,,sci5ce ,,& ,,! ,,crim9al ,,uni=m ,,) ,,?is ,,book ,,hypnotism ,,& ,,sugge/ion ,by ,,b]n>d ,,holl&]1 ,m4,d4 ,x is ! "w ( a man ( e/abli%$ reputation1 :o has devot$ himself = ye>s to ! subject1 & ^: aim x is to tell :at ,hypnotism really is1 :at x c d1 & to :at conclusions x seems to po9t4--,globe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,trial ,,( ,,c>ol9e ,,rudd ,frontispiece ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,! ,,crim9al ,,by ,c4 ,,a9swor? ,,mit*ell ,,bo/on ,,little1 ,,br[n1 ,,& ,,company #aiaa ,,to ,,m>k ,,hanbury ,,beaufoy1 ,,esq41 ,j4,p4 ,,z ,a ,,m>k ,,( ,,reg>d ,,& ,,e/eem ,,preface ,9 ! foll[+ pages ,i h endeav\r$ to give "s acc\nt ( ! ways 9 :i* sci5tific discov]y has be5 utilis$ 9 ! /ruggle betwe5 society & ! crim9al4 ,i h tri$ to describe ! pr9ciples ^u :i* diff]5t k9ds ( sci5tific evid5ce are bas$1 & at ! same "t to br+ human int]e/ into :at w\ld o!rwise t5d to be dry detail by giv+ an outl9e ( trials 9 :i* su* evid5ce has be5 giv54 ,x is1 p]haps1 h>dly necess>y to m5tion t 9 _m ( ^! illu/rative trials ! accus$ p]sons 7 prov$ innoc5t ( ! *>ges br\ght aga9/ !m1 & t al?\gh _! cases 7 tri$ 9 ! crim9al c\rts ! title ( ! book 9 no way applies to !m4 ,= ! acc\nts ( ! old] trials ,i h drawn freely ^u ,cobbett's ,/ate ,trials1 ,p>is & ,fonblanque's ,m$ical ,jurisprud5ce1 & ! fir/ edition ( ,taylor's ,m$ical ,jurisprud5ce1 :ile ,i mu/ also ackn[l$ge my indebt$ness to ! ,circum/antial ,evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,ju/ice ,wills & ! rec5t excell5t lectures on ,=5sic ,*emi/ry1 by ,mr4 ,jago4 ,9 ! lat] cases ,i h ma9ly reli$ ^u contempor>y acc\nts & ^u my own impressions ( "s ( ! trials at :i* ,i h be5 pres5t4 ,my be/ ?anks are due to all ^? :o h giv5 me valuable & ungrudg+ assi/ance4 ,9 p>ticul> ,i w\ld m5tion ,major ,ri*>dson1 :o has k9dly giv5 me a photograph ( "o ( 8 tra9$ bloodh\nds & has all[$ me to quote ! description ( an actual man hunt ) bloodh\nds1 f 8 book1 ,w>1 ,police1 & ,wat* ,dogs2 & ,mademoiselle ,arlette ,cl>y 7& ! ,daily ,mirror7 :o h suppli$ me ) a photograph ( a ,p>is police dog4 ,i am fur!r indebt$ to ! late ,sir ,francis ,galton & 8 publi%]s1 ,messrs4 ,macmillan ,co41 :o gave me p]mission to reproduce illu/rations f 8 book on ,f+] ,pr9ts2 & to ,mr4 ,?orne ,bak] & ! ,daily ,mirror = photographs illu/rat+ ! use ( telegraphy 9 transmitt+ portraits4 ,! excell5t draw+s ( ! hairs ( diff]5t animals 7 made by my fri5d ,mr4 ,r4 ,m4 ,prideaux1 & are reproduc$ "h by ! k9d p]mission ( ,messrs4 ,scott ,gre5wood ,co4 ,f9ally1 ,i w\ld ?ank ! proprietors ( ,k & ! ,editor1 ,mr4 ,wilfr$ ,m>k ,webb1 = ! loan ( v>i\s blocks & = p]mitt+ me to make use ( mat]ial f sev]al articles ( m9e on h&writ+1 :i* h appe>$ 9 t j\rnal4 ,c4 ,a4 ,m4 ,:ite ,cottage1 ,am]%am ,common1 ,buck+ham%ire4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,*apt] ,i ,,introduction ,conflict betwe5 ! ,law-mak] & ! ,law-break]-- ,illu/rations ( ,d$uctive ,reason+ 9 ,crim9al ,cases-- ,sci5tific ,evid5ce--,sci5tific ,assi/ance = ! ,accus$--,in/ances ( ,advantages ( ,conflict ( ,sci5tific ,evid5ce--,sci5tific ,p>tisan%ip #a ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,detection ,,& ,,capture ,,( ,,! ,,crim9al ,contra/s betwe5 ,eighte5?1 ,n9ete5? & ,tw5tie? ,c5turies--,m>g>et ,cat*pole--,tawell--,cripp5--,portraits & ! ,press--,*>leswor? ,case--,bloodh\nds--,police ,dogs--,circum/antial ,detection #bb ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,p]sonal ,,id5tification ,mc,keever's ,exp]im5t on ,fallibility ( ,eye-witnesses-- ,gorse ,hall ,murd]--,cases ( ,mi/ak5 ,id5tity--,gun-fla% ,recognition--,self-deception--,ti*borne ,case #cg ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,sy/ems ,,( ,,id5tification ,photography--,an?ropometry--,f+]-pr9ts & _! ,uses #dh ,,*apt] ,v ,,id5tification ,,& ,,h&writ+ ,h]$ity--,emotional ,influ5ces--,effects ( ,disease on ,h&writ+ #gj ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,evid5ce ,,z ,,to ,,h&writ+ ,illu/rative ,cases--,h&writ+ ,exp]ts #he ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,=g$ ,,docum5ts ,use ( ,microscope--,erasures--,photographic ,me?ods-- ,typewritt5 ,matt]--,exam9ations ( ,*>r$ ,fragm5ts-- ,=g]y ( ,bank ,notes #ic ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,di/+ui%+ ,,inks ,,9 ,,h&writ+ ,elizabe?an ,ink--,milton's ,bible--,age ( ,inks--,c>bon ,inks--,h]culaneum ,,mss4--,=g]y ( ,anci5t ,docum5ts #aje ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,two ,,notable ,,trials ,trial ( ,br9kley--,trial ( ,rob]t ,wood #aaf ,,*apt] ,x ,,sympa!tic ,,inks #acj ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,rem>kable ,,=g]y ,,trials ,trials--,william ,hale--,! ,p]reaus--,c>ol9e ,rudd--,dr4 ,dodd--,:alley ,w ,case--,pil*]1 etc4 #ace ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,id5tification ,,( ,,human ,,blood ,,& ,,human ,,hair ,/ructure ( ,blood--,human ,blood--,blood ( ,animals--,blood ,cry/als--,libell]s ( ,sir ,e4 ,godfrey--,trial ( ,nation 9 #aheg--,physiological ,te/s--,precipit9es--,fir/ ,trial 9 ,france--,gorse ,hall ,trials--,human ,hair--,hairs ( ,animals #aed ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,e>ly ,,poison+ ,,trials ,murd] ( ,sir ,t4 ,ov]bury--,m>y ,bl&y--,ka?>9e ,nairn1 etc4 #aga ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,notable ,,poison+ ,,trials ,use ( ,poisons--,ars5ic & ,antimony--,*apman ,case-- ,/ry*n9e 9 ,palm] ,trial--,physiological ,te/s--,case ( ,freeman--,error f ,quantitative ,d$uctions--,poison\s ,food ,giv5 to ,animals--,m>y ,higg9s--,negative ,result ( ,physiological ,te/s--,hyoscyamus ,poisons--,cripp5 ,case-- ,exp]im5t on ,cats--,"t ,limit = ,action ( ,ars5ic-- ,fr5* ,case #aij ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,! ,,maybrick ,,case #bjf ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,adult]ation ,,( ,,food ,national ,loss f ,adult]ation--,adult]at$ ,electricity--,! ,be] ,conn]--,conflict ( ,evid5ce--,! ,notice ,dodge--,pres]vatives--,/&>ds = ,food--,c\rt ( ,ref]5ce--,adm9i/ration ( ! ,law #bad ,,index #bci ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,page ,,trial ,,( ,,c>ol9e ,,rudd ,frontispiece ,,w> ,,plan ,,s5t ,,by ,,wireless ,,telegraphy #bd ,,photo ,,s5t ,,by ,,telegraphy ,,f ,,p>is #bf ,,portrait ,,s5t ,,by ,,wireless #bh ,,major ,,ri*>dson',s ,,man-,,track] ,,pa?an #cj ,,fr5* ,,police ,,dog #cb ,,purk5je',s ,,/&>d ,,f+]-,,pr9ts #fd ,,types ,,( ,,f+]-,,pr9ts #ff ,,h]$ity ,,9 ,,h&writ+ #ga ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,tra9+ ,,on ,,h&writ+ #gd ,,signatures ,,( ,,napoleon ,,at ,,diff]5t ,,p]iods ,,( ,,8 ,,c>e] #gg ,,writ]s' ,,cramp #gh ,,specim5 ,,( ,,agraphia #gh ,,writ+ ,,( ,,l5au1 ,,be=e ,,& ,,dur+ ,,insanity #gi ,,writ+ ,,( ,h,,ld]l91 ,,be=e ,,& ,,dur+ ,,insanity #gi ,,mirror ,,writ+ ,,9 ,,p>alysis #hj ,,hypnotic ,,h&writ+ #hb ,,g>ibaldi',s ,,signature #hc ,,detection ,,( ,,=g]y ,,by ,,means ,,( ,,cam]a ,,& ,,microscope #ajj ,,fur!r ,,specim5s ,,( ,,detection ,,( ,,=g]y1 ,,& ,,te/s ,,to ,,di/+ui% ,,old ,,f ,,new ,,inks #ajb ,,elizabe?an ,,dome/ic ,,recipe ,,= ,,ink #ajg ,,! ,,t9tomet] #aji ,,goat',s ,,& ,,c[',s ,,hair #afb ,,kang>oo',s ,,& ,,human ,,hair1 ,,& ,,! ,,hair ,,( ,a ,,cat ,,& ,a ,,dog #afd ,,fibres ,,( ,,*9ese ,,silk #afd ,,rabbit',s ,,& ,,horse-,,hair #aff ,,wool ,,fibres ,,f ,,diff]5t ,,bre$s ,,( ,,%eep #afh ,,cotton ,,& ,,flax ,,fibres #agj ,,anne ,,turn] #agb ,sci5ce & ! ,crim9al ,,*apt] ,i ,,introduction ,conflict betwe5 ! ,law-mak] & ! ,law-break]--,illu/rations ( ,d$uctive ,reason+ 9 ,crim9al ,cases--,sci5tific ,evid5ce--,sci5tific ,assi/ance = ! ,accus$--,in/ances ( ,advantages ( ,conflict ( ,sci5tific ,evid5ce--,sci5tific ,p>tisan%ip4 ,9 ! con/ant /ate ( w>f>e betwe5 ! law-mak] & ! law-break]1 :i* began :5 mank9d fir/ organis$ itself into communities & has exi/$ ev] s9ce1 e new inv5tion or practical application ( sci5tific discov]y has suppli$ ea* side ) new weapons frequ5tly ( mu* great] precision4 ,! advantage ?us conf]r$ t5ds to be on ! side ( ! law-mak] b n inv>iably s2 = 9 spite ( all ! facilities ( inve/igation n[ available x is surpris+ h[ _m crimes rema9 undetect$1 or h[ frequ5tly 9 suspici\s cases x is impossible to discov] ! tru?4 ,! law-break]'s primitive weapon ( natural cunn+ has ?us (t5 prov$ m ?an a mat* = all ! weapons at ! disposal1 ( 8 oppon5t4 ,!re is mu* to be said1 !re=e1 = ! sugge/ion :i* has rec5tly be5 put =w>d on _m sides t a dep>tm5t specially tra9$ = ! "w ( crim9al inve/igation %\ld be creat$4 ,"u ! pres5t conditions ! rank & file ( ! detective =ce1 recruit$ z x is f ! be/ ( ! uni=m$ policem51 conta9s _m m5 ( acute intellect & reason+ capacity1 b x _c be d\bt$ b t 9 _m cases _! effici5cy w\ld h be5 enorm\sly increas$ by a sci5tific tra9+4 ,! pres5t sy/em some:at recalls t "u :i* doctors acquir$ _! k ( m$ic9e 9 ! e>ly "p ( la/ c5tury4 ,_! mi/akes taught !m :at n to d1 b 9 ! meantime ! pati5t sometimes di$4 ,me?ods ( sci5tific reason+ s z to draw d$uctions f obs]v$ facts _c be acquir$ by solit>y night wat*es ^u a beat1 nor does ! facility = break+ up a tangle 9 traffic :i* ! con/able acquires z ! outcome ( 8 daily duties1 necess>ily r5d] him m capable ( extricat+ f a mass ( confus$ details ! ess5tial facts ^u :i* /ress %\ld be laid4 ,9 "s ( ! unsolv$ my/]ies t h occurr$ dur+ ! la/ few ye>s ! pres5ce ( a highly tra9$ intellect at ! fir/ h\r ( ! inve/igation might conceivably h l$ to ! detection ( ! crim9al4 ,z a rule1 x is only aft] ! fir/ exam9ation is ov] & ! case appe>s likely to be a difficult "o1 t ! be/ bra9s ( ! dep>tm5t are br\ght to be> ^u ! facts1 & x may !n be too late = effective action4 ,x %\ld be made possible = a man :o possesses a facility = ?is type ( "w to jo9 ! crim9al inve/igation dep>tm5t )\t hav+ to g ?r\gh ! r\t9e "w ( a police con/able1 :i* w probably add no?+ to 8 p[]s ( foll[+ up a clue2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ?is p]iod ( probation %\ld be occupi$ by practical tra9+ 9 sci5tific me?ods ( work+4 ,! pres5t conditions bo? ( paym5t & ( /atus are n ( ! k9d t w attract ! highe/ type ( bra9 to ! "w ( crim9al inve/igation1 & yet !re is no reason :y x %\ld n be made to (f] ! advantages ( o!r bran*es ( pr(essional "w4 ,an apt illu/ration ( ! use ( acute obs]vation & d$uction 9 solv+ a my/]y is af=d$ by ! /range /ory ( a %oot+ accid5t1 t1 accord+ to a writ] 9 "o ( ! lead+ morn+ pap]s1 took place _m ye>s ago4 ,a c\ntry g5tleman 0 f\nd ly+ dead ^u a s(a1 ) ! :ole ( ! *>ge ( a sport+ gun 9 8 body4 ,! dis*>g$ gun 0 hang+ 9 its usual place ^u ! wall1 & !re 7 no indications ( any /ruggle hav+ tak5 place4 ,all ! circum/ances app>5tly po9t$ to ! man hav+ be5 murd]$ 9 8 sleep1 = x 0 impossible = him to h %ot himself & h !n replac$ ! gun ^u ! wall1 & /rong suspicion fell ^u "o ( ! s]vants 9 ! h\se4 ,?is man 0 arre/$1 & w\ld probably h be5 convict$ _h x n be5 = ! detective notic+ t ! dead man's wat*1 :i* _h be5 sma%$ by "s ( ! %ot1 _h be5 /opp$ e>ly 9 ! aft]noon1 & t at exactly ! same mom5t ! sun 0 focuss$ ?r\gh a bottle ( wat] t 0 /&+ ^u ! table 9 su* a way t ! ray fell ^u ! nipple ( ! gun ^u ! wall4 ,accord+ly he load$ ! gun aga91 hung x 9 ! same spot1 & plac$ a dummy figure ^u ! s(a1 & z soon z ! sun's rays pass$ ?r\gh ?is un9t5d$ burn+-glass & 7 focuss$ ^u ! gun1 an explosion occurr$ & ! cont5ts 7 dis*>g$ into ! figure4 ,! writ] has be5 unable to trace ! date ( ?is occurr5ce1 b ev5 if x is n f\nd$ ^u fact x is n impossible1 = !re are und\bt$ly cases :]e pap]s h be5 set on fire by ! rays ( ! sun be+ conc5trat$ ^u !m1 ?r\gh a bottle ( wat]4 ,an in/ance ( ! way 9 :i* "o small fact may give conclusive pro( t a crime has be5 committ$ is af=d$ by ! trial ( ,swan & ,jeff]ies 9 ! e>ly "p ( la/ c5tury4 ,! prison]s1 :o 7 indoor s]vants1 _h committ$ a murd] & !n rais$ an al>m ) ! object ( ?r[+ ! suspicion ^u burgl>s1 :o !y alleg$ _h brok5 into ! h\se4 ,b an exam9ation ( ! grass outside ! h\se %[$ t al?\gh dew _h fall5 heavily ?r\gh ! night !re 7 no indications ( its hav+ be5 di/urb$ by foot/eps4 ,?is piece ( circum/antial evid5ce l$ to _! arre/1 & !y 7 subsequ5tly convict$ & execut$4 ,equally conv9c+ 7 ! clues t l$ to ! arre/ ( ,c\rvoisi] 9 #ahdj1 = ! murd] ( ,"l ,william ,russell1 :o 0 !n sev5ty-five ye>s ( age4 ,! prison] _h only be5 9 ! s]vice ( ! murd]$ man = a %ort "t4 ,he /at$ t on ! night be=e ! murd] he _h left 8 ma/] read+ 9 b$1 z 0 8 frequ5t cu/om1 & a fact 9 support ( ?is 0 t ! c&le _h burn$ d[n to ! socket4 ,e>ly 9 ! morn+ ! h\semaid f\nd ! silv] plate scatt]$ ab\t ! room1 & v>i\s articles ( value ti$ up 9 bundles1 z ?\gh burgl>s _h brok5 into ! h\se & _h be5 int]rupt$ 9 _! "w4 ,%e call$ ,c\rvoisi]1 & he appe>$ almo/ imm$iately1 fully dress$1 & go+ into ! room ( ,"l ,william ,russell f\nd him ) 8 ?roat cut4 ,on a door 7 m>ks :i* indicat$ t x _h be5 brok5 9 by ! suppos$ burgl>s1 b clos] exam9ation %[$ t ! damage _h be5 done f ! inside4 ,9 addition to ?is1 any burgl>s ent]+ ! h\se ?r\gh ?is door mu/ h pass$ ov] a wall1 & ?is 0 f\nd to be ?ickly coat$ ) du/ :i* _h n be5 di/urb$4 ,= a long "t no trace ( ! miss+ valuables 7 discov]$1 b f9ally aft] a ?or\gh se>* ( ! premises1 "s ( ! money 0 f\nd hidd5 beh9d ! skirt+ 9 ! pantry ( ! accus$1 :ile lat] on ! /ol5 plate 0 discov]$ 9 ! keep+ ( a man ) :om ,c\rvoisi] _h =m]ly liv$4 ,ma9ly on ! circum/antial evid5ce ( ^! facts ! prison] 0 convict$2 aft]w>ds he made a full confession ( ! crime4 ,clev] d$uctive reason+ 0 also %[n 9 ! foll[+ case1 9 :i* ! au?or ( a %oot+ outrage t occurr$ 9 #ahca at ,ayr 0 discov]$ 9 a s+ul> mann]4 ,someone _h malici\sly fir$ a gun into a *ur*1 & _h hop$ to escape detection4 ,x 0 notic$1 h[ev]1 t "s ( ! bullets1 aft] hav+ pass$ ?r\gh ! w9d[s1 _h left a m>k ^u ! wall opposite4 ,by draw+ a /raight l9e betwe5 ^! m>ks & ! holes 9 ! w9d[s1 & ext5d+ ! l9e outside ! *ur*1 ! o!r end 0 f\nd 9 a w9d[ on ! o!r side ( ! /reet4 ,subsequ5tly o!r pro( 0 obta9$ t ! gun _h be5 fir$ f ?is w9d[4 ,num]\s cases might also be quot$ :]e ! tra9$ obs]vation ( a doctor has call$ att5tion to "s slight po9t :i* w\ld o!rwise h be5 ov]look$1 b :i* has furni%$ ! clue to ! detection ( a crime4 ,9 ! ye> #ahjf a man nam$ ,blight 0 %ot ) a pi/ol at ,dept=d by someone unkn[n1 & di$ f ! w\nd4 ,sir ,a/ley ,coop]1 :o 0 call$ 9 to att5d to ! victim1 c>efully not$ ! relation%ip ( ! body to o!r objects 9 ! room1 & f ! position ( ! w\nd conclud$ t ! %ot _h be5 fir$ by a left-h&$ p]son4 ,?is inf]5ce drew suspicion ^u a g5tleman nam$ ,pat* :o 0 ! only left-h&$ p]son :o _h be5 se5 ) ,mr4 ,blight4 ,he 0 a close p]sonal fri5d ( ! latt]1 & no "o _h dream$ ( suspect+ him ( ! crime4 ,! results ( fur!r inquiries prov$ t ?is man _h fir$ ! %ot1 & aft] 8 conviction he confess$ t he _h be5 guilty ( ! murd]4 ,! fact t a weapon is tightly held 9 ! h& ( a p]son :o has be5 %ot is /rong presumptive evid5ce t x is a case ( suicide1 s9ce x is improbable t ! h& ( a dead man c\ld subsequ5tly be made to grasp a pi/ol4 ,!re is a rem>kable case on record1 h[ev]1 9 :i* ! fact t a pi/ol 0 f\nd cl5*$ 9 ! h& ( a dead man 0 at fir/ reg>d$ z evid5ce ( a murd]4 ,a son ( ! deceas$1 :o _h slept 9 ! same room 0 accus$ ( hav+ kill$ him & ( !n plac+ ! dis*>g$ pi/ol 9 8 h& to give ! sugge/ion ( suicide4 ,exp]im5ts 7 made 9 :i* ! h& hold+ ! pi/ol 0 lift$ into ! position 9 :i* x mu/ h be5 held if x _h be5 a case ( suicide1 & 9 ea* in/ance ! h&1 :5 all[$ to fall1 did n reta9 ! pi/ol4 ,= ! def5ce m$ical evid5ce 0 giv5 t ! spasmodic contraction ( ! muscles aft] dea? w\ld acc\nt = ! pi/ol be+ /ill cl5*$ 9 ! h&1 :ile ! inability ( ! h& to grasp x aft]w>ds did n prove any?+4 ,evid5ce z to ! pres5ce ( a motive 0 giv51 b ! sci5tific evid5ce 0 reg>d$ z decisive & ! prison] 0 dis*>g$4 ,! "q :e!r a p]son :o has app>5tly committ$ suicide c\ld possibly h made use ( ! degree ( =ce to :i* circum/ances po9t$ has frequ5tly aris54 ,! mo/ notable in/ance ( ! k9d 0 9 ref]5ce to ! ,e>l ( ,essex :o 0 f\nd dead 9 ! ,t[] 9 ,july1 #afhc1 8 ?roat hav+ be5 cut4 ,a razor 0 ly+ by 8 side ) its blade not*$1 & public op9ion 0 /rongly divid$ z to :e!r he _h committ$ suicide or _h be5 murd]$4 ,! m$ical m5 :o support$ ! =m] view expla9$ ! not*es ^u ! razor blade z ! result ( its hav+ be5 drawn backw>ds & =w>ds across ! neck bone1 al?\gh = a suicide to h done ?is w\ld h be5 an impossibility4 ,occasions h aris5 :]e a *emical exp]t has be5 ask$ to /ate :e!r a gun or pi/ol f\nd ly+ ne> a body has or has n be5 rec5tly dis*>g$4 ,ev5 9 ! case ( fire>ms t _h be5 load$ ) black p[d] no v def9ite answ] c usually be giv5 to ?is "q4 ,taylor sugge/$ t ! pres5ce ( potassium sulphide 7=m$ f ! p[d]7 adh]+ to ! b>rel w\ld indicate t ! gun _h rec5tly be5 fir$1 :]eas aft] a %ort "t ?is sulphide w\ld become oxidis$1 & no long] give ! reactions ( a sulphide4 ,aft] a long] "t traces ( iron oxide =m$ f ! iron ( ! b>rel might be expect$4 ,x w\ld n be safe to lay /ress ^u conclusions bas$ ^u su* data z ^!1 & at be/ !y c\ld only af=d corroborative evid5ce4 ,an amus+ in/ance )9 ! pres5t writ]'s exp]i5ce af=ds ano!r example ( ! way 9 :i* a trifl+ po9t be+ ov]look$ may be /rong presumptive evid5ce ( attempt$ fraud4 ,a family ( ! "n (1 say1 ,ab5dessig1 effect$ an insurance aga9/ burgl>y ) a company :i* may be describ$ z ! ,safegu>d ,assurance ,co4 ,x 0 n long be=e !y 7 ! unhappy victims ( a burgl>y 9 :i* ,miss ,ab5dessig lo/ sev]al valuable pieces ( jewell]y includ+ a wat*1 a diamond r+1 & sev]al broo*es4 ,9 pro( ( h] claim %e produc$ receipts f ! jewell] f :om %e /at$ %e _h b\ght ^! articles1 ! total value ( :i* 0 giv5 at #aej4 ,!re 7 ?ree receipts 9 all1 dat$ at int]vals ( two or ?ree mon?s1 ! fir/ be+ made out to ,miss ,ab5dessig & ! la/ to ,mrs4 ,lab1 %e hav+ be5 m>ri$ 9 ! int]val1 & ! second to h] fa!r1 ,simeon ,ab5dessig4 ,! ,safegu>d ,assurance ,co4 _h a suspicion t ! jewell]1 :o _h an address b no %op1 0 9 league ) ! ,ab5dessigs1 & t ! fir/ & ?ird receipts _h be5 writt5 at ! same "t4 ,! pres5t writ] 0 !re=e ask$ to exam9e ^! docum5ts to see :e!r any evid5ce ( ! date ( writ+ c\ld be obta9$4 ,!y 7 bo? writt5 9 blue ink ^u common billheads1 b ! fact t ! ink & pap] 7 ( ! same k9d 0 no pro( t !y 7 n g5u9e receipts4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! receipt /amps 7 exam9$ "u ! microscope x 0 obvi\s t ! "r-h& side ( "o /amp correspond$ ) ! left-h& side ( ! o!r /amp4 ,t is to say1 ! little projections ( pap] left :5 two /amps are torn ap>t across ! p]=ation exactly co9cid$ 9 e in/ance1 a long projection on "o be+ mat*$ by a %ort projection on ! o!r1 & s on4 ,! exact co9cid5ce ( sev5te5 po9ts c\ld n h be5 ! result ( *ance1 & ! /amps on ! two receipts mu/ !re=e orig9ally h be5 atta*$ to "o ano!r 9 ! %eet4 ,! fur!r inf]5ce 0 t ! jewell] mu/ ei!r h torn !m ap>t & put "o on ! e>li] receipt & ! o!r on ! lat] "o at ! same "t1 or he mu/ h _h ! second /amp put aside = ?ree mon?s & !n affix$ x to ! lat] receipt4 ,a mu* m obvi\s slip ?an ?is 0 made "s ye>s ago 9 a bogus claim ^u a fire insurance company1 ! /ory ( :i* is relat$ 9 ,"l ,brampton's ,rem9isc5ces4 ,! fire broke out on ! premises ( a firm ( tailors1 & x 0 claim$ by !m t ! :ole ( _! /ock1 includ+ _m hundr$ pairs ( tr\s]s1 _h be5 de/roy$4 ,! insurance company1 aft] exam9+ ! burnt-out build+1 in/ruct$ a numb] ( _! ag5ts to sift c>efully ! :ole ( ! a%es4 ,at ! he>+ ( ! case ! c\nsel = ! company rem>k$ t x 0 /range t 9 a fire 9 :i* s _m pairs ( tr\s]s _h be5 burn$ ! metal buttons ^u !m %\ld n h be5 f\nd4 ,on ! next day ! tailors appe>$ ) a :ole bucketful ( buttons1 b _! production 0 too late to be conv9c+1 = ! a%es _h be5 ?or\ghly sift$ be=e ! claimants attempt$ to make good _! ov]sight1 & only a v few tr\s] buttons _h be5 discov]$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! dang] ( jump+ to a sudd5 conclusion f circum/ances has be5 frequ5tly demon/rat$4 ,?us1 a v extraord9>y case 9 :i* "s facts t cle>ly po9t$ to ! guilt ( a prison] 7 f\nd to h misl$ _m witnesses1 0 tri$ 9 #ahac at ! assizes at ,bury ,/4 ,edmunds4 ,a f>m] :o own$ upw>ds ( #a1bjj acres 0 accus$ ( burgl>y1 & z evid5ce aga9/ him x 0 positively /at$ t c]ta9 articles 9 8 possession _h be5 /ol5 f ! h\se4 ,! witnesses swore t !y _h id5tifi$ "s %eets by /a9s ^u !m & a cask by ! fact ( its be+ m>k$ ) ! lett]s ,p4,c4 #hd 9 a circle4 ,= ! def5ce1 witnesses /at$ t ! prison] 0 9 possession ( %eets /a9$ 9 exactly ! same way1 & t ! cask 0 "o ( ^? 9 :i* he _h receiv$ cranb]ries f ,norwi*1 all ( :i* casks 7 m>k$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,! prison] 0 acquitt$4 ,sci5tific te/imony is ano!r =m ( ! s-call$ circum/antial evid5ce1 & z su* is sometimes look$ ^u ) suspicion4 ,yet 9 h[ few cases is x possible to produce ! man :o c say1 ,i saw ! de$ done1 & ev5 9 su* cases1 :at errors ( id5tification may occur6 ,9 f> ! great] numb] ( crimes ! pro( mu/ dep5d to a l>ge ext5t ^u ! evid5ce ( circum/ances4 ,b ^! mu/ be s conv9c+ t x is impossible 9 reason to draw any o!r conclusion f !m4 ,9 ?is c\ntry x is ! duty ( ! prosecution to prove ! guilt1 & unless t is done 9 su* a way z to leave no %ad[ ( d\bt 9 ! m9ds ( ! jury1 a prison] is entitl$ to be acquitt$4 ,!re mu/ be no speculation ^u a man's guilt4 ,a man is reg>d$ z innoc5t s long z x is impossible to connect to him ! la/ l9k 9 a long *a9 ( circum/antial evid5ce4 ,9 ! brief acc\nts ( v>i\s celebrat$ trials 9 ! foll[+ pages an attempt has be5 made to give an outl9e ( ! sci5tific circum/antial evid5ce t has l$ to ! conviction or acquittal ( ! prison]s4 ,9 "s ( ^! trials pro( ( guilt has be5 ov]:elm+1 al?\gh ! te/imony ( an eye-witness has be5 lack+1 b 9 o!rs ! ,scot* v]dict ( ,n prov5 7a curi\s equival5t ( :i*1 h[ev]1 0 once giv5 9 ! trial ( ,mrs4 ,rudd7 w\ld be a m fitt+ d$uction f ! evid5ce1 ?an ! alt]native ( ,guilty or ,n guilty1 :i* is all t is all[$ by ! ,engli% law4 ,a good illu/ration ( ! value ( sci5tific pro( 0 se51 9 #ahhd1 at ! trial ( a woman nam$ ,gibbons on ! *>ge ( hav+ %ot h] husb&4 ,= ! def5ce x 0 urg$ t ! man _h committ$ suicide4 ,!re 7 f\r bullet w\nds f a revolv] 9 ! body1 & ! m$ical evid5ce w5t to prove t al?\gh any "o ( ! w\nds might h be5 inflict$ by ! man himself1 x 0 extremely improbable t all ( !m _h be54 ,moreov]1 "s ( !m 7 9 su* a position t !y c\ld only h be5 self-inflict$ if ! revolv] _h be5 held 9 ! left h&1 :]eas witnesses te/ifi$ t ! deceas$ 0 n left-h&$4 ,! prison] 0 f\nd guilty4 ,attempts h frequ5tly be5 made by def5d+ c\nsel to obta9 p]mission = a sci5tific man to be pres5t on behalf ( a prison] at any exam9ation made be=e a trial1 b all su* reque/s are inv>iably refus$4 ,x is q a common occurr5ce1 h[ev]1 = ! evid5ce giv5 by sci5tific witnesses = ! prosecution to be controv]t$ by sci5tific witnesses = ! def5ce1 & ! mo/ rec5t in/ance ( ! k9d at ! trial ( ,cripp5 w be fre% 9 ! memory ( ev]yone4 ,:]e !re is any possibility ( d\bt x %\ld be possible = e prison] to obta9 sci5tific assi/ance4 ,an accus$ p]son :o lacks ! means to procure legal assi/ance 9 8 def5ce has assign$ to him by ! ,c\rt a b>ri/] :o w repres5t 8 int]e/s & see t !y d n suff] f ignorance ( legal te*nicalities4 ,?is pr9ciple might well be ext5d$ s z to cov] ! gr\nd ( sci5tific evid5ce4 ,"u ! pres5t conditions ! prosecution has unlimit$ facilities = apply+ e description ( te/1 b x has n always be5 easy = ! repres5tatives ( ! accus$ p]son to obta9 sci5tific help 9 criticis+ ! nature ( ?is evid5ce4 ,sci5tific evid5ce %\ld be1 & usually is1 q imp>tial1 b ! ev]yday conflict ( hone/ op9ion 9 civil actions illu/rates ! possibility ( mi/akes occurr+ or ( c]ta9 po9ts t w\ld tell 9 fav\r ( ! accus$ be+ ov]look$4 ,= in/ance1 suppose a /a9 on ! clo!s ( a p]son accus$ ( murd] 7 exam9$ by a *emi/ = ! prosecution & f\nd to consi/ ( blood4 ,! fact w\ld tell aga9/ ! accus$1 ev5 ?\gh ! witness 7z 9 a rec5t case7 c\ld express no op9ion :e!r x 0 human blood1 or ! blood ( an animal4 ,assum+ 9 ?is hypo!tical trial t ! blood /a9 0 really due to rabbit's blood1 ano!r *emi/ repres5t+ ! prison] might be acqua9t$ ) ! comp>atively rec5t physiological me?ods ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! blood ( diff]5t animals1 & ?us be able to prove ! real nature ( ! blood /a9 & break "o ( ! l9ks 9 ! *a9 ( evid5ce4 ,9 mo/ ( ! important crim9al trials ! sci5tific evid5ce is giv5 by m ?an "o witness1 & ! possibility ( mi/ake is ?us greatly r$uc$1 b ?is is n inv>iably ! rule4 ,sci5tific criticism d]iv$ f a fir/-h& exam9ation ( ! mat]ial w\ld be ( mu* m value ?an ! criticism ( ! /atem5t ( ! results1 & might h consid]able weight ^u ! conclusions ( ! jury4 ,a def5d+ c\nsel cross-exam9+ a sci5tific witness is usually deal+ ) an unfamili> subject1 & lacks ! specialis$ k t w\ld enable him to po9t out ! weak po9ts 9 ! evid5ce4 ,:5 a weal?y p]son is on trial1 h[ev]1 ! c\nsel has ! advantage ( gett+ ! be/ exp]t advice ^u ! sci5tific matt]s put =w>d 9 evid5ce1 & is ?us able to lay /ress on all t w help 8 cli5t1 b a poor prison] lacks ?is advantage1 & !re=e runs a great] *ance ( be+ convict$4 ,an e>ly trial 9 :i* ! prison] ow$ 8 acquittal to a conflict ( sci5tific evid5ce 0 t ( ,sp5c] ,c[p]1 ! gr&fa!r ( ,c[p]1 ! poet1 :o 0 tri$ at ! ,h]t=d ,assizes 9 #afii = ! murd] ( a "y g5tlewoman nam$ ,s>ah ,/\t4 ,) ,c[p] 7 also tri$ sev]al ( 8 fri5ds1 ^: rem>ks hav+ be5 ov]he>d _h sugge/$ t !y 7 aw>e ( :at _h happ5$ to ! girl4 ,c[p]1 :o 0 a b>ri/]1 def5d$ himself & incid5tally 8 companions4 ,! /ory told by ! prosecution 0 t at ! previ\s ,assizes ! prison] _h /ay$ = a night at ! h\se ( ,mrs4 ,/\t1 ! "m ( ,s>ah ,/\t4 ,! s]vant-maid /at$ t %e _h be5 told to prep>e ,mr4 ,c[p]'s b$1 & t :5 %e came d[n/airs aga91 x !n be+ ab\t elev5 o'clock 9 ! ev5+1 he _h gone out1 presumably ) ,s>ah ,/\t1 :o 0 nev] aga9 se5 alive4 ,! next day h] dead body 0 f\nd float+ ^u ! riv]4 ,! condition ( ! body 01 x 0 ass]t$1 conclusive pro( t %e _h be5 /rangl$ & !n ?r[n into ! wat]2 =1 to quote ! words ( ! c\nsel = ! prosecution1 :5 h] body came to be view$ x 0 v mu* wond]$ at2 = 9 ! fir/ place x is contr>y to nature t any p]sons t dr[n !mselves %\ld float ^u ! wat]4 ,we h suffici5t evid5ce t x is a ?+ t nev] 02 if p]sons come alive into ! wat]1 !n !y s9k2 if dead1 !n !y swim4 ,at fir/ x 0 ?\ght t su* an accid5t might happ5 ?\gh !y c\ld n imag9e any cause = ?is woman to d s1 :o _h s great prosp]ity1 _h s good an e/ate1 & _h no occasion to d an action ^u h]self s wick$ & s b>b>\s4 ,^u view ( ! body1 x did appe> !re _h be5 viol5ce us$ to ! woman2 !re 0 a crease r\nd h] neck1 %e 0 bruis$ ab\t h] e>2 s t x did seem z if %e _h be5 /rangl$ ei!r by h&s or a rope4 ,! evid5ce br\ght =w>d to support ! !ory t ,s>ah ,/\t _h be5 kill$1 be=e be+ ?r[n into ! wat]1 includ$ t ( sev]al local doctors :o _h exam9$ ! body1 & also t ( sev]al ,london doctors :o 7 call$ 9 z exp]t witnesses4 ,^! all gave z _! op9ion t ! body ( a p]son :o _h be5 dr[n$ mu/ conta9 wat] 9 ! ?orax1 & t s9ce no wat] 0 pres5t 9 ! body1 dea? mu/ h be5 caus$ 9 "s o!r way4 ,two seam5 ( ! ,royal ,navy 7 also put into ! box1 & bo? 7 emphatic 9 _! op9ion t ! body ( a p]son :o _h be5 dr[n$ w\ld s9k1 :ile a dead body ?r[n into ! wat] w\ld float4 ,sp5c] ,c[p]1 :o1 z has be5 /at$1 conduct$ 8 own def5ce1 cross-exam9$ ! m$ical witnesses & made !m admit t !y _h no k ( ! way 9 :i* ! body ( a p]son :o _h dr[n$ himself w\ld behave4 ,he ent]$ a /rong prote/ aga9/ ! body hav+ be5 exam9$ aft] ! coron]'s inque/ 7at :i* a v]dict ( suicide :ile ( uns\nd m9d _h be5 f\nd7 by m$ical m5 act+ 9 ! int]e/s ( ! relations ( ! dead woman1 ) ! int5tion ( becom+ prosecutors4 ,if1 said he1 !y int5d$ to h prosecut$ me or any o!r g5tleman ^u ?is evid5ce1 !y ought to h giv5 u notice1 t we might h _h "s surgeons among !m to sup]9t5d _! proce$+4 ,my ,"l1 ) submission1 ?is ought n to be giv5 9 evid5ce4 ,! judge ov]rul$ ?is objection1 say+ t suppos+ an ill ?+ _h be5 done 9 tak+ up ! body )\t "s ord]1 t 0 no reason :y ! evid5ce %\ld n be he>d4 ,9 fur!r cross-exam9ation ,mr4 ,c[p] succe$$ 9 ?r[+ d\bt ^u ! /atem5ts ( witnesses1 :o alleg$ t !y _h se5 m>ks ( /rangl+1 & produc$ witnesses to prove t any m>ks ^u ! body _h be5 ! result ( contact ) /akes 9 ! b$ ( ! riv]4 ,!n he br\ght =w>d 8 own exp]t m$ical evid5ce1 :i* 0 giv5 by t5 ( ! lead+ doctors ( ! day1 includ+ ,sir ,hans ,sloane & ! celebrat$ surgeon ,william ,c[p]4 ,^! held a diff]5t view f t ( ! doctors call$ = ! prosecution1 & gave _! reasons = conclud+ t ! appe>ance ( ! body 0 q consi/5t ) dea? by dr[n+4 ,"s describ$ exp]im5ts !y _h made ^u animals1 :i* prov$ t :5 kill$ & ?r[n into ! wat] ! body sank at fir/ & !n rose to ! surface1 & also t dr[n+ c\ld take place )\t mu* wat] be+ swall[$4 ,z pro( ( ! dead woman hav+ be5 ( a melan*oly disposition & n ( s\nd m9d1 lett]s ( h]s 7 read to ! jury1 b ^! h] "m & bro!r w\ld n admit 7 9 h] h&writ+1 s9ce1 !y ass]t$1 x did n suit h] "*4 7,see p4 #he47 ,! judge1 ,sir ,h5ry ,hatsell1 9 summ+ up confess$ t he 0 v mu* puzzl$1 & t he p]ceiv$ t doctors d diff] 9 _! notions ab\t ^! ?+s4 ,! conclusion ( 8 rem>ks is wor?y ( quotation3 ,i am s5sible ,i h omitt$ _m ?+s2 b ,i am a little fa9t1 & _c rememb] any m ( ! evid5ce4 ,x is n surpris+ t1 soon aft] ,que5 ,anne came to ! ?rone1 he 0 remov$ f ! b5*4 ,! jury believ$ ! m$ical witnesses = ! def5ce1 & aft] a %ort discussion f\nd ,sp5c] ,c[p] & ! o!r prison]s ,n guilty4 ,to come to m mod]n times1 ! advantage ( a conflict ( sci5tific op9ion to ! accus$ 0 se5 9 ! celebrat$ ,maybrick poison+ case4 ,at ! trial evid5ce 0 giv5 by ,pr(essor ,tidy to ! effect t ! symptoms & appe>ances 7 n ^? ( ars5ical poison+ & t ! am\nts ( ars5ic f\nd 9 ! body 7 n great] ?an ^? pres5t 9 cases :]e ars5ical m$ic9es _h be5 tak5 mon?s be=e dea?1 & :]e !re 0 no suspicion ( poison+4 ,al?\gh ! prison] 0 convict$ & s5t5c$ to dea?1 !re c be little d\bt b t ?is evid5ce _h an important influ5ce 9 det]m9+ ! subsequ5t alt]ation ( ! s5t5ce to p5al s]vitude4 ,!re is no necessity = su* sci5tific assi/ance giv5 to ! def5ce to deg5]ate into p>tisan%ip1 su* z 0 %[n at ! trial ( ,palm] = poison+ 9 #ahef4 ,t case 0 *>act]is$ by _m rem>kable features1 ! suspect$ p]son1 = in/ance1 be+ all[$ access to ! bottle 9 :i* _h be5 plac$ ! mat]ial tak5 f ! body = analysis1 & also be+ giv5 ! opportunity ( attempt+ to de/roy x4 ,prior to ! trial1 ,taylor1 ! *emi/ :o 0 to give evid5ce z to ! pres5ce ( poison 9 ! body1 communicat$ ) ! pap]s1 :ile ,h]apa?1 "o ( ! witnesses call$ = ! def5ce1 publicly accus$ ,taylor ( incompet5ce4 ,s acrid 7 ! /atem5ts ( ! sci5tific witnesses = ! def5ce at ! trial t ! judge comm5t$ 9 vigor\s t]ms ^u _! evid5ce z hav+ be5 giv5 ) ! object ( obta9+ an acquittal at all co/s4 ,x is indisp5sable1 he said1 to ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice t a witness %\ld n be turn$ into an advocate1 nor an advocate into a witness4 ,9 ano!r poison+ trial :i* took place ?ree ye>s lat]1 ! *emical evid5ce br\ght =w>d by ! def5ce result$ 9 ! prison] be+ set free1 aft] hav+ be5 s5t5c$ to dea?4 ,9 ?is case a doctor nam$ ,sme?ur/ 0 accus$ ( poison+ a "y woman nam$ ,isabella ,banks4 ,dr4 ,taylor1 :o 0 ! *ief *emical witness call$ = ! prosecution1 _h f\nd ars5ic 9 mat]ial f ! body1 al?\gh he c\ld n detect any rema9+ 9 ! tissues4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,dr4 ,b4 ,w4 ,ri*>dson1 :o 0 call$ z a witness = ! def5ce1 /at$ t ars5ic 0 a cumulative poison1 & t if x _h be5 giv5 = a long p]iod1 z alleg$1 traces mu/ inevitably h be5 pres5t4 ,h5ce 9 8 op9ion ! abs5ce ( ars5ic 9 ! tissues 0 conclusive pro( t dea? 0 n ! result ( sl[ ars5ical poison+4 ,! m$ical evid5ce call$ by ! def5ce1 also left room = "s d\bt z to :e!r dea? might n h be5 ! result ( dys5t]y1 ! symptoms & appe>ance1 x 0 alleg$1 be+ z consi/5t ) t cause z ) ars5ical poison+4 ,! sci5tific witnesses = ! def5ce did n succe$ 9 conv9c+ ! jury1 b aft] s5t5ce ( dea? _h be5 pass$ ! judge =w>d$ ! pap]s to ! ,home ,secret>y1 & advis$ t ! op9ion ( an indep5d5t sci5tific au?ority %\ld be tak54 ,accord+ly ! :ole ( ! *emical & m$ical evid5ce 0 /udi$ by ,sir ,b4 ,brodie1 ^: report 0 t !re 7 six reasons :i* l$ to ! conclusion t ,sme?ur/ 0 guilty1 & eight reasons :i* po9t$ 9 ! opposite direction2 & t1 !re=e1 ! impression left ^u 8 m9d1 0 t ! pro( ( ,sme?ur/'s guilt 0 n absolutely conv9c+4 ,! ,home ,secret>y1 on receiv+ ?is /atem5t ( op9ion f 8 sci5tific ref]ee1 imm$iately grant$ a free p>don4 ,9 ?is case1 b = ! conflict ( sci5tific op9ion ^u ! m$ical & *emical evid5ce ! prison] w\ld h be5 hang$4 ,in/ances su* z ^! might be l>gely multipli$1 b ! above are suffici5t to %[ t a sci5tific def5ce may succe$ 9 break+ d[n ! sci5tific evid5ce br\ght by ! prosecution 9 crim9al cases2 or1 fail+ t1 may 7z 9 ! ,maybrick case7 help to br+ ab\t a commutation ( ! s5t5ce4 ,!re is ?us abundant ju/ification = ! plea t ! poor prison] %\ld h ! same advantages z reg>ds sci5tific assi/ance z he n[ possesses 9 legal matt]s1 & ?us be plac$ on an equality ) a weal?y prison]4 ,x ought n to be a difficult matt] to draw up a li/ ( m5 ( recognis$ /&+ 9 *emi/ry & m$ic9e1 :o w\ld be will+ to s]ve 9 ?is capacity :5 select$ by ! judge 9 a trial4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,detection ,,& ,,capture ,,( ,,! ,,crim9al ,contra/s betwe5 ,eighte5?1 ,n9ete5? & ,tw5tie? ,c5turies--,m>g>et ,cat*pole--,tawell--,cripp5--,portraits & ! ,press--,*>leswor? ,case--,bloodh\nds--,police ,dogs--,circum/antial ,detection4 ,9 ! days ( ! /age-coa* a fugitive _h a bett] *ance ( escap+ ?an 9 ! pres5t age ( /eam p[] on l& & sea4 ,= !n1 sl[ z 7 ! ways ( escape1 ! ways ( adv]tis+ ! crime 7 sl[] /ill1 & once on bo>d a %ip a runaway 0 comp>atively safe f arre/4 ,! /ory ( ,m>g>et ,cat*pole1 :i* has n[ become almo/ classic1 may be cit$ z a good illu/ration ( ! way 9 :i* ! pursu]s 7 h&icapp$1 :5 ! fugitive _h _h a few h\rs' />t4 ,x 0 9 #agig t ,m>g>et ,cat*pole1 a s]vant-maid at ,ipswi*1 /ole a horse f ! /able ( h] ma/]1 9 ord] to jo9 h] lov]1 & disguis$ z a lad rode all ! way to ,london 9 eight & a half h\rs1 ) only a s+le /op at ,m>ks ,tey1 9 ,essex4 ,a few h\rs lat] ! horse 0 miss$1 & h&bills describ+ x & (f]+ a rew>d = ! capture ( ! ?ief 7 hurri$ly pr9t$ & s5t out ( ,ipswi* by e vehicle t left ! t[n4 ,two m5 7 also despat*$ 9 pursuit along ! ,london road1 b be+ falsely direct$ 7 ab\t to turn (f 9 ! direction ( ,maldon1 :5 !y *anc$ to meet a man :o _h se5 ,m>g>et rid+ to ,london4 ,b = ?is *ance meet+ ,m>g>et w\ld probably h escap$ capture4 ,z x 01 ! pursu]s rea*$ ,london ! foll[+ day & ,m>g>et 0 arre/$ j z %e _h conclud$ a sale ( ! horse ) a deal]4 ,%e 0 tri$ at ! ,bury ,assizes & s5t5c$ to dea?1 b ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( h] =m] ma/] ! s5t5ce 0 commut$ to a t]m ( imprisonm5t4 ,?ree ye>s lat] h] lov]1 ,laud1 :o 0 a smuggl]1 assi/$ h] to escape f ,ipswi* gaol1 & aga9 h&bills = h] arre/ 7 issu$4 ,%e 0 captur$ on ! bea* :ile 9 ! act ( emb>k+ 9 ,laud's boat1 & ,laud himself 0 kill$ 9 ! fight4 ,= ! second "t %e 0 s5t5c$ to dea?1 & 0 once m repriev$1 h] s5t5ce n[ be+ transportation to ,botany ,bay4 ,!re %e m>ri$1 & di$ _m ye>s lat]4 ,! introduction ( ! railway did n mat]ially *ange ! relative position ( pursu] & pursu$2 = al?\gh ! fugitive c\ld travel m rapidly ?an be=e1 & ?us :5 *ance fav\r$ him c\ld get to ! coa/ & on bo>d a %ip ab\t to sail1 he _h aga9/ him ! m spe$y notification ( ! crime 9 all directions1 :i* 0 also r5d]$ possible by ! railway4 ,x 0 n until a means ( communication inf9itely m rapid ?an ! /eam eng9e _h be5 discov]$1 t ! balance turn$ decisively aga9/ ! man endeav\r+ to elude ! grasp ( ! law4 ,x is /range to reflect t x 0 n until x _h be5 employ$ 9 ! capture ( a crim9al t x 0 recognis$ 9 h[ _m directions ! electric telegraph might be ( s]vice to mank9d4 ,prior to t "t ! inv5tion _h be5 little bett] ?an a failure f a comm]cial po9t ( view1 =1 al?\gh ! railway companies _h "s "t be=e ?is realis$ ! advantages ( ! new sy/em ( communication1 ! ,gov]nm5t _h refus$ to h any?+ to say to x4 ,x 0 ?us little %ort ( a revelation to ! public :51 9 #ahde1 ! news 0 made kn[n t a suspect$ murd]] _h be5 arre/$ ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! telegraph4 ,a woman _h be5 brutally murd]$ n f> f ,sl\gh1 & a neighb\r1 :o _h he>d h] screams1 ru%$ to ! spot ) a light$ c&le 9 h] h& j 9 "t to see a man 9 ,quak] g>b hurry+ away4 ,?is man1 ,john ,tawell by "n1 a =m] memb] ( ! ,society ( ,fri5ds1 succe$$ 9 escap+ un*all5g$ to ! /ation & 9 cat*+ a tra9 to ,london1 & _h x be5 two ye>s e>li] w\ld probably h manag$ to get out ( ,engl&2 = news /ill travell$ sl[ly 9 ^? times1 & ! tra9 s]vice to ,london 0 v infrequ5t4 ,b ! police be?\ght !m ( ! telegraph1 :i* _h n long be5 e/abli%$ on ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway1 & a description ( ! want$ man 0 s5t ov] ! wires to ,london4 ,al?