !m to ! /reet lamps1 w\ld be sav$1 & ?us comp5sate = ! exp5se ( ! t[]4 ,! mo/ b5eficial application ( gas-lights unque/ionably is 9 all ^? situations :]e a great quantity ( light is want$ 9 a small place3 & :]e light is requir$ to be mo/ diffus$1 ! advantages ( ?is mode ( illum9ation are ! lea/4--,h5ce1 z already /at$1 ! light+ ( ! p>i%1 or /reet-lamps only1 )\t light+ %ops or h\ses1 c nev] be accompli%$ ) economy4 ,we h notic$ be=e ! reason :y ! price ( coals c h little effect ^u ! gas-light2 because ! v refuse1 or small coals1 call$ slack1 :i* pass ?r\gh ! scre5 at ! pit's m\?1 & :i* _c be br\ght into ! m>ket--nay1 ev5 ! sweep+s ( ! pit1 :i* are ?r[n away1 may be employ$ = ! production ( coal-gas4 ,x makes no diff]5ce 9 :at =m ! coal is us$1 & ?is circum/ance may contribute to enable ! coal-m]*ant to furni% coals 9 l>g] masses1 & z !y come f ! m9e1 in/ead ( increas+ ! bulk by break+ !m into a small] size1#cc :i* is a practice commonly adh]$ to4 ,?is unque/ionably r$uces ! value ( coals2 because ! quantity ( radiant heat g5]at$ 9 ! combu/ion ( a giv5 quantity ( any k9d ( fuel dep5ds mu* ^u ! managem5t ( ! fire1 or ^u ! mann] 9 :i* ! fuel is consum$4 ,:5 ! fire burns bright1 mu* radiant heat w be s5t (f f x2 b :5 x is smo!r$ up1 v little w be g5]at$3 mo/ ( ! heat produc$ w !n be exp5d$ 9 giv+ ela/icity to a ?ick d5se vap\r1 or smoke1 :i* is se5 ris+ f ! fire2 & ! combu/ion be+ v incomplete1 ! c>burett$ hidrog5 gas ( ! coal be+ driv5 up ! *imney )\t be+ inflam$1 ! fuel is wa/$ to little purpose4 #cc ,x is n g5]ally appreh5d$1 h[ v wa/eful ! use ( small coals is 9 ! ord9>y op5 fire-grates4 ,necessity makes u use ! pok] v mu*1 p>ticul>ly1 :5 ! coals are small2 & habit prevails ev5 :5 !y are l>ge4 ,by ! con/ant /irr+ ( ! fire almo/ ! :ole ( ! small coal passes ?r\gh ! b>s2 & consequ5tly a great deal goes to ! du/-hole )\t be+ burnt at all4 ,to prove ?is1 we ne$ only take a %ovel full ( a%es & put !m into a pail1 & !n p\r+ wat] ov] !m1 :i* be+ g5tly run (f1 w c>ry away ne>ly all ! light & burnt p>ts3 & leave an a/oni%+ quantity ( bright unburnt coal1 :i* has escap$ f ! fire-place1 9 consequ5ce ( be+ small4 ,:5 ! grate ( ! fire-place is l>ge1 & ! small coals are ?r[n beh9d2 or :5 we c h pati5ce en\gh to be> ! cold = an h\r or two1 or contrive to h ! fire light$ a long "t be=e we want x1 ! small coal may be ( "s use1 b ! fire made ) x is nev] /rong1 nor s bright2 & does n burn s long z a fire made ) l>ge or r\nd coals3 x (t5 requires ! help ( ! pok]1 & produces a great quantity ( breeze4 ,! loss 9 ! use ( small coals is m consid]able to ! poor1 :o _c keep l>ge fires4 ,:5 !y want _! breakfa/ or d9n]1 ! "t !y c sp>e is limit$2 & to h _! wat] soon] boil+1 or _! meals quick] ready2 !y mu/ make use ( ! pok]1 & lose a great deal ( coal4 ,?is fact is s evid5t1 t any body :o wi%es to make ! exp]im5t be=e recomm5d$1 w f9d t mu* m bright coal goes to ! du/-hole ( ! poor man1 ?an to ! du/-hole ( a ri* family1 :]e1 ! fire-place be+ l>ge1 ! small coal has m *ance ( burn+4 ,! loss is /ill great] to ! poor1 9 consequ5ce ( ! inf]ior sorts ( coal :i* are sold to !m4 ,if x is ! light sort1 x burns too quick1 & !y consume d\ble ! quantity2 if ! /rong sort1 x burns too sl[1 & is ne>ly z wa/eful2 = a great quantity ( x !n goes to ! du/-hole )\t hav+ be5 light$ at all4 ,an incorrect op9ion is (t5 ent]ta9$1 t ! real quantity ( coal conta9$ 9 a sack is less5$ by sep>at+ or scre5+ ! small f ! r\nd coals2 b we mu/ recollect1 t any compact body occupies less space ?an is requir$ to conta9 ! same matt]1 r$uc$ to small] irregul> pieces1 or to p[d]4--,n[ ! scre5+ only takes away ! f9e/ du/y "p ( ! coals1 & admits m small pieces ( r\nd coals to be fill$ into ! sack4 ,no?+ c be m p]fectly devoid ( common s5se1 & wa/eful & slov5ly at ! same "t1 ?an ! mann] 9 :i* *imney fires1 :]e coals are burnt1 are commonly manag$ by s]vants4 ,!y ?r[ on a load ( 7p]haps all small7 coals at once1 ?r\gh :i* ! flame is h\rs 9 mak+ its way2 & frequ5tly x is n )\t mu* c>e & tr\ble t ! fire is prev5t$ f go+ q out4 ,dur+ ?is "t no heat is communicat$ to ! room2 &1 :at is /ill worse1 ! ?roat ( ! *imney be+ occupi$ m]ely by a heavy d5se vap\r1 n possess$ ( any heat+ p[]1 &1 consequ5tly1 n hav+ mu* ela/icity1 ! w>m air ( ! room f9ds less difficulty 9 =c+ its way up ! *imney & escap+1 ?an :5 ! fire burns bright1 & ! coal-gas is ignit$4 ,& x happ5s n unfrequ5tly1 especially 9 *imnies & fire-places ill-con/ruct$1 t ?is curr5t ( w>m air f ! room :i* presses into ! *imney1 cross+ ^u ! curr5t ( heavy smoke & aque\s vap\r :i* escapes sl[ly f ! fire1 ob/ructs x 9 its asc5t1 & beats x back into ! room4 ,h5ce x is t *imnies s (t5 smoke :5 too l>ge a quantity ( fre% coals is put ^u ! fire4 ,s _m coals %\ld nev] be put on ! fire at once z to prev5t ! free passage ( ! flame betwe5 !m1 or to prev5t !m becom+ quickly heat$1 s z to give out ! c>burett$ hidrog5 gas :i* !y are capable ( furni%+1 & to cause x to be inflam$1 ,9 %ort1 a fire %\ld nev] be smo!r$3 & :5 att5tion is paid to ! quantity ( coals put on1 !re is little use = ! pok]2 & ?is circum/ance w contribute mu* to cleanl9ess1 & ! pres]vation ( furniture4 ,! au?or ( a pap] 9 ! ,pla9 ,deal] ass]ts1 t1 ( ! v>i\s p]v]sions ( abilities1 !re is none t makes a human be+ m ridicul\s1 ?an t ( attempt+ to /ir a fire )\t judgm5t2 to prev5t :i* he lays d[n ! foll[+ rules3--#a4 ,/irr+ ( a fire is ( use1 because x makes a holl[ :]e1 ! air be+ r>efi$ by ! adjac5t heat1 ! surr\nd+ air ru%es into ?is holl[1 & gives life & support to ! fire1 & c>ries ! flame ) x4 #b4 ,nev] /ir a fire :5 fre% coals are laid on1 p>ticul>ly :5 !y are v small1 because !y imm$iately fall into ! holl[ place1 & !re=e ru9 ! fire4 #c4 ,always keep ! bottom b>s cle>4 #d4 ,nev] beg9 to /ir ! fire at ! top1 unless :5 ! bottom is q cle>1 & ! top only wants break+4 ,!re is "o subject m on :i* x is necess>y to speak4--,9 ! pres5t in/ance1 ! public has be5 al>m$ by repres5tations t ! g5]al adoption ( gas-lights w\ld expose u to innum]able accid5ts1 f ! inflammable nature ( ! gas1 & ! explosion ( ! app>atus 9 :i* x is prep>$1 or ! bur/+ ( ! pipes by :i* x is convey$4 ,b !re is no gr\nd = su* fe>s4 ,^? :o are famili> ) ! subject w readily all[1 t !re is no m risk 9 ! action ( a gas-light ma*9]y1 prop]ly con/ruct$1 ?an !re is 9 ! action ( a /eam-eng9e1 built on j pr9ciples4 ,! manufacture ( ! coal-gas requires no?