,transcrib]'s ,notes ,typographical features su* z italic & bold fonts are indicat$ z italic & bold4 ,! 'oe' ligature is giv5 z sep>ate *>act]s4 ,text %[n 9 mix$ 'small capital' lett]s has be5 %ift$ to all upp]case4 ,sup]script$ lett]s are prefix$ ) a c>at 77 "*4 ,:5 multiple lett]s appe> z sup]scripts1 !y are enclos$ 9 brackets 774 ,illu/rations appe> z ,illu/ration3 caption 9 _! approximate positions 9 ! text4 ,!re are sev]al decorative illu/rations :i* appe> m]ely z ,illu/ration4 ,two illu/rations1 on pp4 #aii & #bjd1 7 labell$ ,no4 #abg4 ,to resolve ?is1 ! second ( !m1 & ref]5ces to x1 7 *ang$ to ,no4 #abg;a4 ,footnotes h be5 mov$ to ! end ( ! p>agraphs :]e !y are ref]5c$4 ,please consult ! ,transcrib]'s ,note at ! end ( ?is text = details reg>d+ ! resolution ( any o!r textual issues4 ,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,c>icature ,,& ,,grotesque4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ari/otle ,,& ,,py?a,s4 ,f an ,engrav+ by ,burgmair 7#ae? c5t47 ,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,c>icature ,,& ,,grotesque ,9 ,lit]ature & ,art4 ,,by ,,?omas ,,wright1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,s4,a4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,illu/rations ,,drawn ,,& ,,engrav$ ,,by ,f4 ,w4 ,,fairholt1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,london3 ,,*atto ,,& ,,w9dus1 ,,piccadilly4 #ahge4 ,,london3 ,,savill1 ,,edw>ds1 ,,& ,,co41 ,,pr9t]s1 ,,*&os ,,/reet1 ,,cov5t ,,g>d54 ,illu/ration ,,preface4 ,i h felt "s difficulty 9 select+ a title = ! cont5ts ( ! foll[+ pages1 9 :i* x 01 9 fact1 my design to give1 z f> z may be done )9 su* mod]ate limits1 & 9 z popul> a mann] z su* in=mation c easily be imp>t$1 a g5]al view ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,comic ,lit]ature & ,art4 ,yet ! ^w comic seems to me h>dly to express all ! p>ts ( ! subject :i* ,i h s\ght to br+ toge!r 9 my book4 ,moreov]1 ! field ( ?is hi/ory is v l>ge1 &1 ?\gh ,i h only tak5 z my !me "o "p ( x1 x 0 necess>y to circumscribe ev5 t1 9 "s degree2 & my plan1 !re=e1 is to foll[ x *iefly ?r\gh ^? bran*es :i* h contribut$ mo/ t[>ds ! =mation ( mod]n comic & satiric lit]ature & art 9 our own isl&4 ,?us1 z ! comic lit]ature ( ! middle ages to a v great ext5t1 & comic art 9 a consid]able degree also1 7 f\nd$ ^u1 or r arose out (1 ^? ( ! ,romans :i* _h prec$$ !m1 x seem$ desirable to give a compreh5sive hi/ory ( ?is bran* ( lit]ature & art z x 0 cultivat$ among ! peoples ( antiquity4 ,lit]ature & art 9 ! middle ages pres5t$ a c]ta9 unity ( g5]al "*1 aris+1 probably1 f ! uni=mity ( ! influ5ce ( ! ,roman elem5t ( society1 modifi$ only by its l[] degree ( int5sity at a great] di/ance f ! c5tre1 & by second>y causes att5dant ^u x4 ,to und]/& ! lit]ature ( any "o c\ntry 9 ,we/]n ,europe1 especially dur+ :at we may t]m ! feudal p]iod--& ! rem>k applies to art equally--x is necess>y to make ourselves acqua9t$ ) ! :ole hi/ory ( lit]ature 9 ,we/]n ,europe dur+ t "t4 ,! peculi>ities 9 diff]5t c\ntries naturally became m m>k$ 9 ! progress ( society1 & m /rongly individualis$2 b x 0 n till t[>ds ! close ( ! feudal p]iod t ! lit]ature ( ea* ( ^! diff]5t c\ntries 0 becom+ m entirely its own4 ,at t p]iod ! plan ,i h =m$ re/ricts itself1 accord+ to ! view /at$ above4 ,?us1 ! satirical lit]ature ( ! ,re=mation & pictorial c>icature _h _! cradle 9 ,g]many1 &1 9 ! e>li] half ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 c>ri$ _! influ5ce l>gely into ,france & ,engl&2 b f t "t any influ5ce ( ,g]man lit]ature on ^! two c\ntries ceases4 ,mod]n satirical lit]ature has its models 9 ,france dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury1 & ! direct influ5ce ( ?is lit]ature 9 ,france ^u ,engli% lit]ature cont9u$ dur+ t & ! succe$+ c5tury1 b no fur!r4 ,political c>icature rose to importance 9 ,france 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 & 0 transplant$ to ,holl& 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & until ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury ,engl& ow$ its c>icature1 indirectly or directly1 to ! ,fr5* & ! ,dut*2 b aft] t "t a purely ,engli% s*ool ( c>icature 0 =m$1 :i* 0 entirely indep5d5t ( ,cont95tal c>icaturi/s4 ,!re are two s5ses 9 :i* ! ^w hi/ory may be tak5 9 reg>d to lit]ature & art4 ,x has be5 usually employ$ to signify a *ronological acc\nt ( au?ors or arti/s & _! works1 ?\gh ?is comes m prop]ly "u ! title ( biography & bibliography4 ,b !re is ano!r & a v diff]5t application ( ! ^w1 & ?is is ! mean+ :i* ,i atta* to x 9 ! pres5t volume4 ,dur+ ! middle ages1 & = "s p]iod aft] 79 special bran*es71 lit]ature--,i mean poetry1 satire1 & popul> lit]ature ( all k9ds--belong$ to society1 & n to ! individual au?ors1 :o 7 b workm5 :o ga9$ a liv+ by satisfy+ society's wants2 & its *anges 9 =m or "* dep5d$ all ^u ! v>y+ progress1 & !re=e *ang+ necessities1 ( society itself4 ,?is is ! reason :y1 especially 9 ! e>li] p]iods1 ne>ly ! :ole mass ( ! popul>--,i may1 p]haps1 be all[$ to call x ! social lit]ature ( ! middle ages1 is anonym\s2 & x 0 only at r>e int]vals t "s individual rose & made himself a great "n by ! sup]iority ( 8 tal5ts4 ,a c]ta9 numb] ( writ]s ( fabliaux put _! names to _! compositions1 probably because !y 7 names ( writ]s :o _h ga9$ ! reputation ( tell+ bett] or raci] /ories ?an _m ( _! fell[s4 ,9 "s bran*es ( lit]ature--z 9 ! satirical lit]ature ( ! sixte5? c5tury--society /ill ex]cis$ ?is k9d ( influ5ce ov] x2 & al?\gh its great monum5ts owe ev]y?+ to ! peculi> g5ius ( _! au?ors1 !y 7 produc$ "u ! pressure ( social circum/ances4 ,to trace all ^! v>iations 9 lit]ature connect$ ) society1 to describe ! influ5ces ( society ^u lit]ature & ( lit]ature ^u society1 dur+ ! progress ( ! latt]1 appe>s to me to be ! true mean+ ( ! ^w hi/ory1 & x is 9 ?is s5se t ,i take x4 ,?is w expla9 :y my hi/ory ( ! diff]5t bran*es ( popul> lit]ature & art ends at v diff]5t p]iods4 ,! grotesque & satirical sculpture1 :i* adorn$ ! ecclesia/ical build+s1 ceas$ ) ! middle ages4 ,! /ory-books1 z a "p ( ?is social lit]ature1 came d[n to ! sixte5? c5tury1 & ! hi/ory ( ! je/-books :i* arose out ( !m _c be consid]$ to ext5d fur!r ?an ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5?2 =1 to give a li/ ( je/-books s9ce t "t w\ld be to compile a catalogue ( books made by booksell]s = sale1 copi$ f "o ano!r1 &1 till rec5tly1 ea* m contemptible ?an its pr$ecessor4 ,! s*ool ( satirical lit]ature 9 ,france1 at all ev5ts z f> z x _h any influ5ce 9 ,engl&1 la/$ no long] ?an ! e>li] "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,engl& c h>dly be said to h _h a s*ool ( satirical lit]ature1 ) ! exception ( its com$y1 :i* belongs prop]ly to ! sev5te5? c5tury2 & its c>icature belongs especially to ! la/ c5tury & to ! e>li] "p ( ! pres5t1 beyond :i* x is n a "p ( my plan to c>ry x4 ,^! few rem>ks w p]haps s]ve to expla9 :at "s may consid] to be defects 9 my book2 & ) !m ,i v5ture to tru/ x to ! indulg5ce ( its read]s4 ,x is a subject :i* w h "s novelty = ! ,engli% read]1 = ,i am n aw>e t we h any previ\s book devot$ to x4 ,at all ev5ts1 x is n a m]e compilation f o!r p's lab\rs4 ,,?omas ,,wright4 ,illu/ration ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,page ,,orig9 ,,( ,,c>icature ,,& ,,grotesque--,,_s ,,( ,,c>icature ,,9 ,,egypt--,,mon/]s3 ,,py?on ,,& ,,gorgon--,,greece--,,! ,,dionysiac ,,c]emonies1 ,,& ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,drama--,,! ,,old ,,com$y--,,love ,,( ,,p>ody--,,p>odies ,,on ,,subjects ,,tak5 ,,f ,,grecian ,,my?ology3 ,,! ,,visit ,,to ,,! ,,lov]2 ,,apollo ,,at ,,delphi--,,! ,,p>tiality ,,= ,,p>ody ,,cont9u$ ,,among ,,! ,,romans3 ,,! ,,flight ,,( ,,neas #a ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,/age ,,9 ,,rome--,,uses ,,( ,,! ,,mask ,,among ,,! ,,romans--,,sc5es ,,f ,,roman ,,com$y--,,! ,,sannio ,,& ,,mimus--,,! ,,roman ,,drama--,,! ,,roman ,,satiri/s--,,c>icature--,,animals ,,introduc$ ,,9 ,,! ,,*>act]s ,,( ,,m5--,,! ,,pigmies1 ,,& ,,_! ,,introduction ,,into ,,c>icature2 ,,! ,,f>m-,,y>d2 ,,! ,,pa9t]',s ,,/udio2 ,,! ,,procession--,,political ,,c>icature ,,9 ,,pompeii2 ,,! ,,graffiti #bc ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,p]iod ,,( ,,transition ,,f ,,antiquity ,,to ,,! ,,middle ,,ages--,,! ,,roman ,,mimi ,,cont9u$ ,,to ,,exi/--,,! ,,teutonic ,,aft]-,,d9n] ,,ent]ta9m5ts--,,cl]ical ,,satires3 ,,ar*bi%op ,,h]ig] ,,& ,,! ,,dream]2 ,,! ,,supp] ,,( ,,! ,,sa9ts--,,transition ,,f ,,anci5t ,,to ,,m$i,,val ,,art--,,ta/e ,,= ,,mon/r\s ,,animals1 ,,dragons1 ,,etc42 ,,*ur* ,,( ,,san ,,f$ele1 ,,at ,,como--,,_s ,,( ,,c>icature ,,& ,,love ,,( ,,grotesque ,,among ,,! ,,anglo-,,saxons--,,grotesque ,,figures ,,( ,,demons--,,natural ,,t5d5cy ,,( ,,! ,,e>ly ,,m$i,,val ,,arti/s ,,to ,,draw ,,9 ,,c>icature--,,examples ,,f ,,e>ly ,,manuscripts ,,& ,,sculptures #dj ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,diabolical ,,9 ,,c>icature--,,m$i,,val ,,love ,,( ,,! ,,ludicr\s--,,causes ,,:i* ,,made ,,x ,,influ5ce ,,! ,,notions ,,( ,,demons--,,/ories ,,( ,,! ,,pi\s ,,pa9t] ,,& ,,! ,,err+ ,,monk--,,d>kness ,,& ,,ugl9ess ,,c>icatur$--,,! ,,demons ,,9 ,,! ,,miracle ,,plays--,,! ,,demon ,,( ,,notre ,,dame #fa ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,employm5t ,,( ,,animals ,,9 ,,m$i,,val ,,satire--,,popul>ity ,,( ,,fables2 ,,odo ,,de ,,cir+ton--,,reyn>d ,,! ,,fox--,,burnellus ,,& ,,fauvel--,,! ,,*>iv>i--,,le ,,monde ,,be/orn--,,encau/ic ,,tiles--,,%oe+ ,,! ,,goose1 ,,& ,,fe$+ ,,pigs ,,) ,,roses--,,satirical ,,signs2 ,,! ,,mu/>d ,,mak] #ge ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,monkey ,,9 ,,burlesque ,,& ,,c>icature--,,t\rnam5ts ,,& ,,s+le ,,combats--,,mon/r\s ,,comb9ations ,,( ,,animal ,,=ms--,,c>icatures ,,on ,,co/ume--,,! ,,hat--,,! ,,helmet--,,ladies' ,,head-,,dresses--,,! ,,g[n1 ,,& ,,its ,,long ,,sleeves #ie ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,! ,,"* ,,( ,,! ,,mimus ,,aft] ,,! ,,fall ,,( ,,! ,,empire--,,! ,,m9/rel ,,& ,,jogel\r--,,hi/ory ,,( ,,popul> ,,/ories--,,! ,,fabliaux--,,acc\nt ,,( ,,!m--,,! ,,contes ,,devots #ajf ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,c>icatures ,,( ,,dome/ic ,,life--,,/ate ,,( ,,dome/ic ,,life ,,9 ,,! ,,middle ,,ages--,,examples ,,( ,,dome/ic ,,c>icature ,,f ,,! ,,c>v+s ,,( ,,! ,,mis]]es--,,kit*5 ,,sc5es--,,dome/ic ,,brawls--,,! ,,fight ,,= ,,! ,,bree*es--,,! ,,judicial ,,duel ,,betwe5 ,,man ,,& ,,wife ,,among ,,! ,,g]mans--,,allusions ,,to ,,wit*craft--,,satires ,,on ,,! ,,trades3 ,,! ,,bak]1 ,,! ,,mill]1 ,,! ,,w9e-,,p$l> ,,& ,,tav]n ,,keep]1 ,,! ,,ale-,,wife1 ,,etc4 #aah ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,grotesque ,,faces ,,& ,,figures--,,preval5ce ,,( ,,! ,,ta/e ,,= ,,ugly ,,& ,,grotesque ,,faces--,,"s ,,( ,,! ,,popul> ,,=ms ,,d]iv$ ,,f ,,antiquity3 ,,! ,,tongue ,,loll+ ,,out1 ,,& ,,! ,,di/ort$ ,,m\?--,,horrible ,,subjects3 ,,! ,,man ,,& ,,! ,,s]p5ts--,,allegorical ,,figures3 ,,gluttony ,,& ,,luxury--,,o!r ,,repres5tations ,,( ,,cl]ical ,,gluttony ,,& ,,drunk5ness--,,grotesque ,,figures ,,( ,,individuals1 ,,& ,,grotesque ,,gr\ps--,,ornam5ts ,,( ,,! ,,bord]s ,,( ,,books--,,un9t5tional ,,c>icature2 ,,! ,,mote ,,& ,,! ,,beam #add ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,satirical ,,lit]ature ,,9 ,,! ,,middle ,,ages--,,john ,,de ,,hauteville ,,& ,,alan ,,de ,,lille--,,golias ,,& ,,! ,,goli>ds--,,! ,,goli>dic ,,poetry--,,ta/e ,,= ,,p>ody--,,p>odies ,,on ,,religi\s ,,subjects--,,political ,,c>icature ,,9 ,,! ,,middle ,,ages--,,! ,,jews ,,( ,,norwi*--,,c>icature ,,repres5tations ,,( ,,c\ntries--,,local ,,satire--,,political ,,songs ,,& ,,poems #aei ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,m9/relsy ,a ,,subject ,,( ,,burlesque ,,& ,,c>icature--,,"* ,,( ,,! ,,m9/rels--,,_! ,,jokes ,,^u ,,!mselves ,,& ,,^u ,,"o ,,ano!r--,,v>i\s ,,musical ,,in/rum5ts ,,repres5t$ ,,9 ,,! ,,sculptures ,,( ,,! ,,m$i,,val ,,arti/s--,,sir ,,mat!w ,,g\rnay ,,& ,,! ,,k+ ,,( ,,portugal--,,discr$it ,,( ,,! ,,tabor ,,& ,,bagpipes--,,m]maids #ahh ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,! ,,c\rt ,,fool--,,! ,,normans ,,& ,,_! ,,gabs--,,e>ly ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,c\rt ,,fools--,,_! ,,co/ume--,,c>v+s ,,9 ,,! ,,corni% ,,*ur*es--,,! ,,burlesque ,,societies ,,( ,,! ,,middle ,,ages--,,! ,,fea/s ,,( ,,asses1 ,,& ,,( ,,fools--,,_! ,,lic5ce--,,! ,,lead5 ,,money ,,( ,,! ,,fools--,,! ,,bi%op',s ,,bless+ #bjj ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,dance ,,( ,,dea?--,,! ,,pa9t+s ,,9 ,,! ,,*ur* ,,( ,,la ,,*aise ,,dieu--,,! ,,reign ,,( ,,folly--,,seba/ian ,,br&t2 ,,! ,,%ip ,,( ,,fools--,,di/urb]s ,,( ,,*ur* ,,s]vice--,,tr\blesome ,,begg>s--,,geil]',s ,,s]mons--,,badius1 ,,& ,,8 ,,%ip ,,( ,,fooli% ,,wom5--,,! ,,pleasures ,,( ,,smell--,,erasmus2 ,,! ,,praise ,,( ,,folly #bad ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,popul> ,,lit]ature ,,& ,,its ,,h]oes2 ,,bro!r ,,ru%1 ,,tyll ,,eul5spiegel1 ,,! ,,wise ,,m5 ,,( ,,go?am--,,/ories ,,& ,,je/-,,books--,,skelton1 ,,scog91 ,,t>lton1 ,,peele #bbh ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,! ,,re=mation--,,?omas ,,murn]2 ,,8 ,,g5]al ,,satires--,,fruitfulness ,,( ,,folly--,,hans ,,sa*s--,,! ,,trap ,,= ,,fools--,,attacks ,,on ,,lu!r--,,! ,,pope ,,z ,,anti*ri/--,,! ,,pope-,,ass ,,& ,,! ,,monk-,,calf--,,o!r ,,c>icatures ,,aga9/ ,,! ,,pope--,,! ,,good ,,& ,,bad ,,%eph]ds #bdd ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,m$i,,val ,,f>ce ,,& ,,mod]n ,,com$y--,,hrotsvi?a--,,m$i,,val ,,notions ,,( ,,t]5ce--,,! ,,e>ly ,,religi\s ,,plays--,,my/]ies ,,& ,,miracle ,,plays--,,! ,,f>ces--,,! ,,drama ,,9 ,,! ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury #bfd ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,diabl]ie ,,9 ,,! ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury--,,e>ly ,,types ,,( ,,! ,,diabolical ,,=ms--,,/4 ,,an?ony--,,/4 ,,gu?lac--,,revival ,,( ,,! ,,ta/e ,,= ,,su* ,,subjects ,,9 ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,! ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury--,,! ,,flemi% ,,s*ool ,,( ,,breughel--,,! ,,fr5* ,,& ,,italian ,,s*ools--,,callot1 ,,salvator ,,rosa #bhh ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,callot ,,& ,,8 ,,s*ool--,,callot',s ,,romantic ,,hi/ory--,,8 ,,caprici1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,burlesque ,,works--,,! ,,balli ,,& ,,! ,,begg>s--,,imitators ,,( ,,callot2 ,,della ,,bella--,,examples ,,( ,,della ,,bella--,,roma9 ,,de ,,hooghe #cjj ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,! ,,satirical ,,lit]ature ,,( ,,! ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury--,,pasquil--,,mac>onic ,,poetry--,,! ,,epi/ol ,,obscurorum ,,virorum--,,rabelais--,,c\rt ,,( ,,! ,,que5 ,,( ,,nav>re1 ,,& ,,its ,,lit]>y ,,circle2 ,,bonav5ture ,,des ,,p]i]s--,,h5ri ,,eti5ne--,,! ,,ligue1 ,,& ,,its ,,satire3 ,,! ,,satyre ,,m5ippee #cab ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,political ,,c>icature ,,9 ,,its ,,infancy--,,! ,,rev]s ,,du ,,jeu ,,des ,,suysses--,,c>icature ,,9 ,,france--,,! ,,?ree ,,ord]s--,,p]iod ,,( ,,! ,,ligue2 ,,c>icatures ,,aga9/ ,,h5ri ,,iii4--,,c>icatures ,,aga9/ ,,! ,,ligue--,,c>icature ,,9 ,,france ,,9 ,,! ,,sev5te5? ,,c5tury--,,g5]al ,,galas--,,! ,,qu>rel ,,( ,,ambassadors--,,c>icature ,,aga9/ ,,l\is ,,xxv42 ,,william ,,( ,,fur/emb]g #cdg ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,e>ly ,,political ,,c>icature ,,9 ,,engl&--,,! ,,satirical ,,writ+s ,,& ,,pictures ,,( ,,! ,,commonweal? ,,p]iod--,,satires ,,aga9/ ,,! ,,bi%ops2 ,,bi%op ,,williams--,,c>icatures ,,on ,,! ,,cavali]s2 ,,sir ,,john ,,suckl+--,,! ,,ro>+ ,,boys2 ,,viol5ce ,,( ,,! ,,royali/ ,,soldi]s--,,conte/ ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,presbyt]ians ,,& ,,indep5d5ts--,,gr9d+ ,,! ,,k+',s ,,nose--,,play+-,,c>ds ,,us$ ,,z ,,! ,,m$ium ,,= ,,c>icature2 ,,haselrigge ,,& ,,lamb]t--,,%rovetide #cfj ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,engli% ,,com$y--,,b5 ,,jonson--,,! ,,o!r ,,writ]s ,,( ,,8 ,,s*ool--,,int]ruption ,,( ,,dramatic ,,p]=mances--,,com$y ,,aft] ,,! ,,re/oration--,,! ,,h[>ds ,,bro!rs2 ,,! ,,duke ,,( ,,buck+ham2 ,,! ,,rehe>sal--,,writ]s ,,( ,,com$y ,,9 ,,! ,,latt] ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,sev5te5? ,,c5tury--,,indec5cy ,,( ,,! ,,/age--,,colley ,,cibb]--,,foote #cge ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,c>icature ,,9 ,,holl&--,,roma9 ,,de ,,hooghe--,,! ,,engli% ,,revolution--,,c>icatures ,,on ,,l\is ,,xiv4 ,,& ,,james ,,ii4--,,dr4 ,,sa*ev]ell--,,c>icature ,,br\ght ,,f ,,holl& ,,to ,,engl&--,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,^w ,,c>icature--,,mississippi ,,& ,,! ,,s\? ,,sea2 ,,! ,,ye> ,,( ,,bubbles #djf ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,engli% ,,c>icature ,,9 ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,george ,,ii4--,,engli% ,,pr9tsell]s--,,arti/s ,,employ$ ,,by ,,!m--,,sir ,,rob]t ,,walpole',s ,,long ,,m9i/ry--,,! ,,w> ,,) ,,france--,,! ,,newca/le ,,adm9i/ration--,,op]a ,,intrigues--,,accession ,,( ,,george ,,iii41 ,,& ,,"l ,,bute ,,9 ,,p[] #dbj ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,hog>?--,,8 ,,e>ly ,,hi/ory--,,8 ,,sets ,,( ,,pictures--,,! ,,h>lot',s ,,progress--,,! ,,rake',s ,,progress--,,! ,,m>riage ,a ,,la ,,mode--,,8 ,,o!r ,,pr9ts--,,! ,,analysis ,,( ,,beauty1 ,,& ,,! ,,p]secution ,,aris+ ,,out ,,( ,,x--,,8 ,,patronage ,,by ,,"l ,,bute--,,c>icature ,,( ,,! ,,times--,,attacks ,,to ,,:i* ,,he ,,0 ,,expos$ ,,by ,,x1 ,,& ,,:i* ,,ha/5$ ,,8 ,,dea? #dcd ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,,! ,,less] ,,c>icaturi/s ,,( ,,! ,,reign ,,( ,,george ,,iii4--,,paul ,,s&by--,,collet3 ,,! ,,disa/]1 ,,& ,,fa!r ,,paul ,,9 ,,8 ,,cups--,,james ,,say]3 ,,8 ,,c>icatures ,,9 ,,support ,,( ,,pitt1 ,,& ,,8 ,,rew>d--,,c>lo ,,khan',s ,,triumph--,,bunbury',s3 ,,8 ,,c>icatures ,,on ,,horseman%ip--,,woodw>d3 ,,g5]al ,,compla9t--,,r[l&son',s ,,influ5ce ,,on ,,! ,,/yle ,,( ,,^? ,,^: ,,designs ,,he ,,et*$--,,john ,,kay ,,( ,,ed9burgh3 ,,look+ ,a ,,rock ,,9 ,,! ,,face #dej ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,,gillray--,,8 ,,fir/ ,,attempts--,,8 ,,c>icatures ,,beg9 ,,) ,,! ,,%elburne ,,m9i/ry--,,impea*m5t ,,( ,,w>r5 ,,ha/+s--,,c>icatures ,,on ,,! ,,k+2 ,,new ,,way ,,to ,,pay ,,! ,,national ,,debt--,,alleg$ ,,reason ,,= ,,gillray',s ,,ho/ility ,,to ,,! ,,k+--,,! ,,k+ ,,& ,,! ,,apple-,,dumpl+s--,,gillray',s ,,lat] ,,lab\rs--,,8 ,,idiotcy ,,& ,,dea? #dfd ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,,gillray',s ,,c>icatures ,,on ,,social ,,life--,,?omas ,,r[l&son--,,8 ,,e>ly ,,life--,,he ,,becomes ,a ,,c>icaturi/--,,8 ,,/yle ,,& ,,works--,,8 ,,draw+s--,,! ,,cruik%anks #dhj ,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,c>icature ,,& ,,grotesque4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,c>icature ,,& ,,grotesque4--,,_s ,,( ,,c>icature ,,9 ,,egypt4--,,mon/]s3 ,,py?on ,,& ,,gorgon4--,,greece4--,,! ,,dionysiac ,,c]emonies1 ,,& ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,drama4--,,! ,,old ,,com$y4--,,love ,,( ,,p>ody4--,,p>odies ,,on ,,subjects ,,tak5 ,,f ,,grecian ,,my?ology3 ,,! ,,visit ,,to ,,! ,,lov]3 ,,apollo ,,at ,,delphi4--,,! ,,p>tiality ,,= ,,p>ody ,,cont9u$ ,,among ,,! ,,romans3 ,,! ,,flight ,,( ,,neas4 ,x is n my int5tion 9 ! foll[+ pages to discuss ! "q :at con/itutes ! comic or ! laughable1 or1 9 o!r words1 to ent] into ! philosophy ( ! subject2 ,i design only to trace ! hi/ory ( its outw>d developm5t1 ! v>i\s =ms x has assum$1 & its social influ5ce4 ,laught] appe>s to be almo/ a necessity ( human nature1 9 all conditions ( man's exi/5ce1 h[ev] rude or h[ev] cultivat$2 & "s ( ! greate/ m5 ( all ages1 m5 ( ! mo/ ref9$ intellects1 su* z ,cic]o 9 ! ages ( antiquity1 & ,erasmus among ! mod]ns1 h be5 celebrat$ = _! indulg5ce 9 x4 ,! =m] 0 sometimes call$ by 8 oppon5ts scurra consul>is1 ! consul> je/]2 & ! latt]1 :o has be5 spok5 ( z ! mock+-bird1 is said to h laugh$ s immod]ately ov] ! well-kn[n ,epi/ol ,obscurorum ,virorum1 t he br\ght ^u himself a s]i\s fit ( illness4 ,! greate/ ( comic writ]s1 ,ari/ophanes1 has always be5 look$ ^u z a model ( lit]>y p]fection4 ,an epigram 9 ! ,greek ,an?ology1 writt5 by ! div9e ,plato1 tells u h[1 :5 ! ,graces s\ght a temple :i* w\ld n fall1 !y f\nd ! s\l ( ,ari/ophanes3-- 1 4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! m5 :o nev] laugh$1 ! 1 7 look$ ^u z ! lea/ respectable ( mortals4 ,a t5d5cy to burlesque & c>icature appe>s1 inde$1 to be a feel+ deeply implant$ 9 human nature1 & x is "o ( ! e>lie/ tal5ts display$ by p 9 a rude /ate ( society4 ,an appreciation (1 & s5sitiv5ess to1 ridicule1 & a love ( t :i* is humor\s1 are f\nd ev5 among savages1 & ent] l>gely into _! relations ) _! fell[ m54 ,:51 be=e p cultivat$ ei!r lit]ature or art1 ! *iefta9 sat 9 8 rude hall surr\nd$ by 8 w>riors1 !y amus$ !mselves by turn+ _! enemies & oppon5ts into mock]y1 by laugh+ at _! weaknesses1 jok+ on _! defects1 :e!r physical or m5tal1 & giv+ !m nicknames 9 accordance !re)1--9 fact1 c>icatur+ !m 9 words1 or by tell+ /ories :i* 7 calculat$ to excite laught]4 ,:5 ! agricultural slaves 7= ! till]s ( ! l& 7 !n slaves7 7 indulg$ ) a day ( relief f _! lab\rs1 !y sp5t x 9 unre/ra9$ mir?4 ,& :5 ^! same p began to erect p]man5t build+s1 & to ornam5t !m1 ! fav\rite subjects ( _! ornam5tation 7 su* z pres5t$ ludicr\s ideas4 ,! w>rior1 too1 :o c>icatur$ 8 enemy 9 8 spee*es ov] ! fe/ive bo>d1 soon s\ght to give a m p]man5t =m to 8 ridicule1 :i* he endeav\r$ to d by rude del9eations on ! b>e rock1 or on any o!r conv5i5t surface :i* pres5t$ itself to 8 h&4 ,?us orig9at$ c>icature & ! grotesque 9 art4 ,9 fact1 art itself1 9 its e>lie/ =ms1 is c>icature2 = x is only by t exagg]ation ( features :i* belongs to c>icature1 t unskilful draughtsm5 c\ld make !mselves und]/ood4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #a4 ,an ,egyptian ,lady at a ,fea/4 ,al?\gh we might1 p]haps1 f9d 9 diff]5t c\ntries examples ( ^! pr9ciples 9 diff]5t /ates ( developm5t1 we _c 9 any "o c\ntry trace ! entire c\rse ( ! developm5t itself3 = 9 all ! highly civilis$ races ( mank9d1 we fir/ become acqua9t$ ) _! hi/ory :5 !y _h already rea*$ a consid]able degree ( ref9em5t2 & ev5 at t p]iod ( _! progress1 our k is almo/ conf9$ to _! religi\s1 & to _! m sev]ely hi/orical1 monum5ts4 ,su* is especially ! case ) ,egypt1 ! hi/ory ( :i* c\ntry1 z repres5t$ by its monum5ts ( art1 c>ries u back to ! remote/ ages ( antiquity4 ,egyptian art g5]ally pres5ts itself 9 a sombre & massive "*1 ) little ( gaiety or joviality 9 its designs or =ms4 ,yet1 z ,sir ,g>dn] ,wilk9son has rem>k$ 9 8 valuable "w on ! ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,anci5t ,egyptians1 ! e>ly ,egyptian arti/s _c always conceal _! natural t5d5cy to ! humor\s1 :i* creeps out 9 a v>iety ( little incid5ts4 ,?us1 9 a s]ies ( grave hi/orical pictures on "o ( ! great monum5ts at ,!bes1 we f9d a repres5tation ( a w9e p>ty1 :]e ! company consi/s ( bo? sexes1 & :i* evid5tly %[s t ! ladies 7 n re/rict$ 9 ! use ( ! juice ( ! grape 9 _! ent]ta9m5ts2 &1 z he adds1 ! pa9t]s1 9 illu/rat+ ?is fact1 h sometimes sacrific$ _! gallantry to a love ( c>icature4 ,among ! females1 evid5tly ( rank1 repres5t$ 9 ?is sc5e1 "s call ! s]vants to support !m z !y sit1 o!rs ) difficulty prev5t !mselves f fall+ on ^? beh9d !m1 & ! fad$ fl[]1 :i* is ready to drop f _! heat$ h&s1 is int5d$ to be *>act]i/ic ( _! own s5sations4 ,"o gr\p1 a lady ^: excess has be5 c>ri$ too f>1 & h] s]vant :o comes to h] assi/ance1 is repres5t$ 9 our cut ,no4 #a4 ,sir ,g>dn] obs]ves t _m simil> in/ances ( a tal5t = c>icature are obs]vable 9 ! compositions ( ! ,egyptian arti/s1 :o execut$ ! pa9t+s ( ! tombs at ,!bes1 :i* belong to a v e>ly p]iod ( ! ,egyptian annals4 ,nor is ! application ( ?is tal5t re/rict$ always to secul> subjects1 b we see x at times intrud+ into ! mo/ sacr$ my/]ies ( _! religion4 ,i give z a curi\s example1 tak5 f "o ( ,sir ,g>dn] ,wilk9son's engrav+s1 a sc5e 9 ! repres5tation ( a fun]al procession cross+ ! ,lake ( ! ,dead 7,no4 #b71 t appe>s 9 "o ( ^! e>ly pa9t+s at ,!bes1 9 :i* ! love ( c>icature common to ! ,egyptians is %[n to h be5 indulg$ ev5 9 ?is s]i\s subject2 & ! retrograde movem5t ( ! l>ge boat1 :i* has gr\nd$ & is pu%$ (f ! bank1 /rik+ ! small] "o ) its rudd]1 has ov]turn$ a l>ge table load$ ) cakes & o!r ?+s1 ^u ! r[]s seat$ bel[1 9 spite ( all ! ef=ts ( ! pr[man1 & ! e>ne/ vocif]ations ( ! al>m$ /e]sman4 ,! accid5t :i* ?us ov]?r[s & scatt]s ! provisions int5d$ = ! fun]al fea/1 & ! confusion att5dant ^u x1 =m a ludicr\s sc5e 9 ! mid/ ( a solemn picture1 t w\ld be wor?y ( ! imag9ation ( a ,r[l&son4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #b4 ,cata/rophe 9 a ,fun]al ,procession4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #c4 ,an ,un=tunate ,s\l4 ,ano!r cut 7,no4 #c71 tak5 f "o ( ! same s]ies ( pa9t+s1 belongs to a class ( c>icatures :i* dates f a v remote p]iod4 ,"o ( ! mo/ natural ideas among all p w\ld be to comp>e m5 ) ! animals ^: p>ticul> qualities !y possess$4 ,?us1 "o might be z bold z a lion1 ano!r z fai?ful z a dog1 or z cunn+ z a fox1 or z sw9i% z a hog4 ,! "n ( ! animal w\ld ?us (t5 be giv5 z a nickname to ! man1 & 9 ! sequel he w\ld be repres5t$ pictorially "u ! =m ( ! animal4 ,x 0 p>tly out ( ?is k9d ( c>icature1 no d\bt1 t ! s+ul> class ( apologues :i* h be5 s9ce di/+ui%$ by ! "n ( fables arose4 ,connect$ ) x 0 ! belief 9 ! metempsy*osis1 or transmission ( ! s\l into ! bodies ( animals aft] dea?1 :i* =m$ a "p ( sev]al ( ! primitive religions4 ,! e>lie/ examples ( ?is class ( c>icature ( mank9d are f\nd on ! ,egyptian monum5ts1 z 9 ! in/ance j ref]r$ to1 :i* repres5ts a s\l condemn$ to return to e>? "u ! =m ( a pig1 hav+ be5 weigh$ 9 ! scales be=e ,osiris & be5 f\nd want+4 ,be+ plac$ 9 a boat1 & accompani$ by two monkeys1 x is dismiss$ ! sacr$ prec9ct4 ,! latt] animals1 x may be rem>k$1 z !y are "h repres5t$1 are ! cynocephali1 or dog-head$ monkeys 7! simia inuus71 :i* 7 sacr$ animals among ! ,egyptians1 & ! peculi> *>act]i/ic ( :i*--! dog-%ap$ head--is1 z usual1 exagg]at$ by ! arti/4 ,! repres5tation ( ?is return ( a condemn$ s\l "u ! repulsive =m ( a pig1 is pa9t$ on ! left side wall ( ! long entrance-gall]y to ! tomb ( ,k+ ,rameses ,v41 9 ! valley ( royal catacombs kn[n z ! ,biban-el-,molook1 at ,!bes4 ,wilk9son gives ! date ( ! accession ( ?is mon>* to ! ?rone z #aahe1 ,b4,c4 ,9 ! orig9al picture1 ,osiris is seat$ on 8 ?rone at "s di/ance f ! /]n ( ! boat1 & is dismiss+ x f 8 pres5ce by a wave ( ! h&4 ,?is tomb 0 op5 9 ! "t ( ! ,romans1 & t]m$ by !m ! ,tomb ( ,memnon2 x 0 greatly admir$1 & is cov]$ ) laudatory inscriptions by ,greek & ,roman visitors4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ is plac$ b5ea? ?is picture1 record+ ! "n ( a dadu*us1 or tor*-be>] 9 ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies1 :o visit$ ?is tomb 9 ! reign ( ,con/ant9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #d4 ,! ,cat & ! ,geese4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #e4 ,! ,fox turn$ ,pip]4 ,! practice hav+ be5 once introduc$ ( repres5t+ m5 "u ! "* ( animals1 0 soon develop$ into o!r applications ( ! same idea--su* z t ( figur+ animals employ$ 9 ! v>i\s occupations ( mank9d1 & t ( rev]s+ ! position ( man & ! inf]ior animals1 & repres5t+ ! latt] z treat+ _! human tyrant 9 ! same mann] z !y are usually treat$ by him4 ,! latt] idea became a v fav\rite "o at a lat] p]iod1 b ! o!r is met ) n unfrequ5tly among ! works ( art :i* h be5 sav$ f ! wrecks ( antiquity4 ,among ! treasures ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 !re is a long ,egyptian picture on papyrus1 orig9ally =m+ a roll1 consi/+ ( repres5tations ( ?is description1 f :i* ,i give ?ree curi\s examples4 ,! fir/ 7see cut ,no4 #d7 repres5ts a cat 9 *>ge ( a drove ( geese4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! cat holds 9 h] h& ! same sort ( rod1 ) a hook at ! end1 ) :i* ! monkeys are furni%$ 9 ! prec$+ picture4 ,! second 7,no4 #e7 repres5ts a fox c>ry+ a basket by means ( a pole support$ on 8 %\ld] 7a me?od ( c>ry+ bur!ns frequ5tly repres5t$ on ! monum5ts ( anci5t art71 & play+ on ! well-kn[n d\ble flute1 or pipe4 ,! fox soon became a fav\rite p]sonage 9 ?is class ( c>icatures1 & we "k :at a prom95t "p he aft]w>ds play$ 9 m$ival satire4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 ! mo/ popul> ( all animals 9 ?is class ( droll]ies 0 ! monkey1 :i* appe>s natural en\gh :5 we consid] its s+ul> aptitude to mimic ! actions ( man4 ,! anci5t naturali/s tell u "s curi\s1 ?\gh n v cr$ible1 /ories ( ! mann] 9 :i* ?is *>act]i/ic ( ! monkey tribes 0 tak5 advantage ( to entrap !m1 & ,pl9y 7,hi/4 ,nat4 lib4 viii4 c4 #hj7 quotes an old] writ]1 :o ass]t$ t !y _h ev5 be5 taught to play at draughts4 ,our ?ird subject f ! ,egyptian papyrus ( ! ,briti% ,museum 7,no4 #f7 repres5ts a sc5e 9 :i* ! game ( draughts--or1 m prop]ly speak+1 ! game :i* ! ,romans call$ ! ludus latrunculorum1 & :i* is believ$ to h resembl$ our draughts--is play$ by two animals well kn[n to mod]n h]aldry1 ! lion & ! unicorn4 ,! lion has evid5tly ga9$ ! victory1 & is f+]+ ! money2 & 8 bold air ( swagg]+ sup]iority1 z well z ! look ( surprise & disappo9tm5t ( 8 vanqui%$ oppon5t1 are by no means ill pictur$4 ,?is s]ies ( c>icatures1 ?\gh ,egyptian1 belongs to ! ,roman p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #f4 ,! ,lion & ! ,unicorn4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #g4 ,typhon4 ,! mon/r\s is closely alli$ to ! grotesque1 & bo? come )9 ! prov9ce ( c>icature1 :5 we take ?is t]m 9 its wide/ s5se4 ,! ,greeks1 especially1 7 p>tial to repres5tations ( mon/]s1 & mon/r\s =ms are cont9ually met ) among _! ornam5ts & works ( art4 ,! type ( ! ,egyptian mon/] is repres5t$ 9 ! accompany+ cut 7,no4 #g71 tak5 f ! "w ( ,sir ,g>dn] ,wilk9son be=e quot$1 & is said to be ! figure ( ! god ,typhon4 ,x occurs frequ5tly on ,egyptian monum5ts1 ) "s v>iation 9 its =ms1 b always *>act]is$ by ! broad1 co>se1 & frightful face1 & by ! l>ge tongue loll+ out4 ,x is int]e/+ to u1 because x is ! app>5t orig9 ( a long s]ies ( faces1 or masks1 ( ?is =m & "*1 :i* are cont9ually recurr+ 9 ! grotesque ornam5tation1 n only ( ! ,greeks & ,romans1 b ( ! middle ages4 ,x appe>s to h be5 sometimes giv5 by ! ,romans to ! repres5tations ( p :om !y hat$ or despis$2 & ,pl9y1 9 a curi\s passage ( 8 ,natural ,hi/ory1#a in=ms u t at "o "t1 among ! pictures exhibit$ 9 ! ,=um at ,rome1 !re 0 "o 9 :i* a ,gaul 0 repres5t$1 ?ru/+ out 8 tongue 9 a v unbecom+ mann]4 ,! ,egyptian ,typhons _h _! exact repres5tations 9 anci5t ,greece 9 a figure ( frequ5t occurr5ce1 to :i* antiqu>ies h1 ,i "k n :y1 giv5 ! "n ( ,gorgon4 ,! example 9 our cut ,no4 #h1 is a figure 9 t]ra-cotta1 n[ 9 ! collection ( ! ,royal ,museum at ,b]l94#b #a ,pl94 ,hi/4 ,nat41 lib4 xxxv4 c4 #h4 #b ,panoska ,t]racott5 des ,museums ,b]l91 pl4 lxi4 p4 #aed4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #h4 ,gorgon4 ,9 ,greece1 h[ev]1 ! _s ( c>icature & burlesque repres5tation _h assum$ a m regul> =m ?an 9 o!r c\ntries1 = x 0 inh]5t 9 ! _s ( ,grecian society4 ,among ! population ( ,greece1 ! wor%ip ( ,dionysus1 or ,bac*us1 _h tak5 deep root f a v e>ly p]iod--e>li] ?an we c trace back--& x =m$ ! nucleus ( ! popul> religion & sup]/itions1 ! cradle ( poetry & ! drama4 ,! mo/ popul> celebrations ( ! p ( ,greece1 7 ! ,dionysiac fe/ivals1 & ! phallic rites & processions :i* accompani$ !m1 9 :i* ! *ief actors assum$ ! disguise ( satyrs & fawns1 cov]+ !mselves ) goat-sk9s1 & disfigur+ _! faces by rubb+ !m ov] ) ! lees ( w9e4 ,?us1 9 ! guise ( noisy bac*anals1 !y display$ an unre/ra9$ lic5ti\sness ( ge/ure & language1 utt]+ indec5t je/s & abusive spee*es1 9 :i* !y sp>$ nobody4 ,?is portion ( ! c]emony 0 ! especial attribute ( a "p ( ! p]=m]s1 :o accompani$ ! procession 9 waggons1 & act$ some?+ l dramatic p]=mances1 9 :i* !y utt]$ an abundance ( loose extempore satire on ^? :o pass$ or :o accompani$ ! procession1 a little 9 ! /yle ( ! mod]n c>nivals4 ,x became ?us ! occasion = an unre/ra9$ publication ( co>se pasqu9ades4 ,9 ! "t ( ,pisi/ratus1 ^! p]=mances are assum$ to h be5 r$uc$ to a little m ord] by an individual nam$ ,!spis1 :o is said to h inv5t$ masks z a bett] disguise ?an dirty faces1 & is look$ ^u z ! fa!r ( ! ,grecian drama4 ,!re c be no d\bt1 inde$1 t ! drama arose out ( ^! popul> c]emonies1 & x long bore ! unmi/akable m>ks ( its orig94 ,ev5 ! "n ( trag$y has no?+ tragic 9 its d]ivation1 = x is =m$ f ! ,greek ^w tragos 771 a goat1 9 ! sk9s ( :i* animal ! satyrs clo!d !mselves1 & h5ce ! "n 0 giv5 also to ^? :o p]sonat$ ! satyrs 9 ! processions4 ,a tragodus 77 0 ! s+]1 ^: words accompani$ ! movem5ts ( a *orus ( satyrs1 & ! t]m tragodia 0 appli$ to 8 p]=mance4 ,9 ! same mann]1 a comodus 77 0 "o :o accompani$ simil>ly1 ) *ants ( an abusive or satirical "*1 a comus 771 or b& ( revell]s1 9 ! m riot\s & lic5ti\s portion ( ! p]=mances 9 ! ,bac*ic fe/ivals4 ,! ,greek drama always betray$ its orig9 by ! circum/ance t ! p]=mances took place annually1 only at ! ye>ly fe/ivals 9 hon\r ( ,bac*us1 ( :i* 9 fact !y con/itut$ a "p4 ,moreov]1 z ! ,greek drama became p]fect$1 x /ill reta9$ f its orig9 a triple division1 into trag$y1 com$y1 & ! satiric drama2 &1 be+ /ill p]=m$ at ! ,dionysiac fe/ival 9 ,a!ns1 ea* dramatic au?or 0 expect$ to produce :at 0 call$ a trilogy1 t is1 a trag$y1 a satirical play1 & a com$y4 ,s completely 0 all ?is id5tifi$ 9 ! popul> m9d ) ! wor%ip ( ,bac*us1 t1 long aft]w>ds1 :5 ev5 a trag$y did n please ! audi5ce by its subject1 ! common =m ( disapproval 01 --,:at has ?is to d ) ,bac*us8 &1 --,?is has no?+ to d ) ,bac*us4 ,we h no p]fect rema9s ( ! ,greek satiric drama1 :i* 01 p]haps1 ( a tempor>y "*1 & less frequ5tly pres]v$2 b ! e>ly ,greek com$y is pres]v$ 9 a c]ta9 numb] ( ! plays ( ,ari/ophanes1 9 :i* we c contemplate x 9 all its fre$om ( "*4 ,x repres5t$ ! waggon-je/+1 ( ! age ( ,!spis1 9 its full developm5t4 ,9 its =m x 0 burlesque to a wanton degree ( extravagance1 & its ess5ce 0 p]sonal vilification1 z well z g5]al satire4 ,individuals 7 n only attack$ by ! application to !m ( abusive epi!ts1 b !y 7 repres5t$ p]sonally on ! /age z p]=m+ e k9d ( contemptible action1 & z suff]+ all sorts ( ludicr\s & disgraceful treatm5t4 ,! drama ?us bore m>ks ( its orig9 9 its extraord9>y lic5ti\sness ( language & co/ume1 & 9 ! con/ant use ( ! mask4 ,"o ( its mo/ fav\rite in/rum5ts ( satire 0 p>ody1 :i* 0 employ$ unsp>+ly on ev]y?+ :i* society 9 its solemn mom5ts respect$--aga9/ ev]y?+ t ! satiri/ consid]$ wor?y ( be+ held up to public d]ision or scorn4 ,religion itself1 philosophy1 social mann]s & in/itutions--ev5 poetry--7 all p>odi$ 9 _! turn4 ,! com$ies ( ,ari/ophanes are full ( p>odies on ! poetry ( ! tragic & o!r writ]s ( 8 age4 ,he is especially happy 9 p>ody+ ! poetry ( ! tragic dramati/ ,euripides4 ,! old com$y ( ,greece has ?us be5 correctly describ$ z ! com$y ( c>icature2 & ! _s1 & ev5 ! sc5es1 ( ?is com$y1 be+ transf]r$ to pictorial repres5tations1 became entirely id5tical ) t bran* ( art to :i* we give ! "n ( c>icature 9 mod]n times4 ,"u ! cov] ( bac*analian buffoon]y1 a s]i\s purpose1 x is true1 0 aim$ at2 b ! g5]al satire 0 *iefly impli$ 9 ! viol5t p]sonal attacks on individuals1 & ?is became s (f5sive t :5 su* p]sons obta9$ great] p[] 9 ,a!ns ?an ! populace ! old com$y 0 aboli%$4 ,ari/ophanes 0 ! greate/ & mo/ p]fect poet ( ! ,old ,com$y1 & 8 rema9+ com$ies are z /rongly m>k$ repres5tations ( ! ho/ility ( political & social p>ties 9 8 "t1 z ! c>icatures ( ,gillray are ( p>ty 9 ! reign ( our ,george ,,iii41 &1 we may add1 ev5 m m9ute4 ,!y range ?r\gh ! memorable p]iod ( ! ,peloponnesian w>1 & ! e>li] ones give u ! regul> annual s]ies ( ^! p]=mances1 z f> z ,ari/ophanes contribut$ !m1 dur+ sev]al ye>s4 ,! fir/ ( !m1 ,! ,a*>nians1 0 p]=m$ at ! ,l5an fea/ ( ,bac*us 9 ! six? ye> ( ! ,peloponnesian w>1 ! ye> #dbe ,b4,c41 :5 x ga9$ ! fir/ prize4 ,x is a bold attack on ! facti\s prolongation ( ! w> ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! ,a!nian demagogues4 ,! next1 ,! ,knights1 br\ght out 9 ,b4,c4 #dbd1 is a direct attack ^u ,cleon1 ! *ief ( ^! demagogues1 al?\gh he is n m5tion$ by "n2 & x is record$ t1 f9d+ nobody :o _h c\rage en\gh to make a mask repres5t+ ,cleon1 or to play ! "*1 ,ari/ophanes 0 oblig$ to p]=m x himself1 & t he sme>$ 8 face ) lees ( w9e1 9 ord] to repres5t ! flu%$ & bloat$ c\nt5ance ( ! great demagogue1 ?us return+ to ! orig9al mode ( act+ ( ! pr$ecessors ( ,!spis4 ,?is1 too1 0 ! fir/ ( ! com$ies ( ,ari/ophanes :i* he publi%$ 9 8 own "n4 ,! ,cl\ds1 publi%$ 9 #dbc1 is aim$ at ,socrates & ! philosoph]s4 ,! f\r?1 ,! ,wasps1 publi%$ 9 ,b4,c4 #dbb1 pres5ts a satire on ! litigi\s _s ( ! ,a!nians4 ,! fif?1 entitl$ ,peace 771 appe>$ 9 ! ye> foll[+1 at ! "t ( ! peace ( ,nicias1 & is ano!r satire on ! bellicose _s ( ! ,a!nian democracy4 ,! next 9 ! li/ ( extant plays comes aft] an int]val ( sev]al ye>s1 hav+ be5 publi%$ 9 ,b4,c4 #dad1 ! fir/ ye> ( ! ,sicilian w>1 & relates to an irreligi\s movem5t 9 ,a!ns1 :i* _h caus$ a great s5sation4 ,two ,a!nians are repres5t$ z leav+ ,a!ns1 9 disgu/ at ! vices & follies ( _! fell[ citiz5s1 & seek+ ! k+dom ( ! birds1 :]e !y =m a new /ate1 by :i* ! communication betwe5 ! mortals & ! immortals is cut (f1 & is only op5$ aga9 by an arrangem5t betwe5 all ! p>ties4 ,9 ! ,lysi/rata1 believ$ to h be5 br\ght out 9 #daa1 :5 ! w> 0 /ill at its height1 ! wom5 ( ,a!ns are repres5t$ z engag+ 9 a cunn+ & successful plot1 by :i* !y ga9 possession ( ! gov]nm5t ( ! /ate1 & compel _! husb&s to make peace4 ,! ,!smophoriazus1 appe>s to h be5 publi%$ 9 ,b4,c4 #daj2 x is a satire ^u ,euripides1 ^: writ+s 7 rem>kable = _! bitt] attacks on ! "* ( ! female sex1 :o1 9 ?is com$y1 conspire aga9/ him to secure 8 puni%m5t4 ,! com$y ( ,! ,frogs 0 br\ght out 9 ! ye> #dje ,b4,c41 & is a satire on ! lit]ature ( ! day2 x is aim$ especially at ,euripides1 & 0 p]haps writt5 soon aft] 8 dea?1 its real subject be+ ! decl9e ( ! tragic drama1 :i* ,euripides 0 accus$ ( hav+ promot$4 ,x is p]haps ! mo/ witty ( ! plays ( ,ari/ophanes :i* h be5 pres]v$4 ,! ,ecclesiazus1 publi%$ 9 #cib1 is a burlesque ^u ! !ories ( republican gov]nm5t1 :i* 7 !n />t$ among ! philosoph]s1 "s ( :i* diff]$ little f our mod]n communism4 ,! ladies aga91 by a clev] conspiracy1 ga9 ! ma/]y 9 ! e/ate1 & !y decree a community ( goods & wom51 ) "s laws v peculi> to t /ate ( ?+s4 ,! hum\r ( ! piece1 :i* is extremely broad1 turns ^u ! disputes & emb>rassm5ts result+ f ?is /ate ( ?+s4 ,! la/ ( 8 com$ies extant1 ,plutus1 appe>s to be a "w ( ! conclud+ ye>s ( ! active life ( ,ari/ophanes2 x is ! lea/ /rik+ ( !m all1 & is r a moral ?an a political satire4 ,9 a com$y br\ght out 9 #dbf1 ! ye> be=e ,! ,ar*>nians1 "u ! title ( ,! ,babylonians1 ,ari/ophanes appe>s to h giv5 great (f5ce to ! democratic p>ty1 a circum/ance to :i* he alludes m ?an once 9 ! =m] play4 ,h[ev]1 8 tal5ts & popul>ity seem to h c>ri$ him ov] ! dang]1 & c]ta9ly no?+ c h exce$$ ! bitt]ness ( satire employ$ 9 8 subsequ5t com$ies4 ,^? :o foll[$ him 7 less =tunate4 ,"o ( ! late/ writ]s ( ! ,old ,com$y 0 ,anaxim&rides1 :o ca/ a reflection on ! /ate ( ,a!ns 9 p>ody+ a l9e ( ,euripides4 ,?is poet _h said1-- ' 7,nature has comm&$1 :i* c>es no?+ = ! laws72 :i* ,anaxim&rides *ang$ to-- ' 7,! /ate has comm&$1 :i* c>es no?+ = ! laws74 ,n[h]e is oppression ex]cis$ ) great] h>%ness ?an "u democratic gov]nm5ts2 & ,anaxim&rides 0 prosecut$ = ?is joke z a crime aga9/ ! /ate1 & condemn$ to dea?4 ,z may be suppos$1 lib]ty ( spee* ceas$ to exi/ 9 ,a!ns4 ,we are well acqua9t$ ) ! "* ( ! ,old ,com$y1 9 its greate/ fre$om1 ?r\gh ! writ+s ( ,ari/ophanes4 ,:at 0 call$ ! ,middle ,com$y1 9 :i* political satire 0 prohibit$1 la/$ f ?is "t until ! age ( ,philip ( ,mac$on1 :5 ! old lib]ty ( ,greece 0 f9ally cru%$4 ,! la/ =m ( ,greek com$y foll[$1 :i* is kn[n z ! ,new ,com$y1 & 0 repres5t$ by su* names z ,epi*>mus & ,m5&]4 ,9 ! ,new ,com$y all c>icature & p>ody1 & all p]sonal allusions1 7 entirely proscrib$2 x 0 *ang$ entirely into a com$y ( mann]s & dome/ic life1 a picture ( contempor>y society "u conv5tional names & *>act]s4 ,f ?is ,new ,com$y 0 tak5 ! ,roman com$y1 su* z we n[ h x 9 ! plays ( ,plautus & ,t]5ce1 :o 7 pr(ess$ imitators ( ,m5&] & ! o!r writ]s ( ! new com$y ( ! ,greeks4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #i4 ,a ,greek ,p>ody4 ,pictorial c>icature 01 ( c\rse1 r>ely to be se5 on ! public monum5ts ( ,greece or ,rome1 b mu/ h be5 consign$ to objects ( a m popul> "* & to articles ( common use2 &1 accord+ly1 mod]n antiqu>ian rese>* has br\ght x to light some:at abundantly on ! pott]y ( ,greece & ,etruria1 & on ! wall-pa9t+s ( dome/ic build+s 9 ,h]culaneum & ,pompeii4 ,! =m] conta9s comic sc5es1 especially p>odies1 :i* are evid5tly transf]r$ to !m f ! /age1 & :i* pres]ve ! m>ks & o!r attributes--"s ( :i* ,i h necess>ily omitt$--prov+ ! model f :i* !y 7 tak54 ,! ,greeks1 z we "k f _m s\rces1 7 extremely fond ( p>odies ( e description1 :e!r lit]>y or pictorial4 ,! subject ( our cut ,no4 #i is a good example ( ! p>odies f\nd on ! ,greek pott]y2 x is tak5 f a f9e ,etruscan vase1#c & has be5 suppos$ to be a p>ody on ! visit ( ,jupit] to ,alcm5a4 ,?is appe>s r d\btful1 b !re c be no d\bt t x is a burlesque repres5tation ( ! visit ( a lov] to ! object ( 8 aspirations4 ,! lov]1 9 ! comic mask & co/ume1 m\nts by a ladd] to ! w9d[ at :i* ! lady pres5ts h]self1 :o1 x mu/ be confess$1 pres5ts ! appe>ance ( giv+ h] admir] a v cold reception4 ,he tries to conciliate h] by a pres5t ( :at seem to be apples1 in/ead ( gold1 b )\t mu* effect4 ,he is att5d$ by 8 s]vant ) a tor*1 to give him light on ! way1 :i* %[s t x is a night adv5ture4 ,bo? ma/] & s]vant h wrea?s r\nd _! heads1 & ! latt] c>ries a ?ird 9 8 h&1 :i*1 ) ! cont5ts ( 8 basket1 are also probably int5d$ z pres5ts to ! lady4 #c ,giv5 9 ,pan(ka1 ,antiques du ,cab9et ,p\rtals1 pl4 x4 ,a m unmi/akable burlesque on ! visit ( ,jupit] to ,alcm5a is publi%$ by ,w9ckelmann f a vase1 =m]ly 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,vatican1 & n[ at ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 ,! treatm5t ( ! subject is n unlike ! picture j describ$4 ,alcm5a appe>s j 9 ! same po/ure at h] *amb] w9d[1 & ,jupit] is c>ry+ 8 ladd] to m\nt up to h]1 b has n yet plac$ x aga9/ ! wall4 ,8 companion is id5tifi$ ) ,m]cury by ! well-kn[n caduceus he c>ries 9 8 left h&1 :ile ) 8 "r h& he holds a lamp up to ! w9d[1 9 ord] to enable ,jupit] to see ! object ( 8 am\r4 ,x is a/oni%+ ) h[ mu* boldness ! ,greeks p>odi$ & ridicul$ sacr$ subjects4 ,! ,*ri/ian fa!r1 ,arnobius1 9 writ+ aga9/ 8 hea!n oppon5ts1 reproa*$ !m ) ?is circum/ance4 ,! laws1 he says1 7 made to protect ! *>act]s ( m5 f sl&] & libel1 b !re 0 no su* protection = ! *>act]s ( ! gods1 :i* 7 treat$ ) ! greate/ disrespect4#d ,?is 0 especially ! case 9 _! pictorial repres5tations4 #d ,arnobius 7contra ,g5tes71 lib4 iv4 p4 #aej4 ,c>m5 malum conscrib]e1 quo fama alt]ius co9qu9atur et vita1 decemviralibus scitis evad]e nolui/is impune3 ac ne ve/ras aures convitio aliquis petulantiore puls>et1 de atrocibus =mulas con/itui/is injuriis4 ,soli dii sunt apud vos sup]i inhonorati1 contemtibiles1 viles3 9 quos jus e/ vobis datum qu quisque volu]it dic]e turpitud9em1 jac]e quas libido conf9x]it atque excogitav]it =mas4 ,pl9y in=ms u t ,ctesilo*us1 a pupil ( ! celebrat$ ,apelles1 pa9t$ a burlesque picture ( ,jupit] giv+ bir? to ,bac*us1 9 :i* ! god 0 repres5t$ 9 a v ridicul\s po/ure4#e ,anci5t writ]s intimate t simil> examples 7 n uncommon1 & m5tion ! names ( sev]al comic pa9t]s1 ^: works ( ?is class 7 9 repute4 ,"s ( ^! 7 bitt] p]sonal c>icatures1 l a celebrat$ "w ( a pa9t] nam$ ,ctesicles1 describ$ also by ,pl9y4 ,x appe>s t ,/ratonice1 ! que5 ( ,seleucus ,nicator1 _h receiv$ ?is pa9t] ill :5 he visit$ h] c\rt1 & 9 rev5ge he execut$ a picture 9 :i* %e 0 repres5t$1 accord+ to a curr5t sc&al1 z engag$ 9 an am\r ) a common fi%]man1 :i* he exhibit$ 9 ! h>b\r ( ,ephesus1 & !n made 8 escape on %ip-bo>d4 ,pl9y adds t ! que5 admir$ ! beauty & accuracy ( ! pa9t+ m ?an %e felt ! insult1 & t %e =bade ! removal ( ! picture4#f #e ,pl9y1 ,hi/4 ,nat41 lib4 xxxv4 c4 #dj4 #f ,pl9y1 ,hi/4 ,nat41 lib4 xxxv4 c4 #dj4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aj4 ,apollo at ,delphi4 ,! subject ( our second example ( ! ,greek c>icature is bett] kn[n4 ,x is tak5 f an oxybaphon :i* 0 br\ght f ! ,cont95t to ,engl&1 :]e x pass$ into ! collection ( ,mr4 ,william ,hope4#g ,! oxybaphon 771 or1 z x 0 call$ by ! ,romans1 acetabulum1 0 a l>ge vessel = hold+ v9eg>1 :i* =m$ "o ( ! important ornam5ts ( ! table1 & 0 !re=e v susceptible ( pictorial embelli%m5t ( ?is description4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ,greek c>icatures ( ?is k9d yet kn[n1 & repres5ts a p>ody on "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ /ories ( ! ,grecian my?ology1 t ( ! arrival ( ,apollo at ,delphi4 ,! arti/1 9 8 love ( burlesque1 has sp>$ none ( ! p]sonages :o belong$ to ! /ory4 ,! ,hyp]borean ,apollo himself appe>s 9 ! "* ( a quack doctor1 on 8 tempor>y /age1 cov]$ by a sort ( ro(1 & approa*$ by wood5 /eps4 ,on ! /age lies ,apollo's luggage1 consi/+ ( a bag1 a b[1 & 8 ,scy?ian cap4 ,*iron 77 is repres5t$ z lab\r+ "u ! effects ( age & bl9dness1 & support+ himself by ! aid ( a crook$ /aff1 z he repairs to ! ,delphian quack-doctor = relief4 ,! figure ( ! c5taur is made to asc5d by ! aid ( a companion1 bo? be+ furni%$ ) ! masks & o!r attributes ( ! comic p]=m]s4 ,above are ! m\nta9s1 & on !m ! nymphs ( ,p>nassus 771 :o1 l all ! o!r actors 9 ! sc5e1 are disguis$ ) masks1 & ^? ( a v grotesque "*4 ,on ! "r-h& side /&s a figure :i* is consid]$ z repres5t+ ! epoptes1 ! inspector or ov]se] ( ! p]=mance1 :o alone we>s no mask4 ,ev5 a pun is employ$ to height5 ! droll]y ( ! sc5e1 = in/ead ( 1 ! ,py?ian1 plac$ ov] ! head ( ! burlesque ,apollo1 x seems evid5t t ! arti/ _h writt5 1 ! consol]1 9 allusion1 p]haps1 to ! consolation :i* ! quack-doctor is adm9i/]+ to 8 bl9d & ag$ visitor4 #g ,engrav$ by ,*4 ,l5ormant et ,j4 de ,witt1 ,elite des ,monum5ts ,cramographiques1 pl4 xciv4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aa4 ,! ,flight ( neas f ,troy4 ,! ,greek _s ( p>ody1 appli$ ev5 to ! mo/ sacr$ subjects1 h[ev] x may h decl9$ 9 ,greece1 0 reviv$ at ,rome1 & we f9d examples ( x on ! walls ( ,pompeii & ,h]culaneum4 ,!y %[ ! same read9ess to turn into burlesque ! mo/ sacr$ & popul> leg5ds ( ! ,roman my?ology4 ,! example giv5 7cut ,no4 #aa71 f "o ( ! wall-pa9t+s1 is peculi>ly int]e/+1 bo? f circum/ances 9 ! draw+ itself1 & because x is a p>ody on "o ( ! fav\rite national leg5ds ( ! ,roman p1 :o prid$ !mselves on _! desc5t f neas4 ,virgil has told1 ) great effect1 ! /ory ( 8 h]o's escape f ! de/ruction ( ,troy--or r has put ! /ory into 8 h]o's m\?4 ,:5 ! devot$ city 0 already 9 flames1 neas took 8 fa!r1 ,an*ises1 on 8 %\ld]1 & 8 boy1 ,iulus1 or1 z he 0 o!rwise call$1 ,ascanius1 by ! h&1 & ?us fl$ f 8 home1 foll[$ by 8 wife-- ,ergo age1 c>e pat]1 c]vici impon]e no/r2 ,ipse subibo hum]is1 nec me labor i/e gravabit4 ,quo res cumque cad5t1 unum et commune p]iclum1 ,una salus ambobus erit4 ,mihi p>vus ,iulus ,sit comes1 et longe s]vat ve/igia conjux4 --,virg4 n41 lib4 ii4 l4 #gjg4 ,?us !y hurri$ on1 ! *ild hold+ by 8 fa!r's "r h&1 & dragg+ aft] ) unequal /eps1-- dextr se p>vus ,iulus ,implicuit sequiturque patrem non passibus quis4 --,virg4 n41 lib4 ii4 #a4 #gbc4 ,& ?us neas bore away bo? fa!r & son1 & ! p5ates1 or h\sehold gods1 ( 8 family1 :i* 7 to be transf]r$ to ano!r c\ntry1 & become ! future gu>dians ( ,rome-- ,ascanium1 ,an*isemque patrem1 ,t5crosque p5ates4--,ib41 #a4 #gdg4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ab4 ,! ,flight ( neas4 ,9 ?is case we "k t ! design is int5d$ to be a p>ody1 or burlesque1 ^u a picture :i* appe>s to h be5 celebrat$ at ! "t1 & ( :i* at lea/ two diff]5t copies are f\nd ^u anci5t intaglios4 ,x is ! only case ,i "k 9 :i* bo? ! orig9al & ! p>ody h be5 pres]v$ f ?is remote p]iod1 & ?is is s curi\s a circum/ance1 t ,i give 9 ! cut on ! prec$+ page a copy ( "o ( ! intaglios4#h ,x repres5t$ lit]ally ,virgil's acc\nt ( ! /ory1 & ! only diff]5ce betwe5 ! design on ! intaglios & ! "o giv5 9 our fir/ cut is1 t 9 ! latt] ! p]sonages are repres5t$ "u ! =ms ( monkeys4 neas1 p]sonifi$ by ! /rong & vigor\s animal1 c>ry+ ! old monkey1 ,an*ises1 on 8 left %\ld]1 hurries =w>d1 & at ! same "t looks back on ! burn+ city4 ,) 8 "r h& he drags along ! boy ,iulus1 or ,ascanius1 :o is evid5tly proce$+ non passibus quis1 & ) difficulty keeps up ) 8 fa!r's pace4 ,! boy we>s a ,phrygian bonnet1 & holds 9 8 "r h& ! in/rum5t ( play :i* we %\ld n[ call a b&y--! p$un4 ,an*ises has *>ge ( ! box1 :i* conta9s ! sacr$ p5ates4 ,x is a curi\s circum/ance t ! monkeys 9 ?is picture are ! same dog-head$ animals1 or cynocephali1 :i* are f\nd on ! ,egyptian monum5ts4 #h ,^! intaglios are engrav$ 9 ! ,museum ,flor5t9um ( ,gorius1 vol4 ii4 pl4 #cj4 ,on "o ( !m ! figures are rev]s$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:5 ?is *apt] 0 already giv5 = press1 ,i fir/ became acqua9t$ ) an int]e/+ pap]1 by ,pan(ka1 on ! ,p>odie5 und ,k>ikatur5 auf ,w]k5 d] ,klassis*5 ,kun/1 9 ! ,abh&lung5 d] ,akademie d] ,wiss5s*aft5 zu ,b]l91 = ! ye> #ahed1 & ,i c only n[ ref] my read]s to x4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,/age ,,9 ,,rome4--,,uses ,,( ,,! ,,mask ,,among ,,! ,,romans4--,,sc5es ,,f ,,roman ,,com$y4--,,! ,,sannio ,,& ,,mimus4--,,! ,,roman ,,drama4--,,! ,,roman ,,satiri/s4--,,c>icature4--,,animals ,,introduc$ ,,9 ,,! ,,*>act]s ,,( ,,m54--,,! ,,pigmies1 ,,& ,,_! ,,introduction ,,into ,,c>icature2 ,,! ,,f>m-,,y>d2 ,,! ,,pa9t]',s ,,/udio2 ,,! ,,procession4--,,political ,,c>icature ,,9 ,,pompeii2 ,,! ,,graffiti4 ,! ,romans appe> to h nev] _h any real ta/e = ! regul> drama1 :i* !y m]ely copi$ f ! ,greeks1 & f ! e>lie/ p]iod ( _! hi/ory we f9d !m borr[+ all _! arts ( ?is description f _! neighb\rs4 ,9 ,italy1 z 9 ,greece1 ! fir/ g]ms ( comic lit]ature may be trac$ 9 ! religi\s fe/ivals1 :i* pres5t$ a mixture ( religi\s wor%ip & riot\s fe/ivity1 :]e ! fea/]s danc$ & sung1 &1 z !y became excit$ ) w9e & en?usiasm1 indulg$ 9 mutual reproa*es & abuse4 ,! olde/ poetry ( ! ,romans1 :i* 0 compos$ 9 irregul> measure1 0 repres5t$ by ! v]sus saturn9i1 said to h be5 s call$ f _! antiquity 7= ?+s ( remote antiquity 7 believ$ to belong to ! age ( ,saturn74 ,nvius1 "o ( ! olde/ ( ,lat9 poets1 is said to h writt5 9 ?is v]se4 ,next 9 ord] ( "t came ! ,fesc5n9e v]ses1 :i* appe> to h be5 di/+ui%$ *iefly by _! lic5se1 & receiv$ _! "n because !y 7 br\ght f ,fesc5nia1 9 ,etruria1 :]e !y 7 employ$ orig9ally 9 ! fe/ivals ( ,c]es & ,bac*us4 ,9 ! ye> #cia ( ,rome1 or #cfa ,b4,c41 ! city 0 visit$ by a dreadful plague1 & ! citiz5s hit ^u :at w appe> to u ! r /range exp$i5t ( s5d+ = p]=m]s 7ludiones7 f ,etruria1 hop+1 by employ+ !m1 to appease ! ang] ( ! gods4 ,any p]=m] ( ?is k9d appe>s to h be5 s little kn[n to ! ,romans be=e ?is1 t !re 0 n ev5 a "n = him 9 ! language1 & !y 7 oblig$ to adopt ! ,tuscan ^w1 & call him a hi/rio1 because hi/] 9 t language meant a play] or pantomimi/4 ,?is ^w1 we "k1 rema9$ 9 ! ,lat9 language4 ,^! fir/ ,etrurian p]=m]s appe> inde$ to h be5 m]e pantomimi/s1 :o accompani$ ! flute ) all sorts ( m\ntebank tricks1 ge/ures1 dances1 ge/iculations1 & ! l1 mix$ ) satirical songs1 & sometimes ) ! p]=mance ( co>se f>ces4 ,! ,romans _h also a class ( p]=mances r m dramatic 9 "*1 consi/+ ( /ories :i* 7 nam$ ,fabul ,atellan1 because ^! p]=m]s 7 br\ght f ,atella1 a city ( ! ,osci4 ,a consid]able advance 0 made 9 dramatic ,art 9 ,rome ab\t ! middle ( ! ?ird c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,x is ascrib$ to a fre$man nam$ ,livius ,&ronicus1 a ,greek by bir?1 :o is said to h br\ght out1 9 ! ye> #bdj ,b4,c41 ! fir/ regul> com$y ev] p]=m$ 9 ,rome4 ,?us we trace n only ! ,roman com$y1 b ! v rudim5ts ( dramatic art 9 ,rome1 ei!r direct to ! ,greeks1 or to ! ,grecian colonies 9 ,italy4 ,) ! ,romans1 z well z ) ! ,greeks1 ! !atre 0 a popul> in/itution1 op5 to ! public1 & ! /ate or a weal?y individual paid = ! p]=mance2 & !re=e ! build+ itself 0 necess>ily ( v great ext5t1 &1 9 bo? c\ntries op5 to ! sky1 except t ! ,romans provid$ = ?r[+ an awn+ ov] x4 ,z ! ,roman com$y 0 copi$ f ! new com$y ( ! ,greeks1 & !re=e did n admit ( ! introduction ( c>icature & burlesque on ! /age1 ^! 7 left especially to ! prov9ce ( ! pantomime & f>ce1 :i* ! ,romans1 z j /at$1 _h receiv$ f a /ill e>li] p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ac4 ,a ,sc5e f ,t]5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ad4 ,geta & ,demea4 ,:e!r ! ,romans borr[$ ! mask f ! ,greeks1 or n1 is r unc]ta91 b x 0 us$ z g5]ally 9 ! ,roman !atres1 :e!r 9 com$y or trag$y1 z among ! ,greeks4 ,! ,greek actors p]=m$ ^u /ilts1 9 ord] to magnify _! figures1 z ! area ( ! !atre 0 v l>ge & uncov]$1 & )\t ?is help !y 7 n s well se5 at a di/ance2 & "o object ( utility aim$ at by ! mask is said to h be5 to make ! head appe> proportionate 9 size to ! artificial height ( ! body4 ,x may be rem>k$ t ! mask seems g5]ally to h be5 made to cov] ! :ole head1 repres5t+ ! hair z well z ! face1 s t ! "* ( age or complexion might be giv5 complete4 ,among ! ,romans ! /ilts 7 c]ta9ly n 9 g5]al use1 b /ill ! mask1 besides its comic or tragic "*1 is suppos$ to h s]v$ useful purposes4 ,! fir/ improvem5t ^u its orig9al /ructure is said to h be5 ! mak+ x ( brass1 or "s o!r sonor\s metal1 or at lea/ l9+ ! m\? ) x1 s z to rev]b]ate1 & give =ce to ! voice1 & also to ! m\? ( ! mask some?+ ( ! "* ( a speak+-trumpet4#i ,all ^! accessories c\ld n fail to detract mu* f ! effect ( ! act+1 :i* mu/ 9 g5]al h be5 v measur$ & =mal1 & h receiv$ mo/ ( its importance f ! excell5ce ( ! poetry1 & ! declamatory tal5ts ( ! actors4 ,we h pictures 9 :i* sc5es f ! ,roman /age are accurately repres5t$4 ,sev]al r e>ly manuscripts ( ,t]5ce h be5 pres]v$1 illu/rat$ ) draw+s ( ! sc5es z repres5t$ on ! /age1 & ^!1 ?\gh belong+ to a p]iod long subsequ5t to ! age 9 :i* ! ,roman /age exi/$ 9 its orig9al "*1 are1 no d\bt1 copi$ f draw+s ( an e>li] date4 ,a ,g]man antiqu>y ( ! la/ c5tury1 ,h5ry ,b]g]1 publi%$ 9 a qu>to volume a s]ies ( su* illu/rations f a manuscript ( ,t]5ce 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,vatican at ,rome1 f :i* two examples are select$1 z %[+ ! usual /yle ( ,roman comic act+1 & ! use ( ! mask4 ,! fir/ 7,no4 #ac7 is ! op5+ sc5e 9 ! ,&ria4 ,on ! "r1 two s]vants h br\ght provisions1 & on ! left appe> ,simo1 ! ma/] ( ! h\sehold1 & 8 fre$man1 ,sosia1 :o seems to be entru/$ ) ! *>ge ( 8 dome/ic affairs4 ,simo tells 8 s]vants to g away ) ! provisions1 :ile he beckons ,sosia to conf] ) him 9 private3-- ,si4 ,vos i/c intro auf]te2 abite4 ,sosia1 ,adesdum2 paucis te volo4 ,s4 ,dictum puta ,nempe ut cur5tur recte hc4 ,si4 ,imo aliud4 ,t]5t4 ,&r41 ,actus i41 ,sc5a #a4 ,:5 we comp>e ^! words ) ! picture1 we _c b feel t 9 ! latt] !re is an unnecess>y degree ( en]gy put into ! pose ( ! figures2 :i* is p]haps less ! case 9 ! o!r 7,no4 #ad71 an illu/ration ( ! six? sc5e ( ! fif? act ( ! ,adelphi ( ,t]5ce4 ,x repres5ts ! meet+ ( ,geta1 a r talkative & conceit$ s]vant1 & ,demea1 a c\ntryfi$ & *urli% old man1 8 acqua9tance1 & ( c\rse sup]ior4 ,to ,geta's salutation1 ,demea asks *urli%ly1 z n at fir/ kn[+ him1 ,:o are y8 b :5 he f9ds t x is ,geta1 he *anges sudd5ly to an almo/ fawn+ tone3-- ,g4 444 ,s$ eccum ,demeam4 ,salvus fies4 ,d4 ,oh1 qui voc>e8 ,g4 ,geta4 ,d4 ,geta1 hom9em maximi ,pretii esse te hodie judicavi animo mei4 #i ,x is said to h receiv$ its ,lat9 "n f ?is circum/ance1 p]sona1 a p]son&o4 ,see ,aulus ,gellius1 ,noct4 ,att41 lib4 v4 c4 #g4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ae4 ,comic ,sc5e f ,pompeii4 ,t ^! repres5tations are tru?ful1 ! sc5es 9 ! wall-pa9t+s ( ,pompeii leave u no room to d\bt4 ,"o ( ^! is produc$ 9 our cut ,no4 #ae1 :i* is no d\bt tak5 f a com$y n[ lo/1 & we are ignorant :om ! *>act]s are int5d$ to repres5t4 ,! pose giv5 to ! two comic figures1 comp>$ ) ! example giv5 f ,b]g]1 w\ld lead u to suppose t ?is ov]-en]getic action 0 consid]$ z "p ( ! "* ( comic act+4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #af4 ,cupids at ,play4 ,! subject ( ! ,roman masks is ! m int]e/+1 because !y 7 probably ! orig9 ( _m ( ! grotesque faces s (t5 met ) 9 m$ival sculpture4 ,! comic mask 01 inde$1 a v popul> object among ! ,romans1 & appe>s to h be5 tak5 z symbolical ( ev]y?+ t 0 droll & burlesque4 ,f ! comic sc5es ( ! !atre1 to :i* x 0 fir/ appropriat$1 x pass$ to ! popul> fe/ivals ( a public "*1 su* z ! ,lup]calia1 ) :i*1 no d\bt1 x 0 c>ri$ into ! c>nival ( ! middle ages1 & to our masqu]ades4 ,among ! ,romans1 also1 ! use ( ! mask soon pass$ f ! public fe/ivals to private supp] p>ties4 ,its use 0 s common t x became a play?+ among *ildr51 & 0 sometimes us$ z a bugbe> to fright5 !m4 ,our cut ,no4 #af1 tak5 f a pa9t+ at ,res9a1 repres5ts two cupids play+ ) a mask1 & us+ x = ?is latt] purpose1 t is1 to fright5 "o ano!r2 & x is curi\s t ! m$ival gloss ( ,ugutio expla9s l>va1 a mask1 z be+ an image1 :i* 0 put ov] ! face to fright5 *ildr54#aj ,! mask ?us became a fav\rite ornam5t1 especially on lamps1 & on ! antefixa & g>goyls ( ,roman build+s1 to :i* 7 (t5 giv5 ! =m ( grotesque masks1 mon/r\s faces1 ) great m\?s wide op51 & o!r figures1 l ^? ( ! g>goyls ( ! m$ival ar*itects4 #aj ,simulacrum 444 quod opponitur faciei ad t]r5dos p>vos4 7,ugutio1 ap4 ,ducange1 v4 ,masca47 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ag4 ,! ,roman ,sannio1 or ,buffoon4 ,:ile ! comic mask 0 us$ g5]ally 9 ! burlesque ent]ta9m5ts1 x also became di/9ctive ( p>ticul> *>act]s4 ,"o ( ^! 0 ! sannio1 or buffoon1 ^: "n 0 d]iv$ f ! ,greek ^w 1 a fool1 & :o 0 employ$ 9 p]=m+ burlesque dances1 mak+ grimaces1 & 9 o!r acts calculat$ to excite ! mir? ( ! spectator4 ,a repres5tation ( ! sannio is giv5 9 our cut ,no4 #ag1 copi$ f "o ( ! engrav+s 9 ! ,diss]tatio de ,l>vis ,sc5icis1 by ! ,italian antiqu>y ,ficoroni1 :o took x f an engrav$ gem4 ,! sannio holds 9 8 h& :at is suppos$ to be a brass rod1 & he has probably ano!r 9 ! o!r h&1 s t he c\ld /rike !m toge!r4 ,he we>s ! soccus1 or l[ %oe peculi> to ! comic actors4 ,?is buffoon 0 a fav\rite "* among ! ,romans1 :o introduc$ him con/antly into _! fea/s & supp] p>ties4 ,! m&ucus 0 ano!r "* ( ?is description1 repres5t$ ) a grotesque mask1 pres5t+ a wide m\? & tongue loll+ out1 & said to h be5 peculi> to ! ,atellane plays4 ,a "* 9 ,plautus 7,rud41 ii4 #f1 #ea7 talks ( hir+ himself z a m&ucus 9 ! plays4 ,quid si aliquo ad ludos me pro m&uco locem8 ,! m$ival glosses int]pret m&ucus by joculator1 a jogelor1 & add t ! *>act]i/ic f :i* he took 8 "n 0 ! practice ( mak+ grimaces l a man gobbl+ up 8 food 9 a vulg> & glutton\s mann]4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ah4 ,roman ,tom ,fool4 ,ficoroni gives1 f an engrav$ onyx1 a figure ( ano!r burlesque p]=m]1 copi$ 9 our cut ,no4 #ah1 & :i* he comp>es to ! ,catanian danc] ( 8 "t 78 book 0 publi%$ 9 #aged71 :o 0 call$ a giangurgolo4 ,?is is consid]$ to repres5t ! ,roman mimus1 a class ( p]=m]s :o told ) mimicry & action sc5es tak5 f common life1 & m especially sc&al\s & indec5t anecdotes1 l ! jogelors & p]=m]s ( f>ces 9 ! middle ages4 ,! ,romans 7 v mu* atta*$ to ^! p]=mances1 s mu* s1 t !y ev5 _h !m at _! fun]al processions & at _! fun]al fea/s4 ,9 our figure1 ! mimus is repres5t$ nak$1 mask$ 7) an exagg]at$ nose71 & we>+ :at is p]haps int5d$ z a c>icature ( ! ,phrygian bonnet4 ,9 8 "r h& he holds a bag1 or purse1 full ( objects :i* rattle & make a noise :5 %ak51 :ile ! o!r holds ! crotalum1 or ca/anets1 an in/rum5t 9 common use among ! anci5ts4 ,"o ( ! /atues 9 ! ,b>b]9i ,palace repres5ts a y\? 9 a ,phrygian cap play+ on ! crotalum4 ,we le>n1 f an e>ly au?ority1 t x 0 an in/rum5t especially us$ 9 ! satirical & burlesque dances :i* 7 s popul> among ! ,romans4 ,z ,i h rem>k$ be=e1 ! ,romans _h no ta/e = ! regul> drama1 b !y reta9$ to ! la/ _! love = ! p]=mances ( ! popul> mimi1 or comdi 7z !y 7 (t5 call$71 ! play]s ( f>ces1 & ! danc]s4 ,^! p]=m$ on ! /age1 9 ! public fe/ivals1 9 ! /reets1 & 7 usually introduc$ at private p>ties4#aa ,suetonius tells u t on "o occasion1 ! emp]or ,caligula ord]$ a poet :o compos$ ! ,atellanes 7,attellan poetam7 to be burnt 9 ! middle ( ! amphi!atre1 = a pun4 ,a m regul> com$y1 h[ev]1 did fl\ri%1 to a c]ta9 degree1 at ! same "t ) ^! m popul> compositions4 ,( ! works ( ! e>lie/ ( ! ,roman comic writ]s1 ,livius ,&ronicus & ,nvius1 we "k only "o or two titles1 & a few fragm5ts quot$ 9 ! works ( ! lat] ,roman writ]s4 ,!y 7 foll[$ by ,plautus1 :o di$ ,b4,c4 #ahd1 & n9ete5 ( ^: com$ies are pres]v$ & well kn[n2 by sev]al o!r writ]s1 ^: names are almo/ =gott51 & ^: com$ies are all lo/2 & by ,t]5ce1 six ( ^: com$ies are pres]v$4 ,t]5ce di$ ab\t ! ye> #aei ,b4,c4 ,ab\t ! same "t ) ,t]5ce liv$ ,lucius ,afranius & ,qu9ctius ,atta1 :o appe> to close ! li/ ( ! ,roman writ]s ( com$y4 #aa ,see1 = allusions to ! private employm5t ( ^! p]=mances1 ,pl9y1 ,epi/4 i4 #ae1 & ix4 #cf4 ,b ano!r bran* ( comic lit]ature _h sprung out ( ! satire ( ! religi\s fe/ivities4 ,a ye> aft] ,livius ,&ronicus produc$ ! fir/ drama at ,rome1 9 ! ye> #bci ,b4,c41 ! poet ,ennius 0 born at ,rudi1 9 ,magna ,grcia4 ,! satirical v]se1 :e!r ,saturn9e or ,fesc5n9e1 _h be5 gradually improv+ 9 its =m1 al?\gh /ill v rude1 b ,ennius is said to h giv5 at lea/ a new poli%1 & p]haps a new metrical %ape1 to x4 ,! v]se 0 /ill irregul>1 b x appe>s to h be5 no long] int5d$ = recitation1 accompani$ by ! flute4 ,! ,romans look$ ^u ,ennius n only z _! e>lie/ epic poet1 b z ! fa!r ( satire1 a class ( lit]>y composition :i* appe>s to h orig9at$ ) !m1 & :i* !y claim$ z _! own4#ab ,ennius _h an imitator 9 ,m4 ,t]5tius ,v>ro4 ,! satires ( ^! fir/ writ]s are said to h be5 v irregul> compositions1 mix+ prose ) v]se1 & sometimes ev5 ,greek ) ,lat92 & to h be5 r g5]al 9 _! aim ?an p]sonal4 ,b soon aft] ?is p]iod1 & r m ?an a c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 came ,caius ,lucilius1 :o rais$ ,roman satirical lit]ature to its p]fection4 ,lucilius1 we are told1 0 ! fir/ :o wrote satires 9 h]oic v]se1 or hexamet]s1 mix+ ) !m n[ & !n1 ?\gh r>ely1 an iambic or tro*aic l9e4 ,he 0 m ref9$1 m po9t$1 & m p]sonal1 ?an 8 pr$ecessors1 & he _h rescu$ satire f ! /reet p]=m] to make x a class ( lit]ature :i* 0 to be read by ! educat$1 & n m]ely li/5$ to by ! vulg>4 ,lucilius is said to h writt5 ?irty books ( satires1 ( :i*1 un=tunately1 only "s scatt]$ l9es rema94 #ab ,qu9tilian says1 ,satira quidem tota no/ra e/4 ,de ,in/it4 ,orator41 lib4 x4 c4 #a4 ,lucilius _h imitators1 ! v names ( mo/ ( :om are n[ =gott51 b ab\t =ty ye>s aft] 8 dea?1 & sixty-five ye>s be=e ! bir? ( ,*ri/1 0 born ,qu9tus ,horatius ,flaccus1 ! olde/ ( ! satiri/s ^: works we n[ possess1 & ! mo/ poli%$ ( ,roman poets4 ,9 ! "t ( ,horace1 ! satire ( ! ,romans _h rea*$ its highe/ degree ( p]fection4 ,( ! two o!r great satiri/s ^: works are pres]v$1 ,juv5al 0 born ab\t ! ye> #dj ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 & ,p]sius 9 #dc4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ?r\gh :i* ^! writ]s fl\ri%$1 ,rome saw a consid]able numb] ( o!r satiri/s ( ! same class1 ^: works h p]i%$4 ,9 ! "t ( ,juv5al ano!r v>iety ( ! same class ( lit]ature _h already sprung up1 m artificial & some:at m indirect ?an ! o!r1 ! prose satiric romance4 ,?ree celebrat$ writ]s repres5t ?is s*ool4 ,petronius1 :o1 born ab\t ! comm5cem5t ( our era1 di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #fe1 is ! e>lie/ & mo/ rem>kable ( !m4 ,he compil$ a romance1 design$ z a satire on ! vices ( ! age ( ,n]o1 9 :i* real p]sons are suppos$ to be aim$ at "u fictiti\s names1 & :i* rivals 9 lic5se1 at lea/1 any?+ t c\ld h be5 utt]$ 9 ! ,atellanes or o!r f>ces ( ! mimi4 ,lucian1 ( ,samosata1 :o di$ an old man 9 ! ye> #bjj1 & :o1 ?\gh he wrote 9 ,greek1 may be consid]$ z belong+ to ! ,roman s*ool1 compos$ sev]al satires ( ?is k9d1 9 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( :i*1 entitl$ ,lucius1 or ! ,ass1 ! au?or describes himself z *ang$ by sorc]y into ! =m ( t animal1 "u :i* he passes ?r\gh a numb] ( adv5tures :i* illu/rate ! vices & weaknesses ( contempor>y society4 ,apuleius1 :o 0 consid]ably ! junior ( ,lucian1 made ?is novel ! gr\ndwork ( 8 ,gold5 ,ass1 a mu* l>g] & m elaborate "w1 writt5 9 ,lat94 ,?is "w ( ,apuleius 0 v popul> ?r\gh subsequ5t ages4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ai4 ,! ,f>m-y>d 9 ,burlesque4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bj4 ,an ,asilla-,be>]4 ,let u return to ,roman c>icature1 "o =m ( :i* seems to h be5 especially a fav\rite among ! p4 ,x is difficult to imag9e h[ ! /ory ( ! pigmies & ( _! w>s ) ! cranes orig9at$1 b x is c]ta9ly ( great antiquity1 z x is spok5 ( 9 ,hom]1 & x 0 a v popul> leg5d among ! ,romans1 :o eag]ly s\ght & pur*as$ dw>fs to make dome/ic pets ( !m4 ,! pigmies & cranes occur frequ5tly among ! pictorial ornam5tations ( ! h\ses ( ,pompeii & ,h]culaneum2 & ! pa9t]s ( ,pompeii n only repres5t$ !m 9 _! prop] "*1 b !y made use ( !m = ! purpose ( c>icatur+ ! v>i\s occupations ( life--dome/ic & social sc5es1 grave conf]5ces1 & _m o!r subjects1 & ev5 p]sonal "*4 ,9 ?is class ( c>icatures !y gave to ! pigmies1 or dw>fs1 v l>ge heads1 & v small legs & arms4 ,i ne$ h>dly rem>k t ?is is a class ( c>icature :i* is v common 9 mod]n times4 ,our fir/ gr\p ( ^! pigmy c>icatures 7,no4 #ai7 is tak5 f a pa9t+ on ! walls ( ! ,temple ( ,v5us1 at ,pompeii1 & repres5ts ! int]ior ( a f>m-y>d 9 burlesque4 ,! /ructure 9 ! backgr\nd is p]haps int5d$ = a hayrick4 ,9 front ( x1 "o ( ! f>m s]vants is att5d+ on ! p\ltry4 ,! m important-look+ p]sonage ) ! pa/oral /aff is possibly ! ov]se] ( ! f>m1 :o is visit+ ! lab\r]s1 & ?is probably is ! cause :y _! movem5ts h assum$ s mu* activity4 ,! lab\r] on ! "r is us+ ! asilla1 a wood5 yoke or pole1 :i* 0 c>ri$ ov] ! %\ld]1 ) ! corbis1 or basket1 susp5d$ at ea* end4 ,?is 0 a common me?od ( c>ry+1 & is n unfrequ5tly repres5t$ on ,roman works ( art4 ,sev]al examples might be quot$ f ! antiquities ( ,pompeii4 ,our cut ,no4 #bj1 f a gem 9 ! ,flor5t9e ,museum1 & illu/rat+ ano!r class ( c>icature1 t ( introduc+ animals p]=m+ ! actions & duties ( m51 repres5ts a gras%opp] c>ry+ ! asilla & ! corbes4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ba4 ,a ,pa9t]'s ,/udio4 ,a private h\se 9 ,pompeii furni%$ ano!r example ( ?is /yle ( c>icature1 :i* is giv5 9 our cut ,no4 #ba4 ,x repres5ts ! int]ior ( a pa9t]'s /udio1 & is extremely curi\s on acc\nt ( ! num]\s details ( 8 me?od ( op]ation ) :i* x furni%es u4 ,! pa9t]1 :o is1 l mo/ ( ! figures 9 ^! pigmy c>icatures1 v scantily clo!d1 is occupi$ ) ! portrait ( ano!r1 :o1 by ! r exagg]at$ fulness ( ! ga!r+ ( 8 toga1 is evid5tly int5d$ = a da%+ & fa%ionable patrician1 ?\gh he is seat$ z b>e-legg$ & b>e-bree*$ z ! arti/ himself4 ,bo? are di/+ui%$ by a l>ge all[ance ( nose4 ,! easel "h employ$ resembles greatly ! same article n[ 9 use1 & might belong to ! /udio ( a mod]n pa9t]4 ,be=e x is a small table1 probably =m$ ( a slab ( /one1 :i* s]ves = a palette1 on :i* ! pa9t] spreads & mixes 8 col\rs4 ,to ! "r a s]vant1 :o fills ! (fice ( col\r-gr9d]1 is seat$ by ! side ( a vessel plac$ ov] hot coals1 & appe>s to be prep>+ col\rs1 mix$1 accord+ to ! directions giv5 9 old writ]s1 ) punic wax & oil4 ,9 ! backgr\nd is seat$ a /ud5t1 ^: att5tion is tak5 f 8 draw+ by :at is go+ on at ! o!r side ( ! room1 :]e two small p]sonages are ent]+1 :o look z if !y 7 amateurs1 & :o appe> to be talk+ ab\t ! portrait4 ,beh9d !m /&s a bird1 & :5 ! pa9t+ 0 fir/ uncov]$ !re 7 two4 ,mazois1 :o made ! draw+ f :i* our cut is tak51 be=e ! orig9al _h p]i%$--= x 0 f\nd 9 a /ate ( decay--imag9$ t ! birds typifi$ "s well-kn[n s+]s or musicians1 b !y are1 p]haps1 m]ely int5d$ = cranes1 birds s g5]ally associat$ ) ! pigmies4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bb4 ,"p ( a ,triumphal ,procession4 ,accord+ to an anci5t writ]1 combats ( pigmies 7 fav\rite repres5tations on ! walls ( tav]ns & %ops2#ac &1 curi\sly en\gh1 ! walls ( a %op 9 ,pompeii h furni%$ ! picture repres5t$ 9 our cut ,no4 #bb1 :i* has evid5tly be5 int5d$ = a c>icature1 probably a p>ody4 ,all ! pigmies 9 ?is picture are cr[n$ ) laurel1 z ?\gh ! pa9t] int5d$ to turn to ridicule "s ov]-pomp\s triumph1 or "s public1 p]haps religi\s1 c]emony4 ,! two figures to ! left1 :o are clo!d 9 yell[ & gre5 g>m5ts1 appe> to be disput+ ! possession ( a b[l conta9+ a liquid4 ,"o ( ^!1 l ! two figures on ! "r1 has a hoop ?r[n ov] 8 %\ld]4 ,! fir/ ( ! latt] p]sonages we>s a violet dress1 & holds 9 8 "r h& a rod1 & 9 8 left a /atuette1 app>5tly ( a deity1 b its attributes are n di/+ui%able4 ,! la/ figure to ! "r has a robe1 or mantle1 ( two col\rs1 r$ & gre51 & holds 9 8 h& a bran* ( a lily1 or "s simil> plant2 ! re/ ( ! picture is lo/4 ,beh9d ! o!r figure /&s a fif?1 :o appe>s y\ng] & m ref9$ 9 "* ?an ! o!rs1 & seems to be ord]+ or direct+ !m4 ,8 dress is r$4 #ac 4 ,problem4 ,ari/otelic4 ,sec4 x4 #g4 ,we c h no d\bt t political & p]sonal c>icature fl\ri%$ among ! ,romans1 z we h "s examples ( x on _! works ( art1 *iefly on engrav$ /ones1 ?\gh ^! are mo/ly ( a "* we c\ld n "h conv5i5tly introduce2 b ! same ri* m9e ( ,roman art & antiquities1 ,pompeii1 has furni%$ u ) "o sample ( :at may be prop]ly consid]$ z a political c>icature4 ,9 ! ye> #ei ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 at a gladiatorial exhibition 9 ! amphi!atre ( ,pompeii1 :]e ! p ( ,nuc]ia 7 pres5t1 ! latt] express$ !mselves 9 su* scornful t]ms t[>ds ! ,pompeians1 z l$ to a viol5t qu>rel1 :i* 0 foll[$ by a pit*$ battle betwe5 ! inhabitants ( ! two t[ns1 & ! ,nuc]ians1 be+ defeat$1 c>ri$ _! compla9ts be=e ! reign+ emp]or1 ,n]o1 :o gave judgm5t 9 _! fav\r1 & condemn$ ! p ( ,pompeii to susp5sion f all !atrical amusem5ts = t5 ye>s4 ,! feel+s ( ! ,pompeians on ?is occasion are display$ 9 ! rude draw+ repres5t$ 9 our cut ,no4 #bc1 :i* is scrat*$ on ! pla/] ( ! ext]nal wall ( a h\se 9 ! /reet to :i* ! ,italian antiqu>ians h giv5 ! "n ( ! /reet ( ,m]cury4 ,a figure1 completely arm$1 8 head cov]$ ) :at might be tak5 = a m$ival helmet1 is desc5d+ :at appe> to be int5d$ = ! /eps ( ! amphi!atre4 ,he c>ries 9 8 h& a palm-bran*1 ! emblem ( victory4 ,ano!r palm-bran* /&s erect by 8 side1 & und]nea? is ! inscription1 9 r ru/ic ,lat91 ,,campani ,,victoria ,,vna ,,cvm ,,nvc]9is ,,p]i/is--,o ,campanians1 y p]i%$ 9 ! victory toge!r ) ! ,nuc]ians4 ,! o!r side ( ! picture is m rudely & ha/ily drawn4 ,x has be5 suppos$ to repres5t "o ( ! victors dragg+ a prison]1 ) 8 arms b\nd1 up a ladd] to a /age or plat=m1 on :i* he 0 p]haps to be exhibit$ to ! je]s ( ! populace4 ,f\r ye>s aft] ?is ev5t1 ,pompeii 0 greatly damag$ by an e>?quake1 & sixte5 ye>s lat] came ! eruption ( ,vesuvius1 :i* buri$ ! t[n1 & left x 9 ! condition 9 :i* x is n[ f\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bc4 ,a ,popul> ,c>icature4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bd4 ,e>ly ,c>icature ^u a ,*ri/ian4 ,?is curi\s c>icature belongs to a class ( monum5ts to :i* ar*ologi/s h giv5 te*nically ! ,italian "n ( graffiti1 scrat*es or scrawls1 ( :i* a great numb]1 consi/+ *iefly ( writ+1 h be5 f\nd on ! walls ( ,pompeii4 ,!y also occur among ! rema9s on o!r ,roman sites1 & "o f\nd 9 ,rome itself is especially int]e/+4 ,dur+ ! alt]ations & ext5sions :i* 7 made f "t to "t 9 ! palace ( ! ,cs>s1 x _h be5 f\nd necess>y to build across a n>r[ /reet :i* int]sect$ ! ,palat9e1 &1 9 ord] to give support to ! /ructure above1 a portion ( ! /reet 0 wall$ (f1 & rema9$ ?us h]metically seal$ until ab\t ! ye> #aheg1 :5 "s excavations on ! spot br\ght x to view4 ,! walls ( ! /reet 7 f\nd to be cov]$ ) ^! graffiti1 among :i* "o attract$ especial att5tion1 &1 hav+ be5 c>efully remov$1 is n[ pres]v$ 9 ! museum ( ! ,collegio ,romano4 ,x is a c>icature ^u a ,*ri/ian nam$ ,alexam5os1 by "s pagan :o despis$ ,*ri/ianity4 ,! ,savi\r is repres5t$ "u ! =m ( a man ) ! head ( an ass1 ext5d$ ^u a cross1 ! ,*ri/ian1 ,alexam5os1 /&+ on "o side 9 ! attitude ( wor%ip ( t p]iod4 ,und]nea? we read ! inscription1 ,c 7= 71 ,alexam5os wor%ips ,god4 ,?is curi\s figure1 :i* may be plac$ among ! mo/ int]e/+ z well z e>ly evid5ces ( ! tru? ( ,gospel hi/ory1 is copi$ 9 our cut ,no4 #bd4 ,x 0 drawn :5 ! prevail+ religion at ,rome 0 /ill pagan1 & a ,*ri/ian 0 an object ( contempt4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,p]iod ,,( ,,transition ,,f ,,antiquity ,,to ,,! ,,middle ,,ages4--,,! ,,roman ,,mimi ,,cont9u$ ,,to ,,exi/4--,,! ,,teutonic ,,aft]-,,d9n] ,,ent]ta9m5ts4--,,cl]ical ,,satires2 ,,ar*bi%op ,,h]ig] ,,& ,,! ,,dream]2 ,,! ,,supp] ,,( ,,! ,,sa9ts4--,,transition ,,f ,,anci5t ,,to ,,m$i,,val ,,art4--,,ta/e ,,= ,,mon/r\s ,,animals1 ,,dragons1 ,,etc42 ,,*ur* ,,( ,,san ,,f$ele1 ,,at ,,como4--,,_s ,,( ,,c>icature ,,& ,,love ,,( ,,grotesque ,,among ,,! ,,anglo-,,saxons4--,,grotesque ,,figures ,,( ,,demons4--,,natural ,,t5d5cy ,,( ,,! ,,e>ly ,,m$i,,val ,,arti/s ,,to ,,draw ,,9 ,,c>icature4--,,examples ,,f ,,e>ly ,,manuscripts ,,& ,,sculptures4 ,! transition f antiquity to :at we usually und]/& by ! "n ( ! middle ages 0 long & sl[2 x 0 a p]iod dur+ :i* mu* ( ! texture ( ! old society 0 de/roy$1 :ile at ! same "t a new life 0 gradually giv5 to t :i* rema9$4 ,we "k v little ( ! comic lit]ature ( ?is p]iod ( transition2 its lit]>y rema9s consi/ *iefly ( a mass ( heavy !ology & ( lives ( sa9ts4 ,! /age 9 its p]fectly dramatic =m--!atre & amphi!atre--_h disappe>$4 ,! pure drama1 inde$1 appe>s nev] to h _h great vitality among ! ,romans1 ^: ta/es lay f> m among ! vulg> p]=mances ( ! mimics & je/]s1 & among ! savage sc5es ( ! amphi!atre4 ,:ile probably ! p]=mance ( com$ies1 su* z ^? ( ,plautus & ,t]5ce1 soon w5t out ( fa%ion1 & trag$ies1 l ^? ( ,s5eca1 7 only writt5 z lit]>y compositions1 imitations ( ! simil> works :i* =m$ s rem>kable a feature 9 ! lit]ature ( ,greece1 ! ,romans ( all ranks lov$ to witness ! loose attitudes ( _! mimi1 or li/5 to _! equally loose songs & /ories4 ,! !atre & ! amphi!atre 7 /ate in/itutions1 kept up at ! national exp5se1 &1 z j /at$1 !y p]i%$ ) ! ov]?r[ ( ! we/]n empire2 & ! sangu9>y p]=mances ( ! amphi!atre1 if ! amphi!atre itself cont9u$ to be us$ 7:i* 0 p]haps ! case 9 "s p>ts ( we/]n ,europe71 & !y gave place to ! m h>mless exhibitions ( danc+ be>s & o!r tam$ animals1#ad = delib]ate cruelty 0 n a *>act]i/ic ( ! ,teutonic race4 ,b ! mimi1 ! p]=m]s :o sung songs & told /ories1 accompani$ ) danc+ & music1 surviv$ ! fall ( ! empire1 & cont9u$ to be z popul> z ev]4 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 calls ^! ?+s nef>ia1 dete/able ?+s1 & says t !y 7 p]=m$ at night4#ae ,we trace 9 ! capitul>ies ! cont9u\s exi/5ce ( ^! p]=mances dur+ ! ages :i* foll[$ ! empire1 &1 z 9 ! "t ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 !y /ill =m$ ! amusem5t ( nocturnal assemblies4 ,! capitul>y ( ,*ildeb]t proscribes ^? :o pass$ _! nights ) drunk5ness1 je/+1 & songs4#af ,! c\ncil ( ,n>bonne1 9 ! ye> #ehi1 =bade p to sp5d _! nights ) danc+s & fil?y songs4#ag ,! c\ncil ( ,may5ce1 9 #hac1 calls ^! songs fil?y & lic5ti\s 7turpia atque luxuriosa72 & t ( ,p>is speaks ( !m z obsc5e & fil?y 7obscna et turpia72 :ile 9 ano!r !y are call$ frivol\s & diabolic4 ,f ! bitt]ness ) :i* ! ecclesia/ical ord9ances are express$1 x is probable t ^! p]=mances cont9u$ to pres]ve mu* ( _! old paganism2 yet x is curi\s t !y are spok5 ( 9 ^! capitul>ies & acts ( ! c\ncils z be+ /ill practis$ 9 ! religi\s fe/ivals1 & ev5 9 ! *ur*es1 s t5aci\sly did ! old s5tim5ts ( ! race keep _! possession ( ! m9ds ( ! populace1 long aft] !y _h embrac$ ,*ri/ianity4 ,^! songs1 z !y are call$1 cont9u$ also to consi/ n only ( g5]al1 b ( p]sonal satire1 & conta9$ sc&al\s /ories ( p]sons liv+1 & well kn[n to ^? :o he>d !m4 ,a capitul>y ( ! ,franki% k+ ,*ild]ic ,,iii41 publi%$ 9 ! ye> #gdd1 is direct$ aga9/ ^? :o compose & s+ songs 9 defamation ( o!rs 79 blasphemiam alt]ius1 to use ! r en]getic language ( ! orig9al72 & x is evid5t t ?is (f5ce 0 a v common "o1 = x is n unfrequ5tly repeat$ 9 lat] records ( ?is "* 9 ! same words or 9 words to ! same purpose4 ,?us "o result ( ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,roman empire 0 to leave comic lit]ature almo/ 9 ! same condition 9 :i* x 0 f\nd by ,!spis 9 ,greece & by ,livius ,&ronicus 9 ,rome4 ,!re 0 no?+ 9 x :i* w\ld be contr>y to ! feel+s ( ! new races :o _h n[ plant$ !mselves 9 ! ,roman prov9ces4 #ad ,on ?is subject1 see my ,hi/ory ( ,dome/ic ,mann]s & ,s5tim5ts1 p4 #fe4 ,! danc+ be> appe>s to h be5 a fav\rite p]=m] among ! ,g]mans at a v e>ly p]iod4 #ae ,p] totam noctem cantabantur hic nef>ia et a cantatoribus saltabatur4 ,augu/9i ,s]m4 #caa1 "p v4 #af ,noctes p]vigiles cum ebrietate1 scurrilitate1 vel canticis4 ,see ! ,capitul>y 9 ,labbei ,concil41 vol4 v4 #ag ,ut populi44444saltationibus et turpibus invigilant canticis4 ,! ,teutonic & ,sc&9avian nations _h no d\bt _! popul> fe/ivals1 9 :i* mir? & frolic bore sway1 ?\gh we "k little ab\t !m2 b !re 7 circum/ances 9 _! dome/ic mann]s :i* impli$ a necessity = amusem5t4 ,aft] ! comp>atively e>ly meal1 ! hall ( ! primitive ,teuton 0 ! sc5e--especially 9 ! d>k] mon?s ( w9t]--( long sitt+s ov] ! fe/ive bo>d1 9 :i* !re 0 mu* dr9k+ & mu* talk+1 &1 z we all "k1 su* talk+ c\ld n pres]ve long a v s]i\s tone4 ,f ,b$e's acc\nt ( ! poet ,cdmon1 we le>n t x 0 ! practice ( ! ,anglo-,saxons 9 ! sev5? c5tury1 at _! ent]ta9m5ts1 = all ^? pres5t to s+ 9 _! turns1 ea* accompany+ himself ) a musical in/rum5t4 ,f ! sequel ( ! /ory we are l$ to suppose t ^! songs 7 extempor>y effusions1 probably my?ic leg5ds1 /ories ( p]sonal adv5ture1 praise ( !mselves1 or vitup]ation ( _! enemies4 ,9 ! *iefta9's h\sehold !re appe>s to h be5 usually "s individual :o act$ ! "p ( ! satiri/1 or1 z we %\ld p]haps n[ say1 ! com$ian4 ,hunf]? appe>s z hold+ "s su* position 9 ,be[ulf2 9 ! lat] romances1 ,sir ,kay held a simil> position at ! c\rt ( k+ ,ar?ur4 ,at a /ill lat] p]iod1 ! place ( ^! h]oes 0 occupi$ by ! c\rt fool4 ,! ,roman mimus mu/ h be5 a welcome addition to ! ent]ta9m5ts ( ! ,teutonic hall1 & !re is e reason to ?9k t he 0 cordially receiv$4 ,! p]=mances ( ! hall 7 soon delegat$ f ! gue/s to su* hir$ actors1 & we h repres5tations ( !m 9 ! illum9ations ( ,anglo-,saxon manuscripts4#ah ,among ! e>lie/ amusem5ts ( ! ,anglo-,saxon table 7 riddles1 :i* 9 e =m pres5t "s ( ! features ( ! comic1 & are capable ( be+ made ! s\rce ( mu* laught]4 ,! sa9tly ,aldhelm condesc5d$ to write su* riddles 9 ,lat9 v]se1 :i* 71 ( c\rse1 int5d$ = ! tables ( ! cl]gy4 ,9 primitive society1 v]se 0 ! ord9>y =m ( convey+ ideas4 ,a l>ge portion ( ! celebrat$ collection ( ,anglo-,saxon poetry kn[n z ! ,exet] ,book1 consi/s ( riddles1 & ?is ta/e = riddles has cont9u$ to exi/ d[n to our own times4 ,b o!r =ms ( ent]ta9m5t1 if !y did n already exi/1 7 soon introduc$4 ,9 a curi\s ,lat9 poem1 old] ?an ! twelf? c5tury1 ( :i* fragm5ts only are pres]v$1 & h be5 publi%$ "u ! title ( ,ruodlieb1 & :i* appe>s to h be5 a translation ( a mu* e>li] ,g]man romance1 we h a curi\s description ( ! po/-pr&ial ent]ta9m5ts aft] ! d9n] ( a great ,teutonic *iefta91 or k+4 ,9 ! fir/ place !re 0 a gr& di/ribution ( ri* pres5ts1 & !n 7 %[n /range animals1 & among ! re/ tame be>s4 ,^! be>s /ood ^u _! h9d legs1 & p]=m$ "s ( ! (fices ( a man2 & :5 ! m9/rels 7mimi7 came 91 & play$ ^u _! musical in/rum5ts1 ^! animals danc$ to ! music1 & p]=m$ all sorts ( /range tricks4 ,et p>iles ursi4444 ,qui vas tollebant1 ut homo1 bip$esque g]ebant4 ,mimi qu&o fides digitis tangunt modulantes1 ,illi saltabant1 neumas p$ibus v>iabant4 ,int]dum saliunt1 seseque sup] jaciebant4 ,alt]utrum dorso se portabant resid5do1 ,amplex&o se1 luct&o deficiunt se4 ,!n foll[$ danc+-girls1 & exhibitions ( o!r k9ds4#ai #ah ,! read] is ref]r$1 = fur!r in=mation on ?is subject1 to my ,hi/ory ( ,dome/ic ,mann]s & ,s5tim5ts1 pp4 #cc-ci4 #ai ,?is curi\s ,lat9 poem 0 pr9t$ by ,grimm & ,s*mell]1 9 _! ,late9is*e ,g$i*te des x4 und xi4 ,jh41 p4 #abi4 ,al?\gh ^! p]=mances 7 proscrib$ by ! ecclesia/ical laws1 !y 7 n disc\nt5anc$ by ! ecclesia/ics !mselves1 :o1 on ! contr>y1 indulg$ z mu* 9 aft]-d9n] amusem5ts z anybody4 ,! laws aga9/ ! pr(ane songs are (t5 direct$ especially at ! cl]gy2 & x is evid5t t among ! ,anglo-,saxons1 z well z on ! ,cont95t1 n only ! prie/s & monks1 b ! nuns also1 9 _! love ( su* amusem5ts1 f> transgress$ ! b\nds ( dec5cy4#bb ,^! ent]ta9m5ts 7 ! cradle ( comic lit]ature1 b1 z ?is lit]ature 9 ! e>ly ages ( its hi/ory 0 r>ely committ$ to writ+1 x has almo/ entirely p]i%$4 ,b1 at ! tables ( ! ecclesia/ics1 ^! /ories 7 sometimes told 9 ,lat9 v]se1 & z ,lat9 0 n s easily c>ri$ 9 ! memory z ! v]nacul> tongue1 9 ?is language !y 7 sometimes committ$ to writ+1 & ?us a few examples ( e>ly comic lit]ature h =tunately be5 pres]v$4 ,^! consi/ *iefly ( popul> /ories1 :i* 7 among ! fav\rite amusem5ts ( m$ival society--/ories _m ( :i* are d]iv$ f ! e>lie/ p]iod ( ! hi/ory ( our race1 & are /ill *]i%$ among our peasantry4 ,su* are ! /ories ( ! ,*ild ( ,sn[1 & ( ! ,m5daci\s ,hunt]1 pres]v$ 9 a manuscript ( ! elev5? c5tury4#ba ,! fir/ ( ^! 0 a v popul> /ory 9 ! middle ages4 ,accord+ to ?is e>ly v]sion1 a m]*ant ( ,con/ance1 9 ,switz]l&1 0 deta9$ abroad = sev]al ye>s1 dur+ :i* "t 8 wife made o!r acqua9tance1 & bore a *ild4 ,on 8 return1 %e excus$ h] fault by tell+ him t on a cold w9try day %e _h swall[$ sn[1 by :i* %e _h conceiv$2 &1 9 rev5ge1 ! husb& c>ri$ away ! *ild1 & sold x into slav]y1 & return+1 told its "m1 t ! infant :i* _h orig9at$ 9 sn[1 _h melt$ away "u a hott] sun4 ,"s ( ^! /ories orig9at$ 9 ! diff]5t collections ( fables1 :i* 7 "p ( ! fav\rite lit]ature ( ! lat] ,roman p]iod4 ,ano!r is r a ridicul\s /ory ( an ass belong+ to two si/]s 9 a nunn]y1 :i* 0 dev\r$ by a wolf4#bj curi\s h[ soon ! m$ival cl]gy began to imitate _! pagan pr$ecessors 9 p>ody+ religi\s subjects & =ms1 ( :i* we h "o or two v curi\s examples4 ,visits to purgatory1 hell1 & p>adise1 9 body or _s1 7 greatly 9 fa%ion dur+ ! e>li] "p ( ! middle ages1 & af=d$ extremely good mat]ial = satire4 ,9 a metrical ,lat9 /ory1 pres]v$ 9 a manuscript ( ! elev5? c5tury1 we are told h[ a prophet1 or vision>y1 w5t to ,h]ig]1 ar*bi%op ( ,may5ce f #iab to #ibf1 & told him t he _h be5 c>ri$ 9 a vision to ! regions bel[1 & describ$ !m z a place surr\nd$ by ?ick woods4 ,x 0 ! ,teutonic notion ( hell1 & inde$ ( all settlem5ts ( peoples2 & ,h]ig] repli$ ) a sne] t he w\ld s5d 8 h]dsm5 !re ) 8 lean sw9e to fatt5 !m4 ,ea* m>k1 or l& ( a family or clan1 9 ! e>ly ,teutonic settlem5ts1 0 surr\nd$ by woodl&1 :i* 0 common to all memb]s ( ! clan = fatt5+ _! sw9e & hunt+4 ,! false dream] add$1 t he 0 aft]w>ds c>ri$ to heav51 :]e he saw ,*ri/ sitt+ at ! table & eat+4 ,john ! ,bapti/ 0 butl]1 & s]v$ excell5t w9e r\nd to ! sa9ts1 :o 7 ! ,"l's gue/s4 ,/4 ,pet] 0 ! *ief cook4 ,aft] "s rem>ks on ! appo9tm5ts to ^! two (fices1 ar*bi%op ,h]ig] ask$ ! in=mant h[ he 0 receiv$ 9 ! heav5ly hall1 :]e he sat1 & :at he eat4 ,he repli$ t he sat 9 a corn]1 & /ole f ! cooks a piece ( liv]1 :i* he eat1 & !n dep>t$4 ,in/ead ( rew>d+ him = 8 in=mation1 ,h]ig] took him on 8 own confession = ! !ft1 & ord]$ him to be b\nd to a /ake & flogg$1 :i*1 = ! (f5ce1 0 r a light puni%m5t4 #bj ,on ! "* ( ! nuns among ! ,anglo-,saxons1 & inde$ ( ! inmates ( ! mona/ic h\ses g5]ally1 ,i w\ld ref] my read]s to ! excell5t & int]e/+ volume by ,mr4 ,john ,?rupp1 ,! ,anglo-,saxon ,home3 a ,hi/ory ( ! ,dome/ic ,in/itutions & ,cu/oms ( ,engl& f ! fif? to ! elev5? c5tury4 ,london1 #ahfb4 #ba ,^! w be f\nd 9 ,m4 ,edle/& du ,mril's ,posies ,populaires ,lat9es antrieures au d\zime sicle1 pp4 #bge1 #bgf4 #bb ,?is1 & ! metrical /ory next ref]r$ to1 7 pr9t$ 9 ! ,altdeuts*e ,bltt]1 edit$ by ,moriz ,haupt & ,he9ri* ,h(fmann1 vol4 i4 pp4 #cij1 #cib1 to :om ,i communicat$ !m f a manuscript 9 ! ,univ]sity ,libr>y at ,cambridge4 ,h]ig] illum jussit ad palum loris lig>i1 scopisque c$i1 s]mone duro hunc argu5do4 ,^! l9es w s]ve z a specim5 ( ! popul> ,lat9 v]se 9 :i* ^! monki% aft]-d9n] /ories 7 writt52 b ! mo/ rem>kable ( ^! e>ly p>odies on religi\s subjects1 is "o :i* may be describ$ z ! supp] ( ! sa9ts2 its title is simply ,cna4 ,x is falsely ascrib$ to ,/4 ,cyprian1 :o liv$ 9 ! ?ird c5tury2 b x is z old z ! t5? c5tury1 z a copy 0 pr9t$ by pr(essor ,endli*] f a manuscript ( t p]iod at ,vi5na4 ,x 0 s popul>1 t x is f\nd & kn[n to h exi/$ 9 diff]5t =ms 9 v]se & 9 prose4 ,x is a sort ( droll]y1 f\nd$ ^u ! w$d+ fea/ at :i* ! ,savi\r *ang$ wat] into w9e1 ?\gh t miracle is n at all introduc$ into x4 ,x 0 a great k+ ( ! ,ea/1 nam$ ,zoel1 :o held 8 nuptial fea/ at ,cana ( ,galilee4 ,! p]sonages invit$ are all scriptural1 beg9n+ ) ,adam4 ,be=e ! fea/1 !y wa% 9 ! riv] ,jordan1 & ! numb] ( ! gue/s 0 s great1 t seats c\ld n be provid$ = !m1 & !y took _! places z !y c\ld4 ,adam took ! fir/ place1 & seat$ himself 9 ! middle ( ! assembly1 & next to him ,eve sat ^u leaves 7sup] folia71--fig-leaves1 we may suppose4 ,ca9 sat on a pl\gh1 ,abel on a milk-pail1 ,noah on an ark1 ,japhet on tiles1 ,abraham on a tree1 ,isaac on an alt>1 ,lot ne> ! door1 & s ) a long li/ ( o!rs4 ,two 7 oblig$ to /&--,paul1 :o bore x pati5tly1 & ,esau1 :o grumbl$--:ile ,job lam5t$ bitt]ly because he 0 oblig$ to sit on a dunghill4 ,moses1 & o!rs1 :o came late1 7 oblig$ to f9d seats out ( doors4 ,:5 ! k+ saw t all 8 gue/s _h arriv$1 he took !m into 8 w>drobe1 & !re1 9 ! _s ( m$ival g5]osity1 di/ribut$ to !m dresses1 :i* _h all "s burlesque allusion to _! p>ticul> *>act]s4 ,be=e !y 7 all[$ to sit d[n to ! fea/1 !y 7 oblig$ to g ?r\gh o!r c]emonies1 :i*1 z well z ! eat+1 are describ$ 9 ! same /yle ( c>icature4 ,! w9es1 ( :i* !re 0 great v>iety1 7 s]v$ to ! gue/s ) ! same allusions to _! individual *>act]s2 b "s ( !m compla9$ t !y 7 badly mix$1 al?\gh ,jonah 0 ! butl]4 ,9 ! same mann] are describ$ ! proce$+s :i* foll[$ ! d9n]1 ! wa%+ ( h&s1 & ! dess]t1 to ! latt] ( :i* ,adam contribut$ apples1 ,samson honey2 :ile ,david play$ on ! h>p & ,m>y on ! tabor2 ,judi? l$ ! r\nd dance2 ,jubal play$ on ! psalt]2 ,asael sung songs1 & ,h]odias act$ ! "p ( ! danc+-girl3-- ,tunc ,adam poma m9i/rat1 ,samson favi dulcia4 ,david cy?>um p]cussit1 et ,m>ia tympana4 ,judi? *oreas ducebat1 et ,jubal psalt]ia4 ,asael metra canebat1 saltabat ,h]odias4 ,mambres ent]ta9$ ! company ) 8 magical p]=mances2 & ! o!r incid5ts ( a m$ival fe/ival foll[$1 ?r\gh\t :i* ! same tone ( burlesque is cont9u$2 & s ! /ory cont9ues1 to ! end4#bc ,we %all f9d ^! incipi5t =ms ( m$ival comic lit]ature l>gely develop$ z we g on4 #bc ,! text ( ?is s+ul> composition1 ) a full acc\nt ( ! v>i\s =ms 9 :i* x 0 publi%$1 w be f\nd 9 ,m4 du ,mril's ,posies ,populaires ,lat9es antrieures au d\zime sicle1 p4 #aic4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #be4 ,saturn ,dev\r+ 8 ,*ild4 ,! p]iod betwe5 antiquity & ! middle ages 0 "o ( su* great & g5]al de/ruction1 t ! gulf betwe5 anci5t & m$ival art seems to u great] & m abrupt ?an x really 04 ,! want ( monum5ts1 no d\bt1 prev5ts our see+ ! gradual *ange ( "o into ! o!r1 b nev]!less en\gh ( facts rema9 to conv9ce u t x 0 n a sudd5 *ange4 ,x is n[ inde$ g5]ally und]/ood t ! k & practice ( ! arts & manufactures ( ! ,romans 7 h&$ onw>d f ma/] to pupil aft] ! empire _h fall52 & ?is took place especially 9 ! t[ns1 s t ! workman%ip :i* _h be5 decl9+ 9 "* dur+ ! lat] p]iods ( ! empire1 only cont9u$ 9 ! c\rse ( degradation aft]w>ds4 ,?us1 9 ! fir/ ,*ri/ian edifices1 ! build]s :o 7 employ$1 or at lea/ _m ( !m1 mu/ h be5 pagans1 & !y w\ld foll[ _! old models ( ornam5tation1 introduc+ ! same grotesque figures1 ! same masks & mon/r\s faces1 & ev5 sometimes ! same subjects f ! old my?ology1 to :i* !y _h be5 accu/om$4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 too1 t ?is k9d ( iconographical ornam5tation _h be5 encroa*+ m & m ^u ! old ar*itectural purity dur+ ! latt] ages ( ! empire1 & t x 0 employ$ m pr(usely 9 ! lat] works1 f :i* ?is ta/e 0 transf]r$ to ! ecclesia/ical & to ! dome/ic ar*itecture ( ! middle ages4 ,aft] ! workm5 !mselves _h become ,*ri/ians1 !y /ill f\nd pagan emblems & figures 9 _! models1 & /ill w5t on imitat+ !m1 sometimes m]ely copy+1 & at o!rs turn+ !m to c>icature or burlesque4 ,& ?is t5d5cy cont9u$ s long1 t1 at a mu* lat] date1 :]e !re /ill exi/$ rema9s ( ,roman build+s1 ! m$ival ar*itects adopt$ !m z models1 & did n hesitate to copy ! sculpture1 al?\gh x might be evid5tly pagan 9 "*4 ,! accompany+ cut 7,no4 #be7 repres5ts a bracket 9 ! *ur* ( ,mont ,maj\r1 ne> ,nismes1 built 9 ! t5? c5tury4 ,! subject is a mon/r\s head eat+ a *ild1 & we c h>dly d\bt t x 0 really int5d$ = a c>icature on ,saturn dev\r+ "o ( 8 *ildr54 ,sometimes ! m$ival sculptors mi/ook ! emblematical designs ( ! ,romans1 & misappli$ !m1 & gave an allegorical mean+ to t :i* 0 n int5d$ to be emblematical or allegorical1 until ! subjects !mselves became extremely confus$4 ,!y readily employ$ t class ( p>ody ( ! anci5ts 9 :i* animals 7 repres5t$ p]=m+ ! actions ( m51 & !y _h a great ta/e = mon/]s ( e description1 especially ^? :i* 7 made up ( portions ( incongru\s animals jo9$ toge!r1 9 contradiction to ! precept ( ,horace3-- ,humano capiti c]vicem pictor equ9am ,jung]e si velit1 et v>ias induc]e plumas1 ,undique collatis membris1 ut turpit] atrum ,des9et 9 piscem muli] =mosa sup]ne2 ,spectatum admissi risum t5eatis1 amici8 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bf4 ,sculpture f ,san ,f$ele1 at ,como4 ,! m$ival ar*itects lov$ su* repres5tations1 always & 9 all p>ts1 & examples are abundant4 ,at ,como1 9 ,italy1 !re is a v anci5t & rem>kable *ur* d$icat$ to ,san ,f$ele 7,sa9t ,fidelis72 x has be5 consid]$ to be ( s e>ly a date z ! fif? c5tury4 ,! sculptures t adorn ! doorway1 :i* is triangul>-head$1 are especially int]e/+4 ,on "o ( ^!1 repres5t$ 9 our cut ,no4 #bf1 9 a comp>tm5t to ! left1 appe>s a figure ( an angel1 hold+ 9 "o h& a dw>f figure1 probably int5d$ = a *ild1 by a lock ( 8 hair1 & ) ! o!r h& direct+ 8 att5tion to a seat$ figure 9 ! comp>tm5t bel[4 ,?is latt] figure has app>5tly ! head ( a %eep1 & z ! head is surr\nd$ ) a l>ge nimbus1 & ! "r h& is held out 9 ! attitude ( b5$iction1 x may be int5d$ to repres5t ! ,lamb4 ,?is p]sonage is seat$ on some?+ :i* is difficult to make out1 b :i* looks some:at l a crab-fi%4 ,! boy 9 ! comp>tm5t above c>ries a l>ge bas9 9 8 arms4 ,! adjo9+ comp>tm5t to ! "r conta9s ! repres5tation ( a conflict betwe5 a dragon1 a w+$ s]p5t1 & a w+$ fox4 ,on ! opposite side ( ! door1 two w+$ mon/]s are repres5t$ dev\r+ a lamb's head4 ,i owe ! draw+ f :i* ?is & ! prec$+ engrav+ 7 made to my fri5d ,mr4 ,john ,rob9son1 ! ar*itect1 :o made ! sket*es :ile travell+ ) ! m$al ( ! ,royal ,academy4 ,figures ( dragons1 z ornam5ts1 7 great fav\rites ) ! peoples ( ! ,teutonic race2 !y 7 creatures intimately wrapp$ up 9 _! national my?ology & romance1 & !y are f\nd on all _! arti/ic monum5ts m+l$ toge!r 9 grotesque =ms & gr\ps4 ,:5 ! ,anglo-,saxons began to ornam5t _! books1 ! dragon 0 cont9ually introduc$ = ornam5tal bord]s & 9 =m+ initial lett]s4 ,"o ( ! latt]1 f an ,anglo-,saxon manuscript ( ! t5? c5tury 7! well-kn[n manuscript ( ,cdmon1 :]e x is giv5 z an initial ,v71 is repres5t$ 9 our cut on ! next page1 ,no4 #bg4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bg4 ,anglo-,saxon ,dragons4 ,c>icature & burlesque are naturally int5d$ to be he>d & se5 publicly1 & w\ld !re=e be figur$ on su* monum5ts z 7 mo/ expos$ to popul> gaze4 ,su* 0 ! case1 9 ! e>li] p]iods ( ! middle ages1 *iefly ) ecclesia/ical build+s1 :i* expla9s h[ !y became ! gr& receptacles ( ?is class ( ,art4 ,we h few traces ( :at may be t]m$ comic lit]ature among our ,anglo-,saxon =efa!rs1 b ?is is fully expla9$ by ! circum/ance t v little ( ! popul> ,anglo-,saxon lit]ature has be5 pres]v$4 ,9 _! fe/ive h\rs ! ,anglo-,saxons seem to h especially amus$ !mselves 9 boa/+ ( :at !y _h done1 & :at !y c\ld d2 & ^! boa/s 7 p]haps (t5 ( a burlesque "*1 l ! gabs ( ! ,fr5* & ,anglo-,norman romanc]s ( a lat] date1 or s extravagant z to produce laught]4 ,! *iefta9s appe> also to h enc\rag$ m5 :o c\ld make jokes1 & satirise & c>icature o!rs2 = ! company ( su* m5 seems to h be5 *]i%$1 & !y are n unfrequ5tly introduc$ 9 ! /ories4 ,su* a p]sonage1 z ,i h rem>k$ be=e1 is ,hunf]? 9 ,be[ulf2 su* 0 ! ,sir ,kay ( ! lat] ,ar?urian romances2 & su* too 0 ! ,norman m9/rel 9 ! hi/ory ( ,h]ew>d1 :o amus$ ! ,norman soldi]s at _! fea/s by mimicry ( ! mann]s ( _! ,anglo-,saxon oppon5ts4 ,! too p]sonal satire ( ^! wits (t5 l$ to qu>rels1 :i* end$ 9 sangu9>y brawls4 ,! ,anglo-,saxon love ( c>icature is %[n l>gely 9 _! prop] names1 :i* 7 mo/ly significant ( p]sonal qualities _! p>5ts hop$ !y w\ld possess2 & 9 ^! we rem>k ! pron5ess ( ! ,teutonic race1 z well z ! peoples ( antiquity1 to repres5t ^! qualities by ! animals suppos$ to possess !m1 ! animals mo/ popul> be+ ! wolf & ! be>4 ,b x is n to be expect$ t ! hopes ( ! p>5ts 9 giv+ ! "n w\ld always be fulfill$1 & x is n an uncommon ?+ to f9d individuals los+ _! orig9al names to receive 9 _! place nicknames1 or names :i* probably express$ qualities !y did possess1 & :i* 7 giv5 to !m by _! acqua9tances4 ,^! names1 ?\gh (t5 n v complim5t>y1 & ev5 sometimes v mu* ! contr>y1 completely sup]s$$ ! orig9al "n1 & 7 ev5 accept$ by ! individuals to :om !y appli$4 ,! second names 7 inde$ s g5]ally ackn[l$g$1 t !y 7 us$ 9 sign+ legal docum5ts4 ,an ,anglo-,saxon abbess ( rank1 ^: real "n 0 ,hrodw>u1 b :o 0 kn[n univ]sally by ! "n ,bugga1 ! ,bug1 wrote ?is latt] "n 9 sign+ *>t]s4 ,we c h>dly d\bt t su* a "n 0 int5d$ to ascribe to h] qualities ( a n agreeable "*1 & v diff]5t to ^? impli$ by ! orig9al "n1 :i* p]haps meant1 a dwell] 9 heav54 ,ano!r lady ga9$ ! "n ( ! ,cr[4 ,x is well kn[n t surnames did n come into use till long aft] ! ,anglo-,saxon p]iod1 b appellatives1 l ^! nicknames1 7 (t5 add$ to ! "n = ! purpose ( di/9ction1 or at pleasure1 & ^!1 too1 be+ giv5 by o!r p1 7 frequ5tly satirical4 ,?us1 "o ,h>old1 = 8 swiftness1 0 call$ ,h>e-foot2 a well-kn[n ,edi?1 = ! elegant =m ( h] neck1 0 call$ ,swan-neck2 & a ,?urcyl1 = a =m ( 8 head1 :i* c h>dly h be5 call$ beautiful1 0 nam$ ,m>e's-head4 ,among _m o!r names1 q z satirical z ! la/-m5tion$1 we f9d ,flat-nose1 ! ,ugly ,squ9t-eye1 ,hawk-nose1 c4 ,( ,anglo-,saxon sculpture we h little left1 b we h a few illum9at$ manuscripts :i* pres5t "h & !re an attempt at c>icature1 ?\gh !y are r>e4 ,x w\ld seem1 h[ev]1 t ! two fav\rite subjects ( c>icature among ! ,anglo-,saxons 7 ! cl]gy & ! evil "o4 ,we h abundant evid5ce t1 f ! eigh? c5tury d[nw>ds1 nei!r ! ,anglo-,saxon cl]gy nor ! ,anglo-,saxon nuns 7 g5]ally objects ( mu* respect among ! p2 & _! "* & ! mann] ( _! lives suffici5tly acc\nt = x4 ,p]haps1 also1 x 0 increas$ by ! ho/ility betwe5 ! old cl]gy & ! new re=m]s ( ,dun/an's p>ty1 :o w\ld no d\bt c>icature ea* o!r4 ,a manuscript psalt]1 9 ! ,univ]sity ,libr>y1 ,cambridge 7,ff4 #a1 #bc71 ( ! ,anglo-,saxon p]iod1 & app>5tly ( ! t5? c5tury1 illu/rat$ ) r grotesque initial lett]s1 furni%es u ) ! figure ( a jolly ,anglo-,saxon monk1 giv5 9 our cut ,no4 #bh1 & :i* x is h>dly necess>y to /ate repres5ts ! lett] ,q4 ,z we proce$1 we %all see ! cl]gy cont9u+ to furni% a butt = ! %afts ( satire ?r\gh all ! middle ages4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bh4 ,a ,jolly ,monk4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bi4 ,satan 9 ,bonds4 ,! incl9ation to give to ! demons 7! middle ages always look$ ^u !m z innum]able7 mon/r\s =ms1 :i* easily ran into ! grotesque1 0 natural1 & ! pa9t]1 inde$1 prid$ himself on draw+ !m ugly2 b he 0 no d\bt influ5c$ 9 s g5]ally c>icatur+ !m1 by mix+ up ?is idea ) ^? furni%$ by ! popul> sup]/itions ( ! ,teutonic race1 :o believ$ 9 multitudes ( spirits1 repres5tatives ( ! anci5t satyrs1 :o 7 ( a playfully malici\s description1 & w5t ab\t plagu+ mank9d 9 a v droll mann]1 & sometimes appe>$ to !m 9 equally droll =ms4 ,!y 7 ! ,pucks & ,rob9 ,goodfell[s ( lat] times2 b ! ,*ri/ian mission>ies to ! we/ taught _! conv]ts to believe1 & probably believ$ !mselves1 t all ^! imag9>y be+s 7 real demons1 :o w&]$ ov] ! e>? = p's ru9 & de/ruction4 ,?us ! grotesque imag9ation ( ! conv]t$ p 0 introduc$ into ! ,*ri/ian sy/em ( demonology4 ,x is a "p ( ! subject to :i* we %all return 9 our next *apt]2 b ,i w "h introduce two examples ( ! ,anglo-,saxon demons4 ,to expla9 ! fir/ ( ^!1 x w be necess>y to /ate t1 accord+ to ! m$ival notions1 ,satan1 ! ar* demon1 :o _h fall5 f heav5 = 8 rebellion aga9/ ! ,almighty1 0 n a free ag5t :o w5t ab\t tempt+ mank9d1 b he 0 himself plung$ 9 ! abyss1 :]e he 0 held 9 bonds1 & torm5t$ by ! demons :o peopl$ ! inf]nal regions1 & also issu$ !nce to seek _! prey ^u ,god's newe/ creation1 ! e>?4 ,! hi/ory ( ,satan's fall1 & ! description ( 8 position 7,no4 #bi71 =m ! subject ( ! e>li] "p ( ! ,anglo-,saxon poetry ascrib$ to ,cdmon1 & x is "o ( ! illum9ations to ! manuscript ( ,cdmon 7:i* is n[ pres]v$ at ,ox=d71 :i* has furni%$ u ) our cut1 repres5t+ ,satan 9 8 bonds4 ,! fi5d is "h pictur$ b\nd to /akes1 ov] :at appe>s to be a gridiron1 :ile "o ( ! demons1 ris+ out ( a fi]y furnace1 & hold+ 9 8 h& an in/rum5t ( puni%m5t1 seems to be exult+ ov] him1 & at ! same "t urg+ on ! troop ( grotesque imps :o are sw>m+ r\nd & torm5t+ _! victim4 ,! next cut1 ,no4 #cj1 is also tak5 f an ,anglo-,saxon manuscript1 pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,,ms4 ,cotton41 ,tib]ius1 ,c4 vi471 :i* belongs to ! e>li] half ( ! elev5? c5tury1 & conta9s a copy ( ! psalt]4 ,x gives u ! ,anglo-,saxon notion ( ! demon "u ano!r =m1 equally *>act]i/ic1 we>+ only a girdle ( flames1 b 9 ?is case ! especial s+ul>ity ( ! design consi/s 9 ! eyes 9 ! fi5d's w+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #cj4 ,satan4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ca4 ,! ,temptation4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #cb4 ,david & ! ,lion4 ,ano!r circum/ance _h no d\bt an influ5ce on ! m$ival ta/e = grotesque & c>icature--! natural rud5ess ( e>ly m$ival art4 ,! writ]s ( antiquity tell u ( a remote p]iod ( ,grecian art :5 x 0 necess>y to write "u ea* figure ( a picture ! "n ( :at x 0 int5d$ to repres5t1 9 ord] to make ! :ole intelligible--?is is a horse1 ?is is a man1 ?is is a tree4 ,)\t be+ q s rude z ?is1 ! e>ly m$ival arti/s1 ?r\gh ignorance ( p]spective1 want ( k ( proportion1 & ( skill 9 draw+1 f\nd great difficulty 9 repres5t+ a sc5e 9 :i* !re 0 m ?an "o figure1 & 9 :i* x 0 necess>y to di/+ui% !m f ea* o!r2 & !y 7 cont9ually try+ to help !mselves by adopt+ conv5tional =ms or conv5tional positions1 & by sometimes add+ symbols t did n exactly repres5t :at !y meant4 ,! exagg]ation 9 =m consi/$ *iefly 9 giv+ an undue prom95ce to "s *>act]i/ic feature1 :i* answ]$ ! same purpose z ! ,anglo-,saxon nickname & di/9ctive "n1 & :i* is1 9 fact1 "o ( ! fir/ pr9ciples ( all c>icature4 ,conv5tional positions p>took mu* ( ! "* ( conv5tional =ms1 b gave /ill great] room = grotesque4 ,?us ! v fir/ *>act]i/ics ( m$ival art impli$ ! exi/5ce ( c>icature1 & no d\bt l$ to ! ta/e = ! grotesque4 ,! effect ( ?is influ5ce is app>5t ev]y:]e1 & 9 innum]able cases s]i\s pictures ( ! grave/ & mo/ important subjects are simply & absolutely c>icatures4 ,anglo-,saxon art ran mu* into ?is /yle1 & is (t5 v grotesque 9 "*4 ,! fir/ example we give 7cut ,no4 #ca7 is tak5 f "o ( ! illu/rations to ,alfric's ,anglo-,saxon v]sion ( ! ,p5tateu*1 9 ! pr(usely illum9at$ manuscript 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,,ms4 ,cotton41 ,claudius ,b iv471 :i* 0 writt5 at ! end ( ! t5?1 or beg9n+ ( ! elev5?1 c5tury4 ,x repres5ts ! temptation & fall ( man2 & ! subject is treat$1 z w be se51 9 a r grotesque mann]4 ,eve is evid5tly dictat+ to h] husb&1 :o1 9 obey+ h]1 %[s a mixture ( eag]ness & trepidation4 ,adam is no less evid5tly go+ to swall[ ! apple :ole1 :i* is1 p]haps1 9 accordance ) ! m$ival leg5d1 accord+ to :i* ! fruit /uck 9 8 ?roat4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to rem>k t ! tree is entirely a conv5tional "o2 & x w\ld be difficult to imag9e h[ x came to be> apples at all4 ,! m$ival arti/s 7 extremely unskilful 9 draw+ trees2 to ^! !y usually gave ! =ms ( cabbages1 or "s su* plants1 ( :i* ! =m 0 simple1 or (t5 ( a m]e bun* ( leaves4 ,our next example 7cut ,no4 #cb7 is also ,anglo-,saxon1 & is furni%$ by ! manuscript 9 ! ,briti% ,museum already m5tion$ 7,,ms4 ,cotton41 ,tib]ius ,c vi47 ,x probably repres5ts "y ,david kill+ ! lion1 & is rem>kable n only = ! /range po/ure & bad proportions ( ! man1 b = ! tranquillity ( ! animal & ! exagg]at$ & viol5t action ( its slay]4 ,?is is v commonly ! case 9 ! m$ival draw+s & sculptures1 ! arti/s app>5tly possess+ f> less skill 9 repres5t+ action 9 an animal ?an 9 man1 & !re=e m r>ely attempt+ x4 ,^! illu/rations are bo? tak5 f illum9at$ manuscripts4 ,! two :i* foll[ are furni%$ by sculptures1 & are ( a r lat] date ?an ! prec$+4 ,! abbey ( ,/4 ,george ( ,bos*]ville1 9 ! diocese ( ,aux]re 79 ,norm&y71 0 f\nd$ by ,ralph de ,tanc>ville1 "o ( ! m9i/]s ( ,william ! ,conqu]or1 & !re=e 9 ! latt] half ( ! elev5? c5tury4 ,a hi/ory ( ?is religi\s h\se 0 publi%$ by a clev] local antiqu>y--,m4 ,a*ille ,deville--f ^: "w we take our cut ,no4 #cc1 "o ( a few rude sculptures on ! abbey *ur*1 :i* no d\bt belong$ to ! orig9al fabric4 ,x is n difficult to recognise ! subject z ,joseph tak+ ! ,virg9 ,m>y ) h] ,*ild into ,egypt2 b !re is some?+ exce$+ly droll 9 ! un9t5tional c>icature ( ! faces1 z well z 9 ! :ole design4 ,! ,virg9 ,m>y appe>s )\t a nimbus1 :ile ! nimbus ( ! ,infant ,jesus is made to look v l a bonnet4 ,x may be rem>k$ t ?is subject ( ! flight into ,egypt is by no means an uncommon "o 9 m$ival art2 & a draw+ ( ! same subject1 copi$ 9 my ,hi/ory ( ,dome/ic ,mann]s & ,s5tim5ts 7p4 #aae71 pres5ts a rem>kable illu/ration ( ! contra/ ( ! skill ( a ,norman sculptor & ( an almo/ contempor>y ,anglo-,norman illum9ator4 ,our cut also furni%es u ) evid5ce ( ! error ( ! old op9ion t ladies rode a/ride 9 ! middle ages4 ,ev5 "o1 :o by 8 /yle ( art mu/ h be5 an obscure local c>v] on /one1 :5 he repres5t$ a female on horseback1 plac$ h] 9 ! position :i* has always be5 consid]$ suitable to ! sex4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #cc4 ,! flight into ,egypt4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #cd4 ,david & ,goliah4 ,= ! draw+ ( ! o!r sculpture to :i* ,i allude1 ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,rob9son4 ,x is "o ( ! subjects c>v$ on ! faade ( ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,gilles1 ne> ,nismes1 & is a "w ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,x appe>s to repres5t ! "y ,david slay+ ! giant ,goliah1 ! latt] fully arm$ 9 scale arm\r1 & ) %ield & spe>1 l a ,norman knight2 :ile to ,david ! arti/ has giv5 a figure :i* is fem99e 9 its =ms4 ,:at we might take at fir/ sight = a basket ( apples1 appe>s to be meant = a supply ( /ones = ! sl+ :i* ! "y h]o c>ries susp5d$ f 8 neck4 ,he has sla9 ! giant ) "o ( ^!1 & is cutt+ (f 8 head ) 8 own sword4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,diabolical ,,9 ,,c>icature4--,,m$i,,val ,,love ,,( ,,! ,,ludicr\s4--,,causes ,,:i* ,,made ,,x ,,influ5ce ,,! ,,notions ,,( ,,demons4--,,/ories ,,( ,,! ,,pi\s ,,pa9t] ,,& ,,! ,,err+ ,,monk4--,,d>kness ,,& ,,ugl9ess ,,c>icatur$4--,,! ,,demons ,,9 ,,! ,,miracle ,,plays4--,,! ,,demon ,,( ,,notre ,,dame4 ,z ,i h already /at$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 !re c be no d\bt t ! :ole sy/em ( ! demonology ( ! middle ages 0 d]iv$ f ! old] pagan my?ology4 ,! demons ( ! monki% leg5ds 7 simply ! elves & hobgobl9s ( our =efa!rs1 :o haunt$ woods1 & fields1 & wat]s1 & delight$ 9 mislead+ or plagu+ mank9d1 ?\gh _! mis*ief 0 usually ( a r mir?ful "*4 ,!y 7 repres5t$ 9 classical my?ology by ! fauns & satyrs :o _h1 z we h se51 mu* to d ) ! bir? ( comic lit]ature among ! ,greeks & ,romans2 b ^! ,teutonic elves 7 m ubiquit\s ?an ! satyrs1 z !y ev5 haunt$ m5's h\ses1 & play$ tricks1 n only ( a mis*iev\s1 b ( a v famili> "*4 ,! ,*ri/ian cl]gy did n look ^u ! p]sonages ( ! popul> sup]/itions z fabul\s be+s1 b !y taught t !y 7 all diabolical1 & t !y 7 s _m ag5ts ( ! evil "o1 con/antly employ$ 9 entic+ & entrapp+ mank9d4 ,h5ce1 9 ! m$ival leg5ds1 we frequ5tly f9d demons pres5t+ !mselves "u ludicr\s =ms or 9 ludicr\s situations2 or p]=m+ acts1 su* z eat+ & dr9k+1 :i* are n 9 accordance ) _! real "*2 or at times ev5 lett+ !mselves be outwitt$ or entrapp$ by mortals 9 a v undignifi$ mann]4 ,al?\gh !y assum$ any =m !y pleas$1 _! natural =m 0 rem>kable *iefly = be+ extremely ugly2 "o ( !m1 :i* appe>$ 9 a wild wood1 is describ$ by ,giraldus ,cambr5sis1 :o wrote at ! end ( ! twelf? c5tury1 z be+ hairy1 %aggy1 & r\gh1 & mon/r\sly de=m$4#bd ,accord+ to a m$ival /ory1 :i* 0 told 9 diff]5t =ms1 a great man's cell> 0 once haunt$ by ^! demons1 :o drank all 8 w9e1 :ile ! own] 0 totally at a loss to acc\nt = its rapid disappe>ance4 ,aft] _m unsuccessful attempts to discov] ! depr$ators1 "s "o1 probably suspect+ ! tru?1 sugge/$ t he %\ld m>k "o ( ! b>rels ) holy wat]1 & next morn+ a demon1 mu* resembl+ ! description giv5 by ,giraldus1 0 f\nd /uck fa/ to ! b>rel4 ,x is told also ( ,edw>d ! ,confessor1 t he once w5t to see ! tribute call$ ! ,danegeld1 & x 0 %[n to him all pack$ up 9 great b>rels ready to be s5t away--= ?is appe>s to h be5 ! usual mode ( transport+ l>ge quantities ( money4 ,! sa9tly k+ _h ! faculty ( be+ able to see spiritual be+s--a sort ( spiritual second-sight--& he beheld seat$ on ! l>ge/ b>rel1 a devil1 :o 0 black & hide\s4 ,vit un dable sa] desus ,le tresor1 noir et hidus4--,life ( ,s4 ,edw>d1 l4 #idd4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ce4 ,! ,demon ( ! ,treasure4 ,an e>ly illum9ator1 9 a manuscript pres]v$ 9 ! libr>y ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge 7,,ms4 ,tr94 ,col41 ,b x4 #b71 has left u a pictorial repres5tation ( ?is sc5e1 f :i* ,i copy 8 notion ( ! =m ( ! demon 9 cut ,no4 #ce4 ,! g5]al idea is evid5tly tak5 f ! figure ( ! goat1 & ! relation%ip betwe5 ! demon & ! classical satyr is v evid5t4 #bd ,=mam qu&am villosam1 hispidam1 et hirsutam1 adeoque enormit] de=mem4 ,girald4 ,camb41 ,it9]4 ,camb41 lib4 i4 c4 #e4 ,ugl9ess 0 an ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( ! demons1 &1 moreov]1 _! features h usually a mir?ful ca/1 z ?