,note3 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are available ?r\gh ,int]net ,ar*ive4 ,see https3_/_/ar*ive4org_/details_/reportonr adiol>#ja;haecri* ,second ,"p3 ,subclass ,osculosa2 ,index see https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ebooks_/#ddeb f4 ,plates see https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ebooks_/#ddeb g4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics 7,actissa74 ,text enclos$ by ha% m>ks is 9 gesp]rt 7wide-spac$7 type 7,l>coidea74 ,page numb]s enclos$ by curly braces 7example3 #be7 h be5 incorporat$ to facilitate ! use ( ! ,index 9 ,"p ,,ii4 ,"s typographical errors 9 ! pr9t$ "w h be5 correct$4 ,!y are li/$ at ! end ( ! text4 ,! ,add5da ,errata 7,second ,"p1 pp4 #agfc-d7 h be5 appli$ )\t fur!r comm5t4 ,,report ,,on ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,results ,,( ,,! ,,voyage ,,( ,h4,m4,s4 ,,*all5g] ,,dur+ ,,! ,,ye>s #ahgc-gf ,"u ! ,comm& ( ,capta9 ,george ,s4 ,n>es1 ,r4,n41 ,f4,r4,s4 & ! ,late ,capta9 ,frank ,t\rle ,?omson1 ,r4,n4 ,prep>$ ,"u ! ,sup]9t5d5ce ( ! ,late ,sir ,c4 ,wyville ,?omson1 ,,knt41 ,f4,r4,s41 c4 ,regius ,pr(essor ( ,natural ,hi/ory 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh ,director ( ! ,civilian ,sci5tific ,/aff on ,bo>d & ,n[ ( ,john ,murray ,"o ( ! ,naturali/s ( ! ,exp$ition ,,zoology--,,vol4 ,,xviii4 ,,fir/ ,,"p ,publi%$ by ,ord] ( ,h] ,maje/y's ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t$ = ,h] ,maje/y's ,/ation>y ,(fice & ,sold by ,london3--,eyre ,spottiswoode1 ,ea/ ,h>d+ ,/reet1 ,fett] ,lane ,ed9burgh3--,adam ,*>les ,black ,dubl93--,hodges1 ,figgis1 ,co4 #ahhg ,price 79 ,two ,p>ts1 ) a ,volume ( ,plates7 #e1 #ajs4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,report on ! ,,radiol>ia collect$ by ,h4,m4,s4 ,,*all5g] dur+ ! ye>s #ahgc-ahgf4 ,by ,,ern/ ,,haeckel1 ,m4,d41 ,ph4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,zoology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,j5a4 ,,fir/ ,,"p4--,,porulosa4 7,,spumell>ia ,,& ,,acan?>ia47 ,,editorial ,,notes4 ,! ,report on ! ,,radiol>ia by ,pr(essor ,ern/ ,haeckel ( ,j5a occupies ! :ole ( ! pres5t ,volume1 ! text be+ b\nd up 9 ,two ,sep>ate ,p>ts & ! ,plates 9 a ,?ird ,"p4 ,! ,report =ms ,"p ,,xl4 ( ! ,zoological ,s]ies ( ,reports on ! ,sci5tific ,results ( ! ,exp$ition1 & is ! l>ge/ s+le ,report ( ! s]ies :i* has up to ?is "t be5 publi%$4 ,! ,manuscript ( ! ,sy/ematic ,"p 0 writt5 by ,pr(essor ,haeckel 9 ! ,engli% language1 & 0 receiv$ by me 9 in/alm5ts on ! #ab? ,augu/ #ahhd1 #ac? ,july & #d? ,decemb] #ahhe1 & #crd ,june #ahhf4 ,! ,introduction 0 writt5 9 ,g]man & 0 translat$ into ! ,engli% language by ,mr4 ,w4 ,e4 ,hoyle ( ! ,*all5g] ,editorial ,/aff2 ! ,g]man text be+ receiv$ 9 in/alm5ts betwe5 ! #ae? ,july #ahhf1 & ! #be? ,janu>y #ahhg4 ,! ,*all5g] ,naturali/s f\nd ! repres5tatives ( ?is gr\p ( animals to be univ]sally di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ocean wat]s1 & _! dead rema9s to be ne>ly equally widely di/ribut$ ov] ! floor ( ! ocean1 ! relative abundance & ! species diff]+1 h[ev]1 ) *ange ( locality1 & _! abundance or v>iety be+ intimately connect$ ) "s ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & intricate problems ( g5]al oceanography4 ,x 0 a =tunate circum/ance t s di/+ui%$ a ,naturali/1 ) su* an intimate k ( ! ,,radiol>ia1 %\ld h be5 will+ to und]take ! labori\s exam9ation & description ( ! ext5sive collections made dur+ ! ,exp$ition4 ,pr(essor ,haeckel has devot$ t5 ye>s ( 8 life to ?is "w1 & ?is ,report sets =? ! results ( 8 lab\rs1 on ! conclusion ( :i* he w be congratulat$ by all ,naturali/s4 ,! entire lit]ature ( ! ,,radiol>ia 7f #ahcd to #ahhd7 is completely record$1 & ! old] species 7bo? liv+ & fossil7 r$escrib$1 s t ! ,report is a complete ,monograph1 :i* w be an invaluable aid to all future ,inve/igators4 ,,*all5g] ,,(fice1 #cb ,,que5 ,,/reet1 ,,ed9burgh1 #a/ ,febru>y #ahhg4 ,,! ,,voyage ,,( ,h4,m4,s4 ,,*all5g]4 ,,zoology4 ,report on ! ,,radiol>ia collect$ by ,h4,m4,s4 ,*all5g] dur+ ! ,ye>s #ahgc-gf4 ,by ,,ern/ ,,haeckel1 ,m4,d41 ,ph4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,zoology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,j5a4 ,,preface4 ,! significance ( ! ,radiol>ia 9 reg>d to ! relations ( life 9 ! ocean has be5 increas$ 9 a mo/ unexpect$ mann] by ! discov]ies ( ! ,*all5g]4 ,l>ge sw>ms ( ^! delicate ,rhizopoda 7 f\nd n only at ! surface ( ! op5 ocean b also 9 its diff]5t ba?ymetrical zones4 ,?\s&s ( new species make up ! wond]ful ,radiol>ian ooze1 :i* cov]s l>ge areas ( ! deep-sea b$1 & 0 br\ght up f abysses ( f #bjjj to #djjj fa?oms by ! s\nd+ ma*9e ( ! ,*all5g]4 ,!y op5 a new _w to morphological inve/igation4 ,:5 t5 ye>s ago 79 ! autumn ( #ahgf7 ,i accept$ ! entic+ invitation ( ,sir ,wyville ,?omson to und]take ! inve/igation ( ^! microscopic creatures1 ,i hop$ to be able to accompli% ! task ) "s degree ( complet5ess )9 a p]iod ( f ?ree to five ye>s1 b ! fur!r my inve/igations proce$$ ! m immeasurable seem$ ! range ( =ms1 l ! b\ndless firmam5t ( />s4 ,i soon f\nd myself compell$ to decide betwe5 mak+ a detail$ /udy ( a selection ( special =ms or giv+ z complete a survey z possible ( ! v>i$ =ms ( ! :ole class2 & ,i decid$ ^u ! latt] c\rse1 hav+ reg>d bo? to ! g5]al plan ( ! ,*all5g] ,reports1 & to ! int]e/s ( our acqua9tance ) ! class z a :ole4 ,i mu/1 h[ev]1 confess at ! close ( my "w t my orig9al int5tion is f> f hav+ be5 fulfill$4 ,! extraord9>y ext5t & v>i$ difficulties ( ! und]tak+ mu/ excuse ! _m defici5cies4 ,! special exam9ation ( ! ,*all5g] collection 0 = ! mo/ "p complet$ 9 ! summ] ( #ahha2 ,i collect$ its results 9 my ,entwurf e9es ,radiol>i5-,sy/ems auf ,grund von ,/udi5 d] ,*all5g]-,radiol>i5 7,j5ais*e ,zeits*r4 f4 ,naturw41 ,bd4 xv41 #ahha74 ,s9ce ! manuscript ( ?is prelim9>y communication 0 complet$ only a few days be=e my dep>ture = ,ceylon1 & s9ce ,i 0 unable to correct ! pro(s myself1 sev]al errors h crept into ! ,prodromus ,sy/ematis ,radiol>ium includ$ 9 x4 ,^! h be5 correct$ 9 ! foll[+ m ext5sive work+ out ( x4 ,ev5 at t "t ,i _h di/+ui%$ #fcj g5]a & m ?an #bjjj species2 b on ! revision ( ^!1 :i* ,i und]took imm$iately on my return f ,india1 ?is numb] 0 consid]ably increas$4 ,! total numb] ( =ms "h describ$ am\nts to #gci g5]a & #dcah species2 ( ^! #cejh are new1 z aga9/ #haj previ\sly describ$4 ,9 spite ( ?is l>ge numb]1 h[ev]1 & 9 spite ( ! a/oni%+ v>iety ( ! new & m>vell\s =ms1 ! ri*es ( ! ,*all5g] collection are by no means exhau/$4 ,a c>eful & pati5t work] :o w\ld devote a second decade to ! "w1 w\ld probably increase ! numb] ( new =ms 7especially ( ! small] ones7 by m ?an a ?\s&2 b = a really complete exam9ation1 ! lifetime ( "o man w\ld n suffice4 ,! ri*e/ s\rce ( ! ,*all5g] mat]ial is ! ,radiol>ian ooze ( ! c5tral ,pacific ,ocean 7,/ations #bfe to #bgd74 ,?is rem>kable deep-sea mud consi/s = ! great] "p ( well-pres]v$ silice\s %ells ( ,polycy/9a 7,,spumell>ia & ,,nassell>ia74 ,n less important1 h[ev]1 especially = ! /udy ( ! ,,acan?>ia & ,,ph,,od>ia1 are ! wond]ful prep>ations /a9$ ) c>m9e & m\nt$ 9 ,canada balsam on ! spot by ,dr4 ,john ,murray4 ,"o su* prep>ation 7e4g41 f ,/ation #bga7 (t5 conta9s tw5ty or ?irty1 sometimes ev5 fifty new species4 ,9 _m ( ^! prep>ations ! individual p>ts ( ! unicellul> organism are s well pres]v$ t !y %[ cle>ly ! *>act]i/ic peculi>ities ( ! legions & ord]s4 ,s9ce ! mat]ial = ^! prep>ations 0 tak5 ) ! t[-net1 n only f ! surface ( ! sea b also f diff]5t ba?ymetrical zones1 x furni%es valuable conclusions reg>d+ ! *orology1 z well z ! physiology & morphology ( ! gr\p4 ,= _m new discov]ies ,i am indebt$ to ! /udy ( su* prep>ations1 ( :i* ,i h exam9$ ab\t a ?\s& f #afh diff]5t ,/ations 7comp>e #bdj74 ,9 addition to ^! ab\t #ajj bottles 7 h&$ to me1 conta9+ p>tly bottom-deposits1 p>tly t[-net ga!r+s4 ,sir ,wyville ,?omson1 :o direct$ ! inve/igations ( ! ,*all5g] ) s mu* devotion1 & only p>tly saw its results1 has laid me "u a deep debt ( obligation2 n less is ?is ! case1 h[ev]1 ) 8 successor1 ,dr4 ,john ,murray4 ,i am especially indebt$ to bo? g5tlem5 = ! fre$om !y h all[$ me 9 ! c>ry+ out ( my "w1 & especially = ! p]mission to include a description ( all kn[n ,radiol>ia 9 ! ,*all5g] ,report1 :i* has ?us become a second edition _m times enl>g$ ( my ,monograph publi%$ 9 #ahfb4 ,s9ce all previ\s lit]ature ( ! subject has be5 consult$ & critically revis$1 x is hop$ t ?is ,report w =m a useful f\ndation = future inve/igations4 ,all names ( suffici5tly describ$ ,radiol>ia publi%$ dur+ ! fir/ half c5tury ( our k ( ! class 7f #ahcd to #ahhd71 are ins]t$ 9 alphabetical ord] 9 ! index at ! end ( ?is "w4 ,9 addition to ! treasures ( ! ,*all5g]1 my own collection ( ,radiol>ia has yield$ _m new =ms ^: description is "h includ$4 ,on my j\rneys to ! ,m$it]ranean 7an acc\nt ( :i* is giv5 9 ! introduction to my ,monograph ( ! ,m$us71 ,i h giv5 special att5tion to ^! delicate microscopic organisms = m ?an ?irty ye>s4 ,besides ! v>i\s po9ts on ! ,m$it]ranean1 ! ,atlantic ,ocean at ! ,can>ies 79 ! w9t] ( #ahff-fg7 yield$ _m int]e/+ new =ms2 :il/ my voyage across ! ,indian ,ocean1 f ,ad5 to ,bombay1 9 ,novemb] #ahha1 !nce to ,ceylon & back by ,socotra 9 ,m>* #ahhb1 0 /ill m productive4 ,9 p>ticul>1 "s ext5d$ excursions :i* ,i _h ! opportunity ( mak+ f ,belligemma & ,matura 7at ! s\!rn extremity ( ,ceylon7 gave me an insight into ! ri* treasures ( ! ,indian ,ocean4 ,mo/ important1 h[ev]1 z reg>ds ! k ( ! ,indian ,radiol>ia1 are ! collections :i* ,capta9 ,he9ri* ,rabbe ( ,brem5 has s beautifully pres]v$ dur+ 8 _m voyages ?r\gh t region4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,madagasc> & ! ,cocos ,isl&s m especially1 & also 9 ! ,sunda ,ar*ipelago1 he met ) l>ge sw>ms ( ,radiol>ia1 among :i* 7 _m new & rem>kable =ms4 ,^! 7 ( special value = complet+ ! *orology1 & ! m s s9ce ! c\rse ( ! ,*all5g] 9 ! ,indian ,ocean lay v f> to ! s\?w>ds4 ,i w !re=e take ?is opportunity ( repeat+ my be/ ?anks to ,capta9 ,rabbe = ! fri5dly donation ( 8 valuable collection4 ,! ,radiol>ian fauna ( ! ,nor? ,atlantic ,ocean1 :i* 0 previ\sly b little kn[n & only slightly increas$ by ! inve/igations ( ! ,*all5g]1 receiv$ a valuable increase f ! int]e/+ collections made by ,dr4 ,john ,murray on v>i\s exp$itions to ! ,fre ,isl&s 7on ! ,knight ,errant 9 #ahhj & on ! ,triton 9 #ahhb74 ,a l>ge numb] ( new ,radiol>ia 7 captur$ 9 ! ,fre ,*annel1 p>tly at ! surface ( ! ,gulf ,/ream1 p>tly at v>i\s dep?s1 & ! pro( 0 ?us furni%$ t at c]ta9 po9ts 9 ! ,nor? ,atlantic ,ocean ,radiol>ia are v ri*ly develop$4 ,i am fur!r indebt$ to ,dr4 ,john ,murray = ! free use ( ?is important mat]ial z well z = mu* o!r assi/ance 9 ! c>ry+ out ( my "w4 ,ano!r ri* s\rce ( ,radiol>ia ,i f\nd 9 ! alim5t>y canal ( pelagic animals f all seas4 ,m$us1 ,siphonophor1 ,salp1 ,pt]opoda1 ,het]opoda1 ,cru/acea1 c41 :i* live p>tly at ! surface ( ! sea & p>tly at v>i\s dep?s1 & swall[ l>ge masses ( ,radiol>ia1 (t5 conta9 numb]s ( _! %ells well-pres]v$ 9 _! inte/9e4 ,! alim5t>y canal ( ,fi%es & ,cephalopods too1 :i* live ^u ^! pelagic animal frequ5tly conta9s consid]able quantities ( silice\s %ells2 & ano!r newly discov]$ s\rce has be5 f\nd 9 ! coprolites ( ! ,jurassic p]iod1 :i* consi/ l>gely ( ,radiol>ian skeletons4 ,9 ! inve/igation ( ?is complicat$ sy/em ( organisms1 ,i h endeav\r$ on ! "o h& to give accurately ! =ms & dim5sions ( ! species obs]v$1 & on ! o!r h& to pres5t a survey ( ! relation%ips ( ! diff]5t g5]a & families2 & 9 ?is ,i h /riv5 especially to comb9e ! phylog5etic aims ( ! natural sy/em ) ! ess5tially artificial divisions ( a practical classification4 ,be+1 h[ev]1 a consci5ti\s support] ( ! !ory ( desc5t1 ,i c ( c\rse lay no /ress ^u ! value ( ! categories1 :i* are "h di/+ui%$ z ,legions1 ,ord]s1 ,families1 ,g5]a1 c4 ,all ^! artificial sy/ematic grades ,i reg>d z ( m]ely relative value2 & f ! same cause ,i atta* no importance to ! di/9ction ( all ! species "h describ$2 _m ( !m are probably only developm5tal /ages1 & l my pr$ecessors ,i h det]m9$ _! b\nd>ies on subjective gr\nds4 ,9 ! sy/ematic work+ out ( s mu* mat]ial "o always runs ! risk ( do+ ei!r too mu* or too little 9 ! way ( creat+ species2 b 9 ! light ( ! !ory ( desc5t ?is dang] is ( no consequ5ce4 ,9 ! c>ry+ out ( ?is ext5sive task ! fri5dly aid ( ,dr4 ,re9hold ,teus*] ( ,j5a 0 ( ! greate/ b5efit to me2 at my reque/ he 0 at ! tr\ble ( mak+ a l>ge numb] ( accurate draw+s ) ! cam]a lucida1 & he also und]took a long s]ies1 am\nt+ to "s #hjjj1 accurate micrometric measurem5ts1 :i* 7 ( ! greate/ value 9 ! attempt to settle ! important "q ( ! con/ancy ( ! v>i\s species2 ,i h allud$ to ?is 9 a note at ! conclusion ( ! ,report 7p4 #agfj74 ,my be/ ?anks are due to ,dr4 ,teus*] = ! pati5t & c>eful mann] 9 :i* he dis*>g$ ^! t$i\s tasks4 ,! figures ( new species ( ,radiol>ia 7ab\t #afjj 9 numb]7 :i* appe> 9 ! atlas ( "o hundr$ & =ty plates accompany+ ?is ,report1 7 ne>ly all drawn ) ! cam]a lucida1 p>tly by ,mr4 ,adolph ,gilts* & p>tly by myself4 ,! names ( ! g5]a :i* appe> at ! bottom ( ! plates h 9 _m cases be5 *ang$ s9ce !y 7 pr9t$ (f1 z may be se5 f ! explanations :i* accompany !m4 ,_h x be5 possible to complete ! exam9ation ( ! mat]ial be=e ! plates 7 comm5c$ ?is might h be5 avoid$1 & 9 _m cases a bett] selection ( figures might h be5 made4 ,all ! draw+s h be5 made ^u ! /one by ! practis$ h& ( ,mr4 ,adolph ,gilts*1 9 8 usual ma/]ly mann]1 & 8 li?ographic "w1 :i* has la/$ fully t5 ye>s1 is ! m valuable s9ce he has himself microscopically /udi$ ! great] "p ( ! species figur$4 ,! fact t ! atlas pres5ts s full a picture ( ! m>vell\s weal? ( =m ( ! ,radiol>ia is especially due to 8 lively int]e/ 9 ! "w1 to 8 unwe>y+ c>e1 & to 8 morphological acut5ess4 ,may x be ! means ( induc+ _m naturali/s to /udy m deeply ?is inexhau/ible k+dom ( microscopic life1 ^: endless v>iety ( wond]ful =ms ju/ifies ! say+--,natura 9 m9imis maxima4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,fir/ ,,"p4 ,,g5]al ,,introduction-- ,,page ,i4 ,anatomical ,section 7 #a-adj71 i ,*apt] ,i4 ,! ,unicellul> ,organism1 i ,,ii4 ,! ,c5tral ,capsule1 xxiv ,,iii4 ,! ,extracapsulum1 li ,,iv4 ,! ,skeleton1 lxviii ,,ii4 ,biog5etical ,section 7 #ada-bjj71 xciii ,*apt] ,v4 ,ontog5y 7,individual ,developm5t71 xciii ,,vi4 ,phylog5y 7,g5ealogical ,developm5t71 ci ,,iii4 ,physiological ,section 7 #bja-bbe71 cxxviii ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,vegetative ,functions1 cxxviii ,,viii4 ,animal ,functions1 cxl ,,iv4 ,*orological ,section 7 #bbf-bej71 cxlvi ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,geographical ,di/ribution1 cxlvi ,x4 ,geological ,di/ribution1 clxiv ,v4 ,bibliographical ,section 7 #bea-bed71 clxxvi ,,sy/ematic ,,"p1 #a ,i4 ,subclass ,,porulosa1 #f ,legion ,i4 ,,spumell>ia vel ,,p]ipylea1 #f ,ord] #a4 ,colloidea1 #aj #b4 ,beloidea1 #bh #c4 ,sphroidea1 #ej #d4 ,prunoidea1 #bhd #e4 ,discoidea1 #djb #f4 ,l>coidea1 #eii ,legion ,,ii4 ,,acan?>ia vel ,,actipylea1 #gaf ,ord] #g4 ,act9elida1 #gbh #h4 ,acan?onida1 #gdj #i4 ,sphrophracta1 #gie #aj4 ,prunophracta1 #hei ,,second ,,"p4 ,,ii4 ,subclass ,,osculosa1 #hhi ,legion ,,iii4 ,,nassell>ia vel ,,monopylea1 #hhi ,ord] #aa4 ,nassoidea1 #hie #ab4 ,plectoidea1 #hih #ac4 ,/ephoidea1 #ica #ad4 ,spyroidea1 #ajae #ae4 ,botryodea1 #aajc #af4 ,cyrtoidea1 #aabf ,legion ,,iv4 ,,ph,,od>ia vel ,,cannopylea1 #aeba ,ord] #ag4 ,phocy/9a1 #aedb #ah4 ,phosphria1 #aeij #ai4 ,phogromia1 #afdb #bj4 ,phocon*ia1 #agaj ,note on ! ,dim5sions & ,measurem5ts1 #agfj ,,add5da1 #agfa ,,errata1 #agfc ,,index1 #agfe ,,g5]al ,,introduction4 ---- ,,anatomical ,,section4 ,a ,,sket* ,,( ,,our ,,k ,,( ,,! ,,organisation ,,( ,,! ,,radiol>ia ,,9 ,,! ,,ye> #ahhd4 ---- ,,*apt] ,i4--,,! ,,unicellul> ,,organism4 7 #a-ej47 #a4 ,def9ition ( ! ,radiol>ia4--,,radiol>ia are m>9e ,rhizopoda1 ^: unicellul> body always consi/s ( two ma9 portions1 sep>at$ by a membrane2 an inn] ,c5tral capsule 7) "o or m nuclei7 & an ,extracapsulum 7! ext]nal calymma1 :i* has no nucleus1 & ! pseudopodia72 ! endoplasm ( ! =m] & ! exoplasm ( ! latt] are connect$ by op5+s 9 ! capsule-membrane4 ,! c5tral capsule is p>tly ! g5]al c5tral organ ( ! ,radiol>ian cell1 p>tly ! special organ ( reproduction1 s9ce its intracapsul> protoplasm1 along ) ! nuclei emb$d$ 9 x1 s]ves = ! =mation ( flagellate spores4 ,! extracapsulum is p>tly ! g5]al organ = int]c\rse ) ! out] _w 7by means ( ! pseudopodia71 p>tly ! special organ ( protection 7calymma7 & nutrition 7s>comatrix74 ,! majority ( ,radiol>ia develop also a skeleton = support & protection1 :i* pres5ts ! utmo/ v>iety ( =m1 & is g5]ally compos$ ( silica1 sometimes ( an organic sub/ance 7acan?974 ,! ,radiol>ian cell usually leads an isolat$ exi/5ce 7,monozoa vel ,monocytt>ia72 only 9 a small m9ority 7( "o legion7 are ! unicellul> organisms unit$ 9 colonies or co5obia 7,polyzoa vel ,polycytt>ia74 ,! ext5t ( ! ,radiol>ia1 z limit$ by ! above def9ition1 :i* ,i h made z compact z possible1 diff]s 9 sev]al important respects f t all[$ to ! gr\p by all previ\s diagnoses4 ,! %orte/ expression ( its scope might p]haps be3--,rhizopoda ) c5tral capsule & calymma2 = ! mo/ important "* ( ! ,radiol>ia1 & t by :i* !y are di/+ui%$ f all o!r ,rhizopoda1 is ! diff]5tiation ( ! unicellul> body into two pr9cipal p>ts ( equal importance & _! sep>ation by a con/ant capsule-membrane4 #b4 ,! ,two ,subclasses ( ! ,radiol>ia4--,! sy/ematic catalogue ( ! ,radiol>ia1 :i* =ms ! second "p ( ?is ,report1 & is br\ght up to ! ye> ii#ahhd1 conta9s #bj ord]s1 #he families1 #gci g5]a1 & #dcah species4 ,! consid]ation t b a small proportion ( ! ocean 8 yet be5 inve/igat$ r5d]s x likely1 h[ev]1 t ev5 ?is l>ge numb] does n include ! half ( ! rec5t species4 ,! great progress :i* our k ( ! organisation ( ! ,radiol>ia has made1 by means ( comp>ative /udy1 r5d]s x possible to arrange ?is enorm\s mass ( =ms 9 f\r ma9 divisions or legions1 & ^! are aga9 relat$ 9 pairs1 s t two divisions ( ! highe/ rank or subclasses are con/itut$1 ! ,porulosa 7or ,holotrypa/a7 & ,osculosa 7or ,m]otrypa/a74 ,! division ( ! ,radiol>ia into two subclasses & f\r legions 7or pr9cipal ord]s71 ,i s\ght to e/abli% 9 #ahhc 9 a communication on ! ,ord]s ( ! ,radiol>ia 7,sitzb4 ,j5a ,gesells*4 ,m$4 u4 ,naturwiss41 ,febru>y #af1 #ahhc74 ,z a believ] 9 ! !ory ( desc5t1 ,i reg>d all ! sy/ematic arrangem5ts ( speciali/s z artificial1 & all _! divisions z subjective ab/ractions1 & h5ce ,i %all be guid$ 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( su* gr\ps z subclasses1 legions1 ord]s1 c41 by purely practical consid]ations1 especially by ! desire to give z ready a survey z possible ( ! complex multitude ( =ms 7comp>e #aed to #aef74 #c4 ,porulosa or ,holotrypa/a4--,! subclass ,porulosa or ,holotrypa/a includes ! two legions1 ,,p]ipylea or ,,spumell>ia1 & ,,actipylea or ,,acan?>ia1 :i* agree 9 ! foll[+ con/ant & important *>act]s3--7#a7 ,! ,c5tral ,capsule is primitively a sph]e1 & reta9s ?is homaxon =m 9 ! majority ( ! species4 7#b7 ,! ,membrane ( ! c5tral capsule is ev]y:]e p]=at$ by v num]\s m9ute pores1 b possesses no l>g] pr9cipal ap]ture 7osculum74 7#c7 ,! ,pseudopodia radiate 9 all directions & 9 great numb]s f ! c5tral capsule1 pass+ ?r\gh its pores4 7#d7 ,! ,equilibrium ( ! float+ unicellul> body is 9 mo/ ,porulosa panto/atic 7indiff]5t7 or poly/atic 7plural-/able71 s9ce a v]tical axis is ei!r abs5t1 or1 if pres5t1 has its two poles simil>ly con/itut$4 7#e7 ,! ,gr\nd-=ms ( ! skeleton are !re=e almo/ always ei!r sph]otypic or isopol>-monaxon1 v r>ely zygotypic4 ,! two legions ( ! ,porulosa are di/+ui%$ ma9ly by ! skeleton ( ! ,,spumell>ia 7or ,,p]ipylea7 be+ silice\s1 nev] c5trog5\s1 nor compos$ ( acan?91 :il/ 9 ! ,,acan?>ia 7or ,,actipylea7 x is always c5trog5\s & made up ( acan?92 h5ce 9 ! =m] ! nucleus is always c5tral1 9 ! latt] always exc5tric4 #d4 ,osculosa or ,m]otrypa/a4--,! subclass ,osculosa or ,m]otrypa/a includes ! two legions ,,monopylea or ,,nassell>ia1 & ,,cannopylea or ,,ph,,od>ia1 :i* agree 9 ! foll[+ con/ant & important *>act]s3--7#a7 ,! ,c5tral ,capsule is orig9ally monaxon 7ovoid or sph]oidal7 & reta9s ?is gr\nd-=m 9 mo/ ( ! species4 7#b7 ,! ,membrane ( ! c5tral capsule possesses a s+le l>ge pr9cipal ap]ture 7osculum7 at ! basal pole ( ! v]tical ma9 axis4 7#c7 ,! ,pseudopodia radiate f a /ream ( s>code :i* passes out f ! c5tral capsule only on "o side1 namely1 ?r\gh ! pr9cipal ap]ture4 7#d7 ,! ,equilibrium ( ! float+ body is iiimono/atic or uni/able1 s9ce ! two poles ( ! pr9cipal axis are always m or less diff]5t f ea* o!r4 7#e7 ,! ,gr\nd-=ms ( ! skeleton are1 !re=e1 = ! mo/ "p grammotypic 7c5traxon7 or zygotypic 7c5troplan71 r>ely sph]otypic4 ,! two legions ( ! ,osculosa are di/+ui%$ *iefly by ! pr9cipal op5+ 7osculum7 be+ clos$ by a por\s plate 7poro*ora ) its podoconus7 9 ! ,,nassell>ia 7or ,,monopylea71 & by a radiate cov] 7op]culum ) its a/ropyle7 9 ! ,,ph,,od>ia 7or ,,cannopylea74 #e4 ,! f\r ,legions ( ,radiol>ia4--,! f\r pr9cipal gr\ps ( ,radiol>ia1 to :i* we h giv5 ! "n legions1 are natural units1 s9ce ! mo/ important peculi>ities 9 ! /ructure ( ! c5tral capsule are q con/ant )9 ! limits ( ! same legion1 & s9ce all ! =ms 9 ! same legion may be trac$ )\t viol5ce to ! same phylog5etic /em4 ,! f\r legions are1 h[ev]1 relat$ to ea* o!r1 9 s f> z !y all exhibit ^? *>act]s :i* di/+ui% ! ,radiol>ia f o!r ,proti/a4 ,! two :i* compose ! ,porulosa 7 #c7 seem some:at m ne>ly relat$ to ea* o!r ?an to ! two :i* make up ! ,osculosa 7 #d74 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! attempt is made to br+ !m all into a phylog5etic relation%ip1 x und\bt$ly appe>s t ! ,,spumell>ia 7or ,,p]ipylea7 are ! primitive /em1 out ( :i* ! o!r ?ree h be5 develop$ z indep5d5t bran*es4 ,all ?ree h be5 d]iv$1 probably indep5d5tly1 f ! mo/ anci5t /em-=m ( ! ,,spumell>ia1 ! sph]ical ,actissa4 #f4 ,p]ipylea or ,spumell>ia4--,^? ,radiol>ia :i* we call ,,p]ipylea on acc\nt ( ! con/itution ( _! c5tral capsule1 or ,,spumell>ia on acc\nt ( ! nature ( _! skeleton1 are sep>at$ f ! o!r ?ree legions ( ! class by ! comb9ation ( ! foll[+ con/ant *>act]s3--7#a7 ,! ,membrane ( ! c5tral capsule is s+le & ev5ly p]=at$ all ov] by innum]able f9e pore-canals1 b )\t any l>g] pr9cipal op5+ 7osculum74 7#b7 ,! ,nucleus always lies c5trally 9 ! ,,spumell>ia monozoa & is s]ot9\s1 = x divides only at a lat] p]iod into ! nuclei ( ! spores2 9 ! ,,spumell>ia polyzoa x is precoci\s1 & divides e>ly into _m small nuclei4 7#c7 ,! ,pseudopodia are exce$+ly num]\s & di/ribut$ ev5ly ov] ! :ole surface ( ! c5tral capsule4 7#d7 ,! ,calymma conta9s no phodium4 7#e7 ,! ,skeleton is seldom want+1 is nev] c5trog5\s1 & is always silice\s4 7#f7 ,! ,gr\nd-=m ( ! c5tral capsule is orig9ally sph]ical 7(t5 modifi$72 t ( ! skeleton is also sph]ical or1 9 ! majority ( cases1 d]iv$ 9 diff]5t ways f ! sph]e4 #g4 ,actipylea or ,acan?>ia4--,^! ,radiol>ia :i* we call ,,actipylea on acc\nt ( ! con/itution ( _! c5tral capsule1 or ,,acan?>ia f ! =mation ( _! skeleton1 are sep>at$ f ! o!r ?ree legions by ! comb9ation ( ! foll[+ con/ant *>act]s3--7#a7 ,! ,membrane ( ! c5tral capsule is s+le & ivp]=at$ by num]\s f9e pore-canals1 :i* are regul>ly di/ribut$ 9 s]ies or gr\ps1 b )\t a l>g] pr9cipal op5+ 7osculum74 7#b7 ,! ,nucleus is always exc5tric & g5]ally precoci\s1 s9ce x divides e>ly by a peculi> process ( budd+ into num]\s small nuclei4 7#c7 ,! ,pseudopodia are v num]\s & di/ribut$ regul>ly 9 gr\ps 7or s]ies unit$ into a network74 7#d7 ,! ,calymma conta9s no phodium4 7#e7 ,! ,skeleton is g5]ally pres5t1 always c5trog5\s1 & compos$ ( acan?94 7#f7 ,! ,gr\nd-=m ( ! c5tral capsule is orig9ally sph]ical 7(t5 modifi$71 t ( ! skeleton polyaxon 7(t5 modifi$74 #h4 ,monopylea or ,nassell>ia4--,^? ,radiol>ia :i* we call ,,monopylea f ! =mation ( _! c5tral capsule1 or ,,nassell>ia f ! nature ( _! skeleton1 are di/+ui%$ f ! o!r ?ree legions ( ! class by ! comb9ation ( ! foll[+ con/ant *>act]s3--7#a7 ,! ,membrane ( ! c5tral capsule is s+le1 & has only "o l>ge pr9cipal op5+ 7osculum7 at ! basal pole ( ! v]tical ma9 axis2 ?is osculum is clos$ by a p]=at$ lid 7poro*ora or op]culum porosum7 f :i* !re arises )9 ! c5tral capsule a peculi> cone ( ?reads or pseudopodia 7podoconus74 7#b7 ,! ,nucleus is usually exc5tric & is always s]ot9\s1 s9ce x only divides at a comp>atively late p]iod into spore-nuclei4 7#c7 ,! ,pseudopodia are n v num]\s & arise by division ( a s+le /em or bundle ( ?reads ( s>code1 :i* issues f ! poro*ora4 7#d7 ,! ,calymma conta9s no phodium4 7#e7 ,! ,skeleton 7v r>ely abs5t7 is nev] c5trog5\s1 b always extracapsul> & silice\s4 7#f7 ,! ,gr\nd-=m ( ! c5tral capsule is always monaxon 7) a v]tical allopol> ma9 axis71 orig9ally ovoid1 (t5 modifi$2 t ( ! skeleton is also g5]ally monaxon1 (t5 modifi$ 7triradial or bilat]al74 #i4 ,cannopylea or ,phod>ia4--,^? ,radiol>ia :i* we call ,,cannopylea f ! con/itution ( _! c5tral capsule1 or ,,ph,,od>ia on acc\nt ( _! peculi> phodium1 are di/+ui%$ f ! o!r ?ree legions by ! comb9ation ( ! foll[+ *>act]s3--7#a7 ,! ,membrane ( ! c5tral capsule is d\ble1 consi/+ ( a /rong out] & delicate inn] capsule1 & has only "o pr9cipal op5+ 7osculum7 at ! basal pole ( ! v]tical ma9 axis2 ?is osculum is clos$ by a radiate cov] 7a/ropyle or op]culum radiatum71 f ! c5tre ( :i* arises an ext]nal tubul> sp\t 7proboscis74 ,occasionally a few small accessory op5+s 7p>apyl7 are pres5t besides ! pr9cipal op5+4 7#b7 ,! ,nucleus lies c5trally or subc5trally 9 ! capsule 79 ! v]tical ma9 axis71 & is s]ot9\s1 inasmu* z x only divides at a late p]iod into spore-nuclei4 7#c7 ,! ,pseudopodia are usually v num]\s & arise f a ?ick s>comatrix1 =m$ by ! spread+ out ( a ?ick /em ( s>code1 :i* issues f ! a/ropyle4 7#d7 ,! ,calymma always conta9s a phodium or peculi> volum9\s exc5tric mass ( pigm5t4 7#e7 ,! ,skeleton 7v r>ely abs5t7 is nev] c5trog5\s1 always extracapsul> & =m$ ( a silicate ( c>bon4 7#f7 ,! v,gr\nd-=m ( ! c5tral capsule is always monaxon 7) a v]tical allopol> ma9 axis7 & g5]ally sph]oidal2 t ( ! skeleton is v v>i$4 #aj4 ,synopsis ( ! ,subclasses & ,legions3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,fir/ ,,subclass4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,porulosa vel ,,holotrypa/a4 ,c5tral capsule orig9ally sph]ical1 )\t osculum or pr9cipal op5+1 ) innum]able f9e pores4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,legion ,i4 ,legion ,,ii4 ,,spumell>ia4 ,,acan?>ia4 7,,p]ipylea74 7,,actipylea74 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,c5tral capsule ,c5tral capsule orig9ally sph]ical1 orig9ally sph]ical1 homaxon4 homaxon4 ,capsule-membrane ,capsule-membrane s+le1 s+le1 pores innum]able1 pores num]\s1 di/ribut$ all ov]4 regul>ly di/ribut$4 ,nucleus c5tral1 ,nucleus exc5tric1 orig9ally sph]ical 7usually divid+ e>ly74 7usually divid+ late74 ,skeleton abs5t or silice\s1 ,skeleton always ( acan?91 nev] c5trog5\s4 always c5trog5\s4 ,calymma always ,calymma always )\t phodium4 )\t phodium4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,second ,,subclass4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,osculosa vel ,,m]otrypa/a4 ,c5tral capsule orig9ally monaxon1 ) an osculum at ! basal pole ( ! v]tical ma9 axis4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,legion ,,iii4 ,legion ,,iv4 ,,nassell>ia4 ,,ph,,od>ia4 7,,monopylea74 7,,cannopylea74 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,c5tral capsule ,c5tral capsule orig9ally ovoid1 always sph]oidal1 monaxon4 monaxon4 ,capsule-membrane ,capsule-membrane s+le1 always d\ble1 a por\s area an a/ropyle 7poro*ora7 at ! oral 7) radiate op]culum7 pole ( ! ma9 axis4 at ! oral pole ( ! ma9 axis4 ,nucleus exc5tric1 ,nucleus always sph]oidal1 ne> ! aboral pole 9 ! ma9 axis 7divid+ late74 7divid+ late74 ,skeleton silice\s1 ,skeleton ( a silicate1 usually monaxon1 always extracapsul>4 extracapsul>4 ,calymma always ,calymma always )\t phodium4 ) phodium4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #aa4 ,individuality ( ! ,radiol>ia4--,l o!r ,protozoa ! ,radiol>ia are unicellul> organisms1 ! :ole fully develop$ organisation ( :i* falls "u ! category ( a s+le cell1 bo? morphologically & physiologically4 ,s9ce ?is view is bas$ ^u ! composition ( ! individual body out ( two diff]5t morphological elem5ts1 nucleus & protoplasm1 x is at once ju/ifi$ 9 ! case ( ! majority ( ,radiol>ia1 9 :i* ! plasmatic body encloses only a s+le nucleus 7! s-call$ ,b9n5-,bls*572 su* is ! case 9 all ! ,,spumell>ia monozoa1 ,,nassell>ia & ,,ph,,od>ia4 ,?is aspect ( ! case might appe> d\btful 9 ^? ,radiol>ia 9 :i* ! simple prim>y cell-nucleus divides e>ly into num]\s small second>y nuclei1 z is ! case 9 ! ,,spumell>ia polyzoa & mo/ ,,acan?>ia4 ,/rictly speak+1 ! mult9ucleate c5tral capsule %\ld 9 su* cases be reg>d$ z a syncytium2 b s9ce ! individual unity ( ! unicellul> organism is z cle>ly def9$ 9 ^! precoci\s mult9ucle> ,radiol>ia z 9 ! ord9>y s]ot9\s =ms1 ! =m] mu/ be consid]$ unicellul> ,rhizopods j z are ! latt]4 ,?is mode ( reg>d+ vi! case is ! m necess>y1 inasmu* z ! e>ly division ( ! nucleus has no fur!r influ5ce ^u ! organisation4 ,j z 9 _m o!r classes ( ! ,proti/a !re are monozootic 7solit>y7 & polyzootic 7social7 =ms1 s also 9 ! ,radiol>ia !re are 9 addition to ! ord9>y monozootic or monobi\s =ms c]ta9 families 9 :i* colonies or co5obia are =m$ by ! association ( individuals2 ?is di/9ction may be express$ by ! t]ms ,monocytt>ia & ,polycytt>ia4 ,! unicellul> nature ( ! ,radiol>ia 0 fir/ e/abli%$ by ,ri*>d ,h]twig 9 #ahgi 7,l4 ,n4 #cc71a & br\ght into con=mity ) our pres5t hi/iological k & ! new re=m ( ! cell-!ory4 ,huxley1 h[ev]1 :o 0 9 #ahea ! fir/ to exam9e liv+ ,radiol>ia accurately1 decl>$ ,?alassicolla nucleata to be a unicellul> ,protozoon1 & ! individual c5tral capsules ( ,sphroz\m punctatum to be cells1 b1 ow+ to ! !n condition ( ! cell-!ory1 he 0 unable to give a conclusive demon/ration ( ?is view4 ,lat]1 :5 ,johannes ,mll] 9 #aheh & myself 9 #ahfb recognis$ ! peculi> yell[ cells :i* occur 9 l>ge numb]s 9 _m ,radiol>ia z true nucleat$ cells1 x appe>$ impossible any long] to ma9ta9 ! unicellul> nature ( ! ,radiol>ia2 also ! great complication :i* ,i %[$ to exi/ 9 ! /ructure ( ,?alassicolla appe>$ to contradict x4 ,only aft] ,ci5k[ski 7#ahga7 & ,br&t 7#ahha7 _h %[n t ! yell[ cells d n belong to ! ,radiol>ian organism1 b are symbiotic unicellul> alg1 0 x possible to revive & demon/rate anew ! unicellul> nature ( ! ,radiol>ia4 #ab4 ,morphological ,individuality4--,f ! morphological /&po9t ! individuality ( ! unicellul> elem5t>y organism is obvi\s 9 ! ord9>y solit>y ,radiol>ia 7,monobia71 & is to be s reg>d$ t ! :ole body ) all its con/itu5t p>ts1 & n m]ely ! c5tral capsule1 is to be reg>d$ z a cell4 ,naturally ! xan!ll or yell[ cells 7 #gf1 #ij71 :i* z indep5d5t alg live 9 symbiosis ) _m ,radiol>ia1 mu/ be exclud$4 ,! unicellul> organisation ( ! ,radiol>ia is fur!r to be di/+ui%$ f t ( ! o!r ,proti/a1 inasmu* z an int]nal membrane 7capsule-membrane7 sep>ates ! c5tral 7m$ull>y7 f ! p]iph]al 7cortical7 portion4 ,9 ! co5obia ( ! social ,radiol>ia 7or ,polycytt>ia71 ! morphological individuality p]si/s only z reg>ds ! m$ull>y portions ( ! aggregat$ cells 7! individual c5tral capsules71 :ile ! cortical portions fuse completely to =m a common extracapsulum4 ,h5ce 9 ^! ,,spumell>ia polyzoa two diff]5t /ages ( morphological individuality mu/ be di/+ui%$1 ! ,cell z a ,morphon ( ! fir/ /age1 & ! ,co5obium z a ,morphon ( ! second /age4 #ac4 ,physiological ,individuality4--,f ! physiological /&po9t also ! individuality ( ! unicellul> organism is imm$iately obvi\s 9 ! case ( ! ord9>y solit>y ,radiol>ia 7,monobia72 z 9 o!r ,proti/a x fulfils all ! functions ( life by itself alone4 ,?is physiological individuality ( ! monobi\s ,radiol>ian cell is fur!rmore n influ5c$ by ! xan!ll1 :i* live z indep5d5t alg 9 symbiosis ) _m ,radiol>ia2 ev5 ?\gh ^! (t5 by ! production ( />* assi/ 9 ! viin\ri%m5t ( ! ,radiol>ia1 yet !y are by no means indisp5sable to !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! physiological individuality (f]s m complicat$ relations 9 ! social ,radiol>ia 7,polycytt>ia7 :i* live unit$ 9 colonies or co5obia4 ,"h ! actual ,bion 7or ! fully develop$ physiological individual7 is n repres5t$ by ! individual cells1 b by ! :ole multicellul> co5obium1 :i* 9 ea* species has a def9ite =m & size4 ,9 ^! co5obia1 :i* are usually sph]ical or cyl9drical jelly-l masses1 sev]al millimet]s 9 diamet]1 num]\s cells are s intimately unit$ t only _! m$ull>y portions 7! c5tral capsule ) ! endoplasm7 rema9 indep5d5t2 ! cortical portions 7calymma & exoplasm7 on ! contr>y unit+ into a common extracapsulum4 ,?is dis*>ges1 z a :ole1 ! functions ( locomotion1 s5sation1 & inception ( nutrim5t1 :ile ! sep>ate c5tral capsules act 9 ! ma9 only z reproductive organs 7=m+ spores7 & p>tly also z ! c5tral organs ( meta/asis 7dige/ion74 ,ea* co5obium may also be reg>d$ z a polycytt>ium1 i4e41 a multicellul> ,radiol>ian1 ^: num]\s c5tral capsules repres5t s _m sporangia or spore-capsules4 ,on ?is head comp>e ! section 9 my monograph ( #ahfb 7,l4 ,n4 #af71 entitl$ ,die ,organisation d] ,radiol>i5-,coloni52 ,polyzo5 od] ,polycytt>i58 7pp4 #aaf to #abf72 & also ,r4 ,h]twig1 ,zur ,hi/ologie d] ,radiol>i51 #ahgf 7,l4 ,n4 #bf1 p4 #bc74 #ad4 ,monocytt>ia & ,polycytt>ia4--,9 ! majority ( ! ,radiol>ia ea* unicellul> organism passes its individual life 9 an isolat$ condition 7z a ,monocytt>ium74 ,only 9 a "p ( ! ,,spumell>ia num]\s unicellul> individuals are unit$ into societies :i* are reg>d$ z co5obia or colonies 7,polycytt>ia74 ,?is is ! case 9 ?ree diff]5t families belong+ to ! ,,p]ipylea1 9 ! ,collozoida 7)\t a skeleton1 ,pl4 #c71 ! ,sphrozoida 7) a ,beloid skeleton1 ,pl4 #d71 & ! ,collosphrida 7) a ,sphroid skeleton1 ,pls4 #e-h74 ,all ?ree families ( ,polycytt>ia 7or social ,radiol>ia71 agree 9 _! mode ( =m+ colonies1 s9ce ! c5tral capsules ( ! social individuals rema9 sep>ate & lie 9 a common jelly-l mass1 :i* is =m$ by ! fusion ( _! extracapsulum4 ,! *ief "p ( ! volum9\s colonies1 :i* atta9 a diamet] ( sev]al millimetres 7sometimes m ?an #a cm471 & are g5]ally sph]ical1 ellipsoidal or cyl9drical1 consi/s !re=e ( ! jelly-l calymma1 & ?is is p5etrat$ by a s>coplegma1 to ^: me%es all ! individual organisms contribute by means ( ! pseudopodia1 :i* radiate f _! s>comatrix4 ,a fur!r peculi>ity 9 :i* ! social ,,spumell>ia diff] f ! solit>y consi/s 9 ! fact t ! =m] are precoci\s & ! latt] s]ot9\s 9 ! division ( ! nucleus 7 #fd74 ,:il/ 9 ! solit>y or monozootic ,,spumell>ia ! middle ( ! c5tral capsule is occupi$ by ! simple nucleus1 & ?is divides only at a late p]iod 7imm$iately be=e ! =mation ( spores7 into ! num]\s spore nuclei1 9 ! colonial or polyzootic ,,spumell>ia ?is division takes place v e>ly1 & ! middle ( ea* c5tral capsule is usually occupi$ by an oil-globule4 viii,! colonial ,radiol>ia 7 describ$ z e>ly z ! ye> #ahcd by ,mey51 ! fir/ inve/igator ( ! class1 "u ! "n ,sphroz\m1 &1 z ,palmell>ia1 comp>$ ) ! gelat9\s colonies ( ! ,no/o*9e4 ,! fir/ accurate obs]vations ^u _! /ructure 71 h[ev]1 made 9 #ahea by ,huxley1 :o describ$ examples ( all ?ree families "u ! "n ,?alassicolla punctata4 ,m ext5d$1 h[ev]1 7 ! inve/igations ( ,johannes ,mll]1 :o 9 8 fundam5tal "w 7#aheh7 divid$ ! :ole class ,radiol>ia into ,solit>ia & ,polyzoa4 ,! ,radiol>ia solit>ia he divid$ into ,?alassicolla1 ,polycy/9a & ,acan?ometra1 ! ,radiol>ia polyzoa into ,sphrozoa 7)\t a %ell7 & ,collosphra 7) a %ell74 ,! mo/ accurate del9eation ( ! ,polycytt>ia 0 giv5 by ,h]twig 9 8 beautiful memoir1 ,zur ,hi/ologie d] ,radiol>i5 7#ahgf74 ,q rec5tly1 h[ev] 7#ahhf71 s9ce ! completion ( my manuscript ^u ! ,*all5g] ,radiol>ia1 a v complete ,monograph ( ! ,polycytt>ia has appe>$ by ,k>l ,br&t1 ,die colonie-bild5d5 ,radiol>i5 7,sphrozo57 des ,golfes von ,neapel und d] angr5z5d5 ,me]es-,abs*nitte 7#bgf pp41 #h pls41 ,b]l974 ,x conta9s 9 p>ticul> mo/ valuable contributions to ! physiology & hi/ology4 #ae4 ,! ,c5tral ,capsule & ,extracapsulum4--,! special peculi>ity ( ! unicellul> ,radiol>ian organism1 by :i* x is cle>ly di/+ui%$ f all o!r ,rhizopoda 7& inde$ f mo/ o!r ,proti/a71 is its diff]5tiation into two sep>ate *ief con/itu5ts1 ! c5tral capsule & extracapsulum1 & ! =mation ( a special membrane :i* sep>ates !m4 ,?is1 ! capsule-membrane1 is n to be comp>$ ) an ord9>y cell-membrane1 z an ext]nal lay]1 b r to be reg>d$ z an int]nal diff]5tiat$ product4 ,! extracapsulum or ext]nal 7cortical7 portion ( ! body is 9 mo/ ,radiol>ia m volum9\s ?an ! c5tral capsule or inn] 7m$ull>y7 portion4 ,! exoplasm ( ! =m] 7! cortical or extracapsul> protoplasm7 is emphatically diff]5t f ! endoplasm ( ! latt] 7! m$ull>y or intracapsul> protoplasm74 ,besides ! mo/ important vital processes are di/ribut$ by division ( lab\r s completely betwe5 !m t !y appe> mo/ di/9ctly co-ord9at$4 ,! c5tral capsule is on ! "o h& ! g5]al c5tral organ ( ! cell-s\l = ! dis*>ge ( its s5sory & motor functions 7comp>able to a ganglion-cell71 on ! o!r h& ! special organ ( reproduction 7sporangium74 ,! extracapsulum1 also1 is n less significant1 s9ce on ! "o h& its calymma acts z a protect+ envelope to ! c5tral capsule1 z a support to ! pseudopodia1 & a f\ndation = ! skeleton or a matrix = ! developm5t ( ! %ell1 & on ! o!r h& its pseudopodia are ( ! utmo/ importance z p]iph]al organs ( movem5t & s5sation z well z ( nutrition & respiration4 ,! c5tral capsule & ! extracapsulum are !re=e to be reg>d$ bo? morphologically & physiologically z ! two *>act]i/ic co-ord9at$ pr9cipal p>ts ( ! unicellul> ,radiol>ian organism4 ,9 mo/ ( ! m mod]n del9eations ( ! ,radiol>ia ! c5tral capsule is reg>d$ z ! cell prop] & its membrane z ! cell-wall4 ,! foll[+ facts are oppos$ to ! correctness ( ?is int]pretation3--#a4 ,9 mo/ ,radiol>ia ! exoplasm is cle>ly diff]5t f ix! endoplasm1 & ! =m] is m volum9\s ?an ! latt]4 #b4 ,9 all ,radiol>ia ! division ( lab\r is s c>ri$ out betwe5 ! c5tral capsule & ! extracapsulum1 t ! physiological significance & indep5d5ce ( bo? pr9cipal p>ts ( ! cell is almo/ equally great4 #c4 ,x is only 9 ! ,,acan?>ia t ! =mation ( ! skeleton takes place )9 ! c5tral capsule2 9 all ! o!r ?ree legions x is q indep5d5t ( x4 #af4 ,! ,malacoma & ,skeleton4--,:il/ ! division ( ! unicellul> organism into c5tral capsule & extracapsulum is und\bt$ly ! mo/ important "* ( ! ,radiol>ian organism1 ! developm5t ( a skeleton ( peculi> & mo/ v>i$ =m is ( v /rik+ significance4 ,?is skeleton is always a second>y product ( ! cell1 b is always anatomically s indep5d5t1 & s cle>ly m>k$ (f f ! s(t p>ts or malacoma1 t x seems advisable to reg>d bo? sep>ately 9 a g5]al morphological survey4 ,! skeleton /&s 9 a diff]5t relation to ea* ( ! two pr9cipal con/itu5ts ( ! malacoma4 ,only 9 ! ,,acan?>ia is x c5trog5\s & develop$ f ! c5tral capsule outw>ds4 ,9 ! o!r ?ree legions ! skeleton nev] arises 9 ! c5tre ( ! capsule2 9 ! ,,nassell>ia & ,,ph,,od>ia x is always extracapsul>2 9 ! ,,spumell>ia x is also outside ! c5tral capsule orig9ally1 b aft]w>ds becomes (t5 surr\nd$ by x1 & f9ally lies 9 mo/ cases p>tly )9 & p>tly )\t ! c5tral capsule4 ,! *emical basis ( ! skeleton 9 ! ,,acan?>ia is ! curi\s acan?9 7an organic sub/ance alli$ to *it971 9 ! ,,ph,,od>ia a silicate ( c>bon1 & 9 ! ,,nassell>ia & ,,spumell>ia silica4 #ag4 ,gr\nd-,=ms ( ! ,radiol>ia 7,promorphology74--,! gr\nd-=ms ( ! ,radiol>ia exhibit a great] v>iety ?an ^? ( any o!r class 9 ! organic _w1 great] inde$ ?an is to be f\nd 9 all ! rema9+ gr\ps toge!r4 ,= e conceivable gr\nd-=m :i* c be def9$ 9 ! sy/em ( promorphology is actually pres5t 9 ! ,radiol>ia2 _! skeleton exhibits1 z x 71 9 mat]ial exi/5ce1 c]ta9 geometrical gr\nd-=ms :i* are f\nd 9 no o!r organisms4 ,! cause ( ?is unexampl$ ri*ness 9 diff]5t =ms lies *iefly 9 ! /atic relations ( ! ,radiol>ia1 :i* swim freely 9 ! sea1 p>tly also 9 ! peculi> pla/icity ( _! protoplasm & ! mat]ial ( _! skeletons4 ,reg>d+ ! g5]al sy/em ( gr\nd-=ms comp>e my ,g5]elle ,morphologie 7#ahff1 ,bd4 i4 pp4 #cge-eeb2 ,bd4 iv41 ,allgeme9e ,grund=m5lehre74 ,! gr\nd-=ms !re propos$ & sy/ematically def9$ h1 h[ev]1 f\nd b little acceptance 7*iefly1 no d\bt1 ow+ to ! difficult & complicat$ nom5clature72 b hav+ n[1 tw5ty ye>s aft] _! publication1 anew c>efully revis$ & critically /udi$ !m1 ,i c f9d no suffici5t reason = ab&on+ ! pr9ciples !re adopt$4 ,on ! contr>y ! /udy ( ! ,*all5g] ,radiol>ia dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s1 ) its incomp>able weal? ( =ms1 has only confirm$ ! accuracy ( my sy/em ( gr\nd-=ms4 ,! cu/om>y treatm5t ( ^! 9 zoological & botanical h&books 7su* z ^? ( ,claus & ,sa*s7 is q insuffici5t4 x#ah4 ,! ,pr9cipal ,gr\ps ( ,geometrical ,gr\nd-,=ms4--,! great v>iety ( ! geometrical gr\nd-=ms :i* are actually realis$ 9 ! v>i\sly %ap$ bodies ( ! ,radiol>ia1 r5d]s x desirable to classify ^! 9 z small a numb] z possible ( pr9cipal gr\ps & a l>g] numb] ( subdivisions4 ,z ext5sive pr9cipal gr\ps f\r at lea/ mu/ be di/+ui%$2 ! ,c5tro/igma or ,sphrotypic1 ! ,c5traxonia or ,grammotypic1 ! ,c5troplana or ,zygotypic1 & ! ,ac5trica or ,atypic4 ,! natural c5tre ( ! body1 ab\t :i* all its p>ts are regul>ly arrang$1 is 9 ! fir/ gr\p a po9t 7/igma71 9 ! second a /raight l9e 7pr9cipal axis71 9 ! ?ird a plane 7sagittal plane71 9 ! f\r? a c5tre is ( c\rse want+4 #ai4 ,! ,c5tro/igma or ,sphrotypic ,gr\nd-,=ms4--,! fir/ gr\p ( geometrical gr\nd-=ms1 "h di/+ui%$ z sphrotypic or ! c5tro/igma1 is und\bt$ly ! mo/ important among ! ,radiol>ia1 inasmu* z if ^! be consid]$ monophyletic1 x mu/ be ! orig9al "o f :i* all ! o!r gr\nd-=ms h be5 d]iv$4 ,! common "* ( all ^! sphrotypic gr\nd-=ms is t _! natural c5tre is a po9t 7/igma72 ?us !re is no s+le pr9cipal axis 7or protaxon7 su* z is *>act]i/ic ( ! two foll[+ gr\ps4 ,! sphrotypic gr\nd-=ms are subdivid$ into two important small] gr\ps1 ! sph]es 7,homaxonia7 & ! endosph]ical polyh$ra 7,polyaxonia74 ,! sph]ical gr\nd-=ms1 fully develop$ 9 ! c5tral capsule & calymma ( ,actissa & ! ,sphroidea z well z 9 _m ,,acan?>ia1 pres5t no diff]5t axes2 all possible axes pass+ ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! body are equal 7,homaxonia74 ,9 ! endosph]ical polyh$ra1 on ! contr>y1 num]\s axes 7?ree at lea/7 may be di/+ui%$1 :i* are precisely equal to ea* o!r & diff]5t f all ! rema9+ axes 7,polyaxonia74 ,if ! extremities ( ^! axes1 or ! poles1 :i* are all equidi/ant f ! common c5tre1 be unit$ by /raight l9es1 a polyh$ral figure is produc$ ^: angles all lie 9 ! surface ( ! sph]e4 ,accord+ z ! poles ( ! axes are at equal1 subequal1 or at diff]5t di/ances f ea* o!r1 we may divide ! endosph]ical polyh$ra into regul>1 subregul> & irregul>4 7,see ,g5]4 ,morphol41 ,bd4 i4 pp4 #djd-daf47 #bj4 ,! ,c5traxonia or ,grammotypic ,gr\nd-,=ms4--,! second pr9cipal gr\p ( organic gr\nd-=ms1 "h call$ grammotypic or c5traxonia1 is *>act]is$ by ! fact t a /raight l9e 7gramma7 or a s+le pr9cipal axis 7protaxon7 =ms ! natural c5tre ( ! body4 ,?is important & ext5sive gr\p is divid$ into two subgr\ps1 ^? ) "o axis 7,monaxonia7 & ^? ) cross$ axes 7,/auraxonia72 9 ! latt] diff]5t second>y transv]se or cross-axes may be di/+ui%$1 b n 9 ! =m]4 ,9 ! ,monaxonia1 !re=e1 e transv]se section ( ! body p]p5dicul> to ! pr9cipal axis is a circle1 9 ! ,/auraxonia1 on ! contr>y1 a polygon4 ,! ,monaxonia are fur!r subdivid$ into two gr\ps1 9 "o ( :i* ! two poles ( ! pr9cipal axis xiare equal & simil> 7,isopol>71 9 ! o!r ( :i* !y are diff]5t 7,allopol>72 9 ! =m] ! two halves ( ! body1 :i* are sep>at$ by ! equatorial plane 7or ! l>ge/ transv]se plane1 p]p5dicul> to ! pr9cipal axis71 are equal1 9 ! latt] unequal4 ,among ! isopol> uniaxial gr\nd-=ms 7,monaxonia isopola7 may be m5tion$ ! ellipsoidal1 sph]oidal1 l5ticul>1 c42 to ! allopol> uniaxial =ms 7,monaxonia allopola7 belong ! conical1 hemisph]ical1 ovoid1 c4 ,9 ! same way ! pyramidal gr\nd-=ms ) cross$ axes are divisible into two gr\ps1 accord+ z ! two poles ( ! pr9cipal axis are equal or n4 ,! gr\nd-=m ( ! =m] is ! d\ble pyramid1 t ( ! latt] ! s+le pyramid4 ,bo? ! d\ble & ! s+le pyramids may aga9 be subdivid$1 ea* into two important less] gr\ps1 ! regul> & ! amphi!ct4 ,9 ! fir/ division ! equatorial plane ( ! d\ble & ! basal plane ( ! s+le pyramid is a regul> polygon 7squ>e1 c471 :il/ 9 ! o!r division x is an elongat$ or amphi!ct polygon 7rhombus1 c472 ! cross$ axes are equal 9 ! =m]1 unequal 9 ! latt]4 7,see ,g5]4 ,morphol41 ,bd4 i4 pp4 #daf-did47 #ba4 ,! ,c5troplana or ,zygotypic ,gr\nd-,=ms4--,! ?ird pr9cipal gr\p ( gr\nd-=ms includes ^? :i* are bilat]ally symmetrical 9 ! ord9>y s5se1 or zeugitic or zygotypic2 ! natural c5tre ( _! body is a plane4 ,^! =ms are ! only ones 9 :i* ! di/9ction betwe5 "r & left is possible1 s9ce _! body is divid$ by ! m$ian plane 7planum sagittale7 into two symmetrical halves 7"r & left74 ,9 all ^! zeugites ! position ( e "p is det]m9$ by ?ree axes p]p5dicul> to ea* o!r1 & ( ^! ?ree dim5sive axes two are allopol>1 "o is isopol>4 ,! two unlike poles ( ! pr9cipal 7or longitud9al7 axis are ! oral & aboral1 ! two unlike poles ( ! sagittal 7or v]tical7 axis are ! dorsal & v5tral2 ! two simil> poles ( ! frontal 7or transv]se7 axis1 h[ev]1 are ! "r & left4 ,?is important gr\p ( zeugitic or bilat]al =ms may also be divid$ into two cle>ly di/9ct less] gr\ps1 ! ,amphipleura & ! ,zygopleura4 ,9 ! ,amphipleura 7or bilat]ally radial gr\nd-=ms7 ! radial two-sid$ body is produc$ by modification ( a regul> pyramid 7z ,spatangus f ,e*9us71 & h5ce is compos$ ( sev]al 7n less ?an ?ree7 antim]es4 ,9 ! ,zygopleura 7or bilat]ally symmetrical gr\nd-=ms7 on ! o!r h&1 ! bodies consi/ ( two antim]es 7z 9 all ! high] animals1 ,v]tebrata1 ,ar?ropoda1 c474 7,see ,g5]4 ,morphol41 ,bd4 i4 pp4 #die-ebg47 #bb4 ,! ,ac5trica or ,atypic ,gr\nd-,=ms4--,among ! ac5trica or anaxonia are includ$ all ^? gr\nd-=ms :i* are absolutely irregul>1 & 9 :i* nei!r a def9ite c5tre nor con/ant axes c be di/+ui%$ 7e4g41 mo/ ,sponges74 ,^! q irregul> gr\nd-=ms are v r>e among ! ,radiol>ia1 b nev]!less !re may be ref]r$ to !m ! amoeboid c5tral capsule ( "s ,colloidea 7,colloda/rum1 p4 #bg1 ,pl4 #c1 figs4 #d1 #e7 among ! ,,spumell>ia1 ! irregul> %ells ( _m ,collosphrida xii7,pl4 #h1 fig4 #b71 & ! absolutely irregul> %ells ( ! ,phorticida & ,soreumida among ! ,l>coidea4 7,see ,g5]4 ,morphol41 ,bd4 i4 p4 #djj47 #bc4 ,! ,subsidi>y ,gr\ps ( ,geometrical ,gr\nd-,=ms4--,! f\r natural pr9cipal gr\ps ( gr\nd-=ms1 :i* h j be5 def9$ accord+ to ! nature ( ! c5tre ( _! bodies1 may be divid$ aga9 into num]\s subsidi>y gr\ps1 def9$ by ! relations ( ! con/ant axes & ! two poles ( ea* axis1 z well z by ! numb] ( ! axes & ! diff]5tiation ( ! second>y ) respect to ! pr9cipal axis4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! subsidi>y gr\ps into :i* ! pr9cipal ones are imm$iately divid$ are ! foll[+3--7#a7 ,! ,c5tro/igma 7or sphrotypic7 are divid$ into sph]es 7,homaxonia7 & endosph]ical polyh$ra 7,polyaxonia74 7#b7 ,! ,c5traxonia 7or grammotypic7 into uniaxial 7,monaxonia7 & ^? ) cross$ axes 7,/auraxonia72 among ! =m] ( ^! may be di/+ui%$ ! isopol> 7phacotypic7 & ! allopol> 7conotypic72 among ! latt] ! d\ble & s+le pyramids4 7#c7 ,! ,c5troplana 7or bilat]als7 are divid$ into amphipleura 7or bilat]ally radial7 & zygopleura 7or bilat]ally symmetrical74 7#d7 ,! ,ac5trica 7or ,anaxonia7 or absolutely irregul> gr\nd-=ms1 pres5t no special subdivisions4 ,= a complete sy/em ( ! geometrical gr\nd-=ms & _! relation to promorphological classification1 see ,g5]4 ,morphol41 ,bd4 i4 pp4 #eee-eeh4 #bd4 ,! ,sph]ical or ,homaxon ,gr\nd-,=m4--,! sph]ical is ! only absolutely regul> gr\nd-=m1 s9ce only 9 x are all axes :i* pass ?r\gh ! c5tre equal2 x is v (t5 realis$ among ! ,radiol>ia1 especially 9 ! ,,spumell>ia & ,,acan?>ia1 :]e x furni%es ! common orig9al gr\nd-=m1 b x is (t5 to be se5 9 ! %ells ( _m ,,ph,,od>ia 79 mo/ ,phosphria72 on ! o!r h&1 x is nev] f\nd among ! ,,nassell>ia4 ,geometrical sph]es1 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! t]m1 are only to be f\nd among ! ,,spumell>ia & ,,acan?>ia1 namely1 9 ! c5tral capsule ( _m ,collod>ia 7,pls4 #a1 #b7 & all ,sphroidea 7,pls4 #aa-cj7 z well z _m ,acan?ometra & ,acan?ophracta 7,pls4 #abh-ach74 ,nev]!less1 speak+ g5]ally1 "o includes ^? c5tral capsules & skeletons :i* h be5 di/+ui%$ "h z endosph]ical polyh$ra4 7,on ^! gr\nd-=ms see ,g5]4 ,morphol41 ,bd4 i4 pp4 #djd-djf47 #be4 ,! ,endosph]ical ,polyh$ral ,gr\nd-,=m4--,! endosph]ical polyh$ron or polyaxon gr\nd-=m naturally foll[s ! sph]ical or homaxon4 ,"u x are includ$ all polyh$ra ^: angles fall 9 ! surface ( a sph]e2 ?is gr\nd-=m is especially common among ! ,,spumell>ia1 especially 9 ! %ells ( ,sphroidea1 b is also f\nd among ! ,,acan?>ia 7especially 9 ! ,a/rolophida & ,sphrophracta71 z well z among ! ,phosphria 79 mo/ g5]a ( ! ,orosphrida1 ,sagosphrida1 & ,aulosphrida74 ,/rictly speak+1 all ^? lattice-%ells :i* h xiiibe5 incorrectly call$ sph]ical belong to ?is category1 = !y are none ( !m true sph]es 9 ! geometrical s5se 7l ! c5tral capsules ( ! ,sphroidea71 b r endosph]ical polyh$ra1 ^: angles are indicat$ by ! nodal po9ts ( ! lattice %ell1 or ! radial sp9es :i* spr+ f !m4 ,^! endosph]ical polyh$ra may be divid$ into ?ree gr\ps1 ! regul>1 subregul>1 & irregul>4 ,( regul> polyh$ra1 prop]ly s-call$1 x may be %[n geometrically t only five c exi/1 namely1 ! regul> tetrah$ron1 cube1 octah$ron1 dodecah$ron1 & icosah$ron4 ,all ^! are actually manife/$ among ! ,radiol>ia1 al?\gh b seldom4 ,mu* m common are ! subregul> endosph]ical polyh$ra1 e4g41 sph]ical lattice-%ells ) regul> hexagonal me%es ( equal size2 !y are nev] exactly equal nor p]fectly regul>1 b ! div]g5ces are s insignificant t !y escape sup]ficial obs]vation 7,pl4 #bj1 figs4 #c1 #d2 ,pl4 #bf1 figs4 #a-c74 ,on ! contr>y 9 ! irregul> endosph]ical polyh$ra ! me%es ( ! lattice-sph]e are m or less diff]5t 9 size & (t5 9 =m also 7,pl4 #bh1 figs4 #d1 #h2 ,pl4 #cj1 figs4 #d1 #f74 ,! five truly regul> polyh$ra require sep>ate notice on acc\nt ( _! importance4 7,see ,g5]4 ,morphol41 ,bd4 i4 p4 #djf47 #bf4 ,! ,regul> ,icosah$ral ,gr\nd-,=m4--,! gr\nd-=m ^: geometrical type is ! regul> icosah$ron 7b\nd$ by tw5ty equilat]al triangles7 is r>ely exemplifi$1 b x occurs among ! ,,ph,,od>ia 9 ! ,circoporid g5us ,circogonia 7,pl4 #aag1 fig4 #a71 & also 9 c]ta9 ,aulosphrida1 b1 app>5tly1 only z an accid5tal v>iation 7e4g41 ,aulosphra icosah$ra74 ,fur!rmore1 ?is gr\nd-=m may also be assum$ to occur 9 ^? ,sphroidea ^: sph]ical lattice-%ells be> twelve equidi/ant radial sp9es 7e4g41 _m species ( ,acan?osphra1 ,heliosphra1 & o!r ,a/rosphrida72 ! basal po9ts ( ^! sp9es indicate ! twelve angles ( ! regul> icosah$ron4 7,see on ?is head ,g5]4 ,morphol41 ,bd4 i4 p4 #daa47 #bg4 ,! ,regul> ,dodecah$ral ,gr\nd-,=m4--,! gr\nd-=m ^: geometrical type is ! regul> dodecah$ron 7or p5tagonal dodecah$ron71 b\nd$ by twelve equilat]al & equiangul> p5tagons1 is v r>ely f\nd p]fectly develop$1 z 9 ,circorrhegma dodecah$ra 7,pl4 #aag1 fig4 #b74 ,?is =m is by no means s common among ! ,radiol>ia z 9 ! poll5 gra9s ( plants 7e4g41 ,bu*holzia m>itima1 ,fum>ia spicata1 ,polygonum amphibium1 c474 ,x c1 h[ev]1 be reg>d$ z pres5t 9 all ^? ,sphroidea ^: sph]ical lattice-%ells be> tw5ty equal & equidi/ant radial sp9es 7e4g41 _m species ( ,acan?osphra1 ,heliosphra1 & o!r ,a/rosphrida72 ! basal po9ts ( ^! sp9es m>k out ! tw5ty angles ( ! regul> p5tagonal dodecah$ron4 7,see ,g5]4 ,morphol41 ,bd4 i4 p4 #dab47 #bh4 ,! ,regul> ,octah$ral ,gr\nd-,=m4--,! gr\nd-=m ^: geometrical type is ! regul> octah$ron 7b\nd$ by eight equilat]al triangles71 commonly appe>s among ! ,,spumell>ia 9 ! family ,cubosphrida 7p4 #afi1 ,pls4 #ba-be74 ,9 xiv^! ,sphroidea ! typical gr\nd-=m is usually indicat$ by six equal radial sp9es1 :i* are oppos$ to ea* o!r 9 pairs1 & lie 9 ?ree simil> axes p]p5dicul> to ea* o!r2 ^! are ! ?ree axes ( ! tess]al cry/allographic sy/em2 "o ( !m is v]tical1 :il/ ! o!r two cross ea* o!r at "r angles 9 its c5tre4 ,occasionally1 too1 ! sph]ical =m ( ! lattice-%ell passes ov] into t ( ! regul> octah$ron 7,pl4 #bb1 figs4 #h1 #aj74 ,! same =m recurs 9 ,circoporus 7,pl4 #aag1 fig4 #f7 among ! ,,ph,,od>ia4 ,9 ! vegetable k+dom x is exhibit$ by ! an!ridia ( ,*>a4 ,x is n f\nd 9 ! ,,nassell>ia & ,,acan?>ia4 7,see ,g5]4 ,morphol41 ,bd4 i4 p4 #dab47 #bi4 ,! ,regul> ,cubic ,gr\nd-,=m4--,! gr\nd-=m ^: geometrical type is t ( a die or cube1 is actually pres5t$ 9 a v /rik+ mann] by v>i\s ,radiol>ia4 ,among ! ,,spumell>ia x occurs 9 c]ta9 ,sphroidea1 e4g41 9 ! ,a/rosphrid g5]a ,c5trocubus & ,octod5dron 7,pl4 #ah1 figs4 #a-c72 9 ^! ! c5tral m$ull>y %ell is a complete cube1 b\nd$ by six equal squ>es1 f ! eight angles ( :i* eight equal radial sp9es project4 ,?is =m c also be reg>d$ z pres5t 9 ^? ,sphroidea ^: sph]ical lattice-%ell be>s eight equal & equidi/ant radial sp9es 7_m ,a/rosphrida74 ,besides ^! ! cubic gr\nd-=m is to be se5 9 c]ta9 ,,nassell>ia ( ! family ,tympanida1 especially 9 ,li?ocubus 7,pl4 #hb1 fig4 #ab2 ,pl4 #id1 fig4 #ac71 9 _m species ( ,acrocubus1 ,microcubus1 c42 ! twelve b>s ( its lattice-skeleton correspond (t5 exactly to ! edges ( ! cube4 7,see ,g5]4 ,morphol41 ,bd4 i4 p4 #dac47 #cj4 ,! ,regul> ,tetrah$ral ,gr\nd-,=m4--,! gr\nd-=m ^: geometrical type is ! regul> tetrah$ron1 b\nd$ by f\r equilat]al triangles1 occurs less frequ5tly 9 ! ,radiol>ia ?an ! o!r f\r regul> polyh$ra4 ,among ! ,,spumell>ia x is f\nd 9 ! ,beloidea1 & especially 9 ^? memb]s ( ! ,?alassosphrida & ,sphrozoida ^: spicules be> f\r equal bran*es1 div]g+ at equal angles f a common c5tre4 ,precisely ! same /ructure is se5 also among ! ,,nassell>ia 9 "s ,plectoidea1 z 9 ,tetraplagia among ! ,plagonida1 & ,tetraplecta among ! ,plectanida4 ,! skeleton ( bo? ^! g5]a consi/s ( f\r equal rods1 :i* radiate at equal angles f a common c5tre1 j z d ! axes ( ! regul> tetrah$ron4 ,! tetrah$ral =m ( ^! ,plectoidea is ! m important & int]e/+ s9ce on ! "o h& x is relat$ to ! simil> spicul> =m ( ! ,beloidea1 & on ! o!r p]haps furni%es ! />t+ po9t f :i* ,cort9a among ! ,,nassell>ia may be d]iv$ 7,plagoniscus1 ,plectaniscus74 7,see ,g5]4 ,morphol41 ,bd4 i4 p4 #dae47 #ca4 ,! ,isopol>-,monaxon or ,phacotypic ,gr\nd-,=m4--,! isopol> uniaxial or phacotypic gr\nd-=m is *>act]is$ by ! possession ( a v]tical ma9 axis ) xvequal poles1 :il/ no transv]se axes are diff]5tiat$4 ,all horizontal planes :i* cut ! axis at "r angles are circles1 & increase 9 size f ! poles t[>ds ! equator4 ,! mo/ important gr\nd-=ms ( ?is gr\p are ! phacoid 7! l5s or oblate sph]oid7 & ! ellipsoid 7or prolate sph]oid74 ,phacoids 7or geometrical l5ses ) blunt m>g9s7 are v (t5 pres5t$ by ! c5tral capsules ( ! ,discoidea & ( _m ,,acan?>ia 7,quadrilon*ida & ,hexalaspida71 b ! lattice-%ells ( _m ,,spumell>ia & ,,acan?>ia exhibit ! same =m1 z also d a few ,,ph,,od>ia 7e4g41 ,aulophacus74 ,true geometrical ellipsoids are se5 9 ! c5tral capsules ( _m ,prunoidea among ! ,,spumell>ia1 & ( _m ,amphilon*ida & ,belonaspida among ! ,,acan?>ia4 ,fur!rmore1 ! lattice %ells ( _m species ( ^! gr\ps reta9 ! same ess5tial =m1 e4g41 _m ,ellipsida1 ,druppulida1 & ,spongurida 7,pls4 #ac-ag1 & #ci71 z well z mo/ ,belonaspida4 7,see ,g5]4 ,morphol41 ,bd4 i4 p4 #dbb47 #cb4 ,allopol>-,monaxon or ,conotypic ,gr\nd-,=m4--,! allopol> uniaxial or conotypic gr\nd-=m is *>act]is$ by ! possession ( a v]tical ma9 axis ^: two poles are unlike1 :ile no transv]se axes are diff]5tiat$4 ,all horizontal planes cutt+ ! ma9 axis at "r angles are circles1 & decrease m rapidly f ! l>ge/ plane t[>ds ! basal ?an t[>ds ! apical pole4 ,! mo/ important gr\nd-=ms ( ?is gr\p are ! ovoid1 ! cone1 & ! hemisph]e4 ,!y (t5 occur 7& 9 geometrical p]fection7 9 ! egg-%ap$ c5tral capsule & podoconus ( ! ,,nassell>ia1 z well z 9 ! %ells ( sev]al gr\ps ( ?is legion1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,cyrtocalpida or ,monocyrtida eradiata 7,pl4 #ea1 figs4 #aj-ac71 & 9 _m ,/i*ocyrtida eradiata2 fur!rmore1 !y are also se5 among ! ,,ph,,od>ia1 e4g41 c]ta9 ,*all5g]ida 7,pl4 #ii1 figs4 #ai-bb74 7,see ,g5]4 ,morphol41 ,bd4 i4 p4 #dbf47 #cc4 ,! ,regul> ,dipyramidal or ,quadrilon*ial ,gr\nd-,=m4--,! gr\nd-=ms ^: geometrical type is ! regul> d\ble pyramid are *>act]is$ by a v]tical ma9 axis :i* possesses equal poles1 & :i* is cross$ at its c5tre by sev]al equal transv]se axes4 ,! horizontal equatorial plane is !re=e a regul> polygon1 & divides ! body into two equal regul> pyramids4 ,! simple/ & commone/ =m ( ?is gr\p is ! quadratic octah$ron1 ! gr\nd-=m ( ! quadratic cry/allographic sy/em2 its equatorial plane is a squ>e4 ,?is regul> dipyramidal gr\nd-=m occurs among ! ,,spumell>ia 9 ! %ells ( ! ,/aurosphrida z well z ( _m ,discoidea1 9 :i* sev]al equidi/ant radial sp9es or arms lie 9 ! quadratic equatorial plane ( ! body1 & project f ! m>g9 ( ! l5ticul> disc 7e4g41 ,se?o/aurus1 ,pl4 #ca2 ,hi/ia/rum1 ,pl4 #df1 c474 ,x is1 h[ev]1 among ! ,,acan?>ia t ! mo/ important "p is play$ by ?is gr\nd-=m 7& especially by ! quadratic octah$ron72 x =ms ! basis ( all ^? ,acan?ometra & ,acan?ophracta 9 :i* tw5ty radial sp9es are dispos$ accord+ to ! ,mll]ian ,law1 & 9 :i* xvi! f\r equatorial sp9es are ( equal dim5sions 7,icosacan?a74 7,see ,g5]4 ,morphol41 ,bd4 i4 p4 #dcf-ddf47 #cd4 ,! ,amphi!ct ,dipyramidal or ,l5telliptical ,gr\nd-,=ms4--,! gr\nd-=ms ^: geometrical type is ! l5ticul> or triaxial ellipsoid1 may also be designat$ amphi!ct d\ble pyramids2 !y are *>act]is$ by ! possession ( a v]tical ma9 axis :i* has simil> poles1 & is cross$ at its middle by two transv]se axes1 unequal b isopol>4 ,! horizontal equatorial plane ( ! body is !re=e an amphi!ct or elongat$ polygon 7a rhombus 9 ! simple/ case possible71 & divides ! :ole body into two equal amphi!ct pyramids4 ,! simple/ & commone/ =m ( ?is gr\p is ! rhombic octah$ron1 :i* is also ! gr\nd-=m ( ! rhombic cry/allographic sy/em4 ,x plays an important "p 9 ^? ,,acan?>ia 9 :i* tw5ty radial sp9es are dispos$ accord+ to ! ,mll]ian ,law1 b 9 :i* ! two pairs ( equatorial sp9es are unequal 7diff]5t geotomical & hydrotomical axes1 see p4 #gai72 to ?is category belong ! ,amphilon*ida 7,pl4 #acb71 ,belonaspida 7,pl4 #acf71 ,hexalaspida 7,pl4 #aci71 & ,diploconida 7,pl4 #adj74 ,a =m ess5tially id5tical obta9s also among ! ,,spumell>ia 9 ! majority ( ! ,l>coidea1 bo? 9 _! triaxial lattice-%ells1 & 9 _! l5telliptical c5tral capsules1 :i* pres5t geometrically accurate triaxial ellipsoids1 ) ?ree unequal isopol> axes at "r angles to ea* o!r4 7,see ,g5]4 ,morphol41 ,bd4 i4 p4 #ddf-deb47 #ce4 ,! ,regul> ,pyramidal ,gr\nd-,=ms4--,! gr\nd-=ms ^: geometrical type is ! regul> pyramid1 & :i* are ! mo/ conspicu\s 9 ! ,m$us1 ,polyps1 ,corals1 & regul> ,e*9od]ms 7! ,radiata ( e>li] au?ors71 are almo/ conf9$ among ! ,radiol>ia to ! legion ,,nassell>ia2 !y occur1 h[ev]1 9 ! great majority ( ^!1 & especially 9 ^? families :i* may be class$ toge!r z ,cyrtoidea triradiata et multiradiata4 ,/rictly speak+1 h[ev]1 almo/ all ^! ,,nassell>ia1 at all ev5ts 9 _! orig91 are bilat]al or dipleuric1 s9ce ! prim>y sagittal r+ ) its *>act]i/ic apophyses m>ks out ! sagittal m$ian plane1 & fur!r1 s9ce ! ?ree feet ( ! basal tripod are usually divid$ into an unpair$ dorsal 7pes caudalis7 & two pair$ v5tral or lat]al 7p$es pectorales1 dext] et s9i/]74 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is notewor?y1 fir/ly1 t among ! primitive ,plectoidea !re are p]fectly regul> radial =ms1 )\t any indication ( an orig9al bilat]al symmetry1 & secondly1 t simil> =ms are also v common among ! ,cyrtoidea1 probably z second>y radial =ms1 develop$ f primitive bilat]al ones4 ,simil> cases also occur 9 c]ta9 ,,ph,,od>ia 7e4g41 ! ,m$usettida & ,tusc>orida1 ,pls4 #ajj1 #abj71 b !y are entirely want+ among ! ,,acan?>ia & ,,spumell>ia4 ,! multiradial ,,nassell>ia h aris5 f ! triradial by ! int]polation ( ?ree1 six1 n9e1 or m int]radial & adradial second>y apophyses betwe5 ! ?ree prim>y p]radial ones4 7,see ,g5]4 ,morphol41 ,bd4 i4 pp4 #dei-hgd47 xvii#cf4 ,! ,amphi!ct ,pyramidal ,gr\nd-,=ms4--,! gr\nd-=ms ^: geometrical type is ! amphi!ct pyramid1 are di/+ui%$ f ! regul> pyramidal =ms1 j discuss$1 *iefly by ! =m ( ! basal plane1 :i* is n a regul>1 b an amphi!ct or elongat$ polygon 79 ! simple/ case a rhombus74 ,h5ce 9 ?is case ! allopol> ma9 axis ( ! body is cross$ by two transv]se axes :i* are isopol> & at "r angles1 b are unequal2 !y _c1 h[ev] be di/+ui%$ z sagittal & frontal axes z is ! case 9 ! zeugites4 ,9 ! animal z well z 9 ! vegetable k+dom1 an important "p is play$ by ?is gr\nd-=m1 e4g41 9 ! ,ct5ophora1 :]e x is ! rhombic pyramid4 ,among ! ,radiol>ia x is n common1 ?\gh x is cle>ly express$ among ! ,,nassell>ia 9 a numb] ( ,/ephoidea 7,/ephanida & ,tympanida71 z well z 9 _m ,spyroidea 7e4g41 ! bip$al ,zygospirida74 ,x is v accurately develop$ among ! ,,ph,,od>ia 9 ! bivalv$ ,phocon*ia 7,pls4 #aba-abh71 :]e ! two valves ( ! %ell 7dorsal & v5tral7 are g5]ally exactly alike1 _! m$ian keels correspond+ to ! poles ( ! sagittal axis4 ,9 ! slit betwe5 ! two valves lie ! two second>y op5+s 7"r & left7 ( ! tripylean c5tral capsule1 correspond+ to ! two poles ( ! frontal axis1 & ! ma9 axis /&s p]p5dicul>ly to bo? ^!1 its oral pole be+ indicat$ by ! a/ropyle1 or pr9cipal ap]ture4 7,see ,g5]4 ,morphol41 ,bd4 i4 pp4 #dgi-did47 #cg4 ,! ,amphipleural ,gr\nd-,=ms4--,by ! t]m amphipleural gr\nd-=ms are to be und]/ood ^? usually def9$ z bilat]ally radial2 _! geometrical type is a half amphi!ct pyramid4 ,! be/ kn[n examples ( ?is =m 9 ! animal k+dom are ! bilat]al five-ray$ ,e*9od]ms 7,spatangus1 ,clypea/]71 9 ! vegetable k+dom ! symmetrical five-ray$ fl[]s 7,viola1 ,trifolium74 ,! ?ree dim5sive axes h ! same relation z 9 ! zygopleura1 to be next discuss$1 & :i* also resemble !m 9 be+ divisible only by "o plane 7! sagittal m$ian plane7 into two equal halves4 ,!y diff]1 h[ev]1 ! amphipleural body n be+ made up ( two antim]es1 b ( at lea/ ?ree pairs ( antim]es 7or ?ree p>am]es71 be+ !re=e primitively radial4 ,h5ce ea* ( ! symmetrical halves ( ! body conta9s m ?an "o antim]e4 ,among ! ,radiol>ia ?is =m does n occur 9 ! ,,spumell>ia1 ,,acan?>ia1 or ,,ph,,od>ia2 x is v common1 h[ev]1 among ! ,,nassell>ia2 _m ,cyrtoidea multiradiata & ,spyroidea multiradiata %[ ?is bilat]ally radial gr\nd-=m1 inasmu* z ! body consi/s ( two symmetrical halves1 & is also compos$ ( num]\s 7usually ?ree1 six1 n9e1 or m7 radial p>am]es4 ,9 ! multiradiate ,dicyrtida & ,tricyrtida ! cephalis 7! fir/ jo9t7 is usually bilat]al1 :il/ ! ?orax 7! second jo9t7 is multiradial4 7,see ,g5]4 ,morphol41 ,bd4 i4 pp4 #die-ejf47 #ch4 ,! ,zygopleural ,gr\nd-,=ms4--,z zygopleural or dipleural gr\nd-=ms1 z oppos$ to ! amphipleural1 are class$ ^? zeugites or c5troplana :i* are kn[n xviiiz bilat]ally symmetrical 9 ! /ricte/ s5se ( ! t]m4 ,?is is ! mo/ important gr\nd-=m 9 ! animal k+dom1 inasmu* z x obta9s almo/ exclusively among ! high] animals 7,v]tebrata1 ,articulata1 ,mollusca1 ,v]mes74 ,! body consi/s ( only two antim]es1 :i* correspond to ! two symmetrical halves ( ! body4 ,( ! ?ree dim5sive axes two are allopol>1 "o isopol>2 ! oral pole ( ! longitud9al ma9 axis is diff]5t f ! aboral2 ! dorsal pole ( ! sagittal axis is diff]5t f ! v5tral2 b ! "r pole ( ! frontal axis is equal to ! left4 ,! "r antim]e is usually precisely simil> to ! left 7,eudipleura71 m r>ely x is slightly dissimil> or asymmetrical 7,dysdipleura74 ,among ! ,radiol>ia ?is gr\nd-=m is entirely want+ 9 ! ,porulosa or ,holotrypa/a 7,,spumell>ia & ,,acan?>ia71 b on ! contr>y x is v common 9 ! ,osculosa or ,m]otrypa/a 7,,nassell>ia & ,,ph,,od>ia74 ,9 ! ,,nassell>ia x is ( special importance1 = ! typical ,cort9a 7! comb9ation ( ! prim>y sagittal r+ ) ! basal tripod7 exhibits ! zygopleural gr\nd-=m cle>ly sket*$ out2 inde$ x is usually cle>ly se5 ev5 9 ! sagittal r+ itself1 = its v5tral segm5t is m /rongly curv$ ?an ! dorsal2 its basal 7or oral7 pole is always diff]5t f ! apical 7or aboral74 ,( ! ?ree feet ( ! basal tripod ! unpair$ 7caudal7 "o is direct$ dorsally & backw>ds1 ! two pair$ 7pectoral7 ones v5trally & =w>ds4 ,! majority ( ! ,,nassell>ia may be reg>d$ z modifications ( ?is orig9al gr\nd-=m4 ,its relation to ! primitively triradiate tripod pres5ts a /ill unsolv$ problem1 & ! num]\s relations ( ! zygopleural to ! multiradiate gr\nd-=ms 9 ! ,,nassell>ia are exce$+ly complicat$4 ,! zygopleural gr\nd-=m is less widely di/ribut$ among ! ,,ph,,od>ia1 ?\gh x is v *>act]i/ically develop$ 9 ! ri* & v>i$ gr\p ( ,*all5g]ida 7,pl4 #ii74 7,see ,g5]4 ,morphol41 ,bd4 i4 pp4 #ejg-ebg47 #ci4 ,synopsis ( ! ,geometrical ,gr\nd-,=ms3-- ,pr9cipal ,gr\ps ( ,gr\nd-,=ms4 ,subsidi>y ,gr\ps ( ,gr\nd-,=ms4 ,geometrical ,type4 ,examples4 ,i4 ,,c5tro/igma4 ,! geometrical c5tre ( ! body is a po9t4 ,ma9 axis want+4 -,i4 ,,homaxonia4 ,all axes equal4 -#a4 ,sph]e1 ,c5tral capsule ( ! ,sphroidea & ( _m ,,acan?>ia4 -,,ii4 ,,polyaxonia4 ,endosph]ical polyh$ra4 ,all ! angles ( ! body lie on ! surface ( a sph]e4 ,num]\s isopol> axes4 -#b4 ,endosph]ical polyh$ron1 ,lattice-sph]es ( ! ,sphroidea1 ,sphrophracta1 & ,phosphria4 -#c4 ,icosah$ron1 ,circogonia4 -#d4 ,dodecah$ron1 ,circorrhegma4 -#e4 ,octah$ron1 ,cubosphrida1 ,circoporus4 -#f4 ,cube1 ,c5trocubus1 ,li?ocubus1 c4 -#g4 ,tetrah$ron1 ,tetraplagia1 ,tetraplecta1 c4 ,,ii4 ,,c5traxonia4 xix ,! geometrical c5tre ( ! body is a /raight l9e 7! v]tical ma9 axis74 ,con/ant transv]se axes 7p]p5dicul> to ! ma9 axis7 are want+ 9 ! ,monaxonia 7:i* h circul> transv]se sections72 on ! contr>y !y are diff]5tiat$ 9 ! ,/auraxonia 7:i* h polygonal transv]se sections74 -,,iii4 ,,monaxonia4 ,uniaxial gr\nd-=ms or c5traxonia )\t transv]se axes4 ,! transv]se planes 7p]p5dicul> to ! ma9 axis7 are circles4 -#h4 ,monaxonia isopola4 7,sph]oids & ellipsoids2 bo? poles ( ! ma9 axis simil>47 ,c5tral capsule & lattice-%ell ( ( _m ,discoidea 7l5ses7 & ,prunoidea 7ellipsoids71 ,belonaspida1 c4 -#i4 ,monaxonia allopola4 7,cone1 ovoid & hemisph]e2 ! two poles ( ! axis dissimil>47 ,c5tral capsule & lattice-%ell ( _m ,,nassell>ia1 especially ! ,cyrtoidea eradiata 7,cyrtocalpida1 c474 -,,iv4 ,,/auraxonia4 ,pyramidal gr\nd-=ms or c5traxonia ) transv]se axes4 ,! transv]se planes 7p]p5dicul> to ! ma9 axis7 are ei!r regul> or amphi!ct polygons4 -#aj4 ,dipyramides regul>es4 7,quadratic octah$ron1 or quadrilon*ial =ms & regul> d\ble pyramids47 ,,acan?>ia ) tw5ty radial sp9es1 ! f\r equatorial be+ equal4 ,multiradial ,discoidea & ,/aurosphrida4 -#aa4 ,dipyramides amphi!ct4 7,rhombic octah$ron1 l5tellipsoid1 & amphi!ct d\ble pyramids47 ,,acan?>ia ) tw5ty radial sp9es1 ^: f\r equatorial sp9es are unequal b pair$4 ,_m ,l>coidea4 -#ab4 ,pyramides regul>es4 7,regul> pyramids47 ,_m ,,nassell>ia 7triradial & multiradial74 ,m$usettida & ,tusc>orida4 -#ac4 ,pyramides amphi!ct4 7,rhombic pyramids47 ,phocon*ia4 ,bip$al ,spyroidea & ,/ephoidea4 ,,iii4 ,,c5troplana4 ,! geometrical c5tre ( ! body is a plane 7! sagittal plane74 ,con/ant transv]se axes 7p]p5dicul> to ! ma9 axis7 are want+ 9 ! ,monaxonia 7:i* h circul> transv]se sections72 on ! contr>y !y are diff]5tiat$ 9 ! ,/auraxonia 7:i* h polygonal transv]se sections74 -,v4 ,,bilat]alia 7or ,,zeugita74 ,bilat]al =ms 9 ! g5]al s5se1 ) "r & left halves4 -#ad4 ,amphipleura 7,bilat]ally radial gr\nd-=m47 ,_m ,cyrtoidea & ,spyroidea multiradiata4 -#ae4 ,zygopleura4 7,bilat]ally symmetrical gr\nd-=m47 ,mo/ ,,nassell>ia 7primitively at lea/71 _m ,*all5g]ida4 ,,iv4 ,,ac5tra4 ,!re is no geometrical c5tre4 -,,vi4 ,,anaxonia4 ,no def9ite axes c be det]m9$4 -#af4 ,irregul>ia4 7,absolutely irregul> gr\nd-=ms47 ,colloda/rum1 ,collosphra1 ,phorticida1 ,soreumida4 #dj4 ,me*anical ,causes ( ! ,geometrical ,gr\nd-,=ms4--,! great v>iety ( gr\nd-=ms exhibit$ by ! ,radiol>ia is ( special int]e/1 s9ce 9 mo/ in/ances _! causes admit ( recognition1 & s9ce !y are s intimately relat$ to ea* o!r t ev5 9 ! rema9+ cases ! assumption t !y h aris5 by purely me*anical caus effici5tes seems ju/ifi$4 ,9 ?is respect ! fir/ rank is tak5 by /atical conditions1 especially ! indiff]5t or /able equilibrium ( ! :ole organism1 :i* floats freely 9 ! wat]4 ,) reg>d to ^! fundam5tal /atical relations1 ?ree pr9cipal gr\ps ( gr\nd-=ms may be di/+ui%$1 panto/atic1 poly/atic1 & mono/atic4 #da4 ,panto/atic ,gr\nd-,=ms4--,by panto/atic or indiff]5tly /able gr\nd-=ms are meant ^? 9 :i* ! c5tre ( gravity co9cides ) ! c5tre ( ! body1 s t !y are 9 equilibrium 9 any giv5 position4 ,/rictly speak+1 ! only =m :i* possesses p]fectly indiff]5t equilibrium is ! sph]e1 t be+ ! only truly homaxon & p]fectly regul> =m4 ,nev]!less1 9 a some:at wid] s5se _m ,polyaxonia1 especially ! endosph]ical polyh$ra ) v num]\s sides1 may be xxinclud$ 9 ?is category4 ,su* indiff]5tly /able bodies are f\nd among ! ,,spumell>ia 9 _m ,collod>ia & ,sphroidea1 z well z 9 ! ,a/rolophida among ! ,,acan?>ia4 ,on ! contr>y !y are entirely want+ among ! ,,nassell>ia & ,,ph,,od>ia1 s9ce _! c5tral capsule con/antly pres5ts a ma9 axis ) a diff]5tiat$ basal pole1 & det]m9es ! position ( /able equilibrium4 #db4 ,poly/atic ,gr\nd-,=ms4--,^? gr\nd =ms are def9$ z poly/atic or multi/able 9 :i* ! body is 9 equilibrium 9 sev]al diff]5t positions 7?\gh n 9 an inf9ite numb]74 ,! numb] ( ^! positions is usually twice z _m z t ( ! con/ant equal isopol> axes exhibit$ by ! =m4 ,h5ce ! regul> polyh$ra h z _m positions ( equilibrium z !y h angles or sides1 ! icosah$ron tw5ty1 dodecah$ron twelve1 octah$ron eight1 cube six1 tetrah$ron f\r4 ,! isopol> monaxon gr\nd-=ms 7l5s1 ellipsoid1 cyl9d]7 & ! diplopyramidal gr\nd =ms 7quadrilon*ial & l5telliptical7 h two positions ( /able equilibrium1 s9ce ! two poles ( ! v]tical axis are equal & simil> & ! body is divid$ into equal halves by ! equatorial plane4 ,?is is ! case 9 _m ,,spumell>ia 7especially ,discoidea1 ,prunoidea1 & ,l>coidea71 z well z 9 ! great majority ( ,,acan?>ia4 ,p]haps ! same holds good also 9 c]ta9 ,,nassell>ia 7e4g41 isopol> ,tympanida7 & ,,ph,,od>ia 7e4g41 isopol> ,phosphria71 ?\gh "h uni/able equilibrium appe>s to be necessitat$ by ! con/ant ma9 axis ( ! c5tral capsule & ! diff]5tiat$ basal pole ( ! ma9 axis4 #dc4 ,mono/atic ,gr\nd-,=ms4--,^? gr\nd-=ms are class$ z mono/atic or uni/able 9 :i* ! body is 9 equilibrium only 9 "o position1 s9ce ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! body lies 9 a con/ant v]tical axis bel[ its c5tre4 ,?is fix$ position is only r>ely & exceptionally f\nd among ! ,,spumell>ia 7e4g41 9 ,xipho/ylus1 ,sphro/ylus1 ,li?omespilus1 ,li?apium7 & among ! ,,acan?>ia 7e4g41 9 ,zygo/aurus & ,amphibelone74 ,on ! contr>y x is q usual among ! ,,nassell>ia & ,,ph,,od>ia 7) b few exceptions72 = "h a v]tical ma9 axis1 ) a diff]5tiat$ basal pole1 is det]m9$ ev5 by ! =mation ( ! c5tral capsule1 & usually also by ! correspond+ /ructure ( ! skeleton4 ,among ! ,,nassell>ia ?is basal pole1 ) ! poro*ora ( ! c5tral capsule1 appe>s always to be ! l[]2 z also 9 mo/ ,phogromia among ! ,,ph,,od>ia4 ,9 ! peculi> bivalv$ ,phocon*ia1 on ! o!r h&1 ! basal pole ) ! cannopyle is direct$ upw>ds2 z also 9 ! ,*all5g]ida & ,tusc>orida4 ,! ,phosphria & ,phocy/9a are probably to a l>ge ext5t poly/atic4 ,9 g5]al uni/able equilibrium may be assum$ 9 ! foll[+ categories ( gr\nd-=ms3--7#a7 ,allopol> monaxon 7conical & ovoid72 7#b7 pyramidal 7regul> & amphi!ct72 7#c7 ,c5troplana 7amphipleura & zygopleura72 7#d7 ,anaxonia4 xxi#dd4 ,pr9cipal ,axes4--,f ! =ego+ consid]ation ( ! /atical conditions & _! direct causal connection ) ! geometrical gr\nd-=ms ( ! ,radiol>ia1 ! great me*anical significance ( ! diff]5tiation ( def9ite axes 9 ^! unicellul> free-swimm+ organisms w be manife/4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! is ! prim>y ma9 axis 7axis pr9cipalis1 or protaxon71 :i* 9 all cases has a v]tical direction4 ,x is want+ 9 ! ,c5tro/igma 7sph]es & endosph]ical polyh$ra71 & 9 ! ,anaxonia 7ac5tra74 ,x is isopol> 9 ! phacotypic =ms 7,monaxonia isopola71 & 9 ! d\ble pyramids 7,/auraxonia isopola74 ,x is allopol> 9 all mona/atic gr\nd-=ms1 9 ! conotypic =ms 7,monaxonia allopola71 pyramids 7,/auraxonia allopola71 & ! ,c5troplana 7or bilat]al =ms74 #de4 ,second>y or ,transv]se ,axes4--,9 contra/ to ! v]tical ma9 axis all ! o!r con/ant axes diff]5tiat$ 9 ! body may be call$ second>y axes1 or transv]se axes1 s9ce !y cross ! =m] at def9ite po9ts4 ,all gr\nd-=ms ^: v]tical axis is cross$ by a fix$ numb] ( su* axes at def9ite angles may be call$ ,/auraxonia4 ,!y are divid$ into two gr\ps1 d\ble pyramids & s+le pyramids2 9 ! =m] ! two poles ( ! ma9 axis 7or ! two halves ( ! body sep>at$ by ! equatorial plane7 are simil> 7,/auraxonia homopola71 9 ! latt] dissimil> 7,/auraxonia het]opola74 ,if all ! second>y axes be equal1 ! /auraxon gr\nd-=m is regul>ly radial4 ,if "s ( !m be unequal !y are arrang$ 9 c]ta9 relations t[>ds two prim>y transv]se axes1 p]p5dicul> to ea* o!r1 to :i* all ! o!r second>y axes are subsidi>y2 ! gr\nd-=ms are !n ei!r amphi!ct or bilat]al4 ,! two prim>y transv]se axes1 :i* may also be designat$ ideal transv]se axes 7eu?yni71 divide ! v]tical ma9 axis 9 its c5tre2 "o ( !m is ! sagittal1 ! o!r ! frontal4 ,^! ?ree dim5sive axes give ! factors :i* accurately det]m9e ! gr\nd-=m & ! dim5sions 9 mo/ ,radiol>ia2 ! v]tical ma9 axis det]m9es ! l5g? 7pr9cipal axis72 "o horizontal transv]se axis det]m9es ! ?ickness 7sagittal axis71 & ! o!r ! bread? 7frontal axis74 ,^? gr\nd-=ms 9 :i* ! transv]se axes are isopol> are t]m$ amphi!ct1 & ^? 9 :i* ! "o 7frontal or lat]al7 is isopol> & ! o!r 7sagittal or dorso-v5tral7 is allopol>1 are t]m$ bilat]al1 or bett] zeugitic4 #df4 ,prim>y & ,second>y ,gr\nd-,=ms4--,! geometrical sph]e mu/ be reg>d$ z ! orig9al gr\nd-=m ( ! ,radiol>ia2 x be+ und]/ood t its monophyletic d]ivation f a s+le /em-=m1 ,actissa1 is correct4 ,! simple/ =ms ( ,actissa 7,procytt>ium1 ,pl4 #a1 fig4 #a7 are 9 fact geometrically p]fect sph]es2 inde$ ev5 ! individual p>ts :i* compose _! unicellul> bodies 7nucleolus1 nucleus1 c5tral capsule & calymma7 are conc5tric sph]es4 ,b 9 addition ! c5tral capsules ( mo/ o!r ,,spumell>ia1 especially ! ,sphroidea1 z well z ( _m ,,acan?>ia xxiiare true sph]es4 ,fur!rmore ! simple or conc5trically compos$ lattice-sph]es ( ,sphroidea1 ,sphrophracta1 & ,phosphria may be reg>d$ z sph]es1 al?\gh /rictly speak+ !y are endosph]ical polyh$ra4 ,f ! prim>y sph]ical =m ( ! ,radiol>ia all o!r second>y =ms may be d]iv$ 9 ! foll[+ ord]3--#a4 ,by ! developm5t ( a ma9 axis ! ,monaxonia arise4 #b4 ,by ! developm5t ( transv]se axes ! ,/auraxonia arise4 #c4 ,9 bo? gr\ps 7,monaxonia & ,/auraxonia7 ! two poles 7or upp] & l[] halves ( ! body7 are at fir/ simil> 7,isopola74 #d4 ,by diff]5tiation 9 ! two poles or halves ( ! body 7di/9ction betwe5 ! basal pole & ! apical7 ! =ms ) diff]5t poles 7,allopola7 arise4 #e4 ,! transv]se axes ( ! ,/auraxonia are at fir/ equal 7regul> pyramids & d\ble pyramids74 #f4 ,by diff]5tiation 9 ! transv]se axes 7di/9ction betwe5 ! sagittal & ! frontal axis7 ! amphi!ct pyramids & d\ble pyramids arise4 #g4 ,f ! amphi!ct pyramids ! ,amphipleura arise by diff]5tiation ( bo? poles ( ! sagittal axis4 #h4 ,! zygopleural gr\nd-=m appe>s la/1 z ! simple/ =m ( ! ,amphipleura4 #dg4 ,! ,gr\nd-,=ms ( ! ,spumell>ia4--,! ,,spumell>ia1 be+ ! olde/ & mo/ primitive ,radiol>ia1 h = ! mo/ "p ei!r indiff]5t or multi/able equilibrium2 e4g41 all ,colloidea & ,beloidea :i* h a sph]ical c5tral capsule1 & also mo/ ,sphroidea4 ,among ^! primitive ,c5tro/igma true sph]es & endosph]ical polyh$ra are repres5t$ 9 ! utmo/ v>iety1 & ! regul> polyh$ra 9 p>ticul>4 ,by ! developm5t ( a v]tical ma9 axis ^! ,c5tro/igma h also giv5 rise to v num]\s ,c5traxonia1 :i* are usually isopol>1 v r>ely allopol>4 ,sometimes !y are ,monaxonia 7circul> 9 transv]se section71 sometimes ,/auraxonia 7polygonal 9 transv]se section74 ,! v]tical ma9 axis is long] 9 ! ,prunoidea1 %ort] 9 ! ,discoidea ?an any ( ! o!r axes4 ,! ,l>coidea are di/+ui%$ by _! l5telliptical or triaxial ellipsoid =m2 ! ?ree diff]5t b isopol> axes correspond+ ) ^? ( ! rhombic octah$ron2 b ev5 among ! ,sphroidea1 ,prunoidea1 & ,discoidea1 ?is =m is sometimes produc$ by ! diff]5tiation ( two diff]5t transv]se axes at "r angles to ea* o!r4 ,:il/ ^! gr\nd-=ms 7,c5traxonia & ,c5tro/igma7 occur 9 ! utmo/ v>iety among ! ,,spumell>ia1 ! c5troplan> 7or true bilat]al7 gr\nd-=m is entirely want+4 #dh4 ,! ,gr\nd-,=ms ( ,acan?>ia4--,9 ! small family ,a/rolophida1 :i* conta9s ! mo/ ar*aic =ms ( ! legion 7,act9elius1 ,a/rolophus71 ! ,,acan?>ia %[ a direct relation to ! mo/ primitive ,,spumell>ia 7,actissa71 & l ^! h indiff]5t equilibrium2 _! c5tral capsule is a sph]e1 _! calymma an endosph]ical polyh$ron1 ^: angles are indicat$ by ! di/al ends ( ! num]\s xxiiiequal radial sp9es4 ,9 ! great majority ( ,,acan?>ia1 h[ev] 7all ,acan?onida & ,acan?ophracta71 tw5ty radial sp9es are pres5t1 regul>ly di/ribut$1 accord+ to ,mll]'s icosacan?an law1 9 five p>allel circles1 ea* conta9+ f\r cross$ sp9es 7p4 #gag74 ,usually ! tw5ty sp9es are equal1 & ! gr\nd-=m is ! quadratic octah$ron1 or a regul> d\ble pyramid ) sixte5 sides4 ,b 9 "s gr\ps 7! ,amphilon*ida & ,prunophracta7 two opposite equatorial sp9es are mu* m /rongly develop$ ?an ! o!r eighte51 & !re=e ! hydrotomical axis 9 ! equatorial plane is l>g] ?an ! geotomical axis 7p4 #gai72 ! isopol> /auraxonian =m passes ov] into ! allopol>1 & ! gr\nd-=m becomes ! rhombic octah$ron or ! amphi!ct d\ble pyramid 7comp>e #cc & #cd1 & p4 #gbj74 ,! c5troplan> gr\nd-=m is entirely want+ 9 ! ,,acan?>ia4 #di4 ,! ,gr\nd-,=ms ( ! ,nassell>ia4--,! ,,nassell>ia all possess mono/atic gr\nd-=ms1 inasmu* z by ! v /ructure ( _! monopylean c5tral capsule a v]tical ma9 axis is necessitat$1 ^: basal pole occupies ! poro*ora4 ,! same arrangem5t is also = ! mo/ "p cle>ly recognisable 9 ! correspond+ /ructure ( ! skeleton1 :i* is g5]ally ei!r c5traxon or c5troplan>4 ,among _! manifold skeletal =ms diff]5t l>g] gr\ps ( gr\nd-=ms may be recognis$ accord+ z ! v]tical allopol> ma9 axis is cross$ by diff]5tiat$ transv]se axes or n 7,/auraxonia or ,monaxonia72 ! =m] are ei!r triradial or multiradial4 ,! triradial1 ) ?ree lat]al or t]m9al radial apophyses1 con/itute ! great] "p ( ! ,,nassell>ia1 & h probably be5 d]iv$ orig9ally f ! triradial ,plectoidea 7,triplagia1 ,triplecta72 a m c>eful exam9ation1 h[ev] 7especially ) ref]5ce to ! /ructure ( ! cort9> septum71 reveals ! fact t ! gr\nd-=m is n /rictly regul>ly pyramidal 7) ?ree equal radii71 b amphipleural 7) two pair$ v5tral & "o unpair$ dorsal radius71 & t x usually passes ov] into a di/9ctly zygopleural =m4 ,! same holds true ( ! multiradial ,,nassell>ia1 :]e = ! mo/ "p ?ree int]radial or six adradial 7sometimes m7 apophyses are int]calat$ betwe5 ! ?ree prim>y p]radial ones2 sometimes "h also ! gr\nd-=m is a q regul> hexagonal or nonagonal pyramid1 b usually x is m or less amphi!ct or amphipleural4 ,among ! eradial ,,nassell>ia1 :i* h no radial apophyses1 ! gr\nd-=m is sometimes allopol> monaxon 7conical1 ovoid1 hemisph]ical1 c471 sometimes amphi!ct pyramidal 7ev5 9 ! simple/ ,/ephanida1 ,ar*icircus1 c471 or sometimes di/9ctly zygopleural or bilat]al 7_m ,plectell>ia74 #ej4 ,! ,gr\nd-,=ms ( ! ,phod>ia4--,! ,,ph,,od>ia agree ) ! ,,nassell>ia 9 ! possession ( a primitively c5traxon gr\nd-=m1 & l !m are mono/atic1 s9ce a v]tical ma9 axis ^: basal pole passes ?r\gh ! a/ropyle is pres5t1 ow+ to ! *>act]i/ic /ructure ( _! cannopylean c5tral capsule4 ,9 xxiv! great majority ( ,,ph,,od>ia ! sph]oidal c5tral capsule also possesses a pair ( p>apyl ne> ! opposite apical pole ( ! ma9 axis 7,tripylea71 & ^! det]m9e 7z ! "r & left second>y op5+s7 an isopol> frontal axis4 ,h5ce1 /rictly speak+1 9 mo/ ,,ph,,od>ia ! c5tral capsule has ! geometrical gr\nd-=m ( ! amphi!ct pyramid 7z 9 ! ,ct5ophora71 ) an allopol> v]tical ma9 axis1 & two unequal1 b isopol>1 horizontal transv]se axes4 ,9 _m ,,ph,,od>ia ! skeleton also has ?is amphi!ct pyramidal gr\nd-=m1 e4g41 ! bivalv$ ,phocon*ia & "p ( ! ,phogromia4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 ! re/ ( ! ,,ph,,od>ia ! skeleton exhibits v v>i\s geometrical gr\nd-=ms1 indep5d5t ( t ( ! c5tral capsule4 ,9 ! ,phosphria x =ms pref]ably sph]es or endosph]ical polyh$ra1 z also 9 ! ,ca/anellida & ,circoporida among ! ,phogromia2 among ! ,circoporida !re are also se5 ) rem>kable di/9ctness ! regul> polyh$ra 7especially ! dodecah$ron & icosah$ron74 ,isopol> monaxonia are f\nd among ! ,aulosphrida 7,aulatractus7 & ,orosphrida2 allopol> monaxonia among ! ,*all5g]ida 7,li?ogromia74 ,! ,m$usettida & ,tusc>orida %[ v>i\s =ms ( regul> pyramids 7allopol> ,/auraxonia72 & f9ally1 ! ,*all5g]ida are = ! mo/ "p c5troplan> or bilat]al4 ,?us ! ,,ph,,od>ia pres5t a great weal? ( diff]5t geometrical gr\nd-=ms 9 ! developm5t ( _! skeleton1 n 9 t ( _! c5tral capsule4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4--,,! ,,c5tral ,,capsule4 #ea4 ,compon5ts ( ! ,c5tral ,capsule4--,9 all ,radiol>ia )\t exception1 at "s p]iod ( life or o!r1 ! c5tral portion ( ! s(t body is sep>at$ f ! p]iph]al portion by an indep5d5t1 anatomically recognisable membrane2 ?is membrane ) all its cont5ts is designat$ ! c5tral capsule1 & is ! peculi> c5tral organ ( ! unicellul> body1 :i* di/+ui%es ! ,radiol>ia mo/ cle>ly f ! o!r ,rhizopoda4 ,9 ! great majority ( ! ,radiol>ia ! volume ( ! c5tral capsule is less ?an t ( ! surr\nd+ p]iph]al s(t body :i* we place 9 opposition to x z extracapsulum4 ,! capsule-membrane1 :i* sep>ates ^! two con/itu5ts1 arises v e>ly 9 mo/ ,radiol>ia1 & p]si/s ?r\gh\t _! :ole life4 ,9 "s species1 h[ev]1 ! membrane only appe>s lat]1 imm$iately be=e ! =mation ( ! spores1 & h5ce is abs5t = a consid]able p]iod4 ,reg>d$ z a :ole1 !n1 ! capsule consi/s ( ! foll[+ p>ts3--7#a7 ! capsule-membrane2 7#b7 ! enclos$ endoplasm1 or intracapsul> protoplasm2 7#c7 ! nucleus4 ,b 9 addition1 _m o!r non-ess5tial /ructures may be enclos$ 9 ! c5tral capsule1 especially hyal9e sph]es 7vacuoles71 fatty sph]es1 pigm5t granules1 cry/als1 c4 ,! c5tral capsule 0 fir/ describ$ 9 my ,monograph 9 #ahfb 7pp4 #fi-hb7 z ! mo/ *>act]i/ic compon5t ( ! ,radiol>ian organism1 & di/+ui%$ f ! :ole extracapsul> xxvs(t body4 ,! fact t x has rec5tly be5 report$ z abs5t by v>i\s au?ors is due to _! hav+ obs]v$ "y or unripe specim5s1 be=e ! =mation ( ! spores4 ,9 "s species ( ,polycytt>ia & ,,acan?>ia ! membrane p]si/s only a v %ort "t4 #eb4 ,! ,prim>y ,=m ( ! ,c5tral ,capsule4--,! =m ( ! c5tral capsule is orig9ally a geometrical sph]e2 & if 9 accordance ) our monophyletic hypo!sis all ,radiol>ia are to be d]iv$ f "o common /em-=m 7,actissa1 see p4 #ab71 !n ! c5tral capsule ( ?is common /em-=m mu/ be reg>d$ z p]fectly sph]ical 7,procytt>ium1 p4 #ac1 ,pl4 #a1 fig4 #a74 ,s9ce1 fur!r1 ! enclos$ nucleus & ! surr\nd+ calymma ( ?is primitive ar*aic =m mu/ also be sph]es1 & s9ce ! nucleus lies 9 ! c5tre ( ! body1 & ! protoplasm is ev5ly di/ribut$ betwe5 x & ! membrane1 x foll[s t no axes or exc5trically diff]5tiat$ p>ts are to be di/+ui%$ 9 ?is mo/ primitive ,radiol>ian4 ,r 9 ! prim>y c5tral capsule all p>ts are conc5trically & ev5ly arrang$ r\nd its c5tre4 ,?is prim>y sph]ical =m becomes modifi$ 9 mo/ ,radiol>ia into v>i\s second>y gr\nd-=ms1 :i* are correlat$ p>tly ) ! /ructure ( ! capsule itself1 & p>tly also ) ! developm5t ( op5+s 9 its membrane4 ,9 g5]al ! gr\nd-=m ( ! c5tral capsule is polyaxon 9 ! ,porulosa 7,,spumell>ia & ,,acan?>ia72 b 9 ! ,osculosa c5traxon =ms are m frequ5tly obs]v$2 9 ! ,,nassell>ia ! ovoid 7allopol> monaxon7 =m is pr$om9ant1 & 9 ! ,,ph,,od>ia ! rhomboid or amphi!ct pyramid4 ,9 ^! latt]1 ! a/ropyle indicates ! basal pole ( ! v]tical ma9 axis1 :il/ ! two p>apyl 7"r & left7 m>k ! poles ( ! frontal transv]se axis4 ,9 ! ,,nassell>ia ! c5tre ( ! poro*ora corresponds ) ! basal pole ( ! ma9 axis1 :il/ no transv]se axes are orig9ally pres5t4 #ec4 ,! ,second>y ,=ms ( ! ,c5tral ,capsule4--,! orig9al purely sph]ical =m ( ! c5tral capsule p]si/s only 9 ! m9ority ( ! ,radiol>ia1 namely1 ! great] "p ( ! ,,spumell>ia & ,,acan?>ia2 x passes ov] into v>i\s o!r second>y =ms 9 ! majority ( ! class1 9 ! :ole ( ! ,,nassell>ia & ,,ph,,od>ia1 & 9 a consid]able portion ( ! ,,spumell>ia & ,,acan?>ia4 ,^! second>y or d]iv$ =ms may be divid$ into two q di/9ct gr\ps1 :i* may be designat$ endometamorphic & exometamorphic2 9 ! =m] ! cause ( ! div]g5ce ( ! second>y =m f ! sph]e lies 9 ! int]nal /ructure ( ! c5tral capsule2 9 ! latt] x lies 9 ! ext]nal influ5ce ex]t$ by ! gr[? ( ! skeleton4 ,obvi\sly ! =m] s]ies ( modifications is m significant ?an ! latt]4 #ed4 ,! ,endometamorphic ,=ms ( ! ,c5tral ,capsule4--,! second>y =ms ( ! c5tral capsule1 :i* are due to int]nal causes connect$ ) its gr[?1 are z foll[s3-- xxvi,a4 ,! ,ellipsoidal ,c5tral ,capsule1 ) "o axis elongat$1 s t x becomes ! v]tical ma9 axis ( ! body4 a4 ,among ! ,,spumell>ia1 ,actiprunum 7p4 #ad71 ,colloprunum 7p4 #be1 ,pl4 #c1 fig4 #i71 mo/ ,prunoidea 7p4 #bhh74 b4 ,among ! ,,acan?>ia1 _m ,amphilon*ida 7p4 #ghb1 ,pl4 #acb1 figs4 #b1 #f71 & ,belonaspida 7p4 #hfa74 c4 ,among ! ,,nassell>ia1 _m ,plectoidea 7p4 #ije1 ,pl4 #ia1 figs4 #e1 #i71 ,/ephoidea 7p4 #icg1 ,pl4 #ha1 fig4 #af71 ,monocyrtida 7,pl4 #ea1 fig4 #c71 c4 ,b4 ,! ,cyl9drical ,c5tral ,capsule1 ) consid]able elongation ( ! v]tical ma9 axis1 :i* is sev]al times z long z ! horizontal transv]se axis4 a4 ,among/ ! ,,spumell>ia1 ,collophidium 7p4 #bf1 ,pl4 #c1 figs4 #a-c7 & _m ,prunoidea 7,spongurus1 c474 b4 ,among ! ,,acan?>ia1 "s ,amphilon*ida4 ,c4 ,! ,discoidal1 ,sph]oidal1 or ,l5ticul> ,c5tral ,capsule1 ) "o axis %ort] ?an ! o!rs1 :i* becomes ! v]tical ma9 axis4 a4 ,among ! ,,spumell>ia1 ,actidiscus 7p4 #ae71 ,collodiscus 7p4 #bg71 & ! l>ge gr\p ,discoidea 7p4 #djh74 b4 ,among ! ,,acan?>ia1 _m ,quadrilon*ida 7p4 #gfh1 ,pl4 #aca71 & mo/ ,hexalaspida 7p4 #hgd74 c4 ,among ! ,,nassell>ia1 c]ta9 ,/ephoidea & ,cyrtoidea4 d4 ,among ! great legion ,,ph,,od>ia ! sph]oidal c5tral capsule is almo/ always m or less flatt5$ 9 ! direction ( ! ma9 axis 7p4 #aebe1 ,pls4 #aja-abh74 ,d4 ,! ,l5telliptical ,c5tral ,capsule 7or triaxial ellipsoid71 ) ?ree unequal b isopol> axes at "r angles to ea* o!r1 ! sections 9 all ?ree dim5sions ( space be+ ellipses4 a4 ,among ! ,,spumell>ia1 ,actil>cus & ! l>ge gr\p ,l>coidea 7p4 #fjd74 b4 ,among ! ,,acan?>ia1 c]ta9 ,amphilon*ida & ,belonaspida4 ,e4 ,! ,polymorphic1 ,amoeboid or ,irregul> ,c5tral ,capsule4 a4 ,among ! ,,spumell>ia1 ,colloda/rum 7p4 #bh1 ,pl4 #c1 figs4 #d1 #e71 & "s ,l>coidea4 #ee4 ,! ,exometamorphic ,=ms ( ! ,c5tral ,capsule4--,! second>y =ms ( ! c5tral capsule1 :i* are br\ght ab\t by ext]nal causes1 *iefly dep5d5t on ! =mation ( ! skeleton1 are v v>i\s & 9 _m cases devoid ( special int]e/2 9 o!r in/ances1 on ! contr>y1 !y are ( great importance1 because ( ! cle> relation ( cause & effect :i* c be trac$ betwe5 ! developm5t ( ! skeleton & ( ! capsule4 ,! mo/ important ph5om5a to be record$ 9 ?is connection are z foll[s3-- xxvii,i4 ,,spumell>ia4--7,a7 ,9 _m ( ! ,sphroidea1 ! c5tral capsule ( :i* is orig9ally enclos$ by a simple lattice-sph]e1 x puts out protrusions ?r\gh ! me%es ( ! %ell1 ?us =m+ club-%ap$ processes1 correspond+ 9 numb] ) ! me%es ( ! lattice 7,pl4 #aa1 figs4 #a1 #e2 ,pl4 #bj1 fig4 #a;a2 ,pl4 #bg1 fig4 #c1 c474 ,! :ole surface ( ! sph]ical capsule may ?us be cov]$ ) num]\s indep5d5t radial clubs ( equal size1 b usually !y unite aga9 outside ! %ell to =m a simple sph]e ) smoo? surface4 7,b7 ,9 _m ,prunoidea ^: orig9ally ellipsoidal body has become cyl9drical by ! m>k$ prolongation ( ! ma9 axis1 ! c5tral capsule is divid$ by a s]ies ( con/rictions into segm5ts1 :i* correspond ) ! annul> con/rictions ( ! skeleton 7,pls4 #ci1 #dj74 7,c7 ,9 mo/ ,discoidea ^: l5ti=m or discoidal %ell develops radial arms at its m>g91 ! c5tral capsule s5ds out processes into ^! arms1 & adapts itself to ! /ellate =m ( ! skeleton 7p4 #dji1 ,pl4 #dc1 fig4 #ae2 ,pl4 #dg1 c47 7,d7 ,9 _m ,l>coidea ^: gr[? is orig9ally l5telliptical1 b lat] spiral or irregul>1 ! c5tral capsule foll[s ! mode ( gr[? & develops irregul> protub]ances4 ,,ii4 ,,acan?>ia4--,:il/ ! c5tral capsule ( mo/ ,,acan?>ia reta9s its primitive sph]ical =m1 9 a m9ority ( ! gr\p x passes ov] into v>i\s second>y =ms1 :i* are directly det]m9$ by ! gr[? ( ! skeleton2 especially common are lappet or club-%ap$ prom95ces :i* foll[ ! l>g] radial sp9es4 ,h5ce ! c5tral capsule may assume ! =m ( a viol91 ) two lobes correspond+ to ! two poles ( ! elongat$ ma9 axis1 z 9 _m ,amphilon*ida 7p4 #ghb1 ,pl4 #acb1 fig4 #aj71 & ! ,diploconida 7p4 #hhd1 ,pl4 #adj74 ,on ! o!r h& ! c5tral capsule becomes cruci=m1 ) f\r lobes dispos$ at "r angles1 z 9 ,li?opt]a & o!r ,quadrilon*ida 7p4 #gfh1 ,pl4 #aca1 fig4 #aj1 c474 ,,iii4 ,,nassell>ia4--,! primitive ellipsoid or ovoid =m ( ! c5tral capsule p]si/s only 9 a few ,,nassell>ia1 su* z ! simple/ & mo/ ar*aic =ms1 ! ,nassellida1 _m ,plectoidea1 ,/ephoidea1 ,monocyrtida1 c4 ,9 ! great majority ( ! ,,nassell>ia1 on ! contr>y1 ! ellipsoid or ovoid =m passes ov] into a second>y =m :i* is usually *>act]is$ by ! pres5ce ( lobes1 & is obvi\sly dep5d5t ^u ! previ\s developm5t ( ! skeleton4 ,9 _m ,/ephoidea & ,spyroidea 7probably ! majority71 a bilob$ c5tral capsule is =m$ 7) symmetrically equal "r & left lobes71 s9ce ! prim>y v]tical sagittal r+ int]f]es ) ! gr[? 9 ! m$ian plane 7,pl4 #ij1 figs4 #g-aj74 ,9 o!r xxviii,spyroidea1 on ! contr>y1 & ! majority ( ! ,cyrtoidea1 ! c5tral capsule =ms at its basis r\nd$ lobes1 :i* protrude & hang d[n f ! me%es ( ! cort9> plate2 & s9ce ?is latt] has usually ?ree or f\r l>ge pores1 ! capsule simil>ly develops ?ree or f\r processes 7,pl4 #ec1 fig4 #ai2 ,pl4 #ee1 figs4 #d-aa2 ,pl4 #ei1 figs4 #d-ac2 ,pl4 #fj1 figs4 #c-g2 ,pl4 #fe1 fig4 #a74 #ef4 ,! ,membrane ( ! ,c5tral ,capsule4--,! capsule-membrane or envelope ( ! c5tral capsule is bo? morphologically & physiologically "o ( ! mo/ important p>ts ( ! ,radiol>ian body1 = x sep>ates its two ma9 con/itu5ts1 ! capsule ) its nucleus & endoplasm & ! extracapsulum ) ! calymma & exoplasm4 ,! capsule-membrane is inv>iably pres5t at "s "t or o!r dur+ ! life ( ! organism1 ev5 ?\gh 9 a few species x may p]si/ only = a %ort "t4 ,x is *>act]is$ 9 g5]al by its p[] ( resi/ance to *emical & physical reag5ts1 & appe>s to be relat$ to ! ela/ic tissues or p]haps ev5 m to ! *it9\s sub/ances4 ,its ?ickness is usually less ?an #j4jjja1 ?\gh 9 c]ta9 gr\ps x ranges betwe5 #j4jja & #j4jjb1 & 9 _m ( ! l>g] ,radiol>ia 7su* z ,collida & ,,ph,,od>ia7 x may atta9 a ?ickness ( #j4jjc to #j4jjf or m4 ,9 ! ?ree legions ,,spumell>ia1 ,,acan?>ia1 & ,,nassell>ia ! capsule-membrane is s+le1 :ile 9 ! ,,ph,,od>ia x is always d\ble1 be+ compos$ ( a firm out] & a delicate inn] membrane1 :i* are 9 contact at only few po9ts4 ,usually x is q /ructureless1 except = its ap]tures2 ! ?ick] membrane %[+ occasionally a f9e conc5tric lam9ation4 ,9 c]ta9 l>ge ,colloidea 7e4g41 ,?alassicolla1 ,pl4 #a1 fig4 #e;b7 ! membrane is cov]$ on ! inn] surface by a network ( polygonal ridges1 & 9 "s l>ge ,,ph,,od>ia ) rem>kable small curv$ rods 7,pl4 #aad1 fig4 #ac74 ,9 all ,radiol>ia ! membrane is p]=at$ by def9ite op5+s or pores1 ?r\gh :i* ! intracapsul> & extracapsul> protoplasm are 9 direct communication4 ,^! op5+s 7or pylae7 %[ v *>act]i/ic & con/ant diff]5ces 9 ! f\r legions1 :i* h giv5 rise to ! names--,,p]ipylea1 ,,actipylea1 ,,monopylea1 ,,cannopylea4 ,! capsule-membrane 0 fir/ indicat$ z ! mo/ important & absolutely con/ant compon5t ( all ,radiol>ia1 & z ! diff]5tial "* ( ! class1 9 my ,monograph 7#ahfb1 pp4 #fi-ga74 ,! c>eful inve/igations ( ,r4 ,h]twig h confirm$ ?is view & at ! same "t h yield$ ! mo/ important conclusions reg>d+ ! nature & sy/ematic significance ( ! op5+s 9 ! capsule 7op4 cit41 #ahgi1 pp4 #aje-ajg74 ,on ! contr>y1 ,k>l ,br&t has rec5tly prop\nd$ ! !ory t ! capsule-membrane is by no means a con/ant "p ( ! ,radiol>ian organism1 b is lack+ 9 c]ta9 species ( ,colloz\m & ,sphroz\m 7#ahha1 p4 #cib74 ,?is contradiction is expla9$ by ! fact t 9 "s ,collod>ia & ,acan?ometra ! =mation ( ! c5tral capsule takes place mu* lat] ?an 9 ! o!r ,radiol>ia1 9 "s xxixspecies inde$ only j prior to ! developm5t ( ! sw>m spores4 ,i h recognis$ ! pres5ce ( x 9 all species :i* ,i h inve/igat$ 7m ?an a ?\s&71 & ev5 9 ^? 9 :i* ,br&t d5ies its exi/5ce4 ,x is (t5 v delicate & may easily be ov]look$1 especially :5 ! cont5ts ( ! capsule are col\rless1 b 9 all cases by ! prud5t application ( /a9+ fluids & o!r reag5ts its pres5ce may be demon/rat$4 ,ev5 9 ^? cases 9 :i* ! cont\r ( ! capsule 0 n visible1 & its cont5ts appe>$ to pass )\t def9ite b\nd>y into ! matrix ( ! extracapsulum1 x 0 possible by ! use ( appropriate /a9s or reag5ts1 :i* w\ld n p5etrate ! capsule1 or ( ^? solv5ts :i* 7 capable ( dissolv+ its cont5ts & ( caus+ x to swell up l a di/5d$ bladd]1 to recognise ! exi/5ce ( ! membrane4 ,^? ,radiol>ia 9 :i* x is truly abs5t are "y animals ( species 9 :i* ! membrane is only =m$ imm$iately be=e sporification1 & p]si/s b = a %ort "t 7e4g41 species ( ,colloz\m1 ,sphroz\m1 ,acan?ometra1 ,acan?o*iasma1 c474 #eg4 ,! ,capsule-,op5+s ( ! ,p]ipylea 7or ,spumell>ia74--,! capsule-membrane ( ! ,,p]ipylea is g5]ally p]=at$ by extremely f9e & num]\s pores1 :i* are di/ribut$ at equal di/ances ov] ! :ole surface1 & are precisely alike 9 all p>ts ( ! capsule4 ,h5ce ! ,,spumell>ia may be call$ ,holotrypa/a or ,porulosa2 !y agree ) ! ,,actipylea 9 be+ devoid ( an osculum or op]culum2 !y are di/+ui%$ f ! latt] gr\p ma9ly 9 t _! pores are equally di/ribut$ ov] ! :ole surface ( ! capsule1 :il/ 9 ! ,,actipylea ! pores are dispos$ 9 def9ite gr\ps or l9es1 sep>at$ by l>ge impor\s areas4 ,! c5tral capsule ( ! ,,spumell>ia1 ) its innum]able f9e & ev5ly di/ribut$ pores1 mu/ be reg>d$ z ! primitive arrangem5t1 f :i* ! diff]5t c5tral capsules ( ! ?ree o!r legions h be5 develop$4 ,! c5tral capsule ( ! ,,actipylea has be5 d]iv$ f t ( ! ,,p]ipylea by r$uction 9 ! numb] ( ! pores & _! di/ribution 9 def9ite1 regul>ly dispos$ areas 9 ! membrane4 ,! c5tral capsule ( ! ,osculosa is *>act]is$ by ! =mation ( a special ma9-ap]ture 7osculum7 at ! basal pole1 :i* is clos$ 9 ! ,,monopylea by ! poro*ora1 & 9 ! ,,cannopylea by ! a/ropyle2 ! rema9+ pores1 ) ! exception ( ! accessory op5+s ( _m ,,cannopylea1 rema9 undevelop$ 9 bo? ^! legions4 ,9 ! same way ,h]twig reg>ds ! c5tral capsule ( ! ,,p]ipylea z ! primitive =m 7#ahgi1 ,l4 ,n4 #cc1 p4 #ajg74 #eh4 ,! ,capsule-,op5+s ( ! ,actipylea 7or ,acan?>ia74--,! capsule-membrane ( ! ,,actipylea is p]=at$ by v num]\s f9e pores1 :i* are regul>ly di/ribut$ ov] ! surface ( ! c5tral capsule1 & sep>at$ by impor\s int]vals4 ,h5ce ! ,,acan?>ia belong to ! ,holotrypa/a or ,porulosa2 !y h nei!r osculum nor op]culum1 & agree 9 ?is p>ticul> ) ! ,,p]ipylea2 b !y are sep>at$ f ^! latt] *iefly by ! fact t _! pores are mu* less num]\s1 & m>k$ (f into regul>ly arrang$ gr\ps or l9es by impor\s int]vals4 ,9 ! ,,p]ipylea1 on ! contr>y1 ! pores are mu* m num]\s & are ev5ly di/ribut$ ov] ! :ole surface ( ! capsule4 xxx,! c5tral capsule ( ! ,,acan?>ia has hi!rto be5 = ! mo/ "p conf\nd$ ) t ( ! ,,spumell>ia1 & no cle> di/9ction has be5 drawn 9 ?is respect betwe5 ! two legions ( ! ,porulosa4 ,h]twig1 :o 9 #ahgi fir/ discov]$ ! rem>kably diff]5t /ructure ( ! ,osculosa 7,,nassell>ia & ,,ph,,od>ia71 recognis$ no di/9ction betwe5 ! /ructure ( ! capsules 9 ! ,,p]ipylea & ,,actipylea 78 ,acan?ometrea71 & suppos$ t 9 bo? ^! legions v f9e pores 7 ev5ly di/ribut$ 9 l>ge numb]s ov] ! capsule-membrane 7loc4 cit41 p4 #ajf74 ,i h1 h[ev]1 dur+ ! la/ few ye>s conv9c$ myself1 by ! c>eful comp>ative inve/igation ( num]\s ,,acan?>ia1 t 9 ?is respect !y are q di/9ct f ! ,,spumell>ia 7) p]haps ! exception ( ! ,a/rolophida1 :i* are ne>ly relat$ to ! primitive ,actissa74 ,! numb] ( pores 9 ! ,,actipylea is usually v mu* small] ?an 9 ! ,,p]ipylea1 & !y are regul>ly arrang$ 9 gr\ps4 #ei4 ,! ,capsule-,op5+s ( ! ,monopylea 7or ,nassell>ia47--,! capsule-membrane ( ! ,,monopylea always possesses a s+le l>ge ma9-op5+1 an osculum1 :i* lies at ! basal pole ( ! ma9 axis1 & is clos$ by a circul> p]=at$ lid 7op]culum porosum74 ,:5 se5 f ! surface ?is lid appe>s z a cle>ly def9$ por\s area 7poro*ora or area porosa71 & =ms ! horizontal base ( a peculi> cone1 :i* /&s v]tically 9 ! int]ior ( ! capsule & may be designat$ ! ?read-cone 7podoconus74 ,! ,,nassell>ia may h5ce be t]m$ ,m]otrypa/a or ,osculosa1 l ! ,,cannopylea2 ! /ructure & significance ( ! circul> lid 7op]culum71 :i* closes ! ma9-op5+ 7osculum7 is1 h[ev]1 q diff]5t 9 ! two legions4 ,:il/ ! lid ( ! ,,cannopylea 7a/ropyle7 is solid1 trav]s$ by radial ribs1 & only p]=at$ 9 its c5tre by a %ort tube 7proboscis71 9 ! ,,monopylea ! op]culum 7poro*ora7 is always p]=at$ by num]\s v]tical f9e pores1 & is 9 connection ) ! peculi> int]nal pseudopodial cone 7podoconus1 ,pl4 #ea1 figs4 #e1 #ac2 ,pl4 #ha1 fig4 #af2 ,pl4 #ia1 fig4 #e2 ,pl4 #ih1 fig4 #ac74 ,! pores are sep>at$ by small v]tical1 highly refractive rods 7op]cul> rhabdill72 ^! become int5sely /a9$ by c>m9e1 & are ei!r ev5ly di/ribut$ ov] ! surface ( ! poro*ora or arrang$ 9 def9ite gr\ps4 ,! out] or di/al end ( ea* rod is r\nd$1 sometimes ?ick5$ l a club or split into lobes2 ! inn] or proximal end is usually po9t$1 & /&s 9 connection ) a myophane ?read ( ! podoconus 7see #gi74 ,! prim>y circul> =m ( ! poro*ora1 9 :i* ! op]cul> rhabdill are ev5ly di/ribut$ 9 a horizontal plane1 und]goes v>i\s second>y modifications 9 _m ,,nassell>ia4 ,! triradial /ructure ( ! skeleton1 :i* *>act]ises ! majority ( ! legion1 causes a splitt+ ( ! base ( ! c5tral capsule into ?ree or f\r lobes2 ?is division also affects ! poro*ora1 :i* lies 9 ! c5tre ( ! base1 s t ! rhabdill become arrang$ 9 ?ree or f\r equal circles4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! lobes ( ! c5tral capsule become l>g] & protrude ?r\gh ! ?ree or f\r coll> pores ( ! cort9> septum1 ! c5tral poro*ora may sep>ate entirely into ?ree or f\r elongat$ tracts1 :i* lie on ! axial side ( ! magnifi$ lobes2 ! rhabdill are !n arrang$ ov] ! :ole surface ( xxxi^! tracts1 on ! out] aspect ( :i* run ! longitud9al myophane fibrill ( ! podoconus 7comp>e #gi & #ii74 ,! por\s area ( ! ,,monopylea 0 fir/ describ$ by ,h]twig 9 #ahgi1 & %[n to be ! *>act]i/ic ma9-op5+ ( ! c5tral capsule 9 v>i\s families belong+ to ?is legion 7,l4 ,n4 #cc1 pp4 #ga1 #gc1 #hc1 #ajf1 ,taf4 vii41 viii474 ,accord+ to 8 view ! capsule-membrane 9 ! por\s area becomes ?ick5$ ar\nd ea* pore into a rod1 p]=at$ by a canal1 & ! intracapsul> protoplasm passes outw>ds ?r\gh ^! f9e canals 7loc4 cit41 p4 #ajf74 ,i am n able to %>e ?is int]pretation1 b ?9k r t ,i h conv9c$ myself by ! exam9ation ( "s liv+ ,,nassell>ia1 & ( _m well-/a9$ & pres]v$ prep>ations 9 ! ,*all5g] collection1 t ! rods are solid1 specially modifi$ portions ( ! capsul> wall1 & t ! protoplasm does n pass ?r\gh !m b ?r\gh pores :i* lie betwe5 !m4 #fj4 ,! ,capsule-,op5+s ( ! ,cannopylea 7or ,phod>ia74--,! capsule-membrane ( ! ,,cannopylea always possesses only a s+le l>ge ma9-op5+ or osculum1 :i* lies at ! basal pole ( ! v]tical ma9 axis1 & is clos$ by a circul> radiat$ lid 7op]culum radiatum74 ,?is op]culum appe>s1 :5 se5 f ! surface1 z a %>ply def9$ /ellate area 7a/ropyle71 f ! middle ( :i* arises a %ort] or long] cyl9drical tube1 ! proboscis4 ,h5ce ! ,,ph,,od>ia1 l ! ,,monopylea1 belong to ! ,m]otrypa/a or ,osculosa2 ! /ructure & significance ( ! circul> op]culum1 :i* closes ! ma9-op5+ 7osculum71 are1 h[ev]1 q diff]5t 9 ! two legions4 ,:il/ ! op]culum ( ! ,,monopylea 7poro*ora7 is p]=at$ by num]\s f9e v]tical pores1 & connect$ ) ! peculi> int]nal pseudopodial cone 7podoconus71 ?is /ructure is entirely want+ 9 ! ,,cannopylea1 & in/ead ( x !re is a solid op]culum1 ) radial ribs :i* orig9ate at ! base ( its c5tral tubul> m\?2 ?is tube 7proboscis7 is cyl9drical1 (t5 conical at ! base1 ( v v>iable l5g? & ) a r\nd ap]ture at ei!r end4 ,9 spite ( ! great diff]5ce :i* ! v>i\s families ( ,,cannopylea exhibit 9 ! =mation ( _! skeleton & its app5dages1 ! con/itution ( ?is *>act]i/ic /ellate ma9-op5+ 7a/ropyle7 is always ess5tially ! same2 bo? ! /ellate op]culum itself1 & ! proboscis :i* rises f its c5tre1 %[ only slight diff]5ces 9 ! v>i\s gr\ps4 ,9 addition to ?is l>ge ma9-op5+ mo/ ,,ph,,od>ia possess sev]al small accessory op5+s 7p>apyl72 & usually two ( ^! are pres5t1 plac$ symmetrically "r & left ( ! aboral pole ( ! ma9 axis & 9 ! frontal plane 7,pl4 #aja1 figs4 #b1 #f1 #aj2 ,pl4 #ajd1 figs4 #a1 #b;a74 ,sometimes !re are m num]\s accessory op5+s 7?ree to six or m7 regul>ly arrang$1 z 9 ! two peculi> families1 ,circoporida & ,tusc>orida2 occasionally also !re is only a s+le p>apyle1 at ! aboral pole ( ! ma9 axis 7e4g41 9 ,tusc>idium74 ,! p>apyl seem to be q abs5t 9 ! families ,*all5g]ida1 ,m$usettida1 ,ca/anellida1 & p]haps also 9 o!r ,,ph,,od>ia4 ,! =m & /ructure ( ! small accessory op5+s appe> to be always ! same4 ,! xxxiiout] capsule-membrane is elevat$ 9 ! =m ( a %ort cyl9drical tube or ap]tural r+ 7coll>e p>aboscidis71 ! ext]nal m>g9 ( :i* b5ds inw>ds1 & at ! base ( ! r+ passes ov] into ! delicate int]nal capsule membrane4 ,^u ?is ap]tural r+ is situat$ a long] or %ort] ap]tural cone 7p>aboscis71 :i* is a tubul>1 cyl9drical or conical1 prolongation ( ! membrane1 op5 ext]nally4 ,! peculi> capsule-op5+s ( ! ,,ph,,od>ia 7 fir/ discov]$ & c>efully describ$ by ,h]twig 9 #ahgi 7,l4 ,n4 #cc1 pp4 #ie1 #ajg74 ,he f\nd 9 all ! six g5]a :i* he exam9$ ?ree op5+s1 a ma9-op5+ at ! basal pole ( ! ma9 axis & two accessory op5+s1 "o on ei!r side ( ! apical pole2 h5ce he nam$ ! :ole gr\p ,,tripylea4 ,?is "n1 h[ev]1 is n applicable to ! num]\s ,,ph,,od>ia m5tion$ above1 :i* h only a ma9 op5+ )\t any accessory op5+s1 nor to ^? g5]a 9 :i* ! numb] ( ! latt] is v>iable4 ,i h1 !re=e1 replac$ ,h]twig's designation by ! t]m ,,cannopylea1 :i* has ref]5ce to ! peculi> tubul> =m ( ! op5+4 ,?is ,i f9d mu* m develop$ 9 _m ,,ph,,od>ia ?an ,h]twig has repres5t$1 & ,i mu/ also1 9 c]ta9 p>ticul>s1 diss5t f 8 del9eation ( ! m9ute /ructure1 al?\gh ?is is 9 ! ma9 rem>kably accurate4 #fa4 ,! ,nucleus4--,! nucleus1 enclos$ 9 ! c5tral capsule ( all ,radiol>ia1 behaves 9 e respect l a true cell-nucleus1 & ?us lies at ! base ( ! n[ univ]sal op9ion1 t ! :ole ,radiol>ian organism1 9 spite ( its v>i$ developm5t & rem>kable v>iations1 is unicellul> & rema9s ?r\gh\t life a true individual cell4 ,?is important !ory is n invalidat$ by ! fact t ! nucleus und]goes peculi> modifications 9 _m gr\ps1 & 9 c]ta9 gr\ps pres5ts appe>ances seldom or nev] se5 else:]e4 #fb4 ,un9ucle> & ,mult9ucle> ,radiol>ia 7,monoc>yotic & ,polyc>yotic74--,all ,radiol>ia pres5t two diff]5t conditions 9 respect ( ! behavi\r ( ! nucleus1 s9ce 9 _! "y /ages !y are un9ucle> 7monoc>yotic71 & 9 lat] /ages mult9ucle> 7polyc>yotic74 ,?is is readily expla9$ by ! fact t ea* individual ,radiol>ian is develop$ f a simple unicellul> sw>m-spore1 & t aft]w>ds1 be=e ! =mation ( sw>m-spores1 ! s+le nucleus divides into _m small nuclei4 ,?us 9 ! ,radiol>ia ! nucleus is pre-em95tly ! organ ( reproduction & inh]itance4 ,! division ( ! orig9ally s+le nucleus into _m small nuclei may take place1 h[ev]1 at v diff]5t p]iods1 s t ! ,radiol>ia may be divid$ 9 ?is respect into precoci\s & s]ot9\s4 #fc4 ,s]ot9\s & ,precoci\s ,radiol>ia4--,9 ! great majority ( ! ,radiol>ia ! division ( ! nucleus takes place only at a late p]iod1 a %ort "t or ev5 imm$iately be=e ! process ( spore =mation2 x !n breaks up rapidly into num]\s small nuclei 7always m ?an "o hundr$1 sometimes _m ?\s&s71 & ea* ( ^! xxxiiiei!r becomes itself ! nucleus ( a sw>m-spore1 or by repeat$ division gives rise to a gr\p ( spore-nuclei4 ,all ^? ,radiol>ia :i* are un9ucle> dur+ ! great] "p ( _! exi/5ce1 & 9 :i* ! process ( division is late1 & takes place rapidly1 are call$ s]ot9\s or late-divid+ =ms4 ,to ?is category belong all ,,ph,,od>ia & ,,nassell>ia1 z well z all ! solit>y or monozoic ,,spumell>ia & "s ,,acan?>ia4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! "n precoci\s1 or e>ly divid+1 is appli$ to ^? ,radiol>ia 9 :i* ! division ( ! nucleus takes place v e>ly1 & 9 :i*1 !re=e1 ! cell is mult9ucle> dur+ ! great] "p ( its exi/5ce4 ,?is is ! case 9 all ! social or polyzootic ,radiol>ia 7,polycytt>ia1 ,pls4 #c-h71 & also 9 ! great majority ( ! ,,acan?>ia1 bo? ,acan?ometra & ,acan?ophracta4 ,9 ! la/ two gr\ps1 h[ev]1 !re are num]\s exceptions1 & ^! are se5 9 rem>kably l>ge species1 *>act]is$ by ! great size ( ! c5tral capsule4 ,f a phylog5etic po9t ( view1 ! conclusion is all[able t ! precoci\s =ms are second>y1 & h aris5 by adaptive modification f ! primitive s]ot9\s /em4 ,9 ! ,polycytt>ia 7or social ,,spumell>ia1 i4e41 ! ?ree families ,collozoida1 ,sphrozoida1 & ,collosphrida71 ! cause ( ! adaptation lies mo/ probably 9 ! =mation ( ! colony itself1 = all ^! ?ree families are s closely relat$ to ?ree correspond+ families ( s]ot9\s1 monozootic ,radiol>ia 7,?alassicollida1 ,?alassosphrida1 ,e?mosphrida71 t c]ta9 species ( ! latt] are h>dly to be di/+ui%$ f isolat$ individuals ( ! =m]4 ,p]haps ! rem>kable =mation ( ! l>ge c5tral oil-globule1 :i* p>ticul>ly *>act]ises ! ,polycytt>ia1 is ! prime cause ( _! e>ly nucle> division4 ,9 ! ,,acan?>ia ! cause is mo/ likely to be f\nd 9 ! *>act]i/ic c5trog5\s developm5t ( _! acan?9 skeleton1 ^: radial b>s fir/ ( all appe> 9 ! c5tre ( ! capsule4 ,h5ce arises directly ! exc5tric position ( ! nucleus1 :i* 9 ! ar*aic /em ( ,,acan?>ia 7,actissa87 0 probably c5tral4 ,9 any case1 b little weight is to be laid ^u ! precoci\s division ( ! nucleus 9 ! ,,acan?>ia 9 g5]al1 inasmu* z 9 c]ta9 species 7bo? ,acan?ometra & ,acan?ophracta7 ! m usual s]ot9\s division p]si/s4 #fd4 ,c5tral & ,exc5tric ,nuclei4--,! position ( ! nucleus 9 ! int]ior ( ! c5tral capsule 0 no d\bt primitively c5tral1 & ?is situation 9 ! geometrical c5tre ( ! orig9al sph]ical c5tral capsule has be5 accurately reta9$ 9 all monozootic ,,spumell>ia2 9 ! polyzootic families ( ?is legion 7,polycytt>ia71 on ! contr>y1 x is obscur$ by ! precoci\s division ( ! nucleus4 ,9 ! o!r ?ree legions1 :i* may be phylog5etically d]iv$ f ! ,,spumell>ia1 ! position ( ! nucleus is r>ely c5tral1 b usually exc5tric1 or at mo/ subc5tral4 ,9 ! ,,acan?>ia 7bo? ,acan?ometra & ,acan?ophracta7 ! c5tral position ( ! nucleus is at once exclud$ by ! con/antly c5trog5\s developm5t ( ! skeleton2 ! nucleus is !re=e always exc5tric1 & may lie at ei!r side2 x usually xxxivdivides v e>ly into num]\s sep>ate nuclei1 :i* are usually di/ribut$ 9 ! p]iph]al portions ( ! c5tral capsule4 ,9 ! ,,nassell>ia ! developm5t ( ! poro*ora1 & ( ! podoconus :i* /&s ^u x1 br+s ab\t ! =mation ( a v]tical axis1 & 9 consequ5ce ! c5tral capsule assumes a monaxon =m 7usually ovoid or conical72 ! nucleus !n lies 9 ! ma9 axis1 b exc5trically betwe5 ! apex ( ! podoconus & ! aboral pole4 ,9 _m ,,nassell>ia1 h[ev]1 especially :5 ! podoconus is s l>ge t its apex approa*es ! aboral pole ( ! c5tral capsule1 ! nucleus is press$ to "o side & lies q exc5trically4 ,! ,,ph,,od>ia exhibit a diff]5t arrangem5t2 ! l>ge sph]oidal nucleus is always subc5tral1 s t its ma9 axis corresponds ) t ( ! conc5tric sph]oidal c5tral capsule2 b s9ce ! a/ropyle always occupies ! oral pole ( ! latt]1 & s9ce ! di/ance ( ! nucleus f ?is pole is always some:at diff]5t f its di/ance f ! o!r1 x foll[s t1 /rictly speak+1 ! nucleus nev] lies accurately 9 ! geometrical c5tre4 #fe4 ,homog5e\s & ,allog5e\s ,nuclei4--,! nucleus ( ! ,radiol>ia n only exhibits a simil> /ructure & composition1 & suff]s simil> modifications to ^? :i* are f\nd to occur 9 ! case ( o!r cell-nuclei1 b also to "s ext5t %[s v peculi> developm5tal =ms1 :i* are seldom or nev] f\nd 9 o!r cells4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! nuclei may be divid$ into homog5e\s & allog5e\s1 ! =m] are /ructureless & consi/ ( a uni=m mass ( nucle91 :il/ ! latt] are compos$ ( diff]5t sub/ances & %[ v>i\s /ructural relations4 ,homog5e\s nuclei1 ^: :ole mass is uni=m & exhibits no /ructural diff]5tiation1 are probably always to be f\nd 9 ! sw>m-spores2 9 ! fully develop$ ,radiol>ian body !y are f\nd only 9 ! fir/ legion1 ,,spumell>ia1 & t bo? 9 _m ,monozoa 7especially small ,sphroidea & ,prunoidea7 & 9 ! ,polyzoa 7or ,polycytt>ia74 ,! :ole mass ( ^! homog5e\s nuclei1 :i* are usually sph]ical or ellipsoidal1 consi/s ( uni=m1 p]fectly cle> & transp>5t nucle91 & becomes ev5ly /a9$ by c>m9e1 hmatoxyl9e1 c4 ,!y may be readily di/+ui%$ by ^! means f ! cle> vacuoles or hyal9e vesicles1 :i* are ev5ly di/ribut$ 9 ! endoplasm ( _m ,radiol>ia1 & may be confus$ ) ! =m]4 ,allog5e\s nuclei1 :i* are always compos$ ( diff]5t p>ts & (t5 %[ complicat$ /ructural relations1 are f\nd develop$ 9 ! great majority ( ,radiol>ia4 ,! mo/ important diff]5tiation exhibit$ by ^! second>y =ms is ! sep>ation ( ! nucle> mass into a firm nucle> sub/ance 7c>yoplasm7 & a fluid nucle> juice 7c>yolymph74 ,9 addition 9 ea* nucleus a nucleolus is visible1 & (t5 sev]al or _m may be se5 7see #fg to #gj74 #ff4 ,! ,=m ( ! ,nucleus4--,! nucleus ( ! ,radiol>ia %[s great] v>iations 9 =m & /ructure ?an are to be f\nd 9 ! majority ( cell-nuclei2 xxxvexception mu/1 h[ev]1 be made 9 ! case ( _m animal ovicells1 :i*1 9 _! peculi> =m & composition1 (t5 recall l>ge ,radiol>ian nuclei4 ,) respect to ! ext]nal %ape two ma9 =ms may be di/+ui%$1 z prim>y & second>y4 ,! prim>y =m ( ! ,radiol>ian nucleus is ! sph]e2 x occurs n only 9 mo/ sw>m-spores1 b also 9 mo/ adult =ms belong+ to ! legion ,,spumell>ia1 & 9 individual in/ances 9 o!r gr\ps2 inde$ ! nuclei ( mo/ ,,spumell>ia1 z also ! conc5tric c5tral capsules 9 :i* !y lie1 are true geometrical sph]es4 ,! second>y =ms ( ! nucleus are f\nd 9 ! majority ( adult ,radiol>ia1 & arise f ! prim>y sph]ical =ms 9 v>i\s ways1 ei!r by ! elongation or contraction ( "o axis1 or by ! =mation ( apophyses or processes4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! second>y =ms are z foll[s3-- #a4 ,ellipsoidal nuclei1 aris+ by elongation ( "o pr9cipal axis2 v common among ! ,,nassell>ia1 z well z 9 _m ,prunoidea & ,l>coidea among ! ,,spumell>ia2 also 9 sev]al ,,acan?>ia4 #b4 ,discoidal nuclei1 aris+ by contraction ( "o pr9cipal axis1 sometimes l5ticul> or sph]oidal1 biconvex1 sometimes %ap$ l a disc or co92 especially common 9 ! ,discoidea among ! ,,spumell>ia1 also 9 "s ,,acan?>ia2 ! l>ge nucleus ( ! ,,ph,,od>ia is always sph]oidal or almo/ sph]ical1 ) a slightly %ort5$ ma9 axis4 #c4 ,/ellate nuclei1 sph]ical1 & arm$ ) ev5ly di/ribut$ radial club-%ap$ or conical processes2 r>e b v *>act]i/ic1 especially 9 ! two l>ge ,?alassicollida ,?alassopila 7,pl4 #a1 fig4 #c71 & ,?alassophysa 7,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 ,taf4 i472 also 9 "s ,sphrell>ia 7,pl4 #aa1 fig4 #e74 #d4 ,amoeboid nuclei1 ) unequal processes irregul>ly arrang$1 9 c]ta9 irregul> =ms ( ,,spumell>ia & ,,acan?>ia4 #e4 ,lobate nuclei1 ) sev]al 7usually two or ?ree7 l>ge ovoid or pyri=m lobes1 :i* protrude into correspond+ l>g] lobes ( ! c5tral capsule1 9 _m ,,nassell>ia1 especially ! multi>ticulate ,cyrtoidea 7,pl4 #ei1 figs4 #ab1 #ac74 ,! budd+ nucleus ( ! ,,acan?>ia is also lobate 7,pl4 #abi1 figs4 #f-aa74 #fg4 ,! ,nucleus ( ! ,p]ipylea4--,! nucleus ( ! ,,spumell>ia or ,,p]ipylea %[s 9 c]ta9 gr\ps a v primitive arrangem5t1 inde$ ! ar*aic /ructure f :i* ! v>i\s =ms ( nuclei ( o!r ,radiol>ia may be d]iv$2 b on ! o!r h&1 9 o!r gr\ps x exhibits v peculi> & rem>kable diff]5tiations4 ,9 ! fir/ place x may be not$ t ! monozootic or solit>y ,,spumell>ia usually possess a s+le s]ot9\s nucleus1 :i* only divides into num]\s sw>m-spores at a late p]iod2 xxxvi:il/1 on ! contr>y1 ! polyzootic colonial ,,spumell>ia 7or ,polycytt>ia7 are un9ucle> only 9 ! "y /ate 7,pl4 #c1 fig4 #ab71 & spe$ily pres5t num]\s small homog5e\s nuclei1 :i* h aris5 by precoci\s division ( a s+le nucleus2 ^! are usually sph]ical & #j4jjh to #j4jab mm4 9 diamet]4 ,! s]ot9\s nucleus ( ! monozootic ,,spumell>ia1 9 _m divisions ( ?is l>ge legion1 & especially 9 ! simply con/itut$ ,sphroidea1 is a homog5e\s sph]e ( nucle91 ly+ 9 ! middle ( ! c5tral capsule4 ,9 _m o!r cases x assumes ! =m ( a sph]ical vesicle 7,b9n5-,bls*571 ^: fluid or semi-fluid cont5ts are enclos$ by a m or less firm membrane4 ,?is vesicle (t5 conta9s a s+le c5tral sph]ical nucleolus 7,pl4 #a1 figs4 #al1 #dl71 b sometimes a v>iable numb] ( small exc5tric nucleoli 7,pl4 #a1 figs4 #a;a1 #b;a74 ,! nucle> membrane is (t5 some:at ?ick1 pres5t+ a d\ble cont\r1 & 9 su* cases may ev5 exhibit a f9e radial /riation1 ! expression ( m9ute pores 7,pl4 #a1 fig4 #b;a74 ,9 ! colossal nuclei 7z mu* z #a to #b mm4 9 diamet]7 ( c]ta9 l>ge ,?alassicollida ! nucleolus pres5ts a v rem>kable =m1 becom+ /ellate by ! protrusion ( processes1 :i* may aga9 bran* 9 a d5dritic fa%ion 7z 9 ! common ,?alassicolla nucleata71 or x may develop into a v long cyl9drical ?read1 :i* is dispos$ 9 s]p5t9e coils1 & 9 ,?alassophysa pelagica passes into ! diff]5t ccal processes ( ! /ellate nucleus4 ,9 _m ,sphroidea1 ^: skeleton is compos$ ( num]\s conc5tric lattice sph]es1 ! small c5tral sph]ical nucleus lies at fir/ )9 ! inn]mo/ ( ^! 7! m$ull>y %ell72 b aft]w>ds x gr[s ?r\gh ! me%es ( ! lattice-"w1 & ! radiat+ club-%ap$ processes ?us =m$ 7,pl4 #aa1 fig4 #e7 unite ) ea* o!r outside ! m$ull>y %ell1 & =m an ext]nal nucle> sph]e :i* completely encloses ! latt]4 ,9 ! ,polysphrida 7) sev]al conc5tric lattice-%ells7 & 9 ! ,spongosphrida 7) spongy lattice-sph]es71 ?is process may be sev]al times repeat$1 s t ev5tually ! c5tral sph]ical nucleus atta9s consid]able dim5sions1 & encloses two or m conc5tric lattice-%ells ) _! radial connect+ rods4 ,! nucle> membrane is 9 ^! cases usually p5etrat$ by radial b>s1 :i* connect ! out]mo/ ( ! enclos$ %ells ) ! rema9+ cortical %ells :i* surr\nd ! c5tral capsule4 ,! same rem>kable arrangem5t is also v common among ! ,discoidea4 ,! small sph]ical prim>y nucleus is 9 su* in/ances imm$iately surr\nd$ by ! inn]mo/ e>lie/ develop$ lattice-%ell1 ar\nd :i* ! conc5tric r+s are subsequ5tly deposit$2 x !n gr[s out ?r\gh ! me%es1 & ! processes fuse outside ! r+ to =m a homog5e\s l5ti=m nucleus 7,pl4 #dc1 fig4 #ae74 ,! same process recurs 9 c]ta9 ,prunoidea & ,l>coidea1 :il/ 9 o!r ,,spumell>ia ( ^! gr\ps 7e4g41 ,pylonida7 ! lobate processes ( ! nucleus rema9 free4 ,bo? ! simple s]ot9\s nucleus ( ! monozootic ,,spumell>ia1 & ! num]\s precoci\s nuclei ( ! ,polycytt>ia1 7 fir/ describ$ 9 my ,monograph 9 #ahfb1 ! =m] z ! endocy/ 7,b9n5-,bls*571 ! latt] z sph]ical transp>5t vesicles 7,kugelige xxxviiwass]helle ,bls*574 ,i 0 9 error1 h[ev]1 9 reg>d+ ! latt] z id5tical ) ! s-call$ hyal9e sph]ules 9 ! c5tral capsule ( _m ,monozoa1 :i* r belong to ! category ( intracapsul> vacuoles 7see #gb74 ,! cr$it ( recognis+1 by ! aid ( ! mod]n me?ods ( /a9+1 ! di/9ctness ( ^! two /ructures1 :i* may readily be mi/ak5 = ea* o!r1 & ( demon/rat+ ! true nature bo? ( ! s]ot9\s & precoci\s nuclei1 belongs to ,ri*>d ,h]twig 7#ahgi1 ,l4 ,n4 #cc74 #fh4 ,! ,nucleus ( ! ,actipylea4--,! nucleus ( ! ,,acan?>ia or ,,actipylea %[s v peculi> relations 9 respect ( /ructure & division1 p>ticul>ly special =ms ( lobul> budd+1 :i* belong to ! *>act]i/ic peculi>ities ( ?is s+ul> legion1 & are n f\nd among o!r ,radiol>ia4 ,! position ( ! nucleus is always exc5tric1 ev5 9 ! y\nge/ ,,acan?>ia1 = ! c5trog5e\s =mation ( ! skeleton1 ! con/ant developm5t ( ! e>lie/ radial portions ( x 9 ! middle ( ! c5tral capsule1 =ces ! nucleus f its normal c5tral position4 ,! majority ( ! ,,acan?>ia1 l mo/ ,polycytt>ia1 are precoci\s1 ! prim>y nucleus e>ly divid+ into num]\s small nuclei 7see note ,a bel[74 ,nev]!less !re are _m exceptions to ?is rule 9 diff]5t families1 e4g41 ,/auracan?a1 ,xiphacan?a1 ,phatnacan?a1 & ,pri/acan?a among ! ,acan?ometra1 & ,/auraspis1 ,e*9aspis1 ,dodecaspis1 & ,phatnaspis among ! ,acan?ophracta4 ,9 ^! in/ances ! prim>y nucleus rema9s = a long "t z a simple exc5tric ellipsoidal or irregul>ly r\nd body1 ev5 9 ! fully develop$ /age1 & only at a v late p]iod 7sometimes j be=e ! =mation ( ! spores7 divides into _m small nuclei4 ,s9ce ?is s]ot9\s division ( ! nucleus takes place 9 diff]5t g5]a ( v v>i\s gr\ps1 x c only be decid$ by fur!r inve/igations h[ widely x is spread among ! ,,acan?>ia1 & ^u :at circum/ances x is dep5d5t 7see note ,b74 ,! division ( ! nucleus appe>s to be precoci\s 9 ! majority ( ?is legion1 & a numb] ( small nuclei appe> to be e>ly =m$ by a peculi> process ( budd+2 9 mo/ fully develop$ ,,acan?>ia ^! are dispos$ 9 "o or two lay]s "u ! surface ( ! c5tral capsule1 b if _! numb]s increase to any consid]able ext5t1 ! :ole space betwe5 ! skeletal rods becomes fill$ ) small nuclei2 sometimes ^! are homog5e\s1 sometimes vesicul>1 #j4jjb to #j4jab mm4 9 diamet]2 usually !y are sph]ical & h a small nucleolus 7comp>e ,pl4 #abi1 figs4 #f-aa1 & note ,c74 ,a4 ,! num]\s nuclei1 :i* are to be f\nd 9 ! c5tral capsule ( mo/ mature ,,acan?>ia1 7 fir/ describ$ 9 my ,monograph 7#ahfb7 z sph]ical1 transp>5t vesicles1 provid$ ) a small d>k granule 7p4 #cgd1 ,taf4 xv4 figs4 #b1 #e2 ,taf4 xvi4 figs4 #b1 #d2 ,taf4 xxi4 fig4 #g1 c474 ,_! m m9ute con/itution & peculi> orig9 7 fir/ accurately del9eat$ by ,r4 ,h]twig 7#ahgi1 loc4 cit41 pp4 #aa-bd1 ,taf4 i-iii474 ,b4 ,! fact t 9 a numb] ( ,,acan?>ia ! nucleus does n divide e>ly z 9 ! majority ( ! legion1 b only at a lat] p]iod1 0 fir/ obs]v$ by ,r4 ,h]twig 9 a species ( ,acan?ometra 7,xiphacan?a s]rata71 & a species ( ,acan?ophracta 7,phatnaspis xxxviiimll]i ,haliommatidium mll]i7 7loc4 cit41 pp4 #aa & #bg74 ,?is s]ot9\s division ( ! nucleus seems1 h[ev]1 to be r widely spread 9 bo? sublegions ( ! ,,acan?>ia2 ,i h f\nd1 n only 9 ! =ms above m5tion$1 b also 9 sev]al o!rs belong+ to diff]5t g5]a1 a s+le l>ge exc5tric nucleus1 ev5 9 ^? individuals 9 :i* ! skeleton 0 fully develop$4 ,c4 ,! peculi> mode ( nucle> budd+1 by :i* ^! small nuclei arise1 appe>s to proce$ 9 ! foll[+ mann] 7,pl4 #abi74 ,! vesicul> prim>y nucleus1 :i*1 9 consequ5ce ( ! c5trog5e\s developm5t ( ! skeleton protrudes z x gr[s into irregul> lobes 7,pl4 #abi1 fig4 #i71 assumes a peculi> concavo-convex =m1 sometimes t ( a hood or di%1 sometimes t ( a kidney or sausage4 ,! convex surface is appos$ to ! capsule-membrane1 :ile ! concave is turn$ t[>ds ! c5tral /> ( ! skeleton 7fig4 #f74 ,!re is n[ =m$ at ! c5tre ( ! convex surface ( ! /rong1 d\bly-cont\r$1 nucle> membrane1 a flask-%ap$ invag9ation ) a n>r[ neck & exp&$ base2 ! membrane n[ becomes dispos$ 9 peculi> folds1 :i* at ! n>r[ ap]ture ( invag9ation appe> z folds1 b on ! exp&$ body ( ! flask take ! =m ( conc5tric r+s1 laid closely side by side 7,pl4 #abi1 fig4 #aj74 ,! convex bottom ( ! flask1 :i* is direct$ t[>ds ! concave proximal side ( ! nucleus1 becomes aga9 invag9at$ by a c5tral conical apophysis ( ! enl>g$ nucleolus1 :i* is situat$ betwe5 !m4 ,usually ! nucleolus has already become flatt5$ into a l5ti=m %ape1 & ^u its di/al face a conical apophysis has be5 develop$1 :i* is divisible into a d>k] proximal & cle>] di/al portion4 ,! tip ( ! latt] appe>s to be 9 direct connection ) ! nucle> membrane at ! c5tre ( ! base ( ! flask-%ap$ invag9ation 7figs4 #f1 #aj74 ,at ?is /age ( developm5t ! nucleus ( ! ,,acan?>ia g5]ally pres5ts ! *>act]i/ic =m ( a hood-%ap$1 concavo-convex vesicle1 ^: radial axis is also ! axis ( ! flask-%ap$ di/al invag9ation1 & ( ! depress$ conical nucleolus1 :i* lies betwe5 ! latt] & ! concave side ( ! nucleus4 ,aft] ?is peculi> invag9ation has p]si/$ = "s "t 9 connection ) ! enl>g$ nucleolus1 bo? disappe>1 & !n a rem>kable gr[? ( lobul> processes takes place on ! concave proximal side ( ! hood or kidney-%ap$ nucleus2 f f\r to eight knobs ( unequal size usually appe>1 & _! ?ick5$ wall encloses a v>iable numb] ( small ( nucleoli2 ^! are at fir/ few b aft]w>ds m num]\s 7fig4 #g74 ,subsequ5tly ^! knobs or lobes become completely sep>at$ by con/riction f ! orig9al c5tral mass ( ! nucleus1 & appe> z s _m sep>ate indep5d5t sausage-%ap$ bodies 9 ! holl[ c5tral capsule 7fig4 #h74 ,ea* ( ! bodies n[ appe>s1 & at fir/ on its convex aspect1 to =m a l>ge numb] ( small nucleoli1 :i* ei!r sep>ate by con/riction f x or become free by its break+ up & lie 9 numb]s 9 ! c5tral capsule4 ,f9ally ! buds or lobes ( ! nucleus break up entirely into su* nucleoli1 :i* are ev5ly di/ribut$ 9 ! c5tral capsule1 & become ! nuclei ( ! sw>m-spores 7fig4 #aa74 ,comp>e ,r4 ,h]twig1 ,l4 ,n4 #cc1 ,taf4 i4-iii4 pp4 #ai-be4 #fi4 ,! ,nucleus ( ! ,monopylea4--,! nucleus ( ! mature =ms ( ! ,,nassell>ia or ,,monopylea is g5]ally simple or lobate1 homog5e\s or vesicul> & exc5tric1 & appe>s only to divide into num]\s small nuclei j be=e ! =mation ( ! spores4 ,nev]!less ,i h sometimes1 ?\gh n (t51 se5 9 repres5tatives ( v v>i\s families ( ! ,,monopylea1 ! c5tral capsule fill$ ) _m small sph]ical homog5e\s nuclei 7,pl4 #ec1 fig4 #ai74 ,h5ce all ! families ( ?is legion appe> to be s]ot9\s1 _! simple primitive nucleus p]si/+ = a long p]iod4 ,x xxxixis commonly plac$ exc5trically1 & mo/ usually 9 ! apical or aboral portion ( ! c5tral capsule1 ei!r betwe5 its apex & ! podoconus1 or q exc5trically on ! dorsal aspect4 ,! simple nucleus ( ! ,,nassell>ia usually appe>s to be vesicul> & to possess a some:at firm membrane1 cle> cont5ts1 & a r l>ge1 d>k col\r$ nucleolus4 ,9 _m ,,nassell>ia ! nucleus is sph]ical or ellipsoidal 7,pl4 #ec1 fig4 #aa72 :il/ 9 _m ,/ephoidea & ,spyroidea1 :]e ! c5tral capsule is con/rict$ by ! sagittal r+ & divid$ into two symmetrical lat]al lobes1 ! nucleus p>takes ( ! same mode ( gr[? & appe>s 9 ! middle ( ! capsule z a transv]sely plac$ ellipsoid or ev5 z a %ort cyl9d] 7,pl4 #ij1 figs4 #g1 #i74 ,! mo/ rem>kable modification 9 ! =m ( ! nucleus is to be f\nd 9 ! multi-articulate ,cyrtoidea4 ,"h x is usually enclos$ 9 ! cephalis & is sph]ical1 ellipsoidal or sph]oidal1 (t5 flatt5$ almo/ into a disc4 ,if n[ ! c5tral capsule increase greatly 9 size & put =? ?ree or f\r clavate lobes :i* hang d[n ?r\gh ! pores ( ! cort9> septum into ! ?orax 7or ev5 into ! succe$+ jo9ts71 ! nucleus usually und]goes simil> modification1 & ?ree or f\r f+]-l apophyses are develop$ f its base1 :i* project into ! correspond+ lobes ( ! c5tral capsule 7,pl4 #ei1 figs4 #d1 #ab1 #ac74 ,! num]\s small1 sph]ical1 homog5e\s nuclei :i* are to be f\nd 9 ! c5tral capsules ( ^? ,,nassell>ia1 :i* are ripe & ab\t to develop spores1 7 describ$ 9 #ahfb 9 my ,monograph1 z num]\s1 small1 transp>5t1 sph]ical cells 9 ! case ( v>i\s ,cyrtoidea 7,ara*nocorys1 ,li?omelissa1 ,eucecryphalus1 ,eucyrtidium1 c47 7loc4 cit41 pp4 #cjb1 #cje1 #cji1 #cba1 c471 & ,i f9d !m ( ! same =m & dim5sions1 b deeply /a9$ ) c>m9e 9 _m prep>ations 9 ! ,*all5g] collection4 ,r4 ,h]twig has del9eat$ !m v accurately 9 ! case ( ,tridictyopus 7#ahgi1 loc4 cit41 p4 #hd1 ,taf4 vii4 fig4 #c74 ,he 0 also ! fir/ to recognise ! un9ucleate condition ( ! ,,nassell>ia1 :i* is mu* m frequ5tly obs]v$ ?an ! s]ot9\s mult9ucleate condition1 & he describ$ v cle>ly ! peculi> lob$ nuclei :i* arise 9 ,cyrtoidea1 ow+ to ! protrusion ( ! nucleus ?r\gh ! cort9> septum 7loc4 cit41 p4 #he1 ,taf4 viii4 figs4 #c-h74 #gj4 ,! ,nucleus ( ! ,cannopylea4--,! nucleus pres5ts ! same rem>kable /ructures 9 all species ( ! ,,ph,,od>ia or ,,cannopylea :i* h be5 exam9$1 & closely resembles ! g]m9al vesicle ( an amphibian ovum1 be+ a l>ge sph]ical or sph]oidal vesicle ) num]\s nucleoli4 ,its diamet] usually am\nts to half or two-?irds1 sometimes ev5 ?ree-qu>t]s1 t ( ! c5tral capsule4 ,! v]tical ma9 axis ( ! latt] is also t ( ! nucleus1 :i* usually lies some:at ne>] to ! aboral pole4 ,! nucleus is g5]ally r m /rongly compress$ 9 ! direction ( ! ma9 axis ?an ! capsule itself4 ,! membrane ( ! vesicul> nucleus is ?91 b firm1 & encloses a cle> or f9ely granul> mass ( nucle94 ,! numb] & size ( ! conta9$ nucleoli are v>iable ev5 9 "o & ! same species1 & /& 9 inv]se ratio to ea* o!r1 an obvi\s result ( ! gradual process ( division4 ,commonly xlf tw5ty to fifty r\ndi% or sph]ical1 /rongly refract+ nucleoli1 are pres5t2 m r>ely !re are sev]al hundr$ v small ones4 ,sometimes ! nucleus is p5etrat$ by f9e trabecul1 9 ^: me%es lie ! nucleoli 7,pl4 #aja1 fig4 #b74 ,9 c]ta9 nuclei1 :i* conta9$ a few l>ge nucleoli1 ^! 7 ( irregul> =m1 probably ! result ( amoeboid movem5ts 7,pl4 #aja1 fig4 #a74 ,9 ! =mation ( spores 9 ! ,,cannopylea1 ! nucleus app>5tly becomes dissolv$1 & its num]\s nucleoli develop directly into ! nuclei or "m-nuclei1 :i* produce ! nuclei ( ! flagellate spores4 ,fur!rmore1 _m ,,ph,,od>ia seem to multiply by simple cell-division1 s9ce v commonly 7especially 9 ! ,phocy/9a & ,phocon*ia7 two l>ge nuclei 7"r & left71 may be met ) 9 "o c5tral capsule2 sometimes also a s+le l>ge nucleus1 9 :i* a sagittal con/riction m>ks ! comm5c+ division ( ! capsule 7,pl4 #aja1 figs4 #b1 #cf2 ,pl4 #ajd1 fig4 #c2 ,pl4 #abd1 fig4 #f1 c474 ,! l>ge nucleus ( ! ,,ph,,od>ia 0 fir/ describ$ 9 my ,monograph 9 #ahfb1 9 ! case ( ,aulacan?a 7p4 #bfc71 ,aulosphra 7p4 #cei71 & ,coelod5drum 7p4 #cfa71 z a l>ge1 sph]ical1 ?9-wall$ endocy/1 f #j4a to #j4b mm4 9 diamet]4 ,m detail$ descriptions1 especially ) respect to ! behavi\r ( ! nucleoli 7 giv5 by ,r4 ,h]twig 9 #ahgi 7,l4 ,n4 #cc1 p4 #ig74 #ga4 ,! ,endoplasm or ,intracapsul> ,protoplasm4--,9 all ,radiol>ia ! intracapsul> protoplasm1 :i*1 = ! sake ( brevity1 may be t]m$ endoplasm1 con/itutes orig9ally1 & especially 9 ! e>lie/ /ages1 ! only important cont5t ( ! c5tral capsule1 except ! nucleus4 ,9 c]ta9 ,,spumell>ia & ,,nassell>ia1 ( simple /ructure & ( small dim5sions1 ?is condition p]si/s = a long p]iod1 & ! endoplasm !n appe>s z a homog5e\s1 col\rless1 turbid or f9ely granul>1 muc\s1 semi-solid mass1 :i* _c be di/+ui%$ f ! ord9>y undiff]5tiat$ protoplasm ( "y cells2 no def9ite /ructure1 & 9 p>ticul>1 no fibrill> network1 c be discov]$ 9 x ev5 by ! use ( ! cu/om>y reag5ts4 ,9 ! great majority ( ! ,radiol>ia1 h[ev]1 ?is primitive homog5e\s condition ( ! endoplasm is v transi5t1 & x soon und]goes def9ite modifications1 becom+ diff]5tiat$ into sep>ate p>ts or produc+ new con/itu5t cont5ts4 ,su* products ( ! int]nal protoplasm are 9 p>ticul> hyal9e sph]es 7vacuoles & alveoles71 oil-globules1 pigm5t-bodies1 cry/als1 c4 ,! mo/ important ( ! diff]5tiations :i* take place 9 ! endoplasm is t into an int]nal1 granul>1 m$ull>y sub/ance & an ext]nal1 fibrill>1 cortical sub/ance2 al?\gh ! v>i\s legions behave some:at diff]5tly 9 ?is respect 7 #gg-hj74 #gb4 ,intracapsul> ,hyal9e ,sph]es4--,! c5tral capsule ( v _m ,radiol>ia conta9s 9 its endoplasm num]\s sph]ical bodies ( v>y+ size1 :i* consi/ ( wat]y or album9\s fluid1 & h previ\sly be5 reg>d$ z nuclei1 or describ$ z products ( ! int]nal protoplasm1 "u v>i\s names1 su* z sph]ical transp>5t xlivesicles 7see note ,a1 bel[71 album5 sph]es 7see ,b71 gelat9\s sph]es 7see ,c71 alveol> cells 7see ,d71 c4 ,"s ( ^! sph]es are p]fectly transp>5t1 /ructureless & ( v>y+ refractive p[]1 produc+ ! impression ( drops ( fluid2 o!rs conta9 v>i\s =m$ con/itu5ts1 su* z oil-globules1 fat-granules1 pigm5t-granules1 concretions1 cry/als1 c4 ,f a morphological po9t ( view !y may all be divid$ into two categories1 membraneless vacuoles & vesicul> alveoles4 ,! vacuoles are simple sph]ical drops ( fluid or ( gelat9\s mat]ial1 devoid ( a special envelope1 b imm$iately surr\nd$ by ! endoplasm4 ,! alveoles1 on ! o!r h&1 are true vesicles ) a ?9 sph]ical envelope1 enclos+ a drop ( fluid or jelly4 ,?is envelope is commonly v ?91 homog5e\s1 & (t5 sc>cely disc]nible1 s t 9 practice a %>p l9e ( dem>cation _c be drawn betwe5 alveoles & vacuoles2 ! =m] are usually some:at l>g] ?an ! latt]4 ,! fact is1 nev]!less1 c]ta9 t ! hyal9e sph]es1 :i* may be isolat$ on ruptur+ ! c5tral capsule ( _m ,radiol>ia1 9 c]ta9 cases1 p>ticul>ly 9 l>ge species1 possess a cle>1 anatomically demon/rable membrane1 :il/ 9 o!rs no su* appe>ance is pres5t$4 ,x may be assum$ t ! vesicul> alveoles are develop$ f ! drop-l vacuoles by increase 9 size1 & by ! precipitation ( a delicate envelope f ! endoplasm4 ,! "* common to all ^! hyal9e sph]es1 :e!r vacuoles or alveoles1 is f\nd 9 _! aque\s1 n adipose1 con/itution1 & 9 _! cle> transp>5t appe>ance1 :i* all[s ( no /ructure 7! above-m5tion$ conta9$ bodies except$7 be+ recognis$4 ,_! refractive p[] & consi/5cy v>y some:at1 & probably _! *emical con/itution /ill m4 ,sometimes !y are /rongly refractive & %9+1 & sometimes feebly refractive & pale2 _! consi/5cy %[s all int]m$iate /ages betwe5 a ?9 fluid1 :i* readily disappe>s 9 wat]1 & a firm1 insoluble jelly4 ,z reg>ds _! *emical composition 7:i* is probably v v>iable71 ! hyal9e sph]es may be be/ divid$ into two gr\ps1 ! organic & inorganic4 ,! inorganic hyal9e sph]es are simple drops ( sal9e solution )\t any c>bonace\s con/itu5t2 ! organic1 on ! o!r h&1 conta9 a small quantity ( organic matt] dissolv$ 9 ! wat]y fluid1 & may be ei!r album9\s or gelat9\s sph]es4 ,! =m$ cont5ts :i* are commonly pres5t are ( v v>i\s natures1 usually small fat-granules1 m r>ely l>g] fat-granules or pigm5t-granules1 sometimes concretions or cry/als4 ,9 _m gr\ps1 especially among ! l>ge ,,ph,,od>ia & ,collod>ia1 ! num]\s hyal9e sph]es are rem>kable = _! equal size & ev5 di/ribution ?r\gh\t ! endoplasm 7,pl4 #a1 figs4 #a1 #d2 ,pl4 #ajd1 fig4 #b1 c474 ,9 "s g5]a belong+ to ! ,?alassicollida ! alveoles are ( enorm\s size 7,pl4 #a1 figs4 #b1 #c72 !y !n become flatt5$ by mutual pressure into polyh$ra & di/5d ! c5tral capsule to unusual dim5sions 79 ,physematium & ,?alassolampe #h to #ab mm474 ,a4 ,! sph]ical hyal9e vesicles1 :i* ,i describ$ 9 my ,monograph 7#ahfb1 p4 #ga7 z among ! mo/ important & con/ant cont5ts ( ! c5tral capsule1 are p>tly vacuoles1 xliip>tly homog5e\s nuclei4 ,mo/ rec5t inve/igators1 ,bts*li 9 p>ticul> 7#ahhb1 ,l4 ,n4 #da71 h po9t$ out & rightly criticis$ ?is confusion4 ,! criticism might1 h[ev]1 h be5 m ju/ly express$ by /at+ t1 9 ! prep>ation ( my ,monograph 7#ahei-ahfb71 ,i did n make use ( mod]n me?ods ( demon/rat+ ! nucleus by /a9+ fluids1 :i* 7 q unkn[n at ! "t1 & only discov]$ a decade lat]4 ,9 fact1 )\t ! aid ( su* reag5ts1 x is q impossible to di/+ui% betwe5 ! v>i\s sph]ical transp>5t vesicles1 ( :i* ^? f\nd 9 ! c5tral capsule ( ! ,,ph,,od>ia & _m monozootic ,collod>ia are simple vacuoles ly+ 9 ! endoplasm1 :il/1 on ! o!r h&1 ^? ( ! ,polycytt>ia & _m o!r ,radiol>ia are true homog5e\s nuclei4 ,= n only are ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! small cle> sph]es1 _! refractive p[]1 & regul> di/ribution 9 ! endoplasm q simil>1 b !y are also ( mu* ! same size1 = ! diamet] ranges f #j4jje to #j4jae mm41 be+ g5]ally betwe5 #j4jjh & #j4jab mm4 ,9 addition to ?is !re is g5]ally 9 ea* hyal9e sph]e a d>k brightly %9+ granule1 :i*1 9 ! case ( ! vacuole1 is simply a fat-granule1 :il/ 9 ! case ( ! nucleus1 x is a true nucleolus4 ,! small hyal9e sph]es 9 ! "y un9ucleate capsules ( ! ,polycytt>ia are simple vacuoles 7,pl4 #c1 fig4 #ab71 :il/ 9 ! ripe mult9ucleate capsules !y are true nuclei 7,pl4 #c1 figs4 #c1 #h1 #i71 & x is q impossible to discrim9ate betwe5 ^! two conditions )\t ! use ( reag5ts4 ,?is has be5 expressly recognis$ by ,r4 ,h]twig1 :o has ! m]it ( hav+ be5 ! fir/ to cle>ly di/+ui%1 by ! aid ( /a9+ fluids1 betwe5 ^! two diff]5t con/itu5ts 7#ahgi1 ,l4 ,n4 #cc1 p4 #ajh74 ,b4 ,! album5 sph]es1 :i* 7 fir/ obs]v$ by ,a4 ,s*neid] 9 #aheh 9 ! common cosmopolitan ,?alassicolla nucleata 7,l4 ,n4 #ac1 p4 #dj71 & :i* appe> to occur 9 only a few o!r ,?alassicollida1 are di/+ui%$ f ! ord9>y hyal9e sph]es ( ab\t ! same size by _! high] refractive p[] & by c]ta9 album9oid reactions1 especially ! coagulation ( a membran\s envelope "u ! influ5ce ( c]ta9 reag5ts 7see my ,monograph1 p4 #bej1 & ,h]twig1 ,l4 ,n4 #bf1 #ahgf1 p4 #df74 ,!y (t5 enclose v>i\s =m$ cont5ts1 & require fur!r inve/igation4 ,c4 ,! gelat9\s sph]es ( v>i\s sizes1 f\nd 9 ! endoplasm ( ! ,radiol>ia1 agree 9 _! reactions 7especially 9 /a9+ by c]ta9 reag5ts7 ) ! common extracapsul> jelly ( ! calymma1 & are h5ce di/+ui%able bo? f ! true 7coagulable7 album5 sph]e1 & f ! ord9>y wat]y vacuoles4 ,d4 ,! alveoles1 :i* are only accurately kn[n 9 ! case ( c]ta9 l>ge monozootic ,collod>ia1 b :i* also seem to occur 9 ! c5tral capsule ( o!r rem>kably l>ge ,radiol>ia1 7 describ$ 9 my ,monograph 9 ! case ( ,?alassolampe m>g>odes & ,physematium mll]i1 "u ! "n intracapsul> alveol> cells 7#ahfb1 pp4 #gg1 #bed1 #beg74 ,!y are n1 h[ev]1 true nucleat$ cells1 & ! body describ$ z a nucleus is n su* 9 reality4 ,nev]!less ^! l>ge hyal9e sph]es d possess a special envelope1 z ,i h rec5tly conv9c$ myself by ! exam9ation ( ruptur$ c5tral capsules ( ,?alassolampe maxima1 ,?alassopila cladococcus1 & ,physematium atlanticum 7,pl4 #a1 figs4 #b1 #c74 ,! c5tral capsule ( ^! ,collod>ia becomes di/5d$ to mo/ unusual dim5sions 7#b to #ab mm4 9 diamet]7 by ! great developm5t ( ^! l>ge hyal9e vesicles1 ea* ( :i* measure f #j4a to #j4e mm4 9 diamet]4 #gc4 ,! ,intracapsul> ,fat-,globules4--,fat is pres5t 9 ! c5tral capsule ( all ,radiol>ia 9 l>g] or small] quantities1 & g5]ally appe>s 9 ! =m ( v xliiinum]\s1 small1 sph]ical granules1 :i* are ei!r di/ribut$ ev5ly 9 ! endoplasm 7z an emulsion7 or enclos$ 9 ! vacuoles2 ! latt]1 9 p>ticul>1 is ! case 9 mo/ ,,ph,,od>ia1 p]haps g5]ally4 ,9 ?is gr\p ea* vacuole conta9s z a rule a s+le d>k1 %9+ fat-granule1 & sometimes also an irregul> bun* compos$ ( f two to five or m granules4 ,9 addition to ^! small fat-granules 7granula adiposa7 :i* are always pres5t1 ! c5tral capsule ( _m ,radiol>ia conta9s also l>g] fat-globules 7globuli adiposi74 ,^! appe> to be g5]ally want+ 9 ! ,,ph,,od>ia1 & are on ! :ole r>e 9 ! ,,acan?>ia2 :il/1 on ! contr>y1 !y are v common 9 ! ,,nassell>ia & ,,spumell>ia4 ,! ,polycytt>ia or social ,radiol>ia are z a rule di/+ui%$ by ! possession ( a s+le l>ge c5tral oil-globule1 :i* lies 9 ! c5tre ( ! c5tral capsule1 & is on an av]age ab\t "o-?ird ( x 9 diamet] 7,pl4 #c1 figs4 #d1 #e74 ,?is is abs5t1 h[ev]1 9 ^? "y capsules ( ! ,polycytt>ia 9 :i* ! prim>y nucleus is c5trally situat$ 7,pl4 #c1 fig4 #ab74 ,^? species ( ,polycytt>ia ^: c5tral capsule rea*es a consid]able size1 (t5 enclose num]\s oil-globules1 & 9 ,collophidium 7species ( ,colloz\m ) an elongat$ cyl9drical capsule1 ,pl4 #c1 figs4 #a1 #c7 ! axis ( ea* capsule is occupi$ by a r[ ( num]\s oil-globules4 ,9 ! monozootic ,,spumell>ia1 9 :i* ! nucleus is always c5trally situat$1 ! l>ge oil-globules are1 ( c\rse1 exc5tric1 be+ 9 apposition to ! inn] surface ( ! capsule-membrane 7,pl4 #a1 fig4 #c2 ,pl4 #b1 figs4 #b1 #e74 ,9 ! ,discoidea ! oil-globules1 :i* are (t5 pres5t 9 l>ge numb]s1 =m elegant conc5tric r+s ar\nd ! c5tral nucleus1 & 9 ^? species ) segm5t$ arms1 !re are "o or m transv]se r[s 9 ea* segm5t 7,pl4 #dc1 fig4 #ae74 ,9 ! ,,nassell>ia ! numb] & di/ribution ( ! oil-globules are dep5d5t ^u ! =m ( ! c5tral capsule4 ,:5 ?is is simple1 )\t lobes1 & ovoid or conical1 !y g5]ally lie 9 its aboral half above ! podoconus 7,pl4 #ea1 figs4 #e1 #ac2 ,pl4 #ig1 fig4 #a74 ,:51 on ! contr>y1 ! basal portion ( ! capsule s5ds out ?ree or f\r dep5d5t processes 7z 9 ! majority ( ! ,cyrtoidea71 a l>ge globule may g5]ally be se5 9 ! swoll5 di/al "p ( ea* conical or ovoid lobe 7,pl4 #ec1 fig4 #ai2 ,pl4 #fj1 figs4 #d-g74 ,9 _m ,/ephoidea & ,spyroidea1 ^: c5tral capsule is sep>at$ into two lat]al portions by ! con/riction correspond+ to ! sagittal r+1 ea* ( ^! conta9s ei!r a s+le l>ge globule or a gr\p ( small ones 7,pl4 #ij1 figs4 #g1 #aj74 ,^! oil-globules are usually col\rless & highly refractive2 r>ely !y are yell[ or br[n1 sometimes rose-col\r$1 or an int5se blood-r$ 7e4g41 9 ,?alassophysa sangu9ol5ta7 or ev5 orange 79 ,physematium mll]i74 ,9 _m ,,spumell>ia1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,polycytt>ia1 an album9\s sub/ratum may be recognis$ 9 !m1 :i* is sometimes dispos$ 9 lay]s1 & aft] extraction ( ! fat pres5ts ! appe>ance ( a lam9at$ sph]e4 ,! physiological significance ( ! oil-globules is tw(old2 9 ! fir/ place !y t5d to dim9i% ! specific gravity ( ! organism2 9 ! second !y may be utilis$ z a res]ve /ore xliv( nutrim5t4 ,9 ! latt] respect !y are ( special importance 9 ! process ( spore-=mation1 ea* flagellate spore usually conta9+ a fat-granule4 #gd4 ,! ,intracapsul> ,pigm5t-,bodies4--,9 ! majority ( ,radiol>ia :5 obs]v$ alive1 ! c5tral capsule is col\r$1 only 9 ! m9ority is x col\rless4 ,! col\r is nev] diffuse1 b always due to ! =mation ( def9ite pigm5t granules or vesicles1 :i* are sometimes di/ribut$ ev5ly ?r\gh\t ! endoplasm1 sometimes aggregat$ 9 ! c5tral or p]iph]al regions4 ,_! =m may be ei!r sph]ical1 irregul>ly r\nd$1 or polyh$ral4 ,!y v>y mu* 9 dim5sions1 b 9 mo/ cases are immeasurably small1 & appe> "u a high magnify+ p[] z f9e du/2 occasionally1 h[ev]1 _! diamet] may am\nt to f #j4jja to #j4jje or m4 ,! *emical con/itution ( ! intracapsul> pigm5t is unkn[n 9 mo/ ,radiol>ia1 & is probably v v>i\s4 ,9 _m in/ances ! pigm5t-granules consi/ ( fat1 9 o!rs n4 ,! commone/ col\rs are yell[1 r$1 & br[n2 violet & blue are r>e1 & gre5 /ill r>]4 ,sometimes a def9ite tone ( col\r prevails ?r\gh\t a :ole gr\p1 & may !n be attribut$ to inh]itance1 e4g41 r$ is f\nd 9 mo/ ,sphroidea1 & blue 9 ! ,polycytt>ia 7see note ,a74 ,"o col\r is almo/ always con/ant 9 ! memb]s ( ! same species4 ,true pigm5t-cells1 belong+ to ! ,radiol>ian organism1 d n occur )9 ! c5tral capsule4 ,! peculi> yell[ cells :i* are f\nd 9 ! c5tral capsule ( _m ,,acan?>ia are symbiotic xan!ll 7see #gf74 ,a4 ,! numb] ( ,radiol>ia ^: pigm5t has be5 exam9$ 9 ! liv+ /ate1 is too small to all[ ( any g5]al conclusions be+ drawn4 ,reg>d+ ! diff]5t col\rs kn[n1 see my ,monograph1 ,l4 ,n4 #af1 p4 #gf4 #ge4 ,! ,intracapsul> ,cry/als4--,! cry/als f\nd 9 ! c5tral capsule ( _m ,radiol>ia may be divid$ into two gr\ps1 ( v diff]5t significance2 small cry/als1 :i* are v widely di/ribut$1 & l>ge cry/als1 :i* occur 9 only a few g5]a4 ,! small cry/als may also be t]m$ spore-cry/als1 s9ce ea* sw>m-spore (t5 conta9s su* a cry/al4 ,!y are rod-l or sp9dle-%ap$1 & consi/ ( an organic sub/ance :i* probably s]ves z a res]ve ( nutrim5t = ! develop+ spores4 ,su* spore-cry/als h be5 obs]v$ 9 num]\s ,,spumell>ia & ,,acan?>ia belong+ to v>i\s families1 & are probably pres5t ?r\gh\t ! two legions :i* make up ! ,porulosa4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y h n be5 notic$ 9 ! ,osculosa 7,,nassell>ia & ,,ph,,od>ia71 ! few sw>m-spores belong+ to ^! gr\ps :i* h be5 obs]v$ n exhibit+ any cry/als4 ,! l>ge cry/als1 :i* occur 9 small numb]s 9 ! endoplasm1 h hi!rto only be5 obs]v$ 9 a few species ( ,,spumell>ia1 belong+ to ! ,polycytt>ia4 ,!y 7 fir/ notic$ 9 ! common ,collosphra huxleyi1 & reg>d$ z coele/94 ,!y are also f\nd 9 ! c5tral capsule ( _m o!r ,collosphrida1 e4g41 ,bucc9osphra 7,pl4 #e1 figs4 #aa1 #ab74 ,cry/al-masses1 cry/al-%eaves1 or sph]ical masses ( radiat+ acicul> cry/als are enclos$ 9 xlv! vacuoles or album5 globules ( ,?alassicola nucleata & o!r ,?alassicollida1 z well z 9 ! c5tral capsule ( ,coelographis & "s o!r ,,ph,,od>ia 7,pl4 #abg1 figs4 #d-g74 ,all ^! l>ge cry/als are probably to be reg>d$ z excretory products4 #ge;,a4 ,! ,intracapsul> ,concrem5ts4--,concretions1 ei!r m9]al or organic1 ( v>y+ =m & con/itution1 are to be f\nd 9 ! endoplasm ( ,radiol>ia belong+ to v diff]5t families4 ,!y are mo/ abundant & multi=m 9 ,?alassicolla nucleata1 be+ usually circul> or elliptical discs1 :i* are conc5trically lam9at$ & highly refractive1 resembl+ />*-gra9s4 ,among !m tw9 =ms may frequ5tly be obs]v$1 z ?\gh ! concrem5ts 7 9 process ( division 7see note ,a74 ,simil> amyloid concretions are to be se5 9 ! c5tral capsule ( diff]5t ,,spumell>ia & ,,nassell>ia1 e4g41 9 ,cephalospyris triangulata 7,pl4 #if1 fig4 #bh74 ,viol9-%ap$1 highly refractive concrem5ts h be5 obs]v$ 9 ! c5tral capsule ( num]\s ,,spumell>ia1 ,,nassell>ia1 & ,,acan?>ia1 e4g41 ,?alassosphra1 ,spongosphra1 ,plegmosphra1 ,cyrtocalpis1 ,p]ipyramis1 ,botryocella1 c4 7see note ,b74 ,! *emical con/itution ( ^! concrem5ts is insuffici5tly kn[n4 ,a4 ,! amyloid concretions ( ,?alassicolla nucleata h be5 describ$ 9 detail 9 my ,monograph 7pp4 #hj1 #bej1 ,taf4 iii4 figs4 #b1 #c71 & by ,r4 ,h]twig 9 ! ,hi/ologie d] ,radiol>i5 7#ahgf1 p4 #dg1 ,taf4 iii4 figs4 #i-ac74 ,b4 ,! viol9-%ap$ concretions ( ,?alassosphra bifurca h be5 figur$ 9 my ,monograph 7pp4 #hj1 #bfa1 ,taf4 xii4 fig4 #a74 #gf4 ,! ,intracapsul> ,xan!ll4--,! xan!ll1 zooxan!ll1 or symbiotic yell[ cells are f\nd )9 ! c5tral capsule only 9 ! ,,acan?>ia1 :il/ 9 o!r ,radiol>ia !y only occur 9 ! extracapsulum4 ,!y are mo/ frequ5t 9 ! ,acan?ometra1 r>] 9 ! ,acan?ophracta1 b ev5 9 ! =m] !y are (t5 want+4 ,_! numb] is v v>iable1 b usually small1 f t5 to ?irty 9 "o capsule4 ,!y lie = ! mo/ "p imm$iately bel[ ! capsule membrane1 9 ! cortical lay] ( ! endoplasm4 ,! =m ( ! yell[ cells is ei!r sph]ical or ellipsoidal1 (t5 also sph]oidal or ev5 l5ti=m4 ,! diamet] v>ies f #j4ja to #j4jc mm4 ,!y possess a di/9ct membrane & an exc5tric nucleus1 & conta9 num]\s yell[ pigm5t-granules 9 ! endoplasm4 ,?is yell[ pigm5t dissolves 9 m9]al acids to =m a gre5 fluid1 & 9 o!r respects also behaves some:at diff]5tly f ! yell[ pigm5t 9 ! extracapsul> yell[ cells ( ! ,,spumell>ia & ,,nassell>ia4 ,9 bo? cases1 h[ev]1 ! xan!ll are n integral portions ( ! organism1 b unicellul> algae1 liv+ z p>asites or symbiontes 9 ! body4 ,a4 ,! yell[ cells 9 ! c5tral capsule ( ! ,,acan?>ia 7 fir/ obs]v$ by ,joh4 ,mll] 7,l4 ,n4 #ab1 pp4 #ad1 #dg74 ,9 my ,monograph ,i describ$ !m at great] l5g?1 & indicat$ _! diff]5ces f ! extracapsul> yell[ cells ( o!r ,radiol>ia 7,l4 ,n4 #af1 pp4 #gg1 #hf74 ,s9ce !n1 ,r4 ,h]twig has demon/rat$ _! cellul> nature 7,l4 ,n4 #cc1 pp4 #ab1 #aac71 & /ill m rec5tly xlvi,br&t has giv5 fur!r accurate in=mation reg>d+ _! occurr5ce1 con/itution1 & physiological significance 7,l4 ,n4 #ci1 ii4 ,art41 p4 #bce1 figs4 #fb-gc74 #gg4 ,! ,endoplasm ( ! ,p]ipylea4--,! intracapsul> protoplasm ( ! ,,spumell>ia or ,,p]ipylea is usually di/+ui%$ by a m or less complete radial arrangem5t1 :i* does n occur 9 ! same =m 9 o!r ,radiol>ia2 x may be reg>d$ z *>act]i/ic ( ?is legion1 = x probably occurs 9 all ! species at "s p]iod ( life or o!r1 & /&s 9 a direct causal relation%ip ) ! typical /ructure ( ! capsule-membrane 9 all ! ,,p]ipylea 7see note ,a74 ,= z ?is is commonly p]=at$ by v num]\s pores di/ribut$ at equal int]vals ov] ! :ole surface ( ! capsule1 & s9ce a communication betwe5 ! intra- & extracapsul> s>code takes place ?r\gh ^!1 ! radiate /ructure ( ! endoplasm may be readily expla9$ z due to ! influ5ce ( radial curr5ts :i* take place cont9u\sly or int]mitt5tly 9 ! endoplasm4 ,?is radiate /ructure is mo/ obvi\s :5 ! endoplasm conta9s no second>y products or only an insignificant am\nt ( ^!1 & ?us appe>s col\rless & almo/ homog5e\s1 or only f9ely granul>4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 an optical section ( ! c5tral capsule usually reveals a di/9ct radial /riation2 num]\s n>r[1 /raight1 d>k /reaks alt]nat+ regul>ly ) /ill n>r[] cle> ones2 ! latt] consi/ ( homog5e\s1 ! =m] ( m or less granul> protoplasm 7,pl4 #bj1 fig4 #a;a74 ,(t5 !re may be di/+ui%$ 9 ea* d>k] /reak a s+le /raight r[ ( /rongly refract+ 7fat87 granules1 sometimes sev]al su* r[s4 ,occasionally ! :ole endoplasm becomes divid$ up into a numb] ( l>ge radial w$ges1 club-%ap$1 conical or pyramidal masses ( granul> protoplasm1 sep>at$ by cle> divisions ( hyal9e plasma 7e4g41 9 ,actissa radiata1 p4 #ad1 :]e 9 ! optical section ( ! c5tral capsule1 betwe5 ! membrane & ! nucleus1 tw5ty-five d>k radial w$ges ( equal size 7 sep>at$ by ?ick cle> p>titions ( hyal9e protoplasm74 ,9 ! majority ( ! ,,spumell>ia ?is radial /riation is p>tially or entirely conceal$ by ! =mation ( pigm5t or ( o!r products4 ,v (t5 x is only visible 9 ! cortical lay]1 :i* lies imm$iately bel[ ! capsule-membrane 7,pl4 #a1 figs4 #a1 #c74 ,! rem>kable c5tripetal cones :i* *>act]ise ! ,?alassicollid g5us ,physematium1 & 7 =m]ly describ$ z c5tripetal cell-gr\ps1 are probably a special developm5t ( ^! cortical radial w$ges2 !y are conical cortical bodies1 regul>ly di/ribut$ on ! inn] surface ( ! membrane ( ! c5tral capsule1 & dispos$ ) ! apex turn$ t[>ds ! c5tre 7see note ,b74 ,m r>ely ?an 9 ! cortical lay]1 a simil> radial /ructure is to be f\nd 9 ! inn]mo/ m$ull>y lay] imm$iately surr\nd+ ! nucleus4 ,"h ! endoplasm sometimes breaks up into f9e radial ?reads1 :i* are anatomically sep>able & hang d[n f ! free nucleus z ?9 processes 7see note ,c74 ,9 "s cases x is also possible to isolate radial rods f ! cortical lay] ( teas$ out c5tral capsules4 xlvii,a4 ,! radial /ructure ( ! endoplasm 0 fir/ describ$ 9 my ,monograph 7#ahfb1 p4 #gd71 ?\gh ,r4 ,h]twig 7#ahgi1 p4 #aab7 0 ! fir/ to indicate its typical significance 9 ! case ( ! ,,p]ipylea1 & to demon/rate its causal relation ) ! radial curr5ts 9 ! c5tral capsule ( ?is legion4 ,m rec5t inve/igations h l$ me to ! conviction t ?is ph5om5on is m widespread1 & (t5 m /rongly develop$1 ?an 0 =m]ly imag9$1 & t x is probably "o ( ! typical *>act]s ( all ,,spumell>ia 7at lea/ ( ! ,monozoa74 ,b4 ,! c5tripetal cones ( ,physematium1 :i* h hi!rto be5 kn[n only 9 ^! colossal ,?alassosphrida1 7 fully describ$ 9 my ,monograph "u ! "n conical c5tripetal cell-gr\ps2 by _! fir/ discov]]1 ,a4 ,s*neid] 7,l4 ,n4 #ac71 !y 7 t]m$ ne/s1 & comp>$ ) ! ne/s 7c5tral capsules7 ( ! ,polycytt>ia4 ,9 ! ,physematium mll]i ( ! ,m$it]ranean 7hi!rto only obs]v$ by ,s*neid] & myself at ,mess9a7 x appe>$ z ?\gh ea* c5tripetal cone 7 compos$ ( a gr\p ( f ?ree to n9e 7usually f\r or five7 sl5d] w$ge-%ap$ cells1 ^: common c5tripetal apex 0 produc$ into a radial ?read ( s>code 7,l4 ,n4 #af1 p4 #beh1 ,taf4 iii4 fig4 #g74 ,s9ce !n 7#ahff7 ,i h obs]v$ at ,lanz]ote1 9 ! ,can>y ,isl&s1 a ne>ly relat$ =m1 :i* ,i take to be ,physematium atlanticum1 ,mey54 ,9 ?is1 h[ev]1 ! c5tripetal cell-gr\ps 7 want+1 & ! :ole cortical lay] ( ! endoplasm 0 cleft into num]\s radial portions1 ea* enclos+ a nucleus 7probably ! "m-cells ( flagellate spores1 see p4 #ce74 ,c4 ,! radial fibres ( ! m$ull>y endoplasm :i* cl+ to an extract$ nucleus h be5 obs]v$ by ,h]twig 9 c]ta9 ,sphroidea 7,diplosphra1 ,ara*nosphra7 7,l4 ,n4 #cc1 p4 #dj74 #gh4 ,! ,endoplasm ( ! ,actipylea4--,! intracapsul> protoplasm ( ! ,,acan?>ia or ,,actipylea is (t5 di/+ui%$ by a p>tial or complete radial arrangem5t l t ( ! ,,p]ipylea1 b diff]+ 9 ! numb]1 size1 =m1 & di/ribution ( ! radial portions into :i* ! endoplasm is diff]5tiat$4 ,= s9ce ! pores ( ! capsule membrane are di/ribut$ at equal di/ances all ov] ! surface 9 ! ,,spumell>ia1 :il/ 9 ! ,,acan?>ia !y are arrang$ 9 def9ite gr\ps1 & s9ce ! numb] & arrangem5t ( ! pores has a direct influ5ce ^u ! int]nal curr5ts ( ! endoplasm1 x foll[s t ! radial /ructure 9 ! latt] legion mu/ be v diff]5t f t 9 ! =m]4 ,9 addition to ?is !re mu/ n be =gott5 ! important influ5ce :i* ! e>ly c5trog5\s =mation ( ! skeletal rods ex]cises ^u ! disposition & gr[? ( ! intracapsul> /ructures4 ,h5ce ! endoplasm ( ! ,,acan?>ia does n sep>ate into innum]able ?91 closely pack$ radial w$ges or cortical radial rods1 b into a small numb] ( l>ge pyramidal portions betwe5 :i* run ! radially dispos$ het]og5e\s portions ( ! cont5ts ( ! capsule1 viz41 ! radial b>s ( acan?9 & ! peculi> intracapsul> axial ?reads4 ,z a direct consequ5ce ( ! regul> disposition ( ^! het]og5e\s radial portions1 :i* is (t5 *>act]i/ic ( ! v>i\s families ( ! ,,acan?>ia1 a correspond+ diff]5tiation ( ! endoplasm is br\ght ab\t2 x divides into a numb] ( conical or pyramidal portions 7radial pyramids71 ^: bases re/ ^u ! capsule-membrane & ^: apices are direct$ t[>ds ! c5tre ( xlviii! capsule 7! c5tral /> ( ! skeleton74 ,^! radial pyramids are1 h[ev]1 b r>ely visible1 be+ usually m or less conceal$ by a d>k pigm5t4 ,! diff]5tiations ( ! endoplasm 9 ! c5tral capsule ( ! ,,actipylea h be5 b little inve/igat$1 b !y appe> to v>y some:at 9 ! diff]5t gr\ps ( ?is legion4 ,9 all ,,acan?>ia 9 :i* ! tw5ty radial b>s are regul>ly arrang$ accord+ to ! ,mll]ian law 7see p4 #gag7 & 9 :i* axial ?reads con/ant 9 numb] & disposition run betwe5 !m f ! c5tral /> to ! capsule-membrane1 x obvi\sly foll[s t ! endoplasm mu/ be divid$ into m or less di/9ct radial pyramids1 & ?is mu/ ! case :e!r ^! take ! =m ( cont9u\s tracts or ( actually sep>able portions4 ,! regul> polygonal figures1 (t5 se5 on ! surface ( ! c5tral capsule 7) special di/9ctness 9 ,acan?ometron ela/icum & ,acan?ometron pellucidum7 sep>at$ by a network ( granul> ?reads1 are ! bases ( su* radial pyramids 7see ,h]twig1 ,l4 ,n4 #dc1 p4 #ab1 ,taf4 i4 figs4 #a-g74 #gi4 ,! ,endoplasm ( ! ,monopylea4--,! intracapsul> protoplasm ( ! ,,nassell>ia or ,,monopylea is di/+ui%$ f t ( any ( ! o!r ?ree legions by ! developm5t ( a q peculi> fibrill> /ructure1 ! axial pseudopodial cone1 :i* may %ortly be t]m$ ! podoconus 7foot-cone74 ,s9ce ?is is 9 direct correlation ) ! peculi> /ructure ( ! capsul> op5+1 ! l>ge poro*ora1 :i* is situat$ at ! basal pole ( ! ma9 axis1 x is q z *>act]i/ic ( ! legion z ! latt] itself 7see note ,a74 ,! podoconus is primitively a v]tical regul> cone ^: circul> base occupies ! horizontal poro*ora or basal por\s area ( ! c5tral capsule1 :ile its v]tical axis co9cides ) t ( ! latt]4 ,! apex ( ! cone1 usually some:at r\nd$ (f1 is !re=e direct$ t[>ds ! aboral or apical pole ( ! c5tral capsule & sep>at$ f x by a l>g] or small] int]val4 ,9 ?is int]val ! nucleus orig9ally lies 7z 9 ,pl4 #ea1 fig4 #ac2 ,pl4 #ih1 fig4 #ac72 b x is usually displac$ subsequ5tly & lies exc5trically4 ,! cone is ( v v>iable height2 on an av]age its v]tical height is ab\t equal to ! diamet] ( its horizontal base2 ^! dim5sions are1 h[ev]1 dep5d5t ^u ! =m ( ! c5tral capsule2 ! height be+ great] 9 sl5d] ovoid or conical capsules1 & less 9 depress$ sphroidal or discoidal ones1 ?an ! diamet] ( ! base4 ,! podoconus consi/s ( diff]5tiat$ endoplasm1 :i* becomes m deeply /a9$ by c>m9e & (f]s great] resi/ance to solv5ts ?an ! surr\nd+ f9ely granul> protoplasm4 ,! apex1 especially1 becomes v int5sely /a9$4 ,x always exhibits a v *>act]i/ic f9e b di/9ct /riation1 num]\s /raight radial l9es div]g+ f ! apex ( ! cone t[>ds ! base4 ,! numb] ( ^! /ri appe>s to correspond ) t ( ! v]tical rods 9 ! poro*ora1 & ea* ( ^! latt] /&s app>5tly 9 direct communication ) ! basal end ( an apical /ria 7 #ei74 ,^! ?reads are probably diff]5tiat$ con/ant contractile ?reads ( endoplasm1 or ev5 myophanes1 comp>able ) ! contractile cortical ?reads ( ! ,,cannopylea & ! p]man5t axial ?reads ( ! ,,actipylea4 ,! num]\s modifications1 xlixund]gone by ! =m & cont5ts ( ! c5tral capsule 9 ! diff]5t gr\ps ( ,,monopylea1 especially ^? due to ! =mation ( ! skeleton1 are n )\t influ5ce ^u ! podoconus4 ,! mo/ important div]g5cies f ! above describ$ prim>y =m are ! foll[+3--7#a7 ,! v]tical axial cone becomes oblique1 its axis incl9+ 9 ! sagittal plane & approa*+ ei!r ! dorsal or ! v5tral wall ( ! capsule2 ! cause ( ?is appe>s to be usually ! exc5tric developm5t ( ! gr[+ nucleus or ! =mation ( a l>ge oil-globule4 7#b7 ,! smoo? mantle ( ! podoconus becomes divid$ by ?ree longitud9al furr[s into ?ree equal prom95t ridges1 :i* correspond to ?ree circul> lobes 9 ! poro*ora2 ! cause ( ?is basal triradial lobul> =mation lies probably 9 ! triradial developm5t ( ! skeleton 9 _m ,,nassell>ia or 9 ! cort9> /ructure ( ! coll> septum4 7#c7 ,! simple podoconus splits into ?ree or f\r elongat$ lobes1 :i* ev5tually become almo/ completely sep>at$ & correspond to ! lobes ( ! c5tral capsule1 9 ! axial wall ( :i* !y lie z longitud9ally /riat$ b&s4 ,! behavi\r ( ^! b&s ju/ifies ! hypo!sis t ! podoconus is a muscul> diff]5tiat$ portion ( ! endoplasm & is compos$ ( myophane fibrill1 ^: contraction det]m9es ! op5+ ( ! c5tral capsule4 ,a4 ,! podoconus ( ! ,,monopylea 0 fir/ describ$ by ,r4 ,h]twig 9 #ahgi1 & recognis$ z a *>act]i/ic compon5t ( ! c5tral capsule 9 ! mo/ v>i\s gr\ps ( ?is legion 79 ,plectoidea1 ,/ephoidea1 ,spyroidea1 & ,cyrtoidea2 see 8 figures1 loc4 cit41 ,taf4 vii41 viii41 & ! description1 pp4 #ga1 #gc1 #hc1 #ajf74 ,h]twig call$ x ! pseudopodial cone1 & reg>d$ x z a conical process ( ! capsule-membrane1 :i* is develop$ f ?is latt] & projects f ! por\s area into ! int]ior ( ! c5tral capsule2 x is p5etrat$ by f9e canals :i* arise at ! apex ( ! cone1 div]ge t[>ds ! base1 & t]m9ate !re 9 ! rods ( ! pseudopodial area4 ,! intracapsul> protoplasm p5etrates at ! apex ( ! pseudopodial cone into its f9e canals1 runs along !m & em]ges f ! rods ( ! por\s area 9 ! =m ( sl5d] ?reads 7loc4 cit41 p4 #ai74 ,i _c agree ) ?is view ( ,h]twig1 al?\gh ,i h be5 able to confirm ! accuracy ( 8 description by my own obs]vations ^u num]\s excell5tly /a9$ & pres]v$ prep>ations 9 ! ,*all5g] collection4 ,z ,i h prov$ by num]\s teas$ out prep>ations1 & z ,h]twig himself correctly /ates1 ! cone is m readily deta*$ f ! membrane ?an f ! protoplasm1 :5 ! capsule is teas$ 7loc4 cit41 p4 #gc74 ,h5ce ,i reg>d ! podoconus n z a diff]5tiat$ portion ( ! capsule-membrane b z endoplasm1 & believe t x is compos$ ( myophanes or contractile muscul> fibrils 9 ! same mann] z ! cortical lay] ( ! ,,cannopylea4 ,probably ! contraction ( ^! fibrils s]ves to raise ! op]cul> rods & h5ce to all[ ! exit ( ! endoplasm ?r\gh ! pores :i* lie betwe5 ^! op]cul> rhabdillae 7comp>e #ei74 #hj4 ,! ,endoplasm ( ! ,cannopylea4--,! intracapsul> protoplasm ( ! ,,ph,,od>ia or ,,cannopylea is di/+ui%$ f t ( ! o!r ?ree legions by sev]al *>act]i/ic peculi>ities1 :i* are v important1 s9ce !y /& 9 causal relation to ! typical /ructure ( ! capsule-membrane & 9 p>ticul> ( its lrem>kable ap]ture4 ,9 ! case ( _m & p]haps ( all ,,ph,,od>ia ! endoplasm is diff]5tiat$ into a granul> m$ull>y & a ?9 fibrill> cortical lay]1 ! =m] ( :i* usually encloses num]\s small vacuoles1 :ile ! latt] conta9s muscul> fibrill4 ,9 ! volum9\s c5tral capsule ( l>ge ,,ph,,od>ia ! :ole cortical lay] ( ! endoplasm1 :i* lies imm$iately bel[ ! delicate inn] capsule-membrane1 sometimes appe>s delicately & regul>ly /riat$1 & mo/ di/9ctly s "u ! ap]tures1 t[>ds ! c5tre ( ea* ( :i* ! d>k /ri are radially direct$ 7see note ,a1 bel[74 ,^! /ri are probably contractile muscul> fibrill2 or myophanes1 by ^: contraction ! op5+s are volunt>ily wid5$4 ,9 ! ,tripylea ?is fibrill> /> is mu* m /rongly develop$ "u ! a/ropyle 7! ma9 op5+7 ?an "u ! p>apyl 7or accessory op5+s72 & probably ! peculi> radial /ructure ( ! op]culum ( ! =m] is due to ! /rong] developm5t ( ^! radial fibrils 7be+ _! impression74 ,9 _m ,,ph,,od>ia1 inde$1 ! f9e myophane fibrils are only visible "u ! ap]tures1 :il/ 9 o!rs !y =m a cont9u\s fibrill> cortical lay] on ! :ole inn] surface ( ! inn] capsule-membrane2 ! f9e fibrill run m]idionally f "o pole ( ! ma9 axis to ! o!r2 p]haps ! :ole c5tral capsule may *ange its =m 9 consequ5ce ( _! contractions4 ,! m$ull>y portion ( ! endoplasm1 :i* lies bel[ ?is ?9 cortical lay]1 is usually f9ely granul> 9 ! ,,ph,,od>ia1 & p]meat$ by num]\s sph]ical vacuoles1 :i* are notewor?y f _! equal size & regul> di/ribution4 ,ea* cle> vacuole usually conta9s a d>k %9+ fat-granule1 m r>ely a gr\p ( su* granules 7see note ,b74 ,comp>e #fj1 & ,pl4 #aja1 figs4 #a-c2 ,pl4 #ajd1 figs4 #a1 #b2 ,pl4 #aaa1 fig4 #b2 ,pl4 #abh1 fig4 #b1 c4 ,a4 ,! f9e fibrill 9 ! cortical lay] ( ! endoplasm 7 fir/ describ$ by ,h]twig 9 #ahgi 7,l4 ,n4 #cc1 p4 #ih1 ,taf x4 figs4 #f-aj74 ,he f\nd !m1 h[ev]1 only bel[ ! ?ree op5+s 9 ! capsule ( ! ,tripylea1 :]e !y =m ?ree /ellate gr\ps ( fibrils4 ,i f9d !m v cle>ly %[n1 & ) especial di/9ctness1 "u ! a/ropyle 9 mo/ ,,ph,,od>ia ( :i* ,i h _h ! opportunity ( exam9+ well-/a9$ & pres]v$ c5tral capsules4 ,9 _m cases1 also1 ! /riation is n conf9$ to ! ap]tures1 b spreads ov] ! :ole cortical lay]4 ,p]haps ?is con/itutes 9 all ,,ph,,od>ia a ?9 myophane-%eet1 ^: contractile fibrils run f "o pole ( ! ma9 axis to ! o!r & cause by _! contraction *anges 9 ! =m ( ! sph]oidal c5tral capsule4 ,b4 ,! granul> m$ull>y portion ( ! endoplasm ( ! ,,ph,,od>ia1 ) its num]\s cle> sph]ical vacuoles1 0 fir/ describ$ 9 my ,monograph 7#ahfb71 9 ! case ( ,aulacan?a 7p4 #bfc71 ,aulosphra 7p4 #cei71 & ,coelod5drum 7p4 #cfa7 z a f9ely granul>1 muc\s sub/ance 7intracapsul> s>code71 pack$ m or less closely ) cle> sph]ical vesicles f #j4jje to #j4jae mm4 9 diamet]1 ea* ( :i* conta9s "o or two1 r>ely ?ree1 d>k %9+ granules4 ,t ^! cle> sph]es are true vacuoles 0 fir/ cle>ly prov$ by ,h]twig 7,l4 ,n4 #cc1 p4 #ih74 ,z a rule all ! vacuoles ( ! same c5tral capsule are ( equal size 7g5]ally f #j4jjh to #j4jab mm4 9 diamet]71 & are di/ribut$ at equal int]vals ?r\gh\t ! f9ely granul> endoplasm4 li,,*apt] ,,iii4--,,! ,,extracapsulum4 7 #ha-ajj74 #ha4 ,! ,compon5ts ( ! ,extracapsulum4--,! extracapsulum or extracapsul> malacoma1 "u :i* "n are includ$ all ^? p>ts ( ! s(t body :i* lie outside ! c5tral capsule1 consi/s ( ! foll[+ con/ant1 & important con/itu5ts3--7#a7 ,! calymma or extracapsul> jelly-veil2 7#b7 ! s>comatrix or lay] ( exoplasm imm$iately surr\nd+ ! membrane ( ! c5tral capsule2 7#c7 ! s>codictyum or network ( exoplasm1 cov]+ ! surface ( ! calymma2 7#d7 ! pseudopodia or radial fibres ( exoplasm1 :i* may aga9 be subdivid$ into intracalymm> pseudopodia1 unit+ ! s>comatrix & s>codictyum1 & extracalymm> pseudopodia1 radiat+ freely into ! wat] outside ! calymma4 #hb4 ,! ,calymma4--,! calymma or extracapsul> jelly-veil ( ! ,radiol>ia is always ! mo/ volum9\s portion ( ! extracapsulum1 & 9 spite ( its simple /ructureless con/itution is ( great morphological & physiological importance4 ,9 all ,radiol>ia ?is gelat9\s mantle completely surr\nds ! c5tral capsule1 b is sep>at$ f its out] surface by a cont9u\s1 ?\gh ?91 lay] ( exoplasm1 ! s>comatrix4 ,! pseudopodia radiat+ f ! latt] pi]ce ! calymma1 =m ! s>codictyum at its surface1 & radiate f its nodal po9ts freely into ! surr\nd+ wat]4 ,! calymma is r>ely visible 9 liv+ fre%ly captur$ ,radiol>ia1 exam9$ 9 sea-wat]1 = its gelat9\s sub/ance is p]fectly hyal9e1 col\rless & pellucid1 & possesses ! same refractive index z sea-wat]2 b :5 ! object is remov$ f ?is fluid & transf]r$ to c>m9e solution or "s o!r col\r+ matt]1 ! ext5t & figure ( ! calymma become app>5t1 = ! /a9+ fluid does n at fir/ p5etrate into ! gelat9\s mat]ial4 ,:5 ?is has tak5 place1 h[ev] 7aft] a long] or %ort] "t71 & ! gelat9\s mat]ial has become col\r$1 its =m & size may be obs]v$ by ! conv]se exp]im5t2 ! object is transf]r$ once m to wat] & ! outl9es ( ! calymma become z cle> z ^? ( ! c5tral capsule4 ,! same is ! case ) dead specim5s 9 :i* ! /icky surface ( ! calymma has become cov]$ ) du/4 ,! jelly-veil ( ! ,radiol>ia 0 recognis$ ev5 by ! e>lie/ obs]v]s ( ! gr\p1 ,mey5 7#ahcd71 & ,huxley 7#ahea71 & comp>$ ) t ( ! ,palmell>ia2 ! =m] notic$ x 9 ,physematium & ,sphroz\m 7,l4 ,n4 #a1 p4 #bhc71 & ! latt] 9 ,?alassicolla & ,collosphra 7,l4 ,n4 #e1 p4 #dcc74 ,9 all ^! ,,spumell>ia1 bo? 9 ! monozootic ,?alassicolla & 9 ! polyzootic ,sphroz\m & ,collosphra1 ! calymma is v volum9\s & fill$ ) l>ge alveoli4 ,mey5 call$ !m muco-gelat9\s masses1 9 ! int]ior ( :i* are conta9$ small equal-siz$ vesicles2 ,huxley likewise f\nd cle> vesicles 9 ! jelly & comp>$ !m ) ,duj>d9's vacuoles4 ,johannes ,mll] obs]v$ ! jelly-veil 9 _m diff]5t ,radiol>ia1 9 p>ticul> 9 ! ,acan?ometra1 fir/ discov]$ by him1 b errone\sly believ$ t x only orig9at$ liiaft] dea? by liquefaction ( ! s>code 7,l4 ,n4 #ab1 p4 #f74 ,?is mi/ake is1 h[ev]1 easy to und]/&1 s9ce 9 liv+ ,radiol>ia ! calymma is usually invisible on acc\nt ( its p]fect transp>5cy1 :il/ 9 dead specim5s x is usually q di/9ct on acc\nt ( ! du/ cl++ to its adhesive surface4 ,i myself believ$ t ! =mation ( ! volum9\s hyal9e jelly-veil 0 only p>tially due to liquefaction aft] dea?1 b t x 0 to "s ext5t pres5t 9 ! liv+ organism & t x might vani% & subsequ5tly reappe> by means ( imbibition 7,l4 ,n4 #af1 pp4 #aji1 #aaj74 ,r4 ,h]twig 0 ! fir/ to demon/rate1 9 #ahgi1 t ! jelly-veil is con/antly pres5t 9 liv+ ,radiol>ia1 t x =ms ! basis ( ! extracapsul> malacoma & surr\nds ! c5tral capsule z a second protective %ea? 7,l4 ,n4 #cc1 p4 #aad74 #hc4 ,! ,/ructure ( ! ,calymma4--,! extracapsul> jelly-veil appe>s /ructureless 9 mo/ ,radiol>ia1 inasmu* z x repres5ts a homog5e\s pellucid excretion ( ! exoplasm & conta9s nei!r fibres nor o!r =m$ /ructures4 ,9 "s gr\ps1 h[ev]1 def9ite /ructural *>act]s become second>ily develop$4 ,! mo/ common & /rik+ ( ^! is ! =mation ( alveoles1 :i* takes place 9 ! extracapsulum 7see #hf74 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is ! calymma assumes a rem>kable fro?y consi/5cy & appe>s to be compos$ ( l>ge1 cle>1 ?9-wall$ vesicles2 ?is is especially ! case 9 ! ,collod>ia 7,colloidea1 ,pls4 #a1 #c1 & ,beloidea1 ,pls4 #b1 #d71 & 9 _m l>ge ,,ph,,od>ia1 especially among ! ,phocy/9a 7,phod9ida & ,cannorrhaphida1 ,pl4 #aja1 & ,aulacan?ida1 ,pls4 #ajb-ajd74 ,m r>ely ! calymma is n p]meat$ by vacuoles1 b !re appe> 9 x f9e /ri p>allel to ! surface z ?\gh x 7 compos$ ( ?9 conc5tric lam9 l an onion2 p]haps ^! are ! expressions ( a diff]5t quantity ( wat] 9 ! v>i\s lay]s4 ,9 ! calymma ( _m ,radiol>ia ?91 /raight1 radial l9es are to be se51 :i* are probably pseudopodia1 & n to be attribut$ to any /ructural modification1 or !y may be sl5d] canals :i* s]ve = ! exit ( ! pseudopodia4 ,on ! out] surface ( ! calymma ( diff]5t ,radiol>ia1 & especially 9 ! ,,acan?>ia1 a peculi> network ( fibres is to be f\nd1 compos$ ( polygonal me%es1 l ela/ic fibres1 probably due to a local ?ick5+ ( ! jelly4 ,^! polygonal me%es are (t5 v regul>ly di/ribut$ betwe5 ! radial sp9es ( ! ,acan?ometra1 & /& 9 a def9ite relation to !m4 ,! fibres :i* =m ! me%es are (t5 r /rong1 resembl+ ela/ic fibres1 z above-m5tion$1 & ei!r simple or compos$ ( bundles ( v f9e fibrill 7,l4 ,n4 #cc1 p4 #ae1 ,taf4 i4 fig4 #a1 ,taf4 ii4 fig4 #d74 #hd4 ,! ,consi/5cy ( ! ,calymma4--,! gelat9\s mat]ial ( :i* ! calymma ( ! ,radiol>ia consi/s is a pellucid mass1 ri* 9 wat] & usually q hyal9e & /ructureless2 its consi/5cy is v v>iable4 ,9 ! majority ( ! ,radiol>ia x may p]haps be ab\t equal to t ( ! jelly :i* composes ! umbrella ( mo/ ,m$us2 b z 9 ^! latt] x may v>y betwe5 v wide extremes1 con/itut+ on ! "o h& a v s(t jelly-mantle1 (f]+ b little liiiresi/ance to me*anical influ5ces & almo/ dis9tegrat+ "u ! eyes ( ! obs]v]1 & on ! o!r h& =m+ a firm gelat9\s %ell1 comp>able to c>tilage 9 h>dness1 ela/icity1 & p[] ( me*anical resi/ance4 ,9 _m ,radiol>ia ( l>ge dim5sions ) an alveol> calymma 7especially 9 num]\s ,collod>ia & ,,ph,,od>ia7 ?is may be split by means ( dissect+ ne$les & ! c5tral capsule extract$ l ! /one f a *]ry1 & !n x is easy to asc]ta9 t ! firmness & ela/icity ( ?is jelly-veil are n less ?an ^? ( a *]ry4 ,! diff]5t degrees ( consi/5cy 9 ! v>i\s ,radiol>ia may be dep5d5t ei!r ^u ! relative am\nt ( wat] :i* !y conta91 or ^u qualitative or quantitative v>iations 9 ! organic sub/ance ( :i* ! jelly consi/s4 ,great importance is to be atta*$ to ! consid]able consi/5cy ( ! calymma1 because x furni%es ! indisp5sable gr\ndwork = ! deposition ( _m p>ts ( ! skeleton & p>ticul>ly ( ! lattice-%ells4 #he4 ,! ,prim>y & ,second>y ,calymma4--,9 mo/ ,radiol>ia ! ext]nal =m & volume ( ! calymma are diff]5t at diff]5t /ages ( gr[?1 & ?is diff]5ce is ma9ly dep5d5t ^u ! developm5t ( ! skeleton4 ,h5ce x is advisable to di/+ui% 9 g5]al ! prim>y f ! second>y calymma4 ,! prim>y calymma is 9 ! great majority ( ,radiol>ia a p]fect sph]e1 9 ! middle ( :i* lies ! conc5tric c5tral capsule2 on ! surface ( ?is gelat9\s plate ! prim>y sph]ical lattice-%ell is secret$ 9 mo/ ,,spumell>ia & ,acan?ophracta1 z well z 9 ^? ,,ph,,od>ia :i* possess a sph]ical %ell2 9 ! rema9+ ,,ph,,od>ia also & 9 ! ,,nassell>ia1 :]e ! lattice-%ell is n sph]ical b monaxon1 x is secret$ on ! surface ( ! prim>y calymma4 ,?is takes place at a def9ite "t1 v important 9 ! developm5t ( ! ,radiol>ian1 :i* = ! sake ( brevity we %all t]m ! lorication-p]iod4 ,s9ce ! firm surface ( ! prim>y calymma furni%es ! necess>y f\ndation = ! deposition ( ! prim>y lattice-%ell1 x is ( ! greate/ me*anical significance 9 all %ell-be>+ ,radiol>ia4 ,! second>y calymma arises only aft] ! lorication-p]iod by fur!r gr[? ( ! primitive jelly-mantle & 9 ! fully develop$ ,radiol>ian usually encloses :olly or p>tially ! ext]nal p>ts ( ! skeleton1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* x assumes ! mo/ v>i\s =ms4 ,v (t5 ! second>y calymma is polyh$ral1 be+ /ret*$ betwe5 ! radial sp9es ( ! skeleton1 ! di/al ends ( ! latt] !n =m+ ! fix$ po9ts ( ! gelat9\s polyh$ron4 #hf4 ,! ,extracapsul> ,vacuoles & ,alveoles4--,! calymma ( ! ,radiol>ia usually appe>s completely homog5e\s & hyal9e )\t any /ructure2 sometimes x encloses num]\s cle> vesicles1 vacuoles or alveoles1 & !n assumes a fro?y appe>ance1 ! expression ( a m or less di/9ct alveol> /ructure4 liv,! cle> vesicles to :i* ?is is due are ei!r sph]ical1 or polyh$ral f mutual pressure1 & l ! simil> ones 9 ! c5tral capsule may be divid$ into membraneless vacuoles & vesicul> alveoles4 ,! vacuoles are simple drops ( fluid1 )\t a special envelope1 & imm$iately surr\nd$ by ! gelat9\s sub/ance ( ! calymma1 9 :i* !y appe> z simple cavities4 ,! alveoles on ! contr>y are true vesicles1 ) a ?9 envelope1 :i* encloses a drop ( fluid or a globule ( jelly2 9 ! latt] case its cont5ts are diff]5t 9 refract+ p[] & am\nt ( conta9$ wat] f ! sub/ance ( ! surr\nd+ calymma4 ,a %>p b\nd>y betwe5 ! membraneless vacuoles & ! vesicul> alveoles _c be drawn 9 ! case ( ! extracapsul> hyal9e sph]es any m ?an 9 ! intracapsul>2 ! envelope ( ! alveoles is sometimes v di/9ct & ev5 anatomically sep>able1 :il/ at o!r times x is v ?9 & sc>cely recognisable2 x may occasionally arise & disappe> )9 a v %ort "t 7see note ,a74 ,!re is no d\bt t 9 ! calymma z 9 ! c5tral capsule ! vesicul> alveoles are second>y products1 :i* h aris5 f ! vacuoles by ! secretion ( an envelop+ membrane4 ,?is membrane is ei!r a delicate %ea? ( exoplasm1 or a firm] & m resi/ant sk91 di/9ct f ! exoplasm1 & probably an excretion f x 7e4g41 ,pl4 #d1 figs4 #b1 #c74 ,9 _m cases ! out] surface ev5 ( ! vacuoles is cov]$ by a network ( pseudopodia1 :i* =m a s>coplegma simil> to a f5e/rat$ alveol> membrane4 ,! col\rless pellucid fluid 9 ! vacuoles & alveoles is usually simple sea-wat]1 m r>ely x conta9s a small quantity ( album5 7album5-sph]es7 or jelly 7gelat9\s sph]es74 ,! size ( ^! sph]es is v v>iable4 ,q small vacuoles may be f\nd 9 ! calymma ( _m ,radiol>ia4 ,l>ge vacuoles1 on ! o!r h&1 produc+ ! appe>ance ( an alveol> /ructure1 are conf9$ to b few gr\ps1 to a "p ( ! ,,spumell>ia 7,colloidea1 ,beloidea1 & a few ,sphroidea71 & to ! ,phocy/9a 7,,ph,,od>ia ) incomplete skeleton72 besides !y occur only r>ely 9 individual g5]a1 e4g41 ,nassella among ! skeletonless ,,nassell>ia4 ,s9ce ! volume ( ! calymma is mu* increas$ by ! developm5t ( vacuoles1 & ! p[] ( me*anical resi/ance is at ! same "t mu* increas$1 ! fact is expla9$ t ! vacuoles occur ma9ly 9 ,radiol>ia :i* h no skeleton or only an incomplete "o 7see note ,b74 ,among ! monozootic ,collod>ia ! alveol> /ructure is especially well develop$ 9 ! foll[+ g5]a2 ,?alassicolla 7,pl4 #a1 figs4 #d1 #e71 ,?alassophysa1 ,?alassoplancta1 ,lampoxan?ium 7,pl4 #b1 figs4 #a1 #b72 among ! ,,ph,,od>ia 9 mo/ g5]a ( ! ,phod9ida1 ,cannorrhaphida & ,aulacan?ida 7,pls4 #aja-ajd71 & probably also 9 o!r volum9\s ,,ph,,od>ia 7e4g41 ,phosphria74 ,! alveoles or vacuoles 9 ! calymma ( ^! l>ge ,radiol>ia lie usually 9 sev]al lay]s1 "o above ano!r1 & increase 9 size f )9 outw>ds4 ,! ,polycytt>ia or social ,radiol>ia 7! ?ree families ,collozoida1 ,sphrozoida & ,collosphrida7 )\t exception h an alveol> /ructure1 & ! special =m ( lv_! colonies or co5obia is to a great ext5t det]m9$ by ! developm5t1 numb]1 size & arrangem5t ( ! alveoles 9 _! calymma 7comp>e ,pls4 #c-h74 ,9 ^! cases !re is n unfrequ5tly develop$ a l>ge c5tral alveole 7see note ,c7 ^: ?ick5$ wall encloses a globe ( jelly & s]ves z ! c5tral support ( ! :ole colony 7,pl4 #e1 fig4 #a74 ,/ill m /rik+1 h[ev]1 is ! arrangem5t ( c]ta9 ,polycytt>ia1 :]e ea* individual ( ! colony 7or ea* c5tral capsule ) its calymma7 is enclos$ 9 a l>ge alveole1 ^: firm wall (t5 atta9s consid]able ?ickness 7,pl4 #d1 figs4 #b1 #c74 ,! :ole colony !n appe>s z an aggregate ( num]\s cells1 ea* ( :i* possesses two envelopes1 ! inn] c5tral capsule & ! out] alveol> membrane2 betwe5 ^! lies 9 ! ,collosphrida ! silice\s lattice-%ell 7,pl4 #f1 fig4 #b74 ,^! p]icapsul> alveoles may be reg>d$ z an out] cell-wall m correctly ?an ! membrane ( ! c5tral capsule itself1 b ! arrangem5t may also be comp>$ to ! tempor>y ency/ation ( o!r ,proti/a 7see note ,d74 ,a4 ,! extracapsul> vacuoles 9 ! calymma 7 fir/ obs]v$ 9 #ahea by ,huxley1 9 ,?alassicolla & ,sphroz\m1 & comp>$ ) ,duj>d9's s>code vacuoles 7,l4 ,n4 #e74 ,aft]w>ds ,j4 ,mll] notic$ t g5]ally ^! l>ge cle> vesicles are cov]$ by a f9e membrane1 & h5ce he call$ !m alveoles 7,l4 ,n4 #ab1 pp4 #c1 #g1 c474 ,9 my ,monograph ,i h describ$ !m m 9 detail z extracapsul> alveoles 7#ahfb1 p4 #hh1 ,tafs4 i4-iii4 xxxii4-xxxv474 ,ev] s9ce !n ! po9t has be5 debat$ :e!r ^! cle> spaces are simple vacuoles 9 ! s5se ( ,huxley or vesicul> alveoles z /at$ by ,j4 ,mll]4 ,?is cont5tion is unnecess>y1 = bo? v>ieties are pres5t1 & (t5 no %>p l9e c be drawn betwe5 !m4 ,r4 ,h]twig has rec5tly come to ! conclusion t !y are z a rule membraneless vacuoles1 b t !y sometimes become surr\nd$ by a special envelope 7,l4 ,n4 #cc1 p4 #ca74 ,he ev5 succe$$ 9 extract+ f a ,collosphra ! l>ge vesicle :i* lies 9 ! c5tre ( _m colonies & remov+ its cov]+ ( c5tral capsules & jelly4 ,b4 ,! me*anical importance ( ! alveol> /ructure1 :i* c]ta9ly increases ! ela/icity & me*anical resi/ance ( ! volum9\s calymma1 has n yet be5 suffici5tly realis$2 9 ! case ( ^? ,radiol>ia :i* h no skeleton1 or at all ev5ts no lattice-%ell1 x may take ! place ( ?is z a protective envelope4 ,fur!rmore1 by tak+ 9 & giv+ out wat] x may dis*>ge a hydro/atic function1 caus+ ! organism to rise or s9k 9 ! wat]4 ,c4 ,! l>ge c5tral alveole f\nd 9 ! colonies ( _m ,polycytt>ia 7especially ,collosphrida7 & fir/ describ$ 9 my ,monograph 7,taf4 xxxiv4 fig4 #a71 has s9ce !n be5 obs]v$ by ,h]twig1 ,bts*li1 & o!r inve/igators1 & recognis$ z ! c5tral support ( ! :ole colony1 surr\nd$ by a delicate membrane 7comp>e ,l4 ,n4 #cc1 p4 #ca1 & ,l4 ,n4 #da1 p4 #dcf74 ,9 a colony ( ,trypanosphra trans=mata 7,pl4 #e1 fig4 #a71 :i* ,i obs]v$ liv+ :ile 9 ,ceylon 9 #ahha1 ! membrane ( ! l>ge c5tral alveole 0 surr\nd$ by a firm network ( s>coplegma1 & c\ld be me*anically isolat$ f ! c5tral jelly-sph]e :i* x enclos$4 ,d4 ,! p]icapsul> alveoles1 figur$ 9 ,pl4 #d1 figs4 #b1 #c1 f a ,sphroz\m1 & 9 ,pl4 #f1 fig4 #b1 f a ,siphonosphra1 7 v well pres]v$ 9 "s prep>ations 9 ! ,*all5g] collection2 p]haps _! developm5t co9cides ) ! =mation ( spores1 & may be reg>d$ z an ency/ation4 lvi#hg4 ,! ,extracapsul> ,fat-,globules4--,fat is probably z widely di/ribut$ 9 ! exoplasm z 9 ! endoplasm ( ! ,radiol>ia2 a consid]able proportion ( ! small1 d>k1 highly refractive granules appe> to consi/ ( fat2 mo/ likely !y are = ! mo/ "p direct products ( meta/asis4 ,^! widely-spread granules1 :i* are sometimes col\r$1 & :i* by _! passive motion produce ! ph5om5on ( granul> circulation 9 ! exoplasm1 are n ! only fatty /ructures 9 ! extracapsulum2 l>g] globules sometimes occur4 ,9 c]ta9 l>ge ,collod>ia 7e4g41 ,?alassicolla melacapsa1 ,pl4 #a1 fig4 #e2 ,?alassophysa sangu9ol5ta1 c47 radial s]ies ( oil-globules are f\nd 9 ! calymma1 especially 9 its proximal portion2 9 o!rs ! c5tral capsule is surr\nd$ by a lay] ( oil-globules 7situat$ 9 ! s>comatrix74 ,9 ! ,,ph,,od>ia a "p ( ! phodium appe>s to consi/ ( fat-globules4 #hh4 ,! ,extracapsul> ,pigm5t4--,! =mation ( col\r+ matt]s 9 ! extracapsulum is on ! :ole r>e 9 ! ,radiol>ia1 ap>t f ! yell[ cells 7see #ia7 & f ! peculi> phodium ( ! ,,ph,,od>ia1 :i* w be sep>ately treat$ ( 9 ! next p>agraph4 ,consid]able masses ( extracapsul> pigm5t1 usually black or blue1 r>ely br[n or r$1 are f\nd only 9 a few ,radiol>ia belong+ to ! fir/ ?ree legions2 mo/ (t5 9 ! ,,spumell>ia4 ,"s l>ge ,collod>ia1 e4g41 ! common ,?alassicolla nucleata & a few o!r species ( ?is g5us 7,pl4 #a1 fig4 #d71 are *>act]is$ by a ri* deposit ( black or blue pigm5t 9 ! s>comatrix & 9 ! proximal portion ( ! calymma4 ,br[n pigm5t is deposit$ 9 ! calymma ( _m ,sphroidea & ,discoidea1 z well z ( "s ,,nassell>ia 7,cy/idium1 ,tridictyopus1 c474 ,9 a "p ( ! ,,acan?>ia r$ pigm5t granules are ?ickly /rewn 9 ! s>coplegma & pass along ! free pseudopodia1 z = example 9 ,act9elius purpureus & ,acan?o/aurus purpurasc5s4 ,! composition & significance ( ^! extracapsul> pigm5ts are n completely kn[n4 ,on ! extracapsul> pigm5t ( ,?alassicolla nucleata1 comp>e my ,monograph1 pp4 #hg1 #bea4 ,on ! r$ extracapsul> pigm5t-granules ( ! ,,acan?>ia1 see ,l4 ,n4 #ai1 pp4 #cde1 #cfd1 c4 #hi4 ,! ,phodium ( ! ,phod>ia4--,! ,,ph,,od>ia1 :i* are di/+ui%$ f ! o!r ?ree legions ( ,radiol>ia by ! d\ble membrane ( ! c5tral capsule1 & ! peculi> /ructure ( ! ma9-op5+ 7a/ropyle71 diff] also 9 o!r po9ts1 ! mo/ important ( :i* is ! con/ant pres5ce ( a volum9\s mass ( extracapsul> pigm5t4 ,?is possesses a peculi> con/itution & special significance1 & is n to be conf\nd$ ) ! extracapsul> pigm5t-granules ( o!r ,radiol>ia 7e4g41 ,?alassicolla71 & h5ce x has be5 di/+ui%$ by ! "n ,phodium1 & ! individual granules :i* compose x z ,phodella 7see note ,a74 ,! phodium is always exc5tric 9 position relatively to ! c5tral capsule1 ( :i* x lviisurr\nds ! oral half 9 ! =m ( a volum9\s concavo-convex cap1 hid+ ! a/ropyle at its basal pole s completely t ! latt] is r>ely visible until ! phodium has be5 remov$ 7,pls4 #ii-ajd2 ,pl4 #aae1 fig4 #h2 ,pl4 #abc1 c474 ,! c5tral capsule is g5]ally almo/ completely emb$d$ 9 ! phodium1 s t only its aboral pole 7) ! two p>apyl 9 ! ,,tripylea7 projects4 ,9 ! ,phogromia1 9 :i* ! lattice-%ell possesses a special op5+ & ! c5tral capsule lies exc5trically 9 ! aboral position ( its int]ior1 ! phodium occupies ! oral aspect1 betwe5 ! capsule & ! ap]ture 7,pls4 #ii1 #ajj1 #aah-abj1 c474 ,9 ! peculi> family ,coelographida 7,pls4 #abf-abh7 a special receptacle 7galea ) its rh9ocanna7 = ! phodium is develop$ outside ! bivalve %ell1 )9 :i* ! c5tral capsule lies4 ,! proboscis1 :i* 9 all ,,ph,,od>ia arises f ! c5tre ( ! a/ropyle1 lies 9 ! v]tical axis ( ! phodium & is entirely surr\nd$ by x4 ,! volume ( ! phodium 9 ! majority ( ! ,,ph,,od>ia may be said to be ab\t z great z t ( ! c5tral capsule1 al?\gh 9 "s species x is consid]ably l>g]4 ,its col\r is always d>k1 usually betwe5 gre5 & br[n1 commonly olive-gre5 or blacki%-br[n1 r>ely r$di%-br[n or black4 ,! phodell or pigm5t-granules :i* make up ! great] "p ( ! phodium 7see note ,b7 are irregul> 9 =m & unequal 9 size & %[ no def9ite /ructure2 usually !y are sph]ical or ellipsoidal1 & exhibit f9e p>allel /ri :i* run transv]sely or obliquely 7,pl4 #aja1 fig4 #c1 #f1 #aj2 ,pl4 #ajc1 fig4 #a1 c474 ,betwe5 ! l>g] granules is usually f\nd a ?ick du/-l mass ( innum]able v small gra9s4 ,! physiological significance ( ?is peculi> phodium is /ill unkn[n1 b is probably consid]able1 judg+ f its l>ge size & especially f its con/ant topographical relation to ! a/ropyle2 ! latt] consid]ation w\ld lead to ! supposition t x plays an important "p 9 ! nutrition & meta/asis ( ! ,,ph,,od>ia 7see note ,c74 ,a4 ,! phodium ( ,aulacan?a1 ,?alassoplancta1 & ,coelod5drum 0 fir/ describ$ 9 #ahfb1 9 my ,monograph1 z an exc5tric extracapsul> mass ( pigm5t ( blacki%-br[n or olive-gre5 col\r 7pp4 #hg1 #bfb1 #bfd1 #cfa1 ,taf4 ii4 iii4 xxxii474 ,s9ce !n ,john ,murray1 :o inve/igat$ _m liv+ ,,ph,,od>ia dur+ ! ,*all5g] exp$ition1 has %[n its g5]al di/ribution 9 ?is legion 7,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,lond41 vol4 xxiv4 p4 #ecf1 #ahgf74 ,f ! con/ancy ( its pres5ce ,i gave ! legion ! "n ,,ph,,od>ia 9 #ahgi 7,l4 ,n4 #cd74 ,b4 ,) reg>d to ! special composition ( ! phodium & ! con/itution ( ! phodell1 see ! g5]al description ( ! ,,ph,,od>ia1 pp4 #aecc-aecg4 ,c4 ,p]haps ! phodell are to "s ext5t symbiontes ) ! ,,ph,,od>ia2 ! xan!ll pres5t 9 mo/ o!r ,radiol>ia are abs5t 9 ?is legion4 #ij4 ,! ,extracapsul> ,xan!ll4--,xan!ll or ,zooxan!ll1 symbiotic yell[ cells1 are v commonly f\nd 9 ! extracapsulum ( ! ,radiol>ia1 especially 9 _m ,,spumell>ia & ,,nassell>ia2 :il/ 9 ! ,,acan?>ia simil> yell[ cells usually only occur )9 ! c5tral capsule1 & 9 ! ,,ph,,od>ia _! lviiipres5ce has n be5 c]ta9ly demon/rat$4 ,! extracapsul> ,xan!ll are f\nd mo/ abundantly 9 ! ,collod>ia1 bo? 9 ! monozootic ,?alassicollida & 9 ! polyzootic ,sphrozoida4 ,!y occur 9 small] numb]s 9 ! ,sphrell>ia1 & 9 _m divisions ( ! latt] !y seem to be entirely abs5t4 ,also x sometimes happ5s t1 ?\gh pres5t 9 l>ge numb]s 9 "s ,,spumell>ia1 !y are entirely abs5t 9 o!rs ne>ly relat$ to !m2 inde$1 ?is has also be5 obs]v$ 9 ! case ( diff]5t individuals ( ! same species4 ,?is fact alone is suffici5t to %[ t ! ,xan!ll are n an integral "p ( ! ,radiol>ian organism 7z 0 =m]ly believ$7 b p>asites or m correctly symbiontes1 :i* live z inhabitants ( ! calymma4 ,m rec5t inve/igations h %[n1 t besides ! yell[ pigm5t-gra9s !y conta9 />* or an amyloid sub/ance1 t is to say1 vegetable res]ve mat]ials1 t _! ?9 envelope conta9s cellulose1 & t _! yell[ col\r+-matt] resembles *lorophyll & is relat$ to t ( ! ,diatomace 7,diatom974 ,h5ce !y are n[ g5]ally reg>d$ z unicellul> ,alg1 ne>ly relat$ to ^? :i* occur z symbiontes 9 o!r m>9e animals 7,exuviella1 c474 ,! />*1 :i* !y develop ) ! =mation ( oxyg51 may s]ve z nutrim5t to ! ,radiol>ia1 :ile ! c>bonic acid yield$ by ! latt] is also b5eficial to ! ,xan!ll4 ,! =m ( ! ,xan!ll is usually sph]ical & elliptical1 (t5 also sphroidal or discoidal4 ,_! diamet] is usually betwe5 #j4jjh & #j4jab mm41 r>ely m or less4 ,! diff]5ces exhibit$ by ,xan!ll :i* live 9 diff]5t gr\ps ( ,radiol>ia dem& fur!r inve/igation1 :i* w p]haps lead to ! e/abli%m5t ( sev]al species ( ! g5us ,zooxan!lla4 ,at pres5t ,zooxan!lla extracapsul>is1 9 ! calymma ( ,,spumell>ia & ,,nassell>ia1 may be cle>ly di/+ui%$ f ,zooxan!lla intracapsul>is1 9 ! c5tral capsule ( ! ,,acan?>ia4 ,! yell[ cells 7 fir/ describ$ 9 #ahea by ,huxley1 9 ! ,collod>ia1 & aft]w>ds by ,j4 ,mll] 7#aheh7 9 _m ,,spumell>ia & ,,nassell>ia4 ,9 my ,monograph 7#ahfb1 pp4 #hd-hg7 ,i gave a detail$ acc\nt ( _! /ructure & increase by division1 & laid special emphasis on ! fact t !y are ! only elem5ts 9 ! ,radiol>ian organism :i* are und\bt$ly cells 9 ! /rict hi/ological s5se ( ! ^w4 ,aft]w>ds1 9 my ,beitrge zur ,pla/id5-,!orie1 ,i %[$ ! con/ant pres5ce ( />* 9 ! yell[ cells ( ! ,radiol>ia 7#ahgj1 ,l4 ,n4 #ba74 ,%ortly aft]w>ds ,ci5k[ski obs]v$ t ! yell[ cells live indep5d5tly & reproduce !mselves aft] ! dea? ( ! ,radiol>ia1 & 9 consequ5ce fir/ put =? ! hypo!sis t !y d n belong to ! ,radiol>ian organism1 b t !y are unicellul> ,alg p>asitic ^u x 7#ahga1 ,l4 ,n4 #bb74 ,?is view 0 t5 ye>s lat] m fully e/abli%$ by ,k>l ,br&t1 & elucidat$ by comp>ison ) ! symbiosis ( ! gonidia ( ,alg1 & ! hyph ( ,fungi 9 ! =mation ( ,li*5s1 :i* _h 9 ! meantime become kn[n 7#ahha1 ,l4 ,n4 #ch74 ,br&t gave ?is unicellul> yell[ ,alga ! "n ,zooxan!lla nutricola1 & aft]w>ds gave full] details reg>d+ its rem>kable vital relations 7,l4 ,n4 #ci74 ,patrick ,g$des1 :o nam$ x ,philozoon1 supplem5t$ ?is acc\nt & %[$ exp]im5tally t x gives (f oxyg5 "u ! influ5ce ( sun-light 7#ahhb1 ,l4 ,n4 #db1 #dc74 ,9 consequ5ce lix( ?is !re is no d\bt t all ,xan!ll 7! ,zooxan!lla extracapsul>is ( ,,spumell>ia & ,,nassell>ia1 & ! ,zooxan!lla intracapsul>is ( ! ,,acan?>ia1 & possibly also ! ,zooxan!lla phod>is ( ! ,,ph,,od>ia7 d n orig9ally belong to ! ,radiol>ian organism1 z 0 believ$ up to ! "t ( ,ci5k[ski1 b p5etrate actively into x f )\t1 or are tak5 9 passively by means ( ! pseudopodia4 ,9 any case _! symbiosis1 :5 !y are associat$ ) ! ,radiol>ian cell 9 l>ge numb]s1 may be ( great advantage to bo? p>ties1 s9ce ! meta/asis ( ! ,xan!lla is vegetable1 t ( ! ,radiol>ian animal 9 "*4 ,9 any case _! symbiosis is to a l>ge ext5t accid5tal1 by no means z necess>y z 9 ! case ( ! ,li*5s4 ,see on ^! po9ts 9 addition to ,br&t & ,g$des 7loc4 cit47 also ,geza ,enz1 ,das ,consortial-,v]hltniss von ,alg5 und ,?i]51 ,biol4 ,c5tralbl41 ,bd4 ii4 ,no4 #ae1 #ahhc1 ,osk> ,h]twig1 ,die ,symbiose od] das ,g5oss5s*aftsleb5 im ,?i]rei*1 ,j5a1 #ahhc1 & ,bts*li1 ,die ,radiol>i51 9 ,bronn's ,klass4 u4 ,ord4 d4 ,?i]rei*s1 #ahhb 7,l4 ,n4 #da1 pp4 #def-dfb74 #ia4 ,! ,exoplasm or ,extracapsul> ,protoplasm4--,! extracapsul> protoplasm1 :i* may be %ortly t]m$ ! exoplasm 7or ectos>c71 is primitively 9 all ,radiol>ia 7& especially 9 _! e>lie/ developm5t /ages7 ! only important con/itu5t ( ! extracapsulum1 besides ! calymma4 ,al?\gh ! extracapsul> & intracapsul> protoplasm ( ! ,radiol>ia are ev]y:]e 9 direct communication1 & al?\gh ! op5+s 9 ! membrane ( ! c5tral capsule br+ ab\t an int]*ange betwe5 !m1 /ill ! two portions ( s>code %[ c]ta9 con/ant & *>act]i/ic diff]5ces1 :i* are due to ! physiological division ( lab\r betwe5 ! c5tral & p]iph]al p>ts ( ! body & _! correspond+ morphological diff]5tiation4 ,! extracapsul>1 l ! intracapsul>1 protoplasm is orig9ally homog5e\s1 b may aft]w>ds become diff]5tiat$ 9 v>i\s ways1 produc+ ! special con/itu5ts ( ! extracapsulum4 ,su* ext]nal protoplasmic products are vacuoles1 pigm5t-bodies1 c4 ,m important1 h[ev]1 are ! topographically diff]5t sections into :i* ! exoplasm may be divid$ accord+ to its relations to ! c5tral capsule & ! calymma4 ,9 ?is respect ! foll[+ p>ts may be g5]ally di/+ui%$--7#a7 ! ,s>comatrix1 or fundam5tal lay] ( ! exoplasm1 :i* surr\nds ! c5tral capsule z a cont9u\s %ea? ( s>code & sep>ates x f ! calymma2 7#b7 ! ,s>coplegma1 an irregul> network ( ! exoplasm1 :i* spreads ?r\gh\t ! gelat9\s mat]ial ( ! calymma2 7#c7 ! ,s>codictyum or network ( s>code on ! out] surface ( ! calymma2 & 7#d7 ! ,pseudopodia1 :i* project outw>ds f ! latt] & radiate into ! wat]4 #ib4 ,! ,s>comatrix4--,! s>comatrix1 be+ ! fundam5tal lay] ( ! pseudopodia 7or matrix ( ! exoplasm71 con/itutes ! proximal inn]mo/ section ( ! extracapsul> s>code1 & 9 all ,radiol>ia =ms a ?9 cont9u\s muc\s lay]1 :i* cov]s ! :ole out] surface ( ! c5tral capsule & sep>ates x f ! surr\nd+ calymma 7see note ,a1 bel[74 ,! s>comatrix communicates int]nally lx?r\gh ! op5+s ( ! c5tral capsule ) ! endoplasm1 :il/ ext]nally ! pseudopodia or muc\s ?reads arise f x1 :i* by _! union =m ! s>coplegma4 ,! s>comatrix is only int]rupt$ 9 ! ,,spumell>ia & ,,acan?>ia by ^? p>ts ( ! skeleton :i* p]=ate ! membrane ( ! c5tral capsule4 ,9 all ,,nassell>ia & ,,ph,,od>ia1 z 9 ! ,collod>ia1 x appe>s z a p]fectly cont9u\s s>code-envelope ( ! c5tral capsule4 ,its ?ickness is v>iable2 9 g5]al x is mo/ /rongly develop$ 9 ! ,,spumell>ia & ,,ph,,od>ia1 less s 9 ! ,,nassell>ia1 & is ?9ne/ 9 ! ,,acan?>ia4 ,! ?ickness seems1 h[ev]1 to v>y ev5 9 "o & ! same individual1 ! diff]5ce dep5d+ p>tly ^u ! diff]5t /ages ( developm5t & p>tly ^u nutritional conditions4 ,aft] abundant inception ( nutrim5t ! ?9 protoplasmic lay] ( ! matrix is ?ick5$ & turbid1 ri* 9 granules & irregul> masses1 :i* are probably due to enclos$ b only half-dige/$ food2 xan!ll also1 z well z =eign bodies tak5 up ) ! nutrim5t1 su* z fru/ules ( ,diatoms & %ells ( small] ,radiol>ia1 & ( pelagic infusoria1 l>v1 c41 are (t51 especially 9 l>ge individuals1 aggregat$ 9 consid]able quantities 9 ! matrix4 ,aft] long fa/+1 on ! contr>y1 ?is is poor 9 ^! enclos$ bodies & 9 granules2 x !n =ms a ?9 col\rless m or less hyal9e muc\s coat+ to ! c5tral capsule4 ,f a physiological /&po9t ! s>comatrix is to be reg>d$ z ! c5tral organ ( ! extracapsulum1 & z ( pre-em95t significance4 ,probably x is n only ! mo/ important organ = ! nutrition ( ! ,radiol>ia 7especially = dige/ion & assimilation 9 p>ticul>71 b p]haps is also ! c5tral organ ( p]ception4 ,on ! o!r h& ! s>comatrix belongs to ^? compon5ts ( ! ,radiol>ian organism :i* take no "p 9 ! =mation ( ! skeleton4 ,a4 ,! s>comatrix 0 fir/ describ$ 9 my ,monograph 9 #ahfb 7p4 #aaj7 z ! ,mutt]bod5 d] ,pseudopodi51 possess+ a pre-em95t physiological importance4 ,comp>e also my pap] on ! s>code elem5ts ( ! ,rhizopoda 7,zeits*r4 f4 wiss4 ,zool41 ,bd4 xv4 p4 #cdb1 #ahfe74 #ic4 ,! ,s>coplegma4--,by ! "n s>coplegma1 z di/+ui%$ f ! rema9+ extracapsul> s>code1 is und]/ood ! intracalymm> web ( exoplasm or ectos>code network1 :i* ramifies )9 ! gelat9\s mass ( ! calymma4 ,int]nally x is 9 direct connection ) ! cont9u\s %ea? 7s>comatrix71 :i* encloses ! c5tral capsule1 :il/ ext]nally x is 9 contact ) ! sup]ficial s>code network 7s>codictyum7 :i* surr\nds ! calymma4 ,! configuration ( ?is exoplasmic web1 :i* p5etrates ! jelly-veil 9 all directions1 is exce$+ly v>iable2 9 mo/ ,radiol>ia x is extremely irregul> 9 =m1 l ! protoplasmic network 9 ! gr\nd-sub/ance ( _m k9ds ( connective tissue4 ,9 "s gr\ps1 h[ev]1 x assumes a r regul> %ape :i* x appe>s to reta9 7e4g41 9 _m ,,acan?>ia74 ,x mu/ be assum$ also t 9 ^? in/ances :]e ! consi/5cy lxi( ! calymma approa*es t ( c>tilage1 ! tracks ( ! exoplasmic ?reads rema9 con/ant1 b accurate obs]vations are want+ z to h[ f> ! configuration ( ! s>coplegma is con/ant or v>iable 9 ! diff]5t gr\ps1 z well z reg>d+ its peculi> behavi\r 9 ^? ,radiol>ia ^: calymma is *>act]is$ by ! =mation ( vacuoles or alveoles 7see #hf74 ,usually x envelops ! l>g] alveoles 9 ! =m ( a reticulate veil4 ,9 _m ,collod>ia ! exoplasm is aggregat$ at c]ta9 po9ts ( ! intracalymm> web1 s t l>ge balls or amoeboid bodies appe> to be di/ribut$ betwe5 ! alveoles1 e4g41 9 ,?alassophysa pelagica & ,?alassicolla melacapsa 7,pl4 #a1 figs4 #d1 #e74 ,! s>coplegma is metamorphos$ directly into silex 9 ! ,radiol>ia spongiosa1 or ^? g5]a :i* possess a spongy cortical skeleton1 & 7 =m]ly kn[n z ,spongurida2 to ?is category belong ! ,spongosphrida 7,pl4 #ah7 & ,spongodiscida 7,pl4 #dg7 z well z c]ta9 ,,nassell>ia & ,,ph,,od>ia4 ,! s+le silice\s spicules1 :i* are irregul>ly int]wov5 to =m ! spongy web1 are to be reg>d$ z ! silicifi$ ?reads ( ! intracalymm> s>code network4 ,f a physiological po9t ( view ! s>coplegma is ( importance bo? = ! nutrition & motion ( ! ,radiol>ia1 s9ce x br+s ! s>comatrix & ! s>codictyum1 ) ! pseudopodia :i* radiate f x1 into direct communication4 #id4 ,! ,s>codictyum4--,! s>codictyum may be def9$ z ! extracalymm> network ( exoplasm1 & is a reticul> cov]+ :i* lies ^u ! out] surface ( ! gelat9\s calymma4 ,int]nally1 ! s>codictyum is 9 direct communication ) ! s>coplegma1 or ! web ( exoplasmic ?reads :i* ramifies 9 ! gelat9\s sub/ance ( ! calymma2 ext]nally1 on ! o!r h&1 ! pseudopodia radiate freely f x2 ?us its relation to ^! is simil> to t :i* ! s>comatrix be>s to ! roots ( ! s>coplegma4 ,relations simil> to ^? :i* h l$ to ! sep>ation ( ! prim>y f ! second>y calymma1 induce u to di/+ui% also a prim>y & second>y s>codictyum4 ,! orig9al or prim>y s>codictyum ramifies ov] ! surface ( ! orig9al or prim>y calymma1 & l ?is is ( pre-em95t importance 9 ! =mation ( ! prim>y lattice-%ell2 if we reg>d ! surface ( ! prim>y calymma z ! indisp5sable f\ndation = ! deposition ( ?is latt]1 !n ! prim>y s>codictyum furni%es ! mat]ial f :i* x is develop$3 silex 9 ! ,,spumell>ia & ,,nassell>ia1 a silicate ( c>bon 9 ! ,,ph,,od>ia1 & acan?9 9 ! ,,acan?>ia4 ,x may inde$ be said t ! prim>y lattice-%ell ( ! ,radiol>ia arises by a direct *emical metamorphosis ( ! prim>y s>codictyum1 by a *emical precipitation ( ! dissolv$ skeletal mat]ial 7silex1 silicate1 or acan?971 :i* 0 /or$ up 9 ! exoplasm ( ! s>codictyum4 ,h5ce a d$uction f ! special con=mation ( ! =m] to t ( ! latt] is p]missible4 ,! p>ticul> =m ( ! prim>y lattice-sph]e ) its regul> or irregul> me%es is due to ! correspond+ =m ( ! prim>y s>codictyum2 bo? regul> & irregul> =ms ( ?is lxiicommonly occurr+4 ,! =m ( ! regul> s>codictyum ) circul> or regul> polygonal1 usually hexagonal1 me%es is con/antly ma9ta9$ dur+ ! =mation ( ! regul> lattice-%ells 7e4g41 ,pl4 #ab1 figs4 #e-aj2 ,pl4 #eb1 figs4 #h-bj2 ,pl4 #if1 figs4 #b-f2 ,pl4 #aac1 figs4 #a-f74 ,! =m ( ! irregul> s>codictyum1 on ! o!r h&1 ) irregul> polygonal or r\ndi% me%es1 p]si/s dur+ ! developm5t ( ! irregul> lattice-%ells 7e4g41 ,pls4 #bi1 #gj1 #ig1 #ajf74 ,all ?is is true also ( ! second>y s>codictyum1 or ! exoplasmic network :i* ramifies ov] ! surface ( ! second>y calymma4 ,! second>y lattice-%ells1 :i* are deposit$ on ! surface ( ! latt]1 reta9 ! configuration ( ! second>y s>codictyum1 by ! *emical metamorphosis ( :i* !y h orig9at$2 ?is is ! case 9 _m ,,spumell>ia :i* develop sev]al conc5tric lattice-%ells 7,pl4 #bi71 9 "s ,,nassell>ia 7,pl4 #ed1 fig4 #e71 9 ! ,phractopeltida among ! ,,acan?>ia 7,pl4 #acc71 & 9 ! d\ble-%ell$ ,,ph,,od>ia1 ,cannosphrida1 & "p ( ! ,coelod5drida & ,coelographida 7,pls4 #aab1 #aba1 #abh74 ,9 ^? ,radiol>ia :i* =m no lattice-%ell :atev]1 ! con=mation ( ! s>codictyum is usually irregul>1 ) me%es ( irregul> =m & unequal size2 sometimes1 h[ev]1 !y seem to be v regul>1 z 9 _m ,acan?ometra 7,pl4 #abi1 fig4 #d74 #ie4 ,! ,pseudopodia4--,on ! :ole ! pseudopodia or ?read-l processes ( ! exoplasm exhibit 9 ! ,radiol>ia ! same *>act]i/ic peculi>ities z 9 all true ,rhizopoda2 !y are usually v num]\s1 long & ?91 flexible & s5sitive filam5ts ( s>code1 :i* %[ ! peculi> ph5om5a ( granul> movem5t4 ,_! physiological significance is 9 sev]al respects v great1 = !y s]ve z active organs = ! inception ( nutrim5t1 = locomotion1 s5sation1 & ! =mation ( ! skeleton 7see note ,a1 bel[74 ,! pres5ce ( a calymma1 h[ev]1 :i* di/+ui%es ! ,radiol>ia f ! o!r ,rhizopoda1 br+s ab\t c]ta9 modifications 9 ! behavi\r ( ! pseudopodia4 ,if 9 g5]al all ! ?reads1 :i* arise f ! s>comatrix or fundam5tal lay] & radiate outw>ds1 be call$ pseudopodia1 !n t "p ( !m :i* is includ$ 9 ! gelat9\s sub/ance ( ! calymma & =ms ! s>coplegma may be t]m$ ! collopodia 7or intracalymm> pseudopodia71 & ! rema9+ portion1 :i* passes outw>ds f ! s>codictyum freely into ! wat]1 may be describ$ z a/ropodia 7or extracalymm> pseudopodia74 ,9 _m ,radiol>ia ^! two portions pres5t "s diff]5ces 9 morphological & physiological respects1 & c]ta9 di/9ctions are probably g5]ally pres5t 7see note ,b74 ,ap>t f ?is univ]sal diff]5tiation 9 ! diff]5t gr\ps ( ! ,radiol>ia1 specially modifi$ =ms ( pseudopodia may be recognis$ z ! axopodia & myxopodia ( ! ,,acan?>ia 7see #ie1 ,a71 & ! s>code-flagellum ( c]ta9 ,,spumell>ia 7see note ,c74 ,a4 ,! pseudopodia ( ! ,radiol>ia h be5 s fully describ$ 9 my ,monograph1 9 #ahfb1 bo? morphologically & physiologically1 t ,i ne$ only ref] to ! acc\nt !re giv5 lxiii7pp4 #hi-abg72 = supplem5t>y obs]vations see ,r4 ,h]twig 7#ahgi1 ,l4 ,n4 #cc1 p4 #aag7 & ,bts*li 7#ahhb1 ,l4 ,n4 #da1 pp4 #dcg-dde74 ,b4 ,! ,a/ropodia1 or free radiat+ pseudopodia1 are 9 _m ,radiol>ia m or less cle>ly di/+ui%able f ! collopodia1 :i* =m ! s>coplegma )9 ! calymma2 h[ f> ^! di/9ctions dep5d ^u a p]man5t diff]5tiation 7especially 9 ! ,,acan?>ia & ,,ph,,od>ia7 ne$s fur!r inve/igation4 ,c4 ,! s>code-flagellum 7p]haps bett] t]m$ ax(lagellum7 0 fir/ describ$ 9 my ,monograph 7#ahfb1 p4 #aae7 9 ! case ( v>i\s ,discoidea 7,taf4 xxviii4 figs4 #e1 #h2 ,taf4 xxx4 fig4 #a74 ,h]twig has giv5 a sub/antially simil> acc\nt ( ! organ 9 "s o!r ,discoidea 7,l4 ,n4 #cc1 p4 #fg1 ,taf4 vi4 figs4 #aj1 #aa72 probably ?is peculi> /ructure is conf9$ to ! ord] ,discoidea among ! ,,spumell>ia1 b is widely di/ribut$ )9 its limits4 ,! ax(lagellum is a ?ick cyl9drical ?read ( s>code1 f9ely /riat$ & po9t$ t[>ds its free end4 ,x always lies 9 ! equatorial plane ( ! discoidal body1 & always unpair$ 9 "o ( its axes2 9 ! triradiate ,discoidea x is 9 ! axis ( ! unpair$ pr9cipal arm & opposite to x 7,pl4 #dc1 fig4 #ae74 ,9 ! ,ommatodiscida 7p4 #ejj1 ,pl4 #dh1 figs4 #h1 #ai1 #bj7 ! ax(lagellum probably passes out ?r\gh ! peculi> m>g9al o/ium ( ! %ell4 ,p]haps x is always connect$ ) ! c5tral nucleus by intracapsul> axial fibres1 & is to be reg>d$ z a specially diff]5tiat$ bundle ( pseudopodia 7or axopodia874 #ie;,a4 ,! ,myxopodia & ,axopodia4--,! two =ms ( pseudopodia :i* we di/+ui% z myxopodia & axopodia diff] m>k$ly f ea* o!r bo? morphologically & physiologically4 ,! myxopodia1 or ord9>y free pseudopodia1 :i* are f\nd 9 l>ge numb]s 9 all ,radiol>ia1 & con/itute _! mo/ important p]iph]al organs1 are simple homog5e\s exoplasmic ?reads1 :i* arise f ! s>codictyum or extracalymm> s>code network1 & radiate freely into ! wat]2 "h !y may bran* & comb9e by ana/omosis to =m a *angeable network1 b !y nev] conta9 an axial ?read4 ,! axopodia1 on ! o!r h&1 are diff]5tiat$ pseudopodia1 :i* consi/ ( a firm radial ?read1 & a s(t cov]+ ( exoplasm2 !y p5etrate ! :ole calymma 9 a radial direction & project freely f its surface1 & g5]ally 7if n always7 !y are produc$ inw>ds to ! middle ( ! c5tral capsule1 p]=at+ its membrane2 _! proximal end is lo/ 9 a d>k c5tral heap ( granules4 ,su* axopodia are at pres5t kn[n ) c]ta9ty only 9 ! ,,acan?>ia1 :]e !y are widely1 & p]haps univ]sally1 di/ribut$4 ,_! developm5t 9 ?is legion probably /&s 9 direct causal relation to ! peculi> /ructure ( ! c5tral capsule & ! c5trog5\s =mation ( ! skeleton4 ,s9ce ! radial skeletal rods ( ! ,acan?ometra possess orig9ally a ?9 coat+ ( protoplasm1 x may be said t ! c5trog5\s axopodia ( ?is gr\p became diff]5tiat$ 9 two ways1 ! firm axial ?reads ( "o section rema9+ v ?9 & cov]$ by protoplasm1 :il/ ^? ( ! o!r section became metamorphos$ into radial b>s ( acan?94 ,?is hypo!sis acquires m probability f ! regul> di/ribution & arrangem5t ( ! axopodia 9 ! ,,acan?>ia2 !y usually /& at fix$ int]vals lxivbetwe5 ! radial b>s1 s+ly or 9 gr\ps2 sometimes _! numb] seems to be n great] ?an t ( ! b>s1 :il/ 9 o!r cases a circlet or gr\p ( axopodia corresponds to ea* radial b>4 ,p]haps _! f9e axial ?read consi/s ( acan?94 ,at all ev5ts ! axopodia are con/ant organs 7probably s5sory1 l ! palpocils7 & n retractile l ! movable myxopodia4 ,! axial ?reads 9 ! pseudopodia ( ! ,acan?ometra 7 fir/ discov]$ by ,r4 ,h]twig1 :o accurately describ$ _! peculi> /ructure & arrangem5t 7,l4 ,n4 #cc1 pp4 #af1 #aag74 #if4 ,! ,myophriscs ( ! ,acan?ometra4--,! ,acan?ometra are *>act]is$ by a v peculi> diff]5tiation ( ! exoplasm1 namely1 by ! =mation ( myophriscs or contractile ?reads f ! s>codictyum4 ,9 mo/ 7& p]haps 9 all7 ,,acan?>ia ( ?is ord] ea* radial b> is surr\nd$ by a circlet ( su* contractile ?reads1 :i* 0 fir/ describ$ z a cili>y corona 7see note ,a1 bel[74 ,! numb] ( contractile ?reads 9 ea* circlet usually am\nts to f t5 to tw5ty1 r>ely be+ m ?an ?irty & less ?an eight2 x (t5 appe>s to be con/ant 9 ! individual species 7see note ,b74 ,9 ! liv+ /ate ! myophriscs are long1 ?9 filam5ts1 ! po9t$ di/al end ( :i* is ins]t$ into ! radial b>1 :il/ ! ?ick] proximal end is atta*$ to ! surface ( ! calymma1 :i* is elevat$ r\nd ! base ( ea* rod into ! =m ( a gelat9\s cone or skeletal %ea? 7see note ,c74 ,probably ! myophriscs lie on ! out] surface ( ! apical portion ( ?is gelat9\s cone1 & are h5ce to be reg>d$ z exoplasmic ?reads diff]5tiat$ f ! s>codictyum4 ,sometimes1 h[ev] 7z 9 ,acan?o*iasma71 !y fuse into a contractile membrane & =m ! envelope ( a cone1 ^: int]ior is occupi$ by a gelat9\s papilla ( ! calymma4 ,on me*anical irritation ! myophriscs contract rapidly & sudd5ly1 l muscle-fibrill1 becom+ at ! same "t ?ick]1 & h5ce are v diff]5t f pseudopodia4 ,_! di/al po9t ( ins]tion be+ fix$ to ! firm acan?9 rod1 !y raise by _! contraction ! skeletal %ea?1 to :i* _! bases are atta*$ or 9 ! surface ( :i* !y lie4 ,! result ( _! contraction is !re=e a di/5tion & increase 9 volume ( ! calymma1 ) :i* is no d\bt connect$ an inception ( wat] into ! gelat9\s mass1 & h5ce a dim9ution 9 its specific gravity4 ,probably ! ,acan?ometra contract _! myophriscs volunt>ily :5 !y wi% to rise 9 ! wat]2 :5 ^! relax ! calymma collapses ow+ to its ela/icity1 wat] is !n expell$ & ! specific gravity increases4 ,f a physiological po9t ( view1 !n1 ! myophriscs are to be reg>d$ z a hydro/atic app>atus1 morphologically z myophanes or muscul> fibrill1 su* z also occur 9 ! intracapsul> protoplasm 7see #gg-hj74 ,on m viol5t irritation & aft] ! dea? ( ! ,acan?ometra ! myophriscs sep>ate f ! radial b>s & rema9 atta*$ to ! di/al ends ( ! conical gelat9\s %ea?s z free cili>y coronas4 ,at ! same "t1 lxv!y melt into %ort1 ?ick1 hyal9e rods1 ! s-call$ gelat9\s cilia4 ,! myophriscs are f\nd only 9 ! ord] ,acan?ometra1 & are want+ 9 ! ,acan?ophracta1 z well z 9 ! o!r ?ree legions ( ,radiol>ia4 ,a4 ,! cili>y coronas on ! skeletal rods ( dead ,acan?ometra 7 fir/ describ$ by ! discov]] ( ?is ord]1 ,johannes ,mll]1 & ref]r$ to z ! /umps ( ! contract$1 ?ick5$ ?reads 7,l4 ,n4 #ab1 p4 #aa1 ,taf4 xi474 ,b4 ,! numb] ( ! gelat9\s cilia ,i f\nd con/ant 9 c]ta9 species ( ,acan?ometra1 & /at$ 9 my ,monograph 7,l4 ,n4 #af1 p4 #aae7 t "h is to be f\nd ! fir/ diff]5tiation ( ! diffuse s>code into def9ite organs ( regul> def9ite numb]1 size1 & position1 :i* des]ve ! "n t5tacles r ?an pseudopodia4 ,c4 ,! nature ( ! myophriscs z fibrill alli$ to muscles 0 fir/ discov]$ by ,r4 ,h]twig1 :o describ$ !m z /ructures ( peculi> nature1 "u ! "n ( contractile ?reads1 & po9t$ out 9 detail _! hi/ological & physiological peculi>ities 7,l4 ,n4 #cc1 pp4 #af-ai1 ,taf4 i474 #ig4 ,! ,exoplasm ( ! ,p]ipylea4--,! extracapsul> protoplasm ( ! ,,spumell>ia or ,,p]ipylea is 9 communication ) ! intracapsul> s>code by ! innum]able f9e pores ( ! capsule-membrane1 & l ^! pores is ev5ly di/ribut$ ov] ! :ole surface4 ,! s>comatrix :i* imm$iately surr\nds ! c5tral capsule is mod]ately /rong1 & s5ds out innum]able long1 ?9 pseudopodia1 :i* probably correspond to ! pores ( ! membrane4 ,_! numb] is m>k$ly great] 9 ! ,,spumell>ia ?an 9 ! o!r ?ree legions4 ,! ramifications & communications :i* ! radiat+ fibres ( ! s>comatrix und]go )9 ! calymma1 app>5tly pres5t ! mo/ manifold v>iations1 s t ! s>coplegma or intracalymm> network ?us =m$ has v div]se =ms4 ,on ! surface ( ! calymma ! exoplasmic ?reads con/itute a v>i\sly dispos$ s>codictyum1 a regul> or irregul> exoplasmic network1 by ! silicification ( :i* a prim>y lattice-%ell arises 9 ! majority ( ! ,,spumell>ia4 ,! free ends ( ! pseudopodia1 :i* arise f ?is extracalymm> network & radiate out into ! wat]1 appe> 9 mo/ ,,spumell>ia to be relatively %ort1 b exce$+ly num]\s4 ,specially modifi$ pseudopodia & axial ?reads 9 p>ticul> d n seem to occur 9 ?is legion4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 among ! latt] may be reckon$ ! rem>kable pseudopodia :i* comb9e to =m ! s>code flagellum 9 _m ,discoidea 7& p]haps 9 o!r ,,spumell>ia74 ,?is ax(lagellum is a p>ticul>ly /rong ?read ( s>code1 aris+ f a def9ite po9t 9 ! c5tral capsule2 x is cyl9drical or sl5d]ly conical 9 =m1 mu* long]1 /rong]1 & m contractile ?an ! ord9>y pseudopodia2 x contracts 9 a s]p5t9e fa%ion on me*anical irritation & seems to orig9ate by ! fusion ( a bundle ( pseudopodia 7comp>e #ie1 ,c74 #ih4 ,! ,exoplasm ( ! ,actipylea4--,! extracapsul> protoplasm ( ! ,,acan?>ia or ,,actipylea diff]s 9 sev]al important respects f t ( o!r lxvi,radiol>ia1 & appe>s to und]go m significant diff]5tiations ?an t ( ! ?ree o!r legions4 ,s9ce ! pores 9 ! wall ( ! c5tral capsule are n di/ribut$ ev5ly & at equal int]vals ov] its :ole surface 7z 9 ! ,,p]ipylea71 b r exhibit a regul> disposition 9 gr\ps at unequal int]vals1 ! numb] ( project+ pseudopodia is mu* less & ! law ( _! arrangem5t diff]5t f t :i* obta9s 9 ! ,,p]ipylea 7 #eh74 ,9 _m & probably 9 all ,,acan?>ia !y are divid$ into two gr\ps1 ^? :i* arise f ! c5tre ( ! capsule & possess firm axial ?reads1 & ^? :i* h n ^! *>act]s 7comp>e #ie1 ,a74 ,! axopodia1 or /iff pseudopodia ) axial ?reads1 arise f ! c5tre ( ! capsule1 are pres5t 9 mu* small] numb]s ?an ! s(t & flexible myxopodia1 & are regul>ly dispos$ betwe5 ! radial b>s ( acan?91 usually s t !y are z f> remov$ f !m z possible1 i4e41 9 ! c5tre betwe5 ea* ?ree or f\r b>s2 ^! latt] may inde$ be reg>d$ z /rongly develop$ axial ?reads1 :i* h become *ang$ into acan?9 7 #ie1 ,a74 ,! s(t myxopodia1 or pseudopodia )\t axial ?reads1 are mu* m num]\s ?an ! o!rs1 & arise f ! s>codictyum or exoplasmic network :i* ramifies ov] ! surface ( ! calymma4 ,_! numb] & arrangem5t seem1 h[ev]1 9 _m 7if n 9 all7 ,,acan?>ia to be regul> & n to possess ! extraord9>y v>iability se5 9 ! o!r ?ree legions4 ,9 _m ,acan?ometra ! s>codictyum exhibits a symmetrical con=mation1 ) regul> or subregul>1 polygonal 7mo/ly hexagonal7 me%es1 & g5]ally ! /rong] ?reads ( ! s>codictyum secrete a firm1 homog5e\s or fibrill>1 /riat$ sub/ance1 :i* =ms a network ( ridges on ! surface ( ! calymma4 ,9 ! ,acan?ophracta ! place ( ?is is tak5 by ! acan?9 network ( ! prim>y lattice-%ell4 ,! axopodia ( ! ,acan?ometra are usually ab\t z long z ! radial sp9es betwe5 :i* !y /&2 _! /iff axial ?read is surr\nd$ by a s(t %ea? ( protoplasm1 communicat+ ) ! ?9 s>comatrix :i* surr\nds ! c5tral capsule4 ,num]\s bran*es pass into ! calymma f ! exoplasmic %ea? ( ! axial ?reads1 & =m by _! int]weav+ a loose s>coplegma4 ,! mo/ peculi> diff]5tiat$ products ( ! exoplasm ( ! ,,acan?>ia1 h[ev]1 are ! myophane fibrill ( ! ,acan?ometra1 :i* h already be5 describ$ "u ! "n ( myophriscs 7 #if74 #ii4 ,! ,exoplasm ( ! ,monopylea4--,! extracapsul> protoplasm ( ! ,,nassell>ia or ,,monopylea arises only f ! poro*ora1 or ! intracapsul> podoconus1 ! oral base ( :i* is =m$ by ?is por\s area4 ,! pseudopodia or protoplasmic ?reads :i* pass ?r\gh ! pores ( ! latt]1 unit$ into a bundle1 are n v num]\s 79 mo/ ,,nassell>ia probably betwe5 ?irty & n9ety71 & unite j outside x to =m a ?ick discoid s>comatrix2 ?is cov]s ! poro*ora completely bel[1 & spreads out 9 ! =m ( a ?9 envelope ( exoplasm ov] ! :ole lxviisurface ( ! c5tral capsule2 at ! apical portion ( ! latt] ! s>comatrix is (t5 s ?9 t x c only be recognis$ by ! aid ( reag5ts2 x sep>ates ! membrane ( ! c5tral capsule f ! surr\nd+ calymma4 ,! pseudopodia1 :i* p5etrate ! latt] & by loose ana/omoses f a wide-me%$ s>coplegma )9 x1 are usually n v num]\s4 ,! great] "p ( !m radiate 9 a bun* d[nw>ds f ! basal disc ( ! s>comatrix1 & a small] numb] arise f ! ?9n] envelope :i* cov]s ! rema9d] ( ! c5tral capsule 7,pl4 #ea1 fig4 #ac2 ,pl4 #fe1 fig4 #a2 ,pl4 #ha1 fig4 #af74 ,on ! out] surface ( ! calymma ! collopodia1 :i* h pass$ ?r\gh x1 unite to =m ! s>codictyum1 & ?r\gh ! silicification ( ?is ! prim>y lattice-%ell arises 9 ! great majority ( ! ,,nassell>ia4 ,f ! surface ( ! s>codictyum arise ! a/ropodia1 or free pseudopodia :i* radiate outw>ds into ! wat]4 ,_! numb] 9 mo/ ,,monopylea is relatively small1 b _! l5g? appe>s to be v great4 #ajj4 ,! ,exoplasm ( ! ,cannopylea4--,! extracapsul> protoplasm ( ! ,,ph,,od>ia or ,,cannopylea is mu* bett] develop$ z reg>ds volume ?an 9 ! o!r ?ree legions1 & is connect$ ) ! intracapsul> s>code by only a few ap]tures 9 ! capsule-membrane4 ,9 mo/ ,,ph,,od>ia ?ree ( ^! are pres5t1 ! a/ropyle or ma9-op5+ at ! oral pole ( ! ma9 axis1 & ! two lat]al p>apyl or accessory op5+s on ei!r side ( ! aboral pole 7 #fj74 ,9 sev]al families ! latt] appe> to be want+1 :il/ 9 o!rs _! numb] is increas$2 ^! families h n yet1 h[ev]1 be5 obs]v$ dur+ life4 ,! protoplasm projects bo? f ! oral ma9-op5+ & f ! two aboral accessory op5+s 9 ! =m ( a ?ick cyl9drical rod2 ! tube into :i* ea* op5+ is produc$ 9 _m ,,ph,,od>ia 7long] 9 ! case ( ! a/ropyle1 %ort] 9 ! p>apyl7 be+ reg>d$ z an excretion f ?is protoplasmic cyl9d]4 ,! s>code ?reads )9 ! tube appe> l a bundle ( fibrils1 ei!r q hyal9e or f9ely /riat$4 ,aft] issu+ f ! m\? ( ! ap]ture !y pass ov] into a ?ick s>comatrix1 :i* surr\nds ! c5tral capsule entirely & sep>ates x f ! enclos+ calymma4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! basal a/ropyle ! s>comatrix is usually swoll5 into a ?ick l5ticul> disc1 :i* is 9 direct contact ) ! peculi> phodium ( ?is legion 7 #hi74 ,! pseudopodia1 :i* radiate f ! s>comatrix1 & =m by ana/omosis a wide-me%$ s>coplegma )9 ! calymma1 are usually n v num]\s 9 ! ,,ph,,od>ia1 b are v /rong4 ,sometimes two /rong] bundles ( collopodia may be di/+ui%$ at ! two poles ( ! ma9 axis1 an oral bundle 79 ! direction ( ! proboscis ( ! a/ropyle7 & an aboral bundle 7at ! opposite pole betwe5 ! p>apyl74 ,! collopodia ( ! s>coplegma unite at ! surface ( ! calymma into a regul> or irregul> s>codictyum1 :i*1 9 mo/ ,,ph,,od>ia produces by ! secretion ( a peculi> silicate ! prim>y lattice-%ell4 lxviii,! free a/ropodia1 :i* pass outw>ds f ! s>codictyum into ! wat]1 are 9 mo/ ,,ph,,od>ia v num]\s 7,pl4 #aja1 fig4 #aj74 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 only a few species ( ?is great legion h be5 obs]v$ 9 a liv+ /ate1 _! pseudopodia require fur!r accurate exam9ation4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4--,,! ,,skeleton4 7 #aja-adj74 #aja4 ,! ,significance ( ! ,skeleton4--,! skeleton ( ! ,radiol>ia is develop$ 9 su* exce$+ly manifold & v>i\s %apes1 & exhibits at ! same "t su* wond]ful regul>ity & delicacy 9 its adju/m5ts1 t 9 bo? ^! respects ! pres5t gr\p ( ,proti/a excels all o!r classes ( ! organic _w4 ,=1 9 spite ( ! fact t ! ,radiol>ian organism always rema9s m]ely a s+le cell1 x %[s ! pot5tiality ( ! highe/ complexity to :i* ! process ( skeleton =mation c be br\ght by a s+le cell4 ,all t has be5 br\ght to pass 9 ?is direction by s+le tissue-cells ( animals & plants does n atta9 ! extremely high /age ( developm5t ( ! ,radiol>ia4 ,only v few ,rhizopoda ( ?is v ri* & v>i$ class fail to exhibit ! p[] ( =m+ ?is firm support+ & protect+ organ--inde$1 only t5 ( ! sev5 hundr$ & ?irty-n9e g5]a :i* are enroll$ 9 ! li/ ( ! ,*all5g] collection1 namely1 six g5]a ( ,,spumell>ia 7five ,?alassicollida1 ,actissa1 ,?alassolampe1 ,?alassopila1 ,?alassicolla1 ,?alassophysa1 ,pl4 #a1 & "o g5us ( ,collozoida1 ,colloz\m1 ,pl4 #c71 & 9 addition two g5]a ( ,,nassell>ia 7! ,nassellida1 ,cy/idium & ,nassella1 ,pl4 #ia1 fig4 #a71 & two g5]a ( ,,ph,,od>ia 7! ,phod9ida1 ,phocolla & ,phod9a1 ,pl4 #aja1 figs4 #a1 #b74 ,^! skeletonless =ms ( ,radiol>ia are1 h[ev]1 ( extreme int]e/1 s9ce !y include ! orig9al /em-=ms ( ! :ole class z well z ( its f\r legions4 ,all ,radiol>ia :i* =m skeletons h orig9at$ f s(t & skeletonless /em-=ms by adaptation1 & t polyphyletically1 = ! skeletal types ( ! f\r legions h be5 develop$ indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r 7 #ajh74 #ajb4 ,! ,*emical ,peculi>ities ( ! ,skeleton4--,! *emical composition ( ! skeleton %[s v m>k$ v>iations 9 ! diff]5t legions ( ! ,radiol>ia4 ,! two legions ,,spumell>ia & ,,nassell>ia 7unit$ =m]ly z ,polycy/9a7 =m _! skeleton ( pure silica 7see note ,a1 bel[72 ! legion ,,ph,,od>ia ( a silicate ( c>bon 7see note ,b71 & ! ,,acan?>ia ( a peculi> organic sub/ance--acan?9 7see note ,c74 ,?is expla9s ! well-kn[n fact t ! deposits ( fossil ,radiol>ia 7or ,polycy/9e m>ls7 are compos$ exclusively ( ! skeletons ( ,,spumell>ia & ,,nassell>ia1 ^? ( ! ,,acan?>ia & ,,ph,,od>ia be+ entirely abs5t 79 ! case ( ! la/ gr\p1 h[ev]1 exception mu/ be made 9 fav\r ( ! ,dictyo*ida1 or ^? ,,ph,,od>ia lxix^: skeleton is made up ( isolat$ scatt]$ tang5tial silice\s fragm5ts74 ,! enorm\s deposits ( ,radiol>ian skeletons 9 ! deep sea ( today1 :i* con/itute ! ,radiol>ian ooze1 consi/1 l ! fossil ,polycy/9e m>ls1 almo/ exclusively ( ! %ells ( ,,spumell>ia & ,,nassell>ia1 ?\gh "h ! acan?9 skeletons ( ! ,,acan?>ia may be pres5t 9 v small numb]s1 & ! silicate skeletons ( ! ,,ph,,od>ia1 :i* (f] m resi/ance to ! solv5t action ( sea-wat]1 some:at m abundantly4 ,calc>e\s skeletons d n occur 9 ! ,radiol>ia 7see note ,d74 ,a4 ,! pure silice\s skeletons ( ! ,polycy/9a 7 fir/ recognis$ 9 #ahcc by ,ehr5b]g 9 *alky m>ls 7,l4 ,n4 #b1 p4 #aag74 ,s9ce ! two legions ,,acan?>ia & ,,ph,,od>ia 7 entirely unkn[n to ,ehr5b]g1 8 "n ,polycy/9a has ref]5ce only to ! ,,spumell>ia & ,,nassell>ia4 ,b4 ,! silicate skeleton ( ! ,,ph,,od>ia 0 =m]ly tak5 by me = a purely silice\s "o4 ,:5 ,i describ$ ! fir/ ,,ph,,od>ia 9 my ,monograph 9 #ahfb1 ,i 0 only acqua9t$ ) five g5]a & sev5 species1 :il/ ! numb] ( ,,ph,,od>ia "h describ$ f ! ,*all5g] am\nts to eighty-f\r g5]a & f\r hundr$ & sixty-five species4 ,9 ! va/ majority ( ^! 7?\gh n 9 all7 ! skeleton becomes m or less int5sely /a9$ by c>m9e1 & is also m or less *>r$ at a r$ heat1 9 "s ev5 becom+ ( a blacki%-br[n4 ,9 _m ,,ph,,od>ia1 fur!rmore1 ! holl[ skeletal tubes are de/roy$ by ! cont9u$ action ( heat4 ,!y are also1 = ! mo/ "p1 /rongly act$ ^u1 or ev5 de/roy$ by boil+ cau/ic alkalis1 :il/ boil+ m9]al acids h no effect ^u !m4 ,! be/ me?od ( clean+ ! skeletons ( ,,ph,,od>ia f _! s(t p>ts is to heat !m 9 conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 & !n add a drop ( fum+ nitric acid2 9 ?is !y are n dissolv$ ev5 on prolong$ heat+4 ,f ^! facts x w\ld appe> t ! skeletons ( ! ,,ph,,od>ia consi/ ( a comp\nd ( organic sub/ance & silica1 or a c>bonic silicate4 ,! m intimate composition yet rema9s to be discov]$1 z also ! manifold diff]5ces :i* ! v>i\s families ( ,,ph,,od>ia seem to %[ 9 respect ( its composition4 ,! small skeletal fragm5ts ( ! ,dictyo*ida 7! only rema9s ( ,,ph,,od>ia :i* occur z fossils7 appe> to consi/ ( pure silica4 ,c4 ,! acan?9 skeleton ( ! ,,acan?>ia 0 fir/ describ$ z su* 9 my ,monograph 7#ahfb1 pp4 #cj-cb74 ,johannes ,mll]1 ! discov]] ( ?is legion1 took !m = silice\s skeletons & def9$ ! ,acan?ometra z ,radiol>ia )\t lattice-%ell1 b ) silice\s radial sp9es 7,l4 ,n4 #ab1 p4 #df74 ,i =m]ly suppos$ t ! acan?9 skeletons 9 "s ( ! ,,acan?>ia 7 p>tially or :olly metamorphos$ into silice\s skeletons1 b1 accord+ to ! inve/igations ( ,r4 ,h]twig1 ?is does n appe> to be ! case2 he %[$ t ! skeletons ( ! mo/ v>i$ ,acan?ometra & ,acan?ophracta are completely dissolv$ "u ! long] or %ort] action ( acids1 & supposes t 9 all ,,acan?>ia1 )\t exception1 ! skeleton is compos$ ( acan?9 7#ahgi1 ,l4 ,n4 #cc1 p4 #abj74 ,q rec5tly ,br&t has f\nd t ! acan?9 sp9es dissolve n only 9 acids1 alkalis1 & liquor cons]vativus 7z ,i _h %[n71 b also 9 solutions ( c>bonate ( soda 7#a p] c5t471 & ev5 ( common salt 7#aj to #bj p] c5t472 he concludes f ?is t !y consi/ ( an album9oid sub/ance 7vitell97 7,l4 ,n4 #ch1 p4 #djj74 ,i am unable to %>e ?is view1 = ,i h nev] be5 able to see "s ( ! mo/ important reactions ( album5 9 any ( ! skeletons :i* ,i h exam9$1 su* = example z ! xan?oproteic reaction1 ! r$ coloration ) ,millon's te/1 c4 ,!y d n become lxxyell[ ei!r ) nitric acid or ) iod9e4 ,9 dilute m9]al acids !y dissolve m rapidly ?an 9 conc5trat$4 ,my usual me?od ( cleans+ ! skeleton ( ,,acan?>ia 7:i* has be5 practis$ ) ! same result on ?\s&s ( specim5s7 consi/s 9 heat+ ! prep>ation 9 a small volume ( conc5trat$ sulphuric acid & !n add+ a drop ( fum+ nitric acid2 all o!r con/itu5ts 7! :ole c5tral capsule & ! calymma7 are ?us v rapidly de/roy$2 ! skeleton rema9s q un9jur$ & )/&s ! comb9$ action ( ! m9]al acids = a long] or %ort] "t1 ?\gh on prolong$ heat+ x also is dissolv$4 ,i d n !re=e reg>d acan?9 z an album9\s sub/ance1 b z "o relat$ to *it94 ,d4 ,calc>e\s skeletons h n be5 c]ta9ly demon/rat$ 9 ! ,radiol>ia1 & probably d n occur4 ,sir ,wyville ,?omson 9 8 ,atlantic 7#ahgg1 ,l4 ,n4 #ca1 vol4 i4 p4 #bcc1 fig4 #ea7 describ$ "u ! "n ,calc>omma calc>ea1 a ,radiol>ian :i* conta9$ scatt]$ 9 its calymma num]\s calc>e\s corpuscles resembl+ ! r[els ( spurs4 ,^! are id5tical ) ! too!d bodies1 recall+ cry/al balls1 :i* ,johannes ,mll] figur$ 9 ! ,m$it]ranean ,?alassicolla morum s e>ly z #aheh1 & comp>$ ) ! silice\s a/]isks ( ,te?ya 7,l4 ,n4 #ab1 p4 #bh1 ,taf4 vii4 figs4 #a1 #b74 ,i =m]ly reg>d$ ^! peculi> calc>e\s corpuscles1 ^: solubility 9 m9]al acids ,i _h obs]v$1 z spicules ( a ,?alassicollid1 & h5ce describ$ ! species 9 my ,monograph z ,?alassosphra morum 7,l4 ,n4 #af1 p4 #bfj74 ,i h1 h[ev]1 se5 reason to *ange my view1 & am n[ l$ to suppose t ^? peculi> calc>e\s corpuscles1 :i* may be nam$ ,calca/rella1 are n =m$ by ! ,radiol>ian itself1 b are =eign bodies :i* h be5 accid5tally incorporat$ into ! calymma ( a ,?alassicollid 7,actissa74 ,^! corpuscles occur1 (t5 9 l>ge numb]s1 9 _m prep>ations 9 ! ,*all5g] collection1 & 9 ! calymma ( o!r ,radiol>ia1 *iefly ,discoidea1 h5ce x w\ld appe> t !y are =eign bodies tak5 up by ! pseudopodia & c>ri$ into ! calymma by ! circulation ( ! s>code4 ,! ,radiol>ia :i* ,sir ,wyville ,?omson figur$ z ,calc>omma calc>ea1 & ,mll] z ,?alassicolla morum1 ,i reg>d z species ( ,actissa 7see p4 #ac71 p]haps ,actissa radiata ( ! ,pacific1 & ,actissa primordialis ( ! ,m$it]ranean 7comp>e ! description ( ! ,?alassosphrida ( ! ,*all5g] collection1 pp4 #cj1 #ca74 #ajc4 ,! ,physical ,prop]ties ( ! ,skeleton4--,! skeletons ( all ,radiol>ia are *>act]is$ pre-em95tly by a high degree ( firmness1 :i* fits !m to s]ve z protective & support+ app>atus4 ,?is is obvi\s 9 ! case ( ! pure silice\s %ells ( ! ,polycy/9a2 b ! acan?9 framework ( ! ,,acan?>ia also possesses a degree ( /iffness b little inf]ior1 :il/ ! silicate skeletons ( ! ,,ph,,od>ia seem on ! :ole to be n s firm4 ,! holl[ skeletal tubes ( ! la/-nam$1 :i* are fill$ ) gelat9\s mat]ial1 are v brittle on acc\nt ( ! delicacy ( _! walls4 ,_! ela/icity also is v small1 :il/ t ( ! acan?9 sp9es is consid]able4 ,! ?9 long ne$les ( _m ,,acan?>ia are v ela/ic1 z are also ! bri/le-l silice\s spicules ( _m ,,spumell>ia4 ,! refractive p[] ( ! skeleton 9 ! v>i\s legions is v diff]5t1 dep5d+ ^u ! *emical con/itution4 ,! silice\s skeleton ( ! ,polycy/9a 7,,spumell>ia & ,,nassell>ia7 & ! silicate skeleton ( ! ,,ph,,od>ia h ! same refractive index z glyc]9e1 & h5ce become invisible :5 m\nt$ 9 t fluid2 !y !n become visible only on addition ( lxxiwat]1 & are cle>] 9 proportion to ! quantity ( wat] :i* is add$4 ,! refractive index ( acan?9 is1 h[ev]1 v diff]5t f t ( glyc]9e1 s t ! skeletons ( ,,acan?>ia are readily visible :5 m\nt$ 9 ?is fluid4 ,9 wat]1 ! skeletons ( all ,radiol>ia appe> ab\t equally refractive1 z also 9 ,canada balsam4 ,! sub/ance ( ! skeleton appe>s almo/ entirely hyal9e1 col\rless1 & transp>5t4 ,v r>ely x is fa9tly col\r$ 79 "s ,,acan?>ia74 ,a cl\dy opaque con/itution is se5 9 "s ,,ph,,od>ia 7especially 9 ! porcellan\s %ells ( ,tusc>orida & ,circoporida1 ,pls4 #ajj1 #aad-aag72 :5 dri$1 ^! appe> by reflect$ light milky-:ite or yell[i%-:ite2 ! cause ( ?is opacity lies p>tly 9 ! peculi> cem5t-l /ructure ( ^! porcellan\s %ells1 p>tly 9 _! f9e porosity1 & ! m9ute air-bubbles conta9$ 9 _! ?ick walls4 #ajd4 ,! ,elem5t>y ,/ructure ( ! ,skeleton4--,! g5]al con/itution ( ! skeleton--or m accurately express$1 ( ! morphological elem5ts ( :i* ! skeleton consi/s--is ( su* a nature t x may be t]m$ /ructureless4 ,bo? ! organic acan?9 skeletons ( ! ,,acan?