+ m ?an :at ! mo/ ignorant p]son1 ) a common degree ( c>e & att5tion1 is compet5t to p]=m4 ,! heat+ ( ! gas-furnace1 ! *>g+ ( ! retorts ) coal1 ! clos+ !m up air-tight1 ! keep+ !m r$-hot1 & dis*>g+ !m aga91 are ! only op]ations requir$ 9 ?is art2 & ^!1 surely1 dem& no m skill ?an a few practical lessons c tea* to ! meane/ capacity4 ,! workman is n call$ ^u to ex]cise 8 own judgm5t1 because1 :5 ! fire is prop]ly manag$1 ! evolution ( ! gas goes on spontane\sly1 & )\t fur!r c>e1 till all ! gas is extricat$ f ! coal4 ,no "p ( ! ma*9]y is liable to be out ( ord]1--!re are no cocks to be turn$1 no valves to be regulat$2 nor c ! op]ator d]ange ! app>atus b by ! mo/ viol5t ef=ts4 ,& :5 ! /ock ( gas is prep>$1 we may dep5d on its light+ p[] z mu* z we dep5d on ! light to be obta9$ f a c]ta9 numb] ( c&les or oil-lamps4 ,! div]sifi$ exp]im5ts :i* h be5 made by diff]5t individuals1 unconnect$ ) ea* o!r1 h suffici5tly e/abli%$ ! p]fect safety ( ! new lights2 & num]\s manufactories might be nam$ 9 :i* ! gas-lights h n[ be5 9 use = upw>ds ( sev5 ye>s1 :]e no?+ l an accid5t has occurr$1 ?\gh ! app>atus 9 all ( !m is entru/$ to ! mo/ ignorant man4 ,x w\ld be easy to /ate ! causes :i* h giv5 rise to "s ( ^? accid5ts t h spread al>m among/ ! public2 b ( ?is x is n my bus9ess to speak at l5g?4 ,x is suffici5t1 on ! pres5t occasion1 to /ate1 t ^? melan*oly occurr5ces :i* h happ5$ at "s gas-light e/abli%m5ts :i* ,i h _h an opportunity ( exam9+1 7 totally occasion$ by egregi\s failures committ$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! ma*9]y4 ,?us1 an explosion v lately took place 9 a manufactory light$ ) coal-gas1 9 consequ5ce ( a l>ge quantity ( gas escap+ into a build+1 :]e x m+l$ ) common air1 & 0 set on fire by ! approa* ( a light$ c&le4 ,t su* an accid5t c\ld happ51 is an evid5t pro( t ! ma*9]y 0 erect$ by a bungl]1 unacqua9t$ ) ! mo/ ess5tial pr9ciples ( ?is art2 because su* an accid5t might h be5 effectually prev5t$1 by adapt+ a wa/e pipe to ! gasomet] & gasomet] h\se4 ,by ?is means1 if m gas _h be5 prep>$ ?an ! gasomet] w\ld conta91 ! sup]flu\s quantity c\ld nev] h accumulat$1 b w\ld h be5 transport$ out ( ! build+ into ! op5 air1 9 z an effectual mann] z ! wa/e-pipe ( a wat] ci/]n conveys away ! sup]flu\s quantity ( wat]1 :5 ! ci/]n is full4 ,su* an exp$i5t did n =m "p ( ! ma*9]y4 ,o!r in/ances might be nam$1 :]e explosions h be5 occasion$ ?r\gh egregi\s mi/akes hav+ be5 committ$ 9 ! erection ( ! gas-light ma*9]y1 7 ?is a subject on :i* ,i meant to treat4 ,t ! coal-gas1 :5 mix$ ) a c]ta9 portion ( common air1 9 close vessels1 may be inflam$ by ! contact ( a light$ body1 z has be5 /at$1 page #ih1 is a fact suffici5tly kn[n4 ,b ! means ( prev5t+ su* an occurr5ce 9 ! common application ( gas-lights1 are s simple1 easy1 & effectual1 t x w\ld be ridicul\s to dread dang] :]e !re is no?+ to be appreh5d$4 ,9 speak+ ?us ( ! safety ( ! gas-light illum9ation1 ,i d n mean to d5y t no possible circum/ances may occur :]e ! coal-gas may be ! cause ( accid5t4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! gas1 :5 suff]$ to accumulate 9 l>ge quantities 9 close & conf9$ places1 :]e !re is no curr5t ( air1 su* z 9 cell>s1 vaults1 c4 & :]e x c mix ) common air1 & rema9 undi/urb$1 t x may be liable to take fire :5 approa*$ by a light$ body2 b ,i d n see h[ x is probable t su* an accumulation ( gas %\ld take place 9 ! ap>tm5ts ( dwell+ h\ses4 ,! con/ant curr5t ( air :i* passes cont9ually ?r\gh ! rooms1 is suffici5t to prev5t ! possibility ( su* an accumulation ev] to take place4 ,& ) reg>d to ! bur/+ ( ! pipes :i* convey ! gas1 no accid5t c possibly happ5 f t qu>t]2 because ! gas :i* passes ?r\gh ! :ole range ( pipes su/a9s a pressure equal to ! p]p5dicul> weight ( ab\t "o in* ( wat] only1 & su* a weight ( c\rse is insuffici5t to bur/ iron pipes4 ,nor c\ld ! t[n :5 illum9at$ by gas-lights1 be ?r[n sudd5ly into d>kness1 z has be5 ass]t$ might happ5 by ! fracture ( a ma9 pipe1 suppos+ su* an ev5t %\ld take place2 because ! lat]al bran*es1 :i* supply ! /reet-lamps & h\ses1 are suppli$ by m ?an "o ma92 & ! consequ5ce ( a fracture w\ld be only an ext9ction ( ! few lamps 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! brok5 pipe1 because ! re/ ( ! pipes1 situat$ beyond ! fracture1 w\ld cont9ue to be suppli$ ) gas f ! o!r ma9s1 z w become obvi\s f ! sket* exhibit$ 9 ! next page4 ,illu/ration3 ,ma9 pipe1 lead+ f ! ,gas-light /ation or app>atus1 situat$ 9 ,brick ,lane1 ne> ,old ,/4#cd ,ma9 pipe1 lead+ f ! gaslight app>atus1 or /ation1 at ,norton ,falgate4#ce ,ma9 pipe1 lead+ f ! gaslight app>atus1 or /ation1 9 ,we/m9/]4#cf #cd ,! gasomet] at ?is place is equal 9 capacity to #bbjjj cubic feet4 #ce ,! capacity ( ! gasomet] "h is equal to #aeibh cubic feet4 #cf ,at ?is /ation ! gasomet] is equal 9 capacity to #adhjh cubic feet4 ,! black l9es repres5t ! gas-light ma9s1 or l>ge/ pipes1 f :i* ! small] pipes bran* (f3 !y are connect$ ) ea* o!r at ! places m>k$ ,a ,b ,c2 & ! dott$ l9es repres5t ! small] ma9s1 or collat]al bran*es be=e-m5tion$4 ,! ma9 pipes are all furni%$ ) valves1 or cocks1 plac$ at ab\t #ajj feet di/ant f ea* o!r4 ,n[ let u suppose t a ma9 pipe1 9 any "p ( ! /reet m>k$ 9 ! sket*1 ,pall ,mall1 %\ld break1 x is evid5t1 on m]e inspection1 t ! gas :i* is pass+ ?r\gh ! ma9 9 ! ,/r&1 & :i* is also connect$ ) ! ma9 9 ! ,haym>ket1 ,piccadilly1 & ,cov5try ,/reet1 w\ld cont9ue to supply ! brok5 pipe1 & ! valve ne>e/ to ! fracture be+ %ut1 w\ld prev5t ! loss ( any consid]able quantity ( gas1 & ! few lamps situat$ betwe5 ! two valves & ! fracture w\ld !re=e only become ext+ui%$4 ,fur!r1 let u suppose a ma9 pipe %\ld break 9 ,piccadilly2 9 t case1 ! valve be+ %ut on ea* side ( ! fracture1 ! gas w\ld be suppli$ f ! ma9s 9 ! ,haym>ket & ,/4 ,james's ,/reet4 ,& ! same effect w\ld be produc$ 9 any "p ( ! t[n1 suppli$ ) gas-pipes4 ,besides all ?is1 9 ! /atem5t ?us f> giv51 we h assum$ t all ! gas-light ma9s are suppli$ ) gas f "o manufactur+ /ation only1 b :i* 9 reality is n ! case4 ,! range ( pipes t convey ! gas is connect$ ) ?ree gas-light e/abli%m5ts1 situat$ at diff]5t p>ts ( ! t[n2 & ! gas :i* is suppli$ f ^! /ations is connect$ ) ! :ole sy/em ( pipes 9 ! /reets4#cg ,if1 !re=e1 "o ( ! manufactories %\ld be annihilat$1 x w\ld make no diff]5ce1 because ! lights w\ld be amply suppli$ f ! o!r two manufactur+ /ations4 ,h5ce x is obvi\s1 t ! fracture ( any ( ! gas-light ma9s1 or ev5 ! total de/ruction ( "o or m ( ! manufactories !mselves1 w\ld be att5d$ ) no s]i\s consequ5ce2 & z ! sy/em ( light+ ) gas becomes m ext5d$1 ! manufactories1 or /ations = supply+ x1 w also be multipli$1 to give effect & security to ! :ole4 #cg ,z %[n 9 ! sket*4 ,9 fact1 no dang] c arise f ! application ( gas-lights 9 any way1 b :at is common to c&le-light1 & lamps ( all k9ds1 & is ! fault ( none ( !m4 ,ev5 9 ?is case ! gas-lights are less haz>d\s4 ,!re is no risk ( ^? accid5ts :i* (t5 happ5 f ! gutt]+ or burn+ d[n ( c&les1 or f c>elessly snuff+ !m4 ,! gas-light lamps & burn]s mu/ necess>ily be fix$ to "o place1 & !re=e _c fall1 or o!rwise become d]ang$1 )\t be+ imm$iately ext+ui%$4 ,besides1 ! gas-light flames emit no sp>ks1 nor are any emb]s deta*$ f !m4 ,z a pro( ( ! comp>ative safety ( ! gas-lights1 x ne$ only be /at$1 t ! ,fire-(fices engage !mselves to insure cotton-mills1 & o!r public works1 at a less premium1 :]e gas-lights are us$1 ?an 9 ! case ( any o!r lights4#ch ,! excessive exp5ce ( insurance aris+ f ! num]\s c&les employ$ 9 mo/ ( ! fir/ rate manufactories1 & ! combu/ible nature ( ! /ructure ( ! build+s2 ! great difficulty ( retriev+ ! injury result+ to a well-organis$ bus9ess1 f ! accid5tal de/ruction ( ! ma*9]y1 are objects alone suffici5t to furni% ! /ronge/ economical1 z well z political recomm5dations1 = ! adoption ( ! new lights 9 all manufactories :]e "w is done by c&le-light4 #ch ,s9ce ! prec$+ pages h be5 pr9t$1 ,i h se5 a self-ext+ui%+ gas-lamp1 inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,,clegg4 ,?is lamp is s con/ruct$1 t ! gas _c fl[ to ! burn]1 :5 ! flame becomes ext+ui%$4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! lamp %\ld be bl[n out1 & ! /op-cock :i* supplies ! gas be left op51 ! ext9ction ( ! flame w effectually %ut ! valve4 ,! action ( ?is lamp dep5ds ^u ! expansibility ( a metallic rod1 heat$ by ! flame ( ! lamp1 & ?us keep+ op5 ! valve1 :]eas1 :5 ! lamp is ext+ui%$1 & ! rod becomes cold1 x contracts to its natural dim5sions1 &1 by t means1 effectually closes ! valve4 ,! same eng9e] has inv5t$ a ma*9e1 :i* bo? measures & regi/]s1 9 ! abs5ce ( ! obs]v]1 ! quantity ( gas deliv]$ by any pipe communicat+ ) a gas-light ma94 ,! ma*9e occupies a space ( ab\t two feet by "o foot1 &1 if put up 9 a room1 h\se1 or o!r place1 :]e gas is burnt1 w1 at any "t1 by m]e inspection1 give an acc\nt ( ! quantity ( gas consum$ 9 t place dur+ any giv5 "t4 ,on ! pres5t occasion1 x w\ld n become me to say m on ^! subjects1 :i*1 no d\bt1 ,mr4 ,,clegg w make kn[n to ! public2 ,i %all only rem>k1 t ^! contrivances d signal hon\r to ! tal5ts & abilities ( ! inv5tor2 & t !y w r5d] ! greate/ s]vices to ^? :o are engag$ 9 ! gas-light illum9ation4 ,aft] consid]+ ! facts s f> detail$1 _m o!r advantages1 connect$ ) ! gas-light illum9ation1 w naturally sugge/ !mselves to ! read]4 ,i h endeav\r$ m]ely to po9t out ! lead+ *>act]s ( ! new lights1 z !y are at pres5t4 ,+5i\s m5 may speculate f :at has be5 done to :at rema9s to be effect$1 :i*1 no d\bt1 w embrace objects ( ! greate/ utility & mo/ ext5d$ national importance4 ,! public att5tion is awak5$ to ! new prop]ties ( coal1 & w n re/ till !y are ext5sively appli$ to economical purposes4 ,! consequ5ce w be1 a consid]able defalcation 9 ! rev5ue4 ,=1 9 proportion z ! gas-lights are m or less g5]ally adopt$ 9 all t[ns ( ! c\ntry1 ! consumption ( oil & tall[ w be dim9i%$1 & ! impo/ on ^? articles become less productive2 & :5 ?is takes place1 ,gov]nm5t1 no d\bt1 w %>e 9 ! pr(its1 by levy+ a tax on ! new lights4 ,! ,ex*equ] w ?us h no?+ to fe>2 z "o bran* ( ! rev5ue fails1 ano!r1 & a m productive "o1 w supply its place4 ,^u ! :ole1 :5 we reflect t ! object ( ! gas-light illum9ation is to op5 a s\rce ( national weal?1 ( :i* no?+ c deprive u1 to create1 we may almo/ say1 new articles ( value1 its fri5ds _c be ?\ght guilty ( great presumption1 if !y look =w>d ) confid5ce to ! successful ext5sion ( ?is new art ( civil economy2 & if1 contr>y to all expectations1 ! effects ( jeal\sy & prejudice %\ld1 9 "s respect or o!r1 cont9ue "h & !re its influ5ce aga9/ ?is new art ( procur+ light1 a firm p]sev]ance ( its application mu/ at l5g? remove t ignorance :i* alone c give !m bir?4 ,,tabul> ,,view1 ,,exhibit+ ,! quantity ( ,,gas1 ,,coke1 ,,t>1 ,,pit*1 ,,ess5tial ,,oil1 & ,,ammoniacal ,,liquor1 obta9able f a giv5 quantity ( ,,coal2 toge!r ) an ,e/imate ( ! quantity ( ,coal necess>y to produce a quantity ( ,gas1 capable ( yield+ a ,light equal 9 duration ( "t & int5sity to t produc$ by ,tall[ ,c&les ( diff]5t k9ds4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,co/ ( ,coal4 ,m9imum4 ,maximum4 ,av]age4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,"o ,*al4 ( ,coal1 #djs to #fjs -- #ejs f #be to #bh cwt4 ,"o ,ton #cjs to #dhs -- #chs #f;d ,"o ,sack #cs #d;d to #es -- #ds #b;d ,"o ,bu%el #as #b;d to #as #h;d -- #as #e;d ,"o ,peck #c to #e;d -- #d ,"o ,p\nd ---------------------------------------- ------------- ---------------------------------------- ------ ,weight ( ,coal4 ,m94 ,max4 ,av]4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,"o ,*al4 ( ,coal1 #b1hjj to #c1acf -- #b1ifh f #be to #bh cwt4 ,"o ,ton #b1bdj ,"o ,sack #bcc to #bfa -- #bdg ,"o ,bu%el #gh to #hg -- #hb ,"o ,peck #ai to #ba -- #bj ,"o ,p\nd #a ---------------------------------------- ------ ---------------------------------------- --- ,produce ( ,gas1 9 cubic feet4 ,m94 ,max4 ,av]4 ---------------------------------------- --- ,"o ,*al4 ( ,coal1 #h1ijf to #aa1hgb #aj1chhci f #be to #bh cwt4 ,"o ,ton #f1gbj to #h1ifj -- #g1hdj ,"o ,sack #gda to #ihh -- #had ,"o ,bu%el #bdg to #ccj -- #bij ,"o ,peck #fa to #hb -- #ga ,"o ,p\nd #c to #d -- #c ---------------------------------------- --- ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,c&les4 #i1eaf #aa to ! p\nd4 ,"o ,*al4 #ci;,equal to #h1fea #aj d4 ( ,coal1 z _m tall[ #g1ghf #i d4 f #be to c&les1 #ab 9 #f1iba #h d4 #bh cwt4 ! p\nd1 #f1eef #g d4 burn+ two #e1aid #f d4 ,"o ,ton h\rs2 or to #d1cbe #e d4 ,"o ,sack #c1dfc #d d4 ,"o ,bu%el #b1eie #c d4 ,"o ,peck #a1gcj #b d4 ,"o ,p\nd #hff #a d4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,,coke4--,"o *aldron ( coal1 f #be to #bh cwt4 gives #a to #a *aldron ( ,coke4 ,,t>4--,"o *aldron ( coal1 f #be to #bh cwt4 gives f #aej to #ahjlb4 ( ,t>1#ci or #ae to #ah ale gallons1 #ajlb4 ea*4 ,,ammoniacal ,,liquor4--,"o *aldron ( coal1 gives f #bbj to #bdjlb4 ( ,ammoniacal ,liquor1 or #bb to #bd ale gallons4 #ci #ajjjlb4 ( ,coal-,t> af=d by di/illation1 f #bfj to #bfelb4 ( ,ess5tial ,oil1 or ,naph?a4 #ajjjlb4 ( ,coal-,t> produce by m]e evaporation1 f #dfj to #dhjlb4 ( ,pit*4 ,tabul> ,view1 exhibit+ ! illum9at+ p[] ( ,coal-,gas1 comp>$ ) ! illum9at+ p[] ( ,tall[ ,c&les ( diff]5t sizes4 ,"o *aldron ( ,coal produces1 accord+ to weight & quality1 ,cubic feet ( ,gas4 ,av]age4 ,burn+4 ,c&les4 #ab to #alb4 #f to #alb4 ,f #i1jjj to #ab1jjj #aj1ejj #a h\r #ba1jjj #aj1ejj ----- ------ ------ #b h\rs #aj1ejj #e1bej #f1jjj #h1jjj #g1jjj #c ditto #g1jjj #c1ejj #d1ejj #f1jjj #e1bej #d ditto #e1bej #b1fbe #c1fjj #d1hjj #d1djj #e ditto #d1djj #b1bjj #c1jjj #d1jjj #c1ejj #f ditto #c1ejj #a1gej #b1ega #c1dbh #c1jje #g ditto #c1jje #a1ejb #b1bej #c1jjj #b1fbe #h ditto #b1fbe #a1cab #b1jjj #b1fff #b1ccc #i ditto #b1ccc #a1aff #a1hjj #b1ajj #b1ajj #aj ditto #b1ajj #a1jej #a1fcf #b1aia #a1iac #aa ditto #a1iac #ief #a1ejj #b1jjj #a1gej #ab ditto #a1gej #hge #a1chd #a1hdf #a1fae #ac ditto #a1fae #hjg #a1bhe #a1gad #a1dii #ad ditto #a1dii #gdi #a1bjj #a1fjj #a1djj #ae ditto #a1djj #gjj #a1abe #a1ejj #a1cab #af ditto #a1cab #fef #a1jeh #a1aaa #a1bcd #ag ditto #a1bcd #fag #a1jjj #a1ccc #a1aff #ah ditto #a1aff #ehc #idg #a1bfc #a1aje #ai ditto #a1aje #eeb #ijj #a1bjj #a1jej #bj ditto #a1jej #ebe #heg #a1adc #a1jjj #ba ditto #a1jjj #ejj #hah #a1jie #ief #bb ditto #ief #dgh #ghc #a1jdd #iac #bc ditto #iac #def #gej #a1jjj #hge #ba ditto #hge #dcg ,n4 ,b4 ,if x be requir$ to "k1 = h[ _m h\rs "o p\nd1 or "o peck1 or "o bu%el1 or "o sack1 ( coal w produce ,gas ,light equal to t ( a c]ta9 numb] ( well-snuff$ ,tall[ ,c&les1 ! proportion ( ea* ( ! av]age weights ( a p\nd1 peck1 bu%el1 or sack1 to t ( ! av]age weight ( a *aldron ( coal1 is z foll[s3 #a lb4 #bifh? "p ( a *aldron4 ,"o peck #bj #adh? ditto4 ,"o bu%el #hb #cf? ditto4 ,"o sack #bdh #ab? ditto4 ,,rule4--,divide ) ei!r ( ! above p>ts ( weight1 ! numb] ( lights opposite to _! h\rs1 & ! product w be ! numb] ( lights burn+ = ! same numb] ( h\rs4 ,,example4--,to "k h[ _m lights "o peck ( coal w give = six h\rs1 divide ! #adh? "p 9 #c1ejj1 opposite to ! numb] ( six h\rs1 ! product is almo/ #bd lights4 ,! same rule holds good = any giv5 quantity or numb] ( p\nds ( coal1 9 a *aldron1 to f9d h[ _m lights1 or c&les1 #ab to ! lb4 or #f to ! lb4 !y w give = a giv5 numb] ( h\rs4 ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,gas-,,light ,,app>atus4 ,,plate ,i4 ,exhibits a p]spective view ( a gas-light app>atus1#dj = light+ factories1 or small di/ricts ( h\ses4 ,x consi/s ( ! foll[+ p>ts3 :i* may be consid]$ sep>ately4 #dj ,?is app>atus 0 erect$ by ,mr4 ,,clegg1 & is n[ 9 action at ,mr4 ,,ack]man's e/abli%m5t1 9 ?is metropolis4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,! ,retort ,furnace1 = di/ill+ ! coals4 ,x is built ( brick-"w4 ,! bricks :i* are expos$ to ! imm$iate action ( ! fire1 are ,wel* tumps1 or fire-bricks2 !y are b$d$ 9 clay1 or ,w9dsor loam4 ,,fig4 #b4 ,! ,t> ,ci/]n1 to collect ! coal-t>1 & o!r cond5sible products obta9$ dur+ ! di/illation ( ! coals4 ,x is a ca/-iron holl[ cyl9d]1 clos$ at ! top ) a ca/-iron cov]1 :i* has a v small hole to all[ ! air to escape z ! liquid ent]s into ! vessel4 ,,fig4 #c4 ,! ,lime ,ma*9e1 = purify+ ! crude coal-gas1 & to r5d] x fit = use4 ,! con/ruction ( ?is ma*9e w be expla9$ 9 plate ,,vii4 ,x is put toge!r ( ca/-iron plates4 ,,fig4 #d4 ,! ,gasomet]1 = collect+ & pres]v+ ! purifi$ gas1 & = di/ribut+ & apply+ x z occasion may require4 ,x consi/s ( two pr9cipal p>ts--namely1 a l>ge int]ior vessel clos$ at ! top & op5 at ! bottom1 made ( %eet iron1 design$ to conta9 ! gas1 & an out] ci/]n or vessel1 ( r great] capacity1 con/ruct$ ( ca/-iron plates1 9 :i* ! =m] vessel is susp5d$4 ,! latt] conta9s ! wat] by :i* ! gas is conf9$4 ,! int]ior vessel :i* conta9s ! gas is susp5d$ by *a9s hung ov] :eels or pullies1 to :i* weights are atta*$1 s z to be j suffici5t to balance ! weight ( ! gasomet]1 all b a small diff]5ce1 & all[+ its sl[ desc5t 9 ! mann] :i* is f\nd z ne>ly adapt$ z c be to ! prop] supply ( ! lamps4 ,! weight ( ! *a9s mu/ be equal to ! specific gravity ( ! mat]ial ( :i* ! gasomet] is compos$1 s z to comp5sate accurately = ! quantity ( wat] :i* ! gasomet] displaces1 or :at is ! same1 x mu/ be equal to ! loss ( weight :i* ! gasomet] su/a9s1 :5 imm]s$ 9 ! wat]2 & ! c\nt]poise weight mu/ be equal 7or ne>ly s7 to ! absolute weight ( ! gasomet]4 ,! action ( ^! diff]5t p>ts ( ! app>atus w be obvi\s f ! foll[+ explanation3 ,a1 ,a1 are two iron retorts1 plac$ horizontally1 & side by side1 9 ! furnace2 ! m\? ( ! retorts :]e ! coals are introduc$1 projects into an ar*$ *amb]1 situat$ 9 front ( ! furnace1 z %ewn 9 ! draw+ by ! brok5 d[n brick-"w4 ,! object ( suff]+ ! m\? ( ! retorts to project into a sep>ate *amb]1 is m]ely to dis*>ge ) conv5i5ce ! r$ hot coke f ! retorts :5 ! process is at an end2 ! coke be+ suff]$ to fall to ! bottom ( ! *amb]1 :]e x cools1 )\t becom+ tr\blesome to ! op]ator4 ,x may be remov$ f ?is fire-safe *amb] by ! door repres5t$ at ! end view ( ! furnace4 ,:5 ! op]ation comm5ces1 ! inn] vessel ( ! gasomet]1 fig4 #d is sunk d[n1 to expel ! air :i* x conta9s to a level ) ! ext]ior vessel1 or out] ci/]n1 ( ! gasomet]2 &1 consequ5tly1 becomes fill$ ) wat]4 ,z ! di/illation ( ! coal 9 ! retorts proce$s1 ! liquid & gaze\s products evolv$ f ! coals are transmitt$ by means ( ! p]p5dicul> syphon pipes ,b1 ,b1 into ! horizontal pipe or ma9 cond5s] ,c1 ) :i* !y are connect$4 ,! liquid :i* is di/ill$1 collects 9 ! pipe1 or ma9 cond5s]1 ,c1 :]e x is reta9$ until its quantity has ris5 s high z to dis*>ge itself into ! pipe ,d1 :i* is connect$ ) ! upp] "p ( "o ( ! extremities ( ! cond5s]1 ,c4 ,"o ( ! extremities ( ! pipes1 ,b1 ,b1 !re=e become imm]s$ into ! liquid conta9$ 9 ! ma9 cond5s] or pipe ,c1 :il/ ! vapor\s or cond5sible fluid1 aft] hav+ ov]come ! pressure !re oppos$ to x1 is transport$ into ! pipe ,e1 :i*1 aft] pass+ 9 a s]p5t9e direction1 ,e1 ,e1 c4 ?r\gh ! ext]ior vessel or ci/]n ( ! gasomet]1 t]m9ates 9 ! t>-vessel1 fig4 #b4 ,?us ! vapor\s fluids are cond5s$ by pass+ ?r\gh ! s]p5t9e pipe1 ,e1 ,e1 c4 & become deposit$ 9 ! t>-ci/]n1 fig4 #b2 :il/ ! non-cond5sible or gaze\s products are made to proce$ by ! pipe ,f1 :i* bran*es (f f ! pipe ,e1 into ! lime ma*9e1 fig4 #c4 ,9 ?is app>atus ! gas1 