\gh !y greatly enjoy$ _! occupation4 ,!re is a m$ival /ory ( a "y monk1 :o 0 sacri/an to an abbey1 & _h ! directions ( ! build+ & ornam5tation4 ,! c>v]s ( /one 7 mak+ admirable repres5tations ( hell & p>adise1 9 ! =m] ( :i* ! demons seem$ to take great delight 9 well torm5t+ _! victims-- ,qui p> semblant se delitoit ,en ce que bi5 les torm5toit4 ,! sacri/an1 :o wat*$ ! sculptors e day1 0 at la/ mov$ by pi\s zeal to try & imitate !m1 & he set to "w to make a devil himself1 ) su* success1 t 8 fi5d 0 s black & ugly t nobody c\ld look at x )\t t]ror4 ,tant qu'un dable f]e empri/2 ,si i mi/ sa po9e et sa cure1 ,que la =me fu si oscure ,et si laide1 que cil d\ta/ ,que entre deus oilz l'esg>da/4 ,! sacri/an1 enc\rag$ by 8 success--= x mu/ be und]/ood t 8 art 0 a sudd5 inspiration 7z he _h n be5 an arti/ be=e7--cont9u$ 8 "w till x 0 complet$1 & !n x 0 s horrible & s ugly1 t all :o saw x affirm$ ^u _! oa?s t !y _h nev] se5 s ugly a figure ei!r 9 sculpture or 9 pa9t+1 or "o :i* _h s repulsive an appe>ance1 or a devil :i* 0 a bett] lik5ess ?an ! "o ?is monk _h made = !m-- ,si horribles fu et si lez1 ,que tre/\z cels que le voi5t ,seur leur s]em5t af]moi5t ,c'onques ms si laide figure1 ,ne en taille ne en pe9ture1 ,n'avoi5t nul jor vue1 ,qui si u/ laide vue1 ,ne dable miex contrefet ,que cil mo9es leur avoit fet4--,meon's ,fabliaux1 tom4 ii4 p4 #dad4 ,! demon himself n[ took (f5ce at ! affront :i* _h be5 put ^u him1 & appe>+ ! night foll[+ to ! sacri/an1 reproa*$ him ) hav+ made him s ugly1 & enjo9$ him to break ! sculpture1 & execute ano!r repres5t+ him bett] look+1 on pa9 ( v sev]e puni%m5t2 b1 al?\gh ?is visit 0 repeat$ ?rice1 ! pi\s monk refus$ to comply4 ,! evil "o n[ began to "w 9 ano!r way1 &1 by 8 cunn+1 he drew ! sacri/an into a disgraceful am\r ) a lady ( ! neighb\rhood1 & !y plott$ n only to elope toge!r by night1 b to rob ! mona/]y ( its treasure1 :i* 0 ( c\rse 9 ! keep+ ( ! sacri/an4 ,!y 7 discov]$1 & caught 9 _! flight1 lad5 ) ! treasure1 & ! unfai?ful sacri/an 0 ?r[n into prison4 ,! fi5d n[ appe>$ to him1 & promis$ to cle> him out ( all 8 tr\ble on ! m]e condition t he %\ld break 8 ugly /atue1 & make ano!r repres5t+ him z look+ h&some--a b>ga9 to :i* ! sacri/an acc$$ )\t fur!r hesitation4 ,x w\ld ?us appe> t ! demons did n l to be repres5t$ ugly4 ,9 ?is case1 ! fi5d imm$iately took ! =m & place ( ! sacri/an1 :ile ! latt] w5t to 8 b$ z if no?+ _h happ5$4 ,:5 ! o!r monks f\nd him !re next morn+1 & he>d him disclaim all k ( ! robb]y or ( ! prison1 !y hurri$ to ! latt] place1 & f\nd ! devil 9 *a9s1 :o1 :5 !y attempt$ to exorcise him1 behav$ 9 a v turbul5t mann]1 & disappe>$ f _! sight4 ,! monks believ$ t x 0 all a deception ( ! evil "o1 :ile ! sacri/an1 :o 0 n incl9$ to brave 8 displeasure a second "t1 p]=m$ fai?fully 8 "p ( ! contract1 & made a devil :o did n look ugly4 ,9 ano!r v]sion ( ! /ory1 h[ev]1 x ends diff]5tly4 ,aft] ! ?ird w>n+1 ! monk w5t 9 defiance ( ! devil1 & made 8 picture ugli] ?an ev]2 9 rev5ge = :i* ! demon came unexpect$ly & broke ! ladd] on :i* he 0 m\nt$ at 8 "w1 :]eby ! monk w\ld und\bt$ly h be5 kill$4 ,b ! ,virg91 to :om he 0 mu* devot$1 came to 8 assi/ance1 &1 seiz+ him ) h] h&1 & hold+ him 9 ! air1 disappo9t$ ! devil ( 8 purpose4 ,x is ?is latt] dn\em5t :i* is repres5t$ 9 ! cut ,no4 #cf1 tak5 f ! celebrat$ manuscript 9 ! ,briti% ,museum kn[n z ,que5 ,m>y's ,psalt] 7,,ms4 ,reg4 #b ,b vii474 ,! two demons employ$ "h pres5t1 well def9$1 ! air ( mir?ful jollity :i* 0 evid5tly d]iv$ f ! popul> hobgobl9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #cf4 ,! ,pi\s ,sculptor4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #cg4 ,! ,monk's ,disa/]4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ch4 ,! ,demons ,disappo9t$4 ,!re 0 ano!r popul> /ory1 :i* also 0 told "u sev]al =ms4 ,! old ,norman hi/orians tell x ( _! duke ,ri*>d ,sans-,peur4 ,!re 0 a monk ( ! abbey ( ,/4 ,ou51 :o also held ! (fice ( sacri/an1 b1 neglect+ ! duties ( 8 position1 ent]$ into an intrigue ) a lady :o dwelt 9 ! neighb\rhood1 & 0 accu/om$ at night to leave ! abbey secretly1 & repair to h]4 ,8 place z sacri/an enabl$ him ?us to leave ! h\se unkn[n to ! o!r bre?r54 ,on 8 way1 he _h to pass ! little riv] ,robec1 by means ( a plank or wood5 bridge1 & "o night ! demons1 :o _h be5 wat*+ him on 8 err& ( s91 caught him on ! bridge1 & ?rew him ov] into ! wat]1 :]e he 0 dr[n$4 ,"o devil seiz$ 8 s\l1 & w\ld h c>ri$ x away1 b an angel came to claim him on acc\nt ( 8 good actions1 & ! dispute ran s high1 t duke ,ri*>d1 ^: piety 0 z great z 8 c\rage1 0 call$ 9 to decide x4 ,! same manuscript f :i* our la/ cut 0 tak5 has furni%$ our cut ,no4 #cg1 :i* repres5ts two demons tripp+ up ! monk1 & ?r[+ him v unc]emoni\sly into ! riv]4 ,! body ( "o ( ! demons "h assumes ! =m ( an animal1 in/ead ( tak+1 l ! o!r1 t ( a man1 & he is1 moreov]1 furni%$ ) a dragon's w+s4 ,!re 0 "o v]sion ( ?is /ory1 9 :i* x f\nd its place among ! leg5ds ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 in/ead ( ^? ( duke ,ri*>d4 ,! monk1 9 spite ( 8 fail+s1 _h be5 a con/ant wor%ipp] ( ! ,virg91 &1 z he 0 fall+ f ! bridge into ! riv]1 %e /epp$ =w>d to protect him f 8 p]secutors1 & tak+ hold ( him ) h] h&1 sav$ him f dea?4 ,"o ( ! comp>tm5ts ( ! r e>ly wall-pa9t+s 9 ,w9*e/] ,ca!dral repres5ts ! sc5e accord+ to ?is v]sion ( ! /ory1 & is copi$ 9 our cut ,no4 #ch4 ,! fi5ds "h take m fanta/ic %apes ?an we h previ\sly se5 giv5 to !m4 ,!y rem9d u already ( ! inf9itely v>i$ grotesque =ms :i* ! pa9t]s ( ! age ( ! ,r5aissance cr[d$ toge!r 9 su* subjects z ,! ,temptation ( ,/4 ,an?ony4 ,9 fact ^! /range notions ( ! =ms ( ! demons 7 n only pres]v$ ?r\gh ! :ole p]iod ( ! middle ages1 b are /ill h>dly ext9ct4 ,!y appe> 9 almo/ exagg]at$ =ms 9 ! illu/rations to books ( a popul> religi\s "* :i* appe>$ 9 ! fir/ ages ( pr9t+4 ,i may quote1 z an example1 "o ( ! cuts ( an e>ly & v r>e block-book1 entitl$ ! ,ars ,mori5di1 or ,art ( ,dy+1 or1 9 a second title1 ,de ,t5tationibus ,mori5tium1 on ! temptations to :i* dy+ m5 are expos$4 ,! sc5e1 ( :i* a "p is giv5 9 ! annex$ cut 7,no4 #ci71 is 9 ! room ( ! dy+ man1 ^: b$ is surr\nd$ by ?ree demons1 :o are come to tempt him1 :ile 8 relatives ( bo? sexes are look+ on q unconsci\s ( _! pres5ce4 ,! figures ( ^! demons are p>ticul>ly grotesque1 & _! ugly features betray a degree ( vulg> cunn+ :i* adds n a little to ?is effect4 ,! "o lean+ ov] ! dy+ man sugge/s to him ! words express$ 9 ! label issu+ f 8 m\?1 ,provideas amicis1 provide = y\r fri5ds2 :ile ! "o ^: head appe>s to ! left :isp]s to him1 ,ynt5de !sauro1 ?9k ( y\r treasure4 ,! dy+ man seems griev\sly p]plex$ ) ! v>i\s ?\ghts ?us sugge/$ to him4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ci4 ,a ,m$ival ,dea?-b$4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #dj4 ,condemn$ ,s\ls c>ri$ to _! ,place ( ,puni%m5t4 ,:y did ! m$ival ,*ri/ians ?9k x necess>y to make ! devils black & ugly8 ,! fir/ reply to ?is "q :i* pres5ts itself is1 t ! *>act]i/ics int5d$ to be repres5t$ 7 ! blackness & ugl9ess ( s94 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is only p>tially ! explanation ( ! fact2 = !re c be no d\bt t ! notion 0 a popul> "o1 & t x _h previ\sly exi/$ 9 ! popul> my?ology2 &1 z has be5 already rem>k$1 ! ugl9ess exhibit$ by !m is a vulg>1 mir?ful ugl9ess1 :i* makes y laugh in/ead ( %udd]4 ,ano!r sc5e1 f ! int]e/+ draw+s at ! foot ( ! pages 9 ,que5 ,m>y's ,psalt]1 is giv5 9 our cut ,no4 #dj4 ,x repres5ts t mo/ popul> ( m$ival pictures1 &1 at ! same "t1 mo/ rem>kable ( lit]al int]pretations1 hell m\?4 ,! entrance to ! inf]nal regions 0 always repres5t$ pictorially z ! m\? ( a mon/r\s animal1 :]e ! demons appe>$ leav+ & return+4 ,"h !y are se5 br++ ! s9ful s\ls to _! la/ de/9ation1 & x _c be d5i$ t !y are do+ ! "w "r m]rily & jovially4 ,9 our cut ,no4 #da1 f ! manuscript 9 ! libr>y ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge1 :i* furni%$ a =m] subject1 ?ree demons1 :o appe> to be ! gu>dians ( ! entrance to ! regions bel[--= x is ^u ! br[ above ! mon/r\s m\? t !y are /&+--pres5t v>ieties ( ! diabolical =m4 ,! "o 9 ! middle is ! mo/ rem>kable1 = he has w+s n only on 8 %\ld]s1 b also on 8 knees & heels4 ,all ?ree h horns2 9 fact1 ! ?ree special *>act]i/ics ( m$ival demons 7 horns1 ho(s--or1 at lea/1 ! feet ( bea/s1--& tails1 :i* suffici5tly indicate ! s\rce f :i* ! popul> notions ( ^! be+s 7 d]iv$4 ,9 ! ca!dral ( ,treves1 !re is a mural pa9t+ by ,william ( ,cologne1 a pa9t] ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 :i* repres5ts ! entrance to ! %ades1 ! mon/r\s m\?1 ) its keep]s1 9 /ill m grotesque =ms4 ,our cut ,no4 #db gives b a small portion ( ?is picture1 9 :i* ! port] ( ! regions ( puni%m5t is sitt+ a/ride ! sn\t ( ! mon/r\s m\?1 & is s\nd+ ) a trumpet :at may be suppos$ to be ! call = ^? :o are condemn$4 ,ano!r m9/rel ( ! same /amp1 spurr$1 ?\gh n boot$1 sits a/ride ! tube ( ! trumpet1 play+ on ! bagpipes2 & ! s\nd :i* issues f ! =m] in/rum5t is repres5t$ by a ho/ ( small] imps :o are scatt]+ !mselves ab\t4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #da4 ,! ,gu>dians ( ,hell ,m\?4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #db4 ,! ,trumpet] ( ,evil4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t1 9 subjects l ^!1 ! droll]y ( ! sc5e 0 accid5tal2 b1 on ! contr>y1 ! m$ival arti/s & popul> writ]s gave !m ?is "* purposely4 ,! demons & ! execution]s--! latt] ( :om 7 call$ 9 ,lat9 tortores1 & 9 popul> old ,engli% phraseology ! torm5t\rs--7 ! comic *>act]s ( ! "t1 & ! sc5es 9 ! old my/]ies or religi\s plays 9 :i* !y 7 introduc$ 7 ! comic sc5es1 or f>ce1 ( ! piece4 ,! love ( burlesque & c>icature 01 inde$1 s deeply plant$ 9 ! popul> m9d1 t x 0 f\nd necess>y to introduce !m ev5 9 pi\s works1 9 :i* su* sc5es z ! slaught] ( ! innoc5ts1 :]e ! knights & ! wom5 abus$ ea* o!r 9 vulg> language1 ! treatm5t ( ,*ri/ at ! "t ( ,8 trial1 "s p>ts ( ! sc5e ( ! crucifixion1 & ! day ( judgm5t1 7 ess5tially comic4 ,! la/ ( ^! subjects1 especially1 0 a sc5e ( mir?1 because x (t5 consi/$ ?r\gh\t ( a co>se satire on ! vices ( ! age1 especially on ^? :i* 7 mo/ obnoxi\s to ! populace1 su* z ! pride & vanity ( ! high] ranks1 & ! extortions & frauds ( usur]s1 bak]s1 tav]n]s1 & o!rs4 ,9 ! play ( ,juditium1 or ! day ( doom1 9 ! ,t[neley ,my/]ies1 "o ( ! e>lie/ collections ( my/]ies 9 ! ,engli% language1 ! :ole conv]sation among ! demons is exactly ( t jok+ k9d :i* we might expect f _! c\nt5ances 9 ! pictures4 ,:5 "o ( !m appe>s c>ry+ a bag full ( diff]5t (f5ces1 ano!r1 8 companion1 is s joyful at ?is circum/ance1 t he says x makes him laugh till he is out ( brea?1 or1 9 o!r words1 till he is ready to bur/2 &1 :ile ask+ if ang] be n among ! s9s he _h collect$1 proposes to treat him ) some?+ to dr9k-- ,primus dmon4 ,peasze1 ,i pray !1 be /ille2 ,i laghe t ,i kynke4 ,is oghte ire 9 ?i bille8 & !n salle ?\ drynke4 --,t[neley ,my/]ies1 p4 #cji4 ,& 9 ! cont9uation ( ! conv]sation1 "o tell+ ( ! ev5ts :i* _h prec$$ ! ann\ncem5t ( ,doomsday says1 r je]+ly1 & some:at exult+ly1 ,s\ls came s ?ick n[ ( late to hell1 t our port] at hell gate is ev] held s close at "w1 up e>ly & d[n late1 t he nev] re/s-- ,saules cam s ?yk n[ late unto helle1 ,z ev] ,oure port] at helle gate ,is hald5 s /rate1 ,up erly & d[ne late1 ,he ry/ys nev]4--,ib41 p4 #cad4 ,) su* popul> notions on ! subject1 we h no reason to be surpris$ t ! arti/s ( ! middle ages frequ5tly *ose ! figures ( demons z objects on :i* to ex]cise _! skill 9 burlesque & c>icature1 t !y (t5 introduc$ grotesque figures ( _! heads & bodies 9 ! sculptur$ ornam5tation ( build+1 & t !y pres5t$ !m 9 ludicr\s situations & attitudes 9 _! pictures4 ,!y are (t5 br\ght 9 z second>y actors 9 a picture 9 a v s+ul> mann]1 ( :i* an excell5t example is furni%$ by ! beautifully illum9at$ manuscript kn[n z ,que5 ,m>y's ,psalt]1 :i* is copi$ 9 our cut ,no4 #dc4 ,no?+ is m c]ta9 ?an t 9 ?is in/ance ! int5tion ( ! arti/ 0 p]fectly s]i\s4 ,eve1 "u ! influ5ce ( a r s+ul>ly =m$ s]p5t1 hav+ ! head ( a beautiful woman & ! body ( a dragon1 is pluck+ ! apples & (f]+ !m to ,adam1 :o is prep>+ to eat "o1 ) evid5t hesitation & reluctance4 ,b ?ree demons1 d[nright hobgobl9s1 appe> z second>y actors 9 ! sc5e1 :o ex]cise an influ5ce ^u ! pr9cipals4 ,"o is patt+ ,eve on ! %\ld]1 ) an air ( approval & enc\ragem5t1 :ile a second1 ) w+s1 is urg+ on ,adam1 & app>5tly laugh+ at 8 appreh5sions2 & a ?ird1 9 a v ludicr\s mann]1 is prev5t+ him f draw+ back f ! trial4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #dc4 ,! ,fall ( ,man4 ,9 all ! del9eations ( demons we h yet se51 ! ludicr\s is ! _s :i* *iefly pr$om9ates1 & 9 no "o in/ance h we _h a figure :i* is really demoniacal4 ,! devils are droll b n frightful2 !y provoke laught]1 or at lea/ excite a smile1 b !y create no horror4 ,inde$1 !y torm5t _! victims s good-hum\r$ly1 t we h>dly feel = !m4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o well-kn[n in/ance 9 :i* ! m$ival arti/ has %[n himself fully successful 9 repres5t+ ! features ( ! _s ( evil4 ,on ! p>apet ( ! ext]nal gall]y ( ! ca!dral *ur* ( ,notre ,dame 9 ,p>is1 !re is a figure 9 /one1 ( ! ord9>y /ature ( a man1 repres5t+ ! demon1 app>5tly look+ ) satisfaction ^u ! inhabitants ( ! city z !y 7 ev]y:]e indulg+ 9 s9 & wick$ness4 ,we give a sket* ( ?is figure 9 our cut ,no4 #dd4 ,! unmix$ evil--horrible 9 its expression 9 ?is c\nt5ance--is m>vell\sly portray$4 ,x is an absolute ,mephi/ophiles1 c>ry+ 9 8 features a /range mixture ( hateful qualities--malice1 pride1 envy--9 fact1 all ! deadly s9s comb9$ 9 "o diabolical :ole4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #dd4 ,! ,_s ( ,evil4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,employm5t ,,( ,,animals ,,9 ,,m$i,,val ,,satire4--,,popul>ity ,,( ,,fables2 ,,odo ,,de ,,cir+ton4--,,reyn>d ,,! ,,fox4--,,burnellus ,,& ,,fauvel4--,,! ,,*>iv>i4--,,le ,,monde ,,be/orn4--,,encau/ic ,,tiles4--,,%oe+ ,,! ,,goose1 ,,& ,,fe$+ ,,pigs ,,) ,,roses4--,,satirical ,,signs2 ,,! ,,mu/>d ,,mak]4 ,! p ( ! middle ages appe> to h be5 great admir]s ( animals1 to h obs]v$ closely _! v>i\s *>act]s & peculi>ities1 & to h be5 fond ( dome/icat+ !m4 ,!y soon began to employ _! peculi>ities z means ( satiris+ & c>icatur+ mank9d2 & among ! lit]ature bequea!d to !m by ! ,romans1 !y receiv$ no book m eag]ly ?an ! ,fables ( sop1 & ! o!r collections ( fables :i* 7 publi%$ "u ! empire4 ,we f9d no traces ( fables among ! orig9al lit]ature ( ! ,g]man race2 b ! tribes :o took possession ( ! ,roman prov9ces no soon] became acqua9t$ ) ! fables ( ! anci5ts1 ?an !y began to imitate !m1 & /ories 9 :i* animals act$ ! "p ( m5 7 multipli$ imm5sely1 & became a v important bran* ( m$ival fiction4 ,among ! ,teutonic peoples especially1 ^! fables (t5 assum$ v grotesque =ms1 & ! satire !y convey is v amus+4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ ( ^! collections ( orig9al fables 0 compos$ by an ,engli% ecclesia/ic nam$ ,odo de ,cir+ton1 :o liv$ 9 ! "t ( ,h5ry ,,ii4 & ,ri*>d ,i4 ,9 ,odo's fables1 we f9d ! animals figur+ "u ! same popul> names by :i* !y 7 aft]w>ds s well kn[n1 su* z ,reyn>d = ! ,fox1 ,is5gr9 = ! wolf1 ,teburg = ! cat1 & ! l4 ,?us ! subject ( "o ( !m is ,is5gr9 made ,monk 7de ,is5gr9o mona*o74 ,once1 we are told1 ,is5gr9 desir$ to be a monk4 ,by d9t ( f]v5t supplications1 he obta9$ ! cons5t ( ! *apt]1 & receiv$ ! tonsure1 ! c[l1 & ! o!r insignia ( mona*ism4 ,at l5g? !y put him to s*ool1 & he 0 to le>n ! ',pat]no/]1' b he always repli$1 'lamb' 7agnus7 or 'ram' 7aries74 ,! monks taught him t he ought to look ^u ! crucifix & ^u ! sacram5t1 b he ev] direct$ 8 eyes to ! lambs & rams4 ,! fable is droll en\gh1 b ! moral1 or application is /ill m grotesque4 ,su* is ! conduct ( _m ( ! monks1 ^: only cry is 'aries1' t is1 good w9e1 & :o h _! eyes always fix$ on fat fle% & _! platt]2 :5ce ! say+ 9 ,engli%-- ,!y ?\ ! vulf hore ,?\gh ?\ ! ho>y wolf hod to pre/e1 consecrate to a prie/1 !y ?\ him to skole sette ?\gh ?\ put him to s*ool salmes to l]ne1 to le>n ,psalms1 hev]e bet hise g]es ev] are 8 e>s turn$ to ! grove gr5e4 to ! gre5 grove4 ,^! l9es are 9 ! allit]ative v]se ( ! ,anglo-,saxons1 & %[ t su* fables _h already f\nd _! place 9 ! popul> poetry ( ! ,engli% p4 ,ano!r ( ^! fables is entitl$ ,( ! ,beetle 7s]abo7 & 8 ,wife4 ,a beetle1 fly+ ?r\gh ! l&1 pass$ among mo/ beautiful bloom+ trees1 ?r\gh or*>ds & among roses & lilies1 9 ! mo/ lovely places1 & at l5g? ?rew himself ^u a dunghill among ! dung ( horses1 & f\nd !re 8 wife1 :o ask$ him :5ce he came4 ,& ! beetle said1 ',i h fl[n all r\nd ! e>? & ?r\gh x2 ,i h se5 ! fl[]s ( almonds1 & lilies1 & roses1 b ,i h se5 no place s pleasant z ?is1' po9t+ to ! dunghill4 ,! application is equally droll ) ! =m] & equally uncomplim5t>y to ! religi\s "p ( ! community4 ,odo de ,cir+ton tells u t1 ,?us _m ( ! cl]gy1 monks1 & laym5 li/5 to ! lives ( ! fa!rs1 pass among ! lilies ( ! virg9s1 among ! roses ( ! m>tyrs1 & among ! violets ( ! confessors1 yet no?+ ev] appe>s s pleasant & agreeable z a /rumpet1 or ! tav]n1 or a s++ p>ty1 ?\gh x is b a /9k+ dunghill & congregation ( s9n]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #de4 ,! ,fox 9 ! ,pulpit4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #df4 ,ecclesia/ical ,s9c]ity4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #dg4 ,reyn>d turn$ ,monk4 ,popul> sculpture & pa9t+ 7 b ! translation ( popul> lit]ature1 & no?+ 0 m common to repres5t1 9 pictures & c>v+s1 ?an individual m5 "u ! =ms ( ! animals :o display$ simil> *>act]s or simil> prop5sities4 ,cunn+1 trea*]y1 & intrigue 7 ! prevail+ vices ( ! middle ages1 & !y 7 ^? also ( ! fox1 :o h5ce became a fav\rite "* 9 satire4 ,! victory ( craft ov] =ce always provok$ mir?4 ,! fabuli/s1 or1 we %\ld p]haps r say1 ! satiri/s1 soon began to ext5d _! canvas & enl>ge _! picture1 &1 in/ead ( s+le examples ( fraud or inju/ice1 !y introduc$ a v>iety ( *>act]s1 n only foxes1 b wolves1 & %eep1 & be>s1 ) birds also1 z ! eagle1 ! cock1 & ! cr[1 & mix$ !m up toge!r 9 long n>ratives1 :i* ?us =m$ g5]al satires on ! vices ( contempor>y society4 ,9 ?is mann] orig9at$ ! celebrat$ romance ( ,reyn>d ! ,fox1 :i* 9 v>i\s =ms1 f ! twelf? c5tury to ! eighte5?1 has enjoy$ a popul>ity :i* 0 grant$ probably to no o!r book4 ,! plot ( ?is rem>kable satire turns *iefly on ! long /ruggle betwe5 ! brute =ce ( ,is5gr9 ! ,wolf1 possess$ only ) a small am\nt ( intellig5ce1 :i* is easily deceiv$--"u :i* "* is pres5t$ ! p[]ful feudal b>on--& ! craft9ess ( ,reyn>d ! ,fox1 :o repres5ts ! intellig5t portion ( society1 :i* _h to hold its gr\nd by its wits1 & ^! 7 cont9ually abus$ to evil purposes4 ,reyn>d is sway$ by a con/ant impulse to deceive & victimise ev]ybody1 :e!r fri5ds or enemies1 b especially 8 uncle ,is5gr94 ,x 0 some:at ! relation%ip betwe5 ! ecclesia/ical & b>onial ari/ocracy4 ,reyn>d 0 educat$ 9 ! s*ools1 & int5d$ = ! cl]ical ord]2 & at diff]5t times he is repres5t$ z act+ "u ! disguise ( a prie/1 ( a monk1 ( a pilgrim1 or ev5 ( a prelate ( ! *ur*4 ,?\gh frequ5tly r$uc$ to ! greate/ /raits by ! p[] ( ,is5gr91 ,reyn>d has g5]ally ! bett] ( x 9 ! end3 he robs & defrauds ,is5gr9 cont9ually1 outrages 8 wife1 :o is half 9 alliance ) him1 & draws him into all sorts ( dang]s & suff]+s1 = :i* ! latt] nev] succe$s 9 obta9+ ju/ice4 ,! old sculptors & arti/s appe> to h pref]r$ exhibit+ ,reyn>d 9 8 ecclesia/ical disguises1 & 9 ^! he appe>s (t5 9 ! ornam5tation ( m$ival ar*itectural sculpture1 9 wood-c>v+s1 9 ! illum9ations ( manuscripts1 & 9 o!r objects ( art4 ,! popul> feel+ aga9/ ! cl]gy 0 /rong 9 ! middle ages1 & no c>icature 0 receiv$ ) m fav\r ?an ^? :i* expos$ ! immorality or di%one/y ( a monk or a prie/4 ,our cut ,no4 #de is tak5 f a sculpture 9 ! *ur* ( ,*ri/*ur*1 9 ,hamp%ire1 = ! draw+ ( :i* ,i am indebt$ to my fri5d1 ,mr4 ,llewellynn ,jewitt4 ,x repres5ts ,reyn>d 9 ! pulpit prea*+2 beh9d1 or r p]haps beside him1 a dim9utive cock /&s ^u a /ool--9 mod]n times we %\ld be incl9$ to say he 0 act+ z cl]k4 ,reyn>d's co/ume consi/s m]ely ( ! ecclesia/ical hood or c[l4 ,su* subjects are frequ5tly f\nd on ! c>v$ seats1 or mis]]es1 9 ! /alls ( ! old ca!drals & collegiate *ur*es4 ,! pa9t$ glass ( ! great w9d[ ( ! nor? cross-aisle ( ,/4 ,m>t9's *ur* 9 ,leice/]1 :i* 0 de/roy$ 9 ! la/ c5tury1 repres5t$ ! fox1 9 ! "* ( an ecclesia/ic1 prea*+ to a congregation ( geese1 & address+ !m 9 ! words--,te/is e/ mihi ,deus1 quam cupiam vos omnes visc]ibus meis 7,god is witness1 h[ ,i desire y all 9 my b[els71 a p>ody on ! words ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4#be ,our cut ,no4 #df is tak5 f "o ( ! mis]]es 9 ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,m>y1 at ,bev]ley1 9 ,york%ire4 ,two foxes are repres5t$ 9 ! disguise ( ecclesia/ics1 ea* furni%$ ) a pa/oral /aff1 & !y appe> to be receiv+ in/ructions f a prelate or p]sonage ( rank--p]haps !y are und]tak+ a pilgrimage ( p5ance4 ,b _! s9c]ity is r5d]$ some:at d\btful by ! geese conceal$ 9 _! hoods4 ,9 "o ( ! incid5ts ( ! romance ( ,reyn>d1 ! h]o ent]s a mona/]y & becomes a monk1 9 ord] to escape ! wra? ( ,k+ ,noble1 ! lion4 ,= "s "t he made an outw>d %[ ( sanctity & self-privation1 b unkn[n to 8 bre?r5 he secretly help$ himself freely to ! good ?+s ( ! mona/]y4 ,"o day he obs]v$1 ) long+ lips1 a mess5g] :o br\ght f\r fat capons z a pres5t f a lay neighb\r to ! abbot4 ,t night1 :5 all ! monks _h retir$ to re/1 ,reyn>d obta9$ admission to ! l>d]1 regal$ himself ) "o ( ! capons1 & z soon z he _h eat5 x1 truss$ ! ?ree o!rs on 8 back1 escap$ secretly f ! abbey1 &1 ?r[+ away 8 mona/ic g>m5t1 hurri$ home ) 8 prey4 ,we might almo/ imag9e our cut ,no4 #dg1 tak5 f "o ( ! /alls ( ! *ur* ( ,nantwi*1 9 ,*e%ire1 to h be5 int5d$ to repres5t ?is incid5t1 or1 at lea/1 a simil> "o4 ,our next cut1 ,no4 #dh1 is tak5 f a /all 9 ! *ur* ( ,bo/on1 9 ,l9coln%ire4 ,a prelate1 equally false1 is seat$ 9 8 *air1 ) a mitre on 8 head1 & ! pa/oral /aff 9 8 "r h&4 ,8 flock are repres5t$ by a cock & h5s1 ! =m] ( :i* he holds securely ) 8 "r h&1 :ile he appe>s to be prea*+ to !m4 #be ,an engrav+ ( ?is sc5e1 mod]nis$ 9 "*1 is giv5 9 ,ni*ols's ,leice/]%ire1 vol4 i4 plate #dc4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #dh4 ,! ,prelate & 8 ,flock4 ,ano!r m$ival sculpture has furni%$ ev5ts = a r curi\s hi/ory1 at ! same "t t x is a good illu/ration ( our subject4 ,odo de ,cir+ton1 ! fabuli/1 tells u h[1 "o day1 ! wolf di$1 & ! lion call$ ! animals toge!r to celebrate 8 exequies4 ,! h>e c>ri$ ! holy wat]1 h$gehogs bore ! c&les1 ! goats rang ! bells1 ! moles dug ! grave1 ! foxes c>ri$ ! corpse on ! bi]4 ,b]5g>ius1 ! be>1 celebrat$ mass1 ! ox read ! gospel1 & ! ass ! epi/le4 ,:5 ! mass 0 conclud$1 & ,is5gr9 buri$1 ! animals made a spl5did fea/ out ( 8 goods1 & wi%$ = su* ano!r fun]al4 ,our satirical ecclesia/ic makes an application ( ?is /ory :i* tells little to ! cr$it ( ! monks ( 8 "t4 ,s x frequ5tly happ5s1 he says1 t :5 "s ri* man1 an extortioni/ or a usur]1 dies1 ! abbot or prior ( a conv5t ( bea/s1 i4e4 ( m5 liv+ l bea/s1 causes !m to assemble4 ,= x commonly happ5s t 9 a great conv5t ( black or :ite monks 7,b5$ict9es or ,augu/9ians7 !re are none b bea/s--lions by _! pride1 foxes by _! craft9ess1 be>s by _! voracity1 /9k+ goats by _! incont95ce1 asses by _! sluggi%ness1 h$gehogs by _! asp]ity1 h>es by _! timidity1 because !y 7 c[>dly :]e !re 0 no fe>1 & ox5 by _! labori\s cultivation ( _! l&4#bf #bf ,! ,lat9 text ( ?is & "s o!rs ( ! fables ( ,odo de ,cir+ton w be f\nd 9 my ,selection ( ,lat9 ,/ories1 pp4 #ej-eb1 #ee-eh1 & #hj4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #di4 ,! ,fun]al ( ! ,fox4 ,a sc5e closely resembl+ t "h describ$ by ,odo1 diff]+ only 9 ! di/ribution ( ! *>act]s1 0 translat$ f "s su* writt5 /ory into ! pictorial language ( ! anci5t sculptur$ ornam5tation ( ,/rasburg ,ca!dral1 :]e x =m$1 app>5tly1 two sides ( ! capital or entablature ( a column ne> ! *ancel4 ,! deceas$ 9 ?is picture appe>s to be a fox1 :i* 0 probably ! animal int5d$ to be repres5t$ 9 ! orig9al1 al?\gh1 9 ! copy ( x pres]v$1 x looks m l a squirrel4 ,! bi] is c>ri$ by ! goat & ! bo>1 :ile a little dog und]nea? is tak+ lib]ties ) ! tail ( ! latt]4 ,imm$iately be=e ! bi]1 ! h>e c>ries ! light$ tap]1 prec$$ by ! wolf1 :o c>ries ! cross1 & ! be>1 :o holds 9 "o h& ! holy-wat] vessel & 9 ! o!r ! asp]soir4 ,?is =ms ! fir/ division ( ! subject1 & is repres5t$ 9 our cut ,no4 #di4 ,9 ! next division 7cut ,no4 #ej71 ! /ag is repres5t$ celebrat+ mass1 & ! ass reads ! ,gospel f a book :i* ! cat supports ) its head4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ej4 ,! ,mass = ! ,fox4 ,?is curi\s sculpture is said to h be5 ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury x attract$ ! att5tion ( ! re=m]s1 :o look$ ^u x z an anci5t prote/ aga9/ ! corruptions ( ! mass1 & "o ( ! m di/+ui%$ ( !m1 ,john ,fis*>t1 _h x copi$ & engrav$ on wood1 & publi%$ x ab\t ! ye> #aehj1 ) "s v]ses ( 8 own1 9 :i* x 0 int]pret$ z a satire ^u ! papacy4 ,?is publication gave su* dire (f5ce to ! ecclesia/ical au?orities ( ,/rasburg1 t ! ,lu!ran booksell] :o _h v5tur$ to publi% x1 0 compell$ to make a public apology 9 ! *ur*1 & ! wood-engrav+ & all ! impressions 7 seiz$ & burnt by ! common hangman4 ,a few ye>s lat]1 h[ev]1 9 #afjh1 ano!r engrav+ 0 made1 & publi%$ 9 a l>ge folio ) ,fis*>t's v]ses2 & x is f ! dim9i%$ copy ( ?is second edition--giv5 9 ,flgel's ,ges*i*te des ,komis*es ,lit]atur--t our cuts are tak54 ,! orig9al ,sculpture 0 /ill m un=tunate4 ,its publication & explanation by ,fis*>t 0 ! cause ( no little sc&al among ! ,ca?olics1 :o tri$ to retort ^u _! oppon5ts by ass]t+ t ! figures 9 ?is fun]al celebration 7 int5d$ to repres5t ! ignorance ( ! ,prote/ant prea*]s2 & ! sculpture 9 ! *ur* cont9u$ to be reg>d$ by ! ecclesia/ical au?orities ) dissatisfaction until ! ye> #afhe1 :51 to take away all fur!r gr\nd ( sc&al1 x 0 entirely defac$4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ea4 ,! ,fox ,provid$4 ,reyn>d's m$ival celebrity dates c]ta9ly f a r e>ly p]iod4 ,montflaucon has giv5 an alphabet ( ornam5tal initial lett]s1 =m$ *iefly ( figures ( m5 & animals1 f a manuscript :i* he ascribes to ! n9? c5tury1 among :i* is ! "o copi$ 9 our cut ,no4 #ea1 repres5t+ a fox walk+ ^u 8 h9d legs1 & c>ry+ two small cocks1 susp5d$ at ! ends ( a cross /aff4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to say t ?is gr\p =ms ! lett] ,t4 ,long be=e ?is1 ! ,franki% hi/orian ,fr$eg>ius1 :o wrote ab\t ! middle ( ! sev5? c5tury1 introduces a fable 9 :i* ! fox figures at ! c\rt ( ! lion4 ,! same fable is repeat$ by a monki% writ] ( ,bav>ia1 nam$ ,fromond1 :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! t5? c5tury1 & by ano!r nam$ ,aimo9us1 :o liv$ ab\t ! ye> #a1jjj4 ,at l5g?1 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 ,guib]t de ,nog5t1 :o di$ ab\t ! ye> #aabd1 & :o has left u 8 autobiography 7de ,vita sua71 relates an anecdote 9 t "w1 9 explanation ( :i* he tells u t ! wolf 0 !n popul>ly designat$ by ! "n ( ,is5gr92 & 9 ! fables ( ,odo1 z we h already se51 ?is "n is commonly giv5 to ! wolf1 ,reyn>d to ! fox1 ,teburg to ! cat1 & s on ) ! o!rs4 ,?is only %[s t 9 ! fables ( ! twelf? c5tury ! v>i\s animals 7 kn[n by ^! names1 b x does n prove t :at we "k z ! romance ( ,reyn>d exi/$4 ,jacob ,grimm argu$ f ! d]ivation & =ms ( ^! names1 t ! fables !mselves1 & ! romance1 orig9at$ ) ! ,teutonic peoples1 & 7 indig5\s to !m2 b 8 reasons appe> to me to be m speci\s ?an conclusive1 & ,i c]ta9ly lean to ! op9ion ( my fri5d ,paul9 ,p>is1 t ! romance ( ,reyn>d 0 native ( ,france1#bg & t x 0 p>tly f\nd$ ^u old ,lat9 leg5ds p]haps poems4 ,its "* is altoge!r feudal1 & x is /rictly a picture ( society1 9 ,france prim>ily1 & secondly 9 ,engl& & ! o!r nations ( feudalism1 9 ! twelf? c5tury4 ,! e>lie/ =m 9 :i* ?is romance is kn[n is 9 ! ,fr5* poem--or r poems1 = x consi/s ( sev]al bran*es or cont9uations--& is suppos$ to date f ab\t ! middle ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,x soon became s popul>1 t x appe>$ 9 diff]5t =ms 9 all ! languages ( ,we/]n ,europe1 except 9 ,engl&1 :]e !re appe>s to h exi/$ no edition ( ! romance ( ,reyn>d ! ,fox until ,caxton pr9t$ 8 prose ,engli% v]sion ( ! /ory4 ,f t "t x became1 if possible1 m popul> 9 ,engl& ?an else:]e1 & t popul>ity _h h>dly dim9i%$ d[n to ! comm5cem5t ( ! pres5t c5tury4 #bg ,see ! diss]tation by ,m4 ,paul9 ,p>is1 publi%$ 9 8 nice popul> mod]n abridgm5t ( ! ,fr5* romance1 publi%$ 9 #ahfa1 "u ! title ,les ,av5tures de ,matre ,r5>t et d',ys5gr9 son compre4 ,on ! debat$ "q ( ! orig9 ( ! ,romance1 see ! le>n$ & able "w by ,jonckbloet1 #hvo41 ,gron+ue1 #ahfc4 ,! popul>ity ( ! /ory ( ,reyn>d caus$ x to be imitat$ 9 a v>iety ( %apes1 & ?is =m ( satire1 9 :i* animals act$ ! "p ( m51 became altoge!r popul>4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! twelf? c5tury1 an ,anglo-,lat9 poet1 nam$ ,nigellus ,wirek]1 compos$ a v sev]e satire 9 elegiac v]se1 "u ! title ( ,speculum ,/ultorum1 ! ,mirror ( ,fools4 ,x is n a wise animal l ! fox1 b a simple animal1 ! ass1 :o1 "u ! "n ( ,brunellus1 passes among ! v>i\s ranks & classes ( society1 & notes _! crimes & vices4 ,a prose introduction to ?is poem in=ms u t its h]o is ! repres5tative ( ! monks 9 g5]al1 :o 7 always long+ = "s new acquisition :i* 0 inconsi/5t ) _! pr(ession4 ,9 fact1 ,brunellus is absorb$ ) ! notion t 8 tail 0 too %ort1 & 8 great ambition is to get x l5g!n$4 ,= ?is purpose he consults a physician1 :o1 aft] repres5t+ to him 9 va9 ! folly ( 8 pursuit1 gives him a receipt to make 8 tail gr[ long]1 & s5ds him to ! celebrat$ m$ical s*ool ( ,sal]no to obta9 ! +r$i5ts4 ,aft] v>i\s adv5tures1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* he loses a "p ( 8 tail in/ead ( its be+ l5g!n$1 ,brunellus proce$s to ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is to /udy & obta9 k2 & we are treat$ ) a mo/ amus+ly satirical acc\nt ( ! condition & mann]s ( ! s*ol>s ( t "t4 ,soon conv9c$ ( 8 incapacity = le>n+1 ,brunellus ab&ons ! univ]sity 9 despair1 & he resolves to ent] "o ( ! mona/ic ord]s1 ! "* ( all :i* he passes 9 review4 ,! great] "p ( ! poem consi/s ( a v bitt] satire on ! corruptions ( ! monki% ord]s & ( ! ,*ur* 9 g5]al4 ,:ile /ill hesitat+ :i* ord] to *oose1 ,brunellus falls into ! h&s ( 8 old ma/]1 f :om he _h run away 9 ord] to seek 8 =tune 9 ! _w1 & he is compell$ to pass ! re/ ( 8 days 9 ! same humble & s]vile condition 9 :i* he _h begun !m4 ,a m direct imitation ( ,reyn>d ! ,fox is f\nd 9 ! e>ly ,fr5* romance ( ,fauvel1 ! h]o ( :i* is nei!r a fox nor an ass1 b a horse4 ,p ( all ranks & classes repair to ! c\rt ( ,fauvel1 ! horse1 & furni% abundant matt] = satire on ! moral1 political1 & religi\s hypocrisy :i* p]vad$ ! :ole frame ( society4 ,at l5g? ! h]o resolves to m>ry1 &1 9 a f9ely illum9at$ manuscript ( ?is romance1 pres]v$ 9 ! ,imp]ial ,libr>y 9 ,p>is1 ?is m>riage furni%es ! subject ( a picture1 :i* gives ! only repres5tation ,i h met ) ( "o ( ! popul> burlesque c]emonies :i* 7 s common 9 ! middle ages4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #eb4 ,a ,m$ival ,*>iv>i4 ,among o!r su* c]emonies1 x 0 cu/om>y ) ! populace1 on ! occasion ( a man's or woman's second m>riage1 or an ill-sort$ mat*1 or on ! esp\sals ( p :o 7 obnoxi\s to _! neighb\rs1 to assemble outside ! h\se1 & greet !m ) discordant music4 ,?is cu/om is said to h be5 practis$ especially 9 ,france1 & x 0 call$ a *>iv>i4 ,!re is /ill a la/ remnant ( x 9 our c\ntry 9 ! music ( m>r[-bones & cleav]s1 ) :i* ! m>riages ( but*]s are popul>ly celebrat$2 b ! d]ivation ( ! ,fr5* "n appe>s n to be kn[n4 ,x occurs 9 old ,lat9 docum5ts1 = x gave rise to su* sc&al\s sc5es ( riot & lic5ti\sness1 t ! ,*ur* did all x c\ld1 ?\gh 9 va91 to suppress x4 ,! e>lie/ m5tion ( ?is cu/om1 furni%$ 9 ! ,gloss>ium ( ,ducange1 is conta9$ 9 ! synodal /atutes ( ! *ur* ( ,avignon1 pass$ 9 ! ye> #accg1 f :i* we le>n t :5 su* m>riages occurr$1 p =c$ _! way into ! h\ses ( ! m>ri$ c\ple1 & c>ri$ away _! goods1 :i* !y 7 oblig$ to pay a ransom = be=e !y 7 return$1 & ! money ?us rais$ 0 sp5t 9 gett+ up :at is call$ 9 ! /atute relat+ to x a ,*alv>icum4 ,x appe>s f ?is /atute1 t ! individuals :o p]=m$ ! *>iv>i accompani$ ! happy c\ple to ! *ur*1 & return$ ) !m to _! resid5ce1 ) co>se & indec5t ge/ures & discordant music1 & utt]+ scurril\s & indec5t abuse1 & t !y end$ ) fea/+4 ,9 ! /atutes ( ,meaux1 9 #acfe1 & 9 ^? ( ,hugh1 bi%op ( ,bezi]s1 9 #acfh1 ! same practice is =bidd51 "u ! "n ( ,*>avallium2 & x is m5tion$ 9 a docum5t ( ! ye> #acgb1 also quot$ by ,ducange1 "u t ( ,c>iv>ium1 z !n exi/+ at ,nmes4 ,aga91 9 #adde1 ! ,c\ncil ( ,t\rs made a decree1 =bidd+1 "u pa9 ( excommunication1 ! insol5ces1 clam\rs1 s\nds1 & o!r tumults practis$ at second & ?ird nuptials1 call$ by ! vulg> a ,*>iv>ium1 on acc\nt ( ! _m & grave evils aris+ out ( !m4#bh ,x w be obs]v$ t ^! e>ly allusions to ! *>iv>i are f\nd almo/ solely 9 docum5ts com+ f ! ,roman t[ns 9 ! s\? ( ,france1 s t ?is practice 0 probably "o ( ! _m popul> cu/oms d]iv$ directly f ! ,romans4 ,:5 ,cotgrave's ,diction>y 0 publi%$ 7t is1 9 #afcb7 ! practice ( ! *>iv>i appe>s to h become m g5]al 9 its exi/5ce1 z well z its application2 = he describes x z a public defamation1 or traduc+ (2 a f\le noise made1 blacke santus rung1 to ! %ame & disgrace ( ano!r2 h5ce an infam\s 7or infam+7 ballad sung1 by an arm$ tr\pe1 "u ! w9d[ ( an old dot>d1 m>ri$ ! day be=e unto a yong wanton1 9 mock]ie ( !m bo?4 ,&1 aga91 a *>iv>is de poelles is expla9$ z ! c>t+ ( an infam\s p]son1 grac$ ) ! h>monie ( t++ kettles & fry+-pan musicke4#bi ,! ^w is n[ g5]ally us$ 9 ! s5se ( a great tumult ( discordant music1 produc$ (t5 by a numb] ( p]sons play+ diff]5t tunes on diff]5t in/rum5ts at ! same "t4 #bh ,insultationes1 clamores1 sonos1 et alios tumultus1 9 secundis et t]tiis quorundam nuptiis1 quos *>iv>ium vulgo appellant1 propt] multa et gravia incommoda1 prohibemus sub pna excommunitationis4--,ducange1 v4 ,*>iv>ium4 #bi ,cotgrave's ,diction>ie1 v4 ,*>iv>is4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ec4 ,cont9uation ( ! ,*>iv>i4 ,z ,i h /at$ above1 ! manuscript ( ! romance ( ,fauvel is 9 ! ,imp]ial ,libr>y 9 ,p>is4 ,a copy ( ?is illum9ation is engrav$ 9 ,jaime's ,muse de la ,c>icature1 f :i* our cuts ,nos4 #eb & #ec are tak54 ,x is divid$ into ?ree comp>tm5ts1 "o above ano!r1 9 ! upp]mo/ ( :i* ,fauvel is se5 ent]+ ! nuptial *amb] to 8 "y wife1 :o is already 9 b$4 ,! sc5e 9 ! comp>tm5t bel[1 :i* is copi$ 9 our cut ,no4 #eb1 repres5ts ! /reet outside1 & ! mock revell]s p]=m+ ! *>iv>i2 & ?is is cont9u$ 9 ! ?ird1 or l[e/1 comp>tm5t1 :i* is repres5t$ 9 our cut ,no4 #ec4 ,d[n ea* side ( ! orig9al illum9ation is a frame-"w ( w9d[s1 f :i* p1 :o h be5 di/urb$ by ! noise1 are look+ out ^u ! tumult4 ,x w be se5 t all ! p]=m]s we> masks1 & t !y are dress$ 9 burlesque co/ume4 ,9 confirmation ( ! /atem5t ( ! ecclesia/ical synods z to ! lic5ti\sness ( ^! exhibitions1 we see "o ( ! p]=m]s "h disguis$ z a woman1 :o lifts up 8 dress to expose 8 p]son :ile danc+4 ,! musical in/rum5ts are no less grotesque ?an ! co/umes1 = !y consi/ *iefly ( kit*5 ut5sils1 su* z fry+-pans1 mort>s1 saucepans1 & ! l4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ed4 ,! ,tables ,turn$4 ,!re 0 ano!r s]ies ( subjects 9 :i* animals 7 introduc$ z ! in/rum5ts ( satire4 ,?is satire consi/$ 9 rev]t+ ! position ( man ) reg>d to ! animals ov] :i* he _h be5 accu/om$ to tyrannise1 s t he 0 subject$ to ! same treatm5t f ! animals :i*1 9 8 actual position1 he uses t[>ds !m4 ,?is *ange ( relative position 0 call$ 9 old ,fr5* & ,anglo-,norman1 le monde be/orn1 :i* 0 equival5t to ! ,engli% phrase1 ! _w turn$ upside d[n4 ,x =ms ! subject ( r old v]ses1 ,i believe1 bo? 9 ,fr5* & ,engli%1 & individual sc5es f x are met ) 9 pictorial repres5tation at a r e>ly date4 ,dur+ ! ye> #ahfb1 9 ! c\rse ( accid5tal excavations on ! site ( ! ,fri>y1 at ,d]by1 a numb] ( encau/ic tiles1 su* z 7 us$ = ! floors ( ! int]iors ( *ur*es & l>ge build+s1 7 f\nd4#cj ,! ornam5tation ( ^! tiles1 especially ( ! e>li] ones1 is1 l all m$ival ornam5tations1 extremely v>i$1 & ev5 ^! tiles sometimes pres5t subjects ( a burlesque & satirical "*1 ?\gh !y are m frequ5tly adorn$ ) ! arms & badges ( b5efactors to ! *ur* or conv5t4 ,! tiles f\nd on ! site ( ! priory at ,d]by are believ$ to be ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & "o patt]n1 a dim9i%$ copy ( :i* is giv5 9 our cut ,no4 #ed1 pres5ts a subject tak5 f ! monde be/orn4 ,! h>e1 ma/] ( 8 old enemy1 ! dog1 has become hunt] himself1 & seat$ ^u ! dog's back he rides vigor\sly to ! *ace1 bl[+ 8 horn z he goes4 ,! design is spirit$ly execut$1 & its satirical int5tion is %[n by ! mon/r\s & mir?ful face1 ) ! tongue loll+ out1 figur$ on ! out] corn] ( ! tile4 ,x w be se5 t f\r ( ^! tiles are int5d$ to be jo9$ toge!r to make ! complete piece4 ,9 an illum9ation 9 a manuscript ( ! f\rte5? c5tury 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,,ms4 ,reg4 #aj ,e iv471 ! h>es are tak+ a /ill m sev]e v5geance on _! old enemy4 ,! dog has be5 caught1 br\ght to trial = 8 num]\s murd]s1 & condemn$1 & !y are repres5t$ "h 7cut ,no4 #ee7 conduct+ him 9 ! crim9al's c>t to ! gall[s4 ,our cut ,no4 #ef1 ! subject ( :i* is furni%$ by "o ( ! c>v$ /alls 9 ,%]borne ,m9/] 7x is "h copi$ f ! engrav+ 9 ,c>t]'s ,specim5s ( ,anci5t ,sculpture71 repres5ts ano!r execution sc5e1 simil> 9 _s to ! =m]4 ,! geese h seiz$ _! old enemy1 ,reyn>d1 & are hang+ him on a gall[s1 :ile two monks1 :o att5d ! execution1 appe> to be amus$ at ! en]getic mann] 9 :i* ! geese p]=m _! task4 ,mr4 ,jewitt m5tions two o!r subjects belong+ to ?is s]ies1 "o ( !m tak5 f an illum9at$ manuscript2 !y are1 ! m\se *as+ ! cat1 & ! horse driv+ ! c>t--! =m] human c>t] 9 ?is case tak+ ! place ( ! horse betwe5 ! %afts4 #cj ,mr4 ,llewellynn ,jewitt1 9 8 excell5t publication1 ! ,reliqu>y1 = ,octob]1 #ahfb1 has giv5 an int]e/+ pap] on ! encau/ic tiles f\nd on ?is occasion1 & on ! conv5tual h\se to :i* !y belong$4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ee4 ,ju/ice 9 ! ,h&s ( ! ,p]secut$4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ef4 ,reyn>d br\ght to ,acc\nt at ,la/4 ,! ,_w turn$ upside d[n2 or1 ! ,folly ( ,man1 has cont9u$ among/ u to be a popul> *ap-book & *ild's book till )9 a v few ye>s1 & ,i h n[ a copy be=e me pr9t$ 9 ,london ab\t ! ye> #agij4 ,x consi/s ( a s]ies ( rude woodcuts1 ) a few doggrel v]ses "u ea*4 ,"o ( ^!1 entitl$ ,! ,ox turn$ ,f>m]1 repres5ts two m5 draw+ ! pl\gh1 driv5 by an ox4 ,9 ! next1 a rabbit is se5 turn+ ! spit on :i* a man is roa/+1 :ile a cock holds a ladle & ba/es4 ,9 a ?ird1 we see a t\rnam5t1 9 :i* ! horses are arm$ & ride ^u ! m54 ,ano!r repres5ts ! ox kill+ ! but*]4 ,9 o!rs we h birds nett+ m5 & wom52 ! ass1 turn$ mill]1 employ+ ! man-mill] to c>ry 8 sacks2 ! horse turn$ groom1 & curry+ ! man2 & ! fi%es angl+ = m5 & cat*+ !m4 ,9 a clev]ly sculptur$ ornam5t 9 ,bev]ley ,m9/]1 repres5t$ 9 our cut ,no4 #eg1 ! goose h]self is repres5t$ 9 a grotesque situation1 :i* might almo/ give h] a place 9 ,! ,_w turn$ upside d[n1 al?\gh x is a m]e burlesque1 )\t any app>5t satirical aim4 ,! goose has "h tak5 ! place ( ! horse at ! blacksmi?'s1 :o is vigor\sly nail+ ! %oe on h] webb$ foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #eg4 ,%oe+ ! ,goose4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #eh4 ,food = ,sw9e4 ,burlesque subjects ( ?is description are n uncommon1 especially among ar*itectural sculpture & wood-c>v+1 &1 at a r lat] p]iod1 on all ornam5tal objects4 ,! field = su* subjects 0 s ext5sive1 t ! arti/ _h an almo/ unlimit$ *oice1 & !re=e 8 subjects might be almo/ inf9itely v>i$1 ?\gh we usually f9d !m runn+ on p>ticul> classes4 ,! old popul> prov]bs1 = in/ance1 furni%$ a fruitful s\rce = droll]y1 & are at times del9eat$ 9 an amus+ly lit]al or practical mann]4 ,pictorial prov]bs & popul> say+s are sometimes met ) on ! c>v$ mis]]es4 ,= example1 9 "o ( ^? at ,r\51 9 ,norm&y1 repres5t$ 9 our cut ,no4 #eh1 ! c>v] has int5d$ to repres5t ! idea ( ! old say+1 9 allusion to misplac$ b\nty1 ( ?r[+ pe>ls to sw9e1 & has giv5 x a mu* m picturesque & pictorially intelligible =m1 by introduc+ a r da%+ female fe$+ h] sw9e ) roses1 or r (f]+ !m roses = food1 = ! sw9e display no eag]ness to fe$ ^u !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ei4 ,! ,indu/ri\s ,s[4 ,we meet ) su* subjects z ^! scatt]$ ov] all m$ival works ( art1 & at a some:at lat] p]iod !y 7 transf]r$ to o!r objects1 su* z ! signs ( h\ses4 ,! cu/om ( plac+ signs ov] ! doors ( %ops & tav]ns1 0 well kn[n to ! anci5ts1 z is abundantly manife/$ by _! frequ5t occurr5ce 9 ! ru9s ( ,pompeii2 b 9 ! middle ages1 ! use ( signs & badges 0 univ]sal1 & z--contr>y to ! app>5t practice 9 ,pompeii1 :]e c]ta9 badges 7 appropriat$ to c]ta9 trades & pr(essions--e individual 0 free to *oose 8 own sign1 ! v>iety 0 unlimit$4 ,_m /ill _h ref]5ce1 no d\bt1 to ! p>ticul> call+ ( ^? to :om !y belong$1 :ile o!rs 7 ( a religi\s "*1 & indicat$ ! sa9t "u ^: protection ! h\sehold] _h plac$ himself4 ,"s p took animals = _! signs1 o!rs mon/r\s or burlesque figures2 &1 9 fact1 !re 7 h>dly any ( ! subjects ( c>icature or burlesque famili> to ! m$ival sculptor & illum9ator :i* did n f "t to "t appe> on ^! popul> signs4 ,a few ( ! old signs /ill pres]v$1 especially 9 ! qua9t old t[ns ( ,france1 ,g]many1 & ! ,ne!rl&s1 %[ u h[ frequ5tly !y 7 made ! in/rum5ts ( popul> satire4 ,a sign n uncommon 9 ,france 0 ,la ,truie qui file 7! s[ sp9n+74 ,our cut ,no4 #ei repres5ts ?is subject z treat$ on an old sign1 a c>v+ 9 bas-relief ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 on a h\se 9 ! ,rue du ,m>*-aux-,poires1 9 ,r\54 ,! s[ appe>s "h 9 ! "* ( ! indu/ri\s h\sewife1 employ+ h]self 9 sp9n+ at ! same "t t %e is att5d+ to ! wants ( h] *ildr54 ,!re is a s+ul>ly satirical sign at ,beauvais1 on a h\se :i* 0 =m]ly occupi$ by an pici]-m\t>di]1 or groc] :o made mu/>d1 9 ! ,rue du ,*tel4 ,9 front ( ?is sign1 :i* is repres5t$ 9 our cut ,no4 #fj1 appe>s a l>ge mu/>d-mill1 on "o side ( :i* /&s ,folly ) a /aff 9 h] h&1 ) :i* %e is /irr+ ! mu/>d1 :ile an ape ) a sort ( s>donic gr91 ?r[s 9 a season+1 :i* may be conjectur$ by 8 po/ure4#ca ,! trade-m>k ( ! individual :o adopt$ ?is /range device1 is c>v$ bel[4 #ca ,see an int]e/+ little book on ?is subject by ,m4 ,ed4 de la ,qurire1 entitl$ ,re*]*es sur les ,enseignes des ,maisons ,p>ticulires1 #hvo41 ,r\51 #aheb1 f :i* bo? ! above examples are tak54 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #fj4 ,adult]ation4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,monkey ,,9 ,,burlesque ,,& ,,c>icature4--,,t\rnam5ts ,,& ,,s+le ,,combats4--,,mon/r\s ,,comb9ations ,,( ,,animal ,,=ms4--,,c>icatures ,,on ,,co/ume4--,,! ,,hat4--,,! ,,helmet4--,,ladies' ,,head-,,dresses4--,,! ,,g[n1 ,,& ,,its ,,long ,,sleeves4 ,! fox1 ! wolf1 & _! companions1 7 introduc$ z in/rum5ts ( satire1 on acc\nt ( _! peculi> *>act]s2 b !re 7 o!r animals :i* 7 also fav\rites ) ! satiri/1 because !y display$ an innate incl9ation to imitate2 !y =m$1 z x 71 natural p>odies ^u mank9d4 ,i ne$ h>dly say t ( ^! ! pr9cipal & mo/ rem>kable 0 ! monkey4 ,?is animal mu/ h be5 kn[n to our ,anglo-,saxon =efa!rs f a remote p]iod1 = !y _h a ^w = x 9 _! own language--apa1 our ape4 ,monkey is a m mod]n "n1 & seems to be equival5t ) manik51 or a little man4 ,! e>lie/ ,be/i>ies1 or popul> treatises on natural hi/ory1 give anecdotes illu/rative ( ! aptness ( ?is animal = imitat+ ! actions ( m51 & ascribe to x a degree ( und]/&+ :i* w\ld almo/ raise x above ! level ( ! brute creation4 ,philip de ,?aun1 an ,anglo-,norman poet ( ! reign ( ,h5ry ,i41 9 8 ,be/i>y1 tells u t ! monkey1 by imitation1 z books say1 c\nt]feits :at x sees1 & mocks p3-- ,li s+e p> figure1 si cum dit escripture1 ,ceo que il vait contrefait1 de g5t esc> hait4#cb ,he goes on to in=m u1 z a pro( ( ! extraord9>y in/9ct ( ?is animal1 t x has m affection = "s ( its cubs ?an = o!rs1 & t1 :5 runn+ away1 x c>ri$ ^? :i* x lik$ be=e x1 & ^? x dislik$ beh9d its back4 ,! sket* f ! illum9at$ manuscript ( ! ,romance ( ! ,comte d',artois1 ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 :i* =ms our cut ,no4 #fa1 repres5ts ! monkey1 c>ry+1 ( c\rse1 its fav\rite *ild be=e x 9 its flight1 & :at is m1 x is tak+ t flight m\nt$ on a donkey4 ,a monkey on horseback appe>s n to h be5 a novelty1 z we %all see 9 ! sequel4 #cb ,see my ,popul> ,treatises on ,sci5ce writt5 dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 p4 #ajg4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #fa4 ,a ,monkey ,m\nt$4 ,alex&] ,neckam1 a v celebrat$ ,engli% s*ol> ( ! latt] "p ( ! twelf? c5tury1 & "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ! e>ly m$ival writ]s on natural hi/ory1 gives u _m anecdotes1 :i* %[ u h[ mu* atta*$ our m$ival =efa!rs 7 to dome/icat$ animals1 & h[ common a practice x 0 to keep !m 9 _! h\ses4 ,! b>onial ca/le appe>s (t5 to h pres5t$ ! appe>ance ( a m5ag]ie ( animals1 among :i* "s 7 ( t /rong & f]oci\s "* t r5d]$ x necess>y to keep !m 9 close conf9em5t1 :ile o!rs1 su* z monkeys1 roam$ ab\t ! build+s at w4 ,"o ( ,neckam's /ories is v curi\s 9 reg>d to our subject1 = x %[s t ! p 9 ^? days ex]cis$ _! tam$ animals 9 practically c>icatur+ contempor>y weaknesses & fa%ions4 ,?is writ] rem>ks t ! nature ( ! ape is s ready at act+1 by ridicul\s ge/iculations1 ! repres5tations ( ?+s x has se51 & ?us gratify+ ! va9 curiosity ( worldly m5 9 public exhibitions1 t x w ev5 d>e to imitate a milit>y conflict4 ,a j\gleur 7hi/rio7 0 9 ! habit ( con/antly tak+ two monkeys to ! milit>y ex]cises :i* are commonly call$ t\rnam5ts1 t ! lab\r ( tea*+ might be dim9i%$ by frequ5t inspection4 ,he aft]w>ds taught two dogs to c>ry ^! apes1 :o sat on _! backs1 furni%$ ) prop] arms4 ,nor did !y want spurs1 ) :i* !y /r5u\sly urg$ on ! dogs4 ,hav+ brok5 _! lances1 !y drew out _! swords1 ) :i* !y sp5t _m bl[s on ea* o!r's %ields4 ,:o at ?is sight c\ld refra9 f laught]8#cc #cc ,alex&] ,neckam1 ,de ,naturis ,r]um1 lib4 ii4 c4 #abi4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #fb4 ,a ,t\rnam5t4 ,su* contempor>y c>icatures ( ! m$ival t\rnam5t1 :i* 0 9 its greate/ fa%ion dur+ ! p]iod f ! twelf? to ! f\rte5? c5tury1 appe> to h be5 extremely popul>1 & are n unfrequ5tly repres5t$ 9 ! bord]s ( illum9at$ manuscripts4 ,! manuscript n[ s well kn[n z ,que5 ,m>y's ,psalt] 7,,ms4 ,reg4 #b ,b vii471 & writt5 & illum9at$ v e>ly 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 conta9s n a few illu/rations ( ?is description4 ,"o ( ^!1 :i* =ms our cut ,no4 #fb1 repres5ts a t\rnam5t n mu* unlike t describ$ by ,alex&] ,neckam1 except t ! monkeys are "h rid+ ^u o!r monkeys1 & n ^u dogs4 ,9 fact1 all ! individuals "h engag$ are monkeys1 & ! p>ody is complet$ by ! introduction ( ! trumpet] on "o side1 & ( m9/relsy1 repres5t$ by a monkey play+ on ! tabor1 on ! o!r2 or1 p]haps1 ! two monkeys are simply play+ on ! pipe & tabor1 :i* 7 look$ ^u z ! l[e/ description ( m9/relsy1 & are !re=e ! m aptly introduc$ into ! sc5e4 ,! same manuscript has furni%$ u ) ! cut ,no4 #fc4 ,"h ! combat takes place betwe5 a monkey & a /ag1 ! latt] hav+ ! claws ( a griff94 ,!y are m\nt$1 too1 on r nondescript animals--"o hav+ ! head & body ( a lion1 ) ! =efeet ( an eagle2 ! o!r hav+ a head some:at l t ( a lion1 on a lion's body1 ) ! h9d p>ts ( a be>4 ,?is subject may1 p]haps1 be int5d$ z a burlesque on ! m$ival romances1 fill$ ) combats betwe5 ! ,*ri/ians & ! ,s>ac5s2 = ! ape--:o1 9 ! moralisations :i* accompany ! ,be/i>ies1 is said to repres5t ! devil--is "h arm$ ) :at are evid5tly int5d$ = ! sabre & %ield ( a ,s>ac51 :ile ! flag c>ries ! %ield & lance ( a ,*ri/ian knight4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #fc4 ,a ,feat ( ,arms4 ,! love ( ! m$ival arti/s = mon/r\s figures ( animals1 & = mixtures ( animals & m51 has be5 allud$ to 9 a =m] *apt]4 ,! combatants 9 ! accompany+ cut 7,no4 #fd71 tak5 f ! same manuscript1 pres5t a sort ( comb9ation ( ! rid] & ! animal1 & !y aga9 seem to be int5d$ = a ,s>ac5 & a ,*ri/ian4 ,! figure to ! "r1 :i* is compos$ ( ! body ( a satyr1 ) ! feet ( a goose & ! w+s ( a dragon1 is arm$ ) a simil> ,s>ac5ic sabre2 :ile t to ! left1 :i* is on ! :ole less mon/r\s1 wields a ,norman sword4 ,bo? h human faces bel[ ! navel z well z above1 :i* 0 a fav\rite idea 9 ! grotesque ( ! middle ages4 ,our m$ival =efa!rs appe> to h _h a decid$ ta/e = mon/rosities ( e description1 & especially = mixtures ( diff]5t k9ds ( animals1 & ( animals & m54 ,!re is no d\bt1 to judge by ! anecdotes record$ by su* writ]s z ,giraldus ,cambr5sis1 t a belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( su* unnatural creatures 0 widely ent]ta9$4 ,9 8 acc\nt ( ,irel&1 ?is writ] tells u ( animals :i* 7 half ox & half man1 half /ag & half c[1 & half dog & half monkey4#cd ,x is c]ta9 t !re 0 a g5]al belief 9 su* animals1 & nobody c\ld be m cr$ul\s ?an ,giraldus himself4 #cd ,see ,girald4 ,cambr41 ,topog4 ,hib]ni1 di/4 ii4 cc4 #ba1 #bb2 & ! ,it9]>y ( ,wales1 lib4 ii4 c4 #aa4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #fd4 ,a ,t]rible ,combat4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #fe4 ,fa%ionable ,dress4 ,! design to c>icature1 :i* is tol]ably evid5t 9 ! subjects j giv51 is /ill m app>5t 9 o!r grotesques t adorn ! bord]s ( ! m$ival manuscripts1 z well z 9 "s ( ! m$ival c>v+s & sculpture4 ,?us1 9 our cut ,no4 #fe1 tak5 f "o ( ! bord]s 9 ! ,romance ( ! ,comte d',artois1 a manuscript ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 we _c fail to recognise an attempt at turn+ to ridicule ! contempor>y fa%ions 9 dress4 ,! hat is only an exagg]at$ =m ( "o :i* appe>s to h be5 commonly us$ 9 ,france 9 ! latt] half ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & :i* appe>s frequ5tly 9 illum9at$ manuscripts execut$ 9 ,burgundy2 & ! boot also belongs to ! same p]iod4 ,! latt] reappe>$ at diff]5t times1 until at l5g? x became develop$ into ! mod]n top-boots4 ,9 cut ,no4 #ff1 f ! same manuscript1 :]e x =ms ! lett] ,t1 we h ! same =m ( hat1 /ill m exagg]at$1 & comb9$ at ! same "t ) grotesque faces4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ff4 ,heads & ,hats4 ,c>icatures on co/ume are by no means uncommon among ! arti/ic rema9s ( ! middle ages1 & are n conf9$ to illum9at$ manuscripts4 ,! fa%ionable dresses ( ^? days w5t into f> m ridicul\s excesses ( %ape ?an any?+ we see 9 our times--at lea/1 s f> z we c believe ! draw+s 9 ! manuscripts2 b ^!1 h[ev] s]i\sly int5d$1 7 con/antly deg5]at+ into c>icature1 f circum/ances :i* are easily expla9$1 & :i* h1 9 fact1 be5 expla9$ already 9 _! influ5ce on o!r p>ts ( our subject4 ,! m$ival arti/s 9 g5]al 7 n v good del9eators ( =m1 & _! outl9es are mu* inf]ior to _! f9i%4 ,consci\s ( ?is1 ?\gh p]haps unkn[+ly1 !y s\ght to rem$y ! defect 9 a _s :i* has always be5 adopt$ 9 ! e>ly /ages ( art-progress--!y aim$ at mak+ !mselves und]/ood by giv+ a special prom95ce to ! peculi> *>act]i/ics ( ! objects !y wi%$ to repres5t4 ,^! 7 ! po9ts :i* naturally attract$ p's fir/ att5tion1 & ! resemblance 0 felt mo/ by p 9 g5]al :5 ^! po9ts 7 put =w>d 9 excessive prom95ce 9 ! picture4 ,! dresses1 p]haps1 h>dly exi/$ 9 ! exact =ms 9 :i* we see !m 9 ! illum9ations1 or at lea/ ^? 7 only exceptions to ! g5]ally m mod]ate =ms2 & h5ce1 9 us+ ^! pictorial records z mat]ials = ! hi/ory ( co/ume1 we ought to make a c]ta9 all[ance = exagg]ation--we ought1 inde$1 to treat !m almo/ z c>icatures4 ,9 fact1 mu* ( :at we n[ call c>icature1 0 !n *>act]i/ic ( s]i\s art1 & ( :at 0 consid]$ its high developm5t4 ,_m ( ! attempts :i* h be5 made ( late ye>s to introduce anci5t co/ume on ! /age1 w\ld probably be reg>d$ by ! p :o liv$ 9 ! age :i* !y 7 int5d$ to repres5t1 z a m]e design to turn !m into ridicule4 ,nev]!less1 ! fa%ions 9 dress 71 especially f ! twelf? c5tury to ! sixte5?1 c>ri$ to a great degree ( extravagance1 & 7 n only ! objects ( satire & c>icature1 b drew =? ! indignant declamations ( ! ,*ur*1 & furni%$ a cont9u\s !me to ! prea*]s4 ,! contempor>y *ronicles ab\nd ) bitt] reflections on ! extravagance 9 co/ume1 :i* 0 consid]$ z "o ( ! outw>d signs ( ! great corruption ( p>ticul> p]iods2 & !y give u n unfrequ5t examples ( ! co>se mann] 9 :i* ! cl]gy discuss$ !m 9 _! s]mons4 ,! read]s ( ,*auc] w rememb] ! mann] 9 :i* ?is subject is treat$ 9 ! ,p>son's ,tale4 ,9 ?is respect ! satiri/s ( ! ,*ur* w5t h& 9 h& ) ! pictorial c>icaturi/s ( ! illum9at$ manuscripts1 & ( ! sculptures ) :i* we sometimes meet 9 contempor>y ar*itectural ornam5tation4 ,9 ! latt]1 ?is class ( c>icature is p]haps less frequ5t1 b x is sometimes v expressive4 ,! v curi\s mis]]es 9 ! *ur* ( ,ludl[1 9 ,%rop%ire1 pres5t ! c>icature reproduc$ 9 our cut ,no4 #fg4 ,x repres5ts an ugly1 &1 to judge by ! expression ( ! c\nt5ance1 an ill-temp]$ old woman1 we>+ ! fa%ionable head-dress ( ! e>li] half ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 :i* seems to h be5 c>ri$ to its greate/ extravagance 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,vi4 ,x is ! /yle ( coiffure kn[n especially z ! horn$ head-dress1 & ! v "n c>ries ) x a sort ( relation%ip to an individual :o 0 notori\sly horn$--! _s ( evil4 ,?is da%+ dame ( ! old5 "t appe>s to h /ruck t]ror into two un=tunates :o h fall5 )9 h] influ5ce1 "o ( :om1 z ?\gh he took h] = a new ,gorgon1 is attempt+ to cov] himself ) 8 buckl]1 :ile ! o!r1 appreh5d+ dang] ( ano!r k9d1 is prep>$ to def5d himself ) 8 sword4 ,! details ( ! head-dress 9 ?is figure are int]e/+ = ! hi/ory ( co/ume4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #fg4 ,a ,fa%ionable ,beauty4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #fh4 ,a ,man ( ,w>4 ,our next cut1 ,no4 #fh1 is tak5 f a manuscript 9 private possession1 :i* is n[ r well kn[n among antiqu>ies by ! "n ( ! ,luttrell ,psalt]1 & :i* belongs to ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,x seems to involve a satire on ! ari/ocratic ord] ( society--on ! knight :o 0 di/+ui%$ by 8 helmet1 8 %ield1 & 8 arm\r4 ,! individual "h repres5t$ pres5ts a type :i* is any?+ b ari/ocratic4 ,:ile he holds a helmet 9 8 h& to %[ ! mean+ ( ! satire1 8 own helmet1 :i* he we>s on 8 head1 is simply a bell[s4 ,he may be a knight ( ! kit*51 or p]haps a m]e qui/ron1 or kit*5 lad4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #fi4 ,a ,lady's ,head-dress4 ,we h j se5 a c>icature ( "o ( ! ladies' head-dresses ( ! e>li] half ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & our cut ,no4 #fi1 f an illum9at$ manuscript 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ( ! latt] half ( ! same c5tury 7,,ms4 ,h>l41 ,no4 #dcgi71 furni%es u ) a c>icature ( a head-dress ( a diff]5t "*1 :i* came into fa%ion 9 ! reign ( our ,edw>d ,,iv4 ,! horn$ head-dress ( ! previ\s g5]ation _h be5 entirely laid aside1 & ! ladies adopt$ 9 its place a sort ( /eeple-%ap$ head-dress1 or r ( ! =m ( a spire1 made by roll+ a piece ( l95 into ! =m ( a long cone4 ,ov] ?is l(ty cap 0 ?r[n a piece ( f9e lawn or musl91 :i* desc5d$ almo/ to ! gr\nd1 & =m$1 z x 71 two w+s4 ,a %ort transp>5t veil 0 ?r[n ov] ! face1 & rea*$ n q to ! *91 resembl+ r closely ! veils 9 use among our ladies ( ! pres5t day 7#ahfd74 ,! :ole head-dress1 inde$1 has be5 pres]v$ by ! ,norman peasantry2 = x may be obs]v$ t1 dur+ ! feudal ages1 ! fa%ions 9 ,france & ,engl& 7 always id5tical4 ,^! /eeple head-dresses greatly provok$ ! indignation ( ! cl]gy1 & zeal\s prea*]s attack$ !m r\ghly 9 _! s]mons4 ,a ,fr5* monk1 nam$ ,?omas ,conecte1 di/+ui%$ himself especially 9 ?is crusade1 & inveigh$ aga9/ ! head-dress ) su* effect1 t we are assur$ t _m ( ! wom5 ?rew d[n _! head-dresses 9 ! middle ( ! s]mon1 & made a bonfire ( !m at its conclusion4 ,! zeal ( ! prea*] soon ext5d$ itself to ! populace1 &1 = a :ile1 :5 ladies appe>$ 9 ?is head-dress 9 public1 !y 7 expos$ to be pelt$ by ! rabble4 ,"u su* a d\ble p]secution x disappe>$ = a mom5t1 b :5 ! prea*] 0 no long] pres5t1 x return$ aga91 &1 to use ! words ( ! old writ] :o has pres]v$ ?is anecdote1 ! wom5 :o1 l snails 9 a fright1 _h drawn 9 _! horns1 %ot !m out aga9 z soon z ! dang] 0 ov]4 ,! c>icaturi/ w\ld h>dly ov]look s extravagant a fa%ion1 & accord+ly ! manuscript 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 j m5tion$1 furni%es u ) ! subject ( our cut ,no4 #fi4 ,9 ^? times1 :5 ! passions 7 subject$ to no re/ra9t1 ! f9e ladies indulg$ 9 su* luxury & lic5ti\sness1 t ! c>icaturi/ has *os5 z _! fit repres5tative a s[1 :o we>s ! objectionable head-dress 9 full fa%ion4 ,! orig9al =ms "o ( ! illu/rations ( a copy ( ! hi/orian ,froiss>t1 & 01 !re=e1 execut$ 9 ,france1 or1 m probably1 9 ,burgundy4 ,! s]mons & satires aga9/ extravagance 9 co/ume began at an e>ly p]iod4 ,! ,anglo-,norman ladies1 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! twelf? c5tury1 fir/ br\ght 9 vogue 9 our isl& ?is extravagance 9 fa%ion1 :i* quickly fell "u ! la% ( satiri/ & c>icaturi/4 ,x 0 fir/ exhibit$ 9 ! robes r ?an 9 ! head-dress4 ,^! ,anglo-,norman ladies are und]/ood to h fir/ introduc$ /ays1 9 ord] to give an artificial appe>ance ( sl5d]ness to _! wai/s2 b ! greate/ extravagance appe>$ 9 ! =ms ( _! sleeves4 ,! robe1 or g[n1 in/ead ( be+ loose1 z among ! ,anglo-,saxons1 0 lac$ close r\nd ! body1 & ! sleeves1 :i* fitt$ ! arm tightly till !y rea*$ ! elb[s1 or sometimes ne>ly to ! wri/1 !n sudd5ly became l>g]1 & hung d[n to an extravagant l5g?1 (t5 trail+ on ! gr\nd1 & sometimes %ort5$ by means ( a knot4 ,! g[n1 also1 0 itself worn v long4 ,! cl]gy prea*$ aga9/ ^! extravagances 9 fa%ion1 & at times1 x is said1 ) effect2 & !y fell "u ! vigor\s la% ( ! satiri/4 ,9 a class ( satires :i* became extremely popul> 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 & :i* produc$ 9 ! ?irte5? ! immortal poem ( ,dante--! visions ( purgatory & ( hell--^! contempor>y extravagances 9 fa%ion are held up to public dete/ation1 & are made ! subject ( sev]e puni%m5t4 ,!y 7 look$ ^u z among ! outw>d =ms ( pride4 ,x arose1 no d\bt1 f ?is ta/e--f ! d>k] %ade :i* spread ov] m5's m9ds 9 ! twelf? c5tury--t demons1 in/ead ( animals1 7 introduc$ to p]sonify ! evil-do]s ( ! "t4 ,su* is ! figure 7cut ,no4 #gj7 :i* we take f a v int]e/+ manuscript 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,,ms4 ,cotton4 ,n]o1 ,c iv474 ,! demon is "h dress$ 9 ! fa%ionable g[n ) its long sleeves1 ( :i* "o appe>s to h be5 usually mu* long] ?an ! o!r4 ,bo? ! g[n & sleeve are %ort5$ by means ( knots1 :ile ! =m] is br\ght close r\nd ! wai/ by tight lac+4 ,x is a picture ( ! use ( /ays made at ! "t ( _! fir/ introduction4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #gj4 ,s9 9 ,sat9s4 ,?is sup]fluity ( l5g? 9 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! dress 0 a subject ( compla9t & satire at v>i\s & v di/ant p]iods1 & contempor>y illum9ations ( a p]fectly s]i\s "* %[ t ^! compla9ts 7 n )\t f\ndation4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,! ,,"* ,,( ,,! ,,mimus ,,aft] ,,! ,,fall ,,( ,,! ,,empire4--,,! ,,m9/rel ,,& ,,jogel\r4--,,hi/ory ,,( ,,popul> ,,/ories4--,,! ,,fabliaux4--,,acc\nt ,,( ,,!m4--,,! ,,contes ,,devots4 ,i h already rem>k$ t1 ^u ! fall ( ! ,roman empire1 ! popul> in/itutions ( ! ,romans 7 m g5]ally pres]v$ to ! middle ages ?an ^? ( a high] & m ref9$ "*4 ,?is is und]/ood )\t difficulty1 :5 we consid] t ! l[] class ( ! population--9 ! t[ns1 :at we might p]haps call ! l[] & middle classes--cont9u$ to exi/ mu* ! same z be=e1 :ile ! b>b>ian conqu]ors came 9 & took ! place ( ! rul+ classes4 ,! drama1 :i* _h nev] mu* hold ^u ! love ( ! ,roman populace1 0 lo/1 & ! !atres & ! amphi!atres1 :i* _h be5 support$ only by ! weal? ( ! imp]ial c\rt & ( ! rul+ class1 7 ab&on$ & fell into ru92 b ! mimus1 :o furni%$ mir? to ! p1 cont9u$ to exi/1 & probably und]w5t no imm$iate *ange 9 8 "*4 ,x w be well to /ate aga9 ! *ief *>act]i/ics ( ! anci5t mimus1 be=e we proce$ to describe 8 m$ival repres5tative4 ,! gr& aim ( ! mimus 0 to make p laugh1 & he employ$ g5]ally e means he knew ( = effect+ ?is purpose1 by language1 by ge/ures or motions ( ! body1 or by dress4 ,?us he c>ri$1 /rapp$ ov] 8 lo9s1 a wood5 sword1 :i* 0 call$ gladius hi/ricus & clunaculum1 & wore sometimes a g>m5t made ( a great numb] ( small pieces ( clo? ( diff]5t col\rs1 :i* 0 h5ce call$ c5tunculus1 or ! hundr$-pat*$ dress4#ce ,^! two *>act]i/ics h be5 pres]v$ 9 ! mod]n h>lequ94 ,o!r peculi>ities ( co/ume may conv5i5tly be left undescrib$2 ! female mim sometimes exhibit$ !mselves unre/rict$ by dress4 ,!y danc$ & sung2 repeat$ jokes & told m]ry /ories2 recit$ or act$ f>ces & sc&al\s anecdotes2 p]=m$ :at we n[ call mimicry1 a ^w d]iv$ f ! "n ( mimus2 & !y put !mselves 9 /range po/ures1 & made frightful faces4 ,!y sometimes act$ ! "p ( a fool or zany 7morio71 or ( a madman4 ,!y add$ to ^! p]=mances t ( ! conjur] or juggl] 7pr/igiator71 & play$ tricks ( sleight ( h&4 ,! mimi p]=m$ 9 ! /reets & public places1 or 9 ! !atres1 & especially at fe/ivals1 & !y 7 (t5 employ$ at private p>ties1 to ent]ta9 ! gue/s at a supp]4 #ce ,uti me consuesse tragdi syrmate1 hi/rionis crotalone ad triet]ica orgia1 aut mimi c5tunculo4--,apuleius1 ,apolog4 ,we trace ! exi/5ce ( ?is class ( p]=m]s dur+ ! e>li] p]iod ( ! middle ages by ! expressions ( ho/ility t[>ds !m us$ f "t to "t by ! ecclesia/ical writ]s1 & ! d5unciations ( synods & c\ncils1 :i* h be5 quot$ 9 a =m] *apt]4#cf ,nev]!less1 x is evid5t f _m allusions to !m1 t !y f\nd _! way into ! mona/ic h\ses1 & 7 9 great fav\r n only among ! monks1 b among ! nuns also2 t !y 7 introduc$ into ! religi\s fe/ivals2 & t !y 7 tol]at$ ev5 9 ! *ur*es4 ,x is probable t !y long cont9u$ to be kn[n 9 ,italy & ! c\ntries ne> ! c5tre ( ,roman influ5ce1 & :]e ! ,lat9 language 0 cont9u$1 by _! old "n ( mimus4 ,! writ]s ( ! m$ival vocabul>ies appe> all to h be5 mu* bett] acqua9t$ ) ! mean+ ( ?is ^w ?an ( mo/ ( ! ,lat9 words ( ! same class1 & !y evid5tly _h a class ( p]=m]s exi/+ 9 _! own times to :om !y consid]$ t ! "n appli$4 ,! ,anglo-,saxon vocabul>ies int]pret ! ,lat9 mimus by glig-mon1 a gleeman4 ,9 ,anglo-,saxon1 glig or gliu meant mir? & game ( e description1 & z ! ,anglo-,saxon tea*]s :o compil$ ! vocabul>ies give1 z synonyms ( mimus1 ! words scurra1 joci/a1 & pantomimus1 x is evid5t t all ^! 7 includ$ 9 ! "* ( ! gleeman1 & t ! latt] 0 q id5tical ) 8 ,roman type4 ,x 0 ! ,roman mimus introduc$ into ,saxon ,engl&4 ,we h no traces ( ! exi/5ce ( su* a class ( p]=m]s among ! ,teutonic race be=e !y became acqua9t$ ) ! civilisation ( imp]ial ,rome4 ,we "k f draw+s 9 contempor>y illum9at$ manuscripts t ! p]=mances ( ! gleeman did include music1 s++1 & danc+1 & also ! tricks ( m\ntebanks & juggl]s1 su* z ?r[+ up & cat*+ knives & balls1 & p]=m+ ) tam$ be>s1 c4#cg #cf ,see be=e1 p4 #da ( ! pres5t volume4 #cg ,see examples ( ^! illum9ations 9 my ,hi/ory ( ,dome/ic ,mann]s & ,s5tim5ts1 pp4 #cd1 #ce1 #cg1 #fe4 ,b ev5 among ! peoples :o pres]v$ ! ,lat9 language1 ! ^w mimus 0 gradually ex*ang$ = o!rs employ$ to signify ! same ?+4 ,! ^w jocus _h be5 us$ 9 ! signification ( a je/1 playfulness1 joc>i signifi$ to je/1 & joculator 0 a ^w = a je/]2 b1 9 ! debasem5t ( ! language1 jocus 0 tak5 9 ! signification ( ev]y?+ :i* creat$ mir?4 ,x became1 9 ! c\rse ( "t ! ,fr5* ^w jeu1 & ! ,italian gioco1 or giuoco4 ,p introduc$ a =m ( ! v]b1 joc>e1 :i* became ! ,fr5* ju]1 to play or p]=m4 ,joculator 0 !n us$ 9 ! s5se ( mimus4 ,9 ,fr5* ! ^w became joglor1 or j\glor1 & 9 its lat] =m j\gleur4 ,i may rem>k t1 9 m$ival manuscripts1 x is almo/ impossible to di/+ui% betwe5 ! u & ! n1 & t mod]n writ]s h misread ?is la/ ^w z jongleur1 & ?us introduc$ into ! language a ^w :i* nev] exi/$1 & :i* ought to be ab&on$4 ,9 old ,engli%1 z we see 9 ,*auc]1 ! usual =m 0 jogel]e4 ,! m$ival joculator1 or j\gleur1 embrac$ all ! attributes ( ! ,roman mimus1#ch & p]haps m4 ,9 ! fir/ place he 0 v (t5 a poet himself1 & compos$ ! pieces :i* x 0 "o ( 8 duties to s+ or recite4 ,^! 7 *iefly songs1 or /ories1 ! latt] usually told 9 v]se1 & s _m ( !m are pres]v$ 9 manuscripts t !y =m a v num]\s & important class ( m$ival lit]ature4 ,! songs 7 commonly satirical & abusive1 & !y 7 made use ( = purposes ( g5]al or p]sonal vitup]ation4 ,out ( !m1 inde$1 grew ! political songs ( a lat] p]iod4 ,!re 7 female j\gleurs1 & bo? sexes danc$1 &1 to create mir? among ^? :o enc\rag$ !m1 !y practis$ a v>iety ( p]=mances1 su* z mimick+ p1 mak+ wry & ugly faces1 di/ort+ _! bodies into /range po/ures1 (t5 expos+ _! p]sons 9 a v unbecom+ mann]1 & p]=m+ _m vulg> & indec5t acts1 :i* x is n necess>y to describe m p>ticul>ly4 ,!y c>ri$ ab\t ) !m = exhibition tame be>s1 monkeys1 & o!r animals1 taught to p]=m ! actions ( m54 ,z e>ly z ! ?irte5? c5tury1 we f9d !m includ+ among _! o!r accompli%m5ts t ( danc+ ^u ! tight-rope4 ,f9ally1 ! j\gleurs p]=m$ tricks ( sleight ( h&1 & 7 (t5 conjur]s & magicians4 ,z1 9 mod]n times1 ! j\gleurs ( ! middle ages gradually pass$ away1 sleight ( h& appe>s to h become _! pr9cipal accompli%m5t1 & ! "n only 0 left 9 ! mod]n ^w juggl]4 ,! j\gleurs ( ! middle ages1 l ! mimi ( antiquity1 w&]$ ab\t f place to place1 & (t5 f c\ntry to c\ntry1 sometimes s+ly & at o!rs 9 companies1 exhibit$ _! p]=mances 9 ! roads & /reets1 repair$ to all great fe/ivals1 & 7 employ$ especially 9 ! b>onial hall1 :]e1 by _! songs1 /ories1 & o!r p]=mances1 !y creat$ mir? aft] d9n]4 #ch ,p 9 ! middle ages 7 s fully consci\s ( ! id5tity ( ! m$ival j\gleur ) ! ,roman mimus1 t ! ,lat9 writ]s (t5 use mimus to signify a j\gleur1 & ! "o is int]pret$ by ! o!rs 9 ! vocabul>ies4 ,?us1 9 ,lat9-,engli% vocabul>ies ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 we h-- ,hic joculator1 ,anglice jogul\r4 ,hic mimus1 ,?is class ( society _h become kn[n by ano!r "n1 ! orig9 ( :i* is n s easily expla9$4 ,! prim>y mean+ ( ! ,lat9 ^w m9i/] 0 a s]vant1 "o :o m9i/]s to ano!r1 ei!r 9 8 wants or 9 8 pleasures & amusem5ts4 ,x 0 appli$ p>ticul>ly to ! cup-be>]4 ,9 l[ ,lat9ity1 a dim9utive ( ?is ^w 0 =m$1 m9e/ellus1 or m9i/rellus1 a petty s]vant1 or m9i/]4 ,:5 we fir/ meet ) ?is ^w1 :i* is n at a v e>ly date1 x is us$ z p]fectly synonym\s ) joculator1 &1 z ! ^w is c]ta9ly ( ,lat9 d]ivation1 x is cle> t x 0 f x ! middle ages d]iv$ ! ,fr5* ^w m5e/rel 7! mod]n mntri]71 & ! ,engli% m9/rel4 ,! mimi or j\gleurs 7 p]haps consid]$ z ! petty m9i/]s to ! amusem5ts ( _! "l1 or ( him :o = ! "t employ$ !m4 ,until ! close ( ! middle ages1 ! m9/rel & ! j\gleur 7 absolutely id5tical4 ,possibly ! =m] may h be5 consid]$ ! m c\rtly ( ! two names4 ,b 9 ,engl&1 z ! middle ages disappe>$1 & lo/ _! influ5ce on society soon] ?an 9 ,france1 ! ^w m9/rel rema9$ atta*$ only to ! musical "p ( ! functions ( ! old mimus1 :ile1 z j obs]v$1 ! juggl] took ! sleight ( h& & ! m\ntebank tricks4 ,9 mod]n ,fr5*1 except :]e employ$ te*nically by ! antiqu>y1 ! ^w mntri] means a fiddl]4 ,! j\gleurs1 or m9/rels1 =m$ a v num]\s & important1 ?\gh a l[ & despis$1 class ( m$ival society4 ,! dulness ( e-day life 9 a feudal ca/le or mansion requir$ some?+ m ?an ord9>y excitem5t 9 ! way ( amusem5t1 & ! old family b>d1 :o cont9ually repeat$ to ! ,teutonic *ief ! praises ( himself & 8 ance/ors1 0 soon felt to be a we>isome companion4 ,! m$ival knights & _! ladies want$ to laugh1 & to make !m laugh suffici5tly x requir$ t ! jokes1 or tales1 or comic p]=mances1 %\ld be broad1 co>se1 & racy1 ) a good spic+ ( viol5ce & ( ! wond]ful4 ,h5ce ! j\gleur 0 always welcome to ! feudal mansion1 & he seldom w5t away dissatisfi$4 ,b ! subject ( ! pres5t *apt] is r ! lit]ature ( ! j\gleur ?an 8 p]sonal hi/ory1 &1 hav+ trac$ 8 orig9 to ! ,roman mimus1 we w n[ proce$ to "o class ( 8 p]=mances4 ,x has be5 /at$ t ! mimus & ! j\gleurs told /ories4 ,( ^? ( ! =m]1 un=tunately1 none are pres]v$1 except1 p]haps1 9 a few anecdotes scatt]$ 9 ! pages ( su* writ]s z ,apuleius & ,lucian1 & we are oblig$ to guess at _! "*1 b ( ! /ories ( ! j\gleurs a consid]able numb] has be5 pres]v$4 ,x becomes an int]e/+ "q h[ f> ^! /ories h be5 d]iv$ f ! mimi1 h&$ d[n traditionally f mimus to j\gleur1 h[ f> !y are native 9 our race1 or h[ f> !y 7 d]iv$ at a lat] date f o!r s\rces4 ,& 9 consid]+ ?is "q1 we mu/ n =get t ! m$ival j\gleurs 7 n ! only repres5tatives ( ! mimi1 = among ! ,arabs ( ! ,ea/ also !re _h orig9at$ f !m1 modifi$ "u diff]5t circum/ances1 a v important class ( m9/rels & /ory-tell]s1 & ) ^! ! j\gleurs ( ! we/ 7 br\ght into communication at ! comm5cem5t ( ! crusades4 ,!re c be no d\bt t a v l>ge numb] ( ! /ories ( ! j\gleurs 7 borr[$ f ! ,ea/1 = ! evid5ce is furni%$ by ! /ories !mselves2 & !re c be little d\bt also t ! j\gleurs improv$ !mselves1 & und]w5t "s modification1 by _! int]c\rse ) ,ea/]n p]=m]s ( ! same class4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we h traces ( ! exi/5ce ( ^! popul> /ories be=e ! j\gleurs c h _h communication ) ! ,ea/4 ,?us1 z already m5tion$1 we f9d1 compos$ 9 ,g]many1 app>5tly 9 ! t5? c5tury1 9 rhy?mical ,lat91 ! well-kn[n /ory ( ! wife ( a m]*ant :o bore a *ild dur+ ! long abs5ce ( h] husb&1 & :o excus$ h]self by /at+ t h] pregnancy _h be5 ! result ( swall[+ a flake ( sn[ 9 a sn[-/orm4 ,?is1 & ano!r ( ! same k9d1 7 evid5tly int5d$ to be sung4 ,ano!r poem 9 popul> ,lat9 v]se1 :i* ,grimm & ,s*mell]1 :o edit$ x1#ci believe may be ( ! elev5? c5tury1 relates a v amus+ /ory ( an adv5tur] nam$ ,unibos1 :o1 cont9ually caught 9 8 own sn>es1 f9i%es by gett+ ! bett] ( all 8 enemies1 & becom+ ri*1 by m]e +5i\s cunn+ & good =tune4 ,?is /ory is n met ) among ^? ( ! j\gleurs1 z f> z !y are yet kn[n1 b1 curi\sly en\gh1 ,lov] f\nd x exi/+ orally among ! ,iri% peasantry1 & ins]t$ ! ,iri% /ory among 8 ,leg5ds ( ,irel&4 ,x is a curi\s illu/ration ( ! p]t9acity ) :i* ! popul> /ories desc5d along ) peoples ?r\gh g5]ations f ! remote/ ages ( antiquity4 ,! same /ory is f\nd 9 an ori5tal =m among ! tales ( ! ,t>t>s publi%$ 9 ,fr5* by ,gu5lette4 #ci ,9 a volume entitl$ ,late9is*e ,g$i*te des x4 und xi4 ,jh4 #hvo4 ,gtt+51 #ahch4 ,! p ( ! middle ages1 :o took _! ^w fable f ! ,lat9 fabula1 :i* !y appe> to h und]/ood z a m]e t]m = any %ort n>ration1 includ$ "u x ! /ories told by ! mimi & j\gleurs2 b1 9 ! fondness ( ! middle ages = dim9utives1 by :i* !y int5d$ to express famili>ity & atta*m5t1 appli$ to !m m p>ticul>ly ! ,lat9 fabella1 :i* 9 ! old ,fr5* became fablel1 or1 m usually1 fabliau4 ,! fabliaux ( ! j\gleurs =m a mo/ important class ( ! comic lit]ature ( ! middle ages4 ,!y mu/ h be5 wond]fully num]\s1 = a v l>ge quantity ( !m /ill rema91 & ^! are only ! small portion ( :at once exi/$1 :i* h escap$ p]i%+ l ! o!rs by ! accid5t ( be+ writt5 9 manuscripts :i* h _h ! =tune to survive2 :ile manuscripts conta9+ o!rs h no d\bt p]i%$1 & x is probable t _m 7 only pres]v$ orally1 & nev] writt5 d[n at all4#dj ,! recital ( ^! fabliaux appe>s to h be5 ! fav\rite employm5t ( ! j\gleurs1 & !y became s popul> t ! m$ival prea*]s turn$ !m into %ort /ories 9 ,lat9 prose1 & made use ( !m z illu/rations 9 _! s]mons4 ,_m collections ( ^! %ort ,lat9 /ories are f\nd 9 manuscripts :i* _h s]v$ z note-books to ! prea*]s1#da & out ( !m 0 orig9ally compil$ t celebrat$ m$ival book call$ ! ,ge/a ,romanorum4 #dj ,_m ( ! ,fabliaux h be5 pr9t$1 b ! two pr9cipal collections1 & to :i* ,i %all *iefly ref] 9 ! text1 are ^? ( ,b>bazan1 re-edit$ & mu* enl>g$ by ,mon1 #d vols4 #hvo41 #ahjh1 & ( ,mon1 #b vols4 #hvo41 #ahbc4 #da ,a collection ( ^! %ort ,lat9 /ories 0 edit$ by ! au?or ( ! pres5t "w1 9 a volume pr9t$ = ! ,p]cy ,society 9 #ahdb4 ,x is to be regrett$ t ! subjects & language ( a l>ge portion ( ^! fabliaux are su* z to make x impossible to pres5t !m be=e mod]n read]s1 = !y furni% s+ul>ly int]e/+ & m9ute pictures ( m$ival life 9 all classes ( society4 ,dome/ic sc5es are among ^? mo/ frequ5t1 & !y repres5t ! int]ior ( ! m$ival h\sehold 9 no fav\rable po9t ( view4 ,! majority ( ^! tell loose /ories ( husb&s deceiv$ by _! fair sp\ses1 or ( tricks play$ ^u unsuspect+ damsels4 ,9 "s in/ances ! treatm5t ( ! husb& is p]haps :at may be call$ ( a less objectionable "*1 z 9 ! fabliau ( ,la ,vila9 ,mire 7! cl[n doctor71 pr9t$ 9 ,b>bazan 7iii4 #a71 :i* 0 ! orig9 ( ,molire's well-kn[n com$y ( ,le ,mdec9 malgr lui4 ,a ri* peasant m>ri$ ! daught] ( a poor knight2 x 0 ( c\rse a m>riage ( ambition on 8 "p1 & ( int]e/ on h]s--"o ( ^? ill-sort$ mat*es :i*1 accord+ to feudal s5tim5ts1 c\ld nev] be happy1 & 9 :i* ! wife 0 consid]$ z privileg$ to treat h] husb& ) all possible contempt4 ,9 ?is in/ance ! lady hit ^u an +5i\s mode ( puni%+ h] husb& = 8 want ( submission to h] ill-treatm5t4 ,mess5g]s f ! k+ pass$ t way1 seek+ a skilful doctor to cure ! k+'s daught] ( a dang]\s malady4 ,! lady secretly in=m$ ^! mess5g]s t h] husb& 0 a physician ( extraord9>y tal5t1 b ( an ecc5tric temp]1 = he w\ld nev] ackn[l$ge or ex]cise 8 art until fir/ subject$ to a sev]e beat+4 ,! husb& is seiz$1 b\nd1 & c>ri$ by =ce to ! k+'s c\rt1 :]e1 ( c\rse1 he d5ies all k ( ! heal+ art1 b a sev]e beat+ obliges him to compliance1 & he is successful by a comb9ation ( impud5ce & *ance4 ,?is is only ! beg9n+ ( ! poor man's mis]ies4 ,in/ead ( be+ all[$ to g home1 8 fame has become s great t he is reta9$ at c\rt = ! public good1 &1 ) a rapid succession ( pati5ts1 fe>ful ( ! results ( 8 consci\s ignorance1 he refuses !m all1 & is subject$ 9 e case to ! same ill-treatm5t to =ce 8 compliance4 ,! examples 9 :i* ! husb&1 on ! o!r h&1 outwits ! wife are few4 ,a fabliau by a poet :o gives himself ! "n ( ,corteb>be1 pr9t$ also by ,b>bazan 7iii4 #cih71 relates h[ ?ree bl9d begg>s 7 deceiv$ by a cl]c1 or s*ol>1 ( ,p>is1 :o met !m on ! road ne> ,compigne4 ,! cl]k pret5d$ to give ! ?ree begg>s a bezant1 :i* 0 !n a good sum ( money1 & !y ha/5$ joyfully to ! next tav]n1 :]e !y ord]$ a pl5tiful supp]1 & fea/$ to _! he>ts' cont5t4 ,b1 9 fact1 ! cl]k _h n giv5 !m a bezant at all1 al?\gh1 z he said he did s1 & !y c\ld only judge by _! he>+1 !y imag9$ t !y _h ! co91 & ea* ?\ght t x 0 9 ! keep+ ( "o ( 8 companions4 ,?us1 :5 ! "t ( pay+ came1 & ! money 0 n =?com+1 9 ! common belief t "o ( ! ?ree _h receiv$ ! bezant & int5d$ to keep x & *eat ! o!rs1 !y qu>rell$ viol5tly1 & f abuse soon came to bl[s4 ,! l&lord1 drawn to ! spot by ! upro>1 & in=m$ ( ! /ate ( ! case1 accus$ ! ?ree bl9d m5 ( a conspiracy to *eat him1 & dem&$ paym5t ) great ?reats4 ,! cl]k ( ,p>is1 :o _h foll[$ !m to ! inn1 & tak5 8 lodg+ !re 9 ord] to witness ! result1 deliv]$ ! bl9d m5 by an equally +5i\s trick :i* he plays ^u ! l&lord & ! prie/ ( ! p>i%4 ,"s ( ^! /ories h = _! subject tricks play$ among ?ieves4 ,9 "o pr9t$ by ,mon 7i4 #abd71 we h ! /ory ( a ri* b simple villan1 or c\ntryman1 nam$ ,brifaut1 :o is robb$ at m>ket by a cunn+ %>p]1 & sev]ely correct$ by 8 wife = 8 c>elessness4 ,robb]y1 bo? by =ce & by sleight ( h& & craft1 prevail$ to an extraord9>y degree dur+ ! middle ages4 ,! plot ( ! fabliau ( ,b>at & ,haimet1 by ,jean de ,boves 7,b>bazan1 iv4 #bcc71 turns ^u a trial ( skill among ?ree robb]s to det]m9e :o %all commit ! clev]e/ act ( ?iev]y1 & ! result is1 at lea/1 an extremely amus+ /ory4 ,x may be m5tion$ z an example ( ! num]\s /ories :i* ! j\gleurs c]ta9ly obta9$ f ! ,ea/1 t ! well-kn[n /ory ( ! ,hun*back 9 ! ,arabian ,nights appe>s among !m 9 two or ?ree diff]5t =ms4 ,! social vices ( ! middle ages1 _! g5]al lic5ti\sness1 ! preval5ce ( inju/ice & extortion1 are v fully expos$ to view 9 ^! compositions1 9 :i* no class ( society is sp>$4 ,! villan1 or peasant1 is always treat$ v contemptu\sly2 he =m$ ! class f :i* ! j\gleur receiv$ lea/ b5efit4 ,b ! ari/ocracy1 ! great b>ons1 ! lords ( ! soil1 come 9 = _! full %>e ( satire1 & !y no d\bt enjoy$ ! ridicul\s pictures ( _! own ord]4 ,i w n v5ture to introduce ! read] to female life 9 ! b>onial ca/le1 z x appe>s 9 _m ( ^! /ories1 & z x is no d\bt truly pa9t$1 al?\gh1 ( c\rse1 9 _m in/ances1 mu* exagg]at$4 ,we h already se5 h[ 9 ! /ory ( ,reyn>d1 ! "* ( m$ival society 0 repres5t$ by ! long /ruggle betwe5 brute =ce repres5t$ by ! wolf1 ! emblem ( ! ari/ocratic class1 & ! l[ a/ut5ess ( ! fox1 or ! un>i/ocratic class4 ,! success ( ! craft ( ! human fox ov] ! =ce ( 8 lordly antagoni/ is (t5 told 9 ! fabliaux 9 ludicr\s col\rs4 ,9 t ( ,trub]t1 pr9t$ by ,mon 7i4 #aib71 ! duke ( a c\ntry1 ) 8 wife & family1 become repeat$ly ! dupes ( ! gross deceptions ( a poor b impud5t peasant4 ,^! satires ^u ! ari/ocracy 7 no d\bt greatly enjoy$ by ! good b\rgeoisie1 :o1 9 _! turn1 furni%$ abundance ( /ories1 ( ! drolle/ description1 to provoke ! mir? ( ! lords ( ! soil1 betwe5 :om & !mselves !re 0 a k9d ( natural antipa?y4 ,nor are ! cl]gy sp>$4 ,! prie/ is usually describ$ z liv+ ) a concub9e--8 ord] =bade m>ry+--& bo? are consid]$ z fair game to ! community2 :ile ! monk figures m frequ5tly z ! h]o ( gallant adv5tures4 ,bo? prie/ & monk are usually di/+ui%$ by _! selfi%ness & love ( indulg5ce4 ,9 ! fabliau ,du ,b\*i] d',abbeville1 9 ,b>bazan 7iv4 #a71 a but*]1 on 8 way home f ! fair1 seeks a night's lodg+ at ! h\se ( an inhospitable prie/1 :o refuses x4 ,b :5 ! =m] returns1 & (f]s1 9 ex*ange = 8 hospitality1 "o ( 8 fat %eep :i* he has pur*as$ at ! fair1 & n only to kill x = _! supp]1 b to give all ! meat !y d n eat to 8 ho/1 he is will+ly receiv$ into ! h\se1 & !y make an excell5t supp]4 ,by ! promise ( ! sk9 ( ! %eep1 ! gue/ succe$s 9 s$uc+ bo? ! concub9e & ! maid-s]vant1 & x is only aft] 8 dep>ture ! foll[+ morn+1 9 ! middle ( a dome/ic upro> caus$ by ! conflict+ claims ( ! prie/1 ! concub9e1 & ! maid1 to ! possession ( ! sk91 t x is discov]$ t ! but*] _h /ol5 ! %eep f ! prie/'s own flock4 ,! fabliaux1 z rem>k$ be=e1 =m ! mo/ important class ( ! ext5sive mass ( ! popul> lit]ature ( ! middle ages1 & ! writ]s1 confid5t 9 _! /rong hold ^u public fav\r1 sometimes turn r\nd & burlesque ! lit]ature ( o!r classes1 especially ! long heavy monotony ( /yle ( ! great romances ( *ivalry & ! extravagant adv5tures !y conta9$1 z ?\gh consci\s t !y 7 gradually und]m9+ ! popul>ity ( ! romance writ]s4 ,"o ( ^! poems1 entitl$ ,de ,audigi]1 & pr9t$ 9 ,b>bazan 7iv4 #bag71 is a p>ody on ! romance writ]s & on _! /yle1 n at all want+ 9 _s or wit1 b ! satire is co>se & vulg>4 ,ano!r pr9t$ 9 ,b>bazan 7iv4 #bhg71 "u ! title ,de ,b]5gi]1 is a satire ^u a sort ( knight-errantry :i* _h f\nd its way into m$ival *ivalry4 ,b]5gi] 0 a knight ( ,lomb>dy1 mu* giv5 to boa/+1 :o _h a beautiful lady = 8 wife4 ,he us$ to leave h] alone 9 8 ca/le1 "u pretext ( sally+ =? 9 se>* ( *ivalr\s adv5tures1 &1 aft] a :ile1 hav+ well hack$ 8 sword & %ield1 he return$ to vaunt ! desp]ate exploits he _h p]=m$4 ,b ! lady 0 %rewd z well z h&some1 &1 hav+ "s suspicions ( 8 tru?fulness z well z ( 8 c\rage1 %e det]m9$ to make trial ( bo?4 ,"o morn+1 :5 h] husb& rode =? z usual1 %e ha/ily disguis$ h]self 9 a suit ( arm\r1 m\nt$ a good /e$1 & hurry+ r\nd by a diff]5t way1 met ! boa/ful knight 9 ! middle ( a wood1 :]e he no soon] saw t he _h to enc\nt] a real assailant1 ?an he display$ ! mo/ abject c[>dice1 & 8 oppon5t exact$ f him an ignom9i\s condition z ! price ( 8 escape4 ,on 8 return home at night1 boa/+ z usual ( 8 success1 he f\nd 8 lady tak+ h] rev5ge ^u him 9 a /ill less respectful mann]1 b he 0 sil5c$ by h] ridicule4 ,! tr\vres1 or poets1 :o wrote ! fabliaux--,i ne$ h>dly rem>k t tr\vre is ! same ^w z trobador1 b 9 ! nor!rn dialect ( ! ,fr5* language--appe> to h fl\ri%$ *iefly f ! close ( ! twelf? c5tury to ! e>li] "p ( ! f\rte5?4 ,!y all compos$ 9 ,fr5*1 :i* 0 a language !n common to ,engl& & ,france1 b "s ( _! compositions be> int]nal evid5ce ( hav+ be5 compos$ 9 ,engl&1 & o!rs are f\nd 9 contempor>y manuscripts writt5 9 ?is isl&4 ,! sc5e ( a fabliau1 pr9t$ by ,mon 7i4 #aac71 is laid at ,col*e/]2 & t ( ,la ,male ,honte1 pr9t$ 9 ,b>bazan 7iii4 #bjd71 is laid 9 ,k5t4 ,! latt]1 h[ev]1 0 writt5 by a tr\vre nam$ ,hugues de ,cambrai4 ,no objection appe>s to h be5 ent]ta9$ to ! recital ( ^! lic5ti\s /ories be=e ! ladies ( ! ca/le or ( ! dome/ic circle1 & _! g5]al popul>ity 0 s great1 t ! m pi\s cl]gy seem to h ?\ght necess>y to f9d some?+ to take _! place 9 ! po/-pr&ial society ( ! mona/]y1 & especially ( ! nunn]y2 & religi\s /ories 7 writt5 9 ! same =m & metre z ! fabliaux4 ,"s ( ^! h be5 publi%$ "u ! title ( ,contes ,devots1 &1 f _! g5]al dulness1 x may be d\bt$ if !y answ]$ _! purpose ( furni%+ amusem5t s well z ! o!rs4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,c>icatures ,,( ,,dome/ic ,,life4--,,/ate ,,( ,,dome/ic ,,life ,,9 ,,! ,,middle ,,ages4--,,examples ,,( ,,dome/ic ,,c>icature ,,f ,,! ,,c>v+s ,,( ,,! ,,mis]]es4--,,kit*5 ,,sc5es4--,,dome/ic ,,brawls4--,,! ,,fight ,,= ,,! ,,bree*es4--,,! ,,judicial ,,duel ,,betwe5 ,,man ,,& ,,wife ,,among ,,! ,,g]mans4--,,allusions ,,to ,,wit*craft4--,,satires ,,on ,,! ,,trades2 ,,! ,,bak]1 ,,! ,,mill]1 ,,! ,,w9e-,,p$l> ,,& ,,tav]n-,,keep]1 ,,! ,,ale-,,wife1 ,,etc4 ,! influ5ce ( ! j\gleurs ov] p's m9ds g5]ally1 ) _! /ories & satirical pieces1 _! grimaces1 _! po/ures1 & _! wond]ful p]=mances1 0 v consid]able1 & may be easily trac$ 9 m$ival mann]s & s5tim5ts4 ,?is influ5ce w\ld naturally be ex]t$ ^u inv5tive art1 & :5 a pa9t] _h to adorn ! m>g9 ( a book1 or ! sculptor to decorate ! ornam5tal p>ts ( a build+1 we might expect ! ideas :i* w\ld fir/ pres5t !mselves to him to be ^? sugge/$ by ! j\gleur's p]=mance1 = ! same ta/e _h to be indulg$ 9 ! "o z 9 ! o!r4 ,! same wit or satire w\ld p]vade !m bo?4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ga4 ,a ,m$ival ,kit*5 ,sc5e4 ,among ! mo/ popul> subjects ( satire dur+ ! middle ages1 7 dome/ic sc5es4 ,dome/ic life at t p]iod appe>s to h be5 9 its g5]al "* co>se1 turbul5t1 &1 ,i %\ld say1 any?+ b happy4 ,9 all its po9ts ( view1 x pres5t$ abundant subjects = je/ & burlesque4 ,!re is little room = d\bt t ! ,romi% ,*ur*1 z x exi/$ 9 ! middle ages1 0 extremely ho/ile to dome/ic happ9ess among ! middle & l[] classes1 & t ! int]f]5ce ( ! prie/ 9 ! family 0 only a s\rce ( dome/ic tr\ble4 ,! satirical writ+s ( ! p]iod1 ! popul> tales1 ! disc\rses ( ^? :o s\ght re=m1 ev5 ! pictures 9 ! manuscripts & ! sculptures on ! walls inv>iably repres5t ! female portion ( ! family z entirely "u ! influ5ce ( ! prie/s1 & t influ5ce z ex]cis$ = ! wor/ ( purposes4 ,!y enc\rag$ fai?lessness z well z disob$i5ce 9 wives1 & und]m9$ ! virtue ( daught]s1 & 7 consequ5tly reg>d$ ) any?+ b k9dly feel+ by ! male portion ( ! population4 ,! prie/1 ! wife1 & ! husb&1 =m ! usual lead+ *>act]s 9 a m$ival f>ce4 ,subjects ( ?is k9d are n v unfrequ5t 9 ! illum9ations ( manuscripts1 & m especially 9 ! sculptures ( build+s1 & ^? *iefly ecclesia/ical1 9 :i* monks or prie/s are introduc$ 9 v equivocal situations4 ,?is "p ( ! subject1 h[ev]1 is "o into :i* we %all n "h v5ture1 z we f9d ! m$ival c>icaturi/s draw+ pl5ty ( mat]ials f ! less vici\s %ades ( contempor>y life2 &1 9 fact1 "s ( _! mo/ amus+ pictures are tak5 f ! droll1 r ?an f ! vici\s1 sc5es ( ! int]ior ( ! h\sehold4 ,su* sc5es are v frequ5t on ! mis]]es ( ! old ca!drals & collegiate *ur*es4 ,?us1 9 ! /alls at ,worce/] ,ca!dral1 !re is a droll figure ( a man seat$ be=e a fire 9 a kit*5 well /or$ ) flit*es ( bacon1 he himself occupi$ 9 att5d+ to ! boil+ pot1 :ile he w>ms 8 feet1 = :i* purpose he has tak5 (f 8 %oes4 ,9 a simil> c>v+ 9 ,h]e=d ,ca!dral1 a man1 also 9 ! kit*51 is se5 attempt+ to take lib]ties ) ! cook maid1 :o ?r[s a platt] at 8 head4 ,a copy ( ?is curi\s subject is giv5 9 cut ,no4 #ga1 & ! cut ,no4 #gb is tak5 f a simil> mis]]e 9 ,m9/] ,*ur*1 9 ! ,isle ( ,?anet4 ,x repres5ts an old lady seat$1 occupi$ indu/ri\sly 9 sp9n+1 & accompani$ by h] cats4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #gb4 ,an ,old ,lady & h] ,fri5ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #gc4 ,! ,lady & h] ,cat4 ,we might easily add o!r examples ( simil> subjects f ! same s\rces1 su* z ! sc5e 9 our cut ,no4 #gc1 tak5 f "o ( ! /alls ( ,w9*e/] ,ca!dral1 :i* seems to be int5d$ to repres5t a wit* rid+ away ^u h] cat1 an enorm\s animal1 ^: jovial look is only outdone by t ( its mi/ress4 ,! latt] has c>ri$ h] di/aff ) h]1 & is dilig5tly employ$ 9 sp9n+4 ,a /all 9 ,%]borne ,m9/]1 giv5 9 our cut ,no4 #gd1 repres5ts a sc5e 9 a s*ool1 9 :i* an un=tunate s*ol> is exp]i5c+ puni%m5t ( a r sev]e description1 to ! great al>m ( 8 companions1 on :om 8 disgrace is evid5tly act+ z a w>n+4 ,! flogg+ sc5e at s*ool appe>s to h be5 r a fav\rite subject among ! e>ly c>icaturi/s1 = ! sc\rge 0 look$ ^u 9 ! middle ages z ! gr& /imulant to s*ol>%ip4 ,9 ^? good old times1 :5 a man recall$ to memory 8 s*oolboy days1 he did n say1 ,:5 ,i 0 at s*ool1 b1 ,:5 ,i 0 "u ! rod4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #gd4 ,s*ola/ic ,discipl9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ge4 ,a ,po9t 9 ,dispute4 ,an ext5sive field = ! /udy ( ?is int]e/+ "p ( our subject w be f\nd 9 ! ar*itectural gall]y 9 ! ,k5s+ton ,museum1 :i* conta9s a l>ge numb] ( calls f /alls & o!r sculptures1 *iefly select$ f ! ,fr5* ca!drals4 ,"o ( ^!1 engrav$ 9 our cut ,no4 #ge1 repres5ts a c\ple ( females1 seat$ be=e ! kit*5 fire4 ,! date ( ?is sculpture is /at$ to be #achb4 ,to judge by _! looks & attitude1 !re is a disagreem5t betwe5 !m1 & ! object 9 dispute seems to be a piece ( meat1 :i* "o has tak5 out ( ! pot & plac$ on a di%4 ,?is lady wields h] ladle z ?\gh %e 7 prep>$ to use x z a weapon1 :ile h] oppon5t is arm$ ) ! bell[s4 ,! ale-pot 0 n unfrequ5tly ! subject ( pictures ( a turbul5t "*1 & among ! grotesque & mon/r\s figures 9 ! m>g9s ( ! noble manuscript ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 kn[n z ! ,luttrell ,psalt]1 "o repres5ts two p]sonages n only qu>rell+ ov] _! pots1 :i* !y appe> to h empti$1 b actually fight+ ) !m4 ,"o ( !m has lit]ally brok5 8 pot ov] 8 companion's head4 ,! sc5e is copi$ 9 our cut ,no4 #gf4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #gf4 ,want ( ,h>mony ov] ! ,pot4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #gg4 ,dome/ic ,/rife4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #gh4 ,a ,/ruggle = ! ,ma/]y4 ,x mu/ be /at$1 h[ev]1 t ! m common subjects ( ^! homely sc5es are dome/ic qu>rels1 & t ! man1 or 8 wife1 enjoy+ _! fireside1 or simil> bits ( dome/ic com=t1 only make _! appe>ance at r>e int]vals4 ,dome/ic qu>rels & combats are mu* m frequ5t4 ,we h already se51 9 ! cut ,no4 #ge1 two dames ( ! kit*5 evid5tly beg9n+ to qu>rel ov] _! cook]y4 ,a /all 9 ! *ur* ( ,/rat=d-^u-,avon gives u ! gr\p repres5t$ 9 our cut ,no4 #gg4 ,! battle has "h become desp]ate1 b :e!r ! male combatant be an oppress$ husb& or an imp]t95t intrud]1 is n cle>4 ,! qu>rel w\ld seem to h aris5 dur+ ! process ( cook+1 z ! female1 :o has seiz$ h] oppon5t by ! be>d1 has evid5tly snat*$ up ! ladle z ! readie/ weapon at h&4 ,! ang] appe>s to be ma9ly on h] side1 & ! r tame c\nt5ance ( h] antagoni/ contra/s /rangely ) h] inflam$ features4 ,our next cut1 ,no4 #gh1 is tak5 f ! sculpture ( a column 9 ,ely ,ca!dral1 "h copi$ f an engrav+ 9 ,c>t]'s ,specim5s ( ,anci5t ,sculpture4 ,a man & wife1 app>5tly1 are /ruggl+ = ! possession ( a /aff1 :i* is p]haps int5d$ to be ! emblem ( ma/]y4 ,z is g5]ally repres5t$ to be ! case 9 ^! sc5es ( dome/ic /rife1 ! woman %[s m en]gy & m /r5g? ?an h] oppon5t1 & %e is evid5tly ov]com+ him4 ,! ma/]y ( ! wife ov] ! husb& seems to h be5 a univ]sally ackn[l$g$ /ate ( ?+s4 ,a /all 9 ,%]borne ,m9/]1 9 ,dorset1 :i* has furni%$ ! subject ( our cut ,no4 #gi1 might almo/ be tak5 z ! sequel ( ! la/ cut4 ,! lady has possess$ h]self ( ! /aff1 has ov]?r[n h] husb&1 & is ev5 /rik+ him on ! head ) x :5 he is d[n4 ,9 our next cut1 ,no4 #hj1 :i* is tak5 f "o ( ! ca/s ( /alls 9 ! ,fr5* ca!drals exhibit$ 9 ! ,k5s+ton ,museum1 x is n q cle> :i* ( ! two is ! (f5d]1 b1 p]haps1 9 ?is case1 ! ar*]1 z 8 pr(ession is indicat$ by 8 b[ & arr[s1 has made a gallant assault1 :i*1 al?\gh %e does n look mu* displeas$ at x1 ! (f5d$ dame c]ta9ly resi/s ) _s4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #gi4 ,! ,wife 9 ! ,asc5dant4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #hj4 ,viol5ce ,resi/$4 ,"o idea connect$ ) ?is picture ( dome/ic antagonism appe>s to h be5 v popul> f a r e>ly p]iod4 ,!re is a prov]bial phrase to signify t ! wife is ma/] 9 ! h\sehold1 by :i* x is intimat$ t %e we>s ! bree*es4 ,! phrase is1 x mu/ be confess$1 an odd "o1 & is only half und]/ood by mod]n explanations2 b 9 m$ival /ory we le>n h[ %e fir/ put 9 h] claim to we> ?is p>ticul> article ( dress1 h[ x 0 fir/ disput$ & conte/$1 h[ %e 0 at times defeat$1 b h[1 z a g5]al rule1 ! claim 0 en=c$4 ,!re 0 a ,fr5* poet ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ,hugues ,piaucelles1 two ( ^: fabliaux1 or metrical tales1 entitl$ ! ,fabliau d',e/\rmi1 & ! ,fabliau de ,sire ,ha9s et de ,dame ,anieuse1 are pres]v$ 9 manuscript1 & h be5 pr9t$ 9 ! collection ( ,b>bazan4 ,! second ( ^! relates "s ( ! adv5tures ( a m$ival c\ple1 ^: h\sehold 0 n ! be/ regulat$ 9 ! _w4 ,! "n ( ! h]o9e ( ?is /ory1 ,anieuse1 is simply an old =m ( ! ,fr5* ^w ennuyeuse1 & c]ta9ly dame ,anieuse 0 suffici5tly ennuyeuse to h] "l & husb&4 ,sire ,ha9s1 h] husb&1 01 x appe>s1 a mak] ( cottes & mantles1 & we %\ld judge also1 by ! po9t on :i* ! qu>rel turn$1 t he 0 p>tial to a good d9n]4 ,dame ,anieuse 0 ( t disagreeable temp]1 t :5ev] ,sire ,ha9s told h] ( "s p>ticul>ly nice ?+ :i* he wi%$ h] to buy = 8 meal1 %e b\ght in/ead some?+ :i* %e knew 0 disagreeable to him4 ,if he ord]$ boil$ meat1 %e inv>iably roa/$ x1 & fur!r contriv$ t x %\ld be s cov]$ ) c9d]s & a%es t he c\ld n eat x4 ,?is w\ld %[ t p 9 ! middle ages 7except1 p]haps1 pr(essional cooks7 7 v unapt at roa/+ meat4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s _h gone on = "s "t1 :5 "o day ,sire ,ha9s gave ord]s to 8 wife to buy him fi% = 8 d9n]4 ,! disob$i5t wife1 in/ead ( buy+ fi%1 provid$ no?+ = 8 meal b a di% ( sp9age1 tell+ him falsely t all ! fi% /ank4 ,?is leads to a viol5t qu>rel1 9 :i*1 aft] "s fi]ce wrangl+1 especially on ! "p ( ! lady1 ,sire ,ha9s proposes to decide _! diff]5ce 9 a novel mann]4 ,e>ly 9 ! morn+1 he said1 ,i w take (f my bree*es & lay !m d[n 9 ! middle ( ! c\rt1 & ! "o :o c w9 !m %all be ackn[l$g$ to be ma/] or mi/ress ( ! h\se4 ,le mat9et1 sans contr$ire1 ,v\drai mes braies des*auci]1 ,et enmi no/re cort c\*i]2 ,et qui conqu]re les porra1 ,p> bone reson m\/]ra ,qu'il ert sire ou dame du no/re4 ,b>bazan1 ,fabliaux1 tome iii4 p4 #chc4 ,dame ,anieuse accept$ ! *all5ge ) eag]ness1 & ea* prep>$ = ! /ruggle4 ,aft] due prep>ation1 two neighb\rs1 fri5d ,symon & ,dame ,aupais1 hav+ be5 call$ 9 z witnesses1 & ! object ( dispute1 ! bree*es1 hav+ be5 plac$ on ! pavem5t ( ! c\rt1 ! battle began1 ) "s slight p>ody on ! =malities ( ! judicial combat4 ,! fir/ bl[ 0 giv5 by ! dame1 :o 0 s eag] = ! fray t %e /ruck h] husb& be=e he _h put himself on 8 gu>d2 & ! w> ( tongues1 9 :i* at lea/ ,dame ,anieuse _h ! be/ ( x1 w5t on at ! same "t z ! o!r battle4 ,sire ,ha9s v5tur$ a slight expo/ulation on h] eag]ness = ! fray1 9 answ] to :i* %e only ?rew 9 8 tee? a fi]ce defiance to d 8 wor/4 ,provok$ at ?is1 ,sire ,ha9s /ruck at h]1 & hit h] ov] ! eyebr[s1 s effectively1 t ! sk9 0 discol\r$2 &1 ov]-confid5t 9 ! effect ( ?is fir/ bl[1 he began r too soon to exult ov] 8 wife's defeat4 ,b ,dame ,anieuse 0 less disconc]t$ ?an he expect$1 & recov]+ quickly f ! effect ( ! bl[1 %e turn$ ^u him & /ruck him on ! same "p ( 8 face ) su* =ce1 t %e ne>ly knock$ him ov] ! %eepfold4 ,dame ,anieuse1 9 h] turn1 n[ sne]$ ov] him1 & :ile he 0 recov]+ f 8 confusion1 h] eyes fell ^u ! object ( cont5tion1 & %e ru%$ to x1 & laid h] h&s ^u x to c>ry x away4 ,?is movem5t r\s$ ,sire ,ha9s1 :o in/antly seiz$ ano!r "p ( ! article ( 8 dress ( :i* he 0 ?us 9 dang] ( be+ depriv$1 & began a /ruggle = possession1 9 :i* ! said article und]w5t consid]able dilapidation1 & fragm5ts ( x 7 scatt]$ ov] ! c\rt4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ?is /ruggle ! actual fight recomm5c$1 by ! husb& giv+ 8 wife s heavy a bl[ on ! tee? t h] m\? 0 fill$ ) blood4 ,! effect 0 su* t ,sire ,ha9s already reckon$ on ! victory1 & proclaim$ himself "l ( ! bree*es4 ,ha9s fi]t sa fame enmi les d5z ,tel cop1 que la b\*e d$5z ,li a t\te emplie de sancz4 ,ti5 ore1 di/ ,sire ,ha9s1 anc1 ,je cuit que je t'ai bi5 ata9te1 ,or t'ai-je de deux colors ta9te-- ,j'aurai les braies t\tes voies4 ,b ! imm$iate effect on ,dame ,anieuse 0 only to r5d] h] m desp]ate4 ,%e quitt$ h] hold on ! disput$ g>m5t1 & fell ^u h] husb& ) su* a %[] ( bl[s t he h>dly knew :i* way to turn4 ,%e 0 ?us1 h[ev]1 unconsci\sly exhau/+ h]self1 & ,sire ,ha9s soon recov]$4 ,! battle n[ became fi]c] ?an ev]1 & ! lady seem$ to be ga9+ ! upp] h&1 :5 ,sire ,ha9s gave h] a skilful bl[ 9 ! ribs1 :i* ne>ly broke "o ( !m1 & consid]ably *eck$ h] ard\r4 ,fri5d ,symon "h int]pos$1 ) ! praisewor?y aim ( re/or+ peace be=e fur!r h>m might be done1 b 9 va91 = ! lady 0 only r5d]$ m ob/9ate by h] mi%ap2 & he agre$ t x 0 useless to int]f]e until "o _h got a m decid$ advantage ov] ! o!r4 ,! fight !re=e w5t on1 ! two combatants hav+ n[ seiz$ ea* o!r by ! hair ( ! head1 a mode ( combat 9 :i* ! advantages 7 r on ! side ( ! male4 ,at ?is mom5t1 "o ( ! judges1 ,dame ,aupais1 sympa?is+ too mu* ) ,dame ,anieuse1 v5tur$ "s words ( enc\ragem5t1 :i* drew ^u h] a sev]e rebuke f h] colleague1 ,symon1 :o intimat$ t if %e int]f]$ aga9 !re might be two pairs ( combatants in/ead ( "o4 ,mean:ile ,dame ,anieuse 0 becom+ exhau/$1 & 0 evid5tly gett+ ! wor/ ( ! conte/1 until at l5g?1 /agg]+ f a vigor\s pu%1 %e fell back into a l>ge basket :i* lay beh9d h]4 ,sire ,ha9s /ood ov] h] exult+ly1 & ,symon1 z umpire1 pron\nc$ him victori\s4 ,he !reupon took possession ( ! disput$ article ( raim5t1 & aga9 inve/$ himself ) x1 :ile ! lady accept$ fai?fully ! conditions impos$ ^u h]1 & we are assur$ by ! poet t %e 0 a good & ob$i5t wife dur+ ! re/ ( h] life4 ,9 ?is /ory1 :i* af=ds a curi\s picture ( m$ival life1 we le>n ! orig9 ( ! prov]b relat+ to ! possession & we>+ ( ! bree*es4 ,hugues ,piaucelles concludes 8 fabliau by recomm5d+ e man :o has a disob$i5t wife to treat h] 9 ! same mann]2 & m$ival husb&s appe> to h foll[$ 8 advice1 )\t fe> ( laws aga9/ ! ill-treatm5t ( wom54 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ha4 ,! ,fight = ! ,bree*es4 ,a subject l ?is 0 well fitt$ = ! burlesques on ! /alls1 & accord+ly we f9d on "o ( ^? 9 ! ca!dral at ,r\51 ! gr\p giv5 9 our cut ,no4 #ha1 :i* seems to repres5t ! "p ( ! /ory 9 :i* bo? combatants seize hold ( ! disput$ g>m5t1 & /ruggle = possession ( x4 ,! husb& "h grasps a knife 9 8 h&1 ) :i* he seems to be ?reat5+ to cut x to pieces r ?an give x up4 ,! fabliau gives ! victory to ! husb&1 b ! wife 0 g5]ally consid]$ z 9 a majority ( cases c>ry+ (f ! prize4 ,9 an extremely r>e engrav+ by ! ,flemi% arti/ ,van ,meck51 dat$ 9 #adhj1 ( :i* ,i give a copy 9 our cut ,no4 #hb4 ! lady1 :ile putt+ on ! bree*es1 ( :i* %e has j become possess$1 %[s an incl9ation to "l x r tyrannically ov] h] o!r half1 :om %e has condemn$ to p]=m ! dome/ic drudg]y ( ! mansion4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #hb4 ,! ,bree*es ,won4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #hc4 ,a ,legal ,combat4 ,9 ,g]many1 :]e !re 0 /ill m r\ghness 9 m$ival life1 :at 0 told 9 ,engl& & ,france z a good /ory ( dome/ic do+s1 0 actually c>ri$ into practice "u ! au?ority ( ! laws4 ,! judicial duel 0 !re adopt$ by ! legal au?orities z a mode ( settl+ ! diff]5ces betwe5 husb& & wife4 ,curi\s p>ticul>s on ?is subject are giv5 9 an int]e/+ pap] entitl$ ,"s obs]vations on ,judicial ,duels z practis$ 9 ,g]many1 publi%$ 9 ! tw5ty-n9? volume ( ! ,ar*ologia ( ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies 7p4 #cdh74 ,^! obs]vations are *iefly tak5 f a volume ( directions1 accompani$ ) draw+s1 = ! v>i\s modes ( attack & def5ce1 compil$ by ,paulus ,kall1 a celebrat$ tea*] ( def5ce at ! c\rt ( ,bav>ia ab\t ! ye> #adjj4 ,among ^! draw+s we h "o repres5t+ ! mode ( combat betwe5 husb& & wife4 ,! only weapon all[$ ! female1 b t a v =midable "o1 01 accord+ to ^! directions1 a heavy /one wrapp$ up 9 an elongation ( h] *emise1 :ile h] oppon5t _h only a %ort /aff1 & he 0 plac$ up to ! wai/ 9 a pit =m$ 9 ! gr\nd4 ,! foll[+ is a lit]al translation ( ! directions giv5 9 ! manuscript1 & our cut ,no4 #hc is a copy ( ! draw+ :i* illu/rates x3--,! woman mu/ be s prep>$1 t a sleeve ( h] *emise ext5d a small ell beyond h] h&1 l a little sack2 !re inde$ is put a /one weigh+ ?ree p\nds2 & %e has no?+ else b h] *emise1 & t is b\nd toge!r betwe5 ! legs ) a lace4 ,!n ! man makes himself ready 9 ! pit ov] aga9/ 8 wife4 ,he is buri$ !re9 up to ! girdle1 & "o h& is b\nd at ! elb[ to ! side4 ,at ?is "t ! practice ( su* combats 9 ,g]many seems to h be5 long kn[n1 = x is /at$ t 9 ! ye> #abjj a man & 8 wife f\ght "u ! sanction ( ! civic au?orities at ,ble1 9 ,switz]l&4 ,9 a picture ( a combat betwe5 man & wife1 f a manuscript resembl+ t ( ,paulus ,kall1 b execut$ ne>ly a c5tury lat]1 ! man is plac$ 9 a tub in/ead ( a pit1 ) 8 left arm ti$ to 8 side z be=e1 & 8 "r hold+ a %ort heavy /aff2 :ile ! woman is dress$1 & n /ripp$ to ! *emise1 z 9 ! =m] case4 ,! man appe>s to be hold+ ! /ick 9 su* a mann] t ! sl+ 9 :i* ! /one 0 conta9$ w\ld twi/ r\nd x1 & ! woman w\ld ?us be at ! m]cy ( h] oppon5t4 ,9 an anci5t manuscript on ! sci5ce ( def5ce 9 ! libr>y at ,go?a1 ! man 9 ! tub is repres5t$ z ! conqu]or ( 8 wife1 hav+ ?us dragg$ h] head-=emo/ into ! tub1 :]e %e appe>s ) h] legs kick+ up 9 ! air4 ,?is 0 ! or?odox mode ( combat betwe5 man & wife1 b x 0 sometimes practis$ "u m sangu9>y =ms4 ,9 "o picture giv5 f ^! old books on ! sci5ce ( def5ce by ! writ] ( ! pap] on ! subject 9 ! ,ar*ologia1 ! two combatants1 nak$ d[n to ! wai/1 are repres5t$ fight+ ) %>p knives1 & inflict+ ^u ea* o!r's bodies frightful ga%es4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #hd4 ,! ,wit* & ! ,demon4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #he4 ,! ,wit* & h] ,victim4 ,a s]ies ( /all c>v+s at ,corbeil1 ne> ,p>is1 ( :i* m w be said a little f>!r on 9 ?is *apt]1 has furni%$ ! curi\s gr\p repres5t$ 9 our cut ,no4 #hd1 :i* is "o ( ! r r>e pictorial allusions to ! subject ( wit*craft4 ,x repres5ts a woman :o mu/1 by h] occupation1 be a wit*1 = %e has s f> got ! ma/]y ( ! demon t %e is saw+ (f 8 head ) a v uncom=table look+ in/rum5t4 ,ano!r /ory ( wit*craft is told 9 ! sculpture ( a /one panel at ! entrance ( ! ca!dral ( ,lyons1 :i* is repres5t$ 9 our cut ,no4 #he4 ,"o p[]1 suppos$ to be possess$ by wit*es1 0 t ( trans=m+ p to animals at w4 ,william ( ,malmesbury1 9 8 ,*ronicle1 tells a /ory ( two wit*es 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,rome1 :o us$ to allure travell]s into _! cottage1 & !re trans=m !m into horses1 pigs1 or o!r animals1 :i* !y sold1 & fea/$ !mselves ) ! money4 ,"o day a "y man1 :o liv$ by ! pr(ession ( a j\gleur1 s\ght a night's lodg+ at _! cottage1 & 0 receiv$1 b !y turn$ him into an ass1 &1 z he reta9$ 8 und]/&+ & 8 p[] ( act+1 !y ga9$ mu* money by exhibit+ him4 ,at l5g? a ri* man ( ! neighb\rhood1 :o want$ him = 8 private amusem5t1 (f]$ ! two wom5 a l>ge sum = him1 :i* !y accept$1 b !y w>n$ ! new possessor ( ! ass t he %\ld c>efully re/ra9 him f go+ into ! wat]1 z t w\ld deprive him ( 8 p[] ( p]=m+4 ,! man :o _h pur*as$ ! ass act$ ^u ?is advice1 & c>efully kept him f wat]1 b "o day1 ?r\gh ! neglig5ce ( 8 keep]1 ! ass escap$ f 8 /able1 &1 ru%+ to a pond at no great di/ance1 ?rew himself into x4 ,wat]--& runn+ wat] especially--0 believ$ to de/roy ! p[] ( wit*craft or magic2 & no soon] 0 ! ass imm]s$ 9 ! wat]1 ?an he recov]$ 8 orig9al =m ( a "y man4 ,he told 8 /ory1 :i* soon rea*$ ! e>s ( ! pope1 & ! two wom5 7 seiz$1 & confess$ _! crimes4 ,! c>v+ f ,lyons ,ca!dral appe>s to repres5t "s su* sc5e ( sorc]y4 ,! nak$ woman1 evid5tly a wit*1 is1 p]haps1 seat$ on a man :om %e has trans=m$ into a goat1 & %e seems to be :irl+ ! cat ov] him 9 su* a mann] t x may te> 8 face ) its claws4 ,!re 0 /ill ano!r class ( subjects = satire & c>icature :i* belongs to ?is "p ( our subject--,i mean t ( ! trad] & manufactur]4 ,we mu/ n suppose t fraudul5t trad+1 t deceptive & imp]fect workman%ip1 t adult]ation ( ev]y?+ t c\ld be adult]at$1 are peculi> to mod]n times4 ,on ! contr>y1 !re 0 no p]iod 9 ! _w's hi/ory 9 :i* di%one/ deal+ 0 c>ri$ on to su* an extraord9>y ext5t1 9 :i* !re 0 s mu* deception us$ 9 manufactures1 or 9 :i* adult]ation 0 practis$ on s %ameless a scale1 z dur+ ! middle ages4 ,^! vices1 or1 z we may1 p]haps1 m prop]ly describe !m1 ^! crimes1 are (t5 m5tion$ 9 ! m$ival writ]s1 b !y 7 n easily repres5t$ pictorially1 & !re=e we r>ely meet ) direct allusions to !m1 ei!r 9 sculpture1 on /one or wood1 or 9 ! pa9t+s ( illum9at$ manuscripts4 ,repres5tations ( ! trades !mselves are n s r>e1 & are sometimes droll & almo/ burlesque4 ,a curi\s s]ies ( su* repres5tations ( arts & trades 0 c>v$ on ! mis]]es ( ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,spire1 at ,corbeil1 ne> ,p>is1 :i* only exi/ n[ 9 ,mill9's engrav+s1 b !y seem to h be5 works ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,among !m ! fir/ place is giv5 to ! v>i\s occupations necess>y = ! production ( bread1 t article s important to ! support ( life4 ,?us we see1 9 ^! c>v+s at ,corbeil1 ! lab\rs ( ! reap]1 cutt+ ! :eat & =m+ x into %eaves1 ! mill] c>ry+ x away to be gr\nd into meal1 & ! bak] ?ru/+ x into ! ov51 & draw+ x out 9 ! %ape ( loaves4 ,our cut ,no4 #hf1 tak5 f "o ( ^! sculptures1 repres5ts ! bak] ei!r putt+ 9 or tak+ out ! bread ) 8 peel2 by ! e>ne/ mann] 9 :i* he looks at x1 we may suppose t x is ! latt]1 & t he is asc]ta9+ if x be suffici5tly bak$4 ,we h an e>li] repres5tation ( a m$ival ov5 9 our cut ,no4 #hg1 tak5 f ! celebrat$ illum9at$ manuscript ( ! ,romance ( ,alex&re1 9 ! ,bodleian ,libr>y at ,ox=d1 :i* appe>s to belong to an e>ly p]iod ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,"h ! bak] is evid5tly go+ to take a loaf out ( ! ov51 = 8 companion holds a di% = ! purpose ( receiv+ x4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #hf4 ,a ,bak] ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #hg4 ,a ,m$ival ,bak]4 ,9 no?+ 0 fraud & adult]ation practis$ to s great an ext5t z 9 ! important article ( bread1 & ! two occupations especially employ$ 9 mak+ x 7 objects ( v great dislike & ( scornful satire4 ,! mill] 0 prov]bially a ?ief4 ,e read] ( ,*auc] w rememb] 8 "* s admirably drawn 9 t ( ! mill] ( ,trump+ton1 :o1 ?\gh he 0 z pr\d & gay z eny pecok1 0 nev]!less em95tly di%one/4 ,a !ef he 0 = so? ( corn & mele1 ,& t a sleigh 7sly71 & usyng 7practis$7 = to /ele4 ,*auc]'s ,reeves ,tale4 ,?is practice includ$ a l>ge college !n exi/+ 9 ,cambridge1 b n[ =gott51 ! ,sol] ,hall1 :i* suff]$ greatly by 8 depr$ations4 ,& on a day x happ$ 9 a /\nde1 ,syk lay ! mauncyple on a mal$ye1 ,m5 w5d5 wisly t he s*ulde dye2 ,= :i* ?is mell] /al bo! mele & corn ,a ?\s5d "p m ?an by=n4 ,= !r bi=n he /al b curteysly2 ,b n[ he is a !ef outrage\sly4 ,= :i* ! w>deyn *idde & made f>e1 ,b !r( sette ! mell] n a t>e2 ,he crakk$ boo/1 & swor x 0 nat s4 ,two ( ! s*ol>s ( ?is college resolv$ to g ) ! corn to ! mill1 & by _! wat*fulness prev5t 8 depr$ations4 ,^? :o are acqua9t$ ) ! /ory "k h[ ! s*ol>s succe$$1 or r h[ !y fail$2 h[ ! mill] /ole half a bu%el ( _! fl\r & caus$ 8 wife to make a cake ( x2 & h[ ! victims _h _! rev5ge & recov]$ ! cake4 ,z already /at$1 ! bak] _h 9 ^! good old times no bett] "* ?an ! mill]1 if n worse4 ,!re 0 an old say+1 t if ?ree p]sons ( ?ree obnoxi\s pr(essions 7 put toge!r 9 a sack & %ak5 up1 ! fir/ :o came out w\ld c]ta9ly be a rogue1 & "o ( ^! 0 a bak]4 ,moreov]1 ! op9ion conc]n+ ! bak] 0 s /rong t1 z 9 ! phrase tak5 f ! old leg5ds ( ! wit*es1 :o 9 _! fe/ivals sat ?irte5 at a table1 ?is numb] 0 popul>ly call$ a devil's doz51 & 0 believ$ to be unlucky--s1 :5 ! devil's "n 0 ab&on$1 p]haps = ! sake ( euphony1 ! "n sub/itut$ = x 0 t ( ! bak]1 & ! numb] ?irte5 0 call$ a bak]'s doz54 ,! mak]s ( ne>ly all sorts ( provisions = sale 71 9 ! middle ages1 ta9t$ ) ! same vice1 & !re 0 no?+ f :i* society 9 g5]al1 especially 9 ! t[ns :]e few made bread = !mselves1 suff]$ s mu*4 ,?is evil is allud$ to m ?an once 9 t curi\s educational treatise1 ! ,diction>ius ( ,john de ,g>l&e1 pr9t$ 9 my ,volume ( ,vocabul>ies4 ,?is writ]1 :o wrote 9 ! e>li] half ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ins9uates t ! mak]s ( pies 7pa/ill>ii71 an article ( food :i* 0 greatly 9 repute dur+ ! middle ages1 (t5 made use ( bad eggs4 ,! cooks1 he says fur!r1 sold1 especially 9 ,p>is to ! s*ol>s ( ! univ]sity1 cook$ meats1 sausages1 & su* ?+s1 :i* 7 n fit to eat2 :ile ! but*]s furni%$ ! meat ( animals :i* _h di$ ( disease4 ,ev5 ! spices & drugs sold by ! apo!c>ies1 or pici]s1 7 n1 he says1 to be tru/$4 ,john de ,g>l&e _h evid5tly an incl9ation to satire1 & he gives way to x n unfrequ5tly 9 ! little book ( :i* ,i am speak+4 ,he says t ! glov]s ( ,p>is *eat$ ! s*ol>s ( ! univ]sity1 by sell+ !m gloves made ( bad mat]ials2 t ! wom5 :o ga9$ _! liv+ by w9d+ ?read 7devacuatrices1 9 ! ,lat9 ( ! "t71 n only empti$ ! s*ol>s' purses1 b wa/$ _! bodies also 7x is int5d$ z a pun ^u ! ,lat9 ^w72 & ! huck/]s sold !m unripe fruit = ripe4 ,! drap]s1 he says1 *eat$ p n only by sell+ bad mat]ials1 b by measur+ !m ) false measures2 :ile ! hawk]s1 :o w5t ab\t f h\se to h\se1 robb$ z well z *eat$4 ,m4 ,jub9al has publi%$ 9 8 curi\s volume entitl$ ,jongleurs et ,tr\vres1 a r jocul> poem on ! bak]s1 writt5 9 ,fr5* (1 p]haps1 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 9 :i* _! art is laud$ z mu* bett] & m useful ?an t ( ! goldsmi?'s4 ,! mill]s' depr$ations on ! corn s5t to be gr\nd at ! mill1 are laid to ! *>ge ( ! rats1 :i* attack x by night1 & ! h5s1 :i* f9d _! way to x by day2 & he expla9s ! dim9ution ! bak+s exp]i5c$ 9 ! h&s ( ! bak] z aris+ out ( ! *>ity ( ! latt] t[>ds ! poor & ne$y1 to :om !y gave ! meal & pa/e be=e x _h ev5 be5 put into ! ov54 ,! celebrat$ ,engli% poet1 ,john ,lydgate1 9 a %ort poem pres]v$ 9 a manuscript 9 ! ,h>leian ,libr>y 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,,ms4 ,h>l4 ,no4 #b1bee1 fol4 #aeg1 vo71 describes ! pillory1 :i* he calls _! ,ba/ile1 z ! prop] h]itage ( ! mill] & ! bak]3-- ,put out 8 h$1 ly/ nat = to d>e1 ,b lyk a man ^u t t\r to abyde1 ,= ca/ ( eggys wil n oonys sp>e1 ,tyl he be quallyd body1 bak1 & syde4 ,8 he$ endooryd1 & ( v]ray pryde ,put out 8 armys1 %e) abrood 8 face2 ,! f5e/rallys be made = hym s wyde1 ,claymy? to be5 a capteyn ( t place4 ,! ba/yle longi? ( v]ray dewe ryght ,to fals bak]ys1 x is trewe h]ytage ,sev]alle to !m1 ?is kn[e? e wyght1 ,be kynde assygn$ = !r sittyng /age2 ,:e] !y may freely %ewe out !r visage1 ,:an !y tak oonys _! possessi\n1 ,ow?ir 9 y\! or 9 myddyl age2 ,m5 doon hem wrong yif !y take hym d[n4 ,let mell]ys & bak]ys gadre hem a gilde1 ,& alle ( ass5t make a frat]nit1 ,undir ! pillory a letil *apelle bylde1 ,! place amorteyse1 & pur*ase lyb]t1 ,= alle ?os t ( !r n\mbre be2 ,:at evir x coo/ afftir t !y w5de1 ,!y may clayme1 be j auctorit1 ,^u t ba/ile to make an ende4 ,! w9e-deal] & ! publican =m$ ano!r class 9 m$ival society :o liv$ by fraud & di%one/y1 & 7 ! objects ( satire4 ,! latt] gave bo? bad w9e & bad measure1 & he (t5 also act$ z a pawnbrok]1 & :5 p _h drunk m ?an !y c\ld pay =1 he w\ld take _! clo!s z pl$ges = _! money4 ,! tav]n1 9 ! middle ages1 0 ! resort ( v miscellane\s company2 gambl]s & loose wom5 7 always on ! wat* !re to lead m hone/ p into ru91 & ! tav]n-keep] pr(it$ l>gely by _! ga9s2 & ! m vulg> m9/rel & jogel\r f\nd employm5t !re2 = ! middle classes ( society1 & ev5 _! bett]s1 frequ5t$ ! tav]n mu* m g5]ally ?an at ! pres5t day4 ,9 ! c>v$ /alls ( ! *ur* ( ,corbeil1 ! liquor m]*ant is repres5t$ by ! figure ( a man :eel+ a hog%ead 9 a b>r[1 z %[n 9 our cut ,no4 #hh4 ,! grav5ess & air ( importance ) :i* he reg>ds x w\ld lead u to suppose t ! b>rel conta9s w9e2 & ! cup & jug on ! %elf above %[ t x 0 to be sold retail4 ,! w9e-sell]s call$ out _! w9es f _! doors1 & boa/$ ( _! qualities1 9 ord] to tempt p 92 & ,john de ,g>l&e assures u t :5 !y ent]$1 !y 7 s]v$ ) w9e :i* 0 n wor? dr9k+4 ,! cri]s ( w9e1 he says1 proclaim ) ext5d$ ?roat ! dilut$ w9e !y h 9 _! tav]ns1 (f]+ x at f\r p5nies1 at six1 at eight1 & at twelve1 fre% p\r$ out f ! gallon cask into ! cup1 to tempt p4 7,volume ( ,vocabul>ies1 p4 #abf47 ,! ale-wife 0 an especial subject ( je/ & satire1 & is n unfrequ5tly repres5t$ on ! pictorial monum5ts ( our =efa!rs4 ,our cut ,no4 #hi is tak5 f "o ( ! mis]]es 9 ! *ur* ( ,well+bor\gh1 9 ,nor?ampton%ire2 ! ale-wife is p\r+ h] liquor f h] jug into a cup to s]ve a ru/ic1 :o appe>s to be wait+ = x ) impati5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #hh4 ,! ,w9e ,deal]4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #hi4 ,! ,ale-,wife4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ij4 ,! ,ale-,draw]4 ,! figure ( ! ale-draw]1 ,no4 #ij1 is tak5 f "o ( ! mis]]es 9 ! p>i% *ur* ( ,ludl[1 9 ,%rop%ire4 ,! size ( 8 jug is some:at disproportionate to t ( ! b>rel f :i* he obta9s ! ale4 ,! same mis]]es ( ,ludl[ ,*ur* furni% ! next sc5e1 cut ,no4 #ia1 :i* repres5ts ! end ( ! wick$ ale-wife4 ,! day ( judgm5t is suppos$ to h arriv$1 & %e has receiv$ h] s5t5ce4 ,a demon1 seat$ on "o side1 is read+ a li/ ( ! crimes %e has committ$1 :i* ! magnitude ( ! p>*m5t %[s to be a r copi\s "o4 ,ano!r demon 7^: head has be5 brok5 (f 9 ! orig9al7 c>ries on 8 back1 9 a v irrev]5t mann]1 ! un=tunate lady1 9 ord] to ?r[ h] into hell-m\?1 on ! o!r side ( ! picture4 ,%e is nak$ ) ! exception ( ! fa%ionable head-ge>1 :i* =m$ "o ( h] vanities 9 ! _w1 & %e c>ries ) h] ! false measure ) :i* %e *eat$ h] cu/om]s4 ,a demon bagpip] welcomes h] on h] arrival4 ,! sc5e is full ( wit & hum\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ia4 ,! ,ale-,wife's ,end4 ,! ru/ic classes1 & in/ances ( _! ru/icity1 are n unfrequ5tly met ) 9 ^! int]e/+ c>v+s4 ,! /alls ( ,corbeil pres5t sev]al agricultural sc5es4 ,our cut ,no4 #ib is tak5 f ^? ( ,gl\ce/] ca!dral1 ( an e>li] date1 & repres5ts ! ?ree %eph]ds1 a/oni%$ at ! appe>ance ( ! /> :i* ann\nc$ ! bir? ( ! ,savi\r ( mank9d4 ,l ! ?ree k+s1 ! %eph]ds to :om ?is revelation 0 made 7 always 9 ! middle ages repres5t$ z ?ree 9 numb]4 ,9 our draw+ f ! mis]]e 9 ,gl\ce/] ca!dral1 ! co/ume ( ! %eph]ds is rem>kably well depict$1 ev5 to ! details1 ) ! v>i\s implem5ts app]ta9+ to _! pr(ession1 mo/ ( :i* are susp5d$ to _! girdles4 ,!y are drawn ) mu* _s1 & ev5 ! dog is well repres5t$ z an especially active p>tak] 9 ! sc5e4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ib4 ,! ,%eph]ds ( ! ,ea/4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ic4 ,! ,c>p5t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #id4 ,! ,%oemak]4 ,( ! two o!r examples we select f ! mis]]es ( ,corbeil1 ! fir/ repres5ts ! c>p5t]1 or1 z he 0 commonly call$ by our ,anglo-,saxon & m$ival =efa!rs1 ! wright1 :i* signifies simply ! mak]4 ,! application ( ?is high] & m g5]al t]m--= ! ,almighty himself is call$1 9 ! ,anglo-,saxon poetry1 ealra gescefta wyrhta1 ! ,mak]1 or ,creator1 ( all ?