\gh ,tawell _h _h a good />t1 ! message arriv$ long be=e him1 & detectives 7 await+ ! arrival ( ! tra9 at ,padd+ton4 ,he 0 foll[$ f ! /ation to ! ,bank1 & f !re to an eat+-h\se1 :]e he _h a meal1 & f9ally to a lodg+-h\se 9 ,cannon ,/reet1 :]e he meant to pass ! night4 ,"h1 mu* to 8 amazem5t1 he 0 quietly arre/$4 ,8 trial foll[$ 9 due c\rse1 & he 0 convict$ & execut$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,w> ,,plan ,,s5t ,,by ,,wireless ,,telegraphy ,by k9d p]mission ( ,mr4 ,?orne-,bak] & ,! ,daily ,mirror ,!re 7 sev]al po9ts ( sci5tific int]e/ 9 8 trial1 :i* are describ$ on ano!r page4 ,la/ ye>1 sixty-five ye>s aft] ! s5sational capture ( ,tawell1 ! att5tion ( ! :ole _w 0 rivett$ ^u an ,atlantic /eam] on its way f ,antw]p to ,canada4 ,x _h on bo>d a man & a woman1 :o disguis$ z a ,quebec m]*ant & 8 son1 7 expect+ to rea* ,canada )\t detection4 ,= a week previ\sly se>* _h be5 made = !m 9 e corn] ( ,europe1 & once on bo>d a %ip sail+ f a =eign port !y might reasonably h anticipat$ t !y 7 safe4 ,b _! portraits _h be5 s widely circulat$ by ! newspap]s t _! faces 7 famili> :]ev] ,engli% pap]s 7 read1 & ! %ip 0 only a few miles on its j\rney :5 _! disguise 0 p5etrat$ by ! capta94 ,! vessel 0 fitt$ ) a wireless in/allation1 & n[ = ! fir/ "t s9ce its inv5tion wireless telegraphy play$ ! lead+ "p 9 ! capture ( fugitives f ! l&4 ,! police 9 ,london 7 ?us imm$iately acqua9t$ ) ! :]eab\ts ( ! want$ pair1 & an (fic] 0 s5t (f by a swift] /eam] to greet !m on _! rea*+ ,canada4 ,day by day1 ) almo/ fev]i% excitem5t1 ! progress ( ! ,montrose across ! ocean 0 foll[$1 & ! *ief topic ( public int]e/ 0 ! race betwe5 ! police (fic] on "o /eam] & ! fugitives ^u ! o!r4 ,! inspector won easily1 & 0 ready wait+ to arre/ ,cripp5 & 8 companion at ! fir/ approa* ( ! ,montrose to ! ,canadian %ore4 ,! trial t foll[$ _h _m features ( sci5tific int]e/ to :i* ref]5ce is made 9 ano!r place4 ,! rec5t advances 9 ! me?ods ( telegraph+ a facsimile ( a specim5 ( h&writ+ or a sket*1 or ( reproduc+ a photograph at a di/ance h greatly increas$ ! difficulties ( crim9als escap+ detection1 & ! telectrograph1 z x is t]m$1 w prove a p[]ful weapon 9 ! h&s ( ! detective4 ,! sel5ium ma*9es ( ,pr(essor ,korn 7 employ$ by ! ,daily ,mirror 9 transmitt+ ! portraits ( ! *ief actors 9 ! ,/e9heil case1 & "o ( ^! photographs1 :i* 0 receiv$ 9 ,london :ile ! ,c\rt 0 /ill sitt+ 9 ,p>is1 is %[n 9 ! accompany+ picture4 ,a /ill m practical telectrograph is t inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,?orne ,bak]1 :i* weighs only ab\t tw5ty-f\r p\nds4 ,?is has be5 simplifi$ to su* an ext5t t ! photograph may be pr9t$ ^u a flexible plate ) a back+ ( lead foil1 & by atta*+ ?is to ! transmitt+ cyl9d] ! ?\s&s ( m9ute po9ts :i* g to make up ! image w be exactly reproduc$ ^u a receiv+ cyl9d] at ! o!r end ( a telephone wire4 ,! in/rum5t may also be us$ ) wireless in/allations = ! transmission ( simple pictures or diagrams1 & by its means x w\ld be easy = a %ip at sea to s5d or receive portraits ( an individual "u suspicion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,photo ,,s5t ,,by ,,telegraph ,,f ,,p>is ,by k9d p]mission ( ,! ,daily ,mirror ,! accompany+ illu/rations1 :i* are reproduc$ "h by ! p]mission ( ,mr4 ,?orne ,bak] & ! ,daily ,mirror1 %[ a portrait ( ,k+ ,edw>d ,,vii & an outl9e w> map :i* 7 ?us transmitt$ by wireless telegraphy4 ,mr4 ,?orne ,bak] /ates t ! use ( 8 in/rum5t r5d]s tapp+ impossible1 s9ce by m]ely mak+ a slight alt]ation 9 ! spe$ ( runn+ ! ma*9es1 9 accordance ) a signal arrang$ be=eh&1 ! pictures w\ld be s di/ort$ z to be unrecognisable4 ,z an e>ly in/ance ( ! use made by ! police ( a portrait 9 id5tify+ a suspect$ individual ! case ( ,ard51 :o 0 execut$ = murd] at ! beg9n+ ( la/ c5tury1 may be m5tion$4 ,ard5 _h giv5 a draw+ ( himself to a y\?1 & ?is 0 h&$ to ! police :o 7 ?us able to id5tify ! accus$ 9 ,london a mon? lat]4 ,! g5]al use ( photography 9 ! press has frequ5tly come to ! aid ( ! police1 & in/ances ( photographs ( a want$ individual be+ employ$ = ?is purpose w occur to ev]yone4 ,at any police /ation may n[ be se5 reproductions ( photographs ( miss+ individuals1 & ^! be+ circulat$ all ov] ! _w1 r$uce to a small compass ! limits )9 :i* a suspect may g )\t detection4 ,ref]5ce may be made to two rec5t cases by way ( illu/ration4 ,a nurse _h kidnapp$ a *ild & all traces ( h] :]eab\ts 7 lo/ = "s days4 ,h] portrait 0 publi%$ 9 all ! lead+ pap]s1 & be+ se5 by ! proprietor ( an hotel 9 ! ,midl&s 0 recognis$ z t ( "o ( 8 gue/s4 ,act+ on ?is in=mation a police inspector sudd5ly acco/$ ! suspect$ woman & address$ h] 9 h] real "n1 & %e1 tak5 (f h] gu>d1 answ]$ 8 rem>ks naturally1 & 0 at once arre/$4 ,9 ,janu>y ( #aijh1 ,miss ,violet ,*>leswor? succe$$ 9 fill+ pages ( e ,engli% pap] by sudd5ly vani%+ f h] cr$itors1 "u circum/ances int5d$ to sugge/ t %e _h be5 kill$4 ,%e arrang$ a motor-c> accid5t ^u ! cliffs at ,p5ma5ba*1 & o/5sibly 0 flung ?r\gh ! glass scre5 ( ! c> into ! sea4 ,z no trace ( ! body c\ld be f\nd x 0 soon suspect$ t !re _h be5 no accid5t1 & t be=e long ! victim w\ld come to life aga94 ,h] portraits 7 publi%$ 9 hundr$s ( pap]s1 & 7 po/$ at police /ations all ov] ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 & amateur detectives by ! score endeav\r$ to discov] h] :]eab\ts4 ,%e 0 recognis$ f ! portraits 9 half a doz5 p>ts ( ! c\ntry at ! same "t1 b x 0 n until a =tnight lat] t %e 0 positively id5tifi$ at ,oban4 ,! anti-climax ( ! f>ce 0 rea*$1 :51 a few days lat]1 %e paid a visit to ! ,london (fice ( h] solicitor1 & 0 att5d$ f ! /ation by a /r+ ( motor-c>s ea* conta9+ ! special repres5tative ( a ,london pap]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,portrait ,,s5t ,,by ,,wireless ,,telegraphy ,by k9d p]mission ( ,mr4 ,?orne-,bak] & ,! ,daily ,mirror ,two ye>s lat] %e 0 f\nd guilty ( hav+ defraud$ a poor l&lady ( a l>ge sum ( money at ! "t :5 ev]yone _h accept$ h] great expectations at h] own valuation4 ,!re h be5 frequ5t failures 9 ! use ( bloodh\nds to detect a crim9al1 b ?is mu/ be attribut$1 9 "p at all ev5ts1 to ! circum/ance t ! dogs h (t5 n be5 employ$ until e o!r means has fail$4 ,9 ! ,lu>d case1 = in/ance1 9 #aijh1 bloodh\nds 7 set ^u ! track ( ! suppos$ assailant ( ! murd]$ woman1 b ! trial 0 n made imm$iately aft] ! discov]y ( ! crime4 ,! sc5t _h become fa9t1 & x 0 !re=e n surpris+ t ! dogs1 aft] />t+ hotly ^u ! trail1 soon lo/ x aga94 ,! writ] is indebt$ to ,major ,ri*>dson = ! accompany+ photograph ( 8 tra9$ bloodh\nd1 ,pa?an1 & = 8 k9d p]mission to quote ! graphic description ( actual man hunts f 8 fasc9at+ book ^u ! subject4#a #a ,w>1 ,police1 & ,wat* ,dogs1 by ,major ,e4 ,ri*>dson 7,blackwood & ,sons74 ,on "o occasion1 :5 se>*+ = ! body ( a woman1 ,i us$ two collies & a bloodh\nd4 ,x 0 summ]1 & ! police1 aft] patroll+ ! entire c\ntryside1 _h n>r[$ ! se>* d[n to a m\nta9 cov]$ ) a d5se wood & und]gr[? ( rhodod5dron bu%es4 ,x happ5$ 9 mid-summ]1 & ! day 0 v hot4 ,! collies work$ indu/ri\sly = almo/ two h\rs1 keep+ well ahead1 b aft] t "t !y began to flag1 & soon refus$ to leave my heel4 ,! bloodh\nd1 on ! contr>y1 cont9u$ p]si/5tly to se>* ahead ( me all ?r\gh ! hotte/ "p ( ! day1 until ! woman's body 0 f\nd on ! top ( ! m\nta94 ,z fur!r illu/rat+ ! p]si/5cy ( ! bloodh\nd :5 on ! trail1 ,i may m5tion ! case ( a murd] to :i* ,i 0 call$ 9 to assi/ ! police 9 ,scotl&4 ,z ,i & my h\nds 7 9 ,engl& at ! "t1 x 0 sev5te5 h\rs aft] ! murd] :5 we rea*$ ! sc5e4 ,n only ?is1 b sev]e fro/ _h int]v5$ dur+ ! night1 r5d]+ ! gr\nd v unfav\rable = sc5t+ purposes4 ,! murd] _h tak5 place 9 a t[n1 b evid5ces 7 f\nd t ! crim9al _h be5 at a c]ta9 spot outside ! t[n on ! cliffs :]e he _h disc>d$ c]ta9 belong+s4 ,i took my h\nds to ?is spot & laid !m on ! trail1 fir/ giv+ !m ! sc5t f ! disc>d$ articles4 ,!y w5t cle> away = "s di/ance1 & leav+ ! ma9 road cross$ "s fields ?r\gh a wood to a cottage4 ,"h !y seem$ to be at fault1 & ran ab\t :imp]+4 ,on inquiry at ! cottage x appe>$ t a man _h %ortly aft] ! murd] call$ !re = "s wat]4 ,feel+ ! h\nds 7 "r s f> ,i ca/ !m r\nd ab\t 9 hopes ( _! pick+ up ! trail aga94 ,aft] work+ p]si/5tly = a little "t "o ( !m1 ',solf]9o1' op5$ to a l9e beyond ! wood1 & w5t (f at a /eady rate foll[$ by ! o!r h\nd1 ',wat]loo1' :o also f\nd ! l9e himself4 ,!y held to ?is = a :ile until *eck$ by a ma9 road4 ,illu/ration3 ,,major ,,ri*>dson',s ,,man-,,track] ,,pa?an ,by k9d p]mission ( ,major ,ri*>dson ,! murd]] _h evid5tly walk$ along ! road "s di/ance1 until1 p]haps1 sc>$ by a p$e/rian or vehicle1 & he !n evid5tly took to ! fields aga94 ,al?\gh *eck$ by ! road1 :]e ! trail became oblit]at$1 ! h\nds1 no?+ daunt$1 kept /eadily onw>ds1 ca/+ all ! "t on ea* side1 until !y f\nd x aga9 9 ! fields4 ,by /eadily work+ 9 ?is mann] !y l$ u = f\r miles1 p>tly across c\ntry1 & p>tly on ! road1 to a popul\s t[n1 & to ! vic9ity ( a railway /ation4 ,"h ! trail 0 completely oblit]at$1 & x 0 evid5t t by ?is "t ! murd]] _h got cle> away1 probably by tra91 & 0 n hid+ 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,! *ief con/able te/ifi$ to ! excell5t "w ( ! h\nds on ?is occasion1 & !re is n ! slighte/ d\bt1 t _h ?is t[n be5 suppli$ ) a bloodh\nd :i* c\ld h be5 put on ! trail imm$iately on ! discov]y ( ! murd]1 ! murd]] w\ld h be5 q easily run to e>?4 ,9 ,mosc[ a bloodh\nd is sy/ematically us$ by ! police to discov] /ol5 prop]ty1 & "s ( 8 f9ds h be5 record$ 9 all ! ,european pap]s4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ,m>* ( la/ ye> ?is police dog1 ,tref1 recov]$ a numb] ( bank-notes & a quantity ( silv] plate t _h be5 tak5 f ! h\se ( a ,mosc[ g5tleman4 ,tref1 hav+ be5 put ^u ! sc5t1 foll[$ ! trail ?r\gh sev]al /reets until he came to a night-%elt]4 ,"h he made = a coat t belong$ to a h\se-pa9t]1 & 9 ! pockets ( ?is 7 f\nd ! miss+ notes4 ,he !n left ! %elt] & foll[$ ! trail to ! %op ( a deal] 9 old silv]1 & "h ! /ol5 plate 0 discov]$4 ,9 addition to _! occasional use z detectives1 dogs are n[ be+ sy/ematically employ$ z sc\ts to accompany ! police on _! r\nds & to aid 9 ! capture ( evil-do]s4 ,! ,p>is dogs1 :i* are specially tra9$ = ! police by ,mademoiselle ,arlette ,cl>y1 are cross-br$ h\nds describ$ z wolf-%eph]d h\nds1 & br9dl$ ma/iff bulls4 ,!y are p[]ful bea/s weigh+ upw>ds ( twelve /one1 & c easily ov]?r[ & ma/] a man4 ,:5 attack+1 !y at once make = ! "r arm1 s z to gu>d aga9/ a pi/ol bullet1 & !y are also tra9$ to refuse food except f ! h&s ( ^? !y "k1 s z to safegu>d !m aga9/ poison+4 ,z a pro( ( _! effici5cy1 ,mademoiselle ,cl>y in=m$ ! writ] t "o ( h] police dogs _h captur$ n9e apa*es 9 "o night4 ,la/ ye> a demon/ration 0 giv5 9 ,london be=e ! mo/ em95t repres5tatives ( ! ,metropolitan police =ce1 ! apa*e be+ repres5t$ by a man ?ickly padd$ to protect him f ! tee? ( ! dogs4 ,:5 ! man attempt$ to escape ov] a scre5 repres5t+ a wall ! great h\nd1 ,max1 promptly caught him & dragg$ him d[n aga91 z is %[n 9 ! accompany+ photograph :i* is "h reproduc$ by p]mission ( ,mdlle4 ,cl>y & ! ,daily ,mirror4 ,! dog also easily cle>$ ?is wall1 :i* 0 #h ft4 #aj 94 high1 9 "o b\nd1 & captur$ a padd$ apa*e z he climb$ d[n on ! o!r side4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fr5* ,,police ,,dog ,by k9d p]mission ( ,mdlle4 ,cl>y & ,! ,daily ,mirror ,police dogs tra9$ on ^! l9es h = "s "t pa/ be5 us$ to assi/ ! police 9 ,glasg[1 & )9 ! la/ few mon?s ,nott+ham has /r5g!n$ its police =ce by ! addition ( dogs4 ,! dogs us$ 9 ?is c\ntry are p[]ful cross-br$ animals ( ! ,air$ale t]ri] type1 specially re>$ & tra9$ by ,major ,ri*>dson4 ,! fir/ dog us$ = ! purpose 9 ?is c\ntry 0 giv5 to ! ,b]k%ire ,con/abul>y1 & its duties are to accompany a policeman on 8 r\nds at ,w9dsor1 to protect him f attack1 &1 if necess>y1 to capture escap+ crim9als4 ,f two to ?ree mon?s are requir$ to tra9 ! dogs = ?is purpose4 ,9 :at may be describ$ z circum/antial detection a v fa9t clue has sometimes result$ 9 ! discov]y ( a crim9al4 ,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ examples ( ! k9d 0 se5 9 #ahfd1 :5 a g5tleman nam$ ,briggs 0 murd]$ on ! ,nor? ,london railway1 = ! sake ( 8 wat* & money4 ,! murd]] succe$$ 9 escap+ )\t hav+ be5 notic$ by anyone1 & ! crime w\ld probably h made ano!r 9 ! long li/ ( unsolv$ my/]ies1 b = sev]al slips t 7 made by him4 ,he _h *ang$ hats ) 8 victim & 8 s(t felt hat1 :i* 0 f\nd ^u ,mr4 ,briggs1 0 "o ( ! *ief factors 9 8 subsequ5t id5tification4 ,hats ( ?is p>ticul> %ape1 by ! way1 7 = _m ye>s aft]w>ds popul>ly kn[n z ,mll]s4 ,! wat* & *a9 ( ! murd]$ man 7 soon trac$ to ! %op ( a ,london jewell]1 :o /at$ t he _h giv5 ano!r wat* & *a9 9 ex*ange = !m4 ,he rememb]$ ! man & 0 able to give a description ( 8 appe>ance1 al?\gh he _h no k ( 8 "n or :]eab\ts4 ,at ?is po9t all fur!r signs ( ! trail 7 lo/1 = all ef=ts to discov] ! jewell]'s cu/om] prov$ fruitless4 ,"s "t aft]w>ds1 h[ev]1 a man call$ at ,scotl& ,y>d ) a jewell]'s small c>dbo>d box1 :i*1 he said1 a man :o _h rec5tly be5 lodg+ at 8 h\se _h giv5 to 8 little girl4 ,on ?is box 0 /amp$ ! jewell]'s "n1 :i*1 om9\sly en\gh1 0 ,dea?1 & ?is man 0 ! v jewell] to :om ,mr4 ,briggs' wat* _h be5 tak54 ,?anks to ?is clue ,mll] 0 track$ fir/ to ,liv]pool & !n to ,new ,york1 :]e he 0 arre/$ & extradit$4 ,at ! trial ! *ang$ hat f\nd ^u ! victim help$ to prove 8 id5tity ) ! murd]]1 & he 0 convict$ & hang$ at ,newgate4 ,no m extraord9>y in/ance ( a s+le circum/ance lead+ to ! detection ( a crim9al c be (f]$ ?an 9 :at 0 kn[n z ! ,y>m\? ,murd]4 ,on ,septemb] #bcrd1 #aijj1 a woman 0 f\nd ly+ dead ^u ! bea* at ,y>m\?1 & f ! appe>ance ( ! body %e _h evid5tly be5 /rangl$4 ,on h] f+]s 7 "s r+s1 b ) ! exception ( ! laundry m>k ^u h] clo!s1 !re 0 no clue by :i* %e c\ld possibly be id5tifi$4 ,%e _h be5 /ay+ = "s days 9 lodg+s 9 ! t[n1 & 0 kn[n to h] l&lady z ,mrs4 ,hood4 ,:ile %e 0 !re lett]s be>+ a ,woolwi* po/m>k _h come address$ to h] by t "n4 ,only a day or two be=e h] dea? %e _h _h h] photograph tak5 ^u ! bea*4 ,all inve/igation to discov] :o ! woman really 0 or to trace h] murd]] prov$ unavail+1 & at ! coron]'s inque/ a v]dict 0 br\ght 9 ( wilful murd] aga9/ "s p]son unkn[n4 ,subsequ5tly x 0 discov]$ t ! laundry m>k ^u ! dead woman's clo!s1 #eii1 0 t put by a laundry ^u ! clo!s s5t to !m f a p>ticul> h\se 9 ,bexley ,hea?4 ,fur!r inquiry %[$ t a woman nam$ ,b5nett _h =m]ly liv$ !re1 & %e 0 id5tifi$ z ! orig9al ( ! photograph t _h be5 tak5 at ,y>m\?4 ,?is l$1 e>ly 9 ,novemb]1 to ! arre/ ( ! dead woman's husb&1 ,b5nett1 :o 0 a workman 9 ,woolwi* ,ars5al1 & he 0 committ$ = trial on ! *>ge ( murd]4 ,he d5i$ all k ( ! crime1 & ass]t$ t he _h nev] be5 to ,y>m\?4 ,?is 0 disprov$1 h[ev]1 by collat]al evid5ce1 & _m facts 7 br\ght =w>d connect+ ! prison] ) ! murd]4 ,! motive alleg$ = ! crime 0 t ,b5nett might be free to m>ry ano!r woman4 ,! date ( ! w$d+ _h be5 fix$1 & x 0 %[n t 8 behavi\r aft] ! night ( ! murd] po9t$ to 8 hav+ a k ( 8 wife's dea?4 ,s conv9c+ 0 ! :ole ( ! circum/antial evid5ce1 t aft] a %ort delib]ation ! jury br\ght 9 a v]dict ( ,guilty1 & ,b5nett 0 execut$4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,p]sonal ,,id5tification ,mc,keever's ,exp]im5t on ,fallibility ( ,eye-witnesses--,gorse ,hall ,murd]--,cases ( ,mi/ak5 ,id5tity--,gun-fla% ,recognition--,self-deception--,ti*borne ,case4 ,! untru/wor?9ess ( ! eye-witness z to detail 0 rec5tly demon/rat$ by ,pr(essor ,mc,keever at ! ,kansas ,/ate ,college 9 ! foll[+ mann]4#b ,he ask$ tw5ty-five /ud5ts at ! college to witness a %ort drama1 & imm$iately aft]w>ds to write a detail$ description ( ! *>act]s & incid5ts4 #b ,daily ,mirror report4 ,?is little drama1 :i* 0 suppos$ to take place 9 "o ( ! class-rooms1 ran z foll[s3-- ,jones1 a tall man1 we>+ a hat & a black mask ov] 8 eyes1 nose & m\?1 & dress$ 9 a grey ra9-coat ru%$ 9 c>ry+ a salt bag half full ( nails 9 8 left h& & a small wr5* 9 8 "r h&4 ,across 8 left *eek 0 a /reak ( r$ pa9t4 ,:5 j inside ! door he turn$ & po9t+ ! wr5* at "s pursu]s1 %\t$ ,/& back1 or ,i'll %oot4 ,he !n ran across ! room1 fell on 8 knees1 & dropp$ ! bag1 say+1 ,!re x is1 take x2 aft] :i* he got up & ru%$ f ! room4 ,smi? da%$ into ! room aft] ,jones1 cry+ ,give x up1 y sc\ndrel1 & pick$ up ! bag :i* ,jones _h dropp$4 ,:ite1 %ort & /\t1 dress$ 9 a blue s]ge coat & cap1 & c>ry+ a revolv] ) its cyl9d] remov$1 came 9 la/4 ,he call$ out to ,smi?1 ,take x f ,eddie1 he won't hurt y6 ,he !n w5t out aft] ,jones b be=e ,smi?4 ,! pr(essor pret5d+ to be al>m$ jump$ up f 8 *air & exclaim$1 ,m51 :at are y up to "h8 ,^! 7 ! actual facts1 & ! mann] 9 :i* ! acc\nts ( ! tw5ty-five witnesses disagre$ may be %[n by a few examples ( ! diff]5t p>ticul>s describ$3-- ,jones' appe>ance3 7#a7 ,black coat1 light mask4 7#b7 ,r$ mask1 *eeks pa9t$ r$4 7#c7 ,black coat1 m\? pa9t$ r$4 7#d7 ,c>ri$ pi/ol4 7#e7 ,*eeks m ?an natural r$ness2 club 9 8 h&2 d>k suit4 7#f7 ,d>k suit4 7#g7 ,black clo!s4 7#h7 ,r$ mask on2 black clo!s4 7#i7 ,hatless4 ,smi?'s appe>ance3 7#a7 ,wore a grey suit4 7#b7 ,six-foot]4 7#c7 ,d>k grey suit4 7#d7 ,b>ehead$4 7#e7 ,blue suit4 ,:ite's appe>ance3 7#a7 ,d>k suit & ra9coat4 7#b7 ,b>ehead$4 7#c7 ,h>dly notic$ him 7ne>ly ev]yone said ?is74 ,smi?'s conduct3 7#a7 ,c>ri$ pi/ol & snapp$ x sev]al times4 7#b7 ,came 9 la/2 w5t out second2 said ,get out ( "h4 7#c7 ,c>ri$ pi/ol1 snapp$ x sev]al times1 & cri$ ,/op or ,i'll %oot1 aim+ at ,jones4 7#d7 ,dropp$ umbrella on floor4 7#e7 ,came 9 la/1 /ay$ beh9d2 yell$ ,cat* t man6 ,pr(essor's conduct3 7#a7 ,said3 ,:at's all ?is8 7#b7 ,said3 ,:at does all ?is mean8 7#c7 ,said3 ,"h4 7#d7 ,said3 ,hullo1 :at's go+ on "h8 7#e7 ,said3 ,:o are ^! m58 ,^! discrepancies illu/rate h[ difficult x is = ! eye & e> to record accurately ! impressions receiv$ 9 a rapid succession ( ev5ts1 "o ( :i* may focus ! att5tion to su* an ext5t t ev5ts simultane\sly occurr+ are only imp]fectly or p>tially obs]v$4 ,! fallibility ( id5tification by eye-witnesses 0 /rik+ly demon/rat$ at ! trial ( ,b5jam9 ,bates & ,john ,gre5 at ! ,old ,bailey 9 #aggf1 on ! *>ge ( burgl>y4 ,! h\se ( ,james ,p5leage _h be5 brok5 into1 & plate to ! value ( f\r or five hundr$ p\nds _h be5 /ol54 ,mrs4 ,p5leage swore t f\r m5 _h ent]$ h] b$room1 "o ( :om c>ri$ a d>k lant]n2 t two ( ^! m5 came1 "o on ea* side ( ! b$1 & held pi/ols to h] head1 & t ( ^! m5 ( :om %e _h a p]fect view1 %e recognis$ "o z ,gre5 & ! o!r z ,bates4 ,h] husb& te/ifi$ z to ! h\se hav+ be5 ent]$1 & z to 8 loss1 b /at$ t z he 0 ne>-sight$ he w\ld n swe> to ! m51 ?\gh he believ$ ,bates _h pres5t$ a pi/ol to 8 head4 ,evid5ce 0 also giv5 by a s]vant & by ano!r woman1 & not)/&+ ! good "* giv5 to ! prison]s by a numb] ( witnesses1 ! jury br\ght 9 a v]dict ( ,guilty4 ,! newspap]s ( ! day call$ att5tion to ! inconclusive evid5ce ( id5tification1 & z a result ! prison]s 7 respit$ f mon? to mon?4 ,at la/ ano!r man1 :o 0 execut$ 9 ! c\ntry1 confess$ t he _h also be5 ! au?or ( ?is burgl>y at ! h\se ( ,p5leage1 & t ! two m5 :o _h be5 convict$ _h _h no?+ to d ) x4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is ,bates & ,gre5 receiv$ a free p>don1 b n until !y _h be5 9 prison = _m mon?s4 ,a contempor>y comm5t ^u ?is trial ri*ly w>rants quotation3--,on ?is occasion ,britons h cause to triumph 9 ! ,,lib]ty ,,( ,,! ,,press4 ,if newspap]s _h n be5 pr9t$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! lives ( two hone/ m5 w\ld h be5 sacrific$ to ! rig\r ( ! laws1 yet no p>ty conc]n$ h be5 ! lea/ to blame4 ,! ways ( ,provid5ce are my/]i\s2 casual circum/ances frequ5tly produce great effects2 & a life may be sav$ or lo/ by an accid5t app>5tly b5ea? ! notice ( a common obs]v]4 ,ano!r v curi\s in/ance ( mi/ak5 id5tity 0 t br\ght out 9 a trial = robb]y 9 #aghd4 ,a b>ri/] _h be5 attack$ & robb$ 9 broad daylight1 & he positively swore t he _h recognis$ two m5 nam$ ,wood & ,br[n z 8 assailants4 ,=tunately = !m ! prison]s 7 able to prove an alibi1 :i* %[$ beyond all d\bt t !y 7 f> f ! spot at ! "t1 & !y 7 accord+ly acquitt$4 ,subsequ5tly ! real robb]s 7 discov]$ & f\nd 9 possession ( ! miss+ prop]ty4 ,9 ?is case !re 0 a man ( tra9$ obs]vation1 be+ absolutely c]ta9 ( ! id5tity ( two m51 :o _h nev] be5 ne> ! place4 ,! case ( ! ,p]reaus1 relat$ 9 a subsequ5t page1 0 ano!r example ( ! k9d4 ,! two bro!rs1 :o 7 tw9s1 7 s exactly alike t a money scriv5] :o _h drawn up bonds by ord] ( "o or ! o!r ( !m hesitat$ to fix ^u ei!r4 ,at la/1 :5 press$ to make a positive decl>ation1 he fix$ ^u ,daniel z ! bro!r :o _h come to him 9 connection ) ! =g$ bond4 ,9 #agig a mi/ake z to id5tity result$ 9 ! dea? ( two m54 ,m>t9 ,*ur*1 a booksell]1 & ,james ,mackley1 a pr9t]1 7 tri$ t ye> at ! ,old ,bailey on ! *>ge ( murd]+ ,sydney ,fry]1 at ! back ( ,isl+ton workh\se4 ,miss ,anne ,fry]1 :o 0 ) h] c\s9 at ! "t he 0 attack$1 swore positively t ! two prison]s 7 ! assailants4 ,"s ye>s lat] ,burton ,wood1 :o 0 execut$ at ,k5n+ton ,common1 & ,timm9s1 :o 0 hang$ at ,read+1 confess$ sep>ately t !y _h done ! de$ = :i* ! o!r m5 _h suff]$4 ,9 mod]n times ! case ( ,adolph ,beck1 :o 0 twice wrongfully convict$ ?r\gh 8 un=tunate resemblance to ano!r man is notori\s1 & has be5 ! subject ( a special report4 ,! mo/ rec5t & /range/ in/ances ( wrong id5tification arose out ( ! my/]i\s crime :i* became kn[n z ! ,gorse ,hall murd]4 ,9 ,novemb]1 #aiji1 ,mr4 ,/orrs1 a weal?y mill-own]1 :o liv$ at ,gorse ,hall1 9 a lonely di/rict 9 ,*e%ire1 0 attack$ by a man :o _h =c$ 8 way into ! h\se4 ,a desp]ate /ruggle foll[$1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* ,mr4 ,/orrs 0 repeat$ly /abb$ ) a knife & fatally w\nd$4 ,8 assailant also attempt$ to %oot him ) a revolv]1 b ?is 0 snat*$ f him by ,mrs4 ,/orrs4 ,a relation ( ,mr4 ,/orrs1 nam$ ,h[>d1 :o 0 an ex-soldi]1 0 arre/$ & *>g$ ) ! murd]4 ,at ! trial t took place at ! ,*e/] ,assizes 9 ,m>*1 #aiaj1 he 0 positively id5tifi$ by ! wid[ ( ! murd]$ man1 :o swore t %e recognis$ him by ! look 9 8 eyes4 ,he 0 also id5tifi$ by "s ( ! s]vants at ! ,hall z ! assailant ( ,mr4 ,/orrs4 ,=tunately ,h[>d 0 able to prove conclusively t he 0 some:]e else at ! "t ( ! murd]4 ,"s "t lat]1 ano!r ex-soldi] nam$ ,m>k ,wilde 0 arre/$ ^u ! same *>ge1 & once m evid5ce ( id5tification 0 giv5 by ! same witnesses z 9 ! previ\s trial1 ?\gh !y 7 n[ less positive 9 _! ass]tions4 ,! two m51 ,h[>d & ,wilde1 bore a s+ul> resemblance to ea* o!r1 & evid5ce 0 giv5 t at ! "t ( ! murd] ,wilde 0 dress$ 9 d>k clo!s1 d>k cap & muffl]1 :i* 0 ! description ( ! clo!s ( ,mr4 ,/orrs' assailant giv5 by witnesses at ! fir/ trial4 ,/a9s ^u ! prison]'s clo?+ 7 id5tifi$ z human blood by ! s]um te/4 ,! revolv] :i* ,mrs4 ,/orrs _h snat*$ f ! murd]] 0 also id5tifi$ z hav+ belong$ to ,wilde1 = x 0 recognis$ by two ex-soldi]s :o _h1 !y alleg$1 frequ5tly se5 x 9 8 h&s1 by its brok5 spr+ & m>ks ^u its b>rel4 ,= ! def5ce1 h[ev]1 witnesses 7 call$ to prove t ! revolv] tak5 f ! murd]] 0 n id5tical ) t ( ,wilde1 & t ! blood ^u 8 clo!s 0 ! result ( a fight he _h _h ^u ! night ( ! crime4 ,no motive c\ld be alleg$1 & ! jury di/ru/+ ! evid5ce ( id5tification1 f\nd ! prison] ,n guilty4 ,! murd] 0 ?us unique 9 ! fact t two innoc5t m5 7 9 succession id5tifi$ z ! assailant & acquitt$4 ,) reg>d to ! am\nt ( light ne$$ = ! recognition ( a p]son1 curi\s sci5tific evid5ce has be5 giv5 9 trials1 & sev]al cases are on record :]e witnesses h claim$ to id5tify a p]son by a mom5t>y fla%4 ,a notable in/ance ( ?is k9d 0 se5 at ! trial ( ,joseph ,brook = burgl>y at ! ,york ,assizes 9 #ahac4 ,! prison]1 x 0 alleg$1 _h brok5 into ! h\se ( a f>m] nam$ ,/rickl& at ,kirk ,heaton4 ,anne ,armitage1 a niece ( ! f>m]1 depos$ t he _h /ruck ^u ! /one floor ) some?+ %e took = a sword to intimidate h]1 t x produc$ a fla%1 & gave a light by :i* %e c\ld see 8 face4 ,%e swore t %e _h se5 en\gh by ! mom5t>y fla% to recognise him aga94 ,%e _h also he>d 8 voice1 & knew x aga9 :5 %e he>d x lat]1 & ?\ght %e c\ld und]take to say t x 0 ! voice ( ! accus$ man4 ,! prison] set up an alibi1 & ! jury1 al?\gh z !y /at$ subsequ5tly1 n believ+ 9 ?is alibi1 return$ a v]dict ( ,n guilty4 ,! "q ( ! possibility ( a p]son fir+ a gun or pi/ol be+ id5tifi$ by ! light ( ! fla% 0 submitt$ to a committee ( sci5tific m5 9 ,p>is1 9 #ahji1 & _! conclusion 0 t su* id5tification 0 n possible4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! evid5ce 9 a case t 0 tri$ %ortly aft]w>ds 9 ,france indicat$ t "u fav\rable conditions ! face ( ! p]son :o _h fir$ a gun might be recognis$4 ,a man _h fir$ at ano!r at night1 & a woman :o 0 ne> at ! "t1 swore at ! trial t ! fla% _h pla9ly %[n h] ! face ( ! assailant4 ,simil> evid5ce 0 also giv5 by ! man :o _h be5 w\nd$4 ,exp]im5ts to det]m9e ?is po9t 7 made by ,desgranges1 at ,lyons1 & f ! results ( ^! he conclud$ t !re 0 a possibility ( su* id5tification at a %ort di/ance f ! fla% ( ! gun1 provid$ t ! night 0 v d>k & t !re 0 no o!r s\rce ( light to int]f]e ) ! gun-fla%2 b t if ! fla% 0 v pron\nc$1 or mu* smoke 0 produc$ x 0 n possible to recognise ! p]son fir+ ! gun4 ,juries h always be5 reluctant to convict a prison] ^u evid5ce ( ?is k9d4 ,= in/ance1 at ! trial ( a man nam$ ,:ite at ,croydon 9 #ahci1 ! prison] 0 accus$ ( fir+ at a g5tleman :ile he 0 driv+ home 9 an op5 trap1 & 8 int5d$ victim1 :o 0 %ot 9 ! elb[1 swore positively t ! fla% ( ! gun %[$ s cle>ly ! features ( 8 assailant t he 0 absolutely c]ta9 t he 0 ! prison]4 ,! def5dant d5i$ ! *>ge &1 not)/&+ ! positive /atem5t ( ! pr9cipal witness1 0 acquitt$4 ,!re are o!r in/ances1 h[ev]1 :]e convictions h result$ f su* mom5t>y glimpses4 ,?us1 at ! trial ( "s highwaym5 9 #agii1 :i* is quot$ by ,p>is & ,fonblanque 7#ahbc71 x 0 /at$ by a ,b[ ,/reet (fic] t he1 toge!r ) "s ( 8 companions1 _h be5 fir$ at by ! prison]s ^u a d>k night1 ^u ,h\nsl[ ,hea?4 ,he swore t ! fla% ( ! pi/ol enabl$ him to see t "o ( ! assailants1 a man nam$ ,ha9es1 :o _h come up to ! side ( ! coa*1 0 rid+ ^u a d>k br[n horse :i* _h c]ta9 peculi>ities ab\t its head & %\ld]s1 & t ! rid] 0 we>+ a r\gh br[n coat4 ,aft]w>ds1 said ! witness1 he _h se5 ! same horse 9 a /able 9 ,long ,acre1 9 ,london1 & _h recognis$ x z ! "o ^u :i* ! man 0 rid+ by its curi\s squ>e head & ?ick %\ld]s4 ,! jury believ$ ! evid5ce ( ?is witness1 & ! prison] 0 convict$4 ,a case )9 ! exp]i5ce ( a =m] ,record] ( ,birm+ham 7,hill7 is m5tion$ 9 ,wills' ,circum/antial ,evid5ce4 ,a man 0 committ$ = trial at ! ,assizes at ,d]by1 9 #ahdj1 on ! *>ge ( %oot+ at a "y woman4 ,%e 0 prep>$ to swe> t %e _h recognis$ him by ! mom5t>y fla% ( ! gun4 ,exp]im5ts 7 made to det]m9e to :at ext5t reliance c\ld be plac$ ^u su* id5tification1 & ! conclusion drawn f ^! 0 t all /ories ( recognition f ! fla% ( a gun or pi/ol mu/ be f\nd$ on a fallacy4 ,9 addition to ^!1 sev]al in/ances1 collect$ f diff]5t s\rces1 are ref]r$ to 9 ,taylor's ,m$ical ,jurisprud5ce1 :]e ! g5]al conclusion is drawn t occasionally x may be possible to id5tify an assailant 9 ?is way4 ,f ! same s\rce comes ! amus+ /ory ( a man :o swore t he recognis$ an assailant :o attack$ him 9 ! d>k1 by ! fla% produc$ by a bl[ ^u 8 eye6 ,! absurdity ( ! claim is self-evid5t1 = ! fla%es due to a bl[ d n emit light1 & c !re=e nev] cause any ext]nal object to be visible4 ,a curi\s factor influ5c+ ! value ( evid5ce ( p]sonal id5tification is ! read9ess ) :i* cr$ul\s humanity w accept any /ory h[ev] improbable4 ,b = ?is ! notori\s ,ti*borne case1 :i* dragg$ on = ye>s1 w\ld h be5 settl$ 9 a few days4 ,x is difficult n[1 recall+ ! facts1 to und]/& h[ anyone c\ld h believ$ 9 ! id5tity ( ! but*]1 ,ar?ur ,orton1 ) ! miss+ heir to ! e/ates1 ,rog] ,ti*borne4 ,! latt] 0 ( a slim build1 :ile ! claimant 0 a c\ple ( in*es tall] & weigh$ tw5ty-five /ones4 ,! real ,rog] _h _h ! education ( a g5tleman1 :ile ! claimant c\ld nei!r write nor speak correctly4 ,yet1 not)/&+ ! enorm\s dissimil>ity 9 appe>ance & mann]s ( ! two m51 ! "m ( ,rog] ,ti*borne recognis$ ,orton z ! son :om %e & ev]yone else _h believ$ to h be5 dr[n$ :5 ! %ip 0 wreck$4 ,:5 he came to ,engl& to see h] he _h ?\ght x prud5t to feign illness4 ,lady ,ti*borne1 !re=e1 w5t to see him1 & he got on ! b$1 & turn$ 8 face to ! wall4 ,8 adopt$ "m1 h[ev]1 recognis$ him by 8 e>s s l 8 uncle's4 ,?is mu/ h be5 an in/ance ( self-deception1 = !re 0 evid5ce t ! lobes ( ! e>s ( ! two m5 7 absolutely diff]5t4 ,x 0 ?is recognition1 h[ev]1 t enc\rag$ ,orton to p]sev]e ) 8 claim to ! e/ates1 & assi/$ 9 aid+ ! recollection ( o!r p1 :o swore t he 0 ,rog]4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,sy/ems ,,( ,,id5tification ,photography--,an?ropometry--,f+]-pr9ts & _! ,uses4 ,! discov]y ( photography 0 welcom$ by ! police au?orities ( civilis$ c\ntries z af=d+ a c]ta9 means ( regi/]+ crim9als = subsequ5t id5tification4 ,b ! promise t ! photographic me?od held out 0 n fulfill$2 = ) ! accumulation ( photographs !re 0 a correspond+ increase 9 ! difficulties & unc]ta9ties att5d+ ! id5tification ( ! orig9als4 ,ap>t f difficulties due to ! effects ( ! *anges produc$ by "t or by int5tional disguise1 x 0 no light task to se>* ?r\gh _m ?\s&s ( pr9ts to see :e!r a p>ticul> individual _h be5 photograph$ t5 ye>s previ\sly1 & physical we>9ess ( ! se>*]s mu/ frequ5tly h set an ob/acle 9 ! way ( ! id5tification4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is a matt] ( common k1 t two photographs ( ! same p]son1 tak5 "u diff]5t conditions ( light+ or ) diff]5t l5ses may readily be ?\ght to be ! portraits ( two di/9ct individuals1 or t a photograph ( "o p]son may unduly emphasise a mom5t>y expression diff]+ f ! normal "o1 ) ! result t ! portrait may be mi/ak5 = a lik5ess ( someone else4 ,^! consid]ations fully expla9 ! num]\s in/ances ( mi/ak5 id5tification1 "s ( :i* are cit$ bel[1 :]e ! police bas$ _! recognition ^u old photographs4 ,prior to ! introduction ( ! an?ropometric & f+]-pr9t sy/ems1 ! insuffici5cy ( ! photographic records kept by ! police 9 ?is c\ntry = ! id5tification ( crim9als 0 repeat$ly prov$4 ,! advisability ( introduc+ ! ,fr5* an?ropometric sy/em into ,engl& 0 rais$ 9 ,p>liam5t on sev]al occasions 9 #ahhg & #ahhh1 b ea* "t ! ,home ,secret>y def5d$ ! sy/em ( photographic regi/ration z be+ suffici5tly satisfactory1 :ile he consid]$ x d\btful :e!r ! ,fr5* sy/em w\ld be any bett]4 ,a suffici5t answ] to ?is (ficial def5ce 0 af=d$ by ! numb] ( cases ( mi/ak5 recognition f photographs1 t %ortly aft]w>ds 7 br\ght be=e bo? ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t4 ,9 #ahhh1 ! ,"l ,*ief ,ju/ice 7,col]idge7 m5tion$ an in/ance t _h come "u 8 notice at ! ,gl\ce/] ,assizes4 ,aft] a man _h be5 convict$ ( "s small (f5ce police evid5ce 0 giv5 t ! prison] 0 a man :o _h be5 convict$ be=e4 ,?is 0 subsequ5tly prov$ to be a mi/ake4 ,aga91 9 ,july1 #ahhi1 aft] ! conviction ( a prison]1 evid5ce 0 giv5 by a w>d] t ! man 0 "o :o _h be5 s5t5c$ to sev5 ye>s' p5al s]vitude & sev5 ye>s' police sup]vision4 ,x 0 f\nd aft]w>ds1 h[ev]1 t ?is man _h be5 previ\sly convict$ 9 #ahhb & !re=e c\ld n possibly h be5 ! p]son alleg$4 ,! rem>kable feature ab\t ?is mi/ake 0 t bo? m5 _h be5 "u ! police control at ! same "t4 ,! failure to id5tify a crim9al f ! photographic records _h a tragic result 9 #ahhh1 :5 a man nam$ ,jackson 0 giv5 a light s5t5ce z a fir/ (f5d]4 ,al?\gh he _h be5 previ\sly convict$ ( num]\s crimes1 & 0 at ! "t want$ by ! police = h\sebreak+ & o!r (f5ces he escap$ recognition1 & 0 able to take advantage ( ! l5i5t treatm5t he receiv$ by murd]+ a w>d] 9 ! prison at ,man*e/]4 ,9 #ahid a ,special ,committee 0 appo9t$ to exam9e & report ^u ! diff]5t sy/ems ( id5tify+ crim9als1 & !y recomm5d$ t ! an?ropometric sy/em 0 ! mo/ satisfactory = prelim9>y classification1 b t = fur!r gr\p+ ! f+]-pr9t me?od gave ! be/ results4 ,accord+ly a sy/em includ+ bo? me?ods 0 adopt$ 9 ?is c\ntry & 0 9 use until #aija1 :51 z is m5tion$ bel[1 ! pres5t sy/em ( f+]-pr9t id5tification 0 introduc$4 ,! success ( ,m4 ,b]tillon's sy/em 9 ,france spe$ily l$ to its adoption 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,e>ly 9 #ahib x 0 introduc$ into ,india1 & )9 six ye>s upw>ds ( a qu>t] ( a million ( classifi$ c>ds _h be5 collect$4 ,! *ief difficulty 0 f\nd to be 9 ! classification ( ! measurem5ts = ref]5ce1 & a committee 0 accord+ly appo9t$ by ! ,indian ,gov]nm5t to report ^u ! sy/em4 ,_! report /at$ t ! f+]-pr9t me?od 0 pref]able to ! an?ropometric sy/em 9 simplicity1 rapidity & c]ta9ty4 ,s9ce t "t 7,june1 #ahig7 ! f+]-pr9t me?od has be5 9 use 9 ,india = ! id5tification ( crim9als4 ,! sy/em ( id5tification by bodily measurem5ts1 :i* has n[ come to be kn[n z b]tillonage1 0 fir/ introduc$ z a me?od ( police regi/ration 9 ,p>is 9 #ahhb4 ,dur+ ! fir/ ye> ( its employm5t x detect$ =ty-n9e crim9als giv+ false names1 :ile 9 ! foll[+ ye> ! numb] rose to #bda4 ,9 #ahhi ,m4 ,b]tillon /at$ t !re _h n be5 a s+le case ( mi/ak5 id5tity s9ce ! sy/em _h be5 introduc$1 & t 9 ! previ\s ye> #ca1hdi prison]s _h be5 measur$ 9 ,p>is1 #fae ( :om 7 9 ?is way recognis$ z =m] convicts1 :ile f\rte5 7 subsequ5tly recognis$ 9 prison4 ,( ! latt]1 t5 _h nev] previ\sly be5 exam9$1 s t ! failures 7 only f\r 9 #cb1jjj1 or "o 9 #h1jjj4 ,! sy/em1 z describ$ by ,m4 ,b]tillon himself 9 a pamphlet on ,! ,id5tification ( ! ,crim9al ,classes1 consi/s 9 tak+ ! measurem5ts ( ! body /ructure ( ea* individual4 ,al?\gh su* measurem5ts might be indef9itely ext5d$1 ! numb] is usually re/rict$ to twelve1 includ+ ! height1 l5g? & wid? ( ! head1 l5g? ( ! middle f+]1 ( ! foot1 etc4 ,^! measurem5ts are rapidly tak5 ) /&>d in/rum5ts by a special /aff1 & are record$ ^u a c>d ^u :i* are pa/$ full face & pr(ile photographs ( ! prison]4 ,! data obta9$ enable ! photographs to be classifi$ into diff]5t gr\ps ( %ort1 m$ium1 & tall m51 & ^!1 aga91 may be subdivid$ into gr\ps ( %ort1 m$ium1 & long heads1 :ile fur!r subdivisions are af=d$ by ! wid? ( ! head1 wid? ( ! arms out/ret*$ at an angle ( ! body & s on4 ,! col\r ( ! eyes af=ds ! means = a fur!r subdivision1 :ile special bir?m>ks or peculi>ities diff]5tiate ! individuals /ill fur!r4 ,9 ?is way alone1 ,m4 ,b]tillon claims t #ajj1jjj p]sons c be classifi$ into gr\ps ( t5 ea*1 ! portraits 9 :i* w\ld (f] no difficulty 9 exam9ation4 ,m4 ,b]tillon und\bt$ly puts ! position too fav\rably "h1 9 assum+ division into equal gr\ps2 = out ( 8 hypo!tical #ajj1jjj individuals1 sev5ty-five p] c5t4 might conceivably be tall m51 & sev5ty-five p] c5t4 ( ^!1 aga9 h long heads1 s t ! f9al gr\ps w\ld 9 "s cases h no repres5tatives1 :ile 9 ! o!r gr\ps !re might be #a1jjj individuals4 ,9 record+ ! col\r ( ! eyes a special table is us$1 ! scale ( :i* is bas$ ^u ! int5sity ( ! pigm5t ( ! iris4 ,a numb] correspond+ to "o ( ! foll[+ gr\ps is !n assign$3--7#a7 ,iris1 azure blue1 ) areola pale b free f yell[ pigm5t2 7#b7 ,iris blue or slate1 ) light yell[ areola2 7#c7 ,same %ade1 ) l>g] areola approa*+ orange2 7#d7 ,iris1 gre5i% reflection2 hazel areola2 7#e7 ,same %ade ) d>k hazel areola2 7#f7 ,hazel di/ribut$ ov] surface ( iris2 7#g7 ,eye entirely hazel4 ,:5 fir/ ! sy/em 0 introduc$ into ,p>is x 0 a common practice = ! old (f5d]s to *ange _! names & try to escape id5tification1 b1 accord+ to ,m4 ,b]tillon1 aft] a few ye>s ?is 0 only done by ^? :o _h be5 away f ,p>is = a long p]iod1 or _h "s v special reason = attempt+ to slip ?r\gh ! exam9ation unrecognis$4 ,a simil> me?od is employ$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army = recognis+ des]t]s4 ,ea* man on jo9+ is measur$1 & an outl9e figure c>d %[+ ! measurem5ts ( ! front & back surfaces1 :i* are divid$ into areas by means ( dott$ l9es1 is fil$ 9 ! ,m$ical ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,w> ,(fice4 ,:5 a man des]ts or is dismiss$ 8 c>d is plac$ 9 a sep>ate file1 & ! new c>ds ( recruits are comp>$ ) ^? 9 ?is p>ticul> file4 ,a special regi/]1 rul$ into columns correspond+ to ! areas on ! c>ds1 & giv+ ! measurem5ts & any peculi>ities su* z sc>s1 tattoo m>ks1 etc41 is us$ to facilitate ! se>*1 & :51 on ref]5ce to ?is1 !re appe>s to be a probability ( a recruit be+ id5tical ) a des]t]1 ! orig9al c>d is us$ = ! comp>ison4 ,dur+ ! fir/ five mon?s aft] ! sy/em 0 in/itut$ 7#ahia7 sixty-two m5 7 suspect$ ( conceal+ _! id5tity1 & 9 sixty-"o ( ^! cases ! suspicion 0 ju/ifi$ & ! id5tity ackn[l$g$4 ,a drawback ( ! ,b]tillon sy/em ( id5tification is t mu* dep5ds ^u ! accuracy ( ! p]son :o takes ! measurem5ts1 & t1 !re=e1 a p]missible error mu/ be admitt$4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army an error ( "o in* 9 ei!r direction is all[$1 = ! record$ height4 ,9 addition to ?is1 "s degree ( natural v>iation w take place 9 ! c\rse ( ye>s1 & due all[ance mu/ also be made = ?is influ5ce ^u ! measurem5ts4 ,/rik+ z has be5 ! success ( ,m4 ,b]tillon's sy/em ( an?ropometrical measurem5ts z a means ( id5tification1 x has be5 altoge!r surpass$ 9 c]ta9ty by ! me?ods ( record+ ! impressions ( ! f+]s4 ,f "t to "t 9 ! pa/ use has be5 made ( a f+] or ?umb impression z a seal or to give a p]sonal m>k ( au!nticity to a docum5t4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ examples extant ( ! use ( ! manual seal is to be se5 on "o ( ! ,assyrian clay tablets 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,?is is impr9t$ 9 cunei=m *>act]s1 & conta9s a notice ( ! sale ( a field1 :i* concludes ) ! impr9t ( a f+] nail1 & ! /atem5t t ?is _h be5 made by ! sell] ( ! field z 8 nail m>k4 ,simil> impr9ts ( nails are to be se5 ^u ,*9ese co9s1 z has be5 po9t$ out by ,sir ,francis ,galton1 & a tradition has x t !y 7 fir/ put !re z a complim5t to an e>ly ,*9ese ,empress :o _h accid5tally press$ h] f+] nail into ! wax model ( a co9 t _h be5 submitt$ = h] approval4 ,! anci5t ,egyptians caus$ crim9als to seal _! confessions ) f+] nails4 ,!re are also num]\s in/ances 9 :i* impressions ( f+]-tips are f\nd ^u docum5ts1 b ^! d n seem to h be5 put !re ) any idea ( id5tification1 b r to h be5 ( ! nature ( a c]emonial obs]vance comp>able ) ! legal survival ( putt+ a f+] ^u ! seal ( a docum5t1 & deliv]+ x z my act & de$4 ,! fir/ attempt by ,europeans to make use ( ! *>act]i/ic ridges ( ! f+]s to record ! id5tity ( individuals appe>s to h be5 t ( ,sir ,william ,h]s*el1 :o introduc$ a me?od (ficially into ,b5gal4 ,8 sy/em arose out ( ! difficulty ( *eck+ =g]ies by ! natives 9 ,india1 & 8 hav+ made two ( !m record _! f+] impressions ^u contracts1 s t he might be able to fright5 !m %\ld !y subsequ5tly d5y _! signatures4 ,?is 0 9 #aheh1 & ! device prov$ s unexpect$ly successful t = sev]al ye>s ,sir ,william ,h]s*el made a /udy ( ! use ( f+]-pr9ts 9 id5tification1 & f9ally f\nd !m s satisfactory t1 9 #ahgg1 he gave in/ructions = _! sy/ematic use 9 ! ,hooghly4 ,a description ( ! advantages t 7 !reby reap$ is giv5 9 ,nature 7#ahhj1 ,vol4 ,,xxiii1 #bc74 ,! frequ5t attempts previ\sly made by ! natives to d5y _! own signatures 7 completely fru/rat$1 & docum5ts ?us /amp$ ) a f+]-pr9t c\ld n aft]w>ds be disput$4 ,! use ( f+]-pr9ts 0 also invaluable z a means ( prev5t+ ! fraudul5t claims ( p5sions by p]sons :o 7 n entitl$ to !m4 ,!n z ! sy/em 0 f\nd to "w s well 9 ^! cases x 0 introduc$ into ! prisons1 ea* new-com] be+ made to sign ! regi/] ) ! f+]4 ,! (ficial visitors _h ?us ! means ( satisfy+ !mselves z to ! id5tity ( ea* inmate ( ! prison4 ,al?