z x is evolv$ f ! coals1 comes into contact ) slak$ lime & wat]2 ! object ( :i* is1 to /rip x ( its sulphurett$ hydrog5 & c>bonic acid gas ) :i* x always ab\nds1 & to r5d] x fit = illum9ation4 ,?is be+ accompli%$1 ! purifi$ gas is conduct$ away out ( ! lime ma*9e by means ( ! pipe ,g1 into ! p]p5dicul> pipe ,h1 :i* bran*es up ?r\gh ! bottom ( ! gasomet] ci/]n4 ,! upp] extremity ( ?is pipe is cov]$1 9 ! mann] ( a hood1 by a cyl9drical vessel ,i1 op5 at bottom1 b p>tially imm]s$ b5ea? ! surface ( ! wat] conta9$ 9 ! out] ci/]n ( ! gasomet]1 x is also p]=at$ r\nd ne> ! l[] edge ) a numb] ( small holes4 ,! gas1 z x passes out ( ! pipe ,h1 displaces ! wat] f ! receiv] ,i1 & escapes ?r\gh ! small holes1 & is ?us made to pass ?r\gh ! wat] 9 ! ci/]n1 9 :i* ! hood ( ! pipe ,i1 is p>tly imm]s$1 s z to expose a l>ge surface to its action1 t x may once m be wa%$1 & depriv$ ( all ! =eign gaze\s products :i* might h escap$ ! action ( ! lime1 :il/ x 0 agitat$ ) ?is sub/ance 9 ! lime ma*9e1 fig4 #c4 ,aft] ris+ ?r\gh ! wat] 9 ! gasomet] ci/]n1 x ent]s into ! gasomet]1 :i* !n asc5ds z ! gas accumulates 9 x4 ,9 ?is mann] ! process proce$s1 until ! :ole ( ! volatile products ( ! coal 9 ! retort are dis5gag$4 ,! use ( ! gasomet] is1 p>tly to equalize ! evolution ( ! gas :i* comes f ! retort m quickly at "s "t ?an o!rs4 ,:5 ?is happ5s1 ! vessel rises up to receive x1 & :5 ! /ream f ! retort dim9i%es1 ! weight ( ! gasomet] expels its cont5ts1 provid$ ! ma9-cock be op54 ,:5 ! process is f9i%$1 ! retort is suff]$ to cool1 & its lid is !n remov$ to repl5i% x ) coal4 ,:5 ! ma9 /op-cock is !n op5$1 ! gasomet] desc5ds1 & ! gas passes f ! gasomet] ?r\gh ! pipe ,k1 to ! burn]s1 or ma9 pipe1 :i* communicates ) ! gas burn]s or lamps4 ,l1 is a wood5 tub or b>rel1 conta9+ ! mixture ( lime & wat]1 = *>g+ ! lime ma*9e2 & into :i* ! cont5ts ( ! b>rel1 ,l1 may be convey$ by ! curv$ pipe ,m1 )\t admitt+ common air4 ,n1 ,n1 is a wat]-pipe1 to convey fre% wat] into ! gasomet] ci/]n occasionally2 because x is ess5tial t ! wat] us$ = wa%+ & purify+ ! gas %\ld be *ang$ = fre% z soon z x becomes dirty2 & unless ?is is done1 ! gas w n be p]fectly purifi$ by wa%+1 b produce a disagreeable od\r :5 burnt2 ! same holds good ) reg>d to ! lime ma*9e1 ! cont5ts ( :i* %\ld be r5ew$ occasionally4 ,?is pipe also conveys ! necess>y wat] into ! b>rel1 ,l4 ,o1 is a wa/e-pipe1 to convey ! wat] z x becomes impregnat$ ) ! impurities ( ! gas1 out ( ! gasomet] ci/]n4 ,p1 is an agitator1 to /ir up ! cont5ts ( ! lime ma*9e occasionally1 ,q1 ,q1 are two iron rods1 :i* s]ve z /ays to guide ! motion ( ! gasomet]4 ,r1 is an index1 connect$ by means ( a %aft & pulley ) ! axis ( "o ( ! gasomet] :eels4 ,?is index is graduat$ to ! capacity ( ! cubical cont5ts ( ! gasomet]1 s z to indicate1 by ! ris+ & fall+ ( ! gasomet]1 its relative cont5ts ( gas express$ 9 cubic feet4 ,s1 is ! wa/e pipe ( ! lime ma*9e1 to remove ! insoluble p>ts ( ! lime4 ,t1 repres5ts ! iron cov]1 or lid1 :i* is turn$ on ! la!1 & gr\nd air-tight1 to close up ! m\? ( ! retort1 s z to make readily an air-tight fitt+4 ,u is an iron w$ge to secure ! cov] ( ! retort4 ,! left-h& retort 9 ! design %[s ! retort clos$ up1 & ! cov]1 or lid ( ! m\? ( x secur$ by means ( ! w$ge1 9 its place1 s z to r5d] ! m\? ( ! retort p]fectly air tight4 ,!re is a safety valve atta*$ to ?is gasomet] :i* c\ld n be repres5t$ 9 ! draw+2 & ! object ( :i* is1 to convey away any portion ( gas t might happ5 to be produc$ by a c>eless op]ator1 :5 ! gasomet] is full1 & :i* is ?us prev5t$ f accumulat+ 9 ! place :]e ! gasomet] is erect$4 ,x is repres5t$ 9 ! "r-h& corn] ( plate ,,vii4 :]e fig4 #a %[s ! edge ( ! gasomet]2 #b1 ! surface ( ! wat] 9 ! inside ( ! gasomet]2 #c1 ! surface ( ! wat] 9 ! outside ( ! gasomet]1 or 9 ! ci/]n2 #d1 a pipe issu+ f ! l[] edge ( ! gasomet]1 & surr\nd$ at its upp] extremity ) a cup m>k$ #e2 #f1 ! wa/e pipe1 ! m\? ( :i* is imm]s$ 9 wat]4 ,x is obvi\s t1 :5 ! gasomet] is full1 if an additional quantity ( gas %\ld be attempt$ to be put into x1 x w be transport$ by means ( ! pipe #d1 into ! wa/e-pipe #f2 ! upp] extremity ( :i* rea*es out ( ! build+1 & !re communicates ) ! op5 air4 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,repres5ts a ,portable exp]im5tal ,gas ,app>atus = exhibit+1 9 ! small way1 ! g5]al nature ( ! gas-light illum9ation4--,x is describ$ page #gi4 ,,plates ,,iii4 ,,iv4 ,v4 ,%[ designs ( v>i\s k9ds ( ,gas ,lamps1 ,*&eli]s1 ,c&elabras1 c4--,see pages #aad1 #aah1 #adj4 ,,plate ,,vi4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,exhibits a design ( ! gasomet] fram+1 or skeleton1 :i* s]ves to give /ability & /r5g? to ! gasomet]4 ,x consi/s ( wood5 frame "w1 m>k$ ,a1 ,a1 ,a1 int]lac$ ) iron rods1 ,b1 ,b1 ,b1 c4 ,! :ole fram+ is s dispos$ t x w float 9 ! ci/]n horizontally1 & !re=e keep ! gasomet] p]fectly /eady & level ) ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,! re/ ( ! sket*es repres5t v>i\s k9ds ( gas pipes employ$ z ma9s = convey+ ! gas1 & ! me?ods ( connect+ !m4 ,,fig4 #b4 ,repres5ts a longitud9al section ( a ,spigot & ,faucet ,pipe4 ,^! k9ds ( pipes are applicable 9 mo/ cases z ma9s = convey+ gas4 ,a1 is call$ ! spigot1 & ,b1 ! faucet4 ,!y are jo9$ toge!r1 & made air tight1 by iron cem5t1 ! composition ( :i* is z foll[s3 ,take two ounces ( sal ammoniac1 "o ounce ( fl[]s ( sulphur1 & sixte5 ounces ( ca/ iron fil+s or bor+s4 ,mix all well toge!r1 by rubb+ !m 9 a mort>1 & keep ! p[d] dry4 ,:5 ! cem5t is want$ = use1 take "o "p ( ! above p[d]1 & tw5ty p>ts ( clean iron bor+s or fil+s1 & bl5d !m intimately by gr9d+ !m 9 a mort>4 ,wet ! comp\nd ) wat]1 & :5 br\ght to a conv5i5t consi/5ce1 apply x to ! jo9ts ) a wood5 or blunt iron spatula4 ,by a play ( aff9ities1 :i* ^? :o are at all acqua9t$ ) *emi/ry w be at no loss to compreh5d1 a degree ( action & re-action takes place among ! +r$i5ts1 & betwe5 !m & ! iron surfaces1 :i* at la/ causes ! :ole to unite z "o mass4 ,9 fact1 aft] a "t1 ! mixture & ! surfaces ( ! flan*es become a species ( pyrites 7hold+ a v l>ge proportion ( iron17 all ! p>ts ( :i* coh]e /rongly toge!r4 ,! inn] p>ts ( ! faucet ought to be no l>g] 9 diamet] ?an j to fit ! spigot4 ,?is supports ! pipe1 indep5d5tly ( ! cem5t1 & prev5ts ! risk ( hurt+ ! jo9t f any ext]nal /ress4 ,! inn] faucet is commonly made ab\t #b in*es deep1 & has ! spigot ins]t$ #a in* into x4 ,! practice ( "s workm51 is to make ! out] faucet1 