+s--%[s h[ important an art t ( ! c>p5t] 0 consid]$ 9 ! middle ages4 ,ev]y?+ made ( wood came )9 8 prov9ce4 ,9 ! ,anglo-,saxon ,colloquy ( ar*bi%op ,alfric1 :]e "s ( ! m useful artisans are introduc$ disput+ ab\t ! relative value ( _! sev]al crafts1 ! wright says1 ,:o ( y c d )\t my craft1 s9ce ,i make h\ses & all sorts ( vessels 7vasa71 & %ips = y all8 7,volume ( ,vocabul>ies1 p4 #aa47 ,& ,john de ,g>l&e1 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 describes ! c>p5t] z mak+1 among o!r ?+s1 tubs1 & b>rels1 & w9e-cades4 ,! workman%ip ( ^? times 0 ex]cis$1 be=e all o!r mat]ials1 on wood & metals1 & ! wright1 or work] 9 ! =m] mat]ial1 0 di/+ui%$ by ?is circum/ance f ! smi?1 or work] 9 metal4 ,! c>p5t] is /ill call$ a wright 9 ,scotl&4 ,our la/ cut 7,no4 #id71 tak5 also f "o ( ! mis]]es at ,corbeil1 repres5ts ! %oemak]1 or z he 0 !n usually call$1 ! cordwa9]1 because ! lea!r :i* he *iefly us$ came f ,cordova 9 ,spa91 & 0 !nce call$ cordewan1 or cordewa9e4 ,our %oemak] is engag$ 9 cutt+ a sk9 ( lea!r ) an in/rum5t ( a r s+ul> =m4 ,%oes1 & p]haps =ms = mak+ %oes1 are susp5d$ on pegs aga9/ ! wall4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,grotesque ,,faces ,,& ,,figures4--,,preval5ce ,,( ,,! ,,ta/e ,,= ,,ugly ,,& ,,grotesque ,,faces4--,,"s ,,( ,,! ,,popul> ,,=ms ,,d]iv$ ,,f ,,antiquity2 ,,! ,,tongue ,,loll+ ,,out1 ,,& ,,! ,,di/ort$ ,,m\?4--,,horrible ,,subjects3 ,,! ,,man ,,& ,,! ,,s]p5ts4--,,allegorical ,,figures3 ,,gluttony ,,& ,,luxury4--,,o!r ,,repres5tations ,,( ,,cl]ical ,,gluttony ,,& ,,drunk5ness4--,,grotesque ,,figures ,,( ,,individuals1 ,,& ,,grotesque ,,gr\ps4--,,ornam5ts ,,( ,,! ,,bord]s ,,( ,,books4--,,un9t5tional ,,c>icature2 ,,! ,,mote ,,& ,,! ,,beam4 ,! grimaces & /range po/ures ( ! j\gleurs seem to h _h great attractions = ^? :o witness$ !m4 ,to unref9$ & un$ucat$ m9ds no object conveys s p]fect a notion ( mir? z an ugly & di/ort$ face4 ,h5ce x is t among ! common peasantry at a c\ntry fair few exhibitions are m satisfactory ?an t ( gr9n+ ?r\gh a horse-coll>4 ,?is s5tim5t is l>gely exemplifi$ 9 ! sculpture especially ( ! middle ages1 a long p]iod1 dur+ :i* ! g5]al "* ( society pres5t$ t want ( ref9em5t :i* we n[ obs]ve *iefly 9 its lea/ cultivat$ classes4 ,among ! mo/ common decorations ( our anci5t *ur*es & o!r m$ival build+s1 are grotesque & mon/r\s heads & faces4 ,antiquity1 :i* l5t u ! types ( _m ( ^! mon/rosities1 saw 9 h] ,typhons & ,gorgons a signification beyond ! surface ( ! picture1 & h] grotesque masks _h a g5]al mean+1 & 7 9 a mann] typical ( ! :ole field ( comic lit]ature4 ,! mask 0 less an individual grotesque to be laugh$ at = itself1 ?an a p]sonification ( com$y4 ,9 ! middle ages1 on ! contr>y1 al?\gh 9 "s cases c]ta9 =ms 7 (t5 reg>d$ z typical ( c]ta9 ideas1 9 g5]al ! design ext5d$ no f>!r ?an ! =ms :i* ! arti/ _h giv5 to x2 ! grotesque features1 l ! gr9n+ ?r\gh ! horse-coll>1 gave satisfaction by _! m]e ugl9ess4 ,ev5 ! applications1 :5 su* figures 7 int5d$ to h "o1 7 co>sely satirical1 )\t any intellectuality1 &1 :]e !y _h a mean+ beyond ! pla9 text ( ! sculpture or draw+1 x 0 n f>-fet*$1 b pla9 & easily und]/ood4 ,:5 ! ,anglo-,saxon drew ! face ( a bloat$ & disfigur$ monk1 he no d\bt int5d$ !reby to proclaim ! popul> notion ( ! g5]al "* ( mona/ic life1 b ?is 0 a design :i* nobody c\ld misund]/&1 an int]pretation :i* ev]ybody 0 prep>$ to give to x4 ,we h already se5 v>i\s examples ( ?is description ( satire1 scatt]$ "h & !re among ! imm5se mass ( grotesque sculpture :i* has no su* mean+4 ,a great proportion1 inde$1 ( ^! grotesque sculptures appe>s to pres5t m]e v>iations ( a c]ta9 numb] ( di/9ct types :i* _h be5 h&$ d[n f a remote p]iod1 "s ( !m borr[$1 p]haps involunt>ily1 f antiquity4 ,h5ce we naturally look = ! e>li] & m curi\s examples ( ?is class ( art to ,italy & ! s\? ( ,france1 :]e ! transition f classical to m$ival 0 m gradual1 & ! cont9u$ influ5ce ( classical =ms is m easily trac$4 ,! e>ly ,*ri/ian masons appe> to h c>icatur$ "u ! =m ( su* grotesques ! p]sonages ( ! hea!n my?ology1 & to ?is practice we p]haps owe "s ( ! types ( ! m$ival mon/]s4 ,we h se5 9 a =m] *apt] a grotesque f ! *ur* ( ,monte ,maj\r1 ne> ,nismes1 ! orig9al type ( :i* _h evid5tly be5 "s burlesque figure ( ,saturn eat+ "o ( 8 *ildr54 ,! classical mask d\btless furni%$ ! type = ^? figures1 s common 9 m$ival sculpture1 ( faces ) disproportionately l>ge m\?s2 j z ano!r fav\rite class ( grotesque faces1 ^? ) di/5d$ m\?s & tongues loll+ out1 7 tak5 orig9ally f ! ,typhons & ,gorgons ( ! anci5ts4 ,_m o!r popul> types ( faces r5d]$ artificially ugly are m]e exagg]ations ( ! di/ortions produc$ on ! features by diff]5t op]ations1 su*1 = in/ance1 z t ( bl[+ a horn4 ,! practice ( bl[+ ! horn1 is1 inde$1 peculi>ly calculat$ to exhibit ! features ( ! face to disadvantage1 & 0 n ov]look$ by ! design]s ( ! m$ival decorative sculpture4 ,"o ( ! l>ge collection ( ca/s ( sculptures f ,fr5* ca!drals exhibit$ 9 ! museum at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 has furni%$ ! two subjects giv5 9 our cut ,no4 #ie4 ,! fir/ is repres5t$ z bl[+ a horn1 b he is produc+ ! greate/ possible di/ortion 9 8 features1 & especially 9 8 m\?1 by draw+ ! horn =cibly on "o side ) 8 left h&1 :ile he pulls 8 be>d 9 ! o!r direction ) ! "r h&4 ,! =ce ) :i* he is suppos$ to be bl[+ is p]haps repres5t$ by ! =m giv5 to 8 eyes4 ,! face ( ! l[] figure is 9 at lea/ comp>ative repose4 ,! design ( repres5t+ g5]al di/ortion 9 ! fir/ is fur!r %[n by ! ridicul\sly unnatural position ( ! arms4 ,su* di/ortion ( ! memb]s 0 n unfrequ5tly introduc$ to height5 ! effect ( ! grimace 9 ! face2 &1 z 9 ^! examples1 x 0 n uncommon to introduce z a fur!r elem5t ( grotesque1 ! bodies1 or p>ts ( ! bodies1 ( animals1 or ev5 ( demons4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ie4 ,grotesque ,mon/]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #if4 ,diabolical ,mir?4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ig4 ,mak+ ,faces4 ,ano!r ca/ 9 ! ,k5s+ton ,museum is ! subject ( our cut ,no4 #if1 :i* pres5ts ! same idea ( /ret*+ ! m\?4 ,! subject is "h exhibit$ by ano!r r mir?ful look+ individual1 b :e!r ! exhibitor is int5d$ to be a gobl9 or demon1 or :e!r he is m]ely furni%$ ) ! w+s & claws ( a bat1 seems r unc]ta94 ,! bat 0 look$ ^u z an unpropiti\s if n an unholy animal2 l ! owl1 x 0 ! companion ( ! wit*es1 & ( ! spirits ( d>kness4 ,! gr\p 9 our cut ,no4 #ig is tak5 f "o ( ! c>v$ /alls 9 ! *ur* ( ,/rat=d-^u-,avon1 & repres5ts a trio ( grimac]s4 ,! fir/ ( ^! ?ree grotesque faces is loll+ out ! tongue to an extravagant l5g?2 ! second is simply gr9n+2 :ile ! ?ird has tak5 a sausage betwe5 8 tee? to r5d] 8 grimace /ill m ridicul\s4 ,! numb] & v>iety ( su* grotesque faces1 :i* we f9d scatt]$ ov] ! ar*itectural decoration ( our old ecclesia/ical build+s1 are s great t ,i w n attempt to give any m p>ticul> classification ( !m4 ,all ?is *ur* decoration 0 calculat$ especially to produce its effect ^u ! middle & l[] classes1 & m$ival art 01 p]haps m ?an any?+ else1 suit$ to m$ival society1 = x belong$ to ! mass & n to ! individual4 ,! man :o c\ld enjoy a mat* at gr9n+ ?r\gh horse-coll>s1 mu/ h be5 *>m$ by ! grotesque works ( ! m$ival /one sculptor & wood c>v]2 & we may add t ^! display1 ?\gh (t5 r rude1 a v high degree ( skill 9 art1 a great p[] ( produc+ /rik+ imag]y4 ,^! m$ival arti/s lov$ also to produce horrible objects z well z laughable ones1 ?\gh ev5 9 _! horrors !y 7 cont9ually runn+ into ! grotesque4 ,among ! adjuncts to ^! sculptur$ figures1 we sometimes meet ) in/rum5ts ( pa91 & v tal5t$ attempts to exhibit ?is on ! features ( ! victims4 ,! cre$ ( ! middle ages gave great scope = ! indulg5ce ( ?is ta/e 9 ! inf9itely v>i$ t]rors ( purgatory & hell2 &1 n to speak ( ! m crude descriptions t are s common 9 m$ival popul> lit]ature1 ! acc\nt to :i* ^! descriptions might be turn$ by ! poet z well z ! arti/ are well kn[n to ! read] ( ,dante4 ,coils ( s]p5ts & dragons1 :i* 7 ! mo/ usual in/rum5ts 9 ! tortures ( ! inf]nal regions1 7 always fav\rite objects 9 m$ival ornam5tation1 :e!r sculptur$ or drawn1 9 ! details ( ar*itectural decoration1 or 9 ! initial lett]s & m>g9s ( books4 ,!y are (t5 comb9$ 9 =m+ grotesque trac]y ) ! bodies ( animals or ( human be+s1 & _! movem5ts are g5]ally ho/ile to ! latt]4 ,we h already se51 9 previ\s *apt]s1 examples ( ?is use ( s]p5ts & dragons1 dat+ f ! e>lie/ p]iods ( m$ival art2 & x is p]haps ! mo/ common /yle ( ornam5tation 9 ! build+s & illum9at$ manuscripts 9 our isl& f ! e>li] ,saxon times to ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,?is ornam5tation is sometimes /rik+ly bold & effective4 ,9 ! ca!dral ( ,wells !re is a s]ies ( ornam5tal bosses1 =m$ by faces wri?+ "u ! attacks ( num]\s dragons1 :o are seiz+ ^u ! lips1 eyes1 & *eeks ( _! victims4 ,"o ( ^! bosses1 :i* are ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 is repres5t$ 9 our cut ,no4 #ih4 ,a l>ge1 co>sely featur$ face is ! victim ( two dragons1 "o ( :i* attacks 8 m\?1 :ile ! o!r has seiz$ him by ! eye4 ,! expression ( ! face is /rik+ly horrible4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ih4 ,horror4 ,! high] m9d ( ! middle ages lov$ to see inn] mean+s ?r\gh outw>d =ms2 or1 at lea/1 x 0 a fa%ion :i* manife/$ itself mo/ /rongly 9 ! latt] half ( ! twelf? c5tury1 to adapt ^! outw>d =ms to inw>d mean+s by comp>isons & moralisations2 & "u ! effect ( ?is feel+ c]ta9 figures 7 at times adopt$1 ) a view to "s o!r purpose ?an m]e ornam5t1 ?\gh ?is 0 probably an innovation ^u m$ival art4 ,! tongue loll+ out1 tak5 orig9ally1 z we h se51 f ! imag]y ( classic times1 0 accept$ r e>ly 9 ! middle ages z ! emblem or symbol ( luxury2 &1 :5 we f9d x among ! sculptur$ ornam5ts ( ! ar*itecture especially ( "s ( ! l>g] & m important *ur*es1 x impli$ probably an allusion to t vice--at lea/ ! face pres5t$ to u 0 int5d$ to be t ( a voluptu>y4 ,among ! rem>kable s]ies ( sculptures :i* cr[n ! battlem5ts ( ! cloi/]s ( ,magdal5 ,college1 ,ox=d1 execut$ a v few ye>s aft] ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 amid _m figures ( a v miscellane\s "*1 !re are sev]al :i* 7 ?us1 no d\bt1 int5d$ to be repres5tatives ( vices1 if n ( virtues4 ,i give two examples ( ^! curi\s sculptures4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ii4 ,gluttony4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ajj4 ,luxury4 ,! fir/1 ,no4 #ii1 is g5]ally consid]$ to repres5t gluttony1 & x is a rem>kable circum/ance t1 9 a build+ ! "* ( :i* 0 p>tly ecclesia/ical1 & :i* 0 erect$ at ! exp5se & "u ! directions ( a great prelate1 ,bi%op ,wa9flete1 ! vice ( gluttony1 ) :i* ! ecclesia/ical ord] 0 especially reproa*$1 %\ld be repres5t$ 9 ecclesia/ical co/ume4 ,x is an additional pro( t ! detail ( ! "w ( ! build+ 0 left entirely to ! build]s4 ,! co>se1 bloat$ features ( ! face1 & ! villa9\s l[ =ehead1 are *>act]i/ically execut$2 & ! loll+ tongue may p]haps be int5d$ to intimate t1 9 ! lives ( ! cl]gy1 luxury w5t h& 9 h& ) its k9dr$ vice4 ,! second ( our examples1 ,no4 #ajj1 appe>s by its diff]5t *>act]i/ics 7"s ( :i* we h be5 unable to introduce 9 our woodcut7 to be int5d$ to repres5t luxury itself4 ,sometimes qualities ( ! individual man1 or ev5 ! class ( society1 are repres5t$ 9 a mann] f> less disguis$ by allegorical clo?+1 & !re=e mu* m pla9ly to ! und]/&+ ( ! vulg>4 ,?us 9 an illum9at$ manuscript ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,,ms4 ,arundel1 ,no4 #ia71 gluttony is repres5t$ by a monk dev\r+ a pie alone & 9 secret1 except t a little clov5-foot$ imp holds up ! di%1 & seems to enjoy ! prospect ( mona/ic indulg5ce4 ,?is picture is copi$ 9 our cut ,no4 #aja4 ,ano!r manuscript ( ! same date 7,,ms4 ,sloane1 ,no4 #bdce7 conta9s a sc5e1 copi$ 9 our cut ,no4 #ajb1 repres5t+ drunk5ness "u ! =m ( ano!r monk1 :o has obta9$ ! keys & f\nd 8 way into ! cell> ( 8 mona/]y1 & is !re indulg+ 8 love = good ale 9 simil> secrecy4 ,x is to be rem>k$ t "h1 aga91 ! vices are laid to ! *>ge ( ! cl]gy4 ,our cut ,no4 #ajc1 f a bas-relief 9 ,ely ,ca!dral1 giv5 9 ,c>t]'s ,specim5s ( ,anci5t ,sculpture1 repres5ts a man dr9k+ f a horn1 & evid5tly enjoy+ 8 employm5t1 b 8 co/ume is n suffici5tly *>act]i/ic to betray 8 quality4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aja4 ,monki% ,gluttony4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ajb4 ,! ,mona/ic ,cell>]4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ajc4 ,drunk5ness4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ajd4 ,a ,/range ,mon/]4 ,! subject ( grotesque faces & heads naturally leads u to t ( mon/r\s & grotesque bodies & gr\ps ( bodies1 :i* has already be5 p>tly treat$ 9 a =m] *apt]1 :]e we h notic$ ! great love %[n 9 ! middle ages = mon/r\s animat$ figures1 n only mon/]s ( "o nature1 b1 & t especially1 ( figures =m$ by jo9+ toge!r ! p>ts ( diff]5t1 & entirely dissimil>1 animals1 ( simil> mixtures betwe5 animals & m54 ,?is1 z /at$ above1 0 (t5 effect$ by jo9+ ! body ( "s nondescript animal to a human head & face2 s t1 by ! disproportionate size ( ! latt]1 ! body1 z a second>y "p ( ! picture1 became only an adjunct to set (f /ill fur!r ! grotesque "* ( ! human face4 ,m importance 0 sometimes giv5 to ! body comb9$ ) fanta/ic =ms1 :i* baffle any attempt at giv+ an intelligible description4 ,! accompany+ cut1 ,no4 #ajd1 repres5ts a w+$ mon/] ( ?is k9d2 x is tak5 f "o ( ! ca/s f ,fr5* *ur*es exhibit$ 9 ! ,k5s+ton ,museum4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aje4 ,roll+ ,topsy ,turvy4 ,sometimes ! m$ival arti/1 )\t giv+ any unusual =m to 8 human figures1 plac$ !m 9 /range po/ures1 or jo9$ !m 9 s+ul> comb9ations4 ,^! latt] are commonly ( a playful "*1 or sometimes !y repres5t droll feats ( skill1 or puzzles1 or o!r subjects1 all ( :i* h be5 publi%$ pictorially & = ! amusem5t ( *ildr5 d[n to v rec5t times4 ,!re 7 a few ( ^! gr\ps :i* are ( r frequ5t occurr5ce1 & !y 7 evid5tly fav\rite types4 ,"o ( ^! is giv5 9 ! annex$ cut1 ,no4 #aje4 ,x is tak5 f "o ( ! c>v$ mis]]es ( ! /alls 9 ,ely ca!dral1 z giv5 9 ,c>t]1 & repres5ts two m5 :o appe> to be roll+ ov] ea* o!r4 ,! upp] figure exhibits animal's e>s on 8 cap1 :i* seem to proclaim him a memb] ( ! frat]nity ( fools3 ! e>s ( ! l[] figure are conceal$ f view4 ,?is gr\p is n a r>e "o1 especially on simil> monum5ts 9 ,france1 :]e ! ar*itectural antiqu>ies h a te*nical "n = x2 & ?is %[s u h[ ev5 ! p>ticul> =ms ( art 9 ! middle ages 7 n conf9$ to any p>ticul> c\ntry1 b m or less1 & ) exceptions1 !y p]vad$ all ^? :i* ackn[l$g$ ! ecclesia/ical supremacy ( ! *ur* ( ,rome2 :atev] peculi>ity ( /yle x took 9 p>ticul> c\ntries1 ! same =ms 7 spread ?r\gh all we/]n ,europe4 ,our next cut1 ,no4 #ajf1 gives ano!r ( ^! curi\s gr\ps1 consi/+1 9 fact1 ( two individuals1 "o ( :i* is evid5tly an ecclesia/ic4 ,x w be se5 t1 z we foll[ ?is r\nd1 we obta91 by means ( ! two heads1 f\r diff]5t figures 9 s _m totally diff]5t positions4 ,?is gr\p is tak5 f "o ( ! v curi\s seats 9 ! ca!dral ( ,r\5 9 ,norm&y1 :i* 7 engrav$ & publi%$ 9 an int]e/+ volume by ! late ,monsieur ,e4 ,h4 ,langlois4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ajf4 ,a ,cont9u\s ,gr\p4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ajg4 ,bord] ,ornam5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ajh4 ,a ,triumphal ,procession4 ,among ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ! m$ival burlesque draw+s are ^? :i* are f\nd 9 su* abundance 9 ! bord]s ( ! pages ( illum9at$ manuscripts4 ,dur+ ! e>li] p]iods ( ! m$ival m9iatures1 ! fav\rite objects = ^! bord]s 7 mon/r\s animals1 especially dragons1 :i* c\ld easily be tw9$ into grotesque comb9ations4 ,9 c\rse ( "t1 ! subjects ?us introduc$ became m num]\s1 & 9 ! fifte5? c5tury !y 7 v v>i$4 ,/range animals /ill cont9u$ to be fav\rites1 b !y 7 m light & elegant 9 _! =ms1 & 7 m gracefully design$4 ,our cut ,no4 #ajg1 tak5 f ! beautifully-illum9at$ manuscript ( ! romance ( ! ,comte d',artois1 ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 :i* has furni%$ u previ\sly ) sev]al cuts1 w illu/rate my mean+4 ,! graceful lightness ( ! trac]y ( ! foliage %[n 9 ?is design is f\nd 9 none ( ! e>li] works ( art ( ?is class4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is *iefly to be ascrib$ to ! great advance :i* _h be5 made 9 ! art ( design s9ce ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,b1 ?\gh s greatly improv$ 9 ! /yle ( art1 ! same class ( subjects cont9u$ to be introduc$ 9 ?is bord] ornam5tation long aft] ! art ( pr9t+1 & t ( engrav+1 :i* accompani$ x1 _h be5 introduc$4 ,! revolution 9 ! ornam5tation ( ! bord]s ( ! pages ( books 0 effect$ by ! arti/s ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 at :i* "t p _h become bett] acqua9t$ )1 & _h le>nt to appreciate1 anci5t art & ,roman antiquities1 & !y drew _! inspiration f a correct k ( :at ! middle ages _h copi$ bl9dly1 b _h n und]/ood4 ,among ! subjects ( burlesque :i* ! monum5ts ( ,roman art pres5t$ to !m1 ! /umpy figures ( ! pigmies appe> to h ga9$ special fav\r1 & !y are employ$ 9 a mann] :i* rem9ds u ( ! pictures f\nd 9 ,pompeii4 ,jo/ ,amman1 ! well-kn[n arti/1 :o ex]cis$ 8 pr(ession at ,nremb]g 9 ! latt] half ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 engrav$ a set ( illu/rations to ,ovid's ,metamorphoses1 :i* 7 pr9t$ at ,lyons 9 #aegd1 & ea* cut & page ( :i* is enclos$ 9 a bord] ( v fanciful & neatly-execut$ burlesque4 ,! pigmies are introduc$ 9 ^! bord]s v freely1 & are gr\p$ ) great _s4 ,i select z an example1 cut ,no4 #ajh1 a sc5e :i* repres5ts a triumphal procession--"s pigmy ,alex&] return+ f 8 conque/s4 ,! h]o is seat$ on a ?rone c>ri$ by an elephant1 & be=e him a bird1 p]haps a vanqui%$ crane1 proclaims l\dly 8 praise4 ,be=e !m a pigmy att5dant m>*es pr\dly1 c>ry+ 9 "o h& ! olive bran* ( peace1 & lead+ 9 ! o!r a pond]\s b captive o/ri*1 z a trophy ( 8 ma/]'s victories4 ,be=e him aga9 a pigmy w>rior1 heavily arm$ ) battle-axe & fal*ion1 is m\nt+ ! /eps ( a /age1 on :i* a nondescript animal1 p>tak+ some:at ( ! "* ( a s[1 b p]haps int5d$ z a burlesque on ! /range animals :i*1 9 m$ival romance1 ,alex&] 0 said to h enc\nt]$ 9 ,egypt1 bl[s a horn1 to celebrate or ann\nce ! return ( ! conqu]or4 ,a snail1 also advanc+ sl[ly up ! /age1 implies1 p]haps1 a sne] at ! :ole sc5e4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aji4 ,! ,mote & ! ,beam4 ,nev]!less1 ^! old ,g]man1 ,flemi%1 & ,dut* arti/s 7 /ill mu* influ5c$ by ! m$ival _s1 :i* !y display$ 9 _! co>se & clumsy imag9ation1 9 _! neglect ( ev]y?+ l congruity 9 _! treatm5t ( ! subject ) reg>d to "t & place1 & _! nave exagg]ations & blund]s4 ,extreme examples ( ^! *>act]i/ics are spok5 (1 9 :i* ! ,israelites cross+ ! ,r$ ,sea are arm$ ) muskets1 & all ! o!r acc\trem5ts ( mod]n soldi]s1 & 9 :i* ,abraham is prep>+ to sacrifice 8 son ,isaac by %oot+ him ) a mat*lock4 ,9 del9eat+ scriptural subjects1 an attempt is g5]ally made to clo! ! figures 9 an imag9>y anci5t ori5tal co/ume1 b ! l&scapes are fill$ ) ! mod]n ca/les & mansion h\ses1 *ur*es1 & mona/]ies ( we/]n ,europe4 ,^! half-m$ival arti/s1 too1 l _! m anci5t pr$ecessors1 (t5 fall into un9t5tional c>icature by ! exagg]ation or simplicity ) :i* !y treat _! subjects4 ,!re 0 "o subject :i* ! arti/s ( ?is p]iod ( reg5]ation ( art seem$ to h agre$ to treat 9 a v unimag9ative mann]4 ,9 ! beautiful ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 our ,savi\r1 9 condemn+ ha/y judgm5ts ( o!r p's actions1 says 7,matt4 vii4 #c-e71 ,& :y beholde/ ?\ ! mote t is 9 ?y bro!r's eye1 b consid]e/ n ! beam t is 9 ?9e own eye8 ,or h[ wilt ?\ say to ?y bro!r1 ,let me pull out ! mote out ( ?9e eye1 &1 behold1 a beam is 9 ?9e own eye8 ,?\ hypocrite1 fir/ ca/ out ! beam out ( ?9e own eye1 & !n %alt ?\ see cle>ly to ca/ out ! mote out ( ?y bro!r's eye4 ,:atev] be ! exact nature ( ! beam :i* ! man 0 expect$ to ov]look 9 8 own eye1 x c]ta9ly 0 n a l>ge beam ( timb]4 ,yet su* 0 ! conception ( x by arti/s ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,"o ( !m1 nam$ ,solomon ,b]n>d1 design$ a s]ies ( woodcuts illu/rat+ ! ,new ,te/am5t1 :i* 7 publi%$ at ,lyons 9 #aeec2 & ! mann] 9 :i* he treat$ ! subject w be se5 9 our cut ,no4 #aji1 tak5 f "o ( ! illu/rations to t book4 ,! individual seat$ is ! man :o has a mote 9 8 eye1 :i* ! o!r1 approa*+ him1 po9ts out2 & he retorts by po9t+ to ! beam1 :i* is c]ta9ly su* a massive object z c\ld n easily h be5 ov]look$4 ,ab\t ?irte5 ye>s be=e ?is1 an arti/ ( ,augsburg1 nam$ ,daniel ,hopf]1 _h publi%$ a l>ge copp]-plate engrav+ ( ?is same subject1 a r$uc$ copy ( :i* is giv5 9 ! cut ,no4 #aaj4 ,! individual :o sees ! mote 9 8 bro!r's eye1 is evid5tly treat+ x 9 ! "* ( a physician or surgeon4 ,x is only necess>y to add t ! beam 9 8 own eye is ( /ill m extraord9>y dim5sions ?an ! =m]1 & t1 ?\gh x seems to escape ! notice bo? ( himself & 8 pati5t1 x is evid5t t ! gr\p 9 ! di/ance contemplate x ) a/oni%m5t4 ,! build+ accompany+ ?is sc5e appe>s to be a *ur*1 ) pa9t+s ( sa9ts 9 ! w9d[s4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aaj4 ,! ,mote & ! ,beam--,ano!r ,treatm5t4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,satirical ,,lit]ature ,,9 ,,! ,,middle ,,ages4--,,john ,,de ,,hauteville ,,& ,,alan ,,de ,,lille4--,,golias ,,& ,,! ,,goli>ds4--,,! ,,goli>dic ,,poetry4--,,ta/e ,,= ,,p>ody4--,,p>odies ,,on ,,religi\s ,,subjects4--,,political ,,c>icature ,,9 ,,! ,,middle ,,ages4--,,! ,,jews ,,( ,,norwi*4--,,c>icature ,,repres5tations ,,( ,,c\ntries4--,,local ,,satire4--,,political ,,songs ,,& ,,poems4 ,9 a previ\s *apt] ,i h spok5 ( a class ( satirical lit]ature :i* 0 entirely popul> 9 its "*4 ,n t on ?is acc\nt x 0 orig9al among ! peoples :o compos$ m$ival society1 = ! intellectual developm5t ( ! middle ages came almo/ all f ,rome ?r\gh "o m$ium or o!r1 al?\gh we "k s little ( ! details ( ! popul> lit]ature ( ! ,romans t we _c always trace x4 ,! m$ival lit]ature ( we/]n ,europe 0 mo/ly modell$ ^u t ( ,france1 :i* 0 receiv$1 l its language1 f ,rome4 ,b :5 ! great univ]sity sy/em became e/abli%$1 t[>ds ! end ( ! elev5? c5tury1 ! s*ol>s ( we/]n ,europe became m directly acqua9t$ ) ! models ( lit]ature :i* antiquity _h left !m2 & dur+ ! twelf? c5tury ^! f\nd imitators s skilful t "s ( !m almo/ deceive u into accept+ !m = classical writ]s !mselves4 ,among ! fir/ ( ^! models to attract ! att5tion ( m$ival s*ol>s1 7 ! ,roman satiri/s1 & ! /udy ( !m produc$1 dur+ ! twelf? c5tury1 a numb] ( satirical writ]s 9 ,lat9 prose & v]se1 :o are rem>kable n only = _! boldness & poignancy1 b = ! elegance ( _! /yle4 ,i may m5tion among ^? ( ,engli% bir?1 ,john ( ,salisbury1 ,walt] ,mapes1 & ,giraldus ,cambr5sis1 :o all wrote 9 prose1 & ,nigellus ,wirek]1 already m5tion$ 9 a =m] *apt]1 & ,john de ,hauteville1 :o wrote 9 v]se4 ,! fir/ ( ^!1 9 8 ,polycraticus1 ,walt] ,mapes1 9 8 book ,de ,nugis ,curialium1 & ,giraldus1 9 8 ,speculum ,ecclesi1 & sev]al o!r ( 8 writ+s1 lay ! la% on ! corruptions & vices ( _! contempor>ies ) no t5d] h&4 ,! two mo/ rem>kable ,engli% satiri/s ( ! twelf? c5tury 7 ,john de ,hauteville & ,nigellus ,wirek]4 ,! =m] wrote1 9 ! ye> #aahd1 a poem 9 n9e books ( ,lat9 hexamet]s1 entitl$1 aft] ! "n ( its h]o1 ,ar*itr5ius1 or ! ,ar*-m\rn]4 ,ar*itr5ius is repres5t$ z a y\?1 arriv$ at ye>s ( maturity1 :o sorr[s ov] ! spectacle ( human vices & weaknesses1 until he resolves to g on a pilgrimage to ,dame ,nature1 9 ord] to expo/ulate ) h] = hav+ made him feeble to resi/ ! temptations ( ! _w1 & to entreat h] assi/ance4 ,on 8 way1 he arrives successively at ! c\rt ( ,v5us & at ! abode ( ,gluttony1 :i* give him ! occasion to dwell at consid]able l5g? on ! lic5se & luxury :i* prevail$ among 8 contempor>ies4 ,he next rea*es ,p>is1 & visits ! fam\s m$ival univ]sity1 & 8 satire on ! mann]s ( ! /ud5ts & ! fruitlessness ( _! /udies1 =ms a rem>kable & int]e/+ picture ( ! age4 ,! pilgrim next arrives at ! ,m\nt ( ,ambition1 tempt+ by its beauty & by ! /ately palace ) :i* x 0 cr[n$1 & "h we are pres5t$ ) a satire on ! mann]s & corruptions ( ! c\rt4 ,ne> to ?is 0 ! ,hill ( ,presumption1 :i* 0 inhabit$ by ecclesia/ics ( all classes1 great s*ola/ic doctors & pr(essors1 monks1 & ! l4 ,x is a satire on ! mann]s ( ! cl]gy4 ,z ,ar*itr5ius turns f ?is pa9ful spectacle1 he enc\nt]s a gigantic & hide\s mon/] nam$ ,cupidity1 is l$ into a s]ies ( reflections ^u ! gre$9ess & av>ice ( ! prelates1 f :i* he is r\s$ by ! upro> caus$ by a fi]ce combat betwe5 ! prodigals & ! mis]s4 ,he is subsequ5tly c>ri$ to ! isl& ( f>-di/ant ,?ule1 :i* he f9ds to be ! re/+-place ( ! philosoph]s ( anci5t ,greece1 & he li/5s to _! declamations aga9/ ! vices ( mank9d4 ,aft] ?is visit1 ,ar*itr5ius rea*es ! end ( 8 pilgrimage4 ,he f9ds ,nature 9 ! =m ( a beautiful woman1 dwell+ ) a ho/ ( att5dants 9 ! mid/ ( a fl[]y pla91 & meats ) a c\rte\s reception1 b %e beg9s by giv+ him a long lecture on natural philosophy4 ,aft] ?is is conclud$1 ,dame ,nature li/5s to 8 compla9ts1 &1 to console him1 gives him a h&some woman1 nam$ ,mod]ation1 = a wife1 & dismisses him ) a *apt] ( good c\nsels on ! duties ( m>ri$ life4 ,! g5]al moral int5d$ to be inculcat$ appe>s to be t ! retirem5t ( dome/ic happ9ess is to be pref]r$ to ! va9 & he>tless turmoils ( active life 9 all its phases4 ,x w be se5 t ! k9d ( allegory :i* subsequ5tly produc$ ! ,pilgrim's ,progress1 _h already made its appe>ance 9 m$ival lit]ature4 ,ano!r ( ! celebrat$ satiri/s ( ! s*ola/ic ages 0 nam$ ,alanus de ,insulis1 or ,alan ( ,lille1 because he is und]/ood to h be5 born at ,lille 9 ,fl&]s4 ,he occupi$ ! *air ( !ology = _m ye>s 9 ! univ]sity ( ,p>is ) great di/9ction1 & 8 le>n+ 0 s ext5sive t he ga9$ ! "n ( doctor univ]salis1 ! univ]sal doctor4 ,9 "o ( 8 books1 :i* is an imitation ( t fav\rite book 9 ! middle ages ,boe?ius de ,consolatione ,philosophi1 ,dame ,nature1 9 ! place ( ,philosophy--n1 z 9 ,john de ,hauteville1 z ! ref]ee1 b z ! compla9ant--is introduc$ bitt]ly lam5t+ ov] ! deep depravity ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 especially display$ 9 ! preval5ce ( vices ( a revolt+ "*4 ,?is "w1 :i*1 l ,boe?ius1 consi/s ( alt]nate *apt]s 9 v]se & prose1 is entitl$ ,de ,planctu ,natur1 ! lam5tation ( nature4 ,i w n1 h[ev]1 g on "h to give a li/ ( ! grav] satirical writ]s1 b we w proce$ to ano!r class ( satiri/s :i* sprang up among ! m$ival s*ol>s1 m rem>kable & m peculi> 9 _! "*--,i mean peculi> to ! middle ages4 ,! satires ( ! "t %[ u t ! /ud5ts 9 ! univ]sities 9 ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies1 :o enjoy$ a great am\nt ( indep5d5ce f au?ority1 7 g5]ally wild & riot\s1 &1 among ! va/ numb] ( y\?s :o !n devot$ !mselves to a s*ola/ic life1 we c h no d\bt t ! habit ( dissipation became p]man5t4 ,among ^! wild /ud5ts !re exi/$1 probably1 f> m wit & satirical tal5t ?an among _! /eadi] & m labori\s bre?r51 & ?is wit1 & ! mann] 9 :i* x 0 display$1 made its possessors welcome gue/s at ! luxuri\s tables ( ! high] & ri*] cl]gy1 at :i* ,lat9 seems to h be5 ! language 9 ord9>y use4 ,9 all probability x 0 f ?is circum/ance 79 allusion to ! ,lat9 ^w gula1 z intimat+ _! love ( ! table7 t ^! m]ry s*ol>s1 :o display$ 9 ,lat9 "s ( ! accompli%m5ts :i* ! j\gleurs pr(ess$ 9 ! vulg> tongue1 took or receiv$ ! "n ( goli>ds 79 ! ,lat9 ( t "t1 goli>di1 or goli>d5ses74#db ,! "n at lea/ appe>s to h be5 adopt$ t[>ds ! end ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,9 ! ye> #abbi1 dur+ ! m9ority ( ,l\is ,,ix41 & :ile ! gov]nm5t ( ,france 0 9 ! h&s ( ! que5-"m1 tr\bles arose 9 ! univ]sity ( ,p>is ?r\gh ! intrigues ( ! papal legate1 & ! turbul5ce ( ! s*ol>s l$ to _! disp]sion & to ! tempor>y clos+ ( ! s*ools2 & ! contempor>y hi/orian1 ,mat!w ,p>is1 tells u h[ "s ( ! s]vants ( ! dep>t+ s*ol>s1 or ^? :om we us$ to call goli>d5ses1 compos$ an indec5t epigram on ! rum\r$ famili>ities betwe5 ! legate & ! que54 ,b ?is is n ! fir/ m5tion ( ! goli>ds1 = a /atute ( ! c\ncil ( ,treves1 9 #abbg1 =bade all prie/s to p]mit truants1 or o!r w&]+ s*ol>s1 or goli>ds1 to s+ v]ses or ,sanctus & ,angelus ,dei 9 ! s]vice ( ! mass4#dc ,?is probably ref]s to p>odies on ! religi\s s]vice1 su* z ^? ( :i* ,i %all soon h to speak4 ,f ?is "t ! goli>ds are frequ5tly m5tion$4 ,9 ecclesia/ical /atutes publi%$ 9 ! ye> #abhi1 x is ord]$ t ! cl]ks or cl]gy 7cl]ici1 t is1 m5 :o _h _! education 9 ! univ]sity7 %\ld n be j\gleurs1 goli>ds1 or buffoons2#dd & ! same /atute proclaims a heavy p5alty aga9/ ^? cl]ici :o p]si/ 9 ! practice ( goli>dy or /age p]=mance dur+ a ye>1#de :i* %[s t !y ex]cis$ m ( ! functions ( ! j\gleur ?an ! m]e s++ ( songs4 #db ,9 ! m$ival ,lat91 ! ^w goli>dia 0 introduc$ to express ! pr(ession ( ! goli>d1 & ! v]b goli>diz>e1 to signify ! practice ( x4 #dc ,item1 prcipimus ut omnes sac]dotes non p]mittant trutannos et alios vagos s*ol>es1 aut goli>dos1 cant>e v]sus sup] ,sanctus et ,angelus ,dei 9 missis1 etc4--,concil4 ,trevir41 an4 #abbg1 ap4 ,m>t54 et ,dur&4 ,ampliss4 ,coll41 vii4 col4 #aag4 #dd ,item1 prcipimus quod cl]ici non s9t joculatores1 goli>di1 seu bufones4--,/at4 ,synod4 ,caduac5sis1 ,ru!n5sis1 et ,tutel5sis ,eccles4 ap4 ,m>t5e1 ,!s4 ,anecd41 iv4 col4 #gbg4 #de ,cl]ici 444 si 9 goli>dia vel hi/rionatu p] annum fu]9t4--,ib4 col4 #gbi4 ,9 "o ( ! editions ( ?is /atute x is add$1 aft] !y h be5 w>n$ ?ree times4 ,^! vagabond cl]ks made = !mselves an imag9>y *iefta91 or presid5t ( _! ord]1 to :om !y gave ! "n ( ,golias1 probably z a pun on ! "n ( ! giant :o combat$ aga9/ ,david1 &1 to %[ fur!r _! defiance ( ! exi/+ *ur* gov]nm5t1 !y made him a bi%op--,golias episcopus4 ,bi%op ,golias 0 ! burlesque repres5tative ( ! cl]ical ord]1 ! g5]al satiri/1 ! re=m] ( eclesia/ical & all o!r corruptions4 ,if he 0 n a doctor ( div9ity1 he 0 a ma/] ( arts1 = he is spok5 ( z ,magi/] ,golias4 ,b above all he 0 ! fa!r ( ! ,goli>ds1 ! ribald cl]ks1 z !y are call$1 :o all belong$ to 8 h\sehold1#df & !y are spok5 ( z 8 *ildr54 ,summa salus omnium1 filius ,m>i1 ,pascat1 potat1 ve/iat pu]os ,goly6#dg ,may ! ,savi\r ( all1 ! ,son ( ,m>y1 give food1 dr9k1 & clo!s to ! *ildr5 ( ,golias6 ,/ill ! "n 0 clo!d 9 s mu* my/]y1 t ,giraldus ,cambr5sis1 :o fl\ri%$ t[>ds ! latt] end ( ! twelf? c5tury1 believ$ ,golias to be a real p]sonage1 & 8 contempor>y4 ,x may be add$ t ,golias n only boa/s ( ! dignity ( bi%op1 b he appe>s sometimes "u ! title ( ar*ipoeta1 ! ar*poet or poet-9-*ief4 #df ,cl]ici ribaldi1 maxime qui vulgo dicuntur de famila ,goli4--,concil4 ,s54 ap4 ,concil41 tom4 ix4 p4 #egh4 #dg ,see my ,poems ( ,walt] ,mapes1 p4 #gj4 ,cs>ius ( ,hei/]ba*1 :o complet$ 8 book ( ! miracles ( 8 "t 9 ! ye> #abbb1 tells u a curi\s anecdote ( ! "* ( ! w&]+ cl]k4 ,9 ! ye> be=e he wrote1 he tells u1 ,x happ5$ at ,bonn1 9 ! diocese ( ,cologne1 t a c]ta9 w&]+ cl]k1 nam$ ,ni*olas1 ( ! class !y call ar*poet1 0 griev\sly ill1 & :5 he suppos$ t he 0 dy+1 he obta9$ f our abbot1 ?r\gh 8 own plead+1 & ! int]cession ( ! canons ( ! same *ur*1 admission into ! ord]4 ,:at m8 ,he put on ! tunic1 z x appe>$ to u1 ) mu* contrition1 b1 :5 ! dang] 0 pa/1 he took x (f imm$iately1 &1 ?r[+ x d[n ) d]ision1 took to flight4 ,we le>n be/ ! "* ( ! goli>ds f _! own poetry1 a consid]able quantity ( :i* is pres]v$4 ,!y w&]$ ab\t f mansion to mansion1 probably f mona/]y to mona/]y1 j l ! j\gleurs1 b !y seem to h be5 especially welcome at ! tables ( ! prelates ( ! *ur*1 &1 l ! j\gleurs1 besides be+ well fea/$1 !y receiv$ gifts ( clo?+ & o!r articles4 ,9 few in/ances only 7 !y o!rwise ?an welcome1 z describ$ 9 ! rhym+ epigram pr9t$ 9 my ,lat9 ,poems attribut$ to ,walt] ,mapes4 ,i come un9vit$1 says ! goli>d to ! bi%op1 ready = d9n]2 su* is my fate1 nev] to d9e invit$4 ,! bi%op replies1 ,i c>e n = vagabonds1 :o w&] among ! fields1 & cottages1 & villages2 su* gue/s are n = my table4 ,i d n invite y1 = ,i avoid su* z y2 yet )\t my w y may eat ! bread y ask4 ,wa%1 wipe1 sit1 d9e1 dr9k1 wipe1 & dep>t4 ,goli>dus4 ,non invitatus v5io pr&]e p>atus2 ,sic sum fatatus1 nunquam pr&]e vocatus4 ,episcopus4 ,non ego curo vagos1 qui rura1 mapalia1 pagos ,p]lu/rant1 tales non vult mea m5sa sodales4 ,te non invito1 tibi consimiles ego vito2 ,me tam5 invito poti]is pane petito4 ,ablue1 t]ge1 s$e1 pr&e1 bibe1 t]ge1 rec$e4 ,9 ano!r simil> epigram1 ! goli>d compla9s ( ! bi%op :o _h giv5 him z 8 rew>d no?+ b an old worn-out mantle4 ,mo/ ( ! writ]s ( ! goli>dic poetry compla9 ( _! pov]ty1 & "s ( !m admit t ?is pov]ty arose f ! tav]n & ! love ( gambl+4 ,"o ( !m alleges z 8 claim to ! lib]ality ( 8 ho/1 t1 z he 0 a s*ol>1 he _h n le>nt to lab\r1 t 8 p>5ts 7 knights1 b he _h no ta/e = fight+1 & t1 9 a ^w1 he pref]r$ poetry to any occupation4 ,ano!r speaks /ill m to ! po9t1 & compla9s t he is 9 dang] ( be+ oblig$ to sell 8 clo!s4 ,if ?is g>m5t ( vair :i* ,i we>1 he says1 be sold = money1 x w be a great disgrace to me2 ,i w\ld r suff] a long fa/4 ,a bi%op1 :o is ! mo/ g5]\s ( all g5]\s m51 gave me ?is cloak1 & w h = x heav51 a great] rew>d ?an ,/4 ,m>t9 has1 :o only gave half ( 8 cloak4 ,x is ne$ful n[ t ! poet's want be reliev$ by y\r lib]ality address+ 8 he>]s2 let noble m5 give noble gifts--gold1 & robes1 & ! l4 ,si v5datur propt] d5>ium ,indum5tum quod porto v>ium1 ,gr&e mihi fiet opprobrium2 ,malo diu pati jejunium4 ,l>gissimus l>gorum omnium ,prsul d$it mihi hoc pallium1 ,majus hab5s 9 clis prmium ,quam ,m>t9us1 qui d$it m$ium4 ,nunc e/ opus ut ve/ra copia ,sublevetur vatis inopia2 ,d5t nobiles dona nobilia1-- ,aurum1 ve/es1 et 8 similia4 ,!re has be5 "s diff]5ce ( op9ion z to ! c\ntry to :i* ?is poetry m especially belongs4 ,giraldus ,cambr5sis1 writ+ at ! end ( ! twelf? or ! beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 evid5tly ?\ght t ,golias 0 an ,engli%man2 & at a lat] date ! goli>dic poetry 0 almo/ all ascrib$ to ,giraldus's contempor>y & fri5d1 ! celebrat$ hum\ri/1 ,walt] ,mapes4 ,?is 01 no d\bt1 an error4 ,jacob ,grimm seem$ incl9$ to claim !m = ,g]many2 b ,grimm1 on ?is occasion1 c]ta9ly took a n>r[ view ( ! "q4 ,we %all probably be m correct 9 say+ t !y belong$ 9 common to all ! c\ntries ov] :i* univ]sity le>n+ ext5d$2 t 9 :atev] c\ntry a p>ticul> poem ( ?is class 0 compos$1 x became ! prop]ty ( ! :ole body ( ^! s*ola/ic j\gleurs1 & t x 0 ?us c>ri$ f "o l& to ano!r1 receiv+ sometimes alt]ations or additions to adapt x to ea*4 ,sev]al ( ^! poems are f\nd 9 manuscripts writt5 9 diff]5t c\ntries ) su* alt]ations & additions1 z1 = in/ance1 t 9 ! well-kn[n ,confession1 9 ! ,engli% copies ( :i* we h1 ne> ! conclusion1 ! l9e-- ,prsul ,cov5tr5sium1 p>ce confit5ti2 an appeal to ! bi%op ( ,cov5try1 :i* is *ang$1 9 a copy 9 a ,g]man manuscript1 to ,electe ,coloni1 p>ce pnit5ti1 ,o elect ( ,cologne1 sp>e me p5it5t4 ,f a comp>ison ( :at rema9s ( ?is poetry 9 manuscripts writt5 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 x appe>s probable t ! names ,golias & goli>d orig9at$ 9 ! univ]sity ( ,p>is1 b 7 m especially popul> 9 ,engl&1 :ile ! t]m ar*ipoeta 0 m commonly us$ 9 ,g]many4 ,9 #ahda ,i collect$ all ! goli>dic poetry :i* ,i c\ld !n f9d 9 ,engli% manuscripts1 & edit$ x1 "u ! "n ( ,walt] ,mapes1 z "o ( ! publications ( ! ,camd5 ,society4#dh ,at a r lat] date ,i gave a *apt] ( additional matt] ( ! same description 9 my ,anecdota ,lit]>ia4#di ,all ! poems ,i h pr9t$ 9 ^! two volumes are f\nd 9 manuscripts writt5 9 ,engl&1 & "s ( !m are c]ta9ly ! compositions ( ,engli% writ]s4 ,!y are di/+ui%$ by rem>kable facility & ease 9 v]sification & rhyme1 & by great pung5cy ( satire4 ,! latt] is direct$ especially aga9/ ! cl]ical ord]1 & none are sp>$1 f ! pope at ! summit ( ! scale d[n to ! l[e/ ( ! cl]gy4 ,9 ! ,apocalypsis ,goli1 or ,golias's ,revelations1 :i* appe>s to h be5 ! mo/ popul> ( all ^! poems1#ej ! poet describes himself z c>ri$ up 9 a vision to heav51 :]e ! vices & disord]s ( ! v>i\s classes ( ! popi% cl]gy are successively reveal$ to him4 ,! pope is a dev\r+ lion2 9 8 eag]ness = p\nds1 he pawns books2 at ! sight ( a m>k ( money1 he treats ,m>k ! ,evangeli/ ) disda92 :ile he sails al(t1 money alone is 8 an*or+-place4 ,! orig9al l9es w s]ve z a specim5 ( ! /yle ( ^! curi\s compositions1 & ( ! love ( punn+ :i* 0 s *>act]i/ic ( ! lit]ature ( t age3-- ,e/ leo pontifex summus1 qui devorat1 ,qui libras siti5s1 libros impignorat2 ,m>cam respiciet1 ,m>cum d$ecorat2 ,9 summis navigans1 9 nummis an*orat4 #dh ,! ,lat9 ,poems commonly attribut$ to ,walt] ,mapes1 collect$ & edit$ by ,?omas ,wright1 ,esq41 #dto41 ,london1 #ahda4 #di ,anecdota ,lit]>ia2 a ,collection ( ,%ort ,poems 9 ,engli%1 ,lat91 & ,fr5*1 illu/rative ( ! ,lit]ature & ,hi/ory ( ,engl& 9 ! ,?irte5? ,c5tury4 ,edit$ by ,?omas ,wright1 ,esq4 #hvo41 ,london1 #ahdd4 #ej ,9 my edition ,i h collat$ no less ?an sixte5 copies :i* occur among ! ,,mss4 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 & 9 ! libr>ies at ,ox=d & ,cambridge1 & !re are1 no d\bt1 _m m4 ,! bi%op is 9 ha/e to intrude himself into o!r p's pa/ures1 & fills himself ) o!r p's goods4 ,! rav5\s ar*deacon is comp>$ to an eagle1 because he has %>p eyes to see 8 prey af> (f1 & is swift to seize ^u x4 ,! dean is repres5t$ by an animal ) a man's face1 full ( sil5t guile1 :o cov]s fraud ) ! =m ( ju/ice1 & by ! %[ ( simplicity w\ld make o!rs believe him to be pi\s4 ,9 ?is _s ! faults ( ! cl]gy1 ( all degrees1 are m9utely criticis$ ?r\gh betwe5 f\r & five hundr$ l9es2 & x mu/ n be =gott5 t x 0 ! ,engli% cl]gy ^: "* 0 ?us expos$4 ,tu scribes etiam1 =ma s$ alia1 ,septem ecclesiis qu sunt 9 ,anglia4 ,o!rs ( ^! pieces are t]m$ ,s]mons1 & are address$1 "s to ! bi%ops & dignit>ies ( ! *ur*1 o!rs to ! pope1 o!rs to ! mona/ic ord]s1 & o!rs to ! cl]gy 9 g5]al4 ,! c\rt ( ,rome1 we are told1 0 infam\s = its gre$9ess2 !re all "r & ju/ice 7 put up = sale1 & no fav\r c\ld be _h )\t money4 ,9 ?is c\rt money occupies ev]ybody's ?\ghts2 its cross--i4 e4 ! m>k on ! rev]se ( ! co9--its r\ndness1 & its :it5ess1 all please ! ,romans2 :]e money speaks law is sil5t4 ,nummis 9 hac curia non e/ qui non vacet2 ,crux placet1 rotunditas1 et alb$o placet1 ,et cum totum placeat1 et ,romanis placet1 ,ubi nummus loquitur1 et lex omnis tacet4 ,p]haps "o ( ! mo/ curi\s ( ^! poems is ! ,confession ( ,golias1 9 :i* ! poet is made to satirise himself1 & he ?us gives u a curi\s picture ( ! goli>d's life4 ,he compla9s t he is made ( light mat]ial1 :i* is mov$ by e w9d2 t he w&]s ab\t irregul>ly1 l ! %ip on ! sea or ! bird 9 ! air1 seek+ wor?less companions l himself4 ,he is a slave to ! *>ms ( ! fair sex4 ,he is a m>tyr to gambl+1 :i* (t5 turns him out nak$ to ! cold1 b he is w>m$ inw>dly by ! inspiration ( 8 m9d1 & he writes bett] poetry ?an ev]4 ,le*]y & gambl+ are two ( 8 vices1 & ! ?ird is dr9k+4 ,! tav]n1 he says1 ,i nev] despis$1 nor %all ,i ev] despise x1 until ,i see ! holy angels com+ to s+ ! et]nal requiem ov] my corpse4 ,x is my design to die 9 ! tav]n2 let w9e be plac$ to my m\? :5 ,i am expir+1 t :5 ! *oirs ( angels come1 !y may say1 ',be ,god propiti\s to ?is dr9k]6' ,! lamp ( ! s\l is light$ ) cups2 ! he>t /eep$ 9 nect> flies up to heav52 & ! w9e 9 ! tav]n has = me a bett] flav\r ?an t :i* ! bi%op's butl] mixes ) wat]4444 ,nature gives to e "o 8 peculi> gift3 ,i nev] c\ld write fa/+2 a boy c\ld beat me 9 composition :5 ,i am hungry2 ,i hate ?ir/ & fa/+ z mu* z dea?4 ,t]tio capitulo memoro tab]nam3 ,illam nullo tempore sprevi1 neque sp]nam1 ,donec sanctos angelos v5i5tes c]nam1 ,cantantes pro mortuo requiem t]nam4 ,meum e/ propositum 9 tab]na mori2 ,v9dum sit appositum mori5tis ori1 ,ut dicant cum v5]9t angelorum *ori1 ',deus sit propitius huic potatori6' ,poculis acc5ditur animi luc]na2 ,cor imbutum nect>e volat ad sup]na3 ,mihi sapit dulcius v9um 9 tab]na1 ,quam quod aqua miscuit prsulis p9c]na4 ,unicuique proprium dat natura munus3 ,ego nunquam potui scrib]e jejunus2 ,me jejunum v9c]e posset pu] unus2 ,sitim et jejunium odi tanquam funus4#ea ,ano!r ( ! m popul> ( ^! goli>dic poems 0 ! advice ( ,golias aga9/ m>riage1 a gross satire ^u ! female sex4 ,contr>y to :at we might p]haps expect f _! be+ writt5 9 ,lat91 _m ( ^! metrical satires are direct$ aga9/ ! vices ( ! laity1 z well z aga9/ ^? ( ! cl]gy4 #ea ,poems attribut$ to ,walt] ,mapes1 p4 #gc4 ,! /anzas "h quot$1 ) "s o!rs1 7 aft]w>ds made up into a dr9k+ song1 :i* 0 r popul> 9 ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies4 ,9 #ahdd ! celebrat$ ,g]man s*ol>1 ,jacob ,grimm1 publi%$ 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces at ,b]l9 a selection ( goli>dic v]ses f manuscripts 9 ,g]many1 :i* _h evid5tly be5 writt5 by ,g]mans1 & "s ( !m conta9+ allusions to ,g]man affairs 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4#eb ,!y pres5t ! same =m ( v]se & ! same /yle ( satire z ^? f\nd 9 ,engl&1 b ! "n ( ,golias is ex*ang$ = ar*ipoeta1 ! ar*poet4 ,"s ( ! /anzas ( ! ,confession ( ,golias are f\nd 9 a poem 9 :i* ! ar*poet addresses a petition to ! ar**ancellor = assi/ance 9 8 di/ress1 & confesses 8 p>tiality = w9e4 ,a copy ( ! ,confession itself is also f\nd 9 ?is ,g]man collection1 "u ! title ( ! ,poet's ,confession4 #eb ,g$i*te des ,mittelalt]s auf ,knig ,fri$ri* ,i4 d5 ,/auf>1 und aus se9] s wie d] n*/folg5d5 ,zeit1 #dto4 ,sep>ate copies ( ?is "w 7 pr9t$ (f & di/ribut$ among m$ival s*ol>s4 ,! ,royal ,libr>y at ,muni* conta9s a v important manuscript ( ?is goli>dic ,lat9 poetry1 writt5 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,x belong$ orig9ally to "o ( ! great ,b5$ict9e abbeys 9 ,bav>ia1 :]e x appe>s to h be5 v c>efully pres]v$1 b /ill ) an app>5t consci\sness t x 0 n exactly a book = a religi\s bro!rhood1 :i* l$ ! monks to omit x 9 ! catalogue ( _! libr>y1 no d\bt z a book ! possession ( :i* 0 n to be proclaim$ publicly4 ,:5 writt51 x 0 evid5tly int5d$ to be a c>eful selection ( ! poetry ( ?is class !n curr5t4 ,"o "p ( x consi/s ( poetry ( a m s]i\s "*1 su* z hymns1 moral poems1 & especially satirical pieces4 ,9 ?is class !re are m ?an "o piece :i* are also f\nd 9 ! manuscripts writt5 9 ,engl&4 ,a v l>ge portion ( ! collection consi/s ( love songs1 :i*1 al?\gh evid5tly treasur$ by ! ,b5$ict9e monks1 are sometimes lic5ti\s 9 "*4 ,a ?ird class consi/s ( dr9k+ & gambl+ songs 7potatoria et lusoria74 ,! g5]al "* ( ?is poetry is m playful1 m +5i\s & intricate 9 its metrical /ructure1 9 fact1 m lyric ?an t ( ! poetry we h be5 describ+2 yet x came1 9 all probability1 f ! same class ( poets--! cl]ical j\gleurs4 ,! t\*es ( s5tim5t1 ! descriptions ( female beauty1 ! admiration ( nature1 are sometimes express$ ) rem>kable grace4 ,?us1 ! gre5 wood sweetly enliv5$ by ! joy\s voices ( its fea!r$ inhabitants1 ! %ade ( its bran*es1 ! ?orns cov]$ ) fl[]s1 :i*1 says ! poet1 are emblematical ( love1 :i* pricks l a ?orn & !n soo!s l a fl[]1 are ta/efully describ$ 9 ! foll[+ l9es3-- ,cantu nemus avium ,lascivia can5tium ,suave del9itur1 ,fronde r$imitur1 ,v]nant sp9 floribus ,micantibus1 ,v5]em signantibus ,quia sp9a pungit1 flos bl&itur4 ,& ! foll[+ scrap ( ! description ( a beautiful damsel %[s no small comm& ( language & v]sification-- ,allicit dulcibus ,v]bis et osculis1 ,labellulis ,ca/igate tum5tibus1 ,roseo nect>eus ,odor infusus ori2 ,p>it] eburneus ,s$at ordo d5tium ,p> niveo c&ori4 ,! :ole cont5ts ( ?is manuscript 7 pr9t$ 9 #ahdg1 9 an octavo volume1 issu$ by ! ,lit]>y ,society at ,/uttg>d4#ec ,i _h already pr9t$ "s examples ( su* amatory ,lat9 lyric poetry 9 #ahch1 9 a volume ( ,e>ly ,my/]ies & ,lat9 ,poems2#ed b ?is poetry does n belong prop]ly to ! subject ( ! pres5t volume1 & ,i pass on f x4 #ec ,c>m9a ,burana4 ,late9is*e und ,deuts*e ,li$] und ,g$i*te e9] ,h&s*rift des ,,xiii4 ,jahrhund]ts aus ,b5$ictbeurn auf d] ,k4 ,biblio!k zu ,mn*54 #hvo4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahdg4 #ed ,e>ly ,my/]ies & o!r ,lat9 ,poems ( ! ,twelf? & ,?irte5? ,c5turies1 edit$ by ,?omas ,wright1 ,esq4 #hvo4 ,london1 #ahch4 ,! goli>ds did n always write 9 v]se1 = we h "s ( _! prose compositions1 & ^! appe> especially 9 ! =m ( p>odies4 ,we trace a great love = p>ody 9 ! middle ages1 :i* sp>$ n ev5 ?+s ! mo/ sacr$1 & ! examples br\ght =w>d 9 ! celebrat$ trial ( ,william ,hone1 7 mild 9 comp>ison to "s :i* are f\nd scatt]$ "h & !re 9 m$ival manuscripts4 ,9 my ,poems1 attribut$ to ,walt] ,mapes1#ee ,i h pr9t$ a satire 9 prose entitl$ ,magi/] ,golyas de quodam abbate 7i4e41 ,ma/] ,golias's acc\nt ( a c]ta9 abbot71 :i* has some:at ! "* ( a p>ody ^u a sa9t's leg5d4 ,! voluptu\s life ( ! sup]ior ( a mona/ic h\se is "h describ$ 9 a tone ( bant] :i* no?+ c\ld excel4 ,sev]al p>odies1 m direct 9 _! "*1 are pr9t$ 9 ! two volumes ( ! ,reliqu ,antiqu4#ef ,"o ( ^! 7vol4 ii4 p4 #bjh7 is a complete p>ody on ! s]vice ( ! mass1 :i* is entitl$ 9 ! orig9al1 ,missa de ,potatoribus1 ! ,mass ( ! ,drunk>d4 ,9 ?is extraord9>y composition1 ev5 ! pat]-no/] is p>odi$4 ,a portion ( ?is1 ) great v>iations1 is f\nd 9 ! ,g]man collection ( ! ,c>m9a ,burana1 "u ! title ( ,(ficium ,lusorum1 ! ,(fice ( ! ,gambl]s4 ,9 ! ,reliqu ,antiqu 7ii4 #eh7 we h a p>ody on ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,luke1 beg9n+ ) ! words1 ,initium fallacis ,evangelii secundum ,lupum1 ?is la/ ^w be+1 ( c\rse1 a sort ( pun ^u ,lucam4 ,its subject also is ,bac*us1 & ! sc5e hav+ be5 laid 9 a tav]n 9 ,ox=d1 we h no difficulty 9 ascrib+ x to "s s*ol> ( t univ]sity 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,among ! ,c>m9a ,burana we f9d a simil> p>ody on ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,m>k1 :i* has evid5tly belong$ to "o ( ^! burlesques on ! *ur* s]vice2 & z x is less pr(ane ?an ! o!rs1 & at ! same "t pictures ! m$ival hatr$ t[>ds ! *ur* ( ,rome1 ,i w give a translation ( x z an example ( ?is s+ul> class ( compositions4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to rem9d ! read] t a m>k 0 a co9 ( ! value ( ?irte5 %ill+s & f\rp5ce3-- ,! beg9n+ ( ! holy gospel accord+ to ,m>ks ( silv]4 ,at t "t ! pope said to ! ,romans3 ',:5 ! son ( man %all come to ! seat ( our maje/y1 fir/ say1 ,fri5d1 = :at ha/ ?\ come8 ,b if he %\ld p]sev]e 9 knock+ )\t giv+ y any?+1 ca/ him out into utt] d>kness4' ,& x came to pass1 t a c]ta9 poor cl]k came to ! c\rt ( ! "l ! pope1 & cri$ out1 say+1 ',h pity on me at lea/1 y doorkeep]s ( ! pope1 = ! h& ( pov]ty has t\*$ me4 ,= ,i am ne$y & poor1 & !re=e ,i seek y\r assi/ance 9 my calamity & mis]y4' ,b !y he>+ ?is 7 highly indignant1 & said to him3 ',fri5d1 ?y pov]ty be ) !e 9 p]dition2 get !e backw>d1 ,satan1 = ?\ do/ n sav\r ( ^? ?+s :i* h ! sav\r ( money4 ,v]ily1 v]ily1 ,i say unto !e1 ,?\ %alt n ent] into ! joy ( ?y "l1 until ?\ %alt h giv5 ?y la/ f>?+4' ,!n ! poor man w5t away1 & sold 8 cloak & 8 g[n1 & all t he _h1 & gave x to ! c>d9als1 & to ! doorkeep]s1 & to ! *amb]la9s4 ,b !y said1 ',& :at is ?is among s _m8' ,& !y ca/ him out ( ! gates1 & go+ out he wept bitt]ly1 & 0 )\t consolation4 ,aft] him !re came to ! c\rt a c]ta9 cl]k :o 0 ri*1 & gross1 & fat1 & l>ge1 & :o 9 a tumult _h committ$ manslaught]4 ,he gave fir/ to ! doorkeep]1 secondly to ! *amb]la91 ?ird to ! c>d9als4 ,b !y judg$ among !mselves1 t !y 7 to receive m4 ,!n ! "l ! pope1 he>+ t ! c>d9als & (ficials _h receiv$ _m gifts f ! cl]k1 became sick unto dea?4 ,b ! ri* man s5t him an electu>y ( gold & silv]1 & he 0 imm$iately made :ole4 ,!n ! "l ! pope call$ be=e him ! c>d9als & (ficials1 & said to !m3 ',bre?r51 see t no "o deceive y ) empty words4 ,= ,i give y an example1 t1 z ,i take1 s take ye also4' #ee ,introduction1 p4 xl4 #ef ,reliqui ,antiqu4 ,scraps f ,anci5t ,manuscripts1 illu/rat+ *iefly ,e>ly ,engli% ,lit]ature & ! ,engli% ,language4 ,edit$ by ,?omas ,wright1 ,esq41 & ,j4 ,o4 ,halliwell1 ,esq4 #b vols4 #hvo4 ,vol4 i41 ,london1 #ahda2 vol4 ii41 #ahdc4 ,?is m$ival love ( p>ody 0 n unfrequ5tly display$ 9 a m popul> =m1 & 9 ! language ( ! p4 ,9 ! ,reliqu ,antiqu 7i4 #hb7 we h a v s+ul> p>ody 9 ,engli% on ! s]mons ( ! ,ca?olic prie/hood1 a good "p ( :i* is s writt5 z to pres5t no consecutive s5se1 :i* circum/ance itself implies a sne] at ! prea*]s4 ,?us our burlesque prea*]1 9 ! middle ( 8 disc\rse1 proce$s to n>rate z foll[s 7,i mod]nise ! ,engli%73-- ,sirs1 :at "t t ,god & ,/4 ,pet] came to ,rome1 ,pet] ask$ ,adam a full great d\btful "q1 & said1 ',adam1 ,adam1 :y ate ?\ ! apple unp>$8' ',=soo?1' quod he1 '= ,i _h no w>d5s 7pe>s7 fri$4' ,& ,pet] saw ! fire1 & dread him1 & /epp$ into a plum-tree t hang$ full ( ripe r$ *]ries4 ,& !re he saw all ! p>rots 9 ! sea4 ,!re he saw /e$s & /ockfi% prick+ 'swose' 787 9 ! wat]4 ,!re he saw h5s & h]r+s t hunt$ aft] h>ts 9 h$ges4 ,!re he saw eels roa/+ l>ks4 ,!re he saw haddocks 7 done on ! pillory = wrong roa/+ ( ,may butt]2 & !re he saw h[ bak]s bak$ butt] to grease ) old monks' boots4 ,!re he saw h[ ! fox prea*$1 c4 ,! same volume conta9s "s r clev] p>odies on ! old ,engli% allit]ative romances1 compos$ 9 a simil> /yle ( consecutive nons5se4 ,x is a class ( p>ody :i* we trace to a r e>ly p]iod1 :i* ! ,fr5* t]m a coq--l'ne1 & :i* became fa%ionable 9 ,engl& 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury 9 ! =m ( songs entitl$ ,tom-a-,b$lams4 ,m4 ,jub9al has pr9t$ two su* poems 9 ,fr5*1 p]haps ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1#eg & o!rs are f\nd scatt]$ ?r\gh ! old manuscripts4 ,!re is g5]ally s mu* co>s5ess 9 !m t x is n easy to select a portion = translation1 & 9 fact _! po9t consi/s 9 go+ on ?r\gh ! l5g? ( a poem ( ?is k9d )\t imp>t+ a s+le cle> idea4 ,?us1 9 ! second ( ^? publi%$ by ,jub9al1 we are told h[1 ,! %ad[ ( an egg c>ri$ ! new ye> ^u ! bottom ( a pot2 two old new combs made a ball to run ! trot2 :5 x came to pay+ ! scot1 ,i1 :o nev] move myself1 cri$ out1 )\t say+ a ^w1 ',take ! fea!r ( an ox1 & clo! a wise fool ) x4'-- ,li ombres d'un oef ,portoit l'an r5euf ,sur la fonz d'un pot2 ,deus viez p+es neuf ,fir5t un e/uef ,p\r c\rre le trot2 ,quant v9t au pai] l'escot1 ,je1 qui onques ne me muef1 ,m'escriai1 si ne dis mot3-- ',pr5s la plume d'un buef1 ,s'en ve/ez un sage sot4'--,jub9al1 ,n\v4 ,rec41 ii4 #bag4 #eg ,a*ille ,jub9al1 ,jongleurs et ,tr\vres4 #hvo41 ,p>is1 #ahce1 p4 #cd2 & ,n\veau ,recueil de ,contes1 ,dits1 ,fabliaux1 c4 #hvo41 ,p>is1 #ahdb4 ,vol4 ii4 p4 #bjh4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance ,m4 ,jub9al has giv5 to ?is little poem ! title ,resv]ies1 9 ! second1 ,fatrasies4 ,! _s ( ! goli>ds cont9u$ to exi/ long aft] ! "n _h be5 =gott52 & ! mass ( bitt] satire :i* !y _h left beh9d !m aga9/ ! :ole papal sy/em1 & aga9/ ! corruptions ( ! papal *ur* ( ! middle ages1 7 a p]fect gods5d to ! re=m]s ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 :o c\ld po9t to !m triumphantly z irresi/ible evid5ce 9 _! fav\r4 ,su* s*ol>s z ,flacius ,illyricus1 eag]ly exam9$ ! manuscripts :i* conta9$ ?is goli>dic poetry1 & pr9t$ x1 *iefly z good & effective weapons 9 ! great religi\s /rife :i* 0 !n convuls+ ,european society4 ,to u1 besides _! int]e/ z lit]>y compositions1 !y h also a hi/orical value1 = !y introduce u to a m intimate acqua9tance ) ! "* ( ! great m5tal /ruggle = emancipation f m$ival d>kness :i* ext5d$ especially ?r\gh ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & :i* 0 only ov]come = a :ile to beg9 m /rongly & m successfully at a lat] p]iod4 ,!y display to u ! gross ignorance1 z well z ! corruption ( mann]s1 ( ! great mass ( ! m$ival cl]gy4 ,no?+ c be m amus+ ?an ! satire :i* "s ( ^! pieces ?r[ on ! "* ( monki% ,lat94 ,i pr9t$ 9 ! ,reliqu ,antiqu1 "u ! title ( ,! ,abbot ( ,gl\ce/]'s ,fea/1 a compla9t suppos$ to issue f ! m\? ( "o ( ! common h]d ( ! monks1 aga9/ ! selfi%ness ( _! sup]iors1 9 :i* all ! rules ( ,lat9 gramm> are entirely set at defiance4 ,! abbot & prior ( ,gl\ce/]1 ) _! :ole conv5t1 are invit$ to a fea/1 & on _! arrival1 ! abbot1 says ! compla9ant1 goes to sit at ! top1 & ! prior next to him1 b ,i /ood always 9 ! back place among ! l[ p4 ,abbas ire s$e sursum1 ,et prioris juxta ipsum2 ,ego semp] /avi dorsum int] rascalilia4 ,! w9e 0 s]v$ lib]ally to ! prior & ! abbot1 b no?+ 0 give to u poor folks--ev]y?+ 0 = ! ri*4 ,v9um v5it sangu9atis ,ad prioris et abbatis2 ,nihil nobis paup]tatis1 s$ ad dives omnia4 ,:5 "s dissatisfaction 0 display$ by ! poor monks1 :i* ! great m5 treat$ ) contempt1 said ! prior to ! abbot1 ',!y h w9e en\gh2 w y give all our dr9k to ! poor8 ,:at does _! pov]ty reg>d u8 !y h little1 & t is en\gh1 s9ce !y came un9vit$ to our fea/4' ,prior dixit ad abbatis1 ',ipsi hab5t v9um satis2 ,vultis d>e paup]tatis no/] potus omnia8 ,quid nos spectat paup]tatis8 ,po/quam v5it non vocatis ad no/] convivia4' ,?us ?r\gh sev]al pages ?is amus+ poem goes on to describe ! gluttony & drunk5ness ( ! abbot & prior1 & ! ill-treatm5t ( _! inf]iors4 ,?is composition belongs to ! close ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,a song v simil> to x 9 "*1 b mu* %ort]1 is f\nd 9 a manuscript ( ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & pr9t$ ) ! o!r cont5ts ( ?is manuscript 9 a little volume issu$ by ! ,p]cy ,society4#eh ,! writ] compla9s t ! abbot & prior drunk good & high-flav\r$ w9e1 :ile no?+ b inf]ior /uff 0 usually giv5 to ! conv5t2 ,b1 he says1 x is bett] to g dr9k good w9e at ! tav]n1 :]e ! w9es are ( ! be/ quality1 & money is ! butl]4 ,bonum v9um cum sapore ,bibit abbas cum priore2 ,s$ conv5tus de pejore semp] solet bib]e4 ,bonum v9um 9 tab]na1 ,ubi v9a sunt val>na 7= ,fal]na71 ,ubi nummus e/ p9c]na1 ,ibi prode/ bib]e4 #eh ,songs & ,c>ols1 n[ fir/ pr9t$ f a ,manuscript ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 ,edit$ by ,?omas ,wright1 ,esq4 #hvo41 ,london1 #ahdg1 p4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aaa4 ,c>icature ^u ! ,jews at ,norwi*4 ,p>tly out ( ! e>ne/1 ?\gh playful1 satire describ$ 9 ?is *apt]1 arose political satire1 & at a lat] p]iod political c>icature4 ,i h be=e rem>k$ t ! p]iod we call ! middle ages 0 n t ( political or p]sonal c>icature1 because x want$ t means ( circulat+ quickly & l>gely :i* is necess>y = x4 ,yet1 no d\bt1 m5 :o c\ld draw1 did1 9 ! middle ages1 sometimes amuse !mselves 9 sket*+ c>icatures1 :i*1 9 g5]al1 h p]i%$1 because nobody c>$ to pres]ve !m2 b ! fact ( ! exi/5ce ( su* works is prov$ by a v curi\s example1 :i* has be5 pres]v$1 & :i* is copi$ 9 our cut ,no4 #aaa4 ,x is a c>icature on ! ,jews ( ,norwi*1 :i* "s "o ( ! cl]ks ( ! k+'s c\rts 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury has drawn ) a p51 on "o ( ! (ficial rolls ( ! ,pell (fice1 :]e x has be5 pres]v$4 ,norwi*1 z x is well kn[n1 0 "o ( ! pr9cipal seats ( ! ,jews 9 ,engl& at ?is e>ly p]iod1 & ,isaac ( ,norwi*1 ! cr[n$ ,jew ) ?ree faces1 :o t[]s ov] ! o!r figures1 0 no d\bt "s p]sonage ( great importance among !m4 ,dagon1 z a two-head$ demon1 occupies a t[]1 :i* a p>ty ( demon knights is attack+4 ,b5ea? ! figure ( ,isaac !re is a lady1 ^: "n appe>s to be ,avez>d51 :o has "s relation or o!r ) a male figure nam$ ,nolle-,mokke1 9 :i* ano!r demon1 nam$ ,colbif1 is int]f]+4 ,z ?is latt] "n is writt5 9 capital lett]s1 we may p]haps conclude t he is ! mo/ important p]sonage 9 ! sc5e2 b1 )\t any k ( ! circum/ances to :i* x relates1 x w\ld be 9 va9 to attempt to expla9 ?is curi\s & r elaborate c>icature4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aab4 ,an ,iri%man4 ,simil> attempts at c>icature1 ?\gh less direct & elaborate1 are f\nd 9 o!rs ( our national records4 ,"o ( ^!1 po9t$ out to me by an excell5t & respect$ fri5d1 ! ,rev4 ,lamb]t ,b4 ,l>k+1 is peculi>ly int]e/+1 z well z amus+4 ,x belongs to ! ,treasury ( ! ,ex*equ]1 & consi/s ( two volumes ( vellum call$ ,lib] ,a & ,lib] ,b1 =m+ a regi/] ( treaties1 m>riages1 & simil> docum5ts ( ! reign ( ,edw>d ,i41 :i* h be5 v fully us$ by ,rym]4 ,! cl]k :o 0 employ$ 9 writ+ x1 seems to h be51 l _m ( ^! (ficial cl]ks1 some:at ( a wag1 & he has amus$ himself by draw+ 9 ! m>g9 figures ( ! inhabitants ( ! prov9ces ( ,edw>d's cr[n to :i* ! docum5ts ref]r$4 ,"s ( ^! are evid5tly design$ = c>icature4 ,?us1 ! figure giv5 9 our cut ,no4 #aab 0 int5d$ to repres5t an ,iri%man4 ,"o trait1 at lea/1 9 ?is c>icature is well kn[n f ! description giv5 by ,giraldus ,cambr5sis1 :o speaks ) a sort ( horror ( ! =midable axes :i* ! ,iri% 7 accu/om$ to c>ry ab\t ) !m4 ,9 treat+ ( ! mann] 9 :i* ,irel& ought to be gov]n$ :5 x _h be5 entirely r$uc$ to subjection1 he recomm5ds t1 9 ! meantime1 !y ought n to be all[$ 9 "t ( peace1 on any pret5ce or 9 any place1 to use t dete/able in/rum5t ( de/ruction1 :i*1 by an anci5t b accurs$ cu/om1 !y con/antly c>ry 9 _! h&s in/ead ( a /aff4 ,9 a *apt] ( 8 ,topography ( ,irel&1 ,giraldus treats ( ?is anci5t & wick$ cu/om ( always c>ry+ 9 _! h& an axe1 in/ead ( a /aff1 to ! dang] ( all p]sons :o _h any relations ) !m4 ,ano!r ,iri%man1 f a draw+ 9 ! same manuscript1 giv5 9 our cut ,no4 #aac1 c>ries 8 axe 9 ! same ?reat5+ attitude4 ,! co/ume ( ^! figures answ]s ) suffici5t accuracy to ! description giv5 by ,giraldus ,cambr5sis4 ,! draw+s exhibit m exactly ?an t writ]'s description ! small close-fitt+ hoods1 hang+ a cubit's l5g? 7half-a-y>d7 bel[ ! %\ld]s1 :i*1 he tells u1 !y 7 accu/om$ to we>4 ,?is small hood1 ) ! flat cap atta*$ to x1 is %[n bett] p]haps 9 ! second figure ?an 9 ! fir/4 ,! bree*es & hose ( "o piece1 or hose & bree*es jo9$ toge!r1 are also exhibit$ "h v di/9ctly1 & appe> to be ti$ ov] ! heel1 b ! feet are cle>ly nak$1 & evid5tly ! use ( ! brogues 0 n yet g5]al among ! ,iri% ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aac4 ,ano!r ,iri%man4 ,if ! ,wel%man ( ?is p]iod 0 some:at m scantily clo!d ?an ! ,iri%man1 he _h ! advantage ( him1 to judge by ?is manuscript1 9 we>+ at lea/ "o %oe4 ,our cut ,no4 #aad1 tak5 f x1 repres5ts a ,wel%man arm$ ) b[ & arr[1 ^: clo?+ consi/s app>5tly only ( a pla9 tunic & a light mantle4 ,?is is q 9 accordance ) ! description by ,giraldus ,cambr5sis1 :o tells u t 9 all seasons _! dress 0 ! same1 & t1 h[ev] sev]e ! wea!r1 !y def5d$ !mselves f ! cold only by a ?9 cloak & tunic4 ,giraldus says no?+ ( ! practice ( ! ,wel% 9 we>+ b "o %oe1 yet x is evid5t t at ! "t ( ?is record t 0 _! practice1 = 9 ano!r figure ( a ,wel%man1 giv5 9 our cut ,no4 #aae1 we see ! same peculi>ity1 & 9 bo? cases ! %oe is worn on ! left foot4 ,giraldus m]ely says t ! ,wel%m5 9 g5]al1 :5 engag$ 9 w>f>e1 ei!r walk$ b>e-foot$1 or made use ( high %oes1 r\ghly made ( untann$ lea!r4 ,he describes !m z arm$ sometimes ) b[s & arr[s1 & sometimes ) long spe>s2 & accord+ly our fir/ example ( a ,wel%man f ?is manuscript is us+ ! b[1 :ile ! second c>ries ! spe>1 :i* he app>5tly re/s on ! s+le %oe ( 8 left foot1 :ile he br&i%es a sword 9 8 left h&4 ,bo? our ,wel%m5 pres5t a s+ul>ly grotesque appe>ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aad4 ,a ,wel% ,ar*]4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aae4 ,a ,wel%man ) 8 ,spe>4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aaf4 ,a ,gascon at 8 ,v9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aag4 ,! ,w9e ,manufactur]4 ,! ,gascon is repres5t$ ) m peaceful attributes4 ,gascony 0 ! c\ntry ( v9ey>ds1 f :5ce we drew our great supply ( w9es1 a v important article ( consumption 9 ! middle ages4 ,:5 ! (ficial cl]k :o wrote ?is manuscript came to docum5ts relat+ to ,gascony1 8 ?\ghts w&]$ naturally en\gh to its ri* v9ey>ds & ! w9e !y suppli$ s pl5tifully1 & to :i*1 accord+ to old reports1 cl]ks seldom %[$ any dislike1 & accord+ly1 9 ! sket*1 :i* we copy 9 our cut ,no4 #aaf1 we h a ,gascon occupi$ dilig5tly 9 prun+ 8 v9e-tree4 ,he1 at lea/1 we>s two %oes1 ?\gh 8 clo?+ is ( ! lighte/ description4 ,he is p]haps ! v9itor ( ! m$ival docum5ts on ?is subject1 a s]f atta*$ to ! v9ey>d4 ,our second sket*1 cut ,no4 #aag1 pres5ts a m enl>g$ sc5e1 & introduces u to ! :ole process ( mak+ w9e4 ,fir/ we see a man bett] clo!d1 ) %oes 7or boots7 ( mu* sup]ior make1 & a hat on 8 head1 c>ry+ away ! grapes f ! v9ey>d to ! place :]e ano!r man1 ) no clo?+ at all1 is tread+ out ! juice 9 a l>ge vat4 ,?is is /ill 9 "s ( ! w9e c\ntries ! common me?od ( extract+ ! juice f ! grape4 ,fur!r to ! left is ! l>ge cask 9 :i* ! juice is put :5 turn$ into w9e4 ,satires on ! p ( p>ticul> localities 7 n uncommon dur+ ! middle ages1 because local rivalries & consequ5t local feuds prevail$ ev]y:]e4 ,! records ( su* feuds 7 naturally ( a tempor>y "*1 & p]i%$ :5 ! feuds & rivalries !mselves ceas$ to exi/1 b a few curi\s satires ( ?is k9d h be5 pres]v$4 ,a monk ( ,pet]bor\gh1 :o liv$ late 9 ! twelf? or e>ly 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & = "s reason or o!r n\ri%$ an unfri5dly feel+ to ! p ( ,norfolk1 gave v5t to 8 ho/ility 9 a %ort ,lat9 poem 9 :at we may call goli>dic v]se4 ,he beg9s by abus+ ! c\nty itself1 :i*1 he says1 0 z bad & unfruitful z its inhabitants 7 vile2 & he sugge/s t ! evil "o1 :5 he fl$ f ! ang] ( ! ,almighty1 _h pass$ ?r\gh x & left 8 pollution ^u x4 ,among o!r anecdotes ( ! simplicity & folly ( ! p ( ?is c\nty1 :i* closely resemble ! /ories ( ! wise m5 ( ,go?am ( a lat] date1 he in=ms u t "o day ! peasantry ( "o di/rict 7 s griev$ by ! oppressions ( _! feudal "l1 t !y subscrib$ toge!r & b\ght _! fre$om1 :i* he secur$ to !m by =mal de$1 ratifi$ ) a pond]\s seal4 ,!y adj\rn$ to ! tav]n1 & celebrat$ _! deliv]ance by fea/+ & dr9k+ until night came on1 & !n1 = want ( a c&le1 !y agre$ to burn ! wax ( ! seal4 ,next day _! =m] "l1 in=m$ ( :at _h tak5 place1 br\ght !m be=e a c\rt1 :]e ! de$ 0 judg$ to be void = want ( ! seal1 & !y lo/ all _! money1 7 r$uc$ to _! old position ( slav]y1 & treat$ worse ?an ev]4 ,o!r /ories1 /ill m ridicul\s1 are told ( ^! old ,norfolkians1 b few ( !m are wor? repeat+4 ,ano!r monk1 app>5tly1 :o calls himself ,john de ,/4 ,om]1 took up ! cudgels = ! p ( ,norfolk1 & repli$ to ! ,pet]bor\gh satiri/ 9 simil> language4#ei ,i h pr9t$ 9 ano!r collection1#fj a satirical poem aga9/ ! p ( a place call$ ,/ockton 7p]haps ,/ockton-on-,tees 9 ,durham71 by ! monk ( a mona/ic h\se1 ( :i* !y 7 s]fs4 ,x appe>$ t !y _h ris5 aga9/ ! tyranny ( _! "l1 b _h be5 unsuccessful 9 def5d+ _! cause 9 a c\rt ( law1 & ! ecclesia/ical satiri/ exults ov] _! defeat 9 a v un*>itable tone4 ,!re w be f\nd 9 ! ,reliqu ,antiqu1#fa a v curi\s satire 9 ,lat9 prose direct$ aga9/ ! inhabitants ( ,ro*e/]1 al?\gh x is 9 tru? aim$ aga9/ ,engli%m5 9 g5]al1 & is entitl$ 9 ! manuscript1 :i* is ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 ,proprietates ,anglicorum 7! ,peculi>ities ( ,engli%m574 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we are told1 t ! p ( ,ro*e/] _h tails1 & ! "q is discuss$1 v s*ola/ically1 :at species ( animals ^! ,roce/rians 74 ,we are !n told t ! cause ( _! de=mity arose f ! insol5t mann] 9 :i* !y treat$ ,/4 ,augu/9e1 :5 he came to prea* ! ,gospel to ! hea!n ,engli%4 ,aft] visit+ _m p>ts ( ,engl&1 ! sa9t came to ,ro*e/]1 :]e ! p1 in/ead ( li/5+ to him1 hoot$ at him ?r\gh ! /reets1 &1 9 d]ision1 atta*$ tails ( pigs & calves to 8 ve/m5ts1 & s turn$ him out ( ! city4 ,! v5geance ( ,heav5 came ^u !m1 & all :o inhabit$ ! city & ! c\ntry r\nd x1 & _! desc5dants aft] !m1 7 condemn$ to be> tails exactly l ^? ( pigs4 ,?is /ory ( ! tails 0 n an inv5tion ( ! au?or ( ! satire1 b 0 a popul> leg5d connect$ ) ! hi/ory ( ,/4 ,augu/9e's prea*+1 ?\gh ! sc5e ( ! leg5d 0 laid 9 ,dorset%ire4 ,! writ] ( ?is s+ul> composition goes on to describe ! p ( ,ro*e/] z s$uc]s ( o!r p1 z m5 )\t gratitude1 & z traitors4 ,he proce$s to %[ t ,ro*e/] be+ situat$ 9 ,engl&1 its vices _h ta9t$ ! :ole nation1 & he illu/rates ! bas5ess ( ! ,engli% "* by a numb] ( anecdotes ( worse ?an d\btful au!nticity4 ,x is1 9 fact1 a satire on ! ,engli% compos$ 9 ,france1 & leads u into ! doma9s ( political satire4 #ei ,bo? ^! poems are pr9t$ 9 my ,e>ly ,my/]ies1 & o!r ,lat9 ,poems ( ! ,twelf? & ,?irte5? ,c5turies4 #hvo41 ,london1 #ahch4 #fj ,anecdota ,lit]>ia1 p4 #di4 #fa ,reliqu ,antiqu1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bcj4 ,political satire 9 ! middle ages appe>$ *iefly 9 ! =m ( poetry & song1 & x 0 especially 9 ,engl& t x fl\ri%$1 a sure sign t !re 0 9 our c\ntry a m advanc$ feel+ ( popul> indep5d5ce1 & great] fre$om ( spee*1 ?an 9 ,france or ,g]many4#fb ,m4 ,l]\x de ,l9cy1 :o und]took to make a collection ( ?is poetry = ,france1 f\nd s little dur+ ! m$ival p]iod t came "u ! "* ( political1 t he 0 oblig$ to sub/itute ! ^w hi/orical 9 ! title ( 8 book4#fc ,:]e feudalism 0 supreme1 inde$1 ! songs :i* arose out ( private or public /rife1 :i* !n 7 almo/ insep>able f society1 conta9$ no political s5tim5t1 b consi/$ *iefly ( p]sonal attacks on ! oppon5ts ( ^? :o employ$ !m4 ,su* are ! f\r %ort songs writt5 9 ! "t ( ! revolt ( ! ,fr5* dur+ ! m9ority ( ,/4 ,l\is1 :i* comm5c$ 9 #abbf2 !y are all ( a political "* :i* ,m4 ,l]\x de ,l9cy has be5 able to collect previ\s to ! ye> #abgj1 & !y consi/ m]ely ( p]sonal taunts aga9/ ! c\rti]s by ! dissatisfi$ b>ons :o 7 out ( p[]4 ,we trace a simil> feel+ 9 "s ( ! popul> records ( our b>onial w>s ( ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,iii41 especially 9 a song1 9 ! b>onial language 7,anglo-,norman71 pres]v$ 9 a small roll ( vellum1 :i* appe>s to h belong$ to ! m9/rel :o *ant$ x 9 ! halls ( ! p>tisans ( ,simon de ,mont=t4 ,! fragm5t :i* rema9s consi/s ( /anzas 9 praise ( ! lead]s ( ! popul> p>ty1 & 9 reproa* ( _! oppon5ts4 ,?us ( ,rog] de ,clif=d1 "o ( e>l ,simon's fri5ds1 we are told t ! good ,rog] de ,clif=d behav$ l a noble b>on1 & ex]cis$ great ju/ice2 he suff]$ none1 ei!r small or great1 or secretly or op5ly1 to d any wrong4 ,et de ,clif=t ly bon ,rog] ,se cont9t cum noble b]1 ,si fu de grant ju/ice2 ,ne suffri pas petit ne grant1 ,ne arre ne p> devant1 ,f]e nul mesprise4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "o ( ,mont=t's oppon5ts1 ! bi%op ( ,h]e=d1 is treat$ r contemptu\sly4 ,we are told t he le>nt well t ! e>l 0 /rong :5 he took ! matt] 9 h&2 be=e t he 7! bi%op7 0 v fi]ce1 & ?\ght to eat up all ! ,engli%2 b n[ he is r$uc$ to /raits4 ,ly eveske de ,h]e=t ,s\t bi5 que ly qu5s fu =t1 ,kant il pri/ l'affre2 ,devant ce e/eit mult f]1 ,les ,englais quida t\z mang]1 ,ms ore ne set que f]e4 ,?is bi%op 0 ,pet] de ,aigueblan*e1 "o ( ! =eign fav\rites1 :o _h be5 intrud$ into ! see ( ,h]e=d1 to ! exclusion ( a bett] man1 & _h be5 an oppressor ( ^? :o 7 "u 8 rule4 ,! b>ons seiz$ him1 ?rew him into prison1 & plund]$ 8 possessions1 & at ! "t ?is song 0 writt51 he 0 suff]+ "u ! imprisonm5t :i* appe>s to h %ort5$ 8 life4 #fb ,i h publi%$ f ! orig9al manuscripts ! mass ( ! political poetry compos$ 9 ,engl& dur+ ! middle ages 9 my ?ree volumes--,! ,political ,songs ( ,engl&1 f ! ,reign ( ,john to t ( ,edw>d ,,ii4 #dto41 ,london1 #ahci 7issu$ by ! ,camd5 ,society72 & ,political ,poems & ,songs relat+ to ,engli% ,hi/ory1 compos$ dur+ ! ,p]iod f ! ,accession ( ,edw>d ,,iii4 to t ( ,ri*>d ,,iii4 #hvo41 vol i41 ,london1 #ahei2 vol4 ii41 #ahfa 7publi%$ by ! ,treasury1 "u ! direction ( ! ,ma/] ( ! ,rolls47 #fc ,receuil de ,*ants ,hi/oriques ,franais depuis le xiie4 jusqu'au xviiie4 ,sicle1 p> ,l]\x de ,l9cy4444 ,premire ,srie1 xiie41 xiiie41 xive1 et xve41 ,sicles4 #hvo41 ,p>is1 #ahda4 ,! univ]sities & ! cl]ical body 9 g5]al 7 deeply involv$ 9 ^! political movem5ts ( ! ?irte5? c5tury2 & our e>lie/ political songs n[ kn[n are compos$ 9 ,lat91 & 9 t =m & /yle ( v]se :i* seems to h be5 peculi> to ! goli>ds1 & :i* ,i v5ture to call goli>dic4 ,su* is a song aga9/ ! ?ree bi%ops :o support$ k+ ,john 9 8 qu>rel ) ! pope ab\t ! pres5tation to ! see ( ,cant]bury1 pr9t$ 9 my ,political ,songs4 ,su*1 too1 is ! song ( ! ,wel%1 & "o or two o!rs1 9 ! same volume4 ,& su*1 above all1 is t rem>kable ,lat9 poem 9 :i* a p>tisan ( ! b>ons1 imm$iately aft] ! victory at ,lewes1 set =? ! political t5ets ( 8 p>ty1 & gave ! pr9ciples ( ,engli% lib]ty ne>ly ! same broad basis on :i* !y /& at ! pres5t4 ,x is an evid5ce ( ! ext5t to :i* ^! pr9ciples 7 n[ ackn[l$g$1 t 9 ?is great b>onial /ruggle our political songs began to be writt5 9 ! ,engli% language1 an ackn[l$gm5t t !y conc]n$ ! :ole ,engli% public4 ,we trace little ( ?is class ( lit]ature dur+ ! reign ( ,edw>d ,i42 b1 :5 ! popul> feel+s became turbul5t aga9 "u ! reign ( 8 son & successor1 political songs became m abundant1 & _! satire 0 direct$ m ev5 ?an =m]ly aga9/ measures & pr9ciples1 & 0 less an in/rum5t ( m]e p]sonal abuse4 ,"o satirical poem ( ?is p]iod1 :i* ,i _h pr9t$ f an imp]fect copy 9 a manuscript at ,ed9burgh1 b ( :i* a m complete copy 0 subsequ5tly f\nd 9 a manuscript 9 ! libr>y ( ,/4 ,pet]'s ,college1 ,cambridge1#fd is extremely curi\s z be+ ! e>lie/ satire ( ?is k9d writt5 9 ,engli% t we possess4 ,x appe>s to h be5 writt5 9 ! ye> #acbj4 ,! writ] ( ?is poem beg9s by tell+ u t 8 object is to expla9 ! cause ( ! w>1 ru91 & manslaught] :i* !n prevail$ ?r\gh\t ! l&1 & :y ! poor 7 suff]+ f hung] & want1 ! cattle p]i%$ 9 ! field1 & ! corn 0 de>4 ,^! he ascribes to ! increas+ wick$ness ( all ord]s ( society4 ,to beg9 ) ! *ur*1 ,rome 0 ! head ( all corruptions1 at ! papal c\rt false-hood & trea*]y only reign$1 & ! door ( ! pope's palace 0 %ut aga9/ tru?4 ,dur+ ! twelf? & foll[+ c5turies ^! compla9ts1 9 t]ms m or less =cible1 aga9/ ! corruptions ( ,rome1 are cont9ually repeat$1 & %[ t ! evil mu/ h be5 "o "u :i* ev]ybody felt oppress$4 ,! old *>ge ( ,romi% simony is repeat$ 9 ?is poem 9 v /rong t]ms4 ,! cl]k's voice %all be little he>d at ! c\rt ( ,rome1 7 he ev] s good1 unless he br+ silv] ) him2 ?\gh he 7 ! holie/ man t ev] 0 born1 unless he br+ gold or silv]1 all 8 "t & anxiety are lo/4 ,alas6 :y love !y s mu* t :i* is p]i%able8 ,voys ( cl]k %all lytyl be he>d at ! c\rt ( ,rome1 ,7 he nev] s gode a cl]k1 )\t silv] & he come2 ,?\gh he 7 ! holy/ man t ev] yet 0 ibore1 ,b he bryng gold or sylv]1 al hys :ile is =lore ,& 8 ?[ght4 ,allas6 :i love !i t s mu* t s*al turne to n[ght8 #fd ,a ,poem on ! ,times ( ,edw>d ,,iii41 f a ,,ms4 pres]v$ 9 ! ,libr>y ( ,/4 ,pet]'s ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,edit$ by ! ,rev4 ,c4 ,h>dwick4 #hvo4 ,london1 #ahdi4 7,"o ( ! publications ( ! ,p]cy ,society47 ,:51 on ! contr>y1 a wick$ man pres5t$ himself at ! pope's c\rt1 he _h only to c>ry pl5ty ( money ?i!r1 & all w5t well ) him4 ,accord+ to our satiri/1 ! bi%ops 7 fools1 & ! o!r dignit>ies & (ficials ( ! *ur* 7 influ5c$ *iefly by ! love ( money & self-indulg5ce4 ,! p>son began humbly1 :5 he fir/ obta9$ 8 b5efice1 b no soon] _h he ga!r$ money toge!r1 ?an he took a w5*e to live ) him z 8 wife1 & rode a hunt+ ) hawks & h\nds l a g5tleman4 ,! prie/s 7 m5 ) no le>n+1 :o prea*$ by rote :at !y nei!r und]/ood nor appreciat$4 ,truely1 he says1 x f>es by our unle>n$ prie/s z by a jay 9 a cage1 :o curses himself3 he speaks good ,engli%1 b he kn[s n :at x means4 ,no m does an unle>n$ prie/ "k 8 gospel t he reads daily4 ,an unle>n$ prie/1 !n1 is no bett] ?an a jay4 ,c]tes at s hyt f>e? by a pre/ t is lew$1 ,z by a jay 9 a cage t hymself ha? be%rew$3 ,gode ,engly% he speke?1 b he n nev] :at4 ,no m wot a lew$ pre/ hys gospel wat he rat ,by day4 ,?an is a lew$ pre/ no bett] ?an a jay4 ,abbots & priors 7 rem>kable *iefly = _! pride & luxury1 & ! monks naturally foll[$ _! examples4 ,?us 0 religion debas$ ev]y:]e4 ,! "* ( ! physician is treat$ ) equal sev]ity1 & 8 v>i\s tricks to obta9 money are amus+ly describ$4 ,9 ?is mann] ! song/] pres5ts to view ! fail+s ( ! v>i\s ord]s ( lay society also1 ! selfi%ness & oppressive be>+ ( ! knights & ari/ocracy1 & _! extravagance 9 dress & liv+1 ! neglect ( ju/ice1 ! ill-managem5t ( ! w>s1 ! weight ( taxation1 & all ! o!r evils :i* !n afflict$ ! /ate4 ,?is poem m>ks a p]iod 9 our social hi/ory1 & l$ ! way to t l>g] "w ( ! same "*1 :i* came ab\t ?irty ye>s lat]1 ! well-kn[n ,visions ( ,pi]s ,pl\ghman1#fe "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable satires1 z well z "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable poems1 9 ! ,engli% language4 ,we w d no m ?an glance at ! fur!r progress ( political satire :i* _h n[ tak5 a p]man5t foot+ 9 ,engli% lit]ature4 ,we see less ( x dur+ ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,iii41 ! great] "p ( :i* 0 occupi$ ) =eign w>s & triumphs1 b !re appe>$ t[>ds ! close ( 8 reign1 a v rem>kable satire1 :i* ,i h pr9t$ 9 my ,political ,poems & ,songs4 ,x is writt5 9 ,lat91 & consi/s ( a pret5d$ prophecy 9 v]se by an inspir$ monk nam$ ,john ( ,bridl+ton1 ) a mock comm5t>y 9 prose--9 fact1 a p>ody on ! comm5t>ies 9 :i* ! s*ola/ics ( t age display$ _! le>n+1 b 9 ?is case ! comm5t>y conta9s a bold ?\gh to u r obscure criticism on ! :ole policy ( ,edw>d's reign4 ,! reign ( ,ri*>d ,,ii4 0 convuls$ by ! great /ruggle = religi\s re=m1 by ! insurrections ( ! l[] ord]s1 & by ! ambition & feuds ( ! nobles1 & produc$ a va/ quantity ( political & religi\s satire1 bo? 9 prose & v]se1 b especially ! latt]4 ,we mu/ n ov]look our great poet ,*auc]1 z "o ( ! p[]ful satiri/s ( ?is p]iod4 ,political song next makes itself he>d l\dly 9 ! w>s ( ! ,roses4 ,x 0 ! la/ /ruggle ( feudalism 9 ,engl&1 & ! "* ( ! song _h fall5 back to its e>li] *>act]i/ics1 9 :i* all patriotic feel+s 7 ab&on$ to make place = p]sonal hatr$4 #fe ,! ,vision & ! ,cre$ ( ,pi]s ,pl\ghman2 ) ,notes & a ,gloss>y by ,?omas ,wright4 #b vols4 #abmo4 ,london1 #ahdb4 ,second & revis$ edition1 #b vols4 #abmo4 ,london1 #ahef4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,m9/relsy ,a ,,subject ,,( ,,burlesque ,,& ,,c>icature4--,,"* ,,( ,,! ,,m9/rels4--,,_! ,,jokes ,,^u ,,!mselves ,,& ,,^u ,,"o ,,ano!r4--,,v>i\s ,,musical ,,in/rum5ts ,,repres5t$ ,,9 ,,! ,,sculptures ,,( ,,! ,,m$i,,val ,,arti/s4--,,sir ,,mat!w ,,g\rnay ,,& ,,! ,,k+ ,,( ,,portugal4--,,discr$it ,,( ,,! ,,tabor ,,& ,,bagpipes4--,,m]maids4 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal classes ( ! satiri/s ( ! middle ages1 ! m9/rels1 or j\gleurs1 7 f> f be+ unam5able to satire !mselves4 ,!y belong$ g5]ally to a l[ class ( ! population1 "o t 0 h>dly ackn[l$g$ by ! law1 :i* m]ely adm9i/]$ to ! pleasures & amusem5ts ( o!rs1 &1 ?\gh sometimes lib]ally rew>d$1 !y 7 objects r ( contempt ?an ( respect4 ,( c\rse !re 7 m9/rels belong+ to a class m respectable ?an ! o!rs1 b ^! 7 comp>atively few2 & ! ord9>y m9/rel seems to h be5 simply an unpr9cipl$ vagabond1 :o h>dly possess$ any settl$ re/+-place1 :o w&]$ ab\t f place to place1 & 0 n too nice z to ! means by :i* he ga9$ 8 liv+--p]haps fairly repres5t$ by ! /reet m9/rel1 or m\ntebank1 ( ! pres5t day4 ,"o ( 8 tal5ts 0 t ( mock+ & ridicul+ o!rs1 & x is n to be wond]$ at1 !re=e1 if he sometimes became an object ( mock]y & ridicule himself4 ,"o ( ! well-kn[n m9/rels ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ,rutebeuf1 01 l _m ( 8 fell[s1 a poet also1 & he has left sev]al %ort pieces ( v]se descriptive ( himself & ( 8 own mode ( life4 ,9 "o ( ^! he compla9s ( 8 pov]ty1 & tells u t ! _w _h 9 8 "t--! reign ( ,/4 ,l\is--become s deg5]ate1 t few p gave any?+ to ! un=tunate m9/rel4 ,accord+ to 8 own acc\nt1 he 0 )\t food1 & 9 a fair way t[>ds />vation1 expos$ to ! cold )\t suffici5t clo?+1 & ) no?+ b /raw = 8 b$4 ,je t\z de froit1 de fa9 baaille1 ,dont je suis mors et maubailliz1 ,je suis sanz c\tes et sans liz2 ,n'a si povre jusqu' ,s5liz4 ,sire1 si ne sai quel "p aille2 ,mes co/eiz connoit le pailliz1 ,et liz de paille n'e/ pas liz1 ,et en mon lit n'a =s la paille4 --uvres de ,rutebeuf1 vol4 i4 p4 #c4 ,9 ano!r poem1 ,rutebeuf lam5ts t he has r5d]$ 8 condition /ill m mis]able by m>ry+1 :5 he _h n :]e) to keep a wife & family4 ,9 a ?ird1 he compla9s t 9 ! mid/ ( 8 pov]ty1 8 wife has br\ght him a *ild to increase 8 dome/ic exp5ses1 :ile 8 horse1 on :i* he 0 accu/om$ to travel to places :]e he might ex]cise 8 pr(ession1 _h brok5 its leg1 & 8 nurse 0 dunn+ him = money4 ,9 addition to all ^! causes ( grief1 he _h lo/ ! use ( "o ( 8 eyes4 ,or a d'enfant gu ma fame2 ,mon *eval a brisi la jame ,a une lice2 ,or veut de l'arg5t ma norrice1 ,qui m'en de/ra9t et me plice1 ,= l'enfant pe/re4 ,?r\gh\t 8 compla9t1 al?\gh he lam5ts ov] ! decl9e ( lib]ality among 8 contempor>ies1 he nev]!less turns 8 pov]ty into a joke4 ,9 sev]al o!r pieces ( v]se he speaks 9 ! same way1 half jok+ & half lam5t+ ov] 8 condition1 & he does n conceal t ! love ( gambl+ 0 "o ( ! causes ( x4 ,! dice1 he says1 h /ripp$ me entirely ( my robe2 ! dice wat* & spy me2 x is ^! :i* kill me2 !y assault & ru9 me1 to my grief4 ,li d que li dti] ont fet1 ,m'ont de ma robe t\t desfet2 ,li d m'oci5t4 ,li d m'aguet5t et espi5t2 ,li d m'assaill5t et dessi5t1 ,ce poise moi4--,ib41 vol4 i4 p4 #bg4 ,& else:]e he intimates t :at ! m9/rels sometimes ga9$ f ! lavi% g5]osity ( _! he>]s1 soon pass$ away at ! tav]n 9 dice & dr9k+4 ,"o ( ,rutebeuf's contempor>ies 9 ! same pr(ession1 ,col9 ,muset1 indulges 9 simil> compla9ts1 & speaks bitt]ly ( ! want ( g5]osity display$ by ! great b>ons ( 8 "t4 ,9 address+ "o ( !m :o _h treat$ him ung5]\sly1 he says1 ,sir ,c\nt1 ,i h fiddl$ be=e y 9 y\r ho/el1 & y nei!r gave me a gift1 nor paid me my wages4 ,x is discr$itable behavi\r4 ,by ! duty ,i owe to ,/4 ,m>y1 ,i _c cont9ue 9 y\r s]vice at ?is rate4 ,my purse is ill furni%$1 & my wallet is empty4 ,sire qu5s1 j'ai viel ,devant vos en vo/re o/el2 ,si ne m'avez ri5s donn1 ,ne mes gages acquitez1 ,c'e/ vilanie4 ,foi que doi sa9te ,m>ie1 ,ensi ne vos sieurr-je mie4 ,m'aumosnire e/ mal g>nie1 ,et ma male mal f>sie4 ,he proce$s to /ate t :5 he w5t home to 8 wife 7= ,col9 ,muset also 0 a m>ri$ m9/rel71 he 0 ill receiv$ if 8 purse & wallet 7 empty2 b x 0 v diff]5t :5 !y 7 full4 ,8 wife !n sprang =w>d & ?rew h] arms r\nd 8 neck2 %e took 8 wallet f 8 horse ) alacrity1 :ile 8 lad conduct$ ! animal *e]fully to ! /able1 & 8 maid5 kill$ a c\ple ( capons1 & prep>$ !m ) piquant sauce4 ,8 daught] br\ght a comb = 8 hair4 ,!n1 he exclaims1 ,i am ma/] 9 my own h\se4 ,ma fame va de/ros] ,ma male sans demor]2 ,mon g>on va abuvr] ,m5 *eval et conre]2 ,ma pucele va tu] ,deux *apons por deport] ,a la sause aillie4 ,ma fille m'aporte un pigne ,en sa ma9 p> cortoisie4 ,lors sui de mon o/el sire4 ,:5 ! m9/rels c\ld ?us joke ^u !mselves1 we ne$ n be surpris$ if !y satiris$ "o ano!r4 ,9 a poem ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 entitl$ ,les deux ,troveors ,ribauz1 two m9/rels are introduc$ on ! /age abus+ & insult+ "o ano!r1 & :ile indulg+ 9 mutual accusations ( ignorance 9 _! art1 !y display _! ignorance at ! same "t by misquot+ ! titles ( ! poems :i* !y pr(ess to be able to recite4 ,"o ( !m boa/s ( ! v>iety ( in/rum5ts on :i* he c\ld p]=m3-- ,je suis jugl]es de viele1 ,si sai de muse et fre/ele1 ,et de h>pes et de *ifonie1 ,de la gigue1 de l'armonie1 ,de l'salteire1 et en la rote ,sai-ge bi5 *ant] une note4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 t among all ^! in/rum5ts1 ! viol1 or fiddle1 0 ! "o mo/ g5]ally 9 use4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aah4 ,a ,*>m+ ,fiddl]4 ,! m$ival monum5ts ( art ab\nd ) burlesques & satires on ! m9/rels1 ^: in/rum5ts ( music are plac$ 9 ! h&s sometimes ( mon/]s1 & at o!rs 9 ^? ( animals ( a n v ref9$ "*4 ,our cut ,no4 #aah is tak5 f a manuscript 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,,ms4 ,cotton1 ,domitian ,a4 ii471 & repres5ts a female m9/rel play+ on ! fiddle2 %e has ! upp] "p ( a lady1 & ! l[] p>ts ( a m>e1 a comb9ation :i* appe>s to h be5 r famili> to ! imag9ation ( ! m$ival arti/s4 ,9 our cut ,no4 #aai1 :i* is tak5 f a copy made by ,c>t] ( "o ( ! mis]]es 9 ,ely ,ca!dral1 x is n q cle> :e!r ! p]=m] on ! fiddle be a mon/] or m]ely a cripple2 b p]haps ! latt] 0 int5d$4 ,! in/rum5t1 too1 assumes a r s+ul> =m4 ,our cut ,no4 #abj1 also tak5 f ,c>t]1 0 furni%$ by a sculpture 9 ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,john1 at ,cir5ce/]1 & repres5ts a man p]=m+ on an in/rum5t r closely resembl+ ! mod]n hurdy-gurdy1 :i* is evid5tly play$ by turn+ a h&le1 & ! music is produc$ by /rik+ wires or /r+s inside4 ,! face is evid5tly int5d$ to be t ( a jovial companion4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aai4 ,a ,crippl$ ,m9/rel4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #abj4 ,! ,hurdy-,gurdy4 ,gluttony 0 an especial *>act]i/ic ( t class ( society to :i* ! m9/rel belong$1 & p]haps ?is 0 ! idea int5d$ to be convey$ 9 ! next picture1 ,no4 #aba1 tak5 f "o ( ! /alls 9 ,w9*e/] ,ca!dral1 9 :i* a pig is p]=m+ on ! fiddle1 & appe>s to be accompani$ by a juv5ile ( ! same species ( animal4 ,"o ( ! same /alls1 copi$ 9 our cut ,no4 #abb1 repres5ts a s[ p]=m+ on ano!r sort ( musical in/rum5t1 :i* is n at all uncommon 9 m$ival del9eations4 ,x is ! d\ble pipe or flute1 :i* 0 evid5tly borr[$ f ! anci5ts4 ,m9/relsy 0 ! usual accompanim5t ( ! m$ival meal1 & p]haps ?is picture is int5d$ to be a burlesque on t circum/ance1 z ! "m is play+ to h] brood :ile !y are fe$+4 ,!y all seem to li/5 quietly1 except "o1 :o is evid5tly mu* m affect$ by ! music ?an 8 companions4 ,! same in/rum5t is plac$ 9 ! h&s ( a r jolly-look+ female 9 "o ( ! sculptures ( ,/4 ,john's ,*ur* 9 ,cir5ce/]1 copi$ 9 our cut ,no4 #abc4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aba4 ,a ,sw9i% ,m9/rel4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #abb4 ,a ,musical ,"m4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #abc4 ,! ,d\ble ,flute4 ,al?\gh ?is in/rum5t is r frequ5tly repres5t$ 9 m$ival works ( art1 we h no acc\nt ( or allusion to x 9 m$ival writ]s2 & p]haps x 0 n held 9 v high e/imation1 & 0 us$ only by a l[ class ( p]=m]s4 ,z 9 _m o!r ?+s1 ! employm5t ( p>ticul> musical in/rum5ts 0 guid$1 no d\bt1 by fa%ion1 new ones com+ 9 z old ones w5t out4 ,su* 0 ! case ) ! in/rum5t :i* is nam$ 9 "o ( ! above extracts1 & 9 "s o!r m$ival writ]s1 a *iffonie1 & :i* has be5 suppos$ to be ! dulcim]1 t _h fall5 into discr$it 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,?is in/rum5t is introduc$ 9 a /ory :i* is f\nd 9 ,cuveli]'s metrical hi/ory ( ! celebrat$ w>rior ,b]tr& du ,guesel94 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! w> = ! expulsion ( ,p$ro ! ,cruel f ! ?rone ( ,ca/ile1 an ,engli% knight1 ,sir ,mat!w ,g\rnay1 0 s5t z a special ambassador to ! c\rt ( ,portugal4 ,! ,portuguese mon>* _h 9 8 s]vice two m9/rels ^: p]=mances he vaunt$ greatly1 & on :om he let great /ore1 & he insi/$ on _! p]=m+ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! new ambassador4 ,x turn$ out t !y play$ on ! in/rum5t j m5tion$1 & ,sir ,mat!w ,g\rnay c\ld n refra9 f laugh+ at ! p]=mance4 ,:5 ! k+ press$ him to give 8 op9ion1 he said1 ) m reg>d = tru? ?an polit5ess1 9 ,france & ,norm&y1 ! in/rum5ts y\r m9/rels play ^u are reg>d$ ) contempt1 & are only 9 use among begg>s & bl9d p1 s t !y are popul>ly call$ begg>'s in/rum5ts4 ,! k+1 we are told1 took great (f5ce at ! bluntness ( 8 ,engli% gue/4 ,! fiddle itself appe>s at ?is "t to h be5 gradually s9k+ 9 cr$it1 & ! poets compla9$ t a degrad$ ta/e = m vulg> musical in/rum5ts 0 introduc+ itself4 ,among ^! we may m5tion especially ! pipe & tabor4 ,! ,fr5* antiqu>y1 ,m4 ,jub9al1 9 a v valuable collection ( e>ly popul> poetry1 publi%$ "u ! title ( ,jongleurs et ,tr\vres1 has pr9t$ a curi\s poem ( ! ?irte5? or f\rte5? c5tury1 int5d$ z a prote/ aga9/ ! use ( ! tabor & ! bagpipes1 :i* he *>act]ises z prop]ly ! musical in/rum5ts ( ! peasantry4 ,yet p !n1 he says1 7 becom+ s besott$ on su* in/rum5ts1 t !y introduc$ !m 9 places :]e bett] m9/relsy w\ld be m suitable4 ,! writ] ?9ks t ! introduction ( s vulg> an in/rum5t z ! tabor into gr& fe/ivals c\ld be look$ ^u 9 no o!r light ?an z "o ( ! signs :i* might be expect$ to be ! precursors ( ! com+ ( ,anti*ri/4 ,if su* p are to come to gr& fe/ivals z c>ry a bu%el i4e4 a tabor made 9 ! =m ( a bu%el measure1 on ! end ( :i* !y beat1 & make su* a t]rible noise1 x w\ld seem t ,anti*ri/ mu/ n[ be be+ born2 p ought to break ! head ( ea* ( !m ) a /aff4 ,duss5t itiels g5z v5ir bele fe/e ,qui port5t un boissel1 qui ma95t tel tempe/e1 ,il samble que ,antecri/ doie ma9t5ant ne/re2 ,l'en duroit d'un ba/on *ascun brisi] la te/e4 ,?is satiri/ adds1 z a pro( ( ! contempt 9 :i* ! ,virg9 ,m>y held su* in/rum5ts1 t %e nev] lov$ a tabor1 or cons5t$ to he> "o1 & t no tabor 0 introduc$ among ! m9/relsy at h] esp\sals4 ,! g5tle "m ( ,god1 he says1 lov$ ! s\nd ( ! fiddle1 & he goes on to prove h] p>tiality = t in/rum5t by cit+ "s ( h] miracles4 ,onques le mre ,dieu1 qui e/ virge honore1 ,et e/ avoec les angles hautem5t corone1 ,n'ama onques tab\r1 ne po9t ne li agre1 ,n'onques tab\r n'i ot quant el fu esp\se4 ,la d\ce mre ,dieu ama son de viele4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #abd4 ,! ,tabor1 or ,drum4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #abe4 ,bru9 turn$ ,pip]4 ,! arti/ :o c>v$ ! curi\s /alls 9 ,h5ry ,,vii4's ,*apel at ,we/m9/]1 seems to h ent]$ fully into ! _s display$ by ?is satiri/1 = 9 "o ( !m1 repres5t$ 9 our cut ,no4 #abd1 he has introduc$ a mask$ demon play+ on ! tabor1 ) an expression app>5tly ( d]ision4 ,?is tabor pres5ts mu* ! =m ( a bu%el measure1 or r1 p]haps1 ( a mod]n drum4 ,x may be rem>k$ t ! drum is1 9 fact1 ! same in/rum5t z ! tabor1 or1 at lea/1 is d]iv$ f x1 & !y 7 call$ by ! same names1 tabor or tamb\r4 ,! ,engli% "n drum1 :i* has equival5ts 9 ! lat] =ms ( ! ,teutonic dialects1 p]haps means simply some?+ :i* makes a noise1 & is n1 z f> z ,i "k1 met ) be=e ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,ano!r c>v+ ( ! same s]ies ( /alls at ,we/m9/]1 copi$ 9 our cut ,no4 #abe1 repres5ts a tame be> play+ on ! bagpipes4 ,?is is p]haps int5d$ to be at ! same "t a satire on ! in/rum5t itself1 & ^u ! /range exhibitions ( animals dome/icat$ & taught v>i\s s+ul> p]=mances1 :i* 7 !n s popul>4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #abf4 ,royal ,m9/relsy4 ,9 our cut ,no4 #abf we come to ! fiddle aga91 :i* long su/a9$ its place 9 ! highe/ rank ( musical in/rum5ts4 ,x is tak5 f "o ( ! sculptures on ! por* ( ! pr9cipal entrance to ! ,ca!dral ( ,lyons 9 ,france1 & repres5ts a m]maid ) h] *ild1 li/5+ to ! music ( ! fiddle4 ,%e we>s a cr[n1 & is int5d$1 no d\bt1 to be "o ( ! que5s ( ! sea1 & ! introduction ( ! fiddle "u su* circum/ances c leave no d\bt h[ highly x 0 e/eem$4 ,! m]maid is a creature ( ! imag9ation1 :i* appe>s to h be5 at all times a fav\rite object ( poetry & leg5d4 ,x holds an important place 9 ! m$ival be/i>ies1 or popul> treatises on natural hi/ory1 & x has only be5 expell$ f ! doma9s ( sci5ce at a comp>atively rec5t date4 ,x /ill reta9s its place 9 popul> leg5ds ( our sea-coa/s1 & m especially 9 ! remot] p>ts ( our isl&s4 ,! /ories ( ! m]r[1 or ,iri% fairy1 hold a prom95t place among my late fri5d ,cr(ton ,crok]'s ,fairy ,leg5ds ( ! ,s\? ( ,irel&4 ,! m]maid is also introduc$ n unfrequ5tly 9 m$ival sculpture & c>v+4 ,our cut ,no4 #abg1 repres5t+ a m]maid & a m]man1 is copi$ f "o ( ! /alls ( ,w9*e/] ,ca!dral4 ,! usual attributes ( ! m]maid are a look+-glass & comb1 by ! aid ( :i* %e is dress+ h] hair2 b "h %e holds ! comb alone4 ,h] companion1 ! male1 holds a fi%1 :i* he appe>s to h j caught1 9 8 h&4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #abg4 ,m]maids4 ,:ile1 aft] ! fifte5? c5tury ! pr(ession ( ! m9/rel became entirely degrad$1 & he 0 look$ ^u m ?an ev] z a rogue & vagabond1 ! fiddle accompani$ him1 & x long rema9$1 z x /ill rema9s 9 ,irel&1 ! fav\rite in/rum5t ( ! peasantry4 ,! bl9d fiddl]1 ev5 at ! pres5t day1 is n unkn[n 9 our rural di/ricts4 ,x has always be5 9 ,engl& ! fav\rite in/rum5t ( m9/relsy4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,! ,,c\rt ,,fool4--,,! ,,normans ,,& ,,_! ,,gabs4--,,e>ly ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,c\rt ,,fools4--,,_! ,,co/ume4--,,c>v+s ,,9 ,,! ,,corni% ,,*ur*es4--,,! ,,burlesque ,,societies ,,( ,,! ,,middle ,,ages4--,,! ,,fea/s ,,( ,,asses1 ,,& ,,( ,,fools4--,,_! ,,lic5ce4--,,! ,,lead5 ,,money ,,( ,,! ,,fools4--,,! ,,bi%op',s ,,bless+4 ,f ! employm5t ( m9/rels atta*$ to ! family1 probably arose ano!r & well-kn[n "* ( lat] times1 ! c\rt fool1 :o took ! place ( satiri/ 9 ! great h\seholds4 ,i d n consid] :at we und]/& by ! c\rt fool to be a "* ( any great antiquity4 ,x is some:at d\btful :e!r :at we call a je/1 0 really appreciat$ 9 ! middle ages4 ,puns seem to h be5 consid]$ z elegant figures ( spee* 9 lit]>y composition1 & we r>ely meet ) any?+ l a quick & clev] rep>tee4 ,9 ! e>li] ages1 :5 a p>ty ( w>riors w\ld be m]ry1 _! mir? appe>s to h consi/$ usually 9 ridicul\s boa/s1 or 9 rude rem>ks1 or 9 sne]s at enemies or oppon5ts4 ,^! je/s 7 t]m$ by ! ,fr5* & ,normans gabs 7gab1 9 m$ival ,lat971 a ^w suppos$ to h be5 d]iv$ f ! classical ,lat9 ^w cavilla1 a mock or taunt2 & a %ort poem 9 ,anglo-,norman has be5 pres]v$ :i* furni%es a curi\s illu/ration ( ! mean+ atta*$ to x 9 ! twelf? c5tury4 ,?is poem relates h[ ,*>lemagne1 piqu$ by ! taunts ( 8 empress on ! sup]iority ( ,hugh ! ,great1 emp]or ( ,con/ant9ople1 w5t to ,con/ant9ople1 accompani$ by 8 d\ze pairs & a ?\s& knights1 to v]ify ! tru? ( 8 wife's /ory4 ,!y proce$$ fir/ to ,j]usalem1 :]e1 :5 ,*>lemagne & 8 twelve pe]s ent]$ ! ,*ur* ( ! ,holy ,sepul*re1 !y look$ s h&some & maje/ic1 t !y 7 tak5 at fir/ = ,*ri/ & 8 twelve apo/les1 b ! my/]y 0 soon cle>$ up1 & !y 7 treat$ by ! patri>* ) great hospitality dur+ f\r mon?s4 ,!y !n cont9u$ _! progress till !y rea*$ ,con/ant9ople1 :]e !y 7 equally well receiv$ by ! emp]or ,hugo4 ,at night ! emp]or plac$ 8 gue/s 9 a *amb] furni%$ ) ?irte5 spl5did b$s1 "o 9 ! middle ( ! room1 & ! o!r twelve di/ribut$ ar\nd x1 & illum9at$ by a l>ge c>buncle1 :i* gave a light z bright z t ( day4 ,:5 ,hugh left !m 9 _! qu>t]s = ! night1 he l5t !m w9e & :atev] 0 necess>y to make !m com=table2 &1 :5 alone1 !y proce$$ to amuse !mselves ) gabs1 or jokes1 ea* be+ expect$ to say 8 joke 9 8 turn4 ,*>lemagne took ! lead1 & boa/$ t if ! emp]or ,hugh w\ld place be=e him 8 /ronge/ ba*elor1 9 full arm\r1 & m\nt$ on 8 good /e$1 he w\ld1 ) "o bl[ ( 8 sword1 cut him ?r\gh f ! head d[nw>ds1 & ?r\gh ! saddle & horse1 & t ! sword %\ld1 aft] all ?is1 s9k into ! gr\nd to ! h&le4 ,*>lemagne !n call$ ^u ,rol& = 8 gab1 :o boa/$ t 8 brea? 0 s /rong1 t if ! emp]or ,hugh w\ld l5d him 8 horn1 he w\ld take x out into ! fields & bl[ x ) su* =ce1 t ! w9d & noise ( x w\ld %ake d[n ! :ole city ( ,con/ant9ople4 ,oliv]1 ^: turn came next1 boa/$ ( exploits ( ano!r description if he 7 left alone ) ! beautiful pr9cess1 ,hugh's daught]4 ,! re/ ( ! pe]s indulg$ 9 simil> boa/s1 & :5 ! gabs _h gone r\nd1 !y w5t to sleep4 ,n[ ! emp]or ( ,con/ant9ople _h v cunn+ly1 & r trea*]\sly1 made a hole ?r\gh ! wall1 by :i* all t pass$ inside c\ld be se5 & he>d1 & he _h plac$ a spy on ! outside1 :o gave a full acc\nt ( ! conv]sation ( ! di/+ui%$ gue/s to 8 imp]ial ma/]4 ,next morn+ ,hugh call$ 8 gue/s be=e him1 told !m :at he _h he>d by 8 spy1 & decl>$ t ea* ( !m %\ld p]=m 8 boa/1 or1 if he fail$1 be put to dea?4 ,*>lemagne expo/ulat$1 & repres5t$ t x 0 ! cu/om 9 ,france :5 p retir$ = ! night to amuse !mselves 9 t mann]4 ,su* is ! cu/om 9 ,france1 he said1 at ,p>is1 & at ,*>tres1 :5 ! ,fr5* are 9 b$ !y amuse !mselves & make jokes1 & say ?+s bo? ( wisdom & ( folly4 ,si e/ tel cu/ume en ,france1 ,p>is e ,c>tres1 ,qu& ,franceis sunt cul*iez1 que se giuunt e gab5t1 ,e si di5t ambure e sav] e folage4 ,b ,*>lemagne expo/ulat$ 9 va91 & !y 7 only sav$ f ! consequ5ce ( _! imprud5ce by ! int]v5tion ( s _m miracles f above4#ff #ff ,*>lemagne1 an ,anglo-,norman ,poem ( ! ,twelf? ,c5tury1 n[ fir/ publi%$1 by ,francisque ,mi*el1 #abmo41 #hvo41 ,london1 #ahcf4 ,9 su* trials ( skill z ?is1 an individual mu/ cont9ually h aris5 :o excell$ 9 "s at lea/ ( ! qualities ne$ful = rais+ mir? & mak+ him a good companion1 by %[+ himself m brilliant 9 wit1 or m bit+ 9 s>casms1 or m impud5t 9 8 jokes1 & he w\ld ?us become ! fav\rite mir?-mak] ( ! c\rt1 ! boon companion ( ! *iefta9 & 8 foll[]s 9 _! h\rs ( relaxation4 ,we f9d su* an individual n unusually introduc$ 9 ! e>ly romances & 9 ! my?ology ( nations1 & he sometimes unites ! "* ( c\rt orator ) ! o!r4 ,su* a p]sonage 0 ! ,sir ,kay ( ! cycle ( ! romances ( k+ ,ar?ur4 ,i h rem>k$ 9 a =m] *apt] t ,hunf]?1 9 ! ,anglo-,saxon poem ( ,be[ulf1 is describ$ z hold+ a some:at simil> position at ! c\rt ( k+ ,hro?g>4 ,to g f>!r back 9 ! my?ology ( our =efa!rs1 ! ,loki ( ,sc&9avian fable appe>s sometimes to h p]=m$ a simil> "* 9 ! assembly ( 8 fell[ deities2 & we "k t1 among ! ,greeks1 ,hom] on "o occasion introduces ,vulcan act+ ! "p ( jok] 77 to ! gods ( ,olympus4 ,b all ^! h no relation%ip :atev] to ! c\rt-fool ( mod]n times4 ,! ,g]man writ] ,flgel1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,c\rt ,fools1#fg has ?r[n ?is subject into mu* confusion by introduc+ a great mass ( irrelevant matt]2 & ^? :o h s9ce compil$ f ,flgel1 h made ! confusion /ill great]4 ,mu* ( ?is confusion has aris5 f ! misund]/&+ & conf\nd+ ( names & t]ms4 ,! mimus1 ! joculator1 ! m9i/rel1 or :atev] "n ?is class ( society w5t by1 0 n 9 any respects id5tical ) :at we und]/& by a c\rt fool1 nor does any su* "* z ! latt] appe> 9 ! feudal h\sehold be=e ! f\rte5? c5tury1 z f> z we are acqua9t$ ) ! social mann]s & cu/oms ( ! old5 "t4 ,! va/ ext5t ( ! e>ly ,fr5* romans de ge/e1 or ,c>lov+ian romances1 :i* are fill$ ) pictures ( c\rts bo? ( pr9ces & b>ons1 9 :i* ! c\rt fool mu/ h be5 introduc$ _h he be5 kn[n at ! "t !y 7 compos$1 t is1 9 ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies1 conta9s1 ,i believe1 no trace ( su* p]sonage2 & ! same may be said ( ! num]\s o!r romances1 fabliaux1 & 9 fact all ! lit]ature ( t p]iod1 "o s ri* 9 works illu/rative ( contempor>y mann]s 9 _! mo/ m9ute detail4 ,f ^! facts ,i conclude t ! s+le brief *>t] publi%$ by ,m4 ,rigollot f a manuscript 9 ! ,imp]ial ,libr>y 9 ,p>is1 is ei!r misund]/ood or x pres5ts a v exceptional case4 ,by ?is *>t]1 ,john1 k+ ( ,engl&1 grants to 8 follus1 ,william ,picol1 or ,piculph 7z he is call$ at ! close ( ! docum5t71 an e/ate 9 ,norm&y nam$ 9 ! docum5t ,fons ,ossan 7,m5il-,oz5ne 9 ,morta971 ) all its appurt5ances1 to h & to hold1 to him & to 8 heirs1 by do+ !re-= to u once a ye> ! s]vice ( "o follus1 z long z he lives2 & aft] 8 dea? 8 heirs %all hold x ( u1 by ! s]vice ( "o pair ( gilt spurs to be r5d]$ annually to u4#fh ,! s]vice 7s]vitium7 "h enjo9$ means ! annual paym5t ( ! obligation ( ! feudal t5ure1 & !re=e if follus is to be tak5 z signify+ a fool1 x only means t ,picol 0 to p]=m t "* on "o occasion 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye>4 ,9 ?is case1 he may h be5 "s fool :om k+ ,john _h tak5 into 8 special fav\r2 b x c]ta9ly is no pro( t ! practice ( keep+ c\rt fools !n exi/$4 ,x is n improbable t ?is practice 0 fir/ introduc$ 9 ,g]many1 = ,flgel speaks1 ?\gh r d\btfully1 ( "o :o 0 kept at ! c\rt ( ! emp]or ,rudolph ,i4 7( ,hapsburg71 ^: reign la/$ f #abgc to #abib4 ,x is m c]ta91 h[ev]1 t ! k+s ( ,france possess$ c\rt fools be=e ! middle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & f ?is "t anecdotes relat+ to !m beg9 to be common4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ & mo/ curi\s ( ^! anecdotes1 if x be true1 relates to ! celebrat$ victory ( ,sluys ga9$ ov] ! ,fr5* fleet by our k+ ,edw>d ,,iii4 9 ! ye> #acdj4 ,x is said t no "o d>$ to ann\nce ?is disa/] to ! ,fr5* k+1 ,philippe ,,vi41 until a c\rt fool und]took ! task4 ,ent]+ ! k+'s *amb]1 he cont9u$ mutt]+ to himself1 b l\d en\gh to be he>d1 ,^? c[>dly ,engli%6 ! *ick5-he>t$ ,britons6 ,h[ s1 c\s98 ! k+ inquir$4 ,:y1 repli$ ! fool1 because !y h n c\rage en\gh to jump into ! sea1 l y\r ,fr5* soldi]s1 :o w5t ov] headlong f _! %ips1 leav+ ^? to ! enemy :o %[$ no incl9ation to foll[ !m4 ,philippe ?us became aw>e ( ! full ext5t ( 8 calamity4 ,! in/itution ( ! c\rt fool 0 c>ri$ to its greate/ degree ( p]fection dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury2 x only expir$ 9 ! age ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 #fg ,ges*i*te d] ,h(n>r51 von ,k>l ,fri$ri* ,flgel1 #hvo4 ,liegnitz und ,leipzig1 #aghi4 #fh ,! words ( ?is *>t]1 z giv5 by ,rigollot1 are3--,joannes1 ,d ,g41 etc4 ,sciatis nos d$isse et prs5ti *>ta confirmasse ,willelmo ,picol1 follo no/ro1 ,fontem ,ossan1 cum omnibus p]t95ciis suis1 hab5dum et t55dum sibi et hr$ibus suis1 faci5do inde nobis annuatim s]vitium unius folli quoad vix]it2 et po/ ejus decessum hr$es sui eam t5ebunt1 et p] s]vitium unius p>is calc>ium deauratorum nobis annuatim r$d5do4 ,qu>e volumus et firmit] prcipimus quod prdictius ,piculphus et hr$es sui habeant et t5eant 9 p]petuum1 b5e et 9 pace1 lib]e et quiete1 prdictam t]ram4--,rigollot1 ,monnaies inconnues des ,evques des ,innoc5s1 etc41 #hvo41 ,p>is1 #ahcg4 ,x 0 app>5tly ) ! c\rt fool t ! co/ume 0 introduc$ :i* has ev] s9ce be5 consid]$ z ! *>act]i/ic m>k ( folly4 ,"s p>ts ( ?is co/ume1 at lea/1 appe> to h be5 borr[$ f an e>li] date4 ,! gelotopi ( ! ,greeks1 & ! mimi & moriones ( ! ,romans1 %av$ _! heads2 b ! c\rt fools p]haps adopt$ ?is fa%ion z a satire ^u ! cl]gy & monks4 ,"s writ]s pr(ess$ to d\bt :e!r ! fools borr[$ f ! monks1 or ! monks f ! fools2 & ,cornelius ,agrippa1 9 8 treatise on ! ,vanity ( ,sci5ces1 rem>ks t ! monks _h _! heads all %av5 l fools 7raso toto capite ut fatui74 ,! c[l1 also1 0 p]haps adopt$ 9 d]ision ( ! monks1 b x 0 di/+ui%$ by ! addition ( a pair ( asses' e>s1 or by a cock's head & comb1 :i* =m$ its t]m9ation above1 or by bo?4 ,! c\rt fool 0 also furni%$ ) a /aff or club1 :i* became ev5tually 8 bauble4 ,! bells 7 ano!r necess>y article 9 ! equipm5t ( a c\rt fool1 p]haps also int5d$ z a satire on ! cu/om ( we>+ small bells 9 ! dress1 :i* prevail$ l>gely dur+ ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies1 especially among p :o 7 fond ( *ildi% o/5tation4 ,! fool wore also a p>ty-col\r$1 or motley1 g>m5t1 probably ) ! same aim--t ( satiris+ "o ( ! ridicul\s fa%ions ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #abg;a4 ,c\rt ,fools4 ,x is 9 ! fifte5? c5tury t we fir/ meet ) ! fool 9 full co/ume 9 ! illum9ations or manuscripts1 & t[>ds ! end ( ! c5tury ?is co/ume appe>s cont9ually 9 engrav+s4 ,x is also met ) at ?is "t among ! sculptures ( build+s & ! c>v+s ( wood-"w4 ,! two v int]e/+ examples giv5 9 our cut ,no4 #abg;a are tak5 f c>v+s ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 9 ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,levan1 9 ,cornwall1 ne> ! ,l&'s ,end4 ,!y repres5t ! c\rt fool 9 two v>ieties ( co/ume2 9 ! fir/1 ! fool's c[l1 or cap1 ends 9 ! cock's head2 9 ! o!r1 x is fitt$ ) asses' e>s4 ,!re are v>iations also 9 o!r p>ts ( ! dress2 = ! second only has bells to 8 sleeves1 & ! fir/ c>ries a s+ul>ly =m$ /aff1 :i* may p]haps be int5d$ = a /rap or belt1 ) a buckle at ! end2 :ile ! o!r has a ladle 9 8 h&4 ,z "o possesses a be>d1 & pres5ts m>ks ( age 9 8 c\nt5ance1 :ile ! o!r is be>dless & y\?ful1 we may consid] ! pair z an old fool & a "y fool4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #abh4 ,a ,fool & a ,grimace-mak]4 ,! ,corni% *ur*es are r celebrat$ = _! e>ly c>v$ wood-"w1 *iefly ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ( :i* two examples are giv5 9 our cut1 ,no4 #abh1 tak5 f b5* pannels 9 ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,mullion1 on ! ,corni% coa/1 a little to ! nor? ( ! ,liz>d ,po9t4 ,! fir/ has bells hang+ to ! sleeves1 & is no d\bt int5d$ to repres5t folly 9 "s =m2 ! o!r appe>s to be int5d$ = ! head ( a woman mak+ grimaces4#fi #fi ,= ! draw+s ( ^! int]e/+ c>v+s f ! ,corni% *ur*es1 ,i am indebt$ to ! k9dness ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,t4 ,blight1 ! au?or ( an extremely pleas+ & useful guide to ! beauties ( a well-kn[n di/rict ( ,cornwall1 entitl$ ,a ,week at ! ,l&'s ,end4 ,! fool _h long be5 a "* among ! p be=e he became a c\rt fool1 = ,folly--or1 z %e 0 !n call$1 ,"m ,folly--0 "o ( ! fav\rite objects ( popul> wor%ip 9 ! middle ages1 &1 :]e t wor%ip sprang up spontane\sly among ! p1 x grew ) m en]gy1 & pres5t$ m he>ty joy\sness & bold] satire ?an "u ! patronage ( ! great4 ,our =efa!rs 9 ^? times 7 accu/om$ to =m !mselves into associations or societies ( a mir?ful "*1 p>odies ( ^? ( a m s]i\s description1 especially ecclesia/ical1 & elect$ z _! (fic]s mock popes1 c>d9als1 ar*bi%ops & bi%ops1 k+s1 c4 ,!y held p]iodical fe/ivals1 riot\s & lic5ti\s c>nivals1 :i* 7 admitt$ into ! *ur*es1 & ev5 tak5 "u ! especial patronage ( ! cl]gy1 "u su* titles z ! fea/ ( fools1 ! fea/ ( ! ass1 ! fea/ ( ! innoc5ts1 & ! l4 ,!re 0 h>dly a ,cont95tal t[n ( any acc\nt :i* _h n its company ( fools1 ) its mock ord9ances & mock c]emonies4 ,9 our own isl& we _h our abbots ( misrule & ( unreason4 ,at _! public fe/ivals satirical songs 7 sung & satirical masks & dresses 7 worn2 & 9 _m ( !m1 especially at a lat] date1 brief satirical dramas 7 act$4 ,^! satires assum$ mu* ( ! functions ( mod]n c>icature2 ! c>icature ( ! pictorial repres5tations1 :i* 7 mo/ly p]man5t monum5ts & de/9$ = future g5]ations1 0 naturally g5]al 9 its "*1 b 9 ! repres5tations ( :i* ,i am speak+1 :i* 7 tempor>y1 & design$ to excite ! mir? ( ! mom5t1 x became p]sonal1 &1 (t51 ev5 political1 & x 0 con/antly direct$ aga9/ ! ecclesia/ical ord]4 ,! sc&al ( ! day furni%$ x ) abundant mat]ials4 ,a fragm5t ( "o ( _! songs ( an e>ly date1 sung at "o ( ^! fea/s at ,r\51 has be5 pres]v$1 & conta9s ! foll[+ l9es1 writt5 9 ,lat9 & ,fr5*3-- ,de as9o bono no/ro1 ,meliori et optimo1 ,debemus faire fte4 ,en rev5ant de ,grav9>ia1 ,un gros *>don rep]it 9 via1 ,il lui c\pa la tte4 ,vir mona*us 9 m5se ,julio ,egressus e/ e mona/]io1 ,c'e/ dom de la ,bucaille2 ,egressus e/ s9e lic5tia1 ,p\r all] voir dona ,v5issia1 ,et faire la ripaille4 ,,translation4 ,= our good ass1 ,! bett] & ! be/1 ,we ought to rejoice4 ,9 return+ f ,grav9ire1 ,a great ?i/le he f\nd 9 ! way1 ,he cut (f its head4 ,a monk 9 ! mon? ( ,july ,w5t out ( 8 mona/]y1 ,x is dom de la ,bucaille2 ,he w5t out )\t lic5se1 ,to pay a visit to ! dame de ,v5isse1 ,& make jovial *e]4 ,x appe>s t ,de la ,bucaille 0 ! prior ( ! abbey ( ,/4 ,taur91 at ,r\51 & t ! dame de ,v5isse 0 prioress ( ,/4 ,savi\r1 & ^! l9es1 no d\bt1 commemorate "s great sc&al ( ! day relat+ to ! private relations betwe5 ^! two individuals4 ,^! mock religi\s c]emonies are suppos$ to h be5 d]iv$ f ! ,roman ,saturnalia2 !y 7 evid5tly ( great antiquity 9 ! m$ival *ur*1 & 7 mo/ preval5t 9 ,france & ,italy4 ,"u ! "n ( ! fea/ ( ! sub-deacons !y are =bidd5 by ! acts ( ! c\ncil ( ,tol$o1 9 #fcc2 at a lat] p]iod1 ! ,fr5* punn$ on ! ^w s\s-diacres1 & call$ !m ,sa\ls-diacres 7,drunk5 ,deacons71 words :i* _h ne>ly ! same s\nd4 ,! fea/ ( ! ass is said to be trac$ back 9 ,france z f> z ! n9? c5tury4 ,x 0 celebrat$ 9 mo/ ( ! great t[ns 9 t c\ntry1 su* z ,r\51 ,s5s1 ,d\ai1 c41 & ! s]vice = ! occasion is actually pres]v$ 9 "s ( ! old *ur* books4 ,f ?is x appe>s t ! ass 0 l$ 9 procession to a place 9 ! middle ( ! *ur*1 :i* _h be5 deck$ out to receive x1 & t ! procession 0 l$ by two cl]ks1 :o sung a ,lat9 song 9 praise ( ! animal4 ,?is song comm5ces by tell+ u h[ ! ass came f ! ea/1 h&some & v /rong1 & mo/ fit = c>ry+ bur!ns3-- ,ori5tis p>tibus ,adv5tavit as9us1 ,pul*] et =tissimus1 ,s>c9is aptissimus4 ,! refra9 or bur!n ( ! song is 9 ,fr5*1 & exhorts ! animal to jo9 9 ! upro>--,eh6 sir ass1 *ant n[1 fair m\?1 bray1 y %all h hay en\gh1 & oats 9 abundance3-- ,hez1 sire asnes1 c> *antez1 ,belle b\*e1 re*ignez1 ,v\s aurez du fo9 assez1 ,et de l'avo9e plantez4 ,9 ?is tone ! *ant cont9ues ?r\gh n9e simil> /anzas1 describ+ ! mode ( life & food ( ! ass4 ,:5 ! procession rea*$ ! alt>1 ! prie/ began a s]vice 9 prose4 ,bele?1 "o ( ! celebrat$ doctors ( ! univ]sity ( ,p>is1 :o fl\ri%$ 9 #aahb1 speaks ( ! fea/ ( fools z 9 exi/5ce 9 8 "t2 & ! acts ( ! c\ncil ( ,p>is1 held 9 #abab1 =bid ! pres5ce ( ar*bi%ops & bi%ops1 & m especially ( monks & nuns1 at ! fea/s ( fools1 9 :i* a /aff 0 c>ri$4#gj ,we "k ! proce$+s ( ?is latt] fe/ival r m9utely f ! acc\nts giv5 9 ! ecclesia/ical c5sures4 ,x 0 9 ! ca!dral *ur*es t !y elect$ ! ar*bi%op or bi%op ( fools1 ^: election 0 confirm$1 & he 0 consecrat$1 ) a multitude ( buffoon]ies4 ,he !n ent]$ ^u 8 pontifical duties we>+ ! mitre & c>ry+ ! crosi] be=e ! p1 on :om he be/[$ 8 solemn b5$iction4 ,9 ! exempt *ur*es1 or ^? :i* dep5d$ imm$iately ^u ! ,holy ,see1 !y elect$ a pope ( fools 7unum papam fatuorum71 :o wore simil>ly ! ensigns ( ! papacy4 ,^! dignit>ies 7 assi/$ by an equally burlesque & lic5ti\s cl]gy1 :o utt]$ & p]=m$ a mixture ( follies & impieties dur+ ! *ur* s]vice ( ! day1 :i* !y att5d$ 9 disguises & masqu]ade dresses4 ,"s wore masks1 or _h _! faces pa9t$1 & o!rs 7 dress$ 9 wom5's clo?