\gh ,sir ,william ,h]s*el tri$ to obta9 p]mission to ext5d ! use ( ! f+]-pr9t id5tification /ill fur!r1 8 attempts did n meet ) success4 ,ab\t ! same "t t ,sir ,william ,h]s*el publi%$ ! acc\nt ( 8 sy/em a sugge/ion 0 made to regi/] ! ,*9ese 9 ,cali=nia by a simil> process1 b no?+ 0 done 9 ! matt]4 ,!re h also be5 occasional applications ( ! me?od to prev5t =g]y1 z1 = in/ance1 9 #ahhb 9 ! paym5t ord]s sign$ by ,mr4 ,?omson ( ! ,am]ican ,geological ,survey1 ^u :i*1 z a safegu>d1 he made ! impr9t ( 8 own f+]4 ,x is to ,sir ,william ,h]s*el1 h[ev]1 t ! cr$it is due ( hav+ e/abli%$ ! fir/ mod]n sy/ematic process ( regi/ration ( individuals by means ( f+] impressions4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,faulds1 ! ,*9ese f "t immemorial h caus$ _! convict$ crim9als to make impressions ( _! f+]-tips z a record1 b he gives no details ( _! sy/em ( classify+ ! pr9ts1 if su* exi/s4 ,! curi\s m>k+s ^u :i* are bas$ ^! sy/ems ( id5tification are n conf9$ to ! human race1 b are also %[n by monkeys & to a less pron\nc$ ext5t by o!r animals4 ,! patt]n ^u ! surface ( ! sk9 ^u ! palms ( ! h& & soles ( ! feet is =m$ by ! arrangem5t ( :at is kn[n z ! papill>y ridges4 ,x is readily record$ by c>efully coat+ ! f+]-tips ) a f9e lay] ( pr9t+ or ord9>y ink & press+ !m ^u pap] s z to leave an impr9t ( ! m>k+s ^u ! f+]4 ,! uses ( ^! ridges is to assi/ ! delicacy ( t\*1 & also to excrete p]spiration ?r\gh ! m9ute pores ) :i* !y are cov]$4 ,! effect ( r\gh "w ^u ! ridges is to increase _! height1 & ev5tually !y may become cov]$ up by ! horny accretions kn[n z callosities4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ridges ^u ! palms ( p :o d v little manual lab\r are mu* less app>5t1 & :5 ! sk9 is ?9 are v l[4 ,h5ce1 9 ! h&s ( b$ridd5 invalids !re is only a slight developm5t ( ! ridges4 ,sev]al circum/ances may lead to a tempor>y oblit]ation ( ! ridges1 su* z1 = in/ance1 ! con/ant punctur+ ( ! sk9 by ! head ( a ne$le 9 sew+1 & ! impr9t ( ! =ef+] ( a tailor w !re=e (t5 pres5t a v *>act]i/ic mottl$ appe>ance4 ,m p]man5t alt]ations are produc$ by cuts or by w\nds t h heal$ & left a :ite sc>4 ,an in/ance ( ?is is se5 9 ,d 9 ! plate 7p4 #ff71 :i* repres5ts a pr9t ( ! left-h& ?umb ( ! pres5t writ]4 ,runn+ across ! ridges1 & break+ _! cont9uity is a l9e :i* m>ks ! place :]e tw5ty ye>s ago ! slip ( a knife ne>ly sev]$ a piece f ! ?umb4 ,! effect ( ?is cut has be5 to add a fre% feature ( id5tity to ^? furni%$ by ! orig9al ridges1 )\t int]f]+ ) ! id5tification ( ! latt]4 ,9 ! case ( jagg$ cuts or ( sc>s =m$ 9 ! heal+ ( an ulc] ! ridges may be s di/ort$ z to be practically indi/+ui%able 9 t place1 or !y may ev5 be entirely oblit]at$4 ,old age has also an oblit]at+ effect ^u ! ridges1 s mu* s t ! f+]-pr9ts ( an old man frequ5tly exhibit transv]se :ite m>k+s1 indicat+ signs ( ! surface dis9tegration ( ! sk94 ,a mo/ important po9t 9 ! application ( f+]-pr9ts to ! id5tification ( ! individual is ! p]si/5ce ( ! ma9 details ?r\gh\t life1 s9ce o!rwise mu* ( ! value ( ! me?od w\ld be lo/4 ,! obs]vations made by ,sir ,william ,h]s*el 9 ,india %[$ t aft] ! lapse ( tw5ty ye>s !re 0 s little *ange 9 ! f+]-pr9ts ( a l>ge numb] ( p]sons t !y c\ld /ill readily be id5tifi$ 9 ?is way4 ,sir ,francis ,galton has also prov$ ! p]si/5ce ( ! g5]al peculi>ities 9 ! pr9ts = p]iods ( ov] ?irty ye>s4 ,he po9ts out t an exact correspond5ce z to ! m9uti is n always to be expect$1 s9ce :at appe>s to be a ridge 9 "o pr9t may be really ! result ( imp]fect pr9t+ ( an enclosure4 ,ap>t f possible imp]fections 9 ! me?od1 !re is also a possibility ( v>iation due to ! effect ( age r5d]+ ! ridges less cont9u\s4 ,9 "o ( ! examples giv5 by him f+]-pr9ts 7 tak5 ( a *ild ( two & a half 9 #ahgg1 & aga9 ?irte5 ye>s lat]4 ,betwe5 two ( ! pr9ts !re 7 =ty-two po9ts ( resemblance & only "o po9t ( diff]5ce4 ,?is 0 a small =k$ ridge :i* appe>$ 9 ! pr9t ( ! baby1 b _h be5 fill$ up 9 ! pr9t f ! boy4 ,?is in/ance is m5tion$ z unique1 = 9 e o!r case exam9$ by ,sir ,francis ,galton1 comp>+ pr9ts ( ! boy ) ! man1 & ! man ) ! old man !re 0 p]fect correspond5ce betwe5 ! select$ po9ts4 ,he !re=e concludes t we are ju/ifi$ 9 inf]r+ t betwe5 bir? & dea? !re is absolutely no *ange 91 say1 #fii out ( #gjj ( ! num]\s *>act]i/ics 9 ! m>k+s ( ! same p]son su* z c be impress$ by !m :5ev] x is desirable to d s4 ,an int]e/+ s]ies ( photographs 0 rec5tly exhibit$ by ! ,*ief ,commission] ( ! ,police4 ,^! includ$ ! portraits ( ?ree m5 :o s closely resembl$ "o ano!r t !y w\ld readily h be5 mi/ak5 = "o ano!r 9 photographs4 ,_! f+]-pr9ts1 h[ev]1 7 q di/9ct4 ,s p]si/5t are ^! di/9ctive m>k+s t !y la/ z long z ! sk9 itself1 & may be cle>ly se5 ^u ! f+]s ( ,egyptian mummies4 ,h[ev] mu* ! g5]al dim5sions ( ! patt]n ( ! pr9ts may be *ang$ by ! advance ( age or ! effect ( disease1 ! numb] ( ! patt]n w /ill rema94 ,to use ! apt illu/ration ( ,sir ,francis ,galton1 ! *anges to be expect$ are comp>able ) ^? se5 9 a piece ( lace4 ,! mat]ial may be /ret*$ 9 "o or ! o!r direction or %runk5 to half its =m] dim5sions1 b ! individual loops & knots may be id5tifi$ ) ^? 9 ! orig9al fabric4 ,z is ! case ) all ! o!r measurem5ts ( ! human body alt]ations w occur 9 ! size ( ! m>k+s2 = ! patt]n z a :ole increases ) ! gr[? ( ! f+]1 b ?is gr[? does n affect ! arrangem5t ( ! loops & ridges t make up ! m>k+s ^u ! sk94 ,9 no o!r way ?an a /udy ( ! f+]-pr9ts is x possible to f9d ov] a ?\s& po9ts ( comp>ison ^u :i* to e/abli% ! id5tity ( an individual4 ,9 e/imat+ ! value ( f+]-pr9ts z evid5ce ( id5tity1 ,sir ,francis ,galton f\nd t out ( #a1jjj ?umb-pr9ts ! collection c\ld be classifi$ into #ajj gr\ps ea* conta9+ pr9ts ) a m or less close resemblance to "o ano!r4 ,he fur!r f\nd t on ! av]age x 0 impossible to put great reliance ^u ! g5]al resemblance betwe5 two giv5 pr9ts z a pro( t !y 7 produc$ by ! same f+]1 ?\gh obvi\s diff]5ce 0 a pro( t !y 7 produc$ by diff]5t f+]s4 ,b on /udy+ ! m9uti ( ! patt]ns1 & calculat+ ! *ances t ! pr9t ( a s+le f+] %\ld agree 9 all p>ticul>s ) ! pr9t ( ano!r f+]1 he conclud$ t x 0 z "o is to ab\t sixty-f\r millions2 s t ! *ance ( two p]sons giv+ simil> pr9ts f a s+le f+] w\ld be less ?an "o 9 f\r4 ,if ! comp>isons 7 ext5d$ to two f+]s ! improbability ( agreem5t 9 all details w\ld be squ>$1 rea*+ a figure altoge!r beyond ! range ( imag9ation4 ,! g5]al conclusion drawn f ^! num]ical results 0 t ev5 aft] mak+ all all[ance = ambiguities & = possible alt]ations caus$ by accid5t or disease1 a complete1 or ne>ly complete1 agreem5t betwe5 two pr9ts ( "o f+] & inf9itely m s betwe5 two or m f+]s1 af=d$ evid5ce1 :i* did n /& 9 ne$ ( corroboration1 t ! pr9ts 7 d]iv$ f ! f+]s ( "o & ! same p]son4 ,9 f+]-pr9ts1 !re=e1 we h ! only means ( prov+ ! id5tity ( an individual beyond all "q4 ,9 ! prehi/oric fl9t-holes at ,br&on1 9 ,suffolk1 !re 0 f\nd "s ye>s ago a pick made f ! horn ( an ext9ct elk4 ,?is _h be5 us$ by "s fl9t-digg] ( ! /one age to hew out ( ! *alk ! r\gh fl9ts :i* 7 subsequ5tly made into scrap]s & arr[-heads4 ,^u ! d>k h&le ( ?is in/rum5t 7 ! f+]-pr9ts 9 *alk ( ! workman1 :o1 ?\s&s ( ye>s ago1 flung x d[n = ! la/ "t4 ,x is /range to reflect t 9 ^! p]i%able impressions he _h left a f> m p]man5t record ( 8 id5tity ?an he c\ld h done by any o!r conceivable means4 ,a /rik+ feature 9 ! scriptural acc\nt ( ! dea? ( ,jezebel is t h] body 0 dev\r$ by ! dogs1 :i* left no?+ b ! skull & ! palms ( h] h&s & soles ( h] feet1 s t no man might say ?is is ,jezebel4 ,yet1 z ,sir ,francis ,galton po9t$ out1 x 0 ^u ^? p>ts t ! dogs _h sp>$ t ,jezebel c>ri$ ! only c]ta9 pro(s ( h] id5tity4 ,! "q ( h]$ity 9 f+]-pr9ts is n only int]e/+ b might also conceivably be a po9t ( "s importance 9 a crim9al trial4 ,dr4 ,faulds conclud$ t h]$ity play$ a great "p 9 ! p>ticul> =m ( ! m>k+s4 ,! dom9ancy ( h]$ity 9 ^! patt]ns is sometimes v /rik+4 ,i h f\nd unique patt]ns 9 a p>5t repeat$ ) m>vell\s accuracy 9 8 *ild4 ,he sugge/$ t !re might ?us possibly be an ,orton type ( patt]n & a ,ti*borne type1 to "o or o!r ( :i* exp]ts might h ref]r$ ! f+] impressions ( ! claimant 9 ! celebrat$ case4 ,:ile !re is unque/ionably a g5]al t5d5cy = a p>ticul> type ( f+]-pr9ts to be inh]it$ j z any o!r bodily peculi>ities are liable to be pass$ on f ! p>5ts to ! *ildr51 !re is by no means t def9ite relation%ip t ,dr4 ,faulds hop$ to e/abli%4 ,! obs]vations made by ,sir ,francis ,galton ^u ?is po9t1 & ! ma!matical consid]ations bas$ ^u !m r5d] x impossible to d\bt t ! av]age resemblance betwe5 ! f+]-pr9ts ( two bro!rs or ( a bro!r & si/] is great] ?an 9 ^? ( two p]sons select$ at r&om4 ,! g5]al simil>ities 9 ! f+]-pr9ts 9 r[s ,a & ,b 9 ! plate 7p4 #ff71 :i* are ^? ( two si/]s1 are obvi\s4 ,! case ( tw9s is p>ticul>ly int]e/+1 = x is well kn[n t :5 ( ! same sex !y frequ5tly %[ rem>kable physical & m5tal resemblances or ! rev]se4 ,"h1 too1 x 0 f\nd by ,sir ,francis ,galton t ! f+]-pr9ts exhibit$ a /rong t5d5cy to simil>ity1 al?\gh 9 no case 7 ! resemblances s close t ! pr9ts ( "o tw9 c\ld be mi/ak5 = ^? ( ! o!r4 ,= in/ance1 ! resemblance may lie 9 ! patt]n be+ made up ( loops or :orls 9 bo?1 b ! small] details1 su* z ! numb] ( ! ridges or _! m9ute peculi>ities 7e4g41 divid+ & !n reunit+ to =m a small isl&71 w n be %>$4 ,! results ( o!r obs]vations t5d$ to %[ t ! influ5ce ( ! "m ^u ! type ( f+]-pr9t is m pron\nc$ ?an t ( ! fa!r4 ,! exi/5ce ( racial peculi>ities 9 f+]-pr9ts1 :i* ,dr4 ,faulds believ$ t he _h discov]$ 9 ! case ( ! ,japanese1 has n be5 borne out by ! exp]i5ce ( o!rs4 ,! obs]vations ( ,sir ,francis ,galton ^u numb]s ( pr9ts repres5tative ( pure ,engli%1 pure ,wel%1 ,hebrew & ,negro prov$ unque/ionably t !re 0 no patt]n peculi> to any ( ^! races4 ,! only sugge/ion ( any diff]5ce 0 t ! wid? ( ! ridges appe>$ to be m uni=m & _! direction m p>allel 9 ! f+]-pr9ts ( negroes ?an 9 ^? ( ! o!r races4 ,! same conclusions 7 drawn f ! obs]vations ^u ! f+]-pr9ts ( diff]5t classes ( individuals1 ^? ( art /ud5ts be+ comp>$ ) ^? ( sci5ce /ud5ts1 ( field lab\r]s1 & ( idiots4 ,9 ea* in/ance x 0 possible to mat* ! type ( patt]ns 9 "o class ) ^? 9 any ( ! o!rs4 ,! patt]ns ( ! f+]-impression ( a /atesman1 = in/ance1 c\ld be mat*$ by ^? ( an idiot4 ,! fir/ attempt to classify ! v>i\s patt]ns =m$ by ! ridges 0 t ( ,purk5je1 a doctor ( m$ic9e :o1 9 #ahbc1 deliv]$ a !sis ^u ! subject at ! ,univ]sity ( ,breslau4 ,he conclud$ t all ! v>ieties ( curves might be gr\p$ "u n9e ma9 heads or /&>d types1 :i* he describ$ z foll[s3-- 7#a7 ,transv]se curves4 7#b7 ,c5tral longitud9al /ria4 7#c7 ,oblique /ria4 7#d7 ,oblique s9us4 7#e7 ,almond4 7#f7 ,spiral4 7#g7 ,ellipse or elliptical :orl4 7#h7 ,circle or circul> :orl2 & 7#i7 ,d\ble :orl4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 ^! diff]5t types are be/ %[n by diagrams1 & ! accompany+ figure1 reproduc$ by p]mission ( ,sir ,francis ,galton1 repres5ts ! cores ( ! n9e /&>d patt]ns4 ,?is classification1 re/+ z x does ^u m]ely sup]ficial appe>ances1 does n af=d a c]ta9 means ( sep>at+ ! types1 s9ce factors1 su* z ! dep? ( pr9t+1 ! size ( ! patt]ns1 & ! prom95ce ( second>y details may h an undue influ5ce 9 ! plac+ ( a p>ticul> pr9t 9 "o or ! o!r gr\p4 ,aft] num]\s futile attempts to make use ( ,purk5je's sy/em1 ,sir ,francis ,galton disc>d$ x 9 fav\r ( a sy/em 9 :i* ! triangul> space or spaces f\nd 9 ! majority ( f+] impressions 0 made ! basis ( classification4 ,/>t+ ^u ! two div]g5t ridges f ^! spaces an outl9e 0 !n drawn z f> z x c\ld be trac$1 ! c\rse ( ea* ridge be+ foll[$ ) m9ute fidelity4 ,9 ?is way a s]ies ( %>ply-def9$ outl9e figures 7 obta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,/&>d ,,patt]ns ,,( ,,purk5je ,illu/ration3 ,,cores ,,( ,,! ,,above ,,patt]ns #a4 ,transv]se flexures #b4 ,c5tral longitud9al /ria #c4 ,oblique /ria #d4 ,oblique s9us #e4 ,almond #f4 ,spiral #g4 ,ellipse #h4 ,circle #i4 ,d\ble ,:orl ,by k9d p]mission ( ,messrs4 ,macmillan ,co41 ,ltd4 ,! v>i\s patt]ns may1 z a rule1 be classifi$ into ! ?ree ma9 gr\ps ( ar*es1 loops & :orls1 :ile "s ( ! transitional =ms may be gr\p$ "u m ?an "o ( ^! heads4 ,o!r patt]ns1 aga91 :i* are ( r>e occurr5ce1 are n suitable = inclusion 9 any ( ! ?ree gr\ps4 ,a sy/em ( index+ bas$ ^u ?is me?od ( classification 0 also devis$ 9 :i* lett]s repres5t$ ! v>ieties ( patt]ns4 ,?us a1 a1 a indicate t ! outl9e ^u ! =e1 middle & r+ f+]s consi/s ( ar*es1 :ile a1 w1 l indicate an ar* ^u ! =ef+]1 a :orl ^u ! middle f+]1 & a loop ^u ! r+ f+]4 ,! lett]s i & o are also us$1 ! =m] indicat+ a loop ) an inw>d slope & ! latt] "o ) an out] slope ^u ! =ef+]4 ,! possible v>iations 9 su* a classification ( ! impressions ( ! ?ree f+]s ( ! "r h& _c exce$ ?irty-six1 & a ?\s& pr9ts may !re=e be index$ into "o ( ^! ?irty-six gr\ps4 ,subdivisions ( ^! ma9 gr\ps may !n be bas$ ^u ! *>act]i/ics ( ! pr9ts ( ! f+]s ( ! o!r h& & ( ! ?umbs1 :ile diff]5ces 9 ! cores ( ! patt]ns af=d a means ( =m+ small] divisions ( ! loop patt]ns4 ,f obs]vations ( ! #e1jjj pr9ts ( #ejj individuals ,sir ,francis ,galton f\nd t ar*es 7 pres5t 9 #fe p] c5t42 loops 9 #fge p] c5t42 & :orls 9 #bfj p] c5t4 ,ea* digit & h&1 h[ev]1 _h its own peculi>ities1 & ! v>iations 9 ! p]c5tage ( ar*es ^u diff]5t digits rang$ f #a to #ag2 t ( ! loops f #ec to #ij2 & t ( ! :orls f #ac to #de4 ,loops occurr$ ) mo/ frequ5cy ^u ! little f+] & !n ^u ! middle f+]1 :ile :orls 7 r>ely met ) ^u ^! f+]s1 b 7 ( common occurr5ce ^u ! ?umb & r+ f+]4 ,! classification employ$ by ! ,engli% police 0 devis$ by ,sir ,edw>d ,h5ry & is a modification ( t ( ,sir ,francis ,galton1 f :i* x diff]s 9 mak+ use ( f\r types in/ead ( ?ree4 ,! impressions are gr\p$ into ar*es1 loops1 :orls1 & composites4 ,! la/ gr\p includes patt]ns made up ( comb9ations ( ! o!r ?ree1 or ^? :i* might be classifi$ ei!r z loops or :orls4 ,!re are also num]\s subdivisions ( ! gr\p into patt]ns ) *>act]i/ics 9 common su* z c5tral pockets & accid5tals1 & fur!r diff]5tiation is effect$ by c\nt+ ! numb] ( ridges betwe5 two fix$ po9ts 9 ! patt]ns4 ,examples ( ^! f\r gr\ps are %[n 9 ! plate fac+ p4 #ff4 ,dr4 ,faulds1 :o1 :ile at a hospital 9 ,japan1 made an exhau/ive /udy ( ! f+] impressions ( ! ,japanese1 appe>s to h be5 ! fir/ to sugge/ ! possibility ( trac+ a crim9al by ! impr9ts ( 8 f+]s ^u ext]nal objects4 ,he m5tions two in/ances :]e ! me?od _h af=d$ valuable evid5ce1 & ^! are wor? record+ z e>ly examples ( ! use ( ! sy/em 9 detective "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,types ,,( ,,f+] ,,pr9ts ,9 "o case "s rectifi$ _s _h be5 drunk1 & ! greasy m>ks ( ! f+]s ^u ! bottle pla9ly %[$ :o 0 ! culprit1 = _! patt]n 0 id5tical ) t ( an impr9t 9 ,dr4 ,fauld's collection4 ,on ano!r occasion someone _h be5 suspect$ ( break+ into a h\se1 b ! sooty impr9ts ( f+]s left ^u ! wall prov$ beyond all d\bt t ?is 0 n ! p]son4 ,! f+]-pr9t sy/em ( id5tification 0 adopt$ by ! police 9 ?is c\ntry 9 ,july1 #aija1 & ! numb]s ( id5tifications made s9ce !n by ! police at ,scotl& ,y>d are v rem>kable4 ,up to ! end ( #aija !re 7 #ic id5tifications1 :i* rose 9 ! succe$+ ye>s to ! foll[+ numb]s3 ,9 #aijb1 #a1gbb2 9 #aijc1 #c1fdb2 9 #aijd1 #e1aee2 9 #aije1 #f1ahf2 9 #aijf1 #f1ggf2 9 #aijg1 #g1gja2 9 #aijh1 #i1ddj2 & 9 #aiji1 #i1ifj4 ,!re h be5 "s v /rik+ in/ances ( ! detection ( crim9als by means ( _! f+]-pr9ts1 a few ( :i* may be quot$ by way ( illu/ration4 ,on ,m>* #bj1 #aijh1 a man nam$ ,*adwick 0 tri$ at ! ,birm+ham ,assizes on ! *>ge ( h\sebreak+ & /eal+ at ,edgba/on4 ,he _h left f+]-pr9ts ^u a *ampagne bottle1 & :5 ^! 7 made cle> by ! application ( p[d]$ blacklead !y 7 f\nd to correspond exactly ) ! f+]-pr9ts ( ! prison]4 ,inspector ,coll9s1 9 giv+ evid5ce on ?is po9t1 /at$ t !re 7 a million & a qu>t] classifi$ f+]-pr9ts at ,scotl& ,y>d1 & t ^! c\ld all be di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r4 ,he po9t$ out t !re 7 twelve ridges :i* 7 *>act]i/ic & id5tical 9 ! two pr9ts4 ,simil> id5tifications 9 cases ( burgl>y h be5 made by means ( ! impressions left on a wax c&le1 on w9d[s1 on pap]1 su* z a *eque1 or on ! metallic surface ( a ca%-box1 etc4 ,on ,m>* #aa? ( la/ ye>1 a lab\r] nam$ ,george ,lane 0 put on trial at ,birm+ham on ! *>ge ( break+ into ! h\se ( a bootmak] & /eal+ sev]al articles4 ,he _h left a ?umb-nail m>k ^u a glove-box1 & evid5ce 0 giv5 z to ! id5tity ( ?is ) 8 own ?umb-pr9t4 ,= ! def5ce x 0 urg$ t he 0 9 ,nott+ham at ! "t1 & t he c\ld call z a witness a tall d>k man work+ 9 a b>4 ,! judge (f]$ to po/pone ! trial = ! att5dance ( ?is witness1 b w>n$ ! prison] t if 8 /atem5t 7 f\nd to be untrue he w\ld be prosecut$ = p]jury 9 addition to ! pres5t *>ge4 ,! prison] !reupon said he pref]r$ ! trial n to be delay$4 ,he 0 f\nd guilty1 & aft] evid5ce ( previ\s convictions _h be5 giv5 he 0 s5t5c$ to ?ree ye>s' p5al s]vitude4 ,9 ,april ( la/ ye> an equally conv9c+ pro( 0 (f]$ ( ! value ( ! f+]-pr9t sy/em1 :5 x prov$ ! id5tity ( a dead man4 ,! scatt]$ rema9s ( ?is man 7 f\nd ^u ! railway l9e ne> ,sl\gh1 & !re 0 no clue :atev] z to 8 id5tity4 ,^u ! (f-*ance ( ! victim's f+]-pr9ts be+ kn[n at ,scotl& ,y>d impressions f 8 f+]s 7 tak5 by ! local sup]9t5d5t ( ! police & =w>d$ to headqu>t]s1 :]e on ref]5ce to ! index ( f+]-pr9ts !y 7 imm$iately recognis$4 ,!y 7 ^? ( a man tw5ty-f\r ye>s ( age1 :o _h be5 liv+ at ,deal4 ,?is 0 notewor?y z be+ ! fir/ occasion ^u :i* ! me?od has be5 us$ to discov] ! id5tity ( anyone aft] dea?4 ,a /rik+ pro( ( ! value ( f+]-pr9ts 9 ! id5tification ( an individual by ! ,fr5* police 0 af=d$ la/ ye> 9 ,p>is4 ,a man nam$ ,lem>que1 "o ( a notori\s gang ( ?ieves1 kn[n z ,*affeurs de la ,drome1 _h escap$ :5 ?ree ( 8 companions _h be5 captur$4 ,!y 7 tri$ at ! ,assize ,c\rt ( ! ,drome ,dep>tm5t 9 ,july1 #aiji1 on ! *>ges ( murd] & robb]y & 7 condemn$ to dea?1 :ile ,lem>que 0 s5t5c$ by default4 ,all attempts to discov] ! miss+ man prov$ fruitless1 until 9 ,m>*1 #aiaj1 a man 0 arre/$ = !ft at ,nmes4 ,he gave ! "n ( ,*>les ,g>ni]1 b ! police suspect+ t ! description he gave ( himself 0 false1 took impressions ( 8 f+]-pr9ts1 & =w>d$ ^!1 toge!r ) ! man's description & photograph1 to ! ,an?ropometrical ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,prefecture ( ,police 9 ,p>is4 ,! f+]-pr9ts 7 imm$iately recognis$ by ,m4 ,b]tillon1 & ,*>les ,g>ni] 0 id5tifi$ z ,lem>que1 ! man :o _h s long be5 want$4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,id5tification ,,& ,,h&writ+ ,h]$ity--,emotional ,influ5ces--,effects ( ,disease on ,h&writ+4 ,! id5tification ( an individual solely by means ( 8 h&writ+ is always liable to lead to a misc>riage ( ju/ice1 = ev5 9 ! cases ( ! close/ resemblance betwe5 two writ+s !re c be no c]ta9ty on ?is po9t4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages ,i h attempt$ to po9t out "u :at v>y+ conditions h&writ+ may %[ alt]ations & ?us lead to wrong conclusions4 ,9 ! mak+ ( h&writ+ h]$ity plays a v important "p1 j z x does 9 ! *>act]i/ic gait & ! little mann]isms :i* are peculi> to ea* individual4 ,9 addition to ?is1 ! writ+ may be modifi$ by ! results ( tra9+ & o!r ext]nal influ5ces4 ,x is obvi\sly n possible to det]m9e f :i* ance/ors all ! features 9 "o's h&writ+ are inh]it$1 j z x is impossible to trace ! orig9 ( c]ta9 obvi\sly inh]it$ traits ( "*4 ,at ! same "t1 in/ances 9 :i* close resemblances may be notic$ betwe5 ! h&writ+ ( a man & t ( 8 fa!r & gr&fa!r w occur to ev]yone4 ,?us a p>ticul> slope 9 ! direction ( ! writ+ or a mode ( loop+ ! lett]s or ( =m+ c]ta9 words may be pass$ on f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h]$ity ,,9 ,,h&writ+ ,a rem>kable fact 9 ?is connection is t !re is frequ5tly a t5d5cy = a son to inh]it c]ta9 *>act]i/ics 9 ! fa!r's writ+ & = ! daught]s' writ+ to resemble m closely t ( _! "m ?an t ( _! fa!r4 ,! examples %[n 9 ! figure illu/rate ?is t5d5cy4 ,! words 7 all writt5 by memb]s ( "o family1 ! fir/ two l9es be+ ^? ( ! fa!r & ! "m4 ,! ?ird1 fif?1 eigh? & n9? l9es 7 writt5 by _! daught]s1 & ! f\r?1 six? & sev5? l9es by _! sons4 ,x w be notic$ among o!r po9ts ( resemblance t ! bold *>act]i/ic loop+ ( ! lett] ,l 9 ! "m's h&writ+ is reproduc$ m or less closely 9 ! writ+ ( all ! daught]s1 :ile ! sons =m ! same lett] ) a small loop1 z 9 ! ^w writt5 by _! fa!r4 ,! angles at :i* ! diff]5t words are writt5 also %[ ! effect ( ?is p>allel h]$ity1 z x might be t]m$4 ,:ile possess+ su* po9ts ( resemblance obvi\sly inh]it$ f ! p>5ts' h&writ+1 ! writ+ ( ea* ( ! *ildr5 also %[s *>act]i/ics ( its own t di/+ui% x f ! writ+s ( ! o!rs--*>act]i/ics p>tly inh]it$ f o!r ance/ors & p>tly ! result ( environm5t4 ,s close1 h[ev]1 is ! resemblance betwe5 ! h&writ+ ( ! fa!r & ( ! elde/ son t on m ?an "o occasion "o has be5 mi/ak5 = ! o!r by o!r memb]s ( ! family4 ,! normal h&writ+ ( e individual is affect$ by v _m ext]nal influ5ces1 ! t]m normal be+ us$ "h to describe writ+ t is done :5 ! ?\ghts ( ! writ] are be+ conc5trat$ ^u :at is be+ writt5 & )\t a m5tal side-glance at ! =m ( ! writ+ itself4 ,9 ! latt] case v>i\s psy*ological influ5ces cause ! writ+ to v>y m or less4 ,= in/ance1 ! h&writ+ ( an arti/ may %[ m>k$ v>iations at diff]5t p]iods1 especially 9 ! =m ( ! capital lett]s2 = ! arti/ usually keeps be=e 8 eye ! decorative effect ( 8 lett]s & words1 & is con/antly mak+ exp]im5tal *anges 9 8 writ+4 ,9 l mann]1 h&writ+ is (t5 influ5c$ to a consid]able ext5t by sub-consci\s memories ( ! writ+ ( o!r p1 especially ( ^? :om ! writ] tries to imitate 9 o!r respects4 ,9 "s individuals ?is un9t5tional imitation ( o!r h&writ+ is s pron\nc$ t !y are unable to answ] any lett] )\t its *>act]s hav+ "s effect ^u _! own writ+4 ,consci\s imitation is a /ill m frequ5t influ5ce ^u ! =m ( writ+ & "s ( its effects may become fix$ *>act]i/ics4 ,in/ances ( ?is are to be se5 9 ! good writ+ ( ! old-fa%ion$ writ+-ma/]1 ^: ideal 0 ! copp]-plate engrav+ ( ! visit+ c>d ) its ?ick d[n-/roke & ?9 up-/roke & absolute regul>ity ( lett]2 9 ! po9t$ ,italian writ+1 taught g5]ally 9 mid-,victorian ladies' s*ools2 9 ! ,civil ,s]vice h& set z a /&>d = secur+ m>ks 9 exam9ation2 & 9 mod]n comm]cial h&writ+ n[ rapidly giv+ place to ! typewrit]4 ,an in/ance :i* illu/rates ! mann] 9 :i* a writ+-s*ool w turn out hundr$s ( pupils all writ+ 9 ! same mann] is %[n 9 ! accompany+ figure1 = :i* ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,k9sley1 ( ,new ,york4 ,! memb]s ( a class 9 ! ,packh>d ,bus9ess ,s*ool at ,new ,york1 numb]+ ab\t =ty "y m5 & girls rang+ f sixte5 to tw5ty ye>s ( age1 7 all told to write ! same words3 ,?is is a specim5 ( my writ+1 )\t any directions be+ giv5 !m & )\t kn[+ = :at purpose x 0 want$4 ,! results obta9$1 "s ( :i* are "h %[n1 7 publi%$ 9 a pap] 9 ,new ,york4 ,! /rik+ resemblance among !m all is obvi\s at ! fir/ glance1 & :5 ^! specim5s fir/ appe>$ a lawy] wrote to ! editor compla9+ t an attempt _h be5 made to pass (f ! h&writ+ ( "o p]son z hav+ be5 done by sev]al4 ,illu/ration3 ,influ5ce ( tra9+ on h&writ+ ,ea* ( ^! l9es 0 writt5 by a diff]5t p]son ,! writ+ ( ! writ+ s*ool is no m ! real writ+ ( ! individual ?an labori\s pr9t+ 9 capitals w\ld be4 ,ev5 :5 :at mu/ be reg>d$ z ! vici\s /yle ( ! writ+ s*ool has be5 s ?or\ghly acquir$ t ! writ] ceases to be consci\s t he is copy+ a model1 ! writ+ n infrequ5tly rev]ts to a normal /ate & w !n t5d to %[ indications ( inh]it$ traits4 ,"u ord9>y conditions1 :]e !re has be5 no prolong$ att5tion giv5 to ! =m ( ! writ+1 z 9 consci\s imitation or exp]im5tal alt]ation1 & b little unconsci\s imitation1 c]ta9 di/9ctive features may p]si/ = a v long p]iod4 ,?us ! angle at :i* ! writ+ slopes may rema9 practically ! same = ye>s1 or ! =m ( a p>ticul> slope b5ea? a signature w repeat itself almo/ exactly "t aft] "t1 & ev5 ! abs5ce ( a fl\ri% may become a significant *>act]i/ic4 ,emotional influ5ces (t5 h an effect ^u h&writ+1 ?\gh ! alt]ations ?us produc$ are frequ5tly only slight & tempor>y4 ,?us a man weigh$ d[n by ov]:elm+ grief w (t5 write 9 small] *>act]s ?an usual1 :ile viol5t ang] w f9d its expression 9 m vigor\s cross /rokes to ! t's1 heavi] dott+ ( ! i's1 & ! ?ickness ( a fl\ri% to a signature4 ,on ! o!r h&1 slight *anges caus$ by long-cont9u$ depression may leave p]man5t traces ^u ! h&writ+4 ,a deeply int]e/+ hi/orical in/ance ( ?is t5d5cy ( h&writ+ to v>y ) ! mood ( ! writ] is to be se5 9 ! signatures ( ,napoleon at v>i\s p]iods ( 8 c>e]4 ,sev]al ( ^! writt5 on occasions call+ =? widely diff]+ emotions are "h reproduc$1 & x is n difficult to disc]n 9 "s ( !m ! effect ( emotional influ5ce4 ,v /rik+1 = in/ance1 is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ord]ly signature writt5 aft] ! victory at ,au/]litz & ! blott$ scrawl da%$ (f aft] ! defeat at ,leipzig4 ,nor w x escape notice t ne>ly all ! signatures writt5 at mom5ts ( depression or failure h a d[nw>d slant1 :]eas t ( ! victor ( ,au/]litz runs upw>ds4 ,a great contra/1 too1 is %[n betwe5 ! g5]al features ( ! fir/ ?ree signatures p5n$ 9 mom5ts ( triumph or success1 ) t writt5 on ! retreat f ,russia & ! /ill less ass]tive signature ( ! prison] ( ,/4 ,hel5a4 ,in/ances ( ! effects ( pass+ emotions ^u writ+ might be multipli$ indef9itely1 b :at has be5 said above is suffici5t to %[ t ?is factor is ( importance 9 draw+ any conclusions z to ! id5tity ( an individual f 8 h&writ+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,signatures ,,( ,,napoleon ,,at ,,diff]5t ,,p]iods ,,( ,,8 ,,c>e] #ahjd4 ,aft] be+ cr[n$ ,emp]or4 #ahje1 ,dec4 #b4 ,signature on proclamation aft] ! victory at ,au/]litz4 #ahjf4 ,aft] ! campaign ( #ahjf4 #ahab1 ,sept4 #ba4 ,aft] entrance into burn+ ,mosc[4 #ahab1 ,oct4 ,on ! retreat f ,russia4 #ahac1 ,oct4 #bc4 ,signature to a docum5t sign$ at ,erfurt4 ,aft] ! defeat at ,leipzig4 #ahad1 ,april #d4 ,fonta9ebleau1 prior to abdication4 ,at ,/4 ,hel5a4 ,if pass+ emotions c h s great an influ5ce ^u h&writ+1 h[ mu* great] mu/ be ! effect :5 ! c5tre or c5tres 9 ! bra9 t control ! writ+ me*anism are affect$ or de/roy$ by disease6 ,among ! di/urbances ( h&writ+ due to defective control ( ! muscles we may include ! s-call$ tremor-writ+1 :i* is common 9 old age1 & ! writ+ ( p suff]+ f writ]s' cramp1 an example ( :i* is %[n 9 ! figure4 ,illu/ration3 ,writ]s' ,cramp ,o!r =ms ( defective writ+ may be ! result ( a p>alytic /roke affect+ ! writ+ c5tre ( ! bra91 :i* causes ! pati5t ei!r to =m only p>ts ( lett]s or endlessly to repeat ! same lett] "u ! impression t s5t5ces are be+ =m$1 :ile 9 extreme cases !re may be m]ely a succession ( mean+less /rokes 9 place ( writt5 *>act]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,specim5 ( ,agraphia ,! writ+ ( insane p almo/ inv>iably %[s ! effect ( m5tal di/urbance4 ,9 "s cases ! =m ( ! lett]s is *ang$1 b !y are /ill us$ 9 _! "r places4 ,an illu/ration ( ?is is giv5 9 ! accompany+ figure1 :i* repres5ts ! signatures ( ! poet ,l5au be=e & dur+ 8 insanity4 ,illu/ration3 ,writ+ ( ,l5au1 ! poet1 be=e & dur+ insanity ,9 o!r in/ances !re is bo? alt]ation 9 ! =m ( ! writ+ & p>agraphia1 or ! use ( ! wrong lett]s4 ,?us ,hld]l91 ! ,g]man poet1 :o became h>mlessly insane 9 #ahjf at ! age ( ?irty-six1 ev] aft]w>ds misspell$ 8 "n 9 ! mann] "h %[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,signature ( ,hld]l9 be=e & dur+ insanity ,a v int]e/+ d]angem5t ( writ+1 :i* is probably due to ! writ+ c5tre 9 "o hemisph]e ( ! bra9 becom+ adapt$ to d ! "w ( t 9 ! o!r1 is t commonly kn[n z mirror writ+4 ,an example ( ?is :i* came "u ! writ]'s obs]vation is %[n bel[4 ,?is %[s ! ord9>y h&writ+ ( a work+ woman ( ab\t sixty-six1 :o = ! la/ ?ree ye>s has be5 p>alys$ 9 ! "r arm1 & s9ce !n has produc$ mirror writ+ ) h] left h&4 ,illu/ration3 ,mirror writ+ 9 p>alysis ,! mo/ rem>kable in/ance ( mirror writ+ on record is to be se5 9 ! la/ manuscript ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 kn[n z ! ,codex ,atlanticus1 9 ! libr>y at ,milan4 ,v>i\s speculations h be5 made z to :y backw>d writ+ %\ld h be5 employ$ "h1 b ! obvi\s explanation may be d$uc$ f ! lett] ( a monk1 ,antonio de ,beatis1 :o1 aft] visit+ ,leon>do 9 8 retirem5t at ,amboise1 wrote t ! arti/ w\ld nev] pa9t aga91 z 8 "r arm 0 p>alys$4 ,! manuscript 0 9 all probability1 !re=e1 writt5 ) ! left h&1 &1 z frequ5tly happ5s 9 su* cases ( p>alysis1 ! o!r hypo!tical writ+ c5tre 0 br\ght into action & mirror writ+ 0 produc$4 ,( all ! tempor>y influ5ces t5d+ to modify h&writ+ none is m rem>kable1 or af=ds a bett] pro( ( ! way 9 :i* writt5 *>act]s v>y ) ! condition ( ! m9d ?an ! effect ( hypnotic sugge/ion4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,pr(essors ,lombroso & ,ri*et h prov$ t a sugge/$ *ange ( p]sonality is accompani$ by an appropriate /yle 9 ! h&writ+ ( ! subject4 ,?us1 a "y hy/]ical girl :5 hypnotis$ "u ! sugge/ion t %e 0 a *ild wrote 9 *ildi% *>act]s4 ,/ill m /rik+ 7 _! exp]im5ts ^u a "y ,au/rian /ud5t1 ,*i>loni ,clem5t9o1 :o )9 little m ?an an h\r 0 made to assume successively ! *>act]s ( a *ild1 ( ,napoleon1 ( ,g>ibaldi1 ( a cl]k1 & ( an old man ( n9ety4 ,he 0 made to write "s words on ea* ( 8 assum$ *>act]s1 & ! writ+s n only diff]$ to a m>k$ ext5t f 8 normal h&writ+1 b also _h *>act]i/ics sugge/ive ( ! type ( individual he 0 tempor>ily p]sonat+4 ,illu/ration ,! results ( "s ( ^! exp]im5ts1 :i* ! pres5t writ] _h ! p]mission ( ! late ,pr(essor ,lombroso to reproduce1 are %[n 9 ! accompany+ figures4 ,! normal writ+ ( ! /ud5t is repres5t$ bel[1 :ile ,fig4 ,a 7p4 #hb7 %[s words writt5 "u ! sugge/ion t he 0 ,napoleon1 ,fig4 ,b1 8 writ+ z ! old man ( n9ety1 & ,fig4 ,c t done z ,g>ibaldi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hypnotic ,,h&writ+ ,a4 ,z ,napoleon ,b4 ,z an old man ,c4 ,z ,g>ibaldi4 ,! h&writ+s ( ! sugge/$ ,napoleon & ,g>ibaldi 7 q diff]5t f ! writ+ ( ! real individuals1 al?\gh x is int]e/+ to note t !re is "s attempt to =m ! lett]s ( ,g>ibaldi's signature 9 ! same mann] z 9 ! g5u9e signature "h %[n4 ,illu/ration ,9 a private lett] to ! pres5t writ] ,lombroso m5tion$ t x 0 q possible = ! hypnotis$ /ud5t to h be5 famili> ) ! signature ( ,g>ibaldi4 ,or1 aga91 ! hypnotis]s may h _h _! ?\ghts ^u ! =m ( ! g5u9e signature :ile ! /ud5t 0 writ+ ! sugge/$ v]sion ( x4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ by ,dr4 ,prey] t c]ta9 individuals1 :5 "u hypnotic influ5ce1 write 9 a bett] h&writ+ ?an :5 !y are 9 _! normal condition1 :]eas 9 ! case ( o!r subjects ! lett]s are *ildi% & badly =m$4 ,x is ev5 possible to make !m omit by sugge/ion p>ticul> lett]s f ea* ^w !y write1 ,europe1 = in/ance1 becom+ ,urop1 & s on1 :ile by fur!r sugge/ion !y may be induc$ to make use aga9 ( ! miss+ lett]s4 ,! fact t h&writ+ may be completely alt]$ "u ! influ5ce ( hypnotism is n only ( great sci5tific int]e/1 b may also h an important be>+ on ! results ( legal cases 9 :i* h&writ+ is conc]n$4 ,x 0 po9t$ out "s ye>s ago by ,dr4 ,bian*i t hy/]ical wom5 are p>ticul>ly prone to write anonym\s lett]s1 & x is well kn[n t su* wom5 are readily responsive to hypnotic sugge/ion4 ,facts su* z ^! sugge/ h[ necess>y x may (t5 be to take into acc\nt ! possibility ( hypnotic influ5ce be=e decid+ ^u ! au?or%ip ( a giv5 piece ( writ+4 ,! ext5t to :i* a man %\ld be held responsible = :at has be5 writt5 z ! result ( hypnotic sugge/ion f ano!r p]son w obvi\sly dep5d ^u :e!r he 0 ! dupe or ! will+ in/rum5t ( ! hypnotis]4 ,9 any case x may n be easy to prove t ! writ+ is 81 = x w probably be v diff]5t f 8 ord9>y h&writ+4 ,hi!rto no case ( crim9al libel involv+ su* delicate que/ions z ^! appe>s to h come be=e ! c\rts1 b x is "o t might conceivably occur at any "t1 & a jury w\ld !n h to decide ^u ! responsibility ( ! writ]4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,evid5ce ,,z ,,to ,,h&writ+ ,illu/rative ,cases--,h&writ+ ,exp]ts ,at "o "t ! only evid5ce t 0 all[$ to be giv5 z to h&writ+ 0 t ( ! writ] himself1 or ( someone :o _h se5 ! writ+ done1 or 0 well acqua9t$ ) ! h&writ+ 9 "q4 ,examples ( evid5ce ( ?is k9d are num]\s & occur 9 _m ( ! cases m5tion$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ?is book1 su* z ! trial ( ,sp5c] ,c[p] 9 #afii1 or ( t ( ! ,p]reaus 9 #agge4 ,9 ! trial ( ,sp5c] ,c[p] 7#afii7 an important "p ( ! def5ce 0 t ! girl _h dr[n$ h]self 9 a fit ( depression1 & lett]s writt5 by h] 7 put =w>d to prove ?is view4 ,a g5tleman nam$ ,m>%all produc$ lett]s t he _h receiv$ f h]1 & a man nam$ ,beale gave evid5ce t he believ$ x to be 9 h] h&writ+1 hav+ se5 h] write & hold+ a receipt ( h]s4 ,! jury decl>$ !y 7 satisfi$ ) ! evid5ce1 b ! judge 7,b>on ,hatsell7 rem>k$ t !y might ask ! "m to say :e!r x 0 h] daught]'s h&writ+4 ,s>ah ,/\t's bro!r 0 also que/ion$4 ,mrs4 ,/\t4--,h[ %\ld ,i "k6 ,i "k %e 0 no su* p]son2 h] h& may be c\nt]feit$4 ,! ,judge4--,b if x 7 writt5 9 h] m sob] /yle1 :at w\ld y say !n8 ,mrs4 ,/\t4--,i %an't say x to be h] h& unless ,i saw h] write x4 ,mr4 ,/\t4--,x is l my si/]'s h&4 ,! ,judge4--,d y believe x to be h] h&8 ,mr4 ,/\t4--,no1 ,i don't believe x2 because x don't suit h] "*4 ,! judge 9 8 summ+ up rem>k$ t if ! jury believ$ t ! lett]s 7 9 ! h&writ+ ( ,s>ah ,/\t !re 0 evid5ce to %[ t al?