or t :i* conta9s ! cem5t1 six in*es deep1 = all pipes above six in*es diamet]2 & to make ! faucets ( all pipes bel[ six in*es1 ! same dep? z ! diamet] ( ! pipes4 ,x is usual to make ! space = ! cem5t1 all r\nd ! spigot1 f #a to #a in*2 t wid? is requir$1 9 ord] t ! cem5t may be firmly driv5 into ! jo9t4 ,:5 ! space is v n>r[1 ?is _c be done4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 too wide1 !re is a wa/e ( cem5t1 & a risk ( injury f unequal expansion4 ,,fig4 #c4 ,exhibits a pr(ile view ( ^! k9ds ( pipes :5 jo9$ toge!r4 ,! spigot & faucet pipes are liable to bur/ f ! great expansion ( ! spigot1 & ! risk ( ?is accid5t is increas$ by increas+ ! space betwe5 ! spigot & faucet1 :i* requires to be fill$ ) cem5t4 ,,fig4 #d4 ,repres5ts a longitud9al section ( two flan* pipes1 & ! modes ( connect+ !m4 ,a & ,b1 %[ ! p>ts ( ! pipes2 & ,c & ,d1 ! flan*es4 ,^! pipes are also jo9$ toge!r1 & r5d]$ air-tight1 by int]pos+ betwe5 ! flan*es rope-y>n1 hemp1 or "s o!r pliable mat]ial1 & iron cem5t1 & !n screw+ up ! faces ( !m by means ( ! bolts & screw nuts4 ,,fig4 #e4 ,pr(ile view ( ! same k9d ( pipes connect$ toge!r1 ,a & ,b1 ! pipes2 ,c & ,d1 ! flan*es2 ,e & ,f1 ! bolts4 ,,fig4 #f4 ,repres5ts ! me?od ( jo9+ spigot & faucet pipes :5 !y are to h a turn or angle4 ,?is me?od is conv5i5t :5 ! place :]e ! turn requir$ to be made is previ\sly kn[n1 & ! pipes ca/ accord+ly4 ,,fig4 #g4 ,exhibits ! me?od ( connect+ spigot & faucet pipes :5 !y h a r\nd turn4 ,a & ,b1 ! junctures ( ! pipes4 ,,fig4 #h4 ,repres5ts a longitud9al section ( ! mode ( jo9+ pipes by means ( :at is call$ a ?imble jo9t4 ,! junctures ( ! pipes to be connect$1 are made air tight1 z m5tion$ already1 by iron cem5t4 ,a1 ! ?imble or small cyl9d]1 ) project+ edges1 :i* unites ! pipes ,b1 ,c4 ,,fig4 #i4 ,a ?imble jo9t made 9 two p>ts1 :i* is sometimes conv5i5t to jo9 pipes4 ,! p>ts are jo9$ toge!r by screw bolts1 & nuts1 9 ! usual mann]4 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,section ( ! same4 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,repres5ts a pr(ile view ( :at is call$ ! saddle jo9t4 ,x is employ$ = tak+ (f a bran*-pipe4 ,! bran* has a piece ,a ,b1 =m$ on its end1 & fits r\nd "o-half ( ! outside ( ! pipe f :i* x is to proce$4 ,c1 is call$ ! saddle1 :i* fits r\nd ! o!r half ( ! pipe4 ,! p>ts are secur$ toge!r by screw bolts1 & iron cem5t4 ,by ?is me?od a bran* may be =m$ on any "p ( a gas-pipe1 by cutt+ a hole !re1 & apply+ ! bran* to t place4 ,:]e !re is mu* risk ( ! inequality ( expansion1 ! jo9ts at c]ta9 places1 %\ld be secur$ by a s(t /uff+ ( hemp & tall[2 b 9 mo/ cases ! jo9ts may be made ) iron cem5t4 ,lead is frequ5tly us$ = mak+ ! jo9ts ( gas pipes in/ead ( iron cem5t1 ?\gh *eap] & m easy ( repair4 ,! galvanic action :i* takes place betwe5 ! lead & iron1 soon r5d]s ! jo9ts leaky1 & ! dang] is increas$ by ! unequal expansion ( ! two metals4 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,section ( ! saddle-jo9t4 ,be=e ! gas is suff]$ to ent] into ! pipe1 !y %\ld be prov$ to be s\nd1 by ! usual process ( =c+ wat] into !m3 ,! pipes s]v+ z ma9s1 are plac$ p]fectly solid1 s t !y _c give way2 _! c\rse %\ld be rectil9e>1 hav+ a desc5t ( ab\t #a in* 9 #i or #aj feet1 to all[ ! wat] ( cond5sation :i* may be deposit$ f ! gas by a *ange ( temp]ature to collect readily at ! l[]mo/ "p4 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,%[s a res]voir = collect+ ! wat] ( cond5sation :i* might accumulate 9 ! pipes4 ,x consi/s ( a receptacle1 ,a1 9 :i* ! wat] may pass2 ,b1 a bran*-pipe clos$ at ! top1 by means ( :i* ! wat] may be remov$1 by draw+ x out ) a syr+e4 ,?is receptacle is plac$ 9 ^? situations :]e pipes incl9e t[>ds ea* o!r4 ,,plate ,,vii4 ,exhibits a p]p5dicul> section ( a gas-light app>atus1 calculat$ = light+ t[ns1 or l>ge di/ricts ( /reets & h\ses4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,! ,retort ,furnace4 ,! retorts are plac$ ov] ea* o!r 9 "o or m r[s2 s t a c]ta9 numb] ( !m may be heat$ by sep>ate fire-places4 ,a1 ,a1 %[s two ( ! retorts plac$ horizontally above ea* o!r2 ,b1 ! fire-place2 ,c1 ! flue :i* causes ! fire to circulate r\nd ! retorts s z to heat !m equally 9 e "p2 ,d1 ! op5+ ( ! flue :]e ! fire passes into ! *imney2 ,e1 ! a%-pit2 ,f1 a *amb] 9 front ( ! retort furnace1 into :i* ! orifice or m\? ( ! retorts project2 ,g1 ,g1 ! doors ( ! *amb]1 to enable ! workm5 to *>ge & dis*>ge ! retorts2 ,h1 a funnel %ap$ hole at ! floor ( ! *amb] ,f1 ?r\gh :i* ! r$ hot coke z x is dis*>g$ f ! retorts passes into ! ar*$ vault ,i2 ,k1 ! syphon tube2 ,l1 ! horizontal cond5s]#da--! action ( bo? ( ^! pipes h be5 already expla9$1 p4 #afh2 ,m1 ma9 pipe1 :i* conveys ! liquid sub/ances f ! cond5s]1 to ! t> ci/]n1 fig4 #c1 & :i* conducts also ! gaze\s products into ! lime ma*9e1 fig4 #b2 ,n ,n1 %[s t "p ( ! pipe :i* is int]pos$ betwe5 ! t> ci/]n1 fig4 #c1 & ! cond5s+ pipe ,m1--x passes 9 a s]p5t9e direction along ! inn] sides ( ! gasomet] ci/]n1 &1 l ! s-call$ worm 9 a di/illatory app>atus1 cond5ses ! products :i* escape 9 a vapor\s /ate f ! cond5s] ,l2 ,o1 %[s ! place :]e ! s]p5t9e pipe ,n ,n1 passes aga9 out ( ! gasomet] ci/]n1 & its communication ) ! lime ma*9e1 fig4 #b1 & t> *amb]1 fig4 #c4 ,! action ( ! lime ma*9e is z foll[s3 ,! liquid products evolv$ f ! coal1 hav+ be5 deposit$ 9 ! t> ci/]n1 fig4 #c1 by means ( ! s]p5t9e pipe ,n1 ,n1 ! gaze\s products :i* accompany x1 are convey$ by means ( ! pipe ,p1 :i* bran*es out f ! pipe ,o1 into ! int]ior receptacle ( ! lime ma*9e m>k$ ,q1 :i* consi/s ( a vessel op5 at ! bottom1 & clos$ at ! top1 :]e x communicates ) ! pipe ,o4 ,z ! gas accumulates 9 ! int]ior "p ,q1 ( ! lime ma*9e1 x is made to pass ?r\gh ! liquid :i* x conta9s1 namely1 slak$ lime & wat]2 & escapes ?r\gh app]tures made 9 ! horizontal p>titions ,r1 ,r1 ,r1 ,r1 into ! out] vessel1 ,s1 ( ! lime ma*9e & f !nce x is conduct$ away by ! pipe ,t1 ,t1 ,t1 into ! additional wa%+ app>atus1 ( ! gasomet]2 fig4 #d1 ! con/ruction ( ?is app>atus1 greatly resembles ! lime ma*9e1 fig4 #b1 namely1 ,v1 is a wat] pipe1 proce$+ f a ci/]n ,u1 plac$ #c or #d feet above ! orifice ( ! pipe ,v2 ,t1 ,t1 is ! gas-pipe1 cov]$ ) a hood1 m>k$ ,w1 & imm]s$ 9 a small ci/]n1 hav+ horizontal p]=at$ %elves1 l ^? 