+1 or 9 ridicul\s co/umes4 ,on ent]+ ! *oir1 !y danc$ & sang lic5ti\s songs4 ,! deacons & sub-deacons ate black pudd+s & sausages on ! alt> :ile ! prie/ 0 celebrat+2 o!rs play$ at c>ds or dice "u 8 eyes2 & o!rs ?rew bits ( old lea!r into ! c5s] 9 ord] to raise a disagreeable smell4 ,aft] ! mass 0 end$1 ! p broke out into all sorts ( riot\s behavi\r 9 ! *ur*1 leap+1 danc+1 & exhibit+ !mselves 9 indec5t po/ures1 & "s w5t z f> z to /rip !mselves nak$1 & 9 ?is condition !y 7 drawn ?r\gh ! /reets ) tubs full ( ordure & fil?1 :i* !y ?rew ab\t at ! mob4 ,e n[ & !n !y halt$1 :5 !y exhibit$ immode/ po/ures & actions1 accompani$ ) songs & spee*es ( ! same "*4 ,_m ( ! laity took "p 9 ! procession1 dress$ z monks & nuns4 ,^! disord]s seem to h be5 c>ri$ to _! greate/ degree ( extravagance dur+ ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies4#ga #gj ,a fe/is follorum ubi baculus accipitur omn9o ab/9eatur4444 ,idem =tius mona*is et monialibus prohibemus4 #ga ,on ! subject ( all ^! burlesques & popul> fea/s & c]emonies1 ! read] may consult ,flgel's ,ges*i*te des ,grotesk-,komis*51 ( :i* a new & enl>g$ edition has rec5tly be5 giv5 by ,dr4 ,fri$ri* ,w4 ,ebel+1 #hvo41 ,leipzig1 #ahfb4 ,mu* int]e/+ in=mation on ! subject 0 collect$ by ,du ,tilliot1 9 8 ,memoires p\r s]vir l',hi/oire de la ,fte des ,f\s1 #hvo41 ,lausanne1 #agea4 ,see also ,rigollot1 9 ! "w quot$ above1 & a popul> article on ! same subject w be f\nd 9 my ,ar*ological ,album4 ,t[>ds ! fifte5? c5tury1 lay societies1 hav+ app>5tly no connection ) ! cl]gy or ! *ur*1 b ( j ! same burlesque "*1 arose 9 ,france4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ ( ^! 0 =m$ by ! cl]ks ( ! ,bazo*e1 or lawy]s' cl]ks ( ! ,palais de ,ju/ice 9 ,p>is1 ^: presid5t 0 a sort ( k+ ( misrule4 ,! o!r pr9cipal society ( ?is k9d 9 ,p>is took ! r mir?ful "n ( ,enfans sans ,s\ci 7,c>eless ,boys72 x consi/$ ( "y m5 ( education1 :o gave to _! presid5t or *iefta9 ! title ( ,pr9ce des ,sots 7! ,pr9ce ( ,fools74 ,bo? ^! societies compos$ & p]=m$ f>ces1 & o!r small dramatic pieces4 ,^! f>ces 7 satires on contempor>y society1 & appe> to h be5 (t5 v p]sonal4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #abi4 ,money ( ! ,ar*bi%op ( ! ,innoc5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #acj4 ,money ( ! ,pope ( ,fools4 ,almo/ ! only monum5ts ( ! old] ( ^! societies consi/ ( co9s1 or tok5s1 /ruck 9 lead1 & sometimes commemorat+ ! names ( _! mock dignit>ies4 ,a consid]able numb] ( ^! h be5 f\nd 9 ,france1 & an acc\nt ( !m1 ) engrav+s1 0 publi%$ by ,dr4 ,rigollot "s ye>s ago4#gb ,our cut ,no4 #abi w s]ve z an example4 ,x repres5ts a lead5 tok5 ( ! ,ar*bi%op ( ! ,innoc5ts ( ! p>i% ( ,/4 ,firm91 at ,ami5s1 & is curi\s z be>+ a date4 ,on "o side ! ar*bi%op ( ! ,innoc5ts is repres5t$ 9 ! act ( giv+ 8 bless+ to 8 flock1 surr\nd$ by ! inscription1 ,,moneta ,,ar*iepi ,,scti ,,firm9i4 ,on ! o!r side we h ! "n ( ! individual :o t ye> held ! (fice ( ar*bi%op1 ,,nicolavs ,,gavdram ,,ar*iepvs #aebj1 surr\nd+ a gr\p consi/+ ( two m51 "o ( :om is dress$ z a fool1 hold+ betwe5 !m a bird1 :i* has some:at ! appe>ance ( a magpie4 ,our cut ,no4 #acj is /ill m curi\s2 x is a tok5 ( ! pope ( fools4 ,on "o side appe>s ! pope ) 8 ti>a & d\ble cross1 & a fool 9 full co/ume1 :o approa*es 8 bauble to ! pontifical cross4 ,x is c]ta9ly a bitt] c>icature on ! papacy1 :e!r t 7 ! int5tion or n4 ,two p]sons beh9d1 dress$ app>5tly 9 s*ola/ic co/ume1 seem to be m]ely spectators4 ,! inscription is1 ,,moneta ,,nova ,,adriani ,,/vltorv ,m ,,pape 7! la/ ,e be+ 9 ! field ( ! piece71 new money ( ,adrian1 ! pope ( fools4 ,! inscription on ! o!r side ( ! tok5 is "o frequ5tly repeat$ on ^! lead5 m$als1 ,,/vltorv ,m ,,inf9itvs ,,e/ ,,nvm]vs1 ! numb] ( fools is inf9ite4 ,9 ! field we see ,"m ,folly hold+ up h] bauble1 & be=e h] a grotesque figure 9 a c>d9al's hat1 app>5tly kneel+ to h]4 ,x is r surpris+ t we f9d s few allusions to ^! burlesque societies 9 ! v>i\s classes ( pictorial records f :i* ! subject ( ^! *apt]s has be5 illu/rat$2 b we h evid5ce t !y 7 n altoge!r ov]look$4 ,until ! latt] end ( ! la/ c5tury1 ! mis]]es ( ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,spire1 at ,corbeil1 ne> ,p>is1 7 rem>kable = ! s+ul> c>v+s ) :i* !y 7 decorat$1 & :i* h s9ce be5 de/roy$1 b =tunately !y 7 engrav$ by ,mill94 ,"o ( !m1 copi$ 9 our cut ,no4 #aca1 evid5tly repres5ts ! bi%op ( fools conf]r+ 8 bless+2 ! fool's bauble occupies ! place ( ! pa/oral /aff4 #gb ,monnaies inconnues des ,evques des ,innoc5s1 des ,f\s1 c41 ,p>is1 #ahcg4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aca4 ,! ,bi%op ( ,fools4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,dance ,,( ,,dea?4--,,! ,,pa9t+s ,,9 ,,! ,,*ur* ,,( ,,la ,,*aise ,,dieu4--,,! ,,reign ,,( ,,folly4--,,seba/ian ,,br&t2 ,,! ,,%ip ,,( ,,fools4--,,di/urb]s ,,( ,,*ur* ,,s]vice4--,,tr\blesome ,,begg>s4--,,geil]',s ,,s]mons4--,,badius1 ,,& ,,8 ,,%ip ,,( ,,fooli% ,,wom54--,,! ,,pleasures ,,( ,,smell4--,,erasmus2 ,,! ,,praise ,,( ,,folly4 ,!re is /ill "o cycle ( satire :i* almo/ belongs to ! middle ages1 ?\gh x only became develop$ at _! close1 & became mo/ popul> aft] !y 7 pa/4 ,!re exi/$1 at lea/ z e>ly z ! beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 a leg5d>y /ory ( an int]view betwe5 ?ree liv+ & ?ree dead m51 :i* is usually told 9 ,fr5* v]se1 & appe>s "u ! title ( ,des trois vifs et des trois morts4 ,accord+ to "s v]sions ( ! leg5d1 x 0 ,/4 ,mac>ius1 ! ,egyptian recluse1 :o ?us introduc$ ! liv+ to ! dead4 ,! v]ses are sometimes accompani$ ) figures1 & ^! h be5 f\nd bo? sculptur$ & pa9t$ on ecclesia/ical build+s4 ,at a lat] p]iod1 app>5tly e>ly 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 "s "o ext5d$ ?is idea to all ranks ( society1 & pictur$ a skeleton1 ! emblem ( dea?1 or ev5 m ?an "o1 9 communication ) an individual ( ea* class2 & ?is ext5d$ sc5e1 f ! mann] ( ! gr\p+--9 :i* ! dead appe>$ to be wildly danc+ (f ) ! liv+--became kn[n z ! ,dance ( ,dea?4 ,z ! e>li] leg5d ( ! ?ree dead & ! ?ree liv+ 01 h[ev]1 /ill (t5 introduc$ at ! beg9n+ ( x1 ! :ole gr\p 0 mo/ g5]ally kn[n--especially dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury--z ! ,danse ,macabre1 or ,dance ( ,macabre1 ?is "n be+ consid]$ z a m]e corruption ( ,mac>ius4 ,! temp] ( ! age--9 :i* dea? 9 e =m 0 con/antly be=e ! eyes ( all1 & 9 :i* p s\ght to reg>d life z a m]e transitory mom5t ( enjoym5t--gave to ?is grim idea ( ! fell[%ip ( dea? & life great popul>ity1 & x 0 n only pa9t$ on ! walls ( *ur*es1 b x 0 susp5d$ 9 tape/ry ar\nd p's *amb]s4 ,sometimes !y ev5 attempt$ to repres5t x 9 masqu]ade1 & we are told t 9 ! mon? ( ,octob]1 #adbd1 ! ,danse ,macabre 0 publicly danc$ by liv+ p 9 ! cemet]y ( ! ,innoc5ts1 9 ,p>is--a fit place = s lugubri\s a p]=mance--9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,duke ( ,b$=d & ! ,duke ( ,burgundy1 :o came to ,p>is aft] ! battle ( ,v]neuil4 ,dur+ ! re/ ( ! c5tury we f9d n unfrequ5tly allusions to ! ,danse ,macabre4 ,! ,engli% poet ,lydgate wrote a s]ies ( /anzas to accompany ! figures1 & x 0 ! subject ( "s ( ! e>lie/ engrav+s on wood4 ,9 ! po/ure & accompanim5ts ( ! figures repres5t+ ! diff]5t classes ( society1 & 9 ! great] or less reluctance ) :i* ! liv+ accept _! n v attractive p>tn]s1 satire is usually impli$1 & x is 9 "s cases accompani$ ) droll]y4 ,! figure repres5t+ dea? has almo/ always a grimly mir?ful c\nt5ance1 & appe>s to be danc+ ) good w4 ,! mo/ rem>kable e>ly repres5tation ( ! ,danse ,macabre n[ pres]v$1 is t pa9t$ on ! wall ( ! *ur* ( ,la ,*aise ,dieu1 9 ,auv]gne1 a beautiful fac-simile ( :i* 0 publi%$ a few ye>s ago by ! well-kn[n antiqu>y ,m4 ,jub9al4 ,?is rem>kable picture beg9s ) ! figures ( ,adam & ,eve1 :o are introduc+ dea? into ! _w 9 ! =m ( a s]p5t ) a dea?'s head4 ,! dance is op5$ by an ecclesia/ic prea*+ f a pulpit1 t[>ds :om dea? is lead+ fir/ 9 ! dance ! pope1 = ea* individual takes 8 prec$5ce /rictly accord+ to 8 class--alt]nately an ecclesia/ic & a layman4 ,?us next aft] ! pope comes ! emp]or1 & ! c>d9al is foll[$ by ! k+4 ,! b>on is foll[$ by ! bi%op1 & ! grim p>tn] ( ! latt] appe>s to pay m int5tion to ! layman ?an to 8 own prie/1 s t two dead m5 appe> to h ! =m] 9 *>ge4 ,! gr\p ?us repres5t$ by ! nobleman & ! two dea?s1 is copi$ 9 our cut ,no4 #acb1 & w s]ve z an example ( ! /yle & gr\p+ ( ?is rem>kable pa9t+4 ,aft] a few o!r figures1 p]haps less /rik+1 we come to ! m]*ant1 :o receives ! advances ( 8 p>tn] ) a ?\ghtful air2 :ile imm$iately aft] him ano!r dea? is try+ to make himself m acceptable to ! ba%ful nun by ?r[+ a cloak ov] 8 nak$ness4 ,9 ano!r place two dea?s arm$ ) b[s & arr[s are scatt]+ _! %afts r dang]\sly4 ,soon foll[ "s ( ! m gay & y\?ful memb]s ( society4 ,our cut ,no4 #acc repres5ts ! musician1 :o appe>s also to attract ! att5tions ( two ( ! p]secutors4 ,9 8 dismay he is tread+ "u foot 8 own viol4 ,! dance closes ) ! l[] ord]s ( society1 & is conclud$ by a gr\p :i* is n s easily und]/ood4 ,be=e ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 !re _h appe>$ 9 ,p>is sev]al editions ( a s]ies ( bold engrav+s on wood1 9 a small folio size1 repres5t+ ! same dance1 ?\gh some:at diff]5tly treat$4 ,france1 inde$1 appe>s to h be5 ! native c\ntry ( ! ,danse ,macabre4 ,b 9 ! c5tury foll[+ ! beautiful set ( draw+s by ! great arti/ ,hans ,holbe91 fir/ publi%$ at ,lyons 9 #aech1 gave to ! ,dance ( ,dea? a /ill great] & wid] celebrity4 ,f ?is "t ! subjects ( ?is dance 7 commonly introduc$ 9 initial lett]s1 & 9 ! engrav$ bord]s ( pages1 especially 9 books ( a religi\s "*4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #acb4 ,! ,knight 9 ! ,dance ( ,dea?4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #acc4 ,! ,musician 9 ,dea?'s ,h&s4 ,dea? may truly be said to h %>$ ) ,folly t melan*oly p]iod--! fifte5? c5tury4 ,z society !n pres5t$ itself to ! eye1 p might easily suppose t ! _w 0 runn+ mad1 & folly1 9 "o %ape or o!r1 seem$ to be ! pr9ciple :i* rul$ mo/ m5's actions4 ,! jocul> societies1 describ$ 9 my la/ *apt]1 :i* multipli$ 9 ,france dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury1 initiat$ a sort ( mock wor%ip ( ,folly4 ,t sort ( inauguration ( dea? :i* 0 p]=m$ 9 ! ,danse ,macabre1 0 ( ,fr5* gr[?1 b ! gr& crusade aga9/ folly appe>s to h orig9at$ 9 ,g]many4 ,seba/ian ,br&t 0 a native ( ,/rasburg1 born 9 #adeh4 ,he /udi$ 9 t city & 9 ,ble1 became a celebrat$ pr(essor 9 bo? ^? places1 & di$ at ! =m] 9 #aebj4 ,! ,%ip ( ,fools1 :i* has immortalis$ ! "n ( ,seba/ian ,br&t1 is believ$ to h be5 fir/ publi%$ 9 ! ye> #adid4 ,! orig9al ,g]man text w5t ?r\gh num]\s editions )9 a few ye>s2 a ,lat9 translation 0 equally popul>1 & x 0 aft]w>ds edit$ & enl>g$ by ,jodocus ,badius ,asc5sius4 ,a ,fr5* text 0 no less successful2 an ,engli% translation 0 pr9t$ by ,ri*>d ,pynson 9 #aeji2 a ,dut* v]sion appe>$ 9 #aeai4 ,dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury1 ,br&t's ,%ip ( ,fools 0 ! mo/ popul> ( books4 ,x consi/s ( a s]ies ( bold woodcuts1 :i* =m its *>act]i/ic feature1 & ( metrical explanations1 writt5 by ,br&t1 & annex$ to ea* cut4 ,tak+ 8 text f ! words ( ! prea*]1 ,/ultorum num]us e/ inf9itus1 ,br&t exposes to ! eye1 9 all its %ades & =ms1 ! folly ( 8 contempor>ies1 & b>es to view its roots & causes4 ,! cuts are especially int]e/+ z /rik+ pictures ( contempor>y mann]s4 ,! ,%ip ( ,fools is ! great %ip ( ! _w1 into :i* ! v>i\s descriptions ( fatuity are p\r+ f all qu>t]s 9 boat-loads4 ,! fir/ folly is t ( m5 :o collect$ great quantities ( books1 n = _! utility1 b = _! r>ity1 or beauty ( execution1 or ri* b9d+s1 s t we see t bibliomania _h already tak5 its place among human vanities4 ,! second class ( fools 7 int]e/$ & p>tial judges1 :o sold ju/ice = money1 & are repres5t$ "u ! emblem ( two fools ?r[+ a bo> into a caldron1 accord+ to ! old ,lat9 prov]b1 ,ag]e aprum 9 lebetem4 ,!n come ! v>i\s follies ( mis]s1 fops1 dot>ds1 m5 :o are fooli%ly indulg5t to _! *ildr51 mis*ief-mak]s1 & despis]s ( good advice2 ( nobles & m5 9 p[]2 ( ! pr(ane & ! improvid5t2 ( fooli% lov]s2 ( extravagant eat]s & dr9k]s1 c41 c4 ,fooli% talk+1 hypocrisy1 frivol\s pursuits1 ecclesia/ical corruptions1 impudicity1 & a great numb] ( o!r vices z well z follies1 are duly pass$ 9 review1 & are repres5t$ 9 v>i\s =ms ( satirical c>icature1 & sometimes 9 simpl] unadorn$ pictures4 ,?us ! fooli% valu]s ( ?+s are repres5t$ by a fool hold+ a balance1 "o scale ( :i* conta9s ! sun1 moon1 & />s1 to repres5t heav5 & heav5ly ?+s1 & ! o!r a ca/le & fields1 to repres5t e>?ly ?+s1 ! latt] scale ov]weigh+ ! o!r2 & ! procra/9ator is pictur$ by ano!r fool1 ) a p>rot p]*$ on 8 head1 & a magpie on ea* h&1 all repeat+ cras1 cras1 cras 7to-morr[74 ,our cut ,no4 #acd repres5ts a gr\p ( di/urb]s ( *ur* s]vice4 ,x 0 a common practice 9 =m] days to take to *ur* hawks 7:i* 7 con/antly c>ri$ ab\t z ! outw>d ensign ( ! g5tleman7 & dogs4 ,! fool has "h ?r[n back 8 fool's-cap to exhibit m fully ! fa%ionable g5t ( ! day2 he c>ries 8 hawk on 8 h&1 & we>s n only a fa%ionable pair ( %oes1 b v fa%ionable clogs also4 ,^! g5tlem5 la mode1 turg5tes g5]e et natalibus altis1 we are told1 7 ! p]sons :o di/urb$ ! *ur* s]vice by ! creak+ ( _! %oes & clogs1 ! noise made by _! birds1 ! b>k+ & qu>rell+ ( _! dogs1 by _! own :isp]+s1 & especially ) immode/ wom51 :om !y met 9 *ur* z 9 a conv5i5t place ( assignation4 ,all ^! =ms ( ! (f5ce are express$ 9 ! picture4 ,our second example cut ,no4 #ace1 :i* =ms ! fifty-n9? title or subject 9 ! ,%ip ( ,fools1 repres5ts a p>ty ( ! begg>s ) :i*1 ei!r lay or ecclesia/ical1 ! c\ntry 0 !n ov]run4 ,9 ! explanation1 ^! wick$ begg>s are describ$ z indulg+ 9 idl5ess1 9 eat+1 dr9k+1 riot+1 & sleep1 :ile !y levy contributions on ! *>itable feel+s ( ! hone/ & indu/ri\s1 &1 "u cov] ( begg+1 commit robb]y :]ev] !y f9d ! opportunity4 ,! begg>1 :o appe>s to be only a deceptive cripple1 leads 8 donkey lad5 ) *ildr51 :om he is br++ up 9 ! same pr(ession1 :ile 8 wife l+]s beh9d to indulge 9 h] bibul\s prop5sities4 ,^! cuts w give a tol]able notion ( ! g5]al "* ( ! :ole1 :i* am\nt 9 numb] to a hundr$ & twelve1 & !re=e pres5t a great v>iety ( subjects relative to almo/ e class & pr(ession ( life4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #acd4 ,di/urb]s ( ,*ur* ,s]vice4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ace4 ,m5dicants on _! ,travels4 ,we may rem>k1 h[ev]1 t aft] ,folly _h ?us run ?r\gh all ! /ages ( society1 until x _h rea*$ ! l[e/ ( all1 ! ranks ( m5dicity1 ! gods !mselves became al>m$1 ! m s z ?is great movem5t 0 direct$ especially aga9/ ,m9]va1 ! goddess ( wisdom1 & !y held a conclave to provide aga9/ x4 ,! result is n told1 b ! c\rse ( ,folly goes on z vigor\sly z ev]4 ,ignorant fools :o set up = physicians1 fools :o _c und]/& jokes1 unwise ma!maticians1 a/rolog]s1 ( ! latt] ( :i* ! moralis] says1 9 8 ,lat9 v]se-- ,siqua voles sortis prnosc]e damna futur1 ,et vit>e malum1 sol tibi signa dabit4 ,s$ tibi1 /ulte1 tui cur non d$it ille furoris ,signa8 aut1 si d$]it1 cur tanta mala subis8 ,nondum grammatic callis primordia1 et audes ,vim cli radio supposuisse tuo4 ,! next cut is a v curi\s "o1 & appe>s to repres5t a dissect+-h\se ( ?is e>ly p]iod4 ,among o!r *apt]s :i* af=d int]e/+ pictures ( t "t1 & inde$ ( all times1 we may in/ance ^? ( litigi\s fools1 :o are always go+ to law1 & :o conf\nd bl9d ju/ice1 or r try to unb9d h] eyes2 ( fil?y-tongu$ fools1 :o glorify ! race ( sw9e2 ( ignorant s*ol>s2 ( gambl]s2 ( bad & ?ievi% cooks2 ( l[ m5 :o seek to be high1 & ( high :o are despis]s ( pov]ty2 ( m5 :o =get t !y w die2 ( irreligi\s m5 & blasphem]s2 ( ! ridicul\s indulg5ce ( p>5ts to *ildr51 & ! ungrateful return :i* 0 made to !m = x2 & ( wom5's pride4 ,ano!r title describes ! ru9 ( ,*ri/ianity3 ! pope1 emp]or1 k+1 c>d9als1 c41 are receiv+ will+ly f a suppliant fool ! cap ( ,folly1 :ile two o!r fools are look+ d]isively ^u !m f an adjo9+ wall4 ,x ne$ h>dly be said t ?is 0 publi%$ on ! eve ( ! ,re=mation4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! popul>ity :i* greet$ ! appe>ance ( ! "w ( ,seba/ian ,br&t1 x attract$ ! special att5tion ( a celebrat$ prea*] ( ! "t nam$ ,johann ,geil]4 ,geil] 0 born at ,s*affhaus51 9 ,switz]l&1 9 #adde1 b hav+ lo/ 8 fa!r :5 only ?ree ye>s ( age1 he 0 educat$ by 8 gr&fa!r1 :o liv$ at ,keys]sb]g1 9 ,alsace1 & h5ce he 0 commonly call$ ,geil] ( ,keys]sb]g4 ,he /udi$ 9 ,freiburg & ,ble1 obta9$ a great reputation = le>n+1 0 e/eem$ a pr(\nd !ologian1 & 0 f9ally settl$ 9 ,/rasburg1 :]e he cont9u$ to %9e z a prea*] until 8 dea? 9 #aeaj4 ,he 0 a bold man1 too1 9 ! cause ( tru?1 & declaim$ ) e>ne/ zeal aga9/ ! corruptions ( ! *ur*1 & especially aga9/ ! monki% ord]s1 = he comp>$ ! black monks to ! devil1 ! :ite monks to 8 dam1 & ! o!rs he said 7 _! *ick5s4 ,on ano!r occasion he said t ! qualities ( a good monk 7 an almighty belly1 an ass's back1 & a rav5's m\?4 ,he told 8 congregation f ! pulpit t a great re=mation 0 at h&1 t he did n expect to live to see x himself1 b t _m ( ^? :o he>d him w\ld live to see x4 ,z may be suppos$1 ! monks hat$ him1 & spoke ( him ) contempt4 ,!y said1 t 9 8 s]mons he took 8 texts1 n f ! ,scriptures1 b f ! ,%ip ( ,fools ( ,seba/ian ,br&t2 &1 9 fact1 dur+ ! ye> #adih1 ,geil] prea*$ at ,/rasburg a s]ies ( s]mons on ! follies ( 8 "t1 :i* 7 evid5tly f\nd$ ^u ,br&t's book1 = ! v>i\s follies 7 tak5 9 ! same ord]4 ,!y 7 orig9ally compil$ 9 ,g]man1 b "o ( ,geil]'s s*ol>s1 ,jacob ,o!r1 translat$ !m into ,lat91 & publi%$ !m1 9 #aeja1 "u ! title ( ,navicula sive ,speculum ,fatuorum pr/antissimi sacr>um lit]>um doctoris ,johannis ,geil]4 ,)9 a few ye>s ?is "w w5t ?r\gh sev]al editions bo? 9 ,lat9 & 9 ,g]man1 "s ( !m illu/rat$ by woodcuts4 ,! /yle ( prea*+ is qua9t & curi\s1 full ( satirical wit1 :i* is (t5 co>se1 accord+ to ! mann] ( ! "t1 sometimes v indelicate4 ,ea* s]mon is head$ by ! motto1 ,/ultorum inf9itus e/ num]us4 ,geil] takes = 8 !me 9 ea* s]mon "o ( ! titles ( ,br&t's ,%ip ( ,fools1 & he sep>ates !m into subdivisions1 or bran*es1 :i* he calls ! bells 7nolas7 f ! fool's-cap4 ,! o!r s*ol> :o did mo/ to spread ! k ( ,br&t's "w1 0 ,jodocus ,badius1 :o assum$ ! additional "n ( ,asc5sius because he 0 born at ,ass51 ne> ,brussels1 9 #adfb4 ,he 0 a v di/+ui%$ s*ol>1 b is be/ kn[n = hav+ e/abli%$ a celebrat$ pr9t+ e/abli%m5t 9 ,p>is1 :]e he di$ 9 #aece4 ,i h already /at$ t ,badius edit$ ! ,lat9 translation ( ! ,%ip ( ,fools ( ,seba/ian ,br&t1 ) additional explanations ( 8 own1 b he 0 "o ( ! fir/ ( ,br&t's imitators4 ,he seems to h ?\ght t ,br&t's book 0 n complete--t ! weak] sex _h n receiv$ its fair %>e ( importance2 & app>5tly 9 #adih1 :ile ,geil] 0 turn+ ! ,/ultif]a ,navis into s]mons1 ,badius compil$ a sort ( supplem5t to x 7additam5tum71 to :i* he gave ! title ( ,/ultif] navicul1 seu ,scaph1 ,fatu>um ,muli]um1 ! ,boats ( ,fooli% ,wom54 ,z f> z c be trac$1 ! fir/ edition appe>s to h be5 pr9t$ 9 #aejb4 ,! fir/ cut repres5ts ! %ip c>ry+ ,eve alone ( ! female race1 ^: folly involv$ ! :ole _w4 ,! book is divid$ into five *apt]s1 accord+ to ! numb] ( ! five s5ses1 ea* s5se repres5t$ by a boat c>ry+ its p>ticul> class ( fooli% wom5 to ! great %ip ( fooli% wom51 :i* lies (f at an*or4 ,! text consi/s ( a diss]tation on ! use & abuse ( ! p>ticul> s5se :i* =ms ! sub/ance ( ! *apt]1 & x ends ) ,lat9 v]ses1 :i* are giv5 z ! boatman's celeusma1 or boat song4 ,! fir/ ( ^! boats is ! scapha /ult visionis ad /ultif]am navem p]v5i5s--! boat ( fooli% see+ proce$+ to ! %ip ( fools4 ,a p>ty ( gay ladies are tak+ possession ( ! boat1 c>ry+ ) !m _! combs1 look+-glasses1 & all o!r implem5ts necess>y = mak+ !m fair to be look$ ^u4 ,! second boat is ! scapha auditionis fatu1 ! boat ( fooli% he>+1 9 :i* ! ladies are play+ ^u musical in/rum5ts4 ,! ?ird is ! scapha olfactionis /ult1 ! boat ( fooli% smell1 & ! pictorial illu/ration to x is p>tly copi$ 9 our cut ,no4 #acf4 ,9 ! orig9al "s ( ! ladies are ga!r+ sweet-smell+ fl[]s be=e !y ent] ! boat1 :ile on bo>d a p$l> is v5d+ 8 p]fume4 ,"o folle femme1 ) h] fool's cap on h] head1 is buy+ a pom&]1 or1 z we %\ld p]haps n[ say1 a sc5t-ball1 f ! it9]ant deal]4 ,figures ( pom&]s are extremely r>e1 & ?is is an int]e/+ example2 9 fact1 x is only rec5tly t our ,%akspe>ian critics really und]/ood ! mean+ ( ! ^w4 ,a pom&] 0 a small globul> vessel1 p]=at$ ) holes1 & fill$ ) /rong p]fumes1 z x is repres5t$ 9 our woodcut4 ,! f\r? ( ^! boats is t ( fooli% ta/+1 scapha gu/ationis fatu1 & ! ladies h _! well-furni%$ table on bo>d ! boat1 & are l>gely indulg+ 9 eat+ & dr9k+4 ,9 ! la/ ( ^! boats1 ! scapha contactionis fatu1 or boat ( fooli% feel+1 ! wom5 h m5 on bo>d1 & are proce$+ to great lib]ties ) !m2 "o ( ! g5tle damsels1 too1 is pick+ ! pocket ( h] male companion 9 a v unlady-l mann]4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #acf4 ,! ,boat ( ,pleasant ,od\rs4 ,two ideas comb9$ 9 ?is peculi> field ( satiric lit]ature1 t ( ! %ip & t ( ! fools1 n[ became popul>1 & gave rise to a ho/ ( imitators4 ,!re appe>$ %ips ( heal?1 %ips ( p5it5ce1 %ips ( all sorts ( ?+s1 on ! "o h&2 & on ! o!r1 folly 0 a fav\rite !me ( satire f _m qu>t]s4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( ! p]sonages involv$ 9 ?is latt] w>f>e1 0 ! great s*ol> ,desid]ius ,erasmus1 ( ,rott]dam1 :o 0 born 9 t city 9 #adfg4 ,l mo/ ( ^! satiri/s1 ,erasmus 0 /rongly imbu$ ) ! _s ( ! ,re=mation1 & he 0 ! acqua9tance & fri5d ( ^? to :om ! ,re=mation ow$ a great "p ( its success4 ,9 #adig1 :5 ! ,%ip ( ,fools ( ,seba/ian ,br&t 0 9 ! fir/ full flu% ( its popul>ity1 ,erasmus came to ,engl&1 & 0 s well receiv$1 t f t "t =w>d 8 lit]>y life seem$ m id5tifi$ ) our isl& ?an ) any o!r c\ntry4 ,8 "n is /ill a sort ( h\sehold ^w 9 our univ]sities1 especially 9 t ( ,cambridge4 ,he made "h ! fri5dly acqua9tance ( ! great ,sir ,?omas ,m1 himself a lov] ( mir?1 & "o ( ^? ^: names are celebrat$ = hav+ kept a c\rt fool4 ,9 ! e>li] ye>s ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ,erasmus visit$ ,italy1 & pass$ two or ?ree ye>s !re4 ,he return$ !nce to ,engl&1 z appe>s1 e>ly 9 ! ye> #aejh4 ,x is n easy to decide :e!r 8 exp]i5ce ( society 9 ,italy _h conv9c$ him m ?an ev] t folly 0 ! presid+ g5ius ( mank9d1 or :at o!r feel+ influ5c$ him1 b "o ( ! fir/ results ( 8 voyage 0 ! 7,mori ,encomium71 or ,praise ( ,folly4 ,erasmus d$icat$ ?is little jocul> treatise to ,sir ,?omas ,m z a sort ( pun ^u 8 "n1 al?\gh he prote/s t !re 0 a great contra/ betwe5 ! two *>act]s4 ,erasmus takes mu* ! same view ( folly z ,br&t1 ,geil]1 ,badius1 & ! o!rs1 & "u ?is "n he writes a bold satire on ! :ole frame ( contempor>y society4 ,! satire is plac$ 9 ! m\? ( ,folly h]self 7! ,mre ,folie ( ! jocul> clubs71 :o deliv]s f h] pulpit a declamation 9 :i* %e sets =? h] qualities & praises4 ,%e boa/s ( ! greatness ( h] orig91 claims z h] k9dr$ ! sophi/s1 rhetoricians1 & _m ( ! pret5ti\s s*ol>s & wise m51 & describes h] bir? & education4 ,%e claims div9e aff9ity1 & boa/s ( h] influ5ce ov] ! _w1 & ( ! b5efic5t mann] 9 :i* x 0 ex]cis$4 ,all ! _w1 %e pret5ds1 0 rul$ "u h] auspices1 & x 0 only 9 h] pres5ce t mank9d 0 really happy4 ,h5ce ! happie/ ages ( man are infancy1 be=e wisdom has come to int]f]e1 & old age1 :5 x has pass$ away4 ,!re=e1 %e says1 if m5 w\ld rema9 fai?ful to h]1 & avoid wisdom altoge!r1 !y w\ld pass a life ( p]petual y\?4 ,9 ?is long disc\rse ( ! influ5ce ( folly1 writt5 by a man ( ! kn[n s5tim5ts ( ,erasmus1 x w\ld be /range if ! ,romi% *ur*1 ) its monks & ignorant prie/hood1 its sa9ts1 & relics1 & miracles1 did n f9d a place4 ,erasmus intimates t ! sup]/iti\s follies _h become p]man5t1 because !y 7 pr(itable4 ,!re are "s1 he tells u1 :o *]i%$ ! fooli% yet pleasant p]suasion1 t if !y fix$ _! eyes dev\tly on a figure ( ,/4 ,*ri/oph]1 c>v$ 9 wood or pa9t$ on ! wall1 !y w\ld be safe f dea? on t day2 ) _m o!r examples ( equal cr$ulity4 ,!n !re are y\r p>dons1 y\r measures ( purgatory1 :i* may be b\ght (f at s mu* ! h\r1 or ! day1 or ! mon?1 & a multitude ( o!r absurdities4 ,ecclesia/ics1 s*ol>s1 ma!maticians1 philosoph]s1 all come 9 = _! %>e ( ! ref9$ satire ( ?is book1 :i*1 l ! ,%ip ( ,fools1 has gone ?r\gh innum]able editions1 & has be5 translat$ into _m languages4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #acg4 ,sup]/ition4 ,9 an e>ly ,fr5* translation1 ! text ( ?is "w ( ,erasmus is embelli%$ ) "s ( ! woodcuts belong+ to ,br&t's ,%ip ( ,fools1 :i*1 x ne$ h>dly be rem>k$1 are altoge!r inappropriate1 b ! ,praise ( ,folly 0 deta9$ to receive illu/rations f a m di/+ui%$ p5cil4 ,a copy ( ! book came into ! h&s ( ,hans ,holbe9--x may possibly h be5 pres5t$ to him by ! au?or--& ,holbe9 took s mu* int]e/ 9 x1 t he amus$ himself ) draw+ illu/rative sket*es ) a p5 9 ! m>g9s4 ,?is book aft]w>ds pass$ into ! libr>y ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ble1 :]e x 0 f\nd 9 ! latt] "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & ^! draw+s h s9ce be5 engrav$ & add$ to mo/ ( ! subsequ5t editions4 ,_m ( ^! sket*es are v slight1 & "s h n a v close connection ) ! text ( ,erasmus1 b !y are all *>act]i/ic1 & %[ ! _s--! _s ( ! age--9 :i* ,holbe9 read 8 au?or4 ,i give two examples ( !m1 tak5 almo/ haphaz>d1 = x w\ld require a long] analysis ( ! book ?an c be giv5 "h to make _m ( !m und]/ood4 ,! fir/ ( ^!1 our cut ,no4 #acg1 repres5ts ! fooli% w>rior1 :o has a sword long en\gh to tru/ to x = def5ce1 b[+ ) trembl+ sup]/ition be=e a pa9t+ ( ,/4 ,*ri/oph] cross+ ! wat] ) ! infant ,*ri/ on 8 %\ld]1 z a m c]ta9 security = 8 safety dur+ t day4 ,! o!r1 our cut ,no4 #ach1 repres5ts ! prea*]1 ,lady ,folly1 desc5d+ f h] pulpit1 aft] %e has conclud$ h] s]mon4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ach4 ,prea*] ,folly end+ h] ,s]mon4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,popul> ,,lit]ature ,,& ,,its ,,h]oes2 ,,bro!r ,,ru%1 ,,tyll ,,eul5spiegel1 ,,! ,,wise ,,m5 ,,( ,,go?am4--,,/ories ,,& ,,je/-,,books4--,,skelton1 ,,scog91 ,,t>lton1 ,,peele4 ,! p 9 ! middle ages1 z well z its sup]iors1 _h its comic lit]ature & leg5d4 ,leg5d 0 ! lit]ature especially ( ! peasant1 & 9 x ! _s ( burlesque & satire manife/$ itself 9 _m ways4 ,simplicity1 comb9$ ) vulg> cunn+1 & ! circum/ances aris+ out ( ! ex]cise ( ^! qualities1 pres5t$ ! greate/ /imulants to popul> mir?4 ,!y produc$ _! popul> h]oes1 :o1 at fir/1 7 mu* m ?an half leg5d>y1 su* z ! famili> _s1 ,rob9 ,goodfell[1 ^: pranks 7 a s\rce ( cont9ual amusem5t r ?an ( t]ror to ! simple m9ds :i* li/5$ to ^? :o told !m4 ,^! /ories excit$ ) /ill great] int]e/ z _! spiritual h]oes became inc>nate1 & ! auditors 7 p]suad$ t ! p]petrators ( s _m artful acts ( cunn+ & ( s _m mis*iev\s practical jokes1 7 b ord9>y m5 l !mselves4 ,x 0 b a sign or symbol ( ! *ange f ! my?ic age to t ( practical life4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ ( ^! /ories ( my?ic com$y trans=m$ into1 or at lea/ pres5t$ "u ! guise (1 humanity1 is t ( ,bro!r ,ru?4 ,al?\gh ! e>lie/ v]sion ( ?is /ory ) :i* we are acqua9t$ dates only f ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1#gc !re is no reason = d\bt t ! /ory itself 0 9 exi/5ce at a mu* m remote p]iod4 #gc ,?is e>lie/ kn[n v]sion is 9 ,g]man v]se1 & 0 pr9t$ 9 #aeae4 ,an ,engli% v]sion1 9 prose1 0 pr9t$ 9 #afbj1 & is repr9t$ 9 ,?oms's ,collection ( ,e>ly ,prose ,romances4 ,ru% 01 9 tru?1 a _s ( d>kness1 ^: mission x 0 to w&] on ! e>? tempt+ & impell+ p to d evil4 ,p]ceiv+ t ! int]nal condition ( a c]ta9 abbey 0 well suit$ to 8 purpose1 he pres5t$ himself at its gates 9 ! disguise ( a y\? :o want$ employm5t1 & 0 receiv$ z an assi/ant 9 ! kit*51 b he pleas$ ! monks be/ by ! skill ) :i* he furni%$ !m all ) fair companions4 ,at l5g? he qu>rell$ ) ! cook1 & ?rew him into ! boil+ caldron1 & ! monks1 assum+ t 8 dea? 0 accid5tal1 appo9t$ ,ru% to be cook 9 8 place4 ,aft] a s]vice ( sev5 ye>s 9 ! kit*5--:i* appe>s to h be5 consid]$ a fair appr5tice%ip = ! new hon\r :i* 0 to be conf]r$ ^u him--! abbot & conv5t rew>d$ him by mak+ him a monk4 ,he n[ foll[$ /ill m e>ne/ly 8 design = ! ru9 ( 8 bre?r51 bo? s\l & body1 & began by rais+ a qu>rel ab\t a woman1 :i* l$1 ?r\gh 8 contrivance1 to a fight1 9 :i* ! monks all suff]$ griev\s bodily injuries1 & 9 :i* ,bro!r ,ru% 0 especially active4 ,he w5t on 9 ?is way until at la/ 8 true "* 0 accid5tally discov]$4 ,a neighb\r+ f>m]1 ov]tak5 by night1 took %elt] 9 a holl[ tree4 ,x happ5$ to be ! night appo9t$ by ,lucif] to meet 8 ag5ts on e>?1 & he> f !m ! report ( _! sev]al proce$+s1 & he _h select$ ?is v oak z ! place ( r5dezv\s4 ,!re ,bro!r ,ru% appe>$1 & ! f>m]1 9 8 hid+-place1 he>d 8 confession f 8 own lips1 & told x to ! abbot1 :o1 be+ z x w\ld appe> a magician1 conjur$ him into ! =m ( a horse1 & bani%$ him4 ,ru% hurri$ away to ,engl&1 :]e he laid aside 8 equ9e =m1 & ent]$ ! body ( ! k+'s daught]1 :o suff]$ great torm5ts f 8 possession4 ,at l5g? "s ( ! great doctors f ,p>is came & oblig$ ! _s to confess t nobody b ! abbot ( ! di/ant mona/]y _h any p[] ov] him4 ,! abbot came1 call$ him out ( ! maid51 & conjur$ him m =cibly ?an ev] into ! =m ( a horse4 ,su* is1 9 m]e outl9e1 ! /ory ( ,bro!r ,ru%1 :i* 0 gradually enl>g$ by ! addition ( new incid5ts4 ,b ! p want$ a h]o :o pres5t$ m ( ! "* ( reality1 :o1 9 fact1 might be recognis$ z "o ( !mselves2 & su* h]oes appe> to h exi/$ at all times4 ,!y usually repres5t$ a class 9 society1 & especially t class :i* consi/$ ( idle %>p]s1 :o liv$ by _! wits1 & :i* 0 m num]\s & m famili>ly kn[n 9 ! middle ages ?an at ! pres5t day4 ,folly & cunn+ comb9$ pres5t$ a nev]-fail+ subject ( mir?4 ,?is class ( adv5tur]s fir/ came into pr9t 9 ,g]many1 & x is !re t we f9d its fir/ popul> h]o1 to :om !y gave ! "n ( ,eul5spiegel1 :i* means lit]ally ! owl's mirror1 & has be5 s9ce us$ 9 ,g]man 9 ! s5se ( a m]ry fool4 ,tyll ,eul5spiegel1 & 8 /ory1 are suppos$ to h belong$ to ! f\rte5? c5tury1 ?\gh we fir/ "k !m 9 ! pr9t$ book ( ! comm5cem5t ( ! sixte5?1 :i* is believ$ to h come f ! p5 ( ! well-kn[n popul> writ]1 ,?omas ,murn]1 ( :om ,i %all h to speak m at l5g? 9 ano!r *apt]4 ,! popul>ity ( ?is "w 0 v great1 & x 0 quickly translat$ into ,fr5*1 ,engli%1 ,lat91 & almo/ e o!r language ( ,we/]n ,europe4 ,9 ! ,engli% v]sion ! "n also 0 translat$1 & appe>s "u ! =m ( ,owleglass1 or1 z x (t5 occurs ) ! sup]flu\s aspirate1 ,h[leglass4#gd ,accord+ to ! /ory1 ,tyll ,eul5spiegel 0 ! son ( a peasant1 & 0 born at a village call$ ,kneitl+51 9 ! l& ( ,brunswick4 ,! /ory ( 8 bir? may be giv5 9 ! words ( ! e>ly ,engli% v]sion1 z a specim5 ( its qua9t & antiquat$ language3-- ,yn ! l&e ( ,sass51 9 ! vyllage ( ,ruelnige1 !re dwelle? a man t 0 nam$ ,ni*olas ,h[leglas1 t _h a wife nam$ ,wypeke1 t lay a *ildb$ 9 ! same wyllage1 & t *ylde 0 borne to *ri/5+2 & nam$ ,tyell ,h[leglass4 ,& ?an ! *yld 0 br\ght into a tav]ne1 :]e ! fa!r 0 wy? 8 gosseppes & made good *]e4 ,:an ! mydwife _h wel dronke1 %e toke ! *ilde to b]e x home1 & 9 ! wai 0 a litle bridg ov] a muddy wat]4 ,& z ! mydwife w\ld h gone ov] ! lytle brydge1 %e fel into ! mudde ) ! *ylde1 = %e _h a lytel dronk to mu* wyne1 = _h n helpe come quickly1 ! _h bo? be dr[n$ 9 ! mudde4 ,& :an %e came home ) ! *ilde1 ! made a kettle ( w>m wat] to be made r$i1 & !r9 !y wa%$ ! *ild cl5 ( ! mudde4 ,& ?us 0 ,h[leglas ?re tymes 9 "o dai cri/5$1 once at ! *ur*e1 once 9 ! mudde1 & once 9 ! w>m wat]4 #gd ,! title ( ?is ,engli% translation is1 ,"h beg9neht a m]ye ,je/ ( a man t 0 call$ ,h[leglas1 & ( _m m>veyl\s ?+es & je/es t he dyd 9 8 lyfe1 9 ,ea/l&e1 & 9 _m o!r places4 ,x 0 pr9t$ by ,copl&e1 suppos$ ab\t #aebj4 ,an edition ( ,eul5spiegel 9 ,engli%1 by ,mr4 ,k5ne? ,mack5zie1 has rec5tly be5 publi%$ by ,messrs4 ,trbn] ,co41 ( ,pat]no/] ,r[4 ,x w be se5 t ! ,engli% translator 0 n v correct 9 8 geography or 9 8 names4 ,! *ild1 hav+ ?us escap$ de/ruction1 grew rapidly1 & display$ an extraord9>y love ( mis*ief1 ) v>i\s o!r evil prop5sities1 z well z a cunn+ beyond 8 age1 9 escap+ ! risks to :i* ^! expos$ him4 ,at a v e>ly age1 he display$ a rem>kable tal5t = sett+ ! o!r *ildr5 by ! e>s1 & ?is 0 8 fav\rite amusem5t dur+ life4 ,8 "m1 :o 0 n[ a wid[1 contemplat+ ! extraord9>y cunn+ ( h] *ild1 :i*1 z %e ?\ght1 mu/ necess>ily ensure 8 advancem5t 9 ! _w1 resolv$ t he %\ld no long] rema9 idle1 & put him appr5tice to a bak]2 b 8 wick$ & re/less disposition defeat$ all ! good int5tions ( 8 p>5t1 & ,eul5spiegel 0 oblig$ to leave 8 ma/] 9 consequ5ce ( 8 mal-practices4 ,"o day 8 "m took him to a *ur*-d$ication1 & ! *ild drank s mu* at ! fea/ on t occasion1 t he crept into an empty beehive & fell asleep1 :ile 8 "m1 ?9k+ he _h gone home1 return$ )\t him4 ,9 ! night-"t two ?ieves came into ! g>d5 to /eal ! bees1 & !y agre$ to take fir/ ! hive :i* 0 heavie/4 ,?is1 z may be suppos$1 prov$ to be ! hive 9 :i* ,eul5spiegel 0 hidd51 & !y fix$ x on a pole :i* !y c>ri$ on _! %\ld]s1 "o be=e & "o beh9d1 ! hive hang+ betwe5 !m4 ,eul5spiegel1 awak5$ by ! movem5t1 soon discov]$ ! position 9 :i* he 0 plac$1 & hit ^u a plan = escap+4 ,g5tly lift+ ! lid ( ! hive1 he put out 8 arm & pluck$ ! hair ( ! man be=e1 :o turn$ ab\t & accus$ 8 companion ( insult+ him4 ,! o!r ass]t$ t he _h n t\*$ him1 & ! fir/1 only half satisfi$1 cont9u$ to be> 8 %>e ( ! bur!n1 b he _h n advanc$ _m /eps :5 a /ill %>p] pull at 8 hair excit$ 8 great ang]1 & f wra?ful words ! two ?ieves proce$$ to bl[s4 ,:ile !y 7 fight+1 ,eul5spiegel crept out ( ! hive & ran away4 ,aft] leav+ ! bak]1 ,eul5spiegel became a w&]] 9 ! _w1 ga9+ 8 liv+ by 8 trick]y & deception1 & engag+ himself 9 all sorts ( /range & ludicr\s adv5tures4 ,he end$ ev]y:]e by creat+ discord & /rife4 ,he became at diff]5t times a blacksmi?1 a %oemak]1 a tailor1 a cook1 a draw] ( tee?1 & assum$ a v>iety ( o!r *>act]s1 b rema9$ 9 ea* situation only long en\gh to make x too hot = him1 & to be oblig$ to secure 8 retreat4 ,he intrud$ himself into all classes ( society1 & inv>iably came to simil> results4 ,_m ( 8 adv5tures1 inde$1 are s droll t we c easily und]/& ! great popul>ity !y once enjoy$4 ,b !y are n m]ely amus+--!y pres5t a cont9u\s satire ^u contempor>y society1 ^u a social condition 9 :i* e pret5d]1 e reckless impo/or1 e private plund]] or public depr$ator1 saw ! _w expos$ to him 9 its folly & cr$ulity z an easy prey4 ,! middle ages possess$ ano!r class ( ^! popul> satirical hi/ories1 :i* 7 atta*$ to places r ?an to p]sons4 ,!re 7 few c\ntries :i* did n possess a t[n or a di/rict1 ! inhabitants ( :i* 7 celebrat$ = /upidity1 or = rogu]y1 or = "s o!r ridicul\s or contemptible quality4 ,we h se51 9 a =m] *apt]1 ! p ( ,norfolk enjoy+ ?is peculi>ity1 &1 at a lat] p]iod1 ! inhabitants ( ,pev5sey 9 ,sussex1 & m especially ^? ( ,go?am 9 ,nott+ham%ire1 7 simil>ly di/+ui%$4 ,! inhabitants ( _m places 9 ,g]many bore ?is "*1 b _! gr& repres5tatives among ! ,g]mans 7 ! ,s*ildburg]s1 a "n :i* appe>s to belong entirely to ! doma9 ( fable4 ,s*ildburg1 we are told1 0 a t[n 9 ,misnopotamia1 beyond ,utopia1 9 ! k+dom ( ,calecut4 ,! ,s*ildburg]s 7 orig9ally s r5[n$ = _! wisdom1 t !y 7 cont9ually invit$ into =eign c\ntries to give _! advice1 until at l5g? n a man 0 left at home1 & _! wives 7 oblig$ to assume ! *>ge ( ! duties ( _! husb&s4 ,?is became at l5g? s on]\s1 t ! wives held a c\ncil1 & resolv$ on despat*+ a solemn message 9 writ+ to call ! m5 home4 ,?is _h ! desir$ effect2 all ! ,s*ildburg]s return$ to _! own t[n1 & 7 s joyfully receiv$ by _! wives t !y resolv$ ^u leav+ x no m4 ,!y accord+ly held a c\ncil1 & x 0 decid$ t1 hav+ exp]i5c$ ! great inconv5i5ce ( a reputation ( wisdom1 !y w\ld avoid x 9 future by assum+ ! "* ( fools4 ,"o ( ! fir/ evil results ( _! long neglect ( home affairs 0 ! want ( a c\ncil-hall1 & ?is want !y n[ resolv$ to supply )\t delay4 ,!y accord+ly w5t to ! hills & woods1 cut d[n ! timb]1 dragg$ x ) great lab\r to ! t[n1 & 9 due "t complet$ ! erection ( a h&some & sub/antial build+4 ,b1 :5 !y ent]$ _! new c\ncil-hall1 :at 0 _! con/]nation to f9d !mselves 9 p]fect d>kness6 ,9 fact1 !y _h =gott5 to make any w9d[s4 ,ano!r c\ncil 0 held1 & "o :o _h be5 among ! wise/ 9 ! days ( _! wisdom1 gave 8 op9ion v oracul>ly2 ! result ( :i* 0 t !y %\ld exp]im5t on e possible exp$i5t = introduc+ light into ! hall1 & t !y %\ld fir/ try t :i* seem$ mo/ likely to succe$4 ,!y _h obs]v$ t ! light ( day 0 caus$ by sun%9e1 & ! plan propos$ 0 to meet at mid-day :5 ! sun 0 brighte/1 & fill sacks1 hamp]s1 jugs1 & vessels ( all k9ds1 ) sun%9e & daylight1 :i* !y propos$ aft]w>ds to empty into ! un=tunate c\ncil-hall4 ,next day1 z ! clock /ruck "o1 y might see a cr[d ( ,s*ildburg]s be=e ! c\ncil-h\se door1 busily employ$1 "s hold+ ! sacks op51 & o!rs ?r[+ ! light into !m ) %ovels & any o!r appropriate implem5ts :i* came to h&4 ,:ile !y 7 ?us lab\r+1 a /rang] came into ! t[n ( ,s*ildburg1 &1 he>+ :at !y 7 ab\t1 told !m !y 7 lab\r+ to no purpose1 & (f]$ to %[ !m h[ to get ! daylight into ! hall4 ,x is unnecess>y to say m ?an t ?is new plan 0 to make an op5+ 9 ! ro(1 & t ! ,s*ildburg]s witness$ ! effect ) a/oni%m5t1 & 7 l\d 9 _! gratitude to _! new com]4 ,! ,s*ildburg]s met ) fur!r difficulties be=e !y complet$ _! c\ncil-hall4 ,!y s[$ a field ) salt1 & :5 ! salt-plant grew up next ye>1 aft] a meet+ ( ! c\ncil1 at :i* x 0 /iffly disput$ :e!r x ought to be reap$1 or m[$1 or ga!r$ 9 9 "s o!r mann]1 x 0 f9ally discov]$ t ! crop consi/$ ( no?+ b nettles4 ,aft] _m accid5ts ( ?is k9d1 ! ,s*ildburg]s are notic$ by ! emp]or1 & obta9 a *>t] ( incorporation & fre$om1 b !y pr(it little by x4 ,9 try+ "s exp]im5ts to cat* mice1 !y set fire to _! h\ses1 & ! :ole t[n is burnt to ! gr\nd1 ^u :i*1 9 _! sorr[1 !y ab&on x altoge!r1 & become1 l ! ,jews ( old1 scatt]$ ov] ! _w1 c>ry+ _! own folly into e c\ntry !y visit4 ,! e>lie/ kn[n edition ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,s*ildburg]s 0 pr9t$ 9 #aeig1ge b ! /ory itself is no d\bt old]4 ,x w be se5 at once t x involves a satire ^u ! municipal t[ns ( ! middle ages4 ,a simil> s]ies ( adv5tures1 only a little m cl]ical1 bore ! title ( ,d] ,pf>rh]rn vom ,kal5b]g1 or ! ,p>son ( ,kal5b]g1 & 0 fir/1 z f> z we "k1 publi%$ 9 ! latt] half ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! fir/ kn[n edition1 pr9t$ 9 #aehb1 is 9 prose4 ,von d] ,hag51 :o repr9t$ a subsequ5t edition 9 v]se1 9 a volume already quot$1 seems to ?9k t 9 its fir/ =m ! /ory belongs to ! f\rte5? c5tury4 #ge ,x 0 repr9t$ by ,von d] ,hag51 9 a little volume entitl$ ,n>r5bu*2 h]ausgegeb5 dur* ,fri$ri* ,he9ri* von d] ,hag54 #abmo41 ,halle1 #ahaa4 ,! ,s*ildburg]s ( ,g]many 7 repres5t$ 9 ,engl& by ! wise m5 ( ,go?am4 ,go?am is a village & p>i% ab\t sev5 miles to ! s\?-we/ ( ,nott+ham1 &1 curi\sly en\gh1 a /ory is told accord+ to :i* ! folly ( ! m5 ( ,go?am1 l t ( ! ,s*ildburg]s1 0 at fir/ assum$4 ,x is pret5d$ t "o day k+ ,john1 on 8 way to ,nott+ham1 int5d$ to pass ?r\gh ! village ( ,go?am1 & t ! ,go?amites1 "u ! influ5ce ( "s vague notion t 8 pres5ce w\ld be injuri\s to !m1 rais$ difficulties 9 8 way :i* prev5t$ 8 visit4 ,! m5 ( ,go?am 7 n[ appreh5sive ( ! k+'s v5geance1 & !y resolv$ to try & evade x by assum+ ! "* ( simpletons4 ,:5 ! k+'s (fic]s came to ,go?am to inquire into ! conduct ( ! inhabitants1 !y f\nd !m engag$ 9 ! mo/ extraord9>y pursuits1 "s ( !m seek+ to dr[n an eel 9 a pond ( wat]1 o!rs mak+ a h$ge r\nd a tree to conf9e a cuckoo :i* _h settl$ 9 x1 & o!rs employ+ !mselves 9 simil> futile pursuits4 ,! commission]s report$ ! p ( ,go?am to be no bett] ?an fools1 & by ?is /ratagem !y escap$ any fur!r p]secution1 b ! "* !y assum$ rema9$ atta*$ to !m4 ,?is explanation is1 ( c\rse1 v late & v apocryphal2 b !re c be little d\bt t ! "* ( ! wise m5 ( ,go?am is "o ( consid]able antiquity4 ,! /ory is believ$ to h be5 drawn up 9 its pres5t =m by ,&rew ,borde1 an ,engli% writ] ( ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,x 0 repr9t$ a great numb] ( times "u ! =m ( ^? popul> books call$ *ap-books1 because !y 7 hawk$ ab\t ! c\ntry by it9]ant booksell]s or *ap-m54 ,! acts ( ! ,go?amites display$ a great] degree ( simplicity ev5 ?an ^? ( ! ,s*ildburg]s1 b !y are less connect$4 ,"h is "o anecdote told 9 ! unadorn$ language ( ! *ap-books1 9 explanation ( :i* x is only necess>y to /ate t ! m5 ( ,go?am admir$ greatly ! note ( ! cuckoo4 ,on a "t ! m5 ( ,go?am fa9 w\ld h p9n'd 9 ! cuck[1 t %e might s+ all ! ye>2 &1 9 ! mid/ ( ! t[n1 !y _h a h$ge made r\nd 9 compass1 & got a cuck[ & put h] into x1 & said1 ',s+ "h1 & y %all lack nei!r meat nor dr9k all ! ye>4' ,! cuck[1 :5 %e p]ceiv$ h]self encompass$ ) ! h$ge1 flew away4 ',a v5geance on h]1' said ^! wise m51 'we did n make our h$ge high en\gh4' ,on ano!r occasion1 hav+ caught a l>ge eel :i* (f5d$ !m by its voracity1 !y assembl$ 9 c\ncil to delib]ate on an appropriate puni%m5t1 :i* end$ 9 a resolution t x %\ld be dr[n$1 & ! crim9al 0 c]emoni\sly ?r[n into a great pond4 ,"o day twelve m5 ( ,go?am w5t a-fi%+1 & on _! way home !y sudd5ly discov]$ t !y _h lo/ "o ( _! numb]1 & ea* c\nt$ 9 8 turn1 & c\ld f9d only elev54 ,9 fact1 ea* =got to c\nt himself4 ,9 ! mid/ ( _! di/ress--= !y believ$ _! companion to be dr[n$--a /rang] approa*$1 & le>nt ! cause ( _! sorr[4 ,f9d+ !y 7 n to be conv9c$ ( _! mi/ake by m]e argum5t1 he (f]$1 on c]ta9 conditions1 to f9d ! lo/ ,go?amite1 & he proce$$ z foll[s4 ,he took "o by "o ea* ( ! twelve ,go?amites1 /ruck him a h>d bl[ on ! %\ld]1 :i* made him scream1 & at ea* cry c\nt$ "o1 two1 ?ree1 c4 ,:5 x came to twelve1 !y 7 all satisfi$ t ! lo/ ,go?amite _h return$1 & paid ! man = ! s]vice he _h r5d]$ !m4 ,z a *ap-book1 ?is hi/ory ( ! m5 ( ,go?am became s popul>1 t x gave rise to a ho/ ( o!r books ( simil> "*1 :i* 7 compil$ at a lat] p]iod "u su* titles--=m]ly well kn[n to *ildr5--z1 ,! ,m]ry ,frolicks1 or ! ,comical ,*eats ( ,swalpo2 ,! ,witty & ,ent]ta9+ ,exploits ( ,george ,bu*anan1 commonly call$ ! ,k+'s ,fool2 ,simple ,simon's ,mis=tunes2 & ! l4 ,nor mu/ x be =gott5 t ! hi/ory ( ,eul5spiegel 0 ! prototype ( a class ( popul> hi/ories ( l>g] dim5sions1 repres5t$ 9 our own lit]ature by ,! ,engli% ,rogue1 ! "w ( ,ri*>d ,head & ,francis ,kirkman1 9 ! reign ( ,*>les ,,ii41 & v>i\s o!r rogues belong+ to diff]5t c\ntries1 :i* appe>$ ab\t t "t1 or n long aft]w>ds4 ,! e>lie/ ( ^! books 0 ,! ,spani% ,rogue1 or ,life ( ,guzman de ,alf>a*e1 writt5 9 ,spani% by ,mateo ,aleman 9 ! latt] "p ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 "s ,engli%man1 n kn[+ app>5tly t ! hi/ory ( ,eul5spiegel _h appe>$ 9 ,engli% "u ! "n ( ,owlglass1 took x into 8 head to introduce him among ! family ( rogues :i* _h ?us come into fa%ion1 &1 9 #agbj1 publi%$ z ,made ,engli% f ! ,high ,dut*1 :at he call$ ,! ,g]man ,rogue1 or ! ,life & ,m]ry ,adv5tures1 ,*eats1 ,/ratagems1 & ,contrivances ( ,tiel ,eulespiegle4 ,! fifte5? c5tury 0 ! p]iod dur+ :i* m$ival =ms g5]ally 7 *ang+ into =ms adapt$ to ano!r /ate ( society1 & 9 :i* mu* ( ! popul> lit]ature :i* has be5 9 vogue dur+ mod]n times took its rise4 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 ! fabliaux ( ! j\gleurs 7 already tak+ :at we may p]haps t]m a m lit]>y =m1 & 7 r$uc$ into prose n>ratives4 ,?is took place especially 9 ,italy1 :]e ^! prose tales 7 call$ novelle1 imply+ "s novelty 9 _! "*1 a ^w :i* 0 transf]r$ into ! ,fr5* language "u ! =m ( n\velles1 & 0 ! orig9 ( our mod]n ,engli% novel1 appli$ to a "w ( fiction4 ,! ,italian noveli/s adopt$ ! ,ea/]n plan ( /r++ ^! /ories toge!r on ! slight framework ( "o g5]al plot1 9 :i* are introduc$ causes = tell+ !m & p]sons :o tell !m4 ,?us ! ,decam]on ( ,boccaccio holds t[>ds ! fabliaux exactly ! same position z t ( ! ,arabian ,nights to ! old] ,arabian tales4 ,! ,italian noveli/s became num]\s & celebrat$ ?r\gh\t ,europe1 f ! "t ( ,boccaccio to t ( ,/rap>ola1 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & lat]4 ,! ta/e = ?is class ( lit]ature appe>s to h be5 introduc$ into ,france at ! c\rt ( ,burgundy1 :]e1 "u duke ,philippe le ,bon1 a well-kn[n c\rti] & man ( lett]s nam$ ,anto9e de ,la ,sale1 :o _h1 dur+ a soj\rn 9 ,italy1 become acqua9t$ ) "o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ ( ! e>li] ,italian collections1 ! ,c5to ,novello1 or ! ,hundr$ ,novels1 compil$ a collection 9 ,fr5* 9 imitation ( !m1 "u ! title ( ,les ,c5t ,n\velles ,n\velles1 or ! ,hundr$ new ,novels1 "o ( ! pure/ examples ( ! ,fr5* language 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4#gf ,! lat] ,fr5* /ory-books1 su* z ! ,heptam]on ( ! que5 ( ,nav>re1 & o!rs1 belong *iefly to ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,^! collections ( /ories c h>dly be said to h ev] tak5 root 9 ?is isl& z a "p ( ,engli% lit]ature4 #gf ,i am oblig$ to pass ov] ?is "p ( ! subject v rapidly4 ,= ! hi/ory ( t rem>kable book1 ! ,c5t ,n\velles ,n\velles1 ,i w\ld ref] ! read] to ! preface to my own edition1 ,les ,c5t ,n\velles ,n\velles1 publies d'aprs le seul manuscrit connu1 avec ,introduction et ,notes1 p> ,m4 ,?omas ,wright4 #b vols1 #abmo41 ,p>is1 #aheh4 ,b !re arose p>tly out ( ^! /ories a class ( books :i* became greatly multipli$1 & 71 dur+ a long p]iod1 extremely popul>4 ,) ! h\sehold fool1 or je/]1 in/ead ( ! old j\gleur1 ! /ories _h be5 %orn ( _! detail1 & sank into ! %ape ( m]e witty anecdotes1 & at ! same "t a ta/e arose = :at we n[ class "u ! g5]al t]m ( je/s1 clev] say+s1 :at ! ,fr5* call bons mots1 & :at ! ,engli% ( ! sixte5? c5tury t]m$ quick answ]s4 ,! ^w je/ itself arose f ! circum/ance t ! ?+s designat$ by x arose out ( ! old] /ories1 = x is a m]e corruption ( ge/es1 ! ,lat9 ge/a1 9 ! s5se ( n>ratives ( acts or de$s1 or tales4 ,! ,lat9 writ]s1 :o fir/ began to collect !m into books1 includ$ !m "u ! g5]al "n ( faceti4 ,! e>li] ( ^! collections ( faceti 7 writt5 9 ,lat91 & ( ! orig9 ( ! fir/ ) :i* we are acqua9t$1 t by ! celebrat$ s*ol> ,poggio ( ,flor5ce1 a curi\s anecdote is told4 ,"s wits ( ! c\rt ( pope ,m>t9 ,v41 elect$ to ! papacy 9 #adag1 among :om 7 ! pope's two secret>ies1 ,poggio & ,antonio ,lusco1 ,c9cio ( ,rome1 & ,ruzello ( ,bologna1 appropriat$ to !mselves a private corn] 9 ! ,vatican1 :]e !y assembl$ to *at freely among !mselves4 ,!y call$ x _! buggiale1 a ^w :i* signifies 9 ,italian1 a place ( recreation1 :]e !y tell /ories1 make je/s1 & amuse !mselves ) discuss+ satirically ! do+s & *>act]s ( ev]ybody4 ,?is 0 ! way 9 :i* ,poggio & 8 fri5ds ent]ta9$ !mselves 9 _! buggiale1 & we are assur$ t 9 _! talk !y nei!r sp>$ ! *ur* nor ! pope himself or 8 gov]nm5t4 ,! faceti ( ,poggio1 9 fact1 :i* are said to be a selection ( ! good ?+s said 9 ^! meet+s1 %[ nei!r rev]5ce = ! *ur* ( ,rome nor respect = dec5cy1 b !y are mo/ly /ories :i* _h be5 told ov] & ov] aga91 long be=e ,poggio came into ! _w4 ,x 0 p]haps ?is satire ^u ! *ur* & ^u ! ecclesia/ics :i* gave mu* ( _! popul>ity to ^! faceti at a "t :5 a univ]sal agitation ( m5's m9ds on religi\s affairs prevail$1 :i* 0 ! great h>b+] ( ! ,re=mation2 & ! next ,lat9 books ( faceti came f m5 su* z ,h5ry ,bebelius1 :o 7 zeal\s re=m]s !mselves4 ,_m ( ! je/s 9 ^! ,lat9 collections are put into ! m\?s ( je/]s1 or dome/ic fools1 fatui1 or moriones1 z !y are call$ 9 ! ,lat92 & 9 ,engl&1 :]e ^! je/-books 9 ! v]nacul> tongue became m popul> p]haps ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry1 _m ( !m 7 publi%$ "u ! names ( celebrat$ je/]s1 z ! ,m]ie ,tales ( ,skelton1 ,! ,je/s ( ,scog91 ,t>lton's ,je/s1 & ,! ,je/s ( ,george ,peele4 ,john ,skelton1 poet-laureat ( 8 "t1 appe>s to h be5 kn[n 9 ! c\rts ( ,h5ry ,,vii4 & ,h5ry ,,viii4 q z mu* 9 ! "* ( a je/] z 9 t ( a poet4 ,poet-laureat 0 !n a title or degree giv5 9 ! univ]sity ( ,ox=d4 ,8 ,m]ye ,tales are all p]sonal ( himself1 & we %\ld be incl9$ to say t 8 je/s & 8 poetry are equally bad4 ,! =m] picture him z hold+ a place some:]e betwe5 ,eul5spiegel & ! ord9>y c\rt-fool4 ,we may give z a sample ( ! be/ ( !m ! tale ,no4 #a4-- ,h[ ,skelton came home late to ,ox=d f ,ab+ton4 ,skelton 0 an ,engly%eman borne z ,skogyn 01 & hee 0 educat$ & br\ghte up 9 ,oxfoorde1 & !re 0 he made a poete lauriat4 ,& on a tyme he _h b5 at ,abb+ton to make m]y1 :] t he _h eate salte meates1 & hee did com late home to ,ox=de1 & he did lye 9 an ine nam$ ! ,tab]e1 :y*e is n[ ! ,angell1 & hee dyd drynke1 & w5t to b$4 ,ab\t midnight he 0 s ?yr/ie or drye t he 0 con/ra9$ to call to ! tap/] = drynke1 & ! tap/] h>de him n4 ,!n hee cry$ to hys o/e & hys o/es1 & to ! o/l]1 = dr9ke1 & no man w\ld "h hym4 ,alacke1 sayd ,skelton1 ,i %all p]y%e = lacke ( drynke6 ,:at ream$ye8 ,at ! la/ he dyd crie out & sayd1 ,fy]1 fy]1 fy]6 ,:5 ,skelton h>d e man bu/le hymselfe upw>d1 & "s ( !m 7 nak$1 & "s 7 halfe asleepe & amas$1 & ,skelton dyd crye1 ,fi]1 fi]6 /yll1 t ev]ye man knewe n :e!r to resorte4 ,skelton did g to b$1 & ! o/e & o/is1 & ! tap/]1 ) ! o/l]1 dyd runne to ,skeltons *amb] ) c&les lyght$ 9 !yr h&es1 say+1 ,:]e1 :]e1 :]e is ! fy]8 ,"h1 "h1 "h1 said ,skelton1 & poynt$ hys fyng] to hys m\?1 say+1 ,fet* me "s drynke to qu5*e ! fy] & ! heate & ! dr9esse 9 my m\!4 ,& s !y dyd4 ,ano!r ( ^! ,m]ye ,tales ( ,skelton conta9s a satire ^u ! practice :i* prevail$ 9 ! sixte5? & e>ly "p ( ! sev5te5? c5turies ( obta9+ lett]s-pat5t ( monopoly f ! cr[n1 & also on ! bibul\s prop5sities ( ,wel%m5-- ,h[ ! ,wel%man dyd desyre ,skelton to ayde hym 9 hys sute to ! kynge = a pat5t to sell drynke4 ,skelton1 :5 he 0 9 ,london1 w5t to ! kynges c\rte1 :]e !re did come to hym a ,wel%man1 say+1 ,syr1 x is s1 t manye doo? come upp ( my c\ntry to ! kynges c\rt1 & "s do? get ( ! kyng by pat5t a ca/ell1 & "s a p>ke1 & "s a =e/1 & "s "o fee & "s ano!r1 & !y dooe lyve lyke hone/ m52 & ,i %\lde lyve z hone/ly z ! be/1 if ,i myght h a patyne = good dryncke1 :]e=e ,i dooe praye y[ to write a fewe woords = mee 9 a lytle byll to geve ! same to ! kynges h&es1 & ,i wil geve y well = y\r lab\re4 ,i am cont5t$1 sayde ,skelton4 ,syt d[ne !n1 sayde ! ,wel%man1 & write4 ,:at %all ,i wryte8 sayde ,skelton4 ,! ,wel%man sayde wryte dryncke4 ,n[e1 sayde ! ,wel%man1 write m dryncke4 ,:at n[8 sayde ,skelton4 ,wryte n[e1 a great deale ( dryncke4 ,n[e1 sayd ! ,wel%man1 putte to all ?ys dryncke a littell crome ( breade1 & a great deale ( drynke to x1 & reade once agayne4 ,skelton dyd reade1 ,dryncke1 m dryncke1 & a great deale ( dryncke1 & a lytle crome ( breade1 & a great deale ( dryncke to x4 ,?an ! ,wel%man sayde1 ,put oute ! litle crome ( breade1 & sette 91 all dryncke & no breade4 ,& if ,i myght h ?ys sygn$ ( ! kynge1 sayde ! ,wel%man1 ,i c>e = no m1 z longe z ,i dooe lyve4 ,well !n1 sayde ,skelton1 :5 y h ?ys sign$ ( ! kyng1 !n wyll ,i lab\r = a pat5t to h bread1 t y wy? y\r drynke & ,i ) ! bread may f>e well1 & seeke our liv+e ) bagge & /affe4 ,^! two tales are r fav\rable specim5s ( ! collection publi%$ "u ! "n ( ,skelton1 :i*1 z f> z we "k1 0 fir/ pr9t$ ab\t ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! collection ( ! je/s ( ,scogan1 or1 z he 0 popul>ly call$1 ,scog91 :i* is said to h be5 compil$ by ,&rew ,borde1 0 probably giv5 to ! _w a few ye>s be=e1 b no copies ( ! e>li] editions are n[ kn[n to exi/4 ,scogan1 ! h]o ( ^! je/s1 is describ$ z occupy+ at ! c\rt ( ,h5ry ,,vii4 a position n mu* diff]5t f t ( an ord9>y c\rt-fool4 ,good old ,hol9%$ ! *ronicl] says ( him1 p]haps a little too g5tly1 t he 0 a le>n$ g5tleman & /ud5t = a "t 9 ,ox=d1 ( a pleasant wit1 & b5t to m]rie devices1 9 respect :]e( he 0 call$ into ! c\rt1 :]e1 giv+ himselfe to 8 naturall incl9ation ( mir? & pleasant pa/ime1 he plai$ manie sport+ p>ts1 al?\gh n 9 su* uncivil mann] z ha? be5e ( him report$4 ,?is allusion ref]s mo/ probably to ! je/s1 :i* repres5t him z lead+ a life ( l[ & co>se buffoon]y1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* he display$ a consid]able %>e ( ! di%one/ & mis*iev\s qualities ( ! less real ,eul5spiegel4 ,he is ev5 repres5t$ z p]sonally insult+ ! k+ & que51 & z be+ consequ5tly bani%$ ov] ! ,*annel1 to %[ no m respect to ! maje/y ( ! k+ ( ,france4 ,scog9's je/s1 l ,skelton's1 consi/ 9 a great measure ( ^? practical jokes :i* appe> 9 all =m] ages to h be5 ! delight ( ! ,teutonic race4 ,_m ( !m are direct$ aga9/ ! ignorance & worldl9ess ( ! cl]gy4 ,scog9 is describ$ z be+ at "o "t himself a tea*] 9 ! univ]sity1 & on "o occasion1 we are told1 a husb&man s5t 8 son to s*ool to him t he might be made a prie/4 ,! :ole /ory1 :i* runs ?r\gh sev]al *apt]s1 is an excell5t c>icature on ! way 9 :i* m5 vulg>ly ignorant 7 intrud$ into ! prie/hood be=e ! ,re=mation4 ,at l5g?1 aft] mu* blund]+1 ! s*ol> came to be orda9$1 & 8 exam9ation is report$ z foll[s3-- ,h[ ! s*oll] said ,tom ,mill] ( ,os5ey 0 ,jacob's fa!r4 ,aft] ?is1 ! said s*oll] did come to ! next ord]s1 & br\ght a pres5t to ! ord9>y f ,scog91 b ! s*oll]'s fa!r paid = all4 ,!n said ! ord9>y to ! s*oll]1 ,i mu/ ne$es oppose y1 & = ma/] ,scog9's sake1 ,i w oppose y 9 a light matt]4 ,isaac _h two sons1 ,esau & ,jacob4 ,:o 0 ,jacob's fa!r8 ,! s*oll] /ood /ill1 & c\ld n tell4 ,well1 said ! ord9>y1 ,i _c admit y to be prie/ untill ! next ord]s1 & !n br+ me an answ]4 ,! s*oll] w5t home ) a heavy he>t1 be>+ a lett] to ma/] ,scog91 h[ 8 s*oll] c\ld n answ] to ?is "q3 ,isaac _h two sons1 ,esau & ,jacob2 :o 0 ,jacob's fa!r8 ,scog9 said to 8 s*oll]1 ,?\ foole & asse-head6 ,do/ ?\ n "k ,tom ,mill] ( ,os5ey8 ,yes1 said ! s*oll]6 ,!n1 said ,scog91 ?\ kn[e/ he _h two sonnes1 ,tom & ,jacke2 :o is ,jacke's fa!r8 ,! s*oll] said1 ,tom ,mill]4 ,:y1 said ,scog91 ?\ mighte/ h said t ,isaac 0 ,jacob's fa!r4 ,!n said ,scog91 ,?\ %alt arise betime 9 ! morn+1 & c>ry a lett] to ! ord9>y1 & ,i tru/ he w admit !e be=e ! ord]s %all be giv54 ,! s*oll] rose up betime 9 ! morn+1 & c>ri$ ! lett] to ! ord9>y4 ,! ord9>y said1 ,= ,ma/] ,scog9's sake ,i w oppose y no f>!r ?an ,i did ye/]day4 ,isaac _h two sons1 ,esau & ,jacob2 :o 0 ,jacob's fa!r8 ,m>ry1 said ! s*oll]1 ,i c tell y n[ t 0 ,tom ,mill] ( ,os5ey4 ,goe1 foole1 goe1 said ! ord9>y1 & let ?y ma/] s5d !e no m to me = ord]s1 = x is impossible to make a foole a wise man4 ,scog9's s*ol> 01 h[ev]1 made a prie/1 & "s ( ! /ories :i* foll[ describe ! ludicr\s mann] 9 :i* he ex]cis$ ! prie/hood4 ,two o!r /ories illu/rate ,scog9's suppos$ position at c\rt3-- ,h[ ,scog9 told ^? t mock$ him t he _h a wall-eye4 ,scog9 w5t up & d[n 9 ! k+'s hall1 & 8 hos5 hung d[ne1 & 8 coat /ood awry1 & 8 hat /ood a boonj\r1 s e man did mocke ,scog94 ,"s said he 0 a prop] man1 & did we> 8 raym5t cleanly2 "s said ! foole c\ld n put on 8 owne raym5t2 "s said "o ?+1 & "s said ano!r4 ,at la/ ,scog9 said1 ,ma/]s1 y h prais$ me wel1 b y did n espy "o ?+ 9 me4 ,:at is t1 ,tom8 said ! m54 ,m>ry1 said ,scog91 ,i h a wall-eye4 ,:at meane/ ?\ by t8 said ! m54 ,m>ry1 said ,scog91 ,i h spy$ a sort ( knaves t doe mocke me1 & are worse fooles !mselves4 ,h[ ,scog9 drew 8 sonne up & d[ne ! c\rt4 ,aft] ?is ,scog9 w5t f ! c\rt1 & put (f 8 foole's g>m5ts1 & came to ! c\rt l an hone/ man1 & br\ght 8 son to ! c\rt ) him1 & )9 ! c\rt he drew 8 sonne up & d[ne by ! heeles4 ,! boy cri$ out1 & ,scog9 drew ! boy 9 e corn]4 ,at la/ e body _h pity on ! boy1 & said1 ,sir1 :at doe y meane1 to draw ! boy ab\t ! c\rt8 ,ma/]s1 said ,scog91 he is my sonne1 & ,i doe x = ?is cause4 ,e man do? say1 t man or *ild :i* is drawne up 9 ! c\rt %all be ! bett] z long z hee lives2 & !re=e ,i w e day once draw him up & d[ne ! c\rt1 aft] t hee may come to pref]m5t 9 ! end4 ,! appreciation ( a good joke _c at ?is "t h be5 v great or v g5]al1 = ,scog9's je/s 7 wond]fully popul> dur+ at lea/ a c5tury1 f ! fir/ half ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,!y pass$ ?r\gh _m editions1 & are frequ5tly allud$ to by ! writ]s ( ! ,elizabe?an age4 ,! next individual ^: "n appe>s at ! head ( a collection ( 8 je/s1 0 ! well-kn[n wit1 ,ri*>d ,t>lton1 :o may be fairly consid]$ z c\rt fool to ,que5 ,elizabe?4 ,8 je/s belong to ! same class z ^? ( ,skelton & ,scog91 & if possible1 !y pres5t a /ill great] am\nt ( dulness4 ,t>lton's je/s 7 soon foll[$ by ! m]rie conceit$ je/s ( ,george ,peele1 ! dramati/1 :o is describ$ 9 ! title z g5tleman1 sometimes /ud5t 9 ,ox=d2 & x is add$ t 9 ^! je/s is %ew$ ! c\rse ( 8 life1 h[ he liv$2 a man v well kn[ne 9 ! city ( ,london & else:]e4 ,9 fact1 ,peele's je/s are *iefly curi\s = ! /rik+ picture !y give u ( ! wild] %ades ( t[n life "u ! reigns ( ,elizabe? & ,james ,i4 ,dur+ ! p]iod :i* witness$ ! publication 9 ,engl& ( ^! books1 _m o!r je/-books appe>$1 = !y _h already become an important class ( ,engli% popul> lit]ature4 ,mo/ ( !m 7 publi%$ anonym\sly1 & inde$ !y are m]e compilations f ! old] collections 9 ,lat9 & ,fr5*4 ,all t 0 at all good1 ev5 9 ! je/s ( ,skelton1 ,scog91 ,t>lton1 & ,peele1 _h be5 repeat$ ov] & ov] aga9 by ! /ory-tell]s & je/]s ( =m] ages4 ,two ( ! e>li] ,engli% collections h ga9$ a great] celebrity ?an ! re/1 *iefly ?r\gh adv5titi\s circum/ances4 ,"o ( ^!1 entitl$ ,a ,hundr$ ,m]ry ,tales1 has ga9$ di/9ction among ,%akespe>ian critics z ! "o especially allud$ to by ! great poet 9 ,mu* ,ado ab\t ,no?+1 7,act ii41 ,sc4 #a71 :]e ,beatrice compla9s t somebody _h said t ,i _h my good wit out ( ! ,hundr$ ,m]ry ,tales4 ,! o!r collection allud$ to 0 entitl$ ,m]y ,tales1 ,wittie ,que/ions1 & ,quicke ,answ]es1 v pleasant to be readde1 & 0 pr9t$ 9 #aefg4 ,its mod]n fame appe>s to h aris5 *iefly f ! circum/ance t1 until ! accid5tal discov]y ( ! unique & imp]fect copy ( ! ,hundr$ ,m]ry ,tales1 x 0 suppos$ to be ! book allud$ to by ,%akespe>e4 ,bo? ^! collections are m]e compilations f ! ,c5t ,n\velles ,n\velles1 ,poggio1 ,/rap>ola1 & o!r =eign works4#gg ,! words put into ! m\? ( ,beatrice are correctly descriptive ( ! use made ( ^! je/-books4 ,x _h become fa%ionable to le>n out ( !m je/s & /ories1 9 ord] to introduce !m into polite conv]sation1 & especially at table2 & ?is practice cont9u$ to prevail until a v rec5t p]iod4 ,! numb] ( su* je/-books publi%$ dur+ ! sixte5?1 sev5te5?1 & eighte5? c5turies1 0 q extraord9>y4 ,_m ( ^! 7 giv5 anonym\sly2 b _m also 7 put =? "u names :i* possess$ tempor>y celebrity1 su* z ,hobson ! c>ri]1 ,killigrew ! je/]1 ! fri5d ( ,*>les ,,ii41 ,b5 ,jonson1 ,g>rick1 & a multitude ( o!rs4 ,x is1 p]haps1 unnecess>y to rem9d ! read] t ! great mod]n repres5tative ( ?is class ( lit]ature is ! illu/ri\s ,joe ,mill]4 #gg ,a neat & useful edition ( ^! two je/-books1 ) ! o!r mo/ curi\s books ( ! same class1 publi%$ dur+ ! ,elizabe?an p]iod1 has rec5tly be5 publi%$ 9 two volumes1 by ,mr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,hazlitt4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,! ,,re=mation4--,,?omas ,,murn]2 ,,8 ,,g5]al ,,satires4--,,fruitfulness ,,( ,,folly4--,,hans ,,sa*s4--,,! ,,trap ,,= ,,fools4--,,attacks ,,on ,,lu!r4--,,! ,,pope ,,z ,,anti*ri/4--,,! ,,pope-,,ass ,,& ,,! ,,monk-,,calf4--,,o!r ,,c>icatures ,,aga9/ ,,! ,,pope4--,,! ,,good ,,& ,,bad ,,%eph]ds4 ,! reign ( ,folly did n pass away ) ! fifte5? c5tury--on ! :ole ! sixte5? c5tury c h>dly be said to h be5 m sane ?an its pr$ecessor1 b x 0 agitat$ by a long & fi]ce /ruggle to dis5gage ,european society f ! trammels ( ! middle ages4 ,we h ent]$ ^u :at is te*nically t]m$ ! r5aissance1 & are approa*+ ! great religi\s re=mation4 ,! p]iod dur+ :i* ! art ( pr9t+ began fir/ to spread g5]ally ov] ,we/]n ,europe1 0 peculi>ly fav\rable to ! production ( satirical books & pamphlets1 & a consid]able numb] ( clev] & spirit$ satiri/s & comic writ]s appe>$ t[>ds ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 especially 9 ,g]many1 :]e circum/ances ( a political "* _h at an e>ly p]iod giv5 to ! intellectual agitation a m p]man5t /r5g? ?an x c\ld easily or quickly ga9 9 ! great mon>*ies4 ,among ! m rem>kable ( ^! satiri/s 0 ,?omas ,murn]1 :o 0 born at ,/rasburg1 9 #adge4 ,! circum/ances ev5 ( 8 *ildhood are s+ul>1 = he 0 born a cripple1 or became "o 9 8 e>lie/ infancy1 ?\gh he 0 subsequ5tly heal$1 & x 0 s univ]sally believ$ t ?is malady 0 ! effect ( wit*craft1 t he himself wrote aft]w>ds a treatise ^u ?is subject "u ! title ( ,de ,phitonico ,contractu4 ,! s*ool 9 :i* he 0 taught may at lea/ h enc\rag$ 8 satirical _s1 = 8 ma/] 0 ,jacob ,lo*]1 ! same :o translat$ into ,lat9 v]se ! ,%ip ( ,fools ( ,seba/ian ,br&t4 ,at ! end ( ! c5tury ,murn] _h become a ma/] ( arts 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is1 & _h ent]$ ! ,franciscan ord]4 ,8 reputation z a ,g]man popul> poet 0 s great1 t ! emp]or ,maximiliannbsp2,i41 :o di$ 9 #aeai1 conf]r$ ^u him ! cr[n ( poetry1 or1 9 o!r words1 made him poet-laureat4 ,he took ! degree ( doctor 9 !ology 9 #aeji4 ,/ill ,murn] 0 kn[n be/ z ! popul> writ]1 & he publi%$ sev]al satirical poems1 :i* 7 rem>kable = ! bold woodcuts t illu/rat$ !m1 = engrav+ on wood fl\ri%$ at ?is p]iod4 ,he expos$ ! corruptions ( all classes ( society1 &1 be=e ! ,re=mation broke out1 he did n ev5 sp>e ! corruptions ( ! ecclesia/ical /ate1 b soon decl>$ himself a fi]ce oppon5t ( ! ,re=m]s4 ,:5 ! ,lu!ran revolt aga9/ ! ,papacy became /rong1 our k+1 ,h5ry ,,viii41 :o took a decid$ "p aga9/ ,lu!r1 invit$ ,murn] to ,engl&1 & on 8 return to 8 own c\ntry1 ! satiric ,franciscan became m bitt] aga9/ ! ,re=mation ?an ev]4 ,he advocat$ ! cause ( ! ,engli% mon>* 9 a pamphlet1 n[ v r>e1 9 :i* he discuss$ ! "q :e!r ,h5ry ,,viii4 or ,lu!r 0 ! li>--,antwort dem ,murn] uff se9e frag1 ob d] knig von ,engllant e9 ,lgn] sey od] ,m>t9us ,lu!r4 ,murn] appe>s to h divid$ ! p ( 8 age into rogues & fools1 or p]haps he consid]$ ! two titles z id5tical4 ,8 ,n>r5bes*w]ung1 or ,conspiracy ( ,fools1 9 :i* ,br&t's idea 0 foll[$ up1 is suppos$ to h be5 publi%$ z e>ly z #aejf1 b ! fir/ pr9t$ edition ) a date1 appe>$ 9 #aeab4 ,x became s popul>1 t x w5t ?r\gh sev]al editions dur+ subsequ5t ye>s2 & t :i* ,i h be=e me 0 pr9t$ at ,/rasburg 9 #aeah4 ,x is1 l ,br&t's ,%ip ( ,fools1 a g5]al satire aga9/ society1 9 :i* ! cl]gy are n sp>$1 = ! writ] _h n yet come 9 face ( ,lu!r's ,re=mation4 ,! cuts are sup]ior to ^? ( ,br&t's book1 & "s ( !m are rem>kable = _! design & execution4 ,9 "o ( ! e>lie/ ( !m1 copi$ 9 ! cut ,no4 #aci1 ,folly is introduc$ 9 ! g>b ( a husb&man1 scatt]+ 8 fe$ ov] ! e>?1 ! result ( :i* is a v quick & fl\ri%+ crop1 ! fool's heads ris+ above gr\nd1 almo/ in/antane\sly1 l s _m turnips4 ,9 a subsequ5t engrav+1 repres5t$ 9 our cut ,no4 #adj1 ,folly holds out1 z an object ( emulation1 ! fool's cap1 & p ( all classes1 ! pope himself1 & ! emp]or1 & all ! great dignit>ies ( ?is _w1 press =w>d eag]ly to seize ^u x4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aci4 ,s[+ a ,fruitful ,crop4 ,! same ye> 7#aeab7 witness$ ! appe>ance ( ano!r poetical1 or at lea/ metrical1 satire by ,murn]1 entitl$ ,s*elm5zunft1 or ! ,confrat]nity ( ,rogues1 simil>ly illu/rat$ ) v spirit$ engrav+s on wood4 ,x is ano!r demon/ration ( ! prevail+ dom9ion ( folly "u its wor/ =ms1 & ! satire is equally g5]al ) ! prec$+4 ,murn]'s satire appe>s to h be5 felt n only g5]ally1 b p]sonally2 & we are told t he 0 (t5 ?reat5$ ) assass9ation1 & he rais$ up a numb] ( lit]>y oppon5ts1 :o treat$ him ) no little rud5ess2 9 fact1 he _h got on ! wrong side ( politics1 or at all ev5ts on ! unpopul> side1 & m5 :o _h m tal5ts & great] weight appe>$ z 8 oppon5ts--m5 l ,ulri* von ,utt51 & ,lu!r himself4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #adj4 ,an ,acceptable ,(f]+4 ,among ! satiri/s :o esp\s$ ! cause to :i* ,murn] 0 oppos$1 we mu/ n ov]look a man :o repres5t$ 9 its /ronge/ features1 ?\gh 9 a r debas$ =m1 ! old spontane\s poetry ( ! middle ages4 ,8 "n 0 ,hans ,sa*s1 at lea/ t 0 ! "n "u :i* he 0 kn[n1 = 8 real "n is said to h be5 ,l\trdorff]4 ,8 _s 0 entirely t ( ! old w&]+ m9/rel1 & x 0 s p[]ful 9 him1 t1 hav+ be5 appr5tic$ to ! craft ( a weav]1 he 0 no soon] fre$ f 8 ind5tures1 ?an he took to a vagabond life1 & w&]$ f t[n to t[n1 ga9+ 8 liv+ by s++ ! v]ses he compos$ ^u e occasion :i* pres5t$ itself4 ,9 #aeai1 he m>ri$ & settl$ 9 ,nremb]g1 & 8 compositions 7 !n giv5 to ! public ?r\gh ! press4 ,! numb] ( ^! 0 q extraord9>y--songs1 ballads1 satires1 & dramatic pieces1 rude 9 /yle1 9 accordance ) ! ta/e ( ! "t1 b full ( clev]ness4 ,_m ( !m 7 pr9t$ on broadsides1 & illu/rat$ ) l>ge engrav+s on wood4 ,hans ,sa*s jo9$ 9 ! crusade aga9/ ! empire ( ,folly1 & "o ( 8 broadsides is illu/rat$ ) a graceful design1 ! great] "p ( :i* is copi$ 9 our cut ,no4 #ada4 ,a p>ty ( ladies h set a bird-trap to cat* ! fools ( ! age1 :o are wait+ to be caught4 ,"o fool is tak5 9 ! trap1 :ile ano!r is already secur$ & p9ion$1 & o!rs are ru%+ into ! sn>e4 ,a numb] ( p ( ! _w1 high 9 _! dignities & /ations1 are look+ on at ?is rem>kable sc5e4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ada4 ,bird-,traps4 ,! evil influ5ce ( ! female sex 0 at ?is "t prov]bial1 &1 9 fact1 x 0 an age ( extreme lic5ti\sness4 ,ano!r poet-laureat ( ! "t1 ,h5ricus ,bebelius1 born 9 ! latt] half ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & r well kn[n 9 ! lit]ature ( 8 "t1 publi%$1 9 #aeae1 a satirical poem 9 ,lat91 "u ! title ( ,triumphus ,v5]is1 :i* 0 a sort ( exposition ( ! g5]ally lic5ti\s "* ( ! age 9 :i* he liv$4 ,x is di/ribut$ into six books1 9 ! ?ird ( :i* ! poet attacks ! :ole ecclesia/ical /ate1 n sp>+ ! pope himself1 & we are !reby p]fectly well initiat$ into ! weaknesses ( ! cl]gy4 ,bebelius _h be5 prec$$ by ano!r writ] on ?is "p ( ! subject1 & we might say by _m1 = ! incont95ce ( monks & nuns1 & inde$ ( all ! cl]gy1 _h long be5 a subject ( satire4 ,b ! writ] to :om ,i especially allude 0 nam$ ,paulus ,ole>ius1 8 "n 9 ,g]man be+ ,oels*lgel4 ,he publi%$1 ab\t ! ye> #aejj1 a satirical tract1 "u ! title ( ,de ,fide ,concub9>um 9 ,sac]dotes4 ,x 0 a bitt] attack on ! lic5ti\sness ( ! cl]gy1 & 0 r5d]$ m effective by ! engrav+s :i* accompani$ x4 ,we give "o ( ^! z a curi\s picture ( contempor>y mann]s2 ! individual :o comes )9 ! range ( ! lady's attractions1 ?\gh he may be a s*ol>1 has none ( ! *>act]i/ics ( a prie/4 ,%e pres5ts a nosegay1 :i* we may suppose to repres5t ! influ5ce ( p]fume ^u ! s5ses2 b ! love ( ! ladies = pet animals is especially typifi$ 9 ! monkey1 atta*$ by a *a94 ,a donkey appe>s to %[ by 8 heels 8 contempt = ! lov]4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #adb4 ,c\rt%ip4 ,f an e>ly p]iod1 ! ,roman *ur* _h be5 accu/om$ to treat contemptu\sly1 z well z cruelly1 all :o diss5t$ f its doctr9es1 or object$ to its gov]nm5t1 & ?is feel+ 0 cont9u$ d[n to ! age ( ! ,re=mation1 9 spite ( ! tone ( lib]alism :i* 0 beg9n+ to %9e =? 9 ! writ+s ( "s ( its greate/ ornam5ts4 ,"s rese>* among ! du/y1 because little us$1 records ( national ar*ives & libr>ies w\ld no d\bt br+ to light m ?an "o s+ul> c>icature ^u ! h]etics ( ! middle ages1 & my att5tion has be5 call$ to "o :i* is possess$ ( peculi> int]e/4 ,!re is1 among ! imp]ial ar*ives ( ,france1 9 ,p>is1 among records relat+ to ! c\ntry ( ! ,albigeois 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 a copy ( ! bull ( pope ,innoc5t ,,iv4 giv+ directions = ! proce$+s aga9/ diss5t]s f ,romanism1 on ! back ( :i* ! scribe1 z a m>k ( 8 contempt = ^! ar*-h]etics ( ! s\?1 has drawn a c>icature ( a woman b\nd to a /ake ov] ! fire :i* is to burn h] z an op5 oppon5t ( ! *ur* ( ,rome4 ,! *oice ( a woman = ! victim 0 p]haps int5d$ to %[ t ! proselytism ( h]esy 0 especially successful among ! weak] sex1 or t x 0 consid]$ z hav+ "s relation to wit*craft4 ,x is1 by a long p]iod1 ! e>lie/ kn[n pictorial repres5tation ( ! puni%m5t ( burn+ inflict$ on a h]etic4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #adc4 ,burn+ a ,h]etic4 ,! %afts ( satire 7 e>ly employ$ aga9/ ,lu!r & 8 new pr9ciples1 & m5 l ,murn]1 already m5tion$1 ,ems]1 ,co*lu1 & o!rs1 signalis$ !mselves by _! zeal 9 ! papal cause4 ,z already /at$1 ,murn] di/+ui%$ himself z ! lit]>y ally ( our k+ ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,! ta/e = satirical writ+s _h !n become s g5]al1 t ,murn] compla9s 9 "o ( 8 satires t ! pr9t]s w\ld pr9t no?+ b abusive or satirical works1 & neglect$ 8 m s]i\s writ+s4 ,da s9dt die truck] s*uld d>an1 ,die truck5 als die ,gau*]ei51 ,und lass5 me9 ern/li*e b*] leih54 ,"s ( ,murn]'s writ+s aga9/ ,lu!r1 mo/ ( :i* are n[ v r>e1 are extremely viol5t1 & !y are g5]ally illu/rat$ ) satirical woodcuts4 ,"o ( ^! books1 pr9t$ )\t "n ( place or date1 is entitl$1 ,( ! great ,lu!ran ,fool1 h[ ,doctor ,murn] has exorcis$ him 7,von dem gross5 ,lu!riss*5 ,n>r51 wie 9 ,doctor ,murn] bes*wor5 hat74 ,9 ! woodcuts to ?is book ,murn] himself is introduc$1 z is usually ! case 9 ^! satirical engrav+s1 "u ! "* ( a ,franciscan fri>1 ) ! head ( a cat1 :ile ,lu!r appe>s z a fat & jolly monk1 we>+ a fool's cap1 & figur+ 9 v>i\s ridicul\s circum/ances4 ,9 "o ( ! fir/ woodcuts1 ! cat ,franciscan is draw+ a rope s tight r\nd ! great ,lu!ran fool's neck1 t he compels him to disgorge a multitude ( small] fools4 ,9 ano!r ! great ,lu!ran fool has 8 purse1 or p\*1 full ( little fools susp5d$ at 8 girdle4 ,?is latt] figure is copi$ 9 ! cut ,no4 #add1 z an example ( ! =m "u :i* ! great re=m] appe>s 9 ^! satirical repres5tations4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #add4 ,folly 9 ,mona/ic ,habit4 ,9 a few o!r c>icatures ( ?is p]iod :i* h be5 pres]v$1 ! apo/le ( ! ,re=mation is attack$ /ill m savagely4 ,! "o "h giv5 7,fig4 #ade71 tak5 f a contempor>y engrav+ on wood1 pres5ts a r fanta/ic figure ( ! demon play+ on ! bagpipes4 ,! in/rum5t is =m$ ( ,lu!r's head1 ! pipe ?r\gh :i* ! devil bl[s ent]+ 8 e>1 & t ?r\gh :i* ! music is produc$ =m+ an elongation ( ! re=m]'s nose4 ,x 0 a broad intimation t ,lu!r 0 a m]e tool ( ! evil "o1 creat$ = ! purpose ( br++ mis*ief into ! _w4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ade4 ,! ,music ( ! ,demon4 ,! re=m]s1 h[ev]1 7 m ?an a mat* = _! oppon5ts 9 ?is sort ( w>f>e4 ,lu!r himself 0 full ( comic & satiric hum\r1 & a mass ( ! tal5t ( t age 0 rang$ on 8 side1 bo? lit]>y & arti/ic4 ,aft] ! re=m]'s m>riage1 ! papal p>ty quot$ ! old leg5d1 t ,anti*ri/ 0 to be born ( ! union ( a monk & a nun1 & x 0 intimat$ t if ,lu!r himself c\ld n be directly id5tifi$ ) ,anti*ri/1 he _h1 at lea/1 a fair *ance ( becom+ 8 p>5t4 ,b ! re=m]s _h resolv$1 on :at appe>$ to be mu* m conclusive evid5ce1 t ,anti*ri/ 0 only emblematical ( ! papacy1 t "u ?is =m he _h be5 long dom9ant on e>?1 & t ! end ( 8 reign 0 !n approa*+4 ,a rem>kable pamphlet1 design$ to place ?is idea pictorially be=e ! public1 0 produc$ f ! p5cil ( ,lu!r's fri5d1 ! celebrat$ pa9t]1 ,lucas ,crana*1 & appe>$ 9 ! ye> #aeba "u ! title ( ,! ,passionale ( ,*ri/ & ,anti*ri/ 7,passional ,*ri/i und ,anti*ri/i74 ,x is a small qu>to1 ea* page ( :i* is ne>ly fill$ by a woodcut1 hav+ a few l9es ( explanation 9 ,g]man bel[4 ,! cut to ! left repres5ts "s incid5t 9 ! life ( ,*ri/1 :ile t fac+ x to ! "r gives a contra/+ fact 9 ! hi/ory ( papal tyranny4 ,?us ! fir/ cut on ! left repres5ts ,jesus 9 ,8 humility1 refus+ e>?ly dignities & p[]1 :ile on ! adjo9+ page we see ! pope1 ) 8 c>d9als & bi%ops1 support$ by 8 ho/s ( w>riors1 8 cannon1 & 8 =tifications1 9 8 temporal dom9ion ov] secul> pr9ces4 ,:5 we op5 aga9 we see on "o side ,*ri/ cr[n$ ) ?orns by ! insult+ soldi]y1 & on ! o!r ! pope1 en?ron$ 9 all 8 worldly glory1 exact+ ! wor%ip ( 8 c\rti]s4 ,on ano!r we h ,*ri/ wa%+ ! feet ( ,8 disciples1 & 9 contra/ ! pope compell+ ! emp]or to kiss 8 toe4 ,& s on1 ?r\gh a numb] ( curi\s illu/rations1 until at la/ we come to ,*ri/'s asc5sion into heav51 9 contra/ ) :i* a troop ( demons1 ( ! mo/ v>i$ & s+ul> =ms1 h seiz$ ^u ! papal ,anti*ri/1 & are ca/+ him d[n into ! flames ( hell1 :]e "s ( 8 own monks wait to receive him4 ,?is la/ picture is drawn ) s mu* _s1 t ,i h copi$ x 9 ! cut ,no4 #adf4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #adf4 ,! ,desc5t ( ! ,pope4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #adg4 ,! ,pope-ass4 ,! mon/r\s figures ( animals :i* _h amus$ ! sculptors & m9iaturi/s ( an e>li] p]iod came 9 "t to be look$ ^u z realities1 & 7 n only reg>d$ ) wond] z physical de=mities1 b 7 objects ( sup]/ition1 = !y 7 believ$ to be s5t into ! _w z w>n+s ( great revolutions & calamities4 ,dur+ ! age prec$+ ! ,re=mation1 ! reports ( ! bir?s or discov]ies ( su* mon/]s 7 v common1 & engrav+s ( !m 7 no d\bt pr(itable articles ( m]*&ise among ! e>ly book-hawk]s4 ,two ( ^! 7 v celebrat$ 9 ! "t ( ! ,re=mation1 ! ,pope-ass & ! ,monk-calf1 & 7 publi%$ & republi%$ ) an explanation "u ! names ( ,lu!r & ,melanc?on1 :i* made !m emblematical ( ! ,papacy & ( ! abuses ( ! ,romi% *ur*1 &1 ( c\rse1 progno/ications ( _! approa*+ exposure & fall4 ,x 0 pret5d$ t ! ,pope-ass 0 f\nd dead 9 ! riv] ,tib]1 at ,rome1 9 ! ye> #adif4 ,x is repres5t$ 9 our cut ,no4 #adg1 tak5 f an engrav+ pres]v$ 9 a v curi\s volume ( broadside ,lu!ran c>icatures1 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 all belong+ to ! ye> #aede1 ?\gh ?is design _h be5 publi%$ _m ye>s be=e4 ,! head ( an ass1 we are told1 repres5t$ ! pope himself1 ) 8 false & c>nal doctr9es4 ,! "r h& resembl$ ! foot ( an elephant1 signify+ ! spiritual p[] ( ! pope1 :i* 0 heavy1 & /amp$ d[n & cru%$ p's consci5ces4 ,! left h& 0 t ( a man1 signify+ ! worldly p[] ( ! pope1 :i* grasp$ at univ]sal empire ov] k+s & pr9ces4 ,! "r foot 0 t ( an ox1 signify+ ! spiritual m9i/]s ( ! papacy1 ! doctors ( ! *ur*1 ! prea*]s1 confessors1 & s*ola/ic !ologians1 & especially ! monks & nuns1 ^? :o aid$ & support$ ! pope 9 oppress+ p's bodies & s\ls4 ,! left foot 0 t ( a griff91 an animal :i*1 :5 x once seizes its prey1 nev] lets x escape1 & signifi$ ! canoni/s1 ! mon/]s ( ! pope's temporal p[]1 :o grasp$ p's temporal goods1 & nev] return$ !m4 ,! brea/ & belly ( ?is mon/] 7 ^? ( a woman1 & signifi$ ! papal body1 ! c>d9als1 bi%ops1 prie/s1 monks1 c41 :o sp5t _! lives 9 eat+1 dr9k+1 & incont95ce2 & ?is "p ( ! body 0 nak$1 because ! popi% cl]gy 7 n a%am$ to expose _! vices to ! public4 ,! legs1 arms1 & neck1 on ! contr>y1 7 clo!d ) fi%es' scales2 ^! signifi$ ! temporal pr9ces & lords1 :o 7 mo/ly 9 alliance ) ! papacy4 ,! old man's head beh9d ! mon/]1 meant t ! papacy _h become old1 & 0 approa*+ its end2 & ! head ( a dragon1 vomit+ flames1 :i* s]v$ = a tail1 0 significative ( ! great ?reats1 ! v5om\s horrible bulls & blasphem\s writ+s1 :i* ! pontiff & 8 m9i/]s1 enrag$ at see+ _! end approa*1 7 laun*+ into ! _w aga9/ all :o oppos$ !m4 ,^! explanations 7 support$ by apt quotations f ! ,scriptures1 & 7 s effective1 & became s popul>1 t ! picture 0 publi%$ 9 v>i\s %apes1 & 0 se5 adorn+ ! walls ( ! humble/ cottages4 ,i believe x is /ill to be met ) 9 a simil> position 9 "s p>ts ( ,g]many4 ,x 0 consid]$ at ! "t to be a ma/]ly piece ( satire4 ,! picture ( ! ,monk-calf1 :i* is repres5t$ 9 our cut ,no4 #adh1 0 publi%$ at ! same "t1 & usually accompanies x4 ,?is mon/] is said to h be5 born at ,freyburg1 9 ,misnia1 & is simply a r co>se emblem ( ! mona*al "*4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #adh4 ,! ,monk-,calf4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #adi4 ,! ,head ( ! ,papacy4 ,! volume ( c>icatures j m5tion$ conta9s sev]al satires on ! pope1 :i* are all v sev]e1 & _m ( !m clev]4 ,"o has a movable leaf1 :i* cov]s ! upp] "p ( ! picture2 :5 x is d[n1 we h a repres5tation ( ! pope 9 8 c]emonial robes1 & ov] x ! inscription ,,alex ,,vi ,,pont ,,max4 ,pope ,alex&] ,,vi4 0 ! infam\s ,rod]ic ,borgia1 a man /a9$ ) all ! crimes & vices :i* /rike mo/ horror into m5's m9ds4 ,:5 ! leaf is rais$1 ano!r figure jo9s itself ) ! l[] "p ( ! =m]1 & repres5ts a papal demon1 cr[n$1 ! cross be+ trans=m$ into an in/rum5t ( inf]nal puni%m5t4 ,?is figure is repres5t$ 9 our cut ,no4 #adi4 ,above x are inscrib$ ! words ,,ego ,,svm ,,papa1 ,i am ! ,pope4 ,atta*$ to x is a page ( explanation 9 ,g]man1 9 :i* ! leg5d ( t pope's dea? is giv51 a leg5d t 8 wick$ life appe>$ suffici5t to sanction4 ,x 0 said t1 di/ru/+ ! success ( 8 intrigues to secure ! papacy = himself1 he appli$ himself to ! /udy ( ! black art1 & sold himself to ! ,evil ,"o4 ,he !n ask$ ! tempt] if x 7 8 de/9y to be pope1 & receiv$ an answ] 9 ! affirmative4 ,he next inquir$ h[ long he %\ld hold ! papacy1 b ,satan return$ an equivocal & deceptive answ]1 = ,borgia und]/ood t he 0 to be pope fifte5 ye>s1 :]eas he di$ at ! end ( elev54 ,x is well kn[n t ,pope ,alex&] ,,vi4 di$ sudd5ly & unexpect$ly ?r\gh accid5tally dr9k+ ! poison$ w9e he _h prep>$ ) 8 own h& = ! murd] ( ano!r man4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aej4 ,! ,pope's ,nurse4 ,an ,italian !at9e wrote a poem aga9/ ! ,re=mation1 9 :i* he made ,lu!r ! (fspr+ ( ,megra1 "o ( ! furies1 :o is repres5t$ z hav+ be5 s5t f hell into ,g]many to be deliv]$ ( him4 ,?is s>casm 0 ?r[n back ^u ! pope ) mu* great] effect by ! ,lu!ran c>icaturi/s4 ,"o ( ! plates 9 ! above-m5tion$ volume repres5ts ! bir? & orig9 ( ! pope 7ortus et origo pap71 mak+ ! pope id5tical ) ,anti*ri/4 ,9 diff]5t gr\ps1 9 ?is r elaborate design1 ! *ild is repres5t$ z att5d$ by ! ?ree furies1 ,megra act+ z 8 wet-nurse1 ,alecto z nurs]y-maid1 & ,tisiphone 9 ano!r capacity1 c4 ,! "n ( ,m>t9 ,lu!r is add$ to ?is c>icature also4 ,hie wird geborn d] ,wid]*ri/4 ,meg]a se9 ,seugamme i/2 ,alecto se9 ,ke9d]meidl91 ,tisiphone die g5gelt 94--,m4 ,lu?41 ,d4 #aede4 ,"o ( ! gr\ps 9 ?is plate1 repres5t+ ! fury ,megra1 a becom+ fo/]-"m1 suckl+ ! pope-infant1 is giv5 9 our cut1 ,no4 #aej4 ,9 ano!r ( ^! c>icatures ! pope is repres5t$ trampl+ on ! emp]or1 to %[ ! mann] 9 :i* he usurp$ & tyrannis$ ov] ! temporal p[]4 ,ano!r illu/rates ! k+dom ( ,satan & ! ,pope 7regnum ,satan et ,pap71 & ! latt] is repres5t$ z presid+ ov] hell-m\? 9 all 8 /ate4 ,"o1 giv5 9 our cut ,no4 #aea1 repres5ts ! pope "u ! =m ( an ass play+ on ! bagpipes1 & is entitl$ ,papa doctor !ologi et magi/] fidei4 ,f\r l9es ( ,g]man v]se b5ea? ! engrav+ /ate h[ ! pope c alone exp\nd ,scripture & purge error1 j z ! ass alone c pipe & t\* ! notes correctly4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aea4 ,! ,pope giv+ ! ,tune4 ,d] ,bap/ kan alle9 ausleg5 ,die ,s*rifft1 und ir?um ausfeg52 ,wie d] esel alle9 pfeiff5 ,kan1 und die not5 re*t greiff54--#aede4 ,?is 0 ! la/ ye> ( ,lu!r's active lab\rs4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ye> foll[+ he di$ at ,eissleb51 :i!r he _h gone to att5d ! c\ncil ( pr9ces4 ,^! c>icatures may p]haps be consid]$ z s _m proclamations ( satisfaction & exultation 9 ! f9al triumph ( ! great re=m]4 ,books1 pamphlets1 & pr9ts ( ?is k9d 7 multipli$ to an extraord9>y degree dur+ ! age ( ! ,re=mation1 b ! majority ( !m 7 9 ! int]e/ ( ! new movem5t4 ,lu!r's oppon5t1 ,eckius1 compla9$ ( ! inf9ite numb] ( p :o ga9$ _! liv+ by w&]+ ov] all p>ts ( ,g]many1 & sell+ ,lu!ran books4#gh ,among ^? :o adm9i/]$ l>gely to ?is circulation ( polemic books 0 ! poet ( f>ces1 com$ies1 & ballads1 ,hans ,sa*s1 already m5tion$4 ,hans ,sa*s _h 9 "o poem1 publi%$ 9 #aece1 celebrat$ ,lu!r "u ! title ( ! ,wittemb]g ,night+ale3-- ,die ,wittemb]gis*' ,na*tigall1 ,die man jetzt hret b]all2 & describ$ ! effects ( 8 song ov] all ! o!r animals2 & he publi%$1 also 9 v]se1 :at he call$ a ,monum5t1 or ,lam5t1 on 8 dea? 7,e9 ,d5kmal od] ,klagr$' ob d] ,lei*e ,doktors ,m>t9 ,lu!r74 ,among ! num]\s broadsides publi%$ by ,hans ,sa*s1 "o conta9s ! v clev] c>icature ( :i* we give a copy 9 our cut ,no4 #aeb4 ,x is entitl$ ,d] gut ,hirt und bss ,hirt1 ! good %eph]d & bad %eph]d1 & has = its text ! op5+ v]ses ( ! t5? *apt] ( ! gospel ( ,/4 ,john4 ,! good & bad %eph]ds are1 z may be suppos$1 ,*ri/ & ! pope4 ,! *ur* is "h pictur$ z a n v /ately build+2 ! entrance1 especially1 is a pla9 /ructure ( timb]4 ,jesus said to ! ,ph>isees1 ,he t ent]e? n by ! door into ! %eepfold1 b climbe? up "s o!r way1 ! same is a ?ief & a robb]4 ,b he t ent]e? 9 by ! door is ! %eph]d ( ! flock4 ,9 ! engrav+1 ! pope1 z ! hirel+ %eph]d1 sits on ! ro( ( ! /atelie/ "p ( ! build+1 po9t+ out to ! ,*ri/ian flock ! wrong way1 & bless+ ! climb]s4 ,"u him two m5 ( worldly di/9ction are mak+ _! way into ! *ur* ?r\gh a w9d[2 & on a ro( bel[ a fri> is po9t+ to ! p ! way up4 ,at ano!r w9d[ a monk holds out 8 arms to invite p up2 & "o 9 spectacles1 no d\bt emblematical ( ! doctors ( ! *ur*1 is look+ out f an op5+ ov] ! entrance door to wat* ! proce$+s ( ! ,good ,%eph]d4 ,to ! "r1 on ! papal side ( ! *ur*1 ! lords & great m5 are br++ ! p "u _! influ5ce1 till !y are /opp$ by ! c>d9als & bi%ops1 :o prev5t !m f go+ =w>d to ! door & po9t out v en]getically ! way up ! ro(4 ,at ! door /&s1 ! ,savi\r1 z ! good %eph]d1 :o has knock$1 & ! port] has op5$ x ) 8 key4 ,*ri/'s true tea*]s1 ! evangeli/s1 %[ ! way to ! solit>y man ( wor? :o comes by ?is road1 & :o li/5s ) calm att5tion to ! gospel tea*]s1 :ile he op5s 8 purse to be/[ 8 *>ity on ! poor man by ! road side4 ,9 ! orig9al engrav+1 9 ! di/ance on ! left1 ! ,good ,%eph]d is se5 foll[$ by 8 flock1 :o are ob$i5t to 8 voice2 on ! "r1 ! bad %eph]d1 :o has o/5tati\sly drawn up 8 %eep r\nd ! image ( ! cross1 is ab&on+ !m1 & tak+ to flight on ! approa* ( ! wolf4 ,he t ent]e? 9 by ! door is ! %eph]d ( ! %eep4 ,to him ! port] op5e?2 & ! %eep he> 8 voice1 & he calle? 8 own %eep by "n1 & leade? !m out4 ,& :5 he putte? =? 8 own %eep he goe? be=e !m1 & ! %eep foll[ him1 = !y "k 8 voice4444 ,b he t is an hirel+1 & n ! %eph]d1 ^: own ! %eep are n1 see? ! wolf com+1 & leave? ! %eep1 & flee?2 & ! wolf cat*e? !m1 & scatt]e? ! %eep4 7,john x4 #b-d1 #ab47 #gh ,inf9itus jam erat num]us qui victum ex ,lu!ranis libris quritantes1 9 speciem bibliopol>um longe lateque p] ,g]mani prov9cias vagabantur4--,eck41 p4 #eh4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aeb4 ,! ,two ,%eph]ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aec4 ,murn] & ,lu!r's ,daught]4 ,! triumph ( ,lu!r is ! subject ( a r l>ge & elaborate c>icature1 :i* is an engrav+ ( great r>ity1 b a copy ( x is giv5 9 ,jaime's ,muse de ,c>icature4 ,leo ,x4 is repres5t$ seat$ on 8 ?rone ^u ! edge ( ! abyss1 into :i* 8 c>d9als are try+ to prev5t 8 fall+2 b _! ef=ts are r5d]$ va9 by ! appe>ance ( ,lu!r on ! o!r side support$ by 8 pr9cipal adh]5ts1 & wield+ ! ,bible z 8 weapon1 & ! pope is ov]?r[n1 9 spite ( ! support he receives f a va/ ho/ ( popi% cl]gy1 doctors1 c4 ,! popi% writ]s aga9/ ,lu!r *>g$ him ) vices = :i* !re 0 probably no f\ndation1 & inv5t$ ! mo/ sc&al\s /ories aga9/ him4 ,!y accus$ him1 among o!r ?+s1 ( drunk5ness & lic5ti\sness4 & !re may1 p]haps1 be "s allusion to ! latt] *>ge 9 our cut ,no4 #aec1 :i* is tak5 f "o ( ! comic illu/rations to ,murn]'s book1 ,von dem gross5 ,lu!ris*5 ,n>r51 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #aebb2 b1 at all ev5ts1 x w s]ve z a specim5 ( ^! illu/rations1 & ( ,murn]'s fancy ( repres5t+ himself ) ! head ( a cat4 ,9 #aebe1 ,lu!r m>ri$ a nun :o _h turn$ ,prote/ant & quitt$ h] conv5t1 nam$ ,ca!r9e de ,bora1 & ?is became ! signal to 8 oppon5ts = indulg+ 9 abusive songs1 & satires1 & c>icatures1 mo/ ( !m too co>se & indelicate to be describ$ 9 ^! pages4 ,9 _m ( ! c>icatures made on ?is occasion1 :i* are usually woodcut illu/rations to books writt5 aga9/ ! re=m]1 ,lu!r is repres5t$ danc+ ) ,ca!r9e de ,bora1 or sitt+ at table ) a glass 9 8 h&4 ,an engrav+ ( ?is k9d1 :i* =ms "o ( ! illu/rations to a "w by ,dr4 ,konrad ,wimp9a1 "o ( ! re=m]'s viol5t oppon5ts1 repres5ts ,lu!r's m>riage4 ,x is divid$ into ?ree comp>tm5ts2 to ! left1 ,lu!r1 :om ! ,ca?olics always repres5t$ 9 ! "* ( a monk1 gives ! m>riage r+ to ,ca!r9e de ,bora1 & above !m1 9 a sort ( aureole1 is inscrib$ ! ^w ,vovete2 on ! "r appe>s ! nuptial b$1 ) ! curta9s drawn1 & ! inscription ,r$dite2 & 9 ! middle ! monk & nun are danc+ joy\sly toge!r1 & ov] _! heads we read ! words-- ,disc$at ab aris ,cui tulit he/]na gaudia nocte ,v5us4 ,:ile ,lu!r 0 h]oically fight+ ! great fight ( re=m 9 ,g]many1 ! f\ndation ( religi\s re=m 0 laid 9 ,france by ,john ,calv91 a man equally s9c]e & zeal\s 9 ! cause1 b ( a totally diff]5t temp]1 & he esp\s$ doctr9es & =ms ( *ur* gov]nm5t :i* a ,lu!ran w\ld n admit4 ,lit]>y satire 0 us$ ) great effect by ! ,fr5* ,calv9i/s aga9/ _! popi% oppon5ts1 b !y h left u few c>icatures or burlesque engrav+s ( any k9d2 at lea/1 v few belong+ to ! e>li] p]iod ( _! hi/ory4 ,jaime1 9 8 ,muse de ,c>icature1 has giv5 a copy ( a v r>e plate1 repres5t+ ! pope /ruggl+ ) ,lu!r & ,calv91 z 8 two assailants4 ,bo? are te>+ ! pope's hair1 b x is ,calv9 :o is "h arm$ ) ! ,bible1 ) :i* he is /rik+ at ,lu!r1 :o is pull+ him by ! be>d4 ,! pope has 8 h&s ^u _! heads4 ,?is sc5e takes place 9 ! *oir ( a *ur*1 b ,i give "h 7cut ,no4 #aed7 only ! gr\p ( ! ?ree combatants1 int5d$ to repres5t h[ ! two great oppon5ts to papal corruptions 7 ho/ile at ! same "t to ea* o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aed4 ,lu!r & ,calv94 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,m$i,,val ,,f>ce ,,& ,,mod]n ,,com$y4--,,hrotsvi?a4--,,m$i,,val ,,notions ,,( ,,t]5ce4--,,! ,,e>ly ,,religi\s ,,plays4--,,my/]ies ,,& ,,miracle ,,plays4--,,! ,,f>ces4--,,! ,,drama ,,9 ,,! ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury4 ,!re is /ill ano!r bran* ( lit]ature :i*1 h[ev] x may h be5 modifi$1 has desc5d$ to u f ! middle ages4 ,x has be5 rem>k$ m ?an once 9 ! c\rse ( ?is book1 t ! !atre ( ! ,romans p]i%$ 9 ! transition f ! empire to ! middle ages2 b some?+ 9 ! %ape ( !atrical p]=mances appe>s to be insep>able f society ev5 9 its mo/ b>b>\s /ate1 & we soon trace among ! peoples :o _h settl$ ^u ! ru9s ( ! empire ( ,rome an approa* t[>ds a drama4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k1 too1 t ! m$ival drama orig9at$ exactly 9 ! same way z t ( anci5t ,greece1 t is1 f religi\s c]emonies4 ,su* 0 ! ignorance ( ! anci5t /age 9 ! middle ages1 t ! mean+ ( ! ^w comdia 0 n und]/ood4 ,! ,anglo-,saxon gloss>ies int]pret ! ^w by racu1 a n>rative1 especially an epic recital1 & ?is 0 ! s5se 9 :i* x 0 g5]ally tak5 until late 9 ! f\rte5? or ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,x is ! s5se 9 :i* x is us$ 9 ! title ( ,dante's great poem1 ! ,div9a ,comm$ia4 ,:5 ! m$ival s*ol>s became acqua9t$ 9 manuscripts ) ! com$ies ( ,t]5ce1 !y consid]$ !m only z f9e examples ( a p>ticul> sort ( lit]>y composition1 z metrical n>ratives 9 dialogue1 & 9 ?is feel+ !y began to imitate !m4 ,"o ( ! fir/ ( ^! m$ival imitators 0 a lady4 ,!re liv$ 9 ! t5? c5tury a maid5 ( ,saxony1 nam$ ,hrotsvi?a--a r un=tunate "n = "o ( h] sex1 = x means simply a l\d noise ( voices1 or1 z %e expla9s x h]self1 9 h] ,lat91 clamor validus4 ,hrotsvi?a1 z 0 common en\gh among ! ladies ( ^? days1 _h receiv$ a v le>n$ education1 & h] ,lat9 is v respectable4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! t5? c5tury1 %e became a nun 9 ! v ari/ocratic ,b5$ict9e abbey ( ,g&e%eim1 9 ,saxony1 ! abbesses ( :i* 7 all pr9cesses1 & :i* _h be5 f\nd$ only a c5tury be=e4 ,%e wrote 9 ,lat9 v]se a %ort hi/ory ( t religi\s h\se1 b %e is be/ kn[n by sev5 pieces1 :i* are call$ com$ies 7comdi71 & :i* consi/ simply ( leg5ds ( sa9ts1 told dialogue-wise1 "s 9 v]se & "s 9 prose4 ,z may be suppos$1 !re is n mu* ( real com$y 9 ^! compositions1 al?\gh "o ( !m1 ! ,dulcitius1 is treat$ 9 a /yle :i* approa*es t ( f>ce4 ,x is ! /ory ( ! m>tyrdom ( ! ?ree virg9 sa9ts--,agape1 ,*ione1 & ,ir5e--:o excite ! lu/ ( ! p]secutor ,dulcitius2 & x may be rem>k$1 t 9 ?is com$y1 & 9 t ( ,callima*us & "o or two ( ! o!rs1 ! lady ,hrotsvi?a displays a k ( love-mak+ & ( ! language ( love1 :i* 0 h>dly to be expect$ f a holy nun4#gi #gi ,sev]al editions ( ! writ+s ( ,hrotsvi?a1 texts & translations1 h be5 publi%$ ( late ye>s bo? 9 ,g]many & 9 ,france1 ( :i* ,i may po9t out ! foll[+ z mo/ useful & complete--,?atre de ,hrotsvi?a1 ,religieuse ,allem&e du xe sicle4444p> ,*>les ,magn91 #hvo41 ,p>is1 #ahde2 ,hrotsvi? ,g&e%em5sis1 virg9is et monialis ,g]manic1 g5te ,saxonica ort1 ,comdias sex1 ad fidem codicis ,emm]an5sis typis expressas edidit4444 ,j4 ,b5$ix51 #afmo41 ,lubec1 #aheg2 ,die ,w]ke d] ,hrotsvi?a3 ,h]ausgegeb5 von ,dr4 ,k4 ,a4 ,b>ack1 #hvo41 ,nrnb]g1 #aheh4 ,hrotsvi?a1 9 h] preface1 compla9s t1 9 spite ( ! g5]al love = ! read+ ( ! ,scriptures1 & contempt = ev]y?+ d]iv$ f anci5t paganism1 p /ill too (t5 read ! fictions ( ,t]5ce1 & ?us1 s$uc$ by ! beauties ( 8 /yle1 soil$ _! m9ds ) ! k ( ! crim9al acts :i* are describ$ 9 8 writ+s4 ,a r e>ly manuscript has pres]v$ a v curi\s fragm5t illu/rative ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! com$ies ( ! ,romans 7 reg>d$ by "o class ( p 9 ! middle ages1 & x has also a fur!r mean+4 ,its =m is t ( a dialogue 9 ,lat9 v]se betwe5 ,t]5ce & a p]sonage call$ 9 ! orig9al delusor1 :i* 0 no d\bt int5d$ to express a p]=m] ( "s k9d1 & may be probably consid]$ z synonym\s ) j\gleur4 ,x is a cont5tion betwe5 ! new j\gl]ie ( ! middle ages & ! old j\gl]ie ( ! s*ools1 some:at 9 ! same /yle z ! fabliau ( ,les deux ,troveors ,ribauz1 describ$ 9 a =m] *apt]4#hj ,we are to suppose t ! "n ( ,t]5ce has be5 9 "s way or o!r br\ght =w>d 9 laudatory t]ms1 ^u :i* ! j\gleur /eps =w>d f among ! spectators & expresses himself t[>ds ! ,roman writ] v contemptu\sly4 ,t]5ce !n makes 8 appe>ance to speak 9 8 own def5ce1 & ! two g on abus+ "o ano!r 9 no v measur$ language4 ,t]5ce asks 8 assailant :o he is8 to :i* ! o!r replies1 ,if y ask :o ,i am1 ,i reply1 ,i am bett] ?an !e4 ,?\ art old & brok5 ) ye>s2 ,i am a tyro1 full ( vig\r1 & 9 ! =ce ( y\?4 ,y are b a b>r5 trunk1 :ile ,i am a good & f]tile tree4 ,if y hold y\r tongue1 old fell[1 x w be mu* bett] = y4 ,si rogitas quis sum1 respondeo3 te melior sum4 ,tu vetus atque s5ex2 ego tyro1 val5s1 adulesc5s4 ,tu /]ilis truncus2 ego f]tilis arbor1 opimus4 ,si taceas1 o vetule1 lucrum tibi quris enorme4 ,t]5ce replies3--,:at s5se h y left8 ,are y1 ?9k y1 bett] ?an me8 ,let me see y1 "y z y are1 compose :at ,i1 h[ev] old & brok51 w compose4 ,if y be a good tree1 %[ u "s pro(s ( y\r f]tility4 ,al?\gh ,i may be a b>r5 trunk1 ,i produce abundance ( bett] fruit ?an ?9e4 ,quis tibi s5sus ine/8 numquid melior me es8 ,nunc vetus atque s5ex qu fec]o fac adolesc5s4 ,si bonus arbor ades1 qua f]tilitate r$undas8 ,cum sim truncus in]s1 fructu meliore r$undo4 ,& s ! dispute cont9ues1 b un=tunately ! latt] "p has be5 lo/ ) a leaf or two ( ! manuscript4 ,i w only add t ,i ?9k ! age ( ?is curi\s piece has be5 ov]rat$4#ha #hj ,see p4 #aia ( ! pres5t volume4 #ha ,?is s+ul> composition 0 publi%$ ) notes by ,m4 de ,montaiglon1 9 a ,p>isian j\rnal entitl$1 ,l',amateur de ,livres1 9 #ahdi1 "u ! title ( ,fragm5t d'un ,dialogue ,lat9 du ixe sicle entre ,t]5ce et un ,b\ffon4 ,a few sep>ate copies 7 pr9t$1 ( :i* ,i possess "o4 ,hrotsvi?a is ! e>lie/ example we h ( m$ival writ]s 9 ?is p>ticul> class ( lit]ature4 ,we f9d no o!r until ! twelf? c5tury1 :5 two writ]s fl\ri%$ nam$ ,vital ( ,blois 7,vitalis ,bles5sis7 & ,mat!w ( ,v5dme 7,mat?u ,v9doc95sis71 ! au?ors ( sev]al ( ! m$ival poems di/+ui%$ by ! title ( comdi1 :i* give u a cle>] & m di/9ct idea ( :at 0 meant by ! ^w4 ,!y are writt5 9 ,lat9 ,elegiac v]se1 a =m ( composition :i* 0 v popul> among ! m$ival s*ol>s1 & consi/ ( /ories told 9 dialogue4 ,h5ce ,pr(essor ,osann1 ( ,giess51 :o edit$ two ( ^? ( ,vital ( ,blois1 gives !m ! title ( eclogues 7eclog74 ,! "n com$y is1 h[ev]1 giv5 to !m 9 manuscripts1 & x may p]haps admit ( ! foll[+ explanation4 ,^! pieces seem to h be5 fir/ m]e abridgm5ts ( ! plots ( ! ,roman com$ies1 especially ^? ( ,plautus1 & ! au?ors appe> to h tak5 ! ,lat9 title ( ! orig9al z appli$ to ! plot1 9 ! s5se ( a n>rative1 & n to its dramatic =m4 ,( ! two com$ies by ,vital ( ,blois1 "o is entitl$ ,geta1 & is tak5 f ! ,amphytrio ( ,plautus1 & ! o!r1 :i* 9 ! manuscripts be>s ! title ( ,qu]ulus1 repres5ts ! ,aulul>ia ( ! same writ]4 ,indep5d5t ( ! =m ( composition1 ! s*ola/ic writ] has giv5 a /rangely m$ival turn to ! incid5ts ( ! classic /ory ( ,jupit] & ,alcm5a4 ,ano!r simil> com$y1 t ( ,babio1 :i* ,i fir/ pr9t$ f ! manuscripts1 is /ill m m$ival 9 "*4 ,its plot1 p]haps tak5 f a fabliau1 = ! m$ival writ]s r>ely inv5t$ /ories1 is z foll[s1 al?\gh x mu/ be confess$ t x comes out r obscurely 9 ! dialogue itself4 ,babio1 ! h]o ( ! piece1 is a prie/1 :o1 z 0 /ill common at t "t 7! twelf? c5tury71 has a wife1 or1 z ! /rict religioni/s w\ld !n say1 a concub9e1 nam$ ,pecula4 ,%e has a daught] nam$ ,viola1 ) :om ,babio is 9 love1 & he pursues 8 design ^u h]1 ( c\rse unkn[n to 8 wife4 ,babio has also a man-s]vant nam$ ,fodius1 :o is engag$ 9 a secret intrigue ) 8 mi/ress1 ,pecula1 & also seeks to s$uce h] daught]1 ,viola4 ,to cr[n ! :ole1 ! "l ( ! manor1 a knight nam$ ,croceus1 is also 9 love ) ,viola1 ?\gh ) m hon\rable designs4 ,"h is surely intrigue en\gh & a suffici5t abs5ce ( morality to satisfy a mod]n ,fr5* noveli/ ( ! fir/ wat]4 ,at ! op5+ ( ! piece1 amid "s by-play betwe5 ! f\r individuals :o =m ! h\sehold ( ,babio1 x is sudd5ly ann\nc$ t ,croceus is on 8 way to visit him1 & a fea/ is ha/ily prep>$ = 8 reception4 ,x ends 9 ! knight c>ry+ away ,viola by =ce4 ,babio1 aft] a little va9 blu/]1 consoles himself = ! loss ( ! damsel ) reflections on ! virtue ( 8 wife1 ,pecula1 & ! fai?fulness ( 8 man1 ,fodius1 :51 at ?is mom5t1 ,fame c>ries to 8 e> reports :i* excite 8 suspicions aga9/ !m4 ,he adopts a /ratagem v frequ5tly introduc$ 9 ! m$ival /ories1 surprises ! two lov]s "u circum/ances :i* leave no room = d\bt+ _! guilt1 & !n =gives !m1 ent]s a mona/]y1 & leaves !m to !mselves4 ,9 =m1 ^! com$ies are little m ?an s*ola/ic ex]cises2 b1 at a lat] p]iod1 we %all see ! same /ories adopt$ z ! subjects ( f>ces4#hb #hb ,to judge by ! numb] ( copies f\nd 9 manuscripts1 especially ( ! ,geta1 ^! dramatic poems mu/ h enjoy$ consid]able popul>ity4 ,! ,geta & ! ,qu]ulus 7 publi%$ 9 a volume entitl$1 ,vitalis ,bles5sis ,amphitryon et ,aulul>ia ,eclog4 ,edidit ,frid]icus ,osannus1 ,pr(essor ,gis5sis1 #hvo41 ,d>m/adt1 #ahcf4 ,! ,geta & ! ,babio are includ$ 9 my ,e>ly ,my/]ies1 & o!r ,lat9 ,poems ( ! ,twelf? & ,?irte5? ,c5turies4 ,already1 h[ev]1 by ! side ( ^! dramatic poems1 a real drama--! drama ( ! middle ages--0 gradually develop+ itself4 ,z /at$ be=e1 x arose1 l ! drama ( ! ,greeks1 out ( ! religi\s c]emonies4 ,we "k no?+ ( ! exi/5ce ( any?+ approa*+ to dramatic =ms :i* may h exi/$ among ! religi\s rites ( ! peoples ( ! ,teutonic race be=e _! conv]sion to ,*ri/ianity1 b ! ,*ri/ian cl]gy felt ! necessity ( keep+ up fe/ive religi\s c]emonies 9 "s =m or o!r1 & also ( impress+ ^u p's imag9ation & memory by means ( rude sc5ical repres5tations "s ( ! broad] facts ( scriptural & ecclesia/ical hi/ory4 ,^! p]=mances at fir/ consi/$ probably 9 m]e dumb %[1 or at ! mo/ ! p]=m]s may h *ant$ ! scriptural acc\nt ( ! transaction !y 7 repres5t+4 ,9 ?is mann] ! *oral boys1 or ! y\ng] cl]gy1 w\ld1 on "s special ,sa9t's day1 p]=m "s /rik+ act 9 ! life ( ! sa9t commemorat$1 or1 on p>ticul> fe/ivals ( ! *ur*1 ^? incid5ts ( gospel hi/ory to :i* ! fe/ival especially relat$4 ,by degrees1 a r m impos+ "* 0 giv5 to ^! p]=mances by ! addition ( a cont9u\s dialogue1 :i*1 h[ev]1 0 writt5 9 ,lat9 v]se1 & 0 no d\bt *ant$4 ,?is incipi5t drama 9 ,lat91 z f> z we "k x1 belongs to ! twelf? c5tury1 & is repres5t$ by a tol]ably l>ge numb] ( examples /ill pres]v$ 9 m$ival manuscripts4 ,"s ( ! e>lie/ ( ^! h = _! au?or a pupil ( ! celebrat$ ,abel>d1 nam$ ,hil>ius1 :o liv$ 9 ! fir/ half ( ! twelf? c5tury1 & is und]/ood to h be5 by bir? an ,engli%man4 ,hil>ius appe>s be=e u z a playful ,lat9 poet1 & among a numb] ( %ort pieces1 :i* may be almo/ call$ lyric1 he has left u ?ree ( ^! religi\s plays4 ,! subject ( ! fir/ ( ^! is ! rais+ ( ,laz>us f ! dead1 ! *ief peculi>ity ( :i* consi/s ( ! songs ( lam5tation plac$ 9 ! m\?s ( ! two si/]s ( ,laz>us1 ,m>y & ,m>?a4 ,! second repres5ts "o ( ! miracles attribut$ to ,/4 ,ni*olas2 & ! ?ird1 ! hi/ory ( ,daniel4 ,! latt] is long] & m elaborate ?an ! o!rs1 & at its conclusion1 ! /age direction tells u t1 if x 7 p]=m$ at mat9s1 ,d>ius1 k+ ( ! ,m$es & ,p]sians1 0 to *ant ,te ,deum ,laudamus1 b if x 7 at vesp]s1 ! great k+ 0 to *ant ,magnificat anima mea ,dom9um4#hc #hc ,hil>ii ,v]sus et ,ludi1 #hvo41 ,p>is1 #ahce4 ,edit$ by ,m4 ,*ampollion ,figeac4 ,t ?is m$ival drama 0 n d]iv$ f t ( ! ,roman is evid5t f ! circum/ance t entirely new t]ms 7 appli$ to x4 ,! we/]n p 9 ! middle ages _h no words exactly equival5t ) ! ,lat9 comdia1 tragdia1 !atrum1 c42 & ev5 ! ,lat9i/s1 to designate ! dramatic pieces p]=m$ at ! *ur* fe/ivals1 employ$ ! ^w ludus1 a play4 ,! ,fr5* call$ !m by a ^w hav+ exactly ! same mean+1 jeu 7f jocus74 ,simil>ly 9 ,engli% !y 7 t]m$ plays4 ,! ,anglo-,saxon gloss>ies pres5t z ! repres5tative ( ! ,lat9 !atrum1 ! comp\nd$ words plege-/[1 or pleg-/[1 a play-place1 & pleg-hus1 a play-h\se4 ,x is curi\s t we ,engli%m5 h pref]r$ to ! pres5t "t ! ,anglo-,saxon words 9 play1 play]1 & play-h\se4 ,ano!r ,anglo-,saxon ^w ) exactly ! same signification1 lac1 or gelac1 play1 appe>s to h be5 m 9 use 9 ! dialect ( ! ,nor?umbrians1 & a ,york%ireman /ill calls a play a lake1 & a play] a lak]4 ,s also ! ,g]mans call$ a dramatic p]=mance a spil1 i4e4 a play1 ! mod]n spiel1 & a !atre1 a spil-hus4 ,"o ( ! pieces ( ,hil>ius is ?us entitl$ ,ludus sup] iconia sancti ,nicolai1 & ! ,fr5* jeu & ! ,engli% play are con/antly us$ 9 ! same s5se4 ,b besides ?is g5]al t]m1 words gradually came into use to *>act]ise diff]5t sorts ( plays4 ,! *ur* plays consi/$ ( two descriptions ( subjects1 !y ei!r repres5t$ ! miracul\s acts ( c]ta9 sa9ts1 :i* _h a pla9 mean+1 or "s incid5t tak5 f ! ,holy ,scriptures1 :i* 0 suppos$ to h a hidd5 my/]i\s signification z well z an app>5t "o1 & h5ce ! "o class ( subject 0 usually spok5 ( simply z miraculum1 a miracle1 & ! o!r z my/]ium1 a my/]y4 ,my/]ies & miracle-plays are /ill ! names usually giv5 to ! old religi\s plays by writ]s on ! hi/ory ( ! /age4 ,we h a pro( t ! ,lat9 religi\s plays1 & ! fe/ivities 9 :i* !y 7 employ$1 _h become greatly develop$ 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 9 ! notice tak5 ( !m 9 ! ecclesia/ical c\ncils ( t p]iod1 = !y 7 disapprov$ by ! /rict] *ur* discipl9>ians4 ,s e>ly z ! papacy ( ,gregory ,,viii41 ! pope urg$ ! cl]gy to extirpate f _! *ur*es !atrical plays1 & o!r fe/ive practices :i* 7 n q 9 h>mony ) ! sacr$ "* ( ^! build+s4#hd ,su* p]=mances are =bidd5 by a c\ncil held at ,treves 9 #abbg4he ,we le>n f ! annals ( ! abbey ( ,corbei1 publi%$ by ,leibnitz1 t ! y\ng] monks at ,h]esburg p]=m$ on "o occasion a sacr$ com$y 7sacram comdiam7 ( ! sell+ into captivity & ! exaltation ( ,joseph1 :i* 0 disapprov$ by ! o!r heads ( ! ord]4#hf ,su* p]=mances are includ$ 9 a proclamation ( ! bi%op ( ,worms1 9 #acaf1 aga9/ ! v>i\s abuses :i* _h crept into ! fe/ivities obs]v$ 9 8 diocese at ,ea/] & ,/4 ,john's tide4#hg ,simil> prohibitions ( ! act+ ( su* plays 9 *ur*es are met ) at subsequ5t p]iods4 #hd ,int]dum ludi fiunt 9 ecclesiis !atrales1 c4--,decret ,gregorii1 lib4 iii4 tit4 i4 #he ,item non p]mittant sac]dotes ludos !atrales fi]i 9 ecclesia et alios ludos inhone/os4 #hf ,juniores fratres 9 ,h]esburg sacram habu]e comdiam de ,josepho v5dito et exalto1 quod v]o reliqui ord9is no/ri prlati male int]pretati sunt4--,leibn41 ,script4 ,brunsv4 tom4 ii4 p4 #caa4 #hg ,! acts ( ?is synod ( ,worms are pr9t$ 9 ,h>zheim1 tom4 iv4 p4 #beh4 ,:ile ^! p]=mances 7 ?us fall+ "u ! c5sure ( ! *ur* au?orities1 !y 7 tak5 up by ! laity1 & "u _! managem5t bo? ! plays & ! ma*9]y = act+ !m und]w5t consid]able ext5sion4 ,! municipal guilds conta9$ 9 _! con/itution a consid]able am\nt ( religi\s _s4 ,!y 7 great b5efactors ( ! *ur*es 9 cities & municipal t[ns1 & _h usually "s p>ts ( ! sacr$ edifice appropriat$ to !m1 & !y may1 p]haps1 h tak5 a "p 9 ^! p]=mances1 :ile !y 7 /ill conf9$ to ! *ur*4 ,^! guilds1 & subsequ5tly ! municipal corporations1 took !m entirely into _! own h&s4 ,c]ta9 annual religi\s fe/ivals1 & especially ! fea/ ( ,corpus ,*ri/i1 7 /ill ! occasions on :i* ! plays 7 act$1 b !y 7 tak5 entirely f ! *ur*es1 & ! p]=mances took place 9 ! op5 /reets4 ,ea* guild _h its p>ticul> play1 & !y act$ on movable /ages1 :i* 7 dragg$ along ! /reets 9 ! procession ( ! guild4 ,^! /ages appe> to h be5 r complicat$4 ,!y 7 divid$ into ?ree floors1 t 9 ! middle1 :i* 0 ! pr9cipal /age1 repres5t+ ?is _w1 :ile ! upp] division repres5t$ heav51 & t at ! bottom hell4 ,! m$ival writ]s 9 ,lat9 call$ ?is ma*9]y a pegma1 f ! ,greek ^w 1 a scaffold2 & !y also appli$ to x1 = a reason :i* is n is easily se51 unless ! "o ^w arose out ( a corruption ( ! o!r1 t ( pag9a1 & f a fur!r corruption ( ^! came into ! ,fr5* & ,engli% languages ! ^w pageant1 :i* orig9ally signifi$ "o ( ^! movable /ages1 ?\gh x has s9ce receiv$ second>y mean+s :i* h a mu* wid] application4 ,ea* guild 9 a t[n _h its pageant & its own actors1 :o p]=m$ 9 masks & co/umes1 & ea* _h "o ( a s]ies ( plays1 :i* 7 p]=m$ at places :]e !y halt$ 9 ! procession4 ,! subjects ( ^! plays 7 tak5 f ,scripture1 & !y usually =m$ a regul> s]ies ( ! pr9cipal hi/ories ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts4 ,= ?is reason !y 7 g5]ally t]m$ my/]ies1 a title already expla9$2 & among ! few s]ies ( ^! plays /ill pres]v$1 we h ! ,cov5try ,my/]ies1 :i* 7 p]=m$ by ! guilds ( t t[n1 ! ,*e/] ,my/]ies1 belong+ to ! guilds 9 ! city ( ,*e/]1 & ! ,t[neley ,my/]ies1 s call$ f ! "n ( ! possessor ( ! manuscript1 b :i* probably belong$ to ! guilds ( ,wakefield 9 ,york%ire4 ,dur+ ^! *anges 9 ! me?od ( p]=mance1 ! plays !mselves _h also be5 consid]ably modifi$4 ,! simple ,lat9 phrases1 ev5 :5 9 rhyme1 :i* =m$ ! dialogue ( ! e>li] ludi--z 9 ! f\r miracles ( ,/4 ,ni*olas1 & ! six ,lat9 my/]ies tak5 f ! ,new ,te/am5t1 pr9t$ 9 my volume ( ,e>ly ,my/]ies & o!r ,lat9 ,poems--mu/ h be5 v un9t]e/+ to ! mass ( ! spectators1 & an attempt 0 made to enliv5 !m by introduc+ among ! ,lat9 phrases popul> prov]bs1 or ev5 sometimes a song 9 ! vulg> tongue4 ,?us 9 ! play ( ,laz>us by ,hil>ius1 ! ,lat9 ( ! lam5tations ( 8 two si/]s is int]mix$ ) ,fr5* v]ses4 ,su* is ! case also ) ! play ( ,/4 ,ni*olas by ! same writ]1 z well z ) ! curi\s my/]y ( ! ,fooli% ,virg9s1 pr9t$ 9 my ,e>ly ,my/]ies j allud$ to1 9 :i* latt] ! ,lat9 is int]m+l$ ) ,prov5al v]se4 ,a mu* great] advance 0 made :5 ^! p]=mances 7 transf]r$ to ! guilds4 ,! ,lat9 0 !n disc>d$ altoge!r1 & ! :ole play 0 writt5 9 ,fr5*1 or ,engli%1 or ,g]man1 z ! case might be1 ! plot 0 made m elaborate1 & ! dialogue greatly ext5d$4 ,b n[ t ! :ole in/itution _h become secul>is$1 ! want ( some?+ to amuse p--to make !m laugh1 z p lik$ to laugh 9 ! middle ages--0 felt m ?an ev]1 & ?is want 0 suppli$ by ! introduction ( droll & ludicr\s sc5es1 :i* are (t5 v slightly1 if at all1 connect$ ) ! subject ( ! play4 ,9 "o ( ! e>lie/ ( ! ,fr5* plays1 t ( ,/4 ,ni*olas1 by ,jean ,bodel1 ! *>act]s :o =m ! burlesque sc5e are a p>ty ( gambl]s 9 a tav]n4 ,9 o!rs1 robb]s1 or peasants1 or begg>s =m ! comic sc5e1 or vulg> wom51 or any p]sonages :o c\ld be introduc$ act+ vulg>ly & us+ co>se language1 = ^! 7 great incitem5ts to mir? among ! populace4 ,9 ! ,engli% plays n[ rema9+1 ^! sc5es are1 on ! :ole1 less frequ5t1 & !y are usually m closely connect$ ) ! g5]al subject4 ,! e>lie/ ,engli% collection t has be5 publi%$ is t kn[n z ! ,t[neley ,my/]ies1 ! manuscript ( :i* belongs to ! fifte5? c5tury1 & ! plays !mselves may h be5 compos$ 9 ! latt] "p ( ! f\rte5?4 ,x conta9s ?irty-two plays1 beg9n+ ) ! ,creation1 & end+ ) ! ,asc5sion & ! ,day ( ,judgm5t1 ) two supplem5t>y plays1 ! ,rais+ ( ,laz>us & ! ,hang+ ( ,judas4 ,! play ( ,ca9 & ,abel is ?r\gh\t a vulg> droll]y1 9 :i* ,ca91 :o exhibits ! "* ( a blu/]+ ruffian1 is accompani$ by a g>cio1 or lad1 :o is ! v type ( a vulg> & insol5t horse-boy1 & ! conv]sation ( ^! two wor?ies rem9ds u a little ( t betwe5 ! cl[n & 8 ma/] 9 ! op5-air p]=mances ( ! old w&]+ m\ntebanks4 ,ev5 ! dea? ( ,abel by ! h& ( 8 bro!r is p]=m$ 9 a mann] calculat$ to provoke great laught]4 ,9 ! old mir?ful _s1 to he> two p]sons load ea* o!r ) vulg> abuse1 0 z good z see+ !m gr9 ?r\gh a horse-coll>1 if n bett]4 ,h5ce ! droll sc5e 9 ! play ( ,noah is a dome/ic qu>rel betwe5 ,noah & 8 wife1 :o 0 prov]bially a %rew1 & "h gives a tol]able example ( abusive language1 z x might !n come f a woman's tongue4 ,! qu>rel arises out ( h] ob/9ate refusal to g into ! ark4 ,9 ! ,new ,te/am5t s]ies ! play ( ,! ,%eph]ds 0 "o ( ^? mo/ susceptible ( ?is sort ( embelli%m5t4 ,!re are two plays ( ! ,%eph]ds 9 ! ,t[neley ,my/]ies1 ! fir/ ( :i* is amus+ en\gh1 z x repres5ts1 9 clev] burlesque1 ! acts & conv]sation ( a p>ty ( m$ival %eph]ds gu>d+ _! flocks at night2 b ! second play ( ! ,%eph]ds is a mu* m rem>kable example ( a comic drama4 ,! %eph]ds are introduc$ at ! op5+ ( ! piece conv]s+ v satirically on ! corruptions ( ! "t1 & compla9+ h[ ! p 7 impov]i%$ by ov]-taxation1 to support ! pride & vanity ( ! ari/ocracy4 ,aft] a good deal ( v amus+ talk1 ! %eph]ds1 :o1 z usual1 are ?ree 9 numb]1 agree to s+ a song1 & x is ?is song1 x appe>s1 :i* br+s to !m a f\r?1 nam$ ,mak1 :o proves to be a %eep-/eal]2 &1 9 fact1 no soon] h ! %eph]ds resign$ !mselves to sleep = ! night1 ?an ,mak *ooses "o ( ! be/ %eep 9 _! flocks1 & c>ries x home to 8 hut4 ,kn[+ t he w be suspect$ ( ! !ft1 & t he w soon be pursu$1 he is anxi\s to conceal ! plund]1 & is only help$ out ( 8 difficulty by 8 wife1 :o sugge/s t ! c>case %all be laid at ! bottom ( h] cradle1 & t %e %all lie ^u x & groan1 pret5d+ to be 9 lab\r4 ,mean:ile ! %eph]ds awake1 discov] ! loss ( a %eep1 & p]ceiv+ t ,mak has disappe>$ also1 !y naturally suspect him to be ! depr$ator1 & pursue him4 ,!y f9d ev]y?+ v cunn+ly prep>$ 9 ! cottage to deceive !m1 b1 aft] a l>ge am\nt ( r\ndab\t inquiry & rese>*1 & mu* droll]y1 !y discov] t ! boy ( :i* ,mak's wife pret5ds to h be5 j deliv]$1 is no?+ else b ! %eep :i* _h be5 /ol5 f _! flocks4 ,! wife /ill ass]ts t x is h] *ild1 & ,mak sets up z 8 def5ce t ! baby _h be5 =spok51 or en*ant$1 by an elf at midnight1 & t x _h ?us be5 *ang$ into ! appe>ance ( a %eep2 b ! %eph]ds refuse to be satisfi$ ) ?is explanation4 ,! :ole ( ?is little com$y is c>ri$ out ) great skill1 & ) inf9ite droll]y4 ,! %eph]ds1 :ile /ill wrangl+ ) ,mak & 8 wife1 are seiz$ ) dr[s9ess1 & lie d[n to sleep2 b !y are ar\s$ by ! voice ( ! angel1 :o proclaims ! bir? ( ! ,savi\r4 ,! next play 9 :i* ! droll]y is introduc$1 is t ( ,h]od & ! ,slaught] ( ! ,innoc5ts4 ,h]od's blu/] & bomba/1 & ! vulg> abuse :i* passes betwe5 ! ,hebrew mo!rs & ! soldi]s :o are murd]+ _! *ildr51 are wond]fully laughable4 ,! plays :i* repres5t$ ! arre/1 trial1 & execution ( ,jesus1 are all full ( droll]y1 = ! grotesque "* :i* _h be5 giv5 to ! demons 9 ! e>li] middle ages1 appe>s to h be5 transf]r$ to ! execution]s1 or1 z !y 7 call$1 ! torm5tors1 & ! language & mann] 9 :i* !y execut$ _! duties1 mu/ h kept ! audi5ce 9 a cont9ual ro> ( laught]4 ,9 ! play ( ,doomsday1 ! fi5ds reta9$ _! old "*1 & ! mann] 9 :i* !y joke ov] ! di/ress ( ! s9ful s\ls1 & ! details !y give ( _! s9fulness1 are equally mir?