\gh %e 0 a virtu\s woman a di/emp] might h turn$ h] bra9s1 & discompos$ h] m9d4 ,! hi/ory ( ! admission ( exp]t evid5ce on h&writ+ 9 ?is c\ntry is a curi\s "o1 & %[s t op9ion has long be5 divid$ z to its value4 ,9 a trial t took place 9 #ahcf a bank inspector 0 put 9 ! box to give an op9ion z to ! g5u95ess ( a signature & ! judge refus$ to admit ?is z evid5ce4 ,! po9t 0 c>ri$ to ! ,c\rt ( ,appeal1 b 0 /ill left unsettl$1 an equal numb] ( judges be+ = & aga9/ ! admissibility ( su* evid5ce4 ,mr4 ,ju/ice ,wills1 9 8 /&>d "w on ,circum/antial ,evid5ce1 relates t ,"l ,d5man pron\nc$ t evid5ce z to h&writ+ might be reg>d$ z an expung$ *apt] 9 ! book ( evid5ce4 ,9 spite ( ?is dictum1 h[ev]1 ! evid5ce ( ! h&writ+ exp]t 0 made legal 9 ,civil ,cases 9 #ahed1 & elev5 ye>s lat] x 0 also legalis$ 9 ,crim9al law4 ,long be=e a witness 0 p]mitt$ 9 ?is c\ntry to give 8 op9ion ^u writ+ :i* he _h n actually se5 writt51 or ) ! au?or ( :i* he 0 unacqua9t$1 exp]t evid5ce ( ?is k9d 0 admitt$ 9 ! laws ( diff]5t c\ntries 9 ,europe & 9 _m ( ! ,am]ican ,/ates4 ,,h&writ+ ,,exp]ts4 ,a good deal has be5 he>d ( late ( ! %ortcom+s ( ! h&writ+ exp]t1 & ow+ to a mi/ak5 idea z to ! nature ( 8 evid5ce1 ! view has be5 /rongly express$ t su* evid5ce %\ld no long] be admissible4 ,! pres5t feel+ aga9/ evid5ce on h&writ+ is p>tly due to an exagg]at$ importance hav+ frequ5tly be5 atta*$ to ! conclusions ( ! exp]t1 s t z soon z x c\ld be %[n t he _h made a mi/ake1 no fur!r tru/ 0 to be plac$ 9 8 op9ion2 & p>tly to ! dogmatic attitude ( c]ta9 exp]ts 9 ! pa/4 ,z ,"l ,brampton po9t$ out 9 8 ,rem9isc5ces1 ! judges 9 mid-,victorian days 7 afraid to tru/ _! own judgm5t 9 matt]s ( h&writ+1 & p[]s almo/ occult 7 ascrib$ to ! exp]t1 :o1 aft] all1 only uses ord9>y sci5tific me?ods4 ,! true function ( ! h&writ+ exp]t is to act z a sign-po/ to ! jury4 ,8 obs]vation has be5 tra9$ to notice m9ute po9ts ( resemblance & diff]5ce1 & he is ?us 9 a position to po9t out 9 :at respect & to :at ext5t two h&writ+s resemble "o ano!r or diff]1 & x is !n = ! jury to draw _! own conclusions f ! facts laid be=e !m4 ,x is n[ no uncommon occurr5ce = a judge 9 summ+ up a case to ! jury to emphasise ! po9t t ! evid5ce ( ! exp]t is only a matt] ( op9ion1 & t ! real decision re/s ) !m4 ,9 ?is way x is possible = ! judge to correct ! too decid$ /atem5t ( op9ion :i* ! exp]t is sometimes1 "u /ress ( cross-exam9ation1 =c$ to give4 ,ne!rclift1 :o 0 ! *ief exp]t 9 ! days :5 ,"l ,brampton 0 at ! b>1 _h su* fai? 9 8 me?ods t f9ally he came to believe t he c\ld nev] make a mi/ake4 ,?is belief receiv$ an amus+ *eck 9 a case 9 :i* he 0 "u cross-exam9ation by ,"l ,brampton 7!n ,mr4 ,hawk9s74 ,ne!rclift _h claim$ t 8 sy/em gave infallible results1 & _h fur!r /at$ t 8 son1 :om he _h tra9$1 made use ( ! same sy/em4 ,!n1 said ! wily advocate1 y\r son work+ on y\r sy/em is z good z y are8 ,yes1 repli$ ! fa!r ) "s pride 9 8 voice1 he is4 ,t is to say1 he1 too1 is infallible8 ,yes1 aga9 repli$ ! witness4 ,well1 n[1 ,mr4 ,ne!rclift1 0 !re ev] a case 9 :i* y & y\r son appe>$ on opposite sides8 ,ne!rclift tri$ to evade ! "q1 :i*1 he compla9$1 0 an unfair "o1 b on be+ press$ 0 =c$ to admit t on a c]ta9 occasion he _h giv5 evid5ce on "o side & 8 son ^u ! o!r4 ,swift came ! unansw]able retort1 ,h[ comes x !n t two infallibles appe>$ on opposite sides8 ,ne!rclift's dogmatic mann] r5d]$ him peculi>ly liable to fall into traps l ?is1 & _m 7 ! occasions on :i* he 0 f\nd tripp+4 ,read]s ( ,"l ,brampton's book w recall ano!r amus+ in/ance 9 :i* ! exp]t 0 put 9 a hole by 8 oppon5t1 :o tells ! /ory 9 ^! words3 ,:5 ,i rose to exam9e ,i h&$ to ! exp]t six slips ( pap]1 ea* ( :i* 0 writt5 9 a diff]5t k9d ( h&writ+4 ,ne!rclift took out 8 l>ge pair ( spectacles1 magnifi]s1 :i* he always c>ri$4 ,!n he began to poli% !m ) a great deal ( c>e1 say+ z he p]=m$ t op]ation1 ',i see1 ,mr4 ,hawk9s1 :at y are go+ to try to d--y want to put me 9 a hole4' ',i d1 ,mr4 ,ne!rclift1 & if y are ready = ! hole1 tell me--7 ^? six pieces ( pap] writt5 by "o h& ab\t ! same "t8' ,he exam9$ !m c>efully1 & aft] a consid]able "t1 answ]$3 ',no2 !y 7 writt5 at diff]5t times1 & by diff]5t h&s4' ',by diff]5t p]sons1 d y say8' ',yes1 c]ta9ly4' ',n[1 ,mr4 ,ne!rclift1 y are 9 ! hole6 ,i wrote !m myself ?is morn+ at ?is desk4' ,! feel+ ( di/ru/ ) :i* ! evid5ce ( ! exp]t 9 h&writ+ is (t5 reg>d$ by ! legal pr(ession is illu/rat$ by a capital /ory t 0 told rec5tly by ,sir ,edw>d ,c>son 9 a lett] to ! ,times4 ,an ,iri% c\nsel 9 a n[ =gott5 case began 8 cross-exam9ation ( a h&writ+ exp]t ) ! curi\s "q--,:]e's ! dog8 ,:at dog8 said ! bewild]$ witness4 ,! dog :i* ! judge at ! la/ assizes said he w\ld n hang ^u y\r evid5ce4 ,h[ closely two di/9ct h&writ+s may resemble "o ano!r 0 %[n 9 a celebrat$ case 9 :i* h&writ+ exp]ts 7 prov$ to be utt]ly mi/ak54 ,?is 0 ! trial ( ,sir ,francis ,truscott1 a =m] ,"l ,mayor ( ,london1 at ! ,old ,bailey 9 #ahgi4 ,x 0 ass]t$ t ! def5dant _h s5t a po/ c>d to a fri5d nam$ ,john ,ke>ns1 :o _h at "o "t s]v$ ) him ^u ! ,city ,c\ncil1 accus+ him ( a crim9al (f5ce & w>n+ him t he 0 be+ wat*$ by ! police4 ,at ! trial evid5ce 0 giv5 9 ! mo/ positive mann] by a lady :o 0 acqua9t$ ) ,sir ,francis ,truscott to ! effect t ! mom5t %e _h be5 %[n ! c>d %e _h recognis$ ! writ+ z 84 ,?is op9ion 0 support$ by ,*>les ,*abot1 an exp]t 9 h&writ+1 :o /at$ 9 ! witness-box t he 0 c]ta9 t ! writ+ on ! po/ c>d _h be5 done by ! same individual :o _h writt5 c]ta9 lett]s ( ! def5dant :i* he _h exam9$4 ,! simil>ities betwe5 ! two writ+s 71 he ass]t$1 too close n to h be5 ! "w ( "o individual4 ,evid5ce ( ! same "* 0 !n giv5 by ,ne!rclift1 :o swore t f a m9ute comp>ison ( ! libell\s po/ c>d ) lett]s 9 ! admitt$ writ+ ( ! accus$ !re c\ld be no d\bt b t !y 7 writt5 by ! same p]son4 ,! def5ce 0 op5$ by a witness nam$ ,smi? be+ put 9 ! box4 ,he /at$ t he knew bo? ,mr4 ,ke>ns & ,sir ,francis ,truscott1 & 0 aw>e t ! fri5d%ip betwe5 !m _h ceas$4 ,he 0 !n %[n ! po/ c>d & ask$ ^: 0 ! h&writ+ ^u x4 ,i wrote ! po/ c>d1 he said4 ,x is my own writ+4 ,answ]+ fur!r que/ions1 ?is witness /at$ t he _h be5 abroad :5 ! *>ge 0 br\ght aga9/ ,sir ,francis ,truscott1 & t z soon z he le>n$ :at _h happ5$ he _h made an affidavit t ! writ+ 0 84 ,! fa!r ( ?is witness produc$ po/ c>ds writt5 by 8 son & /at$ t ! libell\s po/ c>d 0 9 ! h&writ+ ( 8 son & n 9 t ( ,sir ,francis4 ,evid5ce 0 also giv5 by ano!r witness :o knew bo? ,sir ,francis & ,mr4 ,smi?1 & :o _h no d\bt b t ! po/ c>d 0 9 ! h&writ+ ( ! latt]4 ,at ?is /age ! jury intimat$ t !y _h he>d suffici5t1 & br\ght 9 a v]dict ( ,n guilty4 ,mr4 ,ju/ice ,wills records a case 9 :i* a bank cl]k be+ %[n a =g$ signature swore positively t he _h writt5 x1 :ile he 0 d\btful z to ! au!nticity ( signatures t 7 und\bt$ly 84 ,ano!r in/ance ( ! way 9 :i* writ+ may be s skilfully imitat$ z to deceive ev5 ! man ^: writ+ x purports to be is af=d$ by ! trial ( a solicitor nam$ ,%aw at ! ,d]by ,assizes 9 #ahfa4 ,he 0 accus$ ( hav+ =g$ a mortgage1 & at ! trial a cli5t ( 8 nam$ ,abel w5t into ! witness-box & 9 all good fai? swore t 8 g5u9e signature ^u a docum5t 0 n 81 :ile he recognis$ ! =g$ signature z 8 g5u9e writ+4 ,x 0 prov$ conclusively1 h[ev]1 at a subsequ5t action t 0 br\ght ?ree ye>s lat]1 9 connection ) ! =g$ de$1 t ,abel's signature ^u x _h be5 =g$1 & ! convict$ solicitor 0 br\ght into c\rt to give evid5ce t he _h himself sign$ ! docum5t4 ,ano!r curi\s example1 also cit$ by ,wills1 ( ! unc]ta9ty ( evid5ce z to writ+ 0 t ( a trial 9 :i* a de$ t 0 produc$ bore ! signature ( ,"l ,eldon4 ,! solicitor 9 ! case _h no d\bt z to ?is be+ a g5u9e docum5t1 & yet x 0 positively /at$ by ,"l ,eldon t he _h nev] witness$ any docum5t 9 8 life4 ,! cases ( wrong conclusions z to h&writ+ h be5 z num]\s z ^? ( mi/ak5 id5tity ( p]son1 & h _h z tragic consequ5ces4 ,! notori\s case ( ,beck w occur to ev]yone z an in/ance ( a man be+ n only wrongly id5tifi$1 b ( be+ also ! un=tunate possessor ( a h&writ+ t _h a close resemblance to ! writ+ ( someone else4 ,! two false id5tifications comb9$ 7 suffici5t to s5d an innoc5t man to prison1 & x 0 long be=e x 0 e/abli%$ t ! witnesses ^u ^: evid5ce he _h be5 convict$ _h be5 utt]ly mi/ak5 bo? ) reg>d to 8 id5tity & 8 h&writ+4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,=g$ ,,docum5ts ,use ( ,microscope--,erasures--,photographic ,me?ods--,typewritt5 ,matt]--,exam9ations ( ,*>r$ ,fragm5ts--,=g]y ( ,bank ,notes4 ,! mo/ valuable me?ods ( detect+ =g]y h be5 bas$ ^u ! use ( ! microscope1 :i* w frequ5tly reveal alt]ations t are q invisible to ! nak$ eye4 ,= in/ance1 a lett] may h be5 s c>efully eras$ z to defy detection by ord9>y exam9ation1 b a microscopical exam9ation w %[ ! slightly r\gh5$ surface ( ! pap]1 :]e ! fibres h be5 di/urb$ 9 ! process ( erasure4 ,a notable example ( ?is 0 se5 9 ! ,:alley w case1 an acc\nt ( :i* is giv5 on a lat] page1 & num]\s in/ances ( ! same k9d h come "u ! direct obs]vation ( ! pres5t writ]4 ,9 "o ( ^! cases1 :i* 0 settl$ be=e x rea*$ ! c\rts1 a lett] :i* 0 to be put 9 evid5ce 9 a dispute z to "s prop]ty _h orig9ally conta9$ ! words y\r h\se1 b ! y _h be5 skilfully eras$1 s t ! words read our h\se4 ,:5 ! pap] 0 held to ! light x %[$ an almo/ imp]ceptible ?9ness at t place1 b "u ! microscope ! ruffl$ fibres on ! surface ( ! pap] :]e ! siz+ _h be5 scrat*$ (f1 7 v noticeable4 ,skilful =g]s gu>d aga9/ ?is obvi\s sign ( alt]ation by treat+ ! eras$ place ) a solution ( ros9 9 _s1 :i* leaves a f9e %9y lay] ^u ! pap] simil> to t ( ! orig9al siz+4 ,a treatm5t fir/ ) hot wat] & !n ) alcohol w remove ?is coat+ ( glue or ros91 & :5 ! pap] has be5 dri$ aga9 x w be f\nd t ?is "p1 :i* w n[ be free f its protective lay]1 w absorb a drop ( wat] m rapidly ?an ! re/ ( ! surface4 ,ano!r simple te/ to reveal erasure is ! use ( iod9e vap\r1 :i* w (t5 cause a blue coloration 7due to />*7 ^u ! moi/5$ surface f :i* siz+ has be5 remov$1 b w only col\r ! rema9d] ( ! pap] br[n4 ,?is te/ gave a v pron\nc$ result 9 ! exam9ation ( ! lett] to :i* ref]5ce has be5 made1 9 :i* erasure ( ! lett] y _h be5 suspect$ f ! g5]al appe>ance & microscopical exam9ation ( ! surface ( ! pap]4 ,! c\rse ( ! te/s describ$ above %\ld be foll[$ "u ! microscope1 al?\gh 9 "s in/ances ! fraud is s ext5sive z n to require any magnification4 ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 x is pref]able to use only "o drop ( a reag5t1 & to foll[ closely "u a l[ p[] ( ! microscope1 its action1 bo? ^u ! mat]ial ( pap] & ^u ! ink ( any writ+1 :i* x may r5d] visible4 ,! detection ( me*anical erasure1 :i* z 0 m5tion$ above1 is frequ5tly indicat$ by ! pap] be+ ?9n] & m transp>5t at t place1 is (t5 r5d]$ m c]ta9 by photography4 ,?us if ! docum5t on :i* 0 ! suspect$ erasure is plac$ betwe5 a /rong light & ! cam]a1 ! negative w %[ a d>k] area correspond+ to ! place :]e m light 0 transmitt$ ?r\gh ! pap]4 ,a photograph tak5 9 direct light w\ld probably 9 su* a case %[ no?+1 b 9 a negative tak5 ) ! light fall+ obliquely ^u ! pap]1 ! fibres t _h be5 r\gh5$ by ! erasure w\ld be visible1 unless a subsequ5t treatm5t ) glue or ros9 _h be5 us$ to conceal ! injury to ! surface4 ,ink appli$ to ! surface ( pap] f :i* ! siz+ has be5 remov$ w %[ m or less t5d5cy to spread1 z ^u blott+ pap]1 & al?\gh ?is may be s slight z to escape ! notice ( ! nak$ eye1 x w be pla9ly visible "u ! microscope1 & on a photographic enl>gem5t ! r\gh edges ( ! m>ks w be v pron\nc$4 ,e little fault or attempt at t\*+ up w be br\ght into prom95ce1 & 9 cases :]e writ+ has be5 remov$ by ! use ( *emical reag5ts ! slight yell[ /a9 :i* is frequ5tly =m$ ^u ! pap]--a /a9 s trifl+ t x w\ld n ord9>ily attract notice--w appe> z a d>k blot* ^u a photographic reproduction4 ,x has frequ5tly be5 claim$ t x is possible to di/+ui% betwe5 diff]5t k9ds ( ink by means ( photography4 ,s9ce inks conta9 provisional col\r+ matt]s :i* cause ! dri$ pigm5t ^u ! pap] :ile app>5tly black to be 9 reality r$-black1 blue-black1 etc41 x 0 ass]t$ t su* diff]5ces w\ld be made manife/ 9 photographs tak5 on an ord9>y plate1 & /ill m by ! use ( col\r-s5sitive plates4 ,! pres5t writ]1 h[ev]1 has be5 unable to confirm ^! /atem5ts4 ,x is true t diff]5ces 9 int5sity appe> ^u ! negative1 b ^! are n any m pron\nc$ ?an ! diff]5ces obvi\s to ! eye 9 ! writ+1 & ! use ( special plates & scre5s does n give any m satisfactory results4 ,! *ief use ( ! photographic me?ods is to di/+ui% diff]5ces 9 =m r ?an 9 col\r1 & to record !m = purposes ( demon/ration4 ,"o direction 9 :i* photography is p>ticul>ly useful is 9 deciph]+ ! words 9 fad$ ink ^u old docum5ts1 = ! yell[ col\r ( ! anci5t vellum is due to ! =mation ( iron oxide4 ,( rec5t ye>s photography has suppli$ ano!r valuable means ( detect+ alt]ations 9 docum5ts1 & x has be5 f\nd p>ticul>ly useful = demon/rat+ to a judge & jury ! results ( a microscopical exam9ation4 ,photographic reproduction & enl>gem5t has ! advantage ov] *emical me?ods ( n produc+ any alt]ation 9 ! ink or pap]1 & 9 "s in/ances is j z effective z ! latt]4 ,9 ! exam9ation ( wills1 = in/ance1 x is necess>y to obta9 ! express p]mission ( ! ,presid5t ( ! ,probate ,c\rt1 be=e any *emical te/s may be appli$ to ! docum5t1 & except "u special circum/ances su* p]mission w\ld c]ta9ly be refus$4 ,all ! details ( ! writ+ & ( ! texture ( ! pap] may be record$ by ! cam]a1 & a photographic enl>gem5t may !n be made to any requir$ ext5t1 s z to obta9 :at practically am\nts to a record ( ! microscopical appe>ance4 ,& ! process has ! additional advantage ov] microscopical exam9ation t a l>ge portion ( ! magnifi$ surface may be exam9$ at ! same "t1 :]eas 9 /udy+ a docum5t "u ! microscope1 ! view is re/rict$ to a v m9ute portion ( ! surface4 ,) ! m g5]al use ( ! typewrit] x became possible to write libell\s lett]s ) mu* less risk ( detection ?an 9 ! case ( lett]s writt5 9 ord9>y p5 & ink1 = ! ma*9e elim9ates ! p]sonal *>act]i/ics ( ! writ]4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 v>i\s makes ( typ+ ink are also less pron\nc$ ?an ! diff]5ces betwe5 diff]5t k9ds ( writ+ ink1 & ! pro( ( ! id5tical "* ( two inks has1 !re=e1 usually less significance4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 typewrit+ inks1 :i* are *>act]i/ic f ! fact t !y conta9 f9ely-divid$ c>bon1 & are1 !re=e1 unlike mo/ typ+ inks1 exce$+ly p]man5t1 & x is also possible to di/+ui% betwe5 ! m common violet anil9e inks by ! diff]5t degrees ( resi/ance t !y (f] to blea*+ reag5ts4 ,al?\gh x is n possible to id5tify ! writ] ( a typ$ docum5t by a /udy ( ! typ+ x is frequ5tly n a difficult matt] ) ! aid ( ! microscope to id5tify ! ma*9e ^u :i* x 0 writt54 ,! pr9ciple und]ly+ su* id5tification is t ! lett]s ^u a new typewrit] are arrang$ at v ne>ly equal spaces f ea* o!r & produce a fully horizontal l9e ( writ+4 ,b aft] be+ 9 use = a v %ort p]iod "s ( ! lett]s are c]ta9 to get out ( alignm5t1 & to give faults 9 _! relative position1 :i* are usually reproduc$ e "t ^? lett]s are /ruck4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 an a may be a little above ! l9e & an r fall too mu* to ! "r1 & ^! peculi>ities w almo/ inv>iably recur ?r\gh\t e scrap ( writ+ done ^u t ma*9e1 until ! alignm5t has be5 adju/$4 ,9 no two ma*9es are exactly ! same v>iations 9 ! relative positions ( ! diff]5t lett]s likely to occur4 ,! *ances ( ?is happ5+ is exce$+ly remote1 = !re are "s sev5ty lett]s & signs ^u a typewrit]4 ,a practical illu/ration ( ! value ( ! evid5ce ?us af=d$1 0 se5 9 a case t occurr$ ab\t a ye> ago4 ,x 0 suspect$ t a lett] _h be5 writt5 9 collusion ) a cl]k 9 a c]ta9 (fice1 & pro( ( ?is 0 ?\ght likely to h consid]able influ5ce ^u ! issue ( ! trial4 ,:5 ?is lett]1 :i* 0 9 typewrit+1 0 comp>$ ) ano!r lett] t _h unque/ionably be5 writt5 9 t (fice x 0 f\nd t ! faults ( alignm5t 9 bo? 7 id5tical4 ,:]ev] a lett]1 or comb9ation ( lett]s1 9 ! "o fell above or bel[ ! l9e1 ! same ?+ occurr$ 9 ! o!r1 & :]ev] !re 0 unequal spac+ betwe5 two lett]s ! di/ances 7 inv>iably equal 9 bo? cases4 ,9 addition to ?is1 ! ink1 :i* 0 ( ! violet type1 conta9$ ! same pigm5t1 & ! wat]m>ks on ! two %eets ( pap] 7 ! same4 ,!re c\ld1 !re=e1 be no reasonable d\bt z to ! two lett]s hav+ be5 writt5 ^u ! same ma*9e4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ?is pro( ( collusion did n c>ry ! weight t _h be5 expect$1 = ! case 0 decid$ ^u issues t 7 n affect$ by su* pro(4 ,) ! aid ( a measur+-scale ^u ! eyepiece ( ! microscope x is possible to measure ! ?ickness ( /rokes ( writ+ only t5 ?\s&s ( an in* across1 & 9 "s cases to prove 9 ?is way t a c]ta9 "p ( a docum5t 0 writt5 at a diff]5t "t or ) a diff]5t p5 ?an ! rema9d] ( ! writ+4 ,9 attempt+ to reproduce a signature a =g] w probably make a prelim9>y outl9e ) a blacklead p5cil & !n g ov] ?is ) ink4 ,! imp]fect removal ( ! p5cil m>ks may !n betray ! fraud1 z 9 ! ,:alley w case describ$ on ano!r page4 ,9 "s in/ances ! p>ticles ( ! graphite may be se5 ) ! aid ( ! microscope to project beyond ! upp] lay] ( ink4 ,additions & alt]ations made to ! lett]s 9 writ+ are cle>ly visible :5 magnifi$1 & may be demon/rat$ 9 c\rt by means ( a photographic enl>gem5t4 ,any irregul>ities 9 ! edges ( ! lett]s or any break betwe5 "o "p ( a lett] & ano!r appe> mu* m pron\nc$ :5 exam9$ 9 ?is way1 = all faults are enorm\sly int5sifi$4 ,?us ! figure #j might be alt]$ into #i by ! addition ( a /roke1 or a #c turn$ into an #h1 b x w\ld be practically impossible to d ?is 9 su* a mann] z n to %[ :5 slightly magnifi$4 ,! accompany+ illu/rations1 = :i* ! writ] is indebt$ to ,mr4 ,a4 ,s4 ,osborn & ! proprietors ( ,k1 w make ^! po9ts cle>]4 ,9 ,fig4 ,a is %[n ! result ( an attempt to *ange ! numb] #aa into #ag by ! addition ( a /roke to ! top ( ! second #a4 ,! small inset repres5ts ! appe>ance ( ! fraudul5t alt]ation1 :ile b5ea? x is se5 ! microscopical enl>gem5t1 9 :i* ! jo9+ ( ! add$ portion is pla9ly visible4 ,occasionally x happ5s 9 fraudul5t alt]ation ( writ+ t a /roke or "p ( a lett] may t\* "s ( ! orig9al writ+1 & betray itself by be+ above in/ead ( bel[ ! old] lett]4 ,?us 9 ,fig4 ,b ! words 9 full to date 7 add$ to ! receipt aft] ! signature _h be5 put1 & x w be notic$ 9 ! enl>gem5t ( ! cross /roke ( ! t 9 date & ! top ( ! capital ,c 9 ! signature 7,fig4 ,c71 t ! alleg$ old] writ+ comes upp]mo/4 ,! po9t at issue 9 ?is dispute 0 :e!r ! receipt ref]r$ to a :ole sum or only to a paym5t on acc\nt4 ,! writ] 9 ! c\rse ( 8 exp]i5ce has se5 _m simil> fraudul5t alt]ations1 b has nev] met ) a case l t describ$ by ,mr4 ,osborn1 :]e ! p]=ations :i* are 9 common use z a means ( prev5t+ fraud _h be5 c>efully fill$ 91 & new p]=ations made4 ,fig4 ,d %[s t a fraud ( ?is k9d may be detect$ ) c]ta9ty by ! aid ( ! microscope1 ! edges ( ! orig9al p]=ations appe>+ z r+s ( a light] hue4 ,illu/ration3 ,,alt]$ ,,numb] ,illu/ration3 ,,alt]$ ,,p]=ation ,detection ( ,=g]y by means ( ! ,cam]a & ! ,microscope ,by k9d p]mission ( ,k ,! subsequ5t addition ( writ+ to a docum5t 0 9 "o in/ance detect$ by ! fact t ! pap] _h be5 fold$ be=e ! lat] writ+ 0 introduc$1 & 9 ! crease ?us =m$ ! siz+ on ! surface ( ! pap] _h become worn1 leav+ ! fibres m por\s4 ,"h ! ink _h %[n a t5d5cy to become diffus$1 & ! blurr$ edges ( ! l9es ?us produc$ 7 v manife/4 ,ev5 :]e pap] has be5 s completely *>r$ t no signs ( writ+ rema9 visible1 x is frequ5tly possible to r5d] ! *>act]s visible once m by cont9u+ ! inc9]ation until only a :ite /ructure ( a% rema9s4 ,:5 ! writ+ 0 orig9ally 9 ink ! *>act]s w usually appe> 9 r$di%-br[n m>ks 7due to ! iron 9 ! ink7 ^u ! :ite backgr\nd ( a%4 ,9 ! case ( inks t d n conta9 iron1 or :5 ! writ+ 0 9 c>bon or anil9e typ+ ink1 ?is me?od ( inc9]ation w prove unsuccessful4 ,writ+ t has be5 done ) an ord9>y lead p5cil c usually be r5d]$ visible by c>efully regulat+ ! heat dur+ ! inc9]ation1 s z n to burn away ! graphite4 ,m>ks done ) a r$ p5cil are1 z a rule1 burn$ away ) ! pap]1 b blue p5cil m>ks usually p]si/ ow+ to ! pres5ce ( an iron comp\nd 9 ! pigm5t4 ,9 ! case ( pr9t+ inks x is r>ely possible to r5d] ! *>act]s visible aga91 except :51 z 9 blue pr9t+ ink1 "s iron pigm5t 0 pres5t4 ,! limits ( ?is me?od ( read+ writ+ ^u *>r$ pap] h rec5tly be5 inve/igat$ by ,hab]mann1 :o f9ds t a ma9 ess5tial = ! successful work+ ( ! process is t ! pap] itself %all yield a coh]5t :ite a%4 ,9 ! case ( common v>ieties ( pap]1 especially pr9t+ pap]1 :i* are load$ ) *9a clay & o!r m9]al matt]1 ?is condition is admirably fulfill$4 ,) pure rag pap]s1 h[ev]1 ! a% is mu* less coh]5t & is too small 9 quantity to leave a backgr\nd4 ,ev5 9 su* cases x is possible to increase ! am\nt & coh]5ce ( ! a% by pa9t+ ! rev]se side ( ! *>r$ pap] ) a solution ( a m9]al fixative ag5t1 su* z alum9ium acetate4 ,on n[ dry+ ! pap] & cont9u+ ! ignition ! add$ sub/ance leaves its own :ite a% :i* b9ds toge!r ! a% ( ! pap]4 ,! fragm5ts ( :ite a% ^u :i* writ+ has be5 made visible w obvi\sly be extremely fragile1 b !y may be r5d]$ firm en\gh to h&le by apply+ a solution ( collodion to ! rev]se side1 :i* on evaporation leaves a lay] ( nitro-cellulose simil> to t ) :i* inc&esc5t gas mantles are coat$4 ,any %r9kage or di/ortion ( ! lett]s 9 ! writ+ caus$ by ! contraction ( ! a% ( ! pap] dur+ ! inc9]ation is obviat$ or m9imis$ by burn+ ! c>bonis$ pap] v sl[ly4 ,a record ( ! revivifi$ writ+ may also be made by means ( photography4 ,! "o p\nd notes issu$ by ! ,bank ( ,engl& until z late z #ahbf1 appe> to h af=d$ peculi> temptations to =g]y1 judg+ by ! numb] ( p]sons convict$ ( ! (f5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,=g$ ,,receipt ,illu/ration3 ,,portion ,,( ,,! ,,same ,by k9d p]mission ( ,k ,illu/ration3 ,,te/s ,,to ,,di/+ui% ,,old ,,f ,,new ,,inks 7,,see ,,page #aaj7 ,! /ati/ics on ?is po9t are v rem>kable4 ,betwe5 ! ye>s #agig & #ahaa1 #dga p 7 convict$ ( utt]+ ! notes or hav+ !m 9 _! possession4 ,9 #ahad1 ! numb] ( fraudul5t "o p\nd notes detect$ 0 #aj1cdb2 9 #ahae1 #ad1jhe2 9 #ahaf1 #ba1hfj2 9 #ahag1 #ba1bda2 & dur+ ! fir/ ?ree mon?s ( #ahah1 #h1icg4 ,! ease ) :i* ! notes c\ld be imitat$1 & ! read9ess ) :i* !y c\ld be circulat$1 caus$ hundr$s ( p to take up ! trade ( =g]y1 until at l5g? :ole days 7 occupi$ at ! ,old ,bailey ) ! endless trials & convictions4 ,mu* indignation 0 express$ 9 ! newspap]s t ! ,bank _h n issu$ notes :i* c\ld n be imitat$1 & z a result ( ?is outcry1 a committee ( sci5tific m5 0 appo9t$ to exam9e & report ^u ! be/ means ( *eck+ ! evil4 ,_! report /at$ t !y _h exam9$ _m specim5s ( engrav+1 b none t _h be5 submitt$ to !m 0 pro( aga9/ skilful imitation4 ,mo/ ( ! =g$ notes _h be5 clumsily imitat$1 & f ?is x appe>$ t ! public 7 q ready to be deceiv$ by !m4 ,x 0 commonly believ$1 ?\gh )\t f\ndation1 t ! ,bank plac$ a private m>k ^u _! notes by :i* !y c\ld subsequ5tly be id5tifi$4 ,! g5]al dissatisfaction ) ! behavi\r ( ! ,bank au?orities 0 int5sifi$ by ! am\nt ( public money t 0 sp5t 9 ! prosecution ( ! =g]s1 & ! view 0 freely express$ t ! ,bank _h no "r to assume ! (fice ( prosecutor4 ,9 ! ye> #ahah1 = in/ance1 !re 7 #bdb prosecutions1 ! co/ ( :i* 0 #cd1ceg4 ,s pron\nc$ became public op9ion ^u ! subject t ! ,bank 0 =c$ to all[ ! culprits to plead guilty to a m9or *>ge1 ! p5alty = :i* 0 transportation in/ead ( dea?4 ,?is became almo/ a necessity1 s9ce !re 7 frequ5tly bat*es ( tw5ty or ?irty convict$ =g]s await+ execution1 ?\gh ! dea? p5alty 0 only exact$ 9 a relatively small proportion ( ! cases4 ,dur+ ! sev5 ye>s end+ #ahbe !re 7 #gh1iah males & #ad1hjj females tri$ on ! *>ge ( =g+ ^! notes4 ,( ^! prison]s1 #ag1hgd 7 acquitt$1 :ile out ( ! rema9+ #ge1hdd s5t5ce ( dea? 0 pass$ ^u #g1ggj1 ?\gh n m ?an #egi ( ^! 7 execut$4 ,ev5 ?is small proportion gave ! t]rible ye>ly av]age ( eighty-?ree executions4 ,z x 0 at t "t impossible to /op ^! :olesale =g]ies ! abolition ( ! issue ( "o p\nd notes1 :i* took place 9 #ahbf1 0 obvi\sly ! only solution ( ! difficulty4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,di/+ui%+ ,,inks ,,9 ,,h&rwrit+ ,elizabe?an ,ink--,milton's ,bible--,age ( ,inks--,c>bon ,inks--,h]culaneum ,,mss4--,=g]y ( ,anci5t ,docum5ts4 ,9 ord] to make cle> ! pr9ciples ^u :i* are bas$ ! me?ods ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 diff]5t k9ds ( ink 9 h&writ+ x is necess>y to give "s acc\nt ( ! nature ( ink4 ,ord9>y writ+ ink is ess5tially a mixture ( a decoction ( galls 7or o!r sub/ances conta9+ tann97 ) a solution ( copp]as1 or z x is n[ t]m$1 f]r\s sulphate4 ,^! sub/ances comb9e ) "o ano!r to =m a tannate ( iron1 :i* gradually *anges on exposure to ! air into ano!r iron tannate1 :i* is insoluble & con/itutes ! black pigm5t ( writ+4 ,*>act]s writt5 ) a pure fre%ly-prep>$ iron gall ink are v fa9t 9 col\r :5 fir/ appli$ to ! pap]1 & x is only aft] ! air has act$ ^u !m t !y gradually become d>k blue & f9ally black4 ,9 ! old type ( iron-gall ink1 t :i* 0 univ]sally employ$ d[n to ! e>ly "p ( la/ c5tury1 inks 7 expos$ to ! air or 7 boil$ 9 ord] t ! insoluble black pigm5t might =m )9 ! liquid1 & ?us give "s col\r to ! ink :5 x 0 fir/ put ^u pap]4 ,! objection to ?is is t ink ?us prep>$ is liable to clog ! p5 & n to p5etrate prop]ly into ! fibres ( ! pap]4 ,9 ! mod]n type ( inks1 !re=e1 :i* are commonly kn[n z blue-black inks1 ?is me?od ( p>tial oxidation is n employ$1 b a col\r+ matt] is add$ in/ead1 s t ! writ+ has "s col\r imm$iately1 p5d+ ! =mation ( ! black pigm5t )9 ! fibres ( ! pap]4 ,! nature ( ?is provisional col\r+ matt] v>ies 9 diff]5t inks1 & no two manufactur]s appe> to use ! same sub/ance = ?is purpose4 ,9 "s inks indigo is employ$1 9 o!rs logwood1 :ile ! introduction ( anil9e dye/uffs plac$ an abundant *oice ( col\r+ matt]s at ! disposal ( ! manufactur]4 ,9 ! case ( old inks x w\ld only h be5 possible to di/+ui% betwe5 writ+s done ) diff]5t k9ds :]e "s mi/ake _h be5 made 9 ! prep>ation ( ! ink1 & a l>ge excess ( iron or ( galls _h be5 us$4 ,! possibility ( su* mi/akes occurr+1 h[ev]1 w be readily und]/ood :5 x is rememb]$ t ink-mak+ 0 =m]ly z mu* a "p ( ! duties ( ! h\sewife z ! bak+ ( bread or ! mak+ ( cordials4 ,z writ+ 0 a polite accompli%m5t re/rict$ to ! educat$ p ( leisure ! ink-manufactur] c\ld n h exi/$1 = !re w\ld h be5 no cu/om]s1 & recipes = ! mak+ ( ink 7 !re=e h&$ d[n = g5]ations4 ,a p>ticul>ly int]e/+ example ( an e>ly dome/ic recipe = mak+ ink is %[n 9 ! accompany+ figure :i* ,mr4 ,g4 ,w$dell has k9dly all[$ to be reproduc$4 ,?is 0 tak5 f a collection ( old family recipes dat+ back to ! e>ly "p ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & includ+ among its odd assortm5t ( items directions = mak+ ev]y?+ ne$$ = ! h\sehold1 f apple pa/ies to cures = ! k+'s evil4 ,?is p>ticul> recipe1 :i* 0 "o ( sev]al = mak+ ink1 0 probably writt5 t[>ds ! close ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,x gives directions = soak+ ! galls 9 ra9 wat] 7or cl>et1 or r$ v9eg>7 & boil+ ! liquid1 aft] /&+ = a few days1 ) copp]as & gum4 ,! :ole collection ( ^! recipes1 :i* sugge/ _m a picture ( ! life 9 an ,engli% h\sehold 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 has be5 publi%$ 9 facsimile 7,arcana ,fairfaxiana ,manuscripta1 #ahij74 ,illu/ration3 ,elizabe?an dome/ic recipe = ink ,ink made by ! rule ( ?umb me?ods ( ! h\sewife mu/ h (t5 be5 v poor /uff1 & x is to ?is cause t we mu/ attribute ! want ( p]man5cy ( ! ink 9 "s ( ! relatively mod]n writ+ z comp>$ ) t ^u manuscripts c5turies e>li]4 ,no m int]e/+ illu/ration ( ! effect ( ! composition ( old inks ^u ! p]man5cy ( writ+ c be f\nd ?an 9 ! v>i\s names writt5 9 ,milton's family ,bible1 to be se5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,x w be notic$ t all ! entries ( ! bir?s ( himself & ! memb]s ( 8 family are 9 ! h&writ+ ( ,milton1 & t ) "o exception all ! inks are ( a good d>k tone4 ,! exception is se5 9 ! entry relat+ to ! bir? ( 8 daught] ,deborah on ! #bnd ( ,may1 be+ ,sunday1 some:at be=e ?ree ( ! clock 9 ! morn+1 #afeb4 ,"h ! ink has fad$ to a fa9t br[n t9t4 ,consid]able v>iations are possible 9 ! proportions ( galls & iron t may be us$ )\t int]f]+ ) ! blackness ( ! pigm5t1 b a defici5cy ( tann9 outside ^? limits w cause ! writ+ to turn br[n4 ,a lack ( tann9 to comb9e ) ! excess ( iron pres5t is probably ! explanation ( ?is fad$ entry 9 ,milton's ,bible4 ,x is v probable1 too1 t te/s appli$ to ! fre%ly-writt5 entries w\ld h %[n t ! ink 9 ?is entry 0 ( diff]5t composition f t ( ! inks 9 ! o!r entries4 ,lovibond's t9tomet]1 an in/rum5t :i* enables slight diff]5ces ( col\r to be di/+ui%$ m accurately ?an is possible ) ! nak$ eye1 has be5 us$ 9 mat*+ ! col\r obta9$ 9 *emical reactions ) ^? giv5 by ! col\r scales prep>$ f kn[n or suspect$ inks4 ,= record+ col\r1 /rips ( glass graduat$ s z to =m a s]ies ( col\r scales are employ$ 9 ?is in/rum5t1 & 9 ?is way a note c be tak5 ( any giv5 t9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,t9tomet] ,! fir/ occasion ^u :i* ?is in/rum5t 0 employ$ 9 crim9al "w 0 9 ! ,br9kley poison+ case1 9 :i* ! col\rs ( ! diff]5t inks ^u ! w & o!r docum5ts 7 exam9$ by its means4 ,! problem ( det]m9+ ! age ( an ink 9 writ+ is mu* m difficult ?an t ( decid+ :e!r two writ+s are 9 ! same or 9 a diff]5t k9d ( ink4 ,x is1 z a rule1 possible to di/+ui%1 ) ! aid ( ! microscope & t9tomet]1 betwe5 fre%ly-writt5 & old writ+ up to ab\t ! six? day1 aft] :i* ! black pigm5t has atta9$ suffici5t int5sity to prev5t fur!r diff]5tiation until aft] ! lapse ( two or ?ree ye>s or m1 :5 ! provisional pigm5t w h fad$ or h become fix$ by ! iron tannate4 ,9 mo/ cases ! provisional pigm5ts us$ (f] great] resi/ance to ! action ( *emicals1 b are inf9itely less /able ?an ! iron tannate :5 expos$ to ! action ( light & air1 & eloqu5t te/imony to ?is diff]5ce is giv5 by ! comp>ison ( c]ta9 manuscripts ( ! sev5? & eigh? c5turies ) typewritt5 matt] 9 anil9e ink1 :i* has be5 put aside = a few ye>s4 ,?us x happ5s t :5 *>act]s writt5 9 blue-black ink are kept1 ! blue pigm5t w gradually fade out1 leav+ ! black pigm5t2 & :5 ?is /age is rea*$ ! ink 9 old writ+ is readily di/+ui%$ f ink t has be5 fre%ly put ^u pap]4 ,prior to ?is1 h[ev]1 ! blue provisional col\r+ matt] appe>s to become envelop$ 9 ! p>ticles ( iron tannate s t x no long] reacts rapidly ) *emical reag5ts4 ,?us1 if writ+ done )9 ! la/ ye> or two be treat$ ) acetic acid !re is an imm$iate diffusion ( ! blue pigm5t1 :]eas 9 ! old] writ+1 diffusion1 if x occurs at all1 is v sl[ & limit$ 9 ext5t4 ,a /ill m useful reag5t = ?is purpose is a saturat$ solution ( oxalic acid1 :i* causes ! pigm5t ( relatively fre% writ+ to give an imm$iate smudge1 b has v little1 if any1 effect on writ+ six or eight ye>s old4 ,! diff]5ces 9 ! behavi\r ( old & relatively rec5t writ+ are se5 9 ! te/s "h illu/rat$1 9 :i* ! old writ+ ( #ahih 0 h>dly affect$ by ! reag5ts1 :]eas ! writ+ done 9 #aijh gave ! results %[n4 ,bo? writ+s 7 9 ! same k9d ( ink & ! te/s 7 appli$ simultane\sly4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 a writ+ done ) blue-black ink ceases to %[ su* diffusion aft] five to six ye>s4 ,:5 slight diffusion occurs 9 an old] ink x is se5 "u ! microscope to diff] 9 "* & only to affect ! surface ( ! lett]s1 :]eas ! diffusion 9 an ink writt5 )9 ! la/ two or ?ree ye>s affects ! :ole ( ! pigm5t 9 ! lett]s4 ,! fir/ occasion on :i* *emical evid5ce z to ! age ( blue-black ink has be5 giv5 9 ! law c\rts 0 9 ! rec5t =g]y case1 9 :i* ,colonel ,pil*] 0 accus$ ( =g+ 8 c\s9's w4 ,?is w 0 alleg$ to h be5 writt5 9 #ahih2 & assum+ ?is to h be5 ! case1 ! ink %\ld only h react$ v sl[ly ) ! diff]5t reag5ts2 !re %\ld h be5 little or no diffusion ) oxalic acid3 & if any slight diffusion occurr$ x %\ld only h be5 ^u ! surface ( ! lett]s4 ,! ink ^u ! w1 h[ev]1 gave an imm$iate reaction ) ! diff]5t reag5ts1 ! blue pigm5t diffus$ at once ) oxalic acid1 & ! diffusion ext5d$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! lett]s4 ,!re 0 ?us no d\bt b t ! ink ^u ! w _h be5 writt5 )9 ! la/ ye> or two--c]ta9ly )9 ! la/ six ye>s4 ,*eques writt5 by ! deceas$ lady dur+ ! la/ ?irte5 ye>s 7 also subject$ simultane\sly to ! same te/s1 & :ile ^? writt5 q rec5tly gave an imm$iate diffusion1 ! ink ^u ^? writt5 9 #aijc %[$ only ! slighte/ diffusion 9 ! heavie/ writ+1 & no diffusion at all 0 obta9$ ^u ! *eques writt5 9 #aija4 ,! g5]al adoption ( blue-black ink = ! old iron-gall ink has made x a simple matt] to di/+ui% betwe5 old & new writ+1 = x is easy to diff]5tiate ! two k9ds ( ink by te/s :i* %[ ! pres5ce ( ! blue pigm5t4 ,! te/ has be5 f\nd useful ( late 9 *eck+ ! /atem5ts ( c]ta9 claimants ( old-age p5sions1 :o1 z a pro( ( _! age1 h po9t$ to ! entries ( date ( _! bir? 9 old family ,bibles4 ,9 m ?an "o in/ance ! results ( a sci5tific exam9ation ( ! inks h fail$ to support ! claim1 = !y h prov$ conclusively t ! ink 0 ( rec5t orig94 ,x is a simple matt] to di/+ui% betwe5 ! anci5t types ( ink t 7 9 use dur+ ! e>ly c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era until !y 7 gradually replac$ by iron-gall inks & mod]n writ+ inks4 ,= ! basis ( all ^! anci5t inks is lampblack1 or "s o!r =m ( c>bon1 :i* is v resi/ant to ! action ( reag5ts4 ,x is = ?is reason t pr9t+ ink1 ! pigm5t ( :i* is c>bon1 is s mu* m /able ?an any ord9>y writ+ ink c be4 ,9 fact1 9 ord] to increase ! p]man5ce ( writ+ inks x has frequ5tly be5 recomm5d$ to add a small am\nt ( "s c>bon ink4 ,! mo/ easily obta9$ prep>ation ( ! k9d is ! comm]cial ,indian or ,*9ese ink1 :i* consi/s ess5tially ( a mixture ( glue ) lampblack 9 ! f9e/ possible /ate ( division4 ,9 ord] to di/+ui% betwe5 a c>bon ink ( ?is nature & an ord9>y writ+ ink all t is necess>y is to apply a dilute blea*+ ag5t4 ,! blue-black pigm5t ( ! writ+ ink w !n gradually disappe>1 :]eas ! f9e p>ticles ( c>bon 9 ! o!r ink w %[ little1 if any alt]ation1 & may /ill be disc]n$ "u ! microscope z m9ute black granules re/+ ^u ! fibres ( ! pap]4 ,x 0 by a me?od simil> to ?is t ,sir ,humphrey ,davy prov$ t ! writ+ ^u papyri f\nd 9 ! ru9s ( ,h]culaneum1 :i* 0 de/roy$ 9 ,a4,d4 #gi1 _h be5 done ) a c>bon ink1 ( ! same nature z t us$ by ! anci5t ,egyptians & by ! ,*9ese & ,japanese at ! pres5t day4 ,on none ( ! ,h]culaneum ,,mss4 c\ld any trace ( iron ink be detect$4 ,! same te/s may be appli$ to det]m9e :e!r ! writ+ ^u a docum5t has be5 li?ograph$ or has be5 writt5 ) ord9>y ink4 ,an amus+ in/ance ( ! k9d came )9 ! pres5t writ]'s exp]i5ce4 ,a %eet ( pap] ^u :i* 0 "s writ+ t 0 believ$ to h be5 writt5 by ,nelson _h be5 h&$ d[n 9 a family = sev]al g5]ations z an heirloom1 & _h always be5 look$ ^u z a g5u9e docum5t4 ,! ink _h ! fad$ yell[ tone ( old iron ink1 & !re 0 no?+ to %[ t ! writ+ 0 n :at x pr(ess$ to be4 ,its pres5t own]1 h[ev]1 happ5$ to notice 9 a museum :at appe>$ to be a duplicate ( ! manuscript 9 8 possession1 & :5 a *emical te/ 0 appli$ to ! ink ^u ! latt] ! pigm5t 0 q unaffect$4 ,h5ce !re c\ld be no d\bt z to its be+ a copy ( ! orig9al reproduc$ by li?ography4 ,cases 9 :i* x is necess>y to di/+ui% betwe5 iron-gall writ+ inks & pr9t+ or o!r c>bon inks occur f "t to "t 9 crim9al inve/igations4 ,z a rec5t example a case t 0 tri$ a few mon?s ago may be m5tion$4 ,! *ief cl]k ( a firm ( m]*ants _h = a consid]able "t be5 defraud+ 8 employ]s1 & :5 suspicion at l5g? fell ^u him1 endeav\r$ to conceal 8 do+s by falsify+ ! entries ( previ\s ye>s 9 ! l$g]4 ,9 ord] to d ?is x 0 necess>y to ab/ract c]ta9 pages 9 a p>ticul> "p ( ! l$g] & to sub/itute ! necess>y alt]ations4 ,!n1 f9d+ t ! ink ( ! writ+ w\ld appe> too new1 & ?us invite inquiry1 he add$ a small am\nt ( ,indian ink to an ord9>y writ+ ink1 & ?us obta9$ a mixture1 :i* gave an imm$iate effect ( age to ! writ+4 ,to ! nak$ eye !re 0 no?+ to %[ t ^! pages _h n be5 writt5 on ! dates m5tion$ on !m1 ?ree or f\r ye>s previ\sly1 b on apply+ a weak blea*+ ag5t ! fraud 0 at once made obvi\s4 ,! iron-gall "p ( ! pigm5t fad$ away1 b ! p>ticles ( c>bon t _h =m$ ! basis ( ! ,indian ink 7 left1 & _! nature c\ld easily be recognis$ "u ! microscope4 ,! entries on ! o!r pages 9 ! l$g]1 :i* _h be5 writt5 9 ord9>y writ+ 7 completely blea*$ 9 ! te/4 ,a v curi\s illu/ration ( ! difficulties t beset ! =g] ( anci5t docum5ts 0 af=d$ by ! trial ( ,humphreys 9 #ahci 9 ,ed9burgh4 ,! prison] 0 ! claimant to ! e>ldom ( ,/irl+1 & 9 support ( 8 claim _h produc$ a numb] ( docum5ts suppos$ to date back to ! sev5te5? & e>ly eighte5? c5turies4 ,"o ( ^! purport$ to be a portion ( a *>t] grant$ by ,k+ ,*>les ,i to ! fir/ ,e>l ( ,/irl+ 9 #afci1 p]mitt+ ! succession to ! e>ldom to desc5d ?r\gh ! daught]s ( ! h\se4 ,z witness to ?is !re 0 app5d$ ! signature ( ,ar*bi%op ,spottiswood describ$ z our ,*ancellor1 :]eas z a matt] ( hi/ory ! seal _h be5 h&$ to ! ,m>quis ( ,hamilton a ye> prior to ! date ( ! pret5d$ *>t]4 ,!re 7 also v>i\s o!r ana*ronisms 9 ! docum5t1 su* z m>g9s 9 r$ ink1 :i* 7 n us$ be=e #aghj4 ,sci5tific evid5ce 0 also giv5 t ! ink ^u ! pret5d$ *>t] 0 n old ink1 b ink t _h be5 treat$ 9 su* a mann] z to appe> old4 ,simil> inconsi/5cies 7 %[n 9 ! o!r pieces ( docum5t>y evid5ce1 & sci5tific pro( 0 giv5 t ! date ^u an engrav$ map1 ^u ! back ( :i* 7 memor&a support+ ! claimant's case1 _h be5 add$ at a lat] p]iod4 ,! jury unanim\sly f\nd ! prison] guilty ( =g]y4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,two ,,notable ,,trials ,trial ( ,br9kley--,trial ( ,rob]t ,wood ,! fir/ occasion ^u :i* sci5tific evid5ce z to ! diff]5ce ( blue-black inks ^u a docum5t 0 giv5 9 a c\rt ( law 9 ?is c\ntry 0 at ! trial ( ,ri*>d ,br9kley at ! ,guild=d ,assizes 9 ,july1 #aijg1 = ! murd] ( ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,beck4 ,br9kley1 at ! "t ( 8 trial1 0 ab\t fifty ye>s ( age4 ,he 0 a c>p5t] by trade1 b 9 ! c\rse ( 8 life _h turn$ 8 h& to _m occupations1 & = _m mon?s _h be5 liv+ ^u ! proce$s ( ! prop]ty :i* he claim$ to h inh]it$4 ,= "s "t prior to h] dea? he _h made himself indisp5sable to an old lady nam$ ,blume1 & :51 e>ly 9 #aijf1 %e di$1 he produc$ a w 9 :i* %e _h left him h] h\se & money4 ,on ! /r5g? ( ?is w1 :i* he prov$ 9 ! usual way1 ,br9kley took possession ( ,mrs4 ,blume's h\se1 mu* to ! disgu/ ( h] daught] & gr&daught]1 :o _h always res5t$ 8 influ5ce ov] ! old lady4 ,!y _h no k t any?+ 0 wrong ) ! w1 b !y det]m9$ to te/ its validity1 & accord+ly a caveat 0 ent]$ aga9/ x4 ,br9kley _h n anticipat$ t he w\ld h to prove t x 0 a g5u9e docum5t1 or t he w\ld h to dep5d ^u ! te/imony ( ! m5 ^: signatures z witnesses 7 pres5t ^u ! w4 ,he knew t he c\ld rely ^u "o ( 8 witnesses1 a man nam$ ,hird1 :o _h drawn up ! w2 b ! o!r witness1 ,p>k]1 refus$ to p]jure himself = ,br9kley's b5efit4 ,he own$ t he _h sign$ a pap] :5 he _h be5 out ) ,br9kley1 b d5i$ t he _h ev] se5 or sign$ a w4 ,z ,p>k]'s refusal to appe> 9 c\rt meant t ! w w\ld be decl>$ a =g]y1 ,br9kley decid$ t he mu/ be cle>$ f 8 pa?4 ,he !re=e obta9$ "s prussic acid f a man :o describ$ himself z a fri5d ( our dumb fell[-creatures1 alleg+ t he ne$$ x to kill a dog1 & ?is poison he introduc$ into a bottle ( oatmeal /\t1 :i* he took r\nd to ,p>k]'s lodg+s 9 ,croydon1 & plac$ 9 8 sitt+-room4 ,be=e ,p>k] came home 8 l&lady1 ,mrs4 ,beck1 w5t into 8 room & see+ ! bottle ( /\t call$ h] husb& & daught]1 & !y all drank ! poison$ be] t _h nev] be5 int5d$ = !m4 ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,beck di$ ! same night1 & _! daught]1 :o _h tak5 less ( ! /\t1 0 v ill1 ?\gh %e ultimately recov]$4 ,p>k] 0 imm$iately arre/$1 b be+ able to prove 8 innoc5ce 0 soon set free1 & suspicion !n fell ^u ,br9kley :o1 aft] ! coron]'s inque/1 0 committ$ = trial on ! *>ge ( murd]+ ! ,becks1 ! law be+ t if y delib]ately int5d to kill "o p]son & un9t5tionally kill ano!r y are none ! less guilty ( murd]4 ,on ! way to ! police /ation1 aft] 8 arre/1 ,br9kley made ! significant /atem5t3 ,if anyone says ,i put poison 9 /\t1 he's got to prove x4 ,up to t mom5t !re _h be5 no m5tion ( poison$ /\t4 ,at ! police c\rt proce$+s x 0 prov$ t ! ,becks _h di$ f ! effects ( prussic acid1 t ,br9kley _h b\ght t poison1 t he _h b\ght a bottle ( /\t 9 ,we/ ,croydon1 & t he _h be5 se5 on ! plat=m at ,w&swor? wait+ = ! ,we/ ,croydon tra94 ,! motive ( ! crime 0 an important l9k 9 ! *a9 ( evid5ce1 b ,br9kley held /\tly to 8 /ory t ! w 0 sign$ by bo? witnesses 9 ! pres5ce ( ,mrs4 ,blume4 ,p>k]'s v]sion ( 8 signature1 ! au!nticity ( :i* he did n dispute1 0 t :ile he 0 out ) ,br9kley "o ev5+ ! latt] ask$ him to sign 8 "n ^u a pap] petition+ = an out+1 & t !y _h !reupon turn$ into a public-h\se1 :]e he1 ,p>k]1 _h writt5 8 "n ^u a %eet ( pap]1 ! upp] "p ( :i* 0 fold$ ov]4 ,9 ord] to te/ ! tru? ( ,p>k]'s /atem5t ! bottle ( ink 0 obta9$ f t public-h\se1 & he 0 told to write 8 "n ^u a %eet ( pap] 9 t ink1 & ?is pap] & ! orig9al w 7 submitt$ to ! pres5t writ] = exam9ation4 ,by ! aid ( ! me?ods describ$ 9 ! prec$+ pages x 0 f\nd t ! ink ( ,p>k]'s signature ^u ! w & t ( ! writ+ ^u ! piece ( pap] 7 ( ! same k9d--an ink readily recognisable f its p>ticul>ly brilliant blue pigm5t4 ,9 addition to ?is1 ?ree di/9ct k9ds ( ink 7 pres5t ^u ! w1 ! body ( ! docum5t & ! signature ( "o witness be+ 9 "o k9d ( ink1 ! signature ( ! te/atrix 9 ano!r1 & ! signature ( ! o!r witness 9 a ?ird4 ,:5 ! case came on at ! ,assizes at ,guild=d ,mr4 ,r4 ,d4 ,muir appe>$ = ! prosecution1 :ile ! prison] 0 v ably def5d$ by ,mr4 ,frampton4 ,e day ! judge1 c\nsel on bo? sides1 ! prison]1 & _m ( ! witnesses w5t d[n to ,guild=d by a tra9 9 ! morn+ & return$ to ,london aga9 9 ! ev5+4 ,ea* morn+ ! prison] :5 he ent]$ ! c\rt appe>$ q unconc]n$1 & *att$ ) ! w>d]s4 ,z is s (t5 ! case1 he did n seem to realise ! gravity ( 8 position4 ,x 0 %[n 9 ! evid5ce t he _h "s k ( poisons1 & t he _h select$ "o t w\ld disappe> m or less rapidly f ! body aft] dea?4 ,! *emical evid5ce z to ! pres5ce ( prussic acid 9 ! bodies 0 giv5 by ,dr4 ,/ev5son & ,mr4 ,bodm]1 & 0 n call$ 9 "q by ! def5ce4 ,evid5ce 0 also giv5 by ! writ] ) reg>d to ! inks ^u ! w1 & ?is1 too1 0 n disput$4 ,9 fact1 ,br9kley1 :o w5t into ! witness-box1 :5 ask$ h[ he expla9$ ! fact ( ?ree k9ds ( ink be+ on ! w repli$ t ,mrs4 ,blume _h ?ree diff]5t sorts 9 ! h\se4 ,he 0 !n ask$ :at _h become ( two ( !m1 s9ce only "o bottle ( ink 0 discov]$ :5 ! h\se 0 se>*$1 & to ?is 8 answ] 0 t he _h giv5 ^! to a little girl4 ,?r\gh\t ! trial ,br9kley's explanations ( damn+ facts 7 nev] support$ by any evid5ce1 :ile = e /atem5t ( ,p>k] !re 0 abundant corroboration4 ,! sc5e 9 c\rt on ! op5+ day ( ! trial w probably nev] be =gott5 by anyone pres5t4 ,a heavy ?und]/orm pass$ ov] ,guild=d1 & = "s m9utes su* blackness fill$ ! int]ior ( ! hall :]e ! ,assizes 7 held t x 0 b>ely possible to di/+ui% ! faces ( ^? :o 7 try+ a man = 8 life1 except+ :5 !y 7 lit up by ! vivid fla%es ( lightn+4 ,?r\gh\t ! /orm ,mr4 ,muir cont9u$1 9 cle> incisive tones1 :i* c\ld be pla9ly he>d across ! noise ( ! ?und]1 to m>%al ! array ( deadly facts1 f :i* !re c\ld be no escape = ! prison] sitt+ motionless 9 ! dock4 ,to ! j\rnali/ no?