>ia & ! silicate skeletons ( ! ,,ph,,od>ia1 z well z ! inorganic silice\s skeletons ( ! ,,spumell>ia & ,,nassell>ia1 appe> "u ! microscope p]fectly homog5e\s1 transp>5t1 col\rless1 & cry/all9e4 ,only v r>ely d !y %[ traces ( a conc5tric /riation1 :i* arises f ! deposition ( ! skeletal sub/ance 9 lay]s2 z1 = example1 ! ?ick sp9es ( "s ,,ph,,od>ia 7,pls4 #aje-ajg1 c474 ,"s ( ! ,,ph,,od>ia1 h[ev]1 =m an exception to ?is rule1 inasmu* z _! p>tially tubul> skeletal elem5ts possess a rem>kable porcellan\s /ructure4 ,9 ! tubul> or ,cannoid skeleton1 :i* occurs 9 mo/ ,,cannopylea1 ! lum5 ( ! ?9-wall$ fl9ty tube is fill$ ) jelly1 & frequ5tly a ?9 silice\s ?read runs 9 its axis1 & is connect$ ) ! wall by transv]se ?reads 7 #abg1 #aci74 ,! elem5t>y /ructure ( ! opaque porcellan\s %ells1 :i* di/+ui% ! two families ,circoporida 7,pls4 #aad-aag7 & ,tusc>orida 7,pl4 #ajj71 is q peculi>4 ,num]\s f9e silice\s spicules lie scatt]$ irregul>ly 9 a f9ely granul> or por\s matrix4 #aje4 ,complete & ,incomplete ,lattice-,%ells4--,9 ! great majority ( ,radiol>ia 79 all f\r legions7 ! skeleton has ! =m ( a delicate lattice-%ell or a receptacle 9 :i* ! c5tral capsule is enclos$4 ,9 a small m9ority1 h[ev]1 ?is is n ! case4 ,! skeleton !n consi/s only ( isolat$ rigid pieces 7radial or tang5tial spicules71 or ( a simple r+ 7sagittal r+ ( ! ,/ephoidea71 or ( a basal tripod ) or )\t a loose tissue ( trabecul1 c4 7,plectoidea72 ! c5tral capsule is !n n surr\nd$ by a special lattic$ receptacle1 b only re/s ^u ! skeletal trabecul4 ,accord+ to ^! diff]5t arrangem5ts1 two pr9cipal gr\ps or sublegions may be di/+ui%$ 9 ea* legion1 ( :i* "o set 7,cataphracta7 are *>act]is$ by a complete lxxiilattice-%ell1 :il/ ! o!rs 7,aphracta7 are )\t x4 ,! ,,radiol>ia ,,aphracta1 !n1 or ,radiol>ia )\t a complete skeleton1 are ! ,collod>ia 7p4 #i71 ! ,acan?ometra 7p4 #gbe71 ! ,plectell>ia 7p4 #hie71 & ! ,phocy/9a 7p4 #aedc74 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,,radiol>ia ,,cataphracta1 or ,radiol>ia ) a complete skeleton1 are ! ,sphrell>ia 7p4 #di71 ! ,acan?ophracta 7p4 #gia71 ! ,cyrtell>ia 7p4 #ajae71 & ! ,phocosc9a 7p4 #aeij74 ,^u ?is basis ! fir/ subdivision ( ! ,radiol>ia 0 made by ,johannes ,mll]1 :o recognis$ ?ree gr\ps3--,i4 ,?alassicolla1 )\t receptacle1 nak$ or ) spicules2 ,,ii4 ,polycy/9a1 ) a silice\s receptacle2 ,,iii4 ,acan?ometra1 )\t receptacle1 b ) silice\s radial sp9es 7,l4 ,n4 #ab1 p4 #af74 #ajf4 ,! ,ectoli?ia & ,entoli?ia 7,extracapsul> & ,intracapsul> ,skeletons74--,! relation ( ! skeleton to ! c5tral capsule 9 ! ,radiol>ia is v v>i\s 9 _m respects2 9 ! fir/ in/ance two great gr\ps1 ,ectoli?ia & ,entoli?ia 7see note ,a71 may be di/+ui%$ topographically by m]e ext]nal obs]vation2 9 ! =m] ! skeleton lies entirely outside ! c5tral capsule2 9 ! latt]1 p>tially at all ev5ts1 )9 x4 ,! ,ectoli?ia1 ) a completely extracapsul> skeleton1 include all ,,nassell>ia & ,,ph,,od>ia1 z well z a great "p ( ! ,,spumell>ia 7all ,collod>ia & ! mo/ ar*aic =ms ( ,sphrell>ia72 ! ,entoli?ia1 on ! o!r h&1 9 :i* ! skeleton lies p>tly )91 p>tly )\t ! c5tral capsule1 include all ,,acan?>ia & ! majority ( ! ,,spumell>ia 7mo/ ,sphrell>ia1 see note ,b74 ,a4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ,ectoli?ia & ,entoli?ia 0 appli$ 9 my ,monograph 9 #ahfb 7p4 #bbb7 to sep>ate ! ,monocytt>ia into two ma9 gr\ps4 ,! arrangem5t 01 h[ev]1 q artificial1 be+ contr>y to ! natural relations ( ! l>g] gr\ps1 z 0 %[n sev5te5 ye>s lat] by ! discov]y ( ! diff]5t /ructural relations ( ! c5tral capsule4 ,b4 ,among ! ,,acan?>ia1 :i* all possess primitively an intracapsul> & c5trog5\s skeleton1 ! rem>kable ,c5ocapsa 7,pl4 #acc1 fig4 #aa71 seems to furni% ! s+le exception2 9 x ! skeleton consi/s ( a simple sph]ical %ell :i* encloses ! conc5tric c5tral capsule4 ,! exception is1 h[ev]1 only app>5t2 ! tw5ty p]sp9al pores ( ! %ell %[ t !y 7 orig9ally 9 connection ) tw5ty c5trog5\s acan?9 sp9es1 & t ^? h disappe>$ by retrograde metamorphosis4 #ajg4 ,p]ig5\s & ,c5trog5\s ,skeletons4--,mu* m important ?an ! topographical relation ( ! skeleton to ! c5tral capsule1 accord+ to :i* ! ,ectoli?ia & ,entoli?ia are sep>at$ f ea* o!r 7 #ajf71 is ! orig9al developm5t ( ! skeleton )9 or )\t ! c5tral capsule1 :i* gives rise to ! di/9ction betwe5 p]ig5\s & c5trog5\s skeletons4 ,c5trog5\s skeletons are f\nd only 9 ! ,,acan?>ia1 :i* are fur!r di/+ui%$ f all o!r ,radiol>ia by _! skeleton be+ =m$ ( acan?92 9 all ,,acan?>ia ! =mation ( ! skeleton beg9s 9 ! middle ( ! c5tral capsule1 f :i* tw5ty 7! numb] is incon/ant only 9 ! lxxiiismall gr\p ,act9elida7 radial sp9es are c5trifugally develop$4 ,! ?ree o!r legions1 on ! contr>y1 possess on ! :ole a p]ig5\s skeleton1 :i* orig9ally develops outside ! c5tral capsule & nev] 9 its middle4 ,9 ! ,,nassell>ia & ,,ph,,od>ia ! skeleton reta9s ?is extracapsul> position1 z also 9 ! ,beloidea & "p ( ! ,sphrell>ia among ! ,,spumell>ia2 9 ! great majority ( ! latt]1 h[ev]1 ! prim>y p]ig5\s skeleton is subsequ5tly envelop$ by ! gr[+ c5tral capsule1 s t x lies p>tially )9 x 7 #aji74 #ajh4 ,polyphyletic ,orig9 ( ! ,skeleton4--,! skeleton ( ! ,radiol>ia has und\bt$ly orig9at$ polyphyletically1 = x is impossible to d]ive its manifold v>ieties f a s+le gr\nd-=m1 or to reg>d !m z modifications ( "o type4 ,x is mu* m probable t ! diff]5t skeletonless ,radiol>ia h ent]$ ^u diff]5t ways ( skeleton =mation q indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r4 ,at ! outset x is q cle> t ! skeletons ( ! f\r legions h orig9at$ indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r4 ,fur!r1 x is c]ta9 t )9 ! legion ( ! ,,spumell>ia ! ,beloid skeletons ( ! ,collod>ia are n connect$ ) ! ,sphroid skeletons ( ! ,sphrell>ia & ! =ms d]iv$ f !m 7see #aji74 ,9 ! same way ! skeletons ( ! ,,ph,,od>ia are polyphyletic2 probably 9 ?is legion ! ,beloid1 ,sphroid1 ,cyrtoid1 & ,con*oid skeletons h be5 develop$ q indep5d5tly 7see #aab74 ,9 ! ,,nassell>ia1 on ! o!r h&1 x is possible t all ! skeletal =ms are to be d]iv$ monophyletically f a s+le simple primitive =m 7ei!r ! sagittal r+ or basal tripod87 7see #aaa74 ,/ill m probable is x t ! ,,acan?>ia h aris5 monophyletically1 = all ! =ms ( _! acan?9 skeleton may be d]iv$ )\t viol5ce f ,act9elius 7see #aaj74 #aji4 ,! ,skeleton ( ! ,spumell>ia4--,! skeletons ( ! ,,spumell>ia or ,,p]ipylea consi/ ( silica1 & are v diff]5t & ( indep5d5t orig9 9 ! two ord]s ( ?is legion4 ,! fir/ ord]1 ,collod>ia1 h ei!r no skeleton :atev] 7,colloidea1 p4 #aj1 ,pls4 #a1 #c71 or _! skeleton is ,beloid1 a loose extracapsul> envelope ( spicules1 consi/+ ( num]\s unconnect$ portions2 ! sep>ate p>ts are usually dispos$ tang5tially1 ei!r z simple or comp\nd silice\s spicules 7,beloidea1 p4 #bh1 ,pls4 #b1 #d74 ,! second ord] ( ,,spumell>ia1 on ! o!r h& 7,sphrell>ia1 p4 #di71 develops a silice\s lattice-%ell :i* consi/s ( a s+le piece1 & is rem>kable = ! extraord9>y v>iety ( its =ms 7pp4 #ej-gae1 ,pls4 #e-ej74 ,to ?is ord] belong n less ?an ?ree hundr$ g5]a & sev5te5 hundr$ species ( ! ,*all5g] ,radiol>ia 7t is1 ab\t two-fif?s ( all ! g5]a & species74 ,9 spite ( ?is extreme ri*ness 9 diff]5t =ms ?is l>ge gr\p mu/ be reg>d$ z monophyletic1 s9ce all its =ms may be q naturally d]iv$ f a common /em-=m1 a simple lattice-sph]e 7,c5osphra1 p4 #fa1 ,pl4 #b74 ,! tw5ty-eight families ( ,sphrell>ia may be di/ribut$ 9 f\r subord]s1 among :i* ! ,sphroidea con/itute ! lxxiv/em-=ms1 s9ce !y reta9 ! orig9al sph]ical %ape 7,pls4 #e-h1 #aa-cj74 ,9 ! o!r ?ree subord]s a v]tical ma9 axis is develop$1 :i* 9 ,prunoidea is long]1 9 ,discoidea %ort] ?an ! o!r axes ( ! %ell4 ,h5ce ! %ell ( ! ,prunoidea 7p4 #bhd1 ,pls4 #ac1 bis1 #ag1 #ci1 #dj7 is ellipsoidal or cyl9drical1 t ( ! ,discoidea1 on ! o!r h&1 l5ticul> or discoidal 7p4 #djb1 ,pls4 #ca-ch1 #da-dh74 ,f9ally1 ! %ell ( ! f\r? subord]1 ,l>coidea1 is l5telliptical2 x has ! gr\nd-=m ( a triaxial ellipsoid1 & is *>act]is$ by ! possession ( ?ree unequal dim5sive axes1 or ?ree isopol> axes ( diff]5t l5g?s p]p5dicul> to ea* o!r 7p4 #eii1 ,pls4 #i1 #aj1 #di1 #ej74 #aaj4 ,! ,skeleton ( ! ,acan?>ia4--,! skeletons ( ! ,,acan?>ia or ,,actipylea are di/+ui%$ f ^? ( all o!r ,radiol>ia by two v important peculi>ities2 9 ! fir/ place1 !y consi/ n ( silica b ( a peculi> organic sub/ance1 ,acan?91 & secondly1 _! developm5t is c5trog5\s1 num]\s radial sp9es or acan?9 spicules be+ =m$ :i* are unit$ 9 ! middle ( ! c5tral capsule4 ,h5ce ! ,,acan?>ia are ! only ,radiol>ia 9 :i* ! skeleton orig9ates f ! fir/ 9 ! middle ( ! c5tral capsule4 ,! numb] ( radial sp9es is primitively indef9ite1 v>iable1 & (t5 consid]able 7m ?an a hundr$71 b 9 ! great majority x is limit$ to tw5ty4 ,9 accordance ) ?is ! legion may be divid$ into two ord]s1 ! m ar*aic small gr\p ,adelacan?a1 ) an indef9ite numb] ( sp9es1 & ! m rec5t gr\p1 ,icosacan?a1 :i* has be5 develop$ f !m & possesses tw5ty regul>ly dispos$ sp9es2 ( ! ?ree hundr$ & sev5ty-two species ( ,,acan?>ia :i* h be5 hi!rto describ$1 ab\t five p] c5t4 belong to ! =m]1 ab\t n9ety-five p] c5t4 to ! latt] division 7see note ,a1 bel[74 ,! num]\s g5]a ( ,icosacan?a may !n be aga9 divid$ into two subord]s1 ( :i* ! ,acan?onida 7p4 #gdj1 ,pls4 #acj-acb7 produce no complete lattice-%ell1 & ?us agree ) ! ,act9elida1 ) :i* !y may be unit$ z ,acan?ometra 9 ! broad] s5se 7or ,,acan?>ia )\t a lattice-%ell74 ,! ,acan?ophracta1 on ! o!r h& 7p4 #gia1 ,pls4 #acc-adj71 produce a complete lattice-%ell1 usually by means ( two opposite or f\r cross$ transv]se processes1 :i* arise f ea* radial sp9e & unite ) ea* o!r 7see note ,b1 bel[74 ,9 mo/ ,acan?ophracta ! lattice-%ell rema9s s+le2 only 9 ! ,phractopeltida does x consi/ ( two conc5tric lattice-sph]es 7p4 #hdg1 ,pl4 #acc1 figs4 #a-f74 ,fur!rmore1 ! :ole ord] ,acan?ophracta may be subdivid$ into two subord]s accord+ to ! diff]5t gr\nd-=m ( ! lattice-%ell2 ?is rema9s sph]ical 9 ! ,sphrophracta 7! ?ree families ,sphrocapsida1 ,dorataspida1 ,phractopeltida1 ,pls4 #acc-ach74 ,on ! o!r h&1 x assumes ano!r =m 9 ! ,prunophracta2 x becomes ellipsoidal 9 ! ,belonaspida 7,pl4 #acf1 figs4 #f-i71 discoidal or l5ti=m 9 ! ,hexalaspida 7,pl4 #aci72 & f9ally takes ! %ape ( a d\ble cone 9 ! ,diploconida 7,pl4 #adj74 lxxv,a4 ,! gr\p ,adelacan?a consi/s only ( ! subord] ,act9elida1 ) ! ?ree families ,a/rolophida1 ,li?olophida1 & ,*ia/olida 7p4 #gbh1 ,pl4 #abi1 figs4 #a-c72 ! numb] ( ! radial sp9es is v diff]5t & v>iable1 sometimes only f t5 to sixte51 b usually f ?irty to fifty1 & (t5 m ?an "o hundr$2 !y are g5]ally irregul>ly di/ribut$1 & n z 9 ! second ma9 division4 ,?is latt]1 ! ,icosacan?a1 always possesses tw5ty radial sp9es1 :i* are regul>ly dispos$ accord+ to a con/ant law1 ! s-call$ ,mll]ian or ,icosacan?an law2 ! tw5ty sp9es are always s plac$ betwe5 ! poles ( a sp9eless axis t !y =m five zones ea* ( f\r sp9es2 ! f\r sp9es ( ea* zone are equidi/ant f ea* o!r1 & also f ! same pole1 & alt]nate ) ^? ( ! neighb\r+ zones1 s t ! :ole tw5ty lie 9 f\r m]idian planes1 :i* cut out an angle ( #de 7comp>e pp4 #gag-gbb1 ,pls4 #acj-adj74 ,9 spite ( ! manifold v>iations 9 =m :i* are develop$ 9 ! ,icosacan?a1 !y may all be d]iv$ f a common /em-=m1 ,acan?ometron 7p4 #gdb71 s9ce ! law ( di/ribution ( ! tw5ty sp9es is con/antly inh]it$4 ,b4 ,an exception is f\nd 9 ! peculi> family ,sphrocapsida 7p4 #gig1 ,pl4 #acc1 figs4 #g-aa2 ,pl4 #ace1 figs4 #f-aj74 ,"h ! %ell is compos$ ( innum]able small1 p]=at$ plates1 :i* arise on ! surface ( ! calymma indep5d5tly ( ! sp9es4 #aaa4 ,! ,skeleton ( ! ,nassell>ia4--,! skeletons ( ! ,,nassell>ia or ,,monopylea consi/ ( silica1 & are nev] compos$ ( sep>ate portions1 b con/itute always a s+le cont9u\s piece4 ,! gr\nd-=m is orig9ally monaxon1 correspond+ to t ( ! c5tral capsule1 ) a con/ant diff]5ce betwe5 ! two poles ( ! v]tical ma9 axis4 ,! gr\nd-=m is nev] sph]ical or polyaxon z 9 ! lattice-%ells ( ! ,,spumell>ia1 & ! skeleton nev] consi/s ( holl[ tubes1 z 9 ! ,,ph,,od>ia4 ,! legion ,,nassell>ia may be divid$ into two ord]s2 9 ! ,plectell>ia 7?ree subord]s ,nassoidea1 ,plectoidea1 ,/ephoidea7 ! skeleton does n =m a complete lattice-%ell2 9 ! ,cyrtell>ia1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* are d]iv$ f ^!1 ! silice\s skeleton =ms a complete lattice-%ell enclos+ ! c5tral capsule4 ,! numb] ( =ms ?us develop$ is a/oni%+ly great1 s t among ! ,,nassell>ia no less ?an two hundr$ & sev5ty-f\r g5]a & sixte5 hundr$ & eighty-sev5 species may be di/+ui%$1 almo/ z _m z 9 ! ,sphrell>ia4 ,9 spite ( ?is great v>iety ( =ms ! legion ,,monopylea is probably monophyletic2 at lea/ all ! diff]5t skeletal =ms may be d]iv$ f ?ree elem5ts :i* are comb9$ 9 ! mo/ manifold fa%ion2 7#a7 ! sagittal r+1 a simple silice\s r+1 :i* lies v]tically 9 ! sagittal plane ( ! body1 encircles ! c5tral capsule & comes into contact ) x at ! basal pole ( ! ma9 axis 7 #abd72 7#b7 ! basal or oral tripod1 compos$ ( ?ree div]g+ radial sp9es1 :i* meet 9 ! middle ( ! basal pole ( ! c5tral capsule 7or 9 ! c5tre ( ! poro*ora7 7 #abe72 7#c7 ! cephalis1 or lattice-head1 a simple ovoid or subsph]ical lattice-%ell1 :i* encloses ! c5tral capsule & /&s 9 connection ) x at ! basal pole ( its ma9 axis4 ,any "o ( ^! ?ree important /ructural elem5ts ( ! ,,nassell>ian skeleton may possibly be ! />t+-po9t lxxvi= all ! rema9+ =ms ( ! ,,monopylea2 ! great difficulty 9 _! phylog5etic d]ivation lies 9 ! facts t1 on ! "o h&1 any "o ( ! ?ree elem5ts may alone con/itute ! skeleton1 & on ! o!r h&1 9 ! great majority ( ! legion1 two or ?ree are unit$ toge!r 7comp>e #ahb-ahe74 #aab4 ,! ,skeleton ( ! ,phod>ia4--,! skeleton ( ! ,,ph,,od>ia or ,,cannopylea is always extracapsul>1 usually consi/s ( a silicate ( c>bon 7m r>ely ( pure silica71 & 9 ! majority ( ! legion is compos$ ( holl[ cyl9drical tubes1 ^: silice\s wall is v ?91 & ^: lum5 is fill$ ) gelat9\s mat]ial 7 #abg74 ,! manifold & rem>kable skeletal =ms occurr+ 9 ?is legion are n monophyletic1 s9ce !y _c be d]iv$ f a common /em-=m2 !y are1 on ! contr>y1 polyphyletic1 v>i\s skeletonless ,,ph,,od>ia 7,phod9ida7 h indep5d5tly acquir$ skeletons ( diff]5t =m & composition4 ,! legion ,,ph,,od>ia c be subdivid$ into f\r ord]s1 ! skeletons ( :i* pres5t ! foll[+ important di/9ctions3--7#a7 ,! ,phocy/9a possess only incomplete ,beloid skeletons 7 #aae71 compos$ ( _m sep>ate pieces1 sometimes tang5tially 7,cannorrhaphida1 ,pl4 #aja71 sometimes radially arrang$ 7,aulacan?ida1 ,pls4 #ajb-aje74 7#b7 ,! ,phosphria =m ,sphroid skeletons 7 #aaf71 usually only a simple lattice-%ell )\t special ap]ture 7,pls4 #ajf-aaa72 two conc5tric %ells unit$ by radial b>s occur only 9 ! ,cannosphrida 7,pl4 #aab74 7#c7 ,! ,phogromia are di/+ui%$ by ! =mation ( a simple ,cyrtoid skeleton 7 #abc7 resembl+ t ( ! ,monocyrtida2 ! mono?alamus lattice-%ell is usually ovoid or helmet-%ap$1 m r>ely polyh$ral or almo/ sph]ical2 a v]tical ma9 axis c always be di/+ui%$1 at ! basal pole ( :i* is an ap]ture usually arm$ ) tee? or sp9es 7,pls4 #ii1 #ajj1 #aac-abj74 7#d7 ,! ,phocon*ia are di/+ui%$ f all o!r ,radiol>ia by ! possession ( a bivalv$ %ell l t ( ! ,con*if]a2 ! two valves ( ?is ,con*oid skeleton mu/ be di/+ui%$ z dorsal & v5tral1 z 9 ! ,bra*iopoda 7,pls4 #aba-abh74 ,! fifte5 families ( ,,ph,,od>ia :i* are arrang$ 9 ! f\r ord]s j m5tion$1 pres5t su* great diff]5ces among !mselves1 t ! skeleton mu/ be reg>d$ z probably polyphyletic ev5 )9 ! limits ( ea* ord]4 #aac4 ,types ( ,skeletal ,=mation4--,no less ?an twelve diff]5t pr9cipal =ms may be di/+ui%$ z morphological types ( ! =mation ( ! skeleton 9 ! ,radiol>ia2 "s ( ^! are peculi> to a s+le legion or ev5 to a small] gr\p2 b sometimes ! same =m occurs 9 sev]al legions4 ,"s types occur only 9 an isolat$ mann]1 indep5d5tly ( ! o!rs1 b mo/ exi/ 9 v>i\s comb9ations ) o!r types4 ,( ! twelve describ$ bel[ ! ,con*oid & ,cannoid occur only 9 ! ,,ph,,od>ia2 ! ,plectoid & ,circoid only 9 ! ,,nassell>ia2 ! ,a/roid only 9 ! ,,acan?>ia2 ! rema9+ sev5 types are f\nd 9 sev]al legions 9 ! same =m & h5ce are polyphyletic4 lxxvii#aad4 ,! ,a/roid ,skeleton4--,"u ! "n ,a/roid we place ! peculi> />-%ap$ skeletons ( ! ,,acan?>ia 9 opposition to ^? ( all o!r ,radiol>ia1 = !y are sep>at$ f !m n only fundam5tally by reason ( ! *emical nature ( _! sub/ance 7,acan?91 #ajb71 b also by _! c5trog5\s orig91 & ! result+ /ellate =m 7,pls4 #abi-adj74 ,! ,,acan?>ia are ! only ,radiol>ia 9 :i* ! skeleton arises )9 ! c5tral capsule by ! =mation ( num]\s rays or radial sp9es ( acan?9 :i* project on all sides f ! c5tre4 ,orig9ally ^! are unit$ at ?is po9t1 _! conical or pyramidal po9ts meet+ & be+ support$ "o ^u ano!r4 ,9 ! great majority ( ,,acan?>ia ?is loose apposition is con/ant1 s t :5 ! s(t p>ts are de/roy$ ! skeleton falls to pieces4 ,only 9 a few =ms 9 ?is legion are ! c5tral ends ( ! sp9es fus$ s t ! :ole skeleton =ms a connect$ /> 7,a/roli?ium74 ,! small gr\p ,*ia/olida 7or ,acan?o*iasmida7 is *>act]is$ by ! fact t ! two rays :i* are opposite to "o ano!r 9 ea* axis unite & =m a diametral b>4 ,! skeleton is almo/ always compos$ ( tw5ty radial sp9es1 :i* are regul>ly dispos$ 7,icosacan?a71 only 9 ! small primitive gr\p ,act9elida is ! numb] v>iable 7,adelacan?a1 #aaj74 #aae4 ,! ,beloid ,skeleton4--,z ,beloid or spicul> skeletons are gr\p$ toge!r all ^? :i* consi/ ( sev]al disconnect$ portions2 ^! always lie outside ! c5tral capsule1 ei!r )9 ! calymma or on its surface4 ,su* extracapsul> ,beloid skeletons are entirely want+ 9 ! ,,acan?>ia & ,,nassell>ia2 !y occur only 9 ! ,beloidea among ! ,,spumell>ia1 & 9 ! ,phocy/9a among ! ,,ph,,od>ia2 ! individual ,beloid portions ( ! =m] are solid1 ^? ( ! latt] holl[4 ,9 bo? gr\ps ! simple/ =ms ( ! sep>ate portions are simple unbran*$ ne$les 7,?alassosphra1 ,?alassoplancta1 ,physematium1 ,belonoz\m1 among ! ,,spumell>ia2 ,cannobelos & ,cannorrhaphis among ! ,,ph,,od>ia72 usually ^! spicules are dispos$ tang5tially ov] ! surface ( ! calymma4 ,among ! ,beloidea bran*$ spicules occur m commonly ?an ^! simple ones2 !y are ei!r /ellate 7) _m rays unit$ 9 a c5tre7 or tw9-l1 ) a tang5tial b>1 f ea* pole ( :i* two or ?ree 7seldom m7 radial bran*es project 7,pls4 #b1 #d74 ,among ! ,,ph,,od>ia ! subfamily ,dictyo*ida is *>act]is$ by ! annul> %ape ( its ,beloid portions1 ei!r simple r+s1 or hat-%ap$ or pyramidal bodies ) a lattic$ cap ov] ! r+ 7,pl4 #aja1 figs4 #c-ad2 ,pl4 #aad1 figs4 #g-ac74 ,! family ,aulacan?ida among ! ,,ph,,od>ia1 alone possesses holl[ radial tubes1 :i* p5etrate ! :ole calymma1 & project di/ally ov] its surface1 :il/ _! proximal ends re/ ^u ! surface ( ! c5tral capsule4 ,al?\gh 9 ^! cases ! enclos$ proximal end is always simple1 ! free di/al end develops ! mo/ v>i\s processes 9 adaptation to its preh5sile functions 7,pls4 #ajb-aje74 lxxviii#aaf4 ,! ,sphroid ,skeletons or ,lattice-,sph]es4--,! lattice-sph]es or sphroid skeletons are ! simple/ & mo/ primitive =ms ( lattice %ells1 & are widely di/ribut$ 9 ! ?ree legions ,,spumell>ia1 ,,acan?>ia1 & ,,ph,,od>ia1 :il/ !y are entirely want+ 9 ! ,,nassell>ia4 ,! r\nd lattice-%ell is ei!r a true sph]e 9 ! geometrical s5se1 or an endosph]ical polyh$ron1 i4e41 a polyh$ron1 all ^: angles lie 9 ! surface ( a sph]e 7 #be74 ,9 g5]al1 prim>y & second>y lattice-sph]es may be di/+ui%$1 ( :i* ! =m] are secret$ on ! out] surface ( ! prim>y1 ! latt] on t ( ! second>y calymma 7 #he74 ,fur!rmore1 simple & comp\nd lattice-sph]es may be di/+ui%$1 ! latt] ( :i* consi/ ( two or m conc5tric lattice-sph]es firmly unit$ by radial b>s2 9 su* cases ! inn]mo/ lattice-sph]e is always to be reg>d$ z ! olde/ or prim>y1 all ! succe$+ ones z second>y1 & ! out]mo/ z ! y\nge/ 7 #abi74 ,! simple lattice-sph]es are usually to be reg>d$ z prim>y2 !y may1 h[ev]1 occasionally be second>y1 9 :i* case ! prim>y %ell1 orig9ally enclos$1 has be5 lo/ by deg5]ation 7z1 = example1 9 ! case ( ! ,aulosphrida & "s ,sphrell>ia74 #aag4 ,! ,lattice-,sph]es ( ! ,spumell>ia4--,! lattice-sph]es or ,sphroid skeletons ( ! ,,spumell>ia exhibit 9 spite ( _! simple type ( /ructure1 an extraord9>y v>iety 9 ! =mation ( ! lattice-"w & radial apophyses1 s t 9 ! sy/ematic portion ( ?is "w no less ?an "o hundr$ & sev5 g5]a & six hundr$ & fifty species are di/+ui%$2 ^! are unit$ 9 "o subord]1 ! ,sphroidea 7pp4 #ej-bhd1 ,pls4 #e-h1 #aa-cj74 ,x may be divid$ into two ma9 divisions1 ! ,monosphrida ) a s+le prim>y lattice-sph]e 7,pls4 #ab-ad1 #ba1 #bf1 #bg71 & ,pliosphrida 7or ,sphroidea conc5trica7 ^: skeleton consi/s ( two or m conc5tric lattice-sph]es unit$ by radial b>s4 ,! latt] are subdivid$ into ,dyosphrida ) two conc5tric lattice-sph]es 7,pls4 #af1 #ai1 #bj1 #bb1 #bh72 ,triosphrida1 ) ?ree sph]es 7,pls4 #ag1 #bd1 #bi72 ,tetrasphrida1 ) f\r 7,pls4 #bc1 #cj72 ,polysphrida1 ) five or m 7,pls4 #ae1 #bc72 & ,spongosphrida1 ) spongy lattice-sph]es 7,pls4 #ah1 #be74 ,a special gr\p is made up ( ! simple lattice-sph]es ( ! social ,collosphrida 7or ,sphroidea polyzoa7 7,pls4 #e-h72 ^! are usually m or less irregul>1 & *>act]is$ by ! developm5t ( peculi> tubul> processes2 ! latt] are g5]ally want+ 9 ! ,sphroidea monozoa1 ^: lattice-%ell is v regul>ly =m$4 ,?is di/9ction is int]e/+ & important1 inasmu* z ! regul> lattice-sph]es are expla9$ by ! indep5d5t developm5t ( ! free-swimm+ ,monozoa1 :il/ ! irregul> sph]es are due to ! mutual dep5d5ce ( ! social ,polyzoa4 #aah4 ,! ,lattice-,sph]es ( ! ,acan?>ia4--,! lattice-%ells or ,sphroid skeletons ( ! ,,acan?>ia are imm$iately di/+ui%able f ^? ( all o!r ,radiol>ia by _! c5trog5\s developm5t & ! c5tral union ( ! radial sp9es by :i* !y are support$2 ! only exception is furni%$ by ! rem>kable g5us ,c5ocapsa lxxix7,pl4 #acc1 fig4 #aa71 9 :i* ! radial sp9es are abs5t1 n primitively1 h[ev]1 b 9 consequ5ce ( deg5]ation2 = ! tw5ty cross-%ap$ p]sp9al pores1 orig9ally due to ! tw5ty radial sp9es1 are /ill pres5t4 ,9 ! mo/ ne>ly alli$ g5]a1 ,porocapsa 7,pl4 #acc1 fig4 #g7 & ,cannocapsa 7,pl4 #acc1 fig4 #h71 ! proximal "p ( ! tw5ty radial sp9es is /ill pres5t1 :ile _! di/al portion has deg5]at$2 h5ce 9 ?is case !y d n /& 9 direct communication ) ! sph]ical %ell4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?is primitive connection p]si/s 9 ! g5]a ,a/rocapsa 7,pl4 #acc1 figs4 #i1 #aj71 & ,sphrocapsa 7,pl4 #ace1 figs4 #f-aj74 ,! five g5]a j m5tion$ =m ! peculi> family ,sphrocapsida 7pp4 #gie-hjb72 ! sph]ical %ell is 9 ^! cases compos$ ( v num]\s small plates dispos$ l a pavem5t1 ea* plate or aglet be+ p]=at$ by a pore canal2 9 addition to :i* !re are tw5ty l>g] 7p]sp9al7 pores 7or tw5ty cross-%ap$ gr\ps ea* ( f\r asp9al pores7 at ^? important po9ts :]e primitively ! tw5ty radial sp9es p5etrate ! calymma4 ,?is peculi> por\s pavem5t %ell has probably be5 develop$ 7indep5d5tly ( ! tw5ty radial sp9es7 ^u ! calymma ( ! ,acan?onida 7,acan?onia1 p4 #gdi7 by ! action ( ! s>codictyum2 x has1 !re=e1 q a diff]5t morphological significance f ! sph]ical lattice-%ell ( ! ,dorataspida1 :i* is compos$ ( tang5tial apophyses ( ! tw5ty ,acan?onid sp9es 7pp4 #hjb-hdg1 ,pls4 #acd-ach74 ,ea* radial sp9e "h =ms ei!r two opposite or f\r cross$ transv]se processes1 & s9ce _! bran*es spread ov] ! surface ( ! sph]ical calymma & are unit$ suturally at _! extremities1 ! peculi> lattice-sph]e ( ! ,dorataspida arises4 ,?is ext5sive family is aga9 divid$ into two subfamilies3--! ,diporaspida 7,pls4 #acg1 #ach7 possess always only two opposite apophyses1 & =m by ! union ( _! bran*es two opposite prim>y ap]tures or asp9al me%es4 ,! ,tess>aspida1 on ! o!r h& 7,pls4 #ace1 #ach71 h always f\r cross$ transv]se processes1 & =m by _! union f\r prim>y asp9al me%es4 ,f ! ,diporaspida are probably to be d]iv$ ! ,phractopeltida 7p4 #hdg1 ,pl4 #acc1 figs4 #a-f71 ! only ,,acan?>ia :i* possess a d\ble lattice-sph]e2 _! d\ble conc5tric sph]ical %ell may be comp>$ ) t ( ! ,dyosphrida4 #aai4 ,! ,lattice-,sph]es ( ! ,phod>ia4--,! lattice-sph]es or ,sphroid skeletons ( ! ,,ph,,od>ia1 :i* are g5]ally develop$ q regul>ly1 ?\gh occasionally 9 a modifi$ =m1 fall 9 ! ord] ,phosphria into two gr\ps ( v diff]5t /ructure1 ea* ( :i* includes two families4 ,! fir/ gr\p 7,phosphria in>ticulata7 conta9s ! families ,orosphrida 7,pls4 #ajf1 #ajg7 & ,sagosphrida 7,pl4 #ajh72 ! lattice-"w ( ! =m] consi/s ( irregul> polygonal me%es & v co>se1 p>tially holl[ trabecul2 9 ! latt]1 on ! o!r h&1 x consi/s ( triangul> me%es & v sl5d] fili=m trabecul2 9 bo? families ! :ole sphroid skeleton =ms a s+le unsegm5t$ piece z 9 mo/ ,sphroidea4 ,9 ! second gr\p ( lxxx,phosphria 7,phosphria articulata71 on ! o!r h&1 ! lattice-sph]e is segm5t$ 9 q a peculi> mann]1 & compos$ ( holl[ cyl9drical tang5tial tubes1 :i* are sep>at$ by a/ral septa at ! nodal po9ts ( ! network2 ?is rem>kable /ructure *>act]ises ! two families1 ,aulosphrida 7,pls4 #aji-aaa7 & ,cannosphrida 7,pl4 #aab72 ! segm5t$ lattice-sph]e ( ! =m] is simple & holl[2 :ile t ( ! latt] is connect$ by c5tripetal radial tubes ) a simple conc5tric inn] %ell1 :i* is sometimes solid1 sometimes lattic$1 & provid$ ) a ma9-op5+ correspond+ to ! a/ropyle ( ! enclos$ c5tral capsule4 ,s9ce 9 ! ,aulosphrida also1 holl[ c5tripetal radial tubes project f ! segm5t$ lattice-sph]e1 x is possible t !y h be5 d]iv$ f ! ,cannosphrida by ! loss ( ! primitive int]nal %ell4 ,a special peculi>ity ( _m ,phosphria 7,orosc5a1 ,sagosc5a1 ,aulosc5a1 c47 consi/s 9 ! fact t ! :ole surface ( ! lattice-sph]e is regul>ly cov]$ ) pyramidal or t5t-%ap$ prom95ces 7,pl4 #ajf1 fig4 #d2 ,pl4 #ajh1 fig4 #a2 ,pl4 #aaj1 fig4 #a74 ,a simple lattice-sph]e q simil> to t ( mo/ ,monosphrida also con/itutes ! skeleton ( ! ,ca/anellida 7,pl4 #aac71 b s9ce x possesses a special ma9-op5+1 x mu/ be ref]r$ promorphologically to ! ,cyrtoid %ells ( ! ,phogromia4 #abj4 ,! ,prunoid ,skeleton or ,lattice-,ellipsoid4--,! lattice-ellipsoids or ,prunoid skeletons h aris5 f ! lattice-sph]es or ,sphroid skeletons by m en]getic gr[? & elongation ( "o axis2 ?is is ! ma9 axis ( ! body & is probably always v]tical2 its two poles are commonly equal4 ,! ,prunoid skeleton is ei!r a true ellipsoid 9 ! geometrical s5se or an endellipsoidal polyh$ron 7i4e41 a polyh$ron1 all ! angles ( :i* lie 9 an ellipsoidal surface74 ,by fur!r elongation ( ! ma9 axis1 ! ellipsoidal =m passes ov] into ! cyl9drical1 ! pol> surfaces ( ! cyl9d] be+ usually r\nd$1 r>ely truncat$4 ,! ri* ord] ,prunoidea 7pp4 #bhd-djb7 conta9s num]\s modifications ( ?is =m ( %ell :i* arise on ! "o h& by ! =mation ( transv]se con/rictions1 on ! o!r by ! apposition ( conc5tric second>y %ells4 ,9 respect ( ! latt]1 simple & comp\nd ,prunoid %ells c be di/+ui%$ z 9 ! case ( ! ,sphroid %ells4 ,9 ! comp\nd ,prunoid %ells ei!r all ! conc5tric lattice-%ells may be ellipsoidal or ! inn] may be sph]ical4 ,m important diff]5ces are f\nd 9 ! transv]se annul> con/rictions1 :i* give ! ,prunoid skeleton a segm5t$ appe>ance2 9 ?is respect1 ?ree pr9cipal =ms may be di/+ui%$ 7p4 #bhh73--7;,a7 ,monoprunida1 ) unsegm5t$ %ell1 hav+ no transv]se con/riction 7,pls4 #ae-ag72 7,b7 ,dyoprunida1 hav+ a %ell ) two segm5ts & "o 7equatorial7 transv]se con/riction 7,pl4 #ci72 7,c7 ,polyprunida1 ) ?ree or m p>allel transv]se con/rictions1 by means ( :i* ! %ell is divid$ into f\r or m segm5ts 7,pl4 #dj74 ,9 ! same mann] z ! ,prunoidea h aris5 f ! ,sphroidea among ! ,,spumell>ia by great] lxxxidevelopm5t ( ! v]tical ma9 axis1 ! ellipsoidal ,belonaspida h aris5 f ! sph]ical ,dorataspida among ! ,,acan?>ia 7p4 #hei2 ,pl4 #acf1 figs4 #f-i2 ,pl4 #aci1 figs4 #h1 #i74 ,! ma9 axis ( ! ellipsoid 9 ?is case is always occupi$ by ! opposite equatorial sp9es ( ! hydrotomical axis 7pp4 #gai1 #hfj74 ,9 ! legion ,,ph,,od>ia a simil> prolongation ( ! ma9 axis r>ely occurs2 x is f\nd1 h[ev]1 9 ,aulatractus 7,pl4 #aaa1 figs4 #f1 #g71 ! lattice-%ell ( ?is ,aulosphrid be+ sometimes truly fusi=m1 sometimes r ellipsoidal or ev5 d\ble-conical4 #aba4 ,! ,discoid ,skeletons or ,lattice-,discs4--,! lattice-discs or ,discoid skeletons are *>act]i/ic ( ! ,,spumell>ian gr\p ,discoidea1 & h aris5 f ! lattice-sph]es ( ! ,sphroidea by a less developm5t ( "o axis1 :i* is ! ma9 axis ( ! body1 & is probably usually v]tical2 its two poles are always equal4 ,! ,discoid lattice-%ell is ei!r a biconvex l5s 7) a ?9 m>g971 or a plane disc 7a %ort5$ cyl9d] ) ?ick m>g971 or "s =m int]m$iate betwe5 ! two4 ,all ,discoid %ells %[ a horizontal m$ian plane or equatorial plane1 by :i* !y are divid$ into two equal halves1 an upp] & l[]2 ! m>g9 ( ! l5s itself is orig9ally ! equator4 ,! ma9 axis1 ! %orte/ ( all ! axes ( ! %ell1 /&s v]tically 9 ! c5tre ( ! equatorial plane4 ,among ! ,,ph,,od>ia ,discoid %ells r>ely occur 7,aulophacus71 z also among ! ,,acan?>ia 7,hexalaspida74 #abb4 ,! ,l>coid ,skeleton or ,l5telliptical ,lattice-,%ell4--,! l5telliptical lattice-%ells1 :i* may be %ortly designat$ ,l>coid1 are especially *>act]i/ic ( ! ,l>coidea1 a l>ge ord] ( ,,spumell>ia 7pp4 #eii-gae2 ,pls4 #i1 #aj1 #di1 #ej74 ,9 addition !y recur among ! ,,acan?>ia1 9 ! small family ,hexalaspida 7p4 #hgb1 ,pl4 #aci71 & ! family ,diploconida 7p4 #hha1 ,pl4 #adj71 :i* is d]iv$ f x4 ,^! l5telliptical lattice-%ells are all *>act]is$ by ! cle> diff]5tiation ( ?ree unequal1 b isopol> dim5sive axes1 i4e41 ! ?ree geometrical axes1 p]p5dicul> to "o ano!r1 :i* det]m9e ! =m ( ! %ell1 are ( unequal l5g?2 ! two poles ( ea* are1 h[ev]1 equal4 ,! geometrical gr\nd-=m is1 !re=e1 a triaxial ellipsoid 7 #cd74 ,9 ! ri* ord] ,l>coidea ! l5telliptical lattice-%ell %[s _m v>iations 9 its developm5t4 #abc4 ,! ,cyrtoid ,skeleton4--,cyrtoid skeletons are ^? lattice-%ells :i* possess a v]tical ma9 axis ) two diff]5t poles 7,monaxonia allopola72 ! upp] pole is usually t]m$ ! apical1 ! l[] ! basal4 ,su* ,cyrtoid %ells are *>act]i/ic ( ! great majority ( ! ,,nassell>ia or ,,monopylea 7& especially ( ! ,cyrtell>ia72 !y are also f\nd 9 a l>ge division ( ! ,,ph,,od>ia 7! ,phogromia71 & 9 "s ,,spumell>ia4 ,9 g5]al ! manifold ,cyrtoid %ells may be divid$ into two l>ge gr\ps1 ^? ) "o & ^? ) sev]al *amb]s4 ,! mono?alam\s ,cyrtoid %ells are usually ovoid1 conical1 cap- or helmet-%ap$2 _! lxxxiiint]nal cavity is simple1 )\t con/rictions or septa4 ,among ! ,,nassell>ia !y occur 9 ! ,monocyrtida 7,pls4 #ea-ed1 #ih71 :]e !y h receiv$ ! "n ,cephalis4 ,a =m ( %ell1 ess5tially ! same1 is f\nd among/ ! ,,ph,,od>ia 9 ! ord] ,phogromia1 m especially 9 ! ,*all5g]ida 7,pl4 #ii71 ,m$usettida 7,pls4 #aah-abj71 & ,tusc>orida 7,pl4 #ajj71 _m ( ^! latt] closely resembl+ _m ,monocyrtida4 ,su* mono?alam\s ,cyrtoid %ells occur mu* m r>ely among ! ,,spumell>ia 7e4g41 among ! ,prunoidea 9 ,li?apium1 ,li?omespilus1 ,druppatractus1 ,pls4 #ac1 #ad1 c474 ,poly?alam\s ,cyrtoid %ells 7,pls4 #ee-hj7 occur exclusively 9 ! ,,nassell>ia1 & exhibit 9 ?is legion an a/oni%+ v>iety ( /ructure2 !y are di/+ui%$ f ! mono?alam\s =ms by ! developm5t ( int]nal septa1 or ( annul> incomplete diaphragms1 :i* usually correspond to ! ext]nal con/rictions2 _! int]ior is ?us divid$ into two or m communicat+ comp>tm5ts4 ,among ! poly?alam\s ,cyrtoid %ells may be di/+ui%$ ?ree pr9cipal gr\ps1 ! ,/i*ocyrtid1 ,zygocyrtid1 & ,polycyrtid4 ,zygocyrtid %ells are *>act]i/ic ( ! ,spyroidea 7,pls4 #hd-ij71 & are di/+ui%$ by a bilobate cephalis 7cephalis bilocul>is72 ! m$ian sagittal r+1 or a correspond+ con/riction1 divides ! %ell into "r & left comp>tm5ts4 ,polycyrtid %ells 7,pl4 #if7 are peculi> to ! ,botryodea1 & *>act]is$ by a multilobate cephalis 7cephalis multilocul>is74 ,/i*ocyrtid %ells are ^? 9 :i* ! prim>y cephalis rema9s simple1 & new jo9ts are successively add$ to its basal pole2 su* %ells occur 9 ! majority ( ! ,cyrtoidea4 ,second>y *amb]s are sometimes add$ 9 ! o!r two gr\ps 7,botryodea & ,spyroidea74 ,:51 z (t5 happ5s 9 ^! poly?alam\s ,cyrtoid %ells1 two or ?ree di/9ct jo9ts foll[ ea* o!r1 ! fir/ is call$ ! cephalis1 ! second ! ?orax1 & ! ?ird ! abdom5 7,tricyrtida ,pls4 #fd-ge74 #abd4 ,! ,circoid ,skeleton4--,?is is a v important & rem>kable type ( skeletal =mation1 :i* occurs exclusively 9 ! legion ,,nassell>ia1 :]e x plays a v prom95t "p2 its *>act]i/ic elem5t is ! sagittal r+1 a simple1 v]tical1 silice\s r+1 :i* surr\nds ! c5tral capsule 9 its sagittal plane1 & is specially diff]5tiat$ 9 its basal portion4 ,?is prim>y sagittal r+ ^: v]tical allopol> ma9 axis co9cides ) t ( ! ,monopylean c5tral capsule embrac$ by x1 is *>act]i/ic ( all memb]s ( ! ord] ,/ephoidea 7p4 #ica1 ,pls4 #ha-hc1 #ib-id72 "h x =ms by itself ! skeleton ( ! ,/ephanida 7,pl4 #ha72 9 ! ,semantida 7,pl4 #ib7 x is comb9$ ) a horizontal basal r+1 9 ! ,coronida 7,pls4 #hb1 #ic7 ) a v]tical frontal r+ & 9 ! ,tympanida 7,pls4 #hc1 #id7 ) two horizontal r+s1 an upp] mitral & a l[] basal4 ,9 ! great majority ( ^! ,/ephoidea !re (t5 develop 9 def9ite places *>act]i/ic processes or apophyses1 ^: bran*es comb9e to =m a loose tissue or an incomplete lattice-%ell4 ,?is becomes complete 9 ! ,cyrtell>ia1 ! majority ( :i* reta9 m or less lxxxiiidi/9ct traces ( ! sagittal r+4 ,h5ce ! skeletons ( all ,,nassell>ia may be d]iv$ monophyletically 7,hypo!sis ,a1 p4 #hic7 f a simple sagittal r+ 7,ar*icircus & ,li?ocircus1 ,pl4 #ha74 ,?is !ory1 h[ev]1 enc\nt]s ! great difficulty t 9 _m ,/ephoidea 7,cort9a1 ,cort9iscus1 c47 x is comb9$ 9 a rem>kable mann] ) ! basal tripod ( ! ,plectoidea1 :il/ 9 ^! latt] x is entirely want+ 7comp>e p4 #hid74 #abe4 ,! ,plectoid ,skeleton4--,^? =ms are di/+ui%$ z ,plectoid 9 :i* ?ree1 f\r1 or m radial silice\s sp9es proce$ f a common po9t1 :i* lies exc5trically outside ! c5tral capsule & at ! basal pole ( its v]tical allopol> ma9 axis4 ,?is peculi> type ( skeletal =mation only occurs 9 ! legion ,,nassell>ia1 & is specially *>act]i/ic ( ! ord] ,plectoidea 7p4 #hih1 ,pl4 #ia74 ,b s9ce ! ess5tial elem5ts ( ?is rem>kable skeleton also occur 9 _m o!r ,,nassell>ia1 sometimes comb9$ ) ! ,circoid1 sometimes ) ! ,cyrtoid skeleton1 x p]haps has a fundam5tal significance 9 ?is legion2 at all ev5ts x is possible to d]ive monophyletically all ! o!r =ms ( ?is legion f x 7,hypo!sis ,b1 p4 #hic74 ,! simple/ =m ( ! ,plectoid skeleton is a tripod1 ! ?ree feet ( :i* ei!r lie 9 a horizontal plane 7,triplagia1 ,pl4 #ia1 fig4 #b71 or correspond to ! ?ree edges ( a l[ pyramid 7,plagiacan?a74 ,a f\r? ray is sometimes add$1 :i* /&s v]tically ^u ! summit ( ! pyramid 7,plagoniscus1 ,plagioc>pa1 ,pl4 #ia1 figs4 #d1 #e74 ,9 o!r ,plectoidea ?ree second>y rays are int]calat$ betwe5 ! ?ree prim>y 7,hexaplagida1 c472 seldom ! numb] is greatly increas$ 7,polyplagida1 c474 ,! rays are r>ely simple1 b usually bran*$2 9 ! ,plagonida 7,pl4 #ia1 figs4 #b-f7 ! bran*es rema9 free2 9 ! ,plectanida 7,pl4 #ia1 figs4 #g-ac7 !y are unit$ to =m a loose wick]-"w4 ,f su* a web a p]fect ,cyrtoid %ell may arise4 ,sev]al =ms ( ,plagonida may also be readily conf\nd$ ) ! isolat$ triradiate or quadriradiate spicula ( _m ,beloid skeletons 7,sphroz\m1 ,lampoxan?ium1 c474 #abf4 ,! ,spongoid ,skeleton4--,f ! simple lattice-skeleton :i* ! majority ( ,radiol>ia possess1 "s ( !m develop a spongy %ell2 ! trabecul ( ! lattice-"w1 situat$ 9 "o plane 9 ! =m]1 are develop$ 9 ! latt] 9 diff]5t planes & cross irregul>ly 9 all directions2 ?us arises a k9d ( wick]-"w ( m or less spongy /ructure1 usually ) v ?9 trabecul & irregul> me%es4 ,su* ,spongoid %ells are mo/ common among ! ,,spumell>ia1 especially 9 ! ,sphroidea 7,spongosphrida1 ,pl4 #ah7 & ,discoidea 7,spongodiscida1 ,pls4 #da-dg71 m r>ely 9 ! ,prunoidea & ,l>coidea4 ,lattice-"w ( simil> spongy /ructure occurs v seldom among ! ,,nassell>ia1 e4g41 9 "s ,plectoidea 7,pl4 #ia7 & ,cyrtoidea 7,spongocyrtis1 ,spongopyramis1 ,spongomelissa1 c41 ,pl4 #ef1 fig4 #aj2 ,pl4 #fd1 figs4 #e-aj1 c474 ,among ! ,,ph,,od>ia spongy skeletons are v r>e2 !y lxxxivare to be se5 9 "s ,phosphria 7,oroplegma1 ,pl4 #ajg1 fig4 #a2 ,sagoplegma1 ,pl4 #ajh1 fig4 #b2 ,auloplegma1 ,pl4 #aaa1 fig4 #h74 ,no ,spongoid skeletons are kn[n among ! ,,acan?>ia4 #abg4 ,! ,cannoid ,skeleton4--,cannoid or tubul> skeletons are ^? :i* are compos$ ( holl[ tubes2 !y occur exclusively 9 ! ,,ph,,od>ia or ,,cannopylea4 ,tubul> processes1 nev]!less1 occur 9 "s o!r ,radiol>ia1 z1 = example1 among ! ,,spumell>ia 9 a portion ( ! ,collosphrida 7,siphonosphra1 ,cam9osphra1 ,pls4 #f1 #g71 & ( ! ,prunoidea 7,pipetta1 ,cann>tus1 c41 ,pl4 #ci1 figs4 #f-aj1 c471 also among ! ,,nassell>ia 9 ,!osyr+ium 7,pl4 #fh1 figs4 #d-f71 ,cannobotrys 7,pl4 #if1 figs4 #c1 #d1 #h-aa1 #bj-bb71 c4 ,9 all ^! cases1 h[ev]1 ! tubes are direct processes ( ! cavity ( ! %ell1 ! trabecul ( ! lattice-"w be+ solid4 ,only 9 ! ,,cannopylea are ! lattice-b>s !mselves1 ! radial sp9es & app5dicul> organs1 g5]ally tubul> 7h5ce ! designation ,pansol5ia74 ,! lum5 ( ! ?9-wall$ silice\s tubes is fill$ ) jelly1 & h5ce ! specific gravity ( ! relatively l>ge skeleton is consid]ably dim9i%$4 ,?is peculi>ity is n f\nd 9 all ,,cannopylea2 x is want+ 9 all ,sagosphrida & ,con*>ida1 z well z 9 a "p ( ! ,orosphrida & ,ca/anellida2 9 ! latt] !re are f\nd int]m$iate /ages betwe5 holl[ & solid skeletal rods4 ,v (t5 a f9e silice\s ?read runs 9 ! axis ( ! tubes1 :i* is connect$ ) its wall by lat]al bran*es 7,pl4 #aaj1 figs4 #d1 #f2 ,pl4 #aae1 figs4 #f1 #g74 ,m seldom ! tubes are divid$ by horizontal septa into a s]ies ( *amb]s 7,m$usettida1 ,pls4 #aah-abj74 ,! two families ,aulosphrida 7,pls4 #aji-aaa7 & ,cannosphrida 7,pl4 #aab7 are di/+ui%$ f all o!r ,,ph,,od>ia by ! fact t _! tubes are sep>at$ by a/ral septa 9 ! nodal po9ts ( ! lattice-%ell 7 #aab1 #acd74 #abh4 ,! ,con*oid ,skeleton4--,by ! "n ,con*oid skeletons are di/+ui%$ ! bivalv$ lattice-%ells :i* occur exclusively 9 ! legion ,,ph,,od>ia2 !y are q *>act]i/ic ( ! ,phocon*ia or ,phod>ia bivalvia1 :i* embrace ?ree families3--,con*>ida 7,pls4 #abc-abe71 ,coelod5drida 7,pls4 #aba1 #abb71 & ,coelographida 7,pls4 #abf-abh74 ,! two valves ( ! lattice-%ell ( ! ,con*>ida are simple1 hemisph]ical1 or boat-%ap$1 :il/ 9 ! ,coelod5drida & ,coelographida tubes gr[ out f !m1 :i* bran* & usually give rise by ana/omosis to a second ext]nal bivalv$ %ell4 ,9 all ,phocon*ia ! two valves are s dispos$ ab\t ! c5tral capsule t an op5 slit rema9s betwe5 !m1 into :i* op5 ! ap]tures ( ! c5tral capsule2 & s9ce all ^! ,phod>ia con*oidea are ,,tripylea1 ) ?ree typical op5+s 9 ! c5tral capsule1 & s9ce ! two lat]al accessory op5+s lie at ei!r side ( ! aboral pole1 & ! unpair$ ma9-op5+ at ! oral pole ( ! ma9 axis1 x foll[s t ! two valves are to be reg>d$ z dorsal & v5tral z 9 ! ,bra*iopoda 7n "r & left z 9 ! ,lamellibran*iata74 ,! dorsal & v5tral lxxxvvalves are usually equal1 b 9 a portion ( ! ,con*>ida !y pres5t con/ant diff]5ces4 ,9 ?is family ! two valves are atta*$ to ea* o!r by _! free edges1 j z 9 ! bivalv$ ,mollusca & ,diatoms2 & ^! edges may ei!r be smoo? 7,con*asmida1 ,pl4 #abc1 figs4 #a-f71 or d5tate 7,con*opsida1 ,pls4 #abd1 #abe72 ! valvul> connection ( ! latt] is sometimes /r5g!n$ by a special ligam5t :i* unites ! two valves at ! aboral pole 7,pl4 #abc1 figs4 #h1 #i74 ,! =m ( ! valve is sometimes hemisph]ical1 sometimes boat-%ap$1 ) a sagittal keel4 #abi4 ,m$ull>y & ,conical ,%ells4--,9 all ,radiol>ia ^: skeleton consi/s ( a d\ble %ell or ( two conc5tric lattice-%ells unit$ by radial b>s1 an inn] m$ull>y %ell 7te/a m$ull>is7 & an out] cortical %ell 7te/a corticalis7 may be di/+ui%$ 7see note ,a1 bel[74 ,! m$ull>y %ell is usually to be reg>d$ z a prim>y1 ! cortical z a second>y /ructure4 ,su* d\ble %ells occur among ! ,,spumell>ia 9 ! ,dyosphrida 7,pls4 #ai1 #bj71 z well z 9 _m ,prunoidea 7,pls4 #ci1 #dj71 ,discoidea 7,pls4 #cc1 #cd71 & ,l>coidea 7,pls4 #i1 #aj72 among ! ,,acan?>ia only 9 ! family ,phractopeltida 7,pl4 #acc72 among ! ,,nassell>ia only 9 v few ,cyrtoidea 7e4g41 ,p]i>a*nium1 ,pl4 #ee1 fig4 #aa71 & f9ally among ! ,,ph,,od>ia 9 ! ,cannosphrida 7,pl4 #aab7 z well z 9 "p ( ! ,coelod5drida 7,pl4 #aba7 & ,coelographida 7,pls4 #abg1 #abh74 ,9 mo/ cases 7if n always87 ! cortical %ell arises by ! gr[? ( radial sp9es f ! surface ( ! m$ull>y %ell2 ^! become unit$ at equal di/ances f ! c5tre by transv]se apophyses1 ! surface ( ! second>y calymma furni%+ ! basis = _! secretion 7 #he74 ,nev]!less1 x seems t 9 _m ,sphrell>ia ! =mation ( ! :ole cortical %ell proce$s simultane\sly 7at a def9ite dictyotic p]iod7 l t ( ! prim>y m$ull>y %ell 7see note ,b74 ,:il/ 9 ! ,,ph,,od>ia1 ,,acan?>ia1 & ,,nassell>ia1 at mo/ two conc5tric %ells are =m$1 9 _m ,,spumell>ia _! numb] increases cont9u\sly ) additional gr[?2 9 _m ,sphrell>ia x rises to f\r1 eight1 or ev5 m1 z well z 9 _m ,discoidea 7if ! conc5tric1 p]iph]ally dispos$ r+s ( *amb]s be reg>d$ z incomplete flatt5$ %ells74 ,9 ^! cases ei!r only ! inn]mo/ prim>y lattice-%ell is to be /yl$ m$ull>y %ell1 or at mo/ ! two inn]mo/ 7inn] & out] m$ull>y %ells71 all ! o!rs be+ cortical4 ,a4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 m$ull>y & cortical %ells 0 orig9ally bas$ 9 my ,monograph 7#ahfb1 p4 #ej7 ^u ! topographical relation ( ! lattice-%ells to ! c5tral capsule1 inasmu* z ,i reg>d$ all intracapsul> %ells z m$ull>y1 all extracapsul> z cortical4 ,h]twig1 h[ev] 7#ahgi1 p4 #abb71 rightly po9t$ out t ?is di/9ction is unpractical1 because ! same lattice-%ell 9 ! same species may lie )9 or )\t ! c5tral capsule1 accord+ to ! size ( ! latt]4 ,he proposes1 !re=e1 to re/rict ! t]m m$ull>y %ell to ! inn]mo/1 & to call all ! o!rs cortical2 a c\rse :i* seems ju/ifi$ by ! special significance ( ! prim>y inn]mo/ lattice-%ell 7z ! po9t ( orig9 ( ! radial sp9es74 ,b 9 mo/ ,sphrell>ia :i* =m ?ree or m conc5tric %ells1 ! two inn]mo/1 :i* lie ne> toge!r )9 ! lxxxvic5tral capsule1 are v diff]5t 9 size & dictyosis f all ! o!rs :i* lie outside1 & are sep>at$ by wid] int]spaces 7comp>e ,pls4 #ag1 #bd1 #bi-cb1 #dj1 c474 ,9 ^! cases x appe>s bett] to reg>d ! two inn] z inn] & out] m$ull>y %ells1 & all ! o!rs z cortical %ells4 ,! "* ( ! dictyosis 9 ! intracapsul> & extracapsul> %ells is (t5 s diff]5t t ,i h made x ! basis ( sep>ation ( ,!cosphra & ,rhodosphra among ! ,liosphrida 7p4 #fj71 ( ,elatommatida & ,diplosphrida among ! ,a/rosphrida 7p4 #bjh71 c4 ,b4--,r4 ,h]twig 7#ahgi1 ,l4 ,n4 #cc1 pp4 #dj1 #abc7 sep>ates ! true 7simultane\sly =m$7 cortical %ells 7e4g41 ( ,act9omma1 ,cromyomma7 f ! ara*noid silice\s networks 7e4g41 ( ,diplosphra & ,ara*nosphra7 :i* are =m$ by ! successive union ( tang5tial apophyses ( ! radial sp9es4 ,:e!r ?is pr9ciple is "r 9 ! !ory or n1 x _c be c>ri$ out practically4 ,comp>e also ,pl4 #be1 fig4 #d4 #acj4 ,dictyosis or ,lattice ,=mation ( ! ,skeleton4--,9 ! great majority ( ,radiol>ia ! dictyosis or =mation ( lattice-"w1 & especially ! =mation ( a v>i\sly-%ap$ lattice-%ell1 plays su* an important "p t ! :ole class has long be5 popul>ly kn[n 9 ,g]many by ! "n lattice animalcules 7,gitt]?i]*5 or ,gitt]l+e7 7,proti/a dictyota74 ,! old "n ,polycy/9a also 7#ahch71 al?\gh ref]r+ only to ! ,,spumell>ia & ,,nassell>ia1 is d]iv$ f ! lattice-"w ( ! silice\s skeleton4 ,! extremely v>i\s =ms 9 :i* ?is is manife/$ furni% ! means ( di/+ui%+ species4 ,! specific con=mation ( ! skeletal lattice-"w is usually caus$ by ! special disposition ( ! s>codictyum 7 #id71 ^: exoplasmatic ?reads become silicifi$ or 79 ! ,,acan?>ia7 conv]t$ into b>s ( acan?94 ,9 _m cases1 h[ev]1 ! =m ( ! lattice is ma9ly dep5d5t ^u ! situation & =m ( ! radial sp9es or ( special processes f !m4 ,) respect to _! orig91 two v>ieties ( lattice may be di/+ui%$--simultane\s & successive4 ,simultane\s dictyosis occurs especially 9 ! simple lattice-%ells ( ! ,sphrell>ia & ,,ph,,od>ia1 :]e1 at a giv5 mom5t 7dictyotic mom5t7 ! :ole lattice ( ! %ell is excret$ on ! surface ( ! calymma4 ,successive dictyosis1 on ! o!r h&1 is f\nd m p>ticul>ly 9 ! lattice-%ells ( ! ,,acan?>ia 7& 9 ! conc5tric cortical %ells ( _m ,sphrell>ia71 :i* develop f ! sep>ate lattice-plates =m$ by ! apophyses ( ! radial sp9es1 & h5ce n at ! same mom5t4 ,! lattice-%ells ( ! ,cyrtell>ia1 :i* gradually gr[ out f a sagittal r+ or a basal tripod1 arise by successive dictyosis4 #aca4 ,dictyosis ( ! ,spumell>ia4--,silice\s lattice-/ructures are want+ 9 ! fir/ section ( ! ,,spumell>ia1 ! ,collod>ia1 b 9 ! second section1 ,sphrell>ia1 !y are develop$ 9 extraord9>y v>iety ( details4 ,9 spite ( ?is extreme ri*ness 9 diff]5t =ms1 ! lattice-%ells ( ! ,,spumell>ia may all be d]iv$ f "o & ! same primitive gr\nd-=m1 a simple lattice-sph]e ) regul> hexagonal me%es 7,phormosphra1 p4 #fa1 ,pl4 #ab1 figs4 #i-aa2 ,heliosphra1 c474 lxxxvii,! silice\s b>s :i* b\nd ^! regul> & subregul> me%es are at fir/ exce$+ly !n & fili=m2 aft]w>ds !y become ?ick] or spread out lat]ally1 :5ce ! me%es (t5 become r\nd ) a hexagonal frame 7,pl4 #ab1 fig4 #e2 ,pl4 #bh1 fig4 #a74 ,if ! latt] vani%1 a lattice-%ell ) simple circul> me%es is =m$4 ,v commonly ! regul> =m ( ! me%es or pores becomes m or less irregul>1 polygonal1 or r\ndi%4 ,h5ce1 9 g5]al1 f\r diff]5t pr9cipal =ms ( dictyosis may be di/+ui%$ among ! ,,spumell>ia2 viz4 7#a7 regul> or subregul> hexagonal me%es2 7#b7 regul> or subregul> circul> me%es2 7#c7 irregul> polygonal me%es2 7#d7 irregul> r\ndi% me%es4 ,! ?ree latt] =ms are to be reg>d$ z second>y1 d]iv$ f ! prim>y fir/ =m4 ,9 ^? ,,spumell>ia :i* possess sev]al conc5tric lattice-%ells enclos$ "o )9 ano!r1 ei!r ^! h all ! same =m ( dictyosis1 or ! lattice-"w ( ! inn]mo/ prim>y %ell is diff]5t f t ( ! out] second>y %ells 7,pls4 #ai1 #bj72 sometimes ^! latt] also diff] m or less among !mselves 7 #abi74 #acb4 ,dictyosis ( ! ,acan?>ia4--,! lattice-/ructures ( ! ,,acan?>ia diff] ess5tially f ^? ( o!r ,radiol>ia 9 sev]al p>ticul>s4 ,fir/ly1 !y consi/ n ( silica b ( acan?9 7 #ajb72 secondly1 !y are always second>y =mations1 usually develop$ f transv]se processes ( ! prim>y c5trog5\s radial sp9es2 ?irdly1 _! =mation is n simultane\s 7at ! same "t ov] ! same %ell71 b successive 7proce$+ f ! individual radial sp9es tang5tially t[>ds ! middle ( ! int]vals72 f\r?ly1 ! configuration ( ! network is due to ! relative position ( ! sp9es & ! mode ( union ( _! transv]se apophyses4 ,s9ce !y are at "r angles to ! sp9es1 & s9ce ! bran*es ( ! apophyses are at "r angles to !m1 ! orig9al gr\nd-=m ( _! dictyosis is a lattice-"w ) quadrangul> me%es2 ^! are (t5 q regul> & squ>e 7,pl4 #acj1 figs4 #e1 #f2 ,pl4 #acf1 figs4 #b1 #i1 c472 m commonly !y are rectangul> or irregul>ly quadrangul> 7,pl4 #aca1 fig4 #aj2 ,pl4 #acc1 figs4 #b1 #c1 c474 ,9 ! majority ( ! ,,acan?>ia ! quadrangul> =m ( ! me%es passes ov] into an irregul>ly polygonal or r\ndi% "o 7,pls4 #acg1 #ach74 ,v (t5 ! prim>y me%es ( ! lattice-%ells1 :i* imm$iately surr\nd ! radial sp9es1 are l>g] & m regul> 7asp9al pores71 :il/ ! num]\s second>y me%es betwe5 !m are small] & irregul> 7coronal pores2 ,pl4 #ace1 figs4 #a-d1 c474 #acc4 ,dictyosis ( ! ,nassell>ia4--,! silice\s lattice-/ructures ( ! ,,nassell>ia are =m$ on ! :ole l ^? ( ! ,,spumell>ia1 ) :i* !y 7 =m]ly unit$ "u ! "n ,polycy/9a4 ,9 ?is gr\p also !re may be di/+ui%$ z two ma9 =ms ! regul> & irregul>4 ,9 ! ,,nassell>ia ! regul> lattice-/ructures g5]ally exhibit hexagonal or circul> me%es1 :il/ ! irregul> are ei!r polygonal or r\ndi%2 ! irregul> =ms are1 h[ev]1 mu* m abundant ?an ! lxxxviiiregul>1 & a fur!r di/9ction f ! ,,spumell>ia consi/s 9 ! fact t ! prim>y skeletal elem5ts1 f :i* ! lattice is second>ily develop$1 ex]cise a pr$om9ant influ5ce ^u _! =m4 ,^! prim>y elem5ts 9 ! majority ( ! ,,nassell>ia are to be se5 9 two morphologically mo/ important /ructures3--fir/1 ! prim>y sagittal r+1 :i* embraces ! c5tral capsule 9 ! m$ian plane 7 #abd72 & secondly1 ! basal tripod 7 #abe71 ^: ?ree div]g+ rays proce$ f ! base ( ! c5tral capsule1 :il/ commonly a f\r? v]tical ray supports ! dorsal side ( latt] 7comp>e ,pls4 #ha-ia1 p4 #hib74 ,9 ! majority ( ! ,,nassell>ia ^! two prim>y elem5ts appe> 9 comb9ation1 :il/ 9 o!rs only "o ( !m is recognisable4 ,9 addition !re occur num]\s monaxon lattice-%ells 9 :i* nei!r ( ^! elem5ts c be recognis$1 b a simple ovoid lattice-%ell 7cephalis7 alone =ms ! :ole skeleton or its prim>y "p 7,pl4 #ea1 fig4 #ac2 ,pl4 #ih1 fig4 #ac74 ,! great difficulty 9 ! morphological int]pretation & phylog5etic d]ivation ( ! ,,nassell>ian skeleton lies 9 ! fact t ea* ( ^! ?ree elem5ts--! prim>y sagittal r+1 ! basal tripod1 & ! lattic$ cephalis--may =m ! :ole skeleton by itself or be comb9$ ) "o or bo? ( ! o!rs 7p4 #hic74 ,ev5 ne>ly relat$ or at all ev5ts v simil> =ms may diff] v greatly 9 ?is respect4 ,) reg>d to ! manifold =ms ( _! dictyosis x foll[s t x is p>tly dep5d5t ^u "o ( ! two fir/ elem5ts1 p>tly indep5d5t4 ,9 ! ,plectell>ia 7or ^? ,,nassell>ia :i* d n possess a complete lattice-%ell7 ! lattice-"w is usually irregul> & arises by union ( ! ramifications1 :i* proce$ ei!r f ! prim>y sagittal r+ 7,pls4 #ha1 #hb1 #ib-id7 or f ! basal tripod 7,pl4 #ia74 ,9 ! ,cyrtell>ia 7or ,,nassell>ia ) a complete lattice-%ell1 ,pls4 #ea-hj71 on ! o!r h&1 ! lattice-"w is sometimes regul>1 sometimes irregul>1 be+ (t5 v diff]5t 9 ! diff]5t jo9ts ( a segm5t$ %ell 7,pl4 #gb72 a great "p ( x arises indep5d5tly ( ! two *ief morphological elem5ts1 & develops accord+ to laws simil> to ^? :i* regulate ! dictyosis ( ! ,,spumell>ia4 #acd4 ,dictyosis ( ! ,phod>ia4--,! lattice-/ructures ( ! ,,ph,,od>ia1 :i* consi/ ( a silicate ( c>bon 7 #ajb71 are on ! :ole n develop$ 9 su* v>iety z ^? ( ! o!r ,radiol>ia1 b exhibit sev]al ess5tially diff]5t types ( /ructure1 n r$ucible to a common primitive type ( lattice-"w4 ,9 "o portion ( ?is legion !re occurs an ord9>y simple lattice-"w 7z 9 ,,spumell>ia & ,,nassell>ia71 ) solid trabecul2 ( ^! ! ,ca/anellida 7,pl4 #aac7 & ,con*>ida 7,pls4 #abc-abe7 h usually regul> or subregul>1 circul> me%es1 sometimes hexagonally fram$2 ! ,orosphrida 7,pls4 #ajf1 #ajg7 l>ge irregul> polygonal me%es ) ?ick trabecul1 ! ,sagosphrida 7,pl4 #ajh7 l>ge triangul> me%es ) ?9 fili=m trabecul4 ,! ,*all5g]ida 7,pl4 #ii7 are *>act]is$ by a v delicate regul> lattice-"w1 ) m9ute hexagonal pores1 l a ,diatomace\s fru/ule4 ,! ,m$usettida 7,pls4 #aah-abj7 lxxxix%[ a peculi> alveol> /ructure1 num]\s small comp>tm5ts be+ enclos$ betwe5 two p>allel plates4 ,9 ! ,circoporida 7,pls4 #aad-aag7 & ,tusc>orida 7,pl4 #ajj7 ! opaque porcellan\s %ell has a peculi> cem5t /ructure 7 #ajd71 & ! lattice-/ructure is conf9$ = ! mo/ "p to *>act]i/ic r+s ( pores at ! base ( ! holl[ tubes1 :i* arise f ! %ell4 ,! mo/ peculi> lattice-"w1 h[ev]1 appe>s 9 ! segm5t$ %ell ( ! ,aulosphrida 7,pls4 #aji-aaa7 & ,cannosphrida 7,pl4 #aab74 ,9 ! =m] ! l>ge me%es ( ! lattice-"w are usually subregul> & triangul>1 9 ! latt] polygonal2 ! trabecul are holl[ cyl9d]s1 fill$ ) jelly1 & conta9+ usually a c5tral axial ?read4 ,9 ea* nodal po9t ( ! lattice1 9 :i* ?ree or m tang5tial tubes meet1 ^! are sep>at$ by /ellate or a/ral septa4 #ace4 ,radial ,sp9es ( ! ,skeleton4--,! skeleton 9 ! great majority ( ,radiol>ia is arm$ ) radial sp9es1 :i* are ( great importance 9 ! developm5t ( _! g5]al =m & ( _! vital functions4 ,f a morphological po9t ( view ! numb]1 arrangem5t1 & disposition ( ! sp9es is usually ! det]m9+ factor z reg>ds ! g5]al =m ( ! skeleton4 ,physiologically !y dis*>ge di/9ct functions1 z organs ( protection & support2 !y act also1 l ! t5tacles ( ! l[] animals1 z preh5sile organs1 s9ce _! po9ts1 lat]al bran*es1 b>b$ hooks1 c4 s]ve to hold fa/ nutritive mat]ials4 ,9 g5]al ma9-sp9es & accessory sp9es may be di/+ui%$ 9 mo/ ,radiol>ia2 ! =m] are ( pre-em95t importance 9 det]m9+ ! figure ( ! skeleton2 ! latt] are m]ely app5dicul> organs4 ,! ma9-sp9es pres5t su* *>act]i/ic & important diff]5ces 9 ! v>i\s legions ( ,radiol>ia t !y mu/ be consid]$ sep>ately4 #acf4 ,radial ,sp9es ( ! ,spumell>ia4--,! radial sp9es1 :i* exhibit mo/ manifold v>iations 9 ! l>ge ord] ,sphrell>ia1 pres5t *>act]i/ic diff]5ces 9 its f\r subord]s4 ,9 ! ,sphroidea _! numb] & disposition s]ve = ! sep>ation into families 7p4 #ei72 ! ,cubosphrida 7,pls4 #ba-be7 always possess six radial ma9-sp9es1 :i* /& opposite to ea* o!r 9 pairs & lie 9 ?ree diamet]s ( ! %ell1 :i* are at "r angles to ea* o!r & correspond to ! axes ( ! regul> cry/allographic sy/em4 ,! ,/aurosphrida 7,pl4 #ae7 h f\r sp9es1 :i* =m a regul> cross & /& opposite to ea* o!r 9 pairs1 9 two axes at "r angles4 ,! ,/ylosphrida 7,pls4 #ac-ag7 %[ only two ma9-sp9es1 :i* are oppos$ to ea* o!r 9 ! v]tical ma9 axis ( ! body4 ,f9ally1 ! ,a/rosphrida 7,pls4 #ah-bj1 #bf-cj7 are *>act]is$ by a l>g] & v>iable numb] ( radial sp9es 7eight1 twelve1 tw5ty or m71 sometimes regul>ly1 sometimes irregul>ly arrang$4 ,among ! o!r ,sphrell>ia ! ,prunoidea 7,pls4 #ac-ag1 #ci1 #dj7 are mo/ alli$ to ! ,/ylosphrida ) two opposite ma9-sp9es2 ! ,discoidea 7,pls4 #ca-dg71 on ! o!r h&1 to ! ,/aurosphrida ) f\r cross$ sp9es2 !re exi/1 h[ev]1 ,discoidea ) two opposite1 ?ree m>g9al1 or num]\s radial ma9-sp9es2 x is xc*>act]i/ic ( ?is subord] t !y all usually lie 9 ! horizontal m$ian plane ( ! l5ticul> %ell1 aris+ f its equatorial m>g94 ,! ,l>coidea 7,pls4 #i1 #aj1 #di1 #ej7 %[ a great v>iety 9 ! numb] & arrangem5t ( _! radial ma9-sp9es1 :i* 9 ! diff]5t families ( ?is subord] /& 9 direct causal relation to ! v>i\s =ms ( gr[? ( ! %ell2 usually ! prim>y ma9-sp9es lie ei!r 9 ! ?ree diff]5t dim5sive axes1 at "r angles to ea* o!r1 ^: diff]5tiation is *>act]i/ic ( ! l5telliptical ,l>coid %ell 7 #cd1 #abb7 or 9 def9ite diagonal axes1 :i* cut ! =m] obliquely4 ,! radial sp9es ( ! ,,spumell>ia are nev] unit$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! body1 b arise sep>ately f ! surface ( ! prim>y c5tral lattice-%ell 7m$ull>y %ell71 m r>ely f "o ( ! second>y 7cortical7 %ells1 :i* enclose x4 ,_! =m is orig9ally ?ree-edg$ 7sometimes pyramidal1 sometimes prismatic72 ! cause ( ?is is to be f\nd 9 _! orig9 f ! nodal po9ts ( ! lattice-%ell1 ^: me%es are primitively hexagonal2 h5ce ?ree trabecul unite 9 ea* nodal po9t1 & are produc$ into ?ree edges ( ! sp9e4 ,v commonly1 h[ev]1 ! sp9es are r\nd 7conical or cyl9drical71 m r>ely polygonal4 ,! ?ree edges are (t5 delicately too!d1 n unfrequ5tly spirally twi/$ ar\nd ! axis ( ! sp9e 7,pl4 #ba1 figs4 #a1 #ab74 #acg4 ,radial ,sp9es ( ! ,acan?>ia4--,! radial sp9es ( ?is legion h a mu* great] significance ?an 9 ! o!r ?ree classes ( ,radiol>ia1 s9ce "h alone !y are ! prim>y det]m9+ factors 9 ! skeletal /ructure1 & gr[ outw>ds f ! middle ( ! c5tral capsule4 ,?is c5trog5\s orig9 ( ! radial sp9es is z *>act]i/ic ( ! ,,acan?>ia z _! *emical con/itution1 :i* is n silice\s b acan?9ic 7 #ajb74 ,fur!rmore1 _! =m is 9 mo/ cases s peculi> t ev5 an isolat$ ,,acan?>ian sp9e c be g5]ally di/+ui%$ f "o belong+ to ei!r ( ! o!r ?ree legions4 ,9 ! great majority ( ! ,,acan?>ia 7all ,acan?onida & ,acan?ophracta7 tw5ty radial sp9es are con/antly pres5t1 :i*1 dispos$ accord+ to a def9ite geometrical law1 make up ! skeleton 7comp>e #aaj above & p4 #gag74 ,! tw5ty sp9es are g5]ally simply appos$ to ea* o!r 9 ! c5tre 7ei!r by ! surfaces or ! edges ( _! pyramidal base72 m r>ely !y are completely unit$ & =m a s+le />-l piece ( acan?9 7,a/roli?ium74 ,v r>ely 7,acan?o*iasma7 ea* two opposite sp9es are unit$ s t t5 diametric b>s cross 9 ! middle ( ! c5tral capsule4 ,:il/ 9 ! great majority ( ,,acan?>ia ^! tw5ty radial sp9es are pres5t1 ! small gr\p ,act9elida is *>act]is$ by ! possession ( an incon/ant1 (t5 v l>ge numb]1 sometimes ov] "o hundr$4 ,among ^! ,act9elida are probably to be f\nd ! /em-=ms ( ! :ole legion4 ,! v>i\sly modifi$ sp9es ( ! ,,acan?>ia may be gr\p$ 9 ?ree ma9 categories3 7#a7 r\nd 7cyl9drical or conical72 7#b7 f\r-edg$ 7prismatic or pyramidal72 7#c7 two-edg$ 7leaf- or sword-%ap$74 ,! latt] v commonly be> two xciopposite transv]se processes1 ! =m] f\r cross$ ones4 ,by ramification & union ( ^! apophyses arise ! lattice-%ells ( ! ,acan?ophracta 7except+ ! ,sphrocapsida74 #ach4 ,radial ,sp9es ( ! ,nassell>ia4--,! radial sp9es 9 ?is legion %[ z great a v>iety 9 _! =m z 9 ! ,,spumell>ia1 &1 z 9 !m1 are solid1 silice\s b>s1 usually ?ree-edg$ 7prismatic or pyramidal71 or r\nd 7cyl9drical or conical72 m seldom !y are polygonal 9 section4 ,! great majority ( ! ,,nassell>ia are1 h[ev]1 di/+ui%$ by a triradial /ructure1 ?ree prim>y radial b>s div]g+ f ! base ( ! c5tral capsule 7usually f ! c5tre ( ! poro*ora72 !re is usually 9 addition a f\r? apical sp9e1 :i* passes upw>ds v]tically or obliquely on ! dorsal aspect ( ! c5tral capsule4 ,^! ?ree or f\r typical radial sp9es ( ! ,,nassell>ia may be d]iv$ ) great probability f ! basal tripod ( ! ,plectoidea 7,plagoniscus1 ,plectaniscus1 c41 ,pl4 #ia72 & s9ce ?is tripod is v *>act]i/ically comb9$ 9 ,cort9a & ,cort9iscus ) ! prim>y sagittal r+ ( ! ,/ephoidea1 ! ?ree typical rays may be g5]ally designat$ cort9> feet1 9 contradi/9ction to ! o!r radial processes ( ! ,,nassell>ian skeleton4 ,"o ( ! ?ree desc5d+ basal feet 7pes caudalis1 ,pls4 #ia-ie1 ,c7 is always unpair$1 & lies 9 ! v]tical m$ian plane 7or sagittal plane71 j z does ! v]tically direct$ apical sp9e1 :i* orig9ally =ms ! dorsal b> ( ! sagittal r+1 & is produc$ upw>ds into ! apical horn1 7m>k$ a on ! plates74 ,! o!r two basal feet are pair$1 & div]ge "r & left1 =w>ds & d[nw>ds 7p$es pectorales1 p4p474 ,six-ray$ ,,nassell>ia1 9 :i* ?ree second>y 7int]radial7 feet are int]calat$ betwe5 ! ?ree prim>y 7p]radial7 cort9> feet1 are less common ?an ! ?ree-ray$ =ms4 ,9 "s gr\ps ! numb] rises /ill high]1 n9e1 twelve1 or ev5 m second>y feet be+ int]calat$ betwe5 ! ?ree prim>y4 ,besides1 accessory radial sp9es may be develop$ on diff]5t p>ts ( ! %ell1 :i* h sometimes a def9ite relation%ip to ! typical radial sp9es1 sometimes n4 ,_! =m & ramification are v v>i\s 7,pls4 #ea-ih74 #aci4 ,radial ,sp9es ( ! ,phod>ia4--,! radial sp9es ( ! ,,ph,,od>ia are v cle>ly di/+ui%$ f ^? ( o!r ,radiol>ia by ! fact t !y are usually holl[ tubes1 r>ely solid b>s4 ,z a rule1 ! tubes are cyl9drical1 (t5 slightly fusi=m or conical1 _! silice\s wall is v ?91 & _! lum5 fill$ ) jelly2 a f9e ?read ( silica usually runs 9 ! axis1 & 9 sev]al families is connect$ by f9e transv]se ?reads ) ! wall ( ! tube 7,pl4 #aaj1 figs4 #d1 #f2 ,pl4 #aae1 figs4 #f1 #g74 ,! peculi> family ,m$usettida is *>act]is$ by a v rem>kable segm5tation ( ! holl[ sp9es 7,pls4 #aah-abj74 ,ea* tube is divid$ by a s]ies ( septa into *amb]s1 :i* communicate by a c5tral or exc5tric op5+ 9 ea* septum1 an arrangem5t resembl+ ! siphuncle ( ! *amb]$ ,cephalopod %ells4 ,! numb] & xciiarrangem5t ( ! radial tubes 9 mo/ ,,ph,,od>ia is indef9ite & v v>iable2 only 9 a few families is ! numb] con/ant 9 ea* species & g5us1 & ! disposition regul>4 ,! ,m$usettida 7,pls4 #aah-abj7 resemble ! ,,nassell>ia1 inasmu* z equal radial feet div]ge f ! base ( _! %ell1 sometimes ?ree 9 numb] 7,cort9etta1 ,pl4 #aag1 fig4 #i71 sometimes f\r 7,m$usetta1 ,pl4 #abj1 figs4 #a-d71 sometimes six 7,gazelletta72 ,gorgonetta is specially di/+ui%$ by ! possession ( six asc5d+ & six desc5d+ sp9es regul>ly alt]nat+ 7,pl4 #aai74 ,! ,tusc>orida 7,pl4 #ajj7 usually h ?ree or f\r equidi/ant feet4 ,! ,circoporida 7,pls4 #aae-aag71 on ! o!r h&1 r approa* ! ,sphroidea1 _! sph]ical or regul> polyh$ral %ell hav+ a def9ite numb] ( tubul> radial sp9es1 :i* arise at regul> int]vals f _! angles2 ,circoporus has six1 ,circospa?is n9e1 ,circogonia twelve1 & ,circorrhegma tw5ty radial tubes4 ,v r>ely ! tubes ( ! ,,ph,,od>ia are angul>1 usually !y are r\nd1 m or less cyl9drical1 ?\gh !y are (t5 bifurcat$ or ev5 ramifi$1 & exhibit a great weal? ( ! mo/ delicate app5dages2 silice\s hairs1 bri/les1 sp9es1 b>b$ or an*or-l hooks1 spa?ill1 bru%es1 circlets1 c4 7comp>e ,pls4 #ii-abh74 #adj4 ,ma9-,sp9es & ,accessory ,sp9es4--,z accessory sp9es 7,p>acan?7 we oppose to ! ma9-sp9es 7,protacan?71 j describ$1 all ^? processes :i* h no det]m9+ influ5ce ^u ! =mation ( ! skeleton z a :ole1 b are to be reg>d$ z second>y con/itu5ts ( ! skeleton1 or app5dicul> organs ( inf]ior significance4 ,!y are develop$ 9 ! utmo/ v>iety1 sometimes z hairs or bri/les1 sometimes z ?orns or clubs1 ei!r /raight or curv$ 7(t5 zigzag71 smoo? or b>b$2 sometimes /&+ v]tically ^u ! %ell1 or direct$ t[>ds ! c5tre1 sometimes obliquely1 or ris+ at a def9ite angle4 ,9 ^? ,,spumell>ia ^: lattice-%ell consi/s ( sev]al conc5tric sph]es1 ! accessory sp9es g5]ally arise f ! out]mo/1 ! ma9-sp9es1 on ! contr>y1 f ! inn]mo/4 ,9 ! ,,nassell>ia1 multif>i\s =ms ( accessory sp9es are especially develop$ 9 ! ord] ,plectell>ia4 ,9 ! ,,ph,,od>ia !y are (t5 furni%$ ) delicate app5dages1 e4g41 an*or-hooks1 spa?ill1 coronets1 c4 ,among ! ,,acan?>ia ! accessory sp9es :i* arise f ! surface ( ! %ell 9 ! ,acan?ophracta are v *>act]i/ic4 ,!y are n radially dispos$ 7l ! simil> sup]ficial sp9es ( ! ,,spumell>ia71 b p>allel to ! radial ma9-sp9es f ^: transv]se processes !y arise4 ,s9ce 9 all ^! ,acan?ophracta ! tw5ty radial ma9-sp9es are opposite to ea* o!r 9 pairs1 all ! accessory sp9es 7(t5 sev]al hundr$7 are p>allel to t5 diff]5t regul>ly dispos$ axes ( ! lattice-%ell 7,pls4 #acd-ach74 ,! skeletons ( ! ,radiol>ia1 9 addition to ! g5]al relations :i* h be5 discuss$ above1 pres5t num]\s & important special diff]5ces 9 ! v>i\s l>g] & small] gr\ps4 ,^! are indicat$ 9 detail 9 ! descriptions ( ! legions1 ord]s1 & families 9 ! sy/ematic portion ( ?is ,report4 xciii,,biog5etical ,,section4 ,a ,,sket* ,,( ,,our ,,k ,,( ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,radiol>ia ,,9 ,,! ,,ye> #ahhd4 ---- ,,*apt] ,v4--,,ontog5y ,,or ,,individual ,,developm5t4 7 #ada-aeb47 #ada4 ,individual ,developm5tal ,/ages4--,! g]m9al hi/ory ( ! ,radiol>ia pres5ts great ob/acles to direct obs]vation1 & h5ce is v incompletely kn[n4 ,! fragm5t>y obs]vations1 h[ev] 7hav+ be5 made on ,radiol>ia ( v v>i\s gr\ps & supplem5t$ by comp>ative anatomical consid]ations71 all[ u to draw a g5]al picture ( ! ess5tial developm5tal processes 9 ?is great class4 ,x may probably be assum$ t 9 all ,radiol>ia1 aft] maturation1 ! c5tral capsule dis*>ges ! function ( a sporangium1 & its cont5ts are brok5 up into num]\s flagellate sw>m-spores 7zoospores74 ,aft] ^! flagellate sw>m-spores 7resembl+ ,a/asia7 h em]g$ f ! ruptur$ c5tral capsule1 !y probably pass ov] into a ,heliozoan-/age 7,act9ophrys7 & !n aft] ! =mation ( a jelly-veil into ! condition ( ,sphra/rum4 ,aft]w>ds1 :5 a membrane is =m$ betwe5 ! out] jelly-veil & ! inn] nucleat$ cell-body1 an ,actissa-/age arises1 :i* exhibits 9 its simple/ =m ! diff]5tiation ( ! sph]ical unicellul> body into ! c5tral capsule & calymma4 ,actissa ?us repres5ts bo? ontog5etically & phylog5etically ! primitive condition ( ! ,radiol>ian organism1 & may ?us be reg>d$ z ! po9t ( dep>ture ( all o!r =ms4 #adb4 ,! ,a/asia-,/age4--,! =mation ( flagellate zoospores 9 ! mature c5tral capsule is probably to be reg>d$ z ! common =m ( individual developm5t 9 all ,radiol>ia2 s9ce ! :ole cont5ts are utilis$ 9 ! =mation ( ^! sw>m-spores1 & s9ce ! extracapsulum takes no %>e 9 ! process & p]i%es aft] !y are evacuat$1 ! c5tral capsule may be reg>d$ z a sporangium 7see note ,a1 bel[74 ,! zoospores ( ! ,radiol>ia g5]ally arise 9 ! foll[+ way3--! nucleus ( ! unicellul> organism1 sometimes e>ly1 sometimes late 7& 9 sev]al diff]5t ways1 #fc-gj7 breaks up into num]\s small nuclei1 & ea* ( ^! surr\nds itself ) a small portion ( ! endoplasm4 ,v (t51 p]haps g5]ally1 ?is endoplasm conta9s "o or sev]al fat-granules & sometimes also a small oblong cry/al2 f ! protoplasm xciv( ! small r\ndi% or ovoid cells protrudes "o or m vibratile flagella4 ,! fully develop$ spores1 :i* comm5ce _! vibrations ev5 )9 ! c5tral capsule1 em]ge :5 x ruptures1 & swim ab\t freely 9 ! surr\nd+ wat] by means ( ! flagellum4 ,at ?is /age ( its exi/5ce ! "y ,radiol>ian repres5ts ess5tially ! simple/ =m ( ! ,flagellata1 su* z ,a/asia or ,eugl5a2 ! unicellul> body is = ! mo/ "p ovoid or subcyl9drical1 sometimes fusi=m or r5i=m1 usually f #j4jjd to #j4jjh mm4 9 diamet] 7,pl4 #a1 fig4 #a;c2 ,pl4 #abi1 fig4 #aa74 ,9 ! ant]ior "p ( ! flagellate cell1 imm$iately beh9d ! base ( ! flagellum1 lies a homog5e\s1 sph]ical nucleus1 :il/ 9 ! po/]ior "p are usually sev]al small fat-granules & (t5 also a small oblong cry/al 7h5ce ! "n cry/al-spore1 ,kry/all-,s*wrm]74 ,! numb] ( vibrat+ flagella1 :i* are extremely long & f9e1 seems to be v>iable1 usually "o1 sometimes two1 occasionally p]haps ?ree1 or ev5 f\r or m 7see note ,b74 ,a4 ,! =mation ( ! motile spores 9 ! c5tral capsule 0 fir/ obs]v$ by ,j4 ,mll] 9 ,acan?ometra 7#ahef1 ,l4 ,n4 #aj1 p4 #ejb71 !n by ,a4 ,s*neid] 9 ,?alassicolla 7#aheh1 ,l4 ,n4 #ac1 p4 #da71 & f9ally by myself 9 ,sphroz\m 7#ahei1 ,l4 ,n4 #af1 p4 #ada74 ,^! old] obs]vations 71 h[ev]1 incomplete1 = ! orig9 ( ! motile corpuscles f ! cont5ts ( ! c5tral capsule 0 n obs]v$4 ,! fir/ complete & detail$ obs]vations ^u ! =mation ( spores 9 ! ,radiol>ia 7 publi%$ 9 #ahga by ,ci5k[ski 7,l4 ,n4 #bb1 p4 #cgb1 ,taf4 xxix472 !y relate to two diff]5t ,polycytt>ia1 ,collosphra & ,colloz\m4 ,^! inve/igations 7 supplem5t$ by ,r4 ,h]twig on ,colloz\m & ,?alassicolla 7#ahgf1 ,l4 ,n4 #bf1 pp4 #bh1 #dc1 c472 on ,colloz\m he made ! important discov]y t ! ,polycytt>ia =m two k9ds ( spores1 "o ) & ! o!r )\t cry/als1 & t ! latt] are divid$ into macrospores & microspores 7comp>e ! *apt] on ,reproduction1 #bab-baf74 ,q rec5tly ,k>l ,br&t has confirm$ ^! obs]vations1 & has ext5d$ !m to all ! g5]a ( ,polycytt>ia 7#ahha1 ,l4 ,n4 #ch1 p4 #cic1 & #ahhe1 loc4 cit474 ,b4 ,! numb] ( flagella1 project+ f ea* spore1 is v difficult to det]m9e1 ow+ to _! extraord9>y l5g? & sl5d]ness4 ,x appe>$ to me t 9 ! majority ( ^? ,radiol>ia ^: spores ,i inve/igat$ only a s+le flagellum c\ld be demon/rat$ ) c]ta9ty1 al?\gh sometimes two1 spr++ f a common base1 seem$ to be pres5t4 ,comp>e ! *apt] on ,reproduction1 7 #bae7 & ! rec5t "w ( ,k>l ,br&t on ,sphrozoea 7#ahhe1 ,l4 ,n4 #eb1 pp4 #ade-agd74 #adc4 ,! ,act9ophrys-,/age4--,! fate ( ! flagellate zoospores :i* em]ge f ! mature c5tral capsule ( ! ,radiol>ia has n hi!rto be5 decid$ by actual obs]vation2 all attempts to re> ! sw>m+ zoospores h be5 9 va91 = !y h soon di$4 ,f :at we "k1 h[ev]1 ( ! comp>ative morphology ( ! ,proti/a1 ! hypo!sis is fully ju/ifi$1 t betwe5 ! ,a/asia-/age ( ! flagellate sw>m-spores1 & ! well-kn[n ,actissa-/age ( ! simple/ ,radiol>ia1 !re lies an int]m$iate developm5tal /age1 :i* may be reg>d$ z be+ ess5tially ! simple/ ,heliozoan =m1 ,act9ophrys or ,het]ophrys4 ,! sw>m-spore is v probably conv]t$ directly 9 to a simple float+ ,heliozoon by its elongat$ or ovoid body xcvbecom+ sph]ical & by f9e pseudopodia protrud+ all r\nd in/ead ( a s+le flagellum2 ! nucleus at ! same "t assum+ a c5tral position4 #add4 ,! ,sphra/rum-,/age4--,! ,act9ophrys-/age ( ! "y ,radiol>ia1 :i* proce$s imm$iately f ! flagellate zoospore1 is probably connect$ ) ! ,actissa-/age by an int]m$iate =m1 :i* may be reg>d$ z a simple skeletonless ,heliozoon ) a jelly-veil2 a well-kn[n example ( su* a =m is ,sphra/rum 79 ! solit>y1 n ! social condition7 & ,het]ophrys4 ,?is important int]m$iate =m has aris5 f ! simple ,act9ophrys-/age by ! excretion ( an ext]nal /ructureless jelly-veil1 su* z is =m$ 9 _m o!r ,proti/a 7e4g41 9 ! ency/ation ( _m ,infusoria74 ,! "y ,radiol>ian 9 ?is second ,heliozoon-/age becomes a simple cell ) pseudopodia radiat+ on all sides2 its body consi/s ( ?ree conc5tric sph]es1 ! c5tral nucleus1 ! protoplasmic body prop]1 & ! surr\nd+ calymma or jelly-veil4 ,:5 a firm membrane is develop$ betwe5 ! la/ two sph]es ?is ,sphra/rum-/age passes ov] into ! ,actissa4 ,! gap 9 our empirical k :i* /ill exi/s betwe5 ! flagellate /age 7 #adb7 & ! simple/ ,radiol>ian /age 7,actissa1 #ade71 c be fill$ hypo!tically only by ! assumption ( sev]al ,heliozoon-/ages foll[+ "o ^u ano!r4 ,x is possible also t ! capsule-membrane is n =m$ betwe5 ! endoplasm & exoplasm 7z "h suppos$71 b t ! membrane 0 =m$ fir/ outside ! cell & ! extracapsulum subsequ5tly secret$ ar\nd x4 #ade4 ,! ,actissa-,/age4--,! fir/ ,,spumell>ian g5us1 ,actissa1 is n only ! simple/ =m actually obs]v$ among ! ,radiol>ia1 & ! true prototype ( ! :ole class1 b also ! simple/ =m "u :i* ! ,radiol>ian organisation c be conceiv$4 ,x is !re=e extremely probably t ,actissa n only =ms ! common /em-=m ( ! :ole class 9 a phylog5etic s5se1 b is also its common ontog5etic or g]m9al =m4 ,probably 9 all ,radiol>ia ! ,sphra/rum-/age develops imm$iately into ! typical ,actissa-/age1 by ! =mation ( a firm membrane betwe5 ! protoplasmic body ( ! sph]ical ,heliozoan cell & its jelly-veil4 ,?us arises ! *>act]i/ic c5tral capsule1 :i* is want+ 9 ! ne>ly relat$ ,heliozoa4 ,x is fur!r probable t all ,radiol>ia 9 _! e>ly /age w s f> con=m to ! /ate ( ?+s 9 ,actissa z to h ! capsule-membrane ( ! sph]ical skeletonless cell p]=at$ ev]y:]e by f9e pores4 ,?is /ructure is reta9$ 9 all ,,spumell>ia1 :il/ 9 ! o!r ?ree legions ^? /ructural relations ( ! capsule :i* are *>act]i/ic ( ea* develop f ! ,actissa-/age4 #adf4 ,! ,ontog5y ( ! ,spumell>ia4--,9 ! simple/ case ! individual developm5t 9 ! ,,spumell>ia ceases ) ! ,actissa-/age4 ,9 all o!r g5]a ( ?is legion div]g+ =ms proce$ f ?is1 ( :i* ! diff]5t gr[? ( ! ?ree dim5sive xcviaxes on ! "o h& 7 #dd1 #de71 & ! diff]5tiation ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! unicellul> organism ) ! =mation ( ! skeleton on ! o!r1 are ( pre-em95t significance4 ,ev5 9 ! v>y+ gr[? ( ! c5tral capsule 9 ! diff]5t dim5sions ( space 9 ! skeletonless ,colloidea1 f\r diff]5t modes may be di/+ui%$1 :i* fur!r1 9 ! correspond+ developm5t ( ! skeleton1 furni% ! basis = ! orig9 ( ! f\r ord]s ( ,sphrell>ia4 ,! mo/ primitive & simple/ =m ( gr[?1 equal ext5sion 9 all directions1 is f\nd 9 ! sph]ical c5tral capsule & ! conc5tric sph]ical skeletons 7,procytt>ium1 ,sphroidea74 ,:5 ! gr[? ( ! c5tral capsule proce$s m rapidly 9 ! direction ( ! v]tical ma9 axis ?an 9 any o!r direction1 ! ellipsoidal or cyl9drical c5tral capsule 7,actiprunum7 arises1 & ! v]tically elongat$ skeleton ( ! ,prunoidea1 :i* is d]iv$ f x4 ,:51 on ! contr>y1 ! gr[? ( ! c5tral capsule & lattice-%ell is less 9 ! direction ( ! v]tical ma9 axis ?an 9 any o!r direction1 ! l5ticul> or discoid c5tral capsule 7,actidiscus7 arises1 & ! correspond+ l5ticul> %ell ( ! ,discoidea4 ,f9ally1 ev5 q e>ly 9 _m ,,spumell>ia1 ! gr[? ( ! c5tral capsule & ( ! correspond+ lattice-%ell 9 ! ?ree dim5sive axes is diff]5t1 & h5ce arise ! l5telliptical =ms ^: geometrical type is ! triaxial ellipsoid or ! rhombic octah$ron 7,actil>cus1 ,l>coidea74 ,?us ! orig9 ( ! f\r ord]s ( ,sphrell>ia is simply expla9$ by a v>y+ gr[? 9 ! diff]5t dim5sive axes4 ,! prim>y 7inn]mo/7 lattice-%ell is 9 ?is legion always simultane\sly develop$ 7sudd5ly excret$ at ! mom5t ( lorication f ! s>codictyum74 ,! second>y lattice-%ells1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* surr\nd ! =m] conc5trically1 & are unit$ ) x by radial b>s1 arise successively f )9 outw>ds4 #adg4 ,! ,ontog5y ( ! ,acan?>ia4--,! individual developm5t ( ! ,,acan?>ia 9 ! simple/ case 7,act9elius7 /ops at a po9t :i* diff]s f ! ,actissa-/age only 9 ! *ange ( radial axial ?reads into acan?9 sp9es4 ,9 ! small gr\p ,act9elida1 _! numb] rema9s v>iable & usually indet]m9ate 7,adelacan?a71 :il/ 9 ! great majority ( ! legion 7,acan?onida & ,acan?ophracta7 ! numb] is con/antly tw5ty1 & ^? sp9es are regul>ly arrang$ accord+ to ! ,mll]ian law 9 five p>allel circles1 ea* conta9+ f\r cross$ sp9es 7,icosacan?a74 ,! simple/ =m among ^! latt] is ,acan?ometron1 :i* may be reg>d$ bo? ontog5etically & phylog5etically z ! common />t+-po9t ( all ! ,icosacan?a4 ,)9 ?is ext5sive gr\p v>iations 9 ! l5g? ( ! dim5sive axes appe>1 simil> to ^? obs]v$ 9 ! ,,spumell>ia4 ,9 ! ,a/rolon*ida & ,sphrophracta ! c5tral capsule rema9s sph]ical1 ext5d+ equally 9 all directions2 & correspond+ly ! lattice-%ell1 :i* is excret$ on ! surface ( ! sph]ical calymma1 rema9s sph]ical4 ,9 ! ,belonaspida 7j z 9 ! ,prunoidea7 xcvii?is =m passes ov] into an ellipsoid by prolongation ( "o axis2 on ! contr>y1 9 ! ,hexalaspida 7z 9 ! ,discoidea7 ! discoidal or l5ticul> =m arises by %ort5+ ( an axis4 ,f9ally1 9 ! ,diploconida1 & 9 "s ,hexalaspida 9 :i* ! gr[? is diff]5t 9 all ?ree dim5sive axes 7z 9 ! ,l>coidea71 bo? ! c5tral capsule & ! %ell assume ! l5telliptical =m4 ,! lattice-%ell ( ! ,acan?ophracta is usually successive 9 its developm5t1 s9ce f ea* ( ! tw5ty radial sp9es two or f\r tang5tial apophyses proce$1 ^: bran*es subsequ5tly unite & comb9e to =m ! lattice-%ell4 ,only 9 ! peculi> ,sphrocapsida c ! pavem5t-l %ell arise simultane\sly or 9 a mom5t ( lorication4 #adh4 ,! ,ontog5y ( ! ,nassell>ia4--,! individual developm5t ( ! ,,nassell>ia 9 ! simple/ in/ance rema9s /ation>y at ! skeletonless ,nasselid /age 7,cy/idium1 ,nassella71 :i* c be imm$iately d]iv$ f ! =ego+ ,actissa-/age by ! disappe>ance ( ! pores 9 ! upp] 7apical7 hemisph]e ( ! c5tral capsule1 :il/ 9 ! l[] 7basal7 portion !y are modifi$ to =m a poro*ora2 ! podoconus is develop$ )9 ! endoplasm ^u ?is latt]4 ,usually ! sph]ical =m ( ! c5tral capsule passes ov] into an ovoid or ellipsoidal "o1 ! v]tical axis :i* passes ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! poro*ora be+ elongat$4 ,f ! skeletonless ,nassellida ! o!r ,,nassell>ia may be d]iv$ bo? ontog5etically & phylog5etically by ! excretion ( an extracapsul> silice\s skeleton4 ,un=tunately1 ! e>lie/ /ages 9 ! =mation ( ?is skeleton are unkn[n1 & h5ce no answ] c at pres5t be giv5 to ! important "q1 9 :at ord] ! ?ree prim>y skeletal elem5ts ( ! ,,nassell>ia 7! basal tripod1 sagittal r+1 & lattic$ cephalis7 appe> 7comp>e #aaa & #ahb74 ,if1 = example1 9 ,cort9a & ,tripospyris ! basal tripod 7 to appe> fir/ 9 ! ontog5y1 & ! sagittal r+ 7 develop$ f ?is1 !n ! ,plectoidea w\ld be rightly consid]$ to be ! olde/ =ms 9 ! phylog5y ( ! skeleton-=m+ ,,nassell>ia2 & 9 ! contr>y case ! ,/ephoidea w\ld be s reg>d$4 ,! relations ( gr[? 9 ! ?ree dim5sive axes are v v>iable 9 ! ,,nassell>ia2 ! ?ree mo/ important factors 9 ?is respect 7p>tly sep>ately & p>tly 9 comb9ation7 are2 7#a7 ! developm5t ( ! basal tripod to a triradial /auraxon =m 7! gr\nd-=m be+ a ?ree-sid$ pyramid72 7#b7 ! developm5t ( ! sagittal r+ 9 ! m$ian plane ( ! body 7! v]tical axis hav+ ! poles diff]5t72 7#c7 ! developm5t ( ! lattic$ cephalis outside ! c5tral capsule 7! poles ( ! v]tical axis be+ aga9 diff]5t74 ,s9ce ! developm5t bo? ( ! skeleton & ( ! malacoma is *>act]is$ 9 mo/ ,,nassell>ia by ! /rong] gr[? ( ! v]tical axis & ! diff]5tiation ( ! two poles1 ! allopol> monaxon gr\nd-=m acquires a pr$om9ant significance 9 ?is legion 7 #cb72 ! />t+ po9t ( mo/ ( ! fur!r modifications is ! basal pole ( ! v]tical ma9 axis4 ,next to ?is ! sagittal axis is usually ! mo/ important det]m9+ factor 7its dorsal & v5tral poles be+ xcviiiusually diff]5t71 m r>ely ! frontal axis 7) equal "r & left poles74 ,9 ! zygo?alam\s ,spyroidea 7z 9 ! ,/ephoidea7 ! =mation ( ! %ell proce$s f ! sagittal r+1 :il/ 9 ! poly?alam\s ,cyrtoidea ! lattic$ cephalis is always ! />t+ po9t1 f :i* a s]ies ( jo9ts 7?orax1 abdom51 & 9 ! ,/i*ocyrtida1 ! num]\s po/-abdom9al jo9ts7 successively arise 7unipol> gr[?74 #adi4 ,! ,ontog5y ( ! ,phod>ia4--,! individual developm5t ( ! ,,ph,,od>ia 9 ! simple/ case /ops ) ! skeletonless condition ( ! ,phod9ida 7,phod9a1 ,phocolla71 :i* c be imm$iately d]iv$ f ! =ego+ ,actissa-/age by ! disappe>ance ( ! pores 9 ! great] "p ( ! c5tral capsule1 ! *>act]i/ic a/ropyle be+ develop$ at ! basal pole 7 #fj74 ,s9ce ?is p>ticul> =m & /ructure ( ! sph]oidal c5tral capsule rema9s ! same 9 all ,,ph,,od>ia1 :il/ ! =mation ( _! skeleton foll[s v diff]5t directions1 x foll[s t fur!r common pa?s ( developm5t are exclud$ bo? ontog5etically & phylog5etically4 ,:at w be laid d[n 9 ?is respect z reg>ds ! phylog5y ( ! diff]5t gr\ps ( ,,ph,,od>ia 7 #aid-aii7 holds true also ( _! ontog5y4 ,! relations ( gr[? 9 ! ?ree dim5sive axes are h5ce v diff]5t 9 ! skeletons ( ! v>i\s gr\ps ( ,,ph,,od>ia4 ,?is diff]5ce is be/ m>k$ 9 ! ,phocon*ia1 ^: bivalv$ lattice-%ells h z _! gr\nd-=m ! rhomboid pyramid ( ,ct5ophora4 ,9 mo/ ,phogromia ! monaxon lattice-%ell may develop simultane\sly by sudd5 excretion at a p>ticul> mom5t ( lorication2 ?is is also ! case ) ! polyaxon lattice-%ells ( ! ,phosphria4 ,9 _! future gr[? ! developm5t ( basal or radial apophyses is ( special importance4 ,9 ! majority ( ! ,,ph,,od>ia ^! apophyses are tubes ( silicate fill$ ) jelly 7(t5 provid$ ) an axial silice\s ?read72 ?us _! developm5t is di/+ui%$ by complications :i* are abs5t 9 ! case ( ! o!r ?ree legions4 #aej4 ,gr[?4--,! gr[? ( ! body 9 ! ,radiol>ia1 z 9 all o!r organisms1 is ! fundam5tal function ( individual developm5t 7see note ,a74 ,all /ructural relations :i* ?is ri*e/ class ( ! ,proti/a exhibits may be ref]r$ to diff]5t =ms ( gr[?1 ei!r ( ! unicellul> malacoma or ( ! skeleton :i* x produces4 ,9 g5]al ! special developm5t ( ! skeleton is dep5d5t ^u t ( ! c5tral capsule1 & ( ! s>codictyum on ! surface ( ! calymma2 9 ! fur!r gr[?1 h[ev]1 ! conditions are rev]s$1 & ! condition ( ! skeleton already =m$ directly det]m9es ! fur!r developm5t ( ! c5tral capsule & ( ! calymma ) its s>codictyum4 ,! f\r legions ( ,radiol>ia %[1 speak+ g5]ally1 c]ta9 *>act]i/ic diff]5ces 9 gr[?1 :i* are due 9 great "p to ! diff]5t /ructure & gr\nd-=m ( _! c5tral capsule4 ,9 ! two legions ( ! ,porulosa 7,,spumell>ia & ,,acan?>ia71 9 :i* ! c5tral capsule is orig9ally sph]ical & xcix! gr\nd-=m ( ! skeleton ei!r polyaxon or isopol> monaxon1 two fundam5tal & v>i\sly comb9$ directions ( gr[? are recognisable2 fir/ly1 ! conc5tric gr[? 7equal increase ( volume 9 all directions71 & secondly1 multipol> or diametral gr[? 7hyp]trophy ( c]ta9 p>ts 9 ! direction ( def9ite pairs ( radii74 ,a diff]5t /ate ( ?+s obta9s1 h[ev]1 = ! mo/ "p1 9 ! two legions ( ! ,osculosa 7,,nassell>ia & ,,ph,,od>ia71 9 :i* ! c5tral capsule possesses a v]tical ma9 axis ) diff]5t poles1 & ! /ructure ( ! skeleton is det]m9$ by ?is allopol> monaxon gr\nd-=m4 ,! two fundam5tal directions ( gr[? "h comb9$ 9 ! mo/ v>i\s ways are1 fir/ly1 unipol> gr[? 7/>t+ f ! basal pole ( ! v]tical ma9 axis71 & secondly1 radial or pyramidal gr[? 7*>act]is$ by ! diff]5t developm5t ( sep>ate p>ts 9 ! direction ( def9ite radii74 ,:il/ ! gr[? ( ! malacoma is dep5d5t on intussusception 7z 9 mo/ organic /ructures capable ( imbib+71 ! gr[? ( ! skeleton 9 all ,radiol>ia takes place by apposition 7see note ,b74 ,a4 ,! e>lie/ inve/igations into ! modes ( gr[? 9 ! ,radiol>ia are due to ,j4 ,mll] 7,l4 ,n4 #ab1 pp4 #ba-cc74 ,m detail$ communications ,i gave myself 9 my ,monograph 7,l4 ,n4 #af1 pp4 #aej-aei74 ,! relations !re sket*$ h n[1 9 consequ5ce ( ! exam9ation ( ! ,*all5g] collection1 und]gone _m important additions1 & 9 "s divisions1 important modifications2 ^! are = ! mo/ "p treat$ ( 9 ! g5]al acc\nt ( ! sep>ate families4 ,b4 ,! view "h ma9ta9$1 t ! skeleton ( all ,radiol>ia gr[s only by apposition1 appe>$ =m]ly to h c]ta9 exceptions4 ,i ?\ght ,i _h %[n t 9 ,coelod5drum ! ?9-wall$ tubes grew n only 9 l5g? b also 9 ?ickness1 ) cont9u\s increase 9 ! lum5 7,l4 ,n4 #af1 pp4 #aeb1 #cfj74 ,fur!r ,k4 ,br&t conclud$1 f ! v>y+ size ( ! m$ian b>s 9 ! tw9-spicules ( ,sphroz\m1 t ^! silice\s /ructures gr[ by intussusception 7,l4 ,n4 #ch1 p4 #dja74 ,bo? suppositions h be5 prov$ errone\s & ,i h come to ! op9ion t 9 all ,radiol>ia ! skeleton gr[s by apposition4 #aea4 ,reg5]ation4--,:il/ ! g5]al c\rse ( individual developm5t 7p]haps )\t any exception 9 ! ,radiol>ia71 beg9s ) ! =mation ( zoospores 9 ! c5tral capsule1 !re yet occurs 9 "s gr\ps a diff]5t =m ( ontog5y1 introduc$ by simple division ( ! unicellul> organism1 & com+ "u ! t]m reg5]ation 9 its wid] s5se4 ,?is spontane\s division occurs q commonly 9 ! ,polycytt>ia 7or social ,,spumell>ia71 & produces _! colonies 7comp>e ! *apt] on ,reproduction1 #bac74 ,on ! contr>y1 x has n be5 obs]v$ 9 ! solit>y ,,spumell>ia1 nor 9 ! ,,acan?>ia & ,,nassell>ia2 possibly1 h[ev]1 ! peculi> ,,acan?>ian family1 ,li?olophida1 has aris5 by ! division ( ,acan?onida 7comp>e p4 #gcd74 ,among ! ,,ph,,od>ia division is commonly obs]v$ 9 ! ord] ,phocy/9a 7:i* h an incomplete ,beloid skeleton or none71 & also 9 ! ,phocon*ia4 ,9 all ^! cases ! increase by division is no?+ else ?an an ord9>y case ( cell-division1 9 :i* bisection ( ! nucleus prec$es t ( ! c5tral capsule4 ,! reg5]ation by c:i* ea* ( ! two daught]-cells develops to a complete "m-cell dep5ds ^u simple gr[?4 ,ano!r =m ( reg5]ation1 diff]5t f ?is1 has be5 obs]v$ 9 ,?alassicolla4 ,if ! c5tral capsule be extract$ artificially f ! l>ge conc5tric calymma1 ! enucleat$ c5tral capsule produces a new extracapsulum1 ) s>comatrix1 pseudopodia1 & calymma4 ,?is exp]im5t may be repeat$ sev]al times ) ! same result4 7,comp>e ,a4 ,s*neid]1 #ahfg1 ,l4 ,n4 #bj47 #aeb4 ,! ,=mation ( ,colonies4--,! individual developm5t ( colonies takes place 9 all ?ree families ( ! ,polycytt>ia 7,collozoida1 ,sphrozoida1 ,collosphrida7 9 ! same simple way1 by ! repeat$ division ( a s+le monozootic ,,spumell>ian4 ,s9ce ^! divisions only affect ! c5tral capsule & n ! extracapsulum1 ! si/]-cells1 :i* arise by repeat$ division ( ! "m1 rema9 enclos$ 9 a common rapidly gr[+ calymma4 ,probably 9 all ,polycytt>ia ! comm5cem5t ( ! =mation ( colonies imm$iately foll[s ! ,actissa-/age ( ! monozootic "m-cell 7or takes place 9 ! ,?alassicolla-/age1 :i* arises f ! =m] by ! developm5t ( alveoles 9 ! calymma74 ,! simple c5tral nucleus sep>ates 7by direct nucle> division7 into two halves1 & ! c5tral capsule foll[s ?is process ( bisection1 becom+ con/rict$ 9 ! middle betwe5 ! two daught] nuclei 7,pl4 #c1 fig4 #ab74 ,9 ! fur!r gr[? ( ! colony ! process ( division proce$s 9 ! old]1 n[ mult9ucleate1 c5tral capsules1 9 :i* an oil-globule has tak5 ! place ( ! orig9al nucleus2 !n ! division ( ! oil-globules prec$es t ( ! c5tral capsule 7,pl4 #e1 fig4 #a74 ,ano!r mode ( gr[? ( ! colonies is ! multiplication ( ! c5tral capsules by gemmulation1 or ! =mation ( ! s-call$ extracapsul> bodies 7,gemmul1 #bad74 ,! *>act]i/ic skeletal /ructure ( ! diff]5t species appe>s at a lat] /age4 ,:e!r ripe c5tral capsules c em]ge f ! social bond ( a co5obium1 &1 hav+ become isolat$1 e/abli% ! =mation ( a new colony1 is v d\btful4 ,! v>i\s =ms :i* ! co5obium assumes 9 ! diff]5t species ( ,polycytt>ia1 are due p>tly to simple gr[?1 p>tly to ! developm5t ( l>ge vacuoles 9 ! calymma4 ,! =m & size ( ! co5obia appe> 9 _m fully develop$ ,polycytt>ia to exhibit specific diff]5ces1 :i* require fur!r inve/igation2 9 ! "y /age1 on ! contr>y1 !y are simple sph]es or ellipsoids1 (t5 cyl9drical or sausage-%ap$ 7,pl4 #c1 figs4 #a1 #d1 #f1 #aa74 ,9 "s species ! cyl9drical gelat9\s bodies become monili=m1 & sep>at$ by transv]se con/rictions into _m segm5ts1 ea* ( :i* encloses a l>ge alveole 7,pl4 #c1 fig4 #aj74 ,! r>e r+-%ape 7,pl4 #d1 fig4 #a7 :i* ,i figur$ 9 #ahfb 9 ! case ( ,colloz\m 7,l4 ,n4 #af1 p4 #ebb1 ,taf4 xxxv4 fig4 #a71 ,i h rec5tly obs]v$ 9 diff]5t species ( ,polycytt>ia2 x is capable ( a v simple me*anical explanation1 bo? ends ( a sausage-%ap$ colony hav+ be5 accid5tally br\ght into contact by a wave & hav+ unit$ by agglut9ation4 ,q rec5tly ,br&t has giv5 a v complete acc\nt ( ! developm5t1 =m1 & gr[? ( ,polycytt>ian colonies 9 8 "w on ! colonial ,radiol>ia ( ! ,bay ( ,naples 7#ahhe1 ,l4 ,n4 #eb1 pp4 #ga-he74 ci,,*apt] ,,vi4--,,phylog5y ,,or ,,g5ealogical ,,developm5t4 7 #aec-bjj47 #aec4 ,s\rces ( ,phylog5etic ,k4--,= ! purpose ( con/ruct+ a hypo!tical g5ealogical tree ( ! ,radiol>ia1 z ( all o!r organisms1 ?ree s\rces ( in=mation are op5 to u1 viz41 palontology1 comp>ative ontog5y1 & comp>ative anatomy4 ,9 ! pres5t case1 h[ev]1 ^! ?ree s\rces are ( v diff]5t value2 ! fir/ two are at pres5t only v inadequately kn[n & h only be5 p>tially inve/igat$1 h5ce !y c only be utilis$ to a v slight ext5t4 ,! comp>ative anatomy ( ! ,radiol>ia1 on ! o!r h&1 is s completely kn[n1 & af=ds su* c]ta9 glimpses into ! morphological relations ( ! relat$ gr\ps1 t by its aid we are 9 a position at all ev5ts to lay d[n ! g5]al features ( _! phylog5y ) "s probability1 & to lay ! f\ndation ( a natural sy/em4 #aed4 ,natural & ,artificial ,sy/ems4--,al?\gh 9 ! classification ( ! ,radiol>ia1 z 9 ! case ( all o!r organisms1 ! natural sy/em mu/ be reg>d$ z ! goal ( sy/ematic classification1 our phylog5etic k ( ! ,radiol>ia is too fragm5t>y & inadequate to admit ( ! sy/ematic arrangem5t "h adopt$ be+ reg>d$ z a ?or\ghly consi/5t natural sy/em1 t is1 z repres5t+ ! true g5ealogical tree ( ! class4 ,ow+1 h[ev]1 to ! extraord9>y v>iety ( =m ( ! ,radiol>ia1 & ! complicat$ relation%ips ( ! l>g] & small] gr\ps1 a synoptical gr\p+ ( ! diff]5t categories & ! erection ( a complete1 ev5 if to "s ext5t artificial1 sy/em1 becomes a logical necessity4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 & reg>d be+ _h to bo? ^! conditions1 ! foll[+ sy/ematic treatm5t ( ! ,radiol>ia w appe> z a compromise betwe5 ! natural & artificial sy/ems1 l all o!r zoological & botanical classificatory attempts4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! attempt is made to arrange ! l>g] & small] gr\ps z ne>ly z possible accord+ to _! phylog5etic relation%ips1 :il/1 on ! o!r h&1 ! practice ( circumscrib+ ea* by a def9ition z cle> & logical z possible has be5 c>ri$ out4 ,s9ce ^! two ef=ts naturally (t5 come into contact1 ! insuffici5cy ( _m p>ts ( ! arrangem5t is obvi\s1 h5ce its hypo!tical & provisional "* is emphatically /at$4 #aee4 ,sy/ematic ,categories4--,! categories or diff]5t ord]s ( divisions h 9 ! ,radiol>ia1 z 9 all o!r organisms1 no absolute significance1 b only a relative value4 ,9 itself x is q unimportant :e!r ! :ole gr\p be reg>d$1 z at fir/1 z a family 7,ehr5b]g1 #ahdg71 or z an ord] 7,j4 ,mll]1 #aheh71 or z a class 7,haeckel1 cii#ahha74 ,^! diff]5t views are regulat$1 on ! "o h&1 by ! kn[n ext5t ( ! gr\p & by ! am\nt ( our acqua9tance ) x1 & on ! o!r1 by comp>ison ) relat$ gr\ps & by ref]5ce to _! conv5tional disposition4 ,:51 !re=e1 ! :ole class1 ,radiol>ia1 is "h divid$ into two subclasses1 f\r legions1 eight ord]s1 eighty-five families1 c41 ^! artificial categories are drawn up only 9 ! conviction t by ?is means ! easie/ survey & mo/ ?or\gh insight into ! sy/em z a :ole may be atta9$2 ?is latt] w inde$ approa* z f> z possible ! ideal ( a natural sy/em1 b mu/ on num]\s practical gr\nds always rema9 m or less artificial4 ,s9ce x is to be expect$ t ) ! progress ( our sy/ematic k ! rank ( ! v>i\s categories w rise1 x is possible t 9 ! future ! arrangem5t ( ! gr\p may be some:at z foll[s3--,phylum1 ,,radiol>ia2 ,f\r ,classes1 ,,spumell>ia1 ,,nassell>ia1 ,,acan?>ia1 ,,ph,,od>ia2 ,eight ,legions 7,nos4 ,i4-,,viii4 9 ! foll[+ ,table72 ,tw5ty ,ord]s 7,nos4 #a-bj 9 ! ,table71 c4 ,f\r ,legions4 ,eight ,sublegions4 ,tw5ty ,ord]s4 ,typical ,families4 #a4 ,colloidea1 #a;a4 ,?alassicollida4 ,i4 ,,collod>ia #a;b4 ,collozoida4 7,spumell>ia palliata7 #b4 ,beloidea1 #b;a4 ,?alassosphrida4 #b;b4 ,sphrozoida4 ,i4 ,legion 7or ,subclass7 #c;a4 ,e?mosphrida4 ,,spumell>ia #c4 ,sphroidea1 #c;b4 ,collosphrida4 7,,p]ipylea7 #d4 ,prunoidea1 #d;a4 ,ellipsida4 ,porulosa ,,ii4 ,,sph,,rell>ia #d;b4 ,zyg>tida4 p]ipylea4 7,spumell>ia loricata7 #e4 ,discoidea1 #e;a4 ,phacodiscida4 #e;b4 ,porodiscida4 #f4 ,l>coidea1 #f;a4 ,l>nacida4 #f;b4 ,pylonida4 #g4 ,act9elida1 #g;a4 ,a/rolophida4 #g;b4 ,li?olophida4 ,,iii4 ,,acan?ometra #g;c4 ,*ia/olida4 7,acan?>ia ,,ii4 ,legion palliata7 #h;a4 ,a/rolon*ida4 7or ,subclass7 #h4 ,acan?onida1 #h;b4 ,quadrilon*ida4 ,,acan?>ia #h;c4 ,amphilon*ida4 7,,actipylea7 #i;a4 ,sphrocapsida4 ,porulosa #i4 ,sphrophracta1 #i;b4 ,dorataspida4 actipylea4 ,,iv4 ,,acan?ophracta #i;c4 ,phractopeltida4 7,acan?>ia loricata7 #aj;a4 ,belonaspida4 #aj4 ,prunophracta1 #aj;b4 ,hexalaspida4 #aj;c4 ,diploconida4 #aa4 ,nassoidea1 #aa4 ,nassellida4 ,v4 ,,plectell>ia #ab4 ,plectoidea1 #ab;a4 ,plagonida4 7,nassell>ia #ab;b4 ,plectanida4 palliata7 #ac4 ,/ephoidea1 #ac;a4 ,/ephanida4 #ac;b4 ,tympanida4 ,,iii4 ,legion #ad4 ,spyroidea1 #ad;a4 ,zygospyrida4 7or ,subclass7 #ad;b4 ,&rospyrida4 ,nassell>ia 7,,monopylea7 #ae;a4 ,cannobotryida4 ,,vi4 ,,cyrtell>ia #ae4 ,botryodea1 #ae;b4 ,li?obotryida4 ,osculosa 7,nassell>ia #ae;c4 ,pylobotryida4 monopylea4 loricata7 #af;a4 ,monocyrtida4 #af4 ,cyrtoidea1 #af;b4 ,dicyrtida4 #af;c4 ,tricyrtida4 #af;d4 ,/i*ocyrtida4 #ag;a4 ,phod9ida4 #ag4 ,phocy/9a1 #ag;b4 ,cannorrhaphida4 #ag;c4 ,aulacan?ida4 ,,vii4 ,,ph,,ocy/9a ,,iv4 ,legion 7,phod>ia #ah;a4 ,orosphrida4 7or ,subclass7 palliata7 #ah4 ,phosphria1 #ah;b4 ,aulosphrida4 ,phod>ia #ah;c4 ,cannosphrida4 7,,cannopylea74 #ai;a4 ,*all5g]ida4 ,osculosa #ai4 ,phogromia1 #ai;b4 ,ca/anellida4 cannopylea4,,viii4 ,,ph,,ocosc9a #ai;c4 ,circoporida4 7,phod>ia loricata7 #bj;a4 ,con*>ida4 #bj4 ,phocon*ia1 #bj;b4 ,coelod5drida4 #bj;c4 ,coelographida4 #aef4 ,=mation ( ,species4--,! totality ( simil> =ms1 :i* we unite 9 "o species1 & :i* 9 ! e>li] dogmatic sy/ems 0 reg>d$ z a category ( absolute value1 possesses only a relative value l all o!r sy/ematic categories 7 #aee74 ,accord+ to ! individual views ( ! sy/emati/ & ! g5]al survey :i* he has atta9$ ( ! small] & l>g] sy/ematic gr\ps1 ! conception ( a species adopt$ 9 8 practical "w w be wid] or n>r[]4 ,9 ! pres5t sy/ematic arrangem5t a m$ium ext5t has be5 adopt$4 ,x is %[n t 9 ! ,radiol>ia1 z 9 all o!r ext5sive gr\ps ( organisms1 ! con/ancy ( ! species is v v>iable 9 ! diff]5t gr\ps4 ,_m families ( ,radiol>ia are v ri* 9 bad species1 i4e41 v v>iable =ms1 9 :i* ! process ( ! =mation ( species is se5 9 progress2 su*1 = example1 are--among ! ,,spumell>ia1 ! ,sphrozoida1 ,/ylosphrida1 ,phacodiscida & ,pylonida2 among ! ,,acan?>ia1 ! ,amphilon*ida & ,phractopeltida2 among ! ,,nassell>ia1 ! ,/ephoidea & ,botryodea2 & among ! ,,ph,,od>ia1 ! ,aulacan?ida1 ,sagosphrida1 ,ca/anellida & ,con*>ida4 ,on ! civo!r h&1 9 "s families num]\s good species may be di/+ui%$1 s9ce ! int]m$iate connect+ =ms are no long] pres5t & ! =ms h become relatively con/ant4 ,z in/ances ( su* families may be m5tion$1 among ! ,,spumell>ia1 ! ,a/rosphrida1 ,cyph9ida1 ,porodiscida & ,?olonida2 among ! ,,acan?>ia ! ,quadrilon*ida & ,dorataspida2 among ! ,,nassell>ia1 ! ,spyroidea & ,cyrtoidea2 among ! ,,ph,,od>ia1 ! ,*all5g]ida1 ,m$usettida1 ,circoporida & ,coelographida4 ,! m c>efully ! diff]5t gr\ps are /udi$1 ! m num]\s ! individuals ( ea* species "u comp>ison1 ! great] becomes ! numb] ( bad species among ! ,radiol>ia1 & ! small] ! numb] ( good ones4 ,orig9ally1 no d\bt1 all species bon 7 mal4 ,!re may be obs]v$ 9 ! manifold skeletal =ms ( ! ,radiol>ia1 on ! "o h&1 ! utmo/ accuracy ( configuration1 & on ! o!r1 ! greate/ v>iability1 & h5ce a c>eful comp>ative /udy ( !m leads to a firm conviction ( ! gradual ,trans=mation ( ,species1 & ( ! tru? ( ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t4 #aeg4 ,palontological ,developm5t4--,! palontology ( ! ,radiol>ia already (f]s v consid]able mat]ial = /udy2 b 9 consequ5ce ( its incomplet5ess ?is is ( little value = ! /udy ( ! phylog5y ( ! class4 ,by f> ! l>g] portion ( ! fossil ,radiol>ia belong to ! ,t]ti>y p]iod2 only q rec5tly h num]\s well-pres]v$ fossil ,radiol>ia be5 describ$ f ! ,mesozoic p]iod1 & especially f ! ,jura4 ,( ,palozoic ,radiol>ia 7f ! coal measures7 only slight traces are kn[n4 ,moreov]1 ! fossil ,radiol>ia hi!rto kn[n h be5 f\nd only 9 v circumscrib$ & widely sep>at$ localities4 ,! majority ( all ! species belong to ! small isl& ( ,b>bados4 ,al?\gh our palontological acqua9tance ) ! ,radiol>ia mu/ necess>ily be incomplete = ?is reason1 x is /ill m s s9ce at lea/ ?irty out ( ! eighty-five families 7t is m ?an a ?ird7 c\ld n possibly leave any fossil rema9s1 ei!r because !y possess no skeleton1 or because ( its *emical composition4 ,( ! f\r legions ( ! ,radiol>ia1 ! ,,acan?>ia 7on acc\nt ( ! solubility ( _! a/roid acan?9 skeletons7 h entirely vani%$ & h nev] be5 f\nd fossil4 ,( ! ,,ph,,od>ia1 ^: silicate skeleton is n z a rule capable ( fossilisation1 only "o section 7,dictyo*ida7 ( a s+le family 7,cannorrhaphida7 has be5 obs]v$ fossil4 ,h5ce ! fossil rema9s ( ! ,radiol>ia belong almo/ exclusively to ! two legions1 ,,spumell>ia & ,,nassell>ia1 :i* 7 =m]ly unit$ "u ! t]m ,polycy/9a4 ,among ^!1 h[ev]1 ! skeletonless ,?alassicollida1 ,collozoida1 & ,nassellida c\ld leave no traces4 ,h5ce !re only rema9 fifty-five families ( :i* we might expect to f9d fossil silice\s skeletons4 ,ev5 ( ^!1 h[ev]1 sc>cely ! half are c]ta9ly kn[n 9 ! fossil condition1 :il/ ( ! rema9d] no?+ c]ta9 is kn[n2 = example1 ( ! l>ge ord] ,l>coidea 7among ! ,,spumell>ia7 & ( ! ,/ephoidea 7among ! ,,nassell>ia7 ) a few isolat$ exceptions1 no fossils are kn[n4 ,! great majority ( fossil ,radiol>ia belong to ! two ,,nassell>ian ord]s ,cyrtoidea & ,spyroidea 7two relatively v highly develop$ gr\ps72 next to ^! foll[ ! ord]s cv,discoidea & ,sphroidea among ! ,,spumell>ia4 ,f ^! palontological facts x is obvi\s t our pres5t v incomplete acqua9tance ) ! fossil ,radiol>ia is q insuffici5t to w>rant u 9 draw+ any conclusions f x reg>d+ ! phylog5etic developm5t or palontological succession ( ! individual gr\ps4 #aeh4 ,orig9 ( ! ,f\r ,legions4--,! agreem5t ( all ,radiol>ia 9 ^? con/ant & ess5tial *>act]s ( ! unicellul> body1 :i* di/+ui% !m f all o!r ,proti/a 7especially ! diff]5tiation ( ! malacoma into a c5tral capsule & extracapsulum71 ju/ifies ! conclusion t all memb]s ( ?is class h be5 develop$ f a common undiff]5tiat$ /em-=m4 ,only ! simple/ =m ( ! ,,spumell>ia1 a skeletonless sph]ical cell ) conc5tric sph]ical nucleus & calymma1 c be reg>d$ z su*4 ,! simple/ =m ( ! ,?alassicollida :i* is n[ extant 7,actissa1 ,procytt>ium1 p4 #ab71 corresponds s exactly to ! morphological idea ( t hypo!tical /em-=m t x may unhesitat+ly be reg>d$ 9 a natural sy/em z ! common po9t ( orig9 ( ! :ole class4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,actissa is s closely relat$ to ! simple ,heliozoa 7,act9ophrys1 ,act9osphrium1 ,het]ophrys1 ,sphra/rum1 c47 t its orig9 f ?is gr\p ( ,rhizopoda is exce$+ly probable4 ,! ?ree legions ,,acan?>ia1 ,,nassell>ia1 & ,,ph,,od>ia are to be reg>d$ z ?ree ma9 div]g+ bran*es ( ! g5ealogical tree1 :i* h be5 develop$ 9 diff]5t directions & are only connect$ by _! simple/ /em-=ms 7,act9elius1 ,nassella1 ,phod9a7 ) ! /em-=m ( ! ,,spumell>ia1 ! primordial ,actissa4 #aei4 ,phylog5y ( ! ,spumell>ia4--,! legion ,,spumell>ia or ,,p]ipylea is to be reg>d$ z ! common /em-gr\p ( ! ,radiol>ia1 & its simple/ =m1 ,actissa1 z ! primitive g5us or radical =m ( ! :ole class2 = x possesses 9 ! simple/ & mo/ undiff]5tiat$ =m all ^? *>act]s by :i* ! ,radiol>ia are di/+ui%$ f o!r ,proti/a2 all ! o!r g5]a ( ! class may be d]iv$ f x by successive modifications4 ,consid]$ z a legion ! :ole gr\p ,,spumell>ia is und\bt$ly monophyletic1 = all its memb]s possess ^? ess5tial *>act]s by :i* x is di/9ctively m>k$ (f f ! o!r ?ree legions1 m especially a simple capsule-membrane1 :i* is ev]y:]e ev5ly p]=at$ by innum]able small pores2 ! nucleus lies orig9ally 9 ! c5tre ( ! sph]ical c5tral capsule4 ,fur!rmore1 all ,,spumell>ia lack ^? positive *>act]s :i* di/+ui% ! ?ree rema9+ legions--! c5trog5\s acan?9 skeleton ( ! ,,acan?>ia1 ! basal poro*ora & ! monaxon podoconus ( ! ,,nassell>ia1 ! a/ropyle & phodium ( ! ,,ph,,od>ia4 #afj4 ,orig9 ( ! ,spumell>ia4--,! g5us ,actissa 7p4 #ab1 ,pl4 #a1 fig4 #a7 pres5ts ! ,radiol>ian type 9 its simple/ & mo/ primitive =m--a sph]ical c5tral capsule1 :i* encloses 9 its middle a sph]ical nucleus1 & :i* is surr\nd$ by a sph]ical calymma4 ,! :ole unicellul> body consi/s1 !re=e1 ( ?ree conc5tric sph]es1 cvi& possesses nei!r skeleton nor alveoles1 nor o!r diff]5tiat$ p>ts4 ,! innum]able f9e pseudopodia1 :i* issue f ! c5tral capsule ?r\gh ! ev5ly di/ribut$ pores 9 its membrane1 radiate 9 all directions ?r\gh ! calymma & pass out ov] its surface4 ,actissa c1 !re=e1 be directly d]iv$ phylog5etically f ! simple/ skeletonless ,heliozoa 7,act9ophrys1 ,het]ophrys1 ,act9osphrium1 ,sphra/rum74 ,! only ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! two consi/s 9 ! developm5t ( ! c5tral capsule1 :i* 9 ,actissa sep>ates z a di/9ct membrane ! endoplasm f ! exoplasm4 ,?is diff]5tiation :i* we reg>d is ! mo/ important di/+ui%+ "* ( ! ,radiol>ia1 has be5 transmitt$ by inh]itance1 along ) ! =mation ( flagellate spores 9 ! c5tral capsule1 f ,actissa1 ! primitive p>5t to all ! o!r ,radiol>ia4 cvii#afa4 ,hypo!tical ,g5ealogical ,tree ( ! ,spumell>ia3-- ,,l>coidea ,,discoidea ,/reblonida ,,phacodisc>ia ,coccodiscida ,,?olonida ,,prunoidea ,soreumida ,zyg>tida ,zon>ida ,li!lida ,,sph,,roidea ,,cyclodisc>ia ,spongodiscida ,/ylosphrida ,pylodiscida ,phorticida ,pan>tida ,artiscida ------- ,phacodiscida ,spongodruppida ,/aurosphrida ----- ,pylonida ,cyph9ida --------- ,porodiscida ,a/rosphrida ----- ,c5odiscida ,spongellipsida ,l>nacida ,ar*idiscida ,cubosphrida ,druppulida -------- ,collosphrida ,,l>nacilla ---------- 7,trizonium7 ,spongurida ------------- ,ellipsida ,l>c>ida ,liosphrida ,c5odiscida 7,,c5ellipsis7 7,,c5ol>cus7 7,,c5osph,,ra7 7,,c5odiscus7 ,actiprunum8 ,actil>cus8 ,procytt>ium ,actidiscus8 ---------------------------------------- -- ,,c5osph,,ra 7,common /em-=m ( all ,sphrell>ia87 ,,polycytt>ia ,collosphrida ,collozoida ,sphrozoida ,,beloidea ----- ,?alassosphrida ,e?mosphrida -------------------------- ,,colloidea ,?alassicollida ,,actissa cviii#afb4 ,collod>ia & ,sphrell>ia4--,:il/ 9 all ,,spumell>ia ! malacoma agrees 9 possess+ ! *>act]i/ic features ( ! legion1 & ?us ju/ifies its d]ivation monophyletically f ! common /em-=m ,actissa1 ! diff]5t =ms ( skeleton1 on ! o!r h&1 _c all be ref]r$ to ! same fundam5tal =m4 ,m especially ! sph]ical lattice-%ell1 f :i* all ! num]\s skeletal =ms ( ! ,sphrell>ia may be d]iv$1 _c h aris5 f ! incomplete ,beloid skeleton :i* *>act]ises ! ,beloidea among ! ,collod>ia4 ,x is probable r t ! =mation ( ! skeleton has tak5 place indep5d5tly 9 ^? two gr\ps ( ,,spumell>ia4 ,f ! skeletonless ,colloidea1 z ! common /em-gr\p ( ! ,,spumell>ia1 two diff]5t ma9 gr\ps h div]g$1 on ! "o h& ! ,beloidea1 ^: skeleton consi/s ( sep>ate spicules scatt]$ 9 ! extracapsulum1 & on ! o!r h&1 ! ,sphrell>ia1 :i* h =m$ a simple lattice-sph]e ar\nd ! c5tral capsule2 f ?is ! manifold =ms ( ! rema9+ ,,spumell>ia may be d]iv$4 #afc4 ,desc5t ( ! ,sphrell>ia4--,! ext5sive ord] ,sphrell>ia1 :i* includes all ,,spumell>ia ) a complete lattice-%ell1 develops an extraord9>y v>iety ( skeletal /ructures2 ^! may1 nev]!less1 all be d]iv$ )\t viol5ce f a common /em-=m1 or simple sph]ical lattice-%ell1 ,c5osphra4 ,! ma9 /em ( ! ord]1 ! ext5sive subord] ,sphroidea 7,pls4 #e-cj71 is d]iv$ imm$iately f ,c5osphra 7p4 #fa1 ,pl4 #ab72 ?ree div]g+ bran*es ( x be+ repres5t$ by ! o!r ?ree subord]s1 ! ,prunoidea 7,pls4 #af1 #ag1 #ci1 #dj7 be+ develop$ by elongation1 & ! ,discoidea 7,pls4 #ca-dh7 by %ort5+ ( ! v]tical ma9 axis1 :il/ ! ,l>coidea 7,pls4 #i1 #aj1 #di1 #ej7 h orig9at$ by ! modification ( ! sph]ical lattice-%ell into a l5telliptical or triaxial ellipsoidal "o4 ,al?\gh ! monophyletic d]ivation ( all ,sphrell>ia f ,c5osphra is exce$+ly probable1 ! possibility ( a polyphyletic orig9 = ! gr\p is by no means exclud$4 ,= ev5 9 ! skeletonless primitive g5us ( all ! ,,spumell>ia1 ,actissa 7z well z 9 ! social ,colloz\m71 !re are f\nd1 9 addition to ! usual sph]ical types1 o!r species 7or subg5]a1 p4 #ab7 ^: c5tral capsule is n sph]ical b a modification ( ! sph]e2 9 ,actiprunum ellipsoidal2 9 ,actidiscus l5ticul>2 9 ,actil>cus l5telliptical2 if su* modifi$ =ms ( ,actissa 7 to develop _! lattice-%ells indep5d5tly1 !n _! =m w\ld correspond to t ( ! c5tral capsule2 & su* simple ellipsoidal1 discoidal1 & l5telliptical lattice-%ells might h be5 ! primitive =ms ( ! ,prunoidea1 ,discoidea & ,l>coidea4 #afd4 ,g5ealogical ,tree ( ! ,sphroidea4--,c5osphra1 ! simple/ =m ( ! sph]ical lattice-%ell1 may be unhesitat+ly reg>d$ z ! common /em-=m ( all ! ,sphroidea 7pp4 #ej-bhd1 ,pls4 #e-cj74 ,c5osphra 7p4 #fa1 ,pl4 #ab7 arose directly f ,actissa simply by ! silicification ( ! sph]ical exoplasmatic network ( ! s>codictyum ar\nd ! c5tral capsule1 on ! surface ( ! conc5tric calymma4 ,f ?is simple silice\s extracapsul> lattice-sph]e all o!r =ms ( ,sphroidea h aris51 9 ! ma9 by ! manifold comb9ation ( two simple processes1 fir/ by ! =mation ( radial sp9es on ! surface ( ! lattice-sph]e1 & second1 ! addition ( conc5tric sph]ical lattice-%ells4 ,bo? processes may be utilis$ z ! f\ndation = a sy/ematic treatm5t ( ! ,sphroidea 7comp>e pp4 #eb-eh74 ,if 9 ! ,sphroidea ! *>act]i/ic numb] & disposition ( ! radial sp9es be reg>d$ z ! mo/ important h]itable peculi>ity ( ! diff]5t families1 !n we h ! foll[+ natural arrangem5t3--7#a7 ,liosphrida1 )\t radial sp9es2 7#b7 ,cubosphrida1 ) six radial sp9es 7opposite 9 pairs 9 ?ree axes p]p5dicul> to ea* o!r72 7#c7 ,/aurosphrida1 ) f\r radial sp9es 79 two axes cross$ at "r angles72 7#d7 ,/ylosphrida1 ) two opposite radial sp9es 79 ! v]tical ma9 axis72 & 7#e7 ,a/rosphrida1 ) num]\s regul>ly or irregul>ly di/ribut$ radial sp9es 7eight to tw5ty or m74 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 m /ress be laid ^u ! numb] ( ! conc5tric lattice-%ells1 !n we h ! foll[+ artificial gr\p+3--7#a7 ,monosphrida1 ) "o simple lattice-sph]e2 7#b7 ,dyosphrida1 ) two conc5tric lattice-sph]es2 7#c7 ,triosphrida1 ) ?ree2 7#d7 ,tetrasphrida1 ) f\r2 7#e7 ,polysphrida1 ) num]\s 7five to tw5ty or m7 conc5tric lattice-%ells2 7#f7 ,spongosphrida1 ) a spongy sph]ical %ell4 ,9 g5]al ! =m] arrangem5t appe>s m natural ?an ! latt]1 s9ce ! numb] ( prim>y radial sp9es1 :i* gr[ out f ! prim>y lattice-sph]e1 det]m9es _! gr\nd-=m f ! outset1 :atev] may be ! numb] ( second>ily add$ %ells4 ,/rictly speak+1 accord+ to ! view adopt$1 ^! ,liosphrida :i* h sev]al %ells1 on ! out] surface ( :i* !re are no radial sp9es1 ought to be classifi$ accord+ to ! numb] & arrangem5t ( _! int]nal radial connect+ beams & di/ribut$ among ! o!r families4 ,! practical application ( ?is correct pr9ciple meets1 h[ev]1 ) great difficulties4 ,also 9 _m cases ! phylog5etic relations ( ! diff]5t ,sphroidea are m complicat$ ?an w\ld appe> f bo? ^! classificatory pr9ciples4 ,9 g5]al _! phylog5y w q correspond ) _! ontog5y1 s9ce f ! inn]mo/ fir/ =m$ cixlattice-%ell 7prim>y m$ull>y %ell7 a numb] ( radial sp9es arises1 & ^u ^! ! second>y %ells are =m$ f )9 outw>ds4 #afe4 ,g5ealogical ,tree ( ! ,prunoidea4--,! subord] ,prunoidea is v closely relat$ to ! ,sphroidea1 & is di/+ui%$ f x by ! elongation ( "o axis2 f ! simple lattice-sph]e 7,c5osphra7 is develop$ a lattic$ ellipsoid 7,c5ellipsis1 ,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #a74 ,! developm5t ( ?is v]tical isopol> ma9 axis is =e%ad[$ ev5 among ! ,sphroidea1 9 t family 9 :i* two opposite radial sp9es gr[ out ( ! prim>y lattice-sph]e at ! two poles ( ! v]tical ma9 axis 7,/ylosphrida1 ,pls4 #ac1 #ad74 ,^! latt] pass ov] )\t any %>p b\nd>y into ^? =ms ( ,prunoidea ^: ellipsoidal lattice-%ell be>s two opposite ma9-sp9es 7,/ylatractida1 ,pls4 #ae1 #af74 ,o!r v intimate relation%ips betwe5 ! ,sphroidea & ,prunoidea are indicat$ 9 c]ta9 ( ! latt] by ! fact t ( ! two conc5tric lattice-%ells ! inn] 7m$ull>y7 %ell is sph]ical1 ! out] 7cortical7 %ell ellipsoidal 7,pl4 #ci1 figs4 #c1 #g1 #h1 #ad1 #ai72 (t5 ?ree conc5tric lattice-%ells are pres5t1 ( :i* ! two inn] are sph]ical intracapsul> m$ull>y %ells1 :il/ ! out] is an extracapsul> cortical %ell1 ellipsoidal or cyl9drical 9 =m 7,pl4 #ci1 figs4 #d1 #ab1 #ag1 #ah74 ,ow+ to ! manifold nature ( ^! phylog5etical relations & ! v>iety ( _! comb9ations1 ! d]ivation ( ! individual ,prunoidea f ! ,sphroidea is r5d]$ v difficult2 9 addition to :i* x is possible t ! simple/ ,prunoidea 7,c5ellipsis1 ,ellipsidium7 h be5 directly develop$ f ! skeletonless ,actiprunum 7a =m ( ,actissa ) ellipsoidal c5tral capsule1 p4 #ad7 by ! excretion ( a simple ellipsoidal lattice-%ell on ! surface ( _! calymma4 ,! phylog5y ( ! ,prunoidea is especially complicat$ by ! =mation ( peculi> transv]se con/rictions1 p]p5dicul> to ! longitud9al axis4 ,!y are want+ only 9 ! ,monoprunida 7,ellipsida1 ,druppulida1 & ,spongurida72 ! ,dyoprunida 7,artiscida & ,cyph9ida1 ,pl4 #ci1 figs4 #i-ai7 possess only "o su* con/riction 79 ! equatorial plane72 ! ,polyprunida1 on ! o!r h&1 h ?ree1 five1 or m p>allel con/rictions 7,pan>tida & ,zyg>tida1 ,pl4 #dj74 ,! *amb]s1 :i* are sep>at$ (f by ^! con/rictions1 may be reg>d$ z pol> sections ( incomplete cortical %ells4 #aff4 ,g5ealogical ,tree ( ! ,discoidea4--,! subord] ,discoidea is closely relat$ to ! ,sphroidea1 b sep>at$ f x by %ort5+ ( "o axis2 f a simple lattice-sph]e 7,c5osphra7 a lattic$ l5s or flatt5$ sph]oid is develop$1 ^: circul> equatorial plane is l>g] ?an any o!r section 7,c5odiscus1 ,pl4 #dh1 fig4 #a74 ,! =mation ( ?is horizontal equatorial plane is p]haps indicat$ 9 t family ( ,sphroidea 9 :i* f\r cross$ radial sp9es1 ly+ 9 "o plane1 are develop$ 7,/aurosphrida1 ,pls4 #ae1 #ca1 #db74 ,! morphological & phylog5etical relations ( ! ,discoidea to ! ,sphroidea are precisely ! conv]se ( ^? ( ! ,prunoidea2 9 ! latt] ! v]tical axis appe>s long]1 9 ! =m] %ort] ?an any cxo!r axis ( ! body4 ,! ,discoidea are probably polyphyletic1 hav+ orig9at$ f sev]al diff]5t gr\ps ( ,sphroidea2 at lea/ two ess5tially diff]5t ma9 gr\ps may be di/+ui%$ among !m2 ( ^! ! "o is *>act]is$ by ! =mation ( a l>ge extracapsul> l5ticul> cortical %ell 7,phacodisc>ia71 :il/ 9 ! o!r ?is typical ,phacoid %ell or lattice-l5s is want+ 7,cyclodisc>ia1 comp>e pp4 #djc-dji74 ,! ,phacodiscida 7,pls4 #ca-ce7 p]haps con/itute ! primitive gr\p ( ! ,phacodisc>ia1 _! l5ticul> or ,phacoid cortical %ell be+ connect$ by radial b>s ) "o or two conc5tric sph]ical m$ull>y %ells2 !y may h orig9at$ directly f ! ,dyosphrida or ,triosphrida by flatt5+ ( ! sph]oidal cortical %ell4 ,f ! ,phacodiscida ! ,c5odiscida 7if inde$ !y be n ! primitive /em-=m7 h be5 develop$ by retrogression & loss ( ^? m$ull>y %ells4 ,! ,coccodiscida 7,pls4 #cf-ch71 on ! o!r h&1 h be5 develop$ f ! ,phacodiscida by ! addition ( conc5tric r+s ( *amb]s1 :i* may be reg>d$ z incomplete cortical %ells1 only ! equatorial portion ( :i* is develop$4 ,p]haps ! ,porodiscida1 ! primitive gr\p ( ! ,cyclodisc>ia1 h aris5 9 a simil> way2 !y lack1 h[ev]1 ! typical ,phacoid %ell1 ! conc5tric r+s ( *amb]s be+ directly appli$ to a small sph]ical m$ull>y %ell 9 ! equatorial plane 7,pls4 #da-df74 ,if ^? r+s f ! comm5cem5t be int]rupt$ by ?ree int]radial gaps 7gates7 ! family ,pylodiscida arises 7,pl4 #ch1 figs4 #f-bj74 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ! conc5tric radially divid$ *amb]s ( ! ,porodiscida become q irregul> & spongy1 !y pass ov] into ! ,spongodiscida 7,pls4 #df1 #dg74 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 impossible t "p ( ! ,discoidea 7especially ! ,c5odiscida7 h orig9at$ directly f skeletonless ,collod>ia ) a l5ticul> c5tral capsule1 su* z are f\nd 9 a subg5us ( ,actissa 7,actidiscus1 p4 #ae74 #afg4 ,g5ealogical ,tree ( ! ,l>coidea4--,! subord] ,l>coidea pres5ts 9 ! /ructure1 composition1 & developm5t ( its v>i\sly =m$ lattice-%ells mu* m complicat$ relations ?an ! o!r ,sphrell>ia2 x is ess5tially di/+ui%$ f !m by ! *>act]i/ic gr\nd-=m ( its lattice-%ells1 :i* is a l5tellipsis or a triaxial ellipsoid 7also ! gr\nd-=m ( ! rhombic cry/allographic sy/em1 ! rhombic octah$ron74 ,h5ce all p>ts ( ! body are regul>ly dispos$ ) respect to ?ree diff]5t dim5sive axes2 all ?ree axes1 p]p5dicul> "o to ano!r1 are isopol> b ( diff]5t l5g?s2 ! longe/ is ! v]tical ma9 axis1 ! mean ! horizontal frontal axis1 ! %orte/ ! horizontal sagittal axis4 ,9 ! great majority ( ! ,l>coidea ! l5telliptical gr\nd-=m is indicat$ 9 ! c5tral capsule1 ev5 :5 x is n at once obvi\s 9 ! skeleton4 ,s9ce su* l5telliptical c5tral capsules are develop$ ev5 9 ,actissa 7,actil>cus1 p4 #af71 x is possible t ! simple/ ,l>coidea may h aris5 directly f ^! by deposition ( a simple l5telliptical lattice-%ell 9 ! s>codictyum1 on ! surface ( ! calymma 7,c5ol>cus1 ,pl4 #ej1 fig4 #g74 ,x is m probable1 h[ev]1 t ^! simple/ =ms 7,c5ol>cus1 ,l>c>ium7 h be5 develop$ f ! simple/ ,sphroidea 7,c5osphra71 by ! sph]ical body gr[+ unequally 9 ! ?ree dim5sions ( space4 ,x appe>s especially likely cxif a /udy ( ! conc5trically dispos$ lattice-%ells ( "s ,l>coidea 7,coccol>cus1 ,l>cidium1 ,pl4 #ej1 fig4 #h71 9 :i* ! inn] m$ull>y %ell is sph]ical1 ! out] cortical %ell m or less elliptical4 ,9 ! great majority ( ,l>coidea ! latt] arises 9 q a peculi> mann]1 ?ree broad lattice-zones1 :i* are develop$ 9 ?ree planes at "r angles to ea* o!r1 gr[+ out f a small sph]ical or l5telliptical m$ull>y %ell1 ,trizonium1 ,l>nacilla 7comp>e pp4 #fjj1 #fae1 #fbh1 c474 ,! trizonal ,l>nacilla-%ell comm5ces by ! =mation ( a transv]se girdle1 by ! union ( two lat]al lattic$ processes1 :i* spr+ "r & left 9 ! equatorial plane f ! poles ( ! frontal axis ( a l5telliptical m$ull>y %ell 7,monozonium1 p4 #fcc1 ,pl4 #i1 fig4 #a74 ,?is is foll[$ by a second lat]al girdle1 :i* lies 9 ! frontal plane & proce$s f its lat]al poles 7,dizonium1 p4 #fcd1 ,pl4 #i1 figs4 #b1 #c74 ,f9ally ! sagittal girdle is =m$1 ly+ 9 ! sagittal plane & aris+ f ! lat]al girdle on ! two poles ( ! ma9 axis 7,trizonium1 p4 #fcg1 ,pl4 #i1 fig4 #d74 ,:il/ ! gaps betwe5 ! ?ree zones ( ?is trizonal %ell rema9 op5 9 ! ,pylonida1 9 ,l>nacilla1 ! important primitive =m ( ! ,l>nacida1 !y are clos$ by lattice-"w 7,pl4 #ej1 figs4 #c-h74 ,f ?is trizonal ,l>nacilla-%ell ! great majority ( ,l>coid %ells may be d]iv$4 ,su* a sy/em ( zones may be repeat$ 7,diplozon>ia7 or ev5 develop$ a ?ird "t 7,triplozon>ia1 p4 #fcb74 ,9 mo/ ,l>coidea ! zones are second>ily connect$ by lattice-"w4 ,9 ! ,?olonida 7,pl4 #aj7 ea* ( ! two opposite lattic$ w+s ( a zone becomes a clos$ dome4 ,9 ! ,zon>ida 7,pl4 #ej1 figs4 #i-ab7 ^! domes are p>tially or :olly bisect$ by con/rictions or lattic$ septa :i* are develop$ 9 ! ?ree dim5sive planes4 ,! ,li!lida 7,pl4 #di1 figs4 #a-g7 are *>act]is$ by ! fact t "o ( ea* pair ( opposite lattic$ processes 7or half zones7 gr[s m /rongly ?an ! o!r1 & t ! l>g] completely embraces ! small] s z to =m a complicat$ spiral4 ,:il/ 9 ?is case ! spiral lies 9 a plane1 9 ! ,/reblonida 7,pl4 #di1 figs4 #h1 #i7 x becomes turb9oid l a ga/ropod %ell & =ms an asc5d+ spiral4 ,f9ally1 two small families ( ,l>coidea are *>act]is$ by q irregul> gr[? 7a v r>e occurr5ce among ! ,radiol>ia72 ^! are ! simple-*amb]$ ,phorticida 7,pl4 #di1 figs4 #aj1 #aa7 & ! _m *amb]$ ,soreumida 7,pl4 #di1 figs4 #ab1 #ac74 ,! phylog5etic relation%ip ( ^! families ( ,l>coidea is probably v complicat$ & dem&s clos] inve/igation 7comp>e pp4 #eii-fjd74 #afh4 ,desc5t ( ! ,polycytt>ia4--,! polyzootic or colonial ,radiol>ia1 :i* we unite 9 ! gr\p ,polycytt>ia 7sometimes kn[n z ,sphrozoea71 belong )\t d\bt to ! legion ,,spumell>ia1 = !y possess all ! peculi>ities by :i* ^! ,,p]ipylea are di/+ui%$ f ! o!r legions ( ! ,radiol>ia4 ,only ! morphological position ( ! ,polycytt>ia 9 t legion1 & _! phylog5etic relation to ! monozootic or solit>y ,,spumell>ia1 c be v>i\sly int]pret$4 ,! ?ree families :i* we di/+ui% among ! ,polycytt>ia are s closely relat$ to ?ree diff]5t families ( ! ,monocytt>ia1 t !y may be directly d]iv$ f !m by ! =mation ( colonies4 ,accord+ to ?is triphyletic hypo!sis ! social skeletonless ,collozoida 7,pl4 #c7 w\ld be desc5d$ f ! solit>y ,?alassicollida 7,pl4 #a71 ! polyzootic ,sphrozoida ) a ,beloid skeleton 7,pl4 #d7 f ! monozootic cxii,?alassosphrida 7,pl4 #b71 & ! colonial ,collosphrida ) a ,sphroid skeleton 7,pls4 #e-h7 f ! solit>y ,e?mosphrida 7,pl4 #ab1 c474 ,_m species ( monozootic & polyzootic =ms 9 all ?ree gr\ps are s alike t !y c only be di/+ui%$ by ! fact t ! "o s]ies are colonial1 ! o!rs solit>y4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are "s reasons :i* w\ld ju/ify a monophyletic hypo!sis = ! ,polycytt>ia1 e4g41 ! precoci\s nucle> division2 9 ?is case x w\ld be mo/ natural to hold t ! ,sphrozoida & ,collosphrida h aris5 z two div]g+ bran*es f ! ,collozoida1 :il/ ! latt] are no?+ else ?an colonial ,?alassicollida4 #afi4 ,phylog5y ( ! ,acan?>ia4--,! legion ,,acan?>ia or ,,actipylea is di/+ui%$ by its peculi> acan?9 skeleton1 :i* develops c5trog5\sly1 z well z by ! disposition 9 gr\ps ( ! pores 9 its c5tral capsule1 & its exc5tric usually precoci\s nucleus2 x is ?us s diff]5t f all o!r ,radiol>ia z und\bt$ly to furni%1 phylog5etically consid]$1 an indep5d5t /em 7 #g74 ,?is /em is only connect$ at ! root by ,act9elius ) ! primitive =m ( ! ,,spumell>ia1 ,actissa4 ,! /em is monophyletic1 s9ce all ! =ms belong+ to x may be d]iv$ )\t viol5ce f ,act9elius z a common primitive =m4 #agj4 ,orig9 ( ! ,acan?>ia4--,! g5us ,act9elius 7p4 #gcj1 ,pl4 #abi1 fig4 #a71 :i* may naturally be reg>d$ z ! common primitive =m ( all ,,acan?>ia1 possesses a sph]ical c5tral capsule1 :i* 9 consequ5ce ( ! e>ly division ( ! nucleus 7 #fc71 encloses num]\s small nuclei2 f its c5tre arise _m simple radial sp9es ( equal size1 :i* p5etrate ! c5tral capsule4 ,a l>ge numb] ( radial pseudopodia issue betwe5 ! sp9es f ! s>comatrix :i* surr\nds ! capsule4 ,act9elius may h be5 directly d]iv$ f ,actissa1 ! common /em-=m ( all ,radiol>ia1 by ! division ( ! pseudopodia into two gr\ps1 myxopodia1 :i* rema9$ s(t1 & axopodia1 :i* became firm 7 #ie;,a74 ,z ! latt] became *ang$ into /rong acan?9 rods1 & t\*$ ea* o!r 9 ! c5tre1 !y =c$ ! nucleus f its orig9ally c5tral position & br\ght ab\t its e>ly division4 ,act9elius is also ( all ,radiol>ia ! =m :i*1 next to ,actissa1 mo/ ne>ly approa*es ! ,heliozoa4 ,if ! /iff axial ?reads ( ,act9osphrium be conceiv$ ( z p>tially conv]t$ into acan?9 sp9es1 & its nucleat$ m$ull>y sub/ance z sep>at$ f ! alveol> cortical lay] by a membrane 7c5tral capsule71 !n ,act9elius w\ld be produc$4 cxiii#aga4 ,hypo!tical ,g5ealogical ,tree ( ! ,acan?>ia3-- ,diploconida ,phractopeltida ,hexalaspida ,c5ocapsida ,phatnaspida ,ly*naspida ,porocapsida ,coleaspida ,c]iaspida ---------- ---- ,belonaspida ,phractaspida ,/auraspida ,a/rocapsida ,sphrocapsida ----------------- ------------ ,diporaspida ,tess>aspida 7,dorataspida dipora7 7,dorataspida tetrapora7 ---------------- ,dorataspida ,quadrilon*ida ,phractacan?ida ,/auracan?ida ,amphilon*ida ---- ,acan?onia ------------------------------------- ,a/rolon*ida ,li?olophida ,*ia/olida ,zygacan?ida ,acan?onida ,act9a/rum ,acan?ometron ,a/rolophida ,acan?o*iasmida ,acan?ometron ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,act9elida ,act9elius ,actissa cxiv#agb4 ,adelacan?a & ,icosacan?a4--,! num]\s =ms ( ,,acan?>ia1 "h dispos$ 9 twelve families & sixty-five g5]a1 may be divid$ phylog5etically into two ma9 gr\ps ( v diff]5t ext5t--,adelacan?a & ,icosacan?a4 ,! m primitive gr\p1 ,adelacan?a1 h an indef9ite & v>iable numb] ( radial sp9es1 :i* are always q simple 9 =m & usually irregul>ly di/ribut$2 ?is ma9 division includes only ! "o ord] ,act9elida1 ) six g5]a1 among :i* is ,act9elius1 ! common /em-=m ( all ! ,,acan?>ia4 ,! m rec5t gr\p1 ,icosacan?a1 includes all ! o!r ,,acan?>ia 7fifty-n9e g5]a71 & is v m>k$ly di/+ui%$ f ! ,adelacan?a by ! fact t ! radial sp9es are always tw5ty 9 numb]1 & arrang$ accord+ to ,mll]'s law 7comp>e pp4 #gag-gbe1 & #aaj74 ,s9ce ?is regul> disposition 79 five alt]nat+ zones ea* ( f\r sp9es7 has be5 reta9$ by inh]itance 9 ! :ole ( ! ,icosacan?a1 x is probable t ?is l>ge gr\p has be5 develop$ monophyletically f a twig ( ! ,adelacan?a2 ,act9a/rum 7p4 #gcb7 & ,*ia/olus 7p4 #gch7 /ill pres5t connect+ l9ks betwe5 ! =m] & ! latt]1 betwe5 ,act9elius & ,acan?ometron4 #agc4 ,acan?onida & ,acan?ophracta4--,! ext5sive ma9 division ,icosacan?a 7 #aaj71 :i* embraces all ,,acan?>ia ) tw5ty radial sp9es1 dispos$ accord+ to ,mll]'s law1 may be subdivid$ into two l>ge gr\ps or ord]s3--! ,acan?onida 7p4 #gdj1 ,pls4 #acj-acb7 & ! ,acan?ophracta 7p4 #gia1 ,pls4 #acc-adj74 ,! latt] possess a complete extracapsul> lattice-%ell1 :i* ! =m] h n4 ,! m rec5t ,acan?ophracta may be d]iv$ phylog5etically f ! m primitive ,acan?onida simply by ! developm5t ( ?is lattice-%ell1 ) :i* process are usually 7p]haps always7 connect$ c]ta9 alt]ations 9 ! malacoma1 e4g41 deg5]ation ( ! myophriscs 7 #if74 ,! mo/ primitive =m ( all ,icosacan?a is ! g5us ,acan?ometron 7p4 #cbd71 9 :i* all ! tw5ty acan?9 sp9es are ( ! simple/ con/itution & ( equal dim5sions4 #agd4 ,diff]5tiation ( ! ,acan?onida4--,! ord] ,acan?onida1 :i* embraces all ,icosacan?a :i* h no complete lattice-%ell1 divides e>ly into ?ree ma9 bran*es1 ! ?ree families ,a/rolon*ida1 ,quadrilon*ida1 & ,amphilon*ida 7p4 #gbg1 ,pls4 #acj-acb74 ,! fir/ ( ^! con/itutes ! common /em-gr\p f :i* ! o!r two z well z ! :ole gr\p ,acan?ophracta h be5 develop$2 ! common /em-=m ( all is ,acan?ometron 7 #agc74 ,all ! ,a/rolon*ida 7p4 #gdj1 ,pl4 #acj7 h tw5ty radial sp9es ( equal size & simil> =m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! ,quadrilon*ida 7p4 #gff1 ,pl4 #aca7 ! f\r equatorial sp9es diff] f ! o!rs 9 size & sometimes also 9 =m4 ,9 ! ,amphilon*ida 7p4 #gha1 ,pl4 #acb7 two opposite equatorial sp9es 7ly+ 9 ! hydrotomical axis7 are mu* l>g] ?an ! o!r eighte5 & ( a diff]5t %ape4 ,( ! ?ree families ( ! ,acan?onida ! mo/ important is ! primitive gr\p ,a/rolon*ida1 = f ?is ! v>i\s /em-=ms ( ! ,acan?ophracta arise4 ,!y are subdivid$ accord+ to ! =mation ( ! sp9es into ?ree subfamilies3 ! ,zygacan?ida1 ) simple sp9es )\t apophyses 7or transv]se processes72 ! ,phractacan?ida1 ) two opposite apophyses on ea* radial cxvsp9e1 & ! ,/auracan?ida1 ) f\r cross$ apophyses on ea* radial sp9e4 ,! ?ree g5]a ( ! ,zygacan?ida repres5t ! /em-=ms ( ! ?ree families1 s9ce ! radial sp9es 9 ,acan?ometron 7! mo/ primitive =m ( ,acan?onida7 are cyl9drical1 9 ,zygacan?a two-edg$1 & 9 ,acan?onia f\r-edg$ 7p4 #gda74 #age4 ,capsophracta & ,cladophracta4--,! ext5sive ord] ,acan?ophracta1 :i* embraces all ,,acan?>ia ) a complete lattice-%ell1 is polyphyletic1 its ma9 subdivisions h be5 develop$ indep5d5tly f diff]5t bran*es ( ! ,acan?onida4 ,! :ole ord] may be divid$ directly into two ma9 gr\ps1 ! ,capsophracta & ,cladophracta 7p4 #gic71 :i* diff] 9 ! /ructure & ! orig9 ( _! lattice-%ell4 ,! gr\p 7or subord]7 ,capsophracta includes only ! s+le family ,sphrocapsida 7p4 #gie1 ,pl4 #acc1 figs4 #g-aa2 ,pl4 #ace1 figs4 #f-aj72 ! lattice-%ell arises indep5d5tly ( ! tw5ty radial sp9es1 be+ made up l a pavem5t ( innum]able small acan?9 plates1 unit$ by a k9d ( cem5t2 ea* plate be+ p]=at$ by a f9e pore4 ,9 addition tw5ty l>g] ma9 pores 7or gr\ps ( f\r pores ea*7 are pres5t1 correspond+ to ! tw5ty radial sp9es2 ^! are always equal1 quadrangul> prismatic1 )\t transv]se processes z 9 ,acan?onia4 ,9 ! ,cladophracta1 :i* include ! five rema9+ families ( ! ,acan?ophracta1 ! /ructure & orig9 ( ! lattice-%ell are q diff]5t2 ! lattice-%ell is "h made up ( ! bran*es ( ! transv]se processes1 :i* radiate tang5tially f ! tw5ty radial sp9es & are only unit$ second>ily4 #agf4 ,asc5t ( ! ,dorataspida4--,! gr\p ,cladophracta1 or ^? ,,acan?>ia ^: lattice-%ell arises by ! union ( transv]se processes ( ! tw5ty radial sp9es1 includes five diff]5t families1 ^: /em-gr\p is ! family ,dorataspida1 ) a simple sph]ical lattice-%ell4 ,?is family itself is1 h[ev]1 diphyletic 9 orig91 be+ compos$ ( two ess5tially & orig9ally diff]5t subfamilies--,diporaspida & ,tess>aspida 7p4 #hjc74 ,! ,diporaspida 7p4 #hjh1 ,pls4 #acg1 #ach7 h be5 develop$ f ! ,phractacan?ida1 & z ea* radial sp9e ( ! latt] be>s two opposite apophyses1 s ! lattice-%ell ( ! =m] has =ty prim>y asp9al pores 7two on ! base ( ea* sp9e74 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,tess>aspida 7p4 #hcj1 ,pls4 #ace1 #acf7 h be5 develop$ f ! ,/auracan?ida1 & z ea* radial sp9e ( ! latt] be>s f\r cross$ apophyses1 s ! lattice-%ell ( ! =m] has eighty prim>y asp9al pores 7f\r at ! base ( ea* sp9e74 #agg4 ,desc5t ( ! ,diporaspida4--,:il/ ! ,tess>aspida 7 #agf7 h giv5 rise to no new gr\ps :i* c\ld take rank z indep5d5t families1 no less ?an f\r sep>ate families ( ,,acan?>ia h aris5 f ! ,diporaspida4 ,! ,phractopeltida 7,pl4 #acc1 figs4 #a-f7 are di/+ui%$ f all o!r ,,acan?>ia by ! possession ( two conc5tric sph]ical lattice-%ells1 & h probably be5 develop$ f ! cxvi,diporaspida 9 ! same way z ! ,dyosphrida f ! ,monosphrida among ! ,sphroidea2 9 t case ! small] inn] lattice-sph]e 7m$ull>y %ell7 w\ld be ! prim>y1 & ! l>g] out] sph]e 7cortical %ell7 ! second>y2 ?is latt] %[s =ty prim>y asp9al pores l ^? ( ! ,diporaspida4 ,! possibility is n exclud$1 h[ev]1 t ! small inn] lattice-sph]e ( ! ,phractopeltida is a second>y product4 ,! ?ree rema9+ families1 :i* mu/ be reg>d$ z desc5dants ( ! ,diporaspida1 =m toge!r a s+le phylog5etic s]ies1 & are sep>at$ f ! primitive gr\p ma9ly by ! fact t ! orig9al sph]ical =m ( ! lattice-%ell has be5 modifi$ into "o di/+ui%$ by an elongat$ equatorial axis 7! hydrotomical axis72 h5ce ! ,prunophracta 7pp4 #gid-hei74 ,! ellipsoidal ,belonaspida h aris5 directly by hyp]trophy ( ! two opposite equatorial sp9es ( ?is hydrotomical axis 7p4 #hei1 ,pl4 #acf1 figs4 #f-i2 ,pl4 #aci1 figs4 #h1 #i2 p]haps !y h also aris5 directly f ! ,amphilon*ida74 ,9 ! l5telliptical ,hexalaspida 7,pl4 #aci7 all six sp9es :i* lie 9 ! hydrotomical m]idian plane 7two equatorial & f\r pol>7 are v /rongly develop$1 ! rema9+ f\rte5 be+ rudim5t>y4 ,f9ally1 9 ! ,diploconida ! two conical %ea?s ( ! two opposite hydrotomical equatorial sp9es are s pr$om9ant t !y take ! *ief "p 9 ! =mation ( ! h\r-glass-%ap$ %ell4 #agh4 ,phylog5y ( ! ,nassell>ia4--,! legion ,,nassell>ia or ,,monopylea is s cle>ly *>act]is$ by ! peculi> poro*ora1 :i* closes ! osculum at ! oral pole ( ! monaxon c5tral capsule1 & by ! podoconus connect$ ) x1 t !re c be no d\bt t phylog5etically x repres5ts an indep5d5t /em 7 #h74 ,?is /em is only connect$ at its base by means ( ,cy/idium & ,nassella ) ,actissa & ,?alassicolla1 ! /em-=ms ( ! ,,spumell>ia4 ,?is /em is monophyletic1 inasmu* z all its memb]s may be d]iv$ )\t viol5ce f ! skeletonless ,nassellida 7,nassella1 ,cy/idium1 p4 #hif1 ,pl4 #ia1 fig4 #a74 #agi4 ,orig9 ( ! ,nassell>ia4--,! ,nassellida 7p4 #hif71 :i* may naturally be consid]$ z ! common /em-gr\p ( ! ,,nassell>ia1 are mo/ ne>ly relat$ among o!r ,radiol>ia to ! ,?alassicollida1 & 9 bo? ^! skeletonless families ! simple/ =ms1 ,cy/idium & ,actissa correspond2 on ! o!r h&1 ^? :i* h aris5 f !m by ! =mation ( alveoles 9 ! calymma 7,nassella & ,?alassicolla7 also correspond4 ,! orig9 ( ! simple/ ,nassellida f ^! primitive ,?alassicollida may be expla9$ by suppos+ t ! num]\s 7=m]ly ev5ly di/ribut$7 pores ( ! capsule membrane became oblit]at$ 9 ! upp] 7apical7 half ( ! c5tral capsule1 :il/ 9 ! l[] 7basal7 half !y became correspond+ly m /rongly develop$2 h5ce ! poro*ora 0 =m$ at ! oral pole ( ! v]tical ma9 axis1 & a diff]5tiation ( ! endoplasm proce$+ f ?is gave rise to ! *>act]i/ic podoconus4 ,bo? ^! organs /ill at pres5t exhibit v v>i\s degrees ( progressive developm5t4 cxvii#ahj4 ,hypo!tical ,g5ealogical ,tree ( ! ,nassell>ia4 ,,cyrtoidea4 ,,botryodea ,triradiata ,pylobotryida ,podocampida ,eradiata ,multiradiata ,,spyroidea ,li?ocampida ,phormocampida ,&rospyrida ,li?obotryida ,podocyrtida ,!ocyrtida ,phormocyrtida ,?olospyrida ,cannobotryida ,tripocyrtida ,phormospyrida ,se?ocyrtida ,an?ocyrtida ,tripocalpida ,cyrtocalpida ,phnocalpida ------- ,,/ephoidea --------------------- ,zygospyrida 7,spyroidea triradiata7 ,tympanida ,tripocalpida 7,cyrtoidea triradiata monocyrtida7 ,coronida ---------------------------------------- ------- ,semantida ----- ,cyrtell>ia ,cort9iscus ,/ephanida ----------- ,cort9a 99--------- ,cort9ida 7,,plectell>ia7 7,cort9a7 ,plectaniscus ---- ,plagoniscus ---- ,tetraplecta ---- ,tetraplagia ---- ,,plectoidea ,plectanida ,plectophora ---- ,plagiacan?a ---- ,triplecta ---- ,triplagia ---- ,plagonida ,nassoidea 7,nassellida7 ,nassella 7,cy/idium7 ,actissa cxviii#aha4 ,plectell>ia & ,cyrtell>ia4--,! ext5sive legion ,,nassell>ia f> surpasses ! o!r ?ree legions 9 ! endless v>iety ( its skeletal /ructures1 & ow+ to ! complicat$ relation%ips ( its num]\s families pres5ts no lack ( difficult phylog5etic problems4 ,all ,,nassell>ia may be divid$ fir/ into two ma9 gr\ps or sublegions1 ,plectell>ia & ,cyrtell>ia2 ! latt] hav+ a complete lattice-%ell1 ! =m] n4 ,probably ! ,cyrtell>ia h be5 polyphyletically develop$ f sev]al diff]5t gr\ps ( ,plectell>ia4 ,^! gr\ps are1 h[ev]1 connect$ 9 su* manifold ways t a monophyletic orig9 ( all ! ,,nassell>ian skeletons f "o orig9al elem5t is possible4 ,su* a primitive elem5t may h be5 furni%$ by any "o ( ?ree diff]5t skeletal p>ts1 ! sagittal r+1 ! basal tripod1 & ! lattic$ cephalis 7comp>e pp4 #hia-hie1 ,bts*li1 ,l4 ,n4 #dj1 #da74 #ahb4 ,phylog5etic ,skeletal ,elem5ts ( ! ,nassell>ia4--,! multi=m skeleton ( ! ,,nassell>ia may be ref]r$ 9 diff]5t ways to "o ( ! ?ree above-m5tion$ /ructural elem5ts4 ,ea* ( ^! 7p4 #hia7 may by itself =m ! skeleton2 ! sagittal r+ 9 ! simple/ ,/ephoidea 7,ar*icircus1 ,li?ocircus71 ! basal tripod 9 ! simple/ ,plectoidea 7,triplagia1 ,plagiacan?a71 ! lattic$ cephalis 9 ! simple/ ,cyrtoidea 7,cyrtocalpis1 ,ar*icapsa74 ,9 ! great majority ( ! ,,nassell>ia1 h[ev]1 two ( ^! elem5ts1 or ev5 all ?ree1 are f\nd comb9$4 ,9 mo/ ,cyrtell>ia1 m especially1 bo? ! sagittal r+ & ! basal tripod may be recognis$ 9 ! lattice-%ell1 ?\gh (t5 only 9 slight rudim5ts or sc>cely p]ceptible traces4 ,9 ! ,plectell>ia also 7:i* possess no lattic$ cephalis7 !re are individual g5]a ) complete developm5t bo? ( ! sagittal r+ & basal tripod2 ?is important comb9ation is especially well repres5t$ 9 ! ,cort9ida 7,cort9a1 ,cort9iscus1 ,/ephanium1 ,/ephaniscus1 ,tripocoronis1 c474 ,! greate/ difficulty z reg>ds ! phylog5y ( ! ,,nassell>ia lies 9 ! fact t ! mo/ v>i\s comb9ations ( ! ?ree elem5ts are pres5t$ by closely relat$ or v simil> =ms4 ,if1 9 spite ( ?is1 a monophyletic hypo!sis z to ! orig9 ( ! ,,nassell>ia seems ess5tial all sides ( ! ?ree possible hypo!ses mu/ receive full consid]ation & critical comp>ison 7 #ahc-aia74 #ahc4 ,asc5t ( ! ,nassell>ia f ! ,plectoidea4--,! monophyletic hypo!sis 7,no4 #b1 p4 #hic7 :i* reg>ds ! basal tripod z ! common orig9 ( ! skeleton ( all ,,nassell>ia1 />ts f ! simple/ =ms ( ! ,plectoidea 7,triplagia1 ,plagoniscus1 ,triplecta1 ,plectaniscus1 c41 ,pl4 #ia74 ,all ,plectoidea may be imm$iately d]iv$ z div]g+ twigs ( ^!1 z well z all triradial & multiradial =ms ( ,cyrtoidea & ,spyroidea2 = 9 all ^! cases ! di/9ctive triradial 7or ! d]iv$ multiradial7 =m ( skeleton appe>s directly d]ivable f ! simple basal tripod ( ! =m]4 ,! same is p]haps also true ( _m ,botryodea4 cxix,fur!rmore1 c]ta9 important =ms ( ,/ephoidea 7,cort9a1 ,cort9iscus1 ,/ephanium1 ,/ephaniscus1 c471 :i* h a *>act]i/ic comb9ation ( ! sagittal r+ & basal tripod1 may be imm$iately d]iv$ f su* =ms ( ,plectoidea z ,plagoniscus cort9>is1 ,plagioc>pa procort9a1 ,plectaniscus cort9iscus1 c4 ,on ! contr>y1 ^? ,/ephoidea & ,cyrtoidea 9 :i* ! basal tripod is want+ c only be d]iv$ f ! ,plectoidea by ! assumption t ?is /ructure has disappe>$ 9 consequ5ce ( phylog5etic deg5]ation4 ,! monophyletic d]ivation ( ! ,,nassell>ia f ! ,plectoidea has m int]nal probability ?an t f ! ,/ephoidea1 s9ce x is easi] to suppose t ! ,cort9ida 7,cort9a1 ,/ephanium1 c47 h be5 d]iv$ f ! ,plectoidea 7,plagoniscus1 ,plagioc>pa7 ?an ! conv]se4 ,?is view is ! basis ( ! hypo!tical tree %[n 9 #ahj4 #ahd4 ,asc5t ( ! ,nassell>ia f ! ,/ephoidea4--,! monophyletic hypo!sis 7,no4 #a1 p4 #hic7 :i* reg>ds ! prim>y sagittal r+ z ! common />t+ po9t ( ! skeleton 9 all ,,nassell>ia1 />ts f ! simple/ =ms ( ,/ephoidea 7,ar*icircus1 ,li?ocircus1 c41 ,pl4 #ha74 ,all ,/ephoidea & ,spyroidea may be imm$iately d]iv$ f ^!1 z also ! majority ( ! ,cyrtoidea & probably ( ! ,botryodea4 ,^? num]\s =ms ( ! la/ two gr\ps1 h[ev]1 :i* possess no trace ( a sagittal r+1 c only be d]iv$ f ! =m] by ! supposition t ! latt] has completely disappe>$ 9 9 consequ5ce ( gradual phylog5etic deg5]ation4 ,! same holds true also ( ! ,plectoidea1 al?\gh c]ta9 =ms 7e4g41 ,plagioc>pa procort9a1 ,pl4 #ia1 fig4 #e2 ,plectaniscus cort9iscus1 ,pl4 #ia1 fig4 #i7 appe> to indicate ! comm5c+ =mation ( ! sagittal r+ by ! concresc5ce ( two bran*es1 :i* approa* ea* o!r f ! upp] "p ( ! apical rod & ! v5tral "p ( ! basal rod4 ,9 any case1 x is a fact ( great phylog5etic significance1 t ! prim>y sagittal r+ 9 ! cephalis ( ! ,cyrtoidea %[s all conceivable /ages ( deg5]ation 7comp>e ,bts*li1 ,l4 ,n4 #dj1 #da1 z well z ! g5]al acc\nt ( & critical comp>ison ( ! ,,nassell>ia1 pp4 #hhi-hie1 c474 #ahe4 ,asc5t ( ! ,nassell>ia f ! ,cyrtoidea4--,! monophyletic hypo!sis 7,no4 #c1 p4 #hid7 :i* reg>ds ! lattic$ cephalis z ! common po9t ( orig9 ( all ! skeletons ( ! ,,nassell>ia1 />ts f ! simple/ =ms ( ! ,cyrtoidea1 t is1 f ! ,cyrtocalpida or eradial ,monocyrtida 7,ar*icorida1 ,ar*icapsida1 ,pls4 #ea1 #eb1 #ih74 ,all ,cyrtoidea & ,botryodea may be reg>d$ z div]g5t =ms ( ^! mono?alam\s ,cyrtoidea2 ! poly?alam\s simply by ! addition ( fre% jo9ts at ! basal pole1 ! triradiate & multiradiate by ! developm5t ( ?ree or m apophyses4 ,! orig9 ( ! sagittal r+ 7:i* pres5ts e /age ( developm5t & deg5]ation 9 ! ,cyrtoidea7 may be reg>d$ z a me*anical ?ick5+ ( ! lattic$ plate 9 ! sagittal circumf]5ce ( ! cephalis4 ,by /rong] cxxdevelopm5t ( ?is r+ & co9cid5t sagittal con/riction ( ! cephalis ! ord] ,spyroidea may be d]iv$ f ! ,cyrtoidea4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,plectell>ia1 :i* possess no cephalis1 & inde$ no complete lattice-%ell :atev]1 may be d]iv$ f ! ,monocyrtida by ! assumption ( a deg5]ation ( ?is /ructure2 ! sagittal r+ hav+ be5 pres]v$ 9 ! ,/ephoidea1 & ! tripod ( ! ,tripocalpida 9 ! ,plectoidea4 ,al?\gh su* a monophyletic d]ivation ( ! ,,nassell>ia f ! ,cyrtocalpida is possible1 & ?\gh "h1 too1 ! ,cort9ida play an important "p z connect+ l9ks1 ?is hypo!sis has less int]nal probability ?an t ( ! d]ivation f ! ,/ephoidea 7 #ahd7 or ,plectoidea 7 #ahc74 #ahf4 ,g5ealogical ,tree ( ! ,plectoidea4--,! ord] ,plectoidea includes ^? ,,nassell>ia ^: rudim5t>y skeleton does n conta9 ! *>act]i/ic sagittal r+ ( ! ,/ephoidea1 b consi/s ( sev]al 7at lea/ ?ree7 radial sp9es1 :i* proce$ f a po9t 9 ! c5tre ( ! poro*ora4 ,! bran*es ( ^! radial sp9es rema9 free 9 ! ,plagonida1 :il/ 9 ! ,plectanida !y unite ) ea* o!r to =m a loose me%work 7n1 h[ev]1 a complete lattice-%ell74 ,! numb] & arrangem5t ( ! radial sp9es1 :i* s]ve = g5]ic di/9ctions1 are ! same 9 bo? families1 s t ea* g5us ( ! ,plectanida has aris5 f a correspond+ g5us ( ! ,plagonida4 ,! simple/ ,plagonida1 :i* possess a basal tripod 7,triplagia or ,plagiacan?a ) ?ree rays1 ,tetraplagia ) f\r rays7 are probably to be reg>d$ z =m+ ! common orig9 ( ! :ole ord]4 ,^! agree ) c]ta9 ?ree- & f\r-ray$ skeletal pieces ( ! ,beloidea 7,?alassosphrida & ,sphrozoida72 & also ! f\r & six-ray$ tw9n$ pieces ( ! latt] 7spicula bigem9a & trigem9a7 repeat 9 ! same fa%ion ! skeleton ( ! =m] 7,plagonidium1 ,plagonium74 ,?is simil>ity1 h[ev]1 is a m]e analogy & possesses no phylog5etic significance4 ,on ! o!r h&1 c]ta9 ,plagonida 7,plagoniscus1 ,plagioc>pa71 & ! correspond+ g5]a ( ,plectanida 7,plectaniscus1 ,p]iplecta7 seem to h important phylog5etic relations to c]ta9 ,/ephoidea 7,cort9a1 ,cort9iscus1 c472 ! sagittal r+ ( ! latt] hav+ p]haps aris5 by ! v]tical apical sp9e ( ! =m] hav+ be5 connect$ ) _! horizontal basal rod by two v5tral apophyses gr[+ out opposite to ea* o!r 7comp>e pp4 #ijb1 #iad1 ,plagioc>pa procort9a1 ,pl4 #ia1 fig4 #e74 ,9 ?is case ! ,plectanida w\ld belong to ! simple/ /em-=ms ( ! ,,nassell>ia4 #ahg4 ,g5ealogical ,tree ( ! ,/ephoidea4--,! ord] ,/ephoidea includes all ^? ,,nassell>ia ^: skeleton does n =m a complete lattice-%ell1 b consi/s ( "o or m r+s1 & (t5 ( a loose me%work :i* arises by ! union ( bran*es ( ! r+s4 ,a v]tical sagittal r+ is con/antly pres5t1 embrac+ ! c5tral capsule 9 ! m$ian sagittal plane1 & =m+ at its basal pole v>i\s processes1 ! />t+ po9t = o!r skeletal =ms4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! is ! tripodal ,cort9a cxxi7p4 #iej1 #ahb74 ,! ,/ephanida are ! mo/ ar*aic family among ! ,/ephoidea 7p4 #icg1 ,pl4 #ha71 p]haps inde$ among all ! ,,nassell>ia 7 #ahd72 9 !m ! sagittal r+ & its processes alone con/itute ! skeleton2 second>y r+s & me%es are want+4 ,two div]g+ families1 ! ,semantida & ,coronida1 h be5 develop$ f ! ,/ephanida1 & f "o ( !m ! family ,tympanida has aris54 ,! ,semantida 7p4 #iec1 ,pl4 #ib7 develop a horizontal basal r+ at ! oral side ( ! v]tical sagittal r+2 ! basal me%es or lattice gates1 :i* rema9 betwe5 ! =m] & ! latt]1 are ! important cort9> pores 7"o pair jugul>1 "o pair c>d9al1 p4 #ied72 !y usually appe> inh]it$ 9 ! cort9> septum ( ! ,cyrtell>ia4 ,9 ! ,coronida 7p4 #ifg1 ,pls4 #hb1 #id7 a second v]tical r+ 7! frontal r+7 appe>s 9 addition to ! sagittal r+2 x lies 9 ! frontal plane at "r angles to ! latt]4 ,f9ally ! ,tympanida 7p4 #ihg1 ,pls4 #ic1 #id7 h probably aris5 f ! ,semantida by ! =mation ( a second horizontal r+ 7mitral r+7 p>allel to ! basal & atta*$ to ! upp] portion ( ! sagittal r+4 #ahh4 ,g5ealogical ,tree ( ! ,spyroidea4--,! ext5sive ord] ,spyroidea is ( especial int]e/ 9 connection ) ! phylog5y ( ! ,,nassell>ia1 s9ce all its memb]s %[ two well-develop$ skeletal elem5ts 9 comb9ation1 ! sagittal r+ ( ! ,/ephoidea & ! lattic$ cephalis ( ! ,cyrtoidea2 ! majority possess also ! basal tripod ( ! ,plectoidea 7or a radial skeleton d]iv$ f x74 ,h5ce !re is a possibility ( d]iv+ ! /em-=ms ( ! ,spyroidea f ea* ( ^! ?ree gr\ps4 ,! f\r families ( ?is ord] exhibit simil> relation%ips to ^? ( ! f\r families ( ,cyrtoidea2 ! common /em-gr\p is ! family ,zygospyrida2 f ?is ! ,?olospyrida h aris5 by ! developm5t ( a galea on ! apical pole1 ! ,phormospyrida by ! addition ( a ?orax on ! basal pole4 ,! ,&rospyrida may be d]iv$ ei!r f ! ,?olospyrida by ! =mation ( a basal ?orax1 or f ! ,phormospyrida by ! developm5t ( an apical galea4 ,"s gr\ps1 h[ev]1 su* z ! peculi> ,nephrospyrida 7,pl4 #ij7 h probably be5 develop$ directly f ! ,/ephoidea4 #ahi4 ,g5ealogical ,tree ( ! ,botryodea4--,! peculi> ord] ,botryodea 7p4 #aajc71 :i* is bo? difficult to inve/igate & insuffici5tly kn[n1 pres5ts great phylog5etic difficulties bo? z to its asc5t & desc5t4 ,probably ! diff]5t g5]a ( ?is ord] h be5 polyphyletically develop$ f diff]5t gr\ps ( ,cyrtoidea 7p]haps also to "s ext5t ( ,spyroidea7 by ! =mation ( lobes 9 ! cephalis4 ,! ?ree families ( ,botryodea are relat$ to ea* o!r 9 ! same way z are ! ?ree fir/ families ( ! ,cyrtoidea4 ,f ! s+le-jo9t$ ,cannobotryida 7correspond+ to ! ,monocyrtida71 ! two-jo9t$ ,li?obotryida 7correspond+ to ! ,dicyrtida71 may be d]iv$ by ! developm5t ( a basal ?orax1 & f ! latt] ! ?ree-jo9t$ ,pylobotryida 7l ! ,tricyrtida7 by ! addition ( an abdom54 ,9 ! la/ two families ! =ms ) an op5 basal m\? cxxii7,botryopylida & ,botryocyrtida7 are to be reg>d$ z primitive3 ! ,botryocellida & ,botryocampida h aris5 by ! closure ( ?is m\? ) a basal lattice-plate4 #aij4 ,g5ealogical ,tree ( ! ,cyrtoidea4--,! multi=m & ext5sive gr\p ,cyrtoidea pres5ts ! greate/ difficulties to be f\nd 9 ! phylog5y ( ! ,,nassell>ia1 because _! morphological relations are mo/ complicat$1 & because simil> =ms v (t5 appe> to be ( q diff]5t orig94 ,! great majority ( ! ,cyrtoidea %[ m or less cle>ly a comb9ation ( ! ?ree /ructural elem5ts3 sagittal r+1 basal tripod1 & lattic$ cephalis 7p4 #hia74 ,!re are also1 h[ev]1 num]\s ,cyrtoidea1 ^: skeleton no long] %[s any trace ( ! sagittal r+4 ,_m ( ^! %[ z ! basis ( ! skeleton a /rong basal tripod ) an apical sp9e1 ar\nd :i* ! cephalis has obvi\sly be5 second>ily develop$1 e4g41 ! rem>kable ,eusc5ida 7p4 #aadf1 ,pls4 #ec1 #ig7 & ! int]e/+ ,callimitrida 7p4 #abag1 ,pls4 #fc1 #fd74 ,^! may h be5 d]iv$ imm$iately f ! ,plectoidea )\t any relation to ! ,/ephoidea4 ,!re are also num]\s true ,monocyrtida1 ^: %ell consi/s ( a simple lattic$ cephalis )\t a trace ( ! sagittal r+ or basal tripod 7,cyrtocalpida1 ,pl4 #ea1 figs4 #i-ac2 ,pl4 #ih1 fig4 #ac72 ^! may h be5 develop$ directly f ! skeletonless ,nassellida by ! =mation ( a simple ovoid ,gromia-l %ell1 & may h no relation ei!r to ! ,/ephoidea or ,plectoidea4 ,on ^! gr\nds1 z well z f ! complicat$ relation%ips ( ! _m small] gr\ps ( ,cyrtoidea1 x is probable t ! :ole ord] has be5 develop$ polyphyletically f diff]5t divisions ( ! ,plectell>ia4 #aia4 ,sy/ematic ,arrangem5t ( ! ,cyrtoidea4--,al?\gh = ! reasons j giv5 no sy/ematic arrangem5t ( ! ,cyrtoidea c at pres5t1 or = a long "t 9 ! future1 be reg>d$ z o!r ?an artificial1 yet "s g5]al pr9ciples ( classification = ?is ext5sive gr\p c be laid d[n1 :i* may s]ve z />t+ po9ts = "s future natural disposition4 ,?is is especially true ( ! relations :i* 9 an artificial sy/em 7p4 #aabi7 7 prim>ily utilis$ = ! di/9ction ( twelve families & tw5ty-f\r subfamilies2 ! numb] ( segm5ts 9 ! %ell1 ! numb] ( radial apophyses 7& p>am]es71 & ! con/itution ( ! basal ap]ture ( ! %ell4 ,z reg>ds ! numb] ( segm5ts1 sep>at$ by transv]se con/rictions1 ( :i* ! %ell is compos$1 x is dep5d5t ^u ! second>y addition ( new jo9ts at ! basal pole ( ! ma9 axis4 ,h5ce all _m-jo9t$ ,cyrtoidea are to be d]iv$ f s+le-jo9t$ ones1 & ! f\r sections ?us di/+ui%$ 7,monocyrtida1 ,dicyrtida1 ,tricyrtida1 ,/i*ocyrtida7 =m a phylog5etic s]ies4 ,v (t51 h[ev]1 ! prim>y cephalis disappe>s ow+ to retrograde metamorphosis2 & 9 su* cases ! s+le jo9t ( ! app>5t ,monocyrtida is =m$ ( ! ?orax 7e4g41 cxxiii,pls4 #eb1 #ed1 c474 ,z reg>ds ! numb] ( radial apophyses1 ?ree sections ( ,cyrtoidea may be di/+ui%$2 ! ,pilocyrtida ) ?ree1 ! ,a/rocyrtida ) num]\s apophyses1 & ! ,corocyrtida ) none 7p4 #aabi74 ,! la/ two may 9 g5]al be reg>d$ z two div]g5t bran*es f ! fir/1 = ! eradiate ,corocyrtida h probably be5 =m$ f ! triradial ,pilocyrtida by entire loss ( ! radial apophyses1 :il/ on ! o!r h& ! multiradiate ,a/rocyrtida h aris5 f !m by additions to ! prim>y apophyses 7int]polation ( int]radial betwe5 ! p]radial ones74 ,z reg>ds ! con/itution ( ! %ell-ap]ture1 ! ,cyrtoidea may be divid$ into ,cyrtap]ta & ,cyrtoclausa 7p4 #aabi72 9 g5]al ! ,cyrtoclausa 7) lattic$ %ell-ap]ture7 h aris5 f ! ,cyrtap]ta 7) simple op5 m\?72 9 _m ,monocyrtida ! conv]se may be suppos$1 ! simple basal m\? hav+ be5 =m$ by deg5]ation ( a basal lattice4 #aib4 ,phylog5y ( ! ,phod>ia4--,! legion ,,ph,,od>ia or ,,cannopylea is s cle>ly m>k$ (f f o!r ,radiol>ia by ! d\ble membrane ( ! c5tral capsule & ! a/ropyle at its oral pole1 z well z by ! extracapsul> phodium1 t x mu/ be reg>d$ phylog5etically z an indep5d5t /em 7 #i74 ,?is /em is only connect$ at its root by ,phod9a ) ! /em-=m ( ! ,,spumell>ia1 ,actissa4 ,! /em itself is monophyletic1 inasmu* x its memb]s may be d]iv$ )\t viol5ce f ! skeletonless ,phod9ida 7,phod9a1 ,phocolla74 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! =mation ( ! skeleton ( ! ,,ph,,od>ia is und\bt$ly polyphyletic1 diff]5t ,phod9ida hav+ indep5d5tly comm5c$ ! =mation ( a skeleton & hav+ c>ri$ x out 9 v diff]5t ways4 #aic4 ,orig9 ( ! ,phod>ia4--,! ,phod9ida 7p4 #aedd1 ,pl4 #aja71 :i* may naturally be reg>d$ z ! common /em-gr\p ( ! ,,ph,,od>ia1 h _! ne>e/ relations among o!r ,radiol>ia 9 ! ,?alassicollida 7p4 #aj72 & s9ce ?is family is to be reg>d$ z ! primitive gr\p ( all ,radiol>ia1 !y may be directly d]iv$ f !m phylog5etically4 ,! ess5tial modifications by :i* ! primitive ,phod9ida h aris5 f ! m ar*aic ,?alassicollida are ( ?ree k9ds2 7#a7 ! d\bl+ ( ! membrane ( ! c5tral capsule2 7#b7 ! r$uction ( ! num]\s f9e pores 9 ! membrane & ! =mation ( an osculum1 & ( an a/ropyle clos+ x1 at ! oral pole ( ! ma9 axis2 7#c7 ! production ( an extracapsul> phodium4 ,?is la/ may1 p]haps1 be reg>d$ z a unilat]al hyp]trophy ( ! volum9\s pigm5t masses :i* are deposit$ 9 ! s>comatrix ( c]ta9 ,?alassicollida4 ,( ! two g5]a ( ,phod9ida hi!rto kn[n1 probably ,phod9a 7,pl4 #aja1 fig4 #b7 approa*es ! orig9al /em ( ! ,,ph,,od>ia m ne>ly ?an ,phocolla 7,pl4 #aja1 fig4 #a71 = ! latt] exhibits only ! l>ge ma9 op5+ ( ! c5tral capsule 7a/ropyle71 :il/ ! =m] possesses also a pair ( accessory op5+s 7p>apyl74 ,! hypo!tical /em-=m 7,phometra7 presumably _h a l>g] numb] ( small p>apyl 7l _m ,circoporida & ,tusc>orida71 & ! a/ropyle 0 probably b little diff]5tiat$ f !m4 cxxiv#aid4 ,hypo!tical ,g5ealogical tree ( ! ,phod>ia3-- ,,ph,,ocon*ia ,,ph,,osph,,ria ,coeloplegmida ,,ph,,ogromia ,aul>ida ,tusc>orida ,aulonida ,coelodrymida --- ,coelo?olida ,coelographida ,haeckel9ida ,con*opsida ,coelodorida ,aulosphrida ,coelod5drida ,circogonida ------- ,con*asmida ,con*>ida ,sagm>ida ----------- ---- ,cannosphrida ,ca/anellida ,circoporida ,orosc5ida ,con*>ida ------- ,sag5ida ,sagophrida ,gazellettida ,oronida ,ph>yngellida ,orosphrida ------------- --------------- ,euphysettida ,m$usettida ,li?ogromida ,*all5g]ida ,phod9ida ,,ph,,ocy/9a ---------- ,aulacan?ida ,cannobelida ,cat9ulida ---------- ,dictyo*ida ------------ ,phod9ida ,cannorrhaphida ,phod9ida ---------------------------------------- -- ,phod9a 7,phometra7 ,actissa cxxv#aie4 ,phocy/9a & ,phocosc9a4--,:il/ ! malacoma ( all ,,ph,,od>ia possesses ! *>act]i/ics ( ! legion1 & h5ce ju/ifies ! assumption ( a monophyletic orig91 ! skeleton1 on ! o!r h&1 %[s 9 ! diff]5t gr\ps su* manifold & fundam5tal v>iations t a polyphyletic orig9 ( ! latt] is indubitable4 ,diff]5t ,phod9ida h comm5c$ ! =mation ( ! skeleton indep5d5tly1 & x has progress$ 9 diff]5t directions4 ,9 ! ,phocy/9a x rema9$ incomplete & l$ to ! =mation ( v>i\s ,beloid skeletons1 :il/ ! ,phocosc9a develop$ complete lattice-%ells4 ,bo? ( ^! divisions too are to be reg>d$ z polyphyletic1 s9ce ! skeletal =ms ( ! diff]5t gr\ps _c be d]iv$ )\t viol5ce f a common primitive =m4 #aif4 ,phocy/9a ) a ,beloid ,skeleton4--,! ord] ,phocy/9a includes all ,,ph,,od>ia :i* h no complete lattice-%ell2 x conta9s1 fir/ly1 ! skeletonless ,phod9ida 7! common /em-gr\p ( ! legion71 & secondly1 ! ,phacan?ida1 or ,,ph,,od>ia ) a ,beloid skeleton 7 #aae74 ,! latt] are divisible into sev]al v diff]5t gr\ps 7at lea/ two or ?ree7 :i* are probably diff]5t 9 orig94 ,! ,aulacan?ida 7,pls4 #ajb-aje7 =m radial tubes :i* p]=ate ! calymma1 _! proximal end re/+ ^u ! surface ( ! c5tral capsule1 :il/ ! di/al extremity projects freely outw>ds4 ,! skeleton ( ! ,cannorrhaphida1 on ! o!r h&1 is compos$ ( _m sep>ate portions :i* are nev] radially arrang$ b are ei!r plac$ tang5tially to ! surface ( ! calymma or scatt]$ irregul>ly 9 its gelat9\s mass4 ,fur!rmore1 9 ! ?ree subfamilies ( :i* ?is family is compos$1 ! individual skeletal portions are s diff]5t t !y h probably aris5 indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r2 9 ! ,cannobelida !y =m cyl9drical tang5tial tubes 7,pl4 #aja1 figs4 #c-e71 9 ! ,cat9ulida flat bas9 or cap-l /ructures 7,pl4 #aag1 fig4 #h71 9 ! ,dictyo*ida holl[ r+s1 f :i* small pyramids are develop$ by unilat]al =mation ( lattice-"w 7,pl4 #aja1 figs4 #i-ad2 ,pl4 #aad1 figs4 #g-ab74 #aig4 ,phosphria ) a ,sphroid ,skeleton4--,! ord] ,phosphria includes ^? ,,ph,,od>ia :i* possess a sph]ical 7sometimes slightly modifi$7 lattice-%ell )\t ! *>act]i/ic ap]ture ( ! ,phogromia4 ,!y h probably aris5 indep5d5tly ( ^!1 ?\gh !y may h be5 d]iv$ f ! ,ca/anellida by loss ( ! %ell-ap]ture1 :i* 0 pres5t orig9ally4 ,! f\r families :i* we h di/+ui%$ among ! ,phosphria1 are s diff]5t 9 ! /ructure ( _! lattice-%ell t _! phylog5etic connection is d\btful4 ,9 ! ,orosphrida 7,pls4 #ajf1 #ajg7 & ! ,sagosphrida 7,pl4 #ajh7 ! :ole lattice-%ell consi/s ( a s+le piece & is unjo9t$ 7)\t a/ral septa72 9 ! =m] x is v firm & massive1 ) ?ick lam9at$ trabecul & polygonal me%es2 9 ! latt] x is v delicate & brittle1 ) fili=m trabecul & l>ge cxxvitriangul> me%es4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! volum9\s %ell ( ! ,aulosphrida 7,pls4 #aji-aaa71 & ( ! ,cannosphrida 7,pl4 #aab71 is *>act]is$ by a v peculi> sy/em ( jo9ts2 x is compos$ ( num]\s sep>ate cyl9drical tubes1 :i* are plac$ tang5tially & unit$ at ! nodes by /ellate p>titions or a/ral septa4 ,! ,cannosphrida possess fur!r a simple c5tral ,cyrtoid %ell1 connect$ ) ! out] jo9t$ %ell by holl[ radial trabecul4 ,s9ce _m ,aulosphrida possess rudim5ts ( su* c5tripetal trabecul x is possible t ^! latt] h be5 d]iv$ f ! =m] by ! loss ( ! c5tral ,cyrtoid %ell2 ! =mation ( ?is monaxon %ell p]haps indicates desc5t f ! ,phogromia 7,ca/anellida74 #aih4 ,phogromia ) a ,cyrtoid ,skeleton4--,t ord] ( ! ,,ph,,od>ia :i* we designate ,phogromia1 conta9s _m v diff]5t =ms1 all agree+ 9 ! possession ( a ,cyrtoid skeleton1 or a monaxon lattice-%ell1 :i* has a l>ge ap]ture at "o pole ( its v]tical ma9 axis 7 #abc74 ,?is ,cyrtoid skeleton is sometimes ovoid or conical1 sometimes l5ti=m or helmet-%ap$1 sometimes polyh$ral or almo/ sph]ical4 ,al?\gh ! pr9ciple ( its /ructure is simple & (t5 l t ( ! ,monocyrtida among ! ,,nassell>ia1 yet ! /ructure ( ! wall & ( ! apophyses is s diff]5t 9 ! v>i\s gr\ps ( ! ,phogromia1 t ! ord] is probably polyphyletic1 & its ,cyrtoid %ells h aris5 indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r4 ,only 9 ! ,ca/anellida 7,pl4 #aac7 does ! %ell-wall usually consi/ ( simple lattice-"w2 9 ! ,*all5g]ida1 on ! o!r h& 7,pl4 #ii71 x has an extremely f9e ,diatom-l /ructure2 9 ! ,m$usettida 7,pls4 #aah-abh7 a peculi> alveol> /ructure1 & 9 ! ,circoporida 7,pls4 #aad-aag7 & ,tusc>orida 7,pl4 #ajj7 x possesses a *>act]i/ic porcellan\s con/itution 7) tang5tial spicules 9 a por\s cem5t-mass72 9 ! latt] ( ^! gr\ps ! surface is smoo?1 9 ! =m] peculi>ly tabulate2 ! two families h also diff]5t /em-=ms4 #aii4 ,phocon*ia ) a ,con*oid ,%ell4--,! ord] ,phocon*ia 7,pls4 #aba-abh7 is sep>at$ n only f all o!r ,,ph,,od>ia1 b also f all o!r ,radiol>ia1 by ! possession ( a bivalv$ %ell resembl+ t ( a ,lamellibran*2 ! two valves ( ?is ,con*oid skeleton are to be int]pret$ z dorsal & v5tral 7 #abh74 ,probably ^! bivalv$ %ells are indep5d5t products1 b possibly !y may h be5 =m$ by ! bisection ( a simple sph]ical lattice-%ell2 9 ! =m] case ! ,phocon*ia w\ld be directly desc5d$ f ! ,phod9ida1 9 ! latt] f ! ,ca/anellida4 ,! ?ree families :i* we h di/+ui%$ among ! ,phocon*ia1 probably con/itute a connect$ /em1 ! mo/ primitive gr\p ( :i* are ! ,con*>ida 7,pls4 #abc-abe74 ,f ^! ! ,coelod5drida 7,pls4 #aba1 #abb7 h next aris5 by ! =mation ( a galea ^u ! apex ( ea* valve1 & ! gr[? ( holl[ tubes f ?is helmet-l /ructure4 ,f9ally1 ! ,coelographida cxxvii7,pls4 #abj-abh7 h be5 develop$ f ! ,coelod5drida by ! =mation ( a basal nasal tube 7rh9ocanna7 f ea* galea1 & ! =mation ( a m$ian or pair$ fr5ulum1 :i* connects ! op5+ ( ! nasal tube ) ! apex ( ! galea4 ,9 ! ,coelod5drida1 z well z 9 ! ,coelographida1 !re are two diff]5t subfamilies1 ( :i* ! m primitive 7,coelodorida1 ,coelo?olida7 h free bran*es f ! holl[ radial tubes1 :il/ ! m rec5t 7,coelodrymida1 ,coeloplegmida7 =m an out] bivalv$ %ell by ana/omosis ( ! bran*es ( ! tubes4 #bjj4 ,! ,fundam5tal ,biog5etic ,law4--,! causal connection betwe5 ontog5y & phylog5y1 :i* f9ds its mo/ precise /atem5t 9 ! fundam5tal biog5etic law1 holds 9 g5]al = ! ,radiol>ia z = all o!r organisms4 ,9 ord] to furni% direct pro( ( ?is1 h[ev]1 a complete empirical k bo? ( individual & ( palontological developm5t w\ld be necess>y4 ,9 bo? ^! directions1 z has be5 %[n 9 ! =ego+ *apt]s1 our k ( ! ,radiol>ia is v incomplete & fragm5t>y1 b /ill we are able to conv9ce ourselves indirectly ( ! validity ( ! law z appli$ to ,radiol>ia by ! aid ( comp>ative anatomy4 ,?is is n[ s fully kn[n to u 7 #a-adj7 t we are able n only to draw a complete & satisfactory picture ( _! morphology1 b also to arrive at mo/ important conclusions reg>d+ ! ontog5y & phylog5y ( ! individual gr\ps4 ,z reg>ds ! =mation ( ! multi=m skeleton ( ! ,radiol>ia1 mo/ ( ! ontog5etic s]ies ( =ms1 ) :i* we h become acqua9t$ by comp>ative anatomy1 are ( pal+5etic nature2 t is1 !y are prim>ily due to inh]itance & ?us ( direct phylog5etic significance4 ,on ! o!r h&1 among ! ontog5etic ph5om5a ( ! ,radiol>ia1 z f> z !y h yet be5 inve/igat$1 only v few are c5og5etic1 t is1 br\ght ab\t by adaptive modification & )\t direct significance z reg>ds phylog5y4 cxxviii,,physiological ,,section4 ---- ,,*apt] ,,vii4--,,vegetative ,,functions4 7 #bja-bag47 #bja4 ,me*anism ( ! ,functions4--,! vital ph5om5a ( ! ,radiol>ia are dep5d5t ^u ! me*anical functions ( _! unicellul> body1 & l ^? ( all o!r organisms1 are to be ref]r$ to physical & *emical natural laws4 ,all processes :i* appe> 9 ! life ( ! ,radiol>ia are1 !re=e1 ultimately to be expla9$ by ! attraction & repulsion ( ! smalle/ p>ticles1 :i* compose ! diff]5t portions ( _! unicellul> body2 & ! s5sation ( pleasure or ! opposite is 9 its turn ! excit+ cause ( ^! elem5t>y movem5ts4 ,_m adaptive arrangem5ts 9 ! ,radiol>ian organism may produce ! appe>ance ( be+ ! prem$itat$ result ( causes work+ t[>ds an end 7zweck?tig1 caus f9ales71 b z oppos$ to ?is deceptive appe>ance x mu/ "h be expressly /at$ t ^! may be recognis$ 9 accordance ) ! developm5tal !ory z ! necess>y consequ5ce ( me*anical causes 7caus effici5tes74 ,our physiological acqua9tance ) ! ,radiol>ia has by no means progress$ s f> z our morphological1 s t ! incomplete communications :i* are plac$ "h = ! sake ( complet5ess mu/ be reg>d$ m]ely z prelim9>y fragm5ts1 n z fully elaborat$ results4 ,s9ce my rec5t inve/igations h be5 ma9ly 9 ! direction ( morphology1 ,i c add b little to ! physiological conclusions1 :i* ,i /at$ at l5g? 9 my monograph tw5ty-f\r ye>s ago 7,l4 ,n4 #af1 pp4 #abg-afe74 ,rec5tly ! vegetative physiology ( ! ,radiol>ia has be5 mu* advanc$ by ! recognition ( ! symbiosis ) ! ,xan!ll 7 #bje1 ,l4 ,n4 #bb1 #ci1 #db74 ,9 addition ,k>l ,br&t has rec5tly 7#ahhe7 publi%$ sev]al important contributions to ! physiology ( ! ,polycytt>ia or ,spha]ozoea 7,l4 ,n4 #eb74 #bjb4 ,di/ribution ( ,functions4--,! di/ribution ( ! functions among ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! unicellul> organism ( ! ,radiol>ia corresponds directly to _! anatomical composition1 s t physiologically z well z morphologically ! c5tral capsule & ! extracapsulum appe> z ! two coord9at$ ma9 compon5ts4 ,on ! "o h& ! c5tral capsule ) its endoplasm & enclos$ nucleus is ! c5tral organ ( ! cell-s\l 7,zellseele71 ! unit regulat+ its animal & vegetative functions1 & ! special organ ( reproduction & inh]itance4 ,! extracapsulum =ms1 on ! o!r h&1 by its calymma ! protective envelope ( ! c5tral cxxixcapsule1 ! support ( ! s(t pseudopodia & ! sub/ratum ( ! skeleton2 ! calymma acts also z a hydro/atic app>atus1 :il/ ! radiat+ pseudopodia are ( ! greate/ importance bo? z organs ( nutrition & adaptation1 z well z ( motion & s5sation 7 #ae74 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! vital functions z a :ole be divid$ 9 accordance ) ! usual conv5tion into ! two great gr\ps ( vegetative 7nutrition & reproduction7 & animal 7motion & s5sation71 !n ! c5tral capsule w\ld be ma9ly ! organ ( reproduction & s5sation1 & ! extracapsulum ! organ ( nutrition & motion4 ,! num]\s sep>ate vital ph5om5a1 :i* by accurate physiological inve/igation may be di/+ui%$ 9 ! unicellul> ,radiol>ian organism1 may be di/ribut$ 9 ! above indicat$ conv5tional fa%ion into a few l>g] & sev]al small] gr\ps2 x mu/ always be borne 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t ^! ov]lap 9 _m respects1 & t ! division ( lab\r among ! diff]5t organs 9 ^! ,proti/a is some:at complicat$1 not)/&+ ! app>5t simplicity ( _! unicellul> organization4 ,a g5]al classification ( ! gr\ps ( functions is difficult1 because ea* individual organ dis*>ges sev]al diff]5t functions4 ,?us ! c5tral capsule is pre-em95tly ! organ ( reproduction & inh]itance1 b n less 7?\gh less conspicu\s7 is its importance z ! psy*ical c5tral organ1 ! unit regulat+ ! processes ( s5sation1 motion1 & also nutrition4 ,9 ?is la/ respect x is comp>able to ! n]ve-c5tres ( ! ,metazoa1 :il/ ! p]iph]al n]v\s sy/em ( ! latt] 7includ+ ! organs ( s5se & ! muscles7 are 9 ! pres5t in/ance repres5t$ by ! pseudopodia1 :i* are at ! same "t ! mo/ important organs ( nutrition & adaptation4 ,9 ! calymma also 9 simil> fa%ion sev]al diff]5t physiological functions are unit$4 #bjc4 ,meta/asis4--,! functions ( meta/asis & nutrition h 9 all ,radiol>ia a purely animal "*1 s t ^! ,rhizopoda f ! physiological /&po9t are to be reg>d$ z truly unicellul> animals1 or ,protozoa 7,ur?i]e74 ,s9ce !y d n possess1 l plants1 ! p[] ( =m+ syn!tically ! comp\nds 7protoplasm1 c>bohydrates1 c47 necess>y = _! su/5ance1 !y are compell$ to obta9 !m ready-=m$ f o!r organisms4 ,l o!r true animals !y evolve c>bon dioxide by ! p>tial oxidation ( ^? products1 & h5ce !y successively take up ! oxyg5 necess>y to _! exi/5ce f _! environm5t4 ,! "q :e!r ! ,radiol>ia are to be reg>d$ z true animals ,i discuss$ fully f v>i\s po9ts ( view 9 #ahfb1 & f9ally answ]$ 9 ! affirmative 7,l4 ,n4 #af1 pp4 #aei-afe74 ,aft]w>ds1 :5 9 my ,g5]elle ,morphologie 7#ahff7 ,i s\ght to e/abli% ! k+dom ,proti/a1 ,i remov$ ! ,radiol>ia along ) ! o!r ,rhizopoda f ! animal k+dom prop] & plac$ !m 9 ! k+dom ,proti/a 7,bd4 i4 pp4 #bae-bbj2 ,bd4 ii4 p4 xxix74 ,comp>e also my ,proti/5rei* 7,l4 ,n4 #cb7 & my ,natrli*e ,s*pfungsges*i*te 7vii4 ,aufl41 #ahgi1 p4 #cfd74 ,bo? ^! /eps appe> fully ju/ifi$ :5 consid]$ 9 ! light ( our pres5t increas$ k4 ,f ! physiological /&po9t ! ,radiol>ia appe> z unicellul> animals1 = 9 ?is respect ! animal "* ( _! meta/asis 7t prop] to an oxidis+ organism7 furni%es ! sole cxxxcrit]ion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 f ! morphological /&po9t1 !y are to be class$ z neutral ,proti/a1 = 9 ?is respect _! unicellul> "* is ! prom95t feature1 & di/+ui%es !m f all true multicellul> animals 7,metazoa74 ,comp>e my ,ga/ra ,!orie 7#ahgc1 ,j5a4 ,zeits*r4 fr ,naturwiss41 ,bd4 viii4 pp4 #bi1 #ec74 #bjd4 ,nutrition4--,! nutritive mat]ials :i* ! ,radiol>ia require = _! su/5ance1 especially album9ates 7plasma7 & c>bohydrates 7/>*1 c471 !y obta9 p>tly f =eign organisms :i* !y capture & dige/1 & p>tly directly f ! ,xan!ll or ,philozoa1 ! unicellul> ,alg1 ) :i* !y live 9 symbiosis 7 #bje74 ,zooxan!lla intracapsul>is1 f\nd 9 ! ,,acan?>ia 7 #gf71 is probably ( ! same significance 9 ?is respect z ,zooxan!lla extracapsul>is ( ! ,,spumell>ia & ,,nassell>ia 7 #ij72 & p]haps ! same is true also ( ,phodella extracapsul>is 7or ,zoo*lorella phod>is87 ( ! ,,ph,,od>ia 7 #hi74 ,! consid]able quantity ( />* or amyloid bodies1 elaborat$ by ^! inquil9e symbiontes1 z well z _! protoplasm & nucleus1 are available1 on _! dea?1 = ! nutrition ( ! ,radiol>ia :i* h>b\r !m4 ,nutrition by means ( o!r p>ticles obta9$ by ! pseudopodia f ! surr\nd+ m$ium is by no means exclud$2 inde$ x may be reg>d$ z c]ta9 t num]\s ,radiol>ia 7especially su* z conta9 no symbiotic ,algoid cells7 are n\ri%$ = ! mo/ "p or exclusively by ?is means4 ,diatoms1 ,infusoria1 ,?alamophora 7,=am9if]a7 z well z decay+ p>ticles ( animal & vegetable tissues c be seiz$ directly by ! pseudopodia & convey$ ei!r to ! s>codictyum 7on ! surface ( ! calymma7 or to ! s>comatrix 7on ! surface ( ! c5tral capsule7 9 ord] to und]go dige/ion !re4 ,! indige/ible con/itu5ts 7silice\s %ells ( ,diatoms & ,t9t9noidea1 calc>e\s %ells ( small ,mono?alamia & ,poly?alamia1 c47 are "h collect$ (t5 9 l>ge numb]s & remov$ by ! /ream+ ( ! protoplasm4 ,! inception & dige/ion ( nutrim5t1 z x usually appe>s to take place by ! pseudopodia1 has already be5 s fully treat$ 9 my ,monograph 7,l4 ,n4 #af1 pp4 #ace-adj71 & s9ce !n 9 my pap] on ! s>code body ( ! ,rhizopoda 7,l4 ,n4 #ai1 p4 #cdb71 t ,i h no?+ ( importance to add4 ,q rec5tly ,k>l ,br&t has express$ a d\bt z to :e!r ! tak+ up ( =m$ p>ticles by ! pseudopodia & _! aggregation 9 ! calymma be really connect$ ) ! process ( nutrition4 ,he is dispos$ r to believe t ^! =eign bodies are usually only accid5tally & me*anically br\ght into ! calymma1 & t ! n\ri%m5t ( ! ,radiol>ia is d]iv$ exclusively or pre-em95tly f ! symbiotic ,xan!ll 7,l4 ,n4 #eb1 pp4 #hh-ic74 ,i mu/1 h[ev]1 ma9ta9 my =m] op9ion1 :i* ,i h only modifi$ insomu* t ,i n[ reg>d ! s>codictyum 7on ! out] surface ( ! calymma1 #id7 r ?an ! s>comatrix 7on ! out] surface ( ! c5tral capsule1 #ib7 z ! pr9cipal seat ( true dige/ion & assimilation4 ,f ! s>codictyum ! dissolv$ & assimilat$ nutritive matt]s may pass by ! intracalymm> pseudopodia 7or s>coplegma1 #ic7 into ! s>comatrix1 & h5ce may rea* ! endoplasm ?r\gh ! op5+s 9 ! c5tral capsule4 ,to :at an ext5t ! ,radiol>ia are capable ( tak+ up ev5 l>ge =m$ bodies into ! calymma1 is %[n by ! cxxxi/rik+ in/ance ( ,?alassicolla sangu9ol5ta1 :i* becomes s de=m$ by ! inception ( num]\s coccosph]es & coccoli?s1 t ,i describ$ x z a special g5us "u ! "n ,myxobra*ia 7comp>e pp4 #bc1 #cj2 also ,l4 ,n4 #ba1 p4 #eai1 ,taf4 xviii41 & ,l4 ,n4 #cc1 p4 #cg74 #bje4 ,symbiosis4--,v _m ,radiol>ia1 b by no means all memb]s ( ?is class1 live 9 a def9ite comm5sal relation ) yell[ unicellul> ,alg ( ! gr\p ,xan!ll4 ,9 ! ,,acan?>ia !y live )9 ! c5tral capsule 7,zooxan!lla intracapsul>is1 #gf71 9 ! ,,spumell>ia & ,,nassell>ia1 on ! o!r h&1 )9 ! calymma b outside ! c5tral capsule 7,zooxan!lla extracapsul>is1 #ij72 9 ! ,,ph,,od>ia a special =m ( ^! symbiotic unicellul> ,alg appe>s to inhabit ! phodium 9 ! extracapsulum1 & to compose a consid]able portion ( ! phodell 7,zooxan!lla phod>is1 #ij1 or bett] p]haps ,zoo*lorella phod>is1 #hi74 ,und\bt$ly ?is comm5sal life is 9 v _m cases ( ! greate/ physiological significance = bo? ! symbiontes1 = ! animal ,radiol>ian cells furni% ! inquil9e ,xan!ll n only ) %elt] & protection1 b also ) c>bon dioxide & o!r products ( decomposition = _! nutrim5t2 :il/ on ! o!r h& ! vegetable cells ( ! ,xan!ll yield ! ,radiol>ian ho/ its mo/ important supply ( nutrim5t1 protoplasm & />*1 z well z oxyg5 = respiration4 ,h5ce x is n only !oretically possible1 b has be5 exp]im5tally prov$1 t ,radiol>ia :i* conta9 num]\s ,xan!ll c exi/ )\t extrane\s nutrim5t = a long p]iod 9 clos$ vessels ( filt]$ sea-wat]1 kept expos$ to ! sunlight2 ! two symbiontes furni% ea* o!r mutually ) n\ri%m5t1 & are physiologically supplem5t>y to ea* o!r by reason ( ! opposite nature ( _! meta/asis4 ,?is symbiosis is n necess>y1 h[ev]1 = ! exi/5ce ( ! ,radiol>ia2 = 9 _m species ! numb] ( ,xan!ll is v v>iable & 9 _m o!rs !y are entirely want+4 ,! symbiosis ( ! ,radiol>ia & ,xan!ll1 or yell[ cells 7 #gf1 #ij7 0 fir/ discov]$ by ,ci5k[ski 9 #ahga 7,l4 ,n4 #bb74 ,t5 ye>s lat] ?is important & (t5 d\bt$ fact 0 e/abli%$ by ext5d$ obs]vations & exp]im5ts almo/ simultane\sly by ,k>l ,br&t 7,l4 ,n4 #ch1 #ci7 & ,patrick ,g$des 7,l4 ,n4 #db1 #dc74 ,?is comm5sal life may be comp>$ ) t ( ! li*5s1 9 :i* an organism ) vegetable meta/asis 7! ,algoid gonidia7 & an organism ) animal meta/asis 7! ,fungoid hyph7 are intimately unit$ = mutual b5efit4 ,b ! symbiosis ( ! ,xan!ll & ,radiol>ia is n z 9 ! li*5s a ph5om5on ess5tial = _! developm5t1 b has m or less ! "* ( an accid5tal association4 ,! numb] ( ! inquil9e ,xan!ll is s v>iable ev5 9 "o & ! same species ( ,radiol>ia1 t !y d n appe> to be exactly ess5tial to its welf>e2 & 9 _m species !y are entirely want+4 ,_! significance is que/ionable 9 ! case ( ^? num]\s deep-sea ,radiol>ia :i* live 9 complete d>kness1 & 9 :i*1 !re=e1 ! ,xan!ll1 ev5 if pres5t1 c\ld excrete no oxyg5 on acc\nt ( ! want ( light4 ,nev]!less x is possible t ! phodell ( ! ,,ph,,od>ia 7usually gre51 olive1 or br[n 9 col\r71 :i* are true cells1 repres5t vegetable symbiontes1 cxxxii:i* 9 ! abs5ce ( sunlight are able to evolve oxyg5 by ! aid ( ! phosphores5ce ( o!r abyssal animals4 ,s9ce ! ,,ph,,od>ia are1 = ! mo/ "p1 dwell]s 9 ! deep-sea1 & s9ce ! volum9\s phodium mu/ be ( great physiological importance1 a positive solution ( ?is hypo!tical "q w\ld be ( no small int]e/ 7comp>e #hi74 #bjf4 ,respiration4--,! respiration ( ! ,radiol>ia is animal 9 nature1 s9ce all ,proti/a ( ?is class1 l all o!r true ,rhizopoda1 take 9 oxyg5 & give (f c>bon dioxide4 ,probably ?is process goes on cont9u\sly & is tol]ably active1 z may be inf]r$ f ! fact t ,radiol>ia _c be kept = long 9 small vessels ( sea-wat] unless ei!r !y conta9 num]\s ,xan!ll or ! wat] is well arat$4 ,! oxyg5 is obta9$ f two s\rces1 ei!r f ! surr\nd+ wat] or f ! enclos$ ,xan!ll1 :i* 9 sunlight evolve consid]able quantities ( ?is gas4 ,correspond+ly1 ! c>bon dioxide :i* is =m$ dur+ ! process ( oxidation ( ! ,radiol>ia is ei!r giv5 up to ! surr\nd+ wat] or to ! inquil9e ,xan!ll1 :i* utilise x = _! own su/5ance 7 #bjd1 #bje74 ,! significance ( ! symbiotic ,xan!ll = ! respiration ( ! enclos+ ,radiol>ia may be %[n exp]im5tally 9 ! foll[+ way4 ,if two ,polycytt>ian colonies ( equal size1 bo? ( :i* conta9 num]\s ,xan!ll1 be plac$ 9 equal quantities ( filt]$ sea-wat] 9 seal$ glass tubes1 & if "o tube be plac$ 9 ! d>k ! o!r 9 ! light1 ! colony 9 ! =m] rapidly p]i%es1 b n t 9 ! latt]2 ! ,xan!ll excrete only "u ! influ5ce ( sunlight ! oxyg5 necess>y = ! life ( ! ,radiol>ian 7comp>e ,patrick ,g$des1 ,l4 ,n4 #db1 p4 #cjd74 #bjg4 ,circulation4--,9 ! protoplasm ( all ,radiol>ia1 bo? inside & outside ! c5tral capsule1 sl[ curr5ts may be recognis$ :i* fall "u ! g5]al t]m circulation1 & h already be5 comp>$ to ! cyclosis 9 ! int]ior ( animal & vegetable cells1 z well z to ! s>code /reams 9 ! body ( o!r ,rhizopoda4 ,^! plasmatic curr5ts or plasmorrheumata probably cont9ue ?r\gh\t ! :ole life ( ! ,radiol>ia1 & are ( fundam5tal importance = ! p]=mance ( _! vital functions4 ,!y dep5d ^u sl[ displacem5ts ( ! molecules ( ! plasma 7pla/idules or micell7 & cause a uni=m di/ribution ( ! absorb$ nutrim5t & a c]ta9 equalisation ( ! meta/asis4 ,fur!rmore !y are ( great importance also 9 ! inception ( nutrim5t1 ! =mation ( ! skeleton1 locomotion1 c4 ,sometimes ! circulation is directly p]ceptible 9 ! plasma itself2 b usually x is only visible ow+ to ! pres5ce ( granules 7s>cogranula71 :i* are susp5d$ 9 ! plasma 9 l>g] or small] numb]s4 ,! movem5ts ( ^! granules are usually reg>d$ z passive1 due to ! active displacem5t ( ! molecules ( ! plasma4 ,al?\gh ! intracapsul> protoplasm is 9 communication ) ! extracapsul> ?r\gh ! op5+s 9 ! capsule membrane1 nev]!less ! curr5ts exhibit c]ta9 diff]5ces cxxxiii9 ! two portions ( ! malacoma4 ,x is sometimes possible1 h[ev]1 to recognise ! direct connection betwe5 !m & to obs]ve h[ ! granules pass ?r\gh ! op5+s 9 ! capsule-membrane4 #bjh4 ,curr5ts 9 ! ,endoplasm4--,intracapsul> circulation or a c]ta9 sl[ fl[+ ( ! plasma )9 ! c5tral capsule is probably j z common 9 ! ,radiol>ia z )\t x1 b x is n s easy to obs]ve 9 ! =m] case z 9 ! latt]4 ,a m satisfactory pro( ( ^! endoplasmatic curr5ts is furni%$ by ! arrangem5t ( ! protoplasm )9 ! c5tral capsule1 s9ce ?is is 7at all ev5ts 9 "p7 an effect produc$ by !m4 ,9 ?is respect ! two ma9 divisions ( ! class %[ *>act]i/ic diff]5ces4 ,9 ! ,porulosa 7! ,,spumell>ia1 #gg1 & ! ,,acan?>ia1 #gh7 ! endoplasm is 9 g5]al di/+ui%$ by a m or less di/9ct radial /ructure1 :i* is to be reg>d$ z ! effect ( alt]nat+ c5tripetal & c5trifugal radial /reams4 ,9 ! ,osculosa1 on ! o!r h&1 ?is radial /ructure is abs5t & ! intracapsul> plasmatic /reams conv]ge or div]ge t[>ds ! osculum or ma9-op5+ 9 ! c5tral capsule :i* lies at ! basal pole ( its ma9 axis1 & ?r\gh :i* ! mass ( ! endoplasm issues into ! calymma4 ,! two legions ( ! ,osculosa1 h[ev]1 pres5t diff]5ces 9 ?is respect4 ,9 ! ,,nassell>ia 7 #gi7 ! endoplasmatic curr5ts appe> to unite 9 an axial ma9 /ream at ! apex ( ! monaxon c5tral capsule1 & ?is apical /ream seems to split into a conical bundle1 ! individual ?reads ( :i* pass div]g+ betwe5 ! myophane fibrill ( ! podoconus t[>ds ! basis ( ! c5tral capsule1 & issue ?r\gh ! pores ( ! poro*ora4 ,9 ! ,,ph,,od>ia 7 #hj71 on ! o!r h&1 m]idional curr5ts ( endoplasm are probably pres5t on ! inn] surface ( ! capsule1 :i* fl[ f ! aboral pole ( ! v]tical ma9 axis to its basal pole1 & return 9 ! rev]se direction4 #bji4 ,curr5ts 9 ! ,exoplasm4--,extracapsul> circulation1 or a di/9ct fl[+ ( ! plasma outside ! c5tral capsule1 may be readily obs]v$ 9 all ,radiol>ia :i* are exam9$ alive2 ?is is mo/ readily se5 9 ! a/ropodia1 or ^? free pseudopodia :i* radiate f ! s>codictyum on ! surface ( ! calymma into ! surr\nd+ wat]4 ,! granul> movem5t is (t5 q z cle> 9 ! s>codictyum itself1 & may be recognis$ 9 ! collopodia1 :i* compose ! irregul> plasmatic network )9 ! calymma4 ,m r>ely x is possible to foll[ ! granul> /ream !nce ?r\gh ! s>comatrix1 & fur!r into ! int]ior ( ! c5tral capsule4 ,9 g5]al ! direction ( ! extracapsul> protoplasmic /reams is radial1 & x is frequ5tly possible1 ev5 9 a s+le free a/ropodium1 to obs]ve two /reams opposite 9 direction1 ! granules on "o side ( ! radial s>code ?read mov+ c5tripetally1 ^? on ! o!r side c5trifugally4 ,if ! ?reads bran*1 & neighb\r+ ones cxxxivbecome unit$ by connect+ ?reads1 ! circulation ( ! granules may proce$ q irregul>ly 9 ! network ?us =m$4 ,! rapidity & "* ( ! extracapsul> curr5ts are subject to great v>iations4 ,! diff]5t =ms ( extracapsul> s>code curr5ts h be5 already v fully describ$ 9 my ,monograph 7,l4 ,n4 #af1 pp4 #hi-abf71 & 9 my critical essay on ! s>code body ( ! ,rhizopoda 7,l4 ,n4 #ai1 p4 #ceg1 ,taf4 ,,xxvi474 #baj4 ,secretion4--,"u ! "n secretions1 9 ! /rict s5se1 all ! skeletal =mations ( ! ,radiol>ia may be includ$4 ,!y may be divid$ accord+ to _! *emical composition into ?ree diff]5t gr\ps3 pure silica 9 ! ,,spumell>ia & ,,nassell>ia1 a silicate ( c>bon 9 ! ,,ph,,od>ia1 & acan?9 9 ! ,,acan?>ia 7comp>e #ajb74 ,x may inde$ be assum$ t ^! skeletons arise directly by a *emical metamorphosis 7silicification1 acan?9osis1 c47 ( ! pseudopodia & protoplasmic network2 & ?is view seems especially ju/ifi$ 9 ! case ( ! ,a/roid skeleton ( ! ,,acan?>ia 7 #aad71 ! ,spongoid skeleton ( ! ,,spumell>ia 7 #abf71 ! ,plectoid skeleton ( ! ,,nassell>ia 7 #abe71 ! ,cannoid skeleton ( ! ,,ph,,od>ia 7 #abg71 & sev]al o!r types4 ,on clos] inve/igation1 h[ev]1 x appe>s yet m probable t ! skeleton does n arise by direct *emical metamorphosis ( ! protoplasm1 b by secretion f x2 = :5 ! dissolv$ skeletal mat]ial 7silica1 acan?97 passes f ! fluid into ! solid /ate1 x does n appe> z imb$d$ 9 ! plasma1 b z deposit$ f x4 ,h[ev]1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t a h>d l9e ( dem>cation c sc>cely1 if at all1 be drawn betwe5 ^! two processes4 ,9 ! ,,acan?>ia ! intracapsul> s>code is ! orig9al organ ( secretion ( ! skeleton2 9 ! o!r ?ree legions1 on ! o!r h&1 ! extracapsulum p]=ms ?is function 7 #ajf1 #ajg74 ,9 addition to ! skeleton1 we may reg>d z secretions 7or excretions7 ! intracapsul> cry/als 7 #ge7 & concretions 7 #ge;,a71 & p]haps c]ta9 pigm5t-bodies 7 #gd1 #hh72 & fur!r1 ! calymma 7 #hb7 may be consid]$ to be a gelat9\s secretion ( ! c5tral capsule1 & p]haps also ! capsule-membrane1 9 s f> z x repres5ts only a second>y excretory product ( ! unicellul> organism4 #baa4 ,adaptation4--,! innum]able & v v>i\s adaptive ph5om5a :i* we meet ) 9 ! morphology ( ! ,radiol>ia1 & especially 9 t ( _! skeleton1 are l o!r ph5om5a ( ! same k9d1 to be ultimately ref]r$ to alt]$ nutritional relations4 ,^! may be caus$ directly ei!r by ! influ5ce ( ext]nal conditions ( exi/5ce 7nutrition1 light1 temp]ature1 c471 or by ! prop] activity ( ! unicellul> organism 7use or disuse ( its organs1 c471 or1 f9ally1 by ! comb9$ action ( bo? causes 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,9 v _m cases ! cause to :i* ! orig9 ( a p>ticul> =m ( ,radiol>ia is due may be directly p]ceiv$ or at lea/ guess$ at ) consid]able probability2 ?us1 = example1 ! lattice-%ells cxxxvmay be expla9$ z protective cov]+s1 ! radial sp9es z def5sive weapons1 & ! an*or-hooks & spa?ill z organs ( preh5sion1 :i* are ( advantage to _! possessors 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce2 ! regul> arrangem5t ( ! radial sp9es 9 ! ,radiol>ia may also be expla9$ on hydro/atic gr\nds1 x be+ advantage\s t ! body %\ld be ma9ta9$ 9 a def9ite position ( equilibrium1 c4 ,! well-kn[n laws ( direct or actual adaptation1 :i* we designate cumulative1 correlative1 div]g5t adaptation1 c41 "h expla9 a multitude ( morphological ph5om5a4 ,! connection is less di/9ct 9 ! case ( ! laws ( indirect or pot5tial adaptation1 al?\gh ?is mu/ play z important a "p 9 ! =mation ( ! ,radiol>ia z 9 t ( o!r organisms 7comp>e on ?is head my ,g5]elle ,morphologie1 ,bd4 ii4 pp4 #bjb-bbb74 #bab4 ,reproduction4--,! mo/ common =m ( reproduction 9 ! ,radiol>ia is ! =mation ( spores 9 ! c5tral capsule1 :i* 9 ?is respect is to be reg>d$ z a sporangium 7 #bae74 ,9 _m ,radiol>ia 7,polycytt>ia & ,,ph,,od>ia71 h[ev]1 !re occurs 9 addition an increase ( ! unicellul> organism by simple division 7 #bac72 ^u ?is ! =mation ( colonies 9 ! social ,radiol>ia is dep5d5t 7 #ad74 ,reproduction by gemmation is mu* less common1 & has hi!rto be5 obs]v$ only 9 ! ,polycytt>ia 7 #bad74 ,9 ?is gr\p alone !re also occur at c]ta9 times two diff]5t =ms ( sw>m-spores :i* copulate1 & ?us indicate ! comm5cem5t ( sexual reproduction 7,alt]nation ( ,g5]ations1 #baf74 ,! g5]al organ ( reproduction is 9 all cases ! c5tral capsule1 :il/ ! extracapsulum nev] takes an active "p 9 ! process4 #bac4 ,cell-,division4--,increase by cell-division among ! ,radiol>ia 9 ! e>ly /age1 be=e ! =mation ( ! skeleton1 is widely di/ribut$ 7p]haps ev5 g5]al872 9 ! adults ( ?is class x is r r>e & limit$ to c]ta9 gr\ps4 ,x is mo/ readily obs]v$ 9 ! ,polycytt>ia2 ! gr[? ( ! colonies 9 ?is social gr\p dep5ds ma9ly 7& 9 _m species exclusively7 ^u repeat$ spontane\s division ( ! c5tral capsule2 all ! individuals ( ea* colony 79 s f> z ?is has n aris5 by ! accid5tal fusion ( two or m colonies7 are desc5dants ( a s+le c5tral capsule1 :i* has aris5 f an asexual sw>m-spore 7 #bae7 or f ! copulation ( two sexual sw>m-spores 7 #baf74 ,:il/ ! c5tral capsules ( ! colonies cont9ually increase by division1 _! calymma rema9s a common gelat9\s %ea?4 ,among ! ,,spumell>ia reproduction by simple cell-division probably occurs also 9 _m monozootic ,collod>ia4 ,among ! ,,acan?>ia ! peculi> gr\p ,li?olophida has p]haps aris5 by ! spontane\s division ( ,acan?onida 7see p4 #gcd74 ,among ! ,,ph,,od>ia increase by cell-division seems to occur commonly 9 _m gr\ps1 z 9 ! ,phocy/9a1 :i* h no skeleton 7,phod9ida1 ,pl4 #aja1 cxxxvifig4 #b71 or only an incomplete ,beloid skeleton 7,cannorrhaphida1 ,pl4 #aja1 figs4 #c1 #f1 & ,aulacan?ida1 ,pl4 #ajd1 figs4 #a-c74 ,! ,phosphria also 7,aulosphrida1 ,coelacan?ida7 & ! ,phogromia 7,tusc>orida1 ,*all5g]ida7 appe> sometimes to divide2 at all ev5ts1 _! c5tral capsule (t5 conta9s two nuclei4 ,( special int]e/ is ! spontane\s division ( ! ,phocon*ia1 especially ! ,con*>ida 7,pl4 #abd1 fig4 #f74 ,9 all monozootic ,radiol>ia1 ! nucleus fir/ divides by a m$ian con/riction into two equal halves 7usually by ! mode ( direct division72 !n ! c5tral capsule becomes con/rict$ 9 ! middle 79 ! ,,ph,,od>ia 9 ! v]tical ma9 axis71 & ea* portion ( ! capsule reta9s its own nucleus4 ,9 ! ,phocon*ia ea* half or daught]-cell corresponds to "o valve ( ! %ell1 dorsal or v5tral1 s t probably on subsequ5t sep>ation ea* daught]-cell reta9s "o valve ( ! "m-cell1 & =ms a new "o = itself by reg5]ation 7z 9 ! ,diatoms74 ,9 ! polyzootic ,radiol>ia1 :i* already conta9 _m small nuclei1 b usually only a s+le c5tral oil-globule 9 ea* c5tral capsule1 ! division ( ! latt] is prec$$ by t ( ! oil-globule4 ,9 _m ,polycytt>ia ! colony z a :ole multiplies by division4 ,! increase ( ! c5tral capsule by division 0 fir/ describ$ 9 #ahfb 9 my ,monograph 7,l4 ,n4 #af1 p4 #adf72 s9ce !n ,r4 ,h]twig 7,l4 ,n4 #bf1 p4 #bd7 & ,k4 ,br&t 7,l4 ,n4 #eb1 p4 #add7 h confirm$ my /atem5t4 ,9 ! ,,ph,,od>ia ! division ( ! c5tral capsule appe>s always to take place 9 ! ma9 axis2 9 ! bilat]al sometimes 9 ! sagittal1 sometimes 9 ! frontal plane4 ,9 ! ,tripylea ea* daught]-cell seems to reta9 "o p>apyle & half ! a/ropyle 7comp>e ! g5]al description ( ! ,,ph,,od>ia1 ,pl4 #aja1 figs4 #a-f1 ,pl4 #ajd1 figs4 #a-c1 & also ,h]twig1 ,l4 ,n4 #cc1 p4 #ajj1 ,taf4 x4 figs4 #b1 #aa74 ,reg>d+ ! spontane\s division ( colonies ( ! ,polycytt>ia1 see ,k4 ,br&t1 ,l4 ,n4 #eb1 p4 #adb4 #bad4 ,cell-,gemmation4--,reproduction by gemmation has hi!rto be5 obs]v$ only 9 ! social ,radiol>ia1 b 9 !m x appe>s to be widely di/ribut$1 & 9 v "y colonies is p]haps almo/ univ]sally pres5t4 ,! gemmules or capsul> buds 7hi!rto describ$ z extracapsul> bodies7 are develop$ on ! surface ( "y c5tral capsules be=e ^! _h secret$ a membrane4 ,!y gr[ usually 9 consid]able numb]s1 f ! surface ( ! c5tral capsule1 :i* is sometimes q cov]$ ) !m4 ,ea* bud usually conta9s a raspb]ry-l bun* ( %9+ fatty globules1 & by means ( reag5ts a few l>g] or a consid]able numb] ( small] nuclei may be recognis$ 9 !m2 ! nak$ protoplasmic body ( ! bud is n enclos$ by any membrane4 ,z soon z ! buds h rea*$ a c]ta9 size !y are con/rict$ (f f ! c5tral capsule & sep>at$ f x1 be+ di/ribut$ 9 ! me%es ( ! s>coplegma by ! curr5ts 9 ! exoplasm4 ,aft]w>ds ea* bud becomes develop$ into a complete c5tral capsule by surr\nd+ itself ) a membrane :5 x has atta9$ a def9ite size4 ,f ! special relations ( ! process ( nucle> =mation1 :i* take place 9 ! multiplication ( ! cxxxviisocial c5tral capsules by gemmation & by cell-division1 x w\ld appe> t ! capsules produc$ by ! =m] me?od aft]w>ds produce anisospores1 :il/ ^? 9 ! latt] way yield isospores 7 #baf74 ,! gemmules or capsul> buds ( ! ,polycytt>ia 7 fir/ accurately describ$ by ,ri*>d ,h]twig 7,l4 ,n4 #bf1 pp4 #cg-ci71 "u ! "n extracapsul> bodies1 & _! significance rightly indicat$2 e>li] obs]v]s _h incid5tally m5tion$ & figur$ !m1 b _h n se5 _! orig9 f ! c5tral capsule4 ,q rec5tly ,k>l ,br&t has giv5 a v pa9/ak+ acc\nt ( !m 9 ! diff]5t ,polycytt>ian g5]a 7,l4 ,n4 #eb1 pp4 #agi-aih74 ,9 ! ,monocytt>ia su* a =mation ( buds has n yet be5 obs]v$4 ,! basal lobes ( ! c5tral capsule1 :i* occur 9 _m ,,nassell>ia1 are n buds1 b simple processes ( ! capsule1 due to its protrusion ?r\gh ! coll> pores ( ! cort9> septum 7 #ee74 #bae4 ,sporification4--,asexual reproduction by ! =mation ( movable flagellate spores has be5 hi!rto obs]v$ only 9 a v small numb] ( g5]a2 b s9ce ^! belong to v diff]5t gr\ps1 & s9ce ! comp>ative morphology ( ! capsule appe>s to be simil> ?r\gh\t z reg>ds ! /ructure & developm5t ( its cont5ts1 x may be safely assum$ t ?is k9d ( reproduction occurs q g5]ally 9 ! ,radiol>ia4 ,9 all cases x is ! cont5ts ( ! c5tral capsule1 f :i* ! sw>m-spores are =m$1 bo? nucleus & endoplasm tak+ an equal %>e 9 ! process2 9 all cases ! spores produc$ are v num]\s1 small1 ovoid or r5i=m1 & h "o or two v long sl5d] flagella at "o extremity 7see #ada1 #adb74 ,s9ce ! :ole cont5ts ( ! mature c5tral capsule are us$ up 9 ! =mation ( ^! flagellate zoospores1 x dis*>ges ! function ( a sporangium4 ,! division ( ! simple prim>y nucleus into num]\s small nuclei1 :i* usually 7s]ot9\s ,radiol>ia7 takes place only %ortly be=e sporification1 b sometimes 7precoci\s ,radiol>ia1 #fc7 happ5s v e>ly1 is ! comm5cem5t ( ! (t5 repeat$ process ( nucle> division1 :i* t]m9ates ) ! production ( a v l>ge numb] ( small spore-nuclei4 ,! nucleolus (t5 divides v peculi>ly 7 #fi1 ,c74 ,ea* spore nucleus becomes surr\nd$ by a portion ( endoplasm & usually receives 9 addition "o or m fatty granules1 & sometimes also a small cry/al 7h5ce ! cry/al-spores74 ,! size ( ! flagellate zoospores :i* em]ge f ! ruptur$ c5tral capsule & swim freely 9 ! wat] by means ( _! flagellum1 v>ies g5]ally betwe5 #j4jjd & #j4jjh mm4 ,! extracapsulum is n directly conc]n$ 9 ! sporification1 b und]goes deg5]ation dur+ ! process & p]i%es at its conclusion4 ,! fir/ complete & detail$ obs]vations on ! =mation ( spores 9 ! ,radiol>ia 7 publi%$ by ,ci5k[ski 9 #ahga & relat$ to two g5]a ( ,polycytt>ia1 ! skeletonless ,colloz\m & ! sph]ical-%ell$ ,collosphra 7,l4 ,n4 #bb1 p4 #cgb1 ,taf4 xxix474 ,^! 7 subsequ5tly cont9u$ & supplem5t$ by ,r4 ,h]twig 7#ahgf1 ,l4 ,n4 #bf1 pp4 #bf-db1 & ,l4 ,n4 #cc1 p4 #abi71 & a g5]al summ>y ( ^! results has be5 giv5 by ,bts*li 7,l4 ,n4 #da1 pp4 #ddi-dee74 cxxxviii,rec5tly ,k>l ,br&t has giv5 a v detail$ & fully illu/rat$ acc\nt ( ! sporification ( ! ,polycytt>ia 7,l4 ,n4 #eb1 pp4 #ade-agh74 ,i h also _h ! opportunity dur+ my soj\rn 9 ! ,can>y ,isl&s 7#ahff71 9 ! ,m$it]ranean at ,corfu 7#ahgg71 & ,port(9o 7#ahhj71 z well z 9 ,ceylon 7#ahha71 ( obs]v+ ! developm5t ( flagellate zoospores f ! c5tral capsule ( individuals ( all f\r legions3 among ! ,,spumell>ia 9 c]ta9 ,colloidea1 ,beloidea1 ,sphroidea1 & ,discoidea1 among ! ,,acan?>ia 9 sev]al ,acan?ometra & ,acan?ophracta1 among ! ,,nassell>ia 9 individuals belong+ to ! ,/ephoidea1 ,plectoidea1 & ,cyrtoidea1 & among ! ,,ph,,od>ia 9 "o ,ca/anellid4 ,9 mo/ zoospores ,i c\ld di/9ctly obs]ve only a s+le long flagellum2 sometimes1 h[ev]1 two or ev5 ?ree appe>$ to be pres5t1 b ! det]m9ation ( _! numb] is v difficult4 #baf4 ,alt]nation ( ,g5]ations4--,a peculi> =m ( reproduction1 :i* may be designat$ alt]nation ( g5]ations1 appe>s to occur g5]ally 9 ! ,polycytt>ia1 b has n yet be5 obs]v$ 9 ! ,monocytt>ia4 ,all ,collozoida1 ,sphrozoida1 & ,collosphrida :i* h hi!rto be5 c>efully & completely exam9$ ) respect to _! developm5t1 are di/+ui%$ by ! production ( two diff]5t k9ds ( sw>m-spores1 isospores & anisospores4 ,! ,isospores 7or monogon\s spores7 correspond to ! ord9>y asexual zoospores ( ! ,monocytt>ia 7 #bae72 !y possess a homog5e\s1 d\bly refract+ nucleus ( uni=m con/itution & develop asexually1 )\t copulation4 ,! ,anisospores 7or amphigon\s spores71 on ! o!r h&1 are sexually diff]5tiat$ & possess a het]og5e\s1 s+ly refract+ nucleus ( tw(old con/itution2 !y may !re=e be di/+ui%$ z female macrospores & male microspores4 ,! ,macrospores 7or gynospores1 comp>able ) ! female macrogonidia ( _m ,cryptogams7 are l>g]1 less num]\s1 & possess l>g] nuclei1 :i* are less easily /a9$1 & h a f9e fili=m trabecul> network4 ,on ! o!r h& ! ,microspores 7or &rospores1 comp>able ) ! male microgonidia7 are mu* small] & m num]\s1 & are di/+ui%$ by _! small] nuclei1 :i* h ?ick] tub]cul & become /a9$ m int5sely4 ,! gynospores & &rospores are develop$ 9 ! ,collozoida & ,sphrozoida 9 ! same individual1 b n 9 ! ,collosphrida4 ,x is v probable t ^! two =ms ( anisospores copulate ) ea* o!r aft] _! exit f ! c5tral capsule & ?us produce a new cell by ! simple/ mode ( sexual reproduction4 ,b1 s9ce ! same ,polycytt>ia1 :i* produce ^! anisospores1 at o!r times give rise to ord9>y or asexual isospores1 x is fur!r possible t ^! two =ms ( reproduction alt]nate ) ea* o!r1 & t ! ,polycytt>ia ?us pass ?r\gh a true alt]nation ( g5]ations4 ,?is has n yet be5 obs]v$ 9 ! ,monocytt>ia1 & h5ce ^! latt] seem to be> to ! ,polycytt>ia a relation simil> to t 9 :i* ! sexless solit>y ,flagellata 7,a/asiea7 /& to ! sexual social ,flagellata 7,volvoc9ea74 ,9 ! two analog\s cases ! sexual diff]5tiation may be reg>d$ z a consequ5ce ( ! social life 9 ! gelat9\s colonies4 cxxxix,! sexual diff]5tiation ( ! ,polycytt>ia 0 fir/ discov]$ 9 #ahge by ,r4 ,h]twig1 & accurately describ$ 9 ! case ( ,colloz\m in]me z occurr+ 9 addition to ! =mation ( ! ord9>y cry/al-spores 7,l4 ,n4 #bf1 p4 #cf72 comp>e also ! g5]al discussion ( ,bts*li 7,l4 ,n4 #da1 p4 #eb74 ,rec5tly ,k>l ,br&t has demon/rat$ ! =mation ( bo? homog5e\s isospores 7cry/al-spores7 & het]og5e\s anisospores 7macro- & microspores7 9 sev5 diff]5t species ( ,polycytt>ia1 & has come to ! conclusion t 9 all social ,radiol>ia !re is a regul> alt]nation betwe5 ! =m] & latt] g5]ations4 ,comp>e 8 elaborate acc\nt ( ! colonial ,radiol>ia ( ! ,gulf ( ,naples 7,l4 ,n4 #eb1 pp4 #ade-agh74 #bag4 ,inh]itance4--,inh]itance is to be reg>d$ z ! mo/ important accompanim5t to ! function ( reproduction1 & especially 9 ! pres5t case1 because ! comp>ative morphology ( ! ,radiol>ia furni%es abundant in/ances ( ! action ( its diff]5t laws4 ,! laws ( cons]vative inh]itance are illu/rat$ by ! comp>ative anatomy ( ! l>g] gr\ps2 ?us1 9 ! f\r legions ! *>act]i/ic peculi>ities ( ! c5tral capsule are ma9ta9$ unalt]$ 9 consequ5ce ( cont9u\s inh]itance1 al?\gh great v>ieties appe> 9 ! skeleton 9 ea* legion4 ,! individual p>ts ( ! skeleton furni% by _! developm5t on ! "o h& & _! deg5]ation on ! o!r1 especially 9 ! small] gr\ps1 examples ( progressive inh]itance4 ,?us 9 ! ,,spumell>ia ! con/ant =mation ( ! prim>y lattice-%ell 7a c5tral m$ull>y %ell7 & its ontog5etic relation to ! second>y "o1 :i* is develop$ conc5trically r\nd x1 c only be expla9$ phylog5etically by cons]vative inh]itance1 :il/ on ! o!r h& ! *>act]i/ic diff]5tiation ( ! axes 9 ! v>i\s families ( ,,spumell>ia is to be expla9$ by progressive inh]itance4 ,9 ! ,,acan?>ia ! arrangem5t ( ! tw5ty radial sp9es 79 accordance ) ,mll]'s law1 #aaj1 #agb7 0 fir/ acquir$ by a gr\p ( ! mo/ ar*aic ,act9elida 7,adelacan?a7 ?r\gh hydro/atic adaptation1 & has s9ce be5 transmitt$ by inh]itance to all ! o!r families ( ! legion 7,icosacan?a74 ,! morphology ( ! ,,nassell>ia is n less int]e/+1 because "h sev]al diff]5t h]itable elem5ts 7! prim>y sagittal r+ & ! basal tripod7 comb9e 9 ! mo/ manifold ways 9 ! =mation ( ! skeleton 7comp>e #abc1 #abd1 #ahb74 ,! aff9ities ( ! g5]a 9 ! diff]5t families yield an a/oni%+ v>iety ( int]e/+ morphological ph5om5a1 :i* c only be expla9$ by progressive inh]itance4 ,! same is true also ( ! ,,ph,,od>ia4 ,9 ?is legion ! prim>y inh]itance is especially manife/$ 9 ! con/ant & firm /ructure ( ! c5tral capsule ) its *>act]i/ic d\ble wall & a/ropyle1 :il/ ! =mation ( ! skeleton 9 ?is legion proce$s 9 diff]5t directions by means ( div]g5t adaptation4 ,! morphology ( ! ,radiol>ia ?us proves itself a ri* s\rce ( mat]ials = ! physiological /udy ( adaptation & inh]itance4 cxl,,*apt] ,,viii4--,,animal ,,functions4 7 #bah-bbe47 #bah4 ,motion4--,9 addition to ! int]nal movem5ts :i* appe> g5]ally 9 ! unicellul> ,radiol>ia & h already be5 m5tion$ z plasmatic curr5ts 9 treat+ ( ! circulation 7 #bjg-bji71 two diff]5t gr\ps ( ext]nal motor ph5om5a are to be obs]v$ 9 ?is class3 fir/1 ! contraction ( individual p>ts1 :i* br+s ab\t modifications ( =m 7 #bbj71 & secondly1 volunt>y or reflex locomotion ( ! :ole body 7 #bbj74 ,^! movem5ts are p>tly due to *anges 9 =m ( undiff]5tiat$ plasmatic ?reads or s>code filam5ts1 p>tly to ! actual contraction ( diff]5tiat$ filam5ts :i* are comp>able to muscle fibrill1 & mu/ !re=e be di/+ui%$ z myophanes4 ,9 addition to ?is1 endosmose & exosmose probably play an important "p 9 "s ( ! locomotive ph5om5a1 b no?+ is yet c]ta9ly kn[n reg>d+ ^! osmotic processes4 ,we are at pres5t equally ignorant :e!r all ! movem5ts ( ! ,radiol>ia are simply reflex 7direct consequ5ces ( irritation7 or :e!r !y are 9 "p truly spontane\s4 #bai4 ,susp5sion4--,f direct obs]vation ( liv+ ,radiol>ia1 z well z f d$uctive reason+1 bas$ ^u _! morphology 7& especially _! promorphology1 #ag-ej71 ! conclusion appe>s ju/ifi$ t all ,proti/a ( ?is class 9 _! normal condition float susp5d$ 9 ! sea-wat]1 ei!r at ! surface or at a def9ite dep?4 ,a necess>y condition ( ?is hydro/atic susp5sion is t ! specific gravity ( ! ,radiol>ian organism mu/ be equal to1 or b slightly great] ?an t ( sea-wat]4 ,! increase 9 specific gravity br\ght ab\t by ! production ( ! silice\s skeleton1 is comp5sat$ by ! light] fatty globules1 & p>tly p]haps by ! calymma1 especially :5 ! latt] conta9s vacuoles or alveoles4 ,! fluid or jelly conta9$ 9 ! latt] appe>s to be = ! mo/ "p light] ?an sea-wat] 7conta9+ no salt1 or only a v small quantity874 ,b if ! specific gravity ( ! :ole body %\ld be g5]ally 7or p]haps always7 slightly great] ?an t ( sea-wat]1 !n ! organism w\ld be prev5t$ f s9k+1 p>tly by ! increas$ friction1 due to ! radiat+ pseudopodia & ! radial sp9es usually pres5t1 & p>tly p]haps by active 7if only feeble7 movem5ts ( ! pseudopodia4 #bbj4 ,locomotion4--,active locomotion ( ! :ole body1 :i* is v probably to be reg>d$ z volunt>y1 occurs 9 ! ,radiol>ia 9 ?ree diff]5t modes2 7#a7 ! vibratile movem5t ( ! flagellate sw>m-spores2 7#b7 ! swimm+ ( ! float+ organisms2 7#c7 ! sl[ creep+ ( ^? :i* re/ accid5tally ^u ! bottom4 cxli,! vibratile movem5t ( ! sw>m-spores is ! result ( active s9u\s oscillation ( ! s+le or multiple flagellum1 & is n ess5tially diff]5t f t ( ord9>y flagellate ,infusoria 7see note ,a74 ,( ! active swimm+ ( mature ,radiol>ia1 only t =m is kn[n :i* is v]tical 9 direction & causes ! s9k+ & ris+ 9 ! sea-wat]4 ,?is is probably1 = ! mo/ "p 7p]haps exclusively71 due to increase or dim9ution 9 ! specific gravity1 :i* is p]haps br\ght ab\t by ! retraction or protrusion ( ! pseudopodia2 sl[1 oscillat+1 s9u\s motions ( ^! organs h be5 directly obs]v$ to take place 7?\gh v sl[ly7 9 susp5d$ liv+ ,radiol>ia4 ,! mo/ important hydro/atic organ is probably ! calymma1 by ! contraction ( :i* ! specific gravity is increas$1 :ile x is dim9i%$ by its expansion2 ! contraction is probably br\ght ab\t by active contraction ( ! s>codictyum1 & is connect$ ) exosmosis1 :ile ! expansion is probably due to ! ela/icity ( ! calymma & ! inception ( wat] by endosmosis4 ,9 ! ,acan?ometra 7 #if7 ! peculi> myophriscs appe> to be *>g$ ) ! duty ( di/5d+ ! gelat9\s envelope1 & ?us dim9i%+ ! specific gravity2 ! latt] increases aga9 :5 ! myophriscs are relax$1 & ! calymma contracts by virtue ( its own ela/icity 7see note ,b74 ,! sl[ creep+ locomotion exhibit$ by ,radiol>ia on a glass slide "u ! microscope1 does n diff] f t ( ! ,?alamophora 7,mono?alamia & ,poly?alamia71 b c only occur normally :5 ! animal accid5tally comes into contact ) a solid surface or s9ks to ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,:e!r ?is actually occurs p]iodically is n kn[n 7see note ,c74 ,! sl[ or glid+ locomotion exhibit$ by creep+ ,monozoa on a glass slide is due to muscle-l contractions ( bundles ( pseudopodia1 j z 9 ! case ( ! social c5tral capsules ( ,polyzoa1 :i* live toge!r 9 ! same co5obium & are able to move )9 _! common calymma sometimes c5trifugally to its surface1 sometimes t[>ds ! c5tre :]e !y aggregate into a r\ndi% mass 7see note ,d74 ,a4 ,reg>d+ ! movem5t ( ! flagella 9 mature sw>m-spores comp>e ,l4 ,n4 #bb1 p4 #cge2 ,l4 ,n4 #bf1 pp4 #ca1 #ce2 ,l4 ,n4 #da1 p4 #deb1 & ,l4 ,n4 #eb1 p4 #agj4 ,b4 ,on ! active v]tical swimm+ movem5ts ( mature ,radiol>ia1 especially ! cause ( s9k+ & ris+1 see ,l4 ,n4 #af1 p4 #acd2 ,l4 ,n4 #da1 p4 #ddc1 & ,l4 ,n4 #eb1 pp4 #ig-ajb4 ,c4 ,on ! active horizontal creep+ movem5ts ( mature ,radiol>ia on a firm gr\nd1 comp>e ,l4 ,n4 #ab1 p4 #aj1 & ,l4 ,n4 #af1 pp4 #acb-acd4 ,d4 ,reg>d+ ! motion ( social c5tral capsules )9 ! same co5obium & ! *anges ?us br\ght ab\t 9 ! /ructure ( ! calymma1 see ,l4 ,n4 #af1 pp4 #aai-abg1 & ,l4 ,n4 #eb1 pp4 #ge-hb4 #bba4 ,contraction4--,motions1 :i* are due to ! contraction ( individual portions & cause *anges 9 volume or =m1 h be5 p>tly already spok5 ( "u ! head ( locomotion 7 #bbj7 & are p>tly connect$ ) o!r functions4 ,examples may be se5 9 ! contraction ( ! c5tral capsule & ( ! calymma4 ,a c]ta9 cxliicontraction ( ! c5tral capsule is probably br\ght ab\t by ! myophanes1 :i* arise by diff]5tiation ( ! endoplasm & h5ce may assume diff]5t =ms 9 ! f\r legions4 ,9 ! ,,spumell>ia1 :]e num]\s radial fibrill run f ! c5tral nucleus to ! capsule membrane 7 #gg71 ! endoplasm is probably driv5 out ev5ly ?r\gh all ! pores ( ! capsule membrane by _! simultane\s contraction1 & h5ce ! volume ( ! capsule is dim9i%$ 9 all directions4 ,! ,,acan?>ia probably behave simil>ly1 b are diff]5t1 inasmu* z ! numb] ( _! contractile radial fibrill is less1 & special axial ?reads 7 #gh7 are already diff]5tiat$4 ,9 ! ,,nassell>ia x is probable t ow+ to ! contraction ( ! div]g5t myophane fibrill 9 ! podoconus ! v]tical axis ( ! latt] is %ort5$1 ! op]cul> rods ( ! poro*ora are lift$1 & ! endoplasm driv5 out ( its pores1 s t ! volume ( ! monaxon c5tral capsule is dim9i%$ 7 #gi74 ,9 ! ,,ph,,od>ia ! same result is probably br\ght ab\t by ! contraction ( ! cortical myophane fibrill1 :i* run m]idionally along ! inside ( ! capsule membrane f ! apical to ! basal pole ( ! v]tical ma9 axis1 :]e !y are ins]t$ into ! p]iph]y ( ! a/ropyle2 s9ce ! volume ( ! capsule is dim9i%$ by _! contraction 7_! sph]oidal figure becom+ m ne>ly sph]ical7 ! endoplasm w be driv5 out ?r\gh ! proboscis ( ! a/ropyle4 ,:il/ ^! contractions ( ! c5tral capsule are l>gely due to diff]5tiat$ muscle-l ?reads ( endoplasm 7myophanes71 ?is appe>s to be b r>ely ! case ) ! contractions ( ! extracapsulum 7e4g41 ! myophriscs ( ! ,acan?ometra1 #if74 ,mo/ ( ! ph5om5a ( contraction :i* c be obs]v$ 9 ! calymma & pseudopodia dep5d ^u exoplasmatic curr5ts 7 #bji74 #bbb4 ,protection4--,( ! utmo/ importance1 bo? = ! physiology & = ! morphology ( ! ,radiol>ia are _! manifold protective functions1 :i* we n[ consid] "u ! head+ protection4 ,f ! physiological po9t ( view ! consid]ation ( ! expos$ situation 9 :i* ! delicate1 free-swimm+ ,radiol>ian organism lives1 & ! num]\s dang]s :i* beset x 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 w\ld lead a priori to ! expectation1 t _m special protective adaptations w\ld be develop$ by natural selection4 ,on ! o!r h&1 morphological exp]i5ce %[s u t ?is latt] has be5 9 action = immeasurable p]iods1 & has gradually produc$ an abundance ( ! mo/ rem>kable protective modifications4 ,examples ( ^! may be f\nd 9 ! =mation ( ! volum9\s calymma1 z a gelat9\s protective cov]+ = ! c5tral capsule1 & fur!r1 ! =mation ( ! capsule membrane itself1 :i* sep>ates ! g5]ative cont5ts ( ! c5tral capsule f ! nutritive exoplasm4 ,! phosphoresc5ce ( ! c5tral capsule1 too 7 #bbc71 may be reg>d$ z a useful protective arrangem5t2 z also ! radiat+ ( ! num]\s pseudopodia 9 all directions f ! surface ( ! calymma2 = !y are ( great significance to ! cxliiiwell-be+ ( ! organism1 bo? z s5sory organs & z preh5sile organs4 ,by f> ! mo/ important & mo/ v>i$ means = ! actual def5ce ( ! s(t body is to be se5 9 ! endless modifications ( ! skeleton2 fir/1 9 ! production ( ! enclos+ lattice-%ells & project+ radial sp9es1 b especially also 9 ! v v>i$ /ructure ( ! individual p>ts ( ! skeleton1 & 9 ! special diff]5tiation ( ! small app5dicul> organs :i* gr[ out f x 7hairs1 ?orns1 sp9es1 scales1 spa?ill1 an*ors1 c474 ,f9ally mimicry possesses a consid]able significance among ! diff]5t =ms ( adaptation :i* are to be obs]v$ 9 ?is class4 #bbc4 ,phosphoresc5ce4--,_m ,radiol>ians %9e 9 ! d>k1 & _! phosphoresc5ce pres5ts ! same ph5om5a z t ( o!r lum9\s m>9e organisms2 x is increas$ by me*anical & *emical irritation1 or r5ew$ if already ext+ui%$4 ,! light is sometimes gre5i%1 sometimes yell[i%1 & appe>s g5]ally 7if n always7 to radiate f ! intracapsul> fatty sph]es 7 #gc74 ,?us ^! latt] unite sev]al functions1 inasmu* z !y s]ve1 fir/ly1 z res]ve /ores ( nutrim5t1 secondly1 z hydro/atic app>atus1 & ?irdly1 z lum9\s organs = ! protection ( ! ,radiol>ia2 probably ! light acts by fright5+ o!r animals1 = ! phosphoresc5t animals are provid$ ) sp9es1 nettle-cells1 poison gl&s or o!r def5sive weapons4 ,! production ( ! light dep5ds probably1 z 9 o!r phosphoresc5t organisms1 ^u ! sl[ oxidation ( ! fat-globules1 :i* comb9e ) active oxyg5 9 ! pres5ce ( alkalis4 ,phosphoresc5ce is v likely widely di/ribut$ among ! ,radiol>ia4 ,! %9+ ( ! ,radiol>ia 9 ! d>k has be5 notic$ by ! e>lie/ obs]v]s ( ! class 7see ,l4 ,n4 #a1 p4 #afc1 ,l4 ,n4 #af1 p4 #b1 & ,l4 ,n4 #eb1 pp4 #acf-aci74 ,9 ! w9t] ( #ahei ,i obs]v$ ! production ( light 9 ! case ( _m monozootic & polyzootic ,radiol>ia1 b inadv]t5tly omitt$ to record ! fact 9 my ,monograph4 ,i made m accurate obs]vations 9 ! w9t] ( #ahff at ,lanz]ote 9 ! ,can>y ,isl&s1 & conv9c$ myself ! ! light emanates f ! c5tral capsule1 & 9 p>ticul> f ! fat-globules conta9$ 9 x4 ,9 mo/ ,polycytt>ia 7bo? ,collosphrida & ,sphrozoida71 :5 ea* c5tral capsule conta9s a l>ge c5tral oil-globule ! light radiates f x4 ,9 ,colloz\m s]p5t9um 7,pl4 #c1 figs4 #b1 #c7 ea* cyl9drical c5tral capsule conta9s a r[ ( lum9\s sph]ules l a /r+ ( beads4 ,9 ,alacorys frid]ici 7,pl4 #fe1 fig4 #a7 ! f\r-lob$ c5tral capsule conta9s f\r %9+ po9ts4 ,k>l ,br&t has rec5tly made m detail$ communication on ?is po9t 7,l4 ,n4 #eb1 p4 #acg74 #bbd4 ,s5sation4--,! g5]al irritability :i* we ascribe to all organisms1 & z ! basis ( :i* we reg>d ! protoplasm1 rema9s at an inf]ior /age ( developm5t 9 ! ,radiol>ia4 ,= al?\gh !y are subject to v>i\s /imuli1 & c]ta9ly possess a p[] ( discrim9ation1 special s5sory organs are n diff]5tiat$2 ! p]iph]al portions ( ! protoplasm1 & especially ! pseudopodia1 r act bo? z organs ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( s5sation & v>i\s modes ( motion4 ,t diff]5t ,radiol>ia h atta9$ diff]5t degrees ( developm5t 9 ?is respect may be se5 cxlivp>tly by direct obs]vation ( ! reaction ( ! liv+ organism t[>ds v>i\s /imuli1 & p>tly by ! comp>ison ( ! diff]5t conditions ( exi/5ce "u :i* ,radiol>ians exi/1 bo? 9 ! mo/ v>i\s dep?s ( ! ocean & 9 all climatic zones 7see note ,a74 ,9 g5]al ! ,radiol>ia seem to be s5sitive to ! foll[+ /imuli2 7#a7 pressure 7see note ,b72 7#b7 temp]ature 7see note ,c72 7#c7 light 7see note ,d72 7#d7 *emical composition ( ! sea-wat] 7see note ,e74 ,! reaction t[>ds ^! /imuli1 correspond+ to ! s5sation ( pleasure or dislike :i* !y call =?1 is %[n 9 v>i\s =ms ( motion ( ! protoplasm1 *anges 9 ! curr5ts 9 x1 contraction ( ! c5tral capsule1 *anges 9 ! size1 position1 & =m ( ! pseudopodia1 *anges 9 ! volume ( ! calymma 7by ! evocation ( wat]71 c4 ,among ! s5sory functions ( ! ,radiol>ia mu/ be especially m5tion$ _! rem>kably develop$ p]ception ( hydro/atic equilibrium 7see note ,f71 z well z _! p]ception ( di/ances1 s cle>ly %[n 9 ! production ( equal lattice-me%es & o!r regul>ly =m$ skeletal /ructures 7see note ,g74 ,a4 ,i c add b little to ! communication :i* ,i made tw5ty-f\r ye>s ago reg>d+ s5sation 9 ! ,radiol>ia 7,l4 ,n4 #af1 pp4 #abh-aca74 ,! mo/ important po9t w\ld be ! great diff]5ce 9 irritability :i* mu/ obta9 betwe5 ! pelagic1 zon>ial & abyssal ,radiol>ia1 :i* may be assum$ f a consid]ation ( _! v diff]5t conditions ( exi/5ce z reg>ds pressure1 light1 w>m?1 nutrition1 c4 ,x is natural to suppose t ! num]\s abyssal ,radiol>ia1 discov]$ by ! ,*all5g]1 :i* live at great dep?s 7#bjjj to #dejj fa?oms7 9 complete d>kness1 9 icy cold & "u an enorm\s pressure1 mu/ h q diff]5t s5sations ( pleasure f _! pelagic relatives :i* live at ! surface ( ! sea "u an equatorial sun4 ,k>l ,br&t has rec5tly add$ mu* to our k reg>d+ ! special action ( diff]5t vital conditions ^u ! v>i\s ,polycytt>ia & ! degrees ( _! irritability 7,l4 ,n4 #eb1 pp4 #aac-acb74 ,b4 ,reg>d+ ! s5sation ( pressure or s5sation ( t\* ( ! ,radiol>ia & ! v>i\s degrees ( _! me*anical irritability1 see ,l4 ,n4 #af1 p4 #abi2 ,l4 ,n4 #da1 p4 #dfd4 ,c4 ,reg>d+ ! s5sation ( w>m? or temp]ature-s5se & its dep5d5ce ^u diff]5t climatic relations1 see ,l4 ,n4 #af1 p4 #abi2 ,l4 ,n4 #eb1 pp4 #aad-abi4 ,d4 ,reg>d+ ! s5sation ( light1 comp>e ,l4 ,n4 #af1 p4 #abh2 ,l4 ,n4 #db1 p4 #cjd2 ,l4 ,n4 #eb1 pp4 #ajb-ajd1 #aad4 ,e4 ,reg>d+ ! s5se ( ta/e ( ! ,radiol>ia or _! peculi> s5sitiv5ess t[>ds ! diff]5t *emical composition ( ! wat]1 *ange 9 its sal9ity1 pres5ce ( organic impurities1 c41 see ,l4 ,n4 #af1 p4 #acj2 ,l4 ,n4 #eb1 pp4 #ajc1 #aac4 ,?is *emical irritability seems to be ! mo/ highly develop$ s5se 9 ! ,radiol>ia1 ev5 m s ?an _! me*anical irritability4 ,f4 ,! p]ception ( hydro/atic equilibrium among ! ,radiol>ia is imm$iately visible f ! position :i* _! bodies1 float+ freely 9 ! wat]1 assume spontane\sly1 & f ! symmetrical developm5t ( ! skeleton1 :i* by its gravitation necessitates a def9ite position4 ,x may be assum$ t ! developm5t ( ! v>i\s geometrical gr\nd =ms :i* correspond to a def9ite position ( equilibrium1 is ! result ( ?is p>ticul> k9d ( p]ception 7comp>e #dj-de74 cxlv,g4 ,! pla/ic p]ception ( di/ance ( ! pseudopodia is %[n by ! symmetry ) :i* ! =ms compos+ ! regul> skeletal /ructures 7e4g41 ! ord9>y lattice-sph]es ) regul> hexagonal me%es1 ! radial sp9es ) equidi/ant bran*es7 are excret$ f ! exoplasm4 ,bo? ?is =m ( s5sation & ! "o fir/ m5tion$ 7note ,f7 h hi!rto receiv$ sc>cely any att5tion1 b are des]v+ ( a ?or\gh physiological inve/igation4 #bbe4 ,! ,cell-,s\l 7,zellseele74--,! common c5tral vital pr9ciple1 commonly call$ ! s\l1 :i* is consid]$ to be ! regulator ( all vital functions1 appe>s 9 ! ,radiol>ia z 9 o!r ,proti/a 9 its simple/ =m1 z ! cell-s\l4 ,by ! cont9ual activity ( ?is c5tral psy*e all vital functions are ma9ta9$ 9 unbrok5 action1 & 9 uni=m correlation4 ,x is also probable t by x ! /imulations :i* ! p]iph]al portions ( ! cell receive f ! out] _w are fir/ transmitt$ into true s5sation1 & t1 on ! o!r h&1 ! volition1 :i* alone calls =? spontane\s movem5ts1 proce$s f x4 ,! c5tral capsule is mo/ likely ! sole organ ( ?is cell-s\l or c5tral psy*ic organ1 & ! active portion may be ei!r ! endoplasm or ! nucleus1 or bo?4 ,! c5tral capsule may ?us 7ap>t f its function z a sporangium1 #bae7 be reg>d$ z a simple ganglion cell1 physiologically comp>able to ! n]v\s c5tre ( ! high] animals1 :il/ ! exoplasm 7s>comatrix & pseudopodia7 are to be comp>$ to ! p]iph]al n]v\s sy/em & s5se organs ( ! latt]4 ,! great simplicity ( ! functions ( ! cell-s\l :i* appe> 9 ! ,radiol>ia1 & ! intimate connection ( _! diff]5t psy*ic activities1 give to ^! unicellul> ,proti/a a special significance = ! compreh5sion ( ! moni/ic elem5ts ( a natural psy*ology4 ,reg>d+ ! !ory ( ! cell-s\l z ! only psy*ological !ory :i* is able to expla9 naturally ! true nature ( ! life ( ! s\l 9 all organisms z well z 9 man1 see my address on cell-s\ls & s\l-cells 7,zellseel5 und ,seel5zell57 9 ,gesammelte populre ,vortrge aus dem ,gebiete d] ,entwickelungslehre1 ,heft #a1 p4 #adc2 ,bonn1 #ahgh4 cxlvi,,*orological ,,section4 ---- ,,*apt] ,,ix4--,,geographical ,,di/ribution4 7 #bbf-bdj47 #bbf4 ,univ]sal ,m>9e ,di/ribution4--,radiol>ia occur 9 all ! seas ( ! _w1 9 all climatic zones & at all dep?s4 ,probably "u normal conditions !y always float freely 9 ! wat]1 :e!r _! usual position be at ! surface 7pelagic71 or at a c]ta9 dep? 7zon>ial71 or ne> to ! bottom ( ! sea 7abyssal74 ,?is appe>s bo? f num]\s direct obs]vations1 z well z f conclusions :i* may be drawn f _! organisation 7& especially _! promorphology7 reg>d+ _! float+ life 7comp>e #dj-ej1 #bai1 #bbj74 ,hi!rto no obs]vation has be5 record$1 :i* ju/ifies ! assumption t ,radiol>ia live any:]e ^u ! bottom ( ! sea 7on /ones1 ,alg1 or o!r firm sub/ances71 ei!r sessile or creep+4 ,!y p]=m ! latt] action1 h[ev]1 :5 !y fall accid5tally ^u a firm basis or are accid5tally plac$ ^u x1 b !y seem normally always to float freely 9 ! wat] ) pseudopodia radiat+ 9 all directions4 ,active free-swimm+ movem5ts are only met ) 9 ! case ( ! flagellate zoospores 7 #adb74 ,! developm5t ( ,radiol>ia 9 l>ge masses is v rem>kable 7see note ,a71 & 9 _m p>ts ( ! ocean is s great t !y play an important "p 9 ! economy ( m>9e life1 especially z food = o!r pelagic & abyssal animals 7see note ,b74 ,m$ium sal9ity ( ! wat] seems to be mo/ fav\rable to _! developm5t 9 masses1 al?\gh x is n unkn[n 9 seas ( high & l[ sal9ity 7see note ,c74 ,!re are no ,radiol>ia 9 fre% wat] 7see note ,d74 ,a4 ,! developm5t ( ,radiol>ia takes place 9 _m p>ts ( ! ocean 9 a/oni%+ly l>ge masses on ! surface1 9 diff]5t /rata1 & ne> ! bottom4 ,! ,collod>ia 7& especially ! ,sphrozoida7 (t5 cov] ! surface ( ! sea 9 millions1 & =m a %9+ lay]1 phosphoresc5t 9 ! d>k l ! ,noctiluc1 z ,i obs]v$ 9 #ahei 9 ! ,/rait ( ,mess9a1 9 #ahff at ! ,can>ies1 & 9 #ahha 9 ! ,indian ,ocean4 ,simil> masses ( ,sphroz\m & ,acan?ometron 7 se5 by ,johannes ,mll] on ! ,fr5* & ,ligurian coa/s 7,l4 ,n4 #ab71 & ,john ,murray f\nd ano!r 9 ! ,gulf ,/ream1 (f ! ,fre ,isl&s1 f ! surface to a dep? ( #fjj fa?oms2 consid]able masses ( l>ge ,,ph,,od>ia live !re also4 ,b4 ,! alim5t>y canal ( ,m$us1 ,salp1 ,cru/acea1 ,pt]opoda1 & _m o!r pelagic animals is a ri* field = ! discov]y ( ,radiol>ia1 & _m ( ! species h]e9aft] describ$ are f su* s\rces4 ,fossil coprolites too 7e4g41 ^? f ! ,jura7 (t5 conta9 _m ,polycy/9a4 ,c4 ,"s ,,acan?>ia 7,acan?ometra7 & ,,ph,,od>ia 7species ( ,mesoc5a & ,dictyo*a7 cxlviilive 9 ! ,baltic2 ,i f\nd _! skeletons 9 ! alim5t>y canal ( ,aurelia1 ,ascidians & ,copepods4 ,d4 ,! s-call$ fre%-wat] ,radiol>ia1 :i* h be5 describ$ by ,focke1 ,greeff1 ,gr5a*] & o!rs1 are all ,heliozoa1 )\t ei!r c5tral capsule or calymma4 #bbg4 ,local di/ribution4--,z reg>ds _! local di/ribution & its b\nd>ies ! ,radiol>ia %[ 9 g5]al ! same relations z o!r pelagic animals4 ,s9ce !y are only to a v slight ext5t1 if at all1 capable ( active horizontal locomotion1 ! disp]sion ( ! diff]5t species f _! po9t ( developm5t 7or c5tre ( creation7 is dep5d5t ^u oceanic curr5ts1 ! play ( w9ds & waves & all ! accid5tal causes :i* influ5ce ! transport ( pelagic animals 9 g5]al4 ,^! passive migrations are "h1 h[ev]1 z always1 ( ! greate/ significance1 & br+ ab\t ! wide di/ribution ( individual species 9 a f> high] degree ?an any active w&]+s c\ld d4 ,any "o :o has ev] foll[$ a /ream ( pelagic animals = h\rs & se5 h[ millions ( creatures closely pack$ toge!r are 9 a %ort "t c>ri$ along = miles by su* a curr5t1 w be 9 no dang] ( und]e/imat+ ! enorm\s importance ( m>9e curr5ts 9 ! passive migration ( ! fauna ( ! sea4 ,su* con/ant curr5ts may1 h[ev]1 be recognis$ bo? ne> ! bottom ( ! sea & at v>i\s dep?s1 z well z at ! surface1 & are !re=e ( j z mu* significance = ! abyssal & zon>ial z = ! pelagic ,radiol>ia4 ,x is easy to expla9 by ?is means h[ x is t s _m animals ( ?is class 7probably inde$ ! great majority7 h a wide range ( di/ribution4 ,! numb] ( cosmopolitan species :i* live 9 ! ,pacific1 ,atlantic & ,indian ,oceans is already relatively l>ge4 ,9 ea* ( ^! ?ree great ocean bas9s1 too1 _m species %[ a wide di/ribution4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are v _m species :i* are hi!rto kn[n only f "o locality1 & probably _m small local faunas exi/1 *>act]is$ by ! special developm5t ( p>ticul> gr\ps4 ,! obs]vations :i* we at pres5t possess are too incomplete1 & ! ri* mat]ial ( ! ,*all5g] is too incompletely work$ out1 to enable any def9ite conclusions to be drawn reg>d+ ! local di/ribution ( ,radiol>ia4 ,! /atem5ts made 9 ! sy/ematic portion ( ?is ,report reg>d+ ! di/ribution ( ! ,*all5g] ,radiol>ia are v incomplete4 ,9 mo/ cases only "o locality is m5tion$1 & t is ! /ation 7 #bdj7 9 ! prep>ations or bottom deposit f :i* ,i fir/ f\nd ! species 9 "q4 ,aft]w>ds ,i (t5 f\nd ! same species aga9 9 "o or m additional /ations 7n seldom 9 num]\s prep>ations bo? f ! ,pacific & ,atlantic71 )\t ! possibility ( add+ !m to ! habitat record$ "u ! description4 ,! necess>y accurate det]m9ation & id5tification ( ! species 7measur+ ! diff]5t dim5sions1 c\nt+ ! pores1 c471 w\ld h occupi$ too mu* "t1 & ! writ+ ( ?is ext5sive ,report w\ld h la/$ n t5 b tw5ty or ?irty ye>s4 #bbh4 ,horizontal ,di/ribution4--,f ! ext5sive collections ( ! ,*all5g] & f ! o!r collections :i* h furni%$ a welcome supplem5t to !m1 x appe>s cxlviiit ,radiol>ia are di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t all seas )\t di/9ction ( zones & physical conditions1 ev5 ?\gh ^! latt] may be ! cause ( diff]5ces 9 _! qualitative & quantitative developm5t4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,radiol>ia z well z ( _m o!r classes ( animals1 ! law holds good t ! ri*e/ developm5t ( =ms & ! greate/ numb] ( species occurs betwe5 ! tropics1 :il/ ! frigid zones 7bo? ,arctic & ,ant>ctic7 exhibit great masses ( individuals1 b relatively few g5]a & species 7see note ,a74 ,9 ! ,*all5g] collection ! greate/ abundance ( species ( ,radiol>ia is exhibit$ by ^? prep>ations :i* 7 collect$ at l[ latitudes 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( ! equator2 ?is is true bo? ( ! ,atlantic 7,/ations #cdf to #cdi7 & ( ! ,pacific 7,/ations #bff to #bgd72 9 ! =m] ! ri*e/ ( all is ,/ation #cdg 7lat4 #j #ae' ,s471 9 ! latt] ,/ation #bga 7lat4 #j #cc' ,s47 7see note ,b74 ,f ! tropics ! abundance ( species seems to dim9i% regul>ly t[>ds ! poles1 & m rapidly 9 ! nor!rn ?an 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e2 ! latt] also appe>s1 consid]$ z a :ole1 to possess m species ?an ! =m]4 ,a limit to ! life ( ! ,radiol>ia t[>ds ! poles has n yet be5 f\nd2 ! exp$itions t[>ds ! ,nor? ,pole 7see note ,c71 l ^? t[>ds ! ,s\? 7see note ,d71 h obta9$ bottom-deposits & ice enclosures :i* conta9$ ,radiol>ia2 9 "s ( ! mo/ nor!rly & mo/ s\!rly positions :i* 7 rea*$ ! numb] ( ,radiol>ia enclos$ 9 ! ice 0 relatively great4 ,a4 ,! great] abundance ( ,radiol>ia 9 ! tropical seas is probably to be expla9$ by ! m fav\rable conditions ( exi/5ce1 & 9 p>ticul> ! l>g] quantity ( nutritive mat]ial 7especially ( decay$ animals7 & n by ! high] temp]ature ( ! surface1 = at dep?s ( f #bjjj to #cjjj fa?oms :]e ! abyssal ,radiol>ia live1 ! temp]ature is b little above ! freez+ po9t or ev5 bel[ x 7comp>e ! bottom temp]atures 9 ! li/ ( ,*all5g] ,/ations1 #bdj74 ,b4 ,/ation #bga ( ! ,*all5g] ,exp$ition1 situat$ almo/ on ! equator 9 ! ,mid ,pacific 7lat4 #j #cc' ,s471 exce$s all o!r p>ts ( ! e>?1 hi!rto kn[n1 9 respect ( its weal? 9 ,radiol>ia1 & ?is is true ( ! pelagic z well z ( ! zon>ial & abyssal =ms4 ,9 ! ,/ation ,li/ ! deposit at ?is po9t is /at$ to be ,globig]9a ooze2 b aft] ! calc>e\s matt] has be5 remov$ by means ( acid1 ! pure/ ,radiol>ian ooze rema9s1 ri* 9 v>i$ & rem>kable species4 ,m ?an "o hundr$ new species h be5 describ$ f ?is ,/ation alone4 ,c4 ,reg>d+ ! ,arctic ,radiol>ia comp>e ! contributions ( ,ehr5b]g 7,l4 ,n4 #bd1 pp4 #ach1 #aci1 #aie7 & ,brady on ! ,engli% ,nor? ,pol> ,exp$ition1 #ahge-gf 7,ann4 & ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 #ahgh1 vol4 i4 pp4 #dbe1 #dcg74 ,d4 ,reg>d+ ! ,ant>ctic ,radiol>ia1 comp>e #bcj1 note ,a1 & ,ehr5b]g1 ,mikrogeologie 7,l4 ,n4 #f1 ,taf4 xxxv41 ,a471 also ,l4 ,n4 #bd1 pp4 #acf-aci4 #bbi4 ,fauna ( ! ,pacific ,ocean4--,f ! spl5did discov]ies ( ! ,*all5g]1 & ! supplem5t>y obs]vations obta9$ f o!r s\rces1 ! ,pacific seems to be ! ocean bas9 :i* is ri*e/ bo? quantitatively & qualitatively 9 ,radiol>ian life1 cxlixexcell+ bo? ! ,indian & ,atlantic ,oceans 9 ?is respect4 ,x may be assum$ ) great probability t by f> ! l>ge/ portion ( ! ,pacific has a dep? ( betwe5 #bjjj & #cjjj fa?oms1 & t its bottom is cov]$ ei!r ) ,radiol>ian ooze 7 #bcg7 or ) a r$ clay 7 #bci71 :i* conta9s _m ,,spumell>ia & ,,nassell>ia1 & has probably be5 d]iv$ = a great "p f brok5 d[n & metamorphos$ ,radiol>ian ooze 7see note ,a74 ,pure ,radiol>ian ooze 0 f\nd by ! ,*all5g] ea/w>ds 9 ! ,c5tral ,pacific 7ov] a wide area betwe5 lat4 #ab ,n4 & #ab ,s41 ,/ations #bfe to #bgd71 & also we/w>ds 9 ! latitude ( ! ,philipp9es1 tw5ty degrees to ! ea/ ( !m 7betwe5 lat4 #e ,n4 & #ae ,n474 ,! great abundance ( ,radiol>ia pres5t 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,philipp9es & 9 ! ,sunda ,sea 0 already kn[n f o!r inve/igations 7note ,b74 ,! r$ clay also1 :i* cov]s a great "p ( ! bottom ( ! ,nor? ,pacific1 & :i* 0 obta9$ ( v con/ant composition by ! ,*all5g] betwe5 lat4 #ce ,n4 & #ch ,n41 f ,japan to ! m]idian ( ,honolulu 7f long4 #add ,e4 to #aef ,w471 is s pre-em95tly ri* 9 ,radiol>ia t x (t5 approa*es 9 composition ! ,radiol>ian ooze1 & has probably be5 d]iv$ f x4 ,! track ( ! ,*all5g] ?r\gh ! tropical & nor!rn p>ts ( ! ,pacific describes ne>ly ?ree sides ( a rectangle1 :i* includes ab\t half ( ! enorm\s ,pacific bas91 & f ?is z well z f o!r supplem5t>y obs]vations x may ) great probability be conclud$ t by f> ! l>ge/ "p ( ! b$ ( ! ,pacific 7at lea/ ?ree-f\r?s7 is cov]$ ei!r ) ,radiol>ian ooze or ) r$ clay1 :i* conta9s a l>g] or small] am\nt ( ! rema9s ( ,radiol>ia4 ,) ?is agrees also ! important fact t ! num]\s prep>ations ( pelagic mat]ials & collections ( pelagic animals1 :i* 7 collect$ by ! ,*all5g] 9 ! ,pacific1 almo/ always indicate a correspond+ am\nt ( ,radiol>ian life on ! surface4 ,?is is true 9 p>ticul> also ( ! ,s\? ,pacific1 betwe5 lat4 #cc ,s4 & #dj ,s4 7f long4 #acc ,w4 to #gc ,w41 ,/ations #bhg to #cja72 ! surface ( ?is s\!rn region & ! diff]5t ba?ymetrical zones 7 ri* 9 new & peculi> species ( ,radiol>ia4 ,a4 ,_m specim5s ( bottom-deposits f ! ,pacific1 :i* are ent]$ 9 ! ,*all5g] li/s ei!r z r$ clay or ,globig]9a ooze1 conta9 l>g] or small] quantities ( ,radiol>ia1 & ! numb] ( diff]5t species ( ,,spumell>ia & ,,nassell>ia :i* !y conta9 is (t5 s great t ! deposit might h be5 almo/ z appropriately t]m$ ,radiol>ian ooze1 e4g41 ,/ations #bda to #bde1 & #bgj1 #bga 7comp>e #bcf-bci74 ,b4 ,pacific ,radiol>ian ooze 0 fir/ obta9$ by ,lieut5ant ,brooke 7,may #aa1 #ahei7 betwe5 ! ,philipp9es & ,m>ianne ,isl&s1 f a dep? ( #ccjj fa?oms 7lat4 #ah #c' ,n41 long4 #abi #aa' ,e474 ,ehr5b]g1 :o fir/ describ$ x1 f\nd sev5ty-n9e diff]5t species ( ,polycy/9a 9 x1 & report$ t _! quantity & ! numb] ( diff]5t =ms increas$ ) ! dep? 7,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 #ahfj1 pp4 #dff1 #ehh1 #gff74 #bcj4 ,fauna ( ! ,indian ,ocean4--,z reg>ds its ,radiol>ian fauna ! ,indian ,ocean is ! lea/ kn[n ( ! ?ree great bas9s4 ,/ill ! few limit$ spots1 reg>d+ :i* clinve/igations are =?com+1 indicate a v ri* developm5t ( ,radiol>ian life4 ,probably x approa*es m ne>ly ! fauna ( ! ,pacific ?an t ( ! ,atlantic1 bo? z reg>ds ! abundance & ! morphological *>act]s ( its species4 ,! rese>*es ( ! ,*all5g] are v limit$ & incomplete z reg>ds ! ,indian ,ocean1 = ! exp$ition only j t\*$ ^u ?is great ocean bas9 7#bjjj to #cjjj fa?oms deep7 at its two extremities 7we/w>ds at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope & ea/w>ds at ,tasmania71 its c\rse ly+ = ! mo/ "p s\? ( lat4 #de ,s4 & ext5d+ beyond lat4 #fe ,s4 7f ,/ation #adi to #aeh1 s\? ( lat4 #ej ,s474 ,x is true t ?is portion ( ! ,s\? ,indian ,ocean 0 %[n to conta9 ,radiol>ia ev]y:]e1 b ^! 7 m pl5tiful 9 individuals ?an 9 species4 ,only f ,/ation #aef to ,/ation #aei 7betwe5 lat4 #fb & #dg ,s41 & long4 #ie & #acj ,e47 0 ! bottom1 :i* consi/$ p>tly ( ,diatom ooze & p>tly ( ,globig]9a ooze1 ri*] 9 species 7see note ,a74 ,! gaps left by ! ,*all5g] 9 ! inve/igation ( ! ,indian ,ocean1 h1 h[ev]1 be5 to "s ext5t fill$ f o!r s\rces4 ,z e>ly z #ahei ! ,engli% ,cyclops exp$ition _h %[n t ! bottom ( ! ,indian ,ocean to ! ea/ ( ,zanzib> 7lat4 #i #cg' ,s41 long4 #fa #cc' ,w47 is cov]$ ) pure ,radiol>ian ooze 7see note ,b74 ,also s9ce ! ,t]ti>y rocks ( ! ,nicob> ,isl&s are = ! mo/ "p ( ! same composition1 & s9ce a great abundance ( ,radiol>ia has be5 %[n to be pres5t bo? 9 ! ea/ "p ( ! ocean1 betwe5 ! ,cocos ,isl&s & ! ,sunda ,ar*ipelago 7see note ,c71 & 9 ! nor!rn "p or ,arabian ,sea betwe5 ,socotra & ,ceylon 7see note ,d72 x may be assum$ ) great probability t ! great] "p ( ! bas9 ( ! ,indian ,ocean1 l t ( ! ,pacific1 is cov]$ ei!r ) ,radiol>ian ooze or ) ! *>act]i/ic r$ clay4 ,) ?is agrees ! ri*ness ( ! surface ( ! ,indian ,ocean 9 ,radiol>ia ( ! mo/ v>i\s gr\ps1 :i* has be5 m ext5sively demon/rat$4 ,a4 ,! ,radiol>ian fauna collect$ by ! ,*all5g] on ! voyage f ! ,cape to ,melb\rne1 %[s 9 "p1 namely1 f ,/ation #aef to ,/ation #aeh1 v peculi> & *>act]i/ic composition2 9 p>ticul>1 ! ,diatom ooze ( ,/ation #aeg passes ov] 9 great "p into a ,radiol>ian ooze1 ma9ly compos$ ( ,sphrell>ia4 ,?is is wor?y ( a m ?or\gh inve/igation ?an ,i 0 able1 ow+ to lack ( mat]ial & "t1 to give x4 ,b4 ,! rem>kably pure ,radiol>ian ooze ( ,zanzib>1 discov]$ by ,ehr5b]g 9 #ahei1 0 ! e>lie/ kn[n rec5t example ( t deposit4 ,x 0 br\ght up by ,capta9 ,pull5 ( ! ,engli% man-(-w> ,cyclops1 f a dep? ( #bbjj fa?oms1 betwe5 ,zanzib> & ! ,sey*elles1 & "u a magnify+ p[] ( #cjj diamet]s1 %[$ at ! fir/ glance a mass ( almo/ pure ,polycy/9a1 su* z no sample ( a deep-sea deposit has hi!rto %[n4 ,x is v noticeable t 9 ! :ole ( ?is mass ( liv+ =ms1 no calc>e\s %ells are to be se5 7,ehr5b]g1 ,l4 ,n4 #bd1 pp4 #adh1 #adi74 ,c4 ,= ! mo/ important mat]ial f ! ,indian ,ocean1 ,i am indebt$ to ,capta9 ,he9ri* ,rabbe ( ,brem51 :o dur+ _m voyages 9 ! ,indian ,ocean1 9 8 %ip ,joseph ,haydn1 made num]\s collections 9 diff]5t localities ) ! t[-net & ! trawl1 & admirably pres]v$ ! ri* collections ?us made4 ,! greate/ abundance ( ,radiol>ia 0 f\nd 9 ^? cliobta9$ to ! ea/ ( ,madagasc>1 & next 9 ^? f ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,cocos ,isl&s4 ,i take ?is opportunity ( express+ my ?anks to ,capta9 ,rabbe = ! lib]ality ) :i* he plac$ all ?is valuable mat]ial at my disposal4 ,d4 ,on my voyage f ,ad5 to ,bombay1 & !nce to ,ceylon 7#ahha71 & especially on my return j\rney f ,ceylon1 betwe5 ! ,maldive ,isl&s & ,socotra 7#ahhb71 ,i c>ri$ on a numb] ( exp]im5ts ) a surface net1 :i* yield$ a ri* fauna ( pelagic animals1 & among !m _m new species ( ,radiol>ia1 = obs]vation4 ,on sev]al nights :5 ! smoo? surface ( ! ,indian ,ocean1 unrippl$ by any w9d1 %one ) ! mo/ lovely phosphoresc5t light1 ,i drew up wat] f ! surface ) a bucket1 & obta9$ a ri* booty4 ,a numb] ( o!r new species ( ,radiol>ia f v v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,indian ,ocean ,i obta9$ f ! alim5t>y canal ( pelagic animals1 su* z ,m$us1 ,salp1 ,cru/acea1 c4 ,al?