-provok+4 ,! ,cov5try ,my/]ies are also pr9t$ f a manuscript ( ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & are1 p]haps1 z old z ! ,t[neley ,my/]ies4 ,!y consi/ ( =ty-two plays1 b !y conta91 on ! :ole1 few] droll sc5es ?an ^? ( ! ,t[neley collection4 ,b a v rem>kable example is furni%$ 9 ! play ( ! ,trial ( ,joseph & ,m>y1 :i* is a v grotesque picture ( ! proce$+s 9 a m$ival consi/ory c\rt4 ,! sompn\r1 a "* s well kn[n by ,*auc]'s picture ( him1 op5s ! piece by read+ f 8 book a long li/ ( (f5d]s aga9/ *a/ity4 ,at its conclusion1 two detractors make _! appe>ance1 :o repeat v>i\s sc&al\s /ories aga9/ ! ,virg9 ,m>y & h] husb& ,joseph1 :i* are ov]he>d by "s ( ! high (fic]s ( ! c\rt1 & ,m>y & ,joseph are =mally accus$ & plac$ ^u _! trial4 ,! trial itself is a sc5e ( l[ ribaldry1 :i* c only h af=d$ amusem5t to a v vulg> audi5ce4 ,!re is a c]ta9 am\nt ( ! same k9d ( indelicate droll]y 9 ! play ( ,! ,woman tak5 9 ,adult]y1 9 ?is collection4 ,! ,*e/] ,my/]ies are /ill m sp>+ ( su* sc5es1 b !y are pr9t$ f manuscripts writt5 aft] ! ,re=mation1 :i* _h1 p]haps1 gone ?r\gh ! process ( expurgation1 9 :i* su* excresc5ces _h be5 lopp$ (f4 ,h[ev]1 9 ! play ( ,noah's ,flood1 we h ! old qu>rel betwe5 ,noah & 8 wife1 :i* is c>ri$ s f> t ! latt] actually beats h] husb& 9 ! pres5ce ( ! audi5ce4 ,!re is a little droll]y 9 ! play ( ,! ,%eph]ds1 a consid]able am\nt ( :at may be call$ ,bill+sgate language 9 ! play ( ! ,slaught] ( ! ,innoc5ts1 b less ?an ! usual am\nt ( insol5ce 9 ! torm5tors & demons4#hh ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t ^! droll sc5es 7 n always consid]$ an integral "p ( ! play 9 :i* !y 7 introduc$1 b t !y 7 kept z sep>ate subjects1 to be introduc$ at w1 & n always 9 ! same play1 & !re=e t !y 7 n copi$ ) ! play 9 ! manuscripts4 #hh ,! editions ( ! ?ree pr9cipal collections ( ,engli% my/]ies are--#a4 ,! ,t[neley ,my/]ies1 #hvo41 ,london1 #ahcf1 publi%$ by ! ,surtees ,society2 #b4 ,ludus ,cov5tri3 a ,collection ( ,my/]ies1 =m]ly repres5t$ at ,cov5try on ! ,fea/ ( ,corpus ,*ri/i1 edit$ by ,james ,or*>d ,halliwell1 ,esq41 #hvo41 ,london1 #ahda1 publi%$ by ! ,%akespe>e ,society2 #c4 ,! ,*e/] ,plays3 a ,collection ( ,my/]ies f\nd$ ^u ,scriptural ,subjects1 & =m]ly repres5t$ by ! ,trades ( ,*e/] at ,:itsuntide1 edit$ by ,?omas ,wright1 ,esq41 #b vols4 #hvo41 ,london1 #ahdc & #ahdg1 publi%$ by ! ,%akespe>e ,society4 ,9 ! ,cov5try play ( ,noah's ,flood1 :5 ,noah has receiv$ ! directions f an angel = ! build+ ( ! ark1 he leaves ! /age to proce$ to ?is important "w4 ,on 8 dep>ture1 ,lame* comes =w>d1 bl9d & l$ by a y\?1 :o directs 8 h& to %oot at a bea/ conceal$ 9 a bu%4 ,lame* %oots1 & kills ,ca91 ^u :i*1 9 8 ang]1 he beats ! y\? to dea?1 & lam5ts ! mis=tune into :i* ! latt] has l$ him4 ,?is 0 ! leg5d>y explanation ( ! passage 9 ! f\r? *apt] ( ,g5esis3 ,& ,lame* said 444 ,i h sla9 a man to my w\nd+1 & a "y man to my hurt2 if ,ca9 %all be av5g$ sev5-fold1 truly ,lame* sev5ty & sev5-fold4 ,x is evid5t t ?is is a piece ( scriptural /ory :i* has no?+ to d ) ,noah's flood1 & accord+ly1 9 ! ,cov5try play1 we are told 9 ! /age directions1 t x 0 introduc$ 9 ! place ( ! int]lude1#hi z if !re 7 a place 9 ! ma*9]y ( ! pageant :]e ! episode1 :i* 0 n an integral "p ( ! subject1 0 p]=m$1 & t ?is "p ( ! p]=mance 0 call$ an int]lude1 or play introduc$ 9 ! int]val ( ! action ( ! ma9 subject4 ,! ^w int]lude rema9$ long 9 our language z appli$ to su* %ort & simple dramatic pieces z we may suppose to h =m$ ! droll]ies ( ! my/]ies4 ,b !y _h ano!r "n 9 ,france :i* has _h a great] & m lull+ celebrity4 ,9 "o ( ! e>ly ,fr5* miracle-plays1 t ( ,/4 ,fiacre1 an int]lude ( ?is k9d is introduc$1 conta9+ five p]sonages--a brig& or robb]1 a peasant1 a s]geant1 & ! wives ( ! two latt]4 ,! brig&1 meet+ ! peasant on ! highway1 asks ! way to ,/4 ,om]1 & receives a cl[ni% answ]1 :i* is foll[$ by "o equally rude on a second "q4 ,! brig&1 9 rev5ge1 /eals ! peasant's capon1 b ! s]geant comes up at ?is mom5t &1 attempt+ to arre/ ! ?ief1 receives a bl[ f ! latt] :i* is suppos$ to break 8 "r arm4 ,! brig& ?us escapes1 & ! peasant & ! s]geant quit ! sc5e1 :i* is imm$iately occupi$ by _! wives4 ,! s]geant's wife is in=m$ by ! o!r ( ! injury su/a9$ by h] husb&1 & %e exults ov] x because x w deprive him ( ! p[] ( beat+ h]4 ,!y !n proce$ to a tav]n1 call = w9e1 & make m]ry1 ! conv]sation turn+ ^u ! faults ( _! respective husb&s1 :o are n sp>$4 ,9 ! mid/ ( _! enjoym5ts1 ! two husb&s return1 & %[1 by beat+ _! wives1 t !y are n v greatly disabl$4 ,9 ! manuscript ( ! miracle-play ( ,/4 ,fiacre1 9 :i* ?is amus+ episode is introduc$1 a m>g9al /age direction is express$ 9 ! foll[+ words1 cy e/ int]pos une f>sse 7"h a f>ce is introduc$74 ,?is is "o ( ! e>lie/ in/ances ( ! application ( ! t]m f>ce to ^! %ort dramatic faceti4 ,diff]5t op9ions h be5 express$ z to ! orig9 ( ! ^w1 b x seems mo/ probable t x is d]iv$ f an old ,fr5* v]b1 f>c]1 to je/1 to make m]ry1 :5ce ! mod]n ^w f>ceur = a jok]1 & t x ?us means m]ely a droll]y or m]rim5t4 #hi ,hic transit ,noe cum familia sua pro navi1 quo exeunte1 locum int]ludii sub9tret /atim ,lame?1 conductus ab adolesc5te1 et dic5s1 c4 ,i h j sugge/$ z a reason = ! abs5ce ( ^! int]ludes1 or f>ces1 9 ! my/]ies z !y are f\nd 9 ! manuscripts1 t !y 7 probably n look$ ^u z p>ts ( ! my/]ies !mselves1 b z sep>ate pieces :i* might be us$ at pleasure4 ,:5 we rea* a c]ta9 p]iod 9 _! hi/ory1 we f9d t n only 0 ?is ! case1 b t ^! f>ces 7 p]=m$ sep>ately & altoge!r indep5d5tly ( ! religi\s plays4 ,x is 9 ,france t we f9d in=mation :i* enables u to trace ! gradual revolution 9 ! m$ival drama4 ,a society 0 =m$ t[>ds ! close ( ! f\rte5? c5tury "u ! title ( ,confrres de la ,passion1 :o1 9 #acih1 e/abli%$ a regul> !atre at ,/4 ,maur-des-,fosss1 & subsequ5tly obta9$ f ,*>les ,,vi4 a privilege to transport _! !atre into ,p>is1 & to p]=m 9 x my/]ies & miracle-plays4 ,!y n[ r5t$ ( ! monks ( ,h]mires a hall 9 ! hospital ( ! ,tr9ity1 outside ( ! ,porte ,/4 ,d5is1 p]=m+ !re regul>ly on ,sundays & sa9ts' days1 & probably mak+ a good ?+ ( x1 =1 dur+ a long p]iod1 !y enjoy$ great popul>ity4 ,gradually1 h[ev]1 ?is popul>ity 0 s mu* dim9i%$1 t ! confrres 7 oblig$ to h rec\rse to exp$i5ts = reviv+ x4 ,mean:ile o!r simil> societies _h aris5 into importance4 ,! cl]ks ( ! ,bazo*e1 or lawy]s' cl]ks ( ! ,palais de ,ju/ice1 _h ?us associat$ toge!r1 x is said1 z e>ly z ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & !y di/+ui%$ !mselves by compos+ & p]=m+ f>ces1 = :i* !y appe> to h obta9$ a privilege4 ,t[>ds ! close ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 !re arose 9 ,p>is ano!r society1 :i* took ! "n ( ,enfans sans s\ci1 or ,c>eless ,boys1 :o elect$ a presid5t or *ief ) ! title ( ,pr9ce des ,sots1 or ,k+ ( ! ,fools1 & :o compos$ a sort ( dramatic satires :i* !y call$ ,sotties4 ,jeal\sies soon arose betwe5 ^! two societies1 ei!r because ! sotties 7 made sometimes to resemble too closely ! f>ces1 or because ea* trespass$ too (t5 on ! t]ritories ( ! o!r4 ,_! diff]5ces 7 f9ally arrang$ by a compromise1 :]eby ! ,bazo*ians yield$ to _! rivals ! privilege ( p]=m+ f>ces1 & receiv$ 9 return ! p]mission to p]=m sotties4 ,! ,bazo*ians1 too1 _h inv5t$ a new class ( dramatic pieces :i* !y call$ ,moralities1 & 9 :i* allegorical p]sonages 7 introduc$4 ,?us ?ree dramatic societies cont9u$ to exi/ 9 ,france ?r\gh ! fifte5? c5tury1 & until ! middle ( ! sixte5?4 ,^! v>i\s pieces1 "u ! titles ( f>ces1 sotties1 moralities1 or :atev] o!r names might be giv5 to !m1 _h become exce$+ly popul> at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & a v consid]able numb] ( !m 7 pr9t$1 & _m ( !m are /ill pres]v$1 b !y are books ( great r>ity1 & (t5 unique4#ij ,( ^! ! f>ces =m ! mo/ num]\s class4 ,!y consi/ simply ( ! tales ( ! old] j\gleurs or /ory-tell]s repres5t$ 9 a dramatic =m1 b !y (t5 display great skill 9 conduct+ ! plot1 & a consid]able am\nt ( wit4 ,! /ory ( ! %eep-/eal] 9 ! ,t[neley play ( ,! ,%eph]ds1 is a v]itable f>ce4 ,z 9 ! fabliaux1 ! mo/ common subjects ( ^! f>ces are love intrigues1 c>ri$ on 9 a mann] :i* speaks little = ! morality ( ! age 9 :i* !y 7 writt54 ,family qu>rels frequ5tly =m ! subject ( a f>ce1 & ! weaknesses & vices ( wom54 ,! prie/s1 z usual1 are n sp>$1 b are introduc$ z ! s$uc]s ( wives & daught]s4 ,9 "o ! wives h f\nd a means ( re-modell+ _! husb&s & mak+ !m "y aga91 :i* !y put 9 practice ) v>i\s ludicr\s circum/ances4 ,tricks ( s]vants are also common subjects = ^! f>ces4 ,"o is ! /ory ( a boy :o does n "k 8 own fa!r1 & "s ( ! subjects are ( a /ill m trivial "*1 z t ( ! boy :o /eals a t>t f ! pa/rycook's %op4 ,two hungry boys1 pr[l+ ab\t ! /reets1 come to ! %op door j z ! pa/rycook is giv+ directions = s5d+ an eel-pie aft] him4 ,by an +5i\s deception ! boys ga9 possession ( ! pie & eat x1 & !y are bo? caught & sev]ely *a/is$4 ,?is is ! :ole plot ( ! f>ce4 ,a dull s*oolboy exam9$ by 8 ma/] 9 ! pres5ce ( 8 p>5ts1 & ! mir? produc$ by 8 blund]s & _! ignorance1 =m$ also a fav\rite subject among ^! f>ces4 ,"o or two examples are pres]v$1 &1 f a companion ( !m1 we might be l$ to suspect t ,%akespe>e took ! idea ( ! op5+ sc5e 9 ! f\r? act ( ! ,m]ry ,wives ( ,w9dsor f "o ( ^! old f>ces4 #ij ,! mo/ rem>kable collection ( ^! e>ly f>ces1 sotties1 & moralities yet kn[n1 0 f\nd accid5tally 9 #ahde1 & is n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,^! 7 all edit$ 9 ,p>is z ! fir/ ?ree volumes ( a "w 9 t51 entitl$ ,anci5 ,?atre ,franois1 ou ,collection des ,ouvrages dramatiques les plus rem>quable depuis les ,my/res jusqu' ,corneille1 publi 444 p> ,m4 ,viollet le ,duc1 #abmo41 ,p>is1 #ahed4 ,x is "r to /ate t ^! ?ree volumes 7 edit$1 n by ,m4 ,viollet le ,duc1 b by a s*ol> bett] kn[n = 8 le>n+ 9 ! old] ,fr5* lit]ature1 ,m4 ,anatole de ,montaiglon4 ,! sotties & moralities 7 m imag9ative & extravagant ?an ! f>ces1 & 7 fill$ ) allegorical p]sonages4 ,! *>act]s introduc$ 9 ! =m] h g5]ally "s relation to ! k+dom ( folly4 ,?us1 9 "o ( ! sotties1 ! k+ ( fools 7le roy des sotz7 is repres5t$ z hold+ 8 c\rt1 & consult+ ) 8 c\rti]s1 ^: names are ,trib\let1 ,mit\flet1 ,sott9et1 ,coquibus1 & ,guippel94 ,_! conv]sation1 z may be suppos$1 is ( a satirical "*4 ,ano!r is entitl$ ,! ,sottie ( ! ,deceiv]s1 or *eats4 ,sottie--ano!r "n = "m ,folly--op5s ! piece ) a proclamation or address to fools ( all descriptions1 summon+ !m to h] pres5ce4 ,two1 nam$ ,te/e-,v]te & ,f9e-,m9e1 obey ! call1 & !y are que/ion$ z to _! own condition1 & _! proce$+s1 b _! conv]sation is int]rupt$ by ! sudd5 intrusion ( ano!r p]sonage nam$ ,ev]yone 7,*ascun71 :o1 on exam9ation1 is f\nd to be z p]fect a fool z any ( !m4 ,!y accord+ly frat]nise1 & jo9 9 a song4 ,f9ally1 ano!r "*1 ,! ,"t 7le ,temps71 jo9s !m1 & !y agree to submit to 8 directions4 ,accord+ly he in/ructs !m 9 ! arts ( flatt]y & deceiv+1 & ! o!r simil> means by :i* m5 ( t "t s\ght to ?rive4 ,ano!r is ! ,sottie ( ,fooli% ,o/5tation 7de folle bobance74 ,?is lady simil>ly op5s ! sc5e ) an address to all ! fools :o hold allegiance to h]1 & ?ree ( ^! make _! appe>ance4 ,! fir/ fool is ! g5tleman1 ! second ! m]*ant1 ! f\r? ! peasant1 & _! conv]sation is a satire on contempor>y society4 ,! p]sonification ( ab/ract pr9ciples is f> bold]4 ,! ?ree *>act]s :o compose "o ( ^! moralities are ,ev]y?+ 7t\t71 ,no?+ 7ri571 & ,ev]yone 7*ascun74 ,h[ ! p]sonification ( ,no?+ 0 to be repres5t$1 we are n told4 ,! title ( ano!r ( ^! moralities w be en\gh to give ! read] a notion ( _! g5]al title2 x is1 ,a ,new ,morality ( ! ,*ildr5 ( ,n[-a-,days 7,ma9t5ant71 :o are ! ,s*ol>s ( ,once-good 7,jabi571 :o %[s !m h[ to play at ,c>ds & at ,dice1 & to ent]ta9 ,luxury1 :]eby "o comes to ,%ame 7,honte71 & f ,%ame to ,despair 7,desespoir71 & f ,despair to ! gibbet ( ,p]dition1 & !n turns himself to ,good-do+4 ,! *>act]s 9 ?is play are ,n[-a-,days1 ,once-good1 ,luxury1 ,%ame1 ,despair1 ,p]dition1 & ,good-do+4 ,! ?ree dramatic societies :i* produc$ all ^! f>ces1 sotties1 & moralities1 cont9u$ to fl\ri% 9 ,france until ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 at :i* p]iod a great revolution 9 dramatic lit]ature took place 9 t c\ntry4 ,! p]=mance ( ! ,my/]ies _h be5 =bidd5 by au?ority1 & ! ,bazo*ians !mselves 7 suppress$4 ,! petty drama repres5t$ by ! f>ces & sotties w5t rapidly out ( fa%ion1 9 ! great *ange ?r\gh :i* ! m9d ( society 0 at ?is "t pass+1 & 9 :i* ! ta/e = classical lit]ature ov]came all o!rs4 ,! old drama 9 ,france _h disappe>$1 & a new "o1 =m$ entirely ^u an imitation ( ! classical drama1 0 beg9n+ to take its place4 ,?is incipi5t drama 0 repres5t$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury by ,eti5ne ,jodel1 by ,jacques ,grev91 by ,rmy ,belleau1 & especially by ,pi]re de ,l>ivey1 ! mo/ prolific1 & p]haps ! mo/ tal5t$1 ( ! e>li] ,fr5* regul> dramatic au?ors4 ,^! ,fr5* dramatic essays1 ! f>ces1 ! sotties1 & ! moralities1 7 imitat$1 & sometimes translat$1 9 ,engli%1 & _m ( !m 7 pr9t$2 = ! fur!r our rese>*es are c>ri$ into ! e>ly hi/ory ( pr9t+1 ! m we are a/oni%$ at ! extreme activity ( ! press1 ev5 9 its infancy1 9 multiply+ lit]ature ( a popul> "*4 ,9 ,engl&1 z 9 ,france1 ! f>ces _h be51 at a r e>ly p]iod1 deta*$ f ! my/]ies & miracle-plays1 b ! ^w int]ludes _h be5 adopt$ "h z ! g5]al title = !m1 & cont9u$ 9 use ev5 aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ! regul> drama4 ,p]haps ?is "n ow$ its popul>ity to ! circum/ance t x seem$ m appropriate to its object1 :5 x became s fa%ionable 9 ,engl& to act ^! plays at int]vals 9 ! great fe/ivals & ent]ta9m5ts giv5 at c\rt1 or 9 ! h\seholds ( ! great nobles4 ,at all ev5ts1 !re c be no d\bt t ?is fa%ion _h a great influ5ce on ! fate ( ! ,engli% /age4 ,! cu/om ( p]=m+ plays 9 ! univ]sities1 great s*ools1 & inns ( c\rt1 _h also ! effect ( produc+ a numb] ( v clev] dramatic writ]s2 = :5 ?is lit]ature 0 s w>mly patronis$ by pr9ces & nobles1 p ( ! highe/ qualifications s\ght to excel 9 x4 ,h5ce we f9d f books ( h\sehold exp5ses & simil> records ( ! p]iod1 t !re 01 dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury1 an imm5se numb] ( su* plays compil$ 9 ,engl& :i* 7 nev] pr9t$1 & ( :i*1 !re=e1 v few are pres]v$4 ,! e>lie/ kn[n plays ( ?is description 9 ! ,engli% language belong to ! class :i* 7 call$ 9 ,france moralities4 ,!y are ?ree 9 numb]1 & are pres]v$ 9 a manuscript 9 ! possession ( ,mr4 ,hudson ,gurney1 :i* ,i h n se51 b :i* is said to be ( ! reign ( our k+ ,h5ry ,,vi4 ,sev]al words & allusions 9 !m seem to me to %[ t !y 7 translat$1 or adapt$1 f ! ,fr5*4 ,!y conta9 exactly ! same k9d ( allegorical p]sonages4 ,! allegory itself is a simple "o1 & easily und]/ood4 ,9 ! fir/1 :i* is entitl$ ! ,ca/le ( ,p]sev]ance1 ! h]o is ,humanum ,g5us 7,mankynd71 = ! names ( ! p>ts are all giv5 9 ,lat94 ,on ! bir? ( ?is p]sonage1 a good & a bad angel (f] !mselves z 8 protectors & guides1 & he *ooses ! latt]1 :o introduces him to ,mundus 7! ,_w71 & to 8 fri5ds1 ,/ultitia 7,folly71 & ,voluptas 7,pleasure74 ,^! & "s o!r p]sonages br+ him "u ! influ5ce ( ! sev5 deadly s9s1 & ,humanum ,g5us takes = 8 b$fell[ a lady nam$ ,luxuria4 ,at l5g? ,confessio & ,pnit5tia succe$ 9 reclaim+ ,humanum ,g5us1 & !y conduct him = security to ! ,ca/le ( ,p]sev]ance1 :]e ! sev5 c>d9al virtues att5d ^u him4 ,he is besieg$ 9 ?is ca/le by ! sev5 deadly s9s1 :o are l$ to ! attack by ,belial1 b are defeat$4 ,humanum ,g5us has n[ become ag$1 & is expos$ to ! attacks ( ano!r assailant4 ,?is is ,av>itia1 :o ent]s ! ,ca/le /eal?ily by und]m9+ ! wall1 & artfully p]suades ,humanum ,g5us to leave x4 ,he ?us comes aga9 "u ! influ5ce ( ,mundus1 until ,mors 7,dea?7 arrives1 & ! bad angel c>ries (f ! victim to ! doma9s ( ,satan4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! end ( ! piece4 ,god appe>s1 seat$ on ,8 ?rone1 & ,m]cy1 ,peace1 ,ju/ice1 & ,tru? appe> be=e ,him1 ! two =m] plead+ =1 & ! latt] aga9/1 ,humanum ,g5us1 :o1 aft] "s discussion1 is sav$4 ,?is allegorical picture ( human life 01 9 "o =m or o!r1 a fav\rite subject ( ! moralis]s4 ,i may quote z examples ! int]ludes ( ,lu/y ,juv5tus1 repr9t$ 9 ,hawk9s's ,orig9 ( ! ,engli% ,drama1 & ! ,disob$i5t ,*ild1 & ,trial ( ,treasure1 repr9t$ by ! ,p]cy ,society4 ,! second ( ! moralities ascrib$ to ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,vi41 has = its pr9cipal *>act]s ,m9d1 ,w1 & ,und]/&+4 ,^! are assail$ by ,lucif]1 :o succe$s 9 allur+ !m to vice1 & !y *ange _! mode/ raim5t = ! dress ( gay gallants4 ,v>i\s o!r *>act]s are introduc$ 9 a simil> /ra9 ( allegory1 until !y are reclaim$ by ,wisdom4 ,mank9d is aga9 ! pr9cipal p]sonage ( ! ?ird ( ^! moralities1 & "s ( ! o!r *>act]s 9 ! play1 su* z ,n\ght1 ,new-guise1 & ,n[-a-days1 rem9d u ( ! simil> allegorical p]sonages 9 ! ,fr5* moralities describ$ above4 ,^! int]ludes br+ u into acqua9tance ) a new comic "*4 ,! great "p :i* folly act$ 9 ! social de/9ies ( mank9d1 _h become an ackn[l$g$ fact2 & z ! c\rt & almo/ e great h\sehold _h its pr(ess$ fool1 s x seems to h be5 consid]$ t a play also 0 incomplete )\t a fool4 ,b1 z ! "* ( ! fool 0 usually giv5 to "o ( ! mo/ objectionable *>act]s 9 x1 s1 = ?is reason app>5tly1 ! fool 9 a play 0 call$ ! ,vice4 ,?us1 9 ,lu/y ,juv5tus1 ! "* ( ,hypocrisy is call$ ! ,vice2 9 ! play ( ,all = ,money1 x is ,s92 9 t ( ,tom ,tyl] & 8 ,wife1 x is ,desire2 9 ! ,trial ( ,treasure x is ,incl9ation2 & 9 "s in/ances ! ,vice appe>s to be ! demon himself4 ,! ,vice seems always to h be5 dress$ 9 ! usual co/ume ( a c\rt fool1 & he p]haps _h o!r duties besides 8 m]e "p 9 ! plot1 su* z mak+ je/s ( 8 own1 & us+ o!r means = provok+ ! mir? ( ! audi5ce 9 ! int]vals ( ! action4 ,a few ( our e>ly ,engli% int]ludes 71 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w1 f>ces4 ,su* is ! m]y play ( ,john ! ,husb&1 ,tyb ! ,wife1 & ,sir ,john ! ,prie/1 writt5 by ,john ,heywood1 ! plot ( :i* pres5ts ! same simplicity z ^? ( ! f>ces :i* 7 s popul> 9 ,france4 ,john has a %rew = 8 wife1 & has good causes = suspect+ an undue intimacy betwe5 h] & ! prie/2 b !y f9d means to bl9d 8 eyes1 :i* is ! m easily done1 because he is a great c[>d1 except :5 he is alone4 ,tyb1 ! wife1 makes a pie1 & proposes t ! prie/ %all be invit$ to assi/ 9 eat+ x4 ,! husb& is oblig$1 v unwill+ly1 to be ! be>] ( ! invitation1 & is n a little surpris$ :5 ! prie/ refuses x4 ,he gives z 8 reason1 t he 0 unwill+ to intrude himself into company :]e he knew he 0 dislik$1 & p]suad$ ,john t he _h fall5 "u ! wife's displeasure1 because1 9 private int]views ) h]1 he _h lab\r$ to induce h] to bridle h] temp]1 & treat h] husb& ) m g5tl5ess4 ,john1 delight$ at ! discov]y ( ! prie/'s hone/y1 insi/s on 8 go+ home ) him to fea/ ^u ! pie4 ,!re ! guilty c\ple contrive to put ! husb& to a disagreeable p5ance1 :ile !y eat ! pie1 & treat him o!rwise v ignom9i\sly1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! m>ri$ c\ple fight4 ,! prie/ int]f]es1 & ! fight ?us becomes g5]al1 & is only end$ by ! dep>ture ( ,tyb & ! prie/1 leav+ ! husb& alone4 ,! popul>ity ( ! moralities 9 ,engl& is1 p]haps1 to be expla9$ by peculi>ities 9 ! condition ( society1 & ! great] pre-occupation ( m5's m9ds 9 our c\ntry at t "t ) ! religi\s & social revolution :i* 0 !n 9 progress4 ,! ,re=m]s soon saw ! use :i* might be made ( ! /age1 & compil$ & caus$ to be act$ int]ludes 9 :i* ! old doctr9es & c]emonies 7 turn$ to ridicule1 & ! new ones 7 held up 9 a fav\rable light4 ,we h excell5t examples ( ! success ) :i* ?is plan 0 c>ri$ out 9 ! plays ( ! celebrat$ ,john ,bale4 ,8 play ( ,kyng ,johan1 an edition ( :i* 0 publi%$ by ! ,camd5 ,society1 is n only a rem>kable "w ( a v rem>kable man1 b x may be consid]$ z ! fir/ rude model ( ! ,engli% hi/orical drama4 ,! /age became n[ a political in/rum5t 9 ,engl&1 almo/ z x _h be5 9 anci5t ,greece1 & x ?us became frequ5tly ! object ( p>ticul> z well z g5]al p]secution4 ,9 #aedc1 ! vic> ( ,yox=d1 9 ,suffolk1 drew ^u himself ! viol5t ho/ility ( ! o!r cl]gy 9 t c\nty by compos+ & caus+ to be p]=m$ plays aga9/ ! pope's c\nsellors4 ,six ye>s aft]w>ds1 9 #aedi1 a royal proclamation prohibit$ = a "t ! p]=mance ( int]ludes ?r\gh\t ! k+dom1 on ! gr\nd t !y conta9$ matt] t5dyng to s$icion & contempnyng ( sund]y good ord]s & lawes1 :]eupon are gr[5 daily1 & are likely to gr[e1 mu*e disquiet1 division1 tumultes1 & upro>es 9 ?is realme4 ,f ?is "t =w>d we beg9 to meet ) laws = ! regulation ( /age p]=mances1 & proce$+s 9 cases ( suppos$ infractions ( !m1 & x became cu/om>y to obta9 ! approval ( a play by ! privy c\ncil be=e x 0 all[$ to be act$4 ,?us gradually arose ! (fice ( a dramatic c5sor4 ,) ,bale & ) ,john ,heywood1 ! ,engli% plays began to approa* ! =m ( a regul> drama1 & ! two n[ r celebrat$ pieces1 ,ralph ,roi/] ,doi/]1 & ,gamm] ,gurton's ,ne$le1 :i* belong to ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 may be consid]$ z com$ies r ?an z int]ludes4 ,! =m]1 writt5 by a well-kn[n s*ol> ( t "t1 ,ni*olas ,udall1 ma/] ( ,eton1 is a satirical picture ( "s phases ( ,london life1 & relates ! ridicul\s adv5tures ( a weak-head$ & va9-glori\s gallant1 :o believes t all ! wom5 mu/ be 9 love ) him1 & :o is l$ by a ne$y & design+ p>asite nam$ ,mat!w ,m]ygreeke4 ,rude z x is z a dramatic composition1 x displays no lack ( tal5t1 & x is full ( g5u9e hum\r4 ,! hum\r 9 ,gamm] ,gurton's ,ne$le is none ! less ri* because x is ( co>s] & r broad] ca/4 ,! good dame ( ! piece1 ,gamm] ,gurton1 dur+ an int]ruption 9 ! process ( m5d+ ! bree*es ( h] husb&1 ,hodge1 has lo/ h] ne$le1 & mu* lam5tation foll[s a mis=tune s great at a "t :5 ne$les appe> to h be5 r>e & valuable articles 9 ! rural h\sehold4 ,9 ! mid/ ( _! tr\ble appe>s ,diccon1 :o is describ$ 9 ! dramatis p]son z ,diccon ! ,b$lam1 mean+ t he 0 an idiot1 & :o appe>s to hold ! position ( ,vice 9 ! play4 ,diccon1 h[ev]1 ?\gh weak-m9d$1 is a cunn+ fell[1 & especially giv5 to mak+ mis*ief1 & he accuses a neighb\r1 ,dame ,*at1 ( /eal+ ! ne$le4 ,at ! same "t1 ! same mis*iev\s individual tells ,dame ,*at t ,gamm] ,gurton's cock _h be5 /ol5 9 ! night f ! h5roo/1 & t %e1 ,dame ,*at1 0 accus$ ( be+ ! ?ief4 ,amid ! g5]al misund]/&+ :i* results f ,diccon's successful endeav\rs1 !y s5d = ! p>son ( ! p>i%1 ,dr4 ,rat1 :o appe>s to unite 9 himself ! ?ree p>ts ( prea*]1 physician1 & conjur]1 9 ord] to h advantage ( 8 exp]i5ce 9 f9d+ ! ne$le4 ,diccon n[ contrives a new piece ( mis*ief4 ,he p]suades ,dame ,*at t ,hodge int5ds to hide himself 9 a c]ta9 hole 9 ! premises1 9 ord]1 t night1 to creep out & kill all h] h5s2 & at ! same "t he in=ms ,dr4 ,rat1 t if he w hide 9 ! same hole1 he w give him ocul> demon/ration ( ,dame ,*at's guilt ( /eal+ ! ne$le4 ,! consequ5ce is t ,dame ,*at attacks by surprise1 & some:at viol5tly1 ! suppos$ depr$ator 9 ! hole1 & t ,dr4 ,rat gets a brok5 head4 ,dame ,*at is br\ght be=e ,ma/] ,bayly = ! assault1 & ! proce$+s 9 ! trial br+ to light ! deceptions :i* h be5 play$ ^u !m all1 & ,diccon /&s convict$ z ! wick$ p]petrator4 ,9 fact1 ! b$lam confesses x all1 & x is f9ally decid$ by ,ma/] ,bayly t !re %all be a g5]al reconciliation1 & t ,diccon %all take a solemn oa? on ,hodge's bree*1 t he w d 8 be/ to f9d ! lo/ ne$le4 ,diccon has /ill ! _s ( mis*ief 9 him1 & in/ead ( lay+ 8 h& quietly on ,hodge's bree*1 he gives him a %>p bl[1 :i* is respond$ to by an unexpect$ scream4 ,! ne$le1 inde$1 :i* has nev] quitt$ ! bree*es1 is driv5 r deep into ! fle%y "p ( ,hodge's body1 & ! g5]al joy at hav+ f\nd x aga9 ov]rul+ all o!r consid]ations1 !y all agree to be fri5ds ov] a jug ( dr9k4 ,we _c b feel a/oni%$ at ! %ort p]iod :i* x requir$ to develop rude attempts at dramatic composition l ?is into ! wond]ful creations ( a ,%akespe>e2 & x c only be expla9$ by ! fact t x 0 an age rem>kable = produc+ m5 ( extraord9>y g5ius 9 e bran* ( intellectual developm5t4 ,hi!rto1 ! lit]ature ( ! /age _h repres5t$ ! intellig5ce ( ! mass2 x became individualis$ 9 ,%akespe>e1 & ?is fact m>ks an entirely new era 9 ! hi/ory ( ! drama4 ,9 ! writ+s ( our great b>d1 ne>ly all ! peculi>ities ( ! old] national drama are pres]v$1 ev5 "s :i* may be p]haps consid]$ z its defects1 b c>ri$ to a degree ( p]fection :i* !y _h nev] atta9$ be=e4 ,! droll]y1 :i*1 z we h se51 c\ld n be disp5s$ ) ev5 9 ! religi\s my/]ies & miracle-plays1 _h become s necess>y1 t x c\ld n be disp5s$ ) 9 trag$y4 ,its omission belong$ to a lat] p]iod1 :5 ! =eign dramati/s became objects ( imitation 9 ,engl&4 ,b 9 ! e>li] drama1 ^! sc5es ( droll]y seem frequ5tly to h no connection :atev] ) ! g5]al plot1 :ile ,%akespe>e always int]weaves !m skilfully ) x1 & !y seem to =m an integral & necess>y "p ( x4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,diabl]ie ,,9 ,,! ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury4--,,e>ly ,,types ,,( ,,! ,,diabolical ,,=ms4--,,/4 ,,an?ony4--,,/4 ,,gu?lac4--,,revival ,,( ,,! ,,ta/e ,,= ,,su* ,,subjects ,,9 ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,! ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury4--,,! ,,flemi% ,,s*ool ,,( ,,breughel4--,,! ,,fr5* ,,& ,,italian ,,s*ools1 ,,callot1 ,,salvator ,,rosa4 ,we h se5 h[ ! popul> demonology furni%$ mat]ials = ! e>lie/ ex]cise ( comic art 9 ! middle ages1 & h[ ! ta/e = ?is p>ticul> class ( grotesque la/$ until ! close ( ! m$ival p]iod4 ,aft] ! r5aissance ( art & lit]ature1 ?is ta/e took a /ill m rem>kable =m1 & ! s*ool ( grotesque diabl]ie :i* fl\ri%$ dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury1 & ! fir/ half ( ! sev5te5?1 ju/ly claims a *apt] to itself4 ,! bir?place ( ?is demonology1 z f> z x belongs to ,*ri/ianity1 mu/ probably be s\ght 9 ! des]ts ( ,egypt4 ,x spread !nce ov] ! ea/ & ! we/1 & :5 x rea*$ our "p ( ! _w1 x graft$ itself1 z ,i h rem>k$ 9 a =m] *apt]1 on ! exi/+ popul> sup]/itions ( ,teutonic paganism4 ,! playfully burlesque1 :i* held s great a place 9 ^! sup]/itions1 no d\bt gave a m comic "* to ?is ,*ri/ian demonology ?an x _h possess$ be=e ! mixture4 ,its primitive repres5tative 0 ! ,egyptian monk1 ,/4 ,an?ony1 :o is said to h be5 born at a village call$ ,coma1 9 ,upp] ,egypt1 9 ! ye> #bea4 ,8 hi/ory 0 writt5 9 ,greek by ,/4 ,a?anasius1 & 0 translat$ into ,lat9 by ! ecclesia/ical hi/orian ,evagrius4 ,an?ony 0 evid5tly a fanatical vision>y1 subject to m5tal illusions1 :i* 7 fo/]$ by 8 education4 ,to escape f ! temptations ( ! _w1 he sold all 8 prop]ty1 :i* 0 consid]able1 gave x to ! poor1 & !n retir$ into ! des]t ( ! ,!baid1 to live a life ( ! /ricte/ asceticism4 ,! evil "o p]secut$ him 9 8 solitude1 & s\ght to drive him back into ! corruptions ( worldly life4 ,he fir/ tri$ to fill 8 m9d ) regretful rem9isc5ces ( 8 =m] weal?1 position 9 society1 & enjoym5ts2 :5 ?is fail$1 he di/urb$ 8 m9d ) voluptu\s images & desires1 :i* ! sa9t resi/$ ) equal success4 ,! p]secutor n[ *ang$ 8 tactics1 & pres5t+ himself to ,an?ony 9 ! =m ( a black & ugly y\?1 confess$ to him1 ) app>5t c&\r1 t he 0 ! _s ( uncleanness1 & ackn[l$g$ t he _h be5 vanqui%$ by ! extraord9>y m]its ( ,an?ony's sanctity4 ,! sa9t1 h[ev]1 saw t ?is 0 only a /ratagem to /ir up 9 him ! _s ( pride & self-confid5ce1 & he met x by subject+ himself to great] mortifications ?an ev]1 :i* ( c\rse made him /ill m liable to ^! delusions4 ,n[ he s\ght great] solitude by tak+ up 8 resid5ce 9 a ru9$ ,egyptian sepul*re1 b ! f>!r he )drew f ! _w1 ! m he became ! object ( diabolical p]secution4 ,satan broke 9 ^u 8 privacy ) a ho/ ( att5dants1 & dur+ ! night beat him to su* a degree1 t "o morn+ ! att5dant :o br\ght him food f\nd him ly+ s5seless 9 8 cell1 & _h him c>ri$ to ! t[n1 :]e 8 fri5ds 7 on ! po9t ( bury+ him1 believ+ him to be dead1 :5 he sudd5ly reviv$1 & insi/$ on be+ tak5 back to 8 solit>y dwell+4 ,! leg5d tells u t ! demons appe>$ to him 9 ! =ms ( ! mo/ f]oci\s animals1 su* z lions1 bulls1 wolves1 asps1 s]p5ts1 scorpions1 pan!rs1 & be>s1 ea* attack+ him 9 ! mann] peculi> to its species1 & ) its peculi> voice1 ?us mak+ toge!r a horrible d94 ,an?ony left 8 tomb to retire f>!r into ! des]t1 :]e he made a ru9$ ca/le 8 resid5ce2 & "h he 0 aga9 frightfully p]secut$ by ! demons1 & ! noise !y made 0 s great & horrible t x 0 (t5 he>d at a va/ di/ance4 ,accord+ to ! n>rative1 ,an?ony reproa*$ ! demons 9 v abusive language1 call$ !m h>d names1 & ev5 spat 9 _! faces2 b 8 mo/ effective weapon 0 always ! cross4 ,?us ! sa9t became bold]1 & s\ght a /ill m lonely abode1 & f9ally e/abli%$ himself on ! top ( a high m\nta9 9 ! upp] ,!baid4 ,! demons /ill cont9u$ to p]secute him1 "u a great v>iety ( =ms2 on "o occasion _! *ief appe>$ to him "u ! =m ( a man1 ) ! l[] memb]s ( an ass4 ,! demons :i* torm5t$ ,/4 ,an?ony became ! g5]al type = subsequ5t creations1 9 :i* ^! fir/ pictures 7 gradually1 & 9 ! sequel1 greatly improv$ ^u4 ,/4 ,an?ony's p]secutors usually assum$ ! %apes ( bon fide animals1 b ^? ( lat] /ories took mon/r\s & grotesque =ms1 /range mixtures ( ! p>ts ( diff]5t animals1 & ( o!rs :i* nev] exi/$4 ,su* 7 se5 by ,/4 ,gu?lac1 ! ,/4 ,an?ony ( ! ,anglo-,saxons1 among ! wild morasses ( ,croyl&4 ,"o night1 :i* he 0 pass+ at 8 devotions 9 8 cell1 !y p\r$ 9 ^u him 9 great numb]s2 & !y fill$ all ! h\se ) _! com+1 & !y p\r$ 9 on e side1 f above & f b5ea?1 & ev]y:]e4 ,!y 7 9 c\nt5ance horrible1 & !y _h great heads1 & a long neck1 & lean visage2 !y 7 fil?y & squalid 9 _! be>ds1 & !y _h r\gh e>s1 & di/ort$ face1 & fi]ce eyes1 & f\l m\?s2 & _! tee? 7 l horses' tusks1 & _! ?roats 7 fill$ ) flame1 & !y 7 grat+ 9 _! voice2 !y _h crook$ %anks1 & knees big & great beh9d1 & di/ort$ toes1 & %riek$ ho>sely ) _! voices2 & !y came ) su* immod]ate noises & imm5se horror1 t x seem$ to him t all betwe5 heav5 & e>? res\nd$ ) _! dreadful cries4 ,on ano!r simil> occasion1 x happ5$ "o night1 :5 ! holy man ,gu?lac fell to 8 pray]s1 he he>d ! h[l+ ( cattle & v>i\s wild bea/s4 ,n long aft] he saw ! appe>ance ( animals & wild bea/s & creep+ ?+s com+ 9 to him4 ,fir/ he saw ! visage ( a lion t ?reat5$ him ) 8 bloody tusks1 also ! lik5ess ( a bull1 & ! visage ( a be>1 z :5 !y are enrag$4 ,also he p]ceiv$ ! appe>ance ( vip]s1 & a hog's grunt+1 & ! h[l+ ( wolves1 & croak+ ( rav5s1 & ! v>i\s :i/l+s ( birds1 t !y might1 ) _! fanta/ic appe>ance1 div]t ! m9d ( ! holy man4 ,su* 7 ! sugge/ions on :i* ! m$ival sculptors & illum9ators work$ ) s mu* effect1 z we h se5 repeat$ly 9 ! c\rse ( our prec$+ *apt]s4 ,aft] ! revival ( art 9 we/]n ,europe 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 ?is class ( leg5ds became great fav\rites ) pa9t]s & engrav]s1 & soon gave rise to ! peculi> s*ool ( diabl]ie m5tion$ above4 ,at t "t ! /ory ( ! ,temptation ( ,/4 ,an?ony attract$ p>ticul> att5tion1 & x is ! subject ( _m rem>kable pr9ts belong+ to ! e>li] ages ( ! art ( engrav+4 ,x employ$ ! p5cils ( su* arti/s z ,m>t9 ,s*ongau]1 ,israel van ,me*51 & ,lucas ,crana*4 ,( ! latt] we h two diff]5t engrav+s on ! same subject--,/4 ,an?ony c>ri$ into ! air by ! demons1 :o are repres5t$ 9 a great v>iety ( grotesque & mon/r\s =ms4 ,! mo/ rem>kable ( ! two be>s ! date ( #aejf1 & 01 !re=e1 "o ( ,crana*'s e>li] works4 ,b ! great repres5tative ( ?is e>li] s*ool ( diabl]ie 0 ,pet] ,breughel1 a ,flemi% pa9t] :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,he 0 born at ,breughel1 ne> ,br$a1 & liv$ "s "t at ,antw]p1 b aft]w>ds e/abli%$ himself at ,brussels4 ,s celebrat$ 0 he = ! love ( ! grotesque display$ 9 8 pictures1 t he 0 kn[n by ! "n ( ,pet] ! ,droll4 ,breughel's ,temptation ( ,/4 ,an?ony1 l "o or two o!rs ( 8 subjects ( ! same class1 0 engrav$ 9 a r$uc$ =m by ,j4 ,t4 de ,bry4 ,breughel's demons are figures ( ! mo/ fanta/ic description--creations ( a wildly grotesque imag9ation2 !y pres5t incongru\s & laughable mixtures ( p>ts ( liv+ ?+s :i* h no relation :atev] to "o ano!r4 ,our cut ,no4 #aee repres5ts a gr\p ( ^! grotesque demons1 f a plate by ,breughel1 engrav$ 9 #aefe1 & entitl$ ,divus ,jacobus diabolicis pr/igiis ante magnum si/itur 7,/4 ,james is arre/$ be=e ! magician by diabolical delusions74 ,! engrav+ is full ( simil>ly grotesque figures4 ,on ! "r is a spaci\s *imney1 & up x wit*es1 rid+ on brooms1 are mak+ _! escape1 :ile 9 ! air are se5 o!r wit*es rid+ away ^u dragons & a goat4 ,a kettle is boil+ ov] ! fire1 ar\nd :i* a gr\p ( monkeys are se5 sitt+ & w>m+ !mselves4 ,beh9d ^! a cat & a toad are hold+ a v intimate conv]sation4 ,9 ! backgr\nd /&s & boils ! great wit*es' caldron4 ,on ! "r ( ! picture ! magus1 or magician1 is seat$1 read+ 8 grimoire2 ) a frame be=e him support+ ! pot conta9+ 8 magical +r$i5ts4 ,! sa9t occupies ! middle ( ! picture1 surr\nd$ by ! demons repres5t$ 9 our cut & by _m o!rs2 & z he approa*es ! magician1 he is se5 rais+ 8 "r h& 9 ! attitude ( pron\nc+ a b5$iction1 ! app>5t consequ5ce ( :i* is a frightful explosion ( ! magician's pot1 :i* /rikes ! demons ) evid5t con/]nation4 ,no?+ c be m biz>re ?an ! horse's head ^u human legs 9 arm\r1 ! p>ody ^u a crawl+ spid] beh9d x1 ! skull 7app>5tly ( a horse7 support$ ^u nak$ human legs1 ! /rangely excit$ animal beh9d ! latt]1 & ! figure furni%$ ) pilgrim's hood & /aff1 :i* appe>s to be mock+ ! sa9t4 ,ano!r pr9t--a companion to ! =ego+--repres5ts ! /ill m complete discomfiture ( ! magus4 ,! sa9t "h occupies ! "r-h& side ( ! picture1 & is rais+ 8 h& high]1 ) app>5tly a great] %[ ( au?ority4 ,! demons h all turn$ aga9/ _! ma/] ! magician1 :om !y are beat+ & hurl+ headlong f 8 *air4 ,!y seem to be proclaim+ _! joy at 8 fall by all sorts ( playful attitudes4 ,x is a sort ( demon fair4 ,"s ( !m1 to ! left ( ! picture1 are danc+ & /&+ ^u _! heads on a tight-rope4 ,ne> !m ano!r is play+ "s game l t :i* we n[ call ! ?imble-rig4 ,! monkeys are danc+ to ! tune ( a great drum4 ,a v>iety ( _! m\ntebank tricks are go+ on 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! sc5e4 ,?ree ( ^! playful actors are repres5t$ 9 our cut ,no4 #aef4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aef4 ,/range ,demons4 ,breughel also execut$ a s]ies ( simil>ly grotesque engrav+s1 repres5t+ 9 ?is same fanta/ic mann] ! virtues & vices1 su* z ,pride 7sup]bia71 ,c\rage 7=titudo71 ,slo? 7desidia71 c4 ,^! be> ! date ( #aeeh4 ,!y are cr[d$ ) figures equally grotesque ) ^? j m5tion$1 b a great "p ( :i* x w\ld be almo/ impossible to describe4 ,i give two examples f ! engrav+ ( ,slo?1 9 ! accompany+ cut 7,no4 #aeg74 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aee4 ,/4 ,james & 8 ,p]secutors4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aeg4 ,imps ( ,slo?4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aeh4 ,! ,folly ( ,hunt+4 ,f mak+ up figures f p>ts ( animals1 ?is e>ly s*ool ( grotesque proce$$ to create animat$ figures out ( inanimate ?+s1 su* z ma*9es1 implem5ts ( v>i\s k9ds1 h\sehold ut5sils1 & o!r su* articles4 ,a ,g]man arti/1 ( ab\t ! same "t z ,breughel1 has left u a s+ul> s]ies ( et*+s ( ?is description1 :i* are int5d$ z an allegorical satire on ! follies ( mank9d4 ,! allegory is "h ( su* a s+ul> "*1 t we c only guess at ! mean+ ( ^! /range gr\ps ?r\gh f\r l9es ( ,g]man v]se :i* are atta*$ to ea* ( !m4 ,9 ?is mann] we le>n t ! gr\p repres5t$ 9 our cut1 ,no4 #aeh1 :i* is ! second 9 ?is s]ies1 is int5d$ z a satire ^u ^? :o wa/e _! "t 9 hunt+1 :i*1 ! v]ses tell u1 !y w 9 ! sequel lam5t bitt]ly2 & !y are exhort$ to cry l\d & cont9ually to ,god1 & to let t s]ve !m 9 ! place ( h\nd & hawk4 ,die zeit die du v]leur/ mit jag51 ,die wir/u zw> no* s*m]tzli* klag52 ,ruff laut zu ,gott g> (t und vil1 ,das sey de9 hund und f$]spil4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aei4 ,! ,wa/efulness ( ,y\?4 ,! next picture 9 ! s]ies1 :i* is equally difficult to describe1 is aim$ aga9/ ^? :o fail 9 atta9+ virtue or hon\r ?r\gh sluggi%ness4 ,o!rs foll[1 b ,i w only give "o m example4 ,x =ms our cut ,no4 #aei1 & appe>s1 f ! v]ses accompany+ x1 to be aim$ aga9/ ^? :o practice wa/efulness 9 _! y\?1 & ?us become objects ( pity & scorn 9 old age4 ,:atev] may be ! po9t ( ! allegory conta9$ 9 ! engrav+1 x is c]ta9ly f>-fet*$1 & n v app>5t4 ,?is ,g]man-,flemi% s*ool ( grotesque does n appe> to h outliv$ ! sixte5? c5tury1 or at lea/ x _h ceas$ to fl\ri% 9 ! c5tury foll[+4 ,b ! ta/e = ! diabl]ie ( ! ,temptation sc5es pass$ into ,france & ,italy1 9 :i* c\ntries x assum$ a mu* m ref9$ "*1 ?\gh at ! same "t "o equally grotesque & imag9ative4 ,^! arti/s1 too1 return$ to ! orig9al leg5d1 & gave x =ms ( _! own conception4 ,daniel ,rabel1 a ,fr5* arti/1 :o liv$ at ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 publi%$ a r rem>kable engrav+ ( ! ,temptation ( ,/4 ,an?ony1 9 :i* ! sa9t appe>s on ! "r ( ! picture1 kneel+ be=e a m\nd on :i* ?ree demons are danc+4 ,on ! "r h& ( ! sa9t /&s a nak$ woman1 %elt]+ h]self ) a p>asol1 & tempt+ ! sa9t ) h] *>ms4 ,! re/ ( ! piece is fill$ ) demons 9 a great v>iety ( =ms & po/ures4 ,ano!r ,fr5* arti/1 ,ni*olas ,co*91 has left u two ,temptations ( ,/4 ,an?ony1 9 r spirit$ et*+1 ( ! e>li] "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,9 ! fir/1 ! sa9t is repres5t$ kneel+ be=e a crucifix1 surr\nd$ by demons4 ,! y\?ful & *>m+ temptress is "h dress$ 9 ! ri*e/ g>m5ts1 & ! highe/ /yle ( fa%ion1 & displays all h] p[]s ( s$uction4 ,! body ( ! picture is1 z usual1 occupi$ by multitudes ( diabolical figures1 9 grotesque =ms4 ,9 ,co*9's o!r picture ( ! ,temptation ( ,/4 ,an?ony1 ! sa9t is repres5t$ z a h]mit engag$ 9 8 pray]s2 ! female figure ( voluptu\sness 7voluptas7 occupies ! middle ( ! picture1 & beh9d ! sa9t is se5 a wit* ) h] besom4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #afj4 ,! ,demon ,tilt] 7,callot74 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #afa4 ,uneasy ,rid+ 7,callot74 ,b ! arti/ :o excell$ 9 ?is subject at ! p]iod at :i* we n[ arrive1 0 ! celebrat$ ,jacques ,callot1 :o 0 born at ,nancy1 9 ,brittany1 9 #aeic1 & di$ at ,flor5ce on ! #bd? ( ,m>*1 #afce1 :i*1 accord+ to ! old /yle ( calculat+1 may mean ,m>*1 #afcf4 ,( ,callot we %all h to speak 9 ano!r *apt]4 ,he treat$ ! subject ( ! ,temptation ( ,/4 ,an?ony 9 two diff]5t plates1 :i* are consid]$ z rank+ among ! mo/ rem>kable ( 8 works1 & to :i*1 9 fact1 he appe>s to h giv5 mu* ?\ght & att5tion4 ,he is kn[n1 inde$1 to h work$ dilig5tly at x4 ,!y resemble ^? ( ! old] arti/s 9 ! numb] ( diabolical figures introduc$ into ! picture1 b !y display an extraord9>y vivid imag9ation 9 ! =ms1 po/ures1 physiognomies1 & ev5 ! equipm5ts1 ( ! *im]ical figures1 all equally droll & burlesque1 b :i* pres5t an entire contra/ to ! m co>se & vulg> conceptions ( ! ,g]man-,flemi% s*ool4 ,?is diff]5ce w be und]/ood be/ by an example4 ,"o ( ,callot's demons is repres5t$ 9 our cut ,no4 #afj4 ,_m ( !m are m\nt$ on nondescript animals1 ( ! mo/ extraord9>y demoniacal "*1 & su* is ! case ( ! demon 9 our cut1 :o is runn+ a tilt at ! sa9t ) 8 tilt+ spe> 9 8 h&1 &1 to make m sure1 8 eyes well furni%$ ) a pair ( spectacles4 ,9 our next cut1 ,no4 #afa1 we give a second example ( ! figures 9 ,callot's peculi> diabl]ie4 ,! demon 9 ?is case is rid+ v uneasily1 &1 9 fact1 seems 9 dang] ( be+ ?r[n4 ,! /e$s ( bo? are ( an anomal\s "*2 ! fir/ is a sort ( dragon-horse2 ! second a mixture ( a lob/]1 a spid]1 & a craw-fi%4 ,m>iette1 ! art-collector & art-writ] ( ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xv4 z well z arti/1 consid]s ?is grotesque1 or1 z he calls x1 fanta/ic & comic "*1 z almo/ necess>y to ! pictures ( ! ,temptation ( ,/4 ,an?ony1 :i* he treats z "o ( ,callot's especially s]i\s subjects4 ,x 0 all[able1 he says1 to ,callot1 to give a flight to 8 imag9ation4 ,! m 8 fictions 7 ( ! nature ( dreams1 ! m !y 7 fitt$ to :at he _h to express4 ,= ! demon int5d+ to torm5t ,/4 ,an?ony1 x is to be suppos$ t he mu/ h ?\ght ( all ! =ms mo/ hide\s1 & mo/ likely to /rike t]ror4 ,callot's fir/ & l>g] pr9t ( ! ,temptation ( ,/4 ,an?ony is r>e4 ,x is fill$ ) a va/ numb] ( figures4 ,above is a fanta/ic be+ :o vomits ?\s&s ( demons4 ,! sa9t is se5 at ! entrance ( a cav]n1 torm5t$ by "s ( ^!4 ,o!rs are scatt]$ ab\t 9 diff]5t occupations4 ,on "o side1 a demoniacal p>ty are dr9k+ toge!r1 & pl$g+ ea* o!r 9 _! glasses2 "h1 a devil is play+ on ! guit>2 !re1 o!rs are occupi$ 9 a dance2 all su* grotesque figures z our two examples w\ld lead ! read] to expect4 ,9 ! second ( ,callot's ,temptations1 :i* is dat$ 9 #afce1 & mu/ !re=e h be5 "o ( 8 late/ works1 ! same figure vomit+ ! demons occupies ! upp] "p ( ! plate1 & ! field is cov]$ ) a prodigi\s numb] ( imps1 m hide\s 9 _! =ms1 & m v>i$ 9 _! extraord9>y attitudes1 ?an 9 ! same arti/'s fir/ design4 ,bel[1 a ho/ ( demons are dragg+ ! sa9t to a place :]e new torm5ts are prep>$ = him4 ,callot's pr9ts ( ! ,temptation ( ,/4 ,an?ony ga9$ s great a reputation1 t imitations ( !m 7 subsequ5tly publi%$1 "s ( :i* s f> approa*$ 8 /yle1 t !y 7 long suppos$ to be g5u9e4 ,callot1 ?\gh a ,fr5*man1 /udi$ & fl\ri%$ 9 ,italy1 & 8 /yle is f\nd$ ^u ,italian art4 ,! la/ great arti/ ^: treatm5t ( ! ,temptation ,i %all quote1 is ,salvator ,rosa1 an ,italian by bir?1 :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,8 /yle1 accord+ to "s op9ions1 is ref9$ f t ( ,callot2 at all ev5ts1 x is bold] 9 design4 ,our cut ,no4 #afb repres5ts ,/4 ,an?ony protect+ himself ) ! cross aga9/ ! assaults ( ! demon1 z repres5t$ by ,salvator ,rosa4 ,) ?is arti/ ! s*ool ( diabl]ie ( ! sixte5? c5tury may be consid]$ to h come to its end4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #afb4 ,/4 ,an?ony & 8 ,p]secutor4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,callot ,,& ,,8 ,,s*ool4--,,callot',s ,,romantic ,,hi/ory4--,,8 ,,caprici1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,burlesque ,,works4--,,! ,,balli ,,& ,,! ,,begg>s4--,,imitators ,,( ,,callot2 ,,della ,,bella4--,,examples ,,( ,,della ,,bella4--,,roma9 ,,de ,,hooghe4 ,! art ( engrav+ on copp]1 al?\gh x _h made rapid advances dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury1 0 /ill v f> f p]fection2 b ! close ( t c5tury witness$ ! bir? ( a man :o 0 de/9$ n only to give a new "* to ?is art1 b also to br+ 9 a new /yle ( c>icature & burlesque4 ,?is 0 ! celebrat$ ,jacques ,callot1 a native ( ,lorra9e1 & desc5d$ f a noble ,burgundian family4 ,8 fa!r1 ,jean ,callot1 held ! (fice ( h]ald ( ,lorra9e4 ,jacques 0 born 9 ! ye> #aeib1ia at ,nancy1 & appe>s to h be5 de/9$ = ! *ur*1 ) a view to :i* 8 e>ly education 0 regulat$4 ,b ! e>ly life ( ,jacques ,callot pres5ts a romantic episode 9 ! hi/ory ( art aspirations4 ,:ile yet h>dly m ?an an infant1 he seiz$ e opportunity ( neglect+ m s]i\s /udies to practise draw+1 & he display$ especially a v precoci\s ta/e = satire1 = 8 arti/ic tal5t 0 %[n pr9cipally 9 c>icatur+ all ! p he knew4 ,8 fa!r1 & app>5tly all 8 relatives1 disapprov$ ( 8 love = draw+1 & did :at !y c\ld to disc\rage x2 b 9 va91 = he /ill f\nd means ( indulg+ x4 ,claude ,h5riet1 ! pa9t] to ! c\rt ( ,lorra9e1 gave him lessons1 & 8 son1 ,israel ,h5riet1 =m$ = him a boy's fri5d%ip4 ,he also le>nt ! elem5ts ( ! art ( engrav+ ( ,demange ,crocq1 ! engrav] to ! duke ( ,lorra9e4 #ia ,?is is ! date fix$ by ,meaume1 9 8 excell5t "w on ,callot1 entitl$ ,re*]*es sur la ,vie et les ,ouvrages de ,jacques ,callot1 #b tom4 #hvo41 #ahfj4 ,ab\t ?is "t1 ! pa9t] ,bellange1 :o _h be5 a pupil ( ,claude ,h5riet1 return$ f ,italy1 & gave "y ,callot an excit+ acc\nt ( ! wond]s ( art to be se5 9 t c\ntry2 & soon aft]w>ds ,claude ,h5riet dy+1 8 son ,israel w5t to ,rome1 & 8 lett]s f !nce _h no less effect on ! m9d ( ! "y arti/ at ,nancy1 ?an ! conv]sation ( ,bellange4 ,inde$ ! passion ( ! boy = art 0 s /rong1 t1 f9d+ 8 p>5ts ob/9ately oppos$ to all 8 long+s 9 ?is direction1 he left 8 fa!r's h\se secretly1 &1 9 ! spr+ ( #afjd1 :5 he _h only j ent]$ 8 ?irte5? ye>1 he set out = ,italy on foot1 )\t introductions & almo/ )\t money4 ,he 0 ev5 unacqua9t$ ) ! road1 b aft] proce$+ a %ort di/ance1 he fell 9 ) a b& ( gipsies1 &1 z !y 7 go+ to ,flor5ce1 he jo9$ _! company4 ,8 life among ! gipsies1 :i* la/$ sev5 or eight weeks1 appe>s to h furni%$ food to 8 love ( burlesque & c>icature1 & he has h&$ d[n to u 8 impressions1 9 a s]ies ( f\r engrav+s ( sc5es 9 gipsy life1 admirably execut$ at a r lat] p]iod ( 8 life1 :i* are full ( comic hum\r4 ,:5 !y arriv$ at ,flor5ce1 ,jacques ,callot p>t$ company ) ! gipsies1 & 0 =tunate en\gh to meet ) an (fic] ( ! gr& duke's h\sehold1 :o li/5$ to 8 /ory1 & took s mu* int]e/ 9 him1 t he obta9$ him admission to ! /udio ( ,remigio ,canta ,gall9a4 ,?is arti/ gave him in/ructions 9 draw+ & engrav+1 & s\ght to correct him ( 8 ta/e = ! grotesque by keep+ him employ$ ^u s]i\s subjects4 ,aft] /udy+ = "s mon?s "u ,canta ,gall9a1 ,jacques ,callot left ,flor5ce1 & proce$$ to ,rome1 to seek 8 old fri5d ,israel ,h5riet2 b he _h h>dly arriv$1 :5 he 0 recognis$ 9 ! /reets by "s m]*ants f ,nancy1 :o took him1 & 9 spite ( 8 te>s & resi/ance1 c>ri$ him home to 8 p>5ts4 ,he 0 n[ kept to 8 /udies m /rictly ?an ev]1 b no?+ c\ld ov]come 8 passion = art1 &1 hav+ contriv$ to lay by "s money1 aft] a %ort int]val he aga9 ran away f home4 ,?is "t he took ! road to ,lyons1 & cross$ ,mont ,c5is1 & he _h rea*$ ,tur9 :5 he met 9 ! /reet ( t city 8 eld] bro!r ,jean1 :o aga9 c>ri$ him home to ,nancy4 ,no?+ c\ld n[ repress "y ,callot's ard\r1 & soon aft] ?is second escapade1 he engrav$ a copy ( a portrait ( ,*>les ,,iii41 duke ( ,lorra9e1 to :i* he put 8 "n & ! date #afjg1 & :i*1 ?\gh x displays little skill 9 engrav+1 excit$ consid]able int]e/ at ! "t4 ,8 p>5ts 7 n[ p]suad$ t x 0 useless to ?w>t any long] 8 natural incl9ations1 & !y n only all[$ him to foll[ !m1 b !y yield$ to 8 wi% to return to ,italy4 ,! circum/ances ( ! mom5t 7 especially fav\rable4 ,*>les ,,iii41 duke ( ,lorra9e1 0 dead1 & 8 successor1 ,h5ry ,,ii41 0 prep>+ to s5d an embassy to ,rome to ann\nce 8 accession4 ,jean ,callot1 by 8 position ( h]ald1 _h suffici5t int]e/ to obta9 = 8 son an appo9tm5t 9 ! ambassador's ret9ue1 & ,jacques ,callot />t$ = ,rome on ! #a/ ( ,decemb]1 #afjh1 "u m fav\rable auspices ?an ^? :i* _h att5d$ 8 =m] visits to ,italy4 ,callot rea*$ ,rome at ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> #afji1 & n[ at l5g? he jo9$ ! fri5d ( 8 *ildhood1 ,israel ,h5riet1 & began to ?r[ all 8 en]gy into 8 art-lab\rs4 ,x is m ?an probable t he /udi$ "u ,tempe/a1 ) ,h5riet1 :o 0 a pupil ( t pa9t]1 & ano!r ,lorra9]1 ,claude ,d]vet4 ,aft] a "t1 ,callot began to feel ! want ( money1 & obta9$ employm5t ( a ,fr5* engrav]1 !n resid+ 9 ,rome1 nam$ ,philippe ,?omass91 ) :om he work$ ne>ly ?ree ye>s1 & became p]fect 9 h&l+ ! grav]4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! ye> #afaa1 ,callot w5t to ,flor5ce1 to place himself "u ,julio ,p>igi1 :o !n fl\ri%$ !re z a pa9t] & engrav]4 ,tuscany 0 at ?is "t rul$ by its duke ,cosmo de' ,m$icis1 a great lov] ( ! arts1 :o took ,callot "u 8 patronage1 giv+ him ! means to advance himself4 ,hi!rto 8 occupation _h be5 pr9cipally copy+ ! works ( o!rs1 b "u ,p>igi he began to practise m 9 orig9al design1 & 8 ta/e = ! grotesque came ^u him /rong] ?an ev]4 ,al?\gh ,p>igi blam$ x1 he c\ld n help admir+ ! tal5t x betray$4 ,9 #afae1 ! gr& duke gave a great ent]ta9m5t to ! pr9ce ( ,urb9o1 & ,callot 0 employ$ to make engrav+s ( ! fe/ivities2 x 0 8 fir/ comm5cem5t 9 a class ( designs by :i* he aft]w>ds atta9$ great celebrity4 ,9 ! ye> foll[+1 8 engagem5t ) ,p>igi end$1 & he became 8 own ma/]4 ,he n[ came out unfett]$ 9 8 own orig9ality4 ,! fir/ fruits 7 se5 9 a new k9d ( designs1 to :i* he gave ! "n ( ,caprices1 a s]ies ( :i* appe>$ ab\t ! ye> #afag1 "u ! title ( ,caprici di v>ie ,figure4 ,callot re-engrav$ !m at ,nancy 9 lat] ye>s1 & 9 ! new title !y 7 /at$ to h be5 orig9ally engrav$ 9 #afaf4 ,9 a %ort preface1 he speaks ( ^! z ! fir/ ( 8 works on :i* he set any value4 ,!y n[ /rike u z s+ul> examples ( ! fanciful creations ( a mo/ grotesque imag9ation1 b !y no d\bt pres]ve _m traits ( ! fe/ivals1 c]emonies1 & mann]s ( t l& ( masqu]ade1 :i* mu/ h be5 !n famili> to ! ,flor5t9es2 & ^! engrav+s w\ld1 d\btless1 be receiv$ by !m ) absolute delight4 ,"o is copi$ 9 our cut ,no4 #afc2 x repres5ts a cripple support+ himself on a %ort crut*1 ) 8 "r arm 9 a sl+4 ,our cut ,no4 #afd is ano!r example f ! same set1 & repres5ts a mask$ cl[n1 ) 8 left h& on ! hilt ( 8 dagg]1 or p]haps ( a wood5 sword4 ,f ?is "t1 al?\gh he 0 v indu/ri\s & produc$ mu*1 ,callot engrav$ only 8 own designs4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #afc4 ,a ,cripple4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #afd4 ,a ,grotesque ,mask]4 ,:ile employ$ = o!rs1 ,callot _h work$ *iefly ) ! grav]1 b n[ t he 0 8 own ma/]1 he laid aside t implem5t1 & devot$ himself almo/ entirely to et*+1 9 :i* he atta9$ ! highe/ pr(ici5cy4 ,8 "w is rem>kable = ! cleanness & ease ( 8 l9es1 & = ! life & _s he gave to 8 figures4 ,8 tal5t lay especially 9 ! extraord9>y skill ) :i* he gr\p$ toge!r great numb]s ( dim9utive figures1 ea* ( :i* pres]v$ its prop] & full action & effect4 ,! great annual fair ( ! ,impruneta 0 held ) extraord9>y fe/ivities1 & att5d$ by an imm5se conc\rse ( p ( all classes on ,/4 ,luke's ,day1 ! #ah? ( ,octob]1 9 ! outskirts ( ,flor5ce4 ,callot engrav$ a l>ge picture ( ?is fair1 :i* is absolutely wond]ful4 ,! picture embraces an ext5sive space ( gr\nd1 :i* is cov]$ ) hundr$s ( figures1 all occupi$1 s+ly or 9 gr\ps1 9 diff]5t mann]s1 conv]s+1 masqu]ad+1 buy+ & sell+1 play+ games1 & p]=m+ 9 v>i\s ways2 ea* gr\p or figure is a picture 9 itself4 ,?is engrav+ produc$ q a s5sation1 & x 0 foll[$ by o!r pictures ( fairs1 &1 aft] 8 f9al return to ,nancy1 ,callot engrav$ x anew4 ,x 0 ?is tal5t = gr\p+ l>ge masses ( p]sons :i* caus$ ! arti/ to be s (t5 employ$ 9 draw+ great public c]emonies1 sieges1 & o!r w>like op]ations4 ,by ! duke ( ,flor5ce1 ,cosmo ,,ii41 ,callot 0 lib]ally patronis$ & load$ ) b5efits1 b on 8 dea? ! gov]nm5t _h to be plac$ 9 ! h&s ( a reg5cy1 & art & lit]ature no long] met ) ! same enc\ragem5t4 ,9 ?is /ate ( ?+s1 ,callot 0 f\nd by ,*>les ( ,lorra9e1 aft]w>ds duke ,*>les ,,iv41 & p]suad$ to return to 8 native c\ntry4 ,he arriv$ at ,nancy 9 #afbb1 & began to "w !re ) great] activity ev5 ?an he _h display$ be=e4 ,x 0 n long aft] ?is t he produc$ 8 sets ( grotesques1 ! ,balli 7or danc]s71 ! ,gobbi 7or hun*backs71 & ! ,begg>s4 ,! fir/ ( ^! sets1 call$ 9 ! title ,balli1 or ,cucurucu1#ib consi/s ( tw5ty-f\r small plates1 ea* ( !m conta9+ two comic *>act]s 9 grotesque attitudes1 ) gr\ps ( small] figures 9 ! di/ance4 ,b5ea? ! two prom95t figures are _! names1 n[ un9telligible1 b at t "t no d\bt well kn[n on ! comic /age at ,flor5ce4 ,?us1 9 ! c\ple giv5 9 our cut ,no4 #afe1 :i* is tak5 f ! f\r? plate ( ! s]ies1 ! p]sonage to ! left is nam$ ,sm>aolo ,cornuto1 :i* means simply ,sm>aolo ! cuckold2 & ! "o on ! "r is call$ ,ratsa di ,boio4 ,9 ! orig9al ! backgr\nd is occupi$ by a /reet1 full ( spectators1 look+ on at a dance ( pantaloons1 r\nd "o :o is m\nt$ on /ilts & play+ on ! tab\r4 ,! c\ple 9 our cut ,no4 #aff1 repres5ts ano!r ( ,callot's ,caprices1 f a set diff]+ f ! fir/ ,caprices1 or ! ,balli4 ,! ,gobbi1 or hun*backs1 =m a set ( tw5ty-"o engrav+s2 & ! set ( ! ,gipsies1 already allud$ to1 :i* 0 also execut$ at ,nancy1 0 includ$ 9 f\r plates1 ! subjects ( :i* 7 sev]ally--#a1 ! gipsies travell+2 #b1 ! avant-gu>d2 #c1 ! halt2 & #d1 ! prep>ations = ! fea/4 ,no?+ c\ld be m tru?ful1 & at ! same "t m comic1 ?an ?is la/ set ( subjects4 ,we give1 z an example ( ! set ( ! ,b>oni1 or begg>s1 ,callot's figure ( "o ( t p>ticul> class--= begg>s & rogues ( all k9ds 7 classifi$ 9 ^? days--^: "p x 0 to appeal to *>ity by w\nds & sores artificially repres5t$4 ,9 ! ,engli% slang ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ^! artificial sores 7 call$ clymes1 & a curi\s acc\nt ( ! mann] 9 :i* !y 7 made w be f\nd 9 t s+ul> picture ( ! vici\s classes ( society 9 ?is c\ntry at t p]iod1 ! ,engli% ,rogue1 by ,head & ,kirkman4 ,! false cripple 9 our cut is hold+ up 8 leg to make a display ( 8 pret5d$ infirmity4 #ib ,meaume appe>s to be d\btful ( ! mean+ ( ?is ^w2 a fri5d has po9t$ out to me ! correction4 ,x 0 ! title ( a song1 s call$ because ! burd5 0 an imitation ( ! cr[+ ( a cock1 ! s+] mimick+ also ! action ( ! bird4 ,:5 ,bac*us1 9 ,r$i's ,bacco 9 ,toscana1 is beg9n+ to feel ! exhil>at+ effects ( 8 critical inve/igation ( ! ,tuscan w9es1 he calls ^u ,ariadne to s+ to him sulla m&ola la ,cucuruc1 on ! m&ola ! ,cucurucu4 ,a note fully expla9s ! ^w z we h /at$ x--,canzone cosi detta1 p]* 9 esse si replica molte volte la voce del gallo2 e cant&ola si fanno atti e moti simili a quegli di esso gallo4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #afe4 ,sm>aolo ,cornuto4--,ratsa di ,boio4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aff4 ,a ,caprice4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #afg4 ,! ,false ,cripple4 ,callot rema9$ at ,nancy1 ) m]ely tempor>y abs5ces1 dur+ ! rema9d] ( 8 life4 ,9 #afbh1 he 0 employ$ at ,brussels 9 draw+ & engrav+ ! ,siege ( ,br$a1 "o ( ! mo/ f9i%$ ( 8 works1 & he !re made ! p]sonal acqua9tance ( ,v&yck4 ,e>ly 9 #afbi1 he 0 call$ to ,p>is to execute engrav+s ( ! siege ( ,la ,ro*elle1 & ( ! def5ce ( ! ,isle ( ,rh1 b he return$ to ,nancy 9 #afcj4 ,?ree ye>s aft]w>ds 8 native c\ntry 0 invad$ by ! armies ( ,l\is ,,xiii41 & ,nancy surr5d]$ to ! ,fr5* on ! #be? ( ,septemb]1 #afcc4 ,callot 0 requir$ to make engrav+s to celebrate ! fall ( 8 native t[n2 b1 al?\gh he is said to h be5 ?reat5$ ) viol5ce1 he refus$2 & aft]w>ds he commemorat$ ! evils br\ght ^u 8 c\ntry by ! ,fr5* invasion 9 ^? two immortal sets ( pr9ts1 ! less] & great] ,misres de la ,gu]re4 ,ab\t two ye>s aft] ?is1 ,callot di$1 9 ! prime ( life1 on ! #bd? ( ,m>*1 #afce4 ,! fame ( ,callot 0 great among 8 contempor>ies1 & 8 "n is ju/ly respect$ z "o ( ! mo/ illu/ri\s 9 ! hi/ory ( ,fr5* art4 ,he _h1 z might be expect$1 _m imitators1 & ! ,caprices1 ! ,balli1 & ! ,gobbi1 became v fav\rite subjects4 ,among ^! imitators1 ! mo/ successful & ! mo/ di/+ui%$ 0 ,/ephano ,della ,bella2 &1 inde$1 ! only "o des]v+ ( p>ticul> notice4 ,della ,bella 0 born at ,flor5ce1 on ! #ah? ( ,may1 #afaj2ic 8 fa!r1 dy+ two ye>s aft]w>ds1 left him an orphan1 & 8 "m 9 great pov]ty4 ,z he grew up1 he %[$1 l ,callot himself1 precoci\s tal5ts 9 art1 & ( ! same k9d4 ,he eag]ly att5d$ all public fe/ivals1 games1 c41 & on 8 return f !m made !m ! subject ( grotesque sket*es4 ,x 0 rem>k$ ( him1 especially1 t he _h a curi\s habit ( always beg9n+ to draw a human figure f ! feet1 & proce$+ upw>ds to ! head4 ,he 0 /ruck at a v e>ly p]iod ( 8 pursuit ( art by ! /yle ( ,callot1 ( :i*1 at fir/1 he 0 a s]vile imitator1 b he aft]w>ds ab&on$ "s ( its peculi>ities1 & adopt$ a /yle :i* 0 m 8 own1 ?\gh /ill f\nd$ ^u t ( ,callot4 ,he almo/ rivall$ ,callot 9 8 success 9 gr\p+ multitudes ( figures toge!r1 & h5ce he also 0 mu* employ$ 9 produc+ engrav+s ( sieges1 fe/ive ent]ta9m5ts1 & su* elaborate subjects4 ,z ,callot's aspirations _h be5 direct$ t[>ds ,italy1 ^? ( ,della ,bella 7 turn$ t[>ds ,france1 & :5 9 ! latt] days ( ! m9i/ry ( ,c>d9al ,ri*elieu1 ! gr& duke ( ,flor5ce s5t ,alex&ro del ,n]o z 8 resid5t ambassador 9 ,p>is1 ,della ,bella 0 p]mitt$ to accompany him4 ,ri*elieu 0 occupi$ 9 ! siege ( ,arras1 & ! engrav+ ( t ev5t 0 ! f\ndation ( ,della ,bella's fame 9 ,france1 :]e he rema9$ ab\t t5 ye>s1 frequ5tly employ$ on simil> subjects4 ,he subsequ5tly visit$ ,fl&]s & ,holl&1 & at ,am/]dam made ! acqua9tance ( ,rembr&t4 ,he return$ to ,flor5ce 9 #afej1 & di$ !re on ! #bcrd ( ,july1 #affd4 #ic ,! mat]ials = ! hi/ory ( ,della ,bella & 8 works1 w be f\nd 9 a c>efully compil$ volume1 by ,c4 ,a4 ,jomb]t1 entitl$1 ,essai d'un ,catalogue de l',oeuvre d',eti5ne de la ,bella4 #hvo41 ,p>is1 #aggb4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #afh4 ,a ,wit* ,m\nt$4 ,:ile /ill 9 ,flor5ce1 ,della ,bella execut$ f\r pr9ts ( dw>fs q 9 ! grotesque /yle ( ,callot4 ,9 #afcg1 on ! occasion ( ! m>riage ( ! gr& duke ,f]d9& ,,ii41 ,della ,bella publi%$ engrav+s ( ! diff]5t sc5es repres5t$1 or p]=m$1 on t occasion4 ,^! 7 effect$ by v elaborate ma*9]y1 & 7 repres5t$ 9 six engrav+s1 ! fif? ( :i* 7sc5a qu9ta7 repres5ts hell 7d' ,inf]no71 & is fill$ ) furies1 demons1 & wit*es1 :i* might h f\nd a place 9 ,callot's ,temptation ( ,/4 ,an?ony4 ,a specim5 ( ^! is giv5 9 our cut ,no4 #afh--;a nak$ wit* seat$ ^u a skeleton ( an animal t might h be5 borr[$ f "s f> di/ant geological p]iod4 ,9 #afdb1 ,della ,bella execut$ a set ( small ,caprices1 consi/+ ( ?irte5 plates1 f ! eigh? ( :i* we take our cut ,no4 #afi4 ,x repres5ts a begg>-woman1 c>ry+ "o *ild on h] back1 :ile ano!r is /ret*$ on ! gr\nd4 ,9 ?is class ( subjects ,della ,bella imitat$ ,callot1 b ! copyi/ nev] succe$$ 9 equall+ ! orig9al4 ,8 be/ /yle1 z an orig9al arti/ ( burlesque & c>icature1 is %[n 9 a set ( five plates ( ,dea? c>ry+ away p ( diff]5t ages1 :i* he execut$ 9 #afdh4 ,! f\r? ( ?is set is copi$ 9 our cut ,no4 #agj1 & repres5ts ,dea? c>ry+ (f1 on 8 %\ld]1 a "y woman1 9 spite ( h] /ruggles to escape f him4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #afi4 ,begg>y4 ,) ! close ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ^! ,caprices & masqu]ade sc5es began to be no long] 9 vogue1 & c>icature & burlesque assum$ new =ms2 b ,callot & ,della ,bella _h _m foll[]s1 & _! examples _h a la/+ influ5ce ^u art4 ,we mu/ n =get t a celebrat$ arti/1 9 ano!r c\ntry1 at ! end ( ! same c5tury1 ! well-kn[n ,roma9 de ,hooghe1 0 produc$ f ! s*ool ( ,callot1 9 :i* he _h le>nt1 n ! arts ( burlesque & c>icature1 b t ( skilfully gr\p+ multitudes ( figures1 especially 9 subjects repres5t+ episodes ( w>1 tumults1 massacres1 & public processions4 ,( ,roma9 de ,hooghe we %all h to speak aga9 9 a subsequ5t *apt]4 ,9 8 "t ! art ( engrav+ _h made great advance on ! ,cont95t1 & especially 9 ,france1 :]e x met ) m enc\ragem5t ?an else:]e4 ,9 ,engl& ?is art _h1 on ! :ole1 made mu* less progress1 & 0 9 r a l[ condition1 "o bran* only except$1 t ( portraits4 ,( ! two di/+ui%$ engrav]s 9 ,engl& dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ,holl> 0 a ,bohemian1 & ,fai?orne1 ?\gh an ,engli%man1 le>nt 8 art 9 ,france4 ,we only began to h an ,engli% s*ool :5 ,dut* & ,fr5* engrav]s came 9 ) ,k+ ,william to lay ! gr\ndwork4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #agj4 ,dea? c>ry+ (f 8 ,prey4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,! ,,satirical ,,lit]ature ,,( ,,! ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury4--,,pasquil4-- ,,mac>onic ,,poetry4--,,! ,,epi/ol ,,obsurorum ,,virorum4--,,rabelais4-- ,,c\rt ,,( ,,! ,,que5 ,,( ,,nav>re1 ,,& ,,its ,,lit]>y ,,circle2 ,,bonav5ture ,,des ,,p]i]s4--,,h5ri ,,eti5ne4--,,! ,,ligue1 ,,& ,,its ,,satire3 ,,! ,,satyre ,m,,nipp,e4 ,! sixte5? c5tury1 especially on ! ,cont95t1 0 a p]iod ( t sort ( viol5t agitation :i* is mo/ fav\rable to ! gr[? ( satire4 ,society 0 break+ up1 & go+ ?r\gh a c\rse ( decomposition1 & x pres5t$ to ! view on e side spectacles :i* provok$ ! mock]y1 p]haps m ?an ! indignation1 ( look]s-on4 ,ev5 ! cl]gy _h le>nt to laugh at !mselves1 & almo/ at _! own religion2 & p :o ?\ght or reflect$ 7 gradually sep>at+ into two classes--^? :o ca/ all religion f !m1 & ru%$ into a je]+ scepticism1 & ^? :o ent]$ s]i\sly & ) resolution into ! "w ( re=mation4 ,! latt] f\nd mo/ enc\ragem5t among ! ,teutonic nations1 :ile ! sceptical elem5t appe>s to h _h its bir? 9 ,italy1 & ev5 9 ,rome itself1 :]e1 among popes & c>d9als1 religion _h deg5]at$ into empty =ms4 ,at "s p]iod t[>ds ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 a mutilat$ anci5t /atue 0 accid5tally dug up 9 ,rome1 & x 0 erect$ on a p$e/al 9 a place n f> f ! ,urs9i ,palace4 ,opposite x /ood ! %op ( a %oemak]1 nam$ ,pasquillo1 or ,pasqu9o1 ! latt] be+ ! =m mo/ commonly adopt$ at a lat] p]iod4 ,?is ,pasquillo 0 notori\s z a faceti\s fell[1 & 8 %op 0 usually cr[d$ by p :o w5t !re to tell tales & he> news2 &1 z no o!r "n _h be5 inv5t$ = ! /atue1 p agre$ to give x ! "n ( ! %oemak]1 & !y call$ x ,pasquillo4 ,x became a cu/om1 at c]ta9 seasons1 to write on pieces ( pap] satirical epigrams1 sonnets1 & o!r %ort compositions 9 ,lat9 or ,italian1 mo/ly ( a p]sonal "*1 9 :i* ! writ] decl>$ :atev] he _h se5 or he>d to ! discr$it ( somebody1 & ^! 7 publi%$ by deposit+ !m ) ! /atue1 :5ce !y 7 tak5 & read4 ,"o ( ! ,lat9 epigrams :i* pleads aga9/ committ+ ^! %ort p]sonal satires to pr9t1 calls ! "t at :i* x 0 usual to compose !m ,pasquil's fe/ival3-- ,jam r$it illa dies 9 qua ,romana juv5tus ,pasquilli fe/um concelebrabit ovans4 ,s$ v]sus impressos obsecro ut ed]e omittas1 ,ne noceant it]um qu nocu]e semel4 ,! fe/ival 0 evid5tly a fav\rite "o1 & well celebrat$4 ,! soldi]s ( ,x]xes1 says ano!r epigram1 plac$ 9 ,pasquil's m\?1 7 n s pl5tiful z ! pap] be/[$ ^u me2 ,i %all soon become a booksell]-- ,armig]m ,x]xi non copia tanta papyri ,quanta mihi3 fiam bibliopola /atim4 ,! "n ( ,pasquil 0 soon giv5 to ! pap]s :i* 7 deposit$ ) ! /atue1 & ev5tually a pasquil1 or pasqu91 0 only ano!r "n = a lampoon or libel4 ,n f> f ?is /atue /ood ano!r1 :i* 0 f\nd 9 ! =um ( ,m>s 7,m>tis =um71 & 0 !nce popul>ly call$ ,m>=io4 ,"s ( ^! satirical writ+s 7 compos$ 9 ! =m ( dialogues betwe5 ,pasquil & ,m>=io1 or ( messages f "o to ! o!r4 ,a collection ( ^! pasquils 0 publi%$ 9 #aedd 9 two small volumes4#id ,_m ( !m are extremely clev]1 & !y are %>ply po9t$4 ,! popes are frequ5t objects ( bitt]e/ satire4 ,?us we are rem9d$ 9 two l9es ^u pope ,alex&] ,,vi4 7sextus71 ! infam\s ,borgia1 t ,t>qu9 _h be5 a ,sextus1 & ,n]o also1 & n[ ano!r ,sextus 0 at ! head ( ! ,romans1 & told t ,rome 0 always ru9$ "u a ,sextus-- ,de ,alex&ro ,,vi4 ,pont4 ,sextus ,t>qu9ius1 ,sextus ,n]o1 ,sextus et i/e3 ,semp] sub ,sextis p]dita ,roma fuit4 ,! foll[+ is giv5 = an epitaph on ,lucretia ,borgia1 pope ,alex&]'s pr(ligate daught]3-- ,hoc tumulo dormit ,lucretia nom9e1 s$ re ,?ais1 ,alex&ri filia1 sponsa1 nurus4 #id ,pasquillorum ,tomi duo4 ,eleu!ropoli1 ,,mdxliiii4 ,9 ano!r ( a r lat] date1 ,rome1 address+ h]self to ,pasquil1 is made to compla9 ( two successive popes1 ,clem5t ,,vii4 7,julio de ,m$icis1 #aebc-aecd7 & ,paul ,,iii4 7,alex&ro ,f>nese1 #aecd-aedi71 & also ( ,leo ,x4 7#aeac-aeba74 ,i am1 ,rome says1 sick en\gh ) ! physician 7,m$icus1 z a pun on ! ,m$icis71 ,i 0 also ! prey ( ! lion 7,leo71 n[1 ,paul1 y te> my vitals l a wolf4 ,y1 ,paul1 are n a god to me1 z ,i ?\ght 9 my folly1 b y are a wolf1 s9ce y te> ! food f my m\?-- ,sum ,m$ico satis gra1 fui quoque prda ,leonis1 ,nunc mea dilac]as visc]a1 ,paule1 lupus4 ,non es1 ,paule1 mihi num51 ceu /ulta putabam1 ,s$ lupus es1 quoniam subtrahis ore cibum4 ,ano!r epigram1 address$ to ,rome h]self1 involves a pun 9 ,greek 79 ! words ,paulos1 ,paul1 & ,phaulos1 wick$74 ,once1 ,rome1 x says1 lords ( lords 7 ?y subjects1 n[ ?\ 9 ?y wret*$ness art subject to ! s]fs ( s]fs2 once y li/5$ to ! oracles ( ,/4 ,paul1 b n[ y p]=m ! abom9able comm&s ( ! wick$-- ,quondam1 ,roma1 tibi sub]ant dom9i dom9orum1 ,s]vorum s]vis nunc mis]&a subes2 ,audi/i quondam div9i oracula 1 ,at nunc jussa nef&a facis4 ,! idea1 ( c\rse1 is ! contra/ ( ,rome 9 h] ,pagan glory1 ) ,rome 9 h] ,*ri/ian debasem5t1 v mu* ! same z t :i* /ruck ,gibbon1 & gave bir? to 8 great hi/ory ( ,rome's decl9e & fall4#ie #ie ,pasquil & ,pasqu9 became1 dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! sixte5? & ! :ole ( ! sev5te5? c5turies1 a well-kn[n "n 9 ,fr5* & ,engli% lit]ature4 ,9 ,engli% popul> lit]ature he 0 turn$ into a je/]1 & a book 0 publi%$ 9 #afjd "u ! title ,pasquil's ,je/s2 ) ! ,m]rim5ts ( ,"m ,bun*4 ,wittie1 pleasant1 & delightfull4 ,! pasquils =m$ a body ( satire :i* /ruck indiscrim9ately at ev]ybody )9 its range1 b satiri/s 7 n[ ris+ :o took = _! subjects special cases ( ! g5]al disord]4 ,rott5 at ! he>t1 society pres5t$ an ext]nal gloss9ess1 a mixture ( p$antry & affectation1 :i* (f]$ subjects en\gh = ridicule 9 :atev] po9t ( view x 0 tak54 ,! ecclesia/ical body 0 9 a /ate ( f]m5tation1 out ( :i* new feel+s & new doctr9es 7 ab\t to rise4 ,! old le>n+ & lit]ature ( ! middle ages rema9$ 9 =m aft] _! _s _h pass$ away1 & !y 7 n[ cont5d+ clumsily & unsuccessfully aga9/ new le>n+ & lit]ature ( a m ref9$ & heal?i] "*4 ,feudalism itself _h fall51 or x 0 /ruggl+ va9ly aga9/ new political pr9ciples1 yet ! ari/ocracy clung to feudal =ms & feudal assumptions1 ) an exagg]ation :i* 0 meant = an appe>ance ( /r5g?4 ,among ! lit]>y affectations ( ?is false feudalism1 0 ! fa%ion = read+ ! long1 dry1 old romances ( *ivalry2 :ile ! *ur*m5 & s*oolm5 7 corrupt+ ! language 9 :i* m$ival le>n+ _h be5 express$1 into a =m ! mo/ b>b>\s1 or introduc+ words comp\nd$ f ! lat] into ! v]nacul> tongue4 ,^! peculi>ities 7 among ! fir/ to provoke lit]>y satire4 ,italy1 :]e ?is class ( satire orig9at$1 gave x its "n also1 ?\gh x appe>s /ill to be a matt] ( d\bt :y x 0 call$ mac>onic1 or 9 its ,italian =m mac*>onea4 ,"s h consid]$ ?is "n to h be5 tak5 f ! article ( food call$ mac>oni1 to :i* ! ,italians 71 & /ill are1 s mu* atta*$2 :ile o!rs pret5d t x 0 d]iv$ f an old ,italian ^w mac>one1 :i* meant a lubb]ly fell[4 ,be ?is1 h[ev]1 z x may1 :at is call$ mac>onic composition1 :i* consi/s 9 giv+ a ,lat9 =m to words tak5 f ! vulg> tongue1 & mix+ !m ) words :i* are purely ,lat91 0 introduc$ 9 ,italy at ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,f\r ,italian writ]s 9 mac>onic v]se are kn[n to h liv$ be=e ! ye> #aejj4if ,! fir/ ( ^! 0 nam$ ,fossa1 & he tells u t he compos$ 8 poem entitl$ ,vigonce1 on ! second day ( ,may1 #adid4 ,x 0 pr9t$ 9 #aejb4 ,bassano1 a native ( ,mantua1 & ! au?or ( a mac>onic :i* be>s no title1 0 dead 9 #adii2 & ano!r1 a ,paduan nam$ ,fifi degli ,odassi1 0 born ab\t ! ye> #adej4 ,giovan ,georgio ,allione1 ( ,a/i1 :o is believ$ also to h writt5 dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 is a "n bett] kn[n ?r\gh ! edition ( 8 ,fr5* works1 publi%$ by ,monsieur ,j4 ,c4 ,brunet 9 #ahcf4 ,all ^! pres5t ! same co>s5ess & vulg>ity ( s5tim5t1 & ! same lic5ce 9 language & description1 :i* appe> to h be5 tak5 z necess>y *>act]i/ics ( mac>onic composition4 ,odassi appe>s to give support to ! d]ivation ( ! "n f mac>oni1 by mak+ ! pr9cipal "* ( 8 poem a fabricator ( t article 9 ,padua-- ,e/ unus 9 ,padua natus speciale cus9us1 ,9 mac*>onea pr9ceps bonus atque magi/]4 #if ,! great au?ority on ! hi/ory ( ,mac>onic lit]ature is my excell5t fri5d ,monsieur ,octave ,delepi]re1 & ,i w simply ref] ! read] to 8 two valuable publications1 ,mac>onana1 ou ,mlanges de ,littrature ,mac>onique des diff]5ts ,peuples de l',europe1 #hvo41 ,p>is1 #aheb2 & ,mac>onana1 #dto41 #ahfc2 ! latt] pr9t$ = ! ,philobiblon ,club4 ,b ! great matt] ( mac>onic poetry 0 ,te(ilo ,fol5go1 ( ^: life we "k j suffici5t to give u a notion ( ! p]sonal "* ( ^! old lit]>y c>icaturi/s4 ,fol5go 0 desc5d$ f a noble family1 :i* _h its seat at ! village ( ,cipada1 ne> ,mantua1 :]e he 0 born on ! #h? ( ,novemb]1 #adia1 & baptis$ by ! "n ( ,girolamo4 ,he pursu$ 8 /udies1 fir/ 9 ! univ]sity ( ,f]r>a1 "u ! pr(essor ,visago ,cocaio1 & aft]w>ds 9 t ( ,bologna1 "u ,pietro ,pomponiazzo2 or r1 he ought to h pursu$ !m1 = 8 love ( poetry1 & 8 gaiety ( "*1 l$ him to neglect !m1 & at l5g? 8 irregul>ities became s great1 t he 0 oblig$ to make a ha/y flight f ,bologna4 ,he 0 ill receiv$ at home1 & he left x also1 & appe>s to h subsequ5tly l$ a wild life1 dur+ "p ( :i* he adopt$ ! pr(ession ( a soldi]1 until at l5g? he took refuge 9 a ,b5$ict9e conv5t ne> ,brescia1 9 #aejg1 & became a monk4 ,! discipl9e ( ?is h\se _h become entirely relax$1 & ! monks appe> to h liv$ v lic5ti\sly2 & ,fol5go1 :o1 on 8 admission to ! ord]1 _h ex*ang$ 8 =m] baptismal "n = ,te(ilo1 readily con=m$ to _! example4 ,ev5tually he ab&on$ ! conv5t & ! habit1 ran away ) a lady nam$ ,girolama ,d$ia1 & = "s ye>s he l$ a w&]+1 &1 x w\ld seem1 v irregul> life4 ,f9ally1 9 #aebg1 he return$ to 8 old pr(ession ( a monk1 & rema9$ 9 x until 8 dea?1 9 ! ,decemb] ( #aedd4 ,he is said to h be5 extremely va9 ( 8 poetical tal5ts1 & a /ory is told ( him :i*1 ev5 if x 7 inv5t$1 illu/rates well ! "* :i* 0 popul>ly giv5 to him4 ,x is said t :5 "y1 he aspir$ to excel 9 ,lat9 poetry1 & t he wrote an epic :i* he himself believ$ to be sup]ior to ! neid4 ,:51 h[ev]1 he _h communicat$ ! "w to 8 fri5d ! bi%op ( ,mantua1 & t prelate1 int5d+ to complim5t him1 told him t he _h equall$ ,virgil1 he 0 s mortifi$1 t he ?rew ! manuscript on ! fire1 & f t "t devot$ 8 tal5ts entirely to ! composition ( mac>onic v]se4 ,su* 0 ! man :o has ju/ly e>n$ ! reputation ( be+ ! fir/ ( mac>onic poets4 ,:5 he adopt$ ?is bran* ( lit]ature1 :ile he 0 9 ! univ]sity ( ,bologna1 he assum$ 9 writ+ x ! "n ( ,m]l9us ,cocaius1 or ,coccaius1 probably f ! "n ( 8 pr(essor at ,f]r>a4 ,fol5go's pr9t$ poems consi/ (--#a4 ,! ,zanitonella1 a pa/oral 9 sev5 eclogues1 describ+ ! love ( ,tonellus = ,zan9a2 #b1 ! mac>onic romance ( ,baldus1 ,fol5go's pr9cipal & mo/ rem>kable "w2 #c1 ! ,mos*a1 or dreadful battle betwe5 ! flies & ! ants2 & #d1 a book ( ,epi/les & ,epigrams4 ,! fir/ edition ( ! ,baldus appe>$ 9 #aeag4 ,x is a sort ( p>ody on ! romances ( *ivalry1 & comb9es a jovial satire ^u ev]y?+1 :i*1 z has be5 rem>k$1 sp>es nei!r religion nor politics1 sci5ce nor lit]ature1 popes1 k+s1 cl]gy1 nobility1 or p4 ,x consi/s ( tw5ty-five cantos1 or1 z !y are t]m$ 9 ! orig9al1 phantasi1 fantasies4 ,9 ! fir/ we are told ( ! orig9 ( ,baldus4 ,!re 0 at ! c\rt ( ,france a fam\s knight nam$ ,guy1 desc5d$ f t memorable palad9 ,r5aud ( ,montauban4 ,! k+1 :o %[$ a p>ticul> e/eem = ,guy1 _h also a daught] ( surpass+ beauty1 nam$ ,baldu9e1 :o _h fall5 9 love ) ,guy1 & he 0 equally amor\s ( ! pr9cess4 ,9 ! sequel ( a gr& t\rnam5t1 at :i* ,guy has di/+ui%$ himself greatly1 he c>ries (f ,baldu9e1 & ! two lov]s fly on foot1 9 ! disguise ( begg>s1 rea* ! ,alps 9 safety1 & cross !m into ,italy4 ,at ,cipada1 9 ! t]ritory ( ,brescia1 !y are hospitably ent]ta9$ by a g5]\s peasant nam$ ,b]te ,panade1 ) :om ! pr9cess ,baldu9e1 :o approa*es h] "t ( conf9em5t1 is left2 :ile h] lov] goes =? to conqu] at lea/ a m>quisate = h]4 ,aft] 8 dep>ture %e gives bir? to a f9e boy1 :i* is nam$ ,baldus4 ,su*1 z told 9 ! second canto1 is ! orig9 ( ,fol5go's h]o1 :o is de/9$ to p]=m m>vell\s acts ( *ivalry4 ,! peasant ,b]te ,panade has also a son nam$ ,zambellus1 by a "m :o _h di$ 9 *ildbir? ( him4 ,baldus passes = ! son ( ,b]te also1 s t ! two are suppos$ to be bro!rs4 ,baldus is successively l$ ?r\gh a s]ies ( extraord9>y adv5tures1 "s l[ & vulg>1 o!rs m *ivalr\s1 & "s ( !m exhibit+ a wild f]tility ( imag9ation1 :i* are too long to enable me to take my read]s ?r\gh !m1 until at l5g? he is left by ! poet 9 ! c\ntry ( ,falsehood & ,*>latanism1 :i* is inhabit$ by a/rolog]s1 necromanc]s1 & poets4 ,?us is ! h]o ,baldus dragg$ ?r\gh a great numb] ( m>vell\s accid5ts1 "s ( !m vulg>1 _m ( !m ridicul\s1 & "s1 aga91 wildly poetical1 b all ( !m pres5t+1 9 "o =m or o!r1 an opportunity = satire ^u "s ( ! follies1 or vices1 or corruptions ( 8 age4 ,! hybrid language 9 :i* ! :ole is writt51 gives x a s+ul>ly grotesque appe>ance2 yet f "t to "t we h passages :i* %[ t ! au?or 0 capable ( writ+ true poetry1 al?\gh x is mix$ ) a great am\nt ( co>se & lic5ti\s ideas1 express$ no less co>sely & lic5ti\sly4 ,:at we may t]m ! fil?1 inde$1 =ms a l>ge proportion ( ! ,italian mac>onic poetry4 ,! pa/oral ( ,zanitonella pres5ts1 z might be expect$1 m poetic beauty ?an ! romance ( ,balbus4 ,z an example ( ! language ( ! latt]1 & inde$ ( t ( ! ,italian mac>onics 9 g5]al1 ,i give a few l9es ( a description ( a /orm at sea1 f ! twelf? canto1 ) a lit]al translation3-- ,jam gridor t]ias hom9um concussit abyssos1 ,s5titurque +5s cord>um /ridor1 et ipse ,pontus habet pavidos vultus1 mortisque colores4 ,nunc ,siro*us habit palmam1 nunc ,borra sup]*iat2 ,irrugit pelagus1 tangit quoque fluctibus a/ra1 ,fulgure flammig]o creb] lampezat ,olympus2 ,vela =ata micant crebris lac]ata balottis2 ,horr5dam mortem nautis ea cuncta m9azzant4 ,nunc sbalzata ratis celsum tangebat ,olympum1 ,nunc subit inf]nam unda sbadac*iante paludem4 ,,translation ,n[ ! clam\r ( ! m5 %ook ! e!real abysses1 ,& ! mighty cra%+ ( ! ropes is felt1 & ! v ,sea has pale looks1 & ! hue ( dea?4 ,n[ ! ,sirocco has ! palm1 n[ ,eurus exults ov] x2 ,! sea ro>s1 & t\*es ! />s ) its waves1 ,olympus cont9ually blazes out ) flam+ ?und]1 ,! pi]c$ sails glitt] torn ) frequ5t ?und]bolts2 ,all ^! ?reat5 frightful dea? to ! sailors4 ,n[ ! %ip toss$ up t\*$ ! top ( ,olympus1 ,n[1 ! wave yawn+1 x s9ks into ! inf]nal lake4 ,te(ilo ,fol5go 0 foll[$ by a numb] ( imitators1 ( :om x w be suffici5t to /ate t he /&s 9 tal5t z f> above 8 foll[]s z above ^? :o prec$$ him4 ,"o ( ^! m9or ,italian mac>onic writ]s1 nam$ ,b>tolommeo ,bolla1 ( ,b]gamo1 :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! latt] half ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 _h ! vanity to call himself1 9 ! title ( "o ( 8 books1 ! ,apollo ( poets1 & ! ,cocaius ( ?is age2 b a mod]n critic has rem>k$ ( him t he is z f> remov$ f 8 model ,fol5go1 z 8 native t[n ,b]gamo is di/ant f ,sib]ia4 ,an e>li] poet1 nam$ ,gu>9o ,capella1 a native ( ! t[n ( ,s>s9a1 9 ! c\ntry ( ,=li1 on ! bord]s ( ,tuscany1 approa*$ f> ne>] 9 excell5ce to ! pr9ce ( mac>onic writ]s4 ,8 "w also is a mock romance1 ! hi/ory ( ,cabr9us1 k+ ( ,gagamagoga1 9 six books or cantos1 :i* 0 pr9t$ at ,arim9i 9 #aebf1 & is n[ a book ( excessive r>ity4 ,! ta/e = mac>onics pass$ r e>ly1 l all o!r fa%ions 9 t age1 f ,italy into ,france1 :]e x fir/ br\ght into lit]>y reputation a man :o1 if he _h n ! great tal5t ( ,fol5go1 possess$ a v consid]able am\nt ( wit & gaiety4 ,anto9e de la ,sable1 :o ,lat9is$ 8 "n into ,antonius de ,ar5a1 0 born ( a highly respectable family at ,soli]s1 9 ! diocese ( ,t\lon1 ab\t ! ye> #aejj1 &1 be+ de/9$ f 8 y\? to foll[ ! pr(ession ( ! law1 /udi$ "u ! celebrat$ jurisconsult ,alciatus4 ,he _h only arriv$ at ! simple dignity ( juge1 at ,/4 ,remy1 9 ! diocese ( ,arles1 :5 he di$ 9 ! ye> #aedd4 ,9 fact1 he appe>s to h be5 no v dilig5t /ud5t1 & we ga!r f 8 own confessions t 8 y\? _h be5 r wild4 ,! volume conta9+ 8 mac>onics1 ! second edition ( :i* 7z f> z ! editions are kn[n7 0 pr9t$ 9 #aebi1 be>s a title :i* w give "s notion ( ! "* ( its cont5ts1--,prov5calis de brag>dissima villa de ,sol]iis1 ad suos compagnones qui sunt de p]sona friantes1 bassas dansas et branlas practicantes novellas1 de gu]ra ,romana1 ,neapolitana1 et ,g5u5si m&at2 una cum epi/ola ad falotissimam suam g>sam1 ,janam ,rosam1 pro pass&o tempora--7i4e4 a ,prov5al ( ! mo/ swagg]+ t[n ( ,soli]s1 s5ds ?is to 8 companions1 :o are da9ty ( _! p]sons1 practis+ basse dances & new brawls1 conc]n+ ! w> ( ,rome1 ,naples1 & ,g5oa2 ) an epi/le to 8 mo/ m]ry w5*1 ,jeanne ,rose1 = pa/ime74 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! poems ,ar5a traces 9 8 burlesque v]se1 :i* is an imitation ( ,fol5go1 8 own adv5tures & suff]+s 9 ! w> 9 ,italy :i* l$ to ! sack ( ,rome1 9 #aebg1 & 9 ! subsequ5t exp$itions to ,naples & ,g5oa4 ,f ! picture ( ! horrors ( w>1 he passes v will+ly to describe ! joy\s mann]s ( ! /ud5ts 9 ,prov5al univ]sities1 ( :om he tells u1 t !y are all f9e gallants1 & always 9 love ) ! pretty girls4 ,g5tigalantes sunt omnes in/udiantes1 ,et bellas g>sas semp] am>e sol5t4 ,he goes on to describe ! s*ol>s z great qu>rell]s1 z well z lov]s ( ! o!r sex1 & aft] dwell+ on _! gaiety & love ( ! dance1 he proce$s to treat 9 ! same burlesque /yle on ! subject ( danc+2 b ,i pass ov] ?is to speak ( ,ar5a's pr9cipal piece1 ! satirical description ( ! invasion ( ,prov5ce by ! emp]or ,*>les ,v4 9 #aecf4 ,?is curi\s poem1 :i* is entitl$ ,meygra ,ent]prisa ,catoloqui imp]atoris1 & :i* ext5ds to upw>ds ( two ?\s& l9es1 op5s ) a laudatory address to ! k+ ( ,france1 ,franois ,i41 & ) a sne] at ! pride ( ! emp]or1 :o1 believ+ himself to be ! ma/] ( ! :ole _w1 _h fooli%ly ?\ght to take away ,france & ! cities ( ,prov5ce f _! rightful mon>*4 ,x 0 ,antonio de ,leyva1 ! boa/]1 :o _h put ?is project into ! emp]or's head1 & !y _h already pillag$ & ravag$ a good "p ( ,prov5ce1 & 7 divid+ ! plund]1 :51 h>ass$ cont9ually by ! peasantry1 ! invad]s 7 br\ght to a /& by ! difficulty ( subsi/+ 9 a deva/at$ c\ntry1 & by ! diseases to :i* ?is difficulty gave rise4 ,nev]!less1 ! ,spani>ds & _! allies committ$ t]rible deva/ation1 :i* is describ$ by ,ar5a 9 /rong language4 ,he commemorates ! valiant resi/ance ( 8 native t[n ( ,soli]s1 :i*1 h[ev]1 0 tak5 & sack$1 & he lo/ 9 x 8 h\se & prop]ty4 ,arles held ! imp]iali/s at bay1 :ile ! ,fr5*1 "u ! con/able ,montmor5cy1 e/abli%$ !mselves firmly at ,avignon4 ,at l5g? disease ga9$ possession ( ,antonio de ,leyva himself1 & ! emp]or1 :o _h be5 mak+ an unsuccessful demon/ration aga9/ ,m>seilles1 came to him 9 8 sickness4 ,! fir/ l9es ( ! description ( ?is int]view1 w s]ve z a specim5 ( ! language ( ! ,fr5* mac>onics3-- ,s$ de ,m>sella bragganti qu&o retornat1 ,=t male cont5tus1 qu&o repolsat eum1 ,antonium ,levam trobavit =te maladum1 ,cui mors t]ribilis tri/e cubile p>at4 ,e?ica torquet eum p] co/as1 et dolor +5s3 ,cum male res vadit1 viv]e fa*at eum4 ,dix]unt m$ici1 sp]ansa e/ nulla salutis3 ,e?icus 9 te/a viv]e pauca pote/4 ,ante suam mortem voluit p>l>e p] horam ,imp]elatori1 consiliumque d>e4 ,scis1 ,cs>1 /ricte no/ri groppantur amores1 ,namque duas animas corpus utrumque t5et1 ,heu6 fuge ,prov5sam =tem1 fuge littus am>um1 ,fac tibi non noceat gloria tanta modo4 ,,translation4 ,b :5 he returns f boa/+ ,m>seilles1 ,v ill cont5t1 t %e _h repuls$ him1 ,he f\nd ,antonio de ,leyva v ill1 ,= :om t]rible dea? is prep>+ a sorr[ful b$4 ,hectic fev] tortures him 9 ! ribs1 & great pa92 ,s9ce ?+s are go+ ill1 he is we>y ( life4 ,be=e 8 dea? he wi%$ to speak an h\r ,to ! emp]or1 & to give him c\nsel4 ,y "k1 ,cs>1 our affections are closely b\nd toge!r1 ,= ei!r body holds ! two s\ls1 ,alas6 fly ,prov5ce ! /rong1 fly ! bitt] %ore1 ,take c>e t y\r great glory prove n an injury to y4 ,?us ,leyva goes on to p]suade ! emp]or to ab&on 8 ent]prise1 & !n dies4 ,ar5a exults ov] 8 dea?1 & ov] ! emp]or's grief = 8 loss1 & !n proce$s to describe ! disa/r\s retreat ( ! imp]ial army1 & ! glory ( ,france 9 h] k+4 ,antonius de ,ar5a wrote ) vig\r & hum\r1 b 8 v]ses are tame 9 comp>ison ) 8 model1 ,fol5go4 ,! ta/e = mac>onic v]se nev] took /rong root 9 ,france1 & ! few obscure writ]s :o attempt$ to %9e 9 t k9d ( composition are n[ =gott51 except by ! labori\s bibliograph]4 ,"o nam$ ,jean ,g]ma91 wrote a mac>onic hi/ory ( ! invasion ( ,prov5ce by ! imp]iali/s 9 rivalry ( ,ar5as4 ,i w n foll[ ! ta/e = ?is class ( burlesque composition into ,spa9 or ,g]many1 b m]ely add t x 0 n adopt$ 9 ,engl& until ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :5 sev]al au?ors employ$ x at ab\t ! same "t4 ,! mo/ p]fect example ( ^! e>ly ,engli% mac>onics is ! ,polemo-,middiana1 i4e4 battle ( ! dunghill1 by ! tal5t$ & elegant-m9d$ ,drummond ( ,haw?ornd54 ,we may take a s+le example ( ! ,engli% mac>onic f ?is poem1 :i* w n ne$ an ,engli% translation4 ,"o ( ! female *>act]s 9 ! dunghill w>1 calls1 among o!rs1 to h] aid-- ,hunc qui dirtif]as t]sit cum di%cl\ty di%ras1 ,hunc qui gruelias scivit b5e lick]e plettas1 ,et saltpannifumos1 et widebricatos fi%]os1 ,hellosque etiam salt]os duxit ab antris1 ,coalheughos nigri girnantes m divelli2 ,lifegu>damque sibi svas vocat improba lassas1 ,maggyam magis doctam milk>e covz1 ,et doctam suep>e fl\ras1 et /]n]e b$das1 ,quque novit sp9n>e1 et longas duc]e ?r$das2 ,nansyam1 claves b5e qu keepav]at omnes1 ,quque lanam c>d>e solet greasy-f+ria ,betty4 ,p]haps be=e ?is 0 writt51 ! ecc5tric ,?omas ,coryat _h publi%$ 9 ! volume ( 8 ,crudities1 pr9t$ 9 #afaa1 a %ort piece ( v]se1 :i* is p]fect 9 its mac>onic /yle1 b 9 :i* ,italian & o!r =eign words are introduc$1 z well z ,engli%4 ,! celebrat$ com$y ( ,ignoramus1 compos$ by ,george ,ruggle 9 #afae1 may also be m5tion$ z conta9+ _m excell5t examples ( ,engli% mac>onics4 ,:ile ,italy 0 giv+ bir? to mac>onic v]se1 ! satire ^u ! ignorance & bigotry ( ! cl]gy 0 tak+ ano!r =m 9 ,g]many1 :i* arose f "s occurr5ces :i* x w be necess>y to relate4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! viol5t religi\s agitation at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury 9 ,g]many1 !re liv$ a ,g]man ,jew nam$ ,pfeff]corn1 :o embrac$ ,*ri/ianity1 & to %[ 8 zeal = 8 new fai?1 he obta9$ f ! emp]or an edict ord]+ ! ,talmud & all ! ,jewi% writ+s :i* 7 contr>y to ! ,*ri/ian fai? to be burnt4 ,!re liv$ at ! same "t a s*ol> ( di/9ction1 & ( m lib]al views ?an mo/ ( ! s*ola/ics ( 8 "t1 nam$ ,john ,reu*l94 ,he 0 a relative ( ,melanc?on1 & 0 secret>y to ! palsgrave1 :o 0 tol]ant l himself4 ,! ,jews1 z might be expect$1 7 unwill+ to give up _! books to be burnt1 & ,reu*l9 wrote 9 _! def5ce1 "u ! assum$ "n ( ,capnion1 :i* is a ,hebrew translation ( 8 own "n ( ,reu*l91 mean+ smoke1 & urg$ t x 0 bett] to refute ! books 9 "q ?an to burn !m4 ,! conv]t$ ,pfeff]corn repli$ 9 a book entitl$ ,speculum ,manuale1 9 answ] to :i* ,reu*l9 wrote 8 ,speculum ,ocul>e4 ,! controv]sy _h already provok$ mu* bigot$ ill-feel+ aga9/ ,reu*l94 ,! le>n$ doctors ( ! univ]sity ( ,cologne esp\s$ ! cause ( ,pfeff]corn1 & ! pr9cipal ( ! univ]sity1 nam$ 9 ,lat9 ,ortu9us ,gratius1 support$ by ! ,sorbonne 9 ,p>is1 l5t himself to be ! viol5t organ ( ! intol]ant p>ty4 ,h>d press$ by 8 bigot$ oppon5ts1 ,reu*l9 f\nd good allies1 b "o ( ! be/ ( ^! 0 a brave b>on nam$ ,ulric von ,hutt51 ( an old & noble family1 born 9 #adhh 9 ! ca/le ( ,/aeckelb]g1 9 ,franconia4 ,he _h /udi$ 9 ! s*ools at ,fulda1 ,cologne1 & ,frank=t on ! ,od]1 & di/+ui%$ himself s mu* z a s*ol>1 t he obta9$ ! degree ( ,ma/] ( ,arts be=e ! usual age4 ,b ,ulric possess$ an adv5tur\s & *ivalr\s _s1 :i* l$ him to embrace ! pr(ession ( a soldi]1 & he s]v$ 9 ! w>s 9 ,italy1 :]e he 0 di/+ui%$ by 8 brav]y4 ,he 0 at ,rome 9 #aeaf1 & def5d$ ,reu*l9 aga9/ ! ,dom9icans4 ,! same ye> appe>$ ! fir/ edition ( t m>vell\s book1 ! ,epi/ol ,obscurorum ,virorum1 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable satires t ! _w has yet se54 ,x is believ$ t ?is book came entirely f ! p5 ( ,ulric von ,hutt52 & ! notion t ,reu*l9 himself1 or any o!rs ( 8 fri5ds1 _h a %>e 9 x appe>s to be )\t f\ndation4 ,ulric 0 9 ! foll[+ ye> made poet-laureat4 ,nev]!less1 ?is book greatly inc5s$ ! monks aga9/ him1 & he 0 (t5 ?reat5$ ) assass9ation4 ,yet he boldly advocat$ ! cause & embrac$ ! op9ions ( ,lu!r1 & 0 "o ( ! /aun* support]s ( ,lu!ranism4 ,aft] a v turbul5t life1 ,ulric von ,hutt5 di$ 9 ! ,augu/ ( ! ye> #aebc4 ,! ,epi/ol ,obscurorum ,virorum1 or lett]s ( obscure m51 are suppos$ to be address$ to ,ortu9us ,gratius1 m5tion$ above1 by v>i\s individuals1 "s 8 s*ol>s1 o!rs 8 fri5ds1 b all belong+ to ! bigot$ p>ty oppos$ to ,reu*l91 & !y 7 design$ to ?r[ ridicule on ! ignorance1 bigotry1 & immorality ( ! cl]gy ( ! ,romi% *ur*4 ,! old s*ola/ic le>n+ _h become debas$ into a heavy & b>b>\s sy/em ( !ology1 lit]>y composition consi/$ 9 writ+ a no less b>b>\s ,lat91 & ev5 ! few classical writ]s :o 7 admitt$ into ! s*ools1 7 expla9$ & comm5t$ ^u 9 a /range half-!ological fa%ion4 ,^! old s*ola/ics 7 bitt]ly oppos$ to ! new le>n+1 :i* _h tak5 root 9 ,italy1 & 0 spread+ abroad1 & !y spoke contemptu\sly ( x z secul>4 ,! lett]s ( ! obscure individuals relate *iefly to ! dispute betwe5 ,reu*l9 & ,pfeff]corn1 to ! rivalry betwe5 ! old s*ol>%ip & ! new1 & to ! l[ lic5ti\s lives ( ! !ologi/s2 & !y are writt5 9 a /yle ( ,lat9 :i* is int5d$ = a p>ody on t ( ! latt]1 & :i* closely resembles t :i* we call dog-,lat94#ig ,!y are full ( wit & hum\r ( ! mo/ exquisite description1 b !y too (t5 desc5d into details1 treat$ 9 t]ms :i* c only be excus$ by ! co>se & lic5ti\s "* ( ! age4 ,! lit]>y & sci5tific que/ions discuss$ 9 ^! lett]s are (t5 v droll4 ,! fir/ 9 ord] ( ! correspond5ts ( ,ortu9us ,gratius1 :o boa/s ( ! r =midable "n1 ,?omas ,langs*neid]ius1 & addresses ma/] ,ortu9us z poet1 orator1 philosoph]1 & !ologi/1 & m if he w\ld1 prop\nds to him a difficult "q3-- ,!re 0 "h "o day an ,ari/otelian d9n]1 & doctors1 lic5ciates1 & ma/]s too1 7 v jovial1 & ,i 0 !re too1 & we drank at ! fir/ c\rse ?ree draughts ( ,malmsey1 444 & !n we _h six di%es ( fle% & *ick5s & capons1 & "o ( fi%1 & z we pass$ f "o di% to ano!r1 we cont9ually drunk w9e ( ,kotzburg & ! ,rh9e1 & ale ( ,embeck1 & ,?urg51 & ,neuburg4 ,& ! ma/]s 7 well satisfi$1 & said t ! new ma/]s _h acquitt$ !mselves well & ) great hon\r4 ,!n ! ma/]s 9 _! hil>ity began to talk le>n$ly on great que/ions1 & "o ask$ :e!r x 7 correct to say magi/] no/r&us1 or no/] magi/r&us1 = a p]son fit to be made doctor 9 !ology4444 ,& imm$iately ,ma/] ,w>msemmel1 :o is a subtle ,scoti/1 & has be5 ma/] eighte5 ye>s1 & 0 9 8 "t twice reject$ & ?rice delay$ = ! degree ( ma/]1 & he w5t on (f]+ himself1 until he 0 promot$ = ! hon\r ( ! univ]sity1 444 spoke1 & held t we %\ld say no/] magi/r&us4444 ,!n ,ma/] ,&reas ,delits*1 :o is v subtle1 & half poet1 half arti/ 7i4e4 "o :o pr(ess$ 9 ! faculty ( arts71 physician1 & juri/2 & n[ he reads ord9>ily ',ovid on ! ,metamorphoses1' & exp\nds all ! fables allegorically & lit]ally1 & ,i 0 8 he>]1 because he exp\nds v fundam5tally1 & he also reads at home ,qu9tillian & ,juv5cus1 & he held ! opposite to ,ma/] ,w>msemmel1 & said t we ought to say magi/] no/r&us4 ,= z !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 magi/] no/] & no/] magi/]1 s also !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 magi/] no/r&us & no/] magi/r&us2 = a doctor 9 !ology is call$ magi/] no/]1 & x is "o ^w1 b no/] magi/] are two words1 & x is tak5 = any ma/]2 & he quot$ ,horace 9 support ( ?is4 ,!n ! ma/]s mu* admir$ 8 subtlety1 & "o drank to him a cup ( ,neuburg ale4 ,& he said1 ',i w wait1 b sp>e me1' & t\*$ 8 hat1 & laugh$ he>tily1 & drank to ,ma/] ,w>msemmel1 & said1 ',!re1 ma/]1 don't ?9k ,i am an enemy1' & he drank x (f at "o draught1 & ,ma/] ,w>msemmel repli$ to him ) a /rong draught4 ,& ! ma/]s 7 all m]ry till ! bell rang = ,vesp]s4 #ig ,?is /yle diff]s entirely f ! mac>onic4 ,x consi/s m]ely 9 us+ ! words ( ! ,lat9 language ) ! =ms & con/ruction ( ! vulg> tongue1 z illu/rat$ by ! directions ( ! pr(essor :o1 lectur+ 9 ! s*ools1 0 int]rupt$ by ! entrance ( a dog1 & %\t$ out to ! doorkeep]1 ,v]te canem ex1 mean+ !reby t he %\ld turn ! dog out4 ,x 0 p]haps f ?is1 or "s simil> occurr5ce1 t ?is b>b>\s ,lat9 ga9$ ! "n ( dog-,lat94 ,! ,fr5* call x ,lat9 de cuis9e4 ,ma/] ,ortu9 is press$ = 8 judgm5t on ?is weighty "q4 ,a simil> sc5e describ$ 9 ano!r lett] ends less peacefully4 ,! correspond5t on ?is occasion is ,magi/] ,bornh>ddus ,plumilegus1 :o addresses ,ortu9us ,gratius z foll[s3-- ,wret*$ is ! m\se :i* has only "o hole = a refuge6 ,s also ,i may say ( myself1 mo/ v5]able sir1 = ,i %\ld be poor if ,i _h only "o fri5d1 & :5 t "o %\ld fail me1 !n ,i %\ld n h ano!r to treat me ) k9dness4 ,z is ! case n[ ) a c]ta9 poet "h1 :o is call$ ,george ,sibutus1 & he is "o ( ! secul> poets1 & reads publicly 9 poetry1 & is 9 o!r respects a good fell[ 7bonus socius74 ,b z y "k ^! poets1 :5 !y are n !ologi/s l y1 w always repreh5d o!rs1 & despise ! !ologi/s4 ,& once 9 a dr9k+ p>ty 9 8 h\se1 :5 we 7 dr9k+ ,?urg5 ale1 & sat until ! h\r ( ti]ce1 & ,i 0 mod]ately drunk1 because t ale rose into my head1 !n !re 0 "o :o 0 n be=e fri5dly ) me1 & ,i drank to him half a cup1 & he accept$ x4 ,b aft]w>ds he w\ld n return ! complim5t4 ,& ?rice ,i caution$ him1 & he w\ld n reply1 b sat 9 sil5ce & said no?+4 ,!n ,i ?\ght to myself1 ,behold ?is man treats !e ) contempt1 & is pr\d1 & always wants to conf\nd y4 ,& ,i 0 /irr$ 9 my ang]1 & took ! cup1 & ?rew x at 8 head4 ,!n t poet 0 angry at me1 & said t ,i _h caus$ a di/urbance 9 8 h\se1 & said ,i %\ld g out ( 8 h\se 9 ! devil's "n4 ,!n ,i repli$1 ',:at matt] is x if y are my enemy8 ,i h _h z bad enemies z y1 & yet ,i h /ood 9 spite ( !m4 ,:at matt]s x if y are a poet8 ,i h o!r poets :o are my fri5ds1 & !y are q z good z y1 ego b5e m]d>em 9 ve/ram poetriam6 ,d y ?9k ,i am a fool1 or t ,i 0 born "u a tree l apples8' ,!n he call$ me an ass1 & said t ,i nev] saw a poet4 ,& ,i said1 ',y are an ass 9 y\r sk91 ,i h se5 _m m poets ?an y4' ,& ,i spoke ( y4444 ,:]e=e ,i ask y v e>ne/ly to write me "o piece ( v]se1 & !n ,i w %[ x to ?is poet & o!rs1 & ,i w boa/ t y are my fri5d1 & y are a mu* bett] poet ?an he4 ,! w> aga9/ ! secul> poets1 or advocates ( ! new le>n+1 is kept up ) _s ?r\gh ?is ludicr\s correspond5ce4 ,"o correspond5t presses ,ortu9us ,gratius to write to me :e!r x be necess>y = et]nal salvation t s*ol>s le>n gramm> f ! secul> poets1 su* z ,virgil1 ,tullius1 ,pl9y1 & o!rs2 =1 he adds1 x seems to me t ?is is n a good me?od ( /udy+4 ,z ,i h (t5 writt5 to y1 says ano!r1 ,i am griev$ t ?is ribaldry 7i/a ribaldria71 namely1 ! faculty ( poetry1 becomes common1 & is spread ?r\gh all prov9ces & regions4 ,9 my "t !re 0 only "o poet1 :o 0 call$ ,samuel2 & n[1 9 ?is city alone1 !re are at lea/ tw5ty1 & !y vex u all :o hold ) ! anci5ts4 ,lately ,i ?or\ghly defeat$ "o1 :o said t s*ol>is does n signify a p]son :o goes to ! s*ool = ! purpose ( le>n+2 & ,i said1 ',ass6 w y correct ! holy doctor :o exp\nd$ ?is ^w8' ,! new le>n+ 01 ( c\rse1 id5tifi$ ) ! support]s ( ,reu*l94 ,x is said "h1 cont9ues ! same correspond5t1 t all ! poets w side ) doctor ,reu*l9 aga9/ ! !ologians4 ,i wi% all ! poets 7 9 ! place :]e pepp] gr[s1 t !y might let u g 9 peace6 ,ma/] ,william ,lamp1 ma/] ( arts1 s5ds to ,ma/] ,ortu9us ,gratius1 a n>rative ( 8 adv5tures 9 a j\rney f ,cologne to ,rome4 ,fir/ he w5t to ,may5ce1 :]e 8 indignation 0 mov$ by ! op5 mann] 9 :i* p spoke 9 fav\r ( ,reu*l91 & :5 he haz>d$ a contr>y op9ion1 he 0 only laugh$ at1 b he held 8 tongue1 because 8 oppon5ts all c>ri$ arms & look$ fi]ce4 ,"o ( !m is a c\nt1 & is a long man1 & has :ite hair2 & !y say t he takes a man 9 arm\r 9 8 h&1 & ?r[s him to ! gr\nd1 & he has a sword z long z a giant2 :5 ,i saw him1 !n ,i held my tongue4 ,at ,worms1 he f\nd ?+s no bett]1 = ! doctors spoke bitt]ly aga9/ ! !ologians1 & :5 he attempt$ to expo/ulate1 he got f\l words z well z ?reats1 a le>n$ doctor 9 m$ic9e affirm+ quod m]d>et sup] nos omnes4 ,on leav+ ,worms1 ,lamp & 8 companion1 ano!r !ologi/1 fell 9 ) plund]]s :o made !m pay two flor9s to dr9k1 & ,i said occulte1 ,dr9k :at may ! devil bless to y6 ,subsequ5tly !y fell into l[ am\rs at c\ntry inns1 :i* are describ$ co>sely1 & !n !y rea*$ ,inspruck51 :]e !y f\nd ! emp]or1 & 8 c\rt & army1 ) :ole mann]s & proce$+s ,magi/] ,lamp became sorely disgu/$4 ,i pass ov] o!r adv5tures till !y rea* ,mantua1 ! bir?place ( ,virgil1 & ( a late m$ival ,lat9 poet1 nam$ f x ,bapti/a ,mantuanus4 ,lamp1 9 8 ho/ile _s t[>ds ! secul> poets1 proce$s1--,& my companion said1 ',"h ,virgil 0 born4' ,i repli$1 ',:at d ,i c>e = t pagan8 ,we w g to ! ,c>melites1 & see ,bapti/a ,mantuanus1 :o is twice z good z ,virgil1 z ,i h he>d full t5 times f ,ortu9us2' & ,i told him h[ y once repreh5d$ ,donatus1 :5 he says1 ',virgil 0 ! mo/ le>n$ ( poets1 & ! be/2' & y said1 ',if ,donatus 7 "h1 ,i w\ld tell him to 8 face t he lies1 = ,bapti/a ,mantuanus is above ,virgil4' ,& :5 we came to ! mona/]y ( ! ,c>melites1 we 7 told t ,bapti/a ,mantuanus 0 dead2 !n ,i said1 ',may he re/ 9 peace6' ,!y cont9u$ _! j\rney by ,bologna1 :]e !y f\nd ! inquisitor ,jacob de ,ho*/rat51 & ,flor5ce1 to ,si5a4 ,aft] ?is !re are small t[ns1 & "o is call$ ,monte-flascon1 :]e we drunk excell5t w9e1 su* z ,i nev] drank 9 my life4 ,& ,i ask$ ! ho/ :at t w9e is call$1 & he repli$ t x is la*ryma ,*ri/i4 ,!n said my companion1 ',i wi% ,*ri/ w\ld cry 9 our c\ntry6' ,& s we drank a good b\t1 & two days aft] we ent]$ ,rome4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ^! lett]s ! !ologi/s1 ! poets especially1 ! "* ( ! cl]gy1 & p>ticul>ly ,reu*l9 & ,pfeff]corn1 af=d cont9ual subjects = dispute & pleasantry4 ,! la/ m5tion$ individual1 9 ! op9ion ( "s1 _h m]it$ hang+ = !ft1 & x 0 pret5d$ t ! ,jews _h expell$ him f _! society = 8 wick$ c\rses4 ,"o argu$ t all ,jews /9k1 & z x 0 well kn[n t ,pfeff]corn cont9u$ to /9k l a ,jew1 x 0 q evid5t t he c\ld n be a good ,*ri/ian4 ,"s ( ,ortu9us's correspond5ts consult him on difficult !ological que/ions4 ,"h is an example 9 a lett] f "o ,h5ricus ,s*affmulius1 ano!r ( 8 s*ol>s :o _h made ! j\rney to ,rome3-- ,s9ce1 be=e ,i j\rney$ to ! ,c\rt1 y said to me t ,i am to write (t5 to y1 & t sometimes ,i am to s5d y any !ological que/ions1 :i* y w solve = me bett] ?an ! c\rti]s ( ,rome1 !re=e n[ ,i ask y\r ma/]%ip :at y hold z to ! case :5 any "o on a ,friday1 or any o!r fa/ day1 eats an egg1 & !re is a *ick5 inside4 ,because ! o!r day we sat 9 a tav]n 9 ! ,campo-flore1 & made a collation1 & eat eggs1 & ,i1 op5+ an egg1 saw t !re 0 a "y *ick5 9 x1 :i* ,i %[$ to my companion1 & !n he said1 ',eat x quickly be=e ! ho/ sees x1 = if he sees x1 !n y w be oblig$ to give a c>l9o or a julio = a h51 because x is ! cu/om "h t1 :5 ! ho/ places any?+ on ! table1 y mu/ pay = x1 = !y w n take x back4 ,& :5 he sees !re is a "y h5 9 ! egg1 he w say1 ,pay me = ! h51 because he reckons a small "o ! same z a l>ge "o4' ,& ,i imm$iately suck$ up ! egg1 & ) x ! *ick51 & aft]w>ds ,i be?\ght me t x 0 ,friday1 & ,i said to my companion4 ',y h caus$ me to commit a mortal s91 9 eat+ fle% on ,friday4' ,& he said t x is n a mortal s91 nor ev5 a v5ial s91 because t embryo ( a *ick5 is n reckon$ o!r ?an an egg till x is born2 & he told me t x is z 9 *eeses1 9 :i* !re are sometimes worms1 & 9 *]ries1 & fre% peas & beans1 yet !y are eat5 on ,fridays1 & also 9 ! vigils ( ! apo/les4 ,b ! ho/s are su* rogues1 t !y say t !y are fle%1 t !y may h m money4 ,!n ,i w5t away1 & ?\ght ab\t x4 ,&1 p] ,deum6 ,magi/] ,ortu9us1 ,i am mu* tr\bl$1 & ,i "k n h[ ,i ought to rule myself4 ,if ,i w5t to ask advice ( a c\rti] ( ! papal c\rt1 ,i "k t !y h n good consci5ces4 ,x seems to me t ^! "y h5s 9 ! eggs are fle%1 because ! matt] is already =m$ & figur$ 9 memb]s & bodies ( an animal1 & x has life2 x is o!rwise ) worms 9 *eeses & o!r ?+s1 because worms are reput$ = fi%es1 z ,i h he>d f a physician1 :o is a v good naturali/4 ,!re=e ,i ask y v e>ne/ly1 t y w give me y\r reply on ?is "q4 ,because if y hold t x is a mortal s91 !n ,i w pur*ase an absolution "h1 be=e ,i return to ,g]many4 ,also y mu/ "k t our ma/] ,jacobus de ,ho*/rat5 has obta9$ a ?\s& flor9s f ! bank1 & ,i ?9k t ) ^! he w ga9 8 cause1 & ! devil conf\nd t ,john ,reu*l91 & ! o!r poets & juri/s1 because !y w be aga9/ ! *ur* ( ,god1 t is1 aga9/ ! !ologi/s1 9 :om is f\nd$ ! *ur*1 z ,*ri/ said3 ,?\ art ,pet]1 & ^u ?is rock ,i w build my *ur*4 ,& s ,i comm5d y to ! ,"l ,god4 ,f>ewell4 ,giv5 f ! city ( ,rome4 ,:ile 9 ,italy mac>onic lit]ature 0 rea*+ its greate/ p]fection1 !re arose 9 ! v c5tre ( ,france a man ( great orig9al g5ius1 :o 0 soon to a/oni% ! _w by a new =m ( satire1 m grotesque & m compreh5sive ?an any?+ t _h be5 se5 be=e4 ,te(ilo ,fol5go may fairly be consid]$ z ! precursor ( ,rabelais1 :o appe>s to h tak5 ! ,italian satiri/ z 8 model4 ,:at we "k ( ! life ( ,franois ,rabelais is r obscure at be/1 & is 9 "s p>ts no d\bt fabul\s4 ,he 0 born at ,*9on 9 ,t\ra9e1 ei!r 9 #adhc or 9 #adhg1 = ?is seems to be a disput$ po9t1 & "s d\bt has be5 ?r[n on ! trade or pr(ession ( 8 fa!r1 b ! mo/ g5]ally receiv$ op9ion is t he 0 an apo!c>y4 ,he is said to h %[n f 8 y\? a disposition m incl9$ to gaiety ?an to s]i\s pursuits1 yet at an e>ly age he _h made great pr(ici5cy 9 le>n+1 & is said to h acquir$ a v suffici5t k ( ,lat91 ,greek1 & ,hebrew1 two ( :i*1 at lea/1 7 n popul> among ! popi% cl]gy1 & n only ( ! mod]n languages & lit]ature ( ,italy1 ,g]many1 & ,spa91 b ev5 ( ,arabic4 ,probably ?is e/imate ( 8 acquirem5ts 9 le>n+ is r exagg]at$4 ,x is n q cle> :]e ! "y ,rabelais ga9$ all ?is k1 = he is said to h be5 educat$ 9 conv5ts & among monks1 & to h become at a r e>ly age a ,franciscan fri> 9 ! conv5t ( ,font5ai-le-,compte1 9 ,l[] ,poit\1 :]e he became an object ( jeal\sy & ill-feel+ to ! o!r fri>s by 8 sup]ior acquirem5ts4 ,x 0 a tradition1 at lea/1 t ! conduct ( ,rabelais 0 n v /rictly conv5tual1 & t he _h s f> %[n 8 contempt = mona/ic rule1 & = ! bigotry ( ! ,romi% *ur*1 t he 0 condemn$ to ! prison ( 8 mona/]y1 ^u a diet ( bread & wat]1 :i*1 accord+ to common report1 0 v uncong5ial ) ! ta/es ( ?is jovial fri>4 ,out ( ?is difficulty he is said to h be5 help$ by 8 fri5d ! bi%op ( ,maillezais1 :o obta9$ = him ! pope's lic5ce to *ange ! ord] ( ,/4 ,francis = ! mu* m easy & lib]al ord] ( ,/4 ,b5$ict1 & he became a memb] ( ! bi%op's own *apt] 9 ! abbey ( ,maillezais4 ,8 un/eady temp]1 h[ev]1 0 n long satisfi$ ) ?is retreat1 :i* he left1 &1 lay+ aside ! regul> habit1 assum$ t ( a secul> prie/4 ,9 ?is "* he w&]$ = "s "t1 & !n settl$ at ,montpelli]1 :]e he took a degree z doctor 9 m$ic9e1 & practis$ = "s "t ) cr$it4 ,!re he publi%$ 9 #aecb a translation ( "s works ( ,hippocrates & ,gal51 :i* he d$icat$ to 8 fri5d ! bi%op ( ,maillezais4 ,! circum/ances "u :i* he left ,montpelli] are n kn[n1 b he is suppos$ to h gone to ,p>is ^u "s bus9ess ( ! univ]sity1 & to h rema9$ !re4 ,he f\nd !re a /aun* fri5d 9 ,jean de ,bellay1 bi%op ( ,p>is1 :o soon aft]w>ds 0 rais$ to ! rank ( c>d9al4 ,:5 ! c>d9al de ,bellay w5t z ambassador to ,rome f ! c\rt ( ,france1 ,rabelais accompani$ him1 x is said 9 ! "* ( 8 private m$ical advis]1 b dur+ 8 /ay 9 ! metropolis ( ,*ri/5dom1 z ,*ri/5dom 0 und]/ood 9 ^? days by ! ,romi% *ur*1 ,rabelais obta9$1 on ! #ag? ( ,janu>y1 #aecf ! papal absolution = all 8 transgressions1 & lic5ce to return to ,maillezais1 & practise m$ic9e !re & else:]e z an act ( *>ity4 ,?us he became aga9 a ,b5$ict9e monk4 ,he1 h[ev]1 *ang$ aga91 & became a secul> canon1 & f9ally settl$ d[n z ! cur ( ,meudon1 ne> ,p>is1 ) :i* he also held a fair numb] ( ecclesia/ical b5efices4 ,rabelais di$ 9 #aeec1 accord+ to "s 9 a v religi\s mann]1 b o!rs h giv5 /range acc\nts ( 8 la/ mom5ts1 repres5t+ t1 ev5 :5 dy+1 he conv]s$ 9 ! same _s ( mock]y1 n only ( ,romi% =ms & c]emonies1 b ( all religions :atev]1 :i* 0 ascrib$ to him dur+ 8 life1 & :i* are b too op5ly manife/$ 9 ! extraord9>y satirical romance :i* has giv5 s mu* celebrity to 8 "n4 ,dur+ ! great] "p ( 8 life1 ,rabelais 0 expos$ to tr\bles & p]secutions4 ,he 0 sav$ f ! intrigues ( ! monks by ! fri5dly influ5ce ( popes & c>d9als2 & ! fav\r ( two successive k+s1 ,franois ,i4 & ,h5ri ,,ii41 protect$ him aga9/ ! /ill m dang]\s ho/ility ( ! ,sorbonne & ! p>liam5t ( ,p>is4 ,?is high protection has be5 advanc$ z a reason = reject+ ! anecdotes & acc\nts :i* h be5 commonly receiv$ relat+ to ! p]sonal "* ( ,rabelais1 & 8 irregul>ities may possibly h be5 exagg]at$ by ! hatr$ :i* he _h drawn ^u himself by 8 writ+s4 ,b nobody1 ,i ?9k1 :o kn[s ! "* ( society at t "t1 :o comp>es :at we "k ( ! lives ( ! o!r satiri/s1 & :o has read ! hi/ory ( ,g>gantua & ,pantagruel1 w consid] su* an argum5t ( mu* weight aga9/ ! delib]ate /atem5ts ( ^? :o 7 8 contempor>ies1 or be incl9$ to d\bt t ! writ] ( ?is hi/ory 0 a man ( jovial "*1 :o lov$ a good bottle & a broad joke1 & p]haps o!r ?+s t 7 equally objectionable4 ,8 books pres5t a sort ( wild riot\s orgy1 )\t mu* ord] or plan1 except ! m]e outl9e ( ! /ory1 9 :i* is display$ an extraord9>y ext5t ( read+ 9 all classes ( lit]ature1 f ! mo/ le>n$ to ! mo/ popul>1 ) a wond]ful comm& ( language1 great imag9ation1 & "s poetry1 int]mix$ ) a p]haps l>g] am\nt ( d[nright obsc5e ribaldry1 ?an c be f\nd 9 ! mac>onics ( ,fol5go1 9 ! ,epi/ol ,obscurorum ,virorum1 or 9 ! works ( any ( ! o!r satiri/s :o _h prec$$ him1 or 7 8 contempor>ies4 ,x is a broad c>icature1 poor en\gh 9 its /ory1 b enri*$ ) details1 :i* are brilliant ) imag]y1 ?\gh g5]ally co>se1 & :i* are made ! occasions = turn+ to ridicule ev]y?+ t exi/$4 ,! five books ( ?is romance 7 publi%$ sep>ately & at diff]5t p]iods1 app>5tly )\t any fix$ int5tion ( cont9u+ !m4 ,! e>li] editions ( ! fir/ "p 7 publi%$ )\t date1 b ! e>lie/ editions ) dates belong to ! ye> #aece1 :5 x 0 sev]al times repr9t$4 ,x appe>$ z ! life ( ,g>gantua4 ,?is h]o is suppos$ to h fl\ri%$ 9 ! fir/ half ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & to h be5 ! son ( ,gr&g\si]1 k+ ( ,utopia1 a c\ntry :i* lay some:]e 9 ! direction ( ,*9on1 a pr9ce ( an anci5t dyna/y1 b a jovial fell[1 :o lov$ good eat+ & dr9k+ bett] ?an any?+ else4 ,gr&g\si] m>ri$ ,g>gamelle1 daught] ( ! k+ ( ! ,p>paillos1 :o became ! "m ( ,g>gantua4 ,! fir/ *apt]s relate r m9utely h[ ! *ild 0 born1 & came out at its "m's e>1 :y x 0 call$ ,g>gantua1 h[ x 0 dress$ & treat$ 9 infancy1 :at 7 its amusem5ts & disposition1 & h[ ,g>gantua 0 put to le>n+ "u ! sophi/s1 & made no progress4 ,!reupon ,gr&g\si] s5t 8 son to ,p>is1 to seek in/ruction !re1 & he proce$s ?i!r m\nt$ on an imm5se m>e1 :i* _h be5 s5t z a pres5t by ! k+ ( ,numidia--x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! royal race ( ,utopia 7 all giants4 ,at ,p>is ! populace assembl$ tumultu\sly to gratify _! curiosity 9 look+ at ?is new s*ol>2 b ,g>gantua1 besides treat+ !m 9 a v contemptu\s mann]1 c>ri$ (f ! great bells ( ,notre ,dame to susp5d at ! neck ( 8 m>e4 ,great 0 ! indignation caus$ by ?is !ft4 ,all ! city 0 ris5 up 9 s$ition1 !y be+1 z y "k1 ^u any slight occasions1 s ready to upro>s & insurrections1 t =eign nations wond] at ! pati5ce ( ! k+s ( ,france1 :o d n by good ju/ice re/ra9 !m f su* tumultu\s c\rses4 ,! citiz5s take c\nsel1 & resolve on s5d+ "o ( ! great orators ( ! univ]sity1 ,ma/] ,janotus de ,bragm>do1 to expo/ulate ) ,g>gantua1 & obta9 ! re/oration ( ! bells4 ,! spee* :i* ?is wor?y addresses to ,g>gantua1 9 fulfilm5t ( 8 mission1 is an amus+ p>ody on ! p$antic /yle ( ,p>isian oratory4 ,! bells1 h[ev]1 are recov]$1 & ,g>gantua1 "u skilful in/ructors1 pursues 8 /udies ) cr$it1 until he is sudd5ly call$ home by a lett] f 8 fa!r4 ,9 fact1 ,gr&g\si] 0 sudd5ly involv$ 9 a w> ) 8 neighb\r ,picrocole1 k+ ( ,l]n1 caus$ by a qu>rel ab\t cakes betwe5 "s cake-mak]s ( ,l]n & ,gr&g\si]'s %eph]ds1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ,picrocole _h invad$ ! dom9ions ( ,gr&g\si]1 & 0 plund]+ & ravag+ !m4 ,8 w>like hum\r is /irr$ up by ! c\nsels ( 8 ?ree lieut5ants1 :o p]suade him t he is go+ to become a great conqu]or1 & t !y w make him ma/] ( ! :ole _w4 ,x is n difficult to see1 9 ! circum/ances ( ! "t1 ! g5]al aim ( ! satire conta9$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ?is w>4 ,x ends 9 ! entire defeat & disappe>ance ( k+ ,picrocole4 ,a s5sual & jovial monk nam$ bro!r ,jean des ,entommeurs1 :o has fir/ di/+ui%$ himself by 8 pr[ess & /r5g? 9 def5d+ 8 own abbey aga9/ ! invad]s1 contributes l>gely to ! victory ga9$ by ,g>gantua aga9/ 8 fa!r's enemies1 & ,g>gantua rew>ds him by f\nd+ = him t pleasant abbey ( ,?lme1 a gr& e/abli%m5t1 /or$ ) ev]y?+ :i* c\ld contribute to t]re/rial happ9ess1 f :i* all hypocrites & bigots 7 to be exclud$1 & ! rule ( :i* 0 compris$ 9 ! f\r simple words1 ,d z y l4 ,su* is ! hi/ory ( ,g>gantua1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds =m$ by ,rabelais into ! fir/ book ( 8 great comic romance4 ,x 0 publi%$ anonym\sly1 ! au?or m]ely describ+ himself z l'ab/racteur de qu9te ess5ce2 b he aft]w>ds adopt$ ! pseudonyme ( ,alc(ribas ,nasi]1 :i* is m]ely an anagram ( 8 own "n1 ,franois ,rabelais4 ,a v improbable /ory has be5 h&$ d[n to u relat+ to ?is book4 ,x is pret5d$ t1 hav+ publi%$ a book ( m$ical sci5ce :i* _h no sale1 & ! publi%] compla9+ t he _h lo/ money by x1 ,rabelais promis$ to make am5ds = 8 loss1 & imm$iately wrote ! hi/ory ( ,g>gantua1 by :i* ! same book-sell] made 8 =tune4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ?is rem>kable satire _h a deep] orig9 ?an any casual accid5t l ?is2 b x 0 exactly suit$ to ! ta/e & temp] ( ! age4 ,x 0 q orig9al 9 its =m & /yle1 & x met ) imm$iate & great success4 ,num]\s editions foll[$ ea* o!r rapidly1 & its au?or1 enc\rag$ by its popul>ity1 v soon aft]w>ds produc$ a second romance1 9 cont9uation1 to :i* he gave ! title ( ,pantagruel4 ,! c>icature 9 ?is second romance is bold] ev5 ?an 9 ! fir/1 ! hum\r broad]1 & ! satire m pung5t4 ,gr&g\si] has disappe>$ f ! sc5e1 & 8 son1 ,g>gantua1 is k+1 & has a son nam$ ,pantagruel1 ^: k+dom is t ( ! ,dipsodes4 ,! fir/ "p ( ?is new romance is occupi$ *iefly ) ,pantagruel's y\? & education1 & is a satire on ! univ]sity & on ! lawy]s1 9 :i* ! p>odies on _! /yle ( plead+ z !n practis$ is admirable4 ,9 ! latt] "p1 ,pantagruel1 l 8 fa!r ,g>gantua1 is engag$ 9 great w>s4 ,x 0 p]haps ! cont9u$ success ( ?is new production ( 8 p5 :i* l$ ,rabelais to g on ) x1 & =m ! design ( mak+ ^! two books "p only ( a m ext5sive romance4 ,dur+ 8 /udies 9 ,p>is1 ,pantagruel has made ! acqua9tance ( a s+ul> individual nam$ ,panurge1 :o becomes 8 atta*$ fri5d & con/ant companion1 hold+ some:at ! position ( bro!r ,jean 9 ! fir/ book1 b f> m crafty & v]satile4 ,! :ole subject ( ! ?ird book arises out ( ,pantagreul's desire to m>ry1 & its v>i\s amus+ episodes describe ! diff]5t exp$i5ts :i*1 at ! sugge/ion ( ,panurge1 he adopts to arrive at a solution ( ! "q :e!r 8 m>riage w\ld be =tunate or n4 ,9 publi%+ 8 f\r? book1 ,rabelais compla9s t 8 writ+s _h rais$ him enemies1 & t he 0 accus$ ( hav+ at lea/ writt5 h]esy4 ,9 fact1 he _h bitt]ly provok$ bo? ! monks & ! univ]sity & p>liam5t2 &1 z ! increas+ reaction ( ,romanism 9 ,france gave m p[] ( p]secution to ! two latt]1 he 0 n writ+ )\t "s degree ( dang]1 yet ! satire ( ea* successive book became bold] & m direct4 ,! fif?1 :i* 0 left unf9i%$ at 8 dea?1 & :i* 0 publi%$ po/hum\sly1 0 ! mo/ sev]e ( !m all4 ,! "* ( ,g>gantua1 inde$1 0 almo/ =gott5 9 t ( ,pantagruel1 & ,pantagruelism became an accept$ "n = ! sort ( gay1 reckless satire ( :i* he 0 look$ ^u z ! model4 ,he describ$ x himself z a c]ta9e gaiet d'esprit confite en mpris des *oses =tuites1 9 fact1 nei!r ,romanism nor ,prote/antism1 b simply a jovial k9d ( ,epicurianism4 ,all ! gay wits ( ! "t aspir$ to be ,pantagrueli/s1 & ! rema9d] ( ! sixte5? c5tury ab\nd$ 9 wret*$ imitations ( ! /yle ( ,rabelais1 :i* are n[ consign$ z m]e r>ities to ! %elves ( ! bibliophili/4 ,among ! dang]s :i* began to ?reat5 !m 9 ,france 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 lib]al op9ions f\nd an asylum at ! c\rt ( a pr9cess :o 0 equally di/+ui%$ by h] beauty1 by h] tal5ts & noble s5tim5ts1 & by h] accompli%m5ts4 ,m>gu]ite d',ang\lme1 que5 ( ,nav>re1 0 ! only si/] ( ,franois ,i41 :o 0 h] junior by two ye>s1 & 0 affectionately atta*$ to h]4 ,%e 0 born on ! #aa? ( ,april1 #adib4 ,%e _h m>ri$1 fir/1 t un=tunate duke d',al5on1 ^: misconduct at ,pavia 0 ! cause ( ! disa/r\s defeat ( ! ,fr5*1 & ! captivity ( _! k+4 ,! duke di$1 x 0 said ( grief at 8 mis=tune1 9 #aebe2 & two ye>s aft]w>ds1 on ! #bd? ( ,janu>y1 #aebg1 %e m>ri$ ,h5ri d',albret1 k+ ( ,nav>re4 ,_! daught]1 ,jeanne d',albret1 c>ri$ ?is petty royalty to ! h\se ( ,b\rbon1 & 0 ! "m ( ,h5ri ,,iv4 ,m>gu]ite held h] c\rt 9 true pr9cely mann] 9 ! ca/le ( ,pau or at ,nrac1 & %e lov$ to surr\nd h]self ) a circle ( m5 rem>kable = _! "* & tal5ts1 & ladies di/+ui%$ by beauty & accompli%m5ts1 :i* made x rival 9 brilliance ev5 t ( h] bro!r ,franois4 ,%e plac$ ne>e/ to h] p]son1 "u ! "* ( h] valets-de-*ambre1 ! pr9cipal poets & beaux-esprits ( h] "t1 su* z ,clem5t ,m>ot1 ,bonav5ture des ,p]i]s1 ,claude ,gruget1 ,anto9e du ,m\l91 & ,jean de la ,haye1 & admitt$ !m to su* a t5d] famili>ity ( int]c\rse1 z to excite ! jeal\sy ( ! k+ h] husb&1 f ^: ill-treatm5t %e 0 only protect$ by h] bro!r's int]f]5ce4 ,! poets call$ h] *amb] a v]itable ,p>nassus4 ,h]s 0 c]ta9ly a great m9d1 gre$y ( k1 dissatisfi$ ) :at 01 & eag] = novelties1 & !re=e %e enc\rag$ all :o s\ght = !m4 ,x 0 9 ?is _s1 comb9$ ) h] e>ne/ love = lett]s1 t %e ?rew h] protection ov] bo? ! sceptics & ! religi\s re=m]s4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! p]secutions1 z e>ly z #aebc1 %e op5ly decl>$ h]self ! advocate ( ! ,prote/ants4 ,:5 ,clem5t ,m>ot 0 arre/$ by ord] ( ! ,sorbonne & ! ,inquisitor on ! *>ge ( hav+ eat5 bacon 9 ,l5t1 ,m>gu]ite caus$ him to be lib]at$ f prison1 9 defiance ( 8 p]secutors4 ,"s ( ! pure/ & able/ ( ! e>ly ,fr5* re=m]s1 su* z ,r\ssel & ,le ,fvre d',etaples1 & ,calv9 himself1 f\nd a safe asylum f dang] 9 h] dom9ions4 ,z might be suppos$1 ! bigot$ p>ty 7 bitt]ly inc5s$ aga9/ ! que5 ( ,nav>re1 & 7 n backw>d 9 tak+ advantage ( an opportunity = %[+ x4 ,a moral treatise1 entitl$ ,le ,miroir de l',ame ,p*]esse1 ( :i* ,m>gu]ite 0 ! au?or1 0 condemn$ by ! ,sorbonne 9 #aecc1 b ! k+ compell$ ! univ]sity1 9 ! p]son ( its rector1 ,nicolas ,cop1 to disav[ publicly ! c5sure4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by a /ill great] act ( insol5ce1 =1 at ! in/igation ( "s ( ! m bigot$ papi/s1 ! s*ol>s ( ! college ( ,nav>re1 9 conc]t ) _! reg5ts1 p]=m$ a f>ce 9 :i* ,m>gu]ite 0 trans=m$ into a fury ( hell4 ,franois ,i41 greatly indignant1 s5t 8 ar*]s to arre/ ! (f5d]s1 :o fur!r provok$ 8 ang] by resi/ance1 & only obta9$ _! p>don ?r\gh ! g5]\s int]cession ( ! pr9cess :om !y _h s grossly insult$4 ,m>gu]ite 0 h]self a poetess1 & %e lov$ above all ?