+ t means copy is sacr$1 & ! repres5tative ( "o lead+ ,london pap] :isp]$ to ano!r sitt+ j beh9d ! writ]1 ,:at a pity ?is c\ldn't happ5 :ile ! s5t5ce ( dea? 0 be+ pass$6 ,mr4 ,frampton 9 8 spee* = ! def5ce dwelt pr9cipally ^u o!r possible explanations ( evid5ce1 :i*1 z he urg$1 0 entirely circum/antial 9 "*1 b he 0 unable to produce any witnesses to support ! ass]tions ( ,br9kley4 ,aft] a trial :i* la/$ f\r days1 ! judge 7,sir ,john ,bigham7 summ$ up1 & ! jury1 aft] a %ort retirem5t1 f\nd ! prison] guilty4 ,until ! end he prote/$ 8 innoc5ce4 ,! mo/ s5sational trial t has tak5 place 9 ?is c\ntry = _m ye>s 0 t ( ,rob]t ,wood1 a "y arti/1 9 #aijg1 on ! *>ge ( murd]+ a woman4 ,! /ory ( ! crime itself is a p>ticul>ly sordid "o1 b ! behavi\r ( ! prison] 9 c\rt1 & ! excit$ /ate ( public feel+ ^u ! subject gave a pr(\nd psy*ological int]e/ to ! trial4 ,a woman _h be5 f\nd brutally murd]$ 9 h] lodg+s 9 a small h\se 9 ,camd5 ,t[n1 & no trace c\ld be f\nd ( ! murd]]4 ,9 ! fire-grate1 h[ev]1 _h be5 f\nd "s *>r$ fragm5ts ( a lett]1 :ile 9 ! *e/ ( draw]s a po/ c>d t _h escap$ notice _h be5 discov]$4 ,a reproduction ( ?is po/ c>d 0 po/$ up at ! police-/ations & publi%$ 9 ! pap]s1 & 0 soon recognis$ by sev]al p z be+ 9 ! h&writ+ ( ,rob]t ,wood4 ,9 ! meantime1 ,wood1 f9d+ t suspicion 0 likely to atta* to him1 p]suad$ a girl ( 8 acqua9tance1 nam$ ,ruby ,"y1 to promise to support 8 /atem5t t he _h be5 ) h] ^u ! ev5+ :5 ! murd] took place4 ,a day or two lat] ,ruby ,"y became uneasy z to ! effect h] promise 0 likely to produce1 & ask$ ! advice ( a j\rnali/ z to :at w\ld be ! be/ ?+ to d1 putt+ ! case z a hypo!tical "o4 ,! man1 h[ev]1 at once saw to :at %e allud$1 & imm$iately telephon$ to ! police1 & ?is l$ to ! arre/ ( ,rob]t ,wood4 ,at ! police c\rt proce$+s an exp]t op9ion 0 giv5 t ! fragm5ts ( *>r$ pap] f\nd 9 ! grate ( ! dead woman1 7 9 ! h&writ+ ( ,wood1 & evid5ce 0 also giv5 by ! pres5t writ] t ! pigm5t 9 :i* ! *>act]s 7 writt5 0 id5tical ) t ( a m>k+-ink p5cil f\nd ^u ! prison]4 ,= a long "t ,wood d5i$ t he _h _h any?+ to d ) ^! fragm5ts4 ,subsequ5tly1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! trial at ! ,old ,bailey1 he admitt$ t he _h writt5 !m1 ?\gh to ! end he /r5u\sly refus$ to admit t ! words _h ! mean+ :i* !y appe>$ to sugge/4 ,he d5i$ t !y ref]r$ to any appo9tm5t made ) ! dead woman = ! day ^u :i* %e 0 murd]$4 ,! pro( ( ! fact t ^! bits ( *>r$ pap] _h really be5 writt5 by ,wood br\ght him v close to ! sc5e ( ! crime1 & 8 attempt to create a false alibi & to get ,ruby ,"y to be> ?is out /ill fur!r /r5g!n$ ! suspicion aga9/ him4 ,! mo/ tell+ evid5ce1 h[ev]1 0 ! /atem5t ( a c>man1 :o _h1 he ass]t$1 se5 a man leave ! h\se ( ! murd]$ woman at five o'clock 9 ! morn+4 ,he _h n se5 ! face ( ! man1 b _h notic$ t he _h a *>act]i/ic sw++ walk1 & :5 tak5 to ! police /ation _h id5tifi$ ! prison] among a numb] ( o!r m51 :o _h be5 made to walk r\nd ! y>d1 z ! man t he _h se5 com+ d[n ! /eps ( ! h\se4 ,o!r evid5ce 0 giv5 z to ,wood's hav+ be5 se5 9 ! company ( ! deceas$ woman on sev]al occasions 9 ! pa/1 al?\gh he ass]t$ t he _h only kn[n h] a few days & _h se5 h] only once or twice4 ,! bad reputation ( mo/ ( ^! witnesses detract$ f ! value ( _! evid5ce4 ,mr4 ,m>%all ,hall1 :o conduct$ ,wood's def5ce1 made a v brilliant spee*1 9 :i* he laid /ress ^u ! weak po9ts 9 ! case = ! prosecution--! evid5ce t _h be5 ga!r$ f a ta9t$ s\rce1 ! complete abs5ce ( any motive = ! crime1 & ! fact t ! jury 7 try+ ! prison] = murd] & n = immorality or ly+4 ,he urg$ t ! keynote 9 ?is case 0 t ,wood1 :o _h a great deal ( vanity1 c\ld n take ^u himself ! responsibility ( admitt+ :at w\ld cause him to occupy a l[] position 9 ! e/imation ( ^? :o _h giv5 him _! undivid$ respect & affection4 ,:at1 he ask$1 0 ! evid5ce ( murd]8 ,! only iota ( evid5ce t turn$ ! scale aga9/ ,wood 0 t ( ! man ,mc,gowan1 :o /at$ t he _h se5 ! prison] leav+ ! h\se1 & _h aft]w>ds recognis$ him by an alleg$ peculi>ity 9 8 gait4 ,two mon?s aft] ! arre/ ( h] lov]1 ,ruby ,"y1 = ! fir/ "t1 _h said t he _h a peculi> gait simil> to t describ$ by ,mc,gowan1 & s f> z %e 0 conc]n$ ?is1 said c\nsel1 0 a gross & v9dictive lie4 ,! *ief evid5ce call$ = ! def5ce 0 t ( ,wood's fa!r & bro!r1 :o /at$ t he 0 at home on ! night ( ! murd]1 & ( a neighb\r :o _h liv$ b5ea? !m1 :o _h se5 ,wood come home t ev5+4 ,a ticket collector nam$ ,we/cott1 employ$ at ,k+'s ,cross /ation1 /at$ t he liv$ 9 ! same road1 & t on ! e>ly morn+1 :5 ,wood 0 /at$ to h be5 se51 he left 8 h\se at five m9utes to five4 ,he 0 !n we>+ a loose ov]coat4 ,we/cott 0 a broad-%\ld]$ man1 & a box]1 & _h a brisk sw++ walk4 ,x 0 ?is man1 x 0 sugge/$1 :om ,mc,gowan _h mi/ak5 = ,wood4 ,wood1 himself1 0 put into ! box & gave 8 evid5ce 9 a l[1 & at times1 ne>ly inaudible voice1 ?\gh he %[$ n a sign ( n]v\sness4 ,he gave emphatic d5ials to ! que/ions put to him 9 cross-exam9ation by ,sir ,*>les ,mat!ws1 b he admitt$ hav+ li$ 9 ! matt] ( ! false alibi t he _h attempt$ to set up4 ,he 01 he said1 9 a tight corn]1 & any man w\ld h done ! same if plac$ 9 ! same conditions4 ,) ref]5ce to ! fragm5ts ( pap] on :i* 7 words 9 8 h&writ+ he d5i$ t !y 7 "p ( a lett]1 & sugge/$ t x might h be5 "s scrap ( writ+ tak5 f 8 pocket by ! dead woman4 ,! !ory ( its ref]r+ to an assignation 01 he sugge/$1 an act ( imag9ation ^u ! "p ( ! prosecut+ c\nsel4 ,! judge1 ,sir ,william ,gran?am1 9 summ+ up ! case1 po9t$ out t _h x n be5 = ! conduct ( ,wood himself 9 tell+ lies & keep+ back :at he knew1 !re w\ld h be5 no ju/ification = su* a l5g?y trial4 ,! evid5ce ( ,mc,gowan 01 he said1 op5 to a c]ta9 am\nt ( d\bt1 ow+ to ! fact t ! witness _h n m5tion$ at once ab\t hav+ notic$ a peculi>ity 9 ! walk ( ! man he saw leav+ ! h\se 9 ,/4 ,paul's ,road1 j be=e five o'clock on ! morn+ ( ,septemb] #ab?4 ,!n ! /atem5ts ( ,ruby ,"y did n br+ ! crime home to ! prison] at all4 ,t 0 a rem>kable feature 9 ! case4 ,a numb] ( witnesses = ! ,cr[n did n directly connect ! prison] ) ! crime4 ,! inf]5ce1 9 view ( ! evid5ce ( o!r witnesses1 0 t ,wood 9 8 evid5ce _h be5 ly+ all ?r\gh4 ,b ! jury c\ld n convict him because he 0 a li>4 ,x 0 ma9ly 9 consequ5ce ( ,wood's own false /atem5ts t ! prosecution 7 b\nd to rely ^u ! evid5ce ( ! o!r witnesses :o _h come =w>d4 ,al?\gh1 said ! judge 9 conclud+ 8 address to ! jury1 x is my duty to d all ,i c to fur!r ! int]e/s ( ju/ice1 x is also my duty to in=m ! jury t !y mu/ n f9d a man guilty unless no loophole is left by :i* he c escape4 ,9 my judgm5t1 /rong z is ! suspicion 9 ?is case1 ,i don't ?9k ! prosecution h br\ght ! case ne> en\gh home to ! prison]--) ! exception ( ! evid5ce ( ,mc,gowan4 ,t evid5ce1 if implicitly reli$ ^u1 w\ld ju/ify y 9 f9d+ him guilty2 b t evid5ce is consid]ably controv]t$4 ,i don't ?9k ! id5tification1 ev5 if true1 is suffici5t to ju/ify y 9 f9d+ ?is man guilty4 ,!re=e1 al?\gh x is a matt] = y alone1 x is my duty to po9t out ! effect ( ! evid5ce1 & x is my duty to po9t out t unless ! effect ( ! evid5ce is s conclusive t !re c be no d\bt 9 anyone's m9d1 y %\ld give ! prison] ! b5efit ( ! d\bt1 & say y don't ?9k he is guilty4 ,x 0 a qu>t] to eight 9 ! ev5+ :5 ! jury retir$ to consid] _! v]dict1 & be=e eight _h /ruck !y 7 back aga9 9 c\rt1 & _h pron\nc$ _! v]dict ( ,n guilty4 ,*e] on *e] swept ?r\gh ! c\rt1 & = "s m9utes x 0 impossible = ! judge & ! c\rt (fic]s to obta9 sil5ce4 ,m5 & wom5 ?rong$ r\nd ! dock eag] to grasp ! h& :i* ,rob]t ,wood held out to !m ov] ! rail4 ,outside1 9 ! /reet1 ! d5se mob t ?rong$ up to ! v doors ( ! c\rt1 took up ! cry1 & yell$ itself ho>se ) ! words ,n guilty4 ,n guilty4 ,! public _h long be=e ?is decid$ t ,wood 0 innoc5t1 & ! orgies ( wild en?usiasm t foll[$ ^u ! ann\ncem5t ( ! v]dict 7 "s indication ( ! t5se excitem5t t _h be5 p5t up = s _m days4 ,rob]t ,wood _h become ! popul> h]o ( ! h\r4 ,x is difficult n[ to acc\nt = ?is h]o-wor%ip ( a man :o _h done no?+ to ju/ify su* wor%ip1 except ^u ! !ory ( an emotional infection t _h de/roy$ ! balance ( collective judgm5t4 ,?is want ( proportion rea*$ its limit p]haps 9 an article writt5 = a ,sunday pap] by "o ( ! be/ kn[n actresses4 ,aft] describ+ ! emotional /ress ?r\gh :i* %e _h pass$ :ile wait+ = ! jury to give _! v]dict %e m5tion$ t %e _h gone into ! hall4 ,!re %e _h notic$ a =lorn little figure ( a girl w&]+ li/lessly up & d[n4 ,someone told h] t ?is 0 ,ruby ,"y1 & = a mom5t %e _h felt an impulse to g & speak to h]1 = %e piti$ h] f ! bottom ( h] he>t4 ,& z %e look$ at h]1 ) te>s well+ up 9 h] eyes1 %e ?\ght ( ,pet] :5 he _h gone out & wept bitt]ly6 ,x 0 a matt] ( ! greate/ difficulty = ^? connect$ ) ! case to =ce a way ?r\gh ! surg+ cr[d t 0 wait+ to give a boi/]\s welcome to ! acquitt$ arti/ & 8 solicitor & c\nsel1 & to v5t _! disapproval ^u witnesses :o _h d>$ to give evid5ce aga9/ him1 & p>ticul>ly ,ruby ,"y4 ,= h\rs %e wait$1 trembl+1 )9 ! build+1 = x 0 n ?\ght prud5t to all[ h] to v5ture outside2 & x 0 q late at night be=e1 disguis$ z a *>woman1 %e 0 able to make h] escape ?r\gh a small door t _h n attract$ ! notice ( ! mob4 ,?is 0 ! climax ( "o ( ! mo/ unpleasant features ( ! trial1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* sev]al ( ! witnesses _h compla9$ to ! judge ( ! attempts t _h be5 made to intimidate !m f giv+ _! evid5ce4 ,ano!r memorable feature 9 ! trial 0 ! behavi\r ( ! accus$4 ,?r\gh\t 8 ordeal ,wood seem$ to be m conc]n$ ab\t ! impression he 0 mak+ ^u ! spectators 9 c\rt ?an ab\t ! necessity ( acc\nt+ satisfactorily = _m suspici\s circum/ances t told aga9/ him4 ,s well did he appe> to be able to control 8 emotions t1 z he himself wrote aft]w>ds1 he c\ld notice :e!r "o ( ! actresses :o att5d$ ! trial day by day1 smil$ ^u him4 ,nev] = "o mom5t did he lose ?is self-control or appe> o!rwise ?an an unconc]n$ witness ( ! ev5ts ^u :i* 8 life dep5d$4 ,?is abs5ce ( n]ves 9 ! accus$ is :at /ruck mo/ p z "o ( ! /range/ features 9 a /range trial1 & caus$ ,mr4 ,hall ,ca9e1 :o 0 pres5t 9 ! c\rt ?r\gh\t ! :ole "t1 to write ( him3 ,t he felt no?+ ,i w n d>e to say1 t 8 m5tal processes 7 n frequ5tly /irr$ to su* pa9 z comes ( baffl+ difficulties1 b t ! ordeal ( 8 trial 0 a t]rible "o to him ,i absolutely refuse to believe4 ,rob]t ,wood1 innoc5t ( ! murd] ( ,emily ,dimmock1 is yet ! mo/ rem>kable man alive4 ,9 :at trial ^u a *>ge ( murd] has !re ev] be5 witness$ ! sight ( ! prison]1 ^: life 0 hang+ 9 ! balance1 laugh+ & *att+ ) 8 fri5ds1 & mak+ sket*es ( ! judge1 ! c\nsel1 & ! witnesses8 ,ev5 at ! mo/ crucial mom5t ( ! trial1 :5 ! jury _h )drawn to consid] _! v]dict he exhibit$ no trace ( anxiety1 b until call$ bel[ sat calmly sket*+1 :ile he wait$ = _! return4 ,& ?us ,mr4 ,hall ,ca9e wond]$1 z he got ! prison] to sign 8 "n ^u ! back ( a copy ( ! *>r$ fragm5ts ( ! lett]1 :e!r ) all 8 m5tal al]tness1 8 intellectual activity1 8 temp]am5tal composure1 ?is 0 n "o ( ^? m51 ! r>e & my/]i\s m51 :o lack "s necess>y quality on ! moral side ( _! nature4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,sympa!tic ,,inks ,! s-call$ sympa!tic inks1 by :i* is und]/ood inks t give a writ+ t is invisible1 or ne>ly s1 until x has be5 act$ ^u by ! air or treat$ ) a special reag5t1 h be5 put to _m +5i\s uses by ! crim9al4 ,"s five ye>s ago an innoc5t-look+ individual call$ at ! laboratory ( "o ( ! lead+ consult+ *emi/s 9 ,london1 & ask$ :e!r he c\ld be suppli$ ) a writ+ fluid t w\ld give writ+ :i* w\ld fade away 9 a %ort "t1 & also ) ano!r ink t w\ld produce words t w\ld be invisible = "s "t & !n appe>4 ,he gave z 8 reason = requir+ ^! t he want$ to amuse a small boy4 ,! sequel 0 se5 a few weeks lat] :5 ! same plausible individual 0 arre/$ = sw9dl+ on ! race-c\rse4 ,he _h made tempt+ bets on c]ta9 horses1 ! names ( :i* he _h writt5 on slips ( pap]1 & _h h&$ ^! slips to ^? :o _h accept$ 8 wag]s4 ,9 a %ort "t ! "n ( ! horse on ea* slip ( pap] gradually fad$ away :ile ! "n ( ano!r horse sl[ly appe>$ 9 its place4 ,"o man to :om "o ( ^! slips _h be5 giv51 hav+ be5 w>n$ by ano!r victim1 hurri$ away to ! police /ation1 & 0 9 "t to let ! sup]9t5d5t see ! "n ( an outsid] replace t ( "o ( ! fav\rites ^u :i* he _h laid 8 money4 ,?is appe>s to h be5 ! la/ detect$ attempt to use a sympa!tic ink ^u ! race-c\rse4 ,a disappe>+ ink frequ5tly us$ = ?is purpose is a weak solution ( />* conta9+ a slight trace ( iod9e1 ! effect ( :i* is to produce a fa9t blue col\r4 ,on exposure to ! air ! col\r ( writ+ done ) su* a fluid soon fades away4 ,fugitive dye-/uffs h also be5 employ$ z disappe>+ inks1 & "s ( ^!1 su* z qu9ol9e blue1 give *>act]s t rapidly disappe> :5 expos$ to sunlight4 ,an ink t is invisible = "s "t is a solution ( silv] nitrate 9 ammonia1 :i* gradually becomes black :5 act$ ^u by air & light4 ,or c]ta9 dye-/uffs su* z mag5ta1 t h be5 treat$ ) a blea*+ reag5t 9 j suffici5t quantity to decolorise !m fulfil ! same purpose1 ! orig9al col\r gradually reappe>+ z ! oxyg5 ( ! air acts ^u ! pigm5t4 ,! e>lie/ inks t 7 r5d]$ visible by *emical reag5ts 7 believ$ to act by magnetism4 ,?us 9 a m$ical book ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 writt5 by ,brossonius1 a magnetic fluid is describ$ made f ars5iat$ liv] ( sulphur1 :i* only became visible :5 look$ at ) ! eyes ( affection4 ,?is appe>s to h be5 no?+ m my/]i\s ?an an ink ( lead acetate1 ! *>act]s writt5 ) :i* c\ld be r5d]$ visible by expos+ !m to ! vap\r ( sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,inks ( ?is k9d 7 also m5tion$1 9 #affi1 by ,otto ,ta*51 :o ref]r$ to !m z aqu magnetice e long9quo ag5tes1 b po9t$ out t !re 0 no?+ magnetic 9 _! action4 ,! t]m sympa!tic ink appe>s to h orig9at$ ) ,le ,mort1 :o appli$ x to ! lead acetate ink1 & lat] on ! "n 0 ext5d$ to all secret inks4 ,! be/ kn[n sympa!tic inks consi/ ( solutions ( cobalt salts1 ! writ+ done ) :i* *anges on heat+ f a ne>ly invisible p9k to blue4 ,?is peculi>ity ( cobalt to =m two s]ies ( salts conta9+ diff]5t am\nts ( wat] 0 discov]$ 9 #agae by ,waiz4 ,o!r comp\nds t may be us$ z sympa!tic writ+ fluids include tann91 :i* =ms ord9>y ink on ! addition ( iron sulphate2 cobalt nitrate :i* becomes blue on add+ oxalic acid1 & gold *loride :i* gives a purple col\r ) t9 *loride4 ,"s ?irty ye>s ago a pat5t 0 tak5 out by ,krom] = ! use ( a sympa!tic ink 9 detect+ any tamp]+ ) envelopes4 ,! two dri$ con/itu5ts ( ! ink1 say tann9 & iron sulphate1 are sep>at$ by ! adhesive gum ^u ! envelope1 s t %\ld /eam be appli$ to op5 ! lett]1 ! two sub/ances come into contact1 & =m an ink1 :i* leaves a /a9 ^u ! pap]4 ,pr9t+ inks bas$ ^u ^! pr9ciples are us$ 9 prep>+ ! gr\ndwork ( *eques1 s t any attempt to remove ! writ+ f ! *eque by means ( *emical ag5ts w be betray$ by ! *ange ( col\r ^u ! body ( ! pap]4 ,! value ( sympa!tic inks 9 detect+ an (f5d] 0 /rik+ly %[n 9 ! rec5t ,sutton libel case1 9 :i* a woman 0 f\nd guilty ( s5d+ (f5sive c>ds ?r\gh ! po/4 ,! /ory is a v rem>kable "o4 ,= _m mon?s dur+ #aijh & ! e>ly "p ( #aiji1 !re 0 an epidemic ( anonym\s po/ c>ds 9 ,sutton1 _m p receiv+ !m & no "o be+ able to trace _! orig94 ,among o!r p :o receiv$ ^! c>ds 0 a ,mrs4 ,tugwell1 & 9 "s ( !m x 0 /at$ t %e & ano!r woman 7 n fit memb]s ( a c]ta9 congregation4 ,suspicion fell ^u ! h\sekeep] ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic prie/1 ,annie ,dewey1 & ma9ly on ! evid5ce ( a h&writ+ exp]t1 %e 0 committ$ = trial at ! ,assizes4 ,! writ+ on ! libell\s c>ds 0 und\bt$ly extremely l t ( ,miss ,dewey1 &1 z ev5ts subsequ5tly prov$1 0 a v skilful imitation ( x by someone :o wi%$ to ?r[ suspicion ^u h]4 ,:5 ! ,assizes came on1 no evid5ce 0 (f]$ by ! prosecution & ! case 0 dismiss$4 ,! libels /ill cont9u$1 h[ev]1 & ,mrs4 ,tugwell hav+ receiv$ m libell\s c>ds1 h] husb& aga9 took ! matt] up1 & ,miss ,dewey 0 once m committ$ = trial 9 ,m>*1 #aiaj4 ,! trial 0 a v exhau/ive "o1 b no conv9c+ evid5ce 0 br\ght aga9/ ! accus$1 :o 0 !re=e acquitt$4 ,9 ! meantime a numb] ( suspici\s circum/ances po9t$ to ! conclusion t ,mrs4 ,tugwell h]self 0 ! au?or ( ! libell\s c>ds & lett]s1 & t %e _h also app>5tly writt5 ^? t %e _h receiv$ ?r\gh ! po/4 ,9 ord] to obta9 pro( ( ?is ! police1 by arrangem5t ) ! po/al au?orities1 m>k$ a l>ge numb] ( /amps ) a sympa!tic ink1 t w\ld n become visible until x _h be5 treat$ ) ano!r reag5t4 ,in/ructions 7 giv5 to ! po/ma/] t ^! m>k$ /amps 7 to be suppli$ to none b memb]s ( ! ,tugwell family4 ,9 ,april two m libell\s po/ c>ds 7 s5t to ,canon ,caff]ata1 a ,roman ,ca?olic prie/1 & ! /amps ^u ^! c>ds 7 two ( ^? m>k$ ) ! invisible ink4 ,! h\se ( ! ,tugwells 0 n[ wat*$ by ! police1 & "o ev5+ :5 ,mrs4 ,tugwell 0 se5 com+ out1 ! pill>-box close at h& 0 imm$iately cle>$ ( all its lett]s by an (ficial4 ,mrs4 ,tugwell !n put two lett]s 9 ! box1 bo? ( :i* conta9$ f\l libels4 ,"o ( ^! 0 address$ to a fri5d ( h]s & ! o!r to h]self4 ,! h&writ+ on bo? ^! lett]s 0 an imitation ( t ( ,miss ,dewey4 ,a w>rant 0 n[ issu$ = ! arre/ ( ,mrs4 ,tugwell1 & :5 h] h\se 0 se>*$1 envelopes hav+ ! same wat]m>k z t ( ! envelopes conta9+ ! libell\s lett]s 7 discov]$4 ,!re 7 also f\nd "s ,fr5* books conta9+ ! ,fr5* phrases us$ 9 ! lett]s1 & sev]al pieces ( blott+ pap] ^u :i* 7 words & phrases occurr+ 9 libell\s lett]s4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,rem>kable ,,=g]y ,,trials ,trials--,william ,hale--,! ,p]reaus--,c>ol9e ,rudd--,dr4 ,dodd--,:alley ,w ,case--,pil*]1 etc4 ,! evid5ce giv5 at ! trial ( ,william ,hale1 9 #agbh1 at ! ,old ,bailey has _m po9ts ( int]e/4 ,! accus$ 0 *>g$ ) =g+ a promissory note = #f1djj4 ,at ?is "t x 0 cu/om>y = c]ta9 privileg$ p]sons to frank lett]s by m]ely sign+ _! names ^u !m & add+ ! ^w free4 ,9 ?is case ! =g$ promissory note bore ! words = myself & p>tn]s foll[$ by ! signature1 & ! ,attorney-,g5]al po9t$ out 9 8 spee* = ! prosecution t ?is _h be5 done by eras+ ! two e's ( free1 ins]t+ an o betwe5 ! f & r1 & !n add+ ! additional words4 ,x 0 also alleg$ t ! ink 9 ! /roke ( ! beg9n+ ( ! lett] m 9 ! ^w my 0 9 an old] k9d ( ink1 & probably orig9ally =m$ "p ( "o ( ! e's 9 ! ^w free4 ,! old creases 9 ! pap] 7 also su* z might h be5 produc$ by ! fold+ ( ! cov] ( a lett]4 ,philip ,boo? d5i$ ! au!nticity ( ! h&writ+1 & 0 !n que/ion$ fur!r3-- ,are !y 9 ! same ink8 ,to :i* he repli$1 ,i take !m to be ( a diff]5t ink4 ,! prison] 0 f\nd guilty & condemn$ to /& ?rice 9 ! pillory1 to pay a heavy f9e1 & to suff] five ye>s' imprisonm5t4 ,he di$ ! same ye> 9 ,newgate4 ,two celebrat$ trials = =g]y 9 :i* evid5ce z to ! au!nticity ( h&writ+ 0 giv51 took place 9 #agge1 & ! ju/ice ( ! v]dicts 0 hotly discuss$ = long aft]w>ds4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! trials ,rob]t & ,daniel ,p]reau1 tw9 bro!rs1 7 accus$ ( a s]ies ( frauds by means ( false bonds1 :ile 9 ! second trial ,c>ol9e ,rudd1 :o _h giv5 evid5ce = ! ,cr[n aga9/ ! ,p]reaus 9 ! fir/ trial1 0 indict$ = ! same (f5ce4 ,accord+ to ! contempor>y acc\nts ,rob]t ,p]reau 0 an apo!c>y ( great practice1 :ile 8 bro!r liv$ 9 ! /ile ( a g5tleman4 ,! evid5ce w5t to prove t ,rob]t ,p]reau ask$ ,drummond1 ! bank]1 to l5d him #e1jjj ^u ! security ( a bond = #g1ejj :i*1 he alleg$1 _h be5 giv5 to 8 bro!r ,daniel ,p]reau by a ,mr4 ,william ,adair4 ,mr4 ,drummond que/ion$ ! au!nticity ( ! signature ^u ! bond1 :i* he !re=e reta9$ = fur!r exam9ation1 promis+ to return x ! next day or to advance ! money = ! loan4 ,9 ! meantime he %[$ x to ! ,secret>y ( ! ,admiralty1 :o at once agre$ t ! signature 0 a =g]y4 ,! next day ,p]reau will+ly accompani$ ,drummond to ,mr4 ,william ,adair :o promptly d5i$ all k ( ! bond4 ,! ,p]reaus & ,mrs4 ,rudd n[ attempt$ to escape 9 a coa*1 b 7 arre/$ & *>g$ ) =g]y be=e ,sir ,john ,field+ at ! ,we/m9/] ,guildhall4 ,simil> *>ges ( obta9+ money f o!r p]sons by means ( bonds1 all ( :i* _h be5 sign$ ) ! "n ( ,william ,adair1 7 br\ght1 & aft] ,mrs4 ,rudd _h giv5 evid5ce t %e _h =g$ ! signatures at _! in/igation1 ! two bro!rs 7 committ$ = trial at ! ,old ,bailey4 ,at ! trial evid5ce 0 giv5 by ,william ,drummond t he _h _h an int]view ) ,mrs4 ,rudd1 t !n %e _h admitt$ hav+ giv5 ! bond to ,rob]t ,p]reau1 & aft] confess+ t %e _h =g$ x _h begg$ !m = ,god's sake to h m]cy ^u an innoc5t man4 ,rob]t ,drummond1 bro!r ( ! previ\s witness1 /at$ 9 8 evid5ce t :5 ,mrs4 ,rudd ackn[l$g$ ! =g+ ( ! bond he _h express$ d\bts :e!r %e 0 speak+ ! tru?1 see+ t ! h&writ+ 0 s diff]5t f t ( a woman4 ,mrs4 ,rudd _h !n writt5 ! words1 ,william ,adair1 ^u a piece ( pap] 9 writ+ s l t ( ! signature on ! bond t x _h satisfi$ him & he _h burn$ ! pap]4 ,evid5ce 0 next giv5 by a bro!r ( ,william ,adair & by a cl]k t ! h&writ+ ^u ! bond 0 n t ( ,william ,adair4 ,john ,moody1 a liv]y s]vant ( ,daniel ,p]reau1 :o 0 call$ = ! def5ce1 ass]t$ t ,mrs4 ,rudd _h two diff]5t k9ds ( h&writ+1 9 "o ( :i* %e wrote lett]s to 8 ma/] z ?\gh com+ f ,mr4 ,william ,adair1 ?is fictiti\s writ+ be+ absolutely diff]5t f h] ord9>y writ+4 ,he also /at$ t %e us$ diff]5t p5s1 ink & pap] = ^! =g$ lett]s1 & t ! h&writ+ ^u ! bond 0 precisely ! same z t 9 ! fictiti\s lett]s4 ,! def5ce ( bo? bro!rs 0 t !y _h be5 deceiv$ by ,mrs4 ,rudd1 :o _h giv5 !m ! bond z a true "o & t !y _h pres5t$ x believ+ x to be g5u9e4 ,_m di/+ui%$ p]sons1 includ+ ,sir ,john ,moore1 gave te/imony z to _! "*1 b 9 spite ( ?is bo? 7 f\nd guilty & s5t5c$ to dea?4 ,aft] _! conviction great ef=ts 7 made to secure a p>don = !m1 & especially = ,rob]t ,p]reau1 aga9/ :om ! evid5ce 0 n s /rong4 ,a petition 0 pres5t$ to ! ,k+1 & ! newspap]s 7 fill$ ) lett]s 9 fav\r ( ! m51 :o1 z a l>ge section ( ! public believ$1 _h be5 ! victims ( a design+ woman4 ,b all 0 ( no avail & !y 7 execut$ 9 ,janu>y1 #aggf4 ,betwe5 _! conviction & execution came ! trial ( ,c>ol9e ,rudd = ! same =g]ies4 ,%e plead$ t hav+ be5 accept$ z a witness = ! ,cr[n %e ought n to h be5 prosecut$ z a pr9cipal4 ,?is po9t ( law 0 ref]r$ to ! :ole b5* ( judges1 ^: decision 0 t ! trial %\ld proce$1 9 ord] to det]m9e :e!r ! prison] _h spok5 ! :ole tru?4 ,%e _h *>g$ ,rob]t ,p]reau ) solicit+ h] to =ge ! bond & 8 bro!r ,daniel ) =c+ h] to imitate ! h&writ+ ( ,william ,adair4 ,if1 ran ! judgm5t1 %e has suppress$ ! tru? %e has no equitable claim to fav\r2 & if %e has told ! tru? & ! :ole tru? %e _c be convict$4 ,! trial !re=e proce$$4 ,! pr9cipal witnesses 7 ! wives ( ,rob]t ,p]reau & ,john ,moody4 ,mrs4 ,p]reau /at$ t %e _h se5 ,mrs4 ,rudd h& a bond to h] husb&1 ,rob]t ,p]reau1 :i* 0 sign$ ,william ,adair4 ,9 cross-exam9ation %e admitt$ t %e _h nev] be=e se5 a bond1 & :5 ask$ h[ %e c\ld recall1 aft] ?ree mon?s1 ! names1 am\nts1 date1 & o!r p>ticul>s ^u x repli$1 ,i h ! happ9ess to h a good memory4 ,at ! same "t %e 0 unable to rememb] ! date or sum 9 any o!r docum5t :i* _h be5 %[n to h]4 ,john ,moody1 ,daniel ,p]reau's s]vant1 aga9 gave evid5ce z to ,mrs4 ,rudd's us+ two k9ds ( h&writ+1 & ass]t$ t he believ$ t ! signature ( ,mr4 ,william ,adair ^u ! bond 0 9 ! h&writ+ ( ! prison]4 ,9 cross-exam9ation he admitt$ t he _h nev] se5 ,mrs4 ,rudd sign ! "n ( ,mr4 ,adair4 ,! def5ce 0 t !re _h be5 a conspiracy on ! "p ( ! relatives & fri5ds ( ! ,p]reaus aga9/ ,mrs4 ,rudd1 & ,*ri/ian ,h>t1 a fri5d ( ! prison]1 gave "s evid5ce 9 support ( ?is4 ,a %ort spee* 0 !n made by ,mrs4 ,rudd1 :o conclud$ ) an appeal to ! jury3 ,g5tlem51 ye are hone/ m51 & ,i am safe 9 y\r h&s4 ,aft] a %ort retirem5t ! jury gave _! v]dict 9 ! foll[+ curi\s =m3 ,accord+ to ! evid5ce be=e u1 n guilty4 ,= _m ye>s aft] ^! trials sides 7 tak5 = & aga9/ ! ,p]reaus1 & an appeal ev5 0 made to ,mrs4 ,rudd to discov] ! secrets ( a transaction conc]n+ :i* public op9ion has be5 s mu* divid$4 ,x 0 plausibly sugge/$ t a decl>ation ( ! fact if %e 0 guilty c\ld n !n affect h] s9ce %e _h be5 acquitt$ by ! laws ( h] c\ntry4 ,two ye>s aft] ! trial ( ! ,p]reaus & ,mrs4 ,rudd came ano!r notori\s =g]y trial1 :i* creat$ a /ill great] s5sation1 ow+ to ! fame ( ! prison] z a cl]gyman & an au?or4 ,on ! #h? ( ,febru>y ! ,rev]5d ,dr4 ,dodd1 editor ( ,dodd's ,beauties ( ,%akespe>e1 once "o ( ! ,k+'s ,*apla9s1 & a prea*] :om ,sunday aft] ,sunday fa%ionable ,london _h flock$ to he>1 0 arre/$ on ! *>ge ( =g+ ! signature ( 8 =m] pupil1 ! ,e>l ( ,*e/]field4 ,= ye>s he _h be5 attempt+ to live 9 ! /yle :i* he ?\ght 8 position requir$1 & _h be5 9 con/ant difficulties ) 8 trades-p4 ,at l5g? to satisfy "s ( ! m importunate1 he borr[$ #d1jjj 9 ! "n ( ,"l ,*e/]field1 ^: ag5t he repres5t$ himself to be1 & gave a false bond = ! sum4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! =g]y 0 discov]$ is especially int]e/+1 z be+ "o ( ! e>lie/ cases 9 :i* ! appe>ance ( ! ink l$ to ! detection ( a fraud4 ,! bond _h be5 left ) a ,mr4 ,manly1 :o 0 ! attorney = ,messrs4 ,flet*] & ,pea*1 :o _h advanc$ ! money1 &1 accord+ to ! evid5ce :i* he gave at ! trial1 he obs]v$ a v rem>kable blot 9 ! fir/ lett] ,e 9 ! ^w ,,sev51 :i* did n seem to be ! effect ( *ance b done ) design4 ,he ?\ght x rem>kable b did n suspect a =g]y2 yet he %[$ ,mr4 ,flet*] ! bond & blot1 & advis$ him to h a clean bond fill$ up1 & c>ri$ to ,"l ,*e/]field = execution4 ,:5 ?is 0 done ,"l ,*e/]field imm$iately dis[n$ ! bond1 & ,dr4 ,dodd 0 !reupon arre/$4 ,! attorney advis$ him t if he return$ ! money x w\ld be ! only means ( sav+ him4 ,accord+ly he rais$ ! #d1jjj1 on ! und]/&+ t ! bond %\ld be return$ to him cancell$1 b ! *>ge 0 n )drawn1 & he 0 committ$ = trial at ! ,old ,bailey4 ,8 def5ce 0 little m ?an a confession ( guilt & a plea = m]cy1 & aft] an abs5ce ( only a few m9utes ! jury f\nd t he 0 guilty1 b recomm5d$ him to ! royal m]cy4 ,aft] ! conviction unexampl$ ef=ts 7 made to ga9 a reprieve4 ,9 e newspap] !re 7 lett]s plead+ = ! life ( ! prison]1 & ! mo/ di/+ui%$ m5 ( ! day1 includ+ ,dr4 ,johnson1 !n ! =emo/ ,engli% man ( lett]s1 us$ _! influ5ce on 8 behalf4 ,(fic]s ( ! p>i%1 dress$ 9 deep m\rn+ w5t f door to door1 ga9+ signatures = long petitions to ! k+1 & ! names ?us collect$ fill$ tw5ty-?ree rolls ( p>*m5t4 ,f9ally1 ! ,"l ,mayor & ,c\ncil w5t 9 /ate to ,/4 ,james's ,palace implor+ m]cy = ! prison]4 ,b all 0 to no purpose1 = ! k+ ob/9ately refus$ to %[ any fav\r to ! div9e :om he _h =m]ly dismiss$ f 8 *apla9cy4 ,8 con/ant reply to all ^! petitions 01 ,if ,i save ,dodd ,i %all h murd]$ ! ,p]reaus4 ,on ! #bg? ,june1 #aggg1 ,dr4 ,dodd 0 tak5 9 a c>t ) ano!r condemn$ prison] f ,newgate to ,tyburn & execut$4 ,8 bad luck att5d$ him to ! la/1 = he w5t *e]fully to ! place ( execution "u ! impression t ! execution] w\ld be able to cut him d[n & h& him ov] to 8 fri5ds be=e x 0 too late to re/ore him to life4 ,un=tunately = him ! s*eme misc>ri$4 ,a contempor>y acc\nt ?us describes ! incid5t3 ,j be=e ! p>ties 7 turn$ (f ,dr4 ,dodd :isp]$ to ! execution]4 ,:at he said _c be kn[n2 b x 0 obs]v$ t ! man _h no soon] driv5 away ! c>t ?an he ran imm$iately "u ! gibbet1 & took hold ( ! doctor's legs1 z if to /eady ! body2 & ! unhappy man appe>$ to die )\t pa92 b ! groans1 pray]s & te>s ( ?\s&s att5d$ 8 exit4 ,t ,dr4 ,dodd 0 hang$ at ,tyburn is unque/ionable1 b x 0 commonly believ$ at ! "t t ! plan arrang$ ) ! execution] _h prov$ successful1 & t aft] be+ cut d[n1 he 0 h&$ ov] to 8 fri5ds1 :o appli$ re/oratives1 & :5 he 0 well aga9 smuggl$ him ov] to ,france1 :]e he liv$ quietly = _m ye>s until 8 dea?4 ,!re is no reliable evid5ce ( ?is rescue f ! gall[s1 & al?\gh a few ye>s ago x 0 /at$ t an acc\nt appe>$ 9 a newspap] ( #aghd1 ( ! life ( ,dr4 ,dodd 9 ,france1 ! pres5t writ] has be5 unable to f9d any m5tion ( ?is 9 ! pap]s ( t date4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! trial popul>ly kn[n z ,! ,great ,matlock ,w ,case is a good illu/ration ( ! way 9 :i* ! int]nal evid5ce ( docum5ts may af=d def9ite pro( ( _! au?or%ip4 ,9 ! ye> #ahef a surveyor nam$ ,nuttall :o liv$ at ,matlock di$ leav+ an e/ate wor? ab\t #fj1jjj4 ,he _h no ne> relatives1 & ! only o!r occupant ( 8 h\se at ! "t ( 8 dea? 0 8 h\sekeep]1 ,ca!r9e ,m>sd54 ,h] si/]'s husb&1 ,john ,else1 _h be5 employ$ z a cl]k = _m ye>s by ,mr4 ,nuttall1 & wrote 9 a h&writ+ s simil> to ! surveyor's t p 7 frequ5tly at a loss to tell by :i* ( ! two _! lett]s _h be5 writt54 ,nuttall _h _h 8 w drawn up by a solicitor1 & _h made a copy ( x 9 8 own writ+1 :i* 0 sign$ & witness$4 ,9 ?is copy c]ta9 additions b5efit+ ,else _h be5 introduc$ betwe5 ! l9es4 ,a numb] ( codicils to ?is w 7 subsequ5tly discov]$ :5 ,else _h become appo9t$ successor to ,nuttall1 & ^! 7 sign$ & witness$ by a local f>m] & a surgeon1 s t if ^! codicils 7 n g5u9e1 !re 0 conspiracy to defraud & p]jury on ! "p ( ^! witnesses4 ,! g5u9e nature ( ! signatures 0 v\*$ = by a bank cl]k1 :o /at$ t he w\ld h at once paid money ^u *eques s sign$4 ,! case 0 fir/ tri$ be=e a jury at ! ,d]by ,assizes 9 #ahei1 & ! codicils 7 pron\nc$ g5u9e4 ,! ,ma/] ( ! ,rolls1 n be+ satisfi$ ) ! v]dict1 direct$ a second trial1 :i* took place 9 #ahfj1 & ?is "t ! jury decid$ t ! codicils 7 n g5u9e4 ,! pla9tiffs !n appeal$ fir/ to ! ,high ,c\rt & !n to ! ,h\se ( ,lords & a new trial 0 ord]$4 ,! f9al trial came on be=e ! ,"l ,*ief ,ju/ice 7,cockburn7 9 #ahfd1 & la/$ = eight days4 ,! jury decid$ aga9/ ! g5u95ess ( ! codicils1 ma9ly ^u ! *>act]i/ics ( ! writ+ & spell+4 ,bo? ,nuttall & ,else 7 bad spell]s1 b _! mi/akes 7 diff]5t4 ,= in/ance1 ?r\gh\t ! w daught] 0 spelt correctly1 :]eas 9 ! codicil x 0 d\ght]1 & x 0 prov$ t ,else spelt ! ^w ) an o1 :ile ,nuttall _h nev] done s4 ,! way 9 :i* ! t 0 cross$ 01 h[ev]1 ! mo/ conv9c+ piece ( evid5ce4 ,x 0 %[n t ,nuttall's habit 0 usually to leave ! t uncross$1 or :5 he did cross x to d s completely4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,else g5]ally made a half-cross to ! t's4 ,9 ! w writt5 by ! te/ator !re 7 no half-cross+s1 :]eas 9 ! int]l9eation & ! codicils ! half-cross$ t's pr$om9at$4 ,?is diff]5ce 0 also br\ght out 9 a l>ge numb] ( ! lett]s ( ! deceas$ & ( ,else1 :i* 7 %[n to ! jury4 ,aft] ! v]dict _h be5 giv5 aga9/ !m ! pla9tiffs attempt$1 ?\gh )\t success1 to obta9 yet ano!r trial ( ! case4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable trials = =g]y t has tak5 place 9 ?is c\ntry 0 ! outcome ( ! fam\s ,:alley w case1 :i* occupi$ ! att5tion ( ! c\rts = ?ree ye>s 9 ! e>ly eighties4 ,james ,:alley1 ^: =tune 0 9 dispute1 di$ 9 #ahha leav+ #fj1jjj4 ,he _h be5 a res]v$ man ) a t\* ( ecc5tricity1 & p>simoni\s habits1 & 9 spite ( 8 weal? _h liv$ = _m ye>s 9 b>e lodg+s 9 ! h\se ( a railway port] nam$ ,?omas1 at ,leom9/]4 ,on sev]al occasions he _h express$ 8 int5tion ( leav+ 8 money to a man nam$ ,prie/man1 :o ?\gh at ! "t unaw>e ( ! tru?1 0 9 fact 8 natural son2 & !re 0 conv9c+ evid5ce to %[ t he _h made a w on blue pap] to t effect4 ,aft] 8 dea?1 h[ev]1 no su* w c\ld be f\nd1 :]eas ,?omas1 ! railway port]1 produc$ a w on :ite pap]1 9 :i* ! bulk ( ! =tune 0 left to him4 ,c]ta9 suspici\s circum/ances l$ ,:alley's next ( k9 to *all5ge ! g5u95ess ( ! w1 & ?\gh z yet !re 0 no sugge/ion ( =g]y1 x 0 urg$ t ! signature _h be5 obta9$ by "s trick4 ,aft] "s "t a compromise 0 made1 & x 0 arrang$ t ,?omas %\ld h #ag1jjj & t ! rema9d] ( ! money %\ld be divid$ betwe5 ,prie/man & ,:alley's relatives4 ,! w 0 prov$ on ?is und]/&+4 ,"h ! matt] might h end$ _h x n be5 = an act ( folly ^u ! "p ( ,?omas4 ,prie/man invit$ 8 solicitor & "s fri5ds to come to ,leom9/] to celebrate ! occasion1 & on _! way f ! /ation ! c>riage drove pa/ ! h\se :]e ,:alley _h liv$4 ,z x pass$ by ,?omas /ood at ! w9d[ fl\ri%+ a piece ( blue pap]4 ,! solicitor1 see+ ?is1 jump$ to ! conclusion t ?is pap] 0 ! blue w1 :i* ,?omas 0 fl\ri%+ out ( bravado1 to %[ t he _h beat5 !m4 ,?is l$ him to make fur!r inquiries1 :i* f9ally result$ 9 8 conclud+ t ! :ite w 0 a =g]y4 ,z ! ,c\rt ( ,*anc]y reg>d$ ! "q z "o to be decid$ by a jury ! case 0 tri$ 9 ! ,que5's ,b5* ,division1 em95t c\nsel be+ engag$ on ea* side4 ,evid5ce 0 giv5 by ,david ,reece1 ^: "n appe>$ ^u ! w z "o ( ! witnesses4 ,he swore t he _h nev] se5 ,:alley sign a w1 b t1 toge!r ) ! o!r witness1 ,na%1 he _h put 8 signature above ,:alley's signature on a piece ( :ite pap] on :i* 0 "s writ+ 9 p5cil4 ,o!r evid5ce 0 !n call$ to prove t %ortly be=e 8 dea? ,:alley _h ask$ ,?omas to write a lett] 9 p5cil to ,prie/man1 to :i* he _h app5d$ 8 signature 9 ink4 ,?is lett] ,prie/man _h nev] receiv$4 ,! inf]5ce1 !re=e1 f ?is evid5ce 0 t ! w _h be5 writt5 ^u a %eet ( pap] f :i* p5cil writ+ _h be5 eras$4 ,a m9ute exam9ation ( ! :ite w disclos$ ! pres5ce ( traces ( ! p5cil m>ks1 & words c\ld be suffici5tly deciph]$ to %[ t !y _h =m$ "p ( a lett]4 ,! evid5ce ( a numb] ( exp]t witnesses1 includ+ ,mr4 ,holmes1 ! libr>ian ( ,w9dsor ,ca/le1 made cle> ! mann] 9 :i* p5cil m>ks ^u pap] :i* _h app>5tly be5 eras$ might reappe>4 ,:5 india-rubb] is pass$ ov] ! surface ( ! pap] x removes "p ( ! fibres ( ! mat]ial b only d\bles ov] ano!r portion1 s t 9 "t ! latt] may unroll aga9 & uncov] ! writ+ :i* _h = a "t be5 conceal$ by x4 ,x 0 prov$ fur!r t ! words :i* _h n[ reappe>$ ^u ! pap] 7 9 ! h&writ+ ( ,?omas4 ,! exp]t evid5ce t 0 br\ght fully confirm$ ! /ory ( ! witness ,reece1 & ! :ite w 0 pron\nc$ a =g]y4 ,subsequ5tly ,?omas 0 tri$ on ?is *>ge & 0 convict$ & s5t5c$ to fifte5 ye>s' p5al s]vitude4 ,x is /range to reflect t _h x n be5 = 8 be+ unable to resi/ ! temptation ( %[+ 8 triumph ov] 8 rivals1 by fl\ri%+ a blue pap]1 8 +5i\s fraud w\ld 9 all probability nev] h be5 detect$4 ,x is sc>cely likely t ?is pap] 0 ! orig9al blue w4 ,9 any case1 ! latt] 0 nev] discov]$1 b ! ,c\rts held on ! evid5ce laid be=e !m t its int5tion %\ld hold good1 & t ! money %\ld g to ,prie/man4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an elaborately design$ =g]y 0 detect$ 9 #ahia by ! evid5ce furni%$ by ! diff]5t docum5ts4 ,an action 0 br\ght by a man nam$ ,h[e aga9/ ! executors ( a ,mr4 ,a%ton to recov] #a1cge1 :i* he alleg$1 _h be5 giv5 him 9 a *eque %ortly be=e ! te/ator's dea?4 ,! body ( ! *eque 0 admitt$ to be 9 ! h&writ+ ( ,h[e :o said t he _h writt5 x at ,a%ton's reque/4 ,! *eque 0 sign$ ,b4 ,a%ton1 :]eas 9 ! *eques 7produc$ by ,mr4 ,a%ton's bank7 = _m ye>s previ\sly1 ! signature 0 inv>iably ,b5j4 ,a%ton1 & ! %ort] signature 0 only employ$ 9 lett]s4 ,! evid5ce w5t to %[ t ,h[e _h trac$ ! signature f "o ( ^! lett]s4 ,a fur!r discrepancy 0 app>5t 9 ! =m ( ! figure sev51 ,h[e inv>iably =m+ x labori\sly & ) a v]tical /roke at ! top1 :]eas ,a%ton _h always made x 9 a cont9u\s /roke4 ,9 support ( 8 /atem5t ,h[e produc$ "s memor&a ( sums due to himself1 :i* he ass]t$ to be ! h&writ+ ( ,a%ton4 ,9 ^! ! figure sev5 0 inv>iably =m$ 9 ! same way z ,h[e made x1 :ile ! figure 0 nev] made 9 t fa%ion by ,a%ton4 ,to acc\nt = "o sum ( #bjj1 :i* he claim$ to h l5t to ! deceas$1 ,h[e /at$ t he _h borr[$ ! sum f 8 "m-9-law1 & 9 corroboration produc$ a promissory note :i* he said he _h giv5 h] at ! "t4 ,! note 0 dat$ #ahhi1 & ! date-m>k to h co9cid$ ) ?is %\ld h be5 #hi4 ,an exam9ation ( ?is docum5t sugge/$ to ! judge1 ,mr4 ,ju/ice ,wills1 t !re _h be5 "s tamp]+ ) ! date4 ,a hole 9 ! pap] came :]e ! #h %\ld h be51 ! explanation (f]$ = ?is be+ t ! pap] _h be5 put ^u a file4 ,! appe>ance ( ! curve ( :at 0 left ( ! fir/ lett]1 h[ev]1 0 n l ! curve ( an #h1 & by c>efully work+ at ! back ( ! pap] ) an in/rum5t1 ! torn edges ( ! hole 7 pu%$ back into _! place1 & ! figures ( ! ye> #ahij 7 made pla9ly visible4 ,s c>efully ?