\gh ! total numb] ( ,radiol>ia kn[n to me f ! ,indian ,ocean is mu* less ?an f ! ,atlantic & ,pacific1 !re are sev]al new g5]a & num]\s species among !m1 :i* %[ t a c>eful /udy ( ?is fauna w be ( wide int]e/4 #bca4 ,fauna ( ! ,atlantic ,ocean4--,! ,atlantic ,ocean 9 all p>ts1 ( :i* ! pelagic fauna has be5 exam9$1 has %[n ! same con/ant pres5ce ( ,radiol>ia1 & 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( its abyssal deposits a l>g] or small] quantity ( diff]5t types belong+ to ?is class2 on ! :ole1 h[ev]1 its ,radiol>ian fauna is inf]ior to t ( ! ,pacific1 & probably also to t ( ! ,indian ,ocean1 bo? 9 quantity & quality4 ,pure ,radiol>ian ooze1 su* z is s ext5sively f\nd on ! floor ( ! ,pacific1 & 9 c]ta9 places 9 t ( ! ,indian ,ocean1 has n yet be5 f\nd 9 ! ,atlantic 7see #bcg74 ,! r$ clay1 too1 ( ! deep ,atlantic does n seem to be s ri* 9 ,radiol>ia z t ( ! ,pacific2 nev]!less1 ! numb] ( species peculi> to ! ,atlantic is v l>ge1 & at c]ta9 po9ts ! abundance ( species z well z ( individuals seems to be sc>cely less ?an 9 ! ,pacific4 ,?is is especially true ( ! ea/]n equatorial zone n f> f ,si]ra ,leone1 ,/ations #cdg to #ceb 7see note ,a72 also ( ! ,s\? ,atlantic betwe5 ,bu5os ,ayres & ,tri/an da ,cunha1 ,/ations #cbd1 #cbe1 #cca to #ccc 7see note ,b72 &1 la/ly1 9 ! ,nor? ,atlantic 9 ! ,gulf ,/ream & ne> ! ,can>y ,isl&s 7see note ,c74 ,! fauna ( ! latt] agrees = ! mo/ "p ) t ( ! ,m$it]ranean 7see note ,d74 ,9 addition to ! mat]ial collect$ by ! ,*all5g]1 o!r deep-sea inve/igations h furni%$ bottom-deposits f diff]5t p>ts ( ! ocean1 :i* h prov$ v ri* 9 ,radiol>ia 7see note ,e74 ,fur!rmore1 s9ce ! isl& ( ,b>bados consi/s = ! mo/ "p ( fossil ,radiol>ian ooze1 x is v probable t at c]ta9 p>ts ( ! tropical ,atlantic true ,radiol>ian ooze1 l t ( ! ,pacific & ,indian ,oceans1 w ev5tually be f\nd 9 dep?s betwe5 #bjjj & #cjjj fa?oms1 p]haps ov] a consid]able area4 ,a4 ,! tropical zone ( ! ea/]n ,atlantic seems to be especially ri* 9 peculi> ,radiol>ia ( diff]5t species4 ,?is is %[n by num]\s prep>ations f ! surface1 & f v>i\s dep?s 7betwe5 lat4 #c ,s4 & #aa ,n41 & long4 #ad ,w4 to #ah ,w471 :i* 7 made t[>ds ! cliiend ( ! cruise4 ,un=tunately no bottom-deposits 7 obta9$ f ! mo/ important /ations 7except ,nos4 #cdf & #cdg1 dep?s #bcej & #bbej fa?oms7 9 ?is region2 at ^! ! deposit 0 a ,globig]9a ooze conta9+ num]\s diff]5t species ( ,radiol>ia4 ,b4 ,9 ! ,s\? ,atlantic1 betwe5 ,bu5os ,ayres & ,tri/an da ,cunha 7betwe5 lat4 #ce ,s4 & #dc ,s41 long4 #h ,w4 & #eg ,w47 !re appe>s to be a long /ret* cov]$ p>tly ) ,globig]9a ooze 7,/ations #cca to #ccd71 or r$ clay 7,/ations #cbi1 #ccj71 p>tly ) blue mud 7,/ations #cah to #cbh71 :i* conta9s n only l>ge masses ( individuals b num]\s peculi> species ( ,,spumell>ia & ,,nassell>ia4 ,! prep>ations f ! surface-tak+s ( ?is region are also ri* 9 ^!1 z well z 9 peculi> ,,ph,,od>ia4 ,c4 ,! nor!rn "p ( ! ,atlantic appe>s on ! :ole to be inf]ior to ! tropical & s\!rn portions z reg>ds its ri*ness 9 ,radiol>ia1 & f ! we/]n half m especially1 only few species are kn[n4 ,f my rese>*es at ,lanz]ote 9 #ahff-fg1 x appe>s t ! pelagic fauna ( ! ,can>y ,isl&s is v ri* 9 !m1 z is also ! ,gulf ,/ream 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,fre ,*annel1 accord+ to ! inve/igations ( ,john ,murray 7see 8 ,report on ! ,knight-,errant ,exp$ition1 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,ed941 vol4 xi41 #ahhb74 ,d4 ,! ,radiol>ia ( ! ,m$it]ranean are ( special int]e/1 because almo/ all our k ( ^! organisms 9 ! liv+ conditions & ( _! vital functions has be5 d]iv$ f inve/igations conduct$ on its %ores4 ,johannes ,mll] laid ! f\ndation ( ?is k by 8 inve/igations at ,mess9a1 & on ! ,ligurian & ,fr5* coa/s at ,nice1 ,cette1 & ,/4 ,tropez 7,l4 ,n4 #aj74 ,! _m new ,radiol>ia :i* ,i describ$ 9 my ,monograph 7,l4 ,n4 #af1 #ahfb71 7 = ! mo/ "p tak5 at ,mess9a1 ! place :i* possesses a ri*] pelagic fauna ?an any o!r1 s f> z is yet kn[n1 9 ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,o!r new species ,i f\nd aft]w>ds at ,villafranca ne> ,nice1 9 #ahfd 7,l4 ,n4 #ai71 at ,port(9o ne> ,g5oa 7#ahhj71 at ,corfu 7#ahgg71 & at o!r po9ts on ! coa/4 ,9 ,mess9a also1 ,ri*>d ,h]twig collect$ ! mat]ial = 8 valuable treatise on ! ,organisation ( ! ,radiol>ia 7,l4 ,n4 #cc71 aft] he _h previ\sly made inve/igations into _! hi/ology at ,ajaccio 9 ,corsica 7,l4 ,n4 #bf74 ,la/ly1 at ,naples1 ,ci5k[ski 7,l4 ,n4 #bb7 & ,k>l ,br&t 7,l4 ,n4 #ch1 #ci1 #eb7 c>ri$ out _! important inve/igations into ! reproduction & symbiosis ( ! ,radiol>ia4 ,) respect to ! "* ( its ,radiol>ia1 ! ,m$it]ranean fauna is to be reg>d$ z a special prov9ce ( ! ,nor? ,atlantic4 ,e4 ,among ! small] contributions :i* h be5 made t[>ds our k ( ! ,atlantic ,radiol>ian fauna1 ! communications ( ,ehr5b]g on ! deposits obta9$ 9 s\nd+ = ! ,atlantic cable1 & on ! ,mexican ,gulf ,/ream ne> ,florida1 des]ve special m5tion 7,l4 ,n4 #bd1 pp4 #ach1 #aci-ade74 #bcb4 ,v]tical ,di/ribution4--,! mo/ important g5]al result ( ! discov]ies ( ! ,*all5g]1 z reg>ds ! v]tical or ba?ymetrical di/ribution ( ! ,radiol>ia1 is ! int]e/+ fact t num]\s species ( ?is class are f\nd liv+ at ! mo/ v>i\s dep?s ( ! sea1 & t c]ta9 species are limit$ to p>ticul> ba?ymetrical zones1 i4e41 are adapt$ to ! conditions :i* obta9 !re4 ,9 ?is respect ?ree diff]5t ,radiol>ian faunas may be di/+ui%$1 :i* may be %ortly t]m$ pelagic1 zon>ial1 & abyssal4 ,! pelagic ,radiol>ia swim at ! surface1 & :5 !y s9k 7e4g41 9 a /ormy sea71 only desc5d to a small dep?1 probably n m ?an f cliii#bj to #cj fa?oms 7 #bcc74 ,! complicat$ conditions ( exi/5ce creat$ by ! ke5 /ruggle = exi/5ce at ! surface ( ! sea1 give rise to ! =mation ( v num]\s pelagic species1 especially ( ,porulosa 7,,spumell>ia & ,,acan?>ia74 ,! abyssal ,radiol>ia are v diff]5t f ^? j m5tion$2 !y live at ! bottom ( ! deep-sea1 n re/+ ^u nor atta*$ to x1 b probably float+ at a little di/ance above x1 & are adapt$ to ! conditions ( exi/5ce :i* obta9 !re 7 #bce74 ,"h ! ,osculosa 7,,nassell>ia & ,,ph,,od>ia7 seem to pr$om9ate4 ,! zon>ial ,radiol>ia live float+ at v>i\s dep?s betwe5 ! pelagic & abyssal species 7 #bcd74 ,9 _! morphological *>act]s !y gradually approa* ! pelagic =ms upw>ds & ! abyssal d[nw>ds4 ,! views :i* h hi!rto be5 held reg>d+ ! ba?ymetrical or v]tical di/ribution ( ! ,radiol>ia h be5 entirely alt]$ by ! magnific5t discov]ies ( ! ,*all5g]1 & especially by ! important obs]vations ( ,sir ,wyville ,?omson 7,l4 ,n4 #ca7 & ,john ,murray 7,l4 ,n4 #bg74 ,^! two di/+ui%$ deep-sea explor]s h1 z a result ( _! wide exp]i5ce1 be5 conv9c$ t ,radiol>ia exi/ at all dep?s ( ! ocean1 & t !re are l>ge numb]s ( true deep-sea species :i* are nev] f\nd at ! surface ( ! sea nor at slight dep?s 7,l4 ,n4 #ca1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bcf-bch2 ,l4 ,n4 #bg1 pp4 #ebc1 #ebe74 ,! result ( my t5 ye>s' "w ^u ! ,*all5g] ,radiol>ia1 & ! comp>ative /udy ( m ?an a ?\s& m\nt+s f all dep?s1 has only be5 to confirm ?is op9ion1 & ,i am fur!r p]suad$ t x w "s day be possible by ! aid ( suitable nets 7n yet inv5t$7 to di/+ui% diff]5t fauni/ic zones 9 ! v>i\s dep?s ( ! sea4 ,9 ?is connection may be m5tion$ ! specially int]e/+ fact t ! species ( ,radiol>ia ( "o & ! same family pres5t 9 ! diff]5t dep?s *>act]i/ic morphological di/9ctions1 :i* obvi\sly correspond to _! diff]5t physiological relations 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,ow+ to ^? ext5sive discov]ies1 ! repres5tation :i* ,i gave 9 my ,monograph 7#ahfb1 ,l4 ,n4 #af1 pp4 #agb-aif7 ( ! v]tical di/ribution ( ! ,radiol>ia1 & ( _! life 9 ! greate/ dep?s ( ! sea1 has be5 entirely *ang$4 ,comp>e also ,bts*li 7,l4 ,n4 #da1 p4 #dff74 #bcc4 ,! ,pelagic ,fauna4--,! surface ( ! op5 ocean seems ev]y:]e1 at a c]ta9 di/ance f ! coa/ at lea/1 to be peopl$ by cr[ds ( liv+ ,radiol>ia4 ,9 ! tropical zone ^! pelagic cr[ds consi/ ( _m diff]5t species1 :il/ 9 ! frigid zones1 on ! o!r h&1 !y are made up ( _m individuals belong+ to b few species4 ,mo/ ( ^! inhabitants ( ! surface may be reg>d$ z truly pelagic species1 :i* ei!r rema9 always at ! surface or desc5d only v slightly bel[ x4 ,probably mo/ ,porulosa 7bo? ,,spumell>ia & ,,acan?>ia7 belong to ?is gr\p2 :il/ b few ,osculosa occur 9 x1 & few] ,,ph,,od>ia ?an ,,nassell>ia4 ,9 g5]al ! pelagic ,radiol>ia are di/+ui%$ f ! abyssal by ! m delicate & sl5d] /ructure ( _! skeletons2 ! pores ( ! lattice-%ells are l>g]1 ! int]v5+ trabecul ?9n]2 ! armature ( sp9es1 spa?ill1 an*ors1 c41 is m v>i\s & m highly develop$4 ,num]\s =ms are to be f\nd among ! pelagic cliv,radiol>ia :i* h ei!r an incomplete skeleton or none at all4 ,:5 ! pelagic =ms leave ! surface on acc\nt ( unfav\rable wea!r1 !y appe> only to s9k to slight dep?s 7probably n bel[ #bj or #cj fa?oms74 ,)9 ! limits ( ! same family ! size ( ! pelagic species seems to be on an av]age great] ?an t ( ! relat$ abyssal =ms4 #bcd4 ,! ,zon>ial ,fauna4--,betwe5 ! pelagic fauna liv+ at ! surface ( ! op5 sea & ! abyssal1 :i* floats imm$iately ov] ! bottom1 !re appe>s to be usually a middle fauna1 :i* inhabits ! diff]5t ba?ymetrical zones ( ! int]m$iate wat]1 & h5ce may be %ortly call$ ! zon>ial fauna4 ,! diff]5t species ( ,radiol>ia :i* inhabit ^! diff]5t /rata 9 ! same v]tical column ( wat] pres5t diff]5ces correspond+ to ^? ( ! plants compos+ ! sev]al zones ( vegetation1 :i* succe$ ea* o!r at diff]5t heights on a m\nta92 !y correspond to ! diff]5t conditions ( exi/5ce :i* are pres5t$ by ! diff]5t /rata ( wat]1 & to :i* !y h become adapt$ 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,! exi/5ce ( su* ba?ymetrical zones has be5 %[n by ^? important1 if n num]\s1 obs]vations ( ! ,*all5g]1 9 :i* ! t[-net 0 us$ at diff]5t dep?s at "o & ! same ,/ation4 ,9 sev]al cases ! "* ( ! ,radiol>ian fauna at diff]5t dep?s pres5t$ *>act]i/ic diff]5ces4 ,= ! pres5t1 & until we are bett] acqua9t$ ) ! *>act]s ( ! ,radiol>ian fauna at diff]5t dep?s1 we may di/+ui% provisionally ! foll[+ five ba?ymetrical zones3--7#a7 ,! pelagic zone1 ext5d+ f ! surface to a dep? ( ab\t #be fa?oms2 7#b7 ! pellucid zone1 ext5d+ f #be to #aej fa?oms1 or z f> z ! influ5ce ( ! sunlight makes itself felt2 7#c7 ! obscure zone1 ext5d+ f #aej to #bjjj fa?oms1 or f ! dep? at :i* sunlight disappe>s to t at :i* ! influ5ce ( ! wat] conta9+ c>bonic acid beg9s & ! calc>e\s organisms vani%2 7#d7 ! silice\s zone1 ext5d+ f #bjjj or #bejj to ab\t #cjjj fa?oms1 9 :i* only silice\s n calc>e\s ,rhizopoda are f\nd1 & 9 :i* ! peculi> conditions ( ! l[e/ regions h n yet appe>$2 7#e7 ! abyssal zone1 9 :i* ! accumulation ( ! oceanic deposits1 & ! influ5ce ( ! bottom curr5ts1 create new conditions ( exi/5ce4 ,s f> z our isolat$ & incomplete obs]vations ( ! zon>ial ,radiol>ian fauna ext5d1 x appe>s t ! subclass ,porulosa 7,,spumell>ia & ,,acan?>ia7 pr$om9ates 9 ! two upp] zones1 & z ! dep? increases is gradually replac$ by ! subclass ,osculosa 7,,nassell>ia & ,,ph,,od>ia71 s t ! latt] pr$om9ates 9 ! two l[e/ zones4 ,! obscure zone :i* lies 9 ! middle is probably ! poore/ 9 species4 ,9 g5]al1 ! morphological *>act]s ( ! zon>ial fauna appe> to *ange gradually upw>ds into ! delicate =m ( ! pelagic & d[nw>ds into ! robu/ con/itution ( ! abyssal2 s also ! av]age size ( ! individuals 7)9 ! limits ( ! same family7 appe>s to increase upw>ds & decrease d[nw>ds4 #bce4 ,! ,abyssal ,fauna4--,! great majority ( ,radiol>ia :i* h hi!rto be5 obs]v$1 & :i* are describ$ 9 ! sy/ematic portion ( ?is ,report1 h be5 obta9$ f ! bottom ( ! deep-sea1 & m ?an half ( all ! species h be5 clvd]iv$ f ! pure ,radiol>ian ooze1 :i* =ms ! b$ ( ! ,c5tral ,pacific at dep?s ( f #bjjj to #djjj fa?oms 7 #bcg74 ,_m ( ^! abyssal =ms 7 br\ght up ) ! malacoma un9jur$1 & !y %[1 bo? :5 m\nt$ imm$iately 9 balsam1 & :5 pres]v$ 9 alcohol1 all ! s(t p>ts almo/ z cle>ly z fre% prep>ations ( pelagic ,radiol>ia4 ,^! species are to be reg>d$ z truly abyssal1 i4e41 z =ms :i* live float+ only a little di/ance above ! bottom ( ! deep-sea1 hav+ become adapt$ to ! peculi> conditions ( life :i* obta9 9 ! l[e/ regions ( ! ocean4 ,probably ! majority ( ! ,,ph,,od>ia belong to ^! abyssal ,radiol>ia1 z well z a l>ge numb] ( ,,nassell>ia1 b on ! o!r h&1 only a small numb] ( ,,acan?>ia & ,,spumell>ia are f\nd !re4 ,a "* common to ^! abyssal =ms1 & r>ely f\nd 9 ^? f ! surface or f slight dep?s1 is f\nd 9 _! small size & _! heavy massive skeletons1 9 :i* !y /rik+ly resemble ! fossil ,radiol>ia ( ,b>bados & ! ,nicob> ,isl&s4 ,! lattice-"w ( ! %ell is co>s]1 its trabecul ?ick] & its pores small] ?an 9 pelagic species ( ! same gr\p2 also ! apophyses 7sp9es1 spa?ill1 coronets1 c471 are mu* less develop$ ?an 9 ! latt]4 ,f ^! true abyssal ,radiol>ia mu/ be c>efully di/+ui%$ ^? species ^: empty skeletons1 devoid ( all s(t p>ts1 occur also 9 ! ,radiol>ian ooze ( ! deep-sea1 b are cle>ly only ! sunk5 rema9s ( dead =ms1 :i* h liv$ at ! surface or 9 "s ( ! upp] zones4 #bcf4 ,deposits conta9+ ,radiol>ia4--,! ri*e/ collection ( ,radiol>ia is f\nd 9 ! deposits ( ooze :i* =m ! b$ ( ! ocean4 ,al?\gh ! pelagic mat]ial skimm$ f ! surface ( ! sea1 & ! zon>ial mat]ial tak5 by s9k+ ! t[-net to v>i\s dep?s1 are always m or less ri* 9 ,radiol>ia1 /ill ! numb] ( species ?us obta9$ is1 on ! :ole1 mu* less ?an has hi!rto be5 got m]ely f deep-sea deposits4 ,( c\rse ! skeletons f\nd 9 ! mud ( ! ocean-b$1 may belong ei!r to ! abyssal species :i* live !re 7 #bce71 or to ! zon>ial 7 #bcd71 or to ! pelagic species 7 #bcc71 = ! silice\s skeletons ( ^! latt] s9k to ! bottom aft] _! dea?4 ,almo/ all ^! rema9s f\nd 9 ! deposits belong to ! silice\s ,polycy/9a 7,,spumell>ia & ,,nassell>ia72 ,,ph,,od>ia occur b sp>+ly1 & ,,acan?>ia are entirely want+1 = _! acan?9 skeleton readily dissolves4 ,! abundance ( ,radiol>ia v>ies greatly accord+ to ! composition & orig9 ( ! deposits4 ,9 g5]al m>9e deposits may be divid$ into two ma9 divisions1 t]rig5\s & abyssal1 or1 m %ortly1 muds & oozes4 ,! t]rig5\s deposits 7or muds7 include all ^? s$im5ts :i* are made up = ! mo/ "p ( mat]ials worn away f ! coa/s ( cont95ts & isl&s1 or br\ght d[n into ! sea by riv]s4 ,_! greate/ ext5t f ! coa/ is ab\t #bjj nautical miles4 ,!y conta9 v>y+ quantities ( ,radiol>ia1 b mu* few] ?an ^? ( ! next gr\p4 ,! abyssal deposits 7or oozes7 usually comm5ce at a di/ance ( f #ajj to #bjj nautical miles clvif ! coa/4 ,9 g5]al !y are *>act]is$ by great uni=mity1 correspond+ to ! con/ancy ( ! conditions "u :i* !y are laid d[n2 !y may be divid$ into ?ree categories1 ! true ,radiol>ian ooze 7 #bcg71 ,globig]9a ooze 7 #bch71 & r$ clay 7 #bci74 ,( ^! ?ree mo/ important deep-sea =mations ! fir/ is by f> ! ri*e/ 9 ,radiol>ia1 al?\gh ! o!r two conta9 (t5 v _m silice\s %ells4 ,! m>vell\s discov]ies ( ! ,*all5g] h ?r[n ^u ! nature ( m>9e deposits an entirely new light1 :i* ju/ifies mo/ important conclusions reg>d+ ! geographical di/ribution & geological significance ( ! ,radiol>ia4 ,s9ce ,dr4 ,john ,murray & ! ,abb ,r5>d w treat fully ( ^! int]e/+ relations 9 a =?com+ volume ( ! ,*all5g] s]ies 7,report on ! ,deep-,sea ,deposits71 x w be suffici5t "h to ref] to _! prelim9>y publication already publi%$ 7,n>rative ( ! ,cruise ( ,h4,m4,s4 ,*all5g]1 #ahhe1 vol4 ii4 "p ii4 pp4 #iae-ibf72 see also ! e>li] communications by ,john ,murray 7#ahgf1 ,l4 ,n4 #bg1 pp4 #eah-ecg71 & by ,sir ,wyville ,?omson 7,! ,atlantic1 ,l4 ,n4 #ca1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bjf-bdf74 ,9 ! ,n>rative 7loc4 cit41 p4 #iaf7 ! foll[+ table ( m>9e deposits is giv53-- ,%ore =mations1 ,f\nd 9 inl& ,blue mud1 seas & along ! ,gre5 mud & s&1 %ores ( ,r$ mud1 cont95ts4 ,t]rig5\s deposits4 ,volcanic mud & s&1 ,f\nd ar\nd oceanic ,coral mud & s&1 isl&s & along ! ,corall9e mud & s&1 %ores ( cont95ts4 ,globig]9a ooze1 ,f\nd 9 ! abysmal ,pt]opod ooze1 regions ( ! ,abysmal deposits4 ,diatom ooze1 ocean bas9s4 ,radiol>ian ooze1 ,r$ clay1 #bcg4 ,radiol>ian ,ooze4--,by ,radiol>ian ooze1 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! t]m1 are und]/ood ^? oceanic deposits1 ! great] "p ( :i* 7(t5 m ?an ?ree-qu>t]s7 is compos$ ( ! silice\s skeletons ( ?is class4 ,su* pure ,radiol>ian ooze has only be5 f\nd 9 limit$ areas ( ! ,pacific & ,indian ,oceans4 ,x is mo/ conspicu\s 9 ! ,c5tral ,pacific1 betwe5 lat4 #ab ,n4 & #h ,s41 long4 #adh ,w4 to #aeb ,w41 ! dep? be+ ev]y:]e betwe5 #bjjj & #cjjj fa?oms 7,/ations #bff to #bfh & #bgb to #bgd74 ,9 ! deepe/ ( ! ,*all5g] s\nd+s 7,/ation #bbe1 #ddge fa?oms7 ! bottom is compos$ ( pure ,radiol>ian ooze1 z well z at ! next ,/ation 9 ! ,we/]n ,tropical ,pacific 7,/ation #bbf1 #bcjj fa?oms71 ! latitude v>y+ f #ab ,n4 to #ae ,n41 & ! longitude f #adb ,e4 to #add ,e4 ,9 ! ,indian ,ocean also1 pure ,radiol>ian ooze 0 f\nd 9 ! ye> #ahei betwe5 ,zanzib> & ! ,sey*elles1 ?is be+ ! fir/ kn[n example ( x 7 #bcj74 ,on ! o!r h&1 x has n yet be5 f\nd 9 ! b$ ( ! ,atlantic2 b ! ,t]ti>y =mations ( ,b>bados 7,antilles1 #bca7 l ^? ( ! ,nicob> ,isl&s 7,fur!r ,india71 are to be reg>d$ z pure ,radiol>ian clviiooze 9 ! fossil condition4 ,mix$ ,radiol>ian ooze is ! "n giv5 to ^? deposits 9 :i* ! ,radiol>ia exce$ any ( ! o!r organic con/itu5ts1 al?\gh !y d n make up half ! total mass4 ,to ?is category belong a l>ge numb] ( ! ,*all5g] s\nd+s :i* are ent]$ 9 ! ,/ation li/ ei!r z r$ clay or ,globig]9a ooze4 ,su* mix$ ,radiol>ian ooze has be5 discov]$ 7,a7 9 ! ,nor? ,pacific 9 an elongat$ area ( r$ clay ext5d+ f ,/ation #bda to ,/ation #bde 7p]haps ev5 f ,/ation #bch to ,/ation #bec71 t is1 at lea/1 f long4 #aeg ,e4 to #age ,e41 betwe5 lat4 #ce ,n4 & #cg ,n42 7,b7 9 ! tropical ,c5tral ,pacific 9 ! ,globig]9a ooze ( ,/ations #bgj & #bga4 ,! ooze f ! latt] /ation1 situat$ almo/ on ! equator 7lat4 #j #cc' ,s41 long4 #aea #cd' ,w471 is specially rem>kable1 = x has yield$ m new species ( ,,spumell>ia & ,,nassell>ia ?an any o!r ,/ation1 n exclud+ ev5 ! neighb\r+ ,/ations #bfh1 #bfi1 & #bgb4 ,probably su* mix$ ,radiol>ian ooze is v widely di/ribut$ 9 ! dep?s ( ! ocean1 z1 = example1 9 ! ,s\? ,pacific 7,/ations #bhh1 #bhi1 #cjj1 & #cjb71 & 9 ! ,s\!rn ,ocean 7,/ations #aef to #aei72 also 9 ! ,s\? ,atlantic 7,/ations #cbd1 #cbe1 #cca1 #ccb7 & 9 ! tropical ,atlantic 7,/ations #cdh to #ceb74 ,:5 c>efully purifi$ & decalcifi$ by acids1 ,radiol>ian ooze appe>s z a f9e %9+ :ite p[d]2 9 ! raw /ate x is yell[i% or r$di%1 sometimes r$di%-br[n or d>k br[n 9 col\r1 accord+ to ! quantity ( oxides ( iron1 manganese1 c41 :i* x conta9s4 ,calc>e\s skeletons 7especially ! te/s ( pelagic ,=am9if]a7 d n occur at all or only 9 v m9ute quantities 9 pure ,radiol>ian ooze f m ?an #bjjj fa?oms1 :il/ specim5s ( mix$ ooze (t5 conta9 consid]able quantities ( !m4 ,pure ,radiol>ian ooze 0 fir/ describ$ by ,dr4 ,john ,murray z reg>ds its peculi> nature & composition "u ! "n ,radiol>ian ooze 7#ahgf1 ,l4 ,n4 #bg1 pp4 #ebe1 #ebf72 comp>e also ,sir ,wyville ,?omson 7,! ,atlantic1 ,l4 ,n4 #ca1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bca-bch71 & ,john ,murray 7,n>r4 ,*all4 ,exp41 ,l4 ,n4 #ec1 vol4 i4 pt4 ii4 pp4 #ibj-ibf1 pl4 ,n4 fig4 #b74 ,! diff]5t specim5s ( pure ,radiol>ian ooze obta9$ by ! ,*all5g] f ! ,pacific1 & h&$ to me = inve/igation1 are f dep?s ( f #bbej fa?oms to #ddge fa?oms1 & may be divid$ accord+ to _! composition into ?ree diff]5t gr\ps3--,i4 ,! ,radiol>ian ooze ( ! ,we/]n ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ations #bbe & #bbf1 f dep?s ( #ddge & #bcjj fa?oms 7lat4 #aa ,n4 to #ae ,n41 & long4 #adb ,e4 to #add ,e474 ,,ii4 ,! ,radiol>ian ooze ( ! nor!rn half ( ! ,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ations #bfe to #bfi1 f dep?s ( #beej to #bijj fa?oms4 ,,iii4 ,! ,radiol>ian ooze ( ! s\!rn half ( ! ,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ations #bgj to #bgd1 f dep?s ( #bcej to #bibe fa?oms4 ,a f\r? gr\p w\ld be con/itut$ by ! ,radiol>ian ooze f ! ,philipp9es1 :i* 0 br\ght up by ,brooke 9 #ahfj ne> ! ,m>ianne ,isl&s f #ccjj fa?oms1 & describ$ by ,ehr5b]g 7,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 #ahfj1 p4 #gfe74 ,! ,diatom ooze1 too1 f\nd by ! ,*all5g] 9 ! ,ant>ctic regions 7,/ations #aeb to #aeg7 is 9 "s p>ts s ri* 9 ,radiol>ia t x passes ov] into true ,radiol>ian ooze4 ,reg>d+ ! ,radiol>ian ooze f ,zanzib>1 obta9$ by ,capta9 ,pull5 9 #ahei f #bbjj fa?oms 7 #bcj71 we h only ! incomplete communications ( ,ehr5b]g 7,l4 ,n4 #bd1 p4 #adg74 ,a m accurate k ( ^! deposits f ! ,indian ,ocean1 & ( clviii^? :i* we may ) probability expect f ! tropical ea/]n ,atlantic1 w be sure to increase v widely our k ( ! class4 #bch4 ,globig]9a ,ooze4--,next to ! ,radiol>ian ooze prop] ! ,globig]9a ooze is ! deposit :i* is ri*e/ 9 ! rema9s ( ,radiol>ia4 ,(t5 ^! are s abundant t x is d\btful to :i* category ! specim5 %\ld be ref]r$ 7e4g41 ,/ations #bgj & #bga1 see #bcg74 ,9 fact1 ! two pass )\t any %>p b\nd>y into ea* o!r1 & bo? pres5t transitions to ! ,diatom ooze4 ,next to r$ clay 7 #bci71 ,globig]9a ooze is ! mo/ widely di/ribut$ ( all s$im5ts1 & =ms a l>ge "p ( ! b$ ( ! ocean at dep?s ( #bej to #bijj fa?oms 7especially betwe5 #ajjj & #bjjj fa?oms74 ,x cov]s ext5sive areas at dep?s bel[ #ahjj fa?oms1 & 9 /ill deep] wat] is replac$ by r$ clay4 ,x is a f9e-gra9$ :ite1 grey1 or yell[i% p[d]1 :i* sometimes becomes col\r$ rose1 r$1 or br[n ow+ to ! admixture ( oxides ( iron & manganese4 ,true ,globig]9a ooze consi/s = ! mo/ "p ( ! accumulat$ calc>e\s %ells ( pelagic ,=am9if]a1 pr9cipally ,globig]9a & ,orbul9a1 b also ,ha/ig]9a1 ,pulv9ul9a1 c4 ,x conta9s usually f #ej to #hj p] c5t4 ( calcium c>bonate1 ! extreme values be+ #dj & #ie p] c5t4 ,aft] ?is has be5 remov$ by acids1 !re rema9s a residue1 :i* consi/s p>tly ( ! silice\s %ells ( ,radiol>ia & ,diatoms1 & p>tly ( m9]al p>ticles id5tical ) ! volcanic elem5ts ( ! r$ clay4 ,reg>d+ ! composition & significance ( ! ,globig]9a ooze1 see ,john ,murray 7,l4 ,n4 #bg1 pp4 #ebc-ebe1 & ,l4 ,n4 #ec1 vol4 i4 p4 #iai74 ,rec5tly ?is au?or has sep>at$ f ! ,globig]9a ooze 7s5su /ricto71 ! ,pt]opod ooze1 di/+ui%$ f ! =m] by ! great] abundance ( ,pt]opod %ells & calc>e\s %ells ( l>g] pelagic organisms :i* x conta9s4 ,x is f\nd 9 mod]ate dep?s 7at mo/ #aejj fa?oms71 & conta9s few] ,radiol>ia4 #bci4 ,r$ ,clay4--,?is is quantitatively ! mo/ important ( all deep-sea deposits1 cov]+ by f> ! greate/ ext5t ( ! ?ree great ocean bas9s at dep?s great] ?an #bbjj fa?oms4 ,x ?us f> surpasses 9 area ! o!r deposits1 bo? ,radiol>ia & ,globig]9a oozes1 & commonly =ms a /ill deep] lay] b5ea? !m4 ,probably ^! ?ree deep-sea deposits toge!r cov] ab\t ?ree-eigh?s ( ! :ole surface ( ! e>?1 t is1 ab\t z mu* z all ! cont95ts toge!r1 :il/ only two-eigh?s are cov]$ by ! t]rig5\s deposits4 ,r$ clay is pr9cipally compos$ ( silicate ( alum9a1 mix$ 9 v>i\s proportions ) o!r f9ely granul> sub/ances2 its usual r$ col\r1 :i* sometimes passes ov] into grey or br[n1 is m especially due to admixture ( oxides ( iron & manganese4 ,calc>e\s matt] is usually entirely want+1 or pres5t only 9 traces1 :il/ free silica is f\nd 9 v v>iable1 (t5 consid]able quantities4 ,! *ief mass ( ! r$ clay consi/s ( volcanic a%es1 pumice1 fragm5ts ( lava1 c41 :il/ a l>ge "p ( x is g5]ally compos$ ( %ells ( ,radiol>ia or fragm5ts ( clix!m2 9 _m places ! numb] ( well-pres]v$ skeletons conta9$ 9 ! r$ clay is v consid]able1 s t x passes ov] gradually into ! ,radiol>ian ooze 7e4g41 9 ! ,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ations #bch to #bec1 see #bcg74 ,h5ce x may be suppos$ t a l>ge "p ( ! r$ clay consi/s ( decompos$ ,radiol>ian ooze4 ,! *>act]i/ic composition & fundam5tal significance ( ! r$ clay 9 ! =mation ( ! deep-sea b$ 7 fir/ made kn[n by ! discov]ies ( ! ,*all5g] 7comp>e ,john ,murray1 #ahgf1 ,l4 ,n4 #bg1 p4 #ebg1 & ,n>r4 ,*all4 ,exp41 ,l4 ,n4 #ec1 vol4 i4 pt4 ii4 pp4 #ibj-ibf1 pl4 ,n2 also ,wyville ,?omson1 ,! ,atlantic1 ,l4 ,n4 #ca1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bbf-bbi74 ,! m9]al compon5ts ( ! r$ clay are = ! mo/ "p ( volcanic orig91 due to ! decomposition ( pumice1 lava1 c4 ,among ! organic rema9s f\nd 9 x1 ! silice\s skeletons ( ,radiol>ia are by f> ! mo/ important1 & _! numb] is (t5 consid]able4 ,a l>ge portion ( ! r$ clay appe>s to me to consi/ ( brok5 d[n ,radiol>ian %ells1 9 :i* a peculi> metamorphism probably has tak5 place4 ,sir ,wyville ,?omson 0 ( op9ion t a consid]able proportion ( x consi/$ ( ! rema9s ( ,globig]9a ooze1 ! calc>e\s con/itu5ts ( :i* _h be5 remov$ by ! c>bon dioxide 9 ! deep-sea wat] 7,l4 ,n4 #ca1 loc4 cit474 ,among ^! rema9s1 h[ev]1 ! silice\s skeletons ( ! ,radiol>ia play a significant & (t5 ! mo/ important "p4 ,fur!rmore1 ,john ,murray has call$ att5tion to ! fact t 9 _m deep-sea deposits yell[ & r$ insoluble p>ticles rema91 :i* unmi/akably pres5t ! =m ( ,radiol>ian %ells 7,l4 ,n4 #bg1 p4 #eac74 ,at ,/ation #cjc he f\nd amorph\s clayey matt]1 r\nd$ yell[ m9]als1 _m ,radiol>ia-%ap$2 at ,/ation #cjb !re 0 s$im5t consi/+ almo/ entirely ( small r\nd$ r$ m9]al p>ticles2 _m ( ^! _h ! =m ( bo? ,=am9if]a & ,radiol>ia2 & x seem$ z if "s sub/ance _h be5 deposit$ 9 & on ^! organisms4 ,simil> transitions f well-pres]v$ ,radiol>ian %ells into amorph\s m9]al p>ticles ,i h f\nd 9 sev]al o!r specim5s ( ,*all5g] s\nd+s1 & consid] !m a fur!r argum5t = ! supposition t ! ,radiol>ia (t5 take an important %>e 9 ! =mation ( ! r$ clay4 #bdj4 ,li/ ( ,/ations at :i* ,radiol>ia 7 obs]v$ on ! ,*all5g] ,exp$ition4--,! #afh ,/ations record$ bel[1 9 s\nd+s or surface prep>ations f :i* ,i f\nd ,radiol>ia1 belong to ! mo/ v>i\s p>ts ( ! sea :i* ! ,*all5g] trav]s$ dur+ h] voyage r\nd ! _w2 !y con/itute ab\t half ( ! 7#cfd7 obs]v+ ,/ations conta9$ 9 ! (ficial li/ publi%$ 9 ! ,n>rative ( ! ,cruise 7,n>r4 ,*all4 ,exp41 vol4 i4 "p ii4 ,app5dix ii474 ,9 addition to ! p>ticul>s giv5 9 ! li/ reg>d+ ! geographical position ( ! ,/ation1 dep?1 temp]ature1 & composition ( ! bottom deposit1 ,i h add$ ! result ( my inve/igations z reg>ds ! relative abundance ( ! ,radiol>ia 9 ea*4 ,! five lett]s 7,a to ,e7 d5ote ! foll[+ degrees ( frequ5cy3--,a1 abundant ,radiol>ia 7,,ai1 pure ,radiol>ian ooze2 ,,aii1 mix$ ,radiol>ian ooze72 ,b1 v num]\s ,radiol>ia 7b n a pr$om9at+ quantity72 ,c1 _m ,radiol>ia 7m$ium quantity72 ,d1 few ,radiol>ia2 ,e1 v few ,radiol>ia 7z !y occur almo/ always74 ,9 us+ ^! symbols reg>d has be5 _h to abundance ( ! abyssal z well z ( ! zon>ial & pelagic =ms 7 #bcb72 sometimes also ! e/imat$ numb] ( ,radiol>ia has be5 ins]t$1 bas$ ^u in=mation giv5 by ,john ,murray 9 8 ,prelim9>y ,report 7,l4 ,n4 #bg71 & 9 ! ,n>rative ( ! ,cruise 7,l4 ,n4 #ec71 z well z by ,h5ry ,b4 ,brady 9 8 ,report on ! clx,=am9if]a 7,zool4 ,*all4 ,exp41 "p xxii41 #ahhd74 ,f ,/ations #cdh to #ceb 9 ! ,ea/]n ,tropical ,atlantic no specim5s ( ! bottom 7 obta9$1 b a ri* pelagic ,radiol>ian fauna 0 demon/rat$ by num]\s prep>ations f ! surface4 ,! dep?s are giv5 9 fa?oms & ! temp]ature 9 degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,9 ! column describ+ ! nature ( ! bottom ! foll[+ abbreviations are us$3-- rad4 oz4 ,radiol>ian ooze 7 #bcg74 gl4 oz4 ,globig]9a ooze 7 #bch74 r4 cl4 r$ clay 7 #bci74 pt4 oz4 ,pt]opod ooze 7see p4 clviii74 di4 oz4 ,diatom ooze 7see p4 clvii74 bl4 m4 blue mud1 t]rig5\s deposits gr4 m4 gre5 mud1 7see p4 clvi74 volc4 m4 volcanic mud1 r4 m4 r$ mud4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,bottom ,relative ,*all5g] ,locality4 ,dep? 9,temp]ature1 ,nature ( ,abundance ( ,/ation4 ,fa?oms4 ,f4 ,bottom4 ,radiol>ia4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #a4 ,n4 ,atl4 #ahij #cf4h gl4 oz4 ,d few #b4 #aide #cf4h gl4 oz4 ,e v few #e4 #bgdj #cg4j r4 cl4 ,d few #i4 #caej #cf4h r4 cl4 ,e v few #bd4 ,tr4 ,atl4 #cij 444 pt4 oz4 ,d few #cb4 ,n4 ,atl4 #bbej #cf4g gl4 oz4 ,e v few #de4 #abdj #cg4b bl4 m4 ,e #ej4 #abej #ch4j bl4 m4 ,e #fd4 #bgjj 444 r4 cl4 ,d few #gf4 #ijj #dj4j pt4 oz4 ,d #ih4 ,tr4 ,atl4 #agej #cf4g gl4 oz4 ,c _m #ajf4 #ahej #cf4f gl4 oz4 ,c #ajh4 #aijj #cf4h gl4 oz4 ,c #aaa4 #bdge #cc4g gl4 oz4 ,c #abj4 #fge 444 r4 m4 ,d few #acb4 ,s4 ,atl4 #bjej #ce4j gl4 oz4 ,c _m #acd4 #bjbe #cf4j gl4 oz4 ,c #acg4 #beej #cd4e r4 cl4 ,d few #ach4 #bfej #ce4a r4 cl4 ,d #adc4 ,s4 ,ind4 #aijj #ce4f gl4 oz4 ,e v few #add4 #aegj #ce4h gl4 oz4 ,e #ade4 #adj 444 volc4 s4 ,d few #adf4 #acge #ce4f gl4 oz4 ,c _m #adg4 #afjj #cd4b di4 oz4 ,c #adh4 #baj 444 gravel1 ,d few %ells #adi;,h4 #abg 444 volc4 m4 ,d #aej4 #aej #ce4b gravel ,d #aea4 #ge 444 volc4 m4 ,d #aeb4 #abfj 444 di4 oz4 ,c _m #aec4 #afge 444 bl4 m4 ,c #aed4 #ahjj 444 bl4 m4 ,c #aee4 #acjj 444 bl4 m4 ,c #aef4 #aige 444 di4 oz4 ,b num]\s #aeg4 #aiej #cb4a di4 oz4 ,b #aeh4 #ahjj #cc4e gl4 oz4 ,b #aei4 #baej #cd4e gl4 oz4 ,b #afj4 #bfjj #cc4i r4 cl4 ,c _m #afb4 #ch 444 s& ,e v few #afc4 ,s4 ,pac4 #bbjj #cd4e gr4 m4 ,e #afd;,a4 #abjj 444 gr4 m4 ,e #afe4 ,s4 ,pac4 #bfjj #cd4e r4 cl4 ,d few #aff4 #bge #ej4h gl4 oz4 ,d #afi4 #gjj #dj4j bl4 m4 ,d #age4 ,tr4 ,pac4 #acej #cf4j gl4 oz4 ,e v few #aha4 #bddj #ce4h r4 cl4 ,e #aic4 #bhjj #ch4j bl4 m4 ,d few #aie4 #adbe #ch4j bl4 m4 ,c _m #aig4 #abjj #ce4i bl4 m4 ,d few #aih4 #baej #ch4i bl4 m4 ,c _m #bjj4 #bej 444 gr4 m4 ,b num]\s #bja4 #hb 444 /4 gra4 ,c _m #bjb4 #beej #ej4e bl4 m4 ,b num]\s #bje4 #ajej #cg4j bl4 m4 ,c _m #bjf4 #bajj #cf4e bl4 m4 ,b num]\s #baa4 #bbbe #ej4e bl4 m4 ,b #bac4 #bjej #ch4h bl4 m4 ,c _m #bad4 #ejj #da4h bl4 m4 ,c #bae4 #beej #ce4d r4 cl4 ,c _m #baf;,a #bjjj #ce4d gl4 oz4 ,b num]\s #bag4 #bjjj #ce4b bl4 m4 ,c _m #bah4 #ajgj #cf4d bl4 m4 ,c #bbj4 #aajj #cf4b gl4 oz4 ,c #bba4 #bfej #ce4d r4 cl4 ,b num]\s #bbb4 #bdej #ce4b r4 cl4 ,b #bbc4 #bcbe #ce4e gl4 oz4 ,b #bbd4 #ahej #ce4d gl4 oz4 ,b #bbe4 #ddge #ce4b rad4 oz4 ,a v _m #bbf4 #bcjj #ce4e rad4 oz4 ,a #bcj4 ,n4 ,pac4 #bdbe #ce4e r4 cl4 ,c _m #bca4 #bbej #ce4b bl4 m4 ,c #bcb4 #cde #da4a gr4 m4 ,c #bcd4 #bfge #ce4h bl4 m4 ,b num]\s #bce4 #efe #ch4a gr4 m4 ,d few #bcf4 #gge #cg4f gr4 m4 ,c _m #bcg4 #ahge #ce4c bl4 m4 ,c #bch4 #ciej #ce4j r4 cl4 ,b num]\s #bci4 #cfbe #ce4a r4 cl4 ,b #bdj4 #bijj #cd4i r4 cl4 ,b #bda4 #bcjj #ce4a r4 cl4 ,a v _m #bdb4 #bege #ce4a r4 cl4 ,,aii #bdc4 #bhjj #ce4j r4 cl4 ,,aii #bdd4 #bijj #ce4c r4 cl4 ,,aii #bde4 #bgge #cd4i r4 cl4 ,,aii #bdf4 #bjej #ce4a gl4 oz4 ,b num]\s #bdg4 #becj #ce4b r4 cl4 ,c _m #bdh4 #bijj #ce4a r4 cl4 ,c #bdi4 #cjjj #ce4b r4 cl4 ,b num]\s #bej4 #cjej #ce4j r4 cl4 ,b #bea4 #biej #ce4a r4 cl4 ,b #beb4 #bgdj #ce4c r4 cl4 ,b #bec4 #cabe #ce4a r4 cl4 ,b #bed4 #cjbe #ce4j r4 cl4 ,c _m #bee4 #bhej #ce4j r4 cl4 ,c #bef4 #biej #ce4b r4 cl4 ,b num]\s #beg4 #bhge #cd4i r4 cl4 ,c _m #beh4 #bgge #ce4b r4 cl4 ,c #bei4 ,tr4 ,pac4 #bbbe #cd4i r4 cl4 ,c #bfa4 #bjej #ce4b volc4 m4 ,c _m #bfb4 #bhge #ce4b r4 cl4 ,c #bfc4 #bfej #ce4a r4 cl4 ,b num]\s #bfd4 #cjjj #ce4b r4 cl4 ,c _m #bfe4 #bijj #ce4j r4 cl4 ,a v _m #bff4 #bgej #ce4a rad4 oz4 ,a #bfg4 #bgjj #ce4j rad4 oz4 ,a #bfh4 #bijj #cd4h rad4 oz4 ,a #bfi4 #beej #ce4b rad4 oz4 ,a #bgj4 #bibe #cd4f gl4 oz4 ,a #bga4 #bdbe #ce4j gl4 oz4 ,a #bgb4 #bfjj #ce4a rad4 oz4 ,a #bgc4 #bcej #cd4e rad4 oz4 ,a #bgd4 #bgej #ce4a rad4 oz4 ,a #bge4 #bfaj #ce4j r4 cl4 ,b num]\s #bgf4 #bcej #ce4a r4 cl4 ,c _m #bhj4 #aidj #ce4c gl4 oz4 ,d few #bha4 #bche #cd4i r4 cl4 ,c _m #bhb4 ,s4 ,pac4 #bdej #ce4a r4 cl4 ,c #bhc4 #bjge #ce4d gl4 oz4 ,d few #bhd4 #aihe #ce4a gl4 oz4 ,c _m #bhe4 #bcge #ce4j r4 cl4 ,d few #bhf4 #bcce #cd4h r4 cl4 ,d #bhg4 #bdjj #cd4g r4 cl4 ,d #bhh4 #bfjj #cd4h r4 cl4 ,b num]\s #bhi4 #beej #cd4h r4 cl4 ,b #bij4 #bcjj #cd4i r4 cl4 ,c _m #bia4 #bbej #cd4f r4 cl4 ,c #bib4 #afjj #ce4b gl4 oz4 ,c #bic4 #bjbe #cd4d gl4 oz4 ,c #bid4 #bbgj #cd4f r4 cl4 ,d few #bie4 #aejj #ce4c gl4 oz4 ,c _m #bif4 #ahbe #ce4c gl4 oz4 ,d few #big4 #agge #ce4e gl4 oz4 ,d #bih4 #bbbe #ce4f bl4 m4 ,c _m #bii4 #bafj #ce4b bl4 m4 ,c #cjj4 #acge #ce4e gl4 oz4 ,b num]\s #cjb4 #adej #ce4f gl4 oz4 ,b #cjc4 #acbe #cf4j bl4 m4 ,d few #cjd4 #de 444 gr4 m4 ,e v few #cah4 ,s4 ,atl4 #bjdj #cc4g bl4 m4 ,c few #cai4 #bdbe #cb4g bl4 m4 ,c #cbc4 #aijj #cc4a bl4 m4 ,c #cbd4 #bhjj #cb4f bl4 m4 ,b num]\s #cbe4 #bfej #cb4g bl4 m4 ,b #cbf4 #bgge #cb4g bl4 m4 ,c _m #cbg4 #bijj #cb4h bl4 m4 ,c #cbh4 #bijj #cb4i bl4 m4 ,b num]\s #cbi4 #bfge #cb4c r4 cl4 ,c _m #ccj4 #bddj #cb4g r4 cl4 ,c #cca4 #agae #ce4d gl4 oz4 ,b num]\s #ccb4 #bbjj #cd4j gl4 oz4 ,b #ccc4 #bjbe #ce4c gl4 oz4 ,b #ccd4 #aiae #ce4h gl4 oz4 ,c _m #cce4 #adbe #cg4j pt4 oz4 ,d few #cch4 ,tr4 ,atl4 #aiij #cf4c gl4 oz4 ,d few #cdj4 #aejj #cg4f pt4 oz4 ,e v few #cda4 #adge #ch4b pt4 oz4 ,e #cdb4 #adde #cg4e pt4 oz4 ,d few #cdc4 #dbe #dj4c volc4 s4 ,e v few #cdd4 #dbj 444 volc4 s4 ,e #cde4 #bjaj #cf4h gl4 oz4 ,d few #cdf4 #bcej #cd4j gl4 oz4 ,c _m #cdg4 #bbej #cf4b gl4 oz4 ,b num]\s #cdh4 7#bdej7 444 7,pelag47 ,b #cdi4 444 444 7,pelag47 ,b #cej4 444 444 7,pelag47 ,b #cea4 444 444 7,pelag47 ,b #ceb4 444 444 7,pelag47 ,b #cec4 ,n4 ,atl4 #bife #cg4f r4 cl4 ,c _m #ced4 #afge #cg4h gl4 oz4 ,d few ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,*all5g] ,date4 ,latitude & ,longitude4 ,ne>e/ ,l&4 ,/ation4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #ahgc4 #a4 ,feb4 #aebg #bd' ,n41 #af #ee' ,w4,s4 ( ,t5]ife4 #b4 #agbe #eb' ,n41 #ai #bb' ,w4,s4,w4 ( ! ,can>y ,isl&s4 #e4 #babd #bj' ,n41 #bd #bh' ,w4,s4,w4 ( ! ,can>y ,isl&s4 #i4 #bfbc #bc' ,n41 #ce #aa' ,w4 7,ocean74 #bd4 ,m>4 #beah #ch' ,n41 #fe #e' ,w4,culebra 7,antilles74 #cb4 ,april #cca #di' ,n41 #fd #ee' ,w4,b]muda4 #de4 ,may #cch #cd' ,n41 #gb #aj' ,w4,s4 ( ,new ,york4 #ej4 #badb #h' ,n41 #fc #ci' ,w4,s4 ( ,halifax4 #fd4 ,june #bjce #ce' ,n41 #ej #bg' ,w4 7,ocean74 #gf4 ,july #cch #aa' ,n41 #bg #i' ,w4,azores4 #ih4 ,aug4 #ad #i #ba' ,n41 #ah #bh' ,w4,w4 ( ,si]ra ,leone4 #ajf4 #be #a #dg' ,n41 #bd #bf' ,w4 7,ocean74 #ajh4 #bg #a #aj' ,n41 #bh #bc' ,w4 7,ocean74 #aaa4 #ca #a #de' ,s41 #cj #eh' ,w4 7,ocean74 #abj4 ,sept4 #i #h #cg' ,s41 #cd #bh' ,w4,p]nambuco4 #acb4 ,oct4 #ajce #be' ,s41 #bc #dj' ,w4,tri/an da ,cunha4 #acd4 #adcf #ab' ,s41 #ab #af' ,w4,tri/an da ,cunha4 #acg4 #bcce #ei' ,s41 #a #cd' ,e4 7,ocean74 #ach4 #becf #bb' ,s41 #h #ab' ,e4 7,ocean74 #adc4 ,dec4 #aicf #dh' ,s41 #ai #bd' ,e4,cape ( ,good ,hope4 #add4 #bdde #eg' ,s41 #cd #ci' ,e4 7,ocean74 #ade4 #bgdf #dc' ,s41 #ch #d' ,e4,pr9ce ,edw>d ,isl&4 #adf4 #bidf #df' ,s41 #de #ca' ,e4 7,ocean74 #adg4 #cjdf #af' ,s41 #dh #bg' ,e4,w4 ( ! ,crozet ,isl&s4 #ahgd4 #adh4 ,jan4 #cdf #dg' ,s41 #ea #cg' ,e4,e4 ( ! ,crozet ,isl&s4 #adi;,h4 #bidh #de' ,s41 #fi #ad' ,e4,k]guel5 ,isl&4 #aej4 ,feb4 #beb #d' ,s41 #ga #bb' ,e4,n4 ( ,he>d ,isl&4 #aea4 #geb #ei' ,s41 #gc #cc' ,e4,he>d ,isl&4 #aeb4 #aafj #eb' ,s41 #hj #bj' ,e47,ocean74 #aec4 #adfe #db' ,s41 #gi #di' ,e4,ant>ctic ,ice4 #aed4 #aifd #cg' ,s41 #he #di' ,e4,ant>ctic ,ice4 #aee4 #bcfd #ah' ,s41 #id #dg' ,e4,ant>ctic ,ice4 #aef4 #bffb #bf' ,s41 #ie #dd' ,e4 7,ocean74 #aeg4 ,m>4 #cec #ee' ,s41 #ajh #ce' ,e4 7,ocean74 #aeh4 #gej #a' ,s41 #abc #d' ,e4 7,ocean74 #aei4 #ajdg #be' ,s41 #acj #bb' ,e4 7,ocean74 #afj4 #acdb #db' ,s41 #acd #aj' ,e4 7,ocean74 #afb4 ,april #bci #aj' ,s41 #adf #cg' ,e4,bass ,/rait4 #afc4 #dcf #eg' ,s41 #aej #cd' ,e4,port ,jackson4 #afd;,a4 ,june #accd #i' ,s41 #aea #ee' ,e4,w4 ( ,sydney4 #afe4 #agcd #ej' ,s41 #aee #bh' ,e4 7,ocean74 #aff4 #bcch #ej' ,s41 #afi #bj' ,e4,w4 ( ,new ,zeal&4 #afi4 ,july #ajcg #cd' ,s41 #agi #bb' ,e4,e4 ( ,new ,zeal&4 #age4 ,aug4 #abai #b' ,s41 #agg #aj' ,e4,fiji ,isl&s4 #aha4 #beac #ej' ,s41 #aea #di' ,e4,l\isiades4 #aic4 ,sept4 #bh #e #bd' ,s41 #acj #cg' ,e4,b&a ,sea4 #aie4 ,oct4 #c #d #ba' ,s41 #abi #g' ,e4,b&a ,sea4 #aig4 #ad #j #da' ,n41 #abf #cg' ,e4,e4 ( ,celebes4 #aih4 #bj #b #ee' ,n41 #abd #eh' ,e4,n4 ( ,celebes4 #bjj4 #bc #f #dg' ,n41 #abb #bh' ,e4,w4 ( ,m9danao4 #bja4 #bf #g #c' ,n41 #aba #dh' ,e4,w4 ( ,m9danao4 #bjb4 #bg #h #cb' ,n41 #aba #ee' ,e4,w4 ( ,m9danao4 #bje4 ,nov4 #acaf #db' ,n41 #aai #bb' ,e4,w4 ( ,luzon4 #ahge4 #bjf4 ,jan4 #hag #ed' ,n41 #aag #ad' ,e4,w4 ( ,luzon4 #baa4 #bh #h #j' ,n41 #aba #db' ,e4,w4 ( ,m9danao4 #bac4 ,feb4 #h #e #dg' ,n41 #abd #a' ,e4,s4 ( ,m9danao4 #bad4 #aj #d #cc' ,n41 #abg #f' ,e4,n4 ( ,gilolo4 #bae4 #ab #d #ai' ,n41 #acj #ae' ,e4,n4 ( ,gilolo4 #baf;,a4 #af #b #ef' ,n41 #acd #aa' ,e4,s4 ( ,pelew ,isl&s4 #bag4 #bb #j #ci' ,s41 #ach #ee' ,e4,n4 ( ,new ,gu9ea4 #bah4 ,m>4 #a #b #cc' ,s41 #add #d' ,e4,n4 ( ,new ,gu9ea4 #bbj4 #aa #j #db' ,s41 #adg #j' ,e4,n4 ( ,new ,gu9ea4 #bba4 #ac #j #dj' ,n41 #adh #da' ,e4 7,ocean74 #bbb4 #af #b #ae' ,n41 #adf #af' ,e4 7,ocean74 #bbc4 #ai #e #ca' ,n41 #ade #ac' ,e4,c>ol9es4 #bbd4 #ba #g #de' ,n41 #add #bj' ,e4,c>ol9es4 #bbe4 #bcaa #bd' ,n41 #adc #af' ,e4,ocean #bbf4 #bead #dd' ,n41 #adb #ac' ,e4,ocean ,nor?-,we/ ,pacific1 #bcj4 ,april #ebf #bi' ,n41 #acg #eg' ,e4,ocean betwe5 ,c>ol9es #bca4 #ica #h' ,n41 #acg #h' ,e4,ocean & ,japan4 #bcb4 ,may #abce #aa' ,n41 #aci #bh' ,e4,ocean #bcd4 ,june #ccb #ca' ,n41 #ace #ci' ,e4,s4 ( ,japan4 #bce4 #dcd #g' ,n41 #ach #j' ,e4,s4 ( ,japan4 #bcf4 #ecd #eh' ,n41 #aci #bi' ,e4,s4 ( ,japan4 #bcg4 #agcd #cg' ,n41 #adj #cb' ,e4,s4 ( ,japan4 #bch4 #ahce #ah' ,n41 #add #h' ,e4,ocean #bci4 #aice #ah' ,n41 #adg #i' ,e4,ocean #bdj4 #bace #bj' ,n41 #aec #ci' ,e4,ocean #bda4 #bcce #da' ,n41 #aeg #db' ,e4,ocean #bdb4 #bdce #bi' ,n41 #afa #eb' ,e4,ocean #bdc4 #bfce #bd' ,n41 #aff #ce' ,e4,ocean ,nor? ,pacific1 #bdd4 #bhce #bb' ,n41 #afi #ec' ,e4,ocean betwe5 ,japan & #bde4 #cjcf #bc' ,n41 #agd #ca' ,e4,ocean ,san ,francisco #bdf4 ,july #bcf #aj' ,n41 #agh #j' ,e4,ocean 7#ce-ch ,n4 lat41 #bdg4 #cce #di' ,n41 #agi #eg' ,w4,ocean #add-aef ,w4 long47 #bdh4 #ecg #da' ,n41 #agg #d' ,w4,ocean #bdi4 #gcg #ei' ,n41 #aga #dh' ,w4,ocean #bej4 #icg #di' ,n41 #aff #dg' ,w4,ocean #bea4 #ajcg #cg' ,n41 #afc #bf' ,w4,ocean #beb4 #abcg #eb' ,n41 #afj #ag' ,w4,ocean #bec4 #adch #i' ,n41 #aef #be' ,w4,ocean #bed4 #agce #ac' ,n41 #aed #dc' ,w4,ocean #bee4 #aicb #bh' ,n41 #aed #cc' ,w4,ocean ,nor? ,pacific #bef4 #bacj #bb' ,n41 #aed #ef' ,w4,ocean 7#ce-bc ,n4 lat41 #beg4 #bcbg #cc' ,n41 #aed #ee' ,w4,ocean #aed-aef ,w4 long474 #beh4 #bdbf #aa' ,n41 #aee #ab' ,w4,ocean #bei4 #bfbc #c' ,n41 #aef #f' ,w4,ocean #bfa4 ,aug4 #abbj #ah' ,n41 #aeg #ad' ,w4,s&wi* ,isl&s4 #bfb4 #bjai #ab' ,n41 #aed #ad' ,w4,s&wi* ,isl&s4 #bfc4 #baag #cc' ,n41 #aec #cf' ,w4,ocean #bfd4 #bcad #ai' ,n41 #aeb #cg' ,w4,ocean #bfe4 #beab #db' ,n41 #aeb #a' ,w4,ocean #bff4 #bfaa #g' ,n41 #aeb #c' ,w4,ocean ,tropical ,c5tral #bfg4 #bh #i #bh' ,n41 #aej #di' ,w4,ocean ,pacific1 betwe5 #bfh4 #cj #g #ce' ,n41 #adi #di' ,w4,ocean ,s&wi* & #bfi4 ,sept4 #b #e #ed' ,n41 #adg #b' ,w4,ocean ,paumotu #bgj4 #d #b #cd' ,n41 #adi #i' ,w4,ocean 7#ag ,n4 lat4 to #bga4 #f #j #cc' ,s41 #aea #cd' ,w4,ocean #aa ,s4 lat474 #bgb4 #h #c #dh' ,s41 #aeb #ef' ,w4,ocean #bgc4 #i #e #aa' ,s41 #aeb #ef' ,w4,ocean #bgd4 #aa #g #be' ,s41 #aeb #ae' ,w4,ocean #bge4 #adaa #bj' ,s41 #aej #cj' ,w4,ocean #bgf4 #afac #bh' ,s41 #adi #cj' ,w4,paumotu4 #bhj4 ,oct4 #dah #dj' ,s41 #adi #eb' ,w4,s4 ( ,tahiti4 #bha4 #fbb #ba' ,s41 #aej #ag' ,w4,tubuai ,isl&s4 #bhb4 #gbc #df' ,s41 #adi #ei' ,w4,tubuai ,isl&s4 #bhc4 #ibf #i' ,s41 #ade #ag' ,w4,n4 ( ,op>o ,isl&4 #bhd4 #aabh #bb' ,s41 #ada #bb' ,w4,s4 ( ,op>o ,isl&4 #bhe4 #adcb #cf' ,s41 #acg #dc' ,w4,ocean #bhf4 #afcc #bi' ,s41 #acc #bb' ,w4,ocean #bhg4 #ajcf #cb' ,s41 #acb #eb' ,w4,ocean #bhh4 #badj #c' ,s41 #acb #eh' ,w4,ocean #bhi4 #bcci #da' ,s41 #aca #bc' ,w4,ocean #bij4 #beci #af' ,s41 #abd #g' ,w4,ocean ,op5 ,s\? ,pacific #bia4 #bgci #ac' ,s41 #aah #di' ,w4,ocean ,ocean1 betwe5 ,new ,zeal& & #bib4 #bich #dc' ,s41 #aab #ca' ,w4,ocean ,valp>aiso4 #bic4 ,nov4 #aci #d' ,s41 #aje #e' ,w4,ocean #bid4 #cci #bb' ,s41 #ih #df' ,w4,ocean #bie4 #ech #g' ,s41 #id #d' ,w4,ocean #bif4 #ich #f' ,s41 #hh #b' ,w4,ocean #big4 #aacg #bi' ,s41 #hc #g' ,w4,ocean #bih4 #agcd #g' ,s41 #gc #ef' ,w4,w4 ( ,valp>aiso4 #bii4 ,dec4 #adcc #ca' ,s41 #gd #dc' ,w4,w4 ( ,valp>aiso4 #cjj4 #agcc #db' ,s41 #gh #ah' ,w4,n4 ( ,juan ,f]n&ez4 #cjb4 #bhdb #dc' ,s41 #hb #aa' ,w4 7,ocean74 #cjc4 #cjde #ca' ,s41 #gh #i' ,w4,w4 ( ,patagonia4 #cjd4 #cadf #ec' ,s41 #ge #ab' ,w4,w4 ( ,patagonia4 #ahgf4 #cah4 ,feb4 #aadb #cb' ,s41 #ef #bi' ,w4 7,ocean74 #cai4 #abda #ed' ,s41 #ed #dh' ,w4 7,ocean74 #cbc4 #bhce #ci' ,s41 #ej #dg' ,w4,w4 ( ,bu5os ,ayres4 #cbd4 #bicf #i' ,s41 #dh #bb' ,w4,ocean #cbe4 ,m>4 #bcf #dd' ,s41 #df #af' ,w4,ocean #cbf4 #ccg #c' ,s41 #dd #ag' ,w4,ocean ,op5 ,s\? ,atlantic #cbg4 #dcf #dh' ,s41 #db #de' ,w4,ocean ,ocean1 betwe5 #cbh4 #fcg #ch' ,s41 #ci #cf' ,w4,ocean ,bu5os ,ayres & #cbi4 #gcg #ca' ,s41 #cf #g' ,w4,ocean ,tri/an da ,cunha #ccj4 #hcg #de' ,s41 #cc #j' ,w4,ocean 7#ce-cg ,s4 lat41 #cca4 #icg #dg' ,s41 #cj #bj' ,w4,ocean #ba-dh ,w4 long474 #ccb4 #ajcg #bi' ,s41 #bg #ca' ,w4,ocean #ccc4 #acce #cf' ,s41 #ba #ab' ,w4,ocean #ccd4 #adce #de' ,s41 #ah #ca' ,w4,w4 ( ,tri/an da ,cunha4 #cce4 #afcb #bd' ,s41 #ac #e' ,w4,n4 ( ,tri/an da ,cunha4 #cch4 #baba #ae' ,s41 #ad #b' ,w47,ocean74 #cdj4 #bdad #cc' ,s41 #ac #db' ,w4,ocean #cda4 #beab #af' ,s41 #ac #dd' ,w4,ocean ,w4 ( ,/4 ,hel5a4 #cdb4 #bf #i #dc' ,s41 #ac #ea' ,w4,ocean #cdc4 #bg #h #c' ,s41 #ad #bg' ,w4,asc5sion ,isl&4 #cdd4 ,april #c #g #ed' ,s41 #ad #bh' ,w4,asc5sion ,isl&4 #cde4 #d #e #de' ,s41 #ad #be' ,w4,ocean #cdf4 #f #b #db' ,s41 #ad #da' ,w4,ocean ,tropical ,atlantic1 betwe5 ,asc5sion #cdg4 #g #j #ae' ,s41 #ad #be' ,w4,ocean & ,si]ra ,leone4 #cdh4 #i #c #aj' ,n41 #ad #ea' ,w4,ocean #cdi4 #aj #e #bh' ,n41 #ad #ch' ,w4,ocean #cej4 #aa #g #cc' ,n41 #ae #af' ,w4,w4 ( ,si]ra ,leone4 #cea4 #ab #i #i' ,n41 #af #da' ,w4,w4 ( ,si]ra ,leone4 #ceb4 #acaj #ee' ,n41 #ag #df' ,w4,w4 ( ,si]ra ,leone4 #cec4 ,may #cbf #ba' ,n41 #cc #cg' ,w4,w4 ( ,can>y ,isl&s4 #ced4 #fcb #da' ,n41 #cf #f' ,w4,s4 ( ,azores4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- clxiv,,*apt] ,x4--,,geographical ,,di/ribution4 7 #bda-bej47 #bda4 ,hi/orical ,di/ribution4--,radiol>ia are f\nd fossil 9 all ! m important gr\ps ( ! s$im5t>y rocks ( ! e>?'s cru/4 ,:il/ a few ye>s ago _! well-pres]v$ silice\s skeletons 7 only kn[n 9 consid]able quantity f ,ca9ozoic m>ls 7 #bdb71 v _m ,,spumell>ia & ,,nassell>ia h rec5tly be5 f\nd 9 ,mesozoic & a few 9 ,palozoic /rata4 ,by ! aid ( improv$ mod]n me?ods ( inve/igation 7especially by ! prep>ation ( ?9 sections ( v h>d rocks7 x has be5 %[n t _m h>d silice\s m9]als1 especially cryptocry/all9e qu>tz1 conta9 num]\s well-pres]v$ ,radiol>ia1 & sometimes are ma9ly compos$ ( closely compact$ masses ( su* silice\s %ells2 ( ?is k9d are _m qu>tzites ( ! ,jura 7 #bdc74 ,^! ,jurassic qu>tzes 7,switz]l&71 z well z ! ,t]ti>y m>ls 7,b>bados7 & clays 7,nicob> ,isl&s71 are to be reg>d$ z fossil ,radiol>ian ooze 7 #bcg74 ,d5se masses ( compress$ ,,spumell>ia & ,,nassell>ia =m ! pr9cipal "p ( ^! rocks4 ,isolat$ or 9 small] quantities1 fossil ,polycy/9a1 belong+ to diff]5t families ( ,,spumell>ia & ,,nassell>ia1 also occur 9 9 o!r rocks1 & ev5 9 "s ( ,palozoic orig94 ,s9ce specim5s h also be5 rec5tly f\nd bo? 9 ,silurian & ,cambrian /rata1 x may be /at$ t z reg>ds _! hi/orical di/ribution1 ,radiol>ia occur 9 all fossilif]\s s$im5t>y deposits1 f ! olde/ to ^? ( ! pres5t "t4 #bdb4 ,ca9ozoic ,radiol>ia4--,! great majority ( fossil ,radiol>ia :i* h hi!rto be5 describ$1 belong to ! ,ca9ozoic or ,t]ti>y p]iod1 & 9 fact1 to its middle portion1 ! ,mioc5e p]iod4 ,at ?is p]iod ! ri*e/ & mo/ important ( all ! ,radiol>ian =mations 7 deposit$1 su* z ! pure ,polycy/9e m>l ( ,b>bados 7see note ,a71 also t ( ,grotte 9 ,sicily 7see note ,b71 & ! clay ( ! ,nicob> ,isl&s 7see note ,c74 ,besides ! above-m5tion$ deposits1 :i* may be designat$ pure fossil ,radiol>ian ooze1 _m deposits conta9+ ^! organisms h rec5tly be5 discov]$ 9 widely sep>at$ p>ts ( ! e>?1 p>tly ( ! nature ( tripoli or m>l1 p>tly resembl+ clay4 ,among ^! may be m5tion$ 9 ! fir/ place _m coa/s & isl&s ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 bo? on ! s\? coa/ ( ,europe 7,sicily1 ,calabria1 ,greece71 & ! nor? coa/ ( ,africa 7f ,oran to ,tripoli74 ,! ext5sive lay]s ( tripoli :i* are f\nd 9 ^! ,m$it]ranean ,t]ti>y m\nta9s belong to ! upp] ,mioc5e 7,tortona /age71 & consi/ p>tly ( m>l ri* 9 calc>e\s matt]1 & resembl+ *alk1 p>tly pass+ ov] into pla/ic clay or ,kieselguhr 7 #bdf74 ,! quantity ( ,radiol>ia conta9$ v>ies1 & is m conspicu\s ! few] ! calc>e\s %ells ( ,=am9if]a pres5t4 ,simil> ,t]ti>y ,polycy/9e =mations occur 9 "s p>ts ( ,am]ica 7see note ,d72 probably !y h a v wide di/ribution4 ,9 _! g5]al morphological *>act]s1 ! ,t]ti>y ,,spumell>ia & ,,nassell>ia clxvare relat$ to ^? =ms :i* are f\nd 9 ! rec5t ,radiol>ian ooze ( ! dep?s ( ! ,pacific1 especially to ! species :i* are *>act]i/ic ( ! ,*all5g] ,/ations #bbe1 #bbf1 #bfe & #bfh4 ,_m liv+ g5]a & families 7e4g41 mo/ ,l>coidea & ,/ephoidea7 h n yet be5 f\nd 9 ! ,t]ti>y =mations4 ,a4 ,! fam\s ,polycy/9e m>l ( ,b>bados 9 ! ,antilles1 :i* ,rob]t ,s*omburgk discov]$ =ty ye>s ago1 belongs to ! ,mioc5e =mation1 & is ! ri*e/ & be/ kn[n ( all ! important ,radiol>ian deposits 7see ,l4 ,n4 #af1 pp4 #e-h74 ,aft] ,ehr5b]g _h publi%$ 9 ,decemb] #ahdf ! fir/ prelim9>y communication reg>d+ its composition out ( masses ( well-pres]v$ ,polycy/9a1 he 0 able 9 ! foll[+ ye> to describe no less ?an #bhb species f x2 he di/ribut$ ^! 9 #dd g5]a & #g families 7,l4 ,n4 #d1 #ahdg1 p4 #ed74 ,9 ! ye> #ahed ,ehr5b]g publi%$ figures ( #cc species 9 8 ,mikrogeologie 7,l4 ,n4 #f1 ,taf4 xxxvi472 b x 0 only 9 #ahgc t he publi%$ descriptions ( #bfe species 7,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 ,jan4 #cj1 pp4 #bac-bfc74 ,f9ally !re foll[$ 9 #ahge 8 ,=tsetzung d] ,mikrogeologis*5 ,/udi51 mit speciell] ,rcksi*t auf d5 ,polycy/95-,m]gel von ,b>bados 7,l4 ,n4 #be74 ,on ! ?irty plates :i* accompany ?is ! la/ "w ( ,ehr5b]g1 #bhb species are figur$ & nam$1 ( :i* #ed are ,,spumell>ia 7#ac ,sphroidea1 #h ,prunoidea1 #cc ,discoidea71 & #bbh ,,nassell>ia 7#b ,/ephoidea1 #ch ,spyroidea1 & #ahh ,cyrtoidea74 ,! f\r? section ( ?is memoir conta9s a survey ( ! ,polycy/9e =mation ( ,b>bados 7pp4 #ajf-aae71 & ! fif? section ! special description ( a l>ge specim5 ( rock f ,m\nt ,hillaby 9 ,b>bados 7see also ,l4 ,n4 #bh1 p4 #aag1 & ,l4 ,n4 #da1 pp4 #dgf-dgh74 ,! acc\nt giv5 by ,ehr5b]g ( ! ,polycy/9a ( ,b>bados is 9 _m respects v incomplete1 & v f> f exhau/+ ?is ri* m9e ( rem>kable =ms4 ,?is may be readily se5 f ! tw5ty-five plates ( figures ( ,polycy/9s 9 ! ,b>bados ,*alk ,deposit publi%$ by ,bury 9 #ahfb 7,l4 ,n4 #ag74 ,! numb] ( species "h figur$ 7#adj to #adb7 is ab\t half ( ^? giv5 by ,ehr5b]g2 & !re are among !m num]\s g5]ic types1 "s ( great int]e/1 :i* 7 entirely ov]look$ by ! latt]2 e4g4 ,saturnalis 7,sphroidea71 ,cann>tidium 7,prunoidea71 ,tympanidium 7,/ephoidea71 ,c9clopyramis 7,cyrtoidea71 c4 ,f9ally1 ,ehr5b]g always 7until #ahge7 ignor$ ,bury's atlas1 :i* _h be5 publi%$ ?irte5 ye>s ago & 0 q accessible to him4 ,h[ diff]5t 7 ! cont5ts ( ! two works may easily be se5 f ! foll[+ ab/ract4 ,comp>ative ,view ( ! ,species ( ,fossil ,radiol>ia f ,b>bados made kn[n by ! figures ( ,bury 9 #ahfb & ( ,ehr5b]g 9 #ahge4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,legion4 ,ord]4 ,bury4 ,ehr5b]g4 ,total4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,i4 ,legion #a4 ,sphroidea #af #ac #bi ,,spumell>ia #b4 ,prunoidea #aj #h #ah 7,,p]ipylea74 #c4 ,discoidea #cg #cc #gj ,,ii4 ,legion #d4 ,/ephoidea #e #b #g ,,nassell>ia #e4 ,spyroidea #ac #ch #ea 7,,monopylea74 #f4 ,cyrtoidea #fj #ahh #bdh ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,total1 #ada #bhb #dbc ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- clxvi,9 #ahhb ,bts*li /ill fur!r increas$ ! numb] ( kn[n ,radiol>ia f ,b>bados bo? by figures & descriptions 7,l4 ,n4 #dj71 & gave 9 p>ticul> a v accurate morphological analysis ( #ab new ,,nassell>ia 7#c ,/ephoidea1 #c ,spyroidea1 & #f ,cyrtoidea2 ,l4 ,n4 #dj1 ,taf4 xxxii41 xxxiii474 ,! numb] ( ! fossil species collect$ 9 ! ,b>bados m>l is1 h[ev]1 great] ?an w\ld appe> f ! above-quot$ communications4 ,my respect$ fri5d1 ,dr4 ,r4 ,teus*]1 ( ,j5a1 has1 at my reque/1 made a l>ge numb] 7ab\t a ?\s&7 ( v accurate draw+s ) ! cam]a lucida ( ,polycy/9a f ,b>bados 7see p4 #agfj74 ,f ^! x appe>s t ! v>iations 9 ! /ructure ( ! %ells1 ) respect to numb]1 size1 & =m ( ! lattice-pores1 ( ! sp9es1 c41 is mu* great] ?an w\ld be suppos$ f ! figures ( ,ehr5b]g & ,bury4 ,i h ?us come to ! conviction t ! numb] ( species f ,b>bados 7us+ ! ^w species 9 ! s5se und]/ood by ^? au?ors7 is n less ?an #djj & probably m ?an #ejj4 ,descriptions ( "s p>ticul>ly int]e/+ new species f ?is s]ies h be5 includ$ 9 ! sy/ematic acc\nt ( ! ,*all5g] ,radiol>ia4 ,a complete critical inve/igation ( ! ,radiol>ia ( ,b>bados1 & especially an accurate comp>ison ( ^! ,ca9ozoic species ) ! ,mesozoic =ms f ! ,jura1 on ! "o h&1 & ) rec5t types on ! o!r1 mu/ be left to ! future = its accompli%m5t 7see #bdf74 ,b4 ,! ,ca9ozoic ,polycy/9e tripoli or m>l ( ! ,m$it]ranean coa/1 :i* is probably always ( ,mioc5e orig91 =ms v ext5sive m\nta9 ranges bo? 9 ! s\? ( ,europe 7,sicily1 ,calabria1 ,greece7 & 9 ! nor? ( ,africa 7f ,oran to ,tripoli7 7 #bdf74 ,hi!rto1 h[ev]1 only "o locality has be5 ?or\ghly inve/igat$1 namely1 ,grotte 9 ! prov9ce ( ,girg5ti 9 ,sicily 7,l4 ,n4 #ce74 ,9 ! accurate acc\nt :i* 0 giv5 ( x by ,/hr 9 #ahhj1 #aah species 7 describ$1 di/ribut$ 9 #dj g5]a 7,l4 ,n4 #ce2 pp4 #gb-hd72 ( ^! #aah species #gh are q new1 #be are id5tical ) previ\sly kn[n fossils1 & #bi id5tical ) liv+ =ms4 ,among !m are #gc ,,spumell>ia 7#bh ,sphroidea1 #h ,prunoidea1 & #cg ,discoidea71 b only #dj ,,nassell>ia 7#a ,/ephoidea1 #f ,spyroidea1 & #cc ,cyrtoidea71 & #e ,,ph,,od>ia 7,dictyo*ida74 ,! o!r p>ts ( ,sicily f :i* ! same upp] ,mioc5e tripoli has be5 inve/igat$ 7belong+ to ! ,tortona /age7 h prov$ less ri* ?an ,grotte4 ,! be/ kn[n ( ^! places is ,caltanisetta1 s9ce ^u ?ree g5]a discov]$ "h 7,haliomma1 ,cornutella1 ,li?ocampe7 ! gr\p ,polycy/9a 0 f\nd$ by ,ehr5b]g 9 #ahch 7see ,l4 ,n4 #af1 p4 #c74 ,aft]w>ds #ca species 7 describ$ f ?is locality1 ( :i* #bc 7 aga9 f\nd 9 ,grotte4 ,! ri*e/ deposit on ! ,m$it]ranean coa/1 h[ev]1 appe>s to be at ,oran4 ,a small specim5 ( ! ,kieselguhr f\nd !re1 :i* 0 rec5tly s5t to me by ,pr(essor ,/e9man1 prov$ to be pure ,radiol>ian ooze1 v simil> to t n[ f\nd 9 ! ,c5tral ,pacific1 & conta9$ _m hi!rto undescrib$ species2 x is des]v+ ( c>eful inve/igation & comp>ison4 ,c4 ,reg>d+ ! ,t]ti>y ,radiol>ian clay ( ! ,nicob> ,isl&s1 see #bdg & ,l4 ,n4 #be1 pp4 #aaf-abj4 ,its fauna is incompletely kn[n2 probably x is ( ,mioc5e or ,oligoc5e orig94 ,d4 ,ca9ozoic tripoli1 conta9+ l>g] or small] quantities ( ,radiol>ia1 appe>s to be r widely di/ribut$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,ehr5b]g has describ$ su* f ,s\? ,am]ica 7poli%+-slate f ,morro di ,mijellones1 on ! coa/ betwe5 ,*ili & ,bolivia71 & f ,nor? ,am]ica 7,ri*mond & ,pet]sburg 9 ,virg9ia1 ,piscataway 9 ,m>yl&74 ,simil> deposits are also f\nd 9 ! ,b]muda ,isl&s 7,l4 ,n4 #d1 #ahee-ef2 ,l4 ,n4 #f1 ,taf4 #ah2 ,l4 ,n4 #af1 pp4 #c-i2 ,l4 ,n4 #da1 pp4 #dge-dgh1 & ,l4 ,n4 #be1 pp4 #b-f74 clxvii#bdc4 ,mesozoic ,radiol>ia4--,f ! ,mesozoic or ,second>y p]iod num]\s well-pres]v$ ,radiol>ia h rec5tly be5 describ$4 ,!y belong = ! mo/ "p to ! ,jurassic =mation 7see notes ,a1 ,b1 ,c71 :il/ ! m rec5t ,*alk 7see note ,d7 & ! old] ,trias 7see note ,e7 h hi!rto yield$ b few species4 ,all ! ma9 divisions ( ! ,jura1 bo? ! upp] 7,malm7 & ! middle 7,dogg]71 & especially ! l[] 7,lias7 appe> 9 c]ta9 localities to be v ri* 9 well-pres]v$ %ells ( fossil ,polycy/9a4 ,mo/ ( ^! are aggregat$ toge!r 9 coprolites & qu>tzites 7jasp]1 *]t1 fl9t1 c41 #bdh74 ,! majority are ,cyrtoidea1 ! m9ority ,sphroidea & ,discoidea 9 almo/ equal proportions2 a few ,beloidea 7,sphroz\m7 & ,phocy/9a 7,dictyo*a7 are also f\nd among !m4 ,! g5]al morphological "* ( ^! ,jurassic ,radiol>ia is v diff]5t f t ( ! ne>ly relat$ ,t]ti>y & liv+ =ms4 ,9 g5]al1 _! silice\s %ells are firm] & m massive1 usually also some:at l>g]1 b ( simpl] /ructure4 ,! manifold delicate app5dages 7sp9es1 bri/les1 feet1 w+s1 c47 :i* are s ri*ly develop$ 9 ! liv+ ,,spumell>ia & ,,nassell>ia1 & are also well %[n 9 ! ,t]ti>y species1 are entirely want+ 9 ! majority ( ! ,jurassic ,polycy/9a4 ,! ,sphroidea & ,prunoidea are all simple sph]ical or ellipsoidal lattice-%ells 7,monosphrida72 conc5tric lattice-%ells 7,polysphrida7 are entirely want+4 ,! ,cyrtoidea are1 = ! mo/ "p1 devoid ( radial processes or basal feet 7,eradiata72 triradiate & multiradiate =ms1 su* z are f\nd abundantly 9 ! rec5t & ,t]ti>y =mations1 are v r>e4 ,! l>ge numb] ( _m-jo9t$ =ms 7,/i*ocyrtida7 & ( ,cyrtoidea ) lattic$ basal op5+ is v /rik+4 ,a4 ,! mo/ important "w on ! ,jurassic ,radiol>ia1 reg>d+ :i* b little 0 kn[n prior to ! ye> #ahhe1 is ! valuable & 9 "s respects v int]e/+ ,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss d] fossil5 ,radiol>i5 aus ,ge/e95 des ,jura1 by ,dr4 ,r/ ( ,freiburg i4 ,b4 7#ahhe1 ,palontographica1 ,bd4 xxxi4 #ea pp4 ) #ab plates74 ,un=tunately ?is important "w 0 issu$ only :5 ab\t half ( ! pres5t ,report 0 pr9t$ (f1 s t x 0 no long] possible to include ! #bcd species !re describ$ 9 its sy/ematic "p4 ,i h !re=e else:]e giv5 a li/ ( ! ,jurassic ,radiol>ia1 & at pres5t only make ! foll[+ rem>ks3--,( ! #bcd species describ$1 ! l>g] half 7#acj7 belong to ! ,,nassell>ia 7,cyrtoidea71 ! small] half 7#ajb7 to ! ,,spumell>ia 7#ch ,sphroidea1 #ad ,prunoidea1 & #ej ,discoidea74 ,9 addition1 !re are #b ,,ph,,od>ia depict$1 & sev]al spicules :i* are probably to be ref]r$ to ! ,beloidea4 ,among ! #acj ,cyrtoidea 7( :i* #b are describ$ z ,botryodea71 !re are #bd ,monocyrtida1 #ad ,dicyrtida1 #bb ,tricyrtida1 & #gj ,/i*ocyrtida4 ,j z /rik+ z ! pr$om9ant numb] ( ! la/ is ! fact t !re are only v few triradiate 7#i7 & multiradiate 7#d7 species f\nd among ^! #acj ,cyrtoidea1 z also ! l>ge numb] ( species ) lattic$ basal op5+2 ,/ephoidea appe> to be entirely want+4 ,! ri* mat]ial ( jasp]1 *]t1 fl9t1 & coprolites 9 :i* ,dr4 ,r/ f\nd ^! ,radiol>ia1 is d]iv$ = ! mo/ "p f ! ,jurassic rocks ( ,g]many 7,hanov]1 ,s\? ,bav>ia71 ,tyrol1 & ,switz]l& 7comp>e #bdh74 clxviii,b4 ,jurassic ,radiol>ia f ,italy1 also f\nd 9 jasp]1 :i* are closely relat$ to ! =ms f ,g]many & ,switz]l& describ$ by ,dr4 ,r/1 7 made kn[n s long ago z #ahhj by ,dante ,pantanelli 9 8 treatise ,i ,diaspri della ,toscana e i loro ,fossili 7,rome1 #ahhj1 #cc pp4 #fj figs474 ,pantanelli believes1 h[ev]1 t ?is jasp] is = ! mo/ "p ( ,eoc5e orig92 b f 8 description1 & especially f ! morphological "* ( ! =ms :i* he figures1 x appe>s v probable t ^! ,tuscan jasp]s f ,gale/ro1 l ^? ( ! ,swiss conglom]ates1 are f\nd 9 a second>y locality & belong to ! ,jurassic p]iod 7,r/1 ,l4 ,n4 #ea1 p4 #c74 ,un=tunately ! figures ( ,pantanelli are s small & incomplete t a reliable det]m9ation ( ! species is h>dly possible2 = example1 ! lattice-"w is only giv5 9 t5 ( ! sixty figures4 ,among ! #cb record$ species #ae are ,,spumell>ia 7#f ,sphroidea & #i ,discoidea7 & #ag ,,nassell>ia 7#d ,/ephoidea & #ac ,cyrtoidea72 _m ( :i* seem to be id5tical ) ! =ms m accurately describ$ by ,dr4 ,r/ 7comp>e p4 #agfb74 ,c4 ,f ! ,lias ( ! ,alps & m p>ticul>ly f ! l[] ,liassic b$s ( ! ,s*afb]g ne> ,salzburg1 ,dr4 ,emil von ,dunik[ski 9 #ahhb describ$ #ah species ( fossil ,radiol>ia 7,l4 ,n4 #dd1 pp4 #bb-cd1 ,taf4 iv4-vi472 mo/ ( ^! are ,sphroidea & ,discoidea & appe> to h be5 m or less alt]$ by petrological *anges2 _! spongy /ructure is probably second>y4 ,d4 ,cretace\s ,radiol>ia h be5 hi!rto describ$ only 9 v small numb]s2 q rec5tly ,dr4 ,r/ has f\nd a l>g] numb] *iefly 9 fl9ts f ! ,engli% *alk1 b !y h n yet be5 publi%$4 ,9 #ahgf ,zittel describ$ #f v well-pres]v$ species f ! upp] *alk ( ,nor? ,g]many 7,l4 ,n4 #bi1 pp4 #gf-if1 ,taf4 ii472 among !m 7 #a ,sphroidea1 #a ,discoidea1 #a ,dictyo*a1 & #c ,cyrtoidea4 ,e4 ,triassic ,radiol>ia h rec5tly be5 discov]$ by ,dr4 ,r/ 9 *]t1 b h n yet be5 describ$4 #bdd4 ,palozoic ,radiol>ia4--,! numb] ( ,radiol>ia :i* are kn[n f ! ,palozoic or ,prim>y =mations is mu* less ?an f ei!r ! ,mesozoic or ,ca9ozoic p]iods4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ! inve/igations ( rec5t times h yield$ important in=mation2 a few species1 at all ev5ts1 ( ,polycy/9a 7mo/ly ,sphroidea7 are n[ kn[n f v>i\s ,palozoic =mations1 & n only f ! ,p]mian 7,ze*/e97 & ! ,coal-measures1 b also f ! old] ,devonian & ,silurian sy/ems4 ,ev5 9 ! /ill old] ,cambrian rocks a few fossil ,radiol>ia h be5 f\nd4 ,all ^! ,palozoic ,radiol>ia are ,polycy/9a ( v simple =m & primitive /ructure1 mo/ly simple ,,spumell>ia 7lattic$ sph]es1 ellipsoids1 l5ses1 c471 b p>tly also simple ,,nassell>ia4 ,! important discov]ies :i* h rec5tly be5 made by ,dr4 ,r/ reg>d+ ! occurr5ce ( ,radiol>ia 9 all ! ,palozoic =mations h n yet be5 publi%$4 ,f conv]sations ) ?is e/imable palontologi/ ,i h le>n$1 h[ev]1 t he has pursu$ 8 fruitful inve/igation ( ! ,mesozoic qu>tzites 7 #bdc71 & has met ) no less success 9 ! case ( simil> ,palozoic /ructures4 ,al?\gh ! numb] ( species hi!rto discov]$ is relatively small1 ! important conclusion appe>s to be w>rant$ t !y ext5d z f> z ! ,silurian & ,cambrian sy/ems4 ,all ^! v anci5t ,,spumell>ia 7,sphroidea7 & ,,nassell>ia 7,cyrtoidea7 clxixexhibit v primitive /ructural relations4 ,! occurr5ce ( fossil ,polycy/9a 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s =mation ( ,engl& has be5 incid5tally m5tion$ by ,w4 ,j4 ,sollas3--,9 ! c>bonif]\s b$s ( ,nor? ,wales pseudomorphs ( ,radiol>ia 9 calcite occur1 along ) m9ute qu>tz cry/als 7,ann4 & ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 #ahhj1 s]4 #e1 vol4 vi4 p4 #dci72 & 9 ! silice\s slate-b$s ( ,saxony ,ro?pletz has %[n ! exi/5ce ( a few ,sphroidea 7,zeits*r4 d4 ,deuts*4 ,geol4 ,gesells*41 #ahjj1 p4 #ddg74 #bde4 ,abundance ( ,radiol>ia 9 ! ,v>i\s ,rocks4--,! relative quantity ( well-pres]v$ or at all ev5ts recognisable ,radiol>ia 9 ! diff]5t rocks is v v>iable4 ,9 ?is respect ?ree diff]5t degrees may be di/+ui%$1 :i* may be call$ %ortly pure1 mix$1 & poor ,radiol>ian =mations4 ,! pure ,radiol>ian rocks consi/ = ! great] "p 7usually mu* m ?an half1 sometimes ev5 m ?an ?ree-qu>t]s7 ( closely compact$ (t5 calc9$ masses ( silice\s ,polycy/9e %ells4 ,to ?is category belong ! pure ,mioc5e ,polycy/9e m>ls ( ,b>bados 7 #bdf71 ! ,t]ti>y ,polycy/9e clay ( ! ,nicob> ,isl&s 7 #bdg71 & ! ,polycy/9e qu>tz ( ! ,jura 7 #bdh74 ,all ^! pure ,radiol>ian rocks may be reg>d$ z fossil ,radiol>ian ooze 7 #bcg71 & are c]ta9ly ( deep-sea orig91 hav+ probably be5 deposit$ at dep?s great] ?an #bjjj fa?oms4 ,_! palontological "* also is 9 fav\r ( ?is view1 = ! abyssal ,osculosa 7 #bce7 are m abundant & ri*] 9 species ?an ! pelagic ,porulosa 7 #bcc74 ,! elevation ( ?is deep-sea lay] above ! surface ( ! sea appe>s to h tak5 place b seldom2 x has only be5 obs]v$ on a l>ge scale at ,b>bados & 9 ! ,nicob> ,isl&s4 ,! mix$ ,radiol>ian rocks are mu* m common2 !y 7 probably deposit$ at mu* less dep?s1 or p]haps are n true deep-sea =mations at all4 ,! silice\s %ells ( ,polycy/9a always con/itute less ?an half 7sometimes less ?an "o-t5?7 ( _! mass1 & are less prom95t ?an o!r silice\s rema9s 7,diatoms71 or calc>e\s rema9s 7,=am9if]a71 or 9 "s cases ?an ! m9]al con/itu5ts 7pumice1 c474 ,to ?is gr\p belong _m ( ! above-m5tion$ ,t]ti>y m>ls & clays 7especially ! ,m$it]ranean ,tripoli71 also _m fl9ts1 *]ts1 & o!r qu>tzites f ,mesozoic /rata 7especially f ! ,jura71 & probably also "s palozoic qu>tzites4 ,! m>9e ooze f :i* !y h orig9at$ may h be5 deposit$ at v v>i\s1 ev5 at slight1 dep?s ( ! ocean4 ,=mations poor 9 ,radiol>ia1 :i* conta9 only a few species ( ,,spumell>ia & ,,nassell>ia m+l$ ) o!r fossil rema9s & m9]al p>ticles1 occur 9 all =mations & are probably v widely di/ribut$4 ,fur!r c>eful exam9ation ( ?9 sections 7especially ( coprolites7 w yield "h a ri* h>ve/ ( new =ms4 ,bo? ! mix$ & ! pure ,radiol>ian =mations may be divid$ accord+ to _! petrographic *>act]s into ?ree gr\ps1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are connect$ by int]m$iate v>ieties--7#a7 s(t1 *alky m>l 7 #bdf71 7#b7 pla/ic clay 7 #bdg71 & 7#c7 h>d1 fl9ty qu>tz 7 #bdh74 clxx#bdf4 ,radiol>ian ,m>l4--,^? s(t1 friable rocks1 :i* conta9 a l>ge quantity ( calc>e\s matt]1 b consi/ = ! mo/ "p ( ! %ells ( ,,spumell>ia & ,,nassell>ia1 are call$ ,radiol>ian or ,polycy/9e m>l1 (t5 m correctly ,polycy/9e tripoli2 ! be/ kn[n example ( !m is ! *alky m>l ( ,b>bados 9 ! ,antilles 7 #bdb74 ,! ,t]ti>y m\nta9 sy/em ( ?is isl&1 :i* 9 ,m\nt ,hillaby rises to a height ( #aadg feet & includes ab\t #ae1hjj acres1 consi/s almo/ exclusively ( ^! rem>kable masses ( rock4 ,mo/ ( x appe>s z a s(t1 e>?y1 (t5 *alky m>l1 ) a consid]able b v>iable am\nt ( calc>e\s matt]4 ,^? specim5s1 ! great] half ( :i* is compos$ ( well-pres]v$ silice\s %ells ( ,polycy/9a1 & :i* conta9 little lime1 approa* ! tripoli & ,kieselguhr4 ,^? specim5s1 h[ev]1 :i* conta9 ! l>ge/ am\nt ( calc>e\s matt] resemble common writ+ *alk 9 consi/5cy1 & consi/ = ! mo/ "p ( %ells ( ,=am9if]a & _! fragm5ts2 ( ^! !re are only few species b l>ge numb]s ( individuals1 g5]ally 9 small fragm5ts ) a f9e calc>e\s p[d] betwe5 !m4 ,!y may be reg>d$ z fossil ,globig]9a ooze 7 #bch74 ,9 a ?ird gr\p ( specim5s f ,b>bados ! quantity ( fragm5ts ( pumice & o!r volcanic matt]s pr$om9ates2 ! am\nt ( clay is also v consid]able2 ^! deposits pass ov] p>tly into actual clay p>tly into volcanic tuff4 ,a f\r? gr\p exhibits relations to a co>s] (t5 f]rug9\s mat]ial1 & al?\gh ! %ells ( ,polycy/9a are less abundant 9 x1 /ill x may be %[n to be compos$ l>gely ( fragm5ts & metamorphos$ rema9s ( !m4 ,! col\r ( ?is deposit1 :i* 9 "s places passes ov] into s&/one1 9 o!rs into clay1 is usually r d>k1 grey1 br[n1 sometimes r$ & occasionally black 7bitum9\s74 ,! ,radiol>ian m>ls ( ! fir/ two gr\ps1 :i* sometimes approa* ! :ite *alk1 sometimes ! ,kieselguhr1 are grey1 or ev5 pure :ite 7see note ,a74 ,! same con/itution is exhibit$ by ! yell[i% or :ite1 v light & friable ,polycy/9e m>ls ( ,sicily1 :i* 9 ,caltanisetta approa* ! *alk1 & 9 ,grotte ! ,kieselguhr4 ,9 ,greece 7g9a1 ,zante1 c471 on ! o!r h&1 !y pass ov] into pla/ic clay1 & ! same occurs 9 ! ,bad5 m>l ( ! ,vi5na bas94 ,9 ,nor? ,africa1 h[ev]1 on ! ,m$it]ranean %ores ( :i* ! ,radiol>ian m>l seems to be v widely di/ribut$ 7f ,tripoli to ,oran71 x sometimes becomes *ang$ into actual firm poli%+ slate1 sometimes into pulv]ul5t ,kieselguhr or tripoli 7,t]ra tripolitana1 see note ,b74 ,mo/ ( ^! ,radiol>ian m>ls appe> to date f ! middle ,t]ti>y 7,mioc5e7 p]iod1 & to be deep-sea =mations4 ,a4 ,! ,polycy/9e m>l ( ,b>bados appe>s at diff]5t p>ts ( ! isl& to pres5t great] v>iations 9 its petrographical & zoographical composition ?an w\ld appe> f ,ehr5b]g's description 7#ahge1 ,l4 ,n4 #be1 pp4 #ajf-aaf74 ,?r\gh ! k9dness ( "o ( my =m] /ud5ts1 ,dr4 ,dorn]1 to :om ,i take ?is opportunity ( express+ my ?anks = ! fav\r1 ,i receiv$ a l>ge numb] ( specim5s ( ,b>bados rock1 tak5 f v>i\s p>ts ( ! isl&1 & !y exhibit v great v>iations 9 _! ext]nal appe>ance1 _! *emical composition1 & ! clxxi,radiol>ia :i* !y conta94 ,! :ite specim5s resembl+ ,kieselguhr conta9$ approximately #fj to #gj p] c5t4 by volume ( ,radiol>ian %ells1 ! yell[i% m>l #dj to #ej p] c5t41 & ! br[n & black 7bitum9\s7 m>l #aj to #bj p] c5t4 or less4 ,two analyses ( ! fir/1 :i* my fri5d ,dr4 ,w4 ,web] 0 good en\gh to c>ry out1 yield$ diff]5t results f ^? :i* are giv5 by ,ehr5b]g on ! basis ( ,rammelsb]g's analyses 7,l4 ,n4 #be1 p4 #aaf74 ,! results ( bo? are "h giv5 = comp>ison4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,ehr5b]g-,rammelsb]g ,web] ,i4 ,web] ,,ii4 7,fragm5t f ,hillaby74 7,*alk-l ,fragm5t74 7,tripoli-l ,fragm5t74 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,silicate ( alum9a1 #ei4dg ,silica1 #eb4b #ga4c ,alum9a & oxide ( iron1 #a4ie ,alum9a 7) traces ,calcium c>bonate1 #cd4ca ( oxide ( iron71 #ab4c #aa4b ,wat]1 #c4fg ,lime & magnesia1 #ca4i #ad4h ,c>bon dioxide1 #c4b #b4g ,total1 #ii4dj ,total1 #ii4f #ajj4j ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,= fur!r comp>ison ,i "h add ! ?ree diff]5t analyses ( ,mioc5e ,tripoli-m>ls f ,sicily1 giv5 by ,/hr on ! au?ority ( ,fremy1 ,s*wag]1 & ,mottura 7,tagebl4 d4 fnfzig/5 ,v]samml4 ,deuts*4 ,naturf4 u4 ,a]tzte 9 ,mn*51 #ahgg1 p4 #afc74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,composition4 ,tripoli f ,tripoli f ,tripoli f ,licata ,grotte ,caltanisetta 7,fremy74 7,s*wag]74 7,mottura74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,silica1 #cj4ih #eh4eh #fh4f ,alum9a1 #ag4ed #aa4ea ,oxide ( iron1 #j4cc #a4hd #c4f ,lime1 #ch4ji #h4di ,magnesia1 #j4da #ab4a ,wat] & organic matt]1 #aa4bf ,c>bonic acid1 #ac4jf #g4ab #ae4b --------------------------------------- #ajj4jj #ii4ba #ii4e ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,b4 ,! ,radiol>ian m>l ( ! ,m$it]ranean appe>s1 judg+ by ! acc\nts already publi%$1 to /ret* along a consid]able "p ( ! coa/ 9 ! e>li] & middle ,t]ti>y =mations2 ?us x occurs ( simil> composition 9 widely sep>at$ localities1 9 ,sicily1 ,calabria1 ,zante1 & ,greece2 9 ,nor? ,africa f ,tripoli to ,oran & probably mu* f>!r4 ,s long ago z #ahed ,ehr5b]g1 9 8 ,mikrogeologie 7,l4 ,n4 #f7 gave a s]ies ( important1 ev5 if incomplete1 communications reg>d+ ! *alky :ite calc>e\s m>l ( ,caltanisetta 7,taf4 xxii471 ! ,platt5 m>l ( ,zante 7,taf4 xx471 ! pla/ic clay ( g9a 7,taf xix471 & ! poli%+ slate ( ,oran 7,taf4 xxi474 ,9 #ahhj ,/hr %[$ 9 8 fundam5tal description ( ! ,tripoli f clxxii,grotte 9 ,sicily 7,l4 ,n4 #ce7 t its ,radiol>ian fauna is mu* ri*] ?an ,ehr5b]g suppos$4 ,! same is ! case 9 ! ,tripoli ( ,caltanisetta1 & also 9 ! ,bad5 m>l ( ! ,vi5na bas94 ,! ri*e/ deposit appe>s to be ! pure ,kieselguhr-l ,tripoli f ,oran2 a small specim51 :i* 0 rec5tly s5t to me by ,pr(essor ,/e9mann ( ,freiburg1 i4 ,b41 conta9$ _m hi!rto undescrib$ species1 & 0 at lea/ z ri* z ! pure/ ,b>bados m>l4 #bdg4 ,radiol>ian ,clays4--,among ! ,radiol>ian or ,polycy/9e clays we include ! firm1 (t5 pla/ic1 =mations1 :i* conta9 a l>g] proportion ( ,radiol>ia ?an ( o!r organic rema9s4 ,! fir/ ( ^! to be m5tion$ is ! ,ca9ozoic =mation ( ! ,nicob> ,isl&s 9 ,fur!r ,india1 :i* rises to a height ( #bjjj feet above ! level ( ! sea1 & consi/s = ! mo/ "p ( col\r$ masses ( clay ( v>y+ con/itution2 on ,c> ,nicob> ^! are mo/ly grey or r$di%1 on ! ,isl& ( ,camorta !y are p>tly /rongly f]rug9\s & r$ & yell[ 7e4g4 at ,fr$]ick%av571 p>tly :ite & light1 l me]s*aum 7e4g4 at ,mongkata74 ,! latt] v>ieties appe> to pass ov] into pure loose ,polycy/9e m>l l t ( ,b>bados1 ! =m] into calc>e\s s&/one4 ,al?\gh ! ,polycy/9e clays ( ! ,nicob> ,isl&s are z yet only v incompletely kn[n1 x may be conclud$ ) great probability t !y are true deep-sea =mations & ne>ly alli$ to ^? rec5t =ms ( r$ clay1 :i* by _! abundance 9 ,radiol>ia mo/ ne>ly approa* ! ,radiol>ian ooze1 su* = example z ! r$ clay ( ! ,nor? ,pacific betwe5 ,japan & ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s 7,/ations #bda to #bde1 comp>e #bbi & #bci74 ,) ?is view agrees also ! great] or less quantity ( pumice du/ & o!r volcanic products4 ,probably ,radiol>ian clays l ^? ( ! ,nicob> ,isl&s occur also 9 o!r ,t]ti>y rocks2 "p ( ! ,b>bados m>l passes by gradually increas+ cont5t ( clay into su*2 & 9 ?is case also ! am\nt ( includ$ pumice is (t5 consid]able4 ,_m mix$ ,radiol>ian m>ls ( ! ,m$it]ranean 7e4g41 ( ,greece & ,oran7 also appe> to pass ov] at c]ta9 po9ts into ,radiol>ian clay4 ,! ,radiol>ian clays ( ! ,nicob> ,isl&s are un=tunately v incompletely kn[n bo? z reg>ds _! geological nature & _! palontological composition4 ,! communications ( ,r9k 7,die ,nikob>5-,inseln1 e9e geographis*e ,skizze1 ,kop5hag51 #ahdg7 & ( ,ehr5b]g 7,l4 ,n4 #f1 p4 #afj & ,l4 ,n4 #be1 pp4 #aaf to #abj7 leave _m important que/ions unansw]$4 ,! latt] has only figur$ tw5ty-?ree species 9 8 ,mikrogeologie 7,l4 ,n4 #f1 ,taf4 xxxvi474 ,9 8 tabul> li/ ( names 7,l4 ,n4 #be1 p4 #abj7 he only incompletely records ?irty-n9e species1 al?\gh 9 #ahej1 imm$iately aft] ! fir/ exam9ation ( ! ,nicob> clay1 he _h di/+ui%$ m ?an a hundr$ species1 p>tly new1 p>tly id5tical ) ^? ( ,b>bados 7,l4 ,n4 #af1 p4 #h74 ,i h un=tunately be5 unable 9 spite ( _m ef=ts1 to obta9 = inve/igation a specim5 ( ,nicob> clay4 ,! only microscopical prep>ation 7f ,ehr5b]g's collection71 :i* ,i 0 able to exam9e1 conta9$ sev]al hi!rto undescrib$ species4 ,a ?or\gh sy/ematic exam9ation ( ^! important ,radiol>ian clays is a press+ necessity1 especially z !y seem to be m>k$ly diff]5t f ^? ( ! ,m$it]ranean 7f g9a1 ,zante1 c474 clxxiii#bdh4 ,radiol>ian ,qu>tzes4--,"u ! "n ,radiol>ian or ,polycy/9e qu>tzes are includ$ ^? h>d1 silice\s rocks1 :i* consi/ = ! mo/ "p ( ! closely compact$ %ells ( ,,spumell>ia & ,,nassell>ia4 ,to ^! cryptocry/all9e qu>tzes1 or bett]1 qu>tzites1 belong m especially ! pure ,radiol>ian =mations ( ! ,jura1 :i* h be5 describ$ z fl9t1 *]t1 jasp]1 z well z o!r cryptocry/all9e qu>tzites4 ,mo/ ( ! rocks ( ?is nature hi!rto exam9$ are f ,g]many 7,hanov]1 ,s\? ,bav>ia71 ,hung>y1 ,tyrol1 & ,switz]l&2 o!rs are kn[n f ,italy 7,tuscany74 ,!y occur bo? 9 ! upp] & middle1 b especially 9 ! l[] ,jurassic =mation 7also 9 ! l[] lay]s ( ! ,alp9e ,lias74 ,a small "p ( !m has be5 exam9$ 9 _! prim>y situation 7! r$ jasp]s ( ,allgu & ,tyrol71 ! great] "p1 h[ev]1 only z loose roll$ /ones 9 second>y situations 7?us 9 ,switz]l& 9 ! breccia ( ! ,rigi1 9 ! conglom]ate ( ! ,uetli-,b]g1 & 9 _m b\ld]s ( ! ,rh9e1 ! ,limmat1 ! ,reuss1 & ! ,a>74 ,! greate/ abundance1 h[ev]1 ( ,jurassic ,radiol>ia has be5 yield$ by ! silicifi$ coprolites f ! ,lias ( ,hanov]4 ,^! ,radiol>ian coprolites are r\ndi% or cyl9drical bodies1 :i* may atta9 ! size ( a goose-egg2 !y probably orig9at$ f ,fi% or ,cephalopods1 :i* _h f$ ^u ,cru/acea1 ,pt]opoda1 & simil> pelagic organisms1 ^: /oma*s 7 already full ( ,radiol>ian skeletons4 ,next to ! coprolites ! ri*e/ is ! r$ jasp]1 ^: col\r v>ies f bright to d>k r$2 x con/itutes a true silicifi$ deep-sea ,radiol>ian ooze4 ,! ,apty*us b$s also ( ,s\? ,bav>ia & ,tyrol are v ri*1 & h furni%$ ab\t "o-?ird ( all ! ,radiol>ia kn[n f ! ,jura2 mo/ ( ! species too are v well pres]v$ 7comp>e #bdc74 ,reg>d+ ! rem>kable composition & manifold v>ieties ( ! ,jurassic ,radiol>ian qu>tz1 ! v full treatise ( ,dr4 ,r/ may be consult$ 7,l4 ,n4 #ea74 ,! v int]e/+ ,radiol>ian coprolites1 :i* t au?or has discov]$ 9 ! l[] & middle ,jura ( ,hanov]1 occur 9 a/oni%+ numb]s 9 ! iron m9es at ! village ( ,gross-,ils$e1 f\r & a half miles s\? ( ! t[n ( ,pe9e4 ,!y con/itute f #b to #e p] c5t4 by weight ( ! ,liassic iron ore2 ( ?is latt]1 9 ! ye> #ahhc alone1 n less ?an two hundr$ & eighty million kilograms 7 excavat$4 ,x is v probable t ! c>eful microscopic exam9ation ( ?9 sections ( coprolites1 z well z ( fl9ts1 *]t1 jasp]1 & o!r qu>tzites1 w\ld yield a ri* h>ve/ ( fossil ,radiol>ia 9 o!r =mations also4 ,9 ,italy ,dante ,pantanelli has discov]$ int]e/+ ,polycy/9e jasp]s 9 ,tuscany 7,l4 ,n4 #cf1 #de72 ^! also appe> to occur 9 ! ,jura 7comp>e #bdc1 & ,l4 ,n4 #ea1 pp4 #c-aj74 #bdi4 ,fossil ,gr\ps4--,! pres]vation ( ,radiol>ia 9 ! fossil /ate is1 ( c\rse1 prim>ily dep5d5t on ! composition ( _! skeleton4 ,h5ce ! ,,acan?>ia1 ^: acan?9 skeleton al?\gh firm is readily soluble1 are nev] f\nd fossil4 ,! same is true ( ! skeletons ( ! ,,ph,,od>ia1 :i* consi/ ( a silicate ( c>bon2 "h1 h[ev]1 a s+le exception is f\nd 9 ! ,dictyo*ida1 a subfamily ( ! ,cannorrhaphida1 ! isolat$ p>ts ( ^: skeletons appe> to consi/ ( pure silica1 & clxxivare (t5 f\nd fossil4 ,( ! two o!r legions ^? families :i* possess no skeleton are ( c\rse exclud$2 ! ,nassellida among ! ,,nassell>ia1 & ! ,?alassicollida & ,collozoida among ! ,,spumell>ia4 ,?us ( ! #he kn[n families !re rema9 sc>cely #ee ( :i* ! skeletons may be expect$ 9 ! fossil /ate2 & ( ^! sc>cely half h be5 actually obs]v$ 9 ?is condition4 ,( ! #bj ord]s ( ?is class enum]at$ 9 #aee1 ! foll[+ #i may be1 = palontological & geological purposes1 completely exclud$3--7,a7 ,! #d ord]s ( ,,acan?>ia 7#a1 ,act9elida2 #b1 ,acan?onida2 #c1 ,sphrophracta2 #d1 ,prunophracta72 7,b7 #c ord]s ( ,,ph,,od>ia 7#e1 ,phosphria2 #f1 ,phogromia2 #g1 ,phocon*ia72 7,c7 #a ord] ( ,,nassell>ia 7#h1 ,nassoidea72 7,d7 #a ord] ( ,,spumell>ia 7#i1 ,colloidea74 ,f a geological po9t ( view ! foll[+ #f ord]s1 al?\gh occasionally f\nd fossil1 are ( q subord9ate importance3--7,a7 ,among ! ,,spumell>ia 7#aj1 ,beloidea1 & #aa1 ,l>coidea72 7,b7 among ! ,,nassell>ia 7#ab1 ,plectoidea2 #ac1 ,/ephoidea2 #ad1 ,botryodea72 7,c7 among ! ,,ph,,od>ia 7#ae1 ! ,phocy/9a74 ,on ! o!r h& ! foll[+ #e ord]s1 :i* are ! ma9 con/itu5ts ( ,radiol>ian rocks1 are ( pre-em95t geological importance3--7,a7 ,among ! ,,spumell>ia 7#af1 ,sphroidea2 #ag1 ,prunoidea2 #ah1 ,discoidea72 7,b7 among ! ,,nassell>ia 7#ai1 ,spyroidea1 & #bj1 ,cyrtoidea74 ,! num]ical relation 9 :i* ! diff]5t families ( ^! ord]s appe> 9 ! ,radiol>ian =mations may be se5 on consult+ #aeg4 #bej4 ,fossil & ,rec5t ,species4--,! fact t !re are _m ,radiol>ia liv+ at ! pres5t day1 ^: %ells are f\nd fossil 9 ,t]ti>y rocks1 is ( great phylog5etic & geological significance4 ,?is appe>$ to be ! case ev5 f ! old] obs]vations ^u ! ,polycy/9a ( ! ,b>bados m>l 7see note ,a71 b m rec5t & ext5sive obs]vations bo? ^u ^! & ^u ! ,mioc5e ,radiol>ia ( ,sicily1 h %[n t ! numb] ( ^! liv+ fossil =ms is mu* great] ?an 0 previ\sly suppos$ 7see note ,b74 ,among ! ,mioc5e ,radiol>ia num]\s species1 bo? ( ,,spumell>ia 7especially ,sphroidea & ,discoidea7 & ( ,,nassell>ia 7especially ,spyroidea & ,cyrtoidea7 are n to be di/+ui%$ f ! correspond+ /ill liv+ =ms 7see notes ,c1 ,d74 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? g5]a1 :i* are ri* bo? 9 species & individuals 7rec5t z well z fossil71 pres5t cont9u\s s]ies ( =ms :i* lead gradually & un9t]rupt$ly f old ,t]ti>y species to o!rs /ill liv+1 :i* are specifically indi/+ui%able f !m4 ,^! int]e/+ morphological facts are capable ( direct phylog5etic application1 & furni% valuable pro(s ( ! tru? ( ! !ory ( desc5t4 ,a4 ,ehr5b]g1 9 8 li/ ( fossil ,polycy/9a 7,l4 ,n4 #be1 pp4 #fd-he1 #ahge71 records #cbe species ( :i* #bf are /ill liv+4 clxxv,b4 ,/hr1 9 8 li/ ( ,mioc5e ,radiol>ia f ,grotte 7,l4 ,n4 #ce1 p4 #hd1 #ahhj71 records #aah species1 ( :i* #bi are /ill liv+4 ,c4 ,teus*]1 :o at my reque/ has made a l>ge numb] ( comp>ative measurem5ts & draw+s1 bo? ( fossil & liv+ ,radiol>ia1 comes to ! conclusion t num]\s ,,spumell>ia & ,,nassell>ia f ,b>bados are to-day extant & un*ang$ 9 ! ,radiol>ian ooze ( ! deep ,pacific ,ocean 7comp>e #bdb;,a1 & p4 #agfj1 ,note74 ,d4 ,f ! comp>ative inve/igations1 :i* ,i h made dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s into ! rec5t deep-sea ,radiol>ia ( ! ,*all5g] collection & ! ,mioc5e ,polycy/9a ( ,b>bados1 x appe>s t ab\t a qu>t] ( ! latt] are id5tical ) liv+ species ( ! =m]4 clxxvi,,bibliographical ,,section4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4--,,lit]ature ,,& ,,hi/ory4 #bea4 ,li/ ( ,publications f #ahcd to #ahhd3-- ,note4--,9 ! text ! ref]5ces to ! foll[+ publications are indicat$ by ! lett]s ,l4 ,n4 #a4 #ahcd4 ,,mey51 ,f41 ,palmell>ia 7,physematium1 ,sphroz\m71 9 ,beitrge zur ,zoologie1 gesammelt auf e9] ,reise um die ,erde4 ,nova ,acta ,acad4 ,cs4 ,leop4-,c>ol41 vol4 xvi41 ,suppl41 p4 #afj1 ,taf4 xxviii4 figs4 #a-g4 #b4 #ahch4 ,,ehr5b]g1 ,g41 ,polycy/9a 7,li?ocampe1 ,cornutella1 ,haliomma7 9 ,ueb] die ,bildung d] ,kreidefels5 und des ,kreidem]gels dur* unsi*tb>e ,organism54 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #aag4 #c4 #ahci4 ,,ehr5b]g1 ,g41 ,ueb] no* jetzt leb5de ,?i]>t5 d] ,kreidebildung 7,haliomma radians74 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #aed4 #d4 #ahdd-ahgc4 ,,ehr5b]g1 ,g41 ,vorlufige ,mit!ilung5 b] ,beoba*tung5 von ,polycy/954 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l94 ,republi%$ ) illu/rations 9 ! ,mikrogeologie 7,l4 ,n4 #f7 & 9 ! two treatises ( #ahgb 7,l4 ,n4 #bd7 & #ahge 7,l4 ,n4 #be74 ,comp>e ! ,monatsb]i*te ( #ahdd 7pp4 #eg1 #ahb1 #beg71 ( #ahdf 7p4 #chb71 ( #ahdg 7p4 #dj71 ( #ahej 7p4 #dgf71 ( #ahed 7pp4 #ed1 #bje1 #bcf71 ( #ahee 7pp4 #bib1 #cje71 ( #ahef 7pp4 #aig1 #dbe71 ( #aheg 7pp4 #adb1 #ech71 ( #aheh 7pp4 #ab1 #cj71 ( #ahei 7p4 #efi71 ( #ahfj 7pp4 #gfe1 #hai71 ( #ahfa 7p4 #bbb71 ( #ahfi 7p4 #bec71 ( #ahgb 7pp4 #cjj-cba71 ( #ahgc 7pp4 #bad-bfc74 ,only "o ( ^! small pap]s is ( p]man5t value1 ,! ,fir/ ,sy/ematic ,arrangem5t ( ! ,polycy/9a 9 #g families1 #dd g5]a1 & #bhb species 7,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 #ahdg1 p4 #ed74 ,comp>e my ,monograph 7#ahfb1 ,l4 ,n4 #af71 pp4 #c-ab1 #bad-bai4 #e4 #ahea4 ,,huxley1 ,,?41 ,^u ,?alassicolla1 a new ,zoophyte4 ,ann4 & ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 s]4 #b1 vol4 viii4 pp4 #dcc-ddb1 pl4 xvi4 #f4 #ahed4 ,,ehr5b]g1 ,g41 ,mikrogeologie4 ,figures ( num]\s ,polycy/9a on #h plates2 ,taf4 xviii4 figs4 #aaj1 #aaa2 ,taf4 xix4 figs4 #dh-ef1 #fj-fb2 ,taf4 xx4 ,nr4 i41 figs4 #bj-be1 #db2 ,taf4 xxi4 figs4 #ea-ef2 ,taf4 xxii4 figs4 #bj-dj2 ,taf4 xxxv4 ,a41 ,nr4 xix4 ,a4 fig4 #e2 ,taf4 xxxv4 ,b4 figs4 #af-bc2 ,taf4 xxxvi4 figs4 #a-cc4 #g4 #ahee4 ,,bailey1 ,j4 ,w41 ,notice ( ,microscopic ,=ms ( ! ,sea ( ,kamts*atka4 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ,sci4 & ,arts1 vol4 xxii4 p4 #a1 pl4 i4 #h4 #ahee4 ,m,,ll]1 ,,johannes1 ,ueb] ,sphroz\m und ,?alassicolla4 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #bbi4 #i4 #ahee4 ,m,,ll]1 ,,johannes1 ,ueb] die im ,haf5 von ,mess9a beoba*tet5 ,polycy/95 7,haliomma1 ,eucyrtidium1 ,dictyospyris1 ,podocyrtis74 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #fga4 #aj4 #ahef4 ,m,,ll]1 ,,johannes1 ,ueb] die ,?alassicoll51 ,polycy/95 und ,acan?ometr5 des ,mittelme]es4 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #dgd4 #aa4 #aheh4 ,m,,ll]1 ,,johannes1 ,erlut]ung e9ig] bei ,/4 ,tropez am ,mittelme] beoba*tet] ,polycy/95 und ,acan?ometr54 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #aed4 #ab4 #aheh4 ,m,,ll]1 ,,johannes1 ,ueb] die ,?alassicoll51 ,polycy/95 und ,acan?ometr5 des ,mittelme]es1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 pp4 #a-fb1 ,taf4 i4-xi4 7,! fundam5tal treatise on ! ,radiol>ia47 clxxvii#ac4 #aheh4 ,,s*neid]1 ,,anton1 ,ueb] zwei neue ,?alassicoll5 von ,mess9a4 ,ar*iv f4 ,anat4 u4 ,physiol41 p4 #ch1 ,taf4 iii4 ,b1 figs4 #a-d4 #ad4 #aheh4 ,,clap>,,de et ,,la*mann1 ,e*9ocy/ida 7,plagiacan?a et ,acan?ometra74 tudes sur les ,infusoires et les ,rhizopodes1 p4 #deh1 pl4 xxii4 figs4 #h1 #i2 pl4 xxiii4 figs4 #a-f4 #ae4 #ahfj4 ,,haeckel1 ,,ern/1 ,ueb] neue leb5de ,radiol>i5 des ,mittelme]es4 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 pp4 #gid1 #hce4 #af4 #ahfb4 ,,haeckel1 ,,ern/1 ,die ,radiol>i5 7,rhizopoda radi>ia74 ,e9e ,monographie4 #egb pp4 fol4 ) an ,atlas ( #ce ,copp]plates4 #ag4 #ahfb4 ,,bury1 ,mrs41 ,polycy/9s1 figures ( rem>kable =ms 9 ! ,b>bados ,*alk ,deposit4 ,ed4 ii4 ,by ,m4 ,c4 ,cooke1 #ahfh4 #be qu>to plates1 photograph$ f draw+s by h&1 conta9+ _m =ms ov]look$ by ,ehr5b]g f ,b>bados4 #ah4 #ahfc ,,h>t+1 ,,paul1 ,bijdrage tot de ,k5nis d] mikroskopis*e ,fauna en ,flora van de ,b&a-,zee 7,diep-,zee-,polycy/9574 ,v]h&l4 d4 ,kon4 ,akad4 van4 ,wet5s*4 ,am/]dam1 vol4 ix4 p4 #cj1 pls4 i4-iii4 #ai4 #ahfe4 ,,haeckel1 ,,ern/1 ,ueb] d5 ,s>code-,krp] d] ,rhizopod5 7,act9elius1 ,acan?odesmia1 ,cyrtidosphra1 c474 ,zeits*r4 f4 wiss4 ,zool41 ,bd4 xv4 p4 #cdb1 ,taf4 xxvi4 #bj4 #ahfg4 ,,s*neid]1 ,,anton1 ,zur ,k5ntniss des ,baues d] ,radiol>i5 7,?alassicolla74 ,ar*iv f4 ,anat4 u4 ,physiol41 #ahfg1 p4 #eji4 #ba4 #ahgj4 ,,haeckel1 ,,ern/1 ,beitrge zur ,pla/id5 ,!orie 7,myxobra*ia2 ,amylum 9 d5 gelb5 ,zell574 ,j5ais*e ,zeits*r4 fr ,naturw41 ,bd4 v4 p4 #eai-edj1 ,taf4 xviii4 #bb4 #ahga4 ,,ci5k[ski1 ,l41 ,ueb] ,s*wrm]-,bildung bei ,radiol>i54 ,ar*iv f4 mikrosk4 ,anat41 ,bd4 vii4 p4 #cgb-cha1 ,taf4 xxix4 #bc4 #ahgb4 ,,wagn]1 ,n41 ,myxobra*ia ,ci5k[skii4 ,bull4 d4 ,acad4 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 vol4 xvii4 p4 #adj4 #bd4 #ahgb4 ,,ehr5b]g1 ,,gottfri$1 ,mikrogeologis*e ,/udi5 b] das kle9/e ,leb5 d] ,me]es-,tiefgrnde all] ,zon5 und dess5 geologis*5 ,e9fluss4 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 #ahgb4 ,mit #ab ,tafeln4 7,! ,lat9 diagnoses ( #aac new species "h m5tion$ are giv5 9 ! ,monatsb]i*te ( ,april #be1 #ahgb1 pp4 #cjj-cba47 #be4 #ahge4 ,,ehr5b]g1 ,,gottfri$1 ,polycy/95-,m]gel von ,b>bados 7,=tsetzung d] ,mikrogeologis*5 ,/udi574 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 #ahge1 #afh pag4 mit #cj ,tafeln4 7,! ,lat9 diagnoses ( #bfe species "h record$ are giv5 9 ,nam5sv]zei*niss d] fossil5 ,polycy/95 von ,b>bados4 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 ,jan4 #cj1 #ahgc1 pp4 #bac-bfc47 #bf4 #ahgf4 ,,h]twig1 ,,ri*>d1 ,zur ,hi/ologie d] ,radiol>i54 ,unt]su*ung5 b] d5 ,bau und die ,entwickelung d] ,sphrozoid5 und ,?alassicollid54 #ia pp4 ) #e plates4 #bg4 #ahgf4 ,,murray1 ,,john1 ,*all5g]ida4 ,prelim9>y ,reports on ,"w done on bo>d ! ,*all5g]4 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,lond41 vol4 xxiv4 pp4 #dga-ecf1 pl4 xxiv4 #bh4 #ahgf4 ,,zittel1 ,,k>l1 ,palozoologie1 ,bd4 i4 pp4 #aad-abf1 figs4 #df-ef4 #bi4 #ahgf4 ,,zittel1 ,,k>l1 ,ueb] fossile ,radiol>i5 d] ob]5 ,kreide4 ,zeits*r4 d4 deuts*4 geol4 ,gesells*41 ,bd4 xxviii4 pp4 #ge-if1 ,taf4 ii4 7) figures ( six ,cretace\s species74 #cj4 #ahgg4 ,,miv>t1 ,,/4 ,,george1 ,notes t\*+ rec5t rese>*es on ! ,radiol>ia4 ,j\rn4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,lond4 7,zool471 vol4 xiv4 pp4 #acf-ahf4 7,hi/orical sket* ( previ\s lit]ature47 #ca4 #ahgg4 ,,wyville ,,?omson1 ,! ,voyage ( ! ,*all5g]--,! ,atlantic1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bca-bcg1 figs4 #ea-ed2 vol4 ii4 pp4 #cdj-cdc1 figs4 #eh1 #ei1 c4 #cb4 #ahgh4 ,,haeckel1 ,,ern/1 ,das ,proti/5rei*1 e9e populre ,ueb]si*t b] das ,=m5gebiet d] ni$]/5 ,lebewes51 pp4 #aja-ajd4 #cc4 #ahgi4 ,,h]twig1 ,,ri*>d1 ,d] ,organismus d] ,radiol>i54 ,j5ais*e ,d5ks*rift51 ,bd4 ii4 ,taf4 vi4-xvi4 pp4 #abi-bgg4 #cd4 #ahgi4 ,,haeckel1 ,,ern/1 ,ueb] die ,phod>i51 e9e neue ,gruppe kiesels*alig] m>9] ,rhizopod54 ,sitzungsb4 m$4-nat4 ,gesells*4 ,j5a1 ,decemb] #ab1 #ahgi4 #ce4 #ahhj4 ,,/,,hr1 ,,emil1 ,die ,radiol>i5-,fauna d] ,tripoli von ,grotte 7,prov9z ,girg5ti 9 ,sicili574 ,palontographica1 ,bd4 xxvi4 pp4 #ga-abd1 ,taf4 xvii4-xxiii4 ,a prelim9>y communication reg>d+ ?is fauna f ! tripoli is giv5 9 ,tagebl4 d4 ,naturf4 ,v]samml4 ,mn*51 #ahgg4 clxxviii#cf4 #ahhj4 ,,pantanelli1 ,,dante1 ,i ,diaspri della ,toscana e i loro fossili4 ,real4 ,accad4 dei ,l9cei1 s]4 #c1 vol4 vii4 pp4 #ac-cd1 ,tab4 i4 ,radiol>ia di ,calabria4 ,atti4 ,soc4 ,tosc41 p4 #ei4 #cg4 #ahha4 ,,haeckel1 ,,ern/1 ,prodromus ,sy/ematis ,radiol>ium1 ,entwurf e9es ,radiol>i5-,sy/ems auf ,grund von ,/udi5 d] ,*all5g]-,radiol>i54 ,j5ais*e ,zeits*r4 fr ,naturw41 ,bd4 xv4 pp4 #dah-dgb4 #ch4 #ahha4 ,,br&t1 ,,k>l1 ,unt]su*ung5 an ,radiol>i54 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 7,april #ba71 pp4 #chh-djd1 ,taf4 i4 #ci4 #ahhb4 ,,br&t1 ,,k>l1 ,ueb] die morphologis*e und physiologis*e ,b$eutung des ,*lorophylls bei ,?i]54 ,i4 ,artikel4 ,ar*iv f4 ,anat4 u4 ,physiol41 pp4 #abe-aea1 ,taf4 i4 ,,ii4 ,artikel4 ,mit!il4 a4 d4 ,zool4 ,/ation zu ,neapel1 ,bd4 iv4 pp4 #aic-cjb1 ,taf4 xix41 xx4 #dj4 #ahhb4 ,b,,ts*li1 ,,otto1 ,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss d] ,radiol>i5-,skelette1 insbesond]e d] d] ,cyrtida4 ,zeits*r4 f4 wiss4 ,zool41 ,bd4 xxxvi4 pp4 #dhe-edj1 ,taf4 xxxi4-xxxiii4 #da4 #ahhb4 ,b,,ts*li1 ,,otto1 ,radiol>ia4 ,9 ,bronn's ,klass5 und ,ordnung5 des ,?i]rei*s4 ,bd4 i41 ,protozoa1 pp4 #ccb-dgh1 ,taf4 xvii4-xxxii4 #db4 #ahhb4 ,,g$des1 ,,patrick1 ,fur!r ,rese>*es on ,animals conta9+ ,*lorophyll4 ,nature1 pp4 #cjc-cje4 #dc4 #ahhb4 ,,g$des1 ,,patrick1 ,on ! ,nature & ,functions ( ! ,yell[ ,cells ( ,radiol>ians & ,coel5t]ates4 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,ed941 p4 #cgg4 #dd4 #ahhb4 ,,dunik[ski1 ,,emil1 ,die ,spongi51 ,radiol>i5 und ,=am9if]5 d] ,unt]-,liassis*5 ,s*i*t5 vom ,s*afb]g bei ,salzburg4 ,d5ks*r4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,wi51 ,bd4 xlv4 pp4 #bb-cd4 ,taf4 iv4-vi4 #de4 #ahhb4 ,,pantanelli1 ,,dante1 ,fauna mioc5ica di ,radiol>i del ,app5n9o sett5trional4 ,boll4 ,soc4 ,geol4 ,ital4 #df4 #ahhc4 ,,haeckel1 ,,ern/1 ,die ,ordnung5 d] ,radiol>i5 7,acan?>ia1 ,spumell>ia1 ,nassell>ia1 ,phod>ia74 ,sitzungsb4 m$4-nat4 ,gesells*4 ,j5a1 ,febru>y #af1 #ahhc4 #dg4 #ahhc4 ,,h]twig1 ,,osc>1 ,die ,symbiose od] das ,g5oss5s*aftsleb5 im ,?i]rei*4 #ef4 ,v]samml4 ,deuts*] ,naturf4 u4 ,a]zte1 ,freiburg i_/,b4 #dh4 #ahhc4 ,r,,/1 ,,wilhelm1 ,ueb] das ,vorkomm5 von ,radiol>i5-,re/5 9 kryptokry/all9is*5 ,qu>z5 aus dem ,jura und 9 ,koproli!n aus dem ,lias4 #ef4 ,v]samml4 ,deuts*] ,naturf4 u4 ,a]zte1 ,freiburg i_/,b4 #di4 #ahhd4 ,,c>1 ,,laz>1 ,acan?ometra hemicompressa 7 ,zygacan?a semicompressa74 ,zool4 ,anzeig]1 p4 #id4 #ej4 #ahhd4 ,,haeckel1 ,,ern/1 ,ueb] die ,geometrie d] ,radiol>i5 7,promorphologie74 ,sitzungsb4 m$4-nat4 ,gesells*4 ,j5a1 ,novemb] #bb1 #ahhc4 #bea ,a4 ,supplem5t>y ,li/ ( ,works ,publi%$ 9 #ahhe3-- #ea4 #ahhe4 ,d4 ,r,,/1 ,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss d] fossil5 ,radiol>i5 aus ,ge/e95 des ,jura4 #de pp4 #dto1 & #bj plates4 ,palontographica1 ,bd4 xxxi4 7od] iii4 ,folge1 vii4 ,b&74 #eb4 #ahhe4 ,,k>l ,,br&t1 ,die koloniebild5d5 ,radiol>i5 7,sphrozoe57 des ,golfes von ,neapel und d] angr5z5d5 ,me]es-,abs*nitte4 #bgf pp4 #dto1 & #h plates4 #ec4 #ahhe4 ,,john ,,murray1 ,n>rative ( ! ,cruise ( ,h4,m4,s4 ,*all5g]1 ) a g5]al acc\nt ( ! sci5tific results ( ! ,exp$ition4 ,vol i4 ,fir/ "p1 pp4 #bai-bbg1 pl4 ,a4 ,second "p1 pp4 #iae-ibf1 pl4 ,n4 fig4 #b4 #ed4 #ahhe4 ,,ern/ ,,haeckel1 ,sy/em d] ,acan?>i54 ,sitzungsb4 m$4-nat4 ,gesells*4 ,j5a1 ,novemb] #ac4 ,s9ce ! pr9t+ ( ?is ,report began 9 #ahhd & 0 f> advanc$ 9 #ahhe1 x 0 impossible to include ! important works ( ,r/ & ,br&t 7,l4 ,n4 #ea1 #eb7 9 ! descriptive portion1 s t !y are only ref]r$ to 9 ! ,introduction4 #bea ,b4 ,phaulographic ,app5dix3-- ,a li/ ( absolutely wor?less lit]ature1 :i* conta9s ei!r only long kn[n facts or false /atem5ts1 & may h5ce be entirely neglect$ ) advantage4 ,comp>e #beb1 & also ,l4 ,n4 #bf1 p4 #i4 #ee4 #ahfe4 ,,walli*1 ,g4 ,c41 ,on ! /ructure & aff9ities ( ,polycy/9a4 ,trans4 ,micr4 ,soc4 ,lond41 vol4 xiii4 pp4 #eg-hd4 7,comp>e ,l4 ,n4 #bf1 p4 #i47 clxxix#ef4 #ahgi4 ,,walli*1 ,g4 ,c41 ,obs]vations on ! ,?alassicollid4 ,ann4 & ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 s]4 #d1 vol4 iii4 p4 #ig4 #eg4 #ahff4 ,,/u>t1 ,,alex&]1 ,ueb] ,cosc9osphra ciliosa1 e9e neue ,radiol>ie 7 ,globig]9a e*9oides6674 ,zeits*r4 f4 wiss4 ,zool41 ,bd4 xvi4 p4 #cbh1 ,taf4 xviii4 7,comp>e ,l4 ,n4 #bf1 p4 #i47 #eh4 #ahgj4 ,,/u>t1 ,,alex&]1 ,neapolitanis*e ,/udi54 ,gtt+] ,na*r41 p4 #ii1 & ,zeits*r4 f4 wiss4 ,zool41 ,bd4 xxii4 p4 #bij 7,blue ,silice\s ,cry/als 9 ,colloz\m in]me674 #ei4 #ahga4 ,,macdonald1 ,,john ,,d5is1 ,rem>ks on ! ,/ructure ( ,polycy/9a 7,a/romma ,yelv]toni ,eu*itonia ,mll]i74 ,ann4 & ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 s]4 #d1 vol4 viii4 p4 #bbf4 #fj4 #ahga4 ,,do5itz1 ,w41 ,beoba*tung5 b] ,radiol>i54 ,ar*iv f4 ,anat4 u4 ,physiol41 #ahga1 p4 #ga1 ,taf4 ii4 7,comp>e ,l4 ,n4 #bf1 p4 #g47 #beb4 ,progress ( our ,k ( ! ,radiol>ia f #ahfb to #ahhe4--,! hi/ory ( our sci5tific k ( ! ,radiol>ia ext5ds ov] ab\t half a c5tury 7f #ahcd to #ahhe74 ,a hi/orical & critical discussion ( ! works :i* appe>$ )9 ! fir/ tw5ty-eight ye>s ( ?is p]iod 7f #ahcd to #ahfb7 is conta9$ 9 ! hi/orical introduction to my ,monograph 7,l4 ,n4 #af1 pp4 #a-bd72 ,i %all !re=e give "h only a brief survey ( ! inve/igations publi%$ dur+ ! la/ tw5ty-?ree ye>s 7f #ahfb to #ahhe74 ,! mo/ important /eps 9 our progress dur+ ?is p]iod we owe to ! foll[+ naturali/s3--,ci5k[ski 7#ahga71 ,ehr5b]g 7#ahgb & #ahge71 ,ri*>d ,h]twig 7#ahgf & #ahgi71 ,k>l ,br&t 7#ahha & #ahhe71 ,bts*li 7#ahhb71 & ,r/ 7#ahhe74 ,to ! valuable works ( ^! au?ors mu/ be add$ a numb] ( small] contributions1 :i* are record$ 9 ! =ego+ ,bibliography4 ,"s communications f dilettanti1 writt5 ) insuffici5t k ( ! subject1 & h5ce ( no value1 are m5tion$ = ! sake ( complet5ess 9 ! ,phaulographic ,app5dix 7comp>e ,l4 ,n4 #ee-fj1 also ,l4 ,n4 #bf1 p4 #i74 ,! fir/ important advance 9 our k ( ! organisation ( ! ,radiol>ia1 made aft] ! publication ( my ,monograph 7#ahfb71 0 ! demon/ration ( ! nature ( ! extracapsul> yell[ cells4 ,9 ! ye> #ahgj ,i %[$ t ^! yell[ cells conta9 />* 7,l4 ,n4 #ba1 p4 #eai74 ,i reg>d$ !m1 z did all au?ors up to t "t1 z integral p>ts ( ! ,radiol>ian organism1 & h5ce consid]$ ?is to be multicellul>2 = no d\bt 0 possible reg>d+ ! true cellul> nature ( ^! rem>kable1 nucleat$1 yell[ globules1 :i* ,i _h ?or\ghly /udi$ 9 #ahfb4 ,x 0 fir/ %[n by ,ci5k[ski 9 #ahga t ! yell[ cells ( ! ,collod>ia rema9 un*ang$ ev5 aft] ! dea? ( ^! organisms1 t !y cont9ue to gr[ un9t]rupt$ly1 & ev5tually multiply by division 7,l4 ,n4 #bb1 pp4 #cgh-chj1 ,taf4 xix4 figs4 #cj-cf74 ,ci5k[ski conclud$ f ^! important obs]vations t ! yell[ cells are n integral p>ts ( ! ,radiol>ian body1 b p>asitic /ructures1 indep5d5t1 unicellul> organisms1 :i* live only z p>asites 9 ! body ( ! ,radiol>ia 7comp>e #ij74 ,?is important recognition und]w5t t5 ye>s lat] a fur!r developm5t & complete e/abli%m5t by ! ext5sive inve/igations ( ,k>l ,br&t 7,l4 ,n4 #ch1 #ci7 clxxx& ,patrick ,g$des 7,l4 ,n4 #db1 #dc74 ,?is arrangem5t 0 comp>$ by ,br&t to ! rem>kable symbiosis ( ! ,algoid gonidia & ,fungoid hyph 9 ! organisation ( ! ,li*5s1 :i* _h be5 rec5tly discov]$1 & s9ce he recognis$ ! indep5d5t nature ( ! yell[ cells1 z unicellul> ,alg1 9 all divisions ( ! ,radiol>ia1 he f\nd$ = !m ! g5us ,zooxan!lla4 ,g$des nam$ !m ,philozoon1 & %[$ exp]im5tally t !y give out oxyg5 "u ! influ5ce ( sunlight 7comp>e #ij74 ,! great physiological importance ( ! yell[ cells 9 ! meta/asis ( ! ,radiol>ia1 &1 :5 !y are develop$ 9 l>ge quantities1 9 ! economy ( m>9e organisms 9 g5]al1 has rec5tly be5 insi/$ ^u by ,br&t 7see #bje & ,l4 ,n4 #eb1 pp4 #fe-ga1 #hf-id74 ,! pro( t ! yell[ cells d n belong to ! ,radiol>ian organism itself1 b only live p>asitically 9 x1 0 a necess>y prelim9>y to ! v important /ep :i* next took place 9 our k ( ! organisation ( ! ,radiol>ia4 ,?is /ep consi/$ 9 ! demon/ration t ! :ole body ( ! ,radiol>ia1 l t ( all o!r ,proti/a1 is only a s+le cell4 ,x 0 ,ri*>d ,h]twig :o 9 two rem>kable works 7,l4 ,n4 #bf1 #cc7 firmly e/abli%$ ?is fundam5tal !orem ( ! unicellul> nature ( ! ,radiol>ia4 ,9 8 treatise on ! hi/ology ( ! ,radiol>ia 7,l4 ,n4 #bf1 #ahgf7 he publi%$ complete inve/igations into ! /ructure & developm5t ( ! ,sphrozoida & ,?alassicollida4 ,s9ce he made use ( ! mod]n me?ods ( hi/ological exam9ation1 & especially ( /a9+ fluids1 :i* he 0 ! fir/ to apply to ! /udy ( ! ,radiol>ia1 he 0 able to %[ t no true cells 7ap>t f ! p>asitic yell[ cells7 are to be f\nd 9 _! bodies1 b r t all _! morphological compon5ts are to be reg>d$ z diff]5tiat$ p>ts ( a s+le true cell1 & 9 p>ticul> t ! c5tral capsule includes a g5u9e nucleus4 ,a wid] f\ndation = ?is important discov]y & its applicability to all divisions ( ?is ext5sive class1 0 giv5 by ,h]twig 9 a second "w on ! organisation ( ! ,radiol>ia 7,l4 ,n4 #cc1 #ahgi74 ,among ! num]\s discov]ies by :i* ?is "w enri*$ ! natural hi/ory ( ! ,radiol>ia mu/ be specially m5tion$ ! recognition ( ! fundam5tal diff]5ces exhibit$ by ! ma9 divisions ( ! class 9 ! /ructure ( _! c5tral capsule4 ,h]twig fir/ obs]v$ t ! capsul> membrane is d\ble 9 ! ,,ph,,od>ia b s+le 9 ! o!r ,radiol>ia 7 #ef72 ! =m] he nam$ ,,tripylea because he discov]$ 9 _! capsul> membrane a l>ge1 peculi>ly con/ruct$ ma9 op5+ & two small accessory op5+s4 ,! ,,nassell>ia1 9 :i* he f\nd a s+le por\s area at ! basal pole ( ! ma9 axis1 ) a cone ( pseudopodia ris+ f x1 he call$ on ?is acc\nt ,,monopylea2 :il/ ! o!r ,radiol>ia1 ^: capsul> membrane is p]=at$ on all sides ) f9e pores1 7 t]m$ ,,p]ipylea4 ,besides ! c5tral capsule1 ,h]twig laid /ress ^u ! significance ( ! gelat9\s envelope z a con/ant & important con/itu5t ( ! body4 ,he also devot$ att5tive consid]ation to ! morphology ( ! skeleton1 & on ! basis ( c]ta9 clxxxiphylog5etic conclusions :i* he drew f x1 he arriv$ at an improv$ sy/ematic arrangem5t 9 :i* he di/+ui%$ six ord]s3--7#a7 ,?alassicollea1 7#b7 ,sphrozoea1 7#c7 ,p]ipylea1 7#d7 ,acan?ometrea1 7#e7 ,monopylea1 7#f7 ,tripylea4 ,! num]\s isolat$ discov]ies ) :i* ,h]twig enri*$ ! morphology ( ! ,radiol>ia1 h be5 already allud$ to 9 ! appropriate p>agraphs 9 ! anatomical portion ( ?is ,introduction 7see ,l4 ,n4 #db1 pp4 #cdj1 #cda74 ,! new & int]e/+ gr\p1 :i* 0 ?us erect$ into an ord] "u ! "n ,,tripylea1 ,i _h already a ye> previ\sly sep>at$ f ! o!r ,radiol>ia z ,pansol5ia 9 my ,proti/5rei* 7,l4 ,n4 #cb1 p4 #ajb74 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 nei!r ! ?ree capsul> op5+s ( ! ,,tripylea nor ! skeletal tubes ( ! ,pansol5ia are pres5t 9 all ! families ( ?is ext5sive ord]1 ,i sub/itut$ 9 #ahgi ! m suitable "n ,,ph,,od>ia1 :i* is applicable to all memb]s ( ! gr\p 7,l4 ,n4 #cd74 ,9 ! prelim9>y memoir !n publi%$ reg>d+ ! ,phod>ia1 a ,new ,gr\p ( ,silice\s ,m>9e ,rhizopods1 ,i di/+ui%$ f\r ord]s1 t5 families1 & ?irty-eight g5]a4 ,! great majority ( ^! new =ms 7among :i* 7 no less ?an #dfe diff]5t species7 7 fir/ discov]$ by ! deep-sea inve/igations ( ! ,*all5g]4 ,john ,murray 0 ! fir/ :o call$ att5tion to ! great abundance 9 ! deep sea ( ^! rem>kable ,rhizopods1 & to ! con/ant pres5ce ( _! peculi>1 d>k1 extracapsul> pigm5t body 7phodium72 ev5 9 #ahgf he describ$ a portion ( !m z ,*all5g]ida 7,l4 ,n4 #bg1 p4 #ecf2 ,l4 ,n4 #ec1 p4 #bbf74 ,! e>lie/ obs]vations on ! ,,ph,,od>ia 7 made at ,mess9a 9 #ahei1 :]e ,i exam9$ five g5]a ( ?is rem>kable gr\p alive 7comp>e p4 #aebb & ,l4 ,n4 #af74 ,by ! discov]y t ! ,,ph,,od>ia1 al?\gh diff]+ 9 important respects f ! o!r ,radiol>ia1 /ill con=m to ! def9ition ( ! class1 a new & ext5sive s]ies ( =ms 0 add$ to ?is latt]1 & by _! clos] inve/igation a fre% s\rce ( int]e/+ morphological problems 0 disclos$4 ,9 o!r gr\ps1 h[ev]1 morphology 0 advanc$ by comp>ative anatomical /udies4 ,9 addition to ! small] contributions ( v>i\s au?ors1 m5tion$ 9 ! =ego+ bibliography1 ,i may specially ref] to ! valuable ,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss d] ,radiol>i5-,skelete1 insbesond]e d] d] ,cyrtida by ,o4 ,bts*li 7,l4 ,n4 #dj1 #ahhb74 ,on ! basis ( c>eful comp>ative anatomical /udies1 inve/igations into ! skeletal /ructure ( a numb] ( fossil ,cyrtoidea & critical application ( ! rec5tly publi%$ rese>*es ( ,ehr5b]g into ! ,polycy/9a ( ,b>bados 7,l4 ,n4 #be71 ,bts*li attempt$ to d]ive ! complicat$ relations ( ! ,monopylean skeletons phylog5etically f a simple primitive =m1--! prim>y sagittal r+4 ,ev5 if ?is attempt did n actually solve ! v difficult morphological problem 9 "q1 /ill ! critical & syn!tic mode 9 :i* x 0 c>ri$ out des]ves full recognition1 & furni%es ! pro( t ! comp>ative anatomy ( ! skeleton 9 ! ,radiol>ia n less ?an 9 ! ,v]tebrata1 is a mo/ int]e/+ & fruitful field ( phylog5etic inve/igation4 ,a clxxxiifur!r demon/ration ( ?is 0 furni%$ by ,bts*li 9 ! g5]al acc\nt ( ! organisation ( ! ,radiol>ia :i* he publi%$ 9 #ahhb 9 ,bronn's ,klass5 und ,ordnung5 des ,?i]rei*s 7,l4 ,n4 #da74 ,9 our k ( ! developm5tal hi/ory ( ^! ,proti/a ! la/ two decades h witness$ less progress ?an 9 _! comp>ative anatomy4 ,! mo/ important advance 9 ?is direction has be5 ! pro( t 9 all ! ma9 gr\ps ( ! class ! cont5ts ( ! c5tral capsule are us$ 9 ! =mation ( sw>m-spores4 ,! movem5ts ( ^! zoospores 9 ! c5tral capsule _h inde$ be5 obs]v$ by sev]al previ\s au?ors 9 ! case ( ! ,,spumell>ia & ,,acan?>ia 7,l4 ,n4 #aj1 #ac1 #af2 comp>e also #adb1 ,note ,a74 ,! orig9 ( ! flagellate spores f ! cont5ts ( ! c5tral capsule & _! peculi> con/itution 71 h[ev]1 fir/ describ$ fully by ,ci5k[ski 9 #ahga 7,l4 ,n4 #bb1 p4 #cgb74 ,soon aft] ?is1 ,r4 ,h]twig discov]$ t 9 ! social ,radiol>ia 7,polycytt>ia or ,sphrozoea7 two diff]5t =ms ( zoospores are =m$1 "o )1 ! o!r )\t cry/als1 & t ! latt] are also divid$ into macrospores & microspores 7comp>e ,l4 ,n4 #bf1 & #adb74 ,rec5tly ?is sexual diff]5tiation has be5 %[n by ,k>l ,br&t to exi/ 9 all ! gr\ps ( ,sphrozoea1 & its regul> int]*ange ) ! =mation ( cry/al-spores has be5 int]pret$ z a true alt]nation ( g5]ations 7comp>e ,l4 ,n4 #eb & also #baf74 ,! o!r =ms ( developm5t also1 especially reproduction by cell-division 7 #bac7 & gemmation 7 #bad71 h be5 elucidat$ by ! rec5t inve/igations ( ! same au?or4 ,! palontology ( ! ,radiol>ia has ( late made important & int]e/+ advances4 ,until t5 ye>s ago fossil rema9s ( ?is class 7 kn[n exclusively f ! ,t]ti>y p]iod2 almo/ ! only s\rce ( our in=mation 0 to be f\nd 9 ! rese>*es ( ,ehr5b]g1 comm5c$ 9 #ahch1 cont9u$ 9 8 ,mikrogeologie 9 #ahed1 & conclud$ 9 8 la/ "w 7,l4 ,n4 #be7 publi%$ 9 #ahge 7comp>e ,l4 ,n4 #af1 pp4 #c-i1 #aia-aic74 ,9 ! ye> #ahgf a numb] ( ,mesozoic ,radiol>ia f ! *alk 7 describ$ by ,zittel 7,l4 ,n4 #bh71 & aft]w>ds o!rs f ! ,jura by ,dunik[ski 7,l4 ,n4 #dd74 ,t fossil ,radiol>ia occur 9 ,mesozoic =mations1 especially 9 ! ,jura1 z well pres]v$ & z abundantly z 9 ! ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,b>bados1 0 %[n 9 #ahhc by ,r/ 7,l4 ,n4 #dh74 ,by ! exam9ation ( num]\s ?9 sections he discov]$ t 9 all ! ma9 divisions ( ! ,jurassic =mation 7,lias1 ,dogg]1 ,malm7 !re are di/ribut$ jasp]s1 fl9ts1 *]ts1 & o!r qu>tzites1 :i* consi/ l>gely ( ! silice\s %ells ( ,polycy/9a2 ! same is true also ( _m ,coprolites f\nd 9 ! ,jura4 ,! full acc\nt ( ^! & ! descriptions & figures ( #bcd ,jurassic species1 di/ribut$ 9 #gf g5]a1 are conta9$ 9 ! ,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss d] fossil5 ,radiol>i5 aus ,ge/e95 des ,jura 7,l4 ,n4 #ea1 #ahhe74 ,b ev5 9 ! old] rocks1 ! ,trias1 ! ,p]mian1 & ,c>bonif]\s sy/ems1 & ev5 z f> d[nw>ds z ! ,silurian & ,cambrian =mations1 ,r/ has rec5tly %[n ! exi/5ce ( fossil ,radiol>ia1 clxxxiii& ?us increas$ ! kn[n p]iod ( ! developm5tal hi/ory ( ! class by _m millions ( ye>s 7 #bdd74 ,! great significance ( ! ,radiol>ia 9 geology & palontology has be5 br\ght into new light n only by ^! ext5sive discov]ies1 b also by ! important relations :i* h be5 %[n to exi/ betwe5 ! ,radiol>ian rocks & ! deep-sea deposits ( ! pres5t day4 ,9 ?is direction ! wond]ful discov]ies ( ! ,*all5g]1 & especially ! inve/igation ( ! deep-sea deposits by ,wyville ,?omson 7,l4 ,n4 #ca7 & ,john ,murray 7,l4 ,n4 #bg71 h furni%$ u ) new & valuable in=mation 7comp>e #bcf-bci1 & #bde-bej74 ,! ,t]ti>y ,polycy/9e =mations ( ,b>bados & ! ,nicob> ,isl&s1 ) :i* we h be5 acqua9t$ = ! la/ =ty ye>s1 z also ! ,mesozoic ,radiol>ian qu>tzes1 :i* h only rec5tly be5 made kn[n to u f ! ,jura1 are asc]ta9$ to be fossil repres5tatives ( ! same deep-sea deposits :i* n[ occur 9 ! =m ( ,radiol>ian ooze 7 #bcg71 & to "s ext5t also ( ,globig]9a ooze & r$ clay 7 #bch1 #bci71 on ! bottom ( ! ocean1 at dep?s ( f #bjjj to #dejj fa?oms4 ,^! inve/igations into fossil ,radiol>ia & _! comp>ison ) rec5t deep-sea =ms h a fur!r g5]al significance1 inasmu* z ! id5tity ( _m liv+ & fossil species f ! ,t]ti>y =mation has be5 %[n beyond all d\bt4 ,9 ?is direction ! num]\s measurem5ts & accurate comp>isons :i* ,i h made dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s ( ! abyssal =ms 9 ! ,*all5g] collection1 & ( fossil species f ,b>bados & ,caltanisetta1 h br\ght to light _m important facts4 ,9 ?is ,i _h ! able assi/ance ( my fri5d1 ,dr4 ,re9hold ,teus*] 7comp>e #bej1 & p4 #agfj74 ,fur!r valuable contributions 9 ?is direction are f\nd 9 ! c>eful obs]vations & comp>ative measurem5ts rec5tly publi%$ by ,emil ,/hr 7,l4 ,n4 #ce1 #ahhj71 reg>d+ ! ,radiol>ian fauna ( ! ,tripoli ( ,grotte 9 ! prov9ce ( ,girg5ti1 ,sicily4 ,f ^! x appe>s t ! numb] ( ,mioc5e species :i* are /ill extant1 is mu* great] ?an w\ld appe> f ! results ( ,ehr5b]g4 ,ehr5b]g himself1 t[>ds ! end ( 8 long & labori\s life1 collect$ ! results ( ! sy/ematic & palontological rese>*es1 :i* he _h begun ?irty-sev5 ye>s previ\sly 7,l4 ,n4 #af1 pp4 #c-ab7 into ! ,polycy/9a1 9 two l>ge works 7,l4 ,n4 #bd1 #be74 ,! fir/ treatise 7,l4 ,n4 #bd1 #ahgb7 conta9s ! ,mikrogeologis*e ,/udi5 b] das ,kle9/e ,leb5 d] ,me]es-,tiefgrnde all] ,zon5 und dess5 geologis*5 ,e9fluss1 ) a li/ ( #bgi ,polycy/9a obs]v$ by him f ! deep-sea1 z well z figures ( #abg species4 ,! second "w 7,l4 ,n4 #be1 #ahge7 conta9s ! ,=tsetzung d] ,mikrogeologis*5 ,/udi51 mit speciell] ,rcksi*t auf d5 ,polycy/95-,m]gel von ,b>bados2 ! li/ ( fossil ,polycy/9a obs]v$ by him includes #cbe species1 ( :i* #bf are /ill extant2 #bhb ( !m are figur$ on ! ?irty plates accompany+ ! memoir4 ,by means ( ^! num]\s figures1 z well z by ! app5d$ sy/ematic & *orological tables1 ,ehr5b]g furni%$ a welcome clxxxivsupplem5t to ! num]\s communications reg>d+ ! ,polycy/9a1 :i* he _h made to ! ,b]l9 ,academy s9ce #ahch1 & :i* he _h publi%$ 9 8 ,mikrogeologie 9 #ahed4 ,x w always be ! m]it ( ?is zeal\s & indefatigable microscopi/ t he fir/ call$ att5tion to ! great weal? ( =ms exi/+ 9 ?is class2 he sep>at$ sy/ematically ab\t #ejj species1 & publi%$ draw+s ( ab\t #djj2 9 addition to :i* he 0 ! fir/ to lay /ress ^u ! great *orological & geological importance ( ! ,radiol>ia4 ,) ^! sy/ematic & descriptive1 *orological & palontological works1 h[ev]1 :i* relate exclusively to ! ,polycy/9a1 ! m]its ( ! fam\s naturali/ ( ,b]l9 are exhau/$ z reg>ds ?is class ( animals4 ,( ! organisation ( ! ,radiol>ia1 ,gottfri$ ,ehr5b]g rema9$ entirely ignorant up till 8 dea? 9 #ahgf4 ,all t a numb] ( fam\s naturali/s _h obs]v$ dur+ a qu>t] ( a c5tury z to ! /ructure & life-hi/ory ( ! ,radiol>ia1 all ! important discov]ies ( ,huxley 7#ahea71 ,johannes ,mll] 7#aheh71 ,clap>de 7#aheh71 ,ci5k[ski 7#ahga71 & _m o!rs 7,l4 ,n4 #a-bb71 & all t ,i _h publi%$ 9 my ,monograph 7#ahfb7 on ! basis ( ?ree ye>s' /udy ( _! anatomy & physiology--all ?is ,ehr5b]g ignor$1 or r1 he reg>d$ x all z wor?less rubbi% ( sci5ce1 z a *aos ( devi\s errors1 re/+ ^u incomplete obs]vations & false conclusions4 ,8 /range special consid]ations reg>d+ ! ,polycy/9a 7,l4 ,n4 #bd1 pp4 #cci-cdf7 & ! g5]al conclud+ rem>ks 7,l4 ,n4 #be1 pp4 #adf-adg7 leave no room = d\bt on ?is po9t4 ,ehr5b]g inde$ d\bt$ to ! la/ :e!r any obs]v] _h se5 liv+ ,radiol>ia at all 7,l4 ,n4 #be1 p4 #ajh74 ,! inv9cible ob/9acy ) :i* ,ehr5b]g ma9ta9$ 8 preconceiv$ op9ion ( ! high organisation ( ! ,radiol>ia1 & entirely ignor$ ! contr>y obs]vations ( o!r naturali/s1 is expla9$ by ! consi/5cy ) :i* he held to ! end ! pr9ciple peculi> to himself ( ! univ]sally equal developm5t ( ! animal k+dom 7,l4 ,n4 #af1 p4 #g74 ,f ! complicat$ arrangem5t ( _! silice\s %ells he conclud$ t ! animals inhabit+ !m mu/ possess a /ructure correspond+ly complex1 & ne>ly relat$ to t ( ! ,e*9od]mata 7,holo?uria74 ,l all o!r animals ! ,radiol>ia mu/ possess sy/ems ( organs = locomotion1 s5sation1 nutrition1 circulation1 & reproduction4 ,:il/ ,ehr5b]g orig9ally int]pret$ ! ,polycy/9a z silice\s ,infusoria polyga/rica1 & reg>d$ !m z comp\nd ,arcell9a1 he aft]w>ds class$ !m sometimes ) ! ,e*9od]mata 7,holo?uria71 sometimes ) ! ,bryozoa1 sometimes ) ! ,oscill>ia 7see ,l4 ,n4 #da1 p4 #ccf74 ,al?\gh a decid$ oppon5t ( ! cell-!ory he call$ !m multicellul> animalcules 7,polycy/9a71 int]pret+ ! pores ( ! silice\s %ell z cells4 ,to-day ! opposite t]m 7,monocy/9a7 might be adopt$ to express _! unicellul> organisation4 ,x 0 a rem>kable irony ( fate t 9 ! self-same ye> 7#ahch7 9 :i* ,s*wann ( ,b]l9 made by 8 f\ndation ( ! cell !ory ! greate/ advance 9 ! :ole clxxxv( ,biological ,sci5ce1 t ,ehr5b]g1 all 8 life ! mo/ zeal\s oppon5t ( t !ory1 publi%$ 8 great "w on ! ,infusoria1 & at ! same "t e/abli%$ ! family ( multicellul> animalcules or ,polycy/9a 7,l4 ,n4 #af1 p4 #d74 ,! %ort sy/ematic survey ( ! g5]a ( cellul> animalcules giv5 by ,ehr5b]g 9 #ahge 7,l4 ,n4 #be1 p4 #aeg71 is only a new edition1 increas$ by sixte5 g5]a1 ( 8 fir/ sy/ematic arrangem5t ( ! ,polycy/9a ( #ahdg 7,l4 ,n4 #d1 p4 #ec74 ,s9ce ,i h already giv5 a full discussion ( ?is 9 my ,monograph 7,l4 ,n4 #af1 pp4 #bad-bai71 ,i ne$ only "h rem>k t a correct und]/&+ ( 8 v inadequate g5]ic diagnoses is only possible by ! aid ( 8 figures4 ,rely+ ^u ^! ,i h reta9$ almo/ all ,ehr5b]g's g5]a1 al?\gh entirely new def9itions ( mo/ ( !m h be5 necess>y4 ,! same is true also ( ! two ord]s :i* ,ehr5b]g di/+ui%$ 9 8 class ( ,zell5?i]*54 ,! fir/ ord] is con/itut$ by 8 ,netzkrb*5 7,monodictya or ,,nassell>ia7 =m]ly kn[n z ,polycy/9a solit>ia2 !y include our ,cyrtoidea1 ! great] "p ( ,h]twig's ,monopylea4 ,ehr5b]g's second ord] is ! ,s*aum/]n*5 7,polydictya or ,,spumell>ia71 previ\sly call$ ,polycy/9a composita2 !y include ! ,p]ipylea ( ,h]twig1 z well z ! ,spyrid9a 7our ,spyroidea71 :i* belong prop]ly to ! ,,nassell>ia4 ,al?\gh ,ehr5b]g's /atem5ts reg>d+ ! organisation ( bo? ^! ord]s 7 q errone\s1 & 8 k ev5 ( ! /ructure ( _! %ells v defective1 ,i /ill ?\ght x advisable to reta9 8 names = ! gr\ps1 s9ce !y con/itut$ 8 "o successful ef=t 9 ! sy/ematic treatm5t ( ! ,radiol>ia 7comp>e ,l4 ,n4 #da1 p4 #ccf74 ,! sket* ( a sy/ematic arrangem5t ( ! ,radiol>ia 7,l4 ,n4 #cg71 :i* ,i publi%$ 9 #ahha on ! basis ( ! /udy ( ! ,*all5g] ,radiol>ia1 resembles1 9 respect ( sev5 ord]s be+ di/+ui%$1 ! new sy/em :i* ,r4 ,h]twig f\nd$ 9 #ahgi1 9 consequ5ce ( ! v>iations :i* he discov]$ 9 ! /ructural relations ( ! c5tral capsule 7,l4 ,n4 #cc1 p4 #acc74 ,x diff]s1 h[ev]1 inasmu* z 8 ,sphrozoea 7my ,polycytt>ia7 are "h divid$ into two ord]s1 ,symbel>ia 7,collosphrida7 & ,syncoll>ia 7,sphrozoida74 ,9 t sket* too ,i sep>at$ = ! fir/ "t ! two subclasses ,holotrypa/a 7,porulosa7 & ,m]otrypa/a 7,osculosa74 ,! fifte5 families e/abli%$ by ,h]twig 7 !n rais$ to tw5ty-f\r4 ,! six hundr$ & ?irty g5]a1 :i* ,i !n di/+ui%$1 are /ill = ! mo/ "p reta9$1 "s1 h[ev]1 9 a re/rict$ s5se1 or ) am5d$ def9itions4 ,! diff]5tial *>act]s ( ! ord]s & families ( ! ,radiol>ia1 giv5 9 ! ,prodromus 9 #ahha1 7 am5d$ 9 a fur!r communication :i* ,i gave 9 #ahhc reg>d+ ! ord]s ( ! ,radiol>ia 7,l4 ,n4 #df1 p4 #ag74 ,!re ,i r$uc$ ! sev5 ord]s to f\r1 ! /ructural relations ( ! c5tral capsule be+ precisely ! same 9 ! ,polycytt>ia & ,collod>ia z 9 ! ,p]ipylea4 ,! survey ( ! aff9ities ( ! class 0 ?us r5d]$ mu* simpl] & cle>]1 & ! clxxxvihypo!tical g5ealogical tree1 :i* ,i !n publi%$1 has be5 /ill fur!r c>ri$ out 9 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ( ! pres5t ,introduction 7see #aec-bjj74 #bec4 ,g5]al ,survey ( ! ,gr[? ( our ,sy/ematic ,acqua9tance ) ! ,radiol>ia f #ahcd to #ahhe4 #ahcd4 ,,mey5 7,l4 ,n4 #a7 describes #b g5]a & species ( ,collod>ia3--,sphroz\m fuscum & ,physematium atlanticum4 #ahch4 ,,ehr5b]g 7,l4 ,n4 #b7 f\nds ! family ,polycy/9a ^u #c fossil g5]a 7) #f species73--,li?ocampe1 ,cornutella1 ,haliomma4 #ahdg4 ,,ehr5b]g 7,l4 ,n4 #d7 publi%es 8 prelim9>y communications reg>d+ ! fossil ,polycy/9a ( ,b>bados & di/+ui%es #bhb species1 di/ribut$ 9 #dd g5]a & #g families4 ,9 ! tabul> view ( ! g5]a he di/+ui%es two ord]s3--,i4 ,solit>ia--7#a7 ,halicalyptr9a1 7#b7 ,li?o*ytr9a1 7#c7 ,eucyrtid9a2 & ,,ii4 ,composita--7#d7 ,spyrid9a1 7#e7 ,calodictya1 7#f7 ,haliommat9a1 7#g7 ,li?ocyclid9a 7comp>e ,l4 ,n4 #af1 pp4 #bad-bai74 #ahea4 ,,huxley 7,l4 ,n4 #e7 gives ! fir/ accurate acc\nt ( liv+ ,radiol>ia1 & describes #b species ( ! g5us ,?alassicolla 7nucleata & punctata72 "u ! latt] are includ$ #d g5]a ( ,sphrozoea3--,colloz\m1 ,sphroz\m1 ,collosphra1 ,siphonosphra 7comp>e ,l4 ,n4 #af1 pp4 #ab-ad74 #ahed4 ,,ehr5b]g 7,l4 ,n4 #f7 publi%es 9 8 ,mikrogeologie1 figures ( sev5ty-two species ( fossil ,polycy/9a 7)\t descriptions74 #ahee4 ,,johannes ,m,,ll] 7,l4 ,n4 #h1 p4 #bdh7 describes ! fir/ ,acan?ometra1 & elucidates its aff9ity to ,huxley's ,?alassicolla & ,ehr5b]g's ,polycy/9a4 #aheh4 ,,johannes ,m,,ll] 7,l4 ,n4 #ab7 e/abli%es ! new gr\p ,radiol>ia z a special ord] ( ! ,rhizopoda1 & includes 9 x ! ,?alassicolla1 ,polycy/9a1 & ,acan?ometra z closely relat$ families4 ,he opposes ^! radiate ,rhizopoda to ! ,poly?alamia1 & describes #ej species obs]v$ by him liv+ 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 ^! he arranges 9 #bj g5]a1 ( :i* #aj are new4 ,! figures are conta9$ 9 elev5 plates 7see ,l4 ,n4 #af1 pp4 #bb-bd74 #aheh4 ,,clap>,,de 7,l4 ,n4 #ad7 describes ! fir/ ,plectoidean 7,plagiacan?a ara*noides7 & two species ( ,acan?ometra1 :i* he _h obs]v$ liv+ 9 ,norway 7see ,l4 ,n4 #af1 p4 #ah74 #ahfj4 ,,ehr5b]g 7,l4 ,n4 #d7 gives a %ort diagnosis ( #bb new g5]a ( ,polycy/9a1 bas$ on ! inve/igation ( num]\s deep-sea species br\ght up by ,brooke f ! dep?s ( ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,! numb] ( 8 g5]a is ?us increas$ to #ff 7comp>e ,l4 ,n4 #af1 pp4 #aj1 #aa74 #ahfb4 ,,ern/ ,,haeckel 7,l4 ,n4 #af7 embraces 9 8 ,monograph ( ! ,radiol>ia all ! species hi!rto kn[n ei!r by figures or descriptions1 & arranges !m 9 #ae families & #aac g5]a2 ( :i* latt] #df are new4 ,! numb] ( new species obs]v$ liv+ am\nts to #add4 ,9 a survey ( ! ,radiol>ian fauna ( ,mess9a 7p4 #efe7 he records #gb g5]a & #afi species4 ,mo/ ( ^! are figur$ 9 ! accompany+ atlas ( ?irty-five plates4 clxxxvii#ahfb4 ,,bury 7,l4 ,n4 #ag7 gives 9 an atlas ( tw5ty-five plates1 photograph$ f draw+s1 ! figures ( num]\s fossil ,polycy/9a ( ,b>bados 7)\t descriptions71 ( :i* _m are new species ov]look$ by ,ehr5b]g 7comp>e #bdb1 above74 #ahgb4 ,,ehr5b]g 7,l4 ,n4 #bd7 gives a li/ ( names 7)\t description7 ( all ! ,polycy/9a obs]v$ by him f ! bottom ( ! sea1 #bgi species1 ( :i* #abg are figur$ on twelve plates4 #ahge4 ,,ehr5b]g 7,l4 ,n4 #be7 gives a li/ ( names ( all ! fossil ,polycy/9a obs]v$ by him 7f ,b>bados1 ! ,nicob> ,isl&s & ,sicily71 #cbf species1 ( :i* #bhb are figur$ 7comp>e #bdb above74 ,9 a new ,sy/ematic ,survey ( ! ,g5]a ! numb] ( ^! is giv5 z #fc4 ,! #g families are ! same z giv5 9 #ahdg 7see above71 z also ! two ord]s 7,,nassell>ia ,solit>ia1 ,,spumell>ia ,composita74 #ahgf4 ,,zittel 7,l4 ,n4 #bi7 describes ! fir/ fossil ,radiol>ia f ! *alk 7#f species7 & e/abli%es ! new ,cyrtoid g5us ,dictyomitra4 #ahgf4 ,,john ,,murray 7,l4 ,n4 #bg7 e/abli%es ! new family ,*all5g]ida1 & figures #f new g5]ic types ( ,,ph,,od>ia4 #ahgi4 ,,ri*>d ,,h]twig 7,l4 ,n4 #cc7 fir/ describes ! fundam5tal diff]5ces 9 ! /ructure ( ! c5tral capsule1 & 9 accordance ) !m divides ! ,radiol>ia into six ord]s3--7#a7 ,?alassicollea1 7#b7 ,sphrozoea1 7#c7 ,p]ipylea1 7#d7 ,acan?ometrea1 7#e7 ,monopylea1 7#f7 ,tripylea 7p4 #acc74 ,^! are subdivid$ into #ah families1 & _! phylog5etic aff9ities discuss$ 7p4 #acg74 ,on ! t5 plates1 sev]al new species f ,mess9a are figur$1 among !m ! types ( sev]al new g5]a 7,cy/idium1 ,coelacan?a1 ,e*9osphra7 7comp>e #beb74 #ahgi4 ,,ern/ ,,haeckel 7,l4 ,n4 #cd7 f\nds ! ord] ,,ph,,od>ia z a new gr\p ( m>9e silice\s ,rhizopods1 & di/+ui%es 9 x #d subord]s1 #aj families & #ch g5]a4 #ahhj4 ,,emil ,,/,,hr 7,l4 ,n4 #ce7 describes ! ,mioc5e ,radiol>ian fauna ( ! tripoli f ,grotte 9 ,sicily1 #aah species1 ( :i* #gh are new2 among !m is ! new g5us ,ommatodiscus1 ! type ( a new family1 ,ommatodiscida4 ,! new species are figur$ on sev5 plates4 #ahhj4 ,,dante ,,pantanelli 7,l4 ,n4 #cf7 describes #cj species ( fossil ,polycy/9a f ! jasp]s ( ,tuscany1 :i* he reg>d$ z ,eoc5e1 b :i* 7 probably ( ,jurassic orig9 7comp>e #bdc1 note ,b1 above74 #ahha4 ,,ern/ ,,haeckel 7,l4 ,n4 #cg7 publi%es a ,sket* ( a classification ( ! ,radiol>ia on ! basis ( ! /udy ( ! ,*all5g] ,collection1 & di/+ui%es 9 8 conspectus ord9um 7p4 #dba7 #b subclasses & #g ord]s1 & 9 ! prodromus sy/ematis ,radiol>ium 7pp4 #dbc-dgb7 #bd families ) #fcj g5]a1 among :i* are m ?an #bjjj new species4 #ahhb4 ,b,,ts*li 7,l4 ,n4 #dj7 on ! basis ( /udies ( ! fossil ,monopylea ( ,b>bados1 inve/igates ! mutual relations ( ! ,acan?odesmida1 ,zygocyrtida & ,cyrtida1 & gives a critical revision ( ! g5]a ( ^! ,cricoidea2 a numb] ( new species are describ$ & figur$ 7,tafs4 xxxii41 xxxiii471 & "s new g5]a ( ,/i*ocyrtida e/abli%$ 7,li?o/robus1 ,li?omitra1 c474 #ahhb4 ,,dunik[ski 7,l4 ,n4 #dd7 describes #ah new fossil ,polycy/9a f ! l[] lias ( ! ,salzburg ,alps1 among !m ! types ( #c new g5]a 7,ellipsoxiphus1 ,triact9osphra1 & ,spongocyrtis74 clxxxviii#ahhc4 ,,ern/ ,,haeckel 7,l4 ,n4 #df7 revises ! #d ord]s & #cb families ( ,radiol>ia1 & gives m accurate def9itions ( !m1 z well z ( ! #b subclasses 7,i4 ,holotrypa/a ,,acan?>ia & ,,spumell>ia2 ,,ii4 ,m]otrypa/a ,,nassell>ia & ,,ph,,od>ia74 #ahhe4 ,d4 ,r,,/ 7,l4 ,n4 #ea7 describes #bcd new species ( fossil ,radiol>ia f ! ,jura1 & illu/rates !m by tw5ty plates4 ,among !m are #ajc ,,spumell>ia1 #acj ,,nassell>ia1 & #a ,,ph,,od>ia2 ^! are conta9$ 9 #ce g5]a1 ( :i* #bj belong to ! ,porulosa1 & #ae to ! ,osculosa4 #bed4 ,/ati/ical ,synopsis ( ! ,tw5ty ,ord]s3-- 7a7 ,numb] ( ,families4 7b7 ,numb] ( ,g5]a4 7c7 ,numb] ( ,species4 7d7 ,previ\sly kn[n ,species4 7e7 ,new ,species4 7f7 ,fossil ,species4 7g7 ,pelagic ,abundance4 7h7 ,abyssal ,abundance4 7i7 ,figur$ on ,plates ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,figur$ on 7a7 7b7 7c7 7d7 7e7 7f7 7g7 7h7 ,plates4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,i4 ,legion ,,spumell>ia 7,porulosa p]ipylea7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,i4 ,,collod>ia 7,spumell>ia palliata7 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #a4 ,colloidea ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #b #f #cf #i #bg #j ,a ,e #a1 #c ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #b4 ,beloidea ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #b #h #ef #i #dg #j ,a ,d #b1 #d ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,ii4 ,,sph,,rell>ia 7,spumell>ia loricata7 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #c4 ,sphroidea ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #f #ajg #ffj #aje #eee #ff ,a ,b #e-h #aa-cj ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #d4 ,prunoidea ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #g #ec #bhj #ce #bde #cf ,b ,b #af1 #ag #ci1 #dj ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #e4 ,discoidea ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #f #ia #ejc #abf #cgf #ajb ,b ,a #ca-ch #da-dh ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #f4 ,l>coidea ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #i #ea #bfj #h #beb #j ,e ,b #i1 #aj #di1 #ej ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,ii4 ,legion ,,acan?>ia 7,porulosa actipylea7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,iii4 ,,acan?ometra 7,acan?>ia palliata7 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #g4 ,act9elida ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #c #f #bb #f #af #j ,e ,e #abi 7figs4 #a-c7 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #h4 ,acan?onida ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #c #ba #ach #ej #hh #j ,a ,c #acj-acb ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,iv4 ,,acan?ophracta 7,acan?>ia loricata7 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #i4 ,sphrophracta ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #c #bg #adi #i #adj #j ,b ,b #acc-ach ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #aj4 ,prunophracta ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #c #aa #fc #e #eh #j ,d ,b #aci1 #adj ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,iii4 ,legion ,,nassell>ia 7,osculosa monopylea7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,v4 ,,plectell>ia 7,nassell>ia palliata7 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #aa4 ,nassoidea ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #a #b #e #a #d #j ,e ,e #ia 7fig4 #a7 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #ab4 ,plectoidea ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #b #ag #fa #e #ef #j ,d ,c #ia 7figs4 #b-ab7 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #ac4 ,/ephoidea ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #d #dj #bje #ad #aia #ag ,c ,b #ha1 #hb #ib-id ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,vi4 ,,cyrtell>ia 7,nassell>ia loricata7 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #ad4 ,spyroidea ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #d #de #bci #ea #ahh #ec ,c ,a #hc-ij ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #ae4 ,botryodea ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #c #aj #ee #ae #dj #aj ,e ,c #if ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #af4 ,cyrtoidea ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #ab #afj #aabb #cbh #gid #bej ,c ,a #ea-hj ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,iv4 ,legion ,,ph,,od>ia 7,osculosa cannopylea7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,vii4 ,,ph,,ocy/9a 7,phod>ia palliata7 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #ag4 ,phocy/9a ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #c #ae #aab #cj #hb #bd ,c ,b #aja-aje ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,viii4 ,,ph,,ocosc9a 7,phod>ia loricata7 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #ah4 ,phosphria ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #d #bb #aba #e #aaf #j ,c ,a #ajf-aab ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #ai4 ,phogromia ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #e #bg #aei #e #aed #j ,c ,a #ii1 #ajj #aac-abj ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #bj4 ,phocon*ia ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #c #bj #gc #d #fi #j ,d ,b #aba-abh ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,total1 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #he #gci #dcah #haj #cejh #eeh 444 444 #adj ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,note4--,9 ! t5? & elev5? columns ! relative abundance ( ea* ord] at or ne> ! surface & ne> ! bottom is approximately indicat$ by ! lett]s ,a-,e1 :i* h ! foll[+ significance3--,a1 abundant2 ,b1 v num]\s2 ,c1 _m 7m$ium quantity72 ,d1 few2 ,e1 v few4 #a,,sy/ematic ,,"p4 ---- ,,class ,,radiol>ia4 ,,radiol>ia1 ,johannes ,mll]1 #aheh4 ,,rhizopoda ,,radi>ia1 ,johannes ,mll]1 #aheh4 ,,polycy/9a 7pro p>te71 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahch4 ,,e*9ocy/ida1 ,clap>de1 #aheh4 ,,rhizopoda ,,capsul>ia1 ,haeckel1 #ahfa4 ,,cytophora1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb4 ,def9ition ( ! ,class3--,rhizopoda ) unicellul> body1 divid$ by a por\s membrane into an int]nal or intracapsul> "p 7) nucleus71 & an ext]nal or extracapsul> "p 7) calymma72 propagat+ by flagellat$ spores4 ,! ,,radiol>ia or ,,capsulate ,,rhizopoda1 fir/ con/itut$ by ,johannes ,mll] 9 ! ye> #aheh z a sep>ate gr\p ( ! ,rhizopoda1 =m a peculi> class ( ! ,,proti/a1 or unicellul> organisms4 ,?is class is exclusively m>9e1 & has 9 g5]al ! *>act]i/ic organisation ( ! ,rhizopoda1 ) ! developm5t ( num]\s pseudopodia f ! surface ( ! cell2 b x diff]s f all o!r ,rhizopoda 9 ! possession ( a peculi> membrane1 divid+ ! cell-body into two diff]5t p>ts2 ! c5tral capsule or ! int]nal "p ) ! nucleus1 & ! ext]nal "p or extracapsulum ) ! calymma2 propagation by flagellat$ spores produc$ 9 ! c5tral capsule2 ! s>code or ! protoplasm ( bo? p>ts communicates by f9e pores1 pi]c+ ! sep>at+ membrane1 :i* is call$ ! capsule-membrane4 ,! ,c5tral ,capsule or ! inn] "p ( ! ,radiol>ian body is con/antly compos$ ( ?ree ess5tial p>ts1 viz43-- #a4 ,! ,c5tral ,nucleus 7a true cell-nucleus74 #b4 ,! ,intracapsul> ,s>code 7endos>c7 or surr\nd+ int]nal protoplasm4 #c4 ,! ,capsule ,membrane or envelop+ por\s membrane4 #b;,besides ^! con/ant & ess5tial elem5ts1 ! c5tral capsule conta9s v commonly 7b n con/antly7 "s o!r enclos$ /ructures1 viz43-- #d4 ,an int]nal or intracapsul> skeleton4 #e4 ,intracapsul> vacuoles or alveoli4 #f4 ,fat-granules or oil-globules4 #g4 ,cry/als ( diff]5t composition4 #h4 ,pigm5t-granules4 ,! ,extracapsulum1 or ! out] "p ( ! ,radiol>ian body is also con/antly compos$ ( ?ree ess5tial elem5ts1-- #a4 ,! ,calymma1 or ! ?ick extracapsul> jelly-veil1 completely envelop+ ! :ole c5tral capsule4 #b4 ,! ,matrix1 or ! mat]nal tissue ( ! ext]nal protoplasm1 envelop+ imm$iately ! capsule-membrane z a ?9 cont9u\s lay] ( extracapsul> s>code 7ectos>c74 #c4 ,! ,pseudopodia1 or ! v num]\s ?read-l filam5ts ( protoplasm1 :i* radiate f ! matrix2 :il/ _! inn] "p is enclos$ 9 ! calymma1 _! out] "p floats freely 9 ! sea-wat]4 ,besides ^! ?ree con/ant & ess5tial elem5ts1 ! extracapsulum conta9s v commonly 7b n con/antly7 "s o!r enclos$ /ructures1 viz43-- #d4 ,an ext]nal or extracapsul> skeleton4 #e4 ,extracapsul> vacuoles or alveoli4 #f4 ,fat-granules or oil-globules4 #g4 ,pigm5t-granules or a peculi> l>ge body ( d>k extracapsul> pigm5t1 ! phodium4 #h4 ,xan!ll or zooxan!ll1 peculi> yell[ cells1 :i* conta9 />* & are unicellul> yell[ ,alg1 liv+ z ,symbiontes 9 true ,symbiosis ) a great _m ,radiol>ia4 ,! ,nucleus ( ! ,radiol>ia is a l>ge true simple cell-nucleus1 orig9ally a solid sph]ical1 r\ndi% or longi% body ( nucle94 ,x is plac$ ei!r 9 ! c5tre ( ! capsule 79 mo/ ,p]ipylea7 or exc5trically 79 mo/ o!r ,radiol>ia74 ,orig9ally solid1 ! nucleus is commonly diff]5tiat$ lat] into an out] d5se nucle>-membrane & an inn] s(t] or fluid cont5t2 ei!r ) "o s+le nucleolus or ) a v>iable numb] ( nucleoli4 ,orig9ally always simple1 ! nucleus becomes aft]w>ds con/antly divid$ into num]\s small nuclei1 ea* ( :i*1 toge!r ) a "p ( ! surr\nd+ #cprotoplasm1 =ms a vibratile-spore or flagellate-spore4 ,?is division 9 ! ,acan?>ia & 9 ! social 7or colonial7 ,p]ipylea beg9s v e>ly1 9 all o!r ,radiol>ia mu* lat]1 imm$iately be=e propagation4 ,! ,endoplasm or endos>c1 or intracapsul> protoplasm or inn] s>code1 9 all ,radiol>ia orig9ally fills t space )9 ! capsule1 :i* is n tak5 up by ! nucleus4 ,x seems to be employ$ ma9ly = ! purpose ( propagation1 becom+ divid$ e>li] or lat] into num]\s small p>ticles1 ea* ( :i* surr\nds a small p>ticle ( ! nucleus & =ms toge!r ) x a flagellate-spore4 ,besides ?is ! endoplasm ( ! ,radiol>ia seems to h a great significance = ! nutrition1 ma9ly = ! int]*ange ( mat]ials4 ,x becomes v (t5 vacuolate or alveolate1 fill$ ) small] or l>g] sph]ical drops ( fluid2 x produces v commonly small] fat-granules or l>g] oil-globules1 & fur!r pigm5t-granules ( diff]5t col\rs1 m r>ely cry/als & o!r peculi> enclos$ p>ts4 ,! ,membrane or capsule-membrane is ! mo/ typical & *>act]i/ic "p ( ! body ( a ,radiol>ian1 suffici5t ( itself to sep>ate ?is class f all o!r ,rhizopoda4 ,at ! same "t1 by its diff]5t %ape x pres5ts ! be/ means = ! sy/ematic di/9ction ( ! f\r subclasses or legions ( ! class4 ,! membrane is compos$ ( a special organic matt] 7probably ne>ly relat$ to *it97 & comb9es d5sity ) ela/icity to a high degree4 ,obs]v$ ) a high p[] ( ! microscope its m>g9 7or section7 appe>s commonly simple-edg$1 b (t5 9 l>g] =ms di/9ctly d\ble-edg$4 ,! legion ,,ph,,od>ia is di/+ui%$ by a d\ble membrane 7! ?9n] inn] & ?ick] out] membranes be+ sep>at$ by an int]val72 9 ! ?ree o!r legions x is simple4 ,! membrane completely sep>ates ! intracapsul> f ! extracapsul> body1 bo? communicat+ only by c]ta9 pores or op5+s 9 ! membrane4 ,) ref]5ce to ?is important communication1 ! :ole class c be divid$ into two subclasses1 ,holotrypa/a & ,m]otrypa/a3 ! ,,holotrypa/a conta9 ! ,p]ipylea & ,actipylea1 9 :i* ! membrane is pi]c$ by innum]able v small pores2 ! ,,m]otrypa/a consi/ ( ! ,monopylea & ! ,cannopylea1 9 :i* ! membrane exhibits only "o l>ge ma9 op5+1 di/+ui%$ 9 ! =m] by a peculi> por\s area1 9 ! latt] by an osculum or a prolong$ tubule4 ,! ,calymma or jelly-veil is ! mo/ *>act]i/ic "p ( ! extracapsul> body 9 all ,radiol>ia2 9 ! majority ( ! class x is ! mo/ volum9\s "p ( ! :ole body1 be+ mu* m volum9\s ?an all ! o!r p>ts tak5 toge!r4 ,! calymma is a /ructureless1 cle>1 & transp>5t jelly-envelope :i* always includes ! :ole c5tral capsule & (t5 also ! :ole extracapsul> skeleton4 ,ow+ to ! high degree ( its consi/5ce1 ?is jelly-veil takes a v important "p 9 ! =mation ( ! extracapsul> skeleton1 furni%+ ! matrix = ! deposition ( its tang5tial p>ts4 #d,! ,matrix or ! mat]nal tissue ( ! pseudopodia is =m$ 9 all ,radiol>ia by ! ?9 lay] ( exoplasm or ( extracapsul> s>code1 :i* imm$iately envelops ! c5tral capsule & is itself enclos$ by ! calymma4 ,?is cont9u\s s>code-cov] ( ! capsule communicates by its pores or op5+s ) ! endoplasm or ! intracapsul> s>code2 :il/ f its out] surface arise ! pseudopodia4 ,! morphological signification ( ! matrix is v small1 b ! physiological importance is v great1 = x seems to be ! *ief organ ( _m vital functions4 ,! ,pseudopodia or ! v f9e1 long1 ?read-l filam5ts ( exoplasm arise 9 all ,radiol>ia 9 v great numb]s f ! surface ( ! matrix1 & exhibit 9 g5]al ! same *>act]i/ic %ape z 9 ! o!r ,rhizopoda4 ,_! inn] or proximal "p is enclos$ )9 ! jelly-veil or calymma1 :il/ _! out] or di/al "p floats freely 9 ! sea-wat]4 ,_! special motions & modifications exhibit consid]able v>iations 9 diff]5t gr\ps1 _! t5d5cy to ramify1 ana/omose1 & =m networks be+ 9 "s cases v small1 9 o!rs v great4 ,also ! *>act]i/ic motion ( granules 9 ! pseudopodia is v diff]5t4 ,9 g5]al ^? mo/ important exoplasmatic filam5ts s]ve z organs bo? = ! vegetative functions ( nutrition1 & = ! animal functions ( motion & s5sation4 ,! class ,radiol>ia c be divid$ accord+ to its v>y+ /ructure into f\r diff]5t legions or subclasses1 ! *>act]s ( :i* are ! foll[+3-- ,i4 ,,p]ipylea ,,or ,,spumell>ia4 ,membrane ( ! c5tral capsule simple1 p]=at$ by innum]able v f9e pores4 ,fundam5tal =m orig9ally homaxon or sph]ical4 ,skeleton want+ or silice\s4 ,no phodium 9 ! extracapsul> calymma4 ,! ,p]ipylea comprise two ord]s3-- ,a4 ,,collod>ia 7)\t lattice-%ell74 ,b4 ,,sph,,rell>ia 7) lattice-%ell74 ,,ii4 ,,actipylea ,,or ,,acan?>ia4 ,membrane ( ! c5tral capsule simple1 p]=at$ by innum]able f9e pores4 ,fundam5tal =m orig9ally homaxon or sph]ical4 ,skeleton acan?9ic 7n silice\s74 ,no phodium 9 ! extracapsul> calymma4 ,! ,actipylea consi/ ( two ord]s3-- ,a4 ,,acan?ometra 7)\t complete lattice-%ell74 ,b4 ,,acan?ophracta 7) complete lattice-%ell74 #e;,,iii4 ,,monopylea ,,or ,,nassell>ia4 ,membrane ( ! c5tral capsule simple1 p]=at$ by a por\s-area1 or by "o s+le l>ge op5+1 divid$ into num]\s v f9e pores4 ,fundam5tal =m orig9ally monaxon or egg-%ap$4 ,skeleton silice\s4 ,no phodium 9 ! extracapsul> calymma4 ,! ,monopylea comprise two ord]s3-- ,a4 ,,plectell>ia 7)\t complete lattice-%ell74 ,b4 ,,cyrtell>ia 7) complete lattice-%ell74 ,,iv4 ,,cannopylea ,,or ,,ph,,od>ia4 ,membrane ( ! c5tral capsule d\ble1 p]=at$ by "o simple ma9-op5+1 prolong$ into a tubulus1 & besides ?is commonly by "o or two 7r>ely m7 small accessory op5+s4 ,fundam5tal =m orig9ally monaxon or egg-%ap$4 ,skeleton silice\s4 ,con/antly a peculi> d>k pigm5t-body or phodium 9 ! extracapsul> calymma4 ,! ,cannopylea comprise two ord]s3-- ,a4 ,,ph,,ocy/9a 7)\t lattice-%ell74 ,b4 ,,ph,,ocosc9a 7) lattice-%ell74 ,synopsis ( ! f\r ,subclasses or ,legions ( ,radiol>ia4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,a4 ,,holotrypa/a4 ,b4 ,,m]otrypa/a4 ,c5tral capsule ev]y:]e ,c5tral capsule ) "o l>ge p]=at$ by innum]able ma9-op5+ 7) or )\t small pores4 small accessory op5+s74 ,fundam5tal =m orig9ally ,fundam5tal =m orig9ally homaxon 7sph]ical or monaxon 7egg-%ap$ or d]iv$ f a sph]e74 p]haps dipleural74 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,i4 ,,ii4 ,,iii4 ,,iv4 ,,spumell>ia4 ,,acan?>ia4 ,,nassell>ia4 ,,ph,,od>ia4 7,p]ipylea47 7,actipylea47 7,monopylea47 7,cannopylea47 ,wall-pores ( ,wall-pores ( ,ma9-op5+ ( ,ma9-op5+ ( ! capsule ! capsule ! capsule ! capsule equally symmetrically ) a por\s ) a %ort dispos$4 dispos$4 op]culum4 tubule4 ,skeleton ,skeleton ,skeleton ,skeleton silice\s acan?9ic silice\s silice\s or want+4 7organic74 7r>ely 7r>ely want+74 want+74 ,calymma ,calymma ,calymma ,calymma )\t )\t )\t con/antly phodium4 phodium4 phodium4 ) a phodium4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #f,,legion ,i4 ,,spumell>ia1 ,,vel ,,p]ipylea1 ,,vel ,,p]ipyl>ia 7,,pls4 #a-ej74 ,spumell>ia 7exclusis ,spyrid9is71 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahge4 ,p]ipylea 7inclusis ,?alassicollis et ,sphrozois71 ,h]twig1 #ahgi4 ,p]ipyl>ia 7inclusis ,collod>iis et ,polycytt>iis71 ,haeckel1 #ahha4 ,def9ition4--,radiol>ia ) simple membrane ( ! c5tral capsule1 :i* is ev]y:]e p]=at$ by innum]able v f9e pores4 ,extracapsulum )\t phodium4 ,skeleton want+ or silice\s4 ,fundam5tal =m orig9ally sph]ical4 ,! legion ,,spumell>ia vel ,,p]ipylea1 9 ! ext5t "h def9$1 0 con/itut$ by me 9 #ahhc 9 my pap] on ,die ,ordnung5 d] ,radiol>i54#b ,i propose to reta9 = ?is legion ei!r ! "n ,,spumell>ia ( ,ehr5b]g 7#ahge7 or ,,p]ipylea ( ,h]twig 7#ahgi71 al?\gh bo? gr\ps h n q ! same ext5sion4 ,we exclude f ! ,,spumell>ia ! ,spyrid9a 7unit$ ) !m by ,ehr5b]g7 & include ! ,collod>ia4 ,) ! ,p]ipylea ( ,h]twig we unite 8 ,?alassicollea & ,sphrozoea4 ,to avoid any confusion x w\ld p]haps be bett] to "n ?is legion ,p]ipyl>ia4 ,! ,,spumell>ia agree ) ! ,,acan?>ia 9 ! /ructure ( ! simple capsule-membrane1 :i* is p]=at$ by num]\s small pores 7b devoid ( ! l>ge ma9 op5+1 :i* ! ,,nassell>ia & ,,ph,,od>ia possess71 :5ce we unite bo? ! =m] z ,holotrypa/a1 bo? ! latt] z ,m]otrypa/a4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two legions ( ,holotrypa/a is det]m9$ by ! skeleton1 :i* 9 ! ,,spumell>ia is ei!r silice\s or want+1 :il/ 9 ! ,acan?>ia x consi/s ( ! peculi> organic sub/ance1 acan?94 ,! legion ,,spumell>ia is by f> ! l>ge/ & mo/ important ( ! f\r legions ( ,radiol>ia1 z well ) respect to ! numb] ( diff]5t =ms1 z to ! enorm\s masses ( individuals1 :i* we enc\nt] liv+ & fossil4 ,we di/+ui% 9 ?is legion n less ?an ?irty-two diff]5t families1 ?ree hundr$ & sixte5 g5]a1 & m ?an sev5te5 hundr$ species4 ,! classification ( ?is l>ge gr\p requires = its bett] compreh5sion a c>eful division into l>g] & small] gr\ps4 ,we divide x !re=e fir/ ( all into two ord]s1 ,collod>ia & ,sphrell>ia1 z propos$ 9 ! pap] m5tion$ above4#c ,! ,collod>ia h no p]fect lattic$ skeleton1 & comprise two subord]s or sections3 9 ! ,colloidea ! skeleton is entirely want+1 9 ! ,beloidea x is repres5t$ by a v>iable numb] ( silice\s ne$les or spicules1 scatt]$ 9 ! calymma ar\nd ! c5tral capsule4 #g,! ,sphrell>ia diff] f ! ,collod>ia 9 ! possession ( a p]fect silice\s skeleton1 :i* is orig9ally a lattic$ sph]ical %ell1 envelop+ ! c5tral capsule4 ,by modification ( ?is f5e/rat$ sph]e arises an enorm\s mass ( diff]5t =ms1 :i* we dispose 9 tw5ty-eight families1 & ^! 9 f\r l>g] gr\ps1 subord]s or sections1--,sphroidea1 ,prunoidea1 ,discoidea1 & ,l>coidea4 ,! ,sphroidea1 ! common ance/ral gr\p ( ! ,sphrell>ia1 possess a skeleton :i* is ei!r a simple f5e/rat$ sph]e1 or compos$ ( two or m conc5tric lattic$ sph]es1 :i* are unit$ by radial beams2 m r>ely x becomes m or less spongy4 ,! ,prunoidea are d]iv$ f ! ,sphroidea by prolongation ( ! lattic$ sph]e 9 "o axis2 ! skeleton !re=e becomes "h ellipsoidal or cyl9drical 7(t5 ) annul> transv]sal con/rictions74 ,! ,discoidea on ! contr>y mu/ be d]iv$ f ! ,sphroidea by %ort5+ 9 "o axis2 "h !re=e ! f5e/rat$ %ell becomes m or less l5ticul> or iscoidal 7(t5 ) radial sp9es or arms 9 ! equatorial plane1 on ! circul> m>g974 ,! ,l>coidea1 ! f\r? section1 diff] f ! ?ree =ego+ sections by ! diff]5t gr[? ( ! %ell 9 ?ree diff]5t dim5sions ( space2 !re=e "h ! f5e/rat$ %ell becomes l5telliptical1 or a triaxial ellipsoid1 its l5g?1 bread?1 & height be+ diff]5t4 ,! ,skeleton consi/s 9 all ,,spumell>ia ei!r ( pure silica or ( a peculi> silicate4 ,! silice\s b>s & beams con/itut+ x are inv>iably solid1 z also 9 ! ,,nassell>ia1 nev] holl[1 z 9 ! ,,ph,,od>ia4 ,nev] is ! skeleton compos$ ( acan?91 z 9 all ,,acan?>ia4 ,:il/ 9 ! fir/ ord] ( ,,spumell>ia1 ,collod>ia1 ! =m ( ! spicula1 or ! scatt]$ ne$les1 compos+ ! skeleton1 is v simple1 nev] lattic$1 9 ! second ord]1 ! ,sphrell>ia1 x is con/antly lattic$ or f5e/rat$1 (t5 also spongy4 ,! geometrical fundam5tal =m ( ! lattice-%ell 9 ! ,sphrell>ia is orig9ally sph]ical 7homaxon71 z pres]v$ 9 all ,sphroidea2 9 ! ,prunoidea & ,discoidea x becomes monaxon1 ) "o s+le axis 7prolong$ 9 ! =m]1 %ort5$ 9 ! latt]72 9 ! ,l>coidea x becomes triaxon1 by diff]5t gr[? 9 ?ree pr9cipal axes1 p]p5dicul> "o to ano!r4 ,! fur!r developm5t ( radial p>ts ( ! skeleton 9 ^! ?ree axes is v important = ! promorphology ( ! ,radiol>ia4 ,! ,malacoma1 or ! :ole s(t body ( ! ,,spumell>ia z oppos$ to ! skeleton1 exhibits "s diff]5ces ( /ructure 9 two diff]5t gr\ps1 :i* 7 sep>at$ =m]ly 7#ahfb7 z ,monocytt>ia & ,polycytt>ia1 correspond+ to ! ,radiol>ia monozoa & polyzoa ( ,johannes ,mll] 7#aheh74 ,! ,monocytt>ia 7or ! ,spumell>ia solit>ia7 live isolat$ z s+le cells--l #h;all o!r ,radiol>ia--& are nev] aggregat$ 9 colonies2 ! calymma includes "o s+le c5tral capsule1 & ?is aga9 "o c5tral nucleus1 :i* does n become divid$ until full maturity4 ,! ,polycytt>ia on ! contr>y 7or ! ,spumell>ia socialia7 live aggregat$ 9 l>ge colonies2 ! calymma includes a v>iable numb] ( associat$ c5tral capsules & ea* ( ^! commonly "o c5tral oil-globule1 :il/ ! orig9al simple nucleus commonly becomes v e>ly divid$ into num]\s small nuclei4 ,! ,nucleus ( ! ,,spumell>ia is orig9ally con/antly c5tral1 plac$ q 9 ! c5tre ( ! conc5tric capsule1 & x reta9s ?is c5tral position 9 all ,monocytt>ia or solit>y ,p]ipylea2 :]eas 9 ! ,polycytt>ia--9 consequ5ce ( its e>ly division--its place is commonly tak5 by a c5tral oil-globule4 ,:il/ ! num]\s nuclei ( ! latt] are v small1 ! s+le nucleus ( ! =m] is comp>atively l>ge1 extremely l>ge 7m ?an a millimet] 9 diamet]7 9 "s gigantic ,collod>ia4 ,! ,endoplasm or ! intracapsul> s>code exhibits 9 ! great] numb] ( ,,spumell>ia a m or less di/9ct radial /riation4 ,x encloses a great v>iety ( diff]5t p>ts2 vacuoles1 oil-globules1 pigm5t-granules1 cry/als1 c4 ,! ,membrane ( ! capsule 9 all ,,spumell>ia is simple 7nev] d\ble z 9 ! ,phod>ia7 & ev]y:]e equally p]=at$ by innum]able small pores2 9 ! ?ick1 d\ble-edg$ membrane ( _m l>ge ,collod>ia ^! pores appe> 79 ! optical section ( ! capsule-wall7 z di/9ct f9e radial canals1 v d5sely & regul>ly dispos$4 ,! ,c5tral ,capsule 9 ! ,,spumell>ia is orig9ally a geometrical sph]e1 & ?is simple globul> =m is pres]v$ 9 all ,sphroidea1 & 9 ! greate/ "p ( ,colloidea & ,beloidea4 ,by prolongation ( "o axis ! =m becomes ellipsoidal 7or ev5 cyl9drical7 9 ! ,prunoidea1 & 9 "s few =ms ( ,colloidea4 ,by %ort5+ ( "o axis x becomes l5ticul> 7or ev5 discoidal7 9 ! ,discoidea1 & 9 "s few =ms ( ,colloidea4 ,by unequal gr[? 9 ?ree diff]5t axes1 p]p5dicul> "o to ano!r1 ! capsule becomes l5telliptical 9 all ,l>coidea4 ,v r>ely ! capsule assumes 9 ! ,,spumell>ia a polyh$ral or irregul> 7sometimes ev5 amoeboid7 =m1 only 9 a few ,colloidea4 ,! ,calymma1 or ! jelly-veil includ+ ! c5tral capsule1 is v volum9\s 9 _m ,,spumell>ia ( gigantic size1 ma9ly 9 ! l>ge ,colloidea1 & 9 all ,polycytt>ia or social ,radiol>ia4 ,x includes "h a consid]able numb] ( l>ge vacuoles or alveoli4 ,! calymma nev] exhibits 9 ?is legion ! d>k volum9\s phodium1 possess$ by all ,,ph,,od>ia4 ,xan!ll or zooxan!ll are num]\s 9 ! calymma ( mo/ ,,spumell>ia1 b by no means con/ant2 !y are v v>iable 9 numb] & size4 ,! ,matrix1 plac$ betwe5 ! calymma & c5tral capsule1 is1 9 ! majority ( ! ,,spumell>ia1 a r ?ick lay] ( granul> exoplasm4 ,! ,pseudopodia aris+ f x are v num]\s1 equally dispos$ ov] ! :ole #isurface1 & are 9 g5]al r fluid1 exhibit+ a consid]able t5d5cy to ramify1 ana/omose1 & =m networks4 ,! movem5t ( granules is commonly lively4 ,9 ! ,polycytt>ia all capsules ( "o colony or co5obium are connect$ by ! d5se v>iable network ( ana/omos+ pseudopodia4 ,synopsis ( ! ,ord]s & ,subord]s ( ,,spumell>ia4 ,i4 ,,collod>ia4 ,skeleton entirely want+1 #a4 ,colloidea4 ,skeleton want+ or q imp]fect1 ,skeleton repres5t$ by n lattic$4 num]\s scatt]$ spicules1 #b4 ,beloidea4 ,,ii4 ,,sph,,rell>ia4 ,lattice-%ell sph]ical or compos$ ( conc5tric sph]es1 #c4 ,sphroidea4 ,skeleton a p]fect %ell ( lattice ,lattice-%ell ellipsoidal or "w1 or spongy & prolong$ 9 "o axis1 #d4 ,prunoidea4 resembl+ wick]-"w4 ,lattice-%ell discoidal or %ort5$ 9 "o axis1 #e4 ,discoidea4 ,lattice-%ell l5telliptical1 ) diff]5t ext5t ( gr[? 9 ?ree axes1 #f4 ,l>coidea4 ---- ,ord] ,i4 ,,collod>ia1 ,haeckel1 #ahha4 ,collod>ia1 ,haeckel1 ,prodromus1 #ahha1 p4 #dfi4 ,collida et ,sphrozoida1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 pp4 #bdf1 #ebb4 ,def9ition4--,,spumell>ia )\t lattic$ %ell4 ,! ord] ,collod>ia1 ! fir/ ord] ( ,radiol>ia1 comprises all ^? ,,spumell>ia 9 :i* ! skeleton is ei!r entirely want+1 or repres5t$ by num]\s s+le1 solid1 silice\s ne$les or spicules1 loosely scatt]$ 9 ! calymma ar\nd ! c5tral capsule4 ,nev] 9 ?is ord] is !re any trace ( ! lattic$ or f5e/rat$ %ell1 :i* *>act]ises ! second ord]1 ,sphrell>ia4 ,! skeleton exhibits no trace ( phylog5etic connection 9 ! two ord]s4 ,9 my monograph 7#ahfb7 two families app]ta9+ to ?is ord] are describ$1 ! ,collida 7p4 #bdd7 & ! ,sphrozoida 7p4 #eba74 ,bo? families conta9 =ms ) & )\t a skeleton4 ,( ! solit>y or monoz\s ,collida ! ,?alassicollida are devoid ( a skeleton1 :il/ ! ,?alassosphrida are provid$ ) a skeleton4 ,( ! social or polyz\s ,sphrozoida ! ,collozoida are )\t a skeleton1 ! ,rhaphidozoida provid$ ) "o4 ,z ! special =m 9 bo? skeletophor\s subfamilies is exactly ! same1 ,i pref] n[ to associate !m 9 ! subord] ,beloidea1 & to oppose !m to ! o!r two skeletonless subfamilies1 :i* are unit$ "u ! "n ( ,colloidea4 #aj,synopsis ( ! f\r ,families ( ,collod>ia4 ,subord] ,i4 ,solit>y cells1 liv+ ,,colloidea4 z isolat$ individuals 7,colloidea monozoa71 #a4 ,,?alassicollida4 ,skeleton entirely want+4 ,associat$ cells1 liv+ 9 colonies or co5obia 7,colloidea polyzoa71 #b4 ,,collozoida4 ,subord] ,,ii4 ,solit>y cells1 liv+ z ,,beloidea4 isolat$ individuals 7,beloidea monozoa71 #c4 ,,?alassosph,,rida4 ,skeleton compos$ ( num]\s ,associat$ cells1 liv+ 9 ne$les or colonies or co5obia spicula1 scatt]$ 7,beloidea polyzoa71 #d4 ,,sph,,rozoida4 9 ! calymma4 ---- ,subord] ,i4 ,,colloidea1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,,spumell>ia )\t skeleton4 ,! subord] ,colloidea comprises all ^? ,,spumell>ia 9 :i* no skeleton is develop$4 ,! :ole body is !re=e s(t--a true malacoma--& is compos$ only ( two ess5tial p>ts1 ! c5tral capsule & ! envelop+ extracapsulum4 ,! subord] conta9s only two diff]5t families1 ! solit>y ,?alassicollida 7or ,colloidea monozoa7 & ! associat$ ,collozoida 7or ,colloidea polyzoa74 ,bo? families are v ne>ly alli$1 & diff] only 9 "o s+le ess5tial "*3 ! solit>y life ( ! =m]1 ! social union ( ! latt]4 ,x seems to be m]ely 9 consequ5ce ( ?is diff]5ce t ! cleavage ( ! nucleus commonly takes place v late 9 ! =m]1 v e>ly 9 ! latt]4 ,!re=e ! full-gr[n ,?alassicollida 7till imm$iately be=e propagation7 commonly exhibit "o s+le nucleus 9 ! c5tre ( ! capsule1 :il/ 9 ! ,collozoida ! capsule is di/5d$ by num]\s small nuclei4 ,9 ^! latt] ! c5tre ( ! capsule usually conta9s "o l>ge oil-globule1 :il/ 9 ! =m] oil-globules are ei!r want+1 or scatt]$ 9 l>ge numb]s 9 ! endoplasm1 or dispos$ 9 "o lay] on ! inside ( ! capsule membrane4 ,9 ! solit>y ,?alassicollida ea* capsule is enclos$ 9 its own peculi> sph]ical calymma1 :il/ 9 ! associat$ ,collozoida all capsules ( ! colony are unit$ 9 "o common1 v volum9\s calymma4 ,family ,i4 ,,?alassicollida1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb4 ,?alassicollida1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #bdf4 ,?alassicollida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfi4 ,def9ition4--,colloidea solit>ia4 ,! family ,?alassicollida comprises all solit>y ,,spumell>ia )\t a skeleton4 ,! olde/ & be/ kn[n =m ( ?is family is ! g5us ,?alassicolla1 z re/rict$ by #aa;,johannes ,mll]4#d ,! mo/ common repres5tative ( x1 ! cosmopolitan ,?alassicolla nucleata1 0 fir/ describ$ by ,huxley 9 #ahea4 ,b z e>ly z #ahcd ano!r l>ge ,radiol>ian1 app]ta9+ ei!r to ?is or to a ne>ly alli$ family1 _h be5 describ$ by ,mey5 z ,physematium atlanticum4 ,a ?ird g5us 0 detect$ by me 9 #ahei at ,mess9a & figur$ "u ! "n ,?alassolampe m>g>odes4#e ,a v accurate hi/ological description ( ^! =ms 0 giv5 9 #ahgf by ,ri*>d ,h]twig4#f ,! same au?or figur$ 9 8 ,organismus 9 #ahgi a v int]e/+ simpl] =m "u ! "n ,?alassolampe primordialis 7,taf4 iii4 fig4 #e74 ,"s simil> =ms _h already be5 obs]v$ by me1 & are "h unit$ ) x to =m ! fir/ g5us ,actissa4#g ,actissa is ( ! highe/ g5]al int]e/ z ! mo/ simple & typical =m ( all ,radiol>ia1 & z ! common ance/ral =m1 f :i* all o!r =ms ( ?is l>ge class may be d]iv$4 ,its unicellul> body exhibits nei!r ! extracapsul> alveoli ( ,?alassicolla1 nor ! intracapsul> alveoli ( ,?alassolampe1 & %[s all ess5tial *>act]s ( ! ,radiol>ian type 9 its mo/ simple =m 7,pl4 #a1 figs4 #a to #a;c74 ,! simple cell-body is compos$ ( a sph]ical c5tral capsule & a conc5tric1 sph]ical1 envelop+ calymma1 bo? sep>at$ by a ?9 membrane :i* is p]=at$ by innum]able pores4 ,! capsule includes ! endoplasm & 9 ! c5tre a simple sph]ical nucleus ) nucleolus2 at ! "t ( propagation ?is latt] becomes cleft into num]\s small nuclei1 ea* ( :i*1 toge!r ) a small piece ( ! surr\nd+ endoplasm1 =ms a flagellat$ zoospore 7fig4 #a;c74 ,! extracapsulum is =m$ by ! l>ge1 /ructureless1 sph]ical calymma or conc5tric jelly-veil envelop+ ! capsule1 & by ! ?9 granul> matrix or ! lay] ( exoplasm :i* sep>ates ! calymma f ! membrane4 ,f ?is matrix or mat]nal tissue arise innum]able v long & ?9 pseudopodia1 z simple radiat+ filam5ts1 ! proximal "p ( :i* is includ$ 9 ! calymma1 :il/ ! di/al "p floats freely 9 ! sea-wat] 7,pl4 #a1 fig4 #a74 ,! o!r ,?alassicollida diff] f _! common ance/ral =m1 ,actissa1 ma9ly by ! high] hi/ological diff]5tiation ( ! unicellul> body4 ,:il/ 9 ,?alassicolla & ,?alassolampe ! nucleus rema9s a s+le sph]e z 9 ,actissa1 x becomes bran*$ or cov]$ ) radial bl9d saccules 9 ,?alassopila & ,?alassophysa2 also ! intracapsul> protoplasm develops "h a great v>iety ( peculi> diff]5t corpuscles1 z oil-globules1 pigm5t-granules1 conc5tric concretions1 cry/als1 c4 ,b ! mo/ /rik+ peculi>ity by :i* ! o!r ,?alassicollida diff] f ,actissa is ! developm5t ( l>ge vesicul> alveoli1 ei!r )9 or )\t ! capsule2 ! unicellul> body rea*es by ?is inflation ! extraord9>y size ( #e to #aj mm4 or m4 #ab,synopsis ( ! ,g5]a ( ,?alassicollida4 ,a4 ,alveoli nei!r ,nucleus sph]ical )9 nor )\t 7sometimes ellipsoidal71 ! c5tral capsule4 n bran*$1 #a4 ,actissa4 ,b4 ,num]\s l>ge ,nucleus sph]ical1 #b4 ,?alassolampe4 alveoli )9 ! c5tral capsule 7n ,nucleus bran*$ or 9 ! calymma74 cov]$ ) radial sacs1 #c4 ,?alassopila4 ,c4 ,num]\s l>ge ,nucleus sph]ical1 #d4 ,?alassicolla4 alveoli )\t ! c5tral capsule1 ,nucleus bran*$1 or )9 ! jelly-veil cov]$ ) radial or calymma4 sacs1 #e4 ,?alassophysa4 ,g5us #a4 ,actissa1#h n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,?alassicollida ) simple sph]ical nucleus1 )\t any alveoli 7ei!r )9 or outside ! c5tral capsule74 ,! g5us ,actissa is ! mo/ simple & typical =m ( all ,radiol>ia1 & may be reg>d$ z ! common ance/ral =m ( ! :ole class4 ,! sph]ical body is compos$ ( a simple sph]ical capsule & a conc5tric sph]ical calymma or jelly-envelope4 ,nei!r ! =m] nor ! latt] conta9s alveoli4 ,! c5tral capsule possesses a /rong membrane p]=at$ by small pores1 & conta9s 9 ! intracapsul> s>code num]\s small pellucid vacuoles1 & 9 its middle a simple1 conc5tric1 sph]ical nucleus 7(t5 ) "s nucleoli72 sometimes also "o or m oil-globules4 ,! extracapsul>ium =ms a s(t1 volum9\s1 /ructureless calymma or envelop+ jelly-sph]e1 p]=at$ by ! numb]less1 f9e pseudopodia1 :i* radiate outw>ds f ! matrix or ! ?9 granulat$ s>code-lay]1 surr\nd+ ! capsule4 ,(t5 7b n con/antly7 xan!ll or yell[ cells are scatt]$ 9 x4 ,actissa diff]s f ! foll[+ skeletonless g5]a 9 ! abs5ce ( all alveoli2 x has nei!r intracapsul> alveoli 7l ,?alassolampe7 nor extracapsul> alveoli 7l ,?alassicolla74 ,! fir/ obs]v$ species ( ?is g5us is t :i* ,i f\nd 9 #ahff at ! ,can>y ,isl&s1 ,actissa prototypus2 ! second is t :i* ,h]twig accurately describ$ 9 #ahgi1 f ! ,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a71 ,actissa primordialis2 ! ?ird ,i obs]v$ 9 #ahha at ,ceylon1 frequ5t & sporip>\s1 ,actissa pr9ceps4 ,a f\r? species 7,actissa radiata7 exhibit$ a di/9ct radial segm5tation ( ! capsule-cont5ts4 ,^! f\r species are q sph]ical4 ,six o!r species1 occurr+ 9 diff]5t prep>ations f ! ,*all5g]1 are di/+ui%$ by modifications ( ! sph]ical capsule-=m & may repres5t ?ree diff]5t subg5]a 7or1 p]haps bett]1 g5]a87--,actiprunum ellipsoidal1 ,actidiscus l5ticul>1 ,actil>cus l5telliptical2 p]haps ^! are ! ance/ral =ms ( ! ?ree sections3 ,prunoidea1 ,discoidea1 ,l>coidea4 #ac,subg5us #a4 ,procytt>ium1 ,haeckel1 #ahgi4 ,procytt>ium1 ,haeckel1 ,natrl4 ,s*pfungsges*i*te1 ed4 vii4 p4 #gje4 ,def9ition4--,c5tral capsule sph]ical4 #a4 ,actissa pr9ceps1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #a1 fig4 #a74 ,c5tral capsule sph]ical1 col\rless or a little r$di%1 transp>5t1 ) a ?ick d\ble-edg$ membrane4 ,nucleus c5tral1 sph]ical1 "o-?ird z broad z ! c5tral capsule1 conta9+ a s+le1 c5tral1 glossy nucleolus4 ,protoplasm f9ely granulat$1 )\t oil-globules1 ) num]\s cle> sph]ical vacuoles ( equal size & at equal di/ances2 ! sup]ficial lay] ( protoplasm 7imm$iately bel[ ! membrane7 radially /riat$ 7fig4 #a74 ,9 "s old] specim5s ! nucleus 0 divid$ into num]\s small nuclei 7fig4 #a;a71 :i* by fur!r division gave ! nuclei ( ! flagellat$ spores 7fig4 #a;b72 ea* spore ) a v ?9 lat]al flagellum 7fig4 #a;c74 ,jelly-l calymma twice z broad z ! enclos$ capsule1 )\t xan!ll or yell[ cells1 pi]c$ by innum]able1 v ?9 & long1 undivid$ pseudopodia1 :i* arise f ! s>code-matrix on ! outside ( ! membrane 7six to eight times long] ?an %[n 9 fig4 #a74 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! c5tral capsule #j4a to #j4ab1 ( ! nucleus #j4jc to #j4jd1 ( ! jelly calymma #j4b to #j4c4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,ceylon1 ,belligemma1 ,haeckel1 #ahha2 also 9 a prep>ation f ,/ation #bga1 ,c5tral ,pacific1 surface4 #b4 ,actissa primordialis1 ,haeckel4 ,?alassolampe primordialis1 ,r4 ,h]twig1 #ahgi1 ,organismus d] ,radiol>i51 p4 #cb1 ,taf4 iii4 fig4 #e4 ,procytt>ium primordiale1 ,haeckel1 #ahgi1 ,natrl4 ,s*pf41 ed4 vii4 p4 #gje1 ,taf4 xvi4 fig4 #a4 ,c5tral capsule sph]ical1 dim-yell[i%1 ) a ?91 simple-edg$ b compact membrane4 ,nucleus l>ge1 c5tral 7ab\t half z broad71 ) "o or two d>k nucleoli2 on its side an exc5tric oil-globule1 ne>ly ( ! same size4 ,protoplasm betwe5 nucleus & membrane1 9 ! y\ng] specim5s f9ely granulat$ & radially /rip$2 9 ! old] specim5s ) num]\s hyal9e globules 7vacuoles74 ,jelly-envelope or calymma v volum9\s1 t5 to twelve times z broad z ! c5tral capsule1 /ructureless1 conta9+ num]\s yell[ bodies 7xan!ll871 pi]c$ by v num]\s simple pseudopodia4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! c5tral capsule #j4aa to #j4ah1 ( ! nucleus #j4jd to #j4ji1 ( ! jelly-l calymma #a4b to #a4e4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean1 ,mess9a1 ,h]twig1 #ahgh1 surface4 #c4 ,actissa prototypus1 n4 sp4 ,c5tral capsule sph]ical1 r$-col\r$1 ) a ?ick1 d\ble-edg$ membrane4 ,nucleus c5tral1 sph]ical1 half z l>ge z ! radius ( ! capsule1 conta9+ a l>ge numb] 7=ty to sixty7 ( small #ad;d>k nucleoli4 ,protoplasm fill$ up ) num]\s small cle> vacuoles1 & betwe5 !m f9e r$ pigm5t granules2 on ! inside ( ! membrane "o lay] ( d>k oil-globules4 ,jelly-l calymma f\r times z broad z ! enclos$ capsule1 ) v num]\s small xan!ll4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! capsule #j4b1 ( ! nucleus #j4je1 ( ! calymma #j4h4 ,habitat4--,atlantic1 ,can>y ,isl&s 7,lanz]ote1 ,haeckel71 #ahff2 also at ,/ation #cdh1 surface4 #d4 ,actissa radiata1 n4 sp4 ,c5tral capsule sph]ical1 d>k1 ) a ?ick1 d\ble-edg$ membrane4 ,nucleus c5tral1 sph]ical1 half z l>ge z ! capsule1 transp>5t4 ,protoplasm divid$ into num]\s cunei=m radial pieces :i* are sep>at$ by cle> int]vals1 & fill$ ) v f9e d>k granules 7d>k] 9 ! di/al half74 ,! equatorial optical section exhibits ar\nd ! circul> cle> nucleus a coronal ( tw5ty-five su* w$ge-%ap$ pieces 7"m-cells ( spores87 ,no oil-globules 9 ! c5tral capsule4 ,jelly-l calymma "o & a half times z broad z ! enclos$ capsule1 ) num]\s small xan!ll4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! capsule #j4ae1 ( ! nucleus #j4jg1 ( ! calymma #j4bd4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bda1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,actiprunum1 ,haeckel1 #ahhb4 ,def9ition4--,c5tral capsule ellipsoidal1 ) "o prolong$ axis4 #e4 ,actissa prunoides1 n4 sp4 ,actiprunum prunoideum1 ,haeckel1 #ahhb1 ,manuscript4 ,c5tral capsule ellipsoidal1 col\rless1 ) a ?91 simple-edg$ membrane4 ,proportion ( its major axis to ! m9or #d 3 #c4 ,nucleus sph]ical1 its diamet] equal to "o-?ird ( ! m9or axis1 9 its c5tre a l>ge1 d>k1 sph]ical nucleolus4 ,protoplasm cle>1 conta9+ num]\s small vacuoles1 sep>at$ by regul> di/ances1 & on ! inside ( ! capsule-membrane1 num]\s 7=ty to fifty7 small oil-globules4 ,calymma 7or jelly-veil7 ellipsoidal1 ) a ?9 s>code-/ratum on ! outside ( ! capsule2 its diamet] twice z l>ge z t ( ! c5tral capsule4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis ( ! capsule #j4af1 m9or #j4ab2 diamet] ( ! nucleus #j4jd2 major axis ( ! calymma #j4cb1 m9or #j4bd4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgd1 surface4 #f4 ,actissa ellipsoides1 n4 sp4 ,actiprunum ellipsoides1 ,haeckel1 #ahhb1 ,manuscript4 ,c5tral capsule ellipsoidal1 r$-col\r$1 ) a ?ick1 d\ble-edg$ membrane4 ,proportion ( its major axis to ! m9or #e 3 #c4 ,nucleus ellipsoidal1 "o-?ird z l>ge z ! capsule1 conta9+ eight small d>k nucleoli4 ,protoplasm dusky1 fill$ ) d>k p9k pigm5t-granules2 9 ! #aemajor axis1 on bo? poles ( ! nucleus-axis1 two l>ge oil-globules1 half z l>ge z ! nucleus4 ,calymma ellipsoidal1 ) num]\s xan!ll2 its diamet] f\r times z l>ge z t ( ! capsule4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis ( ! capsule #j4b1 m9or #j4ab2 major axis ( ! nucleus #j4jg1 m9or #j4jd2 major axis ( ! calymma #j4h1 m9or #j4e4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean1 ,corfu1 #ahgg1 ,haeckel1 surface4 ,subg5us #c4 ,actidiscus1 ,haeckel1 #ahhb4 ,def9ition4--,c5tral capsule l5ticul>1 ) "o %ort5$ axis4 #g4 ,actissa discoides1 n4 sp4 ,actidiscus discoides1 ,haeckel1 #ahhb1 ,manuscript4 ,c5tral capsule l5ticul>1 r$-col\r$1 ab\t twice z broad z high1 ) a ?ick1 d\ble-edg$ membrane4 ,nucleus sph]ical1 "o-?ird z broad z ! capsule1 ) "o s+le1 l>ge c5tral nucleolus4 ,protoplasm dusky1 fill$ ) sc>let pigm5t2 granules & small oil-globules betwe5 !m4 ,calymma l5ticul>1 ?ree times z broad z ! capsule4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis ( ! capsule #j4af1 m9or #j4jh2 diamet] ( ! nucleus #j4je2 bread? ( ! calymma #j4e4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bcf1 surface4 #h4 ,actissa l5ticul>is1 n4 sp4 ,c5tral capsule l5ticul>1 flatt5$1 ab\t ?ree times z broad z high1 ) a ?91 simple-edg$ membrane4 ,nucleus l5ticul>1 "o-?ird z l>ge z ! capsule1 ) t5 small d>k nucleoli4 ,protoplasm transp>5t1 col\rless1 fill$ ) small vacuoles at regul> di/ances2 on ! inside ( ! membrane 9 ! circul> p]iph]y ( ! l5s tw5ty d>k oil-globules4 ,calymma l5ticul>1 twice z broad z ! capsule4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis ( ! capsule #j4ae1 m9or #j4je2 bread? ( ! nucleus #j4je1 height #j4jb2 bread? ( ! calymma #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,ea/ ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgb1 surface4 #i4 ,actissa phacoides1 n4 sp4 ,actidiscus phacoides1 ,haeckel1 #ahhb1 ,manuscript4 ,c5tral capsule l5ticul>1 /rongly flatt5$1 ab\t f\r times z broad z high1 ) a ?91 simple-edg$ membrane4 ,nucleus l5ticul>1 "o-f\r? z broad z ! capsule1 ) num]\s 7tw5ty or m7 small nucleoli4 ,protoplasm fill$ ) d>k pigm5t-granules2 on ! inside ( ! membrane 9 ! circul> p]iph]y ( ! l5s ?irty-two d>k oil-globules4 ,calymma l5ticul>1 ?ree times z broad z ! capsule4 #af;,dim5sions4--,major axis ( ! capsule #j4b1 m9or #j4je2 bread? ( ! nucleus #j4je1 height #j4jae2 bread? ( ! calymma #j4f4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdg1 surface4 ,subg5us #d4 ,actil>cus1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,c5tral capsule l5telliptical1 ) ?ree diff]5t axes4 #aj4 ,actissa l>coides1 n4 sp4 ,c5tral capsule l5telliptical2 ) ?ree diff]5t axes1 be>+ ! proportion #d 3 #c 3 #b4 ,nucleus sph]ical2 its diamet] equal to ! %orte/ radius ( ! capsule4 ,no nucleoli visible4 ,protoplasm transp>5t1 ) small vacuoles2 on ! inside ( ! ?9 capsule-membrane num]\s 7fifty to sixty7 small oil-globules1 regul>ly dispos$4 ,calymma l5telliptical1 twice z l>ge z ! c5tral capsule4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis or l5g? ( ! capsule #j4b1 middle axis or bread? #j4ae1 m9or axis or height #j4a2 diamet] ( ! nucleus #j4je1 ( ! calymma #j4c-j4d4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bff1 surface4 ,g5us #b4 ,?alassolampe1#i ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #bec4 ,def9ition4--,?alassicollida )\t extracapsul> alveoles1 b ) l>ge r\ndi% or globul> alveoles )9 ! c5tral capsule1 ) a simple sph]ical1 n bran*$ nucleus 9 ! c5tre4 ,! g5us ,?alassolampe is1 next to ,actissa1 ! mo/ simple ( all ,radiol>ia1 b diff]s f x by ! l>ge intracapsul> alveoles4 ,by ^! ! c5tral capsule is inflat$ to an extraord9>y size1 :i* 9 ,?alassolampe maxima exce$s t ( mo/ o!r ,radiol>ia4 ,f ! ne>ly alli$ ,?alassopila x diff]s by ! simple sph]ical nucleus1 f ,physematium by ! abs5ce ( spicula4 ,( ! two species ( ! g5us ! fir/ obs]v$ ,?alassolampe m>g>odes1 #ahfb1 is ,m$it]ranean1 ! second1 ,?alassolampe maxima1 #ahhb1 is ,indian4 #a4 ,?alassolampe m>g>odes1 ,haeckel4 ,?alassolampe m>g>odes1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #bec1 ,taf4 ii4 figs4 #d1 #e4 ,?alassolampe m>g>odes1 ,r4 ,h]twig1 #ahgf1 ,hi/ologie d4 ,radiol41 p4 #fh1 ,taf4 iii4 figs4 #a-e4 ,sph]ical body v s(t & limpid1 some:at pe>l-l opalesc5t1 yell[i% or blui%4 ,c5tral capsule ) a v ?9 /ructureless membrane1 its diamet] six to eight times z l>ge z t ( ! c5tral sph]ical nucleus4 ,wall ( ! vesicul> nucleus ?ick1 p]=at$ by f9e #agpore-canals2 on its inside (t5 num]\s oval nucleoli4 ,9 ! movable protoplasmic network betwe5 ! l>ge alveoles a consid]able numb] ( l>ge yell[i% or orange oil-globules4 ,extracapsul> jelly-envelope v ?91 conta9s small yell[ bodies 7zooxan!ll74 7,comp>e ! accurate description ( ?is ,m$it]ranean species 9 my monograph & 9 ,h]twig's "w47 ,9 ! ,can>y ,isl&s ,i f\nd v (t5 a l>ge v>iety ( x1 ( d\ble & triple ! size1 di/+ui%$ by ! delicate orange col\r ( ! intracapsul> oil-globules4 ,?is may be di/+ui%$ z ,?alassolampe aurantiaca4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! :ole jelly-sph]e #b to #d mm41 ( ! c5tral capsule #b to #c mm41 ( its nucleus #j4b to #j4d mm4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean1 ,mess9a1 ,haeckel1 ,h]twig2 ,can>y ,isl&s1 ,lanz]ote1 ,haeckel2 surface4 #b4 ,?alassolampe maxima1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #a1 fig4 #b74 ,sph]ical body q pellucid1 l a glass globule1 col\rless4 ,c5tral capsule ) a mod]ately ?ick1 b q transp>5t1 /ructureless membrane1 its diamet] t5 to twelve times z l>ge z t ( ! c5tral sph]ical nucleus4 ,wall ( ! vesicul> nucleus ?ick1 p]=at$ by f9e pore-canals2 on its inside num]\s small sph]ical nucleoli4 ,no l>ge oil-globules 9 ! movable protoplasmic network betwe5 ! l>ge alveoles4 ,extracapsul> jelly-envelope v ?91 conta9+ no yell[ bodies4 ,?is diff]s f ! prec$+ ne>ly alli$ species 9 ! want ( ! intracapsul> oil-globules & ( ! extracapsul> yell[ bodies4 ,x possesses ! l>ge/ c5tral capsule ( all kn[n ,radiol>ia4 ,i f\nd !m liv+ & float+ 9 wat] tak5 f ! surface ( ! ,indian ,ocean by a bucket4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! :ole jelly-body #ab to #ae mm41 ( ! c5tral capsule #aj to #ab mm41 ( ! nucleus #j4h to #a4b mm4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ne> ! ,maldive ,isl&s1 ,haeckel1 #ahhb1 surface4 ,g5us #c4 ,?alassopila1#aj ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfi4 ,def9ition4--,?alassicollida )\t extracapsul> alveoles1 b ) l>ge r\ndi% or globul> alveoles )9 ! c5tral capsule1 ) a papillate or bran*$ nucleus 9 its c5tre4 ,! g5us ,?alassopila has1 l ,?alassolampe1 a volum9\s foamy c5tral capsule1 inflat$ by num]\s l>ge alveoles2 b x diff]s 9 ! complicat$ =m ( ! nucleus1 :i* is l t ( ,?alassophysa1 & is ei!r bran*$ or occupi$ by conical or r\ndi% papill4 #a4 ,?alassopila cladococcus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #a1 fig4 #c74 ,sph]ical body d>k-spott$1 ) a ?9 yell[i% jelly-envelope4 ,c5tral capsule ) a ?ick & firm membrane1 p]=at$ by pores2 its diamet] ?ree times t ( ! c5tral nucleus1 #ah?ree-f\r?s t ( ! :ole jelly-sph]e4 ,nucleus pr(usely bran*$ or papillat$1 its sph]ical surface cov]$ ) num]\s 7m ?an a hundr$7 f+]-%ap$ obtuse bl9d sacs1 ab\t z long z its radius4 ,protoplasm ( ! c5tral capsule =m+ a loose network betwe5 ! l>ge r\ndi% alveoles1 9 ! cortical zone radially /rip$ & conta9+ "o lay] ( l>ge d>k oil-globules4 ,^! are regul>ly di/ribut$ on ! inside ( ! capsule-membrane & sep>at$ by int]vals1 twice z broad z its diamet]1 giv+ to ! capsule-surface a spott$ appe>ance4 ,extracapsul> jelly-envelope ?91 yell[i%1 ) v num]\s & small xan!ll4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! :ole jelly-sph]e #e mm41 ( ! c5tral capsule #d mm41 ( ! nucleus #a4c mm4 ,habitat4--,ant>ctic ,ocean1 ,/ation #aed 7s\? ( ,k]guel571 surface4 ,g5us #d4 ,?alassicolla1#aa ,huxley1 #ahea1 ,ann4 & ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 s]4 #b1 vol4 viii4 p4 #dcc4 ,def9ition4--,?alassicollida )\t intracapsul> alveoles1 b ) l>ge r\ndi% or globul> alveoles )9 ! extracapsul> calymma4 ,nucleus 9 ! c5tre ( ! capsule simple sph]ical1 n bran*$4 ,! g5us ,?alassicolla 0 propos$ by ,huxley 9 #ahea1 = a c]ta9 numb] ( diff]5t volum9\s jelly-l ,radiol>ia1 :i* he _h obs]v$ liv+ dur+ 8 voyage 9 ! ,rattlesnake ?r\gh ! tropical seas1 & ( :i* he gives an excell5t description--! fir/ accurate obs]vations on liv+ ,radiol>ia4 ,johannes ,mll] aft]w>ds remov$ f ?is g5us ! social g5]a ,sphroz\m & ,collosphra 7=m]ly ,?alassicolla punctata71 & reta9$ z type ( ! g5us ,?alassicolla nucleata4 ,9 #ahfb 9 my ,monograph ,i add$ two o!r species1 ,?alassicolla pelagica & ,?alassicolla zanclea1 & lat] 7#ahgj7 ,?alassicolla sangu9ol5ta4 ,n[ ,i ?9k x bett] to sep>ate ! la/ two species z a new g5us1 ,?alassophysa1 *>act]is$ by ! papillate or bran*$ nucleus1 & to reta9 9 ,?alassicolla only ^? =ms ) simple sph]ical nucleus4 ,= bo? g5]a ! extracapsul>1 volum9\s1 sph]ical calymma or jelly-envelope1 ) num]\s l>ge alveoles1 is *>act]i/ic4 ,! membrane ( ! c5tral capsule 9 ,?alassicolla is n[ /ructureless 7subg5us ,?alassicoll>ium1 ) ?ree species71 n[ *>act]is$ by a peculi> /ructure1 prom95t ridges on ! inside ( ! membrane1 :i* =m a network ) polygonal plates1 resembl+ an epi!lium 7,pl4 #a1 fig4 #e;b2 subg5us ,?alassicollidium1 ) f\r species74 ,( ! sev5 species "h describ$1 two are cosmopolitan1 widely di/ribut$1 & common2 "o is ,m$it]ranean1 "o ,atlantic1 & ?ree ,pacific4 ,subg5us #a4 ,?alassicoll>ium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,membrane ( ! c5tral capsule /ructureless1 only p]=at$ by innum]able v small radial pores4 #aia4 ,?alassicolla pellucida1 n4 sp4 ,sph]ical body v s(t1 transp>5t1 cle> & col\rless1 )\t any pigm5t4 ,c5tral capsule s(t1 hyal9e1 ) a ?91 /ructureless1 n areolat$ membrane4 ,diamet] ( ! c5tral capsule ab\t ?ree times t ( ! nucleus1 "o-f\r? to "o-six? t ( ! jelly-envelope4 ,nucleus delicate1 transp>5t1 ) "o s+le c5tral nucleolus1 ab\t "o-?ird its diamet]4 ,protoplasm ( ! c5tral capsule conta9s only small1 pellucid1 d5sely pack$ globules 7vacuoles871 no oil-globules4 ,extracapsul> body q transp>5t1 )\t pigm5t or oil-globules1 only compos$ ( ! l>ge alveoles imb$d$ 9 ! jelly-cov]1 & ( ! f9e protoplasmic network betwe5 !m4 ,no xan!ll4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! c5tral capsule #j4h to #a4b1 ( ! nucleus #j4c to #j4d1 ( ! calymma #c to #f mm4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan1 ,can>y ,isl&s1 ,haeckel2 ,cape1 ,au/ralia1 ,pacific1 ,*all5g]2 surface4 #b4 ,?alassicolla spumida1 n4 sp4 ,sph]ical body ne>ly transp>5t1 yell[i%1 )\t d>k pigm5t4 ,c5tral capsule pellucid1 ) a ?ick1 /ructureless1 n areolat$ membrane4 ,diamet] ( ! c5tral capsule ab\t twice t ( ! nucleus1 "o-six? to "o-eigh? t ( ! jelly-cov]4 ,nucleus delicate1 some:at opaque1 ) num]\s small nucleoli4 ,protoplasm ( ! c5tral capsule conta9s small pellucid globules 7vacuoles871 & imm$iately "u its membrane 7on its inside7 "o s+le lay] ( l>ge1 d>k1 refractive oil-globules4 ,extracapsul> body v volum9\s1 foamy1 ) innum]able alveoles 9 ! jelly1 & _m xan!ll betwe5 !m4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! c5tral capsule #j4f to #j4h1 ( ! nucleus #j4c to #j4d1 ( ! calymma #c to #e mm4 ,habitat4--,atlantic1 ,can>y ,isl&s1 ,haeckel2 ,cape ,v]de ,isl&s1 ,*all5g] ,/ation #cej2 ,brazil1 ,rabbe2 surface4 #c4 ,?alassicolla zanclea1 ,haeckel4 ,?alassicolla zanclea1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #beb1 ,taf4 ii4 fig4 #c4 ,sph]ical body opaque1 transp>5t only 9 ! p]iph]y1 ) col\rless c5tral capsule1 b ) br[n or black pigm5t-p[d] scatt]$ ev]y:]e ?r\gh ! extracapsul> alveolat$ jelly-cov]4 ,c5tral capsule s(t1 transp>5t1 col\rless1 ) a ?9 /ructureless1 n areolat$ membrane4 ,diamet] ( ! c5tral capsule ab\t "o & a half times t ( ! nucleus1 "o-half or "o-?ird t ( ! jelly-cov]4 ,nucleus delicate1 transp>5t1 ) a ?91 f9ely punctat$ membrane1 ) "o or m nucleoli4 ,protoplasm ( ! c5tral capsule conta9s only small1 pellucid1 d5sely pack$ globules 7vacuoles871 no oil-globules4 ,extracapsul> body v d>k & opaque1 ) a great mass ( br[n or blacki%-br[n pigm5t betwe5 ! alveoles ( ! jelly-cov]4 ,num]\s xan!ll4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! c5tral capsule #j4a to #j4ab1 ( ! nucleus #j4jg to #j4jh1 ( ! calymma #j4b to #j4d4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean1 ,mess9a1 ,haeckel4 #bj,subg5us #b4 ,?alassicollidium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,membrane ( ! c5tral capsule areolat$1 ) small polygonal plates1 resembl+ an epi!lial cell-tissue1 spott$ by innum]able f9e radial pores4 #d4 ,?alassicolla au/ralis1 n4 sp4 ,sph]ical body ne>ly transp>5t1 )\t d>k pigm5t4 ,c5tral capsule col\rless1 some:at opaque1 ) a ?ick & firm1 v ela/ic membrane1 areolat$ by polygonal1 punctat$ figures resembl+ cells4 ,diamet] ( ! c5tral capsule ab\t ?ree times t ( ! nucleus1 "o-?ird t ( ! jelly-cov]4 ,nucleus ?9-wall$1 ) _m small nucleoli4 ,protoplasm ( ! c5tral capsule f9ely granulat$1 conta9+ num]\s hyal9e globules 7vacuoles87 ( diff]5t size1 & 9 ea* ( ^! "o s+le r\ndi%1 d>k refr++ corpuscle1 conc5trically lamellat$ l an amylum gra94 ,extracapsul> body )\t pigm5t or oil-globules1 only compos$ ( ! l>ge alveoles imb$d$ 9 ! jelly-cov]1 & ( ! f9e protoplasmic network betwe5 !m4 ,no xan!ll4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! c5tral capsule #a to #b1 ( its nucleus #j4c to #j4d1 ( ! nucleoli #j4ab to #j4af1 ( ! hyal9e globules 9 ! protoplasm ( ! capsule #j4jb to #j4je2 calymma1 #d to #f mm4 ,habitat4--,s\?-we/ ,pacific1 ea/ coa/ ( ,au/ralia1 ,new ,zeal&1 c42 ,*all5g] ,/ations #afc1 #aga2 surface4 #e4 ,?alassicolla nucleata1 ,huxley4 ,?alassicolla nucleata1 ,huxley1 #ahea1 ,ann4 & ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 s]4 #b1 vol4 viii4 p4 #dce1 pl4 xvi4 fig4 #d4 ,?alassicolla nucleata1 ,j4 ,mll]1 #aheh1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #bh4 ,?alassicolla co]ulea1 ,s*neid]1 #aheh1 ,ar*iv f4 ,anat4 u4 ,physiol41 p4 #dj1 ,taf4 iii4 ,bd4 i4 figs4 #e-g4 ,?alassicolla nucleata1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #bdi1 ,taf4 iii4 figs4 #a-e4 ,?alassicolla nucleata1 ,r4 ,h]twig1 #ahgf1 ,hi/ologie d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dc1 ,taf4 iii4 figs4 #fa-e1 ,taf4 iv41 v4 ,?alassicolla nucleata1 ,r4 ,h]twig1 #ahgi1 ,organismus d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cd4 ,sph]ical body 9 ! c5tral "p opaque1 black or d>k col\r$1 9 ! p]iph]y transp>5t1 :iti%1 or yell[i%4 ,c5tral capsule r compact1 yell[i%1 opaque1 ) a ?ick & firm1 v ela/ic membrane1 areolat$ by polygonal1 punctat$ figures resembl+ cells4 ,diamet] ( ! c5tral capsule ab\t twice z l>ge z t ( ! nucleus1 "o-half to "o-f\r? t ( ! jelly-cov]4 ,nucleus ) a v ?ick1 f9ely punctat$ membrane1 conta9+ a visc\s fluid 7:5 coagulat$ f9ely granul>71 & sometimes "o l>ge1 c5tral1 sph]ical1 or ramifi$ nucleolus1 sometimes a v>iable numb] ( small] r\ndi% nucleoli4 ,protoplasm ( ! c5tral capsule conta9+ _m v v>iable corpuscles1 mo/ly pellucid 7album9\s87 sph]ules1 conta9+ oil-globules1 or conc5tric amyloid concretions1 or cry/als1 c4 ,extracapsul> body ) d>k pigm5t-p[d] ( v>iable col\r 7black1 br[n1 violet1 blue1 c471 d5sely aggregat$ ar\nd ! c5tral capsule1 m loosely dissipat$ betwe5 ! alveoles ( ! out] jelly-cov]4 ,xan!ll v num]\s4 #ba;,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! c5tral capsule #j4d to #j4h1 ( ! nucleus #j4jb to #j4je1 ( ! calymma #a to #e mm4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 common 9 all w>m] seas2 ,m$it]ranean1 ,atlantic1 ,indian ,ocean1 ,pacific1 ma9ly betwe5 lat4 #dj ,n4 & lat4 #dj ,s42 surface4 #f4 ,?alassicolla maculata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #a1 fig4 #d74 ,sph]ical body 9 ! c5tral "p opaque1 black or d>k col\r$1 9 ! p]iph]y semi-transp>5t1 spott$4 ,c5tral capsule compact1 yell[i%1 opaque1 ) a ?ick & firm1 v ela/ic membrane1 areolat$ by polygonal1 punctat$ figures resembl+ cells4 ,diamet] ( ! c5tral capsule ab\t twice t ( ! nucleus1 "o-?ird to "o-fif? t ( ! jelly-cov]4 ,nucleus ?9-wall$1 ) "o l>ge sph]ical nucleolus4 ,protoplasm ( ! c5tral capsule conta9s innum]able v small1 hyal9e1 sph]ical vesicles ( equal size 7or vacuoles871 two to f\r times z broad z ! sep>at+ bridges ( protoplasm4 ,extracapsul> body ) d>k pigm5t-p[d] ( black or br[n col\r1 d5sely accumulat$ ar\nd ! c5tral capsule 79 ! matrix71 loosely scatt]$ betwe5 ! alveoles ( ! out] jelly-cov]4 ,! latt] appe>s spott$ by num]\s l>ge1 r\ndi% lumps ( protoplasm1 scatt]$ betwe5 ! alveoles4 ,no xan!ll4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! c5tral capsule #j4c to #j4f1 ( ! nucleus #j4b to #j4c1 ( ! hyal9e globules 9 ! protoplasm ( ! capsule #j4jb to #j4jc2 calymma1 #b to #c mm4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,*all5g] ,/ation #bhi4 #g4 ,?alassicolla melacapsa1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #a1 fig4 #e74 ,sph]ical body 9 ! c5tral "p opaque1 black or d>k col\r$1 9 ! p]iph]y semi-transp>5t1 spott$4 ,c5tral capsule compact1 black1 ) a ?ick & firm1 v ela/ic membrane1 areolat$ by polygonal1 punctat$ figures resembl+ cells4 ,diamet] ( ! c5tral capsule ab\t twice t ( ! nucleus1 "o-?ird or half t ( ! jelly-cov]4 ,nucleus ?9-wall$1 transp>5t1 conta9+ v num]\s & small nucleoli4 ,protoplasm ( ! c5tral capsule fill$ ) small black pigm5t-granules1 q intransp>5t1 conta9s d5sely pack$ hyal9e 7album9\s87 globules ( equal size2 e pellucid globule includes a small] globule 7"o-?ird or "o-f\r? its diamet]71 :i* appe>s to be compos$ ( aggregat$ oil-bubbles4 ,extracapsul> body )\t pigm5t1 conta9s betwe5 its alveoles 9 ! inn] half num]\s1 d>k refractive oil-globules1 9 ! out] half num]\s amoeboid lumps ( protoplasm1 irregul>ly scatt]$4 ,no xan!ll4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! c5tral capsule #b to #b4e1 ( ! nucleus #a to #a4e1 ( ! hyal9e globules 9 ! protoplasm ( ! capsule #j4jc to #j4jd2 calymma1 #c to #e mm4 ,habitat4--,s\?-ea/ ,pacific 7ne> ,valp>aiso71 ,*all5g] ,/ation #cjj1 surface4 ,g5us #e4 ,?alassophysa1#ab ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dgj4 ,def9ition4--,?alassicollida )\t intracapsul> alveoles1 b ) l>ge r\ndi% or globul> alveoles )9 ! extracapsul> calymma4 ,nucleus 9 ! c5tre ( ! capsule papillate or bran*$4 #bb,! g5us ,?alassophysa conta9s ^? species ( ,?alassicollida =m]ly associat$ ) ,?alassicolla1 :i* are di/+ui%$ by ! complicat$1 ramose1 or papillate =m ( ! l>ge nucleus4 ,all ?ree species "h describ$ are f\nd 9 ! ,m$it]ranean & ! ,atlantic4 ,to ?is g5us app]ta9s also t /range =m ( ,radiol>ia :i* ,i describ$ 9 #ahgj z ,myxobra*ia 7comp>e ,?alassophysa sangu9ol5ta74 #a4 ,?alassophysa papillosa1 n4 sp4 ,?alassicolla papillosa1 ,haeckel1 #ahfg1 ,manuscript4 ,sph]ical body transp>5t1 col\rless1 or some:at yell[i%4 ,c5tral capsule s(t1 col\rless1 ) a v ?9 b firm1 ela/ic1 /ructureless membrane4 ,diamet] ( ! c5tral capsule ab\t twice t ( ! nucleus1 "o-f\r? to "o-six? t ( ! jelly-envelope4 ,nucleus papillat$1 its sph]ical surface cov]$ ) a great numb] 7#ej to #hj7 ( conical or f+]-l protub]ances or bl9d sacs1 n long] ?an half its radius4 ,protoplasm ( ! c5tral capsule fill$ ) v small & num]\s sph]ical vacuoles1 )\t oil-globules4 ,extracapsul> jelly-body1 )\t d>k pigm5t1 oil-globules1 & l>ge protoplasmic lumps1 conta9s betwe5 its alveoles v num]\s xan!ll4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! :ole jelly sph]e #d to #e mm41 ( ! c5tral capsule #j4h to #a mm41 ( its nucleus #j4d to #j4e4 ,habitat4--,can>y ,isl&s1 ,lanz]ote1 common1 ,haeckel2 ,cape ,v]de ,isl&s1 ,*all5g]2 surface4 #b4 ,?alassophysa sangu9ol5ta1 ,haeckel4 ,?alassicolla sangu9ol5ta1 ,haeckel1 #ahgj1 ,j5ais*e ,zeits*r41 ,bd4 v4 p4 #ebf1 ,taf4 #ah4 ,?alassicolla sangu9ol5ta1 ,haeckel1 #ahgj1 ,biolog4 ,/udi51 i4 p4 #aac1 ,taf4 iv4 ,?alassicolla sangu9ol5ta1 ,r4 ,h]twig1 #ahgi1 ,organismus d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cg1 ,taf4 iii4 fig4 #a4 ,myxobra*ia rhopalum1 ,haeckel1 #ahgj1 ,j5ais*e ,zeits*r41 ,bd4 v4 p4 #eai1 ,taf4 #ah 7et 9 ,biol4 ,/ud41 loc4 cit474 ,myxobra*ia pluteus1 ,haeckel1 #ahgj1 ,j5ais*e ,zeits*r41 ,bd4 v4 p4 #ebj1 ,taf4 #ah 7et 9 ,biol4 ,/ud41 loc4 cit474 ,sph]ical body 9 ! c5tral "p opaque1 r$di%1 9 ! p]iph]y transp>5t1 yell[i%4 ,c5tral capsule compact1 :ite1 r$ spott$1 ) a ?ick ela/ic membrane1 p]=at$ by pores1 b n areolat$4 ,diamet] ( ! c5tral capsule ?ree times t ( ! nucleus1 "o-fif? to "o-eigh? t ( ! jelly-envelope4 ,nucleus papillat$1 its sph]ical surface cov]$ ) num]\s 7#hj to #abj7 conical or f+]-l protub]ances n long] ?an "o-f\r? or "o-?ird ( its radius4 ,on ! inside ( ^! bl9d sacs lie num]\s small r\ndi% nucleoli4 ,protoplasm ( ! c5tral capsule 9 ! out] 7cortical7 zone 7on ! inside ( ! membrane7 radially /rip$1 ) "o lay] ( v num]\s r$ oil-globules ( equal size1 produc+ its blood-spott$ appe>ance2 9 ! inn] 7m$ull>y7 zone foamy1 ) num]\s small sph]ical vacuoles4 ,extracapsul> jelly-body )\t d>k pigm5t1 conta9s betwe5 its alveoles no l>ge protoplasmic lumps 7z 9 ,?alassophysa pelagica71 b num]\s small oil-globules & xan!ll4 ,?is species sometimes amasses 9 its jelly-envelope l>ge accumulations ( ,coccoli?s & ,coccosph]es1 #bc:i* are mu* heavi] ?an ! jelly-body1 & produce arm-l protub]ances ( x2 ?is modifi$ =m1 (t5 ( v regul> & peculi> appe>ance1 ,i =m]ly describ$ z ,myxobra*ia 7comp>e my ,biolog4 ,/udi51 loc4 cit41 & ,h]twig1 loc4 cit41 p4 #cg74 ,comp>e also ,myxobra*ia ci5k[ski1 ,wagn]1 #ahgb1 ,l4 ,n4 #bc4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! :ole jelly-sph]e #e to #h mm41 ( ! c5tral capsule #a to #a4b mm41 ( its nucleus #j4c to #j4d4 ,habitat4--,can>y ,isl&s1 ,lanz]ote2 common1 ,haeckel2 ,m$it]ranean1 ,mess9a1 ,h]twig2 surface4 #c4 ,?alassophysa pelagica1 ,haeckel4 ,?alassicolla pelagica1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #bdg1 ,taf4 i4 ,?alassicolla pelagica1 ,r4 ,h]twig1 #ahgi1 ,organismus d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ce1 ,taf4 iii4 fig4 #d4 ,sph]ical body 9 ! c5tral "p opaque1 yell[i%1 9 ! p]iph]y semi-transp>5t1 spott$4 ,c5tral capsule compact1 yell[i%-:ite1 ) a ?ick & compact membrane1 p]=at$ by pores1 b n areolat$4 ,diamet] ( ! c5tral capsule ab\t twice t ( ! nucleus1 "o-half to "o-six? t ( ! jelly-envelope4 ,nucleus papillat$1 its sph]ical surface cov]$ ) num]\s 7#bj to #fj7 conical1 r\ndi%1 or f+]-l protub]ances1 n long] ?an its radius 7commonly only "o-half or "o-?ird z long74 ,enclos$ 9 ! semi-fluid sub/ance ( ! nucleus are v long & ?9 cyl9drical nucleoli snake-l1 contort$1 & p5etrat+ into ! protub]ances ( ! nucleus4 ,protoplasm ( ! c5tral capsule 9 ! out] 7cortical7 zone 7on ! inside ( ! membrane7 radially /rip$1 ) "o lay] ( l>ge oil-globules ( diff]5t sizes2 9 ! inn] 7m$ull>y7 zone foamy1 ) num]\s small sph]ical vacuoles1 mo/ly ( equal size4 ,extracapsul> jelly-body )\t d>k pigm5t1 conta9s betwe5 its alveoles a l>ge numb] ( l>ge r\ndi% or amoeboid lumps ( protoplasm1 & v num]\s yell[ cells or xan!ll 7comp>e ! detail$ description 9 my ,monograph1 & 9 ,r4 ,h]twig's "w74 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! :ole jelly-sph]e #a to #d mm41 ( ! c5tral capsule #j4e to #j4f1 ( ! nucleus #j4b to #j4c4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean--,mess9a1 ,corfu1 ,nizza1 ,g5oa1 ,haeckel2 ,mess9a1 ,r4 ,h]twig2 surface4 ,family ,,ii4 ,,collozoida1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb 7,pl4 #c74 ,collozoida1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ebb4 ,def9ition4--,colloidea socialia4 ,! family ,collozoida comprises all associat$ or colony-build+ ,radiol>ia )\t skeleton4 ,we unite "h all ^! skeletonless ,radiol>ian colonies into "o s+le g5us ,colloz\m1 con/itut$ 7#ahfb7 9 my ,monograph 7p4 #ebb74 ,! olde/ kn[n =m ( x 0 ! ,colloz\m in]me1 describ$ fir/ly by ,johannes ,mll] 7#ahef7 z ,sphroz\m in]me4 ,two o!r species ( ! g5us 7 figur$ 7#ahfb7 9 my ,monograph 7p4 #ebb1 ,tafn4 xxxii41 xxxv474 ,a mo/ accurate description ( its hi/ological /ructure & #bd;developm5t 0 giv5 9 #ahgf by ,ri*>d ,h]twig 9 8 ,hi/ologie d] ,radiol>i5 7pp4 #ab-db1 ,tafn4 i41 ii474 ,a numb] ( o!r v rem>kable =ms ( ,colloz\m h be5 obs]v$ by me dur+ ! la/ few ye>s1 & p>tly figur$ 9 ,pl4 #c4 ,colloz\m1 z ! only repres5tative ( ?is family1 is suffici5tly di/+ui%$ f all o!r ,radiol>ia by ! def9ition ,skeletonless ,radiol>ian ,colonies4 ,^! occur float+ on ! surface ( all w>m] seas1 (t5 9 a/oni%+ masses1 & may be easily conf\nd$1 ow+ to _! ext]nal resemblance1 ) ! jelly-l egg-masses ( c]ta9 ,mollusca4 ,colloz\m is d]iv$ ei!r f ,actissa or f ,?alassicolla1 simply by multiplication ( ! unicellul> body & by reunion ( ! associat$ capsules 9 "o common calymma or jelly-veil2 ?is is con/antly alveolat$1 z 9 ,?alassicolla4 ,z 9 ,actissa1 ! =m ( ! c5tral capsule rema9s ei!r sph]ical1 or x becomes ellipsoidal or discoidal1 r>ely polyh$ral or amoeboid4 ,9 ,colloz\m z 9 all colonial ,radiol>ia1 ! orig9al c5tral nucleus commonly und]goes cleavage v e>ly into num]\s small nuclei1 :il/ its place is usually tak5 by a c5tral oil-globule4 ,?is peculi>ity may s]ve (t5 7b n con/antly7 = ! di/9ction ( isolat$ capsules ( ,colloz\m f ,actissa4 ,g5us #f4 ,colloz\m1#ac ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ebb4 ,def9ition4--,skeletonless colonies ( ,radiol>ia4 ,! g5us ,colloz\m1 z already m5tion$1 is ! only repres5tative ( its family1 & comprises all ,radiol>ia liv+ associat$ 9 colonies1 & hav+ no skeleton4 ,!re=e ,colloz\m possesses all ! peculi>ities describ$ above4 ,al?\gh ! float+ colonies ( ?is g5us occur 9 enorm\s masses on ! surface ( all w>m] seas1 nev]!less ! numb] ( diff]5t species 9 ?is g5us is n great1 & am\nts only to ?irte54 ,if ?is numb] increase by fur!r inve/igations1 ! subg5]a di/+ui%$ 9 ! foll[+ description c be advanc$ to ! range ( g5]a2 9 :i* case ,collod9ium 7or ,colloz\m s5su re/ricto7 w be *>act]is$ by ! sph]ical =m ( its c5tral capsules1 ,colloprunum by ! ellipsoidal =m 7,pl4 #c1 fig4 #i71 ,collophidium by ! cyl9drical1 v prolong$ =m 7figs4 #b1 #c71 ,collodiscus by ! l5ticul> or discoidal =m1 & ,colloda/rum by ! indef9ite1 polyh$ral1 or amoeboid =m 7figs4 #d1 #e74 ,subg5us #a4 ,collod9ium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,=m ( ! c5tral capsules sph]ical or subsph]ical1 nev] polyh$ral1 ellipsoidal1 or cyl9drical4 #bea4 ,colloz\m in]me1 ,haeckel 7,pl4 #c1 figs4 #aj-ab74 ,colloz\m in]me1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ebb1 ,taf4 xxxv4 ,colloz\m in]me1 ,ci5k[ski1 #ahga1 ,ar*iv4 f4 mikrosk4 ,anat41 vol4 vii4 p4 #cgf1 ,taf4 xxix4 figs4 #ah-cf4 ,colloz\m in]me1 ,r4 ,h]twig1 #ahgf1 ,hi/ologie d] ,radiol41 p4 #ab1 ,taf4 i41 ii4 ,colloz\m in]me1 ,r4 ,h]twig1 #ahgi1 ,organismus d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ca1 ,taf4 iii4 fig4 #ab4 ,sphroz\m in]me1 ,j4 ,mll]1 #ahef1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #dgh2 ,abh&l41 p4 #ed4 ,sphroz\m bicellul>e1 ,j4 ,mll]1 #aheh1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #ed1 ,taf4 viii4 fig4 #e4 ,?alassicolla punctata1 ,huxley 7pro p>te71 #ahea1 ,ann4 & ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 s]4 #b1 vol4 viii4 p4 #dcc4 ,c5tral capsules sph]ical1 ) ?91 simple-edg$ membrane1 ) "o s+le oil-globule 9 ! c5tre4 7,if ! capsules multiply by division1 ! sph]ical =m becomes viol9-%ap$1 con/rict$ 9 ! middle2 & 9 ?is condition ! numb] ( oil-globules increases2 b 9 ! ord9>y mature /ate ! capsule ( ?is species rema9s sph]ical1 & its oil-globule solit>y4 ,9 q "y capsules ! oil-globules are want+2 ,pl4 #c1 fig4 #ab47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! c5tral capsules #j4jd to #j4af4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan1 common 9 all w>m] seas 7,m$it]ranean1 ,atlantic1 ,indian1 & ,pacific71 surface4 #b4 ,colloz\m no/o*9um1 n4 sp4 ,c5tral capsules sph]ical1 v l>ge1 opaque1 di/5d$ ) r$ pigm5t-granules & ) v num]\s 7two hundr$ to ?ree hundr$7 small oil-globules4 ,membrane ?ick1 d\ble-edg$4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! c5tral capsules #j4c to #j4e4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 (f ,socotra1 surface1 ,haeckel4 #c4 ,colloz\m volvoc9um1 n4 sp4 ,c5tral capsules sph]ical1 v l>ge1 opaque1 conta9+ a great numb] 7t5 to ?irty7 ( l>ge oil-globules1 & betwe5 !m d5sely pack$ masses ( d>k pigm5t4 ,membrane ?ick1 d\ble-edg$4 ,?is species diff]s f ,colloz\m in]me1 ma9ly by ! great size ( ! c5tral capsules 7?ree to five times z big z 9 ! =m]7 & ! great numb] ( oil-globules 9 !m4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! c5tral capsules #j4b to #j4c4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgb1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,colloprunum1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,=m ( ! c5tral capsules ellipsoidal1 ) "o prolong$ axis4 #d4 ,colloz\m ovatum1 n4 sp4 ,colloprunum ovatum1 ,haeckel1 #ahhb1 ,manuscript4 ,c5tral capsules ovate or ellipsoidal1 its long] diamet] twice to ?ree times z l>ge z ! %ort]4 ,9 ! c5tre ( e capsule "o s+le oil-globule4 #bf;,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! c5tral capsules #j4b to #j4c1 bread? ( !m #j4a to #ae4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdd1 surface4 #e4 ,colloz\m ellipsoides1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #c1 figs4 #h1 #i74 ,colloprunum ellipsoides1 ,haeckel1 #ahhb1 ,manuscript4 ,c5tral capsules regul>ly ellipsoidal1 v l>ge2 _! long] diamet] once & a half to twice z l>ge z ! %ort]4 ,9 e capsule fifty to eighty oil-globules4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! c5tral capsules #j4c to #d1 bread? ( !m #j4b4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,fre ,*annel 7,gulf ,/ream71 surface1 ,john ,murray4 ,subg5us #c4 ,collophidium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,=m ( ! c5tral capsules cyl9drical1 (t5 snake-l1 contort$1 ) "o axis mu* prolong$1 sev]al times long] ?an ! transv]se axis4 #f4 ,colloz\m contortum1 n4 sp4 ,collophidium contortum1 ,haeckel1 #ahhb1 ,manuscript4 ,c5tral capsules cyl9drical1 ?ree to f\r times z long z broad1 ,c- or ,s-l curv$1 transp>5t1 )\t oil-globules4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! c5tral capsules #j4b to #j4c1 bread? #j4jf to #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdg1 surface4 #g4 ,colloz\m s]p5t9um1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #c1 figs4 #a-c74 ,collophidium s]p5t9um1 ,haeckel1 #ahhb1 ,manuscript4 ,c5tral capsules cyl9drical1 fili=m1 mu* elongat$1 t5 to "o hundr$ times1 sometimes two hundr$ to f\r hundr$ times z long z broad1 snake-%ap$ or worm-%ap$1 curv$ & contort$ 9 ! mo/ irregul> mann]1 (t5 spiral or twi/$ into a l>ge nodule4 ,num]\s oil-vesicles con/antly pres5t1 =m+ "o s]ies ( globules 9 ! axis ( e capsule2 di/ance ( ! globules1 "o f ano!r1 & also f ! capsule-membrane1 ab\t equal to _! diamet]4 7,?is int]e/+ & v curi\s =m 0 v frequ5tly obs]v$ liv+ by me 9 ! ,can>y ,isl&s1 9 ,janu>y #ahfg2 ! jelly-colonies 7 commonly sph]ical1 & conta9$ fifty to two hundr$ or m capsules ( v diff]5t size & =m47 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! c5tral capsules #a to #aj1 sometimes #bj to #dj mm42 av]age bread? #j4a mm4 ,habitat4--,can>y ,isl&s1 ,lanz]ote1 ,haeckel1 surface4 #bgh4 ,colloz\m v]mi=me1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #c1 figs4 #f1 #g74 ,collophidium v]mi=me1 ,haeckel1 #ahhb1 ,manuscript4 ,c5tral capsules cyl9drical1 mu* elongat$1 five to t5 times 7sometimes tw5ty to fifty times7 z long z broad1 snake-%ap$ or worm-%ap$1 v irregul>ly curv$ & contort$4 ,num]\s oil-globules con/antly pres5t1 =m+ 9 ! axis ( e capsule a d\ble s]ies ( alt]nat+ rose-col\r$ globules4 7,?is species is ne>ly alli$ to ! prec$+2 b its capsules are ?ick] & %ort]1 & ! oil-vesicles 9 !m are arrang$ n 9 a s+le1 b 9 a d\ble r[47 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! c5tral capsules #j4f to #a4b mm41 sometimes #c to #f mm42 bread? #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ne> ! we/ coa/ ( ,africa1 ,/ation #cdi1 ,can>y ,isl&s1 surface4 ,subg5us #d4 ,collodiscus1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,=m ( ! c5tral capsules discoidal or l5ticul>1 ) "o %ort5$ axis4 #i4 ,colloz\m co]uleum1 ,haeckel4 ,colloz\m co]uleum1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ebc1 ,taf4 xxxii4 figs4 #f-h4 ,collodiscus co]uleus1 ,haeckel1 #ahhb1 ,manuscript4 ,c5tral capsule l5ticul> or discoidal1 flatt5$1 blue col\r$1 ) "o s+le oil-globule 9 ! c5tre4 ,protoplasm conta9+ num]\s cry/als & d>k blue pigm5t-granules4 ,membrane v ?ick1 d\ble-edg$4 7,:il/ at ,mess9a 9 #ahei ,i f\nd ?is =m n con/antly discoidal1 9 #ahfg 9 ! ,can>y ,isl&s ,i obs]v$ x con/antly l5ticul>47 ,dim5sions4--,bread? ( ! c5tral capsules #j4a to #j4ae1 height #j4jd to #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a71 ,atlantic 7,can>y ,isl&s71 surface4 #aj4 ,colloz\m discoideum1 n4 sp4 ,collodiscus discoideus1 ,haeckel1 #ahhb1 ,manuscript4 ,c5tral capsule discoidal1 flatt5$1 transp>5t1 ) a r+ ( tw5ty to tw5ty-five oil-globules 9 its circul> p]iph]y 7on ! inside ( ! ?9 membrane74 ,dim5sions4--,bread? ( ! c5tral capsules #j4b1 height #j4je4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific 7,juan ,f]n&ez71 ,/ation #cjj1 surface4 ,subg5us #e4 ,colloda/rum1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,=m ( ! c5tral capsules irregul> & indef9ite1 v>iable1 commonly polyh$ral or polygonal1 or amoeboid1 (t5 ) irregul>1 f+]-l processes4 #bhaa4 ,colloz\m pelagicum1 ,haeckel4 ,colloz\m pelagicum1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ebe1 ,taf4 xxxii4 figs4 #d1 #e4 ,sphroz\m pelagicum1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 #ahfj1 p4 #hde4 ,c5tral capsules small1 q irregul>ly =m$1 r\ndi%-polyh$ral or depress$-polygonal1 transp>5t1 )\t oil-globules4 ,(t5 _m extracapsul> oil-vesicles 9 ! common jelly-body betwe5 ! c5tral capsules4 ,membrane v ?9 & delicate4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! c5tral capsules #j4jb to #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean1 ,mess9a1 ,haeckel2 ,naples1 ,br&t2 surface4 #ab4 ,colloz\m /ellatum1 n4 sp4 ,colloda/rum /ellatum1 ,haeckel1 #ahhb1 ,manuscript4 ,c5tral capsules />-%ap$1 irregul>ly radiat+1 ) a great numb] 7eight to tw5ty or m7 ( radial1 %ort1 conical1 acute processes1 v v>iable 9 size & numb]4 ,membrane ?94 ,9 e capsule sev]al 7f\r to eight7 oil-globules4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! c5tral capsules #j4ab to #j4b4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgd1 surface4 #ac4 ,colloz\m amoeboides1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #c1 figs4 #d1 #e74 ,colloda/rum amoeboides1 ,haeckel1 #ahhb1 ,manuscript4 ,c5tral capsules amoebi=m1 ( mod]ate size1 q irregul>ly =m$1 ) a v>iable numb] ( f+]-l1 obtuse1 irregul> prolongations 7commonly ?ree to six71 v v>iable 9 size & =m4 ,membrane ?94 ,9 ! c5tre ( e capsule "o s+le oil-globule4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! c5tral capsules #j4jd to #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,ceylon1 ,haeckel2 ,madagasc>1 ,rabbe2 surface4 ---- ,subord] ,,ii4 ,,beloidea1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,,spumell>ia ) an imp]fect skeleton1 compos$ ( num]\s solid ne$les or spicula1 scatt]$ irregul>ly 9 ! calymma4 ,! subord] ,beloidea comprises all ^? ,,spumell>ia :i* possess an imp]fect or rudim5t>y skeleton1 compos$ ( a v>iable numb] ( isolat$ spicula scatt]$ 9 ! extracapsulum4 ,! subord] conta9s only two diff]5t families1 ! solit>y ,?alassosphrida 7or ,beloidea monozoa7 & ! associat$ ,sphrozoida 7or ,beloidea polyzoa74 ,bo? families are v ne>ly alli$1 & diff] only 9 "o s+le "*3 ! solit>y life ( ! =m]1 ! social union ( ! #bilatt]4 ,x seems to be m]ely a consequ5ce ( ?is diff]5ce t ! cleavage ( ! nucleus commonly takes place v late 9 ! =m]1 v e>ly 9 ! latt]4 ,commonly1 !re=e1 ! full-gr[n ,?alassosphrida 7until imm$iately be=e _! propagation7 exhibit "o s+le nucleus 9 ! c5tre ( ! capsule1 :il/ 9 ! ,sphrozoida ! capsule is di/5d$ ) num]\s small nuclei4 ,9 ^! latt] ! c5tre ( ! capsule usually conta9s "o l>ge oil-globule1 :il/ 9 ! =m] oil-globules are ei!r want+ or scatt]$ 9 l>ge numb]s 9 ! endoplasm1 or dispos$ 9 "o lay] on ! inside ( ! capsule membrane4 ,9 ! solit>y ,?alassosphrida ea* capsule is enclos$ 9 its own peculi> sph]ical calymma1 :il/ 9 ! associat$ ,sphrozoida all ! capsules ( ! colony are unit$ into "o common1 v volum9\s1 alveolat$ calymma4 ,family ,,iii4 ,,?alassosph,,rida1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 7,pl4 #b74 ,?alassosphrida1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #bee4 ,def9ition4--,beloidea solit>ia4 ,! family ,?alassosphrida comprises all solit>y ,,spumell>ia ) an imp]fect skeleton1 compos$ ( num]\s solid ne$les or spicula1 scatt]$ ar\nd ! c5tral capsule 9 ! calymma4 ,! /ructure ( ! unicellul> s(t body is q ! same z 9 ! ,?alassicollida2 x diff]s f ^! only 9 ! possession ( ! extracapsul> skeleton4 ,all ne$les ( ?is skeleton are solid silice\s spicula1 nev] holl[1 z 9 ! simil> ,cannorrhaphida among ! ,,ph,,od>ia4 ,9 ! special /ructure & =m ( ! skeleton ! ,?alassosphrida agree p]fectly ) ! well-kn[n1 colony-build+ ,sphrozoida2 !y diff] f ^! only by _! h]mit-l life & by "s peculi>ities d]iv$ f ?is solit>y developm5t4 ,! olde/ kn[n =m ( ?is family is probably ! fir/ ,radiol>ian1 obs]v$ 9 ! liv+ /ate1 describ$ 9 #ahcd by ,mey5 z ,physematium atlanticum 7see p4 #ce74 ,a second =m 0 figur$ 9 my ,monograph 7#ahfb7 z ,?alassosphra bifurca 7p4 #bfj1 ,taf4 xii4 fig4 #a74 ,a ?ird =m 0 !re describ$ "u ! "n ,?alassosphra morum2 ?is rem>kable =m 0 fir/ obs]v$ by ,johannes ,mll]1 & figur$ "u ! "n ,?alassicolla morum 7#aheh1 ,abh&l41 p4 #bh1 ,taf4 vii4 figs4 #a1 #b74 ,! same =m 0 aft]w>ds obs]v$ liv+ by myself 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 z well z 9 ! ,atlantic1 & 9 great numb]s by ! late ,sir ,wyville ,?omson 9 ! ,pacific4 ,! latt] gave a good figure ( x ) "s valuable rem>ks 9 8 excell5t "w1 ,! ,atlantic 7#ahgg1 vol4 i4 p4 #bcc1 fig4 #ea74 ,he call$ ?is peculi> ,rhizopod ,calc>omma calc>ea1 on acc\nt ( ! v peculi> calc>e\s bodies look+ 9 outl9e l ! r[els ( spurs1 :i* are accumulat$ 9 great quantity ar\nd ! c5tral capsule1 9 ! calymma4 ,fur!r inve/igations h conv9c$ me t ^! peculi> /ellate #cj;bodies ( c>bonate ( lime1 = :i* we propose ! "n ,calca/rella1 are n p>ts ( ! skeleton produc$ by ! ,radiol>ian1 b =eign bodies pick$ up by its extracapsul> s>code 79 ! same way z ! ,coccoli?s are pick$ up by ,?alassicolla sangu9ol5ta ,myxobra*ia674 ,^! ,calca/rella occur also 9 ! calymma ( "s ,discoidea & o!r ,radiol>ia2 !y are ei!r unicellul> calc>e\s ,alg1 or =eign bodies ( o!r orig94 ,! ,collod>ium1 h[ev]1 describ$ z ,?alassicolla morum & ,calc>omma calc>ea1 seems to be a simple ,actissa1 :i* has pick$ up a numb] ( ,calca/rella4 ,! ,*all5g] collection has yield$ a numb] ( o!r true ,?alassosphrida1 :i* p>tly agree ) ,?alassosphra 9 ! simple /ructure ( ! unicellul> body 7resembl+ ,actissa71 & p>tly diff] f x 9 ! developm5t ( alveoles1 ei!r )9 or )\t ! c5tral capsule 7simil> to ,?alassolampe & ,?alassicolla74 ,! solid silice\s spicula1 :i* occur 9 great numb]s scatt]$ 9 ! calymma1 agree p]fectly 9 =m ) ! spicula ( ! colony-build+ ,sphrozoida4 ,a *>act]i/ic diff]5ce betwe5 ! social & ! solit>y ,beloidea seems to be det]m9$ by ! cleavage ( ! nucleus1 :i* takes place 9 ! latt] v late1 9 ! =m] v e>ly4 ,!re=e 9 ! l>ge c5tral capsule ( ! mature solit>y ,?alassosphrida1 we commonly f9d "o l>ge nucleus 9 ! c5tre1 & a numb] ( oil-globules ar\nd x 9 ! endos>c1 or dispos$ 9 "o lay] on ! inside ( ! capsule-membrane 7,pl4 #b1 figs4 #b1 #e72 :]eas 9 ! mu* small] associat$ capsules ( ! ,sphrozoida "o l>ge oil-globule is plac$ commonly 9 ! c5tre1 & a great numb] ( small nuclei scatt]$ 9 ! endoplasm 7comp>e above1 p4 #bd74 ,synopsis ( ! ,g5]a ( ,?alassosphrida4 ,a4 ,alveoles nei!r )9 ,spicula simple1 #g4 ,?alassosphra4 nor )\t ! c5tral capsule4 ,spicula bran*$1 #h4 ,?alassoxan?ium4 ,b4 ,num]\s l>ge alveoles )9 ! c5tral ,spicula simple1 #i4 ,physematium4 capsule 7n 9 ! calymma74 ,c4 ,num]\s l>ge alveoles ,spicula simple1 #aj4 ,?alassoplancta4 )9 ! calymma 7n 9 ! c5tral capsule74 ,spicula bran*$1 #aa4 ,lampoxan?ium4 ,g5us #g4 ,?alassosphra1#ad ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #bei4 ,def9ition4--,?alassosphrida )\t alveoles1 ) simple1 unbran*$1 ne$le-%ap$ spicula 9 ! calymma4 ,! g5us ,?alassosphra 0 f\nd$ by me 9 #ahfb = ^? solit>y ,collod>ia 9 :i* ! simple c5tral capsule is surr\nd$ by scatt]$ solid spicula4 #ca;,i describ$ ^! two diff]5t species1 ! new ,?alassosphra bifurca & ! ,?alassosphra morum1 :i* ,j4 ,mll] _h =m]ly call$ ,?alassicolla morum4 ,?is latt] =m is *>act]is$ by peculi> calc>e\s bodies look+ 9 outl9e l ! r[els ( spurs1 scatt]$ irregul>ly 9 ! gelat9\s envelope1 & 0 !re=e aft]w>ds call$ ,calc>omma calc>ea by ,sir ,wyville ,?omson4#ae ,z already m5tion$ above1 ^! calc>e\s r[els are =eign bodies1 pick$ up by an ,actissa 7see p4 #bi74 ,i "h conf9e ! g5us ,?alassosphra to ^? solit>y ,beloidea 9 :i* ! body exhibits no alveoles1 & ! silice\s solid spicula 9 ! calymma are q simple ne$les4 ,?alassosphra belonium1 n4 sp4 ,spicula ?9 cyl9drical rods1 m or less curv$1 po9t$ at bo? ends1 ) smoo? surface 7simil> to ! ne$les ( ,rhaphidoz\m italicum74 ,c5tral capsule sph]ical1 ?ree times z l>ge z ! c5tral nucleus1 )\t l>g] oil-globules4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! c5tral capsule #j4a to #j4ab1 l5g? ( ! spicula #j4jd to #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgb1 surface4 ,?alassosphra rhaphidium1 n4 sp4 ,spicula ?ick cyl9drical rods1 m or less curv$1 po9t$ at bo? ends1 cov]$ ) num]\s /rong conical ?orns1 p]p5dicul> to ! axis4 ,c5tral capsule sph]ical1 f\r times z broad z ! c5tral nucleus1 ) tw5ty to ?irty l>ge oil-globules on ! inside ( ! membrane4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! c5tral capsule #j4b1 l5g? ( ! spicula #j4ab to #j4af4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdg1 surface4 ,g5us #h4 ,?alassoxan?ium1#af ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dgj4 ,def9ition4--,?alassosphrida )\t alveoles1 ) num]\s bran*$ or comp\nd spicula 9 ! calymma4 ,! g5us ,?alassoxan?ium diff]s f ! =ego+ ,?alassosphra1 by ! ramification ( ! spicula1 & has !re=e ! same relation to x z ,sphroz\m to ,belonoz\m4 ,! s(t unicellul> body is z simple z 9 ,actissa1 & exhibits alveoles nei!r 9 ! capsule nor 9 ! calymma4 ,subg5us #a4 ,?alassoxan!lla1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,spicula n gem9ate1 b simply radiate1 consi/+ ( ?ree1 f\r1 or m ne$les or %anks1 radiat+ 9 diff]5t directions f "o & ! same po9t2 %anks n[ simple or ne$le-l1 n[ furcate or bran*$4 #cba4 ,?alassoxan?ium triact9ium1 n4 sp4 ,spicula all 7or ne>ly all7 triradiate1 compos$ ( ?ree 7or sometimes 9 a few spicula f\r7 ne$le-l %anks ( equal l5g?1 div]g+ f "o common po9t4 ,%anks /raight or some:at curv$1 smoo?1 po9t$4 ,c5tral capsule pellucid1 twice z broad z its d>k nucleus1 )\t l>g] oil-globules4 ,jelly-envelope v ?91 ) num]\s xan!ll4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! c5tral capsule #j4a1 ( its nucleus #j4je1 l5g? ( ! spicule-%anks #j4f to #j4h4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bff1 surface4 #b4 ,?alassoxan?ium triradiatum1 n4 sp4 ,spicula all 7or ne>ly all7 triradiate1 compos$ ( ?ree 7or sometimes 9 a few spicula f\r7 ne$le-l %anks ( diff]5t l5g?1 div]g+ f "o common po9t4 ,%anks curv$ or b5t1 cov]$ ) small conical ?orns4 ,c5tral capsule d>k1 ?ree times z l>ge z ! nucleus1 ) num]\s l>ge oil-globules4 ,jelly-envelope ?ick1 )\t xan!ll4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! capsule #j4b1 ( ! nucleus #j4jg1 l5g? ( ! spicule-%anks #j4a to #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #cjb1 surface4 #c4 ,?alassoxan?ium m$us9um1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #b1 fig4 #e74 ,spicula all 7or ne>ly all7 quadriradiate1 irregul>1 compos$ ( f\r 7or sometimes 9 a few spicula ?ree7 ne$le-l %anks 7mo/ly ( unequal l5g?71 div]g+ f "o common po9t4 ,%anks curv$1 po9t$1 ?orny1 cov]$ ) small sp9ules4 ,c5tral capsule dusky1 twice to ?ree times z l>ge z its d>k c5tral nucleus4 ,on ! inside ( ! membrane num]\s l>ge oil-globules4 ,jelly-envelope ?91 ) num]\s xan!ll4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! c5tral capsule #j4de to #j4e1 ( its nucleus #j4ah to #j4b4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdd1 surface4 #d4 ,?alassoxan?ium hexact9ium1 n4 sp4 ,spicula all 7or ne>ly all7 hex>adiate1 compos$ ( six 7or sometimes 9 a few spicula ?ree7 ne$le-l %anks1 div]g+ 9 two opposite hemisph]es 7?ree ne$les upw>ds1 ?ree ne$les d[nw>ds74 ,%anks some:at curv$1 po9t$1 smoo?4 ,c5tral capsule yell[i%-br[n1 d>k1 f\r times z broad z its d>k c5tral nucleus4 ,jelly-envelope ?ick 7ab\t twice z broad z ! capsule71 ) v num]\s xan!ll4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! c5tral capsule #j4c to #j4d1 ( its nucleus #j4a to #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cbe1 surface4 #cce4 ,?alassoxan?ium c]vicorne1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #b1 figs4 #c1 #d74 ,spicula all triradiate1 tri*otom\sly bran*$1 ) ?ree equal %anks1 :i* div]ge f "o common po9t1 & are aga9 provid$ ea* ) ?ree bran*es on ! di/al end4 ,^! n9e bran*es are commonly once or twice =k$ 7ea* =k r>ely provid$ ) ?ree ramules74 ,! ramules are ?91 unequal1 curv$1 or b5t1 & ! ramification ne>ly resembles a /ag's horn4 ,c5tral capsule transp>5t1 )\t oil-globules1 two to ?ree times z broad z ! d>k nucleus1 :i* conta9s "o s+le long c5tral nucleolus4 ,calymma ?91 sc>cely z ?ick z ! radius ( ! nucleus4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! c5tral capsule #j4b to #j4be1 ( ! nucleus #j4jh to #j4a1 l5g? ( ! spicula #j4je to #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ations #bga1 #bgd1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,?alassoxan?omma1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,spicula all or p>tly gem9ate1 consi/+ ( "o middle or axial rod1 f ! two poles ( :i* div]ge two1 ?ree1 or m %anks 9 diff]5t directions4 ,%anks or ne$le-rays sometimes simple1 ne$le-l1 sometimes bifurcat$ or bran*$4 #f4 ,?alassoxan?ium furcatum1 n4 sp4 ,spicula all 7or ne>ly all7 gem9ate & simply =k$1 compos$ ( a simple axial rod & two simple1 ne$le-l %anks on ea* end ( x4 ,%anks /raight1 po9t$1 smoo?1 some:at %ort] ?an ! middle rod4 ,c5tral capsule yell[i%1 d>k1 ?ree times z broad z its c5tral d>k nucleus2 besides ?is a s+le oil-globule1 ne>ly ( ! same size4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! c5tral capsule #j4a1 ( its nucleus #j4jc2 l5g? ( ! axial rod ( ! spicula #j4jd1 ( its %anks #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,cape ,v]de ,isl&s4 #g4 ,?alassoxan?ium bifurcum1 ,haeckel4 ,?alassosphra bifurca1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #bfj1 ,taf4 xii4 fig4 #a4 ,sphroz\m bifurcum1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #hde4 ,spicula all gem9ate & d\ble =k$1 compos$ ( a simple axial rod & two =k$ bran*es on ea* end2 ^! bran*es are aga9 =k$1 s t ea* spiculum exhibits eight ?9 di/al ends4 ,all bran*es are ?91 sl5d] & /raight4 ,c5tral capsule r$1 f\r times z broad z ! c5tral nucleus1 conta9+ betwe5 ! r$ pigm5t-granules num]\s1 peculi>1 viol9-%ap$ bodies 7fat-corpuscles874 ,comp>e fig4 #a1 loc4 cit4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! c5tral capsule #j4jh1 ( ! nucleus #j4jb1 l5g? ( ! spicula #j4je to #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a71 surface1 ,haeckel4 #cdh4 ,?alassoxan?ium ovodim>e1 n4 sp4 ,spicula all gem9ate1 compos$ ( a simple1 v %ort axial rod & ?ree div]g+ %anks or bran*es on ea* end ( x2 ! %anks are v ?91 /raight1 or little curv$1 & eight to t5 times z long z ! axial rod4 ,! spicula are q smoo?1 z 9 ! simil> ,sphroz\m ovodim>e 79 :i*1 h[ev]1 ! axial rod is mu* long]74 ,c5tral capsule transp>5t1 )\t oil-globules1 twice z broad z ! nucleus4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! capsule #j4d1 ( ! nucleus #j4b1 l5g? ( ! spicula #j4a to #j4b4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgc1 surface4 #i4 ,?alassoxan?ium punctatum1 n4 sp4 ,spicula all gem9ate-triradiate1 compos$ ( a simple middle rod & ( ?ree div]g+ %anks on ea* end ( x2 ! %anks are ?orny ) small sp9ules & %ort] ?an ! axial rod1 v simil> to ! common ,sphroz\m punctatum4 ,c5tral capsule d>k1 ) num]\s 7tw5ty to ?irty7 oil-globules on ! inside ( ! membrane1 ?ree times z broad z ! nucleus4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! capsule #j4c1 ( ! nucleus #j4a1 l5g? ( ! spicula #j4je to #j4b4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgd1 surface4 #aj4 ,?alassoxan?ium octoc]as1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #b1 fig4 #f74 ,spicula all gem9ate-quadriradiate1 compos$ ( a simple %ort middle rod & ( f\r div]g+ %anks on ea* end ( x2 ! %anks are q smoo?1 irregul>ly curv$ or b5t1 & f\r to eight times z long z ! middle rod4 ,c5tral capsule d>k1 fill$ ) pigm5t-granules1 )\t oil-globules1 f\r times z l>ge z ! nucleus4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! capsule #j4e1 ( ! nucleus #j4ab1 l5g? ( ! spicula #j4b to #j4d4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,madagasc>1 ,rabbe4 ,g5us #i4 ,physematium1#ag ,mey51 #ahcd1 ,nova ,acta ,acad4 ,nat4 ,curios41 vol4 xvi41 ,suppl41 p4 #bhf 7p4 #afb74 ,def9ition4--,?alassosphrida ) l>ge num]\s alveoles )9 ! c5tral capsule 7n 9 ! calymma71 & ) num]\s simple1 ne$le-%ap$ spicula 9 ! calymma4 ,! g5us ,physematium is1 toge!r ) ! colony-=m+ ,sphroz\m1 ! fir/ ,radiol>ian :i* 0 obs]v$ 9 ! liv+ /ate1 describ$ 9 #ahcd by ,mey54 ,x is mo/ ne>ly alli$ to ,?alassolampe1 & has ! same l>ge r\ndi% alveoles )9 ! c5tral capsule1 :i* rea*es !re=e an extraord9>y size1 #e to #aj mm4 ,x #ce;diff]s f ! latt] by ! possession ( spicula 9 ! calymma4 ,! peculi> c5tripetale ,zell-grupp5 on ! inside ( ! capsule-membrane are probably due to radial cleavages ( ! endoplasm2 z also occurs 9 o!r ,collod>ia4 #a4 ,physematium mll]i1 ,s*neid]4 ,physematium mll]i1 ,s*neid]1 #aheh1 ,ar*iv4 f4 ,anat4 u4 ,physiol41 p4 #ch1 ,taf4 iii4 ,b1 figs4 #a-e4 ,physematium mll]i1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #bef1 ,taf4 iii4 figs4 #f-i4 ,sph]ical body limpid1 some:at opalesc5t1 sometimes a little yell[i% or br[ni%1 r s(t4 ,c5tral capsule ) a ?91 b firm1 transp>5t membrane1 its diamet] eight to t5 times z l>ge z t ( ! c5tral sph]ical nucleus4 ,membrane ( ! nucleus ?ick1 por\s1 on its inside ) "s nucleoli4 ,9 ! protoplasmic network betwe5 ! l>ge intracapsul> alveoles1 num]\s l>ge1 pale1 yell[i%1 or orange oil-globules4 ,on ! inside ( ! membrane num]\s conical bodies1 c5tripetally direct$ ) ! apex t[>ds ! c5tre2 e conical body 7kegelfrmige c5tripetale ,zellgruppe7 compos$ ( ?ree to n9e 7commonly f\r or five7 nucleat$ cells 7"m-cells ( ! spores872 9 ! axis ( ! cone !re is (t5 a yell[i%1 orange1 or br[n oil-globule4 ,extracapsul> jelly-envelope ?91 ) %ort pseudopodia4 ,xan!ll sc>ce or want+4 ,spicula scatt]$ 9 ! jelly num]\s1 small1 simple ne$les1 commonly ,c- or ,s-l curv$1 smoo?4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! :ole jelly-sph]e #c to #f mm41 ( ! c5tral capsule #a to #e mm41 ( ! nucleus #j4a to #j4e1 l5g? ( ! spicula #j4je to #j4a4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean1 ,mess9a2 ,s*neid]1 ,haeckel2 surface4 #b4 ,physematium atlanticum1 ,mey54 ,physematium atlanticum1 ,mey51 #ahcd1 ,nova ,acta ,acad4 ,nat4 ,curios41 vol4 xvi41 ,suppl41 p4 #bhf 7#afb71 ,taf4 xxxviii4 7xxviii47 figs4 #a-c4 ,sph]ical body opalesc5t1 pe>l-l1 ) a violet or purple lu/re1 v s(t4 ,c5tral capsule ) a /rong1 semi-transp>5t membrane1 its diamet] six to eight times z l>ge z t ( ! c5tral sph]ical nucleus4 ,membrane ( ! nucleus v ?ick1 por\s1 on its inside ) _m small nucleoli4 ,9 ! protoplasmic network betwe5 ! alveoles v num]\s1 small1 purple oil-globules4 ,on ! inside ( ! membrane a cont9u\s simple lay] ( small nuclei1 enclos$ 9 radially /rip$ protoplasm 7"m-cells ( ! spores874 ,no c5tripetal conical bodies4 ,extracapsul> jelly-envelope v ?91 ) %ort pseudopodia4 ,no xan!ll4 ,spicule scatt]$ 9 ! jelly num]\s1 small ne$les1 /raight or slightly curv$1 ?orny ow+ to num]\s small v]tical sp9ules4 ,?is species & ,?alassolampe maxima 7p4 #ag7 possess ! l>ge/ c5tral capsule4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! :ole jelly-sph]e #h to #ab mm41 ( ! c5tral capsule #e to #aj mm41 ( ! nucleus #a to #b mm41 l5g? ( ! spicula #j4a to #j4c4 ,habitat4--,ea/]n ,atlantic1 betwe5 ,can>y ,isl&s & ,cape ,v]de ,isl&s1 ,mey52 ,lanz]ote1 ,haeckel4 #cf;,g5us #aj4 ,?alassoplancta1#ah ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #bfa4 ,def9ition4--,?alassosphrida ) num]\s l>ge alveoles 9 ! calymma 7b n 9 ! c5tral capsule71 & ) num]\s simple1 ne$le-%ap$ spicula ar\nd ! c5tral capsule4 ,! g5us ,?alassoplancta 0 f\nd$ by me 9 #ahfb = a ,radiol>ian ) simple holl[ ne$les 9 ! calymma1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds recognis$ z a ,phod>ium1 belong+ to ,cannorrhaphis4 ,we "h reta9 ?is "n = a true ,?alassosphrid1 v simil> to ! latt]1 b di/+ui%$ by ! abs5ce ( ! phodium & ! solid--n holl[--ne$le-%ap$ spicula1 :i* are scatt]$ 9 ! alveolat$ calymma4 ,?alassoplancta c be reg>d$ z ! solit>y =m ( ! social ,belonoz\m4#ai #a4 ,?alassoplancta longispicula1 n4 sp4 ,spicula long & ?91 cyl9drical1 smoo?1 m or less b5t1 po9t$ at bo? ends1 simil> to ^? ( ,?alassoplancta cavispicula4 ,c5tral capsule ?9-wall$1 )\t oil-globules1 f\r times z broad z ! nucleus1 :i* encloses "o s+le nucleolus4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! capsule #j4f1 ( ! nucleus #j4ae1 ( ! calymma #d mm4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,fre ,*annel 7,gulf ,/ream71 ,john ,murray4 #b4 ,?alassoplancta brevispicula1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #b1 fig4 #b74 ,lampoxan?ium brevispiculum1 ,haeckel1 #ahhb1 ,atlas4 ,spicula %ort & ?ick1 ?orny1 irregul>ly curv$1 po9t$ at bo? ends1 v num]\s4 ,9 ! obs]v$ specim5 all spicula 7 aggregat$ 9 ! out] "p ( ! volum9\s calymma1 :il/ ! inn] alveolat$ "p 0 devoid ( !m4 ,c5tral capsule ?ick wall$1 ) a lay] ( l>ge oil-globules on its inn] surface1 twice z broad z ! l>ge nucleus :i* conta9s num]\s nucleoli4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! c5tral capsule #j4e1 ( ! nucleus #j4b1 ( ! calymma #b4e4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccd1 surface4 ,g5us #aa4 ,lampoxan?ium1#bj n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,?alassosphrida ) num]\s l>ge alveoles 9 ! calymma 7b n 9 ! c5tral capsule71 & ) num]\s bran*$ or comp\nd spicula 9 ! calymma4 #cg,! g5us ,lampoxan?ium diff]s f ! =ego+1 ,?alassoplancta1 by ! composite =m ( ! spicula1 :i* are n simple ne$les1 b radiate or gem9ate1 or bran*$ 9 diff]5t =ms2 ! =m] /&s !re=e 9 ! same relation to ! latt] z ! social ,belonoz\m to ,sphroz\m4 ,! spicula ( "s species ( ,lampoxan?ium are id5tical ) ^? ( "s species ( ,sphroz\m1 s t ! latt] may be d]iv$ f ! =m] by =m+ colonies4 ,! l>ge c5tral capsule is envelop$ by a v volum9\s alveolat$ calymma1 & includes a l>ge c5tral nucleus ) num]\s nucleoli4 ,subg5us #a4 ,lampoxan!lla1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,spicula all 7or ne>ly all7 ( "o k9d1 radiate4 #a4 ,lampoxan?ium tetract9ium1 n4 sp4 ,spicula all 7or ne>ly all7 tetr>adiate1 ) f\r ?orny1 /raight1 po9t$ %anks1 radiat+ f "o common po9t4 7,int]m+l$ ) ^! are (t5 "s few1 ?orny1 triradiate spicula47 ,on ! inside ( ! capsule a lay] ( l>ge oil-globules z 9 ,?alassoplancta1 ,pl4 #b1 fig4 #b4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! c5tral capsule #j4b1 ( ! nucleus #j4jh1 ( ! calymma #j4h4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bhh1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,lampoxan?omma1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,spicula all 7or ne>ly all7 ( "o k9d1 gem9ate-radiate1 ) a simple middle rod & two to f\r div]g+ %anks on ea* end ( x4 #b4 ,lampoxan?ium punctatum1 n4 sp4 ,spicula all gem9ate-triradiate1 ?orny1 ( ! same =m z 9 ! common ,sphroz\m punctatum1 ( :i* ?is species is ! l>ge solit>y repres5tative4 ,! spicula are aggregat$ 9 a v cond5s$ lay] on ! surface ( ! l>ge calymma4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! capsule #j4h1 ( ! nucleus #j4f1 ( ! calymma #b4j4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdh1 surface4 #c4 ,lampoxan?ium octoc]as1 n4 sp4 ,spicula all gem9ate-quadriradiate1 ) a v %ort simple middle rod & f\r v long div]g5t %anks on bo? ends ( x2 ! %anks are smoo?1 five to t5 times z long z ! middle #chrod1 irregul>ly b5t & curv$4 7,diff]s f ! simil> ,?alassoxan?ium octoc]as1 ,pl4 #b1 fig4 #f1 by sl5d]1 m curv$ %anks1 & by ! volum9\s calymma1 !re entirely want+47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! capsule #j4e1 ( ! nucleus #j4b1 ( ! calymma #c4j4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cca1 surface4 ,subg5us #c4 ,lampoxan?ura1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,spicula ( two or ?ree diff]5t k9ds1 simple1 radiate1 & gem9ate-radiate mix$4 #d4 ,lampoxan?ium p&ora1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #b1 fig4 #a74 ,spicula mix$1 ( ?ree diff]5t k9ds--simple1 radiate & gem9ate-radiate2 all ?ree k9ds p>tly smoo?1 p>tly ?orny4 ,! simple ne$les %ort1 ?9 sp9dle-%ap$1 (t5 curv$4 ,! radiate spicula commonly ) ?ree or f\r1 r>ely five or six1 unequal rays1 /raight or curv$4 ,! radiate-gem9ate spicula commonly ) ?ree1 r>ely f\r1 %anks on ea* end1 (t5 diff]5t on bo? ends ( ! middle rod4 ,! size1 numb]1 & =m ( ! irregul> spicula are "h q z v>iable z 9 ! social ,rhaphidoz\m p&ora1 ( :i* x is ! solit>y repres5tative4 ,! wall ( ! l>ge c5tral capsule is v ?ick1 ) evid5t pore-canals1 sep>at$ by a cle> int]val f ! coagulat$ & vacuolat$ endoplasm1 :i* conta9s no oil-globules4 ,nucleus ) num]\s nucleoli4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! c5tral capsule #j4e to #j4f1 ( ! nucleus #j4a to #j4b1 ( ! calymma #b to #d mm4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdd1 surface4 ,family ,,iv4 ,,sph,,rozoida1 ,haeckel 7,pl4 #d74 ,sphrozoida1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #eba4 ,def9ition4--,beloidea socialia4 ,! family ,sphrozoida comprises all associat$ or colony-=m+ ,radiol>ia1 :i* are provid$ ) an imp]fect skeleton1 compos$ ( num]\s solid ne$les or spicula1 scatt]$ ar\nd ! c5tral capsule 9 ! calymma4 ,! /ructure & =m ( ?is skeleton is q ! same z 9 ! prec$+ solit>y ,?alassosphrida1 b on ! o!r h&1 ! /ructure & =m ( ! colonies & ( ! includ$ num]\s c5tral capsules is ! same z 9 ! skeletonless ,collozoida4 ,! olde/ well-kn[n =m ( ,sphrozoida is ! common cosmopolitan ,sphroz\m punctatum1 probably fir/ obs]v$ 9 #ahcd by ,mey51 & call$ ,sphroz\m fuscum1 aft]w>ds m accurately describ$ by ,huxley 9 #ahea4 #ci,o!r =ms 7 aft]w>ds describ$ by ,mll] & by myself 9 #ahfb4ba ,fur!r inve/igations h %[n me t "s species ( ?is family are among ! mo/ common ,radiol>ia1 & occur 9 a/oni%+ numb]s on ! surface ( all w>m] seas4 ,b ! numb] ( species is comp>atively small1 & _! di/9ction is v difficult1 z all ! diff]5t =ms are v v>iable & connect$ by int]m$iate =ms--a truly trans=mi/ic gr\p4 ,! only "* suffici5t = ! con/itution ( g5]a 9 ?is trans=mi/ic gr\p is f\nd 9 ! =m & composition ( ! spicula2 ! v v>iable =m ( ! jelly-calymma & ! enclos$ c5tral capsule be+ )\t value = ?is purpose4 ,b also ! =m ( ! spicula is v v>iable1 & n always con/ant4 ,9 "s species ! p>ticul> =m ( ! spicula is transmitt$ by con/ant h]$ity1 :il/ 9 o!rs x is v incon/ant1 ev5 9 "o & ! same individual4 7,comp>e ! rem>ks on v>iability 9 ! g5]al introduction47 ,z ! numb] ( v>i\s =ms is r great1 x seems to be advisable to di/+ui% ! ?ree foll[+ g5]a4 ,synopsis ( ! ,g5]a ( ,sphrozoida4 ,a4 ,spicula all ( "o k9d1 simple or ne$le-%ap$1 #ab4 ,belonoz\m4 ,b4 ,spicula all ( "o k9d1 bran*$ or radiate1 or gem9ate1 #ac4 ,sphroz\m4 ,c4 ,spicula ( two m diff]5t k9ds1 p>tly simple1 p>tly bran*$1 #ad4 ,rhaphidoz\m4 ,g5us #ab4 ,belonoz\m1#bb n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,sphrozoida ) simple ne$le-%ap$ spicula1 :i* are nei!r radiate nor bran*$4 ,! g5us ,belonoz\m comprises ! ,sphrozoida ) simple ne$le-%ap$ spicula1 & may be reg>d$ z ! colonial =m ( ,?alassosphra or ,?alassoplancta1 d]iv$ f ^! solit>y ,beloidea by multiplication ( ! capsules & union 9 a common calymma4 #a4 ,belonoz\m bacillosum1 n4 sp4 ,sphroz\m bacillosum1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,manuscript4 ,spicula all simple rods1 /raight cyl9drical1 obtuse at bo? ends1 q smoo?4 ,c5tral capsule pellucid1 ) "o s+le c5tral oil-globule4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! c5tral capsule #j4jh to #j4ab1 l5g? ( ! spicula #j4je to #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 #djb4 ,belonoz\m sp9ulosum1 ,haeckel4 ,sphroz\m sp9ulosum1 ,j4 ,mll]1 #aheh1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #ed1 ,taf4 viii4 fig4 #d4 ,sphroz\m sp9ulosum1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ebg1 ,taf4 xxxiii4 figs4 #c1 #d4 ,spicula all simple rods1 /raight cyl9drical1 obtuse on bo? ends1 ?orny ) num]\s small sp9es1 plac$ v]tically on ! rods4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! c5tral capsule #j4jh to #j4a1 l5g? ( ! spicula #j4je to #j4b4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean1 ,nice1 ,j4 ,mll]2 ,mess9a1 ,haeckel2 ,naples1 ,br&t2 surface4 #c4 ,belonoz\m italicum1 ,haeckel4 ,sphroz\m italicum1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ebf1 ,taf4 xxxiii4 figs4 #a1 #b4 ,spicula all simple rods1 m or less curv$ or b5t1 po9t$ at bo? ends1 q smoo?4 ,c5tral capsule ) a v>iable numb] 7commonly five to tw5ty7 ( oil-globules4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! c5tral capsule #j4a to #j4c1 l5g? ( ! spicula #j4je to #j4b4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean1 ,nice1 ,naples1 ,mess9a1 ,haeckel1 surface4 #d4 ,belonoz\m atlanticum1 n4 sp4 ,sphroz\m atlanticum1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,manuscript4 ,spicula all toge!r simple rods1 m or less curv$ or b5t1 po9t$ at bo? ends1 ?orny f num]\s small sp9es1 plac$ v]tically on ! rods4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! c5tral capsule #j4a to #j4b1 l5g? ( ! spicula #j4jg to #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdh1 surface4 ,g5us #ac4 ,sphroz\m1#bc ,mey51 #ahcd1 ,nova ,acta ,acad4 ,nat4 ,curios41 ,bd4 xvi41 ,suppl41 p4 #bhg 7p4 #afc74 ,def9ition4--,sphrozoida ) bran*$ or radiate spicula ( "o k9d4 ,! g5us ,sphroz\m1 ) ,physematium "o ( ! two olde/ ,radiol>ia1 obs]v$ 9 ! liv+ /ate1 0 f\nd$ #ahcd by ,mey5 = "o ( ! social ,beloidea1 :i* 0 probably ! common cosmopolitan ,sphroz\m punctatum1 ! true type ( ?is g5us4 ,johannes ,mll] describ$ a numb] ( species1 :i* 7 p>tly skeletonless 7,colloz\m71 p>tly arm$ ) simple or ) comp\nd spicula4 ,! species ) simple spicula we ref] "h to ,belonoz\m1 ! species ) two or m diff]5t k9ds ( spicula to ,rhaphidoz\m1 :ile we unite 9 ,sphroz\m all species ) "o k9d ( bran*$ or comp\nd spicula4 ,! two foll[+ species are incompletely kn[n3--,sphroz\m ori5tale1 ,dana1 #ahfc1 ,ann4 & ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 vol4 xii4 p4 #ed4 ,sphroz\m s&]i1 ,do5itz1 #ahga1 ,l4 ,n4 #fj1 p4 #ga4 #da,subg5us #a4 ,sphrozonactis1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,spicula radiate1 n gem9ate1 consi/+ ( ?ree1 f\r1 or m ne$les or %anks1 radiat+ 9 diff]5t directions f "o common c5tral po9t4 #a4 ,sphroz\m triact9ium1 n4 sp4 ,spicula all 7or ne>ly all7 triradiate1 compos$ ( ?ree 7or sometimes 9 few spicula f\r7 ne$le-l %anks1 div]g+ f "o common po9t4 ,%anks /raight or some:at curv$1 smoo?1 po9t$4 ,c5tral capsules sph]ical1 ) "o c5tral oil-vesicle4 ,?is species may be reg>d$ z ! social =m ( ,?alassoxan?ium triact9ium4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! c5tral capsules #j4a to #j4ab1 l5g? ( ! spicula-%anks #j4je to #j4a4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bie1 surface4 #b4 ,sphroz\m m$us9um1 n4 sp4 ,spicula all 7or ne>ly all7 quadriradiate1 compos$ ( f\r 7or sometimes 9 few spicula ?ree7 ne$le-l %anks 7mo/ly ( unequal l5g?71 div]g+ f "o common po9t4 ,%anks slightly curv$1 po9t$1 ?orny1 cov]$ ) small sp9ules4 ,c5tral capsules ellipsoidal1 conta9+ sev]al 7f\r to eight7 oil-vesicles4 ,?is species may be reg>d$ z ! social =m ( ! solit>y ,?alassoxan?ium m$us9um 7,pl4 #b1 fig4 #e74 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! c5tral capsules #j4ae to #j4ah1 l5g? ( ! spicula-%anks #j4jh to #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bcf1 surface4 #c4 ,sphroz\m hamatum1 n4 sp4 ,spicula all 7or ne>ly all7 quadriradiate1 compos$ ( f\r 7or sometimes 9 few spicula ?ree7 ne$le-l %anks1 mo/ly ( v diff]5t size1 div]g+ f "o common po9t4 ,%anks /rong1 /raight1 curv$1 or hook-l2 ?orny1 cov]$ ) small sp9ules on ! di/al extremity4 ,c5tral capsules ellipsoidal1 l>ge1 conta9+ _m 7t5 to tw5ty7 oil-globules4 ,?is l>ge species is di/+ui%$ by ! v irregul> =m & size ( ! spicula4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! c5tral capsules #j4b to #j4be1 l5g? ( ! spicula-%anks #j4ab to #j4ah4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfe1 surface4 #d4 ,sphroz\m hexact9ium1 n4 sp4 ,spicula all 7or ne>ly all7 hex>adiate1 compos$ ( six 7or sometimes 9 few spicula five or sev57 ne$le-l %anks1 mo/ly ( equal size1 div]g+ f "o common po9t 9 two opposite hemisph]es 7?ree ne$les upw>ds1 ?ree ne$les d[nw>ds74 ,%anks some:at curv$1 po9t$1 #dbsmoo?4 ,c5tral capsules sph]ical1 small1 ) "o c5tral oil-globule4 ,?is species may be reg>d$ z ! social =m ( ,?alassoxan?ium hexact9ium4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! c5tral capsule #j4jf to #j4jh1 l5g? ( ! spicula-%anks #j4je to #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,fre ,*annel 7,gulf ,/ream71 ,john ,murray4 ,subg5us #b4 ,sphrozonoc]as1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,spicula all gem9ate-radiate1 consi/+ ( "o middle rod1 :i* be>s an equal & con/ant numb] ( rays 7two1 ?ree1 or f\r7 at ea* end4 #e4 ,sphroz\m furcatum1 n4 sp4 ,spicula all 7or ne>ly all7 gem9ate & simply =k$1 compos$ ( a simple axial rod & two simple ne$le-l %anks on ea* end ( x4 ,%anks /raight1 po9t$1 smoo?1 commonly some:at long] ?an ! middle rod4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! c5tral capsules #j4a to #j4ae1 l5g? ( ! axial rod ( ! spicula #j4jc1 ( its %anks #j4jd to #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,tropical zone ( ! ,atlantic1 ne> ,asc5sion ,isl&1 ,/ation #cdd1 surface4 #f4 ,sphroz\m furculosum1 n4 sp4 ,spicula all 7or ne>ly all7 gem9ate & simply =k$1 compos$ ( a simple axial rod & two simple ne$le-l %anks on ea* end ( x4 ,%anks curv$ or b5t1 po9t$1 ?orny1 ) _m small sp9ules1 commonly some:at %ort] ?an ! middle rod4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! c5tral capsules #j4b to #j4be1 l5g? ( ! axial rod ( ! spicula #j4a1 ( its %anks #j4je to #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ne> ,tri/an da ,cunha1 ,/ation #ccd1 surface4 #g4 ,sphroz\m ovodim>e1 ,haeckel4 ,sphroz\m ovodim>e1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ebg1 ,taf4 xxxiii4 figs4 #e1 #f4 ,sphroz\m punctatum1 v>41 ,br&t1 #ahha1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 ,taf4 i4 fig4 #ed4 ,spicula all 7or ne>ly all7 gem9ate & triradiate1 compos$ ( a long simple axial rod & ?ree simple ne$le-l %anks on ea* end ( x4 ,%anks /raight1 po9t$1 smoo?1 commonly %ort] ?an ! middle rod4 7,(t5 few furcate or f\r-ray$ spicula are int]mix$1 or few spicula are n smoo?1 b ?orny47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! c5tral capsules #j4je to #j4b1 l5g? ( ! middle rod ( ! spicula #j4jb to #j4jf1 ( its %anks #j4ja to #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean1 ,naples1 ,mess9a1 ,haeckel2 ,atlantic1 ,can>y ,isl&s1 ,cape ,v]de ,isl&s1 ,we/ ,coa/ ( ,africa1 ,/ations #cea to #ced2 surface4 #dch4 ,sphroz\m trigem9um1 n4 sp4 ,spicula all 7or ne>ly all7 gem9ate-triradiate1 compos$ ( a %ort simple axial middle rod & ?ree simple ne$le-l %anks on ea* end ( x4 ,%anks curv$ or b5t1 v ?91 smoo?1 commonly mu* long] ?an ! middle rod4 7,(t5 few quadriradiate or few ?orny triradiate spicules are int]sp]s$ among ! o!rs47 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! middle rod ( ! spicula #j4jb to #j4jd1 ( its %anks #j4jc to #j4ji4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ations #bdd to #bdh1 surface4 #i4 ,sphroz\m punctatum1 ,j4 ,mll]4 ,sphroz\m punctatum1 ,j4 ,mll]1 #aheh1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #ed1 ,taf4 viii4 figs4 #a1 #b4 ,sphroz\m punctatum1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ebh1 ,taf4 xxxiii4 figs4 #g-i4 ,sphroz\m fuscum1 ,mey51 #ahcd1 ,nova ,acta ,acad4 ,nat4 ,cur41 vol4 xvi4 ,taf4 xxxviii4 fig4 #g4 ,?alassicolla punctata1 ,huxley1 #ahea1 ,ann4 & ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 s]4 #b1 vol4 viii4 p4 #dcd1 pl4 xvi4 figs4 #a1 #b1 #c4 ,spicula all 7or ne>ly all7 gem9ate-triradiate1 compos$ ( a long simple axial middle rod & ?ree simple ne$le-l %anks on ea* end ( x4 ,%anks /raight1 po9t$1 ?orny1 ) _m small sp9es1 commonly some:at %ort] ?an ! middle rod4 7,(t5 few furcate or f\r-ray$ spicula are int]m+l$1 or "s ( ! spicula are smoo?47 ,?is cosmopolitan species is extremely v>iable1 & produces int]e/+ transitional =ms to _m o!r species ( ! g5us4 ,comp>e also ! g5]al rem>ks on ! g5us1 & ! *apt] on ,trans=mation 9 ! g5]al introduction4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! middle rod ( ! spicula #j4jb to #j4jf1 ( its %anks #j4ja to #j4je4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan1 common 9 ne>ly all w>m] seas1 ,m$it]ranean1 ,atlantic1 ,indian ,ocean1 ,pacific2 surface4 #aj4 ,sphroz\m armatum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #d1 fig4 #i74 ,spicula all gem9ate-triradiate1 ) a /\t & %ort middle rod & ?ree arboresc5t %anks on ea* end ( x4 ,%anks long] ?an ! middle rod1 v /\t1 /raight1 p9e-%ap$1 ) six to twelve irregul>1 sp9ulat$1 lat]al bran*es4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! c5tral capsules #j4jd to #j4jh1 l5g? ( ! middle rod ( ! spicula #j4jb to #j4jc1 ( its %anks #j4je to #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,japan1 ,/ation #bci1 surface4 #aa4 ,sphroz\m alveolatum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #d1 figs4 #b1 #c74 ,spicula all toge!r gem9ate-triradiate1 ) a simple /\t middle rod & ?ree arboresc5t %anks on ea* end ( x4 ,%anks m or less curv$1 sl5d]1 p9e-%ap$1 ) f\r to eight %ort1 ?orny lat]al bran*es4 ,9 all co5obia ( ?is rem>kable species ! c5tral capsules are enclos$ 9 l>ge ?ick-wall$ alveoles 7( ?ree times _! bread?71 & 9 ea* alveole is plac$ besides #dd! capsule "o s+le v l>ge spiculum1 :il/ ! o!rs are mu* small] 7fig4 #c74 ,all ! alveolat$ capsules are plac$ 9 "o s+le /ratum on ! surface ( ! jelly-l sph]ical co5obium1 comp>able to ! bla/od]m-cells ( a bla/ula4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! c5tral capsules #j4jh to #j4a1 ( ! alveoles #j4b to #j4d1 l5g? ( ! spicula #j4a to #j4c4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific 7,juan ,f]n&ez71 ,/ation #cjj1 surface4 #ab4 ,sphroz\m v]ticillatum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #d1 fig4 #g74 ,spicula all gem9ate-triradiate1 ) a %ort simple middle rod & ?ree mu* long] arboresc5t %anks on ea* end ( x4 ,%anks /raight1 sl5d]1 p9e-%ap$1 ea* 9 ! di/al half ) ?ree to f\r elegant v]ticils ( ?orny lat]al bran*es4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! capsules #j4a to #j4ab1 middle rod ( ! spicula #j4jc to #j4je1 %anks #j4a to #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,ceylon1 ,haeckel2 ,madagasc>1 ,rabbe2 surface4 #ac4 ,sphroz\m octoc]as1 n4 sp4 ,spicula all gem9ate-quadriradiate1 ) a %ort simple middle rod & f\r div]g+ %anks on ea* end ( x4 ,%anks smoo?1 irregul>ly curv$ or b5t1 ?ree to six times z long z ! middle rod4 ,x may be reg>d$ z ! social =m ( ,?alassoxan?ium octoc]as 7,pl4 #b1 fig4 #f74 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! capsules #j4ab to #j4af1 middle rod ( ! spicula #j4jb1 %anks #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,au/ralia1 s\? coa/1 ,fab]2 ,/ation #afc1 surface4 #ad4 ,sphroz\m quadrigem9um1 n4 sp4 ,spicula all gem9ate-quadriradiate1 ) a long ?ick middle rod & f\r %ort] div]g+ %anks on ea* end ( x4 ,%anks /raight1 ?orny4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! capsules #j4jf to #j4jh1 l5g? ( ! spicula #j4je to #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,azores1 ,/ation #ced1 surface4 #ae4 ,sphroz\m arauc>ia1 n4 sp4 ,spicula all gem9ate-quadriradiate1 ) /\t /raight middle rod & f\r long] div]g+ %anks on ea* end ( x4 ,%anks arboresc5t1 ) six to twelve ?orny lat]al bran*es4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! capsules #j4a to #j4ae1 l5g? ( ! spicula #j4je to #j4a4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 coa/ ( ,brazil1 ,rabbe2 surface4 #af4 ,sphroz\m arboresc5s1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #d1 fig4 #h74 ,spicula all gem9ate-quadriradiate1 ) a /\t /raight middle rod & f\r long] div]g+ %anks on ea* end ( x4 ,%anks arboresc5t1 p9e-%ap$1 ) f\r to six v]ticils ( lat]al bran*es1 :i* aga9 are ramifi$ & ?orny4 #de;,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! capsules #j4af to #j4ah1 l5g? ( ! spicula #j4a to #j4b4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic 7,tri/an da ,cunha71 ,/ation #ccb1 surface4 ,subg5us #c4 ,sphrozonura1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,spicula all gem9ate-radiate1 b ) a diff]5t & v>iable numb] ( %anks on ea* end ( ! middle rod4 #ag4 ,sphroz\m /ellatum1 n4 sp4 ,spicula all gem9ate-radiate1 ) a /rong middle rod & a v>iable numb] ( %ort] radiat+ %anks on ! two ends ( x4 ,%anks /raight1 ne>ly conical1 smoo?2 = ! mo/ "p ?ree or f\r %anks on ea* end1 b sometimes also five or six2 v (t5 ?is numb] is unequal on ! two ends4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! c5tral capsules #j4a to #j4b1 l5g? ( ! spicula #j4je to #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgj1 surface4 #ah4 ,sphroz\m gem9atum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #d1 fig4 #d74 ,spicula all gem9ate-radiate1 ) a /rong middle rod & a v>iable numb] ( long] radiant %anks on ea* end ( x4 ,%anks /raight1 conical1 9 ! di/al half ?orny2 commonly ei!r ?ree or f\r %anks on ea* end ( ! middle rod1 (t5 also ?ree on "o end1 f\r on ! o!r end2 r>ely five or six rays on "o end4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! capsules #j4ae to #j4b1 l5g? ( ! spicula #j4je to #j4a4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,ceylon1 ,haeckel2 surface4 #ai4 ,sphroz\m circumtextum1 n4 sp4 ,spicula all gem9ate-radiate1 ) a v v>iable numb] ( rays 7two to six7 on ea* end ( ! ?9 middle rod4 ,all spicula v ?9 & delicate1 smoo?1 ) curv$ or b5t %anks1 d5sely cov]+ ! c5tral capsule l a cobweb4 ,! numb] ( rays on ea* end is usually diff]5t1 g5]ally f\r or five1 (t5 also two or ?ree1 r>ely six4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! capsule #j4a to #j4b1 l5g? ( ! spicula #j4jd to #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,s\!a/ "p ( ! ,indian ,ocean1 ,/ation #afj1 surface4 #bj4 ,sphroz\m v>iabile1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #d1 fig4 #e74 ,spicula all gem9ate-radiate1 ) a %ort middle rod & a v>iable numb] ( %anks on ea* end ( x4 ,%anks f\r to eight times z long z ! middle rod1 curv$ or b5t1 9 ! di/al half ?orny2 _! numb] is commonly diff]5t on ! two ends ( x1 ?ree or five1 (t5 also f\r or six1 r>ely two2 _! size & =m v v>iable4 #df;,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! capsules #j4a to #j4c1 l5g? ( ! spicula #j4a to #j4b4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdh1 surface4 ,g5us #ad4 ,rhaphidoz\m1#bd ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ebi4 ,def9ition4--,sphrozoida ) two or m diff]5t k9ds ( spicula2 "o k9d simple1 ne$le-%ap$2 ! o!r k9ds comp\nd1 radiate1 or bran*$4 ,! g5us ,rhaphidoz\m diff]s f ,sphroz\m by ! composition ( ! skeleton ( two or m diff]5t k9ds ( spicula1 & has !re=e ! same relation to x z ! solit>y ,lampoxan?ura to ,lampoxan!lla4 ,9 "s species ne>ly all ! diff]5t =ms1 :i* *>act]ise ! num]\s species ( ,beloidea1 may be unit$ 9 "o & ! same individual4 ,subg5us #a4 ,rhaphidonactis1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,spicula ( two diff]5t k9ds2 "o k9d simple1 ne$le-%ap$1 ! o!r radiate 7compos$ ( ?ree1 f\r1 or m %anks1 div]g+ f "o common po9t74 #a4 ,rhaphidoz\m pelagicum1 n4 sp4 ,spicula ( two diff]5t k9ds2 "o k9d simple ?9 ne$les1 a little curv$ or b5t1 ! o!r k9d triradiate1 ) ?ree ?91 curv$ %anks4 ,bo? k9ds smoo?1 )\t ?orns4 ,resembles a comb9ation ( ,belonoz\m italicum & ,sphroz\m triact9ium4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! c5tral capsules #j4a to #j4ab1 l5g? ( ! spicula #j4je to #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfg1 surface4 #b4 ,rhaphidoz\m pacificum1 n4 sp4 ,spicula ( two diff]5t k9ds2 "o k9d simple ne$les1 /\t & /raight1 po9t$ at bo? ends1 ! o!r k9d triradiate1 ) ?ree /raight & /\t %anks4 ,bo? k9ds ?orny4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! c5tral capsule #j4jf to #j4jh1 l5g? ( ! spicula #j4je to #j4a4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 #c4 ,rhaphidoz\m acuf]um1 ,haeckel4 ,rhaphidoz\m acuf]um1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ebi1 ,taf4 xxxii4 figs4 #i-aa4 ,sphroz\m acuf]um1 ,j4 ,mll]1 #aheh1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #ed1 ,taf4 viii4 fig4 #c4 ,?alassicolla acuf]a1 ,j4 ,mll]1 #ahee1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #bcg4 ,spicula ( two diff]5t k9ds1 simple ne$les & quadriradiate2 bo? /rong1 ?orny1 cov]$ ) small sp9ules4 ,simple ne$les mo/ly curv$1 ,c-%ap$4 ,f\r %anks ( ! quadriradiate #dgspicula n[ /raight1 n[ curv$1 commonly ( v diff]5t size4 7,(t5 "o s+le quadriradiate spiculum is di/+ui%$ by its extraord9>y size47 ,= ! detail$ description ( ?is species comp>e my ,monograph 7loc4 cit474 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! c5tral capsules #j4je to #j4ce1 l5g? ( ! simple ne$les #j4je to #j4be1 %anks ( ! quadriradiate spicula #j4je to #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean1 ,mess9a1 ,naples1 ,nice4 #d4 ,rhaphidoz\m ara*noides1 n4 sp4 ,spicula ( two diff]5t k9ds2 "o k9d simple1 ne$le-l1 ! o!r quadriradiate2 bo? v ?9 & sl5d]1 smoo?1 )\t spicules4 ,simple ne$les curv$1 ,c-%ap$4 ,f\r %anks ( ! quadriradiate spicula also curv$1 commonly ( ne>ly equal size4 ,! num]\s ?read-l spicula ( ?is species are s d5sely pack$ ar\nd ! c5tral capsule1 t !y ext5d all ar\nd its surface l ! network r\nd a balloon4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! c5tral capsules #j4ab to #j4ae1 l5g? ( ! simple ne$les #j4a to #j4ab1 %anks ( ! quadriradiate spicula #j4jf to #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cde1 surface4 #e4 ,rhaphidoz\m asp]um1 n4 sp4 ,spicula ( two diff]5t k9ds2 "o k9d simple1 ne$le-%ap$1 /\t1 & /raight1 ! o!r k9d hex>adiate2 its six %anks ab\t half z long z ! =m]1 conical4 ,bo? k9ds v ?orny1 cov]$ ) %ort conical sp9ules4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! capsules #j4jf to #j4jh1 l5g? ( ! simple ne$les #j4je to #j4jg1 %anks ( ! hex>adiate spicula #j4jc to #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bhh1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,rhaphidoc]as1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,spicula ( two diff]5t k9ds2 "o k9d simple1 ne$le-%ap$1 ! o!r k9d gem9ate-radiate1 ) rays on bo? poles ( a middle rod4 #f4 ,rhaphidoz\m neapolitanum1 ,haeckel4 ,sphroz\m neapolitanum1 ,c4 ,br&t1 #ahha1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #cij1 ,taf4 i4 figs4 #ad1 #af-ah4 ,spicula mix$1 ( two diff]5t k9ds2 simple ne$les & gem9ate-=k$4 ,simple rods1 l ^? ( ,belonoz\m italicum1 m or less curv$1 po9t$ at bo? ends1 smoo? 7sometimes a little ?orny at bo? ends74 ,gem9ate spicula simply =k$1 l ^? ( ,sphroz\m furcatum1 compos$ ( a %ort1 simple1 axial rod1 & two simple1 smoo?1 /raight %anks on ea* end ( x1 commonly some:at long] ?an ! middle rod4 ,?is species1 :i* ,i h obs]v$ myself 9 ,spezzia 9 great quantity1 is q z v>iable z all ! o!r species ( ! g5us1 & has n m claim to specific rights ?an ! o!rs4 ,commonly ! simple ne$les are mu* m num]\s #dh?an ! gem9ate-=k$1 b sometimes ! contr>y is ! case4 ,on _! v>iability comp>e ! g5]al rem>ks on ! g5us1 & ! *apt] on ,trans=mation 9 ! g5]al introduction4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! simple spicula #j4je to #j4a1 ( ! middle rod ( ! =k$ spicule #j4je to #j4jh1 ( _! %anks #j4ja to #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean1 ,naples1 ,spezzia1 surface4 #g4 ,rhaphidoz\m patagonicum1 n4 sp4 ,spicula mix$1 ( two diff]5t k9ds1 simple ne$les & gem9ate-triradiate4 ,simple rods1 l ^? ( ,belonoz\m sp9ulosum1 /raight1 ?orny1 po9t$ at bo? ends4 ,gem9ate spicula d\ble-triradiate1 l ^? ( ,sphroz\m punctatum1 compos$ ( a simple1 %ort1 axial rod & ?ree simple po9t$ %anks on ea* end ( x4 ,%anks /raight1 ?orny1 ) _m small sp9ules1 commonly some:at long] ?an ! middle rod4 7,(t5 "s ( ! spicula ( bo? k9ds are smoo?1 n ?orny1 or n /raight1 b a little curv$1 or a few =k$ or f\r-radiat$ gem9ate spicula are m+l$ ) ! o!rs47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! c5tral capsules #j4jh to #j4b1 l5g? ( ! simple spicula #j4a to #j4ae1 ( ! gem9ate #j4jh to #j4af4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 we/ coa/ ( ,patagonia1 ,/ation #cjb1 surface4 #h4 ,rhaphidoz\m asc5sionis1 n4 sp4 ,spicula mix$1 ( two diff]5t k9ds1 simple ne$les & gem9ate-triradiate2 bo? k9ds ?91 smoo?1 )\t sp9ules4 ,simple ne$les some:at curv$1 ,c- or ,s-%ap$4 ,gem9ate spicula d\ble-triradiate1 compos$ ( a simple1 %ort1 /raight axial rod & ?ree sl5d] curv$ %anks on ea* end ( x4 ,%anks two to f\r times long] ?an ! middle rod4 7,sometimes few simple hex>adiate & gem9ate tetr>adiate spicula are m+l$47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! c5tral capsules #j4ab to #j4ae1 l5g? ( ! simple spicula #j4a1 ( ! d\ble-triradiate #j4je to #j4b4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 (f ,asc5sion ,isl&1 ,/ation #cdb1 surface4 #i4 ,rhaphidoz\m cap5se1 n4 sp4 ,spicula ( two diff]5t k9ds2 "o k9d simple1 ne$le-%ap$1 /raight1 po9t$ at bo? ends1 ! o!r k9d gem9ate-quadriradiate1 ) a /\t %ort middle rod & f\r long] b5t %anks on ea* end ( x4 ,bo? k9ds smoo?4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! capsules #j4b to #j4be1 l5g? ( ! simple ne$les #j4ja to #j4c1 ( ! gem9ate spicula #j4je to #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,cape ( ,good ,hope 7,agulhas71 ,/ation #adb1 surface4 #aj4 ,rhaphidoz\m au/rale1 n4 sp4 ,spicula ( two diff]5t k9ds2 "o k9d simple1 ne$le-%ap$1 curv$1 ?92 ! o!r k9d gem9ate1 ) a v>iable numb] ( %anks on bo? ends ( ! %ort] middle rod1 (t5 #di;diff]5t on ! two poles ( x4 ,! preval5t numb] ( rays on ea* end is ?ree or f\r1 (t5 also two or five1 r>ely six4 ,all spicula smoo?1 m or less b5t4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! capsules #j4a to #j4b1 l5g? ( ! spicula #j4je to #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,we/ ,pacific1 ,/ation #afe1 surface4 ,subg5us #c4 ,rhaphidonura1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,spicula ( ?ree diff]5t k9ds3 "o k9d simple1 ne$le-%ap$2 ! second k9d radiate1 ) ?ree to six %anks radiat+ f a common c5tral po9t2 ! ?ird k9d gem9ate-radiate1 ) rays on bo? poles ( a middle rod4 #aa4 ,rhaphidoz\m polymorphum1 n4 sp4 ,spicula ( ?ree diff]5t k9ds2 simple ne$les1 radiate1 & gem9ate mix$4 ,! simple ne$les /raight & /\t4 ,! radiate spicula commonly ) ?ree or six1 r>ely f\r or five1 rays4 ,! gem9ate-radiate spicula preval5t1 ) ?ree or f\r1 r>ely two or five1 %anks on ea* end ( ! middle rod4 ,numb] v v>iable4 ,all %anks /raight & smoo?4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! capsule #j4a to #j4b1 l5g? ( ! spicula #j4je to #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bie1 surface4 #ab4 ,rhaphidoz\m p&ora1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #d1 fig4 #f74 ,spicula ( ?ree diff]5t k9ds2 simple ne$les1 radiate & gem9ate mix$4 ,! simple ne$les ?9 sp9dle-%ap$1 (t5 curv$4 ,! radiate spicula commonly ) ?ree or f\r1 r>ely five or six1 curv$ rays4 ,! gem9ate-radiate spicula commonly ) ?ree or f\r1 r>ely two or five1 %anks on ea* end1 (t5 diff]5t on ! two ends ( ! middle rod4 ,numb] & =m v v>iable4 ,all or mo/ ( ! %anks m or less b5t & ?orny4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! capsule #j4a to #j4c1 l5g? ( ! spicula #j4je to #j4b4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic 7ne> ,asc5sion ,isl&71 ,/ation #cdc1 surface4 ---- ,ord] ,,ii4 ,,sph,,rell>ia1 ,haeckel1 #ahha4 ,sphrell>ia1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dba4 ,sphridea vel ,p]ipylea1 ,h]twig1 #ahgi1 ,organismus d] ,radiol41 p4 #acc4 ,def9ition4--,,spumell>ia ) lattic$ or spongy %ell4 ,! ord] ,sphrell>ia1 ! second ord] ( ,radiol>ia1 comprises all ^? ,,spumell>ia 9 :i* ! skeleton is a lattic$ or f5e/rat$1 (t5 m or less spongy1 silice\s %ell4 ,orig9ally ?is %ell is a simple extracapsul> lattice-sph]e1 9 :i* ! c5tral capsule is includ$2 f ?is simple ance/ral =m an enorm\s #ejmass ( diff]5t & (t5 v complicat$ =ms is d]iv$2 ?is ord] is by f> ! l>ge/1 & 9 morphological respects ! mo/ important & mo/ int]e/+1 ( all ,radiol>ia4 ,x conta9s n less ?an tw5ty-eight diff]5t families1 ?ree hundr$ & five g5]a1 & m ?an sixte5 hundr$ species4 ,9 my ,monograph 7#ahfb7 sev5 families app]ta9+ to ?is gr\p are describ$--! ,e?mosphrida1 ,cladococcida1 ,ommatida1 ,spongurida1 ,discida1 ,li!lida1 & ,collosphrida4 ,! a/oni%+ increase ( ?is gr\p by ! detection ( a l>ge s]ies ( new & int]e/+ =ms1 & p>ticul>ly ( important connect+ =ms betwe5 v diff]5t bran*es ( x1 n[ enables me to give a mu* bett] arrangem5t4 ,i disc]n n[ f\r subord]s or sections ( ,sphrell>ia1 accord+ to ! diff]5t geometrical =m ( ! c5tral capsule & ( ! lattic$ %ell envelop+ x4 ,! fir/ ( ^!1 & ! common ance/ral gr\p ( ! :ole ord]1 is ! ,sphroidea1 ) sph]ical capsule2 9 ! ,prunoidea x becomes ellipsoidal or cyl9drical by prolongation ( "o axis2 9 ! ,discoidea l5ticul> or discoidal by %ort5+ ( "o axis2 9 ! ,l>coidea l5telliptical1 or triaxon-ellipsoid1 by diff]5t gr[? ( ! capsule 9 ?ree diff]5t dim5sive axes4 ,synopsis ( ! ,f\r ,subord]s ( ,sphrell>ia4 ,c5tral capsule ,%ell a simple sph]e or a sph]ical4 sy/em ( conc5tric sph]es1 #a4 ,sphroidea4 ,c5tral capsule ,%ell a simple ellipsoid or a ellipsoidal or cyl9d] ) annul> cyl9drical4 transv]se con/rictions1 #b4 ,prunoidea4 ,c5tral capsule l5ticul> or ,%ell a biconvex l5s or a discoidal4 flat disk1 #c4 ,discoidea4 ,c5tral capsule l5telliptical or ,%ell a triaxon-ellipsoid1 ) triaxon4 ?ree diff]5t axes1 #d4 ,l>coidea4 ---- ,subord] ,i4 ,,sph,,roidea1 ,haeckel4 ,sphroida1 ,sphridea1 ,sphrida1 ,haeckel1 #ahgh1 ,proti/5rei*1 p4 #ajc4 ,sphridea1 ,r4 ,h]twig1 #ahgi1 ,organismus d] ,radiol41 p4 #ci4 ,def9ition4--,,spumell>ia ) sph]ical c5tral capsule 7v r>ely some:at modifi$1 or allomorph\s72 ) sph]ical f5e/rat$ silice\s %ell 7(t5 an endosph]ical polyh$ron1 v r>ely ( m modifi$1 subsph]ical =m or allomorph\s74 ,gr[? ( ! %ell 9 ! ?ree dim5sive axes equal4 ,! subord] ,sphroidea1 ! fir/ & mo/ important ( ! f\r ( ! ,sphrell>ia1 comprises ^? ,,spumell>ia 9 :i* ! orig9al geometrical #easph]ical =m is q con/antly pres]v$ 9 ! c5tral capsule1 & commonly also 9 ! f5e/rat$ %ell envelop+ ! latt]1 al?