+s ^? gay1 & seldom v delicate1 /ories1 ! tell+ ( :i* 0 at t "t "o ( ! fav\rite amusem5ts ( ! ev5+1 & "o 9 :i* %e 0 kn[n to excel4 ,h] poetical writ+s 7 collect$ & pr9t$1 "u h] own au?ority1 9 #aedg1 by h] !n valet-de-*ambre1 ,jean de la ,haye1 :o d$icat$ ! volume to h] daught]4 ,!y are all graceful1 & "s ( !m wor?y ( ! be/ poets ( h] "t4 ,! title ( ?is collection 01 punn+ ^u h] "n1 :i* means a pe>l1 ,m>gu]ites de la ,m>gu]ite des pr9cesses1 trs illu/re reyne de ,nav>re4 ,m>gu]ite's /ories 7n\velles7 7 m celebrat$ ?an h] v]ses1 & are said to h be5 committ$ to writ+ "u h] own dictation4 ,all ! ladies ( h] c\rt possess$ copies ( !m 9 writ+4 ,x is und]/ood to h be5 h] int5tion to =m !m into t5 days' tales1 ( t5 9 ea* day1 s z to resemble ! ,decam]on ( ,boccaccio1 b only eight days 7 f9i%$ at ! "t ( h] dea?1 & ! imp]fect "w 0 publi%$ po/hum\sly by h] valet-de-*ambre1 ,claude ,gruget1 "u ! title ( ,l',heptam]on1 ou ,hi/oire des ,amants ,=tuns4 ,x is by f> ! be/ collection ( /ories ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,!y are told *>m+ly1 9 language :i* is a p]fect model ( ,fr5* composition ( t age1 b !y are all tales ( gallantry su* z c\ld only be repeat$ 9 polite society 9 an age :i* 0 ess5tially lic5ti\s4 ,que5 ,m>gu]ite di$ on ! #ba/ ( ,decemb]1 #aedi1 & 0 buri$ 9 ! ca!dral ( ,pau4 ,h] dea? 0 a subject ( regret to all t 0 good & all t 0 poetic1 n only 9 ,france1 b 9 ,europe1 :i* _h be5 accu/om$ to look ^u h] z ! t5? ,muse & ! f\r? ,grace3-- ,mus>um decima et ,*>itum qu>ta1 inclyta regum ,et soror et conjux1 ,m>gu>is illa jacet4 ,be=e ,m>gu]ite's dea?1 h] lit]>y circle _h be5 brok5 up by ! hatr$ ( religi\s p]secutors4 ,already1 9 #aecf1 ! imprud5t boldness ( ,m>ot _h r5d]$ x impossible to protect him any long]1 & he _h be5 oblig$ to retire to a place ( concealm5t1 f :5ce he sometimes paid a /eal?y visit to h] c\rt4 ,8 place ( valet-de-*ambre 0 giv5 to a man ( tal5ts1 ev5 m rem>kable1 & :o %>$ equally ! p]sonal e/eem ( ! que5 ( ,nav>re1 ,bonav5ture des ,p]i]s4 ,m>ot's successor paid a graceful complim5t to him 9 a %ort poem entitl$ ,l',apologie de ,m>ot abs5t1 publi%$ 9 #aecg4 ,! e>li] "p ( ! ye> foll[+ witness$ ! publication ( ! mo/ rem>kable "w ( ,bonav5ture des ,p]i]s1 ! ,cymbalum ,mundi1 conc]n+ ! real "* ( :i* writ]s are /ill divid$ 9 op9ion4 ,9 x ,des ,p]i]s introduc$ a new =m ( satire1 imitat$ f ! dialogues ( ,lucian4 ,! book consi/s ( f\r dialogues1 writt5 9 language :i* =ms a model ( ,fr5* composition1 ! p]sonages introduc$ 9 !m int5d$ evid5tly to repres5t liv+ *>act]s1 ^: names are conceal$ 9 anagrams & o!r devices1 among :om 0 ,clem5t ,m>ot4 ,x 0 ! bolde/ decl>ation ( scepticism :i* _h yet issu$ f ! ,epicurean s*ool repres5t$ by ,rabelais4 ,! au?or sne]s at ! ,romi% *ur* z an impo/ure1 ridicules ! ,prote/ants z seek]s aft] ! philosoph]'s /one1 & %[s disrespect to ,*ri/ianity itself4 ,su* a book c\ld h>dly be publi%$ 9 ,p>is ) impunity1 yet x 0 pr9t$ !re1 secretly1 x is said1 by a well-kn[n booksell]1 ,jean ,mor91 9 ! ,rue ,/4 ,jacques1 & !re=e 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! p]secut+ ,sorbonne4 ,private in=mation _h be5 giv5 ( ! "* ( ?is "w1 possibly by ! pr9t] himself or by "o ( 8 m51 & on ! #f? ( ,m>*1 #aech1 :5 x 0 on ! eve ( publication1 ! :ole impression 0 seiz$ at ! pr9t]'s1 & ,mor9 himself 0 arre/$ & ?r[n into prison4 ,he 0 treat$ rigor\sly1 & is und]/ood to h escap$ only by disav[+ all k ( ! "* ( ! book1 & giv+ up ! "n ( ! au?or4 ,! fir/ edition ( ! ,cymbalum ,mundi 0 burnt1 & ,bonav5ture des ,p]i]s1 al>m$ by ! p]sonal dang]s 9 :i* he 0 ?us involv$1 retir$ f ! c\rt ( ! que5 ( ,nav>re1 & took refuge 9 ! city ( ,lyons1 :]e lib]al op9ions at t "t f\nd a great] degree ( tol]ance ?an else:]e4 ,!re he pr9t$ a second edition ( ! ,cymbalum ,mundi1 :i* also 0 burnt1 & copies ( ei!r edition are n[ excessively r>e4#ih ,bonav5ture des ,p]i]s felt s mu* ! weight ( ! p]secution 9 :i* he _h n[ involv$ himself1 t1 9 ! ye> #aeci1 z f> z c be asc]ta9$1 he put an end to 8 own exi/5ce4 ,?is ev5t ca/ a gloom ov] ! c\rt ( ! que5 ( ,nav>re1 f :i* x seems nev] to h entirely recov]$4 ,! s*ool ( scepticism to :i* ,des ,p]i]s belong$ _h n[ fall5 into equal discr$it ) ,ca?olics & ,prote/ants1 & ! latt] look$ ^u ,m>gu]ite h]self1 :o _h latt]ly con=m$ outw>dly ) ,romanism1 z an apo/ate f _! cause4 ,h5ri ,e/i5ne1 9 8 ,apologie p\r ,h]odote1 speaks ( ! ,cymbalum ,mundi z an infam\s book4 #ih ,a *eap & conv5i5t edition ( ! ,cymbalum ,mundi1 edit$ by ! ,bibliophile ,jacob 7,paul ,lacroix71 0 publi%$ 9 ,p>is 9 #ahda4 ,i may "h /ate t simil> editions ( ! pr9cipal ,fr5* satiri/s ( ! sixte5? c5tury h be5 pr9t$ dur+ ! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,bonav5ture des ,p]i]s left beh9d him ano!r "w m amus+ to u at ! pres5t day1 & m *>act]i/ic ( ! lit]>y ta/es ( ! c\rt ( ,m>gu]ite ( ,nav>re4 ,?is is a collection ( faceti\s /ories1 :i* 0 publi%$ sev]al ye>s aft] ! dea? ( its au?or1 "u ! title ( ,les ,contes1 ou ,les ,n\velles ,rcrations et ,joyeux ,devis de ,bonav5ture des ,p]i]s4 ,!y h "s resemblance 9 /yle to ! /ories ( ! ,heptam]on1 b are %ort]1 & r m faceti\s1 & are *>act]is$ by _! bitt] _s ( satire aga9/ ! monks & popi% cl]gy4 ,"s ( ^! /ories rem9d u1 9 _! peculi> "* & tone1 ( ! ,epi/ol ,obscurorum ,virorum1 z1 = an example1 ! foll[+1 :i* is giv5 z an anecdote ( ! cur de ,br\3-- ,?is cur _h a way ( 8 own to *ant ! diff]5t (fices ( ! *ur*1 & above all he dislik$ ! way ( say+ ! ,passion 9 ! mann] x 0 ord9>ily said 9 *ur*es1 & he *ant$ x q diff]5tly4 ,= :5 our ,"l said any?+ to ! ,jews1 or to ,pilate1 he made him talk high & l\d1 s t ev]ybody c\ld he> him1 & :5 x 0 ! ,jews or somebody else :o spoke1 he spoke s l[ t he c\ld h>dly be he>d at all4 ,x happ5$ t a lady ( rank & importance1 on h] way to ,*teaudun1 to keep !re ! fe/ival ( ,ea/]1 pass$ ?r\gh ,br\ on ,good ,friday1 ab\t t5 o'clock 9 ! morn+1 &1 wi%+ to he> s]vice1 %e w5t to ! *ur* :]e ! cur 0 (ficiat+4 ,:5 x came to ! ,passion1 he said x 9 8 own mann]1 & made ! :ole *ur* r+ aga9 :5 he said ,quem quritis8 ,b :5 x came to ! reply1 ,jesum ,naz>5um1 he spoke z l[ z he possibly c\ld4 ,& 9 ?is mann] he cont9u$ ! ,passion4 ,! lady1 :o 0 v dev\t1 &1 = a woman1 well in=m$ 9 ! holy scriptures1 & att5tive to ! ecclesia/ical c]emonies1 felt sc&alis$ at ?is mode ( *ant+1 & wi%$ %e _h nev] ent]$ ! *ur*4 ,%e _h a m9d to speak to ! cur1 & tell him :at %e ?\ght ( x2 & = ?is purpose s5t = him to come to h] aft] ! s]vice4 ,:5 he came1 %e said to him1 ',monsieur le ,cur1 ,i don't "k :]e y le>nt to (ficiate on a day l ?is1 :5 ! p ought to be all humility2 b to he> y p]=m ! s]vice1 is en\gh to drive away anybody's devotion4' ',h[ s1 madame8' said ! cur4 ',h[ s8' said %e1 'y h said a ,passion contr>y to all rules ( dec5cy4 ,:5 our ,"l speaks1 y cry z if y 7 9 ! t[n-hall2 & :5 x is a ,caiaphas1 or ,pilate1 or ! ,jews1 y speak s(tly l a "y bride4 ,is ?is becom+ 9 "o l y8 are y fit to be a cur8 ,if y _h :at y des]ve1 y w\ld be turn$ out ( y\r b5efice1 & !n y w\ld be made to "k y\r fault6' ,:5 ! cur _h v att5tively li/5$ to h]1 he said1 ',is ?is :at y _h to say to me1 madame8 ,by my s\l6 x is v true1 :at !y say2 & ! tru? is1 t !re are _m p :o talk ( ?+s :i* !y d n und]/&4 ,madame1 ,i believe t ,i "k my (fice z well z ano!r1 & ,i beg all ! _w to "k t ,god is z well s]v$ 9 ?is p>i% accord+ to its condition1 z 9 any place )9 a hundr$ leagues ( x4 ,i "k v well t ! o!r curs *ant ! ,passion q diff]5tly2 ,i c\ld easily *ant x l !m if ,i w\ld2 b !y d n und]/& _! bus9ess at all4 ,i %\ld l to "k if x becomes ^? rogues ( ,jews to speak z l\d z our ,"l6 ,no1 no1 madame2 re/ assur$ t 9 my p>i% x is my w t ,god be ! ma/]1 & ,he %all be z long z ,i live2 & let ! o!rs d 9 _! p>i%es accord+ to _! und]/&+4' ,ano!r /ory1 equally wor?y ( ,ulric von ,hutt51 is satirical en\gh on prie/ly p$antry3-- ,!re 0 a prie/ ( a village :o 0 z pr\d z might be1 because he _h se5 a little m ?an 8 ,cato2 = he _h read ,de ,syntaxi1 & 8 ,fau/e precor gelida ! fir/ eclogue ( ,bapti/a ,mantuanus4 ,& ?is made him set up 8 fea!rs1 & talk v gr&1 us+ words t fill$ 8 m\?1 9 ord] to make p ?9k him a great doctor4 ,ev5 at confession1 he made use ( t]ms :i* a/oni%$ ! poor p4 ,"o day he 0 confess+ a poor work+ man1 ( :om he ask$1 ',"h1 n[1 my fri5d1 tell me1 art ?\ ambiti\s8' ,! poor man said ',no1' ?9k+ ?is 0 a ^w :i* belong$ to great lords1 & almo/ rep5t$ ( hav+ come to confess to ?is prie/2 = he _h already he>d t he 0 su* a great cl]k1 & t he spoke s gr&ly1 t nobody und]/ood him1 :i* he n[ knew by ?is ^w ambiti\s2 = al?\gh he might h he>d x some:]e1 yet he did n "k at all :at x 04 ,! prie/ w5t on to ask ',art ?\ n a =nicator8' ',no1' said ! lab\r]1 :o und]/ood z little z be=e4 ',art ?\ n a g\rm&8' said ! prie/4 ',no4' ',art ?\ n sup]be pr\d8' ',no4' ',art ?\ n iracund8' ',no4' ,! prie/ see+ ! man answ] always ',no1' 0 some:at surpris$4 ',art ?\ n concupisc5t8' ',no4' ',& :at art ?\1 !n8' said ! prie/4 ',i am1' said he1 'a mason2 "h is my tr[el6' ,at ?is "t ,pantagruelism _h mix$ itself m or less l>gely 9 all ! satirical lit]ature ( ,france4 ,x is v app>5t 9 ! writ+s ( ,bonav5ture des ,p]i]s1 & 9 a consid]able numb] ( satirical publications :i* n[ issu$1 _m ( !m anonym\sly1 or "u ! !n fa%ionable =m ( anagrams1 f ! press 9 ,france4 ,among ^! writ]s 7 a few :o1 ?\gh f> inf]ior to ,rabelais1 may be consid]$ z n unequal to ,des ,p]i]s himself4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( ^! 0 a g5tleman ( ,britany1 ,noel du ,fail1 "l ( ,la ,hrissaye1 :o 01 l s _m ( ^! satiri/s1 a lawy]1 & :o di$1 app>5tly at an advanc$ age1 at ! end ( #aehe1 or beg9n+ ( #aehf4 ,9 8 publications1 accord+ to ! fa%ion ( t age1 he conceal$ 8 "n "u an anagram1 & call$ himself ,leon ,ladulfil 7d\bl+ ! l 9 ! "n ,fail74 ,noel du ,fail has be5 call$ ! ape ( ,rabelais1 ?\gh ! m]e imitation is n v app>5t4 ,he publi%$ 7z f> z has be5 asc]ta9$71 9 #aedh1 8 ,disc\rs d'aucuns propos ruftiques factieux1 et de s+ulire rcration4 ,?is 0 foll[$ imm$iately by a "w entitl$ ,baliv]n]ies1 ou ,contes ,n\veaux d',eutrapel2 b 8 la/1 & mo/ celebrat$ book1 ! ,contes et ,disc\rs d',eutrapel1 0 n pr9t$ until #aehf1 aft] ! dea? ( its au?or4 ,! writ+s ( ,noel du ,fail are full ( *>m+ pictures ( rural life 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 &1 ?\gh suffici5tly free1 !y pres5t less ?an mo/ simil> books ( t p]iod ( ! co>s5ess ( ,rabelais4 ,i _c say ! same ( a book :i* is mu* m celebrat$ ?an ei!r ( ^!1 & ! hi/ory ( :i* is /ill envelop$ 9 obscurity4 ,i mean ! ,moy5 de ,p>v5ir4 ,?is book1 :i* is full ( wit & hum\r1 b ! lic5ti\sness ( :i* is c>ri$ to a degree :i* r5d]s x unreadable at ! pres5t day1 is n[ ascrib$ by bibliograph]s1 9 its pres5t =m1 to ,broalde de ,v]ville1 a g5tleman ( a ,prote/ant family :o _h embrac$ ,ca?olicism1 & obta9$ advancem5ts 9 ! *ur*1 & x 0 n pr9t$ until #afaj1 b x is suppos$ t 9 its pres5t =m x is only a revision ( an e>li] composition1 p]haps ev5 an unackn[l$g$ "w ( ,rabelais himself1 :i* _h be5 pres]v$ 9 manuscript 9 ,b]oald's family4 ,pantagruelism1 or1 if y l1 ,rabelaism1 did n1 dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury1 make mu* progress beyond ! limits ( ,france4 ,9 ! ,teutonic c\ntries ( ,europe1 & 9 ,engl&1 ! sceptical s5tim5t 0 small 9 comp>ison ) ! religi\s feel+1 & ! only satirical "w at all resembl+ ^? we h be5 describ+1 0 ! ,utopia ( ,sir ,?omas ,m1 a "w comp>atively spiritless1 & :i* produc$ a v slight s5sation4 ,9 ,spa91 ! /ate ( social feel+ 0 /ill less fav\rable to ! writ+s ( ,rabelais1 yet he _h !re a wor?y & true repres5tative 9 ! au?or ( ,don ,quixote4 ,x 0 only 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury t ! works ( ,rabelais 7 translat$ into ,engli%2 b we mu/ n =get t our satiri/s ( ! la/ c5tury1 su* z ,swift & ,/]ne1 d]iv$ _! inspiration *iefly f ,rabelais1 & f ! ,pantagrueli/ic writ]s ( ! latt] half ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,^! latt] 7 mo/ ( !m poor imitators ( _! orig9al1 &1 l all poor imitators1 pursu$ to exagg]ation 8 lea/ wor?y *>act]i/ics4 ,!re is /ill "s hum\r 9 ! writ+s ( ,tab\rot1 ! sieur des ,accords1 especially 9 8 ,big>rures1 b ! lat] productions1 :i* appe>$ "u su* names z ,bruscambille & ,tab>91 s9k into m]e dull ribaldry4 ,!re _h aris51 h[ev]1 by ! side ( ?is satire :i* smelt some:at too mu* ( ! tav]n1 ano!r satire1 m s]i\s1 :i* /ill conta9$ a little ( ! /yle ( ,rabelais4 ,! ,fr5* ,prote/ants at fir/ look$ ^u ,rabelais z "o ( _! t[]s ( /r5g?1 & embrac$ ) gratitude ! p[]ful protection !y receiv$ f ! graceful que5 ( ,nav>re2 b _! gratitude fail$ !m1 :5 ,m>gu]ite1 ?\gh %e nev] ceas$ to give !m h] protection1 con=m$ outw>dly1 f atta*m5t to h] bro!r1 to ! =ms ( ! ,ca?olic fai?1 & !y reject$ ! s*ool ( ,rabelais z a m]e s*ool ( ,a!i/s4 ,among !m arose ano!r s*ool ( satire1 a sort ( bran* f ! o!r1 :i* 0 repres5t$ 9 its infancy by ! celebrat$ s*ol> & pr9t]1 ,h5ri ,e/i5ne1 bett] kn[n among u z ,h5ry ,/eph5s4 ,! rem>kable book call$ an ,apologie p\r ,h]odote1 arose out ( an attack ^u its writ] by ! ,romani/s4 ,h5ri ,e/i5ne1 :o 0 kn[n z a /aun* ,prote/ant1 publi%$1 at great exp5se1 an edition ( ,h]odotus 9 ,greek & ,lat91 & ! zeal\s ,ca?olics1 out ( spite to ! editor1 decri$ 8 au?or1 & spoke ( ,h]odotus z a m]e collector ( mon/r\s & incr$ible tales4 ,e/i5ne1 9 rev5ge1 publi%$ :at1 "u ! =m ( an apology = ,h]odotus1 0 really a viol5t attack on ! ,romi% *ur*4 ,8 argum5t is t all hi/orians mu/ relate transactions :i* appe> to _m incr$ible1 & t ! ev5ts ( mod]n times 7 mu* m incr$ible1 if !y 7 n kn[n to be true1 ?an any?+ :i* is record$ by ! hi/orian ( antiquity4 ,aft] an introductory diss]tation on ! light 9 :i* we ought to reg>d ! fable ( ! ,gold5 ,age1 & on ! moral "* ( ! anci5t peoples1 he goes on to %[ t _! depravity 0 mu* less ?an t ( ! middle ages & ( 8 own "t1 inde$ ( all p]iods dur+ :i* p 7 gov]n$ by ! ,*ur* ( ,rome4 ,n only did ?is dissolut5ess ( morals p]vade lay society1 b ! cl]gy 7 m vici\s ev5 ?an ! p1 to :om !y ought to s]ve z an example4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! book is fill$ ) anecdotes ( ! immoral lives ( ! popi% cl]gy ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & ( _! ignorance & bigotry2 & he describes 9 detail ! me?ods employ$ by ! ,romi% *ur* to keep ! mass ( ! p 9 ignorance1 & to repress all attempts at inquiry4 ,out ( all ?is1 he says1 _h ris5 a s*ool ( a!i/s & sc(f]s1 repres5t$ by ,rabelais & ,bonav5ture des ,p]i]s1 bo? ( :om he m5tions by "n4 ,z we approa* ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! /ruggle ( p>ties became m political ?an religi\s1 b n less bitt] ?an be=e4 ,! lit]ature ( ! age ( t celebrat$ ,ligue1 :i* seem$ at "o "t de/9$ to ov]?r[ ! anci5t royalty ( ,france1 consi/$ *iefly ( libell\s & abusive pamphlets1 b 9 ! mid/ ( !m !re appe>$ a "w f> sup]ior to any purely political satire :i* _h yet be5 se51 & ! fame ( :i* has nev] pass$ away4 ,its object 0 to turn to ridicule ! meet+ ( ! ,e/ates ( ,france1 convok$ by ! duke ( ,may5ne1 z lead] ( ! ,ligue1 & held at ,p>is on ! #aj? ( ,febru>y1 #aejc4 ,! gr& object ( ?is meet+ 0 to exclude ,h5ri ,,iv4 f ! ?rone2 & ! ,spani% p>ty propos$ to aboli% ! ,salic law1 & proclaim ! infanta ( ,spa9 que5 ( ,france4 ,! ,fr5* ligueurs propos$ plans h>dly less unpatriotic1 & ! duke ( ,may5ne1 indignant at ! small acc\nt made ( 8 own p]sonal pret5sions1 prorogu$ ! meet+1 & p]suad$ ! two p>ties to hold :at prov$ a fruitless conf]5ce at ,suresne4 ,x 0 ! meet+ ( ! ,e/ates 9 ,p>is :i* gave rise to t celebrat$ ,satyre ,mnippe1 ( :i* x 0 said1 t x s]v$ ! cause ( ,h5ri ,,iv4 z mu* z ! battle ( ,ivry itself4 ,?is satire orig9at$ among a p>ty ( fri5ds1 ( m5 di/+ui%$ by le>n+1 wit1 & tal5t1 ?\gh mo/ ( _! names are obscure1 :o us$ to meet 9 an ev5+ 9 ! hospitable h\se ( "o ( !m1 ,jacques ,gillot1 on ! ,quai des ,orfvres 9 ,p>is1 & !re talk satirically ov] ! viol5ce & insol5ce ( ! ligueurs4 ,!y all belong$ ei!r to ! b> or to ! univ]sity1 or to ! *ur*4 ,gillot himself1 a ,burgundian1 born ab\t ! ye> #aefj1 _h be5 a dean 9 ! *ur* ( ,langres1 & aft]w>ds canon ( ! ,sa9te ,*apelle 9 ,p>is1 & 0 at ?is "t conseill]-cl]c to ! p>liam5t ( ,p>is4 ,9 #aehi he 0 committ$ to ! ,ba/ille1 b 0 soon aft]w>ds lib]at$4 ,nicolas ,rap91 "o ( 8 fri5ds1 0 born 9 #aece1 & 0 said to h be5 ! son ( a prie/1 & !re=e illegitimate4 ,he 0 a lawy]1 a poet1 & a soldi]1 = he f\ght bravely 9 ! ranks ( ,h5ri ,,iv4 at ,ivry1 & 8 devotion to t pr9ce 0 s well kn[n1 t he 0 bani%$ f ,p>is by ! ligueurs1 b _h return$ ?i!r be=e ! meet+ ( ! ,e/ates 9 #aeic4 ,jean ,pass]at1 born 9 #aecd1 0 also a poet1 & a pr(essor 9 ! ,collge ,royal4 ,flor5t ,*re/i51 born at ,orleans 9 #aedj1 _h be5 ! tutor ( ,h5ri ,,iv41 & 0 well kn[n z a man ( s\nd le>n+4 ,! mo/ le>n$ ( ! p>ty 0 ,pi]re ,pi?\1 born at ,troyes 9 #aeci1 :o _h abjur$ ,calv9ism to return to ,romanism1 & :o held a di/+ui%$ position at ! ,fr5* b>4 ,! la/ ( ?is little p>ty ( m5 ( lett]s 0 a canon ( ,r\5 nam$ ,pi]re le ,roy1 a patriotic ecclesia/ic1 :o held ! (fice ( almon] to ! c>d9al de ,b\rbon4 ,x 0 ,le ,roy :o drew up ! fir/ sket* ( ! ,satyre ,mnippe1 ea* ( ! o!rs execut$ 8 "p 9 ! composition1 & ,pi?\ f9ally revis$ x4 ,= sev]al ye>s ?is rem>kable satire circulat$ only secretly1 & 9 manuscript1 & x 0 n pr9t$ until ,h5ri ,,iv4 0 e/abli%$ on ! ?rone4 ,! satire op5s ) an acc\nt ( ! virtues ( ! ,ca?olicon1 or no/rum = cur+ all political diseases1 or ! higui]o d'infi]no1 :i* _h be5 s effective 9 ! h&s ( ! ,spani>ds1 :o inv5t$ x4 ,"s ( ^! are extraord9>y en\gh4 ,if1 we are told1 ! lieut5ant ( ,don ,philip h "s ( ?is ,ca?olicon on 8 flags1 he w ent] )\t a bl[ into an enemy's c\ntry1 & !y w meet him ) crosses & bann]s1 legates & primates2 & ?\gh he ru91 ravage1 usurp1 massacre1 & sack ev]y?+1 & c>ry away1 ravi%1 burn1 & r$uce ev]y?+ to a des]t1 ! p ( ! c\ntry w say1 ',^! are our fri5ds1 !y are good ,ca?olics2 !y d x = our peace1 & = our "m holy *ur*4' ,if an indol5t k+ amuse himself ) ref9+ ?is drug 9 8 escurial1 let him write a ^w into ,fl&]s to ,fa!r ,ignatius1 seal$ ) ! ,ca?olicon1 he w f9d him a man :o 7salva consci5tia7 w assass9ate 8 enemy :om he has n be5 able to conqu] by arms 9 tw5ty ye>s4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is an allusion to ! murd] ( ! pr9ce ( ,orange4 ,if ?is k+ proposes to assure 8 e/ates to 8 *ildr5 aft] 8 dea?1 & to invade ano!r's k+dom at little exp5se1 let him write a ^w to ,m5doza1 8 ambassador1 or to ,fa!r ,commelet 7"o ( ! mo/ s$iti\s orators ( ! ,ligue71 & if he write ) ! higui]o del infi]no1 at ! bottom ( 8 lett]1 ! words ,yo el ,rey1 !y w furni% him ) an apo/ate monk1 :o w g "u a fair semblance1 l a ,judas1 & assass9ate 9 cold blood a great k+ ( ,france1 8 bro!r-9-law1 9 ! middle ( 8 camp1 )\t fe> ( ,god or m52 !y w d m1 !y w canonise ! murd]]1 & place ?is ,judas above ,/4 ,pet]1 & baptise ?is prodigi\s & horrible crime ) ! "n ( a provid5tial ev5t1 ( :i* ! godfa!rs w be c>d9als1 legates1 & primates4 ,! allusion "h is to ! assass9ation ( ,h5ri ,,iii4 by ,jacques ,clem5t4 ,^! are b a few ( ! m>vell\s prop]ties ( ! political drug1 aft] ! enum]ation ( :i* ! report ( ! meet+ ( ! ,e/ates is introduc$ by a burlesque description ( ! gr& procession :i* prec$$ x4 ,!n we are introduc$ to ! hall ( assembly1 & diff]5t subjects pictur$ on ! tape/ries :i* cov] its walls1 all hav+ ref]5ce to ! politics ( ! ,ligue1 are describ$ fully4 ,!n we come to ! report ( ! meet+1 & to ! spee*es ( ! diff]5t speak]s1 ea* ( :i* is a model ( satire4 ,x is n kn[n :i* ( ! little club ( satiri/s wrote ! op5 spee* ( ! duke ( ,may5ne1 b t ( ! ,roman legate is kn[n to be ! "w ( ,gillot1 & t ( ! c>d9al de ,pelv1 a ma/]piece ( ,lat9 9 ! /yle ( ! ,epi/ol ,obscurorum ,virorum1 0 writt5 by ,flor5t ,*re/i54 ,nicolas ,rap9 compos$ ! h>angue plac$ 9 ! m\? ( ! ar*bi%op ( ,lyons1 z well z t ( ,rose1 ! rector ( ! univ]sity2 & ! long spee* ( ,claude d',aubray 0 by ,pi?\4 ,pass]at compos$ mo/ ( ! v]ses :i* are scatt]$ ?r\gh ! book1 & x is und]/ood t ,pi?\ f9ally revis$ ! :ole4 ,?is mock report ( ! meet+ ( ! ,e/ates closes ) a description ( a s]ies ( political pictures :i* are arrang$ on ! wall ( ! /aircase ( ! hall4 ,^! pictures1 z well z ^? on ! tape/ries ( ! hall ( meet+1 are simply s _m c>icatures1 & ! same may be said ( ano!r set ( pictures1 ( :i* a description is giv5 9 "o ( ! satirical pieces :i* foll[$ ! ,satyre ,mnippe1 on ! same side1 entitl$1 ,hi/oire des ,s+]ies de la ,ligue4 ,x 0 amid ! political turmoil ( ! sixte5? c5tury 9 ,france t mod]n political c>icature took its rise4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,political ,,c>icature ,,9 ,,its ,,infancy4--,,! ,,rev]s ,,du ,,jeu ,,des ,,suysses4--,,c>icature ,,9 ,,france4--,,! ,,?ree ,,ord]s4--,,p]iod ,,( ,,! ,,league2 ,,c>icatures ,,aga9/ ,,h5ri ,,iii4--,,c>icatures ,,aga9/ ,,! ,,league4--,,c>icature ,,9 ,,france ,,9 ,,! ,,sev5te5? ,,c5tury4--,,g5]al ,,galas4--,,! ,,qu>rel ,,( ,,ambassadors4--,,c>icature ,,aga9/ ,,l\is ,,xiv42 ,,william ,,( ,f,,r/emb]g4 ,x has be5 already rem>k$ t political c>icature1 9 ! mod]n s5se ( ! ^w1 or ev5 p]sonal c>icature1 0 inconsi/5t ) ! /ate ( ?+s 9 ! middle ages1 until ! arts ( engrav+ & pr9t+ became suffici5tly develop$1 because x requires ! facility ( quick & ext5sive circulation4 ,! political or satirical song 0 c>ri$ ev]y:]e by ! m9/rel1 b ! satirical picture1 repres5t$ only 9 "s solit>y sculpture or illum9ation1 c\ld h>dly be f9i%$ be=e x _h become useless ev5 9 ! small sph]e ( its influ5ce1 & !n rema9$ = ages a /range figure1 ) no mean+ t c\ld be und]/ood4 ,no soon]1 h[ev]1 0 ! art ( pr9t+ introduc$1 ?an ! importance ( political c>icature 0 und]/ood & turn$ to acc\nt4 ,we h se5 :at a p[]ful ag5t x became 9 ! ,re=mation1 :i* 9 _s 0 no less political ?an religi\s2 b ev5 be=e ! great religi\s movem5t _h begun1 ?is ag5t _h be5 br\ght into activity4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ engrav+s :i* c be call$ a c>icature--p]haps ! olde/ ( our mod]n c>icatures kn[n--is repres5t$ 9 our cut ,no4 #aga1 is no d\bt ,fr5*1 & belongs to ! ye> #adii4 ,x is suffici5tly expla9$ by ! hi/ory ( ! "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aga4 ,! ,political ,game ( ,c>ds4 ,at ! date j m5tion$1 ,l\is ,,xii4 ( ,france1 :o _h be5 k+ less ?an twelve mon?s1 0 newly m>ri$ to ,anne ( ,britany1 & _h resolv$ ^u an exp$ition into ,italy1 to unite ! cr[n ( ,naples ) t ( ,france4 ,su* an exp$ition affect$ _m political int]e/s & ,l\is _h to employ a c]ta9 am\nt ( diplomacy ) 8 neighb\rs1 sev]al ( :om 7 /rongly oppos$ to 8 projects ( ambition1 & among ^? :o act$ mo/ op5ly 7 ! ,swiss1 :o 7 believ$ to h be5 secretly support$ by ,engl& & ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,l\is1 h[ev]1 ov]came _! opposition1 & obta9$ a r5ewal ( ! alliance :i* _h expir$ ) 8 pr$ecessor ,*>les ,,viii4 ,?is tempor>y difficulty ) ! ,swiss is ! subject ( our c>icature1 ! orig9al ( :i* be>s ! title ,le ,rev]s du ,jeu des ,suysses 7! defeat ( ! game ( ! ,swiss74 ,! pr9ces mo/ int]e/$ are assembl$ r\nd a c>d-table1 at :i* are seat$ ! k+ ( ,france to ! "r1 opposite him ! ,swiss1 & 9 front ! doge ( ,v5ice1 :o 0 9 alliance ) ! ,fr5* aga9/ ,milan4 ,at ! mom5t repres5t$1 ! k+ ( ,france is ann\nc+ t he has a flu% ( c>ds1 ! ,swiss ackn[l$ges ! weakness ( 8 h&1 & ! doge lays d[n 8 c>ds--9 fact1 ,l\is ,,xii4 has won ! game4 ,b ! po9t ( ! c>icature lies pr9cipally 9 ! gr\p ar\nd4 ,to ! extreme "r ! k+ ( ,engl&1 ,h5ry ,,vii41 di/+ui%$ by 8 ?ree armorial lions1 & ! k+ ( ,spa91 are engag$ 9 e>ne/ conv]sation4 ,beh9d ! =m] /&s ! infanta ,m>g>ita1 :o is evid5tly w9k+ at ! ,swiss to give him in=mation ( ! /ate ( ! c>ds ( 8 oppon5ts4 ,at h] side /&s ! duke ( ,wirtemb]g1 & j be=e him ! pope1 ! infam\s ,alex&] ,,vi4 7,borgia71 :o1 ?\gh 9 alliance ) ,l\is1 is n able1 ) all 8 ef=ts1 to read ! k+'s game1 & looks on ) evid5t anxiety4 ,beh9d ! doge ( ,v5ice /&s ! ,italian refugee1 ,trivulci1 an able w>rior1 devot$ to ! int]e/s ( ,france2 & at ! doge's "r h&1 ! emp]or1 hold+ 9 8 h&s ano!r pack ( c>ds1 & app>5tly exult+ 9 ! belief t he has ?r[n confusion into ! k+ ( ,france's game4 ,9 ! backgr\nd to ! left are se5 ! c\nt ,palat9e & ! m>quis ( ,monts]rat1 :o also look unc]ta9 ab\t ! result2 & bel[ ! =m] appe>s ! duke ( ,savoy1 :o 0 giv+ assi/ance to ! ,fr5* designs4 ,! duke ( ,lorra9e is s]v+ dr9k to ! gambl]s1 :ile ! duke ( ,milan1 :o 0 at ?is "t play+ r a d\ble "p1 is ga!r+ up ! c>ds :i* h fall5 to ! gr\nd1 9 ord] to make a game = himself4 ,l\is ,,xii4 c>ri$ 8 designs into execution2 ! duke ( ,milan1 ,ludovico ,s=za1 nick-nam$ ! ,moor1 play$ 8 c>ds badly1 lo/ 8 du*y1 & di$ 9 prison4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #agb4 ,! ,?ree ,ord]s ( ! ,/ate4 ,su* is ?is e>lie/ ( political c>icatures--& 9 ?is case x 0 purely political--b ! "q ( religion soon began n only to mix itself up ) ! political "q1 b almo/ to absorb x1 z we h se5 9 ! review ( ! hi/ory ( c>icature "u ! ,re=mation4 ,be=e ?is p]iod1 inde$1 political c>icature 0 only an affair betwe5 cr[n$ heads1 or betwe5 k+s & _! nobles1 b ! religi\s agitation _h orig9at$ a va/ social movem5t1 :i* br\ght into play popul> feel+s & passions3 ^! gave c>icature a totally new value4 ,its p[] 0 greate/ on ! middle & l[] classes ( society1 t is1 on ! p1 ! ti]s tat1 :i* 0 n[ ?r[n prom95tly =w>d4 ,! new social !ory is proclaim$ 9 a pr9t1 ( :i* a fac-simile w be f\nd 9 ! ,muse de la ,c>icature1 by ,e4 ,j4 ,jaime1 & :i*1 f ! /yle & co/ume1 appe>s to be ,g]man4 ,! ?ree ord]s1 ! *ur*1 ! "l ( ! l&1 & ! p1 repres5t$ respectively by a bi%op1 a knight1 & a cultivator1 /& ^u ! globe 9 an hon\rable equality1 ea* receiv+ direct f heav5 ! emblems or implem5ts ( 8 duties4 ,to ! bi%op is deliv]$ 8 bible1 to ! husb&man 8 mattock1 & to ! knight ! sword ) :i* he is to protect & def5d ! o!rs4 ,?is pr9t--see cut ,no4 #agb--:i* be>s ! title1 9 ,lat91 ,quis te prtulit8 7,:o *ose !e87 belongs probably to ! e>li] half ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,a pa9t+ 9 ! ,htel de ,ville ( ,aix1 9 ,prov5ce1 repres5ts ! same subject mu* m satirically1 int5d+ to del9eate ! ?ree ord]s z !y 71 & n z !y ought to be4 ,! div9e h& is lett+ d[n f heav5 an imm5se frame 9 ! =m ( a he>t1 9 :i* is a picture repres5t+ a k+ kneel+ be=e ! cross1 intimat+ t ! civil p[] 0 to be subord9ate to ! ecclesia/ical4 ,! ?ree ord]s are repres5t$ by a c>d9al1 a noble1 & a peasant1 ! latt] ( :om is b5d+ "u ! bur!n ( ! he>t1 ! :ole ( :i* is ?r[n ^u 8 %\ld]s1 :ile ! c>d9al & ! noble1 ! latt] dress$ 9 ! fa%ionable attire ( ! c\rt m9ions ( ! day1 are plac+ "o h& to ! he>t on ea* side1 9 a mann] :i* %[s t !y support none ( ! weight4 ,amid ! fi]ce agitation :i* fell ^u ,france 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 = a :ile we f9d b few traces ( ! employm5t ( c>icature by ei!r p>ty4 ,! religi\s re=mation !re 0 r ari/ocratic ?an popul>1 & ! re=m]s s\ght less to excite ! feel+s ( ! multitude1 :i*1 inde$1 w5t g5]ally 9 ! contr>y direction4 ,!re 01 moreov]1 a "* ( gloom 9 ! religion ( ,calv91 :i* contract$ /rongly ) ! joy\sness ( t ( ! foll[]s ( ,lu!r2 & ! factions 9 ,france s\ght to slaught]1 r ?an to laugh at1 ea* o!r4 ,! few c>icatures ( ?is p]iod :i* are kn[n1 are v bitt] & co>se4 ,z f> z ,i am aw>e1 no e>ly ,hugu5ot c>icatures are kn[n1 b !re are a few direct$ aga9/ ! ,hugu5ots4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 ) ! rise ( ! ,ligue t ! ta/e = political c>icature may be said to h tak5 root 9 ,france1 & 9 t c\ntry x long cont9u$ to fl\ri% m ?an any:]e else4 ,! fir/ c>icatures ( ! ligueurs 7 direct$ aga9/ ! p]son ( ! k+1 ,h5ri de ,valois1 & possess a brutality almo/ beyond description4 ,x 0 n[ an object to keep up ! bitt]ness ( _s ( ! fanatical multitude4 ,9 "o ( ^! c>icatures a demon is repres5t$ wait+ on ! k+ to summon him to a meet+ ( ! ,e/ates 9 hell2 & 9 ! di/ance we see ano!r demon fly+ away ) him4 ,ano!r relates to ! murd] ( ! ,guises1 9 #aehh1 :i* ! ligueurs pr(ess$ to ascribe to ! c\ncils ( ,m4 d',ep]non1 "o ( 8 fav\rites1 on :om !y look$ ) great hatr$4 ,x is entitl$1 ,s\fflem5t et ,conseil diabolique de d',ep]non ,h5ri de ,valois p\r faccag] les ,ca?oliques4 ,9 ! middle ( ! picture /&s ! k+1 & beside him ,d',ep]non1 :o is bl[+ into 8 e> ) a bell[s4 ,on ! gr\nd be=e !m lie ! headless corpses ( ! deux frres ,ca?oliques1 ! duke ( ,guise1 & 8 bro!r ! c>d9al1 :ile ! execution] ( royal v5geance is hold+ up _! heads by ! hair4 ,9 ! di/ance is se5 ! ca/le ( ,blois1 9 :i* ?is trag$y took place2 & on ! left ( ! picture appe> ! c>d9al de ,b\rbon1 ! ar*bi%op ( ,blois1 & o!r fri5ds ( ! ,guises1 express+ _! horror at ! de$4 ,h5ri ,,iii4 0 himself murd]$ 9 ! ye> foll[+1 & ! c>icatures aga9/ him became /ill m brutal dur+ ! p]iod 9 :i* ! ligueurs tri$ to set up a k+ ( _! own 9 8 place4 ,9 "o c>icature1 :i* has m ( an emblematical "* ?an mo/ ( ! o!rs1 he is pictur$ z ,h5ri le ,mon/rueux2 & 9 o!rs1 entitl$ ,les ,h]maphrodites1 he is exhibit$ "u =ms :i* po9t at ! infam\s vices ) :i* he 0 *>g$4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #agc4 ,! ,assembly ( ,apes4 ,! tide ( c>icature1 h[ev]1 soon turn$ 9 ! contr>y direction1 & ! co>se1 unpr9cipl$ abuse employ$ by ! ligueurs f\nd a fav\rable contra/ 9 ! p[]ful wit & tal5t ( ! satiri/s & c>icaturi/s :o n[ took up p5 & p5cil 9 ! cause ( ,h5ri ,,iv4 ,! =m] 01 on ! :ole1 ! m =midable weapon1 b ! latt] repres5t$ to "s eyes m vividly 9 picture :at _h already be5 done 9 type4 ,?is 0 ! case on bo? sides2 ! c>icature la/ m5tion$ 0 f\nd$ ^u a v libell\s satirical pamphlet aga9/ ,h5ri ,,iii41 entitl$ ,l',isle des ,h]maphrodites4 ,x is ! case also ) ! fir/ c>icatures aga9/ ! ligueurs1 :i* ,i h to m5tion4 ,! ,e/ates held 9 ,p>is by ! duke ( ,may5ne & ! ligueurs = ! purpose ( elect+ a new k+ 9 opposition to ,h5ri ( ,nav>re1 7 made ! subject ( ! celebrat$ ,satyre ,mnippe1 9 :i* ! proce$+s ( ^! ,e/ates 7 turn$ to ridicule 9 ! mo/ admirable mann]4 ,f\r l>ge editions 7 sold 9 less ?an z _m mon?s4 ,sev]al c>icatures arose out ( or accompani$ ?is rem>kable book4 ,"o ( ^! is a r l>ge pr9t1 entitl$ ,la ,s+]ie des ,e/ats de la ,ligue1 l'an #aeic1 9 :i* ! memb]s ( ! ,e/ates & ! ligueurs are pictur$ ) ! heads ( monkeys4 ,! c5tral "p repres5ts ! meet+ ( ! ,e/ates1 at :i* ! lieut5ant-g5]al ( ! k+dom1 ! duke ( ,may5ne1 seat$ on ! ?rone1 presides4 ,above him is susp5d$ a l>ge portrait ( ! infanta ( ,spa91 ,l',esp\se de la ,ligue1 z %e is call$ 9 ! satire1 ready to m>ry any "o :om ! ,e/ates %all decl>e k+ ( ,france4 ,9 *airs1 on ea* side ( ,may5ne1 are ! two ladies ( hon\r ( ! said future sp\se4 ,to ! left are seat$ 9 a r[ ! celebrat$ c\ncil ( sixte5 7les seize71 r$uc$ at ?is "t to twelve1 because ! duke ( ,may5ne1 to *eck _! turbul5ce1 _h caus$ f\r ( !m to be hang$4 ,!y we> ! fav\rs ( ! future sp\se4 ,opposite to !m are ! repres5tatives ( ! ?ree ord]s1 all1 we are told1 devot$ to ! s]vice ( ! said lady4 ,be=e ! ?rone are ! two musicians ( ! ,ligue1 "o describ$ z ,phelipott91 ! bl9d p]=m] on ! viel1 or hurdy-gurdy1 to ! ,ligue1 & 8 subord9ate1 ! play] on ! triangle1 kept at ! exp5se ( ! future sp\se4 ,^! 7 to ent]ta9 ! assembly dur+ ! pauses betwe5 ! orations ( ! v>i\s speak]s4 ,all ?is is a satire on ! ef=ts ( ! k+ ( ,spa9 to e/abli% a mon>* ( 8 own *oice4 ,on ! b5* beh9d ! musicians sit ! deputies f ,lyons1 ,poiti]s1 ,orleans1 & ,rheims1 cities :]e ! influ5ce ( ! ,ligue 0 /rong1 discuss+ ! "q z to :o %\ld be k+4 ,?us mu* ( ?is picture is repres5t$ 9 our cut ,no4 #agc4 ,!re are o!r gr\ps ( figures 9 ! repres5tation ( ! assembly ( ! ,e/ates2 & !re are two side comp>tm5ts--t on ! left repres5t+ a =ge1 on :i* ! fragm5ts ( a brok5 k+ are laid to be ref\nd$1 & a multitude ( apes1 ) hamm]s & an anvil1 ready to "w him into a new k+2 ! o!r side ( ! picture repres5ts ! circum/ances ( a !n well-kn[n act ( tyranny p]petrat$ by ! ,e/ates ( ! ,ligue4 ,ano!r l>ge & well-execut$ engrav+1 publi%$ at ,p>is 9 #aeid1 imm$iately aft] ,h5ri ,,iv4 _h obta9$ possession ( 8 capital1 also repres5ts ! gr& procession ( ! ,ligue z describ$ at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,satyre ,mnippe1 & 0 int5d$ to hold up to ridicule ! w>like temp] ( ! ,fr5* ,ca?olic cl]gy4 ,x is entitl$1 ,la ,procession de la ,ligue4 ,h5ri's triumph ov] ! ,ligue 0 made ! subject ( a s]ies ( ?ree c>icatures1 or p]haps1 m correctly1 ( a c>icature 9 ?ree divisions4 ,! fir/ is entitl$ ! ,naissance de la ,ligue1 & repres5ts x "u ! =m ( a mon/] ) ?ree heads1 sev]ally ^? ( a wolf1 a fox1 & a s]p5t1 issu+ f hell-m\?4 ,"u x are ! foll[+ l9es3-- ,l'enf]1 p\r ass]vir s\bs ses loix t\t le monde1 ,vomit ce mon/re hideux1 fait d'un l\p ravisseur1 ,d'un r5>d enveilly1 et d'un s]p5t immonde1 ,affubl d'un manteau propre t\te c\leur4 ,! second division1 ! ,decl9 de la ,ligue1 repres5t+ its d[nfall1 is copi$ 9 our cut ,no4 #agd4 ,h5ri ( ,nav>re1 9 ! =m ( a lion1 has p\nc$ fi]cely ^u x1 & n too soon1 = x _h already seiz$ ! cr[n & sceptre4 ,9 ! di/ance1 ! sun ( national prosp]ity is se5 ris+ ov] ! c\ntry4 ,! ?ird picture1 ! ,effets de la ,ligue1 repres5ts ! de/ruction ( ! k+dom & ! slaught] ( ! p1 ( :i* ! ,ligue _h be5 ! cause4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #agd4 ,! ,de/ruction ( ! ,ligue4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #age4 ,g5]al ,galas4 ,! c>icatures 9 ,france became m num]\s dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury1 b !y are ei!r s elaborate or s obscure1 t ea* requires almo/ a diss]tation to expla9 x1 & !y (t5 relate to que/ions or ev5ts :i* h little int]e/ = u at ! pres5t day4 ,sev]al r spirit$ ones appe>$ at ! "t ( ! disgrace ( ! m>es*al d',ancre & 8 wife2 & ! +lori\s w> ) ! ,ne!rl&s1 9 #afce1 furni%$ ! occasion = o!rs1 = ! ,fr5*1 z usual1 c\ld make m]ry 9 _! rev]ses z well z 9 _! successes4 ,! imp]iali/ g5]al ,galas inflict$ s]i\s defeat on ! ,fr5* armies1 & compell$ !m to a v disa/r\s retreat f ! c\ntries !y _h invad$1 & !y tri$ to amuse !mselves at ! exp5se ( _! conqu]or4 ,galas 0 r rem>kable = obesity1 & ! ,fr5* c>icaturi/s ( ! day made ?is circum/ance a subject = _! satire4 ,our cut ,no4 #age is copi$ f a pr9t 9 :i* ! magnitude ( ! /oma* ( ,g5]al ,galas is c]ta9ly some:at exagg]at$4 ,he is repres5t$1 n app>5tly ) any good reason1 z puff$ up ) 8 own importance1 :i* is evaporat+ 9 smoke2 & along ) ! smoke ?us issu+ f 8 m\?1 he is made to proclaim 8 greatness 9 ! foll[+ r doggrel v]ses3-- ,je suis ce gr& ,galas1 autrefois dans l'arme ,la gloire de l',espagne et de mes compagnons2 ,ma9t5ant je ne suis qu'un corps ple9 de fume1 ,p\r avoir trop mang de raves et d'oignons4 ,g>gantua jamais n'eut une telle panse1 c4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #agf4 ,batteville ,humiliat$4 ,c>icatures 9 ,france began to be tol]ably abundant dur+ ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 b "u ! cru%+ tyranny ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 ! fre$om ( ! press1 9 all its =ms1 ceas$ to exi/1 & c>icatures relat+ to ,france1 unless !y came f ! c\rt p>ty1 _h to be publi%$ 9 o!r c\ntries1 especially 9 ,holl&4 ,x w be suffici5t to give two examples f ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,9 ! ye> #affa1 a dispute arose 9 ,london betwe5 ! ambassador ( ,france1 ,m4 ,d',e/rades1 & ! ,spani% ambassador1 ! b>on de ,batteville1 on ! "q ( prec$5ce1 :i* 0 c>ri$ s f> z to give rise to a tumult 9 ! /reets ( ! ,engli% capital4 ,at ?is v mom5t1 a new ,spani% ambassador1 ! m>quis de ,fu5tes1 0 on 8 way to ,p>is1 b ,l\is1 indignant at ,batteville's behavi\r 9 ,london1 s5t ord]s to /op ,fu5tes on ! fronti]1 & =bid 8 fur!r advance into 8 k+dom4 ,! k+ ( ,spa9 disav[$ ! act ( 8 ambassador 9 ,engl&1 :o 0 recall$1 & ,fu5tes receiv$ ord]s to make an apology to k+ ,l\is4 ,?is ev5t 0 made ! subject ( a r boa/+ c>icature1 ! great] portion ( :i* is giv5 9 our cut ,no4 #agf4 ,x is entitl$ ,batteville vi5t ador] le ,soliel 7,batteville comes to wor%ip ! sun74 ,9 ! orig9al ! sun is se5 %9+ 9 ! upp] corn] ( ! picture to ! "r1 & pres5t+ ! juv5ile face ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 b ! c>icaturi/ appe>s to h sub/itut$ ,batteville 9 ! place ( ,fu5tes4 ,b5ea? ! :ole are ! foll[+ boa/ful l9es3-- ,on ne va plus ,rome1 on vi5t de ,rome en ,france1 ,mrit] le p>don de quelque gr&e (f5ce4 ,l',italie t\t entire e/ s\mise ces loix2 ,un ,espagnol s'oppose ce droit de nos rois4 ,mais un ,franais puissant j\a des ba/onnades1 ,et punit l'insol5t de ses rodomontades4 ,f ?is "t !re sprung up _m c>icatures aga9/ ! ,spani>ds2 b ! mo/ f]oci\s c>icature1 or r book ( c>icatures1 ( ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 came f )\t1 & 0 direct$ aga9/ ! k+ & 8 m9i/]s & c\rti]s4 ,! revocation ( ! edict ( ,nantes took place 9 ,octob]1 #afhe1 & 0 prec$$ & foll[$ by frightful p]secutions ( ! ,prote/ants1 :i* drove away 9 ?\s&s ! e>ne/1 intellig5t1 & indu/ri\s "p ( ! population ( ,france4 ,!y c>ri$ ) !m a deep hatr$ to _! oppressors1 & s\ght refuge especially 9 ! c\ntries mo/ ho/ile to ,l\is ,,xiv4--,engl& & ,holl&4 ,! latt] c\ntry1 :]e !y !n enjoy$ ! greate/ fre$om ( action1 soon s5t =? num]\s satirical books & pr9ts aga9/ ! ,fr5* k+ & 8 m9i/]s1 ( :i* ! book j allud$ to 0 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable4 ,x is entitl$ ,les ,h]os de la ,ligue1 ou la ,procession ,monacale conduite p> ,l\is ,,xiv4 p\r la ,conv]sion des ,prote/ans de son ,royaume1 & consi/s ( a s]ies ( tw5ty-f\r mo/ grotesque faces1 int5d$ to repres5t ! m9i/]s & c\rti]s ( ! gr& roi mo/ odi\s to ! ,calv9i/s4 ,x mu/ h provok$ _! wra? exce$+ly4 ,i give "o example1 & z x is difficult to select1 ,i take ! fir/ 9 ! li/1 :i* repres5ts ,william ( ,fr/emb]g1 "o ( ! ,g]man pr9ces devot$ to ,l\is ,,xiv41 :o1 by 8 intrigues1 _h =c$ him into ! ar*bi%opric ( ,cologne1 by :i* he became an elector ( ! empire4 ,= _m reasons ,william ( ,fr/emb]g 0 hat$ by ! ,fr5* ,prote/ants1 b x is n q cle> :y he is "h repres5t$ 9 ! "* ( "o ( ! l[ m]*ants ( ! ,halles4 ,ov] ! picture1 9 ! orig9al1 we read1 ,guillaume de ,fur/emb]g1 crie1 ite1 missa e/1 & b5ea? are ! f\r l9es3-- ,j'ay quitt mon pais p\r s]vir la ,france1 ,soit p> ma trahison1 soit p> ma la*et2 ,j'ay tr\bl les tats p> ma m*ancet1 ,une abbaye e/ ma recomp5se4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #agg4 ,william ( ,fr/emb]g4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,e>ly ,,political ,,c>icature ,,9 ,,engl&4--,,! ,,satirical ,,writ+s ,,& ,,pictures ,,( ,,! ,,commonweal? ,,p]iod4--,,satires ,,aga9/ ,,! ,,bi%ops2 ,,bi%op ,,williams4--,,c>icatures ,,on ,,! ,,cavali]s2 ,,sir ,,john ,,suckl+4--,,! ,,ro>+ ,,boys2 ,,viol5ce ,,( ,,! ,,royali/ ,,soldi]s4--,,conte/ ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,presbyt]ians ,,& ,,indep5d5ts4--,,gr9d+ ,,! ,,k+',s ,,nose4--,,play+-,,c>ds ,,us$ ,,z ,,! ,,m$ium ,,= ,,c>icature2 ,,haselrigge ,,& ,,lamb]t4--,,%rovetide4 ,dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury c>icature c h>dly be said to h exi/$ 9 ,engl&1 & x did n come mu* into fa%ion1 until ! approa* ( ! great /ruggle :i* convuls$ our c\ntry 9 ! c5tury foll[+4 ,! popul> re=m]s h always be5 ! fir/ to appreciate ! value ( pictorial satire z an (f5sive weapon4 ,su* 0 ! case ) ! ,g]man re=m]s 9 ! age ( ,lu!r2 z x 0 aga9 ) ! ,engli% re=m]s 9 ! days ( ,*>les ,i41 a p]iod :i* we may ju/ly consid] z t ( ! bir? ( ,engli% political c>icature4 ,f #afdj to #affa ! press laun*$ =? an absolute deluge ( political pamphlets1 _m ( :i* 7 ( a satirical "*1 scurril\s 9 =m & language1 &1 on :atev] side !y 7 writt51 v unscrupul\s 9 reg>d to ! tru? ( _! /atem5ts4 ,among !m appe>$ a n unfrequ5t engrav+1 seldom well execut$1 :e!r on copp] or wood1 b display+ a co>se & pung5t wit t mu/ h told ) great effect on ^? = :om x 0 int5d$4 ,! fir/ objects ( attack 9 ^! c>icatures 7 ! ,episcopalian p>ty 9 ! *ur* & ! pr(an5ess & insol5ce ( ! cavali]s4 ,! ,puritans or ,presbyt]ians :o took ! lead 91 & at fir/ direct$1 ! great political movem5t1 look$ ^u ,episcopalianism z diff]+ 9 little f pop]y1 &1 at all ev5ts1 z lead+ direct to x4 ,arm9ianism 0 ) !m only ano!r "n = ! same ?+1 & 0 equally dete/$4 ,9 a c>icature publi%$ 9 #afda1 ,arm9ius is repres5t$ support$ on "o side by ,h]esy1 we>+ ! triple cr[n1 :ile on ! o!r side ,tru? is turn+ away f him1 & c>ry+ ) h] ! ,bible4 ,x 0 ! indiscreet zeal ( ar*bi%op ,laud :i* l$ to ! triumph ( ! ,puritan p>ty1 & ! d[nfall ( ! episcopal *ur* gov]nm5t1 & ,laud became ! butt = attacks ( all descriptions1 9 pamphlets1 songs & satirical pr9ts1 ! latt] usually figur+ 9 ! titles ( ! pamphlets4 ,laud 0 especially obnoxi\s to ! ,puritans = ! bitt]ness ) :i* he _h p]secut$ !m4 ,9 #afdj ,laud 0 committ$ to ! ,t[]1 an ev5t :i* 0 hail$ z ! fir/ gr& /ep t[>ds ! ov]?r[ ( ! bi%ops4 ,z an example ( ! feel+ ( exultation display$ on ?is occasion by 8 enemies1 we may quote a few l9es f a satirical song1 publi%$ 9 #afda1 & entitl$ ,! ,organs ,ec*o4 ,to ! ,tune ( ! ,ca!drall ,s]vice4 ,x is a g5]al attack on ! prelacy1 & op5s ) a cry ( triumph ov] ! fall ( ,william ,laud1 ( :om ! song says-- ,z he 0 9 8 brav]ie1 ,& ?\ght to br+ u all 9 slav]ie1 ,! p>liam5t f\nd out 8 knav]ie2 ,& s fell ,william4 ,alas6 poore ,william6 ,8 pope-l dom9e]+1 ,& "s o!r tricks appe>+1 ,provok'd ,sir ,edw>d ,de]+ ,to blame ! old prelate4 ,alas6 poore prelate6 ,"s say he 0 9 hope ,to br+ ,engl& aga9e to ?' pope2 ,b n[ he is 9 dang] ( an axe or a rope4 ,f>ewell1 old ,cant]bury4 ,alas6 poore ,cant]bury6 ,wr51 bi%op ( ,ely1 0 ano!r ( ! m obnoxi\s ( ! prelates1 & !re 0 h>dly less joy among ! popul> p>ty :5 he 0 committ$ to ! ,t[] 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye> #afda4 ,ano!r song1 9 v]se simil> to ! la/1 conta9s a g5]al review ( ! dem]its ( ! memb]s ( ! prelacy1 "u ! title ( ,! ,bi%ops ,la/ ,good-night4 ,at ! head ( ! broadside on :i* x is pr9t$ /& two satirical woodcuts1 b x mu/ be confess$ t ! words ( ! song are bett] ?an ! engrav+4 ,! bi%op ( ,ely1 we are told1 _h j gone to jo9 8 fri5d ,laud 9 ! ,t[]-- ,ely1 ?\ ha/ alway to ?y p[] ,left ! *ur* nak$ 9 a /orme & %[re1 ,& n[ = 't ?\ mu/ to ?y old fri5d i' ?' ,t[]4 ,to ! ,t[] mu/ ,ely2 ,come away1 ,ely4 ,a ?ird obnoxi\s prelate 0 bi%op ,williams4 ,williams 0 a ,wel%man :o _h be5 high 9 fav\r ) ,james ,i41 b he _h giv5 (f5ce to ! gov]nm5t ( ,*>les ,i41 & be5 imprison$ 9 ! ,t[] dur+ ! e>li] "p ( t k+'s reign4 ,he 0 releas$ by ! p>liam5t 9 #afdj1 & s f> rega9$ ! fav\r ( k+ ,*>les1 t he 0 rais$ to ! ar*bi%opric ( ,york 9 ! ye> foll[+4 ,:5 ! civil w> began1 he retir$ into ,wales1 & g>rison$ ,conway = ! k+4 ,williams's w>like behavi\r 0 ! s\rce ( mu* mir? among ! ,r\ndheads4 ,9 #afdb 0 publi%$ a l>ge c>icature on ! ?ree classes to :om ! p>liam5t>ians 7 especially ho/ile--! royali/ judges1 ! prelates1 & ! ruffl+ cavali]s2 repres5t$ "h1 z we are told 9 writ+ 9 ! copy among ! k+'s pamphlets1 by judge ,mallet1 bi%op ,williams1 & colonel ,luns=d4 ,^! ?ree figures are plac$ 9 z _m comp>tm5ts ) doggrel v]ses "u ea*4 ,t ( bi%op ,williams is copi$ 9 our cut ,no4 #agh4 ,! bi%op is arm$ cap--pie1 & 9 ! di/ance beh9d him are se5 on "o side 8 ca!dral *ur*1 & on ! o!r 8 w>-horse4 ,! v]ses b5ea? x conta9 an allusion to ?is prelate's ,wel% extraction 9 ! or?ography ( "s ( ! words3-- ,oh1 sir1 ,i'me ready1 did y nev] he]e ,h[ =w>d ,i h byn t'is _m a ye>e1 ,t'oppose ! practice dat is n[ on foote1 ,:i* plucks my bre?r5 up bo? pran* & roote8 ,my po/ure & my h>t to? well agree ,to fight2 n[ plud is up3 come1 foll[ mee4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #agh4 ,! ,*ur* ,militant4 ,! c\ntry _h n[ begun to exp]i5ce ! mis]ies ( w>1 & to sm>t "u !m2 & ! cavali]s 7 especially reproa*$ = ! cruelty ) :i* !y plund]$ & ill-treat$ p :5ev] !y ga9$ ! ma/]y4 ,colonel ,luns=d 0 especially notori\s = ! b>b>ities committ$ by himself & 8 m5--to su* a degree t he 0 popul>ly accus$ ( eat+ *ildr51 a *>ge :i* is frequ5tly allud$ to 9 ! popul> songs ( ! "t4 ,?us "o ( ^! songs c\ples him ) two o!r obnoxi\s royali/s3-- ,f ,field+1 & f ,vavas\r1 ,bo? ill-affect$ m51 ,f ,luns=d eke deliv] u1 ,:o eate? up *ildr54 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #agi4 ,! ,suckl+ton ,faction4 ,9 ! ?ird comp>tm5t ( ! c>icature j m5tion$1 we see 9 ! backgr\nd ( ! picture1 beh9d colonel ,luns=d1 8 soldi]s occupi$ 9 burn+ t[ns1 & massacr+ wom5 & *ildr54 ,! model ( ! gay cavali] ( ! e>li] p]iod ( ?is great revolution1 be=e ! w> _h brok5 out 9 its int5sity1 0 ! c\rtly ,sir ,john ,suckl+1 ! poet ( ! draw+-room & tav]n1 ! admir$ ( ro>+ boys1 & ! hat$ ( rigid ,puritans4 ,sir ,john outdid 8 companions 9 extravagance 9 ev]y?+ :i* 0 fa%ionable1 & ! display ( 8 zeal 9 ! cause ( royalty 0 n calculat$ to conciliate ! re=m]s4 ,:5 ! k+ l$ an army aga9/ ! ,scotti% ,cov5ant]s 9 #afci1 ,suckl+ rais$ a troop ( a hundr$ horse at 8 own exp5se2 b !y ga9$ m reputation by _! extraord9>y dress ?an by _! c\rage1 & ! :ole affair 0 made a subject ( ridicule4 ,f ?is "t ! "n ( ,suckl+ became id5tifi$ ) t gay & pr(ligate class :o1 disgu/$ by ! outw>d %[ ( sanctity :i* ! ,puritans affect$1 ru%$ into ! o!r extreme1 & became notori\s = _! pr(an5ess1 _! lib]t9ism1 & _! indulg5ce 9 vice1 :i* ?rew a c]ta9 degree ( discr$it ^u ! royali/ p>ty4 ,!re is a l>ge broadside among ! ,k+'s ,pamphlets 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 entitl$1 ,! ,suckl+ton ,faction2 or 7,suckl+s7 ,ro>+ ,boys4 ,x is "o ( ^? satirical compositions :i* 7 !n fa%ionable "u ! title ( ,*>act]s1 & is illu/rat$ by an engrav+1 f :i* our cut ,no4 #agi is copi$4 ,?is engrav+1 :i* f its sup]ior /yle is p]haps ! "w ( a =eign arti/1 repres5ts ! int]ior ( a *amb]1 9 :i* two ( ! ,ro>+ ,boys are engag$ 9 dr9k+ & smok+1 & =ms a curi\s picture ( contempor>y mann]s4 ,und]nea? ! engrav+ we read ! foll[+ l9es3-- ,mu* meate do? gluttony produce1 ,& makes a man a sw9e2 ,b hee's a temp]ate man inde$ ,t ) a leafe c d9e4 ,hee ne$es no napk9 = 8 h&es1 ,8 f+]s = to wipe2 ,he ha? 8 kit*9 9 a box1 ,8 roa/ meate 9 a pipe4 ,:5 ! w> spread itself ov] ! c\ntry1 _m ( ^! ,ro>+ ,boys became soldi]s1 & disgrac$ ! pr(ession by rapacity & cruelty4 ,! pamphlets ( ! p>liam5t>ians ab\nd ) compla9ts ( ! outrages p]petrat$ by ! ,cavali]s1 & ! evil appe>s to h be5 increas$ by ! ill-conduct ( ! auxili>ies br\ght ov] f ,irel& to s]ve ! k+1 :o 7 especially objects ( hatr$ to ! ,puritans4 ,a broadside among ! k+'s pamphlets is adorn$ by a satirical picture ( ,! ,engli% ,iri% ,s\ldi]1 ) 8 new discipl9e1 new armes1 old /omacke1 & new tak5 pillage2 :o _h r eat ?an fight4 ,x 0 publi%$ 9 #afdb4 ,! ,engli% ,iri% soldi] is1 z may be suppos$1 heavily lad5 ) plund]4 ,9 #afdf appe>$ ano!r c>icature1 :i* is copi$ 9 our cut ,no4 #ahj4 ,x repres5ts ,engl&'s ,wolfe ) ,eagles clawes3 ! cruell impieties ( bl\d-?ir/y royali/s & blasphem\s anti-p>liam5t>ians1 "u ! comm& ( t inhumane pr9ce ,rup]t1 ,digby1 & ! re/1 :]e9 ! b>b>\s crueltie ( our civill uncivill w>res is briefly discov]$4 ,engl&'s wolf1 z w be se51 is dress$ 9 ! high fa%ion ( ! gay c\rti]s ( ! "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ahj4 ,engl&'s ,wolf4 ,a few l>ge c>icatures1 embody+ satire ( a m compreh5sive description1 appe>$ f "t to "t1 dur+ ?is tr\bl$ age4 ,su* is a l>ge emblematical picture1 publi%$ on ! #i? ( ,novemb]1 #afdb1 & entitl$ ,h]aclitus' ,dream1 = ! sc5e is suppos$ to be manife/$ to ! philosoph] 9 a vision4 ,9 ! middle ( ! picture ! %eep are se5 %e>+ _! %eph]d2 :ile "o cuts 8 hair1 ano!r treats 8 be>d 9 ! same mann]4 ,"u ! picture we read ! c\plet-- ,! flocke t 0 wont to be %orne by ! h]d1 ,n[ polle? ! %eph]d 9 spight ( 8 be>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aha4 ,folly ,upp]mo/4 ,on ! #ai? ( ,janu>y1 #afdg1 a c>icature appe>$ "u ! title ,an ,embleme ( ! ,times4 ,on "o side ,w>1 repres5t$ z a giant 9 arm\r1 is se5 /&+ ^u a heap ( dead & mutilat$ bodies1 :ile ,hypocrisy1 9 ! =m ( a woman ) two faces1 is fly+ t[>ds a di/ant city4 ,lib]t9es1 anti-sabbat>ians1 & o!rs1 are ha/5+ 9 ! same direction2 & ! angel ( pe/il5ce1 hov]+ ov] ! city1 is ready to p\nce ^u x4 ,! p>ty ( ! p>liam5t 0 n[ triumphant1 & ! "q ( religion aga9 became ! subject ( dispute4 ,! ,presbyt]ians _h be5 e/abli%+ a sort ( tyranny ov] m5's m9ds1 & s\ght to proscribe all o!r sects1 till _! intol]ance gradually rais$ up a /rong & g5]al feel+ ( resi/ance4 ,s9ce #afdc a brisk w> ( political pamphlets _h be5 c>ri$ on betwe5 ! ,presbyt]ians & _! oppon5ts1 :51 9 #afdg1 ! ,indep5d5ts1 ^: cause _h be5 esp\s$ by ! army1 ga9$ ! ma/]y4 ,sir ,john ,presbyt] or to use ! m famili> phrase1 ,jack ,presbyt]1 furni%$ a subject = frequ5t satire1 & ! ,presbyt]ians 7 n sl[ 9 return+ ! bl[4 ,9 ! collection 9 ! ,briti% ,museum we f9d a c>icature :i* mu/ h come f ! ,presbyt]ian p>ty1 entitl$ ,reall ,p]secution1 or ! ,f\ndation ( a g5]al ,tol]ation1 displai$ & portray$ by a prop] emblem1 & adorn$ ) ! same fl[]s :]e) ! sc(f]s ( ?is la/ age h /r[$ _! libell\s pamphlets4 ,! gr\p :i* occupies ! middle "p ( ?is broadside1 is copi$ 9 our cut ,no4 #aha4 ,x has its sep>ate title1 ,! ,picture ( an ,engli% ,p]secutor1 or a foole-ridd5 ante-,presbet]ian sect>y4 7,i give ! spell+ z 9 ! orig9al47 ,folly is rid+ on ! sect>ian1 :om he holds ) a bridle1 ! sect>ian hav+ ! e>s ( an ass4 ,! foll[+ homely rhymes are plac$ 9 ! m\? ( ,folly1-- ,beh\ld my habit1 l my witt1 ,equalls 8 on :om sitt4 ,anti-,presbyt]ian is1 z w be se51 dress$ 9 ! height ( ! fa%ion1 & says-- ,my curs$ spee*es aga9/ ,presbetry ,decl>es unto ! _w my fool]y4 ,! mortification ( ! ,presbyt]ians l$ 9 ,scotl& to ! proclamation ( ,*>les ,,ii4 z k+1 & to ! ill-fat$ exp$ition :i* end$ 9 ! battle ( ,worce/] 9 #afea1 :5 satirical pamphlets1 ballads1 & c>icatures aga9/ ! ,scotti% ,presbyt]ians became = a :ile v popul>4 ,"o ( ! be/ ( ! latt] is repres5t$ 9 our cut ,no4 #ahb4 ,its object is to ridicule ! conditions :i* ! ,presbyt]ians exact$ f ! "y pr9ce be=e !y (f]$ him ! cr[n4 ,x is pr9t$ 9 ! middle ( ! broadside1 9 prose1 publi%$ on ! #ad? ( ,july1 #afea1 ) ! g5]al title1 ,old ,say+s & ,pr$ictions v]ifi$ & fulfill$1 t\*+ ! "y ,k+ ( ,scotl& & 8 gude subjects4 ,! picture has its sep>ate title1 ,! ,scots hold+ _! "y k+es nose to ! gr9/one4 foll[$ by ! l9es-- ,come to ! gr9/one1 ,*>les1 'tis n[ to late ,to recolect1 'tis presbit]ian fate1 ,y cov9ant pret5d]s1 mu/ ,i bee ,! subject ( y\] tradgie-com$ie8 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ahb4 ,conditions ( ,royalty4 ,9 fact1 ! picture repres5ts ,presbyt]ianism--,jack ,presbyt]--hold+ ! "y k+'s nose to ! gr9d/one1 :i* is turn$ by ! ,scots1 p]sonifi$ z ,jockey4 ,! foll[+ l9es are put into ! m\?s ( ! ?ree actors 9 ?is sc5e3-- ,jockey4--,i1 ,jockey1 turne ! /one ( all y\r plots1 ,= none turnes fa/] ?an ! turne-coat ,scots4 ,presbyt]4--,we = our ends did make !e k+1 be sure1 ,n to rule u1 we w n t endure4 ,k+4--,y deep dissembl]s1 ,i k[ :at y doe1 ,&1 = rev5ges sake1 ,i w dissemble too4 ,*>les's defeat & flight f ,worce/] furni%$ mat]ials = a mu* m elaborate c>icature ?an mo/ ( ! simil> productions ( ?is p]iod1 & ( a some:at s+ul> design4 ,x 0 publi%$ on ! #f? ( ,novemb]1 #afea1 & be>s ! title ,a ,mad ,designe2 or a ,description ( ! k+ ( ,scots m>*+ 9 8 disguise1 aft] ! ,r\t at ,worce/]4 ,a long1 & n unnecess>y1 explanation ( ! sev]al gr\ps =m+ ?is picture1 enables u to und]/& x4 ,on ! left ,*>les is seat$ on ! globe 9 a melan*oly po/ure4 ,a little to ! "r1 & ne>ly 9 front1 ! bi%op ( ,clogh] is p]=m+ mass1 at :i* lords ,ormond & ,in*qu91 9 ! %apes ( /range animals1 hold tor*es1 & ! "l ,taaf1 9 ! =m ( a monkey1 holds up ! bi%op's tra94 ,! ,scotti% army is se5 m>*+ up1 consi/+1 accord+ to ! description1 ( papi/s1 prelatical malignants1 ,presbyt]ians1 & old cavali]s2 ! latt] ( :om are repres5t$ by ! fooles head ^u a pole 9 ! re>4 ,! next gr\p consi/s ( two monkeys1 "o ) a fiddle1 ! o!r c>ry+ a long /aff ) a tor* at ! end1 conc]n+ :i* we le>n t ,! two ridicul\s anticks1 "o ) a fiddle1 & ! o!r ) a tor*1 set =? ! ridicul\sness ( _! condition :5 !y m>*$ into ,engl&1 c>ri$ up ) high ?\ghts1 yet altoge!r 9 ! d>ke1 hav+ onely a fooles bawble to be _! light to walke by1 mir? ( _! own :imsies to keep up _! spirits1 & a %ea!d sword to tru/e 94 ,next come a troop ( wom51 *ildr51 & papi/s1 lam5t+ ov] _! defeat4 ,two monkeys on foot1 & "o on horseback1 foll[1 ! latt] rid+ ) 8 face turn$ to ! horse's tail1 & c>ry+ 9 8 h& a spit ) provisions on x4 ,x is expla9$ z ,! ,scots ,k+s flight f ,worce/]1 repres5t$ by ! foole on horseback1 rid+ backw>d1 turn+ 8 face e way 9 fe>es1 u%]$ by duke ,hambleton & ! "l ,wilmot4 ,la/ly1 a cr[d ( wom5 ) flags br+ up ! re>4 ,x _c be said t ! wit display$ 9 ?is satire is ( ! v highe/ ord]4 ,aft] ?is p]iod we meet ) comp>atively few c>icatures until ! dea? ( ,cromwell1 & ! eve ( ! ,re/oration1 :5 !re came a new & fi]ce /ruggle ( political p>ties4 ,! ,dut* 7 ! subject ( "s satirical pr9ts & pamphlets 9 #afeb2 & we f9d a small numb] ( c>icatures on ! social evils1 su* z drunk5ness & gluttony1 & on "o or two subjects ( m9or agitation4 ,) ! close ( ! ,commonweal? a new =m ( c>icature came 94 ,play+ c>ds _h1 dur+ ?is sev5te5? c5tury1 be5 employ$ = v>i\s purposes :i* 7 q ali5 to _! orig9al "*4 ,9 ,france !y 7 made ! means ( convey+ in/ruction to *ildr54 ,9 ,engl&1 at ! "t ( :i* we are speak+1 !y 7 adopt$ z ! m$ium = spread+ political c>icature4 ,! e>lie/ ( ^! packs ( c>ds kn[n is "o :i* appe>s to h be5 publi%$ at ! v mom5t ( ! re/oration ( ,*>les ,,ii41 & :i* 01 p]haps1 engrav$ 9 ,holl&4 ,x conta9s a s]ies ( c>icatures on ! pr9cipal acts ( ! ,commonweal?1 & on ! p>liam5t>y lead]s4 ,among o!r c>ds ( a simil> "* :i* h be5 pres]v$ is a pack relat+ to ! popi% plot1 ano!r relat+ to ! ,rye ,h\se conspiracy1 "o on ! ,mississippi s*eme1 publi%$ 9 ,holl&1 & "o on ! ,s\? ,sea bubble4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ahc4 ,ar?ur ,haselrigg4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ahd4 ,g5]al ,lamb]t4 ,! e>lie/ ( ^! packs ( satirical c>ds1 t on ! ,commonweal?1 belong$ a few ye>s ago to a lady ( ! "n ( ,pre/1 & is v fully describ$ 9 a pap] by ,mr4 ,pettigrew1 pr9t$ 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,briti% ,ar*ological ,association4 ,ea* ( ! fifty-two c>ds pres5ts a picture ) a satirical title4 ,?us ! ace ( diamonds repres5ts ,! ,high ,c\rt ( ,ju/ice1 or ,oliv]'s ,slaught] ,h\se4 ,! eight ( diamonds is repres5t$ 9 our cut ,no4 #ahc2 its subject is ,don ,haselrigg1 ,knight ( ! ,codl$ ,bra9e4 ,x is h>dly necesi>y to say t ,sir ,ar?ur ,haselrigg act$ a v prom95t & rem>kable "p dur+ ! :ole ( ! ,commonweal? p]iod1 & t 8 mann]s 7 impetu\s & au?oritative1 :i* 0 probably ! mean+ ( ! epi!t "h giv5 to him4 ,! c>d ( ! k+ ( diamonds repres5ts r unequivocally ! subject indicat$ by its title1 ,sir ,h4 ,mildmay solicits a citiz5's wife1 = :i* 8 owne corrects him4 ,x is an allusion to "o ( ! petty sc&als ( ! republican p]iod4 ,! eight ( he>ts is a satire on major-g5]al ,lamb]t4 ,?is able & di/+ui%$ man 0 rem>kably fond ( fl[]s1 took great pleasure 9 cultivat+ !m1 & 0 skilful 9 draw+ !m1 :i* 0 "o ( 8 fav\rite amusem5ts4 ,he )drew to ,am/]dam dur+ ! ,protectorate1 & !re gave full indulg5ce to ?is love ( fl[]s1 & ,i ne$ h>dly say t x 0 ! age ( ! great tulip mania 9 ,holl&4 ,:51 aft] ! ,re/oration1 he 0 involv$ 9 ! fate ( ! regicides1 b _h 8 s5t5ce commut$ = ?irty ye>s ( imprisonm5t1 he alleviat$ ! dulness ( 8 long conf9em5t 9 ! isle ( ,gu]nsey by ! same amusem5t4 ,9 ! c>d we h engrav$1 ,lamb]t is repres5t$ 9 8 g>d51 hold+ a l>ge tulip 9 8 h&2 & x is no d\bt 9 allusion to ?is innoc5t ta/e t he is "h entitl$ ,lamb]t1 ,knight ( ! ,gold5 ,tulip4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ahe4 ,%rovetide4 ,! ,re/oration furni%$ bett] songs ?an pr9ts1 & _m ye>s pass$ be=e any c>icatures wor?y ( notice appe>$ 9 ,engl&4 ,ev5 burlesque subjects ( any m]it occur b r>ely1 & ,i h>dly "k ( "o :i* is wor? describ+ "h4 ,among ! be/ ( ^? ,i h met )1 is a pair ( plates1 publi%$ 9 #affj1 repres5t+ ,l5t & ,%rovetide1 & ^!1 ,i believe1 are copi$ or imitat$ f =eign pr9ts4 ,l5t is come z a ?9 mis]able-look+ knight-errant1 appropriately arm$ & m\nt$1 ready to give battle to ,%rovetide1 ^: good liv+ is p]nici\s to ! :ole community1 & he abuses 8 oppon5t 9 good r\nd t]ms4 ,9 ! companion pr9t1 ( :i* our cut ,no4 #ahe is a copy1 ,%rovetide appe>s z a jolly *ampion1 q ready to meet 8 enemy4 ,he is be/ describ$ 9 ! foll[+ l9es1 extract$ f ! v]ses :i* accompany ! pr9ts3-- ,fatt ,%rovetyde1 m\nt$ on a good fatt oxe1 ,supposd t ,l5t 0 mad1 or caught a foxe1#ii ,arm$ cap-a-pea f head unto ! heel1 ,a spit 8 long sword1 some:at worse ?an /eale1 7,%ea?'d 9 a fatt pigge & a peece ( porke71 ,8 bottles fild ) w9e1 well /opt ) corke2 ,! two plump capons flutt]+ at 8 crupp]2 ,& 's %\ld]s lac'd ) sawsages = supp]2 ,! gridir'n 7l a well /rung in/rum5t7 ,hung at 8 backe1 & = ! turnam5t ,8 helmet is a brasse pott1 & 8 flagge ,a cookes f\le apron1 :i* ! w9d do? wagg1 ,fixd to a broome3 ?us bravely he did ride1 ,& boldly to 8 foe he ?us repli$4 #ii i4e41 0 drunk4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,engli% ,,com$y4--,,b5 ,,jonson4--,,! ,,o!r ,,writ]s ,,( ,,8 ,,s*ool4--,,int]ruption ,,( ,,dramatic ,,p]=mances4--,,com$y ,,aft] ,,! ,,re/oration4--,,! ,,h[>ds ,,bro!rs2 ,,! ,,duke ,,( ,,buck+ham2 ,,! ,,rehe>sal4--,,writ]s ,,( ,,com$y ,,9 ,,! ,,latt] ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,sev5te5? ,,c5tury4--,,indec5cy ,,( ,,! ,,/age4--,,colley ,,cibb]4--,,foote4 ,9 ,engl&1 z 9 ,a!ns ( old1 p]fect com$y arose gradually out ( ! p]sonalities ( ! rude dramatic attempts ( an e>li] p]iod4 ,su* productions z ,ralph ,roi/] ,doi/] & ,gamm] ,gurton's ,ne$le 7 m]e imp]fect attempts at1 we may p]haps r say feel]s t[>ds1 com$y itself--t drama1 ! object ( :i* 0 to c>icature1 & ?us to dissect & apply correctives to1 ! vices & weaknesses ( contempor>y society4 ,! g5ius ( ,%akespe>e 0 f> too exquisitely poetical to qualify him = a task l ?is2 x want$ "s "o :o c\ld use ! lancet & scalpel skilfully1 b sob]ly1 & :o 0 n liable to be l$ a/ray by too mu* vig\r ( imag9ation4 ,su* a "o 0 ,b5 ,jonson1 :om we may rightly consid] z ! fa!r ( ,engli% com$y4 ,b>?olomew ,fair1 fir/ p]=m$ at ! ,hope ,!atre1 on ,bankside1 ,london1 on ! #ca/ ( ,octob]1 #afad1 is ! mo/ p]fect & mo/ rem>kable example ( ! truly ,engli% com$y1 rem>kable1 among _m o!r ?+s1 = ! extraord9>y numb] ( *>act]s :o 7 br\ght ^u ! /age 9 "o piece1 & :o are all at ! same "t gr\p$ & individualis$ ) a skill t rem9ds u ( ! pictorial triumphs ( a ,callot or a ,hog>?4 ,london life is plac$ be=e u 9 all its m popul> =ms 9 "o gr& tableau1 ! "o 9 :i* x w\ld %[ itself 9 its m grotesque attitudes2 ! ,london citiz51 8 va9 or easy wife1 %>p]s ( e description1 & _! victims no less v>i$ 9 "*1 ! petty city (fic]s1 all come 9 = _! %>e ( satire4 ,! diff]5t gr\ps are di/ribut$ s naturally1 t x is difficult to say :o is ! pr9cipal "* ( ! piece--& :o ev] 0 ! pr9cipal "* 9 ,b>?olomew ,fair8 ,p]haps ! "* ( ,cokes1 ! "y booby squire f ,h>r[--= 9 ^? times ev5 s ne> ,london z ,h>r[1 a "y squire 0 consid]$ to be 9 all probability b a "y c\ntry booby--/rikes u mo/4 ,x is said to h be5 at a lat] p]iod ! fav\rite "* ( ,*>les ,,ii4 ,among ! o!r pr9cipal *>act]s ( ! play are a proctor ( ! ,ar*es ,c\rt nam$ ,littlewit1 :o imag9es himself to be a bel esprit ( ! fir/ ord]2 8 wife1 & h] "m1 dame ,purecraft1 :o is a wid[2 ,ju/ice ,ov]do1 a ,london magi/rate1 to ^: w>d1 ,grace ,wellborn1 ,cokes is affianc$ 9 m>riage2 a zeal\s ,puritan1 nam$ ,zeal-(-!-l& ,busy1 :o is a suitor to ! wid[ ,purecraft1 h]self also a ,puritan2 ,w9wife1 ,busy's rival2 & a game/] nam$ ,tom ,qu>l\s1 :o figures z ,w9wife's fri5d & companion4 ,all ^! meet 9 t[n1 on ! morn+ ( ! fair1 ,cokes "u ! c>e ( a sort ( /ew>d or upp] s]vant1 nam$ ,waspe1 :o 0 ( a qu>relsome disposition1 & sep>ate 9 gr\ps among ! cr[d :i* fill$ ,smi?field & its vic9ity1 ea* hav+ _! sep>ate adv5tures1 b meet+ f "t to "t1 & reassembl+ at ! end4 ,cokes behaves z a simpleton f ! c\ntry1 longs = ev]y?+1 & wond]s at ev]y?+1 buys up toys & g+]bread1 is sep>at$ f all 8 companions1 robb$ ( 8 money & ev5 ( 8 out] g>m5ts1 & 9 ?is condition f9ally settles d[n at a puppet-%[4 ,mean:ile ! ,puritan ,busy1 by 8 zeal aga9/ ! hea!n abom9ations ( ! fair on "o h&1 & ,waspe1 by 8 qu>relsome temp] on ! o!r1 fall into a s]ies ( scrapes1 :i* end 9 bo? be+ c>ri$ to ! /ocks4 ,!y are !re jo9$ by ano!r important p]sonage4 ,ju/ice ,ov]do1 :o is di/+ui%$ by an extraord9>y zeal = ! "r adm9i/ration ( ju/ice & ! suppression ( social vices ( all k9ds1 has come into ! fair 9 disguise1 9 ord] to make himself acqua9t$ ) its v>i\s abuses1 & he passes among !m unkn[n2 & 8 inquisitive int]m$dl+ br+s him into a v>iety ( mi%aps1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* he also is seiz$ by ! con/able1 & all[s himself to be tak5 to ! /ocks1 r ?an betray 8 id5tity4 ,?us all ?ree1 ,busy1 ,waspe1 & ,ov]do1 are plac$ 9 ! /ocks at ! same "t2 b ,waspe1 by a clev] trick1 escapes1 & leaves ! ,puritan & ! ju/ice conf9$ toge!r1 ! "o look+ ^u himself z a m>tyr = religion's sake1 ! o!r r glory+ 9 suff]+ ?r\gh 8 dis9t]e/$ zeal = ! common good4 ,!y1 too1 aft] a :ile make _! escape ?r\gh an accid5tal ov]sight ( _! keep]s1 & mix aga9 ) ! mob4 ,! wom51 likewise1 h be5 sep>at$ f _! male companions1 h fall5 among %>p]s & bullies1 be5 made drunk1 & escap$ b n>r[ly f /ill worse disa/]s4 ,!y all f9ally meet be=e ! puppet-%[1 :i* has fix$ ! att5tion ( ,cokes1 & !re ju/ice ,ov]do discov]s himself4 ,su* are ! mat]ials ( ,b5 ,jonson's ,b>?olomew ,fair1 ! busie/ & mo/ amus+ ( plays4 ,x is said1 :5 fir/ act$1 to h giv5 great satisfaction to k+ ,james1 by ! ridicule ?r[n ^u ! ,puritans1 & x cont9u$ to be a fav\rite com$y :5 reviv$ aft] ! ,re/oration4 ,! ,al*emi/1 by ! same au?or1 prec$$ ,b>?olomew ,fair1 by f\r ye>s1 & 0 design$ z a satire ^u a class ( impo/ors :o1 9 t age1 7 among ! greate/ pe/s ( society1 & 7 in/rum5ts1 "o way or o!r1 9 ! greate/ crimes ( ! day4 ,! ,al*emi/ belongs1 also1 to ! pure ,engli% com$y1 b its plot is m simple & di/9ct ?an t ( ,b>?olomew ,fair4 ,x involves ev5ts :i* may h occurr$ frequ5tly1 at p]iods :5 ! metropolis 0 f "t to "t expos$ to ! vicissitudes ( ! plague4 ,on "o ( ^! occasions1 ,lovewit1 a ,london g5tleman1 oblig$ to quit ! metropolis 9 ord] to avoid ! plague1 leaves 8 t[n h\se to ! *>ge ( "o man-s]vant1 ,face1 :o proves di%one/1 associates himself ) a rogue nam$ ,subtle1 & an immoral woman nam$ ,dol ,common1 & introduces !m into ! h\se1 :i* is made ! basis = _! subsequ5t op]ations4 ,subtle assumes ! "* ( a magician & al*emi/1 :ile ,dol acts v>i\s female p>ts1 & ,face goes ab\t allur+ p into _! sn>es4 ,among _! dupes are a knight :o lives ^u ! t[n1 two ,engli% ,puritans f ,am/]dam1 a lawy]'s cl]k1 a tobacco man1 a "y c\ntry squire1 & 8 si/] dame ,pliant1 a wid[4 ,! v>i\s intrigues 9 :i* ^! individuals are involv$1 %[ u ! way 9 :i* ! pret5d$ conjur]s & al*emi/s contribut$ to all ! vices ( ! t[n4 ,at l5g? _! base deal+s are on ! po9t ( be+ expos$ by ! cunn+ ( "o ^u :om !y _h attempt$ to impose1 :5 ,truewit1 ! ma/] ( ! h\se1 returns unexpect$ly1 & all is discov]$1 b ! al*emi/ & 8 female associate contrive to escape4 ,! object ( _! la/ intrigue _h be5 to entrap dame ,pliant1 :o 0 ri*1 into a m>riage ) a ne$y %>p]2 & ,lovewit1 f9d+ ! lady 9 ! h\se1 & lik+ h]1 m>ries h] himself1 &1 9 consid]ation ( ! satisfaction he has ?us procur$1 =gives 8 unfai?ful s]vant4 ,_m h consid]$ ! ,al*emi/ to be ! be/ ( ,jonson's dramas4 ,epicne1 or ! ,sil5t ,woman1 :i* belongs to ! ye> #afji1 is ano!r satirical picture ( ,london society1 9 :i* ! same class ( *>act]s appe>4 ,morose1 an ecc5tric g5tleman ( =tune1 :o has a great horror = noise1 & ev5 obliges 8 s]vants to communicate ) him by signs1 has a nephew1 a "y knight nam$ ,sir ,dauph9e ,eug5ie1 ) :om he is dissatisfi$1 & he refuses to all[ him money = 8 support4 ,a plot is laid by 8 fri5ds1 :]eby ! uncle is l$ into a m>riage ) a suppos$ sil5t woman1 nam$ ,epicne1 b %e only su/a9s ! "* until ! w$d+ =malities are complet$1 & ^! are foll[$ by a sc5e ( noise & riot1 :i* completely horrifies ,morose1 & leads to a reconciliation ) 8 nephew1 to :om he makes ov] half 8 =tune4 ,! e>lie/ ( ,b5 ,jonson's com$ies1 ,e ,man 9 8 ,hum\r1 0 compos$ 9 its pres5t =m 9 #aeih1 & is ! fir/ ( ^! dramatic satires on ! mann]s & "* ( ! citiz5s ( ,london1 ( :om x 0 fa%ionable at ! c\rts ( ,james ,i4 & ,*>les ,i4 to speak contemptu\sly4 ,kno'well1 an old g5tleman ( respectability1 is highly displeas$ ) 8 son ,edw>d1 because ! latt] has tak5 to writ+ poetry1 & has =m$ a fri5d%ip ) ano!r g5tleman ( 8 own age1 :o loves poetry & frequ5ts ! r gay society ( ! poets & wits ( ! t[n4 ,wellbr$ has a half-bro!r1 a pla9 squire1 nam$ ,d[nright1 & a si/] m>ri$ to a ri* city m]*ant nam$ ,kitely4 ,kitely1 ! m]*ant1 :o is extremely jeal\s ( 8 wife1 has a great desire to re=m ,wellbr$1 & draw him to a /eadi] l9e ( life1 a s5tim5t 9 :i* ,d[nright he>tily jo9s4 ,kitely's jeal\sy1 & ! /eps tak5 to re=m ,wellbr$1 lead to ! mo/ comic p>ts ( ! play1 :i* concludes ) ! m>riage ( "y ,kno'well to ,kitely's daught]1 ,miss ,bridget1 & 8 reconciliation ) 8 fa!r4 ,among ! o!r *>act]s 9 ! piece are capta9 ,bobadil1 a blu/]+ c[>d1 ju/ice ,clem5t1 an old m]ry magi/rate1 8 cl]k1 ,rog] ,=mal1 & a c\ntry gull & a t[n gull4 ,^! com$ies ( ,london life became popul>1 & cont9u$ s dur+ ?is & ! foll[+ reign--9 fact1 ! mass ( ^? :o att5d$ ! !atres c\ld und]/& & appreciate !m bett] ?an any o!rs1 &1 :at 0 m1 !y felt !m4 ,among ,jonson's contempor>ies 9 ! lit]ature ( ?is ,engli% com$y 7 ,middleton & ,?omas ,heywood1 bo? v prolific writ]s1 ,*apman1 & ,m>/on4 ,c]ta9 classes ( *>act]s are cont9ually repeat$ 9 ?is com$y1 because !y belong$ especially to ! ,london society ( ! "t1 b ! employm5t & di/ribution ( ^! *>act]s admitt$ ( great v>iations1 & !y p]haps (t5 _h at ! "t a special int]e/1 z repres5t+ kn[n individuals1 or z be+ comb9$ 9 a plot :i* 0 built ^u real incid5ts 9 ,london life4 ,among ^! 7 usually a c\ntry g5tleman ( =tune1 :o 0 v av>ici\s1 & _h a sp5d?rift son1 or :o _h a daught]1 a ri* heiress1 :o 0 ! object ( ! intrigues ( sp5d?rift suitors2 "y heirs1 :o h j come to _! e/ates1 & are sp5d+ !m 9 ,london2 "y c\ntry squires :o are easy victims2 a ne$y knight1 z poor 9 pr9ciples z 9 money1 :o liv$ ^u ! public 9 e way he c\ld2 design+ & unscrupul\s wom52 bullies & %>p]s ( e description4 ,9 fact1 we seem to be always 9 ! smell ( ! tav]n1 & 9 ! mid/ ( dissipation4 ,!n !re are fat1 sleek1 & weal?y citiz5s1 :ole s\ls are entirely wrapt up 9 _! m]*&ise1 :o are pr\d1 nev]!less1 ( _! position2 & easy1 cr$ul\s city wives1 :o are fond ( f9]y & ( praise1 eag] = gaiety & display1 impati5t ( ! rule ( husb&s1 or ( ! dulness ( home1 & v ready to li/5 to ! advances ( ! gay gallants f ! c\rt end ( ! t[n1 or f ! tav]n4 ,! city tradesman has g5]ally an appr5tice or two1 sometimes v sob] b p]haps m frequ5tly dissipat$1 :o play _! p>ts 9 ! piece2 & (t5 a daught]1 :o is ei!r a model ( mode/y & all ! dome/ic virtues1 & is f9ally ! rew>d ( "s h]o ( good pr9ciples1 :o has be5 tempor>ily l$ a/ray1 & 8 "* mis9t]pret$1 or :o is gay & intrigu+1 & comes to disgrace4 ,b ! fav\rite idea ( excell5ce1 or1 to use a te*nical phrase1 ! beau ideal ( ?is com$y1 appe>s to h be5 a wild y\?1 :o goes ?r\gh e sc5e ( dissipation1 9 a g5tlemanly mann] 7z ! t]m 0 !n und]/ood71 & comes out at ! end ( ! play z an hone/1 virtu\s man1 & receives ! rew>d = qualities :i* he _h n previ\sly display$4 ,sometimes ! writ]s ( ?is com$y indulg$ 9 p]sonal1 or ev5 9 political1 allusions :i* br\ght !m into tr\ble4 ,9 ! ye> #afje1 ,b5 ,jonson1 ,george ,*apman1 & ,john ,m>/on1 wrote jo9tly a com$y entitl$ ,ea/w>d ,hoe4 ,x is a v excell5t & amus+ com$y1 & 0 v popul>4 ,t\*/one1 an hone/ goldsmi? 9 ! city1 has two appr5tices1 ,gold+1 a sob] & indu/ri\s y\?1 & ,quicksilv]1 :o is an irreclaimable rake4 ,t\*/one has also two daught]s1 ! elde/ ( :om1 ,g]trude1 affects ! f9e lady1 & is ambiti\s ( f9d+ a husb& 9 ! fa%ionable _w1 :ile h] y\ng] si/]1 ,mildr$1 is all virtue & humility4 ,an atta*m5t arises betwe5 ,gold+ & ,mildr$4 ,ano!r "* 9 ?is drama is a ne$y1 s*em+ knight1 :o lives ^u ! t[n1 & rejoices 9 ! "n ( ,sir ,petronel ,fla%4 ,sir ,petronel is attract$ by ! ri* d[ry :i* ! "y lady1 ,g]trude1 _h to expect1 pays 8 c\rt to h]1 & easily works ^u h] vanity2 &1 h] "m enc\rag+ h]1 !y are ha/ily m>ri$1 contr>y to ! wi%es ( h] fa!r4 ,! knight is suppos$ to possess a magnific5t ca/le some:]e to ! ea/ ( ,london1 & ! "y bride & h] "m proce$ 9 se>* ( ?is1 f :i* ! com$y d]ives its title ( ,ea/w>d ,hoe1 b !y are involv$ 9 v>i\s disagreeable adv5tures 9 ! se>*1 :i* ends 9 ! conviction t x is all a fable4 ,ano!r "* 9 ! play is a gre$y & unpr9cipl$ usur]1 :o is s jeal\s ( 8 "y & pretty wife1 t he keeps h] "u lock & key2 & ?is man is deeply involv$ 9 money-l5d+ ) ,sir ,petronel ,fla%1 & !y are engag$ 9 a s]ies ( unpr9cipl$ transactions1 :i* lead to ! disgrace ( !m all1 & 9 ! c\rse ( :i* ! virtue ( ! usur]'s wife falls a sacrifice4 ,mean:ile ! =tunes ( ! two appr5tices h be5 advanc+ 9 directly opposite directions4 ,quicksilv]1 ! unwor?y appr5tice1 leaves 8 ma/]1 proce$s f bad to worse1 & f9ally is committ$ to prison1 = a crime ! puni%m5t ( :i* 0 dea?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,gold+ has n only ga9$ 8 ma/]'s e/eem & m>ri$ 8 daught] ,mildr$1 & be5 adopt$ z ! heir to 8 weal?1 b he has m]it$ ! respect ( 8 fell[-citiz5s1 & has be5 promot$ 9 municipal rank4 ,x becomes ,gold+'s duty to preside ov] ! trial ( 8 old fell[ appr5tice ,quicksilv]1 b ! latt] escapes ?r\gh ,gold+'s g5]osity4 ,!re is "s s\nd morality 9 ! _s ( ?is com$y1 & a v l>ge am\nt ( immorality 9 ! text4 ,!re 01 inde$1 a co>se lic5ce 9 ! relations ( society at ?is p]iod1 :i* are b too fai?fully repres5t$ 9 its lit]ature4 ,b !re are two circum/ances1 accid5tally atta*$ to ?is drama1 :i* give x a peculi> int]e/4 ,:5 br\ght out ^u ! /age x conta9$ reflections ^u ,scot*m5 :i* provok$ ! ang] ( k+ ,james ,i4 to su* a degree1 t all ! au?ors 7 seiz$ & ?r[n into prison1 & n>r[ly escap$ ! loss ( _! e>s & noses1 b !y obta9$ _! release ) "s difficulty1 & only ?r\gh p[]ful int]cession4 ,9 ! copy :i* has be5 br\ght d[n to u ?r\gh ! press1 we f9d no reflections :atev] ^u ,scot*m51 s t x mu/ h be5 alt]$ f ! orig9al text4 ,:5 we consid] t1 at ?is "t1 ! ,engli% c\rt & capital 7 cr[d$ ) ne$y ,scotti% adv5tur]s1 :o 7 look$ ^u ) great jeal\sy1 x is n improbable t 9 ! orig9al =m ( ! com$y1 ,sir ,petronel ,fla% may h be5 a ,scot*man1 & int5d$ n only z a satire ^u ! ,scotti% adv5tur]s 9 g5]al1 b to h be5 design$ = "s "o 9 p>ticul> :o _h ! means ( br++ ^u ! au?ors ! extreme displeasure ( ! c\rt4 ,! o!r circum/ance :i* has giv5 celebrity to ?is com$y1 is "o ( /ill great] int]e/4 ,aft] ! ,re/oration1 x 0 new modell$ by ,ni*olas ,tate1 & br\ght aga9 ^u ! /age "u ! title ( ,cuckold's ,hav54 ,p]haps ?r\gh ?is remodell$ edition1 ,hog>? took f ! com$y ( ,ea/w>d ,hoe1 ! idea ( 8 s]ies ( plates ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,idle & ,indu/ri\s ,appr5tices4 ,:5 we consid] ! ridicule :i* 0 cont9ually ?r[n ^u !m 9 ?is e>li] p]iod ( ! ,engli% com$y1 we c easily und]/& ! bitt]ness ) :i* ! ,puritans reg>d$ ! /age & ! drama4 ,:5 !y obta9$ p[]1 ! /age1 z might be expect$1 0 suppress$1 & = "s ye>s ,engl& 0 )\t a !atre4 ,at ! ,re/oration1 h[ev]1 ! !atres 7 op5$ aga91 & ) great] fre$om ?an ev]4 ,at fir/ ! old com$ies ( ! days ( ,james ,i4 & ,*>les ,i4 7 reviv$1 & _m ( !m1 modifi$ & adapt$ to ! new circum/ances1 7 aga9 br\ght ^u ! /age4 ,! orig9al com$ies :i* appe>$ imm$iately aft] ! ,re/oration1 7 (t5 m>k$ ) a political t+e2 z ! /age saw its natural protectors 9 ! c\rt1 & 9 ! c\rt p>ty1 x embrac$ _! politics2 & ,puritans1 ,r\ndheads1 ,:igs1 all ^: pr9ciples 7 suppos$ to be contr>y to royalty & arbitr>y p[]1 fell "u its satire4 ,su* 0 ! "* ( ! com$y ( ,! ,*eats1 by a play-writ] ( "s repute nam$ ,wilson1 :i* 0 br\ght out 9 #affb4 ,! object ( ?is play appe>s to h be51 9 ! fir/ place1 to satirise ! ,noncon=mi/s or ,puritanical cl]gy--) :om 7 class$ ! a/rolog]s & conjur]s1 :o _h increas$ 9 numb] dur+ ! ,commonweal? "t1 & infe/$ society m ?an ev]--& ! city magi/rates1 :o 7 n look$ ^u z be+ g5]ally ov]-loyal4 ,! ?ree *eats :o are ! h]oes ( ?is com$y1 are ,scruple1 ! ,noncon=mi/1 ,mopus1 a pret5d] to physic & a/rology1 & ald]man ,:itebro?4 ,direct p]sonal attacks _h be5 introduc$ into ! com$y ( ! ,re/oration1 & x is probable t somebody ( influ5ce 0 satiris$ "u ! "n ( ,scruple1 = ! play 0 suppress$ by au?ority1 & at a lat] p]iod1 :5 x 0 reviv$1 ! prologue ann\nces ?is fact 9 ! foll[+ words3-- ,sad news1 my ma/]s2 & too true1 ,i fe>1 ,= u--,scruple's a sil5c'd m9i/]4 ,w\ld ye ! cause8 ,! bre?r5 snivel1 & say1 ',tis sc&al\s t any *eat b !y4 ,_m ( ! dramati/s ( ! ,re/oration 7 m5 ( good & ari/ocratic families1 witty & pr(ligate cavali]s1 :o _h return$ f exile ) _! k+4 ,! family ( ! e>l ( ,b]k%ire produc$ no less ?an f\r writ]s ( com$y1 all bro!rs1 ,edw>d ,h[>d1 colonel ,h5ry ,h[>d1 sir ,rob]t ,h[>d1 & ,james ,h[>d1 :ile _! si/]1 ! lady ,elizabe? ,h[>d1 0 m>ri$ to ! poet ,dryd54 ,edw>d ,h[>d's fir/ dramatic piece 0 a tragi-com$y entitl$ ,! ,usurp]1 :i* came out 9 #affh1 & 0 int5d$ z a satire ^u ,cromwell4 ,8 be/ kn[n com$ies 7 ,! ,man ( ,newm>ket1 & ,woman's ,conque/4 ,colonel ,h5ry ,h[>d compos$ a com$y entitl$ ,unit$ ,k+doms1 :i* appe>s n to h be5 pr9t$4 ,to ,james ,h[>d1 ! y\nge/ ( ! bro!rs1 ! play-go+ public1 ev5 !n r a l>ge "o1 ow$ ,! ,engli% ,m\nsieur1 & ,all ,mi/ak51 or ! ,mad ,c\ple4 ,sir ,rob]t ,h[>d 0 ! be/ writ] ( ! f\r1 & wrote bo? trag$ies & com$ies1 :i* 7 aft]w>ds publi%$ collectively4 ,! be/ ( 8 com$ies is ,! ,committee1 :i* 0 fir/ br\ght on ! /age 9 #affe1 & ?r\gh "s *ance1 c]ta9ly n by its m]it1 cont9u$ to be an act+ play dur+ ! :ole ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,! ,committee is by f> ! be/ ( ! dramatic writ+s ( ! ,h[>ds4 ,its design 0 to turn to ridicule ! ,commonweal? m5 & ! ,puritans4 ,colonel ,blunt & colonel ,c>eless are two royali/s1 ^: e/ates are 9 ! h&s ( ! committee ( seque/rations1 & :o repair to ,london = ! purpose ( comp\nd+ = !m4 ,! *airman ( ! committee is a ,mr4 ,day1 a worldly-m9d$ & suffici5tly selfi% ,puritan1 b :o is rul$ by 8 m crafty & /ill less scrupul\s wife1 a design+ & v talkative woman4 ,bo? are ( l[ orig91 = ,mrs4 ,day _h be5 a kit*5-woman1 & bo? are v pr\d & v tyrannical4 ,among ! o!r pr9cipal *>act]s are ,abel ,day1 _! son1 ,obadiah1 ! cl]k to ! committee1 a man 9 ! int]e/ ( ! ,days1 & an ,iri% s]vant nam$ ,teague1 :o _h be5 ! s]vant ( ,c>eless's de> fri5d1 a royali/ (fic] kill$ 9 battle1 & :om ! colonel f9ds 9 great di/ress1 & takes into 8 own s]vice out ( *>ity4 ,! "* ( ,teague is a v poor c>icature ^u an ,iri%man1 & 8 blund]s & bulls are ( a v spiritless description4 ,"h is an example4 ,teague has ov]he>d ! two colonels /ate t !y %\ld be oblig$ to take ! ,cov5ant1 & express _! reluctance to d x1 & 9 8 inconsid]ate zeal1 he hurries away to try if he _c take ! cov5ant = !m1 & ?us save !m a disagreeable op]ation4 ,9 ! /reet he meets a w&]+ booksell]--a class ( p$l>s :o 7 !n common--& a sc5e takes place :i* is be/ giv5 9 ! words ( ! orig9al3-- ,booksell]4--,new books1 new books6 ,a ,desp]ate ,plot & ,engagem5t ( ! ,bloody ,cavali]s6 ,mr4 ,saltm>%e's ,al>um to ! ,nation1 aft] hav+ be5 ?ree days dead6 ,m]curius ,britannicus-- ,teague4--,h['s t8 ,!y _c live 9 ,irel& aft] !y are dead ?ree days6 ,book4--,m]curius ,britannicus1 or ! ,weekly ,po/1 or ! ,solemn ,league & ,cov5ant6 ,teag4--,:at is t y say8 ,is x ! ,cov5ant y h8 ,book4--,yes2 :at !n1 sir8 ,teag4--,:i* is t ,cov5ant8 ,book4--,:y1 ?is is ! ,cov5ant4 ,teag4--,well1 ,i mu/ take t ,cov5ant4 ,book4--,y take my commodities8 ,teag4--,i mu/ take t ,cov5ant1 ^u my s\l1 n[4 ,book4--,/& (f1 sir1 or ,i'll set y fur!r6 ,teag4--,well1 ^u my s\l1 n[1 ,i w take ! ,cov5ant = my ma/]4 ,book4--,y\r ma/] mu/ pay me ='t1 !n6 ,teag4--,i mu/ take x fir/1 & my ma/] w pay y aft]w>ds4 ,book4--,y mu/ pay me n[4 ,teag4--,oh6 t ,i w ,knocks him d[n4 ,n[ y're paid1 y ?ief ( ! _w4 ,"h's ,cov5ants en\gh to poison ! :ole nation4 ,exit4 ,book4--,:at a devil ails ?is fell[8 ,cry+4 ,he did n come to rob me1 c]ta9ly2 = he has n tak5 above two-p5nywor? ( lam5table w>e away2 b ,i feel ! rascal's f+]s4 ,i may light ^u my wild ,iri%man aga91 &1 if ,i d1 ,i w fix him ) "s cat*pole1 t %all be worse ?an 8 own c\ntry bogs4 ,exit4 ,9 ! sequel1 ,teague is caught by ! con/ables1 & is lib]at$ at ! int]f]5ce ( 8 ma/]1 :o pays twop5ce = ! book4 ,! plot ( ! com$y is b a simple "o1 & is nei!r skilfully nor naturally c>ri$ out4 ,colonel ,blunt comes to ,london f ,read+ 9 ! inside ( a /age-coa*1 hav+ = 8 travell+ companions ,mrs4 ,day1 h] suppos$ daught] ,ru?1 & ,arabella1 a "y lady ^: fa!r is rec5tly dead1 leav+ 8 e/ates 9 ! h&s ( ! committee ( seque/rations4 ,ru? is1 9 tru?1 a "y lady ^: e/ates ! ,days h1 "u simil> circum/ances1 robb$ h] (1 & x is _! design to treat ,arabella 9 ! same mann]1 "u disguise ( =c+ h] to m>ry _! son ,abel1 a va9 silly lad4 ,to effect ?is1 z ! committee itself requires "s influ5c+ to engage !m 9 ! selfi% plans ( _! *airman1 ,day & 8 wife =ge a lett] f ! exil$ k+1 complim5t+ ! =m] on 8 great p[] & influ5ce & tal5ts z a /atesman1 & (f]+ him great rew>ds if he w secretly promote 8 cause4 ,day communicates ?is to ! committee "u ! pretext t x is 8 duty to make !m acqua9t$ ) all su* p]fidi\s designs t might come to 8 k1 & !y1 conv9c$ ( 8 hone/y & value to !m1 give up ,arabella's e/ates to ! ,days1 & %e falls entirely "u _! p[]4 ,mean:ile1 on ! "o h&1 ,arabella has ga9$ ! confid5ce ( ,ru?1 :o makes h] acqua9t$ ) ! :ole plot aga9/ h] & h] e/ates1 & on ! o!r1 ,ru? falls 9 love ) colonel ,c>eless1 & colonel ,blunt is smitt5 ) ! *>ms ( ,arabella1 & all ?is takes place 9 ! committee room4 ,v>i\s incid5ts foll[1 :i* seem n v mu* to ! purpose1 b at la/1 z ! m>riage ( ,arabella to ,abel ,day is press$ =w>d1 ! two "y ladies1 al?\gh z yet !y h h>dly _h an int]view ) ! colonels1 resolve to make _! escape f ! h\se ( ! *airman ( ! committee1 & fly to _! lov]s = protection4 ,a %ort abs5ce f ! h\se ( ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,day & _! son toge!r1 pres5ts ! desir$ opportunity1 & ,day hav+ accid5tally left 8 keys beh9d him1 ! idea sugge/s itself to ,ru? to op5 8 cab9et1 & ga9 possession ( ! de$s & pap]s ( h] own e/ates & ^? ( ,arabella4 ,z %e _h be=e ?is secretly obs]v$ ! private draw] 9 :i* !y 7 plac$1 %e met ) no difficulty 9 effect+ h] purpose1 & n only f\nd ^! docum5ts1 b also ) !m ! =g$ lett] f ! k+1 & "s lett]s address$ to ,day by "y wom5 :om he 0 secretly keep+1 & :o dem&$ money = ! support ( *ildr5 !y _h by him1 & allud$ to matt]s ( a /ill m s]i\s "*4 ,ru? takes possession ( all ^!1 & ?us lad51 ! two damsels hurry away1 & rea* )\t int]ruption ! h\se :]e !y 7 to meet ! colonels4 ,! ,days return home imm$iately aft] ! dep>ture ( _! w>ds1 & at once suspect ! real /ate ( affairs1 :i* is fully confirm$1 :5 ,mr4 ,day f9ds t 8 mo/ private draw] has be5 op5$1 & 8 mo/ important pap]s c>ri$ (f4 ,!y imm$iately proce$ 9 se>* ( ! fugitives1 hav+ s5t ord]s = a deta*m5t ( soldi]s to assi/ !m1 & ! h\se 9 :i* ! lov]s h tak5 refuge is surr\nd$ be=e !y h _h "t to escape4 ,f9d+ x useless to attempt resi/ance by =ce1 ! besieg$ call = a p>ley1 & !n ,ru? fright5s ,day by acqua9t+ him ) ! cont5ts ( ! private lett]s %e has become possess$ (1 & 8 wife by ! k %e has obta9$ ( ! =g$ lett]1 :i* also %e has 9 h] possession4 ,! ,days are ?us ov]rea*$1 & ! play ends ) a g5]al reconciliation4 ,! ladies are left ) ! titles ( _! e/ates1 & ) _! lov]s1 & we are left to suppose t !y aft]w>ds m>ri$1 & 7 happy4 ,! plot ( ,! ,committee1 x w be se51 is n a v capital "o1 b ! mann] 9 :i* x is work$ out is /ill worse4 ,! dialogue is extremely tame1 & ! incid5ts are badly int]wov54 ,:5 ,i say t ! example ( wit giv5 above is ! be/ 9 ! play1 & t !re are n _m attempts at wit 9 x1 x w h>dly be ?\ght t x c\ld be amus+1 & we _c b feel a/oni%$ at ! popul>ity :i* x once enjoy$4 ,?is popul>ity1 inde$1 is only expla9$ by ! fa%ion ( ridicul+ ! ,puritans1 :i* !n prevail$ s /rongly2 & x p]haps reta9$ its place on ! /age dur+ ! la/ c5tury *iefly f ! circum/ance ( its want+ ! objectionable qualities :i* *>act]is$ ! writt5 plays ( ! latt] half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! ,committee is1 aft] all1 "o ( ! v be/ com$ies ( ! s*ool ( dramati/s repres5t$ by ! bro!rs ,h[>d4 ,contempor>y ) ?is s*ool ( flat com$ies1 !re 0 a s*ool ( equally inflat$ trag$y1 & bo? soon became objects ( ridicule to ! satiri/s ( ! day4 ,( ^!1 "o ( ! bolde/ 0 ,george ,villi]s1 duke ( ,buck+ham1 ! son ( ! fav\rite ( k+ ,james ,i41 & equally celebrat$ = 8 tal5ts & 8 pr(ligacy4 ,buck+ham is said to h plann$ & begun 8 satirical com$y ( ,! ,rehe>sal z e>ly z ! ye> #affc1 & to h _h x ready = repres5tation t[>ds ! ,decemb] ( #affe1 :5 ! break+ out ( ! great plague caus$ ! !atres to be clos$4 ,aft] ?is int]ruption its au?or1 :o 0 a desultory writ]1 appe>s to h laid x aside = "s "t & !n1 new objects = satire hav+ pres5t$ !mselves1 he alt]$ & modifi$ x1 & x 0 f9ally complet$ 9 #afga1 :5 x 0 br\ght out at ! ,!atre ,royal 9 ,cov5t ,g>d54 ,x is said t ,buck+ham 0 assi/$ 9 ! composition ( ?is satire1 b x is n /at$ 9 :at mann]1 by ,butl]1 & by ,m>t9 ,clif=d1 ( ! ,*>t]-h\se4 ,x is und]/ood t1 9 ! fir/ =m ( 8 satire1 ,buck+ham _h *os5 ! ,hon4 ,edw>d ,h[>d = its h]o1 & t he aft]w>ds ex*ang$ him = ,sir ,william ,dav5ant1 b he f9ally fix$ ^u ,dryd51 ^: trag$ies & com$ies are c]ta9ly n ! be/ ( 8 writ+s--possibly "s p]sonal pique may h _h an influ5ce 9 ! selection4 ,nev]!less1 ) ,dryd51 ! ,h[>ds1 ,dav5ant1 & "o or two o!r writ]s ( com$y1 come 9 = _! %>e ( ridicule4 ,dryd51 "u ! "n ( ,bayes1 has compos$ a new drama1 & a fri5d nam$ ,johnson goes to witness ! rehe>sal ( ?is play1 tak+ ) him a c\ntry fri5d ( ! "n ( ,smi?4 ,! play itself is a piece ( mock]y ?r\gh\t1 made up ( p>odies1 (t5 v happy1 on ! diff]5t play-writ]s ( ! day1 & especially ^u ,dryd52 & x is mix$ up ) a runn+ conv]sation betwe5 ,bayes1 ! au?or1 & 8 two visitors1 :i* is full ( satirical hum\r4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! prologue expla9s to u suffici5tly ! _s 9 :i* ?is satire 0 writt54 ,we might well call ?is %ort mock-play ( ours ,a posie made ( we$s in/ead ( fl[]s2 ,yet su* h be5 pres5t$ to y\r noses1 ,& !re are su*1 ,i fe>1 :o ?\ght 'em roses4 ,w\ld "s ( 'em 7 "h1 to see ?is night ,:at /uff x is 9 :i* !y took delight4 ,"h1 brisk1 insipid rogues1 = wit1 let fall ,sometimes dull s5se1 b (t'n] none at all2 ,!re1 /rutt+ h]oes1 ) a grim-fac'd tra91 ,%alt brave ! gods1 9 k+ ,cambyses ve94 ,= 7*ang+ rules1 ( late1 z if m5 writ ,9 spite ( reason1 nature1 art1 & wit7 ,our poets make u laugh at trag$y1 ,& ) _! com$ies !y make u cry4 ,a %ort acc\nt ( ?is satire w1 p]haps1 be be/ und]/ood1 if ,i expla9 t ! antagonism ( two cont5d+ k+s ( ,granada hav+ be5 a fav\rite idea ( ,dryd5 9 8 trag$ies1 ,buck+ham is said to h design$ to ridicule him 9 mak+ two1 n rival1 b associate k+s ( ,br5t=d1 ?\gh o!rs say t ^! two k+s ( ,br5t=d 7 int5d$ = a sne] ^u k+ ,*>les ,,ii4 & ! duke ( ,york4 ,^! two k+s are ! h]oes ( ,bayes's play4 ,! fir/ act ( ,! ,rehe>sal consi/s ( a discussion betwe5 ,bayes1 ,johnson1 & ,smi?1 on ! g5]al "* ( ! play1 9 :i* ,bayes exhibits a l>ge am\nt ( vanity & self-confid5ce1 said to h be5 a *>act]i/ic ( all ^! play-writ]s ( ! e>li] p]iod ( ! ,re/oration1 & he in=ms !m t he has made a prologue & an epilogue1 :i* may bo? s]ve = ei!r2 t is1 ! prologue = ! epilogue1 or ! epilogue = ! prologue1 7d y m>k67 nay1 !y may bo? s]ve1 too1 'egad1 = any o!r play z well z ?is4 ,smi? obs]ves1 ,t's inde$ artificial4 ,f9ally ,bayes expla9s1 t z o!r au?ors1 9 _! prologues1 s\ght to flatt] & propitiate _! audi5ce1 9 ord] to ga9 _! fav\rable op9ion ( ! plot1 he1 on ! contr>y1 int5d$ to =ce _! applause out ( !m by m]e d9t ( t]ror1 & = t purpose1 he _h introduc$ z speak]s ( 8 prologue1 no less p]sonages ?an ,?und] & ,lightn+4 ,?is prologue1 dis5gag$ f ! rem>ks ( ,bayes & 8 fri5ds1 runs z foll[s3-- ,ent] ,,?und] & ,,lightn+4 ,?un4--,i am ! bold ,?und]4 ,light4--,! brisk ,lightn+ ,i4 ,?un4--,i am ! brave/ ,hector ( ! sky4 ,light4--,& ,i fair ,hel51 t made ,hector die4 ,?un4--,i /rike m5 d[n4 ,light4--,i fire ! t[n4 ,?un4--,let critics take he$ h[ !y grumble1 ,= !n ,i beg9 = to rumble4 ,light4--,let ! ladies all[ u _! graces1 ,or ,i'll bla/ all ! pa9t on _! faces1 ,& dry up _! pet] to soot4 ,?un4--,let ! critics look to't4 ,light4--,let ! ladies look to't4 ,?un4--,= ! ,?und] w d't4 ,light4--,= ! ,lightn+ w %oot4 ,?un4--,i'll give y da% = da%4 ,light4--,i'll give y fla% = fla%4 ,gallants1 ,i'll s+e y\r fea!r4 ,?un4--,i'll ,?und] y toge!r4 ,bo?4--,look to't1 look to't2 we'll d't1 we'll d't2 look to't2 we'll d't4 ,twice or ?rice repeat$4 ,bayes calls ?is b a sla% ( a prologue1 9 reply to :i*1 ,smi? obs]ves1 ,yes2 'tis %ort1 inde$1 b v t]rible4 ,x is a p>ody on a sc5e 9 ,! ,slight$ ,maid1 a play by ,sir ,rob]t ,/apleton1 :]e ,?und] & ,lightn+ 7 introduc$1 & _! conv]sation beg9s 9 ! same words4 ,b ! poet has ano!r difficulty on :i* he desires ! op9ion ( 8 visitors4 ,i h made1 he says1 "o ( ! mo/ delicate1 da9ty similes 9 ! :ole _w1 'egad1 if ,i knew h[ to apply x4 ',tis1 he adds1 an allusion to love4 ,?is is ! simile-- ,s bo> & s[1 :5 any /orm is nigh ,snuff up1 & smell x ga!r+ 9 ! sky2 ,bo> beckons s[ to trot 9 *esnut groves1 ,& !re consummate _! unf9i%$ loves3 ,p5sive 9 mud !y wall[ all alone1 ,& snore & gruntle to ea* o!rs moan4 ,x is a r co>se1 b clev] p>ody on a simile 9 ,dryd5's ,conque/ ( ,granada1 "p ii43-- ,s two k9d turtles1 :5 a /orm is nigh1 ,look up1 & see x ga!r+ 9 ! sky2 ,ea* calls 8 mate to %elt] 9 ! groves1 ,leav+1 9 murmurs1 _! unf9i%$ loves2 ,p]*'d on "s dropp+ bran*1 !y sit alone1 ,& coo1 & he>k5 to ea* o!r's moan4 ,x is decid$ t ! simile %\ld be add$ to ! prologue1 =1 z ,johnson rem>ks to ,bayes1 ,fai?1 'tis extraord9>y f9e1 & v applicable to ,?und] & ,lightn+1 me?9ks1 because x speaks ( a /orm4 ,9 ! second act we come to ! op5+ ( ! play1 ! fir/ sc5e consi/+ ( :isp]+1 9 ridicule ( a sc5e 9 ,dav5ant's ,play-h\se to ,let1 :]e ,drake s5ior says-- ,draw up y\r m51 ,& 9 l[ :isp]s give y\r ord]s out4 ,9 fact1 ! ,g5tleman-,u%] & ! ,physician ( ! two k+s ( ,br5t=d appe> ^u ! sc5e alone1 & discuss a plot to de?rone ! two k+s ( ,br5t=d1 :i* !y communicate by :isp]s into ea* o!r's e>s1 :i* are totally inaudible4 ,9 ,sc5e ii41 ,ent] ! two k+s1 h& 9 h&1 & ,bayes rem>ks to 8 visitors1 ,oh6 ^! are n[ ! two k+s ( ,br5t=d2 take notice ( _! /yle--'twas nev] yet ^u ! /age2 b1 if y l x1 ,i c\ld make a %ift1 p]haps1 to %[ y a :ole play1 writ all j s4 ,! k+s beg91 r famili>ly1 because1 z ,bayes adds1 !y are bo? p]sons ( ! same quality3-- #a/ ,k+4--,did y obs]ve _! :isp]s1 bro!r k+8 #bnd ,k+4--,i did1 & he>d1 besides1 a grave bird s+1 ,t !y int5d1 swee!>t1 to play u pranks4 #a/ ,k+4--,if t design appe>s1 ,i'll lay !m by ! e>s1 ,until ,i make 'em crack4 #bnd ,k+4--,& s w ,i1 i' fack6 #a/ ,k+4--,y mu/ beg91 mon foi4 #bnd ,k+4--,sweet sir1 p>donnez moi4 ,bayes obs]ves t he makes ! two k+s talk ,fr5* 9 ord] to %[ _! bre$+4 ,9 ! ?ird act1 ,bayes introduces a new "*1 pr9ce ,prettyman1 a p>ody ^u ! "* ( ,leonidas1 9 ,dryd5's ,m>riage-a-la-,mode4 ,! pr9ce falls asleep1 & !n 8 belov$ ,cloris comes 91 & is surpris$1 ^u :i* ,bayes rem>ks1 ,n[1 "h %e mu/ make a simile4 ,:]e's ! necessity ( t1 ,mr4 ,bayes8 asks ! critical ,mr4 ,smi?4 ,oh1 replies ,bayes1 because %e's surpris$4 ,t's a g5]al rule4 ,y mu/ ev] make a simile :5 y are surpris$2 'tis a new way ( writ+4 ,n[ we h ano!r p>ody ^u "o ( ,dryd5's similes4 ,9 ! f\r? sc5e1 ! ,g5tleman-,u%] & ,physician appe> aga91 discuss+ ! "q :e!r _! :isp]s _h be5 he>d or n1 a discussion :i* !y conclude by seiz+ on ! two ?rones1 & occupy+ !m ) _! drawn swords 9 _! h&s4 ,!n !y m>* out to raise _! =ces1 & a battle to music takes place1 f\r soldi]s on ea* side1 :o are all kill$4 ,next we h a sc5e betwe5 pr9ce ,prettyman & 8 tailor1 ,tom ,?imble1 :i* involves a joke ^u ! pr9cely pr9ciple ( non-paym5t4 ,a sc5e or two foll[s 9 a simil> tone1 )\t at all advanc+ ! plot2 al?\gh x appe>s t ano!r pr9ce1 ,volscius1 :o1 we are to suppose1 supports ! old dyna/y ( ,br5t=d1 has made 8 escape to ,piccadilly1 :ile ! army :i* he is to lead has assembl$1 & is conceal$1 at ,knightsbridge4 ,?is incid5t produces a discussion betwe5 ,mr4 ,bayes & 8 fri5ds3-- ,smi?4--,b pray1 ,mr4 ,bayes1 is n ?is a little difficult1 t y 7 say+ e'en n[1 to keep an army ?us conceal$ 9 ,knightsbridge8 ,bayes4--,9 ,knightsbridge8--/ay4 ,johnson4--,no1 n if inn-keep]s be 8 fri5ds4#ajj ,bayes4--,8 fri5ds8 ,ay1 sir1 8 intimate acqua9tance2 or else1 inde$1 ,i grant x c\ld n be4 ,smi?4--,yes1 fai?1 s x might be v easy4 ,bayes4--,nay1 if ,i don't make all ?+s easy1 'egad1 ,i'll give 'em leave to hang me4 ,n[ y w\ld ?9k t he is go+ out ( t[n2 b y w see h[ prettily ,i h contriv$ to /op him1 pres5tly4 #ajj ,knightsbridge1 z ! pr9cipal entrance to ,london f ! we/1 0 full ( inns4 ,accord+ly1 pr9ce ,volscius yields to ! influ5ce ( a fair demoiselle1 :o be>s ! classical "n ( ,p>!nope1 & aft] v>i\s exhibitions ( hesitation1 he does n leave t[n4 ,ano!r sc5e or two1 ) little mean+1 b full ( clev] p>odies on ! plays ( ,dryd51 ! ,h[>ds1 & _! contempor>ies4 ,! fir/ sc5e ( ! f\r? act op5s ) a fun]al1 a p>ody ^u colonel ,h5ry ,h[>d's play ( ! ,unit$ ,k+doms4 ,pallas int]f]es1 br+s ! lady :o is to be buri$ to life1 gets up a dance1 & furni%es a v extempore fea/4 ,! pr9ces ,prettyman & ,volscius dispute ab\t _! swee!>ts4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! fif? act ! two usurp+ k+s appe> 9 /ate1 att5d$ by f\r c>d9als1 ! two pr9ces1 all ! lady-loves1 h]alds1 & s]geants-at-arms1 c4 ,9 ! middle ( all ?is /ate1 ! two "r k+s ( ,br5t=d desc5d 9 ! cl\ds1 s++1 9 :ite g>m5ts1 & ?ree fiddl]s sitt+ be=e !m 9 gre54 ,n[1 says ,bayes to 8 fri5ds1 because ! two "r k+s desc5d f above1 ,i make 'em s+ to ! tune & /yle ( our mod]n spirits4 ,& accord+ly !y proce$$ 9 a cont9u\s p>ody3-- #a/ ,k+4--,ha/e1 bro!r k+1 we are s5t f above4 #bnd ,k+4--,let u move1 let u move2 ,move1 to remove ! fate ,( ,br5t=d's long unit$ /ate4 #a/ ,k+4--,t>a1 tan1 t>a6--full ea/ & by s\?4 #bnd ,k+4--,we sail ) ?und] 9 our m\?4 ,9 scor*+ noon-day1 :il/ ! travell] /ays1 ,busy1 busy1 busy1 busy1 we bu/le along1 ,m\nt$ ^u w>m ,phbus's rays1 ,?r\gh ! heav5ly ?rong1 ,ha/+ to ^? ,:o w fea/ u at night ) a pig's pettytoes4 #a/ ,k+4--,& we'll fall ) our plate ,9 an olio ( hate #bnd ,k+4--,b1 n[ supp]'s done1 ! s]vitors try1 ,l soldi]s1 to /orm a :ole half-moon pie4 #a/ ,k+4--,!y ga!r1 !y ga!r1 hot cu/>ds 9 spoons3 ,b1 alas6 ,i mu/ leave ^! half-moons1 ,& repair to my tru/y dragoons4 #bnd ,k+4--,o /ay6 = y ne$ n z yet g a/ray2 ,! tide1 l a fri5d1 has br\ght %ips 9 our way1 ,& on _! high ropes we w play2 ,l maggots 9 filb]ts1 we'll snug 9 our %ell1 ,we'll frisk 9 our %ell1 ,we'll firk 9 our %ell1 ,& f>ewell4 #a/ ,k+4--,b ! ladies h all incl9ation to dance1 ,& ! gre5 frogs croak out a coranto ( ,france4 ,all ?is is q ,ari/ophanic4 ,x is int]rupt$ by a discussion betwe5 ,bayes & 8 visitors on ! music & ! dance1 & !n ! two k+s cont9ue3-- #bnd ,k+4--,n[ mortals1 t he> ,h[ we tilt & c>e]1 ,) wond]1 w fe> ,! ev5t ( su* ?+s z %all nev] appe>4 #a/ ,k+4--,/ay y to fulfil :at ! gods h decre$4 #bnd ,k+4--,!n call me to help y1 if !re %all be ne$4 #a/ ,k+4--,s firmly resolv$ is a true ,br5t=d k+1 ,to save ! di/ress$1 & help to 'em br+1 ,t1 ere a full pot ( good ale y c swall[1 ,he's "h ) a :oop1 & gone ) a halloo4 ,! r too inquisitive ,smi? wond]s at all ?is1 & compla9s t1 to him1 ! s5se ( ?is is n v pla94 ,pla96 exclaims ,bayes1 :y1 did y ev] he> any p 9 ! cl\ds speak pla98 ,!y mu/ be all = flight ( fancy1 at its full range1 )\t ! lea/ *eck or control ^u x4 ,:5 once y tie up sprites & p 9 cl\ds to speak pla91 y spoil all4 ,! two k+s ( ,br5t=d n[ light out ( ! cl\ds1 & /ep into ! ?rone1 cont9u+ ! same dignifi$ conv]sation3-- #a/ ,k+4--,come1 n[ to s]i\s c\ncil we'll advance4 #bnd ,k+4--,i d agree2 b fir/1 let's h a dance4 ,?is confid5ce ( ! two k+s ( ,br5t=d is sudd5ly di/urb$ by ! s\nd ( w>4 ,two h]alds ann\nce t ! army1 t ( ,knightsbridge1 _h come to protect !m1 & t x _h come 9 disguise1 an arrangem5t :i* puzzles ! au?or's two visitors3-- #a/ ,k+4--,:at saucy groom mole/s our privacies8 #a/ ,h]ald4--,! army's at ! door1 &1 9 disguise1 ,desires a ^w ) bo? y\r maje/ies4 #bnd ,h]ald4--,hav+ f ,knightsbridge hi!r m>*'d by /eal?4 #bnd ,k+4--,bid 'em att5d a :ile1 & dr9k our heal?4 ,smi?4--,h[1 ,mr4 ,bayes8 ,! army 9 disguise6 ,bayes4--,ay1 sir1 = fe> ! usurp]s might discov] !m1 t w5t out b j n[4 ,w> itself foll[s1 & ! comm&]s ( ! two armies1 ! g5]al & ! lieut5ant-g5]al1 appe> ^u ! /age 9 ano!r p>ody ^u ! op5+ sc5es ( ,dryd5's ,siege ( ,rhodes3-- ,ent]1 at sev]al doors1 ! ,,g5]al & ,,lieut5ant-,,g5]al1 arm$ cap--pie1 ) ea* a lute 9 8 h&1 & 8 sword drawn1 & hung ) a sc>let rib& at ! wri/4 ,lieut4-,g54--,villa91 ?\ lie/4 ,g54--,arm1 arm1 ,gonsalvo1 arm4 ,:at6 ho6 ,! lie no fle% c brook1 ,i tr[4 ,lieut4-,g54--,advance f ,acton ) ! musquete]s4 ,g54--,draw d[n ! ,*elsea cuirassi]s4 ,lieut4-,g54--,! b& y boa/ (1 ,*elsea cuirassi]s1 ,%all 9 my ,putney pikes n[ meet _! pe]s4 ,g54--,*iswickians1 ag$1 & r5[n$ 9 fight1 ,jo9 ) ! ,hamm]smi? brigade4 ,lieut4-,g54--,y'll f9d my ,mortlake boys w d !m "r1 ,unless by ,fulham numb]s ov]-laid4 ,g54--,let ! left w+ ( ,twick'n'am foot advance1 ,& l9e t ea/]n h$ge4 ,lieut4-,g54--,! horse ,i rais$ 9 ,petty ,france ,%all try _! *ance1 ,& sc\r ! mead[s1 ov]gr[n ) s$ge4 ,g54--,/&3 give ! ^w4 ,lieut4-,g54--,bright sword4 ,g54--,t may be ?9e1 ,b 'tis n m9e4 ,lieut4-,g54--,give fire1 give fire1 at once give fire1 ,& let ^? recreant troops p]ceive m9e ire4 ,g54--,pursue1 pursue2 !y fly1 ,t fir/ did give ! lie6 ,exeunt4 ,?us ! battle is c>ri$ on 9 talk betwe5 two individuals4 ,bayes alleges1 z an excuse = introduc+ ^! trivial names ( places1 t ! spectators "k all ^! t[ns1 & may easily conceive !m to be )9 ! dom9ions ( ! two k+s ( ,br5t=d4 ,! battle is f9ally /opp$ by an eclipse1 & ?ree p]sonages1 repres5t+ ! sun1 moon1 & e>?1 advance ^u ! /age1 & by d9t ( s++ & manuvr+1 "o gets 9 a l9e betwe5 ! o!r two1 & ?is1 accord+ to ! /rict rules ( a/ronomy1 con/itut$ ! eclipse4 ,! eclipse is foll[$ by ano!r battle ( a m desp]ate "*1 to :i* a /op is put 9 an equally extraord9>y mann]1 by ! entrance ( ! furi\s h]o ,drawcansir1 :o slays all ! combatants on bo? sides4 ,! m>riage ( pr9ce ,prettyman 0 to =m ! subject ( ! fif? act1 b :ile ,bayes1 ,johnson1 & ,smi? )draw tempor>ily1 all ! play]s1 9 disgu/1 run away to _! d9n]s1 & ?us ends ,! ,rehe>sal ( ,mr4 ,bayes's play4 ,! epilogue returns to ! moral :i* ! play 0 design$ to inculcate3-- ,! play is at an end1 b :]e's ! plot8 ,t circum/ance ! poet ,bayes =got4 ,& we c boa/1 ?\gh 'tis a plott+ age1 ,no place is fre] f x ?an ! /age4 ,=m]ly p s\ght to write s t !y might be und]/ood1 b ?is new way ( wit 0 altoge!r incompreh5sible3-- ,:]e=e1 = ours1 & = ! k+dom's peace1 ,may ?is prodigi\s way ( writ+ cease2 ,let's h1 at lea/ once 9 our lives1 a "t ,:5 we may he> "s reason1 n all rhyme4 ,we h ?is t5 ye>s felt its influ5ce2 ,pray let ?is prove a ye> ( prose & s5se4 ,engli% com$y 0 c]ta9ly greatly re=m$1 9 "s s5ses ( ! ^w re=m1 dur+ ! p]iod :i* foll[$ ! publication ( ,! ,rehe>sal1 &1 9 ! h&s ( writ]s l ,wy*]ley1 ,%adwell1 ,congreve1 & ,d',urfey1 ! dulness ( ! ,h[>ds 0 ex*ang$ = an extreme degree ( vivacity4 ,! plot 0 z little consid]$ z ev]--x 0 a m]e peg on :i* to hang sc5es brilliant ) wit & rep>tee4 ,! small intrigue is (t5 b a frame = a great picture ( society 9 its =ms !n mo/ op5 to c>icature1 ) all ! petty intrigues insep>able f x4 ,epsom ,wells1 "o ( ,%adwell's e>li] com$ies1 & p]haps 8 be/1 w be> comp>ison ) ,jonson's ,b>?olomew ,fair4 ,! p]sonages repres5t$ 9 x are exactly ^? :i* !n %one 9 su* society--?ree m5 ( wit & pleasure1 "o ( ! class ( c\ntry squires :om ! wits ( ,london lov$ to laugh at1 & :o is describ$ z a c\ntry ju/ice1 a public spirit$1 politick1 discont5t$ fop1 an immod]ate hat] ( ,london1 & a lov] ( ! c\ntry above measure1 a he>ty true ,engli% coxcomb4 ,!n we h two *eat+1 %>k+1 c[>dly bullies4 ,! citiz5s ( ,london are repres5t$ by ,bisket1 a comfit-mak]1 a quiet1 humble1 civil cuckold1 gov]n$ by 8 wife1 :om he v mu* fe>s & loves at ! same "t1 & is v pr\d (1 & ,fribble1 a hab]da%]1 a surly cuckold1 v conceit$1 & pr\d ( 8 wife1 b pret5ds to gov]n & keep h] "u1 & _! wives1 ! fir/ an imp]t95t1 imp]i\s /rumpet1 & ! o!r1 an humble1 submitt+ wife1 :o jilts h] husb& t way1 a v ----4 ,"o or two o!r *>act]s ( ! same /amp1 ) two "y ladies ( wit1 beauty1 & =tune1 :o behave !mselves n mu* bett] ?an ! o!rs1 & a full all[ance ( p>sons1 hectors1 con/ables1 wat*m51 & fiddl]s1 complete ! dramatis p]son ( ,epsom ,wells4 ,) su* mat]ials anybody w und]/& ! "* ( ! piece1 :i* 0 br\ght out on ! /age 9 #afgb4 ,! ,squire ( ,alsatia1 by ! same au?or1 br\ght ^u ! /age 9 ! ev5tful ye> #afhh1 is a vivid picture ( "o ( ! wilde/ phases ( ,london life 9 ^? /ill r primitive times4 ,alsatia1 z e read] ( ,walt] ,scott kn[s1 0 a cant "n = ! ,:ite ,fri>s1 9 ,london1 a locality :i*1 at t "t1 0 beyond ! rea* ( ! law & its (fic]s1 a refuge = ?ieves & rogues1 & especially = debtors1 :]e !y c\ld ei!r resi/ ) no great fe> ( be+ ov]come1 or1 :5 resi/ance 0 no long] possible1 escape ) ease4 ,) su* a sc5e1 & su* p = *>act]s1 we are n surpris$ t ! pr9t$ edition ( ?is play is prefac$ by a vocabul>y ( ! cant words employ$ 9 x4 ,! pr9cipal *>act]s 9 ! play are ( ! same class ) ^? :i* =m ! /aple ( all ^! old com$ies4 ,fir/ !re is a c\ntry fa!r or uncle1 :o is ri* & sev]e ^u ! vices ( y\?1 or arbitr>y1 or av>ici\s4 ,he is "h repres5t$ by sir ,william ,belfond1 a g5tleman ( ab\t #cjjj p] annum1 :o 9 8 y\? _h be5 a sp>k ( ! t[n2 b m>ri$ & retir$ into ! c\ntry1 :]e he turn$ to ! o!r extreme--rigid1 morose1 mo/ sordidly covet\s1 cl[ni%1 ob/9ate1 positive1 & =w>d4 ,he mu/ h a ,london bro!r1 or ne> relative1 end[$ ) exactly contr>y qualities1 "h repres5t$ by sir ,edw>d ,belfond1 sir ,william's bro!r1 a m]*ant1 :o by lucky hits _h gott5 a great e/ate1 lives s+le ) ease & pleasure1 reasonably & virtu\sly1 a man ( great humanity & g5tl5ess & compassion t[>ds mank9d1 well read 9 good books1 possess$ ) all g5tlemanlike qualities4 ,sir ,william ,belfond has two sons4 ,belfond s5ior1 ! elde/1 is br$ aft] 8 fa!r's ru/ic1 sw9i% mann]1 ) great rig\r & sev]ity1 ^u :om 8 fa!r's e/ate is entail$1 ! confid5ce ( :i* makes him break out into op5 rebellion to 8 fa!r1 & become lewd1 abom9ably vici\s1 /ubborn1 & ob/9ate4 ,! y\ng] ,belfond1 ,sir ,william's second son1 _h be5 adopt$ by ,sir ,edw>d1 & br$ f 8 *ildhood by him1 ) all ! t5d]ness & famili>ity1 & b\nty1 & lib]ty t c be2 he 0 in/ruct$ 9 all ! lib]al sci5ces1 & 9 all g5tleman-l education2 some:at giv5 to wom51 & n[ & !n to good fell[%ip2 b an +5i\s1 well-accompli%$ g5tleman2 a man ( hon\r1 & ( excell5t disposition & temp]4 ,!n we h "s ( ! lead+ h]oes ( ,alsatia1 & fir/ ,*eatly1 :o is describ$ z a rascal1 :o by reason ( debts1 d>es n /ir out ( ,:itefry]s1 b !re inveigles "y heirs 9 tail2 & helps 'em to goods & money ^u great disadvantages2 is b\nd = !m1 & %>es ) !m1 till he undoes !m2 a lewd1 impud5t1 debau*$ fell[1 v exp]t 9 ! cant ab\t ! t[n4 ,%amwell is c\s9 to ! ,belfonds1 an heir1 :o1 be+ ru9$ by ,*eatly1 is made a decoy-duck = o!rs2 n d>+ to /ay out ( ,alsatia1 :]e he lives2 is b\nd ) ,*eatly = heirs1 & lives ^u !m1 a dissolute1 debau*'d life4 ,ano!r ( ^! *>act]s is capta9 ,hackum1 a block-head$ bully ( ,alsatia2 a c[>dly1 impud5t1 blu/]+ fell[2 =m]ly a s]geant 9 ,fl&]s1 run f 8 col\rs1 retreat+ into ,:itefry]s = a v small debt2 :]e by ! ,alsatians he is dubb'd a capta92 m>ries "o t lets lodg+s1 sells *]ry-br&y1 & is a bawd4 ,nor is ,alsatia )\t a repres5tative ( ! ,puritanical "p ( society1 9 ,scrapeall1 a hypocritical1 repeat+1 pray+1 psalm-s++1 precise fell[1 pret5d+ to great piety2 a godly knave1 :o jo9s ) ,*eatly1 & supplies "y heirs ) goods & money4 ,a r l>ge numb] ( inf]ior *>act]s fill up ! canvas2 & ! females1 ) two exceptions1 belong to ! same class4 ,! plot ( ?is play is v simple4 ,! eld] son ( sir ,william ,belfond has tak5 to ,alsatia1 b sir ,william1 on 8 return f abroad1 he>+ talk ( ! fame ( a squire ,belfond among ! ,alsatians1 imag9es t x is 8 y\ng] son1 & out ( ?is mi/ake a consid]able am\nt ( misund]/&+ arises4 ,at la/ sir ,william discov]s 8 error1 & f9ds 8 elde/ son 9 ,:itefry]s1 b ! y\? sets him at defiance4 ,! fa!r1 9 great ang]1 br+s tip/aff con/ables1 to take away 8 son by =ce2 b ! ,alsatians rise 9 =ce1 ! (fic]s ( ! law are beat51 & sir ,william himself tak5 prison]4 ,he is rescu$ by ! y\ng] ,belfond1 & 9 ! conclusion ! eld] bro!r becomes p5it5t1 & is reconcil$ ) 8 fa!r4 ,!re is an und]plot1 f> f moral 9 its "*1 :i* ends 9 ! m>riage ( ,belfond junior4 ,x is a busy1 noisy play1 & 0 a great fav\rite on ! /age2 b x is n[ *iefly int]e/+ z a vivid picture ( ,london life 9 ! latt] half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,bury ,fair1 by ,%adwell1 is ano!r com$y ( ! same description2 ) little int]e/ 9 ! plot1 b full ( life & movem5t4 ,if ,! ,squire ( ,alsatia 0 noisy1 ,! ,sc[r]s1 ano!r com$y by ! same au?or1 fir/ br\ght on ! /age 9 #afia1 0 /ill m s4 ,! wild & riot\s gallants :o1 9 =m] times ( ineffici5t police regulation1 infe/$ ! /reets at night1 & committ$ all sorts ( outrages1 7 kn[n at diff]5t p]iods by a v>iety ( names4 ,9 ! reign ( ,james ,i4 & ,*>les ,i4 !y 7 ! ro>+ boys2 9 ! "t ( ,%adwell1 !y 7 call$ ! sc[r]s1 because !y sc[]$ ! /reets at night1 & r r\ghly cle>$ !m ( all pass5g]s2 a few ye>s lat] !y took ! "n ( ,mohocks1 or ,mohawks4 ,dur+ ! night ,london lay at ! m]cy ( ^! riot\s classes1 & ! /reets witness$ sc5es ( brutal viol5ce1 :i*1 at ! pres5t day1 we c h>dly imag9e4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s is pictur$ 9 ,%adwell's com$y4 ,sir ,william ,rant1 ,wildfire1 & ,tope1 are not$ sc[r]s1 well kn[n 9 ! t[n1 ^: fame has excit$ emulation 9 m5 ( less di/9ction 9 _! way1 ,:a*um1 a city wit & sc[r]1 imitator ( sir ,william1 & two sc\ndrells1 8 companions1 ,blu/] & ,d+boy4 ,great enmity arises betwe5 ! two p>ties ( rival sc[r]s4 ,! m s]i\s *>act]s 9 ! play are ,mr4 ,rant1 sir ,william ,rant's fa!r1 & sir ,ri*>d ,maggot1 a fooli% ,jacobite ald]man 7x mu/ be rememb]$ t we are n[ 9 ! reign ( k+ ,william74 ,sir ,ri*>d's wife1 lady ,maggot1 l ! citiz5's wives ( ! com$y ( ! ,re/oration g5]ally1 is a lady r want+ 9 virtue1 ambiti\s ( mix+ ) ! gay & fa%ionable _w1 & some:at ( a tyrant ov] h] husb&4 ,%e has two h&some daught]s1 :om %e seeks to keep conf9$ f ! _w1 le/ !y %\ld become h] rivals4 ,!re are l[ *>act]s ( bo? sexes1 :o ne$ n be enum]at$4 ,mu* ( ! play is tak5 up ) /reet r[s1 capital satirical pictures ( ,london life4 ,! play ends ) m>riages1 & ) ! reconciliation ( sir ,william ,rant ) 8 fa!r1 ! s]i\s old g5tleman ( ! play4 ,%adwell excell$ 9 ^! busy com$ies4 ,"o ( ! ne>e/ approa*es to him is ,m\nt=t's com$y ( ,gre5wi* ,p>k1 :i* is ano!r /rik+ satire on ! loos5ess ( ,london life at t "t4 ,z 9 ! o!rs1 ! plot is simply no?+4 ,! play consi/s ( a numb] ( intrigues1 su* z may be imag9$1 at a "t :5 morality 0 little respect$1 9 places ( fa%ionable resort l ,gre5wi* ,p>k & ,dept=d ,wells4 ,an elem5t ( satire 0 n[ introduc$ into ,engli% com$y :i* does n appe> to h belong$ to x be=e--?is 0 mimicry4 ,al?\gh ! pr9cipal *>act]s 9 ! play bore conv5tional names1 !y appe> (t5 to h be5 int5d$ to repres5t individuals !n well kn[n 9 society1 & ^! individuals 7 c>icatur$ 9 _! dress1 & mimick$ 9 _! language & mann]s4 ,we are told t ?is mimicry contribut$ greatly to ! success ( ,! ,rehe>sal1 ! duke ( ,buck+ham hav+ tak5 incr$ible pa9s to make ,lacy1 :o act$ ! "p ( ,bayes1 p]fect 9 imitat+ ! voice & mann] ( ,dryd51 ^: dress & gait 7 m9utely copi$4 ,?is p]sonal satire 0 n always p]=m$ ) impunity4 ,on ! #a/ ( ,febru>y1 #affi1 ,pepys w5t to ! ,!atre ,royal to see ! p]=mance ( ,! ,heiress1 9 :i* x appe>s t sir ,*>les ,s$ley 0 p]sonally c>icatur$1 & ! secret>y ( k+ ,*>les's admiralty has left 9 8 di>y ! foll[+ entry3--,to ! k+'s h\se1 ?9k+ to h se5 ! ,heyresse1 fir/ act$ on ,saturday1 b :5 we come ?i!r we f9d no play !re2 ,kyna/on1 t did act a "p !re9 9 abuse to sir ,*>les ,s$ley1 be+ la/ night exce$+ly beat5 ) /icks by two or ?ree t salut$ him1 s z he is mightily bruis$1 & =c$ to keep 8 b$4 ,x is said t ,dryd5's com$y ( ,limb]ham1 br\ght on ! /age 9 #afgh1 0 prohibit$ aft] ! fir/ night1 because ! "* ( ,limb]ham 0 consid]$ to be too op5 a satire on ! duke ( ,laud]dale4 ,ano!r peculi>ity 9 ! com$ies ( ! age ( ! ,re/oration 0 _! extraord9>y indelicacy4 ,! writ]s seem$ to emulate ea* o!r 9 pres5t+ ^u ! /age sc5es & language :i* no mode/ e> or pure m9d c\ld support4 ,9 ! e>li] p]iod co>s5ess 9 conv]sation 0 *>act]i/ic ( an unpoli%$ age--! language put 9 ! m\?s ( ! actors1 z rem>k$ be=e1 smelt ( ! tav]n2 b "u ,*>les ,,ii4 ! tone ( fa%ionable society1 z repres5t$ on ! /age1 is modell$ ^u t ( ! bro!l4 ,ev5 ! veil$ allusion is no long] resort$ to1 broad & direct language is sub/itut$ 9 its place4 ,?is op5 pr(ligacy ( ! /age rea*$ its greate/ height betwe5 ! ye>s #afgj & #afhj4 ,! /aple mat]ial ( ?is com$y may be consid]$ to be ! commission ( adult]y1 :i* is pres5t$ z "o ( ! pr9cipal ornam5ts 9 ! "* ( ! well-br$ g5tleman1 v>i$ ) ! s$uc+ ( o!r m5's mi/resses1 = ! keep+ ( mi/resses appe>s z ! rule ( social life4 ,! ,c\ntry ,wife1 "o ( ,wy*]ley's com$ies1 :i* is suppos$ to h be5 br\ght on ! /age p]haps z e>ly z #afgb1 is a mass ( gross indec5cy f beg9n+ to end4 ,x involves two pr9cipal plots1 t ( a voluptu>y :o feigns himself incapable ( love & ins5sible to ! o!r sex1 9 ord] to pursue 8 intrigues ) great] lib]ty2 & t ( a citiz5 :o takes to 8 wife a silly & innoc5t c\ntry girl1 ^: ignorance he believes w be a protection to h] virtue1 b ! v means he takes to prev5t h]1 lead to h] fall4 ,! ,p>son's ,w$d+1 by ,?omas ,killigrew1 fir/ act$ 9 #afgc1 is equally lic5ti\s4 ,! same at lea/ may be said ( ,dryd5's ,limb]ham1 or ! ,k9d ,keep]1 fir/ p]=m$ 9 #afgh1 :i*1 accord+ to ! au?or's own /atem5t1 0 prohibit$ on acc\nt ( its fre5ess1 b m probably because ! "* ( ,limb]ham 0 believ$ to be int5d$ = a p]sonal satire on ! unpopul> e>l ( ,laud]dale4 ,its plot is simple en\gh2 x is ! /ory ( a debau*$ old g5tleman1 nam$ ,aldo1 ^: son1 aft] a r long abs5ce on ! ,cont95t1 returns to ,engl&1 & assumes ! "n ( ,woodall1 9 ord] to enjoy freely ! pleasures ( ,london life be=e he makes himself kn[n to 8 fri5ds4 ,he takes a lodg+ 9 a h\se occupi$ by "s loose wom51 & !re meets ) 8 fa!r1 b1 z ! latt] does n recognise 8 son1 !y become fri5ds1 & live toge!r lic5ti\sly s long1 t :5 ! son at l5g? discov]s himself1 ! old man is oblig$ to ov]look 8 vices4 ,otway's com$y ( ,fri5d%ip 9 ,fa%ion1 p]=m$ ! same ye>1 0 n a :it m moral4 ,b all ^! are f> outdone by ,rav5scr(t's com$y ( ,! ,london ,cuckolds1 fir/ br\ght out 9 #afhb1 :i*1 nev]!less1 cont9u$ to be act$ until late 9 ! la/ c5tury4 ,x is a clev] com$y1 full ( action1 & consi/+ ( a great numb] ( diff]5t incid5ts1 select$ f ! less moral tales ( ! old /ory-tell]s z !y appe> 9 ! ,decam]on ( ,boccaccio1 among :i* t ( ! ignorant & un$ucat$ "y wife1 simil> to ! plot ( ,wy*]ley's ,c\ntry ,wife1 is aga9 introduc$4 ,! corruption ( morals _h become s great1 t :5 wom5 took up ! p51 !y exce$$ 9 lic5ti\sness ev5 ! o!r sex1 z 0 ! case ) ,mrs4 ,behn4 ,aphra ,behn is und]/ood to h be5 born at ,cant]bury1 b to h pass$ "s "p ( h] y\? 