\ght out _h ?is fraud be5 t x took twelve days to unravel ! :ole matt]4 ,aft] ! exposures describ$ above ,h[e naturally lo/ 8 case1 & ! pap]s 7 s5t to ! ,public ,prosecutor4 ,subsequ5tly ,h[e 0 tri$ at ! ,old ,bailey = =g]y & convict$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! trial ( ,fr$]ick ,pil*] at ! ,old ,bailey 9 ,july1 #aiaj1 on ! *>ge ( =g+ 8 c\s9's w1 0 notable z be+ ! fir/ occasion ^u :i* *emical evid5ce z to ! age ( mod]n inks has be5 giv54 ,pil*]1 :o 0 a naval ar*itect & colonel 9 ! ,t]ritorials1 9 ,liv]pool1 _h = _m ye>s be5 on v fri5dly t]ms ) 8 c\s91 ,m>ian ,lilian ,k]f]d1 & _h be5 entru/$ by h] ) ! managem5t ( "s ( h] prop]ty4 ,miss ,k]f]d di$ 9 ,m>*1 #aiji1 leav+ an unsign$ w 9 :i* %e divid$ ! bulk ( h] e/ate1 am\nt+ to #bj1jjj to #cj1jjj1 betwe5 v>i\s relatives1 :ile only #acj a ye> 0 left to ,colonel ,pil*]1 :om %e _h appo9t$ h] executor4 ,%ortly aft] h] dea? ,pil*] produc$ a sign$ w be>+ ! date ( #ahih1 :i* he /at$ he _h f\nd among ! pap]s ( ! deceas$1 & 9 ?is w he 0 left ! :ole ( ! prop]ty & appo9t$ sole executor4 ,he obta9$ probate ( ?is w & took possession ( ! e/ate1 deal+ lib]ally ) ! memb]s ( ! family m5tion$ 9 ! unsign$ w4 ,! relations1 h[ev]1 7 n satisfi$ ) ?is /ate ( affairs1 & ,mr4 ,frank ,/okes1 z next-(-k91 br\ght an action1 :i* ,colonel ,pil*] did n def5d1 & succe$$ 9 gett+ ! probate set aside1 & ! deceas$ lady 0 decl>$ to h di$ inte/ate4 ,9 ! meantime ! prison] _h succe$$ 9 sp5d+ ab\t #e1jjj ( ! e/ate4 ,:5 arre/$ he /\tly d5i$ t ! w 0 a =g]y1 b aft] evid5ce _h be5 giv5 at ,b[ ,/reet he 0 committ$ = trial4 ,! writ+ ^u ! w %[$ a close resemblance to t ( ,miss ,k]f]d1 b ! bank manag] ( ! deceas$ lady /at$ 9 ! witness-box t 9 8 op9ion x 0 an imitation4 ,a rem>kable fact 0 br\ght out 9 8 evid5ce4 ,up to ! ye> #aijc ,miss ,k]f]d _h inv>iably =m$ ! lett] ) a p>ticul> loop1 & ?is 0 se5 ^u all ! *eques1 :i* _h be5 reta9$ by ! bank4 ,aft] t date1 h[ev]1 %e made h] k's 9 a totally diff]5t mann]1 & ! loop+ ( =m] ye>s nev] occurr$ 9 any ( h] writ+4 ,n[ 9 ! w alleg$ to h be5 writt5 9 #ahih x 0 significant t ! k's 7 =m$ 9 ! mann] ( lat] ye>s1 & n z ,miss ,k]f]d made !m 9 #ahih4 ,c]ta9 mi/akes ( spell+ 9 ! w 7 also *>act]i/ic ( ! prison]1 :]eas ,miss ,k]f]d nev] made su* slips4 ,! names ( ! witnesses ^u ! w1 :i* by ! way 7 also wrongly spell$1 7 ^? ( m5 :o _h be5 dead sev]al ye>s1 b _! relatives gave evid5ce t ^! signatures 7 n g5u9e4 ,evid5ce 0 also giv5 by ! pres5t writ] z to ! age ( ! ink ^u ! alleg$ w4 ,! body ( ! w & ! signatures ( bo? witnesses 7 all writt5 9 ! same k9d ( ink--a fact ( importance 9 connection ) ! half-confession subsequ5tly made by ! prison]4 ,on 8 appe>ance at ! ,old ,bailey1 ,pil*] 0 def5d$ by ,mr4 ,m>%all ,hall1 & aft] two days' trial1 he act$ ^u ! advice ( 8 c\nsel & agre$ to plead guilty to utt]+ ! w1 ?\gh he p]si/$ 9 8 d5ial ( hav+ =g$ x4 ,:5 ! prison]'s c\nsel rose to make ?is /atem5t !re 0 dead sil5ce1 = ev]yone 9 c\rt 0 aw>e t some?+ unusual _h happ5$1 & !re pass$ ov] ! room "o ( ^? feel+s ( t5sion t make ea* individual 9 a cr[d lose sight ( ev]y?+ except ! unfold+ ( ! drama be=e !m4 ,aft] call+ sev]al witnesses to ! good "* ( ! prison]1 ,mr4 ,m>%all ,hall made a /rong appeal = m]cy4 ,colonel ,pil*]1 he said1 _h be5 a v intimate fri5d ( ?is lady1 :o _h frequ5tly express$ ! int5tion ( leav+ him h] money4 ,un=tunately1 hav+ put (f sign+ h] w f day to day1 %e _h di$ )\t c>ry+ out t int5tion1 & unluckily = him ! prison] _h f\nd a w among h] pap]s1 b )\t ! signatures ( ! te/atrix or witnesses4 ,he n[ own$ t ! signatures 7 n g5u9e1 b did n "k h[ !y _h be5 put ^u ! w4 ,9 utt]+ ! w he _h only be5 attempt+ to c>ry out ! wi% ( ! dead woman4 ,9 mitigation ( 8 (f5ce x 0 po9t$ out t he _h n sp5t all ! money he might h done1 t he 0 ov] sixty ye>s ( age1 & t 8 wife :o _h kn[n no?+ ( ?is un=tunate liaison ( h] husb& freely =gave him = any pa9 he might h caus$ h]4 ,be=e s5t5ce 0 pass$ ,mr4 ,muir1 :o conduct$ ! case = ! prosecution1 prote/$ aga9/ ! explanation ( ! f9d+ ( ! w t _h be5 giv5 9 ?is confession1 & said t 9 face ( ! evid5ce t ! ink ^u ! w 0 n m ?an six ye>s old he c\ld n accept ! view t ! prison] 0 n ! =g] ( ! docum5t4 ,! judge1 9 pass+ s5t5ce1 said t ev5 n[ ! prison] _h n made a clean brea/ ( ! matt]1 = !y 7 /ill 9 ! d>k z to :o _h sign$ ! names ^u ! w4 ,h[ev]1 tak+ into acc\nt ! good "* t _h be5 giv5 to ! accus$ by ^? :o _h kn[n him1 & ! po9ts urg$ 9 8 fav\r1 he did n ?9k t ! extreme measure ( p5al s]vitude 0 des]v$1 & ! s5t5ce w\ld be "o ( ?ree ye>s' p5al s]vitude4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,id5tification ,,( ,,human ,,blood ,,& ,,human ,,hair ,/ructure ( ,blood--,human ,blood--,blood ( ,animals--,blood ,cry/als--,libell]s ( ,sir ,e4 ,godfrey--,trial ( ,nation 9 #aheg--,physiological ,te/s--,precipit9es--,fir/ ,trial 9 ,france--,gorse ,hall ,trials--,human ,hair--,hairs ( ,animals4 ,9 its /ructure blood may be describ$ z a col\rless fluid1 ! plasma hav+ 9 susp5sion small solid sub/ances--! r$ & :ite corpuscles4 ,! plasma may be sep>at$ into a coagulat$ body t]m$ fibr9 & a transp>5t liquid call$ ! s]um4 ,:5 blood coagulates1 or =ms clots1 x =ms a solid mass 9 :i* ! r$ corpuscles are b\nd up 9 ! fibr\s mass ( fibr94 ,! process ( coagulation is promot$ by mod]ate heat1 slight dilution ) wat]1 & exposure to ! air1 :ile x is ret>d$ by cold1 /rongly heat+1 great dilution & ! addition ( v>i\s *emical ag5ts4 ,! r$ corpuscles diff] 9 size & %ape accord+ to ! species ( animal4 ,?us 9 human blood & 9 ! blood ( mo/ mammalia !y appe> z d\ble concave circul> discs1 :ile 9 ! blood ( ! camel & 9 t ( birds1 reptiles & fi% ! r$ corpuscles are elliptical 9 =m4 ,! numb] ( corpuscles pres5t is also subject to great v>iations1 ! blood ( amphibia & reptiles1 = in/ance1 conta9+ rem>kably few4 ,! foll[+ numb]s 9 #ajj p>ts ( ! blood ( diff]5t animals h be5 record$3 ,horse1 #ec2 pig1 #dce2 ox1 #ce2 dog1 #ceg2 & man1 #dh corpuscles4 ,! col\r ( blood is due to a comp\nd kn[n z hmoglob91 :i* con/itutes ab\t #dj p] c5t4 ( ! sub/ance ( ! corpuscles4 ,9 ! bright r$ art]ial blood ! hmoglob9 is pres5t 9 ! =m ( oxyhmoglob91 & ! latt] may be sep>at$ 9 cry/all9e =m by suitable treatm5t ( ! sep>at$ r$ blood corpuscles4 ,^! cry/als diff] 9 ! case ( diff]5t animals bo? 9 _! *emical & physical *>act]i/ics1 & h v diff]5t =ms4 ,!re are also simil>ly pron\nc$ diff]5ces betwe5 ! microscopical appe>ance ( oxyhmoglob9 cry/als f human blood & f t ( v>i\s animals4 ,! cry/als f human blood are 9 ! =m ( long rhombic ne$les2 ^? f ! blood ( ! horse are quadrilat]al prisms2 ! blood ( ! gu9ea-pig1 rat1 & _m birds yield rhombic tetrah$ea2 :ile t ( ! squirrel gives hexagonal plates4 ,cry/als ( o!r comp\nds ( hmoglob91 su* z hm91 diff]+ 9 ! case ( diff]5t species ( animals may also be prep>$1 & ! id5tity ( oxyhmoglob9 may also be prov$ by its *>act]i/ic appe>ance 9 ! spectroscope4 ,x is1 !re=e1 "u fav\rable conditions1 n a v difficult matt] to di/+ui% betwe5 ! fre% blood (1 say1 a man & a squirrel by means ( ^! *>act]i/ic diff]5ces4 ,x is r>ely1 h[ev]1 t ! problem is pres5t$ 9 su* a simple =m 9 crim9al "w1 9 :i* usually all t is available = ! inve/igation is ! dri$ /a9 ^u "s g>m5t or ! clot ^u a ru/y knife4 ,"o ( ! mo/ widely employ$ te/s is to dissolve a little ( ! mat]ial 9 acetic acid conta9+ a little common salt1 to apply a g5tle heat to ! microscope slide1 & !n to notice "u ! microscope :e!r hm9 cry/als are =m$4 ,:]e ! /a9 is ^u iron x is (t5 impossible to prep>e hm9 cry/als1 & 9 su* cases hydrog5 p]oxide is us$ z a reag5t4 ,?is comp\nd1 :5 br\ght into contact ) a fragm5t ( ! mat]ial moi/5$ ) alkal9e wat]1 gives (f 9 ! pres5ce ( blood1 bubbles ( oxyg51 :i* gradually =m a :ite scum4 ,exp]im5ts made by ,m4 ,cotton h %[n t ! blood ( diff]5t animals v>ies 9 ! int5sity ( its action ^u hydrog5 p]oxide4 ,?us human blood lib]ates ab\t twice z mu* oxyg5 z ! blood ( ! horse or pig1 ne>ly f\r times z mu* z t ( ! ox & gu9ea-pig1 & ab\t t5 times z mu* z ! blood ( ! %eep4 ,un=tunately o!r animal fluids h a simil> action ^u hydrog5 p]oxide1 & ! te/ c !re=e only be reg>d$ z corroborative evid5ce ( ! results obta9$ by o!r te/s4 ,attempts h sometimes be5 made by murd]]s to remove blood-/a9s by treatm5t ) *emical ag5ts1 s z to prev5t _! id5tification4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! trial ( ,mi/]s = murd] at ,%rewsbury1 9 #ahda1 a solution ( alum 0 f\nd 9 8 room1 & x 0 suppos$ t he _h remov$ ! blood f 8 %irt by treatm5t ) ?is4 ,he 0 convict$1 h[ev]1 ^u o!r evid5ce4 ,! id5tification ( blood-/a9s ^u ru/y weapons is a m difficult matt] ?an 9 ! case ( /a9s ^u l954 ,! action ( ! acid salts ( fruits ^u ! iron may produce an appe>ance v simil> to t ( a blood-/a91 ! citrate ( iron =m$ hav+ a r$di% col\r :i* on m ?an "o occasion has misl$ ev5 a surgeon4 ,a case ( ?is k9d happ5$ 9 #ahch 9 ,p>is4 ,a man :o _h be5 accus$ ( murd]+ 8 uncle1 ^: heir he 01 0 f\nd to h a knife on ! blade ( :i* 7 /a9s1 :i* ev]yone :o saw !m said 7 blood-/a9s4 ,a *emical exam9ation1 h[ev]1 :i* 0 made 9 ! pres5ce ( ! magi/rate & ! prison]1 prov$ t !y consi/$ ( citrate ( iron1 & _h be5 produc$ by cutt+ a lemon & neglect+ to wipe ! blade aft] use4 ,x has frequ5tly happ5$ 9 ! pa/ t ! op9ion ( policem5 or witnesses )\t any special k ( ! subject has be5 tak5 9 crim9al cases on ! po9t :e!r /a9s ^u clo!s or on a weapon consi/$ or did n consi/ ( blood4 ,?is practice 0 obvi\sly a dang]\s "o1 s9ce ev5 by ! mod]n me?ods ( exam9ation x is n always a simple matt] to be sure ( ! fact4 ,until a comp>atively rec5t date ! te/s = blood-/a9s 7 bas$ ^u br++ ! col\r+ matt] ( ! blood into solution & apply+ *emical te/s to e/abli% its id5tity4 ,! necessity = sci5tific pro( ( ! pres5ce ( blood-/a9s is %[n by num]\s cases 9 :i* /a9s ( simil> col\r h at fir/ be5 attribut$ to blood4 ,?us 9 a case relat$ 9 ,taylor's ,=5sic ,m$ic9e a man 0 arre/$ 9 #ahdj on suspicion ( be+ connect$ ) a murd] 9 ,isl+ton4 ,he _h 9 8 possession a sack on :i* 7 num]\s /a9s suppos$ to be dri$ & coagulat$ blood4 ,:5 ^! 7 exam9$1 h[ev]1 !y 7 f\nd to be due to r$ pa9t4 ,9 ano!r case1 a man :o 0 suspect$ ( a murd] 0 f\nd to h r$ /a9s on 8 %irt & coll>1 b z ^! w\ld n dissolve 9 wat] !y c\ld n h be5 due to blood4 ,subsequ5tly x 0 f\nd t !y _h be5 caus$ by ! man go+ out 9 ! wet ) a r$ h&k]*ief r\nd 8 neck4 ,an e>ly example ( ! way 9 :i* ! evid5ce ( an unskill$ witness has be5 accept$ ^u ! subject ( blood is se5 9 ! evid5ce giv5 9 #afhb at ! trial ( ,?ompson1 ,pa9 & ,f>well = libel4 ,! libel arose out ( ! e>li] trial 9 #afgi ( ,rob]t ,gre5 & o!rs = ! murd] ( ,sir ,edmund ,godfrey1 :o _h be5 waylaid & app>5tly /rangl$4 ,?is trial 0 "o ( ^? aris+ out ( ! s-call$ ,popi% ,plot1 & ^u ! evid5ce ( ,titus ,oates1 ,miles ,praunce & o!rs ! prison]s 7 convict$ & execut$4 ,subsequ5tly a lett] to ,mr4 ,praunce appe>$ 9 ,! ,loyal ,prote/ant ,intellig5ce1 :i* s\ght to make out t false evid5ce _h be5 giv5 at ! murd] trial1 & t ,sir ,edmund ,godfrey _h n be5 /rangl$ at all1 b _h committ$ suicide4 ,9 ! words ( ! prosecut+ c\nsel = ! prison]s--!y say t if a man or any o!r creature be /rangl$ or hang$ & ! body cold & ! blood settl$ 9 ! ve9s 7z he mu/ be if y\r evid5ce be true1 mean+ ! evid5ce ( ! said ,miles ,praunce74 ,run tw5ty swords ?r\gh su* a body n "o drop ( blood w come out2 b1 on ! contr>y1 8 body :5 f\nd 0 full ( blood4 ,s t !y d av] t t w\nd t he receiv$ by t sword mu/ be ! cause ( dea?4 ,william ,batson1 :o 0 "o ( ! pr9cipal witnesses = ! prosecution1 /at$3 ,!y %[$ me 9 a dit* :]e !y said he lay "s blood4 ,i _c say x 0 8 blood2 & go+ a little fur!r ,i saw "s m :iti% blood1 & ?is is all ,i c swe>4 ,! ,"l ,*ief ,ju/ice 7,scroggs7 !n ask$ if ! wea!r _h be5 fro/y1 to :i* ! witness repli$3 ,my "l1 ,i _c tell :e!r x 01 b ,i w assure y ! blood look$ to me m l blood t 0 laid !re ?an any?+ else4 ,aft] a l5g?y trial1 9 :i* ! ma9 evid5ce ( ! =m] trial1 :i* 0 q unconv9c+1 0 repeat$1 ! prison]s 7 f\nd guilty ( traduc+ ! ju/ice ( ! nation & two ( !m 7 s5t5c$ to /& = an h\r 9 ! pillory & pay a f9e ( #ajj ea*1 :ile ! ?ird escap$ ) ! f9e only4 ,:]e /a9s h be5 f\nd ^u ! clo!s or on a weapon 9 possession ( an accus$ p]son & h be5 prov$ to consi/ ( blood1 ! def5ce has frequ5tly be5 set up t !y 7 caus$ by ! blood f a %eep t _h be5 kill$ or f h&l+ game4 ,t5 ye>s ago1 prior to ! discov]y ( ! s]um te/1 x w\ld n h be5 possible1 except 9 ! cases :]e ! blood corpuscles c\ld be exam9$1 to prove or disprove ?is except by corroborative evid5ce4 ,!re 0 no *emical means ( det]m9+ :e!r an old blood /a9 _h be5 caus$ by ! blood ( a man or t ( an animal4 ,taylor1 writ+ 9 #ahdd ^u ?is po9t1 obs]ves3 ,"s ,fr5* m$ical juri/s /ate t by mix+ fre% blood ) a c]ta9 portion ( sulphuric acid & agitat+ ! mixture ) a glass rod a peculi> od\r is evolv$ :i* diff]s 9 ! blood ( man & animals1 & also 9 ! blood ( ! two sexes4 ,?is od\r1 x is said1 resembles t ( ! cutane\s exhalation ( ! animal1 ! blood ( :i* is ! subject ( exp]im5t4 ,!y h h]eby pret5d$ to det]m9e :e!r any giv5 specim5 ( blood _h belong$ to a man1 a woman1 a horse1 %eep1 or fi%4 ,o!rs pret5d t !y h be5 able to id5tify ! blood ( frogs & fleas6 ,z ,taylor p]t95tly obs]ves ( ?is3 ,!re is probably n "o individual among a ?\s& ^: s5se ( smell+ w\ld be s acute z to all[ him to /ate ) und5iable c]ta9ty1 f :at k9d ( animal ! unkn[n blood _h really be5 tak54 ,any evid5ce %ort ( ?is w\ld n be receiv$ 9 an ,engli% c\rt ( law4 ,on ! fir/ occasion ^u :i* sci5tific evid5ce z to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! blood ( man & ( animals 0 giv5 9 a crim9al trial ! rem>ks made by ! judge 7,"l ,*ief ,ju/ice ,cockburn7 to ! jury %[$ t he 0 sceptical z to ! p[]s claim$ by ! *emical witness ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 diff]5t k9ds ( blood4 ,9 ?is case1 :i* 0 tri$ at ! ,taunton ,assizes1 9 #aheg1 a man _h be5 f\nd ) 8 ?roat cut1 & collat]al evid5ce po9t$ to a man nam$ ,nation be+ ! murd]]4 ,:5 he 0 arre/$ he 0 f\nd to h a knife ^u him on :i* 7 /a9s t appe>$ to be blood1 b ! prison] acc\nt$ = ^! by say+ t he _h rec5tly be5 cutt+ raw beef ) ! knife4 ,! *emical evid5ce1 h[ev]1 w5t to prove t coagulation ( ! blood _h n occurr$ until aft] x _h come into contact ) ! knife1 or1 9 o!r words1 t ! blade _h be5 plung$ into liv+ blood4 ,moreov] x 0 /at$ by ?is witness t ! blood c\ld n h be5 t ( an ox1 pig or %eep1 s9ce ! corpuscles 7 small] ?an ^? ( human blood1 :]eas ! corpuscles ( ! blood ^u ! knife 7 ( ! same dim5sions z ^? ( human blood4 ,! relative sizes ( human corpuscles comp>$ ) ^? ( ! animals m5tion$ 7 /at$ to be z fifty-?ree to ?irty-f\r 9 ! case ( ! ox2 z fifty-two to ?irty-f\r 9 %eep's blood2 & z =ty-five to ?irty-f\r 9 pig's blood4 ,! judge1 9 8 summ+ up1 made ! foll[+ comm5ts ^u ! evid5ce3 ,! witness _h said t ! blood ^u ! knife c\ld n be ! blood ( an animal z /at$ by ! prison]1 & took ^u himself to say x c\ld n be ! blood ( a dead animal2 t x 0 liv+ blood & t x 0 human blood2 & he _h %[n !m ! m>vell\s p[]s ( ! mod]n microscope4 ,at ! same "t1 admitt+ ! great advantages ( sci5ce1 !y 7 com+ to great niceties inde$1 :5 !y speculat$ ^u ?+s almo/ beyond p]ception1 & he w\ld advise ! jury n to convict on ?is sci5tific speculation alone4 ,! jury f\nd ! prison] guilty ^u evid5ce o!r ?an ?is sci5tific speculation1 ! novelty ( :i* probably prev5t$ ! judge f accept+ x z a demon/ration ( facts :i* might be v]ifi$ or disprov$4 ,! application ( a rem>kable discov]y 9 physiological *emi/ry has n[ made x possible to det]m9e :e!r a blood-/a9 consi/s ( ! blood ( any p>ticul> k9d ( animal4 ,9 #ahih x 0 discov]$ by ,bordet t on inject+ s]um ( c['s milk into a small animal1 su* z a rabbit1 :i* 0 !n kill$ aft] a lapse ( "s weeks1 ! s]um sep>at$ f its blood w\ld produce a precipitate 9 c['s milk4 ,?is discov]y 0 supplem5t$ by ,wass]mann1 :o1 9 #aijj1 f\nd t x 0 possible 9 ?is way to di/+ui% betwe5 ! milk ( diff]5t k9ds ( animals1 & he sugge/$ ! "n precipit9es = ^! specific precipitat+ ag5ts =m$ 9 ! s]a ( animals4 ,!n ,dr4 von ,rigl] %[$ t ! me?od might be employ$ to di/+ui% betwe5 ! fle% ( diff]5t k9ds ( animals4 ,illu/ration3 ,,goat',s ,,hair ,a4 ,apex ( ,fibre4 ,b4 ,root4 ,c4 ,fibre %[+ c5tral canal or m$ulla4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c[',s ,,hair ,a & ,b4 ,fibres %[+ c5tral canal or m$ulla4 ,c4 ,apex ( ,fibre4 ,by k9d p]mission ( ,messrs4 ,scott ,gre5wood ,co4 ,he prep>$ a #bj p] c5t4 aque\s extract f ! fle% ( sev5 diff]5t species ( animals1 & inject$ small proportions ( ^! b5ea? ! sk9 ( rabbits at int]vals ( ?ree days4 ,aft] a mon? ! animals 7 kill$1 & ! s]um ( ! blood sep>at$ 9 a c5trifugal ma*9e4 ,9 ea* case ! specific s]a 7 add$ to ! cle> filt]$ aque\s extracts ( ! fle% ( ! respective animals1 & ! tubes exam9$ aft] ! lapse ( a specifi$ "t4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! s]a only gave a turbidity or precipitate ) ! correspond+ extracts4 ,?us ! s]um f ! rabbit :i* _h be5 treat$ ) an extract ( horsefle% only gave a reaction ) prep>ations ( horsefle%1 & n ) ^? ( v5ison1 beef1 mutton or pork4 ,9 l mann]1 ! s]um f a rabbit t _h be5 treat$ ) an extract ( rabbit's fle%1 only react$ ) extracts ( rabbit's fle%1 & n ) ^? prep>$ f ! fle% ( cats1 horses1 or o!r animals1 & s on4 ,9 ! case ( mixtures ! specific s]a only react$ ) extracts ( ! fle% ( ! two animals 9 "q4 ,?us a rabbit treat$ ) an extract f a mixture ( ! fle% ( a h>e1 c[1 de]1 & pig1 yield$ a s]um giv+ a precipitate ) ! extracts ( ! fle% ( ea* ( ^? animals1 b n ) t f any o!r animal4 ,x 0 n long be=e ! possibility ( us+ ! me?od to di/+ui% betwe5 ! blood ( diff]5t k9ds ( animals sugge/$ itself1 & x 0 %[n by ,dr4 de ,nobel 9 #aijb1 t by treat+ a m\se or rabbit ) any fluid1 su* z blood s]um or saliva f a human body1 x ev5tually produc$ a s]um t w\ld give a precipitate ) human blood1 b n ) ! blood ( diff]5t species ( animals4 ,reactions 7 also obta9$ ) old human blood4 ,?us /a9s on l95 f sev]al days to two mon?s 9 age1 :5 treat$ ) dilute solutions ( common salt gave a solution :i* yield$ a precipitate ) ! prep>$ rabbit's s]um4 ,no reaction 0 obta9$1 h[ev]1 ) ! prep>ation f a blood-/a9 n9e ye>s old or ) t f blood :i* _h be5 dri$ 9 a high temp]ature4 ,x 0 also f\nd t ! specific s]a c\ld be evaporat$ 9 a vacuum )\t los+ _! activity1 & t ! dri$ residues c\ld be pres]v$ 9 seal$ tubes 9 ! d>k1 & mix$ ) wat] :5 requir$ = use4 ,o!r inve/igators %[$ t x 0 possible to sep>ate ! active ag5t by add+ magnesium sulphate to ! s]um1 & t ! precipitate c\ld be dri$ & kept = a long p]iod4 ,by dissolv+ x 9 wat] at any "t a liquid ) ! specific prop]ties ( ! orig9al s]um c\ld !n be obta9$4 ,lat] "w has %[n t ?is s]um te/ is n q s absolute z 0 at fir/ believ$4 ,?us1 if ! blood s]um to be te/$ be us$ 9 too conc5trat$ a =m x may give a reaction ) a s]um t is n specific to x1 ?\gh ev5 9 t case ! precipitate w only appe> sl[ly & its am\nt w be insignificant 9 comp>ison ) t obta9$ :5 ! two liquids correspond4 ,! error is obviat$ by us+ extremely dilute solutions = ! te/1 & :5 prop] precautions are tak5 a solution ( normal blood s]um conta9+ "o "p 9 #a1jjj inv>iably gives a reliable reaction ) its correspond+ prep>$ s]um4 ,9 m conc5trat$ solutions !re is an abundant deposit at ! bottom ( ! tube )9 ?irty m9utes1 :]eas 9 ! case ( s]a1 :i* are n specific to ! prep>$ s]um1 ! =mation ( precipitate does n beg9 until ! tube has /ood = an h\r or m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fibres ,,( ,,*9ese ,,silks1 ,,%[+ ,,cross ,,section ,illu/ration3 ,,kang>oo',s ,,hair ,illu/ration3 ,,human ,,hair ,illu/ration3 ,a4 ,hair ( a ,cat ,b4 ,hair ( a ,dog ,by k9d p]mission ( ,messrs4 ,scott ,gre5wood ,co4 ,an int]e/+ exception to ! rule is t ! s]um f ! blood ( an?ropoid apes gives a pron\nc$ reaction ) s]um t has be5 made specific = human blood1 & vice v]sa4 ,z x is n possible to c>ry out control te/s ) an indef9ite numb] ( animals a positive result obta9$ 9 ! exam9ation ( a p>ticul> /a9 ju/ifies a report t ! blood 0 7e4g47 probably human blood & c]ta9ly n t ( any common dome/ic animal4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! results ( a negative te/ ju/ify a mu* m positive /atem5t4 ,?us on ! fir/ occasion 9 :i* evid5ce 0 giv5 z to ! results ( ?is te/1 :i* 0 9 a crim9al case 9 ,france 9 #aijb1 ! prison] _h ass]t$ t c]ta9 incrim9at+ /a9s _h be5 caus$ by ! blood ( a rabbit4 ,a s]um specific = rabbit's blood s]um 0 !re=e prep>$1 & ! /a9s dissolv$ & te/$ z describ$ above4 ,no sign ( precipitate 0 obta9$ )9 ?irty m9utes aft] apply+ ! te/ & evid5ce 0 !re=e giv5 t ! /a9 c]ta9ly did n consi/ ( rabbits' blood4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a s]um made specific = human blood gave an imm$iate precipitate ) ! solution ( ! /a91 :i*1 !re=e1 9 all probability consi/$ ( human blood4 ,al?\gh ?is me?od ( te/+ blood-/a9s has be5 us$ on ! ,cont95t = sev]al ye>s1 x is only )9 ! pa/ twelve mon?s t x has be5 employ$ 9 a crim9al case 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,app>5tly ! fir/ occasion 0 9 ! rec5t trial ( ,m>k ,wilde = ! murd] ( ,mr4 ,george ,/orrs1 a mill-own]1 at ,gorse ,hall4 ,evid5ce 0 giv5 t old /a9s 7 pres5t ^u ! outside ( ! sleeve ( ! prison]'s blue s]ge coat1 al?\gh !y 7 n visible to ! nak$ eye4 ,^! 7 f\nd to consi/ ( mammalian blood1 & ! s]um te/ = human blood gave a positive reaction4 ,x 01 ( c\rse1 impossible to =m any idea z to ! age ( ! /a9s1 & ! witness1 ,dr4 ,wilcox1 refus$ ev5 to give an e/imate ^u ?is po9t4 ,a simple me?od ( apply+ ! s]um te/ has rec5tly be5 discov]$4 ,a small quantity ( human s]um is plac$ into a s]ies ( tubes1 & into ea* ( ^! is next introduc$ "o drop ( ! fre% blood ( diff]5t animals dilut$ ) salt solution1 or ( ! dri$ blood dissolv$ 9 t liquid4 ,! tubes are n[ all[$ to /& = ?irty to =ty-five m9utes & are !n exam9$4 ,if 9 ! case ( ! blood ( unkn[n orig9 !re is a fa9t r$ precipitate 7( coagulat$ blood7 leav+ ! upp] liquid q cle>1 ! blood is ( human orig94 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! blood ( o!r species ( animals w h dissolv$ 9 ! human s]um1 col\r+ x r$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,rabbit',s ,,hair ,illu/ration3 ,,horse ,,hair ,by k9d p]mission ( ,messrs4 ,scott ,gre5wood ,co4 ,if ! tubes are *>g$ 9 ! fir/ place ) ! blood ( ! horse1 ox1 or o!r animal1 ! correspond+ blood is coagulat$1 :ile t ( any o!r animal dissolves4 ,9 ?is way x is possible to apply ! physiological te/ )\t ! necessity ( prep>+ a special s]um by inoculation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,f "t to "t 9 crim9al trials1 ! late/ in/ance be+ 9 ! ,cripp5 case1 ! "q occurs :e!r a giv5 specim5 ( hair is ( human orig9 or has be5 d]iv$ f an animal4 ,?anks to ! pron\nc$ diff]5ce 9 appe>ance %[n by hairs ( diff]5t orig9 :5 view$ "u ! microscope !re is no difficulty 9 giv+ a positive answ] to ?is "q4 ,human hair is *>act]is$ by be+ fairly uni=m 9 diamet] ?r\gh\t mo/ ( its l5g? & !n tap]+ gradually to a f9e po9t4 ,! hair ( an infant has v few scales ^u its surface1 & ^! /& out prom95tly1 b 9 ! case ( an adult ! scales are v num]\s & appe> closely press$ aga9/ ! axis ( ! fibre4 ,ano!r peculi> po9t ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! hair ( a "y *ild & t ( a full-gr[n p]son is t 9 ! case ( ! =m] !re are "s p>ticul>s 9 :i* ! hair resembles t ( c]ta9 animals4 ,?us x has a jo9t$ appe>ance recall+ to "s ext5t ! /ructure ( ! fibres ( m]9o wool4 ,9 ! hair ( _m animals ! m$ulla1 or c5tral canal1 is pla9ly visible "u ! microscope1 b su* m$ullat$ fibres are app>5tly n =m$ 9 ! case ( human hair4 ,z ! hair ( _m dome/ic animals might on sup]ficial exam9ation be mi/ak5 = human hair1 x is ess5tial to take note ( ! *>act]i/ic diff]5ces1 "s ( :i* are %[n 9 ! accompany+ figures4 ,?ree types ( hair are f\nd ^u ! c[1 viz43 ?ick be>d hairs1 %[+ a m$ulla1 s(t woolly hairs1 & f9e be>d hairs1 bo? ( :i* are )\t a m$ulla4 ,9 ^? fibres 9 :i* x is pres5t ! m$ulla is v pron\nc$ & tap]s t[>ds ! apex4 ,! hair ( ! calf has ! same /ructure z t ( ! c[4 ,horse-hair is *>act]is$ by its lu/r\s cyl9drical appe>ance4 ,! comm]cial fibre is ma9ly d]iv$ f ! mane & tail1 & is mu* ?ick] & /iff] ?an ! hairs f ! body1 :i* are ^? mo/ likely to be met ) 9 crim9al inve/igations4 ,z a rule1 ! latt] are less ?an an in* 9 l5g?1 & ! m$ull>y canal is well m>k$4 ,9 rabbit's hair ! m$ulla is also v pron\nc$ & is *>act]is$ by its /ructure ( curi\s quadrilat]al cells1 :i* may ei!r =m a s+le r[ or increase to f\r or eight r[s z ! hair becomes wid]4 ,on ! surface ( ! hair are num]\s scales :i* fit into "o ano!r aft] ! mann] ( ! jo9ts 9 a bamboo cane4 ,! *ief comm]cial use ( ! rabbit's hair1 :i* is usually ab\t half an in* 9 l5g?1 is ! manufacture ( l9+s = hats4 ,! hair ( ! cat has a sup]ficial resemblance to t ( ! ?9n] hairs ( ! rabbit4 ,! m$ull>y canal is v prom95t1 & occupies m ?an half ( ! fibre4 ,x is made up ( a s+le s]ies ( quadrilat]al cells1 b unlike ! cells 9 rabbit's hair1 ^! may =m additional lay]s 9 ! ?ick] p>ts ( ! hair4 ,! hair is g5]ally a little ov] half an in* 9 l5g?1 & tap]s to a f9e po9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wool ,,fibres ,f diff]5t bre$s ( ,%eep ,by k9d p]mission ( ,messrs4 ,scott ,gre5wood ,co4 7,,iri% ,,we!r7 7,,new ,,zeal&7 7,,nor? ,,hog7 ,,que5sl& ,,%eep 7,,l9coln ,,we!r7 7,,arg5t9e ,,cross ,,bre$7 ,dog's hair diff]s f ! hair ( ! cat bo? 9 size & appe>ance4 ,x is ab\t ?ree times z wide1 :ile ! m$ull>y canal only occupies ab\t "o qu>t] ( ! diamet] ( ! fibre4 ,! surface ( ! hair is cov]$ ) *>act]i/ic scales1 ! edges ( :i* project1 s t ! edge ( ! fibre has a saw-l appe>ance4 ,! accompany+ plate %[s hair tak5 f a ,pek9 spaniel & ,p]sian kitt51 & drawn to ! same scale ( magnification 7#ajd diamet]s74 ,9 ! hair ( ! kang>oo ! s]rat$ edge ( ! fibres1 due to project+ scales1 is mu* m pron\nc$ ?an 9 dog's hair4 ,! m$ulla is well m>k$1 b lacks ! cellul> /ructure to be se5 9 ! hair ( ! cat & rabbit4 ,goat's hair c\ld n possibly be mi/ak5 = human hair "u ! microscope4 ,x has a root ( *>act]i/ic appe>ance1 & %[s a well-m>k$ m$ulla conta9+ a /ructure ( n>r[ cells4 ,t[>ds ! middle ! hair becomes v n>r[1 b exp&s aga9 & rea*es its greate/ diamet] a little be=e ! po9t4 ,%eep's wool is *>act]is$ by its surface /ructure ( scales1 ! arrangem5t ( :i* diff]s 9 ! wool f diff]5t bre$s ( %eep4 ,9 "s ( ! fibres ! m$ull>y canal is v manife/4 ,typical fibres ( %eep's wool are %[n 9 ! figures4 ,x is (t5 necess>y to di/+ui% betwe5 fabrics ( cotton1 l951 silk & wool1 & 9 su* cases ! microscopical appe>ance ( ! fibres is invaluable z a prelim9>y te/4 ,cotton is *>act]is$ by its curi\s corkscrew-l twi/s1 & l95 by its jo9t$ /ructure1 :ile silk has a long smoo? cyl9drical fibre1 devoid ( scales & %[+ little sign ( /ructural =mation4 ,9 crim9al cases nei!r cotton nor silk are likely to be claim$ z human hair1 al?\gh "o may easily conceive ! possibility ( occasions aris+ :]e ! composition ( a peculi> mat]ial 0 a po9t ( ! utmo/ importance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cotton ,,fibres ,illu/ration3 ,,flax ,,fibres ,by k9d p]mission ( ,messrs4 ,scott ,gre5wood ,co4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,e>ly ,,poison+ ,,trials ,murd] ( ,sir ,t4 ,ov]bury--,m>y ,bl&y--,ka!r9e ,nairn ,m]ely to m5tion ! ^w poison] calls up a long succession ( notori\s crimes ( ! pa/1 n to speak ( ! /ill m frequ5t cases :]e poison+ 0 suspect$1 ?\gh probably1 (t5 en\gh1 ) b little ju/ification4 ,less ?an ?ree c5turies ago ! fact t illness & dea? _h come sudd5ly to any well-kn[n p]son1 0 (t5 suffici5t to raise ! :isp] ( suspicion2 & any disease t did n yield to ! fav\rite treatm5t ( ble$+1 & = :i* ! physicians 7 = ! mom5t unable ev5 to f9d a "n1 0 sure to be attribut$ by popul> gossip to ! action ( poison or wit*craft1 or ( bo?4 ,! my/]i\s effect ( c]ta9 sub/ances ^u ! animal sy/em & ! fact t a k ( ! nature ( poison\s h]bs 0 "p ( ! lore ( ! old wom5 :o dealt 9 love-philtres1 fully expla9s ?is association ( poison ) black magic4 ,9 "o ( ! e>lie/ trials = poison+ ( :i* we h any detail$ acc\nt--t ( ,ri*>d ,we/on 9 #afae--?is belief 9 ! miracul\s p[] ( ! poison] 0 pres5t 9 ! m9d ( ! ,"l ,*ief ,ju/ice 7,coke7 :5 9 8 *>ge to ! gr& jury he said t ,! devil _h taught div]s to be cunn+ 9 poison+ s t !y c poison 9 :at di/ance ( space !y please by consum+ ! calidum or humidum radicale 9 "o mon?1 two1 or ?ree or m z !y li/2 :i* !y f\r mann]s ( ways d execute 7#a7 gu/u2 7#b7 hau/u2 7#c7 odore2 7#d7 contactu4 ,aga91 9 ! trial ( ,anne ,turn]1 also = ! murd] ( ,sir ,?omas ,ov]bury 7#afae71 evid5ce 0 giv5 t %e 0 9 possession ( p>*m5ts1 "s ( :i* conta9$ ! names ( ! bless$ ,tr9ity2 o!rs on :i* 7 writt5 ,b ,c ,d ,e2 & ano!r ) a figure 9 :i* 0 inscrib$ ! ^w corpus1 & to :i* 0 fa/5$ a little piece ( ! sk9 ( a man4 ,9 "s ( ^! p>*m5ts 7 ! names ( devils :o 7 conjur$ to torm5t ! ,"l ,som]set & ,sir ,a4 ,ma9w>+ if _! loves %\ld n cont9ue--! "o to ! ,c\ntess & ! o!r to ,mrs4 ,turn]4 ,read+ ov] ! evid5ce ( ?is trial "o c h>dly d\bt b t ?is alleg$ sorc]y _h consid]able weight 9 ! conviction ( ,anne ,turn]2 =1 z w be %[n pres5tly1 !re 0 no conclusive evid5ce ( poison hav+ be5 giv5 at all4 ,! widespread hatr$ ( wit*craft & ! read9ess ) :i* any evid5ce ( ?is description 0 accept$ z a pro( ( poison+1 mu/ h r5d]$ x almo/ impossible = an unpopul> "* to be acquitt$ :5 accus$ ( poison+ anyone4 ,! belief 9 wit*craft 0 v g5]al 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & m$ical m5 7 ev5 call$ 9 to give _! exp]t op9ion on behalf ( ! prosecution 9 ! trials ( ^? *>g$ ) be+ wit*es4 ,! mo/ /rik+ in/ance ( ?is k9d 0 at ! trial ( ! ,suffolk wit*es 9 #affe1 be=e ,sir ,mat!w ,hale1 ,b>on ( ,ex*equ]4 ,x 0 alleg$ t ! two wom51 ,rose ,cull5d] & ,amy ,duny1 ( ,l[e/(t1 _h bewit*$ a numb] ( *ildr5 ) ^: p>5ts !y _h _h disputes4 ,! *ildr51 accord+ to ! evid5ce ( v>i\s witnesses1 _h be5 afflict$ 9 diff]5t ways1 be+ sometimes bl9d1 or deaf1 or lame1 & !n sudd5ly recov]+4 ,&1 9 p>ticul>1 x 0 /at$ t !y w\ld g into fits & aft] e fit w\ld vomit crook$ p9s or twop5ny nails ) broad heads4 ,illu/ration3 ,,anne ,,turn] ,mr4 ,s]geant ,keel+1 :o 0 pres5t1 0 n satisfi$ ) ?is evid5ce & consid]$ t x 0 n suffici5t to convict ! prison]s4 ,dr4 ,br[ne1 ( ,norwi* 7! ,sir ,?omas ,br[ne ^: fame re/s ^u 8 ,religio ,m$ici71 0 !n ask$ to /ate :at he ?\ght ( ! evid5ce1 & said t he 0 cle>ly ( op9ion t ! p]sons 7 bewit*$4 ,he said fur!r ,t 9 ,d5m>k !re _h be5 lately a great discov]y ( wit*es1 :o us$ ! v same way ( afflict+ p]sons by convey+ p9s into !m1 & crook$ z ^! p9s 71 ) ne$les & nails4 ,& 8 op9ion 0 t ! devil 9 su* cases did "w ^u ! bodies ( m5 & wom51 ^u a natural f\ndation 7t is7 to /ir up & excite su* hum\rs sup]-ab\nd+ 9 _! bodies to a great excess1 :]eby he did 9 an extraord9>y mann] afflict !m ) su* di/emp]s z _! bodies 7 mo/ subject to1 z p>ticul>ly appe>$ 9 ^! *ildr52 = he conceiv$ t ^! swoon+ fits 7 natural1 & no?+ else1 b only height5$ to a great excess by ! subtlety ( ! devil1 co-op]at+ ) ! wit*es1 at ^: in/ance he do? ^! villa9ies4 ,?is evid5ce is quot$ at l5g?1 z %[+ ! op9ion ( sci5tific m5 ( t "t ^u ! subject ( wit*craft4 ,x _h great weight ) ! jury1 & help$ to make up = ! lack ( any real evid5ce aga9/ ! poor wom54 ,fur!r evid5ce 0 giv5 t at ! lea/ t\* ( "o ( ^! suppos$ wit*es1 ,rose ,cull5d] by "n1 ! *ildr5 w\ld %riek out1 op5+ _! h&s1 :i* accid5t w\ld n happ5 by ! t\* ( any o!r p]son4 ,a te/ 0 !re=e appli$ 9 c\rt1 & a numb] ( ^? pres5t 7 direct$ by ! judge to att5d "o ( ! di/emp]$ p]sons 9 ! fur!r "p ( ! hall1 :ile %e 0 9 h] fits1 & !n to s5d = "o ( ! wit*es to try :at w\ld happ51 :i* !y did accord+ly3 & ,amy ,duny 0 convey$ f ! b> & br\ght to ! maid3 !y put an apron be=e h] eyes1 & !n "o o!r p]son t\*$ h] h&1 :i* produc$ ! same effect z ! t\* ( ! wit* did 9 ! c\rt4 ,:]eupon ! g5tlem5 return$ op5ly prote/+ t !y did believe ! :ole transaction ( ?is bus9ess 0 a m]e impo/ure4 ,b ev5 ?is te/1 :i* 0 pla9 pro( ( impo/ure1 0 di/ort$ into evid5ce aga9/ ! wit*es1 & ,mr4 ,pacy1 ! fa!r ( "o ( ! *ildr51 decl>$ ,t possibly ! maid might be deceiv$ by a suspicion1 t ! wit* t\*$ h] :5 %e did n1 & t %e appreh5d$ t ! p]son :o _h done h] ?is wrong 0 ne>4 ,additional evid5ce 0 aft]w>ds br\ght to prove o!r acts ( wit*craft by ! prison]s4 ,! judge1 9 giv+ 8 direction to ! jury1 did n attempt to deal ) ! evid5ce le/ by s do+ he %\ld wrong ! evid5ce on "o side or o!r1 b cont5t$ himself ) po9t+ out t !re 7 su* creatures z wit*es1 z 0 %[n by ! ,scriptures & ! laws made by all nations aga9/ su* p]sons4 ,! jury retir$1 & aft] delib]at+ = ab\t half an h\r1 f\nd bo? prison]s guilty1 & ! judge s5t5c$ !m to be hang$4 ,!y 7 repeat$ly urg$ to make a confession1 b 7 execut$ )\t hav+ done s4 ,campbell writ+ ( ?is trial says3 ,hale's motives 7 mo/ laudable2 b he furni%es a memorable in/ance ( ! mis*iefs orig9at+ f sup]/ition4 ,he 0 afraid ( an acquittal or a p>don1 le/ c\nt5ance %\ld be giv5 to a disbelief 9 wit*craft1 :i* he consid]$ tantam\nt to a disbelief 9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,! foll[+ ,sunday he wrote a ',m$itation conc]n+ ! m]cy ( ,god 9 pres]v+ u f ! malice & p[] ( ,evil ,angels' 9 :i* he ref]s ) complac5cy to ! trial ov] :i* he _h presid$ at ,bury ,/4 ,edmunds4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ! belief 9 wit*craft became less g5]al1 & ! la/ trial 9 ?is c\ntry took place 9 #agab at ! ,h]t=d ,assizes1 :5 ! prison] 0 convict$ b n execut$4 ,x 0 n until #ahba1 h[ev]1 t ! /atute ) reg>d to wit*craft 0 repeal$ 9 ,irel&4 ,aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury !re does n appe> to h be5 any attempt made to prove ! use ( ! p[]s ( wit*craft 9 poison+ trials1 & ! evid5ce z to poison+ gradually became ( a m conv9c+ "* ?an x 01 = in/ance1 9 ! s]ies ( trials ( ! murd] ( ,sir ,?omas ,ov]bury 9 #afae 9 ! ,t[] ( ,london1 to :i* ref]5ce has already be5 made4 ,! prison]s 9 ^! trials includ$ ,anne ,turn]1 ,ri*>d ,we/on1 ,franklyn1 ,sir ,?omas ,elwes 7! ,lieut5ant ( ! ,t[]71 & ! ,c\ntess ( ,som]set4 ,x 0 alleg$ t ! ,c\ntess ( ,som]set res5t$ ! int]f]5ce ( ,sir ,?omas ,ov]bury1 !n a prison] 9 ! ,t[]1 9 h] matrimonial s*emes1 or z ,franklyn put x 9 8 evid5ce3 ,! ,c\ntess _h told him t ,sir ,?omas ,ov]bury w\ld pry s f> into _! affairs t x w\ld ov]?r[ !m all4 ,ri*>d ,we/on1 :o _h be5 an apo!c>y's man b _h aft]w>ds become "u-keep] to ! ,lieut5ant ( ! ,t[]1 0 arraign$ on ! *>ge t he did obta9 at ! ,t[] ( ,london c]ta9 poison ( gre5 & yell[ col\r call$ rosalg> 7kn[+ ! same to be deadly poison71 & ! same did feloni\sly & malici\sly m+le & comp\nd 9 a k9d ( bro? :i* he did deliv] to ! said ,sir ,t4 ,ov]bury ) int5t to kill & poison4 ,he 0 also accus$ ( giv+ on o!r occasions poisons call$ :ite ars5ick & m]cury sublimate1 :i* he put & m+l$ 9 t>ts & jellies4 ,we/on refus$ to answ]1 & /ood mute on ,god1 until x 0 po9t$ out by ! ,"l ,*ief ,ju/ice 7,coke7 t refus+ to speak 0 puni%able by ! rack1 exposure & />vation1 & w\ld h ! same consequ5ce z a conviction by a v]dict or by confession4 ,anne ,turn]1 :o 0 tri$ z "o ( ! accomplices1 0 ! wid[ ( a physician1 & a fri5d ( ! ,c\ntess4 ,%e plead$ ,n guilty to ! *>ge4 ,! evid5ce z to sorc]y us$ by h] has already be5 m5tion$1 b ! *ief witness aga9/ h] 0 ,james ,franklyn1 :o made ! foll[+ confession3-- ,mrs4 ,turn] came to me f ! ,c\ntess & wi%$ me f h] to get ! /ronge/ poison ,i c\ld = ,sir ,t4 ,ov]bury4 ,accord+ly ,i b\ght sev51 viz43 ,aqua =tis1 :ite ars5ick1 m]cury1 p[d] ( diamonds1 lapis co/itus1 great spid]s1 & can?>ides4 ,all ^! 7 giv5 to ,sir ,t4 ,ov]bury1 & ! ,lieut5ant knew ( ^! poisons4 ,sir ,t4 ,ov]bury nev] eat :ite salt b !re 0 :ite ars5ick put into x4 ,once he desir$ pig1 & ,mrs4 ,turn] put into x lapis co/itus4 ,at ano!r "t he _h two p>tridges s5t him f ! ,c\rt1 & wat] & onions be+ ! sauce1 ,mrs4 ,turn] put 9 can?>ides in/ead ( pepp]1 s t !re 0 sc>ce any?+ t he did eat1 b !re 0 "s poison mix$4 ,= ^! poisons ! ,c\ntess s5t me rew>d4 ,%e aft]w>ds wrote unto me to buy h] m poisons4 ,x is obvi\s f ?is confession t ! poisons suppli$ _h no p[]1 & x w\ld seem t ,franklyn 0 mak+ an income = himself by supply+ h>mless prep>ations = ! poisons = :i* he 0 be+ paid4 ,z f> z x is possible to judge by read+ ! evid5ce !re 0 pro( t attempts _h be5 made to poison ,sir ,?omas ,ov]bury1 b no pro( t any poison 0 ev] giv5 to him4 ,h[ev]1 ! evid5ce appe>s to h be5 q suffici5t to convict ! prison]s4 ,9 pass+ s5t5ce ^u ,anne ,turn] ! ,"l ,*ief ,ju/ice in=m$ h] t %e _h be5 guilty ( ! sev5 deadly s9s1 & t z %e 0 ! inv5tor ( t horrid g>b1 ! yell[ tiffany ruffs & cuffs1 he hop$ %e w\ld be ! la/ by :om !y w\ld be worn4 ,to ?is end he ord]$ t %e %\ld be hang$ 9 t g>b %e _h made s fa%ionable4 ,?is 0 duly done1 :ile z a fur!r condemnation ( ! fa%ion to :i* ! judge _h tak5 exception ! hangman wore yell[ b&s & cuffs4 ,x is said t ! fa%ion ( we>+ yell[ />*$ l95 di$ ) h]4 ,aft] ! execution ( ,mrs4 ,turn] & ,we/on came ! trial ( ,franklyn1 :o confess$ t poison _h n be5 ! cause ( ,ov]bury's dea?4 ,weldon1 :o 9 #agee1 publi%$ a hi/ory ( ! ,k+s ( ,engl& describes h[ ,franklyn & ,we/on came into ,ov]bury's *amb] & f\nd him 9 inf9ite torm5t ) ! cont5tion betwe5 ! /ate ( nature & work+ ( ! poison1 & x _h be5 v l t nature _h got ! bett] 9 t cont5tion 444 b !y1 fe>+ x might come to light by ! judgm5t ( physicians t f\l play _h be5 (f]$ him1 cons5t$ to /ifle him ) b$-clo!s1 :i* accord+ly 0 p]=m$4 ,& s end$ 8 mis]able life1 ) ! assurance ( ! conspirators t he di$ ( poison1 none ?9k+ o!rwise b ^! two mur!r]s4 ,! acc\nt giv5 by ,weldon ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! ,"l ,*ief ,ju/ice receiv$ ?is confession is well wor? quot+3 ,& n[ poor ,mrs4 ,turn]1 ,we/on & ,franklyn began ! trag$y4 ,mrs4 ,turn]'s day ( m\rn+ be+ bett] ?an h] life1 = %e di$ v p5it5tly & %[$ mu* mode/y 9 h] la/ act4 ,aft] t di$ ,we/on1 & !n 0 ,franklyn arraign$1 :o confess$ t ,ov]bury 0 smo!r$ to dea? n poison$ to dea?1 ?