\gh 9 _m =ms ! sph]e is m or less modifi$2 v frequ5tly x is an endosph]ical polyh$ron1 i4e41 a polyh$ron all ! angles 7or ! nodes ( ! network7 ( :i* lie ^u ! surface ( a geometrical sph]e2 m r>ely ! sph]ical =m is m or less modifi$ & irregul>4 ,9 ! great majority ( ,sphroidea !re is no ext]nal indication ( ! ?ree dim5sive axes2 b 9 _m =ms !y are indicat$ by ! regul> position ( c]ta9 ext]nal radial sp9es or int]nal radial beams4 ,h[ev]1 9 no case are ^? ?ree axes express$ 9 ! =m ( ! %ell itself & ( ! enclos$ sph]ical c5tral capsule2 ?is is ! ma9 "* by :i* ! ,sphroidea diff] f ! foll[+ sections3--,prunoidea1 ,discoidea1 ,l>coidea1 all ?ree ( :i* arise f !m4 ,! section ,sphroidea1 9 ! s5se "h re/rict$1 0 f\nd$ by me 9 my ,proti/5rei* 7#ahgh1 p4 #ajc7 & adopt$ by ,h]twig 7#ahgi7 9 8 ,organismus d] ,radiol>i5 7p4 #ci74 ,! diff]5t gr\ps app]ta9+ to ?is l>ge section 7 *>act]is$ m accurately 9 my ,prodromus 7#ahha1 pp4 #ddh-def72 !re ,i gave ! *>act]s ( six subfamilies ) ?irty tribes1 conta9+ n9ety-?ree g5]a4 ,=m]ly1 9 my ,monograph 7#ahfb71 ! ,sphroidea 7 dispos$ 9 five diff]5t families3--,e?mosphrida1 ,cladococcida1 ,ommatida1 ,spongosphrida1 ,collosphrida4 ,at t "t ,i c\ld n sep>ate !m suffici5tly f "s ,,acan?>ia & ,,ph,,od>ia1 :i* h a simil> sph]ical lattice-%ell4 ,z ! numb] ( diff]5t g5]a & species 9 ! ,sphroidea is mu* great] ?an 9 all o!r sections ( ,,spumell>ia1 _m =ms 7 already describ$ by =m] au?ors4 ,9 ! olde/ sy/em ( ,ehr5b]g 7#ahdg1 loc4 cit41 p4 #ec7 !y repres5t "o "p ( 8 ,haliommat9a 7) f\r g5]a1 ,haliomma1 ,*ilomma1 ,/ylosphra1 ,spongosphra74 ,mo/ species1 h[ev]1 ( ^! g5]a are ,discoidea4 ,also 9 ! late/ sy/em ( ,ehr5b]g 7#ahge1 loc4 cit41 p4 #aeg7 8 ,haliommat9a are a confus$ conglom]ation ( diff]5t ,,spumell>ia 7,sphroidea1 ,discoidea1 & ,prunoidea74 ,! section ,sphroidea is ! l>ge/ division ( ,sphrell>ia1 compris+ n less ?an "o hundr$ & sev5 g5]a & six hundr$ & fifty species4 ,?is enorm\s numb] 7easily to be augm5t$ by fur!r inve/igations7 requires a c>eful disposition 9 diff]5t families & subfamilies4 ,= ?is disposition two diff]5t pr9ciples only c be employ$3 fir/ly1 ! numb] & disposition ( ! radial sp9es2 secondly1 ! numb] ( ! conc5tric lattic$ sph]es1 :i* are connect$ by radial beams4 ,i give "h ! pref]5ce to ! fir/ pr9ciple1 :il/ 9 my ,prodromus 7#ahha7 ,i _h pref]r$ ! second4 ,! "q1 :i* ( ! two pr9ciples is m important = ! classification ( ,sphroidea1 is v difficult to answ]2 probably 9 _m cases ! =m]1 9 _m ! latt] is m important = _! phylog5y4 #eb,reg>d+ ! numb] ( ! conc5tric %ells :i* compose ! lattic$ c>apace ( ! ,sphroidea1 we c di/+ui% six families1 viz43-- ,i4 ,monosphrida 7) "o s+le %ell74 ,,ii4 ,dyosphrida 7) two conc5tric %ells74 ,,iii4 ,triosphrida 7) ?ree conc5tric %ells74 ,,iv4 ,tetrasphrida 7) f\r conc5tric %ells74 ,v4 ,polysphrida 7) five or m conc5tric %ells74 ,,vi4 ,spongosphrida 7) spongy %ells74 ,on ! o!r h&1 reg>d+ ! numb] ( ! radial sp9es & _! regul> disposition on ! %ell-surface1 we c di/+ui% five families1 viz43-- ,i4 ,liosphrida 7)\t radial sp9es74 ,,ii4 ,/ylosphrida 7) two radial sp9es1 opposite 9 "o axis74 ,,iii4 ,/aurosphrida 7) f\r radial sp9es1 opposite 9 pairs 9 two axes1 p]p5dicul> "o to ano!r74 ,,iv4 ,cubosphrida 7) six radial sp9es1 opposite 9 pairs 9 ! ?ree dim5sive axes74 ,v4 ,a/rosphrida 7) num]\s--eight1 twelve1 tw5ty1 or m--radial sp9es1 (t5 m ?an a hundr$74 ,all five latt] gr\ps conta9 repres5tatives ( all six =m] gr\ps2 !re=e we get toge!r n less ?an ?irty diff]5t subfamilies ( ,sphroidea1 already enum]at$ 9 my ,prodromus1 #ahha1 p4 #ddi4 ,i repeat !m "h to give a bett] survey ( ! sy/em !re employ$4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,families & ,,liosph,,rida ,,/ylosph,,rida ,,/aurosph,,rida ,subfamilies ( 7anacan?a74 7diacan?a74 7tetracan?a74 ,,sph,,roidea4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,monosphrida4 ,e?mosphrida4 ,xipho/ylida4 ,/auro/ylida4 7,"o s+le %ell47 ,dyosphrida4 ,c>posphrida4 ,sphro/ylida4 ,/aurolon*ida4 7,two conc5tric %ells47 ,triosphrida4 ,!cosphrida4 ,amphi/ylida4 ,/auracontida4 7,?ree conc5tric %ells47 ,tetrasphrida4 ,cromyosphrida4 ,cromyo/ylida4 ,/aurocromyida4 7,f\r conc5tric %ells47 ,polysphrida4 ,c>yosphrida4 ,c>yo/ylida4 ,/auroc>yida4 7,five or m conc5tric %ells47 ,spongosphrida4 ,plegmosphrida4 ,spongo/ylida4 ,/aurodorida4 7,spongy %ells47 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ---------------------------------------- ------ ,families & ,,cubosph,,rida ,,a/rosph,,rida ,subfamilies ( 7hexacan?a747polyacan?a74 ,,sph,,roidea4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,monosphrida4 ,hexa/ylida4 ,cosc9ommida4 7,"o s+le %ell47 ,dyosphrida4 ,hexalon*ida4,haliommida4 7,two conc5tric %ells47 ,triosphrida4 ,hexacontida4 ,act9ommida4 7,?ree conc5tric %ells47 ,tetrasphrida4 ,hexacromyida4,cromyommida4 7,f\r conc5tric %ells47 ,polysphrida4 ,hexac>yida4 ,ara*nommida4 7,five or m conc5tric %ells47 ,spongosphrida4 ,hexadorida4 ,spongiommida4 7,spongy %ells47 ---------------------------------------- ------ #ec,! ,monosphrida comprise all ^? ,sphroidea 9 :i* ! c>apace is repres5t$ only by "o s+le lattice-%ell4 ,orig9ally ?is %ell is probably ev]y:]e an extracapsul> or cortical %ell1 :i* is develop$ on ! outside ( ! jelly-veil envelop+ ! c5tral capsule1 & s]ves z a protective c>apace = ^! s(t enclos$ p>ts4 ,b ) ! progress ( gr[? ! c5tral capsule becomes l>g] ?an ! includ+ %ell1 & s5ds out ?r\gh its pores club-%ap$ prolongations or ccal-sacs 7,pl4 #aa1 figs4 #a1 #e2 ,pl4 #ai1 figs4 #b1 #c1 #e2 ,pl4 #bj1 fig4 #a;a2 ,pl4 #bg1 fig4 #c74 ,^! protrud$ sacs may fuse toge!r aga9 outside ! %ell & =m a sph]ical bladd]1 n[ envelop+ ! small] %ell2 ! latt] n[ becomes an intracapsul> or m$ull>y %ell4 ,z ,pliosphrida 7or ,sphroidea conc5trica7 we c oppose to ! simple ,monosphrida all o!r ,sphroidea1 ! lattice-%ell ( :i* is compos$ ( two or m conc5tric %ells1 connect$ by radial beams4 ,probably all ,pliosphrida 7or at lea/ ! great] "p ( !m7 arise f ! ,monosphrida by c5trifugal gr[?2 two or m radial sp9es are develop$ f ! surface ( ! simple lattice-sph]e1 & are unit$ toge!r by communicat+ lat]al bran*es1 develop$ at equal di/ances f ! c5tre2 & ?is same process may be repeat$1 two1 ?ree1 f\r1 or m times4 ,9 ?is way orig9ate ! *>act]i/ic sy/ems ( conc5tric sph]es1 all unit$ by pi]c+ radial beams :i* arise f ! surface ( ! inn]mo/ sph]e 7n f its c5tre74 ,reg>d+ ?is mode ( gr[?1 we c di/+ui% ! inn]mo/ z orig9al or prim>y %ell1 & all subsequ5t ones z appos$ or second>y %ells2 if ! numb] ( conc5tric %ells am\nt to ?ree or m1 commonly bo? inn]mo/ %ells lie )9 ! c5tral capsule & are m$ull>y %ells1 :il/ all o!rs lie outside x & are !re=e cortical %ells4 ,?is diff]5ce c be commonly recognis$ also 9 ! isolat$ %ell1 )\t its c5tral capsule2 ! di/ance betwe5 ! cortical & ! m$ull>y %ells be+ commonly mu* l>g] ?an ! di/ance betwe5 ! two m$ull>y %ells4 ,! ,dyosphrida1 or ! ,sphroidea ) two conc5tric %ells1 are ! mo/ num]\s among ! ,pliosphrida4 ,commonly 9 ?is gr\p ! inn] or prim>y %ell lies )9 ! c5tral capsule z a true m$ull>y %ell1 :il/ ! out] lies outside x z a cortical %ell2 !re=e ! radial beams1 connect+ bo?1 pi]ce ! wall ( ! capsule4 ,b 9 sev]al =ms1 ma9ly 9 ! peculi> gr\p ( ,diplosphrida1 bo? conc5tric %ells rema9 outside ! c5tral capsule1 & bo? are !re=e cortical %ells4 ,! ,triosphrida1 or ! ,sphroidea ) ?ree conc5tric %ells1 are also v ri* 9 diff]5t =ms1 ?\gh n s num]\s by f> z ! ,dyosphrida4 ,commonly 9 ! ,triosphrida bo? inn] %ells lie )9 ! c5tral capsule z m$ull>y %ells1 :il/ ! ?ird lies outside x z a cortical %ell2 !re=e ! c5tral capsule rema9s int]m$iate 9 size betwe5 ! out] & ! middle %ell4 ,b 9 "s g5]a 7e4g41 ,rhodosphra7 bo? out] %ells are cortical & only ! #ed;inn]mo/ is a m$ull>y %ell4 ,9 ?is case ! size ( ! capsule rema9s int]m$iate betwe5 ! inn] & ! middle %ell4 ,! ,tetrasphrida1 or ! ,sphroidea ) f\r conc5tric %ells1 are 9 g5]al n frequ5t1 & n ri* 9 diff]5t =ms4 ,9 mo/ ( ! obs]v$ species two inn] %ells are m$ull>y1 two out] cortical %ells1 ! =m] )91 ! latt] )\t1 ! c5tral capsule2 & ! wall ( ! capsule1 pi]c$ by ! connect+ radial beams1 lies betwe5 ! two middle %ells4 ,b !re are "s ,tetrasphrida 9 :i* all f\r %ells seem to be ext]nal or cortical %ells4 ,! ,polysphrida1 or ! ,sphroidea ) five or m conc5tric %ells1 seem ( c\rse to (f] ! greate/ possibility = ! developm5t ( v diff]5t =ms2 b 9 reality ?is gr\p is ! poore/ & smalle/ ( all2 & only "o "p ( x1 ! ,ara*nosphrida1 is r common4 ,9 ?is peculi> division ! %ell is compos$ ( five to t5 or m1 v delicate1 cobweb-l conc5tric %ells1 :i* are connect$ by radial beams2 all are cortical %ells1 & lie outside ! c5tral capsule4 ,mu* m r>e are ^? ,polysphrida1 9 :i* bo? inn]mo/ %ells1 z true m$ull>y %ells1 lie )9 ! c5tral capsule1 all o!rs be+ outside x4 ,! total numb] ( conc5tric %ells 9 ?is gr\p is commonly betwe5 five & t51 r>ely m4 ,! ,spongosphrida are di/+ui%$ f all o!r ,sphroidea by ! spongy /ructure ( ! sph]ical %ell1 :i* is compos$ :olly or p>tially ( an irregul> spongy framework4 ,! relation ( ?is gr\p to ! o!r gr\ps ( ,sphroidea is probably r complicat$1 = 9 "s ,spongosphrida ! :ole %ell is compos$ ( massive spongy reticulation1 :il/ 9 o!rs x conta9s a sph]ical c5tral cavity1 & 9 a ?ird gr\p ?is cavity is fill$ up by "o or two conc5tric lattice-%ells1 connect$ by radial beams4 ,_m ( ^! ,spongosphrida are v common1 & ( consid]able size4 ,! ,collosphrida =m a peculi> sep>ate gr\p ( ,sphroidea1 di/+ui%$ f all o!rs by _! social life or aggregation 9 colonies 7co5obia74 ,!y repres5t ! only gr\p ( ,sphrell>ia 9 :i* ?is association ( num]\s individual capsules or cells is realis$4 ,! %ell is almo/ con/antly simple1 )\t regul>ly dispos$ radial sp9es2 !re=e !y may be call$ social ,monosphrida1 or bett] polyzoic ,e?mosphrida4 ,only 9 "o small gr\p 7,cla?rosphrida7 ! %ell1 envelop+ e c5tral capsule1 is d\ble or surr\nd$ by an ext]nal mantle2 ^! may be comp>$ to ! ,diplosphrida 7or bett] to a "p ( ! ,c>posphrida1 ,liosphra1 p4 #gf74 ,9 mo/ ( ! ,collosphrida ! lattice-%ell is m or less irregul> 9 =m & /ructure4 ,! ,lattice ,"w ( ! f5e/rat$ %ells is 9 ! ,sphroidea ( ! greate/ v>iability1 & its innum]able modifications s]ve ma9ly = ! di/9ction ( species4 ,9 g5]al we c di/+ui% z ! mo/ important modifications a regul> network 7) equal size1 =m1 & di/ance ( ! pores or me%es7 & an irregul> network 7) #ee;diff]5ces 9 ! size1 =m1 or di/ance ( ! me%es or pores74 ,9 bo? gr\ps ! pores may be ei!r angul> or r\nd2 s t !re may exi/ toge!r f\r diff]5t ma9 =ms ( network--7,a7 regul> lattice ) equal hexagonal pores2 7,b7 regul> lattice ) equal circul> pores2 7,c7 irregul> lattice ) unequal polygonal pores2 7,d7 irregul> lattice ) unequal r\ndi% pores4 ,besides ^! modifications1 ! pores may be prolong$ into tubules :i* are direct$ radially t[>ds ! outside 7r>ely t[>ds ! inside7 ( ! sph]e4 ,9 o!r cases !y are surr\nd$ by elevat$ or honeycomb-l frames4 ,! ,radial ,sp9es exhibit 9 ! ,sphroidea ! greate/ v>iety 9 =m1 size1 disposition1 c41 & _! num]\s modifications s]ve ma9ly = ! di/9ction ( g5]a1 _! peculi> =mation & size also = ! di/9ction ( species4 ,9 g5]al we may di/+ui% z ! mo/ important modifications prim>y & second>y sp9es4 ,! prim>y sp9es or ma9 sp9es are commonly direct outw>d prolongations ( ! int]nal radial beams1 connect+ ! conc5tric %ells4 ,! second>y or by-sp9es arise only f ! surface ( ! lattice-%ell1 )\t ref]5ce to ! int]nal beams4 ,! by-sp9es are commonly small]1 & mu* m num]\s ?an ! ma9 sp9es4 ,reg>d+ ! =m1 ! radial sp9es are ei!r r\ndi% 7cyl9drical or conical1 (t5 also club-%ap$1 r>ely sp9dle-%ap$7 or angul> 7commonly ?ree-sid$1 prismatic or pyramidal74 ,! sp9es are con/antly solid1 nev] holl[2 ! int]nal canals1 describ$ by "s au?ors1 are only microscopic views ( ! transp>5t edges4 ,9 _m cases ! sp9es are bran*$ or =k$4 ,! mo/ important diff]5ce 9 ! v>iable %ape ( ! sp9es is _! regul> or irregul> numb] & disposition1 :i* af=d *>act]s = ! di/9ction ( our five families4 ,! ,?ree ,dim5sive ,axes--or ! ?ree diamet]s ( ! sph]e1 p]p5dicul> "o to ano!r--are 9 ! great majority ( ! ,sphroidea significant 9 ! promorphological consid]ation ( ! body1 & are indicat$ ei!r by ! position ( ! ext]nal radial sp9es1 or at lea/ ( ! int]nal radial beams1 connect+ ! conc5tric sph]es4 ,commonly two radial sp9es are plac$ opposite 9 ea* axis4 ,! mo/ p]fect gr\p 9 ?is respect seems to be t ( ! ,cubosphrida1 9 :i* ! ?ree axes are repres5t$ by ?ree pairs ( sp9es4 ,next come ! ,/aurosphrida1 9 :i* two axes 9 cross-=m are exhibit$ by two pairs ( sp9es4 ,! mo/ simple gr\p are ! ,/ylosphrida1 9 :i* only "o pair ( sp9es is develop$1 indicat+ "o s+le axis4 ,^! ?ree families =m toge!r a cont9u\s natural s]ies1--! ,sphroidea ) real dim5sive axes1--& exhibit at ! same "t relations to ! ?ree o!r subord]s ( ,sphrell>ia1 ! ,l>coidea1 ,discoidea1 & ,prunoidea respectively4 ,at bo? ends ( ?is s]ies /& two o!r families1 on "o side ! ,liosphrida1 )\t any radial sp9es on ! surface ( ! sph]e1 on ! o!r side ! ,a/rosphrida1 9 :i* ! radial sp9es are develop$ 9 great & v>iable numb]s1 at lea/ eight to twelve1 commonly tw5ty to =ty1 (t5 m ?an a hundr$ or ev5 a ?\s&4 #ef,! ,liosphrida comprise all ^? ,sphroidea 9 :i* ! surface ( ! %ell is smoo?1 )\t radial sp9es 7,pls4 #ab1 #bj74 ,! simple/ ( ^! are ! ,e?mosphrida1 ) "o s+le lattice-%ell1 envelop+ ! sph]ical c5tral capsule4 ,c5osphra1 ! mo/ simple =m ( ! ,e?mosphrida1 may be reg>d$ z ! common ance/ral =m ( all ,sphroidea1 9 an ontog5etical z well z 9 a phylog5etical & morphological s5se4 ,f ?is simple lattice sph]e all o!r ,sphroidea c be d]iv$ ei!r by radial or by tang5tial gr[?4 ,if ! radial beams1 aris+ f ! surface ( ! simple f5e/rat$ sph]e1 become connect$ 7at equal di/ances f ! c5tre7 by tang5tial beams1 we get ! comp\nd %ells ( ! ,liosphrida conc5trica 7) two1 ?ree1 f\r1 or m conc5tric sph]es74 ,! radial beams connect+ ^! exhibit 9 _m ,liosphrida ! same regul> disposition & numb] z ! ext]nal radial sp9es 9 ! ,a/rosphrida4 ,p]haps ^! =ms 9 a natural sy/em w\ld be bett] unit$ 7e4g41 ,liosphrida ) twelve or tw5ty int]nal radial beams1 & ,a/rosphrida ) twelve or tw5ty ext]nal radial sp9es72 b 9 _m cases 7ma9ly = high] numb]s7 ! c]ta9 det]m9ation ( _! numb] & disposition is v difficult or q impossible4 ,! ,cubosphrida 7,pls4 #ba-be7 repres5t ! l>ge & v important family ( ,sphroidea1 9 :i* all ?ree dim5sive axes are equally di/+ui%$ by pairs ( sp9es1 correspond+ to ?ree axes ( a cube or ( a regul> octah$ron1 agree+ !re=e also ) ! ?ree axes ( ! cubic or regul> cry/all9e sy/em4 ,9 ! majority ( ! ,cubosphrida ! six radial sp9es are accurately opposite ea* o!r 9 pairs 9 ?ree axes1 p]p5dicul> "o to ano!r1 & commonly !y are ( equal size & =m2 b 9 "s g5]a ! ?ree pairs ( sp9es become diff]5tiat$1 :il/ bo? sp9es ( ea* pair rema9 equal4 ,ei!r "o pair is l>g] ?an ! two o!rs 7:i* are equal71 correspond+ to ! axes ( ! quadratic cry/all9e sy/em2 or all ?ree pairs are diff]5t 7correspond+ to ! ?ree unequal axes ( ! rhombic cry/all9e sy/em72 ! =m] ne>] to ! ,discoidea1 ! latt] to ! ,l>coidea4 ,we may suppose ) "s probability1 t ! ,cubosphrida are = ! mo/ "p ! common ance/ral gr\p ( ^? ,sphroidea1 9 :i* a c]ta9 numb] ( radial sp9es or beams is dispos$ 9 a regul> ord]2 ! ,/aurosphrida may be d]iv$ f !m by loss ( "o pair ( sp9es1 ! ,/ylosphrida by loss ( two pairs ( sp9es1 & mo/ ,a/rosphrida by multiply+ ! radial sp9es1 six to f\rte5 or m second>y sp9es be+ add$ to ! six prim>y dim5sive sp9es4 ,h[ev]1 9 _m ,a/rosphrida 7e4g41 9 ^? ) eight sp9es1 ,c5trocubus1 ,octod5dron1 c47 ! regul> geometrical disposition ( ! radial sp9es seems to foll[ ano!r ma!matical ord]1 q indep5d5t ( ! ,cubosphrida4 ,! ,/aurosphrida 7,pl4 #ae7 are di/+ui%$ by ! possession ( f\r radial sp9es1 opposite 9 pairs 9 two axes1 p]p5dicul> "o to ano!r4 ,?is rectangul> cross det]m9es a c]ta9 plane1 ! equatorial plane1 & ?is br+s ! ,/aurosphrida ne> #egto ! ,discoidea1 ma9ly to ^? :i* also be> on ! p]iph]y ( ! circul> equatorial plane f\r cross$ sp9es 7su* z ,/aurodisculus1 ,/e?o/aurus1 ,/aurodictya1 c474 ,b 9 ^! cruci=m ,discoidea ! %ell & ! enclos$ c5tral capsule are discoidal or l5ticul>1 :il/ 9 ! ,/aurosphrida !y rema9 sph]ical4 ,commonly ! cross is q regul>1 ) f\r "r angles & f\r equal beams2 b (t5 also x becomes m or less irregul>4 ,9 "s g5]a "o pair ( equal opposite sp9es is l>g] ?an ! o!r pair4 ,^! =ms repres5t ! ?ree diff]5t axes ( ! rhombic cry/al sy/em1 :il/ ! common regul> ,/aurosphrida repres5t ^? ( ! quadratic cry/al sy/em4 ,! latt] c be d]iv$ f ! ,cubosphrida 7repres5t+ ! regul> cry/al sy/em7 by r$uction ( "o axis & loss ( its pair ( sp9es4 ,9 g5]al ! numb] ( species 7& p>ticul>ly ( ! individuals7 is mu* small] 9 ! ,/aurosphrida ?an 9 all o!r families ( ,sphroidea4 ,! ,/ylosphrida 7,pls4 #ac-ag7 c be d]iv$ f ! ,cubosphrida by r$uction ( two dim5sive axes & loss ( two pairs ( sp9es4 ,!re=e1 "h "o pair ( sp9es only is develop$1 opposite 9 "o s+le axis4 ,?is monaxonial =m br+s ! ,/ylosphrida v ne> to ! ellipsoidal ,prunoidea 7ma9ly to _m two-sp9$ =ms ( ,ellipsida & ,druppulida72 b !y diff] f ^! by ! sph]ical 7n ellipsoidal7 =m ( ! c5tral capsule & ( ! enclos+ lattice-%ell4 ,9 ! great] "p ( ! ,/ylosphrida bo? sp9es are ( equal size & =m1 accurately opposite 9 ! ma9 axis4 ,b 9 _m =ms bo? sp9es become unequal 9 size or =m1 (t5 v diff]5t4 ,m r>ely !y are n accurately oppos$1 b plac$ 9 two diff]5t axes1 int]sect+ at a small v>iable angle4 ,! small gr\p ( ,saturnalida pres5ts a v rem>kable & peculi> /ructure1 9 :i* bo? sp9es 7at equal di/ances f ! c5tre7 are unit$ by a circul> or elliptical r+ 7,pl4 #ac1 figs4 #ae1 #af2 ,pl4 #af1 figs4 #af1 #ag74 ,! ,a/rosphrida are di/+ui%$ f ! o!r ,sphroidea by ! great & v>iable numb] ( _! ext]nal radial sp9es 7,pls4 #aa1 #ah-bj1 #bf-cj74 ,commonly ?is numb] am\nts to f twelve to tw5ty1 r>ely to only eight to t51 v (t5 to ?irty-two to =ty or m2 9 _m species m ?an "o hundr$ are pres5t4 ,z already m5tion$ above1 x w\ld be important to di/+ui% betwe5 prim>y sp9es 7z out] prolongations ( ! inn] radial beams7 & second>y sp9es 7develop$ f ! surface ( ! %ell71 b 9 _m cases ?is di/9ction is difficult or impossible4 ,m practical is ! di/9ction betwe5 l>g] ma9 sp9es & small] by-sp9es4 ,! size & =m ( ! radial sp9es is extremely v>iable4 ,mu* m important is _! numb] & disposition4 ,9 g5]al we c "h di/+ui% ! foll[+ diff]5t cases3--7,a7 radial sp9es are develop$ f all ! nodal po9ts ( ! network on ! %ell surface2 7,b7 ! numb] ( ! sp9es is small] ?an t ( ! nodal po9ts1 b !y are irregul>ly scatt]$2 7,c7 ! radial sp9es exhibit a limit$ numb] & a c]ta9 regul> disposition4 ,9 ?is latt] case ! foll[+ modes ( di/ribution seem to be ! mo/ important3--7a7 eight sp9es plac$ 9 ! f\r diagonal axes ( ! #ehregul> cube 7,pl4 #ah1 figs4 #a-c72 7b7 twelve sp9es 7plac$ 9 ! corn] axes ( ! regul> icosah$ron72 7c7 f\rte5 sp9es 7six plac$ 9 ! ?ree dim5sive axes ( ! regul> octah$ron1 eight 9 ! c5tres ( its eight faces72 7d7 tw5ty sp9es 7plac$ ei!r 9 ! same ord] z 9 _m ,l>coidea & ,,acan?>ia 81 or 9 ! tw5ty corn]s ( ! regul> dodecah$ron72 7e7 ?irty-two sp9es 7twelve plac$ 9 ! twelve corn]s ( ! regul> icosah$ron1 tw5ty 9 ! c5tre ( its triangul> faces74 ,besides ^! mo/ important & q geometrical modes ( disposition !re also seem to occur 9 ! ,a/rosphrida ! foll[+ subregul> 7or symmetrical87 modes3 #i1 #aj1 #af1 #ah1 #bd1 #dj1 #fj1 #hj4 ,b x is v difficult to give a correct acc\nt ( ^! modes4 ,9 e case ?is manifold & regul> disposition ( ! radial sp9es is ( ! highe/ int]e/ = ! /udy ( g5]al ,promorphology4 ,! ,c5tral ,capsule is 9 all ,sphroidea 7)\t any exception7 a p]fect sph]e 9 ! geometrical s5se1 ev5 9 ^? =ms 9 :i* ! enclos+ lattice-%ell is m or less irregul> 7i4e41 _m ,collosphrida74 ,?is is ! mo/ important "*1 :i* sep>ates ! ,sphroidea f all o!r ,sphrell>ia4 ,= 9 ! ,prunoidea ! capsule is ellipsoidal1 ) "o prolong$ axis2 9 ! ,discoidea l5ticul>1 ) "o %ort5$ axis2 9 ! ,l>coidea l5telliptical1 ) ?ree diff]5t dim5sive axes4 ,! c5tral capsule is orig9ally always enclos$ by ! lattice-%ell2 b 9 _m cases ) increas+ gr[? ?is relation becomes inv]t$2 ! capsule s5d+ out _m club-%ap$ bl9d sacs ?r\gh ! me%es ( ! lattice-%ell1 & ^! melt+ toge!r outside ! latt]1 a new membrane is =m$1 enclos+ a m$ull>y %ell4 ,! ,nucleus ( ! cell exhibits a v diff]5t %ape 9 ! solit>y & ! social ,sphroidea4 ,9 ! solit>y or monozoic ,sphroidea ! c5tre ( ! c5tral capsule is occupi$ by a l>ge sph]ical conc5tric nucleus1 ) or )\t nucleoli2 also ?is nucleus is orig9ally always )9 ! inn]mo/ lattice-%ell1 b ) increas+ size may ov]gr[ & enclose x4 ,a %ort "t be=e ! =mation ( ! vibratile spores ! c5tral nucleus becomes resolv$ into _m small nuclei4 ,9 ! social or polyzoic ,sphroidea--! ,collosphrida--commonly ! simple c5tral nucleus v e>ly 7a long "t be=e ! =mation ( ! spores7 is divid$ into a great numb] ( small nuclei1 :il/ ! c5tre ( ! capsule becomes fill$ ) a l>ge oil-globule4 ,!re=e we f9d ! same diff]5ce betwe5 ! solit>y & social =ms 9 ! ,sphroidea z 9 ! ,colloidea4 ,"h also ! calymma1 or ! jelly-mantle1 envelop+ ! c5tral capsule1 is 9 ! social =ms v l>ge & volum9\s1 diff]5tiat$ into alveoles1 :il/ 9 ! solit>y =ms x is mu* small]1 )\t alveoles4 #ei,synopsis ( ! ,families ( ,sphroidea4 ,a4 ,liosphrida ,sph]ical %ell monozoa4 commonly ,s+le cells q regul>1 7ea* ) %ell7 simple1 or ,surface ( liv+ solit>y4 compos$ ( ! sph]ical two or m %ell smoo?1 conc5tric r\gh1 or sph]es1 #e4 ,,liosph,,rida4 ?orny1 b n arm$ ,b4 ,liosphrida ,sph]ical %ell ) radial polyzoa4 commonly sp9es4 ,aggregat$ cells m or less 7ea* ) irregul>1 %ell7 liv+ simple 7r>ely 9 colonies4 compos$ ( two conc5tric sph]es71 #f4 ,,collosph,,rida4 ,surface ( ,two radial ma9-sp9es1 opposite 9 ! sph]ical "o axis ( ! %ell #g4 ,,/ylosph,,rida4 %ell arm$ ) two1 ,f\r radial ma9-sp9es1 opposite 9 f\r1 or six pairs 9 two dim5sive axes1 radial ma9 p]p5dicul> "o to ano!r1 #h4 ,,/aurosph,,rida4 sp9es1 opposite 9 ,six radial ma9-sp9es1 opposite 9 pairs 9 "o1 pairs 9 ?ree dim5sive two1 or ?ree axes 7p]p5dicul> "o to dim5sive ano!r71 #i4 ,,cubosph,,rida4 axes 7always solit>y74 ,surface ( ! sph]ical %ell cov]$ ) num]\s 7commonly irregul>ly dispos$7 radial sp9es1 (t5 also twelve to tw5ty1 m or less regul>ly dispos$1 #aj4 ,,a/rosph,,rida4 ,family ,v4 ,,liosph,,rida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha4 ,liosphrida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #ddi4 ,def9ition4--,sphroidea )\t radial sp9es on ! surface ( ! sph]ical %ell2 liv+ solit>y 7n associat$ 9 colonies74 ,! family ,liosphrida comprises all ^? solit>y ,sphroidea 9 :i* ! surface ( ! sph]ical %ell is n arm$ ) radial sp9es4 ,ne>ly ! half ( ?is l>ge gr\p is =m$ by ! ,e?mosphrida1 9 :i* ! c>apace is a q simple1 sph]ical lattice-%ell2 ?is subfamily is probably ! common ance/ral gr\p f :i* all o!r ,sphroidea1 or ev5 all ,sphrell>ia1 c be d]iv$ 9 a phylog5etical z well z 9 a morphological s5se4 ,! c5tral capsule 9 ?is fir/ subfamily is con/antly enclos$ by ! f5e/rat$ %ell1 & sep>at$ f x by ! jelly-veil4 ,! %ell is !re=e an extracapsul> or m$ull>y %ell4 ,to ^! simple ,e?mosphrida all o!r subfamilies c be oppos$ z ,liosphrida conc5trica1 z _! c>apace is compos$ ( two or m conc5tric lattice-%ells2 two 9 ! ,c>posphrida1 ?ree 9 ! ,!cosphrida1 f\r 9 ! ,cromyosphrida1 five or m 9 ! ,c>yosphrida4 ,9 all ^! f\r subfamilies ! conc5tric %ells are simple 7n spongy7 f5e/rat$ %ells4 ,9 a six? subfamily1 9 ! ,plegmosphrida1 ! %ell is :olly or p>tially compos$ ( spongy wick]-"w1 ) or )\t a lattic$ m$ull>y %ell 9 ! c5tre4 ,! int]nal radial beams1 9 ! ,liosphrida composita connect+ ! conc5tric sph]es1 exhibit 9 _! numb] & disposition simil> important diff]5ces1 su* z ! ext]nal radial sp9es 9 ! ,a/rosphrida4 ,! foll[+ eight #fj;diff]5t cases ( regul> disposition 7 obs]v$3--7,a7 two opposite beams 9 "o axis2 7,b7 f\r beams1 opposite 9 pairs 9 two axes p]p5dicul> "o to ano!r2 7,c7 six beams1 opposite 9 pairs 9 ! ?ree dim5sive axes2 7,d7 eight beams1 opposite 9 pairs 9 ! f\r diagonals ( ! regul> cube2 7,e7 twelve beams correspond+ to ! twelve axes ( ! regul> icosah$ron2 7,f7 f\rte5 beams q regul>ly dispos$ 7six correspond+ to ! ?ree axes ( ! regul> octah$ron1 eight to ! c5tral po9ts ( its faces72 7,g7 tw5ty beams 7probably correspond+ to ! tw5ty corn]s ( a regul> dodecah$ron72 7,h7 ?irty-two beams1 regul>ly dispos$4 ,r>ely ! numb] ( ! radial beams is int]m$iate betwe5 ^! eight cases1 & r>ely x is high]2 !n commonly ! disposition is irregul>4 ,! regul>ity ( _! disposition 9 ! great majority ( cases is v rem>kable & evid5t4 ,synopsis ( ! ,g5]a ( ,liosphrida4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,i4 ,subfamily ,e?mosphrida4 7,%ell "o s+le lattic$ sph]e47 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,%ell cavity simple1 #ae4 ,c5osphra4 ,pores ( ! %ell simple1 ,%ell cavity n prolong$ ) radial into free tubuli4 beams unit$ 9 ! c5tre1 #af4 ,/igmosphra4 ,pores prolong$ ,tubuli ext]nal1 into free c5trifugal1 #ag4 ,e?mosphra4 conical or cyl9drical ,tubuli int]nal1 tubuli4 c5tripetal1 #ah4 ,se?osphra4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,ii4 ,subfamily ,c>posphrida4 7,two conc5tric sph]es47 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,"o %ell m$ull>y 7intracapsul>71 ! o!r cortical 7extracapsul>71 #ai4 ,c>posphra4 ,bo? %ells cortical 7ne> toge!r71 #bj4 ,liosphra4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,iii4 ,subfamily ,!cosphrida4 7,?ree conc5tric sph]es47 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,two %ells m$ull>y 7intracapsul>71 "o %ell cortical 7extracapsul>71 #ba4 ,!cosphra4 ,"o %ell m$ull>y 7intracapsul>71 two %ells cortical 7extracapsul>71 #bb4 ,rhodosphra4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,iv4 ,subfamily ,cromyosphrida4 7,f\r conc5tric sph]es47 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,two inn] m$ull>y %ells 7intracapsul>71 & two out] cortical %ells 7extracapsul>71 #bc4 ,cromyosphra4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,v4 ,subfamily ,c>yosphrida4 7,five or m conc5tric sph]es47 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,two inn] m$ull>y %ells1 & ?ree or m out] cortical %ells1 #bd4 ,c>yosphra4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,vi4 ,subfamily ,plegmosphrida4 7,sph]ical %ell :olly or p>tially ( spongy /ructure47 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,spongy sph]e ,sph]e solid1 #be4 ,/yptosphra4 )\t lattic$ m$ull>y %ell ,sph]e ) a 9 ! c5tre4 c5tral cavity1 #bf4 ,plegmosphra4 ,spongy sph]e ) ,"o s+le "o or two m$ull>y %ell1 #bg4 ,spongoplegma4 lattic$ m$ull>y %ells ,two conc5tric 9 ! c5tre4 m$ull>y %ells1 #bh4 ,spongodictyon4 #fa,subfamily ,,e?mosph,,rida1#be ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cdh 7s5su re/ricto74 ,def9ition4--,liosphrida ) "o s+le sph]ical lattice-%ell2 liv+ solit>y1 n aggregat$ 9 colonies4 ,g5us #ae4 ,c5osphra1#bf ,ehr5b]g1 #ahed1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #bcg4 ,def9ition4--,liosphrida ) "o s+le lattic$ sph]e1 ) simple %ell-pores 7n prolong$ into free tubuli7 & ) simple %ell-cavity 7)\t int]nal radial beams74 ,! g5us ,c5osphra is ! mo/ simple =m ( all ,,sph,,roidea1 & may be reg>d$ z ! common ance/ral =m ( ?is ord]4 ,! silice\s lattic$ %ell1 9 :i* ! c5tral capsule is enclos$1 repres5ts a simple regul> sph]e1 ) simple cavity4 ,! pores ( ! %ell-wall are simple1 n prolong$ into radial tubuli 7z 9 ,e?mosphra & ,se?osphra74 ,accord+ to ! diff]5t =m ( ! pores1 ! num]\s species ( ?is g5us c be dispos$ 9 f\r diff]5t subg5]a4 ,"s species may be easily conf\nd$ ) isolat$ %ells ( ! correspond+ social ,collosphra2 b 9 ?is latt] ! sph]ical %ell-=m is commonly m or less irregul>1 9 ,c5osphra q regul>4 ,subg5us #a4 ,phormosphra1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #ddh4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! %ell regul> or subregul>1 hexagonal or circul>1 ) hexagonal frames or lobes2 all ne>ly ( equal size & =m4 #a4 ,c5osphra primordialis1 n4 sp4 ,%ell v ?9 wall$1 smoo?4 ,pores hexagonal1 regul>1 or subregul>2 twelve to fifte5 on ! half m]idian ( ! %ell2 b>s betwe5 !m extremely delicate 7only visible :5 ?ree hundr$ or f\r hundr$ times enl>g$74 ,diamet] ( ! %ell n9e to t5 times t ( ! me%es4 ,?is species is rem>kable = ! extreme delicacy ( ! ara*noidal network ( ! simple sph]ical %ell2 x may be reg>d$ z ! common ance/ral =m ( all ,sphroidea4 ,! %ell equals t ( ,heliosphra t5uissima 7figur$ 9 my ,monograph1 #ahfb1 pl4 ix4 fig4 #b71 b diff]s f x by ! smoo? surface & ! abs5ce ( all sp9es or ?orns4 ,i obs]v$ ?is species liv+ 9 ! ,indian ,ocean1 ne> ,ceylon1 9 #ahhb2 ! sph]ical diamet] ( ! c5tral capsule is ab\t "o-?ird ( t ( ! %ell2 ! cont5ts ( ! c5tral capsule are col\rless #fb;& transp>5t1 except ! c5tral d>k globul> nucleus4 ,! same %ells also occur 9 "s m\nt$ prep>ations ( surface organisms f ! ,*all5g]4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ab1 ( ! pores #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,ceylon1 ,haeckel2 ,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ations #bff1 #bga1 surface4 #b4 ,c5osphra in]mis1 ,haeckel4 ,heliosphra in]mis1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cea1 ,taf4 ix4 fig4 #a4 ,surface ( ! ?9-wall$ %ell smoo?4 ,pores regul>1 hexagonal1 twelve to fifte5 times z broad z ! b>s1 sev5 to n9e on ! quadrant4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4jh to #j4ab1 pores #j4jab to #j4jae1 b>s #j4jja4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,m$it]ranean1 ,atlantic1 ,indian1 ,pacific1 surface4 #c4 ,c5osphra hexagonalis1 n4 sp4 ,surface ( ! ?ick-wall$ %ell smoo?4 ,pores regul>1 hexagonal1 five to six times z broad z ! b>s1 six to eight on ! quadrant4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4a to #j4ae1 pores #j4ja to #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ations #bfe to #bgd1 at v>i\s dep?s4 #d4 ,c5osphra mellifica1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ab1 fig4 #i74 ,surface ( ! ?ick-wall$ %ell smoo?4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 ) ?9 hexagonal frames1 f\r times z broad z ! b>s1 six to eight on ! quadrant4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4b1 pores #j4ab1 b>s #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bhh1 surface4 #e4 ,c5osphra favosa1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ab1 fig4 #aj74 ,surface ( ! ?ick-wall$ %ell r\gh4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 ) ?9 hexagonal frames1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s1 t5 to twelve on ! quadrant4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4b1 pores #j4ji1 b>s #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,fre ,*annel 7,gulf ,/ream71 ,john ,murray1 surface4 #f4 ,c5osphra vesp>ia1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ab1 fig4 #aa74 ,surface ( ! ?ick-wall$ %ell smoo?4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 ) ?ick hexagonal frames1 twice z broad z ! b>s1 t5 to twelve on ! quadrant4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4be1 pores #j4jaf1 b>s #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfe1 dep? #bijj fa?oms1 & surface4 #fcg4 ,c5osphra bombus1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 r\gh4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 ) ?9 hexagonal frames1 ( ! same bread? z ! b>s1 tw5ty to tw5ty-two on ! quadrant4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4c1 pores & b>s #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdg1 dep? #bbej fa?oms4 #h4 ,c5osphra melecta1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 papillate4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 d\ble-edg$1 ) ?ick hexagonal frames1 ( ! same bread? z ! b>s2 a %ort conical papilla 9 ! corn] ( ea* hexagon2 f\rte5 to sixte5 pores on ! quadrant4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4b1 pores & b>s #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ,b>bados4 #i4 ,c5osphra an?ophora1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 papillate4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 ) an elegant six-lob$ frame & a coronal ( six %ort papill2 ! latt] alt]nat+ ) ! six lobes 7q z 9 ,pl4 #bh1 fig4 #a;b74 ,pores twice z broad z ! b>s1 t5 to twelve on ! quadrant4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ac1 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 #aj4 ,c5osphra rosetta1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?9 wall$1 smoo?4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 ) an elegant six-lob$ out] op5+1 )\t papill4 ,pores ( ! same bread? z ! b>s1 six to eight on ! quadrant4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4a1 pores & b>s #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cbc1 dep? #aijj fa?oms4 ,subg5us #b4 ,circosphra1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! sph]ical %ell regul> or subregul>1 circul>1 )\t hexagonal frames or lobes1 all ne>ly ( equal size & =m4 #aa4 ,c5osphra porophna1 ,ehr5b]g4 ,c5osphra porophna1 ,ehr5b]g1 #aheh1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #ca4 ,%ell ?9 wall$1 smoo?4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 six to eight times z broad z ! b>s1 five to six on ! quadrant4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4a1 pores #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,crete1 dep? #aajj fa?oms2 ,corfu1 surface74 #fdab4 ,c5osphra setosa1 ,ehr5b]g4 ,c5osphra setosa1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahgb1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #bhg1 ,taf4 vii4 fig4 #a4 ,%ell ?9 wall$1 cov]$ ) v %ort & num]\s bri/les4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 five to six times z broad z ! b>s1 six to eight on ! quadrant4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ag1 pores #j4b1 b>s #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,we/ ,tropical ,pacific1 #ccjj fa?oms2 ,philipp9e ,sea1 ,/ation #bjj1 dep? #bej fa?oms4 #ac4 ,c5osphra plutonis1 ,ehr5b]g4 ,c5osphra plutonis1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahed1 ,mikrogeol41 ,taf4 xxxv4 ,b1 ,b4 iv4 fig4 #bj4 ,%ell ?9 wall$1 cov]$ ) %ort conical papill4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 twice z broad z ! b>s1 eight to n9e on ! quadrant4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ji1 pores #j4jjf1 b>s #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cec1 dep? #bife fa?oms4 #ad4 ,c5osphra pros]p91 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?9 wall$1 smoo?4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 f\r times z broad z ! b>s1 five to six on ! quadrant4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4jh1 pores #j4jjh1 b>s #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfe1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #ae4 ,c5osphra eridani1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?9 wall$1 smoo?4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s1 elev5 to twelve on ! quadrant4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4af1 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bie1 dep? #aejj fa?oms4 #af4 ,c5osphra le!1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 smoo?4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 d\ble-edg$1 five times z broad z ! b>s1 sixte5 to eighte5 on ! quadrant4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4be1 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #fd1 dep? #bgjj fa?oms4 #ag4 ,c5osphra elysia1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ab1 fig4 #h74 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 r\gh4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 d\ble-edg$1 twice z broad z ! b>s1 twelve to f\rte5 on ! quadrant4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4b1 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bff1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #feah4 ,c5osphra nirwana1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 smoo?4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 twice z broad z ! b>s1 tw5ty-f\r to tw5ty-five on ! quadrant4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4be1 pores #j4jjd1 b>s #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,belligemma1 ,ceylon1 surface2 ,haeckel4 #ai4 ,c5osphra maxima1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 smoo?4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 twice z broad z ! b>s1 ?irty to ?irty-?ree on ! quadrant4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4c to #j4d1 pores #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,we/ ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbe1 dep? #ddge2 also fossil 9 ,b>bados4 #bj4 ,c5osphra compacta1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ab1 fig4 #g74 ,%ell v ?ick wall$1 r\gh 7its wall "o-f\r? to "o-?ird z ?ick z ! radius74 ,pores subregul>1 circul>1 ( ! same bread? z ! b>s1 sev5 to eight on ! quadrant4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ae1 pores & b>s #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfe1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 ,c5osphra radiata1 ,zittel1 #ahgf 7,l4 ,n4 #bi1 p4 #hd1 ,taf4 ii4 figs4 #g1 #h71 a fossil ,cretace\s species1 is closely alli$ to ,c5osphra compacta4 #ba4 ,c5osphra crassa1 n4 sp4 ,%ell v ?ick wall$1 r\gh 7its wall ne>ly half z ?ick z ! radius74 ,pores tubul>1 d\ble-edg$1 regul>1 circul>1 t5 times z broad z ! ?9 unit$ b>s1 twelve to f\rte5 on ! quadrant4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ad1 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jja4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #bb4 ,c5osphra solida1 n4 sp4 ,%ell v ?ick wall$1 cov]$ ) innum]able %ort bri/les 7its wall "o-?ird z ?ick z ! radius74 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 f\r times z broad z ! b>s1 tubul>1 eight to t5 on ! quadrant4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4b1 pores #j4jb1 b>s #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,ant>ctic ,ocean1 ,/ation #aeg1 dep? #aiej fa?oms4 ,subg5us #c4 ,cyrtidosphra1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cdh4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! sph]ical %ell irregul>ly polygonal1 ( unequal size or =m1 sometimes r\ndi% ) polygonal frames4 #ffbc4 ,c5osphra reticulata1 ,haeckel4 ,cyrtidosphra reticulata1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cdi1 ,taf4 xi4 fig4 #b4 ,%ell v ?9 wall$1 smoo?4 ,pores irregul>1 polygonal1 two to eight times z broad z ! b>s1 fifte5 to tw5ty on ! quadrant 7gr\ps ( f\r to eight small] me%es are scatt]$ on ! surface1 & sep>at$ by reticul> r[s ( l>g] me%es74 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4af1 pores #j4jjd to #j4jaf1 b>s #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a71 surface4 #bd4 ,c5osphra t5]rima1 n4 sp4 ,%ell extremely ?9 wall$1 smoo?1 l a cobweb4 ,pores v irregul> & small1 polygonal ) ?read-l b>s1 ?irty to =ty on ! quadrant4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4be1 pores #j4jjb to #j4jjh1 b>s "u #j4jja4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 #be4 ,c5osphra polygonalis1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?9 wall$1 smoo?1 ) irregul>1 polygonal pores1 ?ree to f\r times z broad z ! b>s1 eight to t5 on ! quadrant4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4b1 pores #j4jab to #j4jb1 b>s #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bcf1 surface4 #bf4 ,c5osphra papillata1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 cov]$ ) %ort conical papill4 ,pores irregul>1 polygonal1 ?ree to five times z broad z ! b>s1 f\rte5 to sixte5 on ! quadrant4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ab1 pores #j4jjd to #j4jjg1 b>s #j4jjae4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cbe1 surface4 #bg4 ,c5osphra cri/ata1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 r\gh4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 surr\nd$ by polygonal cre/$ frames two to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s1 eight to twelve on ! quadrant4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4af1 pores #j4jjf to #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bed1 surface4 #bh4 ,c5osphra p]=ata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bf1 fig4 #aj74 ,c]iosphra p]=ata1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus et ,atlas1 loc4 cit4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 r\gh4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 surr\nd$ by high polygonal funnel-%ap$ frames1 :i* are solid 9 ! inn] half1 p]=at$ by num]\s v small pores 9 ! #fgout] half1 sieve-%ap$4 ,pores "o to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s1 ( v diff]5t size1 f\r to six on ! quadrant4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ae1 pores #j4ja to #j4jb1 b>s #j4jje to #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdg1 dep? #bbej fa?oms4 #bi4 ,c5osphra coronata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bf1 fig4 #aa74 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 r\gh4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 surr\nd$ by high polygonal frames be>+ on _! %>p cre/ a s]ies ( small papill1 s t ea* pore is surr\nd$ by a coronal ( su* sp9ules4 ,pores f\r to eight times z broad z ! b>s1 f\r to five on ! quadrant4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ae1 pores #j4ja to #j4jc1 b>s #j4jjb to #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgb1 dep? #bfjj fa?oms4 ,subg5us #d4 ,porosphra1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! sph]ical %ell irregul>1 r\ndi%1 )\t polygonal frames1 ( unequal size or =m4 #cj4 ,c5osphra antiqua1 ,haeckel4 ,c5osphra plutonis1 v>41 ,dunik[ski1 #ahhb1 ,d5ks*r4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,wi51 ,bd4 xlv4 p4 #be1 ,taf4 iv4 figs4 #dg1 #dh4 ,c5osphra plutonis1 v>41 ,/hr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr4 xxvi4 p4 #he1 ,taf4 i4 fig4 #a4 ,%ell ?9 wall$1 smoo?4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 two to eight times z broad z ! b>s1 t5 to fifte5 on ! quadrant4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ae to #j4b1 pores #j4jjg to #j4jae1 b>s #j4jjb to #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! ,jurassic1 ,cretace\s1 & ,t]ti>y =mations2 liv+ 9 ! dep?s ( ! ,atlantic & ,pacific2 ,/ation #ccb1 dep? #bbjj fa?oms2 ,/ation #bbe1 dep? #ddge fa?oms1 c4 #ca4 ,c5osphra gigantea1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 smoo?4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 two to five times z broad z ! b>s1 ?irty to =ty on ! quadrant4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4d to #j4e1 pores #j4jjd to #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms2 also fossil 9 ,b>bados4 #cb4 ,c5osphra m>g9ata1 n4 sp4 ,%ell v ?ick wall$1 smoo?4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 d\ble-edg$1 ?ree to eight times z broad z ! b>s1 six to eight on ! quadrant4 #fh;,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ab1 pores #j4ja to #j4jc1 b>s #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgd1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #cc4 ,c5osphra asp]a1 ,/hr4 ,c5osphra asp]a1 ,/hr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr4 ,bd4 xxvi4 p4 #he1 ,taf4 i4 fig4 #b4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 r\gh1 cov]$ ) %ort conical papill4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 ( ab\t ! same bread? z ! b>s1 eight to twelve on ! quadrant4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ag1 pores & b>s #j4ja to #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,sicily2 ,grotte1 ,/hr4 #cd4 ,c5osphra hirsuta1 ,ehr5b]g4 ,c5osphra hirsuta1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahgb1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss41 ,b]l91 p4 #bhg1 ,taf4 x4 fig4 #ah4 ,%ell ?9 wall$1 r\gh1 cov]$ ) innum]able v %ort bri/les4 ,pores v irregul>1 r\ndi%1 ( ab\t ! same bread? z ! b>s4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4aa1 pores & b>s #j4jjb to #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,zanzib>1 ,pull52 dep? #bbjj fa?oms4 ,g5us #af4 ,/igmosphra1#bg ,haeckel1 n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,liosphrida ) "o s+le lattic$ sph]e1 ) simple %ell-pores 7n prolong$ into free tubuli72 9 ! c5tral po9t ( ! sph]ical %ell-cavity are unit$ a numb] ( radial beams1 :i* become =k$ & ins]t$ into ! inn] surface ( ! %ell by _! di/al ends4 ,! g5us ,/igmosphra diff]s f ,c5osphra 7& f all o!r ,monosphrida7 by int]nal radial beams1 :i* are unit$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! simple sph]ical %ell2 ^! beams are bran*$1 & ! di/al ends ( ! bran*es ins]t$ on ! int]nal surface ( ! %ell4 ,i h obs]v$ only two1 ne>ly id5tical specim5s ( ?is g5us1 bo? ) regul>1 hexagonal pores & ?9 b>s2 ! beams 7 implant$ 9 ! corn]s ( ! hexagons4 ,9 "o specim5 ! surface 0 cov]$ ) %ort radial bri/les1 :il/ ^! 9 ! o!r specim5 7 prolong$ into radial sp9es 7l ,acan?osphra74 ,possibly ?is peculi> g5us is d]iv$ f ,c>posphra1 by r$uction & loss ( a c5tral m$ull>y %ell4 ,/igmosphra act9oc5tra1 n4 sp4 ,%ell v ?9 wall$1 r\gh1 ) regul> circul>1 hexagonally fram$ pores1 six times z broad z ! b>s1 eight to t5 on ! quadrant2 9 ! corn] ( ea* hexagon a small bri/le4 ,9 #fi! c5tral po9t ( ! %ell are unit$ ab\t twelve 787 ?9 & /raight radial beams1 :i* are =k$1 ) di*otom\s bran*es2 ! di/al ends ( ! bran*es are ins]t$ 9 ! corn]s ( ! hexagons on ! inside ( ! %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ae1 pores #j4jb1 b>s #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 ,g5us #ag4 ,e?mosphra1#bh ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cdi4 ,def9ition4--,liosphrida ) "o s+le lattic$ sph]e1 ) simple %ell-cavity2 ) %ell-pores :i* are prolong$ on ! outside 9 c5trifugal1 conical1 or cyl9drical tubuli4 ,! g5us ,e?mosphra diff]s f ! simple ,c5osphra1 its ance/ral =m1 by ! peculi> =mation ( ! %ell-pores2 9 all obs]v$ species ( ! g5us ^! are q regul>1 ( ne>ly equal size & =m2 _! base 9 ! sph]ical %ell-face is hexagonal1 b on ! outside prolong$ into c5trifugal1 ext]nal1 radial tubuli1 :i* are ei!r conical or cyl9drical 79 ! latt] case bo? op5+s ( ! tubes be+ equal1 9 ! =m] ! out] op5+ be+ small] ?an ! inn]74 ,! solit>y ,e?mosphra corresponds to ! social ,siphonosphra2 b 9 ! =m] ! =mation ( ! %ell & ( its tubuli is q regul>1 9 ! latt] m or less irregul>4 ,subg5us #a4 ,e?mosphrella1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,tubuli conical1 _! out] op5+ small] ?an ! inn]4 #a4 ,e?mosphra siphonophora1 ,haeckel4 ,e?mosphra siphonophora1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cej1 ,taf4 xi4 fig4 #a4 ,tubuli conical1 _! out] op5+ half z broad z ! inn] & ?ree times z broad z _! height4 ,five to six pores on ! quadrant4 ,diamet] ( ! out] pores "o & a half times z l>ge z _! di/ance f ea* o!r4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4a1 out] pores #j4ja1 _! di/ance #j4jjg4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a71 surface1 ,haeckel4 #b4 ,e?mosphra conosiphonia1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ab1 figs4 #e1 #e;a74 ,tubuli conical1 _! out] op5+ two ?irds z broad z ! inn]1 & sc>cely broad] ?an _! height4 ,t5 to twelve pores on ! quadrant4 ,diamet] ( ! out] pores twice z l>ge z _! di/ance f ea* o!r4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ag1 out] pores #j4ja1 _! di/ance #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #gjc4 ,e?mosphra polysiphonia1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ab1 fig4 #f74 ,tubuli conical1 _! out] op5+ ?ree-f\r?s z broad z ! inn] & ?ree times z broad z _! height4 ,sixte5 to eighte5 pores on ! quadrant4 ,diamet] ( ! out] pores ?ree times z l>ge z _! di/ance ap>t4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4b1 out] pores #j4jjh1 _! di/ance #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,we/ ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbe1 dep? #ddge fa?oms2 also fossil 9 ,b>bados & 9 ,sicily4 ,subg5us #b4 ,e?mosphromma1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,tubuli cyl9drical1 _! out] op5+ ab\t z l>ge z ! inn]4 #d4 ,e?mosphra /5osiphonia1 n4 sp4 ,tubuli cyl9drical1 %ort1 q contigu\s1 s t _! diamet] is six times z l>ge z _! di/ance ap>t1 b ab\t equal to _! height4 ,n9e to t5 pores on ! quadrant4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ad1 out] pores #j4jab1 _! di/ance #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 #e4 ,e?mosphra pa*ysiphonia1 n4 sp4 ,tubuli cyl9drical1 twice z long z broad1 v ?ick-wall$1 & ne>ly contigu\s1 s t _! diamet] is five times z l>ge z _! di/ance ap>t4 ,! ?ickness ( _! wall is equal to _! lum54 ,twelve to f\rte5 pores on ! quadrant4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4af1 out] pores #j4ja1 _! di/ance #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfe1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #f4 ,e?mosphra leptosiphonia1 n4 sp4 ,tubuli cyl9drical1 %ort1 ab\t z long z broad1 v ?9-wall$ & fragile1 sep>at$ by wide di/ances1 :i* are ?ree times z l>ge z _! diamet]4 ,six to sev5 pores on ! quadrant4 7,v simil> to ,siphonosphra cya?9a1 ,pl4 #f1 fig4 #aj1 b q regul>1 all tubuli reta9+ ! same size & di/ance47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ab1 out] pores #j4ja1 _! di/ance #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,fre ,*annel1 ,john ,murray2 surface4 #g4 ,e?mosphra macrosiphonia1 n4 sp4 ,tubuli cyl9drical1 v elongat$1 f\r times z long z broad2 _! bases sep>at$ by di/ances :i* are equal to _! bread?4 ,eight to t5 tubuli on ! quadrant4 7,! tubes are simil> to ^? ( ,siphonosphra s]pula1 ,pl4 #f1 fig4 #f1 b q regul>1 /raight1 n curv$1 all ( ! same size & at equal di/ances ap>t47 #ga;,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4a1 l5g? ( ! tubes #j4jd1 bread? #j4ja1 basal di/ance #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,cocos ,isl&s1 surface1 ,rabbe4 ,g5us #ah4 ,se?osphra1#bi ,hckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deb 7s5su em5dato74 ,def9ition4--,liosphrida ) "o s+le lattic$ sph]e1 ) simple %ell-cavity2 ) %ell-pores1 :i* are prolong$ on ! inside into c5tripetal1 conical1 or cyl9drical tubuli4 ,! g5us ,se?osphra diff]s f its ance/ral =m1 ,c5osphra1 by ! production ( int]nal1 c5tripetal1 radial tubuli on ! inside ( ! %ell 7! contr>y ( ! prec$+ g5us ,e?mosphra74 ,x corresponds !re=e to ! social ,ph>yngosphra2 b 9 ! latt] ! =mation ( ! %ell & its tubes is m or less irregul>1 :il/ 9 ! =m] ea* regul> pore is prolong$ into a regul> tubule4 #a4 ,se?osphra entosiphonia1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ) smoo? surface & regul> circul> pores1 sep>at$ by hexagonal frames1 twice z broad z ! b>s4 ,six to eight on ! quadrant4 ,ea* pore is prolong$ on ! inside ( ! %ell 9 a %ort conical c5tripetal tube1 twice z long z its diamet]4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ae1 out] pores #j4jjh1 b>s #j4jjd1 l5g? ( ! tubuli #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgb1 dep? #bfjj fa?oms4 #b4 ,se?osphra entosol5ia1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ) smoo? surface & regul> circul> pores1 )\t hexagonal frames1 ( ab\t ! same bread? z ! b>s4 ,t5 to twelve on ! quadrant4 ,ea* pore is prolong$ on ! inside ( ! %ell into a ?9 cyl9drical c5tripetal tube1 ?ree times z long z its diamet]4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4b1 out] pores & b>s #j4jjf1 l5g? ( ! tubuli #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 ,subfamily ,,c>posph,,rida1#cj ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #ddi4 ,def9ition4--,liosphrida ) two conc5tric sph]ical lattice-%ells1 :i* are unit$ by radial beams4 ,c>posphra1#ca ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dea4 ,def9ition4--,liosphrida ) "o m$ull>y 7intracapsul>7 & "o cortical 7extracapsul>7 %ell1 bo? connect$ by radial beams pi]c+ ! c5tral capsule4 #gb,! g5us ,c>posphra comprises a l>ge numb] ( d\ble-%ell$ ,sphroidea1 =m]ly unit$ ) ,haliomma1 b diff]5t f ?is g5us by ! abs5ce ( radial sp9es4 ,! %ell is compos$ ( two conc5tric lattic$ sph]es1 ! inn] ( :i* 7or ! m$ull>y %ell7 is situat$ )9 ! c5tral capsule1 ! o!r 7or ! cortical %ell7 outside x4 ,bo? %ells are connect$ by radial beams :i* pi]ce ! wall ( ! c5tral capsule4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! %ells is at lea/ z l>ge z 7commonly mu* l>g] ?an7 ! radius ( ! inn] %ell1 :il/ 9 ! foll[+ g5us1 ,liosphra1 t di/ance is mu* small] ?an ?is radius4 ,subg5us #a4 ,melittosphra1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dea4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! cortical %ell regul>1 hexagonal 7or circul>1 ) hexagonal frames or lobes71 all ( ne>ly equal size & =m4 #a4 ,c>posphra capillacea1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell v delicate1 f\r times z broad z ! simil>ly con/ruct$ m$ull>y %ell1 ) regul> hexagonal me%es 7tw5ty to tw5ty-five on ! quadrant7 & v ?9 ?read-l b>s4 ,bo? %ells connect$ by tw5ty 787 v ?9 radial beams4 7,simil> to ,heliosoma radians1 ,pl4 #bh1 fig4 #c1 #c;a1 b ) smoo? surface1 )\t any radial sp9es47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4b1 inn] #j4je1 pores #j4ja1 b>s bel[ #j4jja4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgd1 surface4 #b4 ,c>posphra cubaxonia1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell smoo?1 ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) regul> hexagonal pores1 f\r times z broad z ! b>s4 ,eight to t5 pores on ! quadrant4 ,m$ull>y %ell ) regul> circul> pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s4 ,bo? %ells connect$ by six radial beams1 :i* are ?ree-sid$ prismatical1 opposite 9 pairs 9 ! ?ree dim5sive axes4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ae1 inn] #j4je2 out] pores #j4ja1 inn] #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bia1 surface4 #c4 ,c>posphra infundibulum1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma infundibuli=me1 ,/hr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr4 ,bd4 xxvi4 p4 #hg1 ,taf4 i4 fig4 #f4 ,cortical %ell v ?ick-wall$1 two & a half times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) r\gh surface & regul> hexagonal1 funnel-%ap$ pores1 ( ab\t ! same bread? z ! b>s4 ,five to six on ! quadrant4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4a1 inn] #j4jd1 out] pores & b>s #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ced2 fossil 9 ,t]ti>y rocks 7,b>bados & ,sicily74 #gcd4 ,c>posphra melissa1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 f\r times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) regul> circul>1 hexagonally fram$ pores1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s4 ,eight to t5 pores on ! quadrant4 ,m$ull>y %ell ) simple circul> pores4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4af1 inn] #j4jd1 out] pores #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #e4 ,c>posphra melitomma1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bj1 fig4 #d74 ,melitomma melittosphra1 ,haeckel1 #ahha2 ,prodromus et ,atlas1 loc4 cit4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 ) ?orny surface1 two & a half times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,its pores regul>1 circul>1 twice z broad z ! b>s1 elegantly six-lob$1 sep>at$ by cre/$ hexagonal frames2 9 ea* hexagon-corn] a %ort conical papilla 7alt]nat+ ) a lobe74 ,eight to t5 pores on ! quadrant4 ,m$ull>y %ell ) small simple circul> pores4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ag1 inn] #j4jg1 out] pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jje1 inn] pores #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ations #bff to #bgd1 9 v>i\s dep?s4 ,subg5us #b4 ,c]asosphra1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dea4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! cortical %ell regul>1 circul>1 )\t hexagonal frames1 all ( ne>ly equal size & =m4 #f4 ,c>posphra c]asus1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 smoo?1 twice z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell2 bo? ) regul> circul> pores1 six times z broad z ! b>s4 ,twelve to fifte5 pores on ! quadrant4 ,out] pores twice z l>ge z ! inn]4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4bd1 inn] #j4ab2 out] pores #j4jaf1 inn] #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 #g4 ,c>posphra apiculata1 ,haeckel4 8 ,haliomma apiculatum1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahgb2 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #cac4 ,cortical %ell ?9-wall$1 cov]$ ) num]\s %ort conical ?orns1 ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 f\r times z broad z ! b>s4 ,six to eight pores on ! quadrant4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ae1 inn] #j4je1 out] pores #j4jab1 b>s #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,cali=nia1 dep? #bjjj fa?oms2 ,/ation #bed1 dep? #cjbe fa?oms4 #gdh4 ,c>posphra entact9ia1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma entact9ia1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahge1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #gd1 ,taf4 xxvi4 fig4 #d4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 r\gh1 twice z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell2 bo? %ells ) regul> circul> pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s4 ,six to eight pores on ! quadrant4 ,out] pores half z broad z ! inn]4 ,bo? %ells connect$ by v num]\s 7tw5ty-f\r to =ty-eight or m7 radial beams4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ab1 inn] #j4jf1 out] pores #j4jjh1 b>s #j4jjd1 inn] pores #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,atlantic & ,pacific1 9 v>i\s dep?s2 fossil 9 ,b>bados & ,sicily4 #i4 ,c>posphra mode/a1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma mode/um1 ,/hr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr4 ,bd4 xxvi4 p4 #hf1 ,taf4 i4 fig4 #e4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 r\gh1 ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) regul> circul> pores ( ! same bread? z ! b>s4 ,eight to twelve pores on ! quadrant4 7,v common1 l ! prec$+ species1 & connect$ ) x by num]\s int]m$iate =ms47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ab to #j4b1 inn] #j4jd to #j4jg1 pores & b>s #j4jjf to #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,atlantic & ,pacific1 f _m ,/ations & at v>i\s dep?s2 fossil 9 ,b>bados & ,sicily4 #aj4 ,c>posphra belladonna1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 smoo?1 five times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) regul> circul> pores ( ! same bread? z ! b>s4 ,tw5ty to tw5ty-two pores on ! quadrant4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4c1 inn] #j4jf1 out] pores & b>s #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,fre ,*annel1 ,john ,murray4 #aa4 ,c>posphra areca1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell v ?ick wall$1 r\gh1 twice z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) regul> circul> pores half z broad z ! b>s4 ,eight to t5 pores on ! quadrant4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ab1 inn] #j4jf1 out] pores #j4jc1 b>s #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,ceylon1 ,haeckel1 surface4 ,subg5us #c4 ,prunosphra1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dea4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! cortical %ell irregul> polygonal1 ( unequal size or dissimil> =m4 #ab4 ,c>posphra prunulum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 smoo?1 f\r times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) l>ge irregul> polygonal pores1 f\r to eight times z broad z ! b>s4 ,connect+ beams betwe5 !m num]\s4 #ge;,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4bd1 inn] #j4jf1 out] pores #j4jjh to #j4jaf1 b>s #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cbe1 surface4 #ac4 ,c>posphra corypha1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 r\gh1 ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) irregul> polygonal pores1 ?ree to six times z broad z ! b>s4 ,connect+ beams betwe5 ! two %ells tw5ty1 regul>ly dispos$4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ae1 inn] #j4je1 out] pores #j4ja to #j4jb1 b>s #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #cjj1 surface4 #ad4 ,c>posphra borassus1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 smoo?1 ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) irregul> polygonal pores1 two to f\r times z broad z ! b>s4 ,connect+ beams betwe5 ! two %ells six1 opposite by pairs 9 ! ?ree dim5sive axes4 7,simil> to ,hexalon*e ari/>*i1 ,pl4 #bb1 fig4 #c1 b )\t ext]nal radial sp9es47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ab1 inn] #j4jd1 out] pores #j4ja to #j4jb1 b>s #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfh1 surface4 ,subg5us #d4 ,pho5icosphra1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! cortical %ell irregul> r\ndi%1 ( unequal size or =m4 #ae4 ,c>posphra nobilis1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma nobile1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahdd1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #bfh2 ,abh&l41 #ahge1 ,taf4 xxvii4 fig4 #f4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 r\gh1 twice z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) irregul> r\ndi% pores1 two to f\r times z broad z ! b>s4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4a1 inn] #j4je1 out] pores #j4ja to #j4jb1 b>s #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,atlantic1 ,indian1 ,pacific1 at v>i\s dep?s2 fossil 9 ,jurassic1 ,cretace\s1 & ,t]ti>y rocks4 #af4 ,c>posphra micrococcus1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 r\gh1 sev5 times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) irregul> r\ndi% pores1 ?ree to six times z broad z ! b>s4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4b1 inn] #j4jc1 out] pores #j4jab to #j4jbe1 b>s #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccj1 surface4 #gfag4 ,c>posphra maxima1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 smoo?1 five times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) irregul> r\ndi% pores1 ( ab\t ! same bread? z ! b>s4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4d1 inn] #j4jh1 pores & b>s #j4jjd to #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgb1 dep? #bfjj fa?oms4 #ah4 ,c>posphra nodosa1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bh1 figs4 #b1 #b;a74 ,an?omma nodosum1 ,haeckel1 #ahgi1 ,atlas1 loc4 cit4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 cov]$ ) =ty to fifty scatt]$ pyramidal nodules1 two & a half times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 connect$ ) x by v num]\s ?9 radial beams4 ,out] & inn] pores irregul> r\ndi% or polygonal1 two to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s4 7,?is species 9 consequ5ce ( ! cortical nodules may repres5t a peculi> g5us1 analog\s to ,conosphra1 call$ ,an?omma47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ac1 inn] #j4je1 inn] & out] pores #j4jjh to #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 ,g5us #bj4 ,liosphra1#cb ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #ddi4 ,def9ition4--,liosphrida ) two cortical 7extracapsul>7 %ells 7)\t a m$ull>y or intracapsul> %ell74 ,! g5us ,liosphra agrees ) ! prec$+ ,c>posphra 9 ! possession ( two conc5tric lattic$ sph]es2 b :il/ 9 ! latt] g5us ! inn] sph]e is a m$ull>y "o 7intracapsul>71 ! out] a cortical %ell 7extracapsul>71 bo? connect$ by radial beams pi]c+ ! capsule-wall1 "h 9 ,liosphra ! c5tral capsule lies freely )9 ! inn] lattice %ell & is n pi]c$ by radial beams4 ,!re=e bo? %ells are "h cortical %ells1 bo? sep>at$ by a di/ance1 :i* is con/antly mu* small] ?an ! radius ( ! inn] %ell2 :]eas 9 ,c>posphra ?is di/ance is at lea/ z l>ge z t radius 7commonly mu* l>g]74 ,9 ,c>posphra ! numb] ( pores 9 bo? %ells is nev] ! same2 9 sev]al species ( ,liosphra ?is numb] is ! same1 ea* out] regul> hexagonal pore exactly correspond+ to an inn]2 ! six corn]s ( ea* connect$ by six %ort radial beams4 ,subg5us #a4 ,melitomma1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( bo? %ells regul>1 9 ea* %ell all ( ne>ly equal size & =m4 #a4 ,liosphra hexagonia1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bj1 fig4 #c74 ,bo? %ells ) ! same numb] ( pores1 exactly correspond+1 ab\t t5 on ! quadrant4 #gg;,all pores regul>1 or subregul>1 hexagonal2 ! out] twice z broad z ! inn]4 ,out] b>s v ?91 ?read-l2 inn] b>s ?ick1 "o-?ird z broad z ! pores4 ,surface smoo?4 ,bo? %ells connect$ by num]\s radial beams1 _! di/ance "o-?ird z l>ge z ! radius ( ! inn] %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4af1 inn] #j4ab1 di/ance ( bo? #j4jb2 out] pores #j4jad1 inn] pores #j4jjg4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgb1 dep? #bfjj fa?oms4 #b4 ,liosphra rhodococcus1 n4 sp4 ,bo? %ells ) ! same numb] ( pores1 exactly correspond+1 ab\t twelve on ! quadrant4 ,all pores regul> or subregul>2 ! inn] circul>1 ) elegant six-lob$ frames1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 ! out] hexagonal1 ) v ?9 ?read-l b>s4 ,all corn]s ( ! out] & inn] hexagons connect$ by ?91 bri/le-%ap$ radial beams4 7,simil> to ,haliomma rhodococcus1 ,pl4 #ai1 fig4 #f2 b ) smoo? surface & regul> hexagonal pores ( ! out] %ell47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4b1 inn] #j4af1 di/ance ( bo? #j4jb2 out] pores #j4jc1 inn] #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bff1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #c4 ,liosphra porulosa1 n4 sp4 ,bo? %ells ) regul> hexagonal pores2 _! numb] 9 ! out] %ell sev5 times z great z 9 ! inn]4 ,pores ( ! /\t inn] %ell l>ge1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s1 ab\t eight on ! quadrant4 ,f ea* hexagon-corn] arises "o bri/le-%ap$ radial beam2 _! di/al ends are unit$ by ?reads 7?ree f ea*71 =m+ ! l>ge me%es ( ! delicate out] %ell4 ,ea* ( ^! is divid$ by v ?9 ?reads into sev5 small circul> porules1 "o c5tral & six ar\nd x4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4be1 inn] #j4b1 di/ance ( bo? #j4jbe2 out] pores #j4jd1 _! porules #j4jab1 inn] pores #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,sunda ,/rait1 ,rabbe2 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,crasp$omma1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( bo? %ells irregul>1 9 ea* %ell diff]+ ei!r 9 =m or size4 #d4 ,liosphra p]idromium1 n4 sp4 ,bo? %ells ) ! same numb] ( l>ge1 polygonal1 v irregul> pores1 exactly correspond+ 7ab\t eight to t5 on ! quadrant72 bo? ) a v delicate ?9 framework4 ,f ! ?read-l b>s ( ! inn]1 v l>ge & ?9-wall$1 sph]e arise p]p5dicul>ly innum]able %ort bri/les ( equal l5g?1 :i* are unit$ at equal di/ances by tang5tial ?read-l b>s1 p>allel to ! =m]1 compos+ ! out] %ell4 ,ea* me% is1 !re=e1 surr\nd$ by a delicate balli/] or rail4 #gh;,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4db1 inn] #j4d1 di/ance ( bo? #j4ja2 diamet] ( ! me%es #j4jb to #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bej1 surface4 #e4 ,liosphra polypora1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bj1 fig4 #b74 ,bo? %ells ) small irregul> r\ndi% pores1 ( ab\t ! same size z ! b>s betwe5 !m2 tw5ty to ?irty on ! quadrant4 ,! pores ( ! out] %ell some:at small]1 !re=e mu* m num]\s ?an ! pores ( ! inn] %ell4 ,di/ance betwe5 ! two %ells ab\t "o-?ird z great z ! radius ( ! inn]4 ,bo? %ells connect$ by num]\s ?9 radial beams4 ,surface smoo? or a little r\gh4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ah1 inn] #j4ad1 di/ance ( bo? #j4jb2 pores & b>s #j4jjc to #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,we/ ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbe1 dep? #ddge4 ,subfamily ,,!cosph,,rida1#cc ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 pp4 #ddi1 #deb4 ,def9ition4--,liosphrida ) ?ree conc5tric sph]ical lattice-%ells1 :i* are unit$ by radial beams4 ,g5us #ba4 ,!cosphra1#cd ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deb4 ,def9ition4--,liosphrida ) two m$ull>y 7intracapsul>7 %ells & "o cortical 7extracapsul>7 %ell4 ,! g5us ,!cosphra comprises a l>ge numb] ( triple-%ell$ ,sphroidea1 =m]ly unit$ ) ,act9omma1 b diff]5t f ?is g5us 9 ! abs5ce ( radial sp9es4 ,! lattic$ %ell is compos$ ( ?ree conc5tric sph]es1 two ( :i* lie )9 ! c5tral capsule 7m$ull>y %ells71 & "o outside 7cortical %ell74 ,?is latt] is connect$ ) ! =m] by radial beams pi]c+ ! wall ( ! c5tral capsule4 ,f ! foll[+ ,rhodosphra 7) "o m$ull>y & two cortical %ells7 ,c>posphra diff]s also by ! di/ance ( ! ?ree %ells4 ,9 ! =m] ! di/ance betwe5 ! two out] %ells is mu* small]1 9 ! latt] mu* l>g]1 ?an ! di/ance betwe5 ! inn] %ells4 ,subg5us #a4 ,!cosphran?a1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! cortical %ell regul>1 hexagonal1 or circul>1 ) hexagonal frames or lobes1 all ( ne>ly equal size & =m4 #gia4 ,!cosphra triplodictyon1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 smoo?1 ) regul>1 hexagonal pores1 f\r times z broad z ! b>s4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #a 3 #b 3 #h4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells ) regul> circul> pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s1 ! inn] half z broad z ! out]4 ,all ?ree %ells connect$ by six ?9 radial beams1 opposite 9 pairs 9 ! ?ree dim5sive axes4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4b1 middle #j4je1 inn] #j4jbe2 cortical pores #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 #b4 ,!cosphra phnaxonia1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 r\gh1 ) regul>1 circul>1 hexagonally fram$ pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #a 3 #b 3 #f4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells ) regul> hexagonal pores & ?9 b>s4 ,all ?ree %ells connect$ by six prismatic radial beams1 opposite 9 pairs 9 ! ?ree dim5sive axes4 7,%ell simil> to ,hexacontium sceptrum1 ,pl4 #bd1 fig4 #a1 #a;a1 b )\t ext]nal sp9es47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ab1 middle #j4jd1 inn] #j4jb2 cortical pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bec1 surface4 #c4 ,!cosphra favosa1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 ?orny1 ) regul>1 circul>1 hexagonally fram$ pores1 ( ! same bread? z ! b>s4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #a 3 #c 3 #aj4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells ) regul> circul> pores1 connect$ ) ! =m] by twelve %ort prismatic1 regul>ly dispos$ radial beams4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4b1 middle #j4jf1 inn] #j4jb2 cortical pores & b>s #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfh1 surface2 also fossil 9 ,b>bados4 #d4 ,!cosphra floribunda1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 smoo?1 ) regul>1 elegantly six-lob$ pores1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #a 3 #b 3 #d4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells ) simple regul> circul> pores1 connect$ ) ! =m] by six dim5sive radial beams4 7,simil> to ,hexacontium floridum1 ,pl4 #bd1 fig4 #d1 b )\t ext]nal sp9es47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ab1 middle #j4jf1 inn] #j4jc2 cortical pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjcc4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bff1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #hj,subg5us #b4 ,!cosphrella1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! cortical %ell regul>1 circul>1 )\t hexagonal frames or lobes1 all ( ne>ly equal size & =m4 #e4 ,!cosphra in]mis1 ,haeckel4 ,act9omma in]me1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ddj1 ,taf4 xxiv4 fig4 #e4 ,haliomma in]me1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #hae4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 r\gh1 ) regul> circul> pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es & ( _! circul> regul> pores #a 3 #b 3 #d4 ,all ?ree sph]es connect$ by twelve regul>ly dispos$ radial beams4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4a1 middle #j4je1 inn] #j4jbe2 cortical pores #j4jjf1 b>s #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,m$it]ranean1 ,atlantic1 ,indian1 ,pacific1 at _m ,/ations & at v>i\s dep?s4 #f4 ,!cosphra quorea1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma quorea1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahdd1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #hc2 ,mikrogeol41 #ahed1 ,taf4 xxii4 fig4 #ce4 ,act9omma quorea1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ddc4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 smoo?1 ) regul> circul> pores ( ! same bread? z ! b>s4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es & ( _! regul> pores #a 3 #b 3 #f or #a 3 #c 3 #i2 !y are connect$ by six radial beams1 opposite by pairs 9 ! ?ree dim5sive axes4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4jh to #j4ab1 middle #j4jc to #j4jd1 inn] #j4ji to #j4ab2 cortical pores & b>s ab\t #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean1 ,corfu1 surface2 fossil 9 ,greece & ,sicily4 #g4 ,!cosphra m$usa1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma m$usa1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahch1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #acj2 ,mikrogeol41 #ahed1 ,taf4 xxii4 figs4 #cc1 #cd4 ,act9omma m$usa1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ddd4 ,act9omma m$usa1 ,/hr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 ,bd4 xxvi4 p4 #ij1 ,taf4 ii4 fig4 #c4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 r\gh or ?orny1 ) regul> circul> pores ( ! same bread? z ! b>s4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #a 3 #b 3 #d 7or #a 3 #b4e 3 #f72 !y are connect$ by f\r radial beams1 cross$ by pairs 9 two diamet]s1 p]p5dicul> "o to ano!r4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4jh to #j4ab1 middle #j4jd to #j4jf1 inn] #j4jb to #j4jbe2 cortical pores & b>s 9 av]age #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,b>bados & ! ,m$it]ranean4 #hah4 ,!cosphra entact9ia1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 smoo?1 ) regul> circul> pores ( ! same bread? z ! b>s4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #a 3 #c 3 #ab2 !y are connect$ by v num]\s 7=ty to fifty1 or m7 ?9 radial beams4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4bd1 middle #j4jf1 inn] #j4jb2 cortical pores & b>s #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #i4 ,!cosphra micropora1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 smoo?1 ) v small & num]\s1 regul>1 circul> pores1 half z broad z ! b>s4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree %ells #a 3 #b 3 #e2 !y are connect$ by tw5ty regul>ly dispos$ radial beams4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4b1 middle #j4jh1 inn] #j4jd2 cortical pores #j4jjb1 b>s #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bhh1 surface4 ,subg5us #c4 ,!cosphr9a1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! cortical %ell irregul> polygonal1 ( unequal size or dissimil> =m4 #aj4 ,!cosphra capillacea1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 smoo?1 ) irregul> polygonal pores1 ?ree to six times z broad z ! b>s4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells ) simil>1 b small]1 pores4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #a 3 #c 3 #h2 !y are connect$ by v num]\s 7sixty to eighty or m7 ?9 radial beams4 7,simil> to ,act9omma capillaceum1 ,pl4 #bi1 fig4 #f1 b )\t ext]nal sp9es47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4b1 middle #j4jge1 inn] #j4jbe2 cortical pores #j4jjf to #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bej1 surface4 #aa4 ,!cosphra diplococcus1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 r\gh1 ) l>ge irregul> polygonal pores1 two to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells ) small regul> circul> pores4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #a 3 #b 3 #f2 !y are connect$ by tw5ty 787 /\t radial beams4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ab1 middle #j4jd1 inn] #j4jb2 cortical pores #j4jjh to #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccj1 surface4 ,subg5us #d4 ,!cosphromma1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! cortical %ell irregul>1 r\ndi%1 ( unequal size or dissimil> =m4 #hbab4 ,!cosphra dodecactis1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 smoo?1 ) l>ge irregul> r\ndi% pores1 two to eight times z broad z ! b>s4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells ) regul> circul> pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #a 3 #b 3 #e2 !y are connect$ by twelve regul>ly dispos$ /\t radial beams4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4b1 middle #j4jh1 inn] #j4jd2 cortical pores #j4jjd to #j4jaf1 b>s #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfc1 dep? #bfej fa?oms4 #ac4 ,!cosphra icosactis1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 ) small irregul> r\ndi% pores1 two to f\r times z broad z ! b>s4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells ) simil> b small] pores4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #a 3 #c 3 #h2 !y are connect$ by tw5ty ?9 radial beams4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4cb1 middle #j4ab1 inn] #j4jd2 cortical pores #j4jje to #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdd1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #ad4 ,!cosphra maxima1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 ) small irregul> r\ndi% pores1 two to six times z broad z ! b>s4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells ) simil>1 b small]1 pores4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #a 3 #c 3 #i2 !y are connect$ by num]\s 7=ty to sixty or m7 ?9 radial beams4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4de1 middle #j4ae1 inn] #j4je2 cortical pores #j4jjh to #j4jbd1 b>s #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgb1 dep? #bfjj fa?oms4 ,g5us #bb4 ,rhodosphra1#ce ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deb4 ,def9ition4--,liosphrida ) "o m$ull>y 7intracapsul>7 %ell & two cortical 7extracapsul>7 %ells4 ,! g5us ,rhodosphra diff]s f ! prec$+ ,!cosphra 9 ! same mann] 9 :i*1 among ! ,dyosphrida1 ,liosphra diff]s f ,c>posphra4 ,! cortical %ell is d\ble1 compos$ ( two n f> di/ant %ells1 ly+ outside ! c5tral capsule4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! %ells is mu* small] ?an ! radius ( ! inn] %ell4 ,?is is connect$ by radial beams 7pi]c+ ! c5tral capsule7 ) ! small c5tral m$ull>y %ell4 ,subg5us #a4 ,rhodosphrella1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( bo? cortical %ells regul>1 9 ea* %ell all ( ne>ly equal size & =m4 #hca4 ,rhodosphra hexagonia1 n4 sp4 ,bo? cortical %ells ) ! same numb] ( regul> hexagonal pores2 ! inn] f\r times z broad z ! b>s1 & half z broad z ! out] pores1 :i* are sep>at$ by ?read-l b>s4 ,m$ull>y %ell only "o-f\r? z broad z ! inn] cortical %ell1 ) regul> hexagonal pores ( half ! size4 7,diff]s f ! simil> ,liosphra hexagonia1 ,pl4 #bj1 fig4 #c1 by ! possession ( a m$ull>y %ell47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4b1 middle #j4af1 inn] #j4jd2 out] pores #j4jac1 middle #j4jjh1 inn] #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bff1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #b4 ,rhodosphra melitomma1 n4 sp4 ,bo? cortical %ells ) ! same numb] ( regul> pores2 ! inn] regul>1 circul>1 twice z broad z ! b>s1 ) elegant hexagonal frames & six r\ndi% lobes alt]nat+ ) ! six radial sp9es :i* arise f ! hexagon-corn]s2 ^! %ort conical sp9es are connect$ at ! di/al end 7at equal di/ances f ! c5tre7 by delicate ?reads 7?ree f ea* sp9e71 :i* =m ! delicate ext]nal %ell4 ,m$ull>y %ell "o-?ird z broad z ! inn] cortical %ell1 ) small1 simple1 regul> circul> pores4 7,if 9 ,c>posphra melitomma1 ,pl4 #bj1 fig4 #d1 ! di/al ends ( ! sp9es became unit$ by a cobweb-l out] %ell1 ?is species w\ld be =m$47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4bb1 middle #j4ah1 inn] #j4jf2 out] pores #j4jbe1 middle #j4jabe1 inn] #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgj1 dep? #bibe fa?oms4 ,subg5us #b4 ,rhodosphromma1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( bo? cortical %ells irregul>1 9 ea* %ell ( unequal size or dissimil> =m4 #c4 ,rhodosphra palliata1 n4 sp4 ,bo? cortical %ells ) an unequal numb] ( irregul> r\ndi% pores2 ! out] pores some:at small] & mu* m num]\s ?an ! inn] pores2 ! b>s betwe5 ! latt] are ?ick]4 ,m$ull>y %ell ab\t "o qu>t] z broad z ! inn] cortical %ell1 ) regul> circul> pores4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4d1 middle #j4cf1 inn] #j4jh2 out] pores on an av]age #j4jjh1 middle #j4jab1 inn] #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ,b>bados4 #d4 ,rhodosphra p5taphylla1 n4 sp4 ,bo? cortical %ells ) unequal numb] ( irregul> r\ndi% pores2 ! inn] pores l>ge1 ?ree to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 to ea* inn] pore corresponds a gr\p ( five small] #hdout] pores1 l ! five petals ( a fl[]4 ,m$ull>y %ell half z broad z ! inn] cortical %ell1 ) regul> circul> pores4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4be1 middle #j4b1 inn] #j4a2 out] pores on an av]age #j4jjf1 middle #j4jab1 inn] #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 ,subfamily ,,cromyosph,,rida1#cf ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 pp4 #ddi1 #dec4 ,def9ition4--,liosphrida ) f\r conc5tric sph]ical lattic$ %ells1 unit$ by radial beams4 ,g5us #bc4 ,cromyosphra1#cg ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dec4 ,def9ition4--,liosphrida ) two intracapsul> 7m$ull>y7 %ells & two extracapsul> 7cortical7 %ells2 ! =m] unit$ ) ! latt] by radial beams pi]c+ ! wall ( ! c5tral capsule4 ,! g5us ,cromyosphra is ! only kn[n g5us ( ,cromyosphrida1 or ( su* ,sphroidea1 ! smoo? %ell ( :i* is compos$ ( two m$ull>y & two cortical %ells4 ,!re may possibly be o!r ,cromyosphrida1 9 :i* ! %ell is compos$ ( "o simple m$ull>y & ?ree cortical %ells1 or only ( f\r extra-capsul> cortical %ells2 b su* h n z yet be5 obs]v$4 ,c>yosphra polysphrica1 ,bts*li1 #ahhb 7,l4 ,n4 #da1 ,taf4 xxiii4 fig4 #ab7 is probably a ,cromyosphra 7fossil 9 ,b>bados74 #a4 ,cromyosphra quadruplex1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cj1 fig4 #i74 ,radial proportion ( ! f\r sph]es #a 3 #b 3 #d 3 #e4 ,out] cortical %ell smoo?1 ) l>ge regul> hexagonal pores1 t5 times z broad z ! b>s2 inn] cortical %ell ) irregul> polygonal pores1 five times z broad z ! b>s4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells ) regul> circul> pores ( ! same bread? z ! b>s4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! f\r sph]es--7,a7 #j4af1 7,b7 #j4ab1 7,c7 #j4jf1 7,d7 #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfe1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #b4 ,cromyosphra rosetta1 n4 sp4 ,radial proportion ( ! f\r sph]es #a 3 #b 3 #h 3 #aj4 ,out] cortical %ell smoo?1 ) regul> hexagonal pores & v ?9 b>s2 inn] cortical %ell ) ! same numb] ( exactly correspond+1 regul> circul>1 hexagonally fram$ pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 ! corn]s ( ! out] & inn] hexagons unit$ by radial bri/les4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells ) regul> circul> pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! f\r sph]es--7,a7 #j4b1 7,b7 #j4af1 7,c7 #j4jd1 7,d7 #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 #hec4 ,cromyosphra bigem9a1 n4 sp4 ,radial proportion ( ! f\r sph]es #a 3 #b 3 #g 3 #h4 ,out] cortical %ell smoo?1 ) regul> hexagonal pores & v ?9 b>s2 inn] cortical %ell ) ! same numb] ( exactly correspond+1 regul> circul> pores4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells ) regul> circul> pores ( ! same bread? z ! b>s4 7,some:at simil> to ,hexacromyon elegans1 ,pl4 #bd1 fig4 #i1 also ) six inn] radial beams1 b )\t ext]nal radial sp9es47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! f\r sph]es--7,a7 #j4b1 7,b7 #j4ag1 7,c7 #j4je1 7,d7 #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bda1 dep? #bcjj fa?oms4 #d4 ,cromyosphra cepa1 n4 sp4 ,radial proportion ( ! f\r sph]es #a 3 #b 3 #d 3 #e4 ,all f\r %ells ( ! same /ructure1 ?ick-wall$1 ) regul> circul> pores1 two to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 ! size ( ! pores increases gradually f ! inn] to ! out] %ell4 ,surface ?orny4 ,di/ance betwe5 ! second & ?ird %ells twice z great z t betwe5 ! o!rs4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! f\r sph]es--7,a7 #j4abe1 7,b7 #j4a1 7,c7 #j4je1 7,d7 #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ,b>bados4 #e4 ,cromyosphra scorodonium1 n4 sp4 ,radial proportion ( ! f\r sph]es #a 3 #b 3 #c 3 #d4 ,all f\r %ells ( ! same /ructure1 ?9-wall$1 ) irregul> r\ndi% pores1 two to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 ! size ( ! pores increas+ gradually f ! inn] to ! out] %ell4 ,surface smoo?4 ,di/ance betwe5 ea* two %ells equal to ! diamet] ( ! inn]mo/4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! f\r sph]es--7,a7 #j4ab1 7,b7 #j4ji1 7,c7 #j4jf1 7,d7 #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms2 also fossil 9 ,b>bados4 #f4 ,cromyosphra ant>ctica1 n4 sp44 ,radial proportion ( ! f\r sph]es #a 3 #b 3 #e 3 #g4 ,bo? cortical %ells ) irregul> polygonal r\ndi% pores2 ! out]mo/ ) ?9n] b>s & r\gh surface1 ! inn] ) ?ick] b>s4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells ) irregul> r\ndi% pores4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! f\r sph]es--7,a7 #j4ah1 7,b7 #j4ab1 7,c7 #j4je1 7,d7 #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,ant>ctic ,ocean2 9 v l>ge numb]1 toge!r ) ,rhizosphra ant>ctica1 9 ! diatomace\s ooze ( ,/ation #aeg 7#crd ,m>* #ahgd72 dep? #aiej fa?oms4 ,subfamily ,,c>yosph,,rida1#ch ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 pp4 #ddi1 #ded4 ,def9ition4--,liosphrida ) num]\s 7five or m7 conc5tric sph]ical lattic$ %ells1 unit$ by radial beams4 #hf;,g5us #bd4 ,c>yosphra1#ci ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #ded4 ,def9ition4--,liosphrida ) two intracapsul> 7m$ull>y7 %ells & ?ree or m extracapsul> 7cortical7 %ells2 ! =m] unit$ ) ! latt] by radial beams pi]c+ ! wall ( ! c5tral capsule4 ,! g5us ,c>yosphra1 ! only obs]v$ =m ( ?is subfamily1 comprises ^? ,liosphrida 9 :i* ! %ell is compos$ ( two m$ull>y & ?ree or m cortical %ells4 ,su* =ms 7)\t radial sp9es7 are v r>e2 ,i obs]v$ only two species1 "o ) five1 ! o!r ) six %ells4 ,!y are d]iv$ f ,cromyosphra by fur!r apposition ( out] cortical %ells4 #a4 ,c>yosphra p5talepas1 n4 sp4 ,%ell compos$ ( five conc5tric sph]es1 ) radial proportion #a 3 #b 3 #h 3 #aj 3 #ab4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells ) regul> circul> pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s4 ,fir/ cortical %ell ) regul>1 circul>1 hexagonally fram$ pores1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 second cortical %ell ) regul> hexagonal pores1 f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 ?ird 7out]mo/7 cortical %ell ) regul> hexagonal pores & v ?9 ?read-l b>s4 ,surface smoo?4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! five %ells--7,a7 #j4jb1 7,b7 #j4jd1 7,c7 #j4af1 7,d7 #j4b1 7,e7 #j4bd4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgd1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #b4 ,c>yosphra hexalepas1 n4 sp4 ,%ell compos$ ( six conc5tric sph]es1 ) ! radial proportion #a 3 #b 3 #d 3 #e 3 #f 3 #h4 ,all six %ells ) regul> circul> pores1 two to f\r times z broad z ! b>s1 ) increas+ size f ! c5trum aga9/ ! smoo? surface4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! six %ells--7,a7 #j4jbe1 7,b7 #j4je1 7,c7 #j4a1 7,d7 #j4ac1 7,e7 #j4af1 7,f7 #j4b4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms2 also fossil 9 ,b>bados4 ,subfamily ,,plegmosph,,rida1#dj ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dee4 ,def9ition4--,liosphrida ) spongy sph]ical %ell1 ) or )\t lattic$ m$ull>y %ell 9 ! c5tre4 ,g5us #be4 ,/yptosphra1#da ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dee4 ,def9ition4--,liosphrida =m+ a solid sph]e ( spongy framework1 )\t enclos$ m$ull>y %ell1 & )\t c5tral cavity4 #hg,! g5us ,/yptosphra pres5ts a sph]ical %ell ) smoo? or r\gh surface 7)\t radial sp9es71 ! :ole mass ( :i* is compos$ ( loos] or d5s] spongy wick]-"w4 #a4 ,/yptosphra spumacea1 n4 sp4 ,spongy framework ( ! solid sph]e loose1 ) l>ge polygonal me%es ( slightly diff]5t size1 t5 to tw5ty times z broad z ! b>s4 ,/ructure ( ! :ole spongy sph]e ! same4 ,c5tral capsule fill$ ) cry/als4 ,surface smoo?4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! sph]e #j4cb1 ( ! c5tral capsule #j4bf1 me%es #j4ja to #j4jb1 b>s #j4jja4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bcf1 surface4 #b4 ,/yptosphra spongiacea1 n4 sp4 ,spongy framework 9 ! c5tral "p ( ! solid sph]e mu* m compact ?an 9 ! p]iph]al "p1 becom+ gradually loos] t[>ds ! r\gh surface4 ,me%es 9 ! c5tre ?ree to five times1 9 ! p]iph]y fifte5 to tw5ty times z broad z ! b5t b>s4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! sph]e #j4de1 inn] me%es #j4jjf to #j4ja1 out] me%es #j4jc to #j4jd1 b>s #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 #c4 ,/yptosphra /upacea1 n4 sp4 ,spongy framework ( ! solid sph]e r compact1 ev]y:]e ( ! same /ructure1 ) r\ndi%1 ne>ly equal me%es1 six to eight times z broad z ! b>s4 ,surface r\gh ) prom95t ?orns4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! sph]e #j4bb1 me%es #j4ja to #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjae4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bia1 surface4 ,g5us #bf4 ,plegmosphra1 ,haeckel1#db #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dee4 ,def9ition4--,liosphrida =m+ a holl[ sph]e ( spongy framework1 )\t a m$ull>y %ell 9 ! c5tral cavity4 ,! g5us ,plegmosphra develops a l>ge holl[ sph]e1 ! wall ( :i* is compos$ ( loos] or d5s] spongy wick]-"w4 ,on ! inn] z well z on ! out] face ( ! spongy %ell-wall may be pres5t a simple lattice-sph]e f :i* ! ?reads ( ! framework arise2 b 9 "s species ^! lattice-plates are q abs5t4 #hh,subg5us #a4 ,plegmosphran?a1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,inside & outside ( ! spongy %ell-wall smoo?1 clos$ by a lattice-plate ) polygonal me%es4 #a4 ,plegmosphra maxima1 n4 sp4 ,radius ( ! sph]ical %ell-cavity eight to t5 times z great z ! ?ickness ( ! ?9 spongy wall4 ,inside & outside ( ! wall smoo?1 clos$ by a lattice-plate ) irregul> polygonal me%es4 ,only ?ree or f\r me%es 9 ! ?ickness ( ! wall4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! spongy sph]e #j4h to #a4j mm41 ( its inn] cavity #j4g to #j4h1 me%es #j4ja to #j4jb1 b>s #j4jjb to #j4jjc1 c5tral capsule #j4e to #j4f1 nucleus #j4a to #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 #b4 ,plegmosphra coelopila1 n4 sp4 ,radius ( ! sph]ical %ell-cavity eight to t5 times z great z ! ?ickness ( ! spongy wall4 ,inside & outside ( ! wall clos$ by a smoo? lattice-plate ) irregul> polygonal me%es1 five to t5 times z broad z ! b>s4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4cb1 ( its cavity #j4bf1 me%es #j4ja to #j4jb1 b>s #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,fre ,*annel1 ,gulf ,/ream1 ,john ,murray4 #c4 ,plegmosphra pa*ypila1 n4 sp4 ,radius ( ! sph]ical %ell-cavity ab\t equal to ! ?ickness ( ! spongy wall4 ,inside & outside ( ! wall clos$ by a smoo? lattice-plate ) irregul> polygonal me%es1 ?ree to six times z broad z ! b>s4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4bd1 ( its cavity #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bej1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,plegmosphrella1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,inside ( ! spongy %ell-wall clos$ by a smoo? lattice-plate1 outside r\gh1 spongy1 ) prom95t ?orns4 #d4 ,plegmosphra entodictyon1 n4 sp4 ,radius ( ! sph]ical %ell-cavity half z great z ! ?ickness ( ! spongy wall4 ,inside ( ! wall clos$ by a smoo? lattice-plate1 outside r\gh1 spongy4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4bd1 ( its cavity #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #cjj1 surface4 #hie4 ,plegmosphra leptodictyon1 n4 sp4 ,radius ( ! spongy %ell-cavity six times z great z ! ?ickness ( ! spongy wall4 ,inside ( ! wall clos$ by a smoo? lattice-plate1 outside r\gh spongy4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4dd1 ( its cavity #j4cf4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bff1 surface4 ,subg5us #c4 ,plegmosphromma1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,inside ( ! spongy %ell-wall r\gh spongy1 )\t lattice-plate1 outside clos$ by a smoo? lattice-plate4 #f4 ,plegmosphra exodictyon1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ah1 fig4 #h74 ,radius ( ! spongy %ell-cavity only "o-f\r? z great z ! ?ickness ( ! spongy %ell-wall4 ,outside ( ! wall clos$ by a smoo? lattice-plate1 inside r\gh1 spongy4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4d1 ( its cavity #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cbe1 surface4 ,subg5us #d4 ,plegmosphrusa1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,inside & outside ( ! spongy %ell-wall r\gh1 ) spongy or sp9y surface1 )\t lattice-plate4 #g4 ,plegmosphra leptoplegma1 n4 sp4 ,radius ( ! sph]ical %ell-cavity half z great z ! ?ickness ( ! loose spongy %ell-wall4 ,inside & outside ( ! wall r\gh spongy1 n clos$ by a lattice-plate4 ,me%es t5 to tw5ty times z broad z ! b>s4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4c1 ( its cavity #j4jhh4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #bec1 surface4 #h4 ,plegmosphra pa*yplegma1 n4 sp4 ,radius ( ! sph]ical %ell-cavity ab\t equal to ! ?ickness ( ! d>k & d5se spongy %ell-wall4 ,inside & outside ( ! wall r\gh spongy1 n clos$ by a lattice-plate4 ,me%es ?ree to five times z broad z ! b>s4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4b1 ( its cavity #j4a4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgj1 surface4 ,g5us #bg4 ,spongoplegma1#dc ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dee4 ,def9ition4--,liosphrida =m+ a sph]e ( spongy framework1 :i* encloses 9 ! c5tre "o s+le lattic$ m$ull>y %ell4 #ij,! g5us ,spongoplegma may be reg>d$ z a ,c>posphra1 9 :i* ! simple lattic$ cortical %ell is repres5t$ by an irregul> spongy framework1 imm$iately enclos+ ! simple lattic$ m$ull>y %ell4 #a4 ,spongoplegma ant>cticum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ) loose spongy framework & r\gh surface1 f\r to six times z broad z ! enclos$ simple m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores ( ! latt] regul> circul>1 twice z broad z ! b>s4 ,f its surface arise num]\s 7=ty to fifty or m7 %ort radial beams1 :i* become =k$ & compose1 by communication ( lat]al bran*es1 ! spongy cortical %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! spongy cortical %ell #j4b to #j4c ( ! lattic$ m$ull>y %ell #j4je to #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,ant>ctic ,ocean1 9 l>ge numb]1 toge!r ) ,cromyosphra ant>ctica2 9 ! ,diatom ooze ( ,/ation #aeg 7dep? #aiej fa?oms74 ,g5us #bh4 ,spongodictyon1#dd ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dei4 ,def9ition4--,liosphrida =m+ a sph]e ( spongy framework1 :i* encloses 9 ! c5tre a d\ble lattic$ conc5tric m$ull>y %ell4 ,! g5us ,spongodictyon c be reg>d$ z a ,!cosphra1 9 :i* ! simple lattic$ cortical %ell is repres5t$ by an irregul> spongy framework1 :i* imm$iately encloses ! d\ble lattic$ m$ull>y %ell4 ,sometimes ?is latt] appe>s triple1 ! inn] surface ( ! spongy cortical %ell =m+ a smoo? sph]ical lattice-plate1 sep>at$ by an int]val f ! d\ble m$ull>y %ell4 ,subg5us #a4 ,dictyoplegma1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol1 p4 #deh4 ,def9ition4--,spongy cortical %ell envelop+ imm$iately ! d\ble m$ull>y %ell4 #a4 ,spongodictyon spongiosum1 ,haeckel4 ,dictyosoma spongiosum1 ,j4 ,mll]1 #aheh1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #ca1 ,taf4 ii4 figs4 #i-aa4 ,dictyoplegma spongiosum1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #deh4 ,spongy framework ( ! cortical %ell loose1 ) l>ge1 polygonal r\ndi% me%es1 on an av]age z l>ge z ! d\ble m$ull>y %ell1 :i* is imm$iately envelop$ by x4 ,bo? conc5tric m$ull>y %ells ) subregul> r\ndi% pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! cortical %ell #j4b to #j4c or m2 ( ! out] m$ull>y %ell #j4jc1 inn] #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,fr5* s\? coa/1 surface71 ,j4 ,mll]4 #iab4 ,spongodictyon cav]nosum1 n4 sp4 ,spongy framework ( ! cortical %ell r compact 9 ! inn] "p1 :i* imm$iately envelops ! d\ble m$ull>y %ell2 v loose1 ) l>ge cav]ns 9 ! out] "p1 cav]ns ( ! surface l>g] ?an ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells ) regul> circul> pores1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! cortical %ell #j4c to #j4d1 out] m$ull>y %ell #j4a1 inn] #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cch1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,spongodictyoma1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,spongy cortical %ell on ! inn] surface ) a smoo? lattice-plate 7or ?ird m$ull>y %ell71 :i* is connect$ by radial beams ) ! inn] d\ble m$ull>y %ell4 #c4 ,spongodictyon trigonizon1 ,haeckel4 ,spongodictyon trigonizon1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dei1 ,taf4 xxvi4 figs4 #d-f4 ,dictyosoma trigonizon1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #hda4 ,spongy framework ( ! cortical %ell v loose1 ) v l>ge1 = ! mo/ "p triangul> me%es1 :i* are two to six times z l>ge z ! enclos$ d\ble m$ull>y %ell4 ,f ! surface ( ! latt] arise num]\s radial beams1 :i* are connect$ by a sph]ical lattice-plate1 =m+ ! smoo? inn] surface ( ! spongy sph]e 7or a ?ird m$ull>y %ell74 ,! /ructure ( ! framework rem9ds "o ( ! ,,ph,,od>ium ,sag5a 7,pl4 #ajh74 ,pores ( bo? m$ull>y %ells regul> circul>1 twice z broad z ! b>s4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! cortical %ell #j4e to #a4ae1 out] m$ull>y #j4je1 inn] #j4jce4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean1 ,mess9a1 surface4 #d4 ,spongodictyon arcadophoron1 n4 sp4 ,spongy framework ( ! cortical %ell 9 ! inn] "p v loose1 9 ! out] "p m compact2 out] me%es sc>cely z l>ge z ! inn] m$ull>y %ell 7or only half z l>ge71 inn] me%es two to f\r times z l>ge4 ,f ! surface ( ! d\ble m$ull>y %ell arise num]\s radial beams1 :i* are =k$ at equal di/ances f ! c5tre2 ! =k bran*es are curv$ & unit$ toge!r by di*otom\s bran*es1 l elegant arcades2 & ^! arcades =m toge!r ! l>ge polygonal me%es on ! inside ( ! cortical %ell 7or a ?ird m$ull>y %ell74 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells ) regul> circul> pores1 ( ! same bread? z ! b>s4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! cortical %ell #j4b1 out] m$ull>y %ell #j4jd1 inn] #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdi1 surface4 #ib;,family ,,vi4 ,,collosph,,rida1 ,j4 ,mll]#de 7,pls4 #e-h74 ,def9ition4--,sphroidea liv+ associat$ 9 colonies1 unit$ by an alveol> jelly-body1 & connect$ by ! network ( ana/omos+ pseudopodia4 ,! family ,collosphrida comprises all polyz\s or social ,sphroidea1 & con/itutes ! only polyzoic gr\p among ! ,,sph,,rell>ia4 ,?is gr\p 0 fir/ con/itut$ by ,j4 ,mll] z ,radiol>ia polyzoa ) %ells4#df ,=m]ly foll[+ 8 au?ority1 9 my ,monograph ,i _h sep>at$ !m f ! o!r ,sphroidea & unit$ !m ) ! social ,collod>ia 7,sphrozoida74#dg ,also ,r4 ,h]twig 9 8 ,organismus d] ,radiol>i5#dh unit$ !m ) 8 ,sphrozoea4 ,9 my ,prodromus#di ,i _h reta9$ ?is isolat$ position4 ,b a fur!r c>eful /udy has conv9c$ me t ?is isolation is n truly natural1 & t ! ,collosphrida are only social ,e?mosphrida :i* h aris5 f ?is solit>y subfamily by adaptation to colonial life4 ,!re are "s =ms ( ,collosphrida :i* are ne>ly id5tical ) "s =ms ( ,e?mosphrida1 only diff]+ f ! latt] by _! association 9 colonies2 & 9 "s =ms ( bo? gr\ps x is q impossible to decide :e!r ! isolat$ %ells app]ta9 to "o or to ! o!r family4 ,! isolat$ %ell ( ! ,collosphrida is almo/ con/antly 7) few exceptions7 a simple extracapsul> lattice-%ell1 z 9 ! ,monosphrida2 only ! small gr\p ( ,cla?rosphrida 7) ! g5]a ,cla?rosphra & ,xan?iosphra7 exhibit an exception1 ! simple lattice-%ell be+ ov]gr[n by an ext]nal mantle or veil ( v ?91 cobweb-l1 irregul> lattice-"w 7,pl4 #h1 figs4 #f-aa74 ,!re=e ^! ,cla?rosphrida be> to ! ,acrosphrida 7or ! common simple ,collosphrida7 a relation simil> to t :i* ,liosphra 7p4 #gf7 be>s to ,c5osphra2 bo? %ells are extracapsul> cortical %ells at a v %ort di/ance ap>t4 ,9 ! ,collosphrida true conc5tric m$ull>y %ells nev] occur2 ! c5tral capsule always lies q freely 9 ! simple or d\ble cortical %ell1 sep>at$ f x by a jelly-veil4 ,al?\gh a well m>k$ diff]5ce 9 ! simple lattice-%ell ( ! social ,collosphrida & ! solit>y ,e?mosphrida does n exi/1 nev]!less 9 mo/ cases ! two %ells c be di/+ui%$ by a practic$ obs]v]4 ,! simple f5e/rat$ %ells ( ! monozoic ,e?mosphrida are commonly q regul> sph]es 9 a ma!matical s5se1 or regul> endosph]ical polyh$ra2 :]eas 9 ! ,collosphrida !y are commonly m or less irregul>1 (t5 to an extraord9>y degree 7,pls4 #e-h74 ,"s species ( ,collosphrida1 h[ev]1 also possess q regul> sph]ical %ells4 ,ano!r diff]5ce is (t5 %[n 9 ! lattice-"w ( ! %ells1 :i* 9 ! ,collosphrida is ne>ly always v irregul>1 & exhibits a peculi> t5d5cy to ! #icproduction ( radial1 conical1 or cyl9drical tubules4 ,^! occur z well on ! inside z on ! outside ( ! %ell1 & ! tubules are n[ m conical1 n[ m cyl9drical2 _! wall ei!r solid or pi]c$ by pores 7,pls4 #e-h74 ,! tubules are commonly v irregul> 9 =m1 size1 & disposition2 di/+ui%$1 h[ev]1 by a numb] ( h]$it>y peculi>ities1 :i* are suffici5t = ! di/9ction ( g5]a4 ,simil> tubules occur also 9 "s g5]a ( solit>y ,e?mosphrida 7,cosc9omma1 ,e?mosphra1 ,conosphra1 c41 ,pl4 #ab72 b ! tubules are "h mu* m regul> & n s highly develop$4 ,besides ! tubules ( ! f5e/rat$ %ells1 9 "s g5]a ( ,collosphrida ! surface is arm$ ) irregul> ?orns1 r>ely ) m regul> radial sp9es4 ,b ^! sp9es obta9 con/antly ! "* ( accessory by-sp9es1 & rema9 %ort & ?94 ,9 ?is family typical radial sp9es nev] occur 9 a regul> & *>act]i/ic disposition1 correspond+ to dim5sive axes1 z is ! case 9 ne>ly all solit>y ,sphroidea1 only except+ ! ,liosphrida4 ,commonly ^! sp9es or ?orns s]ve z protective arms = ! %ell-me%es1 surr\nd+ !m (t5 9 ! =m ( coronels4 ,(t5 ! lattice-plate ( ! irregul> r\ndi% %ell is tub]cul>1 elevat$ into irregul> protub]ances1 be>+ on ! top a %ort sp9e or ?orn 7,pl4 #h74 ,! ,c5tral ,capsule ( ! ,collosphrida is always a regul> sph]e1 z 9 all o!r ,sphroidea2 x is con/antly plac$ )9 ! lattice-%ell1 & commonly mu* small] ?an x1 sep>at$ f x by a ?ick jelly-veil4 ,a rem>kable diff]5ce f ! solit>y ,sphroidea is %[n 9 ! e>ly division ( ! nucleus4 ,commonly ! c5tral capsule ( ! ,collosphrida conta9s 9 its c5tre a l>ge oil-globule1 surr\nd$ by v num]\s small nuclei4 ,r4 ,h]twig e/imat$ ?is diff]5ce z s important1 t he sep>at$ ! social ,sphrozoea & ! solit>y ,p]ipylea z two diff]5t ord]s4 ,z already %[n above 7p4 #g1 #bd71 we _c support ?is sep>ation1 & are n[ conv9c$ t ?is diff]5ce 9 ! developm5t ( ! spores--j z 9 ! ,collod>ia--is ! consequ5ce ( an adaptation to social life4 ,! common jelly-body1 9 :i* ! num]\s c5tral capsules & _! envelop+ %ells are unit$1 exhibits 9 ! ,collosphrida q ! same *>act]s z 9 ! o!r social ,radiol>ia1 ! ,collozoida & ,sphrozoida4 ,! jelly-body is v volum9\s1 commonly sph]ical1 (t5 cyl9drical1 ( consid]able size2 con/antly conta9+ num]\s l>ge alveoles4 ,(t5 ea* %ell is enclos$ 9 a sep>ate alveole ) r solid wall 7,pl4 #f1 fig4 #b74 ,sometimes 9 ! dead colonies all %ells are unit$ 9 ! c5tral "p ( ! jelly-body1 :il/ its p]iph]al "p is compos$ ( a /ratum ( l>ge alveoles 7,pl4 #h1 fig4 #aa72 at o!r times no alveoles are visible 7,pl4 #g1 fig4 #aa74 ,9 _m liv+ colonies ,i f\nd a v l>ge sph]ical alveole ) ?ick wall 9 ! c5tre ( ! sph]ical colony1 surr\nd$ by _m /rata ( delicate ?9-wall$ alveoles 7,pl4 #e1 fig4 #a74 ,9 ?is case (t5 ! inn] y\ng] capsules 7 nak$1 #id)\t %ells1 ! out] only surr\nd$ by %ells4 ,already 9 my ,monograph ,i _h describ$ ! same peculi> =mation4#ej ,synopsis ( ! ,g5]a ( ,collosphrida4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,i4 ,subfamily ,acrosphrida4 7,lattice-%ell simple1 )\t an ext]nal mantle ( network47 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,inside ,inside smoo?1 #bi4 ,collosphra4 ,outside ( )\t ! %ell tubuli4 ,inside sp9y1 #cj4 ,tribonosphra4 smoo?1 )\t ,tubuli sp9es or ,inside ) imp]=at$1 #ca4 ,ph>yngosphra4 tubuli4 c5tripetal tubuli4 ,tubuli f5e/rat$1 #cb4 ,bucc9osphra4 ,sp9es irregul>ly scatt]$ on ! surface1 #cc4 ,acrosphra4 ,outside ( ! %ell arm$ ,ea* l>g] ) solid sp9es1 b pore ) "o ) holl[ tubuli4 s+le sp9e1 #cd4 ,odontosphra4 ,ea* l>g] pore ) a coronal ( sp9es1 #ce4 ,*o5icosphra4 ,m\? ( ! tubuli truncat$1 smoo?1 #cf4 ,siphonosphra4 ,outside ( ,tubuli ,m\? ) ! %ell simple1 n "o s+le ) bran*$4 l>ge too?1 #cg4 ,mazosphra4 irregul> radial ,m\? ) a tubuli1 coronal ( ! wall ( tee?1 #ch4 ,trypanosphra4 :i* is solid1 n ,tubuli irregul>ly bran*$1 f5e/rat$4 ea* ) two to f\r or m op5+s1 #ci4 ,cam9osphra4 ,m\? ( ! tubuli truncat$1 smoo?1 #dj4 ,sol5osphra4 ,outside ( ! %ell ) irregul> radial tubuli1 ,m\? ) "o op5 on bo? ends1 s+le l>ge ) f5e/rat$ wall4 too?1 #da4 ,otosphra4 ,m\? ) a coronal ( tee?1 #db4 ,coronosphra4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,ii4 ,subfamily ,cla?rosphrida4 7,lattice-%ell d\ble1 ) an ext]nal mantle ( network47 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,surface ( ! out] %ell smoo?1 #dc4 ,cla?rosphra4 ,surface ( ! out] %ell ?orny1 #dd4 ,xan?iosphra4 ,subfamily ,,acrosph,,rida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dga4 ,def9ition4--,collosphrida ) "o simple lattice-%ell ar\nd e c5tral capsule ( ! co5obium4 #ie;,g5us #bi4 ,collosphra1#ea ,j4 ,mll]1 #ahee4 ,def9ition4--,collosphrida ) simple %ells1 smoo? on ! inside & on ! outside1 )\t any sp9es or tubuli4 ,! g5us ,collosphra is ! mo/ simple =m ( all ,collosphrida1 & mu/ be reg>d$ z ! common ance/ral =m ( ?is family4 ,z ! lattice-%ell is q a simple sph]e1 )\t any sp9es1 tubules1 or o!r peculi> productions1 x agrees p]fectly ) ,c5osphra1 & repres5ts ! social or polyzoid aggregate ( ?is solit>y or monozoid g5us4 ,!re=e a c]ta9 di/9ction betwe5 ! isolat$ %ells ( ! two g5]a is (t5 v difficult or ev5 impossible2 b commonly ?is di/9ction is possible ow+ to ! circum/ance1 t 9 ! majority ( ! ,collosphr ! %ell is m or less irregul> r\ndi% or polyh$ral1 n q sph]ical1 z 9 ,c5osphra4 ,d]matosphra1 ,ehr5b]g1 is a ,collosphra ) small pores 7comp>e ,l4 ,n4 #af1 p4 #ecc74 ,subg5us #a4 ,eucollosphra1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,%ell a regul> or subregul> sph]e4 #a4 ,collosphra primordialis1 n4 sp4 ,%ell a regul> sph]e1 ) v delicate & regul> network ( hexagonal me%es4 ,six to eight me%es 9 ! half m]idian ( ! %ell4 ,diamet] ( ! me%es t5 to fifte5 times z broad z ! ?9 b>s betwe5 !m4 ,c be reg>d$ z social =m ( ,c5osphra primordialis4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4a to #j4ab1 ( ! pores #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ations #bga to #bgd1 surface4 #b4 ,collosphra regul>is1 n4 sp4 ,%ell a regul> sph]e1 ) a p]fectly regul> network ( circul> me%es1 all ( ! same size4 ,t5 to twelve me%es 9 ! half m]idian ( ! %ell4 ,diamet] ( ! me%es ! same z t ( ! b>s betwe5 !m4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4a to #j4ab1 ( ! pores #j4jje to #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,madagasc>1 surface1 ,rabbe4 #c4 ,collosphra globul>is1 n4 sp4 ,%ell a regul> sph]e1 ) subregul> network ( circul> me%es ( diff]5t sizes2 few l>ge pores betwe5 _m small] pores4 ,t5 to tw5ty me%es 9 ! half m]idian ( ! %ell4 ,diamet] ( ! me%es f half to twice z broad z t ( ! b>s4 #if;,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4a to #j4ab1 ( ! pores #j4jjb to #j4jjh1 bread? ( ! b>s #j4jjd to #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,tropical & subtropical zone ( bo? hemisph]es1 widely di/ribut$2 ,can>ies1 ,azores1 ,cape ,v]de ,isl&s1 ,gu9ea ,coa/1 ,brazil ,coa/1 ,indian ,ocean1 ,madagasc>1 ,ceylon1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,dyscollosphra1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,%ell n a regul> sph]e1 b irregul> r\ndi%1 9 all degrees ( v>iation betwe5 subsph]ical & polyh$ral or q irregul> =ms4 #d4 ,collosphra huxleyi1 ,j4 ,mll]4 ,collosphra huxleyi1 ,j4 ,mll]1 #ahee1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 pp4 #ee-ei1 ,taf4 viii4 figs4 #f-i4 ,collosphra huxleyi1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ecd1 ,taf4 xxxiv4 ,collosphra huxleyi1 ,ci5k[ski1 #ahga1 ,ar*iv f4 mikrosk4 ,anat41 ,bd4 vii4 p4 #cgd1 ,taf4 xxix4 figs4 #a-f4 ,collosphra ligur9a1 ,j4 ,mll]1 #ahef1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #dha4 ,?alassicolla punctata1 v>41 ,huxley1 #ahea1 ,ann4 & ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 s]4 #b1 vol4 viii4 p4 #dcd1 pl4 xvi4 fig4 #f4 ,%ell subsph]ical1 some:at irregul>1 sometimes ) m or less sup]ficial impressions1 ) irregul> network ( r\ndi% me%es4 ,eight to sixte5 me%es 9 ! half m]idian ( ! %ell1 "o to ?ree times z broad z _! b>s4 ,v v>iable1 ) direct transition-=ms to o!r species ( ?is g5us1 especially to ,collosphra globul>is1 ,collosphra tub]osa1 ,collosphra pyri=mis1 & ,collosphra poly$ra4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4a to #j4af1 ( ! pores #j4jjd to #j4jab1 ( ! bridges #j4jjc to #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 common 9 ! great] "p ( ! w>m] seas1 surface4 #e4 ,collosphra polygona1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #e1 fig4 #ac74 ,collosphra huxleyi v>41 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 ,taf4 xxxiv4 fig4 #e4 ,%ell irregul> polygonal1 ) v delicate1 irregul> network ( polygonal me%es1 f\r to twelve times z broad z ! b>s4 ,t5 to tw5ty pores on ! half m]idian ( ! %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4a to #j4b1 ( ! pores #j4jab to #j4jjd1 ( ! b>s #j4jja to #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean1 ,atlantic1 surface2 ,/ations #cdh to #ced4 #f4 ,collosphra pyri=mis1 ,haeckel1 n4 sp4 ,%ell irregul>1 r\nd$1 ovate or pe>-%ap$1 ) irregul> network ( r\nd$ or ne>ly polygonal me%es4 ,t5 to tw5ty me%es 9 ! half m]idian ( ! %ell1 "o to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s4 ,commonly "o l>ge op5+ 7two to ?ree times z broad z ! l>ge/ #igme%es7 on ! ?9n] end ( ! ovate %ell 7correspond+ to ! ins]tion ( a pe>-/alk72 sometimes two or ?ree su* l>ge op5+s4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4a to #j4ae1 ( ! pores #j4jjh to #j4jaf1 ( ! bridges #j4jjd to #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,tropical zone--,cape ,v]de ,isl&s1 ,ceylon2 ,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ations #bff to #bgb1 #cdh to #ceb1 c4 #g4 ,collosphra poly$ra1 n4 sp4 ,trisol5ia zangueb>ica1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahgb1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #cja1 ,taf4 x4 fig4 #aa4 ,%ell irregul>1 polyh$ral1 ) ev5 or some:at vault$ sides1 & obtuse ridges betwe5 !m4 ,network m or less irregul>1 ) small r\nd$ me%es1 q z broad or twice z broad z _! b>s4 ,besides ^! small pores con/antly "s l>ge r\nd op5+s 7commonly ?ree to six71 situat$ on ! corn]s ( ! polyh$ral %ell1 f\r to six times z l>ge z ! pores4 ,(t5 an acute too? on ! edge ( ea* l>ge op5+4 ,transition-=m betwe5 ,collosphra & ,sol5osphra or ,odontosphra4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4a to #j4ae1 ( ! pores #j4jjd to #j4jjh1 ( _! bridges #j4jjd1 ( ! l>ge op5+s #j4bd to #j4jcb4 ,habitat4--,tropical zone ( ! ,pacific & ! ,indian ,ocean2 ,/ations #bff to #bgb1 surface4 #h4 ,collosphra tub]osa1 n4 sp4 ,collosphra huxleyi1 v>41 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 ,taf4 xxxiv4 figs4 #c1 #i4 ,%ell v irregul>1 betwe5 subsph]ical & polyh$ral 9 =m1 b always ) irregul> impressions1 boils or bosses1 & betwe5 ^! diff]5t r\nd$ prom95t tub]cles & ridges4 ,network irregul>1 /rong1 ) r\nd$1 subcircul> or ne>ly polygonal me%es4 ,t5 to ?irty pores 9 ! half m]idian ( ! %ell4 ,diamet] ( ! me%es half to f\r times z broad z t ( ! ?ick b>s4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell v v>iable 9 ! same co5obium1 #j4je to #j4b1 ( ! pores #j4jjb to #j4jjh1 bread? ( ! bridges #j4jjd to #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan1 common 9 all w>m] seas1 surface4 #i4 ,collosphra irregul>is1 n4 sp4 ,collosphra huxleyi1 v>41 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 ,taf4 xxxiv4 fig4 #h4 ,%ell q irregul>1 knotty or bulb\s1 ) irregul> impressions1 & prom95t knobs or bulbs betwe5 !m4 ,network ?91 fragile1 q irregul>1 ) polygonal me%es ( mo/ unequal size & =m4 ,five to tw5ty pores 9 ! half m]idian ( ! %ell4 ,diamet] ( ! me%es two to t5 times z broad z t ( ! ?9 b>s4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell v v>iable 9 ! same co5obium1 #j4jd to #j4bd1 ( ! pores #j4jje to #j4je1 ( ! bridges #j4jjb to #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean1 ,atlantic1 n common2 ,/ations #cdh1 #ceb1 c41 surface4 #ih;,g5us #cj4 ,tribonosphra1#eb ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dga4 ,def9ition4--,collosphrida ) simple %ells1 on ! inside ) radial c5tripetal beams4 ,! g5us ,tribonosphra diff]s f ,collosphra by a v peculi> & r>e "*1 ! developm5t ( c5tripetal radial /icks on ! int]nal face ( ! %ell2 ^! beams are n unit$ 9 ! c5trum1 b f9i% freely 9 a c]ta9 di/ance f x4 #a4 ,tribonosphra c5tripetalis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #e1 fig4 #ab74 ,%ell r\ndi% or subsph]ical1 ) num]\s small circul> or r\ndi% pores1 ab\t twice z broad z ! b>s4 ,tw5ty to ?irty pores on ! half m]idian ( ! %ell4 ,outside ( ! %ell smoo?1 inside a v>iable numb] 7t5 to tw5ty7 ( ?91 radial1 c5tripetal /icks or sp9es1 "o-?ird or "o-half z long z ! radius ( ! %ell4 7,9 ! c5tral capsule _m v l>ge cry/als1 re/+ aft] ! de/ruction ( ! capsule47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4a to #j4ab1 ( ! pores #j4jjc to #j4jje1 ( ! bridges #j4jja to #j4jjb2 l5g? ( ! inn] c5tripetal /icks #j4jb to #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 ,g5us #ca4 ,ph>yngosphra1#ec n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,collosphrida ) simple %ells1 hav+ on ! inside radial c5tripetal tubes1 ! walls ( :i* are solid4 ,! g5us ,ph>yngosphra diff]s f ,collosphra by ! developm5t ( radial tubules on ! inside ( ! %ell1 :i* are direct$ c5tripetally t[>ds its c5tre4 ,! wall ( ! tubule is solid1 n lattic$ z 9 ! foll[+ g5us4 #a4 ,ph>yngosphra /omoda1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #e1 fig4 #aj74 ,%ell irregul> polyh$ral1 ) t5 to fifte5 polygonal faces & r\nd$ edges4 ,pores v small1 circul>1 irregul>ly scatt]$1 small] ?an ! b>s4 ,twelve to fifte5 pores on ! half m]idian ( ! %ell4 ,on ! inside ( e %ell-face "o %ort1 ne>ly cyl9drical1 c5tripetal tubule1 twice z long z broad1 & ab\t "o-?ird z long z ! %ell radius4 ,out] umbilical m\? ( ! tubules some:at wid] ?an ! inn] truncat$ m\?4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4aa to #j4ab1 ( ! pores #j4jjc to #j4jje1 ( ! b>s #j4ja to #j4jb2 l5g? ( ! inn] tubuli #j4jb1 bread? ( !m #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bhh1 dep? #bfjj fa?oms4 #ii;,g5us #cb4 ,bucc9osphra1#ed n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,collosphrida ) simple %ells1 hav+ on ! inside radial c5tripetal tubes1 ! walls ( :i* are f5e/rat$4 ,! g5us ,bucc9osphra exhibits1 on ! inn] surface ( ! %ell1 radial c5tripetal tubules simil> to ^? ( ! =ego+ ,ph>yngosphra2 b ! walls ( ^! tubes are "h lattic$1 n solid2 !y repres5t !re=e true invag9ations ( ! :ole %ell-wall4 #a4 ,bucc9osphra invag9ata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #e1 fig4 #aa74 ,%ell irregul> r\ndi% or ne>ly polyh$ral1 ) a v>iable numb] ( umbilical depressions1 :i* are prolong$ on ! inside into cyl9drical or some:at conical1 c5tripetal1 f5e/rat$ tubes1 ab\t "o-?ird z long z ! %ell radius4 ,inn] m\? ( ! tubes n>r[]1 sc>cely half z broad z ! out] m\?1 ab\t equal to "o-f\r? ! %ell radius1 truncat$4 ,pores ( ! tubes & ( ! %ell small1 r\ndi%1 irregul> 9 size & di/ribution1 ab\t z broad z ! b>s4 ,tw5ty-five to ?irty pores 9 ! half m]idian ( ! %ell4 ,9 all obs]v$ specim5s ! sph]ical c5tral capsule 7half z broad z ! %ell7 conta9$ a l>ge numb] ( cry/als4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4a to #j4ab1 ( ! pores #j4jja to #j4jjc1 ( ! b>s #j4jjb to #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! tubuli #j4jb2 out] m\? #j4jbf1 inn] m\? #j4jac2 cry/als 9 ! c5tral capsule #j4jjb to #j4jjd1 sometimes #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,philipp9e ,isl&s 7,samboangan71 ,/ation #bac1 surface4 #b4 ,bucc9osphra tub>ia1 n4 sp4 ,%ell irregul> polyh$ral ) r\nd$ edges1 ) a v>iable numb] ( umbilical depressions1 :i* are prolong$ on ! inside into l>ge1 ne>ly cyl9drical1 c5tripetal1 f5e/rat$ tubes1 half z long z ! %ell radius4 ,9 ! middle ! tubes are some:at con/rict$ & n>r[]4 ,inn] m\? ( ! tubes dilat$1 ne>ly z broad z ! out] m\?1 ab\t equal to "o-half ! %ell-radius1 truncat$4 ,pores ( ! tubes & ( ! %ell l>ge1 r\ndi% polygonal1 irregul> 9 size & di/ribution1 ?ree to f\r times z broad z ! b>s4 ,fifte5 to tw5ty pores 9 ! half m]idian ( ! %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ab to #j4ad1 ( ! pores #j4jjh to #j4jab1 ( ! b>s #j4jjb to #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! tubuli #j4jc2 out] m\? #j4jd1 inn] m\? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,nor? coa/ ( ,new ,gu9ea1 ,/ation #bag1 surface4 ,g5us #cc4 ,acrosphra1#ee ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dga4 ,def9ition4--,collosphrida ) simple %ells1 ! out] surface ( :i* is cov]$ ) radial1 irregul>ly scatt]$ sp9es4 #ajj,! g5us ,acrosphra diff]s f its ance/ral g5us ,collosphra by ! developm5t ( sp9es on ! out] surface ( ! %ell4 ,^! are ei!r %ort1 /raight1 radial sp9es1 or oblique & (t5 curv$2 _! base is (t5 inflat$2 !y are irregul>ly scatt]$ on ! :ole surface betwe5 ! pores4 #a4 ,acrosphra er9acea1 n4 sp4 ,%ell a regul> sph]e1 ev]y:]e cov]$ ) small1 v num]\s1 /raight radial sp9es1 regul>ly scatt]$ betwe5 ! pores4 ,9 ! half m]idian ( ! %ell t5 to twelve circul> pores1 all ( ! same =m & size1 d\ble z broad z ! b>s4 ,sp9es bri/le-%ap$1 v ?91 solid1 ab\t z long z ! diamet] ( ! pores4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4a to #j4ab1 ( ! pores #j4jjh to #j4jab2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,tropical zone ( ! ,atlantic1 coa/ ( ,brazil1 ,rabbe1 surface4 #b4 ,acrosphra e*9oides1 n4 sp4 7,pl #h1 fig4 #a74 ,%ell a regul> sph]e1 cov]$ ) num]\s1 /raight1 radial sp9es1 irregul>ly scatt]$ ov] ! :ole surface4 ,9 ! half m]idian ( ! %ell tw5ty to ?irty irregul> r\ndi% pores ( v>iable size1 "o to f\r times z broad z ! b>s4 ,sp9es conical1 /rong1 q radial1 at ! top ( small conical elevations1 :i* are p]=at$ by f ?ree to six pores4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ab to #j4ae1 ( ! pores #j4jjb to #j4jjh2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jae1 ( _! basal zones #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,s\?-ea/ corn] ( ! ,pacific1 ,valp>aiso1 ,/ation #bih1 surface4 #c4 ,acrosphra setosa1 ,haeckel4 ,polysol5ia setosa1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahgb1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #bii1 ,taf4 viii4 fig4 #aj4 ,%ell a regul> sph]e1 cov]$ ) num]\s bri/le-%ap$ radial sp9es1 irregul>ly scatt]$ betwe5 ! pores4 ,9 ! half m]idian ( ! %ell two to f\r v l>ge circul> pores 7equal to "o-?ird ! radius71 & betwe5 !m num]\s v small1 po9t-l pores4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4je to #j4jh1 ( ! l>ge pores #j4ja1 ( ! small #j4jja2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ja to #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,we/ ,tropical ,pacific1 ,philipp9e ,sea1 ,/ation #bjf1 dep? #bajj fa?oms4 #d4 ,acrosphra sp9osa1 ,haeckel4 ,collosphra sp9osa1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ecf1 ,taf4 xxxiv4 figs4 #ab1 #ac4 ,collosphra sp9osa1 ,ci5k[sky1 #ahga1 ,ar*iv f4 mikrosk4 ,anat41 vii4 p4 #cgd1 ,taf4 xxix4 figs4 #g-ag4 ,%ell a regul> or subregul> sph]e1 cov]$ ) num]\s1 obliquely /&+ sp9es1 irregul>ly scatt]$ ov] ! surface4 ,9 ! half m]idian ( ! %ell fifte5 to tw5ty irregul> #ajar\ndi% pores ( v diff]5t =m & size1 "o to f\r times z broad z _! b>s4 ,sp9es conical1 irregul>ly div]g+ & curv$1 _! holl[ base p]=at$ by sev]al pores1 n long] ?an ! diamet] ( ! l>ge/ pores4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4a to #j4b1 ( ! pores #j4jja to #j4jd2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ja to #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean1 ,mess9a2 ,can>y ,isl&s1 ,haeckel4 #e4 ,acrosphra coll9a1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #h1 fig4 #b74 ,%ell q irregul>1 polyh$rical1 hilly1 ) a v>iable numb] 7eight to sixte57 ( l>ge conical hill-l prom95ces2 e cone or hill ab\t z high z broad1 p]=at$ by ! same pores z ! %ell1 on its top be>+ a l>g] irregul> r\ndi% pore1 & on its edge "o s+le bri/le-l sp9e1 n l>g] ?an ! diamet] ( ?is pore1 obliquely ins]t$4 ,9 ! half m]idian ( ! %ell tw5ty to ?irty irregul> r\ndi% pores ( v diff]5t size1 "o to six times z broad z ! b>s4 ,a v *>act]i/ic species1 closely resembl+ ! foll[+ ,odontosphra4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ae to #j4be1 ( ! pores #j4jje to #j4jb2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ja to #j4jb1 height ( ! hills f :i* !y rise #j4jc to #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,nor? coa/ ( ,new ,gu9ea1 ,/ation #bah1 surface4 #f4 ,acrosphra inflata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #e1 fig4 #g74 ,mazosphra inflata1 ,haeckel1 #ahgi1 ,atlas1 loc4 cit4 ,%ell m or less irregul>1 polyh$ral1 hilly1 ) a v>iable numb] 7six to twelve7 ( l>ge pyramidal1 hill-l prom95ces2 e hill ab\t z high z broad1 on ! top a /rong conical1 radial1 or obliquely ins]t$ sp9e1 inflat$1 ) ?ree to six v l>ge polygonal me%es1 mu* l>g] ?an ! o!r pores betwe5 ! hills1 :i* are also polygonal1 two to six times z broad z ! b>s4 ,t5 to fifte5 pores on ! half m]idian4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4a to #j4ad1 ( ! l>ge/ pores #j4je1 ( ! smalle/ #j4jje2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jb to #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #fd1 surface4 ,g5us #cd4 ,odontosphra1#ef n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,collosphrida ) simple %ells1 ! outside ( :i* be>s s+le scatt]$ sp9es1 "o s+le sp9e on ! m>g9 ( ea* l>g] pore4 ,! g5us ,odontosphra is di/+ui%$ f ! =ego+ ,acrosphra by ! peculi> disposition ( ! sp9es1 :i* are n scatt]$ on ! outside ( ! %ell betwe5 ! pores1 b s dispos$ t ea* l>g] pore is protect$ by "o s+le sp9e1 obliquely plac$ ov] x4 #ajba4 ,odontosphra monodon1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #e1 fig4 #e74 ,%ell sph]ical or subsph]ical1 ) v small & num]\s circul> pores1 mu* small] ?an ! b>s4 ,twelve to fifte5 pores on ! half m]idian ( ! %ell4 ,betwe5 !m a v>iable numb] ( l>g] r\ndi% ap]tures 7mo/ly twelve to sixte57 irregul>ly scatt]$1 "o-f\r? to "o-fif? z broad z ! %ell radius4 ,on ! m>g9 ( e l>g] ap]ture a s+le 7r>ely two or ?ree7 %>p conical too?1 ab\t z long z ! diamet] ( ! ap]ture1 & obliquely laid ov] !m4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4a to #j4ac1 ( ! pores #j4jja to #j4jjc1 ( ! b>s #j4ja to #j4jb1 ( ! l>g] ap]tures #j4ja to #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,sunda ,ar*ipelago1 ,/ation #aib1 surface4 #b4 ,odontosphra cyrtodon1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #e1 fig4 #f74 ,%ell sph]ical or subsph]ical1 ) num]\s r\ndi% pores ( v irregul> size & di/ribution1 mo/ly l>g] ?an ! b>s4 ,t5 to twelve pores on ! half m]idian ( ! %ell4 ,betwe5 !m a v>iable numb] 7mo/ly six to n9e7 ( l>ge r\ndi% pores1 ab\t half z broad z ! %ell radius1 arm$ on "o side ( ! m>g9 ) "o s+le l>ge too?1 ab\t z long z ! diamet] ( ! ap]ture1 hook-l1 curv$1 & obliquely laid ov] !m4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ab to #j4ad1 ( ! pores #j4ja to #j4jb1 ( ! b>s #j4jjc to #j4jjf1 ( ! l>g] ap]tures #j4jc to #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ne> ! ,cocos ,isl&s1 ,rabbe1 surface4 ,g5us #ce4 ,*o5icosphra1#eg n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,collosphrida ) simple %ells1 arm$ on ! outside ) radial sp9es1 =m+ elegant coronals ar\nd ! l>g] pores4 ,! g5us ,*o5icosphra is *>act]is$ by ! peculi> disposition ( its radial sp9es1 :i* =m protective coronals ar\nd ! l>g] pores1 or ev5 ar\nd all pores ( ! %ell4 ,subg5us #a4 ,*o5icosphrula4 ,def9ition4--,a coronal ( sp9es ar\nd e pore ( ! %ell4 #a4 ,*o5icosphra murrayana1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #h1 fig4 #d74 ,%ell sph]ical1 ) l>ge circul> or r\ndi% pores ( unequal size1 two to f\r times z broad z ! b>s4 ,t5 to twelve pores 9 ! half m]idian ( ! %ell4 ,m>g9 ( e pore #ajc) a coronal ( six to n9e %ort & acute sp9es1 n long] ?an ! half diamet] ( ! pore4 ,no sp9es betwe5 ! pores4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4af to #j4b1 ( ! pores #j4jb to #j4jc2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jjh to #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,fre ,*annel 7,gulf ,/ream71 common4 ,exp$ition ( ,h4,m4,s4 ,triton1 ,john ,murray4 #b4 ,*o5icosphra floscul5ta1 n4 sp4 ,%ell sph]ical1 ) l>ge circul> or r\ndi% pores ( diff]5t size1 ?ree to six times z broad z ! b>s4 ,six to eight pores 9 ! half m]idian ( ! %ell4 ,m>g9 ( e pore some:at prom95t1 ) a coronal ( t5 to tw5ty p>allel acute sp9es ( diff]5t l5g?1 ! l>ge/ some:at long] ?an ! diamet] ( ! pore4 ,no sp9es betwe5 ! pores4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ab to #j4ae1 ( ! pores #j4jb to #j4jd2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jb to #j4je4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgb1 dep? #bfjj fa?oms4 ,subg5us #b4 ,*o5icosphrium4 ,def9ition4--,a coronal ( sp9es only ar\nd ! l>g] pores1 n ar\nd ! small]4 #c4 ,*o5icosphra nassit]na1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #h1 fig4 #c74 ,%ell sph]ical1 ) circul> or r\ndi% pores ( v diff]5t size4 ,! small] pores v num]\s1 )\t coronal ( sp9es1 r\ndi%1 ab\t z broad z ! bridges4 ,tw5ty to ?irty pores 9 ! half m]idian ( ! %ell4 ,betwe5 !m1 irregul>ly scatt]$1 a small numb] 7eight to twelve7 ( v l>ge circul> pores1 "o-?ird to "o-half z broad z ! radius ( ! %ell1 arm$ ) a coronal ( six to n9e p>allel1 /raight1 acute sp9es1 ab\t half z long z ! radius ( ! %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4a to #j4ac1 ( ! small] pores #j4jjb to #j4jjd1 ( ! l>g] arm$ pores #j4jb to #j4jc2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jc to #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,philipp9e ,isl&s1 ,m9danao1 ,/ation #bac1 dep? #bjej fa?oms4 #d4 ,*o5icosphra flammabunda1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #h1 fig4 #e74 ,%ell sph]ical1 ) circul> or r\ndi% pores ( v diff]5t size4 ,! small] pores v num]\s & unequal1 v irregul>ly scatt]$1 h>dly "o-f\r? to "o-half z broad z ! bridges betwe5 !m4 ,twelve to tw5ty-f\r pores 9 ! half m]idian ( ! %ell4 ,betwe5 !m1 irregul>ly scatt]$1 a v>iable numb] 7t5 to tw5ty7 ( v l>ge circul> pores1 ab\t "o-f\r? z broad z ! radius ( ! %ell4 ,! m>g9 ( ^! l>ge pores is arm$ ) a v irregul> coronal ( f\r to twelve unequal1 curv$ acute sp9es1 p>tly simple1 p>tly bran*$ l #ajd;a de]-horn1 "o-f\r? to "o-half z long z ! radius ( ! %ell4 ,"s o!r small sp9es irregul>ly scatt]$ ov] ! %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ab to #j4af1 ( ! small] pores #j4jja to #j4jjd1 ( ! l>g] arm$ pores #j4jaf to #j4jbd2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jb to #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,c5tral area ( ! ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ations #bff to #bgb1 dep? #bdbe to #bibe fa?oms4 ,g5us #cf4 ,siphonosphra1#eh ,j4 ,mll]1 #aheh1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #ei4 ,def9ition4--,collosphrida ) simple %ells1 ! pores ( :i* are prolong$ into ext]nal simple radial tubuli ) solid wall2 out] m\? ( ! tubuli truncat$1 smoo?4 ,! g5us ,siphonosphra is1 next to ,collosphra1 ! mo/ common ( all ,collosphrida1 & ri* 9 diff]5t species2 all agree+ 9 ! tubul> prolongation ( ! pores1 & correspond+ !re=e to ,e?mosphra among ! simple ,liosphrida4 ,subg5us #a4 ,holosiphonia1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,all ! pores or ap]tures ( ! %ell prolong$ into tubules4 #a4 ,siphonosphra pansiphonia1 n4 sp4 ,%ell a regul> sph]e1 ev]y:]e occupi$ by %ort1 regul> cyl9drical tubes1 all ( ! same size & =m4 ,l5g? ( ! tubules equal to _! bread? & to ! int]vals betwe5 !m4 ,t5 to twelve tubules 9 ! half m]idian ( ! %ell4 ,?is mo/ regul> species is ne>ly alli$ to ,collosphra regul>is1 & may be d]iv$ f x by tubul> prolongation ( all ! regul> pores4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4a to #j4ab1 l5g? & bread? ( ! tubules #j4jje to #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,sunda ,/rait1 ,rabbe1 surface4 #b4 ,siphonosphra m>g9ata1 n4 sp4 ,%ell a regul> or subregul> sph]e1 occupi$ by num]\s %ort cyl9drical tubules ( diff]5t sizes4 ,six to eight tubules 9 ! half m]idian ( ! %ell4 ,diamet] ( ! tubules ab\t equal to _! di/ance ap>t1 b two to f\r times z l>ge z _! l5g?4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4a to #ad2 l5g? ( ! tubules #j4jjd to #j4jjf1 bread? ( ! tubules & ! int]vals #j4ja to #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #ajec4 ,siphonosphra tubulosa1 ,j4 ,mll] 7,pl4 #f1 fig4 #d74 ,siphonosphra tubulosa1 ,j4 ,mll]1 #aheh1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #ei4 ,siphonosphra tubulosa1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ecb4 ,collosphra tubulosa1 ,j4 ,mll]1 #aheh1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #ei4 ,?alassicolla punctata1 v>41 ,huxley1 #ahea1 ,ann4 & ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 s]4 #b1 vol4 viii4 p4 #dce1 pl4 xvi4 fig4 #e4 ,%ell subsph]ical or r\ndi%1 some:at irregul>1 occupi$ by a small numb] 7five to t57 ( %ort cyl9drical tubules1 irregul>ly scatt]$ at great di/ances2 int]vals betwe5 ! tubules v l>ge1 two to f\r times z broad z ! l5g? ( ! tubules1 :i* is equal to _! bread? & ab\t "o-fif? or "o-six? ( ! %ell diamet]4 ,only two or ?ree tubules 9 ! half m]idian ( ! %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ab to #j4ae1 l5g? & bread? ( ! tubules #j4jb to #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,equatorial zone ( ! ,pacific1 ,/ations #bbe1 #bfe1 #bfh1 surface4 #d4 ,siphonosphra cya?9a1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #f1 fig4 #aj74 ,%ell a regul> sph]e1 ev]y:]e occupi$ by %ort cup-l tubules ( some:at diff]5t size4 ,9 ! half m]idian ( ! %ell ab\t t5 to twelve tubules1 ne>ly cyl9drical1 b con/rict$ 9 ! middle4 ,inn] & out] ap]ture ( ! tubule ( ! same size2 _! diamet] equal to _! l5g? & di/ance4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4a to #j4ab1 l5g? & bread? ( ! tubules #j4jje to #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,we/ coa/ ( ,tropical ,africa1 ,/ations #cdh to #ceb1 surface4 #e4 ,siphonosphra pat9>ia1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #f1 figs4 #g1 #h74 ,%ell a regul> or subregul> sph]e1 occupi$ by num]\s broad cup-l tubules ( v diff]5t sizes4 ,9 ! half m]idian ( ! %ell ab\t six to eight tubules1 v flat1 circul> or subcircul>1 mu* con/rict$ 9 ! middle4 ,diamet] ( ! inn] ap]ture l>g] ?an t ( ! middle /ricture1 small] ?an t ( ! out] ap]ture ( ! tubule2 out] diamet] two to f\r times z great z _! l5g?4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4a to #j4ae1 ( ! pores #j4ja to #j4jd2 l5g? ( ! tubules #j4ja1 bread? #j4jb to #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdh1 dep? #bdej fa?oms4 #f4 ,siphonosphra infundibulum1 n4 sp4 ,%ell subsph]ical or irregul> r\nd$1 occupi$ by a small numb] 7six to twelve7 ( l>ge funnel-l tubules ( v diff]5t size1 scatt]$ irregul>ly at great di/ances4 ,int]vals betwe5 ! tubules l>g] ?an _! l5g?1 :i* surpasses ! radius ( ! %ell4 ,out] op5+ ( ! funnels ?ree to f\r times z broad z ! inn]4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ae2 l5g? ( ! tubules #j4je to #j4ji4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccb1 dep? #bbjj fa?oms4 #ajfg4 ,siphonosphra conif]a1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #f1 fig4 #i74 ,%ell subsph]ical1 ev]y:]e occupi$ by irregul> conical tubules1 ! l5g? ( :i* ne>ly rea*es ! %ell radius4 ,inn] ap]ture ( ! cones two to ?ree times z l>ge z ! out]4 ,f\r to five tubules 9 ! half m]idian ( ! %ell4 ,di/ances betwe5 ! bases ( ! cones small & irregul>4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4jf to #j4jh1 l5g? ( ! tubules #j4jc to #j4jd2 inn] ap]ture ( ! cones #j4ja to #j4jb1 out] ap]ture #j4jjh to #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,cocos ,isl&s1 ,rabbe1 surface4 #h4 ,siphonosphra fragilis1 n4 sp4 ,%ell q irregul> r\ndi% or ne>ly ovate1 v ?9 & fragile1 ev]y:]e occupi$ by irregul>1 %ort1 & broad cyl9drical or conical tubes4 ,six to t5 tubes 9 ! half m]idian ( ! %ell4 ,diamet] ( ! tubules ab\t "o-eigh? t ( ! %ell1 ?ree to f\r times z l>ge z ! l5g? ( ! tubules1 & ! di/ance ap>t ( _! bases4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4af to #j4bd1 ( ! tubules #j4jb to #j4jc2 l5g? ( ! tubules #j4jjf to #j4jjh1 di/ance ( !m #j4jje to #j4jji4 ,habitat4--,ea/ coa/ ( ,au/ralia1 ,sydney1 ,fab]2 ,/ation #afe1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,m]osiphonia1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,only "p ( ! %ell ap]tures prolong$ 9 tubules1 ! o!rs simple4 #i4 ,siphonosphra socialis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #f1 figs4 #a1 #b74 ,%ell a regul> or subregul> sph]e1 be>+ only a small numb] 7"o to f\r1 commonly two to ?ree7 ( %ort & broad cyl9drical tubules1 irregul>ly scatt]$4 ,betwe5 !m _m small circul> or subcircul> pores ( diff]5t sizes1 d\ble z broad z _! b>s4 ,eight to t5 pores 9 ! half m]idian ( ! %ell4 ,tubules ?ree to six times z broad z ! pores1 ab\t z long z broad1 n[ q cyl9drical1 n[ some:at dilat$ at ! out] op5+4 7,al?\gh ! %ells & cells ( ?is common species are among ! smalle/1 _! colonies are among ! l>ge/1 (t5 conta9+ m ?an "o hundr$ social individuals1 (t5 enclos$ 9 alveoles47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4jd to #j4je1 ( ! pores #j4jjb to #j4jjd1 ( ! tubules #j4jae to #j4jb2 l5g? ( !m ab\t ! same4 ,habitat4--,tropical & subtropical "p ( ! ,ea/]n ,atlantic1 ,cape ,v]de ,isl&s1 ,can>ies1 v common1 ,haeckel2 ,/ations #cch to #cec1 surface4 #aj4 ,siphonosphra polysiphonia1 n4 sp4 ,%ell a regul> or subregul> sph]e1 be>+ twelve to sixte5 circul> pores 9 its half m]idian4 ,ne>ly "o half ! pores simple1 v small2 ! o!r half prolong$ into %ort cyl9drical tubules1 #ajg;half z long z broad1 two to f\r times z broad z ! pores & _! int]vals4 ,?is species is ne>ly relat$ to ! =ego+1 :i* x repres5ts 9 ! we/]n tropical "p ( ! ,atlantic1 b diff]s con/antly 9 ! d\ble size ( ! %ell & ! mu* l>g] numb] ( ! tubules4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4jf to #j4ji1 ( ! pores #j4jjb to #j4jjd1 ( ! tubules #j4ja to #j4jab2 _! l5g? #j4jjf to #j4jjh1 surface4 ,habitat4--,tropical & subtropical "p ( ! ,we/]n ,atlantic1 coa/ ( ,brazil1 c41 ,rabbe4 #aa4 ,siphonosphra macrosiphonia1 n4 sp4 ,%ell a regul> sph]e1 ) num]\s v small pores ( equal size & di/ribution4 ,twelve to sixte5 pores 9 its half m]idian4 ,b>s 7betwe5 ! pores7 ?ree to f\r times z broad z _! diamet]4 ,only a small numb] 7two to f\r7 ( v long cyl9drical tubes1 irregul>ly scatt]$1 ne>ly z long or some:at long] ?an ! %ell diamet]2 n[ q /raight1 n[ some:at curv$4 ,diamet] ( ! cyl9d]s f\r to six times z l>ge z t ( ! pores4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4a to #j4ab1 ( ! pores #j4jjb to #j4jjd1 ( ! tubules #j4jae to #j4jah2 l5g? ( ! tubules #j4jh to #j4af4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bff to #bgb1 surface4 #ab4 ,siphonosphra s]pula1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #f1 fig4 #f74 ,%ell a regul> sph]e1 ) num]\s v small pores ( equal size & di/ribution4 ,eight to t5 pores 9 its half m]idian2 b>s betwe5 !m ?ree to f\r times z broad z _! diamet]4 ,only a small numb] 7six to eight7 ( v long & snake-l1 contort$1 cyl9drical tubes1 irregul>ly scatt]$4 ,! %ape ( ! latt] is v mu* l t ( ! calc>e\s tubes ( "s species ( ,s]pula2 !y are ne>ly z long z1 or long] ?an1 ! %ell diamet]1 & f\r to six times z broad z ! pores4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ab to #j4ad1 ( ! pores #j4jjc to #j4jje1 ( ! tubules #j4jb to #j4jbb2 l5g? ( ! tubules #j4a to #j4b4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,ea/]n ,pacific1 ,/ation #beb to #bfb1 ,s&wi* ,isl&s1 ,halt]mann4 #ac4 ,siphonosphra *onophora1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #f1 fig4 #e74 ,%ell a regul> or subregul> sph]e1 ) num]\s v small pores ( equal size & di/ribution1 t5 to twelve 9 its half m]idian4 ,b>s betwe5 ! pores f\r to six times _! diamet]4 ,only a small numb] 7two to six7 ( v l>ge funnel-l tubules1 irregul>ly scatt]$4 ,! inn] half ( ^! tubules is a %ort cyl9drical tube1 ( ! same ?ickness z ! %ell1 ?ree to f\r times z broad z ! pores2 ! out] half is an irregul> funnel1 sudd5ly exp&$1 ) silice\s walls ( ! utmo/ t5uity & fragility1 (t5 irregul>ly fold$ & contort$1 l a decay$ fl[]-calyx1 (t5 half z l>ge z ! %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4a to #j4ab1 ( ! pores #j4jjc to #j4jje1 inn] half ( ! tubules #j4jae to #j4jb1 out] funnel-l half #j4je to #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ations #bhe to #bie1 surface4 #ajhad4 ,siphonosphra pipetta1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #f1 fig4 #c74 ,%ell m or less irregul>ly r\ndi% or subsph]ical1 occupi$ 9 "p by v small pores1 9 "p by v l>ge cyl9drical tubules1 inflat$ 9 ! middle4 ,numb]1 =m1 & size ( ! tubes v irregul>2 commonly !re are five to t51 half z long or z long z ! %ell radius2 _! inn] & out] ap]ture ab\t half z broad z _! inflat$ middle "p2 ?ree to n9e times z broad z ! pores4 ,a v irregul> & v>iable species4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4a to #j4ae1 ( ! pores #j4jja to #j4jje1 ( ! tubules #j4jae to #j4jc2 l5g? ( ! tubules #j4jc to #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ations #bdb to #bec1 surface4 ,g5us #cg4 ,mazosphra1#ei ,ehr5b]g1 #ahfj4 ,mazosphra1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahfj1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #hcc4 ,def9ition4--,collosphrida ) simple %ells1 ! pores ( :i* are prolong$ into ext]nal simple radial tubuli ) solid wall2 out] m\? ( ea* tubulus arm$ ) a s+le too?4 ,! g5us ,mazosphra is int]m$iate betwe5 ,siphonosphra & ,odontosphra1 agree+ ) ! =m] 9 ! tubul> prolongation ( ! pores1 ) ! latt] 9 ! possession ( a s+le l>ge protective too? on ! out] op5+4 #a4 ,mazosphra hippotis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #e1 fig4 #h74 ,%ell sph]ical1 ) circul> pores ( irregul> size & di/ribution1 sc>cely half z broad z ! b>s2 fifte5 to tw5ty on ! half m]idian ( ! %ell4 ,betwe5 !m1 irregul>ly di/ribut$1 a v>iable numb] 7t5 to fifte57 ( %ort cyl9drical radial tubules1 ab\t twice z long z broad1 & half z long z ! %ell radius4 ,m\? ( ! tubuli obliquely truncat$1 hav+ on "o side a /rong acute too?4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4aa to #j4ab1 ( ! pores #j4jjb to #j4jjd1 ( ! bridges #j4jjf to #j4jji2 l5g? ( ! tubuli #j4jc1 bread? ( !m #j4ja to #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bec1 dep? #cabe fa?oms4 #b4 ,mazosphra lagotis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #e1 fig4 #i74 ,%ell sph]ical1 ) circul> pores ( irregul> size & di/ribution1 ab\t z broad z ! b>s2 twelve to sixte5 on ! half m]idian4 ,betwe5 !m1 irregul>ly di/ribut$1 a v>iable numb] 7eight to twelve7 ( long1 cyl9drical1 curv$ tubules1 ?ree to six times z long z broad1 & ab\t z long z ! %ell radius2 _! ext]nal m\? lat]al1 obliquely truncat$1 ovate1 hav+ on "o side a /rong conical too?4 #aji;,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4a to #j4ab1 ( ! pores #j4jjb to #j4ja2 l5g? ( ! tubuli #j4je to #j4jg4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bff1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #c4 ,mazosphra lvis1 ,ehr5b]g4 ,mazosphra lvis1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahgb1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #big1 ,taf4 vii4 fig4 #g4 ,%ell sph]ical1 ) v small pores1 sc>cely "o-f\r? z broad z ! b>s4 ,fifte5 to tw5ty pores on ! half m]idian ( ! %ell4 ,betwe5 !m1 irregul>ly di/ribut$1 a v>iable numb] 7fifte5 to tw5ty7 ( %ort conical tubules1 ab\t z long z broad1 only "o-fif? to "o-six? z long z ! %ell radius4 ,m\? ( ! tubuli truncat$1 ) an obtuse %ort too? on "o side4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4jh to #j4ji1 ( ! pores #j4jja to #j4jjb1 ( ! bridges #j4jje to #j4jjh2 l5g? ( ! tubuli #j4ja to #j4jb1 bread? ( !m ! same4 ,habitat4--,philipp9e ,isl&s 7dep? #ccjj fa?oms71 ,ehr5b]g2 ,/ation #bjf1 dep? #bajj fa?oms2 ,/ation #bbe1 dep? #dege fa?oms4 #d4 ,mazosphra apicata1 ,ehr5b]g4 ,mazosphra apicata1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahgb1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #caf4 ,%ell sph]ical1 )\t small pores1 only ) a v>iable numb] 7t5 to tw5ty7 ( %ort conical tubules1 twice z long z broad1 & half z long z ! %ell radius4 ,m\?s ( ! tubuli obliquely truncat$1 ) a /rong acute too? on "o side4 7,?is species diff]s f ! two prec$+ by ! want ( ! small pores betwe5 ! tubules47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4jh to #j4a1 ( ! tubules #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,philipp9e ,isl&s 7dep? #ccjj fa?oms71 ,ehr5b]g2 nor? coa/ ( ,new ,gu9ea1 dep? #bjjj fa?oms2 ,/ation #bag4 ,g5us #ch4 ,trypanosphra1#fj n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,collosphrida ) simple %ells1 ! pores ( :i* are prolong$ into ext]nal simple radial tubuli ) solid walls2 out] m\? ( ea* tubulus arm$ ) a coronal ( sp9es4 ,! g5us ,trypanosphra is int]m$iate betwe5 ,siphonosphra & ,*o5icosphra agree+ ) ! =m] 9 ! tubul> prolongation ( ! pores1 ) ! latt] 9 ! possession ( a coronal ( tee? on _! out] op5+4 ,subg5us #a4 ,trypanosphrula1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,all pores ( ! %ell prolong$ into %ort coronat$ tubules4 #aaja4 ,trypanosphra trepanata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #e1 fig4 #d74 ,%ell regul> sph]ical1 ) regul> circul> pores ( ne>ly equal size1 at unequal di/ances1 "o to f\r times z broad z ! b>s4 ,eight to t5 pores on ! half m]idian4 ,all ! pores prolong$ into %ort cyl9drical tubuli ab\t z long z broad1 arm$ on ! ext]nal m\? ) an elegant coronal ( tw5ty to ?irty /raight bri/le-%ap$1 p>allel tee?4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ab to #j4ad1 ( ! pores #j4jae to #j4jb2 l5g? ( ! tubuli #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #b4 ,trypanosphra d5tata1 n4 sp4 ,%ell regul> sph]ical1 ) regul> circul> pores ( equal size1 b at v diff]5t di/ances4 ,only ?ree to f\r pores on ! half m]idian4 ,all ! pores prolong$ into irregul> curv$1 cyl9drical tubuli1 ab\t z long z ! %ell radius1 ) a coronal ( t5 to twelve %ort conical tee? on ! di/al end4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4jh to #j4ji2 l5g? ( ! tubuli #j4jd1 bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgd1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 ,subg5us #b4 ,trypanosphrium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,only "p ( ! %ell-pores prolong$ into coronat$ tubules4 #c4 ,trypanosphra coronata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #e1 fig4 #c74 ,%ell regul> sph]ical1 ) irregul> r\ndi% pores ( v diff]5t sizes4 ,on ! half m]idian f\r to six l>ge & twelve to sixte5 v small pores4 ,ab\t half ( ! l>ge pores prolong$ into %ort cyl9drical tubuli1 ! out] m\? ( ea* be+ arm$ ) an elegant coronal ( t5 to tw5ty ?9 irregul> tee?4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4a to #j4ab1 ( ! l>ge pores #j4ja to #j4jb1 ( ! small pores #j4jja2 l5g? ( ! tubuli #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bda1 dep? #bcjj fa?oms4 #d4 ,trypanosphra t]ebrata1 n4 sp4 ,%ell irregul> r\ndi%1 ) unequal1 small1 r\ndi% pores4 ,sixte5 to tw5ty pores on ! half m]idian4 ,six to eight l>g] pores are prolong$ into curv$ cyl9drical tubuli1 ab\t z long z ! %ell radius1 ) a coronal ( t5 to twelve /rong conical /raight tee? on ! di/al end4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ae1 ( ! pores #j4jja to #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! tubuli #j4jh1 bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,we/ ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbe1 dep? #dege fa?oms4 #aaae4 ,trypanosphra trans=mata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #e1 figs4 #a1 #b74 ,%ell q irregul>1 ( v v>iable1 r\ndi%1 or polyh$ral =m1 ) small irregul> r\ndi% pores1 two to f\r times z broad z ! b>s4 ,t5 to ?irty on ! half m]idian4 ,! diff]5t =m ( ! %ell dep5ds ^u ! v>iable numb] ( tubuli1 :i* arise at irregul> di/ances f ! %ell2 commonly ?ree to f\r1 (t5 also five to six1 m r>ely "o or two4 ,! tubuli are n[ m conical1 n[ m cyl9drical1 ab\t z long z ! %ell radius1 at o!r times sc>cely "o-half or "o-?ird z long1 ) a coronal ( t5 to tw5ty m or less curv$ tee? on ! n>r[] di/al m\?4 ,all ! diff]5t =ms are to be f\nd 9 "o & ! same colony1 z %[n 9 fig4 #a4 ,?is co5obium1 :i* ,i obs]v$ liv+ 9 ,ceylon1 exhibit$ ! same peculi> =mation z ,i figur$ 9 ,collosphra huxleyi 9 my ,monograph #ahfb 7,taf4 xxxiv4 fig4 #a74 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! jelly-sph]e lies a l>ge globul> alveole1 surr\nd$ by num]\s small1 "y c5tral capsules )\t %ell2 :il/ 9 ! surface lies "o lay] ( old] capsules1 enclos$ 9 %ells4 ,"s ( ! y\ng] capsules exhibit self-division4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ells #j4jh to #j4ab1 pores #j4jjb to #j4jjf2 l5g? & bread? ( ! tubuli #j4jc to #j4je4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,belligemma1 ,ceylon1 surface4 ,g5us #ci4 ,cam9osphra1#fa n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,collosphrida ) simple %ells1 ! pores ( :i* are prolong$ into ext]nal bran*$ radial tubuli ) solid wall4 ,! g5us ,cam9osphra diff]s f ,siphonosphra 7& f all o!r ,collosphrida7 9 ! ramification ( ! tubuli1 :i* arise f ! pores2 ! walls ( ! tubuli are solid1 n f5e/rat$4 #a4 ,cam9osphra furcata1 n4 sp4 ,%ell sph]ical or subsph]ical1 ) a v>iable numb] 7f\r to eight7 ( %ort cyl9drical tubes1 irregul>ly scatt]$1 ab\t z long z ! radius ( ! %ell4 ,e tube =k$1 ) two cyl9drical bran*es ( ! same size z ! simple basal "p ( ! tube4 ,m\? ( ! bran*es truncat$1 n dilat$4 ,pores ( ! %ell betwe5 ! tubes v small1 all ( ! same size1 half z broad z _! b>s4 ,fifte5 to tw5ty pores 9 ! half m]idian ( ! %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4a to #j4ab1 ( ! pores #j4jja to #j4jjb2 l5g? ( ! tubules #j4je to #j4jf1 bread? ( !m #j4jab to #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdd1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #b4 ,cam9osphra elongata1 n4 sp4 ,%ell sph]ical1 ) a l>ge numb] 7twelve to tw5ty7 ( long cyl9drical tubes1 irregul>ly =m$ & scatt]$1 some:at long] ?an ! diamet] ( ! %ell4 ,e tube =k$ at #aab! di/al end1 ) two or ?ree %ort irregul> bran*es ( unequal size & =m2 bran*es mu* %ort] ?an ! undivid$ basal "p ( ! tube4 ,m\? ( ! bran*es n>r[$1 truncat$4 ,pores ( ! %ell betwe5 ! tubes ab\t half z broad1 irregul>ly r\ndi% or polygonal1 two to ?ree times z broad z _! b>s4 ,t5 to twelve pores 9 ! half m]idian ( ! %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4je to #j4jg1 ( ! pores #j4jjf to #j4jji2 l5g? ( ! tubules #j4jf to #j4ji1 bread? ( !m #j4jae to #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 #c4 ,cam9osphra di*otoma1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #g1 fig4 #b74 ,%ell sph]ical1 ) a v>iable numb] 7t5 to fifte57 ( cyl9drical tubes1 irregul>ly scatt]$1 ab\t z long z ! radius ( ! %ell4 ,e tube furcat$1 ) two cyl9drical bran*es ( ! same size z ! simple basal "p ( ! tube4 ,m\? ( ! bran*es dilat$1 funnel-l1 twice z broad z ! tube2 ! edges irregul>ly d5tat$ or lac]at$4 ,pores betwe5 ! tubes small1 "o-?ird to "o-six? z broad z ^!1 half z broad z _! b>s4 ,t5 to twelve pores 9 ! half m]idian ( ! %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ab to #j4ad1 ( ! pores #j4jjc to #j4jje2 l5g? ( ! tubules #j4jf to #j4jh1 bread? ( !m #j4jb to #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,s\!rn ,pacific1 ,/ation #bie1 dep? #aejj fa?oms4 #d4 ,cam9osphra d5drophora1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #g1 fig4 #a74 ,%ell sph]ical1 ) a v>iable numb] 7eight to twelve7 ( long cyl9drical tubes1 irregul>ly bran*$ & scatt]$1 ne>ly z long z ! diamet] ( ! %ell4 ,e tube ) two to six 7commonly ?ree to f\r7 bran*es ( diff]5t sizes4 ,m\? ( ! bran*es dilat$1 funnel-l2 ! edges irregul>ly d5tat$ or lac]at$4 ,pores betwe5 ! tubes half z broad z ^!1 irregul>ly r\ndi%1 twice z broad z _! b>s4 ,t5 to twelve pores 9 ! half m]idian ( ! %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ab to #j4ae1 ( ! pores #j4jjf to #j4ja2 l5g? ( ! tubules #j4a to #j4ac1 bread? ( !m #j4jb to #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bff1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 ,g5us #dj4 ,sol5osphra1#fb n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,collosphrida ) simple %ells1 ! pores ( :i* are prolong$ into ext]nal simple radial tubuli ) f5e/rat$ wall2 out] m\? ( ! tubuli truncat$1 smoo?4 ,! g5us ,sol5osphra diff]s f ,siphonosphra 9 ! f5e/ration ( ! ext]nal radial tubes4 ,a l>ge numb] ( %ells1 app]ta9+ to ?is g5us1 7 already describ$ by ,ehr5b]g1 & dispos$ 9 five diff]5t g5]a correspond+ to ! #aac;diff]5t numb]s ( ! tubuli3--,disol5ia ) two tubes1 ,trisol5ia ) ?ree tubes1 ,tetrasol5ia ) f\r tubes1 ,p5tasol5ia ) five tubes1 ,polysol5ia ) six or m tubes4 ,all ^! five g5]a are )\t value1 z ^? diff]5t numb]s ( tubes occur frequ5tly int]m+l$ 9 ! individual cells ( "o & ! same colony1 :]ev] ! =m & /ructure ( ! tubes is inh]it$ ) suffici5t con/ancy to det]m9e ! species4 ,subg5us #a4 ,sol5osphactra1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,tubuli ( ! %ell cyl9drical or ne>ly cyl9drical1 ! out] & inn] ap]tures ne>ly ( ! same size4 #a4 ,sol5osphra v>iabilis1 ,haeckel4 ,tetrasol5ia quadrata1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahgb1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 ,taf4 x4 fig4 #bj4 ,%ell q irregul> r\ndi% or polyh$ral1 ) r\ndi% pores ( diff]5t size4 ,t5 to fifte5 pores 9 ! half m]idian ( ! %ell1 two to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s4 ,por\s tubuli ( ! %ell 9 v>iable numb] 79 "o & ! same colony71 ?ree to n9e1 mo/ly f\r to six2 cyl9drical or subcyl9drical or some:at conical1 two to ?ree times z broad z long1 n long] ?an ! half radius ( ! %ell4 ,inn] ap]ture ( ! tubuli commonly z broad z ! half radius ( ! %ell 7or some:at small]71 ab\t z l>ge z ! truncat$ out] ap]ture4 ,?is species is closely relat$ to ,collosphra poly$ra 7p4 #ig71 & may be d]iv$ f x by a %ort tube-l prolongation ( ! l>g] ap]tures4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4a to #j4af1 ( ! pores #j4jje to #j4jae2 l5g? ( ! tubules #j4jb to #j4jc1 bread? ( !m #j4jd to #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,c5tral area ( ! ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ations #bgj1 #bga1 #bgb1 dep?s #bdbe to #bibe fa?oms4 #b4 ,sol5osphra p&ora1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #g1 figs4 #aj1 #aa74 ,%ell irregul> r\ndi% or subglobul>1 ) r\ndi% pores ( diff]5t sizes1 mo/ly some:at broad] ?an ! b>s4 ,ab\t twelve to sixte5 pores on ! half m]idian ( ! %ell4 ,por\s tubuli ( ! %ell ( v>iable numb] 79 "o & ! same colony71 "o to six1 mo/ly ?ree to f\r2 cyl9drical or ne>ly cyl9drical1 some:at long] ?an broad1 n long] ?an ! radius ( ! %ell4 ,inn] ap]ture ( ! tubuli commonly z broad z ! half radius ( ! %ell1 & a little small] ?an ! truncat$ out] ap]ture4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4jg to #j4a1 ( ! pores #j4jjc to #j4jjf2 l5g? ( ! tubuli #j4jc to #j4je1 bread? ( !m #j4jb to #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,c5tral area ( ! ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ations #bff to #bgd1 dep?s #bcej to #bibe fa?oms4 #aadc4 ,sol5osphra megalactis1 ,haeckel4 ,trisol5ia megalactis1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahgb1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #cja1 ,taf4 viii4 fig4 #ai4 ,%ell irregul>ly polyh$rical1 ) v small r\ndi% pores1 sc>cely half z broad z ! b>s4 ,only eight to t5 pores on ! half m]idian ( ! %ell4 ,por\s tubuli ( ! %ell ( v>iable numb] 79 "o & ! same colony71 two to five1 mo/ly ?ree or f\r2 cyl9drical1 ab\t z long z ! radius ( ! %ell4 ,inn] ap]ture ( ! tubuli commonly z broad z ! half radius ( ! %ell1 & q z broad z ! truncat$ out] ap]ture4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4jg to #j4ji1 ( ! pores #j4jjb to #j4jjd1 ( ! b>s #j4jje to #j4jji2 l5g? ( ! tubuli #j4jc to #j4jd1 bread? ( !m #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific2 ,cali=nia1 ,philipp9e ,sea1 ,ehr5b]g2 ,/ations #bef to #bhe1 dep?s #caj to #cjjj fa?oms4 #d4 ,sol5osphra s]p5t9a1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #g1 fig4 #g74 ,%ell ne>ly sph]ical1 ) v small circul> pores1 sc>cely "o-?ird or "o-f\r? z broad z ! b>s4 ,only five to sev5 pores 9 ! half m]idian ( ! %ell4 ,por\s tubuli ( ! %ell ( v>iable numb] 79 "o & ! same colony71 two to n9e1 mo/ly sev5 or eight2 cyl9drical1 some:at curv$ or contort$1 once & a half or twice z long z ! diamet] ( ! %ell1 ) few v small & widely scatt]$ pores4 ,inn] & out] ap]ture ( ! tubuli h ! same diamet]1 ab\t "o-fif? or "o-f\r? t ( ! %ell4 7,?is species is closely alli$ to ,siphonosphra s]pula1 b is di/+ui%$ f x by ! long tortu\s tubuli & ! small sc>ce pores47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4jh to #j4a1 ( ! pores #j4jja to #j4jjb1 ( ! b>s #j4jjd to #j4jjh2 l5g? ( ! tubuli #j4ab to #j4ah1 bread? ( !m #j4jb to #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,nor?-ea/]n ,pacific1 betwe5 ,s&wi* ,isl&s & ,cali=nia1 ,halt]mann1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,sol5osph5ia1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,tubuli ( ! %ell m or less conical1 ! inn] ap]ture mu* l>g] ?an ! out] ap]ture4 #e4 ,sol5osphra v5osa1 ,haeckel4 ,tetrasol5ia v5osa1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahgb1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #cja1 ,taf4 vii4 fig4 #bb4 ,%ell irregul> polyh$ral or r\ndi%1 ) a delicate network ( l>ge irregul> polyh$ral me%es1 five to t5 times z broad z ! ?9 b>s4 ,eight to twelve me%es on ! half m]idian ( ! %ell4 ,f5e/rat$ tubuli ( ! %ell ( v>iable numb] 79 "o & ! same colony71 "o to five1 commonly ?ree or f\r1 %ap$ l a %ort truncat$ cone1 ab\t half z long z broad on its base1 %ort] ?an ! radius ( ! %ell4 ,inn] ap]ture ( ! cone ne>ly z broad z ! half radius ( ! %ell1 ab\t twice z broad z ! truncat$ out] ap]ture4 #aae;,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4jg to #j4ab1 ( ! pores #j4jjh to #j4jaf1 ( ! b>s #j4jja2 l5g? ( ! tubuli #j4jb to #j4jc1 inn] ap]ture #j4jc to #j4jd1 out] ap]ture #j4jb to #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,sunda ,/rait1 ,rabbe4 #f4 ,sol5osphra asc5sionis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #g1 fig4 #i74 ,%ell some:at irregul>1 subsph]ical1 ) polygonal pores ( diff]5t size4 ,twelve to fifte5 pores 9 ! half m]idian ( ! %ell1 two to eight times z broad z _! b>s4 ,por\s tubuli ( ! %ell ( v>iable numb] 79 "o & ! same colony71 ?ree to n9e1 mo/ly five to sev52 conical or ne>ly cyl9drical1 irregul>1 ab\t z long z broad at _! base4 ,inn] ap]ture ( ! tubuli two to f\r times z broad z ! broade/ pores1 & d\ble z broad z ! truncat$ circul> out] ap]ture4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4a to #j4ab1 ( ! pores #j4jjd to #j4jah1 ( ! b>s #j4jjb1 l5g? ( ! tubuli #j4jd1 inn] ap]ture #j4jd1 out] #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ne> ,asc5sion ,isl&1 ,/ation #cdc1 surface4 ,subg5us #c4 ,sol5osphyra1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,tubuli ( ! %ell funnel-l1 ! out] ap]ture mu* l>g] ?an ! inn]4 #g4 ,sol5osphra cornucopia1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #g1 fig4 #h74 ,%ell sph]ical or subsph]ical1 ) r\ndi% pores ( diff]5t size4 ,t5 to twelve pores 9 ! half m]idian ( ! %ell1 two to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s4 ,por\s tubuli ( ! %ell ( v>iable numb] 79 "o & ! same colony71 f\r to eight1 mo/ly five to sev51 funnel-l1 ab\t z long z ! diamet] ( ! %ell4 ,inn] ap]ture ( ! tubuli commonly two-?irds or ?ree-f\r?s z broad z ! radius ( ! %ell 7or some:at small]71 only "o-half or two-?irds z broad z ! dilat$ & truncat$ out] ap]ture4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4jg to #j4ji1 ( ! pores #j4jjf to #j4jah2 l5g? ( ! tubuli #j4jf to #j4jh1 diamet] ( ! inn] ap]ture #j4jd to #j4je1 ( ! out] #j4jf to #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 #h4 ,sol5osphra amal!a1 n4 sp4 ,%ell irregul> r\ndi% or sph]ical1 ) small circul> pores ( diff]5t size4 ,fifte5 to tw5ty pores 9 ! half m]idian ( ! %ell1 b /ill n z broad z ! b>s4 ,por\s tubuli ( ! %ell ( v>iable numb] 79 "o & ! same colony71 ?ree to six1 commonly f\r or five1 funnel-l1 ab\t z long z ! radius ( ! %ell4 ,inn] ap]ture ( ! tubuli ab\t half z broad z ! radius ( ! %ell1 only "o-half or "o-?ird z broad z ! truncat$ out] ap]ture4 7,?is species is int]m$iate betwe5 ! prec$+ & ,siphonosphra *onophora1 ,pl4 #f1 fig4 #e47 #aaf;,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ji to #j4aa1 ( ! pores #j4jjb to #j4jjd1 ( ! b>s #j4jjc to #j4jjf2 l5g? ( ! tubuli #j4je to #j4jf2 diamet] ( ! inn] ap]ture #j4jb to #j4jc1 ( ! out] ap]ture #j4je to #j4jg4 ,habitat4--,we/]n "p ( ! ,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cbe1 surface4 ,g5us #da4 ,otosphra1#fc n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,collosphrida ) simple %ells1 ! pores ( :i* are prolong$ into ext]nal simple radial tubuli ) f5e/rat$ walls2 out] m\? ( ! tubuli arm$ ) a s+le too?4 ,! g5us ,otosphra diff]s f ,sol5osphra by ! s+le too? on ! ext]nal m\? ( ! tubuli1 f ,mazosphra by ! f5e/ration ( ! walls ( ! tubuli4 #a4 ,otosphra polymorpha1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #g1 fig4 #f74 ,%ell q irregul>1 polyh$ral or r\ndi%1 v v>iable 9 size & =m1 ) num]\s v small pores1 mu* small] ?an ! b>s4 ,tw5ty to ?irty pores 9 ! half m]idian ( ! %ell4 ,por\s tubuli ( ! %ell commonly 9 v>iable numb] 7"o to f\r71 b sometimes con/ant 9 numb] 7"o1 two1 ?ree1 or f\r7 9 ! "o & same colony4 ,tubuli irregul> conical1 commonly ab\t z long z ! radius ( ! %ell2 _! out] ap]ture obliquely truncat$1 on "o side prolong$ into "o l>ge1 prom95t1 bill-l1 curv$1 acute too?4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ab to #j4ae1 ( ! pores #j4jja to #j4jjb2 l5g? ( ! tubuli #j4jf to #j4jh1 inn] ap]ture #j4jc1 out] ap]ture #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,madagasc>1 ,rabbe1 surface4 #b4 ,otosphra auriculata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #g1 fig4 #e74 ,%ell q irregul>1 ( extremely v>iable =m1 n[ incl9+ to r\ndi%1 n[ to polyh$ral1 ) v num]\s small pores1 irregul>ly =m$ & di/ribut$4 ,twelve to tw5ty-f\r pores 9 ! half m]idian ( ! %ell1 ( v diff]5t size1 = ! mo/ "p l>g] ?an ! b>s4 ,por\s tubuli ( ! %ell ( v>iable numb] 79 "o & ! same colony71 "o to five1 mo/ly ?ree or f\r1 ( conical =m1 irregul>ly =m$ & scatt]$1 commonly ab\t half z long z ! radius ( ! %ell4 ,out] ap]ture ( ! tubuli obliquely truncat$1 ) "o l>ge prom95t1 (t5 curv$1 acute too?4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4a to #j4b1 ( ! pores #j4jjc to #j4jje2 l5g? ( ! tubuli #j4ja to #j4je1 inn] ap]ture #j4jd1 out] ap]ture #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ations #bfh to #bgb1 dep?s #bdbe to #bibe fa?oms4 #aag;,g5us #db4 ,coronosphra1#fd n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,collosphrida ) simple %ells1 ! pores ( :i* are prolong$ into ext]nal simple radial tubuli ) f5e/rat$ walls2 out] m\? ( ! tubuli arm$ ) a coronal ( sp9es4 ,! g5us ,coronosphra diff]s f ,sol5osphra by ! coronat$ m\? ( ! tubuli1 f ,trypanosphra by ! f5e/ration ( ! walls ( ! tubuli4 #a4 ,coronosphra diadema1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #g1 fig4 #c74 ,%ell sph]ical or subsph]ical1 ) a v>iable numb] 7fifte5 to tw5ty7 ( %ort1 coronal-l tubules1 irregul>ly scatt]$1 ab\t half z long z ! radius ( ! %ell4 ,out] ap]ture ( ! tubuli irregul>ly d5tat$1 a little dilat$1 & n mu* broad] ?an ! inn] ap]ture1 "o-half or "o-?ird z broad z ! %ell radius4 ,pores ( ! %ell & ( ! tubuli circul> or r\ndi%1 v irregul>ly scatt]$1 mo/ly "o-half or "o-?ird z broad z ! b>s4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4aa to #ad1 ( ! pores #j4jjb to #j4jjd1 ( ! b>s #j4jjf to #j4jab2 l5g? ( ! tubuli #j4jc1 inn] ap]ture #j4jb to #j4jc1 out] ap]ture #j4jc to #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ations #bfh to #bgj1 dep?s #beej to #bibe fa?oms4 #b4 ,coronosphra calyc9a1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #g1 fig4 #d74 ,%ell sph]ical or subsph]ical1 ) a v>iable numb] 7eight to twelve7 ( l>ge1 funnel-l tubules1 irregul>ly scatt]$1 ab\t z long z ! radius ( ! %ell4 ,out] ap]ture ( ! tubuli irregul>ly d5tat$1 mu* dilat$1 some:at broad] ?an ! %ell radius1 ?ree to f\r times z broad z ! inn] circul> ap]ture4 ,pores ( ! %ell & ( ! tubuli circul> or r\ndi%1 ( v diff]5t size1 "o to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4a to #j4c1 ( ! pores #j4jjc to #j4ja1 ( ! b>s #j4jjb to #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! tubuli #j4a1 inn] ap]ture #j4jb to #j4jc1 out] ap]ture #j4jf to #j4ah4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ations #bga1 #bgb1 dep?s #bdbe & #bfjj fa?oms respectively4 #c4 ,coronosphra convolvulus1 n4 sp4 ,%ell irregul> r\ndi%1 ) a v>iable numb] 7five to t57 ( long1 curv$ tubules1 ab\t z long z ! %ell diamet]4 ,! inn] half ( ! tubuli is n>r[1 cyl9drical2 ! out] half funnel-l dilat$1 simil> to ! fl[] ( ,convolvulus4 ,! out] ap]ture is elegantly d5tat$1 five to six times z broad z ! inn] ap]ture4 ,pores ( ! %ell & ( ! tubuli v irregul> r\ndi%1 ab\t z broad z ! b>s4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4jh to #j4ji1 ( ! pores & b>s #j4jjd to #j4jjh2 l5g? ( ! tubuli #j4jg to #j4a1 inn] ap]ture #j4ja1 out] ap]ture #j4je4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdg1 surface4 #aah,subfamily ,,cla?rosph,,rida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dgb4 ,def9ition4--,collosphrida ) a d\ble lattice-%ell ar\nd e c5tral capsule ( ! co5obium2 bo? conc5tric %ells connect$ by irregul> or subradial beams1 commonly solid or lamell> /affs1 r>ely holl[ tubes4 ,g5us #dc4 ,cla?rosphra1#fe ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dgb4 ,def9ition4--,collosphrida ) a d\ble lattice-%ell ar\nd e c5tral capsule ( ! co5obium2 surface ( ! out] %ell smoo?4 ,! g5us ,cla?rosphra 7) smoo? surface7 & ! foll[+ ,xan?iosphra 7) sp9y surface7 =m toge!r ! small subfamily1 ,cla?rosphrida1 diff]5t f ! o!r ,collosphrida by ! d\ble lattice-%ell4 ,f ! surface ( ! inn] prim>y %ell arise ei!r solid sp9es or holl[ tubes1 :i* unite by ! ana/omosis ( irregul> bran*es & s =m ! out] second>y %ell1 (t5 v incomplete & irregul>4 ,all ,cla?rosphrida seem to inhabit great dep?s4 ,subg5us #a4 ,cla?rosphrula1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,! connect+ /affs betwe5 bo? %ells are holl[ tubes 7d]iv$ f ,siphonosphra74 #a4 ,cla?rosphra circumtexta1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #h1 fig4 #f74 ,inn] %ell sph]ical1 ) irregul> r\ndi% l>ge me%es1 n[ broad] n[ small] ?an _! b>s4 ,eight to t5 me%es 9 ! half m]idian ( ! %ell4 ,all ^! me%es are prolong$ into %ort cyl9drical holl[ tubes1 ab\t z long z broad1 some:at con/rict$ 9 ! middle4 ,f ! m>g9s ( ! out] op5+s ( ^! tubes proce$ v num]\s & delicate silice\s filam5ts1 :i* all lie on ! same sph]ical face1 bran*1 ana/omose1 & tw9e ov] ! op5+s & ! int]vals betwe5 !m1 =m+ a v ?91 ara*noid sph]ical out] %ell4 ,! me%es ( ?is are q irregul> polygonal1 ( v diff]5t size & =m4 ,! radius ( ! inn] %ell be>s to t ( ! out] a ratio #e 3 #f4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! inn] %ell #j4aa to #j4ac1 ( ! out] #j4ac to #j4af2 me%es ( ! inn] %ell #j4jje to #j4jb1 ( ! out] #j4jje to #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ations #bch to #bec1 dep?s #bjej to #ciej fa?oms4 ,subg5us #b4 ,cla?rosphrium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,! connect+ /affs betwe5 ! two %ells are solid rods or lamell> sp9es 7d]iv$ f ,acrosphra74 #aaib4 ,cla?rosphra ara*noides1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #h1 fig4 #g74 ,inn] %ell sph]ical1 ) irregul> r\ndi% me%es1 two or ?ree times z broad z ! b>s4 ,t5 to twelve me%es 9 ! half m]idian ( ! %ell4 ,f its surface arise num]\s conical radial sp9es 7) base (t5 f5e/rat$71 :i* at equal di/ances f ! surface s5d out lat]al bran*es4 ,all ^! bran*es lie on a sph]ical face1 & =m by communications ! irregul>1 v delicate1 ara*noid network ( ! out] %ell1 q unlike t ( ! inn]1 ) l>ge polygonal me%es ( v diff]5t size4 ,eight to sixte5 me%es 9 ! half m]idian ( ! %ell4 ,surface ( ! out] %ell ne>ly sph]ical1 some:at unev51 l a spid]'s web4 ,! radius ( ! inn] %ell be>s to t ( ! out] a ratio #c 3 #d4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! inn] %ell #j4ab to #j4ad1 ( ! out] #j4ae to #j4ah2 pores ( ! inn] %ell #j4jjc to #j4jb1 ( ! out] #j4ja to #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,c5tral area ( ! ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #c4 ,cla?rosphra lamellosa1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #h1 fig4 #h74 ,inn] %ell sph]ical or subsph]ical1 ) irregul> r\ndi% me%es1 ab\t half z broad z ! b>s4 ,twelve to sixte5 me%es 9 ! half m]idian ( ! %ell4 ,f its surface arise num]\s oblique irregul> /affs or broad & ?9 lamell1 :i* bran* q irregul>ly1 & by communications ( ! bran*es =m ! ?9 out] %ell4 ,?is is q irregul> r\ndi% or subsph]ical1 v unlike ! inn]1 ) l>ge polygonal me%es ( diff]5t size1 six to twelve 9 ! half m]idian ( ! %ell4 ,bridges betwe5 ! me%es v v>iable1 n[ v ?9 filam5t\s1 n[ v broad lamell>4 ,out] surface v unev5 or tub]culat$1 b n sp9\s4 ,! radius ( ! inn] %ell be>s to t ( ! out] a ratio #e 3 #f4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! inn] %ell #j4a to #j4ac1 ( ! out] #j4ab to #j4ah2 pores ( ! inn] %ell #j4jjc to #j4jji1 ( ! out] #j4ja to #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,c5tral area ( ! ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ations #bgj to #bgd1 dep?s #bcej to #bibe fa?oms4 ,g5us #dd4 ,xan?iosphra1#ff ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dgb4 ,def9ition4--,collosphrida ) a d\ble lattice-%ell ar\nd e c5tral capsule ( ! co5obium2 surface ( ! out] %ell ?orny or sp9y4 ,! g5us ,xan?iosphra diff]s f ! =ego+ ,cla?rosphra by sp9es or ?orns aris+ f ! surface ( ! out] %ell1 commonly v irregul>4 #a4 ,xan?iosphra capillacea1 n4 sp4 ,inn] %ell sph]ical1 ) irregul> polygonal me%es1 ?ree to five times z broad z _! n>r[ b>s4 ,six to eight me%es 9 ! half m]idian ( ! %ell4 ,f its surface arise at ! nodes ( ! network num]\s ?9 radial sp9es1 :i*1 at equal di/ances f ! surface1 #abjs5d out lat]al bran*es4 ,all ^! bran*es lie on a sph]ical face1 & =m by communications ! irregul> delicate network ( ! out] %ell1 v l t ( ! inn]1 ) l>ge polygonal me%es1 six to eight me%es 9 ! half m]idian ( ! %ell4 ,surface ( ! out] %ell cov]$ ) num]\s /raight sp9es1 prolongations ( ! inn] sp9es1 b only half z long z ^!4 ,! radius ( ! inn] %ell be>s to t ( ! out] a ratio #c 3 #e4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! inn] %ell #j4a to #j4ab1 ( ! out] #j4ae to #j4ai2 pores ( ! inn] %ell #j4jb to #j4jd to #j4jf1 ( ! out] #j4jd to #j4jf to #j4jh2 l5g? ( ! out] sp9es #j4ja to #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral area ( ! ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfc1 dep? #bfej fa?oms4 #b4 ,xan?iosphra er9acea1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #h1 fig4 #i74 ,inn] %ell sph]ical1 ) irregul> r\ndi% me%es1 "o-half to two times z broad z ! b>s4 ,fifte5 to tw5ty me%es 9 ! half m]idian ( ! %ell4 ,f its surface arise num]\s ?9 radial sp9es1 :i* at equal di/ances f ! surface s5d out lat]al bran*es4 ,all ^! bran*es lie on ! face ( a sph]e1 & =m by communications ! irregul> delicate network ( ! out] %ell1 v unlike t ( ! inn]1 ) l>ge polygonal me%es1 twelve to tw5ty-f\r 9 ! half m]idian ( ! %ell4 ,surface ( ! out] %ell cov]$ ) num]\s /raight sp9es1 prolongations ( ! inn] sp9es1 & ( ! same l5g?4 ,! radius ( ! inn] %ell be>s to t ( ! out] a ratio #c 3 #d4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! inn] %ell #j4a to #j4ab1 ( ! out] #j4ac to #j4af2 pores ( ! inn] %ell #j4jjb to #j4jjh1 ( ! out] #j4ja to #j4jc2 l5g? ( ! out] sp9es #j4jb to #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,c5tral area ( ! ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ations #bgj1 #bgb1 dep? #bibe & #bfjj fa?oms respectively4 #c4 ,xan?iosphra lappacea1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #h1 figs4 #aj1 #aa74 ,inn] %ell sph]ical or subsph]ical1 ) v small r\ndi% pores1 q irregul>ly scatt]$1 "o-f\r? to ?ree-f\r? z broad z _! b>s4 ,t5 to tw5ty pores 9 ! half m]idian ( ! %ell4 ,f its surface arise 9 an extremely irregul> & v>iable mann] num]\s oblique sp9es1 (t5 curv$1 (t5 lamell>1 & p]=at$ by pores1 sometimes holl[1 f5e/rat$ cones4 ,at diff]5t di/ances f ! surface ^! sp9es s5d out lat]al curv$ bran*es1 :i* by communications =m ! delicate & v irregul> network ( ! out] %ell4 ,?is network is (t5 incomplete & v unlike t ( ! inn] %ell1 ) l>ge polygonal me%es1 six to eighte5 9 ! half m]idian ( ! %ell4 ,surface ( ! out] %ell cov]$ ) num]\s small1 curv$1 & oblique sp9es1 prolongations ( ! inn] sp9es1 b sc>cely "o-?ird to "o-half z long z ^!4 ,! radius ( ! inn] %ell be>s to t ( ! out] a ratio #c 3 #d4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! inn] %ell #j4jh to #j4ab1 ( ! out] #j4aa to #j4ae2 pores ( ! inn] %ell #j4jja to #j4jji1 ( ! out] #j4ja to #j4jd2 l5g? ( ! out] sp9es #j4jje to #j4jji4 ,habitat4--,c5tral area ( ! ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ations #bfc to #bgd1 dep?s #bcej to #cjjj fa?oms4 #aba;,family ,,vii4 ,,/ylosph,,rida1 ,haeckel 7,pls4 #ac-ag74 ,/ylosphrida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #ddi4 ,def9ition4--,sphroidea ) two radial sp9es on ! surface ( ! sph]ical %ell1 opposite 9 "o axis2 liv+ solit>y 7n associat$ 9 colonies74 ,! family ,/ylosphrida comprises a l>ge numb] ( v common ,sphroidea1 & is di/+ui%$ f all o!rs by ! possession ( two radial sp9es :i* are plac$ 9 "o axis ( ! sph]ical %ell4#fg ,by ! expression ( ?is ma9 axis z a solid rod !y =m ! transition to ! ,prunoidea1 9 :i* ! :ole %ell is m or less trans=m$ accord+ to ?is monaxial gr[?4 ,b 9 ^! latt] ! %ell1 z well z ! c5tral capsule1 becomes ellipsoidal1 prolong$ 9 "o axis1 :il/ 9 ! =m] !y rema9 sph]ical4 ,h[ev]1 ! di/9ction ( bo? ne>ly alli$ gr\ps is sometimes difficult4 ,! mo/ simple ,/ylosphrida are ! ,xipho/ylida1 ) "o s+le sph]ical lattice-%ell4 ,to ?is ance/ral gr\p all o!r subfamilies c be oppos$ z ,/ylosphrida conc5trica1 z _! c>apace is compos$ ( two or m conc5tric lattice-%ells3 two 9 ! ,sphro/ylida1 ?ree 9 ! ,amphi/ylida1 f\r 9 ! ,cromyo/ylida1 five or m 9 ! ,c>yo/ylida4 ,9 all ^! f\r subfamilies ! conc5tric %ells are simple 7n spongy7 f5e/rat$ sph]es4 ,9 a six? subfamily1 9 ! ,spongo/ylida1 ! %ell is :olly or p>tially compos$ ( a spongy irregul> wick]-"w1 ) or )\t a m$ull>y %ell 9 ! c5tre4 ,bo? ! radial sp9es 9 all ,/ylosphrida are oppos$ normally 9 "o axis2 b 9 _m species besides ! normal =m occur individual abnormalities1 9 :i* ! two sp9es are n accurately oppos$ 9 ?is ma9 axis1 b plac$ 9 two diff]5t axes1 int]sect+ at a small] or l>g] angle4 ,9 ! majority ( ! ,/ylosphrida bo? opposite sp9es h ! same size & =m2 b 9 "s g5]a !y are m or less diff]5t1 (t5 9 a v /rik+ degree4 ,! same diff]5ces occur 9 ! ne>ly alli$ gr\ps ( ,prunoidea1 9 ! ,ellipsida & ,druppulida4 ,! di/al ends ( bo? sp9es are commonly free2 b 9 ! small gr\p ( ,saturnalida 7,saturnalis ) "o s+le %ell1 ,saturnulus ) two conc5tric %ells1 ,saturn9us ) ?ree conc5tric %ells7 ! di/al ends ( bo? sp9es are unit$1 at equal di/ances f ! c5tre1 by a circul> or elliptical r+4 ,?is rem>kable peculi>ity occurs 9 no o!r gr\p ( ,sphroidea1 & consequ5tly br+s ! ,saturnalida into close relation ) ! ,discoidea4 #abb,synopsis ( ! ,g5]a ( ,/ylosphrida4 ,bo? sp9es ,pol> sp9es equal1 #de4 ,xiphosphra4 free1 )\t ,i4 ,subfamily connect+ ,sp9es ,xipho/ylida4 r+ on ! diff]5t 7,sph]ical %ell di/al ends4 9 size simple47 or =m1 #df4 ,xipho/ylus4 ,bo? pol> sp9es unit$ by a circul> or elliptical r+1 #dg4 ,saturnalis4 ,bo? sp9es equal1 #dh4 ,/ylosphra4 ,pol> sp9es ,,ii4 ,subfamily free4 ,sp9es ,sphro/ylida4 diff]5t 9 7,two conc5tric size or sph]es47 =m1 #di4 ,sphro/ylus4 ,bo? pol> sp9es unit$ by a circul> or elliptical r+1 #ej4 ,saturnulus4 ,bo? sp9es equal1 #ea4 ,amphisphra4 ,pol> sp9es ,,iii4 ,subfamily free4 ,sp9es ,amphi/ylida4 diff]5t 9 7,?ree size or conc5tric =m1 #eb4 ,amphi/ylus4 sph]es47 ,bo? pol> sp9es unit$ by a circul> or elliptical r+1 #ec4 ,saturn9us4 ,,iv4 ,subfamily ,bo? sp9es ,cromyo/ylida4,pol> sp9es equal1 #ed4 ,/ylocromyum4 7,f\r conc5tric free4 sph]es47 ,sp9es diff]5t1 #ee4 ,cromyo/ylus4 ,v4 ,subfamily ,c>yo/ylida4 ,pol> sp9es ,bo? sp9es 7,five or m free4 equal1 #ef4 ,c>yo/ylus4 conc5tric sph]es47 ,%ell a solid spongy sph]e )\t c5tral m$ull>y %ell1 #eg4 ,spongolon*is4 ,,vi4 ,subfamily ,spongo/ylida4 ,"o c5tral 7,sph]ical %ell m$ull>y p>tially or ,9 ! c5tre %ell1 #eh4 ,spongo/ylus4 :olly ( a ( ! spongy spongy sph]e "o or,two /ructure47 two m$ull>y conc5tric %ells4 m$ull>y %ells1 #ei4 ,spongo/ylidium4 ,subfamily ,,xipho/ylida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 pp4 #ddi1 #dej4 ,def9ition4--,/ylosphrida ) "o simple sph]ical lattice-%ell4 ,g5us #de4 ,xiphosphra1#fh ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dej4 ,def9ition4--,/ylosphrida ) "o s+le lattice-sph]e & two free sp9es ( equal size & =m4 ,! g5us ,xiphosphra is ! mo/ simple =m ( all ,/ylosphrida1 & may be reg>d$ z ! common ance/ral =m ( ?is family4 ,on ! surface ( a simple #abcsph]ical lattice-%ell1 enclos+ ! c5tral capsule1 arise two equal1 free1 radial sp9es1 opposite to ea* o!r on ! poles ( "o axis4 ,subg5us #a4 ,xiphosphran?a1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! sph]ical %ell regul>1 ( ne>ly equal size & =m2 surface smoo? or a little r\gh1 )\t sp9es or ?orns 7o!r ?an ! two pol> sp9es74 #a4 ,xiphosphra planeta1 n4 sp4 ,pores regul>1 hexagonal1 eight to n9e times z broad z ! ?9 b>s4 ,t5 to twelve pores on ! half equator4 ,%ell v ?9 wall$2 surface smoo?4 ,pol> sp9es ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 ab\t z long z ! axis ( ! sph]e1 z broad at ! base z "o pore4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! sph]e #j4ab to #j4ac1 pores #j4jaf to #j4jah1 b>s #j4jjb2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4a to #j4ae1 basal ?ickness #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 surface2 ,/ations #bga to #bgd1 dep?s #bdbe to #bgej fa?oms4 #b4 ,xiphosphra ga1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ad1 fig4 #e74 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 ) prom95t hexagonal cre/s betwe5 !m4 ,on ! half equator t5 to twelve pores1 ( ! same bread? z ! cre/$ b>s4 ,%ell ?9 wall$2 surface smoo?4 ,pol> sp9es ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 ab\t twice z long z ! axis ( ! sph]e1 twice z broad at ! base z "o pore4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! sph]e #j4jg to #j4ji1 pores & b>s #j4jje2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4ae to #j4b1 basal ?ickness #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgd1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #c4 ,xiphosphra v5us1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ad1 fig4 #b74 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 ) prom95t hexagonal frames4 ,on ! half equator fifte5 to eighte5 pores1 ( ! same bread? z ! b>s4 ,%ell v ?ick wall$2 surface smoo?1 honeycomb-l4 ,pol> sp9es conical1 smoo?1 ab\t z long z ! axis ( ! %ell1 twice z broad at ! base z "o pore4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! sph]e #j4ab to #j4ac1 pores & b>s #j4jje2 ?ickness ( ! %ell wall #j4jac2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4ab to #j4ae1 basal bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgb1 dep? #bfjj fa?oms4 #d4 ,xiphosphra luna1 n4 sp4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 hexagonally lob$ or rosette-%ap$1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s4 ,t5 to twelve pores on ! half equator4 ,%ell ?ick wall$2 surface smoo?4 ,pol> sp9es ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 "o to two times z long z ! axis ( ! %ell1 z broad at ! base z "o pore #abd7v simil> to ,xipho/ylus phasianus1 ,pl4 #ac1 fig4 #i1 b diff]5t 9 ! equal size & simil> =m ( ! two l>ge pol> sp9es74 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! sph]e #j4ab1 pores #j4jae1 b>s #j4jje2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4a to #j4b1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,cocos ,isl&s1 surface1 ,rabbe4 #e4 ,xiphosphra hebe1 n4 sp4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s4 ,on ! half equator sixte5 to tw5ty pores4 ,%ell ?ick wall$2 surface smoo?4 ,pol> sp9es conical or ne>ly cyl9drical1 ab\t z long z ! axis ( ! sph]e1 z broad at ! base z two pores4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! sph]e #j4a to #j4ac1 pores #j4jjf1 b>s #j4jjb2 pol> sp9es #j4a to #j4ae long1 #j4ja ?ick4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ations #bfe to #bfh1 dep?s #bgjj to #bijj fa?oms4 #f4 ,xiphosphra maxima1 n4 sp4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 twice z broad z ! b>s1 funnel-%ap$4 ,tw5ty to ?irty pores on ! half equator4 ,%ell v ?ick wall$2 surface smoo?4 ,pol> sp9es ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 ab\t z long z ! radius ( ! sph]e1 z broad at ! base z two pores4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! sph]e #j4bb to #j4ce1 pores #j4jjh to #j4ja1 b>s #j4jje2 pol> sp9es #j4a to #j4ae long1 #j4jb ?ick4 ,habitat4--,equatorial ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdg1 dep? #bbej fa?oms4 #g4 ,xiphosphra euphrosyne1 n4 sp4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 ab\t z broad z ! b>s1 d\ble cont\r$4 ,eight to t5 on ! half equator4 ,%ell ?9 wall$2 surface smoo?4 ,pol> sp9es conical1 ab\t z long z ! radius ( ! sph]e1 z broad at ! base z "o pore4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! sph]e #j4ab to #j4ae1 pores & b>s #j4jb2 pol> sp9es #j4jf to #j4ji long1 #j4jb ?ick4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cbc1 dep? #aijj fa?oms4 ,subg5us #b4 ,xiphosphrella1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! sph]ical %ell regul>1 ( ne>ly equal size & =m2 surface ?orny or sp9y1 cov]$ ) regul>ly di/ribut$ papill or ?orns 79 addition to ! two l>ge pol> sp9es74 #h4 ,xiphosphra pallas1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ad1 fig4 #d74 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 sep>at$ by hexagonal elevat$ frames1 ! %>p cre/ ( :i* is elegantly d5ticulat$2 9 ea* corn] ( ! hexagons 7betwe5 ?ree pores7 is a %ort radial sp9e1 #abe;ab\t z long z "o pore4 ,on ! half equator sixte5 to tw5ty pores1 ( ! same bread? z ! b>s4 ,%ell ?ick wall$2 :ole surface sp9y4 ,pol> sp9es cyl9drical1 at ! apex conical1 ab\t z long z ! axis ( ! sph]e1 ?ree to f\r times z broad z "o pore4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! sph]e #j4a1 pores & b>s #j4jje2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4jg to #j4aa1 ?ickness #j4jae to #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,we/]n ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbe1 dep? #ddge fa?oms4 #i4 ,xiphosphra flora1 n4 sp4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 ) hexagonal frames1 twice z broad z ! b>s4 ,t5 to twelve pores on ! half equator4 ,%ell ?9 wall$1 ) sp9y surface2 9 ea* corn] ( ! hexagons is "o bri/le-l radial sp9e twice z long z "o pore4 ,pol> sp9es ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 at ! apex pyramidal1 ne>ly twice z long z ! axis ( ! sph]e1 z broad at ! base z two pores 7simil> to ,ellipsoxiphus palliatus1 ,pl4 #ad1 fig4 #g74 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! sph]e #j4ae1 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jje2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4b to #j4be1 bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdb1 dep? #adde fa?oms4 #aj4 ,xiphosphra juno1 n4 sp4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 z broad z ! b>s1 funnel-%ap$4 ,fifte5 to tw5ty pores on ! half equator4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 cov]$ ) bri/le-l sp9es1 ab\t twice z long z "o pore4 ,pol> sp9es conical1 ?ick1 ab\t z long z ! axis ( ! sph]e1 twice z broad at ! base z "o pore4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! sph]e #j4ab1 pores & b>s #j4ja2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4ad1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! ,b>bados rocks2 liv+ 9 ! greate/ dep? ( ! ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbe1 dep? #ddge4 #aa4 ,xiphosphra gigantea1 n4 sp4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 two to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 tw5ty-eight to ?irty-two on ! half equator4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 cov]$ ) %ort conical ?orns4 ,pol> sp9es ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 ab\t z long z ! radius ( ! sph]e1 z broad at ! base z ?ree pores4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! sph]e #j4be to #j4c1 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjd2 pol> sp9es #j4a to #j4ae long1 #j4jc broad4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,b>bados & ,sicily 7,cattanisetta74 ,subg5us #c4 ,xiphosphrissa1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! sph]ical %ell irregul>1 ( diff]5t size or =m2 surface smoo? or a little r\gh1 )\t sp9es or ?orns 7o!r ?an ! pol> sp9es74 #abfab4 ,xiphosphra c]es1 n4 sp4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 ( diff]5t sizes1 two to f\r times z broad z ! b>s4 ,sixte5 to tw5ty pores on ! half equator4 ,%ell ?9 wall$1 ) smoo? surface4 ,pol> sp9es conical1 ab\t z long z ! axis ( ! sph]e1 v ?ick at ! base4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! sph]e #j4ae to #j4b1 pores #j4jjd to #j4jjh1 b>s #j4jjb2 pol> sp9es #j4ah to #j4bd long1 at ! base #j4jb ?ick4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cec1 surface4 #ac4 ,xiphosphra clavig]a1 n4 sp4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 d\ble cont\r$1 ( v unequal size1 two to sev5 times z broad z ! b>s2 t5 to twelve on ! half equator4 ,%ell ?ick wall$2 surface a little r\gh4 ,pol> sp9es club-%ap$1 ) prom95t edges1 ab\t half z long z ! axis ( ! sph]e2 ?9n] at bo? ends ?an 9 ! middle4 7,diff]s f ,ellipsoxiphus clavig]1 ,pl4 #ad1 fig4 #c1 9 ! sph]ical %ell & %ort] sp9es47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! sph]e #j4b1 pores #j4jje to #j4jb1 b>s #j4jjc2 pol> sp9es #j4jf long1 #j4jb broad4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgd1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 ,subg5us #d4 ,xiphosphromma1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! sph]ical %ell irregul>1 ( diff]5t size or =m2 surface ?orny or sp9y 7besides ! two l>ge pol> sp9es74 #ad4 ,xiphosphra ve/a n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ad1 fig4 #f74 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 ?ree to five times z broad z ! b>s2 f\rte5 to sixte5 on ! half equator4 ,scatt]$ on ! surface ( ! ?ick-wall$ %ell are f tw5ty to ?irty /rong ?ree-sid$ pyramidal sp9es ( unequal size1 ! l>ge/ twice z long z ! l>ge/ pores4 ,pol> sp9es v /rong1 ne>ly ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 ) curv$ edges1 ne>ly z long z ! axis ( ! sph]e & twice z broad z ! l>ge/ pores4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! sph]e #j4ag1 pores #j4ja to #j4jb1 b>s #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4ac1 ?ickness #j4jb to #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area4 ,/ation #bff1 dep? #bgej fa?oms1 #ae4 ,xiphosphra a/ra1 n4 sp4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 "o to two times z broad z ! b>s2 t5 to twelve on ! half equator4 ,surface ( ! ?ick-wall$ %ell cov]$ ) num]\s %ort conical ?orns4 ,pol> sp9es cyl9dro-conical1 "o & a half to two times z long z ! axis ( ! sph]e4 #abg;,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! sph]e #j4ah1 pores #j4ja to #j4jae1 b>s #j4jjh2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4be to #j4c1 ?ickness #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 surface2 ,ceylon1 ,haeckel4 ,g5us #df4 ,xipho/ylus1#fi ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dej4 ,def9ition4--,/ylosphrida ) "o s+le lattice-sph]e & two free sp9es ( diff]5t size or =m4 ,! g5us ,xipho/ylus diff]s f ! =ego+ ,xiphosphra 9 ! unequal size or =m ( bo? pol> sp9es1 :i* become m or less diff]5tiat$4 ,subg5us #a4 ,xipho/ylan?a1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! sph]ical %ell regul>1 ( ne>ly equal size & =m2 surface smoo? or a little r\gh1 )\t sp9es or ?orns4 #a4 ,xipho/ylus alc$o1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ac1 fig4 #d74 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 ) elevat$ hexagonal frames1 twice z broad z ! b>s4 ,eight to t5 pores on ! half equator4 ,surface smoo?4 ,pol> sp9es ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 z broad at ! base z "o hexagon2 ! major sp9e f\r to five times z long z ! m9or1 :i* is ab\t equal to ! radius ( ! sph]e4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! sph]e #j4ab1 pores #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjf2 l5g? ( ! major pol> sp9e #j4af to #j4b1 ( ! m9or #j4jd to #j4jf1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,we/]n ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbe1 dep? #ddge4 #b4 ,xipho/ylus phasianus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ac1 fig4 #i74 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 twice z broad z ! b>s4 ,eight to t5 pores on ! half equator4 ,out] op5+ ( ea* pore elegantly lob$1 ) eight ind5tations4 ,surface a little r\gh4 ,pol> sp9es v unequal2 major sp9e sword-l1 %>ply edg$1 ab\t z long z ! diamet] ( ! sph]e2 m9or sp9e sc>cely half s long1 pommel-%ap$1 ) n9e 787 w+-l edges4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! sph]e #j4ac1 inn] circul> op5+ ( ! pores #j4ja1 out] eight-lob$ op5+ #j4jae1 b>s #j4jje2 l5g? ( ! major pol> sp9e #j4ad1 ( ! m9or #j4jf1 bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,au/ralian ,sea1 ,/ation #afb1 surface4 #c4 ,xipho/ylus motacilla1 n4 sp4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 sixte5 to tw5ty on ! half equator4 ,surface smoo?4 ,pol> sp9es compress$1 two-edg$1 at ! base ?ree to f\r times z broad z #abh"o pore2 ! major sp9e some:at long] ?an ! diamet] ( ! %ell1 ! m9or sc>cely "o-?ird or "o-half z long4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! sph]e #j4ad1 pores #j4jjf1 b>s #j4jjb2 l5g? ( ! major sp9e #j4af to #j4ah1 ( ! m9or #j4je to #j4jg1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,zanzib>1 #bbjj fa?oms1 ,pull54 #d4 ,xipho/ylus gallus1 n4 sp4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 five times z broad z ! b>s4 ,twelve to sixte5 pores on ! half equator4 ,surface smoo?4 ,pol> sp9es v unequal2 ! major conical sp9e "o & a half to ?ree times z long z ! diamet] ( ! sph]e2 ! m9or pommel-%ap$1 sc>cely "o-?ird z long 7l5g? ( bo? sp9es v v>iable74 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! sph]e #j4ac1 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjb2 l5g? ( ! major sp9e #j4b to #j4d1 ( ! m9or #j4je to #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #e4 ,xipho/ylus alauda1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ad1 fig4 #ae74 ,li?omespilus alauda1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodrom4 et ,atlas1 loc4 cit4 ,pores subregul>1 circul>1 ?ree to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 fifte5 to eighte5 on ! half equator4 ,surface a little r\gh4 ,pol> sp9es irregul>ly conical or pyramidal1 sc>cely z long z ! radius ( ! sph]e2 "o sp9e simple1 ! o!r compos$ ( a bun* ( f\r or five sp9es unit$ at ! base4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! sph]e #j4aa1 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4jc to #j4je1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgb1 dep? #bfjj fa?oms4 #f4 ,xipho/ylus anh+a1 ,haeckel4 ,rhabdoli?is pipa1 ,bury1 #ahfb1 ,polycy/9s ( ,b>bados1 pl4 iii4 fig4 #d4 ,pores subregul>1 circul>1 ab\t ! same bread? z ! b>s2 eight to t5 on ! half equator4 ,surface smoo? or a little r\gh4 ,pol> sp9es cyl9drical1 v irregul>ly curv$ l ,s or contort$1 ! major ?ree to six times z long z ! diamet] ( ! sph]e1 ! m9or sc>cely "o-f\r? z long z ! =m]1 at ! end truncat$4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! sph]e #j4jg1 pores & b>s #j4jje2 l5g? ( ! major pol> sp9e #j4b to #j4d1 ( ! m9or #j4jf to #j4ji1 basal bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! ,b>bados rocks4 ,subg5us #b4 ,xipho/yletta1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! sph]ical %ell regul>1 ( ne>ly equal size & =m2 surface ?orny or sp9y 7o!r ?an ! two l>ge pol> sp9es74 #abig4 ,xipho/ylus cuculus1 n4 sp4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 hexagonally fram$1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 t5 to twelve on ! half equator4 ,surface ?orny1 betwe5 e ?ree pores a %ort conical ?orn4 ,pol> sp9es ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 ! major some:at long] ?an ! diamet] ( ! sph]e1 ! m9or sc>cely "o-?ird z long1 pommel-%ap$4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! sph]e #j4ag1 pores #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! major pol> sp9e #j4b1 ( ! m9or #j4je1 basal bread? #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 surface2 ,/ation #cce1 dep? #adbe fa?oms4 #h4 ,xipho/ylus tro*ilus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ac1 fig4 #aj74 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 eight to n9e on ! half equator4 ,pol> sp9es cyl9drical1 ! major some:at long] ?an ! axis ( ! sph]e1 ! m9or %ort]1 surr\nd$ by a gr\p ( f f\r to eight %ort] conical sp9es4 ,surface ( ! opposite hemisph]e smoo?1 )\t by-sp9es4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! sph]e #j4jg to #j4jh1 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjbe4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdd1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #i4 ,xipho/ylus picus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ad1 fig4 #ac74 ,li?omespilus picus1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodrom4 et ,atlas4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 sixte5 to eighte5 on ! half equator4 ,pol> sp9es cyl9drical1 conical at ! apex1 ! major once & a half to twice z long z ! diamet] ( ! %ell1 ! m9or sc>cely half s long2 ar\nd ! latt] a gr\p ( twelve to tw5ty %ort] conical sp9es1 irregul>ly scatt]$4 ,surface ( ! o!r hemisph]e smoo?4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! sph]e #j4ac1 pores #j4jjf1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! major pol> sp9e #j4b to #j4bd1 ( ! m9or #j4jh to #j4ji1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfe1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 ,subg5us #c4 ,xipho/ylissa1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! sph]ical %ell irregul>1 ( unequal size or =m2 surface smoo? or a little r\gh1 )\t ?orns4 #aj4 ,xipho/ylus trogon1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ad1 fig4 #ab74 ,li?omespilus trogon1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodrom4 et ,atlas4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi% or subcircul>1 two to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 t5 to twelve on ! half equator4 ,surface smoo?4 ,major pol> sp9e ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 once & a half to twice z long z ! axis ( ! sph]e2 m9or sp9e q rudim5t>y1 sc>cely long] ?an broad1 b surr\nd$ by a gr\p ( f ?ree to six simil> %ort sp9es4 #acj;,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! sph]e #j4a1 pores #j4jje to #j4jae1 b>s #j4jje to #j4jjh2 l5g? ( ! major sp9e #j4ae to #j4ah1 ( ! m9or #j4ja to #j4jb1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,we/]n ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbe1 dep? #ddge fa?oms4 #aa4 ,xipho/ylus falco1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ac1 fig4 #ad74 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 two to five times z broad z ! b>s2 sixte5 to eighte5 on ! half equator4 ,surface smoo?4 ,pol> sp9es cyl9drical1 v /\t1 ne>ly half z ?ick z ! radius ( ! %ell2 major sp9e two to f\r times z long z ! diamet] ( ! %ell2 m9or sp9e obliquely ins]t$1 sc>cely long] ?an ! diamet]1 divid$ at ! end into two %ort1 hook-%ap$1 curv$ bran*es4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! sph]e #j4jh1 pores #j4jjb to #j4jje1 b>s #j4jja2 bread? ( ! sp9es #j4jb1 l5g? ( ! major sp9e #j4ae to #j4b1 ( ! m9or #j4ji4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #cjb1 dep? #adej fa?oms4 #ab4 ,xipho/ylus alca1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ac1 fig4 #ac74 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 two to six times z broad z ! b>s2 six to eight on ! half equator4 ,ea* pore ) ?ree to six lobes1 compos$ ( ?ree to six conflu5t small] pores4 ,surface smoo?4 ,major sp9e conical1 curv$1 some:at long] ?an ! axis ( ! sph]e2 m9or sp9e some:at %ort]1 pommel-l1 edg$4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! sph]e #j4jg1 pores #j4ja to #j4jb1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! major sp9e #j4jh1 ( ! m9or #j4jf1 basal ?ickness #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,sunda ,/rait1 ,rabbe1 surface4 #ac4 ,xipho/ylus edolius1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ac1 fig4 #e74 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 compos$ ( two to six small] conflu5t pores4 ,on ! half equator six to eight l>ge pores1 & tw5ty to ?irty small pores2 b>s betwe5 ! small] v ?94 ,surface a little r\gh4 ,major pol> sp9e conical1 ,s-%ap$1 ab\t twice z long z ! axis ( ! %ell2 m9or sp9e pommel-%ap$1 edg$1 sc>cely z long z its radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! sph]e #j4ab1 l>ge pores #j4ja to #j4jc1 small pores #j4jjd to #j4jjh1 b>s #j4jja to #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! major sp9e #j4b1 ( ! m9or #j4je1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgc1 surface4 ,subg5us #d4 ,xipho/ylomma1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! sph]ical %ell irregul>1 ( diff]5t size or =m2 surface ?orny or sp9y4 #acaad4 ,xipho/ylus emb]iza1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ac1 fig4 #aa74 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 "o to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 six to eight on ! half equator4 ,pol> sp9es v unequal2 major cyl9drical1 twice z long z ! axis ( ! sph]e2 m9or sc>cely half z long1 obliquely ins]t$1 l a bird's head1 surr\nd$ by a gr\p ( t5 to tw5ty small] conical sp9es4 ,opposite hemisph]e smoo?4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! sph]e #j4jje1 pores #j4jjb to #j4jjh1 b>s #j4jjb2 l5g? ( ! major sp9e #j4ji1 ( ! m9or #j4je1 basal bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccb1 surface4 #ae4 ,xipho/ylus ardea1 n4 sp4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 "o to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 twelve to sixte5 on ! half equator4 ,:ole surface sp9y4 ,major pol> sp9e ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 some:at long] ?an ! diamet] ( ! sph]e2 m9or sc>cely s long z its half radius1 pommel-l1 edg$4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! sph]e #j4ab1 pores #j4jjc to #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! major pol> sp9e #j4ae1 ( ! m9or #j4jc1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #fd1 surface4 ,g5us #dg4 ,saturnalis1#gj ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dej4 ,def9ition4--,/ylosphrida ) "o s+le lattice-sph]e & two equal opposite sp9es1 connect$ at ! di/al end by a circul> or elliptical r+4 ,! g5us ,saturnalis 7) simple lattice-sph]e7 & ! two simil> g5]a ,saturnulus 7) two conc5tric sph]es7 & ,saturn9us 7) ?ree sph]es7 =m toge!r ! small peculi> gr\p ( ,saturnalida1 di/+ui%$ by a rem>kable circul> or elliptical r+1 connect+ ! di/al ends ( ! two equal opposite pol> sp9es4 ,?is r+ indicates a c]ta9 equatorial plane1 & !re=e br+s ^! ,sphroidea into relation ) ! ,discoidea4 ,subg5us #a4 ,saturnal9a1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,r+ smoo?1 )\t sp9es or ?orns4 #a4 ,saturnalis circul>is1 n4 sp4 ,pores ( ! sph]ical %ell regul>1 circul>1 hexagonally fram$1 twice z broad z ! b>s4 ,t5 to twelve pores on ! half equator4 ,r+ circul>1 smoo?1 its diamet] ?ree times z great z t ( ! sph]e4 #acb;,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! sph]e #j4jg1 pores #j4jje1 b>s #j4jjbe2 diamet] ( ! circul> r+ #j4b1 ?ickness ( ! axial beams & ! r+ #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccb1 dep? #bbjj fa?oms4 #b4 ,saturnalis annul>is1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ac1 fig4 #af74 ,pores ( ! sph]ical %ell regul>1 circul>1 ) elevat$ hexagonal frames1 ( ! same bread? z ! b>s4 ,sixte5 to tw5ty pores on ! half equator4 ,r+ elliptical1 smoo?1 some:at con/rict$ at ! poles ( ! axis1 its diamet] ?ree times z great z t ( ! sph]e4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! sph]e #j4ji1 pores & b>s #j4jje1 major axis ( ! elliptical r+ #j4bg to #j4c1 m9or axis #j4ai to #j4b2 ?ickness ( ! r+ & ( ! axial beams #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ations #bgj to #bgd1 surface4 #c4 ,saturnalis cyclus1 n4 sp4 ,li?ocircus mesoc5a1 ,bury1 #ahfb1 ,polycy/9s ( ,b>bados1 pl4 iii4 fig4 #a4 ,pores ( ! sph]ical %ell regul>1 circul>1 )\t hexagonal frames1 twice z broad z ! b>s4 ,eight to t5 pores on ! half equator4 ,r+ circul>1 smoo?1 its diamet] f\r times z great z t ( ! sph]e4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! sph]e #j4jg1 pores #j4jjf1 b>s #j4jjc2 diamet] ( ! circul> r+ #j4bh1 ?ickness ( ! r+ & bo? axial beams #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! ,b>bados rocks4 #d4 ,saturnalis circoides1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ac1 fig4 #ab74 ,pores ( ! sph]ical %ell irregul>1 r\ndi%1 (t5 some:at lob$1 "o to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 fifte5 to tw5ty on ! half equator4 ,r+ circul>1 smoo?1 ) f\r prom95t edges1 its diamet] twice z great z t ( ! sph]e4 7,! figur$ specim5 is a "y or n fully develop$ "o2 aft]w>ds ,i f\nd 9 ! same locality o!r specim5s ) q p]fect r+s1 simil> to ! edg$ r+ ( ,saturnulus annulus1 ,pl4 #af1 fig4 #ag47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! sph]e #j4ji to #j4a1 pores #j4jjc to #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjd2 diamet] ( ! circul> r+ #j4b to #j4bd1 ?ickness ( ! r+ & ! pol> beams #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean2 fossil 9 ! ,nicob> rocks2 liv+ at great dep?s ne> ,zanzib>1 #bbjj fa?oms1 ,pull54 ,subg5us #b4 ,saturnalium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,r+ arm$ on ! p]iph]y ) num]\s sp9es or ?orns4 #e4 ,saturnalis tro*oides1 n4 sp4 ,haliomma species1 ,bury1 #ahfb1 ,polycy/9s ( ,b>bados1 pl4 xx4 fig4 #b4 ,pores ( ! sph]ical %ell subregul>1 circul>1 twice z broad z ! b>s4 ,twelve to sixte5 pores on ! half equator4 ,r+ circul>1 arm$ ) t5 to twelve /rong conical1 irregul> sp9es1 its diamet] twice z great z t ( ! sph]e4 #acc;,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! sph]e #j4jh1 pores #j4jjf1 b>s #j4jjc2 diamet] ( ! circul> r+ #j4af2 l5g? ( ! radial sp9es #j4jb to #j4jd2 ?ickness ( ! r+ & ! axial beams #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! ,b>bados rocks4 #f4 ,saturnalis rotula1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ac1 fig4 #ae74 ,pores ( ! sph]ical %ell regul>1 circul>1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 sixte5 to tw5ty on ! half equator4 ,r+ circul>1 arm$ ) fifte5 to tw5ty /rong1 conical1 irregul> sp9es1 p>tly simple1 p>tly divid$ into two or ?ree irregul> bran*es2 diamet] ( ! r+ two & a half times z great z t ( ! sph]e4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! sph]e #j4jh1 pores #j4jjd1 b>s #j4jjb2 diamet] ( ! circul> r+ #j4b1 l5g? ( its sp9es #j4jb to #j4jc2 ?ickness ( ! r+ & ! radial beams #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdd1 surface4 ,subfamily ,,sph,,ro/ylida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 pp4 #ddi1 #dea4 ,def9ition4--,/ylosphrida ) two conc5tric1 sph]ical lattice-%ells4 ,g5us #dh4 ,/ylosphra1#ga ,ehr5b]g1 #ahdg1 ,monatsb]4 d4 ,b]l9 ,akad41 p4 #ed4 ,def9ition4--,/ylosphrida ) two conc5tric lattice-sph]es & two free sp9es ( equal size & simil> =m4 ,! g5us ,/ylosphra1 ! mo/ simple =m ( ! ,sphro/ylida1 c be d]iv$ ei!r f ,xiphosphra by duplication ( ! sph]ical %ell1 or f ,c>posphra by developm5t ( two opposite pol> sp9es4 ,! inn] or m$ull>y %ell is enclos$ 9 ! c5tral capsule1 :il/ ! out] or cortical %ell lies outside x2 ! two are connect$ by two or m radial beams1 pi]c+ ! wall ( ! capsule4 ,subg5us #a4 ,/ylosphran?a1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! cortical %ell regul>1 ( ne>ly equal size & simil> =m2 surface smoo? or a little r\gh1 )\t sp9es or ?orns4 #a4 ,/ylosphra musa1 n4 sp4 ,radial proportion ( ! two conc5tric sph]es #c 3 #a4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 smoo?1 ) regul>1 hexagonal pores1 ?ree times z broad z ! ?9 b>s2 twelve on ! half equator4 ,pol> sp9es ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 z long z ! axis ( ! cortical %ell1 "o-t5? z broad at ! base4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4b1 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjc2 diamet] ( ! inn] %ell #j4jf2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4b1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdg1 dep? #bbej fa?oms4 #acdb4 ,/ylosphra urania1 n4 sp4 ,radial proportion ( ! two %ells #d 3 #a4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 smoo?2 pores regul>1 circul>1 hexagonally fram$1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 t5 on ! half equator4 ,pol> sp9es conical1 z long z ! radius ( ! out] %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! cortical %ell #j4bd1 pores #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjf2 m$ull>y %ell #j4jf2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4ab1 basal bread? #j4jbd4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bhe1 dep? #bcge fa?oms4 #c4 ,/ylosphra calliope1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #af1 fig4 #f74 ,radial proportion ( ! two %ells #c 3 #a4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 smoo?2 pores regul>1 circul>1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s4 ,ea* pore on its out] op5+ ) eight regul> lobules1 fl[]-l4 ,n9e to t5 pores on ! half equator4 ,pol> sp9es ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 ) ?ree /rong prom95t edges1 ab\t z long z ! axis1 z broad z "o pore4 7,sometimes1 z 9 ! figur$ specim51 "o sp9e is small] ?an ! o!r2 ?is v>iety1 o!rwise id5tical1 may be call$ ,sphro/ylus calliope47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ab1 pores #j4jae1 b>s #j4jje2 inn] %ell #j4jd2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9e #j4jh to #j4ab1 bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #d4 ,/ylosphra clio1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #af1 fig4 #g74 ,radial proportion ( ! two %ells #b 3 #a4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 smoo?2 pores regul>1 circul>1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 f\rte5 to sixte5 on ! half equator4 ,pol> sp9es ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 v robu/1 ) ?ick prismatic edges1 ab\t z long z ! axis ( ! cortical %ell1 "o-?ird z broad at ! base4 7,sometimes1 z 9 ! figur$ specim51 "o sp9e is great] ?an ! o!r2 ?is =m may be call$ ,sphro/ylus clio47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ab1 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjc2 inn] %ell #j4jf2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4jh to #j4ab1 basal bread? #j4jc to #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area2 ,/ation #bgb1 dep? #bfjj fa?oms4 #e4 ,/ylosphra polyhymnia1 n4 sp4 ,radial proportion ( ! two sph]es #c 3 #a4 ,cortical %ell v ?9 wall$1 smoo?1 ) regul>1 circul> pores1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 sixte5 to tw5ty on ! half equator4 ,pol> sp9es cyl9drical1 po9t$1 once & a half to twice z long z ! axis ( ! out] sph]e1 sc>cely broad] ?an "o pore4 ,! two sph]es are connect$ only by ! two opposite beams4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ab to #j4af1 pores #j4jjf to #j4jji1 b>s #j4jjb to #j4jjc2 inn] %ell #j4jd to #j4je2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4ah to #j4bb1 bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,m$it]ranean1 ,atlantic1 ,indian1 ,pacific1 surface4 #acef4 ,/ylosphra dixyphos1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma dixyphos1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahed1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #hc2 ,mikrogeol41 ,taf4 xxii4 fig4 #ca4 ,haliomma dixyphos1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol4 p4 #dcc4 ,radial proportion ( ! two sph]es #b 3 #a4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 smoo?1 ) regul>1 circul> pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 t5 to twelve on ! half equator4 ,pol> sp9es ab\t z long z ! axis ( ! out] %ell1 ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 at ! base twice z broad z "o pore4 7,! two sph]es connect$ by f\r beams1 two opposite 9 ! ma9 axis1 two opposite 9 ! equatorial axis47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4a1 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4je2 inn] %ell #j4je2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4jh to #j4a1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccb1 surface2 fossil 9 ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,sicily4 ,subg5us #b4 ,/ylosphrella1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! cortical %ell regul>1 ( ne>ly equal size & simil> =m2 surface ?orny or sp9y4 #g4 ,/ylosphra setosa1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahgb4 ,/ylosphra setosa1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahgb1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #cbj2 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 ,taf4 viii4 fig4 #ae4 ,radial proportion ( ! two %ells #b 3 #a4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 sp9y2 pores regul>1 hexagonal1 f\r times z broad z ! b>s4 ,six to eight pores on ! half equator4 ,pol> sp9es conical1 ?91 sc>cely z long z ! radius ( ! cortical %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! cortical %ell #j4a1 pores #j4jjb1 b>s #j4jje2 m$ull>y %ell #j4je2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4jd1 basal bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,philipp9e ,sea1 dep? #ccjj fa?oms1 ,ehr5b]g2 ,/ation #bjf1 dep? #bajj fa?oms4 #h4 ,/ylosphra eut]pe1 n4 sp4 ,radial proportion ( ! two %ells #c 3 #a4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 sp9y2 pores regul>1 circul>1 ) hexagonal frames1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 eight to t5 on ! half equator4 ,pol> sp9es conical1 z ?ick z "o pore at ! base1 ab\t z long z ! axis ( ! cortical %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! cortical %ell #j4ab1 pores #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjf2 m$ull>y %ell #j4jd2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4a1 basal bread? #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #cjb1 dep? #adej fa?oms4 #i4 ,/ylosphra melpom5e1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #af1 fig4 #a74 ,radial proportion ( ! two %ells #c 3 #a4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 sp9y1 ) regul>1 circul> pores1 f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 eight to t5 on ! half equator4 ,pol> sp9es ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 po9t$1 z broad z "o pore1 only "o-?ird z long z ! axis ( ! sph]e 7! two %ells connect$ by f\r ?9 beams1 two opposite 9 ! ma9 axis1 two 9 ! equatorial axis74 #acf;,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ab1 pores #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjc2 inn] %ell #j4jd2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4jd1 ?ickness #j4jac4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,cocos ,isl&s1 ,rabbe4 #aj4 ,/ylosphra hispida1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahed4 ,/ylosphra hispida1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahed1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #bdf2 ,mikrogeol1 ,taf4 xxxvi4 fig4 #bf4 ,haliomma hispidum1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dcc4 ,radial proportion ( ! two sph]es #c 3 #a4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 sp9y1 ) regul>1 circul> pores ( ! same bread? z ! b>s2 t5 to fifte5 on ! half equator4 ,pol> sp9es ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 po9t$1 ab\t z long z ! axis ( ! out] sph]e1 ne>ly z broad at ! base z ! inn] sph]e4 7,comp>e ,sphro/ylus hispidus2 also ,ehr5b]g1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 #ahgd1 p4 #bei47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4a to #j4ab1 pores & b>s #j4jjd2 inn] %ell #j4jd2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4a to #j4ae1 basal bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,sicily1 ,b>bados1 ,nicob>s1 c4 #aa4 ,/ylosphra lio/ylus1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahge4 ,/ylosphra lio/ylus1 ,ehr5b]g1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #hd1 ,taf4 xxv4 fig4 #c4 ,radial proportion ( ! two sph]es #c 3 #a4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 ?orny1 ) regul>1 circul> pores1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 eight to t5 on ! half equator4 ,pol> sp9es conical1 once & a half to twice z long z ! axis ( ! out] sph]e1 half z broad at ! base z its radius4 7,?is species1 common 9 ! ,b>bados rocks1 is diff]5t f ,sphro/ylus lio/ylus1 loc4 cit41 fig4 #b1 :i* ,ehr5b]g believ$ id5tical47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4a1 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjce2 inn] %ell #j4jc2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4ad to #j4ah1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! ,b>bados rocks2 liv+ 9 ! dep?s ( ! ,nor? ,atlantic1 ,gulf ,/ream1 ,florida4 ,subg5us #c4 ,/ylosphrissa1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! cortical %ell irregul>1 ( diff]5t size or =m2 surface smoo? or a little r\gh1 )\t ?orns or sp9es4 #ab4 ,/ylosphra nana1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #af1 figs4 #ab1 #ac74 ,radial proportion ( ! two sph]es #b 3 #a4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 some:at irregul>1 smoo?1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 "o to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 eight to t5 on ! half equator4 ,pol> sp9es ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 sc>cely z long z ! axis ( ! out] sph]e1 & ne>ly z broad at ! base z its radius4 7,a v v>iable & irregul> =m47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4jg to #j4ji1 pores #j4jjc to #j4jji1 b>s #j4jjc2 inn] %ell #j4jc to #j4jd2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4jd to #j4jg1 basal bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ations #bda to #bec1 surface4 #acgac4 ,/ylosphra jugata1 n4 sp4 ,radial proportion ( ! two %ells #b 3 #a4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 smoo?1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi%1 d\ble-cont\r$ pores1 conflu5t 9 gr\ps ( two to six4 ,on ! half equator six to n9e gr\ps & fifte5 to tw5ty pores2 b>s betwe5 !m ( v v>iable bread?4 ,pol> sp9es v /rong1 ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 twice z long z ! axis ( ! out] sph]e1 half z broad at ! base z its radius4 7,ne>ly alli$ to ,li?atractus jugatus1 ,pl4 #af1 fig4 #b1 b diff]s 9 ! truly sph]ical =m ( bo? %ells & ! d\ble l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ae1 pores #j4jje to #j4jb2 inn] %ell #j4jg2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4be to #j4c1 basal bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,we/]n ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbd1 dep? #ahej fa?oms4 #ad4 ,/ylosphra t]psi*ore1 n4 sp4 ,radial proportion ( ! two %ells #c 3 #a or #d 3 #a4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 smoo?1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 "o to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 fifte5 to tw5ty-five on ! half equator4 ,pol> sp9es conical1 ab\t z long z ! axis ( ! out] sph]e1 z broad at ! base z ! inn] %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ae to #j4b1 pores #j4jje to #j4jb1 b>s #j4jjd to #j4jjh2 inn] %ell #j4je2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4ae to #j4be1 basal bread? #j4je4 ,habitat4--,we/]n ,indian ,ocean1 ,zanzib>1 dep? #bbjj fa?oms1 ,pull54 ,subg5us #d4 ,/ylosphromma1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! cortical %ell irregul>1 ( diff]5t size or =m2 surface sp9y or ?orny4 #ae4 ,/ylosphra ?alia1 n4 sp4 ,radial proportion ( ! two %ells #b 3 #a4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 ?orny1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 two to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 eight to twelve on ! half equator4 ,pol> sp9es conical1 "o to "o & a half times z long z ! axis ( ! out] sph]e1 "o-f\r? to "o-six? z ?ick at ! base4 7,resembles ,sphro/ylus ophidium1 ,pl4 #af1 fig4 #ad1 b diff]s 9 ! /raight regul> conical pol> sp9es1 bo? ( equal l5g? & simil> =m47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ab1 pores #j4ja to #j4jb1 b>s #j4jje2 inn] %ell #j4jf2 pol> sp9es #j4a to #j4af long1 #j4jc broad4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #cjb1 dep? #adej fa?oms4 #af4 ,/ylosphra erato1 n4 sp4 ,radial proportion ( ! two %ells #c 3 #a4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 ?orny1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 two to five times z broad z ! b>s2 f\rte5 to eighte5 on ! half equator4 #ach,pol> sp9es ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 ab\t z long z ! axis ( ! out] sph]e1 "o-f\r? z broad z its radius4 7,simil> to ,xiphosphra ve/a1 ,pl4 #ad1 fig4 #f47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ae1 pores #j4jjh to #j4jae1 b>s #j4jjc2 inn] %ell #j4je2 pol> sp9es #j4ab long1 #j4jb broad4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cce1 dep? #adbe fa?oms4 ,g5us #di4 ,sphro/ylus1#gb ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dea4 ,def9ition4--,/ylosphrida ) two conc5tric lattice-sph]es & two free sp9es1 ( diff]5t size or =m4 ,! g5us ,sphro/ylus diff]s f ,/ylosphra 9 ! diff]5t size or =m ( ! two pol> sp9es1 & !re=e has ! same relation to x t ,xipho/ylus be>s to ,xiphosphra4 ,subg5us #a4 ,sphro/ylan?a1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! cortical %ell regul>1 ( ne>ly equal size & simil> =m2 surface smoo? or a little r\gh1 )\t ?orns4 #a4 ,sphro/ylus lio/ylus1 ,haeckel4 ,/ylosphra lio/ylus1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahge1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 ,taf4 xxv4 fig4 #b4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 ) r\gh surface1 ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores ( ! cortical %ell regul>1 circul>1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 t5 to twelve on ! half equator4 ,pol> sp9es cyl9drical1 z broad z "o pore1 ) conical apex2 ! m9or sp9e ab\t z long z ! axis ( ! out] %ell1 ! major ?ree to f\r times z long4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] sph]e #j4ab1 pores #j4ab1 b>s #j4jjf2 diamet] ( ! inn] sph]e #j4jd2 l5g? ( ! major pol> sp9e #j4c to #j4d1 ( ! m9or #j4a to #j4ae1 bread? #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! ,b>bados rocks4 #b4 ,sphro/ylus flexuosus1 ,haeckel4 ,/ylosphra flexuosa1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahge1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 ,taf4 xxv4 fig4 #e4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 ) r\gh surface1 ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores ( ! cortical %ell regul> circul>1 ( ! same bread? z ! b>s2 eight to t5 on ! half equator4 ,pol> sp9es cyl9drical1 ,s-l curv$1 irregul>2 ! m9or sc>cely z long z ! axis ( ! out] sph]e1 ! major two to ?ree times z long4 7,9 ! figure ( ,ehr5b]g ! sp9es are brok5 (f2 ,i h f\nd !m myself con/antly irregul> & ( unequal l5g?1 sometimes ) conical apex47 #aci;,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] sph]e #j4jh1 pores & b>s #j4jjf2 inn] sph]e #j4jc2 l5g? ( ! major pol> sp9e #j4ae to #j4be1 ( ! m9or #j4jg to #j4ji1 bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! ,b>bados rocks4 #c4 ,sphro/ylus clio1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 ) smoo? surface1 twice z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell2 its network has regul>1 circul> pores1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 sixte5 to tw5ty on ! half equator4 ,pol> sp9es v /rong1 ?ree-sid$ pyramidal2 ! major ne>ly twice z long z ! axis ( ! out] sph]e1 ! m9or sc>cely z long z its radius4 7,ne>ly relat$ to ,/ylosphra clio1 ,pl4 #af1 fig4 #g1 b diff]s 9 ! sl5d] =m & unequal l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] sph]e #j4ad1 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jc2 inn] sph]e #j4jg2 l5g? ( ! major sp9e #j4be1 ( ! m9or #j4jf1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgd1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #d4 ,sphro/ylus hippocampus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #af1 figs4 #aj1 #aa74 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 ) smoo? surface & regul> network2 ! pores circul>1 hexagonally-lob$1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 t5 to twelve on ! half equator4 ,m$ull>y %ell half z l>ge1 ) v small circul> pores1 eight to t5 on ! half equator4 ,major pol> sp9e sc>cely z long z ! axis ( ! out] %ell1 curv$ l a horn2 m9or sp9e sc>cely half z long1 pommel-l1 edg$4 7,sometimes1 by prolongation ( ! ma9 axis1 ! sph]ical %ells become ellipsoidal & ?us ! species is trans=m$ into ,druppatractus hippocampus47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] sph]e #j4jh1 pores #j4jji1 b>s #j4jjc2 inn] sph]e #j4jd2 l5g? ( ! major sp9e #j4jg1 ( ! m9or #j4jc1 bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgj1 dep? #bibe fa?oms4 ,subg5us #b4 ,sphro/yletta1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! cortical %ell regul>1 ( ne>ly equal size & =m2 surface sp9y or ?orny4 #e4 ,sphro/ylus diadema1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 sp9y1 twice z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) regul>1 circul> pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 eight to t5 on ! half equator4 ,major pol> sp9e ab\t z long z ! axis ( ! out] sph]e1 ?ree-sid$ pyramidal2 m9or sp9e sc>cely half z long1 pommel-%ap$1 edg$4 7,simil> 9 g5]al =m to ,xiphatractus glyptodon1 ,pl4 #ag1 figs4 #i1 #aj2 b diff]s 9 ! simple m$ull>y %ell1 ! sph]ical =m ( bo? %ells1 & ! simple circul> regul> pores47 #adj;,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] sph]e #j4ab1 pores #j4jad1 b>s #j4jjg2 inn] sph]e #j4jf2 l5g? ( ! major sp9e #j4ac1 ( ! m9or #j4je1 greate/ bread? #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,s\!rn ,pacific1 surface1 ,/ation #bhi4 ,subg5us #c4 ,sphro/ylissa1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! cortical %ell irregul>1 ( diff]5t size or =m2 surface smoo? or a little r\gh4 #f4 ,sphro/ylus cottus1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 smoo?1 ab\t twice z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 sc>cely l>g] ?an ! b>s2 fifte5 to tw5ty on ! half equator4 ,pol> sp9es conical1 ! major once & a half to twice z long z ! axis ( ! out] sph]e1 ! m9or sc>cely z long z its radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] sph]e #j4ad1 pores & b>s #j4jjh to #j4jab2 inn] sph]e #j4jfe2 l5g? ( ! major sp9e #j4b to #j4c1 ( ! m9or #j4je to #j4jg1 basal bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,nor!rn ,atlantic1 ,fre ,*annel1 surface1 ,john ,murray4 #g4 ,sphro/ylus trigla1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 smoo?1 ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 two to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 t5 to twelve on ! half equator4 ,pol> sp9es v unequal2 ! major ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 "o & a half times z long z ! axis ( ! out] sph]e2 ! m9or sc>cely z long z its radius1 edg$1 pommel-l4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] sph]e #j4ab1 pores #j4ja to #j4jae1 b>s #j4jje2 inn] sph]e #j4jd2 l5g? ( ! major sp9e #j4b1 ( ! m9or #j4je1 bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,nor!rn ,pacific1 ,/ation #bda1 dep? #bcjj fa?oms4 ,subg5us #d4 ,sphro/ylomma1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! cortical %ell irregul>1 ( diff]5t size or =m2 surface sp9y or ?orny4 #h4 ,sphro/ylus ophidium1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #af1 figs4 #ad1 #ae74 ,/ylosphra ophidium1 ,haeckel1 #ahgh1 ,atlas1 loc4 cit4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 ?orny1 twice z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi% pores2 eight to t5 on ! half equator4 ,pol> sp9es conical1 m or less curv$ or ,s-%ap$2 ! m9or sc>cely z long z ! axis ( ! out] sph]e1 ! major two to ?ree times z long4 #ada;,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] sph]e #j4aa1 pores #j4ja to #j4jag1 b>s #j4jjc to #j4jjg2 diamet] ( ! inn] sph]e #j4jf1 pores #j4jje to #j4jjh1 b>s #j4jjb to #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! major pol> sp9e #j4be1 ( ! m9or #j4a1 basal bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,madagasc>1 ,rabbe1 surface4 ,g5us #ej4 ,saturnulus1#gc ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dea4 ,def9ition4--,/ylosphrida ) two conc5tric lattice-sph]es & two equal opposite sp9es1 ! di/al ends ( :i* are connect$ by a circul> or elliptical r+4 ,! g5us ,saturnulus diff]s f ! simil> ,saturnalis by ! duplication ( ! sph]ical lattice-%ell2 ! inn] lies )91 ! out] )\t ! c5tral capsule4 #a4 ,saturnulus circulus1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell smoo?1 twice z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) regul>1 circul>1 hexagonally fram$ pores1 ( ! same bread? z ! b>s2 f\rte5 to sixte5 on ! half equator4 ,r+ circul>1 smoo?1 )\t edges1 its diamet] ?ree times z great z t ( ! sph]e4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] sph]e #j4jh1 pores & b>s #j4jjd2 ( ! inn] sph]e #j4jd1 ( ! r+ #j4bd4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgb1 surface4 #b4 ,saturnulus annulus1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell smoo?1 ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) regul>1 circul>1 hexagonally fram$ pores1 ( ! same bread? z ! b>s2 eighte5 to tw5ty on ! half equator4 ,r+ elliptical1 smoo?1 )\t edges1 some:at con/rict$ at ! poles ( ! m9or axis1 its major diamet] f\r times z great z t ( ! sph]e4 ,diff]s f ,saturnalis annul>is1 ,pl4 #ac1 fig4 #af1 ma9ly 9 ! possession ( a m$ull>y %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] sph]e #j4a1 pores & b>s #j4jje2 inn] sph]e #j4jcc2 major axis ( ! r+ #j4d1 m9or #j4c4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdd1 surface4 #c4 ,saturnulus ellipticus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #af1 fig4 #af74 ,cortical %ell smoo?1 ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) regul>1 circul> pores1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 sixte5 to eighte5 on ! half equator4 ,r+ elliptical1 smoo?1 )\t edges1 its major diamet] ?ree times z great z t ( ! sph]e4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] sph]e #j4ji1 pores #j4jjf1 b>s #j4jjb2 inn] sph]e #j4jc2 major axis ( ! elliptical r+ #j4bh1 m9or #j4bd2 ?ickness ( ! r+ & ! axial beams #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #cjj1 surface4 #adbd4 ,saturnulus planetes1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #af1 fig4 #ag74 ,cortical %ell smoo?1 twice z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) regul>1 circul> pores1 ( ! same bread? z ! b>s2 sixte5 to eighte5 on ! half equator4 ,r+ elliptical1 smoo?1 ) /rong prom95t edges1 con/rict$ at ! poles ( ! m9or axis1 its major diamet] ?ree times z great z t ( ! out] sph]e4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] sph]e #j4jh1 pores & b>s #j4jje2 inn] sph]e #j4jce2 major axis ( ! r+ #j4be1 m9or axis #j4b2 ?ickness ( ! r+ & ! axial beams #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,sunda ,/rait1 ,rabbe2 ,/ation #bjj1 surface4 ,subfamily ,,amphi/ylida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 pp4 #ddi1 #deb4 ,def9ition4--,/ylosphrida ) ?ree conc5tric sph]ical lattice-%ells4 ,g5us #ea4 ,amphisphra1 ,haeckel1#gd #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deb4 ,def9ition4--,/ylosphrida ) ?ree conc5tric lattice-sph]es & two free sp9es ( equal size & simil> =m4 ,! g5us ,amphisphra diff]s f its probable ance/ral =m1 ,/ylosphra1 9 ! triple sph]ical lattice-%ell4 ,commonly two ( ^! lie )9 ! c5tral capsule 7m$ull>y %ell71 :il/ ! ?ird lies outside x 7cortical %ell74 ,b sometimes ?is ord] is inv]t$1 ! cortical %ell be+ d\ble1 ! m$ull>y %ell simple2 & p]haps ^! =ms may bett] repres5t a peculi> g5us1 ,amphisphridium4 ,subg5us #a4 ,amphisphran?a1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! cortical %ell regul>1 ( ne>ly equal size & simil> =m2 surface smoo? or a little r\gh1 )\t sp9es or ?orns4 #a4 ,amphisphra neptunus1 n4 sp4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree conc5tric sph]es #d 3 #b 3 #a4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 smoo?1 ) regul>1 circul>1 hexagonally fram$ pores1 ( ! same bread? z ! b>s2 twelve to fifte5 on ! half equator4 ,pol> sp9es ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 ) /rong prom95t edges1 ab\t z long z ! radius ( ! out] %ell1 half z broad at ! base4 7,simil> to ,/ylatractus neptunus1 ,pl4 #ag1 fig4 #f1 b diff]s 9 ! purely sph]ical =m ( ! ?ree conc5tric %ells & ! regul> =m ( ! network & ( ! pol> sp9es47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4af1 middle %ell #j4jh1 inn] %ell #j4jd2 pores & b>s ( ! cortical %ell #j4jjh2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4jh1 basal bread? #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 #adcb4 ,amphisphra uranus1 n4 sp4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #d 3 #b 3 #a4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 smoo?1 ) regul>1 circul> pores1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 t5 to twelve on ! half equator4 ,pol> sp9es ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 ab\t z long z ! diamet] ( ! out] %ell1 twice z broad at ! base z "o pore4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ab1 middle #j4jf1 inn] #j4jc2 pores ( ! cortical %ell #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4a1 basal bread? #j4jbd4 ,habitat4--,we/]n ,indian ,ocean1 ,zanzib>1 #bbjj fa?oms1 ,pull54 #c4 ,amphisphra jupit]1 n4 sp4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #aj 3 #c 3 #b4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 smoo?1 ) regul>1 circul> pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 tw5ty to tw5ty-five on ! half equator4 ,pol> sp9es cyl9dro-conical1 ne>ly z long z ! axis ( ! out] %ell1 twice z broad at ! base z "o pore4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4b1 middle #j4jf1 inn] #j4jd2 pores ( ! cortical %ell #j4ja1 b>s #j4jje2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4ae to #j4ah1 bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccb1 dep? #bbjj fa?oms4 ,subg5us #b4 ,amphisphrella1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! cortical %ell regul>1 ( ne>ly equal size & simil> =m2 surface ?orny or sp9y4 #d4 ,amphisphra apollo1 n4 sp4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #c 3 #a4e 3 #a4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 sp9y1 ) regul>1 circul>1 hexagonally fram$ pores1 ( ! same bread? z ! b>s2 tw5ty to tw5ty-two on ! half equator4 ,9 ea* hexagon-corn] 7betwe5 ?ree pores7 a bri/le-l radial sp9e4 ,pol> sp9es cyl9drical1 ) conical apex2 "o to "o & a half times z long z ! axis ( ! out] %ell1 z broad z ?ree pores at ! base4 7,resembles closely ,xiphosphra pallas1 ,pl4 #ad1 fig4 #d1 b diff]s 9 ! pres5ce ( two m$ull>y %ells & ! abs5ce ( ! f9e d5ticulations on ! hexagonal cre/s47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ab1 middle #j4jf1 inn] #j4jd2 pores & b>s ( ! cortical %ell #j4jjf2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4ae1 bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,we/]n ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbd1 dep? #ahej fa?oms4 #e4 ,amphisphra m]curius1 n4 sp4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #c 3 #b 3 #a4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 sp9y1 ) regul>1 circul> pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 fifte5 to eighte5 on ! half equator2 betwe5 #add!m %ort bri/le-l radial sp9es4 ,pol> sp9es ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 ab\t z long z ! radius ( ! out] %ell1 "o-?ird z broad at ! base4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ae1 middle #j4ji1 inn] #j4je2 pores ( ! cortical %ell #j4ja1 b>s #j4jje2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4ji1 basal bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdd1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 ,subg5us #c4 ,amphisphrissa1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! cortical %ell irregul>1 ( diff]5t size or =m2 surface smoo? or a little r\gh1 )\t sp9es or ?orns4 #f4 ,amphisphra cronos1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ag1 fig4 #e74 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #c 3 #b 3 #a4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 smoo?1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 two to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 eight to t5 on ! half equator4 ,out] m$ull>y %ell simil>1 b ) pores ( half ! size1 connect$ ) ! cortical %ell by num]\s radial beams2 inn] m$ull>y %ell ) v small pores4 ,pol> sp9es ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 z long z ! axis ( ! inn] m$ull>y %ell1 half z broad at ! base4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ab1 middle #j4jh1 inn] #j4jd2 pores ( ! cortical %ell #j4ja to #j4jb1 b>s #j4je2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4jd1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccj1 surface4 #g4 ,amphisphra pluto1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ag1 figs4 #g1 #h74 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es ab\t #d 3 #b 3 #a 7or #aa 3 #g 3 #c74 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 smoo?1 ) v irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 two to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 eight to t5 on ! half equator2 (t5 two to f\r pores conflu5t4 ,m>g9 ( _! out] ap]ture d\ble4 ,pol> sp9es conical1 d\ble cont\r$1 z long z ! radius ( ! out] %ell1 "o-?ird z broad at ! base4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4aa1 middle %ell #j4jg1 inn] %ell #j4jc2 pores ( ! cortical %ell #j4ja to #j4jb1 b>s #j4jf1 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4jf1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfh1 surface4 ,subg5us #d4 ,amphisphromma1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! cortical %ell irregul>1 ( diff]5t size or =m2 surface sp9y or ?orny4 #h4 ,amphisphra m>s1 n4 sp4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #aj 3 #c 3 #b4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 ?orny1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 "o to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 sixte5 to tw5ty on ! #ade;half equator4 ,irregul>ly scatt]$ betwe5 !m %ort conical ?orns4 ,pol> sp9es conical1 ab\t z long z ! axis ( ! out] %ell1 z broad at ! base z ! inn] %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4b1 middle %ell #j4jf1 inn] %ell #j4jd2 pores ( ! cortical %ell #j4jje to #j4jb1 b>s #j4jjf2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4ag1 basal bread? #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,gulf ,/ream1 ne> ,florida1 dep? #aejj fa?oms1 ,s*affn]4 ,g5us #eb4 ,amphi/ylus1#ge ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deb4 ,def9ition4--,/ylosphrida ) ?ree conc5tric lattice-sph]es & two free sp9es ( diff]5t size or =m4 ,! g5us ,amphi/ylus diff]s f its ance/ral =m1 ,amphisphra1 by ! diff]5tiation ( bo? pol> sp9es1 & exhibits !re=e ! same relation to x t ,sphro/ylus be>s to ,/ylosphra4 #a4 ,amphi/ylus clio1 n4 sp4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #d 3 #b 3 #a4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 smoo?2 its pores regul>1 circul>1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 eighte5 to tw5ty on ! half equator4 ,pol> sp9es ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 v /\t1 z broad at ! base z ! inn] m$ull>y %ell2 major sp9e some:at long] ?an ! diamet] ( ! cortical %ell2 m9or sp9e sc>cely half z long4 7,simil> to ,/ylosphra clio1 ,pl4 #af1 fig4 #g1 b diff]5t 9 ! d\ble m$ull>y %ell & ! diff]5t l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] sph]e #j4ae1 middle #j4jh1 inn] #j4jd2 pores ( ! out] %ell #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! major sp9e #j4ag1 m9or #j4jg1 basal bread? #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfe1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #b4 ,amphi/ylus hippocampus1 n4 sp4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #c 3 #b 3 #a4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 smoo?2 its pores regul>1 circul>1 hexagonally lob$1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 twelve to fifte5 on ! half equator4 ,major pol> sp9e ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 ab\t z long z ! axis ( cortical %ell2 m9or sp9e pommel-l1 edg$1 sc>cely "o-?ird z long4 7,simil> to ,sphro/ylus hippocampus1 ,pl4 #af1 figs4 #aj1 #aa1 b diff]s 9 ! l>g] size1 ! d\ble m$ull>y %ell1 & ! /raight1 n curv$1 major sp9e47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] sph]e #j4aa1 middle #j4jg1 inn] #j4jce2 pores ( ! out] %ell #j4jaa1 b>s #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! major sp9e #j4ab1 ( ! m9or #j4jd1 bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdd1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #c4 ,amphi/ylus glyptodon1 n4 sp4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #f 3 #c 3 #a4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 sp9y1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 two to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 t5 to twelve on ! half equator4 #adf;,inn] ap]ture ( ea* pore clos$ by a ?9 f5e/rat$ lamella ) five to sev5 small pores4 ,major pol> sp9e ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 long] ?an ! diamet] ( ! out] sph]e2 m9or pol> sp9e sc>cely z long z its radius1 pommel-%ap$4 7,simil> to ,xiphatractus glyptodon1 ,pl4 #ag1 figs4 #i1 #aj1 b diff]s 9 ! sph]ical1 n ellipsoidal1 =m ( ! ?ree %ells & ! size ( ! pol> sp9es47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] sph]e #j4ab1 middle #j4jf1 inn] #j4jb2 pores & sp9es ( ! out] %ell #j4ja to #j4jb1 b>s & porules #j4jjf2 l5g? ( ! major pol> sp9e #j4ae1 ( ! m9or #j4je1 bread? #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bhe1 dep? #bcge fa?oms4 ,g5us #ec4 ,saturn9us1#gf n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,/ylosphrida ) ?ree conc5tric lattice-sph]es & two equal opposite sp9es1 connect$ at ! di/al end by a circul> or elliptical r+4 ,! g5us ,saturn9us diff]s f ! simil> ,saturnulus by ! triplication ( ! sph]ical lattice-%ell2 ! inn] %ell is enclos$ 9 ! c5tral capsule1 :il/ bo? ! o!rs lie outside x4 #a4 ,saturn9us triplex1 n4 sp4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #d 3 #c 3 #a4 ,inn] cortical %ell ) regul>1 circul> pores1 ( ! same bread? z ! b>s1 sixte5 to eighte5 on ! half equator2 out] cortical %ell connect$ ) ! inn] by num]\s bri/le-l radial sp9es1 network v delicate1 cobweb-%ap$1 ) irregul> polygonal me%es4 ,r+ elliptical1 two & a half times z broad z ! out] %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! inn] sph]e #j4jc1 middle #j4ji1 out] #j4ab2 pores & b>s ( ! middle %ell #j4jjd2 major axis ( ! elliptical r+ #j4c1 m9or #j4be2 ?ickness ( ! r+ & ! axial beams #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgb1 surface4 ,subfamily ,,cromyo/ylida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 pp4 #ddi1 #dec4 ,def9ition4--,/ylosphrida ) f\r conc5tric sph]ical lattice-%ells 7two m$ull>y & two cortical74 ,g5us #ed4 ,/ylocromyum1#gg ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dec4 ,def9ition4--,/ylosphrida ) f\r conc5tric lattice-sph]es & two free sp9es ( equal size & simil> =m4 #adg,! g5us ,/ylocromyum diff]s f its probable ance/ral =m1 ,amphisphra1 by ! duplication ( ! cortical %ell2 two opposite radial beams1 pi]c+ ! wall ( ! c5tral capsule1 connect x ) ! d\ble m$ull>y %ell1 & are prolong$ outside into two equal sp9es4 #a4 ,/ylocromyum amphiconus1 n4 sp4 ,surface ( ! %ell smoo?4 ,radial proportion ( ! f\r sph]es #a 3 #b 3 #h 3 #i4 ,two m$ull>y %ells inside ! c5tral capsule1 two cortical %ells outside x4 ,int]val betwe5 ! second & ?ird %ells ! greate/4 ,pores ( all ! %ells regul>1 circul>1 two to f\r times z broad z ! b>s4 ,bo? pol> sp9es equal1 conical1 ab\t z long z ! axis ( ! out]mo/ sph]e1 z broad at ! base z ! inn]mo/4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! f\r sph]es--7,a7 inn] m$ull>y %ell #j4jc1 7,b7 out] m$ull>y %ell #j4jf1 7,c7 inn] cortical %ell #j4be1 7,d7 out] cortical %ell #j4bh2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4c1 basal bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgc1 dep? #bcej fa?oms4 #b4 ,/ylocromyum amphipyramis1 n4 sp4 ,surface ( ! %ell smoo?4 ,radial proportion ( ! f\r sph]es #b 3 #c 3 #f 3 #h4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells ) regul>1 circul> pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s4 ,bo? cortical %ells ) irregul>1 r\ndi%1 mu* l>g] pores1 ?ree to six times z broad z ! b>s4 ,bo? pol> sp9es equal or ne>ly equal1 ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 ab\t z long z ! axis ( ! ?ird %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! f\r sph]es--7,a7 #j4jd1 7,b7 #j4jf1 7,c7 #j4ab1 7,d7 #j4af2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4aa1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfe1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 ,g5us #ee4 ,cromyo/ylus1#gh ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dec4 ,def9ition4--,/ylosphrida ) f\r conc5tric lattice-sph]es & two free sp9es ( diff]5t size or =m4 ,! g5us ,cromyo/ylus diff]s f its ance/ral =m1 ,/ylocromyum1 9 ! diff]5tiation ( ! two unequal pol> sp9es4 #a4 ,cromyo/ylus gladius1 n4 sp4 ,surface ( ! %ell smoo?4 ,radial proportion ( ! f\r sph]es #a 3 #c 3 #aj 3 #ab4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells ) regul>1 circul>1 simple pores4 ,inn] cortical %ell ) regul>1 circul>1 hexagonally fram$ pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s4 ,f ea* hexagon-corn] arises a #adh;bri/le-%ap$ radial sp9e1 :i* at ! di/al end gives (f ?ree ?read-l bran*es2 by communication ( ^! ?reads 7at equal di/ances f ! c5tre7 ! delicate out] m$ull>y %ell is =m$4 ,! pol> sp9es v diff]5t2 major sp9e six-sid$ pyramidal1 long] ?an ! diamet] ( ! %ell2 m9or pommel-%ap$1 %ort] ?an ! radius 7simil> to ,xiphatractus glyptodon1 ,pl4 #ag1 figs4 #i1 #aj1 b diff]5t 9 ! d\ble sph]ical cortical %ell74 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! f\r sph]es--7,a7 #j4jb1 7,b7 #j4jf1 7,c7 #j4b1 7,d7 #j4bd2 l5g? ( ! major sp9e #j4c1 ( ! m9or #j4a4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 ,subfamily ,,c>yo/ylida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 pp4 #ddi1 #ded4 ,def9ition4--,/ylosphrida ) five or m conc5tric1 sph]ical lattice-%ells4 ,g5us #ef4 ,c>yo/ylus1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #ded4 ,def9ition4--,/ylosphrida ) five to six or m conc5tric lattice-%ells & two free opposite sp9es ( equal size & simil> =m4 ,! g5us ,c>yo/ylus diff]s f its ance/ral =m1 ,/ylocromyum1 by ! multiplication ( ! conc5tric sph]es1 ! numb] ( :i* am\nts to five or six or m4 ,i h only obs]v$ "o s+le species ( ?is g5us4 ,"s simil> =ms :i* 9 my ,prodromus 7#ahha1 p4 #ded7 7 annex$ to x1 & dispos$ 9 ?ree ne>ly alli$ g5]a 7,c>yoxiphus1 ,c>yodoras1 ,c>yolon*e71 h n[ be5 prov$ to belong to o!r gr\ps1 ma9ly ellipsoidal ,druppulida4 #a4 ,c>yo/ylus hexalepas1 n4 sp4 ,surface ( ! sph]ical %ell smoo?4 ,radial proportion ( ! compon5t six conc5tric %ells #a 3 #b 3 #g 3 #i 3 #ab 3 #ae4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells connect$ only by six radial beams1 opposite 9 pairs 9 ! ?ree dim5sive axes4 ,betwe5 second & ?ird %ell num]\s 7tw5ty regul>ly dispos$87 radial beams4 ,f\r cortical %ells connect$ by v num]\s 7sixty to eighty or m87 %ort radial beams4 ,pores ( all six %ells regul>1 circul>1 ! size increas+ t[>ds ! surface1 two to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s4 ,two opposite pol> sp9es v l>ge1 ( equal size1 ?ree times z long z ! %ell radius1 cyl9drical1 club-%ap$ at ! ?ick] di/al end4 7,! :ole %ell /ructure is simil> to ,pl4 #ae1 fig4 #b1 b ! %ells are sph]ical1 n ellipsoidal47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! six sph]es--7,a7 #j4jb1 7,b7 #j4jd1 7,c7 #j4ae1 7,d7 #j4ah1 7,e7 #j4bd1 7,f7 #j4c2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4e4 ,habitat4--,we/ ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbe1 dep? #ddge fa?oms4 ,subfamily ,,spongo/ylida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 pp4 #ddi1 #dee4 ,def9ition4--,/ylosphrida ) sph]ical spongy %ell 7) or )\t enclos$ lattic$ m$ull>y %ells74 #adi;,g5us #eg4 ,spongolon*is1#gi ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dee4 ,def9ition4--,/ylosphrida ) a solid sph]e ( spongy framework1 & ) two opposite free radial sp9es4 ,! g5us ,spongolon*is diff]s f its probable ance/ral =m1 ,/yptosphra1 by ! developm5t ( two opposite radial sp9es situat$ 9 "o axis4 #a4 ,spongolon*is compacta1 n4 sp4 ,spongy framework ( ! sph]ical %ell v compact1 ) small me%es1 ?ree to f\r times z broad z ! b>s4 ,surface r\gh1 b n sp9y4 ,two pol> sp9es pyramidal1 only z long z ! radius ( ! %ell1 "o-?ird z broad at ! base4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4b2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4a1 basal bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgd1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #b4 ,spongolon*is laxa1 n4 sp4 ,spongy framework loose1 ) l>ge me%es1 t5 to twelve times z broad z ! b>s4 ,surface sp9y4 ,two pol> sp9es ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 long] ?an ! diamet] ( ! %ell 7brok5 (f 9 ! obs]v$ specim574 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4e2 l5g? ( ! sp9e #j4f & m1 bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfe1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 ,g5us #eh4 ,spongo/ylus1#hj ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dee4 ,def9ition4--,/ylosphrida ) spongy sph]ical cortical %ell1 enclos+ 9 ! c5tre a simple lattic$ m$ull>y %ell1 & ) two opposite free radial sp9es4 ,! g5us ,spongo/ylus may probably be d]iv$ f ,spongoplegma by developm5t ( two opposite radial sp9es 9 "o axis4 #a4 ,spongo/ylus ha/atus1 n4 sp4 ,spongy cortical %ell ) compact framework1 twice z broad z ! enclos$ m$ull>y %ell1 ! pores ( :i* are regul>1 circul>1 twice z broad z ! b>s4 ,two pol> sp9es1 ?ree times z long z ! radius ( ! %ell1 9 ! basal two-?irds cyl9drical1 9 ! di/al ?ird compress$1 two-edg$1 spe>-%ap$4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! cortical %ell #j4a1 m$ull>y %ell #j4je2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cce1 dep? #adbe fa?oms4 #aejb4 ,spongo/ylus gladiatus1 ,haeckel4 ,/ylosphra holosphra1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahgb1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #bii1 ,taf4 viii4 fig4 #ad4 ,spongy cortical %ell ) r compact framework1 f\r times z broad z ! enclos$ m$ull>y %ell1 ! pores ( :i* are irregul>1 r\ndi%1 ?ree to f\r times z broad z ! b>s4 ,two pol> sp9es sword-%ap$1 two-edg$1 z long z ! %ell diamet]4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! cortical %ell #j4bd1 m$ull>y %ell #j4jf2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4be4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms2 ,philipp9e ,sea1 dep? #ccjj fa?oms4 #c4 ,spongo/ylus s]ratus1 n4 sp4 ,spongy cortical %ell ) lax framework1 t5 to twelve times z broad z ! enclos$ m$ull>y %ell1 ! pores ( :i* are irregul>1 r\ndi%1 once & a half to twice z broad z ! b>s4 ,two pol> sp9es long] ?an ! %ell diamet] 7brok5 (f 9 ! obs]v$ specim571 ?ree-sid$ prismatical1 ) ?ree /raight s]rat$ edges4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! cortical %ell #j4e1 m$ull>y %ell #j4jd2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4f or m4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bhe1 dep? #bcge fa?oms4 ,g5us #ei4 ,spongo/ylidium1#ha ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dee4 ,def9ition4--,/ylosphrida ) spongy sph]ical cortical %ell1 enclos+ two conc5tric sph]ical lattic$ m$ull>y %ells1 & ) two opposite1 free radial sp9es4 ,! g5us ,spongo/ylidium diff]s f ,spongo/ylus by duplication ( ! lattic$ m$ull>y %ell1 & !re=e be>s ! same relation to x z ,spongodictyon to ,spongoplegma4 #a4 ,spongo/ylidium /reptacan?um1 n4 sp4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells sph]ical1 ) small1 regul>1 circul> pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s 7out] twice z broad z ! inn]74 ,spongy cortical %ell enclos+ x ) d5se framework1 f\r times z broad z ! out] m$ull>y %ell4 ,two pol> sp9es v l>ge1 f\r times z long z ! diamet] ( ! out] %ell2 z broad z ! inn] m$ull>y %ell1 ) ?ree d5tat$1 spirally contort$ edges4 7,v simil> to ! common ,spongosphra /reptacan?a & to ,hexadoridium /reptacan?um1 b ) only two opposite sp9es 9 "o axis47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! cortical %ell #j4af1 ( ! out] m$ull>y %ell #j4jd1 inn] #j4jb2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4g & m1 bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,cocos ,isl&s1 ,rabbe4 #aea;,family ,,viii4 ,,/aurosph,,rida1 ,haeckel 7,pl4 #ae74 ,/aurosphrida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #ddi4 ,def9ition4--,sphroidea ) f\r radial sp9es on ! surface ( ! sph]ical %ell1 =m+ a regul> cross1 be+ opposite 9 pairs 9 two axes p]p5dicul> to "o ano!r2 liv+ solit>y 7n associat$ 9 colonies74 ,! family ,/aurosphrida is di/+ui%$ f ! o!r ,sphroidea by ! possession ( f\r radial sp9es1 :i* are opposite 9 pairs 9 two p]p5dicul>ly cross$ axes4 ,by ^! two ma9 axes an equatorial plane is det]m9$1 :i* approximates !m to ! ,discoidea4 ,b 9 ! latt] ! %ells z well z ! c5tral capsule become m or less flatt5$1 l5ticul>1 or discoidal1 :il/ 9 ! =m] !y rema9 sph]ical4 ,h[ev]1 "s =ms ( bo? gr\ps are v simil>1 & inspection f diff]5t sides 7& ma9ly f ! m>g9 ( ! equatorial plane7 is requir$ to det]m9e ! sph]ical 7n compress$7 %ell-=m ( ! ,/aurosphrida4 ,z a rule ! species ( ?is family are mu* r>]1 & mu* less num]\s1 ?an ^? ( all ! o!r ,sphroidea4 ,! mo/ simple ,/aurosphrida are ! ,/auro/ylida1 ) "o s+le sph]ical lattice-%ell4 ,to ?is ance/ral gr\p all o!r subfamilies c be oppos$ z ,/aurosphrida conc5trica1 s9ce _! c>apace is compos$ ( two or m conc5tric lattice-%ells2 two 9 ! ,/aurolon*ida1 ?ree 9 ! ,/auracontida1 f\r 9 ! ,/aurocromyida1 five or m 9 ! ,/auroc>yida4 ,9 all ^! f\r subfamilies ! conc5tric %ells are simple 7n spongy7 f5e/rat$ sph]es4 ,9 a six? subfamily1 9 ! ,/aurodorida1 ! %ell is :olly or p>tially compos$ ( irregul> spongy wick]work1 ) or )\t a m$ull>y %ell 9 ! c5tre4 ,! ,f\r ,radial ,sp9es 9 all ,/aurosphrida are normally oppos$ 9 pairs 9 two axes p]p5dicul> "o to ano!r1 & !re=e toge!r =m a rectangul> cross4 ,b 9 _m species besides ?is normal =m individual abnormalities occur1 9 :i* ! f\r sp9es 9 ! equatorial plane are n q accurately oppos$1 s t ! f\r angles betwe5 !m are n "r angles1 b m or less unequal4 ,m r>ely also _! position 9 ! equatorial plane is n accurately reta9$1 s t !y are plac$ 9 two1 ?ree1 or f\r diff]5t m]idian planes1 int]sect+ at v small v>iable angles4 ,9 ! great] "p ( ,/aurosphrida all f\r radial sp9es are q equal1 & ( ! same size & =m4 ,b 9 "s g5]a !re takes place a m or less consid]able diff]5tiation ( ! f\r sp9es1 commonly 9 pairs1 s t ! two opposite sp9es ( ea* pair are equal1 b ! pairs diff]5t 7,/auro/ylus1 ,/aurolon*idium74 ,m r>ely also bo? sp9es ( "o pair become unequal1 :il/ ^? ( ! o!r pair rema9 equal 7,/auroxiphos74 ,v r>ely all f\r sp9es assume a diff]5t size or =m4 #aeb,synopsis ( ! ,g5]a ( ,/aurosphrida4 ,i4 ,subfamily ,all f\r sp9es equal1 #fj4 ,/aurosphra4 ,/auro/ylida4 7,%ell "o s+le ,f\r sp9es diff]5t lattice-sph]e47 9 pairs1 #fa4 ,/auro/ylus4 ,"o sp9e l>g] ?an ! ?ree o!rs1 #fb4 ,/ylo/aurus4 ,,ii4 ,subfamily ,all f\r sp9es ,simple1 #fc4 ,/aurolon*e4 ,/aurolon*ida4 equal1 7,%ell ) ,bran*$1 #fd4 ,/auranci/ra4 two conc5tric lattice-sph]es47 ,f\r sp9es diff]5t #fe4 9 pairs1 ,/aurolon*idium4 ,"o sp9e l>g] ?an ! ?ree o!rs1 #ff4 ,/auroxiphos4 ,,iii4 ,subfamily ,all f\r sp9es equal1 ,/auracontida4 simple1 #fg4 ,/auracontium4 7,%ell ) ?ree conc5tric sph]es47 ,,iv4 ,subfamily ,all f\r sp9es ,simple1 #fh4 ,/aurocromyum4 ,/aurocromyida4 equal1 7,%ell ) f\r ,bran*$1 #fi4 ,cromyo/aurus4 conc5tric sph]es47 ,v4 ,subfamily ,all f\r sp9es equal1 #gj4 ,/auroc>yum4 ,/auroc>yida4 7,%ell ) five or m conc5tric sph]es47 ,,vi4 ,subfamily ,solid spongy sph]e ,/aurodorida4 )\t m$ull>y %ell1 #ga4 ,/aurodoras4 7,%ell a spongy sph]e47 ,subfamily ,,/auro/ylida1#hb ,haeckel1 ,prodromus1 #ahha1 pp4 #ddi1 #dej4 ,def9ition4--,/aurosphrida ) "o s+le sph]ical lattice-%ell4 ,g5us #fj4 ,/aurosphra1#hc ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dej4 ,def9ition4--,/aurosphrida ) a s+le lattice-sph]e & f\r cross$ equal sp9es4 ,! g5us ,/aurosphra may be reg>d$ z ! common ance/ral =m ( ?is subfamily1 s9ce x repres5ts _! mo/ simple & primitive =m4 ,f ! surface ( ! simple lattice-sph]e1 enclos+ ! c5tral capsule1 arise f\r equal1 simple1 radial sp9es1 opposite 9 pairs 9 two diamet]s1 p]p5dicul> "o to ano!r4 ,/aurosphra may be d]iv$ phylog5etically ei!r f ,c5osphra by production ( ! f\r sp9es1 or f ,hexa/ylus by r$uction ( two opposite sp9es4 #aec,subg5us #a4 ,/aurosphran?a1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores regul>1 all ( ne>ly equal size & simil> =m2 surface smoo?4 #a4 ,/aurosphra cruciata1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?9 wall$1 smoo?1 ) regul>1 hexagonal pores1 f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 t5 to twelve on ! quadrant4 ,f\r cross$ radial sp9es ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 z long z ! diamet] ( ! %ell1 z broad at ! base z "o pore 7v simil> to ,hexa/ylus phnaxonius1 ,pl4 #ba1 fig4 #c1 b ) only f\r sp9es74 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ab1 ( ! pores #j4jjh1 b>s #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 #b4 ,/aurosphra *ri/iana1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 smoo?1 ) regul>1 circul>1 hexagonally fram$ pores1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 six to eight on ! quadrant4 ,f\r cross$ sp9es six-sid$ pyramidal1 z long z ! radius1 z broad z "o me%4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ac1 pores #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #c4 ,/aurosphra johannis1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 smoo?1 ) regul>1 circul> pores1 f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 five to six on ! quadrant4 ,f\r sp9es six-sid$ pyramidal1 half z long z ! radius1 z broad z "o me%4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ae1 pores #j4jb1 b>s #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bda1 dep? #bcjj fa?oms4 #d4 ,/aurosphra pauli1 n4 sp4 ,%ell v ?ick wall$1 smoo?1 ) regul>1 circul>1 d\ble-edg$ pores1 f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 eight to t5 on ! quadrant4 ,f\r sp9es conical1 z long z ! radius1 z broad z "o me%4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ae1 pores #j4jaf1 b>s #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfe1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #e4 ,/aurosphra petri1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?9 wall$1 smoo?1 ) regul>1 circul> pores1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 tw5ty to tw5ty-two on ! quadrant4 ,f\r sp9es conical1 half z long z ! radius1 z broad z "o me%4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4bb1 pores #j4jjf1 b>s #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cbe1 dep? #bfej fa?oms2 also fossil 9 ,b>bados4 #aedf4 ,/aurosphra jacobi1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 smoo?1 ) regul>1 circul> pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 elev5 to twelve on ! quadrant4 ,f\r sp9es cyl9drical1 ?ree times z long z ! radius1 ?ree times z broad z "o me%4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4a1 pores #j4jjf1 b>s #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cec1 dep? #bife fa?oms4 #g4 ,/aurosphra simonis1 n4 sp4 ,haliomma ) f\r sp9es1 ,bury1 #ahfb1 ,polycy/9s ( ,b>bados1 pl4 iv4 fig4 #d4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 smoo?1 ) regul>1 circul> pores1 ( ! same bread? z ! b>s2 eight to t5 on ! quadrant4 ,f\r sp9es cyl9drical1 twice z long z ! radius1 five times z broad z "o me%4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! sph]e #j4a1 pores & b>s #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ,b>bados4 ,subg5us #b4 ,/aurosphrella1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores regul>1 all ( ne>ly equal size & simil> =m2 surface cov]$ ) by-sp9es or accessory ?orns4 #h4 ,/aurosphra philippi1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ae1 fig4 #f74 ,%ell ?9 wall$1 cov]$ ) bri/le-%ap$ by-sp9es1 z long z ! radius4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 six to eight on ! quadrant4 ,f\r ma9 sp9es cyl9drical1 five to t5 times z long z ! radius1 z broad z "o me%4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4jh1 pores #j4jjf1 b>s #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgb1 surface4 #i4 ,/aurosphra &re1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 ) regul>1 circul>1 hexagonally fram$ pores1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 n9e to t5 on ! quadrant4 ,f ea* hexagon-corn] arises a bri/le-%ap$ by-sp9e1 half z long z ! radius4 ,f\r ma9 sp9es ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 ) spirally contort$ edges1 z long z ! radius 7v simil> to ,hexa/ylus solonis1 ,pl4 #ba1 fig4 #aa1 b ) only f\r sp9es74 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4af1 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfe1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #aeeaj4 ,/aurosphra ?om4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 ) regul>1 circul> pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 twelve to f\rte5 on ! quadrant2 surface cov]$ ) %ort conical by-sp9es4 ,f\r ma9 sp9es conical1 twice z long z ! radius1 twice z broad z "o me%4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! sph]e #j4b1 pores #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccb1 dep?1 #bbjj fa?oms4 ,subg5us #c4 ,/aurosphrissa1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores irregul>1 ( diff]5t size or =m2 surface smoo?4 #aa4 ,/aurosphra jud1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?9 wall$1 smoo?1 ) irregul>1 polygonal pores1 twice to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 six to t5 on ! quadrant4 ,f\r ma9 sp9es ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 z long z ! radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! sph]e #j4ae1 pores #j4jjf to #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgc1 dep?1 #bcej fa?oms4 #ab4 ,/aurosphra crassa1 ,dunik[ski4 ,/aurosphra crassa1 #ahhb1 ,d5ks*r4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,wi51 ,bd4 xlv4 p4 #bg1 ,taf4 v4 figs4 #eb-ee4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 smoo?1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 sc>cely broad] ?an ! b>s2 eight to t5 on ! quadrant4 ,f\r sp9es ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 ne>ly z long z ! %ell diamet]4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! sph]e #j4ai1 pores & b>s #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! ,alp9e ,lias 7,s*afb]g ne> ,salzburg1 ,dunik[ski74 #ac4 ,/aurosphra apo/olorum1 ,haeckel4 8 ,c5osphra megapora1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahge1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #ff1 ,taf4 iii4 fig4 #a4 8 ,c5osphra micropora1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahge1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #ff1 ,taf4 iii4 fig4 #b4 ,%ell ?9 wall$1 smoo?1 ) l>ge1 irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 twice to six times z broad z ! b>s2 f\r to six on ! quadrant4 ,f\r sp9es conical1 v /\t1 ab\t z long z ! %ell diamet]1 (t5 m or less irregul>ly dispos$4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! sph]e #j4ab to #j4b1 pores #j4ja to #j4jc1 b>s #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ,b>bados4 #aef,subg5us #d4 ,/aurosphromma1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores irregul>1 ( diff]5t size or =m2 surface cov]$ ) by-sp9es or accessory ?orns4 #ad4 ,/aurosphra b>?olomi1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?9 wall$1 ) irregul>1 polygonal pores1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 six to eight on ! quadrant2 surface cov]$ ) %ort bri/le-%ap$ by-sp9es4 ,f\r ma9 sp9es ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 twice z long z ! radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ad1 pores #j4jjh to #j4jaf1 b>s #j4jjc to #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bhe1 dep? #bcge fa?oms4 #ae4 ,/aurosphra ?addi1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi%1 polygonally fram$ pores1 twice to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 five to sev5 on ! quadrant2 surface cov]$ ) bri/le-%ap$ sp9es1 half z long z ! radius4 ,f\r ma9 sp9es pyramidal1 z long z ! radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ab1 pores #jjf to #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bff1 dep? #bgej fa?oms2 also fossil 9 ,b>bados4 #af4 ,/aurosphra mat?i1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 twice to five times z broad z ! b>s2 t5 to twelve on ! quadrant2 surface cov]$ ) %ort conical ?orns or by-sp9es4 ,f\r ma9 sp9es conical1 z long z ! radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ae1 pores #j4jjd to #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bec1 dep? #cabe fa?oms4 ,g5us #fa4 ,/auro/ylus1#hd ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dej4 ,def9ition4--,/aurosphrida ) "o s+le lattice-sph]e & f\r cross$ sp9es :i* are arrang$ 9 opposite pairs1 "o pair opposite be+ l>g] ?an ! o!r4 ,! g5us ,/auro/ylus has be5 develop$ f ,/aurosphra by diff]5tiation ( ! f\r cross$ sp9es 9 pairs2 two opposite sp9es gr[+ mu* m /rongly ?an ! o!r two4 #a4 ,/auro/ylus grcus1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 smoo?1 ) regul>1 circul>1 hexagonally fram$ pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 six to eight on ! quadrant4 ,sp9es ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 po9t$1 z broad z #aeg"o me%2 two opposite l>g] sp9es z long z ! diamet] ( ! %ell1 two small] only z long z ! radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ae1 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jje2 l5g? ( ! major sp9es #j4af1 m9or #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgd1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #b4 ,/auro/ylus lat9us1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?9 wall$1 smoo?1 ) regul>1 circul>1 d\ble-edg$ pores1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 twelve to f\rte5 on ! quadrant4 ,sp9es conical1 twice z broad at ! base z "o me%2 two opposite l>g] sp9es z long z ! radius ( ! %ell1 two small] only "o-?ird z long4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4bd1 pores #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! major sp9es #j4ab1 m9or #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bie1 dep? #aejj fa?oms4 #c4 ,/auro/ylus g]manicus1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 cov]$ ) bri/le-%ap$ by-sp9es1 half z long z ! radius4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 hexagonally fram$1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 eight to t5 on ! quadrant4 ,f ea* hexagon-corn] arises "o %ort by-sp9e4 ,f\r ma9 sp9es ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 z broad at ! base z "o me%2 two opposite l>g] sp9es "o & a half times z long z ! radius1 two small] two-?irds z long4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4af1 pores #j4jjh1 b>s #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! major sp9es #j4ab1 m9or #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdd1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 ,g5us #fb4 ,/ylo/aurus1#he #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dej4 ,def9ition4--,/aurosphrida ) "o s+le lattice-sph]e & f\r cross$ sp9es1 "o ( :i* is mu* l>g] ?an ! o!r ?ree4 ,! g5us ,/ylo/aurus diff]s f ! prec$+ 9 ! extraord9>y developm5t ( "o ( ! f\r sp9es1 :i* is mu* long] ?an ! o!r ?ree2 ^! may be equal or diff]5t4 #a4 ,/ylo/aurus caudatus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ac1 fig4 #g74 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 smoo?1 ) regul>1 circul>1 hexagonally fram$ pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 five to six on ! quadrant4 ,sp9es ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 z broad at ! base z #aeh"o me%2 "o ( ! sp9es long] ?an ! %ell diamet]1 ! opposite sp9e ne>ly z long z ! %ell radius2 bo? lat]al sp9es sc>cely "o-?ird z long4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4a1 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jje2 l5g? ( ! major sp9e #j4ad1 ( ! opposite #j4jd1 ( bo? lat]al sp9es #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bff1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #b4 ,/ylo/aurus gladiatus1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 smoo?1 ) regul>1 circul> pores1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 n9e to t5 on ! quadrant4 ,sp9es ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 z broad at ! base z "o me%2 "o ( ! sp9es long] ?an ! %ell diamet]1 & mu* l>g] ?an ! o!r ?ree1 :i* are ne>ly equal 7half z long z ! radius74 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4b1 pores #j4jae1 b>s #j4jje2 l5g? ( ! major sp9e #j4be1 ( ! ?ree o!rs #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 ,subfamily ,,/aurolon*ida1#hf ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 pp4 #ddi1 #dea4 ,def9ition4--,/aurosphrida ) two conc5tric sph]ical lattice-%ells4 ,g5us #fc4 ,/aurolon*e1#hg ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dea4 ,def9ition4--,/aurosphrida ) two conc5tric lattice-sph]es & f\r cross$1 equal1 simple sp9es4 ,! g5us ,/aurolon*e may be d]iv$ ei!r f ,/aurosphra by ! duplication ( ! lattice-sph]e1 or f ,c>posphra by ! production ( f\r cross$ radial sp9es1 ly+ 9 "o m]idional plane1 or f ,hexalon*e by ! r$uction ( two opposite sp9es4 ,subg5us #a4 ,/aurolon*an?a1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! cortical %ell regul>1 & ( ne>ly equal size & simil> =m2 surface smoo?4 #a4 ,/aurolon*e hexagona1 n4 sp4 ,haliomma hexagonum1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahed1 ,mikrogeol41 ,taf4 xxxvb41 ,bd4 iv4 fig4 #ag4 ,haliomma hexagonum1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dcd4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 smoo?1 ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) regul>1 hexagonal pores1 f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 sev5 to eight on ! quadrant4 ,f\r sp9es ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 some:at long] ?an ! radius1 z broad at ! base z "o me%4 #aei;,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ab1 inn] #j4jd2 cortical pores #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #fd1 dep? #bgjj fa?oms4 #b4 ,/aurolon*e sp9oz1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 smoo?1 twice z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) regul>1 circul>1 hexagonally fram$ pores1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 five to six on ! quadrant4 ,f\r sp9es ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 half z long z ! radius1 z broad at ! base z "o me%4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4af1 inn] #j4jh2 cortical pores #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 #c4 ,/aurolon*e ap]ta1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma ap]tum1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahge1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #gd1 ,taf4 xxviii4 fig4 #e4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 smoo?1 ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell2 pores regul>1 circul>1 five times z broad z ! b>s2 f\r to five on ! quadrant4 ,f\r sp9es conical1 z long z ! radius1 z broad z "o me%4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4a1 inn] #j4jc2 cortical pores #j4jae1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4je4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ,b>bados4 #d4 ,/aurolon*e brunonis1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 smoo?1 twice z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) regul>1 circul> pores1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 eight to t5 on ! quadrant4 ,f\r sp9es cyl9dro-conical1 long] ?an ! diamet]1 twice z broad z "o me%4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4jh1 inn] #j4jd2 cortical pores #j4jjf1 b>s #j4jjb2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #e4 ,/aurolon*e p]tusa1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ae1 figs4 #e1 #e;a74 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 smoo?1 ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) regul>1 circul> pores1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 eight to t5 on ! quadrant4 ,pores ( ! m$ull>y %ell only "o-?ird z l>ge1 also circul>4 ,f\r sp9es ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 ?ree times z long z ! radius2 ea* ( _! ?ree ?9 w+s p]=at$ by a s+le r[ ( small pores4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4a1 inn] #j4jcc2 cortical pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cec1 surface4 #afj,subg5us #b4 ,/aurolon*ella1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! cortical %ell regul>1 & ( ne>ly equal size & simil> =m2 surface cov]$ ) by-sp9es or ?orns4 #f4 ,/aurolon*e /raussii1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 f\r times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 & cov]$ ) num]\s bri/le-%ap$ by-sp9es1 half z long z ! radius4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 hexagonally fram$1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 six to eight on ! radius4 ,on ea* hexagonal frame twelve by-sp9es 7six at ! corn]s1 six 9 ! middle betwe5 !m74 ,f\r ma9 sp9es six-sid$ pyramidal1 ab\t z long z ! radius1 twice z broad z "o me%4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4af1 inn] #j4jd2 cortical pores #j4jaf1 b>s #j4jjh2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4a4 ,habitat4--,we/ ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbe1 dep? #ddge fa?oms4 #g4 ,/aurolon*e feu]ba*ii1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 five times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 & cov]$ ) %ort conical by-sp9es4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 tw5ty to tw5ty-two on ! quadrant4 ,f\r ma9 sp9es ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 ) pyramidal apex1 two to ?ree times z long z ! radius1 twice z broad z "o me%4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4bg1 ( ! inn] #j4jee2 cortical pores #j4jjh1 b>s #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4c to #j4d4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ,b>bados4 #h4 ,/aurolon*e moles*ottii1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 & cov]$ ) %ort conical by-sp9es4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 ( ! same bread? z ! b>s2 f\rte5 to sixte5 on ! quadrant4 ,f\r ma9 sp9es conical1 z long z ! radius1 ?ree times z broad at ! base z "o me%4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ae1 inn] #j4je2 cortical pores & b>s #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 ,subg5us #c4 ,/aurolon*issa1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! cortical %ell irregul>1 ( diff]5t size or =m2 surface smoo?4 #i4 ,/aurolon*e holba*ii1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 ) smoo? surface1 ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores irregul>1 polygonal1 twice to f\r times z broad z ! b>s4 ,f\r ma9 sp9es ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 long] ?an ! %ell diamet]4 #afa;,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ab1 inn] #j4jd2 cortical pores #j4jjf to #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bie1 dep? #aejj fa?oms4 #aj4 ,/aurolon*e gass5dii1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 ) smoo? surface1 f\r times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 ?ree to five times z broad z ! b>s4 ,f\r ma9 sp9es conical1 z long z ! radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4b1 inn] #j4je2 cortical pores #j4ja to #j4jb1 b>s #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4a4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cec1 dep? #bife fa?oms4 ,subg5us #d4 ,/aurolon*ura1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! cortical %ell irregul>1 ( diff]5t size or =m2 surface cov]$ ) by-sp9es or ?orns4 #aa4 ,/aurolon*e epicurii1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 five times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 & cov]$ ) num]\s bri/le-%ap$ by-sp9es 7half z long z ! radius74 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 polygonally fram$1 twice to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s4 ,f\r ma9 sp9es pyramidal1 z long z ! radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4bb1 inn] #j4jdd2 cortical pores #j4jb to #j4jd1 b>s #j4jab2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4a4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 #ab4 ,/aurolon*e lucretii1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick-wall$1 ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 & cov]$ ) num]\s %ort1 conical ?orns4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 twice to f\r times z broad z ! b>s4 ,f\r ma9 sp9es conical1 half z long z ! radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ae1 inn] #j4je2 cortical pores #j4jae to #j4jc1 b>s #j4jjh2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfe1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 ,g5us #fd4 ,/auranci/ra1#hh ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dea4 ,def9ition4--,/aurosphrida ) two conc5tric lattice-sph]es & f\r cross$1 equal1 bran*$ sp9es4 #afb,! g5us ,/auranci/ra diff]s f its ance/ral =m1 ,/aurolon*e1 9 ! ramification ( ! f\r cross$ sp9es4 #a4 ,/auranci/ra quadricuspis1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 ) r\gh1 ?orny surface1 & irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 twice to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 six to eight on ! quadrant4 ,m$ull>y %ell "o-?ird z l>ge1 ) regul>1 circul> pores2 connect$ ) ! cortical %ell by f\r cross$ radial beams4 ,^! are prolong$ outside into f\r /rong ?ree-sid$ prismatic sp9es1 ne>ly z long z ! %ell diamet]1 ea* hav+ ?ree curv$ bran*es bel[ ! di/al end4 7,simil> to ,hexanci/ra quadricuspis1 ,pl4 #bb1 fig4 #aa1 b ) only f\r sp9es47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! cortical %ell #j4af1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je2 pores ( ! =m] #j4jf to #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ad1 bread? #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 ,g5us #fe4 ,/aurolon*idium1#hi n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,/aurosphrida ) two conc5tric lattice-sph]es & f\r cross$ simple sp9es :i* are dispos$ 9 two diff]5t pairs1 two opposite be+ l>g] ?an ! o!r two4 ,! g5us ,/aurolon*idium has aris5 f ,/aurolon*e by ! /rong] gr[? ( ! two opposite sp9es1 ! o!r two rema9+ /ation>y2 bo? sp9es ( ea* pair equal4 #a4 ,/aurolon*idium artioscelides1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 ) smoo? surface1 ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 hexagonally fram$1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 eight to t5 on ! quadrant4 ,f\r radial sp9es ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 z broad z "o me%2 two opposite l>g] sp9es ?ree times z long z ! two small]1 :i* are ab\t equal to ! radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! cortical %ell #j4af1 m$ull>y %ell #j4je2 pores ( ! =m] #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjf2 l5g? ( ! major sp9es #j4bd1 m9or #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfe1 surface4 #b4 ,/aurolon*idium p]spicuum1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma p]spicuum1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahge1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #gd1 ,taf4 xxix4 fig4 #a4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 cov]$ ) small conical by-sp9es1 five times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 eight times z broad z ! b>s2 ?ree to f\r on ! quadrant4 ,f\r radial sp9es ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 sc>cely "o-?ird z broad z "o me%2 two opposite l>g] sp9es f\r times z long z ! two small]1 :i* are ab\t equal to half ! radius4 #afc;,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! cortical %ell #j4ab1 m$ull>y %ell #j4jbe2 pores ( ! =m] #j4jc1 b>s #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! major sp9es #j4ab1 m9or #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ,b>bados4 ,g5us #ff4 ,/auroxiphos1#ij n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,/aurosphrida ) two conc5tric lattice-sph]es & f\r cross$ simple sp9es1 "o ( :i* is mu* l>g] ?an ! o!r ?ree4 ,! g5us ,/auroxiphos diff]s f its ance/ral =m1 ,/aurolon*e1 9 ! great] developm5t ( "o s+le sp9e1 & exhibits !re=e ! same relation to x t ,/ylo/aurus be>s to ,/aurosphra4 #a4 ,/auroxiphos gladius1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ae1 fig4 #g74 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 smoo?1 ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores ( ! out] %ell regul>1 circul>1 regul>ly six-lob$ on ! out] op5+1 f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 ab\t six on ! quadrant4 ,pores ( ! inn] %ell only "o-?ird z l>ge1 simple1 circul>4 ,?ree ( ! f\r radial sp9es ( ne>ly equal size1 pommel-%ap$1 ) ?ree prom95t1 d5tat$ w+s1 some:at %ort] ?an ! %ell radius & ab\t half z broad z long2 ! f\r? sp9e mu* l>g]1 sword-l1 ab\t ?ree times z long z ! %ell radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ab1 ( ! inn] #j4jd2 pores ( ! =m] #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjbe2 pores ( ! latt] #j4jjc1 b>s #j4jja2 l5g? ( ! major sp9e #j4ah1 ( ! ?ree m9or #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bff1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 ,subfamily ,,/auracontida1#ia ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #eb4 ,def9ition4--,/aurosphrida ) ?ree conc5tric sph]ical lattice-%ells4 ,g5us #fg4 ,/auracontium1#ib ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deb4 ,def9ition4--,/aurosphrida ) ?ree conc5tric lattice-sph]es & f\r cross$1 equal1 simple sp9es4 ,! g5us ,/auracontium diff]s f its probable ance/ral =m1 ,/aurolon*e1 9 ! duplication ( ! cortical %ell4 ,subg5us #a4 ,/auracont>ium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! cortical %ell regul>1 all ( ne>ly equal size & simil> =m2 surface smoo?4 #afda4 ,/auracontium crucif]um1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 smoo?1 ) regul>1 hexagonal pores1 f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 eight to t5 on ! quadrant4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #a 3 #c 3 #i4 ,connect+ radial beams betwe5 !m six 7opposite 9 pairs 9 ! ?ree dim5sive axes71 b only f\r ( !m are prolong$ outside into f\r /\t ?ree-sid$ prismatic sp9es1 ly+ 9 "o equatorial plane1 z long z ! %ell diamet]4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4bb1 middle #j4jg1 inn] #j4jbe2 cortical pores #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4b4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #b4 ,/auracontium tetracan?um1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma tetracan?um1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahgb1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #bie1 ,taf4 x4 figs4 #g1 #h4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 smoo?1 ) regul>1 circul> pores1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 five to six on ! quadrant4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #a 3 #c 3 #ab4 ,radial sp9es ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 ab\t z long z ! %ell diamet]4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ab1 middle #j4jc1 inn] #j4ja2 cortical pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4a4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,zanzib>1 dep? #bbjj fa?oms1 ,pull54 #c4 ,/auracontium tetracontium1 ,haeckel4 ,act9omma tetracan?um1 ,/hr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr4 #bf1 p4 #ia1 ,taf4 ii4 fig4 #f4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 r\gh1 ) regul>1 circul> pores1 ( ! same bread? z ! b>s2 six to sev5 on ! quadrant4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #a 3 #b4e 3 #h4 ,radial sp9es ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 ne>ly z long z ! %ell diamet]4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4a1 middle #j4jc1 inn] #j4jac2 cortical pores & b>s #j4jjf2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,sicily2 ,grotte1 ,caltanisetta4 ,subg5us #b4 ,/auracontellium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! cortical %ell regul>1 & ( ne>ly equal size & simil> =m2 surface cov]$ ) num]\s small ?orns or by-sp9es4 #d4 ,/auracontium datur=me1 ,haeckel4 ,act9omma datur=me1 ,/hr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr4 #bf1 p4 #ic1 ,taf4 ii4 fig4 #ac4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 cov]$ ) %ort ?orns1 & ) regul>1 hexagonal pores1 five times z broad z ! b>s2 six to sev5 on ! quadrant4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #a 3 #c 3 #c4e4 ,radial sp9es six-sid$ pyramidal1 ab\t half z long z ! radius & "o-f\r? z broad4 #afe;,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ae1 middle #j4ac1 inn] #j4jd2 cortical pores #j4jag1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,sicily2 ,grotte1 ,/hr4 #e4 ,/auracontium sp>ganium1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 cov]$ ) v num]\s1 %ort1 conical sp9es1 & ) regul>1 circul> pores1 five times z broad z ! b>s2 sixte5 to eighte5 on ! quadrant4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #b 3 #c 3 #i4 ,radial ma9 sp9es ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 z long z ! radius or long]4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4bge1 middle #j4ji1 inn] #j4jf2 cortical pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjb2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ,b>bados4 ,subg5us #c4 ,/auracontidium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores irregul>1 ( diff]5t size or =m2 surface smoo?4 #f4 ,/auracontium ant>cticum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 smoo?4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 two to f\r times z broad z ! b>s4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #a 3 #b 3 #h4 ,radial sp9es conical1 z long z ! radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4b1 middle #j4je1 inn] #j4jbe2 cortical pores #j4jjf to #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4a4 ,habitat4--,ant>ctic ,ocean1 ,/ation #aeg1 dep? #aiej fa?oms4 ,subg5us #d4 ,/auracontonium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores irregul>1 ( diff]5t size or =m2 surface cov]$ ) ?orns or by-sp9es4 #g4 ,/auracontium setosum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 cov]$ ) ?9 bri/le-%ap$ by-sp9es1 half z long z ! radius4 ,pores irregul>1 polygonal1 ?ree to five times z broad z ! b>s4 ,proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #a 3 #b 3 #f4 ,radial ma9 sp9es pyramidal1 ne>ly z long z ! %ell diamet]4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ae1 middle #j4je1 inn] #j4jbe2 cortical pores #j4ja to #j4jae1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bff1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #h4 ,/auracontium papillosum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 cov]$ ) %ort conical papill or by-sp9es4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 two to f\r times z broad z ! b>s4 ,proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #a 3 #c 3 #ab4 ,radial ma9 sp9es conical1 z long z ! radius4 #aff;,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4bd1 middle #j4jf1 inn] #j4jb2 cortical pores #j4jjg to #j4jae1 b>s #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgd1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 ,subfamily ,,/aurocromyida1#ic ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 pp4 #ddi1 #dec4 ,def9ition4--,/aurosphrida ) f\r conc5tric sph]ical lattice-%ells4 ,g5us #fh4 ,/aurocromyum1#id ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dec4 ,def9ition4--,/aurosphrida ) f\r conc5tric lattice-sph]es & f\r cross$1 equal1 simple sp9es4 ,! g5us ,/aurocromyum has aris5 probably f ,/auracontium by duplication ( ! cortical %ell1 two conc5tric %ells ly+ )91 two o!rs outside ! c5tral capsule4 #a4 ,/aurocromyum quadruplex1 n4 sp4 ,radial proportion ( ! f\r sph]es #a 3 #b 3 #h 3 #aj4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells ) v small1 regul>1 circul> pores4 ,inn] cortical %ell ) regul>1 circul>1 hexagonally-fram$ pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 f ea* hexagon-corn] arises a small by-sp9e1 & ^!1 connect$ by tang5tial bran*es at equal di/ances f ! c5tre1 =m ! delicate out] cortical %ell1 ) sp9y surface4 ,f\r ma9 sp9es ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 z long z ! %ell radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! f\r %ells--7,a7 #j4be1 7,b7 #j4b1 7,c7 #j4je1 7,d7 #j4jbe2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 #b4 ,/aurocromyum quadrisp9um1 n4 sp4 ,radial proportion ( ! f\r sph]es #a 3 #c 3 #i 3 #ab4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells ) small1 regul>1 circul> pores4 ,bo? cortical %ells ) irregul>1 r\ndi% pores4 ,surface cov]$ ) %ort1 conical by-sp9es4 ,f\r ma9 sp9es cyl9dro-conical1 some:at long] ?an ! %ell diamet]4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! f\r %ells--7,a7 #j4bd1 7,b7 #j4ah1 7,c7 #j4jf1 7,d7 #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfe1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 ,g5us #fi4 ,cromyo/aurus1#ie ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dec4 ,def9ition4--,/aurosphrida ) f\r conc5tric lattice-sph]es & f\r cross$1 equal1 bran*$ sp9es4 #afg,! g5us ,cromyo/aurus diff]s f ! prec$+ ,/aurocromyum1 its ance/ral =m1 9 ! ramification ( ! f\r cross$ sp9es4 #a4 ,cromyo/aurus v]ticillatus1 n4 sp4 ,radial proportion ( ! f\r sph]es #a 3 #c 3 #aa 3 #ac4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells ) small1 regul>1 circul> pores2 inn] cortical %ell ) regul>1 hexagonal pores2 f ! hexagon-corn]s arise small1 radial by-sp9es1 :i* at equal di/ances f ! c5tre s5d out =k$ tang5tial bran*es1 ?ree f ea* sp9e1 & by communication ( ^! =m ! out]1 delicate1 cortical %ell4 ,f\r ma9 sp9es ne>ly z long z ! %ell diamet]1 ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 ) f\r to six v]ticils ( ramifi$ lat]al bran*es1 ea* v]ticil compos$ ( ?ree =k$ bran*es1 :i* ramify aga94 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! f\r %ells--7,a7 #j4bf1 7,b7 #j4bb1 7,c7 #j4jf1 7,d7 #j4jb2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4bd4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 ,subfamily ,,/auroc>yida1#if ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 pp4 #ddi1 #ded4 ,def9ition4--,/aurosphrida ) five or m conc5tric sph]ical lattice-%ells4 ,g5us #gj4 ,/auroc>yum1#ig ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #ded4 ,def9ition4--,/aurosphrida ) five or m conc5tric lattice-sph]es & f\r cross$1 equal sp9es4 ,! g5us ,/auroc>yum has aris5 f ! prec$+ ,/aurocromyum by ! fur!r multiplication ( ! conc5tric sph]es2 9 ! only obs]v$ =m !re are six1 at ne>ly equal di/ances ap>t4 #a4 ,/auroc>yum arboresc5s1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ae1 fig4 #h74 ,%ell compos$ ( six conc5tric lattic$ sph]es1 at ne>ly equal di/ances ap>t1 & ) some:at regul>1 circul> pores1 ! size ( :i* gradually increases f ! fir/ to ! six? %ell4 ,! surface ( ! out]mo/ %ell is d5sely cov]$ ) num]\s arboresc5t by-sp9es1 :i* bifurcate f ?ree to f\r times1 & are ?ree-sid$ pyramidal at ! base1 & twice z long z ! di/ance betwe5 ea* two %ells4 ,! six %ells are connect$ only by f\r cross$1 conical1 radial beams1 :i* increase 9 diamet] f ! c5tre1 & are prolong$ outside into v /\t cyl9drical1 radial sp9es1 irregul>ly cov]$ ) small ?orns & =k$ ramules1 & ne>ly z long z ! %ell diamet]4 ,only a s+le specim5 0 obs]v$4 #afh;,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! :ole %ell #j4bb2 di/ance betwe5 ea* two %ells #j4jb2 l5g? ( ! by-sp9es #j4je1 ( ! ma9 sp9es #j4b4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,cocos ,isl&s1 surface1 ,rabbe4 ,subfamily ,,/aurodorida1#ih ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 pp4 #ddi1 #dee4 ,def9ition4--,/aurosphrida ) spongy1 sph]ical %ell 7) or )\t enclos$ conc5tric lattice-%ells74 ,g5us #ga4 ,/aurodoras1#ii ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dee4 ,def9ition4--,/aurosphrida ) solid1 spongy1 sph]ical %ell & f\r cross$ simple sp9es4 ,! g5us ,/aurodoras may be develop$ f ,/yptosphra by ! production ( f\r cross$ sp9es on ! simple1 spongy1 sph]ical %ell1 :i* is compos$ ( loos] or d5s] irregul> wick]-"w1 )\t enclos$ m$ull>y %ell4 #a4 ,/aurodoras spongosphra1 n4 sp4 ,f\r cross$ sp9es1 two to ?ree times z long z ! diamet] ( ! spongy sph]e1 ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 ) ?ree d5tat$ & spirally contort$ edges4 7,=m ( ,spongosphra /reptacan?a1 b )\t m$ull>y %ell & ) f\r equal sp9es1 cross$ regul>ly at "r angles47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! sph]e #j4be2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4d to #j4g4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 #b4 ,/aurodoras mojsisovicsi1 ,dunik[ski4 ,/aurodoras mojsisovicsi1 ,dunik[ski1 #ahhb1 ,d5ks*r4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,wi51 ,bd4 xlv4 p4 #bh1 ,taf4 v4 fig4 #ef4 ,f\r cross$ sp9es1 "o & a half times z long z ! diamet] ( ! spongy sph]e1 ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 ) ?ree smoo? edges4 7,:at ,dunik[ski describes z inn] canals ( ! sp9es are _! edges47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! sph]e #j4ad2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ah to #j4b4 basal bread? #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! ,alp9e ,lias 7,s*afb]g ne> ,salzburg74 #c4 ,/aurodoras liassica1 ,dunik[ski4 ,/aurodoras liassica1 ,dunik[ski1 #ahhb1 ,d5ks*r4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,wi51 ,bd4 xlv4 p4 #bh1 ,taf4 v4 fig4 #eg4 ,f\r cross$ sp9es1 %ort] ?an ! diamet] ( ! spongy sph]e1 conical or pyramidal 7874 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! sph]e #j4ai2 l5g? ( ! sp9e #j4ac1 basal bread? #j4jde4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! ,alp9e ,lias 7,s*afb]g ne> ,salzburg74 #afid4 ,/aurodoras w&ae1 ,dunik[ski4 ,/aurodoras w&ae1 ,dunik[ski1 #ahhb1 ,d5ks*r4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,wi51 ,bd4 xlv4 p4 #bh1 ,taf4 v4 fig4 #eh4 ,f\r cross$ sp9es %ort] ?an ! radius ( ! spongy sph]e1 conical4 7,may be ! "y =m ( ! prec$+ species47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! sph]e #j4ad2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jf1 basal bread? #j4je4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! ,alp9e ,lias 7,s*afb]g ne> ,salzburg74 ,family ,,ix4 ,,cubosph,,rida1 ,haeckel 7,pls4 #ba-be74 ,cubosphrida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #ddi4 ,def9ition4--,sphroidea ) six radial sp9es on ! surface ( ! sph]ical %ell1 opposite 9 pairs 9 ! ?ree dim5sive axes1 p]p5dicul> "o to ano!r2 liv+ solit>y 7n associat$ 9 colonies74 ,! family ,cubosphrida is di/+ui%$ f ! o!r ,sphroidea by ! possession ( six radial sp9es1 :i* are opposite 9 pairs 9 ?ree diff]5t axes1 "o p]p5dicul> to ! o!r two4 ,^! ?ree axes are ! typical dim5sive axes1 :i* are m or less diff]5tiat$ 9 ! ,l>coidea4 ,b 9 ^! latt] ! %ell itself & ! enclos$ c5tral capsule become affect$ by ! unequal gr[? 9 ! ?ree axes1 :il/ 9 ! =m] ! capsule con/antly1 & commonly also ! %ell1 rema9s sph]ical4 ,sometimes ! %ell assumes ! =m ( a regul> octah$ron1 f ! six corn]s ( :i* arise ! six radial sp9es1 indicat+ its ?ree axes4 ,! mo/ simple ,cubosphrida are ! ,hexa/ylida1 ) "o s+le1 sph]ical lattice-%ell4 ,to ?is ance/ral gr\p all o!r subfamilies c be oppos$ z ,cubosphrida conc5trica1 z _! c>apace is compos$ ( two or m conc5tric lattice-%ells--two 9 ! ,hexalon*ida1 ?ree 9 ! ,hexacontida1 f\r 9 ! ,hexacromyida1 five or m 9 ! ,hexac>yida4 ,9 all ^! f\r subfamilies ! conc5tric %ells are simple 7n spongy71 f5e/rat$ sph]es4 ,9 a six? subfamily1 9 ! ,hexadorida1 ! %ell is :olly or p>tially compos$ ( irregul>1 spongy wick]-"w or loose reticulations1 ) or )\t a m$ull>y %ell 9 ! c5tre4 ,! ,six ,radial ,sp9es ( ! ,cubosphrida are normally opposite 9 pairs 9 ! ?ree dim5sive axes1 ea* ( :i* is p]p5dicul> to ! o!r two4 ,b 9 _m species besides ?is normal =m occur individual abnormalities1 9 :i* ! six sp9es are n q accurately oppos$1 b m or less div]g5t2 & (t5 also ! ?ree dim5sive planes 7det]m9$ ea* by two axes7 are n q regul>1 b m or less unev54 ,m r>ely ! six sp9es appe> dispos$ 9 q an irregul> mann]4 ,9 ! great] "p ( ! ,cubosphrida all six sp9es are q equal1 ( ! same size & =m4 ,b 9 "s g5]a a m or less consid]able diff]5tiation takes place1 s #agjt two pairs or all ?ree pairs ( sp9es become diff]5t2 v r>ely1 also bo? sp9es ( "o pair become unequal 7probably only an individual abnormality74 ,^? v>iations correspond to ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! cry/all9e sy/ems4 ,! common ,cubosphrida1 ) ?ree equal sp9e-pairs1 correspond to ! regul> or cubic sy/em1 ) ?ree equal axes4 ,! r>] =ms 7,hexa/yl>ium1 ,hexalon*>ium1 ,hexacont>ium7 exhibit two equal pairs & "o diff]5t pair2 !y correspond to ! quadratic sy/em1 ) ?ree p]p5dicul> axes1 two ( :i* are equal1 ! ?ird unequal4 ,/ill m r>e are ^? =ms 7,hexa/ylidium1 ,hexalon*idium71 9 :i* all ?ree pairs ( sp9es are diff]5t1 correspond+ to ! ?ree unequal axes ( ! rhombic cry/all9e sy/em4 ,synopsis ( ! ,g5]a ( ,cubosphrida4 ,all six radial sp9es simple1 ,i4 ,subfamily ( equal size1 #gb4 ,hexa/ylus4 ,hexa/ylida4 7,%ell "o ,six sp9es ( ,two pairs equal1 simple diff]5t sizes1 "o pair lattic$ all six simple4 diff]5t1 #gc4 ,hexa/yl>ium4 sph]e47 ,all ?ree pairs diff]5t1 #gd4 ,hexa/ylidium4 ,all six radial ,sp9es simple1 #ge4 ,hexalon*e4 sp9es ( ,,ii4 ,subfamily equal size4 ,sp9es bran*$1 #gf4 ,hexanci/ra4 ,hexalon*ida4 7,%ell compos$ ,six sp9es ,two pairs equal1 ( two simple1 9 "o pair conc5tric pairs ( diff]5t1 #gg4 ,hexalon*>ium4 lattic$ diff]5t sizes4 sph]es47 ,all ?ree pairs diff]5t1 #gh4 ,hexalon*idium4 ,all six radial ,sp9es simple1 #gi4 ,hexacontium4 ,,iii4 ,subfamily sp9es ( ,hexacontida4 equal size4 ,sp9es bran*$1 #hj4 ,hexad5dron4 7,%ell compos$ ( ?ree ,six sp9es ,two pairs equal1 sph]es47 simple1 ( "o pair diff]5t sizes4 diff]5t1 #ha4 ,hexacont>ium4 ,,iv4 ,subfamily ,all six radial ,sp9es simple1 ,hexacromyida4 sp9es ( n bran*$1 #hb4 ,hexacromyum4 7,f\r conc5tric equal size4 sph]es47 ,v4 ,subfamily ,all six radial ,sp9es simple1 #hc4 ,cubosphra4 ,hexac>yida4 sp9es ( 7,five or m equal size4 ,sp9es bran*$1 #hd4 ,hexac>yum4 sph]es47 ,)\t lattic$ m$ull>y ,,vi4 ,subfamily ,all six radial %ell1 #he4 ,cubaxonium4 ,hexadorida4 sp9es ( 7,%ell a spongy equal size1 ,) "o s+le sph]e1 ) simple 7n m$ull>y or )\t an bran*$74 %ell1 #hf4 ,hexadoras4 enclos$ c5tral ,) two m$ull>y m$ull>y %ell47 %ells1 #hg4 ,hexadoridium4 #aga,subfamily ,,hexa/ylida1#ajj ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 pp4 #ddi1 #dej4 ,def9ition4--,cubosphrida ) "o s+le sph]ical lattice-%ell4 ,g5us #gb4 ,hexa/ylus1#aja ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dej4 ,def9ition4--,cubosphrida ) "o simple lattice-sph]e & six simple sp9es ( equal size4 ,! g5us ,hexalon*e is ! mo/ simple =m ( all ,cubosphrida1 & may be reg>d$ z ! common ance/ral =m ( ?is family4 ,x c be d]iv$ phylog5etically f ,c5osphra1 by developm5t ( six radial sp9es on ! surface ( ! simple sph]ical lattice-%ell4 ,^! six simple sp9es are ( equal size & opposite 9 pairs 9 ! ?ree dim5sive axes1 correspond+ to ! ?ree equal axes ( a cubic cry/al4 ,subg5us #a4 ,hexa/ylan?us1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores regul> or subregul>1 ( ne>ly equal size & =m2 surface ( ! cortical %ell smoo?1 )\t radial by-sp9es 7o!r ?an ! six ma9 sp9es74 #a4 ,hexa/ylus phnaxonius1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ba1 fig4 #c74 ,%ell ?9 wall$1 ) smoo? surface4 ,pores subregul>1 hexagonal1 five to six times z broad z ! b>s2 n9e to t5 on ! radius4 ,six sp9es triangul> pyramidal1 z long z ! radius ( ! %ell1 z broad at ! base z "o pore4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ac1 pores #j4jjh to #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjae2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jg1 basal bread? #j4jjh to #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgb1 dep? #bfjj fa?oms4 #b4 ,hexa/ylus sapi5tum1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?9 wall$1 ) smoo? surface4 ,pores regul>1 hexagonal1 eight to t5 times z broad z ! b>s2 six to sev5 on ! radius4 ,six sp9es bri/le-%ap$1 long] ?an ! diamet] ( ! %ell4 7,lattice-"w & sp9es simil> to ^? ( ,heliosphra act9ota1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 ,taf4 ix4 fig4 #c47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ae1 pores #j4jaf1 b>s #j4jjb2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4b1 bread? #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ced1 surface4 #agbc4 ,hexa/ylus ?aletis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ba1 fig4 #d74 ,%ell ?9 wall$1 ) smoo? surface4 ,pores subregul>1 circul>1 hexagonally fram$1 some:at funnel-%ap$1 ( ! same bread? z ! b>s2 eight to n9e on ! radius4 ,six sp9es triangul> pyramidal1 ) prom95t edges1 z long z ! radius1 ?ree to f\r times z broad at ! base z "o pore4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4a1 pores & b>s #j4jje2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4je1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbe1 dep? #dege fa?oms4 #d4 ,hexa/ylus favosus1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 ) smoo? surface4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 hexagonally fram$1 deep funnel-%ap$1 ( ! same bread? z ! b>s2 six to sev5 on ! radius4 ,six sp9es triangul> pyramidal1 z long z ! diamet]1 twice z broad at ! base z "o pore4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ab1 pores & b>s #j4ja2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ab1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cbj1 surface4 #e4 ,hexa/ylus longissimus1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 ) smoo? surface4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 hexagonally fram$1 ( ! same bread? z ! b>s2 five to six on ! radius4 ,six sp9es triangul> prismatic1 extremely elongat$1 t5 to tw5ty times z long z ! diamet] ( ! %ell1 twice z broad z "o pore4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4jh1 pores & b>s #j4jjh2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #a4j to #a4e1 bread? #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdg1 surface4 #f4 ,hexa/ylus m9imus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ba1 fig4 #e74 ,%ell ?9 wall$1 ) smoo? surface4 ,pores subregul>1 circul>1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 five to six on ! radius4 ,six sp9es triangul> pyramidal1 sc>cely z long z ! radius1 at ! base half z broad z long4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4je1 pores #j4jjd1 b>s #j4jjb2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jb1 basal bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbe1 dep? #dege fa?oms4 #g4 ,hexa/ylus biantis1 n4 sp4 8 ,haliphormis hexacan?a1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahgb1 ,l4 ,n4 #bd1 ,taf4 x4 fig4 #f4 ,%ell ?9 wall$1 smoo?4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 eight to n9e on ! radius4 ,six sp9es conical1 z long z ! radius1 at ! base z broad z "o pore4 #agc;,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ab1 pores #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jf1 basal bread? #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,madagasc>1 surface1 ,rabbe4 #h4 ,hexa/ylus pittaci1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?9 wall$1 smoo?4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 t5 to twelve times z broad z ! b>s2 six to sev5 on ! radius4 ,six sp9es triangul> pyramidal1 z long z ! radius1 z broad z "o pore4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ab1 pores #j4jb1 b>s #j4jjb2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jf1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 #i4 ,hexa/ylus maximus1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 smoo?4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 twelve to sixte5 on ! radius4 ,six sp9es six-sid$ pyramidal1 half z long z ! radius1 ?ree times z broad z "o pore4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4c1 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jje2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jh1 basal bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #aj4 ,hexa/ylus p]i&ri1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 smoo?4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 d\ble-edg$1 f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 six to sev5 on ! radius4 ,six sp9es conical1 z long z ! radius1 twice z broad z "o pore4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4b1 pores #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4a1 basal bread? #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cce1 dep? #adbe fa?oms4 ,subg5us #b4 ,hexa/ylettus1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores regul> or subregul>1 ( ne>ly equal size & =m2 surface ( ! sph]ical %ell sp9y1 cov]$ ) num]\s conical or bri/le-%ap$ radial by-sp9es4 #aa4 ,hexa/ylus solonis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ba1 fig4 #aa74 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 cov]$ ) num]\s bri/le-%ap$ radial sp9es 7"o-?ird to "o-half z long z ! six ma9 sp9es1 aris+ f ! lattice-knots74 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 enclos$ by prom95t1 hexagonal frames1 f\r to six times z broad z ! b>s2 sev5 to eight on ! radius4 #agd,six ma9 sp9es triangul> pyramidal1 ) spirally contort$ prom95t edges1 z long z ! radius1 z broad at ! base z "o pore4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ac1 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjb2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jf to #j4h1 basal bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bff1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #ab4 ,hexa/ylus co*leatus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ba1 fig4 #a74 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 cov]$ ) num]\s %ort1 conical sp9es 7ab\t z l>ge z "o pore74 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 eight to n9e on ! radius4 ,six ma9 sp9es triangul> pyramidal1 ) prom95t1 spirally-twi/$ edges1 z long z ! diamet] ( ! %ell1 & twice z broad at ! base z "o pore4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ag1 pores #j4jae1 b>s #j4jje2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4af1 bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean1 ,corfu1 ,haeckel1 surface4 #ac4 ,hexa/ylus setosus1 ,haeckel4 ,acan?osphra setosa1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahgb1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #bhe1 ,taf4 ix4 fig4 #aa4 ,%ell ?9 wall$1 cov]$ ) num]\s %ort1 bri/le-%ap$ sp9es 7n l>g] ?an "o pore74 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 ?irte5 to sixte5 on ! radius4 ,six ma9 sp9es ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 sc>cely "o-?ird z long z ! radius4 7,9 ! figure ( ,ehr5b]g1 loc4 cit41 only f\r sp9es are 9 regul>1 cross$ disposition1 two o!rs opposite 9 oblique direction2 ?is is ei!r an individual abnormality1 or an error ( draw+2 ! same species occurs ) six sp9es exactly regul>ly dispos$ 9 ! ?ree dim5sive axes47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ae2 pores #j4jjh1 b>s #j4jjb2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jb to #j4jc1 basal bread? #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,zanzib>1 ,pull52 ,madagasc>1 ,rabbe4 #ad4 ,hexa/ylus *ilonis1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?9 wall$1 cov]$ ) num]\s bri/le-%ap$ sp9es 7z long z ! radius74 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 eight to n9e on ! radius4 ,six ma9 sp9es triangul> pyramidal1 ) /raight edges1 z long z ! diamet] ( ! %ell1 z broad z two pores4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4b1 pores #j4jb1 b>s #j4ja2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4b1 basal bread? #j4je4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cbe1 surface4 #ae4 ,hexa/ylus cleobuli1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 cov]$ ) num]\s %ort1 conical sp9es 7twice z l>ge z "o pore74 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 ( ! same bread? z ! b>s2 twelve to ?irte5 on ! radius4 ,six ma9 sp9es conical1 z long z ! radius1 ?ree times z broad z "o pore4 #age;,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4bd1 pores & b>s #j4jje2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ab1 basal bread? #j4jaf4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #cjj1 dep? #acge fa?oms4 ,subg5us #c4 ,hexa/ylissus1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores irregul>1 ( unequal size or =m2 surface ( ! sph]ical %ell smoo?1 )\t radial by-sp9es 7o!r ?an ! six ma9 sp9es74 #af4 ,hexa/ylus triaxonius1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ba1 fig4 #b74 ,%ell ?9 wall$1 ) smoo? surface4 ,pores irregul>1 polygonal1 ?ree to six times z broad z ! b>s2 f\r to six on ! radius4 ,six sp9es triangul> pyramidal1 z long z ! diamet] ( ! %ell1 z broad at ! base z "o pore4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4je1 pores #j4jjd to #j4jjh1 b>s #j4jjae2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jd1 basal bread? #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bec1 dep? #cabe fa?oms4 #ag4 ,hexa/ylus dim5sivus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ba1 fig4 #f74 ,%ell ?9 wall$1 ) smoo? surface4 ,pores irregul>1 polygonal1 f\r to eight times z broad z ! b>s2 elev5 to ?irte5 on ! radius4 ,six sp9es hexagonal pyramidal1 z long z ! radius1 ab\t ?ree times z broad at ! base z "o pore4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ac1 pores #j4jjf to #j4jji1 b>s #j4jjab2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jf1 basal bread? #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bef1 dep? #biej fa?oms4 #ah4 ,hexa/ylus brevisp9us1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?9 wall$1 ) smoo? surface4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 two to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 six to eight on ! radius4 ,six sp9es triangul> pyramidal1 half z long z ! radius1 twice z broad z "o pore4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4b1 pores #j4jjh to #j4jaf1 b>s #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4je1 basal bread? #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #ai4 ,hexa/ylus longisp9us1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 smoo?4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 two to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 ?ree to f\r on ! radius4 ,six sp9es triangul> prismatical1 two to ?ree times z long z ! diamet] ( ! %ell4 #agf;,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4jh1 pores #j4jjh to #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4b1 bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cec1 surface4 #bj4 ,hexa/ylus m>g9atus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ba1 fig4 #aj74 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 r\gh4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 some:at funnel-%ap$ d\ble-edg$1 two to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 twelve to f\rte5 on ! radius4 ,six sp9es ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 some:at long] ?an ! radius1 ?ree times z broad z "o pore4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ae1 pores #j4jjg to #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4a1 basal bread? #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bie1 dep? #aejj fa?oms4 #ba4 ,hexa/ylus conif]1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 r\gh4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 sc>cely broad] ?an ! b>s2 fifte5 to sixte5 on ! radius4 ,six sp9es conical1 z long z ! radius1 five to sev5 times z broad z "o pore4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ah1 pores & b>s #j4jjd to #j4jjf2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4a1 basal bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,sunda ,/rait1 ,rabbe1 surface4 ,subg5us #d4 ,hexa/ylurus1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores irregul>1 ( unequal size or =m2 surface ( ! sph]ical %ell sp9y1 cov]$ ) num]\s conical or bri/le-%ap$ by-sp9es4 #bb4 ,hexa/ylus dictyotus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ba1 figs4 #h1 #i74 ,%ell ?9 wall$1 sp9y2 %ort sp9es conical1 small] ?an ! pore-bread?4 ,pores irregul>1 polygonal1 five to sev5 times z broad z ! b>s2 f\r to six on ! radius4 ,six sp9es triangul> pyramidal1 long] ?an ! radius1 ab\t z broad z "o small] pore4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ji1 pores #j4ja to #j4jae1 b>s #j4jjb2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jf1 basal bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgb1 dep? #bfjj fa?oms4 #bc4 ,hexa/ylus hirsutus1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?9 wall$1 d5sely cov]$ ) bri/le-%ap$1 radial sp9es1 half z long z ! six ma9 sp9es4 ,pores irregul>1 polygonal1 ?ree to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 eight to t5 on ! radius4 ,six sp9es triangul> pyramidal1 z long z ! radius1 twice z broad z "o pore4 #agg;,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ad1 pores #j4jje to #j4jjh1 b>s #j4jjb2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jf1 basal bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 #bd4 ,hexa/ylus contortus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ba1 fig4 #ab74 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 cov]$ ) bri/le-%ap$1 radial sp9es1 half z long z ! radius4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 two to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 sev5 to eight on ! radius4 ,six sp9es triangul> prismatic1 9 ! di/al half spirally twi/$ l a cork-screw 7fig4 #ab72 long] ?an ! diamet] ( ! %ell1 ab\t z broad z "o pore4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ab1 pores #j4jjf to #j4jjh1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ae1 bread? #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfe1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #be4 ,hexa/ylus spiralis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ba1 fig4 #g74 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 cov]$ ) %ort conical sp9es4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 two to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 five to six on ! radius4 ,six sp9es triangul> prismatic1 ) ?ree ?91 spirally contort$ edges1 two to ?ree times z long z ! diamet] ( ! %ell1 ab\t z broad z "o l>ge pore4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4af1 pores #j4ja to #j4jb1 b>s #j4jjf2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4c to #j4e1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,we/]n ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbe1 dep? #ddge fa?oms4 ,g5us #gc4 ,hexa/yl>ium1#ajb n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,cubosphrida ) "o simple lattice-sph]e & six simple sp9es ( diff]5t sizes2 "o opposite pair l>g] ?an ! o!r two4 ,! g5us ,hexa/yl>ium diff]s f its probable ance/ral =m1 ,hexa/ylus1 by ! unequal gr[? ( ! six simple sp9es2 two opposite sp9es ( "o pair be+ m /rongly develop$ ?an ! f\r o!rs1 :i* are equal4 ,!y correspond !re=e to ! ?ree axes ( a quadratic cry/al4 #a4 ,hexa/yl>ium het]axonium1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 smoo?1 ) regul>1 hexagonal pores1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 eight to t5 on ! radius4 ,six sp9es ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 at ! base z broad z "o pore4 ,two opposite major sp9es long] ?an ! %ell diamet]2 f\r o!rs sc>cely z long z #agh! radius4 7,simil> to ,hexa/ylus phnaxonius1 ,pl4 #ba1 fig4 #c1 b diff]+ 9 ! unequal l5g? ( ! sp9es47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ae1 pores #j4ab1 b>s #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! two major sp9es #j4b1 ( ! f\r m9or #j4jg4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfe1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #b4 ,hexa/yl>ium quadratum1 n4 sp4 ,%ell v delicate1 ) smoo? surface1 & irregul>1 polygonal pores1 sep>at$ by v ?9 b>s4 ,! =m ( ! %ell is n1 z commonly1 a sph]e1 b a geometrical squ>e octah$ron1 "o axis 7) two opposite major sp9es7 be+ ne>ly twice z long z ! o!r two dim5sive axes2 f\r sp9es1 opposite by pairs 9 ! latt]1 are only half z long4 ,! eight sides ( ! octah$ral %ell are ev51 equilat]al-triangul>4 ,sp9es angul>1 ?94 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell 9 ! major axis #j4ah1 9 ! m9or #j4a2 l5g? ( ! major sp9es #j4bd1 m9or #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bie1 dep? #aejj fa?oms4 #c4 ,hexa/yl>ium elongatum1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 ) sp9y surface1 & ) irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 two to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 eight to t5 on ! radius4 ,two opposite major sp9es1 ?ree to f\r times z long z ! %ell diamet]1 :il/ ! f\r o!r sp9es are v %ort1 sc>cely z long z ! radius4 ,all six sp9es at ! base ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 ! two long] be+ cyl9drical4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4a2 l5g? ( ! major sp9es #j4c to #j4d1 ( ! m9or #j4jd1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdd1 surface4 ,g5us #gd4 ,hexa/ylidium1#ajc ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dej4 ,def9ition4--,cubosphrida ) "o simple lattice-sph]e & six simple sp9es 9 pairs diff]5t2 ! two opposite sp9es ( ea* pair equal1 ! ?ree pairs unequal4 ,! g5us ,hexa/ylidium diff]s f its probable ance/ral =m1 ,hexa/ylus1 by ! unequal gr[? ( ! six simple sp9es2 ! two sp9es ( ea* pair rea*+ ! same dim5sions1 :il/ ! ?ree pairs are diff]5t4 ,!y correspond !re=e to ! ?ree axes ( a rhombic cry/al4 #a4 ,hexa/ylidium rhomboides1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?9 wall$1 smoo?1 ) irregul>1 polygonal pores & v ?9 b>s4 ,its =m is n1 z commonly1 a sph]e1 b a rhombic octah$ron4 ,! radial proportion ( ! ?ree unequal #agi;dim5sive axes #a 3 #b 3 #d4 ,! radial proportion ( ! ?ree pairs ( sp9es #a 3 #c 3 #h4 ,sp9es ?9 cyl9drical1 at ! base angul>4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! major %ell axis #j4b1 middle #j4a1 m9or #j4je2 l5g? ( ! major sp9es #j4c1 middle #j4ab1 m9or #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,madagasc>1 ,rabbe1 surface4 #b4 ,hexa/ylidium spirale1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 sph]ical1 ?orny1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 ?ree to five times z broad z ! b>s2 six sp9es v /\t1 prismatic 7z broad z "o l>ge pore71 ) ?ree r+-l1 spirally convolut$ edges4 ,two opposite major sp9es ( extraord9>y l5g?1 t5 to twelve times z long z ! %ell diamet]1 ! two middle opposite sp9es be+ ab\t z long z ! latt]1 ! two m9or sc>cely "o-?ird z long4 7,simil> to ,hexa/ylus spiralis1 ,pl4 #ba1 fig4 #g1 b di/+ui%$ by ! v unequal l5g? ( ! sp9es47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ab2 l5g? ( ! major sp9es #a to #a4e mm41 middle #j4ae1 m9or #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bff1 surface4 ,subfamily ,,hexalon*ida1#ajd ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 pp4 #ddi1 #dea4 ,def9ition4--,cubosphrida ) two conc5tric sph]ical lattice-%ells4 ,g5us #ge4 ,hexalon*e1#aje ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dea4 ,def9ition4--,cubosphrida ) two conc5tric lattice-sph]es & six simple sp9es ( equal size4 ,! g5us ,hexalon*e is ! mo/ simple =m1 & probably ! common ance/ral =m1 ( all ,hexalon*ida1 or ^? ,cubosphrida :i* possess two conc5tric lattic$ sph]es1 connect$ by six radial beams4 ,commonly "o %ell is intracapsul> 7m$ull>y %ell7 & ! o!r extracapsul> 7cortical %ell72 b sometimes also bo? %ells are extracapsul>1 & ^! =ms may p]haps be bett] sep>at$ z a peculi> g5us ,hexadilemma4 ,9 ,hexalon*e all six simple sp9es are ( equal size1 & opposite by pairs 9 ?ree equal dim5sive axes1 correspond+ to ! ?ree equal axes ( a tess]al cry/al4 ,x c be d]iv$ f ,hexa/ylus by duplication ( ! lattice-%ell4 ,subg5us #a4 ,hexalon*>a1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! cortical %ell regul> or subregul>1 ( ne>ly equal size & simil> =m2 surface smoo?1 )\t radial by-sp9es 7o!r ?an ! six ma9 sp9es74 #ahja4 ,hexalon*e phnaxonia1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 smoo?2 its pores regul>1 hexagonal1 six to eight times z broad z ! b>s2 eight to t5 to twelve on ! radius4 ,m$ull>y %ell "o-?ird z broad1 ) regul>1 hexagonal pores ( half size4 ,six sp9es triangul> pyramidal1 z long z ! radius ( ! %ell1 at ! base z broad z "o pore4 7,diff]s f ,hexa/ylus phnaxonius1 ,pl4 #ba1 fig4 #c1 only 9 ! m$ull>y %ell & ! six inn] radial beams1 connect+ x ) ! cortical %ell47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ae1 pores #j4ja to #j4jae1 b>s #j4jae to #j4jb2 inn] %ell #j4je2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jh1 basal bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ations #bff to #bga1 dep? #bdbe to #bibe fa?oms4 #b4 ,hexalon*e rosetta1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #be1 figs4 #c1 #c;a1 #c;b74 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 smoo?1 two & a half "t z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores ( ! latt] 7fig4 #c;a7 regul> circul>2 eight to t5 on ! half m]idian1 ab\t z broad z ! b>s betwe5 !m4 ,pores ( ! out] %ell regul>1 hexagonal1 rem>kable = a v peculi> =m & arrangem5t4 ,9 ! transv]se section ( ! %ell 7fig4 #c;b7 !y appe> z n>r[1 hexagonal prismatic canals1 twice z high z broad1 & f\r to five times z broad z ! ?9 elevat$ b>s betwe5 !m4 ,e sev5 me%es =m toge!r a l>g]1 regul> hexagon 7six pores surr\nd+ "o c5tral pore74 ,! p]iph]y ( ^! l>g]1 rosette-l hexagons projects m /rongly f ! surface ?an ! walls betwe5 ! small] hexagons4 ,on ! half m]idian ( ! %ell may be c\nt$ six to sev5 l>g] & eighte5 to tw5ty small] hexagons4 ,! six radial beams betwe5 ! two %ells are ?91 ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 n broad] ?an ! b>s ( ! network1 ! prom95t prolongations ( :i* =m six v /rong sp9es ( peculi> club-l %ape 7fig4 #c71 z long z ! radius ( ! out] %ell4 ,! ?ree w+s ( ! club are l[] 9 ! inn]1 high] 9 ! out] half2 ! broade/ "p ( ! sp9e 7at ! base & 9 ! out] ?ird7 is z broad z a hexagonal rosette 7equal to ?ree me%es ( ! out] %ell72 its out] apex is pyramidal4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ac1 pores #j4jjh to #j4ja1 b>s #j4jb2 inn] %ell #j4je2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jg1 di/al bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,we/ ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbe1 dep? #ddge fa?oms4 #c4 ,hexalon*e favosa1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 smoo?1 f\r times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores ( ! =m] regul> circul>1 hexagonally fram$1 deep funnel-%ap$1 ( ! same bread? z ! b>s2 six to eight on ! radius4 ,six sp9es triangul>-pyramidal1 z long z ! radius1 at ! base twice z broad z "o pore4 7,diff]s f ! simil> ,hexa/ylus favosus ma9ly 9 ! possession ( a m$ull>y %ell47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4af1 pores & b>s #j4jab2 inn] %ell #j4jd2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jh1 basal bread? #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,equatorial ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdh1 dep? #bdej fa?oms2 also fossil 9 ,b>bados4 #ahad4 ,hexalon*e octah$ra1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bb1 figs4 #h1 #h;a74 ,cortical %ell a regul> octah$ron1 ?9 wall$1 ) twelve m or less r\nd$ edges 7betwe5 ! bases ( ! sp9es71 & ) smoo? surface1 ?ree times z broad z ! sph]ical m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores ( ! =m] regul> circul> 7?ree times z l>ge z ^? ( ! latt]71 f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 five to sev5 on ! radius4 ,six sp9es ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 ) ?ick5$ base & cuspidat$ end1 some:at long] ?an ! radius1 & once to twice z broad z "o pore4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4aa1 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjbe2 inn] %ell #j4jd2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jh1 b>s #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgb1 dep? #bfjj fa?oms4 #e4 ,hexalon*e conicornis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bb1 fig4 #b74 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 smoo?1 ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores ( bo? sph]es regul> circul>1 ?ree to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 ^? ( ! ?ick wall$ out] %ell six to sev5 on ! radius1 twice z l>ge z ^? ( ! ?9 wall$ inn] %ell2 six radial beams betwe5 ! two sph]es1 v ?91 cyl9drical2 six sp9es %ort1 conical1 sc>cely z long z ! radius ( ! out] %ell1 at ! base twice z broad z "o pore4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ab to #j4ad1 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjc2 inn] %ell #j4jd to #j4je2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jd to #j4jf1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #f4 ,hexalon*e curvicornis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #be1 fig4 #d74 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 smoo?1 n mu* l>g] ?an ! m$ull>y %ell 7 #d 3 #c74 ,pores ( bo? sph]es regul> circul>1 ne>ly ( ! same size1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s betwe5 !m2 sev5 to n9e on ! radius4 ,six sp9es ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 inside & outside ( ! ext]ior %ell ( equal ?ickness1 twice z broad z "o pore1 long] ?an ! diamet] ( ! out] %ell1 & 9 a s+ul> mann] curv$ l an ox horn2 ! ?ree edges ( ea* horn some:at spirally twi/$4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4af1 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjc2 inn] %ell #j4ab2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4b1 bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bff1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #g4 ,hexalon*e brevicornis1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 smoo?1 ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores ( ! =m] regul> circul>1 d\ble-edg$1 six to eight times z broad z ! ?9 b>s1 five to six on ! radius4 ,six sp9es triangul> pyramidal1 z broad z "o pore & only twice z long4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ad1 pores #j4jb1 b>s #j4jjc2 inn] %ell #j4jde2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4je1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bec1 dep? #cabe fa?oms4 #ahbh4 ,hexalon*e gr&is1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 smoo?1 f\r times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores ( ! out] %ell regul> circul>1 f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 ?irte5 to fifte5 on ! radius4 ,six sp9es conical1 sc>cely half z long z ! radius1 at ! base z broad z "o pore4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4b to #j4cb1 pores #j4ja to #j4jb1 b>s #j4jjc to #j4jje2 inn] %ell #j4jf to #j4jh2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jf1 bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 ,subg5us #b4 ,hexalon*etta1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! cortical %ell regul> or subregul>1 ( ne>ly equal size & simil> =m2 surface cov]$ ) num]\s conical or bri/le-%ap$ radial by-sp9es4 #i4 ,hexalon*e amphisiphon1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #be1 figs4 #b1 #b;a1 #b;b74 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 arm$ ) v num]\s bri/le-%ap$1 radial by-sp9es1 a qu>t] to a half z long z ! six ma9 sp9es4 ,pores regul> hexagonal1 twelve to f\rte5 on ! radius1 ) v ?9 b>s1 prolong$ on ! out] z well z ! inn] surface into a %ort truncat$ conical tube 7,pl4 #be1 fig4 #b;b74 ,m$ull>y %ell octah$ral1 ) irregul> polygonal me%es & v ?9 b>s betwe5 !m 7fig4 #b;a71 connect$ ) ! out] 7six to eight times l>g]7 %ell by six v ?9 radial beams4 ,^! are prolong$ outside into six /rong pyramidal sp9es1 ne>ly z long z ! diamet] ( ! out] %ell1 ) %>p /raight edges1 at ! base twice z broad z "o pore4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ae1 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jja2 inn] %ell #j4jb2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ab1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 #aj4 ,hexalon*e anaxim&ri1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bb1 fig4 #e74 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 cov]$ ) %ort conical sp9es 7small] ?an ! pores71 ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores ( ! out] %ell subregul> hexagonal1 f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 five to sev5 on ! radius4 ,inn] %ell ) regul> hexagonal pores ( half ! size1 connect$ ) ! out] by six /rong1 ?ree-sid$ prismatic beams1 :i* are prolong$ outside into six v /\t pyramidal sp9es1 ) ?ree prom95t edges1 long] ?an ! radius & twice z broad z "o pore4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ab1 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjbe2 inn] %ell #j4jd2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jg1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgb1 dep? #bfjj fa?oms4 #ahcaa4 ,hexalon*e octocolpa1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bb1 figs4 #f1 #f;a74 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 ne>ly octah$ral1 ) eight hemisph]ical or bosom-%ap$ vault+s1 correspond+ to ! eight faces ( a regul> octah$ron1 ! ?ree axes ( :i* are indicat$ by ! six sp9es4 ,surface cov]$ ) %ort bri/le-%ap$ sp9es4 ,pores regul> hexagonal1 t5 to fifte5 times z broad z ! ?9 b>s2 sev5 to n9e on ! radius4 ,m$ull>y %ell 7fig4 #f;a7 sph]ical1 ) regul> circul> pores1 "o-?ird z broad z ! cortical %ell1 & connect$ ) x by six /rong triangul> radial beams1 :i* are prolong$ outside into pyramidal sp9es1 "o-?ird z long z ! %ell diamet]4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4b1 pores #j4jc1 b>s #j4jjb2 inn] %ell #j4jf2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jf1 bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgd1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #ab4 ,hexalon*e cri/ata1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 f\r times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 & cov]$ ) %ort conical sp9es aris+ f ! nodal po9ts ( elevat$ cre/s :i* =m regul> hexagonal frames ar\nd ! funnel-%ap$ circul> pores4 ,^! are two to ?ree times z broad z ! cre/$ b>s2 eight to t5 on ! radius4 ,six sp9es ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 ) /rong prom95t edges1 ab\t z long z ! radius ( ! %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4af to #j4b1 pores #j4ja to #j4jae1 b>s #j4jjc to #j4jje2 inn] %ell #j4jd to #j4je2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jh to #j4ab1 basal bread? #j4ja to #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bff to #bgd1 dep? #bcej to #bibe fa?oms4 #ac4 ,hexalon*e s]rata1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 f\r times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) sp9y surface4 ,pores regul> circul>1 twice z broad z ! b>s1 five to sev5 on ! radius1 funnel-%ap$1 sep>at$ by hexagonal frames1 ! %>p cre/s ( :i* are s]rat$2 at ! nodal-po9ts long] bri/le-%ap$ by-sp9es4 ,six ma9 sp9es triangul> prismatic1 long] ?an ! diamet] ( ! %ell1 twice z broad z "o pore4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ae1 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jje2 inn] %ell #j4jd2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4b1 bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccb1 dep? #bbjj fa?oms4 #ad4 ,hexalon*e anaxim5is1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #be1 fig4 #e74 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 twice z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 & cov]$ ) %ort conical by-sp9es4 ,pores regul> circul>1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 five to six on ! radius4 ,circul> pores ( ! m$ull>y %ell "o-?ird z broad4 ,radial ma9 sp9es conical1 ne>ly z long z ! radius ( ! %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4a1 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jje2 inn] %ell #j4je2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jd1 basal bread? #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgb1 dep? #bfjj fa?oms4 #ahdae4 ,hexalon*e asp]a1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 & cov]$ ) %ort conical sp9es4 ,pores regul> circul>1 f\r to six times z broad z ! b>s2 eight to t5 on ! radius4 ,radial sp9es conical1 ab\t z long z ! diamet] ( ! %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ab1 pores #j4jh1 b>s #j4jjae2 inn] %ell #j4jd2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4a1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #cjj1 dep? #acge fa?oms4 #af4 ,hexalon*e ca/anella1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 five times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 & cov]$ ) num]\s %ort conical sp9es4 ,pores regul> circul>1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 t5 to twelve on ! radius4 ,radial sp9es triangul> pyramidal1 ab\t z long z ! radius ( ! %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4bb1 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jje2 inn] %ell #j4jde2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ab1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cec1 dep? #cabe fa?oms4 ,subg5us #c4 ,hexalon*illa1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! cortical %ell irregul>1 ( unequal size or =m2 surface smoo?1 )\t radial by-sp9es 7o!r ?an ! six ma9 sp9es74 #ag4 ,hexalon*e hexacan?a1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma hexacan?um1 ,j4 ,mll]1 #aheh1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #ce1 ,taf4 iv4 fig4 #e4 ,haliomma hexacan?um1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dcj4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 smoo?1 ) irregul> polygonal pores 7commonly hexagonal or p5tagonal71 two to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 eight to t5 on ! radius4 ,m$ull>y %ell "o qu>t] z broad1 connect$ ) ! =m] by six ?9 radial beams :i* are prolong$ outside into six triangul> pyramidal sp9es 7n quadrangul>1 z ,mll] describes71 long] ?an ! radius ( ! %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4b1 pores #j4ja to #j4jae1 b>s #j4jje2 inn] %ell #j4je2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ae1 basal bread? #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a1 ,nice1 ,g5oa74 #ah4 ,hexalon*e geometrica1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 smoo?1 ) v peculi> geometrical =mation ( its network1 ! pores ( :i* are ( v diff]5t size & =m1 b highly regul> disposition4 ,ea* ( ! six #ahetriangul> sp9es is surr\nd$ at ! base by ?ree small r\ndi% pores 7betwe5 ! ?ree w+s ( its base71 & fur!r by a coronal ( six v l>ge pores1 ?ree ( :i* are p5tagonal1 & ! o!r ?ree 7alt]nat+7 heptagonal4 ,! six basal coronals are sep>at$ by irregul> small] pores4 ,m$ull>y %ell ?9 wall$1 ) regul> hexagonal pores 7?ree on ! radius7 & ?9 b>s1 connect$ ) ! out] %ell by six ?9 triangul> prismatic radial beams1 :i* are prolong$ outside into %ort pyramidal sp9es 7half z long z ! radius74 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4b1 ?irty-six l>g] pores ( ! coronals #j4jc to #j4jd1 small] pores betwe5 !m #j4ja to #j4jb1 b>s #j4jje2 inn] %ell #j4je 7) pores ( #j4jjh72 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4je1 basal bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 (f ,bu5os ,ayres1 ,/ation #cbc1 dep? #aijj fa?oms4 #ai4 ,hexalon*e py?agora1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bb1 fig4 #a74 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 smoo?1 ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores irregul> r\ndi%1 twice to eight times z broad z ! b>s1 ( v diff]5t size2 usually 9 ! space betwe5 e ?ree sp9es are ?ree or six l>g] pores1 sep>at$ by num]\s small] pores 7(t5 ! disposition ( ! l>g] pores is mu* m regul> ?an 9 ! figur$ specim574 ,m$ull>y %ell ) regul> circul> pores1 connect$ ) ! out] by six v ?9 radial beams1 :i* are prolong$ outside into six %ort triangul> pyramidal sp9es ab\t z long & broad z ! half radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ab1 pores #j4jjh to #j4jc1 b>s #j4jjd2 inn] %ell #j4jd2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jd1 basal bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 #bj4 ,hexalon*e ari/>*i1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bb1 fig4 #c74 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 smoo?1 f\r times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores irregul> polygonal1 ( v v>iable size & =m1 twice to six times z broad z ! b>s2 six to t5 on ! radius4 ,m$ull>y %ell ) regul> hexagonal pores1 connect$ ) ! out] by six v ?9 radial beams1 :i* are prolong$ outside into six triangul> pyramidal sp9es1 ne>ly z long z ! radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4a1 pores #j4jje to #j4jb1 b>s #j4jjc2 inn] %ell #j4jbe2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4je1 basal bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bda1 dep? #bcjj fa?oms4 #ba4 ,hexalon*e ekphanta1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 smoo?1 f\r times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores irregul> r\ndi%1 ( v v>iable size & =m1 twice to six times z broad z ! b>s1 t5 to fifte5 on ! radius4 ,six sp9es cyl9dro-conical1 long] ?an ! diamet] ( ! %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4b1 pores #j4jjd to #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjb2 inn] %ell #j4je2 l5g? ( ! sp9e #j4c1 basal bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,sunda ,/rait1 surface1 ,rabbe4 #ahf,subg5us #d4 ,hexalon*usa1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! cortical %ell irregul>1 ( diff]5t size or =m2 surface cov]$ ) num]\s conical or bri/le-%ap$1 radial by-sp9es4 #bb4 ,hexalon*e philosophica1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bb1 fig4 #d74 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 cov]$ ) %ort conical sp9es1 ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores irregul> polygonal1 or m r\ndi%1 twice to six times z broad z ! b>s2 six to eight on ! radius4 ,inn] %ell ( ! same /ructure1 pores ?ree times small]1 connect$ ) ! out] by six v ?9 radial beams1 :i* are prolong$ outside into six /rong1 triangul> pyramidal sp9es1 z long z ! radius4 7,simil> to ,hexalon*e anaxim&ri1 ,pl4 #bb1 fig4 #e1 b diff]5t 9 ! irregul> network & ! %ort] by-sp9es47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4aa1 pores #j4jje to #j4jae1 b>s #j4jjbe2 inn] %ell #j4jd2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jf1 bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,fre ,*annel1 ,john ,murray2 ,icel&1 ,krabbe1 surface4 #bc4 ,hexalon*e seleuci1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 cov]$ ) num]\s %ort1 bri/le-%ap$ sp9es4 ,pores ( v diff]5t size & =m1 & ( a peculi>1 subregul> disposition1 simil> to ^? ( ,hexalon*e geometrica 7?\gh 9 ?is case m regul>74 ,ea* ( ! six triangul> ma9 sp9es 7:i* rea* ne>ly ! l5g? ( ! radius7 is surr\nd$ at ! base by ?ree small r\ndi% pores1 & ^! are fur!r supplem5t$ by a coronal ( six v l>ge polygonal pores2 ! six coronals are sep>at$ by irregul> r[s ( small] pores4 ,inn] %ell equal to "o-?ird ( ! out]4 ,six ma9 sp9es pyramidal1 z long z ! radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4af1 l>g] pores #j4jc to #j4jd1 small] pores #j4ja to #j4jb1 b>s #j4je to #j4ja2 inn] %ell #j4je2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jh1 basal bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ced1 surface4 #bd4 ,hexalon*e sexaculeata1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma sexaculeatum1 ,/hr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #hg1 ,taf4 i4 fig4 #h4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 twice z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 & cov]$ ) %ort conical sp9es4 ,pores irregul> polygonal 7mo/ly hexagonal71 twice to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 six to eight on ! radius4 ,six sp9es triangul>-pyramidal 7n quadrangul>71 some:at long] ?an ! radius ( ! %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4aa1 pores #j4jf to #j4jh1 b>s #j4jc2 inn] %ell #j4jf2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jg1 basal bread? #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,sicily1 ,grotte1 ,caltanisetta4 #ahgbe4 ,hexalon*e h]acliti1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bb1 fig4 #g74 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 cov]$ ) bun*es ( small sp9es1 ea* bun* at ! nodule po9t betwe5 e ?ree pores compos$ ( f\r to eight conical sp9ules4 ,pores irregul> r\ndi%1 twice to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 f\r to six on ! radius4 ,inn] %ell equal to "o-?ird ( ! out]1 connect$ ) x by six ?9 radial beams1 :i* are prolong$ outside into six /rong triangul> sp9es ab\t z long z ! radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ae1 pores #j4jae to #j4jc1 b>s #j4jh2 inn] %ell #j4je2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jf1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,madagasc>1 ,rabbe1 surface4 #bf4 ,hexalon*e x5ophanis1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 cov]$ ) num]\s %ort conical sp9es1 f\r times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores irregul> circul>1 twice to eight times z broad z ! b>s2 five to sev5 on ! radius4 ,six sp9es conical or m cyl9drical1 z long z ! diamet] ( ! %ell or long]4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4af to #j4bd1 pores #j4ja to #j4jd1 b>s #j4jje2 inn] %ell #j4jd to #j4jf2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4b to #j4c1 bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ations #bff to #bgb1 surface4 #bg4 ,hexalon*e setosa1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 cov]$ ) num]\s bri/le-%ap$ sp9es1 half z long z ! six ma9 sp9es4 ,pores irregul> r\ndi%1 twice to five times z broad z ! b>s2 t5 to twelve on ! radius4 ,inn] %ell equal to "o-fif? ( ! out]4 ,six sp9es conical1 z long z ! radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4be1 pores #j4jjh to #j4jb1 b>s #j4jjd2 inn] %ell #j4je2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ab1 basal bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bia1 surface4 #bh4 ,hexalon*e hy/ric9a1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #be1 fig4 #f74 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 cov]$ ) num]\s bri/le-%ap$ sp9es1 half z long z ! six ma9 sp9es4 ,pores irregul> r\ndi%1 twice to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 five to sev5 on ! radius4 ,m$ull>y %ell ) v small circul> pores1 "o-f\r? ( ! cortical %ell1 connect$ ) x by six ?9 prismatic radial beams1 :i* are prolong$ outside into six /rong1 %ort1 ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 cuspidat$ sp9es1 only half z long z ! radius ( ! out] %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4b1 pores #j4jae to #j4jc1 b>s #j4jjh2 inn] %ell #j4je2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4je1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,sunda ,/rait1 surface1 ,rabbe4 #ahh;,g5us #gf4 ,hexanci/ra1#ajf ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dea4 ,def9ition4--,cubosphrida ) two conc5tric lattice-sph]es & six bran*$ sp9es ( equal size4 ,! g5us ,hexanci/ra diff]s f its ance/ral =m1 ,hexalon*e1 9 ! ramification ( ! six radial sp9es4 ,^! are v diff]5t 9 ! two subg5]a2 9 ,hexancora ea* sp9e be>s only ?ree simple lat]al bran*es1 :ile 9 ,hexapitys !re are ?ree r[s ( v]ticillate lat]al bran*es on ea* sp9e4 ,subg5us #a4 ,hexancora1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,ea* radial sp9e ) ?ree simple lat]al bran*es only 7"o bran* f ea* edge ( ! triangul> sp9e74 #a4 ,hexanci/ra tricuspis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bb1 fig4 #i74 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 cov]$ ) %ort conical by-sp9es1 ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell2 its pores regul> circul>1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 t5 to twelve on ! radius4 ,pores ( ! m$ull>y %ell half z l>ge1 also regul> circul>4 ,! two %ells connect$ by six ?9 prismatic radial beams1 :i* are prolong$ outside into six v /\t ma9 sp9es1 ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 z long z ! %ell diamet]1 ) ?ree ?9 w+-l edges4 ,ea* edge at ! di/al end prolong$ into a /rong curv$ lat]al bran*4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ac1 inn] #j4d2 cortical pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjc2 m$ull>y pores #j4jje1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! six sp9es #j4ac1 bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bff1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #b4 ,hexanci/ra ancorata1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 smoo?1 twice z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell2 its pores regul> circul>1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 six to eight on ! radius4 ,six radial sp9es1 ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 z long z ! %ell radius1 ) ?ree recurv$ lat]al bran*es at ! di/al end l ! ?ree tee? ( an an*or4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4a1 inn] #j4je2 cortical pores #j4jjf1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! six sp9es #j4je1 bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bif1 dep? #ahbe fa?oms4 #c4 ,hexanci/ra tris]rata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bb1 fig4 #aj74 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 ?orny1 twice to ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell2 ! two %ells connect$ by six /rong triangul> beams4 ,inn] %ell sph]ical1 ) v small1 regul>1 circul> #ahipores2 t5 to twelve on ! half m]idian4 ,b>s z broad z ! pores4 ,out] %ell regul>ly octah$ral1 ) eight triangul> p]fectly regul> ev5 faces1 sep>at$ by eight prom95t edges2 ! me%es circul>1 regul>1 ab\t twelve to f\rte5 on ! half m]idian1 two to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s betwe5 !m4 ,six /rong radial sp9es1 ab\t z long z ! diamet] ( ! out] %ell1 ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 cuspidate2 _! ?ree edges prom95t1 s]rate1 spirally twi/$4 ,ea* sp9e be>s ab\t its middle ?ree /rong flatt5$ lat]al bran*es1 ne>ly p]p5dicul> to x1 n s]rat$1 & slightly curv$4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ac1 inn] #j4jde2 pores ( ! =m] #j4ja1 ( ! latt] #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! sp9e #j4ab1 bread? #j4jad4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgd1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #d4 ,hexanci/ra quadricuspis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bb1 fig4 #aa74 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 cov]$ ) %ort bri/le-%ap$ by-sp9es1 ?ree & a half times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores ( ! latt] regul> circul>1 small2 pores ( ! =m] ?ree to six times z l>ge1 v irregul>1 r\ndi%1 d\ble-edg$4 ,six radial sp9es1 ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 ab\t z long z ! %ell diamet]1 ) ?ree w+-l1 slightly twi/$ edges1 :i* are prolong$ t[>ds ! di/al end into ?ree curv$ horn-%ap$ bran*es4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ag1 inn] #j4je2 cortical pores #j4ja to #j4jc1 b>s #j4jje2 m$ull>y pores #j4jjc1 b>s #j4jja2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ae1 bread? #j4jac4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 ,subg5us #b4 ,hexapitys1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dea4 ,def9ition4--,ea* radial sp9e ) ?ree r[s ( v]ticillate lat]al bran*es 7a r[ aris+ f ea* edge ( ! sp9e74 #e4 ,hexanci/ra mirabilis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bc1 fig4 #c74 ,hexapitys mirabilis1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dea4 ,cortical %ell v ?9 wall$1 ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,inn] %ell sph]ical1 ) v delicate1 subregul> hexagonal me%es2 sev5 to eight on ! half diamet]4 ,out] %ell octah$ral1 ) irregul> polygonal me%es ( v diff]5t size2 on ! surface num]\s ?9 accessory radial sp9es1 equal 9 l5g? to its radius4 ,six ma9 sp9es1 extremely long & /\t1 _m times long] ?an ! diamet] ( ! out] %ell1 ne>ly z broad z ! radius ( ! inn] %ell1 ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 ) %>p1 prom95t1 spirally twi/$ edges2 on e edge a great numb] ( ?9 lat]al bran*es1 arrang$ p]p5dicul>ly to x1 z long z ! diamet] ( ! out] %ell1 & p9nat$ by t5 to tw5ty pairs ( delicate second>y sp9ules1 bis]ial & p]p5dicul> to ! prim>y bran*es4 7,9 ! figur$ specim5 ! sph]ical c5tral capsule1 betwe5 bo? %ells1 0 well pres]v$2 its nucleus ne>ly fill$ ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,! ?ick jelly-veil ar\nd x 0 radially /rip$ & octah$ral47 #aij;,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ac1 ( ! inn] #j4je2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4e to #j4h or m1 bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 ,g5us #gg4 ,hexalon*>ium1#ajg n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,cubosphrida ) two conc5tric lattice-sph]es & six simple sp9es ( diff]5t sizes2 "o opposite pair l>g] ?an ! two o!rs4 ,! g5us ,hexalon*>ium exhibits ! same relation to its ance/ral =m1 ,hexalon*e1 t ,hexa/yl>ium be>s to ,hexa/ylus4 ,two opposite sp9es ( "o pair are l>g] ?an ! f\r o!rs1 & correspond to ! ?ree axes ( a quadratic cry/al4 #a4 ,hexalon*>ium octah$rum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell smoo?1 ?ree to f\r times z broad z ! sph]ical m$ull>y %ell1 ea* hav+ regul> circul> pores1 twice to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s4 ,=m ( ! out] %ell n a sph]e1 b a regul> octah$ron1 ) eight congru5t1 equilat]al triangul> ev5 faces4 ,two opposite sp9es twice z long z ! %ell diamet]1 :il/ ! f\r o!rs are sc>cely equal to x4 ,basal bread? ( all six ! same 7?ree times z l>ge z "o pore72 =m1 ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 ) cuspidate di/al end4 7,simil> to ,hexalon*e octah$ra1 ,pl4 #bb1 fig4 #h1 b di/9ct 9 ! unequal l5g? ( ! sp9es47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4af1 inn] #j4jde2 l5g? ( ! major sp9e #j4c1 m9or #j4ab1 basal bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccb1 dep? #bbjj fa?oms4 #b4 ,hexalon*>ium philosophicum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell sph]ical1 cov]$ ) %ort conical by-sp9es1 twice z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell2 bo? ) regul> circul> pores ?ree to f\r times z broad z ! b>s4 ,two major sp9es cyl9drical1 ) conical apex1 ?ree times z long z ! f\r o!rs1 :i* are conical & ab\t z long z ! %ell radius2 basal bread? ( all six ! same 7equal to "o pore74 ,simil> to ,hexalon*e anaxim5is 7,pl4 #be1 fig4 #e71 b di/9ct 9 ! enorm\s prolongation ( two opposite sp9es4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ab1 inn] #j4jf2 l5g? ( ! two major sp9es #j4b1 ( ! f\r m9or #j4jf1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfg1 dep? #bgjj fa?oms4 #aiac4 ,hexalon*>ium hy/ric9um1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell sph]ical1 ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 & d5sely cov]$ ) oblique bri/le-%ap$ by-sp9es4 ,pores irregul> r\ndi%4 ,two opposite major sp9es ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 long] ?an ! %ell diamet]2 f\r m9or sp9es pyramidal1 sc>cely half z long z ! %ell radius4 7,some:at simil> to ,hexalon*e hy/ric9a1 b di/9ct 9 ! prolongation ( two major sp9es47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ae1 inn] #j4je2 l5g? ( ! two major sp9es #j4b1 f\r m9or #j4jc1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bhh1 surface4 ,g5us #gh4 ,hexalon*idium1#ajh ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dea4 ,def9ition4--,cubosphrida ) two conc5tric lattice-sph]es & six simple sp9es ( diff]5t sizes 9 pairs2 ! two opposite sp9es ( ea* pair equal1 ! ?ree pairs unequal4 ,! g5us ,hexalon*idium exhibits ! same relation to ,hexalon*e t ,hexa/ylidium be>s to ,hexa/ylus2 ! gr[? ( ! ?ree sp9e-pairs is diff]5t1 :il/ bo? sp9es ( ea* pair are equal2 !y correspond !re=e to ! ?ree axes ( a rhombic cry/al4 #a4 ,hexalon*idium axonometrum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 cov]$ ) %ort bri/le-%ap$ by-sp9es1 twice z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell2 bo? ) regul> hexagonal me%es1 twice to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s 7inn] me%es half z broad z ! out]74 ,all ?ree sp9e-pairs ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 ( v diff]5t l5g? b ( equal bread? 7equal to ?ree pores74 ,major sp9e-pair twice z long z ! %ell diamet]2 middle pair ab\t equal to ! latt]1 m9or sc>cely half z long4 7,simil> to ,hexalon*e anaxim&ri1 ,pl4 #bb1 fig4 #e1 b di/9ct 9 ! diff]5t l5g? ( ! sp9es47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ab1 inn] #j4jf2 l5g? ( ! major sp9es #j4be1 middle #j4a1 m9or #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,madagasc>1 surface1 ,rabbe4 ,subfamily ,,hexacontida1#aji ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 pp4 #ddi1 #deb4 ,def9ition4--,cubosphrida ) ?ree conc5tric1 sph]ical1 or octah$ral lattice-%ells4 #aib;,g5us #gi4 ,hexacontium1 ,haeckel1#aaj #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deb4 ,def9ition4--,%ell ) ?ree conc5tric lattice-sph]es & six simple sp9es ( equal size4 ,! g5us ,hexacontium1 ! ance/ral =m ( ! ,hexacontida1 is probably d]iv$ f ,hexalon*e by duplication ( ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,z 9 ! latt]1 all six sp9es are ( equal size1 opposite 9 pairs 9 ! ?ree dim5sive axes1 & correspond !re=e to ! ?ree equal axes ( a tess]al cry/al4 ,subg5us #a4 ,hexacontanna1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! cortical %ell regul> or subregul>1 ( ne>ly equal size & simil> =m2 surface smoo?1 )\t radial sp9es or papill 7o!r ?an ! six ma9 sp9es74 #a4 ,hexacontium phnaxonium1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 smoo?2 its pores regul> hexagonal1 six to n9e times z broad z ! b>s2 twelve to sixte5 on ! radius4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #a 3 #b 3 #d4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells ( ! same /ructure z ! cortical %ell1 only ) small] pores4 ,! ?ree sph]es connect$ by six ?9 radial beams1 :i* are prolong$ on ! outside into six /rong triangul> pyramidal sp9es1 z long z ! radius ( ! cortical %ell1 &1 at ! base1 z broad z "o ( its pores4 7,diff]s f ,hexa/ylus phnaxonius & f ,hexalon*e phnaxonia1 ,pl4 #ba1 fig4 #c1 9 ! l>g] size & ! triple %ell47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] sph]e #j4b1 middle #j4a1 inn] #j4je2 cortical pores #j4jjh1 b>s #j4jjab2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4a4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgj1 surface4 #b4 ,hexacontium axotrias1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bd1 fig4 #c74 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 smoo?2 its pores regul> circul>1 five to six times z broad z ! b>s2 elev5 to ?irte5 on ! radius4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #a 3 #c 3 #h4 ,out] m$ull>y %ell ) hexagonal frames ar\nd ! regul> circul> pores 7five to six on ! radius74 ,inn] m$ull>y %ell ) simple small circul> pores 7?ree on ! radius74 ,! two out] %ells connect$ by six triangul> prismatic beams1 :i* are prolong$ outside to ! l5g? ( ! cortical radius or m4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] sph]e #j4b1 middle #j4jg1 inn] #j4jbe2 cortical pores #j4jaf1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4a to #j4jae1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bec1 surface4 #c4 ,hexacontium hexactis1 ,haeckel4 ,act9omma hexactis1 ,/hr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #ia1 ,taf4 ii4 fig4 #g4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 smoo?1 or a little r\gh4 ,pores regul> circul>1 ( ! same bread? z ! b>s2 five to sev5 on ! radius4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #aic #a 3 #c 3 #f4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells ( ! same /ructure1 b ) small] pores4 ,six sp9es triangul> pyramidal1 ne>ly z long z ! diamet] ( ! out] %ell1 ?ree times z broad at ! base z "o pore4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] sph]e #j4a1 middle #j4je1 inn] #j4jaf2 cortical pores & b>s #j4jjh2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jh1 basal bread? #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,sicily1 ,grotte1 ,/hr4 #d4 ,hexacontium lvigatum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bd1 fig4 #f74 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 q smoo?4 ,pores regul> circul>1 ) d\ble m>g9s1 eight to t5 on ! radius1 ( ! same bread? z ! smoo? b>s4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #a 3 #b 3 #f4 ,all ?ree sph]es connect$ by six v ?9 radial beams1 :i* are prolong$ outside into six %ort1 /\t1 triangul>1 pyramidal sp9es1 half z long z ! radius ( ! out] %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ac1 middle #j4jd1 inn] #j4jb2 cortical pores & b>s #j4jjh2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jd1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccb1 dep? #bbjj fa?oms4 #e4 ,hexacontium triplosphrium1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 smoo?4 ,pores regul> circul>1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 t5 to twelve on ! radius4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #a 3 #c 3 #aj4 ,six sp9es conical1 ab\t z long z ! radius ( ! cortical %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4af1 middle #j4je1 inn] #j4jaf2 cortical pores #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jg1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #f4 ,hexacontium octah$rum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell a regul> octah$ron1 ?9 wall$1 ) twelve m or less r\nd$ edges 7betwe5 ! sp9e-bases7 & ) smoo? surface2 its pores regul> circul>1 five to sev5 on ! radius1 f\r times z broad z ! b>s4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree %ells #a 3 #c 3 #i4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells sph]ical1 ) v small circul> pores4 ,six inn] b>s v ?92 six out] sp9es 7_! prolongations7 triangul> pyramidal1 z long z ! radius ( ! out] %ell4 7,diff]s f ,hexalon*e octah$ra1 ,pl4 #bb1 fig4 #h1 almo/ solely 9 ! duplication ( ! m$ull>y %ell47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ab1 middle #j4jd1 inn] #j4jac4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 #g4 ,hexacontium circumtextum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #be1 figs4 #g1 #g;a74 ,cortical %ell d\ble1 enclos+ a simple m$ull>y %ell4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #c 3 #aj 3 #ab4 ,inn] cortical %ell v ?ick wall$1 ) regul> circul>1 d\ble-edg$ pores1 f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 sev5 to n9e on ! radius4 ,f ea* nodal-po9t betwe5 #aid;e six pores arises a small1 bri/le-%ap$1 radial sp9e1 z long z ! diamet] ( "o pore4 ,! di/al ends ( all ^! sp9es are connect$ by v delicate tang5tial ?reads1 & consequ5tly =m by _! atta*m5t an out] cortical %ell1 ) regul> hexagonal me%es & smoo? surface4 ,six ma9 sp9es %ort1 ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 sc>cely z long z half ! radius ( ! out] %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ab1 middle #j4a1 inn] #j4jc2 pores ( ! middle %ell #j4jjd1 b>s #j4jja2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jbe1 basal bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgd1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 ,subg5us #b4 ,hexacontella1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! cortical %ell regul> or subregul>1 ( ne>ly equal size & simil> =m2 surface cov]$ ) num]\s conical or bri/le-%ap$1 radial sp9es 7o!r ?an ! six ma9 sp9es74 #h4 ,hexacontium hexagonale1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 bri/ly1 ) v delicate network2 its pores regul> hexagonal1 twelve to sixte5 on ! radius1 t5 to twelve times z broad z ! ?9 ?read-l b>s4 ,at ea* nodal-po9t ( ! network 7betwe5 e ?ree me%es7 arises a bri/le-%ap$1 radial sp9e1 z long z ! diamet] ( "o me%4 ,six ma9 sp9es hexagonal1 z long z ! radius ( ! out] %ell1 z broad at its base z "o me%4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #a 3 #b 3 #d4 ,pores ( bo? m$ull>y %ells also regul> hexagonal1 b mu* small]1 9 ! middle %ell elev5 to twelve1 9 ! inn]1 six to sev5 on ! half m]idian4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ab1 ( ! middle #j4jf1 ( ! inn] #j4jc2 me%es ( ! out] %ell #j4jjh2 l5g? ( ! six sp9es #j4je1 basal ?ickness #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,ceylon1 surface1 ,haeckel4 #i4 ,hexacontium favosum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bd1 figs4 #b1 #b;a74 ,cortical %ell v ?ick wall$1 sp9y1 ) regul>1 honeycomb-l network2 its me%es funnel-%ap$1 ) circul> inn]1 hexagonal out] ap]ture1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 five to sev5 on ! radius4 ,betwe5 e ?ree me%es 7at ea* corn] ( ! hexagon7 arises a %ort radial ?orn1 n s long z ! ?ickness ( ! %ell-wall4 ,six radial sp9es v %ort & /\t1 ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 sc>cely half s long z ! radius ( ! out] %ell4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #a 3 #b 3 #e4 ,pores ( bo? m$ull>y %ells regul>1 circul>1 ab\t z broad z ! b>s1 six to eight on ! half m]idian4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4a to #j4ab1 ( ! middle #j4jd to #j4je1 ( ! inn] #j4jb2 me%es ( ! out] %ell #j4jjh2 l5g? ( ! six sp9es #j4b to #j4c1 basal bread? #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfe1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #aj4 ,hexacontium sceptrum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bd1 figs4 #a1 #a;a74 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 sp9y1 ) regul>1 honeycomb-l network2 its me%es funnel-%ap$1 ) circul> inn]1 hexagonal out] ap]ture1 ?ree to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 #aie;five to six on ! radius4 ,betwe5 e ?ree me%es arises a %ort radial ?orn1 z long z ! ?ickness ( ! %ell-wall4 ,six radial sp9es sceptre-%ap$1 six-sid$1 some:at con/rict$ t[>ds _! middle "p1 /rong1 z long z ! radius ( ! out] %ell1 z broad z "o ( its me%es4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #a 3 #b 3 #f4 ,pores ( ! two inn] %ells regul> hexagonal1 ) ?9 b>s1 six to eight on ! half m]idian 7fig4 #a;a74 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ac1 ( ! middle #j4jd1 ( ! inn] #j4jb2 pores ( ! out] %ell #j4ja1 ( ! middle #j4jjh1 ( ! inn] #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! six sp9es #j4jf1 basal bread? #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,equatorial ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdg1 surface4 #aa4 ,hexacontium prionacan?um1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bd1 figs4 #g1 #g;a74 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 ?orny2 its pores regul> circul>1 ) elevat$ hexagonal frames six to n9e on ! radius1 twice z broad z ! cre/-%ap$ b>s4 ,at ea* nodal-po9t ( ! hexagon arises "o %ort conical papilla or ?orn4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #a 3 #c 3 #aj4 ,pores ( bo? m$ull>y %ells mu* small]1 regul> circul>4 ,six ma9 sp9es ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 long] ?an ! radius ( ! out] %ell1 z broad z "o ( its me%es2 _! ?ree edges s]rat$1 ) t5 to twelve tee?4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ae1 middle #j4jde1 inn] #j4jae2 cortical pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jje2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4a1 bread? #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,we/ ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbe1 dep? #ddge fa?oms4 #ab4 ,hexacontium clavig]um1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bc1 fig4 #e74 ,cortical %ell v ?ick wall$1 ?orny2 its pores regul> circul>1 hexagonally fram$1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s1 n9e to twelve on ! radius2 betwe5 !m %ort conical papill or ?orns aris+ at ! nodal-po9ts4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #a 3 #b 3 #e4 ,out] m$ull>y %ell ) regul> circul>1 mu* small] pores2 connect$ ) ! cortical %ell by num]\s 7tw5ty to ?irty7 ?9 radial beams4 ,six ma9 sp9es v /\t1 club-%ap$1 sc>cely z long z ! radius ( ! out] %ell1 ?ree times z broad z "o ( its pores1 ?ree-sid$1 ) ?ree to f\r tee? on ea* edge4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4b1 ( ! middle #j4jh1 ( ! inn] #j4jd2 cortical pores #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! six sp9es #j4jh1 bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccb1 dep? #bbjj fa?oms4 #ac4 ,hexacontium floridum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bd1 fig4 #d74 ,cortical %ell papillose1 ?ick wall$4 ,pores regul>1 six-lob$1 f\r times z broad z ! b>s1 five to sev5 on ! radius2 ea* pore ) six 7sometimes also five or sev57 concave ind5tations or lobules2 betwe5 ! pores at ! nodal-po9ts arise %ort conical papill or ?orns4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #a 3 #b 3 #c4 ,radial ma9 sp9es pommel-%ap$1 ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 long] ?an ! radius ( ! out] %ell1 two to ?ree times z broad z "o pore4 #aif;,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ab1 middle #j4jf1 inn] #j4jc2 cortical pores #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! six sp9es #j4jh1 bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bff1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #ad4 ,hexacontium hexaconicum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell sp9y1 ?ick wall$4 ,pores regul> circul>1 ( ! same bread? z ! b>s1 t5 to twelve on ! radius2 betwe5 !m long bri/le-%ap$ by-sp9es1 half z long z ! six ma9 sp9es4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #a 3 #c 3 #i4 ,six ma9 sp9es conical1 z long z ! radius ( ! out] %ell1 f\r times z broad at ! base z "o pore4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ah1 middle #j4jf1 inn] #j4jb2 cortical pores & b>s #j4jje2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4a1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,ant>ctic ,sea1 ,/ation #aeg1 dep? #aiej fa?oms4 #ae4 ,hexacontium a/]acan?ion1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma a/]acan?ion1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #haf4 ,act9omma a/]acan?ion1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dda1 ,taf4 xxiii4 figs4 #e1 #f4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 sp9y2 its pores circul>1 )\t hexagonal frame 7z a rule v regul>1 b 9 o!r specim5s m or less irregul>71 (t5 v v>iable 9 size1 ?ree to six times z broad z ! b>s1 commonly sev5 to eight on ! radius4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #a 3 #b 3 #d1 or sometimes #a 3 #c 3 #h4 ,pores ( ! two inn] %ells also circul>1 b mu* small]2 ^? ( ! middle %ell ab\t half z broad1 ^? ( ! inn] %ell "o-f\r? to "o-six? z broad z ! pores ( ! out] %ell4 ,six radial sp9es /rong1 ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 ab\t z long z 7or some:at long] ?an7 ! radius ( ! out] %ell1 z broad z "o ( its l>ge me%es4 ,accessory sp9es v num]\s & v ?91 bri/le-l1 usually half z long z ! six ma9 sp9es4 7,= ! v>iability ( ?is common species comp>e my ,monograph1 p4 #ddb47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4a to #j4ab1 ( ! middle #j4jd to #j4jf1 ( ! inn] #j4jb to #j4jc2 cortical pores #j4jje to #j4ja2 l5g? ( ! six sp9es #j4jf to #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,m$it]ranean1 ,atlantic1 ,pacific1 surface4 ,subg5us #c4 ,hexacontosa1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! cortical %ell irregul>1 ( diff]5t size or =m2 surface smoo?1 )\t radial by-sp9es or papill 7o!r ?an ! six ma9 sp9es74 #af4 ,hexacontium axophnum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 smoo?4 ,pores irregul> polygonal1 ?ree to n9e times z broad z ! b>s2 sev5 to t5 on ! radius4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #a 3 #c 3 #h4 ,bo? #aigm$ull>y %ells ) small]1 irregul> r\ndi% pores4 ,six sp9es ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 long] ?an ! radius ( ! out] %ell1 "o to two times z broad z "o l>g] pore4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ab1 middle #j4jde1 inn] #j4jae2 cortical pores #j4jjf to #j4jah1 b>s #j4jjb2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jf to #j4ab1 basal bread? #j4jb to #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ations #bff to #bgb1 at v>i\s dep?s4 #ag4 ,hexacontium polygonale1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 smoo?4 ,pores irregul> r\ndi%1 ) polygonal frames1 two to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 eight to twelve on ! radius4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #a 3 #c 3 #aj4 ,six sp9es pyramidal1 ne>ly z long z ! diamet] ( ! out] %ell1 ) six to n9e prom95t edges 7along ! corn] numb] ( ! polygonal me%es74 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4b1 middle #j4jf1 inn] #j4jb2 cortical pores #j4jjh to #j4jaf1 b>s #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4af to #j4ah1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bie1 dep? #aejj fa?oms4 #ah4 ,hexacontium ant>cticum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 smoo?1 ) irregul> r\ndi% pores1 eight to t5 on ! radius1 two to f\r times z broad z ! b>s4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #a 3 #c 3 #i4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells ) small] r\ndi% irregul> pores4 ,six sp9es conical1 pyramidal at _! orig91 ab\t z long z ! radius1 z broad z "o l>g] me%4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ah1 middle #j4jf1 inn] #j4jb2 cortical pores #j4jjf to #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4a1 basal bread? #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,ant>ctic ,ocean1 ,/ation #aeg1 dep? #aiej fa?oms4 ,subg5us #d4 ,hexacontura1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! cortical %ell irregul>1 ( diff]5t size or =m2 surface cov]$ ) num]\s conical papill or bri/le-%ap$1 radial by-sp9es 7o!r ?an ! six ma9 sp9es74 #ai4 ,hexacontium papillosum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bd1 fig4 #e74 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 papillose4 ,pores irregul> r\ndi%1 (t5 some:at lob$1 five to six on ! radius1 two to f\r times z broad z ! b>s4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #a 3 #b4e 3 #e4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells ) subregul> circul> pores 7inn] mu* small]74 ,six radial sp9es %ort & /\t1 pommel or club %ap$1 ) ?ree prom95t w+s1 ab\t z long z ! %ell radius1 & z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4a1 middle #j4je1 inn] #j4jb1 cortical pores #j4jjf to #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4je1 b>s #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ations #bff to #bgb1 at v>i\s dep?s4 #aihbj4 ,hexacontium gladiatum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #be1 fig4 #h74 ,cortical %ell v ?ick wall$1 sp9y1 ) irregul> network2 its me%es r\ndi%1 two to five times z broad z ! b>s1 ( v diff]5t size1 t5 to fifte5 on ! half m]idian4 ,b>s betwe5 !m v /rong1 ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 arm$ ) a great numb] ( small ?orns1 & ) l>ge sp9es at ! nodal-po9ts betwe5 e ?ree me%es4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #a 3 #c 3 #ab4 ,six /rong radial ma9 sp9es ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 ) ?ree prom95t1 some:at contort$ w+s1 acute1 broad] ?an ! diamet] ( ! inn] %ell & z long z ! diamet] ( ! out] %ell4 ,^! six ma9 sp9es are situat$ 9 ! same ?ree dim5sive axes z ! six ?9 radial beams connect+ ! two m$ull>y %ells4 ,b ! six radial beams :i* connect ! middle ) ! out] %ell alt]nate ) ! =m] & lie 9 ?ree o!r dim5sive axes1--a v r>e & rem>kable disposition4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4b1 middle #j4je1 inn] #j4jaf2 cortical pores #j4ja to #j4jc1 b>s #j4jjf2 l5g? ( ! six sp9es #j4b1 bread? #j4jb to #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdb1 dep? #adde fa?oms4 #ba4 ,hexacontium setosum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 ) num]\s bri/le-%ap$1 simple1 radial by-sp9es ( v>iable l5g?4 ,pores irregul> r\ndi%1 five to sev5 on ! radius1 two to eight times z broad z ! b>s4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #a 3 #c 3 #i4 ,ma9 sp9es ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 z long z ! radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4a to #j4jae1 middle #j4jce to #j4je1 inn] #j4jac to #j4jaf2 cortical pores #j4ja to #j4jc1 b>s #j4jjc to #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! six sp9es #j4je to #j4jh1 basal bread? #j4jab to #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,m$it]ranean1 ,atlantic1 ,pacific1 surface2 also fossil 9 ,b>bados4 #bb4 ,hexacontium furcatum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 cov]$ ) num]\s ?91 bri/le-%ap$ by-sp9es1 :i* are =k$ & ne>ly z long z ! ma9 sp9es4 ,pores irregul> r\ndi%1 eight to t5 on ! radius1 two to eight times z broad z ! b>s4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #a 3 #b4e 3 #aj4 ,ma9 sp9es triangul> pyramidal1 %ort] !n ! radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ah1 middle #j4jde1 inn] #j4jah2 cortical pores #j4jje to #j4jae1 b>s #j4jjb2 l5g? ( ! six sp9es #j4jg1 basal bread? #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ced1 surface4 #bc4 ,hexacontium drymodes1 ,haeckel4 ,act9omma drymodes1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ddb1 ,taf4 xxiv4 fig4 #i4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 cov]$ ) num]\s ?91 bri/le-%ap$ sp9es1 :i* are d\ble =k$ & half z long z ! ma9 sp9es4 ,pores irregul> r\ndi%1 eight to t5 on ! radius1 #aiitwo to eight times z broad z ! b>s4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #a 3 #b 3 #d4 ,ma9 sp9es ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 ) prom95t1 (t5 some:at contort$ edges1 at ! di/al end cuspidat$2 long] ?an ! radius ( ! out] %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ae1 middle #j4jg1 inn] #j4jce2 cortical pores #j4ja to #j4jc1 b>s #j4jd2 l5g? ( ! six sp9es #j4aa1 basal bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a71 surface2 ,can>y ,isl&s 7,lanz]ote72 ,haeckel4 #bd4 ,hexacontium p]iplectum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell d\ble1 enclos+ a simple m$ull>y %ell4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree %ells #a 3 #d 3 #e4 ,inn] cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 ) irregul> r\ndi% pores1 two to eight times z broad z ! b>s2 five to sev5 on ! radius4 ,num]\s radial sp9es1 aris+ f x1 are connect$ bel[ _! di/al ends 7at equal di/ances f ! c5tre7 by delicate bran*$ ?reads1 & s =m an out]1 irregul>1 ?91 cortical %ell1 ) sp9y surface4 ,six ma9 sp9es ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 ab\t z long z ! radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4bb1 middle #j4b1 inn] #j4jde2 cortical pores 7( bo? out] %ells7 #j4ja to #j4jc1 b>s #j4jja to #j4jje2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4a1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bda1 surface4 ,g5us #hj4 ,hexad5dron1#aaa ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deb4 ,def9ition4--,cubosphrida ) ?ree conc5tric lattice-sph]es & six bran*$ sp9es ( equal size4 ,! g5us ,hexad5dron diff]s f ,hexacontium 9 ! ramification ( ! six dim5sive sp9es1 & f ! simil> ,hexanci/ra 9 ! duplication ( ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,z 9 ! latt] in/ance1 ea* sp9e c be> ei!r ?ree simple lat]al bran*es or ?ree r[s ( p9nate lat]al bran*es4 #a4 ,hexad5dron quadricuspis1 n4 sp4 ,all ?ree %ells sph]ical1 ) radial proportion #a 3 #b 3 #f4 ,pores ( bo? m$ull>y %ells regul> circul>1 twice z broad z ! b>s4 ,pores ( ! cortical %ell irregul> r\ndi%1 f\r to six times z broad z ! b>s2 surface a little ?orny4 ,six radial sp9es prismatic1 ) ?ree prom95t w+-l edges1 :i* are prolong$ bel[ ! di/al end 9 ?ree curv$ lat]al bran*es4 7,diff]s f ,hexalon*e quadricuspis1 ,pl4 #bb1 fig4 #aa1 ma9ly 9 ! d\ble m$ull>y %ell47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ae1 middle #j4je1 inn] #j4jbe2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ab1 bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgb1 dep? #bfjj fa?oms4 #bjjb4 ,hexad5dron bip9natum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bc1 fig4 #a74 ,all ?ree %ells regul> octah$ral1 ) v delicate network ( irregul> polygonal me%es1 & v ?91 ?read-l b>s betwe5 !m2 _! radial proportion #a 3 #b4e 3 #g4e4 ,surface ( ! cortical %ell cov]$ ) num]\s bri/le-%ap$ by-sp9es1 z long z ! radius4 ,six ma9 sp9es v l>ge1 ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 ) ?ree r[s ( p9nate1 lat]al bran*es1 on ! ?ree w+-l1 spirally twi/$ edges 7simil> to ^? ( ,hexanci/ra mirabilis1 p4 #ahi1 ,pl4 #bc1 fig4 #c74 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ab1 middle #j4jd1 inn] #j4jaf4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgb1 surface4 ,g5us #ha4 ,hexacont>ium1#aab n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,cubosphrida ) ?ree conc5tric lattice-sph]es & six simple sp9es ( diff]5t size2 "o opposite pair l>g] ?an ! two o!rs4 ,! g5us ,hexacont>ium exhibits to its ance/ral =m ,hexacontium ! same relation t ,hexalon*>ium be>s to ,hexalon*e2 ! =m] is develop$ f ! latt] by duplication ( ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,z two opposite sp9es ( "o pair are l>g] ?an ! f\r o!rs1 !y correspond to ! ?ree axes ( a quadratic cry/al4 #a4 ,hexacont>ium d5tatum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ) regul> circul>1 hexagonally fram$ pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s1 ) smoo? surface4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #a 3 #b 3 #e4 ,six radial sp9es ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 half z broad z ! inn] m$ull>y %ell1 ) ?ree d5tat$ edges4 ,two opposite major sp9es long] ?an ! %ell diamet]2 f\r o!r m9or sp9es only half z long z ! radius4 7,simil> to ,hexacontium clavig]um1 ,pl4 #bc1 fig4 #e1 b di/9ct by ! prolongation ( ! sp9es ( "o axis47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ae1 middle #j4jf1 inn] #j4jc2 l5g? ( ! major sp9es #j4b1 m9or #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bff1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #b4 ,hexacont>ium clavatum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell cov]$ ) %ort conical by-sp9es & irregul> r\ndi% pores1 ?ree to f\r times z broad z ! b>s4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #a 3 #c 3 #h4 ,six radial sp9es ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 at ! di/al end club-%ap$2 two major sp9es ?ree times z long z ! f\r o!rs1 :i* are equal to ! %ell radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4af1 middle #j4jf1 inn] #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgb1 dep? #bfjj fa?oms4 #bja,subfamily ,,hexacromyida1#aac ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 pp4 #ddi1 #dec4 ,def9ition4--,cubosphrida ) f\r conc5tric sph]ical lattice-%ells4 ,g5us #hb4 ,hexacromyum1#aad ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dec4 ,def9ition4--,cubosphrida ) f\r conc5tric lattice-sph]es & six simple sp9es ( equal size4 ,! g5us ,hexacromyum possesses f\r conc5tric1 sph]ical1 or octah$ral lattice-%ells2 two inn] m$ull>y %ells )9 ! c5tral capsule1 two out] cortical outside x4 ,! f\r sph]es are connect$ by six radial beams1 :i* are prolong$ outside into simple sp9es ( equal size1 opposite 9 pairs 9 ! ?ree dim5sive axes4 ,?is g5us c be d]iv$ f ,hexacontium by duplication ( ! cortical %ell4 #a4 ,hexacromyum elegans1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bd1 fig4 #i74 ,%ell compos$ ( f\r conc5tric %ells1 ) radial proportion #a 3 #b4e 3 #g4e 3 #aj4 ,fir/ 7inn]mo/7 %ell ) v small circul> pores1 second %ell ) l>g] circul> pores4 ,?ird %ell 7inn] cortical %ell7 ) l>ge1 subregul>1 circul>1 hexagonally fram$ pores 7eight to n9e on ! radius71 twice z broad z ! b>s2 f ! elevat$ nodal-po9ts ( ! hexagonal frames 7betwe5 e ?ree pores7 arise ?9 bri/le-%ap$ radial beams1 :i* are unit$ at ! di/al end by vault$ bran*es =m+ ! delicate f\r? %ell4 ,surface smoo?4 ,radial sp9es ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 z long z ! radius1 z broad at ! base z ! inn]mo/ %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! f\r %ells--7,a7 #j4jb1 7,b7 #j4je1 7,c7 #j4ae1 7,d7 #j4b2 l5g? ( ! six radial sp9es #j4a1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 #b4 ,hexacromyum quadrigatum1 n4 sp4 ,%ell compos$ ( f\r conc5tric %ells1 ) radial proportion #a 3 #c 3 #h 3 #aj4 ,/ructure ( all f\r %ells ! same1 ) regul>1 circul> pores1 twice to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 size ( ! pores gradually increas+ f ! inn]mo/ to ! out]mo/ %ell2 surface smoo?4 ,radial sp9es ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 z long z ! radius1 half z broad at ! base z ! inn]mo/ %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! f\r %ells--7,a7 #j4jbe1 7,b7 #j4jh1 7,c7 #j4bj1 7,d7 #j4be2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ab1 basal bread? #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bec1 dep? #cabe fa?oms4 #bjbc4 ,hexacromyum ara*noides1 n4 sp4 ,hexacromidium ara*noides1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dec4 ,%ell compos$ ( f\r conc5tric %ells1 ) radial proportion #a 3 #b 3 #c 3 #d4 ,inn]mo/ %ell ) regul>1 hexagonal me%es2 ! ?ree o!r %ells ) irregul>1 polygonal me%es2 b>s betwe5 ! l>ge me%es 9 all f\r %ells v ?91 cobweb-l4 ,surface cov]$ ) ?9 bri/le-%ap$ by-sp9es1 z long z ! radius4 ,six radial ma9 sp9es ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 long] ?an ! diamet] ( ! :ole %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! f\r %ells--7,a7 #j4jh1 7,b7 #j4af1 7,c7 #j4bd1 7,d7 #j4cb2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4d1 bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #cjj1 dep? #acge fa?oms4 #d4 ,hexacromyum octah$rum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bc1 fig4 #b74 ,%ell compos$ ( f\r conc5tric %ells :i* are n sph]ical 7z 9 ! ?ree prec$+ species71 b regul> octah$ral4 ,radial proportion #a 3 #b4e 3 #f 3 #i4 ,network 9 all f\r %ells delicate1 ) irregul> polygonal me%es & ?9 b>s2 ! ?ickness ( ! b>s & size ( ! me%es increas+ f ! inn]mo/ to ! out]mo/ %ell4 ,six radial sp9es ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 increas+ sl[ly 9 bread? t[>ds ! di/al end1 mu* long] ?an ! %ell diamet]4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! f\r %ells--7,a7 #j4jb1 7,b7 #j4je1 7,c7 #j4ab1 7,d7 #j4ah2 l5g? ( ! radial sp9es #j4b to #j4c & m1 bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfc1 dep? #bfej fa?oms4 ,subfamily ,,hexac>yida1#aae ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #ded4 ,def9ition4--,cubosphrida ) five or m conc5tric lattice-%ells4 ,g5us #hc4 ,cubosphra1#aaf n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,cubosphrida ) five to six or m conc5tric lattice-%ells & six simple sp9es ( equal size4 ,! g5us ,cubosphra is develop$ f ! prec$+ ,hexacromyum by fur!r addition ( ! conc5tric lattice-%ells1 _! numb] am\nt+ to five1 six1 or m4 ,! inn]mo/ two ( ^! are m$ull>y %ells1 ! o!rs be+ cortical %ells4 ,all are connect$ by six radial beams1 prolong$ outside into six simple sp9es ( equal size2 ^! lie opposite 9 pairs 9 ?ree dim5sive axes1 correspond+ to ! ?ree axes ( a cube4 #bjca4 ,cubosphra cubaxonia1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bd1 fig4 #h74 ,hexacromyon cubaxonium1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodrom4 et ,atlas4 ,%ell compos$ ( five conc5tric sph]es1 ) ! radial proportion #a 3 #c 3 #h 3 #aj 3 #ac4 ,! two m$ull>y %ells ) small regul>1 circul> pores ( ! same bread? z ! b>s4 ,inn] cortical %ell 7?ird %ell7 ) l>ge regul>1 circul> pores1 f\r times z broad z ! b>s1 hexagonally fram$4 ,f ea* hexagon-corn] arises a ?9 bri/le-%ap$ radial by-sp9e1 :i* at a fix$ di/ance f ! c5tre is unit$ ) ! middle cortical %ell 7f\r? %ell71 :i* has v small circul> pores4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! fif? %ell 7out]mo/7 is indicat$ by six small reticula1 produc$ by ! six ma9 sp9es at equal di/ances f ! c5tre4 ,all five %ells are unit$ by six prismatic radial beams1 end+ outside 9 pyramidal furr[$ sp9es4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! five %ells--7,a7 #j4b1 7,b7 #j4ae1 7,c7 #j4ab1 7,d7 #j4jde1 7,e7 #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgb1 dep? #bfjj fa?oms4 #b4 ,cubosphra conc5trica1 n4 sp4 ,%ell compos$ ( six conc5tric sph]es1 ) ! radial proportion #a 3 #b 3 #f 3 #g4e 3 #i 3 #aa4 ,! two m$ull>y %ells ) regul>1 circul> pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s4 ,! f\r cortical %ells ( ! same /ructure1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 ?ree to f\r times z broad z ! b>s4 ,! size ( ^! pores & ! bread? ( _! b>s gradually increase t[>ds ! smoo? surface4 ,all six %ells are connect$ by six ?9 ?ree-sid$ prismatic radial beams1 :i* are prolong$ outside 9 six /rong] sp9es1 angul> pyramidal1 ) smoo? edges1 z long z ! %ell radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! six %ells--7,a7 #j4jb 7,b7 #j4jd1 7,c7 #j4ab1 7,d7 #j4ae1 7,e7 #j4ah1 7,f7 #j4bb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 ,g5us #hd4 ,hexac>yum1#aag ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #ded4 ,def9ition4--,cubosphrida ) five to six or m conc5tric lattice-%ells & six bran*$ sp9es ( equal size4 ,! g5us ,hexac>yum is di/+ui%$ f ! =ego+ ,cubosphra by ramification ( ! six radial sp9es1 & !re=e exhibits ! same relation to x t ,hexanci/ra be>s to ,hexa/ylus1 c4 #a4 ,hexac>yum arboresc5s1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bc1 figs4 #d1 #d;a74 ,%ell compos$ ( five1 six1 or m conc5tric %ells1 :i* are unit$ by six v l>ge radial sp9es4 ,! two m$ull>y %ells sph]ical1 inn] ) regul>1 circul>1 out] ) irregul> polygonal pores4 ,all cortical %ells 7?ird & foll[+7 n sph]ical1 b regul> octah$ral1 ) irregul> polygonal me%es & ?9 b>s4 ,radial sp9es prismatic1 ) ?ree w+-l1 spirally twi/$ edges1 :i* at equal di/ances s5d out ?9 =k$ lat]al bran*es 7six on ea* #bjdv]ticil72 by fur!r ramification & communication ( ^! bran*es ! triangul> net-plates arise1 fill+ out ! sides ( ! octah$ral cortical %ells4 ,diamet] ( all %ells little diff]5t4 ,! out] free p>ts ( ! six sp9es are arboresc5t1 twice to ?ree times z long z ! enclos$ inn] p>ts1 & be> six to eight v]ticils ( free lat]al bran*es1 decreas+ 9 size t[>ds ! di/al end 7simil> to ,ara*nosphra74 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! six %ells--7,a7 #j4jae1 7,b7 #j4jd1 7,c7 #j4a1 7,d7 #j4af1 7,e7 #j4bb1 7,f7 c42 av]age di/ance ( ! conc5tric octah$ra #j4jf2 l5g? ( ! radial sp9es #j4c to #j4d & m1 bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgd1 surface4 ,subfamily ,,hexadorida1#aah ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 pp4 #ddi1 #dee4 ,def9ition4--,cubosphrida ) spongy sph]ical or octah$ral %ell 7) or )\t enclos$ conc5trical lattice-%ells74 ,g5us #he4 ,cubaxonium1#aai n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,cubosphrida ) solid spongy sph]ical or octah$ral %ell1 )\t lattic$ m$ull>y %ell 9 ! c5tre1 & ) six simple radial sp9es ( equal size4 ,! g5us ,cubosphra may be reg>d$ z a =m ( ,/yptosphra1 :i* develops six radial sp9es1 opposite 9 pairs 9 ! ?ree dim5sive axes4 ,! solid spongy framework ( ! %ell assumes ! out] =m ei!r ( a sph]e1 or ( a regul> octah$ron4 #a4 ,cubaxonium spongiosum1 n4 sp4 ,spongy %ell sph]ical1 compos$ ( a v d5se spongy framework ( ne>ly uni=m /ructure2 ! me%es ?ree to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 surface almo/ smoo?4 ,six sp9es cyl9drical1 twice to ?ree times z long z ! diamet] ( ! spongy sph]e1 ab\t z broad z "o half me%4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! sph]e #j4b1 me%es #j4jjf to #j4jjh1 b>s #j4jjb2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4d to #j4e1 bread? #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bhh1 surface4 #b4 ,cubaxonium octah$rum1 n4 sp4 ,spongy %ell octah$ral1 compos$ ( a loose spongy framework ( ne>ly uni=m /ructure2 ! me%es t5 to twelve times z broad z ! b>s2 surface ?orny4 ,six sp9es ?ree-sid$ #bjepyramidal1 long] ?an ! diamet] ( ! octah$ron1 aris+ f its six corn]s1 z broad at ! base z "o me%4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ae1 me%es #j4ja to #j4jab1 b>s #j4jja2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4b1 basal bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #cjj1 surface4 ,g5us #hf4 ,hexadoras1#abj ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dee4 ,def9ition4--,cubosphrida ) spongy sph]ical %ell & "o simple lattic$ m$ull>y %ell 9 its c5tre1 hav+ six simple sp9es ( equal size4 ,! g5us ,hexadoras exhibits ! same /ructure ( ! spongy %ell z ,spongoplegma1 b diff]s f x 9 ! production ( six dim5sive sp9es4 ,9 ! c5tre lies "o simple1 lattic$1 m$ull>y %ell1 :i* is ei!r sph]ical or octah$ral4 ,9 ! latt] case ! six sp9es arise f ! six corn]s ( ! octah$ron4 #a4 ,hexadoras axophna1 n4 sp4 ,m$ull>y %ell sph]ical1 ) regul> hexagonal me%es1 twice z broad z ! b>s4 ,cortical %ell entirely enclos+ x1 ) loose irregul> framework & ?orny surface4 ,diamet] ( ! out] %ell ?ree times z l>ge z t ( ! inn]4 ,six radial sp9es aris+ f ! m$ull>y %ell1 f\r to five times z long z ! radius ( ! cortical %ell1 ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 ) /raight d5tat$ edges4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ae1 inn] #j4je2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4c to #j4d4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfe1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #b4 ,hexadoras ly*nosphra1 n4 sp4 ,m$ull>y %ell sph]ical1 ) regul>1 circul>1 hexagonally fram$ pores1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s4 ,cortical %ell envelop+ x1 ) loose irregul> framework & sp9y surface4 ,diamet] ( ! out] %ell eight times z l>ge z t ( ! inn]4 ,six radial sp9es aris+ f ! inn] %ell1 ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 ) d5tat$1 spirally contort$ edges1 sev5 times z long z ! diamet] ( ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) ?ree lat]al bran*es at ! di/al end 7simil> to ,ly*nosphra1 ,pl4 #aa1 fig4 #a74 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4e1 inn] #j4jf2 total l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4d1 bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgj1 dep? #bibe fa?oms4 #c4 ,hexadoras octah$rum1 n4 sp4 ,m$ull>y %ell regul> octah$ral1 ) irregul> polygonal me%es1 five times z broad z ! b>s4 ,cortical %ell envelop+ x1 ) d5se spongy framework1 also octah$ral ) r\gh surface4 #bjf;,diamet] ( ! out] %ell five times z l>ge z t ( ! inn]4 ,six radial sp9es v long1 aris+ f ! six corn]s ( ! inn] & pi]c+ ! spongy mass ( ! out] %ell1 consid]ably exce$+ x at ! free di/al end1 ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 ) elegantly d5ticulate edges4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4b1 inn] #j4jd2 total l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4c or m1 bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bff1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 ,g5us #hg4 ,hexadoridium1#aba ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dee4 ,def9ition4--,cubosphrida ) spongy sph]ical %ell & two conc5tric lattic$ m$ull>y %ells 9 its c5tre1 hav+ six simple sp9es ( equal size4 ,! g5us ,hexadoridium diff]s f ,hexadoras 9 ! duplication ( ! m$ull>y %ell1 & exhibits !re=e ! same relation to x t ,spongodictyon be>s to ,spongoplegma4 ,9 ! only kn[n species ! six sp9es are opposite1 arrang$ q regul>ly 9 pairs 9 ! ?ree dim5sive axes1 & consequ5tly repres5t ! ?ree axes ( a regul> cry/al or cube4 #a4 ,hexadoridium /reptacan?um1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #be1 figs4 #a1 #a;a74 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells sph]ical1 ) small regul>1 circul> pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 out] twice z broad z ! inn]4 ,spongy cortical %ell enclos+ x ) d5se framework1 five times z broad z ! out] m$ull>y %ell1 regul> octah$ral4 ,six radial sp9es1 aris+ f ! latt]1 are ?9n$ at ! inn] end1 ?ree to five times z long z ! diamet] ( ! cortical %ell1 & ne>ly z broad z ! inn] m$ull>y %ell1 ) ?ree d5tat$ & spirally contort$ edges4 7,v simil> to ! common ,spongosphra /reptacan?a1 ) irregul> & v>iable numb] & dispositions ( sp9es2 possibly its ance/ral =m874 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! cortical %ell #j4b1 ( ! out] m$ull>y %ell #j4jd1 inn] #j4jb2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #a mm4 & m1 bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 ,family ,x4 ,,a/rosph,,rida 7,pls4 #aa1 #ah-bj1 #bf-cj74 ,a/rosphrida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #ddi4 ,def9ition4--,sphroidea ) num]\s 7eight to twelve or m1 commonly betwe5 tw5ty & sixty7 radial sp9es on ! surface ( ! sph]ical %ell2 liv+ solit>y 7n associat$ 9 colonies74 ,! family ,a/rosphrida1 ! l>ge/ & mo/ v>i$ ( all ,sphroidea1 is di/+ui%$ f ! o!r memb]s ( ?is gr\p by ! possession ( num]\s #bjgradial sp9es1 :i* are ei!r regul>ly or irregul>ly dispos$ on ! surface ( ! sph]ical %ell4 ,! extreme v>iability & ri*ness ( =m 9 ?is family is ma9ly due to ! diff]5t size1 %ape1 & disposition ( ^! radial sp9es4 ,! simple/ ,a/rosphrida are ! ,cosc9ommida1 ) a s+le sph]ical or polyh$ral lattice-%ell4 ,to ?is ance/ral gr\p all o!r subfamilies c be oppos$ z ,a/rosphrida composita1 s9ce _! skeleton is compos$ ( two or m conc5tric lattice-%ells3 two 9 ! ,haliommida1 ?ree 9 ! ,act9ommida1 f\r 9 ! ,cromyommida1 five or m 9 ! ,c>yommida4 ,9 ^! f\r subfamilies ! conc5tric %ells are all simple 7n spongy7 f5e/rat$ sph]es or endosph]ical polyh$ra4 ,9 ! six? subfamily1 ! ,spongiommida1 ! %ell is :olly or p>tially compos$ ( spongy irregul> wick]-"w1 ) or )\t a m$ull>y %ell 9 ! c5tre4 ,! ,numb] ( ! ,radial ,sp9es 9 ! ,a/rosphrida is extremely v>iable1 & ranges f eight to =ty or m2 9 _m cases m ?an "o hundr$4 ,(t5 ea* nodal-po9t ( ! network develops on ! %ell surface "o sp9e4 ,/ill m frequ5tly ! numb] ( ! sp9es is less ?an t ( ! nodal-po9ts4 ,9 all conc5tric ,a/rosphrida1 hav+ two or m conc5trical %ells1 we c di/+ui% prim>y sp9es1 z out] prolongations ( ! inn] radial beams connect+ ! %ells1 & second>y sp9es1 develop$ only on ! out] surface ( ! %ell4 ,naturally ! =m] are ( mu* great] importance ?an ! latt]4 ,b we c also (t5 di/+ui% among ! latt] l>g] ma9 sp9es & small] by-sp9es1 ! latt] commonly mu* m num]\s ?an ! =m]4 ,! ,disposition ( ! ,radial ,sp9es1 ei!r regul> or irregul>1 is a subject ( great morphological int]e/1 & rema9s to be exhau/$ by fur!r obs]vations4 ,! foll[+ cases ( regul> disposition h be5 obs]v$ by me--7,a7 eight sp9es1 opposite 9 pairs 9 f\r axes correspond+ to ! f\r diagonal axes ( a cube2 7,b7 n9e sp9es1 regul>ly dispos$ at equal di/ances 787 7n oppos$ 9 pairs72 7,c7 t5 sp9es1 dispos$ at equal di/ances 7872 7,d7 twelve sp9es1 regul>ly dispos$1 correspond+ to ! twelve corn]s ( ! regul> icosah$ron2 7,e7 f\rte5 sp9es1 q regul>ly dispos$ 7six correspond+ to ! ?ree axes ( a regul> octah$ron1 eight to ! c5tral po9ts ( its eight faces72 7,f7 sixte5 sp9es1 regul>ly dispos$ 7872 7,g7 tw5ty sp9es 7v common671 ei!r dispos$ 9 ! same mann] 7aft] ! law ( ,johannes ,mll]7 z 9 ! ,,acan?>ia 7871 or correspond+ to ! tw5ty corn]s ( ! regul> or p5tagonal dodecah$ron1 or dispos$ 9 ! same mann] z 9 _m ,l>coidea 7,?olonida1 c41 to be describ$ aft]w>ds72 7,h7 tw5ty-f\r sp9es1 regul>ly dispos$ 7872 7,i7 ?irty-two sp9es1 q regul>ly dispos$ 7tw5ty correspond+ to ! tw5ty corn]s ( ! regul> dodecah$ron1 twelve to ! c5tral po9ts ( its twelve faces72 7,k7 =ty sp9es1 ne>ly regul>ly 7or q symmetrically87 dispos$4 ,if ! numb] ( ! sp9es am\nts to m ?an =ty1 x is z a rule impossible to det]m9e _! regul> disposition 9 a satisfactory mann]4 #bjh,synopsis ( ! ,g5]a ( ,a/rosphrida4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,i4 ,subfamily ,cosc9ommida4 7,"o s+le lattic$ %ell47 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,all sp9es ( ! same ,sp9es all simple1 n k9d1 #hh4 ,acan?osphra4 bran*$ & n tubul\s4 ,l>g] ma9 sp9es & small] by-sp9es1 #hi4 ,heliosphra4 ,sp9es holl[ conical tubes ) por\s walls1 #ij4 ,conosphra4 ,betwe5 simple sp9es ! pores prolong$ 9 holl[ tubes1 #ia4 ,cosc9omma4 ,sp9es ) lat]al bran*es1 #ib4 ,cladococcus4 ,sp9es bran*$ or =k$4 ,sp9es =k$ or di*otom\s1 #ic4 ,elaphococcus4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,ii4 ,subfamily ,haliommida4 7,two conc5tric lattic$ %ells47 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,all sp9es equal1 simple1 #id4 ,haliomma4 ,a4 ,elatommida1 "o ,all sp9es simple1 ( m$ull>y & "o cortical two diff]5t k9ds1 #ie4 ,heliosoma4 %ell4 ,sp9es bran*$1 #if4 ,elatomma4 ,no by-sp9es1 #ig4 ,leptosphra4 ,b4 ,diplosphrida1 bo? ,inn] by-sp9es1 #ih4 ,diplosphra4 %ells cortical4 ,out] by-sp9es1 #ii4 ,drymosphra4 ,out] & inn] by-sp9es1 #ajj4 ,a/rosphra4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,iii4 ,subfamily ,act9ommida4 7,?ree conc5tric lattic$ %ells47 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,all sp9es equal1 #aja4 ,act9omma4 ,radial sp9es n bran*$4 ,l>g] ma9 sp9es & small] by-sp9es1 #ajb4 ,e*9omma4 ,radial sp9es bran*$ or =k$1 #ajc4 ,pityomma4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,iv4 ,subfamily ,cromyommida4 7,?ree conc5tric lattic$ %ells47 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,all sp9es equal1 #ajd4 ,cromyomma4 ,radial sp9es n bran*$4 ,l>g] ma9 sp9es & small] by-sp9es1 #aje4 ,cromye*9us4 ,radial sp9es bran*$ or =k$1 #ajf4 ,cromyodrymus4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,v4 ,subfamily ,c>yommida4 7,num]\s1 five to t5 or m1 conc5tric lattic$ %ells47 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,two m$ull>y %ells & ?ree or m cortical %ells 7lattice "w ord9>y71 #ajg4 ,c>yomma4 ,triangul> me%es1 ,no m$ull>y %ells simple b>s1 )\t 7lattice "w diagonal b>s1 #ajh4 ,ara*nopila4 ara*noidal72 ?ree-sid$ prismatic sp9es1 ,triangul> me%es1 ) v]ticils ( ?ree simple b>s2 diagonal =k$ bran*es4 b>s betwe5 ! #aji4 ,ara*nopegma4 7,ara*nosphrida47 %ells1 ,polygonal me%es1 b>s bran*$1 #aaj4 ,ara*nosphra4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,vi4 ,subfamily ,spongiommida4 7,sph]ical %ell :ole or p>tly spongy1 ) or )\t enclos$ lattic$ m$ull>y %ells 9 ! c5tre47 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,i4 ,tribe ,spongy ,sp9es simple1 #aaa4 ,spongiomma4 ,spongodrymida1 sph]e )\t solid4 ,sp9es bran*$1 #aab4 ,spongodrymus4 lattic$ m$ull>y ,spongy ,sp9es simple1 #aac4 ,sponge*9us4 %ell4 sph]e holl[4 ,sp9es bran*$1 #aad4 ,spongo?ammus4 ,framework aris+ f ! m$ull>y %ell1 #aae4 ,spongopila4 ,m$ull>y ,framework ,no m$ull>y by-sp9es1 ,,ii4 ,tribe %ell sep>ate #aaf4 ,rhizoplegma4 ,rhizoplegmida1 sph]ical4 f ! ) m$ull>y ,m$ull>y by-sp9es1 "o s+le %ell4 #aag4 ,ly*nosphra4 lattic$ m$ull>y ,m$ull>y ,framework aris+ %ell4 %ell a imm$iately f simple ! m$ull>y cube4 %ell1 #aah4 ,c5trocubus4 ,framework sep>ate f ! m$ull>y %ell1 #aai4 ,octod5dron4 ,framework aris+ ,,iii4 ,tribe ,rhizosphrida1 f ! m$ull>y ) two conc5tric %ell1 #abj4 ,spongosphra4 lattic$ m$ull>y %ells4 ,framework sep>ate f ! m$ull>y %ell1 #aba4 ,rhizosphra4 ,subfamily ,,cosc9ommida1 ,haeckel4 ,heliosphrida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 pp4 #ddi1 #dej4 ,def9ition4--,a/rosphrida ) "o s+le sph]ical lattice-%ell4 ,g5us #hh4 ,acan?osphra1#abb ,ehr5b]g1 #aheh1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #ab4 ,def9ition4--,a/rosphrida ) "o simple lattice-sph]e1 cov]$ ) simple radial sp9es ( ! same k9d4 ,! g5us ,acan?osphra exhibits ! mo/ simple =m ( all ,a/rosphrida2 a simple sph]ical lattice-%ell1 ! surface ( :i* is cov]$ by radial sp9es ( "o & ! same k9d4 ,! numb] ( ! latt] is v v>iable1 (t5 twelve to tw5ty1 regul>ly dispos$2 9 o!r cases =ty to sixty or m2 & sometimes at ea* nodal-po9t ( ! network a sp9e is develop$4 #baj,subg5us #a4 ,rhaphidococcus1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cfe 7s5su em5dato74 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! sph]ical %ell regul> or subregul>1 all ( ne>ly equal size & simil> =m4 ,radial sp9es aris+ f all ! nodal-po9ts ( ! network4 #a4 ,acan?osphra t5uissima1 ,haeckel4 ,heliosphra t5uissima1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cea1 ,taf4 ix4 fig4 #b4 ,%ell extremely ?9 wall$1 eight to t5 times z broad z "o pore4 ,me%es or pores regul>1 hexagonal1 ) ?read-l b>s2 five to sev5 on ! radius4 ,at ea* nodal-po9t 7betwe5 e ?ree me%es7 arises a bri/le-%ap$ radial sp9e1 z long z ! diamet] ( "o pore4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4b to #j4be1 ( ! me%es or pores #j4jbe to #j4jc1 b>s bel[ #j4jjja2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a71 ,nor? ,atlantic 7,can>y ,isl&s74 #b4 ,acan?osphra t5uis1 n4 sp4 ,%ell v ?9 wall$1 ab\t tw5ty times z broad z "o pore4 ,me%es subregul>1 hexagonal1 ) ?read-l b>s2 twelve to f\rte5 on ! radius4 ,at ea* nodal-po9t arises a bri/le-%ap$ radial sp9e1 ab\t z long z ! radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4c to #j4ce1 pores #j4jae to #j4jah1 b>s bel[ #j4jja2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ab to #j4af4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ations #bff to #bgd1 dep? #bcej to #bibe fa?oms4 #c4 ,acan?osphra macropora1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?9 wall$1 five to six times z broad z "o me%4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 hexagonally fram$1 t5 to twelve times z broad z ! b>s4 ,radial sp9es bri/le-%ap$1 z long z ! diamet] ( "o pore1 aris+ f all ! nodal-po9ts4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4jg to #j4jh1 pores #j4jab1 b>s #j4jja2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 #d4 ,acan?osphra micropora1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 =ty to fifty times z broad z "o pore4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 hexagonally fram$1 half z broad z ! b>s4 ,radial sp9es bri/le-%ap$1 z long z ! radius ( ! %ell1 aris+ f all ! nodal-po9ts4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4bb1 pores #j4jjc1 b>s #j4jjf2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4a4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bhh1 surface4 #baae4 ,acan?osphra d5tata1 ,haeckel4 ,cladococcus d5tatus1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cfg1 ,taf4 xiii4 fig4 #aj4 ,%ell ?9 wall$1 eight to t5 times z broad z "o pore4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 hexagonally fram$1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s4 ,radial sp9es aris+ f all ! nodal-po9ts ( ! network1 ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 ) d5tat$ or s]rat$ edges1 long] ?an ! %ell diamet]4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4jh1 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4a1 bread? #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a71 surface4 #f4 ,acan?osphra acuf]a1 ,haeckel4 ,rhaphidococcus acuf]1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cff1 ,taf4 xiv4 fig4 #a4 ,cladococcus acuf]1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #hjj4 ,%ell ?9 wall$1 eight to t5 times z broad z "o me%4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s4 ,radial sp9es bri/le-%ap$1 aris+ ) ?ick] conical bases f all ! nodal-po9ts1 ab\t z long z ! diamet] ( ! %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4jh1 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a72 ,nor? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ced1 surface4 #g4 ,acan?osphra ca/anea1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bf1 fig4 #c74 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 ?irty times z broad z "o me%4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 ne>ly ( ! same bread? z ! b>s4 ,radial sp9es bri/le-%ap$1 aris+ ) ?ick] conical bases f all ! nodal-po9ts1 sc>cely half z long z ! radius ( ! %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ae1 pores & b>s #j4jje2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdd1 surface4 #h4 ,acan?osphra floscul5ta1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 ?irte5 times z broad z "o me%4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s1 ) an elegant six-lob$ frame 7,pl4 #bh1 fig4 #a;b74 ,9 ! int]vals betwe5 ! six lobes ( ea* me% arise six conical radial sp9es 7half z long z ! radius71 six ar\nd ea* pore4 7,diff]s f ! simil> ,haliomma floscul5tum1 ,pl4 #bh1 fig4 #a1 9 ! abs5ce ( an enclos$ m$ull>y %ell & ! /rong] developm5t ( ! sp9es47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ac1 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,cocos ,isl&s1 surface1 ,rabbe4 ,subg5us #b4 ,rhaphidocapsa1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! sph]ical %ell regul> or subregul>1 all ( ne>ly equal size & simil> =m4 ,radial sp9es scatt]$ at "s di/ance ap>t1 n at all ! nodal-po9ts4 #babi4 ,acan?osphra insignis1 ,haeckel4 ,heliosphra insignis1 ,r4 ,h]twig1 #ahgi1 ,organismus d] ,radiol41 p4 #dj1 ,taf4 v4 fig4 #g4 ,%ell ?9 wall$1 ab\t t5 times z broad z "o me%4 ,pores regul>1 hexagonal1 t5 to twelve times z broad z ! b>s4 ,radial sp9es ab\t "o hundr$ & tw5ty1 aris+ f c]ta9 nodal-po9ts ( ! network1 be+ z long z ! diamet] ( ! sph]e1 ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 ) ?ree ?9 d5ticulat$ edges4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4b1 pores #j4jb1 b>s #j4jjb2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ah1 bread? #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a71 ,atlantic 7,/ations #cbe1 #cdg71 ,indian 7,ceylon71 ,pacific 7,/ations #bgj to #bgd71 surface4 #aj4 ,acan?osphra =tisp9a1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?9 wall$1 ab\t six times z broad z "o me%4 ,pores subregul>1 hexagonal1 ) ?read-l b>s2 ?ree to f\r on ! radius4 ,radial sp9es ab\t tw5ty1 ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 z long z ! diamet]1 & "o-?ird z broad at ! base z "o pore4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4jf to #j4ji1 pores #j4ja to #j4jad1 b>s bel[ #j4jja2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jg to #j4jh1 basal bread? #j4jc to #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdd1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #aa4 ,acan?osphra mucronata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bf1 fig4 #g74 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 fifte5 times z broad z "o pore4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 hexagonally fram$1 funnel-%ap$1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s4 ,radial sp9es tw5ty to ?irty1 dagg]-%ap$ or sp9dle-%ap$1 angul>1 twice z broad 9 ! middle z "o pore1 ab\t z long z ! radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4aa1 pores #j4jjge1 b>s #j4jjbe2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jf1 bread? #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 #ab4 ,acan?osphra clavata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bf1 fig4 #h74 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 t5 to twelve times z broad z "o me%4 ,pores subregul>1 circul>1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s4 ,radial sp9es tw5ty1 club-%ap$1 angul>1 ) prom95t edges1 twice z broad at ! di/al end z "o pore1 ab\t z long z ! radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4aa1 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jf1 bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,we/]n ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbe1 dep? #ddge fa?oms4 #ac4 ,acan?osphra m>g9ata1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 twelve times z broad z "o me%4 ,pores regul>1 circul> d\ble-edg$1 f\r times z broad z ! b>s4 ,radial sp9es conical1 f\rte5 9 numb]1 ab\t z long z ! #bacradius1 & z broad at ! base z "o me%4 ,six sp9es correspond to ! six corn]s ( a regul> octah$ron1 eight to ! c5tre ( ! eight faces4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4a1 pores #j4jjh1 b>s #j4jjb2 radial sp9es #j4jf1 basal bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgd1 surface4 #ad4 ,acan?osphra florida1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 fifte5 times z broad z "o me%4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 hexagonally lob$1 sep>at$ by prom95t funnel-%ap$ cre/s ( half ! bread?4 ,tw5ty conical radial sp9es1 half z long z ! radius1 z broad at ! base z "o funnel4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ae1 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jje2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jd1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cbe1 dep? #bfej fa?oms4 #ae4 ,acan?osphra enneacan?a1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?9 wall$1 f\rte5 times z broad z "o me%4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 twice z broad z ! b>s4 ,n9e radial sp9es1 regul>ly dispos$1 z long z ! %ell diamet]1 ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 ) pyramidal apex1 z broad z "o me%4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ad1 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jje2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ae1 bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfe1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #af4 ,acan?osphra octah$ralis1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 octah$ral1 f\rte5 times z broad z "o me%4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s4 ,f\rte5 radial sp9es1 regul>ly dispos$1 conical1 z long z ! radius ( ! %ell1 twice z broad at ! base z "o me%4 ,six sp9es correspond to ! six corn]s ( a regul> octah$ron1 eight to ! c5tral po9ts ( its eight faces4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ad1 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jh1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bec1 dep? #cabe fa?oms4 #ag4 ,acan?osphra compacta1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 ab\t sixty times z broad z "o me%4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 twice z broad z ! b>s4 ,?irty to =ty radial sp9es1 ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 sc>cely half z long z ! radius1 five to six times z broad at ! base z "o pore4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4bd1 pores #j4jjd1 b>s #j4jjb2 l5g? ( ! radial sp9es #j4je1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ,b>bados4 #bad,subg5us #c4 ,raphidodrymus1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! sph]ical %ell irregul>1 ( diff]5t size or =m4 ,radial sp9es aris+ f all ! nodal-po9ts ( ! network4 #ah4 ,acan?osphra capill>is1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?9 wall$1 ) irregul> polygonal me%es1 twelve to tw5ty times z broad z ! b>s2 eight to t5 on ! radius4 ,radial sp9es bri/le-%ap$1 aris+ f all ! nodal-po9ts ( ! network1 ab\t z long z ! diamet] ( ! l>ge/ me%es4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ae to #j4b1 pores #j4jab to #j4jb1 b>s #j4jja2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ations #bfj to #bgd1 surface4 #ai4 ,acan?osphra arctica1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?9 wall$1 ) irregul> r\ndi%1 polygonally fram$ me%es1 ?ree to f\r times z broad z ! b>s4 ,radial sp9es aris+ f all ! nodal-po9ts ( ! network1 pyramidal at ! base2 9 ! di/al half bri/le-%ap$1 z long z ! radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ab1 pores #j4jjf to #j4jjh1 b>s #j4jjb2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jg4 ,habitat4--,arctic ,ocean1 ,gre5l& 79 ! /oma* ( ,p]iphylla hyac9?9a74 #bj4 ,acan?osphra ant>ctica1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 ab\t z broad z ! b>s4 ,radial sp9es aris+ f all nodal-po9ts ( ! network1 conical at ! base1 half z long z ! radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ae1 pores & b>s #j4jje to #j4jjh2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,ant>ctic ,ocean1 ,/ation #aeg1 dep? #aiej fa?oms4 ,subg5us #d4 ,rhaphidosphra1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dej4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! sph]ical %ell irregul>1 ( diff]5t size or =m4 ,radial sp9es scatt]$ at int]vals1 n at all ! nodal-po9ts4 #ba4 ,acan?osphra e*9oides1 ,haeckel4 ,cyrtidosphra e*9oides1 ,haeckel1 #ahfe1 ,zeits*r4 f4 wiss4 ,zool41 xv4 p4 #cfg1 ,taf4 xxvi4 fig4 #e4 ,%ell ?9 wall$1 ) irregul> polygonal or m r\ndi% pores ( v diff]5t size4 ,=ty to fifty v l>ge me%es1 sep>at$ by r[s ( mu* small] me%es4 ,radial sp9es =ty to sixty1 half z long z ! %ell radius1 bri/le-%ap$1 ) conical bases4 #bae;,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ac1 l>g] pores #j4jc1 small] #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,nice71 surface4 #bb4 ,acan?osphra longisp9a1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?9 wall$1 ) irregul> polygonal me%es1 f\r to six times z broad z ! b>s2 six to eight on ! radius4 ,?irty to =ty radial sp9es1 ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 twice z broad z ! b>s1 twice to ?ree times z long z ! diamet] ( ! %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ab to #j4ae1 pores #j4jab to #j4jb1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! radial sp9es #j4b to #j4d1 bread? #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bec1 surface4 #bc4 ,acan?osphra brevisp9a1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 ) irregul> polygonal me%es1 twice to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 twelve to sixte5 on ! radius4 ,sixty to eighty radial sp9es1 pyramidal1 half z long z ! radius ( ! %ell1 "o-f\r? z broad at ! base4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4b to #j4bb1 pores #j4jjf to #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4je1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #bd4 ,acan?osphra acan?ica1 ,haeckel4 ,c5osphra acan?ica1 ,/hr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #hf1 ,taf4 i4 fig4 #c4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 twice to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 sev5 to n9e on ! radius4 ,t5 to tw5ty radial sp9es pyramidal1 %ort] ?an ! radius1 twice z broad at ! base z "o me%4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ab to #j4af1 pores #j4jjf to #j4jji1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jd to #j4jf1 basal bread? #j4ja to #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,sicily & ,b>bados4 #be4 ,acan?osphra haliphormis1 ,ehr5b]g4 ,acan?osphra haliphormis1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahfa1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 #ahgb1 ,taf4 ii4 fig4 #a4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 twice to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 f\r to five on ! radius4 ,twelve to tw5ty radial sp9es pyramidal1 long] ?an ! radius1 sc>cely z broad z "o me% at ! base4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4aa1 pores #j4ja to #j4jb1 b>s #j4jje2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jf to #j4jh1 basal bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,arctic ,ocean1 ne> ,gre5l&1 dep? #ajjj fa?oms4 #bafbf4 ,acan?osphra angulata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bf1 fig4 #d74 ,%ell ?9 wall$2 its pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 ) angul>1 d\ble-edg$ m>g91 two to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 six to eight on ! radius4 ,tw5ty to ?irty radial sp9es pyramidal1 angul>1 ) prom95t edges1 %ort] ?an ! radius1 z broad at ! base z "o small me%4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4b1 pores #j4jb to #j4jd1 b>s #j4ja2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jf1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccb1 dep? #bbjj fa?oms4 #bg4 ,acan?osphra conif]a1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 twice to five times z broad z ! b>s2 t5 to twelve on ! radius4 ,tw5ty radial sp9es conical1 regul>ly dispos$1 half z long z ! radius1 z broad at ! base z "o ( ! l>ge/ me%es4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4b1 pores #j4jjh to #j4jb1 b>s #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4je1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #bh4 ,acan?osphra maxima1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 twice to eight times z broad z ! b>s2 twelve to tw5ty on ! radius4 ,radial sp9es v num]\s 7two to ?ree hundr$71 %ort1 conical1 sc>cely z long z ! diamet] ( ! l>ge/ me%es1 & "o-?ird z broad4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4c to #j4d1 pores #j4jjh to #j4jc1 b>s #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! radial sp9es #j4jc1 basal bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdh1 dep? #bdej fa?oms4 #bi4 ,acan?osphra simplex1 ,haeckel4 ,rhaphidococcus simplex1 ,haeckel1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 #ahfb1 p4 #cff1 figs4 #e1 #f4,taf4 xiii4 ,cladococcus simplex1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #hjj4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 ?ree to six times z broad z ! b>s2 eight to n9e on ! radius4 ,=ty to sixty radial sp9es1 ab\t z long z ! diamet] ( ! %ell1 ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 n /raight1 b m or less b5t4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ab1 pores #j4jje to #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjae to #j4jb2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ab1 bread? #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a71 surface1 ,haeckel4 #cj4 ,acan?osphra gibbosa1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?9 wall$1 rugg$ or tub]culate1 cov]$ by ab\t tw5ty hill-%ap$ tub]cles or protub]ances ) flat valleys betwe5 !m4 ,network v delicate1 ) ?read-l b>s & #bag;irregul>1 polygonal pores2 tw5ty to ?irty on ! radius4 ,radial sp9es v num]\s1 bri/le-%ap$1 twice to ?ree times z long z ! diamet] ( ! pores4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4c1 pores #j4ja to #j4jb2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jb to #j4je4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgd1 surface4 #ca4 ,acan?osphra reticulata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bf1 fig4 #e74 ,rhaphidosphra reticulata1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 twice to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 six to eight on ! radius4 ,surface ( ! b>s cov]$ ) a peculi> delicate network ( v f9e cre/s4 ,tw5ty to =ty radial sp9es1 angul>1 pyramidal1 sc>cely "o-?ird z long z ! radius ( ! %ell1 z broad at ! base z ! b>s4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4bb1 pores #j4jb to #j4jd1 b>s #j4ja2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jd1 basal bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 ,g5us #hi4 ,heliosphra1#abc ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cej 7s5su em5dato74 ,def9ition4--,a/rosphrida ) "o simple lattice-sph]e1 cov]$ ) simple radial sp9es ( two diff]5t k9ds3 l>g] ma9 sp9es & small] by-sp9es4 ,! g5us ,heliosphra 79 ! m5d$ def9ition "h employ$7 diff]s f ! =ego+ ,acan?osphra 9 ! possession ( two diff]5t k9ds ( radial sp9es3 l>g] ma9 sp9es scatt]$ on ! surface or dispos$ regul>ly 9 limit$ numb]s 7twelve to tw5ty1 sometimes =ty to fifty or m71 & small] by-sp9es 9 mu* l>g] numb]s1 aris+ f all ! nodal-po9ts ( ! network 7or sometimes also f its b>s74 ,subg5us #a4 ,heliosphrella1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! %ell regul> or subregul>1 all ( ne>ly equal size & simil> =m4 #a4 ,heliosphra hexagon>ia1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bf1 fig4 #b74 ,%ell v ?9 wall$1 ab\t tw5ty times z broad z "o pore4 ,me%es or pores subregul>1 hexagonal1 ) ?read-l b>s2 fifte5 to sev5te5 on ! radius4 ,radial sp9es at ! nodal-po9ts ( ! network2 ab\t =ty ma9 sp9es ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 half z broad at ! base z "o pore1 & twice z long z ! bri/le-%ap$ by-sp9es1 :i* are v num]\s1 & z long z ! diamet] ( "o pore4 #bah;,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4be to #j4c1 ( ! me%es or pores #j4jab to #j4jae1 b>s bel[ #j4jja2 l5g? ( ! ma9 sp9es #j4jc1 basal bread? #j4jjg4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ations #bgb to #bgd1 dep? #bcej to #bgej fa?oms4 #b4 ,heliosphra act9ota1 ,haeckel4 ,heliosphra act9ota1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ceb1 ,taf4 ix4 fig4 #c4 ,%ell v ?9 wall$1 ab\t t5 times z broad z "o me%4 ,pores regul>1 hexagonal1 ) ?read-l b>s2 six to eight on ! radius4 ,radial sp9es at ! nodal-po9ts ( ! network1 bri/le-%ap$1 sc>cely broad] ?an ! b>s2 ab\t tw5ty ma9 sp9es z long z ! diamet] ( ! %ell1 & num]\s by-sp9es1 only "o-?ird to "o-half z long z ! =m]4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4b to #j4be1 ( ! me%es #j4jb to #j4jc1 b>s bel[ #j4jja2 l5g? ( ! ma9 sp9es #j4b to #j4c4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a71 ,atlantic 7,can>ies1 ,azores71 surface4 #c4 ,heliosphra e*9oides1 ,haeckel4 ,heliosphra e*9oides1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ceb1 ,taf4 ix4 fig4 #d4 ,%ell ?9 wall$1 ab\t six times z broad z "o me%4 ,pores regul>1 hexagonal1 eight times z broad z ! b>s4 ,radial sp9es aris+1 n f ! nodal-po9ts ( ! network1 b f ! mid/ ( ! b>s 7v r>e disposition672 tw5ty ma9 sp9es regul>ly dispos$1 z long z ! radius1 f\r times z long z ! num]\s by-sp9es2 all sp9es bri/le-%ap$1 ( ! same bread? z ! b>s4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ji1 pores #j4jae1 b>s #j4jjb2 l5g? ( ! ma9 sp9es #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a71 surface1 ,haeckel4 #d4 ,heliosphra elegans1 ,haeckel4 ,heliosphra elegans1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cec1 ,taf4 ix4 fig4 #e4 ,%ell v ?9 wall$1 ab\t t5 times z broad z "o me%4 ,pores regul>1 hexagonal1 ) ?read-l b>s1 :i* are cross$ by tang5tial b>s1 s t ea* side ( a hexagon exhibits a regul> rectangul> cross 7exactly ! same z 9 ,pl4 #ai1 fig4 #e74 ,all radial sp9es bri/le-%ap$1 z ?9 z ! b>s1 & aris+ f ! nodal-po9ts2 tw5ty ma9 sp9es z long z ! radius1 num]\s by-sp9es sc>cely "o-six? z long4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4bf1 pores #j4jbf1 b>s bel[ #j4jja2 l5g? ( ! ma9 sp9es #j4ac4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a71 surface1 ,haeckel4 #e4 ,heliosphra pect9ata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bf1 fig4 #i74 ,acan?osphra pect9ata1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,atlas4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 comb$1 ab\t f\rte5 times z broad z "o me%4 ,pores subregul>1 circul>1 ) elevat$ hexagonal frames1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s4 ,radial sp9es v #bainum]\s & /\t2 ?irty to =ty ma9 sp9es1 ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 ne>ly z long z ! radius1 z broad z "o me%2 by-sp9es small1 conical1 ev]y:]e scatt]$ at ! nodal-po9ts ( ! network & on ! high combs ( ! b>s4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4af1 pores #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! ma9 sp9es #j4jg1 basal bread? #j4jaf4 ,habitat4--,we/ ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbe1 dep? #ddge fa?oms4 #f4 ,heliosphra coronata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bf1 figs4 #f1 #f;a74 ,acan?osphra coronata1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,atlas4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 ab\t t5 times z broad z "o me%4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 five times z broad z ! b>s2 ea* pore surr\nd$ by a regul> coronal ( six %ort1 conical by-sp9es 7fig4 #f;a72 tw5ty to ?irty ma9 sp9es1 also conical1 half z long z ! radius1 z broad z "o pore4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ae1 pores #j4jae1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! ma9 sp9es #j4jd1 basal bread? #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgb1 dep? #bfjj fa?oms4 #g4 ,heliosphra floribunda1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?ick wall$ ab\t t5 times z broad z "o me%4 ,pores regul>1 six-lob$1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 ea* pore surr\nd$ by six small conical by-sp9es 7z 9 ,pl4 #bh1 figs4 #a1 #a;b72 tw5ty ma9 sp9es regul>ly dispos$ cyl9dro-conical1 z long z ! diamet] ( ! %ell or long]4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ae1 pores #j4jae1 b>s #j4jjh2 l5g? ( ! ma9 sp9es #j4af1 bread? #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #h4 ,heliosphra cri/ata1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 ab\t twelve times z broad z "o me%4 ,pores subregul>1 circul>1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 ea* pore surr\nd$ by an elegant coronal ( t5 to tw5ty small1 conical by-sp9es2 tw5ty ma9 sp9es regul>ly dispos$1 conical1 only "o-?ird z long z ! radius1 z broad at ! base z "o me%4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4be1 pores #j4jb1 b>s #j4ja2 l5g? ( ! ma9 sp9es #j4jd1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bhe1 dep? #bcge fa?oms4 #i4 ,heliosphra ca/anella1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 ab\t tw5ty times z broad z "o me%4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 ( ! same bread? z ! b>s4 ,:ole surface d5sely cov]$ ) innum]able bri/le-%ap$ by-sp9es1 half z long z ! radius2 fifty to eighty ma9 sp9es1 conical1 ne>ly z long z ! diamet]1 #bbjtwice z broad at ! base z "o pore4 7,v simil> to "s species ( ,ca/anella1 ,pl4 #aac1 b )\t ! osculum *>act]i/ic ( ?is ,phod>ian2 may be easily conf\nd$ ) x47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4c1 pores #j4jae1 b>s #j4jae2 l5g? ( ! ma9 sp9es #j4be1 basal bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific 7,japan71 ,/ation #bcd1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,heliosphromma1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! %ell irregul>1 ( diff]5t size or =m4 #aj4 ,heliosphra polygon>ia1 n4 sp4 ,%ell v ?9 wall$1 ) ?read-l b>s & irregul>1 polygonal pores 7hav+ f\r to eight angles1 commonly five to sev572 eight to t5 on ! radius4 ,radial sp9es at all ! nodal-po9ts ( ! network1 bri/le-%ap$2 =ty to sixty ma9 sp9es1 z long z ! radius1 twice z ?ick z ! num]\s by-sp9es1 :i* are n l>g] ?an "o me%4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ae to #j4b1 pores #j4jab to #j4jb1 b>s #j4jja2 l5g? ( ! ma9 sp9es #j4jh to #j4a4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ations #bff to #bgb1 surface4 #aa4 ,heliosphra het]acan?a1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?9 wall$1 ) irregul>1 polygonal pores1 twice to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 six to eight on ! radius4 ,tw5ty radial ma9 sp9es1 ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 ne>ly z long z ! diamet] ( ! %ell1 z broad z a l>g] me%2 innum]able bri/le-%ap$ by-sp9es v>i\sly di/ribut$ on ! b>s & at ! nodal-po9ts ( ! net2 half z long z ! radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ab1 pores #j4jjf to #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! ma9 sp9es #j4a1 basal bread? #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,equatorial ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdg1 surface4 #ab4 ,heliosphra hyp]ionis1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?ick wall$4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 ) polygonal frames1 ?ree to six times z broad z ! b>s2 twelve to f\rte5 on ! radius4 ,?irty to =ty ma9 sp9es1 angul>1 pyramidal1 sc>cely z long z ! radius & twice z long z ! num]\s bri/le-%ap$ by-sp9es4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4bd1 pores #j4jjf to #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjb2 l5g? ( ! ma9 sp9es #j4a1 basal bread? #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bef1 surface4 #ac4 ,heliosphra elector1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 twice to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 eight to t5 on ! radius4 ,tw5ty ma9 sp9es1 ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 some:at long] ?an ! radius & f\r times z long z ! %ort bri/le-%ap$ by-sp9es4 #bba;,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ab1 pores #j4jje to #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! ma9 sp9es #j4jh1 basal bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cbe1 surface4 #ad4 ,heliosphra sol>is1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 ab\t ! same bread? z ! b>s2 six to eight on ! radius4 ,fifty to eighty ma9 sp9es1 conical1 z long z ! radius2 by-sp9es v num]\s1 also conical1 b only z l>ge z "o pore4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ae1 pores & b>s #j4jjf to #j4jjh2 l5g? ( ! ma9 sp9es #j4jh1 basal bread? #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 ,g5us #ij4 ,conosphra1#abd ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dea4 ,def9ition4--,a/rosphrida ) "o simple lattic$ sph]e1 cov]$ ) radial sp9es hav+ ! =m ( holl[ cones ) por\s walls4 ,! g5us ,conosphra diff]s f ,acan?osphra 9 ! peculi> =mation ( ! radial sp9es1 :i* are n simple solid /icks1 b holl[ cones ) por\s walls1 z imm$iate elevations ( ! holl[ sph]e4 #a4 ,conosphra platyconus1 n4 sp4 ,pores ( ! %ell regul>1 circul>1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 t5 to twelve on ! radius4 ,conical sp9es ab\t sixty1 regul>1 broad] ?an !y are high1 ) six to n9e pores 9 ! wall4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4af1 pores #j4jjh1 b>s #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jab1 basal bread? #j4jbd4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgb1 dep? #bfjj fa?oms4 #b4 ,conosphra or?oconus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ab1 fig4 #b74 ,pores ( ! %ell irregul>1 r\ndi%1 twice to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 f\rte5 to sixte5 on ! radius4 ,conical sp9es ab\t =ty1 regul>1 high] ?an !y are broad1 z long z ! radius1 ) sixte5 to tw5ty pores 9 ! wall4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4b1 pores #j4jjh to #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4je1 basal bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 #bbbc4 ,conosphra plagioconus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ab1 fig4 #d74 ,pores ( ! %ell irregul>1 polygonal1 twice to five times z broad z ! b>s2 tw5ty to tw5ty-f\r on ! radius4 ,conical sp9es ab\t eighty1 irregul>ly =m$ & scatt]$1 ) oblique 7n radial7 axes2 ab\t z high z broad1 ) eight to twelve pores 9 ! wall4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4be1 pores #j4jje to #j4jae1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jb1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfe1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 ,g5us #ia4 ,cosc9omma1#abe n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,a/rosphrida ) "o simple lattice-sph]e1 cov]$ ) simple radial sp9es2 ! pores betwe5 !m prolong$ into holl[1 conical1 or cyl9drical tubuli4 ,! g5us ,cosc9omma exhibits among ! ,a/rosphrida ! same peculi> =mation t di/+ui%es ,e?mosphra & ,se?osphra among ! ,liosphrida2 ea* pore ( ! simple %ell is prolong$ into a %ort conical or cyl9drical tubulus1 z a rule ei!r on ! outside or on ! inside ( ! %ell1 b sometimes on bo? sides4 ,subg5us #a4 ,cosc9omm>ium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores prolong$ into %ort tubes bo? on ! inside z well z ! outside ( ! %ell4 #a4 ,cosc9omma amphisiphon1 ,haeckel 7,pl4 #bf1 figs4 #a1 #a;a1 #a;b74 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 hexagonally fram$1 twice z broad z ! b>s1 prolong$ on ! inside z well z on ! outside ( ! %ell into a %ort truncat$ conical tube2 fifte5 to eighte5 pores on ! radius4 ,9 ea* hexagon-corn] arises a bri/le-%ap$ radial sp9e1 half z long z ! radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4bb1 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jje2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4a4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,cosc9ommidium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores prolong$ into ext]nal tubes on ! outside ( ! %ell4 #b4 ,cosc9omma ectosiphon1 n4 sp4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 hexagonally fram$1 twice z broad z ! b>s1 prolong$ on ! outside ( ! %ell into a %ort truncat$ conical tube2 t5 to twelve pores on ! radius4 ,9 ea* #bbc;hexagon-corn] arises a %ort bri/le-%ap$ sp9e1 twice z long z ! tube1 "o-?ird z long z ! radius4 7,v simil> to ,e?mosphra conulosa1 ,pl4 #ab1 fig4 #e1 b diff]s 9 ! possession ( radial sp9es47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4b1 pores #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjf2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jd1 ( ! tubes #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bec1 surface4 #c4 ,cosc9omma macrosiphon1 n4 sp4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 )\t hexagonal frames1 ( ! same bread? z ! b>s1 prolong$ on ! outside ( ! %ell into a long cyl9drical tube1 half z long z ! radius 7eight to n9e pores on ! radius72 betwe5 !m bri/le-%ap$1 at ! base conical1 radial sp9es ( d\ble l5g?4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4af1 pores & b>s #j4jjh2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jh1 ( ! tubes #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgd1 surface4 ,subg5us #c4 ,cosc9ommonium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores prolong$ into int]nal tubes on ! inside ( ! %ell4 #d4 ,cosc9omma endosiphon1 n4 sp4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 hexagonally fram$1 twice z broad z ! b>s 7f\rte5 to sixte5 on ! radius71 prolong$ on ! inside ( ! %ell into a %ort truncat$ cyl9drical tube4 ,9 ea* hexagon-corn] arises a ?91 bri/le-%ap$1 radial sp9e ) pyramidal base1 half z long z ! radius1 twice z long z ! tube4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4be1 pores #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjf2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jff1 ( ! tubes #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bhh1 surface4 ,g5us #ib4 ,cladococcus1#abf ,j4 ,mll]1 #ahef1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #dhe4 ,def9ition4--,a/rosphrida ) "o simple lattice-sph]e1 cov]$ ) bran*$ radial sp9es 7! /em ( ! sp9e nev] =k$74 ,! g5us ,cladococcus1 toge!r ) ! foll[+ ,elaphococcus1 is di/+ui%$ f ! o!r ,cosc9ommida by ! ramification ( ! radial sp9es cov]+ ! surface ( ! simple holl[ lattice-sph]e4 ,9 ,cladococcus ea* sp9e s5ds out ?ree or m lat]al bran*es1 :i* are ei!r simple or aga9 ramifi$2 b ! /em ( ! sp9e itself is n =k$1 z 9 ,elaphococcus4 #bbd,subg5us #a4 ,cladococcalis1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,bran*es ( ! sp9es simple1 n ramifi$4 ,pores regul>1 all ( ne>ly equal size & simil> =m4 #a4 ,cladococcus arboresc5s1 ,j4 ,mll]4 ,cladococcus arboresc5s1 ,j4 ,mll]1 #aheh1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #ca1 ,taf4 i4 fig4 #b4 ,pores ( ! sph]ical %ell regul>1 hexagonal1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 ?ree to f\r on ! radius4 ,t5 to tw5ty sp9es1 ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 two to ?ree times z long z ! %ell diamet]2 t[>ds ! di/al end ea* sp9e ) ?ree bran*es 7"o lat]al simple /raight bran* on ea* edge ( ! sp9e74 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4a1 pores #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4b to #j4c1 bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,nice72 ,nor? ,atlantic1 ,can>y ,isl&s1 surface4 #b4 ,cladococcus sp9if]1 ,haeckel4 ,cladococcus sp9if]1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cfh1 ,taf4 xiii4 fig4 #i4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 hexagonally fram$1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 five to six on ! radius4 ,radial sp9es1 aris+ f all ! nodal-po9ts ( ! network1 ?ree-sid$1 long] ?an ! %ell diamet]1 ) six to twelve simple v]ticillate bran*es 7two to f\r bran*es on ea* edge74 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4jh1 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4a1 bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a71 surface4 #c4 ,cladococcus p5icillus1 n4 sp4 ,pores subregul>1 hexagonal1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 eight to t5 on ! radius4 ,sixty to eighty radial sp9es1 ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 p5cil-%ap$1 long] ?an ! %ell diamet]2 ea* at ! di/al end ) a bru% or p5cil compos$ ( n9e to tw5ty-"o %ort1 simple1 curv$ bran*es 7?ree to sev5 on ea* edge74 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4a1 pores #j4jjf1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ab to #j4af1 bread? #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,cladococc9us1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,bran*es ( ! sp9es simple1 n ramifi$4 ,pores irregul>1 ( diff]5t size or =m4 #bbed4 ,cladococcus ant>cticus1 n4 sp4 ,pores irregul>1 polygonal1 twice to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 five to six on ! radius4 ,=ty to fifty radial sp9es1 angul>1 curv$1 ( v>iable size & =m1 ) ?ree to n9e irregul>1 simple1 blunt curv$ bran*es4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ad1 pores #j4ja to #j4jb1 b>s #j4je2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4a to #j4ah1 bread? #j4jjg4 ,habitat4--,ant>ctic ,ocean1 ,/ation #aeg1 dep? #aiej fa?oms4 #e4 ,cladococcus japonicus1 n4 sp4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 ( ! same bread? z ! b>s2 six to eight on ! radius4 ,tw5ty to ?irty radial sp9es1 angul>1 long] ?an ! %ell diamet]1 ) ?irty to =ty simple bran*es1 decreas+ 9 size f ! middle "p ( ! sp9e to ! di/al end 7t5 to ?irte5 bran*es on ea* edge74 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ab1 pores & b>s #j4jjg2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ae to #j4b1 bread? #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific 7,japan71 ,/ation #bdj1 surface4 #f4 ,cladococcus quadricuspis1 n4 sp4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 twice to eight times z broad z ! b>s2 eight to t5 on ! radius4 ,ab\t tw5ty radial sp9es1 ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 z long z ! %ell diamet]2 9 ! proximal half simple1 ) smoo? edges2 9 ! di/al half ) ?ree div]g+ simple bran*es1 half ! l5g? ( ! sp9e1 ) d5tat$ edges4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ae1 pores #j4jjd to #j4jaf1 b>s #j4jjb2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ag1 bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfe1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 ,subg5us #c4 ,cladococcodes1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,bran*es ( ! sp9es aga9 ramifi$4 ,pores regul>1 ( ne>ly equal size & simil> =m4 #g4 ,cladococcus scop>ius1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bg1 fig4 #b74 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 five to six on ! radius4 ,tw5ty radial sp9es1 broom-%ap$1 ?ree times z long z ! %ell diamet]2 9 ! proximal half simple1 9 ! di/al half bran*$1 ) ?ree to n9e bran*es1 :i* are aga9 ramifi$2 sp9es & _! bran*es ) ?ree smoo? edges1 n d5tat$4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4jee1 pores #j4jjge1 b>s #j4jjbe2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ae1 basal ?ickness #j4jjg4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 #bbfh4 ,cladococcus vim9alis1 ,haeckel4 ,cladococcus vim9alis1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cfi1 ,taf4 xiv4 figs4 #b1 #c4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 hexagonally fram$1 f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 five to six on ! radius4 ,radial sp9es1 aris+ f all ! nodal-po9ts ( ! network1 twice z long z ! %ell diamet]2 9 ! basal half simple1 9 ! di/al half ) ?ree to six long1 ?91 curv$ bran*es1 :i* are p>tly =k$2 ?ree edges ( ! sp9es d5tat$4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4jh1 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! radial sp9es #j4af1 basal bread? #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a74 #i4 ,cladococcus bifurcus1 ,haeckel4 ,cladococcus bifurcus1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cfh1 ,taf4 xiii4 figs4 #g1 #h4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 hexagonally fram$1 f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 five to sev5 on ! radius4 ,radial sp9es aris+ f all ! nodal-po9ts1 ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 ) d5tat$ edges1 long] ?an ! %ell diamet]4 ,on ea* sp9e six to n9e bran*es1 :i* are = ! mo/ "p =k$1 ! di/al bran*es only be+ simple4 7,may be reg>d$ z a fur!r developm5tal /age ( ,cladococcus sp9if] & ,cladococcus vim9alis47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4jh1 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjbe2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4a1 basal bread? #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a71 ,can>y ,isl&s1 ,azores1 surface4 #aj4 ,cladococcus p9etum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bg1 fig4 #a74 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 polygonally fram$1 ab\t ! same bread? z ! b>s3 two to ?ree on ! radius4 ,ab\t tw5ty radial sp9es1 v l>ge1 ?ree to f\r times z long z ! %ell diamet]1 bran*$ l a p9e tree1 ) /raight1 /\t1 ?ree-sid$ prismatic /em2 ?ree prom95t edges d5tat$4 ,on ea* edge five to sev5 lat]al bran*es1 ! di/al ends ( :i* are simple1 ! proximal aga9 ramifi$1 ) num]\s ramules4 ,! figur$ specim5 is a "y "o1 ) bran*es b little develop$4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4jf1 pores & b>s #j4jjh2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4b to #j4be bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bff to #bgd1 surface4 ,subg5us #d4 ,cladococcurus1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,bran*es ( ! sp9es aga9 ramifi$4 ,pores irregul>1 ( diff]5t size & =m4 #aa4 ,cladococcus abiet9us1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bg1 fig4 #c74 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 twice to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 six to t5 on ! radius4 ,ab\t tw5ty radial sp9es1 two to ?ree times z long z ! %ell diamet]1 bran*$ l a p9e #bbgtree1 ) /raight1 /\t1 ?ree-sid$ pyramidal /em4 ,f ! d5tat$ edges arise num]\s v]ticillate bran*es1 ! proximal ends ( :i* are ?ickly ramifi$4 7,diff]s f ! prec$+ & simil> species ma9ly 9 ! l>ge size & irregul> lattice-"w ( ! %ell47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ab to #j4ad1 pores #j4jjf to #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4be to #j4d1 bread? #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bef1 surface4 #ab4 ,cladococcus tricladus1 n4 sp4 ,pores irregul>1 polygonal1 twice to eight times z broad z ! b>s2 eight to t5 on ! radius4 ,ab\t tw5ty radial sp9es1 ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 twice z long z ! %ell diamet]2 9 ! proximal half simple1 ) smoo? edges2 9 ! di/al half ) ?ree div]g+ curv$ bran*es1 :i* bifurcate two to ?ree times or ramify irregul>ly4 7,closely relat$ to ! simpl] ,cladococcus quadricuspis47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4af1 pores #j4jd to #j4jaf1 b>s #j4jjb2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4c1 bread? #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #ac4 ,cladococcus /alactites1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bg1 fig4 #d74 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 once to five times z broad z ! b>s2 eight to t5 on ! radius4 ,ab\t tw5ty radial sp9es1 v /\t1 long] ?an ! %ell diamet]1 ) ?ree w+-l1 prom95t smoo? edges4 ,at ! middle1 or 9 ! di/al half1 ea* sp9e be>s a v]ticil ( ?ree /rong1 irregul>ly =m$ ramifi$ bran*es4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ad1 pores #j4jjc to #j4jae1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4af to #j4b1 bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,we/ ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbj1 dep? #aajj fa?oms4 #ad4 ,cladococcus d5drites1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bg1 fig4 #e74 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 ) d5ticulate m>g91 twice to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 eight to twelve on ! radius4 ,fifty to eighty radial sp9es1 ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 ) elegantly d5ticulat$ edges2 9 ! proximal two-?irds simple1 9 ! di/al ?ird ) a bun* ( t5 to tw5ty %ort simple sp9es 7?ree to sev5 on ea* edge74 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4af to #j4b1 pores #j4jjf to #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4b to #j4c1 bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,ant>ctic ,ocean1 ,/ation #aeg1 dep? #aiej fa?oms4 ,g5us #ic4 ,elaphococcus1#abg ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dej4 ,def9ition4--,a/rosphrida ) "o simple lattice-sph]e1 cov]$ ) =k$ or di*otom\sly bran*$ radial sp9es 7! /em ( ! sp9e always =k$74 #bbh,! g5us ,elaphococcus diff]s f ! prec$+ ,cladococcus 9 ! mode ( ramification ( ! radial sp9es4 ,^! are =k$2 & ! =k$ bran*es are ei!r simple1 aga9 =k$1 or di*otom\sly ramifi$4 ,subg5us #a4 ,elaphococc9us1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! %ell regul>1 ( ne>ly equal size & simil> =m4 #a4 ,elaphococcus furcatus1 n4 sp4 ,pores ( ! sph]ical %ell regul>1 hexagonal1 f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 f\r to five on ! radius4 ,radial sp9es1 aris+ f all ! nodal-po9ts ( ! network1 cyl9drical1 z long z ! radius1 simply =k$ at ! di/al end2 bo? bran*es half z long z ! undivid$ "p4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4jh1 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjbe2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jd1 bread? #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdh1 surface4 #b4 ,elaphococcus c]vicornis1 ,haeckel4 ,cladococcus c]vicornis1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cgj1 ,taf4 xiv4 figs4 #d-f4 ,pores regul>1 hexagonal1 t5 to tw5ty times z broad z ! b>s2 five to sev5 on ! radius4 ,fifty to n9ety radial sp9es 7or m71 aris+ n only f ! nodal-po9ts ( ! network b also f ! b>s betwe5 !m4 ,ea* sp9e is cyl9drical1 long] ?an ! %ell diamet]1 & repeat$ly =k$ 7?ree to six times71 hav+1 !re=e1 num]\s 7?irty to sixty or m7 curv$ bran*es4 ,! di/al ends ( all bran*es fall 9 "o sph]ical face4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4jg to #j4ji1 pores #j4ja to #j4jae1 b>s #j4jja to #j4jae2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4a to #j4ae1 bread? #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,m$it]ranean1 ,atlantic1 ,indian1 ,pacific1 surface4 #c4 ,elaphococcus elaphoc]as1 n4 sp4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 hexagonally fram$1 ?ree to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 six to eight on ! radius4 ,at ea* nodal-po9t ( ! hexagon arises a %ort bri/le-%ap$1 simple by-sp9e4 ,9 addition1 !re arise f ! b>s ?irty to sixty l>ge ma9 sp9es1 long] ?an ! %ell diamet]1 repeat$ly =k$ 9 ! same way z 9 ! prec$+ species4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4a1 pores #j4jjh1 b>s #j4jjb2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ab1 bread? #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgb4 dep? #bfjj fa?oms4 #d4 ,elaphococcus umbellif]1 n4 sp4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 t5 to twelve on ! radius4 ,tw5ty to =ty /raight cyl9drical sp9es1 z long z ! %ell diamet]1 hav+ at ! di/al end a regul> #bbiumbel compos$ ( n9e to twelve curv$ bran*es ( equal l5g?1 :i* are aga9 ramifi$ & resemble ! infloresc5ce ( an umbellif]\s plant1 ! di/al ends ( all ramules fall+ 9 a sph]ical face4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ab1 pores #j4jjf1 b>s #j4jjb2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ad1 bread? #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cbe1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,elaphococculus1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! %ell irregul>1 ( diff]5t size or =m4 #e4 ,elaphococcus di*otomus1 n4 sp4 ,pores irregul>1 polygonal1 twice to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 six to eight on ! radius4 ,?irty to sixty radial sp9es cyl9drical1 curv$1 z long z ! %ell diamet]1 simply =k$ at ! di/al end2 bo? bran*es "o-?ird z long z ! undivid$ "p4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ae1 pores #j4jjg to #j4jae1 b>s #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4b1 bread? #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,arctic ,ocean1 ,gre5l&1 surface 7,ko*74 #f4 ,elaphococcus umbellatus1 n4 sp4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 or polygonal1 twice to five times z broad z ! b>s2 six to eight on ! radius4 ,=ty to sixty radial sp9es cyl9drical1 curv$1 z long z ! %ell radius1 hav+ at ! di/al end an irregul> umbel1 compos$ ( six to twelve %ort bran*es1 :i* are irregul>ly ramifi$ or =k$4 7,diff]s f ! regul> ,elaphococcus umbellif] ma9ly 9 ! irregul>ity47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ad1 pores #j4jjg to #j4jae1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ab1 bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,s\?-ea/ ,pacific 7,juan ,f]n&ez71 ,/ation #bii1 surface4 #g4 ,elaphococcus drymodes1 n4 sp4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 little broad] ?an ! b>s2 t5 to twelve on ! radius4 ,eighty to "o hundr$ & tw5ty 7or m7 radial sp9es1 cyl9drical1 ?ree to f\r times z long z ! %ell diamet]1 irregul>ly =k$ or repeat$ly di*otom\s 7ea* sp9e ) =ty to sixty =k$ bran*es72 ! di/al ends ( all bran*es fall 9 a sph]ical plane4 7,diff]s f ! regul> ,elaphococcus c]vicornis ma9ly 9 ! irregul>ity47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4a1 pores & b>s #j4jjc to #j4jjh2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4c to #j4d1 bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,arctic ,ocean1 ,icel& 7,/e5/rup74 #bcj,subfamily ,,haliommida1#abh ,haeckel4 ,diplosphrida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 pp4 #ddi1 #dea4 ,def9ition4--,a/rosphrida ) two conc5tric sph]ical lattice-%ells1 unit$ by radial beams4 ,g5us #id4 ,haliomma1#abi ,ehr5b]g1 #ahch1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #abh4 ,def9ition4--,a/rosphrida ) "o m$ull>y 7intracapsul>7 & "o cortical 7extracapsul>7 %ell1 :i* are connect$ by radial beams1 pi]c+ ! c5tral capsule4 ,%ell surface cov]$ ) simple radial sp9es ( ! same k9d4 ,! g5us ,haliomma1 "o ( ! olde/ kn[n ,radiol>ian g5]a1 conta9$ 9 ! catalogue ( its discov]]1 ,ehr5b]g1 a l>ge numb] ( v diff]5t ,sphrell>ia1 belong+ to at lea/ sixte5 diff]5t g5]a4 ,we limit "h ! conception ( ! g5us to ^? ,haliommida :i* be> simple radial sp9es ( "o k9d on ! surface ( ! cortical %ell 7! latt] be+ sep>at$ f ! m$ull>y %ell by ! c5tral capsule74 ,subg5us #a4 ,haliomman?a1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! cortical %ell regul>1 ( ne>ly equal size & simil> =m2 sp9es on ! :ole surface 7commonly "o sp9e at ea* nodal-po9t74 #a4 ,haliomma hexagonium1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell f\r times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 bo? hav+ v ?9 ?read-l b>s1 & regul>1 hexagonal pores 7eighte5 to tw5ty on ! radius ( ! out]1 five to six on ! radius ( ! inn] %ell74 ,! two %ells connect$ by tw5ty ?9 ?read-l radial beams4 ,at ea* nodal-po9t ( ! out] %ell arises a bri/le-%ap$ radial sp9e1 half z long z ! radius4 7,simil> to ,heliosoma radians1 ,pl4 #bh1 fig4 #c1 b ) all ! sp9es equal47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4b1 inn] #j4je2 pores ( ! out] #j4jae1 ( ! inn] #j4ja2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4je4 ,habitat4--,equatorial ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdg1 surface4 #b4 ,haliomma ara*nium1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell2 pores ( ! =m] regul>1 hexagonal1 ) v ?9 ?read-l b>s 7f\rte5 to sixte5 on ! radius72 pores ( ! latt] regul>1 #bca;circul>1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s 7f\r to five on ! radius74 ,! two %ells connect$ by ab\t =ty radial beams4 ,at ea* nodal-po9t ( ! out] %ell arises "o bri/le-%ap$ radial sp9e1 twice z long z ! diamet] ( "o hexagonal me%4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ae1 inn] #j4je2 pores ( ! out] #j4jab1 ( ! inn] #j4jjf2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bff1 surface4 #c4 ,haliomma favosum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) regul>1 circul>1 hexagonally fram$ pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 eight to t5 on ! radius4 ,m$ull>y %ell ) simple1 circul> pores1 ( ! same bread? z ! b>s4 ,at ea* nodal-po9t ( ! out] %ell arises a %ort triangul> sp9e ?ree times z long z "o pore4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ab1 inn] #j4jd2 pores ( ! =m] #j4ja1 ( ! latt] #j4jje2 b>s #j4jje2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga to #bgd1 surface4 #d4 ,haliomma regul>e1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 ne>ly twice z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 & connect$ ) x by =ty to sixty ?9 radial beams4 ,bo? %ells ( ! same p]fectly regul> /ructure1 ) an id5tical numb] ( regul>1 circul> pores1 :i* are hexagonally fram$1 f\r times z broad z ! b>s1 n9e to elev5 on ! radius4 ,! out] pores are twice z broad z ! inn]1 exactly correspond+ pores4 ,betwe5 e ?ree pores ( ! out] surface 79 ea* corn] ( ! cortical hexagon7 arises "o %ort ?ree-sid$ pyramidal sp9e1 twice z long z ! diamet] ( "o pore4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4b1 ( ! inn] #j4aa2 pores ( ! =m] #j4jah1 ( ! latt] #j4jji2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic 7,tri/an da ,cunha71 ,/ation #ccb1 dep? #bbjj fa?oms4 #e4 ,haliomma melitomma1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bj1 fig4 #d74 ,melitomma =mosum1 ,haeckel1 #ahgi1 ,atlas1 loc4 cit4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 two & a half times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) regul> pores ( v elegant /ructure1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 eight to t5 on ! radius4 ,! inn] op5+ ( ea* pore is simple1 circul>1 ! out] regul>1 six-lob$2 correspond+ to ! six lobes are six %ort conical sp9es1 :i* arise f ! six corn]s ( ! regul> hexagonal frames sep>at+ ! pores4 ,pores ( ! m$ull>y %ell simple1 circul>1 ( ! same bread? z ! b>s4 ,! two %ells connect$ only by six radial beams 79 ?ree dim5sive axes74 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ag1 ( ! inn] #j4jg2 pores ( ! =m] #j4jab1 ( ! latt] #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jje to #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,zanzib>1 ,pull51 dep? #bbjj fa?oms4 #bcbf4 ,haliomma lirian?us1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bh1 figs4 #a1 #a;a1 #a;b74 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) regul>1 rosette-%ap$ pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 eight to t5 on ! radius4 ,! regul> /ructure ( ! elegant pores is ! same z 9 ! prec$+ species1 b )\t prom95t cre/$ frames 7fig4 #a;b74 ,also ! m$ull>y %ell 7fig4 #a;a7 is diff]5t1 mu* ?9n] & small]1 ) simple1 circul> pores1 :i* are ?ree times z broad z ! b>s4 ,! two %ells are connect$ by num]\s 7tw5ty87 radial beams4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ae1 ( ! inn] #j4je2 pores ( ! =m] #j4ja1 ( ! latt] #j4jje2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jje to #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 #g4 ,haliomma ca/anea1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma ca/anea1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dbh1 ,taf4 xxiv4 fig4 #d4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell2 pores ( bo? regul>1 circul>1 twice z broad z ! b>s 7sev5 to eight on ! radius ( ! out]1 f\r to five on ! radius ( ! inn] %ell71 ! two connect$ by six to twelve 787 /rong radial beams4 ,radial sp9es bri/le-%ap$1 ) conical bases1 twice z long z ! diamet] ( ! cortical pores 7"o sp9e at ! nodal-po9t betwe5 e ?ree pores74 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4a to #j4ae1 inn] #j4jc to #j4je2 pores ( ! =m] #j4jje1 ( ! latt] #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jje to #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,m$it]ranean1 ,atlantic1 ,indian1 ,pacific1 surface4 #h4 ,haliomma horridum1 ,/hr4 ,haliomma horridum1 ,/hr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #hg1 ,taf4 i4 fig4 #aj4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 two & a half times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 ( ! same bread? z ! b>s2 eight to t5 on ! radius4 ,radial sp9es conical1 /\t1 ne>ly half z long z ! radius4 7,diff]s f ! closely alli$ ,haliomma ca/anea 9 ! small] pores & l>g] sp9es47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ad1 ( ! inn] #j4jf2 pores ( ! =m] #j4jjd1 ( ! latt] #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,b>bados & ,sicily2 liv+ 9 ! ,atlantic1 ,/ation #i1 dep? #caej fa?oms1 & ,/ation #cec1 dep? #bife fa?oms4 #i4 ,haliomma datura1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 only "o & a half times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 bo? hav+ regul>1 circul> pores1 f\r to six times z broad z ! b>s 7five to six on ! radius ( ! out]1 ?ree to f\r on ! radius ( ! inn] %ell71 ! two connect$ by num]\s 7=ty to sixty87 ?91 %ort1 radial beams4 ,radial sp9es conical1 twice z long z ! diamet] ( "o cortical pore1 aris+ f all ! nodal-po9ts betwe5 !m4 #bcc;,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4jh to #j4ab1 inn] #j4jf to #j4jh2 pores ( ! =m] #j4jae to #j4jb1 ( ! latt] #j4jjg to #j4jab2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ations #bfh to #bgd1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,haliommetta1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! cortical %ell regul>1 ( ne>ly equal size & simil> =m2 ! sp9es n cov]+ ! entire surface1 b scatt]$ at int]vals 7_! numb] small] ?an t ( ! nodal-po9ts ( ! network74 #aj4 ,haliomma circumtextum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bh1 figs4 #g1 #g;a74 ,cortical %ell v delicate1 ) ?9 ?read-l b>s1 & regul>1 hexagonal pores1 little l>g] ?an ! ?ick-wall$ m$ull>y %ell 7 #g 3 #f74 ,pores ( ! latt] regul>1 circul>1 d\ble-edg$1 ) hexagonal frames1 ( ! same bread? z ! b>s2 f all ! hexagon-corn]s arise ?9 bri/le-%ap$1 radial sp9es1 twice z long z ! diamet] ( ! pores1 becom+ connect$ at equal di/ances f ! c5tre by tang5tial ?reads1 regul>ly dispos$1 =m+ ! cortical %ell4 ,twelve /rong1 ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 radial sp9es1 z broad at ! base z "o me%1 & ab\t half z long z ! radius ( ! %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ad1 ( ! inn] #j4ab2 pores ( ! =m] #j4jab1 ( ! latt] #j4jje2 l5g? ( ! radial sp9es #j4jd1 basal bread? #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 #aa4 ,haliomma duodec9um1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,bo? %ells ) regul>1 circul> pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 eight to t5 on ! radius ( ! out]1 five to six on ! radius ( ! inn] %ell4 ,twelve conical1 regul>ly dispos$ radial sp9es1 z long z ! radius1 & z broad at ! base z "o me%4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ab1 ( ! inn] #j4jd2 pores ( ! =m] #j4jje1 ( ! latt] #j4jjb2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4je1 basal bread? #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfe1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #ab4 ,haliomma megaporum1 ,ehr5b]g4 ,haliomma megaporum1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahgb1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #cac4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell2 ! pores regul>1 circul>1 ?ree to f\r on ! radius1 eight times z broad z ! b>s1 q z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ! pores ( :i* are mu* small]1 twice z broad z ! b>s4 ,eight radial sp9es regul>ly dispos$1 conical1 z long z ! radius4 7,z ! diagnosis ( ,ehr5b]g is v #bcd;incomplete1 & no figure is giv5 ) x1 x rema9s d\btful :e!r 8 ,m$it]ranean species be id5tical ) my ,atlantic v>iety47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ab1 ( ! inn] #j4jd2 pores ( ! =m] #j4jd1 ( ! latt] #j4jjh2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,grecian %ore72 ,nor? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ced1 surface4 #ac4 ,haliomma oculatum1 ,ehr5b]g4 ,haliomma oculatum1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahge1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #gd1 ,taf4 xxviii4 figs4 #b1 #c4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 f\r times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell2 its pores regul>1 circul>1 f\r times z broad z ! b>s1 six to eight on ! radius4 ,pores ( ! m$ull>y %ell regul>1 hexagonal1 ) v ?9 b>s1 ?ree to f\r on ! radius4 ,n9e radial sp9es1 regul>ly dispos$1 conical1 z long z ! radius1 z broad at ! base z "o cortical pore4 7,9 ! specim5 figur$ by ,ehr5b]g1 only two sp9es 7 pres]v$1 sev5 be+ accid5tally brok5 (f47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4af1 ( ! inn] #j4jd2 pores ( ! =m] #j4ja1 ( ! latt] #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ,b>bados4 #ad4 ,haliomma enneaxiphos1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 f\r times z broad z ! d>k m$ull>y %ell1 ) regul>1 circul>1 hexagonally fram$ pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 eight to t5 on ! radius4 ,n9e radial sp9es regul>ly dispos$1 ?ree sid$ pyramidal1 z long z ! radius1 z broad at ! base z "o me%4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4aa1 ( ! inn] #j4jc2 cortical pores #j4jjh1 b>s #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! radial sp9es #j4je1 basal bread? #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgb1 surface4 #ae4 ,haliomma t5uisp9um1 ,j4 ,mll]4 ,haliomma t5uisp9um1 ,j4 ,mll]1 #aheh1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #ci1 ,taf4 iv4 fig4 #i4 ,haliomma t5uisp9um1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dca4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,bo? %ells ) v f9e1 ?read-l b>s1 & regul>1 hexagonal pores2 five to sev5 on ! radius4 ,tw5ty radial sp9es1 v ?91 bri/le-%ap$1 z long z ! radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ab1 ( ! inn] #j4jd2 pores ( ! =m] #j4jaf1 ( ! latt] #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,nice72 ,nor? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cec1 surface4 #bceaf4 ,haliomma longisp9um1 ,j4 ,mll]4 ,haliomma longisp9um1 ,j4 ,mll]1 #aheh1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #ci1 ,taf iv4 fig4 #h4 ,haliomma longisp9um1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dca4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 ?ree times z broad z ! d>k m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 hexagonally fram$1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 f\r to six on ! radius4 ,tw5ty radial sp9es1 v long1 regul>ly dispos$1 f\r to five times z long z ! diamet] ( ! %ell1 ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 ) elegantly d5tat$ edges1 z broad z "o cortical me%4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4jh1 ( ! inn] #j4jc2 pores ( ! =m] #j4ja1 b>s #j4jje2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4c to #j4d4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,nice72 ,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgb1 surface4 #ag4 ,haliomma cap5se1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 twice z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 bo? ) regul>1 circul> pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 eight to t5 on ! radius ( ! out]1 f\r to six on ! radius ( ! inn] %ell4 ,=ty to sixty radial sp9es1 conical1 z long z ! radius1 z broad z "o cortical pore4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4aa1 ( ! inn] #j4je2 pores ( ! =m] #j4ja1 b>s #j4jje2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jjf1 basal bread? #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,cape ( ,good ,hope1 ,/ation #adb1 surface4 #ah4 ,haliomma d5ticulatum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 ?ree times z broad z ! d>k m$ull>y %ell1 ) regul>1 circul>1 d\ble-edg$ pores1 ( ! same bread? z ! b>s2 eight to t5 on ! radius4 ,?irty to fifty radial sp9es1 ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 half z long z ! radius1 ) ?ree d5ticulat$ edges4 7,v simil> to ,act9omma d5ticulatum1 ,pl4 #bi1 fig4 #c1 b ) simple m$ull>y %ell47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ab1 inn] #j4jd2 pores & b>s ( ! =m] #j4jjh2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jd1 basal bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdd1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #ai4 ,haliomma gr&e1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 five times z broad z ! d>k m$ull>y %ell1 ) small1 regul>1 circul> pores1 half z broad z ! b>s2 tw5ty to tw5ty-f\r on ! radius4 ,"o hundr$ to "o hundr$ & tw5ty conical radial sp9es1 five times z long z broad1 only half z long z ! radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4d1 inn] #j4jh2 pores ( ! out] #j4jjf1 b>s #j4jab2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4a1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,equatorial ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdh1 dep? #bdej fa?oms4 #bcf,subg5us #c4 ,haliommilla1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! cortical %ell irregul>1 ( diff]5t size & =m2 sp9es cov]+ ! entire surface 7commonly "o sp9e at ea* nodal-po9t74 #bj4 ,haliomma capillaceum1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma capillaceum1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dbf1 ,taf4 xxiii4 fig4 #b4 ,cortical %ell v ?9 wall$1 sev5 to eight times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 bo? ) irregul>1 polygonal pores1 & v ?9 ?read-l b>s2 out] pores twice to ?ree times z broad z ! inn]4 ,radial sp9es v num]\s1 /raight1 bri/le-%ap$1 ab\t z long z ! diamet] ( ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4b1 inn] #j4jbe to #j4jc2 out] pores #j4jb to #j4jd1 inn] #j4jjh to #j4jaf1 b>s #j4jja2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jb to #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a71 ,atlantic 7,can>y ,isl&s71 surface4 #ba4 ,haliomma er9aceum1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma er9aceum1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dbg1 ,taf4 xxiii4 figs4 #c1 #d4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 sev5 to eight times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 bo? ) irregul>1 polygonal pores1 two to t5 times z broad z ! b>s1 out] pores mu* l>g] ?an ! inn]4 ,radial sp9es v num]\s1 bri/le-%ap$1 z long z ! diamet] ( ! m$ull>y %ell1 ! majority or all be+ ei!r curv$ or obliquely depress$1 ! great] "p nei!r /raight nor radial4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4b1 inn] #j4jbe to #j4jc2 out] pores #j4jje to #j4jc1 inn] #j4jjh to #j4jaf1 b>s #j4jjb to #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,m$it]ranean1 ,atlantic1 ,pacific1 surface4 #bb4 ,haliomma t5ellum1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma t5ellum1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dbh4 ,haliomma sp9uloso aff9e1 ,j4 ,mll]1 #aheh1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #dj1 ,taf4 iv4 fig4 #g4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 & v ?9 b>s4 ,pores ( ! inn] %ell regul>1 circul>4 ,radial sp9es v num]\s1 bri/le-%ap$1 /raight1 z long z ! radius ( ! out] %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ae1 inn] #j4je2 out] pores #j4jjh to #j4jaf1 inn] #j4jje2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jg4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,nice72 ,atlantic1 ,/ations #cdi to #ced1 surface4 #bcgbc4 ,haliomma sp9ulosum1 ,j4 ,mll]4 ,haliomma sp9ulosum1 ,j4 ,mll]1 #aheh1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #ci1 ,taf4 iv4 fig4 #f4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 twice z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) irregul>1 polygonal pores1 & v ?9 b>s4 ,pores ( ! inn] %ell subregul>1 hexagonal1 t5 to twelve times z broad z ! b>s4 ,radial sp9es v num]\s1 bri/le-%ap$1 "o-six? to "o-f\r? z long z ! radius ( ! out] %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4af1 inn] #j4jh2 out] pores #j4ja to #j4jc1 inn] #j4jb2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jb to #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,nice72 ,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bff1 surface4 #bd4 ,haliomma rhodococcus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ai1 fig4 #f74 ,se?osphra rhodococcus1 ,haeckel1 #ahgi1 ,atlas1 pl4 xix4 fig4 #f4 ,cortical %ell v ?9 wall$1 little l>g] ?an ! ?ick wall$ m$ull>y %ell 7 #aj 3 #i74 ,pores ( ! out] %ell v irregul>1 r\ndi%1 twice to six times z broad z ! b>s1 ab\t tw5ty on ! radius4 ,pores ( ! inn] %ell twice z broad z ! b>s1 six to eight on ! radius1 v regul>1 circul> on ! inn]1 six-lob$ on ! out] op5+1 sep>at$ by prom95t hexagonal cre/s2 9 ! hexagon-corn]s arise %ort conical radial sp9es1 :i* at equal di/ances f ! c5tre are unit$ by ! out] %ell1 b are prom95t ov] its surface4 7,a v peculi> =m2 ! two %ells may bett] be reg>d$ z inn] & out] cortical %ell47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4b1 inn] #j4ah2 out] pores #j4jd to #j4jab1 inn] #j4ja2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cch1 dep? #aiij fa?oms2 also fossil 9 ,b>bados4 #be4 ,haliomma boreale1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 f\r times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 twice to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 eight to t5 on ! radius4 ,pores ( ! inn] %ell regul>1 circul>1 twice z broad z ! b>s1 f\r to six on ! radius4 ,radial sp9es v num]\s1 conical1 ne>ly z long z ! diamet] ( ! %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4bd1 inn] #j4jf2 out] pores #j4jjh to #j4jb1 b>s #j4jje1 inn] pores #j4jjf1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4b4 ,habitat4--,arctic ,ocean1 ,gre5l& 7,al]t ,exp$ition74 ,subg5us #d4 ,haliommura1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! cortical %ell irregul>1 ( diff]5t size & =m2 sp9es n cov]+ ! entire surface1 b scatt]$ at int]vals 7_! numb] small] ?an t ( ! nodal-po9ts 9 ! network74 #bchbf4 ,haliomma macrodoras1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bh1 figs4 #f1 #f;a74 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 twice z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) irregul>1 polygonal me%es1 ?ree to six times z broad z ! b>s4 ,inn] %ell ) regul>1 hexagonal me%es1 t5 times z broad z ! b>s4 ,tw5ty radial sp9es1 v long1 /\t1 ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 two to f\r times z long z ! diamet] ( ! %ell1 z broad z "o m$ull>y me%1 ) ?ree w+-l1 d5ticulat$ edges4 ,at ! base ( ea* sp9e ?ree support+ curv$ beams4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ad to #j4af1 ( ! inn] #j4jg to #j4jh2 out] pores #j4ja to #j4jb1 b>s #j4jjc2 inn] pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jja2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4c to #j4f1 bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 #bg4 ,haliomma ant>cticum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell v ?9 wall$1 ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) irregul>1 polygonal pores1 & v ?9 ?read-l b>s4 ,inn] %ell ) regul>1 hexagonal me%es1 six times z broad z ! b>s4 ,ab\t =ty radial sp9es1 angul>1 pyramidal1 half z long z ! radius ( ! %ell1 z broad at ! base z ! l>ge/ me%4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4b1 ( ! inn] #j4jg2 out] pores #j4jjf to #j4jae1 inn] #j4jjh2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4je1 basal bread? #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,ant>ctic ,ocean1 ,/ation #aed1 surface4 #bh4 ,haliomma wyvillei1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma wyvillei1 ,haeckel1 #ahgh1 ,proti/5rei*1 p4 #dd1 fig4 #ca4 ,haliomma species1 ,wyville ,?omson1 #ahgg1 ,atlantic1 vol4 i4 p4 #bcf1 fig4 #ed4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,bo? %ells ) irregul>1 l>ge1 polygonal pores1 & v ?9 b>s4 ,f ! inn] %ell arise v num]\s 7eighty to "o hundr$ & tw5ty or m7 radial sp9es1 :i* pi]ce ! out] %ell1 & are outside x1 z long z ! radius ( ! inn] %ell1 /raight1 bri/le-%ap$1 & z ?ick z ! b>s4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ah1 ( ! inn] #j4jf2 pores #j4ja to #j4jb1 b>s #j4jja to #j4jjb2 l5g? ( ! free sp9es #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ations #bff to #bgd1 surface4 #bi4 ,haliomma b]oes1 ,ehr5b]g4 ,haliomma b]oes1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahed1 ,mikrogeol41 ,taf4 xxxv,b4 ,b4 iv4 fig4 #ai4 ,haliomma b]oes1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dcd4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 twice to f\r times z broad z ! b>s4 ,inn] %ell ) regul>1 circul> pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s4 ,bo? %ells connect$ by f\r 7or six 87 radial beams1 p]p5dicul>ly cross$4 ,?irty to =ty radial sp9es1 conical1 ?91 %ort] ?an ! radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4aa1 inn] #j4jd2 out] pores #j4jjg to #j4jab1 inn] #j4jje2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jc1 basal bread? #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,atlantic1 dep? #bjjj fa?oms4 #bcicj4 ,haliomma compactum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bh1 figs4 #e1 #e;a74 ,cortical %ell v ?ick wall$1 f\r times z broad z ! ?9 wall$ m$ull>y %ell2 pores ( ! =m] irregul>1 r\ndi%1 ) high polygonal frames ( v diff]5t size1 twice to f\r times z broad z ! b>s4 ,inn] %ell ) simple1 small1 polygonal pores1 connect$ ) ! out] %ell by eight 787 regul>ly dispos$ ?9 radial beams1 opposite 9 pairs1 prolong$ outside into /rong conical sp9es1 long] ?an ! radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4jh1 inn] #j4jb2 out] pores #j4jje to #j4ja1 inn] #j4jje2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jf1 basal bread? #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ations #bfe to #bgb1 dep? #bdbe to #bibe fa?oms4 #ca4 ,haliomma p]magnum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 six times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi%1 d\ble-edg$ pores1 ?ree to six times z broad z ! b>s4 ,inn] %ell ) regul>1 circul> pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s4 ,"o hundr$ & tw5ty to "o hundr$ & fifty radial sp9es1 conical1 only "o-f\r? z long z ! radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4db1 inn] #j4jg2 out] pores #j4jab to #j4jbe1 b>s #j4jjd2 inn] pores #j4jjh1 b>s #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4je1 basal bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfh1 surface4 #cb4 ,haliomma patagonicum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 f\r times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 twice to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s4 ,inn] %ell also ) irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 ( half ! size4 ,=ty to fifty radial sp9es1 cyl9dro-conical1 ab\t z long z ! %ell diamet]4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4bd1 inn] #j4jf2 out] pores #j4jab to #j4jb1 b>s #j4jjf2 inn] pores #j4jje to #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4c1 bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,s\?-ea/ ,pacific1 we/ coa/ ( ,patagonia1 ,/ation #cjb1 surface4 #cc4 ,haliomma clavatum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi% pores little l>g] ?an ! b>s2 eight to twelve on ! radius4 ,inn] %ell ) simil> b small] pores4 ,ab\t tw5ty radial sp9es1 club-%ap$1 z long z ! radius1 ?ree-sid$1 ) prom95t edges1 twice z broad at ! di/al end z at ! base4 7,simil> to ,acan?osphra clavata1 ,pl4 #bf1 fig4 #h1 b diff]s f x 9 ! possession ( a m$ull>y %ell47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4b1 inn] #j4jf2 out] pores & b>s #j4jjh to #j4jb1 inn] #j4jjf to #j4ja2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4a1 di/al bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfe1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #bdj;,g5us #ie4 ,heliosoma1#acj ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deb4 ,def9ition4--,a/rosphrida ) "o m$ull>y 7intracapsul>7 & "o cortical 7extracapsul>7 %ell1 ! two be+ connect$ by radial beams pi]c+ ! c5tral capsule4 ,%ell surface cov]$ ) simple radial sp9es ( two diff]5t k9ds2 l>g] ma9 sp9es & small] by-sp9es4 ,! g5us ,heliosoma diff]s f ! prec$+ ,haliomma 9 ! possession ( two diff]5t k9ds ( radial sp9es1 & exhibits !re=e ! same relation to x t ,heliosphra be>s to ,acan?osphra among ! ,cosc9ommida4 ,! small] by-sp9es are mu* m num]\s ?an ! l>g] ma9 sp9es4 ,subg5us #a4 ,heliosoman?a1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! cortical %ell regul>1 ( ne>ly equal size & simil> =m4 #a4 ,heliosoma radians1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bh1 figs4 #c1 #c;a74 ,cortical %ell v ?9 wall$1 ) ?read-l b>s & regul>1 hexagonal me%es2 tw5ty to tw5ty-two on ! radius4 ,m$ull>y %ell only "o-fif? z l>ge1 ( ! same /ructure4 ,! two %ells connect$ by tw5ty v ?9 radial beams1 :i* are prolong$ outside into tw5ty /\t1 ?ree-sid$ pyramidal ma9 sp9es1 z long z ! diamet] ( ! inn] %ell4 ,betwe5 ^!1 aris+ f ! surface1 num]\s bri/le-%ap$ by-sp9es4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4be1 inn] #j4je1 pores #j4jab2 l5g? ( ! ma9 sp9es #j4je1 basal bread? #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ations #bff to #bgd1 surface4 #b4 ,heliosoma elegans1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 ) regul>1 circul>1 hexagonally fram$ pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 t5 to twelve on ! radius4 ,m$ull>y %ell half z l>ge1 ) simple1 regul>1 circul> pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s4 ,! two %ells connect$ by tw5ty v ?9 radial beams1 :i* are prolong$ outside into tw5ty sl5d]1 ?ree-sid$ pyramidal ma9 sp9es z long z ! radius4 ,9 ea* corn] ( ! surface hexagons a bri/le-%ap$ by-sp9e "o-f\r? z long4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ab1 inn] #j4jf2 out] pores #j4jjf1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! ma9 sp9es #j4je1 basal bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 #c4 ,heliosoma e*9a/]1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma e*9a/]1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dbi1 ,taf4 xxiv4 figs4 #a-c4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 ) regul>1 circul>1 hexagonally fram$ pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 t5 to twelve on ! radius4 ,m$ull>y %ell "o-f\r? z l>ge1 ) few irregul>1 l>ge1 #bdapolygonal pores & v ?9 ?read-l b>s1 connect$ ) ! =m] by n9e simil> ?9 radial beams1 :i* are prolong$ outside into n9e pyramidal ma9 sp9es1 z long z ! radius4 ,f ea* corn] ( ! surface hexagon arises a bri/le-%ap$ by-sp9e1 half z long z ! ma9 sp9e4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4af1 inn] #j4jd2 out] pores #j4jjh1 b>s #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! ma9 sp9es #j4jh1 basal bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a71 surface4 #d4 ,heliosoma duodecilla1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 ) regul>1 circul> pores1 ( ! same bread? z ! b>s2 sixte5 to eighte5 on ! radius4 ,m$ull>y %ell "o-?ird z l>ge1 ( ! same /ructure4 ,twelve radial ma9 sp9es1 regul>ly dispos$1 cyl9dro-conical1 long] ?an ! %ell diamet]1 z broad z two pores4 ,:ole surface cov]$ ) %ort conical by-sp9es4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ae1 inn] #j4je2 out] pores & b>s #j4jjg2 l5g? ( ! ma9 sp9es #j4b1 bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccc1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,heliosomura1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! cortical %ell irregul>1 ( diff]5t size & =m4 #e4 ,heliosoma ha/atum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bh1 fig4 #d74 ,cortical %ell v ?9 wall$1 ) l>ge1 irregul>1 polygonal me%es1 ?ree to six times z broad z ! b>s2 f\r to six on ! radius4 ,m$ull>y %ell "o-?ird z l>ge1 ) small1 regul>1 circul> pores4 ,! two %ells connect$ by twelve regul>ly dispos$ radial beams1 :i* are prolong$ outside into twelve v /\t ?ree-sid$ pyramidal ma9 sp9es1 some:at long] ?an ! radius1 spe>-%ap$2 ea* ( ! ?ree w+s 9 ! middle "p ) "o too?4 ,scatt]$ on ! surface num]\s by-sp9es ( ! same =m1 half z long & only "o-f\r? z broad4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4a1 inn] #j4jcc2 out] pores #j4jjf to #j4jac1 inn] pores #j4jjb1 b>s #j4jjb2 l5g? ( ! ma9 sp9es #j4jf1 bread? #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 #f4 ,heliosoma indicum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 twice to five times z broad z ! b>s4 ,m$ull>y %ell ( ! same /ructure1 only "o-f\r? z l>ge4 ,?irty to =ty conical ma9 sp9es1 z long z ! radius2 betwe5 !m num]\s bri/le-%ap$ by-sp9es1 only half z long4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4b1 inn] #j4je2 out] pores #j4jjd to #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjb2 l5g? ( ! ma9 sp9es #j4a1 bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 betwe5 ,ad5 & ,socotora1 surface1 ,haeckel4 #bdb;,g5us #if4 ,elatomma1#aca n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,a/rosphrida ) "o m$ull>y 7intracapsul>7 & "o cortical 7extracapsul>7 %ell1 ! two be+ connect$ by radial beams pi]c+ ! c5tral capsule4 ,%ell surface cov]$ ) bran*$ radial sp9es4 ,! g5us ,elatomma diff]s f ,haliomma 9 ! ramification ( ! radial sp9es1 & exhibits !re=e ! same relation to x t ,cladococcus1 among ! ,cosc9ommida1 be>s to ,acan?osphra4 ,subg5us #a4 ,elatommella1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! cortical %ell regul>1 ( ne>ly equal size & simil> =m4 #a4 ,elatomma p9etum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 ) regul>1 circul>1 hexagonally fram$ pores1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s4 ,f its surface arise tw5ty to ?irty l>ge1 ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 radial sp9es z long z ! %ell diamet]1 bran*$ l a p9e tree2 on ea* edge ( ! sp9e five to six ramifi$ bran*es1 decreas+ 9 size t[>ds ! di/al end4 ,simil> to ,cladococcus p9etum 7,pl4 #bg1 figs4 #a1 #c71 b diff]+ 9 ! possession ( a m$ull>y %ell 7"o-?ird z l>ge z ! out]71 ) regul>1 circul> pores1 z broad z ! b>s4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4b1 inn] #j4jg2 cortical pores #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4b to #j4bd4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ations #bff to #bgb1 surface4 #b4 ,elatomma scop>ium1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 ) regul>1 circul> pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s1 connect$ ) ! m$ull>y %ell by tw5ty ?9 radial beams1 :i* are prolong$ outside into tw5ty l>ge cyl9drical radial sp9es some:at long] ?an ! radius2 9 ! proximal half simple1 9 ! di/al half ) six to n9e di*otom\s1 irregul> bran*es4 ,simil> to ,cladococcus scop>ius 7,pl4 #bg1 fig4 #b71 b mu* l>g]1 & ) a l>ge m$ull>y %ell 7"o-?ird z broad z ! out]71 & regul>1 circul> pores4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ab1 inn] #j4jd2 cortical pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jje2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdj1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,elatommura1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! cortical %ell irregul>1 ( diff]5t size or =m4 #bdcc4 ,elatomma junip]9um1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bh1 fig4 #h74 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 ) regul>1 polygonal1 or r\ndi% pores1 twice to f\r times z broad z ! b>s1 connect$ ) ! small m$ull>y %ell by ab\t tw5ty ?9 radial beams4 ,inn] %ell only "o-eigh? z broad z ! out]1 ) few irregul>1 polygonal me%es4 ,surface cov]$ ) v num]\s 7"o hundr$ to "o hundr$ & fifty or m7 bran*$ conical radial sp9es1 "o-?ird z long z ! %ell radius1 ) six to twelve %ort lat]al bran*es4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4b1 inn] #j4jbe2 cortical pores #j4jh to #j4jaf1 b>s #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 #d4 ,elatomma p5icillus1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 ) irregul>1 polygonal pores1 twice to f\r times z broad z ! b>s1 connect$ ) ! m$ull>y %ell by tw5ty 7or m87 v ?9 beams4 ,^! are prolong$ outside into tw5ty /raight1 ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 radial sp9es z long z ! radius1 ) a bru%-l bun* ( six to n9e %ort1 irregul>ly ramifi$ bran*es at ! end4 ,m$ull>y %ell v delicate 7half z broad z ! out]71 ) regul>1 hexagonal me%es & ?read-l b>s4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ae1 inn] #j4jh2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,we/ coa/ ( ,norway1 ,b]g51 ,haeckel4 #e4 ,elatomma irregul>e1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 ) irregul>1 polygonal1 or r\ndi% me%es1 twice to six times z broad z ! b>s2 ! m$ull>y %ell ( ! same /ructure1 half z broad1 ) small] irregul> pores4 ,=ty to sixty curv$1 ?ree-sid$1 radial sp9es1 z long z ! %ell1 ) a bun* ( v irregul>1 curv$1 & p>tly ramifi$ bran*es at ! di/al end4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4b1 inn] #j4a2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4b1 bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,gulf ,/ream1 ,fre ,*annel1 surface1 ,john ,murray4 ,g5us #ig4 ,leptosphra1#acb n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,a/rosphrida ) two extracapsul> cortical %ells )\t by-sp9es1 connect$ by long prismatic radial sp9es4 ,! g5us ,leptosphra1 toge!r ) ! ?ree foll[+ g5]a1 =ms ! v peculi> & typical small gr\p ( ,sphroidea :i* we call ! ,diplosphrida 7) f\r g5]a & tw5ty-f\r species72 _! %ell is compos$ ( two conc5tric sph]es z 9 ! ?ree =ego+ g5]a2 b :il/ 9 ^! ! inn] %ell is an intracapsul> m$ull>y %ell & ! out] an extracapsul> cortical %ell1 9 ! ,diplosphrida #bdd;bo? %ells are extracapsul> or cortical %ells1 !re=e ! inn] %ell ( ! latt] corresponds to ! out] ( ! =m]4 ,! inn] sph]ical %ell ( all ,diplosphrida is compos$ ( v delicate beams & l>ge pores1 :i* are ei!r regul> hexagonal or irregul> polygonal 7nev] r\ndi%74 ,f its surface arise a v>iable numb] 7tw5ty to ?irty7 ( /\t long radial sp9es1 :i* are inv>iably long] ?an ! %ell diamet] 7(t5 two to ?ree times z long or m71 & ( ?ree-sid$ prismatic =m1 ! ?ree edges ei!r smoo? or s]rate1 (t5 ) ?ree r[s ( lat]al bran*es 7commonly ?ree to five bran*es 9 ea* r[72 ! latt] are inv>iably ( ! same =m1 concavely curv$ t[>ds ! sp9e1 & decrease 9 size t[>ds ! di/al end4 ,f ! ?ree edges ( ea* ma9 sp9e 9 all ,diplosphrida1 at equal di/ances f ! c5tre1 arise six v ?91 ?read-l lat]al bran*es 7a pair f ea* edge7 & connect ! sp9e 9 a tang5tial direction ) all neighb\r+ sp9es4 ,9 ?is mann] ! polyh$ral out] %ell is =m$1 ! me%es ( :i* !re=e are always v l>ge & triangul>4 ,sometimes ea* ( ^! prim>y triangul> me%es becomes fill$ up ) a second>y network1 ei!r ( regul> quadrangul> or ( irregul> polygonal second>y me%es4 ,besides ! con/ant tw5ty to ?irty l>ge ma9 sp9es1 9 ! majority ( ,diplosphrida bri/le-%ap$ radial by-sp9es arise1 ei!r f ! inn] %ell 7,diplosphra7 or f ! out] 7,drymosphra71 or f bo? 7,a/rosphra74 ,!y are abs5t only 9 ,leptosphra4 ,commonly ! by-sp9es are simple1 r>ely =k$ or bran*$4 ,! c5tral capsule 9 ! ,diplosphrida is usually enclos$ 9 ! inn] %ell2 (t5 x completely fills up ! latt]1 or drives out a ccal protub]ance ?r\gh ea* me%2 b ^! processes r>ely unite outside4 ,! av]age size ( ! ,diplosphrida1 :i* are all pelagic organisms1 is mu* l>g] ?an t ( ! o!r ,haliommida4 ,subg5us #a4 ,leptosphrella1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,radial sp9es simple1 )\t lat]al bran*es4 #a4 ,leptosphra hexagonalis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ai1 fig4 #b74 ,inn] %ell ) regul>1 hexagonal me%es1 & v ?91 ?read-l b>s2 out] %ell twice z broad1 ) simple triangul> me%es4 ,radial sp9es ) ?ree smoo? edges4 7,fig4 #b repres5ts ! c5tral capsule ) num]\s club-%ap$ saccules1 prom95t ext]nally ?r\gh ! me%es2 9 ! c5tre a l>ge simple sph]ical nucleus1 "o-?ird z broad z ! capsule4 ,! skeleton ( ?is species is id5tical ) t ( ,diplosphra hexagonalis1 ,pl4 #ai1 fig4 #c1 b has no by-sp9es47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4c1 ( ! inn] #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,m$it]ranean 7,corfu71 ,nor? ,atlantic 7,can>y ,isl&s71 ,tropical ,pacific1 surface4 #bdeb4 ,leptosphra s]rata1 n4 sp4 ,inn] %ell ) regul>1 hexagonal me%es1 five to six times z broad z ! b>s2 out] %ell ?ree times z broad1 ) simple triangul> me%es4 ,radial sp9es ) ?ree s]rat$ edges 7( ! same =m z ! ma9 sp9es ( ,drymosphra d5drophora1 ,pl4 #bj1 fig4 #a74 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4de1 ( ! inn] #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 #c4 ,leptosphra polygonalis1 n4 sp4 ,inn] %ell ) irregul>1 polygonal me%es & v ?9 ?read-l b>s2 out] %ell twice z broad1 ) simple triangul> me%es4 ,radial sp9es ) ?ree smoo? edges4 7,resembles ,drymosphra polygonalis1 ,pl4 #ai1 fig4 #a1 b has no by-sp9es47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ce1 inn] #j4age4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bef1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,leptosphromma1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,radial sp9es ) ?ree r[s ( lat]al bran*es 7"o r[ on ea* edge74 #d4 ,leptosphra ciliata1 n4 sp4 ,inn] %ell ) regul>1 hexagonal me%es & v ?9 ?read-l b>s2 out] %ell ?ree times z broad1 ) simple triangul> me%es4 ,radial sp9es ) smoo? edges & ?ree r[s ( simple1 smoo?1 curv$1 lat]al bran*es 7six bran*es on ea* edge71 simil> to ^? ( ,diplosphra gracilis4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4f1 inn] #j4b4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cbe1 surface4 #e4 ,leptosphra sp9osa1 ,haeckel4 ,diplosphra sp9osa1 ,r4 ,h]twig1 #ahgi1 ,organismus d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dj1 ,taf4 v4 fig4 #b4 ,inn] %ell ) regul>1 hexagonal me%es1 five times z broad z ! b>s2 out] %ell ?ree times z broad1 ) simple triangul> me%es4 ,radial sp9es ) ?ree d5sely s]rat$ edges1 & ) ?ree r[s ( s]rat$1 simple1 curv$1 lat]al bran*es 7?ree bran*es on ea* edge74 ,diff]s f ! prec$+ 9 ! ?ick] b>s & ! elegantly d5ticulat$ sp9es & bran*es4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ff1 inn] #j4bb4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a71 ,r4 ,h]twig4 #f4 ,leptosphra /ellata1 n4 sp4 ,inn] %ell ) regul>1 hexagonal me%es1 six times z broad z ! b>s1 ea* b> cross$ by a transv]se tang5tial rod1 s t ea* me% repres5ts an elegant six-ray$ /> 7z #bdf;9 ,a/rosphra /ellata1 ,pl4 #ai1 fig4 #e1 b )\t radial by-sp9es72 out] %ell twice z broad1 ) simple triangul> me%es4 ,radial sp9es ) s]rat$ edges & ?ree r[s ( simple lat]al bran*es 7f\r bran*es on ea* edge74 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4dd1 inn] #j4bb4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic 7,asc5sion ,isl&71 ,/ation #cdc1 surface4 #g4 ,leptosphra reticulum1 n4 sp4 ,inn] %ell ) irregul>1 polygonal me%es & v ?9 ?read-l b>s2 out] %ell f\r times z broad1 also ) irregul>1 polygonal me%es1 ! sides ( ! triangul> ma9 me%es be+ connect$ by irregul> lat]al ramules1 =m+ an extremely delicate reticulum4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4fd1 inn] #j4af4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bia1 surface4 ,g5us #ih4 ,diplosphra1#acc ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #hjd4 ,def9ition4--,a/rosphrida ) two extracapsul> cortical %ells1 connect$ by long1 prismatic1 radial sp9es2 inn] %ell ) ?9 radial by-sp9es4 ,! g5us ,diplosphra diff]s f its ance/ral =m ,leptosphra 9 ! developm5t ( radial by-sp9es on ! surface ( ! inn] %ell1 ! out] %ell be+ smoo?4 ,subg5us #a4 ,diplosphrella1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,radial ma9 sp9es simple1 )\t lat]al bran*es4 #a4 ,diplosphra hexagonalis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ai1 fig4 #c74 ,inn] %ell ) regul>1 hexagonal me%es & v ?9 ?read-l b>s2 at ea* nodal-po9t "o bri/le-%ap$ by-sp9e2 out] %ell twice z broad1 ) simple triangul> me%es4 ,radial sp9es ) ?ree smoo? edges4 7,! radially /rip$ c5tral capsule1 enclos$ 9 ! inn] %ell1 envelops a l>ge c5tral nucleus "o-?ird its size1 fig4 #c47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4cf1 inn] #j4ah4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ations #bfe to #bgd1 surface4 #b4 ,diplosphra ornata1 n4 sp4 ,inn] %ell ) regul>1 hexagonal me%es1 f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 out] %ell ?ree times z broad1 ) simple triangul> me%es4 ,radial ma9 sp9es z well z ! b>s ( bo? #bdg%ells v elegantly d5ticulat$2 radial by-sp9es 7v num]\s 9 ! surface ( ! inn] %ell7 smoo?4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4g1 inn] #j4bd4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,madagasc>1 surface1 ,rabbe4 #c4 ,diplosphra dictyota1 n4 sp4 ,inn] %ell ) regul>1 hexagonal me%es1 six times z broad z ! b>s2 at ea* nodal-po9t "o radial by-sp9e2 out] %ell two & a half times z broad1 ) v delicate squ>e me%es1 sep>at$ by ?read-l b>s :i* arise f ! sides ( ! triangul> ma9 me%es4 ,radial ma9 sp9es ) ?ree s]rat$ edges4 7,diff]s f ! simil> ,diplosphra gracilis 9 ! simple ma9 sp9es1 ) delicate d5tition ( ! edges47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4e1 inn] #j4b4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,can>y ,isl&s1 surface4 #d4 ,diplosphra polygonalis1 n4 sp4 ,inn] %ell ) irregul>1 polygonal me%es & v ?9 ?read-l b>s1 cov]$ ) v num]\s bri/le-%ap$ by-sp9es2 out] %ell twice z broad1 ) simple triangul> me%es4 ,radial ma9 sp9es ) ?ree smoo? edges4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4dd1 inn] #j4bb4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bhh1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,diplosphromma1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,radial ma9 sp9es ) ?ree r[s ( lat]al bran*es 7"o r[ on ea* edge74 #e4 ,diplosphra gracilis1 ,haeckel4 ,diplosphra gracilis1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ced1 ,taf4 x4 fig4 #a4 ,inn] %ell ) regul>1 hexagonal me%es & v ?9 b>s2 at ea* nodal-po9t "o simple bri/le-%ap$ radial by-sp9e2 out] %ell twice z broad1 ) v delicate squ>e me%es1 sep>at$ by ?read-l b>s :i* arise f ! sides ( ! triangul> ma9 me%es4 ,radial sp9es ) smoo? edges & ) ?ree r[s ( simple curv$ lat]al bran*es 7f\r to six bran*es on ea* edge74 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ed1 inn] #j4bg4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a74 #f4 ,diplosphra d5ticulata1 n4 sp4 ,inn] %ell ) regul>1 hexagonal me%es1 f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 at ea* nodal-po9t is a simple bri/le-%ap$ by-sp9e2 out] %ell ?ree times z broad1 ) simple triangul> me%es4 #bdh,radial sp9es v /rong1 ) d5tat$ edges & ) ?ree r[s ( lat]al bran*es 7six d5tat$ curv$ bran*es on ea* edge74 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4d1 inn] #j4ac4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,azores1 surface4 #g4 ,diplosphra reticulata1 n4 sp4 ,inn] %ell ) regul>1 hexagonal me%es1 five times z broad z ! b>s1 :i* are d5sely cov]$ ) v num]\s1 simple bri/le-%ap$ by-sp9es2 out] %ell f\r times z broad1 ) v num]\s small irregul> polygonal me%es1 =m+ a v delicate network1 & fill+ out ! l>ge triangul> ma9 me%es4 ,radial sp9es ) ?ree s]rat$ edges & ?ree r[s ( %ort curv$ bran*es 7f\r to five bran*es on ea* edge74 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4f1 inn] #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,gulf ,/ream1 ,fre ,*annel1 surface1 ,john ,murray4 #h4 ,diplosphra triglo*91 n4 sp4 ,inn] %ell ) irregul>1 polygonal me%es & v ?9 ?read-l b>s2 out] %ell ?ree times z broad1 ) simil> irregul> polygonal me%es1 fill+ out ! l>ge triangul> ma9 me%es4 ,radial sp9es ) ?ree s]rat$ edges1 ea* ( :i* be>s "o s+le l>ge lat]al bran*1 concavely curv$ t[>ds ! di/al end4 ,by-sp9es ( ! inn] %ell v num]\s4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4e1 inn] #j4ag4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfd1 surface4 ,g5us #ii4 ,drymosphra1#acd ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deb4 ,def9ition4--,a/rosphrida ) two extracapsul> cortical %ells1 connect$ by long prismatic1 radial sp9es2 out] %ell ) ?9 radial by-sp9es4 ,! g5us ,drymosphra diff]s f its ance/ral =m ,leptosphra 9 ! developm5t ( radial by-sp9es on ! surface ( ! out] %ell1 ! inn] %ell be+ smoo?4 ,subg5us #a4 ,drymosphrella1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,radial by-sp9es simple1 n bran*$ 7ma9 sp9es simple74 #a4 ,drymosphra hexagonalis1 n4 sp4 ,inn] %ell ) regul>1 hexagonal me%es & v ?9 ?read-l b>s2 out] %ell twice z broad1 ) simple triangul> me%es & ?9 ?read-l b>s1 :i* be> v num]\s1 #bdi;bri/le-%ap$ radial by-sp9es4 ,radial ma9 sp9es ) ?ree smoo? edges4 7,diff]s f ! fir/ species ( ! o!r ?ree g5]a ( ,diplosphrida 9 ! pres5ce ( by-sp9es on ! out]1 & _! abs5ce on ! inn] %ell47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4cb1 inn] #j4af4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgd1 surface4 #b4 ,drymosphra polygonalis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ai1 fig4 #a74 ,diplosphra polygonalis1 ,haeckel1 #ahgi1 ,atlas4 ,inn] %ell ) irregul>1 polygonal me%es & v ?9 ?read-l b>s2 out] %ell "o & a half times z broad1 ) simple triangul> me%es & ?ick] b>s1 :i* be> num]\s bri/le-%ap$ radial by-sp9es 79 ! figure ! majority ( ^! are brok5 (f74 ,radial ma9 sp9es ) ?ree smoo? edges4 7,simil> to ,leptosphra polygonalis & ,diplosphra polygonalis1 b diff]s f bo? 9 ! pres5ce ( by-sp9es on ! out]1 & _! abs5ce on ! inn] %ell47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4cc1 inn] #j4bb4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bcf s\? ( ,japan1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,drymosphromma1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,radial by-sp9es =k$ or bran*$ 7ma9 sp9es simple74 #c4 ,drymosphra furcata1 n4 sp4 ,inn] %ell ) irregul>1 polygonal me%es & ?9 b>s1 ! =m] five times z broad z ! latt]2 out] %ell two & a half times z broad1 ) simple triangul> me%es & smoo? b>s1 be>+ num]\s long smoo? bri/le-%ap$ by-sp9es1 :i* 9 ! di/al half are =k$4 ,radial ma9 sp9es ) ?ree smoo? edges4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4d1 inn] #j4af4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,ceylon1 surface1 ,haeckel4 #d4 ,drymosphra cladophora1 n4 sp4 ,inn] %ell ) irregul>1 polygonal me%es1 ?ree to six times z broad z ! smoo? b>s2 out] %ell twice z broad1 ) simple triangul> me%es & v ?9 smoo? b>s1 be>+ num]\s curv$1 irregul>ly bran*$1 smoo? by-sp9es4 ,radial ma9 sp9es ) ?ree s]rat$ edges4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4d1 inn] #j4b4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgf1 surface4 #e4 ,drymosphra d5drophora1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bj1 figs4 #a1 #a;a1 #a;b74 ,inn] %ell ) irregul>1 polygonal me%es & v ?9 ?read-l b>s2 out] %ell "o & a half times z broad1 ) simple triangul> me%es & ?ick] b>s1 :i* be> a =e/ ( #bejv num]\s1 repeat$ly di*otom\s or irregul>ly bran*$1 curv$ by-sp9es1 long] ?an ! diamet] ( ! out] %ell4 ,radial ma9 sp9es ) ?ree d5tat$ edges4 ,all p>ts ( ! skeleton1 ! net b>s z well z ! radial beams & sp9es1 are v elegantly d5ticulat$ 7fig4 #a;b74 ,! c5tral capsule 7fig4 #a;a7 completely di/5ds ! inn] %ell & =ces out protub]ances ?r\gh all its pores2 9 its c5tre lies a nucleus "o-?ird its size4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4be1 inn] #j4af4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 ,g5us #ajj4 ,a/rosphra1#ace n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,a/rosphrida ) two extracapsul> cortical %ells1 connect$ by long1 prismatic1 radial sp9es2 inn] & out] %ell ) ?9 radial by-sp9es4 ,! g5us ,a/rosphra diff]s f its ance/ral =m1 ,leptosphra1 9 ! developm5t ( radial by-sp9es on ! surface ( bo? %ells4 ,subg5us #a4 ,a/rosphrella1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,radial ma9 sp9es simple )\t lat]al bran*es4 #a4 ,a/rosphra hexagonalis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ai1 fig4 #d74 ,inn] %ell ) regul>1 hexagonal me%es & v ?9 b>s1 hav+ a bri/le-%ap$1 %ort radial by-sp9e 9 ea* hexagon-corn]2 out] %ell twice z broad1 ) simple triangul> me%es & ?ick] b>s1 be>+ "o r[ ( simple bri/le-%ap$1 curv$1 radial by-sp9es4 ,radial ma9 sp9es ) ?ree smoo? edges4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4cb1 inn] #j4af4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific 7,we/ ,patagonia71 ,/ation #cjb1 surface4 #b4 ,a/rosphra spl5d5s1 n4 sp4 ,inn] %ell ) regul>1 hexagonal me%es1 f\r times z broad z ! b>s1 & cov]$ ) num]\s curv$1 long1 bri/le-%ap$ by-sp9es2 out] %ell ?ree times z broad1 ) simple triangul> me%es & ?9 b>s1 be>+ a r[ ( v long1 curv$1 bri/le-%ap$ by-sp9es4 ,radial ma9 sp9es ) ?ree d5tat$ edges4 ,all p>ts ( ! skeleton elegantly d5ticulat$1 z 9 ,drymosphra d5drophora 7,pl4 #bj1 fig4 #a74 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( out] %ell #j4g1 inn] #j4bd4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdg1 surface4 #bea,subg5us #b4 ,a/rosphromma4 ,def9ition4--,radial ma9 sp9es ) ?ree r[s ( lat]al bran*es 7"o r[ on ea* edge74 #c4 ,a/rosphra sid]a1 n4 sp4 ,inn] %ell ) regul>1 hexagonal me%es1 six times z broad z ! b>s1 & cov]$ ) num]\s %ort bri/le-%ap$ by-sp9es2 out] %ell f\r times z broad1 ) simple triangul> me%es1 & r[s ( long bri/le-%ap$ by-sp9es aris+ f ! b>s4 ,radial ma9 sp9es ) ?ree s]rat$ edges & ?ree r[s ( lat]al bran*es 7f\r bran*es on ea* edge74 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4f1 inn] #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bff1 surface4 #d4 ,a/rosphra /ellata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ai1 fig4 #e74 ,diplosphra /ellata1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodrom4 et ,atlas4 ,inn] %ell ) regul>1 hexagonal1 six-ray$ me%es1 ea* b> be+ cross$ by a transv]se tang5tial rod1 at ea* nodal-po9t a long bri/le-%ap$ by-sp9e2 out] %ell ?ree times z broad1 ) simple triangul> me%es & d5ticulat$ ?9 b>s1 be>+ a r[ ( bri/le-%ap$ radial by-sp9es4 ,radial ma9 sp9es 9 ! proximal half ) ?ree s]rat$ edges1 9 ! di/al half ) ?ree r[s ( curv$ lat]al bran*es 7five bran*es on ea* edge74 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4f1 inn] #j4b4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgd1 surface4 ,subfamily ,,act9ommida1#acf ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ddj 7s5su em5dato74 ,def9ition4--,a/rosphrida ) ?ree conc5tric1 sph]ical1 lattice-%ells1 unit$ by radial beams4 ,g5us #aja4 ,act9omma1#acg ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ddj4 ,def9ition4--,a/rosphrida ) ?ree conc5tric lattice-sph]es & num]\s simple radial sp9es ( "o k9d4 ,! g5us ,act9omma is "h re/rict$ to ^? ,sphroidea :i* comb9e ! possession ( ?ree conc5tric lattice-%ells ) num]\s radial sp9es on ! surface2 ! sp9es are all simple1 be+ ( "o & ! same k9d4 ,commonly two ( ! ?ree %ells are intracapsul> m$ull>y %ells1 connect$ by radial beams 7pi]c+ #beb! c5tral capsule7 ) ! out]1 extracapsul>1 cortical %ell4 ,b 9 "s species only "o m$ull>y %ell is enclos$ 9 ! c5tral capsule1 :il/ bo? o!r %ells lie outside x4 ,9 su* case ! di/ance betwe5 ^! two cortical %ells is mu* small] ?an _! di/ance f ! simple int]nal m$ull>y %ell4 ,^! =ms correspond m to aculeate ,rhodosphr1 :il/ ! o!rs resemble aculeate ,!cosphr4 ,subg5us #a4 ,act9omman?a1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! cortical %ell regul>1 ( ne>ly equal size & simil> =m2 sp9es on ! entire surface 7commonly "o sp9e at ea* nodal-po9t74 #a4 ,act9omma hexagonium1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell1 z well z bo? m$ull>y %ells1 v ?9 wall$1 ) regul>1 hexagonal pores & ?read-l b>s betwe5 !m4 ,pores ( ! out] %ell twice z broad z ^? ( ! middle1 & ?ree times z broad z ^? ( ! inn] %ells4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #a 3 #c 3 #i2 ab\t tw5ty ?9 radial beams betwe5 !m4 ,at ea* nodal-po9t ( ! surface arises "o bri/le-%ap$ radial sp9e1 half z long z ! radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4bb1 middle #j4jg1 inn] #j4jbe2 me%es ( ! cortical %ell #j4ja2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4je4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ations #bgj to #bgd1 surface4 #b4 ,act9omma facetum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 ) regul>1 circul>1 hexagonally fram$ pores1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s4 ,pores ( bo? m$ull>y %ells regul>1 circul>4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #a 3 #b 3 #d2 ab\t =ty ?9 radial beams betwe5 !m4 ,at ea* nodal-po9t ( ! surface arises "o %ort1 ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 radial sp9e1 ab\t "o-?ird z long z ! radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4af1 middle #j4jh1 inn] #j4jd2 cortical pores #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jc1 basal bread? #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bec1 dep? #cabe fa?oms4 #c4 ,act9omma an?omma1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 ) regul>1 six-lob$ pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s4 ,at ea* nodal-po9t ( ! surface is "o %ort conical radial sp9e1 z long z ! diamet] ( ! pores2 "o correspond+ to ea* lobe1 & !re is !re=e ar\nd ea* pore a regul> corona ( six sp9es1 z 9 ,haliomma lirian?us 7,pl4 #bh1 fig4 #a;b74 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells ) simple1 circul>1 regul> pores4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #a 3 #b4e 3 #g2 radial beams betwe5 !m only six1 opposite 9 pairs 9 ! ?ree dim5sive axes4 #bec;,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4b1 middle #j4jge1 inn] #j4jjc2 cortical pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jje2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 #d4 ,act9omma ca/anomma1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell z well z bo? m$ull>y %ells ?ick wall$1 ) regul>1 circul> pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 betwe5 !m at ea* nodal-po9t "o bri/le-%ap$ radial sp9e1 "o-?ird z long z ! radius1 ) conical base4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #b 3 #c 3 #h2 only six radial beams betwe5 !m 7oppos$ 9 pairs 9 ! ?ree dim5sive axes74 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ae1 middle #j4jf1 inn] #j4jd2 cortical pores #j4jjh1 b>s #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccc1 surface4 #e4 ,act9omma entact9ia1 ,/hr4 ,act9omma entact9ia1 ,/hr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #ic1 ,taf4 ii4 fig4 #ab4 ,cortical %ell z well z bo? m$ull>y %ells ?ick wall$1 ) regul>1 circul> pores1 ( ! same bread? z ! b>s4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #a 3 #c 3 #h2 radial beams betwe5 !m v num]\s 7?irty to fifty or m874 ,entire surface cov]$ ) %ort ?ick conical sp9es1 only "o-fif? z long z ! radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4af1 middle #j4jf1 inn] #j4jb2 cortical pores & b>s #j4jjg2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,sicily1 ,grotte1 ,caltanisetta4 ,subg5us #b4 ,act9ommetta1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! out] %ell regul>1 ( ne>ly equal size & simil> =m2 sp9es n ov] ! entire surface1 b scatt]$ at int]vals 7_! numb] small] ?an t ( ! nodal-po9ts74 #f4 ,act9omma japonicum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 ) regul>1 circul>1 hexagonally fram$ pores1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells ) simple1 circul>1 regul> pores1 ( ! same bread? z ! b>s4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #b 3 #e 3 #i2 radial beams betwe5 !m tw5ty1 prolong$ outside into tw5ty symmetrically dispos$1 ?ree-sid$ pyramidal sp9es1 z long z ! radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ah1 middle #j4a1 inn] #j4jd2 cortical pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4a1 basal bread? #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdj1 ea/ ( ,japan1 surface4 #bedg4 ,act9omma d5ticulatum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bi1 fig4 #c74 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 ) regul>1 circul>1 d\ble-edg$ pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s4 ,=ty to fifty radial sp9es1 ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 half z long z ! radius1 ) ?ree elegantly d5ticulat$ edges4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #a 3 #b 3 #e4 7,diff]s f ,haliomma d5ticulatum only 9 ! d\ble m$ull>y %ell & l>g] size47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ad1 middle #j4jf1 inn] #j4jc2 cortical pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jje2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jd1 basal bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 #h4 ,act9omma tr9acrium1 ,haeckel4 ,act9omma tr9acrium1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dda1 ,taf4 xxiv4 figs4 #f-h4 ,haliomma tr9acrium1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #hae4 ,cortical %ell z well z bo? m$ull>y %ells ?9 wall$1 ) subregul>1 circul> pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #a 3 #c 3 #i2 radial beams betwe5 !m tw5ty1 prolong$ outside into /rong1 ?ree-sid$ pyramidal sp9es1 z long z ! radius2 betwe5 !m1 on ! surface1 num]\s simil> sp9es4 ,sometimes ! latt] rema9 small]1 ! pores m irregul>1 & !n ?is species corresponds to ,e*9omma tr9acrium4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ji1 middle #j4jc1 inn] #j4ja2 cortical pores #j4jjh1 b>s #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jd1 basal bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a1 ,corfu1 ,haeckel71 surface4 #i4 ,act9omma pa*yd]ma1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bi1 figs4 #d1 #e74 ,cortical %ell v ?ick wall$1 ) regul>1 circul>1 d\ble-edg$ pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells ) simple1 small1 circul> pores1 ( ! same bread? z ! b>s4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #a 3 #b 3 #d2 radial sp9es ab\t tw5ty1 conical1 %ort] ?an ! radius1 prolong$ inside into tw5ty v ?9 connect+ beams 7fig4 #d74 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4jh1 middle #j4jd1 inn] #j4jb2 cortical pores #j4ja2 b>s #j4jje2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jc1 basal bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #big1 dep? #agge fa?oms4 ,subg5us #c4 ,act9ommilla1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! cortical %ell irregul>1 ( diff]5t size & =m2 sp9es ov] ! entire surface 7commonly "o sp9e at ea* nodal-po9t74 #aj4 ,act9omma sp9ig]um1 ,/hr4 ,act9omma sp9ig]um1 ,/hr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #ib1 ,taf4 ii4 fig4 #aj4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi%1 or subcircul> pores1 twice to f\r times z broad z ! b>s4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #a 3 #c 3 #h2 betwe5 !m eight 787 #bee;connect+ radial beams4 ,entire surface d5sely cov]$ ) small conical sp9es1 n l>g] ?an ! pores4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ag1 middle #j4jg1 inn] #j4jbc2 cortical pores #j4jjf to #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,sicily1 ,grotte1 ,/hr4 #aa4 ,act9omma hirsutum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 ab\t ! same bread? z ! b>s4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #a 3 #b 3 #h2 betwe5 !m num]\s 7tw5ty to ?irty or m7 cyl9drical connect+ beams4 ,entire surface d5sely cov]$ ) innum]able small bri/le-%ap$ sp9es1 z long z ! diamet] ( ! inn] %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4be1 middle #j4jf1 inn] #j4jc2 cortical pores & b>s #j4jjd to #j4jjh2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfe1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 ,subg5us #d4 ,act9ommura1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! cortical %ell irregul>1 ( diff]5t size & =m2 sp9es n ov] ! entire surface1 b scatt]$ at int]vals 7_! numb] small] ?an t ( ! nodal-po9ts74 #ab4 ,act9omma capillaceum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bi1 fig4 #f74 ,cortical %ell v ?9 wall$1 ) irregul>1 polygonal me%es 7sixte5 to eighte5 on ! radius71 ?ree to six times z broad z ! b>s4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells ) small] pores ( ! same /ructure4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #a 3 #b4e 3 #g2 radial connect+ beams betwe5 !m v ?9 & num]\s 7"o hundr$ & tw5ty to "o hundr$ & fifty or m71 ea* prolong$ outside into a %ort ?ree-sid$ pyramidal sp9e1 z long z ! radius ( ! inn] %ell4 7,simil> to ,haliomma capillaceum47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4bg1 middle #j4a1 inn] #j4jd2 cortical pores #j4ja to #j4jb1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jb1 basal bread? #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ations #bff to #bgd1 surface4 #ac4 ,act9omma arcadophorum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bi1 figs4 #g1 #h74 ,cortical %ell v ?9 wall$1 ) irregul>1 polygonal me%es1 t5 to tw5ty times z broad z ! b>s2 twelve to sixte5 on ! radius4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells ) simil> delicate network4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #a 3 #b 3 #f2 num]\s ?9 radial beams 7=ty to eighty or m7 connect bo? m$ull>y %ells & alt]nate ) o!r beams1 :i* arise f arcade-%ap$ #befprotub]ances ( ! out] m$ull>y %ell1 & connect x ) ! cortical %ell4 ,out] prolongations ( ^! =m ! bri/le-%ap$ sp9es ( ! surface4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4bb1 middle #j4ji1 inn] #j4jd2 cortical pores #j4ja to #j4jb1 b>s #j4jja to #j4jjb2 l5g? ( ! radial sp9es #j4b4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bff1 surface4 #ad4 ,act9omma s*wag]i1 ,/hr4 ,act9omma s*wag]i1 ,/hr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #ib1 ,taf4 ii4 fig4 #i;a1 b4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 ) irregul>1 l>ge1 polygonal me%es1 five to twelve times z broad z ! b>s2 six to eight on ! radius4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells ) v small1 circul>1 regul> pores4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #a 3 #b 3 #i2 connect+ radial beams betwe5 !m n9e1 prolong$ outside into n9e %ort /\t1 ?ree-sid$ pyramidal sp9es1 z long z ! diamet] ( ! inn] %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ag1 middle #j4jd1 inn] #j4jb2 cortical pores #j4ja to #j4jc1 b>s #j4jjf & less2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jb1 basal bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,sicily1 ,grotte1 ,/hr4 #ae4 ,act9omma dodecomma1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 ?ree to six times z broad z ! b>s4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells ) regul>1 circul> pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree %ells #a 3 #b4e 3 #g2 connect+ radial beams betwe5 !m twelve1 regul>ly dispos$1 prolong$ outside into twelve /rong1 ?ree-sid$ pyramidal sp9es1 z long z ! radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ad1 middle #j4je1 inn] #j4jb2 cortical pores #j4jjh to #j4jah1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jh1 bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdh1 dep? #bdej fa?oms4 #af4 ,act9omma pa*ycapsa1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell v ?ick wall$1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 twice to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 twelve to sixte5 on ! radius4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #a 3 #c 3 #ab4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells ( simil> irregul> /ructure1 connect$ ) ! cortical %ell by twelve regul>ly dispos$ radial beams1 :i* are prolong$ outside into twelve %ort /\t conical sp9es1 z long z ! diamet] ( ! middle %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4be1 middle #j4jf1 inn] #j4jb2 cortical pores #j4jjf to #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4je1 bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #ag4 ,act9omma giganteum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 little l>g] ?an ! out] m$ull>y %ell1 :il/ ! inn] is only "o-t5? z l>ge4 ,pores ( all ?ree %ells irregul>1 r\ndi%1 or subcircul>1 twice to ?ree times #beg;z broad z ! b>s1 on an av]age twice z l>ge 9 ! out] & middle z 9 ! inn] %ell4 ,sixty to eighty %ort conical radial sp9es on ! surface1 ab\t z long z ! diamet] ( ! inn] %ell1 & "o-f\r? z broad at ! base4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #a 3 #i 3 #aj4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4d to #j4e1 middle #j4ce to #j4de1 inn] #j4je to #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ,b>bados4 ,g5us #ajb4 ,e*9omma1#ach ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dec4 ,def9ition4--,a/rosphrida ) ?ree conc5tric lattice-sph]es & num]\s simple radial sp9es ( two diff]5t k9ds2 l>g] ma9 sp9es & small] by-sp9es4 ,! g5us ,e*9omma1 diff]s f its ance/ral =m1 ,act9omma1 9 ! diff]5tiation ( ! radial sp9es4 ,:il/ a l>ge numb] ( small by-sp9es cov] ! entire surface1 a small] numb] ( l>ge ma9 sp9es are scatt]$ ov] x1 or limit$ to c]ta9 regul>ly di/ribut$ po9ts4 ,x repres5ts ,heliosoma among ! ,haliommida4 ,subg5us #a4 ,e*9ommetta1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! cortical %ell regul>1 ( ne>ly equal size & simil> =m4 #a4 ,e*9omma e*9idium1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 ) regul>1 hexagonal pores1 f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 t5 to twelve on ! radius4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells ) regul>1 circul> pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #a 3 #b 3 #e4 ,surface cov]$ ) %ort bri/le-%ap$ by-sp9es 7"o 9 e hexagon-corn]72 tw5ty ma9 sp9es regul>ly dispos$1 ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 z long z ! diamet] ( ! inn] %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4a1 middle #j4jde1 inn] #j4jb2 cortical pores #j4jjh1 b>s #j4jjb2 l5g? ( ! ma9 sp9es #j4jb1 bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bie1 surface4 #b4 ,e*9omma cid>is1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 ) regul>1 circul>1 hexagonally fram$ pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 six to eight on ! radius4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells ) simple1 circul> pores4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #a 3 #b 3 #f4 ,surface cov]$ ) %ort bri/le-%ap$ by-sp9es1 half z long z ! =ty to fifty ma9 sp9es1 :i* are ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 & rea* ! radius ( ! %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ah1 middle #j4jf1 inn] #j4jc2 cortical pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jje2 l5g? ( ! ma9 sp9es #j4jh1 basal bread? #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgb1 surface4 #behc4 ,e*9omma aculeatum1 ,haeckel4 ,act9omma aculeatum1 ,/hr1 #ahhj ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #ib1 ,taf4 ii4 fig4 #aa4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$ ) regul> circul> pores1 ( ! same bread? z ! b>s2 eight to t5 on ! radius4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #a 3 #b 3 #h4 ,surface cov]$ ) %ort conical by-sp9es ab\t tw5ty /rong ma9 sp9es1 ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 "o-?ird z long z ! %ell diamet]4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4af1 middle #j4jd1 inn] #j4jb2 cortical pores & b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! ma9 sp9es #j4je1 basal bread? #j4jac4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,sicily & ,b>bados2 liv+ 9 ! ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccb1 dep? #bbjj fa?oms4 #d4 ,e*9omma diadema1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$ ) regul> circul> pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 sixte5 to eighte5 on ! radius4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #a 3 #c 3 #aa4 ,surface cov]$ ) %ort bri/le-%ap$ by-sp9es "o ?ird z long z ! twelve /\t conical ma9 sp9es1 :i* rea* 9 l5g? ! radius1 & lie opposite 9 pairs 9 six axes4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4bb1 middle #j4jf1 inn] #j4jb2 cortical pores #j4jjf1 b>s #j4jjc l5g? ( ! ma9 sp9es #j4ab1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 ,subg5us #b4 ,e*9ommura1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! cortical %ell irregul>1 ( diff]5t size or =m4 #e4 ,e*9omma sphre*9us1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bi1 fig4 #b74 ,act9omma sphre*9us1 ,haeckel1 #ahgi1 ,atlas 7pl4 xxix4 fig4 #b74 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 twice to five times z broad z ! b>s2 five to sev5 on ! radius4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells ) regul>1 circul> pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #a 3 #b 3 #d4 ,surface cov]$ ) ?irty to fifty pyramidal ma9 sp9es1 z long z ! diamet] ( ! inn] %ell1 & ) num]\s small conical by-sp9es ( half ! l5g?4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4aa1 middle #j4je1 inn] #j4jbe2 cortical pores #j4ja to #j4jb1 b>s #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! ma9 sp9es #j4jc1 basal bread? #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cec1 surface4 #f4 ,e*9omma tr9acrium1 ,haeckel4 ,act9omma tr9acrium1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dda1 ,taf4 xxiv4 figs4 #f-h4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 twice to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells ) regul>1 circul> pores4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #bei #a 3 #c 3 #i4 ,on ! surface ab\t tw5ty ?ree-sid$ pyramidal ma9 sp9es1 z long z ! radius1 & num]\s 7=ty to sixty7 by-sp9es ( half ! l5g?4 7,comp>e ) ?is species ,act9omma tr9acrium1 ) :i* x is connect$ by transitional =ms47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ji1 middle #j4jc1 inn] #j4ja2 cortical pores #j4jjh to #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jb to #j4je1 basal bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a74 #g4 ,e*9omma toxopneu/es1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bi1 fig4 #a74 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 ) l>ge1 irregul> r\ndi%1 polygonally fram$ pores1 twice to f\r times z broad z ! cre/$ b>s4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells ( simil> /ructure4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #a 3 #b4e 3 #f4 ,num]\s 7?irty to fifty or m7 ?9 radial beams connect+ !m1 prolong$ outside into /rong ?ree-sid$ pyramidal sp9es1 %ort] ?an ! radius2 ea* ( ! ?ree w+s ) two tee?4 ,betwe5 ^!1 num]\s small] angul> by-sp9es ( "o-qu>t] to "o-half ! l5g?4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ab1 middle #j4je1 inn] #j4jb2 cortical pores #j4ja to #j4jc1 b>s #j4jjh2 l5g? ( ! ma9 sp9es #j4je1 basal bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,s\?-ea/ ,pacific 7,s\? ( ,juan ,f]n&ez71 ,/ation #cjj1 surface4 ,g5us #ajc4 ,pityomma1#aci ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dec4 ,def9ition4--,a/rosphrida ) ?ree conc5tric lattice-%ells & num]\s bran*$ radial sp9es4 ,! g5us ,pityomma diff]s f its ance/ral =m1 ,act9omma1 9 ! ramification ( its radial sp9es1 & exhibits !re=e ! same relation to x t ,elatomma1 among ! ,haliommida1 be>s to ,haliomma4 #a4 ,pityomma scop>ium1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 connect$ ) bo? conc5tric m$ull>y %ells by tw5ty ?9 radial beams1 :i* are prolong$ outside into tw5ty l>ge cyl9drical radial sp9es2 ^! are some:at %ort] ?an ! %ell radius1 simple 9 ! proximal inn] half1 irregul>ly bran*$ 9 ! out] half4 ,all ?ree sph]es ) regul>1 circul> pores1 twice to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 radial proportion #a 3 #b 3 #f4 7,simil> to ,cladococcus scop>ius1 ,pl4 #bg1 fig4 #b1 & ,elatomma scop>ium1 b diff]s f bo? 9 ! d\ble m$ull>y %ell47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ae1 middle #j4je1 inn] #j4jbe2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4a4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgc1 surface4 #bfjb4 ,pityomma p9if]um1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 connect$ ) bo? m$ull>y %ells by tw5ty /\t radial beams1 :i* are prolong$ outside into tw5ty l>ge ?ree-sid$ prismatic sp9es4 ,^! are long] ?an ! %ell diamet] & h ?ree d5tate edges1 be+ bran*$ l a p9e tree 7) f\r to six ramifi$ bran*es on ea* edge1 decreas+ 9 size t[>ds ! di/al end72 simil> to ^? ( ,cladococcus abiet9us 7,pl4 #bg1 fig4 #c74 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #a 3 #b 3 #h4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells ) regul>1 circul> pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4b1 middle #j4je1 inn] #j4jbe2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4be4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bii 7,juan ,f]n&ez71 surface4 #c4 ,pityomma drymodes1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #bi1 fig4 #i74 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 connect$ ) bo? m$ull>y %ells by v num]\s 7"o hundr$ to two hundr$ or m7 v ?9 radial beams1 :i* are prolong$ outside into ?9 bran*$ radial sp9es1 sc>cely half z long z ! %ell radius1 ea* sp9e be>+ six to n9e simple bran*es4 ,out] & middle %ell unev51 ) hill-%ap$ protub]ances & valleys betwe5 !m2 ! connect+ radial beams1 :i* arise f ! top ( ! protub]ances ( ! middle %ell1 are ins]t$ into ! deepe/ "p ( ! valleys ( ! out] %ell4 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #a 3 #c 3 #h4 ,out] m$ull>y %ell ) small1 irregul>1 r\ndi%1 or polygonal pores1 n mu* broad] ?an ! b>s2 inn]mo/ %ell ) polygonal pores & v ?9 b>s4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4bh1 middle #j4a1 inn] #j4jcc2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jg1 bread? #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 ,subfamily ,,cromyommida1#adj ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 pp4 #ddi1 #dec4 ,def9ition4--,a/rosphrida ) f\r conc5tric sph]ical lattice-%ells4 ,g5us #ajd4 ,cromyomma1#ada ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #ded4 ,def9ition4--,a/rosphrida ) f\r conc5tric lattice-sph]es & num]\s simple radial sp9es ( "o k9d4 ,! g5us ,cromyomma is ! common ance/ral =m ( ! ,cromyommida1 or ( ^? ,a/rosphrida 9 :i* ! %ell is compos$ ( f\r conc5tric sph]es1 connect$ by radial beams4 ,usually two ( ^! are intracapsul> or m$ull>y #bfa%ells1 two extracapsul> or cortical %ells2 ! di/ance betwe5 ! =m] & ! latt] is great] ?an ! di/ance betwe5 ei!r ! two inn] or ! two out] %ells4 ,9 "s cases1 h[ev] 7e4g41 ,cromyomma zona/]71 ! di/ance betwe5 all f\r %ells is equal4 ,subg5us #a4 ,cromyommetta1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! out] cortical %ell regul>1 ( ne>ly equal size & simil> =m4 #a4 ,cromyomma villosum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cj1 fig4 #b74 ,radial proportion ( ! f\r sph]es #a 3 #b 3 #d 3 #e4 ,out] cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 d5sely cov]$ ) innum]able bri/le-%ap$ radial sp9es1 half z long z ! radius4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 d\ble-edg$1 ( ! same bread? z ! b>s2 t5 to twelve on ! radius4 ,! ?ick out] %ell is s d>k1 t ! outl9es only ( ! o!r ?ree %ells c be se54 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! f\r %ells--7,a7 out] cortical %ell #j4b1 7,b7 inn] cortical %ell #j4af1 7,c7 out] m$ull>y %ell #j4jh1 7,d7 inn] m$ull>y %ell #j4jd2 pores & b>s ( ! out] %ell #j4jjh2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfg1 dep? #bgjj fa?oms4 #b4 ,cromyomma zona/]1 ,haeckel4 ,acan?osphra zona/]1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahgb1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #bhe1 ,taf4 ii4 fig4 #b4 ,radial proportion ( ! f\r sph]es #b 3 #c 3 #d 3 #e4 ,out] cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 d5sely cov]$ ) num]\s bri/le-%ap$ radial sp9es1 z long z ! radius4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 eight to t5 on ! radius4 ,! ?ick out] %ell is s d>k1 t ! outl9es only ( ! o!r ?ree %ells c be se54 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! f\r %ells--7,a7 #j4ae1 7,b7 #j4ab1 7,c7 #j4ji1 7,d7 #j4jf2 pores ( ! out] %ell #j4ja1 b>s #j4jje2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,arctic ,ocean1 ,gre5l& 7dep? #ajjj fa?oms71 ,al]t ,exp$ition4 #c4 ,cromyomma p]plexum1 ,/hr4 ,cromyomma p]plexum1 ,/hr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #ie1 ,taf4 iii4 fig4 #e4 ,radial proportion ( ! f\r sph]es #a 3 #b 3 #c 3 #d4 ,out] cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 d5sely cov]$ ) %ort conical sp9es1 z long z ! diamet] ( ! pores4 ,^! are regul>1 circul>1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 six to eight on ! radius4 ,! ?ick out] %ell is s d>k1 t ! outl9es only ( ! ?ree o!r %ells c be se54 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! f\r %ells--7,a7 #j4ag1 7,b7 #j4ac1 7,c7 #j4jhg1 7,d7 #j4jdc2 pores ( ! out] %ell #j4jae1 b>s #j4jje2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,sicily 7,grotte7 ,/hr4 #bfb,subg5us #b4 ,cromyommura1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! out] cortical %ell irregul>1 ( diff]5t size & =m4 #d4 ,cromyomma p]spicuum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cj1 fig4 #h74 ,cromyosphra p]spicua1 ,haeckel1 #ahgi1 ,atlas 7pl4 xxx4 fig4 #h74 ,radial proportion ( ! f\r %ells #a 3 #b4e 3 #f 3 #i4 ,out] cortical %ell v ?9 wall$1 ) ?read-l b>s1 & irregul>1 polygonal pores2 inn] cortical %ell ) simil> pores1 b ) ?ick] b>s4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells ) regul>1 circul> pores 7! out] ?ree times z broad z ! inn]74 ,num]\s ?9 radial beams connect ! latt] ) ! =m]2 o!r v ?9 & num]\s beams connect ! two cortical %ells1 & are prolong$ outside into %ort bri/le-%ap$ sp9es 7(t5 long] ?an 9 ! figure74 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! f\r %ells--7,a7 #j4ah1 7,b7 #j4ab1 7,c7 #j4je1 7,d7 #j4jb2 pores ( ! out] %ell #j4ja to #j4jb2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ja to #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgd1 surface4 #e4 ,cromyomma quadruplex1 ,haeckel4 ,cromyomma quadruplex1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ddf4 ,haliomma quadruplex1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahed1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #bdc4 ,radial proportion ( ! f\r sph]es #a 3 #c 3 #g 3 #aj4 ,out] cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 irregul>ly cov]$ ) num]\s angul> sp9es1 z long z ! radius4 ,pores ( all f\r %ells irregul>1 r\ndi%1 increas+ 9 size f ! fir/ to ! f\r?4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! f\r %ells--7,a7 #j4ae1 7,b7 #j4a1 7,c7 #j4jde1 7,d7 #j4jae2 pores ( ! out] %ell #j4ja to #j4jb2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jg4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cec1 dep? #bife fa?oms4 #f4 ,cromyomma macroporum1 ,/hr4 ,cromyomma macroporum1 ,/hr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #ie1 ,taf4 iii4 fig4 #d4 ,radial proportion ( ! f\r sph]es #a 3 #c 3 #f 3 #i4 ,out] cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 d5sely cov]$ ) %ort conical sp9es1 z long z ! diamet] ( ! pores2 ! latt] are irregul>1 r\ndi%1 or polygonal1 l>g] & small] alt]nat+4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! f\r %ells--7,a7 #j4a1 7,b7 #j4jff1 7,c7 #j4jcc1 7,d7 #j4jaa2 pores ( ! out] %ell #j4jcc to #j4jaf1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,sicily1 ,grotte1 ,/hr4 #g4 ,cromyomma circumtextum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cj1 fig4 #d74 ,radial proportion ( ! f\r sph]es #a 3 #b 3 #e 3 #g4 ,out] cortical %ell v delicate & ?9 wall$1 ) ?read-l b>s & l>ge1 irregul>1 polygonal me%es 7l>g] ?an ! inn]mo/ %ell72 #bfc;inn] cortical %ell also ) irregul>1 polygonal pores1 ?ree to n9e times z broad z ! ?ick b>s4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells ) subregul>1 circul> pores 7! out] ?ree times z broad z ! inn]74 ,radial sp9es twelve to tw5ty1 ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 /\t1 pi]c+ ! ?ree out] %ells1 ins]t$ on ! inn]mo/2 _! out] "p pyramidal1 half z long z ! radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! f\r %ells--7,a7 #j4bb1 7,b7 #j4ae1 7,c7 #j4jg1 7,d7 #j4jc2 me%es ( ! out] %ell #j4jb to #j4jd2 l5g? ( ! out] sp9es #j4je4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bff1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #h4 ,cromyomma mucronatum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cj1 figs4 #e1 #e;a74 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #a 3 #b 3 #c 3 #f4 ,out] cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 ) l>ge1 irregul>1 r\ndi% pores & cre/$ ?ree-sid$ b>s2 inn] cortical %ell ) regul>1 circul>1 hexagonally =m$ pores 7f\r times z broad z ! b>s74 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells ) simple1 small1 regul>1 circul> pores 7fig4 #e;a74 ,twelve radial sp9es ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 dagg]-%ap$1 ) ?ree tee?1 z long z ! diamet] ( ! inn]mo/ %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! f\r %ells--7,a7 #j4bd1 7,b7 #j4ab1 7,c7 #j4jh1 7,d7 #j4jd2 me%es ( ! out] %ell #j4jb to #j4jd2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgd1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 ,g5us #aje4 ,cromye*9us1#adb ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #ded4 ,def9ition4--,a/rosphrida ) f\r conc5tric lattice-sph]es & num]\s simple sp9es ( two diff]5t k9ds2 l>g] ma9 sp9es & small] by-sp9es4 ,! g5us ,cromye*9us diff]s f ,cromyomma 9 ! same way z ,e*9omma f ,act9omma2 ! radial sp9es be+ diff]5tiat$ into two diff]5t k9ds2 a l>g] numb] ( small by-sp9es1 & a small] numb] ( l>ge ma9 sp9es4 #a4 ,cromye*9us icosacan?us1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cj1 fig4 #a74 ,radial proportion ( ! ?ree sph]es #a 3 #b 3 #f 3 #h4 ,out] cortical %ell v delicate1 ) v small1 regul>1 circul> pores1 cov]$ ) v num]\s bri/le-%ap$ by-sp9es1 half z long z ! radius2 inn] cortical %ell ) v l>ge1 irregul>1 polygonal pores1 ?ree to eight times z broad z ! b>s4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells ) regul>1 circul> pores1 connect$ ) ! =m] by tw5ty regul>ly dispos$1 v ?9 b>s2 ^! are prolong$ outside into tw5ty v /\t1 ?ree-sid$ prismatic ma9 sp9es1 z long z ! radius1 :i* arise f ! inn] cortical %ell1 & at ! di/al end are cuspidate4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! f\r %ells--7,a7 #j4af1 7,b7 #j4ac1 7,c7 #j4jd1 7,d7 #j4jb2 pores ( ! out] cortical %ell #j4jjc1 ( ! inn] #j4jc1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 #bfdb4 ,cromye*9us dodecacan?us1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cj1 figs4 #c1 #c;a74 ,radial proportion ( ! f\r sph]es #a 3 #c 3 #aj 3 #ab4 ,out] cortical %ell v delicate1 ) v small1 regul>1 circul> pores1 cov]$ ) num]\s %ort bri/le-%ap$ by-sp9es1 sc>cely "o-f\r? z long z ! radius2 inn] cortical %ell ) v l>ge1 irregul>1 polygonal pores1 twice to six times z broad z ! b>s4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells ) v small1 regul>1 circul> pores1 connect$ ) ! =m] by twelve regul>ly dispos$1 ?9 radial beams2 ^! are prolong$ outside into twelve /rong1 ?ree-sid$ pyramidal ma9 sp9es1 "o-?ird z long z ! %ell diamet]4 7,diff]s f ! =ego+ only 9 ! numb] & =m ( ! radial sp9es47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! f\r %ells--7,a7 #j4ab1 7,b7 #j4a1 7,c7 #j4jc1 7,d7 #j4ja2 pores ( ! out] cortical %ell #j4jjb1 ( ! inn] #j4jb1 b>s #j4jjb2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jd1 basal bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cbe1 surface4 #c4 ,cromye*9us polyacan?us1 n4 sp4 ,radial proportion ( ! f\r sph]es #a 3 #b 3 #h 3 #aj4 ,out] cortical %ell ( ! same /ructure z ! inn]1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 twice to six times z broad z ! b>s4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells ) small1 regul>1 circul> pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s4 ,connect+ radial beams =ty to sixty1 ?91 cyl9drical1 prolong$ outside into =ty to sixty /rong conical ma9 sp9es1 ab\t z long z ! radius4 ,betwe5 ^!1 num]\s ?9 bri/le-%ap$ by-sp9es1 ne>ly ( ! same l5g?4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! f\r %ells--7,a7 #j4be1 7,b7 #j4b1 7,c7 #j4je1 7,d7 #j4jbe2 pores ( bo? cortical %ells #j4ja to #j4jc2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bcg1 surface4 ,g5us #ajf4 ,cromyodrymus1#adc ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #ded4 ,def9ition4--,a/rosphrida ) f\r conc5tric lattice-sph]es & num]\s bran*$ radial sp9es4 ,! g5us ,cromyodrymus diff]s f its ance/ral =m1 ,cromyomma1 9 ! ramification ( ! radial sp9es1 & exhibits !re=e ! same relation to x t ,pityomma among ! ,act9ommida be>s to ,act9omma4 #a4 ,cromyodrymus quadricuspis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cj1 figs4 #g1 #g;a74 ,radial proportion ( ! f\r %ells #a 3 #c 3 #f 3 #ab4 ,all f\r %ells ) regul>1 circul> pores1 ab\t twice z broad z ! b>s4 ,radial proportion ( ! pores 9 ! f\r %ells #b 3 #d 3 #b 3 #a4 ,radial sp9es fifty to sixty1 ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 half z long z ! radius1 ) ?ree recurv$ tee?1 ea* sp9e 9 ?is way be>+ f\r po9ts4 #bfe;,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! f\r %ells--7,a7 #j4af1 7,b7 #j4jh1 7,c7 #j4jd1 7,d7 #j4jac2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jc to #j4jd1 bread? #j4jjg4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgb1 dep? #bfjj fa?oms4 #b4 ,cromyodrymus abiet9us1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cj1 fig4 #f74 ,radial proportion ( ! f\r %ells #a 3 #b 3 #e 3 #aa4 ,all f\r %ells ) irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 twice to f\r times z broad z ! b>s4 ,radial proportion ( ! pores 9 ! f\r %ells #i 3 #c 3 #b 3 #a4 ,radial sp9es eighty to "o hundr$ & tw5ty1 ab\t z long z ! radius1 bran*$ l a p9e tree1 ) six to twelve ramifi$ bran*es4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! f\r %ells--7,a7 #j4bb1 7,b7 #j4a1 7,c7 #j4jd1 7,d7 #j4jb2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ab1 bread? #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,s\?-ea/ ,pacific 7,juan ,f]n&ez71 ,/ation #bii1 surface4 ,subfamily ,,c>yommida1#add ,haeckel4 ,ara*nosphrida1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ced2 ,prodromus1 #ahha1 p4 #ded4 ,def9ition4--,a/rosphrida ) five or m conc5tric sph]ical lattice-%ells4 ,g5us #ajg4 ,c>yomma1#ade n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,ara*nosphrida ) five to six or m conc5tric sph]ical lattice-%ells2 two inn] 7intracapsul>7 m$ull>y & ?ree or m out] 7extracapsul>7 cortical %ells1 compos$ ( ord9>y lattice-"w2 di/ance betwe5 ! =m] & ! latt] great] ?an betwe5 any o!r two %ells4 ,! g5us ,c>yomma may be reg>d$ z a ,cromyomma1 9 :i* ! numb] ( ! cortical %ells is increas$ to ?ree1 f\r1 or m4 ,^! lie outside ! c5tral capsule1 :il/ two m$ull>y %ells lie )9 x1 & are connect$ ) ! =m] by num]\s radial sp9es pi]c+ ! wall ( ! capsule4 ,! ord9>y lattice-"w is n ara*noidal1 z 9 ! ?ree foll[+ g5]a4 #a4 ,c>yomma regul>e1 n4 sp4 ,radial proportion ( ! five %ells #a 3 #b 3 #f 3 #h 3 #aj4 ,all five %ells ) regul>1 circul> pores1 twice to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s1 & gradually increas+ 9 size f ! inn]mo/ to ! out]mo/ %ell4 ,radial beams connect+ !m tw5ty1 prolong$ on ! surface into tw5ty /\t1 ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 radial sp9es1 half z long z ! radius1 regul>ly dispos$4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! five %ells--7,a7 #j4be1 7,b7 #j4b1 7,c7 #j4ae1 7,d7 #j4je1 7,e7 #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #bffb4 ,c>yomma irregul>e1 n4 sp4 ,radial proportion ( ! six %ells #a 3 #b4e 3 #h 3 #aj4e 3 #ac 3 #ae4 ,bo? inn] 7m$ull>y7 %ells ) regul>1 circul> pores1 ! o!r f\r 7cortical7 %ells ) irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 gradually increas+ 9 size f ! inn]mo/ to ! out]mo/ %ell4 ,radial sp9es sixty to eighty1 pyramidal1 irregul>ly dispos$4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! six %ells--7,a7 #j4c1 7,b7 #j4bf1 7,c7 #j4ba1 7,d7 #j4af1 7,e7 #j4je1 7,f7 #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfe1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 ,g5us #ajh4 ,ara*nopila1#adf n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,a/rosphrida ) five to t5 or m cortical1 conc5tric1 polyh$ral1 or sph]ical lattice-%ells1 compos$ ( a v ?9 cobweb-l network2 inn]mo/ %ell ) hexagonal 7regul>7 or polygonal 7irregul>7 me%es2 o!r %ells ) simple triangul> me%es1 )\t diagonal ?reads betwe5 !m4 ,! g5us ,ara*nopila1 toge!r ) ! two foll[+ g5]a1 =ms ! peculi> small gr\p ( l>ge ,ara*nosphrida1 sep>at$ f ! true ,c>yommida by ! totally diff]5t /ructure & disposition ( ! num]\s conc5tric %ells2 ! =m] exhibits a simil> relation to ! latt] t ! ,diplosphrida be>s to ! ,elatommida among ! disph]ical ,haliommida4 ,! conc5tric %ells 7five to t5 or m7 lie outside ! c5tral capsule1 & are compos$ ( v delicate1 cobweb-l ?reads4 ,f ! inn]mo/ %ell arise num]\s1 ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 v long sp9es1 f :i* at equal regul> di/ances arise lat]al bran*es 7?ree pairs f ea* sp9e1 & "o pair f ea* corn]74 ,9 ,ara*nopila ^! ?reads pass directly f "o sp9e to ! o!r1 & =m simple1 l>ge1 triangul> me%es betwe5 !m4 ,! conc5tric %ells are n connect$ by int]wov5 diagonal ?reads4 #a4 ,ara*nopila hexagonella1 n4 sp4 ,inn]mo/ %ell ) regul> hexagonal pores2 its diamet] twice z long z ! equal di/ance betwe5 e two conc5tric %ells4 ,radial sp9es tw5ty to =ty1 ea* ) tw5ty to tw5ty-f\r v]ticils4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! inn]mo/ %ell #j4a2 di/ance betwe5 ! conc5tric %ells #j4je4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 #b4 ,ara*nopila polygonella1 n4 sp4 ,inn]mo/ %ell ) irregul>1 polygonal pores2 its diamet] fully z long z ! equal di/ance betwe5 e two conc5tric %ells4 ,radial sp9es sixty to eighty1 ea* ) twelve to sixte5 v]ticils4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! inn]mo/ %ell #j4jd2 di/ance betwe5 ! conc5tric %ells #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bff1 surface4 #bfg;,g5us #aji4 ,ara*nopegma1#adg ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #ded4 ,def9ition4--,a/rosphrida ) five to t5 or m cortical1 conc5tric1 polyh$ral1 or sph]ical lattice-%ells1 compos$ ( a v ?91 cobweb-l network2 inn]mo/ %ell ) hexagonal or polygonal me%es2 o!r %ells ) simple triangul> me%es1 connect$ to "o ano!r by diagonal ?reads betwe5 !m4 ,! g5us ,ara*nopegma diff]s f its ance/ral =m ,ara*nopila1 9 ! possession ( peculi> diagonal ?reads1 :i* connect ! v]ticils or nodal-po9ts ( e two neighb\r+ radial sp9es 9 two diff]5t neighb\r+ conc5tric %ells4 ,9 ?is case1 !re=e1 n only d triangul> me%es lie 9 ! sph]ical faces ( ! conc5tric sph]es1 b also betwe5 !m1 9 num]\s oblique diagonal planes2 a v r>e & rem>kable /ructure1 & =m+ a transition to spongy %ells4 #a4 ,ara*nopegma v]ticillatum1 n4 sp4 ,inn]mo/ %ell ) regul>1 hexagonal me%es2 its diamet] is ! same z ! equal di/ance betwe5 ea* ( ! two %ells4 ,?reads ( ! network smoo?4 ,radial sp9es tw5ty to =ty1 ea* ) fifte5 to tw5ty v]ticils4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! inn]mo/ %ell #j4jd1 di/ance betwe5 ! conc5tric %ells #j4jc to #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bff1 surface4 #b4 ,ara*nopegma longisp9um1 n4 sp4 ,inn]mo/ %ell ) regul>1 hexagonal me%es2 its diamet] half z l>ge z ! equal di/ance betwe5 e two %ells4 ,?reads ( ! network d5tat$ or ) small knots4 ,radial sp9es fifty to sixty1 ea* ) tw5ty to tw5ty-five v]ticils4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! inn]mo/ %ell #j4jb2 di/ance betwe5 ! conc5tric %ells #j4jd to #j4je4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgb1 surface4 #c4 ,ara*nopegma incresc5s1 n4 sp4 ,inn]mo/ %ell ) regul>1 hexagonal me%es2 its diamet] q z l>ge z ! di/ance betwe5 x & ! second %ell2 only half z l>ge z ! di/ance betwe5 ! f\r? & fif? %ells4 ,=ty to fifty radial sp9es1 ea* ) fifte5 to tw5ty v]ticils4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! inn]mo/ %ell 7,a7 #j4jbe2 di/ance betwe5 ! foll[+ %ells--,a1 ,b #j4jbe1 ,b1 ,c #j4jc1 ,c1 ,d #j4jd1 ,d1 ,e #j4jdh1 ,e1 ,f #j4jef1 ,f1 ,g #j4jfd1 c4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgd1 surface4 #bfh;,g5us #aaj4 ,ara*nosphra1#adh ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cee4 ,def9ition4--,a/rosphrida ) five to t5 or m cortical1 conc5tric1 polyh$ral1 or sph]ical lattice-%ells1 compos$ ( a v ?9 cobweb-l network2 inn]mo/ %ell ) hexagonal 7regul>7 or polygonal 7irregul>7 me%es2 o!r %ells ) l>g]1 irregul>1 polygonal me%es4 ,! g5us ,ara*nosphra 7accurately describ$ by me 9 #ahfb1 loc4 cit47 diff]s f ! two prec$+ g5]a 9 ! irregul> =m ( ! l>ge me%es 9 all %ells 7except (t5 ! inn]mo/74 ,?is is caus$ by ! ramification ( ! ?9 ?reads1 :i* on ea* %ell connect ! neighb\r+ sp9es4 ,9 ,ara*nopila & ,ara*nopegma ! ?reads pass directly & undivid$ f ea* sp9e to ! neighb\r+ sp9e 7?ree pairs f ! ?ree edges71 & !re=e all me%es are triangul>4 ,9 ,ara*nosphra !y become polygonal by irregul> ramification ( ! ?reads4 ,!re are "h no diagonal ?reads4 ,subg5us #a4 ,ara*nosphrella1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! inn]mo/ %ell regul>1 hexagonal4 #a4 ,ara*nosphra oligacan?a1 ,haeckel4 ,ara*nosphra oligacan?a1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cef1 ,taf4 x4 fig4 #b1 ,taf4 xi4 fig4 #c4 ,inn]mo/ %ell ) regul>1 hexagonal me%es2 its diamet] ?ree times z long z ! equal di/ances betwe5 e two conc5tric %ells4 ,fifte5 to tw5ty radial sp9es scatt]$ at wide int]vals1 ea* ) six to eight v]ticils4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! inn]mo/ %ell #j4ab2 di/ance betwe5 ! conc5tric %ells #j4jd to #j4je4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a71 surface1 ,haeckel4 #b4 ,ara*nosphra myriacan?a1 ,haeckel4 ,ara*nosphra myriacan?a1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ceg1 ,taf4 x4 fig4 #c1 ,taf4 xi4 fig4 #d4 ,inn]mo/ %ell ) regul>1 hexagonal me%es2 its diamet] twice z long z ! equal di/ances betwe5 e two conc5tric %ells4 ,at ea* nodal-po9t occurs "o radial sp9e ) six to eight v]ticils 7sp9es 9 all "o hundr$ to "o hundr$ & tw5ty or m74 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! inn]mo/ %ell #j4a2 di/ance betwe5 ! conc5tric %ells #j4jd to #j4je4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,m$it]ranean1 ,atlantic1 ,indian1 ,pacific1 surface4 #bfic4 ,ara*nosphra doli*acan?a1 n4 sp4 ,inn]mo/ %ell ) regul>1 hexagonal me%es1 v small2 its diamet] only z long z ! equal di/ances betwe5 e two conc5tric %ells4 ,at ea* nodal-po9t occurs "o radial sp9e ) twelve to sixte5 v]ticils 7altoge!r ?irty to =ty sp9es74 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! inn]mo/ %ell #j4je2 di/ance betwe5 ! conc5tric %ells #j4jd to #j4je4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfe to #bgd1 surface4 #d4 ,ara*nosphra incresc5s1 n4 sp4 ,inn]mo/ %ell ) regul>1 hexagonal me%es2 its diamet] ?ree times z long z ! di/ance betwe5 x & ! second %ell1 q z long z ! di/ance betwe5 ! fif? & six? %ells2 ! di/ances betwe5 ! conc5tric %ells gradually increas+ f ! c5tre4 ,radial sp9es ab\t fifty to sixty1 ea* ) six to eight v]ticils4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! inn]mo/ %ell 7,a7 #j4ge2 di/ances betwe5 ! foll[+ %ells--,a1 ,b #j4jbe1 ,b1 ,c #j4jcg1 ,c1 ,d #j4je1 ,d1 ,e #j4jfb1 ,e1 ,f #j4jge1 c4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,ara*nosphromma1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! inn]mo/ %ell irregul>1 polygonal4 #e4 ,ara*nosphra t5uissima1 n4 sp4 ,inn]mo/ %ell ) irregul>1 polygonal me%es2 its diamet] twice z long z ! equal di/ance betwe5 e two conc5tric %ells4 ,=ty to fifty radial sp9es1 ea* ) twelve to sixte5 v]ticils4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! inn]mo/ %ell #j4a1 di/ance betwe5 ! conc5tric %ells #j4jd to #j4je4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccb1 surface4 #f4 ,ara*nosphra vel>is1 n4 sp4 ,inn]mo/ %ell ) irregul>1 polygonal me%es2 its diamet] twice z long z ! di/ance betwe5 x & ! second %ell1 q z long z ! di/ance betwe5 ! ?ird & f\r? %ells2 ! di/ance betwe5 ! conc5tric %ells gradually increas+ f ! c5tre4 ,radial sp9es tw5ty to ?irty1 ea* ) t5 to twelve v]ticils4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! inn]mo/ %ell 7,a7 #j4e2 di/ances ( ! foll[+ %ells--,a1 ,b #j4jbe1 ,b1 ,c #j4jcg1 ,c1 ,d #j4je1 ,d1 ,e #j4jfb1 ,e1 ,f #j4jge4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdg1 surface4 #bgj,subfamily ,,spongiommida1#adi ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,a/rosphrida ) spongy sph]ical or polyh$ral %ell 7) or )\t enclos$ conc5tric lattice-%ells74 ,g5us #aaa4 ,spongiomma1#aej n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,a/rosphrida ) solid spongy sph]e1 ) num]\s simple radial sp9es1 b )\t lattic$ m$ull>y %ells4 ,! g5us ,spongiomma diff]s f its ance/ral =m1 ,/yptosphra1 9 ! developm5t ( simple radial sp9es on ! surface ( ! solid sph]e1 ! entire mass ( :i* is compos$ ( an irregul>1 spongy wick]-"w4 ,subg5us #a4 ,spongiommella1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,radial sp9es on ! surface ( ! spongy sph]e all ( ! same %ape4 #a4 ,spongiomma radiatum1 n4 sp4 ,spongy framework ( ! solid sph]e ( ! same /ructure ?r\gh\t1 ) small1 irregul>1 polyh$ral me%es & v ?9 ?read-l b>s4 ,f ! surface arise v num]\s 7"o hundr$ & tw5ty to "o hundr$ & sixty or m7 /raight1 bri/le-%ap$ radial sp9es1 z long z ! radius ( ! sph]e 7c\nt+ f ! middle "p ( x74 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! spongy sph]e #j4b2 l5g? ( ! radial sp9es #j4a4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgb1 surface4 #b4 ,spongiomma d5ticulatum1 n4 sp4 ,spongy framework ( ! solid sph]e ( ! same /ructure ?r\gh\t1 ) small1 almo/ equal me%es1 f\r to eight times z broad z ! ?91 elegantly d5ticulat$ b>s2 f ! surface arise v num]\s 7two hundr$ to ?ree hundr$ or m7 curv$1 radial sp9es1 z long z ! radius1 & ( ! same =m z ! b>s4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! sph]e #j4be2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgd1 surface4 #c4 ,spongiomma spa?illatum1 n4 sp4 ,spongy framework 9 ! c5tral "p ( ! sph]e mu* d5s] & d>k]1 & ) small] me%es ?an 9 ! p]iph]al "p 9 :i* are v ?9 b>s4 ,entire surface cov]$ ) #bga;innum]able %ort1 bri/le-%ap$ radial sp9es1 only "o-eigh? z long z ! radius1 ( ! same elegant =m z 9 ,octod5dron spa?illatum 7,pl4 #ah1 figs4 #b1 #d72 ea* sp9e develop$ 9 a zig-zag fa%ion1 ) v small be>ds1 ) a delicate spa?illum 7or coronal ( be>d sp9es7 at ! di/al end4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! sph]es #j4af2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bie1 surface4 #d4 ,spongiomma clavatum1 n4 sp4 ,spongy framework 9 ! c5tral "p ( ! sph]e mu* d5s] & d>k] ?an 9 ! p]iph]al "p4 ,on ! surface are sixty to eighty /\t1 club-%ap$ radial sp9es1 z long z ! radius ( ! sph]e1 9 ! proximal half ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 ) ?ree d5tat$ edges2 !y beg9 at ! middle ( ! radius 7:]e ! d5s] inn] framework *anges into ! loos] out]7 & are v ?9 at fir/ b increase sl[ly 9 ?ickness t[>ds ! truncat$ di/al end4 7,simil> to ,c5trocubus rhopalophorus1 ,pl4 #ah1 fig4 #a1 b )\t ! cubical m$ull>y %ell47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! sph]e #j4d2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4b4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bda1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,spongiommura1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,radial sp9es on ! surface ( ! spongy sph]e ( two diff]5t k9ds2 l>ge ma9 sp9es & small by-sp9es4 #e4 ,spongiomma helioides1 n4 sp4 ,spongy framework ( ! sph]e ev]y:]e ( ! same /ructure1 ) almo/ equal me%es1 t5 to twelve times z broad z ! b>s4 ,sixte5 to tw5ty radial ma9 sp9es1 long] ?an ! %ell diamet]1 ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 ) ?ree s]rat$ edges1 beg9n+ ab\t ! middle ( ! radius & increas+ 9 ?ickness to ! truncat$ di/al end4 ,betwe5 !m occur num]\s ?91 b5t1 bri/le-%ap$ by-sp9es4 7,v simil> to ,spongosphra helioides1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 ,taf4 xii4 figs4 #aa-ac1 b )\t m$ull>y %ells47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! sph]e #j4c2 l5g? ( ! ma9 sp9es #j4d1 ( ! by-sp9es #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ceb1 surface4 #f4 ,spongiomma multiaculeum1 ,haeckel4 ,sponge*9us multiaculeatus1 ,dunik[ski1 #ahhb1 ,d5ks*r4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,wi51 ,bd4 xlv4 p4 #bi1 ,taf4 v4 figs4 #fj-fc4 ,spongy framework ( ! sph]e v compact1 ) small me%es1 sc>cely broad] ?an ! b>s2 f\r to eight l>ge ma9 sp9es1 ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 long] ?an ! %ell radius2 num]\s 7?irty to =ty7 ?9 by-sp9es1 sc>cely half z long4 #bgb;,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! sph]e #j4af2 l5g? ( ! ma9 sp9es #j4aa1 ( ! by-sp9es #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! ,alp9e ,jura1 ,s*afb]g ne> ,salzburg 7,dunik[ski74 #g4 ,spongiomma a/]oides1 n4 sp4 ,spongy framework 9 ! c5tral "p ( ! sph]e mu* d5s] & d>k] ?an 9 ! p]iph]al "p4 ,sixty to eighty cyl9dro-conical ma9 sp9es1 z long z ! radius1 betwe5 !m are num]\s /raight1 bri/le-%ap$ by-sp9es half t l5g?4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! sph]e #j4bh2 l5g? ( ! ma9 sp9es #j4af1 ( ! by-sp9es #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cbe1 surface4 ,g5us #aab4 ,spongodrymus1#aea ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #def4 ,def9ition4--,a/rosphrida ) solid spongy sph]e1 )\t lattic$ m$ull>y %ell1 ) num]\s bran*$ radial sp9es4 ,! g5us ,spongodrymus diff]s f ! prec$+ ,spongiomma 9 ! ramification ( ! num]\s radial sp9es1 cov]+ ! surface ( ! solid spongy sph]e4 #a4 ,spongodrymus elaphococcus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ah1 fig4 #i74 ,spongy framework ( ! solid sph]e equal ?r\gh\t1 on ! surface aris+ 9 ! =m ( v num]\s 7sixty to eighty or m7 spongy cones ) r rhomboidal me%es4 ,ea* cone is prolong$ into a v ?91 irregul>ly curv$ radial sp9e1 :i* is twice z long z ! %ell diamet]1 simple 9 ! proximal half1 bran*$ l a tree 9 ! di/al half2 ea* arboresc5t sp9e has f sixte5 to ?irty-two t]m9al bran*es1 :i* fall 9 "o sph]ical face4 ,! bran*es ( neighb\r+ sp9es are p>tly connect$ by ana/omoses1 s t !y beg9 to =m an out] sph]ical %ell 7cortical %ell7 ) a loos] spongy framework4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! :ole sph]ical skeleton 7sph]e =m$ by ! di/al ends ( ! di*otom\s bran*es7 #j4i1 ( ! inn] solid spongy sph]e #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdi1 surface4 #b4 ,spongodrymus abiet9us1 n4 sp4 ,spongy framework d5s] & d>k] 9 ! c5tral "p ( ! sph]e ?an 9 ! p]iph]al "p1 ) r co>se me%es & ?ick b>s4 ,f ! surface arise v num]\s 7sixty to eighty7 /\t1 radial bran*es1 z long z ! %ell radius1 bran*$ l a p9e tree 7) six to twelve ramifi$ bran*es74 ,simil> 9 /ructure to ,cromyodrymus abiet9us 7,pl4 #cj1 fig4 #f71 b ) a q irregul> spongy texture 9 ! c5tral sph]e4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! sph]e #j4c2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgb1 surface4 #bgc;,g5us #aac4 ,sponge*9us1#aeb ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #def4 ,def9ition4--,a/rosphrida ) holl[1 spongy sph]e1 )\t lattic$ m$ull>y %ell 9 ! c5tral cavity1 & ) num]\s simple radial sp9es4 ,! g5us ,sponge*9us diff]s f its ance/ral =m1 ,plegmosphra1 9 ! developm5t ( num]\s radial sp9es on ! surface ( ! spongy sph]e1 )9 :i* is enclos$ a l>ge sph]ical c5tral cavity4 #a4 ,sponge*9us setosus1 n4 sp4 ,spongy sph]e ?ree times z broad z its inn] cavity1 ) a v delicate1 equal framework4 ,entire surface cov]$ ) %ort1 /raight1 bri/le-%ap$ radial sp9es1 ab\t half z long z ! radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! sph]e #j4b1 ( its inn] cavity #j4jg2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4je4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,azores1 surface4 #b4 ,sponge*9us s]rulatus1 n4 sp4 ,spongy sph]e twice z broad z its inn] cavity1 ) a delicate1 equal framework4 ,entire surface cov]$ ) %ort1 curv$1 radial sp9es1 :i* are elegantly d5ticulat$1 & z long z ! %ell radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! sph]e #j4c1 ( its cavity #j4ae2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgd1 surface4 #c4 ,sponge*9us cavus1 n4 sp4 ,spongy sph]e only "o-f\r? broad] ?an ! l>ge inn] cavity1 its spongy wall be+ only "o-f\r? z ?ick z ! radius1 compos$ ( ?ree to f\r /rata ( irregul>1 small me%es4 ,surface cov]$ ) %ort1 bri/le-%ap$1 curv$ sp9es1 "o-?ird z long z ! radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! sph]e #j4e1 ( its inn] cavity #j4d2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ced1 surface4 ,g5us #aad4 ,spongo?amnus1#aec n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,a/rosphrida ) holl[1 spongy sph]e1 )\t lattic$ m$ull>y %ell 9 ! c5tral cavity1 & ) num]\s bran*$ radial sp9es4 ,! g5us ,spongo?amnus diff]s f ! prec$+ ,sponge*9us 9 ! ramification ( ! num]\s radial sp9es1 cov]+ ! surface ( ! holl[ spongy sph]e2 #bgd;x !re=e exhibits ! same relation to ! latt] t ,spongodrymus be>s to ,spongiomma4 #a4 ,spongo?amnus furcatus1 n4 sp4 ,spongy sph]e twice z broad z its inn] cavity1 ) v delicate b>s1 & irregul>1 d5se framework4 ,f ! surface arise "o hundr$ & fifty to "o hundr$ & eighty ?91 =k$1 bri/le-%ap$ sp9es1 half z long z ! radius2 bo? =k bran*es "o-?ird z long z ! basal or simple "p4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! sph]e #j4c1 ( its inn] cavity #j4ae2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bda1 surface4 #b4 ,spongo?amnus scop>ius1 n4 sp4 ,spongy sph]e f\r times z broad z its inn] cavity1 ) ?ick b>s & r loose framework4 ,f ! surface arise sixty to eighty broom-%ap$ radial sp9es1 z long z ! radius1 ea* 9 ! basal half simple1 9 ! di/al half ) six to twelve irregul>ly ramifi$ bran*es 7simil> to ! sp9es ( ,cromyodrymus abiet9us1 ,pl4 #cj1 fig4 #f74 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! sph]e #j4d1 ( ! inn] cavity #j4a2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4b4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 ,g5us #aae4 ,spongopila1#aed ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #def4 ,def9ition4--,a/rosphrida ) a s+le1 sph]ical1 lattic$ m$ull>y %ell1 imm$iately envelop$ by ! spongy framework ( ! cortical %ell2 on ! surface ( ! latt] are num]\s radial sp9es4 ,! g5us ,spongopila is a ,spongoplegma ) radial sp9es4 ,on ! o!r h& x may be d]iv$ ei!r f ,elaphococcus1 by communication ( ! bran*$ sp9es1 or f ,ara*nosphra1 by developm5t ( spongy bran*es betwe5 ! conc5tric sph]es4 #a4 ,spongopila di*otoma1 n4 sp4 ,m$ull>y %ell ) regul>1 hexagonal me%es1 six times z broad z ! b>s4 ,f ea* nodal-po9t 7betwe5 e ?ree me%es7 arises a bri/le-%ap$ radial sp9e1 :i* is di*otom\sly bran*$4 ,by communication ( ! neighb\r+ bran*es ! loose spongy framework ( ! sph]ical cortical %ell is =m$1 :i* is f\r times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,on ! surface occur v num]\s bri/le-%ap$ radial sp9es1 z long z ! diamet] ( ! m$ull>y %ell4 7,may be d]iv$ f ,elaphococcus47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! spongy cortical %ell #j4c1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdg1 surface4 #bgeb4 ,spongopila v]ticillata1 n4 sp4 ,m$ull>y %ell ) regul>1 hexagonal me%es1 f\r times z broad z ! b>s4 ,f its surface arise =ty to sixty1 ?ree-sid$ prismatic radial sp9es1 be>+ eight to t5 v]ticils ( lat]al bran*es1 ea* v]ticil ) six =k$ bran*es 7two f ea* edge74 ,by irregul> ramification ( ^! bran*es1 & communication 9 all directions1 ! loose spongy framework ( ! cortical %ell orig9ates1 :i* is six times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,! free di/al ends ( ! sp9es are z long z ! %ell radius4 7,may be d]iv$ f ,ara*nosphra47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! spongy cortical %ell #j4f1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4a4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bjj1 surface4 ,g5us #aaf4 ,rhizoplegma1#aee ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #def4 ,def9ition4--,a/rosphrida ) a s+le1 sph]ical1 lattic$ m$ull>y %ell1 :i* is n arm$ ) by-sp9es1 b connect$ by /\t radial ma9 sp9es ) ! spongy cortical %ell4 ,! g5us ,rhizoplegma is imm$iately alli$ to ! =ego+ ,spongopila1 b diff]s f x 9 ! l>ge int]val sep>at+ bo? %ells4 ,9 ?is int]val lies ! wall ( ! c5tral capsule1 :i* is only pi]c$ by ! radial sp9es connect+ bo? %ells4 ,subg5us #a4 ,rhizoplegm>ium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,no free lat]al bran*es ( ! radial sp9es betwe5 ! two %ells4 #a4 ,rhizoplegma polyacan?um1 n4 sp4 ,spongy cortical %ell ) a v f9e d5se framework & ne>ly smoo? surface 7)\t sup]ficial by-sp9es74 ,its inn] cavity is f\r times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 :i* exhibits regul>1 hexagonal me%es4 ,radial sp9es sixty to eighty1 ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 ) ?ree smoo? edges1 )\t lat]al bran*es betwe5 bo? %ells2 _! free out] "p z long z ! %ell radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! spongy cortical %ell #j4c1 ( its inn] cavity #j4b1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgd1 surface4 #b4 ,rhizoplegma spirale1 n4 sp4 ,spongy cortical %ell ) a v delicate loose framework & bri/ly surface4 ,its inn] cavity ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 :i* exhibits regul>1 hexagonal me%es4 #bgf,radial sp9es ?irty to =ty1 prismatic1 ) ?ree smoo?1 spirally contort$ edges1 )\t lat]al bran*es betwe5 ! two %ells2 _! free out] "p half z long z ! %ell radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! spongy cortical %ell #j4b1 ( its inn] cavity #j4ab1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfe1 surface4 #c4 ,rhizoplegma trigonacan?a1 n4 sp4 ,spongy cortical %ell ) a r loose framework & co>se b>s1 ) ne>ly smoo? surface 7)\t by-sp9es74 ,its inn] cavity twice z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 :i* exhibits irregul>1 r\ndi% pores4 ,radial sp9es =ty to sixty1 prismatic1 ) ?ree smoo? /raight edges1 )\t free bran*es betwe5 ! two %ells2 _! out] pyramidal "p only "o-?ird ( ! %ell radius4 7,v simil> to ! common ,rhizosphra trigonacan?a1 b ) simple m$ull>y %ell47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! spongy %ell #j4b1 ( its inn] cavity #j4af1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cec1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,rhizoplegmidium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,betwe5 ! two %ells free lat]al bran*es arise f ! ?ree edges ( ! radial sp9es4 #d4 ,rhizoplegma radicatum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ae1 figs4 #i1 #i;a74 ,spongy cortical %ell ) a v loose framework2 on ! surface are innum]able ?91 =k$1 or repeat$ly di*otom\s by-sp9es4 ,its inn] cavity ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 :i* exhibits regul>1 hexagonal me%es 7fig4 #i;a74 ,radial sp9es twelve1 prismatic1 ) /raight d5tat$ edges1 _! out] po9t$ "p z long z ! %ell radius4 ,ea* sp9e betwe5 ! two %ells has a v]ticil ( ?ree =k$ lat]al bran*es 7fig4 #i;a74 ,! c5tral capsule completely di/5ds ! m$ull>y %ell1 & =ces out ?r\gh ea* me% a h]nia-%ap$ process 7fig4 #i74 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! spongy %ell #j4e1 ( its inn] cavity #j4be1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 #e4 ,rhizoplegma ly*nosphra1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aa1 fig4 #e74 ,ly*nosphra rhizoplegma1 ,haeckel1 #ahgi1 ,atlas 7pl4 xi4 fig4 #e74 ,spongy cortical %ell ) a v loose framework1 compos$ ( long ?9 beams z 9 ,ly*nosphra reg9a 7,pl4 #aa1 figs4 #a-d74 ,surface cov]$ ) %ort bri/les4 ,its inn] cavity six times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 :i* exhibits regul>1 hexagonal me%es4 ,radial sp9es twelve1 prismatic1 ) ?ree smoo? edges2 _! out] po9t$ "p half z long z ! %ell radius4 ,ea* sp9e has ?ree v]ticils ( ?ree =k$ bran*es2 ! fir/ v]ticil is free #bgg;betwe5 ! two %ells1 :ile ! two foll[+ v]ticils1 by communication ( _! ramules1 =m ! irregul> framework4 ,c5tral capsule ) _m h]ni1 =c$ out ?r\gh ! me%es ( ! m$ull>y %ell 7fig4 #e74 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! spongy %ell #j4g1 ( its inn] cavity #j4de1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jg4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bhd1 surface4 ,g5us #aag4 ,ly*nosphra1#aef ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dec4 ,def9ition4--,a/rosphrida ) a s+le1 sph]ical1 lattic$ m$ull>y %ell1 :i* is arm$ ) free radial by-sp9es1 & connect$ by /\t radial ma9 sp9es ) ! spongy cortical %ell4 ,! g5us ,ly*nosphra1 kn[n only by "o s+le1 l>ge1 & v rem>kable species1 ma9ly diff]s f ! =ego+ 9 ! developm5t ( free radial by-sp9es on ! surface ( ! m$ull>y %ell1 & 9 ! free int]val betwe5 x & ! cortical %ell2 b beyond ?is ! loose spongy framework ( ! latt] exhibits a v rem>kable /ructure1 figur$ 9 ,pl4 #aa4 #a4 ,ly*nosphra reg9a 7,pl4 #aa1 figs4 #a-d74 ,m$ull>y %ell 7fig4 #c7 ) regul>1 circul>1 hexagonally fram$ pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 f ea* hexagon-corn] arises a radial1 bri/le-%ap$ by-sp9e1 z long z ! diamet]4 ,twelve radial ma9 sp9es ea* z broad z "o ( ! me%es1 ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 six to eight times z long z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,f _! ?ree leaf-%ap$ 7(t5 some:at d5ticulat$ or spirally contort$7 edges arise f\r v]ticils ( lat]al bran*es1 ea* compos$ ( ?ree =k$1 ?9 bran*es4 ,! =k$ bran*es ( ! fir/ v]ticil end free betwe5 ! two %ells 7figs4 #b1 #c71 :ile ! two foll[+ v]ticils are ramifi$1 &1 by ana/omosis ( _! bran*es1 compose ! loose spongy framework ( ! cortical %ell4 ,on ! surface ( ! latt] arise num]\s radial 7zig-zag-%ap$7 by-sp9es4 ,! f\r? v]ticil is t]m9al1 ) ?ree %ort]1 ?ick]1 d5tat$1 simple bran*es1 :i* con/itute1 toge!r ) ! di/al apex ( ! sp9e itself1 a bun* ( f\r t]m9al sp9es4 ,! l>ge c5tral capsule completely di/5ds ! m$ull>y %ell1 & =ces out by its pores num]\s club-%ap$ h]ni 7fig4 #a74 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! spongy cortical %ell #j4f1 ( its inn] cavity #j4d1 ( ! c5tral capsule #j4bb1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jf2 l5g? ( ! radial sp9es #j4d1 bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 ,g5us #aah4 ,c5trocubus1#aeg n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,a/rosphrida ) a s+le1 cubical m$ull>y %ell1 imm$iately surr\nd$ by ! spongy framework ( ! cortical %ell2 f ! eight corn]s #bgh( ! c5tral cube arise eight prim>y radial sp9es1 & (t5 o!rs f ! framework betwe5 !m4 ,! g5us ,c5trocubus & ! foll[+ closely alli$ ,octod5dron may repres5t a peculi> small gr\p ( ,spongiommida1 rem>kable = ! regul>1 cubical =m ( ! m$ull>y %ell1 :i* is compos$ ( twelve ?9 rods1 correspond+ to ! twelve edges ( a ma!matical cube2 f ! eight corn]s inv>iably arise eight prim>y radial sp9es1 ! bran*es ( :i* =m ! spongy cortical %ell4 #a4 ,c5trocubus octo/ylus1 n4 sp4 ,radial sp9es eight1 aris+ f ! eight corn]s ( ! cubi=m1 regul>1 m$ull>y %ell1 gradually increas+ 9 ?ickness t[>ds ! club-%ap$ di/al end1 :i* is five to six times z broad z ! c5tral end4 ,f ! ?ree d5ticulate edges ( ea* sp9e arise six to eight lat]al bran*es1 :i* ramify irregul>ly & =m by _! ana/omosis ! spongy framework :i* is ( ne>ly simil> /ructure ?r\gh\t1 & ) l>ge loose me%es4 ,! free di/al "p ( ea* sp9e is half z long z ! enclos$ "p4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! sph]e #j4f1 ( ! c5tral cube #j4jb2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ae1 di/al ?ickness #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 #b4 ,c5trocubus clado/ylus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ah1 fig4 #a74 ,radial sp9es ?irty-two1 club-%ap$1 at ! di/al end eight to t5 times z broad z at ! basal end4 ,eight prim>y sp9es arise f ! eight corn]s ( ! regul>1 cubi=m m$ull>y %ell1 & f ^!1 9 ! =m ( lat]al bran*es1 tw5ty-f\r second>y sp9es arise ) concavely curv$ bases 7?ree f ! ?ree d5ticulate edges ( ea* sp9e1 at ne>ly equal di/ances f ! c5tre74 ,! free di/al end ( ea* ( ! ?irty-two sp9es is ( ! same %ape1 ab\t half z long z ! radius ( ! spongy sph]e2 framework mu* loos] 9 ! out] ?an 9 ! inn] "p4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! sph]e #j4h1 ( ! c5tral cube #j4jb2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4b1 di/al ?ickness #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bef1 surface4 #c4 ,c5trocubus poly/ylus1 n4 sp4 ,radial sp9es sixty to eighty1 club-%ap$1 f\r to six times z broad at ! di/al z at ! basal end4 ,eight prim>y sp9es arise f ! eight corn]s ( ! regul>1 cubi=m m$ull>y %ell1 ! rema9d] ei!r spr++ z lat]al bran*es f ! ?ree d5ticulate corn]s ( ! =m]1 or aris+ )9 ! spongy framework1 :i* is mu* d5s] & d>k] 9 ! c5tral ?an 9 ! p]iph]al "p4 ,! free di/al end ( ea* sp9e is "o-?ird z long z ! radius4 #bgi;,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! sph]e #j4i1 ( ! c5tral cube #j4jb2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ae1 di/al ?ickness #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bie1 surface4 ,g5us #aai4 ,octod5dron1#aeh n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,a/rosphrida ) a s+le1 cubical m$ull>y %ell1 & eight prim>y radial sp9es aris+ f its eight corn]s2 ^! are connect$ at equal di/ances by a lattic$1 sph]ical1 cortical %ell1 f :i* ! spongy framework directly spr+s2 (t5 f ! latt] second>y radial sp9es arise4 ,! g5us ,octod5dron has ! same regul>1 cubical m$ull>y %ell z ! prec$+ ,c5trocubus1 b diff]s f x 9 ! wide int]val sep>at+ ! m$ull>y %ell f ! inn] sph]ical face ( ! spongy cortical %ell1 ! two be+ connect$ only by eight radial beams1 aris+ f ! eight corn]s ( ! cube4 ,subg5us #a4 ,octod5dridium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,only eight prim>y radial sp9es1 aris+ f ! eight corn]s ( ! c5tral cube4 #a4 ,octod5dron cuboc5tron1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ah1 fig4 #c74 ,radial sp9es eight1 club-%ap$1 ) ?ree d5ticulate1 /raight edges1 twice z long z ! diamet] ( ! c5tral cavity ( ! cubical spongy %ell2 ! inn] face ( ! latt] 7or ! inn] cortical %ell7 exhibits ! =m ( a l>ge cube1 ! spongy sides ( :i* are p>allel ) ! simple squ>e sides ( ! c5tral cube4 ,! ?9 eight radial beams1 connect+ ! correspond+ corn]s ( bo? cubes1 are n ?ick] ?an ! edge-b>s ( ! c5tral cube1 :il/ _! out] prolongations are mu* ?ick]1 ) f\r to six v]ticils ( lat]al bran*es4 ,surface ( ! ?9 wall$1 loose1 spongy %ell arm$ ) %ort simple ?orns4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! spongy %ell #j4b1 ( its inn] cavity #j4a1 ( ! c5tral cube #j4jb2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4b 7f ! c5tre #j4c74 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bff1 surface4 #b4 ,octod5dron spirale1 n4 sp4 ,radial sp9es eight1 ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 ?ree times z long z ! diamet] ( ! inn] %ell-cavity2 _! ?ree edges d5ticulat$ & spirally contort$ ar\nd ! sp9e axis4 ,?ickness ( ! loose spongy %ell-wall equal to ! radius ( ! inn] cavity1 ?ree times z l>ge z ! c5tral cube4 ,surface cov]$1 ) num]\s ?91 bri/le-%ap$1 b5t sp9ules4 #bhj;,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! spongy %ell #j4bd1 ( its inn] cavity #j4ab1 ( ! c5tral cube #j4jb2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4d1 bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bed1 surface4 #c4 ,octod5dron p9etum1 n4 sp4 ,radial sp9es eight1 ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 ?ree to f\r times z long z ! diamet] ( ! inn] %ell-cavity1 ) ?ree spirally contort$ edges4 ,f ea* sp9e arise at equal di/ances 7equal to ! half radius ( ! cavity7 fifte5 to tw5ty v]ticils ( bran*es :i* increase 9 size f ! base ( ! sp9e4 ,ea* v]ticil is compos$ ( six =k$ bran*es 7two f ea* sp9e-edge72 ! inf]ior are ri*ly bran*$1 & =m by _! connection ! loose network ( ! spongy cortical %ell1 ! surface ( :i* is cov]$ ) num]\s b5t ?reads4 ,ea* sp9e be>s a resemblance to a p9e tree4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! spongy %ell #j4c1 ( its inn] cavity #j4ae1 ( ! c5tral cube #j4jb2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4e to #j4f1 bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgb1 surface4 #d4 ,octod5dron arauc>ia1 n4 sp4 ,radial sp9es eight1 ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 ) ?ree spirally contort$ edges1 eight to t5 times z long z ! diamet] ( ! inn] %ell-cavity 7! free di/al portion twice to ?ree times z long74 ,f ea* sp9e arise at equal di/ances ?irty to ?irty-five v]ticils ( bran*es1 :i* decrease 9 size t[>ds ! di/al end4 ,ea* v]ticil is compos$ ( six =k$ bran*es 7two f ea* sp9e-edge72 ! inf]ior are ri*ly ramifi$ & =m by _! connection ! loose spongy framework2 ! di/al bran*es be> on ! free end elegant spa?ill 7z 9 ! foll[+ species74 ,surface cov]$ ) innum]able /raight bri/les1 z long z ! cavity radius1 & end+ ) a spa?illa4 ,diamet] ( ! c5tral capsule ab\t equal to ! radius ( ! spongy sph]e1 its membrane is d\ble-edg$4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! spongy %ell #a4d mm41 ( its inn] cavity #j4ad1 ( ! c5tral cube #j4jb1 ( ! c5tral capsule #j4e to #j4f2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4i to #a4b1 bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bhh1 surface4 #e4 ,octod5dron spa?illatum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ah1 figs4 #b1 #d74 ,radial sp9es eight1 ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 ) contort$ edges1 five to eight times z long z ! diamet] ( ! %ell-cavity 7! free "p twice z long74 ,f ea* sp9e arise t5 to twelve v]ticils ( lat]al bran*es2 ea* v]ticil compos$ ( ?ree =k$ bran*es4 ,! proximal l>g] bran*es ramify ri*ly1 & =m by _! connection ! loose spongy framework ( ! sph]ical %ell2 ! di/al small] bran*es are simple or bifurcat$1 & ! ramules are provid$ ) an elegant spa?illum at ! end 7fig4 #d74 ,entire surface ( ! spongy sph]e cov]$ ) innum]able bri/le-%ap$ radial sp9es 7half z long z ! cavity radius71 zig-zag1 b5t1 ) be>ds1 & ) a spa?illum at ! end4 #bha;,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! spongy sph]e #a mm41 ( its c5tral cavity #j4ae1 ( ! c5tral cube #j4jb2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #a to #a4b mm41 bread? #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,octod5dronium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,radial sp9es ?irty-two or m1 eight prim>y 7aris+ f ! eight corn]s ( ! c5tral cube7 & tw5ty-f\r or m second>y 7betwe5 !m74 #f4 ,octod5dron v]ticillatum1 n4 sp4 ,radial sp9es ?irty-two1 ) ?ree d5ticulate /raight edges1 six to eight times z long z ! diamet] ( ! %ell-cavity2 ! di/al p>ts half free4 ,eight prim>y sp9es arise f ! eight corn]s ( ! c5tral cube1 tw5ty-f\r second>y f ! edges ( ^! 7a v]ticil ( e ?ree f ea* prim>y sp9e74 ,di/al free p>ts ( all ?irty-two sp9es equal4 ,ea* sp9e ) eight to t5 v]ticils ( =k$ lat]al bran*es1 )\t spa?ill4 ,surface ( ! spongy sph]e cov]$ ) %ort simple bri/les4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! spongy %ell #j4c1 ( its cavity #j4ab1 ( ! c5tral cube #j4jb2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4g to #a mm41 bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bia1 surface4 #g4 ,octod5dron contortum1 n4 sp4 ,radial sp9es ?irty-two1 dispos$ 9 a simil> mann] to ^? ( ! =m] species 7eight prim>y & tw5ty-f\r second>y72 also ! spongy %ell ( ! same %ape4 ,! diff]5ce arises 9 ! =m ( ! sp9es1 ! ?ree edges ( :i* are mu* broad] & spirally contort$ ar\nd ! axis2 & ?us ! correspond+ bran*es ( ! v]ticil d n lie 9 ! same m]idian-plane1 b alt]nate "o ) ano!r4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! spongy %ell #j4d1 ( its cavity #j4a1 ( ! c5tral cube #j4jb2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4h to #a4b1 bread? #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgd1 surface4 #h4 ,octod5dron arboretum1 n4 sp4 ,radial sp9es sixty to n9ety1 ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 ) spirally contort$ & d5ticulate edges1 six to eight times z long z ! diamet] ( ! inn] %ell-cavity4 ,eight prim>y arise f ! eight corn]s ( ! c5tral cube1 tw5ty-f\r o!rs f _! ?ree edges 7z 9 ! two =m] species72 ! rema9+ ?irty to sixty sp9es seem to arise betwe5 ! =m] & imm$iately f ! d5se spongy framework1 :i* is twice z ?ick z ! diamet] ( ! inn] %ell-cavity4 ,! num]\s v]ticils ( ! free di/al "p are ( equal %ape 9 all ! sp9es1 compos$ ( ?ree =k$ bran*es 9 ! t]m9al1 & ( m ramifi$ bran*es 9 ! inf]ior p>ts4 ,entire surface ( ! spongy %ell cov]$ ) simple radial bri/les1 )\t spa?ill4 #bhb;,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! spongy %ell #j4ge1 ( its c5tral cavity #j4ae1 ( ! c5tral cube #j4jb2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4i to #a4b1 bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbe1 surface4 ,g5us #abj4 ,spongosphra1#aei ,ehr5b]g1 #ahdg1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #ed4 ,def9ition4--,a/rosphrida ) two conc5tric lattic$ m$ull>y %ells1 connect$ by radial beams2 ! out] is imm$iately envelop$ by ! spongy framework1 & be>s num]\s radial sp9es4 ,! g5us ,spongosphra 79 ! def9ition "h re/rict$7 diff]s f ,spongopila 9 ! d\ble m$ull>y %ell1 :i* 9 ! latt] is simple2 x exhibits to ! latt] ! same relation t ,spongodictyon among ! ,liosphrida be>s to ,spongoplegma4 ,! out] m$ull>y %ell ( ,spongosphra is imm$iately envelop$ by ! spongy wick]-"w1 :i* ev]y:]e pi]ces ! wall ( ! c5tral capsule4 #a4 ,spongosphra /reptacan?a1 ,haeckel4 ,spongosphra /reptacan?a1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dee1 ,taf4 xxvi4 figs4 #a-c4 ,spongy %ell ( polyh$ric1 irregul> outl9e1 ! framework be+ prolong$ %ea?-l into ! eight to twelve radial sp9es1 :i* are q irregul>ly di/ribut$1 v l>ge1 ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 ) ?ree s]rat$1 spirally contort$ edges2 _! l5g? is twice to f\r times z great z ! diamet] ( ! spongy body2 !y arise ) ?9n] bases f ! out] m$ull>y %ell1 :i* is ?ree times z broad z ! inn]1 bo? hav+ r\ndi% pores1 twice to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 surface )\t radial by-sp9es4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! spongy %ell #j4b to #j4f1 out] m$ull>y %ell #j4jd to #j4jf1 inn] #j4jab to #j4jaf4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 common 9 all w>m] seas1 surface4 #b4 ,spongosphra polyacan?a1 ,j4 ,mll]4 ,spongosphra polyacan?a1 ,j4 ,mll]1 #aheh1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #cb1 ,taf4 iv4 figs4 #a-d4 ,spongy %ell sph]ical1 ) t5 to tw5ty l>ge radial sp9es1 :i* arise ) ?9n] bases f ! m$ull>y %ell1 & are prom95t on ! surface at diff]5t l5g?s2 !y are ?ree-sid$ prismatic 7n f\r-sid$71 ) ?ree leaf-%ap$ /raight edges4 ,:il/ ! spongy framework is mu* loos] ?an 9 ! prec$+ species1 bo? m$ull>y %ells h ne>ly ! same %ape4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! spongy %ell #j4b to #j4e1 out] m$ull>y %ell #j4jd to #j4jf1 inn] #j4jab to #j4jaf4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,nice72 ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cec1 surface4 #bhc,subg5us ,spongosphromma1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,radial sp9es on ! surface ( ! spongy %ell ( two diff]5t k9ds2 l>ge pi]c+ ma9 sp9es & small sup]ficial by-sp9es4 #c4 ,spongosphra helioides1 ,haeckel4 ,spongosphra helioides1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4#def1 ,taf4 xii4 figs4 #aa-ac4 ,spongy %ell sph]ical1 ) num]\s curv$1 bri/le-%ap$ by-sp9es on ! surface1 z long z ! radius4 ,ma9 sp9es t5 to tw5ty1 irregul>ly dispos$1 prismatic1 ) ?ree d5tat$1 spirally contort$ edges1 broad] t[>d ! di/al end4 ,out] m$ull>y %ell ?ree times z broad z ! inn]1 ) polygonal me%es 7( ! same size z ^? 9 ! spongy framework7 & f9e b>s4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! spongy %ell #j4b1 out] m$ull>y %ell #j4jb1 inn] #j4jjg4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a74 #d4 ,spongosphra quadricuspis1 n4 sp4 ,spongy %ell sph]ical1 ) num]\s curv$1 bri/le-%ap$ by-sp9es on ! surface1 half z long z ! radius4 ,ma9 sp9es tw5ty to ?irty1 irregul>ly dispos$1 prismatic1 ) ?ree d5tat$1 spirally contort$ edges1 & at ! di/al end f\r /rong pyramidal div]g5t tee? 7?ree z t]m9ations ( ! edges1 ! f\r? z end ( ! sp9e axis74 ,out] m$ull>y %ell twice z broad z ! inn]1 bo? hav+ circul>1 regul> pores1 twice to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! spongy %ell #j4c1 out] m$ull>y %ell #j4jd1 inn] #j4jac4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgb1 surface4 ,g5us #aba4 ,rhizosphra1#afj ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #hdj4 ,def9ition4--,a/rosphrida ) two conc5tric lattic$ m$ull>y %ells1 connect$ by radial beams2 f ! out] arise num]\s radial sp9es1 :i* at equal di/ances are connect$ by a lattic$ sph]ical cortical %ell1 surr\nd$ by a spongy framework4 ,! g5us ,rhizosphra exhibits ! same relation to ,spongosphra t ,rhizoplegma be>s to ,spongopila2 b 9 ! latt] ! lattic$ m$ull>y %ell is simple1 9 ! two =m] d\ble4 ,! wall ( ! c5tral capsule is pi]c$ only by ! radial sp9es connect+ ! m$ull>y & ! cortical %ells4 #a4 ,rhizosphra trigonacan?a1 ,haeckel4 ,rhizosphra trigonacan?a1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #deb1 ,taf4 xxv4 figs4 #a-g4 ,c5tral cavity ( ! spongy cortical %ell twice z broad z ! diamet] ( ! out] m$ull>y %ell4 ,b>s ( all ?ree %ells ( ! same bread? z ! ?irty to fifty 7or m7 radial sp9es1 #bhd:i* are ?ree-sid$ prismatic2 _! out] free di/al end only z long z ! diamet] ( ! inn] m$ull>y %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! spongy %ell #j4be1 ( its inn] cavity #j4b1 out] m$ull>y %ell #j4a1 inn] #j4je4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,m$it]ranean1 ,atlantic1 ,indian1 ,pacific1 surface f _m ,/ations4 #b4 ,rhizosphra s]rata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ah1 figs4 #e-g74 ,c5tral cavity ( ! spongy %ell five times z broad z ! diamet] ( ! out] m$ull>y %ell4 ,b>s ( all ?ree %ells ( ! same bread? z ! =ty to sixty 7or m7 ?9 radial beams betwe5 !m4 ,^! are ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 ) d5ticulate edges1 sc>cely half z broad z _! out] prolongations1 :i* are half z long z ! %ell radius1 & possess ?ree spirally contort$ s]rat$ edges4 7,! figur$ specim5 is a "y "o2 9 ! old] specim5s ! spongy framework ( ! cortical %ell is mu* m develop$47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! spongy %ell #j4c1 ( its c5tral cavity #j4bb1 out] m$ull>y %ell #j4jf1 inn] #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ations #bgj to #bgd1 surface4 #c4 ,rhizosphra leptomita1 ,haeckel4 ,rhizosphra leptomita1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dec1 ,taf4 xxv4 figs4 #h-aj4 ,c5tral cavity ( ! spongy cortical %ell twice z broad z ! diamet] ( ! out] m$ull>y %ell2 b>s ( bo? v ?91 only "o-?ird z broad z ! b>s ( ! inn] m$ull>y %ell4 ,radial sp9es ?irty to fifty 7or m71 curv$1 ?ree-sid$ prismatic2 inside ! spongy %ell z ?9 z _! b>s1 outside ?ree times z broad4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! spongy %ell #j4bg1 ( its inn] cavity #j4b1 out] m$ull>y %ell #j4a1 inn] #j4je4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a72 ,atlantic1 ,/ations #cdh to #ced1 surface4 ---- ,subord] ,,prunoidea1 ,haeckel1 #ahhc 7,pls4 #ac-ag1 #ci1 #dj74 ,def9ition4--,,spumell>ia ) an ellipsoidal or cyl9drical c5tral capsule1 prolong$ into "o axis 7sometimes articulate by annul> transv]se /rictures72 ) an ellipsoidal or cyl9drical1 f5e/rat$ silice\s %ell 7(t5 articulate by annul> /rictures71 inv>iably prolong$ into "o axis4 ,fundam5tal =m monaxon1 usually ) ! poles ( ! prolong$ dim5sive ma9 axis equal4 ,! subord] ,prunoidea comprises ^? ,,spumell>ia 9 :i* ! f5e/rat$ sph]ical %ell appe>s prolong$ into "o axis4 ,! geometric fundam5tal =m ( ! %ell1 :i* 9 ! ,sphroidea 0 a sph]e1 9 ?is case !re=e becomes an ellipsoid1 & :il/ 9 ! =m] all axes orig9ally h ! same value 7,homaxonia71 #bhe;"h "o ma9 axis is con/antly l>g] ?an all o!r axes 7,monaxonia74 ,usually bo? poles ( ?is ma9 axis are equal 7,haplopola72 b 9 "s g5]a bo? poles become diff]5t 7,diplopola74 ,9 ! ,sphroidea all planes go+ ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! %ell are circul>1 :]eas 9 ! ,prunoidea only ^? planes are circul> :i* are p]p5dicul> to ! ma9 axis2 all o!r planes go+ ?r\gh ! c5tre are elliptical2 ! l>ge/ ( ^! are ! m]idian planes1 9 :i* is situat$ ! ma9 axis4 ,commonly all m]idian planes are equal1 z no transv]se axes 7or cross axes7 are diff]5tiat$4 ,9 my ,monograph 7#ahfb7 only v few =ms ( ,prunoidea1 su* z ,didymocyrtis & ,spongurus1 are describ$1 & ! great] "p ( !m are di/ribut$ "u diff]5t g5]a ( ,sphroidea1 su* z ,haliomma & ,act9omma4 ,9 my ,prodromus 7#ahha7 ,i sep>at$ !m z ! family ,zyg>tida 7p4 #dfb74 ,b x seems n[ mu* m conv5i5t to re/rict ?is t]m to a p>ticul> family & to give a wid] ext5sion to ! :ole subord] "u ! "n ,prunoidea 7call$ aft] ! *>act]i/ic ellipsoidal =m ( a plum1 or ,prunus1 ) its /one74 ,! subord] ,prunoidea comprises sev5 diff]5t families1 ( :i* ! ,ellipsida con/itutes ! simple/ & ! probable common ance/ral gr\p4 ,9 all ,ellipsida ! f5e/rat$ %ell is simple1 & nev] compos$ ( conc5tric or tw9 %ells4 ,9 _! primitive g5us ,c5ellipsis1 ! :ole %ell is geometrically no?+ m ?an a simple ellipsoid 7,pl4 #ci1 figs4 #a1 #b74 ,by developm5t ( radial sp9es x passes into ,ellipsidium1 by developm5t ( spongy framework into ,spongellipsis4 ,9 ! great] "p ( ?is family l>ge sp9es are develop$ on bo? poles ( ! ma9 axis ( ! %ell1 b sometimes in/ead ( ^! solid sp9es1 two opposite holl[ f5e/rat$ tubes are develop$ 7,pipettella1 ,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #f74 ,! second family ( ,prunoidea1 ! ,druppulida1 is mu* ri*] 9 diff]5t =ms ?an ! simple ,ellipsida4 ,9 ?is case ! ellipsoidal %ell is compos$ ( two or ?ree 7r>ely m7 conc5tric %ells4 ,con/antly "o or two ( ^! f5e/rat$ %ells are enclos$ 9 ! c5tral capsule1 & may !re=e be call$ m$ull>y %ells2 & "o or two 7r>ely m7 lie outside ! c5tral capsule1 cortical %ells4 ,! inn] m$ull>y %ells 7"o or two7 are ei!r sph]ical or ellipsoidal2 ! out] cortical %ells 7"o or two1 r>ely m7 are always ellipsoidal4 ,all conc5tric %ells are connect$ by radial beams4 ,9 ! simple/ =m ( ! subfamily1 ,druppula 7,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #c71 "o m$ull>y %ell is connect$ ) "o cortical %ell4 ,by duplication ( ! m$ull>y %ell arises ,prunulum 7,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #d71 & by duplication or multiplication ( ! cortical %ell ,cromyodruppa 7,pl4 #ae1 figs4 #a-d7 is =m$4 ,9 by f> ! great] portion ( ?is subfamily l>ge sp9es are develop$ on bo? poles ( ! ma9 axis ( ! cortical %ell 7,pls4 #af1 #ag71 b sometimes also in/ead ( ^! solid sp9es two opposite holl[ f5e/rat$ tubes are develop$ 7,pipetta1 ,pl4 #ci1 figs4 #g1 #h74 #bhf;,a ?ird family ( ,prunoidea1 closely alli$ to ! two prec$+ families1 is ! ,spongurida1 9 :i* we include all ,prunoidea ) an ellipsoidal or cyl9drical1 unjo9t$ %ell1 9 :i* ! lattice-"w ( ! cortical %ell is trans=m$ into an irregul>1 silice\s framework4 ,9 ! simple/ =m1 ,spongellipsis1 ! simple lattice-%ell ( ,c5ellipsis is sub/itut$ by an ext]nal spongy envelope4 ,9 o!r cases 7,spongurus & alli$ g5]a7 ! :ole cavity ( ?is ext]nal spongy %ell is di/5d$ ) a f9e spongy framework4 ,! subfamily ( ,spongodruppida is di/+ui%$ by ! possession ( a simple or d\ble lattic$ m$ull>y %ell2 ?is lies 9 ! mid/ ( ! c5tral capsule1 & is connect$ by radial beams 7p]=at+ its membrane7 ) ! envelop+ spongy cortical %ell4 ,! surface ( ! latt] may be> ei!r radial sp9es1 or two opposite /rong pol> sp9es1 at ! poles ( ! ma9 axis 7,pl4 #ag1 fig4 #ab74 ,closely alli$ to ! ,ellipsida & ,druppulida are two o!r families ( ! ,prunoidea1 ! ,artiscida & ,cyph9ida1 :i* diff] f ! =m] by a circul> con/riction 9 ! equatorial plane ( ! ellipsoidal %ell2 & 9 ?is way assume a *>act]i/ic tw9 =m1 l a figure ( eight4 ,9 ! ,artiscida ! %ell is simple 7z 9 ! ,ellipsida71 :]eas 9 ! ,cyph9ida x is compos$ ( two or m conc5tric %ells 7z 9 ! ,druppulida74 ,! simple/ =m ( ! ,artiscida is ,artiscus 7,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #i71 diff]+ f ,c5ellipsis 9 ! r+-%ap$1 equatorial con/riction4 ,9 o!r ,artiscida pol> app5dages are develop$ on bo? poles ( ! ma9 axis1 ei!r 9 ! =m ( solid1 /rong sp9es 7,/yl>tus71 or holl[ f5e/rat$ tubes 7,cann>tus1 ,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #aj74 ,! family ,cyph9ida diff]s f ! ,druppulida 9 ! equatorial con/riction ( ! %ell1 & f ! ,artiscida 9 ! pres5ce ( two or m conc5tric %ells4 ,"o or two ( ^! conc5tric f5e/rat$ %ells are enclos$ 9 ! c5tral capsule 7& !re=e may be call$ m$ull>y %ells72 ! o!rs 7"o or two1 r>ely m7 lie outside ( ! c5tral capsule 7!re=e cortical %ells74 ,! int]nal m$ull>y %ells are always sph]ical or some:at l5ticul>1 compress$ f bo? sides2 ! ext]nal cortical %ells h con/antly a r+-l con/riction 9 ! equatorial plane1 & tw9-%ells are !re=e l a figure ( eight4 ,! simple/ =m ( ?is subfamily is ,cyphanta1 compos$ ( a simple m$ull>y %ell & a simple cortical %ell1 ! two be+ connect$ 9 ! equatorial plane by radial beams4 ,9 ,cyphonium 7,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #ab7 ! m$ull>y %ell is d\bl$1 & 9 ,cypassis 7,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #ac7 ! cortical %ell likewise4 ,on bo? poles ( ! ma9 axis /rong sp9es are (t5 develop$ 7,cyph9us1 ,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #ad71 or holl[ f5e/rat$ tubes 7,cann>tidium1 ,pl4 #ci1 figs4 #af-ai74 ,! equatorial con/riction ( ! ellipsoidal %ell1 :i* *>act]ises ! ,artiscida & ,cyph9ida1 is repeat$ or multipli$ 9 ! two foll[+ families1 9 ! ,pan>tida & ,zyg>tida2 9 ! =m] we f9d ?ree r+-l /rictures1 9 ! latt] five or m 7ly+ 9 p>allel transv]se planes72 !re=e ! f5e/rat$ %ell is compos$ 9 ! "o in/ance ( f\r *amb]s1 9 ! o!r ( six or #bhgm2 all ! *amb]s =m a s+le s]ies & h a common ma9 axis4 ,all con/rictions lie 9 planes p>allel to ! equatorial plane ( ! orig9al ellipsoid2 9 ! c5tre ( ! latt] con/antly lies a d\ble m$ull>y %ell1 compos$ ( two conc5tric1 ei!r sph]ical or l5ticul>1 compress$ %ells4 ,9 all ,pan>tida we call ! two inn] *amb]s 7on bo? sides ( ! equatorial con/riction7 proximal *amb]s1 ! two out] *amb]s 7on ! poles ( ! ma9 axis7 di/al *amb]s4 ,! f\r-*amb]$ cortical %ell ( ! ,pan>tida is ei!r simple 79 ,pan>tus1 ,pl4 #dj1 figs4 #a-d7 or d\ble1 ) an ext]nal mantle 7z 9 ,p]ipan>tus1 ,pl4 #dj1 figs4 #e-g74 ,! simple/ =m ( ! subfamily is ,pan>tus 7loc4 cit474 ,9 ?is case also on bo? poles ( ! ma9 axis may be develop$ solid sp9es1 or holl[ f5e/rat$ tubes 7,pan>ium1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #i74 ,! sev5? & la/ family ( ! ,prunoidea1 ! ,zyg>tida is mo/ ne>ly alli$ to ! ,pan>tida1 & appe>s z a fur!r developm5tal /ep f t family4 ,:il/ 9 ! ,pan>tida ! cortical %ell is con/antly f\r-*amb]$1 ) ?ree p>allel r+-l con/rictions1 9 ! ,zyg>tida x is always prolong$ & compos$ ( six or m *amb]s1 sep>at$ by five or m r+-%ap$ con/rictions1 9 ! middle ( :i* is ! equatorial /ricture4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! latt] 7z also 9 ! ,pan>tida7 always lies ! d\ble m$ull>y %ell1 compos$ ( two conc5tric1 sph]ical1 or l5ticul> %ells4 ,! numb] ( ! *amb]s ( ! cortical %ells is commonly six or eight 7) five to sev5 r+ /rictures71 b x (t5 m\nts to t5 & sometimes to tw5ty 7) n9ete5 /rictures71 z 9 "s species ( ,zyg>tus 7,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #ac74 ,all ! *amb]s lie 9 "o s]ies1 "o beh9d ano!r1 ) a common ma9 axis4 ,! cortical %ell is usually simple 79 ,ommatocampe1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #aj71 sometimes d\ble 79 ,desmocampe1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #ab71 r>ely triple 79 ,,zygocampe1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #ac74 ,9 all ?ree cases holl[ f5e/rat$ tubes may be develop$ on ! poles ( ! ma9 axis4 ,! morphological ref]5ces & ! phylog5etic aff9ities ( all ,prunoidea are s complex1 t !y seem to repres5t a q natural gr\p2 all =ms ( x may be d]iv$ f ! common ance/ral =m ,c5ellipsis4 ,b a f> m difficult "q is ! mann] 9 :i* its p$igree may be con/ruct$4 ,! olde/ family is probably ! simple/1 namely1 ,ellipsida4 ,f ?is ! ,druppulida may be d]iv$ by production ( m$ull>y %ells1 ! ,artiscida by equatorial con/riction4 ,! ,cyph9ida c be produc$ ei!r f ! ,druppulida by equatorial con/riction or f ! ,artiscida by developm5t ( m$ull>y %ells4 ,! ,pan>tida appe> z fur!r developm5tal /eps ( ! ,cyph9ida1 by duplication ( ! *amb] numb]2 & ! ,zyg>tida z fur!r productions ( ! ,pan>tida1 by increas+ ! numb] ( ! *amb]s4 ,! sev5 subfamilies ( ! ,prunoidea c be arrang$ 9 two sections accord+ to ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( m$ull>y %ells4 ,! ,ellipsida1 ,spongellipsida1 & ,artiscida possess a simple cortical %ell1 )\t a m$ull>y %ell2 !y repres5t ! #bhhsection ,c5oprunida4 ,all o!r families possess m$ull>y %ells1 & s repres5t ! section ,coccoprunida4 ,ano!r "*1 :i* c be employ$ 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! sev5 subfamilies 9 "s l>g] gr\ps1 is ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( r+-l con/rictions1 by :i* ! cortical %ell is divid$ into *amb]s4 ,i4 ,! ,monoprunida comprise all =ms )\t any con/riction1 ( :i* ! ,ellipsida are )\t a m$ull>y %ell1 ! ,druppulida ) "o or two m$ull>y %ells1 & ! ,spongurida ) a spongy cortical %ell4 ,,ii4 ,! ,dyoprunida conta9 all =ms ) a cortical tw9 %ell1 or ) two *amb]s sep>at$ by "o equatorial con/riction1 ( :i* ! ,artiscida are )\t a m$ull>y %ell & ! ,cyph9ida h "o or two m$ull>y %ells4 ,,iii4 ,! ,polyprunida comprise all =ms ) sev]al 7?ree or m7 con/rictions1 :i* sep>ate f\r or m *amb]s1 ( :i* ! ,pan>tida h ?ree con/rictions & f\r *amb]s1 & ! ,zyg>tida five or m con/rictions & six or m *amb]s4 ,! ,c5tral ,capsule ( ! ,prunoidea is orig9ally ellipsoidal 7monaxial71 & pres]ves ?is =m 9 ! great] "p ( ! g5]a4 ,9 "s gr\ps1 :]e ! axis ( ! ellipsoid is mu* prolong$1 x passes ov] to ! cyl9drical =m 7) hemisph]ical vault+s on bo? poles71 z 9 ,spongurus & ,spongocore1 9 _m ,pan>tida & ,zyg>tida4 ,v (t5 ! ellipsoidal or cyl9drical capsule gets annul> transv]se con/rictions1 correspond+ to ^? ( ! envelop+ cortical %ell 7"o s+le1 equatorial /ricture 9 ! ,artiscida & ,cyph9ida1 ?ree /rictures 9 ! ,pan>tida1 five or m 9 ! ,zyg>tida74 ,9 ! ,c5oprunida 7,ellipsida & ,artiscida1 also 9 ,spongellipsis7 ! c5tral capsule lies freely 9 ! cavity ( ! cortical %ell1 sep>at$ f its inn] surface by ! jelly-envelope2 9 all o!r gr\ps x conta9s a "p ( ! skeleton1 ! m$ull>y %ell & ! beams :i* connect x ) ! envelop+ cortical %ell4 ,synopsis ( ! ,families ( ,prunoidea4 a4 ,%ell simple1 lattic$ 7n spongy71 )\t enclos$ int]nal enclos$ int]nal %ells1 #a4 ,,ellipsida4 ,a4 ,,monoprunida4 b4 ,%ell compos$ ( two or m ,%ell )\t conc5tric lattic$ %ells transv]se /ricture 7n spongy71 #b4 ,,druppulida4 c4 ,%ell p>tially or :olly compos$ ( an irregul> spongy framework1 #c4 ,,spongurida4 ,b4 ,,dyoprunida4 d4 ,%ell simple1 )\t enclos$ ,%ell bilocul>1 int]nal %ells1 #d4 ,,artiscida4 divid$ by an equatorial /ricture into two communicat+e4 ,%ell compos$ ( two or m hemi-ellipsoidal conc5tric %ells1 #e4 ,,cyph9ida4 %ells4 ,c4 ,,polyprunida4 f4 ,%ell ) ?ree p>allel /rictures & !re=e f\r ,%ell multilocul>1 cam]1 #f4 ,,pan>tida4 divid$ by ?ree or m p>allel g4 ,%ell ) five or m p>allel transv]se /rictures /rictures & !re=e six into f\r or m or m cam]1 #g4 ,,zyg>tida4 s]ial cam]4 #bhi;,family ,,xi4 ,,ellipsida1 ,haeckel1 #ahhb 7,pls4 #ac1 #ad1 #ci74 ,def9ition4--,prunoidea ) simple ellipsoidal %ell1 )\t equatorial /ricture 7)\t enclos$ m$ull>y %ell72 network a simple lattice lamella1 n spongy4 ,c5tral capsule ellipsoidal or cyl9drical1 )\t annul> equatorial con/riction4 ,! family ,ellipsida comprises ! simple/ =ms ( ,prunoidea1 & probably repres5ts ! ance/ral =ms ( ?is :ole subord]4 ,! f5e/rat$ %ell1 :i* encloses ! ellipsoidal c5tral capsule1 is a p]fectly simple cortical %ell ( ! same =m1 )\t enclos$ m$ull>y %ell4 ,its =m is commonly a regul> monaxial ellipsoid2 sometimes a little modifi$ by unequal gr[? ( ! two poles ( ! ma9 axis4 ,two opposite l>ge sp9es are (t5 develop$ at ^! poles1 or x may be t in/ead ( ^!1 two holl[ f5e/rat$ tubes are pres5t4 ,! ellipsoidal f5e/rat$ %ell exhibits 9 ! regul> ,ellipsida all ! *>act]s ( a geometric ellipsoid2 "o ma9 axis surpasses 9 l5g? all o!r possible axes4 ,all sections go+ ?r\gh ?is ma9 axis are m]idian sections1 ) elliptical p]iph]y2 all sections p]p5dicul> to ! ma9 axis are transv]se sections1 ) circul> p]iph]y4 ,! l>ge/ ( ^! is ! equatorial section1 :i* divides ! ma9 axis into halves4 ,! diamet] ( ?is equatorial plane is ! m9or axis ( ! ellipsoid4 ,! proportion ( ! two axes ( ! ellipsoidal %ell1 ( ! major v]tical or ma9 axis & ! m9or horizontal or equatorial axis1 is commonly betwe5 #f 3 #e & #c 3 #b4 ,9 ! =m] case x approa*es ! sph]ical %ell1 f :i* x is d]iv$2 9 ! latt] case x becomes almo/ fusi=m or cyl9drical4 ,! network ( silex1 con/itut+ ! %ell1 is con/antly a simple lattic$ lamella1 nev] compos$ ( conc5tric %ells 7z 9 ,druppulida7 or spongy 7z 9 ,spongurida74 ,! network is (t5 v regul> & elegant1 9 o!r cases irregul>4 ,! simple/ g5us among ! ,ellipsida1 & probably ! common ance/ral =m ( ! :ole subfamily1 is ! g5us ,c5ellipsis1 possess+ a simple ellipsoidal %ell )\t any app5dages4 ,x is d]iv$ f ,c5osphra 7! simple/ sph]ical %ell7 by ! prolongation ( "o axis4 ,c5ellipsis passes ov] into ,ellipsidium by ! production ( radial sp9es on ! surface 7correspond+ to ,heliosphra74 ,axellipsis is a peculi> g5us diff]+ f ,c5ellipsis 9 an axial rod1 :i* corresponds to ! m9or or equatorial axis4 ,9 all o!r g5]a ( ! subfamily bo? poles ( ! ma9 axis are di/+ui%$ by peculi> pol> prolongations1 ei!r holl[ f5e/rat$ tubes 7z 9 ,pipettella7 or /rong solid sp9es4 ,bo? pol> sp9es are ( equal size & simil> =m 9 ,ellipsoxiphus1 unequal 9 ,ellipso/ylus4 ,f ! latt] is d]iv$ ,li?apium1 by r$uction & loss ( "o sp9e 7s t only "o rema9s72 ,li?omespilus1 by production ( a bun* ( sev]al sp9es at "o pole4 ,9 ! ?ree latt] g5]a bo? poles ( ! ma9 axis are unequal1 9 all o!rs equal4 #bij,! c5tral capsule ( ! ,ellipsida is 9 all cases ellipsoidal1 & occupies ! l>ge/ "p ( ! %ell1 be+ sep>at$ f its inn] surface by a ?9n] or ?ick] jelly-mantle4 ,synopsis ( ! ,g5]a ( ,ellipsida4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,ellipsoidal %ell )\t pol> app5dages 7nei!r solid sp9es nor holl[ tubes at ! poles ( ! axis74 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,surface )\t ,%ell cavity radial sp9es4 simple1 )\t an axial rod1 #abb4 ,c5ellipsis4 ,%ell cavity ) a transv]se axial rod1 #abc4 ,axellipsis4 ,surface cov]$ ) radial sp9es1 #abd4 ,ellipsidium4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,ellipsoidal %ell ) pol> app5dages 7ei!r solid sp9es or holl[ f5e/rat$ tubes7 at ! poles ( ! ma9 axis4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,solid sp9es ( ,%ell cavity simil> %ape1 simple1 )\t at bo? poles ( axial rods1 #abe4 ,ellipsoxiphus4 ! ma9 axis4 ,%ell cavity ) a cross ( axial rods1 #abf4 ,axoprunum4 ,solid sp9es ( ,two pol> sp9es diff]5t %ape1 ( diff]5t at bo? poles %ape1 #abg4 ,ellipso/ylus4 ( ! ma9 axis4 ,a bun* ( sp9es at "o pole only1 #abh4 ,li?omespilus ,only a s+le sp9e at "o "o pole1 #abi4 ,li?apium4 ,two holl[ f5e/rat$ tubes opposite1 at ! poles ( ! ma9 axis1 #acj4 ,pipettella4 ,g5us #abb4 ,c5ellipsis1#afa n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,ellipsida ) simple ellipsoidal %ell1 )\t radial sp9es & )\t pol> tubes4 ,! g5us ,c5ellipsis is ! simple/ & mo/ primitive =m1 n only among ! ,ellipsida1 b also among ! ,prunoidea1 & x may !re=e be reg>d$ z ! common ance/ral =m ( ! :ole family4 ,x corresponds to ,c5osphra among ! ,sphroidea1 to ,c5odiscus among ! ,discoidea1 to ,c5ol>cus among ! ,l>coidea4 ,probably x is d]iv$ f ,c5osphra by prolongation ( "o axis4 ,subg5us #a4 ,c5ellipsium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,network ( ! %ell regul>1 ) me%es ( equal size & simil> =m4 #biaa4 ,c5ellipsis primitiva1 n4 sp4 ,proportion ( ! long] axis ( ! ellipsoid to ! %ort] #c 3 #b4 ,network ( ! ?9 wall v delicate & regul>1 ) hexagonal pores4 ,all pores ( ne>ly ! same size & =m1 t5 to twelve times z broad z ! b>s2 n9e to twelve on ! half equator ( ! %ell4 ,surface smoo?4 ,dim5sions4--,long] axis ( ! ellipsoid #j4ji to #j4aa1 %ort] axis #j4jf to #j4jh2 pores #j4ja1 b>s betwe5 !m #j4jja4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgb1 surface4 #b4 ,c5ellipsis faceta1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #a74 ,proportion ( ! long] axis ( ! ellipsoid to ! %ort] #d 3 #c4 ,network ( ! ?9 wall delicate & regul>4 ,all ! pores ( ! same size & =m1 circul>1 ) a hexagonal frame1 twice to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 eight to t5 on ! half equator4 ,surface smoo? or slightly sp9y4 ,dim5sions4--,long] axis ( ! ellipsoid #j4ab to #j4ac1 %ort] axis #j4ji to #j4a2 pores #j4jac1 b>s #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area4 ,/ation #bgd1 surface4 #c4 ,c5ellipsis ehr5b]gii1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma 787 c5osphra1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahge1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #gd1 ,taf xxvi4 fig4 #e4 ,proportion ( ! long] axis to ! %ort] #b 3 #a4 ,network ( ! ?9 wall regul> or subregul>4 ,all pores circul>1 ne>ly ( ! same size1 )\t hexagonal frame1 ?ree to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 eight to n9e on ! half equator4 ,surface cov]$ ) small ?orns4 ,dim5sions4--,long] axis ( ! ellipsoid #j4af to #j4b1 %ort] axis #j4jh to #j4a2 pores #j4a1 b>s #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,b>bados 7,ehr5b]g1 ,haeckel74 #d4 ,c5ellipsis circopora1 n4 sp4 ,proportion ( ! long] axis to ! %ort] #e 3 #c4 ,network ( ! ?9 wall delicate & regul>4 ,all pores circul>1 ne>ly ( ! same size1 )\t hexagonal frame1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 fifte5 to tw5ty on ! half equator4 ,surface q smoo?4 ,dim5sions4--,long] axis ( ! ellipsoid #j4ae to #j4b1 %ort] axis #j4ji to #j4ab2 pores #j4jh1 b>s #j4d4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bcf1 surface4 #e4 ,c5ellipsis micropora1 n4 sp4 ,proportion ( ! long] axis to ! %ort] #e 3 #d4 ,network ( ! ?ick wall q regul>4 ,all pores circul>1 )\t hexagonal frame1 v small1 sc>cely half z broad z ! b>s2 six to eight on ! half equator4 ,surface q smoo?4 #bib;,dim5sions4--,long] axis ( ! ellipsoid #j4a1 %ort] axis #j4jh2 pores #j4jjd1 b>s #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bhi1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,c5ellipsula1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,network ( ! %ell irregul>1 ) me%es ( diff]5t size or =m4 #f4 ,c5ellipsis het]opora1 n4 sp4 ,proportion ( ! long] axis to ! %ort] #c 3 #b or #e 3 #c4 ,network ( ! ?9 wall v irregul>1 ) polygonal me%es ( diff]5t size & =m 7= ! mo/ "p p5tagonal or hexagonal1 b also _m tetragonal or heptagonal74 ,! l>ge/ pores f\r to six times z broad z ! smalle/2 t5 to tw5ty pores on ! half equator2 b>s betwe5 !m ?94 ,surface smoo? or some:at sp9y4 ,dim5sions4--,long] axis ( ! ellipsoid #j4ah to #j4bb1 %ort] axis #j4a to #j4ab2 pores #j4jjd to #j4jjh1 b>s #j4jja4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ne> ! ,cocos ,isl&s1 surface1 ,rabbe4 #g4 ,c5ellipsis maxima1 n4 sp4 ,proportion ( ! long] axis to ! %ort] #c 3 #b4 ,network ( ! ?9 wall v irregul>1 ) polygonal me%es ( v diff]5t size & =m1 twice to eight times z broad z ! b>s2 fifty to sixty on ! half equator4 ,surface smoo?4 ,dim5sions4--,long] axis ( ! ellipsoid #j4cf1 %ort] axis #j4be2 pores #j4jjd to #j4jae1 b>s #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,equatorial ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdg1 surface4 #h4 ,c5ellipsis ovulum1 n4 sp4 ,proportion ( ! long] axis to ! %ort] #c 3 #b4 ,network ( ! ?9 wall v irregul>1 ) r\ndi% or longi% pores ( v diff]5t size & =m4 ,pores flat1 ) ev5 m>g9s1 ?irty to =ty on ! half equator1 twice to six times z broad z ! b>s4 ,surface smoo?4 7,?is species be+ obs]v$ alive1 %[$ a transp>5t c5tral capsule ( ellipsoidal =m1 two-?irds z l>ge z ! %ell47 ,dim5sions4--,long] axis ( ! ellipsoid #j4c1 %ort] axis #j4b2 pores #j4jd to #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,ceylon1 ,haeckel2 ,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bff1 surface4 #i4 ,c5ellipsis infundibulum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #b74 ,proportion ( ! long] axis to ! %ort] #c 3 #b4 ,network ( ! ?ick wall irregul>1 ) r\ndi% pores ( diff]5t size & =m4 ,pores funnel-l1 ) prom95t1 irregul>1 sp9y #bic;cre/s betwe5 !m1 _! out] ap]ture ?ree to f\r times z broad z ! inn]2 twelve to fifte5 pores on ! half equator4 ,surface prickly4 ,dim5sions4--,long] axis ( ! ellipsoid #j4ad1 %ort] axis #j4aa2 out] ap]ture ( ! pores #j4ja to #j4jab1 inn] ap]ture #j4jjc to #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccb1 dep? #bbjj fa?oms4 #aj4 ,c5ellipsis oblonga1 n4 sp4 ,proportion ( ! long] axis to ! %ort] #b 3 #a4 ,network ( ! ?ick wall irregul>1 ) r\ndi% pores ( diff]5t size & =m4 ,pores ) prom95t conical edges1 ab\t z broad z ! b>s2 tw5ty to tw5ty-five on ! half equator4 ,sometimes ea* pore is prolong$ into a %ort conical tubulus4 ,dim5sions4--,long] axis ( ! ellipsoid #j4bb1 %ort] axis #j4ab2 pores & b>s #j4jjh to #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfe1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 ,g5us #abc4 ,axellipsis1#afb n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,ellipsida ) simple ellipsoidal %ell1 )\t radial sp9es or pol> tubes1 b ) an inn] transv]se axial rod1 :i* corresponds to ! %ort] axis ( ! ellipsoid4 ,! g5us ,axellipsis diff]s f ! simple ,c5ellipsis 9 a v peculi> "*1 namely1 ! pres5ce ( an inn] silice\s b> m>k+ ! m9or axis ( ! ellipsoidal %ell4 ,if 9 "s =ms ( ,druppula 7e4g41 ,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #c7 we remove ! c5tral m$ull>y %ell & prolong bo? beams 7connect+ x ) ! cortical %ell7 till !y unite 9 ! c5tre1 we %all arrive at ,axellipsis4 ,!re=e ,axellipsis may be d]iv$ 9 ! same way f ,druppula z ,axoprunum is f ,li?atractus1 by phyletic loss ( ! m$ull>y %ell4 #a4 ,axellipsis p]=ata1 n4 sp4 ,proportion ( ! major axis ( ! ellipsoid to ! m9or #c 3 #b4 ,pores ( ! %ell regul>1 circul>1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 t5 to twelve on ! half equator4 ,surface smoo?4 ,dim5sions4--,long] axis ( ! %ell #j4ab1 %ort] axis #j4jh2 pores #j4jjf1 b>s #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,c5tral area ( ! ,pacific1 ,/ation #bff1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #b4 ,axellipsis lobata1 n4 sp4 ,proportion ( ! major axis to ! m9or #e 3 #d4 ,me%es ( ! %ell irregul>1 r\ndi%1 lob$1 ) ?ree to six ind5tations 7ea* me% =m$ by ! conflu5ce ( ?ree to six1 commonly #bid;f\r or five1 small] pores72 eight to n9e me%es on ! half equator1 ^! be+ twice to f\r times z broad z ! b>s4 ,dim5sions4--,long] axis ( ! %ell #j4a1 %ort] axis #j4jh2 pores #j4jjg to #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,tropical zone ( ! ,we/]n ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbe1 surface4 ,g5us #abd4 ,ellipsidium1#afc n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,ellipsida ) simple ellipsoidal %ell1 ) num]\s radial sp9es on ! surface1 )\t pol> sp9es or tubes4 ,! g5us ,ellipsidium diff]s f ,c5ellipsis solely 9 ! developm5t ( num]\s radial sp9es on ! surface1 & exhibits ! same phylog5etic relation to x t ,heliosphra be>s to ,c5osphra4 #a4 ,ellipsidium p&anidium1 n4 sp4 ,proportion ( ! long] axis ( ! ellipsoid to ! %ort] #e 3 #d4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 ) regul> & hexagonal me%es1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 eighte5 to tw5ty on ! half equator4 ,9 ea* hexagon-corn] 7betwe5 ?ree pores7 arises a %ort1 ?ree-sid$ pyramidal sp9e1 half z long z ! equatorial radius1 & z ?ick at ! base z a s+le me%4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis ( ! ellipsoid #j4ae1 m9or #j4ab2 pores #j4jjf1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! radial sp9es #j4jc1 basal bread? #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,b>bados 7,haeckel74 #b4 ,ellipsidium datura1 n4 sp4 ,proportion ( ! long] axis ( ! ellipsoid to ! %ort] #d 3 #c4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 ) regul>1 circul> me%es1 twice z broad z ! ?ick b>s betwe5 !m eight to t5 me%es on ! half equator4 ,out] surface ( ! %ell ?orny1 cov]$ ) %ort1 conical1 radial sp9es1 :i* are regul>ly di/ribut$ 7"o sp9e betwe5 e ?ree me%es71 & ab\t z long z ! diamet] ( ! me%es4 7,! %ell is simil> to ! out] %ell ( ,haliomma ca/anea1 ,haeckel1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 ,taf4 xxiv4 fig4 #d47 ,dim5sions4--,major axis ( ! ellipsoid #j4ab1 m9or axis #j4ji2 me%es #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,we/]n "p ( ! ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbe1 dep? #ddge fa?oms4 #c4 ,ellipsidium artoc>pus1 n4 sp4 ,proportion ( ! long] axis to ! %ort] #c 3 #b4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 ) regul>1 circul> me%es1 sep>at$ by deep furr[s1 :i* repres5t a regul>1 hexagonal framework2 on ! half equator twelve to fifte5 me%es1 sc>cely broad] ?an ! broad b>s betwe5 !m4 ,out] #biesurface sp9y2 betwe5 e ?ree me%es arises a /rong radial sp9e1 twice to ?ree times z long z ! diamet] ( ! me%es2 ! base ( ! sp9e is l a ?ree-sid$ pyramid4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis ( ! ellipsoid #j4ab1 m9or axis #j4jh2 me%es #j4jjf1 b>s #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,c5tral area ( ! ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #d4 ,ellipsidium opuntia1 n4 sp4 ,proportion ( ! long] axis to ! %ort] #e 3 #d4 ,%ell ?9 wall$1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi% me%es ( diff]5t size & =m1 ab\t twice to ?ree times z broad z ! irregul>1 ?9 b>s betwe5 !m2 t5 to fifte5 me%es on ! half equator4 ,betwe5 ! me%es arise num]\s ?91 bri/le-l1 radial sp9es1 ab\t z long z ! %ort] radius ( ! %ell4 ,! numb] ( ! me%es may be ?ree to f\r times z great z ! numb] ( ! sp9es4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis ( ! ellipsoid #j4ae1 m9or axis #j4ab2 pores #j4jjf to #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjc to #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,s\!rn ,pacific1 ,/ation #bhd1 surface4 #e4 ,ellipsidium e*9idium1 n4 sp4 ,proportion ( ! long] axis to ! %ort] #d 3 #c4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi% pores ( diff]5t size & =m1 ab\t z l>ge or some:at small] ?an ! broad b>s2 twelve to sixte5 pores on ! half equator4 ,on ! surface1 irregul>ly scatt]$1 tw5ty to ?irty /rong1 ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 radial sp9es1 "o-f\r? to "o-half z long z ! ma9 axis4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis ( ! ellipsoid #j4af1 m9or #j4ab2 pores & b>s #j4jjb to #j4jjh2 l5g? ( ! radial sp9es #j4jd to #j4jh1 basal bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,equatorial ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdg1 dep? #bbej fa?oms4 ,g5us #abe4 ,ellipsoxiphus1#afd ,dunik[ski1 #ahhb1 ,d5ks*r4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,wi51 vol4 xlv4 p4 #be4 ,def9ition4--,ellipsida ) simple ellipsoidal %ell1 ! ma9 axis ( :i* is prolong$ at bo? poles into two /rong opposite sp9es ( equal size & simil> =m4 ,! g5us ,ellipsoxiphus 0 e/abli%$ by ,dunik[ski 79 #ahhb1 loc4 cit47 = ^? simple amphi/yl\s f5e/rat$ %ells1 =m]ly unit$ ) ,xiphosphra1 9 :i* ! ma!matical =m ( ! %ell itself is n a true sph]e1 b an ellipsoid4 ,x may !re=e be d]iv$ f ,xiphosphra by prolongation ( ! axis 9 :i* lie bo? pol> sp9es2 b x may also be d]iv$ f ,c5ellipsis by ! production ( two equal sp9es at ! poles ( ! ma9 axis4 #bif,subg5us #a4 ,ellipsoxiphetta1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,network ( ! %ell regul>1 ) pores ( equal size & simil> =m4 #a4 ,ellipsoxiphus elegans1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ad1 fig4 #g74 ,proportion ( ! major axis ( ! ellipsoid to ! m9or #e 3 #d4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 ) regul>1 circul> me%es1 sep>at$ by a regul>1 hexagonal elevat$ framework4 ,f ea* hexagon-corn] arises 7betwe5 e ?ree me%es7 a %ort ?9 sp9e1 ab\t z long z ! diamet] ( a me%2 twelve to f\rte5 me%es on ! half equator1 ( ! same bread? z ! b>s4 ,pol> sp9es ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 cuspidate1 ab\t z long z ! axis ( ! %ell4 7,?is elegant & n uncommon species is rem>kable = its v>iations4 ,by unequal developm5t ( bo? sp9es x passes ov] to ,ellipso/ylus47 ,9 ! figur$ v>iety 7,pl4 #ad1 fig4 #g7 ! ends ( ! surface sp9es are connect$ by a v delicate network1 s z to =m an out] veil4 ,?is may fur!r be sep>at$ z a peculi> g5us ,ellipsoxiphium palliatum4 ,dim5sions4--,long] axis #j4jh to #j4ac1 %ort] axis #j4jf to #j4aa2 pores & b>s #j4jjh2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4jf to #j4ab1 basal bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ations #bgj to #bgd1 f #bcej to #bibe fa?oms4 #b4 ,ellipsoxiphus flosculus1 n4 sp4 ,proportion ( ! major axis to ! m9or #f 3 #e4 ,%ell v ?ick wall$1 ) regul>1 hexagonal me%es1 eight to n9e on ! half equator1 ?ree to f\r times z broad z ! b>s4 ,! inn] cont\r ( ! me%es is circul>1 ! out] six-lob$ 7simil> to ,xipho/ylus phasianus1 ,pl4 #ac1 fig4 #i74 ,pol> sp9es ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 ab\t z long z ! major axis ( ! %ell2 _! basal ?ickness equals "o me%4 ,dim5sions4--,long] axis #j4ab1 %ort] axis #j4a2 pores #j4jab to #j4jae1 b>s #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4ab to #j4ae1 basal bread? #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,b>bados 7,teus*]74 #c4 ,ellipsoxiphus fragilis1 n4 sp4 ,proportion ( ! major axis to ! m9or #d 3 #c4 ,%ell ?9 wall$1 ) regul>1 circul> me%es1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 t5 to twelve on ! half equator4 ,surface smoo?4 ,pol> sp9es cyl9drical1 at ! apex conical1 half z long z ! major axis4 ,dim5sions4--,long] axis #j4af1 %ort] axis #j4ab2 pores #j4jjh1 b>s #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4ji1 basal bread? #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cbe1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,ellipsoxiphilla1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,network ( ! %ell irregul>1 ) pores ( diff]5t size or =m4 #bigd4 ,ellipsoxiphus clavig]1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ad1 fig4 #c74 ,xiphosphra clavig]a1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus et ,atlas4 ,proportion ( ! major axis to ! m9or #e 3 #d4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 ) irregul> network2 me%es r\ndi% or circul>1 d\ble cont\r$1 ( unequal size1 twice to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 eight to t5 on ! half equator4 ,pol> sp9es club-%ap$1 ) prom95t edges1 ab\t z long z ! m9or axis2 ?ick] 9 _! middle "p ?an at bo? ends 7diff]s f ,xiphosphra clavig]a by ! ellipsoidal =m ( ! %ell1 & ! d\ble l5g? ( ! sp9es74 ,dim5sions4--,long] axis #j4ae4 %ort] axis #j4ab2 pores #j4jjg to #j4jae1 b>s #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4ab1 ?ickness 9 ! middle "p #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral area ( ! ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgb1 dep? #bfjj fa?oms4 #e4 ,ellipsoxiphus suessi1 ,dunik[ski4 ,ellipsoxiphus suessi1 ,dunik[ski1 #ahhb1 ,d5ks*r4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,wi51 ,bd4 xlv4 p4 #bf1 ,taf4 v4 fig4 #ej4 ,proportion ( ! major axis to ! m9or #g 3 #e4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi% me%es1 six to eight on ! half equator1 twice to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s4 ,pol> sp9es ne>ly cyl9drical1 blunt1 z long z ! major axis4 ,dim5sions4--,long] axis #j4ad2 %ort] axis #j4a2 pores #j4jah to #j4jbc1 b>s #j4ja2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4ab2 ?ickness ( !m #j4jce4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! ,alp9e ,lias1 ,s*afb]g ne> ,salzburg1 ,dunik[ski4 #f4 ,ellipsoxiphus p>v(oram9us1 ,dunik[ski4 ,ellipsoxiphus p>v(oram9us1 ,dunik[ski1 #ahhb1 ,d5ks*r4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,wi51 ,bd4 xlv4 p4 #bf1 ,taf4 v4 fig4 #ea4 ,proportion ( ! major axis to ! m9or #g 3 #f4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi% or oval me%es1 t5 to twelve on ! half equator1 sc>cely z broad z ! b>s4 ,pol> sp9es conical1 %ort] ?an ! m9or axis4 ,dim5sions4--,long] axis #j4ad1 %ort] axis #j4ab2 pores #j4jaf to #j4ja1 b>s #j4ja to #j4jb2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4a1 basal ?ickness #j4jde4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! ,alp9e ,lias1 ,s*afb]g ne> ,salzburg1 ,dunik[ski4 #g4 ,ellipsoxiphus bipol>is1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ad1 fig4 #aa74 ,xiphosphra bipol>is1 #ahha1 ,prodromus et ,atlas4 ,proportion ( ! major axis to ! m9or #h 3 #g4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi% me%es1 twice to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 sixte5 to tw5ty on ! half equator4 ,pol> sp9es %ort & ?ick1 ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 sc>cely half z long z ! %ort] radius ( ! %ell2 surr\nd+ ! base ( e sp9e is a circle ( eight to n9e %ort] sp9es4 ,dim5sions4--,long] axis #j4jh1 %ort] axis #j4jg2 pores #j4jjc to #j4jjg1 b>s #j4jjb2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4jb to #j4jc1 basal ?ickness #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,tropical "p ( ! ,we/]n ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbe1 dep? #ddge fa?oms4 #bihh4 ,ellipsoxiphus atractus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ad1 fig4 #a74 ,proportion ( ! major axis to ! m9or #c 3 #b4 ,%ell sp9dle-%ap$1 v ?ick wall$1 ) r\ndi%1 v irregul> me%es1 twice to five times z broad z ! b>s2 eight to twelve on ! half equator4 ,! me%es are p>tly simple1 oblong1 p>tly lob$ or compos$ ( two to f\r 7commonly ?ree7 conflu5t me%es4 ,surface smoo?4 ,pol> sp9es v %ort & ?ick1 %ort] ?an ! m9or radius ( ! %ell1 ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 ) prom95t1 some:at contort$ edges4 ,dim5sions4--,long] axis #j4ae1 %ort] axis #j4a2 me%es #j4jjg to #j4jb1 b>s #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4jd1 basal ?ickness #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,c5tral area ( ! ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 ,g5us #abf4 ,axoprunum1#afe n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,ellipsida ) simple ellipsoidal %ell1 ! ma9 axis ( :i* is prolong$ at bo? poles into two opposite sp9es ( equal size & simil> =m4 ,)9 ! cavity ( ! %ell f\r radial rods arise f its inn] surface1 two 9 ! ma9 axis1 two 9 ! smalle/ axis1 p]p5dicul> to ! =m]2 _! free inn] ends are at ! same di/ance f ! c5tre4 ,! g5us ,axoprunum possesses precisely ! same %ell z ! =ego+ ,ellipsoxiphus1 b diff]s f x 9 a v rem>kable peculi>ity4 ,! two pol> sp9es are c5tripetally prolong$ into two int]nal beams1 & p]p5dicul> to ^! are two o!r1 opposite1 transv]se beams1 m>k+ ! m9or axis ( ! ellipsoid4 ,! free inn] ends ( all f\r radial rods be> little ?ick5$ knobs1 & are at ! same di/ance f ! c5tre4 ,x !re=e appe>s z ?\gh a c5tral1 sph]ical1 m$ull>y %ell _h be5 lo/1 & ?is gives a /rong support to ! important hypo!sis1 t 9 _m ,sphrell>ia1 :]e ! m$ull>y %ell is abs5t1 x may h be5 lo/ by phylog5etic r$uction or retrograde metamorphosis4 ,9 ?is case ,axoprunum 7& ,ellipsoxiphus7 w\ld arise f ,li?atractus4 #a4 ,axoprunum /auraxonium1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dh1 fig4 #d74 ,%ell ellipsoidal1 "o & "o-?ird times z long z broad1 ) smoo? surface4 ,network regul>1 ) circul> me%es f\r times z broad z ! b>s4 ,two pol> sp9es ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 half z long z ! %ell1 z ?ick at ! base z a s+le me%4 ,f\r inn] radial beams 7ly+1 two 9 ! major & two 9 ! m9or axis ( ! ellipsoid7 v ?91 at ! c5tral free ends knob-l1 ?ick5$4 ,! di/ance betwe5 two opposite beams equals "o-?ird ( ! m9or axis1 & indicates probably ! diamet] ( ! lo/ sph]ical m$ull>y %ell4 7,?ree p]fect & complete specim5s ( ! same size & %ape 7 obs]v$47 #bii;,dim5sions4--,major axis ( ! ellipsoid #j4ad1 m9or axis #j4aa2 pores #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4jg1 basal bread? #j4jab4 7,diamet] ( ! lo/ m$ull>y %ell #j4jc87 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cch1 dep? #aiij fa?oms4 ,g5us #abg4 ,ellipso/ylus1#aff n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,ellipsida ) simple ellipsoidal %ell1 ! ma9 axis ( :i* is prolong$ at bo? poles into two opposite sp9es ( diff]5t size or =m4 ,! g5us ,ellipso/ylus diff]s f ,ellipsoxiphus only 9 ! unequal size or diff]5t =m ( ! pol> sp9es1 :i* 9 ! =m] are equal4 ,?is diff]5ce does n seem important at fir/1 b 9 ! fur!r developm5t x produces v s+ul> & /range =ms4 ,!oretically x is always important1 because ! fundam5tal haplopol> =m ( ! monaxon body becomes diplopol> by ?is diff]5tiation4 ,subg5us #a4 ,ellipso/yletta1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,network ( ! %ell regul>1 ) pores ( equal size & simil> =m4 #a4 ,ellipso/ylus orni?oides1 n4 sp4 ,proportion ( ! major axis ( ! ellipsoid to ! m9or #d 3 #c4 ,%ell ?9 wall$1 ) regul>1 circul> me%es & hexagonal framework betwe5 !m1 l t ( ,xipho/ylus favosus 7,pl4 #ac1 fig4 #d74 ,circul> pores ab\t z broad z ! b>s2 eight to n9e on ! half equator4 ,surface smoo?4 ,pol> sp9es ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 z broad at ! base z a s+le hexagon2 ! long] sp9e z long z ! major axis1 ! %ort] half z long4 ,dim5sions4--,long] axis ( ! ellipsoidal %ell #j4af1 %ort] axis #j4ab2 pores & b>s #j4jjf2 l5g? ( ! long] pol> sp9e #j4af1 ( ! %ort] #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bda1 dep? #bcjj fa?oms4 #b4 ,ellipso/ylus avicul>is1 n4 sp4 ,proportion ( ! major axis to ! m9or #c 3 #b4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 ) regul>1 rosette-%ap$ me%es1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 t5 to twelve on ! half equator4 ,e me% on ! out] m>g9 ) five to six r\nd$ lobes1 z 9 ,xipho/ylus phasianus 7,pl4 #ac1 fig4 #i74 ,surface smoo?4 ,pol> sp9es %>p edg$1 ?ick2 ! long] /raight & equal to ! long] axis1 ! %ort] half z long1 %ap$ l a bird's head4 ,dim5sions4--,long] axis #j4ah1 %ort] axis #j4ab2 pores #j4jae1 b>s #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #cjj1 dep? #acge fa?oms4 #cjjc4 ,ellipso/ylus psittacus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ac1 fig4 #f74 ,proportion ( ! major axis to ! m9or #d 3 #c4 ,%ell ?9 wall$1 ) regul> or subregul> rosette-%ap$ me%es1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 eight to n9e on ! half equator2 ea* me% ) ?ree to f\r r\nd$ lobes4 ,surface smoo?4 ,pol> sp9es %>p edg$1 v unequal2 long] sp9e ab\t twice z long z ! major axis1 some:at curv$2 %ort] sp9e sc>cely long] ?an ! radius1 %ap$ l a bird's head4 ,dim5sions4--,long] axis #j4jh1 %ort] axis #j4jf2 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jje2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es--long] #j4ae1 %ort] #j4je4 ,habitat4--,c5tral area ( ! ,pacific1 ,/ation #bff1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #d4 ,ellipso/ylus aquila1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ac1 fig4 #a74 ,proportion ( ! major axis to ! m9or #g 3 #f4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 ) subregul>1 circul> me%es1 five to six times z broad z ! b>s2 t5 to twelve on ! half equator4 ,surface smoo?4 ,pol> sp9es %>p edg$ 7six-sid$871 v unequal2 long] sp9e /raight1 ab\t equal to ! m9or axis2 %ort] sp9e obliquely ins]t$1 sc>cely half z long1 %ap$ l a bird's head4 ,dim5sions4--,long] axis #j4ae1 %ort] axis #j4ac2 pores #j4jb1 b>s #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es--long] #j4a1 %ort] #j4je4 ,habitat4--,c5tral area ( ! ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgb1 dep? #bfjj fa?oms4 #e4 ,ellipso/ylus columba1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ac1 fig4 #c74 ,proportion ( ! major axis to ! m9or #d 3 #c4 ,%ell egg-%ap$1 ?9 wall$1 ) regul>1 circul> me%es1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 t5 to twelve on ! half equator4 ,surface some:at ?orny4 ,pol> sp9es ne>ly ( equal l5g? 7equal to ! major axis71 b ( v diff]5t =m2 "o /raight1 pyramidal1 & obliquely ins]t$1 ! o!r l a bird's head4 ,dim5sions4--,long] axis #j4jh1 %ort] #j4jf2 pores #j4jjc1 b>s #j4ja2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ji4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccb1 surface4 #f4 ,ellipso/ylus ciconia1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ac1 fig4 #h74 ,proportion ( ! major axis to ! m9or #g 3 #e4 ,%ell egg-%ap$1 ?ick wall$2 ! me%es v small1 regul>1 circul>1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 sixte5 to tw5ty on ! half equator4 ,surface unev54 ,pol> sp9es ne>ly cyl9drical1 po9t$2 ! small] obliquely ins]t$1 equal to ! major axis2 ! l>g] m ?an twice z long & ?ick1 furr[$ at its base4 7,comp>e ) ?is & ! alli$ species ,rhabdoli?is pipa1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahge1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 ,taf4 i4 fig4 #bg47 ,dim5sions4--,long] axis #j4jg1 %ort] #j4je2 pores #j4jjc1 b>s #j4jja2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es--long] #j4b1 %ort] #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bec1 dep? #cabe fa?oms4 #cja,subg5us #b4 ,ellipso/ylissa1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,network ( ! %ell irregul>1 ) pores ( diff]5t size or =m4 #g4 ,ellipso/ylus megadictya1 ,haeckel4 ,/ylosphra megadictya1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahgb1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #bii1 ,taf4 viii4 fig4 #ac4 ,proportion ( ! major axis to ! m9or #e 3 #d4 ,%ell ?9 wall$1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi%1 l>ge me%es1 f\r to five times z broad z ! b>s2 only f\r to five on ! half equator4 ,surface smoo?4 ,pol> sp9es /raight1 ?91 angul>2 ! %ort] equal to ! m9or axis1 ! long] f\r times z l>ge4 ,dim5sions4--,long] axis #j4je1 %ort] axis #j4jd2 me%es #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjb2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es--long] #j4ab1 %ort] #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,philipp9e ,sea1 #ccjj fa?oms1 ,ehr5b]g4 #h4 ,ellipso/ylus gall9ula1 n4 sp4 ,proportion ( ! major axis to ! m9or #c 3 #b4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi% me%es1 twice to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 eight to t5 on ! half equator4 ,surface ?orny4 ,pol> sp9es conical1 /raight2 ! long] twice z long z ! major axis1 ! m9or sc>cely half z long4 ,dim5sions4--,long] axis #j4ae1 %ort] #j4ab2 pores #j4ja to #j4jb1 b>s #j4jjb to #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bec1 surface4 #i4 ,ellipso/ylus hirundo1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ac1 fig4 #b74 ,proportion ( ! major axis to ! m9or #d 3 #c4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi% me%es1 ?ree to five times z broad z ! b>s2 eight to t5 on ! half equator4 ,! inn] ap]ture ( e me% is f5e/rat$ by a delicate lamella ( silex1 p]=at$ by six to eight v small circul> pores4 ,pol> sp9es %>p edg$1 m or less curv$1 ! %ort] equal to ! m9or axis1 ! long] twice z long4 ,dim5sions4--,long] axis #j4af1 %ort] #j4ab2 pores #j4ja to #j4jb1 b>s #j4jjc to #j4jjf2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es--long] #j4bd1 %ort] #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms2 ! same =m also fossil 9 ! rocks ( ,b>bados4 ,g5us #abh4 ,li?omespilus1#afg ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dej4 ,def9ition4--,ellipsida ) simple ellipsoidal or ovi=m %ell1 ! ma9 axis ( :i* be>s at "o pole a s+le sp9e1 at ! o!r a bun* ( sev]al sp9es4 #cjb,! g5us ,li?omespilus diff]s f ! closely alli$ ,ellipsoxiphus 9 ! fur!r diff]5tiation ( bo? poles ( ! ma9 axis4 ,"o pole exhibits only a s+le pol> sp9e1 ! o!r pole a gr\p ( sev]al sp9es1 peculi>ly gr\p$ toge!r4 ,x diff]s f ! simil> ,sphromespilus 7,pl4 #ad1 figs4 #ab1 #ac7 9 ! ellipsoidal =m ( ! %ell4 #a4 ,li?omespilus phlog9us1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ad1 fig4 #af74 ,proportion ( ! major axis ( ! ellipsoid to ! m9or #d 3 #c4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 ) circul> pores ( diff]5t size1 ! bread? ( :i* equals t ( ! b>s2 twelve to fifte5 pores on ! half equator4 ,surface smoo?1 ) ! exception ( a circumpol> region cov]$ ) num]\s ?ick sp9es ( unequal size1 :i* surr\nd ! l>ge s+le pol> sp9e & are curv$ l a b[ aga9/ its axis4 ,?is l>g] pol> sp9e is /raight1 & equals 9 l5g? ! major axis ( ! %ell4 ,! o!r & opposite pol> sp9e is sc>cely "o-f\r? z long1 p]fectly simple1 v /\t1 & ( a ?ree-sid$ pyramidal %ape4 ,dim5sions4--,long] axis ( ! ellipsoidal %ell #j4jh1 %ort] axis #j4jf2 pores #j4jjb to #j4jjf1 b>s #j4jjc to #j4jje2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es--long] #j4jh1 %ort] #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ne> ,madagasc>1 dep? #abjj fa?oms1 ,smi?4 #b4 ,li?omespilus phlogoides1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ad1 fig4 #ag74 ,proportion ( ! major axis to ! m9or #e 3 #d4 ,%ell v ?ick wall$1 ) r\ndi%1 d\ble-cont\r$ pores ( diff]5t size & =m1 twice to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 sixte5 to eighte5 pores on ! half equator4 ,surface smoo?1 ) ! exception ( a circumpol> region cov]$ ) num]\s ?9 sp9es ( unequal size1 :i* surr\nd ! l>ge s+le pol> sp9e & are curv$ l a b[ aga9/ its axis4 ,?is l>g] pol> sp9e is /raight1 & equals half ! size ( ! major axis ( ! %ell2 ! o!r pol> sp9e 7sometimes d\ble1 z 9 ! figur$ specim57 is mu* %ort]1 be+ sc>cely "o-f\r? z long4 ,dim5sions4--,long] axis ( ! %ell #j4jh1 %ort] axis #j4jfe2 pores #j4jjc to #j4jjf1 b>s #j4jjb to #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es--long] #j4jd1 %ort] #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,c5tral area ( ! ,pacific1 ,/ations #bgj to #bgb1 dep? #bdbe to #bibe fa?oms4 #c4 ,li?omespilus flammeus1 n4 sp4 ,/ylosphra species1 ,bury1 #ahfb1 ,polycy/9s ( ,b>bados1 pl4 xi4 fig4 #c4 ,proportion ( ! major axis to ! m9or #d 3 #c4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 ab\t z broad z ! b>s2 t5 to twelve pores on ! half equator4 ,surface sp9y4 ,l5g? ( ! conical /raight sp9es increas+ t[>ds ! poles2 ea* pol> sp9e surr\nd$ by a circumpol> gr\p ( l>g]1 some:at curv$ sp9es4 ,! l>g] pol> sp9e equals 9 l5g? ! major axis2 ! small] is sc>cely half z long4 7,! figure1 giv5 by ,bury1 is n q exact2 !re ! sp9es are situat$ 9 ! pores1 in/ead ( betwe5 !m4 ,9 my specim5 ! pol> sp9es 7 n bran*$47 #cjc;,dim5sions4--,long] axis ( ! %ell #j4ab1 %ort] axis #j4ji2 pores & b>s #j4jjd to #j4jjf2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es--long] #j4ab1 %ort] #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ,b>bados4 #d4 ,li?omespilus flammabundus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ad1 fig4 #ad74 ,proportion ( ! major axis to ! m9or #d 3 #c4 ,%ell ?9 wall$1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 p>tly simple1 p>tly compos$ ( ?ree to six conflu5t pores2 only six to eight pores on ! half equator1 twice to f\r times z broad z ! b>s4 ,surface sp9y4 ,l5g? ( ! conical irregul> sp9es increas+ t[>ds ! poles2 ea* pol> sp9e surr\nd$ by a flame-%ap$1 circumpol> area ( long] sp9es2 all l>ge sp9es 7also ! pol> sp9es7 curv$ or contort$ at "o pole & mu* /rong] & m num]\s ?an at ! o!r2 l5g? v>iable1 (t5 equal to ! long] axis4 ,dim5sions4--,long] axis ( ! %ell #j4ab1 %ort] axis #j4ji2 pores #j4jje to #j4jae1 b>s #j4jjc to #j4jje2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4a to #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,we/]n "p ( ! ,tropical ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdg1 dep? #bbej fa?oms4 ,g5us #abi4 ,li?apium1#afh n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,ellipsida ) simple ellipsoidal or pe>-%ap$ %ell2 ) a s+le sp9e only situat$ at "o pole ( ! ma9 axis4 ,! g5us ,li?apium repres5ts a peculi> modification ( ,ellipsoxiphus2 "o ( ! two opposite pol> sp9es disappe>s by r$uction1 & 9 ?is way only a s+le sp9e rema9s1 at "o pole ( ! ma9 axis4 ,= ?is reason ! %ell assumes a *>act]i/ic pe>-%ape1 & may easily be conf\nd$ ) "s simil> ,monocyrtida 7,halicapsa74 #a4 ,li?apium pyri=me1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ad1 fig4 #i74 ,proportion ( ! long] axis to ! %ort] #f 3 #e4 ,%ell ?9 wall$1 ) regul>1 circul> pores1 f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 six to eight on ! half equator4 ,surface a little ?orny4 ,! s+le pol> sp9es ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 z broad at ! base z "o me%1 ab\t z long z ! radius ( ! %ell4 7,9 ! specim5 figur$1 !re 0 on ! opposite pole a little rudim5t ( ! o!r lo/ pol> sp9e2 x is miss+ 9 o!r specim5s47 ,dim5sions4--,major axis ( ! ellipsoidal %ell #j4ab1 m9or axis #j4a2 pores #j4jb1 b>s #j4jje2 l5g? ( ! s+le pol> sp9e #j4je1 basal ?ickness #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral area ( ! ,pacific1 ,/ation #bff1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #b4 ,li?apium halicapsa1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ad1 fig4 #h74 ,proportion ( ! long] axis to ! %ort] #f 3 #e4 ,%ell ?9 wall$1 ) irregul>1 lob$ me%es1 six to eight on ! half equator1 twice to five times z broad z ! b>s2 ea* me% #cjd;compos$ ( two to five conflu5t r\ndi% pores4 ,surface a little ?orny4 ,! s+le pol> sp9e pyramidal1 z broad at ! base z "o me%1 "o-?ird z long z ! axis4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis #j4ab1 m9or axis #j4a2 pores #j4ja to #j4jb1 b>s #j4jjb to #j4jjf2 l5g? ( ! s+le pol> sp9e #j4jc1 basal ?ickness #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral area ( ! ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgj1 dep? #bibe fa?oms4 #c4 ,li?apium monocyrtis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ad1 fig4 #aj74 ,proportion ( ! long] axis to ! %ort] #g 3 #f4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 ) irregul>1 lob$ me%es1 f\r to six on ! half equator1 ?ree to six times z broad z ! b>s2 ea* me% compos$ ( ?ree to six conflu5t r\ndi% pores4 ,surface q smoo?1 )\t ?orns4 ,! s+le pol> sp9e pyramidal1 z broad at ! base z ! l>ge/ me%1 half z long z ! radius4 7,?is species is closely alli$ to ! =ego+1 b diff]s 9 ! smoo? surface & ! l>g] me%es47 ,dim5sions4--,major axis #j4ae1 m9or axis #j4ac2 pores #j4ja to #j4jc1 b>s #j4jjc to #j4ja2 l5g? ( ! s+le sp9e #j4jd1 basal ?ickness #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,c5tral area ( ! ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 ,g5us #acj4 ,pipettella1#afi n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,ellipsida ) simple ellipsoidal %ell1 ! ma9 axis ( :i* is prolong$ at ! pole into two opposite holl[ f5e/rat$ tubes ( equal size & simil> =m4 ,! g5us ,pipettella is di/+ui%$ f ! o!r ,ellipsida by two holl[ p]=at$ tubes1 :i* are direct$ 9 ! long] axis ( ! ellipsoidal %ell & arise f opposite poles ( ?is axis4 ,x may be d]iv$ f ,c5ellipsis by prolongation ( bo? poles ( ! ma9 axis4 ,z ! same peculi> production ( two opposite lattic$ tubuli at ! poles ( ! ma9 axis obta9s 9 ne>ly all families ( ,prunoidea 7,pipetta1 ,cann>tus1 ,pan>ium1 ,zyg>tus1 c471 x may possess a peculi> value 9 ?is gr\p4 #a4 ,pipettella fusi=mis1 n4 sp4 ,%ell sp9dle-%ap$1 ?9 wall$1 ! two opposite tubes be+ conical & n long] ?an ! %ort transv]se axis ( ! ellipsoidal %ell2 no %>p dem>cation betwe5 !m4 ,! two axes ( ! ellipsoid be> ! proportion ( #c 3 #b4 ,network ( ! %ell & ( ! tubes equal1 delicate1 regul>1 hexagonal1 ) circul> ap]tures ( equal size2 f\rte5 to sixte5 on ! half equator ( ! %ell4 ,b>s v ?94 ,! %ell ( ?is species is simil> to t ( ,cann>tiscus amphiconiscus 7,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #ai71 b possesses no equatorial /ricture & no m$ull>y %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,long] axis ( ! ellipsoid #j4ah1 %ort] axis #j4ab2 l5g? ( ! tubes #j4a1 _! basal bread? #j4je2 pores ( ! network #j4ja1 b>s #j4jja4 ,habitat4--,nor!rn ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdd1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #cjeb4 ,pipettella tubulosa1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ellipsoidal1 ?9 wall$1 di/9ctly sep>at$ f ! two opposite tubes1 :i* are cyl9drical1 long] ?an ! ma9 axis ( ! ellipsoid1 & "o-six? z broad z ! %ort] axis4 ,! long] axis ( ! ellipsoid be>s to ! %ort] ! proportion ( #e 3 #d4 ,network ( ! %ell & ( ! tubes equal1 regul>1 ) v small circul> pores1 ab\t z broad z ! b>s2 sixte5 to eighte5 pores on ! half equator ( ! %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,long] axis ( ! ellipsoid #j4ae1 %ort] axis #j4ab2 l5g? ( ! tubes #j4af to #j4b1 bread? ( !m #j4jb2 pores ( ! network #j4jjc1 b>s #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,we/]n ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbe1 dep? #ddge fa?oms4 #c4 ,pipettella elongata1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ellipsoidal1 ?ick wall$1 di/9ctly sep>at$ f bo? opposite tubes1 :i* are cyl9drical1 mu* prolong$1 twice to ?ree times z long z ! ma9 axis ( ! ellipsoid1 & "o-fif? z broad z ! %ort] axis4 ,bo? axes ( ! ellipsoid be> ! proportion ( #c 3 #b4 ,network ( ! %ell & ( ! tubes irregul> ) small r\nd$ pores ( diff]5t size1 sep>at$ by broad] b>s 7(t5 twice to ?ree times z broad71 f\r to six pores on ! half equator ( ! %ell4 7,?is species some:at recalls ,sol5osphra s]p5t9a1 ,pl4 #g1 fig4 #g2 b ! tubes are /raight1 n contort$47 ,dim5sions4--,long] axis ( ! ellipsoid #j4b1 %ort] axis #j4ad2 l5g? ( ! tubes #j4d to #j4e1 bread? #j4jc2 pores ( ! network #j4jja to #j4jjb1 b>s #j4jjc to #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,c5tral area ( ! ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 #d4 ,pipettella prismatica1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #f74 ,%ell ellipsoidal1 ?ick wall$1 di/9ctly m>k$ (f f ! two opposite tubes1 :i* are long] ?an its ma9 axis & z broad z "o-fif? ( x2 !y are ne>ly f\r-sid$ prismatic1 ) f\r /rong ribs or edges2 ^! are direct$ p>allel to ! ma9 axis1 9 two m]idian planes1 p]p5dicul> to "o ano!r4 ,! wall ( ! %ell is ?ick5$ 9 ! equatorial plane1 s z to =m a slight /ricture on ! inside1 sep>at+ its two halves4 ,bo? axes ( ! ellipsoid be> ! proportion ( #g 3 #f4 ,network regul>1 ) circul> pores1 some:at broad] ?an ! b>s4 ,! me%es ( ! %ell 7f\rte5 to sixte5 on ! half equator7 are twice z great z ^? ( ! tubes1 :i* are arrang$ 9 two longitud9al r[s betwe5 e two ribs 7!re be+ eight longitud9al r[s on ! :ole tube74 ,?is species is v rem>kable = ! rudim5t>y int]nal equatorial /ricture ( ! %ell 7transition to ! g5us ,cann>tus1 ,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #aj71 & by ! f\r edges ( ! tubes1 :i* indicate two ( ! dim5sive axes1 ! ?ird be+ repres5t$ by ! ma9 axis4 ,dim5sions4--,long] axis ( ! ellipsoid #j4ad1 %ort] axis #j4ab2 l5g? ( ! tubes #j4ae to #j4af1 bread? #j4jc2 pores ( ! %ell #j4jjh to #j4ja1 pores ( ! tubes #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,we/]n ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbe1 dep? #ddge fa?oms4 #cjf;,family ,,xii4 ,,druppulida1 ,haeckel1 #ahhb 7,pls4 #ae1 #af1 #ag1 #ci74 ,def9ition4--,prunoidea ) ellipsoidal1 lattic$ 7n spongy7 %ell1 compos$ ( two or m conc5tric %ells2 a simple or d\ble cortical %ell enclos+ "o or two int]nal conc5tric %ells 7m$ull>y %ells71 )\t equatorial /ricture4 ,c5tral capsule ellipsoidal or cyl9drical1 )\t annul> equatorial con/riction4 ,! family ,druppulida diff]s f ! ,ellipsida only 9 ! possession ( a simple or d\ble m$ull>y %ell1 :i* is enclos$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! c5tral capsule1 & connect$ ) ! ellipsoidal cortical %ell 7ly+ outside x7 by radial beams1 p]=at+ ! membrane ( ! capsule4 ,! ,druppulida exhibit !re=e ! same relation to ! ,ellipsida t ! ,dyosphrida among ! ,sphroidea be> to ! ,monosphrida4 ,! cortical %ell may be simple or multiple4 ,! :ole f5e/rat$ %ell is ?us compos$ ( a v>iable numb] 7two at lea/7 ( conc5tric %ells1 :i* are connect$ by radial beams4 ,! ,m$ull>y ,%ell--enclos$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! c5tral capsule--is ei!r simple or d\ble1 & compos$ ( two small conc5tric %ells4 ,_! =m is ei!r sph]ical1 or ellipsoidal1 or l5ticul>4 ,if ! m$ull>y %ell be ellipsoidal1 ! ma9 axis ( ! ellipsoid is ! same z 9 ! cortical %ell4 ,sometimes ! inn] m$ull>y %ell is sph]ical1 ! out] ellipsoidal or l5ticul>4 ,if ! m$ull>y %ell be l5ticul> 7aris+ f bo? poles ( ! ma9 axis7 its v]tical axis is also id5tical ) t ( ! cortical %ell 7,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #e74 ,! ,radial ,beams1 :i* connect ! m$ull>y & cortical %ell1 are ei!r develop$ 9 all possible directions 7,pls4 #af1 #ag71 or limit$ to ! equatorial plane1 m r>ely to ! m]idional plane4 ,sometimes ! connection is produc$ only by two opposite beams :i* lie 9 ! m9or or equatorial axis 7,pl4 #ci1 figs4 #c1 #g1 #h72 m r>ely 9 ! major or m]idional axis 7,pl4 #ag1 figs4 #g1 #h74 ,! ,cortical ,%ell is con/antly ellipsoidal1 r>ely ) modifications1 simil> to ^? :i* appe> 9 ! simple %ell ( "s ,ellipsida4 ,z a rule x is simple1 r>ely compos$ ( two or m 7sometimes six or m7 conc5tric ellipsoidal %ells 79 ,cromyodruppa & ,cromyoc>pus74 ,! out] surface is commonly smoo?1 m r>ely cov]$ ) radial sp9es 79 ,druppoc>pus1 ,prunoc>pus1 c474 ,9 ! majority peculi> pol> app5dages are develop$ at bo? poles ( ! ma9 axis1 ^! be+ prolongations ( !m1 ei!r 9 ! =m ( holl[ f5e/rat$ tubes 7,pipetta1 ,pipett>ia1 ,pl4 #ci1 figs4 #g1 #h71 or solid /rong sp9es4 ,! two pol> sp9es are ei!r equal 9 size & simil> 9 =m 7z 9 ,li?atractus1 ,/ylatractus7 or unequal 7z 9 ,druppatractus1 ,xiphatractus1 ,pls4 #af1 #ag74 ,! mo/ primitive ( all ,druppulida is ,druppula1 ) simple m$ull>y %ell & simple cortical %ell 7,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #c72 ,prunulum diff]s f x only 9 ! possession #cjg( a d\ble m$ull>y %ell 7,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #d74 ,f ^! two g5]a all o!r =ms ( ! subfamily may be d]iv$4 ,! ,c5tral ,capsule ( ! ,druppulida is con/antly ellipsoidal1 l>g] ?an ! conc5tric enclos$ m$ull>y %ells1 small] ?an ! surr\nd+ cortical %ell2 x is sep>at$ f ! inn] surface ( ! latt] by a ?9n] or ?ick] jelly-mantle4 ,synopsis ( ! ,g5]a ( ! ,druppulida4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,cortical %ell )\t pol> app5dages 7nei!r solid sp9es nor holl[ tubes at ! poles ( ! ma9 axis74 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,surface ,m$ull>y smoo?1 #aca4 ,druppula4 %ell simple4 ,surface ,cortical %ell sp9y1 #acb4 ,druppoc>pus4 simple1 ellipsoidal4 ,surface ,m$ull>y smoo?1 #acc4 ,prunulum4 %ell d\ble4 ,surface sp9y1 #acd4 ,prunoc>pus4 ,cortical %ell ,m$ull>y ,surface compos$ ( %ell smoo?1 #ace4 ,cromyodruppa4 two or m d\ble4 conc5tric ,surface %ells4 sp9y1 #acf4 ,cromyoc>pus4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,two opposite solid sp9es1 aris+ f ! poles ( ! ma9 axis4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,bo? pol> ,m$ull>y sp9es equal1 #acg4 ,li?atractus4 %ell simple4 ,bo? pol> ,cortical sp9es %ell unequal1 #ach4 ,druppatractus4 simple1 ellipsoidal4 ,bo? pol> sp9es equal1 #aci4 ,/ylatractus4 ,m$ull>y %ell ,bo? pol> d\ble4 sp9es unequal1 #adj4 ,xiphatractus4 ,cortical %ell compos$ ( two or m conc5tric %ells2 m$ull>y %ell d\ble2 bo? pol> sp9es equal1 #ada4 ,cromyatractus4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,two opposite holl[ f5e/rat$ tubes1 aris+ f ! poles ( ! ma9 axis4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,m$ull>y %ell simple1 #adb4 ,pipetta4 ,m$ull>y %ell d\ble1 #adc4 ,pipett>ia4 ,g5us #aca4 ,druppula1#agj n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,druppulida ) simple ellipsoidal1 cortical %ell1 & simple m$ull>y %ell1 )\t sp9es or pol> tubes4 ,! g5us ,druppula1 z ! simple/ =m ( ! ,druppulida1 may be reg>d$ z ! common ance/ral =m ( ?is subfamily4 ,x may be d]iv$ phylog5etically ei!r #cjh;f ,c>posphra by prolongation ( "o axis1 or f ,c5ellipsis by duplication ( ! f5e/rat$ %ell4 ,! out] 7or cortical7 %ell is always m or less ellipsoidal2 ! inn] 7or m$ull>y7 %ell also is sometimes ellipsoidal1 sometimes sph]ical4 ,bo? %ells are conc5tric1 connect$ by a v>iable numb] ( radial beams4 ,comp>e ,haliomma oblongum1 ,h>t+1 #ahfc1 ,l4 ,n4 #ah1 p4 #ae1 pl4 #b1 fig4 #db4 ,subg5us #a4 ,druppuletta1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! cortical %ell regul>1 hexagonal1 or circul>4 #a4 ,druppula drupa1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 ) smoo? surface & regul> network2 bo? its axes be> ! proportion ( #d 3 #c4 ,pores regul>1 hexagonal1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 twelve to fifte5 on ! half equator4 ,m$ull>y %ell sph]ical1 ab\t "o-?ird z broad z ! cortical %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis ( ! ellipsoidal cortical %ell #j4a to #j4ab1 m9or axis #j4jh to #j4ji2 pores #j4jf1 b>s #j4jb2 diamet] ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,we/]n ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbe1 dep? #ddge fa?oms2 also fossil 9 ,b>bados4 #b4 ,druppula p&anus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #c74 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 some:at r\gh1 ) regul> network2 bo? its axes be> ! proportion ( #c 3 #b4 ,pores subregul>1 circul>1 hexagonally fram$1 "o & a half times z broad z ! elevat$ b>s2 t5 to twelve on ! half equator4 ,m$ull>y %ell sph]ical1 "o-f\r? z broad z ! cortical %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis ( ! cortical %ell #j4af to #j4ag1 m9or axis #j4aa to #j4ab2 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjg2 diamet] ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jce4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #c4 ,druppula cocos1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 some:at r\gh1 ) regul> network2 proportion ( bo? axes #f 3 #e4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 hexagonally fram$1 q z broad z ! elevat$ b>s2 f\rte5 to sixte5 on ! half equator4 ,m$ull>y %ell ellipsoidal 7) longitud9al ma9 axis71 ne>ly half z l>ge z ! cortical %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis ( ! cortical %ell #j4jg to #j4jh1 m9or axis #j4f to #j4fe2 pores & b>s #j4jjc to #j4jjd2 diamet] ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jc & #j4jce4 ,habitat4--,we/]n ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbb1 surface1 ,indian ,ocean1 ,ceylon1 ,haeckel4 #d4 ,druppula pho5ix1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 smoo?1 ) regul> network2 proportion ( bo? axes #e 3 #d4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 hexagonally lobulate 79 ! same mann] z 9 ,/auroxiphus gladius1 #cji,pl4 #ae1 fig4 #g71 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 t5 to twelve on ! half equator4 ,m$ull>y %ell ellipsoidal 7) longitud9al ma9 axis71 "o-?ird z broad z ! cortical %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis ( ! cortical %ell #j4a1 m9or axis #j4jh2 pores #j4jji1 b>s #j4jjc2 axis ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jc & #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean1 ,smyrna1 ,haeckel1 surface4 #e4 ,druppula areca1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 ) smoo? surface & regul> network2 bo? its axes be> ! proportion ( #d 3 #c4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 fifte5 to eighte5 on ! half equator4 ,m$ull>y %ell sph]ical1 half z broad z ! cortical %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis ( ! ellipsoidal cortical %ell #j4ab to #j4ad1 m9or axis #j4a to #j4aa2 pores #j4jjh1 b>s #j4jjb2 diamet] ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je to #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 (f ,bombay1 ,haeckel4 #f4 ,druppula ovata1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma ovatum1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahed1 ,mikrogeol41 pl4 xx4 ,i4 fig4 #bj4 ,haliomma ovatum1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dcb4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 ) smoo? surface & regul> network2 proportion ( bo? axes #c 3 #b4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 n9e to t5 on ! half equator4 ,m$ull>y %ell sph]ical1 "o-?ird z broad z ! cortical %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis #j4jh to #j4a1 m9or axis #j4je to #j4jf2 pores #j4jjc1 b>s #j4jja2 diamet] ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! ,t]ti>y rocks ( ! ,m$it]ranean coa/1 ,greece 7,zante71 ,ehr5b]g2 ,sicily 7,caltanisetta71 ,haeckel4 #g4 ,druppula c>yota1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 ) r\gh surface & regul> network2 proportion ( bo? axes #e 3 #d4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 sixte5 to tw5ty on ! half equator4 ,m$ull>y %ell ellipsoidal1 "o-?ird z l>ge z ! cortical %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis #j4b to #j4bb1 m9or #j4af to #j4ah1 pores #j4jjh1 b>s #j4jjd2 axes ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jg & #j4jee4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ations #bff to #bfh1 dep? #bgjj to #bijj fa?oms4 ,subg5us #b4 ,druppulissa1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pores ( ! cortical %ell irregul>1 ( diff]5t =m or size1 usually subcircul> or r\ndi%1 sometimes lob$ or comp\nd4 #cajh4 ,druppula nucula1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 smoo?1 ) irregul> network2 its two axes be> ! proportion #c 3 #b4 ,pores subcircul> or irregul>1 r\ndi%1 twice to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 fifte5 to tw5ty on ! half equator4 ,m$ull>y %ell sph]ical1 ab\t "o-?ird z broad z ! cortical %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis ( ! cortical %ell #j4ae to #j4b1 m9or axis #j4a to #j4ad2 pores #j4jjf to #j4jab1 b>s #j4jc2 diamet] ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,m$it]ranean1 ,atlantic1 ,pacific1 surface4 #i4 ,druppula elliptica1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma ellipticum1 ,/hr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 loc4 cit41 p4 #hh1 ,taf4 i4 fig4 #aa4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 r\gh1 or ?orny1 ) irregul> network2 proportion ( ! axes #c 3 #b4 ,pores subcircul> or irregul>1 r\ndi%1 ab\t z broad z ! b>s2 t5 to twelve on ! half equator4 ,m$ull>y %ell half z broad z ! cortical %ell1 irregul>ly polyh$ral 7) crook$ beams 9 its int]ior74 ,dim5sions4--,major axis #j4ae1 m9or #j4jf2 pores & b>s #j4jjf2 diamet] ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,sicily3 ,grotte 7,/hr71 ,caltanisetta 7,haeckel74 #aj4 ,druppula prunum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 smoo?1 ) irregul> network2 proportion ( ! axes #e 3 #d4 ,pores subcircul> or irregul>1 r\ndi%1 ?ree to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 sev5 to eight on ! half equator2 e pore is clos$ at ! bottom by a ?9 membrane1 p]=at$ by f\r to six irregul> pores 7l ,/ylatractus se?oporus1 ,pl4 #ag1 fig4 #c74 ,m$ull>y %ell sph]ical1 "o-?ird z broad z ! cortical %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis #j4b1 m9or axis #j4af2 pores #j4jc1 b>s #j4ja2 small enclos$ porules #j4ja2 diamet] ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean1 surface1 ,port(9o ne> ,g5oa1 ,haeckel4 #aa4 ,druppula oliva1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 r\gh1 ) irregul> network2 proportion ( ! axes #e 3 #d4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 ?ree to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 lob$ or compos$ ( sev]al conjugat$ porules 7z 9 ,li?apium halicapsa1 ,pl4 #ad1 fig4 #h72 five to six l>ge pores on ! half equator4 ,m$ull>y %ell ellipsoidal1 ab\t "o-?ird z broad z ! cortical %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis ( ! cortical %ell #j4ae1 m9or #j4ab2 pores #j4jb to #j4jc1 b>s #j4jjg2 diamet] ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,corfu71 ,can>y ,isl&s 7,lanz]ote71 ,haeckel4 #caa;,g5us #acb4 ,druppoc>pus1#aga n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,druppulida ) simple ellipsoidal cortical %ell & simple m$ull>y %ell1 ) num]\s radial sp9es1 )\t pol> tubes4 ,! g5us ,druppoc>pus diff]s f ,druppula only 9 ! radial sp9es1 :i* arise betwe5 ! pores ( ! cortical %ell1 & !re=e exhibits ! same relation to x t ,ellipsidium be>s to ,c5ellipsis1 or ,prunoc>pus to ,prunulum4 ,subg5us #a4 ,druppoc>petta1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,network ( ! cortical %ell regul>1 ) me%es ( equal size & simil> =m4 #a4 ,druppoc>pus ananassa1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 ) regul>1 circul>1 hexagonally fram$ pores1 ( ab\t ! same bread? z ! elevat$ b>s2 f\rte5 to sixte5 on ! half equator4 ,f ea* hexagon-corn] 7betwe5 e ?ree pores7 arises a %ort ?9 radial sp9e1 ab\t z long z two pores1 ?ree-sid$ pyramidal at ! base4 ,proportion ( bo? cortical axes #d 3 #c4 ,m$ull>y %ell sph]ical1 half z broad z ! cortical %ell4 7,greatly resembles ,druppula p&anus1 ,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #c1 b diff]s 9 ! l>g] m$ull>y %ell & ! sp9es on ! surface47 ,dim5sions4--,major axis ( ! ellipsoidal cortical %ell #j4af1 m9or #j4ab2 pores & b>s #j4jjf2 l5g? ( ! radial sp9es #j4jb2 diamet] ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bhi1 surface4 #b4 ,druppoc>pus ca/anea1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 ) regul> circul> pores 7)\t hexagonal frames71 ( ab\t ! same bread? z ! b>s2 twelve to f\rte5 on ! half equator4 ,betwe5 e ?ree me%es arise a %ort conical sp9e ) bri/le-l apex1 twice to f\r times z long z "o pore4 ,proportion ( bo? cortical axes #c 3 #b4 ,m$ull>y %ell sph]ical1 "o-?ird z broad z ! cortical4 7,resembles v closely ! sph]ical ,haliomma ca/anea1 ,haeckel1 figur$ 9 my ,monograph4 pl4 xxiv4 fig4 #d47 ,dim5sions4--,major axis #j4ae1 m9or axis #j4a2 pores & b>s #j4jje2 l5g? ( ! radial sp9es #j4ja to #j4jb2 m$ull>y %ell #j4jce4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 surface2 ,can>y ,isl&s1 ,lanz]ote1 ,haeckel4 ,subg5us #b4 ,druppoc>pissa1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,network ( ! cortical %ell irregul>1 ) me%es ( diff]5t size or =m4 #cabc4 ,druppoc>pus *ama]ops1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi%1 or subcircul> pores ( v diff]5t size1 twice to six times z broad z ! ?9 b>s2 eight to twelve on ! half equator4 ,betwe5 !m arise num]\s ?91 bri/le-l radial sp9es1 ab\t half z long z ! equatorial axis1 & equal to ! diamet] ( ! sph]ical m$ull>y %ell2 pores ( ! latt] subregul>1 circul>1 v small4 7,resembles ,prunoc>pus artoc>pus1 ,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #e1 b diff]s 9 ! simple sph]ical m$ull>y %ell47 ,dim5sions4--,major axis #j4ab1 m9or #j4ji2 me%es #j4jje to #j4jb1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! radial sp9es #j4je2 diamet] ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean1 9 ! ,/rait ( ,gibralt>1 ,algesiras1 ,haeckel1 surface4 #d4 ,druppoc>pus borassus1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi%1 or subcircul> pores1 ?ree to five times z broad z ! b>s2 twelve to fifte5 on ! half equator4 ,irregul>ly scatt]$ on ! surface ab\t tw5ty to ?irty %ort conical sp9es2 _! l5g? equals _! basal bread? & ! diamet] ( ! l>ge/ pores4 ,m$ull>y %ell ellipsoidal1 half z l>ge z ! cortical4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis #j4a1 m9or #j4jh2 pores #j4jjf to #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjb2 l5g? & ?ickness ( ! radial sp9es #j4ja2 axes ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je & #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #e4 ,druppoc>pus corypha1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 ) irregul>1 funnel-l1 r\ndi% pores1 sc>cely z broad z ! b>s2 sixte5 to tw5ty on ! half equator4 ,irregul>ly scatt]$ on ! surface ab\t fifte5 to tw5ty ?ree-sid$ pyramidal radial sp9es1 half z long z ! equatorial axis1 & z ! diamet] ( ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis #j4ag1 m9or #j4ad2 pores & b>s #j4jjc to #j4jji2 l5g? ( ! radial sp9es #j4jh2 diamet] ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4ji4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! ,t]ti>y rocks ( ! ,nicob>s1 ,haeckel4 ,g5us #acc4 ,prunulum1#agb n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,druppulida ) simple ellipsoidal cortical %ell & d\ble m$ull>y %ell2 )\t sp9es or pol> tubes4 ,! g5us ,prunulum diff]s f ,druppula 9 ! d\ble 7n simple7 m$ull>y %ell1 :i* is sometimes sph]ical1 sometimes ellipsoidal2 x may be d]iv$ ei!r f ,druppula by duplication ( ! m$ull>y %ell1 or f ,!cosphra by prolongation ( "o axis4 #cac,subg5us #a4 ,prunuletta1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,network ( ! cortical %ell regul>1 ) me%es ( equal size & simil> =m4 #a4 ,prunulum frugulum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 smoo?1 ) regul>1 hexagonal pores1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 t5 to twelve on ! half equator4 ,proportion ( ! major axis ( ! ellipsoid to ! m9or #d 3 #c4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells sph]ical4 7,diff]s f ,druppula drupa almo/ entirely 9 ! d\ble m$ull>y %ell47 ,dim5sions4--,major axis ( ! ellipsoidal cortical %ell #j4ab1 m9or #j4ji2 pores #j4jjf1 b>s #j4jjb2 diamet] ( bo? m$ull>y %ells #j4je & #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bff1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #b4 ,prunulum c]asum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 smoo?1 ) circul>1 hexagonally fram$ pores1 ( ! same bread? z ! b>s2 sixte5 to eighte5 on ! half equator4 ,proportion ( ! two axes ( ! ellipsoid #e 3 #d4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells sph]ical4 7,! cortical %ell resembles t ( ,pipetta tuba1 ,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #g1 )\t ! pol> tubes47 ,dim5sions4--,major axis #j4ae1 m9or #j4ab2 pores & b>s #j4jjg2 diamet] ( ! m$ull>y %ells #j4jh & #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccb1 dep? #bbjj fa?oms4 #c4 ,prunulum amygdalum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 smoo?1 ) regul>1 circul>1 hexagonally lobulat$ pores1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 twelve to f\rte5 on ! half equator 7( ! same =m z 9 ,druppula pho5ix & 9 ,/auroxiphos gladius1 ,pl4 #ae1 fig4 #g74 ,proportion ( ! two axes #f 3 #e4 ,inn] m$ull>y %ell sph]ical1 out] ellipsoidal4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis #j4ab1 m9or #j4a2 pores #j4jji1 b>s #j4jjc2 diamet] ( ! m$ull>y %ells #j4jg & #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,corfu71 surface4 #d4 ,prunulum coccymelium 7,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #d74 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 slightly r\gh1 ) regul>1 circul> pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 twelve to fifte5 on ! half equator4 ,proportion ( bo? axes #d 3 #c4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells sph]ical4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis #j4ab1 m9or #j4ji2 pores #j4jjf1 b>s #j4jjc2 diamet] ( ! m$ull>y %ells #j4jf & #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgc1 dep? #bcej fa?oms4 #cade4 ,prunulum cr5atum1 ,haeckel4 8 ,haliomma cr5atum1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahed1 ,mikrogeol41 ,taf4 xxii4 fig4 #cf4 ,act9omma cr5atum1 ,/hr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #id1 ,taf4 iii4 fig4 #c4 ,c>yoli?is cr5ata1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahdg1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #dc4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 slightly r\gh or ?orny1 ) small1 regul>1 circul> pores1 ( ! same bread? z ! b>s2 sixte5 to eighte5 on ! half equator4 ,proportion ( ! two axes #d 3 #c4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells ellipsoidal4 7,! figure ( ,/hr repres5ts exactly ! fossil =m1 z ,i h obs]v$ x myself 9 ! ,caltanisetta rocks1 :il/ ! figure ( ,ehr5b]g is inaccurate & d\btful4 ,! same =m1 some:at v>iable 9 size & 9 ! numb] ( ! pores1 ,i h also obs]v$ 9 ! ,pacific ooze47 ,dim5sions4--,major axis #j4ad to #j4ag1 m9or #j4a to #j4ac2 pores & b>s #j4jjf2 ma9 axes ( ! m$ull>y %ells #j4ji & #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,sicily 7,grotte & ,caltanisetta72 liv+ 9 ! ,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #f4 ,prunulum triplex1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma triplex1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahed1 ,microgeol41 ,taf4 xxxv,b4 fig4 ,biv41 q4 ,act9omma triplex1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ddd4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 cov]$ ) num]\s v ?91 %ort1 bri/le-l sp9es4 ,pores small1 regul>1 circul>1 ( ! same bread? z ! b>s2 f\rte5 to sixte5 on ! half equator4 ,proportion ( ! two axes #c 3 #b4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells ellipsoidal4 ,! description ( ,ehr5b]g--z is v (t5 ! case--is q incongru5t ) 8 figure4 ,f a comb9ation ( bo? ,i give "h ! diagnosis ( a deep-sea species1 :i* is possibly id5tical ) x4 ,! velvet-l cov]+ ( v %ort & ?9 bri/les is peculi>ly *>act]i/ic ( ?is species4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis #j4a1 m9or #j4jfe2 pores & b>s #j4jjd2 ma9 axes ( ! m$ull>y %ells #j4jd & #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 #ahjj fa?oms1 ,ehr5b]g2 ,/ation #cec1 dep? #bife fa?oms4 ,subg5us #b4 ,prunulissa1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,network ( ! cortical %ell irregul>1 ) me%es ( diff]5t =m or size 7usually r\ndi%1 b sometimes lob$ or comp\nd74 #g4 ,prunulum p]sicum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 ) smoo? surface & irregul>1 r\ndi%1 d\ble-cont\r$ pores1 twice to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 eight to t5 on ! half equator4 ,"s ( ! pores are simple1 (t5 subcircul>1 o!rs lob$1 i4e41 compos$ ( f two to ?ree conflu5t pores z 9 ,amphisphra pluto 7,pl4 #ag1 fig4 #g74 ,proportion ( ! two axes #c 3 #b4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells ellipsoidal 7or ! inn] sph]ical74 #cae;,dim5sions4--,major axis #j4ab1 m9or #j4jh2 pores #j4jf to #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjc2 ma9 axes ( ! m$ull>y %ells #j4je & #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 betwe5 ,socotra & ,ceylon1 surface1 ,haeckel4 #h4 ,prunulum f5e/ratum1 ,haeckel4 ,act9omma f5e/ratum1 ,/hr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #id1 ,taf4 iii4 fig4 #b4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 r\gh1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 once to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 twelve to f\rte5 on ! half equator4 ,proportion ( ! two axes #i 3 #h4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells ellipsoidal4 7,! pores 9 ,/hr's description are by mi/ake call$ regul>2 9 ! figure !y are v irregul>1 z also 9 ! fossil specim5s obs]v$ by myself4 ,betwe5 ! cortical pores arise v %ort irregul> ?orns47 ,dim5sions4--,major axis #j4ab to #j4ae1 m9or #j4a to #j4ab2 pores #j4jjc to #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjc2 ma9 axis ( ! out] m$ull>y %ell #j4jg to #j4ji1 ( ! inn] #j4jc to #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,sicily2 ,grotte1 ,/hr1 ,caltanisetta1 ,haeckel4 #i4 ,prunulum pyr5ium1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell v ?ick wall$1 smoo?1 ) l>ge irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 ?ree to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 six to eight on ! half equator4 ,! bottom ( ea* funnel-l pore is clos$ by a ?9 silice\s membrane1 p]=at$ by ?ree to five irregul> r\ndi% pores4 ,proportion ( ! two axes #d 3 #c4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells ellipsoidal4 7,closely resembles ,/ylatractus se?oporus1 ,pl4 #ag1 figs4 #b1 #c1 b is devoid ( ! pol> sp9es47 ,dim5sions4--,major axis #j4af1 m9or #j4ab2 pores #j4jae to #j4jb1 b>s #j4jje2 porules #j4ja2 ma9 axes ( ! m$ull>y %ells #j4jg & #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,we/]n ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbe1 dep? #ddge fa?oms4 ,g5us #acd4 ,prunoc>pus1#agc n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,druppulida ) simple ellipsoidal cortical %ell & d\ble m$ull>y %ell1 ) num]\s radial sp9es1 b )\t pol> tubes4 ,! g5us ,prunoc>pus diff]s f ,prunulum only 9 ! radial sp9es ( ! cortical %ell1 & exhibits !re=e ! same relation to x t ,druppoc>pus be>s to ,druppula4 ,:ile 9 ! latt] ! m$ull>y %ell is simple1 9 ! =m] x is d\ble4 ,subg5us #a4 ,prunoc>petta1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,network ( ! cortical %ell regul>1 ) me%es ( equal size & simil> =m4 #cafa4 ,prunoc>pus datura1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 ) regul>1 circul> pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 t5 to twelve on ! half equator4 ,betwe5 e ?ree me%es arises a %ort conical sp9e1 twice to ?ree times z long z "o pore4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells sph]ical4 7,diff]s ma9ly f ,ellipsidium datura & f ,druppoc>pus ca/anea 9 ! d\ble m$ull>y %ell4 ,! out] network resembles ,haliomma ca/anea1 figur$ #ahfb 9 my ,monograph1 ,taf4 xxiv4 fig4 #d47 ,dim5sions4--,major axis ( ! ellipsoid #j4af1 m9or #j4ab2 pores #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjf2 l5g? ( ! radial sp9es #j4jc2 diamet] ( ! m$ull>y %ells #j4jf & #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,fre ,*annel1 ,john ,murray1 surface4 #b4 ,prunoc>pus sp>ganium1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 ) v small1 num]\s1 regul>1 circul> pores1 ( ! same size z ! b>s2 =ty to fifty on ! half equator4 ,betwe5 !m ov] ! entire surface occur small conical sp9es4 ,irregul>ly scatt]$ ov] ! surface t5 to tw5ty l>g] conical sp9es1 ?ree to six times z ?ick at ! base z "o pore1 "o-f\r? to "o-half z long z ! ma9 axis4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells ellipsoidal4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis ( ! cortical %ell #j4af1 ( ! out] m$ull>y %ell #j4aa1 ( ! inn] #j4jf2 equatorial axis ( ! fir/ %ell #j4ab1 ( ! second #j4jh1 ( ! ?ird #j4jd2 pores & b>s on an av]age #j4jje2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4je to #j4a1 basal bread? #j4jb to #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! ,b>bados deposits 7,haeckel74 ,subg5us #b4 ,prunoc>pilla1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,network ( ! cortical %ell irregul>1 ) me%es ( diff]5t size or =m4 #c4 ,prunoc>pus artoc>pium1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #e74 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$ ) irregul>1 r\ndi% pores ( v diff]5t sizes1 twice to n9e times z broad z ! ?9 b>s2 t5 to fifte5 on ! half equator4 ,betwe5 !m arise num]\s bri/le-%ap$1 radial sp9es1 ) conical base1 on an av]age "o-f\r? to two-?irds z long z ! equatorial axis4 ,! out] m$ull>y %ell1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 pres5ts a transv]se ellipsoid1 its ma9 axis ly+ 9 ! equatorial axis ( ! cortical %ell1 :il/ its equatorial axis corresponds to ! ma9 axis ( ! latt]4 ,inn] m$ull>y %ell v small1 sph]ical1 ) v small pores4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis ( ! cortical %ell #j4ad1 ( ! out] m$ull>y %ell #j4je2 m9or axis ( ! =m] #j4a1 ( ! latt] #j4jce2 diamet] ( ! inn] m$ull>y %ell #j4jad2 pores ( ! cortical %ell #j4jje to #j4jb1 b>s #j4jjb2 l5g? ( ! radial sp9es #j4jb to #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 surface2 ,ceylon1 ,belligemma1 ,haeckel4 #cagd4 ,prunoc>pus melocactus1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 twice to five times z broad z ! b>s2 eighte5 to tw5ty-f\r on ! half equator4 ,betwe5 !m arise ov] ! entire surface small conical ?orns1 n long] ?an ! l>ge/ pores4 ,irregul>ly scatt]$ ov] ! surface tw5ty to ?irty /rong1 conical1 radial sp9es1 ab\t half z long z ! ma9 axis1 z broad at ! base z a l>ge pore4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells ellipsoidal1 _! ma9 axis id5tical ) t ( ! cortical %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis ( ! out] %ell #j4ah1 ( ! middle #j4ji1 ( ! inn] #j4je2 m9or axis ( ! fir/ #j4ad1 ( ! second #j4jg1 ( ! ?ird #j4jd2 pores ( ! cortical %ell #j4jjf to #j4jb1 b>s #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4a1 basal bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms2 also fossil 9 ! ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,sicily2 ,caltanisetta1 ,haeckel4 ,g5us #ace4 ,cromyodruppa1#agd n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,druppulida ) f\r or m conc5tric %ells 7two m$ull>y & two or m cortical %ells71 )\t sp9es or pol> tubes4 ,! g5us ,cromyodruppa is *>act]is$ by ! multiplication ( ! conc5tric f5e/rat$ %ell1 :i* is compos$ ( two m$ull>y %ells 7enclos$ 9 ! c5tral capsule7 & two or m cortical %ells 7outside x74 ,! =m] may be ei!r sph]ical or ellipsoidal4 ,! latt] are always ellipsoidal1 & 9 ?is x diff]s f ,cromyosphra4 ,probably ,cromyodruppa has aris5 f ,prunulum by second>y apposition ( m cortical envelopes4 ,subg5us #a4 ,cromyodruppium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,%ell compos$ ( f\r conc5tric %ells1 two m$ull>y & two cortical4 #a4 ,cromyodruppa cepa1 n4 sp4 ,%ell compos$ ( two ellipsoidal1 cortical1 & two sph]ical m$ull>y %ells4 ,proportion ( ! ma9 axes ( ! f\r %ells #a 3 #b 3 #d 3 #e4 ,network ( all f\r %ells ne>ly ( ! same =m1 subregul>1 ) circul> pores ( almo/ equal size 9 e %ell4 ,! absolute size ( ! pores increases f ! inn]mo/ to ! out]mo/ %ell1 b ! bread? ( ! b>s does n increase 9 a simil> degree4 ,! b>s ( ! out]mo/ %ell are only twice z broad z ^? ( ! inn]mo/2 b ! pores are ?ree to f\r times l>g]4 ,surface ( all f\r %ells smoo?4 7,! %ell greatly resembles t ( ,cromyatractus tetraphractus1 ,pl4 #ae1 fig4 #b1 b is devoid ( pol> sp9es2 x diff]s also 9 ! sph]ical =m ( bo? m$ull>y %ells & _! relative size47 #cah;,dim5sions4--,ma9 axes ( ! f\r %ells--7,a7 inn]mo/ #j4jce1 7,b7 second #j4jh1 7,c7 ?ird #j4ae1 7,d7 out]mo/ #j4b2 _! equatorial axes--7,a7 #j4jc1 7,b7 #j4jh1 7,c7 #j4ab1 7,d7 #j4af2 pores #j4jjd to #j4jaf1 b>s #j4jjb to #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,we/]n ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #aih1 dep? #baej fa?oms4 ,subg5us #b4 ,c>yodruppula1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,%ell compos$ ( five or m conc5tric %ells 7two m$ull>y & ?ree or m cortical74 #b4 ,cromyodruppa mango1 n4 sp4 ,%ell compos$ ( six ellipsoidal1 conc5tric %ells1 two m$ull>y & f\r cortical4 ,proportion ( _! ma9 axes #b 3 #c 3 #h 3 #aa 3 #ad 3 #ah4 ,network ( ! two m$ull>y %ells & ( ! inn]mo/ cortical %ell subregul>1 ) subcircul> pores1 ab\t ! same bread? z ! b>s4 ,network ( ! ?ree out] cortical %ells m lax1 ) l>g]1 irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 twice to six times z broad z ! b>s4 ,! size ( ! pores & b>s increases gradually f ! inn]mo/ to ! out]mo/ %ell4 ,surface smoo?4 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis ( ! six %ells--7,a7 inn]mo/ #j4jd1 7,b7 #j4jf1 7,c7 #j4af1 7,d7 #j4bb1 7,e7 #j4bh1 7,f7 #j4ce2 _! equatorial axes--7,a7 inn]mo/ #j4jc1 7,b7 #j4je1 7,c7 #j4ab1 7,d7 #j4af1 7,e7 #j4b1 7,f7 #j4be2 pores #j4jjc to #j4jb1 b>s #j4jjc to #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 surface2 ,matura1 ,ceylon1 ,haeckel4 ,g5us #acf4 ,cromyoc>pus1#age n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,druppulida ) f\r or m conc5tric %ells 7two m$ull>y & two or m cortical %ells71 ) num]\s radial sp9es1 b )\t pol> tubes4 ,! g5us ,cromyoc>pus diff]s f ,cromyodruppa only 9 ! developm5t ( num]\s l>ge radial sp9es :i* />t f ! out] surface ( ! %ell4 ,x exhibits !re=e ! same relation to ! latt] t ,prunoc>pus be>s to ,prunulum1 or ,druppoc>pus to ,druppula4 ,x diff]s f bo? 9 ! multiplication ( ! cortical %ell4 #a4 ,cromyoc>pus quadrif>ius1 n4 sp4 ,%ell compos$ ( f\r conc5tric %ells1 two ellipsoidal cortical %ells1 & two sph]ical m$ull>y %ells4 ,proportion ( _! ma9 axes #aj 3 #h 3 #c 3 #b4 ,pores ( ! two cortical %ells irregul>1 r\ndi%1 twice to f\r times z broad z ! b>s4 ,pores ( ! two m$ull>y %ells subregul>1 circul>1 ab\t ! same size z ! b>s4 ,out] surface cov]$ ) num]\s conical radial sp9es1 ab\t half z long z ! ma9 axis1 half z broad at ! base z ! inn]mo/ %ell4 #cai;,dim5sions4--,major axis ( ! out] cortical %ell #j4b1 ( ! inn] #j4ae2 equatorial axis ( ! =m] #j4af1 ( ! latt] #j4ab2 diamet] ( ! out] m$ull>y %ell #j4jf1 ( ! inn] #j4jd2 pores ( ! cortical %ells #j4ja to #j4jb1 ( ! m$ull>y %ells #j4jjd to #j4jjh1 b>s #j4jjc to #j4jjf2 l5g? ( ! radial sp9es #j4a1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ant>ctic ,ocean1 ,/ation #aeg1 dep? #aiej fa?oms4 ,g5us #acg4 ,li?atractus1#agf n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,druppulida ) simple ellipsoidal cortical %ell & simple m$ull>y %ell1 ) two l>ge opposite pol> sp9es 9 ! ma9 axis ( equal size & simil> =m4 ,! g5us ,li?atractus1 ri* 9 common & widely di/ribut$ species1 beg9s ! s]ies ( ^? ,druppulida :i* are *>act]is$ by peculi> pol> sp9es at bo? poles ( ! ma9 axis4 ,x repeats ! =mation ( ,/ylosphra & ,ellipso/ylus1 & diff]s f ! =m] 9 ! ellipsoidal =m ( ! cortical %ell1 f ! latt] 9 ! possession ( a m$ull>y %ell4 ,=m]ly all ^! =ms 7 unit$ 9 ! "o g5us ,/ylosphra 7see above1 p4 #aba74 ,subg5us #a4 ,li?atract>a1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,network ( ! out] %ell regul> or subregul>1 ) me%es ( ne>ly equal size & simil> =m2 surface smoo?1 )\t ?orns or papill4 #a4 ,li?atractus hexagonalis1 n4 sp4 ,out] %ell ?9 wall$1 smoo?1 )\t ?orns or papill1 ) regul> delicate network2 ! me%es hexagonal1 ?ree to f\r times z broad z ! ?9 b>s2 t5 to twelve on ! half equator4 ,proportion ( ! major axis ( ! ellipsoid to ! m9or #d 3 #c4 ,m9or axis ?ree times z l>ge z t ( ! inn] sph]ical %ell2 pores ( ! latt]1 small1 circul>4 ,two sp9es ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 z long z ! radius ( ! out] %ell1 ea* z broad at its base z "o me%4 ,dim5sions4--,long] axis ( ! ellipsoidal cortical %ell #j4af1 %ort] axis #j4ab2 pores #j4jaa1 b>s #j4jjc2 diamet] ( ! sph]ical m$ull>y %ell #j4jd2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4jg2 basal bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bec1 dep? #cabe fa?oms4 #b4 ,li?atractus fragilis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #af1 fig4 #c74 ,/ylosphra fragilis1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus et ,atlas1 pl4 xvi4 fig4 #c4 ,out] %ell ?9 wall$1 smoo?1 )\t ?orns or papill1 ) regul> network2 ! me%es circul>1 ( equal size1 eight to t5 times z broad z ! ?9 b>s2 six to eight on ! half equator4 #cbj,proportion ( ! major axis ( ! ellipsoid to ! m9or #e 3 #d4 ,m9or axis once & "o-?ird z broad z t ( ! ellipsoidal inn] %ell1 ! pores ( :i* are also circul>1 b ( half ! size4 ,two sp9es /rong1 ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 acute1 z broad z a l>ge me%1 z long z ! equatorial axis4 ,! /\t inn] prolongations ( ^! =m ! only connection betwe5 ! two %ells4 ,dim5sions4--,long] axis ( ! ellipsoidal cortical %ell #j4ab1 %ort] axis #j4a2 pores #j4jb1 b>s #j4jjb2 long] axes ( ! ellipsoidal m$ull>y %ell #j4ji1 %ort] axis #j4jg2 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjb2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4a1 basal bread? #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral area ( ! ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgb1 dep? #bfjj fa?oms4 #c4 ,li?atractus lepto/ylus1 n4 sp4 ,out] %ell ?9 wall$1 smoo?1 ) regul>1 circul> pores ( equal size1 ?ree to f\r times z broad z ! ?9 b>s2 t5 to twelve on ! half equator4 ,proportion ( ! major axis to ! m9or #g 3 #f4 ,m9or axis ?ree times z l>ge z t ( ! inn] sph]ical %ell2 pores ( ! latt] half z l>ge4 ,pol> sp9es cyl9drical1 blunt1 long] ?an ! major axis1 sc>cely half z broad z "o l>g] pore4 ,dim5sions4--,long] axis ( ! cortical %ell #j4ad1 %ort] axis #j4ab2 pores #j4jae to #j4jb1 b>s #j4jjd2 diamet] ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jd2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4ae to #j4b1 its ?ickness #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,c5tral area ( ! ,pacific1 ,/ations #bgj to #bgb1 dep? #bdbe to #bibe fa?oms4 #d4 ,li?atractus pa*y/ylus1 n4 sp4 ,out] %ell ?ick wall$1 smoo?1 ) regul>1 circul> pores ( equal size2 twelve to fifte5 on ! half equator4 ,ea* pore is deep1 funnel-%ap$1 its out] ap]ture d\ble ! size ( ! inn]1 its bread? ab\t ?ree times t ( ! high b>s4 ,proportion ( ! major axis to ! m9or #f 3 #e4 ,major axis d\ble z long z ! diamet] ( ! sph]ical m$ull>y %ell4 ,pol> sp9es v ?ick & %ort1 tetrah$ral1 "o-f\r? z long & broad z ! major axis4 ,dim5sions4--,long] axis ( ! cortical %ell #j4ag1 %ort] axis #j4ad2 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjc2 diamet] ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jh2 l5g? & ?ickness ( ! pol> sp9es #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,c5tral area ( ! ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 #e4 ,li?atractus convall>ia1 n4 sp4 ,out] %ell ?ick wall$1 smoo?1 ) elegant regul> network2 ! me%es circul>1 six-lob$1 rosette-l 7( ! same =m z ,/auroxiphos gladius1 ,pl4 #ae1 fig4 #g71 twice to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 six to eight on ! half equator4 ,proportion ( ! major axis ( ! ellipsoid to ! m9or #d 3 #c4 ,m9or axis twice z long z ! diamet] ( ! inn] sph]ical %ell1 :i* has regul>1 simple1 circul> pores ( half ! size4 ,pol> sp9es %ort & ?ick1 conical1 only "o-f\r? to "o-six? z long z ! m9or axis1 & q z ?ick4 ,dim5sions4--,long] axis ( ! cortical %ell #j4af1 %ort] axis #j4ab2 pores #j4jaf1 b>s #j4jjf2 diamet] ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jf2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4jb to #j4jc1 basal ?ickness ! same4 ,habitat4--,c5tral area ( ! ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #cba,subg5us #b4 ,li?atractylis1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,network ( ! out] %ell regul>1 ) me%es ( equal size & simil> =m2 surface ?orny or papillose1 cov]$ ) small conical sp9es or tub]cles4 #f4 ,li?atractus e*9iscus1 n4 sp4 ,out] %ell ?orny1 ?9 wall$1 ) regul> network2 me%es circul>1 ) hexagonal frame1 f\r to five times z broad z ! ?9 b>s2 eighte5 to tw5ty on ! half equator4 ,f e corn] betwe5 ! ?ree me%es1 :]e ?ree hexagons unite1 />ts "o %ort1 /raight1 triangul> ?orn 7z 9 ,ellipsoxiphus elegans1 ,pl4 #ad1 fig4 #g74 ,proportion ( ! major axis ( ! ellipsoid to ! m9or #d 3 #c4 ,m9or axis twice ! diamet] ( ! inn] sph]ical %ell1 ! pores ( :i* are half z broad1 circul>4 ,pol> sp9es ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 ab\t z long z ! m9or axis1 z broad at ! base z "o hexagonal frame4 ,dim5sions4--,long] axis ( ! cortical %ell #j4jh1 %ort] axis #j4jf2 pores #j4jjd1 b>s #j4jja2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4je1 basal ?ickness #j4jje2 diamet] ( ! inn] %ell #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 (f ,tri/an da ,cunha1 ,/ation #ccd1 surface4 #g4 ,li?atractus c>duelis1 n4 sp4 ,out] %ell ?9 wall$1 ?orny1 ) regul> network2 me%es circul>1 simple1 f\r to six times z broad z ! ?9 b>s2 t5 to twelve on ! half equator4 ,betwe5 e ?ree me%es is "o %ort conical sp9e4 ,proportion ( ! major axis to ! m9or #f 3 #e4 ,m9or axis equals ?ree times ! diamet] ( ! inn] sph]ical %ell4 ,pol> sp9es conical1 ?ick1 half z long z ! major axis1 ?ick] at ! base ?an "o pore4 7,?is species diff]s f ,/ylatractus c>duus only by ! simple m$ull>y %ell47 ,dim5sions4--,long] axis ( ! ellipsoid #j4ab to #j4af1 %ort] axis #j4a to #j4ad2 pores #j4jb to #j4jc1 b>s #j4jje2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4je to #j4aj1 basal bread? #j4jd2 diamet] ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jc to #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,c5tral area ( ! ,pacific1 ,/ations #bfh to #bgd1 dep? #bcej to #bijj fa?oms2 also fossil 9 ! rocks ( ,b>bados4 #h4 ,li?atractus cirsium1 n4 sp4 ,out] %ell ?9 wall$1 ?orny1 ) regul> network2 pores circul>1 simple1 small1 two to ?ree times z broad z ! ?9 b>s2 eighte5 to tw5ty-f\r on ! half equator4 ,proportion ( ! major axis to ! m9or #d 3 #c4 ,inn] %ell ellipsoidal1 half z l>ge z ! out]4 ,pol> sp9es cyl9drical1 blunt1 ?91 v v>iable 9 l5g? 7"o-f\r? to ?ree-f\r?s ( ! major axis1 n ?ick] ?an a me%74 ,dim5sions4--,long] axis ( ! ellipsoid #j4jg to #j4ji1 %ort] axis #j4je to #j4jg2 pores #j4jje to #j4jjf1 b>s #j4jjb2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4jb to #j4jf1 basal bread? #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! inn] %ell #j4jd1 bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdd1 surface4 #cbbi4 ,li?atractus rosetta1 n4 sp4 ,out] %ell ?ick wall$1 ?orny1 ) regul> network2 me%es circul>1 funnel-%ap$1 its out] ap]ture elegant1 rosette-l1 ) eight to t5 incisions 7l ,/ylosphra calliope1 ,pl4 #af1 fig4 #f72 eight to t5 me%es on ! half equator1 ?ree to f\r times z broad z ! b>s4 ,proportion ( ! long] axis to ! %ort] #e 3 #d4 ,%ort] axis equals ?ree times ! diamet] ( ! inn] sph]ical %ell4 ,pol> sp9es ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 ab\t half z long z ! %ort] axis1 z broad at ! base z a me%4 ,dim5sions4--,long] axis ( ! cortical %ell #j4ae1 %ort] #j4ab2 pores #j4jb1 b>s #j4jje2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4je1 basal bread? #j4jb2 diamet] ( ! inn] %ell #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,s\?-ea/]n "p ( ! ,pacific1 ,/ation #cjb1 dep? #adej fa?oms4 ,subg5us #c4 ,li?atractona1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,network ( ! out] %ell irregul>1 ) me%es ( unequal size or dissimil> =m2 surface smoo?1 )\t ?orns or papill4 #aj4 ,li?atractus conif]1 n4 sp4 ,out] %ell ?9 wall$1 smoo?1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 two to f\r times z broad z ! ?9 b>s2 fifte5 to tw5ty on ! half equator4 ,m>g9 ( ! pores simple4 ,proportion ( ! major axis to ! m9or #c 3 #b4 ,m9or axis twice z l>ge z ! diamet] ( ! inn] sph]ical %ell1 ! pores ( :i* are also irregul>1 r\ndi%1 b ( half ! size4 ,pol> sp9es conical1 some:at %ort] ?an ! ma9 axis1 on ! base two to ?ree times z ?ick z a l>ge pore4 ,dim5sions4--,long] axis ( ! out] %ell #j4ae1 %ort] axis #j4a2 pores #j4jjb to #j4jjd1 b>s #j4jja2 diamet] ( ! inn] %ell #j4je2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4ab1 basal bread? #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cbe1 surface4 #aa4 ,li?atractus lobatus1 n4 sp4 ,out] %ell ?ick wall$1 smoo?1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 f\r to eight times z broad z ! b>s2 six to eight on ! half equator4 ,m>g9 ( ! pores lob$1 v irregul>1 bluntly d5tate1 by five to tw5ty slight incisions4 ,proportion ( ! major axis to ! m9or v v>iable1 betwe5 #c 3 #b & #i 3 #h4 ,diamet] ( ! inn] %ell also v>iable1 betwe5 "o-?ird & "o-half ( ! out]2 pores ( ! =m] sc>cely half ! size ( ! latt]1 simple1 r\ndi%1 or circul>4 ,! inn] %ell is at "s p>ts q sph]ical1 at o!r p>ts m or less ellipsoidal4 ,pol> sp9es conical1 v v>iable 9 size & =m1 sometimes 9 ! basal half triangul>2 !y are sometimes some:at long] ?an ! ma9 axis1 at o!r times consid]ably %ort]2 _! basal bread? is occasionally ! same z t ( ! l>ge/ pores1 sometimes1 h[ev]1 sc>cely half z l>ge4 ,?is deep-sea species is v common 9 ! c5tral area ( ! ,tropical ,pacific 7,/ations #bff to #bgb71 & occurs also fossil 9 ! ,b>bados deposits4 ,x is int]e/+ f its great v>iability1 & sometimes con/itutes a transitional =m to ,/ylosphra4 #cbc;,dim5sions4--,long] axis ( ! out] %ell #j4a to #j4ae1 %ort] axis #j4je to #j4ab2 pores #j4jah to #j4jbd1 b>s #j4jjb to #j4jjd2 diamet] ( ! inn] %ell #j4jd to #j4jh2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4jh to #j4b1 basal ?ickness #j4ja to #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral area ( ! ,pacific1 common2 ,/ations #bff to #bgb1 dep? #bdbe to #bijj fa?oms2 also fossil 9 ,b>bados4 #ab4 ,li?atractus jugatus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #af1 fig4 #b74 ,/ylosphra jugata1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus et ,atlas 7pl4 xvi4 fig4 #b74 ,out] %ell ?ick wall$1 smoo?1 or some:at reticulat$1 ) a peculi>1 irregul>1 d\ble network4 ,! pores are r\ndi%1 ( v diff]5t sizes1 ) d\ble m>g9 ( ! out] ap]ture1 & s irregul>ly di/ribut$ 9 polygonal gr\ps t e gr\p conta9s two to six pores imm$iately t\*+ ea* o!r2 ! gr\ps are sep>at$ by broad] b>s4 ,on ! half equator ( ! %ell are ab\t six to eight gr\ps & twelve to eighte5 pores4 ,proportion ( ! long] axis ( ! ellipsoidal %ell to ! %ort] #f 3 #e or #e 3 #d4 ,inn] ellipsoidal %ell ab\t half ! size2 its pores are n easy to make out4 ,pol> sp9es ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 ) prom95t edges1 ab\t half z long z ! major axis1 z broad at ! base z a gr\p ( pores4 7,ne>ly alli$ to ,/ylosphra jugata1 p4 #acg47 ,dim5sions4--,long] axis ( ! cortical %ell #j4ab to #j4af1 %ort] axis #j4a to #j4ac2 pores #j4ja to #j4jb2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4jf to #j4jh1 basal bread? #j4jc to #j4d4 ,habitat4--,c5tral area ( ! ,pacific1 ,/ations #bff to #bgb1 dep? #bdbe to #bijj fa?oms4 ,subg5us #d4 ,li?atractium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,network ( ! out] %ell irregul>1 ) me%es ( unequal size or dissimil> =m2 surface ?orny or papillose1 cov]$ ) small conical sp9es or tub]cles4 #ac4 ,li?atractus cono/ylus1 n4 sp4 ,out] %ell ?orny1 ?9 wall$1 ) irregul> network2 pores r\ndi%1 ( unequal size1 twice to f\r times z broad z ! ?9 b>s2 sixte5 to tw5ty on ! half equator4 ,proportion ( ! long] axis to ! %ort] #e 3 #d4 ,%ort] axis twice ! diamet] ( ! inn] sph]ical %ell4 ,pol> sp9es conical1 v /\t1 long] ?an ! ma9 axis1 its base equals "o-?ird ( ! m9or axis4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis ( ! cortical %ell #j4a1 %ort] axis #j4jh2 pores #j4jjd to #j4jjb1 b>s #j4jja2 diamet] ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jd2 pol> sp9es--l5g? #j4ab1 ?ickness #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,c5tral area ( ! ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 #ad4 ,li?atractus gamoporus1 n4 sp4 ,out] %ell ?orny1 ?ick wall$1 ) irregul> network2 pores r\ndi%1 ( unequal size1 s irregul>ly di/ribut$ 9 polygonal gr\ps t 9 e gr\p two to six pores 7commonly ?ree to f\r7 are ne> toge!r2 ! gr\ps are sep>at$ by broad] b>s4 ,on ! half equator #cbdsix to eight gr\ps & eighte5 to tw5ty-f\r pores4 ,proportion ( ! long] axis to ! %ort] #f 3 #e4 ,%ort] axis equals twice ! diamet] ( ! inn] ellipsoidal %ell4 ,pol> sp9es ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 ab\t z long z ! equatorial axis1 z broad at ! base z a gr\p ( pores4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis ( ! cortical %ell #j4ab1 m9or axis #j4a2 pores #j4jjd to #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4a1 basal bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,c5tral area ( ! ,pacific1 ,/ations #bga to #bgd1 dep? #bcej to #bgej fa?oms4 ,g5us #ach4 ,druppatractus1#agg n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,druppulida ) simple ellipsoidal cortical %ell & simple m$ull>y %ell1 ) two l>ge opposite pol> sp9es 9 ! ma9 axis ( diff]5t size or dissimil> =m4 ,! g5us ,druppatractus diff]s f its ne> relation ,li?atractus 9 ! diff]5tiation ( ! two pol> sp9es1 :i* are diff]5t 9 size or =m1 (t5 to a v consid]able degree4 ,x has !re=e ! same relation to ! latt] t ,ellipsoxiphus be>s to ,ellipso/ylus4 ,subg5us #a4 ,druppatract>a1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,network ( ! cortical %ell regul> or subregul>1 ) me%es ( ne>ly equal size & simil> =m2 surface smoo?1 )\t ?orns or papill4 #a4 ,druppatractus i*?ydium1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 ) smoo? surface & regul> network4 ,proportion ( ! major axis to ! m9or #c 3 #b4 ,pores circul>1 hexagonally fram$1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 sev5 to eight on ! half equator 7z 9 ,xipho/ylus alc$o1 ,pl4 #ac1 fig4 #d74 ,m$ull>y %ell sph]ical1 "o-?ird z broad z ! cortical %ell4 ,pol> sp9es /raight1 ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 z broad at ! base z "o me%2 ! long] equals ! ma9 axis ( ! cortical %ell1 ! %ort] only its half4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis ( ! ellipsoidal cortical %ell #j4ah1 m9or axis #j4ab2 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jje2 diamet] ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jd2 l5g? ( ! major pol> sp9e #j4af to #j4b1 ( ! m9or #j4ja to #j4ab1 basal bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,corfu71 surface1 ,haeckel4 #b4 ,druppatractus hippocampus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #af1 figs4 #aj1 #aa74 ,/ylosphra hippocampus1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,atlas1 pl4 xvi4 figs4 #aj1 #aa4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 ) smoo? surface & regul> network4 ,proportion ( bo? axes #g 3 #f4 ,pores circul>1 hexagonally lob$1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 n9e to t5 on ! half #cbe;equator4 ,m$ull>y %ell ellipsoidal1 ne>ly half z l>ge z ! cortical4 ,l>g] pol> sp9e horn-l curv$1 z long z ! ma9 axis1 small] sc>cely half z long1 pommel-%ap$4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis #j4ji1 m9or #j4jge2 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjc2 axes ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jd & #j4jc2 l5g? ( ! l>g] pol> sp9e #j4jf to #j4ji1 ( ! small] #j4jd1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ations #bgj to #bgb1 surface4 #c4 ,druppatractus belone1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 ) smoo? surface & regul> network4 ,proportion ( bo? axes #d 3 #c4 ,pores circul>1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 t5 to twelve on ! half equator4 ,m$ull>y %ell sph]ical1 "o-?ird z broad z ! cortical %ell4 ,pol> sp9es /rong1 /raight1 cyl9drical1 ) conical apex1 z broad at ! base z two pores2 ! l>g] once & a half to twice z long z ! ma9 axis1 ! small] only "o-?ird to "o-f\r? z long4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis #j4a to #j4ab1 m9or #j4jh to #j4ji2 pores #j4jjh1 b>s #j4jjd2 diamet] ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jc2 l5g? ( ! l>g] pol> sp9e #j4ae to #j4b1 ( ! m9or #j4jd to #j4je1 basal ?ickness ( !m #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,atlantic1 ,indian1 & ,pacific1 surface4 #d4 ,druppatractus te/udo1 ,haeckel4 ,/ylosphra te/udo1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahgb1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #bii1 ,taf4 viii4 fig4 #af4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 sp9dle-%ap$1 ) smoo? surface & regul> network4 ,proportion ( ! two axes #c 3 #b4 ,pores circul>1 five times z broad z ! b>s2 only six to sev5 on ! half equator4 ,m$ull>y %ell ellipsoidal1 ab\t "o-?ird z l>ge z ! cortical %ell4 ,pol> sp9es /rong1 %ort1 ?ree-sid$ pyramidal2 ! l>g] z long z half ! transv]se axis1 ! small] only "o-f\r? z long4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis #j4ab1 m9or #j4h2 pores #j4jae1 b>s #j4jjc2 axes ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jd & #j4jc2 l5g? ( ! l>g] pol> sp9e #j4jd1 ( ! small] #j4jb1 basal ?ickness #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 ,philipp9e & ,cali=nian ,sea 7,ehr5b]g71 ,/ations #bdd1 #bff1 #bhi1 c41 dep? #beej to #bijj fa?oms4 ,subg5us #b4 ,druppatractylis1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,network ( ! cortical %ell regul> or subregul>1 ) me%es ( ne>ly equal size & simil> =m2 surface ?orny or papillose1 cov]$ ) small conical sp9es or tub]cles4 #e4 ,druppatractus accip5s]1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 ?orny1 ) regul> network4 ,proportion ( ! two axes #f 3 #e4 ,pores circul>1 ea* ) a six-lob$ out] op5+1 funnel-%ap$1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 n9e #cbfto t5 on ! half equator4 ,m$ull>y %ell sph]ical1 "o-?ird z broad z ! cortical %ell4 ,pol> sp9es v /rong1 ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 z broad at ! base z ?ree pores2 ! l>g] ab\t z long z ! ma9 axis1 ! small] only "o-?ird z long4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis #j4ab1 m9or #j4a2 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jje2 m$ull>y %ell #j4jce2 l5g? ( ! l>g] pol> sp9e #j4aa1 ( ! small] #j4jd1 basal bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,madagasc>1 surface1 ,rabbe4 #f4 ,druppatractus o/racion1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #af1 figs4 #h1 #i74 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 ?orny1 ) regul> network4 ,proportion ( ! two axes #d 3 #c4 ,pores circul>1 hexagonally fram$1 ?ree to f\r times z broad z ! cre/$ b>s2 f e corn] ( ! hexagon 7betwe5 ?ree me%es7 arises a %ort papilla2 ! bottom ( e funnel-l me% is clos$ by a v ?9 plate ) ?ree regul>1 circul> pores 7occasionally f\r71 sometimes conflu5t1 at o!r times sep>ate4 ,m$ull>y %ell 7fig4 #i7 half z l>ge z ! cortical1 ellipsoidal & papillate1 ) regul>1 circul> pores4 ,pol> sp9es v /rong1 ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 (t5 some:at irregul>1 ) %ort apex2 ! l>g] once to twice z long z ! ma9 axis1 ! small] sc>cely half z long4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis #j4af1 m9or #j4ab2 pores #j4jb 7porules at _! base #j4ja71 b>s #j4jjf2 axes ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jg & #j4jf1 its pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! l>g] pol> sp9e #j4ae to #j4c1 ( ! small] #j4jg to #j4ji1 basal ?ickness #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfe1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #g4 ,druppatractus coronatus1 ,haeckel4 ,/ylosphra coronata1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahge1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #hd1 ,taf4 xxv4 fig4 #d4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 ?orny1 ) regul> network4 ,proportion ( ! two axes #e 3 #d4 ,pores circul>1 simple1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 eight to t5 on ! half equator4 ,m$ull>y %ell circul>1 "o-?ird z broad z ! cortical %ell4 ,pol> sp9es furr[$ & angul>2 ! long] & ?9n] pyramidal ab\t z long z ! ma9 axis1 ! %ort] & ?ick] sc>cely half z long1 ?ick5$ t[>ds ! %ort conical apex4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis #j4jh to #j4a1 m9or #j4jf to #j4jh2 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jje2 diamet] ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jc2 l5g? ( ! l>ge pol> sp9e #j4jh to #j4ab1 ( ! %ort] #j4jd to #j4je4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,b>bados2 also liv+ 9 ! dep?s ( ! ,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ations #bfe to #bfh1 dep? #bgjj to #bijj fa?oms4 ,subg5us #c4 ,druppatractona1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,network ( ! cortical %ell irregul>1 ) me%es ( unequal size or dissimil> =m2 surface smoo?1 )\t ?orns or papill4 #cbgh4 ,druppatractus lvis1 ,haeckel4 ,/ylosphra lvis1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahge1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #hd1 ,taf4 xxv4 fig4 #f4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 smoo?1 ) irregul> network4 ,proportion ( ! two axes #c 3 #b4 ,pores r\ndi% or subcircul>1 ( diff]5t size1 "o-half to twice z broad z ! b>s2 eight to t5 on ! half equator4 ,m$ull>y %ell ellipsoidal1 "o-?ird z l>ge z ! cortical %ell4 ,pol> sp9es conical1 ! l>g] & ?9n] ne>ly z long z ! ma9 axis1 ! %ort] & ?ick] sc>cely "o-?ird z long4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis #j4jg to #j4a1 m9or #j4je to #j4jg2 pores & b>s #j4jje to #j4ja2 axes ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jc & #j4jb2 l5g? ( ! major pol> sp9e #j4jf to #j4ji1 ( ! %ort] #j4jc to #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,atlantic1 ,indian1 ,pacific1 surface4 #i4 ,druppatractus xiphias1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 smoo?1 ) irregul> network4 ,proportion ( ! two axes #f 3 #e4 ,pores funnel-%ap$1 compos$ ( two to f\r conflu5t small] porules1 twice to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 t5 to twelve on ! half equator4 ,m$ull>y %ell sph]ical1 half z broad4 ,pol> sp9es ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 ! l>g] ab\t z long z ! ma9 axis1 ! %ort] "o-?ird to "o-half z long4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis #j4ab1 m9or #j4a2 pores #j4jab to #j4jah1 b>s #j4jjd2 diamet] ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je2 l5g? ( ! major pol> sp9e #j4a1 ( ! m9or #j4jc to #j4je4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 ,subg5us #d4 ,druppatractium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,network ( ! cortical %ell irregul>1 ) me%es ( unequal size or dissimil> =m2 surface ?orny or papillose1 cov]$ ) small sp9es or tub]cles4 #aj4 ,druppatractus diodon1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 ?orny1 ) irregul> network4 ,proportion ( ! two axes #e 3 #d4 ,pores simple1 irregul>1 r\ndi%1 twice to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 eight to t5 on ! half equator4 ,m$ull>y %ell sph]ical1 half z broad4 ,pol> sp9es conical1 m or less curv$2 ! major long] ?an ! ma9 axis1 ! m9or sc>cely half z long4 7,resembles ,sphro/ylus ophidium1 ,pl4 #af1 figs4 #ad1 #ae1 b diff]s f x 9 ! prolongation ( ! ma9 axis47 ,dim5sions4--,major axis #j4ae1 m9or #j4ab2 pores #j4ja to #j4jb1 b>s #j4jje2 diamet] ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jf2 l5g? ( ! l>g] pol> sp9e #j4ab to #j4ah1 ( ! %ort] #j4jf to #j4jh1 basal ?ickness #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgd1 surface4 #cbhaa4 ,druppatractus pisciculus1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 sp9y1 ) irregul> network4 ,proportion ( ! two axes #c 3 #b4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 lob$1 or compos$ ( ?ree to five conflu5t porules1 twice to six times z broad z ! b>s2 six to eight on ! half equator4 7,simil> to ,ellipsoxiphus atractus1 ,pl4 #ad1 fig4 #a47 ,m$ull>y %ell ellipsoidal1 ne>ly half z l>ge z ! cortical %ell4 ,pol> sp9es ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 ! major long] ?an ! ma9 axis1 ! m9or sc>cely "o-?ird to "o-f\r? z long4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis #j4ah1 m9or #j4ab2 pores #j4ja to #j4jc1 b>s #j4jjd2 axes ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jh & #j4je2 l5g? ( ! major pol> sp9e #j4b1 ( ! m9or #j4je1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccb1 dep? #bbjj fa?oms4 ,g5us #aci4 ,/ylatractus1#agh n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,druppulida ) simple ellipsoidal cortical %ell & d\ble m$ull>y %ell1 9 ! ma9 axis ) two l>ge opposite pol> sp9es ( equal size & simil> =m4 ,! g5us ,/ylatractus diff]s f ,li?atractus 9 ! d\ble m$ull>y %ell1 f ,amphisphra 9 ! ellipsoidal =m ( ! cortical %ell4 ,z 9 ^! two g5]a1 bo? opposite pol> sp9es h ! same %ape & size4 ,subg5us #a4 ,/ylatract>a1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,network ( ! cortical %ell regul> or subregul>1 ) me%es ( ne>ly equal size & simil> =m2 surface smoo?1 )\t ?orns or papill4 #a4 ,/ylatractus neptunus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ag1 fig4 #f74 ,amphi/ylus neptunus1 ,haeckel1 #ahgh1 ,atlas1 pl4 xvii4 fig4 #f4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 smoo?1 ) subregul>1 circul>1 polygonally fram$ pores1 q z broad z ! b>s2 t5 to twelve on ! half equator4 ,pol> sp9es ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 ab\t z long z ! half ma9 axis1 ?ree times z broad at ! base z ! pores4 7,mu* resembles ,amphisphra neptunus1 p4 #adb1 b diff]s f x by ! prolongation ( ! ma9 axis1 :i* equals "o & a half or "o & a f\r? ! equatorial axis1 & by ! some:at irregul> =mation ( ! cortical hexagonal network4 ,sometimes also1 z 9 ! figur$ specim51 ! l5g? ( bo? pol> sp9es is some:at diff]5t47 ,dim5sions4--,major axis ( ! cortical %ell #j4ae1 m9or axis #j4ab2 pores & b>s #j4jjg2 ma9 axes ( bo? ellipsoidal m$ull>y %ells #j4jh & #j4je2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4jh to #j4a1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ations #bff to #bfh1 dep? #bgjj to #bijj fa?oms4 #cbib4 ,/ylatractus fusi=mis1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 smoo?1 ) regul>1 simple1 circul> pores1 q z broad z ! b>s2 f\rte5 to sixte5 on ! half equator4 ,pol> sp9es ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 half z long z ! ma9 axis1 z broad at ! base z ! inn] m$ull>y %ell4 7,resembles v ne>ly ,xiphatractus armadillo1 ,pl4 #ag1 fig4 #aa1 b diff]s 9 ! regul> =m & equal l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es47 ,dim5sions4--,major axis #j4ag1 m9or axis #j4ac2 pores & b>s #j4jjg2 ma9 axes ( bo? ellipsoidal m$ull>y %ells #j4ji & #j4je2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4jh1 basal bread? #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,atlantic1 ,indian1 ,pacific1 at v>i\s dep?s4 #c4 ,/ylatractus compactus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ag1 fig4 #d74 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 smoo?1 ) subregul>1 circul>1 d\ble-cont\r$ pores1 small] ?an ! b>s2 sixte5 to eighte5 on ! half equator4 ,! ?ickness ( ! %ell-wall equals ! radius ( ! inn] m$ull>y %ell4 ,pol> sp9es %ort1 ?ree-sid$ pyramidal2 _! l5g? & basal ?ickness v>iable1 b commonly equal to ! diamet] ( ! inn] m$ull>y %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis #j4af1 m9or axis #j4ac2 pores #j4jjg1 b>s #j4ja2 ma9 axes ( bo? ellipsoidal m$ull>y %ells #j4ji & #j4jd2 l5g? & basal bread? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4jd to #j4je4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ations #bgj to #bgb1 dep? #bdbe to #bibe fa?oms4 ,subg5us #b4 ,/ylatractylis1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,network ( ! out] %ell regul>1 ) me%es ( equal size & simil> =m2 surface ?orny or papillose1 cov]$ ) small sp9ules or tub]cles4 #d4 ,/ylatractus giganteus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ag1 fig4 #a74 ,amphi/ylus giganteus1 ,haeckel1 #ahgi1 ,atlas 7pl4 xvii4 fig4 #a74 ,cortical %ell papillose1 v ?ick wall$1 ) regul> network2 pores circul>1 ) d\ble m>g91 ab\t twice z broad z ! b>s2 t5 to twelve on ! half equator4 ,! cortical %ell is connect$ ) ! out] m$ull>y %ell by num]\s /rong beams1 & ! inn] prolongations ( bo? pol> sp9es are mu* /rong]4 ,! circul> pores ( ! out] m$ull>y %ell are ?ree times z l>ge z ^? ( ! inn]1 & equal to ^? ( ! cortical %ell1 b ! b>s are mu* ?9n]4 ,pol> sp9es v /rong1 ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 ) spirally contort$ edges1 z long z ! ma9 axis1 z broad at ! base z ! inn] m$ull>y %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis ( ! cortical %ell #j4c1 m9or axis #j4bb2 pores #j4jb1 b>s #j4ja2 ma9 axes ( ! ellipsoidal m$ull>y %ells #j4ad & #j4jg2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4c1 basal ?ickness #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,we/]n ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbe1 dep? #ddge fa?oms4 #ccje4 ,/ylatractus c>duus1 ,haeckel4 ,/ylosphra c>duus1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahge1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #hd1 ,taf4 xxv4 fig4 #g4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 sp9y1 ) regul>1 circul> pores1 five times z broad z ! b>s2 t5 to twelve on ! half equator4 ,pol> sp9es conical1 half z long z ! ma9 axis1 at ! base broad] ?an ! pores4 7,! cortical %ell is ellipsoidal z well z bo? m$ull>y %ells2 ! figure ( ,ehr5b]g1 z is g5]ally ! case1 is m correct ?an 8 description4 ,?is int]e/+ species occurs 9 ! ,b>bados rocks1 ) d\ble z well z ) simple m$ull>y %ell1 & may 9 ! latt] case be di/+ui%$ z ,li?atractus c>duelis47 ,dim5sions4--,major axis ( ! cortical %ell #j4ab to #j4af1 m9or #j4a to #j4ad2 pores #j4ja to #j4jb1 b>s #j4jjb to #j4jje2 ma9 axes ( ! ellipsoidal m$ull>y %ells #j4je & #j4jc2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4jf1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,b>bados4 ,subg5us #c4 ,/ylatractona1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,network ( ! out] %ell irregul>1 ) me%es ( diff]5t size or =m2 surface smoo?1 )\t ?orns or papill4 #f4 ,/ylatractus v>iabilis1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 smoo?1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 twice to six times z broad z ! b>s2 twelve to sixte5 on ! half equator4 ,pol> sp9es conical1 ab\t half z long z ! ma9 axis1 & z broad at ! base z ! inn] m$ull>y %ell4 7,! size & =m ( ! pores & ( ! pol> sp9es 9 ?is species are v v>iable1 s t ! proportions giv5 are to be und]/ood z av]ages47 ,dim5sions4--,major axis #j4ac1 m9or axis #j4aa2 pores #j4jjd to #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjb2 ma9 axes ( ! ellipsoidal m$ull>y %ells #j4jg & #j4jd2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4jf1 basal bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area4 ,/ations #bgb to #bgd1 dep? #bcej to #bgej fa?oms4 #g4 ,/ylatractus se?oporus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ag1 figs4 #b1 #c74 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 smoo?1 ) l>ge irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 twice to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 sev5 to eight on ! half equator4 ,at ! bottom ( ea* pore a ?9 lamella ( silex1 p]=at$ by f\r to six irregul>1 r\ndi%1 d\ble-cont\r$ porules4 ,m$ull>y %ells resemble ^? ( ,/ylatractus giganteus4 ,pol> sp9es ?ree-sid$ pyramidal2 _! l5g? & basal ?ickness sc>cely equal ! diamet] ( ! inn] m$ull>y %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis #j4ae1 m9or axis #j4ac2 pores #j4jb1 b>s #j4jje1 porules #j4ja2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgb1 dep? #bfjj fa?oms4 #cca,subg5us #d4 ,/ylatractium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,network ( ! out] %ell irregul>1 ) me%es ( diff]5t size & =m2 surface ?orny or papillose1 cov]$ ) small sp9ules or tub]cles4 #h4 ,/ylatractus papillosus1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 ) papillose surface1 & irregul>1 simple1 r\ndi% pores1 t5 to sixte5 on ! half equator1 twice to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s4 ,conical papill ( ! surface irregul>ly scatt]$4 ,pol> sp9es conical1 ab\t z long z ! ma9 axis1 at ! base half z broad z ! inn] m$ull>y %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis #j4ab1 m9or #j4a2 pores #j4jjf to #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjc2 ma9 axes ( ! m$ull>y %ells #j4ji & #j4jf2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4ac1 basal bread? #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 surface 7betwe5 ,socotra & ,ceylon71 ,haeckel4 #i4 ,/ylatractus disetanius1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 ) sp9y surface1 & irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 eight to t5 on ! half equator1 twice to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s4 ,e pore is divid$ by ?9n] b>s into f\r to six small r\ndi% porules4 ,pol> sp9es ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 ne>ly z long z ! ma9 axis1 z broad at ! base z ! inn] m$ull>y %ell4 7,resembles ,xiphatractus glyptodon1 ,pl4 #ag1 figs4 #i1 #aj1 b diff]s f x by ! irregul> network & ! equal size ( bo? pol> sp9es47 ,dim5sions4--,major axis #j4ad1 m9or #j4a2 pores #j4jb1 b>s #j4jjh1 porules #j4jjg2 ma9 axes ( ! two m$ull>y %ells #j4jh & #j4je2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4ac1 basal bread? #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ne> ,new ,zeal&1 ,/ation #afi1 surface4 ,g5us #adj4 ,xiphatractus1#agi n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,druppulida ) a simple ellipsoidal cortical %ell & d\ble m$ull>y %ell1 9 ! ma9 axis ) two l>ge opposite pol> sp9es ( diff]5t size or =m4 ,! g5us ,xiphatractus diff]s f ! ne>ly relat$ ,/ylatractus 9 ! diff]5tiation ( two pol> sp9es 79 ! same mann] z ,druppatractus diff]s f ,li?atractus74 ,f ! sph]ical ,amphi/ylus x diff]s 9 ! ellipsoidal =m ( ! cortical %ell4 ,subg5us #a4 ,xiphatract>a1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,network ( ! cortical %ell regul> or subregul>1 ) me%es ( ne>ly equal size & simil> =m2 surface smoo?1 )\t ?orns or papill4 #ccba4 ,xiphatractus armadillo1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ag1 fig4 #aa74 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 smoo?1 ) regul>1 circul> pores1 ab\t z broad z ! b>s2 fifte5 to sixte5 on ! half equator4 ,pol> sp9es ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 ) ?ick1 prom95t edges1 ( irregul> =m2 ! long] ab\t z long z ! ma9 axis1 ! %ort] sc>cely "o-?ird z long2 _! basal bread? equals ! diamet] ( ! inn] m$ull>y %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis ( ! cortical %ell #j4ac1 m9or axis #j4a1 ?ickness ( its wall #j4ja2 pores & b>s #j4jje2 ma9 axes ( ! two m$ull>y %ells #j4jg & #j4jc2 l5g? ( ! major pol> sp9e #j4ab1 ( ! m9or #j4jd1 basal ?ickness #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgb1 dep? #bfjj fa?oms4 #b4 ,xiphatractus euphractus1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 smoo?1 ) regul>1 circul> pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 eight to n9e on ! half equator4 ,ea* pore has six to n9e excisions 7commonly eight71 elegantly lob$1 fl[]-l 7z 9 ,xipho/ylus phasianus1 ,pl4 #ac1 fig4 #i74 ,pol> sp9es /rong1 angulate2 ! major pyramidal1 long] ?an ! ma9 axis1 ! %ort] elegantly pommel-l1 sc>cely "o-?ird z long4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis #j4ae1 m9or #j4ab2 pores #j4jad1 b>s #j4jjg2 ma9 axes ( ! two m$ull>y %ells #j4ji & #j4je2 l5g? ( ! l>g] pol> sp9e #j4af1 ( ! %ort] #j4je1 greate/ ?ickness #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccb1 dep? #bbjj fa?oms4 ,subg5us #b4 ,xiphatractylis1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,network ( ! cortical %ell regul> or subregul>1 ) me%es ( ne>ly equal size & simil> =m2 surface ?orny or papillose4 #c4 ,xiphatractus sp9ulosus1 ,haeckel4 ,/ylosphra sp9ulosa1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahge1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #hd1 ,taf4 xxv4 fig4 #h4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 ) sp9y surface1 & l>ge1 regul>1 circul> pores1 f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 sev5 to eight on ! half equator4 ,sp9es betwe5 ! pores ( ! same size1 conical4 ,pol> sp9es also conical1 b mu* l>g]2 ! major ab\t z long z ! ma9 axis1 ! m9or sc>cely half z long2 _! basal ?ickness equals ! l>ge/ pores4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis #j4a1 m9or #j4jh2 pores #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjc2 diamet] ( ! sph]ical m$ull>y %ells #j4jf & #j4jc2 l5g? ( ! major pol> sp9e #j4ji1 ( ! m9or #j4jd1 basal ?ickness #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,b>bados4 #cccd4 ,xiphatractus sulcatus1 ,haeckel4 ,/ylosphra sulcata1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahge1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #hd1 ,taf4 xxiv1 fig4 #f4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 ) ?orny surface1 & regul>1 circul> pores1 q z broad z ! b>s2 n9e to t5 on ! half equator4 ,pol> sp9es cyl9drical1 ) longitud9al basal furr[s & conical apex1 ?ree times z broad z ! pores2 ! l>g] ab\t z long z ! ma9 axis1 ! %ort] only "o-half or two-?irds z long4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis #j4ja1 m9or #j4jh2 pores & b>s #j4jjg2 ma9 axes ( ! two m$ull>y %ells #j4jh & #j4jd2 l5g? ( ! major pol> sp9e #j4a1 ( ! m9or #j4jf1 bread? ( !m #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! ,b>bados deposits4 #e4 ,xiphatractus dasypus1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 ) sp9y surface1 & regul>1 elegant network2 pores circul>1 hexagonally fram$1 ab\t z broad z ! b>s2 f e corn] ( ! network 7betwe5 ?ree pores7 arises a %ort bri/le-l sp9e4 ,pol> sp9es ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 z broad z "o hexagon2 ! major once to twice z long z ! ma9 axis1 ! m9or only "o-half to "o-f\r? z long4 7,! cortical %ell mu* resembles ,ellipsoxiphus elegans1 ,pl4 #ad1 fig4 #g47 ,dim5sions4--,major axis #j4ae1 m9or #j4ac2 pores & b>s #j4ja2 ma9 axes ( ! two m$ull>y %ells #j4a & #j4jf2 l5g? ( ! major pol> sp9e #j4a to #j4c1 ( ! m9or #j4je to #j4a1 ?ickness #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,we/]n ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbb1 surface4 ,subg5us #c4 ,xiphatractona1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,network ( ! cortical %ell irregul>1 ) me%es ( diff]5t size or =m2 surface smoo?1 )\t ?orns or papill4 #f4 ,xiphatractus *lamydophorus1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 smoo?1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 twice to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 eight to twelve on ! half equator4 ,pol> sp9es angul>1 irregul>ly curv$ or contort$2 ! l>g] once to twice z long z ! ma9 axis1 ! %ort] & ?ick] pommel-%ap$1 only "o-?ird to "o-half z long2 _! basal bread? equals two pores4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis #j4ad1 m9or #j4a2 pores #j4jjf to #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjc2 ma9 axis ( ! two ellipsoidal m$ull>y %ells #j4ji & #j4jd2 l5g? ( ! major pol> sp9e #j4a to #j4b1 ( ! m9or #j4je to #j4jh1 bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,atlantic1 ,pacific1 _m ,/ations1 surface4 #ccd,subg5us #d4 ,xiphatractium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,network ( ! cortical %ell irregul>1 ) me%es ( unequal size or dissimil> =m2 surface ?orny or papillose4 #g4 ,xiphatractus radiosus1 ,haeckel4 ,/ylosphra radiosa1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahge1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #hd1 ,taf4 xxiv4 fig4 #e4 ,cortical %ell v ?ick wall$1 ) ?orny surface1 & irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 once to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 n9e & t5 on ! half equator4 ,pol> sp9es conical1 on ! base ab\t z broad z ! l>ge/ pores2 ! l>g] z long z ! ma9 axis1 ! small] sc>cely "o-f\r? z long4 7,! radial /riation1 figur$ by ,ehr5b]g & appli$ to ! "n ( ?is species1 is produc$ by ! cont\rs ( ! funnel-%ap$ pores 9 ! ?ick walls se5 9 optical section2 ! ellipsoidal cortical %ell is d\ble47 ,dim5sions4--,major axis #j4ac1 m9or #j4ji2 pores #j4jjc to #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjc2 ma9 axes ( ! two m$ull>y %ells #j4je & #j4jc2 l5g? ( ! major pol> sp9e #j4ab1 ( ! m9or #j4jc1 basal bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,b>bados4 #h4 ,xiphatractus glyptodon1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ag1 figs4 #i1 #aj74 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 cov]$ ) radial sp9es ( ! size ( ! pores2 on ! half equator eight to t5 irregul> or subregul> r\ndi% pores1 twice to f\r times z broad z ! b>s4 ,9 ! bottom ( ea* pore a ?9 lamella ( silex1 p]=at$ by f\r to six small] r\ndi% pores4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells 7fig4 #aj7 sph]ical1 ) small]1 regul>1 circul> pores4 ,l>g] pol> sp9e ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 9 l5g? equals ! ma9 axis2 %ort] sp9e only half z long1 b twice z ?ick1 ( elegant pommel-=m 7fig4 #i71 ) n9e prom95t edges4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis #j4ab1 m9or1 #j4a2 pores & sp9es #j4ja to #j4jb1 b>s & porules #j4jje2 diamet] ( ! two m$ull>y %ells #j4je & #j4jb2 l5g? ( ! major pol> sp9e #j4a1 ( ! m9or #j4jf1 greate/ ?ickness #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfc1 surface4 ,g5us #ada4 ,cromyatractus1#ahj n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,druppulida ) f\r or m conc5tric %ells 7two m$ull>y %ells & two or m cortical %ells71 9 ! ma9 axis ) two l>ge opposite pol> sp9es ( equal size & simil> =m4 ,! g5us ,cromyatractus is v ne>ly alli$ to all ! =ego+ g5]a1 :i* be> two equal sp9es opposite to "o ano!r on ! poles ( ! ma9 axis2 x diff]s #cce;f !m 9 ! multiplication ( ! cortical %ell1 & may be consid]$ z ! mo/ highly develop$ =m ( ?is amphi/yl\s s]ies1 :i* proce$s f ,ellipsoxiphus to ,li?atractus & ,/ylatractus4 ,subg5us #a4 ,cromyatractium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,%ell compos$ ( two m$ull>y %ells & two cortical %ells4 #a4 ,cromyatractus tetraphractus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ae1 fig4 #b74 ,/ylocromium tetraphractum1 ,haeckel1 #ahgi1 ,atlas 7pl4 xv4 fig4 #b74 ,proportion ( ! ma9 axes ( ! f\r conc5tric %ells ab\t #a 3 #c 3 #e 3 #g4 ,network ( all f\r %ells ne>ly ( ! same /ructure1 subregul>1 ) circul> pores ( equal size 79 "o & ! same %ell74 ,! absolute size ( ! pores increases gradually f ! inn]mo/ to ! out]mo/ %ell4 ,! b>s betwe5 ! pores are small] & q smoo?4 ,surface ( ! out]mo/ %ell smoo?4 ,pol> sp9es cyl9drical1 ) conical apex1 ( v>iable l5g?1 ne>ly z broad z ! inn]mo/ %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axes ( ! f\r %ells--7,a7 inn] m$ull>y %ell #j4jc1 7,b7 out] m$ull>y %ell #j4jh1 7,c7 inn] cortical %ell #j4ae1 7,d7 out] cortical %ell #j4b2 equatorial axes ( !m--7,a7 #j4jbe1 7,b7 #j4jf1 7,c7 #j4ab1 7,d7 #j4ae2 pores ( 7,a7 #j4jjd1 7,b7 #j4jjg1 7,c7 #j4ja1 7,d7 #j4jac1 b>s #j4jjb to #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4a to #j4c 7& m71 bread? #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,ant>ctic 7,indian7 ,ocean1 ,/ation #aeg1 dep? #aiej fa?oms4 #b4 ,cromyatractus tetralepas1 n4 sp4 ,proportion ( ! ma9 axes ( ! f\r conc5tric %ells ab\t #a 3 #b 3 #d 3 #f4 ,network ( ! two m$ull>y %ells regul>1 ) small circul> pores1 little l>g] ?an ! b>s4 ,network ( ! two cortical %ells irregul>1 ) mu* l>g] polygonal pores1 ?ree to n9e times z broad z ! ?9 b>s4 7,some:at simil> to ,cromyatractus cep>ius1 ,pl4 #ae1 fig4 #d47 ,surface ( ! out]mo/ %ell smoo? or a little ?orny4 ,pol> sp9es cyl9drical1 v l>ge1 twice to ?ree times z long z ! ma9 axis ( ! out]mo/ %ell1 ab\t z broad z ! inn]mo/ %ell1 ) conical apex2 smoo? or a little ?orny4 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axes ( ! f\r %ells--7,a7 #j4jc1 7,b7 #j4je1 7,c7 #j4ac1 7,d7 #j4ah2 equatorial axes ( !m--7,a7 #j4b1 7,b7 #j4de1 7,c7 #j4aa1 7,d7 #j4ad2 pores ( ! two m$ull>y %ells #j4jjd & #j4jjf1 ( bo? cortical %ells #j4ja to #j4jc1 b>s #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,zanzib>1 ,pull51 #bbjj fa?oms4 #c4 ,cromyatractus tetracelyphus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ae1 figs4 #a1 #a;a74 ,proportion ( ! ma9 axes ( ! f\r conc5tric %ells ab\t #a 3 #c 3 #aj 3 #aa4 ,network ( ! two sph]ical m$ull>y %ells 7fig4 #a;a7 regul>1 ) small circul> pores1 twice z broad z #ccf! b>s4 ,network ( ! inn] cortical %ell regul> ) circul>1 hexagonally-fram$ pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s4 ,f e corn] ( ! hexagons 7betwe5 ?ree pores7 arises a v ?91 hair-l1 %ort radial sp9ule4 ,^! sp9ules communicate ) "o ano!r by tang5tial bran*es 7at equal di/ances f ! inn] cortical %ell71 & =m !reby an out]1 delicate cortical network1 ) l>ge polygonal me%es & v ?9 b>s4 ,pol> sp9es v /rong1 pyramidal1 ) prom95t edges1 z long z ! ma9 radius ( ! cortical %ell1 & half z broad at ! base4 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axes ( ! f\r %ells--7,a7 #j4jb1 7,b7 #j4jf1 7,c7 #j4b1 7,d7 #j4bb2 equatorial axes ( !m--7,a7 #j4jb1 7,b7 #j4jf1 7,c7 #j4ac1 7,d7 #j4ae2 pores ( ! f\r %ells--7,a7 #j4jjb1 7,b7 #j4jjd1 7,c7 #j4jjh1 7,d7 #j4jb2 b>s #j4jja to #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4a1 basal bread? #j4je4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cce1 dep? #adbe fa?oms4 ,subg5us #b4 ,c>yatractus1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,%ell compos$ ( two m$ull>y %ells & ?ree or m cortical %ells4 #d4 ,cromyatractus cepicius1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ae1 fig4 #c74 ,c>yo/ylus cepicius1 ,haeckel1 #ahgi1 ,atlas 7pl4 xv4 fig4 #c74 ,c>yodoras cepicius1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #ded4 ,proportion ( ! ma9 axes ( ! five conc5tric %ells ab\t #a 3 #b 3 #e 3 #g 3 #h4 ,network ( bo? sph]ical m$ull>y %ells regul>1 ) small circul> pores1 ab\t z broad z ! b>s4 ,network ( ! ?ree ellipsoidal cortical %ells irregul>1 ) l>ge polygonal me%es1 five to t5 times z broad z ! ?9 b>s4 ,surface ( ! out]mo/ %ell smoo?4 ,pol> sp9es cyl9drical1 ?orny1 ab\t z ?ick z ! inn]mo/ %ell & z long z ! out]mo/ %ell1 aga9/ ! apex ) a sp9dle-l intumesc5ce1 =m$ by delicate spongy framework 7fig4 #c74 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axes ( ! five conc5tric %ells--7,a7 #j4jc1 7,b7 #j4je1 7,c7 #j4af1 7,d7 #j4b1 7,e7 #j4be2 equatorial axes ( !m--7,a7 #j4jc1 7,b7 #j4je1 7,c7 #j4ab1 7,d7 #j4af1 7,e7 #j4b2 pores ( ! two m$ull>y %ells #j4jjb to #j4jjd1 ( ! ?ree cortical %ells #j4jb to #j4jd1 b>s #j4jjb2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4c1 bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #e4 ,cromyatractus cep>ius1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ae1 fig4 #d74 ,c>yo/ylus cep>ius1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus et ,atlas 7pl4 xv4 fig4 #d74 ,proportion ( ! ma9 axes ( ! six conc5tric %ells ab\t #a 3 #b 3 #g 3 #aj 3 #ac 3 #ah4 ,network ( ! ?ree inn] %ells regul>1 ) small1 circul> pores1 :i* are ab\t z broad z ! b>s & 9 ! ?ird %ell hexagonally fram$4 ,network ( ! ?ree out] %ells irregul>1 ) l>ge polygonal me%es1 six to twelve times z broad z ! b>s4 ,surface smoo?4 ,pol> sp9es /rong1 sp9dle-%ap$1 ?orny1 outside ( ! six? %ell ab\t z long z inside ( x2 broad] ?an #ccg! inn]mo/ %ell2 ! ?orns ( _! out] free "p 7aris+ at equal di/ances7 repres5t p]haps ! beg9n+s ( ?ree to f\r fur!r %ells4 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axes ( ! six conc5tric %ells--7,a7 #j4jb1 7,b7 #j4je1 7,c7 #j4ad1 7,d7 #j4b1 7,e7 #j4bf1 7,f7 #j4cg2 equatorial axes--7,a7 #j4jb1 7,b7 #j4je1 7,c7 #j4ji1 7,d7 #j4ae1 7,e7 #j4ba1 7,f7 #j4c2 pores ( ! ?ree inn] %ells #j4jjc to #j4jjf1 ( ! ?ree out] %ells #j4jb to #j4jd1 b>s #j4jjc to #j4jje2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es1 f ! base ( ! inn]mo/ %ell to ! apex1 #j4ce1 greate/ bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bhe1 dep? #bcge fa?oms4 ,g5us #adb4 ,pipetta1#aha n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,druppulida ) simple ellipsoidal cortical %ell & simple m$ull>y %ell1 ) two holl[ f5e/rat$ tubes opposite on bo? poles ( ! ma9 axis4 ,! g5us ,pipetta diff]s f ,pipettella 7p4 #cjd7 9 ! possession ( an inn] 7m$ull>y7 %ell2 x exhibits ! same tubul> prolongations ( ! cortical %ell at bo? poles ( ! ma9 axis4 #a4 ,pipetta fusus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ci1 figs4 #h1 #h;a74 ,cortical %ell sp9dle-%ap$1 ! middle ellipsoidal "p g5tly pass+ ov] on bo? poles into ! conical tubes1 :i* atta9 ab\t ! same l5g?4 ,network regul>1 ) circul>1 hexagonally-fram$ pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s1 sixte5 to eighte5 on ! half equator4 ,9 ! middle "p ( ! %ell ! pores arise f _! hexagonal bases 9 ! =m ( %ort conical funnels2 on bo? tubes !y are mu* small] & simple1 )\t frame4 ,m$ull>y %ell 7fig4 #h;a7 sph]ical1 sc>cely "o-?ird z broad z ! cortical1 ) regul>1 circul> pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s1 eight to n9e on ! half equator4 ,! two %ells are connect$ only by two opposite beams1 ly+ 9 ! equatorial axis & ramifi$ at ! di/al ins]tion 7fig4 #h;a74 ,dim5sions4--,middle ellipsoidal "p ( ! cortical %ell #j4ac to #j4ae2 pol> tubes #j4ae long1 #j4jf broad at ! base2 pores ( ! =m] #j4ja1 b>s #j4jje2 pores ( ! tubes #j4jf1 b>s #j4jjc4 ,m$ull>y %ell #j4jd1 pores #j4jjd1 b>s #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #b4 ,pipetta tuba1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #g74 ,cortical %ell ne>ly sph]ical 9 ! middle "p1 :i* is %>ply sep>at$ at bo? poles f ! long1 ne>ly cyl9drical tubes2 ^! are long] ?an ! ma9 axis1 at ! di/al end op5 7always brok5 (f74 ,network regul>1 ) circul>1 hexagonally-fram$ pores1 ( ! same bread? z ! b>s1 eighte5 to tw5ty on ! half equator4 ,! pores ( ! pol> tubes are ( ! same %ape1 only mu* small]1 & arrang$ 9 sixte5 to eighte5 longitud9al r[s4 ,m$ull>y %ell #cchsph]ical1 ab\t "o-?ird z broad z ! cortical1 ) simple circul> pores4 ,! connection betwe5 ! two %ells is only made by two simple opposite beams1 ly+ 9 ! equatorial axis4 ,dim5sions4--,middle sph]oidal "p ( ! cortical %ell #j4ad to #j4af2 pol> tubes #j4ae to #j4b or long]1 #j4jc broad2 pores & b>s ( ! =m] #j4jjg1 ( ! latt] #j4jjc4 ,m$ull>y %ell #j4jd1 pores #j4jjf1 b>s #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,we/]n ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbe1 dep? #ddge fa?oms4 #c4 ,pipetta salp9x1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ellipsoidal1 %>ply sep>at$ f ! cyl9drical pol> tubes1 :i* rea* ab\t ! same l5g? 7or m74 ,network regul>1 ) circul> pores1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s1 )\t hexagonal frames1 f\rte5 to fifte5 on ! half equator4 ,pores ( ! pol> tubes small]1 arrang$ 9 eight to t5 longitud9al r[s4 ,m$ull>y %ell sph]ical1 "o-f\r? z broad z ! cortical1 connect$ ) x by a circle ( f\r to six radial beams1 ly+ 9 ! equatorial plane4 ,diff]s f ,pipettella prismatica 7,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #f7 9 ! possession ( a m$ull>y %ell & ! abs5ce ( ! tube edges4 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis ( ! ellipsoid #j4ad1 equatorial axis #j4ab1 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! tubes #j4ae or m1 bread? #j4jc4 ,m$ull>y %ell #j4jc1 pores #j4jjb1 b>s #j4jja4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ations #bfe to #bfh1 dep? #bgjj to #bijj fa?oms4 #d4 ,pipetta conus1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell sp9dle-%ap$1 ! middle ellipsoidal "p g5tly pass+ ov] at bo? poles into ! conical tubes1 :i* atta9 only half its l5g?4 ,network irregul>1 ) r\ndi% or subcircul> pores1 twice to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s1 twelve to sixte5 on ! half equator4 ,m$ull>y %ell sph]ical1 "o-f\r? z broad z ! cortical4 7,diff]s f ! =ego+ species 9 ! %ort conical tubes & ! irregul> reticulation47 ,dim5sions4--,middle "p ( ! cortical %ell #j4af long1 #j4ac broad2 tubes #j4ji long1 #j4je on ! base broad2 pores #j4jje to #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjc4 ,m$ull>y %ell #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bda1 dep? #bcjj fa?oms4 ,g5us #adc4 ,pipett>ia1#ahb n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,druppulida ) simple ellipsoidal cortical %ell & d\ble m$ull>y %ell1 ) two holl[ f5e/rat$ tubes opposite on bo? poles ( ! ma9 axis4 ,! g5us ,pipett>ia diff]s f ! =ego+ ,pipetta only 9 ! duplication ( ! m$ull>y %ell2 z 9 ?is1 ! tubul> prolongations ( ! ma9 axis ( ! cortical %ell may be ei!r conical 7) clos$ apex7 or cyl9drical 7) apical op5+874 #ccia4 ,pipett>ia fus>ia1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell sp9dle-%ap$1 ! middle ellipsoidal "p g5tly pass+ ov] on bo? poles into ! conical tubes1 :i* atta9 ab\t half its l5g?4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 twice z broad z ! b>s1 sixte5 to eighte5 on ! half equator2 pores ( ! tubes small]4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells sph]oidal1 compress$4 7,! appe>ance ( ! cortical %ell resembles t ( ,cann>tiscus amphiconus1 ,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #ai1 b )\t ! equatorial con/riction47 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis ( ! ellipsoid #j4ae1 equatorial axis #j4ac2 l5g? ( ! pol> tubes #j4jh1 basal bread? #j4je2 pores ( ! =m] #j4jjh1 b>s #j4jjd2 diamet] ( ! m$ull>y %ells #j4jd & #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #cjj1 dep? #acge fa?oms4 #b4 ,pipett>ia tub>ia1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #ae74 ,cann>tidium tub>ium1 ,haeckel1 #ahhb1 ,atlas 7pl4 xxxix4 fig4 #ae74 ,cortical %ell ellipsoidal1 on bo? poles di/9ctly sep>at$ f ! %ort conical tubes1 ! l5g? & bread? ( :i* equal ! out] m$ull>y %ell4 ,9 ! equatorial plane arises a circle ( f\r to six %ort conical protub]ances1 simil> to ! pol> tubes4 ,pores subregul>1 circul>1 or r\ndi%1 sc>cely broad] ?an ! b>s1 sixte5 to tw5ty on ! half equator4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells sph]oidal1 some:at compress$ 9 ! direction ( ! two poles 7z 9 fig4 #ah;a74 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis ( ! ellipsoid #j4ab1 equatorial axis #j4ji2 pores #j4jje1 b>s #j4jjd2 size ( ! equatorial protub]ances & ( ! pol> tubes #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfe1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 ,family ,,xiii4 ,,spongurida1 ,haeckel 7,pl4 #dh1 figs4 #f1 #g74 ,spongurida1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ddg 7s5su em5dato74 ,def9ition4--,prunoidea ) spongy ellipsoidal or cyl9drical %ell1 compos$ :olly or p>tially ( a spongy framework1 )\t equatorial /ricture1 ) or )\t an enclos$ m$ull>y %ell4 ,! family ,spongurida comprises1 9 ! s5se "h re/rict$1 all ^? ,prunoidea 9 :i* ! ellipsoidal or cyl9drical %ell is compos$ :olly or p>tially ( an irregul> silice\s framework1 n ( simple lattice-"w4 ,x conta9s two subfamilies1 diff]+ 9 ! abs5ce or pres5ce ( a lattic$ m$ull>y %ell 9 ! middle ( ! c5tral capsule2 9 ! ,spongellipsida x is abs5t1 9 ! ,spongodruppida pres5t2 ! =m] are mo/ ne>ly relat$ to ! ,ellipsida1 ! latt] to ! ,druppulida1 ! diff]5ce consi/+ only 9 ! spongy /ructure ( ! cortical %ell4 ,9 my ,monograph 7#ahfb1 p4 #ddg7 ! family ,spongurida _h a mu* wid] ext5t1 compris+ also a numb] ( ,sphroidea & ,discoidea1 agree+ 9 ! spongy #cdj/ructure ( ! %ell4 ,"h we re/rict ! def9ition to ^? spongy ,sphrell>ia 9 :i* ! c5tral capsule & ! enclos+ spongy cortical %ell are ellipsoidal or cyl9drical1 !re=e ea* transv]se section is a circle1 & ea* m]idional section an ellipse1 z 9 all ,prunoidea4 ,! ,cortical ,%ell 9 all ,spongurida is compos$ ( a delicate framework ( irregul>ly bran*$ & int]wov5 silice\s ?reads2 commonly ?is spongy /ructure is r d5se or compact1 b sometimes also v loose4 ,9 ! simple/ =m1 ,spongellipsis1 ! spongy cortical %ell conta9s a l>ge cavity1 9 :i* lies freely ! c5tral capsule4 ,9 ,spongurus ?is cavity is completely di/5d$ by a spongy framework4 ,9 ?is case ! solid spongy %ell becomes (t5 prolong$1 & its orig9al ellipsoidal =m passes ov] into a cyl9drical "o 7z 9 _m ,zyg>tida74 ,sometimes 7p>ticul>ly 9 ,spongocore1 ,pl4 #dh1 fig4 #f7 ! cyl9d] becomes ?ree-jo9t$ by two m or less di/9ct annul> con/rictions4 ,spongocore is di/+ui%$ by an out] veil1 a ?9 lattice-lamella1 :i* envelops ! spongy %ell & is connect$ ) x by radial beams4 ,! ,m$ull>y ,%ell1 abs5t 9 ! ,spongellipsida1 is con/ant 9 ! second subfamily ,spongodruppida4 ,x is ei!r a simple lattic$ %ell 7,spongodruppa7 or d\ble1 compos$ ( two conc5tric lattic$ %ells 7,spongoliva72 its =m is ei!r sph]ical or ellipsoidal4 ,x lies 9 ! middle ( ! c5tral capsule1 & is connect$ by radial beams 7p]=at+ ! membrane ( ! latt]7 ) ! envelop+ spongy cortical %ell4 ,9 _m ,spongurida ! surface ( ! %ell is arm$ ) radial sp9es1 & 9 "s g5]a 7,spongoprunum1 ,spongatractus1 c41 ,pl4 #ag1 fig4 #ab71 on bo? poles ( ! ma9 axis1 are develop$ two /rong opposite pol> sp9es1 z 9 _m o!r ,prunoidea4 ,! ,c5tral ,capsule ( ! ,spongurida is ei!r ellipsoidal or cyl9drical4 ,only 9 ,spongellipsis x lies freely 9 ! int]nal cavity ( ! spongy %ell4 ,9 all o!r g5]a x is p]=at$ by a "p ( ! skeleton2 9 ! ,spongodruppida x conta9s ! simple or d\ble m$ull>y %ell1 & ! radial beams :i* p]=ate its membrane & connect ! latt] ) ! ext]nal spongy cortical %ell4 ,9 ,spongurus & ! alli$ g5]a 7,spongocore1 ,spongoprunum7 ! :ole c5tral capsule is fill$ ) a spongy framework :i* also envelops its surface4 #cda,synopsis ( ! ,g5]a ( ,spongurida4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,i4 ,subfamily ,spongellipsida4 7,ellipsoidal %ell compos$ only ( a spongy framework )\t a lattic$ m$ull>y %ell 9 ! c5tre47 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,spongy %ell ,no pol> sp9es1 #add4 ,spongellipsis4 ) int]nal cavity4 ,)\t lattice ,spongy %ell mantle4 ,no pol> solid1 )\t sp9es1 #ade4 ,spongurus4 int]nal cavity4 ,) lattice mantle4 ,no pol> sp9es1 #adf4 ,spongocore4 ,)\t lattice mantle4 ,two opposite sp9es on ! poles ( ! axis1 #adg4 ,spongoprunum ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,ii4 ,subfamily ,spongodruppida4 7,ellipsoidal %ell compos$ ( an out] spongy cortical %ell & an inn] lattic$ m$ull>y %ell47 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,m$ull>y %ell ,no pol> sp9es1 #adh4 ,spongodruppa4 simple4 ,two opposite sp9es on ! poles ( ! axis1 #adi4 ,spongatractus4 ,m$ull>y %ell ,no pol> sp9es1 #aej4 ,spongoliva4 d\ble4 ,two opposite sp9es on ! poles ( ! axis1 #aea4 ,spongoxiphus4 ,subfamily #a4 ,,spongellipsida1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,spongurida ) a spongy ellipsoidal or cyl9drical %ell1 )\t an int]nal lattic$ m$ull>y %ell4 ,g5us #add4 ,spongellipsis1#ahc n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,spongurida ) an ellipsoidal or cyl9drical spongy %ell1 conta9+ an int]nal cavity1 )\t a lattic$ m$ull>y %ell4 ,pol> sp9es abs5t4 ,! g5us ,spongellipsis embraces ^? v simple ,spongurida 9 :i* ! ellipsoidal c5tral capsule is enclos$ 9 a spongy cortical %ell ( ! same =m4 ,x corresponds1 !re=e1 to ,plegmosphra among ! ,sphroidea1 to ,plegmodiscus among ! ,discoidea1 & to ,spongol>cus among ! ,l>coidea4 ,9 "s species ! ellipsoidal =m is prolong$ & passes into a cyl9drical "o4 ,subg5us #a4 ,spongellips>ium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! %ell smoo? or r\gh1 )\t radial sp9es4 #cdba4 ,spongellipsis lvis1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ellipsoidal1 ) smoo? surface1 its spongy wall sc>cely "o-t5? z ?ick z ! m9or axis ( ! inn] cavity4 ,spongy framework v compact1 ) small me%es1 ?ree to six times z broad z ! b>s4 ,proportion ( ! major axis to ! m9or #c 3 #b4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis 7or l5g?7 ( ! %ell #j4cf1 m9or axis 7or bread?7 #j4bd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfe1 surface4 #b4 ,spongellipsis asp]a1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ellipsoidal1 ) r\gh surface1 its spongy wall ne>ly half z ?ick z ! m9or axis ( ! inn] cavity4 ,spongy framework v loose1 ) l>ge me%es1 t5 to tw5ty times z broad z ! b>s4 ,proportion ( ! major axis to ! m9or #d 3 #c4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell #j4bd1 bread? #j4ah4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bec1 surface4 #c4 ,spongellipsis aplys9a1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ne>ly cyl9drical1 ) r\gh surface1 its spongy wall ab\t "o-f\r? z ?ick z ! m9or axis ( ! int]nal cavity4 ,spongy framework loose1 ) l>ge me%es1 f\r to eight times z broad z ! b>s4 ,proportion ( bo? axes #f 3 #a4 7,simil> to a spongy cyl9d] ( ,aplys9a47 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell #j4c1 bread? #j4je4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #fd1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,spongellipsidium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! %ell cov]$ ) radial sp9es4 #d4 ,spongellipsis setosa1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ellipsoidal1 cov]$ ) num]\s 7sixty to eighty7 ?91 bri/le-%ap$1 radial sp9es1 ab\t half z long z ! major axis4 ,spongy framework loose1 ) l>ge me%es1 t5 to tw5ty times z broad z ! b>s4 ,m9or axis ( ! inn] cavity twice z long z ! ?ickness ( ! spongy wall4 ,proportion ( bo? axes #e 3 #c4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell #j4b1 bread? #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cbe1 surface4 #e4 ,spongellipsis sp9osa1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ne>ly cyl9drical1 cov]$ ) num]\s ?orns & ?irty to =ty l>g] conical radial sp9es1 some:at long] ?an ! major axis4 ,spongy framework compact1 ) small me%es1 f\r #cdcto eight times z broad z ! b>s4 ,m9or axis ( ! inn] cavity ab\t six times z l>ge z ! ?ickness ( ! spongy wall4 ,proportion ( bo? axes #d 3 #a4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell #j4bd1 bread? #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #cjj1 surface4 ,g5us #ade4 ,spongurus1#ahd ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dfe4 ,def9ition4--,spongurida ) ellipsoidal or cyl9drical 7sometimes ?ree-jo9t$7 %ell1 ( solid spongy framework1 )\t int]nal cavity & )\t lattic$ m$ull>y %ell4 ,pol> sp9es & out] lattice-mantle abs5t4 ,! g5us ,spongurus 0 f\nd$ by me 9 #ahfb = ! common cosmopolitan ,spongurus cyl9dricus1 a massive spongy cyl9d] ) radial sp9es4 ,i enl>ge "h ! conception ( ! g5us1 9 receiv+ also ellipsoidal1 massive spongy ,prunoidea1 ) or )\t radial sp9es4 ,sometimes ! cyl9drical %ell is m or less di/9ctly ?ree-jo9t$1 ) two annul> /rictures1 z also 9 ! foll[+ & ne>ly alli$ g5us4 ,subg5us #a4 ,sponguran?a1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,spongy framework ev]y:]e ( ! same /ructure2 surface smoo? or r\gh1 b )\t radial sp9es4 #a4 ,spongurus /up>ius1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ellipsoidal1 "o & a half times z long z broad1 ) ne>ly smoo? surface4 ,spongy framework ev]y:]e ( equal /ructure1 ) small me%es1 f\r to six times z broad z ! b>s4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell 7or major axis7 #j4b1 bread? ( x 7or m9or axis7 #j4ad4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bie1 dep? #aejj fa?oms4 #b4 ,spongurus /ypticus1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ellipsoidal1 twice z long z broad1 ) ?orny surface4 ,spongy framework ev]y:]e ( equal /ructure1 ) l>ge me%es1 t5 to tw5ty times z broad z ! b>s4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell #j4c1 bread? #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgd1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #c4 ,spongurus phalanga1 ,haeckel4 ,spongurus cyl9dricus1 ,/hr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #aai1 ,taf4 vii4 fig4 #c4 ,%ell ne>ly cyl9drical1 five times z long z broad1 ) ?orny surface4 ,spongy framework compact1 ev]y:]e ( equal /ructure1 ) small me%es1 sc>cely broad] ?an ! b>s4 #cdd;,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell #j4bd1 bread? #j4je4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bfjj fa?oms2 fossil 9 ! ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,sicily1 ,/hr4 ,subg5us #b4 ,spongurella1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,spongy framework ev]y:]e ( ! same /ructure2 surface arm$ ) radial sp9es4 #d4 ,spongurus asp]1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma asp]um1 ,joh4 ,mll]1 #aheh1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #dj1 ,taf4 ii4 fig4 #b4 ,haliomma asp]um1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dca4 ,%ell ellipsoidal1 "o & a ?ird times z long z broad1 ) ?orny surface & tw5ty symmetrically dispos$1 ?91 bri/le-%ap$1 radial sp9es1 ab\t z long z ! %ell4 ,spongy framework ev]y:]e ( ! same /ructure1 v compact1 ) small me%es1 ?ree to f\r times z broad z ! b>s4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell #j4aa1 bread? #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean1 ,ligurian coa/ 7,j4 ,mll]71 ,port(9o 7,haeckel74 #e4 ,spongurus cyl9dricus1 ,haeckel4 ,spongurus cyl9dricus1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dfe1 ,taf4 xxvii4 fig4 #a4 ,%ell cyl9drical1 f\r to five times z long z broad1 ) ne>ly smoo? surface1 & tw5ty to ?irty ?91 bri/le-%ap$1 radial sp9es1 ab\t half z long z ! %ell4 ,spongy framework ev]y:]e ( ! same /ructure1 v compact1 ) small me%es1 sc>cely broad] ?an ! b>s4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell #j4b1 bread? #j4jd to #j4je4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,m$it]ranean1 ,atlantic1 & ,pacific1 surface4 #f4 ,spongurus tricolus1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ne>ly cyl9drical1 ) two slight annul> transv]se /rictures2 its middle "p is some:at broad]4 ,surface ?orny1 ) num]\s 7=ty to sixty or m7 %ort1 ?91 radial sp9es1 n long] ?an ! bread? ( ! %ell4 ,spongy framework ev]y:]e ( ! same /ructure1 compact1 ) small me%es1 twice to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell #j4bd1 bread? #j4jd to #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgb1 #bfjj fa?oms4 ,subg5us #c4 ,sponguroma1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,spongy framework 9 ! inn] "p ( ! %ell v compact1 9 ! out] "p v loose2 surface arm$ ) radial sp9es4 #cdeg4 ,spongurus radians1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ellipsoidal1 "o & a half times z long z broad1 ) ?orny surface1 & eighty to "o hundr$ & tw5ty 7or m7 ?91 bri/le-%ap$1 radial sp9es1 some:at long] ?an ! %ell4 ,spongy framework 9 ! inn] "p v compact1 9 ! out] "p v loose1 ) a gradual transition betwe5 ! two p>ts4 ,me%es 9 ! c5tral "p n broad] ?an ! b>s1 9 ! sup]ficial "p t5 to tw5ty times z broad4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell #j4bd1 bread? #j4af4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean1 ,port(9o1 ne> ,g5oa1 ,haeckel1 surface4 #h4 ,spongurus sponge*9us1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ellipsoidal1 "o & a ?ird times z long z broad1 ) ?orny surface1 & ?irty to =ty ?ick1 conical radial sp9es1 ab\t half z long z ! %ell4 ,spongy framework 9 ! inn] "p ( ! %ell compact1 9 ! out] loose1 ) a gradual transition betwe5 ! two p>ts4 ,me%es 9 ! c5tral "p small] ?an ! b>s1 9 ! sup]ficial "p f\r to eight times z broad4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell #j4ah1 bread? #j4ad4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cec1 surface4 ,g5us #adf4 ,spongocore1#ahe n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,spongurida ) ellipsoidal or cyl9drical 7sometimes ?ree-jo9t$7 %ell ( solid spongy framework1 )\t int]nal cavity & )\t lattic$ m$ull>y %ell4 ,pol> sp9es abs5t4 ,an out] lattice-mantle is connect$ ) ! spongy %ell by radial beams4 ,! g5us ,spongocore conta9s "s widely di/ribut$ ,spongurida1 :i* are di/+ui%$ f ! ne>ly relat$ ,spongurus by ! developm5t ( a peculi> veil or mantle ( delicate lattice-"w1 :i* envelops ei!r ! :ole %ell or only ! middle "p ( x1 & is connect$ ) x by num]\s radial beams4 ,! di/ance ( ! simple f9e lattice-lamella f ! spongy %ell is ev]y:]e ! same4 ,(t5 ! cyl9drical %ell is ?ree-jo9t$1 ) two annul> /rictures1 z also 9 ! =ego+ ,spongurus4 ,x is d]iv$ f ! latt] by developm5t ( ! veil connect+ ! po9ts ( ! radial sp9es4 ,subg5us #a4 ,spongocor9a1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,%ell )\t di/9ct annul> /rictures1 n evid5tly ?ree-jo9t$4 #cdfa4 ,spongocore velata1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ellipsoidal1 "o & a half times z long z broad1 )\t annul> /rictures4 ,spongy framework loose1 ) r l>ge me%es1 f\r to six times z broad z ! b>s4 ,! :ole spongy %ell envelop$ by a delicate veil ) smoo? surface1 connect$ ) x by num]\s ?9 radial beams4 ,bread? ( ! spongy ellipsoid 7or m9or axis7 six times z l>ge z its di/ance f ! veil4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! :ole %ell 7) veil7 #j4c1 bread? #j4b2 di/ance ( ! veil f ! spongy ellipsoid #j4jce4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cbe1 surface4 #b4 ,spongocore diplocyl9drica1 n4 sp4 ,%ell cyl9drical1 ?ree times z long z broad1 )\t annul> /rictures4 ,spongy framework compact1 ) small me%es1 twice to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s4 ,! :ole surface ( ! spongy cyl9d]1 ) exception ( bo? r\nd$ pol> faces1 envelop$ by a delicate cyl9drical veil ) smoo? surface1 connect$ ) x by num]\s radial beams4 ,diamet] ( ! spongy cyl9d] twice z l>ge z its di/ance f ! veil4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell #j4c1 bread? 7) veil7 #j4a2 di/ance ( ! veil #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #cjb1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,spongocorisca1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,%ell di/9ctly ?ree-jo9t$1 ) two transv]se annul> /rictures4 #c4 ,spongocore *rysalis1 n4 sp4 ,spongy %ell cyl9drical1 )\t ! veil six times z long z broad1 ?ree-jo9t$1 ) two annul> /rictures2 all ?ree jo9ts ( ! same l5g?4 ,! :ole spongy %ell envelop$ by a ?9 veil ) ?orny surface1 connect$ ) x by num]\s radial beams4 ,bread? ( ! spongy cyl9d] ?ree times z l>ge z its di/ance f ! veil4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell 7) veil7 #j4d1 bread? #j4a2 di/ance ( ! veil f ! spongy %ell #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic 7(f ,patagonia71 ,/ation #cah1 surface4 #d4 ,spongocore c9cta1 n4 sp4 ,spongy %ell cyl9drical1 )\t ! veil f\r times z long z broad1 ?ree-jo9t$1 ) two annul> /rictures2 all ?ree jo9ts ( ! same l5g?4 ,only ! middle jo9t envelop$ by a ?9 veil ) smoo? surface1 connect$ ) x by radial beams4 ,bo? t]m9al jo9ts ) long1 #cdg;bri/le-%ap$1 radial sp9es4 ,bread? ( ! spongy cyl9d] twice z l>ge z its di/ance f ! veil4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell #j4bd1 bread? 7) veil7 #j4ab2 di/ance ( ! veil #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,madagasc>1 ,rabbe1 surface4 #e4 ,spongocore pupula1 n4 sp4 ,spongy %ell cyl9drical1 )\t ! veil six times z long z broad1 ?ree-jo9t$1 ) two annul> /rictures2 ! middle jo9t half z long z ei!r t]m9al jo9t4 ,only ! middle jo9t envelop$ by a ?9 veil ) sp9y surface1 connect$ ) x by tw5ty to ?irty radial beams1 :i* are prolong$ on ! outside into %ort radial sp9es4 ,bread? ( ! spongy cyl9d] ab\t equal to its di/ance f ! veil4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell #j4b1 bread? 7) veil7 #j4a2 di/ance ( ! veil #j4jcc4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdd1 surface4 #f4 ,spongocore puella1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dh1 fig4 #f74 ,spongy %ell cyl9drical1 )\t ! veil five times z long z broad1 ?ree-jo9t$1 ) two annul> /rictures2 ! middle jo9t twice z long z ei!r t]m9al jo9t4 ,only ! middle jo9t envelop$ by a ?9 veil ) delicate lattice-"w & smoo? surface2 bo? t]m9al jo9ts arm$ ) num]\s ?91 bri/le-%ap$1 radial sp9es4 ,bread? ( ! spongy cyl9d] twice z l>ge z ! di/ance f ! veil4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell #j4be to #j4c1 bread? 7) veil7 #j4a to #j4ab2 di/ance ( ! veil #j4jbh to #j4jcb4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ations #bie to #cjd1 surface4 ,g5us #adg4 ,spongoprunum1#ahf n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,spongurida ) ellipsoidal or cyl9drical %ell ( solid spongy framework1 )\t int]nal cavity & )\t lattic$ m$ull>y %ell4 ,on ! poles ( ! axis occur two opposite /rong sp9es4 ,! g5us ,spongoprunum diff]s f ! mo/ ne>ly alli$ ,spongurus by ! possession ( two /rong solid sp9es1 ly+ 9 ! axis ( ! ellipsoidal or cyl9drical massive spongy %ell1 on its two opposite poles4 ,spongoprunum be>s !re=e ! same relation to ,spongurus t ,ellipsoxiphus does to ,c5ellipsis4 #a4 ,spongoprunum amphilon*e1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dh1 fig4 #g74 ,%ell ellipsoidal1 two & a ?ird times z long z broad1 ) ne>ly smoo? surface4 ,spongy framework v compact1 9 ! :ole solid %ell ( ! same /ructure1 ) v small me%es1 #cdhsc>cely broad] ?an ! b>s4 ,two pol> sp9es conical1 v /rong1 ab\t half z long z ! ma9 axis ( ! %ell & ?ree times z long z broad4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell 7)\t sp9es7 #j4b1 bread? #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfe1 dep? #bijj fa?oms2 fossil 9 ! rocks ( ,b>bados4 #b4 ,spongoprunum atractus1 n4 sp4 ,%ell sp9dle-%ap$1 twice z long z broad1 ) ?orny surface4 ,spongy framework loose1 9 ! :ole %ell ( ! same /ructure1 ) l>ge me%es1 eight to twelve times z broad z ! b>s4 ,two pol> sp9es angul>1 pyramidal1 v /rong1 ab\t "o-?ird z long z ! %ell1 & twice z long z broad4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell #j4b1 bread? #j4aa4 ,habitat4--,we/]n ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbe1 dep? #ddge fa?oms4 #c4 ,spongoprunum amphicyl9drus1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ne>ly cyl9drical1 f\r times z long z broad1 ) r\gh surface4 ,spongy framework compact1 9 ! :ole %ell ( equal /ructure1 ) small me%es1 twice to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s4 ,two pol> sp9es cyl9drical1 v l>ge1 long] ?an ! %ell1 & ab\t "o-f\r? z ?ick z its diamet]4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell #j4b1 bread? #j4je4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccc1 surface4 ,subfamily ,,spongodruppida1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,spongurida ) lattic$ m$ull>y %ell1 enclos$ by a spongy cortical %ell4 ,g5us #adh4 ,spongodruppa1#ahg n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,spongurida ) spongy ellipsoidal cortical %ell1 enclos+ a simple1 sph]ical or ellipsoidal1 lattic$ m$ull>y %ell4 ,pol> sp9es abs5t4 ,! g5us ,spongodruppa op5s ! s]ies ( ,spongodruppida1 or ( ^? ,spongurida 9 :i* ! ellipsoidal spongy cortical %ell encloses a simple or d\ble1 lattic$1 m$ull>y %ell4 ,9 ,spongodruppa1 ! simple/ & probably ! ance/ral =m ( ?is subfamily1 ! m$ull>y %ell is simple & ! pol> sp9es abs5t4 ,x may be d]iv$ f ,druppula by a spongy ?ick5+ ( ! simple lattic$ cortical %ell4 #cdi,subg5us #a4 ,spongodruppula1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! %ell smoo? or r\gh1 )\t radial sp9es4 #a4 ,spongodruppa t]eb9?a1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell "o & a ?ird times z long z broad1 ) smoo? surface1 ?ree times z broad z ! sph]ical m$ull>y %ell4 ,spongy framework v compact1 ) small me%es ( ! same bread? z ! b>s4 ,?ickness ( ! spongy wall equal to ! radius ( ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell 7or major axis ( ! ellipsoid7 #j4af1 bread? 7or m9or axis7 #j4ab2 ?ickness ( its wall #j4jb2 m$ull>y %ell #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,we/]n ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbe1 dep? #ddge fa?oms4 #b4 ,spongodruppa pi/acia1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell "o & a half times z long z broad1 ) ?orny surface1 ne>ly five times z broad z ! sph]ical m$ull>y %ell4 ,spongy framework compact1 its ?ickness equal to ! diamet] ( ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4b1 bread? #j4ad2 ?ickness ( its wall #j4jc2 m$ull>y %ell #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! rocks ( ,b>bados4 #c4 ,spongodruppa l5tisca1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell twice z long z broad1 ) r\gh surface1 f\r times z l>ge z ! ellipsoidal m$ull>y %ell4 ,spongy framework loose1 ) l>ge me%es1 its ?ickness equal to ! l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4be1 bread? #j4ac2 ?ickness ( its wall #j4jf2 l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jf1 bread? #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bff1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,spongodruppium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! %ell arm$ ) radial sp9es4 #d4 ,spongodruppa frangula1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell "o & a ?ird times z long z broad1 ?ree times z broad z ! sph]ical m$ull>y %ell4 ,spongy framework loose1 ) l>ge me%es1 its ?ickness half z l>ge z ! diamet] ( ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,surface cov]$ ) num]\s 7=ty to fifty7 ?91 bri/le-%ap$1 radial sp9es1 ab\t z long z ! cortical %ell4 #cej;,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4bd1 bread? #j4ah2 ?ickness ( its wall #j4jce2 diamet] ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdd1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #e4 ,spongodruppa elliptica1 ,haeckel4 ,acan?osphra elliptica1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahgb1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #bhe1 ,taf4 vii4 fig4 #d4 ,cortical %ell ne>ly twice z long z broad1 f\r times z broad z ! ellipsoidal m$ull>y %ell4 ,spongy framework compact1 ) small me%es4 ,surface cov]$ ) v num]\s %ort radial sp9es1 ab\t z long z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4b1 bread? #j4aa2 l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jd1 bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,philipp9e ,sea1 ,ehr5b]g1 ,/ation #bjf1 dep? #bajj fa?oms4 #f4 ,spongodruppa polyacan?a1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma polyacan?um1 ,j4 ,mll]1 #aheh1 ,abh&l41 p4 #cf1 ,taf4 i4 figs4 #aj1 #aa4 ,haliomma polyacan?um1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dcj4 ,cortical %ell "o & a ?ird times z long z broad1 twice z broad z ! ellipsoidal m$ull>y %ell4 ,spongy framework loose on ! surface1 ) l>ge regul> me%es4 ,surface cov]$ ) fifte5 to tw5ty ?ick1 conical sp9es1 ab\t z long z ! radius ( ! %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4ab1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4ji2 diamet] ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je to #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7s\? coa/ ( ,france72 ,atlantic 7,can>y ,isl&s71 ,/ation #ced1 surface4 ,g5us #adi4 ,spongatractus1#ahh n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,spongurida ) spongy ellipsoidal cortical %ell1 enclos+ a simple1 sph]ical or ellipsoidal1 lattic$ m$ull>y %ell4 ,on ! poles ( ! axis occur two opposite /rong sp9es4 ,! g5us ,spongatractus diff]s f ,spongodruppa by developm5t ( two /rong sp9es 9 ! axis ( ! %ell1 on its two opposite poles2 !re=e x be>s ! same relation to ! latt] t ,li?atractus does to ,druppula1 & c be d]iv$ f ,li?atractus by a spongy ?ick5+ ( ! cortical %ell4 #a4 ,spongatractus pa*y/ylus1 ,haeckel4 ,spongosphra pa*y/yla1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahge1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #hb1 ,taf4 xxvi4 fig4 #c4 ,cortical %ell "o & a half times z long z broad1 ) r\gh surface4 ,spongy framework compact1 ) small me%es1 ab\t z ?ick z ! sph]ical m$ull>y %ell4 ,pol> sp9es v #cea/\t1 conical1 slightly sulcat$1 ab\t z long z ! bread? ( ! cortical %ell1 z broad at ! base z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4b1 bread? #j4ac2 ?ickness ( ! spongy wall #j4jde2 diamet] ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! rocks ( ,b>bados1 ,ehr5b]g2 liv+ 9 ! ,equatorial ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdh1 dep? 7#bdej7 fa?oms4 #b4 ,spongatractus fusi=mis1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell "o & a ?ird times z long z broad1 ) ne>ly smoo? surface4 ,spongy framework v compact1 ) v small me%es1 ab\t z ?ick z ! radius ( ! sph]ical m$ull>y %ell4 ,pol> sp9es v /rong1 ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 ab\t z long z ! bread? ( ! cortical %ell1 z broad at ! base z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4af to #j4ah1 bread? #j4ab to #j4ad2 ?ickness ( ! spongy wall #j4jb2 diamet] ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #c4 ,spongatractus /reptacan?us1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell twice z long z broad1 ) ?orny surface4 ,spongy framework loose1 ) l>ge me%es1 ab\t z ?ick z ! ellipsoidal m$ull>y %ell4 ,pol> sp9es v long1 ?ree-sid$ prismatic1 ) ?ree spirally contort$ edges1 mu* long] ?an ! cortical %ell1 half z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4be1 bread? #j4ac2 ?ickness ( ! spongy wall #j4jc2 diamet] ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jc to #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 (f ,can>y ,isl&s1 ,haeckel4 ,g5us #aej4 ,spongoliva1#ahi n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,spongurida ) spongy ellipsoidal cortical %ell1 enclos+ a d\ble1 sph]ical or ellipsoidal1 lattic$ m$ull>y %ell4 ,pol> sp9es abs5t4 ,! g5us ,spongoliva diff]s f ! ne>e/ ,spongodruppa by duplication ( ! m$ull>y %ell2 x be>s !re=e ! same relation to ?is t ,prunulum does to ,druppula1 & c be reg>d$ z a ,prunulum1 9 :i* ! simple lattic$ cortical %ell is replac$ by a spongy framework4 ,subg5us #a4 ,spongolivetta1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! %ell smoo? or r\gh1 )\t radial sp9es4 #ceba4 ,spongoliva c]as9a1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell "o & a f\r? times z long z broad1 ) smoo? surface1 f\r times z broad z ! out] sph]ical m$ull>y %ell4 ,spongy framework v compact1 ) v small me%es1 its ?ickness equal to ! diamet] ( ! out] m$ull>y %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4b1 bread? #j4af2 ?ickness ( its wall #j4jd2 diamet] ( ! out] m$ull>y %ell #j4jd1 ( ! inn] #j4jad4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! rocks ( ,b>bados4 #b4 ,spongoliva prunul9a1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell "o & a ?ird times z long z broad1 ) smoo? surface1 ?ree times z l>ge z ! out] ellipsoidal m$ull>y %ell4 ,spongy framework v compact1 ) small me%es1 its ?ickness equal to ! diamet] ( ! inn] m$ull>y %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4bd1 bread? #j4ah2 ?ickness ( its wall #j4jc2 size ( ! out] m$ull>y %ell #j4jh to #j4jf1 ( ! inn] #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfe1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #c4 ,spongoliva p]sic9a1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell "o & a half times z long z broad1 ) r\gh surface1 five to six times z l>ge z ! ellipsoidal out] m$ull>y %ell4 ,spongy framework loose1 ) l>ge me%es1 its ?ickness ab\t equal to ! out] m$ull>y %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4bf1 bread? #j4ah2 ?ickness ( its wall #j4jd2 size ( ! out] m$ull>y %ell #j4jde to #j4jce1 ( ! inn] #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,equatorial ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdh1 dep? 7#bdej7 fa?oms4 #d4 ,spongoliva amygdal9a1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell twice z long z broad1 ) ?orny surface1 t5 times z long z ! small sph]ical out] m$ull>y %ell4 ,spongy framework loose1 ) l>ge me%es1 its ?ickness "o & a half times z l>ge z ! out] m$ull>y %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4c1 bread? #j4af2 ?ickness ( its wall #j4jde2 size ( ! out] m$ull>y %ell #j4jc1 ( ! inn] #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,sicily 7,caltanisetta74 ,subg5us #b4 ,spongoliv9a1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! %ell arm$ ) radial sp9es4 #e4 ,spongoliva opunt9a1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell "o & a ?ird times z long z broad1 arm$ ) num]\s ?91 bri/le-%ap$1 radial sp9es1 ne>ly z long z ! %ell4 ,spongy framework loose1 ) l>ge me%es1 its ?ickness ne>ly equal to ! diamet] ( ! out] sph]ical m$ull>y %ell4 #cec;,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4ah1 bread? #j4ad2 ?ickness ( its wall #j4jce2 diamet] ( ! out] m$ull>y %ell #j4jd1 ( ! inn] #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cbe1 surface4 #f4 ,spongoliva datur9a1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell "o & a half times z long z broad1 arm$ ) num]\s1 ?ick & %ort1 conical radial sp9es1 ab\t z long z ! out] m$ull>y %ell4 ,spongy framework compact1 ) small me%es1 its ?ickness equal to half ! l5g? ( ! out] ellipsoidal m$ull>y %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4bd1 bread? #j4af2 ?ickness ( its wall #j4jbe2 diamet] ( ! out] m$ull>y %ell #j4jde to #j4jce1 ( ! inn] #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgb1 surface4 ,g5us #aea4 ,spongoxiphus1#aij n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,spongurida ) spongy ellipsoidal cortical %ell1 enclos+ a d\ble1 sph]ical or ellipsoidal1 lattic$ m$ull>y %ell4 ,on ! poles ( ! axis occur two opposite /rong sp9es4 ,! g5us ,spongoxiphus diff]s f ,spongoliva by ! developm5t ( two /rong sp9es 9 ! axis ( ! %ell1 on its two opposite poles4 ,f ! simil> ,spongatractus x diff]s 9 ! duplication ( ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,x may also be reg>d$ z a ,/ylatractus1 9 :i* ! simple lattic$ cortical %ell is replac$ by an irregul> spongy framework4 #a4 ,spongoxiphus sphrococcus1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell "o & a half times z long z broad1 ) ?orny surface4 ,spongy framework compact1 ) small me%es1 its ?ickness equal to ! radius ( ! out] m$ull>y %ell4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells sph]ical1 ! out] ?ree times z broad z ! inn]4 ,pol> sp9es v /\t1 conical1 slightly sulcat$1 ab\t half z long z ! cortical %ell1 z broad at ! base z ! out] m$ull>y %ell4 7,diff]s f ,spongatractus pa*y/ylus almo/ only 9 ! d\ble m$ull>y %ell47 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4ah1 bread? #j4ab2 ?ickness ( ! spongy wall #j4jbe2 diamet] ( ! out] m$ull>y %ell #j4je1 ( ! inn] #j4jaf4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! rocks ( ,b>bados 7,haeckel72 also liv+ 9 ! ,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfe1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #cedb4 ,spongoxiphus prunococcus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ag1 figs4 #ab1 #ac74 ,spongo/ylus prunococcus1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dee1 et ,atlas1 pl4 xvii4 figs4 #ab1 #ac4 ,cortical %ell "o & a ?ird times z long z broad1 ) smoo? surface4 ,spongy framework v compact1 ) v small me%es1 its ?ickness ab\t equals ! bread? ( ! out] m$ull>y %ell4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells ellipsoidal1 ! out] ?ree times z l>ge z ! inn]4 ,pol> sp9es v /\t1 ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 ab\t half z long z ! cortical %ell1 on ! base ab\t z broad z ! out] m$ull>y %ell4 7,diff]s f ! prec$+ 9 ! ellipsoidal =m ( bo? m$ull>y %ells1 & 9 ! f9] /ructure ( ! spongy framework47 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4ah to #j4b1 bread? #j4ad to #j4af2 ?ickness ( ! spongy wall #j4jce to #j4jd2 l5g? ( ! out] m$ull>y %ell #j4jd to #j4jf1 bread? #j4jc to #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ations #bfe to #bfh1 dep?s #bgjj to #bijj fa?oms4 ,family ,,xiv4 ,,artiscida1 ,haeckel 7,pl4 #ci1 figs4 #i1 #aj2 ,pl4 #dh1 fig4 #e74 ,artiscida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfb4 ,def9ition4--,prunoidea ) an ellipsoidal tw9-%ell divid$ by an equatorial /ricture into two communicat+ hemiellipsoidal or hemisph]ical *amb]s1 )\t enclos$ m$ull>y %ell4 ,c5tral capsule ellipsoidal1 ) or )\t equatorial /ricture4 ,! family ,artiscida has a simple f5e/rat$ out] %ell1 l t ( ! ,ellipsida1 b diff]s f ^! 9 ! pres5ce ( an equatorial con/riction1 by :i* x assumes a *>act]i/ic tw9 =m1 some:at simil> to a viol9 7,pl4 #ci1 figs4 #i1 #aj74 ,f ! ,cyph9ida1 :i* h ! same =m ( ! cortical %ell1 ! ,artiscida diff] 9 ! abs5ce ( ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,x is possible t ! ,artiscida are desc5d$ f ! ,cyph9ida 7by loss ( ! m$ull>y %ell71 b x is m probable t !y arise f ! ,ellipsida by an annul> con/riction 9 ! equatorial plane 7p]haps ! =mation ( ! %ell orig9ally took place :ile ! c5tral capsule 0 und]go+ division74 ,bo? halves ( ! tw9 %ell are always ( ! same size & =m4 ,its out] surface is ei!r smoo? or cov]$ ) radial sp9es 7,artiscus1 ,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #i74 ,sometimes on ! opposite poles ( ! ma9 axis are develop$ solid sp9es 7,/yl>tus1 ,pl4 #dh1 fig4 #e7 or holl[ f5e/rat$ tubes 7,cann>tus1 ,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #aj74 ,! ,c5tral ,capsule is ei!r simply ellipsoidal1 or has also an equatorial con/riction1 :i* divides x into two equal halves4 ,x is con/antly small] ?an ! surr\nd+ %ell1 & sep>at$ f its inn] surface by a ?ick] or ?9n] jelly-mantle1 ! calymma4 ,synopsis ( ! ,g5]a ( ,artiscida4 ,on ! poles ( ! ma9 axis nei!r solid sp9es nor holl[ tubes1 #aeb4 ,artiscus4 ,on ! poles ( ! ma9 axis two solid sp9es 7or bun*es ( sp9es71 #aec4 ,/yl>tus4 ,on ! poles ( ! ma9 axis two holl[ f5e/rat$ tubes1 #aed4 ,cann>tus4 #cee;,g5us #aeb4 ,artiscus1#aia ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfb4 ,def9ition4--,artiscida )\t peculi> pol> app5dages 7)\t /rong solid sp9es or holl[ f5e/rat$ tubes on ! poles ( ! ma9 axis74 ,! g5us ,artiscus repres5ts ! mo/ simple & primitive =m ( ! ,artiscida1 & may !re=e be reg>d$ z ! ance/ral =m ( ?is subfamily4 ,x resembles an ord9>y d\ble loaf1 compos$ ( two equal1 ne>ly ellipsoidal f5e/rat$ %ells sep>at$ by ! /ricture 9 ! equatorial plane4 ,artiscus c be d]iv$ f ,c5ellipsis simply by ?is equatorial con/riction4 ,b x c also be d]iv$ f ,cyphanta by loss ( ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,subg5us #a4 ,artiscium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! %ell smoo? or r\gh1 )\t radial rods or sp9es4 #a4 ,artiscus paniscus1 n4 sp4 ,pores ( ! %ell regul>1 hexagonal1 f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 t5 to twelve pores on ! half m]idian1 eight to n9e on ! half equator4 ,surface smoo?4 7,! network ( ?is species is q ! same z t ( ! proximal cam] ( ,pan>tus diploconus1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #a47 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis ( ! %ell #j4ab1 equatorial axis #j4jg2 me%es #j4jac1 b>s #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe4 #b4 ,artiscus facetus1 n4 sp4 ,pores ( ! %ell regul>1 circul>1 ) prom95t hexagonal frame1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 tw5ty-two to tw5ty-f\r pores on ! half m]idian1 f\rte5 to fifte5 on ! half equator4 ,surface a little ?orny4 7,! %ell ( ?is species exhibits ne>ly ! same =mation z t ( ,cyphonium virg9eum1 ,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #ab1 b )\t enclos$ m$ull>y %ells47 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis ( ! %ell #j4ae1 equatorial axis #j4ji2 me%es #j4ja1 b>s #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bff1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #c4 ,artiscus paniculus1 n4 sp4 ,pores ( ! %ell regul>1 circul>1 )\t hexagonal frame1 z broad z ! b>s2 f\rte5 to sixte5 pores on ! half m]idian1 t5 to elev5 on ! half equator4 ,surface q smoo?4 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis ( ! %ell #j4ac1 equatorial axis #j4jf2 me%es #j4ja1 b>s #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,b>bados 7,haeckel74 #cefd4 ,artiscus pan>ius1 n4 sp4 ,pores ( ! %ell irregul>1 r\ndi%1 twice to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 sixte5 to eighte5 pores on ! half m]idian1 twelve to ?irte5 on ! half equator4 ,surface smoo?4 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis ( ! %ell #j4aa1 equatorial axis #j4jf2 me%es #j4jje to #j4jb1 b>s #j4jja to #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,we/]n ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbd1 dep? #ahej fa?oms4 ,subg5us #b4 ,artidium1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfb4 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! %ell cov]$ ) radial rods or sp9es4 #e4 ,artiscus elegans1 n4 sp4 ,pores ( ! %ell regul>1 circul>1 ) hexagonal frames1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 f\rte5 pores on ! half m]idian1 eight to n9e on ! half equator4 ,f e corn] ( ! hexagonal frames 7betwe5 e ?ree pores7 />ts a ?91 ?ree-sid$ pyramidal sp9e1 twice z l>ge z a pore4 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis #j4ac1 equatorial axis #j4jh2 me%es #j4jjg1 b>s #j4jjd2 sp9es #j4jae long4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccb1 dep? #bbjj fa?oms4 #f4 ,artiscus nodosus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #i74 ,pores ( ! %ell subregul>1 circul>1 )\t hexagonal frame1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 sixte5 to eighte5 on ! half m]idian1 t5 to twelve on ! half equator4 ,irregul>ly scatt]$ on ! :ole surface a v>iable numb] 7tw5ty-five to ?irty 9 all7 ( /\t %ort radial sp9es or r blunt rods2 ! l5g? & ?ickness ( ^! is ! same1 & equals ! size ( two to ?ree me%es2 its =m resembles a truncat$ six-sid$ pyramid4 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis #j4aa1 equatorial axis #j4jh2 me%es #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? & ?ickness ( ! radial /icks #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgb1 dep? #bfjj fa?oms4 #g4 ,artiscus hy/rix1 n4 sp4 ,pores ( ! %ell irregul>1 r\ndi%1 ( v unequal size & dissimil> =m1 twice to eight times z broad z ! b>s2 t5 to fifte5 on ! half m]idian1 sev5 to n9e on ! half equator4 ,irregul>ly scatt]$ on ! :ole surface a l>ge numb] ( ?9 conical sp9es1 ab\t z l>ge z ! me%es1 p>tly direct$ radially1 p>tly obliquely4 7,! %ell ( ?is species resembles v mu* t ( ,cyphonium c]atospyris 7p4 #cff7 ,didymocyrtis c]atospyris1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 #ahfb1 ,taf4 xxii4 fig4 #ad1 b is )\t ! enclos$ inn] %ells47 #ceg;,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis #j4ab1 equatorial axis #j4jg2 me%es #j4jjd to #j4jb1 b>s #j4jjb to #j4jje2 sp9es #j4ja to #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,atlantic1 ,ea/]n ,tropical "p1 ,/ation #cdf1 surface4 ,g5us #aec4 ,/yl>tus1#aib ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfb4 ,def9ition4--,artiscida ) two /rong1 solid1 pol> sp9es1 or two bun*es ( pol> sp9es1 opposite on ! two poles ( ! ma9 axis4 ,! g5us ,/yl>tus diff]s f ,artiscus by ! production ( two l>ge opposite sp9es 9 ! ma9 axis1 />t+ f bo? poles ( x2 sometimes e sp9e is surr\nd$ by a gr\p ( small] radial sp9es4 ,! g5us is ne>ly alli$ to ,ellipsoxiphus 7p4 #bie71 & diff]s f x only 9 ! equatorial /ricture ( ! ellipsoidal %ell4 ,b x may also be d]iv$ f ! simil> ,cyph9us 7,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #ad7 by loss ( ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,subg5us #a4 ,/yl>tella1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,on ea* pole ( ! ma9 axis only "o s+le l>ge sp9e4 #a4 ,/yl>tus bipol>is1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dh1 fig4 #e74 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 r\gh2 bo? its *amb]s ne>ly sph]ical1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 twice to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 eight to t5 on ! half equator ( ea* *amb]4 ,pol> sp9es v /rong1 conical1 z long z ! greate/ bread?4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell 7)\t sp9es7 #j4ah1 greate/ bread? #j4ac2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4ac1 basal bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,we/]n ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbd1 dep? #ahej fa?oms4 #b4 ,/yl>tus bicuspis1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?9 wall$1 smoo?1 ) regul>1 circul> pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 twelve to f\rte5 on ! half equator ( ea* *amb]4 ,pol> sp9es v /\t1 /raight1 ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 half z long z ! %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell #j4af1 greate/ bread? #j4ab2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4jh1 basal ?ickness #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area4 ,/ation #bff1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 ,subg5us #b4 ,/yl>tura1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,on ea* pole ( ! ma9 axis a bun* ( sev]al sp9es4 #cehc4 ,/yl>tus palatus1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 ?orny1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 twice to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 fifte5 to eighte5 on ! half equator ( ea* *amb]4 ,on ea* pole ( ! ma9 axis a l>ge conical sp9e1 surr\nd$ by a gr\p ( t5 to fifte5 small] sp9es1 "o-?ird to two-?irds z long z ! bread? ( ! deep equatorial /ricture4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell #j4ad1 greate/ bread? #j4ji2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4jc to #j4jf1 basal bread? #j4jje to #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,madagasc>1 ,rabbe1 surface4 #d4 ,/yl>tus p5icillus1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?9 wall$1 smoo?1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 ?ree to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 t5 to twelve on ! half equator ( ea* *amb]4 ,on ea* pole ( ! ma9 axis a bru%-l bun* ( tw5ty to ?irty ?9 conical radial sp9es1 half z long z ! %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell #j4ae1 greate/ bread? #j4a2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4jh1 basal bread? #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,equatorial ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdg1 surface4 ,g5us #aed4 ,cann>tus1#aic ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfb4 ,def9ition4--,artiscida ) two holl[ pol> tubes 7f5e/rat$ cyl9drical or conical tubuli1 opposite on ! two poles ( ! ma9 axis74 ,! g5us ,cann>tus diff]s f ,artiscus by ! production ( two opposite holl[ tubes on bo? poles ( ! ma9 axis4 ,! cavity ( ! conical or cyl9drical f5e/rat$ tubes communicates freely ) t ( ! %ell2 ! network 9 bo? is ! same4 ,! di/al end ( ! tubes is ne>ly always brok5 (f1 sometimes clos$1 ) a conical apex4 ,cann>tus c be d]iv$ ei!r f ,pipettella by a transv]se equatorial con/riction1 or f ,cann>tiscus by ! loss ( ! m$ull>y %ell1 or f ,artiscus by ! production ( ! pol> tubes4 #a4 ,cann>tus viol9a1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #aj74 ,pores ( ! %ell subregul>1 circul>1 twice to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 eighte5 to tw5ty on ! half m]idian1 f\rte5 to sixte5 on ! half equator4 ,%ell-wall 9 ! tropical zone ( bo? halves ?ick5$4 ,pol> tubes ne>ly cyl9drical1 ab\t z long z ! ma9 axis1 di/al ends brok5 (f4 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis #j4ad1 equatorial axis #j4ji2 me%es #j4jjh1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! pol> tubes #j4ab1 bread? #j4jb to #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #ceib4 ,cann>tus bitubulus1 n4 sp4 ,pores ( ! %ell regul>1 circul>1 hexagonally fram$1 ( ! same bread? z ! b>s2 f\rte5 to sixte5 on ! half m]idian1 t5 to twelve on ! half equator4 ,pol> tubes cyl9drical1 long] ?an ! ma9 axis1 sulcat$1 di/al ends brok5 (f4 7,simil> to ,pipetta tuba1 ,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #g1 b ) equatorial /ricture & )\t m$ull>y %ell47 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis #j4af1 equatorial axis #j4ab2 me%es & b>s #j4jjf2 l5g? ( ! pol> tubes #j4b1 bread? #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccb1 dep? #bbjj fa?oms4 #c4 ,cann>tus biscottus1 n4 sp4 ,pores ( ! %ell irregul>1 r\ndi%1 twice to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 t5 to twelve on ! half m]idian1 six to eight on ! half equator4 ,pol> tubes conical1 %ort] ?an ! ma9 axis1 ) clos$ apex4 7,simil> to ,cann>tidium bic9ctum1 ,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #ah1 b )\t enclos$ m$ull>y %ell47 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis #j4aa1 equatorial axis #j4jg2 me%es #j4jje to #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! pol> tubes #j4jh1 bread? on ! base #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,equatorial ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdh1 dep? #bdej fa?oms4 ,family ,,xv4 ,,cyph9ida1 ,haeckel 7,pl4 #ci1 figs4 #aa-ai74 ,cyph9ida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfb4 ,def9ition4--,prunoidea ) ellipsoidal tw9-%ell1 divid$ by an equatorial /ricture into two communicat+ hemiellipsoidal or hemisph]ical *amb]s2 ?is ext]nal tw9-%ell 7cortical %ell7 is ei!r simple or d\ble1 & encloses "o or m int]nal conc5tric %ells 7m$ull>y %ells74 ,c5tral capsule ellipsoidal1 commonly ) an equatorial con/riction4 ,! family ,cyph9ida h ! same *>act]i/ic tw9-=m ( ! cortical %ell z ! ,artiscida1 b diff] f !m 9 ! pres5ce ( a simple or d\ble int]nal m$ull>y %ell1 connect$ ) ! cortical %ell by radial beams4 ,! f5e/rat$ %ell is !re=e compos$ ( two or m conc5tric %ells z 9 ! ,druppulida1 b diff]s f ^! 9 ! r+-l equatorial con/riction4 ,! ,m$ull>y ,%ell1 9 ! middle ( ! c5tral capsule1 is ei!r s+le or d\ble1 compos$ ( two conc5tric %ells4 ,z 9 ! ,druppulida1 ! =m ( ! m$ull>y %ells is ei!r sph]ical 7,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #ab;a7 or l5ticul>1 compress$ f bo? poles ( ! ma9 axis 7,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #ah;a72 sometimes ! inn] m$ull>y %ell is sph]ical1 ! out] l5ticul>4 ,! ,radial ,beams1 :i* connect ! m$ull>y %ell ) ! equatorial con/riction ( ! cortical %ell1 lie ei!r all 9 ! equatorial plane 7,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #aa7 or ne> x on bo? sides 7,pl4 #ci1 figs4 #ab;a1 #ah;a74 #cfj,! ,cortical ,%ell is commonly simple 7,pl4 #ci1 figs4 #ab1 #ah71 sometimes compos$ ( two conc5tric %ells 7,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #ac71 r>ely ( ?ree4 ,z 9 ! ,artiscida1 also 9 ! ,cyph9ida1 f bo? poles ( ! ma9 axis solid sp9es or holl[ f5e/rat$ tubes are (t5 develop$ 7,pl4 #ci1 figs4 #ad1 #af-ah74 ,! ,c5tral ,capsule ( ! ,cyph9ida 7,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #ac7 is ( ! same =m z 9 ! ,artiscida1 g5]ally ellipsoidal1 b ) an equatorial r+-l /ricture1 :i* divides x into two equal halves4 ,x encloses ! simple or d\ble m$ull>y %ell1 & is p]=at$ by ! radial beams />t+ f ?is4 ,f ! inn] surface ( ! surr\nd+ cortical %ell x is sep>at$ by a ?ick] or ?9n] jelly-lay]1 ! calymma4 7,comp>e also ,taf4 xxii4 fig4 #ad ( my ,monograph1 #ahfb47 ,synopsis ( ! ,g5]a ( ,cyph9ida4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,cortical %ell )\t peculi> sp9es or holl[ f5e/rat$ tubes on bo? poles ( ! ma9 axis4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,cortical tw9- ,m$ull>y %ell %ell simple simple1 #aee4 ,cyphanta4 ,m$ull>y %ell d\ble1 #aef4 ,cyphonium4 ,cortical tw9- ,cortical %ell %ell d\ble d\ble1 #aeg4 ,cypassis4 or triple2 m$ull>y ,cortical %ell %ell d\ble4 triple1 #aeh4 ,cyphocolpus4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,cortical %ell simple1 ) peculi> sp9es or holl[ f5e/rat$ tubes on bo? poles ( ! ma9 axis4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,two opposite ,m$ull>y %ell pol> sp9es simple1 #aei4 ,cyph9us4 7or bun*es ( sp9es74 ,m$ull>y %ell d\ble1 #afj4 ,cyph9idium4 ,two opposite ,m$ull>y %ell holl[ simple1 #afa4 ,cann>tiscus4 f5e/rat$ pol> tubes4 ,m$ull>y %ell d\ble1 #afb4 ,cann>tidium4 ,g5us #aee4 ,cyphanta1#aid n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,cyph9ida ) simple cortical %ell & simple m$ull>y %ell1 )\t pol> sp9es or tubes4 ,! g5us ,cyphanta is ! mo/ simple ( all ,cyph9ida1 & c be reg>d$ z ! common ance/ral =m ( ?is family4 ,x may be d]iv$ phylog5etically f ,druppula by a r+-l con/riction 9 ! equatorial plane ( ! ellipsoidal cortical %ell1 or f ,artiscus by second>y =mation ( a c5tral 7sph]ical or ellipsoidal7 m$ull>y %ell4 ,subg5us #a4 ,cyphantella1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! cortical %ell smoo?1 )\t sp9es or ?orns4 #cfaa4 ,cyphanta colpodes1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 ) smoo? surface2 its pores regul>1 hexagonal1 ?ree to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 t5 to twelve on ! half m]idian1 sev5 to eight on ! half equator4 ,m$ull>y %ell sph]ical1 its diamet] "o-?ird ( ! equatorial axis ( ! cortical %ell4 7,! cortical %ell ( ?is species is ne>ly id5tical ) ! c5tral half ( ! cortical %ell ( ,pan>tus diploconus1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #a47 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis ( ! cortical %ell #j4ab1 equatorial axis #j4jg2 me%es #j4jac2 b>s #j4jjc2 diamet] ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bhe1 dep? #bcge fa?oms4 #b4 ,cyphanta circopora1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 ) smoo? surface2 pores subregul>1 circul>1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 eighte5 to tw5ty on ! half m]idian1 twelve to f\rte5 on ! half equator4 ,m$ull>y %ell sph]ical1 its diamet] "o-half ( ! equatorial axis ( ! cortical %ell4 7,! %ell ( ?is species is v simil> to t ( ,cann>tiscus amphiconiscus1 ,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #ai1 b )\t ! pol> tubes ( t species47 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis ( ! cortical %ell #j4ac1 equatorial axis #j4jh2 me%es #j4jjg1 b>s #j4jjc2 diamet] ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area4 ,/ation #bff1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #c4 ,cyphanta lvis1 ,haeckel4 ,ommatospyris lvis1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahgb1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #cah4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 ) smoo? surface2 pores ( x irregul>1 r\ndi%1 ( v diff]5t size 7"s v l>ge 9 ! tropical circles ( bo? hemisph]es74 ,pores twice to six times z broad z ! b>s2 t5 to twelve on ! half m]idian1 six to eight on ! half equator4 ,m$ull>y %ell sph]oidal1 compress$1 its ma9 axis some:at %ort] ?an its equatorial axis1 :i* atta9s half ! l5g? ( t ( ! cortical %ell4 7,?is species may be p]haps id5tical ) ,ommatospyris lvis ( ,ehr5b]g1 ! diagnosis ( :i* is insuffici5t & figure n giv547 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis ( ! cortical %ell #j4a1 equatorial axis #j4jf2 me%es #j4jje to #j4jb1 b>s #j4jjb to #j4jd2 diamet] ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,philipp9e ,sea 7,ehr5b]g71 ,/ation #bac1 dep?s #bfej & #ccjj fa?oms4 #d4 ,cyphanta ara*noides1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell v delicate & ?9 wall$1 cobweb-l1 ) smoo? surface2 pores irregul>1 polygonal 7mo/ly p5tagonal or hexagonal71 eight to t5 times z broad z ! ?read-l b>s2 t5 to twelve on ! half m]idian1 six to eight on ! half equator4 ,m$ull>y %ell sph]oidal1 compress$1 its ma9 axis %ort] ?an its equatorial axis1 :i* is ab\t "o-?ird t ( ! cortical %ell4 7,?is species is v simil> to ! middle "p ( ! %ell ( ,ommatocampe pr(undissima1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahgb1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 ,taf4 viii4 fig4 #f47 #cfb;,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis ( ! cortical %ell #j4aa1 equatorial axis #j4jf2 me%es #j4ja to #j4jb1 b>s #j4jjb2 diamet] ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,atlantic1 ,can>y ,isl&s 7,lanz]ote71 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,cyphantissa1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! cortical %ell sp9y1 ev]y:]e scatt]$ ) num]\s ?orns or sp9es4 #e4 ,cyphanta hispida1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 ) sp9y surface2 pores regul>1 circul>1 ) hexagonal frame1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 twelve to f\rte5 on ! half m]idian1 eight to t5 on ! half equator4 ,f ! corn]s ( ! hexagonal frames 7betwe5 e ?ree pores7 arise %ort1 /raight1 conical radial sp9es1 some:at long] ?an ! bread? ( ! pores4 ,m$ull>y %ell subsph]ical1 its diamet] ab\t "o-?ird ( ! equatorial axis ( ! cortical %ell4 7,! appe>ance ( ! cortical %ell is ! same z t ( ! middle "p ( ,p]ipan>tus amphiconus1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #e47 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis ( ! cortical %ell #j4ab1 equatorial axis #j4jg2 me%es #j4ja1 b>s #j4jje2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jab2 diamet] ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgd1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #f4 ,cyphanta hy/rix1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 ) ?orny surface2 pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 ( v unequal size1 twice to six times z broad z ! b>s2 twelve to eighte5 on ! half m]idian1 eight to ?irte5 on ! half equator4 ,betwe5 ! pores irregul>ly scatt]$1 bri/le-l1 ?9 sp9es ab\t ! same size1 p>tly /raight1 p>tly oblique1 ris+ f ! surface4 ,m$ull>y %ell l5ticul>1 compress$1 its equatorial axis "o & a half times ! l5g? ( ! ma9 axis1 & ab\t half t ( ! cortical %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis ( ! cortical %ell #j4ae1 equatorial axis #j4ji2 me%es #j4jjd to #j4jb1 b>s #j4jjc to #j4jjf2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jb2 diamet] ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cah1 surface4 ,g5us #aef4 ,cyphonium1#aie n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,cyph9ida ) simple cortical %ell & d\ble m$ull>y %ell1 )\t pol> sp9es or tubes4 ,! g5us ,cyphonium conta9s a numb] ( v common species1 among :i* are ! e>lie/ kn[n =ms ( ?is family1 p>tly describ$ by ,ehr5b]g z ,ommatospyris #cfc7:i* g5us conta9s also a numb] ( o!r ,prunoidea71 p>tly by me 7#ahfb7 z ,didymocyrtis4 ,bo? names are inadequate1 z allusions to q diff]5t families ( ,nassell>ia1 b may be reta9$ z significations ( subg5]ic divisions4 ,cyphonium diff]s f ,cyphanta by ! d\ble m$ull>y %ell1 :i* is ei!r sph]ical or l5ticul>4 ,subg5us #a4 ,ommatospyris1 ,ehr5b]g 7p>tim74 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! cortical %ell smoo?1 )\t ?orns or sp9es4 #a4 ,cyphonium cosc9oides1 n4 sp4 ,ommatospyris cosc9oides1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfb4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 ) smoo? surface2 pores regul>1 hexagonal1 ?ree to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 five to six on ! half m]idian1 eight to n9e on ! half equator ( ea* *amb]4 ,m$ull>y %ells bo? sph]ical4 7,! cortical %ell ( ?is species is ne>ly ! same z t ( ,cyphanta colpodes1 & z ! middle "p ( ! cortical %ell ( ,pan>tus diploconus1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #a47 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis ( ! cortical %ell #j4aa1 equatorial axis #j4jf2 greate/ bread? ( ! *amb]s #j4jh2 pores #j4jac1 b>s #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdd1 surface4 #b4 ,cyphonium virg9eum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ci1 figs4 #ab1 #ab;a74 ,ommatospyris virg9ea1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus et ,atlas 7pl4 xxxix4 fig4 #ab;a74 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 ) smoo? surface 7sometimes a little r\gh ) v small ?orns72 pores subregul>1 circul>1 ) hexagonal elevat$ frames1 ab\t z broad z ! b>s2 t5 to twelve on ! half m]idian1 sixte5 to eighte5 on ! half equator ( ea* *amb]4 ,m$ull>y %ells 7fig4 #ab;a7 bo? sph]ical4 7,sometimes1 z 9 ! figur$ specim51 ! %ell is some:at irregul>1 an individual abnormality47 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis ( ! cortical %ell #j4ac to #j4ae2 equatorial axis ( ! /ructure #j4jh to #j4ji1 ( ea* *amb] #j4a to #j4ab1 pores & b>s #j4jje to #j4jjg4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 we/]n tropical "p1 ,/ation #bbe1 dep? #ddge fa?oms4 #c4 ,cyphonium e?m>ium1 n4 sp4 ,ommatospyris e?m>ia1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfb4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 ) q smoo? surface2 pores subregul>1 circul> 7)\t hexagonal frame71 twice z broad z ! b>s2 n9e to t5 on ! half m]idian ( ea* *amb]1 sixte5 to eighte5 on its half equator4 ,m$ull>y %ells bo? sph]ical4 7,?is species resembles ! proximal int]nal *amb]s ( ,p]ipan>tus atractus1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #g47 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis #j4ac1 equatorial axis #j4jg2 greate/ bread? #j4ji2 pores #j4jjf1 b>s #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,equatorial ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdg1 surface4 #cfdd4 ,cyphonium tr9acrium1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 ) r\gh surface2 pores subregul>1 circul> 7)\t hexagonal frame71 n broad] ?an ! b>s2 five to six on ! half m]idian ( ea* *amb]1 n9e to t5 on its half equator4 ,m$ull>y %ells bo? compress$1 l5ticul>4 ,?is species resembles ,cypassis entomocora vel ,ommatocampe tr9acria1 ,/hr1 #ahhj1 loc4 cit41 p4 #ij1 ,taf4 ii4 fig4 #a1 b has n its ext]nal mantle4 ,x may be ! ance/ral =m ( x 7bo? 9 an ontog5etic & phylog5etic s5se74 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis #j4aa1 equatorial axis #j4jg2 greate/ bread? #j4jh2 pores #j4jje1 b>s #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,sicily1 ,caltanisetta1 ,haeckel 7,grotte1 ,/hr874 #e4 ,cyphonium diattus1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 ) q smoo? surface2 pores irregul>1 polygonal1 mo/ly p5tagonal or hexagonal1 ?ree to six times z broad z ! b>s2 six to sev5 on ! half m]idian ( ! *amb]1 t5 to twelve on its half equator4 ,m$ull>y %ells bo? sph]ical4 7,resembles ,cyphonium pr(undum1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahgb1 loc4 cit41 ,taf4 x4 fig4 #e1 b does n possess ! sp9es ( ! surface47 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis #j4ac1 equatorial axis #j4jf2 greate/ bread? #j4jh2 pores #j4jje to #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjb to #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 we/]n "p 7,zanzib>71 ,pull51 dep? #bbjj fa?oms4 #f4 ,cyphonium mamm>ium1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 ) smoo? surface 7sometimes a little r\gh72 pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 twice to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 elev5 to twelve on ! half m]idian ( ea* *amb]1 sixte5 to n9ete5 on its half equator4 ,int]nal m$ull>y %ell sph]ical1 ext]nal l5ticul> compress$1 sometimes bo? sph]ical or bo? compress$4 7,resembles ! int]nal cortical tw9-%ell ( ,cyphocolpus virg9is1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #aa47 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis #j4ad1 equatorial axis #j4jh1 greate/ bread? #j4ji2 pores #j4jjd to #j4jjf1 b>s #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bhe1 dep? #bcge fa?oms4 ,subg5us #b4 ,ommatocyrtis1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! cortical %ell ?orny or sp9y4 #g4 ,cyphonium hexagonium1 n4 sp4 ,didymocyrtis hexagonia1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 ) sp9y surface2 pores regul> or subregul>1 hexagonal1 twice to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 five to six on ! half m]idian1 n9e to t5 on ! half equator #cfe( ea* *amb]4 ,radial sp9es betwe5 !m conical1 ab\t z long z ! pores4 ,m$ull>y %ells bo? sph]ical4 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis #j4ad1 equatorial axis #j4jh2 greate/ bread? ( ea* *amb] #j4a2 pores #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #h4 ,cyphonium facett>ium1 n4 sp4 ,didymocyrtis facett>ia ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 ) sp9y surface2 pores subregul>1 circul>1 ) elevat$ hexagonal frames1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 eight to n9e on ! half m]idian1 f\rte5 to sixte5 on ! half equator ( ea* *amb]4 ,9 ! corn]s ( ! hexagons 7betwe5 e ?ree me%es7 arise radial sp9es1 ab\t twice z long z ! pores4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells sph]oidal compress$4 7,?is species is ne>ly id5tical ) ! int]nal cortical tw9-%ell ( ,p]ipan>tus amphiconiscus1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #e47 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis #j4ab1 equatorial axis #j4jg2 greate/ bread? ( bo? *amb]s #j4ji2 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jje1 sp9es #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,we/]n ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbe1 dep? #ddge fa?oms4 #i4 ,cyphonium cribellum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #aa74 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 ) sp9y surface2 pores regul>1 circul>1 ab\t z broad z ! b>s2 sev5 to eight on ! half m]idian ( ea* *amb]1 ?irte5 to fifte5 on its half equator4 ,radial sp9es betwe5 !m conical1 twice z long z ! pores4 ,m$ull>y %ells bo? l5ticul>4 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis #j4aa1 equatorial axis #j4jf2 greate/ bread? #j4jh2 pores & b>s #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cec1 surface4 #aj4 ,cyphonium pr(undum1 ,haeckel4 ,ommatospyris pr(unda1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahgb1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #big1 ,taf4 viii4 fig4 #e1 ,taf4 x4 fig4 #e4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 ) ?orny surface2 pores irregul>1 polygonal1 ?ree to six times z broad z ! ?9 b>s2 five to six on ! half m]idian ( ea* *amb]1 t5 to twelve on its half equator4 ,?orns ( ! surface %ort4 ,m$ull>y %ells bo? sph]ical4 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis #j4a1 equatorial axis #j4jf2 greate/ bread? #j4jg2 pores #j4jje to #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjb1 sp9es #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 tropical zone2 ,philipp9e ,sea1 dep? #ccjj fa?oms1 ,ehr5b]g2 ,/ations #bff to #bgd1 dep? #bcej to #bibe fa?oms4 #cffaa4 ,cyphonium c]atospyris1 ,haeckel4 ,didymocyrtis c]atospyris1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dde1 pl4 xxii4 figs4 #ad-af4 ,haliomma didymocyrtis1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #haf4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 ) sp9y surface2 pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 ?ree to n9e times z broad z ! b>s2 five to six on ! half m]idian ( ea* *amb]1 eight to n9e on its half equator4 ,sp9es ( ! surface p>tly v %ort1 p>tly z long z ! l>ge/ pores1 ei!r radially or obliquely ins]t$4 ,m$ull>y %ells bo? sph]ical4 7,comp>e ! detail$ description & figures also ( ! s(t body 9 my ,monograph1 loc4 cit47 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis ( ! cortical %ell #j4ab1 equatorial axis 79 ! /ricture7 #j4jf2 greate/ bread? #j4jh2 pores #j4jc to #j4b1 b>s #j4jjb to #j4jjf1 sp9es #j4je to #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a71 ,can>y ,isl&s 7,lanz]ote71 ,haeckel4 ,g5us #aeg4 ,cypassis1#aif n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,cyph9ida ) d\ble cortical %ell & d\ble m$ull>y %ell1 )\t pol> sp9es or tubes4 ,! g5us ,cypassis diff]s f ,cyphonium by duplication ( ! cortical tw9-%ell2 f ! out] surface ( ! simple tw9-%ell arise num]\s radial sp9es1 :i* become connect$ by ana/omos+ transv]se bran*es1 & 9 ?is mann] =m an out] envelope or mantle4 ,cypassis may also be reg>d$ z a ,cromyodruppa1 ! d\ble cortical %ell ( :i* is con/rict$ 9 ! equatorial plane4 ,subg5us #a4 ,didymospyris1 ,haeckel 7#ahha74 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! %ell smoo?1 )\t ?orns or sp9es4 #a4 ,cypassis palliata1 n4 sp4 ,inn] cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 ) regul>1 circul>1 hexagonally-fram$ pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 sev5 to eight on ! half m]idian ( ea* *amb]1 t5 to twelve on its half equator4 ,out] cortical %ell v ?91 ) smoo? surface1 & v small1 irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 twice to five times small] ?an ^? ( ! inn] %ell4 ,di/ance betwe5 ! two cortical %ells equals ! diamet] ( ! out] m$ull>y %ell1 :i*1 l ! inn]1 is sph]ical4 7,! network ( ?is species resembles t ( ,p]ipan>tus amphiconiscus1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #e47 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis ( ! ext]nal cortical %ell #j4ah1 ( ! int]nal #j4ab2 greate/ bread? 79 ! equator ( ea* *amb]7 ( ! =m] #j4ac1 ( ! latt] #j4ji2 pores ( ! out] #j4jjb to #j4jje1 ( ! inn] %ell #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjb to #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bhh1 surface4 #cfgb4 ,cypassis eucolpos1 n4 sp4 ,inn] cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 ) regul>1 circul> pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s 7)\t hexagonal frames72 n9e to t5 on ! half m]idian ( ea* *amb]1 fifte5 to sev5te5 on its half equator4 ,out] cortical %ell v ?91 ) smoo? surface1 & v small1 irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 twice to ?ree times small] ?an ^? ( ! inn] %ell4 ,di/ance betwe5 ! two cortical %ells ab\t "o & a half times ! diamet] ( ! inn] m$ull>y %ell1 :i*1 l ! out]1 is sph]ical4 7,! inn] cortical %ell resembles t ( ,cann>tiscus amphiconiscus1 ,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #ai1 b )\t pol> tubes47 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis ( ! ext]nal cortical %ell #j4b1 ( ! int]nal #j4ae2 greate/ bread? ( ! =m] #j4af1 ( ! latt] #j4ab2 pores ( ! out] #j4jjb1 ( ! inn] #j4jjf1 b>s #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cai1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,didymocyrtis1 ,haeckel 7#ahfb74 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! cortical %ell ?orny or sp9y4 #c4 ,cypassis entomocora1 ,haeckel4 ,a/romma entomocora1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahdg1 ,mikrogeol41 ,taf4 xxii4 fig4 #cb4 ,haliomma didymum1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahdd1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #hc4 8 ,haliomma amphisiphon1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahdd1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #bfg4 ,ommatospyris entomocora1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahge1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 pp4 #ff1 #gd4 8 ,ommatocampe tr9acria1 ,/hr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #ij1 ,taf4 ii4 fig4 #a4 ,didymospyris entomocora1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus4 ,didymocyrtis entomocora1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dde4 ,inn] cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 ) regul>1 circul> pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s 7)\t hexagonal frames72 eight to n9e on ! half m]idian ( ea* *amb]1 t5 to elev5 on its half equator4 ,out] cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 ) regul>1 circul> pores l ^? ( ! inn]4 ,di/ance betwe5 ! two cortical %ells equals ab\t twice ! diamet] ( "o pore 7or ! %ort axis ( ! l5ticul> d\ble m$ull>y %ell74 ,surface cov]$ ) %ort conical sp9es 79 ! figure ( ,ehr5b]g brok5 (f74 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis ( ! ext]nal cortical %ell #j4b1 ( ! int]nal #j4ae2 greate/ bread? ( ! =m] #j4ac1 ( ! latt] #j4a2 pores ( ! out] #j4jje to #j4ja1 ( ! inn] #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! surface sp9es #j4jje to #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,b>bados1 ,b]muda1 & ,sicily 7,caltanisetta72 also liv+ 9 ! greate/ dep? ( ! ,pacific1 ,/ations #bfh1 #bbe1 dep? #bijj to #ddge4 #d4 ,cypassis puella1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #ac74 ,didymospyris colpodes1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus et ,atlas 7pl4 xxxix41 fig4 #ac74 ,int]nal cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 ) irregul>1 circul> pores ( v diff]5t size1 once to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 f\rte5 to fifte5 on ! half m]idian ( ea* *amb]1 eighte5 #cfhto tw5ty on its half equator4 ,out] cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 ) irregul>1 circul> pores1 only "o-?ird to "o-half z l>ge z ^? ( ! inn]4 ,di/ance betwe5 ! two %ells equals ! l>ge/ diamet] ( ! d\ble l5ticul> m$ull>y %ell4 ,surface ( bo? cortical %ells cov]$ ) %ort conical sp9es 7n long] ?an ! l>ge/ pores74 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis ( ! ext]nal cortical %ell #j4b1 ( ! int]nal #j4ae1 ( ! c5tral capsule #j4a2 greate/ bread? ( ! fir/ #j4ad1 ( ! second #j4a1 ( ! ?ird #j4jg2 pores ( ! out] %ell #j4jja to #j4jje1 ( ! inn] #j4jjb to #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjb to #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! surface sp9es #j4jje to #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area2 ,/ations #bff to #bgd1 surface2 ,atlantic1 ,can>y ,isl&s 7,haeckel71 ,/ation #ced1 surface4 #e4 ,cypassis halicora1 n4 sp4 ,int]nal cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 once to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 t5 to elev5 on half m]idian ( ea* *amb]1 f\rte5 to sixte5 on its half equator4 ,out] cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 ) v delicate network1 sp9dle-l1 ) conical prolongations at bo? poles4 ,di/ance betwe5 ! two %ells l>g] ?an ! greate/ diamet] ( ! d\ble l5ticul> m$ull>y %ell4 ,surface ( bo? cortical %ells cov]$ ) innum]able small ?orns4 7,resembles closely ,cyphocolpus virg9is1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #aa1 b )\t ! ?ird %ell47 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis ( ! ext]nal cortical %ell #j4ba1 ( ! int]nal #j4ad1 greate/ bread? ( ! =m] #j4ac1 ( ! lat] #j4ji2 pores #j4jjc to #j4jji2 b>s ( ! out] %ell #j4jja1 ( ! inn] #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,ceylon 7,haeckel71 surface4 ,g5us #aeh4 ,cyphocolpus1#aig n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,cyph9ida ) triple cortical %ell & d\ble m$ull>y %ell1 )\t pol> sp9es or tubes4 ,! g5us ,cyphocolpus diff]s f bo? =ego+ g5]a by ! increas$ numb] ( ! cortical tw9-%ells4 ,:il/ ^! are simple 9 ,cyphonium1 d\ble 9 ,cypassis1 !y are triple 9 ,cyphocolpus1 compos$ ( ?ree conc5tric envelopes4 ,! ?ree g5]a nam$ repres5t a phylog5etic s]ies1 :i* is repeat$ 9 ! ontog5etic developm5t ( ,cyphocolpus4 #a4 ,cyphocolpus didymus1 n4 sp4 ,inn] cortical %ell ) circul>1 subregul> pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 five to six on ! half m]idian ( ea* *amb]1 eight to t5 on its half equator4 ,middle cortical %ell also ) subregul>1 circul> pores ( ! same size4 ,out] cortical %ell ) smoo? surface1 ) m irregul>1 r\ndi% pores ( v diff]5t size4 ,! di/ance betwe5 e two %ells equals ! diamet] ( ! inn] m$ull>y %ell1 :i*1 l ! out]1 is sph]oidal4 #cfi;,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis ( ! out] cortical %ell #j4c1 ( ! middle #j4bb1 ( ! inn] #j4ae2 greate/ bread? ( ! inn] cortical %ell #j4a1 its pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,madagasc>1 ,rabbe1 surface4 #b4 ,cyphocolpus virg9is1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #aa74 ,zyg>tus virg9is1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus et ,atlas 7pl4 xl4 fig4 #aa74 ,inn] cortical %ell ) irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 twice to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 elev5 to twelve on ! half m]idian ( ea* *amb]1 sixte5 to eighte5 on its half equator4 ,middle cortical %ell ) v delicate network1 its irregul>1 polygonal pores ( ! same size z ^? ( ! inn]1 b sep>at$ by extremely ?9 b>s4 ,out] cortical %ell ) sp9y surface1 & ) m irregul>1 r\ndi% pores ( diff]5t size4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ea* two %ells is v>iable1 & atta9s m ?an ! diamet] ( ! out] m$ull>y %ell1 :i*1 l ! inn]1 is sph]oidal1 slightly compress$4 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis ( ! out] cortical %ell #j4bf1 ( ! middle #j4bb1 ( ! inn] #j4ad2 greate/ bread? ( ! inn] cortical %ell #j4ji1 its pores #j4jjd to #j4jjf1 b>s #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 ,g5us #aei4 ,cyph9us1#aih ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfc4 ,def9ition4--,cyph9ida ) simple cortical %ell & simple m$ull>y %ell1 ) two opposite pol> sp9es 7or bun*es ( pol> sp9es7 on ! poles ( ! ma9 axis4 ,! g5us ,cyph9us diff]s f ,cyphanta by ! developm5t ( two opposite sp9es 7or bun*es ( sp9es7 on bo? poles ( ! ma9 axis4 ,x simulates !re=e ! bipol> =mation ( ,/yl>tus1 & diff]s f ?is 9 ! possession ( a m$ull>y %ell4 ,subg5us #a4 ,cyph9oma1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,on bo? poles ( ! ma9 axis only "o s+le l>ge sp9e4 #a4 ,cyph9us amphacan?us1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ) smoo? surface1 & circul>1 regul> pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 five to six pores on ! half m]idian ( ea* *amb]1 t5 to twelve on its half equator4 ,on bo? poles ( ! ma9 axis1 "o s+le1 v /rong1 conical sp9e1 ab\t half z long z ?is axis1 & half z broad at ! base z ! sph]ical m$ull>y %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis ( ! cortical %ell 7)\t sp9es7 #j4b1 greate/ bread? 79 ! equator ( ea* *amb]7 #j4a2 pores #j4jjf1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4a1 basal ?ickness ( !m #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdd1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #cgjb4 ,cyph9us dixiphus1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ) r\gh surface1 & irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 twice to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 eight to n9e pores on ! half m]idian ( ea* *amb]1 twelve to f\rte5 on its half equator4 ,on bo? poles ( ! ma9 axis1 "o s+le1 /rong1 conical sp9e1 ) prom95t edges at ! base1 & ne>ly z broad z ! sph]ical m$ull>y %ell1 ne>ly z long z ! ma9 axis4 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis 7)\t sp9es7 #j4ah1 greate/ bread? #j4ac2 pores #j4jjc to #j4jjh1 b>s #j4jjb2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4af1 basal ?ickness #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bie1 dep? #aejj fa?oms4 ,subg5us #b4 ,cyph9ura1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,on bo? poles ( ! ma9 axis a bun* or circle ( sev]al sp9es4 #c4 ,cyph9us amphilophus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #ad74 ,cyph9idium amphilophus1 ,haeckel1 #ahhb1 ,atlas 7pl4 xxxix4 fig4 #ad74 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 ) r\gh surface1 & subregul>1 circul> pores ( diff]5t size1 twice to five times z broad z ! b>s2 n9e to t5 pores on ! half m]idian ( ea* *amb]1 twelve to f\rte5 on its half equator4 ,on bo? poles ( ! ma9 axis a bun* ( six to eight /rong conical sp9es1 ! l>ge/ ( :i* are ab\t z long z ! greate/ bread? ( ! %ell2 _! basal "p is furr[$1 & ne>ly half z ?ick z ! sph]ical m$ull>y %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis ( ! cortical %ell 7)\t sp9es7 #j4ah to #j4b1 greate/ bread? #j4a to #j4ab2 pores #j4jjd to #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjb2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4jd to #j4ab1 basal ?ickness #j4jb to #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 #d4 ,cyph9us p5icillatus1 ,haeckel4 ,ommatospyris p5icillata1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahgb1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #cah2 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 ,taf4 viii4 fig4 #d4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 ) r\gh surface1 & irregul>1 polygonal pores1 six to eight times z broad z ! b>s2 five to six pores on ! half m]idian ( ea* *amb]1 n9e to t5 on its half equator4 ,ar\nd bo? poles ( ! ma9 axis a pol> circle ( eight to t5 div]g5t radial sp9es1 sc>cely ?ick] ?an ! b>s1 & ab\t z long z ! diamet] ( ! sph]ical m$ull>y %ell4 7,9 ! figure ( ,ehr5b]g ! network is too ?9 & ! sp9es too %ort47 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis 7)\t sp9es7 #j4a1 greate/ bread? #j4ji2 pores #j4jjh to #j4jad1 b>s #j4jja to #j4jjb2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jb to #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 ,philipp9e ,sea1 #ccjj fa?oms1 ,ehr5b]g2 ,/ation #bjf1 dep? #bajj fa?oms4 #cga;,g5us #afj4 ,cyph9idium1#aii n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,cyph9ida ) simple cortical %ell & d\ble m$ull>y %ell1 ) two opposite pol> sp9es 7or bun*es ( pol> sp9es7 on ! poles ( ! ma9 axis4 ,! g5us ,cyph9idium diff]s f ,cyph9us only 9 ! duplication ( ! m$ull>y %ell1 :i* is compos$ ( two conc5tric sph]es or some:at compress$ l5ticul> sph]oids4 ,x exhibits !re=e ! same relation to ,cyph9us t ,/ylatractus 9 ! ,druppulida be>s to ,li?atractus4 ,possibly ! two =m] g5]a are d]iv$ f ! two latt] by an annul> con/riction 9 ! equatorial plane4 ,subg5us #a4 ,cyph9idoma1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,on bo? poles ( ! cortical %ell "o s+le pol> sp9e or a bun* ( pol> sp9es4 #a4 ,cyph9idium amphi/ylium1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 ) smoo? surface1 & subregul>1 circul> pores1 twice to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 eight to t5 on ! half m]idian1 sixte5 to eighte5 on ! half equator ( ea* *amb]4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells sph]ical4 ,! cortical %ell resembles v mu* t ( ,cann>tiscus amphiconiscus 7,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #ai71 b exhibits in/ead ( ! holl[ pol> tubes two /rong solid pol> sp9es ( conical =m1 half z long z ! ma9 axis1 & z broad at ! base z ! inn] m$ull>y %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis ( ! cortical %ell 7)\t pol> sp9es7 #j4ad1 greate/ bread? #j4a2 pores #j4jjh1 b>s #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4jh1 basal ?ickness #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 (f ,japan1 ,/ation #bda1 dep? #bcjj fa?oms4 #b4 ,cyph9idium apicatum1 ,haeckel4 ,ommatospyris apicata1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahgb1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #cag4 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 ) ?orny surface1 & irregul>1 polygonal pores1 ?ree to five times z broad z ! ?9 b>s2 eight to n9e on ! half m]idian1 ?irte5 to fifte5 on ! half equator ( ea* *amb]4 ,on bo? poles a bun* ( f\r to eight /rong conical sp9es1 ! c5tral ( :i* 79 ! ma9 axis7 is mu* l>g] ?an ! o!rs1 & twice z long z ! diamet] ( ! out] sph]oidal m$ull>y %ell2 size & numb] ( ! pol> sp9es is v v>iable 7commonly five to six74 #cgb;,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis 7)\t sp9es7 #j4ab1 greate/ bread? #j4jh2 pores #j4jje to #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjb2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4jb to #j4jf1 basal ?ickness #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,nor!rn ,pacific1 ,cali=nian ,sea1 dep? #bejj fa?oms1 ,ehr5b]g2 ,/ation #bec1 dep? #cabe fa?oms4 ,subg5us #b4 ,cyph9idura1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,on bo? poles ( ! cortical %ell1 a circle ( div]g5t pol> sp9es4 #c4 ,cyph9idium coronatum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ) ?orny surface1 & irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 twice to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 sev5 to eight on ! half m]idian1 elev5 to ?irte5 on ! half equator ( ea* *amb]4 ,ar\nd bo? poles ( ! ma9 axis occurs a circle ( t5 to twelve /rong1 radially div]g5t sp9es1 ab\t z long z ! diamet] ( ! out] m$ull>y %ell1 :i*1 l ! inn]1 is sph]oidal4 7,?is species is id5tical ) ! y\ng] developm5tal /age ( ,panicium coronatum1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #d1 be=e ! =mation ( two di/al *amb]s47 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis #j4ab1 greate/ bread? #j4a2 pores #j4jjh to #j4jaf1 b>s #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4jb1 ?ickness #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ations #bgj to #bgd1 dep? #bcej to #bibe fa?oms4 ,g5us #afa4 ,cann>tiscus1#bjj n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,cyph9ida ) simple cortical %ell & simple m$ull>y %ell1 ) two holl[ f5e/rat$ pol> tubes1 opposite on bo? poles ( ! ma9 axis4 ,! g5us ,cann>tiscus diff]s f ,cyphanta 9 ! developm5t ( two holl[ f5e/rat$ tubes1 opposite on bo? poles ( ! ma9 axis4 ,x simulates !re=e ! *>act]i/ic =mation ( ,cann>tus1 & diff]s f ?is ,artiscid 9 ! possession ( a m$ull>y %ell4 #a4 ,cann>tiscus amphiconiscus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #ai74 ,cann>tidium amphiconiscus1 ,haeckel1 #ahhb1 ,atlas 7pl4 xxxix4 fig4 #ai74 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 smoo?1 ) regul>1 circul> pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 n9e to t5 on ! half m]idian1 sixte5 to eighte5 on ! half equator ( ea* *amb]4 ,pol> tubes conical1 ab\t z long z "o s+le *amb]1 on ! base some:at broad] ?an ! simple sph]ical m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores ( ! tubes only "o-?ird z great z ^? ( ! *amb]s4 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis ( ! cortical %ell 7)\t tubes7 #j4ad1 greate/ bread? #j4a2 #cgcpores #j4jjh1 b>s #j4jjd4 ,l5g? ( ! pol> tubes #j4jg1 basal bread? #j4jd2 pores #j4jjc1 b>s #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bec1 dep? #cabe fa?oms4 #b4 ,cann>tiscus amphicyl9drus1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 r\gh1 ) subregul>1 circul> pores1 twice to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 six to sev5 on ! half m]idian1 t5 to twelve on ! half equator ( ea* *amb]4 ,pol> tubes cyl9drical1 on ! di/al end op5 7brok5 (f87 ne>ly z long z ! ma9 axis1 some:at n>r[] ?an ! sph]ical m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores ( ! tubes mu* small] ?an ^? ( ! *amb]s4 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis 7)\t tubes7 #j4ag1 greate/ bread? #j4ab2 pores #j4jjf to #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjc4 ,l5g? ( ! pol> tubes #j4ae1 bread? ( !m #j4jc2 pores #j4jjc1 b>s #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfh1 #bijj fa?oms2 ! same =m occurs fossil 9 ! rocks ( ,b>bados4 ,g5us #afb4 ,cann>tidium1#bja n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,cyph9ida ) simple cortical %ell & d\ble m$ull>y %ell1 ) two holl[ f5e/rat$ pol> tubes1 opposite on bo? poles ( ! ma9 axis4 ,! g5us ,cann>tidium diff]s f ,cann>tiscus & ,cann>tus 9 ! duplication ( ! m$ull>y %ell1 :i* is compos$ ( two conc5tric sph]es or compress$ l5ticul> sph]oids4 ,! ?ree g5]a nam$ =m !re=e "o morphological s]ies1 ) id5tical cortical %ell1 & only diff]+ 9 ! abs5ce or pres5ce ( a simple or d\ble m$ull>y %ell4 ,subg5us #a4 ,cann>tidella1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! cortical %ell smoo? or a little r\gh1 b )\t sp9es or f5e/rat$ protub]ances4 #a4 ,cann>tidium amphiconicum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 smoo? ) regul> circul> pores twice z broad z ! b>s2 eight to n9e on ! half m]idian1 fifte5 to sixte5 on ! half equator ( ea* *amb]4 ,pol> tubes conical1 ) small] pores1 tap]+ t[>ds ! clos$ apex1 ab\t z long z "o s+le *amb]1 at ! base "o-?ird z broad z ! equatorial con/riction4 ,bo? conc5tric m$ull>y %ells sph]ical4 7,ne>ly id5tical ) ,cann>tiscus amphiconiscus1 ,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #ai1 b diff]s 9 ! possession ( ! d\ble m$ull>y %ell47 #cgd;,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis ( ! cortical %ell 7)\t tubes7 #j4ae1 greate/ bread? #j4aa2 pores #j4jji1 b>s #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! pol> tubes #j4jh1 basal bread? #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 we/]n tropical "p1 ,/ation #bbe1 dep? #ddge fa?oms4 #b4 ,cann>tidium amphicanna1 ,haeckel4 ,curi\s tw9 ,polycy/91 ,bury1 #ahfb1 ,polycy/9s ( ,b>bados1 pl4 xx4 fig4 #d4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 r\gh1 ) regul>1 circul> pores1 n broad] ?an ! b>s2 six to sev5 on ! half m]idian1 t5 to twelve on ! half equator ( ea* *amb]4 ,pol> tubes cyl9drical1 at ! di/al end op5 7brok5 (f871 ne>ly z long z ! ma9 axis1 ab\t "o-?ird z broad z ! equatorial con/riction4 ,bo? conc5tric m$ull>y %ells sph]ical4 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis #j4ad1 greate/ bread? #j4aa2 pores & b>s #j4jje2 l5g? ( ! pol> tubes #j4ac1 bread? ( !m #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! ,b>bados deposits4 #c4 ,cann>tidium amphisiphon1 ,haeckel4 8 ,haliomma amphisiphon1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahdd1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #bfg4 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 r\gh1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 twice to five times z broad z ! b>s2 five to six on ! half m]idian1 n9e to t5 on ! half equator ( ea* *amb]4 ,pol> tubes conical1 ) small] pores1 ab\t z long z "o s+le *amb]1 half z broad at ! base z ! equatorial con/riction4 7,?is deep-sea =m is probably id5tical ) t fossil species :i* ,ehr5b]g1 9 #ahdd1 describ$ z ,haliomma amphisiphon1 & :i* he aft]w>ds1 9 #ahge1 errone\sly id5tifi$ ) 8 ,a/romma entomocora 7 ,cypassis entomocora74 ,b ! figure giv5 ( ! latt] is q diff]5t f ! giv5 diagnosis ( ! =m]47 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis ( ! cortical %ell 7)\t tubes7 #j4ac1 greate/ bread? #j4a2 pores #j4jjf to #j4ab1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! pol> tubes #j4jg1 basal bread? ( !m #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,antilles1 ,/ation #bd1 dep? #cij fa?oms2 fossil 9 ! ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,b]muda4 #d4 ,cann>tidium bic9ctum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #ah74 ,cortical %ell ?ick wall$1 ) a ?ick5$ r+-%ap$ protub]ance 9 ! greate/ bread? ( bo? *amb]s4 ,pores subregul>1 circul>1 twice to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 sev5 to eight on ! half m]idian1 ?irte5 to fifte5 on ! half equator ( ea* *amb]4 ,pol> tubes conical1 ) small] pores1 some:at %ort] ?an ! greate/ brea?1 ne>ly z ?ick at ! base z ! out] sph]oidal m$ull>y %ell 7fig4 #ah;a74 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis 7)\t tubes7 #j4ab1 greate/ bread? #j4jh2 pores #j4jjc to #j4jjf1 b>s #j4jjb2 l5g? ( ! pol> tubes #j4jh1 basal ?ickness #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccb1 dep? #bbjj fa?oms4 #cge,subg5us #b4 ,cann>tidissa1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! cortical %ell ) conical f5e/rat$ protub]ances 9 ! greate/ bread? ( bo? *amb]s4 #e4 ,cann>tidium mammif]um1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #af74 ,cortical %ell-?9 wall$1 hav+ a circle ( six to eight conical protub]ances 9 ! greate/ bread? ( bo? *amb]s1 ea* ( :i* exhibits a c5tral apical pore1 surr\nd$ by a circle ( six to eight oblique l>g] pores4 ,betwe5 ! protub]ances occur n9e to t5 pores on ! half m]idian ( ea* *amb]1 circul>1 subregul>1 twice to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s4 ,pol> tubes cyl9drical1 conical at ! clos$ end1 ) small] pores1 ab\t z long z ! greate/ bread? ( ! *amb]s1 z broad z ! sph]ical out] m$ull>y %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis 7)\t tubes7 #j4ac1 greate/ bread? 7includ+ ! protub]ances7 #j4a2 pores #j4jje to #j4jjh1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! pol> tubes #j4ji1 basal ?ickness #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #f4 ,cann>tidium ma/ophorum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #ag74 ,cortical %ell ?9 wall$1 ( ! same =m & /ructure z 9 ! =ego+ species1 diff]s f ?is ma9ly 9 ! =m ( ! pol> tubes1 :i* are n cyl9drical b conical1 tap]+ gradually f ! base t[>ds ! clos$ apex4 ,besides ?is1 ! conical protub]ances 7six 9 ! greate/ p]iph]y ( ea* *amb]7 are m regul> & acute1 ) small] & m num]\s pores4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells are "h also sph]ical4 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis 7)\t tubes7 #j4ad1 greate/ bread? 7includ+ ! protub]ances7 #j4ac2 pores #j4jjf to #j4jji1 b>s #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! pol> tubes #j4jg1 basal ?ickness #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bff1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 ,family ,,xvi4 ,,pan>tida1 ,haeckel 7,pl4 #dj1 figs4 #a-i74 ,def9ition4--,prunoidea ) a f\r-jo9t$ cortical %ell1 ! ext]nal %ell be+ divid$ by ?ree p>allel transv]se con/rictions into f\r *amb]s1 9 ! c5tre enclos+ two int]nal conc5tric %ells 7m$ull>y %ells74 ,c5tral capsule cyl9drical1 commonly f\r-jo9t$ 7) ?ree transv]se annul> con/rictions74 ,! family ,pan>tida 7,pl4 #dj1 figs4 #a-i7 is *>act]is$ by its f\r-jo9t$ cortical %ell1 con/antly compos$ ( f\r *amb]s1 ly+ "o beh9d ano!r 9 ! elongat$ ma9 axis4 ,!y are sep>at$ by ?ree r+-l con/rictions ly+ 9 ?ree p>allel transv]se planes2 ! middle ( ^! is ! equatorial plane4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ?is latt] lies con/antly a d\ble m$ull>y %ell4 ,! ,pan>tida mu/ be d]iv$ f ! ,cyph9ida by fur!r increase 9 ! longitud9al or ma9 axis1 & by repetition ( ! equatorial con/riction 9 two transv]se planes p>allel to x & at an equal di/ance f x4 #cgf,! ,m$ull>y ,%ell is always d\ble 9 ?is family1 compos$ ( two small conc5tric %ells ly+ 9 ! middle ( ! c5tral capsule4 ,!y are ei!r sph]ical or l5ticul>1 compress$ t[>ds bo? poles ( ! ma9 axis2 sometimes ! inn] is sph]ical1 ! out] l5ticul>4 ,f ! equatorial circumf]5ce ( ! latt] />ts a numb] ( radial beams1 :i* p]=ate ! c5tral capsule1 & are ins]t$ into ! equatorial con/riction ( ! cortical %ell4 ,commonly all radial beams lie 9 ! equatorial plane1 sometimes also a "p ( !m on bo? sides ( x4 ,! ,cortical ,%ell is con/antly compos$ ( f\r completely lattic$ *amb]s1 :i* are only sep>at$ by ! ?ree annul> con/rictions4 ,9 _m species all f\r *amb]s h ! same =m & size 7,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #c71 b 9 ! great] numb] ( species bo? proximal 7or c5tral7 *amb]s are diff]5t 9 size1 %ape1 or /ructure f bo? di/al 7or pol>7 *amb]s4 ,! cortical %ell is ei!r simple or d\ble1 compos$ ( two conc5tric f\r-jo9t$ %ells2 r>ely x is triple or multiple1 compos$ ( ?ree or m %ells fitt+ "o inside ! o!r4 ,v (t5 ! out] cortical %ell is incomplete1 & only develop$ ar\nd ! two proximal *amb]s ( ! complete inn] cortical %ell1 bo? di/al *amb]s ( ! latt] rema9+ simple4 ,on bo? poles ( ! ma9 axis (t5 are develop$ solid sp9es 7,panicium1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #d7 or holl[ f5e/rat$ tubes 7,pan>ium1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #i71 z 9 ! =ego+ families4 ,besides ?is1 ! surface ( ! cortical %ell may be arm$ ) sp9es4 ,! ,c5tral ,capsule ( ! ,pan>tida is always cyl9drical1 on bo? poles hemisph]ical2 commonly x is m or less di/9ctly f\r-jo9t$1 ) ?ree r+-l con/rictions correspond+ to ^? ( ! enclos+ cortical %ell4 ,f ! inn] surface ( ! latt] x is sep>at$ by a ?9n] or ?ick] jelly-mantle4 ,synopsis ( ! ,g5]a ( ,pan>tida4 ,on bo? poles ( ! ma9 ,cortical %ell simple1 #afc4 ,pan>tus4 axis nei!r peculi> pol> sp9es nor ,cortical %ell d\ble or f5e/rat$ tubes4 triple1 #afd4 ,p]ipan>tus4 ,on bo? poles ( ! ma9 ,cortical %ell simple1 #afe4 ,panicium4 axis a l>ge apical sp9e or a gr\p ( ,cortical %ell d\ble or pol> sp9es4 triple1 #aff4 ,p]ipanicium4 ,on bo? poles ( ! ma9 ,cortical %ell simple1 #afg4 ,pan>ium4 axis a conical or cyl9drical f5e/rat$ ,cortical %ell d\ble or tube4 triple1 #afh4 ,p]ipan>ium4 ,g5us #afc4 ,pan>tus1#bjb n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,pan>tida ) simple cortical %ell & d\ble m$ull>y %ell1 )\t pol> sp9es or tubes on bo? poles ( ! ma9 axis4 #cgg,! g5us ,pan>tus repres5ts ! common ance/ral =m ( all ,pan>tida1 z all o!r g5]a ( ?is subfamily mu/ be d]iv$ f x & are only fur!r developm5tal /ages1 f an ontog5etic z well z f a phylog5etic po9t ( view4 ,! cortical %ell ( ,pan>tus is con/antly compos$ ( f\r f5e/rat$ *amb]s jo9t$ to "o ano!r 9 ! ma9 axis2 bo? proximal *amb]s are sep>at$ f "o ano!r by ! equatorial r+-l con/riction1 9 ! c5tre ( :i* lies ! d\ble m$ull>y %ell2 bo? di/al *amb]s are sep>at$ f ! =m] by two o!r annul> con/rictions 79 planes p>allel to ! equatorial plane74 ,all f\r *amb]s may exhibit ! same 7kidney-%ap$7 =m & /ructure 79 ! subg5]a ,pan>tella & ,pan>toma72 or ! proximal *amb] may diff] m or less 9 %ape & size f ! di/al 79 ! subg5]a ,pan>tissa & ,pan>tura74 ,! out] surface ( ! cortical %ell is sometimes smoo? 7z 9 ,pan>tella & ,pan>tissa71 at o!r times sp9y or ?orny 7z 9 ,pan>toma & ,pan>tura74 ,! d\ble m$ull>y %ell is sometimes sph]ical1 or commonly compress$ at bo? poles & sph]oidal or l5ticul>4 ,subg5us #a4 ,pan>tella1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! cortical %ell smoo?1 )\t sp9es or ?orns4 ,all its f\r *amb]s exhibit ne>ly ! same =m & /ructure4 #a4 ,pan>tus tetraplus1 n4 sp4 ,all f\r *amb]s ( ! cortical %ell ( ! same =m1 size1 & /ructure1 kidney-%ap$1 twice z broad z long4 ,pores r regul>1 hexagonal1 all ne>ly ( ! same size & =m1 f\r times z broad z ! ?9 b>s2 five to six pores on ! half m]idian1 n9e to t5 on ! half equator ( ea* *amb]4 ,surface ( ! cortical %ell smoo?1 its ma9 axis ?ree times z long z its equatorial axis 79 ! m$ian con/riction74 ,bo? conc5tric m$ull>y %ells sph]ical2 ! equatorial axis ( ! out] half z long z t ( ! cortical %ell4 7,all f\r *amb]s ( ?is species h ! same appe>ance z ! two proximal *amb]s ( ,pan>tus diploconus1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #a47 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis ( ! cortical %ell #j4ba1 equatorial axis #j4jg2 bread? ( e *amb] #j4ji2 me%es #j4jac1 b>s #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,c5tral area ( ! ,pacific1 ,/ations #bgj to #bgd1 dep? #bcej to #bibe fa?oms4 #b4 ,pan>tus tetracolus1 n4 sp4 ,all f\r *amb]s ( ! cortical %ell ( ! same =m1 size1 & /ructure1 kidney-%ap$1 twice z broad z long4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 ) hexagonal frame1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 six to sev5 pores on ! half m]idian1 t5 to twelve on ! half equator ( ea* *amb]4 ,surface ( ! cortical %ell smoo?2 its ma9 axis ?ree times z long z ! equatorial axis4 ,bo? conc5tric m$ull>y %ells sph]oidal1 some:at compress$ at bo? poles2 ! equatorial axis #cgh( ! out] almo/ equals half t ( ! cortical %ell4 7,all f\r *amb]s ( ?is species exhibit ! /ructure ( ! two proximal *amb]s ( ,p]ipan>tus amphiconus1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #e47 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis ( ! cortical %ell #j4bd1 equatorial axis #j4jh2 bread? ( e *amb] #j4ja2 me%es #j4ja1 b>s #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,equatorial ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdh1 dep? #bdej fa?oms4 #c4 ,pan>tus tetram]es1 n4 sp4 ,all f\r *amb]s ( ! cortical %ell ( ! same =m1 size1 & /ructure1 kidney-%ap$1 twice z broad z long4 ,pores r regul>1 circul>1 )\t hexagonal frame1 ab\t z broad z ! b>s2 five to six pores on ! half m]idian1 t5 to twelve on ! half equator ( ea* *amb]4 ,surface ( ! cortical %ell smoo?1 its ma9 axis ?ree times z long z ! equatorial axis4 ,bo? conc5tric m$ull>y %ells sph]oidal1 compress$2 ! out] half z broad z ! con/riction4 7,?is species is v mu* l ,ommatocampe incresc5s1 ,/hr1 #ahhj1 loc4 cit41 ,taf4 ii4 fig4 #b1 & may be consid]$ z ! ance/ral =m ( x47 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis ( ! cortical %ell #j4b1 equatorial axis #j4jfe2 bread? ( e *amb] #j4jh2 me%es & b>s #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,sicily1 ,caltanisetta1 ,haeckel4 #d4 ,pan>tus tetraphalangus1 n4 sp4 ,all f\r *amb]s ( ! cortical %ell ( ! same =m1 size1 & /ructure1 kidney-%ap$1 twice z broad z long4 ,pores irregul>1 polygonal 7mo/ly p5tagonal or hexagonal71 f\r to eight times z broad z ! ?9 b>s2 f\r to sev5 on ! half m]idian1 eight to fifte5 on ! half equator ( ea* *amb]4 ,surface ( ! cortical %ell smoo?1 its ma9 axis ?ree times z long z its equatorial axis4 ,bo? conc5tric m$ull>y %ells compress$1 ! out]1 half z broad z ! con/riction4 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis ( ! cortical %ell #j4bf1 equatorial axis #j4ji2 bread? ( e *amb] #j4ab2 me%es #j4jjc to #j4jb1 b>s #j4jja to #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! rocks ( ,b>bados1 ,haeckel4 #e4 ,pan>tus tetra?alamus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #c74 ,all f\r *amb]s ( ! cortical %ell ( ! same =m1 size1 & /ructure1 kidney-%ap$1 twice z broad z long4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 twice to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 a circle ( l>g] pores at ! base ( bo? di/al *amb]s2 five to six pores on ! half m]idian1 t5 to twelve on ! half equator ( ea* *amb]4 ,surface ( ! cortical %ell smoo?2 its ma9 axis two & a half times z long z ! equatorial axis4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells sph]oidal1 compress$1 ! out] "o-?ird z broad z ! con/riction4 7,9 ! specim5 figur$ sp9es beg9 to arise f bo? di/al *amb]s2 ?is =ms a transition to ,pan>tus quadrijugus47 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis ( ! cortical %ell #j4ah1 equatorial axis #j4jg2 bread? ( e *amb] #j4ji2 me%es #j4jjc to #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjb to #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,m$it]ranean1 ,atlantic1 ,pacific1 9 v>i\s dep?s4 #cgi,subg5us #b4 ,pan>tissa4 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! cortical %ell smoo?1 )\t sp9es or ?orns4 ,bo? its proximal *amb]s diff] 9 =m & /ructure f ! two di/al *amb]s4 #f4 ,pan>tus diploconus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #a74 ,bo? proximal *amb]s ne>ly ellipsoidal1 "o & a half times z broad z long1 ) regul> hexagonal pores1 f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 five to six pores on ! half m]idian1 n9e to t5 on ! half equator ( ea* *amb]4 ,bo? di/al *amb]s conical1 ) a circle ( t5 to twelve l>ge squ>e pores at ! base2 ! o!r pores v small & num]\s1 r\ndi%1 sixte5 to tw5ty 9 ! height ( ea* cone1 & ! same numb] on ! half p]iph]y ( its base4 ,bo? conc5tric m$ull>y %ells compress$1 ! out]1 half z broad z ! con/riction ( ! cortical %ell1 ! surface ( :i* is q smoo?4 ,dim5sions4--,total l5g? ( ! %ell 7or ma9 axis7 #j4cd2 greate/ bread? ( ea* *amb] #j4ji2 pores ( ! proximal *amb]s #j4jac1 b>s #j4jjc2 pores & b>s ( ! di/al *amb]s #j4jjc2 l>ge basal squ>e pores #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgb1 dep? #bfjj fa?oms4 #g4 ,pan>tus amphiconus1 n4 sp4 ,bo? proximal *amb]s ne>ly kidney-%ap$1 "o & a half times z broad z long1 ) regul>1 circul> pores1 ) hexagonal frames1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 six to sev5 pores on ! half m]idian1 t5 to twelve on ! half equator ( ea* *amb]4 ,bo? di/al *amb]s conical1 ) a circle ( t5 to twelve v l>ge pores at ! base2 ! o!r pores v small1 r\ndi%1 t5 to fifte5 9 ! height ( ea* cone1 tw5ty to ?irty on ! half basal p]iph]y4 ,bo? conc5tric m$ull>y %ells compress$1 ! out] "o-?ird z broad z ! con/riction ( ! cortical %ell1 ^: surface is smoo?4 7,?is species resembles ,p]ipan>tus amphiconus1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #e1 b is )\t ! surface sp9es & ! out] envelope47 ,dim5sions4--,total l5g? ( ! %ell #j4bh2 greate/ bread? ( ! proximal *amb]s #j4a1 ( ! di/al *amb]s #j4ad2 pores ( ! =m] #j4jjh1 ( ! latt] #j4jjd2 b>s ( bo? #j4jjc to #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdd1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #h4 ,pan>tus fusi=mis1 n4 sp4 ,bo? proximal *amb]s ne>ly ellipsoidal1 "o & a half times z long z broad1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 twice to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 eight to t5 pores on ! half m]idian1 twelve to fifte5 on ! half equator ( ea* *amb]4 ,bo? di/al *amb]s hemiellipsoidal or egg-%ap$1 some:at high] & n>r[] ?an ! proximal *amb]s1 ) a circle ( l>g] squ>e pores at _! base2 ! o!r pores r\ndi% & v irregul>4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells sph]oidal1 "o-?ird z broad z ! con/riction ( ! cortical %ell1 ^: surface is q smoo?4 7,?is #chjspecies is simil> to ,p]ipan>tus atractus1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #g1 b is )\t ! sup]ficial sp9es & ! equatorial girdle-l envelope ( ! latt]47 ,dim5sions4--,total l5g? ( ! %ell #j4be to #j4c2 greate/ bread? 79 ! equator ( ! proximal *amb]s7 #j4jh to #j4a2 pores ( ! proximal *amb]s #j4jjh to #j4jab1 pores ( ! di/al *amb]s half _! size1 b>s #j4jjb to #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bcg1 surface4 #i4 ,pan>tus pr(undissimus1 ,haeckel4 ,ommatocampe pr(undissima1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahgb1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #big1 ,taf4 viii4 fig4 #f4 ,bo? proximal *amb]s ne>ly ellipsoidal1 ) irregul>1 polygonal pores1 six to eight times z broad z ! b>s2 f\r to five pores on ! half m]idian1 eight to n9e on ! half equator ( ea* *amb]4 ,bo? di/al *amb]s hemisph]ical1 ) a v delicate irregul> network4 ,m$ull>y %ells sph]ical2 surface ( ! %ell smoo?4 ,dim5sions4--,total l5g? ( ! %ell #j4ae2 greate/ bread? 9 ! equator ( ! proximal *amb]s #j4jh2 pores ( ! proximal *amb]s #j4jae1 b>s #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,philipp9e ,sea1 dep? #ccjj fa?oms1 ,ehr5b]g2 ,/ation #bac1 dep? #bjej fa?oms4 ,subg5us #c4 ,pan>toma1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! cortical %ell ?orny1 cov]$ ) scatt]$ sp9es4 ,all its f\r *amb]s exhibit ! same =m & /ructure4 #aj4 ,pan>tus quadriceps1 n4 sp4 ,all f\r *amb]s ( ! cortical %ell ( ! same =m1 size1 & /ructure1 kidney-%ap$1 twice z broad z long4 ,pores r regul>1 circul>1 ) hexagonal frames1 twice to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 six to sev5 pores on ! half m]idian1 t5 to twelve on ! half equator ( ea* *amb]4 ,surface sp9y2 f ! corn]s ( ! hexagonal frames 7betwe5 e ?ree pores7 arise %ort radial sp9es4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells sph]ical1 ! out] "o-?ird z broad z ! con/riction ( ! cortical %ell4 7,all ! f\r *amb]s ( ?is species h ! same =m z ! two proximal *amb]s ( ,p]ipan>tus amphiconus1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #e47 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis ( ! cortical %ell #j4bd1 equatorial axis #j4jh2 me%es #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjc to #j4jje2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ja to #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgd1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #aa4 ,pan>tus quadrijugus1 n4 sp4 ,all f\r *amb]s ( ! cortical %ell ( ! same =m & size1 kidney-%ap$1 twice z broad z long4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 twice to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 a circle ( l>g] pores at ! base ( bo? di/al *amb]s2 six to eight pores on ! half m]idian1 twelve to #cha;f\rte5 on ! half equator ( ea* *amb]4 ,surface sp9y1 ev]y:]e cov]$ ) small irregul> ?orns4 7,?is species diff]s f ! smoo? ,pan>tus tetra?alamus1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #c1 almo/ entirely by ! ?orny surface47 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis #j4b1 equatorial axis #j4jh2 bread? ( e *amb] #j4a2 me%es #j4jje to #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjc1 sp9es #j4ja to #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 on ! surface ( ! ,atlantic1 ,indian1 & ,pacific ,oceans4 #ab4 ,pan>tus quadrigem9us1 n4 sp4 ,all f\r *amb]s ( ! cortical %ell ne>ly ( ! same size & =m1 kidney-%ap$1 twice z broad z long4 ,pores irregul>1 polygonal 7mo/ly p5tagonal or hexagonal71 six to eight times z broad z ! ?9 b>s2 five to sev5 on ! half m]idian1 twelve to sixte5 on ! half equator ( ea* *amb]4 ,surface ( ! cortical %ell sp9y1 cov]$ ) num]\s irregul>ly scatt]$1 (t5 oblique1 bri/le-l ?orns4 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis #j4bg1 equatorial axis #j4a2 bread? ( ea* *amb] #j4ac2 me%es #j4ja to #j4jb1 b>s #j4jja to #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 surface ( ! ,atlantic & ,pacific1 _m ,/ations4 ,subg5us #d4 ,pan>tura1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! cortical %ell ?orny1 cov]$ ) scatt]$ sp9es4 ,bo? its proximal *amb]s diff] 9 =m or /ructure f ! two di/al *amb]s4 #ac4 ,pan>tus sp9osus1 n4 sp4 ,bo? proximal *amb]s ne>ly ellipsoidal1 ) regul>1 circul> pores enclos$ by hexagonal frames4 ,bo? di/al *amb]s conical1 ) a circle ( t5 to twelve l>ge squ>e pores at ! base2 ! o!r pores small1 r\ndi%4 ,! cortical %ell ( ?is species is q ! same z t ( ,pan>tus amphiconus 7,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #e71 b diff]s 9 ! abs5ce ( ! ext]nal envelope 7or ! second cortical %ell71 & is cov]$ ) %ort1 conical sp9es on ! :ole surface4 ,dim5sions4--,total l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4be1 greate/ bread? 