9 ! colony ( ,sur9am1 ( :i* h] fa!r 0 gov]nor4 ,%e evid5tly possess$ a disposition = intrigue1 & %e 0 employ$ by ! ,engli% gov]nm5t1 a few ye>s aft] ! ,re/oration1 z a political spy at ,antw]p4 ,%e subsequ5tly settl$ 9 ,london1 & ga9$ a liv+ by h] p51 :i* 0 v prolific 9 novels1 poems1 & plays4 ,x w\ld be difficult to po9t out 9 any o!r works su* sc5es ( op5 pr(ligacy z ^? pres5t$ 9 ,mrs4 ,behn's two com$ies ( ,sir ,pati5t ,fancy & ,! ,city ,heiress1 or ,sir ,timo?y ,treat-all1 :i* appe>$ 9 #afgh & #afha4 ,concealm5t ( ! slighte/ k9d is avoid$1 & ev5 t :i* _c be expos$ to view1 is tol]ably broadly describ$4 ,x appe>s t ! p]=mance ( ! ,london ,cuckolds _h be5 ! cause ( "s sc&al1 & !re 71 ev5 among play-go]s1 "s :o took (f5ce at su* outrages on ! ord9>y feel+s ( mode/y4 ,! excess ( ! evil _h begun to produce a reaction4 ,rav5scr(t1 ! au?or ( t com$y1 produc$ on ! /age1 9 #afhd1 a com$y1 entitl$ ,dame ,dobson1 or ! ,cunn+ ,woman1 :i* 0 int5d$ to be a mode/ play1 b x 0 unc]emoni\sly damn$ by ! audi5ce4 ,! prologue to ?is new com$y intimates t ! ,london ,cuckolds _h pleas$ ! t[n & div]t$ ! c\rt1 b t "s squeami% females _h tak5 (f5ce at x1 & t he _h n[ writt5 a dull1 civill play to make am5ds4 ,!y are address$1 !re=e1 9 su* t]ms z ^!3-- ,9 y1 *a/e ladies1 !n we hope to-day1 ,?is is ! poet's recantation play4 ,come (t5 to 't1 t he at l5g? may see ',tis m ?an a pret5d$ mode/y4 ,/ick by him n[1 = if he f9ds y falt]1 ,he quickly w 8 way ( writ+ alt]2 ,& e play %all s5d y blu%+ home1 ,=1 ?\gh y rail1 yet !n we're sure y'll come4 ,& x is fur!r intimat$1-- ,a naughty play 0 nev] c\nt$ dull-- ,nor mode/ com$y e'er pleas$ y mu*4 ,i rememb]1 says ,colley ,cibb] 9 8 ,apology1 look+ back to ^! times1 ,i rememb] ! ladies 7 !n obs]v$ to be dec5tly afraid ( v5tur+ b>e-fac$ to a new com$y1 till !y _h be5 assur$ !y might d x )\t ! risk ( an insult to _! mode/y2 or if _! curiosity 7 too /rong = _! pati5ce1 !y took c>e at lea/ to save appe>ances1 & r>ely came ^u ! fir/ days ( act+ b 9 masks 7!n daily worn1 & admitt$ 9 ! pit1 ! side boxes1 & gall]y71 :i* cu/om1 h[ev]1 _h s _m ill consequ5ces att5d+ x1 t x has be5 aboli%$ ^! _m ye>s4 ,accord+ to ! ,spectator1 ladies began n[ to des]t ! !atre :5 com$ies 7 br\ght out1 except ^? :o nev] miss ! fir/ day ( a new play1 le/ x %\ld prove too lusci\s to admit ( _! go+ ) any c\nt5ance to ! second4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ?is abuse1 !re sudd5ly appe>$ a book :i* creat$ at ! "t a great s5sation4 ,! com$ies ( ! latt] half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury 7 n only indec5t1 b !y 7 fill$ ) pr(ane language1 & conta9$ sc5es 9 :i* religion itself 0 treat$ ) contempt4 ,at t "t !re liv$ a div9e ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 celebrat$ = 8 ,jacobitism--= ,i am n[ speak+ ( ! reign ( k+ ,william--= 8 tal5ts z a controv]sial writ]1 & = 8 zeal 9 any cause :i* he und]took4 ,?is 0 ,j]emy ,colli]1 ! au?or ( sev]al books ( "s m]it1 :i* are seldom read n[1 & :o suff]$ = 8 zeal 9 ! cause ( k+ ,james1 & = 8 refusal to take ! oa? ( allegiance to k+ ,william4 ,9 ! ye> #afih ,colli] publi%$ 8 ,%ort ,view ( ! ,immorality & ,pr(an5ess ( ! ,engli% /age1 9 :i* he boldly attack$ ! lic5ti\sness ( ! ,engli% com$y4 ,p]haps ,colli]'s zeal c>ri$ him a little too f>2 b he _h (f5d$ ! wits1 & especially ! dramatic poets1 on all sides1 & he 0 expos$ to attacks f all qu>t]s1 9 :i* ,dryd5 himself took an active "p4 ,colli] %[$ himself fully capable ( deal+ ) 8 oppon5ts1 & ! controv]sy _h ! effect ( call+ att5tion to ! immoralities ( ! /age1 & c]ta9ly contribut$ mu* t[>ds re=m+ !m4 ,!y 7 become mu* less frequ5t & less gross at ! op5+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! reign ( k+ ,*>les ,,ii41 ! /age 0 m l>gely employ$ z a political ag5t1 & "u 8 successor1 ,james ,,ii41 ! ,puritans & ! ,:igs 7 con/antly held up to scorn4 ,aft] ! ,revolution1 ! tables 7 turn$1 & ! satire ( ! /age 0 (t5 aim$ at ,tories & ,non-jurors4 ,! ,non-juror1 by ,colley ,cibb]1 :i* appe>$ 9 #agag1 at a v opportune mom5t1 ga9$ = its au?or a p5sion & ! (fice ( poet-laureate4 ,x 0 f\nd$ ^u ! ,t>tuffe ( ,molire1 = ! ,engli% com$y writ]s borr[$ mu* f ! =eign /age4 ,a disguis$ prie/1 :o passes "u ! "n ( ,dr4 ,wolf1 & :o _h be5 engag$ 9 ! rebellion ( #agae1 has ins9uat$ himself into ! h\sehold ( a g5tleman ( =tune1 ( n v /rong judgm5t1 ,sir ,john ,woodvil1 :om1 "u ! title ( a ,non-juror1 he has n only induc$ to become an abettor ( rebels1 b he has p]suad$ him to dis9h]it 8 son1 & he lab\rs to s$uce 8 wife & to deceive 8 daught]4 ,8 bas5ess is expos$ only j soon en\gh to defeat 8 designs4 ,su* a production z ?is c\ld n fail to give great (f5ce to all ! ,jacobite p>ty1 ( :atev] %ade1 :o 7 !n r num]\s 9 ,london1 & ,cibb] assures u t 8 rew>d 0 a consid]able am\nt ( adv]se criticism 9 e qu>t] :]e ! ,tory influ5ce rea*$4 ,8 com$ies 7 inf]ior 9 brilliance ( dialogue to ^? ( ! previ\s age1 b ! plots 7 well imag9$ & conduct$1 & !y are g5]ally good act+ plays4 ,to ,samuel ,foote1 born 9 #agbb1 we owe ! la/ *ange 9 ! =m & "* ( ,engli% com$y4 ,a man ( inf9ite wit & hum\r1 & possess$ ( extraord9>y tal5t z a mimic1 ,foote made mimicry ! pr9cipal in/rum5t ( 8 success on ! /age4 ,8 plays are above all light & amus+2 he r$uc$ ! old com$y ( five acts to ?ree acts1 & 8 plots 7 usually simple1 ! dialogue full ( wit & hum\r2 b _! peculi> *>act]i/ic 0 _! op5 boldness ( p]sonal satire4 ,x is entirely a com$y ( 8 own4 ,he s\ght to direct 8 wit aga9/ all ! vices ( society1 b ?is he did by hold+ up to ridicule & scorn ! individuals :o _h 9 "s way or o!r made !mselves notori\s by ! practice ( !m4 ,all 8 pr9cipal *>act]s 7 real *>act]s1 :o 7 m or less kn[n to ! public1 & :o 7 s p]fectly mimick$ on ! /age 9 _! dress1 gait1 & spee*1 t x 0 impossible to mi/ake !m4 ,?us1 9 ,! ,devil ^u ,two ,/icks1 :i* is a g5]al satire on ! l[ condition to :i* ! practice ( m$ic9e _h !n fall51 ! p]sonages introduc$ 9 x all repres5t$ quacks well kn[n ab\t ! t[n4 ,! ,maid ( ,ba? dragg$ ^u ! /age sc&als :i* 7 !n ! talk ( ,ba? society4 ,! nabob ( ! com$y :i* be>s t title1 _h also 8 model 9 real life4 ,! ,bankrupt may be consid]$ z a g5]al satire on ! bas5ess ( ! newspap] press ( t day1 :i* 0 made ! means ( propagat+ private sc&als & libell\s accusations 9 ord] to extort money1 yet ! *>act]s introduc$ are said to h be5 all portraits f ! life2 & ! same /atem5t is made ) reg>d to ! com$y ( ,! ,au?or4 ,x is evid5t t a drama ( ?is inquisitorial "* is a dang]\s ?+1 & t x c\ld h>dly be all[$ to exi/ :]e ! rights ( society are prop]ly def9$2 & we are n surpris$ if ,foote provok$ a ho/ ( bitt] enemies4 ,b 9 "s cases ! au?or met ) puni%m5t ( a heavi] & m sub/antial description4 ,"o ( ! individuals introduc$ into ,! ,maid ( ,ba?1 extort$ damages to ! am\nt ( #c1jjj4 ,"o ( ! p]sons :o figur$ 9 ,! ,au?or1 obta9$ an ord] f ! "l *amb]la9 = putt+ a /op to ! p]=mance aft] x _h _h a %ort run2 & ! consequ5ces ( ,! ,trip to ,calais1 7 /ill m disa/r\s4 ,x is well kn[n t ! "* ( lady ,kitty ,crocodile 9 t play 0 a broad c>icature on ! notori\s du*ess ( ,k+/on4 ,?r\gh ! trea*]y ( "s ( ! p employ$ by ,foote1 ! du*ess obta9$ in=mation ( ! nature ( ?is play be=e x 0 ready = repres5tation1 & %e _h suffici5t influ5ce to obta9 ! "l *amb]la9's prohibition = br++ x on ! /age4 ,nor 0 ?is all1 = z ! play 0 pr9t$1 if n act$1--& x 0 subsequ5tly br\ght out 9 a modifi$ =m1 ) omission ( ! "p ( lady ,kitty ,crocodile1 ?\gh ! *>act]s ( "s ( h] ag5ts 7 /ill reta9$1--infam\s *>ges 7 got up aga9/ ,foote1 9 retaliation1 :i* caus$ him s mu* tr\ble & grief1 t !y are said to h %ort5$ 8 days4 ,! drama :i* ,samuel ,foote _h inv5t$ did n outlive him2 its c>icature 0 itself transf]r$ to ! c>icature ( ! pr9t-%op4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,c>icature ,,9 ,,holl&4--,,roma9 ,,de ,,hooghe4--,,! ,,engli% ,,revolution4--,,c>icatures ,,on ,,l\is ,,xiv4 ,,& ,,james ,,ii4--,,dr4 ,,sa*ev]ell4--,,c>icature ,,br\ght ,,f ,,holl& ,,to ,,engl&4--,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,^w ,,c>icature4--,,mississippi ,,& ,,! ,,s\? ,,sea2 ,,! ,,ye> ,,( ,,bubbles4 ,mod]n political c>icature1 born1 z we h se51 9 ,france1 may be consid]$ to h _h its cradle 9 ,holl&4 ,! position ( t c\ntry1 & its great] degree ( fre$om1 made x1 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! g5]al place ( refuge to ! political discont5ts ( o!r l&s1 & especially to ! ,fr5* :o fl$ f ! tyranny ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,x possess$ at t "t "s ( ! mo/ skilful arti/s & be/ engrav]s 9 ,europe1 & x became ! c5tral spot f :i* 7 laun*$ a multitude ( satirical pr9ts aga9/ t mon>*'s policy1 & aga9/ himself & 8 fav\rites & m9i/]s4 ,?is 0 9 a great measure ! cause ( ! bitt] hatr$ :i* ,l\is always display$ t[>ds t c\ntry4 ,he fe>$ ! c>icatures ( ! ,dut* m ?an _! arms1 & ! p5cil & grav] ( ,roma9 de ,hooghe 7 among ! mo/ effective weapons employ$ by ,william ( ,nassau4 ,! m>riage ( ,william ) ,m>y1 daught] ( ! duke ( ,york1 9 #afgg1 naturally gave ! ,dut* a great] int]e/ ?an !y c\ld h felt be=e 9 ! dome/ic affairs ( ,great ,brita91 & a new /imulus to _! zeal aga9/ ,l\is ( ,france1 or1 :i* 0 ! same ?+1 aga9/ arbitr>y p[] & ,pop]y1 bo? ( :i* _h be5 r5d]$ odi\s "u 8 "n4 ,! accession ( ,james ,,ii4 to ! ?rone ( ,engl&1 & 8 attempt to re-e/abli% ,pop]y1 add$ religi\s z well z political fuel to ^! feel+s1 = ev]ybody und]/ood t ,james 0 act+ "u ! protection ( ! k+ ( ,france4 ,! v ye> ( k+ ,james's accession1 9 #afhe1 ! c>icature appe>$ :i* we h copi$ 9 our cut ,no4 #ahf1 & :i*1 al?\gh ! inscription is 9 ,engli%1 appe>s to h be5 ! "w ( a =eign arti/4 ,x 0 probably int5d$ to repres5t ,m>y ( ,mod5a1 ! que5 ( ,james ,,ii41 & h] r fam\s confessor1 fa!r ,petre1 ! latt] "u ! "* ( ! wolf among ! %eep4 ,its aim is suffici5tly evid5t to ne$ no explanation4 ,at ! top1 9 ! orig9al1 are ! ,lat9 words1 ,conv]te ,angliam1 conv]t ,engl&1 & b5ea?1 9 ,engli%1 ,x is a fooli% %eep t makes ! wolf h] confessor4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ahf4 ,a ,dang]\s ,confessor4 ,! p]iod dur+ :i* ! ,dut* s*ool ( c>icature fl\ri%$1 ext5d$ ?r\gh ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 & into ! reg5cy 9 ,france1 & two great ev5ts1 ! revolution ( #afhh 9 ,engl&1 & ! wild money speculations ( ! ye> #agbj1 ex]cis$ especially ! p5cils ( its c>icaturi/s4 ,! fir/ ( ^! ev5ts belongs almo/ entirely to ,roma9 de ,hooghe4 ,v little is kn[n ( ! p]sonal hi/ory ( ?is rem>kable arti/1 b he is believ$ to h be5 born t[>ds ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & to h di$ 9 ! e>li] ye>s ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! old] ,fr5* writ]s on art1 :o 7 prejudic$ aga9/ ,roma9 de ,hooghe = 8 bitt] ho/ility to ,l\is ,,xiv41 in=m u t 9 8 y\? he employ$ 8 grav] on obsc5e subjects1 & l$ a life s op5ly lic5ti\s1 t he 0 bani%$ f 8 native t[n ( ,am/]dam1 & w5t to live at ,ha]lem4 ,he ga9$ celebrity by ! s]ies ( plates1 execut$ 9 #afgb1 :i* repres5t$ ! horrible atrocities committ$ 9 ,holl& by ! ,fr5* troops1 & :i* rais$ aga9/ ,l\is ,,xiv4 ! indignation ( all ,europe4 ,x is said t ! pr9ce ( ,orange 7,william ,,iii4 ( ,engl&71 appreciat+ ! value ( 8 satire z a political weapon1 secur$ x 9 8 own int]e/s by lib]ally patronis+ ! c>icaturi/2 & we owe to ,roma9 de ,hooghe a succession ( l>ge pr9ts 9 :i* ! k+ ( ,france1 8 protg ,james ,,ii41 & ! adh]5ts ( ! latt]1 are cov]$ ) ridicule4 ,"o1 publi%$ 9 #afhh1 & entitl$ ,les ,mon>*es ,tombants1 commemorates ! flight ( ! royal family f ,engl&4 ,ano!r1 :i* appe>$ at ! same date1 is entitl$1 9 ,fr5*1 ,arlequ9 fur l'hypogryphe la croisade ,loioli/e1 & 9 ,dut*1 ,arme van de ,heylige ,league voor d] ,jesuit5 ,mon>*y 7i4e4 ! army ( ! holy league = e/abli%+ ! mon>*y ( ! ,jesuits74 ,l\is ,,xiv4 & ,james ,,ii4 7 repres5t$ "u ! *>act]s ( ,arlequ9 & ,panurge1 :o are seat$ on ! animal "h call$ a hypogryphe1 b :i* is really a wild ass4 ,! two k+s h _! heads jo9$ toge!r "u "o ,jesuit's cap4 ,o!r figures1 =m+ "p ( ?is army ( ,jesuitism1 are di/ribut$ ov] ! field1 ! mo/ grotesque ( :i* is t giv5 9 our cut ,no4 #ahg4 ,two p]sonages introduc$ 9 "s ridicul\s position or o!r1 9 mo/ ( ^! c>icatures1 are fa!r ,petre1 ! ,jesuit1 & ! infant pr9ce ( ,wales1 aft]w>ds ! old ,pret5d]4 ,x 0 pret5d$ t ?is infant 0 9 fact ! *ild ( a mill]1 secretly introduc$ into ! que5's b$ conceal$ 9 a w>m+-pan2 & t ?is +5i\s plot 0 contriv$ by fa!r ,petre4 ,h5ce ! boy 0 popul>ly call$ ,pet]k91 or ,p]k91 i4e4 little ,pet]1 :i* 0 ! "n giv5 aft]w>ds to ! ,pret5d] 9 songs & satires at ! "t ( 8 rebellion2 & 9 ! pr9ts a w9dmill 0 usually giv5 to ! *ild z a sign ( its fa!r's trade4 ,9 ! gr\p repres5t$ 9 our cut1 fa!r ,petre1 ) ! *ild 9 8 arms1 is seat$ on a r s+ul> /e$1 a lob/]4 ,! "y pr9ce "h c>ries ! w9dmill on 8 head4 ,on ! lob/]'s back1 beh9d ! ,jesuit1 are c>ri$ ! papal cr[n1 surm\nt$ by a fleur-de-lis1 ) a bundle ( relics1 indulg5ces1 c41 & x has seiz$ 9 "o claw ! ,engli% *ur* s]vice book1 & 9 ! o!r ! book ( ! laws ( ,engl&4 ,9 ! ,dut* description ( ?is pr9t1 ! *ild is call$ ! new born ,anti*ri/4 ,ano!r ( ,roma9 de ,hooghe's pr9ts1 entitl$ ,panurge second p> ,arlequ9 ,deodaat la croisade d',irl&e1 #afhi1 is a satire on k+ ,james's exp$ition to ,irel&1 :i* l$ to ! memorable battle ( ! ,boyne4 ,james & 8 fri5ds are proce$+ to ! place ( emb>kation1 &1 z repres5t$ 9 our cut ,no4 #ahh1 fa!r ,petre m>*es 9 front1 c>ry+ ! infant pr9ce 9 8 arms4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ahg4 ,a ,jesuit well ,m\nt$4 ,! draw+ ( ,roma9 de ,hooghe is n always correct1 especially 9 8 l>g] subjects1 :i* p]haps may be ascrib$ to 8 ha/y & c>eless mann] ( work+2 b he displays great skill 9 gr\p+ 8 figures1 & great p[] 9 inve/+ !m ) a l>ge am\nt ( satirical hum\r4 ,mo/ ( ! o!r c>icatures ( ! "t are poor bo? 9 design & execution4 ,su* is ! case ) a vulg> satirical pr9t :i* 0 publi%$ 9 ,france 9 ! autumn ( #afij1 on ! arrival ( a false rum\r t k+ ,william _h be5 kill$ 9 ,irel&4 ,9 ! field ( ! picture ! corpse ( ! k+ is foll[$ by a procession consi/+ ( 8 que5 & ! pr9cipal support]s ( 8 cause4 ,! l[] corn] on ! left h& is occupi$ by a view ( ! int]ior ( ! inf]nal regions1 & k+ ,william introduc$ 9 ! place allott$ to him among ! flames4 ,9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! picture !re are sev]al inscriptions1 all brea?+ a _s ( v insol5t exultation4 ,"o ( !m is !-- ,billet d',ent]rem5t4 ,v\s e/es priez d'assi/] au convoy1 s]vice1 et ent]rem5t du tres haut1 tres gr&1 et tres infame ,pr9ce inf]nal1 gr& /ad\t]1 des ,arms diaboliques de la ligue d',ausb\rg1 et insigne usurpateur des ,royaumes d',anglet]re1 d',eccosse1 et d',irl&e1 dcd dans l',irl&e au mois d',a\/ #afij1 qui se f]a le dit mois1 dans sa p>oisse inf]nale1 ou assi/]ont ,dame ,pros]p9e1 ,radamonte1 et les ,ligueurs4 ,les ,dames lui diront s'il leur plai/ des injures4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ahh4 ,(f to ,irel&4 ,! pr9ts execut$ 9 ,engl& at ?is "t 71 if possible1 worse ?an ^? publi%$ 9 ,france4 ,almo/ ! only contempor>y c>icature on ! d[nfall ( ! ,/u>ts t ,i "k1 is an ill-execut$ pr9t1 publi%$ imm$iately aft] ! accession ( ,william ,,iii41 "u ! title1 ,engl&'s ,memorial ( its wond]ful deliv]ance f ,fr5* ,tyranny & ,popi% ,oppression4 ,! middle ( ! picture is occupi$ by ! royal orange tree1 :i* fl\ri%es 9 spite ( all ! attempts to de/roy x4 ,at ! upp] corn]1 on ! left side1 is a repres5tation ( ! ,fr5* k+'s c\ncil1 consi/+ ( an equal numb] ( ,jesuits & devils1 seat$ alt]nately at a r\nd table4 ,! circum/ance t ! titles & inscriptions ( ne>ly all ^! c>icatures are 9 ,dut*1 seems to %[ t _! influ5ce 0 int5d$ to be ex]cis$ 9 ,holl& r ?an else:]e4 ,9 two or ?ree only ( !m ^! descriptions 7 accompani$ ) translations 9 ,engli% or ,fr5*2 & aft] a "t1 copies ( !m began to be made 9 ,engl&1 accompani$ ) ,engli% descriptions4 ,a curi\s example ( ?is is giv5 9 ! f\r? volume ( ! ,poems on ,/ate ,affairs1 pr9t$ 9 #agjg4 ,9 ! preface to ?is volume ! editor takes occasion to in=m ! read]--,t hav+ procur'd f beyond sea a ,collection ( ,satyrical ,pr9ts done 9 ,holl& & else:]e1 by ,rom4 de ,hoog1 & o!r ! be/ ma/]s1 relat+ to ! ,fr5* ,k+ & 8 ,adh]5ts1 s9ce he unju/ly begun ?is w>1 ,i h p]suad$ ! ,booksell] to be at ! exp5se ( +rav+ sev]al ( !m2 to ea* ( :i* ,i h giv5 ! ,explanation 9 ,engli% v]se1 !y be+ 9 ,dut*1 ,fr5*1 or ,lat9 9 ! orig9als4 ,copies ( sev5 ( ^! c>icatures are accord+ly giv5 at ! end ( ! volume1 :i* are c]ta9ly inf]ior 9 e respect to ^? ( ! be/ p]iod ( ,roma9 de ,hooghe4 ,"o ( !m commemorates ! eclipse ( ! sun on ! #ab? ( ,may1 #agjf4 ,! sun1 z x might be conjectur$1 is ,l\is ,,xiv41 eclips$ by que5 ,anne1 ^: face occupies ! place ( ! moon4 ,9 ! =egr\nd ( ! picture1 j "u ! eclipse1 ! que5 is seat$ on h] ?rone "u a canopy1 surr\nd$ by h] c\nsellors & g5]als4 ,) h] left arm %e holds d[n ! ,gallic cock1 :ile ) ! o!r h& %e clips "o ( its w+s 7see our cut ,no4 #ahi74 ,9 ! upp] corn] on ! "r1 is ins]t$ a picture ( ! battle ( ,ramillies1 & 9 ! l[] corn] on ! left1 a sea-fight "u admiral ,leake1 bo? victories ga9$ 9 t ye>4 ,ano!r ( ^! copies ( =eign pr9ts is giv5 9 our cut ,no4 #aij4 ,we are told t ^! figures repres5t a ,fr5* trumpet & drum1 s5t by ,l\is le ,gr& to enquire news ( sev]al citys lo/ by ! ,mighty ,mon>* la/ campaign4 ,! trumpet] holds 9 8 h& a li/ ( lo/ t[ns1 & ano!r is p9n$ to ! brea/ ( ! drumm]2 ! =m] li/ is head$ by ! names ( ,gaunt1 ,brussels1 ,antw]p1 ,bruges1 ! latt] by ,b>celona4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ahi4 ,clipp+ ! ,cock's ,w+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aij4 ,trumpet & ,drum4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aia4 ,! ,?ree ,false ,bre?r54 ,! fir/ rem>kable outbur/ ( c>icatures 9 ,engl& 0 caus$ by ! proce$+s aga9/ ! notori\s ,dr4 ,sa*ev]ell 9 #agaj4 ,x is some:at curi\s t ,sa*ev]ell's p>tisans speak ( c>icatures z ?+s br\ght rec5tly f ,holl&1 & new 9 ,engl&1 & ascribe ! use ( !m z peculi> to ! ,:ig p>ty4 ,! writ] ( a pamphlet1 entitl$ ,! ,picture ( ,malice1 or a true ,acc\nt ( ,dr4 ,sa*ev]ell's ,enemies1 & _! behavi\r ) reg>d to him1 in=ms u t ! *ief means by :i* all ! l[] ord] ( t sort ( m5 call'd ,:igs1 %all ev] be f\nd to act = ! ru9 ( a pot5t adv]s>y1 are ! foll[+ ?ree--by ! ,pr9t1 ! ,canto or ,doggrell ,poem1 & by ! ,libell1 grave1 calm1 & cool1 z ! au?or ( ! ',true ,answ]' describes x4 ,^! are n all employ$ at ! same "t1 any m ?an ! ban & ari]ban ( a k+dom is rais$1 unless to make sure "w1 or 9 cases ( great exig5cy & imm95t dang]4 ,! ,pr9t1 he goes on to say1 is orig9ally a ,dut* talisman 7bequea!d to ! anci5t ,batavians by a c]ta9 ,*9ese necromanc] & pa9t]71 ) a virtue f> exce$+ t ( ! ,palladium1 n only ( gu>d+ _! cities & prov9ces1 b also ( annoy+ _! enemies1 & pres]v+ a due balance among/ ! neighb\r+ p[]s ar\nd4 ,?is writ] w>ms up s mu* 9 8 indignation aga9/ ?is new weapon ( ! ,:igs1 t he breaks out 9 blank v]se to tell u h[ ev5 ! my/]i\s p[] ( ! magician did n de/roy its victims-- ,swift] ?an h]et(ore ! ,pr9t effac'd ,! pomp ( mightie/ mon>*s1 & de?ron'd ,! dread idea ( royal maje/y2 ,dw9dl+ ! pr9ce bel[ ! pigmy size4 ,witness ! once ,great ,l\is 9 y\?ful pride1 ,& ,*>les ( happy days1 :o bo? confess'd ,! magic p[] ( mezzot9to#aja %ade1 ,& =m grotesque1 9 manife/oes l\d ,d5\nc+ dea? to boor & burgoma/]4 ,witness1 ye sacr$ popes ) triple cr[n1 ,:o likewise victims fell to hide\s pr9t1 ,spurn'd by ! populace :o :ilome lay ,pro/rate1 & ev'n ador$ be=e y\r ?rones4 #aja ,! me?od ( engrav+ call$ mezzot9to 0 v g5]ally adopt$ 9 ,engl& 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! la/ c5tury = pr9ts & c>icatures4 ,x 0 cont9u$ to r a late p]iod by ! publi%+ h\se ( ,c>r+ton ,b[les4 ,we are !n told t ?is1 if n ! fir/1 has yet be5 ! *ief ma*9e :i* 8 enemies h employ'd aga9/ ! doctor2 !y h expos$ him 9 ! same piece ) ! pope & ! devil1 & :o n[ c\ld imag9e t any simple prie/ %\ld be able to /& be=e a p[] :i* _h levell$ popes & mon>*s8 ,at lea/ "o copy ( ! c>icature "h allud$ to is pres]v$1 al?\gh a great r>ity1 & x is repres5t$ 9 our cut ,no4 #aia4 ,two ( ! p>ty rema9$ long associat$ toge!r 9 ! popul> outcry1 & z ! "n ( ! ?ird fell into contempt & oblivion1 ! doctor's place 9 ?is association 0 tak5 by a new cause ( al>m1 ! ,pret5d]1 ! *ild :om we h j se5 s joy\sly br&i%+ 8 w9dmill4 ,x is evid5t1 h[ev]1 t ?is c>icature greatly exasp]at$ ,sa*ev]ell & ! p>ty :i* support$ him4 ,x w h be5 notic$ t ! writ] j quot$1 9 us+ ! t]m pr9t1 ignores altoge!r t ( c>icature1 :i*1 h[ev]1 0 ab\t ?is "t beg9n+ to come into use1 al?\gh x is n f\nd 9 ! diction>ies1 ,i believe1 until ! appe>ance ( t ( ,dr4 ,johnson1 9 #agee4 ,c>icature is1 ( c\rse1 an ,italian ^w1 d]iv$ f ! v]b c>ic>e1 to *>ge or load2 & !re=e1 x means a picture :i* is *>g$1 or exagg]at$ 7! old ,fr5* diction>ies say1 c'e/ la mme *ose que *>ge en pe9ture74 ,! ^w appe>s n to h come into use 9 ,italy until ! latt] half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & ! e>lie/ in/ance ,i "k ( its employm5t by an ,engli% writ] is t quot$ by ,johnson f ! ,*ri/ian ,morals ( ,sir ,?omas ,br[n1 :o di$ 9 #afhb1 b x 0 "o ( 8 late/ writ+s1 & 0 n pr9t$ till long aft] 8 dea?3--,expose n ?yself by f\r-foot$ mann]s unto mon/r\s draughts 7i4e4 draw+s7 & c>icatura repres5tations4 ,?is v qua9t writ]1 :o _h pass$ "s "t 9 ,italy1 evid5tly uses x z an exotic ^w4 ,we f9d x next employ$ by ! writ] ( ! ,essay ,no4 #ecg1 ( ! ,spectator1 :o1 speak+ ( ! way 9 :i* diff]5t p 7 l$ by feel+s ( jeal\sy & prejudice to detract f ! *>act]s ( o!rs1 goes on to say1 ,f all ^! h&s we h su* draughts ( mank9d z are repres5t$ 9 ^? burlesque pictures :i* ! ,italians call c>icaturas1 :]e ! art consi/s 9 pres]v+1 amid/ di/ort$ proportions & aggravat$ features1 "s di/+ui%+ lik5ess ( ! p]son1 b 9 su* a mann] z to trans=m ! mo/ agreeable beauty into ! mo/ odi\s mon/]4 ,! ^w 0 n fully e/abli%$ 9 our language 9 its ,engli% =m ( c>icature until late 9 ! la/ c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aib4 ,atlas4 ,! subject ( agitation :i* produc$ a great] numb] ( c>icatures ?an any previ\s ev5t 0 ! wild f9ancial s*eme introduc$ into ,france by ! ,scotti% adv5tur]1 ,law1 & imitat$ 9 ,engl& 9 ! great ,s\? ,sea ,bubble4 ,x w\ld be impossible "h1 )9 our necess>y limits1 to attempt to trace ! hi/ory ( ^! bubbles1 :i* all bur/ 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye> #agbj2 &1 9 fact1 x is a hi/ory ( :i* few are ignorant4 ,on ?is1 z on =m] occasions1 ! great mass ( ! c>icatures1 especially ^? aga9/ ! ,mississippi s*eme1 7 execut$ 9 ,holl&1 b !y are mu* inf]ior to ! works ( ,roma9 de ,hooghe4 ,9 fact1 s great 0 ! dem& = ^! c>icatures1 t ! publi%]s1 9 _! eag]ness = ga91 n only delug$ ! _w ) plates by arti/s ( no tal5t1 :i* 7 )\t po9t or int]e/1 b !y took old plates ( any subject 9 :i* !re 0 a multitude ( figures1 put new titles to !m1 & publi%$ !m z satires on ! ,mississippi s*eme2 = p 7 ready to take any?+ :i* repres5t$ a cr[d z a satire on ! eag]ness ) :i* ,fr5*m5 ru%$ into ! %>e-m>ket4 ,"o or two curi\s in/ances ( ?is deception might be po9t$ out4 ,?us1 an old picture1 evid5tly int5d$ to repres5t ! meet+ ( a k+ & a nobleman1 9 ! c\rt ( a palace1 surr\nd$ by a cr[d ( c\rti]s1 9 ! co/ume probably ( ! "t ( ,h5ri ,,iv41 0 republi%$ z a picture ( p cr[d+ to ! gr& sc5e ( /ock-jobb+ 9 ,p>is1 ! ,rue ,qu9qu5poix2 & ! old picture ( ! battle betwe5 ,c>nival & ,l5t came out aga91 a little re-t\*$1 "u ! ,dut* title1 ,/ryd tusz5 de smull5de ,bubbel-,he]5 en de aan/a&e ,armo$e1 i4e41 ,! battle betwe5 ! good-liv+ bubble-lords & approa*+ pov]ty4 ,besides be+ issu$ s+ly1 a consid]able numb] ( ^! pr9ts 7 collect$ & publi%$ 9 a volume1 :i* is /ill met ) n unfrequ5tly1 "u ! title ,het groote ,taf]eel d] ,dwaa%eid1 ,! great picture ( folly4 ,"o ( ?is set ( pr9ts repres5ts a multitude ( p]sons1 ( all ages & sexes1 act+ ! "p ( ,atlas 9 support+ on _! backs globes1 :i*1 ?\gh made only ( pap]1 _h become1 ?r\gh ! agitation ( ! /ock ex*ange1 heavi] ?an gold4 ,law himself 7see our cut ,no4 #aib7 /&s =emo/1 & requires ! assi/ance ( ,h]cules to support 8 enorm\s bur!n4 ,9 ! ,fr5* v]ses accompany+ ?is pr9t1 ! writ] says-- ,ami ,atlas1 on voit 7sans cont] v\s et moi7 ,faire l',atlas p>t\t des div]s p]sonnages1 ,ri*e1 pauvre1 homme1 femme1 et sot et quasi-sage1 ,valet1 et paisan1 le gueux s'eleve en roi4 ,ano!r ( ^! c>icatures repres5ts ,law 9 ! "* ( ,don ,quixote1 rid+ ^u ,san*o's donkey4 ,he is ha/5+ to 8 ,dulc9ia1 :o waits = him 9 ! actie huis 7action or %>e-h\se71 t[>ds :i* p are dragg+ ! animal on :i* he is seat$4 ,! devil 7see our cut ,no4 #aic71 sits beh9d ,law1 & holds up ! ass's tail1 :ile a %[] ( pap]1 9 ! =m ( %>es 9 companies1 is scatt]$ ar\nd1 & scrambl$ = by ! eag] actionnaires4 ,9 front1 ! animal is lad5 ) ! money into :i* ?is pap] has be5 turn$1--! box be>s ! inscription1 ,bomb>ioos ,geldki/1 #agbj1 ,bomb>io's 7,law's7 gold *e/2 & ! flag be>s ! inscription1 ,ik koom1 ik koom1 ,dulc9ia1 ,i come1 ,i come1 ,dulc9ia4 ,! be/1 p]haps1 ( ?is lot ( c>icatures is a l>ge engrav+ by ! well-kn[n ,pic>t1 ins]t$ among ! ,dut* collection ) explanations 9 ,dut* & ,fr5*1 & :i* 0 re-engrav$ 9 ,london1 ) ,engli% descriptions & applications4 ,x is a g5]al satire on ! madness ( ! memorable ye> #agbj4 ,folly appe>s z ! *>iote] ( ,=tune1 ^: c> is drawn by ! repres5tatives ( ! num]\s companies :i* _h sprung up at ?is "t1 mo/ ( :i* appe> to be m or less uns\nd4 ,_m ( ^! ag5ts h ! tails ( foxes1 to %[ _! policy & cunn+1 z ! explanation in=ms u4 ,! devil is se5 9 ! cl\ds above1 bl[+ bubbles ( soap1 :i* mix ) ! pap] :i* ,=tune is di/ribut+ to ! cr[d4 ,! picture is cr[d$ ) figures1 scatt]$ 9 gr\ps1 :o are employ$ 9 a v>iety ( occupations connect$ ) ! great folly ( ! day1 "o ( :i*1 z an example1 is giv5 9 our cut ,no4 #aid4 ,x is a transf] ( /ock1 made ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a ,jew brok]4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aic4 ,! ,don ,quixote ( ,f9ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aid4 ,transf] ( ,/ock4 ,x 0 9 ?is bubble agitation t ! ,engli% s*ool ( c>icature began1 & a few specim5s are pres]v$1 ?\gh o!rs :i* are adv]tis$ 9 ! newspap]s ( t day1 seem to be entirely lo/4 ,9 fact1 a v consid]able portion ( ! c>icature lit]ature ( a p]iod s comp>atively rec5t z ! fir/ half ( ! la/ c5tury1 appe>s to h p]i%$2 = ! int]e/ ( ^! pr9ts 0 9 g5]al s entirely tempor>y t few p took any c>e to pres]ve !m1 & few ( !m 7 v attractive z pictures4 ,z yet1 inde$1 ^! ,engli% pr9ts are b poor imitations ( ! works ( ,pic>t & o!r cont95tal arti/s4 ,a pair ( ,engli% pr9ts1 entitl$ ,! ,bubbl]'s ,mirr\r1 repres5ts1 "o a head joyful at ! rise 9 ! value ( /ock1 ! o!r1 a simil> head sorr[ful at its fall1 surr\nd$ 9 ea* case ) li/s ( companies & epigrams ^u !m4 ,!y are engrav$ 9 mezzot9to1 a /yle ( art suppos$ to h be5 inv5t$ 9 ,engl&--its inv5tion 0 ascrib$ to ,pr9ce ,rup]t--& at ?is "t v popul>4 ,9 ! impr9t ( ^! la/-m5tion$ plates1 we are in=m$ t !y 7 ,pr9t$ = ,c>+ton ,b[les1 next ye ,*apt] ,h\se1 9 ,/4 ,paul's ,*4 ,y>d1 ,london1 a well-kn[n "n 9 =m] ye>s1 & ev5 n[ "o q famili> to collectors1 ( ?is class ( pr9ts1 especially4 ,( ,c>+ton ,b[les we %all h m to say 9 ! next *apt]4 ,) him beg9s ! long li/ ( celebrat$ ,engli% pr9tsell]s4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,engli% ,,c>icature ,,9 ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,george ,,ii4--,,engli% ,,pr9tsell]s4--,,arti/s ,,employ$ ,,by ,,!m4--,,sir ,,rob]t ,,walpole',s ,,long ,,m9i/ry4--,,! ,,w> ,,) ,,france4--,,! ,,newca/le ,,adm9i/ration4--,,op]a ,,intrigues4--,,accession ,,( ,,george ,,iii41 ,,& ,,"l ,,bute ,,9 ,,p[]4 ,) ! accession ( ,george ,,ii41 ! ta/e = political c>icatures increas$ greatly1 & !y _h become almo/ a necessity ( social life4 ,at ?is "t1 too1 a di/9ct ,engli% s*ool ( political c>icature _h be5 e/abli%$1 & ! pr9t-sell]s became m num]\s1 & took a high] position 9 ! comm]ce ( lit]ature & art4 ,among ! e>lie/ ( ^! pr9tsell]s ! "n ( ,b[les /&s especially conspicu\s4 ,hog>?'s burlesque on ! ,begg>'s ,op]a1 publi%$ 9 #agbh1 0 pr9t$ = ,john ,b[les1 at ! ,black ,horse1 9 ,cornhill4 ,"s copies ( ,k+ ,h5ry ! ,eigh? & ,anna ,bull51 engrav$ by ! same great arti/ 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 be> ! impr9t ( ,john ,b[les2 & o!rs 7 pr9t$ = ,rob]t ,wilk9son1 ,cornhill1 ,c>+ton ,b[les1 9 ,/4 ,paul's ,*ur* ,y>d1 & ,r4 ,say]1 9 ,fleet ,/reet4 ,hog>?'s ,hum\rs ( ,s\?w>k ,fair 0 also publi%$1 9 #agcc1 by ,c>+ton & ,john ,b[les4 ,?is ,c>+ton ,b[les 01 p]haps1 dead 9 #agee1 = 9 t ye> ! c>icature entitl$ ,briti% ,res5tm5t be>s ! impr9t1 ,pr9t$ = ,t4 ,b[les1 9 ,/4 ,paul's ,*ur* ,y>d1 & ,jno4 ,b[les ,son1 9 ,cornhill4 ,john ,b[les appe>s to h be5 ! bro!r ( ! fir/ ,c>+ton ,b[les 9 ,/4 ,paul's ,*ur*y>d1 & a son nam$ ,c>+ton succe$$ to t bus9ess1 :i*1 "u him & 8 son ,c>+ton1 & !n z ! e/abli%m5t ( ,b[les & ,c>v]1 has cont9u$ to exi/ )9 ! memory ( ! pres5t g5]ation4 ,ano!r v celebrat$ pr9t%op 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,fleet ,/reet by ,?omas ,ov]ton1 probably z f> back z ! close ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,on 8 dea? 8 bus9ess 0 pur*as$ by ,rob]t ,say]s1 a mezzot9to engrav] ( m]it1 ^: "n appe>s z jo9t publi%] ( a pr9t by ,hog>? 9 #agbi4 ,ov]ton is said to h be5 a p]sonal fri5d ( ,hog>?4 ,say]s 0 succe$$ 9 ! bus9ess by 8 pupil 9 mezzot9to engrav+1 nam$ ,laurie1 f :om x desc5d$ to 8 son1 ,rob]t ,h4 ,laurie1 kn[n 9 city politics1 & x became subsequ5tly ! firm ( ,laurie & ,:ittle4 ,?is bus9ess /ill exi/s at #ec1 ,fleet ,/reet1 ! olde/ e/abli%m5t 9 ,london = ! publication ( maps & pr9ts4 ,dur+ ! reign ( ! second ,george1 ! numb] ( publi%]s ( c>icatures increas$ consid]ably1 & among o!rs1 we meet ) ! names ( ,j4 ,smi?1 at ,hog>?'s ,head1 ,*eapside1 atta*$ to a c>icature publi%$ ,augu/1 #agef2 ,edw>ds & ,d>ly1 at ! ,gold5 ,acorn1 fac+ ,hung]=d1 ,/r&1 :o also publi%$ c>icatures dur+ ! ye>s #agef-g2 c>icatures & burlesque pr9ts 7 publi%$ by ,g4 ,bickham1 ,may's ,build+s1 ,cov5t ,g>d51 & "o1 direct$ aga9/ ! employm5t ( =eign troops1 & entitl$ ,a ,nurse = ! ,hessians1 is /at$ to h be5 sold 9 ,may's ,build+s1 ,cov5t ,g>d51 :]e is #ej m2 ,! ,r>ee ,%[1 publi%$ 9 #agfb1 0 sold at ,sumpt]'s ,political ,pr9t-%op1 ,fleet ,/reet1 & _m c>icatures on contempor>y co/ume1 especially on ! ,mac>onis1 ab\t ! ye> #aggb1 7 publi%$ by ,t4 ,b[51 opposite ! ,haym>ket1 ,piccadilly4 ,sl$ge1 pr9tsell]1 ,h5rietta ,/reet1 ,cov5t ,g>d51 is also met ) ab\t ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,among o!r burlesque pr9ts1 ,bickham1 ( ,may's ,build+s1 issu$ a s]ies ( figures repres5t+ ! v>i\s trades1 made up ( ! diff]5t tools1 c41 us$ by ea*4 ,! h\se ( ,c>+ton ,b[les1 9 ,/4 ,paul's ,*ur*y>d1 produc$ an imm5se numb] ( c>icatures1 dur+ ! la/ c5tury & ! pres5t1 & ( ! mo/ v>i$ "*1 b !y consi/$ m ( comic sc5es ( society ?an ( political subjects1 & _m ( !m 7 engrav$ 9 mezzot9to1 & r highly col\r$4 ,among !m 7 c>icatures on ! fa%ions & foibles ( ! day1 amus+ accid5ts & incid5ts1 common occurr5ces ( life1 *>act]s1 41 & !y are frequ5tly aim$ at lawy]s & prie/s1 & especially at monks & fri>s1 = ! anti-,ca?olic feel+ 0 /rong 9 ! la/ c5tury4 ,j4 ,bro!rton1 at ,no4 #acb1 ,new ,bond ,/reet1 publi%$ _m ( ,bunbury's c>icatures2 :ile ! h\se ( ,laurie & ,:ittle gave employm5t especially to ! ,cruik%anks4 ,b p]haps ! mo/ ext5sive publi%] ( c>icatures ( !m all 0 ,s4 ,w4 ,=es1 :o dwelt fir/ at ,no4 #c1 ,piccadilly1 b aft]w>ds e/abli%$ himself at ,no4 #ej1 ! corn] ( ,sackville ,/reet1 :]e ! "n /ill rema9s4 ,=es seems to h be5 mo/ f]tile 9 +5i\s exp$i5ts = ! ext5sion ( 8 bus9ess4 ,he =m$ a sort ( libr>y ( c>icatures & o!r pr9ts1 & *>g$ = admission to look at !m2 & he aft]w>ds adopt$ a sy/em ( l5d+ !m out 9 portfolios = ev5+ p>ties1 at :i* ^! portfolios ( c>icatures became a v fa%ionable amusem5t 9 ! latt] "p ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,at times1 "s rem>kable curiosity 0 employ$ to add to ! attractions ( 8 %op4 ,?us1 on c>icatures publi%$ 9 #agij1 we f9d ! /atem5t t1 ,9 ,=es' ,c>icature ,museum is ! complete/ collection 9 ! k+dom4 ,also ! head & h& ( ,c\nt ,/ru5zee4 ,admittance1 #as4 ,c>icatures aga9/ ! ,fr5* revolutioni/s1 publi%$ 9 #agic1 be> impr9ts /at+ t !y 7 publi%$ by ,s4 ,w4 ,=es1 ,no4 #c1 ,piccadilly1 :]e may be se5 a complete ,model ( ! ,guillot9e--admittance1 "o %ill+4 ,9 "s ?is model is said to be six feet high4 ,among ! arti/s employ$ by ! pr9t-publi%]s ( ! age ( ,george ,,ii41 we /ill f9d a c]ta9 numb] ( =eign]s4 ,coypel1 :o c>icatur$ ! op]a 9 ! days ( ,f>9elli1 & pirat$ ,hog>?1 belong$ to a di/+ui%$ family ( ,fr5* pa9t]s4 ,g\py1 :o also c>icatur$ ! arti/es ( ! op]a 79 #agbg71 & ,boit>d1 :o work$ actively = ,c>+ton ,b[les f #agej to #aggj1 7 also ,fr5*m54 ,liot>d1 ano!r c>icaturi/ ( ! "t ( ,george ,,ii41 0 a native ( ,g5eva4 ,! names ( two o!rs1 ,v&]gu*t & ,v&]bank1 proclaim !m ,dut*m54 ,among ! ,engli% c>icaturi/s :o work$ = ! h\se ( ,b[les1 7 ,george ,bickham1 ! bro!r ( ! pr9tsell]1 ,john ,collet1 & ,rob]t ,dighton1 ) o!rs ( less repute4 ,r4 ,attwold1 :o publi%$ c>icatures aga9/ admiral ,byng 9 #agej1 0 an imitator ( ,hog>?4 ,among ! m obscure c>icaturi/s ( ! latt] "p ( ! half-c5tury1 7 ,mac,ardell--^: pr9t ( ,! ,p>k ,%[]1 repres5t+ ! confusion rais$ among ! fa%ionable company 9 ! ,mall 9 ,/4 ,james's ,p>k by a sudd5 fall ( ra91 is s well kn[n--& ,d>ley4 ,paul ,s&by1 :o 0 patronis$ by ! duke ( ,cumb]l&1 execut$ c>icatures ^u ,hog>?4 ,_m ( ^! arti/s ( ! e>li] p]iod ( ! ,engli% s*ool ( c>icature appe> to h be5 v ill paid--! fir/ ( ! family ( ,b[les is said to h boa/$ t he b\ght _m ( ! plates = little m ?an _! value z metal4 ,! gr[+ ta/e = c>icature _h also br\ght =w>d a numb] ( amateurs1 among :om 7 ! c\ntess ( ,burl+ton1 & g5]al1 aft]w>ds m>quis1 ,t[n%5d4 ,! =m]1 :o 0 ! lady ( t e>l :o built ,burl+ton ,h\se1 9 ,piccadilly1 0 ! lead] ( "o ( ! factions 9 ! op]a disputes at ! close ( ! reign ( ,george ,i41 & is und]/ood to h design$ ! well-kn[n c>icature ^u ,cuzzoni1 ,f>9elli1 & ,heidegg]1 :i* 0 et*$ by ,g\py1 :om %e patronis$4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t ,bunbury himself1 z well z ,say]s1 7 amateurs2 & among o!r amateurs ,i may "n capta9 ,m9?ull1 capta9 ,baillie1 & ,john ,nixon4 ,! fir/ ( ^! publi%$ c>icatures aga9/ ! ,mac>onis 7z ! d&ies ( ! e>li] "p ( ! reign ( ,george ,,iii4 7 call$71 "o ( :i*1 entitl$ ,! ,mac>oni ,dress+-,room1 0 especially popul>4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aie4 ,a ,p>ty ( ,m\rn]s4 ,engli% political c>icature came into its full activity ) ! m9i/ry ( ,sir ,rob]t ,walpole1 :i*1 beg9n+ 9 #agba1 la/$ ?r\gh ! long p]iod ( tw5ty ye>s4 ,9 ! previ\s p]iod ! ,:igs 7 accus$ ( hav+ inv5t$ c>icature1 b n[ ! ,tories c]ta9ly took ! utmo/ advantage ( ! inv5tion1 =1 dur+ sev]al ye>s1 ! great] numb] ( ! c>icatures :i* 7 publi%$ 7 aim$ aga9/ ! ,:ig m9i/ry4 ,x is also a r rem>kable *>act]i/ic ( society at ?is p]iod1 t ! ladies took s great an int]e/ 9 politics1 t ! c>icatures 7 l>gely introduc$ ^u fans1 z well z ^u o!r objects ( an equally p]sonal "*4 ,moreov]1 ! popul> notion ( :at con/itut$ a c>icature 0 /ill s little fix$1 t !y 7 usually call$ hi]oglyphics1 a t]m1 inde$1 :i* 0 n ill appli$1 = !y 7 s elaborate1 & s fill$ ) my/ical allusions1 t n[ x is by no means easy to und]/& or appreciate !m4 ,t[>ds ! ye> #agci1 !re 0 a m>k$ improvem5t 9 ! political c>icatures--!y 7 bett] design$1 & display$ m tal5t1 b /ill !y requir$ r long descriptions to r5d] !m intelligible4 ,"o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ 0 produc$ by ! motion 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 ,feb4 #ac1 #agda1 aga9/ ! m9i/] ,walpole4 ,x 0 entitl$ ,! ,motion1 & 0 a ,:ig satire ^u ! opposition1 :o are repres5t$ z driv+ s hurri$ly & inconsid]ately to obta9 places1 t !y are ov]?r[n be=e !y rea* _! object4 ,! p>ty ( ! opposition retaliat$ by a c\nt]-c>icature1 entitl$1 ,! ,reason1 :i* 0 9 "s respects a p>ody ^u ! o!r1 to :i* x 0 inf]ior 9 po9t & _s4 ,at ! same "t appe>$ ano!r c>icature aga9/ ! m9i/ry1 "u ! title ( ,! ,motive4 ,^! provok$ ano!r1 entitl$1 ,a ,consequ5ce ( ! ,motion2 :i* 0 foll[$ ! day aft] its publication by ano!r c>icature ^u ! opposition1 entitl$1 ,! ,political ,lib]t9es2 or1 ,motion ^u ,motion2 :ile ! oppon5ts ( ! gov]nm5t also br\ght out a c>icature1 entitl$1 ,! ,gr\nds1 a viol5t & r gross attack ^u ! ,:igs4 ,among o!r c>icatures publi%$ on ?is occasion1 "o ( ! be/ 0 entitl$1 ,! ,fun]al ( ,faction1 & be>s ! date ( ,m>* #bf1 #agda4 ,b5ea? x are ! words1 ,fun]als p]=m$ by ,squire ,s----s1 allud+ to ,s&ys1 :o 0 ! motion-mak] 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 & :o ?us br\ght on 8 p>ty a signal defeat4 ,among ! *ief m\rn]s on ?is occasion are se5 ! opposition j\rnals1 ,! ,craftsman1 ! creation ( ,bol+broke & ,pult5ey1 ! /ill m scurril\s ,*ampion1 ,! ,daily ,po/1 ,! ,london & ,ev5+ ,po/1 & ,! ,common ,s5se ,j\rnal4 ,?is m\rnful gr\p is reproduc$ 9 our cut ,no4 #aie4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aif4 ,briti% ,res5tm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aig4 ,britannia 9 a ,new ,dress4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aih4 ,caught by a ,bait4 ,f ?is "t !re 0 no fall+ (f 9 ! supply ( c>icatures1 :i*1 on ! contr>y1 seem$ to increase e ye>1 until ! activity ( ! pictorial satiri/s 0 r\s$ anew by ! ho/ilities ) ,france 9 #agee1 & ! m9i/]ial intrigues ( ! two foll[+ ye>s4 ,! w>1 accept$ by ! ,engli% gov]nm5t reluctantly1 & ill prep>$ =1 0 ! subject ( mu* discont5t1 al?\gh at fir/ hopes 7 giv5 ( great success4 ,"o ( ! c>icatures1 publi%$ 9 ! middle ( ^! e>ly hopes1 at a "t :5 an ,engli% fleet lay be=e ,l\isb\rg1 9 ,canada1 is entitl$1 ,briti% ,res5tm5t1 or ! ,fr5* fairly coop'd at ,l\isb\rg1 & came f ! p5cil ( ! ,fr5* arti/ ,boit>d4 ,"o ( its gr\ps1 repres5t+ ! c\rage\s ,engli% sailor & ! despair+ ,fr5*man1 is giv5 9 our cut ,no4 #aif1 & may s]ve z an example ( ,boit>d's /yle ( draw+4 ,x became n[ ! fa%ion to pr9t political c>icatures1 9 a dim9i%$ =m1 on c>ds1 & sev5ty-five ( ^! 7 =m$ into a small volume1 "u ! title ( ,a ,political & ,satirical ,hi/ory ( ! ye>s #agef & #ageg4 ,9 a s]ies ( sev5ty-five humor\s & ent]ta9+ ,pr9ts1 conta9+ all ! mo/ rem>kable ,transactions1 ,*>act]s1 & ,c>icaturas ( ^? two memorable ye>s4444 ,london3 pr9t$ = ,e4 ,morris1 ne> ,/4 ,paul's4 ,! impr9ts ( ! plates1 :i* be> ! dates ( _! sev]al publications1 in=m u t !y came f ! well-kn[n %op ( ,d>ly & ,edw>ds1 at ! ,acorn1 fac+ ,hung]=d1 ,/r&4 ,^! c>icatures beg9 ) our =eign relations1 & express ! belief t ! m9i/]s 7 sacrific+ ,engli% int]e/s to ,fr5* influ5ce4 ,9 "o ( !m 7our cut ,no4 #aig71 entitl$1 ,engl& made odi\s1 or ! ,fr5* ,dress]s1 ! m9i/]1 ,newca/le1 9 ! g>b ( a woman1 & 8 colleague1 ,fox1 h dress$ ,britannia 9 a new ,fr5* robe1 :i* does n fit h]4 ,%e exclaims1 ,let me h my own cloa!s4 ,i _c /ir my arms 9 ^!2 besides1 ev]ybody laughs at me4 ,newca/le replies1 r imp]i\sly1 ,hussy1 be quiet1 y h no ne$ to /ir y\r arms--:y1 sure6 :at's "h to d8 ,:ile ,fox1 9 a m ins9uat+ tone1 (f]s h] a fleur-de-lis1 & says1 ,"h1 madam1 /ick ?is 9 y\r bosom1 next y\r he>t4 ,! two pictures :i* adorn ! walls ( ! room repres5t an axe & a halt]2 & und]nea? we read ! l9es1-- ,& %all ! sub/itutes ( p[] ,our g5ius ?us b$eck8 ,let !m rememb] !re's an h\r ,( quittance--!n1 w>e neck4 ,9 ano!r pr9t ( ?is s]ies1 ?is la/ idea is illu/rat$ m fully4 ,x is aim$ at ! m9i/]s1 :o 7 believ$ to be enri*+ !mselves at ! exp5se ( ! nation1 & is entitl$1 ,! ,devil turn$ ,bird-cat*]4 ,on "o side1 :ile ,fox is gre$ily scrambl+ = ! gold1 ! fi5d has caught him 9 a halt] susp5d$ to ! gall[s2 on ! o!r side ano!r demon is lett+ d[n ! fatal axe on ,newca/le1 :o is simil>ly employ$4 ,! latt] 7see our cut ,no4 #aih7 is describ$ z a ,noddy cat*+ at ! bait1 :ile ! bird-cat*] lets drop an axe4 ,?is implem5t ( execution is a p]fect picture ( a guillot9e1 long be=e x 0 s notori\sly 9 use 9 ,france4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #aii4 ,briti% ,idolatry4 ,! ?ird example ( ^! c>icatures :i* ,i %all quote is entitl$ ,! ,idol1 & has = its subject ! extravagancies & p]sonal jeal\sies connect$ ) ! ,italian op]a4 ,! rivalry betwe5 ,m+otti & ,vannes*i 0 n[ mak+ z mu* noise !re z t ( ,cuzzoni & ,fau/9a "s ye>s be=e4 ,! =m] act$ arbitr>ily & caprici\sly1 & c\ld ) difficulty be b\nd to s+ a few times dur+ ! season = a high sal>y3 x is said1 #b1jjj = ! season4 ,9 ! c>icature to :i* ,i allude1 ?is lady appe>s rais$ ^u a /ool1 inscrib$ #b1jjj p] annum1 & is receiv+ ! wor%ip ( h] admir]s4 ,imm$iately be=e h] an ecclesia/ic is se5 on 8 knees1 exclaim+1 ,unto !e be praise n[ & = ev]more6 ,9 ! backgr\nd a lady appe>s1 hold+ up h] pug-dog1 !n ! fa%ionable pet1 & address+ ! op]a fav\rite1 ',tis only pug & y ,i love4 ,o!r m5 are on _! knees beh9d ! ecclesia/ic1 all p]sons ( di/9ction2 & la/ comes a nobleman & 8 lady1 ! =m] hold+ 9 8 h& an ord] = #b1jjj1 8 subscription to ! op]a1 & rem>k+1 ,we %all h b twelve songs = all ?is money4 ,! lady replies1 ) an air ( contempt1 ,well1 & en\gh too1 = ! paltry trifle4 ,! idol1 9 return = all ?is homage1 s+s r contemptu\sly-- ,ra1 ru1 ra1 rot ye1 ,my "n is ,m+otti1 ,if y wor%ip me notti1 ,y %all all g to potti4 ,! clos+ ye>s ( ! reign ( ,george ,,ii41 "u ! vigor\s adm9i/ration ( ! fir/ ,william ,pitt1 witness$ a calm 9 ! dome/ic politics ( ! c\ntry1 :i* pres5t$ a /range contra/ to ! agitation ( ! previ\s p]iod4 ,faction seem$ to h hidd5 its head1 & !re 0 comp>atively little employm5t = ! c>icaturi/4 ,b ?is calm la/$ only a %ort "t aft] t k+'s dea?1 & ! new reign 0 u%]$ 9 by indications ( approa*+ political agitation ( ! mo/ viol5t description1 9 :i* satiri/s :o _h hi!rto cont5t$ !mselves ) o!r subjects 7 tempt$ to emb>k 9 ! /rife ( politics4 ,among ^! 0 ,hog>?1 ^: discom=ts z a political c>icaturi/ we %all h to describe 9 our next *apt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bjj4 ,fox on ,boots4 ,p]haps no "n ev] provok$ a great] am\nt ( c>icature & satirical abuse ?an t ( ,"l ,bute1 :o1 ?r\gh ! fav\r ( ! ,pr9cess ( ,wales1 rul$ supreme at c\rt dur+ ! fir/ p]iod ( ! reign ( ,george ,,iii4 ,bute _h tak5 into ! m9i/ry1 z 8 confid5tial colleague1 ,fox--! ,h5ry ,fox :o became subsequ5tly ! fir/ ,"l ,holl&1 a man :o _h enri*$ himself enorm\sly ) ! money ( ! nation1 & ^! two appe>$ to be aim+ at ! e/abli%m5t ( arbitr>y p[] 9 ! place ( con/itutional gov]nm5t4 ,fox 0 usually repres5t$ 9 ! c>icatures ) ! head & tail ( ! animal repres5t$ by 8 "n r /rongly develop$2 :ile ,bute 0 drawn1 z a v bad pun ^u 8 "n1 9 ! g>b ( a ,scot*man1 we>+ two l>ge boots1 or sometimes a s+le boot ( /ill great] magnitude4 ,9 ^! c>icatures ,bute & ,fox are g5]ally c\pl$ toge!r4 ,?us1 a little be=e ! resignation ( ! duke ( ,newca/le 9 #agfb1 !re appe>$ a c>icature entitl$ ,! ,/ate ,nurs]y1 9 :i* ! v>i\s memb]s ( ! m9i/ry1 z x 0 !n =m$ "u ,"l ,bute's influ5ce1 are repres5t$ z engag$ 9 *ildi% games4 ,fox1 z ! :ipp]-9 ( p>liam5t>y majorities1 is rid+1 arm$ ) 8 :ip1 on ,bute's %\ld]s 7see our cut ,no4 #bjj71 :ile ! duke ( ,newca/le p]=ms ! m m5ial s]vice ( rock+ ! cradle4 ,9 ! rhymes :i* accompany ?is c>icature1 ! fir/ ( ^! gr\ps is describ$ z foll[s 7,fox 0 commonly spok5 ( 9 satire by ! title ( ,volpone7-- ,fir/ y see old sly ,volpone-y1 ,rid+ on ! %\ld]s brawny ,( ! muckle fav\rite ,sawny2 ,doodle1 doodle1 doo4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bja4 ,fanaticism 9 ano!r ,%ape4 ,! numb] ( c>icatures publi%$ at ?is p]iod 0 v great1 & !y 7 almo/ all aim$ 9 "o direction1 aga9/ ,bute & ,fox1 ! ,pr9cess ( ,wales1 & ! gov]nm5t !y direct$4 ,c>icature1 at ?is "t1 ran into ! lea/ disguis$ lic5ce1 & ! co>se/ allusions 7 made to ! suppos$ secret int]c\rse betwe5 ! m9i/] & ! ,pr9cess ( ,wales1 ( :i* p]haps ! mo/ h>mless 0 ! addition ( a petticoat to ! boot1 z a symbol ( ! influ5ce "u :i* ! c\ntry 0 gov]n$4 ,9 mock processions & c]emonies a ,scot*man 0 g5]ally introduc$ c>ry+ ! /&>d ( ! boot & petticoat4 ,"l ,bute1 fright5$ at ! am\nt ( odium :i* 0 ?us heap$ ^u him1 f\ght to /em ! torr5t by employ+ satiri/s to def5d ! gov]nm5t1 & x is h>dly necess>y to /ate t among ^! m]c5>y auxili>ies 0 ! great ,hog>? himself1 :o accept$ a p5sion1 & publi%$ 8 c>icature entitl$1 ,! ,times1 ,nov4 #a1 9 ! mon? ( ,septemb]1 #agfb4 ,hog>? did n excel 9 political c>icature1 & !re 0 little 9 ?is pr9t to di/+ui% x above ! ord9>y publications ( a simil> "*4 ,x 0 ! mom5t ( negotiations = ,"l ,bute's unpopul> peace1 & ,hog>?'s satire is direct$ aga9/ ! =eign policy ( ! great ex-m9i/] ,pitt4 ,x repres5ts ,europe 9 a /ate ( g5]al conflagration1 & ! flames already communicat+ to ,great ,brita94 ,:ile ,pitt is bl[+ ! fire1 ,bute1 ) a p>ty ( soldi]s & sailors zeal\sly assi/$ by 8 fav\rite ,scot*m51 is lab\r+ to ext+ui% x4 ,9 ?is he is imp$$ by ! int]f]5ce ( ! duke ( ,newca/le1 :o br+s a :eelb>r[ full ( ,monitors & ,nor? ,britons1 ! viol5t opposition j\rnals1 to fe$ ! flames4 ,! advocacy ( ,bute's m]c5>ies1 :e!r lit]>y or arti/ic1 did little s]vice to ! gov]nm5t1 = !y only provok$ increas$ activity among its oppon5ts4 ,hog>?'s c>icature ( ,! ,times1 drew sev]al answ]s1 "o ( ! be/ ( :i* 0 a l>ge pr9t entitl$ ,! ,r>ee ,%[3 a political contra/ to ! pr9t ( ',! ,times1' by ,william ,hog>?4 ,x is ! h\se ( ,john ,bull :i* is "h on fire1 & ! ,scots are danc+ & exult+ at x4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! picture appe>s a great actors' b>n1 f an upp] w9d[ ( :i* ,fox ?ru/s out 8 head & po9ts to ! sign1 repres5t+ neas & ,dido ent]+ ! cave toge!r1 z ! p]=mance :i* 0 act+ )94 ,x is an allusion to ! sc&al 9 g5]al circulation relat+ to ,bute & ! pr9cess1 :o1 ( c\rse1 7 ! neas & ,dido ( ! piece1 & appe> 9 ^? *>act]s on ! scaffold 9 front1 ) two ( ,bute's m]c5>y writ]s1 ,smollett1 :o edit$ ! ,briton1 & ,murphy1 :o wrote 9 ! ,auditor1 "o bl[+ ! trumpet & ! o!r beat+ ! drum4 ,among ! diff]5t gr\ps :i* fill ! picture1 "o1 beh9d ! actors' b>n 7see our cut ,no4 #bja71 is evid5tly int5d$ = a satire on ! _s ( religi\s fanaticism :i* 0 at ?is "t spread+ ?r\gh ! c\ntry4 ,an op5-air prea*]1 m\nt$ on a /ool1 is address+ a n v intellectual-look+ audi5ce1 :ile 8 inspiration is convey$ to him 9 a r vulg> mann] by ! _s1 n ( good1 b ( evil4 ,! viol5ce ( ?is political w>f>e at l5g? drove ,"l ,bute f at lea/ o/5sible p[]4 ,he resign$ on ! #f? ( ,april1 #agfc4 ,"o ( ! popul> fav\rites at ?is "t 0 ! duke ( ,cumb]l&1 ! h]o ( ,cullod51 :o 0 reg>d$ z ! lead] ( ! opposition 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords4 ,p n[ believ$ t x 0 ! duke ( ,cumb]l& :o _h ov]?r[n ! boot1 & 8 popul>ity increas$ on a sudd54 ,! triumph 0 commemorat$ 9 sev]al c>icatures4 ,"o ( ^! is entitl$1 ,! ,jack-,boot kick'd d[n1 or ,engli% ,w triumphant3 a ,dream4 ,! duke ( ,cumb]l&1 :ip 9 h&1 has kick$ ! boot out ( ! h\se1 exclaim+ to a "y man 9 tailor's g>b :o foll[s him1 ,let me alone1 ,n$2 ,i "k h[ to deal ) ,scotsm54 ,rememb] ,cullod54 ,! y\? replies1 ,kick h>d1 uncle1 keep him d[n4 ,let me h a kick too4 ,ne>ly ! same gr\p1 us+ simil> language1 is introduc$ into a c>icature ( ! same date1 entitl$1 ,! ,boot & ! ,blockhead4 ,! y\?ful p]sonage is no d\bt int5d$ = ,cumb]l&'s nephew1 ,edw>d1 duke ( ,york1 :o 0 a sailor1 & 0 rais$ to ! rank ( re>-admiral1 & :o appe>s to h jo9$ 8 uncle 9 8 opposition to ,"l ,bute4 ,! boot1 z se5 9 our cut ,no4 #bjb1 is encircl$ ) ,hog>?'s celebrat$ l9e ( beauty1 ( :i* ,i %all h to speak m at l5g? 9 ! next *apt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bjb4 ,! ,ov]?r[ ( ! ,boot4 ,) ! ov]?r[ ( ,bute's m9i/ry1 we may consid] ! ,engli% s*ool ( c>icature z completely =m$ & fully e/abli%$4 ,f ?is "t ! names ( ! c>icaturi/s are bett] kn[n1 & we %all h to consid] !m 9 _! individual *>act]s4 ,"o ( ^!1 ,william ,hog>?1 _h ris5 9 fame f> above ! gr\p ( ! ord9>y m5 by :om he 0 surr\nd$4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,hog>?4--,,8 ,,e>ly ,,hi/ory4--,,8 ,,sets ,,( ,,pictures4--,,! ,,h>lot',s ,,progress4--,,! ,,rake',s ,,progress4--,,! ,,m>riage ,a ,,la ,,mode4--,,8 ,,o!r ,,pr9ts4--,,! ,,analysis ,,( ,,beauty1 ,,& ,,! ,,p]secution ,,aris+ ,,out ,,( ,,x4--,,8 ,,patronage ,,by ,,"l ,,bute4--,,c>icature ,,( ,,! ,,times4--,,attacks ,,to ,,:i* ,,he ,,0 ,,expos$ ,,by ,,x1 ,,& ,,:i* ,,ha/5$ ,,8 ,,dea?4 ,on ! #aj? ( ,novemb]1 #afig1 ,william ,hog>? 0 born 9 ! city ( ,london4 ,8 fa!r1 ,ri*>d ,hog>?1 0 a ,london s*oolma/]1 :o lab\r$ to increase ! income d]iv$ f 8 s*ol>s by compil+ books1 b ) no great success4 ,f 8 *ildhood1 z he tells u 9 8 ,anecdotes ( himself1 ! "y ,hog>? display$ a ta/e = draw+1 & especially = c>icature2 &1 out ( s*ool1 he appe>s to h be5 seldom )\t a p5cil 9 8 h&4 ,! limit$ means ( ,ri*>d ,hog>? compell$ him to take ! boy f s*ool at an e>ly age1 & b9d him appr5tice to a /eel-plate engrav]4 ,b ?is occupation prov$ little to ! ta/e ( "o ^: ambition rose mu* high]2 & :5 ! t]m ( 8 appr5tice%ip _h expir$1 he appli$ himself to engrav+ on copp]2 &1 sett+ up on 8 own acc\nt1 did consid]able am\nt ( "w1 fir/ 9 engrav+ arms & %op-bills1 & aft]w>ds 9 design+ & engrav+ book illu/rations1 none ( :i* display$ any sup]iority ov] ! ord9>y run ( su* productions4 ,t[>ds #agbh ,hog>? began to practice z a pa9t]1 & he subsequ5tly att5d$ ! academy ( sir ,james ,?ornhill1 9 ,cov5t ,g>d51 :]e he became acqua9t$ ) t pa9t]'s only daught]1 ,jane4 ,! result 0 a cl&e/9e m>riage 9 #agcj1 :i* met ! disapproval & provok$ ! ang] ( ! lady's fa!r4 ,subsequ5tly1 h[ev]1 sir ,james became conv9c$ ( ! g5ius ( 8 son-9-law1 & a reconciliation 0 effect$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( lady ,?ornhill4 ,at ?is "t ,hog>? _h already comm5c$ t new /yle ( design :i* 0 de/9$ to raise him soon to a degree ( fame z an arti/ few m5 h ev] atta9$4 ,9 8 ,anecdotes ( himself1 ! pa9t] has giv5 u an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! motives by :i* he 0 guid$4 ,! reasons1 he says1 :i* induc$ me to adopt ?is mode ( design+ 71 t ,i ?\ght bo? writ]s & pa9t]s _h1 9 ! hi/orical /yle1 totally ov]look$ t int]m$iate species ( subjects :i* may be plac$ betwe5 ! sublime & ! grotesque4 ,i !re=e wi%$ to compose pictures on canvas simil> to repres5tations on ! /age2 & fur!r hope t !y w be tri$ by ! same te/1 & criticis$ by ! same crit]ion4 ,let x be obs]v$1 t ,i mean to speak only ( ^? sc5es :]e ! human species are actors1 & ^!1 ,i ?9k1 h n (t5 be5 del9eat$ 9 a way ( :i* !y are wor?y & capable4 ,9 ^! compositions1 ^? subjects t w bo? ent]ta9 & improve ! m9d bid fair to be ( ! greate/ public utility1 & mu/ !re=e be entitl$ to rank 9 ! highe/ class4 ,if ! execution is difficult 7?\gh t is b a second>y m]it71 ! au?or has claim to a high] degree ( praise4 ,if ?is be admitt$1 com$y1 9 pa9t+ z well z writ+1 ought to be allott$ ! fir/ place1 ?\gh ! sublime1 z x is call$1 has be5 oppos$ to x4 ,ocul> demon/ration w c>ry m conviction to ! m9d ( a s5sible man ?an all he w\ld f9d 9 a ?\s& volumes1 & ?is has be5 attempt$ 9 ! pr9ts ,i h compos$4 ,let ! decision be left to e unprejudic$ eye2 let ! figures 9 ei!r pictures or pr9ts be consid]$ z play]s dress$ ei!r = ! sublime1 = g5teel com$y or f>ce1 = high or l[ life4 ,i h endeav\r$ to treat my subjects z a dramatic writ]3 my picture is my /age1 & m5 & wom5 my play]s1 :o1 by means ( c]ta9 actions & ge/ures1 are to exhibit a dumb-%[4 ,! great s]ies ( pictures1 inde$1 :i* =m ! pr9cipal f\ndation ( ,hog>?'s fame1 are com$ies r ?an c>icatures1 & noble com$ies !y are4 ,l com$ies1 !y are arrang$1 by a s]ies ( successive plates1 9 acts & sc5es2 & !y repres5t contempor>y society pictorially1 j z x _h be5 & 0 repres5t$ on ! /age 9 ,engli% com$y4 ,x is n by delicacy or excell5ce ( draw+ t ,hog>? excels1 = he (t5 draws incorrectly2 b x is by 8 extraord9>y & m9ute del9eation ( "*1 & by 8 wond]ful skill 9 tell+ a /ory ?or\ghly4 ,9 ea* ( 8 plates we see a :ole act ( a play1 9 :i* no?+ is lo/1 no?+ gloss$ ov]1 &1 ,i may add1 no?+ exagg]at$4 ,! mo/ trifl+ object introduc$ into ! picture is made to h su* an intimate relation%ip ) ! :ole1 t x seems z if x w\ld be imp]fect )\t x4 ,! art ( produc+ ?is effect 0 t 9 :i* ,hog>? excell$4 ,! fir/ ( ,hog>?'s great suites ( pr9ts 0 ,! ,h>lot's ,progress1 :i* 0 ! "w ( ! ye>s #agcc & #agcd4 ,x tells a /ory :i* 0 !n common 9 ,london1 & 0 act$ m op5ly 9 ! broad face ( society ?an at ! pres5t day2 & !re=e ! effect & consequ5t success 7 almo/ in/antane\s4 ,x _h novelty1 z well z excell5ce1 to recomm5d x4 ,?is s]ies ( plates 0 foll[$1 9 #agce1 by ano!r1 "u ! title ( ,! ,rake's ,progress4 ,9 ! =m]1 ,hog>? depict$ ! %ame & ru9 :i* att5d$ a life ( pro/itution2 9 ?is1 he repres5t$ ! simil> consequ5ces :i* a life ( pr(ligacy entail$ on ! o!r sex4 ,9 _m respects x is sup]ior to ! ,h>lot's ,progress1 & its details come m home to ! feel+s ( p 9 g5]al1 because ^? ( ! pro/itute's hi/ory are m veil$ f ! public gaze4 ,! progress ( ! sp5d?rift 9 dissipation & riot1 f ! mom5t he becomes possess$ ( ! fruits ( pat]nal av>ice1 until 8 c>e] ends 9 prison & madness1 =ms a m>vell\s drama1 9 :i* e incid5t pres5ts itself1 & e ag5t p]=ms 8 "p1 s naturally1 t x seems almo/ beyond ! p[] ( act+4 ,p]haps no "o ev] pictur$ despair ) great] p]fection ?an x is %[n 9 ! face & be>+ ( ! unhappy h]o ( ?is hi/ory1 9 ! la/ plate b "o ( ! s]ies1 :]e1 ?r[n into prison = debt1 he receives f ! manag] ( a !atre ! ann\ncem5t t ! play :i* he _h writt5 9 ! hope ( retriev+ some:at ( 8 position--8 la/ res\rce--has be5 refus$4 ,! return$ manuscript & ! manag]'s lett] lie on ! wret*$ table 7cut ,no4 #bjc72 :ile on ! "o side 8 wife reproa*es him he>tlessly ) ! deprivations & suff]+s :i* he has br\ght ^u h]1 & on ! o!r ! jail] is rem9d+ him ( ! fact t ! fees exact$ = ! slight indulg5ce he has obta9$ 9 prison are unpaid1 & ev5 ! pot-boy refuses to deliv] him 8 be] )\t fir/ receiv+ 8 money4 ,x is b a /ep fur!r to ,b$lam1 :i*1 9 ! next plate1 closes 8 unbless$ c>e]4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bjc4 ,despair4 ,t5 ye>s almo/ f ?is "t _h pass$ away be=e ,hog>? gave to ! _w 8 next gr& s]ies ( :at he call$ 8 mod]n moral subjects4 ,?is 0 ,! ,m>riage la mode1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 six plates 9 #agde1 & :i* fully su/a9$ ! reputation built ^u ! ,h>lot's ,progress & ! ,rake's ,progress4 ,p]haps ! be/ plate ( ! ,m>riage la mode1 is ! f\r?--! music sc5e--9 :i* "o pr9cipal gr\p ( figures especially arre/s ! att5tion4 ,x is repres5t$ 9 our cut ,no4 #bjd4 ,william ,hazlitt has ju/ly rem>k$ ^u x t1 ! prepo/]\s1 ov]/ra9$ admiration ( ! lady ( quality2 ! s5tim5tal1 insipid1 pati5t delight ( ! man ) 8 hair 9 pap]s1 & sipp+ 8 tea2 ! p]t1 smirk+1 conceit$1 half-di/ort$ approbation ( ! figure next to him2 ! transition to ! total ins5sibility ( ! r\nd face 9 pr(ile1 & !n to ! wond] ( ! negro boy at ! rapture ( 8 mi/ress1 =m a p]fect :ole4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bjd4 ,fa%ionable ,society4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bje4 ,an ,old ,maid & h] ,page4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bjf4 ,loss & ,ga94 ,9 ! int]val betwe5 ^! ?ree great monum5ts ( 8 tal5t1 ,hog>? _h publi%$ v>i\s o!r plates1 belong+ to mu* ! same class ( subjects1 & display+ diff]5t degrees ( excell5ce4 ,8 engrav+ ( ,s\?w>k ,fair1 publi%$ 9 #agcc1 :i* imm$iately prec$$ ! ,h>lot's ,progress1 may be reg>d$ almo/ z an attempt to rival ! fairs ( ,gallot4 ,! ,midnight ,mod]n ,conv]sation appe>$ 9 ! int]val betwe5 ! ,h>lot's ,progress & ! ,rake's ,progress2 & ?ree ye>s aft] ! s]ies la/ m5tion$1 9 #agch1 ! engrav+1 rem>kable equally 9 design & execution1 ( ! ,/roll+ ,actresses 9 a ,b>n1 & ! f\r plates ( ,morn+1 ,noon1 ,ev5+1 & ,night1 all full ( *oice/ bits ( hum\r4 ,su* is ! gr\p ( ! old maid & h] footboy 9 ! fir/ ( ?is s]ies 7cut ,no4 #bje7--! =m] /iff & prudi%1 ^: religion is evid5tly n t ( *>ity2 :ile ! latt] crawls aft]1 %r9k+ at ! same "t "u ! effects ( cold & hung]1 :i* he su/a9s 9 consequ5ce ( ! h>d1 nigg>dly temp] ( 8 mi/ress4 ,among ! humor\s ev5ts :i* fill ! plate ( ,noon1 we may po9t to ! disa/] ( ! boy :o has be5 s5t to ! bak]'s to fet* home ! family d9n]1 & :o1 z repres5t$ 9 our cut ,no4 #bjf1 has brok5 8 pie-di%1 & spilt its cont5ts on ! gr\nd2 & x is difficult to say :i* is express$ ) mo/ fidelity to nature--! t]ror & %ame ( ! un=tunate lad1 or ! feel+ ( enjoym5t 9 ! face ( ! little girl :o is fea/+ on ! fragm5ts ( ! scatt]$ meal4 ,9 #agda appe>$ ! plate ( ,! ,enrag$ ,musician4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ,hog>? appe>s to h be5 hesitat+ betwe5 two subjects = 8 ?ird gr& pictorial drama4 ,"s unf9i%$ sket*es h be5 f\nd1 f :i* x w\ld seem t1 aft] depict+ ! mis]ies ( a life ( dissipation 9 ei!r sex1 he int5d$ to repres5t ! dome/ic happ9ess :i* result$ f a prud5t & well-assort$ m>riage2 b = "s reason or o!r he ab&on$ ?is design1 & gave ! picture ( w$lock 9 a less amiable light1 9 8 ,m>riage la mode4 ,! title 0 probably tak5 f t ( ,dryd5's com$y4 ,9 #agej appe>$ ,! ,m>* to ,f9*ley1 9 _m respects "o ( ,hog>?'s be/ works4 ,x is a /rik+ exposure ( ! want ( discipl9e1 & ! l[ morale ( ! ,engli% army "u ,george ,,ii4 ,_m amus+ gr\ps fill ?is picture1 ! sc5e ( :i* is laid 9 ,tott5ham ,c\rt ,road1 along :i* ! gu>ds are suppos$ to be m>*+ to encamp at ,f9*ley1 9 consequ5ce ( rum\rs ( ! approa* ( ! ,pret5d]'s army 9 ! ,rebellion ( '#de4 ,! soldi]s 9 front are mov+ on ) "s degree ( ord]1 b 9 ! re> we see no?+ b confusion1 "s reel+ ab\t "u ! effects ( liquor1 & conf\nd$ by ! cries ( wom5 & *ildr51 camp-foll[]s1 ballad-s+]s1 plund]]s1 & ! l4 ,"o ( ! latt]1 z repres5t$ 9 our cut ,no4 #bjg1 is assi/+ a fall5 soldi] ) an additional dose ( liquor1 :ile 8 pilf]+ prop5sities are betray$ by ! h5 scream+ f 8 wallet1 & by ! *ick5s foll[+ di/ract$ly ! cries ( _! p>5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bjg4 ,a brave ,soldi]4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bjh4 ,a ,pa9t]'s ,amusem5ts4 ,hog>? pres5ts a s+ul> example ( a satiri/ :o suff]$ "u ! v puni%m5t :i* he inflict$ on o!rs4 ,he made _m p]sonal enemies 9 ! c\rse ( 8 lab\rs4 ,he _h begun 8 c>e] ) a well-kn[n p]sonal satire1 entitl$ ,! ,man ( ,ta/e1 :i* 0 a c>icature on ,pope1 & ! poet is said nev] to h =giv5 x4 ,al?\gh ! satire 9 8 m celebrat$ works appe>s to u g5]al1 x told ^u 8 contempor>ies p]sonally2 = ! figures :i* act _! p>ts 9 !m 7 s _m portraits ( individuals :o mov$ 9 contempor>y society1 & :o 7 kn[n to ev]ybody1 & ?us he provok$ a ho/ ( enemies4 ,x 0 l ,foote's mimicry4 ,he 0 to an extraord9>y degree va9 ( 8 own tal5t1 & jeal\s ( t ( o!rs 9 ! same pr(ession2 & he spoke 9 t]ms ( undisguis$ contempt ( almo/ all arti/s1 pa/ or pres5t4 ,?us1 ! pa9t] introduc$ into ! pr9t ( ,be] ,/reet1 is said to be a c>icature ^u ,john ,/eph5 ,liot>d1 "o ( ! arti/s m5tion$ 9 ! la/ *apt]4 ,he ?us provok$ ! ho/ility ( ! greate/ "p ( 8 contempor>ies 9 8 own pr(ession1 & 9 ! sequel _h to support ! full weight ( _! ang]4 ,:5 ,george ,,ii41 :o _h m ta/e = soldi]s ?an pictures1 saw ! pa9t+ ( ! ,m>* to ,f9*ley1 in/ead ( admir+ x z a "w ( art1 he is said to h express$ himself ) ang] at ! insult :i* he believ$ 0 (f]$ to 8 army2 & ,hog>? n only rev5g$ himself by d$icat+ 8 pr9t to ! k+ ( ,prussia1 by :i* x did become a satire on ! ,briti% army1 b he ?rew himself into ! faction ( ! pr9ce ( ,wales at ,leice/] ,h\se4 ,! fir/ occasion = ! display ( all ^! animosities 0 giv5 9 ! ye> #agec1 at ! close ( :i* he publi%$ 8 ,analysis ( ,beauty4 ,?\gh f> f be+ himself a successful pa9t] ( beauty1 ,hog>? und]took 9 ?is "w to inve/igate its pr9ciples1 :i* he ref]r$ to a wav+ or s]p5t9e l9e1 & ?is he t]m$ ! l9e ( beauty4 ,9 #agde ,hog>? _h publi%$ 8 own portrait z ! frontispiece to a volume ( 8 collect$ works1 & 9 "o corn] ( ! plate he introduc$ a pa9t]'s palette1 on :i* 0 ?is wav+ l9e1 inscrib$ ,! l9e ( beauty4 ,= sev]al ye>s ! mean+ ( ?is rema9$ ei!r q a my/]y1 or 0 only kn[n to a few ( ,hog>?'s acqua9tances1 until ! appe>ance ( ! book j m5tion$4 ,hog>?'s manuscript 0 revis$ by 8 fri5d1 ,dr4 ,morell1 ! compil] ( ! ,!saurus1 ^: "n became ?us associat$ ) ! book4 ,?is "w expos$ its au?or to a ho/ ( viol5t attacks1 & to unb\nd$ ridicule1 especially f ! :ole tribe ( (f5d$ arti/s4 ,a great numb] ( c>icatures ^u ,hog>? & 8 l9e ( beauty appe>$ dur+ ! ye> #aged1 :i* %[ ! bitt]ness ( ! hatr$ he _h provok$2 & to hold /ill fur!r _! t]ror ov] 8 head1 mo/ ( !m are inscrib$ ) ! words1 ,to be cont9u$4 ,among ! arti/s :o especially signalis$ !mselves by _! zeal aga9/ him1 0 ,paul ,s&by1 to :om we owe "s ( ! be/ ( ^! anti-,hog>?ian c>icatures4 ,"o ( ^! is entitl$1 ,a ,new ,dunciad1 done ) a view ( fix+ ! fluctuat+ ideas ( ta/e4 ,9 ! pr9cipal gr\p 7:i* is giv5 9 our cut ,no4 #bjh71 ,hog>? is repres5t$ play+ ) a pant91 or figure :i* 0 mov$ into activity by pull+ a /r+4 ,! /r+ takes some:at ! =m ( ! l9e ( beauty1 :i* is also drawn ^u 8 palette4 ,?is figure is describ$ und]nea? ! picture z a pa9t] at ! prop] ex]cise ( 8 ta/e4 ,to 8 brea/ is atta*$ a c>d 7! knave ( he>ts71 :i* is describ$ by a v bad pun z ! fool ( arts4 ,on "o side 8 g5ius is repres5t$ 9 ! =m ( a black h>lequ92 :ile beh9d appe>s a r jolly p]sonage 7int5d$1 p]haps1 = ,dr4 ,morell71 :o1 we are told1 is "o ( 8 admir]s4 ,on ! table are ! f\ndations1 or ! rema9s1 ( a h\se ( c>ds4 ,ne> him is ,hog>?'s fav\rite dog1 nam$ ,trump1 :i* always accompanies him 9 ^! c>icatures4 ,ano!r c>icature :i* appe>$ at ?is "t repres5ts ,hog>? on ! /age z a quack doctor1 hold+ 9 8 h& ! l9e ( beauty1 & recomm5d+ its extraord9>y qualities4 ,?is pr9t is entitl$ ,a ,m\ntebank ,pa9t] demon/rat+ to 8 admir]s & subscrib]s t crook$ness is ye mo/ beautifull4 ,"l ,bute1 ^: patronage at ,leice/] ,h\se ,hog>? n[ enjoy$1 is repres5t$ fiddl+1 & ! black h>lequ9 s]ves z 8 puff4 ,9 ! front a cr[d ( de=m$ & hump-back$ p are press+ =w>ds 7see our cut ,no4 #bji71 & ! l9e ( beauty fits !m all admirably4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bji4 ,! ,l9e ( ,beauty exemplifi$4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #baj4 ,piracy ,expos$4 ,mu* z ?is fam\s l9e ( beauty 0 ridicul$1 ,hog>? 0 n all[$ to reta9 ! small hon\r :i* seem$ to arise f x undisput$4 ,x 0 said t he _h /ol5 ! idea f an ,italian writ] nam$ ,lomazzo1 ,lat9is$ into ,lomatius1 :o _h en\nc$ x 9 a treatise on ! ,f9e ,arts1 publi%$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4#ajb ,9 ano!r c>icature by ,paul ,s&by1 ) a vulg> title :i* ,i w n repeat1 ,hog>? is visit$1 9 ! mid/ ( 8 glory1 by ! gho/ ( ,lomazzo1 c>ry+ 9 "o h& 8 treatise on ! arts1 & ) 8 o!r hold+ up to view ! l9e ( beauty itself4 ,9 ! inscriptions on ! plate1 ! pr9cipal figure is describ$ z ,an au?or s9k+ "u ! weight ( 8 saturn9e analysis2 &1 inde$1 ,hog>?'s t]ror is broadly pa9t$1 :ile ! volume ( 8 analysis is re/+ heavily ^u a /rong support b5t 9 ! l9e ( beauty by ! mighty load ^u x4 ,beside ,hog>? /&s 8 fai?ful pug1 & beh9d him a fri5d ( ! au?or endeav\r+ to prev5t 8 s9k+ to 8 natural l[ness4 ,on ! o!r side /&s ,dr4 ,morell1 or1 p]haps1 ,mr4 ,t[nley1 ! ma/] ( ,m]*ant ,taylors' ,s*ool1 :o cont9u$ 8 s]vice 9 prep>+ ! book = ! press aft] ,morell's dea?1 describ$ z ! au?or's fri5d & corrector1 a/oni%$ at ! sight ( ! gho/4 ,! ugly figure on ! left h& ( ! picture is describ$ z ,de=mity weep+ at ! condition ( h] d>l+ son1 :ile ! dog is a greyh\nd bemoan+ 8 fri5d's condition4 ,?is gr\p is repres5t$ 9 our cut ,no4 #baj4 ,! o!r c>icatures :i* appe>$ at ?is "t 7 two num]\s to all[ u to give a p>ticul> description ( !m4 ,! arti/ is usually repres5t$1 "u ! influ5ce ( 8 l9e ( beauty1 pa9t+ ugly pictures f de=m$ models1 or attempt+ hi/orical pictures 9 a /yle bord]+ on c>icature1 or1 on "o occasion1 z lock$ up 9 a mad-h\se1 & all[$ only to ex]cise 8 skill ^u ! b>e walls4 ,"o ( ^! c>icatures is entitl$1 9 allusion to ! title ( "o ( 8 mo/ popul> pr9ts1 ,! ,pa9t]'s ,m>* ?r\gh ,f9*ley1 d$icat$ to ! k+ ( ! gipsies1 z an enc\rag] ( arts1 c4 ,hog>? appe>s 9 full flight ?r\gh ! village1 closely pursu$ by wom5 & *ildr51 & animals 9 great v>iety1 & def5d$ only by 8 fav\rite dog4 #ajb ,x 0 translat$ into ,engli% by ,ri*>d ,haydocke1 "u ! title ( ,! ,artes ( ,curi\s ,pa9t+e1 ,c>v+e1 ,build+e1 fol4 #aeih4 ,?is is "o ( ! e>lie/ works on art 9 ! ,engli% language4 ,) ! ,m>riage la mode1 ,hog>? may be consid]$ z hav+ rea*$ 8 highe/ po9t ( excell5ce4 ,! set ( ,indu/ry & ,idl5ess tells a good & useful moral /ory1 b displays inf]ior tal5t 9 design4 ,be] ,/reet & ,g9 ,lane disgu/ u by _! vulg>ity1 & ! ,f\r ,/ages ( ,cruelty are equally repulsive to our feel+s by ! unveil$ horrors ( ! sc5es :i* are too co>sely depict$ 9 !m4 ,9 ! f\r pr9ts ( ! proce$+s at an election1 :i* are ! la/ ( 8 pictures ( ?is description1 publi%$ 9 #aged1 ,hog>? rises aga91 & approa*es 9 "s degree to 8 =m] elevation4 ,9 #ageg1 on ! dea? ( 8 bro!r-9-law1 ,john ,?ornhill1 ! (fice ( s]geant-pa9t] ( all 8 ,maje/y's works became vacant1 & x 0 be/[$ ^u ,hog>?1 :o1 accord+ to 8 own acc\nt1 receiv$ f x an income ( ab\t #bjj a-ye>4 ,?is appo9tm5t caus$ ano!r display ( ho/ility t[>ds him1 & 8 enemies call$ him je]+ly ! k+'s *ief panel pa9t]4 ,x 0 at ?is mom5t t a plan = ! e/abli%m5t ( an academy ( ! f9e arts 0 agitat$1 :i*1 a few ye>s lat]1 came into exi/5ce "u ! title ( ! ,royal ,academy1 & ,hog>? proclaim$ s l\d an opposition to ?is project1 t ! old cry 0 rais$ anew1 t he 0 jeal\s & envi\s ( all 8 pr(ession1 & t he s\ght to /& alone z sup]ior to !m all4 ,x 0 ! signal = a new onslaught ( c>icatures ^u himself & 8 l9e ( beauty4 ,hi!rto 8 assailants _h be5 f\nd *iefly among ! arti/s1 b ! "t 0 n[ approa*+ :5 he 0 de/9$ to ?ru/ himself into ! mid/ ( a political /ruggle1 :]e ! attacks ( a new class ( enemies c>ri$ ) !m a m bitt] /+4 ,george ,,ii4 di$ on ! #ag? ( ,octob]1 #agfj1 & 8 gr&son succe$$ him to ! ?rone z ,george ,,iii4 ,x appe>s evid5t t be=e ?is "t ,hog>? _h ga9$ ! fav\r ( "l ,bute1 :o1 by 8 int]e/ ) ! pr9cess ( ,wales1 0 all-p[]ful 9 ! h\sehold ( ! "y pr9ce4 ,! pa9t] _h hi!rto kept tol]ably cle> ( politics 9 8 pr9ts1 b n[1 unluckily = himself1 he sudd5ly ru%$ into ! ar5a ( political c>icature4 ,x 0 g5]ally said t ,hog>?'s object 01 by display+ 8 zeal 9 ! cause ( 8 patron1 "l ,bute1 to obta9 an increase 9 8 p5sion2 & he ackn[l$ges himself t 8 object 0 ga94 ,?is1 he says1 be+ a p]iod :5 w> abroad & cont5tion at home engross$ e "o's m9d1 pr9ts 7 ?r[n into ! backgr\nd2 & ! /agnation r5d]$ x necess>y t ,i %\ld d "s tim$ ?+ ! italics are ,hog>?'s to recov] my lo/ "t1 & /op a gap 9 my income4 ,accord+ly he det]m9$ to attack ! great m9i/]1 ,pitt1 :o _h !n rec5tly be5 compell$ to resign 8 (fice1 & _h gone ov] to ! opposition4 ,x is said t ,john ,wilkes1 :o _h previ\sly be5 ,hog>?'s fri5d1 hav+ be5 privately in=m$ ( 8 design1 w5t to ! pa9t]1 expo/ulat$ ) him1 &1 z he cont9u$ ob/9ate1 ?reat5$ him ) retaliation4 ,9 ,septemb]1 #agfb1 appe>$ ! pr9t entitl$ ,! ,times1 ,no4 ,i1 indicat+ t x 0 to be foll[$ by a second c>icature4 ,! pr9cipal features ( ! picture are ^!3 ,europe is repres5t$ 9 flames1 :i* are communicat+ to ,great ,brita91 b "l ,bute1 ) soldi]s & sailors1 & ! assi/ance ( ,highl&]s1 is lab\r+ to ext+ui% !m1 :ile ,pitt is bl[+ ! fire1 & ! duke ( ,newca/le br+s a b>r[ful ( ,monitors & ,nor? ,britons1 ! viol5t j\rnals ( ! popul> p>ty1 to fe$ x4 ,!re is mu* detail 9 ! pr9t :i* x is n necess>y to describe4 ,9 fulfilm5t ( 8 ?reat1 ,wilkes1 9 ! numb] ( ! ,nor? ,briton publi%$ on ! ,saturday imm$iately foll[+ ! publication ( ?is pr9t1 attack$ ,hog>? ) extraord9>y bitt]ness1 ca/+ cruel reflections ^u 8 dome/ic z well z 8 pr(essional "*4 ,hog>?1 /ung to ! quick1 retaliat$ by publi%+ ! well-kn[n c>icature ( ,wilkes4 ,!reupon ,*ur*ill1 ! poet1 ,wilkes's fri5d1 & =m]ly ! fri5d ( ,hog>? also1 publi%$ a bitt] invective 9 v]se aga9/ ! pa9t]1 "u ! title ( an ,epi/le to ,william ,hog>?4 ,hog>? retaliat$ aga93 ,hav+ an old plate by me1 he tells u1 ) "s p>ts ready1 su* z a backgr\nd & a dog1 ,i began to consid] h[ ,i c\ld turn s mu* "w laid aside to "s acc\nt1 s pat*$ up a pr9t ( ,ma/] ,*ur*ill 9 ! "* ( a be>4 ,! unf9i%$ picture 0 int5d$ to be a portrait ( ,hog>? himself2 ! canonical be>1 :i* repres5t$ ,*ur*ill1 held a pot ( port] 9 "o h&1 & 9 ! o!r a knott$ club1 ea* knot labell$ lie #a1 lie #b1 c4 ,! pa9t]1 9 8 ,anecdotes1 exults ov] ! pecuni>y pr(it he d]iv$ f ! ext5sive sale ( ^! two pr9ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #baa4 ,an ,indep5d5t ,draughtsman4 ,! virul5ce ( ! c>icaturi/s aga9/ ,hog>? became on ?is occasion great] ?an ev]4 ,p>odies on 8 own works1 sne]s at 8 p]sonal appe>ance & mann]s1 reflections ^u 8 "*1 7 all embodi$ 9 pr9ts :i* bore su* names z ,hogg-ass1 ,hogg>t1 ,o',g>?1 c4 ,our cut ,no4 #baa repres5ts "o ( ! c>icature portraits ( ! arti/4 ,x is entitl$ ,wm4 ,hog>?1 ,esq41 drawn f ! ,life4 ,hog>? we>s ! ?i/le on 8 hat1 z ! sign ( 8 dep5d5ce on "l ,bute4 ,at 8 brea/ hangs 8 palette1 ) ! l9e ( beauty inscrib$ ^u x4 ,he holds beh9d 8 back a roll ( pap] inscrib$ ,burlesque on ,l--d ,b--t4 ,9 8 "r h& he pres5ts to view two pictures1 ,! ,times1 & ! ,portrait ( ,wilkes4 ,at ! upp] corn] to ! left is ! figure ( ,bute1 (f]+ him 9 a bag a p5sion ( #cjj p] ann4 ,"s ( ! allusions 9 ?is picture are n[ obscure1 b !y no d\bt relate to anecdotes well kn[n at ! "t4 ,!y receive "s light f ! foll[+ mock lett]s :i* are writt5 at ! foot ( ! plate3-- ,copy ( a ,lett] f ,mr4 ,hog-g>? to ,"l ,mucklemon1 w? 8 ,lord%ip's ,answ]4 ,my ,"l1--,! enclos$ is a design ,i int5d to publi%2 y are s5sible x w n r$\nd to y\r hon\r1 z x w expose y to all ! _w 9 y\r prop] col\rs4 ,y likewise "k :at induc$ me to d ?is2 b x is 9 yr p[] to prev5t x f appe>+ 9 publick1 :i* ,i w\ld h y d imm$iately4 ,,w,m ,,hog-,,g>?4 ,maisr ,hog-g>?1--,by my saul1 mon1 ,i am s>e troobl$ = :at ,i h done2 ,i did na k5 yr muckle m]it till no[2 say na mair aboot x2 ,i'll mak au ?+s easy to y1 gie y bock y\r ,p5sion4 ,,sawney ,,mucklemon4 ,9 an et*+ )\t a title1 publi%$ at ?is "t1 & copi$ 9 our cut ,no4 #bab1 ! ,hog>?ian dog is repres5t$ b>k+ f a cauti\s di/ance at ! canonical be>1 :o appe>s to be m$itat+ fur!r mis*ief4 ,pugg /&s ^u 8 ma/]'s palette & ! l9e ( beauty1 :ile ,bru9 re/s ^u ! ,epi/le to ,wm4 ,hog>?1 ) ! p5 & ink by its side4 ,on ! left1 beh9d ! dog1 is a l>ge frame1 ) ! words ,pannel ,pa9t+ inscrib$ ^u x4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bab4 ,beauty & ! ,be>4 ,! article by ,wilkes 9 ! ,nor? ,briton1 & ,*ur*ill's metrical epi/le1 irritat$ ,hog>? m ?an all ! ho/ile c>icatures1 & 7 g5]ally believ$ to h brok5 8 he>t4 ,he di$ on ! #bf? ( ,octob]1 #agfd1 little m ?an a ye> aft] ! appe>ance ( ! attack by ,wilkes1 & ) ! taunts ( 8 political z well z 8 pr(essional enemies /ill r++ 9 8 e>s4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,,! ,,less] ,,c>icaturi/s ,,( ,,! ,,reign ,,( ,,george ,,iii4--,,paul ,,s&by4--,,collet2 ,,! ,,disa/]1 ,,& ,,fa!r ,,paul ,,9 ,,8 ,,cups4--,,james ,,say]2 ,,8 ,,c>icatures ,,9 ,,support ,,( ,,pitt1 ,,& ,,8 ,,rew>d4--,,c>lo ,,khan',s ,,triumph4--,,bunbury2 ,,8 ,,c>icatures ,,on ,,horseman%ip4--,,woodw>d2 ,,g5]al ,,compla9t4--,,r[l&son',s ,,influ5ce ,,on ,,! ,,/yle ,,( ,,^? ,,^: ,,designs ,,he ,,et*$4--,,john ,,kay ,,( ,,ed9burgh3 ,,look+ ,a ,,rock ,,9 ,,! ,,face4 ,! s*ool ( c>icature :i* _h gr[n amid ! political agitation ( ! reigns ( ! two fir/ ,georges1 gave bir? to a numb] ( m5 ( great] tal5t 9 ! same bran* ( art1 :o c>ri$ x to its highe/ degree ( p]fection dur+ t ( ,george ,,iii4 ,among !m are ! ?ree great names ( ,gillray1 ,r[l&son1 & ,cruik%ank1 & a few :o1 ?\gh second 9 rank to ^!1 are /ill well rememb]$ = ! tal5t display$ 9 _! works1 or ) ! effect !y produc$ on contempor>ies4 ,among ^! ! pr9cipal 7 ,paul ,s&by1 ,john ,collet1 ,say]1 ,bunbury1 & ,woodw>d4 ,s&by has be5 spok5 ( 9 ! la/ *apt]4 ,he 0 n by pr(ession a c>icaturi/1 b he 0 "o ( ^? ris+ arti/s :o 7 (f5d$ by ! sne]+ t]ms 9 :i* ,hog>? spoke ( all arti/s b himself1 & he 0 =emo/ among ^? :o turn$ _! satire aga9/ him4 ,examples ( 8 c>icatures ^u ,hog>? h already be5 giv51 suffici5t to %[ t !y display skill 9 composition z well z a l>ge am\nt ( wit & hum\r4 ,aft] 8 dea?1 !y 7 republi%$ collectively1 "u ! title1 ,retrospective ,art1 f ! ,collection ( ! late ,paul ,s&by1 ,esq41 ,r4,a4 ,s&by 01 inde$1 "o ( ! orig9al memb]s ( ! ,royal ,academy4 ,he 0 an arti/ mu* admir$ 9 8 "t1 b is n[ *iefly rememb]$ z a topographical draughtsman4 ,he 0 a native ( ,nott+ham1 :]e he 0 born 9 #agbe1ajc & he di$ on ! #g? ( ,novemb]1 #ahji4ajd #ajc ,8 dea? is usually plac$1 b errone\sly1 9 #agcb4 #ajd ,s&by et*$ l&scapes on /eel1 & 9 aquat9ta1 ! latt] by a me?od peculi>ly 8 own1 besides pa9t+ 9 oil & opaque col\rs4 ,b 8 fame re/s ma9ly on be+ ! f\nd] ( ! ,engli% s*ool ( wat]-col\r pa9t+1 s9ce he 0 ! fir/ to %[ ! capability ( t mat]ial to produce f9i%$ pictures1 & to lead ! way to ! p]fection 9 effect & col\r to :i* t bran* ( art has s9ce atta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bac4 ,a ,disa/]4 ,john ,collet1 :o also has be5 m5tion$ 9 a previ\s *apt]1 0 born 9 ,london 9 #agbe1 & di$ !re 9 #aghj4 ,collet is said to h be5 a pupil ( ,hog>?1 & !re is a l>ge am\nt ( ,hog>?ian "* 9 all 8 designs4 ,few arti/s h be5 m indu/ri\s & produc$ a great] numb] ( engrav+s4 ,he work$ *iefly = ,c>r+ton ,b[les1 9 ,/4 ,paul's ,*ur*y>d1 & = ,rob]t ,say]s1 at #ec1 ,fleet ,/reet4 ,8 pr9ts publi%$ by ,b[les 7 engrav$ g5]ally 9 mezzot9to1 & highly col\r$ = sale2 :ile ^? publi%$ by ,say]s 7 usually l9e engrav+s1 & sometimes rem>kably well execut$4 ,collet *ose = 8 field ( lab\r t to :i* ,hog>? _h giv5 ! title ( com$y 9 art1 b he did n possess ,hog>?'s p[] ( del9eat+ :ole acts & sc5es 9 "o picture1 & he cont5t$ himself ) bits ( detail & gr\ps ( *>act]s only4 ,8 c>icatures are r>ely political--!y are aim$ at social mann]s & social vanities & weaknesses1 & altoge!r !y =m a s+ul>ly curi\s picture ( society dur+ an important p]iod ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,! fir/ example ,i give 7,no4 #bac7 is tak5 f a l9e engrav+1 publi%$ by ,say]s 9 #aggf4 ,at ?is "t ! natural adornm5ts ( ! p]son 9 bo? sexes _h s f> yield$ to artificial ornam5t1 t ev5 wom5 cut (f _! own hair 9 ord] to replace x by an ornam5tal p]uque1 support+ a head-dress1 :i* v>i$ f "t to "t 9 =m & 9 extravagance4 ,collet has "h introduc$ to u a lady :o1 enc\nt]+ a sudd5 & viol5t w9d1 has lo/ all h] upp] cov]+s1 & wig1 cap1 & hat are caught by h] footman beh9d4 ,! lady is evid5tly suff]+ "u ! feel+ ( %ame2 & h>d by1 a cottag] & 8 wife1 at _! door1 are laugh+ at h] discomfiture4 ,a bill fix$ aga9/ a neighb\r+ wall ann\nces ,a ,lecture ^u ,heads4 ,at ?is "t ! no-pop]y feel+ ran v high4 ,f\r ye>s aft]w>ds x broke out viol5tly 9 ! celebrat$ "l ,gordon riots4 ,x 0 ?is feel+ :i* contribut$ greatly to ! success ( ,%]idan's com$y ( ,! ,du5na1 br\ght out 9 #agge4 ,collet drew sev]al pictures f\nd$ ^u sc5es 9 ?is play1 "o ( :i* is giv5 9 our cut ,no4 #bad4 ,x =ms "o ( ,c>+ton ,b[les's r num]\s s]ies ( pr9ts f designs by ,collet1 & repres5ts ! well-kn[n dr9k+ sc5e 9 ! conv5t1 9 ! fif? sc5e ( ! ?ird act ( ,! ,du5na4 ,! sc5e1 x w be rememb]$1 is a room 9 ! priory1 & ! excit$ monks are toa/+1 among o!r objects ( devotion1 ! abbess ( ,/4 ,ursul9e & ! blue-ey$ nun ( ,/4 ,ca!r9e's4 ,! blue-ey$ nun is1 p]haps1 ! lady se5 ?r\gh ! w9d[1 & ! patron sa9t ( h] conv5t is repres5t$ 9 "o ( ! pictures on ! wall4 ,!re is great _s 9 ?is picture1 :i* is entitl$ ,fa!r ,paul 9 8 ,cups1 or ! ,private ,devotions ( a ,conv5t4 ,x is accompani$ ) ! foll[+ l9es3-- ,see ) ^! fri>s h[ religion ?rives1 ,:o love good liv+ bett] ?an good lives2 ,paul1 ! sup]ior fa!r1 rules ! roa/1 ,8 god's ! glass1 ! blue-ey$ nun 8 toa/4 ,?us prie/s consume :at fe>ful fools be/[1 ,& sa9ts' donations make ! bump]s fl[4 ,! butl] sleeps--! cell> door is free-- ,?is is a mod]n cloi/]'s piety4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bad4 ,fa!r ,paul 9 8 ,cups4 ,f ,collet to ,say] we ru% into ! heat--,i may say into ! bitt]ness--( politics1 = ,james ,say] is kn[n1 ) v trifl+ exceptions1 z a political c>icaturi/4 ,he 0 ! son ( a capta9 ( a m]*ant %ip at ,great ,y>m\?1 b 0 himself put to ! pr(ession ( an attorney4 ,z1 h[ev]1 he 0 possess$ ( a mod]ate indep5d5ce1 & appe>s to h _h no great ta/e = ! law1 he neglect$ 8 bus9ess1 &1 ) consid]able tal5t = satire & c>icature1 he ?rew himself into ! political /rife ( ! day4 ,say] 0 a bad draughtsman1 & 8 pictures are produc$ m by lab\r ?an by skill 9 draw+1 b !y possess a consid]able am\nt ( hum\r1 & 7 suffici5tly sev]e to obta9 popul>ity at a "t :5 ?is latt] "* excus$ worse draw+ ev5 ?an t ( ,say]4 ,he made ! acqua9tance & ga9$ ! fav\r ( ! y\ng] ,william ,pitt1 :5 t /atesman 0 aspir+ to p[]1 & he began 8 c>e] z a c>icaturi/ by attack+ ! ,rock+ham m9i/ry 9 #aghb--( c\rse 9 ! int]e/ ( ,pitt4 ,say]'s e>lie/ productions :i* are n[ kn[n1 are a s]ies ( c>icature portraits ( ! ,rock+ham adm9i/ration1 t appe> to h be5 giv5 to ! public 9 in/alm5ts1 at ! sev]al dates ( ,april #f1 ,may #ad1 ,june #ag1 & ,july #c1 #aghb1 & be> ! "n ( ,c4 ,bre!rton z publi%]4 ,he publi%$ 8 fir/ v]itable c>icature on ! occasion ( ! m9i/]ial *anges :i* foll[$ ! dea? ( "l ,rock+ham1 :5 "l ,%elburne 0 plac$ at ! head ( ! cab9et1 & ,fox & ,burke retir$1 :ile ,pitt became *ancellor ( ! ex*equ]4 ,?is c>icature1 :i* be>s ! title ( ,p>adise ,lo/1 & is1 9 fact1 a p>ody ^u ,milton1 repres5ts ! once happy pair1 ,fox & ,burke1 turn$ out ( _! p>adise1 ! ,treasury1 ! ar* ( ! gate ( :i* is ornam5t$ ) ! heads ( ,%elburne1 ! prime m9i/]1 & ,dunn+ & ,b>r1 two ( 8 /aun* support]s1 :o 7 consid]$ to be especially obnoxi\s to ,fox & ,burke4 ,betwe5 ^! ?ree heads appe> ! faces ( two mock+ fi5ds1 & gr\ps ( pi/ols1 dagg]s1 & swords4 ,b5ea? are inscrib$ ! well-kn[n l9es ( ,milton-- ,to ! ea/]n side ,( ,p>adise1 s late _! happy seat1 ,wav$ ov] by t flam+ br&2 ! gate ,) dreadful faces ?rong$ & fi]y arms6 ,"s natural te>s !y dropt1 b wip$ !m soon4 ,! _w 0 all be=e !m1 :]e to *oose ,_! place ( re/1 & provid5ce _! guide4 ,!y1 arm 9 arm1 ) w&'r+ /eps1 & sl[1 ,?ro' ,ed5 took _! solit>y way4 ,no?+ c be m lugubri\s ?an ! air ( ! two fri5ds1 ,fox & ,burke1 z !y walk away1 arm 9 arm1 f ! gate ( ! m9i/]ial p>adise4 ,f ?is "t ,say]1 :o adopt$ all ,pitt's virul5ce t[>ds ,fox1 made ! latt] a cont9ual subject ( 8 satire4 ,nor did ?is zeal pass unrew>d$1 = ,pitt1 9 p[]1 gave ! c>icaturi/ ! n unlucrative (fices ( m>%al ( ! c\rt ( ex*equ]1 receiv] ( ! sixp5ny duties1 & cursitor4 ,say] 01 9 fact1 ,pitt's c>icaturi/1 & 0 employ$ by him 9 attack+ successively ! coalition "u ,fox & ,nor?1 ,fox's ,india ,bill1 & ev51 at a lat] p]iod1 ,w>r5 ,ha/+s on 8 trial4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bae4 ,a ,contra/4 ,i h already rem>k$ t ,say] 0 almo/ exclusively a political c>icaturi/4 ,! exceptions are a few pr9ts on !atrical subjects1 9 :i* contempor>y actors & actresses are c>icatur$1 & a s+le subject f fa%ionable life4 ,a copy ( ! latt] =ms our cut ,no4 #bae4 ,x has no title 9 ! orig9al1 b 9 a copy 9 my possession a contempor>y has writt5 on ! m>g9 9 p5cil t ! lady is ,miss ,sn[ & ! g5tleman ,mr4 ,bird1 no d\bt well-kn[n p]sonages 9 contempor>y society4 ,x 0 publi%$ on ! #ai? ( ,july1 #aghc4 ,"o ( ,say]'s mo/ successful c>icatures1 9 reg>d to ! effect x produc$ on ! public1 0 t on ,fox's ,india ,bill1 publi%$ on ! #e? ( ,septemb]1 #aghc4 ,x 0 entitl$ ,c>lo ,khan's ,triumphal ,entry into ,lead5hall ,/reet1 ,c>lo ,khan be+ p]sonifi$ by ,fox1 :o is c>ri$ 9 triumph to ! door ( ! ,india ,h\se on ! back ( an elephant1 :i* pres5ts ! face ( "l ,nor?4 ,burke1 :o _h be5 ! pr9cipal support] ( ! bill 9 debate1 appe>s 9 ! "* ( ! imp]ial trumpet]1 & leads ! elephant on its way4 ,on a bann] beh9d ,c>lo1 ! old inscription1 ,! ,man ( ! ,p1 ! title popul>ly giv5 to ,fox1 is eras$1 & ! two ,greek words1 k+ ( k+s1 sub/itut$ 9 its place4 ,f a *imney above1 ! bird ( ill om5 croaks =? ! doom ( ! ambiti\s m9i/]1 :o1 x 0 pret5d$1 aim$ at mak+ himself m p[]ful ?an ! k+ himself2 & on ! side ( ! h\se j bel[ we read ! words-- ,! night-cr[ cri$ =ebod+ luckless "t4--,%akespe>e4 ,h5ry ,william ,bunbury belong$ to a m ari/ocratic class 9 society ?an any ( ! prec$+4 ,he 0 ! second son ( sir ,william ,bunbury1 ,b>t41 ( ,mild5hall1 9 ! c\nty ( ,suffolk1 & 0 born 9 #agej4 ,h[ he fir/ took s zeal\sly to c>icature we h no in=mation1 b he began to publi% be=e he 0 tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age4 ,bunbury's draw+ 0 bold & (t5 good1 b he _h little skill 9 et*+1 = "s ( 8 e>li] pr9ts1 publi%$ 9 #agga1 :i* he et*$ himself1 are co>sely execut$4 ,8 designs 7 aft]w>ds engrav$ by v>i\s p]sons1 & 8 own /yle 0 sometimes modifi$ 9 ?is process4 ,8 e>li] pr9ts 7 et*$ & sold by ,james ,bre!rton1 :o has be5 already m5tion$ z publi%+ ! works ( ,james ,say]4 ,?is ,bre!rton 0 9 "s e/eem z an engrav]1 & he also _h a pr9t-%op at #acb1 ,new ,bond ,/reet1 :]e 8 engrav+s 7 publi%$4 ,james _h a son nam$ ,*>les1 :o display$ great tal5t at an e>ly age1 b he di$ "y4 ,z e>ly z #aggb1 :5 ! mac>onis 7! d&ies ( ! eighte5? c5tury7 came into fa%ion1 ,james ,bre!rton's "n appe>s on pr9ts by ,bunbury z ! engrav] & publi%]1 & x occurs aga9 z ! engrav] ( 8 pr9t ( ,/rephon & ,*loe 9 #ahja1 :i* 0 publi%$ by ,=es4 ,at ?is & a lat] p]iod "s ( 8 designs 7 engrav$ by ,r[l&son1 :o always transf]r$ 8 own /yle to ! draw+s he copi$4 ,a rem>kable in/ance ( ?is is furni%$ by a pr9t ( a p>ty ( angl]s ( bo? sexes 9 a punt1 entitl$ ,angl]s ( #ahaa 7! ye> ( ,bunbury's dea?74 ,b = ! "n1 ,h4 ,bunbury1 del41 v di/9ctly inscrib$ ^u x1 we %\ld take ?is to be a g5u9e design by ,r[l&son2 & 9 #ahjc ,r[l&son engrav$ "s copies ( ,bunbury's pr9ts on horseman%ip = ,ack]mann1 ( ! ,/r&1 9 :i* all traces ( ,bunbury's /yle are lo/4 ,bunbury's /yle is r broadly burlesque4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #baf4 ,h[ to ,travel on ,two ,legs 9 a ,fro/4 ,bunbury _h evid5tly little ta/e = political c>icature1 & he seldom m$dl$ ) x4 ,l ,collet1 he pref]r$ sc5es ( social life1 & humor\s incid5ts ( contempor>y mann]s1 fa%ionable or popul>4 ,he _h a great ta/e = c>icatur+ bad or awkw>d horseman%ip or unmanageable horses1 & 8 pr9ts ( su* subjects 7 num]\s & greatly admir$4 ,?is ta/e = eque/rian pieces 0 %[n 9 pr9ts publi%$ 9 #aggb1 & sev]al droll s]ies ( su* subjects appe>$ at diff]5t times1 betwe5 #agha & #agia1 "o ( :i* 0 long fam\s "u ! title ( ,ge(frey ,gambado's ,horseman%ip4 ,an example ( ^! incid5ts ( horseman%ip is copi$ 9 our cut ,no4 #baf1 :]e a n v skilful rid]1 ) a tr\blesome horse1 is tak+ advantage ( ! /ate ( ! gr\nd = accel]at+ locomotion4 ,x is entitl$1 ,h[ to travel on ,two ,legs 9 a ,fro/1 & is accompani$ ) ! motto1 9 ,lat91 ,o/5dunt t]ris hunc tantum fata1 neque ultra esse s95t4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bag4 ,/rephon & ,*loe4 ,occasionally ,bunbury drew 9 a broad] /yle ( c>icature1 especially 9 "s ( 8 lat] works4 ,( our examples ( ?is broad] /yle1 ! fir/ cut1 ,no4 #bag1 entitl$ ,/rephon & ,*loe1 is dat$ ! #a/ ( ,july1 #ahja4 ,x is ! v acme ( s5tim5tal c\rt%ip1 express$ 9 a _s ( droll]y :i* c\ld n easily be excell$4 ,! next gr\p 7cut ,no4 #bah71 f a simil> pr9t publi%$ on ! #ba/ ( ,july 9 ! same ye>1 is a no less admirable picture ( ov]/ra9$ polit5ess4 ,x is entitl$ 9 ! orig9al1 ,! ,salutation ,tav]n1 probably ) a tempor>y allusion beyond ! m app>5t design ( ! picture4 ,bunbury1 z be=e /at$1 di$ 9 #ahaa4 ,x is en\gh to say t sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds us$ to express a high op9ion ( him z an arti/4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bah4 ,a ,fa%ionable ,salutation4 ,bunbury's pr9ts r>ely appe>$ )\t 8 "n1 &1 except :5 !y _h pass$ ?r\gh ! engrav+ ( ,r[l&son1 are easily recognis$4 ,no d\bt 8 0 consid]$ a popul> "n1 :i* 0 almo/ ( z mu* importance z ! pr9t itself4 ,b a l>ge mass ( ! c>icatures publi%$ at ! latt] end ( ! la/ c5tury & ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t1 appe>$ anonym\sly1 or ) imag9>y names4 ,?us a political pr9t1 entitl$ ,! ,mod]n ,atlas1 be>s ! inscription ,masr ,hook fecit2 ano!r entitl$ ,f>m] ,george deliv]$1 has t ( ,poll ,pitt del4 ,ev]ybody del9x1 is inscrib$ on a c>icature entitl$ ,! ,lov]'s ,leap2 & "o :i* appe>$ "u ! title ( ,vet]9>y ,op]ations1 is inscrib$ ,giles ,gr9aga9 fect4 ,"s ( ^! 7 probably ! works ( amateurs1 = !re appe> to h be5 _m amateur c>icaturi/s 9 ,engl& at t "t4 ,9 a c>icature entitl$ ,! ,scot* ,arms1 publi%$ by ,=es on ! #crd ( ,janu>y1 #aghg1 we f9d ! ann\ncem5t1 ,g5tlem5's designs execut$ gratis1 :i* means1 ( c\rse1 t ,=es w\ld publi% ! c>icatures ( amateurs1 if he approv$ !m1 )\t mak+ ! said amateurs pay = ! engrav+4 ,b also "s ( ! be/ c>icaturi/s ( ! day publi%$ mu* anonym\sly1 & we "k t ?is 0 ! case to a v great ext5t ) su* arti/s z ,cruik%ank1 ,woodw>d1 c41 at all ev5ts until su* "t z _! names became suffici5tly popul> to be a recomm5dation to ! pr9t4 ,x is c]ta9 t _m ( ,woodw>d's designs 7 publi%$ )\t 8 "n4 ,su* 0 ! case ) ! pr9t ( :i* we give a copy 9 our cut ,no4 #bai1 :i* 0 publi%$ on ! #e? ( ,may1 #agif1 & :i* be>s /rongly ! m>ks ( ,woodw>d's /yle4 ,! spr+ ( ?is ye>1 #agif1 witness$ a g5]al disappo9tm5t at ! failure ( ! negociations = peace1 & !re=e ! necessity ( new sacrifices = c>ry+ on ! w>1 & ( increas$ taxation4 ,_m clev] c>icatures appe>$ on ?is occasion1 ( :i* ?is by ,woodw>d 0 "o4 ,( c\rse1 :5 w> 0 inevitable1 ! "q ( g5]als 0 a v important "o1 & ! c>icaturi/ pret5ds t ! greate/ g5]al ( ! age 0 ,g5]al ,compla9t4 ,! g5]al appe>s "h ) an empty purse 9 8 "r h&1 & 9 8 left a h&ful ( pap]s conta9+ a li/ ( bankrupts1 ! /atem5t ( ! budget1 c4 ,f\r l9es b5ea?1 9 r doggrel v]se1 expla9 ! situation z foll[s3-- ,don't tell me ( g5]als rais$ f m]e boys1 ,?\gh1 believe me1 ,i mean n _! laurel to ta9t2 ,b ! g5]al1 ,i'm sure1 t w make ! mo/ noise1 ,if ! w> /ill goes on1 w be ,g5]al ,compla9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bai4 ,g5]al ,compla9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bbj4 ,desire4 ,!re 0 mu* ( ,bunbury's /yle 9 t ( ,woodw>d1 :o _h a ta/e = ! same broad c>icatures ^u society1 :i* he execut$ 9 a simil> _s4 ,"s ( ! suites ( subjects ( ?is description t he publi%$1 su* z ! s]ies ( ! ,symptoms ( ! ,%op1 ^? ( ,ev]ybody out ( t[n & ,ev]ybody 9 ,t[n1 & ! ,specim5s ( ,dome/ic ,phr5sy1 are extremely clev] & amus+4 ,woodw>d's designs 7 also n unfrequ5tly engrav$ by ,r[l&son1 :o1 z usual1 impr9t$ 8 own /yle ^u !m4 ,a v good example ( ?is practice is se5 9 ! pr9t ( :i* we give a copy 9 our cut ,no4 #bbj4 ,its title1 9 ! orig9al1 is ,desire1 & ! passion is exemplifi$ 9 ! case ( a hungry s*oolboy wat*+ ?r\gh a w9d[ a jolly cook c>ry+ by a tempt+ plum-pudd+4 ,we are told 9 an inscription und]nea?3 ,v>i\s are ! ways ?is passion might be depict$2 9 ?is del9eation ! subjects *os5 are simple--a hungry boy & a plum-pudd+4 ,! design ( ?is pr9t is /at$ to be ,woodw>d's2 b ! /yle is altoge!r t ( ,r[l&son1 ^: "n appe>s on x z ! et*]4 ,x 0 publi%$ by ,r4 ,ack]mann1 on ! #bj? ( ,janu>y1 #ahjj4 ,woodw>d is well kn[n by 8 prolific p5cil1 b we are s little acqua9t$ ) ! man himself1 t ,i _c /ate ! date ei!r ( 8 bir? or ( 8 dea?4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bba4 ,look+ a ,rock 9 ! ,face4 ,!re liv$ at ?is "t 9 ,ed9burgh an engrav] ( "s em95ce 9 8 way1 b ^: "n is n[ ne>ly =gott51 &1 9 fact1 x does n occur 9 ! la/ edition ( ,bryan's ,diction>y ( ,engrav]s4 ,?is "n 0 ,john ,kay1 :i* is f\nd atta*$ to pr9ts1 ( :i* ab\t f\r hundr$ are kn[n1 ) dates ext5d+ f #aghd to #ahag4 ,z an engrav]1 ,kay possess$ no great tal5t1 b he _h consid]able hum\r1 & he excell$ 9 cat*+ & del9eat+ ! /rik+ po9ts 9 ! features & gait ( ! individuals :o !n mov$ 9 ,ed9burgh ,society4 ,9 fact1 a l>ge proportion ( 8 pr9ts consi/ ( c>icature portraits1 (t5 sev]al figures on ! same plate1 :i* is usually ( small dim5sions4 ,among !m are _m ( ! pr(essors & o!r di/+ui%$ memb]s ( ! univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh4 ,?us "o1 copi$ 9 our cut ,no4 #bba1 repres5ts ! em95t old geologi/1 ,dr4 ,james ,hutton1 r a/oni%$ at ! %apes :i* 8 fav\rite rocks h sudd5ly tak54 ,! orig9al pr9t is dat$ 9 #aghg1 t5 ye>s be=e ,dr4 ,hutton's dea?4 ,! idea ( giv+ faces to rocks 0 n new 9 ! "t ( ,john ,kay1 & x has be5 frequ5tly repeat$4 ,"s ( ^! c>icature portraits are clev] & amus+1 & !y are at times v satirical4 ,kay appe>s to h r>ely v5tur$ on c>icature ( any o!r description1 b !re is "o r>e plate by him1 entitl$ ,! ,craft 9 ,dang]1 :i* is /at$ 9 a few words p5cill$ on ! copy ,i h be=e me1 to h be5 aim$ at a cabal = propos+ ,dr4 ,b>clay = a pr(essor%ip 9 ! univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh4 ,x displays no great tal5t1 & is1 9 fact1 n[ n v intelligible4 ,! figures introduc$ 9 x are evid5tly int5d$ = r c>icatur$ portraits ( memb]s ( ! univ]sity engag$ 9 ! cabal1 & are 9 ! /yle ( ,kay's o!r portraits4#aje #aje ,9 ! libr>y ( ! ,briti% ,museum !re is a collection ( ,john ,kay's works b\nd 9 two volumes qu>to1 ) a title & table ( cont5ts 9 manuscript1 b :e!r x is "o ( a few copies int5d$ = publication1 or :e!r x is m]ely ! collection ( "s individual1 ,i am n prep>$ to say4 ,x conta9s #cdc plates1 :i* are /at$ to be all ,kay's works d[n to ! ye> #ahac1 :5 ?is collection 0 made4 ,! ,craft 9 ,dang] is n among !m4 ,i h be=e me a small]1 b a v *oice selection1 ( ,kay's c>icatures1 ! loan ( :i* ,i owe to ! k9dness ( ,mr4 ,john ,camd5 ,hott51 ( ,piccadilly4 ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,hott5 = _m c\rtesies ( ?is description1 & especially = ! use ( a v valuable collection ( c>icatures ( ! latt] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury & e>li] "p ( ! pres5t1 m\nt$ 9 f\r l>ge folio volumes1 :i* has be5 ( mu* use to me4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,,gillray4--,,8 ,,fir/ ,,attempts4--,,8 ,,c>icatures ,,beg9 ,,) ,,! ,,%elburne ,,m9i/ry4--,,impea*m5t ,,( ,,w>r5 ,,ha/+s4--,,c>icatures ,,on ,,! ,,k+2 ,,new ,,way ,,to ,,pay ,,! ,,national ,,debt4--,,alleg$ ,,reason ,,= ,,gillray',s ,,ho/ility ,,to ,,! ,,k+4--,,! ,,k+ ,,& ,,! ,,apple-,,dumpl+s4--,,gillray',s ,,lat] ,,lab\rs4--,,8 ,,idiotcy ,,& ,,dea?4 ,9 ! ye> #ageg 0 born ! greate/ ( ,engli% c>icaturi/s1 & p]haps ( all c>icaturi/s ( mod]n times ^: works are kn[n--,james ,gillray4 ,8 fa!r1 :o 0 nam$ l himself1 ,james1 0 a ,scot*man1 a native ( ,lan>k1 & a soldi]1 &1 hav+ lo/ "o arm at ! battle ( ,font5oy1 became an out-p5sion] ( ,*elsea ,hospital4 ,he obta9$ also ! appo9tm5t ( sexton at ! ,moravian burial-gr\nd at ,*elsea1 :i* he held =ty ye>s1 & x 0 at ,*elsea t ,james ,gillray ! y\ng] 0 born4 ,! latt]1 hav+ no d\bt %[n signs ( arti/ic tal5t1 0 put appr5tice to lett]-engrav+2 b aft] a "t1 becom+ disgu/$ ) ?is employm5t1 he ran away1 & jo9$ a p>ty ( /roll+ play]s1 & 9 _! company pass$ ?r\gh _m adv5tures1 & und]w5t _m h>d%ips4 ,he return$1 h[ev] to ,london1 & receiv$ "s enc\ragem5t z a promis+ arti/1 & obta9$ admission z a /ud5t 9 ! ,royal ,academy--! !n "y in/itution to :i* ,hog>? _h be5 oppos$4 ,gillray soon became kn[n z a design] & engrav]1 & work$ 9 ^! capacities = ! publi%]s4 ,among 8 e>li] productions1 two illu/rations ( ,goldsmi?'s ,des]t$ ,village are spok5 ( ) praise1 z display+ a rem>kable fre$om ( effect4 ,= a long "t aft] ,gillray became kn[n z a c>icaturi/ he cont9u$ to engrave ! designs ( o!r arti/s4 ,! e>lie/ kn[n c>icature :i* c be ascrib$ to him ) any c]ta9ty1 is ! plate entitl$ ,paddy on ,horseback1 & dat$ 9 #aggi1 :5 he 0 tw5ty-two ye>s ( age4 ,! horse on :i* ,paddy rides is a bull2 he is seat$ ) 8 face turn$ to ! tail4 ,! subject ( satire is suppos$ to be ! "* !n enjoy$ by ! ,iri% z =tune-hunt]s4 ,! po9t1 h[ev]1 is n v app>5t1 & inde$ ,gillray's e>lie/ c>icatures are tame1 al?\gh x is rem>kable h[ rapidly he improv$1 & h[ soon he arriv$ at excell5ce4 ,two c>icatures1 publi%$ 9 ,june & ,july1 #aghb1 on ! occasion ( admiral ,rodney's victory1 are look$ ^u z m>k+ 8 fir/ decid$ appe>ance 9 politics4 ,a di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( ,gillray's /yle is1 ! wond]ful tact ) :i* he seizes ^u ! po9ts 9 8 subject op5 to ridicule1 & ! =ce ) :i* he br+s ^? po9ts out4 ,9 ! f95ess ( 8 design1 & 9 8 gr\p+ & draw+1 he excels all ! o!r c>icaturi/s4 ,he 01 inde$1 born ) all ! tal5ts ( a great hi/orical pa9t]1 &1 b = circum/ances1 he probably w\ld h %one 9 t bran* ( art4 ,?is excell5ce w be ! m appreciat$ :5 x is und]/ood t he drew 8 picture ) ! ne$le on ! plate1 )\t hav+ made any previ\s sket* ( x1 except sometimes a few ha/y outl9es ( individual portraits or *>act]s scrawl$ on c>ds or scraps ( pap] z !y /ruck him4 ,soon aft] ! two c>icatures on ,rodney's naval victory1 ! ,rock+ham adm9i/ration 0 brok5 up by ! dea? ( its *ief1 & ano!r 0 =m$ "u ! direction ( ,"l ,%elburne1 f :i* ,fox & ,burke retir$1 leav+ 9 x _! old colleague1 ,pitt1 :o n[ des]t$ ! ,:ig p>ty 9 p>liam5t4 ,fox & ,burke became f ?is mom5t ! butt ( all sorts ( abuse & scornful satire f ! c>icaturi/s1 su* z ,say]1 & newspap] writ]s 9 ! pay ( _! oppon5ts2 & ,gillray1 p]haps because x (f]$ at t mom5t ! be/ *ance ( popul>ity & success1 jo9$ 9 ! crusade aga9/ ! two ex-m9i/]s & _! fri5ds4 ,9 "o ( 8 c>icatures1 :i* is a p>ody ^u ,milton1 ,fox is repres5t$ 9 ! "* ( ,satan1 turn+ 8 back ^u ! m9i/]ial ,p>adise1 b look+ envi\sly ov] 8 %\ld] at ! happy pair 7,%elburne & ,pitt7 :o are c\nt+ _! money on ! treasury table3-- ,aside he turn$ ,= envy1 yet ) jeal\s le] malign ,ey$ !m askance4 ,ano!r1 also by ,gillray1 is entitl$ ,guy ,faux & ,judas ,isc>iot1 ! =m] repres5t$ by ,fox1 :o discov]s ! des]tion ( 8 late colleague1 "l ,%elburne1 by ! light ( 8 lant]n1 & recrim9ates angrily1 ,ah6 :at1 ,i've f\nd y out1 h ,i8 ,:o arm'd ! high prie/s & ! p8 ,:o betray'd 8 mas--8 ,at ?is po9t he is int]rupt$ by a sne]+ retort f ,%elburne1 :o is c>ry+ away ! treasury bag ) a look ( great self-complac5cy1 ,ha1 ha6 poor ,gunp[d]'s vex$6 ,he1 he1 he6--,%an't h ! bag1 ,i tell y1 old ,goosetoo?6 ,burke 0 usually c>icatur$ z a ,jesuit2 & 9 ano!r ( ,gillray's pr9ts ( ?is "t 7publi%$ ,aug4 #bc1 #aghb71 entitl$ ,c9c9natus 9 ,retirem5t1 ,burke is repres5t$ z driv5 into ! retirem5t ( 8 ,iri% cab91 :]e he is surr\nd$ by ,popi% relics & emblems ( sup]/ition1 & by ! mat]ials = dr9k+ :isky4 ,a vessel1 inscrib$ ,relick ,no4 #a41 us$ by ,/4 ,pet]1 is fill$ ) boil$ potatoes1 :i* ,jesuit ,burke is p>+4 ,?ree imps are se5 danc+ "u ! table4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bbb4 ,a ,/rong ,dose4 ,9 #aghc ! ,%elburne m9i/ry itself 0 dissolv$1 & succe$$ by ! ,portl& m9i/ry1 9 :i* ,fox 0 secret>y ( /ate = =eign affairs1 & ,burke1 payma/] ( ! =ces1 & ,"l ,nor?1 :o _h jo9$ ! ,:igs aga9/ "l ,%elburne1 n[ obta9$ (fice z secret>y = ! home dep>tm5t4 ,gillray jo9$ w>mly 9 ! attacks on ?is coalition ( p>ties1 & f ?is "t 8 great activity z a c>icaturi/ beg9s4 ,fox1 especially1 & ,burke1 /ill "u ! "* ( a ,jesuit1 7 incessantly held up to ridicule 9 8 pr9ts4 ,9 ano!r ye> ?is m9i/ry also 0 ov]?r[n1 & "y ,william ,pitt became e/abli%$ 9 p[]1 :ile ! ex-m9i/]s1 n[ ! opposition1 _h become unpopul> ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,! c>icature ( ,gillray foll[$ !m1 & ,fox & ,burke con/antly appe>$ "u 8 h&s 9 "s ridicul\s situation or o!r4 ,b ,gillray 0 n a hir$ libell]1 l ,say] & "s ( ! l[] c>icaturi/s ( t "t2 he evid5tly *ose 8 subjects1 9 "s degree indep5d5tly1 z ^? :i* (f]$ him ! be/ m>k = ridicule2 & he _h s little respect = ! m9i/]s or ! c\rt1 t !y all felt 8 satire 9 turn4 ,?us1 :5 ! plan ( national =tifications--br\ght =w>d by ! duke ( ,ri*mond1 :o _h des]t$ ! ,:igs to be made a ,tory m9i/]1 z ma/]-g5]al ( ! ordnance--0 defeat$ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons 9 #aghg1 ! be/ c>icature x provok$ 0 "o by ,gillray1 entitl$ ,honi soit qui mal y p5se1 :i* repres5ts ! horror ( ! duke ( ,ri*mond at be+ s unc]emoni\sly compell$ to swall[ 8 own =tifications 7cut ,no4 #bbb74 ,x is "l ,%elburne1 :o _h n[ become m>quis ( ,lansd[ne1 :o is repres5t$ z adm9i/]+ ! bitt] dose4 ,"s mon?s aft]w>ds1 9 ! fam\s impea*m5t aga9/ ,w>r5 ,ha/+s1 ,gillray sid$ w>mly aga9/ ! impea*]s1 p]haps p>tly because ^! 7 ,burke & 8 fri5ds2 yet sev]al ( 8 c>icatures on ?is affair are aim$ at ! m9i/]s1 & ev5 at ! k+ himself4 ,"l ,?url[1 :o 0 a fav\rite ) ! k+1 & :o support$ ! cause ( ,w>r5 ,ha/+s ) firmness1 aft] he _h be5 des]t$ by ,pitt & ! o!r m9i/]s1 0 especially an object ( ,gillray's satire4 ,?url[1 x w be rememb]$1 0 r celebrat$ = pr(ane swe>+1 & 0 sometimes spok5 ( z ! ?und]]4 ,"o ( ! f9e/ ( ,gillray's c>icatures at ?is p]iod1 publi%$ on ! #a/ ( ,m>*1 #aghh1 is entitl$ ,blood on ,?und] =d+ ! ,r$ ,sea1 & repres5ts ,w>r5 ,ha/+s c>ri$ on *ancellor ,?url['s %\ld]s ?r\gh a sea ( blood1 /rew$ ) ! mangl$ corpses ( ,h9doos4 ,z w be se5 9 our copy ( ! mo/ important "p ( ?is pr9t 7cut ,no4 #bbc71 ! savi\r ( ,india1 z he 0 call$ by 8 fri5ds1 has tak5 c>e to secure 8 ga9s4 ,a rem>kably bold c>icature by ,gillray aga9/ ! gov]nm5t appe>$ on ! #bnd ( ,may 9 ?is ye>4 ,x is entitl$ ,m>ket-,day--e man has 8 price1 & repres5ts a sc5e 9 ,smi?field1 :]e ! horn$ cattle expos$ = sale are ! support]s ( ! k+'s m9i/ry4 ,"l ,?url[1 ) 8 *>act]i/ic fr[n1 appe>s z ! pr9cipal pur*as]4 ,pitt1 & 8 fri5d & colleague ,dundas1 are repres5t$ dr9k+ & smok+ jovially at ! w9d[ ( a public-h\se4 ,on "o side ,w>r5 ,ha/+s is rid+ (f ) ! k+ 9 ! =m ( a calf1 :i* he has j pur*as$1 = ,ha/+s 0 popul>ly believ$ to h work$ ^u k+ ,george's av>ice by ri* pres5ts ( diamonds4 ,on ano!r side1 ! ov]:elm+ ru% ( ! cattle is ?r[+ ov] ! van 9 :i* ,fox1 ,burke1 & ,%]idan are driv+4 ,?is plate des]ves to be plac$ among ,gillray's f9e/ works4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bbc4 ,blood on ,?und]4 ,gillray c>icatur$ ! heir to ! ?rone ) bitt]ness1 p]haps because 8 dissipation & extravagance r5d]$ him a fair subject ( ridicule1 & because he associat$ himself ) ,fox's p>ty 9 politics2 b 8 ho/ility to ! k+ is ascrib$ 9 "p to p]sonal feel+s4 ,a l>ge & v rem>kable pr9t by our arti/1 ?\gh 8 "n 0 n atta*$ to x1 & "o :i* displays 9 a special mann] ! great *>act]i/ics ( ,gillray's /yle1 appe>$ on ! #ba/ ( ,april1 #aghf1 j aft] an application _h be5 made to ! ,h\se ( ,commons = a l>ge sum ( money to pay (f ! k+'s debts1 :i* 7 v great1 9 spite ( ! enorm\s income !n atta*$ to ! cr[n4 ,george 0 kn[n z a c>eful & ev5 a p>simoni\s man1 & ! que5 0 look$ ^u g5]ally z a mean & v av>ici\s woman1 & p 7 at a loss to acc\nt = ?is extraord9>y exp5diture1 & !y tri$ to expla9 x 9 v>i\s ways :i* 7 n to ! cr$it ( ! royal pair4 ,x 0 said t imm5se sums 7 sp5t 9 secret corruption to pave ! way to ! e/abli%m5t ( arbitr>y p[]2 t ! k+ 0 mak+ l>ge sav+s1 & ho>d+ up treasures at ,hanov]2 & t1 in/ead ( sp5d+ money on 8 family1 he all[$ 8 elde/ son to run into s]i\s difficulties ?r\gh ! smallness ( 8 all[ance1 & ?us to become an object ( pity to 8 ,fr5* fri5d1 ! weal?y duc d',orleans1 :o _h (f]$ him relief4 ,! c>icature j m5tion$1 :i* is extremely sev]e1 is entitl$ ,a new way to pay ! ,national ,debt4 ,x repres5ts ! entrance to ! treasury1 f :i* k+ ,george & 8 que51 ) _! b& ( p5sion]s1 are issu+1 _! pockets1 & ! que5's apron1 s full ( money1 t ! co9s are roll+ out & scatt]+ ab\t ! gr\nd4 ,nev]!less1 ,pitt1 ^: pockets also are full1 adds to ! royal treasures l>ge bags ( ! national rev5ue1 :i* are receiv$ ) smiles ( satisfaction4 ,to ! left1 a crippl$ soldi] sits on ! gr\nd1 & asks 9 va9 = relief2 :ile ! wall above is cov]$ ) torn plac>ds1 on "s ( :i* may be read1 ,god save ! ,k+2 ,*>ity1 a romance2 ,f ,g]many1 j arriv$ a l>ge & royal assortm5t4442 & ,la/ dy+ spee* ( fifty-f\r malefactors execut$ = robb+ a h5-roo/4 ,! latt] is a satirical allusion to ! notori\s sev]ity ) :i* ! mo/ trifl+ depr$ators on ! k+'s private f>m 7 prosecut$4 ,9 ! backgr\nd1 on ! "r h& side ( ! picture1 ! pr9ce appe>s 9 ragg$ g>m5ts1 & 9 want ( *>ity no less ?an ! cripple1 & ne> him is ! duke ( ,orleans1 :o (f]s him a draft = #bjj1jjj4 ,on ! plac>ds on ! walls "h we read su* ann\ncem5ts z ,economy1 an old song2 ,briti% prop]ty1 a f>ce2 & ,j publi%$1 = ! b5efit ( po/]ity1 ! dy+ groans ( ,lib]ty2 & "o1 imm$iately ov] ! pr9ce's head1 be>s ! pr9ce's fea!rs1 ) ! motto1 ,i* />ve4 ,altoge!r ?is is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( ,gillray's c>icatures4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bbd4 ,f>m] ,george & 8 ,wife4 ,! p>simoni\sness ( ! k+ & que5 0 ! subject ( c>icatures & songs 9 abundance1 9 :i* ^! illu/ri\s p]sonages appe>$ haggl+ ) _! tradesm51 & mak+ b>ga9s 9 p]son1 rejoic+ 9 hav+ ?us sav$ a small sum ( money4 ,x 0 said t ,george kept a f>m at ,w9dsor1 n = 8 amusem5t1 b to draw a small pr(it f x4 ,by ,pet] ,p9d> he is describ$ z rejoic+ ov] ! skill he has %[n 9 pur*as+ 8 live /ock z b>ga9s4 ,gillray seiz$ gre$ily all ^! po9ts ( ridicule1 &1 z e>ly z #aghf1 he publi%$ a pr9t ( ,f>m] ,george & 8 ,wife 7see our cut ,no4 #bbd71 9 :i* ! two royal p]sonages are repres5t$ 9 ! v famili> mann] 9 :i* !y 7 accu/om$ to walk ab\t ,w9dsor & its neighb\rhood4 ,?is picture appe>s to h be5 v popul>2 & ye>s aft]w>ds1 9 a c>icature on a sc5e 9 ,! ,s*ool = ,sc&al1 :]e1 9 ! sale ( ! "y pr(ligate's effects1 ! auctione] puts up a family portrait1 = :i* a brok] (f]s five %ill+s1 & ,c>eless1 ! auctione]1 says1 ,go+ = no m ?an "o cr[n1 ! family piece is ! well-kn[n picture ( ,f>m] ,george & 8 ,wife1 & ! ru9$ prodigal is ! pr9ce ( ,wales1 :o exclaims1 ,c>eless1 knock d[n ! f>m]4 ,_m c>icatures aga9/ ! undignifi$ meanness ( ! royal h\sehold appe>$ dur+ ! ye>s #agia & #agib1 :5 ! k+ pass$ mu* ( 8 "t at 8 fav\rite wat]+-place1 ,weym\?2 & !re 8 dome/ic habits _h become m & m an object ( rem>k4 ,x 0 said t1 "u ! pret5ce ( ,weym\? be+ an exp5sive place1 & tak+ advantage ( ! obligations ( ! royal mail to c>ry p>cels = ! k+ free1 he _h 8 provisions br\ght to him by t conveyance f 8 f>m at ,w9dsor4 ,on ! #bh? ( ,novemb]1 #agia1 ,gillray publi%$ a c>icature on ! homel9ess ( ! royal h\sehold1 9 two comp>tm5ts1 9 "o ( :i* ! k+ is repres5t$1 9 a dress :i* is any?+ b t ( royalty1 toa/+ 8 muff9s = breakfa/2 & 9 ! o!r1 que5 ,*>lotte1 9 no less homely dress1 ?\gh h] pocket is ov]fl[+ ) money1 toa/+ sprats = supp]4 ,9 ano!r ( ,gillray's pr9ts1 entitl$ ,anti-sac*>ites1 ! k+ & que5 are tea*+ _! daught]s economy 9 tak+ _! tea )\t sug>2 z ! "y pr9cesses %[ "s dislike to ! exp]im5t1 ! que5 admoni%es !m1 conclud+ ) ! rem>k1 ,above all1 rememb] h[ mu* exp5se x w save y\r poor papa6 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bbe4 ,a ,flemi% ,proclamation4 ,accord+ to a /ory :i* seems to be au!ntic1 ,gillray's dislike ( ! k+ 0 embitt]$ at ?is "t by an incid5t some:at simil> to t by :i* ,george ,,ii4 _h provok$ ! ang] ( ,hog>?4 ,gillray _h visit$ ,france1 ,fl&]s1 & ,holl&1 & he _h made sket*es1 a few ( :i* he engrav$4 ,our cut ,no4 #bbe repres5ts a gr\p f "o ( ^! sket*es1 :i* expla9s itself1 & is a fair example ( ,gillray's mann] ( draw+ su* subjects4 ,he accompani$ ! pa9t] ,l\!rb\rg1 :o _h left 8 native city ( ,/rasburg to settle 9 ,engl&1 & become ! k+'s fav\rite arti/1 to assi/ him 9 mak+ sket*es = 8 great pa9t+ ( ,! ,siege ( ,val5ci5nes1 ,gillray sket*+ gr\ps ( figures :ile ,l\!rb\rg drew ! l&scape & build+s4 ,aft] _! return1 ! k+ express$ a desire to see _! sket*es1 & !y 7 plac$ be=e him4 ,l\!rb\rg's l&scapes & build+s 7 pla9 draw+s1 & easy to und]/&1 & ! k+ express$ himself greatly pleas$ ) !m4 ,b ! k+'s m9d 0 already prejudic$ aga9/ ,gillray = 8 satirical pr9ts1 & :5 he saw 8 ha/y & r\gh1 ?\gh spirit$ sket*es1 ( ! ,fr5* soldi]s1 he ?rew !m aside contemptu\sly1 ) ! rem>k1 ,i don't und]/& ^! c>icatures4 ,p]haps ! v ^w he us$ 0 int5d$ z a sne] ^u ,gillray1 :o1 we are told1 felt ! affront deeply1 & he proce$$ to retort by a c>icature1 :i* /ruck at once at "o ( ! k+'s vanities1 & at 8 political prejudices4 ,george ,,iii4 imag9$ himself a great connoisseur 9 ! f9e arts1 & ! c>icature 0 entitl$ ,a ,connoisseur exam9+ a ,coop]4 ,x repres5t$ ! k+ look+ at ! celebrat$ m9iature ( ,oliv] ,cromwell1 by ! ,engli% pa9t]1 ,samuel ,coop]4 ,:5 ,gillray _h complet$ ?is pr9t1 he is said to h exclaim$1 ,i wond] if ! royal connoisseur w und]/& ?is6 ,x 0 publi%$ on ! #ah? ( ,june1 #agib1 & _c h fail$ to produce a s5sation at t p]iod ( revolutions4 ,! k+ is made to exhibit a /range mixture ( al>m ) a/oni%m5t 9 contemplat+ ! features ( ?is great ov]?r[] ( k+ly p[]1 at a mom5t :5 all k+ly p[] 0 ?reat5$4 ,x w be rem>k$1 too1 t ! satiri/ has n ov]look$ ! royal "* = dome/ic economy1 =1 z w be se5 9 our cut ,no4 #bbf1 ! k+ is look+ at ! picture by ! light ( a c&le-end /uck on a save-all4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bbf4 ,a ,connoisseur 9 ,art4 ,f ?is "t ,gillray r>ely let pass an opportunity ( c>icatur+ ! k+4 ,sometimes he pictur$ 8 awkw>d & undignifi$ gait1 z he 0 accu/om$ to %uffle along ! esplanade at ,weym\?2 sometimes 9 ! famili> mann] 9 :i*1 9 ! c\rse ( 8 walks 9 ! neighb\rhood ( 8 ,w9dsor f>m1 he acco/$ ! commone/ lab\r]s & cottag]s1 & ov]:elm$ !m ) a long repetition ( trivial que/ions--= k+ ,george _h a *>act]i/ic mann] ( repeat+ 8 que/ions1 & ( frequ5tly giv+ ! reply to !m himself4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bbg4 ,royal ,affability4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bbh4 ,a ,lesson 9 ,apple ,dumpl+s4 ,!n asks ! f>m]'s wife1 or f>m]'s maid1 ,h[ _m eggs ! f[ls h laid2 ,:at's 9 ! ov51 9 ! pot1 ! crock2 ,:e!r 'twill ra9 or no1 & :at's o'clock2 ,?us f poor hovels glean+ in=mation1 ,to s]ve z future treasure = ! nation4 ,s said ,pet] ,p9d>2 & 9 ?is rle k+ ,george 0 repres5t$ n unfrequ5tly 9 satirical pr9ts4 ,on ! #aj? ( ,febru>y ,gillray illu/rat$ ! quality ( ,affability 9 a picture ( "o ( ^! ru/ic enc\nt]s4 ,! k+ & que51 tak+ _! walk1 h arriv$ at a cottage1 :]e a v co>se example ( ,engli% peasantry is fe$+ 8 pigs ) wa%4 ,! sc5e is repres5t$ 9 our cut ,no4 #bbg4 ,! vacant />e ( ! c\ntryman betrays 8 confusion at ! rapid succession ( que/ions--,well1 fri5d1 :]e a' y go+1 hay8--,:at's y\r "n1 hay8--,:]e d y live1 hay8--hay8 ,9 o!r pr9ts ! k+ is repres5t$ runn+ into ludicr\s adv5tures :ile hunt+1 an amusem5t to :i* he 0 extremely atta*$4 ,"o ( ! be/ kn[n ( ^! has be5 celebrat$ equally by ! p5 ( ,pet] ,p9d> & by ! ne$le ( ,gillray4 ,x 0 said t "o day :ile k+ ,george 0 foll[+ ! *ase1 he came to a poor cottage1 :]e 8 usual curiosity 0 rew>d$ by ! discov]y ( an old woman mak+ apple dumpl+s4 ,:5 in=m$ :at !y 71 he c\ld n conceal 8 a/oni%m5t h[ ! apples c\ld h be5 introduc$ )\t leav+ a seam 9 _! cov]+4 ,9 ! c>icature by ,gillray1 f :i* we take our cut ,no4 #bbh1 ! k+ is repres5t$ look+ at ! process ( dumpl+ mak+ ?r\gh ! w9d[1 inquir+ 9 a/oni%m5t1 ,hay8 hay8 apple dumpl+s8--h[ get ! apples 98--h[8 ,are !y made )\t seams8 ,! /ory is told m fully 9 ! foll[+ v]ses ( ,pet] ,p9d>1 :i* w s]ve z ! be/ comm5t>y on ! engrav+3-- ,,! ,,k+ ,,& ,,! ,,apple ,,dumpl+4 ,once on a "t a mon>*1 tir$ ) :oop+1 ,:ipp+ & spurr+1 ,happy 9 worry+ ,a poor1 def5celess1 h>mless buck 7,! horse & rid] wet z muck71 ,f 8 high consequ5ce & wisdom /oop+1 ,ent]'d ?r\gh curiosity a cot1 ,:]e sat a poor old woman & h] pot4 ,! wr9kl$1 ble>-ey$1 good old granny1 ,9 ?is same cot1 illum'd by _m a cranny4 ,_h f9i%'d apple dumpl+s = h] pot4 ,9 tempt+ r[ ! nak$ dumpl+s lay1 ,:5 lo6 ! mon>* 9 8 usual way ,l lightn+ spoke1 ,:at ?is8 :at ?is8 :at8 :at8 ,!n tak+ up a dumpl+ 9 8 h&1 ,8 eyes ) admiration did exp&1 ,& (t did maje/y ! dumpl+ grapple4 ',tis mon/r\s1 mon/r\s h>d1 inde$8 he cri$2 ,:at makes x1 pray1 s h>d8--,! dame repli$1 ,l[ curtsey+1 ,please y\r maje/y1 ! apple4 ,v a/oni%+1 inde$6 /range ?