9 ! lime ma*9e--!y fit close to ! hood4 ,! gas :i* ent]s ! hood ,w1 meets ) a %[] ( wat] deliv]$ by ! pipe ,v4 ,! gas1 z x passes ?r\gh ! holes 9 ! horizontal p>titions1 is1 !re=e1 aga9 wa%$ & ?or\ghly purifi$ f =eign gases :i* may h escap$ ! action ( ! lime ma*9e2 ,y1 is a wa/e pipe1 ! l[] extremity ( :i* is seal$ by be+ imm]s$ 9 wat]1--x s]ves to c>ry away ! wat] deliv]$ by ! pipe ,v1 z x has be5 act$ on by ! gas4 ,! summ>y action ( ?is gas app>atus is1 !re=e1 z foll[s3 ,! liquid products obta9$ f ! coal dur+ ! di/illation are fir/ deposit$ 9 ! ma9 cond5s] ,l1 by means ( ! pipe ,k1 & f :5ce !y _c escape until a quantity ( t> has accumulat$ 9 x to a c]ta9 height1 & by ?is means1 "o ( ! extremities ( ! pipes ,k1 ,k1 becomes imm]s$ & h]metically seal$ by ! liquid :i* ! cond5s] ,l1 conta9s4 ,! liquid products1 aft] hav+ accumulat$ to a c]ta9 height 9 ! cond5s]1 ov]fl[ ! p]p5dicul> portion :i* x conta9s1 & dis*>ge !mselves into ! pipe ,m1 f :5ce !y are transport$ into ! t> ci/]n1 fig4 #c1 by means ( ! sy/em ( pipes ,n1 ,n1 ,o1 :il/ ! gaze\s products are made to pass by means ( ! bran* pipe ,p1 into ! lime ma*9e1 fig4 #b4 ,f ?is "p ( ! app>atus ! gas passes ?r\gh ! pipe ,t1 ,t1 ,t1 into ! additional or small] wa%+ app>atus plac$ ^u a tressel 9 ! ci/]n ( ! gasomet]1 :]e x is aga9 expos$ a second "t to ! action ( a curr5t ( fre% wat]2 & f ?is vessel ! gas asc5ds into ! gasomet]4 ,! gasomet] is furni%$ ) a pipe ,a1 clos$ at ! top1 & fix$ 9 "o corn] ( ! gasomet]1 b op5 at ! bottom2 x includes ano!r pipe m>k$ ,b1 :i* communicates ) ! ma9 pipe lead+ to ! burn]s1 or place :]e ! gas is want$4 ,! pipe ,a1 :i* slides ov] ! pipe ,b1 is p]=at$ at ! top1 ! gas passes ?r\gh ^! p]=ations & is ?us made to ent] into ! pipe ,b1 & dispos$ ( z m5tion$4 ,c1 ,c1 is a tube ( safety adapt$ to ! gasomet]2 its l[] extremity rema9s seal$ by ! wat] 9 ! ci/]n s long z ! gasomet] is n ov]*>g$ ) gas2 b1 if m gas %\ld be made to ent] ! gasomet] ?an x is de/9$ to receive1 ?is pipe !n deliv]s ! gas into ! funnel-%ap$ tube ,d1 :i* rea*es ?r\gh ! ro( ( ! gasomet] h\se1 & ?us ! sup]flu\s quantity ( gas is convey$ away into ! op5 air4 #da ,! cond5s] 9 ?is app>atus is plac$ at "r angles to ! r[1 or r[s ( retorts4 ,x is furni%$ at "o extremity ) a p>tition plac$ p]p5dicul>ly1 & ( a height equal to ab\t "o-half ( ! diamet] ( ! cond5s]4 ,! object ( ?is p>tition is to prev5t ! t>1 c4 deposit$ 9 x1 to seal ! pipes ,k1 ,k1 & n to dis*>ge itself into ! pipe ,m1 till ?is has be5 effect$4 ,! p>tition is se5 9 ! draw+4 ,! cyl9drical vessel ,p1 ( fig4 #c1 surr\nd+ ! orifice ( ! pipe ,o1 :i* deliv]s ! t> into ! t> ci/]n1 fig4 #c1 s]ves to keep ?is pipe con/antly imm]s$ into a portion ( t>1 s t ! cont5ts ( ! ci/]n may be drawn (f by ! cock )\t admitt+ air into any "p ( ! app>atus4 ,! t> ci/]n has a small hole at ! top1 to all[ ! air :i* x encloses to escape1 z x becomes fill$ ) t> & ammoniacal liquor4 ,! ma9 cond5s] ,l1 is plac$1 z %[n 9 ! draw+1 high] ?an ! level ( ! wat] 9 ! gasomet] ci/]n1 to all[ a free desc5t ( ! di/illatory liquids z !y pass f ?is vessel along into ! pipes ,m1 ,n1 ,o1 c4 ,! ci/]n ( ! gasomet]1 z well z ! lime ma*9e1 & t> ci/]n1 are con/ruct$ ( ca/ iron plates1 bolt$ & cem5t$ toge!r ) iron cem5t4 ,! gasomet] is made ( %eet iron plates rivett$ toge!r--,e1 ,e1 are two iron /ays--,g1 ,g1 are friction :eels4 ,,me?od ( correct+ ! relative pressure ( ! ,gasomet]1 s z to cause ! gas :i* x conta9s to be uni=mly ( an equal d5sity4#db #db ,= ?is elegant contrivance we are also indebt$ to ,mr4 ,,clegg4 ,we h m5tion$ already t ! pressure ( ! gas 9 ! gasomet] %\ld be inv>iable1 = x is obvi\s t ! weight ( ! gasomet] is con/antly increas+ 9 proportion z x fills ) gas1 & rises out ( ! wat]--see p4 #hh1 & #afg4 ,to r5d] its pressure uni=m1 we fir/ take ! absolute weight ( t "p ( ! gasomet] :i* becomes imm]s$ 9 ! wat]1 & kn[+ ! specific weight ( ! sub/ance ( :i* x is compos$1 we divide its absolute weight by ! specific weight ( ! sub/ance ( :i* x is compos$2 & ?is be+ done1 we make "p ( ! *a91 7measur$ at "r angles f ! axis ( ! :eels ov] :i* x passes d[nw>ds t[>ds ! top ( ! gasomet]17 :i* is equal to ! l5g? ( t "p ( ! gasomet] :i* becomes imm]s$ 9 wat]1 equal 9 weight to ! specific gravity ( ! sub/ance ( :i* ! gasomet] is compos$4 ,= example1 let u suppose t ! "p ( ! gasomet] :i* becomes imm]s$ 9 wat] weighs #hfa lb4 & t x is compos$ ( %eet iron1 ! specific gravity ( :i*1 9 r\nd numb]s1 we w take to be #g4 ,x is !n evid5t1 t ! "p ( ! *a9 ( ! gasomet] measur$ d[nw>d f ! axis ( ! :eel ov] :i* x passes1 & :i* is equal 9 l5g? to ! height ( ! gasomet]1 mu/ be load$ ) a weight (1 or mu/ itself weigh1 #abclb4 = ?is w\ld be ! weight ( ! wat] displac$ by ! gasomet]2 or let u suppose ! gasomet] to be made ( %eet copp]1 ! specific weight ( :i* 7omitt+ decimals7 is #h2 & t ! absolute weight ( ! gasomet] is #agiblbs4 !n ! *a9 ( ! gasomet] equal 9 l5g? to ! height ( ! gasomet]1 imm]s$ into ! wat] mu/ weigh #bbdlb4 = ?is w\ld be ! weight ( ! quantity ( wat] :i* ! gasomet] displaces4 ,?is be+ accompli%$ by !n add+ or dim9i%+ ! absolute or balance weight ( ! gasomet]1 any desir$ uni=m pressure may be effect$1 & ! same bulk ( gas w always be ( ! same specific gravity4 ,,directions ,,to ,,workm5 ,,att5d+ ,,! ,,gas-,,light ,,app>atus#dc4 #dc ,copi$ f a pr9t$ direction drawn up by ,mr4 ,clegg1 = ! use ( workm54 ,p>ticul> c>e mu/ be tak5 to make ! jo9ts ( ! m\?-pieces ( ! retorts p]fectly air tight1 :i* may be done 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,take "s common clay1 dry1 pulv]ize1 & sift x1 !n add z mu* wat] z w make x into ! consi/5cy ( treacle2 make ! m\?-piece & ! lid ( ! retort clean1 lay ?is lut+ ?9ly ov] ! turn$ "p ( ! lid1 press ! lid s lut$ g5tly to ! m\?