\gh he _h poison giv5 him4 ,"h 0 ,coke glad to ca/ ab\t to br+ bo? ends toge!r1 ,mrs4 ,turn] & ,we/on be+ already hang$ = kill+ ,ov]bury by poison1 b he be+ ! v qu9tess5ce ( ! law pres5tly in=m$ ! jury t if a man be done to dea? ) pi/ol1 po9>d1 sword1 halt]1 poison1 etc41 s he be done to dea?1 ! indictm5t holds good1 if b indict$ = "o ( ^? ways2 b ! good lawy]s ( ^? times 7 n ( t op9ion1 b did believe t ,mrs4 ,turn] 0 directly mur!r$ by ,"l ,coke's law z ,ov]bury 0 )\t any law4 ,aft] ! trial & execution ( ! m9or prison]s came ! trial ( ! ,c\ntess ( ,som]set1 ! in/igator ( ! crime1 be=e ! ,h\se ( ,pe]s4 ,! ,cl]k ( ! ,cr[n ask$ h]1 ,frances ,c\ntess ( ,som]set1 art ?\ guilty ( ! felony & murd]1 or n guilty8 ,& %e1 mak+ obeisance to ! ,"l ,high ,/ew>d1 answ]$ ,guilty1 9 a l[ timid voice4 ,! ,attorney-,g5]al1 ,sir ,francis ,bacon1 !n prais$ ,k+ ,james 9 a fulsome mann]1 & held out hopes ( p>don to ! prison]4 ,! ,"l ,*ief ,ju/ice ,coke also talk$ 9 s]vile t]ms ( ! k+1 ^: in/ructions = ! inve/igation ( ! murd]1 he decl>$1 des]v$ to be writt5 9 a sunbeam4 ,! ,cl]k ( ! ,cr[n n[ ask$ ! ,c\ntess if %e _h any cause to allege :y s5t5ce ( dea? %\ld n be pass$ ^u h]4 ,to ?is ! prison] repli$ 9 a l[ voice1 :i* only ! ,attorney-,g5]al he>d1 ,i c mu* aggravate1 b _c ext5uate my fault4 ,i desire m]cy & t ! lords w int]c$e = me to ! k+4 ,an (fic] ( ! ,cr[n !n pres5t$ ! :ite /aff to ! ,"l ,high ,/ew>d1 & s5t5ce ( dea? 0 pass$4 ,! ,"l ,high ,/ew>d 7,*ancellor ,ellesm]e7 n[ address$ ! weep+ prison] 9 ! foll[+ words3 ,s9ce ! lords h he>d ) :at humility & grief y h confess$ ! fact1 ,i d n d\bt !y w signify s mu* to ! k+1 & m$iate = 8 grace t[>ds y4 ,! next day ! ,e>l 0 tri$ & 0 f\nd guilty1 b bo? he & ! ,c\ntess receiv$ only nom9al puni%m5t4 ,x 0 alleg$ t ?is l5i5cy to ! ,e>l & ,c\ntess 0 due to ,k+ ,james himself hav+ be5 cognisant ( ! plot to kill ,ov]bury4 ,! trial ( ,m>y ,bl&y1 9 #ageb1 at ! ,ox=d ,assizes = ! murd] ( h] fa!r is rem>kable z be+ ! fir/ "o ( :i* !re is any detail$ record1 9 :i* conv9c+ sci5tific pro( ( poison+ 0 giv54 ,mr4 ,bl&y1 :o 0 an attorney at ,h5ley-on-,?ames1 0 extremely fond ( ,m>y1 8 only daught]1 & accord+ to ! /ory told by ! prosecut+ c\nsel at ! trial1 _h pret5d$ t he c\ld give h] #aj1jjj = h] m>riage portion 9 hopes t neighb\r+ g5tlem5 w\ld pay _! addresses4 ,b ?is pi\s fraud1 :i* 0 int5d$ = h] promotion1 prov$ 8 dea? & h] de/ruction4 ,a ,capta9 ,cran/\n1 :o 0 recruit+ at ,h5ley1 he>+ %e 0 to h #aj1jjj fell 9 love1 n ) h]1 b ) h] =tune1 & conceal$ f h] ! fact t he already _h a wife4 ,! fa!r hav+ he>d rum\rs ( ! bad "* ( ,cran/\n1 refus$ to let 8 daught] h any?+ to d ) him4 ,%e cont9u$ to see him1 h[ev]1 & li/5$ to 8 proposal to get ! fa!r out ( ! way z soon z possible1 s t he might get possession ( ! #aj1jjj ( :i* ! poor man _h un=tunately said he 0 possess$4 ,9 ,augu/1 #agej1 ,m>y ,bl&y began to prep>e p = ! dea? ( h] fa!r by giv+ out t %e _h he>d music 9 ! h\se1 ?is be+ look$ ^u z a c]ta9 port5t ( dea?4 ,!n ,capta9 ,cran/\n s5t h] a pres5t ( ,scot* pebbles & enclos$ ) !m a packet ( a :ite p[d] :i* %e 0 to put into h] fa!r's food4 ,%e gave him "s ( ?is1 :i* made him v ill1 b z he recov]$1 ,capta9 ,cran/\n s5t h] m p[d]1 & "s ( ?is %e put into 8 gruel ) ! result t he aga9 became viol5tly ill1 & di$ ) symptoms sugge/ive ( ars5ical poison+4 ,be=e 8 dea? he 0 told t ,m>y _h be5 putt+ poison into 8 food1 & only said1 ,poor love-sick girl4 ,:at won't a girl d = a man %e loves8 ,i =give h]3 ,i always ?\ght !re 0 mis*ief 9 ^! curs$ ,scot* pebbles6 ,! sci5tific evid5ce at ?is trial 0 giv5 9 a v conv9c+ mann] by a ,dr4 ,add+ton1 :o _h att5d$ ! poison$ man & _h exam9$ ! body & te/$ ! :ite p[d] t _h be5 s5t by ,capta9 ,cran/\n4 ,he /at$ t ?is 0 ars5ic1 & t he _h f\nd ! same poison 9 ,mr4 ,bl&y's gruel4 ,:5 ask$ 9 cross-exam9ation :y he believ$ ?is to be :ite ars5ic he describ$ ! diff]5t te/s he _h appli$ to ?is p[d] & to a sample ( pure :ite ars5ic t he _h pur*as$1 & %[$ h[ ! same results 7 obta9$ 9 ea* case1 & conclud$ ) ! rem>k3 ,i nev] saw any two ?+s 9 nature m alike ?an ! decoction made ) ! p[d] f\nd 9 ,mr4 ,bl&y's gruel & t made ) :ite ars5ic4 ,! judge 9 8 summ+ up to ! jury rem>k$ t ! case 0 "o :i* 0 to be made out by circum/ances4 ,a great "p ( ! evid5ce re/$ ^u presumption1 & if ! jury reg>d$ ! presumption z a viol5t "o1 t is to say1 "o :]e ! circum/ances spoke s /rongly t to suppose ! contr>y w\ld be absurd1 t am\nt$ 9 law to full pro(4 ,! jury1 aft] delib]at+ = five m9utes1 f\nd ! prison] guilty4 ,%e 0 execut$ on ,april #f?1 & left a writt5 confession 9 :i* %e /at$ t %e _h n be5 aw>e t ! p[d] %e _h giv5 to h] fa!r 0 9 any way noxi\s or poison\s4 ,cran/\n 0 subsequ5tly prosecut$ & outlaw$ = 8 %>e 9 ! murd]4 ,if ! sci5tific evid5ce 9 ?is e>ly trial 0 a model ( :at su* evid5ce %\ld be1 ! same c h>dly be said ( t giv5 at ! trial ( ,ka?>9e ,nairn & ,patrick ,ogilvie at ! ,high ,c\rt ( ,ed9burgh 9 ,augu/1 #agfe1 = ! murd] ( ,?omas ,ogilvie1 ! husb& ( ,ka?>9e4 ,!y _h only be5 m>ri$ 9 ,janu>y ( t ye>1 & x 0 at ab\t ! same "t t ,patrick ,ogilvie1 :o 0 a lieut5ant 9 ! army1 _h return$ f abroad4 ,almo/ imm$iately he supplant$ 8 bro!r 9 ! affections ( 8 wife1 &1 a qu>rel tak+ place betwe5 ! two m51 ,patrick 0 =bidd5 to come to ! h\se4 ,%ortly aft]w>ds ! husb& di$1 hav+ %[n symptoms ( irritant poison+4 ,accord+ to ! /ory ( ! prosecution1 ,ka?>9e told a woman nam$ ,cl>k1 :o liv$ 9 ! h\se ) !m1 t ,patrick _h und]tak5 to procure poison = h]1 & t %e 0 go+ to give x to h] husb&4 ,an unsign$ lett] to ,patrick ,ogilvie1 alleg$ to be 9 ! writ+ ( ,ka?>9e1 ) ref]5ce to ! poison1 0 put 9 z evid5ce4 ,te/imony 0 also giv5 by a surgeon ( ,bre*9 t ,lieut5ant ,ogilvie _h obta9$ f him a small phial ( laudanum :i* he said he requir$ = 8 own heal?1 & also half an ounce ( p[d]$ ars5ic = ! alleg$ purpose ( kill+ "s dogs t de/roy$ 8 game4 ,^! he _h s5t to ,ka?>9e1 :o 0 believ$ to h put ! ars5ic 9 h] husb&'s tea4 ,! def5ce 0 t ! deceas$ _h di$ a natural dea?1 & t ,ka?>9e ,nairn 0 9 ! habit ( tak+ small doses ( laudanum & ( salts = h] heal?4 ,exp]t evid5ce 0 giv5 on h] behalf by a ,dr4 ,j4 ,scott to ! effect t he _h made exp]im5ts ^u ars5ic & knew well t x w\ld n dissolve 9 w>m wat]4 ,! evid5ce1 :i* by ! way is incorrect1 w5t to prove t ev5 if ars5ic _h be5 introduc$ into ! tea x c\ld n h caus$ dea? by poison+4 ,a surgeon also gave evid5ce t ! symptoms might h aris5 f natural causes4 ,= ! prosecution no pro( ( ! p[d] be+ ars5ic or t ! husb& _h really di$ ( ars5ical poison+ 0 giv51 & no po/-mortem exam9ation 0 made4 ,! c\nsel = ! def5ce put ! position 9 ! foll[+ =m3 ,! ince/ is suppos$ to be c]ta9 because ! husb& is suppos$ to h be5 poison$2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ! man is believ$ to h be5 poison$1 because !re is suppos$ pro( ( ince/4 ,bo? prison]s 7 f\nd guilty & s5t5c$ to dea?1 b ! execution 0 delay$ p5d+ an appeal to ! ,privy ,c\ncil 9 ,london4 ,! s5t5ces 7 confirm$ & ,patrick ,ogilvie 0 execut$ 9 ,novemb]1 b ,mrs4 ,ogilvie1 :o 0 expect+ ! bir? ( a *ild1 0 kept 9 prison4 ,a daught] 0 born e>ly 9 #agff1 & ,ka?>9e ,nairn manag$ to escape f prison 9 ,m>* ( t ye>4 ,! trial curi\sly =e%ad[$ ! trial ( ,mrs4 ,maybrick a c5tury lat] 9 _m ( its features1 &1 z 9 ! mod]n case1 conv9c+ pro( ( guilt 0 want+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! "q :e!r a p>ticul> sub/ance is or is n a poison has frequ5tly be5 rais$ 9 a c\rt ( ju/ice1 & on sev]al occasions a prison] has ow$ 8 acquittal to a conflict ( sci5tific op9ion ^u ! po9t4 ,?is 0 ! case 9 a trial t took place 9 #ahcf1 at ! ,norwi* ,assizes1 :5 two f>m lab\r]s 7 *>g$ ) hav+ attempt$ to poison a fell[ f>m s]vant1 by putt+ a deadly poison1 blue vitriol 7copp] sulphate71 into a glass ( milk4 ,! man notic$ t ! milk _h a metallic ta/e & only drank a portion ( x2 b ?is 0 suffici5t to make him ill = a %ort "t4 ,on ! milk be+ exam9$ x 0 f\nd to conta9 copp] sulphate1 & suspicion po9t$ to its hav+ be5 doctor$ by ! prison]s4 ,! c\nsel = ! def5ce rais$ ! objection t ! accus$ 7 indict$ = hav+ adm9i/]$ a deadly poison1 & t m$ical op9ion did n hold t blue vitriol 0 a deadly poison4 ,a m$ical witness call$ on behalf ( ! prosecution /at$ t he consid]$ t copp] sulphate 0 a deadly poison1 b at ! same "t admitt$ t he _h no exp]i5ce ( any case ( poison+ 9 :i* t salt _h be5 tak54 ,on ! o!r h&1 ano!r doctor ass]t$ t 9 8 op9ion ! sub/ance 0 n poison\s1 & po9t$ out t x 0 n sold z a poison4 ,! judge1 tak+ into acc\nt ?is conflict ( op9ion1 decid$ t ! matt] 0 d\btful & ! prison]s 7 acquitt$4 ,9 ! ,(f5ces ,aga9/ ! ,p]son ,act ( #ahfa x is provid$ t any attempt to adm9i/] any poison or o!r de/ructive ?+ to any p]son :e!r bodily injury be effect$ or n is guilty ( a felony4 ,z copp] sulphate1 :5 tak5 9 quantity1 w c]ta9ly cause bodily injury1 ! case tri$ 9 #ahcf at ,norwi*1 w\ld n[ probably be decid$ diff]5tly1 ev5 ?\gh no bodily h>m _h actually be5 caus$4 ,?is is borne out by ! trial ( ,clud]ay1 on ! *>ge ( attempt$ poison+ by adm9i/]+ pods ( coculus indicus4 ,no h>m _h result$ to ! int5d$ victim ow+ to ! fact t al?\gh ! b]ries !mselves are poison\s1 ! pod 9 :i* !y are conta9$ is insoluble :5 swall[$1 & ?is prev5ts ! b]ries f produc+ _! toxic effects ^u ! sy/em4 ,x 0 decid$ by ! judge1 h[ev]1 t ! giv+ ( ! entire pod 0 an adm9i/ration ( poison )9 ! mean+ ( ! ,act4 ,x is n an easy matt] to f9d a suitable def9ition = a poison4 ,accord+ to ,taylor x is a sub/ance :i*1 :5 tak5 into ! m\? or /oma*1 or :5 absorb$ into ! blood is capable ( s]i\sly affect+ heal? or ( de/roy+ life by its action on ! tissues ) :i* x imm$iately1 or aft] absorption1 comes into contact4 ,z appli$ to crim9al cases ?is def9ition is obvi\sly op5 to criticism1 = x is applicable to a sub/ance su* z c(fee :i*1 :5 tak5 9 excess1 w s]i\sly affect ! heal?4 ,"s ref]5ce to ! quantity is !re=e ne$$4 ,a drug1 su* z morphia1 may be ( b5efit :5 giv5 9 small doses1 b becomes a poison :5 giv5 9 l>ge quantity4 ,9 ! case ( ,clud]ay1 h[ev]1 x c\ld h>dly be cont5d$ t ! adm9i/ration ( entire coculus pods1 al?\gh n produc+ injuri\s results1 c\ld 9 any way be b5eficial4 ,! trial ( ,tawell at ! ,aylesbury ,assizes 9 #ahde1 on ! *>ge ( murd]+ ,s>ah ,h>t at ,sl\gh1 pres5t$ sev]al po9ts ( sci5tific int]e/4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! electric telegraph 0 employ$ 9 effect+ 8 capture has be5 describ$ 9 ano!r place4 ,at ! trial ,tawell d5i$ t he _h ev] be5 to ,sl\gh at all1 b ! woman :o _h he>d ! screams ( ! victim _h se5 & spok5 ) him1 & swore positively to 8 id5tity4 ,x 0 prov$ t on ! day ( ! murd] ,tawell _h b\ght "s ,s*eele's prussic acid 9 ,london1 b he acc\nt$ = ?is by ! fact t he 0 con/antly 9 ! habit ( buy+ ! poison = ext]nal use4 ,9 ! cottage1 :]e ! woman 0 f\nd ly+ dead :5 ! doctor arriv$1 7 two empty tumbl]s & a bottle ( port]1 :ile a small am\nt ( prussic acid 0 f\nd 9 ! /oma* ( ! woman4 ,! c\nsel = ! def5ce urg$ t !re 0 no pro( t ! woman _h di$ f ! effects ( prussic acid & t "s sudd5 emotion might h be5 ! cause ( dea?4 ,z to ! prussic acid f\nd 9 ! body1 he sugge/$ t x might h be5 d]iv$ f apple-pips eat5 by ! deceas$4 ,*emical evid5ce1 h[ev]1 0 br\ght =w>d to prove t prussic acid c\ld n h be5 =m$ z sugge/$ 9 ! process ( dige/ion1 & ! only result ( ?is novel def5ce 0 t = long aft]w>ds ! b>ri/] 0 kn[n z ,apple-pip ,kelly4 ,9 8 summ+ up ( ! evid5ce ! judge1 ,b>on ,p>k]1 said ) ref]5ce to "o ( ! cont5tions ( ! prison]'s c\nsel3 ,if ! evid5ce satisfies y t ! dea? 0 occasion$ by poison1 & t poison 0 adm9i/]$ by ! prison] x is n necess>y to give direct & positive pro( ( :at is ! quantity :i* w\ld de/roy life1 nor is x necess>y to prove t su* quantity 0 f\nd 9 ! body ( ! deceas$1 if ! o!r facts lead y to ! conclusion t ! dea? 0 occasion$ by poison & t x 0 kn[+ly adm9i/]$ by ! prison]4 ,ref]r+ to ! argum5t t !re 0 no pro( t ! deceas$ might n h di$ f ! effect ( a sudd5 emotion he po9t$ out t !y 7 n to h rec\rse to m]e conjecture2 t :]e ! result ( ! evid5ce gave !m ! exi/5ce ( a cause to :i* ! dea? might be rationally attribut$ !y 7 n to suppose )\t a reason = do+ s1 t x 0 to be attribut$ to any o!r cause4 ,z has already be5 m5tion$1 ! evid5ce conv9c$ ! jury ( ! guilt ( ! prison]1 & he 0 s5t5c$ to dea?4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,notable ,,poison+ ,,trials ,use ( ,poisons--,ars5ic & ,antimony--,*apman ,case--,/ry*n9e 9 ,palm] ,trial--,physiological ,te/s--,case ( ,freeman--,error f ,quantitative ,d$uctions--,poison\s ,food ,giv5 to ,animals--,m>y ,higg9s--,negative ,result ( ,physiological ,te/s--,hyoscyamus ,poisons--,cripp5 ,case--,exp]im5t on ,cats--,"t ,limit = ,action ( ,ars5ic--,fr5* ,case4 ,! use ( poisons b little kn[n at ! "t has g5]ally be5 due to a special k ( _! prop]ties on ! "p ( ! poison]1 :o has hop$ 9 ?is way to escape detection1 &1 9 fact1 has (t5 done s4 ,ars5ic1 :i* has always be5 a fav\rite ) ignorant poison]s1 is cumulative 9 its action1 & rema9s 9 ! sy/em = a long "t aft] x has be5 tak54 ,x has a rem>kable pres]vative effect ^u ! tissues1 :i* x w keep = an indef9ite l5g? ( "t f decomposition4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 little difficulty 9 detect+ & id5tify+ x 9 a body ye>s aft] a crime has be5 committ$4 ,! effect ( antimony is v simil>1 & x 0 ow+ to ?is fact t x 0 possible 9 ! ,*apman poison+ case to prove t "s ( ! victims _h be5 poison$ ) antimony4 ,organic poisons su* z prussic acid & vegetable alkaloids are mu* less /able 9 "*1 ?\gh !y are n s fugitive z "s poison]s h suppos$1 & ! pres5ce ( alkaloidal poisons 9 ! sy/em has be5 prov$ mon?s aft] dea?4 ,9 ! celebrat$ ,palm] case1 to :i* ref]5ce has already be5 made1 ,palm]1 :o 0 a doctor1 made use ( /ry*n9e1 &1 al?\gh he 0 convict$ ^u ! m$ical & o!r evid5ce1 ,taylor1 ! (ficial analy/1 0 unable to detect ! poison 9 ! rema9s4 ,on ^! gr\nds & ! evid5ce ( o!r *emi/s :o ass]t$ t !y c\ld detect ! slighte/ trace ( /ry*n9e1 & t _h t poison be5 giv5 x mu/ h pass$ into ! sy/em1 ! def5ce 0 set up t no /ry*n9e _h be5 giv51 & t ! prison] 0 entitl$ to an acquittal4 ,all t c be fairly d$uc$ f ! *emical evid5ce1 h[ev]1 is t no v l>ge am\nt ( /ry*n9e 0 pres5t1 & t ! me?od ( sep>at+ alkaloids us$ by ,taylor half a c5tury ago 0 n capable ( detect+ traces ( /ry*n9e4 ,s f>1 !n1 z reg>ds *emical analysis1 ,palm] _h succe$$ 9 adm9i/]+ a poison 9 suffici5t quantity to kill1 b to escape detection4 ,) ! m delicate me?ods ( analysis n[ at ! disposal ( ! *emi/ ?is w\ld no long] be possible1 = x has be5 repeat$ly prov$ t x is possible to detect a m9ute trace ( t alkaloid 9 ! body _m mon?s aft] dea?4 ,! o!r details ( ?is case are int]e/+ z =m+ a v complete *a9 ( evid5ce4 ,palm]1 z has be5 m5tion$1 0 a m$ical man liv+ at ,rugeley1 :]e he _h =m]ly _h a practice4 ,= "s "t prior to ! trial he _h giv5 up m$ic9e & devot$ himself to horse-rac+1 ) ! result t he _h lo/ heavily1 & by ! summ] ( #ahee ow$ ab\t #bj1jjj1 :i* he _h borr[$ at an exorbitant rate ( int]e/ f diff]5t moneyl5d]s4 ,z security = ^! am\nts he _h giv5 promissory notes1 9 :i* he _h =g$ ! signature ( 8 "m4 ,x 0 8 int5tion to h paid ! mo/ press+ ( 8 cr$itors out ( ! proce$s ( an insurance ^u ! life ( 8 bro!r1 :o di$ 9 ,augu/ ( ! same ye>4 ,! insurance company1 h[ev]1 f c]ta9 circum/ances t _h rea*$ _! e>s1 _h a suspicion ( fraud 9 connection ) ?is policy1 & refus$ to pay ! sum insur$4 ,! hold]s ( ! bills1 !re=e1 prep>$ writs aga9/ ,palm] & 8 "m1 :i* 7 to be issu$ unless !y receiv$ ! promis$ money1 & x 01 !re=e1 a matt] ( urg5cy = ,palm] to f9d a means ( satisfy+ !m4 ,e>ly 9 ,novemb] he w5t to "s races at ,%rewsbury 9 company ) a "y man nam$ ,cook1 & ! latt] won betwe5 #b1jjj & #c1jjj1 "s #hjj ( :i* he receiv$ ^u ! race-c\rse1 leav+ ! balance to be paid 9 ,london4 ,to celebrate ! occasion1 ,cook ask$ a numb] ( 8 fri5ds to d9e ) him at ! hotel 9 ,%rewsbury4 ,t ev5+ ,palm] 0 obs]v$ hold+ a tumbl] up to ! light outside 8 b$room1 & he !n w5t into ! o!r room :]e ,cook 0 talk+ to 8 fri5ds4 ,aft] dr9k+ "s br&y1 ,cook became viol5tly ill1 & a doctor 0 s5t =4 ,cook said he _h be5 giv5 some?+ by ,palm]1 & gave 8 money into ! *>ge ( "o ( 8 fri5ds1 :o next day return$ x to him4 ,not)/&+ 8 suspicions1 ,cook return$ ) ,palm] to ,rugeley1 & put up at an inn !re ne> ,palm]'s h\se4 ,he 0 !re visit$ sev]al times by ,palm]1 :o gave him c(fee & bro?1 bo? ( :i* made him viol5tly sick4 ,he 0 att5d$ by a local m$ical man1 :o 0 v old1 &1 act+ on ,palm]'s sugge/ion1 ?is doctor prescrib$ morph9e pills = ! sick man4 ,palm] w5t ) ! doctor to 8 surg]y1 help$ him 9 ! prep>ation ( ! pills1 & und]took to see t ! pati5t took !m4 ,accord+ly he w5t r\nd to ! inn ! same night1 & p]suad$ ,cook1 :o 0 unwill+ to h any?+ to d ) !m1 to take ! pills4 ,)9 fifte5 m9utes he _h di$1 aft] %[+ all ! symptoms ( /ry*n9e poison+4 ,aft] ,cook's dea?1 8 /epfa!r came to ,rugeley1 & made inquiries z to ! cause ( dea?4 ,c]ta9 circum/ances drew suspicion ^u ,palm]1 & ?is 0 /r5g!n$ :5 x 0 f\nd t on sev]al occasions he _h b\ght /ry*n9e1 & t imm$iately aft] ,cook's dea? he _h be5 se5 exam9+ 8 pockets & se>*+ "u ! pill[ ( ! b$4 ,:5 ask$ :e!r !re 7 n "s sport+ debts due to ,cook1 he d5i$ t !re 7 any1 & x 0 significant t ! bett+ book ( ! deceas$ man _h disappe>$4 ,x 0 fur!r discov]$ t ,palm] _h s9ce ! dea? paid ov] consid]able sums ( money to 8 cr$itors1 & t he _h induc$ ! old doctor :o _h be5 9 att5dance ^u ,cook to sign a c]tificate giv+ apoplexy z ! cause ( dea?4 ,a po/-mortem exam9ation 0 held1 at :i* ,palm]1 al?\gh "u suspicion1 0 all[$ to be pres5t4 ,:5 ! portion ( ! /oma* 0 seal$ up 9 a bottle1 ,palm] remov$ x to ano!r "p ( ! room :ile ! att5tion ( ! doctors 0 o!rwise occupi$1 & x 0 f\nd t he _h cut two slits 9 ! p>*m5t cov]1 & _h attempt$ to get rid ( ! cont5ts4 ,subsequ5tly he (f]$ a bribe ( #aj to ! driv] :o 0 to take ! doctors to ! /ation if he w\ld upset ! c>riage & break ! j>4 ,! evid5ce ( ! doctors call$ by ! ,cr[n left little d\bt z to dea? hav+ be5 caus$ by /ry*n9e poison1 & al?\gh a numb] ( m$ical m5 gave evid5ce on behalf ( ,palm]1 _! op9ions 7 conflict+ & inconsi/5t1 &1 z ! judge po9t$ out1 7 obvi\sly aim+ at an acquittal at all co/4 ,aft] a trial la/+ twelve days1 ! judge 7,"l ,campbell7 summ$ up ! evid5ce1 & dwelt 9 /rong t]ms ^u ! sci5tific witnesses = ! def5ce 7see ante1 p4 #ai74 ,) ref]5ce to ! fact t no /ry*n9e _h be5 detect$ 9 ! body1 he rem>k$ t !re 0 no rule ( law accord+ to :i* ! poison mu/ be f\nd 9 ! body ( ! deceas$1 & all !y knew respect+ ! poison n be+ f\nd 9 ! body 0 t 9 t "p ( ! body t 0 analys$ by ! witnesses no /ry*nia _h be5 f\nd4 ,s9ce physiological te/s are1 9 _m cases1 mu* m s5sitive ?an *emical te/s1 !y h (t5 be5 us$ = ! id5tification ( traces ( poison isolat$ f a body4 ,?us a small quantity ( a p>ticul> alkaloid w produce c]ta9 *>act]i/ic physiological results :5 inject$ into ! circulatory sy/em ( a small animal1 & %\ld precisely ! same results be obta9$ by ! injection ( ! unkn[n sub/ance1 ! obvi\s inf]5ce to be drawn is t ! two sub/ances are id5tical4 ,at ! same "t x has be5 %[n on m ?an "o occasion t x is n ju/ifiable to draw a comp>ison betwe5 ! quantitative action ( a p>ticul> poison ^u an animal & ^u man4 ,z an in/ance ( ! dang] ( rely+ too exclusively ^u ! results ( exp]im5ts ^u an animal1 ! int]e/+ case ( ,freeman1 :o 0 tri$ at ,leice/] 9 #ahbi1 may be m5tion$4 ,a "y woman1 ! s]vant ( a *emi/ 9 ! t[n1 0 f\nd dead 9 b$4 ,%e _h evid5tly di$ f ! effects ( prussic acid1 & f ! fact t ! "o ounce bottle f :i* ! poison _h be5 tak5 /ill conta9$ ?ree & a half dra*ms1 x 0 inf]r$ t %e _h tak5 f\r & a half dra*ms4 ,ow+ to ! facts t ! arms ( ! dead woman 7 cross$ ^u h] brea/1 & t ! clo!s _h be5 pull$ up neatly ov] !m1 :ile ! bottle conta9+ ! rema9d] ( ! poison _h be5 re-cork$ & 0 ly+ by h] side1 x 0 ?\ght t x 0 n a case ( suicide1 b t ! poison mu/ h be5 giv5 to h]4 ,suspicion fell ^u a "y man nam$ ,freeman1 :o 0 an assi/ant ( ! *emi/1 & he 0 *>g$ ) hav+ murd]$ ! woman4 ,! po9t urg$ by ! prosecution 0 t ! action ( prussic acid 0 s rapid1 t x 0 impossible = ! woman to h _h ! "t to take ! am\nt :i* _h app>5tly be5 tak51 & subsequ5tly to h arrang$ ! b$-clo!s & cork$ ! bottle4 ,exp]t evid5ce ^u ?is "q 0 giv5 by five doctors1 f\r ( :om gave z _! op9ion t ^! ?+s c\ld n h be5 done by ! woman h]self4 ,9 support ( _! view1 "o ( !m /at$ t ! same quantity ( prussic acid _h kill$ a dog 9 ?ree seconds4 ,=tunately = ! prison] he 0 able to produce conclusive evid5ce ( 8 innoc5ce1 & ! jury1 !re=e1 v rightly refus$ to accept ! m$ical op9ion4 ,cases 9 :i* sci5tific evid5ce has be5 giv5 to prove t a p>ticul> portion ( food or dr9k is ( a poison\s nature1 z %[n by its effects ^u animals1 h frequ5tly be5 be=e ! ,c\rts1 & ! evid5ce is n s op5 to criticism z 9 ,freeman's case1 al?\gh1 at be/1 su* a pro( is f> less satisfactory ?an ! sep>ation & id5tification ( ! poison by *emical means4 ,9 "o trial1 h[ev]1 describ$ by ,taylor1 :i* took place 9 ! e>ly "p ( la/ c5tury 9 ! ,we/ ( ,engl&1 ! evid5ce suppli$ by ! accid5tal poison+ ( "s animals 0 s conv9c+ z to prove ! prison] guilty1 al?\gh *emical evid5ce ( ! pres5ce ( poison+ 0 want+4 ,a f>m]'s wife 0 accus$ ( hav+ poison$ h] husb& by putt+ ars5ic into 8 s\p :ile !y 7 d9+ toge!r4 ,!n1 9 ord] to get rid ( all signs ( h] guilt1 %e _h ?r[n ! rema9d] ( ! s\p into ! f>my>d1 :]e ! pigs & ! f[ls _h dev\r$ x4 ,! husb& _h di$ ) all ! symptoms & appe>ances ( ars5ical poison+1 b no ars5ic 0 f\nd 9 ! body by ! imp]fect me?ods ( analysis !n available4 ,all ! animals 9 ! f>my>d _h also di$1 app>5tly f ! effects ( an irritant poison1 & 9 ! bodies ( "s ( !m1 probably ow+ to its quantity be+ great]1 ars5ic 0 f\nd4 ,! evid5ce z to ^! facts1 :i* 0 put =w>d at ! trial1 0 reg>d$ by ! jury z conclusive pro( t poison _h be5 giv5 to ! man1 not)/&+ ! objections press$ by ! def5ce t ! poison _h n be5 f\nd 9 8 body1 & t1 s9ce none ( ! s\p 0 left = exam9ation1 x _h n be5 prov$ t ! s\p 0 poison\s4 ,) ! m ref9$ me?ods ( analysis n[ available1 su* evid5ce w\ld probably h be5 corroborat$1 see+ t ! te/s are capable ( detect+ ars5ic ev5 9 ! m9ute proportion ( "o "p 9 sixty millions4 ,9 a rem>kable trial t took place1 9 #ahca1 at ! ,w>wick ,assizes1 exp]t evid5ce t an animal _h n be5 poison$ suppli$ ! pro( requir$ to e/abli% ! guilt ( ! prison]4 ,a woman nam$ ,m>y ,higg9s 0 accus$ ( hav+ poison$ h] uncle ) ars5ic4 ,x 0 prov$ t he _h di$ f an irritant poison1 & !re 0 also abundant pro( t ! niece _h b\ght ars5ic4 ,h] explanation ( ?is 0 t %e _h want$ x to de/roy v]m91 & by way ( add+ conviction to h] /ory %e actually produc$ a dead m\se1 :i*1 %e alleg$1 _h be5 kill$ by ! poison4 ,?is prov$ a fatal blund] on h] "p1 = an exam9ation ( ! m\se %[$ t !re 0 no ars5ic :atev] 9 its body4 ,! def5ce 0 !re=e discr$it$1 & ! prison] 0 f\nd guilty ( murd]4 ,! mo/ valuable applications ( physiological te/s h be5 9 cases :]e n>cotic poisons h be5 us$1 & especially 9 ! e>ly days ( *emical analyses1 :5 ! me?ods !n kn[n 7 incapable ( id5tify+ ^! poisons4 ,= example1 9 ! ye> #ahch a woman 0 tri$ at ,liv]pool on a *>ge ( hav+ s5t a poison$ pudd+ to ano!r woman ) ! int5tion ( poison+ h]4 ,! two *ildr5 :o 7 s5t ) ! pudd+ ta/$ x on ! way1 & f9d+ t x 0 bitt]1 m5tion$ ! fact to ! woman to :om !y 7 tak+ x4 ,%e _h o!r reasons = be+ suspici\s1 &1 !re=e1 s5t ! pudd+ to a doctor to be exam9$4 ,he appli$ v>i\s te/s1 b 0 unable to detect ! pres5ce ( any poison1 al?\gh f ! ta/e he suspect$ t "s n>cotic poison 0 pres5t4 ,accord+ly1 he gave a small portion ( ! pudd+ to a dog1 ) ! result t ! animal di$ )9 ?ree h\rs ) all ! symptoms ( poison+ produc$ by a n>cotic poison4 ,on ! /r5g? ( ?is evid5ce1 ! prison] 0 f\nd guilty4 ,a ,fr5* poison+ trial :i* took place 9 ! e>ly "p ( la/ c5tury is especially int]e/+ f ! fact t x is app>5tly ! only record$ in/ance1 prior to ! rec5t notori\s ,cripp5 case1 9 :i* ! deadly plant1 h5bane1 0 ! orig9al s\rce ( ! poison4 ,9 ! ,fr5* case a *ild _h be5 poison$ by "s bro?1 & ! symptoms _h sugge/$ ! pres5ce ( a n>cotic poison4 ,! *emical analysis ( alkaloidal poisons 0 at t "t 9 its infancy1 & 9 ord] to obta9 pro( ( ! poison\s "* ( ! bro?1 "s ( ! meat rema9+ 9 x 0 giv5 to a cat4 ,! animal di$ 9 ab\t five h\rs1 & ! symptoms produc$ & ! appe>ance ( its body aft] dea? 7 all simil> to ^? obs]v$ 9 ! *ild4 ,! evid5ce 0 !re=e reg>d$ z corroborative pro( t ! plant h5bane _h be5 introduc$ into ! bro?4 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( *emical analysis pro( w\ld h be5 expect$ ( ! pres5ce ( ! active pr9ciples ( h5bane 7hyosc9e & hyoscyam9e7 9 ! bro? & 9 ! body ( ! victim1 & physiological te/s w\ld probably only h be5 accept$ z supply+ additional pro( ( ! id5tity ( ! poison4 ,a /rik+ example ( ! way 9 :i* ! sci5tific evid5ce may succe$ 9 e/abli%+ ! innoc5ce ( a p]son accus$ ( murd] is se5 9 ! foll[+ case1 :i* 0 tri$ 9 #ahce3--;,a woman1 :o _h a viol5t disposition & 0 subject to attacks ( hy/]ia1 accus$ h] husb& ( hav+ attempt$ to poison h]1 & 9 pro( ( h] *>ge produc$ a :ite p[d]1 :i*1 z %e alleg$1 he _h put into h] food4 ,! p[d] 0 f\nd to be :ite ars5ic1 & ! food on exam9ation 0 f\nd to conta9 a fatal quantity ( t poison4 ,! husb& 0 !re=e imm$iately arre/$ & kept 9 prison p5d+ ! inve/igation4 ,! woman 0 p]fectly well = eight days1 b on ! n9? day became v viol5t1 & did _m ecc5tric ?+s1 & on ! next day %e di$4 ,exam9ation ( ! body %[$ t ars5ic _h be5 ! cause ( dea?4 ,h] husb& d5i$ t he _h ev] put any ars5ic into h] food1 b _h x n be5 = ! sci5tific evid5ce he w\ld probably h be5 unable to prove t he 0 innoc5t4 ,und\bt$ly he ow$ 8 escape to 8 hav+ be5 9 prison = ! eight days betwe5 ! accusation br\ght by 8 wife & h] dea?1 = ! m$ical witnesses prov$ t x 0 n possible = him to h giv5 ! dose ( ars5ic :i* caus$ ! dea? ( ! woman1 s9ce ! effects ( ars5ic c\ld n h rema9$ lat5t 9 ! sy/em = t l5g? ( "t4 ,circum/ances1 !re=e1 indicat$ t ! woman _h committ$ suicide1 & on ! /r5g? ( ?is evid5ce ! prison] 0 imm$iately set at lib]ty4 ,to come to m rec5t times1 ! mo/ notable trial 9 :i* ! results ( exp]im5ts ^u animals h =m$ "o ( ! /ronge/ l9ks 9 ! evid5ce aga9/ ! prison]1 0 t ( ,george ,h5ry ,lamson1 9 #ahha1 :o 0 convict$ ( poison+ 8 bro!r-9-law4 ,"h aga9 ! accus$ 0 a m$ical man1 :o 0 able by reason ( 8 specialis$ k to use a poison t at ! "t w\ld n readily be id5tifi$ 9 ! body aft] dea?4 ,9 fact1 9 ! op9ion ( ,montagu ,williams1 :o def5d$ him at ! trial1 !re c\ld be b little d\bt b t he _h previ\sly poison$ a bro!r ( 8 victim 9 ! same mann]1 )\t incurr+ any suspicion4 ,he 0 a "y man tw5ty-n9e ye>s ( age1 9 practice 9 a small way at ,b\rnem\?4 ,he 0 n well (f & _h be5 9 pecuni>y /raits1 &1 z x 0 kn[n at ! trial1 w\ld h b5efit$ mat]ially by ! dea? ( 8 bro!r-9-law1 ,p]cy ,john1 a lad ( n9ete51 :o 0 at a s*ool 9 ,wimbl$on4 ,p]cy 0 a cripple1 & _h to be c>ri$ up & d[n-/airs1 & to be :eel$ ab\t 9 a *air1 b !re 0 no reason :y he %\ld n h liv$ to old age4 ,! /ory told by ! prosecution 0 t ,dr4 ,lamson wrote to 8 bro!r-9-law1 tell+ him he 0 com+ to see him at ! s*ool on 8 way ov] to ,p>is1 & ! boy 0 disappo9t$ on receiv+ a message t he c\ld n come till ! next day4 ,on ,decemb] #crd1 h[ev]1 ,lamson call$ at ! s*ool1 & said t he _h only "t to pay a fly+ visit be=e cat*+ ! night tra9 to ,p>is4 ,he produc$ "s gelat9e capsules1 & also a cake4 ,tak+ "o ( ^! he rem>k$ to ! s*oolma/]1 :o 0 pres5t ?r\gh\t ! int]view1 t he w\ld leave !m ) him1 s t he might give na/y m$ic9es to 8 pupils )\t difficulty4 ,he !n fill$ "o ( ! capsules f a bas9 ( sug> t 0 on ! table1 & turn+ to ! boy1 said3 ,"h1 ,p]cy1 y're a swell pill-tak]2 take ?is1 & %[ ,mr4 ,b$brook h[ easily x may be swall[$4 ,dr4 ,lamson _h also br\ght ) him "s sweets & a cake1 & he gave slices ( ?is to ! s*oolma/] & to 8 "y bro!r-9-law1 & also ate a piece himself4 ,imm$iately aft] ! lad _h swall[$ ! capsule ,lamson obs]v$3 ,t's soon gone1 my boy1 & !n rem>k$1 ,i mu/ be go+ n[4 ,he !n left ) ! int5tion ( cat*+ ! ev5+ boat-tra9 to ,p>is4 ,v %ortly aft]w>ds ,p]cy became ill & told ! s*oolma/] t he felt exactly z he did f\r mon?s be=e :5 8 bro!r-9-law _h giv5 him a pill4 ,doctors 7 summon$1 b 9 spite ( ev]y?+ t 0 done ! poor boy di$ ! same ev5+4 ,a m$ical exam9ation ( ! body %[$ no appe>ance ( any disease t c\ld h result$ 9 su* sudd5 dea?1 b a *emical exam9ation ( ! /oma*1 :i* 0 made by ,dr4 ,/ev5son & ,dr4 ,dupr1 prov$ t a vegetable irritant poison mu/ h be5 ! cause ( dea?4 ,inve/igations %[$ t on sev]al occasions ,dr4 ,lamson _h pur*as$ small quantities ( aconit9e f diff]5t *emi/s1 & ?is /r5g!n$ ! suspicions already atta*+ to him4 ,a few days lat] ,lamson return$ f ,p>is & volunt>ily w5t to ,scotl& ,y>d1 say+ t z 8 "n _h be5 m5tion$ 9 connection ) ! case he _h ?\ght x be/ to call & see :at 0 to be done ab\t x4 ,he 0 !n arre/$ & =mally *>g$ ) caus+ ! dea?4 ,! trial 0 memorable = ! conclusive nature ( ! sci5tific evid5ce4 ,! cake & sweets _h be5 analys$ & f\nd to be q free f aconite & ! gelat9e capsules 7 also prov$ to be innocu\s4 ,at ! bottom ( ! boy's box a pill-box _h be5 discov]$ conta9+ pills 9 :i* aconit9e 0 pres5t1 b al?\gh ! po9t 0 sugge/$ by ! def5ce1 !re 0 no evid5ce to %[ t ! boy _h secretly tak5 "o ( ^!4 ,! pres5ce ( morphia & aconit9e 9 ! body 0 prov$1 ! latt] be+ id5tifi$ by its g5]al *emical reactions z an alkaloid1 by ! burn+ s5sation produc$ ^u ! tongue1 & by its *>act]i/ic action ^u mice1 z comp>$ ) t ( a /&>d solution ( pure aconit9e4 ,9 ea* case ! animals di$1 ! symptoms be+ ! same & *>act]i/ic ( aconit9e poison+4 ,= ! def5ce x 0 urg$ by ,montagu ,williams t x 0 admitt$ by ! sci5tific witnesses = ! prosecution t !y _h no o!r pro( ( ! id5tity ( aconit9e ?an ^! physiological te/s ^u mice2 t _! conclusions 7 a leap 9 ! d>k2 & t mice _h s delicate a con/itution t ev5 an injection ( pure wat] w\ld kill !m4 ,h[ !n c\ld x fairly be argu$ t because ^! little animals _h be5 kill$ by an injection ( a sub/ance extract$ f ! body1 t sub/ance mu/ be aconit9e8 ,ap>t f t1 bodies ( ! nature ( alkaloids 7 =m$ 9 ! body by decomposition1 & ! effects ^u ! mice attribut$ to aconit9e might v well h be5 caus$ by "o ( ^! alkaloids4 ,x 0 fur!r po9t$ out t !re _h be5 no opportunity ( giv+ ! boy a pill )\t ! k ( ! s*oolma/]1 & t ! prison] c\ld n h *>g$ ! capsule ) aconit9e )\t hav+ be5 obs]v$4 ,! evid5ce put =w>d by ! prosecution c>ri$ conviction to ! jury1 & ! prison] 0 f\nd guilty & s5t5c$ to dea?4 ,) ref]5ce to ! m important po9ts rais$ by ! def5ce x may be m5tion$ t no kn[n ptoma9e 7i4e41 alkaloid =m$ by decomposition 9 ! body aft] dea?7 produces ! same physiological effects z aconit9e1 & t ! conclusions ( ,dr4 ,/ev5son & ,dr4 ,dupr 7 bas$ ^u ! results ( comp>ative te/s1 :i* %[$ t z little z #a_/bjjj gra9 ( aconit9e c\ld be recognis$ 9 ?is way4 ,! probable solution ( ! my/]y ( h[ ! prison] manag$ to give ! poison to ! boy is sugge/$ 9 ! rem9isc5ces ( ,"l ,brampton1 :o1 z ,sir ,h5ry ,hawk9s1 0 ! presid+ judge at ! trial4 ,he po9ts out t ,lamson 0 f> too clev] a man to attempt su* a clumsy plan z to *>ge ! capsule ) aconit9e1 & ?us draw suspicion ^u himself4 ,! mu* m plausible !ory is t ! capsules _h no?+ :atev] to d ) ! poison+ b t ,lamson _h previ\sly put ! aconit9e into a rais9 9 ! cake1 & _h tak5 c>e t 8 "y bro!r-9-law %\ld get ! slice conta9+ t rais91 :ile he & ! s*oolma/] _h eat5 o!r portions ( ! o!rwise h>mless cake4 ,aft] s5t5ce ( dea? _h be5 pass$1 ,lamson /ood ) 8 arms fold$ & 9 a l\d voice proclaim$ 8 innoc5ce be=e ,god4 ,be=e 8 execution1 h[ev]1 x is /at$ t he confess$ t he _h n only poison$ ,p]cy ,john1 b also 8 o!r bro!r-9-law ,h]b]t4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,! ,,maybrick ,,case ,few trials 9 ?is c\ntry h ar\s$ s mu* controv]sy z t ( ,mrs4 ,maybrick1 9 #ahhi1 on ! *>ge ( hav+ poison$ h] husb& ) ars5ic4 ,james ,maybrick1 :o 0 a cotton m]*ant1 fifty ye>s ( age1 _h m>ri$ ! accus$ 9 ,am]ica 9 #ahha1 %e be+ !n eighte5 ye>s old4 ,f\r ye>s lat] !y _h made _! home 9 ,liv]pool1 & app>5tly got on well toge!r4 ,9 #ahhi1 h[ev]1 ,mrs4 ,maybrick became fri5dly ) a man nam$ ,bri]ley1 & on ! pret5ce ( pay+ a visit to a relative1 w5t to ,london1 :]e %e /ay$ ) him = sev]al days4 ,at ! end ( ,m>* ! ,maybricks w5t to ! ,gr& ,national ,race1 & ! husb& !n became jeal\s ( ,bri]ley1 :o 0 also pres5t4 ,foll[+ ?is incid5t came a viol5t qu>rel1 :i* result$ 9 ,mrs4 ,maybrick's ?reat5+ to leave him4 ,%ortly aft]w>ds1 ,mr4 ,maybrick paid a visit to 8 bro!r 9 ,london1 & :ile !re compla9$ ( ! extravagance & ! behavi\r ( 8 wife4 ,he also consult$ a speciali/1 :o diagnos$ 8 illness z acute dyspepsia1 & prescrib$ = him c]ta9 m$ic9es1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 !re 0 no ars5ic4 ,aft] 8 return to ,liv]pool e>ly 9 ,april1 ,mrs4 ,maybrick b\ght a doz5 fly-pap]s f a *emi/1 & aft]w>ds two doz5 m f ano!r *emi/1 /at+ t ! flies 7 tr\blesome 9 ! h\se4 ,9 ea* case %e paid = ^!1 al?\gh %e _h an acc\nt ) ! *emi/4 ,x 0 f\nd t ea* ( ^! pap]s conta9$ f two to ?ree gra9s ( ars5ic1 or m ?an ! fatal dose = a man4 ,evid5ce 0 giv5 t !y 7 subsequ5tly discov]$ soak+ 9 wat] 9 ,mrs4 ,maybrick's room1 b t !y _h n be5 us$ to kill ! flies4 ,at ! end ( ,april ,mr4 ,maybrick became v ill1 & a doctor 0 call$ 94 ,! pati5t 0 frequ5tly giv5 food & m$ic9e by 8 wife1 & ars5ic 0 aft]w>ds f\nd 9 a bottle ( meat juice4 ,! prison] alleg$ t at h] husb&'s own reque/ %e _h put a :ite p[d] into ?is bottle4 ,on ! #i? ( ,may ! doctor conclud$ t ,mr4 ,maybrick 0 suff]+ f ! effects ( "s irritant poison1 & ,mrs4 ,maybrick f t "t 0 n all[$ to come ne> him4 ,on ,may ! #aa? he di$4 ,dur+ ! illness1 lett]s betwe5 ,mrs4 ,maybrick & ,bri]ley _h be5 int]cept$1 & 9 "o ( ^! occurr$ ! expression t h] husb& 0 sick unto dea?4 ,at ! inque/ a v]dict ( ,wilful murd] aga9/ ,mrs4 ,maybrick 0 return$1 & %e 0 committ$ = trial at ! ,liv]pool ,assizes4 ,! trial took place be=e ,mr4 ,ju/ice ,/eph51 :o1 by ! way1 di$ insane a ye> lat]1 & ! prison] 0 def5d$ by ,sir ,*>les ,russell1 :o subsequ5tly became ,"l ,*ief ,ju/ice4 ,! case = ! prosecution 0 bas$ ^u ! pres5ce ( a /rong motive = ! crime1 ! qu>rel betwe5 ! husb& & wife1 ! possession ( ars5ic 7f ! fly-pap]s7 by ! accus$1 ! pres5ce ( ars5ic 9 v>i\s foods & m$ic9es alleg$ by witnesses to h be5 giv5 to ! deceas$ by 8 wife1 & ! discov]y ( ars5ic 9 ! body aft] dea?4 ,9 addition to ?is1 evid5ce 0 giv5 by ! nurses t !y _h se5 ! prison] manipulat+ ! m$ic9es1 & by doctors & relations ( ,mr4 ,maybrick t he 0 n 9 ! habit ( tak+ ars5ic4 ,= ! def5ce x 0 urg$ t dea? 0 due to acute ga/ritis1 :i* 0 ! result ( a *ill or improp] food1 & t ars5ical poison+ 0 n ! cause2 t ! fly-pap]s _h be5 pur*as$ by ! prison] = ! prep>ation ( a cosmetic = ! face2 & t ! pres5ce ( traces ( ars5ic 9 ! body 0 fully acc\nt$ = by ! fact t ,mr4 ,maybrick 0 an ars5ic eat]4 ,sev]al m$ical m5 express$ op9ions /rongly oppos$ to ! views ( ! prosecution1 & x 0 po9t$ out by ^! t _m ( ! symptoms *>act]i/ic ( poison+ by ars5ic _h n be5 obs]v$ 9 ?is case4 ,at ! same "t x 0 admitt$ t ! effects produc$ by ars5ic 7 (t5 erratic1 &1 z ,dr4 ,/ev5son /at$ 9 8 evid5ce = ! prosecution1 ,!re is no di/9ctive diagno/ic symptom ( ars5ical poison+4 ,! diagno/ic ?+ is f9d+ ! ars5ic4 ,! m$ical exp]ts :o gave evid5ce ^u behalf ( ! prison] 7 ,dr4 ,tidy 7:o1 l ,dr4 ,/ev5son1 0 an (ficial analy/ to ! ,home ,(fice71 ,dr4 ,macnam>a1 & ,pr(essor ,paul2 & _! view1 :i* 0 /rongly express$1 0 t all ! symptoms :i* _h be5 describ$ to !m 9 ! evid5ce po9t$ aga9/ ars5ic hav+ be5 ! cause ( dea?4 ,! judge1 9 8 summ+ up ( ! m$ical evid5ce1 po9t$ out t exp]t witnesses 7 liable at times to take up ! position ( advocates ) reg>d to sci5tific matt]s1 & he w>n$ ! jury to take ?is into consid]ation 9 =m+ _! conclusions4 ,! analytical evid5ce z to ! pres5ce ( ars5ic 9 ! body & 9 ! food & m$ic9e 0 giv5 by ,dr4 ,/ev5son & by ,mr4 ,davis4 ,davis _h f\nd no ars5ic 9 ! /oma*1 b x 0 discov]$ 9 ! liv] & inte/9es4 ,9 ! bottle ( ! meat juice he _h f\nd half a gra9 9 solution4 ,ars5ic 0 pres5t 9 ! glass ( ! bottle1 b to a less ext5t ?an 9 ! glass ( ano!r bottle ( ! meat juice1 9 ! cont5ts ( :i* no ars5ic 0 pres5t4 ,h5ce ! glass c\ld n h be5 ! s\rce ( ! ars5ic f\nd 9 ! o!r bottle4 ,he _h also f\nd ars5ic 9 a glass ( milk 9 ! h\se1 9 a vessel 9 :i* lun*eon _h be5 s5t to ! (fice ( ,mr4 ,maybrick1 9 a m$ic9e bottle1 & 9 a bottle ( glyc]9e 9 ! lavatory4 ,9 fact1 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable features ( ?is case 0 ! numb] ( articles 9 :i* ars5ic _h be5 discov]$4 ,dr4 ,/ev5son _h also f\nd no ars5ic 9 ! /oma*1 b _h detect$ a small quantity 9 ! kidney & ! inte/9es4 ,9 a portion ( ! liv] he f\nd an am\nt :i* he calculat$ to am\nt to "o-?ird ( a gra9 = ! :ole liv]1 & he gave z 8 op9ion t ! body at ! "t ( dea? probably conta9$ approximately a fatal dose ( ars5ic4 ,dr4 ,tidy1 9 giv+ evid5ce on behalf ( ! accus$1 criticis$ ?is evid5ce ( ,/ev5son on ! gr\nds t x did n necess>ily foll[ t because "o portion ( ! liv] conta9$ s mu* ars5ic1 ! same proportion mu/ be pres5t 9 ! rema9d]4 ,9 8 exp]i5ce ! am\nts ( ars5ic reta9$ might v>y 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! same organ4 ,he calculat$ f ! results ( ,/ev5son's analyses t ! total am\nt ( ars5ic 0 #jjhb gra9s4 ,if we exam9e ?is evid5ce m closely x is difficult to see ^u :at basis ,tidy calculat$ 8 total4 ,/ev5son _h exam9$ approximately "o qu>t] ( ! liv]1 & _h extract$ f two portions a total quantity ( #jjgf gra9s1 s t1 accord+ to ,tidy1 ! rema9+ ?ree-qu>t]s c\ld only h conta9$ #jjjf gra9s ( ars5ic4 ,on ! face ( x ?is seems an absurd conclusion4 ,! evid5ce ( ,pr(essor ,paul w5t to prove t ars5ic 0 pres5t 9 ! mat]ial ( e>!nw>e vessels simil> to t 9 :i* ! lun* 0 s5t to ,mr4 ,maybrick's (fice1 & t x c\ld be lib]at$ by ! action ( an acid1 s t ! ars5ic f\nd 9 ! p>ticul> vessel might h orig9at$ f ! action ( acids 9 ! food itself ^u ! int]ior ( ! vessel4 ,z has be5 m5tion$1 "o ( ! po9ts br\ght z evid5ce aga9/ ! prison] 0 t a bottle ( glyc]9e _h be5 f\nd 9 ! lavatory1 & t ?is conta9$ ars5ic4 ,!re 0 no evid5ce t ! prison] _h ev] _h ?is bottle 9 h] h&1 &1 ap>t f t1 ars5ic is a v usual impurity 9 ord9>y comm]cial glyc]9e4 ,hav+ reg>d to ! conflict ( ! sci5tific te/imony1 & to ! evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,maybrick hav+ acquir$ ! habit ( tak+ ars5ic :ile resid5t 9 ,am]ica1 x 0 g5]ally expect$ t ! prison] w\ld be acquitt$4 ,! judge1 h[ev]1 evid5tly believ+ h] guilty1 summ$ up /rongly aga9/ h]1 & put ! po9t to be decid$ 9 ! foll[+ =m3 ,! prosecution said t ars5ic 0 ! produc+ cause ( ! ga/ro-ent]itis :i* 0 ! imm$iate cause ( dea?2 ars5ic 0 f\nd 9 ! body1 & /rong pro( 0 giv5 t ars5ic 0 adm9i/]$4 ,! t]rible "q 03 ,by ^: h& 0 x adm9i/]$8 ,! deceas$ might h tak5 x himself1 & if !re 0 any reasonable d\bt ^u t po9t x 0 ! duty ( ! jury to acquit ! prison]2 b if a crime 0 committ$1 no o!r p]son b ! prison] 0 sugge/$ z hav+ committ$ x4 ,! jury 7 s influ5c$ by ! rem>ks ( ! judge t1 aft] a retirem5t ( a little ov] ?irty m9utes1 !y f\nd ! prison] ,guilty4 ,! feel+ 0 v widely express$ t ! prosecution _h fail$ to e/abli% beyond all reasonable d\bt t ! deceas$ _h di$ f ars5ic1 & t ars5ic _h be5 giv5 to him by ! prison]1 & t1 !re=e1 %e 0 entitl$ to ! b5efit ( ! d\bt1 :i* ! judge's directions to ! jury _h n all[$ to h]4 ,x may be m5tion$ "h t ! judge himself1 9 ! second edition ( 8 ,crim9al ,laws ( ,engl&1 publi%$ 9 #ahij1 /ates t out ( #igi cases tri$ be=e him up to ,septemb]1 #ahhi1 ! case ( ,mrs4 ,maybrick 0 ! only case 9 :i* !re c\ld be any d\bt ab\t ! facts4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is feel+ t a t]rible mi/ake might h be5 made1 memorials = ! respite ( ,mrs4 ,maybrick 7 sign$ by ! physicians ( ,liv]pool1 by memb]s ( ,b>s ( ,liv]pool & ,london1 & by ! citiz5s ( ,liv]pool1 9 all ( :i* /ress 0 laid ^u ! conflict ( m$ical te/imony4 ,memorials 7 also s5t 9 f o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 & 9 all #e1jjj petitions1 conta9+ upw>ds ( half a million signatures1 7 receiv$ by ! ,home ,secret>y4 ,! feel+ 0 too /rong to be ignor$1 & ! ,home ,secret>y1 !re=e1 ann\nc$ t he _h advis$ ! commutation ( ! dea? p5alty to "o ( p5al s]vitude = life1 on ! gr\nd t3 ,inasmu* z1 al?