+6 ,turn+ ! dumpl+ r\nd1 rejo9$ ! k+2 ',tis mo/ extraord9>y !n1 all ?is is-- ,x beats ,p9etti's conjur+ all to pieces-- ,/range ,i %\ld nev] ( a dumpl+ dream6 ,b1 ,goody1 tell me :]e1 :]e1 :]e's ! seam8 ,sir1 !re's no seam1 quo? %e1 ,i nev] knew ,t folks did apple dumpl+s sew4 ,no6 cri$ ! />+ mon>* ) a gr91 ,h[1 h[ ! devil got ! apple 98 ,on :i* ! dame ! curi\s s*eme reveal'd ,by :i* ! apple lay s sly conceal'd1 ,:i* made ! ,solomon ( ,brita9 />t2 ,:o to ! palace ) full spe$ repair'd ,& que51 & pr9cesses s beaute\s1 sc>$1 ,all ) ! wond]s ( ! dumpl+ art4 ,!re did he lab\r "o :ole week1 to %[ ,! wisdom ( an apple dumpl+ mak]2 ,& lo6 s deep 0 maje/y 9 d\gh1 ,! palace seem'd ! lodg+ ( a bak]6 ,gillray 0 n ! only c>icaturi/ :o turn$ ! k+'s weaknesses to ridicule1 b none c>icatur$ !m ) s little g5tl5ess1 or evid5tly ) s good a w4 ,on ! #g? ( ,m>*1 #agif1 ! pr9cess ( ,wales gave bir? to a daught]1 s well kn[n s9ce z ! pr9cess ,*>lotte4 ,! k+ is said to h be5 *>m$ ) 8 gr&*ild1 & ?is s5tim5t appe>s to h be5 anticipat$ by ! public1 = on ! #ac? ( ,febru>y1 :5 ! pr9cess's acc\*m5t 0 look$ =w>d to ) g5]al int]e/1 a pr9t appe>$ "u ! title ( ,gr&papa 9 8 ,glory4 ,9 ?is c>icature1 :i* is giv5 9 our cut ,no4 #bbi1 k+ ,george1 seat$1 is repres5t$ nurs+ & fe$+ ! royal infant 9 an extraord9>y degree ( homel9ess4 ,he is s++ ! nurs]y rhyme-- ,!re 0 a laugh & a craw1 ,!re 0 a giggl+ honey1 ,goody good girl %all be f$1 ,b naughty girl %all h noney4 ,?is pr9t be>s no "n1 b x is kn[n to be by ,woodw>d1 ?\gh x betrays an attempt to imitate ! /yle ( ,gillray4 ,gillray 0 (t5 imitat$ 9 ?is mann]1 & 8 pr9ts 7 n unfrequ5tly copi$ & pirat$4 ,he ev5 at times copi$ himself1 & disguis$ 8 own /yle1 = ! sake ( ga9+ money4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bbi4 ,gr&fa!r ,george4 ,at ! p]iod ( ! reg5cy bill 9 #aghi1 ,gillray attack$ ,pitt's policy 9 t affair ) great sev]ity4 ,9 a c>icature publi%$ on ! #crd ( ,janu>y1 he drew ! premi] 9 ! "* ( an ov]-gorg$ vulture1 ) "o claw fix$ firmly on ! cr[n & sceptre1 & ) ! o!r seiz+ ^u ! pr9ce's coronet1 f :i* he is pluck+ ! fea!rs4 ,among o!r good c>icatures on ?is occasion1 p]haps ! f9e/ is a p>ody on ,fuseli's picture ( ,! ,weird ,si/]s1 9 :i* ,dundas1 ,pitt1 & ,?url[1 z ! si/]s1 are contemplat+ ! moon1 ! bright side ( ^: disc repres5ts ! face ( ! que51 & ! o!r t ( ! k+1 ov]ca/ ) m5tal d>kness4 ,gillray took a /rongly ho/ile view ( ! ,fr5* revolution1 & produc$ an imm5se numb] ( c>icatures aga9/ ! ,fr5* & _! rul]s1 & _! fri5ds1 or suppos$ fri5ds1 9 ?is c\ntry1 dur+ ! p]iod ext5d+ f #agij to ! e>li] ye>s ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,?r\gh all ! *anges ( m9i/ry or policy1 he seems to h fix$ himself /rongly on individuals1 & he seldom ceas$ to c>icature ! p]son :o _h once provok$ 8 attacks4 ,s x 0 ) ! "l *ancellor ,?url[1 :o became ! butt ( savage satire 9 "s ( 8 pr9ts :i* appe>$ 9 #agib1 at ! "t :5 ,pitt =c$ him to resign ! *ancellor%ip4 ,among ^! is "o ( ! bolde/ c>icatures :i* he ev] execut$4 ,x is a p>ody1 f9e almo/ to sublimity1 on a well-kn[n sc5e 9 ,milton1 & is entitl$1 ,s91 ,dea?1 & ! ,devil4 ,! que51 z ,s91 ru%es to sep>ate ! two combatants1 ,dea? 79 ! semblance ( ,pitt7 & ,satan 79 t ( ,?url[74 ,dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! c5tury ,gillray c>icatur$ all p>ties 9 turn1 :e!r m9i/]ial or opposition1 ) indiscrim9ate vig\r2 b 8 ho/ility t[>ds ! p>ty ( ,fox1 :om he p]si/$ 9 reg>d+1 or at lea/ 9 repres5t+1 z unpatriotic revolutioni/s1 0 c]ta9ly greate/4 ,9 #ahjc he work$ en]getically aga9/ ! ,add+ton m9i/ry2 & 9 #ahjf he c>icatur$ t :i* 0 kn[n by ! title ( ,all ! ,tal5ts2 b dur+ ?is lat] p]iod ( 8 life 8 lab\rs 7 m especially aim$ at keep+ up ! _s ( 8 c\ntrym5 aga9/ ! ?reats & designs ( our =eign enemies4 ,x 01 9 fact1 ! c>icature :i* at t "t met ) ! greate/ enc\ragem5t4 ,9 8 own p]son1 ,gillray _h liv$ a life ( great irregul>ity1 & z he grew old]1 8 habits ( dissipation & intemp]ance increas$1 & gradually broke d[n 8 intellect4 ,t[>ds ! ye> #ahaa he ceas$ produc+ any orig9al works2 ! la/ plate he execut$ 0 a draw+ ( ,bunbury's1 entitl$ ,a ,b>b]'s ,%op 9 ,assize ,"t1 :i* is suppos$ to h be5 f9i%$ 9 ! ,janu>y ( t ye>4 ,soon aft]w>ds 8 m9d sank into idiotcy1 f :i* x nev] recov]$4 ,james ,gillray di$ 9 #ahae1 & 0 buri$ 9 ,/4 ,james's *ur*y>d1 ,piccadilly1 ne> ! rectory h\se4 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,,gillray',s ,,c>icatures ,,on ,,social ,,life4--,,?omas ,,r[l&son4--,,8 ,,e>ly ,,life4--,,he ,,becomes ,a ,,c>icaturi/4--,,8 ,,/yle ,,& ,,works4--,,8 ,,draw+s4--,,! ,,cruik%anks4 ,gillray 01 beyond all o!rs1 ! great political c>icaturi/ ( 8 age4 ,8 works =m a complete hi/ory ( ! great] & m important portion ( ! reign ( ,george ,,iii4 ,he appe>s to h _h less ta/e = g5]al c>icature1 & 8 c>icatures on social life are less num]\s1 & ) a few exceptions less important1 ?an ^? :i* 7 call$ =? by political ev5ts4 ,! exceptions are *iefly satires on individual *>act]s1 :i* are m>k$ by ! same bold /yle :i* is display$ 9 8 political attacks4 ,"s ( 8 c>icatures on ! extravagant co/ume ( ! "t1 & on its m prom95t vices1 su* z ! rage = gambl+1 are also f9e1 b 8 social sket*es g5]ally are mu* inf]ior to 8 o!r works4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 n ! case ) 8 contempor>y1 ,?omas ,r[l&son1 :o d\btlessly /&s second to ,gillray1 & may1 9 "s respects1 be consid]$ 8 equal4 ,r[l&son 0 born 9 ! ,old ,jewry 9 ,london1 ! ye> be=e t ( ! bir? ( ,gillray1 9 ! ,july ( #agef4 ,8 fa!r 0 a city m]*ant1 :o _h ! means to give him a good education1 b emb>k+ ra%ly 9 "s unsuccessful speculations1 he fell into r$uc$ circum/ances1 & ! son _h to dep5d ^u ! lib]ality ( a relative4 ,8 uncle1 ,?omas ,r[l&son1 aft] :om probably he 0 nam$1 _h m>ri$ a ,fr5* lady1 a ,mademoiselle ,*ateli]1 :o 0 n[ a wid[1 resid+ 9 ,p>is1 ) :at w\ld be consid]$ 9 t capital a h&some =tune1 & %e appe>s to h be5 atta*$ to h] ,engli% nephew1 & suppli$ him r freely ) money4 ,"y ,r[l&son _h %[n at an e>ly age great tal5t = draw+1 ) an especial turn = satire4 ,z a s*oolboy1 he cov]$ ! m>g9s ( 8 books ) c>icatures ^u 8 ma/] & ^u 8 fell[-s*ol>s1 & at ! age ( sixte5 he 0 admitt$ a /ud5t 9 ! ,royal ,academy 9 ,london1 !n 9 its infancy4 ,b he did n pr(it imm$iately by ?is admission1 = 8 aunt invit$ him to ,p>is1 :]e he began & foll[$ 8 /udies 9 art ) great success1 & 0 rem>k$ = ! skill ) :i* he drew ! human body4 ,8 /udies f nature1 :ile 9 ,p>is1 are said to h be5 rem>kably f9e4 ,nor did 8 ta/e = satirical design fail him1 = x 0 "o ( 8 greate/ amusem5ts to c>icature ! num]\s individuals1 & gr\ps ( individuals1 :o mu/ 9 t age h pres5t$ objects ( ridicule to a lively ,engli%man4 ,dur+ ?is "t 8 aunt di$1 leav+ him all h] prop]ty1 consi/+ ( ab\t #g1jjj 9 money1 & a consid]able am\nt 9 plate & o!r objects4 ,! sudd5 possession ( s mu* money prov$ a mis=tune to "y ,r[l&son4 ,he appe>s to h _h an e>ly love = gaiety1 & he n[ yield$ to all ! temptations to vice held out by ! ,fr5* metropolis1 & especially to an uncontrollable passion = gambl+1 ?r\gh :i* he soon dissipat$ 8 =tune4 ,be=e ?is1 h[ev]1 _h be5 effect$1 ,r[l&son1 aft] hav+ resid$ 9 ,p>is ab\t two ye>s1 return$ to ,london1 & cont9u$ 8 /udies 9 ! ,royal ,academy4 ,b he appe>s = "s ye>s to h giv5 himself up entirely to 8 dissipat$ habits1 & to h work$ only at int]vals1 :5 he 0 driv5 to x by ! want ( money4 ,we are told by "o :o 0 intimate ) him1 t1 :5 r$uc$ to ?is condition1 he us$ to exclaim1 hold+ up 8 p5cil1 ,i h be5 play+ ! fool1 b "h is my res\rce6 & he w\ld !n produce--) extraord9>y rapidity--c>icatures en\gh to supply 8 mom5t>y wants4 ,mo/ ( ,r[l&son's e>li] productions 7 publi%$ anonym\sly1 b "h & !re1 among l>ge collections1 we meet ) a pr9t1 :i*1 by companion ( ! /yle ) t ( 8 e>lie/ kn[n works1 we c h>dly hesitate 9 ascrib+ to him2 & f ^! x w\ld appe> t he _h begun ) political c>icature1 because1 p]haps1 at t p]iod ( great agitation1 x 0 mo/ call$ =1 &1 !re=e1 mo/ pr(itable4 ,?ree ( ! e>lie/ ( ! political c>icatures ?us ascrib$ to ,r[l&son belong to ! ye> #aghd1 :5 he 0 tw5ty-eight ye>s ( age1 & relate to ! dissolution ( p>liam5t 9 t ye>1 ! result ( :i* 0 ! e/abli%m5t ( ,william ,pitt 9 p[]4 ,! fir/1 publi%$ on ! #aa? ( ,m>*1 is entitl$ ,! ,*ampion ( ! ,p4 ,fox is repres5t$ "u ?is title1 arm$ ) ! sword ( ,ju/ice & ! %ield ( ,tru?1 combat+ ! _m-head$ hydra1 its m\?s respectively brea?+ =? ,tyranny1 ,assum$ ,pr]ogative1 ,despotism1 ,oppression1 ,secret ,influ5ce1 ,scot* ,politics1 ,duplicity1 & ,corruption4 ,"s ( ^! heads are already cut (f4 ,! ,dut*man1 ,fr5*man1 & o!r =eign enemies are se5 9 ! backgr\nd1 danc+ r\nd ! /&>d ( ,s$ition4 ,fox is support$ by num]\s bodies ( ,engli% & ,iri%m51 ! ,engli% %\t+1 ,:ile he protects u1 we w support him4 ,! ,iri%1 ,he gave u a free trade & all we ask$2 he %all h our firm support4 ,natives ( ,india1 9 allusion to 8 unsuccessful ,india ,bill1 kneel by 8 side & pray = 8 success4 ,! second ( ^! c>icatures 0 publi%$ on ! #bf? ( ,m>*1 & is entitl$ ,! ,/ate ,auction4 ,pitt is ! auctione]1 & is repres5t$ z knock+ d[n ) ! hamm] ( pr]ogative all ! valuable articles ( ! con/itution4 ,! cl]k is 8 colleague1 ,h5ry ,dundas1 :o holds up a weighty lot1 entitl$1 ,lot #a4 ,! ,rights ( ! ,p4 ,pitt calls to him1 ,%[ ! lot ?is way1 ,h>ry--a'go+1 a'go+--speak quick1 or x's gone--hold up ! lot1 ye ,dund-ass6 ,! cl]k replies 9 8 ,scotti% acc5t1 ,i c h\ld x na high]1 sir4 ,! ,:ig memb]s1 "u ! title ( ! *os5 repres5t]s1 are leav+ ! auction room 9 disc\ragem5t1 ) reflections 9 _! m\?s1 su* z1 ,adieu to ,lib]ty6 ,despair n6 ,n[ or nev]6 ,:ile ,fox /&s firm 9 ! cause1 & exclaims--,i am det]m9$ to bid ) _s = ,lot #a2 he %all pay de> = x t outbids me6 ,pitt's ,tory support]s are rang$ "u ! auctione]1 & are call$ ! h]$it>y virtuosis2 & _! lead]1 :o appe>s to be ! "l *ancellor1 addresses !m 9 ! words1 ,m9d n ! nons5sical bidd+s ( ^? common fell[s4 ,dundas rem>ks1 ,we %all get ! supplies by ?is sale4 ,! ?ird ( ^! c>icatures is dat$ on ! #ca/ ( ,m>*1 :5 ! elections _h comm5c$1 & is entitl$1 ,! ,hanov]ian ,horse & ,briti% ,lion--a ,sc5e 9 a new ,play1 lately act$ 9 ,we/m9/]1 ) di/+ui%$ applause4 ,act #bnd1 ,sc5e la/4 ,at ! back ( ! picture /&s ! vacant ?rone1 ) ! intimation1 ,we %all resume our situation "h at pleasure1 ,leo ,rex4 ,9 front1 ! ,hanov]ian horse1 unbridl$1 & )\t saddle1 neighs pre-ro-ro-ro-ro-rogative1 & is trampl+ on ! safegu>d ( ! con/itution1 :ile x kicks out viol5tly ! fai?ful commons 7allud+ to ! rec5t dissolution ( p>liam5t74 ,pitt1 on ! back ( ! horse1 cries1 ,bravo6--g x aga96--,i love to ride a mettl$ /e$2 s5d ! vagabonds pack+6 ,fox appe>s on ! o!r side ( ! picture1 m\nt$ on ! ,briti% lion1 & hold+ a :ip & bridle 9 8 h&4 ,he says to ,pitt1 ,pri!e1 ,billy1 dism\nt be=e ye get a fall1 & let "s abl] jockey take y\r seat2 & ! lion obs]ves1 indignantly1 b ) gravity1 ,if ?is horse is n tam$1 he w soon be absolute k+ ( our =e/4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bcj4 ,op]a ,beauties4 ,if ^! pr9ts are correctly ascrib$ to ,r[l&son1 we see him "h fairly ent]$ 9 ! li/s ( political c>icature1 & sid+ ) ,fox & ! ,:ig p>ty4 ,he displays ! same boldness 9 attack+ ! k+ & 8 m9i/]s :i* 0 display$ by ,gillray--a boldness t probably did mu* t[>ds pres]v+ ! lib]ties ( ! c\ntry f :at 0 no d\bt a resolute attempt to trample ^u !m1 at a "t :5 c>icature =m$ a v p[]ful weapon4 ,be=e ?is "t1 h[ev]1 ,r[l&son's p5cil _h become practis$ 9 ^? burlesque pictures ( social life = :i* he became aft]w>ds s celebrat$4 ,at fir/ he seems to h publi%$ 8 designs "u fictiti\s names1 & "o n[ be=e me1 entitl$ ,! ,ty! ,pig1 be>s ! e>ly date ( #aghf1 ) ! "n ( ,wig/ead1 no d\bt an assum$ "o1 :i* is f\nd on "s o!rs ( 8 e>ly pr9ts4 ,x repres5ts ! c\ntry p>son1 9 8 own p>l\r1 receiv+ ! tribute ( ! ti! pig f an int]e/+ look+ f>m]'s wife4 ,! "n ( ,r[l&son1 ) ! date #agib1 is atta*$ to a v clev] & humor\s et*+ :i* is n[ also be=e me1 entitl$ ,cold ,bro? & ,calamity1 & repres5t+ a p>ty ( skat]s1 :o h fall5 9 a heap ^u ! ice1 :i* is break+ "u _! weight4 ,x be>s ! "n ( ,=es z publi%]4 ,f ?is "t1 & especially t[>d ! close ( ! c5tury1 ,r[l&son's c>icatures on social life became v num]\s1 & !y are s well kn[n t x becomes unnecess>y1 nor inde$ w\ld x be easy1 to select a few examples :i* w\ld illu/rate all 8 *>act]i/ic excell5cies4 ,9 pr9ts publi%$ by ,=es at ! beg9n+ ( #agid1 ! address ( ! publi%] is foll[$ by ! words1 :]e may be _h all ,r[l&son's works1 :i* %[s h[ great 0 8 reputation z a c>icaturi/ at t "t4 ,x may be /at$ briefly t he 0 di/+ui%$ by a rem>kable v]satility ( tal5t1 by a great fecundity ( imag9ation1 & by a skill 9 gr\p+ q equal to t ( ,gillray1 & ) a s+ul> ease 9 =m+ 8 gr\ps ( a great numb] ( figures4 ,among ^? ( 8 contempor>ies :o spoke ( him ) ! highe/ praise 7 sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds & ,b5jam9 ,we/4 ,x has be5 rem>k$1 too1 t no arti/ ev] possess$ ! p[] ( ,r[l&son ( express+ s mu* ) s little ef=t4 ,we trace a great diff]5ce 9 /yle betwe5 ,r[l&son's e>li] & 8 lat] works2 al?\gh !re is a g5]al id5tity ( "* :i* _c be mi/ak54 ,! figures 9 ! =m] %[ a ta/e = grace & elegance t is r>e 9 8 lat] works1 & we f9d a delicacy ( beauty 9 8 females :i* he appe>s aft]w>ds to h entirely laid aside4 ,an example ( 8 e>li] /yle 9 depict+ female faces is furni%$ by ! pretty f>m]'s wife1 9 ! pr9t ( ,! ,ty! ,pig1 j allud$ to2 & ,i may quote z ano!r example1 an et*+ publi%$ on ! #a/ ( ,janu>y1 #agid1 "u ! title ( ,engli% ,curiosity2 or1 ! =eign] />$ out ( c\nt5ance4 ,an individual1 9 a =eign co/ume1 is seat$ 9 ! front r[ ( ! boxes ( a !atre1 probably int5d$ = ! op]a1 :]e he has become ! object ( curiosity ( ! :ole audi5ce1 & all eyes are eag]ly direct$ ^u him4 ,! faces ( ! m5 are r co>sely grotesque1 b ^? ( ! ladies1 two ( :i* are giv5 9 our cut ,no4 #bcj1 possess a consid]able degree ( ref9em5t4 ,he appe>s1 h[ev]1 to h be5 naturally a man ( no real ref9em5t1 :o easily gave himself up to l[ & vulg> ta/es1 &1 z 8 c>icature became m exagg]at$ & co>se1 8 females became less & less graceful1 until 8 model ( female beauty appe>s to h be5 repres5t$ by some?+ l a fat oy/]-woman4 ,our cut ,no4 #bca1 tak5 f a pr9t 9 ! possession ( ,mr4 ,fairholt1 entitl$1 ,! ,trumpet & ,bassoon1 pres5ts a good example ( ,r[l&son's broad hum\r1 & ( 8 fav\rite models ( ! human face4 ,we c almo/ fancy we he> ! diff]5t tones ( ?is brace ( snor]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bca4 ,! ,trumpet & ,bassoon4 ,a good example ( ,r[l&son's grotesques ( ! human figure is giv5 9 our cut ,no4 #bcb1 tak5 f a pr9t publi%$ on ! #a/ ( ,janu>y1 #agif1 "u ! title ( ,any?+ w d = an ,(fic]4 ,p compla9$ ( ! mean appe>ance ( ! (fic]s 9 our armies1 :o obta9$ _! rank1 x 0 pret5d$1 by fav\r & pur*ase r ?an by m]it2 & ?is c>icature is expla9$ by an inscription b5ea?1 :i* in=ms u h[ ,"s s*ool-boys1 :o 7 play+ at soldi]s1 f\nd "o ( _! numb] s ill-made1 & s mu* "u size1 t he w\ld h disfigur$ ! :ole body if put into ! ranks4 ',:at %all we d ) him8' ask$ "o4 ',d ) him8' says ano!r1 ':y make an (fic] ( him4' ,?is plate is inscrib$ ) 8 "n1 ,r[l&son fecit4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bcb4 ,a ,model ,(fic]4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bcc4 ,antiqu>ies at ,"w4 ,at ?is "t ,r[l&son /ill cont9u$ to "w = ,=es1 b be=e ! end ( ! c5tury we f9d him work+ = ,ack]mann1 ( ! ,/r&1 :o cont9u$ to be 8 fri5d & employ] dur+ ! re/ ( 8 life1 & is said to h help$ him g5]\sly 9 _m difficulties4 ,9 ^!1 inde$1 he 0 cont9ually involv$ by 8 dissipation & ?\ghtlessness4 ,ack]mann n only employ$ him 9 et*+ ! draw+s ( o!r c>icaturi/s1 especially ( ,bunbury1 b 9 furni%+ illu/rations to books1 su* z ! sev]al s]ies ( ,dr4 ,syntax1 ! ,new ,dance ( ,dea?1 & o!rs4 ,r[l&son's illu/rations to editions ( ! old] /&>d novels1 su* z ,tom ,jones1 are rem>kably clev]4 ,9 transf]r+ ! works ( o!r c>icaturi/s to ! copp]1 ,r[l&son 0 9 ! habit ( giv+ 8 own /yle to !m to su* a degree1 t nobody w\ld suspect t !y 7 n 8 own1 if ! "n ( ! design] 7 n atta*$ to !m4 ,i h giv5 "o example ( ?is 9 a =m] *apt]1 & ano!r v curi\s "o is furni%$ by a pr9t n[ be=e me1 entitl$ ,angl]s ( #ahaa1 :i* be>s only ! "n ,h4 ,bunbury del41 b :i* is 9 e p>ticul> a p]fect example ( ! /yle ( ,r[l&son4 ,dur+ ! latt] "p ( 8 life ,r[l&son amus$ himself ) mak+ an imm5se numb] ( draw+s :i* 7 nev] engrav$1 b _m ( :i* h be5 pres]v$ & are /ill f\nd scatt]$ ?r\gh ! portfolios ( collectors4 ,^! are g5]ally bett] f9i%$ ?an 8 et*+s1 & are all m or less burlesque4 ,our cut ,no4 #bcc is tak5 f "o ( ^! draw+s1 9 ! possession ( ,mr4 ,fairholt2 x repres5ts a p>ty ( antiqu>ies engag$ 9 important excavations4 ,no d\bt ! figures 7 int5d$ = well-kn[n ar*ologi/s ( ! day4 ,?omas ,r[l&son di$ 9 pov]ty1 9 lodg+s 9 ! ,adelphi1 on ! #bbnd ( ,april1 #ahbg4 ,among ! mo/ active c>icaturi/s ( ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury we mu/ n ov]look ,isaac ,cruik%ank1 ev5 if x 7 only because ! "n has become s celebrat$ 9 t ( 8 m tal5t$ son4 ,isaac's c>icatures1 too1 7 equal to ^? ( any ( 8 contempor>ies1 aft] ,gillray & ,r[l&son4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ examples :i* ,i h se5 be>+ ! well-kn[n initials1 ,i4 ,c41 0 publi%$ on ! #aj? ( ,m>*1 #agid1 ! ye> 9 :i* ,george ,cruik%ank 0 born1 & probably1 !re=e1 :5 ,isaac 0 q a "y man4 ,x is entitl$ ,a ,republican ,belle1 & is an evid5t imitation ( ,gillray4 ,9 ano!r1 dat$ ! #a/ ( ,novemb]1 #agie1 ,pitt is repres5t$ z ,! ,royal ,ext+ui%]1 putt+ out ! flame ( ,s$ition4 ,isaac ,cruik%ank publi%$ _m pr9ts anonym\sly1 & among ! num]\s c>icatures ( ! latt] end ( ! la/ c5tury we meet ) _m :i* h no "n atta*$ to !m1 b :i* resemble s exactly 8 kn[n /yle1 t we c h>dly hesitate 9 ascrib+ !m to him4 ,x w be rem>k$ t 9 8 ackn[l$g$ works he c>icatures ! opposition2 b p]haps1 l o!r c>icaturi/s ( 8 "t1 he work$ privately = anybody :o w\ld pay him1 & 0 z will+ to "w aga9/ ! gov]nm5t z = x1 = mo/ ( ! pr9ts :i* betray _! au?or only by _! /yle are c>icatures on ,pitt & 8 measures4 ,su* is ! gr\p giv5 9 our cut ,no4 #bcd1 :i* 0 publi%$ on ! #ae? ( ,augu/1 #agig1 at a "t :5 !re 7 l\d compla9ts aga9/ ! bur!n ( taxation4 ,x is entitl$ ,billy's ,r>ee-,%[2 or1 ,john ,bull ,en-light5'd1 & repres5ts ,pitt1 9 ! "* ( a %[man1 exhibit+ to ,john ,bull1 & pick+ 8 pocket :ile 8 att5tion is occupi$ ) ! %[4 ,pitt1 9 a true %[man's /yle1 says to 8 victim1 ,n[1 pray l5d y\r att5tion to ! en*ant+ prospect be=e y1--?is is ! prospect ( peace--only obs]ve :at a busy sc5e pres5ts itself--! ports are fill$ ) %ipp+1 ! quays load$ ) m]*&ise1 ri*es are fl[+ 9 f e qu>t]--?is prospect alone is wor? all ! money y h got ab\t y4 ,accord+ly1 ! %[man ab/racts ! same money f 8 pocket1 :ile ,john ,bull1 unconsci\s ( ! !ft exclaims ) surprise1 ,mayhap x may1 ma/] %[man1 b ,i canna zee ony ?+ l :at y m5tions1--,i zees no?+ b a woide pla91 ) "s m\nta9s & molehills ^u't--z sure z a gun1 x mu/ be all beho9d "o ( ^?6 ,! flag ( ! %[ is inscrib$1 ,lic5s$ by au?ority1 ,billy ,hum's gr& exhibition ( mov+ me*anism2 or1 deception ( ! s5ses4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bcd4 ,! ,r>ee-,%[4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bce4 ,flight across ! ,h]r+ ,pond4 ,9 a c>icature ) ! initials ( ,i4 ,c41 & publi%$ on ! #bj? ( ,june1 #agig1 ,fox is repres5t$ z ,! ,wat*man ( ! ,/ate1 ironically1 ( c\rse1 = he is betray+ ! tru? :i* he _h o/5tati\sly assum$1 & abs5t+ himself at ! mom5t :5 8 ag5ts are putt+ ! mat* to ! tra9 !y h laid to bl[ up ! con/itution4 ,yet ,cruik%ank's c>icatures on ! ,iri% union 7 r oppos$ to m9i/]s4 ,"o ( ^!1 publi%$ on ! #bj? ( ,june1 #ahjj1 is full ( hum\r4 ,x is entitl$ ,a ,flight across ! ,h]r+ ,pond4 ,engl& & ,irel& are sep>at$ by a r\gh sea1 ov] :i* a cr[d ( ,iri% patriots are fly+1 allur$ by ! prospect ( hon\rs & rew>ds4 ,on ! ,iri% %ore1 a few wret*$ natives1 ) a baby & a dog1 are 9 an attitude ( pray]1 expo/ulat+ ) ! fugitives1--,o*1 o*6 d n leave u--consid] y\r old h\se1 x w look l a big wallnut-%ell )\t a k]nel4 ,on ! ,engli% %ore1 ,pitt is hold+ op5 ! ,imp]ial ,p\*1 & welcom+ !m1--,come on1 my little fell[s1 !re's pl5ty ( room = y all--! budget is n half full4 ,inside ! p\* appe>s a ho/ ( m5 cov]$ ) hon\rs & dignities1 "o ( :om says to ! =emo/ ( ! ,iri% c&idates = fav\r1 ,v snug & conv5i5t1 bro!r1 ,i allure y4 ,beh9d ,pitt1 ,dundas1 seat$ on a pile ( public (fices unit$ 9 8 p]son1 calls out to ! immigrants1 ,if y've ony consci5ces at a'1 "h's enugh to satisfy ye a'4 ,a portion ( ?is clev] c>icature is repres5t$ 9 our cut ,no4 #bce4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bcf4 ,a ,case ( ,abduction4 ,!re is a r>e c>icature on ! subject ( ! ,iri% union1 :i* exhibits a little ( ! /yle ( ,isaac ,cruik%ank1 & a copy ( :i* is 9 ! possession ( ,mr4 ,fairholt4 ,f ?is ,i h tak5 m]ely ! gr\p :i* =ms our cut ,no4 #bcf4 ,x is a long pr9t1 dat$ on ! #a/ ( ,janu>y1 #ahjj1 & is entitl$ ,! ,triumphal entry ( ! ,union into ,london4 ,pitt1 ) a pap] entitl$ ,iri% ,fre$om 9 8 pocket1 is c>ry+ (f ! "y lady 7,irel&7 by =ce1 ) h] natural accompanim5t1 a keg ( :isky4 ,! "l *ancellor ( ,irel& 7"l ,cl>e7 sits on ! horse & p]=ms ! "p ( fiddl]4 ,9 advance ( ?is gr\p are a long rabble ( radicals1 ,iri%man1 c41 :ile close beh9d comes ,grattan1 c>ri$ 9 a s$an-*air1 & e>ne/ly appeal+ to ! lady1 ,i]ne1 ,i]ne6 my sweet maid1 li/5 n to him--he's a false1 flatt]+1 gay deceiv]4 ,/ill f>!r 9 ! re> foll[s ,/4 ,patrick1 rid+ on a bull1 ) a sack ( potatoes = 8 saddle1 & play+ on ! ,iri% h>p4 ,an ,iri%man expo/ulates 9 ! foll[+ words--,ah1 long life to y\r holy rev]5ce's memory1 :y w y lave y\r own nate little k+dom1 & g to ano!r :]e !y w t9k no m ( y !n !y w\ld ( an old brogue8 ,%ure1 ( all ! sa9ts 9 ! r$-lett] cal5d>1 we give y ! pref]5ce6 o* hone6 o* hone6 ,ano!r ,iri%man pulls ! bull by ! tail1 ) ! lam5t1 ,ah1 ma/h]1 honey1 :y w y be aft] leav+ u8 ,:at w become ( poor ,%elagh & all ( u1 :5 y are gone8 ,x is a regul> ,iri% case ( abduction4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #bcg4 ,! ,f>?+ ,ru%light4 ,! la/ example ,i %all give ( ! c>icatures ( ,isaac ,cruik%ank is ! copy ( "o entitl$ ,! ,f>?+ ,ru%light1 :i*1 ,i ne$ h>dly say1 is a p>ody on ! subject ( a well-kn[n song4 ,! ru%light is ! poor old k+1 ,george1 :om ! pr9ce ( ,wales & 8 ,:ig associates1 ,fox1 ,%]idan1 & o!rs1 are lab\r+ 9 va9 to bl[ out4 ,! late/ c>icature ,i possess1 be>+ ! initials ( ,isaac ,cruik%ank1 0 publi%$ by ,=es1 on ! #ai? ( ,april1 #ahaj1 & is entitl$1 ,! ,la/ ,gr& ,m9i/]ial ,exp$ition 7on ! ,/reet1 ,piccadilly74 ,! subject is ! riot on ! arre/ ( sir ,francis ,burdett1 & x %[s t ,cruik%ank 0 at ?is "t c>icatur+ on ! radical side 9 politics4 ,isaac ,cruik%ank left two sons :o became di/+ui%$ z c>icaturi/s1 ,george1 already m5tion$1 & ,rob]t4 ,george ,cruik%ank1 :o is /ill among/ u1 has rais$ c>icature 9 art to p]haps ! highe/ degree ( excell5ce x has yet rea*$4 ,he began z a political c>icaturi/1 9 imitation ( 8 fa!r ,isaac--9 fact ! two bro!rs are und]/ood to h work$ jo9tly ) _! fa!r be=e !y engrav$ on _! own acc\nt4 ,i h 9 my own possession two ( 8 e>lie/ works ( ?is class1 publi%$ by ,=es1 ( ,piccadilly1 & dat$ respectively ! #crd & ! #ai? ( ,m>*1 #ahae4 ,george 0 !n "u tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age4 ,! fir/ ( ^! pr9ts is a c>icature on ! re/rictions laid ^u ! trade 9 corn1 & is entitl$ ,! ,bless+s ( ,peace1 or1 ! ,curse ( ! ,corn ,bill4 ,a =eign boat has arriv$1 lad5 ) corn at a l[ price--"o ( ! =eign trad]s holds out a sample & says1 ,"h is de be/ = #ejs4 ,a gr\p ( bloat$ ari/ocrats & l&hold]s /& on ! %ore1 ) a clos$ /oreh\se1 fill$ ) corn beh9d !m2 ! =emo/1 w>n+ ! boat away ) 8 h&1 replies to ! m]*ant1 ,we won't h x at any price--we are det]m9$ to keep up our own to #hjs41 & if ! poor c't buy at t price1 :y !y mu/ />ve4 ,we love money too well to l[] our r5ts aga92 ! income tax is tak5 (f4 ,"o ( 8 companions exclaims1 ,no1 no1 we won't h x at all4 ,a ?ird adds1 ,ay1 ay1 let 'em />ve1 & be d-- to 'em4 ,^u ?is ano!r ( ! =eign m]*ants cries1 ,by g>1 if !y w n h x at all1 we mu/ ?r[ x ov]bo>d6 & a sailor is c>ry+ ?is alt]native into execution by empty+ a sack into ! sea4 ,ano!r gr\p /&s ne> ! clos$ /oreh\se--x consi/s ( a poor ,engli%man1 8 wife ) an infant 9 ! arms1 & two ragg$ *ildr51 a boy & a girl4 ,! fa!r is made to say1 ,no1 no1 ma/]s1 ,i'll n />ve2 b quit my native c\ntry1 :]e ! poor are cru%$ by ^? !y lab\r to support1 & retire to "o m hospitable1 & :]e ! arts ( ! ri* d n int]pose to defeat ! provid5ce ( ,god4 ,! corn bill 0 pass$ 9 ! spr+ ( #ahae1 & 0 ! cause ( mu* popul> agitation & riot+4 ,! second ( ^! c>icatures1 on ! same subject1 is entitl$1 ,! ,scale ( ,ju/ice rev]s$1 & repres5ts ! ri* exult+ ov] ! disappe>ance ( ! tax on prop]ty1 :ile ! poor are cru%$ "u ! weight ( taxes :i* bore only ^u !m4 ,^! two c>icatures pres5t unmi/akable traces ( ! peculi>ities ( /yle ( ,george ,cruik%ank1 b n z yet fully develop$4 ,george ,cruik%ank rose into great celebrity & popul>ity z a political c>icaturi/ by 8 illu/rations to ! pamphlets ( ,william ,h\e1 su* z ,! ,political ,h\se t ,jack built1 ,! ,political ,%[man at ,home1 & o!rs ^u ! trial ( que5 ,c>ol9e2 b ?is sort ( "w suit$ ! ta/e ( ! public at t "t1 & n t ( ! arti/1 :i* lay 9 ano!r direction4 ,! ambition ( ,george ,cruik%ank 0 to draw :at ,hog>? call$ moral com$ies1 pictures ( society c>ri$ ?r\gh a s]ies ( acts & sc5es1 always po9t$ ) "s great moral2 & x mu/ be confess$ t he has1 ?r\gh a long c>e]1 succe$$ admirably4 ,he possesses m ( ! true _s ( ,hog>? ?an any o!r arti/ s9ce ,hog>?'s "t1 ) great] skill 9 draw+4 ,he possesses1 ev5 to a great] degree ?an ,hog>? himself1 t admirable tal5t ( fill+ a picture ) an imm5se numb] ( figures1 e "o tell+ a "p ( ! /ory1 )\t :i*1 h[ev] m9ute1 ! :ole picture w\ld seem to u incomplete4 ,! picture ( ! ,camp at ,v9eg> ,hill1 & "o or two o!r illu/rations to ,maxwell's ,hi/ory ( ! ,iri% ,rebellion 9 #agih1 are equal1 if n sup]ior1 to any?+ ev] produc$ by ,hog>? or by ,callot4 ,! "n ( ,george ,cruik%ank =ms a wor?y conclusion to ! ,hi/ory ( ,c>icature & ,grotesque4 ,he is ! la/ repres5tative ( ! great s*ool ( c>icaturi/s =m$ dur+ ! reign ( ,george ,,iii4 ,?\gh !re c h>dly be said to be a s*ool at ! pres5t day1 yet our mod]n arti/s 9 ?is field h be5 all =m$ m or less "u 8 influ5ce2 & x mu/ n be =gott5 t we owe to t influ5ce1 & to 8 example1 to a great degree1 ! cleans+ ( ?is bran* ( art f ! objectionable *>act]i/ics ( :i* ,i h on m ?an "o occasion be5 oblig$ to speak4 ,may he /ill live long among ! fri5ds :o n only admire him = 8 tal5ts1 b love him = 8 k9dly & g5ial _s2 & none among !m love & admire him m s9c]ely ?an ! au?or ( ! pres5t volume4 ,,f9is4 ,po/ ,(fice ,ord]s payable ,,decemb]1 #ahgd4 at ,piccadilly ,circus4 ,illu/ration ,a ,li/ ( ,books ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,*atto ,,w9dus #gd #ge1 ,,piccadilly1 ,,london1 ,w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,turn] ,,gall]y3 ,a ,s]ies ( ,sixty ,engrav+s ,f ! ,pr9cipal ,works ( ,,joseph ,,mallord ,,william ,,turn]4 ,) a ,memoir & ,illu/rative ,text ,,by ,,ralph ,,ni*olson ,,wornum1 ,,keep] ,,& ,,secret>y1 ,,national ,,gall]y4 ,h&somely half-b\nd1 ,india ,pro(s1 ,royal folio1 #aj2 ,,l>ge ,,pap] copies1 ,arti/s' ,india ,pro(s1 ,elephant folio1 #bj4 ,a ,descriptive ,pamphlet w be s5t ^u application4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,new ,,copyright ,,am]ican ,,"w4 ,,lotos ,,leaves3 ,compris+ ,orig9al ,/ories1 ,essays1 & ,poems by sc,wilkie ,coll9s_/sc1 ,,m>k ,,twa91 ,,:itelaw ,,re$1 ,,john ,,hay1 ,,noah ,,brooks1 ,,john ,,br\gham1 ,,edmund ,,yates1 ,p4 ,v4 ,,nasby1 ,,isaac ,,bromley1 & o!rs4 ,pr(usely illu/rat$ by ,,alfr$ ,,fr$]icks1 ,,ar?ur ,,lumley1 ,,john ,,la ,,f>ge1 ,,gilb]t ,,b]l+1 ,,george ,,:ite1 & o!rs4 ,small qu>to1 h&somely b\nd1 clo? extra1 gilt1 & gilt edges4 #bas4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,national ,,gall]y3 ,a ,selection f its ,pictures1 ,by ,,claude1 ,,rembr&t1 ,,cuyp1 ,sir ,,david ,,wilkie1 ,,correggio1 ,,ga9sbor\gh1 ,,canaletti1 ,,v&yck1 ,,paul ,,v]onese1 ,,c>acci1 ,,rub5s1 ,n4 & ,g4 ,,p\ss91 & o!r great ,ma/]s4 ,engrav$ by ,,george ,,doo1 ,,john ,,burnet1 ,,william ,,f9d51 ,,john & ,,h5ry ,,le ,,keux1 ,,john ,,pye1 _/sc,walt] ,bromley_/sc1 & o!rs4 ,) descriptive ,text4 ,a ,,new ,,edition1 f ! ,orig9al ,plates1 9 columbi] #dto1 clo? extra1 full gilt & gilt edges1 #dbs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,fam\s ,,fras] ,,portraits4 ,,maclise',s ,,gall]y ,,( ,,illu/ri\s ,,lit]>y ,,*>act]s4 ,) ,notes by ! late ,,william ,,mag9n1 ,,ll4,d4 ,edit$1 ) copi\s ,notes1 by ,,william ,,bates1 ,b4,a4 ,! volume conta9s #hc ,,spl5did ,,& ,,mo/ ,,*>act]i/ic ,,portraits1 n[ fir/ issu$ 9 a complete =m4 ,9 demy #dto1 ov] #djj pages1 clo? gilt & gilt edges1 #cas4 #f;d4 ,mo/ int]e/+4--,saturday ,review4 ,n possible to imag9e a m elegant addition to a draw+-room table4--,fun4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ volumes ( ?is ye>'s lit]ature4 --,times4 ,des]ves a place on e draw+-room table1 & may n unfitly be remov$ f ! draw+-room to ! libr>y4--,spectator4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,works ,,( ,,james ,,gillray1 ,,! ,,c>icaturi/4 ,) ! ,/ory ( 8 ,life & ,times1 & full & ,anecdotal ,descriptions ( 8 ,engrav+s4 ,edit$ by ,,?omas ,,wright1 ,esq41 ,m4,a41 ,f4,s4,a4 ,illu/rat$ ) #hc full-page ,plates1 & v num]\s ,wood ,engrav+s4 ,demy #dto1 #fjj pages1 clo? extra1 #cas4 #f;d4 ,high z ! expectations excit$ by ?is description 9 ! ,introduction may be1 !y w n be disappo9t$4 ,) r>e exception1 no s\rce ( in=mation has be5 neglect$ by ! editor1 & ! mo/ inquisitive or exact+ read] w f9d ready ga!r$ to 8 h&1 )\t ! tr\ble ( ref]5ce1 almo/ e scrap ( n>rative1 anecdote1 gossip1 sc&al1 or epigram1 9 poetry or prose1 t he c possibly require = ! elucidation ( ! c>icatures4--,qu>t]ly ,review4 ,! publi%]s h done good s]vice 9 br++ s mu* t is full ( hum\r & ( hi/orical int]e/ )9 ! rea* ( a l>ge class4--,saturday ,review4 ,"o ( ! mo/ amus+ & valuable illu/rations ( ! social & poli%$ life ( t g5]ation :i* x is possible to conceive4--,spectator4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,new ,,s]ies ,,( ,,beautiful ,,pictures4 ,includ+ ,examples by ,,armytage1 ,,fa$1 ,,goodall1 ,,hemsley1 ,,horsley1 ,,m>ks1 ,,ni*olls1 ,sir ,,noel ,,paton1 ,,pick]sgill1 ,g4 ,,smi?1 ,,m>cus ,,/one1 ,,solomon1 ,,/raight1 ,e4 ,m4 ,,w>d1 ,,w>r52 all engrav$ 9 ! highe/ /yle ( ,art1 ) ,notices ( ! ,arti/s & ( _! ,pictures by ,,sydney ,,armytage1 ,m4,a4 ,imp]ial #dto1 clo? extra1 gilt1 & gilt edges1 #bas4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,beautiful ,,pictures ,,by ,,briti% ,,arti/s3 ,a ,ga!r+ ( ,fav\rites f our ,picture ,gall]ies1 #ahjj-ahgj4 ,includ+ examples by ,,wilkie1 ,,con/able1 ,,turn]1 ,,mulready1 ,,l&se]1 ,,maclise1 ,e4 ,m4 ,,w>d1 ,,fri?1 ,sir ,,john ,,gilb]t1 ,,leslie1 ,,ansdell1 ,,m>cus ,,/one1 ,sir ,,noel ,,paton1 ,,fa$1 ,,eyre ,,cr[e1 ,,gav91 ,o',,neil1 & ,,madox ,,br[n4 ,engrav$ on ,/eel 9 ! highe/ /yle ( ,art4 ,edit$1 ) ,notices ( ! ,arti/s1 by ,,sydney ,,armytage1 ,m4,a4 ,imp]ial #dto1 clo? extra1 gilt & gilt edges1 #bas4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,tom ,,hood',s ,,new ,,/ory ,,= ,,*ildr54 ,f ,n[h]e to ! ,nor? ,pole3 ,a ,noah's ,arkological ,n>rative4 ,by ,,tom ,,hood4 ,) #be ,illu/rations by ,w4 ,,brunton & ,e4 ,c4 ,,b>nes4 ,sq4 cr[n #hvo1 9 a h&some & specially-design$ b9d+1 gilt edges1 #fs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,new ,,book ,,by ,,mr4 ,,walt] ,,?ornbury4 ,on ! ,slopes ( ,p>nassus4 ,illu/rat$ by ,j4 ,e4 ,,millais1 ,f4 ,,s&ys1 ,,fr$4 ,,walk]1 ,g4 ,j4 ,,p9well1 ,j4 ,d4 ,,h\ghton1 ,e4 ,j4 ,,poynt]1 ,h4 ,s4 ,,m>ks1 ,j4 ,,:i/l]1 & o!rs4 ,h&somely pr9t$1 cr[n #dto1 clo? extra1 gilt & gilt edges1 #bas4 ,9 prep>ation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,new ,,grotesque ,,gift-,,book4 ,que5s & ,k+s1 & o!r ,?+s3 ,a r>e & *oice ,collection ( ,pictures1 ,poetry1 & /range b v]itable ,hi/ories1 design$ & writt5 by ,s4 ,a4 ! ,,pr9cess ,,hesse-,,s*w>zb\rg4 ,! :ole impr9t$ 9 gold & _m col\rs by ! ,bro!rs ,,dalziel4 ,imp]ial #dto1 clo? gilt & gilt edges1 ,"o ,gu9ea4 99 99 99 99 99 sop's ,fables1 translat$ into ,human ,nature by ,c4 ,h4 ,,b5nett4 ,descriptive ,text4 ,entirely ,new ,edit4 ,cr4 #dto1 #bd ,plates1 beautifully pr9t$ 9 col\rs1 clo? extra1 gilt1 #fs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,bellman ( ,london4 ,adv]tis+1 ,a ,hi/ory (1 f ! ,e>lie/ ,times4 ,illu/rat$ by ,anecdotes1 ,curi\s ,specim5s1 & ,biographical ,notes ( ,successful ,adv]tis]s4 ,by ,,h5ry ,,sampson4 ,cr4 #hvo1 ,col\r$ ,frontispiece & ,illu/rations1 clo? gilt1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,le>n$1 curi\s1 amus+1 & in/ructive is ?is volume4--,e*o4 ,n only %[s a va/ am\nt ( rese>*1 b1 z a :ole1 is mo/ readable4 ,! facsimiles ( old newspap]s x conta9s add n a little to its value4--,pictorial ,_w4 ,mr4 ,sampson has exhibit$ great dilig5ce & mu* curi\s rese>*2 he appe>s to h ov]look$ no?+ :i* c\ld ?r[ light on 8 subject4--,daily ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,amus+ ,poetry4 ,a ,selection ( ,humor\s ,v]se f all ! ,be/ ,writ]s4 ,edit$1 ) ,preface1 by ,,%irley ,,brooks4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 cl4 ex41 gt4 edges1 #cs4 #f;d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,anacreon4 ,translat$ by ,,?omas ,,moore1 & ,illu/rat$ by ! ,exquisite ,designs ( ,,girodet4 ,b\nd 9 ,etruscan gold & blue1 #abs4 #f;d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,army ,li/s ( ! ,r\ndheads & ,cavali]s 9 ! ,civil ,w>1 #afdb4 ,,second ,,edition1 ,correct$ & consid]ably ,enl>g$4 ,edit$1 ) ,notes & full ,index1 by ,,edw>d ,,peacock1 ,f4,s4,a4 #dto1 hf4-,roxburghe1 #gs4 #f;d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,artemus ,w>d1 ,complete4--,! ,works ( ,,*>les ,,f>r] ,,br[ne1 bett] kn[n z ,,artemus ,,w>d1 n[ fir/ collect$4 ,cr[n #hvo1 ) f9e ,portrait1 facsimile ( h&writ+1 c41 #edj pages1 clo? extra1 #gs4 #f;d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,artemus ,w>d's ,lecture at ! ,egyptian ,hall1 ) ! ,panorama4 ,edit$ by ,t4 ,w4 ,,rob]tson & ,e4 ,p4 ,,h+/on4 #dto1 gre5 & gold1 ,,t9t$ ,,illu/41 #fs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,uni=m ,,) ,,mr4 ,,rusk9',s ,,edition ,,( ,,grimm4 ,be*/e9's ,z ,pretty z ,sev51 & o!r ,popul> ,g]man ,/ories4 ,collect$ by ,,ludwig ,,be*/e94 ,) ,additional ,tales by ! ,bro!rs ,,grimm4 #ajj ,illu/rations by ,,ri*t]4 ,small #dto1 gre5 & gold1 #fs4 #f;d42 gilt edges1 #gs4 #f;d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,boccaccio's ,decam]on2 or1 ,t5 ,days' ,ent]ta9m5t4 ,n[ fully translat$ into ,engli%1 ) ,introduction by ,,?omas ,,wright1 ,esq41 ,m4,a41 ,f4,s4,a4 ,) ,portrait aft] ,,raphael1 & ,,/o?>d',s ,t5 ,copp]-plates4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 extra gilt1 #gs4 #f;d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,booksell]s1 ,a ,hi/ory (4 ,full ,acc\nts ( ! ,great ,publi%+ ,h\ses & _! ,f\nd]s1 bo? 9 ,london & ! ,prov9ces1 ! ,hi/ory ( _! ,rise & ,progress1 & ( _! greate/ ,works4 ,by ,,h>ry ,,curw54 ,cr[n #hvo1 ov] #ejj pages1 frontispiece & num]\s ,portraits & ,illu/s41 clo? extra1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,headpiece ,,us$ ,,by ,,william ,,caxton4 ,9 ^! days1 t5 ord9>y ,hi/ories ( ,k+s & ,c\rti]s 7 well ex*ang$ aga9/ ! t5? "p ( "o good ,hi/ory ( ,booksell]s4--,,?omas ,,c>lyle4 ,?is /\t little book is unque/ionably amus+4 ,ill-/>r$1 inde$1 mu/ be ! read] :o1 op5+ x any:]e1 lights ^u six consecutive pages )9 ! entire compass ( :i* "s good anecdote or sm>t rep>tee is n to be f\nd4--,saturday ,review4 ,mr4 ,curw5 has produc$ an int]e/+ "w4--,daily ,news4 ,ought to h a p]man5t place on libr>y %elves4--,c\rt ,circul>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,book ( ,hall-,m>ks2 or1 ,manual ( ,ref]5ce = ! ,goldsmi? & ,silv]smi?4 ,by ,,alfr$ ,,luts*aunig1 ,manag] ( ! ,liv]pool ,assay ,(fice4 ,cr[n #hvo1 ) #df ,plates ( ! ,hall-,m>ks ( ! diff]5t ,assay ,t[ns ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 z n[ /amp$ on ,plate & ,jewell]y1 #gs4 #f;d4 999999 ,?is "w gives practical me?ods = te/+ ! quality ( gold & silv]4 ,x 0 compil$ by ! au?or z a ,supplem5t to ,*aff]s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b\doir ,ballads3 ,v]s de ,socit4 ,by ,j4 ,,a%by ,,/]ry4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo? extra1 gilt1 & gilt edges1 #fs4 ,9 prep>ation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,bret ,h>te's ,complete ,works1 9 ,prose & ,poetry4 ,n[ ,fir/ ,collect$4 ,) ,introductory ,essay by ,j4 ,m4 ,,bellew1 ,portrait ( ! ,au?or1 & #ej ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #fej pages1 clo? extra1 #gs4 #f;d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,brew/]'s 7,sir ,david7 ,m ,worlds ?an ,"o1 ! ,cre$ ( ! ,philosoph] & ! ,hope ( ! ,*ri/ian4 ,a ,,new ,,edition1 9 small cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 extra gilt1 ) full-page ,a/ronomical ,plates4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,brew/]'s 7,sir ,d47 ,m>tyrs ( ,sci5ce4 ,small cr4 #hvo1 clo?1 extra gilt1 ) full-page ,portraits4 #ds4 #f;d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,bright's 7,rt4 ,hon4 ,j41 ,m4,p47 ,spee*es on ,public ,affairs ( ! la/ ,tw5ty ,ye>s4 ,collat$ ) ! be/ ,public ,reports4 ,royal #afmo1 #cgj pages1 clo? extra1 #as4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,bord] ,song4 ,,colman',s ,,humor\s ,,works4 ,broad ,gr9s4 ,my ,nightg[n & ,slipp]s1 & o!r ,humor\s ,works1 ,prose & ,poetical1 ( ,,george ,,colman ! ,y\ng]4 ,) ,life & ,anecdotes ( ! ,au?or by ,g4 ,b4 ,,buck/one1 & ,frontispiece by ,,hog>?4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,broad/one ,hall1 & o!r ,poems4 ,by ,w4 ,e4 ,,w9dus4 ,) #dj ,illu/rations by ,,alfr$ ,,concan54 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo? extra1 gilt1 #es4 99 99 99 99 99 ,conque/ ( ! ,sea3 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,div+1 f ! ,e>lie/ ,times4 ,by ,,h5ry ,,siebe4 ,pr(usely ,illu/rat$4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo? extra1 #ds4 #f;d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,miss ,,braddon',s ,,new ,,novel4 ,lo/ = ,love3 ,a ,novel4 ,by ,m4 ,e4 ,,braddon1 ,au?or ( ,lady ,audley's ,secret1 c4 ,n[ ready1 9 #c vols41 cr[n #hvo1 at all ,libr>ies1 & at ! ,booksell]s4 ,"o ( ! be/ novels lately produc$4 ,9 sev]al important respects1 x appe>s to u1 ,miss ,braddon's rec5t works des]ve ! highe/ comm5dation4--,illu/rat$ ,london ,news4 ,we may confid5tly pr$ict = x a w>m welcome f ,miss ,braddon's num]\s admir]s4--,graphic4 ',lo/ = ,love' mu/ be plac$ high among ,miss ,braddon's novels4 ,x has a quiet p[]1 :i* makes x attractive 9 a high degree4--,scotsman4 ,unaffect$1 simple1 & easily writt51 x w disappo9t ,miss ,braddon's e>ly admir]s1 & please t :i* we hope is a wid] public4--,a!num4 99 99 99 99 99 ,byron's 7,"l7 ,lett]s & ,j\rnals1 ) ,notices ( 8 ,life4 ,by ,,?omas ,,moore4 ,a ,repr9t ( ! ,orig9al ,edition1 newly revis$1 complete 9 a ?ick volume ( #ajfjpp41 ) ,twelve full-page ,plates4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo? extra1 gilt1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,we h read ?is book ) ! greate/ pleasure4 ,consid]$ m]ely z a composition1 x des]ves to be class$ among ! be/ specim5s ( ,engli% prose :i* our age has produc$4 ,x conta9s1 inde$1 no s+le passage equal to two or ?ree :i* we c\ld select f ! ,life ( ,%]idan2 b1 z a :ole1 x is immeasurably sup]ior to t "w4 ,! /yle is agreeable1 cle>1 & manly1 &1 :5 x rises into eloqu5ce1 rises )\t ef=t or o/5tation4 ,nor is ! matt] inf]ior to ! mann]4 ,x w\ld be difficult to "n a book :i* exhibits m k9dness1 fairness1 & mode/y4 ,x has evid5tly be5 writt51 n = ! purpose ( %[+--:at1 h[ev]1 x (t5 %[s--h[ well its au?or c write1 b = ! purpose ( v9dicat+1 z f> z tru? w p]mit1 ! memory ( a celebrat$ man :o c no long] v9dicate himself4 ,mr4 ,moore nev] ?ru/s himself betwe5 ,"l ,byron & ! public4 ,) ! /ronge/ temptations to egotism1 he has said no m ab\t himself ?an ! subject absolutely requir$4 ,a great "p1 inde$ ! great] "p1 ( ^! volumes consi/s ( extracts f ! ,lett]s & ,j\rnals ( ,"l ,byron2 & x is difficult to speak too highly ( ! skill :i* has be5 %[n 9 ! selection & arrangem5t4444 ,x is impossible1 on a g5]al survey1 to d5y t ! task has be5 execut$ ) great judgm5t & great humanity4 ,:5 we consid] ! life :i* ,"l ,byron _h l$1 8 petulance1 8 irritability1 & 8 communicativ5ess1 we _c b admire ! dext]ity ) :i* ,mr4 ,moore has contriv$ to exhibit s mu* ( ! "* & op9ions ( 8 fri5d1 ) s little pa9 to ! feel+s ( ! liv+4--,,"l ,,macaulay1 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,review4 99 99 99 99 99 ,c>ols ( ,cockayne3 ,v]s de ,socit descriptive ( ,london ,life4 ,by ,,h5ry ,s4 ,,leigh4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations by ,,alfr$ ,,concan54 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo? extra1 gilt1 #es4 99 99 99 99 99 ,c>lyle 7,t47 on ! ,*oice ( ,books4 ,) ,new ,life & ,anecdotes4 ,br[n clo?1 ,,uni=m ,,) ,,! #bs4 ,,editions ,,( ,,8 ,,works1 #as4 #f;d4 ,celebrat$ ,claimants1 ,anci5t & ,mod]n4 ,be+ ! ,hi/ories ( all ! mo/ celebrat$ ,pret5d]s & ,claimants f ,,p]k9s ,,w>beck to ,,ar?ur ,,orton4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 #cej pages1 illu/rat$ bo>ds1 price #bs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,mr4 ,,wilkie ,,coll9s',s ,,new ,,novel4 ,! ,law & ! ,lady3 ,a ,novel4 ,by ,,wilkie ,,coll9s1 ,au?or ( ,! ,woman 9 ,:ite4 #c vols41 cr[n #hvo1 #cas4 #f;d4 ,%ortly4 99 99 99 99 99 ,*ri/mas ,c>ols & ,ballads4 ,select$ & ,edit$ by ,,jo%ua ,,sylve/]4 ,a ,new ,edition1 beautifully pr9t$ & b\nd 9 clo?1 extra gilt1 gilt edges1 #cs4 #f;d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cruik%ank's ,comic ,almanack4 ,complete 9 ,,two ,,s]ies3 ! ,,fir/ f #ahce to #ahdc2 ! ,,second f #ahdd to #ahec4 ,a ,ga!r+ ( ! ,,be/ ,,hum\r ( ,,?ack]ay1 ,,hood1 ,,mayhew1 ,,alb]t ,,smi?1 ,a',,beckett1 ,,rob]t ,,br\gh1 c4 ,) #b1jjj ,woodcuts & ,/eel ,engrav+s by ,,cruik%ank1 ,,h9e1 ,,l&ells1 c4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo? gilt1 two v ?ick volumes1 #aes42 or1 sep>ately1 #gs4 #f;d4 p] volume4 999999 ,! ,comic ,almanacks ( ,george ,cruik%ank h long be5 reg>d$ by admir]s ( ?is inimitable arti/ z among 8 f9e/1 mo/ *>act]i/ic productions4 ,ext5d+ ov] a p]iod ( n9ete5 ye>s1 f #ahce to #ahec1 inclusive1 !y embrace ! be/ p]iod ( 8 arti/ic c>e]1 & %[ ! v>i$ excell5ces ( 8 m>vell\s p[]4 ,! late ,mr4 ,tilt1 ( ,fleet ,/reet1 fir/ conceiv$ ! idea ( ! ,comic ,almanack1 & at v>i\s times !re 7 engag$ ^u x su* writ]s z ,,?ack]ay1 ,,alb]t ,,smi?1 ! ,bro!rs ,,mayhew1 ! late ,,rob]t ,,br\gh1 ,,gilb]t ,a',,beckett1 &1 x has be5 ass]t$1 ,,tom ,,hood ! eld]4 ,,?ack]ay',s /ories ( ,/ubbs' ,cal5d>2 or1 ,! ,fatal ,boots1 :i* subsequ5tly appe>$ z ,/ubbs' ,di>y2 & ,b>b] ,cox2 or1 ,! ,cutt+ ( 8 ,comb1 =m$ ! lead+ attractions 9 ! numb]s = #ahci & #ahdj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,be/ ,,guide ,,to ,,h]aldry4 ,cussans' ,h&book ( ,h]aldry2 ) ,in/ructions = ,trac+ ,p$igrees & ,deciph]+ ,anci5t ,,mss42 also1 ,rules = ! ,appo9tm5t ( ,liv]ies1 c41 c4 ,by ,,john ,e4 ,,cussans4 ,illu/rat$ ) #cfj ,plates & ,woodcuts4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo? extra1 gilt & emblazon$1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,illu/ration 999999 ,?is volume1 beautifully pr9t$ on ton$ pap]1 conta9s n only ! ord9>y matt] to be f\nd 9 ! be/ books on ! sci5ce ( ,armory1 b sev]al o!r subjects hi!rto unnotic$4 ,among/ ^! may be m5tion$3--#a4 ,,directions ,,= ,,trac+ ,,p$igrees4 #b4 ,,deciph]+ ,,anci5t ,,mss41 ,,illu/rat$ ,,by ,,alphabets ,,& ,,facsimiles4 #c4 ,,! ,,appo9tm5t ,,( ,,liv]ies4 #d4 ,,cont95tal ,,& ,,am]ican ,,h]aldry1 c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,new ,,& ,,important ,,"w4 ,cyclopdia ( ,co/ume2 or1 ,a ,diction>y ( ,dress1 ,regal1 ,ecclesia/ical1 ,civil1 & ,milit>y1 f ! ,e>lie/ ,p]iod 9 ,engl& to ! reign ( ,george ! ,?ird4 ,includ+ ,notices ( ,contemporane\s ,fa%ions on ! ,cont95t1 & prec$$ by a ,g5]al ,hi/ory ( ! ,co/ume ( ! ,pr9cipal ,c\ntries ( ,europe4 ,by ,j4 ,r4 ,,plan*1 ,f4,s4,a41 ,som]set ,h]ald4 ,?is "w w be publi%$ 9 ,tw5ty-f\r ,mon?ly ,p>ts1 qu>to1 at ,five ,%ill+s1 pr(usely illu/rat$ by ,plates & ,wood ,engrav+s2 ) ea* ,"p w also be issu$ a spl5did ,col\r$ ,plate1 f an orig9al ,pa9t+ or ,illum9ation1 ( ,royal & ,noble ,p]sonages1 & ,national ,co/ume1 bo? =eign & dome/ic4 ,! ,fir/ ,"p w be ready on ,jan4 #a1 #ahge4 ,illu/ration ,9 collect+ mat]ials = a ,hi/ory ( ,co/ume ( m importance ?an ! little h&book :i* has met ) s mu* fav\r z an elem5t>y "w1 ,i 0 n only made aw>e ( my own defici5cies1 b surpris$ to f9d h[ mu* m vague are ! explanations1 & contradictory ! /atem5ts1 ( our be/ au?orities1 ?an !y appe>$ to me1 :51 9 ! pl5itude ( my ignorance1 ,i ru%$ ^u almo/ untrodd5 gr\nd1 & felt bewild]$ by ! mass ( unsift$ evid5ce & unhesitat+ ass]tion :i* met my eyes at e turn4 ,dur+ ! =ty ye>s :i* h elaps$ s9ce ! publication ( ! fir/ edition ( my ,hi/ory ( ,briti% ,co/ume 9 ! ,libr>y ( ,ent]ta9+ ,k1 ar*ological inve/igation has receiv$ su* an impetus by ! e/abli%m5t ( metropolitan & prov9cial p]ipatetic antiqu>ian societies1 t a flood ( light has be5 p\r$ ^u u1 by :i* we are enabl$ to re-exam9e our op9ions & discov] reasons to d\bt1 if we _c f9d facts to au!nticate4 ,t ! =m] greatly prepond]ate is a griev\s ackn[l$gm5t to make aft] assidu\sly devot+ ! leisure ( half my life to ! pursuit ( in=mation on ?is1 to me1 mo/ fasc9at+ subject4 ,x is "s consolation1 h[ev]1 to feel t :]e ,i _c in/ruct1 ,i %all c]ta9ly n mislead1 & t ! read] w f9d1 "u ea* head1 all t is kn[n to1 or sugge/$ by1 ! mo/ compet5t writ]s ,i am acqua9t$ )1 ei!r "h or on ! ,cont95t4 ,t ?is "w appe>s 9 a gloss>ial =m arises f ! desire ( _m arti/s1 :o h express$ to me ! difficulty !y con/antly meet ) 9 _! endeav\rs to asc]ta9 ! complete =m ( a g>m5t1 or ! exact mode ( fa/5+ a piece ( arm\r1 or buckl+ ( a belt1 f _! /udy ( a sepul*ral effigy or a figure 9 an illum9ation2 ! attitude ( ! p]sonages repres5t$1 or ! disposition ( o!r portions ( _! attire1 effectually prev5t+ ! requisite exam9ation4 ,! books supply+ any su* in=mation are v few1 & ! be/ conf9$ to arm\r or ecclesia/ical co/ume4 ,! only ,engli% publication ( ! k9d requir$1 t ,i am aw>e (1 is ! late ,mr4 ,fairholt's ,co/ume 9 ,engl& 7#hvo1 ,london1 #ahdf71 ! la/ two hundr$ pages ( :i* conta9 a gloss>y1 ! mo/ valuable portion :]e( are ! quotations f old plays1 m$ival romances1 & satirical ballads1 conta9+ allusions to v>i\s articles ( attire 9 fa%ion at ! "t ( _! composition4 ,tw5ty-eight ye>s h expir$ s9ce t book appe>$1 & x has be5 ?\ght t a m compreh5sive "w on ! subject ?an has yet issu$ f ! ,engli% press1 comb9+ ! pi? ( ! in=mation ( _m co/ly =eign publications1 &1 9 its illu/rations1 keep+ 9 view ! special requirem5t ( ! arti/1 to :i* ,i h allud$1 w\ld be1 9 ^! days ( educational progress & critical inquiry1 a welcome addition to ! libr>y ( an ,engli% g5tleman4 ,j4 ,r4 ,,plan*4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cussans' ,hi/ory ( ,h]t=d%ire4 ,a ,c\nty ,hi/ory1 got up 9 a v sup]ior mann]1 & rang+ ) ! f9e/ works ( its class4 ,by ,,john ,e4 ,,cussans4 ,illu/rat$ ) full-page ,plates on ,copp] & ,/one1 & a pr(usion ( small ,woodcuts4 ,p>ts ,i4 to ,,viii4 are n[ ready1 price #bas4 ea*4 999999 ,an entirely new ,hi/ory ( ?is important ,c\nty1 great att5tion be+ giv5 to all matt]s p]ta9+ to ,family ,hi/ory4 99 99 99 99 99 ,dick5s' ,life & ,spee*es4 ,by ,,!odore ,,taylor4 ,complete 9 ,"o ,volume1 squ>e #afmo1 clo? extra1 #bs4 #f;d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,don ,,quixote ,,9 ,,! ,,orig9al ,,spani%4 99_/ ,el ,+5ioso ,hidalgo ,don ,quijote de la ,man*a4 ,nueva ,edicion1 corregida y revisada4 ,por ,,miguel ,,de ,,c]vantes ,,saav$ra4 ,complete 9 "o volume1 po/ #hvo1 ne>ly #gjj pages1 clo? extra1 price #ds4 #f;d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,gil ,,blas ,,9 ,,spani%4 ,hi/oria de ,gil ,blas de ,santillana4 ,por ,,le ,,sage4 ,traducida al ,ca/ellano por el ,,padre ,,isla4 ,nueva ,edicion1 corregida y revisada4 ,complete 9 ,"o ,volume4 ,po/ #hvo1 clo? extra1 ne>ly #fjj pages1 price #ds4 #f;d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,e>?w>d ,pilgrimage1 f ! ,next ,_w to t :i* n[ is4 ,by ,,moncure ,d4 ,,conway4 ,cr[n #hvo1 beautifully pr9t$ & b\nd1 #gs4 #f;d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ellis's 7,mrs47 ,mo!rs ( ,great ,m54 ,a ,new ,edition1 ) ,illu/rations by ,,val5t9e ,w4 ,,bromley4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo? gilt1 ov] #ejj pages1 #fs4 ,mrs4 ,ellis believes1 z mo/ ( u d1 t ! "* ( ! "m goes a long way2 &1 9 illu/ration ( ?is doctr9e1 %e has giv5 u sev]al lives writt5 9 h] *>m+1 yet e>ne/1 /yle4 ,we especially comm5d ! life ( ,byron's & ,napoleon's mo!rs4444 ,! volume has "s solid m]its4--,e*o4 ,?is is a book :i* ought to be 9 ! libr>ies ( all :o int]e/ !mselves 9 ! education ( wom54--,victoria ,magaz9e4 ,an extremely agreeable & readable book1 444 & its value is n a little enhanc$ by ,mr4 ,bromley's illu/rations4--,illu/rat$ ,dramatic ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,emanuel on ,diamonds & ,preci\s ,/ones2 ,_! ,hi/ory1 ,value1 & ,prop]ties2 ) ,simple ,te/s = asc]ta9+ _! ,reality4 ,by ,,h>ry ,,emanuel1 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations1 ,t9t$ & ,pla94 ,a ,new ,edition1 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo? extra1 gilt1 #fs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,,poe',s ,,cottage ,,at ,,=dham4 ,edg> ,allan ,poe's ,prose & ,poetical ,works2 includ+ ,additional ,tales & 8 f9e ,critical ,essays4 ,) a ,translation ( ,,*>les ,,baudelaire',s ,essay4 #gej pages1 cr[n #hvo1 f9e ,portrait & ,illu/rations1 clo? extra1 #gs4 #f;d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,engli% ,surnames3 ,_! ,s\rces & ,significations4 ,by ,,*>les ,,w>e+ ,,b>dsley1 ,m4,a4 ,,second ,,edition1 revis$ ?r\gh\t1 consid]ably enl>g$1 & p>tially re-writt54 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo? extra1 #is4 ,mr4 ,b>dsley has fai?fully consult$ ! orig9al m$ival docum5ts & works f :i* ! orig9 & developm5t ( surnames c alone be satisfactorily trac$4 ,he has furni%$ a valuable contribution to ! lit]ature ( surnames1 & we hope to he> m ( him 9 ?is field4--,times4 ,mr4 ,b>dsley's volume is a v good specim5 ( ! "w :i* ! n9ete5? c5tury c turn out4 ,he has evid5tly be/[$ a great deal ( att5tion1 n only ^u surnames1 b ^u philology 9 g5]al4 ,! book is a m9e ( in=mation4--,we/m9/] ,review4 ,we welcome ?is book z an important addition to our k ( an important & int]e/+ subject4--,a!num4 99 99 99 99 99 ,engli%man's ,h\se 7,!73 ,a ,practical ,guide to all int]e/$ 9 ,select+ or ,build+ a ,h\se1 ) full ,e/imates ( ,co/1 ,quantities1 c4 ,by ,c4 ,j4 ,,ri*>dson1 ,ar*itect1 ,au?or ( ,old ,engli% ,mansions1 c4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,) ne>ly #fjj ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo? extra1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,illu/ration 999999 ,?is ,"w might n inappropriately be t]m$ ,a ,book ( ,h\ses4 ,x gives e v>iety ( h\se1 f a workman's cottage to a nobleman's palace4 ,! book is int5d$ to supply a want long felt1 viz41 a pla91 non-te*nical acc\nt ( e /yle ( h\se1 ) ! co/ & mann] ( build+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,f>aday's ,*emical ,hi/ory ( a ,c&le4 ,lectures deliv]$ to a ,juv5ile ,audi5ce4 ,a ,new ,edition1 edit$ by ,w4 ,,crookes1 ,esq41 ,f4,c4,s41 c4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo? extra1 ) all ! ,orig9al ,illu/rations1 #ds4 #f;d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,f>aday's ,v>i\s ,=ces ( ,nature4 ,a ,new ,edition1 edit$ by ,w4 ,,crookes1 ,esq41 ,f4,c4,s41 c4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo? extra1 ) all ! ,orig9al ,illu/rations1 #ds4 #f;d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,fa!r ,,pr\t',s ,,rema9s4 ,f9al ,reliques ( ,fa!r ,pr\t4 ,collect$ & ,edit$1 f ,,mss4 suppli$ by ! ,family ( ! ,rev4 ,,francis ,,mahoney1 by ,,blan*>d ,,j]rold4 ,9 prep>ation4 ,f9i% to ,life 9 & out ( ,london2 or1 ,! ,f9al ,adv5tures ( ,tom1 ,j]ry1 & ,logic4 ,by ,,pi]ce ,,egan4 ,royal #hvo1 clo? extra1 ) ,spirit$ ,col\r$ ,illu/rations by ,,cruik%ank1 #bas4 ,flagellation & ! ,flagellants4--,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,rod 9 all ,c\ntries1 f ! ,e>lie/ ,p]iod to ! ,pres5t ,"t4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,,coop]1 ,b4,a4 ,?ird ,edition1 revis$ & correct$1 ) num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,?ick cr[n #hvo1 clo? extra1 gilt1 #abs4 #f;d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,fools' ,p>adise2 ) ! ,_m ,wond]ful ,adv5tures !re1 z se5 9 ! /range1 surpris+ ,peep-,%[ ( ,pr(essor ,wolley ,cobble4 ,cr[n #dto1 ) ne>ly #cej v funny ,col\r$ ,pictures1 clo? extra1 gilt1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,pr(essor',s ,,leetle ,,music ,,lesson4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,rusk9 ,,& ,,cruik%ank4 ,g]man ,popul> ,/ories4 ,collect$ by ! ,bro!rs ,,grimm1 & ,translat$ by ,,edg> ,,taylor4 ,edit$1 ) an ,introduction1 by ,,john ,,rusk94 ,) #bb ,illu/rations aft] ! inimitable designs ( ,,george ,,cruik%ank4 ,bo? ,s]ies complete4 ,squ>e cr[n #hvo1 #fs4 #f;d42 gilt leaves1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,! illu/rations ( ?is volume 444 are ( q /]l+ & admirable art1 9 a class precisely p>allel 9 elevation to ! "* ( ! tales :i* !y illu/rate2 & ! orig9al et*+s1 z ,i h be=e said 9 ! ,app5dix to my ',elem5ts ( ,draw+1' 7 unrivall$ 9 ma/]fulness ( t\* s9ce ,rembr&t 79 "s qualities ( del9eation1 unrivall$ ev5 by him74444 ,to make some:at enl>g$ copies ( !m1 look+ at !m ?r\gh a magnify+ glass1 & nev] putt+ two l9es :]e ,cruik%ank has put only "o1 w\ld be an ex]cise 9 decision & sev]e draw+ :i* w\ld leave aft]w>ds little to be le>nt 9 s*ools4--,extract f ,introduction by ,,john ,,rusk94 99 99 99 99 99 ,gold5 ,treasury ( ,?\ght4 ,! ,be/ ,encyclopdia ( ,quotations & ,elegant ,extracts1 f ,writ]s ( all ,times & all ,c\ntries1 ev] =m$4 ,select$ & ,edit$ by ,,!odore ,,taylor4 ,cr[n #hvo1 v h&somely b\nd1 clo? gilt1 & gilt edges1 #gs4 #f;d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,g5ial ,%[man2 or1 ,%[ ,life 9 ! ,new ,_w4 ,adv5tures ) ,artemus ,w>d1 & ! ,/ory ( 8 ,life4 ,by ,e4 ,p4 ,,h+/on4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 ,illu/rat$ by ,w4 ,,brunton1 clo? extra1 #gs4 #f;d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,gold5 ,,libr>y4 ,squ>e #afmo 7,tau*nitz size71 clo?1 extra gilt1 price #bs4 p] vol4 ,cl]ical ,anecdotes3 ,! ,hum\rs & ,ecc5tricities ( ! ,clo?4 99 99 99 ,holmes's ,autocrat ( ! ,breakfa/ ,table4 ,) an ,introduction by ,,george ,,augu/us ,,sala4 99 99 99 ,holmes's ,pr(essor at ! ,breakfa/ ,table4 ,) ! ,,/ory ,,( ,,iris4 99 99 99 ,hood's ,:ims & ,oddities4 ,bo? ,s]ies complete 9 ,"o ,volume1 ) all ! orig9al ,illu/rations4 99 99 99 ,lamb's ,essays ( ,elia4 ,bo? ,s]ies complete 9 ,"o ,volume4 99 99 99 ,leigh ,hunt's ,essays3 ,a ,tale = a ,*imney ,corn]1 & o!r ,pieces4 ,) ,portrait1 & ,introduction by ,,edmund ,,olli]4 99 99 99 ,%elley's ,e>ly ,poems3 ,que5 ,mab1 c4 ,repr9t$ f ! ,au?or's ,orig9al ,editions4 ,) ,essay by ,,leigh ,,hunt4 7,fir/ ,s]ies ( 8 ,works47 99 99 99 ,%elley's ,lat] ,poems3 ,laon & ,cy?na1 ! ,c5ci1 & o!r ,pieces4 ,repr9t$ f ! ,au?or's ,orig9al ,editions4 ,) an ,introductory ,essay4 7,second ,s]ies ( 8 ,works47 99 99 99 ,%elley's ,miscellane\s ,poems & ,prose ,works4 ,! ,?ird & ,f\r? ,s]ies4 ,^! ,two ,volumes w include ! ,po/hum\s ,poems1 publi%$ by ,mrs4 ,,%elley 9 #ahbd2 ! ,%elley ,pap]s1 publi%$ 9 #ahcc2 ! ,six ,weeks' ,t\r 7#ahaf72 ! ,notes to ,que5 ,mab1 c42 ! ,m>l[ & ,dubl9 ,pamphlets2 ,! ,w&]+ ,jew1 a ,poem2 & ! two ,novels1 ,za/rozzi & ,/4 ,irvyne4 ,! ?ree la/ n[ fir/ includ$ 9 any edition ( ,%elley4 99 99 99 99 99 ,great ,cond 7,!71 & ! ,p]iod ( ! ,fronde3 ,an ,hi/orical ,sket*4 ,by ,,walt] ,,fitzpatrick4 ,second ,edition1 9 #b vols4 #hvo1 clo? extra1 #aes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,gre5wood's 7,james7 ,wilds ( ,london3 ,be+ ,descriptive ,sket*es1 f ! ,p]sonal ,obs]vations & ,exp]i5ces ( ! ,writ]1 ( ,rem>kable ,sc5es1 ,p1 & ,places 9 ,london4 ,by ,,james ,,gre5wood1 ! ,lambe? ,casual4 ,) ,twelve full-page t9t$ ,illu/rations by ,,alfr$ ,,concan54 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo? extra1 gilt1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,mr4 ,james ,gre5wood pres5ts himself once m 9 ! "* ( '"o ^: delight x is to d 8 humble endeav\r t[>ds expos+ & extirpat+ social abuses & ^? hole-&-corn] evils :i* afflict society4'--,saturday ,review4 99 99 99 99 99 ,hall's 7,mrs4 ,s4 ,c47 ,sket*es ( ,iri% ,"*4 ,,woo+ ,,& ,,w$d+1 ,,jack ,,! ,,%rimp1 ,,pet] ,,! ,,prophet1 ,,good ,,& ,,bad ,,spirits1 ,,mabel ,o',,neil',s ,,curse1 c41 c4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations on ,/eel & ,wood1 by ,,daniel ,,maclise1 ,r4,a41 ,sir ,,john ,,gilb]t1 ,w4 ,,h>vey1 & ,g4 ,,cruik%ank4 #hvo1 pp4 #dej1 clo? extra1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,illu/ration ,! ,iri% sket*es ( ?is lady resemble ,miss ,mit=d's beautiful ,engli% ,sket*es 9 ',our ,village1' b !y are f> m vigor\s & picturesque & bright4--,blackwood's ,magaz9e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,mo/ ,,complete ,,hog>? ,,ev] ,,publi%$4 ,hog>?'s ,works3 ) ,life & ,anecdotal ,descriptions ( ! ,pictures1 by ,,john ,,irel& & ,,john ,,ni*ols4 ,! ,"w includes #afj ,engrav+s1 r$uc$ 9 exact facsimile ( ! ,orig9al ,plates1 specim5s ( :i* h n[ become v sc>ce4 ,! :ole 9 ,?ree ,s]ies1 #hvo1 clo?1 gilt1 #bbs4 #f;d42 or1 sep>ately1 #gs4 #f;d4 p] volume4 ,ea* ,s]ies is ,complete 9 itself4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,talk+ ,,h&4 ,w be a great boon to au?ors & arti/s z well z amateurs4444 ,v *eap & v complete4--,/&>d4 ,= all practical purposes ! ?ree h&some volumes compris+ ?is edition are equal to a collection ( ,hog>?ian pr9ts4 ,we are q sure t any "o :o adds ?is "w to 8 libr>y w be amply repaid by ! inexhau/ible *>ms ( its facsimile pr9ts4--,birm+ham ,daily ,mail4 ,! plates are r$uc$ 9 size1 b yet tru?fully reproduc$4 ,! be/ & *eape/ edition ( ,hog>?'s complete works yet br\ght =w>d4--,build+ ,news4 ,?ree v int]e/+ volumes1 important & valuable additions to ! libr>y4 ,! edition is ?or\ghly well br\ght out1 & c>efully pr9t$ on f9e pap]4--,art ,j\rnal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,hog>?'s ,five ,days' ,frolic2 or1 ,p]egr9ations by ,l& & ,wat]4 ,illu/rat$ ) ,t9t$ ,draw+s1 made by ,,hog>? & ,,scott dur+ ! ,j\rney4 #dto1 beautifully pr9t$1 clo?1 extra gilt1 #ajs4 #f;d4 999999 ,a graphic & mo/ extraord9>y picture ( ! he>ty ,engli% times 9 :i* ^! m]ry arti/s liv$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,hogg's ,jacobite ,relics ( ,scotl&3 ,be+ ! ,songs1 ,airs1 & ,leg5ds ( ! ,adh]5ts to ! ,h\se ( ,/u>t4 ,collect$ & ,illu/rat$ by ,,james ,,hogg4 ,9 #b vols4 ,vol4 ,i41 a ,facsimile ( ! orig9al ,edition2 ,vol4 ,,ii41 ! orig9al ,edition4 #hvo1 clo?1 #bhs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,haunt$2 or1 ,tales ( ! ,weird & ,wond]ful4 ,a new & entirely orig9al s]ies ( ,,gho/ ,,/ories1 by ,,francis ,e4 ,,/a9=?4 ,po/ #hvo1 illu/4 bds41 #bs4 ,ne>ly ready4 99 99 99 99 99 ,haw?orne's ,engli% & ,am]ican ,note ,books4 ,edit$1 ) an ,introduction1 by ,,moncure ,d4 ,,conway4 ,royal #afmo1 pap] cov]1 #as42 9 clo?1 #as4 #f;d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,hone's ,scrap-,books3 ,! ,miscellane\s ,writ+s ( ,,william ,,hone1 ,au?or ( ,! ,table-,book1 ,e-,day ,book1 & ! ,ye> ,book3 be+ a ,supplem5t>y ,volume to ^? works4 ,n[ fir/ collect$4 ,) ,notes1 ,portraits1 & num]\s ,illu/rations ( curi\s & ecc5tric objects4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo? extra4 ,prep>+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,mr4 ,,horne',s ,,epic4 ,orion4 ,an ,epic ,poem1 9 ,?ree ,books4 ,by ,,ri*>d ,,h5gi/ ,,horne4 ,) ,photographic ,portrait-,frontispiece4 ,,t5? ,,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo? extra1 #gs4 ,orion w be admitt$1 by e man ( g5ius1 to be "o ( ! noble/1 if n ! v noble/ poetical "w ( ! age4 ,its defects are trivial & conv5tional1 its beauties intr9sic & supreme4--,,edg> ,,allan ,,poe4 99 99 99 99 99 ,hunt's 7,rob]t7 ,drolls ( ,old ,cornwall2 or1 ,,popul> ,,romances ,,( ,,! ,,we/ ,,( ,,engl&4 ,) ,illu/rations by ,,george ,,cruik%ank4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo? extra1 gilt1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,illu/ration 999999 ,mr4 ,hunt's *>m+ book ( ! ,drolls & ,/ories ( ! ,we/ ( ,engl&4--,saturday ,review4 99 99 99 99 99 ,iri% ,guide4--,h[ to ,sp5d a ,mon? 9 ,irel&4 ,be+ a complete ,guide to ! ,c\ntry1 ) an ,app5dix conta9+ in=mation z to ! ,f>es betwe5 ! ,pr9cipal ,t[ns 9 ,engl& & ,irel&1 & z to ,t\ri/ ,arrangem5ts = ! ,season4 ,) a ,map & #hj ,illu/rations4 ,by ,sir ,,cusack ,p4 ,,roney4 ,a ,new ,edition1 ,edit$ by ,mrs4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,riddell4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo? extra1 price #as4 #f;d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration ,j5n+s' 7,h>grave7 ,"o ( ! ,?irty4 ,) curi\s ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo? extra1 #ajs4 #f;d4 99 99 99 ,j5n+s' 7,h>grave7 ,! ,rosicrucians3 ,_! ,rites & ,my/]ies4 ,) ,*apt]s on ! ,anci5t ,fire & ,s]p5t ,wor%ipp]s & ,explanations ( ,my/ic ,symbols 9 ,monum5ts & ,talismans ( ,primeval ,philosoph]s4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cjj ,illu/rations1 #ajs4 #f;d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,j]rold's 7,blan*>d7 ,c5t4 p] ,c5t4 ,a ,/ory ,writt5 on a ,bill ,/amp4 ,a ,new ,edition4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 illu/rat$ bo>ds1 #bs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,new ,,"w ,,by ,,d\glas ,,j]rold4 ,j]rold's 7,d\glas7 ,! ,b>b]'s ,*air1 & ,! ,h$gehog ,lett]s4 ,n[ fir/ collect$4 ,edit$1 ) an ,introduction1 by 8 ,son1 ,,blan*>d ,,j]rold4 ,cr[n #hvo1 ) ,/eel ,plate ,portrait f 8 ,bu/1 engrav$ by ,w4 ,h4 ,,mote1 clo? extra1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,no libr>y is complete )\t ,d\glas ,j]rold's ,works2 ergo1 no libr>y is complete )\t ! ',b>b]'s ,*air4' ,a delightful volume2 ! pap]s are mo/ amus+2 !y ab\nd ) sly t\*es ( s>casm2 !y are full ( playful wit & fancy4--,pictorial ,_w4 ,an amus+ volume1 full ( ,d\glas ,j]rold's well-kn[n %>pness & rep>tee4--,daily ,news4 ,bett] fitt$ ?an any o!r ( 8 productions to give an idea ( ,d\glas ,j]rold's amaz+ wit2 ! ',b>b]'s ,*air' may be presum$ to give z ne> an approa* z is possible 9 pr9t to ! wit ( ,j]rold's conv]sation4--,exam9]4 99 99 99 ,j]rold's 7,d\glas7 ,br[nrigg ,pap]s3 ,! ,actress at ! ,duke's2 ,b>on von ,boots2 ,*ri/oph] ,snubb2 ,! ,tutor ,fi5d & 8 ,?ree ,pupils2 ,pap]s ( a ,g5tleman at ,arms1 c4 ,by ,,d\glas ,,j]rold4 ,edit$ by 8 ,son1 ,,blan*>d ,,j]rold4 ,po/ #hvo1 illu/rat$ bo>ds1 #bs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,kal5d>s ( ,gwyn$d4 ,compil$ by ,,edw>d ,,breese1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,) ,notes by ,,william ,,watk9 ,,edw>d ,,wynne1 ,esq41 ,f4,s4,a4 ,demy #dto1 clo? extra1 #bhs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,lamb's 7,*>les7 ,complete ,works1 9 ,prose & ,v]se1 repr9t$ f ! ,orig9al ,editions1 ) _m pieces n[ fir/ includ$ 9 any ,edition4 ,edit$1 ) ,notes & ,introduction1 by ,r4 ,h4 ,,%eph]d4 ,) ,two ,portraits & facsimile ( a page ( ! ,essay on ,roa/ ,pig4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo? extra1 gilt1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,is x n "t = a new & f9al edition ( ,lamb's ,works--a f9] tribute to 8 memory ?an any monum5t 9 ,edmonton *ur*y>d8 ,lamb's writ+s1 & m especially 8 fugitive productions1 h sc>cely yet escap$ f a /ate ( *aos4--,we/m9/] ,review1 ,octob]1 #ahgd4 ,,ab/ract ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,essays ,,( ,,elia1 z orig9ally publi%$ 9 ,! ,london ,magaz9e1 ,! ,exam9]1 ,! ,indicator1 ,! ,reflector1 ,! ,new ,mon?ly1 ,! ,engli%man's ,magaz9e1 ,! ,a!num1 c4 ,,pap]s contribut$ to ,hone's ,table ,book1 ,ye> ,book1 & ,e ,day ,book1 & to ,walt] ,wilson's ,life ( ,defoe4 ,,notes ,,on ,,! ,,engli% ,,dramati/s1 #ahjh-ahbg4 ,,review ,,( ,,wordswor?',s ,,excursion 7f ! ,qu>t]ly ,review74 ,,rosamond ,,gray 7f ! ,edition ( #agih74 ,,tales ,,f ,,%akespe>e & f ,,mrs4 ,,leice/]',s ,,s*ool4 ,,! ,,adv5tures ,,( ,,ulysses4 ,,dramatic ,,pieces3 ,john ,woodvil3 a ,trag$y 7f ! ,edition ( #ahjb74 ,mr4 ,h----1 a ,f>ce4 ,! ,wife's ,trial2 or1 ,! ,intrud+ ,wid[4 ,! ,pawnbrok]'s ,daught]4 ,,poems3 ,sonnets & o!r ,poems pr9t$ ) ^? ( ,col]idge 9 #agif-g1 #ahjj1 & #ahac4 ,blank ,v]se 7f ! ,edition ( #agih74 ,poetry = ,*ildr51 #ahji4 ,album ,v]ses1 #ahcj4 ,satan 9 ,se>* ( a ,wife1 #ahca1 c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,lamb 7,m>y ,*>les73 ,_! ,poems1 ,lett]s1 & ,rema9s4 ,n[ fir/ collect$1 ) ,rem9isc5ces & ,notes1 by ,w4 ,,c>ew ,,hazlitt4 ,) ,,hancock',s ,portrait ( ! ,essayi/1 ,facsimiles ( ! ,title-pages ( ! r>e ,fir/ ,editions ( ,lamb's & ,col]idge's ,works1 ,facsimile ( a ,page ( ! ,orig9al ,,ms4 ( ! ,essay on ,roa/ ,pig1 & num]\s ,illu/rations ( ,lamb's ,fav\rite ,haunts4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo? extra1 #ajs4 #f;d42 ,,l>ge-,,pap] ,,copies #bas4 ,mr4 ,w4,c4 ,hazlitt has publi%$ a v pretty & int]e/+ little volume4 ,x has _m pictorial illu/rations1 :i* 7 suppli$ by ,mr4 ,camd5 ,hott52 &1 above all1 x conta9s a facsimile ( ! fir/ page ( ,elia on ',roa/ ,pig4' ,x is well got up1 & has a good portrait ( ,elia4 ,!re are also "s lett]s & poems ( ,m>y ,lamb :i* are n easily accessible else:]e4--,we/m9/] ,review4 ,mu/ be consult$ by all future biograph]s ( ! ,lambs4--,daily ,news4 ,tells u a good deal t is int]e/+ & some?+ t is fairly new4--,graphic4 ,v _m passages w delight ^? fond ( lit]>y trifles2 h>dly any portion w fail to h its int]e/ = lov]s ( ,*>les ,lamb & 8 si/]4--,/&>d4 ,mr4 ,hazlitt's "w is v important & valuable1 & all lov]s ( ,elia w ?ank him = :at he has done4--,sunday ,times4 ,w be joyfully receiv$ by all ,lambites4--,globe4 99 99 99 99 99 ,lee 7,g5]al ,edw>d73 ,8 ,life & ,campaigns4 ,by 8 ,nephew1 ,,edw>d ,,lee ,,*ilde4 ,) ,portrait & ,plans4 #a vol4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,9 prep>ation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,life 9 ,london2 or1 ,! ,day & ,night ,sc5es ( ,j]ry ,haw?orn & ,cor9?ian ,tom4 ,,) ,,! ,,:ole ,,( ,,cruik%ank',s ,,v ,,droll ,,illu/rations1 9 ,col\rs1 aft] ! ,orig9als4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo? extra1 #gs4 #f;d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,lit]>y ,scraps4 ,a ,folio ,scrap-,book ( #cdj columns1 ) gu>ds1 = ! reception ( ,cutt+s f ,newspap]s1 ,extracts1 ,miscellanea1 c4 ,9 folio1 half-roan1 #gs4 #f;d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,little ,london ,directory ( #afgg4 ,! ,olde/ ,pr9t$ ,li/ ( ! ,m]*ants & ,bank]s ( ,london4 ,repr9t$ f ! ,r>e ,orig9al1 ) an ,introduction by ,,john ,,camd5 ,,hott54 #afmo1 b9d+ aft] ! orig9al1 #fs4 #f;d4 ,illu/ration ,longfell['s ,prose ,works1 complete1 includ+ ,outre-,m]1 ,hyp]ion1 ,kavanagh1 ,driftwood1 ,on ! ,poets & ,poetry ( ,europe4 ,) ,portrait & ,illu/rations by ,,bromley4 #hjj pages1 cr[n #hvo1 clo? gilt1 #gs4 #f;d4 999999 ,! read] w f9d ! pres5t edition ( ,longfell['s ,prose ,writ+s by f> ! mo/ complete ev] issu$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,outre-,m] conta9s two additional *apt]s1 re/or$ f ! fir/ edition2 :ile ,! ,poets & ,poetry ( ,europe1 & ! little collection ( ,sket*es entitl$ ,driftwood1 are n[ fir/ introduc$ to ! ,engli% public4 99 99 99 99 99 ,lo/ ,beauties ( ! ,engli% ,language4 ,an ,appeal to ,au?ors1 ,poets1 ,cl]gym51 & ,public ,speak]s4 ,by ,,*>les ,,mackay1 ,,ll4,d4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo? extra1 #fs4 #f;d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,l9ton's 7,mrs4 ,e4 ,lynn7 ,true ,hi/ory ( ,jo%ua ,davidson1 ,*ri/ian & ,communi/4 ,,six? ,,edition1 ) a ,new ,preface4 ,small cr[n #hvo1 clo? extra1 #ds4 #f;d4 ,9 a %ort & vigor\s preface1 ,mrs4 ,l9ton def5ds1 9 c]ta9 po9ts1 h] notion ( ! logical outcome ( ,*ri/ianity z embodi$ 9 ?is attempt to conceive h[ ,*ri/ w\ld h act$1 ) :om ,he w\ld h frat]nis$1 & :o w\ld h decl9$ to receive ,him1 _h ,he appe>$ 9 ! pres5t g5]ation4--,exam9]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,mrs4 ,,lynn ,,l9ton',s ,,new ,,novel4 ,patricia ,kemball3 ,a ,novel1 by ,e4 ,,lynn ,,l9ton1 ,au?or ( ,jo%ua ,davidson1 c41 9 ,?ree ,vols4 cr[n #hvo1 is n[ ready at all ! ,libr>ies & at ! ,booksell]s'4 ,p]haps ! able/ novel publi%$ 9 ,london ?is ye>4444 ,we "k ( no?+ 9 ! novels we h lately read equal to ! sc5e 9 :i* ,mr4 ,hamley proposes to ,dora4444 ,we advise our read]s to s5d to ! libr>y = ! /ory4--,a!num4 ,?is novel is di/+ui%$ by qualities :i* entitle x to a place ap>t f ! ord9>y fiction ( ! day2 444 displays g5u9e hum\r1 z well z ke5 social obs]vation4444 ,en\gh graphic portraiture & witty obs]vation to furni% mat]ials = half a doz5 novels ( ! ord9>y k9d4--,saturday ,review4 99 99 99 99 99 ,madre ,natura v]sus ,! ,molo* ( ,fa%ion4 ,a ,social ,essay4 ,by ,,luke ,,limn]4 ,) #cb ,illu/rations by ! ,au?or4 ,,f\r? ,,edition1 revis$1 correct$1 & enl>g$4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo? extra gilt1 r$ edges1 price #bs4 #f;d4 ,illu/ration ,bravo1 ,luke ,limn]6 ,9 ?is treatise1 aptly & ably illu/rat$1 ! well-kn[n arti/ sca?+ly exposes ! evils ( ! pres5t fa%ions--m especially ( tight-lac+4 ,girls %\ld be made to le>n x by he>t1 & act on its precepts4--,fun4 ,agreeably writt5 & amus+ly illu/rat$4 ,common s5se & erudition are br\ght to be> on ! subjects discuss$ 9 x4--,lancet4 99 99 99 99 99 ,magna ,*>ta4 ,an exact ,facsimile ( ! ,orig9al ,docum5t 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 c>efully drawn1 & pr9t$ on f9e plate pap]1 ne>ly #c feet long by #b feet wide1 ) ! ,arms & ,seals ( ! ,b>ons emblazon$ 9 ,gold & ,col\rs4 ,price #es4 ,a full ,translation1 ) ,notes1 pr9t$ on a l>ge %eet1 price #f;d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,au?or',s ,,correct$ ,,edition4 ,m>k ,twa9's ,*oice ,works4 ,revis$ & ,correct$ ?r\gh\t by ! ,au?or4 ,) ,life1 ,portrait1 & num]\s ,illu/rations4 #gjj pages1 clo? extra gilt1 #gs4 #f;d4 99 99 99 ,m>k ,twa9's ,pleasure ,trip on ! ,cont95t ( ,europe4 ,) ,frontispiece4 #ejj pages1 illu/rat$ bo>ds1 #bs42 or clo? extra1 #bs4 #f;d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m>/on's 7,dr4 ,we/l&7 ,poetical & ,dramatic ,works4 ,a ,new & ,collect$ ,libr>y ,edition1 9 ,two ,vols4 cr[n #hvo1 is n[ 9 ! press1 & w be ready v %ortly4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,mr4 ,,philip ,,m>/on',s ,,poems4 ,song ,tide1 & o!r ,poems4 ,by ,,philip ,,b\rke ,,m>/on4 ,,second ,,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo? extra1 #hs4 ,?is is a fir/ "w ( extraord9>y p]=mance & ( /ill m extraord9>y promise4 ,! y\nge/ s*ool ( ,engli% poetry has receiv$ an important accession to its ranks 9 ,philip ,b\rke ,m>/on4--,exam9]4 ,mr4 ,m>/on has fairly e/abli%$ 8 claim to be he>d z a poet4444 ,8 pres5t volume is well wor?y ( c>eful p]usal1 z ! utt]ance ( a poetic1 cultivat$ m9d4--,/&>d4 ,we h spok5 pla9ly ( "s defects 9 ! poetry be=e u1 b we h read mu* ( x ) int]e/1 & ev5 admiration4--,pall ,mall ,gazette4 99 99 99 ,all 9 ,all3 ,poems & ,sonnets4 ,by ,,philip ,,b\rke ,,m>/on4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo? extra1 #hs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mayhew's ,london ,*>act]s3 ,illu/rations ( ! ,hum\r1 ,pa?os1 & ,peculi>ities ( ,london ,life4 ,by ,,h5ry ,,mayhew1 ,au?or ( ,london ,lab\r & ! ,london ,poor1 & o!r ,writ]s4 ,) ne>ly #ajj graphic ,illu/rations by ,w4 ,s4 ,,gilb]t1 & o!rs4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo? extra1 #fs4 ,well fulfils ! promise ( its title4444 ,! book is an em95tly int]e/+ "o1 & w probably attract _m read]s4--,c\rt ,circul>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,memorials ( ,man*e/] ,/reets4 ,by ,,ri*>d ,,wright ,,proct]4 ,) an ,app5dix1 conta9+ ,! ,*e?am ,libr>y1 by ,,james ,,crossley1 ,f4,s4,a42 & ,old ,man*e/] & its ,wor?ies1 by ,,james ,,cro/on1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,demy #hvo1 clo? extra1 ) ,photographic ,frontispiece & num]\s ,illu/rations1 #aes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,monum5tal ,inscriptions ( ! ,we/ ,indies1 f ! ,e>lie/ ,date1 ) ,g5ealogical & ,hi/orical ,annotations1 c41 f ,orig9al1 ,local1 & o!r ,s\rces4 ,illu/rative ( ! ,hi/ories & ,g5ealogies ( ! ,sev5te5? ,c5tury1 ! ,cal5d>s ( ,/ate ,pap]s1 ,pe]ages1 & ,b>onetages4 ,) ,engrav+s ( ! ,arms ( ! pr9cipal ,families4 ,*iefly collect$ on ! spot by ! ,au?or1 ,capt4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,lawr5ce-,,ar*]4 ,demy #dto1 clo? extra1 #dbs4 ,ne>ly ready4 99 99 99 99 99 ,muses ( ,mayfair3 ,v]s de ,socit ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 includ+ selections f ,,t5nyson1 ,,br[n+1 ,,sw9burne1 ,,rossetti1 ,,jean ,,+el[1 ,,lock]1 ,,+oldsby1 ,,hood1 ,,lytton1 ,c4 ,s4 ,c41 ,,l&or1 ,,h5ry ,s4 ,,leigh1 & v _m o!rs4 ,edit$ by ,h4 ,,*olmondeley-,,p5nell1 ,au?or ( ,puck on ,pegasus4 ,beautifully pr9t$1 clo? extra gilt1 gilt edges1 uni=m ) ,! ,gold5 ,treasury ( ,?\ght1 #gs4 #f;d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,mr4 ,o',,%aughnessy',s ,,poems4 ,music & ,moonlight3 ,poems & ,songs4 ,by ,,ar?ur ,o',,%aughnessy1 ,au?or ( ,an ,epic ( ,wom54 ,fcap4 #hvo1 clo? extra1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,x is difficult to say :i* is m exquisite1 ! te*nical p]fection ( /ructure & melody1 or ! delicate pa?os ( ?\ght4 ,mr4 ,o',%aughnessy w enri* our lit]ature ) "s ( ! v be/ songs writt5 9 our g5]ation4--,academy4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an ,epic ( ,wom51 & o!r ,poems4 ,,second ,,edition4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 clo? extra1 #fs4 ,( ! =mal art ( poetry he is 9 _m s5ses q a ma/]2 8 metres are n only good1--!y are 8 own1 & (t5 ( an inv5tion mo/ felicit\s z well z c>eful4--,academy4 99 99 99 99 99 ,lays ( ,france4 7,f\nd$ on ! ,lays ( ,m>ie47 ,,second ,,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo? extra1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,z we h be=e rem>k$ 9 notic+ an e>li] volume ( 81 ?is mod]n vot>y ( ,m>ie has1 9 imag9ative p[]1 ke5 intuition1 & e>1 a g5u9e claim to be writ+ poetry1 z ?+s g n[4444 ,& ,mr4 ,o',s4 is also an accompli%$ ma/] 9 ^? peculi> turns ( rhy?m :i* are design$ to reproduce ! mann] ( ! m$ival orig9als4--,saturday ,review4 99 99 99 99 99 ,my/]y ( ! ,good ,old ,cause3 ,s>ca/ic ,notices ( ^? ,memb]s ( ! ,long ,p>liam5t t held ,places1 bo? ,civil & ,milit>y1 contr>y to ! ,self-d5y+ ,ord9ance ( ,april #c1 #afde2 ) ! ,sums ( ,money & ,l&s !y divid$ among !mselves4 ,small #dto1 half-morocco1 #gs4 #f;d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,napoleon ,,iii41 ! ,man ( ,8 ,"t2 f ,c>icatures4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,napoleon ,,iii41 z told by ,j4 ,m4 ,,haswell4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,! ,,same ,,/ory1 z told by ! ,,popul> ,,c>icatures ( ! pa/ ,?irty-five ,ye>s4 ,cr[n #hvo1 ) ,col\r$ ,frontispiece & ov] #ajj ,c>icatures1 #gs4 #f;d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,orig9al ,li/s ( ,p]sons ( ,quality2 ,emigrants2 ,religi\s ,exiles2 ,political ,rebels2 ,s]v+ ,m5 ,sold = a ,t]m ( ,ye>s2 ,appr5tices2 ,*ildr5 ,/ol52 ,maid5s ,press$2 & o!rs :o w5t f ,great ,brita9 to ! ,am]ican ,plantations1 #afjj-agjj4 ,) _! ,ages1 ! ,localities :]e !y =m]ly ,liv$ 9 ! ,"m ,c\ntry1 ,names ( ! ,%ips 9 :i* !y emb>k$1 & o!r int]e/+ p>ticul>s4 ,f ,,mss4 pres]v$ 9 ! ,/ate ,pap] ,dep>tm5t ( ,h] ,maje/y's ,public ,record ,(fice1 ,engl&4 ,edit$ by ,,john ,,camd5 ,,hott54 ,a v h&some volume1 cr[n #dto1 clo? gilt1 #gjj pages1 #chs4 ,a few ,l>ge ,pap] copies h be5 pr9t$1 price #fjs4 ,?is volume is an ,engli% ,family ,record1 & z su* may be comm5d$ to ,engli% families1 & ! desc5dants ( ,engli% families1 :]ev] !y exi/4--,academy4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,old ,,dramati/s4 ,,mr4 ,,sw9burne',s ,,new ,,essay4 ,george ,*apman's ,poems & ,m9or ,translations4 ,complete1 includ+ "s ,pieces n[ fir/ pr9t$4 ,) an ,essay on ! ,dramatic & ,poetical ,works ( ,,george ,,*apman1 by ,,alg]non ,,*>les ,,sw9burne4 ,cr[n #hvo1 ) ,frontispiece1 clo? extra1 #fs4 99 99 99 ,george ,*apman's ,translations ( ,hom]'s ,iliad & ,odyssey4 ,edit$ by ,,ri*>d ,,h]ne ,,%eph]d4 ,9 "o volume1 cr[n #hvo1 clo? extra1 #fs4 99 99 99 ,george ,*apman's ,plays1 ,complete1 f ! ,orig9al ,qu>tos1 includ+ ! d\btful ,plays4 ,edit$ by ,r4 ,h4 ,,%eph]d4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo? extra1 ) ,frontispiece1 #fs4 99 99 99 ,b5 ,jonson's ,works4 ,) ,notes1 ,critical & ,explanatory1 & a ,biographical ,memoir by ,,william ,,gif=d4 ,edit$ by ,lieut4-,col4 ,,francis ,,cunn+ham4 ,complete 9 #c vols41 cr[n #hvo1 clo? extra1 gilt1 ,portrait1 #fs4 ea*4 99 99 99 ,*ri/oph] ,m>l[e's ,works2 ,includ+ 8 ,translations4 ,edit$1 ) ,notes & ,introduction1 by ,lt4-,col4 ,f4 ,,cunn+ham4 ,cr4 #hvo1 clo? extra1 gilt1 ,portrait1 #fs4 99 99 99 ,philip ,mass+]'s ,plays4 ,f ! ,text ( ,,wm4 ,,gif=d4 ,) ! addition ( ! ,trag$y ( ,believe z ,y ,li/4 ,edit$ by ,lieut4-,col4 ,,francis ,,cunn+ham4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo? extra gilt1 ) ,portrait1 price #fs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,old ,,books--,,facsimile ,,repr9ts4 ,mus>um ,delici2 or1 ,! ,muses' ,recreation1 #afef2 ,wit ,re/or'd1 #afeh2 & ,wit's ,recreations1 #afdj4 ,! :ole comp>$ ) ! orig9als2 ) all ! ,wood ,engrav+s1 ,plates1 ,memoirs1 & ,notes4 ,a ,new ,edition1 9 #b vols41 po/ #hvo1 pr9t$ on antique laid pap]1 & b\nd 9 antique bo>ds1 #bas4 99 99 99 ,rump 7,!72 or1 ,an ,exact ,collection ( ! *oice/ ,,poems & ,,songs relat+ to ! late ,times1 & cont9u$ by ! mo/ em95t ,wits2 f ,anno #afci to #affa4 ,a ,facsimile ,repr9t ( ! r>e ,orig9al ,edition 7,london1 #affb71 ) ,frontispiece & ,engrav$ ,title-page4 ,9 #b vols41 l>ge fcap4 #hvo1 pr9t$ on antique laid pap]1 & b\nd 9 antique bo>ds1 #ags4 #f;d4 99 99 99 ,d',urfey's 7,tom7 ,wit & ,mir?2 or1 ,,pills ,,to ,,purge ,,melan*oly3 ,be+ a ,collection ( ! be/ ,m]ry ,ballads & ,songs1 ,old & ,new4 ,fitt$ to all ,hum\rs1 hav+ ea* _! prop] ,tune = ei!r ,voice or ,in/rum5t3 mo/ ( ! ,songs be+ new set4 ,london3 ,pr9t$ by ,w4 ,pe>son1 = ,j4 ,tonson1 at ,%akespe>e's ,head1 ov]-aga9/ ,ca!r9e ,/reet 9 ! ,/r&1 #agai4 ,an exact repr9t4 ,9 #f vols41 l>ge fcap4 #hvo1 pr9t$ on antique laid pap]1 antique bo>ds1 #c #cs4 99 99 99 ,engli% ,rogue 7,!71 describ$ 9 ! ,life ( ,,m]iton ,,latroon1 & o!r ,extravagants1 compreh5d+ ! mo/ ,em95t ,*eats ( bo? ,sexes4 ,by ,,ri*>d ,,head & ,,francis ,,kirkman4 ,a ,facsimile ,repr9t ( ! r>e ,orig9al ,edition 7#affe-afgb71 ) ,frontispiece1 ,facsimiles ( ! #ab copp] plates1 & ,portraits ( ! ,au?ors4 ,9 #d vols41 l>ge fcap4 #hvo1 pr9t$ on antique laid pap]1 & b\nd 9 antique bo>ds1 #cfs4 99 99 99 ,we/m9/] ,droll]ies3 ,be+ a *oice ,collection ( ,songs & ,poems sung at ,c\rt & ,!atres4 ,) ,additions made by a ,p]son ( ,quality4 ,n[ fir/ repr9t$ 9 exact facsimile f ! ,orig9al ,editions ( #afga & #afgb4 ,edit$1 ) an ,introduction on ! ,lit]ature ( ! ,droll]ies1 a copi\s ,app5dix ( ,notes1 ,illu/rations1 & ,em5dations ( ,text1 ,table ( ,cont5ts1 & ,index ( ,fir/ ,l9es1 by ,j4 ,,woodfall ,,ebswor?1 ,m4,a4 ,cantab4 ,l>ge fcap4 #hvo1 pr9t$ on antique pap]1 & b\nd 9 antique bo>ds1 #ajs4 #f;d42 l>ge pap] copies1 #bas4 99 99 99 ,irel& ,=g]ies4--,confessions ( ,,william-,,h5ry ,,irel&4 ,conta9+ ! ,p>ticul>s ( 8 ,fabrication ( ! ,%akspe>e ,manuscripts2 toge!r ) ,anecdotes & ,op9ions 7hi!rto unpubli%$7 ( _m ,di/+ui%$ ,p]sons 9 ! ,lit]>y1 ,political1 & ,!atrical ,_w4 ,a ,facsimile ,repr9t f ! ,orig9al ,edition1 ) sev]al additional ,facsimiles4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 pr9t$ on antique laid pap]1 & b\nd 9 antique bo>ds1 #ajs4 #f;d42 a few ,l>ge ,pap] copies1 at #bas4 99 99 99 ,grose's ,diction>y ( ! ,vulg> ,tongue4 #aghe4 ,an unmutilat$ ,repr9t ( ! ,fir/ ,edition4 ,qu>to1 b\nd 9 half-,roxburghe1 gilt top1 price #hs4 99 99 99 ,joe ,mill]'s ,je/s3 ! polite/ ,rep>tees1 mo/ elegant ,bon-,mots1 & mo/ pleas+ %ort ,/ories 9 ! ,engli% ,language4 ,london3 pr9t$ by ,t4 ,read4 #agci4 ,a ,facsimile ( ! ,orig9al ,edition4 #hvo1 half-morocco1 #is4 #f;d4 99 99 99 ,old ,prose ,/ories 7,!7 :5ce ,,t5nyson',s ,idylls ( ! ,k+ 7 tak54 ,by ,b4 ,m4 ,,rank+4 ,royal #afmo1 pap] cov]1 #as42 clo? extra1 #as4 #f;d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,old ,,%ek>ry',s ,,works4 ,=e/ & ,field3 ,life & ,adv5ture 9 ,wild ,africa4 ,by ! ,,old ,,%ek>ry4 ,) ,eight ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo? extra1 gilt1 #fs4 99 99 99 ,wr9kles2 or1 ,h9ts to ,sportsm5 & ,travell]s ^u ,dress1 ,equipm5t1 ,armam5t1 & ,camp ,life4 ,by ! ,,old ,,%ek>ry4 ,a ,new ,edition1 ) ,illu/rations4 ,small cr[n #hvo1 clo? extra1 gilt1 #fs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ouida',s ,,novels4 ,uni=m ,edition1 ea* ,complete 9 ,"o ,volume1 cr[n #hvo1 r$ clo? extra1 price #es4 ea*4 ,folle ,f>9e4 ,idalia3 ,a ,romance4 ,*&os3 ,a ,novel4 ,"u ,two ,flags4 ,cecil ,ca/lema9e's ,gage4 ,tricotr93 ,! ,/ory ( a ,waif & ,/ray4 ,pasc>l3 ,only a ,/ory4 ,held ,9 ,bondage2 or1 ,granville de ,vigne4 ,puck3 ,8 ,vicissitudes1 ,adv5tures1 c4 ,a ,dog ( ,fl&]s1 & o!r ,/ories4 ,/ra?more2 or1 ,wr\ght by 8 ,own ,h&4 ,two ,little ,wood5 ,%oes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,p>o*ial ,hi/ory ( ! ,c\nty ( ,cornwall4 ,compil$ f ! be/ ,au?orities1 & correct$ & improv$ f actual ,survey4 #d vols4 #dto1 clo? extra1 #c #cs4 ! set2 or1 sep>ately1 ! fir/ ?ree volumes1 #afs4 ea*2 ! f\r? volume1 #ahs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pla9 ,engli%4 ,by ,,john ,,holl+%ead4 ,"o vol41 cr[n #hvo4 ,prep>+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,private ,book ( ,useful ,alloys & ,memor&a = ,goldsmi?s & ,jewell]s4 ,by ,,james ,e4 ,,coll9s1 ,c4,e4 ,royal #afmo1 #cs4 #f;d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sev5? ,,edition ,,( ,puck on ,pegasus4 ,by ,h4 ,,*olmondeley-,,p5nell4 ,pr(usely illu/rat$ by ! late ,,john ,,lee*1 ,h4 ,k4 ,,br[ne1 ,sir ,,noel ,,paton1 ,,john ,,millais1 ,,john ,,t5niel1 ,,ri*>d ,,doyle1 ,miss ,,ell5 ,,edw>ds1 & o!r arti/s4 ,a ,new ,edition 7! ,,sev5?71 cr[n #hvo1 clo? extra1 gilt1 price #es42 or gilt edges1 #fs4 ,! book is clev] & amus+1 vigor\s & heal?y4--,saturday ,review4 ,! epigrammatic droll]y ( ,mr4 ,*olmondeley-,p5nell's ',puck on ,pegasus' is well kn[n to _m ( our read]s4444 ,! pres5t 7! six?7 is a sup]b & h&somely pr9t$ & illu/rat$ edition ( ! book4--,times4 ,specially fit = read+ 9 ! family circle4--,obs]v]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,an ,,awfully ,,jolly ,,book ,,= ,,p>ties4 ,puniana3 ,?\ghts ,wise & ,o!rwise4 ,by ! ,hon4 ,,hugh ,,r[ley4 ,be/ ,book ( ,riddles & ,puns ev] =m$4 ,) ne>ly #ajj exquisitely ,fanciful ,draw+s4 ,conta9s ne>ly #cjjj ( ! be/ ,riddles1 & #aj1jjj mo/ outrage\s ,puns1 & is "o ( ! mo/ ,popul> ,books ev] issu$4 ,new ,edition1 small qu>to1 gre5 & gold1 gilt edges1 price #fs4 ,enorm\s burlesque--unapproa*able & pre-em95t4 ,we ?9k ?is v que] volume w be a fav\rite4 ,we %\ld sugge/ t1 to a dull p]son desir\s to get cr$it ) ! "y holiday p1 x w\ld be good policy to inve/ 9 ! book1 & dole x out by in/alm5ts4--,saturday ,review4 ,also1 ,m ,puniana4 ,by ! ,hon4 ,,hugh ,,r[ley4 ,conta9+ ne>ly #ajj beautifully execut$ ,draw+s1 & a spl5did ,collection ( ,riddles & ,puns1 rivall+ ^? 9 ! ,fir/ ,volume4 ,small #dto1 gre5 & gold1 gilt edges1 uni=m ) ! ,fir/ ,s]ies1 #fs4 ,illu/ration3 ,:5 are p]sons entitl$ to speak l a book8 ,only :5 !y are a tome on ! subject4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration ,pursuivant ( ,arms 7,!72 or1 ,h]aldry f\nd$ ^u ,facts4 ,a ,popul> ,guide to ! ,sci5ce ( ,h]aldry4 ,by ,j4 ,r4 ,,plan*1 ,esq41 ,f4,s4,a41 ,som]set ,h]ald4 ,to :i* are add$1 ,essays on ! ,,badges ,,( ,,! ,,h\ses ,,( ,,lanca/] ,,& ,,york4 ,a ,new ,edition1 enl>g$ & revis$ by ! ,au?or1 illu/rat$ ) ,col\r$ ,frontispiece1 ,five full-page ,plates1 & ab\t #bjj ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 b\nd 9 clo? extra1 gilt1 #gs4 #f;d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,practical ,assay]3 ,a ,guide to ,m9]s & ,explor]s4 ,by ,,oliv] ,,nor?4 ,) ,tables & ,illu/rative ,woodcuts4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 999999 ,?is book gives directions1 9 ! simple/ =m1 = assay+ bullion & ! bas] metals by ! *eape/1 quicke/1 & be/ me?ods4 ,^? int]e/$ 9 m9+ prop]ty w be enabl$1 by foll[+ its in/ructions1 to =m a tol]ably correct idea ( ! value ( ores1 )\t previ\s k ( assay+2 :ile to ! "y man seek+ 8 =tune 9 m9+ c\ntries x is indisp5sable4 ,likely to prove extremely useful4 ,! in/ructions are cle> & precise4--,*emi/ & ,druggi/4 ,an admirable little volume4--,m9+ ,j\rnal4 ,we cordially recomm5d ?is compact little volume to all engag$ 9 m9+ ent]prize1 & especially to explor]s4--,monet>y & ,m9+ ,review4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,gu/ave ,,dor',s ,,designs4 ,rabelais' ,works4 ,fai?fully translat$ f ! ,fr5*1 ) v>iorum ,notes1 & num]\s *>act]i/ic ,illu/rations by ,,gu/ave ,,dor4 ,cr4 #hvo1 cl4 extra1 #gjj pp4 #gs4 #f;d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,uni=m ,,) ,,wond]ful ,,*>act]s4 ,rem>kable ,trials & ,notori\s ,*>act]s4 ,f ,half-,hang$ ,smi?1 #agjj1 to ,ox=d1 :o %ot at ! ,que51 #ahdj4 ,by ,capta9 ,l4 ,,b5son4 ,) spirit$ full-page ,engrav+s by ,,phiz4 #hvo1 #eej pages1 #gs4 #f;d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ro*ef\cauld's ,reflections & ,moral ,maxims4 ,) ,introductory ,essay by ,,sa9te-,,beuve1 & ,explanatory ,notes4 ,clo? extra1 #as4 #f;d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,rem9isc5ces ( ! late ,?omas ,as%eton ,smi?1 ,esq42 or1 ,! ,pursuits ( an ,engli% ,c\ntry ,g5tleman4 ,by ,sir ,j4 ,e4 ,,e>dley ,,wilmot1 ,b>t4 ,a ,new & ,revis$ ,edition1 ) ,/eel-plate ,portrait1 & pla9 & col\r$ ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo? extra1 #gs4 #f;d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,roll ( ,battle ,abbey2 or1 ,a ,li/ ( ! ,pr9cipal ,w>riors :o came ov] f ,norm&y ) ,william ! ,conqu]or1 & ,settl$ 9 ?is ,c\ntry1 ,a4,d4 #ajff-g4 ,c>efully drawn1 & pr9t$ on f9e plate pap]1 ne>ly ?ree feet by two feet1 ) ! ,arms ( ! pr9cipal ,b>ons elaborately emblazon$ 9 ,gold & ,col\rs4 ,price #es42 or1 h&somely fram$ 9 c>v$ oak ( an antique patt]n1 #bbs4 #f;d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,roll ( ,ca]lav]ock1 ! ,olde/ ,h]aldic ,roll2 includ+ ! ,orig9al ,anglo-,norman ,poem1 & an ,engli% ,translation ( ! ,,ms4 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,by ,,?omas ,,wright1 ,m4,a4 ,! ,arms emblazon$ 9 ,gold & ,col\rs4 ,9 #dto1 v h&somely pr9t$1 extra gold clo?1 #abs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,roman ,ca?olics 9 ! ,c\nty ( ,york 9 #afjd4 ,transcrib$ f ! ,orig9al ,,ms4 9 ! ,bodleian ,libr>y1 & ,edit$1 ) ,g5ealogical ,notes1 by ,,edw>d ,,peacock1 ,f4,s4,a41 ,editor ( ,army ,li/s ( ! ,r\ndheads & ,cavali]s1 #afdb4 ,small #dto1 h&somely pr9t$ & b\nd1 #aes4 999999 ,g5ealogi/s & ,antiqu>ies w f9d mu* new & curi\s matt] 9 ?is "w4 ,an elaborate ,index ref]s to e "n 9 ! volume1 among :i* w be f\nd _m ( ! highe/ local int]e/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ross's 7,*as4 ,h47 ,/ory ( a ,honeymoon4 ,a ,new ,edition ( ?is *>m+ly humor\s book1 ) num]\s ,illu/rations by ! ,au?or4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 illu/rat$ bo>ds1 #bs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,s*ool ,life at ,w9*e/] ,college2 or1 ,! ,rem9isc5ces ( a ,w9*e/] ,junior4 ,by ! ,au?or ( ,! ,log ( ! ,wat] ,lily2 & ,! ,wat] ,lily on ! ,danube4 ,second ,edition1 ,revis$1 ,,col\r$ ,,plates1 #gs4 #f;d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,s*op5hau]'s ,! ,_w ,consid]$ z ,w & ,imag9ation4 ,translat$ by ,dr4 ,,franz ,,hueff]1 ,au?or ( ,ri*>d ,wagn] & ! ,music ( ! ,future4 ,9 prep>ation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,secret ,,out ,,s]ies4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo? extra1 pr(usely ,illu/rat$1 price #ds4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,art ( ,amus+4 ,a ,collection ( ,graceful ,arts1 ,games1 ,tricks1 ,puzzles1 & ,*>ades1 int5d$ to ,amuse ,ev]ybody4 ,by ,,frank ,,bellew4 ,) ne>ly #cjj ,illu/rations4 99 99 99 ,hanky-,panky4 ,a ,wond]ful ,book ( ,v ,easy ,tricks1 ,v ,difficult ,tricks1 ,:ite ,magic1 ,sleight ( ,h&2 9 fact1 all ^? />tl+ ,deceptions :i* ! ,great ,wiz>ds call ,hanky-,panky4 ,edit$ by ,w4 ,h4 ,,crem]4 ,) ne>ly #bjj ,illu/rations4 99 99 99 ,magician's ,own ,book4 ,ample ,in/ruction = ,p]=mances ) ,cups & ,balls1 ,eggs1 ,hats1 ,h&k]*iefs1 c4 ,all f ,actual ,exp]i5ce4 ,edit$ by ,w4 ,h4 ,,crem]4 ,) #bjj ,illu/rations4 99 99 99 ,magic ,no ,my/]y4 ,a ,spl5did ,collection ( ,tricks ) ,c>ds1 ,dice1 ,balls1 c41 ) fully descriptive work+ ,directions4 ,) v num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,ne>ly ready4 99 99 99 ,m]ry ,circle 7,!71 & ,h[ ! ,visitors 7 ent]ta9$ dur+ ,twelve ,pleasant ,ev5+s4 ,a ,book ( ,new ,intellectual ,games & ,amusem5ts4 ,edit$ by ,mrs4 ,,cl>a ,,bellew4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 99 99 99 ,secret ,out2 or1 ,"o ,?\s& ,tricks ) ,c>ds1 & o!r ,recreations2 ) ,ent]ta9+ ,exp]im5ts 9 ,draw+ ,room or ,:ite ,magic4 ,edit$ by ,w4 ,h4 ,,crem]4 ,) #cjj ,engrav+s4 99 99 99 ,%elley's ,e>ly ,life4 ,f ,orig9al ,s\rces4 ,) ,curi\s ,incid5ts1 ,lett]s1 & ,writ+s1 n[ ,fir/ ,publi%$ or ,collect$4 ,by ,,d5is ,,flor5ce ,,mac-,,c>?y4 ,cr[n #hvo1 ) ,illu/rations1 #ddj pages1 #gs4 #f;d4 99 99 99 ,%]idan's ,complete ,works1 ) ,life & ,anecdotes4 ,includ+ 8 ,dramatic ,writ+s1 pr9t$ f ! ,orig9al ,editions1 8 ,works 9 ,prose & ,poetry1 ,translations1 ,spee*es1 ,jokes1 ,puns1 c42 ) a ,collection ( ,%]idaniana4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo? gilt1 ) #aj beautifully execut$ ,portraits & ,sc5es f 8 ,plays1 #gs4 #f;d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,signbo>ds3 ,_! ,hi/ory4 ,) ,anecdotes ( ,fam\s ,tav]ns & ,rem>kable ,*>act]s4 ,by ,,jacob ,,l>wood & ,,john ,,camd5 ,,hott54 ,,sev5? ,,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo? extra1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,x is n fair on ! "p ( a review] to pick out ! plums ( an au?or's book1 ?us fil*+ away 8 cream1 & leav+ little b skim-milk rema9+2 b1 ev5 if we 7 ev] s malici\sly incl9$1 we c\ld n 9 ! pres5t in/ance pick out all ,messrs4 ,l>wood & ,hott5's plums1 because ! good ?+s are s num]\s z to defy ! mo/ :olesale depr$ation4--,! ,times4 ,illu/ration3 ,,help ,,me ,,?r\gh ,,?is ,,_w6 999999 ,ne>ly #ajj mo/ curi\s illu/rations on wood are giv51 %[+ ! signs :i* 7 =m]ly hung f tav]ns1 c4 ,,h&book ,,( ,,colloquialisms4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,w$ge ,,& ,,! ,,wood5 ,,spoon4 ,! ,slang ,diction>y3 ,etymological1 ,hi/orical1 & ,anecdotal4 ,an ,,entirely ,,new ,,edition1 revis$ ?r\gh\t1 & consid]ably ,enl>g$1 conta9+ upw>ds ( a ?\s& m words ?an ! la/ edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 ) ,curi\s ,illu/rations1 clo? extra1 #fs4 #f;d4 ,peculi>ly a book :i* 'no g5tleman's libr>y %\ld be )\t1' :ile to co/]mong]s & ?ieves x is absolutely indisp5sable4--,dispat*4 ,int]e/+ & curi\s4 ,conta9s z _m z x 0 possible to collect ( all ! words & phrases ( mod]n slang 9 use at ! pres5t "t4--,public ,op9ion4 ,9 e way a great improvem5t on ! edition ( #ahfd4 ,its uses z a diction>y ( ! v vulg> tongue d n require to be expla9$4--,notes & ,qu]ies4 ,compil$ ) mo/ exact+ c>e1 & bas$ on ! be/ au?orities4--,/&>d4 ,9 ',! ,slang ,diction>y' we h n only a book t reflects cr$it ^u ! philologi/2 x is also a volume t w repay1 at any "t1 a dip into its humor\s pages4--,fig>o4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,we/-,,end ,,life ,,& ,,do+s4 ,/ory ( ! ,london ,p>ks4 ,by ,,jacob ,,l>wood4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations1 ,col\r$ & ,pla94 ,9 ,"o ?ick ,volume1 cr[n #hvo1 clo? extra1 gilt1 #gs4 #f;d4 999999 ,a mo/ int]e/+ "w1 giv+ a complete ,hi/ory ( ^! fav\rite out-(-door resorts1 f ! e>lie/ p]iod to ! pres5t "t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,keepsake ,,= ,,smok]s4 ,smok]'s ,text-,book4 ,by ,j4 ,,ham]1 ,f4,r4,s4,l4 ,exquisitely pr9t$ f silv]-fac$ type1 clo?1 v neat1 gilt edges1 #bs4 #f;d41 po/ free4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*>m+ ,,new ,,travel-,,book4 ,illu/ration3 ,x may be we %all t\* ! happy isles4 ,summ] ,cruis+ 9 ! ,s\? ,seas4 ,by ,,*>les ,,w>r5 ,,/odd>d4 ,) ,tw5ty-five ,engrav+s on ,wood1 drawn by ,,wallis ,,mackay4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 extra gilt1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,?is is a v amus+ book1 & full ( t quiet hum\r = :i* ! ,am]icans are s fam\s4 ,we h n space to enum]ate all ! picturesque descriptions1 ! poetical ?\ghts1 :i* h s *>m$ u 9 ?is volume2 b we recomm5d our read]s to g to ! ,s\? ,seas ) ,mr4 ,/odd>d 9 8 prettily illu/rat$ & amus+ly writt5 little book4--,vanity ,fair4 ,mr4 ,/odd>d's book is delightful read+1 & 9 ,mr4 ,wallis ,mackay he has f\nd a mo/ cong5ial & poetical illu/rator4--,booksell]4 ,a rem>kable book1 :i* has a c]ta9 wild picturesqu5ess4--,/&>d4 ,! au?or's exp]i5ces are v amus+ly relat$1 &1 9 p>ts1 ) mu* fre%ness & orig9ality4--,judy4 ,mr4 ,/odd>d is a hum\ri/2 ',summ] ,cruis+' has a good deal ( und5iable amusem5t4--,nation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,syntax's 7,dr47 ,?ree ,t\rs4 ,) ! :ole ( ,,r[l&son',s v droll full-page ,illu/rations1 9 ,col\rs1 aft] ! ,orig9al ,draw+s4 ,compris+ ! well-kn[n ,,t\rs--#a4 ,,9 ,,se>* ,,( ,,! ,,picturesque4 #b4 ,,9 ,,se>* ,,( ,,consolation4 #c4 ,,9 ,,se>* ,,( ,a ,,wife4 ,! ,?ree ,s]ies ,complete1 ) a ,life ( ! ,au?or by ,,john ,,camd5 ,,hott54 ,m$ium #hvo1 clo? extra1 gilt1 price #gs4 #f;d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!seus3 ,a ,greek ,fairy ,leg5d4 ,illu/rat$1 9 a s]ies ( ,designs 9 ,gold & ,sepia1 by ,,john ,,moyr ,,smi?4 ,) descriptive text4 ,oblong folio1 price #gs4 #f;d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,,!odore ,,hook',s ,,h\se1 ,,ne> ,,putney4 ,!odore ,hook's ,*oice ,humor\s ,works1 ) 8 ,ludicr\s ,adv5tures1 ,bons-mots1 ,puns1 & ,hoaxes4 ,) a new ,life ( ! ,au?or1 ,,portraits1 ,,facsimiles1 & ,,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #fjj pages1 clo? extra1 #gs4 #f;d4 999999 ,z a wit & hum\ri/ ( ! highe/ ord] 8 "n w be pres]v$4 ,8 political songs & jeux d'esprit1 :5 ! h\r comes = collect+ !m1 w =m a volume ( /]l+ & la/+ attraction6--,j4 ,g4 ,,lockh>t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,mr4 ,,sw9burne',s ,,works4 ,,second ,,edition ,,n[ ,,ready ,,( ,bo?well3 ,a ,trag$y4 ,by ,,alg]non ,,*>les ,,sw9burne4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo? extra1 pp4 #edj1 #abs4 #f;d4 ,mr4 ,sw9burne's mo/ prejudic$ critic _c1 we ?9k1 d5y t ',bo?well' is a poem ( a v high "*4 ,e l9e be>s traces ( p[]1 individuality1 & vivid imag9ation4 ,! v]sification1 :ile *>act]i/ically supple & melodi\s1 also atta9s1 9 spite ( "s affectations1 to a su/a9$ /r5g? & dignity ( a rem>kable k9d4 ,mr4 ,sw9burne is n only a ma/] ( ! music ( language1 b he has t indescribable t\* :i* discloses ! true poet--! t\* t lifts f (f ! gr\nd4--,saturday ,review4 ,x is n too mu* to say t1 %\ld he nev] write any?+ m1 ! poet has by ?is "w firmly e/abli%$ 8 position1 & giv5 u a poem ^u :i* 8 fame may safely re/4 ,he no long] indulges 9 t frequ5t allit]ation1 or t oppressive weal? ( imag]y & col\r1 :i* gave rhy?m & spl5d\r to "s ( 8 works1 b w\ld h be5 out ( place 9 a gr& hi/orical poem2 we h n[ a fair opportunity ( judg+ :at ! poet c d :5 depriv$ ( su* adv5titi\s aid1--& ! v]dict is1 t he mu/ h5ce=? rank among/ ! fir/ ( ,briti% au?ors4--,graphic4 ,! :ole drama flames & r+s ) high passions & great de$s4 ,! imag9ation is spl5did2 ! /yle l>ge & imp]ial2 ! insight into "* ke52 ! blank v]se v>i$1 s5sitive1 flexible1 alive4 ,mr4 ,sw9burne has once m prov$ 8 "r to occupy a seat among ! l(ty s+]s ( our l&4--,daily ,news4 ,a really gr&1 /atuesque dramatic "w4444 ,! read] w "h f9d ,mr4 ,sw9burne at 8 v be/2 if manl9ess1 dignity1 & fulness ( /yle are sup]ior to m]e pleasant s++ & allit]ative lyrics4--,/&>d4 ,spl5did pictures1 subtle analyses ( passion1 & wond]ful /udies ( "* w repay him :o atta9s ! end4444 ,9 ?is huge volume are _m f9e & "s unsurpassable ?+s4 ,subtle/ traits ( "* ab\nd1 & descriptive passages ( s+ul> delicacy4--,a!num4 ,!re c be no d\bt ( ! dramatic =ce ( ! poem4 ,x is sev]ely simple 9 its diction1 & nev] dull2 !re are innum]able f9e t\*es on almo/ e page4--,scotsman4 ',bo?well' %[s u ,mr4 ,sw9burne at a po9t immeasurably sup]ior to any t he has yet a*iev$4 ,x w confirm & increase ! reputation :i* 8 d>+ g5ius has already won4 ,he has h&l$ a difficult subject ) a ma/]y ( art :i* is a true intellectual triumph4--,h\r4 99 99 99 ,*a/el>d3 ,a ,trag$y4 ,foolscap #hvo1 #gs4 99 99 99 ,poems & ,ballads4 ,foolscap #hvo1 #is4 99 99 99 ,notes on ,poems & ,ballads1 & on ! ,reviews ( !m4 ,demy #hvo1 #as4 99 99 99 ,songs be=e ,sunrise4 ,po/ #hvo1 #ajs4 #f;d4 99 99 99 ,atalanta 9 ,calydon4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 #fs4 99 99 99 ,! ,que5 ,"m & ,rosamond4 ,foolscap #hvo1 #es4 99 99 99 ,a ,song ( ,italy4 ,foolscap #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 99 99 99 ,ode on ! ,proclamation ( ! ,fr5* ,republic4 ,demy #hvo1 #as4 99 99 99 ,"u ! ,microscope4 ,po/ #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 99 99 99 ,william ,blake3 ,a ,critical ,essay4 ,) facsimile ,pa9t+s1 ,col\r$ by ,h&1 aft] ! ,draw+s by ,blake & 8 ,wife4 ,demy #hvo1 #afs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,?ack]ay ,,sket*-,,book4 ,illu/ration ,,?ack]ayana3 ,notes & ,anecdotes1 ,illu/rat$ by ab\t ,six ,hundr$ ,sket*es by ,,william ,,makepeace ,,?ack]ay1 depict+ ,humor\s ,incid5ts 9 8 ,s*ool-life1 & ,fav\rite ,sc5es & ,*>act]s 9 ! books ( 8 e-day read+1 ,,n[ ,,= ,,! ,,fir/ ,,"t ,,publi%$1 f ! ,orig9al ,draw+s made on ! m>g9s ( 8 books1 c4 ,l>ge po/ #hvo1 cl?4 extra gilt1 gilt top1 price #abs4 #f;d4 ,illu/ration ,x is ,?ack]ay's aim to repres5t life z x is actually & hi/orically--m5 & wom5 z !y are1 9 ^? situations 9 :i* !y are usually plac$1 ) t mixture ( good & evil1 ( /r5g? & foible1 :i* is to be f\nd 9 _! *>act]s1 & liable only to ^? incid5ts :i* are ( ord9>y occurr5ce4 ,he w h no faultless *>act]s1 no demi-gods1--no?+ b m5 & bre?r54--,,david ,,masson4 99 99 99 99 99 ,timbs' ,engli% ,ecc5trics & ,ecc5tricities4 ,/ories ( ,weal? & ,fa%ion1 ,delusions1 ,impo/ures & ,fanatic ,missions1 ,/range ,sights & ,sport+ ,sc5es1 ,ecc5tric ,arti/s1 ,!atrical ,folks1 ,m5 ( ,lett]s1 c4 ,by ,,john ,,times1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,an entirely ,new ,edition1 ) ab\t #ej ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo? extra1 #fjj pages1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,illu/ration3 ,sir ,lumley ,skeff+ton at ! ,bir?day ,ball4 ,timbs' ,clubs & ,club ,life 9 ,london4 ,) ,,anecdotes ( its ,,fam\s ,,c(fee ,,h\ses1 ,,ho/elries1 & ,,tav]ns4 ,by ,,john ,,timbs1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,new ,edition1 ) ,,num]\s ,,illu/rations drawn expressly4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo? extra1 #fjj pages1 #gs4 #f;d4 999999 ,a ,companion to ,! ,hi/ory ( ,sign-,bo>ds4 ,x ab\nds 9 qua9t /ories ( ! ,blue ,/ock+1 ,kit-,kat1 ,beef ,/eak1 ,rob9 ,hood1 ,mohocks1 ,scribl]us1 ,"o o',clock1 ! ,civil1 & hundr$s ( o!r ,clubs2 toge!r ) ,tom's1 ,dick's1 ,button's1 ,n$'s1 ,w's1 & ! fam\s ,c(fee ,h\ses ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,! book supplies a mu*-felt want4 ,! club is ! av5ue to g5]al society at ! pres5t day1 & ,mr4 ,timbs gives ! entre to ! club4 ,! s*ol> & antiqu>y w also f9d ! "w a rep]tory ( in=mation on _m disput$ po9ts ( lit]>y int]e/1 & especially respect+ v>i\s well-kn[n anecdotes1 ! value ( :i* only increases ) ! lapse ( "t4--,morn+ ,po/4 ,blake's ,works4 ,messrs4 ,,*atto ,,w9dus h 9 prep>ation a s]ies ( ,reproductions 9 ,facsimile ( ! ,works ( ,,william ,,blake1 includ+ ! ,songs ( ,innoc5ce & ,exp]i5ce1 ,! ,book ( ,!l1 ,am]ica1 ,! ,vision ( ! ,daught]s ( ,albion1 ,! ,m>riage ( ,heav5 & ,hell1 ,europe1 a ,prophecy1 ,j]usalem1 ,milton1 ,uriz51 ,! ,song ( ,los1 c4 ,^! ,works w be issu$ bo? col\r$ & pla94 99 99 99 99 99 ,taylor's ,hi/ory ( ,play+ ,c>ds4 ,) ,sixty curi\s ,illu/rations4 #eej pp41 cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 extra gilt1 price #gs4 #f;d4 999999 ,anci5t & ,mod]n ,games1 ,conjur+1 ,=tune-,tell+1 & ,c>d ,%>p+1 ,gambl+ & ,calculation1 ,c>tomancy1 ,old ,gam+-,h\ses1 ,c>d ,revels & ,bl9d ,hookey1 ,picquet & ,v+t-et-un1 ,:i/ & ,cribbage1 ,tricks1 c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,vagabondiana2 or1 ,anecdotes ( ,m5dicant ,w&]]s ?r\gh ! ,/reets ( ,london2 ) ,portraits ( ! mo/ rem>kable1 drawn f ! ,life by ,,john ,,?omas ,,smi?1 late ,keep] ( ! ,pr9ts 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,) ,introduction by ,,francis ,,d\ce1 & descriptive text4 ,repr9t$ f ! orig9al1 ) ! ,woodcuts1 & ! #cb ,plates1 f ! orig9al ,copp]s1 9 cr[n #dto1 half ,roxburghe1 price #abs4 #f;d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,les ,,mis,,rables4 ,complete 9 ,?ree ,p>ts4 ,victor ,hugo's ,fant9e4 ,n[ fir/ publi%$ 9 an ,engli% ,translation1 complete & unabridg$1 ) ! exception ( a few advisable omissions4 ,po/ #hvo1 illu/rat$ bo>ds1 #bs4 ,?is "w has some?+ m ?an ! beauties ( an exquisite /yle or ! ^w-compell+ p[] ( a lit]>y ,zeus to recomm5d x to ! t5d] c>e ( a di/ant po/]ity3 9 deal+ ) all ! emotions1 passions1 d\bts1 fe>s1 :i* g to make up our common humanity1 ,m4 ,victor ,hugo has /amp$ ^u e page ! ,hall-m>k ( g5ius & ! lov+ pati5ce & consci5ti\s lab\r ( a true arti/4 ,b ! m]its ( ',les ,misrables' d n m]ely consi/ 9 ! conception ( x z a :ole2 x ab\nds1 page aft] page1 ) details ( unequall$ beauty4--,qu>t]ly ,review4 99 99 99 ,victor ,hugo's ,cosette & ,m>ius4 ,translat$ into ,engli%1 complete1 uni=m ) ,fant9e4 ,po/ #hvo1 illu/rat$ bo>ds1 #bs4 99 99 99 ,victor ,hugo's ,sa9t ,d5is & ,jean ,valjean4 ,translat$ into ,engli%1 complete1 uni=m ) ! above4 ,po/ #hvo1 illu/rat$ bo>ds1 #bs4 #f;d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,vyn]'s ,notitia ,v5atica3 ,a ,treatise on ,fox-,hunt+1 ! ,g5]al ,managem5t ( ,h\nds1 & ! ,diseases ( ,dogs2 ,di/emp] & ,rabies2 ,k5nel ,lam5ess1 c4 ,six? ,edition1 ,enl>g$4 ,by ,,rob]t ,c4 ,,vyn]4 ,,) ,,spirit$ ,,illu/rations ,,9 ,,col\rs1 ,,by ,,alk51 ,,( ,,memorable ,,fox-,,hunt+ ,,sc5es4 ,royal #hvo1 clo? extra1 #bas4 999999 ,an entirely new edition ( ! be/ "w on ,fox-,hunt+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,walt ,:itman's ,leaves ( ,grass4 ,! ,complete ,"w1 precisely z issu$ by ! ,au?or 9 ,wa%+ton4 ,a ?ick volume1 #hvo1 gre5 clo?1 price #is4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration ,walton & ,cotton1 ,illu/rat$4--,! ,complete ,angl]2 or1 ! ,contemplative ,man's ,recreation2 be+ a ,disc\rse ( ,riv]s1 ,fi%-ponds1 ,fi% & ,fi%+1 writt5 by ,,izaak ,,walton2 & ,in/ructions h[ to ,angle = a ,tr\t or ,grayl+ 9 a cle> ,/ream1 by ,,*>les ,,cotton4 ,) ,orig9al ,memoirs & ,notes by ,sir ,,h>ris ,,nicolas1 ,k4,c4,m4,g4 ,) ! :ole #fa ,illu/rations1 precisely z 9 ! royal #hvo two-volume ,edition issu$ by ,pick]+4 ,a ,new ,edition1 complete 9 ,"o ,volume1 l>ge cr[n #hvo1 ) ! ,illu/rations f ! orig9al plates1 pr9t$ on full pages1 sep>ately f ! text1 #gs4 #f;d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,w>rant to ,execute ,*>les ,i4 ,an exact ,facsimile ( ?is important ,docum5t1 ) ! ,fifty-n9e ,signatures ( ! ,regicides1 & correspond+ ,seals1 admirably execut$ on pap] made to imitate ! orig9al docum5t1 #bb 94 by #ad 94 ,price #bs42 or1 h&somely fram$ & glaz$ 9 c>v$ oak ( antique patt]n1 #ads4 #f;d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,w>rant to ,execute ,m>y ,que5 ( ,scots4 ,! ,exact ,facsimile ( ?is important ,docum5t1 includ+ ! ,signature ( ,que5 ,elizabe? & ,facsimile ( ! ,great ,seal1 on t9t$ pap]1 to imitate ! ,orig9al ,,ms4 ,price #bs42 or1 h&somely fram$ & glaz$ 9 c>v$ oak1 antique patt]n1 #ads4 #f;d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,wat]=d ,roll 7,!74--,illum9at$ ,*>t]-,roll ( ,wat]=d1 ,temp4 ,ri*>d ,,ii4 999999 ,among/ ! ,corporation ,munim5ts ( ! ,city ( ,wat]=d is pres]v$ an anci5t ,illum9at$ ,roll1 ( great int]e/ & beauty1 compris+ all ! e>ly ,*>t]s & ,grants to ! ,city ( ,wat]=d1 f ! 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