-piece1 & !n secure x mod]ately1 by means ( ! iron w$ge3 if ! workman obs]ves ?is rule1 he w nev] fail to make good jo9ts2 b if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! op]ator is c>eless & neglects to remove ! old lut+1 c4 f ! turn$ or smoo? "p ( ! m\? ( ! retort1 & !reby cause a bad jo9t1 ! consequ5ce w be ! loss ( a consid]able quantity ( gas1 & a v disagreeable smell & smoke4 ,! bridge or r[ ( bricks ( ! flue ,c1 ( ! retorts1 %\ld nev] be made hott] ?an a bright r$1 :i* may be regulat$ by ! door ( ! a%-pit be+ kept close %ut :5 ! fire is gett+ too hot4 ,if ! op]ator neglects ?is1 & suff]s ! fire-bricks to arrive at a bright :ite heat ! retorts w soon be de/roy$1 & bad gas be produc$4 ,! gasomet] %\ld be well exam9$1 at lea/ once a week1 to see if x leaks1 by ! foll[+ me?od1 viz4 ,let ! ma9 /op-cock be %ut1 !n make a m>k on ! gasomet] at ! wat]'s edge :5 x is full or ne>ly ( gas1 !re be+ no gas com+ f ! retorts at ! "t1 & if ! m>k s9ks 9 ! wat]1 ! gasomet] leaks2 to f9d out ! place1 walk sl[ly r\nd x1 & y may p]ceive ! leak by ! smell1 apply a light$ c&le to ! "p suspect$1 & if !re be gas issu+ f x1 x w take fire1 & p]haps appe> l a small blue flame--bl[ x out1 & m>k ! place3 ?us proce$ r\nd ! gasomet] till y h f\nd all ! places2 if y p]ceive a smell1 & yet _c produce a flame 9 ! "p suspect$1 take a bru% ) a little ?9 :ite-lead pa9t1 & lay x on ! "p :]e y ?9k ! leak is1 &1 if x be !re1 ! gas :i* escapes f ! leak1 w imm$iately turn ! pa9t br[n4 ,aft] ! sides ( ! gasomet] h be5 well exam9$1 & secur$ by dipp+ a piece ( clo? ab\t ! size ( a %ill+1 into "s melt$ pit*1 temp]$ ) a little bees-wax & t>1 apply ! clo? :il/ hot to ! place ) ! end ( y\r f+]1 rubb+ x till x is q cold2 next exam9e ! top ( ! gasomet] 9 ! same mann]1--:5 x is ab\t two feet high 9 ! ci/]n1 x w !n be bett] to get at4 ,! wat] 9 ! ci/]n %\ld always be kept )9 #c or f\r in*es ( ! top1 if suff]$ to s9k mu* l[] )\t repl5i%+1 ! gas w n pass ?r\gh a suffici5t quantity ( wat]1 & oily p>ticles w be apt to cond5se 9 ! pipes1 to _! great detrim5t4 ,! only ?+ to be obs]v$ 9 ! place light$ is1 t ! lamps & pipes are n suff]$ to be t\*$ on any pret5ce :atev]1 b by ! p]son entru/$ ) _! c>e4 ,:5 a lamp is n want$1 x mu/ be completely %ut (f f ! pipe :i* supplies x1 by a /op-cock provid$ = ! purpose1 & n op5$ aga9 b :5 a flame is held ov] x2 n a light$ c&le1 z ! tall[ is liable to drop into ! lamps2 light$ pap] is bett]4 ,,e/imate ,,( ,,! ,,price ,,( ,a ,,gas-,,light ,,app>atus1 ,,if ,,erect$ ,,9 ,,london1 ,capable ( af=d+1 e #bd h\rs1 ,light equal to #dj1jjj ,tall[ ,c&les1 six 9 ! p\nd1 burn+ "o h\r4 4 s4 ,gasomet]1 to conta9 #aj1jjj cubic feet ( gas #bcf #j ,:eel-"w1 regulat+ *a91 ballance-weight = #afj #aa ditto1 ) wood5 fram+ ,wr\ght iron ci/]n = gasomet]--#cf feet wide1 #ejj #j #bd feet long & #af feet deep 7,x w\ld weigh ab\t #af tons47 ,wood5 fram+ built ar\nd x1 to secure ditto #aej #j ,cond5s]1 ci/]n & communicat+ pipes #abf #j ,lime ma*9e1 made ( ca/ iron plates #hb #j ,gasomet]-h\se1 built ( frame-"w & wea!r-bo>d$ #bej #j ,tw5ty-f\r retorts set 9 brick-"w1 ) furnaces #ccf #j = ditto1 compleat ,sundries #ajj #j --------- #aidj #aa 99 99 99 99 99 ,a gas-light app>atus complete = "w1 capable ( af=d+ e tw5ty-f\r h\rs a quantity ( light equal to #a1djj ,arg&'s ,lamps1 ea* lamp equal 9 int5sity to six c&les1 six 9 ! p\nd1 burn+ = five h\rs1 w co/ #c1ejjl4 if erect$ 9 ?is metropolis4 ,,london ,price ,li/ ( ! mo/ ess5tial articles#dd employ$ 9 ! erection ( a ,gas-,light app>atus4 #dd ,all ! articles are w>rant$ to be p]fect & ( ! be/ k9d4 ,!y are deliv]$ free ( exp5ce at any :>f betwe5 ,london & ,we/m9/]-bridge4 ,%eet-iron pipes braz$4 s4 d4 in* 9 diamet] #j #d a foot ditto #j #d ditto ditto #j #e ditto ditto #j #f ditto ditto #j #f ditto 9 ditto #g ditto #ae #a in*1 ditto #j #g ditto to #a ditto #j #i ditto #ah #a ditto #j #aj ditto feet #a ditto #j #aa ditto l5g?s4 #b in*1 ditto #a #a ditto #b ditto #a #d ditto #b ditto #a #e ditto #c in*1 ditto #a #f ditto ,copp] pipes braz$ in* #j #d p] foot ,ditto1 ditto1 ditto in* #j #e ditto ,gas-light cockspur burn]s ) /op-cock #bs #f;d to #cs #f;d ,arg&'s lamps1 ) glass-hold]s1 f #cs to #ds #f;d ,ca/-iron retorts1 weigh+ #g cwt4 at #aes #f;d p] cwt #e #h #f ,m\?-piece = ditto1 compleat #a #ad #h ,ca/-iron door frames = retort furnace #a #j #j ,furnace b>s #ajs4 p] cwt4 ,%eet iron = gazomet] 7,no4 #bc7 #bds4 p] cwt4 ,gazomet] *a9s1 #e;d p] lb4 ,ballance weights ,plates = gazomet]1 #il #ajs p] ton4 ,ca/-iron ci/]n plates ------------------------ small] size = lime ma*9e1 #ahl p] ton4 ------------------------ middl+ size = t> ci/]n1 #afl ditto ------------------------ l>ge/ size = gazomet] ci/]n #adl ditto ,ca/-iron flan* pipes #b-;in* diamet]1 at #es p] yd4 9 #f feet l5g?s ditto #c ditto #fs ditto #f ditto ditto #d ditto #hs #f;d ditto #i ditto ditto #e ditto #ajs ditto #i ditto ditto #f ditto #abs ditto #i ditto ditto #g ditto #acs #f;d ditto #i ditto ditto #h ditto #i #aal4 #es4 p] ton #i ditto ditto #aj ditto #aa in* nuts1 screws & wa%]s to put iron pipes toge!r #g;d4 p] lb ditto #g;d4 ditto ditto #f;d4 ditto ,engli% b>-iron #acl4 p] ton ,be/1 ditto #ahl4 ditto ,,f9is4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,london ,pub4 ,april #a-ahae1 at ,r,ack]mann's1 #aja ,/r&4 ,illu/ration ,transcrib]'s notes ,! entries 9 ! ,table ( ,cont5ts d n always con=m to ! *apt] & section head+s 9 ! text4 ,bo? h be5 reta9$ z 9 ! orig9al "w4 ,! errata h already be5 incorporat$ 9 ! text2 ! error m5tion$ z occurr+ on page #bd actually occurs on page #bb4 ,! orig9al language1 includ+ inconsi/5cies 9 spell+1 hyph5ation1 punctuation1 =matt+1 etc4 has be5 reta9$1 except z m5tion$ bel[4 ,uncle> p>ts ( ! text h be5 *eck$ aga9/ ! on-l9e copy ( ?is book ( ! ,eidg5ssis*e ,te*nis*e ,ho*s*ule ,zri*4 ,fractions l & #a-aj? h bo? be5 reta9$4 ,page #ij1 ,van ,dieman1 ,troo/wyck3 ,jan ,rudolph ,deiman & ,adriaan ,paets van ,troo/wijk4 ,*anges made to ! text3 ,obvi\s punctuation & typographical errors h be5 correct$ sil5tly4 ,"s footnotes1 tables & illu/rations h be5 mov$2 "s tables h be5 re-arrang$4 ,o!r *anges3 ,page #bc3 any surfaces *ang$ to any surface ,page #bf3 op5+ or %ut+ *ang$ to op5+ or %utt+ ,page #dg3 ,a ,new *ang$ to ,a new ,page #dh3 trafic *ang$ to traffic2 footnote #aj3 corporat$ *ang$ to incorporat$ 7cf4 errata7 ,page #ec3 ,?is combu/ion *ang$ to ,! combu/ion 7cf4 errata7 ,page #fd3 ,cleg *ang$ to ,clegg 7cf4 errata72 footnote an*or #ad mov$ f next page 7cf4 errata1 footnote an*or 9972 communicates *ang$ to communicat$ 7cf4 errata7 ,page #fg3 #abej #b #bejj *ang$ to #abej #b #bejj ,page #fi3 ,mr4 ,,lee *ang$ to 8,mr4 ,,lee = consi/5cy ,page #gb3 clos+ quote m>k add$ to lett] ,page #if3 pure coal- *ang$ to pure coal-gas ,page #ajb3 sub acetate *ang$ to sub-acetate ,page #aah3 ball #f *ang$ to ball b ,page #aai3 e1 are *ang$ to e e1 are ,page #abe3 #ahj degree *ang$ to #ahj degrees 7cf4 errata72 footnote #bh3 may he compleatly *ang$ to may be compleatly ,page #aca3 & make *ang$ to & makes ,page #acb3 coal *ang$ to coal-t> 7cf4 errata7 ,page #aeh3 ,nort\ ,falgate *ang$ to ,norton ,falgate2 a ab\t *ang$ to ab\t ,page #afe1 table3 #aj1eji *ang$ to #aj1ejj4