\gh ! evid5ce leads to ! conclusion t ! prison] adm9i/]$ & attempt$ to adm9i/] ars5ic to h] husb& ) int5t to murd] him1 yet x does n :olly exclude a reasonable d\bt :e!r 8 dea? 0 9 fact caus$ by ! adm9i/ration ( ars5ic4 ,p]si/5t ef=ts 7 made to obta9 ! lib]ation ( ! prison]1 & ,"l ,russell ( ,kill[51 :o _h def5d$ h] at ! trial1 & ^: belief 9 h] innoc5ce _h nev] wav]$1 br\ght ! matt] "u ! notice ( ea* succe$+ ,home ,secret>y1 b always )\t avail4 ,x 0 n until aft] ! lapse ( fifte5 ye>s t %e 0 lib]at$ at ! ord9>y t]m9ation ( a s5t5ce %ort5$ by ! good behavi\r ( ! prison]4 ,! c\rse foll[$ by ! ,home ,secret>y 7,mat!ws7 & endors$ by 8 successors is impossible to def5d f a logical po9t ( view4 ,if ! prison] 0 guilty ( murd]1 !re 0 no ju/ification = yield+ to ! popul> dem&4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 !re 0 a reasonable d\bt z to :e!r ! man di$ f ! effects ( ars5ic1 %e ought to h be5 set at lib]ty4 ,b to commute ! s5t5ce = ! reason giv5 0 to convict ! prison] ( attempt$ murd]1 a *>ge ^u :i* %e _h nev] be5 tri$1 & = :i*1 if f\nd guilty1 %e w\ld n h receiv$ p5al s]vitude = life4 ,at ! pres5t "t a case ( ?is k9d w\ld be br\ght be=e ! ,c\rt ( ,crim9al ,appeal1 & ! prison] w\ld h ! opportunity ( hav+ ! alleg$ misdirections ( ! presid+ judge inve/igat$1 & ( putt+ =w>d additional evid5ce--advantages t 7 n available to ! accus$ 9 ?is trial4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,adult]ation ,,( ,,food ,national ,loss f ,adult]ation--,adult]at$ ,electricity--,! ,be] ,conn]--,conflict ( ,evid5ce--,! ,notice ,dodge--,pres]vatives--,/&>ds = ,food--,c\rt ( ,ref]5ce--,adm9i/ration ( ! ,law4 ,to label ! adult]ator ( food z a crim9al w\ld1 9 ! majority ( cases1 be too h>% a s5t5ce1 b 9 ! wor/ =ms ( adult]ation--^? 9 :i* food t is positively bad is made to appe> good--he m ?an des]ves ! title4 ,al?\gh 9 ! l>g] proportion ( in/ances ! actual pecuni>y loss inflict$ ^u ! consum] by ! sale ( adult]at$ food may be b trifl+1 ! loss suff]$ by ! community collectively ?r\gh v>i\s =ms ( petty frauds ( ?is nature rea*es an enorm\s total 9 a ye>4 ,"s idea ( ! ext5t to :i* ! public is ?us defraud$ may be ga!r$ f ! in/ructive figures publi%$ "s ye>s ago by ,pr(essor ,long 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,9 8 article x 0 e/imat$ t #a1djj1jjj1jjj gallons ( milk 7 produc$ annually 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 ( :i* ov] a ?ird 0 sold 9 ! =m ( milk1 ! rema9d] be+ conv]t$ into butt] & *eese4 ,assum+ t a t5? "p ( ! milk 7 adult]at$ by ! middleman1 ! loss to ! f>m] w\ld repres5t ov] #fjj1jjj p] annum4 ,!re is little d\bt b t ?is calculation und]e/imates ! am\nt ( milk adult]at$ by ! addition ( wat] or by ! sep>ation ( ! cream4 ,! evid5ce giv5 be=e a ,select ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons appo9t$ to deal ) ! ,food & ,drugs ,acts sugge/s t probably "o-fif? ( ! butt] import$ into ?is c\ntry is adult]at$1 :ile x is almo/ impossible to =m any e/imate ( ! loss to ! consum] f adult]at$ groc]ies & f ! sale ( =eign meat z be/ ,engli%4 ,) few exceptions1 ne>ly ev]y?+ we eat or dr9k--9 fact1 ne>ly ev]y?+ we buy--is liable to be sub/itut$ = :at we want1 or to be mix$ ) some?+ else t we d n want--at all ev5ts1 at ! price we h to pay = x4 ,!re is ?us consid]able excuse = ! amus+ blund] made by a c\nsel :o 0 cross-exam9+ ,mr4 ,siem5s1 ! electrical exp]t1 9 a case 9 :i* !re 0 a dispute ab\t ! work+ ( "s electrical plant4 ,i ?9k1 ,mr4 ,siem5s1 t y h _h a long exp]i5ce 9 connection ) electricity8 ,t is s4 ,well1 n[1 ,i want y to tell me :e!r 9 ! c\rse ( all y\r exp]i5ce y h ev] kn[n electricity to be adult]at$8 ,9 only "o in/ance1 repli$ ! witness4 ,& :5 0 t8 ,9 ! phrase 'greas$ lightn+1' 0 ! in/ant witty reply ( ! electrical exp]t4 ,b !re are few commodities :i* c be b\ght or sold t h ! clean record ( electricity4 ,9 e direction1 competition is daily becom+ ke5]1 & rival firms cut ! prices1 ea* =c+ ! o!r to sell ei!r ) ! m9imum ( pr(it or to /op sell+ altoge!r4 ,"u ^! conditions !re is a /rong temptation = a small firm 9 dang] ( be+ cru%$ out ( exi/5ce by its competitors to avail itself ( ! additional pr(it af=d$ by adult]ation1 & ?us be able to sell its goods at a l[] price ?an its m scrupul\s rivals4 ,9 _m cases ! adult]at$ articles are sold unkn[+ly1 ! %opman be+ tempt$ by ! (f] ( an alleg$ g5u9e product at a v l[ price1 :ile ! =eign manufactur] :o supplies him ) ! goods *e]fully accepts ! risk ( prosecution1 well kn[+ t he _c be br\ght to book4 ,frequ5tly ! adult]ation is mo/ skilfully effect$1 & e fre% advance 9 ! *emical me?ods ( detect+ =eign +r$i5ts is sci5tifically met by ! adult]ator4 ,! old gross =ms ( adult]ation are1 = ! mo/ "p1 ?+s ( ! pa/1 save1 ( c\rse1 9 ! case ( foods l milk1 :i* conta9 mu* wat]1 & :]e ! temptation to increase ! am\nt is frequ5tly too /rong to be resi/$4 ,! old /ory ( ! groc] :o call$ 8 appr5tice to pray]s aft] tell+ him to wat] ! treacle & s& ! sug>1 has lo/ its po9t1 at all ev5ts z reg>ds s&+ ! sug>4 ,! fraud is too palpable4 ,& ! same may be said ( o!r unskilful =ms ( adult]ation1 su* z ! addition ( gypsum to fl\r1 *alk to milk1 />* to butt]1 & s on4 ,9 %ort1 adult]ation ( to-day has become a f9e art1 & ! public analy/ has /rong suspicions ab\t _m a sample1 :i* he d>e n condemn1 s9ce x might possibly be g5u9e1 ?\gh ( poor quality4 ,long be=e ! days ( ! public analy/ !re 0 an (ficial :o 01 9 a s5se1 8 =]unn]1 & 8 me?ods 7 simplicity itself4 ,z might be guess$1 our ance/ors ?ree or f\r hundr$ ye>s ago1 7 ma9ly conc]n$ ab\t ! /r5g? ( ! national bev]age--be]1 & !y appo9t$ (fic]s :o 7 kn[n z be] conn]s1 to visit ! diff]5t ale-h\ses1 & to ta/e & exam9e ! liquor t 0 be+ sold4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,sidney ,lee1 ,john ,%akespe>e1 ! fa!r ( ,william1 0 appo9t$ an ale-ta/] 9 #aeeg4 ,! te/ to be appli$ ne$$ no complicat$ app>atus or *emical reag5ts--no?+ beyond a pair ( lea!r bree*es1 :i* 7 call$ ! conn+ bree*es4 ,! be] conn] w\ld put ^! on1 & hav+ p\r$ a little ( ! ale on to a wood5 b5* w\ld sit d[n 9 x & pati5tly await ! result4 ,if aft] a giv5 "t he f\nd t he 0 glu$ to ! b5*1 ! ale conta9$ sug>1 & 0 condemn$ z adult]at$1 b if he c\ld rise )\t an ef=t ! be] 0 pass$ z pure4 ,! oa? to be tak5 by ^! be] ta/]s or conn]s ran z foll[s3-- ,y are ! *os5 ale-ta/]s ( ?is t[n4 ,y %all well & truly s]ve 8 ,maje/y & ?is t[n 9 ! same (fice4 ,y %all at all times try1 ta/e1 & assize ! be] & ale to be put to sale 9 ?is lib]ty1 :e!r ! same be :olesome = man's body1 & pres5t ^? t (f5d1 or refuse to suff] y to assay x4 ,y %all give y\r att5dance at all c\rts1 & pres5t f "t to "t ! (f5d]s1 & all ?+s else belong+ to y\r (fice y %all d & execute4 ,s help y ,god4 ,a public analy/ ( to-day might well envy ! easy lot ( ! be] conn]1 :o _h no difficult problems to solve1 & :o1 if he condemn$ ale t _h suffici5t body to hold him to 8 seat1 0 sure ( ! support ( ! gov]nm5t (ficials4 ,to ! layman x may seem /range t a conflict ( op9ion %\ld ev] occur betwe5 analy/s ) reg>d to ! g5u95ess ( a sample ( food1 & t x %\ld ev] be possible = an accus$ salesman to br+ rebutt+ sci5tific evid5ce4 ,a consid]ation ( ! foll[+ po9ts1 h[ev]1 w make ?is cle>1 & %[ h[ su* diff]5t op9ions may be hone/ly held4 7#a7 ,food products may consi/ ( entirely dissimil> sub/ances1 :i* may readily be di/+ui%$ by suitable te/s1 z1 = in/ance1 pepp] & salt2 or 7#b7 ! food may conta9 a special con/itu5t :i* is ei!r entirely want+ or only pres5t 9 a small] proportion 9 o!r alli$ products4 ,x is ma9ly ) foods ( ?is latt] description t ! difficulties ( ! public analy/ arise4 ,= in/ance1 butt] fat conta9s a l>ge proportion ( c]ta9 volatile comp\nds1 :i* are ei!r abs5t or are pres5t 9 mu* small] quantity 9 ! fats us$ to adult]ate butt]2 & ?us an e/imation ( ^! volatile comp\nds af=ds a means ( judg+ ( ! purity ( ! butt]4 ,?us1 if only half ! normal quantity ( volatile comp\nds is pres5t1 ! conclusion is drawn t ! butt] is adult]at$ ) an equal quantity ( =eign fat1 & s on4 ,! task w\ld n be difficult if butt] fat 7 always con/ant 9 composition2 b1 un=tunately1 !re are (t5 wide v>iations 9 ! proportion ( +r$i5ts1 & x frequ5tly happ5s t ! public analy/ has to give 8 judgm5t ^u a sample1 :i* might ei!r be a butt] v ri* 9 ! *>act]i/ic volatile sub/ances & adult]at$ ) #aj p] c5t4 ( =eign fat2 or x might be a g5u9e butt] t 0 v defici5t 9 ^! volatile comp\nds4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! dilemma4 ,if ! analy/ condemn su* a sample on ! /r5g? ( ?is & o!r te/s1 he may be confront$ by ! evid5ce ( o!r analy/s :o w give _! op9ion t ! butt] is g5u9e2 & if1 !n1 ! matt] be ref]r$ to ! ,gov]nm5t analy/s1 _! report may or may n corroborate 81 & 9 ! latt] alt]native ! au?ority in/itut+ ! prosecution may h to pay heavy co/s4 ,x is well kn[n t butt]s are sci5tifically bl5d$ ) =eign fats s z to fall j on ! bord] l9e betwe5 abnormal & adult]at$ samples1 & ! analy/ is frequ5tly compell$ to pass su* a butt] z g5u9e1 le/ he %\ld unwitt+ly d an inju/ice4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ,dut* butt] is abnormal 9 ?is respect1 & has be5 s frequ5tly condemn$ z adult]at$ by ,engli% *emi/s1 t prote/s h be5 made by ! lead+ ,dut* analy/s4 ,! reason = ! abnormal "* ( ,dut* butt] appe>s to be t ! c[s are left too long 9 ! fields1 = z soon z !y are /all$ = ! w9t]1 ! "* ( ! butt] gradually becomes normal aga94 ,^! details h be5 giv5 at "s l5g?1 = !y are typical ( ! problem :i* ! public analy/ has to solve 9 ! case ( _m natural products1 i4e41 to decide :e!r a food is adult]at$ or only naturally ( poor quality4 ,!re is no special difficulty 9 ! analyses2 x is a "q ( int]pretation ( ! results4 ,! *ief culprit 9 ! matt] ( ! adult]ation ( butt] is ! small deal]1 :o buys m>g>9e f ! m>g>9e manufactur] & skilfully bl5ds x ) butt] 9 a proportion t is small 9 a s+le in/ance1 b is suffici5t to br+ him 9 a h&some pr(it 9 ! c\rse ( a ye>4 ,ow+ to ! difficulty ( detect+ su* small additions ( m>g>9e to butt] 7:i*1 z 0 expla9$ above1 is due to ! v>iations 9 ! natural product7 a mo/ +5i\s device has be5 adopt$ 9 "s c\ntries4 ,?is is ! addition ( a small quantity ( a lat5t col\r to ! m>g>9e1 s t1 al?\gh x appe>s yell[1 l butt]1 its col\r c be *ang$ by ! application ( a s+le reag5t to p9k or blue1 & its pres5ce ?us reveal$ 9 a mixture ( butt] & m>g>9e4 ,sev]al ye>s ago an attempt 0 made 9 "s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to compel manufactur]s ( m>g>9e to col\r x p9k1 s t x c\ld n possibly be palm$ (f z butt]1 b z ?is law 0 f\nd to h ! effect ( /opp+ ! sale ( m>g>9e altoge!r1 x is no long] en=c$4 ,v>i\s sub/ances h be5 sugge/$ z suitable = ! lat5t col\r+ matt]1 su* z />*1 :i* turns blue on contact ) iod9e1 & c]ta9 col\rless coal-t> d]ivatives :i* *ange to p9k ^u ! addition ( an alkali or acid4 ,!re are num]\s objections to ! use ( "s ( ^! comp\nds4 ,?us1 />* may be wa%$ out ( ! m>g>9e by a simple treatm5t ) wat]1 :ile a coal t> d]ivative t turns p9k on contact ) an alkali is too s5sitive an +r$i5t = ev]yday use4 ,a f> m satisfactory sub/ance ?an any ( ^! 0 f\nd 9 ! oil d]iv$ f sesame se$4 ,?is is a :olesome oil ) a fragrant od\r & pleasant ta/e1 :i* is l>gely us$ z a salad oil 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,europe4 ,x is "o ( ! few vegetable oils t c be detect$ by means ( a special col\r reaction2 = on treat+ ! oil ) a p>ticul> reag5t x gives a bright rose col\r1 & ! te/ is s s5sitive t x w detect ! pres5ce ( ev5 a small p]c5tage ( sesame oil 9 o!r fats4 ,a compulsory addition ( a small am\nt ( sesame oil to all m>g>9e1 !re=e1 af=ds an absolutely c]ta9 means ( recognis+ ! m>g>9e subsequ5tly4 ,! fir/ c\ntry to adopt ?is plan 0 ,g]many1 :]e a few ye>s ago a regulation 0 made t all mak]s ( m>g>9e mu/ use #aj p] c5t4 ( sesame oil ) ! o!r +r$i5ts4 ,belgium has also adopt$ ! same plan ( e>m>k+ ! m>g>9e produc$ 9 ! c\ntry1 & has ?us simplifi$ 9 "o direction ! problem ( detect+ petty adult]ation4 ,a simil> problem has to be solv$ 9 deal+ ) milk1 ! proportion ( cream 9 :i* v>ies naturally to su* an ext5t t x is possible to add a consid]able am\nt ( wat] to a ri* milk )\t br++ x bel[ ! level ( a poor b g5u9e milk4 ,:5 su* a sample ( milk has be5 condemn$1 ! analy/ has (t5 be5 confront$ by an appeal to ! c[ h]self4 ,b ev5 ! speci\s notice :i* 0 = ye>s to be se5 ov] a dairy3 ,our cu/om]s may come & see ! c[s milk$ into _! own jugs1 is no pro( t ! fluid !y yield is necess>ily milk4 ,= ! up-to-date dairyman has discov]$ h[ to adult]ate ! milk at ! o!r end ( ! c[4 ,he has f\nd t by giv+ h] c]ta9 food 9 excess he c make h] produce an abnormally l>ge quantity ( milk :i* lacks ! "r proportion ( cream & o!r con/itu5ts ( g5u9e milk4 ,x has m ?an once be5 rul$ by a b5* ( magi/rates1 & m rec5tly 9 ! ,high ,c\rt1 t all is n milk t comes f ! c[1 & t a cu/om] :o asks = milk is entitl$ to get some?+ ) c]ta9 def9ite *>act]i/ics4 ,ev5 9 cases :]e !re w\ld be no su* escape f ! results ( ! analy/'s c]tificate1 ! +5i\s adult]ator is by no means at ! end ( 8 te!r1 b has num]\s dodges ^u :i* to fall back4 ,"o ( ! be/ kn[n ( ^! is ! notice dodge1 examples ( :i* mu/ frequ5tly h be5 se5 by ev]yone4 ,a notice1 (t5 9 v small type1 is put up to ! effect t ! sell] w n gu>antee t ! goods he sells are g5u9e4 ,!n :5 he is summon$ = sell+1 say1 adult]at$ milk1 he produces 8 notice & claims t t indemnifies him4 ,a v amus+ in/ance ( ?is notice dodge be+ c>ri$ to its logical conclusion 0 witness$ 9 ,m]ione?%ire a few ye>s ago1 :5 ! ,*ief ,con/able ( ! di/rict report$ t all ! %opkeep]s _h put up notices /at+ t ,all goods sold "h are adult]at$4 ,a simil> deadlock occurr$1 9 #aijc1 9 ,buck+ham%ire1 & !re ! ,c\nty ,c\ncil =bade su* notices be+ exhibit$1 ?\gh x is d\btful :e!r x 0 )9 its legal rights 9 s do+4 ,! plausible excuses put =w>d by ! p]v]t$ +5uity ( ! adult]ator to escape conviction are innum]able4 ,mi/ake on ! "p ( ! sell]1 w>ranty ) goods obta9$ f abroad1 & ! %op-boy z scapegoat are among ! mo/ common =ms ( def5ce4 ,! ext5t to :i* a legal quibble may be c>ri$ rea*$ its limit p]haps 9 a prosecution t occurr$ a few ye>s ago4 ,9 a c]ta9 village !re 0 only "o %op1 & t 0 a co-op]ative /ore1 ( :i* ! :ole ( ! villag]s 7 memb]s4 ,a c\nty inspector b\ght pure c(fee at ?is %op1 & on analysis ! c(fee 0 f\nd to conta9 #ij p] c5t4 ( *icory1 & ev5tually ! manag] ( ! /ore 0 f9$4 ,= ! def5ce1 x 0 urg$ t ! villag]s 7 !mselves bo? %opkeep]s & pur*as]s1 &1 !re=e1 c\ld n be prejudic$ by ! sale ( adult]at$ goods4 ,! inspector1 h[ev]1 0 n a memb] ( ! co-op]ative /ore1 & on ?is gr\nd ! prosecution 0 successful4 ,b if "o ( ! villag]s _h b\ght ! c(fee1 x is d\btful :e!r any f9e c\ld h legally be5 inflict$1 = x w\ld h be5 a case ( co-op]ative adult]ation4 ,a v common me?od ( avoid+ ! att5tion ( ! inspector is a refusal to supply him ) ! goods4 ,9 a small t[n ! di%one/ tradesman w be on 8 gu>d aga9/ suspici\s look+ individuals1 & %\ld he consid] !m to be ag5ts ( ! inspector w refuse to s]ve !m4 ,a f9e is impos$ = refusal to sell1 b ?is usually involves ! %opkeep] 9 consid]ably less exp5se ?an a f9e = sell+ adult]at$ goods1 :ile he reta9s 8 "* z an upright citiz54 ,! "q ( pres]vatives 9 food is typical ( ! pres5t *aotic /ate ( ! law ) reg>d to ! adult]ation ( food4 ,a ,p>liam5t>y ,commission sat = a long p]iod1 & f9ally issu$ a report1 ! recomm5dations ( :i* 7 all[$ to rema9 recomm5dations1 & e analy/ & public au?ority mu/ /ill put its own int]pretation ^u :at is & :at is n p]missible4 ,pres]vatives are und\bt$ly us$ 9 an absolutely haphaz>d way4 ,milk is pres]v$ ) all k9ds ( sub/ances1 *iefly boric acid1 & at "o "t1 =mal92 butt] & hams ) boric acid2 & jams ) salicylic acid & simil> comp\nds4 ,?us1 at ! end ( ! day1 an unsuspect+ individual may h consum$ a consid]able quantity ( v>i\s antiseptic ag5ts4 ,ev]yone w agree t pres]vatives ( e k9d ought to be prohibit$ 9 milk1 ! m s s9ce x is ! /aple food ( "y *ildr5 & invalids1 & 9 ! case ( butt] ! pres5ce ( a pres]vative %\ld be notifi$1 z recomm5d$ by ! ,commission4 ,a little boric acid 9 ham probably int]f]es mu* less ) ! dige/ion ?an an excess ( salt1 b x is "r t ! consum] %\ld be giv5 8 *oice ( spoil+ 8 own dige/ion 9 ! way t pleases him be/4 ,an objection br\ght aga9/ su* notifications ( pres]vatives 9 food is t !y w\ld convey no mean+ to ! public1 b ! comm]cial travell]s ( rival firms w\ld c]ta9ly n lose ! *ance ( mak+ capital out ( ! notices ( _! oppon5ts4 ,ne>ly all ! non-alcoholic w9es & lime juice cordials 9 ! m>ket are heavily pres]v$4 ,b ! fact t ! public dem&s an article t %all n f]m5t aft] ! bottle has be5 op5$1 & t prosecutions = ! use ( pres]vatives are spasmodic1 makes x impossible = ! manufactur] to disc>d !m4 ,if he did s "u ! pres5t conditions1 he w\ld no long] be able to compete ) o!r firms :o cont9u$ to take ! risk ( prosecution4 ,moreov]1 x is no uncommon ?+ = ! def5dants 9 ^! cases to call z witnesses on _! behalf g5tlem5 hold+ positions z m$ical (fic]s1 & cases t are well def5d$ are almo/ inv>iably dismiss$4 ,! manufactur] ( non-alcoholic w9es /&s 9 a v difficult position4 ,if he employs pres]vatives 9 suffici5t quantity effectively to /op f]m5tation he is liable to be prosecut$ "u ! ,food & ,drugs ,act4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 no pres]vative is us$1 ! liquid is liable to f]m5t1 & ! manufactur] may !n be prosecut$ = sell+ a f]m5t$ liquid )\t a lic5ce4 ,h5ce x foll[s t if ! use ( pres]vatives 9 lime juice cordial & ! l is to be prohibit$1 ! law ought to be rigidly en=c$ & n appli$ 9 ! pres5t haphaz>d fa%ion1 :i* all[s "o manufactur] to sell 8 goods un*all5g$ = ye>s1 & drags 8 competitor into "o police c\rt aft] ano!r4 ,x is h>dly fair t matt]s :i* are s mu* que/ions ( op9ion %\ld be left to be f\ght out 9 ! police c\rts be=e magi/rates :o h no te*nical k to deal ) !m4 ,! position1 h[ev]1 0 well put by a magi/rate a ye> or two ago 9 giv+ 8 decision 9 a prosecution = ! sale ( lime juice cordial pres]v$ ) salicylic acid4 ,evid5ce 0 giv5 by *emi/s & m$ical m5 = ! prosecution t su* an addition 0 injuri\s1 :ile a numb] ( sci5tific witnesses ( equal em95ce 7 pres5t to support ! view ( ! def5dants4 ,! magi/rate1 )\t call+ ^u ! def5ce1 dismiss$ ! case4 ,he held t !re 0 an irreconcilable conflict ( op9ion betwe5 ! puri/s :o w\ld all[ no pres]vatives :atev] 9 su* products & ! manufactur] :o _h to meet ! popul> dem& = su* an article t w\ld keep aft] x _h be5 op5$1 & he consid]$ t x _h n be5 prov$ t ! am\nt ( salicylic acid 0 9 excess ( t ne$$ = t purpose4 ,incid5tally he rem>k$ t if notification ( ! addition ( su* pres]vatives on ! label 7 made compulsory1 !n ! fun w\ld beg94 ,y w\ld see notices ( ,s-&-s's lime juice pres]v$ ) sulphide1 h>mless1 b ) a smell ( bad eggs4 ,or ( ,s-&-s's lemon squa%1 pres]v$ ) salicylic acid1 refre%+1 b ru9\s to ! dige/ion4 ,"o ( ! recomm5dations ( ! ,dep>tm5tal ,committee ( #ahii 0 t means %\ld be provid$ = ! e/abli%m5t ( a sep>ate ,c\rt ( ,ref]5ce1 :i* %\ld deal ) ! "q ( pres]vatives 9 food & decide :i* %\ld be p]missible & 9 :at quantities !y %\ld be all[$4 ,su* a ,c\rt ( ,ref]5ce1 9 :i* !re %\ld be repres5tatives n only ( ! m$ical & *emical pr(essions1 b also ( ! l>ge manufactur]s & deal]s 9 food1 w\ld t5d to remove ! pres5t /ate ( unc]ta9ty on ?is po9t4 ,look+ at ! matt] f a practical po9t ( view1 x seems to be an impossibility to elim9ate ! use ( pres]vatives f all articles ( food1 & x w\ld be a f> m satisfactory c\rse if a via m$ia c\ld be f\nd betwe5 prohibit+ _! use absolutely & leav+ x to ! manufactur] to dose 8 products ) any quantity ( any antiseptic4 ,evid5ce c\ld be he>d by su* a body ( (ficial ref]ees1 :o1 aft] tak+ into consid]ation ! views ( all conc]n$1 c\ld f "t to "t issue au?oritative regulations1 :i* w\ld be b9d+ ^u ev]yone4 ,x %\ld also be "p ( ! duties ( su* a ,c\rt to see t ! regulations 7 rigidly en=c$1 s t a manufactur] :o c>ri$ !m out %\ld n suff] by ! competition ( ano!r manufactur] :o 7z at ! pres5t "t7 ran only a trifl+ risk ( prosecution 9 ignor+ !m4 ,ano!r advantage ( su* a propos$ ,c\rt ( ,ref]5ce w\ld be t ! manufactur] w\ld no long] be liable to a crim9al prosecution on po9ts on :i* !re is no agreem5t betwe5 ! highe/ sci5tific au?orities 9 ! c\ntry4 ,"u ! pres5t conditions1 a t[n or bor\gh c\ncil1 us+ ! ratepay]s' money1 may attempt to get a decision on ! subject ( pres]vatives 9 an ord9>y police c\rt4 ,! manufactur]1 if he is ri* en\gh to pay = ! necess>y exp]t evid5ce1 w probably succe$ 9 gett+ ! case dismiss$1 z1 9 fact1 has frequ5tly be5 done4 ,b ! magi/rates' decision c>ries no f9ality1 & is n b9d+ ^u anyone else1 s t ! bor\gh c\ncil may raise ! "q aga91 & prosecute ! same firm = ! same alleg$ (f5ce 9 ! same c\rt4 ,if1 in/ead ( select+ ! same firm ( manufactur]s1 :i* w\ld h ! appe>ance ( v9dictiv5ess1 !y br+ an action aga9/ ano!r firm :i* _c af=d ! #bjj to #cjj requir$ to w9 an action ( ! k9d1 & ! case is tri$ be=e ano!r magi/rate1 !y may succe$ 9 gett+ _! victim heavily f9$1 & ju/ice w\ld ?us be r$uc$ to ! absurdity t1 :ile "o magi/rate held t !re 0 no (f5ce1 8 bro!r magi/rate decid$ t a crim9al (f5ce _h be5 committ$4 ,x may1 p]haps1 be m5tion$ t ?is is no imag9>y picture1 b is bas$ on actual occurr5ces4 ,ano!r "q :i* has be5 ! subject ( almo/ z _m conflicts z ! addition ( pres]vatives is ! col\r+ ( pres]v$ peas ) a small trace ( copp]4 ,_m ( ! prosecutions h be5 successful1 b q z _m h be5 dismiss$4 ,! public dem&s a gre5 col\r 9 ! pres]v$ peas x pur*ases1 & x is app>5tly impossible to h ?is )\t ! addition ( copp]4 ,=m]ly a vigor\s campaign 0 c>ri$ on 9 ,france to prev5t any addition ( copp] :atsoev]1 b x 0 f\nd to be impossible to en=ce its abs5ce1 & ! attempts to d s !re h long be5 ab&on$4 ,a bett] c\rse ?an spasmodic prosecutions1 frequ5tly abortive1 w\ld be to fix a limit to ! am\nt t might be us$1 & to r5d] x obligatory ^u ! manufactur] to /ate prom95tly ^u ! label t ! peas 7 col\r$ ) copp]4 ,x may be m5tion$ 9 ?is connection t ,pr(essor ,tunnicliffe issu$ a m9ority report to ! ma9 report ( ! ,dep>tm5tal ,committee1 9 :i* he recomm5d$ t ! am\nt ( metallic copp] to be all[$ 9 pres]v$ vegetables %\ld n exce$ half a gra9 p] lb41 & t its pres5ce %\ld always be decl>$4 ,! col\r+ ( sug> by means ( t9 salts /&s ^u a v diff]5t foot+1 = 9 t case ! col\r+ is done ) ! def9ite object ( deceiv+ ! pur*as]4 ,at "o "t1 pure ,dem]>a cane sug>1 :i* 0 br[n f ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 vegetable impurities1 _h a great reputation = its f9e flav\r1 & /ill fet*es a high] price 9 ! m>ket ?an purifi$ beet sug>4 ,?is reputation has be5 trad$ ^u by c]ta9 unscrupul\s sug> deal]s1 :o h discov]$ h[ to treat :ite beet sug> ) a t9 salt or ) anil9e dye-/uffs s z to give x ! appe>ance ( ! old g5u9e ,dem]>a cane sug>4 ,at pres5t x is practically impossible to di/+ui%1 except by ! flav\r1 betwe5 absolutely pure beet & cane sug>s1 b ! dy$ product is a v diff]5t sub/ance f ! br[n ,dem]>a sug>1 & !re h be5 num]\s convictions = ! fraudul5t sub/itution ( ! "o = ! o!r4 ,! pres5ce ( traces ( ars5ic 9 food products is a v mu* m s]i\s matt] ?an ! pres5ce ( a small am\nt ( copp]4 ,ars5ic is und\bt$ly a cumulative poison1 & ! effects produc$ by ! long-cont9u$ repetition ( small doses 7 %[n by ! num]\s fatal cases ( poison+ caus$ by dr9k+ ars5ical be]1 9 ! poison+ epidemic a few ye>s ago4 ,x may be safely ass]t$ t = tw5ty ye>s be=e t outbreak x _h nev] occurr$ to anyone to te/ be] = ars5ic4 ,! possibility ( its be+ pres5t ought to h sugge/$ itself1 b app>5tly x nev] did4 ,! orig9 ( ! ars5ic 9 ! be] is obvi\s1 :5 x is rememb]$ t glucose is "o ( ! sub/ances commonly us$ 9 ! brew+ ( be]1 & t glucose is prep>$ by treat+ />* ) sulphuric acid1 :i*1 is 9 turn1 frequ5tly made f iron pyrites conta9+ ars5ic4 ,aft] ! s\rce ( ! ars5ic 9 ! ,man*e/] be] _h be5 discov]$1 an ars5ic sc>e set 94 ,e possible description ( food 0 exam9$1 & traces ( ars5ic 7 f\nd 9 _m hi!rto unsuspect$ places4 ,malt1 dri$ 9 kilns & all[$ to come 9 contact ) ! fumes f coal1 inv>iably conta9s an appreciable am\nt ( ars5ic d]iv$ f ! coal1 & ev5 malts prep>$ ) ! greate/ c>e usually conta9 ab\t "o "p p] million ( ars5ic4 ,= all practical purposes1 h[ev]1 s small a trace is negligible4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,royal ,commission :i* 0 appo9t$ to exam9e & report on ars5ic 9 food 7 /rongly divid$ ) reg>d to :e!r any trace ( ars5ic %\ld be p]mitt$ 9 food4 ,"s 7 9 fav\r ( absolute prohibition1 :ile o!rs recognis$ t1 ev5 if ?is 7 done1 ! rule c\ld nev] be rigidly en=c$4 ,h5ce _! report be>s evid5ce ( a compromise1 = x /ates t al?\gh ! ,commission _h be5 unable to discov] t su* m9ute traces ( ars5ic 7 injuri\s1 yet !y 7 unwill+ to admit t any quantity1 h[ev] small1 0 p]missible 9 food4 ,subsequ5tly !y recomm5d$ t a p>ticul> te/ %\ld be us$ :i* w\ld ensure t ars5ic 9 food & drugs %\ld n exce$ an inf9itesimal trace1 & t frequ5t te/s ( raw & f9i%$ mat]ials %\ld be made4 ,^! recomm5dations are n[ widely adopt$1 & x is highly improbable t ano!r epidemic ( ars5ic poison+ w ev] occur aga9 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,no bett] illu/ration ( ! vici\s circles 9 :i* adult]ation may move c be f\nd ?an 9 ! practice ( c]ta9 manufactur]s ( jam ( ! *eap] k9d4 ,apple pulp is a common con/itu5t ( jams :i* conceal _! id5tity "u ano!r "n4 ,n[1 9 ! case ( raspb]ry jam1 = example1 x is necess>y to h ! se$s z well z fruit pulp1 & ^! se$s may be b\ght v *eaply f ! mak]s ( fruit ess5ces4 ,! be/ quality ( ^! ess5ces is prep>$ by mix+ ! fruit ) alcohol & di/ill+ ! mixture1 ! _s c>ry+ ov] ) x ! e!real oils to :i* ! fruit owes its *>act]i/ic od\r & flav\r4 ,*eap] fruit ess5ces are imitat$ *emically by mak+ ! mo/ important ( ! comp\nds 9 ! g5u9e e!real oils1 & dissolv+ !m 9 _s2 b !y are usually co>se 9 flav\r1 & d n be> comp>ison ) ! real product4 ,:]e int]m$iate grades are want$1 mixtures ( ! real & syn!tical ess5ces are (t5 bl5d$1 & ^! frequ5tly imitate ! natural product s closely z to be only di/+ui%able by a tra9$ s5se ( smell & ta/e4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( ! g5u9e fruit ess5ces a residual pulp1 conta9+ ! se$s & woody fibre ( ! fruit1 b devoid ( all flav\r or aroma1 is left beh9d1 & x is ?is :i* ! unscrupul\s jam manufactur] makes use ( 9 prep>+ a *eap jam1 9 :i* ! se$s1 at all ev5ts1 are g5u9e4 ,!n1 9 ord] to give m flav\r to 8 product1 he buys f ! ess5ce mak] a flav\r+ ess5ce1 a small "p ( :i* may h orig9ally be5 d]iv$ f ! fruit t has giv5 him ! pulp & se$s = 8 jam4 ,! "q ( adopt+ a fix$ /&>d = all natural products is "o t has be5 widely discuss$4 ,x w\ld h ! advantage ( simplify+ ! issue to be decid$ by ! analy/ & ( prev5t+ possible errors ( judgm5t 9 ! case ( samples ^u ! bord] l9e betwe5 und\bt$ly g5u9e & und\bt$ly adult]at$ products4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! legal fix+ ( a /&>d gives security to a skilful adult]ator1 :o is able to make 8 goods fall )9 ! limit ( ! figures giv5 by g5u9e products ( l[ quality4 ,al?\gh mo/ ( ! milk 9 l>ge t[ns consi/s ( ! mix$ products ( _m h]ds ( c[s1 & ?us t5ds to h a p]c5tage ( fat only slightly high] ?an t requir$ by ! law1 !re is b little d\bt t a consid]able proportion is sci5tifically wat]$ & ?us br\ght d[n to a limit ( ri*ness1 :i* is only a little above t :i* w enable x to pose z milk /raight f ! c[4 ,ano!r in/ance ( ?is effect ( /&>disation 0 se5 9 ,bav>ia1 :]e a few ye>s ago a m9imum analytical figure 0 fix$ = l>d1 ) ! result t ! ,am]ican l>d m]*ants s5t to ,g]many l>ge quantities ( l>d :i* answ]$ ! requirem5ts ( ?is te/1 b 7 heavily adult]at$ ) beef fat4 ,h[ev] mu* an analy/ may deprecate ! fix+ ( /&>ds = su* products z milk & butt]1 he is =c$ 9 practice to fix a /&>d = himself4 ,! ,society ( ,public ,analy/s1 recognis+ ?is1 pass$ a resolution t milk to be reg>d$ z g5u9e mu/ conta9 n less ?an #aa-a_/b p] c5t4 ( solid matt]1 & ( ?is n less ?an #c p] c5t4 mu/ be fat4 ,?is fixes ! /&>d = milk at a v l[ limit1 & und\bt$ly leaves a m>g9 = ! wat]+ ( ri* milks4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,dr4 ,vie?1 ^: exp]i5ce 9 ! exam9ation ( milks 0 probably unequall$1 wrote 9 ref]5ce to ?is /&>d3 ,i ?9k x is v judici\sly fix$1 b 9 uphold+ ! /&>d ( purity1 x %\ld nev] be =gott5 t ! c[s h nev] be5 ask$ = nor h giv5 _! ass5t to x1 & t !y w at times produce milk bel[ /&>d4 ,a bad season = haymak+ is1 9 my exp]i5ce1 almo/ inv>iably foll[$ by a p>ticul>ly l[ depression 9 ! quality ( ! milk t[>ds ! end ( ! w9t]4 ,%\ld ! w9t] be ( unusual sev]ity & l5g?1 ! depression w be /ill m m>k$4 ,long spells ( cold & wet1 z well z ( heat & dr\ght1 dur+ ! "t :5 c[s are kept on pa/ure1 also unfav\rably influ5ce ! quality &1 ,i may add1 ! quantity ( milk4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,d4 ,ri*mond1 :o _h also _h ! opportunity ( exam9+ an imm5se numb] ( samples ( milk1 consid]$ t ! /&>d ( #c p] c5t4 ( fat 0 a reasonable "o = ! mix$ milk ( a :ole h]d1 b consid]$ t milk ought n to be pron\nc$ z wat]$ unless ! solids o!r ?an fat 7 well bel[ #hj p] c5t41 except ^u evid5ce d]iv$ f o!r te/s4 ,9 ! ,sale ( ,food & ,drugs ,act ( #ahii p[]s 7 conf]r$ ^u ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture to make regulations det]m9+ :at defici5cy 9 ! proportion ( con/itu5ts ( milk1 cream1 butt]1 or *eese %\ld raise a presumption t ! product 0 n g5u9e until ! contr>y 0 prov$4 ,act+ "u ?is section ( ! ,act1 ! ,bo>d adopt$ ! m9imum limit ( ! ,society ( ,public ,analy/s1 s t n[ any milk conta9+ less ?an #c p] c5t4 ( fat & #he p] c5t4 ( cream is reg>d$ z adult]at$ unless x c be prov$ by ! v5dor t x is g5u9e1 & x ?us has ! effect ( transf]r+ ! burd5 ( pro( f ! prosecution to ! def5ce4 ,z 0 m5tion$ above1 ! :ole t5d5cy ( rec5t legal decisions is t[>ds en=c+ ?is /&>d4 ,= in/ance1 9 a case 9 :i* !re _h be5 an appeal to ! c[1 x 0 held by ! pres5t ,"l ,*ief ,ju/ice t3 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! article produc$1 al?\gh x is produc$ by ! c[1 is ! result ( an abnormal condition ( ?+s aris+ ei!r f disease1 or1 z "h1 f uns\nd treatm5t ( ! c[1 ,i ?9k t does am\nt to evid5ce ^u :i* ! magi/rates c f9d ! article is n ( ! nature1 sub/ance1 & quality ( ! article dem&$4 ,a want ( sy/em *>act]ises ! :ole adm9i/ration ( ! ,food & ,drugs ,act1 & _m ( ! local au?orities are unwill+ to see t an adequate numb] ( samples are tak54 ,= in/ance1 only a few ye>s ago1 ,lanca%ire1 ) a population ( ov] a million & a half1 0 cont5t ) #a1gee samples1 or "o to ea* #aj1jjj p1 :ile 9 ,essex1 ) a population ( ov] half a million1 ! samples tak5 7 #fhf4 ,9 ,bury ,/4 ,edmunds no samples at all 7 tak5 dur+ ! f\r ye>s end+ #ahii1 & a simil> lax adm9i/ration ( ! law 9 _m o!r places might be cit$4 ,"s places pride !mselves ^u _! fre$om f adult]ation1 because out ( ! paltry numb] ( samples tak5 by ! inspectors1 a qu>t] ( ! numb] or less may h be5 adult]at$4 ,ev5 :5 ! limit$ numb] ( samples is prop]ly tak51 !re is (t5 a sc&al\s inadequacy & frequ5t inequalities 9 ! am\nt ( f9e inflict$4 ,= in/ance1 a milkman 0 f9$ "o %ill+ at ,m>gate = ! sale ( wat]$ milk--a f9e grossly inadequate to take away temptation2 :ile 9 o!r c\rts we f9d f9es ( a p\nd or m impos$ = exactly ! same (f5ce4 ,! rem$y = ?is w\ld be to h a fix$ scale ( f9es = ea* (f5ce4 ,ano!r direction 9 :i* legislation is ne$$ is ! protection ( ! middle-class buy]4 ,at ! pres5t "t a %opman runs little or no risk 9 sell+ adult]at$ food to private h\ses4 ,& ! great] ! vigilance ( ! local au?ority 9 protect+ ! buy] ov] ! c\nt]1 ! great] is ! temptation to ! %opkeep] to make an illicit pr(it out ( ord]$ goods4 ,"s means might well be provid$ = ! exam9ation ( pur*ases 9 transit4 ,z a rule1 ! public is apa!tic 9 ! matt] ( adult]ation1 & errors ( judgm5t1 frequ5tly inevitable "u ! pres5t sy/em1 on ! "p ( ! analy/ h l$ to 8 be+ reg>d$ z ! natural enemy ( ! tradesman4 ,if "s sy/em ( /&>disation = food products 7 g5]ally adopt$1 leav+ ! burd5 ( pro( ( ! g5u95ess ( abnormal samples ^u ! sell]1 & if ! elem5t ( *ance 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! law 7 r$uc$1 ?is prejudice on ! "p ( tradesm5 9 g5]al w\ld disappe>1 al?\gh ) ! di%one/ deal] ! public analy/ w\ld become m unpopul> ?an 9 ! pa/4 ,,index ,adult]ation ( food1 #bad ,agraphia1 #gh ,an?ropometry1 #ej ,ars5ic 9 be]1 #bca ,ars5ic poison+1 #agf1 #aha1 #ahc ,bank-note =g]ies1 #ajb ,beck case1 #da1 #ib ,be] conn]s1 #bag ,b]tillonage1 #ej ,bl&y1 ,m>y1 #aha ,blood1 /ructure (1 #aed ---- /a9s id5tifi$1 #aee1 #aeg ----1 s]um te/ =1 #afb ,bloodh\nds1 #bi ,briggs1 murd] (1 #cc ,br9kley poison+ case1 #aji1 #aaf ,capture ( crim9als1 #bb ,cat*pole1 ,m>g>et1 #bb ,*>leswor? case1 #bh ,circum/antial detection1 #cc ---- evid5ce1 #aa ,conflict ( sci5tific evid5ce1 #ad1 #ai ,c\rvoisi]1 #d ,cripp5 case1 #be1 #afg ,detective =ce1 #b ,dodd1 ,dr41 #adj ,elizabe?an ink1 #ajg ,errors ( eye-witnesses1 #ci ,essex1 ,e>l (1 #h ,fallibility ( eye-witnesses1 #cg ,fauld's obs]vations on f+]-pr9ts1 #fb ,f+]-pr9ts1 #ed ----1 detection by1 #ff1 #fh ----1 h]$ity 91 #fb ----1 id5tification by1 #ei ----1 p]si/5ce (1 #eh ----1 sy/ems ( classify+1 #fd1 #fg ,=g$ docum5ts1 #ic ,=g]y trials1 #ace ,gorse ,hall murd]1 #da1 #aff ,gun-fla% id5tification1 #dd ,hair1 id5tification (1 #afg ---- ( animals1 #afi ,hale1 trial (1 #ace ,h&writ+1 #gj ----1 evid5ce z to1 #he ----1 h]$ity 91 #ga ----1 hypnotic1 #hb ----1 =mation (1 #gc ---- 9 diseases1 #gh ---- 9 insanity1 #gi ---- 9 p>alysis1 #hj ----1 mi/akes z to1 #ib ---- ( ,napoleon1 #gf ---- exp]ts1 #hg ,h]culaneum papyri1 #aac ,h]s*el's f+]-pr9t sy/em1 #ee ,hypnotic writ+1 #ha ,ink 9 writ+1 #aje ---- ----1 age (1 #aje1 #aaj ---- ----1 diff]5ces 91 #aad ,insurance frauds1 #h1 #aj ,lamson1 ,dr41 #bja ,laundry m>k id5tification1 #ce ,lovibond's t9tomet]1 #ajh ,matlock w case1 #adc ,maybrick trial1 #ah1 #bjf ,microscope 9 =g]y cases1 #ic ,milton's ,bible1 #ajh ,mirror writ+1 #hj ,mi/ak5 id5tity1 #ci1 #da ,mll]1 #cd ,nairn1 ,ka?>9e1 #ahc ,napoleon's signatures1 #gf ,ogilvie1 trial (1 #ahc ,ov]bury1 murd] (1 #agf ,palm]1 trial (1 #ah1 #aia ,p]reaus1 trial ( !1 #acf ,p]sonal id5tification1 #cg ,photographic id5tification1 #dh ---- detection ( =g]y1 #ie ,physiological te/s1 #aie ,pil*]'s trial1 #aaa1 #adi ,poisons1 def9ition (1 #ahe ----1 miracul\s effects (1 #aga ,poison+ trials1 #aga ,police dogs1 #cb ,portraits1 id5tification by1 #bg1 #bh ,pres]vatives 9 food1 #bbd ,purk5je's f+] pr9ts1 #ed ,rudd1 trial ( ,mrs41 #ach ,russell1 ,"l ,william1 #d ,sci5tific assi/ance = prison]s1 #ac ---- d$uction1 #f ---- pro(1 #ab ,sme?ur/1 trial (1 #ai ,som]set1 ,c\ntess (1 #agi ,sp5c] ,c[p]1 trial (1 #ae1 #he ,/&>ds = food1 #bcd ,suffolk wit*es1 #agb ,swan & ,jeff]ies1 trial (1 #d ,sympa!tic inks1 #acj ,sy/ems ( id5tification1 #dh ,tawell1 capture (1 #bd ---- trial (1 #ahg ,telectrograph1 #bf ,telegraph1 capture by aid (1 #bd1 #be ,ti*borne case1 #df ,turn]1 ,anne1 #agb1 #agg ,typewritt5 matt]1 #ig ,we/on1 trial (1 #agb1 #agf ,:alley w case1 #ade ,witnesses z advocates1 #ai ,wireless telegraphy1 #be1 #bg ,wit*craft & poison+1 #agb ,wood1 trial (1 #aba ,writ]s' cramp1 #gh ,y>m\? murd]1 #cd ,,! ,,end ,press ( ,isaac ,pitman ,sons1 ,ba?1 ,engl&4