7on ! base ( ! di/al *amb]s7 #j4ab2 me%es ( ! proximal *amb]s #j4jjh1 ( ! di/al *amb]s #j4jjd2 b>s #j4jjb to #j4jd1 sp9es #j4ja to #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdj1 surface4 #ad4 ,pan>tus setosus1 ,haeckel4 ,ommatocampe setosa1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahgb1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #big1 ,taf4 viii4 fig4 #g4 ,bo? proximal *amb]s kidney-%ap$1 broad] ?an ! two hemisph]ical di/al *amb]s4 ,me%es ( ! cortical %ell irregul>1 polygonal1 or subregul> hexagonal2 at ! base ( ea* #chb;di/al *amb] a circle ( l>ge squ>e me%es4 ,! bread? ( ! pores is eight to twelve times t ( ! b>s betwe5 !m4 ,! :ole surface is cov]$ ) small bri/le-l sp9es4 ,dim5sions4--,total l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4ad1 greate/ bread? 79 ! equator ( ea* proximal *amb]7 #j4jg2 me%es #j4jjh to #j4jae1 b>s #j4jjb1 sp9es #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,pacific 7,philipp9e & ,cali=nian ,sea7 #ccjj & #bcjj fa?oms1 ,ehr5b]g2 ,/ation #bjj1 dep? #bej fa?oms2 ,/ation #bec1 dep? #cabe fa?oms4 #ae4 ,pan>tus pluteus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #b74 ,bo? proximal *amb]s kidney-%ap$1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 twice to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 _! surface ev]y:]e cov]$ ) %ort conical ?orns4 ,f bo? pol> circles arise t5 to twelve radial rods1 :i* be> a f5e/rat$ cap1 & =m ?us ei!r ! beg9n+ ( a second1 ext]nal1 cortical %ell1 or 7if rema9+ ?us7 two imp]fect di/al *amb]s4 ,! sph]ical segm5t1 :i* =ms _! surface1 is conc5tric ) ! proximal *amb]s1 is p]=at$ by ! same irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 & cov]$ ) num]\s bri/le-l sp9es4 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis ( ! cortical %ell #j4ag1 equatorial axis 79 ! con/riction7 #j4jf2 di/ance betwe5 ! proximal & di/al *amb]s #j4jc2 pores #j4jjc to #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjc to #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgb1 dep? #bfjj fa?oms4 ,g5us #afd4 ,p]ipan>tus1#bjc n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,pan>tida ) d\ble cortical %ell & d\ble m$ull>y %ell1 )\t pol> sp9es or tubes on bo? poles ( ! ma9 axis4 ,! g5us ,p]ipan>tus diff]s f ,pan>tus only 9 ! developm5t ( an out] reticulat$ envelop1 :i* mantle-l surr\nds ! %ell & repres5ts a second or ext]nal cortical %ell4 ,?is mantle or veil envelops ei!r ! :ole int]nal cortical %ell or only bo? proximal *amb]s4 ,p]ipan>tus exhibits ! same relation to ,pan>tus z 9 ! =ego+ ance/ral family ,cypassis be>s to ,cyphonium4 ,subg5us #a4 ,p]ipan>tula1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! out] cortical %ell smoo?1 )\t sp9es or ?orns4 #a4 ,p]ipan>tus palliatus1 n4 sp4 ,int]nal cortical %ell ) f\r kidney-%ap$ *amb]s ( equal size & simil> =m1 id5tical ) ! cortical %ell ( ,pan>tus tetra?alamus & ,pan>tus quadrijugus 7,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #c71 ) irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 twice to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s4 ,x diff]s f ^! two species #chconly by ! ext]nal cortical %ell envelop+ ! :ole int]nal "o1 9 ! same mann] z 9 ,p]ipan>tus cyl9drus 7,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #f74 ,! two %ells are connect$ by num]\s radial rods4 ,! surface ( ! out] cortical %ell is q smoo?1 its irregul>1 r\ndi% pores ab\t half z l>ge z ^? ( ! inn] cortical %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis ( ! ext]nal cortical %ell #j4bg1 ( ! int]nal #j4b2 greate/ bread? ( ! =m] 79 ! equator ( ea* *amb]7 #j4ac1 ( ! latt] #j4ji2 pores ( ! ext]nal cortical %ell #j4jjb to #j4jjd1 ( ! int]nal #j4jjd to #j4jjh2 b>s ( ! =m] #j4jjb1 ( ! latt] #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ations #bga1 #bgb1 dep? #bdbe to #bfjj fa?oms4 #b4 ,p]ipan>tus lvigatus1 n4 sp4 ,int]nal cortical %ell ) f\r unequal *amb]s1 bo? proximal kidney-%ap$ 7) subregul> polygonal pores1 twice to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s71 bo? di/al ne>ly hemisph]ical1 ) subregul>1 r\ndi% pores ( half t size4 ,ext]nal cortical %ell envelops only ! proximal *amb]s1 & appe>s z ! direct cont9uation ( ! int]nal %ell ( ! di/al *amb]s1 ) ! same small r\ndi% pores4 ,! out] surface is q smoo?4 ,?is species has ne>ly ! same /ructure z ,p]ipanicium amphicorona 7,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #h71 b diff]s f x by ! abs5ce ( ! pol> sp9e-circles1 & by ! p]fect smoo?ness ( ! surface4 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis ( ! %ell #j4be1 greate/ bread? 79 ! equator ( ! proximal *amb]s7 #j4ae2 equatorial /ricture ( ! ext]nal %ell #j4aj1 ( ! int]nal #j4jg2 pores ( ! int]nal %ell ( ! proximal *amb]s #j4jac1 ( ! ext]nal #j4jjf2 b>s #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgd1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #c4 ,p]ipan>tus amphiconus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #e74 ,inn] cortical %ell ) f\r v unequal *amb]s2 bo? proximal *amb]s kidney-%ap$ 7) regul>1 circul>1 hexagonally fram$ pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s72 bo? di/al *amb]s conical1 ) a circle ( l>ge squ>e pores at ! base1 ! o!r pores v small1 r\ndi%4 ,out] cortical %ell v ?91 q smoo?1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 envelops 9 y\ng] specim5s only ! di/al *amb]s4 ,b ! radial sp9es on ! surface ( ! int]nal cortical %ell ( ! proximal *amb]s indicate t ^! w also be aft]w>ds enclos$ by ! gr[+ ( ! ext]nal %ell4 ,?is species exhibits ! progressive 7ontog5etic z well z phylog5etic7 developm5t ( ,pan>tus amphiconus4 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis ( ! out] cortical %ell #j4c1 its greate/ bread? 7at ! prom95t di/al ends ( ! radial rods betwe5 ! l>ge squ>e pores7 #j4ae2 pores #j4jjc to #j4jja1 b>s #j4jje2 ma9 axis ( ! inn] cortical %ell #j4bf1 its greate/ bread? #j4ac2 pores ( its di/al *amb]s #j4jjc1 ( its proximal *amb]s #j4ja2 l>ge squ>e pores #j4jc2 b>s #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgj1 dep? #bibe fa?oms4 #chd,subg5us #b4 ,p]ipan>tium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! out] cortical %ell cov]$ ) sp9es or ?orns4 #d4 ,p]ipan>tus atractus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #g74 ,inn] cortical %ell ) f\r v unequal *amb]s2 bo? proximal *amb]s sph]oidal 7) subregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 twice to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s71 bo? di/al *amb]s ne>ly conical1 ) a circle ( eight to t5 v l>ge squ>e pores at ! base2 ! o!r pores v small1 r\ndi%4 ,out] cortical %ell envelops only ! proximal *amb]s & ! basal half ( ! di/al *amb]s1 appe>+ z ! direct cont9uation ( ! micropor\s cov]+ ( _! apical half4 ,! :ole ext]nal cortical %ell is inflat$ 9 ! equatorial zone1 & h5ce assumes an irregul>1 sp9dle-l appe>ance4 ,its :ole surface is r\gh ) innum]able v %ort ?orns4 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis #j4bh1 equatorial axis #j4ag2 pores ( ! ext]nal cortical %ell #j4jjb to #j4jjd1 b>s #j4jjb2 ma9 axis ( ! proximal *amb]s ( ! int]nal cortical %ell #j4jg1 equatorial axis #j4ji2 pores #j4jjg1 b>s #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdd1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #e4 ,p]ipan>tus cyl9drus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #f74 ,int]nal cortical %ell ) f\r unequal *amb]s2 bo? proximal *amb]s kidney-%ap$ 7) regul>1 circul>1 hexagonally fram$ pores ( ! same bread? z ! b>s71 bo? di/al *amb]s ne>ly hemisph]ical1 ) a circle ( eight to t5 v l>ge squ>e pores at _! base2 ! o!r pores v small1 r\ndi%4 ,ext]nal cortical %ell envelops ! :ole int]nal l a p]fect holl[ cyl9d]1 :i* is clos$ at bo? poles by a hemisph]ical cap4 ,! :ole surface ( ?is cyl9drical mantle is p]=at$ by innum]able v small r\ndi% pores1 & cov]$ ) small bri/le-l sp9es4 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis ( ! cyl9d] #j4c1 equatorial axis #j4ab2 pores & b>s #j4jjf2 sp9es ( its surface #j4jab to #j4ae2 ma9 axis ( ! int]nal cortical %ell #j4b2 equatorial axis 79 ! con/riction7 #j4jf2 pores & b>s ( its proximal *amb]s #j4jjg1 ( its di/al *amb]s #j4jjc2 l>ge squ>e pores at _! base #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ations #bgj to #bgd1 dep? #bcej to #bibe fa?oms4 ,g5us #afe4 ,panicium1#bjd n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,pan>tida ) simple cortical %ell & d\ble m$ull>y %ell1 ) two opposite apical sp9es on bo? poles ( ! ma9 axis1 or ) a gr\p ( pol> sp9es4 ,! g5us ,panicium comprises ^? =ms ( ,pan>tus :i* develop a peculi> armature on bo? poles ( ! cortical %ell4 ,?is may be only a s+le /rong sp9e #cheon ea* pole1 ly+ 9 ! ma9 axis 7subg5us ,panicidium72 or a bun* or a circle ( pol> sp9es div]g+ radially 7subg5us ,pan>tidium72 9 ! latt] case ! pol> sp9es c ei!r =m a bun* on ! pole itself1 or a cr[n ( ?orns ar\nd x4 ,subg5us #a4 ,panicidium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,on bo? poles ( ! ma9 axis only a s+le l>ge sp9e4 #a4 ,panicium amphacan?um1 n4 sp4 ,all f\r *amb]s ( ! cortical %ell ne>ly ( ! same size & =m1 kidney-%ap$1 ) subregul>1 circul> pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 five to six pores on ! half m]idian1 t5 to elev5 on ! half equator ( ea* *amb]4 ,surface cov]$ ) small sp9es4 ,on bo? poles ( ! ma9 axis is a v /rong1 conical1 apical sp9e1 half z long z ! ma9 axis1 on ! base "o-f\r? z broad z ! equatorial axis4 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis 7)\t pol> sp9es7 #j4bb1 equatorial axis #j4jf2 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jje2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4ab1 basal ?ickness #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,ant>ctic1 ,/ation #aeb1 dep? #abfj fa?oms4 #b4 ,panicium amphi/ylus1 n4 sp4 ,bo? proximal *amb]s kidney-%ap$1 bo? di/al *amb]s ne>ly hemisph]ical1 some:at small]4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 twice to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 f\r to six on ! half m]idian1 eight to t5 on ! half equator ( ea* *amb]2 a circle ( l>g] squ>e pores on ! base ( ea* di/al *amb]4 ,surface ?orny4 ,on bo? poles ( ! ma9 axis "o /rong1 pyramidal1 apical sp9e1 "o-?ird z long z ! ma9 axis1 on ! base "o-f\r? z broad z ! equatorial con/riction4 7,simil> to ,pan>ium tubul>ium1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #i1 b )\t tubes47 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis 7)\t pol> sp9es7 #j4b1 equatorial axis #j4je2 pores #j4jje to #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4jg1 basal ?ickness #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,ant>ctic1 ,/ation #aef1 dep? #aige fa?oms4 ,subg5us #b4 ,pan>tidium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,on bo? poles ( ! ma9 axis a bun* or a circle ( aggregat$ sp9es4 #c4 ,panicium scop>ium1 n4 sp4 ,bo? proximal *amb]s kidney-%ap$1 bo? di/al *amb]s ne>ly hemisph]ical1 some:at small]4 ,pores irregul>1 polygonal1 twice to five times z broad z ! b>s2 six to eight on ! half m]idian1 twelve to f\rte5 on ! half equator ( ea* *amb]4 ,surface sp9y1 cov]$ ) ?91 #chf;bri/le-l sp9es4 ,on bo? poles ( ! ma9 axis a bun* ( six to eight aggregat$ l>g] conical sp9es1 ab\t z high z a s+le *amb]4 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis 7)\t pol> sp9es7 #j4b1 equatorial axis #j4jf2 pores #j4jje to #j4jae1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4je1 basal ?ickness #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ations #bgj to #bgd1 dep? #bcej to #bibe fa?oms4 #d4 ,panicium coronatum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #d74 ,bo? proximal *amb]s kidney-%ap$1 cov]$ ) %ort /\t sp9es4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 twice to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 sev5 to eight on ! half m]idian1 elev5 to ?irte5 on ! half equator ( ea* *amb]4 ,bo? di/al *amb]s cap-l1 sep>at$ f ! =m] by a circle ( t5 to twelve v l>ge squ>e pores2 ! o!r pores v small1 r\ndi%4 ,! circumpol> area is smoo?1 surr\nd$ by a circle ( t5 to twelve v /\t1 conical1 radial sp9es1 :i* arise f ! di/al ends ( ! b>s sep>at+ ! l>ge squ>e me%es4 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis 7)\t sp9es7 #j4bb1 equatorial axis #j4jh2 greate/ bread? 9 ! equator ( ! *amb]s #j4a2 pores ( ! proximal *amb]s #j4jjg to #j4jae1 b>s #j4jjd2 squ>e pores ( ! di/al *amb]s #j4jb to #j4jc1 small pores #j4jje1 b>s #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! radial sp9es ( ! pol> circles #j4jg1 basal ?ickness #j4jjg4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 ,g5us #aff4 ,p]ipanicium1#bje n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,pan>tida ) d\ble cortical %ell & d\ble m$ull>y %ell1 on bo? poles ( ! ma9 axis ) two opposite apical sp9es1 or ) a bun* or circle ( pol> sp9es4 ,! g5us ,p]ipanicium diff]s f ,panicium only 9 ! developm5t ( an out] reticulat$ envelope1 :i* mantle-l surr\nds ! %ell1 & repres5ts a second or ext]nal cortical %ell4 ,z 9 ,panicium1 its ance/ral =m1 s also 9 ,p]ipanicium1 !re c be di/+ui%$ two subg5]a3--,p]ipanicea1 :]e only a s+le l>ge sp9e arises f ea* pole 7ly+ 9 ! ma9 axis71 & ,p]ipanicula1 :]e a v>iable numb] ( sp9es is to be f\nd1 ei!r div]g+ bun*-l f ! pole itself1 or surr\nd+ x z a cr[n-l pol> circle4 ,subg5us #a4 ,p]ipanicea1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,on bo? poles ( ! ma9 axis only a s+le l>ge sp9e4 #a4 ,p]ipanicium amphixiphus1 n4 sp4 ,int]nal cortical %ell ) f\r unequal *amb]s1 ) ?orny surface4 ,bo? proximal *amb]s kidney-%ap$ 7) subregul> hexagonal pores1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s74 #chg;,bo? di/al *amb]s ne>ly hemisph]ical 7) a circle ( t5 to twelve v l>ge squ>e pores at _! base1 ! o!r pores v small74 ,f bo? poles arises a s+le1 /rong1 conical sp9e1 half z long z ! ma9 axis4 ,! int]nal cortical %ell is v mu* l t ( ,pan>ium tubul>ium 7,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #i71 b diff]s by ! solid pol> sp9es 7in/ead ( ! holl[ tubules7 & by ! =mation ( an ext]nal1 cyl9drical1 v ?91 cortical %ell1 :i* envelops ! :ole int]nal1 & is connect$ ) x by num]\s beams4 ,! surface ( ! ext]nal %ell is q smoo?1 & p]=at$ by innum]able v small r\ndi% pores4 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis ( ! ext]nal cortical %ell #j4be1 ( ! int]nal #j4ai2 transv]se axis ( ! =m] #j4ac1 ( ! latt] #j4jh2 pores ( ! proximal *amb]s ( ! int]nal %ell #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjc2 pores ( ext]nal cortical %ell #j4jjb1 b>s #j4jja2 l5g? ( bo? pol> sp9es #j4ab1 basal ?ickness ( !m #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ne> ,tri/an da ,cunha1 ,/ation #ccc1 dep? #bjbe fa?oms4 ,subg5us #b4 ,p]ipanicula1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,on bo? poles ( ! ma9 axis a bun* or a circle ( aggregat$ pol> sp9es4 #b4 ,p]ipanicium amphicorona1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #h74 ,p]ipan>tus amphicorona1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus et ,atlas 7pl4 xl4 fig4 #h74 ,int]nal cortical %ell ) f\r v unequal *amb]s4 ,bo? proximal *amb]s kidney-%ap$1 ) subregul>1 polygonal pores1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s4 ,bo? di/al *amb]s d\ble cone-%ap$2 ! proximal cone ( ^! =m$ by a circle ( t5 to twelve radial beams1 :i* sep>ate ! same numb] ( l>ge squ>e me%es2 ! di/al cone ) five to six circles ( v small r\ndi%1 irregul> pores4 ,! cont9uation ( ! ?9 por\s lamella ( ?is di/al cone =ms ! ext]nal cortical %ell1 ^: surface is a little r\gh ) innum]able v small ?orns4 ,on bo? poles is a l>ge circul> op5+ 7ne>ly z broad z ! equatorial con/riction ( ! inn] %ell71 surr\nd$ by a delicate cr[n ( ?orns4 ,! sp9es ( ?is cr[n equal ! diamet] ( ! pol> op5+2 !y are v ?9 & bri/le-l1 connect$ by a few bridges & div]ge outw>ds4 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis 7)\t ! cr[ns ( pol> ?orns7 #j4bf1 greate/ bread? 79 ! equator ( ! proximal *amb]s7 #j4ae2 equatorial con/riction ( ! ext]nal %ell #j4ab1 ( ! int]nal #j4jg2 pores ( ! proximal *amb]s ( ! int]nal cortical %ell #j4ja1 ( ! ext]nal #j4jje1 b>s #j4jjc2 diamet] ( ! circul> pol> op5+ #j4je2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4je4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 #c4 ,p]ipanicium coron>ium1 n4 sp4 ,int]nal cortical %ell ) f\r unequal *amb]s4 ,bo? proximal *amb]s kidney-%ap$1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 twice to f\r times z broad z ! b>s4 ,bo? di/al *amb]s cap-l1 ) a basal circle ( t5 to twelve l>ge squ>e me%es1 ! o!r pores v small4 ,ext]nal #chh;cortical %ell v ?91 ) smoo? surface1 & v small1 irregul>1 r\ndi% pores2 x envelops ! :ole int]nal %ell at a con/ant di/ance1 :i* equals ! bread? ( ! squ>e me%es4 ,f ! di/al ends ( ! radial beams betwe5 ! squ>e me%es arise on e pol> circle t5 to twelve /rong sp9es1 z direct prolongations ( ^? beams4 ,^! =m two regul>1 pol> cr[ns ( ?orns4 ,! inn] "p ( ! ?orns 7betwe5 bo? %ells7 has only "o-?ird to "o-f\r? ! l5g? ( ! out] free "p4 7,?is species repres5ts a fur!r developm5t ( ,panicium coronatum1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #d1 by second>y =mation ( an ext]nal mantle1 l t ( ,p]ipan>tus atractus1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #g47 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis #j4bg1 greate/ bread? #j4ae2 pores ( ! int]nal proximal *amb]s #j4jjh to #j4jaf1 b>s #j4jjd2 squ>e me%es ( ! di/al *amb]s #j4jc2 pores ( ! out] cortical %ell #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! sp9es ( ! pol> circles #j4a to #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgd1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 ,g5us #afg4 ,pan>ium1#bjf ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfc4 ,def9ition4--,pan>tida ) simple cortical %ell & d\ble m$ull>y %ell1 ) two holl[ f5e/rat$ tubes1 opposite on ! poles ( ! ma9 axis4 ,! g5us ,pan>ium diff]s f ,pan>tus by two holl[ lattic$ tubes1 :i* />t f bo? poles ( ! ma9 axis & lie 9 x4 ,x repeats !re=e 9 ?is family ! same peculi> & rem>kable =mation1 :i* we f9d 9 ,pipettella among ! ,ellipsida1 9 ,pipetta among ! ,druppulida1 9 ,cann>tidium among ! ,cyph9ida1 9 ,cann>tus among ! ,artiscida1 c4 ,subg5us #a4 ,pan>elium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! %ell smoo?1 )\t sp9es or ?orns4 #a4 ,pan>ium facett>ium1 n4 sp4 ,surface ( ! cortical %ell smoo?4 ,all ! f\r *amb]s ne>ly ( ! same size & =m1 kidney-%ap$1 ab\t twice z broad z long4 ,pores ( ^! subregul>1 circul>1 ) hexagonal frames1 ab\t z broad z ! b>s2 n9e to t5 on ! half m]idian1 twelve to f\rte5 on ! half equator ( ea* *amb]4 ,pol> tubuli ne>ly cyl9drical1 long] ?an half ! ma9 axis ( ! cortical %ell1 ab\t "o-f\r? z broad z ! equatorial con/riction4 ,pores ( ! tubuli ( ! same %ape z ^? ( ! *amb]s1 b only half z l>ge4 7,?is species is l ,pipetta tuba1 ,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #g1 b di/+ui%$ by ?ree p>allel transv]se con/rictions47 ,dim5sions4--,total l5g? ( ! %ell 7)\t tubuli7 #j4bf2 bread? ( ea* *amb] #j4ab2 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4ja2 l5g? ( ! tubuli #j4ae1 bread? ( !m #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,pacific c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #chib4 ,pan>ium pipett>ium1 n4 sp4 ,surface ( ! cortical %ell smoo?4 ,bo? proximal *amb]s ne>ly kidney-%ap$2 bo? di/al *amb]s some:at small]1 hemisph]ical4 ,pores ( all f\r *amb]s subregul>1 circul>1 )\t hexagonal frames1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 six to sev5 pores on ! half m]idian1 t5 to elev5 on ! half equator ( ea* *amb]4 ,pol> tubuli sl5d]1 conical1 ne>ly half z long z ! ma9 axis ( ! %ell1 "o-?ird z broad at ! base z ! equatorial con/riction4 ,pores ( ! tubuli ( ! same %ape z ^? ( ! *amb]s1 b only half z l>ge4 7,?is species resembles some:at ,cann>tiscus amphiconiscus1 ,pl4 #ci1 fig4 #ai1 b ) d\ble ! numb] ( *amb]s47 ,dim5sions4--,total l5g? ( ! %ell 7)\t tubuli7 #j4be1 greate/ bread? #j4a2 pores #j4jjh1 b>s #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! pol> tubuli #j4aa1 basal bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 we/]n tropical "p1 ,/ation #bbe1 dep? #ddge fa?oms4 ,subg5us #b4 ,pan>omium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! %ell sp9y1 cov]$ ) %ort ?orns4 #c4 ,pan>ium annul>ium1 n4 sp4 ,surface ( ! cortical %ell ?orny1 ev]y:]e cov]$ ) small bri/le-l sp9es4 ,all f\r *amb]s ne>ly ( ! same size & =m1 kidney-%ap$4 ,_! pores subregul>1 circul>1 ?ree to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 sev5 to eight on ! half m]idian1 t5 to elev5 on ! half equator ( ea* *amb]4 ,pol> tubuli conical1 ne>ly half z long z ! ma9 axis1 half z broad at ! base z ! equatorial con/riction4 ,pores ( ! tubuli l ^? ( ! *amb]s1 b only half z broad4 ,dim5sions4--,total l5g? ( ! %ell 7)\t tubuli7 #j4af2 bread? ( ea* *amb] #j4jg2 pores #j4jjf to #j4jjh1 b>s #j4jjb2 l5g? ( ! pol> tubuli #j4jg1 basal bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,nor!rn ,pacific1 ,/ation #bec1 dep? #cabe fa?oms4 #d4 ,pan>ium artophorum1 n4 sp4 ,surface ( ! %ell ?orny1 ) scatt]$ small sp9es4 ,bo? proximal *amb]s ne>ly kidney-%ap$2 bo? di/al hemisph]ical1 some:at small]4 ,pores ( all *amb]s irregul>1 r\ndi%1 little broad] ?an ! b>s2 f\r to five on ! half m]idian1 six to eight on ! half equator ( ea* *amb]4 ,pol> tubuli cyl9drical1 long] ?an ! half ma9 axis1 only "o-f\r? z broad ! equatorial con/riction4 ,pores ( ! tubuli only "o-?ird to "o-f\r? z broad z ^? ( ! *amb]s4 ,dim5sions4--,total l5g? ( ! %ell 7)\t tubuli7 #j4bb1 greate/ bread? 79 ! equator ( ! proximal *amb]s7 #j4ji2 pores & b>s #j4jjh to #j4jab2 l5g? ( ! pol> tubuli #j4ad1 bread? ( !m #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,s\!rn ,pacific1 ,/ation #bhi1 dep? #beej fa?oms4 #cije4 ,pan>ium tubul>ium1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #i74 ,surface ( ! cortical %ell ?orny1 cov]$ ) small sp9es4 ,bo? proximal *amb]s ne>ly kidney-%ap$1 ) irregul>1 polygonal pores1 ?ree to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 five to six pores on ! half m]idian1 n9e to t5 on ! half equator ( ea* *amb]4 ,bo? di/al *amb]s ne>ly hemisph]ical1 ) a circle ( t5 to twelve l>ge squ>e pores at _! base2 ! o!r pores mu* small]1 irregul>1 r\ndi%4 ,pol> tubuli prismatic1 ) prom95t edges1 ne>ly half z long z ! ma9 axis1 only "o-f\r? z broad z ! equatorial con/riction4 ,pores ( ! tubuli v small1 9 longitud9al s]ies betwe5 ! edges4 ,dim5sions4--,total l5g? ( ! %ell 7)\t tubuli7 #j4ah to #j4b1 greate/ bread? 79 ! equator ( ! proximal *amb]s7 #j4jg to #j4ji2 pores #j4jjc to #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjb to #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! pol> tubuli #j4jf to #j4ji1 bread? ( !m #j4jae to #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ations #bgj to #bgb1 dep? #bdbe to #bibe fa?oms4 ,g5us #afh4 ,p]ipan>ium1#bjg n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,pan>tida ) d\ble cortical %ell & d\ble m$ull>y %ell1 ) two holl[ f5e/rat$ tubes1 opposite on ! poles ( ! ma9 axis4 ,! g5us ,p]ipan>ium diff]s f ,pan>ium only 9 ! developm5t ( an out] reticulat$ envelop1 :i* mantle-l surr\nds ! %ell & repres5ts a second or ext]nal cortical %ell4 ,x be>s !re=e to ,pan>ium ! same relation z ,p]ipan>tus to ,pan>tus1 c4 #a4 ,p]ipan>ium c5oconicum1 n4 sp4 ,int]nal cortical %ell ) f\r kidney-%ap$ *amb]s ( ne>ly ! same =m & size2 _! pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 twice to f\r times z broad z ! b>s4 ,ext]nal cortical %ell cyl9drical1 hemisph]ical at bo? poles1 ) irregul>1 v small1 r\ndi% pores1 only "o-?ird to "o-half z l>ge z ^? ( ! int]nal4 ,f bo? poles ( ! int]nal cortical %ell arises a holl[ conical f5e/rat$ tube1 :i* p]=ates ! ext]nal4 ,! out] free "p ( ?is sl5d] cone equals 9 l5g? ! inn] "p or ! di/ance betwe5 ! two cortical %ells1 :i* is ab\t equal to ! l5g? ( "o *amb]4 ,ext]nal surface cov]$ ) small ?orns4 7,?is species has ! same appe>ance z ,desm>tus l>valis1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #ab1 b has only f\r *amb]s in/ead ( six47 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis 7)\t cones7 #j4bc1 greate/ bread? #j4aa2 pores ( ! inn] cortical %ell #j4jjd to #j4jji1 ( ! out] #j4jjb to #j4jjc2 b>s ( ! =m] #j4jjb1 ( ! latt] #j4jja2 total l5g? ( ! pol> cones #j4je1 basal ?ickness ( !m #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,we/ ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbe1 dep? #ddge fa?oms4 #ciab4 ,p]ipan>ium c5ocyl9dricum1 n4 sp4 ,int]nal cortical %ell ) f\r unequal *amb]s1 ! two proximal kidney-%ap$1 ! two di/al conical1 & some:at small]2 pores irregul>1 polygonal-r\ndi%1 twice to five times z broad z ! b>s4 ,ext]nal cortical %ell ne>ly sp9dle-%ap$1 9 ! equatorial zone inflat$1 conical1 tap]+ t[>ds bo? poles1 its pores v small1 r\ndi%1 its surface cov]$ ) small ?orns4 ,! %ell ( ?is species resembles v mu* ,p]ipan>tus atractus 7,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #g71 b diff]s by ! holl[ cyl9drical pol> tubes1 :i* arise f bo? poles ( ! inn] cortical %ell & atta9 m ?an half ! l5g? ( ! ma9 axis4 ,!y are op5 at _! ends 7brok5 away71 ab\t z broad z ! out] m$ull>y %ell1 & p]=at$ by irregul>1 r\ndi% pores4 ,dim5sions4--,ma9 axis 7)\t pol> tubes7 #j4bh1 greate/ bread? 79 ! equator7 #j4af2 pores ( ! inn] cortical %ell #j4jjd to #j4ja1 ( ! out] #j4jjb to #j4jje2 b>s ( ! =m] #j4jjd1 ( ! latt] #j4jjb2 total l5g? ( ! pol> tubes #j4af1 bread? ( !m #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 ,family ,,xvii4 ,,zyg>tida1 ,haeckel 7,pl4 #dj1 figs4 #aj-ac74 ,zyg>tida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4#dfb 7s5su re/ricto74 ,def9ition4--,prunoidea ) annulat$ cortical %ell1 ! ext]nal %ell be+ divid$ by five or m p>allel transv]se con/rictions into six or m *amb]s1 enclos+ 9 ! c5tre two int]nal conc5tric %ells 7m$ull>y %ells74 ,c5tral capsule cyl9drical1 commonly annulat$ 7correspond+ to ! transv]se annul> con/rictions ( ! cortical %ell74 ,! family ,zyg>tida1 ! sev5? & la/ ( ! ,prunoidea1 comprises1 9 ! s5se "h re/rict$1 all ^? ,prunoidea 9 :i* ! cortical %ell is annulat$ & compos$ ( six to tw5ty or m 7at lea/ six7 cam]1 ly+ "o beh9d ano!r 9 ! elongat$ ma9 axis1 & sep>at$ by five or m annul> con/rictions4 ,:5 ,i con/itut$ ?is family 9 #ahha 7loc4 cit471 ,i _h giv5 to x a mu* wid] ext5t1 embrac+ all ^? ,prunoidea :i* exhibit annul> con/rictions ( ! cortical %ell2 z ! numb] ( ^!1 9 consequ5ce ( fur!r rese>*es1 is mu* increas$1 x seems n[ m conv5i5t to re/rict ! family to ! ext5t "h giv54 ,no d\bt ! ,zyg>tida mu/ be d]iv$ f ! ,pan>tida by progressive gr[? ( ! cortical %ell 9 ! ma9 axis & accompany+ increase ( ! numb] ( its *amb]s4 ,:il/ ?is numb] 9 ! ,pan>tida is con/antly re/rict$ to f\r1 9 ! ,zyg>tida x am\nts to t51 tw5ty1 or m1 & is 9 ! l[e/ case six 7,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #aj74 ,! maximum numb] is v>iable 9 ! diff]5t species1 b ( c\rse also diff]5t 9 ! v>i\s degrees ( individual developm5t4 ,ea* ,zyg>tid is at ! beg9n+ ( its gr[? a ,cyph9id1 lat] a ,pan>tid4 ,! numb] ( ! annul> con/rictions sep>at+ ! *amb]s & ly+ 9 p>allel transv]se planes is at lea/ #cib;five1 b may am\nt to n9ete51 to tw5ty-"o or m2 !y lie con/antly 9 pairs on bo? sides ( ! equatorial con/riction 7,pl4 #dj1 figs4 #ab1 #ac74 ,! cortical %ell may ei!r rema9 simple 7,ommatocampe1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #aj71 or become d\ble 7,desmocampe1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #ab71 or sometimes triple 7,zygocampe1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #ac74 ,9 ! latt] cases ! out] 7second>y & t]ti>y7 cortical %ells are commonly incomplete1 & only develop$ ar\nd ! proximal *amb]s ( ! complete fir/ 7prim>y7 cortical %ell1 its di/al *amb]s rema9+ simple4 ,! ,m$ull>y ,%ell is con/antly d\ble1 z 9 ! ,pan>tida2 its =m is ei!r sph]ical or l5ticul>1 compress$ 9 ! direction ( ! ma9 axis4 ,x is always connect$ ) ! equatorial con/riction ( ! cortical %ell by a numb] ( radial beams1 ly+ ei!r 9 ! equatorial plane or on ea* side ( x 7,pl4 #dj1 figs4 #aj-ac74 ,! ,c5tral ,capsule ( ! ,zyg>tida is con/antly cyl9drical2 its increas+ gr[? on bo? poles ( ! axis corresponds to t ( ! includ+ cortical %ell4 ,commonly 7b n always7 its cyl9drical surface is annulat$1 ) five or m transv]se /rictures1 correspond+ to ^? ( ! cortical %ell4 ,f ! inn] surface ( ! latt] x is sep>at$ by a jelly-mantle1 ! calymma4 ,synopsis ( ! ,g5]a ( ,zyg>tida4 ,i4 ,ommacampida4 ,)\t pol> tubes1 #afi4 ,ommatocampe4 #a4 ,cortical %ell simple4 ,) two holl[ f5e/rat$ 7,m$ull>y %ell tubes1 on ! poles ( d\ble47 ! axis1 #agj4 ,ommat>tus4 ,,ii4 ,desmocampida4 ,)\t pol> tubes1 #aga4 ,desmocampe4 #b4 ,cortical %ell d\ble4 ,) two holl[ f5e/rat$ 7,m$ull>y %ell tubes1 on ! poles ( d\ble47 ! axis1 #agb4 ,desm>tus4 ,,iii4 ,zygocampida4 ,)\t pol> tubes1 #agc4 ,zygocampe4 #c4 ,cortical %ell triple4 ,) two holl[ f5e/rat$ 7,m$ull>y %ell tubes1 on ! poles ( d\ble47 ! axis1 #agd4 ,zyg>tus4 ,g5us #afi4 ,ommatocampe1#bjh ,ehr5b]g1 #ahfj1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #hcb4 ,def9ition4--,zyg>tida ) simple cortical %ell & d\ble m$ull>y %ell1 )\t pol> tubes4 ,! g5us ,ommatocampe 0 f\nd$ by ,ehr5b]g 9 #ahfj = "o ( 8 ,haliommat9a1 ) ! foll[+ diagnosis3--,%ell rod-l1 long1 articulate1 ) nucleus1 )\t sp9es1 ) f\r or m jo9ts4 ,! species figur$ by him1 ,ommatocampe #cicpoly>?ra1 exhibits five pairs ( *amb]s on bo? sides ( ! m]idian plane ( ! cortical %ell1 ! c5tre ( :i* includes a d\ble m$ull>y %ell4 ,x repres5ts ! mo/ simple =m ( all ,zyg>tida1 & may be d]iv$ phylog5etically f ,cyphonium simply by multiplication ( ! *amb]s ( ! cortical %ell1 gr[+ on bo? poles ( ! ma9 axis4 ,subg5us #a4 ,ommatocampium4 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! cortical %ell smoo? or r\gh1 )\t ?orns or sp9es1 also )\t pol> sp9es4 #a4 ,ommatocampe poly>?ra1 ,ehr5b]g4 ,ommatocampe poly>?ra1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahgb1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #bgi1 ,taf4 vi4 fig4 #i4 ,cortical %ell ) smoo? surface1 compos$ ( six to t5 *amb]s ( ! same size & =m4 ,e *amb] kidney-%ap$1 ab\t twice z broad z long1 ) ?ree transv]se r[s ( circul>1 subregul> pores1 twice to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells sph]ical4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! six-*amb]$ cortical %ell #j4ae2 greate/ bread? ( ea* *amb] #j4jd2 pores #j4jje to #j4jjg1 b>s #j4jjb to #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,cali=nian ,sea1 dep? #bfjj fa?oms1 ,ehr5b]g2 ,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms2 fossil 9 ! ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,b>bados1 ,haeckel4 #b4 ,ommatocampe incresc5s1 ,/hr4 ,ommatocampe incresc5s1 ,/hr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #ij1 ,taf4 ii4 fig4 #b1 a1 b4 ,cortical %ell ) r\gh surface1 compos$ ( six to t5 *amb]s ( ne>ly ! same size & =m2 ! bread? ( ! *amb]s a little increas+ t[>ds bo? poles4 ,e *amb] kidney-%ap$1 ! proximal *amb]s twice z broad z long1 ) f\r or five transv]se r[s ( pores2 ! di/al *amb]s ?ree to f\r times z broad z long1 ) two or ?ree transv]se r[s ( pores4 ,=m ( ! pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 b>s betwe5 !m 9 ! di/al "p small]1 9 ! proximal "p l>g] ?an ! pores4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells compress$ l5ticul>4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! six-*amb]$ cortical %ell #j4bb2 greate/ bread? ( ! *amb]s #j4ji to #j4a2 pores & b>s #j4jjc to #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,sicily1 ,grotte1 ,/hr4 #c4 ,ommatocampe annulata1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ) smoo? surface1 compos$ ( six to twelve *amb]s ( ne>ly ! same size & =m4 ,ea* *amb] kidney-%ap$1 twice z broad z long1 ) f\r to five transv]se r[s ( #cid;irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 once to five times z broad z ! b>s4 ,on ! base ( ea* di/al *amb] 7beg9n+ 9 ! second or ?ird pair7 a circle ( twelve to sixte5 l>g] squ>e pores4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells compress$ l5ticul>4 7,resembles ! inn] cortical %ell ( ,desm>tus l>valis1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #ab1 b is )\t ! pol> tubes & ! out] envelope ( ?is species47 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! six-*amb]$ cortical %ell #j4bc2 greate/ bread? ( ea* *amb] #j4jg2 pores #j4jjb to #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,m$it]ranean1 ,atlantic1 ,pacific1 9 v>i\s dep?s4 ,subg5us #b4 ,ommatocampula1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! cortical %ell ?orny or sp9y1 b )\t peculi> pol> sp9es & )\t regul> coronals ( sp9es4 #d4 ,ommatocampe eruc=mis1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ) sp9y surface1 compos$ ( six to twelve *amb]s ( ne>ly ! same size & =m1 ! di/al *amb]s a little small]4 ,! =m & /ructure ( ! cortical %ell is ne>ly ! same z 9 ! =ego+ species1 only ! pores are some:at l>g]1 & ! :ole surface is cov]$ ) bri/le-l radial sp9es1 ab\t half z long z ! bread? ( "o *amb]4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells compress$ & l5ticul>4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! six-*amb]$ cortical %ell #j4bd2 greate/ bread? ( ea* *amb] #j4jh2 pores #j4jje to #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,can>y ,isl&s1 ,/ation #cec1 dep? #bife fa?oms4 #e4 ,ommatocampe n]eis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #aj74 ,cortical %ell ) sp9y surface1 compos$ ( six 7or m7 *amb]s ( diff]5t size & /ructure4 ,bo? proximal *amb]s kidney-%ap$1 ) subregul>1 circul>1 hexagonally fram$ pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s4 ,all foll[+ *amb]s cap-l1 ) mu* small]1 irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 at ! base ( e *amb] a circle ( t5 to twelve l>ge squ>e pores4 ,sp9es ( ! surface %ort1 irregul>ly scatt]$4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells sph]ical4 7,all ! obs]v$ specim5s possess$ only six *amb]s47 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! six-*amb]$ cortical %ell #j4be2 greate/ bread? ( ea* *amb] #j4jh2 pores ( bo? proximal *amb]s #j4ja1 b>s #j4jje2 basal pores ( ! o!r *amb]s #j4jb2 pores ( _! di/al caps #j4jjc to #j4jjf1 b>s #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ations #bga to #bgd1 dep? #bcej to #bgej fa?oms4 ,subg5us #c4 ,ommatocorona1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! cortical %ell sp9y1 on e *amb] a regul> circle or coronal ( radial sp9es4 #cief4 ,ommatocampe *topodum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ) sp9y surface1 compos$ ( six 7or m7 kidney-%ap$ *amb]s ( diff]5t size & =m4 ,bo? proximal *amb]s kidney-%ap$1 ) subregul>1 circul>1 hexagonally fram$ pores1 ab\t z broad z ! b>s4 ,all ! foll[+ *amb]s hemisph]ical1 ) irregul>1 r\ndi% pores2 at ! base ( e *amb] a circle ( t5 to twelve l>g] squ>e pores4 ,! beams betwe5 ^! latt] are prolong$ into free radial sp9es1 twice z ?ick z ! b>s4 ,!re=e e *amb] is surr\nd$ by a circle ( radial sp9es1 l ^? ( ,panicium coronatum 7,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #d74 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells l5ticul>4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! six-*amb]$ cortical %ell #j4c1 greate/ bread? #j4jh1 pores & b>s ( bo? proximal *amb]s #j4ja2 pores ( ! o!r *amb]s #j4jjb to #j4jjh2 squ>e pores #j4jb1 b>s #j4jje2 l5g? ( ! coronal sp9es #j4jc1 ?ickness #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,madagasc>1 ,rabbe4 ,subg5us #d4 ,ommatacan?a1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! %ell smoo? or sp9y1 on ! poles ( ! ma9 axis occur two /rong opposite pol> sp9es4 #g4 ,ommatocampe amphilon*e1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell compos$ ( six kidney-%ap$ *amb]s ( ne>ly ! same size & /ructure2 e *amb] twice z broad z long1 ) f\r to five transv]se r[s ( irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 once to f\r times z broad z ! b>s4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells l5ticul>4 ,surface ( ! cortical %ell cov]$ ) bri/le-l sp9es4 ,on bo? poles ( ! ma9 axis "o l>g]1 /rong1 conical sp9e1 ab\t half z long z ?is axis1 & on ! base z broad z ! inn] m$ull>y %ell4 7,resembles on ! :ole ,desm>tus l>valis1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #ab1 b )\t ext]nal mantle1 & ) two solid pol> sp9es in/ead ( ! pol> tubes47 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! six-*amb]$ cortical %ell #j4bd2 greate/ bread? ( ea* *amb] #j4jh2 pores #j4jjb to #j4jh1 b>s #j4jjb2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4ab1 basal ?ickness #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bff1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 ,g5us #agj4 ,ommat>tus1#bji ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfc4 ,def9ition4--,zyg>tida ) simple cortical %ell & d\ble m$ull>y %ell1 ) two holl[ f5e/rat$ tubes1 opposite on bo? poles ( ! ma9 axis4 ,! g5us ,ommat>tus diff]s f ,ommatocampe by ! developm5t ( two holl[ f5e/rat$ tubes on bo? poles ( ! ma9 axis1 & be>s !re=e ! same relation to x z ,cann>tidium to ,cyphonium4 ,! =m] two g5]a diff] f ! two latt] by ! augm5tation ( ! *amb]s ( ! cortical %ell4 #cifa4 ,ommat>tus amphicanna1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ) sp9y surface1 compos$ ( six *amb]s ( equal size & kidney-%ap$2 e *amb] ) f\r to five transv]se r[s ( irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 twice to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells l5ticul>4 ,pol> tubes conical1 ab\t z long z "o *amb]1 ) small] pores4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells sph]oidal1 m or less compress$4 7,resembles ,desm>tus l>valis1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #ab1 b is )\t ! ext]nal %ell47 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! six-*amb]$ cortical %ell #j4bd2 greate/ bread? ( ea* *amb] #j4jg2 pores #j4jjh to #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! pol> tubes #j4jd to #j4je1 basal ?ickness #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ations #bgj to #bgd1 dep? #bcej to #bibe fa?oms4 #b4 ,ommat>tus amphisiphon1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ) sp9y surface1 compos$ ( six or eight *amb]s ( diff]5t size & =m4 ,bo? proximal *amb]s kidney-%ap$1 ea* ) five to six transv]se r[s ( irregul>1 polygonal pores1 ?ree to f\r times z broad z ! b>s4 ,! o!r 7f\r to six7 *amb]s some:at small]1 m hemisph]ical1 ) small]1 irregul> pores1 b on ! base ( ea* a circle ( t5 to twelve l>g] squ>e pores4 ,pol> tubuli prismatic1 ab\t half z long z ! ma9 axis1 ) prom95t edges & longitud9al r[s ( small] pores betwe5 !m4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells l5ticul>4 7,resembles closely ,pan>ium tubul>ium1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #i1 b ) six to eight *amb]s in/ead ( f\r1 & ) long] tubuli47 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! six-*amb]$ cortical %ell #j4bf2 greate/ bread? ( ! proximal *amb]s #j4ji1 ( ! di/al *amb]s #j4jg2 pores ( ! =m] #j4ja1 ( ! latt] #j4jjd2 l>ge squ>e pores #j4jac1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! pol> tubes #j4a to #j4ab1 ?ickness #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #big1 dep? #agge fa?oms4 #c4 ,ommat>tus amphobolus1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ) sp9y surface1 compos$ ( six *amb]s ( diff]5t size & =m4 ,bo? proximal *amb]s kidney-%ap$1 ) f\r to five transv]se r[s ( subregul>1 circul> pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s4 ,bo? middle *amb]s cap-l1 ) a basal circle ( t5 to twelve l>g] squ>e pores1 & small r\ndi% pores on ! cap4 ,bo? di/al *amb]s small]1 conical1 ) v small r\ndi% pores4 ,pol> tubuli conical1 ne>ly half z long z ! ma9 axis1 also ) v small pores4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells l5ticul>4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! six-*amb]$ %ell #j4bh1 greate/ bread? #j4jh2 pores ( ! proximal *amb]s #j4ja1 b>s #j4jje2 pores ( ! di/al *amb]s & ! pol> tubes #j4jjb to #j4jjd1 b>s #j4jjb2 l5g? ( ! pol> tubes #j4ac1 basal ?ickness #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bec1 dep? #cabe fa?oms4 ,g5us #aga4 ,desmocampe1#baj n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,zyg>tida ) d\ble cortical %ell & d\ble m$ull>y %ell1 )\t pol> tubes4 #cig,! g5us ,desmocampe diff]s f ,ommatocampe 9 ! duplication ( ! jo9t$ cortical %ell2 ! radial sp9es1 :i* />t f ! surface ( ! inn] cortical %ell1 are connect$ "o ) ano!r by transv]se communicat+ bran*es :i* =m an out] envelop ar\nd x2 b ?is reticulat$ mantle is commonly n q p]fect & m or less irregul>4 #a4 ,desmocampe cat5ula1 n4 sp4 ,inn] cortical %ell ) six to eight *amb]s ( ! same size & =m4 ,e *amb] kidney-%ap$1 ) ?ree to f\r transv]se r[s ( circul>1 subregul> pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s4 ,out] cortical %ell cyl9drical1 hemisph]ical at bo? poles1 ) smoo? surface & irregul>1 r\ndi% pores ( v diff]5t size4 ,di/ance betwe5 ! two cortical %ells equals ! diamet] ( ! out] m$ull>y %ell1 :i*1 l ! inn]1 is sph]ical4 7,resembles ,ommatocampe poly>?ra1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahgb1 loc4 cit41 ,taf4 vi1 fig4 #i1 b diff]s 9 ! ext]nal mantle47 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! six-*amb]$ inn] cortical %ell #j4af1 ( ! out] #j4ba2 greate/ bread? ( ea* *amb] ( ! =m] #j4je1 ( ! latt] #j4ji2 pores ( ! inn] #j4jjf1 b>s #j4jjc2 pores ( ! out] #j4jjb to #j4jjh1 b>s #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bcg1 (f ,japan1 surface4 #b4 ,desmocampe tnioides1 n4 sp4 ,inn] cortical %ell ) six to t5 *amb]s ( ne>ly ! same size & =m2 ! di/al *amb]s some:at small]4 ,e *amb] kidney-%ap$1 ) f\r to five transv]se r[s ( irregul> r\ndi% pores1 twice to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s4 ,out] cortical %ell cyl9drical1 hemisph]ical at bo? poles1 ) sp9y surface2 its pores l ^? ( ! inn]1 b ! b>s betwe5 !m mu* ?9n]4 ,di/ance betwe5 ! two cortical %ells equals ! diamet] ( ! out] m$ull>y %ell4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells l5ticul>4 7,resembles ,desm>tus l>valis1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #ab1 b is )\t pol> tubes47 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! six-*amb]$ inn] cortical %ell #j4be1 ( ! out] #j4c2 greate/ bread? ( ! =m] #j4jg1 ( ! latt] #j4aa2 pores #j4jje to #j4jab2 b>s ( ! inn] %ell #j4jjd1 ( ! out] #j4jja4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #c4 ,desmocampe aphrodite1 n4 sp4 ,inn] cortical %ell ) six to t5 *amb]s ( diff]5t size & /ructure4 ,bo? proximal *amb]s kidney-%ap$1 ) five to six transv]se r[s ( subregul>1 circul>1 hexagonally-fram$ pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s4 ,all foll[+ *amb]s cap-l1 ) mu* small]1 irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 on ! base ( ea* a circle ( t5 to twelve l>ge squ>e pores4 ,out] cortical %ell cyl9drical1 on bo? poles hemisph]ical1 ) sp9y surface & v delicate network ( small polygonal pores4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells sph]ical4 7,! inn] cortical %ell ( ?is species resembles t ( ,ommatocampe n]eis1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #aj2 ! out] t ( ,cyphocolpus virg9is1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #aa47 #cih;,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! six-*amb]$ int]nal cortical %ell #j4be1 ( ! out] #j4c2 greate/ bread? ( ! =m] #j4jh1 ( ! latt] #j4ab2 pores ( ! proximal *amb]s ( ! inn] %ell #j4ja1 b>s #j4jje2 pores ( ! di/al *amb]s #j4jjc to #j4jje1 squ>e pores #j4jb1 b>s #j4jjc2 pores ( ! ext]nal cortical %ell #j4jjb to #j4jjf1 b>s #j4jja4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cec1 dep? #bife fa?oms4 #d4 ,desmocampe atractus1 n4 sp4 ,inn] cortical %ell ) six *amb]s ( v diff]5t size & /ructure4 ,bo? proximal *amb]s kidney-%ap$1 ) sev5 to eight transv]se r[s ( subregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 twice to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s4 ,bo? middle *amb]s cap-l1 on ! base ) a circle ( eight to t5 v l>ge squ>e pores1 on ! di/al cap ) small irregul>1 r\ndi% pores4 ,bo? di/al *amb]s conical1 also ) small irregul>1 r\ndi% pores4 ,out] cortical %ell sp9dle-%ap$1 inflat$ 9 ! equatorial zone1 tap]+ conically t[>ds bo? poles1 ) v delicate network ( small r\ndi% pores & ?9 b>s4 ,surface cov]$ ) innum]able v small sp9es4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells l5ticul>4 7,resembles v mu* ,p]ipan>tus atractus1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #g1 b diff]s 9 ! numb] ( ! *amb]s & _! proportion to ! out] mantle1 :i* envelops sp9dle-l all six *amb]s47 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! six-*amb]$ int]nal cortical %ell #j4bg1 ( ! out] #j4cb2 greate/ bread? ( ! =m] #j4ji1 ( ! latt] #j4ae2 pores ( ! inn] cortical %ell 7on an av]age7--proximal *amb]s #j4jjh1 middle *amb]s #j4jb1 di/al *amb]s #j4jjd1 b>s #j4jjd2 pores ( ! out] cortical %ell #j4jjb to #j4jjd1 b>s #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bda1 dep? #bcjj fa?oms4 ,g5us #agb4 ,desm>tus1#baa n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,zyg>tida ) d\ble cortical %ell & d\ble m$ull>y %ell1 ) two holl[ f5e/rat$ tubes1 opposite on bo? poles ( ! ma9 axis4 ,! g5us ,desm>tus diff]s f ,desmocampe by ! developm5t ( two holl[ f5e/rat$ tubes1 opposite on bo? poles ( ! ma9 axis1 & be>s !re=e ! same relation to x z ,ommat>tus to ,ommatocampe4 ,bo? ! =m] g5]a c be produc$ f ! two latt] by duplication ( ! cortical %ell4 #a4 ,desm>tus l>valis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #ab74 ,zyg>tus l>valis1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus et ,atlas 7pl4 xl1 fig4 #ab74 ,inn] cortical %ell compos$ ( six kidney-%ap$ *amb]s ( ne>ly ! same size & /ructure2 e *amb] twice z broad z long1 ) f\r to five transv]se r[s ( irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 twice to five times z broad z ! b>s2 ! basal pores ( ! di/al *amb]s #ciisome:at l>g] & m squ>e4 ,out] cortical %ell cyl9drical1 hemisph]ical at bo? poles1 ) irregul>1 polygonal pores1 on an av]age twice z l>ge z ^? ( ! inn]1 b ! b>s betwe5 !m mu* ?9n]4 ,out] surface sp9y4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells l5ticul>4 ,pol> tubes conical1 a little long] ?an "o int]nal *amb]1 z broad at ! base z ! inn] m$ull>y %ell4 ,sometimes ! tubes exhibit prom95t edges 7z 9 ! l[] sp9e ( fig4 #ab72 ! pores ( ^! are v small1 & r\ndi%4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! six-*amb]$ int]nal cortical %ell #j4bc1 ( ! ext]nal #j4c2 greate/ bread? ( ! =m] #j4jg1 ( ! latt] #j4aa2 pores ( ! inn] %ell #j4jjd to #j4ja1 ( ! out] #j4ja to #j4jb2 b>s ( ! =m] #j4jjb1 ( ! latt] #j4jja2 l5g? ( ! pol> tubes #j4je1 basal ?ickness #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bda1 dep? #bcjj fa?oms4 #b4 ,desm>tus tubulatus1 n4 sp4 ,inn] cortical %ell compos$ ( six to t5 kidney-%ap$ *amb]s1 tap]+ 9 size t[>ds bo? poles1 e *amb] ) six to sev5 transv]se r[s ( irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 twice to six times broad] ?an ! b>s4 ,out] cortical %ell sp9dle-%ap$1 9 ! equatorial zone inflat$1 tap]+ t[>ds bo? poles1 its network simil> to ! inn]1 only m delicate4 ,pol> tubes conical1 twice z long z an inn] *amb]1 z broad at ! base z ! out] m$ull>y %ell4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells l5ticul>4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! six-*amb]$ int]nal cortical %ell #j4be1 ( ! ext]nal #j4cb2 greate/ bread? ( ! =m] #j4jh1 ( ! latt] #j4ab2 pores ( ! inn] %ell #j4jjb to #j4jab1 ( ! out] #j4jjc to #j4ja2 b>s ( ! =m] #j4jjb1 ( ! latt] #j4jja2 l5g? ( ! pol> tubes #j4jg1 basal ?ickness #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bef1 dep? #biej fa?oms4 ,g5us #agc4 ,zygocampe1#bab n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,zyg>tida ) triple 7or multiple7 cortical %ell & d\ble m$ull>y %ell1 )\t pol> tubes4 ,! g5us ,zygocampe diff]s f ,desmocampe & ,ommatocampe by ! multiplication ( ! cortical %ell1 :i* is compos$ ( ?ree or m conc5tric envelopes4 ,! ?ree m5tion$ g5]a =m !re=e a phylog5etic s]ies1 produc$ by ! conc5tric increase on ! outside ( ! jo9t$ cortical %ell4 ,commonly ! second cortical %ell is n z complete z ! fir/ 7or inn]mo/71 & ! ?ird 7or out]mo/7 is yet m incomplete4 ,r>ely ! numb] ( ! conc5tric cortical %ells surpasses ?ree4 #a4 ,zygocampe pupula1 n4 sp4 ,inn] cortical %ell ) six to twelve *amb]s ( ne>ly ! same size & =m4 ,e *amb] kidney-%ap$1 ) f\r to five transv]se r[s ( circul>1 subregul> pores1 twice z #djj;broad z ! b>s4 ,middle cortical %ell cyl9drical1 hemisph]ical at bo? poles1 ) subregul> circul> pores some:at small] ?an ^? ( ! inn]2 ! b>s also ?9n]4 ,out] cortical %ell ( ! same =m z ! middle1 b ) v delicate network1 & q irregul>1 r\ndi% pores & v ?9 b>s4 ,surface q smoo?4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells l5ticul>4 7,may be reg>d$ 9 a phylog5etic z well z an ontog5etic s5se1 z ! fur!r developm5tal =m ( ,desmocampe cat5ula & ,ommatocampe poly>?ra47 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! six-*amb]$ inn] cortical %ell #j4ag1 ( ! middle #j4bb1 ( ! out] #j4bg2 greate/ bread? ( ! fir/ #j4je1 ( ! second #j4ji1 ( ! ?ird #j4ab2 pores ( ! inn] cortical %ell #j4jje1 ( ! middle #j4jjd1 ( ! out] #j4jjc to #j4jab2 b>s ( ! fir/ #j4jjc1 ( ! second #j4jjb1 ( ! ?ird #j4jja4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bff1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #b4 ,zygocampe corasium1 n4 sp4 ,inn] cortical %ell ) six to eight *amb]s ( diff]5t size & =m4 ,bo? proximal *amb]s kidney-%ap$1 ) five to six transv]se r[s ( subregul>1 circul>1 hexagonally fram$ pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s4 ,all foll[+ *amb]s cap-l1 ! di/al some:at small]2 _! pores mu* small]1 irregul>1 r\ndi%2 only at ! base ( ea* *amb] a circle ( t5 to twelve l>ge squ>e pores4 ,middle cortical %ell cyl9drical1 9 ! equatorial zone a little con/rict$1 hemisph]ical at bo? poles1 ) irregul> delicate network ( r\ndi%1 polygonal me%es4 ,out] cortical %ell ( ! same =m z ! middle1 b ) a v delicate & q irregul> network ( polygonal me%es4 ,commonly ?is out] mantle is incomplete1 & sometimes int]wov5 9 a spongy mann] ) ! middle 7or also ) ! inn]74 ,surface cov]$ ) _m irregul>1 ?91 bri/le-l sp9es4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells l5ticul>4 7,may be consid]$ 9 a phylog5etic & ontog5etic s5se z a fur!r developm5tal /age ( ,desmocampe aphrodite & ,ommatocampe n]eis1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #aj47 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! six-*amb]$ inn] cortical %ell #j4bd1 ( ! middle #j4c1 ( ! out] #j4cf2 greate/ bread? ( ! fir/ #j4jh1 ( ! second #j4ab1 ( ! ?ird #j4af1 pores ( ! fir/ 7on an av]age7 #j4jje to #j4jb1 ( ! second #j4jjc to #j4jae1 ( ! ?ird #j4ja to #j4je2 b>s correspond+ #j4jje or #j4jjc or #j4jja4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bec1 dep? #cabe fa?oms4 #c4 ,zygocampe *rysalidium1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #ac74 ,inn] cortical %ell ) six to eighte5 *amb]s ( diff]5t size & =m4 ,bo? proximal *amb]s kidney-%ap$1 ) six to sev5 transv]se r[s ( subregul>1 circul> pores1 ?ree to f\r times z broad z ! b>s4 ,all foll[+ *amb]s ) m irregul> pores1 ) a circle ( t5 to twelve l>g] squ>e pores at ! base4 ,middle cortical %ell ) small]1 irregul>1 r\ndi% pores4 ,out] cortical %ell ) l>g] polygonal1 q irregul> pores4 ,bo? out] %ells appe> commonly incomplete or some:at irregul>ly develop$1 & sometimes 9 a spongy mann] int]wov5 ) "o ano!r4 ,surface cov]$ ) irregul>1 bri/le-l sp9es4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells sph]ical4 ,! bread? ( ! *amb]s decreases gradually t[>ds bo? poles1 s t ! :ole %ell assumes a sp9dle =m4 ,sometimes on bo? poles is develop$ a %ort conical #djapol> tube 79 fig4 #ac only on ! upp] pole71 & s ?is species is trans=m$ into ,zyg>tus *rysalis4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! six-*amb]$ inn] cortical %ell #j4be1 ( ! middle #j4c1 ( ! out] #j4ce2 greate/ bread? ( ! fir/ #j4jg1 ( ! second #j4aa1 ( ! ?ird #j4ad2 pores 7on an av]age7 #j4ja 7#j4jjb to #j4jb71 b>s #j4jjb to #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ations #bgb to #bgd1 dep? #bcej to #bgej fa?oms4 ,g5us #agd4 ,zyg>tus1#bac ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfc4 ,def9ition4--,zyg>tida ) triple 7or multiple7 cortical %ell & d\ble m$ull>y %ell1 ) two holl[ f5e/rat$ tubes1 opposite on bo? poles ( ! ma9 axis4 ,! g5us ,zyg>tus diff]s f ,zygocampe by ! developm5t ( two holl[ f5e/rat$ tubes1 on ! two opposite poles ( ! ma9 axis4 ,x exhibits !re=e to ! latt] ! same relation t ,desm>tus does to ,desmocampe & ,ommat>tus to ,ommatocampe2 x diff]s f ^! by ! multiplication ( ! cortical %ell1 :i* is compos$ ( at lea/ ?ree conc5tric envelopes4 #a4 ,zyg>tus doliolum1 n4 sp4 ,inn] cortical %ell compos$ ( six 7or m7 kidney-%ap$ *amb]s1 all ne>ly ( ! same size & /ructure1 e *amb] ) f\r to five transv]se r[s ( irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 twice to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 ! basal pores sc>cely l>g] ?an ! apical pores4 ,middle cortical %ell ne>ly ( ! same /ructure z ! inn]1 only ! pores l>g] & ! b>s ?9n]4 ,out] cortical %ell cyl9drical1 hemisph]ical at bo? poles1 its network v delicate1 ) l>ge irregul>1 polygonal pores1 & v ?9 b>s betwe5 !m2 its surface cov]$ ) ?9 bri/le-l sp9es4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells l5ticul>4 ,pol> tube cyl9drical1 ) conical apex1 & ) v small pores2 its l5g? equals ! bread? ( two int]nal *amb]s1 its bread? t ( ! inn] m$ull>y %ell4 7,?is species appe>s to be a fur!r develop$ =m ( ,ommatocampe annulata & ,desm>tus l>valis1 ,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #ab47 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! six-*amb]$ inn] cortical %ell #j4be1 ( ! middle #j4c1 ( ! out] #j4ce2 greate/ bread? ( ! fir/ #j4jg1 ( ! second #j4aa1 ( ! ?ird #j4ae2 pores ( ! inn] %ell #j4jje to #j4ja1 ( ! middle #j4jjc to #j4jjg1 ( ! out] #j4jjh to #j4jb2 b>s ( ! fir/ #j4jjb1 ( ! second & ?ird #j4jja2 l5g? ( ! pol> tubes #j4ae1 basal ?ickness #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgj1 dep? #bibe fa?oms4 #b4 ,zyg>tus *rysalis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dj1 fig4 #ac74 ,inn] cortical %ell compos$ ( six to tw5ty 7commonly eight to twelve7 *amb]s ( diff]5t size & =m4 ,bo? proximal *amb]s ne>ly hemisph]ical1 ) sp9y surface & subregul>1 #djb;circul> pores1 ?ree to f\r times z broad z ! b>s4 ,all foll[+ *amb]s cap-l1 tap]+ t[>ds bo? poles1 ) m irregul>1 r\ndi% pores1 ) a circle ( t5 to twelve l>g] squ>e pores at ! base4 ,middle cortical %ell ) small] r\ndi% pores4 ,out] cortical %ell ) l>g] polygonal1 q irregul> pores4 ,bo? m$ull>y %ells l5ticul>4 ,pol> tubes conical or cyl9drical ) conical apex1 ( v v>iable l5g?1 sometimes n long] ?an "o int]nal *amb]1 at o!r times twice to f\r times z long 79 ! figur$ specim5 n fully develop$1 z also a "p ( ! %ells74 ,diff]s f ,zygocampe *rysalis only by ! production ( pol> tubes4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! six-*amb]$ inn] cortical %ell #j4be1 ( ! middle #j4c1 ( ! out] #j4ce2 greate/ bread? ( ! fir/ #j4jg1 ( ! second #j4aa1 ( ! ?ird #j4ad2 o!r measures ! same z 9 ,zygocampe *rysalis2 l5g? ( ! tubes #j4je to #j4ab or m4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ations #bgj to #bgd1 dep? #bcej to #bibe fa?oms4 ---- ,subord] ,v4 ,,discoidea1 ,haeckel 7,pls4 #ca-ch1 #da-dh74 ,discida vel ,discoidea1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 pp4 #ef1 #dgf4 ,discoida1 ,discoidea1 ,discida1 ,haeckel1 #ahgh1 ,proti/5rei*1 p4 #ajc4 ,def9ition4--,,spumell>ia ) discoidal or l5ticul> c5tral capsule 7(t5 ) radial prolongations1 r>ely allomorphic72 ) discoidal or l5ticul> f5e/rat$ silice\s %ell 7(t5 ) radial sp9es or f5e/rat$ arms1 r>ely allomorphic74 ,gr[? r$uc$ or dim9i%$ 9 ! direction ( "o dim5sive axis4 ,! section ,discoidea comprises ^? ,,spumell>ia 9 :i* ! f5e/rat$ %ell is m or less discoidal or l5ticul>1 flatt5$ or compress$ 9 ! direction ( "o axis4 ,! geometric fundam5tal =m ( ! lattic$ %ell1 :i* 9 ! ,sphroidea is a sph]e1 "h becomes a flat disk1 l a m$al1 or a biconvex l5s1 sometimes also a biconcave l5s4 ,! ,discoidea c be d]iv$ f ! ,sphroidea by %ort5+ ( "o axis4 ,?is %ort5$ v]tical axis is ! ma9 axis ( ! disk2 bo? its poles are con/antly equal4 ,p]p5dicul> to ?is axis is ! equatorial plane ( ! disk by :i* x becomes divid$ into equal halves4 ,9 ! simple/ =ms ( ,discoidea all axes ( ?is horizontal equatorial plane 7all equatorial axes or cross axes7 are equal2 9 ! mo/ ( ! g5]a & species ^! cross axes are diff]5t1 s t rays ( /rong] gr[? 7p]radii7 alt]nate ) rays ( weak] gr[? 7int]radii74 ,! numb] ( ^! cross axes di/+ui%able is commonly two to f\r1 r>ely m4 ,9 ! direction ( ^! are develop$ ei!r radial m>g9al sp9es or spongy arms4 ,! ord] ,discoidea 0 f\nd$ 9 my ,monograph 7#ahfb1 p4 #dgf7 z ! family ,discida 7,radiol>ia ) flat discoidal or biconvex l5ticul> %ell71 compris+ ! #djc;,calodictya & ,li?ocyclid9a ( ,ehr5b]g & a great "p ( 8 ,haliommat9a4 ,z ?ree diff]5t subfamilies ( t family ,i sep>at$ ! ,coccodiscida 7) five g5]a71 ! ,trematodiscida 7) sev5 g5]a71 & ! ,discospirida 7) two g5]a2 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dhe74 ,a f\r? gr\p ( ,discoidea 0 con/itut$ by ! ,spongodiscida 7) eight g5]a1 includ+ ! ,spongocyclida71 :i* at t "t ,i unit$ ) ! ,spongurida1 because ( _! spongy /ructure 7loc4 cit41 p4 #deb74 ,z ! numb] ( fossil ,discoidea f\nd 9 ! ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,b>bados & ( ! ,m$it]ranean %ores 7,sicily & ,greece7 is comp>atively v l>ge1 we f9d ev5 9 ! fir/ sy/em ( ,polycy/9a ( ,ehr5b]g 7#ahdg71 n less ?an twelve g5]a di/+ui%$1 viz41 six ,calodictya1 two ,haliommat9a1 & f\r ,li?ocyclid9a 7,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 #ahdg1 p4 #ec74 ,! :ole numb] ( ,radiol>ian g5]a di/+ui%$ 9 t fir/ sy/em 0 =ty-f\r4 ,! diagnoses ( !m giv5 by ,ehr5b]g 7 z usual v insuffici5t4 ,! *>act]s ( ! ?ree families giv5 by him 7 ! foll[+3--,calodictya--,te/>um intus spongios>um et nucleo de/itut>um orbes2 ,haliommat9a--,te/ subglobos nucleus radiatus2 ,li?ocyclid9a--,te/>um disci 9 m$ia p>te nucleati m>g9e celluloso4 ,9 ! late/ "w ( ,ehr5b]g 7#ahge1 p4 #aeg7 ! same sy/em 0 repeat$1 b "s new g5]a add$2 & ?irty-eight diff]5t species1 app]ta9+ to ! ,discoidea1 7 figur$ 9 ! same "w 7,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 #ahge1 ,tafs4 xx4-xxx474 ,ri*>d ,h]twig1 #ahgi1 9 8 excell5t "w1 ,d] ,organismus d] ,radiol>i5 7pp4 #eg-fh71 gave a detail$ description ( ! skeleton ( "s ,discoidea1 & arriv$ at ! conclusion t ?is :ole family _h a spirally con/ruct$ skeleton1 & %\ld !re=e be d]iv$ f ! ,li!lida4 ,b ?is conclusion is c]ta9ly errone\s1 & 9 my op9ion ! :ole explanation ( t spiral /ructure1 & ( its signification 9 ! developm5t ( ,discoidea1 is ! weake/ "p ( t o!rwise v important "w4 ,9 my ,prodromus 7#ahha1 p4 #def7 ,i gave a provisional sy/em ( ! ,discida or ,discoidea f ! imm5se quantity ( new mat]ial collect$ by ! ,*all5g]1 & c\ld di/+ui% n less ?an eighty-f\r g5]a4 ,?is numb] is f subsequ5t rese>* only augm5t$ by sev51 s t 9 ! foll[+ pages n9ety-"o g5]a ) five hundr$ & "o species are describ$4 ,9 ! ,prodromus ,i _h dispos$ !m 9 f\r diff]5t families1 :i* numb] is n[ increas$ to six4 ,^! six families c be aga9 dispos$ 9 two ma9 gr\ps or sections1 ! ,phacodisc>ia & ! ,cyclodisc>ia1 ea* section ) ?ree families4 ,! ,phacodisc>ia are *>act]is$ by ! possession ( a typical phacoid %ell1 & conta9 ! ?ree families ,c5odiscida1 ,phacodiscida1 & ,coccodiscida4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,cyclodisc>ia are di/+ui%$ by ! abs5ce ( su* a phacoid %ell1 & conta9 ! ?ree families ,porodiscida1 ,pylodiscida1 & ,spongodiscida4 ,bo? sections exhibit an analog\s developm5t4 #djd,! ,c5odiscida 7,pl4 #dh1 figs4 #a-c7 op5 ! s]ies ( ! ,discoidea z _! simple/ =ms2 a discoidal or l5ticul> simple lattice-%ell encloses a c5tral capsule ( ! same =m1 & is sep>at$ f x by ! calymma or jelly-veil4 ,! common ance/ral =m ( ?is family is ,c5odiscus1 )\t radial m>g9al sp9es2 x c be d]iv$ f ,c5osphra 9 ! mo/ simple way1 by flatt5+ 9 "o axis4 ,if on ! equatorial m>g9 ( ! l5s a peculi> solid girdle be develop$1 we obta9 ,zonodiscus2 9 all o!r g5]a ( ! ,c5odiscida radial sp9es are develop$ on ! m>g94 ,z ! simple l5ticul> cortical %ell ( ,c5odiscus1 9 :i* ! c5tral capsule is enclos$1 is mo/ *>act]i/ic n only ( ?is family1 b also ( ! two foll[+ families1 we call x ! phacoid %ell 7t is1 a l5ticul> extracapsul> or cortical lattice-%ell74 ,! ,phacodiscida 7,pls4 #ca-ce71 ! second family1 h ! same extracapsul> phacoid %ell z ! ,c5odiscida1 b diff] f ^! by ! possession ( "o or two intracapsul> conc5tric m$ull>y %ells1 :i* are connect$ ) ! =m] by radial beams1 p]=at+ ! l5ticul> c5tral capsule4 ,! radial beams are commonly num]\s1 & arrang$ 9 two opposite bun*es ar\nd ! %ort5$ ma9 axis4 ,b (t5 also besides ^! occur o!r long] radial beams1 situat$ 9 ! equatorial plane2 ! numb] ( ^! is commonly f\r1 & !y =m a regul> rectangul> cross1 ly+ opposite 9 pairs 9 two equatorial diamet]s1 p]p5dicul> "o to ano!r4 ,9 ! simple/ g5]a ( ?is family 7! ,se?odiscida7 ! equatorial m>g9 ( ! phacoid %ell is simple or surr\nd$ by a solid smoo? girdle2 9 all o!r g5]a are develop$ on ! m>g9 solid radial sp9es ly+ 9 ! equatorial plane1 ei!r regul>ly dispos$ 9 a some:at con/ant numb] 7two to eight1 ,heliose/rida71 or irregul>ly dispos$1 9 a l>g] & m v>iable numb] 7t5 to tw5ty or m1 ,heliodiscida74 ,! ,coccodiscida 7,pls4 #cf-ch7 =m a ?ird family ( ! ,discoidea1 directly associat$ ) ! ,phacodiscida2 bo? h ! same *>act]i/ic extracapsul> phacoid %ell1 :i* is connect$ by radial beams ) a simple or d\ble1 intracapsul> m$ull>y %ell4 ,b :il/ 9 ! =ego+ family ! equatorial m>g9 ( ! phacoid %ell is simple or only arm$ ) radial sp9es1 9 ! ,coccodiscida x is surr\nd$ by peculi> conc5tric *amb]$ girdles1 or r+s1 :i* resemble ^? ( ! foll[+ family1 ! ,porodiscida4 ,ea* ( ^! *amb]$ girdles is compos$ ( a circul> r+ 9 ! equatorial plane1 a v>iable numb] ( radial beams divid+ x into incomplete *amb]s1 & two por\s cov]-plates or sieve-plates1 cov]+ ! upp] & l[] face ( ! disk4 ,^! sieve-plates may be reg>d$ z incomplete l5ticul> cortical %ells1 :i* are only develop$ 9 ! p]iph]al "p ( ! disk1 :il/ _! c5tral "p is repres5t$ by ! only complete cortical %ell1 ! phacoid %ell4 ,! numb] ( ^! conc5tric *amb]-girdles am\nts to f "o to t5 or m4 ,! m>g9 ( ! disk is ei!r simple 7,li?ocyclida7 or arm$ ) radial sp9es 7,/ylocyclida71 or provid$ ) two to five *amb]$ radial arms 7,a/racturida72 ! /ructure ( ! arms is ! same z t ( ! girdles4 #dje,! ,porodiscida 7,pls4 #da-dg71 ! l>ge/ family ( all ,discoidea1 beg9s ! s]ies ( ,cyclodisc>ia1 or ^? ,discoidea 9 :i* !re is no phacoid %ell1 b a small simple c5tral *amb] surr\nd$ by a numb] ( small lattic$ *amb]s ( ne>ly ! same size & =m4 ,9 ! ,porodiscida ^! *amb]s are arrang$ 9 complete circul> conc5tric r+s or spiral convolutions2 9 ! small family ( ,pylodiscida ! c5tral *amb] is surr\nd$ by ?ree radial arm-*amb]s sep>at$ by ?ree op5 spaces2 9 ! ?ird family ( ,cyclodisc>ia1 ! ,spongodiscida1 all ! *amb]s are arrang$ m or less irregul>ly1 & ! :ole disk becomes spongy2 also ! surface ( ! disk is spongy1 :il/ 9 bo? =m] families x is cov]$ by two regul> ev5 por\s plates or sieve-plates4 ,probably all ,cyclodisc>ia c be d]iv$ phylog5etically f ,ar*idiscus1 a v small & simple l5ticul> disk1 :i* is compos$ ( a small sph]ical lattic$ c5tral *amb] & ( a s+le conc5tric *amb]$ r+ or girdle2 ! m>g9 ( ?is r+ is connect$ ) ! c5tral *amb] by a v>iable numb] ( radial beams4 ,?is ,ar*idiscus c be d]iv$ ei!r f ,saturnalis 7,pl4 #ac1 fig4 #af47 by ! developm5t ( lattice-"w betwe5 ! equatorial r+ & bo? pol> faces ( ! conc5tric c5tral *amb]1 or f ,se?odiscus 7,pl4 #cc1 figs4 #a-c7 by flatt5+ ( ! l5ticul> %ell1 s t ! enclos$ inn] m$ull>y %ell 7! c5tral *amb]7 meets ! out] phacoid %ell at bo? poles4 ,! ,porodiscida are commonly flat or biconvex 7r>ely biconcave7 disks1 ! c5tral *amb] ( :i* is surr\nd$ n by a s+le1 b by a v>iable numb] 7commonly ?ree to six7 ( conc5tric *amb]$ girdles or r+s2 !y arise f ,ar*idiscus by apposition ( new conc5tric *amb]$ r+s ar\nd ! fir/ r+1 all ly+ 9 ! equatorial plane4 ,aft]w>ds ! disk (t5 becomes ?ick5$ by apposition ( conc5tric *amb]-r+s on bo? flat sides also1 s t two to f\r or m lay]s are /ratifi$ "o ov] ! o!r4 ,! circul> conc5tric r+s (t5 become int]rupt$1 or spirally convolut$ 7:olly or p>tially72 also ! *amb]s sometimes become irregul>ly cr[d$4 ,b 9 all cases bo? surfaces ( ! disk 7upp] & l[]7 cont9ue to be por\s plates or sieve-plates1 at lea/ 9 ! c5tre1 b !y nev] become spongy4 ,! m>g9 ( ! disk exhibits 9 ! ,porodiscida a great v>iety ( diff]5t =ms1 s]v+ = di/9ction ( subfamilies & ( g5]a4 ,9 ! ,trematodiscida ! m>g9 rema9s q simple1 z 9 ! ,ar*idiscida1 or is only surr\nd$ by a hyal9e equatorial girdle4 ,9 ! ,ommatodiscida x is di/+ui%$ by "o or two peculi> oscula1 surr\nd$ by a corona ( sp9es4 ,! ,/ylodictyida are di/+ui%$ by a numb] ( solid radial sp9es1 & ! ,eu*itonida by a numb] ( *amb]$1 or spongy1 radial arms1 aris+ f ! m>g9 ( ! disk & ly+ 9 ! equatorial plane4 ,! v>iety ( ^! radial m>g9al app5dages is 9 ! ,porodiscida mu* great] ?an 9 ! ,coccodiscida4 ,! ,pylodiscida 7,pl4 #dh1 figs4 #ab-bj7 repres5t a new1 small1 b v rem>kable family ( ,discoidea1 all triradial1 & di/+ui%$ by ! peculi> =mation ( #djfl>ge op5 spaces 9 ! lattic$ discoidal %ell1 :i* reappe> 9 a simil> %ape among ! ,l>coidea 9 ! ,pylonida 7,tetrapyle1 c474 ,we get ! be/ und]/&+ ( ?is peculi> =mation if we return to ,ar*idiscus1 probably ! common ance/ral =m ( all ,cyclodisc>ia1 ( ! ,porodiscida z well z ( ! ,pylodiscida & ,spongodiscida4 ,9 "s species ( ,ar*idiscus 7,ar*idiscus hexoniscus1 ,ar*idiscus pyloniscus1 c47 ! small l5ticul> %ell is compos$ ( a sph]ical lattic$ c5tral *amb] & ( a conc5tric equatorial girdle compos$ ( six su* *amb]s1 ei!r all six equal1 or alt]nately l>g] & small]4 ,?is latt] =m is ne>ly id5tical ) ,triodiscus1 & if we imag9e ! lattice-"w ( only ?ree r+-*amb]s complete1 :il/ t ( ! ?ree alt]nat+ *amb]s is r$uc$ to ! m>g9al r+1 we get ,triopyle1 by loss ( ?is r+ ,triol5e 7a disk compos$ ( f\r simple lattice-*amb]s1 ly+ 9 "o plane1 ?ree radial ar\nd "o c5tral sph]ule74 ,! g5]a m5tion$ =m toge!r ! subfamily ( ,triopylida4 ,9 ! second subfamily1 ,hexapylida1 ! same =mation is d\bl$2 "h ?ree d\ble arm-*amb]s are sep>at$ by ?ree d\ble spaces 7two 9 ea* radius74 ,also "h ! ?ree di/al spaces may be ei!r q op5 7,pylol5a71 or half clos$ by ! m>g9al girdle 7,hexapyle71 or q loosely lattic$ 7,pylodiscus74 ,if ! m>g9 ( ?is latt] =m become surr\nd$ by a p]fect *amb]$ equatorial girdle1 we get ,discozonium1 & if ?is acquire a peculi> m>g9al o/ium 7surr\nd$ by a corona ( sp9es7 we arrive at ,discopyle4 ,^! two latt] g5]a =m ! ?ird subfamily1 ! ,discopylida4 ,! eight g5]a ( ,pylodiscida repres5t !re=e a cont9u\s phylog5etic s]ies4 ,! ,spongodiscida are ! six? & la/ family ( ! ,discoidea1 diff]+ f ! five o!r families 9 ! irregul>1 spongy /ructure ( ! discoidal skeleton2 bo? surfaces ( ! flat disk 7upp] & l[]7 are "h pr9cipally cov]$ ) a r\gh1 spongy framework1 :il/ 9 ! five o!r families !y are cov]$ by ! flat & smoo? por\s plates or sieve-plates4 ,nev]!less !re is no %>p b\nd>y betwe5 ! ,spongodiscida & ! closely alli$ ,porodiscida4 ,9 ^! latt] also ! discoidal %ell becomes (t5 m or less spongy 7ma9ly 9 ! p]iph]al "p1 e4g41 9 ,myela/rum1 ,pl4 #dg72 b at lea/ ! c5tral "p ( ! disk "h rema9s con/antly cov]$ by sieve-plates4 ,! massive skeleton ( ! ,spongodiscida is ei!r ( p]fectly irregul> /ructure1 only compos$ ( innum]able f9e bran*$ silice\s ?reads1 int]wov5 9 all possible directions2 or only ! out] "p ( ! disk is compos$ ( su* spongy framework1 :il/ ! c5tral "p is m or less di/9ctly compos$ ( conc5tric *amb]$ r+s1 z 9 ! ,porodiscida4 ,^! latt] =ms inde$ exhibit an imm$iate transition to ?is family1 & 7 =m]ly 79 #ahfb7 sep>at$ by me z ,spongocyclida4 ,also ! polymorph\s %ape ( ! disk m>g9 9 ! ,spongodiscida is q analog\s to t ( ! ,porodiscida4 ,:il/ 9 ! fir/ subfamily1 ! ,spongophacida1 ! m>g9 is q simple2 9 ! second1 ! ,spongotro*ida1 x is arm$ ) solid radial sp9es2 & 9 ! ?ird1 ! ,spongobra*ida1 x is provid$ ) two1 ?ree1 #djgor f\r spongy1 radial arms--! =m] z well z ! latt] ly+ 9 ! equatorial plane ( ! disk1 ei!r regul>ly or irregul>ly dispos$4 ,! ,equatorial ,m>g9 ( ! l5ticul> disk exhibits 9 all six families ( ,discoidea simil> *>act]s1 ma9ly s]v+ = ! di/9ction ( subfamilies & g5]a4 ,9 ! mo/ primitive g5]a ( all six families ! m>g9 is simple1 )\t radial prolongations 7sp9es or arms72 x is q simple 9 ,c5odiscus1 ,se?odiscus1 ,phacodiscus1 ,li?ocyclia1 ,coccodiscus1 ,ar*idiscus1 ,porodiscus1 ,pylodiscus1 & ,spongodiscus4 ,9 "s g5]a ! simple m>g9 ( ! l5ticul> disk is bord]$ & surr\nd$ by a ?91 hyal9e1 equatorial girdle ( silex1 ei!r q solid or slightly por\s 7,zonodiscus1 ,p]iphna1 ,p]izona1 ,p]i*lamydium1 & ,spongophacus74 ,a q peculi> & rem>kable "* ( few g5]a is ! developm5t ( "o or two oscula1 l>g] m>g9al op5+s1 :i* are surr\nd$ by a corona ( sp9es1 & probable are fit = ! issue a peculi> bun* ( pseudopodia or ( a s>code flagellum4 ,su* oscula occur only 9 two families ( ,cyclodisc>ia2 9 ! ,porodiscida & ,pylodiscida2 9 ! =m] ,ommatodiscus1 9 ! latt] ,discopyle 7,pl4 #dh1 figs4 #ai1 #bj7 is di/+ui%$ by a s+le m>g9al osculum2 besides ?is1 9 ! =m] occurs ,/omatodiscus1 ) two su* oscula1 opposite on ! poles ( "o axis 7,pl4 #dh1 fig4 #h74 ,^! oscula may be comp>$ ) ! simil> pol> =mations 9 "s ,ellipsida 7,li?omespilus7 & 9 _m ,cyrtoidea2 b !y d n prove a ne>] aff9ity ) ! latt]1 & are only analog\s1 n homolog\s4 ,radial ,sp9es occur on ! m>g9 9 ! equatorial plane ( ! ,discoidea 9 ! greate/ v>iety ( numb]1 =m1 size1 & disposition4 ,if ! numb] be l[ 7betwe5 two & eight7 !y are commonly regul>ly dispos$2 if ! numb] be l>g] 7t5 to tw5ty or m7 _! disposition becomes commonly m or less irregul>4 ,! regul> disposition is ( great promorphological importance1 z indicat+ ! axes 9 :i* ! gr[? is prepond]ant1 & introduces o!r peculi> radial =mations4 ,reg>d+ ^! axes we c g5]ally di/+ui% two gr\ps1 ,artiacan?a ) a pair$ numb] 7two1 f\r1 eight71 & ,p]issacan?a ) odd numb]s 7usually ?ree74 ,! section ( ,artiacan?a c\ld be divid$ into ?ree foll[+ gr\ps3--,a4 ,/ylodiscida1 ) two radial sp9es only1 ly+ opposite on bo? poles ( "o equatorial axis 7! fir/ cross axis7--,/ylodiscus1 ,se?o/ylus1 ,/ylocyclia1 ,xiphodictya1 ,spongolon*e 7,pl4 #ca1 figs4 #i-ab2 ,pl4 #ch1 fig4 #a2 ,pl4 #db1 figs4 #aj-ab1 c472 ,b4 ,/aurodiscida1 ) f\r radial sp9es1 ly+ opposite 9 pairs on ! poles ( two cross$ equatorial axes1 p]p5dicul> to "o ano!r 7fir/ & second cross axes7--,crucidiscus1 ,se?o/aurus1 ,/aurocyclia1 ,/aurodictya1 ,spongo/aurus 7,pl4 #ca1 figs4 #a-h2 ,pl4 #cg1 figs4 #a-d2 ,pl4 #db1 figs4 #a-f2 ,pl4 #dh1 fig4 #b1 c472 ,c4 ,octo/ylida1 ) eight radial sp9es1 opposite 9 pairs 9 f\r axes1 :i* are cross$ at angles ( #de--;,heliose/rum1 ,a/rose/rum1 c4 7,pl4 #cb1 figs4 #d1 #e2 ,pl4 #cd1 figs4 #c1 #f72 9 ?is latt] case sometimes ! radial symmetry is ! same z 9 _m ,m$us1 f\r l>g] 7p]radial7 #djhsp9es alt]nat+ ) f\r small] 7int]radial71 indicat+ radii ( fir/ & second ord]4 ,! section ( ,p]issacan?a is mu* small]1 & commonly repres5t$ only by triradial =ms1 ) ?ree sp9es at equal di/ances 7#abj7--,triactis1 ,tripocyclia1 ,tripodictya1 ,spongotripus1 c4 7,pl4 #cc1 fig4 #f2 ,pl4 #cg1 fig4 #e2 ,pl4 #db1 figs4 #g-i74 ,radial ,arms on ! m>g9 ( ! disk appe> 9 simil> v>iety ( numb]1 =m1 & disposition z ! radial sp9es2 b ! numb] is "h commonly limit$ to f two to f\r1 r>ely five to six4 ,! arms are abs5t 9 ! families ,c5odiscida & ,phacodiscida2 9 ! f\r o!r families !y return "u simil> =ms4 ,^! arms are direct prolongations ( ! disk1 & exhibit ! same /ructure1 s t !y may be reg>d$ bo? z c5trifugal productions ( c]ta9 radii1 & also inv]sely z p]iph]al p>ts ( a disk1 ! int]jac5t radii ( :i* are r$uc$4 ,! regul> disposition & %ape ( ! arms1 an important "* = ! di/9ction ( g5]a & species1 is repeat$ 9 a q analog\s mann] 9 ! f\r above m5tion$ families1 s t we c di/+ui% ! foll[+ gr\ps--,a4 ,amphibra*ida1 ) two radial arms1 opposite on ! poles ( "o equatorial axis 7! fir/ cross axis7--,diplactura1 ,amphibra*ium1 ,spongobra*ium 7,pl4 #ch1 figs4 #c-e2 ,pl4 #dd1 figs4 #f-aa72 ,b4 ,triobra*ida1 ) ?ree radial arms2 ! mo/ important gr\p 7) all ,pylodiscida72 ei!r all ?ree arms are equal & dispos$ at equal di/ances 7,trigonactura1 ,dictya/rum1 ,rhopalodictyum1 ,pl4 #ch1 figs4 #f-i2 ,pl4 #dc1 figs4 #e1 #ac1 #af2 ,pl4 #dh1 figs4 #ab-ai71 or a s+le odd arm diff]s 9 size & position1 & is (t5 l>g] ?an bo? ! opposite pair$ arms 7,rhopala/rum1 ,eu*itonia1 ,pl4 #dc1 figs4 #f1 #aj1 #ae1 c472 ,c4 ,tetrabra*ida1 ) f\r radial arms1 opposite 9 pairs 9 two cross$ axes1 commonly p]p5dicul> "o to ano!r1 ,/auractura1 ,/aurala/rum1 ,sponga/]1 c4 7,pls4 #df1 #dg74 ,! arms are commonly simple1 undivid$1 b sometimes also =k$ or bran*$ 7,pl4 #dc1 figs4 #ae1 #af2 ,pl4 #dg74 ,_! basal p>ts are ei!r free1 sep>ately ins]t$ into ! m>g9 ( ! circul> c5tral disk1 or !y are connect$ by a patagium1 a peculi> connecticulum1 l a web-membrane1 :i* is compos$ ( a *amb]$1 commonly m or less spongy framework1 diff]5t 9 texture f ! lattice-"w ( ! arms 7,pl4 #ch1 figs4 #h1 #i2 ,pl4 #dc1 figs4 #i-af2 ,pl4 #df74 ,sometimes ! patagium ov]gr[s ! :ole %ell4 ,a peculi> modification ( x appe>s 9 ,/ephana/rum 7,pl4 #dd1 fig4 #a71 :]e only ! di/al p>ts ( ! arms are connect$ by ! r+-%ap$ patagium1 :il/ ! basal p>ts are free2 !re=e op5 gates re/ betwe5 !m1 l ^? ( ! ,pylodiscida 7,pl4 #dh1 figs4 #ab-bj74 ,! ,c5tral ,capsule ( ! ,discoidea is con/antly discoidal1 m or less l5ticul>2 9 "s cases m biconvex1 ) vault$ faces & ?9 m>g92 9 o!rs m m$al-%ap$1 ) flat faces & ?ick m>g94 ,9 ! ,c5odiscida alone ! capsule lies freely inside ! simple phacoid %ell1 & is sep>at$ f x by ! jelly-veil4 ,9 ! o!r five families ! capsule encloses ! c5tral p>ts ( ! skeleton1 & is envelop$ by ! sup]ficial p>ts ( x1 :il/ its membrane is p]=at$ by radial beams #dji;connect+ ! latt] ) ! =m]4 ,9 ! ,phacodiscida & ,coccodiscida ! capsule encloses ! simple or d\ble m$ull>y %ell1 b is itself enclos$ by ! cortical phacoid %ell4 ,9 all ,cyclodisc>ia 79 ! ,porodiscida1 ,pylodiscida1 & ,spongodiscida7 ! capsule fills out ! greate/ "p ( ! *amb]$ or spongy skeleton1 & is only protect$ by ! sup]ficial p>ts ( x1 9 ! ,porodiscida & ,pylodiscida by ! cov]+ sieve-plates1 9 ! ,spongodiscida by ! spongy cortical sub/ance ( ! %ell4 ,! gr[? ( ! capsule corresponds to t ( ! includ+ %ell1 gradually increas+ on ! m>g9 9 ! equatorial plane4 ,:il/ 9 ! great] numb] ( ,discoidea its =m cont9ues circul>1 9 _m =ms provid$ ) radial arms x ent]s into ! arms & assumes _! =m4 ,! protoplasm ( ! capsule is commonly col\r$ by br[n or r$ pigm5t1 & (t5 conta9s _m oil-globules4 ,! nucleus is orig9ally enclos$ by ! m$ull>y %ell or ! c5tral *amb]1 & ) increas+ size ent]s into ! surr\nd+ p>ts2 9 ! ,cyclodisc>ia x (t5 fills out ! int]nal conc5tric r+s4 ,! extracapsul> jelly or ! calymma is commonly ?ick1 & envelops ! great] "p or ! :ole body4 ,synopsis ( ! ,families ( ! ,discoidea4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,i4 ,section ,phacodisc>ia4 ,discoidea ) ext]nal phacoid %ell 7or l5ticul> lattic$ cortical %ell74 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,phacoid %ell simple1 )\t enclos$ #a4 ,,c5odiscida4 m$ull>y %ell ,phacoid %ell ) ,m>g9 )\t simple or *amb]$ girdles1 #b4 ,,phacodiscida4 d\ble enclos$ ,m>g9 surr\nd$ by m$ull>y %ell4 by *amb]$ girdles4 #c4 ,,coccodiscida4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,ii4 ,section ,cyclodisc>ia4 ,discoidea )\t ext]nal phacoid %ell 7no l5ticul> lattic$ cortical %ell74 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,surface ( ! ,conc5tric r+s ar\nd %ell cov]$ ! c5tral *amb] by convex or complete 7)\t ev5 por\s op5 spaces71 #d4 ,,porodiscida4 sieve-plates 7n spongy74 ,conc5tric r+s ar\nd ! c5tral *amb] int]rupt$ by ?ree op5 spaces1 #e4 ,,pylodiscida4 ,surface ( ! %ell spongy1 n cov]$ by peculi> por\s sieve-plates1 #f4 ,,spongodiscida4 ,family ,,xviii4 ,,c5odiscida1 n4 fam4 7,pl4 #ca1 fig4 #aa2 ,pl4 #dh1 figs4 #a-c74 ,def9ition4--,discoidea ) simple extracapsul> phacoid %ell 7or l5ticul> lattic$ cortical %ell71 )\t m$ull>y %ell & )\t *amb]$ equatorial girdles4 ,! new family ,c5odiscida op5s ! long s]ies ,discoidea1 z _! mo/ simple & primitive =m4 ,! circul> l5ticul> c5tral capsule is enclos$ by a #dajsimple lattic$ %ell ( ! same =m1 only sep>at$ f x by a ?9n] or ?ick] jelly-veil4 ,! l5ticul> or discoidal f5e/rat$ %ell is !re=e an extracapsul> or cortical %ell1 )\t an enclos$ m$ull>y %ell4 ,! few g5]a ( ! ,c5odiscida diff] only 9 ! %ape ( ! equatorial m>g9 ( ! l5ticul> disk4 ,9 ! fir/ subfamily1 ,zonodiscida1 ! m>g9 is ei!r q simple 7,c5odiscus7 or surr\nd$ by a smoo?1 solid equatorial girdle 7,zonodiscus74 ,9 ! second subfamily1 ,tro*odiscida1 ! m>g9 is arm$ ) solid radial sp9es1 ly+ 9 ! equatorial plane4 ,accord+ to ! numb] & disposition ( ^! m>g9al sp9es1 we di/+ui% ,/ylodiscus 7) two sp9es1 opposite 9 "o equatorial axis71 ,crucidiscus 7) f\r sp9es1 opposite 9 pairs 9 two equatorial axes1 p]p5dicul> "o to ano!r71 ,!odiscus 7) ?ree m>g9al sp9es71 & ,tro*odiscus 7) num]\s1 commonly tw5ty to ?irty1 irregul>ly dispos$ sp9es74 ,! sp9es are con/antly simple1 n bran*$2 sometimes m conical or cyl9drical1 at o!r times m angul> or pyramidal4 ,! two convex faces ( ! l5ticul> %ell are con/antly ( simil> %ape1 commonly smoo?1 sometimes m or less ?orny1 or arm$ ) bri/le-%ap$ radial sp9es4 ,! pores are commonly m or less regul>1 circul>1 & dispos$ 9 s]ies1 :i* are occasionally m radial1 at o!r times m conc5tric4 ,if ! wall ( ! holl[ l5s be r ?ick1 ! diff]5ce 9 ! %ape ( ! c5tral & p]iph]al pores is (t5 /rik+4 ,! c5tral pores p]=at+ ! ?ick wall p]p5dicul>ly are %ort cyl9drical tubes2 ! m>g9al pores p]=at+ x 9 an oblique direction are long] conical tubes4 ,! b>s betwe5 ! c5tral pores are (t5 some:at small]4 ,! ,c5tral ,capsule ( ! ,c5odiscida is 9 all cases a p]fect1 circul>1 biconvex l5s1 ! equatorial diamet] ( :i* is commonly betwe5 two-?irds & ?ree-f\r?s ( ! enclos+ lattice-%ell4 ,! int]val betwe5 ! two is fill$ up by ! jelly-veil1 or ! hyal9e calymma1 :i* is p]=at$ by ! num]\s pseudopodia t pass ?r\gh ! %ell-pores4 ,z ! ,c5odiscida possess ! mo/ simple %ell-=m ( all ,discoidea1 we may reg>d ,c5odiscus z ! common ance/ral =m ( ?is l>ge section1 9 ! same mann] z ,c5osphra is ! ance/ral =m ( ,sphroidea1 ,c5ellipsis ( ! ,prunoidea1 ,c5ol>cus ( ! ,l>coidea4 ,b x is also possible t a "p ( ,c5odiscida 7or all87 arises f ! ,phacodiscida by r$uction & loss ( ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,= 9 "s cases we f9d aris+ f ! inside ( ! %ell c5tripetal radial beams1 :i* end at a c]ta9 equal di/ance f ! holl[ c5tre 7,pl4 #ca1 fig4 #aa2 ,pl4 #ch1 fig4 #b74 ,c5odiscus itself c be d]iv$ ei!r f ,c5osphra by compression ( ! sph]oidal %ell 9 "o axis1 or f ,se?odiscus by loss ( ! intracapsul> m$ull>y %ell1 or f ,actidiscus 7! l5ticul> ,actissa7 by =mation ( a cortical %ell ar\nd ! l5ticul> c5tral capsule4 #daa,synopsis ( ! ,g5]a ( ! ,c5odiscida4 ,i4 ,subfamily ,m>g9 q simple1 ,zonodiscida4 )\t equatorial girdle1 #age4 ,c5odiscus4 ,m>g9 ( ! disk )\t radial ,m>g9 surr\nd$ by a solid sp9es4 silice\s equatorial girdle1 #agf4 ,zonodiscus4 ,,ii4 ,subfamily ,two sp9es opposite 9 "o ,tro*odiscida4 equatorial axis1 #agg4 ,/ylodiscus4 ,m>g9 ( ! disk arm$ ) radial ,?ree sp9es on ! m>g9 ( sp9es 7ly+ 9 ! disk1 #agh4 ,!odiscus4 ! equatorial plane74 ,f\r sp9es opposite 9 pairs 9 two p]p5dicul>ly cross$ equatorial axes1 #agi4 ,crucidiscus4 ,t5 to tw5ty or m radial sp9es 7v>iable 9 numb] & commonly irregul> 9 disposition71 #ahj4 ,tro*odiscus4 ,subfamily #a4 ,,zonodiscida1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,c5odiscida )\t radial sp9es on ! m>g9 ( ! disk4 ,g5us #age4 ,c5odiscus1#bad n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,c5odiscida ) simple m>g9 ( ! circul> disk1 )\t surr\nd+ equatorial girdle & )\t radial sp9es4 ,! g5us ,c5odiscus is ! mo/ simple & primitive =m ( all ,discoidea1 & repres5ts possibly ! common ance/ral =m ( ?is ord]4 ,! lattic$ %ell is a simple biconvex l5s1 & encloses a small] c5tral capsule ( ! same =m1 sep>at$ f x by ! jelly-veil4 ,c5odiscus c be d]iv$ phylog5etically ei!r f ,c5osphra by l5ticul> flatt5+ ( a simple lattic$ sph]e1 or directly f ,actissa by =mation ( a l5ticul> f5e/rat$ %ell ar\nd ! l5ti=m c5tral capsule4 ,possibly also "s =ms ( ,c5odiscus c be d]iv$ f ,se?odiscus by r$uction & loss ( ! m$ull>y %ell4 #a4 ,c5odiscus phacoides1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dh1 figs4 #a1 #a;a74 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 )\t radial ribs or sp9es4 ,m>g9 ( ! l5ticul> biconvex disk ?91 simple4 ,pores regul>1 circul>2 fifte5 to sixte5 on ! radius ( ! disk4 7,v simil> to ,se?odiscus phacoides1 b )\t m$ull>y %ell47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4b1 ( ! pores #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 #dabb4 ,c5odiscus rotula1 n4 sp4 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 )\t m$ial ribs or sp9es4 ,m>g9 ( ! disk blunt1 v ?ick1 r\nd$2 bo? faces little convex4 ,pores regul>1 circul>2 ?irte5 to f\rte5 on ! radius ( ! disk4 7,simil> to ,phacodiscus rotula1 ,pl4 #ce1 fig4 #g1 b )\t m$ull>y %ell47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4af1 ( ! pores #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bda1 dep? #bcjj fa?oms4 #c4 ,c5odiscus l5ticula1 n4 sp4 ,disk ) ?orny surface1 scatt]$ ) small1 conical sp9es4 ,m>g9 ( ! l5ticul> biconvex disk ?94 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%2 t5 to elev5 on ! radius ( ! disk4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ae1 ( ! pores #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bie1 dep? #aejj fa?oms4 ,g5us #agf4 ,zonodiscus1#bae n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,c5odiscida ) surr\nd+ solid equatorial girdle on ! m>g9 ( ! l5ticul> disk1 )\t radial sp9es4 ,! g5us ,zonodiscus diff]s f ! prec$+ ,c5odiscus only 9 ! developm5t ( a solid silice\s girdle ar\nd ! ke5 m>g9 ( ! l5ticul> disk4 ,?is =m c also be d]iv$ f ,p]iphna or ,p]izona by r$uction & loss ( ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,! same girdle =mation returns n only 9 bo? ^! ,phacodiscida 7,pl4 #cb1 fig4 #g2 ,pl4 #cc1 fig4 #d71 b also 9 ! ,porodiscid ,p]i*lamydium4 #a4 ,zonodiscus saturnalis1 n4 sp4 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 )\t radial sp9es4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 fifte5 to sixte5 on ! radius ( ! disk1 9 its di/al half arrang$ 9 fifty to sixty radial s]ies1 :i* are sep>at$ by prom95t radial cre/s or ribs4 ,! cre/s are prolong$ into ! proximal half ( ! ?9 solid equatorial girdle1 :i* is "o-?ird z broad z ! radius ( ! disk4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4be1 ( ! pores #j4je4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cce1 dep? #adbe fa?oms4 ,subfamily #b4 ,,tro*odiscida1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,c5odiscida ) radial sp9es on ! m>g9 ( ! disk1 dispos$ 9 ! equatorial plane4 ,g5us #agg4 ,/ylodiscus1#baf n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,c5odiscida ) two radial sp9es on ! m>g9 ( ! disk1 opposite 9 "o equatorial axis4 #dac,! g5us ,/ylodiscus op5s ! s]ies ( ! ,tro*odiscida or ( ^? ,c5odiscida 9 :i* ! ?9 m>g9 ( ! holl[ l5ticul> disk is arm$ ) a numb] ( solid radial sp9es1 situat$ 9 its equatorial plane4 ,/ylodiscus is at ! same "t ! mo/ simple =m ( ! ,/ylodiscida1 or ( ! num]\s ,discoidea 7belong+ to diff]5t families7 9 :i* ! disk be>s only two sp9es1 opposite 9 "o equatorial axis4 ,hi!rto only two species ( ?is g5us h be5 obs]v$1 b !y seem to repres5t two diff]5t subg5]a4 ,subg5us #a4 ,/yl5todiscus1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,int]nal cavity ( ! %ell ) c5tripetal axial rods4 #a4 ,/ylodiscus endo/ylus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ca1 fig4 #aa74 ,se?o/ylus endo/ylus1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus et ,atlas 7pl4 xxxi1 fig4 #aa74 ,disk ) smoo? surface & d5tat$ m>g94 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%2 t5 to twelve on ! radius ( ! disk4 ,m>g9al tee? conical1 %ort1 irregul>4 ,bo? opposite pol> sp9es cyl9drical1 long] ?an ! diamet] ( ! disk1 & z broad z "o l>g] pore4 ,on ! inside ( ! holl[ disk bo? sp9es are prolong$ into two /rong c5tripetal axial rods1 :i* d n rea* ! c5tre4 ,also a numb] ( small] c5tripetal axial rods surr\nds ! c5tral cavity1 s t an orig9al m$ull>y %ell 7,se?o/ylus7 seems to h be5 lo/ 7comp4 above1 p4 #daj74 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4be1 ( ! pores #j4jje to #j4jb2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4c & m1 ?ickness #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfe1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 ,subg5us #b4 ,/ylexodiscus1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,int]nal cavity ( ! %ell )\t axial rods4 #b4 ,/ylodiscus amphi/ylus1 n4 sp4 ,disk ) smoo? surface & smoo? m>g94 ,pores regul>1 circul>2 eight to n9e on ! radius ( ! disk4 ,bo? opposite pol> sp9es pyramidal1 sulcat$1 ab\t z long z ! radius ( ! disk1 & ?ree times z long z broad at ! base4 ,inn] cavity ( ! disk simple1 )\t c5tripetal rods4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ae1 ( ! pores #j4jjg2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4jh1 basal bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgd1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #dad;,g5us #agh4 ,!odiscus1#bag n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,c5odiscida ) ?ree radial sp9es on ! m>g9 ( ! disk1 plac$ 9 its equatorial plane4 ,! g5us ,!odiscus is ! mo/ simple =m ( ^? v num]\s ,discoidea 9 :i* ?ree rays are develop$ on ! m>g9 ( ! disk2 a symbol ( ! ,*ri/ian dogma ( ! ,tr9ity4 ,commonly ! ?ree angles betwe5 ! ?ree sp9es are equal1 m r>ely "o angle is l>g] ?an ! two o!rs :i* are equal4 ,! %ell ( "s species is ne>ly sph]ical 7=m]ly sep>at$ by me z ,!osphra71 :il/ 9 o!rs x is a flatt5$ biconvex l5s4 ,subg5us #a4 ,!odiscoma1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,angles betwe5 ! ?ree radial sp9es equal 7triangle equilat]al74 #a4 ,!odiscus div9us1 n4 sp4 ,disk ne>ly sph]ical1 ) smoo? surface4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 hexagonally fram$2 sev5 to eight on ! radius4 ,?ree angles betwe5 ! sp9es equal4 ,sp9es prismatic1 /raight1 twice z broad z "o pore1 eight to elev5 times z long z ! %ell diamet]4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4a1 ( ! pores #j4jjf2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4h to #a4a1 bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfe1 surface4 #b4 ,!odiscus *ri/ianus1 n4 sp4 ,disk ne>ly sph]ical1 ) smoo? surface4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 prolong$ into %ort cyl9drical1 prom95t tubuli1 half z high z broad2 eight to n9e on ! radius4 ,?ree angles betwe5 ! sp9es equal4 ,sp9es prismatic1 /raight1 twice z broad z "o pore1 twelve to fifte5 times z long z ! %ell diamet]4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4jh1 ( ! pores #j4jje2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #a4a to #a4b1 bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 #c4 ,!odiscus tr9itatis1 n4 sp4 ,disk a r flatt5$1 biconvex l5s1 ab\t twice z broad z ?ick4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 n prolong$ into tubuli2 five to six on ! radius4 ,?ree angles betwe5 ! sp9es equal4 ,sp9es pyramidal1 ?ree times z broad z "o pore1 ab\t twice z long z ! %ell diamet]4 #dae;,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4jf1 ( ! pores #j4jjg2 l5g? ( ! sp9e #j4ab1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgd1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 ,subg5us #b4 ,!odiscura1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,angles betwe5 ! ?ree radial sp9es unequal1 two pair$ angles equal1 l>g] or small] ?an ! odd angle 7triangle isosceles74 #d4 ,!odiscus vanitatis1 n4 sp4 ,disk ne>ly sph]ical1 ) smoo? surface4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%2 eight to t5 on ! radius4 ,?ree angles betwe5 ! sp9es unequal2 "o odd angle l>g] ?an bo? o!rs4 ,sp9es pyramidal1 ( unequal size2 "o odd sp9e l>g]1 bo? o!rs small] ?an ! %ell diamet]4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ab1 pores #j4jjd to #j4jjf2 l5g? ( ! odd sp9e #j4b1 ( ! pair$ sp9es #j4a4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cce1 dep? #adbe fa?oms4 #e4 ,!odiscus nirvana1 n4 sp4 ,disk a flat biconvex l5s1 ab\t twice z broad z ?ick4 ,pores regul>1 circul>2 t5 to twelve on ! radius4 ,?ree angles betwe5 ! sp9es unequal2 "o odd angle small] ?an bo? o!rs4 ,sp9es prismatic1 v long & ?91 twice z broad z "o pore1 t5 to twelve times z long z ! %ell diamet]4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4a1 pores #j4jje2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #a to #a4b or m1 bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,ceylon1 surface1 ,haeckel4 ,g5us #agi4 ,crucidiscus1#bah n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,c5odiscida ) f\r radial sp9es on ! m>g9 ( ! disk1 cross$ 9 ! equatorial plane4 ,! g5us ,crucidiscus is ! mo/ simple =m ( ! ,/aurodiscida1 or ( ! num]\s ,discoidea 7belong+ to diff]5t families7 9 :i* ! m>g9 ( ! disk be>s f\r radial sp9es1 ly+ 9 ! equatorial plane1 & cross$ at "r angles4 ,:il/ commonly ! int]nal %ell-cavity ( ,crucidiscus is q simple1 9 "o case x be>s f\r c5tripetal axial rods1 z inn] prolongations ( ! out] radial cross-sp9es1 p]haps indications ( a lo/ m$ull>y %ell 7comp4 p4 #daj74 #daf,subg5us #a4 ,/aur5todiscus1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,int]nal cavity ( ! %ell ) c5tripetal axial rods4 #a4 ,crucidiscus endo/aurus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dh1 fig4 #b74 ,disk ) smoo? surface & smoo? simple m>g94 ,pores regul>1 circul>2 ?irte5 to f\rte5 on ! radius ( ! disk4 ,f\r cross$ sp9es conical1 /rong1 long] ?an ! radius ( ! disk1 on ! inside prolong$ into f\r ?9n] c5tripetal axial rods1 :i* d n rea* ! c5tre4 ,9 ! middle "p ( ! disk also "s o!r %ort axial rods arise f ! inside1 n rea*+ ! c5tre 7z 9 ,/ylodiscus endo/ylus1 ,pl4 #ca1 fig4 #aa74 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4af1 ( ! pores #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4b1 bread? #j4jad4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bec1 dep? #cabe fa?oms4 ,subg5us #b4 ,/aurexodiscus1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,int]nal cavity ( ! %ell )\t c5tripetal axial rods4 #b4 ,crucidiscus cuspidatus1 n4 sp4 ,disk ) smoo? surface & simple smoo? m>g94 ,pores regul>1 circul>2 sev5 to eight on ! radius ( ! disk4 ,f\r cross$ sp9es pyramidal1 ) prom95t edges1 some:at %ort] ?an ! radius ( ! disk1 twice z broad at _! ?ick base z "o pore4 ,no int]nal axial rods 9 ! %ell cavity4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ab1 ( ! pores #j4jje2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4je1 basal bread? #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #c4 ,crucidiscus e*9atus1 n4 sp4 ,disk ) ?orny surface & ?orny m>g94 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 six to sev5 on ! radius4 ,f\r cross$ sp9es pyramidal 7f\r sid$871 ab\t z long z ! radius ( ! disk1 z broad at _! base z "o pore4 ,no int]nal axial rods4 ,sp9es ( ! surface %ort1 conical4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ad1 ( ! pores #j4jjh2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jh1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 #d4 ,crucidiscus cruciatus1 n4 sp4 ,disk ) smoo? surface & broad d5tat$ m>g94 ,pores regul>1 circul>2 elev5 to twelve on ! radius4 ,f\r cross$ sp9es pyramidal1 sulcat$1 ab\t z long z ! radius ( ! disk1 z #dag;broad at _! base z ! radiat$ m>g91 :i* be>s fifty to sixty triangul> po9t$ tee? ( irregul> size4 7,simil> to ,se?o/aurus cruciatus1 ,pl4 #ca1 fig4 #e1 b )\t int]nal axial rods & m$ull>y %ell47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4b1 ( ! pores #j4jjg2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4a1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgd1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 ,g5us #ahj4 ,tro*odiscus1#bai n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,c5odiscida ) num]\s 7t5 to tw5ty or m7 radial sp9es on ! m>g9 ( ! disk1 situat$ 9 its equatorial plane4 ,! g5us ,tro*odiscus be>s on ! ?9 m>g9 ( ! lattic$ disk a v>iable numb] ( radial sp9es 7commonly t5 to tw5ty1 sometimes fifty to eighty or m74 ,_! size & disposition are commonly m or less irregul>4 ,= ! mo/ "p all ! m>g9al sp9es lie 9 ! equatorial plane2 b sometimes "p ( !m are cr[d$ into two or f\r p>allel girdles4 ,sev]al species ( ?is g5us are v simil> to "s species ( ,heliodiscus1 & only diff] 9 ! abs5ce ( ! m$ull>y %ell1 p]haps 9 consequ5ce ( ! phylog5etic loss ( x2 if ?is be ! case1 ! =m] are to be d]iv$ f ! latt] 7comp>e p4 #daj74 ,subg5us #a4 ,tro*odisculus1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,bases ( ! m>g9al sp9es free1 n connect$ by a solid equatorial girdle4 #a4 ,tro*odiscus c5ophacus1 n4 sp4 ,disk ) smoo? surface4 ,pores regul>1 circul>2 elev5 to twelve on ! radius4 ,m>g9al sp9es sixte5 to tw5ty1 conical1 ( irregul> size & disposition1 ab\t ?ree times z long z broad1 & z long z ! radius ( ! disk4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ae1 ( ! pores #j4jjf2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jf to #j4ji1 basal bread? #j4jb to #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bff1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #b4 ,tro*odiscus m$us9us1 n4 sp4 ,disk ) smoo? surface4 ,pores regul>1 circul>2 n9e to t5 on ! radius4 ,m>g9al sp9es t5 to twelve1 equilat]al triangul>1 deeply sulcat$1 ab\t half z long & broad z ! radius ( ! disk4 7,v simil> to ,heliose/rum m$us9um1 ,pl4 #cd1 fig4 #f1 b )\t enclos$ m$ull>y %ell4 ,comp>e p4 #daj47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4b1 ( ! pores #j4ja2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4je1 basal bread? #j4je4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bda1 dep? #bcjj fa?oms4 #dahc4 ,tro*odiscus odontotro*us1 n4 sp4 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 9 ! di/al "p radially sulcat$4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%2 twelve to f\rte5 on ! radius4 ,m>g9al sp9es v %ort & num]\s 7?irty to =ty71 conical1 sc>cely "o-f\r? z long z ! radius ( ! disk1 :i* resembles a :eel ) m>g9al tee?4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ah1 ( ! pores #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jb1 basal bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccb1 dep? #bbjj fa?oms4 #d4 ,tro*odiscus sol>is1 n4 sp4 ,disk ) smoo? surface4 ,pores subregul>1 circul>2 eight to n9e on ! radius4 ,m>g9al sp9es v num]\s 7sixty to eighty71 9 two to f\r girdles d5sely cr[d$ toge!r1 ! l>ge/ z long z ! diamet] ( ! disk1 b5t & conical4 7,simil> to ,heliodiscus sola/]1 ,pl4 #cd1 fig4 #d1 b )\t m$ull>y %ell47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ae1 ( ! pores #j4jjh2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4je to #j4ae1 basal bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #cjj1 dep? #acge fa?oms4 #e4 ,tro*odiscus e*9iscus1 n4 sp4 ,disk ) sp9y surface4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%2 t5 to elev5 on ! radius4 ,m>g9al sp9es conical1 v num]\s 7=ty to fifty71 irregul> 9 size & disposition1 ! l>ge/ half z long z ! radius ( ! disk4 7,simil> to ,heliodiscus e*9iscus1 ,pl4 #cd1 fig4 #e1 b )\t m$ull>y %ell47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ah1 ( ! pores #j4jje to #j4jae2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jb to #j4jd1 basal bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,fre ,*annel1 ,john ,murray4 ,subg5us #b4 ,pri/odiscus1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,bases ( ! m>g9al sp9es connect$ by a solid silice\s equatorial girdle4 #f4 ,tro*odiscus /ell>is1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dh1 fig4 #c74 ,disk ) smoo? surface4 ,pores subregul>1 circul>2 sev5 to eight on ! radius4 ,m>g9al sp9es twelve to sixte51 triangul>1 ( subregul> size & disposition1 ab\t half z long z ! radius ( ! disk1 connect$ at _! broad base by a solid equatorial girdle ( half ! bread?2 girdle & sp9es radially /rip$4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4be1 ( ! pores #j4jae2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jd to #j4jf1 basal bread? #j4jb to #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #daig4 ,tro*odiscus c+illum1 n4 sp4 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 9 ! di/al "p radially sulcat$4 ,pores regul>1 circul>2 twelve to ?irte5 on ! radius4 ,m>g9al sp9es tw5ty to tw5ty-f\r1 triangul>1 ( equal size & at regul> di/ances1 only "o-f\r? z long z ! radius ( ! disk1 connect$ at _! broad base by a solid equatorial girdle ( ! d\ble bread?4 7,simil> to ,heliodiscus c+illum1 ,pl4 #cc1 fig4 #g1 b )\t m$ull>y %ell47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4bb1 ( ! pores #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jb1 basal bread? #j4jb ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bhe1 dep? #bcge fa?oms4 ,family ,,xix4 ,,phacodiscida1 ,haeckel 7,pls4 #ca-ce74 ,phacodiscida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #def4 ,def9ition4--,discoidea ) simple extracapsul> phacoid %ell 7or l5ticul> lattic$ cortical %ell71 connect$ by radial beams ) an intracapsul>1 simple or d\ble1 conc5tric m$ull>y %ell1 )\t *amb]$ equatorial girdles4 ,! family ,phacodiscida comprises a l>ge numb] ( spl5did =ms 7ab\t a hundr$ species71 :i* agree ) ! prec$+ ,c5odiscida 9 ! possession ( ! *>act]i/ic extracapsul> phacoid %ell1 b diff] f !m 9 hav+ "o or two intracapsul> m$ull>y %ells2 ^! conc5tric sph]ical m$ull>y %ells are connect$ ) ! l5ticul> cortical %ell or phacoid %ell by means ( radial beams p]=at+ ! c5tral capsule4 ,! ,phacodiscida be> !re=e ! same relation to ! ,c5odiscida t ! ,disphrida & ,trisphrida d to ! ,monosphrida4 ,=m]ly sev]al species belong+ to ! family 7 describ$ by ,ehr5b]g & ,johannes ,mll]1 b n di/+ui%$ f ! ,sphroidea1 g5us ,haliomma 7e4g41 ,haliomma sol et ,haliomma humboldtii ( ! =m]1 ,haliomma amphidiscus ( ! latt]74 ,= ^! olde/ kn[n species ,i con/itut$ 9 #ahfb my g5us ,heliodiscus 7,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dcf74 ,"s o!r g5]a 7 aft]w>ds 7#ahge7 figur$ by ,ehr5b]g z ,p]iphna & ,*ilomma4 ,! ri* mat]ial ( ! ,*all5g] reveal$ ?is family z v polymorphic & widely di/ribut$1 s t 9 my ,prodromus 7#ahha1 p4 #deg7 ,i c\ld enum]ate eighte5 diff]5t g5]a ( ,phacodiscida4 ,?is numb] is "h r$uc$ to fifte51 unit+ sev]al ( !m into "o g5us z subg5]a4 ,! ,m$ull>y ,%ell ( ! ,phacodiscida1 or ! intracapsul> lattic$ %ell1 is ei!r simple & sph]ical1 or d\ble1 compos$ ( two conc5tric sph]es1 :i* are unit$ by a v>iable numb] ( radial beams4 ,we c\ld di/+ui% !re=e z two subfamilies ! ,c>podiscida 7) simple m$ull>y %ell7 & ! ,!codiscida 7) d\ble conc5tric m$ull>y %ell72 ! =m] correspond+ to ! ,c>posphrida 7or ,dyosphria71 ! latt] to ! ,!cosphrida 7or ,triosphria74 ,b z ?is diff]5ce seems n to be s important z ! diff]5t %ape ( ! disk m>g91 we pref] ?is latt] z a "* #dbj;= ! sep>ation ( subfamilies4 ,! =m ( ! m$ull>y %ells is commonly q sph]ical 7z also 9 ! above m5tion$ ,sphroidea72 sometimes x is a little compress$ 9 ! same direction z ! enclos+ l5ticul> phacoid %ell4 ,! diamet] ( ! latt] is commonly ?ree to f\r times z l>ge z ! diamet] ( ! m$ull>y %ell2 if ?is be d\ble 79 ! ,!codiscida7 !n ! diamet] ( ! out] m$ull>y %ell is commonly ?ree to f\r times z l>ge z t ( ! inn]4 ,! radial beams connect+ ! two seem to be v v>iable 9 numb] & disposition 7comp>e ,pl4 #ca1 fig4 #h2 ,pl4 #cb1 figs4 #c1 #d;a1 #g1 #h;a2 ,pl4 #cc1 figs4 #b1 #c2 ,pl4 #ce1 figs4 #d1 #h1 #i1 c474 ,! ,radial ,beams1 :i* connect ! m$ull>y %ell ) ! cortical or phacoid %ell1 & :i* pi]ce ! membrane ( ! l5ticul> c5tral capsule1 are commonly aggregat$ into two pol> bun*es ar\nd ! %ort5$ axis ( ! disk 7comp>e ,pl4 #ca1 fig4 #h2 ,pl4 #cb1 figs4 #c1 #h2 ,pl4 #cc1 figs4 #b1 #c1 c474 ,_! numb] seems to be usually betwe5 t5 & ?irty4 ,m r>ely pi]c+ radial beams lie also 9 ! equatorial plane1 & !n commonly z inn] prolongations ( ! out] m>g9al sp9es2 s we f9d two opposite 9 "o axis1 9 ,helio/ylus 7,pl4 #cd1 figs4 #a1 #b71 or f\r opposite 9 pairs 9 two cross$ axes1 9 ,phaco/aurus 7,pl4 #ca1 figs4 #a1 #b1 #g74 ,(t5 ! ?ickness ( ! beams increases f ! c5tre t[>ds ! p]iph]y4 ,! ,phacoid ,%ell1 or ! l5ticul> extracapsul> cortical %ell1 exhibits 9 ! ,phacodiscida q ! same g5]al "* z 9 ! ,c5odiscida1 above describ$ 7p4 #daj74 ,commonly ! equatorial diamet] ( ! l5s is twice to ?ree times z l>ge z ! v]tical diamet] or ! %ort5$ ma9 axis4 ,! convexity ( bo? opposite faces is ei!r q ev5 to ! %>p m>g9 7,pl4 #ca1 fig4 #b2 ,pl4 #cc1 figs4 #b1 #e71 or ! c5tral "p ( ! l5s is m /rongly vault$1 & (t5 ! m>g9 is ?ick5$ or truncat$ 7,pl4 #ca1 fig4 #aj2 ,pl4 #ce1 fig4 #g74 ,! surface ( ! l5s is commonly smoo?1 b sometimes also cov]$ ) bri/le-%ap$ radial sp9es 7,pl4 #cd1 figs4 #c1 #e2 ,pl4 #cb1 figs4 #b1 #c72 r>ely ^! sp9es are prolong$ & bran*$ 7,pl4 #ce1 figs4 #c1 #e74 ,! pores ( ! phacoid %ell are usually q regul>1 circul>1 & regul>ly arrang$1 ei!r 9 m conc5tric or 9 m radial r[s2 ! latt] are sometimes sep>at$ by radial cre/s aris+ t[>ds ! m>g9 7,pl4 #ce1 fig4 #f74 ,if ! wall ( ! phacoid %ell be mu* ?ick5$1 ! pores 9 its c5tral "p are %ort] & cyl9drical1 9 its m>g9al "p long] & conical 7,pl4 #ca1 fig4 #g2 ,pl4 #cb1 fig4 #a74 ,! ,m>g9 ( ! ,l5s ( ! ,phacodiscida is v polymorphic1 & s]ves ma9ly = ! sep>ation ( g5]a4 ,9 ! fir/ subfamily1 ,se?odiscida1 x is ei!r q simple 7,pl4 #ce1 figs4 #f-h7 or surr\nd$ by a ?9 solid equatorial girdle1 ! basal "p ( :i* is (t5 radially /rip$ 7,pl4 #cb1 figs4 #g1 #h74 ,9 ! second subfamily1 ,heliose/rida1 we f9d on ! m>g9 a small numb] ( radial sp9es 9 ! equatorial plane regul>ly dispos$1 ei!r two opposite 9 "o axis 7,pl4 #ca1 figs4 #i-ab7 or f\r opposite 9 pairs 9 two cross$ axes 7,pl4 #ca1 figs4 #a-h71 or eight opposite 9 pairs 9 f\r axes1 cross$ at angles ( #de 7,pl4 #cd1 figs4 #c1 #f72 9 ! latt] case we c sometimes di/+ui% #dba7;z 9 _m ,m$us7 f\r l>g] p]radial sp9es alt]nat+ ) f\r small] int]radial sp9es4 ,(t5 9 "o & ! same species occur abnormalities 9 numb] & disposition ( ! radial sp9es1 ?ree or five sp9es in/ead ( f\r1 or also sev5 or n9e sp9es in/ead ( eight2 (t5 bo? halves ( ! disk become asymmetrical4 ,if ! numb] ( ! m>g9al sp9es exce$ eight to t51 !y commonly become v v>iable 9 size & irregul> 9 disposition2 ^! v>iations *>act]ise ! ?ird subfamily1 ,heliodiscida4 ,commonly also "h all sp9es lie 9 ! equatorial plane2 b sometimes !y become cr[d$ 9 sev]al p>allel circles on bo? sides ( ! m>g9 7,pl4 #cb1 fig4 #a74 ,! =m ( ! m>g9al sp9es is commonly conical or flatt5$ triangul>1 (t5 also pyramidal or deeply furr[$ 7,pl4 #ca1 figs4 #f-i74 ,v r>ely ! sp9es are f5e/rat$ 7,pl4 #ce1 fig4 #a72 only 9 "o g5us 7,heliodrymus7 !y are all or p>tly bran*$ 7,pl4 #cc1 fig4 #i2 ,pl4 #ce1 figs4 #c1 #e74 ,! peculi> developm5t ( ! phacoid %ell has be5 already describ$ by ,j4 ,mll] 7comp>e my ,monograph1 #ahfb1 pp4 #aef1 #dch74 ,! ,c5tral ,capsule ( ! ,phacodiscida is ev]y:]e circul>1 l5ticul>1 envelops ! m$ull>y %ell1 & is enclos$ by ! phacoid %ell1 p]=at$ by ! radial beams1 :i* connect ! latt] to ! =m]4 ,synopsis ( ! ,g5]a ( ! ,phacodiscida4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,i4 ,subfamily ,se?odiscida4 ,m>g9 ( ! disk )\t radial sp9es4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,m>g9 simple1 )\t ,m$ull>y %ell simple1 #aha4 ,se?odiscus4 equatorial girdle4 ,m$ull>y %ell d\ble1 #ahb4 ,phacodiscus4 ,m>g9 surr\nd$ by a ,m$ull>y %ell simple1 #ahc4 ,p]iphna4 hyal9e equatorial girdle4 ,m$ull>y %ell d\ble1 #ahd4 ,p]izona4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,ii4 ,subfamily ,heliose/rida4 ,m>g9 ( ! disk ) two to eight solid radial sp9es1 usually q regul>ly dispos$4 7,numb] usually con/ant47 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,two radial sp9es ,m$ull>y %ell simple1 #ahe4 ,se?o/ylus4 7opposite 9 "o axis74 ,m$ull>y %ell d\ble1 #ahf4 ,phaco/ylus4 ,?ree radial sp9es4 ,m$ull>y %ell simple1 #ahg4 ,triactiscus4 ,f\r radial sp9es 79 ,m$ull>y %ell simple1 #ahh4 ,se?o/aurus4 cross =m74 ,m$ull>y %ell d\ble1 #ahi4 ,phaco/aurus4 ,six radial sp9es4 ,m$ull>y %ell simple1 #aij4 ,di/riactis4 ,eight radial sp9es4 ,m$ull>y %ell simple1 #aia4 ,heliose/rum4 ,m$ull>y %ell d\ble1 #aib4 ,a/rose/rum4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,iii4 ,subfamily ,heliodiscida4 ,m>g9 ( ! disk ) num]\s 7t5 to tw5ty or m7 radial sp9es1 usually irregul>ly dispos$4 7,numb] v>iable47 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,radial sp9es all simple1 ,m$ull>y %ell simple1 #aic4 ,heliodiscus4 n bran*$4 ,m$ull>y %ell d\ble1 #aid4 ,a/rophacus4 ,radial sp9es all or ,m$ull>y %ell simple1 #aie4 ,heliodrymus4 p>tly bran*$4 #dbb,subfamily #a4 ,,se?odiscida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deg4 ,def9ition4--,phacodiscida )\t radial sp9es on ! m>g9 ( ! disk4 ,g5us #aha4 ,se?odiscus1#bbj ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deg4 ,def9ition4--,phacodiscida ) simple m$ull>y %ell & simple m>g9 ( ! circul> disk1 )\t surr\nd+ equatorial girdle & )\t radial sp9es4 ,! g5us ,se?odiscus is ! mo/ simple & primitive =m ( all ,phacodiscida1 & may be reg>d$ z ! common ance/ral =m ( ?is family4 ,! simple sph]ical m$ull>y %ell is connect$ by a v>iable numb] ( radial beams ) ! l5ticul> or discoidal cortical %ell 7or phacoid %ell74 ,! m>g9 ( ?is latt] is q simple1 circul>1 )\t solid equatorial girdle or radial sp9es4 ,f ! ne>ly alli$ g5us ,c>posphra ( ! ,sphroidea1 its probable ance/ral =m1 ,se?odiscus c be d]iv$ simply by l5ticul> compression ( ! sph]oidal cortical %ell4 ,subg5us #a4 ,se?odisc9us1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! disk smoo?1 )\t radial ribs or sp9es4 #a4 ,se?odiscus phacoides1 n4 sp4 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores regul>1 circul>2 f\rte5 to fifte5 on ! radius ( ! disk4 7,v simil> to ,p]iphna c9cta1 ,pl4 #cc1 fig4 #d1 b )\t ! girdle ( ! m>g947 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4b1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jg1 ( ! pores #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ations #bgj to #bgd1 9 v>i\s dep?s4 #b4 ,se?odiscus macroporus1 n4 sp4 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 twice z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 v l>ge2 five to six on ! radius ( ! disk4 7,rem>kable = ! extraord9>y size ( ! pores1 :i* rea*es half ! radius ( ! m$ull>y %ell47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4a1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je1 ( ! pores #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,gulf ,/ream1 ,fre ,*annel1 ,john ,murray4 #c4 ,se?odiscus microporus1 n4 sp4 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 f\r times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 v small2 tw5ty-two to tw5ty-f\r on ! radius ( ! disk4 7,! small pores are sc>cely half z broad z ! ?ick b>s betwe5 !m47 #dbc;,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4be1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jf1 ( ! pores #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bhh1 surface4 #d4 ,se?odiscus l5ticula1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cc1 figs4 #a1 #b74 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 f\r times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores irregul>1 polygonal2 eight to n9e on ! radius ( ! disk4 7,! pores ( ! m$ull>y %ell1 fig4 #b1 are also irregul>1 polygonal1 or r\ndi%47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ag1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jd1 ( ! pores #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgd1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #e4 ,se?odiscus macrococcus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cc1 fig4 #c74 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 two & a half times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores irregul>1 polygonal2 elev5 to twelve on ! radius ( ! disk4 7,! pores ( ! m$ull>y %ell1 fig4 #c1 are regul>1 circul>1 ) elevat$ hexagonal frames betwe5 !m4 ,! figur$ specim5 is a "y "o1 bo? halves ( ! biconvex disk be+ n yet unit$ 9 ! equatorial plane47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4af1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jfe1 ( ! pores #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdd1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #f4 ,se?odiscus micrococcus1 n4 sp4 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 five times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 v small2 tw5ty-six to tw5ty-eight on ! radius ( ! disk4 7,! pores ( ! small m$ull>y %ell are regul>ly circul>1 ( ! same size z ^? ( ! disk47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4b1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jd1 ( ! pores #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cce1 dep? #adbe fa?oms4 ,subg5us #b4 ,se?odisculus1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! disk ) elevat$ radial ribs or sp9es4 #g4 ,se?odiscus radiatus1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma radians1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahed1 ,mikrogeol41 ,taf4 xix4 fig4 #ej4 ,haliomma radiatum1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahed1 ,mikrogeol41 ,taf4 xxi4 fig4 #ed4 ,disk ) radiat$ surface1 f\r times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores regul>ly circul>2 n9e to t5 on ! radius ( ! disk1 arrang$ 9 radial s]ies 7ab\t =ty71 :i* are sep>at$ by smoo? cre/s1 n prom95t on ! smoo? m>g94 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ab1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jc1 ( ! pores #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ,t]ti>y deposits ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 ,greece1 ,sicily1 ,oran1 c4 #dbdh4 ,se?odiscus e*9atus1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma e*9atum1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahge1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #gd1 ,taf4 xxvii4 fig4 #b4 ,disk ) radiat$ ?orny surface1 ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores regul>1 circul>2 elev5 to twelve on ! radius ( ! disk1 arrang$ 9 radial s]ies 7ab\t sixty71 :i* are sep>at$ by ?orny cre/s1 prom95t a little on ! d5tat$ m>g94 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ah1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jf1 ( ! pores #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! rocks ( ,b>bados4 #i4 ,se?odiscus cri/atus1 n4 sp4 ,disk ) radiat$ surface1 f\r times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores regul>ly circul>2 sixte5 to sev5te5 on ! radius ( ! disk1 arrang$ 9 radial s]ies 7ab\t eighty71 :i* are sep>at$ 9 ! di/al half by smoo? elevat$ cre/s1 /rongly prom95t on ! d5tat$ m>g94 7,v simil> to ,phacodiscus cri/atus1 ,pl4 #ce1 fig4 #f1 b ) simple m$ull>y %ell47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4b1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je1 ( ! pores #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bhe1 dep? #bcge fa?oms4 ,g5us #ahb4 ,phacodiscus1#bba ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deg4 ,def9ition4--,phacodiscida ) d\ble m$ull>y %ell & simple m>g9 ( ! circul> disk1 )\t surr\nd+ equatorial girdle & )\t radial sp9es4 ,! g5us ,phacodiscus diff]s f ! ance/ral g5us ,se?odiscus only 9 ! duplication ( ! m$ull>y %ell1 & has !re=e ! same relation to x t ,!cosphra 9 ! ,sphroidea exhibits to ,c>posphra4 ,bo? =m] discoidal g5]a diff] f ! two latt] sph]oidal by ! l5ticul> flatt5+ ( ! cortical %ell4 ,subg5us #a4 ,phacodisc9us1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! disk smoo?1 )\t radial ribs or sp9es4 #a4 ,phacodiscus rotula1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ce1 fig4 #g74 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 f\r & a half times z broad z ! out] & f\rte5 times z broad z ! inn] m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores regul>ly circul>2 sixte5 to eighte5 on ! radius ( ! disk4 ,m>g9 ( ! l5s v ?ick1 truncat$1 ne>ly z broad z ! out] m$ull>y %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ba1 ( ! out] m$ull>y %ell #j4jde1 ( ! inn] #j4jae2 pores #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbd1 dep? #ahej fa?oms4 #dbeb4 ,phacodiscus l5ti=mis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ce1 fig4 #h74 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 ?ree & a half times z broad z ! out]1 & t5 times z broad z ! inn] m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores regul>ly circul>2 twelve to ?irte5 on ! radius ( ! disk4 ,m>g9 ( ! disk %>p1 z 9 a biconvex l5s4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4be1 ( ! out] m$ull>y %ell #j4jg1 ( ! inn] #j4jbe2 pores #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfe1 dep? #bijj fa?oms2 fossil 9 ,b>bados4 #c4 ,phacodiscus gr&is1 n4 sp4 ,disk ) ?orny surface1 five times z broad z ! out]1 & fifte5 times z broad z ! inn] m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores regul>ly circul>2 tw5ty-two to tw5ty-f\r on ! radius ( ! disk4 ,m>g9 ( ! disk ?ick1 r\nd$4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4de1 ( ! out] m$ull>y %ell #j4ji1 ( ! inn] #j4jc2 pores #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,we/]n ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbe1 dep? #ddge fa?oms4 ,subg5us #b4 ,phacodisculus1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! disk ) elevat$ radial ribs or sp9es4 #d4 ,phacodiscus e*9iscus1 n4 sp4 ,disk ) sp9y surface1 f\r times z broad z ! out]1 & t5 times z broad z ! inn] m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores irregul>ly r\ndi%2 f\rte5 to fifte5 on ! radius ( ! disk4 ,m>g9 ( ! disk %>p1 z 9 a biconvex l5s4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4c1 ( ! out] m$ull>y %ell #j4ge1 ( ! inn] #j4jc2 pores #j4jjg4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccb1 dep? #bbjj fa?oms4 #e4 ,phacodiscus clypeus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ce1 figs4 #f1 #i74 ,disk ) radiat$ surface1 f\r times z broad z ! out]1 & twelve times z broad z ! inn] m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores regul>ly circul>2 sixte5 to eighte5 on ! radius ( ! disk2 9 ! di/al half dispos$ 9 sixty to sev5ty radial s]ies1 :i* are sep>at$ by prom95t cre/s2 ! %>p m>g9 !re=e a little jagg$4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4b1 ( ! out] m$ull>y %ell #j4je1 ( ! inn] #j4jag2 pores #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bff1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #dbf;,g5us #ahc4 ,p]iphna1#bbb ,ehr5b]g1 #ahgc ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #bdf4 ,def9ition4--,phacodiscida ) simple m$ull>y %ell1 )\t radial sp9es1 b ) a solid equatorial girdle ar\nd ! m>g9 ( ! l5ticul> disk4 ,! g5us ,p]iphna1 f\nd$ by ,ehr5b]g 9 #ahgc = ! fossil ,p]iphna decora ( ,b>bados1 diff]s f its ance/ral =m ,se?odiscus 9 ! developm5t ( a v ?9 silice\s solid girdle ar\nd ! m>g9 ( ! l5ticul> disk2 ?is girdle lies 9 ! equatorial plane ( ! %ell1 & reappe>s 9 simil> =m 9 ,p]i*lamydium among ! ,porodiscida1 9 ,spongophacus among ! ,spongodiscida1 & 9 ,zonodiscus among ! ,c5odiscida4 #a4 ,p]iphna c9cta1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cc1 fig4 #d74 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 f\r times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores regul>ly circul>2 f\rte5 to sixte5 on ! radius ( ! disk4 ,girdle ( ! m>g9 ab\t half z broad z ! radius ( ! m$ull>y %ell1 9 ! di/al half /ructureless1 9 ! proximal half ) sev5ty to eighty %ort radial ribs4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4b1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je1 ( ! pores #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #b4 ,p]iphna decora1 ,ehr5b]g4 ,p]iphna decora1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahge1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #hj1 ,taf4 xxviii4 fig4 #f4 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores regul>1 circul>2 tw5ty to tw5ty-two on ! radius ( ! disk1 dispos$ 9 radial s]ies4 ,girdle ( ! m>g9 ne>ly z broad z ! radius ( ! m$ull>y %ell1 9 ! di/al half /ructureless1 9 ! proximal half ) eighty to n9ety %ort radial ribs4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4be1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jh1 ( ! pores #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ,b>bados4 #c4 ,p]iphna /atobla/us1 n4 sp4 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 five times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores regul>ly circul>2 tw5ty-f\r to tw5ty-six on ! radius ( ! disk1 dispos$ 9 radial s]ies1 ^? 9 ! di/al half ( ! disk be+ sep>at$ by pi]c+ radial beams4 ,girdle ( ! m>g9 twice z broad z ! radius ( ! m$ull>y %ell1 9 ! :ole bread? ) "o hundr$ & tw5ty to "o hundr$ & ?irty pi]c+ radial ribs1 ! prolongations ( ! beams4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4c1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jf1 ( ! pores #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #cjj1 dep? #acge fa?oms4 #dbg;,g5us #ahd4 ,p]izona1#bbc ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deg4 ,def9ition4--,phacodiscida ) d\ble m$ull>y %ell1 )\t radial sp9es1 b ) a solid equatorial girdle ar\nd ! m>g9 ( ! l5ticul> disk4 ,! g5us ,p]izona diff]s f its ance/ral =m ,phacodiscus 9 ! developm5t ( a ?9 solid silice\s girdle1 ly+ 9 ! equatorial plane ar\nd ! m>g9 ( ! disk4 ,! two g5]a be> ! same relation to ea* o!r t ,p]iphna be>s to ,se?odiscus4 ,b 9 ! two latt] g5]a ! sph]ical m$ull>y %ell is simple1 9 ! two =m] d\ble4 #a4 ,p]izona scutella1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cb1 fig4 #g74 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 9 ! di/al ?ird radiat$1 f\r times z broad z ! out]1 & t5 times is broad z ! inn] m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores subregul>1 circul>2 ?irte5 to f\rte5 on ! radius ( ! disk1 9 ! m>g9al "p sep>at$ by eighty to n9ety prom95t radial cre/s1 :i* are prolong$ into ! proximal half ( ! solid girdle4 ,bread? ( ! girdle equal to t ( ! inn] m$ull>y %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4be1 ( ! out] m$ull>y %ell #j4jf1 ( ! inn] #j4jbe2 pores #j4jjg4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #b4 ,p]izona pt]ygota1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cb1 figs4 #h1 #h;a74 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 six times z broad z ! out]1 & fifte5 times z broad z ! inn] m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores regul>ly circul>2 eighte5 to tw5ty on ! radius ( ! disk4 ,m>g9 mu* ?ick5$ & truncat$1 abruptly sep>at$ 9 ! equatorial circumf]5ce f ! p]iph]al %>p m>g9 ( ! solid girdle2 bread? ( ! girdle equal to t ( ! out] m$ull>y %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4be1 ( ! out] m$ull>y %ell #j4jd1 ( ! inn] #j4jae2 pores #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bff1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 ,subfamily #b4 ,,heliose/rida1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,phacodiscida ) a con/ant numb] ( radial sp9es on ! m>g9 ( ! disk 7two1 ?ree1 f\r1 six1 or eight71 :i* are commonly regul>ly dispos$ 7sometimes m or less irregul>ly74 #dbh;,g5us #ahe4 ,se?o/ylus1#bbd ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deg4 ,def9ition4--,phacodiscida ) simple m$ull>y %ell & ) two radial sp9es on ! m>g9 ( ! disk1 opposite 9 ! equatorial axis4 ,! g5us ,se?o/ylus op5s ! s]ies ( ! ,heliose/rida or ( ^? ,phacodiscida 9 :i* a con/ant numb] ( radial sp9es 7two to eight7 is m or less regul>ly dispos$ on ! m>g9 ( ! disk4 ,all ^! m>g9al sp9es lie 9 ! equatorial plane ( ! l5s1 & h 9 ! same species a r con/ant numb] & simil> size1 a c]ta9 =m & disposition4 ,sometimes !y incl9e m or less to irregul> v>iations4 ,9 ,se?o/ylus !re are only two sp9es1 opposite 9 ! equatorial diamet] ( ! l5s2 x corresponds to ,/ylocyclia among ! ,coccodiscida1 & to ,xiphodictya among ! ,porodiscida4 ,subg5us #a4 ,se?o/ylium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,m>g9 ( ! disk simple1 smoo?1 )\t equatorial girdle & )\t a corona ( m>g9al sp9es4 #a4 ,se?o/ylus di/yliscus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ca1 fig4 #i74 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores regul>1 circul>2 n9e to t5 on ! radius ( ! disk1 9 ! out] r[s cyl9drical4 ,m>g9 ( ! disk simple1 smoo?1 ?91 )\t peculi> equatorial girdle1 radially /rip$ by ! prom95t beams ( ! p]iph]al s]ies ( pores4 ,bo? m>g9al sp9es ( equal size1 pyramidal1 sulcat$1 ab\t z long z ! radius ( ! disk & z broad at ! base z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ac to #j4af1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jd to #j4je2 l5g? ( bo? opposite sp9es #j4jf to #j4jh1 basal bread? #j4jc to #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfe1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #b4 ,se?o/ylus dicyl9drus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ca1 fig4 #aj74 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 f\r times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores regul>1 circul>2 sixte5 to eighte5 on ! radius ( ! disk4 ,m>g9 ( ! disk simple1 smoo?1 ?ick1 )\t peculi> equatorial girdle4 ,bo? m>g9al sp9es cyl9drical1 ab\t z long z ! diamet] ( ! disk1 ab\t twice z broad z a s+le pore4 7,walls ( ! disk 9 ! c5tral "p twice to ?ree times z ?ick z 9 ! p]iph]al "p47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4b1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je2 l5g? ( bo? sp9es #j4b to #j4c1 bread? #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #dbi,subg5us #b4 ,helio/ylus1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deg4 ,def9ition4--,m>g9 ( ! disk ) a solid equatorial girdle or a corona ( radial sp9es4 #c4 ,se?o/ylus d5tatus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cd1 fig4 #a74 ,helio/ylus d5tatus1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus et ,atlas 7pl4 xxxiv4 fig4 #a74 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 six times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores regul>1 circul>2 eighte5 to tw5ty on ! radius ( ! disk4 ,m>g9 ( ! disk ) a broad solid equatorial girdle1 :i* be>s fifty to sixty /rong conical tee? on ! p]iph]y2 tee? ab\t z long z ! diamet] ( ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,bo? opposite m>g9al sp9es cyl9dro-conical1 ab\t z long z ! diamet] ( ! disk1 & z broad z ! girdle4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4c1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je2 l5g? ( bo? ma9 sp9es #j4b to #j4c1 bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgb1 dep? #bfjj fa?oms4 #d4 ,se?o/ylus s]ratus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cd1 fig4 #b74 ,helio/ylus s]ratus1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus et ,atlas 7pl4 xxxiv4 fig4 #b74 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 f\r times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores regul>1 circul>2 f\rte5 to sixte5 on ! radius ( ! disk4 ,m>g9 ) a broad solid equatorial girdle1 :i* be>s =ty to fifty /rong conical tee? on ! p]iph]y2 tee? ab\t z long z ! radius ( ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,bo? opposite m>g9al sp9es sp9dle-%ap$1 ab\t z long z ! diamet] ( ! disk1 & z broad z ! girdle4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4c1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jge2 l5g? ( bo? ma9 sp9es #j4b to #j4c1 bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccb1 dep? #bbjj fa?oms4 #e4 ,se?o/ylus ha/atus1 n4 sp4 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 two & a half times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%2 t5 to twelve on ! radius ( ! disk4 ,m>g9 ) a broad solid equatorial girdle1 :i* be>s on ! p]iph]y six conical tee?1 ?ree on ea* half betwe5 ! two ma9 sp9es1 :i* are cyl9drical1 long] ?an ! diamet] ( ! disk1 & half z broad z ! girdle4 7,?is species c be d]iv$ f ,heliose/rum1 two opposite sp9es ( ! eight m>g9al sp9es be+ mu* /rong] develop$ ?an ! o!r six47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ae1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jf2 l5g? ( bo? ma9 sp9es #j4b1 bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ced1 surface4 #dcjf4 ,se?o/ylus spicatus1 n4 sp4 ,disk ) sp9y surface1 f\r times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores irregul> r\ndi%1 ) _m unequal conical sp9es betwe5 !m4 ,m>g9 ) an equatorial girdle1 compos$ ( ?ree to f\r conc5tric s]ies ( conical radial sp9es1 ab\t z long z ! radius ( ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,bo? ma9 sp9es v l>ge1 cyl9drical1 long] ?an ! diamet] ( ! disk1 & z broad z ! radius ( ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4b1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je2 l5g? ( ! ma9 sp9es #j4c or m1 bread? #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! rocks ( ,b>bados1 ,haeckel2 liv+ 9 ! dep?s ( ! ,equatorial ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdh1 dep? 7#bdej7 fa?oms4 ,g5us #ahf4 ,phaco/ylus1#bbe ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deg4 ,def9ition4--,phacodiscida ) d\ble m$ull>y %ell & ) two radial sp9es on ! m>g9 ( ! disk1 opposite 9 ! equatorial axis4 ,! g5us ,phaco/ylus diff]s f ! =ego+ ,se?o/ylus by ! duplication ( ! m$ull>y %ell1 & be>s ! same relation to x z ,phacodiscus does to ,se?odiscus1 or z ,amphicyclia 9 ! ,coccodiscida does to ,/ylocyclia4 ,subg5us #a4 ,phaco/ylium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,m>g9 ( ! disk simple1 smoo?1 )\t equatorial girdle1 & )\t a corona ( m>g9al sp9es4 #a4 ,phaco/ylus amphi/ylus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ca1 fig4 #ab74 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 f\r times z broad z ! out]1 & twelve times z broad z ! inn] m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores regul>1 circul>2 twelve to f\rte5 on ! radius ( ! disk4 ,m>g9 ( ! disk simple1 smoo?1 )\t sp9es & equatorial girdle4 ,bo? pol> sp9es conical1 long] ?an ! diamet] ( ! disk1 furr[$ at ! base1 & twice z broad z ! inn] m$ull>y %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4af to #j4ah1 ( ! out] m$ull>y %ell #j4jde1 ( ! inn] #j4jae2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4b1 basal bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgb1 dep? #bfjj fa?oms4 #b4 ,phaco/ylus amphixiphus1 n4 sp4 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 ?ree times z broad z ! out]1 & eight times z broad z ! inn] m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%2 t5 to elev5 on ! radius4 ,m>g9 ( ! disk #dcasimple1 smoo?1 )\t sp9es & equatorial girdle4 ,bo? pol> sp9es sword-%ap$ triangul>1 two-edg$1 ab\t z long z ! radius ( ! disk1 & z broad at ! base z ! inn] m$ull>y %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ae1 ( ! out] m$ull>y %ell #j4je1 ( ! inn] #j4jb2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4jh1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,madagasc>1 ,rabbe1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,a/ro/ylus1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,m>g9 ( ! disk ) a solid equatorial girdle or a corona ( radial sp9es4 #c4 ,phaco/ylus amphipyramis1 n4 sp4 ,disk ) sp9y surface1 f\r & a half times z broad z ! out]1 & f\rte5 times z broad z ! inn] m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%2 eight to t5 on ! radius4 ,m>g9 ( ! disk ) a corona ( irregul>1 radial sp9es4 ,bo? opposite pol> sp9es pyramidal1 twice z long z broad1 & ne>ly z long z ! radius ( ! disk4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4bb1 ( ! out] m$ull>y %ell #j4je1 ( ! inn] #j4jaf2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4a1 basal bread? #j4je4 ,habitat4--,we/]n ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbe1 dep? #ddge fa?oms4 #d4 ,phaco/ylus caudatus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cb1 fig4 #f74 ,a/rose/rum caudatum1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus et ,atlas 7pl4 xxxii4 fig4 #f74 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 two & a half times z broad z ! out]1 & six times z broad z ! inn] m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores regul>1 circul>2 six to sev5 on ! radius ( ! disk4 ,m>g9 ) a solid equatorial girdle1 & irregul>ly bord]$ ) eight to t5 conical sp9es2 two opposite ( ^! are mu* long] ?an ! o!rs4 7,?is species c be d]iv$ f ,a/rose/rum1 two opposite m>g9al sp9es be+ mu* m /rongly develop$ ?an ! six to eight o!rs47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( disk #j4ab1 ( ! out] m$ull>y %ell #j4je1 ( ! inn] #j4jb2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4a to #j4be1 basal bread? #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdd1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #e4 ,phaco/ylus maximus1 n4 sp4 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 five times z broad z ! out]1 & t5 times z broad z ! inn] m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores regul>1 circul>2 tw5ty to tw5ty-two on ! radius4 ,m>g9 ) a solid equatorial girdle1 be>+ on ! p]iph]y "o hundr$ to "o hundr$ & tw5ty pla9 tee?1 & two v l>ge pol> sp9es1 :i* are cyl9drical1 long] ?an ! diamet] ( ! disk1 & z broad at ! furr[$ base z ! radius ( ! out] m$ull>y %ell4 7,simil> to ,se?o/ylus d5tatus1 ,pl4 #cd1 fig4 #a1 b mu* l>g]1 & ) a d\ble m$ull>y %ell47 #dcb;,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4d1 ( ! out] m$ull>y %ell #j4jh1 ( ! inn] #j4jd2 l5g? ( ! pol> sp9es #j4e1 basal bread? #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! rocks ( ,b>bados4 ,g5us #ahg4 ,triactiscus1#bbf ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deg4 ,def9ition4--,phacodiscida ) simple m$ull>y %ell1 & ) ?ree radial sp9es on ! m>g9 ( ! disk1 plac$ 9 ! equatorial plane4 ,! g5us ,triactiscus exhibits on ! m>g9 ( ! l5ticul> phacoid %ell ?ree radial solid sp9es1 ! di/ance betwe5 :i* is sometimes equal1 at o!r times unequal4 ,ei!r all ! ?ree sp9es are ( equal size & simil> =m1 or "o odd arm is small] ?an ! two pair$ arms4 ,! triradial =m ( ?is g5us is repeat$ 9 ,tripodocyclia among ! ,coccodiscida1 & 9 ,tripodictya among ! ,porodiscida4 ,! m$ull>y %ell ( ,triactiscus is simple4 #a4 ,triactiscus tripyramis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cc1 fig4 #f74 ,disk ) smoo? surface & smoo? m>g91 ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores regul>1 circul>2 twelve to ?irte5 on ! radius ( ! disk4 ,?ree radial sp9es ( ne>ly equal size & equidi/ant1 or "o odd sp9e a little small]1 & ! opposite angle 7betwe5 ! pair$ sp9es7 also small]4 ,sp9es pyramidal1 ) broad prom95t edges1 "o to "o & a half times z long z ! radius ( ! disk1 z broad at ! base z ! radius ( ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ae2 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je1 pores #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgb1 dep? #bfjj fa?oms4 #b4 ,triactiscus tricuspis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cc1 fig4 #e74 ,disk ) smoo? surface & smoo? m>g91 five times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%2 t5 to elev5 on ! radius ( ! disk4 ,?ree radial sp9es ( unequal size & at unequal di/ances1 v %ort1 conical1 n long] ?an ! radius ( ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ae1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jc2 pores #j4jjd to #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #c4 ,triactiscus tripodiscus1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma triactis1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahge1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #bcf1 ,taf4 xxviii4 fig1 #d4 ,disk ) ?orny surface & sp9y m>g91 ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores regul>1 circul>2 eight to n9e on ! radius ( ! disk4 ,?ree radial sp9es ( diff]5t #dccsize & at unequal di/ances1 "o odd sp9e z long z ! radius1 bo? pair$ sp9es z long z ! diamet] ( ! disk2 ! odd angle betwe5 ! latt] is small]4 ,sp9es pyramidal1 ) broad edges4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4af1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je1 pores #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! rocks ( ,b>bados4 ,g5us #ahh4 ,se?o/aurus1#bbg ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deg4 ,def9ition4--,phacodiscida ) simple m$ull>y %ell & ) f\r radial sp9es on ! m>g9 ( ! disk1 cross$ 9 ! equatorial plane4 ,! g5us ,se?o/aurus exhibits f\r m>g9al sp9es1 :i* =m commonly a m or less regul> cross 9 ! equatorial plane4 ,sometimes ! size & disposition ( ! f\r sp9es become m or less diff]5t1 & also ! angles betwe5 !m v>y2 ! regul> rectangul> cross passes ov] into a bilat]al or irregul> =m4 ,! m$ull>y %ell is simple4 ,! same cross-=m ( ! disk is se5 9 ,/aurocyclia among ! ,coccodiscida1 & 9 ,/aurodictya among ! ,porodiscida4 ,subg5us #a4 ,se?o/aurium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,m>g9 ( ! disk )\t a solid equatorial girdle or a corona ( sp9es4 #a4 ,se?o/aurus or?o/aurus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ca1 figs4 #a1 #b74 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores regul>1 circul>2 ?irte5 to f\rte5 on ! radius ( ! disk4 ,m>g9 simple1 smoo?1 )\t girdle4 ,f\r cross$ sp9es equal1 pommel-%ap$1 angul>1 contract$ at ! base1 sc>cely z long z ! diamet] ( ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4af1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je2 l5g? ( ! cross$ sp9es #j4jd1 bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bff1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #b4 ,se?o/aurus cono/aurus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cd1 figs4 #g1 #h74 ,disk ) sp9y surface1 ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%2 sev5 to eight on ! radius4 ,m>g9 simple1 smoo?1 )\t girdle4 ,f\r cross$ sp9es subregul>1 equal1 conical1 ab\t z long z ! diamet] & z broad at ! base z ! radius ( ! m$ull>y %ell4 7,fig4 #g exhibits ! normal =m1 fig4 #h an abnormality ) five sp9es47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4b1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jf2 l5g? ( ! cross$ sp9es #j4je1 basal bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccc1 surface4 #dcdc4 ,se?o/aurus rhombo/aurus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ca1 fig4 #d74 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 two & a half times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores regul>1 circul>2 t5 to elev5 on ! radius4 ,m>g9 simple1 smoo?1 )\t girdle4 ,two opposite sp9es long] ?an ! diamet] ( ! disk1 f\r times z long z ! two o!rs1 :i* only equal its radius4 ,sp9es sword-%ap$1 angul>4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ad1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jf2 l5g? ( ! major sp9es #j4b1 ( ! m9or #j4je1 bread? #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cec1 dep? #bife fa?oms4 #d4 ,se?o/aurus recurvatus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ca1 fig4 #c74 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%2 eight to n9e on ! radius4 ,m>g9 simple1 smoo?1 )\t girdle4 ,f\r sp9es cyl9drical1 irregul>ly curv$1 ( diff]5t sizes2 "o s+le v l>ge1 mu* long] ?an ! ?ree o!rs2 two opposite lat]al sp9es recurv$1 hook-%ap$4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ae1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je2 l5g? ( ! major sp9e #j4cb1 ( ! opposite sp9e #j4af1 ( bo? lat]al sp9es #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bie1 dep? #aejj fa?oms4 ,subg5us #b4 ,helio/aurus1 ,haeckel #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deg4 ,def9ition4--,m>g9 ( ! disk ) a solid equatorial girdle or a corona ( sp9es4 #e4 ,se?o/aurus cruciatus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ca1 fig4 #e74 ,helio/aurus cruciatus1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus et ,atlas 7pl4 xxxi4 fig4 #e74 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores regul>1 circul>2 elev5 to twelve on ! radius4 ,m>g9 ) a solid1 radially /rip$ girdle1 :i* be>s on ! p]iph]y =ty to fifty triangul> po9t$ tee? ( unequal l5g?4 ,f\r cross$ sp9es ( equal size & simil> =m1 pyramidal1 sulcat$1 ab\t z long z ! radius ( ! disk1 z broad at ! base z ! girdle4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4b1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jf2 l5g? ( ! cross$ sp9es #j4a1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 #f4 ,se?o/aurus coronatus1 n4 sp4 ,disk ) sp9y surface1 twice z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%2 n9e to t5 on ! radius4 ,m>g9 ( ! disk ) a solid broad girdle1 be>+ on ! p]iph]y a corona ( ?irty to =ty flat tongue-%ap$ tee? ( diff]5t l5g?4 ,f\r cross$ sp9es #dceprismatic ) prom95t edges1 ab\t z long z ! diamet] ( ! disk1 & z broad z ! girdle4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4af1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jh1 l5g? ( ! cross$ sp9es #j4ah1 bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #g4 ,se?o/aurus gigas1 n4 sp4 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 f\r times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores regul>1 circul>2 tw5ty to tw5ty-two on ! radius4 ,m>g9 ( ! disk ) a n>r[ solid girdle1 be>+ on ! p]iph]y "o hundr$ to "o hundr$ & tw5ty sl5d] flat po9t$ tee?4 ,f\r cross$ sp9es equal1 conical1 ab\t z long z ! radius ( ! disk1 z broad at _! furr[$ base z ! radius ( ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4d1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4a2 l5g? ( ! cross$ sp9es #j4e1 basal bread? #j4je4 ,habitat4--,we/]n ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbe1 dep? #ddge fa?oms4 ,g5us #ahi4 ,phaco/aurus1#bbh ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deg4 ,def9ition4--,phacodiscida ) d\ble m$ull>y %ell & ) f\r radial sp9es on ! m>g9 ( ! disk1 cross$ 9 ! equatorial plane4 ,! g5us ,phaco/aurus diff]s f ! =ego+ ,se?o/aurus by ! duplication ( ! m$ull>y %ell1 & be>s to x ! same relation z ,phacodiscus does to ,se?odiscus4 ,also 9 ?is g5us ! cross ( ! %ell is commonly regul>1 rectangul>1 sometimes m or less irregul>4 ,subg5us #a4 ,phaco/aurium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,m>g9 ( ! disk )\t a solid equatorial girdle or a corona ( sp9es4 #a4 ,phaco/aurus oceanidum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ca1 fig4 #f74 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 ?ree times z broad z ! out] & eight times z broad z ! inn] m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores regul>1 circul>2 elev5 to twelve on ! diamet] ( ! disk4 ,m>g9 smoo?4 ,f\r cross$ sp9es pyramidal1 deeply sulcate1 ab\t z long z ! diamet] ( ! out] m$ull>y %ell1 & two-?irds z broad at ! base4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ae1 ( ! out] m$ull>y %ell #j4je1 ( ! inn] #j4jb2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4je1 basal bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bff1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #dcf,subg5us #b4 ,a/ro/aurus1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deg4 ,def9ition4--,m>g9 ( ! disk ) a solid equatorial girdle1 or a corona ( sp9es4 #b4 ,phaco/aurus quadrigatus1 n4 sp4 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 f\r times z broad z ! out] & t5 times z broad z ! inn] m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%2 fifte5 to sixte5 on ! diamet] ( ! disk4 ,m>g9 ) a broad solid equatorial girdle1 f :i* arise f\r cross$ sp9es1 conical1 z long z ! radius ( ! disk4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4b1 ( ! out] m$ull>y %ell #j4je1 ( ! inn] #j4jb2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4a1 basal bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #cjj1 dep? #acge fa?oms4 #c4 ,phaco/aurus magnificus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ca1 figs4 #g1 #h74 ,a/ro/aurus magnificus1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus et ,atlas 7pl4 xxxi4 figs4#g1 #h74 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 ?ree times z broad z ! out] & n9e times z broad z ! inn] m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores regul>1 circul>2 ?irte5 to f\rte5 on ! diamet] ( ! disk4 ,m>g9 ) a corona ( fifty to sixty conical sp9es ( unequal l5g?4 ,f\r sp9es ( ! cross v l>ge pyramidal1 deeply sulcat$1 long] ?an ! radius ( ! disk1 & z broad at ! base z ! radius ( ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4bb1 ( ! out] m$ull>y %ell #j4jg1 ( ! inn] #j4jbe2 l5g? ( ! f\r sp9es #j4af1 basal bread? #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,madagasc>1 ,rabbe1 surface4 ,g5us #aij4 ,di/riactis1#bbi n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,phacodiscida ) simple m$ull>y %ell & ) six radial sp9es on ! m>g9 ( ! disk plac$ 9 ! equatorial plane4 ,! g5us ,di/riactis exhibits on ! m>g9 ( ! l5ticul> phacoid %ell six radial solid sp9es4 ,_! di/ance is commonly equal1 r>ely unequal4 ,ei!r all six sp9es are ( equal size & simil> =m1 or ?ree l>g] 7p]radial7 alt]nat+ ) ?ree small] 7int]radial71 s t ,di/riactis appe>s to be d]iv$ f ,triactiscus by developm5t ( ?ree second>y betwe5 ?ree prim>y sp9es4 #a4 ,di/riactis lirian?a1 n4 sp4 ,disk smoo?1 f\r times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) regul>1 circul> pores 7ab\t t5 on ! radius74 ,six m>g9al sp9es ( equal size & at equal di/ances1 triangul>1 sulcate1 half z long z ! radius4 7,simil> to ,heliose/rum m$us9um1 ,pl4 #cd1 fig4 #f47 #dcg;,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4b1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4je1 basal bread? #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfe1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #b4 ,di/riactis corallan?a1 n4 sp4 ,disk ?orny1 ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) regul>1 circul> pores1 ab\t eight on ! radius4 ,six m>g9al sp9es ( equal size & equidi/ant1 conical1 ne>ly z long z ! diamet] ( ! disk1 half z broad at ! base z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ab1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jd2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4a1 bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #cjj1 surface4 #c4 ,di/riactis alt]na1 n4 sp4 ,disk smoo?1 five times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ab\t twelve pores on ! radius4 ,six m>g9al sp9es pyramidal1 at equal di/ances1 b unequal alt]nat+ size2 ?ree l>g] 7p]radial7 sp9es z long z ! %ell radius1 ?ree small] betwe5 !m 7int]radial7 half z long & broad4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ae1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jc2 l5g? ( ! ?ree major sp9es #j4jh1 ( ! ?ree m9or #j4je4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cec1 surface4 #d4 ,di/riactis palman?a1 n4 sp4 ,disk r\gh1 f\r times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ab\t t5 pores on ! radius4 ,six m>g9al sp9es conical1 at equal di/ances1 b unequal alt]nat+ size2 ?ree l>g] 7p]radial7 sp9es z long z ! %ell diamet]1 ?ree small] betwe5 !m 7int]radial7 z long z ! radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4b1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je2 l5g? ( ! ?ree major sp9es #j4b1 ( ! ?ree m9or #j4a1 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cbe1 surface4 #e4 ,di/riactis amphi!cta1 n4 sp4 ,disk ?orny1 ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,six m>g9al sp9es conical1 ( v diff]5t size2 "o s+le 7ant]ior7 mu* l>g] ?an ! five o!rs1 ! opposite 7po/]ior7 mu* small]4 ,! o!r f\r sp9es are pair$1 ! ant]ior pair l>g] ?an ! po/]ior4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ae1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je2 l5g? ( ! longe/ sp9e #j4b1 ( ! %orte/ #j4jd1 ( ! ant]ior pair #j4a1 ( ! po/]ior #j4jg4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,cocos ,isl&s1 surface1 ,rabbe4 #dch;,g5us #aia4 ,heliose/rum1#bcj ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deg4 ,def9ition4--,phacodiscida ) simple m$ull>y %ell & ) eight radial sp9es on ! m>g9 ( ! disk 7m or less regul>ly dispos$1 sometimes sev5 or n9e74 ,! g5us ,heliose/rum 7) simple m$ull>y %ell7 & ! foll[+ ,a/rose/rum 7) d\ble m$ull>y %ell7 conta9 ^? ,phacodiscida 9 :i* ! m>g9 ( ! l5ticul> disk be>s eight radial sp9es1 commonly m or less regul>ly dispos$ 9 ! equatorial plane1 s t ! equal angles betwe5 !m am\nt to #de4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 _m exceptions to ?is regul> eight-ray$ =m1 ei!r ! angles betwe5 ! eight sp9es becom+ unequal or ! numb] ( ! sp9es am\nt+ to sev5 or n9e 7sometimes also six or t57 9 "o & ! same species4 ,b ! regul> =m is z preval5t1 & also 9 ! abnormal =ms indicat$ by ! position ( ! sp9es1 t we sep>ate ! g5us ,heliose/rum f ,heliodiscus4 ,bo? g5]a are ri* 9 common species1 & 9 "s ( ! =m] f\r p]radial 7l>g]7 sp9es alt]nate regul>ly ) f\r int]radial 7small]7 sp9es4 ,subg5us #a4 ,heliose/an?a1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! disk smoo?1 )\t radial sp9es4 ,bases ( ! m>g9al sp9es free1 n connect$ by an equatorial girdle4 #a4 ,heliose/rum m$us9um1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cd1 fig4 #f74 ,heliodiscus m$us9us1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,atlas 7pl4 xxxiv4 fig4 #f74 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 f\r times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores regul>1 circul>2 ab\t t5 on ! radius ( ! disk4 ,eight m>g9al sp9es regul>ly di/ribut$ 7sometimes sev5 or n9e1 m or less irregul>71 angul>1 ne>ly pyramidal 7) equilat]al triangul> outl9e71 ab\t z long & broad z ! diamet] ( ! m$ull>y %ell1 )\t connect+ equatorial girdle4 ,f ! broad base ( ea* sp9e run eight to t5 deep furr[s conv]g5t to its apex4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4b1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je2 l5g? ( ! radial sp9es #j4je1 basal bread? #j4je4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bff1 surface4 #b4 ,heliose/rum octa/rum1 n4 sp4 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%2 eight to n9e on ! radius4 ,eight m>g9al sp9es regul>ly di/ribut$ 7sometimes #dcisev5 or n9e1 m or less irregul>71 conical1 ab\t z long z ! diamet] ( ! disk1 )\t a connect+ equatorial girdle4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ae1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je2 l5g? ( ! radial sp9es #j4af1 basal bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 #c4 ,heliose/rum sol>ium1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma sol 7p>tim71 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahge 7non #ahdd71 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #gd1 ,taf4 xxviii4 fig4 #a4 ,surface ( ! disk smoo?2 its diamet] six times z l>ge z t ( ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores regul>1 circul>2 n9e to t5 on ! radius4 ,eight m>g9al sp9es regul>ly di/ribut$ 7sometimes sev5 or n9e1 m or less irregul>71 conical1 ab\t z long z ! diamet] ( ! m$ull>y %ell1 )\t a connect+ equatorial girdle4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ah1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jc2 l5g? ( ! radial sp9es #j4jc1 basal bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,b>bados4 #d4 ,heliose/rum liriope1 n4 sp4 ,surface ( ! disk smoo?2 its diamet] f\r times z l>ge z t ( ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores subregul>1 circul>2 sev5 to eight on ! radius4 ,eight m>g9al sp9es regul>ly di/ribut$1 conical1 compress$1 alt]nat+ long] & %ort]2 ! long] equal to ! diamet] ( ! disk1 ! %ort] to ! radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4af1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4d2 l5g? ( ! major radial sp9es #j4ae1 ( ! m9or #j4ji4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bcf1 surface4 #e4 ,heliose/rum quadrigem9um1 n4 sp4 ,surface ( ! disk smoo?2 its diamet] f\r times z l>ge z t ( ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%2 six to sev5 on ! radius4 ,eight m>g9al sp9es triangul>1 flat1 regul>ly dispos$1 alt]nat+ long] & %ort]1 ! major z long z ! radius ( ! %ell1 & half z broad at ! base1 ) ?ree to f\r deep furr[s on bo? sides1 )\t a connect+ equatorial girdle4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4af1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jd2 l5g? ( ! l>g] radial sp9es #j4jh1 ( ! small] #j4jd1 basal bread? #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bff1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #f4 ,heliose/rum contiguum1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma contiguum1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahge1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #gd1 ,taf4 xxvii4 fig4 #e4 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 f\r times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 t\*+1 ) v ?9 b>s2 n9e to t5 on ! radius4 ,eight m>g9al sp9es 7(t5 #ddjsev5 or n9e7 conical1 half z long z ! radius1 twice z long z broad1 )\t a connect+ equatorial girdle4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ag1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jd2 l5g? ( ! radial sp9es #j4jd1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ,b>bados4 #g4 ,heliose/rum irregul>e1 n4 sp4 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 f\r times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%2 n9e to elev5 on ! radius4 ,eight conical radial sp9es ( irregul> size & di/ribution1 (t5 sev5 or n9e1 ab\t z long z ! radius ( ! disk 79 "s cases long]1 9 o!rs %ort]74 ,no connect+ equatorial girdle4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4b1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je2 l5g? ( ! radial sp9es #j4a1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ations #bgj to #bgb1 dep? #bdbe to #bibe fa?oms4 ,subg5us #b4 ,heliose/illa1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! disk arm$ ) radial sp9es4 ,bases ( ! m>g9al sp9es free1 )\t a connect+ equatorial girdle4 #h4 ,heliose/rum octonum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cd1 fig4 #c74 ,disk ) sp9y surface1 ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores circul>1 ( v diff]5t sizes2 eight to t5 on ! radius4 ,eight conical m>g9al sp9es ( equal size & equidi/ant1 z long z ! radius ( ! disk1 & "o-?ird z broad at ! base z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,num]\s sp9es on ! surface bri/le-%ap$1 on ! m>g9 half z long z ! eight ma9 sp9es1 9 ! c5tral "p %ort]4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ah1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jf2 l5g? ( ! m>g9al sp9es #j4a1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 #i4 ,heliose/rum g9eta1 n4 sp4 ,disk ) sp9y surface1 f\r times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 ( diff]5t sizes2 twelve to f\rte5 on ! radius4 ,eight pyramidal m>g9al sp9es regul>ly dispos$1 f\r l>g] 7p]radial7 alt]nat+ ) f\r small] 7int]radial72 ! =m] z long z ! radius ( ! disk1 ! latt] half z long4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4b1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je2 l5g? ( ! m>g9al sp9es #j4je to #j4a1 basal bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccj1 surface4 #dda,subg5us #c4 ,heliose/omma1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! disk smoo?1 )\t radial sp9es4 ,bases ( ! m>g9al sp9es connect$ by a solid equatorial girdle4 #aj4 ,heliose/rum octangulum1 n4 sp4 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 octagonal1 twice z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores regul>1 circul>2 n9e to t5 on ! radius4 ,equatorial girdle n>r[1 radially /rip$1 connect+ ! po9ts ( ! eight %ort1 regul>ly dispos$1 m>g9al sp9es 9 su* a mann] t ! :ole %ell =ms a regul> octagon ) rectil9e> sides4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4aa to #j4ab1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je to #j4jf2 l5g? ( ! sides ( ! octagon #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #aa4 ,heliose/rum octogonium1 n4 sp4 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 octagonal1 f\r times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%2 eight to n9e on ! radius4 ,equatorial girdle broad1 smoo?1 connect+ ! po9ts ( ! eight %ort1 triangul>1 flat m>g9al sp9es 9 su* a mann] t ! :ole %ell =ms a subregul> octagon ) concave1 ne>ly equal sides4 7,sometimes sev5 or n9e sp9es in/ead ( eight are develop$47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4af to #j4ah1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jd to #j4je2 l5g? ( ! radial sp9es #j4jb to #j4jd1 basal bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bff1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #ab4 ,heliose/rum crasp$otum1 n4 sp4 ,haliomma humboldti1 v>41 ,bury1 #ahfb1 ,polycy/9s ( ,b>bados1 pl4 viii4 fig4 #d 7bel[74 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores subregul>1 circul>2 t5 to twelve on ! radius4 ,eight m>g9al sp9es 7sometimes sev5 or n9e7 triangul>1 deeply sulcat$1 half z long & "o-?ird z broad z ! radius ( ! disk1 connect$ by a n>r[1 radially /rip$ equatorial girdle4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ah1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jf2 l5g? ( ! radial sp9es #j4je1 basal bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ations #bga to #bgd1 at v>i\s dep?s1 also fossil 9 ,b>bados4 ,g5us #aib4 ,a/rose/rum1#bca ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deg4 ,def9ition4--,phacodiscida ) d\ble m$ull>y %ell & ) eight radial sp9es on ! m>g9 ( ! disk 7m or less regul>ly dispos$1 sometimes sev5 or n9e74 #ddb,! g5us ,a/rose/rum diff]s f ! =ego+ ,heliose/rum by ! duplication ( ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,! eight m>g9al sp9es 9 ! majority ( individuals are regul>ly =m$ & dispos$1 ( equal size & equidi/ant4 ,b !re are frequ5t exceptions to ?is rule1 ei!r ! angles betwe5 ! eight sp9es be+ m or less diff]5t1 or ! numb] am\nt+ to sev5 or n9e1 in/ead ( eight4 ,"h also 9 "s species f\r l>g] 7p]radial7 sp9es alt]nate regul>ly ) f\r small] 7int]radial sp9es71 aft] ! same law ( symmetry1 :i* is common 9 ! ,m$us4 ,subg5us #a4 ,a/rose/an?a1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! disk smoo?1 )\t radial sp9es4 ,bases ( ! m>g9al sp9es free1 n connect$ by an equatorial girdle4 #a4 ,a/rose/rum ephyra1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cb1 figs4 #d1 #d;a74 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 ?ree times z broad z ! out] & n9e times z broad z ! inn] m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores subregul>1 circul>2 sev5 to eight on ! radius ( ! disk4 ,eight m>g9al sp9es 7sometimes sev5 or n9e7 m or less irregul>ly dispos$1 ( v>iable size1 commonly z long z ! radius ( ! disk1 twice z long z broad1 pyramidal1 sulcate1 )\t a connect+ equatorial girdle4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ab1 ( out] m$ull>y %ell #j4jd1 ( ! inn] #j4jad2 l5g? ( ! m>g9al sp9es #j4je to #j4jg1 basal bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ations #bgj to #bgd1 dep?s #bcej to #bibe fa?oms4 #b4 ,a/rose/rum nauphanta1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cb1 fig4 #e74 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 two & a half times z broad z ! out] & five times z broad z ! inn] m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores regul>1 circul>2 eight to n9e on ! radius ( ! disk4 ,eight m>g9al sp9es 7(t5 sev5 or n9e7 m or less regul>ly dispos$1 ( equal size1 half z long z ! radius ( ! disk1 & q z broad at ! base1 compress$ triangul>1 sulcate1 )\t a connect+ equatorial girdle4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ae1 ( ! out] m$ull>y %ell #j4jf1 ( ! inn] #j4jc2 l5g? ( ! m>g9al sp9es #j4jd1 basal bread? #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ations #bff to #bfh1 dep? #bgjj to #bijj fa?oms4 #c4 ,a/rose/rum octacan?um1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma octacan?um1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahgb1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #bie1 ,taf4 viii4 fig4 #aa4 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 twice z broad z ! out] & six times z broad z ! inn] m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores regul>1 circul>2 six to sev5 on ! radius ( ! disk4 ,eight m>g9al sp9es #ddcregul>ly dispos$1 ( v>iable size1 ! longe/ z long z ! radius1 pyramidal1 n broad] at ! base ?an "o pore1 )\t a connect+ equatorial girdle4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ab1 ( ! out] m$ull>y %ell #j4jf1 inn] #j4jb2 l5g? ( ! m>g9al sp9es #j4jc to #j4jf1 basal bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,we/]n ,pacific1 ,philipp9e ,sea1 #ccjj fa?oms1 ,ehr5b]g2 ,/ation #bbe1 dep? #ddge fa?oms4 #d4 ,a/rose/rum acrasp$um1 n4 sp4 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 ?ree times z broad z ! out] & six times z broad z ! inn] m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores regul>1 circul>2 n9e to t5 on ! radius ( ! disk4 ,eight m>g9al sp9es regul>ly dispos$1 ( alt]nat+ size2 f\r major 7p]radial7 sp9es z long z ! diamet] ( ! disk1 f\r m9or 7int]radial7 half z long2 sp9es cyl9drical1 n broad] at ! base ?an "o pore1 )\t a connect+ equatorial girdle4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4b1 ( ! out] m$ull>y %ell #j4jg1 ( ! inn] #j4jce2 l5g? ( ! l>g] sp9es #j4b1 ( ! small] #j4a1 basal bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccb1 dep? #bbjj fa?oms4 ,subg5us #b4 ,a/rose/illa1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! disk cov]$ ) radial sp9es4 ,bases ( ! m>g9al sp9es free1 n connect$ by an equatorial girdle4 #e4 ,a/rose/rum acan?a/rum1 n4 sp4 ,disk ) sp9y surface1 ?ree times z broad z ! out] & n9e times z broad z ! inn] m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores subregul>1 circul>2 t5 to elev5 on ! radius4 ,eight m>g9al sp9es 7sometimes sev5 or n9e7 regul>ly dispos$1 triangul>1 ab\t half z long z ! radius ( ! disk1 & "o-?ird z broad at ! base1 )\t a connect+ equatorial girdle4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ah1 ( ! out] m$ull>y %ell #j4jf1 ( ! inn] #j4jb2 l5g? ( ! radial sp9es #j4je1 basal bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,gulf ,/ream1 ,fre ,*annel1 surface1 ,john ,murray4 #f4 ,a/rose/rum e*9a/rum1 n4 sp4 ,disk ) sp9y surface1 twice z broad z ! out] & f\r times z broad z ! inn] m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%2 eight to n9e on ! radius4 ,eight m>g9al sp9es m or less regul>ly dispos$1 pyramidal1 ne>ly z long z ! radius ( ! disk1 & n broad] at ! base ?an "o l>ge pore1 )\t a connect+ equatorial girdle4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ae1 ( ! out] m$ull>y %ell #j4jg1 ( ! inn] #j4jd2 l5g? ( ! radial sp9es #j4jg1 basal bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,sicily1 ,caltanisetta1 ,teus*]4 #ddd,subg5us #c4 ,a/rose/omma1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! disk smoo?1 )\t radial sp9es4 ,bases ( ! m>g9al sp9es connect$ by a solid equatorial girdle4 #g4 ,a/rose/rum pelagia1 n4 sp4 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 ?ree times z broad z ! out] & eight times z broad z ! inn] m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores regul>1 circul>2 eight to n9e on ! radius4 ,eight m>g9al sp9es conical1 ab\t z long z ! radius ( ! disk1 ( ne>ly equal l5g?1 "o-?ird z broad at ! base1 connect$ by a radially /rip$ equatorial girdle4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ah1 ( ! out] m$ull>y %ell #j4jf1 ( ! inn] #j4jbc2 l5g? ( ! radial sp9es #j4ji1 basal bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,ceylon1 ,haeckel1 surface4 #h4 ,a/rose/rum floscula1 n4 sp4 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 two & a half times z broad z ! out] & five times z broad z ! inn] m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%2 t5 to elev5 on ! radius4 ,eight m>g9al sp9es triangul>1 pla91 sc>cely half z long z ! radius ( ! disk1 ne>ly z broad at ! base1 connect$ by an ev5 equatorial girdle4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4b1 ( ! out] m$ull>y %ell #j4jh1 ( ! inn] #j4jd2 l5g? ( ! radial sp9es #j4ji1 basal bread? #j4jg4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cbe1 surface4 ,subfamily #c4 ,,heliodiscida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deg4 ,def9ition4--,phacodiscida ) a v>iable numb] ( radial sp9es on ! m>g9 ( ! disk 7t5 to tw5ty or m71 :i* are commonly m or less irregul> 7sometimes regul>ly =m$ & dispos$74 ,g5us #aic4 ,heliodiscus1#bcb ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dcf4 ,def9ition4--,phacodiscida ) simple m$ull>y %ell & ) num]\s 7t5 to tw5ty or m7 simple radial sp9es on ! m>g9 ( ! disk 7commonly ) a v>iable numb] & an irregul> disposition ( ! undivid$ sp9es74 ,! g5us ,heliodiscus1 ! mo/ common & polymorphic ( all ,phacodiscida1 0 f\nd$ by me 9 #ahfb z ! fir/ kn[n type ( ?is family 7loc4 cit474 ,i use #dde;"h ! diagnosis ( ?is g5us 9 a re/rict$ s5se1 includ+ only ! species1 9 :i* ! numb] ( m>g9al sp9es am\nts to t51 tw5ty1 or m 7sometimes fifty to eighty1 r>ely m ?an "o hundr$74 ,! numb] ( sp9es is 9 ! diff]5t species v>iable1 & _! disposition commonly m or less irregul>1 :il/ 9 ! prec$+ g5]a 7) two1 ?ree1 f\r1 six1 or eight m>g9al sp9es7 _! di/ance & =m are commonly regul>4 ,subg5us #a4 ,heliodiscetta1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! disk smoo?1 )\t radial sp9es4 ,bases ( ! m>g9al sp9es free1 )\t a connect+ equatorial girdle4 #a4 ,heliodiscus a/]iscus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cc1 fig4 #h74 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores regul>1 circul>2 t5 to twelve on ! radius ( ! disk4 ,m>g9al sp9es fifte5 to tw5ty1 conical1 (t5 d\ble cont\r$1 ( v>iable size & disposition1 ! l>ge/ z long z ! radius ( ! disk1 z broad at ! base z "o pore4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ae1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je2 l5g? ( ! radial sp9es #j4jd to #j4jg1 basal bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,m$it]ranean 7,corfu71 ,indian ,ocean 7,madagasc>71 ,atlantic & ,pacific1 _m ,/ations1 surface & v>i\s dep?s4 #b4 ,heliodiscus tro*iscus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cd1 figs4 #aj1 #ac74 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 f\r times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores regul>1 circul>2 f\rte5 to sixte5 on ! radius4 ,m>g9al sp9es twelve to sixte51 conical1 ( v>iable size & disposition1 ! l>ge/ z long z ! diamet] ( ! m$ull>y %ell1 twice z broad z "o pore4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4b1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je2 l5g? ( ! radial sp9es #j4ja to #j4jbe1 basal bread? #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ations #bgb to #bgd1 surface4 #c4 ,heliodiscus trigonodon1 n4 sp4 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 f\r times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores regul>1 circul>2 eighte5 to tw5ty on ! radius4 ,m>g9al sp9es sixte5 to tw5ty1 equilat]al triangul>1 flat1 smoo?1 ab\t z long & broad z ! radius ( ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4b1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je2 l5g? ( ! radial sp9es #j4jc1 basal bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ations #bff to #bgd1 dep?s #bcej to #bibe fa?oms4 #ddfd4 ,heliodiscus glyphodon1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ce1 fig4 #b74 ,heliose/rum glyphodon1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus et ,atlas 7pl4 xxxv4 fig4 #b74 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 f\r times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores subregul>1 circul>2 sev5 to eight on ! radius4 ,m>g9al sp9es t5 to twelve1 equilat]al triangul>1 flat1 deeply furr[$1 twice z long z broad1 & z long z ! radius ( ! disk4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ad1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jce2 l5g? ( ! radial sp9es #j4jg1 basal bread? #j4jce4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bec1 dep? #cabe fa?oms4 #e4 ,heliodiscus helian?us1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma helian?us1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahge1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #gd1 ,taf4 xxvii4 fig4 #a4 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 five times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores regul>1 oblong1 dispos$ regul>ly 9 sixty to eighty radial s]ies2 f\rte5 to sixte5 on ! radius4 ,m>g9al sp9es sixty to eighty1 conical1 ab\t z long z ! diamet] ( ! m$ull>y %ell1 twice z broad z "o pore4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4b1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jd2 l5g? ( ! radial sp9es #j4jd1 basal bread? #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ,b>bados4 #f4 ,heliodiscus sol1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma sol1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahed1 ,mikrogeol41 ,taf4 xix4 fig4 #eb4 ,heliodiscus sol1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dch4 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 f\r times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%2 eight to t5 on ! radius4 ,m>g9al sp9es tw5ty to ?irty1 conical1 ! l>ge/ z long z ! radius ( ! m$ull>y %ell1 _! bases widely di/ant4 7,! species f ,b>bados figur$ by ,ehr5b]g1 #ahge1 z ,haliomma sol1 app]ta9s to ,heliose/rum sol>e47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4b1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je2 l5g? ( ! radial sp9es #j4jb to #j4jbe1 basal bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,greece 7g9a71 ,ehr5b]g4 #g ,heliodiscus siculus1 ,/hr4 ,heliodiscus siculus1 ,/hr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #hi1 ,taf4 i4 fig4 #ad4 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores irregul> r\ndi%2 sev5 to eight on ! radius4 ,m>g9al sp9es =ty to fifty1 conical1 v irregul>1 ! l>ge/ z long z ! radius ( ! m$ull>y %ell1 _! bases com+ 9 contact4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ac to #j4ae1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jd to #j4je2 l5g? ( ! radial sp9es #j4jb to #j4jc1 basal bread? #j4jjb to #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,sicily1 ,grotte 7,/hr71 ,caltanisetta 7,teus*]74 #ddgh4 ,heliodiscus polymorphus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cd1 figs4 #aa1 #ab74 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 f\r times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%2 t5 to twelve on ! radius4 ,m>g9al sp9es t5 to fifte51 pyramidal1 angul>1 v irregul> & v>iable 9 size & di/ribution1 ! l>ge/ ne>ly z long z ! diamet] ( ! disk1 z broad at ! base z ! radius ( ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ae to #j4b1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jd to #j4je2 l5g? ( ! radial sp9es #j4jf to #j4ah1 basal bread? #j4jb to #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ations #bfe to #bfh1 dep?s #bgjj to #bijj fa?oms4 #i4 ,heliodiscus sola/]1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cd1 fig4 #d74 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores subregul>1 r\ndi%2 n9e to t5 on ! radius4 ,m>g9al sp9es fifty to sixty1 cyl9dro-conical1 flexuose1 v v>iable 9 size1 ! l>ge/ ne>ly z long z ! diamet] ( ! disk4 ,! sp9es lie n only 9 ! equatorial plane 7z usual71 b also 9 two to f\r cr[d$ girdles on bo? sides ( x4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ae1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je2 l5g? ( ! radial sp9es #j4je to #j4ae1 basal bread? #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,madagasc>1 ,rabbe1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,heliodiscilla1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! disk cov]$ ) radial sp9es4 ,bases ( ! m>g9al sp9es free1 )\t a connect+ equatorial girdle4 #aj4 ,heliodiscus phacodiscus1 ,haeckel4 ,heliodiscus phacodiscus1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dcg1 ,taf4 xvii4 figs4 #e-g4 ,haliomma phacodiscus1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #hae4 ,disk ) sp9y surface1 ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores regul>1 circul>2 six to eight on ! radius4 ,m>g9al sp9es twelve to sixte51 conical1 z long z ! radius ( ! disk1 & "o-?ird z broad z ! diamet] ( ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ab to #j4af1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jd to #j4je2 l5g? ( ! m>g9al sp9es #j4jf to #j4jh1 basal bread? #j4ja to #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a71 ,can>y ,isl&s 7,lanz]ote74 #aa4 ,heliodiscus amphidiscus1 ,haeckel4 ,heliodiscus amphidiscus1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dcg4 ,haliomma amphidiscus1 ,j4 ,mll]1 #aheh1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #aed1 ,taf4 ii4 figs4 #c-g4 ,disk ) sp9y surface1 ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores regul>1 circul>2 eight to t5 on ! radius4 ,m>g9al sp9es twelve to fifte51 bri/le-%ap$1 n l>g] ?an ! surface sp9es1 ab\t z long z ! radius ( ! m$ull>y %ell4 #ddh;,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4af1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je2 l5g? ( ! m>g9al sp9es #j4jc1 basal bread? #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7s\? %ore ( ,france71 ,j4 ,mll]4 #ab4 ,heliodiscus e*9iscus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cd1 fig4 #e74 ,disk ) sp9y surface1 ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi% or polygonal2 eight to t5 on ! radius4 ,m>g9al sp9es ?irty to fifty1 pyramidal1 angul>1 ( v v>iable size1 numb]1 & disposition1 gradually pass+ into ! surface-sp9es2 ! l>ge/ ne>ly z long z ! diamet] ( ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ad1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jde2 l5g? ( ! radial sp9es #j4jb to #j4jd1 basal bread? #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgb1 dep? #bfjj fa?oms4 #ac4 ,heliodiscus p]tusus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ce1 fig4 #a74 ,heliose/rum p]tusum1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus et ,atlas 7pl4 xxxv4 fig4 #a74 ,disk ) sp9y surface1 ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores irregul>1 circul>1 hexagonally fram$2 eight to t5 on ! radius4 ,m>g9al sp9es t5 to ?irty1 v v>iable 9 size & disposition2 commonly eight to twelve l>g] sp9es1 :i* are pyramidal1 ab\t z long z ! radius ( ! disk & p]=at$ by two to f\r irregul>1 longi% pores4 ,betwe5 ^! f5e/rat$ l>ge sp9es are commonly t5 to tw5ty small] conical sp9es1 gradually pass+ into ^? ( ! surface4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ac to #j4af1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jd to #j4je2 l5g? ( ! m>g9al sp9es #j4jd to #j4jh1 basal bread? #j4ja to #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ations #bda to #bdd1 dep?s #bcjj to #bijj fa?oms4 ,subg5us #c4 ,heliodiscomma1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! disk smoo?1 )\t radial sp9es4 ,bases ( ! m>g9al sp9es connect$ by a solid equatorial girdle4 #ad4 ,heliodiscus c+illum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cc1 fig4 #g74 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 five times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores regul>1 circul>2 twelve to f\rte5 on ! radius4 ,equatorial girdle ab\t z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 9 ! proximal half radially /rip$1 on ! m>g9 ) tw5ty to tw5ty-f\r %ort1 flat1 triangul> sp9es1 :i* are %ort] ?an ! bread? ( ! girdle4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4be1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je2 l5g? ( ! m>g9al sp9es #j4jb1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgd1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #ddiae4 ,heliodiscus humboldti1 ,haeckel4 ,heliodiscus humboldti1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dch4 ,haliomma humboldti1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahed1 ,mikrogeol41 ,taf4 xxxvi4 fig4 #bg2 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 #ahge1 ,taf4 xxvii4 fig4 #c4 ,haliomma humboldti1 ,bury1 #ahfb1 ,polycy/9s ( ,b>bados1 pl4 viii4 fig4 #c 7at left74 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 f\r times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores regul>1 circul>2 eighte5 to tw5ty on ! radius4 ,equatorial girdle half z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 9 ! proximal half radially /rip$1 on ! m>g9 ) sixte5 to tw5ty %ort1 flat1 triangul> tee?1 :i* are long] ?an ! bread? ( ! girdle4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ab to #j4b1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jc to #j4je2 l5g? ( ! m>g9al sp9es #j4jb to #j4jd1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ,b>bados 7common & v v>iable74 #af4 ,heliodiscus m>g9atus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cd1 fig4 #i74 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores regul>1 circul>2 n9e to t5 on ! radius4 ,equatorial girdle "o-f\r? to "o-half z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 9 ! :ole bread? radially /rip$1 on ! m>g9 ) twelve to eighte5 v %ort & broad1 triangul>1 m>g9al sp9es4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ae to #j4b1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je to #j4jf2 l5g? ( ! m>g9al sp9es #j4ja to #j4jb1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ations #bfe to #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #ag4 ,heliodiscus sulcatus1 n4 sp4 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 f\r times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores subregul>1 circul>2 twelve to fifte5 on ! radius4 ,equatorial girdle z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 9 ! :ole bread? radially /rip$ on ! m>g9 ) t5 to fifte5 triangul>1 deeply sulcat$ tee?1 ab\t z long & broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 7,simil> to ,heliodiscus glyphodon1 ,pl4 #ce1 fig4 #b1 b ) broad sulcat$ girdle & %ort]1 m num]\s sp9es47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ae to #j4b1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jd to #j4je2 l5g? ( ! radial sp9es #j4je to #j4jf1 basal bread? #j4jd to #j4je4 ,habitat4--,atlantic & ,pacific1 tropical "p1 _m ,/ations1 surface4 #ah4 ,heliodiscus umbonatus1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma umbonatum1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahge1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #gd1 ,taf4 xxvii4 fig4 #d4 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%2 eight to t5 on ! radius4 ,equatorial girdle half z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 hyal9e1 n radially /rip$1 on ! m>g9 ) t5 to tw5ty triangul>1 irregul>1 smoo? tee?1 v v>iable 9 size & disposition4 #dej;,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ae to #j4b1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je to #j4jf2 l5g? ( ! m>g9al sp9es #j4jb to #j4jh1 basal bread? #j4ja to #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,atlantic1 ,pacific1 9 v>i\s dep?s2 also fossil 9 ,b>bados & ,sicily4 ,subg5us #d4 ,heliodiscura1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! disk cov]$ ) radial sp9es4 ,bases ( ! m>g9al sp9es connect$ by a solid equatorial girdle4 #ai4 ,heliodiscus apoll9is1 n4 sp4 ,disk ) sp9y or bri/ly surface1 ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores regul>1 circul>2 elev5 to twelve on ! radius4 ,equatorial girdle n>r[1 on ! m>g9 ) sixte5 to tw5ty broad1 flat1 triangul> tee?1 :i* are half z long & "o-f\r? z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 7,v simil> to ,a/rophacus apoll9is1 ,pl4 #cb1 fig4 #b1 b ) simple m$ull>y %ell47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ah1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jf2 l5g? ( ! m>g9al sp9es #j4jc1 basal bread? #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,corfu71 ,haeckel1 surface4 #bj4 ,heliodiscus zoroa/]1 n4 sp4 ,disk ) sp9y surface1 f\r times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores subregul>1 circul>2 f\rte5 to sixte5 on ! radius4 ,equatorial girdle broad1 radially /rip$1 on ! m>g9 ) t5 to twelve pyramidal1 deeply sulcat$ radial sp9es1 :i* are ne>ly z long z ! radius ( ! disk1 & "o-f\r? z broad at ! base4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4bd1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jf2 l5g? ( ! m>g9al sp9es #j4aa1 basal bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 betwe5 ,ad5 & ,ceylon1 ,haeckel1 surface4 ,g5us #aid4 ,heliodrymus1#bcc ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deg4 ,def9ition4--,phacodiscida ) simple m$ull>y %ell & ) num]\s 7t5 to tw5ty or m7 bran*$ radial sp9es on ! m>g9 ( ! disk 7commonly ) a v>iable numb] & an irregul> disposition ( ! ramifi$ sp9es74 ,! g5us ,heliodrymus diff]s f ! ne>ly alli$ ,heliodiscus by ! ramification ( ! m>g9al sp9es1 a "* hi!rto obs]v$ 9 no o!r g5us ( ,phacodiscida4 ,! bran*+ is m or less irregul>1 ei!r a simple bifurcation or a repeat$ fissure2 ! sp9es & _! bran*es are commonly m or less flexuose4 #dea,we c di/+ui% two subg5]a3 9 ,heliocladus ! surface ( ! disk is smoo?1 9 ,heliod5drum cov]$ ) bri/le-%ap$ radial sp9es1 :i* are ei!r simple or also bran*$1 sometimes long] ?an ! ?ick m>g9al sp9es4 ,subg5us #a4 ,heliocladus1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deg4 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! disk smoo?1 )\t radial sp9es4 #a4 ,heliodrymus d5drocyclus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cc1 fig4 #i74 ,heliocladus d5drocyclus1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus et ,atlas 7pl4 xxxiii4 fig4 #i74 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 hexagonally fram$2 eight to n9e on ! radius4 ,m>g9al sp9es sixte5 to tw5ty1 cyl9drical1 v /rong1 flexuose1 irregul>ly bran*$1 ne>ly z long z ! diamet] ( ! disk4 ,betwe5 ^! ma9 sp9es1 ea* ( :i* be>s two to six irregul> bran*es1 are scatt]$ on ! m>g9 num]\s small] simple sp9es4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4af1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je2 l5g? ( ! ma9 sp9es #j4a to #j4ad1 bread? #j4ja to #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 #b4 ,heliodrymus furcatus1 n4 sp4 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 f\r times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%2 t5 to twelve on ! radius4 ,m>g9al sp9es tw5ty to tw5ty-five1 cyl9drical1 flexuose1 =k$1 ab\t z long z ! radius ( ! disk2 =k-bran*es irregul>1 ( unequal size4 ,"s small] simple sp9es are scatt]$ betwe5 ! =k$ ones4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ae1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jd2 l5g? ( ! radial sp9es #j4jg to #j4ji1 bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfe1 surface4 #c4 ,heliodrymus grott5sis1 ,haeckel4 ,heliodiscus grott5sis1 ,/hr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #hi1 ,taf4 i4 fig4 #ac4 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 two & a half times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%2 eight to n9e on ! radius4 ,m>g9al sp9es tw5ty to ?irty1 conical1 v irregul> 9 =m1 size1 & disposition2 ! small] simple1 ! l>g] irregul>ly bran*$ & half z long z ! radius ( ! disk4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ag1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jg2 l5g? ( ! m>g9al sp9es #j4jb to #j4jd1 basal bread? #j4ja to #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,sicily1 ,grotte1 ,/hr4 #deb,subg5us #b4 ,heliod5drum1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! disk arm$ ) simple or bran*$ radial sp9es4 #d4 ,heliodrymus setosus1 n4 sp4 ,disk ) sp9y surface1 f\r times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores regul>1 circul>2 twelve to ?irte5 on ! radius4 ,m>g9al sp9es t5 to twelve1 cyl9drical1 irregul>ly bran*$1 ea* ) two to eight flexuose bran*es ( diff]5t sizes2 ! l>ge/ z long z ! diamet] ( ! disk4 ,sp9es ( ! surface bri/le-%ap$1 half z long1 n bran*$4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4b1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je2 l5g? ( ! m>g9al sp9es #j4ab to #j4ah1 bread? #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bed1 surface4 #e4 ,heliodrymus ramosus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ce1 figs4 #c1 #d74 ,disk ) sp9y surface1 ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 hexagonally fram$2 elev5 to twelve on ! radius4 ,m>g9al sp9es sixte5 to tw5ty1 cyl9drical1 ab\t z long z ! radius1 irregul>ly =k$ or bran*$1 ) unequal flexuose bran*es4 ,sp9es ( ! surface ne>ly z long1 bri/le-%ap$1 also irregul>ly bran*$4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ae1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jf to #j4jh1 basal bread? #j4ja to #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bhh1 surface4 #f4 ,heliodrymus vim9alis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ce1 fig4 #e74 ,disk ) sp9y surface1 two & a half times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%2 t5 to twelve on ! radius4 ,m>g9al sp9es fifte5 to tw5ty1 cyl9dro-conical1 /rong1 p>tly simple1 p>tly =k$1 ab\t z long z ! diamet] ( ! disk4 ,sp9es ( ! surface v num]\s1 bri/le-%ap$1 long] ?an ! m>g9al sp9es1 & m bran*$4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ae1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jf2 l5g? ( ! m>g9al sp9es #j4aa to #j4ad1 basal bread? #j4ja to #j4jae2 l5g? ( ! surface sp9es #j4b to #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 ,g5us #aie4 ,a/rophacus1#bcd ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deg4 ,def9ition4--,phacodiscida ) d\ble m$ull>y %ell & ) num]\s 7t5 to tw5ty or m7 simple radial sp9es on ! m>g9 ( ! disk 7commonly ) a v>iable numb] & an irregul> disposition ( ! undivid$ sp9es74 ,! g5us ,a/rophacus diff]s f ! simil> ,heliodiscus 9 ! duplication ( ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,! numb] & disposition ( ! radial sp9es ( ! m>g9 #dec7;commonly betwe5 t5 & tw5ty7 is also "h v>iable 9 "o & ! same species4 ,! great] numb] ( obs]v$ species ( ,a/rophacus resemble 9 a v rem>kable mann] ! correspond+ species ( ,heliodiscus1 & diff] only 9 ! d\ble m$ull>y %ell4 ,subg5us #a4 ,a/rophacetta1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! disk smoo?1 )\t radial sp9es4 ,bases ( ! m>g9al sp9es free1 )\t a connect+ equatorial girdle4 #a4 ,a/rophacus a/]iscus1 n4 sp4 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 ?ree times z broad z ! out] & eight times z broad z ! inn] m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores regul>1 circul>2 twelve to f\rte5 on ! radius4 ,m>g9al sp9es fifte5 to tw5ty1 ( v>iable size & disposition2 ! l>ge/ z long z ! radius ( ! disk1 z broad at ! base z "o pore4 7,v simil> to ,heliodiscus a/]iscus1 ,pl4 #cc1 fig4 #h1 b diff]+ 9 ! d\ble m$ull>y %ell47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4b1 ( ! out] m$ull>y %ell #j4jg1 ( ! inn] #j4jbe2 l5g? ( ! m>g9al sp9es #j4je to #j4a1 basal bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfe1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #b4 ,a/rophacus tro*iscus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cd1 fig4 #ad74 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 ?ree times z broad z ! out] & sev5 times z broad z ! inn] m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%2 twelve to ?irte5 on ! radius4 ,m>g9al sp9es sixte5 to tw5ty1 conical1 ( irregul> v>iable size & disposition2 ! l>ge/ z long z ! inn] m$ull>y %ell4 7,diff]s f ,heliodiscus tro*iscus 9 ! d\ble m$ull>y %ell47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4bb1 ( ! out] m$ull>y %ell #j4jh1 ( ! inn] #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ced1 surface4 #c4 ,a/rophacus sol>is1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cb1 fig4 #a74 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 ?ree times z broad z ! out] & sev5 times z broad z ! inn] m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores subregul>1 r\ndi%2 twelve to f\rte5 on ! radius4 ,m>g9al sp9es "o hundr$ to "o hundr$ & tw5ty1 conical1 flexuose1 ( irregul> size & =m2 ! l>ge/ "o-?ird z long z ! diamet] ( ! disk4 ,! sp9es lie n only 9 ! equatorial plane 7z is usual7 b also 9 two to f\r cr[d$ girdles on bo? sides ( x4 7,v simil> to ,heliodiscus sola/]1 ,pl4 #cd1 fig4 #d1 b ( d\ble ! size1 ) d\ble ! numb] ( sp9es & ) a d\ble m$ull>y %ell47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4c1 ( ! out] m$ull>y %ell #j4aa1 ( ! inn] #j4jde2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jc to #j4a1 basal bread? #j4ja to #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,sunda ,/rait1 ,rabbe1 surface4 #ded,subg5us #b4 ,a/rophacilla1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! disk cov]$ ) radial sp9es4 ,bases ( ! m>g9al sp9es free1 )\t a connect+ equatorial girdle4 #d4 ,a/rophacus phacodiscus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cb1 fig4 #c74 ,disk ) sp9y surface1 two & a half times z broad z ! out] & sev5 times z broad z ! inn] m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores subregul>1 circul>2 t5 to twelve on ! radius4 ,m>g9al sp9es twelve to sixte51 conical1 /\t1 ne>ly z long z ! radius ( ! disk1 & z broad at ! base z ! inn] m$ull>y %ell4 ,! num]\s bri/le-%ap$ sp9es ( ! surface are sc>cely half z long4 7,simil> to ,heliodiscus phacodiscus1 ,haeckel1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 ,taf4 xvii4 figs4 #e-g1 b diff]+ 9 ! d\ble m$ull>y %ell47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ah1 ( ! out] m$ull>y %ell #j4jg1 ( ! inn] #j4jbe2 l5g? ( ! m>g9al sp9es #j4jh to #j4ji1 basal bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #cjj1 surface4 ,subg5us #c4 ,a/rophacomma1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! disk smoo?1 )\t radial sp9es4 ,bases ( ! m>g9al sp9es connect$ by a solid equatorial girdle4 7,p]haps ,*ilomma787 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahdg1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #ed47 #e4 ,a/rophacus c+illum1 n4 sp4 ,haliomma humboldti1 v>41 ,bury1 #ahfb1 ,polycy/9s ( ,b>bados1 pl4 viii4 fig4 #c 7at "r74 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 ?ree times z broad z ! out] & eight times z broad z ! inn] m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores regul>1 circul>2 elev5 to ?irte5 on ! radius4 ,equatorial girdle ab\t z broad z ! inn] m$ull>y %ell1 9 ! proximal half radially /rip$1 on ! m>g9 ) eighte5 to tw5ty-f\r %ort1 flat1 triangul> sp9es1 ab\t z long z ! bread? ( ! girdle4 7,simil> to ,heliodiscus c+illum1 b ) d\ble m$ull>y %ell47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4b1 ( ! out] m$ull>y %ell #j4jg1 ( ! inn] #j4jbe2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jb1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,we/]n ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbe1 dep? #ddge fa?oms2 also fossil 9 ,b>bados4 #f4 ,a/rophacus saturnus1 ,haeckel4 8 ,*ilomma saturnus1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahfa1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #big2 #ahgb1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #bhf1 ,taf4 ii4 fig4 #e4 8 ,*ilomma saturnus1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ddg4 ,disk ) smoo? surface1 two & a half times z broad z ! out]1 six times z broad z ! inn] m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores l>ge1 irregul>1 r\ndi%2 five to sev5 on ! radius 7874 ,equatorial girdle v broad1 radially /rip$1 ne>ly z broad z ! out] m$ull>y %ell1 p]=at$ by #deetw5ty to ?irty 7or m87 radial sp9es4 7,! position ( ?is species1 & ! id5tity ( ,*ilomma ) ,a/rophacomma1 rema9s d\btful1 z ! imp]fect figure giv5 by ,ehr5b]g ( ,*ilomma saturnus1 ! only species ( ! g5us1 is 9 contradiction ) 8 vague description1 z is v (t5 ! case47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ab 7) girdle #j4bb7 ( ! out] m$ull>y %ell #j4je1 ( ! inn] #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,arctic ,ocean 7,gre5l&1 dep? #ajjj fa?oms71 ,ehr5b]g4 ,subg5us #d4 ,a/rophacura1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! disk cov]$ ) radial sp9es4 ,bases ( ! m>g9al sp9es connect$ by a solid equatorial girdle4 #g4 ,a/rophacus apoll9is1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cb1 fig4 #b74 ,disk ) sp9y surface1 ?ree times z broad z ! out]1 eight times z broad z ! inn] m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores regul>1 circul>2 elev5 to twelve on ! radius ( ! disk4 ,equatorial girdle n>r[1 smoo?1 on ! m>g9 ) twelve to sixte5 broad1 flat1 triangul> sp9es1 ( ! same l5g? z ! num]\s bri/le-%ap$ sp9es ( ! surface1 :i* rea* half ! radius ( ! disk4 7,v simil> to ,heliodiscus apoll9is1 b diff]+ 9 ! d\ble m$ull>y %ell47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4bd1 ( ! out] m$ull>y %ell #j4jh1 ( ! inn] #j4jc2 l5g? ( ! radial sp9es #j4jf1 basal bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,we/]n ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbe1 dep? #ddge fa?oms4 ,family ,,xx4 ,,coccodiscida1 ,haeckel 7,pls4 #cf-ch74 ,coccodiscida1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dhe4 ,coccodiscida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deh4 ,li?ocyclid9a1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahdg1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #bad 7p>tim74 ,def9ition4--,discoidea ) extracapsul> phacoid %ell 7or l5ticul> lattic$ cortical %ell71 connect$ by radial beams ) an intracapsul>1 simple or d\ble1 conc5tric m$ull>y %ell1 & surr\nd$ by "o or m conc5tric *amb]$ equatorial girdles on ! m>g94 ,! family ,coccodiscida 0 f\nd$ by me 9 #ahfb = ^? ,discoidea :i* agree ) ! ,phacodiscida 9 ! =mation ( ! l5ticul> phacoid %ell 7includ+ a simple or d\ble m$ull>y %ell71 b diff] f !m 9 ! developm5t ( peculi> conc5tric *amb]$ r+s or girdles ar\nd ! equatorial m>g9 ( ! disk1 simil> to ^? ( ! ,porodiscida4 ,! ,coccodiscida repres5t a polymorphic family1 9 :i* we "h di/+ui% sixte5 g5]a ) fifty-sev5 species2 x comprises ! great] "p ( ^? #def;,discoidea :i* ,ehr5b]g unit$ 9 8 gr\p ,li?ocyclid9a 7#ahge1 repres5t$ by f\r g5]a & eight species72 sev]al ( ^!1 h[ev]1 app]ta9 to q diff]5t families1 z 8 ,a/romma entomocora1 ,li?ocyclia amphitrites1 c4 ,8 k ( ! /ructure 0 v imp]fect4 ,! peculi> diff]5tiation ( ! g5]a & species exhibits ! greate/ analogy to t ( ! foll[+ family1 ,porodiscida1 ?\gh ! /ructure ( ! c5tral disk 9 bo? families is q diff]5t4 ,! ,phacoid ,%ell1 or ! circul>1 l5ticul> cortical %ell exhibits 9 ! ,coccodiscida q ! same /ructure & composition z 9 ! ,phacodiscida1 describ$ above 7p4 #dbj71 s t !re c be no d\bt z to ! phylog5etic orig9 ( ! =m] f ! latt]4 ,q 9 ! same way 9 bo? families1 ! l5ticul> phacoid %ell is connect$ by num]\s1 %ort1 radial beams ) ! intracapsul>1 simple or d\ble1 m$ull>y %ell2 & also "h ^! beams are commonly dispos$ 9 two gr\ps ar\nd ! poles ( ! %ort5$ ma9 axis ( ! l5s1 s t _! di/al ends are implant$ 9 bo? circumpol> areas 7,pl4 #cf1 figs4 #b-f2 ,pl4 #cg1 figs4 #c1 #g2 ,pl4 #ch1 figs4 #b1 #g74 ,! m$ull>y %ell is commonly simple1 sph]ical1 sometimes a little l5ticul>ly compress$2 m r>ely x is d\ble1 compos$ ( two conc5tric lattice-%ells1 :i* are connect$ by radial beams2 9 ?is case ei!r bo? conc5tric m$ull>y %ells are sph]ical1 or ! inn] is sph]ical1 & ! out] l5ticul>1 v r>ely ! inn] is l5ticul> also4 ,9 av]age size & /ructure !y agree p]fectly ) ^? ( ! ,phacodiscida4 ,! ,*amb] ,girdles or *amb]$ r+s ar\nd ! equatorial m>g9 ( ! disk1 :i* con/itute ! only diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,coccodiscida & ! ,phacodiscida1 seem to exhibit a consid]able degree ( diff]5ce ( /ructure 9 ! num]\s species ( ?is family2 b ,i regret t ,i _c expla9 !m "h satisfactorily4 ,! /udy ( ^! /ructures is extremely difficult because ( ! ?ickness & d>kness ( ! massive opaque %ells2 to get a p]fect k ( !m1 x is indisp5sable to comp>e slides made 9 diff]5t directions 7horizontal slides ?r\gh ! equatorial & p>allel planes1 v]tical slides ?r\gh radial & p>allel planes1 oblique slides 9 diff]5t directions74 ,b ?is requires a long "t & a mo/ c>eful /udy ( ! slides1 :i* are v difficult to get 9 satisfactory condition4 ,!re=e ! foll[+ rem>ks c h only a provisional value4 ,9 all ,coccodiscida we c di/+ui% on ! equatorial *amb]-girdle ( ! l5s-m>g9 7ev5 on sup]ficial inspection7 ?ree diff]5t elem5ts ( /ructure1 viz43--7,a7 conc5tric circul> r+s 9 ! equatorial plane2 7,b7 num]\s radial beams pi]c+ ! =m] & divid+ !m into imp]fect *amb]s2 7,c7 por\s plates or sieve-plates on bo? convex faces ( ! disk4 ,! probable morphological significance ( ^! ?ree elem5ts is ! foll[+3--,ea* r+ or girdle corresponds to an out] l5ticul> cortical %ell1 :i* is only develop$ on ! m>g9al "p1 :il/ its c5tral "p is repres5t$ by ! phacoid %ell4 ,!re=e ! radial beams 7sep>at+ ! imp]fect *amb]s7 are ! same z 9 ! conc5tric ,polysphrida1 & ! #degsieve-plates ( ! surface are ! por\s walls ( ! cortical %ell itself4 ,! correctness ( ?is explanation seems to be prov$ by su* =ms z figur$ 9 ,pl4 #ch1 figs4 #b1 #d1 :]e ! :ole surface ( ! phacoid %ell is cov]$ by a conc5tric *amb]-"w1 z a c5tral cont9uation ( ! m>g9al conc5tric r+s4 ,if we imag9e a sy/em ( p]fect conc5tric l5ticul> phacoid %ells1 compress$ /rongly f bo? poles ( ! %ort5$ ma9 axis1 we get ! same figure4 ,r>ely "o s+le girdle only is develop$ on ! equatorial m>g9 ( ! l5ticul> disk 7,pl4 #cg1 figs4 #b1 #c1 #e74 ,commonly ! numb] ( conc5tric girdles am\nts to ?ree to six1 (t5 to t5 to twelve or m4 ,"s ( ^! l>ge/ ,coccodiscida rea* a consid]able size4 ,commonly all girdles are ( ! same bread?1 :i* is ab\t equal to ! radius or to ! diamet] ( ! inn] m$ull>y %ell4 ,r>ely ! fir/ 7or inn]mo/7 girdle diff]s by its great] bread? f ! succe$+ ones 7,pl4 #cf1 fig4 #h74 ,only 9 few ,coccodiscida ! girdle-build+ rema9s re/rict$ to ! equatorial planes1 s t all ! *amb]s lie 9 x4 ,commonly on bo? sides ( ?is plane become develop$ sev]al lay]s1 & (t5 ! numb] ( ^! 7?ree to six or m7 increases t[>ds ! p]iph]y2 9 o!r cases n _! numb]1 b _! height increases4 ,!re=e v (t5 ! m>g9 ( ! discoidal %ell is mu* ?ick5$1 z ?ick z ! c5tre ( ! l5ticul> phacoid %ell 7or ev5 m72 :il/ betwe5 ! latt] & ! =m] 7on ! proximal girdles7 ! disk is consid]ably ?9n] 7,pl4 #cf1 figs4 #b1 #d2 ,pl4 #cg1 figs4 #g1 #h2 ,pl4 #ch1 figs4 #b1 #d74 ,! /ratifi$ lay]s communicate by l>ge op5+s betwe5 _! *amb]s4 ,! radial beams are commonly m or less regul> & pi]c+1 b also frequ5tly irregul> & int]rupt$2 (t5 _! numb] increases t[>ds ! m>g9 by int]calation ( new beams4 ,! ,pores ( ! sieve-plates1 :i* cov] bo? sides ( ! *amb]$ disk1 appe> on ! m>g9 ( ! phacoid %ell z direct cont9uations ( ! pores ( ! latt]1 & sometimes !y are s regul>ly dispos$ t "o s+le circul> pore is situat$ on ! surface ( ea* *amb] 7,pl4 #cf1 fig4 #g2 ,pl4 #cg1 fig4 #a74 ,b commonly ! pores are ( v>iable size & numb]1 two to ?ree on ea* *amb]1 & (t5 q irregul>ly scatt]$4 ,! ,m>g9 ( ! *amb]$ disk exhibits _m diff]5ces1 :i* af=d *>act]s = ! di/9ction ( g5]a4 ,9 ! fir/ subfamily1 ! ,li?ocyclida1 ! m>g9 is q simple )\t radial app5dages4 ,9 ! second subfamily1 ! ,/ylocyclida1 x is arm$ ) solid radial sp9es ly+ 9 ! equatorial plane1 & (t5 regul>ly dispos$ 9 ! same mann] z 9 ! ,phacodiscida 7comp>e above1 p4 #dba74 ,9 ! ?ird subfamily1 ! ,a/racturida1 ! m>g9 be>s two or m 7commonly ?ree or f\r7 *amb]$ arms1 also situat$ 9 ! plane ( ! disk1 & ( ! same /ructure z ! circul> *amb]$ girdles 7,pl4 #ch74 ,9 "s cases ev5 ! :ole sy/em ( *amb]-girdles is repres5t$ only by ! radial arms1 :i* are ins]t$ imm$iately on ! m>g9 ( ! phacoid %ell4 ,we may reg>d !re=e ^! =mations z imp]fect *amb]$ disks1 :i* are develop$ only 9 ! direction ( c]ta9 rays #deh7p]radii71 & r$uc$ 9 ! direction ( ! alt]nat+ rays 7int]radii74 ,9 "s ,a/racturida ! *amb]$ arms exhibit a /ructure diff]5t f ! m irregul> *amb]-"w betwe5 !m1 s t we c di/+ui% ! latt]1 connect+ ! arms l a web-membrane1 z a peculi> patagium 7z 9 _m ,porodiscida7 7,pl4 #ch1 figs4 #h1 #i74 ,(t5 ! di/al ends ( ! *amb]$ arms are arm$ ) a radial sp9e 7,pl4 #ch1 figs4 #e1 #f1 #i74 ,! ,c5tral ,capsule ( ! ,coccodiscida is orig9ally always ( ! same =m & %ape z 9 _! ance/ral gr\p1 ! ,phacodiscida2 a circul> l5ticul> disk1 :i* envelops ! simple or d\ble m$ull>y %ell & is enclos$ by ! cortical phacoid %ell4 ,b :il/ 9 ! ,phacodiscida ! phacoid %ell envelops ! c5tral capsule p]fectly1 9 ! ,coccodiscida x envelops only ! capsule f ! two flat sides 7by ! upp] & l[] sieve-plates72 ! m>g9al "p ( ! l5ticul> capsule ov]gr[s ! m>g9 ( ! phacoid %ell by p]iph]al ext5sion1 & fills out ! *amb]$ cavity ( ! conc5tric girdles4 ,9 ! ,li?ocyclida & ! ,/ylocyclida1 :]e !re are no *amb]$ arms1 ! c5tral capsule rema9s a simple circul> l5s or disk2 9 ! ,a/racturida1 :]e *amb]$ radial arms surr\nd ! m>g9 ( ! circul> c5tral disk1 ! capsule ent]s also into ^! arms & fills out ! greate/ "p ( _! *amb]$ cavities4 ,synopsis ( ! ,g5]a ( ,coccodiscida4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,i4 ,subfamily ,li?ocyclida4 ,m>g9 ( ! disk simple1 circul>1 )\t radial app5dages4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,nei!r radial sp9es nor ,m$ull>y %ell simple1 #aif4 ,li?ocyclia4 *amb]$ arms on ! circul> m>g94 ,m$ull>y %ell d\ble1 #aig4 ,coccodiscus4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,ii4 ,subfamily ,/ylocyclida4 ,m>g9 ( ! disk arm$ ) solid radial sp9es4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,two opposite sp9es4 ,m$ull>y %ell simple1 #aih4 ,/ylocyclia4 ,m$ull>y %ell d\ble1 #aii4 ,amphicyclia4 ,?ree radial sp9es4 ,m$ull>y %ell simple1 #bjj4 ,trigonocyclia4 ,f\r cross$ sp9es4 ,m$ull>y %ell simple1 #bja4 ,/aurocyclia4 ,five to t5 or m ,m$ull>y %ell simple1 #bjb4 ,a/rocyclia4 radial sp9es4 ,m$ull>y %ell d\ble1 #bjc4 ,coccocyclia4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,iii4 ,subfamily ,a/racturida4 ,m>g9 ( ! disk ) two to five or m 7commonly ?ree or f\r7 holl[ radial *amb]$ arms 7) or )\t a connect+ patagium74 7,m$ull>y %ell commonly simple47 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,two arms1 opposite 9 ,)\t patagium1 #bjd4 ,diplactura4 "o axis4 ,) patagium1 #bje4 ,amphiactura4 ,?ree radial arms 7at ,)\t patagium1 #bjf4 ,trigonactura4 equal di/ances74 ,) patagium1 #bjg4 ,hym5actura4 ,f\r arms 79 two ,)\t patagium1 #bjh4 ,a/ractura4 cross$ diamet]s74 ,) patagium1 #bji4 ,/auractura4 ,five radial arms 7at ,)\t patagium1 #baj4 ,p5tactura4 v>iable di/ances74 ,) patagium1 #baa4 ,e*9actura4 #dei,subfamily #a4 ,,li?ocyclida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deh4 ,def9ition4--,coccodiscida ) simple circul> disk1 )\t any radial app5dages ( ! m>g9 7ei!r solid radial sp9es or *amb]$ arms74 ,g5us #aif4 ,li?ocyclia1#bce ,ehr5b]g1 #ahdg1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #ed4 ,def9ition4--,coccodiscida ) simple circul> m>g9 ( ! disk1 )\t radial app5dages4 ,m$ull>y %ell simple4 ,! g5us ,li?ocyclia is ! mo/ simple =m ( ,coccodiscida1 & repres5ts ! common ance/ral =m ( ?is family1 f :i* all o!r g5]a ( x c be d]iv$4 ,! l5ticul>1 biconvex disk is q simple1 compos$ ( a v>iable numb] ( conc5tric1 circul>1 *amb]$ r+s1 :i* are pi]c$ by radial beams1 & :i* surr\nd ! circul> l5ticul> cortical %ell or phacoid %ell4 ,! latt] conta9s a simple sph]ical m$ull>y %ell 9 its c5tre1 & is connect$ ) x by radial beams4 ,! m>g9 ( ! disk is circul>1 q simple1 )\t radial sp9es or *amb]$ arms4 #a4 ,li?ocyclia c+ulata1 n4 sp4 ,phacoid %ell 7or l5ticul> por\s cortical %ell7 ?ree times z broad z ! sph]ical enclos$ m$ull>y %ell1 surr\nd$ by "o s+le *amb]$ girdle or r+ 7) ab\t =ty *amb]s ( equal size1 sep>at$ by radial beams74 ,m>g9 ( ! disk circul>1 smoo?4 ,pores ( ! convex cov]+ plates regul>1 circul>2 eight on ! radius ( ! phacoid %ell1 two on ! bread? ( ! r+4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) "o r+7 #j4ac1 ( ! phacoid %ell #j4a1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jcc4 ,habitat4--,we/]n ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbe1 dep? #ddge fa?oms4 #b4 ,li?ocyclia l5ticula1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cf1 figs4 #c1 #d74 ,phacoid %ell two & a half times z broad z ! enclos$ m$ull>y %ell1 surr\nd$ by ?ree *amb]$ girdles ( equal size1 :i* are divid$ by pi]c+ radial beams ea* into ab\t fifty *amb]s4 ,m>g9 ( ! disk ?orny4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%2 sev5 on ! radius ( ! phacoid %ell1 two on ! bread? ( ea* girdle4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) ?ree girdles7 #j4b1 ( ! phacoid %ell #j4aa1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jde4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #dfjc4 ,li?ocyclia ocellus1 ,ehr5b]g4 ,li?ocyclia ocellus1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahed1 ,mikrogeol41 ,taf4 xxxvi4 fig4 #cj2 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 #ahge1 ,taf4 xxix4 fig4 #c4 ,phacoid %ell ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 surr\nd$ by num]\s 7sev5 to elev57 *amb]$ r+s1 :i* are divid$ by pi]c+ radial beams ea* into sixty to n9ety *amb]s4 ,m>g9 ( ! disk smoo?4 ,pores regul>1 circul>2 n9e on ! radius ( ! phacoid %ell1 "o s+le pore on ea* *amb]4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) elev5 r+s7 #j4bb1 ( ! phacoid %ell #j4a1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jce4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! rocks ( ,b>bados4 #d4 ,li?ocyclia monococcus1 n4 sp4 ,/ephanopyxis dubiosa 7871 ,bury1 #ahfb1 ,polycy/9s ( ,b>bados1 pl4 xiii4 figs4 #a1 #b4 ,phacoid %ell f\r times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 surr\nd$ by num]\s 7five to eight7 *amb]$ r+s1 :i* are divid$ by pi]c+ radial beams ea* into fifty to sev5ty *amb]s4 ,m>g9 ( ! disk ?ick5$1 ?orny4 ,pores regul>1 circul>2 sev5 on ! radius ( ! phacoid %ell1 "o s+le pore on ea* *amb]4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) eight r+s7 #j4ah1 ( ! phacoid %ell #j4ab1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfg1 dep? #bgjj fa?oms2 also fossil 9 ! rocks ( ,b>bados4 #e4 ,li?ocyclia het]opora1 n4 sp4 ,phacoid %ell two & a ?ird times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 surr\nd$ by five to n9e *amb]$ r+s1 :i* are divid$ by pi]c+ radial beams ea* into fifty to sev5ty *amb]s4 ,m>g9 ( ! disk smoo?4 ,pores v diff]5t 9 ! inn] & out] "p ( ! surface2 9 ! phacoid %ell l>g]1 regul>1 circul>1 eight on its radius1 9 ! *amb]$ p]iph]y v small & irregul>1 some:at spongy4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) n9e r+s7 #j4b1 ( ! phacoid %ell #j4ac1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jee4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfc1 dep? #bfej fa?oms4 ,g5us #aig4 ,coccodiscus1#bcf ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dhe4 ,def9ition4--,coccodiscida ) simple circul> m>g9 ( ! disk1 )\t radial app5dages4 ,m$ull>y %ell d\ble4 ,! g5us ,coccodiscus has q ! same =m & /ructure z ! prec$+ ,li?ocyclia1 & diff]s f x only 9 ! d\ble m$ull>y %ell1 compos$ ( two conc5tric lattic$ sph]es2 sometimes ! inn] m$ull>y %ell is sph]ical1 ! out] #dfal5ticul>2 ! latt] is connect$ ) ! l5ticul> phacoid %ell 7or cortical %ell7 by radial beams4 #a4 ,coccodiscus lam>ckii1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cf1 fig4 #a74 ,phacoid %ell 7or l5ticul> por\s cortical %ell7 v ?ick wall$ 7z ?ick z "o r+71 ?ree times z broad z ! out] & sev5 times z broad z ! inn] m$ull>y %ell1 surr\nd$ by two to ?ree *amb]$ r+s ( equal bread?1 ea* ( :i* is divid$ by pi]c+ radial beams into ?irty-six to =ty squ>e *amb]s4 ,m>g9 ( ! disk circul>1 smoo?4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 ( equal size2 t5 on ! radius ( ! phacoid %ell1 two on ! bread? ( ea* *amb]4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) two r+s7 #j4b1 ( ! phacoid %ell #j4ad1 out] m$ull>y %ell #j4je1 inn] #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,we/]n ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbj1 dep? #aajj fa?oms4 #b4 ,coccodiscus d>w9ii1 ,haeckel4 ,coccodiscus d>w9ii1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dhf1 ,taf4 xxviii4 figs4 #aa1 #ab4 ,phacoid %ell ?ree times z broad z ! out] & n9e times z broad z ! inn] m$ull>y %ell1 surr\nd$ by five to eight *amb]$ r+s ( equal bread?1 ea* ( :i* is divid$ by =ty pi]c+ radial beams into =ty squ>e *amb]s ( equal size4 ,m>g9 ( ! disk smoo?1 circul>4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 ( unequal size2 elev5 on ! radius ( ! phacoid %ell1 "o to two on ea* *amb]4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) eight r+s7 #j4cb1 ( ! phacoid %ell #j4aa1 out] m$ull>y %ell #j4jcf1 inn] #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean1 ,mess9a1 surface4 #c4 ,coccodiscus goe!i1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cf1 fig4 #b74 ,phacoid %ell two & a half times z broad z ! out] & five times z broad z ! inn] m$ull>y %ell1 surr\nd$ by ?ree to sev5 *amb]$ r+s ( equal bread?1 ea* ( :i* is divid$ by pi]c+ radial beams into sixty to eighty *amb]s4 ,m>g9 ( ! disk ?orny4 ,pores regul>1 circul>2 eight on ! radius ( ! phacoid %ell1 a s+le "o on ! bread? ( ea* *amb]4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) sev5 r+s7 #j4be1 ( ! phacoid %ell #j4a1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jd1 inn] #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccb1 dep? #bbjj fa?oms4 ,subfamily #b4 ,,/ylocyclida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deh4 ,def9ition4--,coccodiscida ) solid radial sp9es on ! m>g9 ( ! circul> disk1 situat$ 9 its equatorial plane 7)\t *amb]$ arms74 #dfb;,g5us #aih4 ,/ylocyclia1#bcg ,ehr5b]g1 #ahdg1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #ed4 ,def9ition4--,coccodiscida ) two opposite solid radial sp9es on ! m>g9 ( ! circul> disk4 ,m$ull>y %ell simple4 ,! g5us ,/ylocyclia op5s ! s]ies ( ! ,/ylocyclida or ( ^? ,coccodiscida 9 :i* ! m>g9 ( ! *amb]$ disk is arm$ ) solid radial sp9es1 situat$ 9 its equatorial plane1 b )\t *amb]$ arms4 ,/ylocyclia is ! mo/ simple =m ( ?is subfamily1 & be>s only two m>g9al sp9es1 opposite 9 "o equatorial axis ( ! disk4 ,! m$ull>y %ell is simple4 ,?is g5us corresponds to ,xiphodictya 9 ! family ,porodiscida4 ,! g5us 0 previ\sly kn[n only by "o s+le species describ$ by ,ehr5b]g4 #a4 ,/ylocyclia dimidiata1 ,ehr5b]g4 ,/ylocyclia dimidiata1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahge1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #hd1 ,taf4 xxix4 fig4 #d4 ,phacoid %ell ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 surr\nd$ by five to eight *amb]$ r+s ( equal bread?1 divid$ by eighty to n9ety pi]c+ radial beams into squ>e *amb]s4 ,pores subregul>1 circul>2 six to sev5 on ! radius ( ! phacoid %ell1 a s+le "o on ea* *amb]4 ,bo? opposite m>g9al sp9es /rong1 club-%ap$1 _! ?ickness decreas+ f ! m>g9 t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! disk4 7,! figure ( ,ehr5b]g is v incomplete47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) eight r+s7 #j4be1 ( ! phacoid %ell #j4aa1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jce4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,b>bados2 liv+ 9 ! dep?s ( ! ,equatorial ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdh1 dep? 7#bdej7 fa?oms4 #b4 ,/ylocyclia prionacan?a1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cg1 fig4 #f74 ,phacoid %ell two & a half times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 surr\nd$ by five to six *amb]$ r+s1 :i* are divid$ by fifty to sixty pi]c+ radial beams into squ>e *amb]s4 ,pores 9 ! ?ick-wall$ phacoid %ell regul>ly circul>1 increas+ 9 size f ! c5tre2 eight to n9e on its radius4 ,pores on ! surface ( ! *amb]$ girdle small]1 v irregul>1 two to ?ree on ea* r+4 ,bo? m>g9al sp9es long] ?an ! diamet] ( ! disk1 ) broad s]rat$ edges4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) five r+s7 #j4bc1 ( ! phacoid %ell #j4ab1 ( ! m$ull>y #j4je4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #dfcc4 ,/ylocyclia excavata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cg1 fig4 #h74 ,phacoid %ell f\r times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 surr\nd$ by f\r *amb]$ r+s1 :i* are divid$ by tw5ty to ?irty radial beams into broad *amb]s4 ,! height ( ! r+s increases /rongly f ! c5tre1 s t ! f\r? r+ is two & a half times z high z ! fir/4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%2 five to six on ! radius ( ! phacoid %ell1 "o to two on ! bread? ( ea* r+4 ,m>g9 ( ! disk smoo?4 ,bo? m>g9al sp9es ?9 & long1 cyl9drical1 aris+ f ! m$ull>y %ell1 long] ?an ! diamet] ( ! disk4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) f\r r+s7 #j4be1 ( ! phacoid %ell #j4a1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! rocks ( ,b>bados4 ,indian ,ocean1 ,cocos ,isl&s1 ,rabbe4 #d4 ,/ylocyclia amphacan?a1 n4 sp4 ,phacoid %ell twice z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 surr\nd$ by five *amb]$ r+s1 divid$ by pi]c+ beams ea* into =ty to fifty *amb]s4 ,pores regul>1 circul>2 eight to n9e on ! radius ( ! phacoid %ell1 "o on ea* *amb]4 ,m>g9 ( ! disk ?orny4 ,bo? m>g9al sp9es /rong1 conical1 z long z its radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) five r+s7 #j4bd1 ( ! phacoid %ell #j4a1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfe1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 ,g5us #aii4 ,amphicyclia1#bch ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deh4 ,def9ition4--,coccodiscida ) two opposite solid radial sp9es on ! m>g9 ( ! circul> disk4 ,m$ull>y %ell d\ble4 ,! g5us ,amphicyclia has ! same =m & /ructure z ,/ylocyclia1 & diff]s f x only 9 ! d\ble conc5tric m$ull>y %ell4 ,x be>s !re=e to ! latt] ! same relation t ,coccodiscus does to ,li?ocyclia4 #a4 ,amphicyclia *ronometra1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ch1 fig4 #a74 ,phacoid %ell ?ree times z broad z ! out] & n9e times z broad z ! inn] m$ull>y %ell1 surr\nd$ by two broad *amb]$ r+s1 :i* are divid$ into irregul> *amb]s by fifty to sixty radial beams ( diff]5t di/ance4 ,m>g9 ( ! disk ?orny1 lac]at$4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%2 twelve to sixte5 on ! radius ( ! phacoid %ell1 two to ?ree on ! bread? ( ea* r+4 ,! two opposite m>g9al sp9es /rong1 prismatic1 ) prom95t edges1 ab\t z long z ! diamet] ( ! disk4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) two r+s7 #j4bd1 ( ! phacoid %ell #j4ae1 out] m$ull>y %ell #j4je1 inn] #j4jag4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ations #bfe to #bfh1 dep?s #bgjj to #bijj fa?oms4 #dfdb4 ,amphicyclia amphi/yla1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cg1 fig4 #g74 ,/ylocyclia amphi/yla1 ,haeckel1 #ahgi1 ,,ms4 et ,atlas 7pl4 xxxvii4 fig4 #g74 ,phacoid %ell ?9 wall$1 two & a half times z broad z ! out] & sev5 times z broad z ! inn] m$ull>y %ell1 divid$ by eighty to n9ety radial beams into irregul> *amb]s1 :i* are /ratifi$ 9 f\r to five floors4 ,pores regul>1 circul>2 eight to n9e on ! radius ( ! phacoid %ell1 two on ! bread? ( ea* *amb]4 ,bo? m>g9al sp9es cyl9drical4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) sev5 r+s7 #j4bg1 ( ! phacoid %ell #j4a1 out] m$ull>y %ell #j4jd1 inn] #j4jad4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,can>y ,isl&s1 ,/ation #ced1 surface4 #c4 ,amphicyclia pa*ydiscus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ch1 fig4 #b74 ,phacoid %ell v ?ick1 spongy1 twice z broad z ! out] & five times z broad z ! inn] m$ull>y %ell1 divid$ by fifty to sev5ty radial beams into subregul> *amb]s1 :i* are /ratifi$ 9 five to six floors4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%2 t5 to twelve on ! radius ( ! phacoid %ell1 two to ?ree on ! bread? ( ea* *amb]4 ,! two opposite m>g9al sp9es quadrangul> prismatic1 v long1 z broad z ! radius ( ! inn] m$ull>y %ell4 ,fig4 #b exhibits a v]tical section 7slide7 ?r\gh ! c5tre4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) five r+s7 #j4bb1 ( ! phacoid %ell #j4a1 out] m$ull>y %ell #j4je1 inn] #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccb1 dep? #bbjj fa?oms2 fossil 9 ,b>bados4 ,g5us #bjj4 ,trigonocyclia1#bci ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deh4 ,def9ition4--,coccodiscida ) ?ree solid radial sp9es on ! m>g9 ( ! circul> disk4 ,m$ull>y %ell simple4 ,! g5us ,trigonocyclia 7only kn[n by "o s+le species1 once obs]v$7 be>s on ! m>g9 ( ! *amb]$ disk ?ree solid radial sp9es1 at equal di/ances "o f ano!r4 ,x corresponds to ! g5us ,tripodictya among/ ! ,porodiscida4 #a4 ,trigonocyclia triangul>is1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cg1 fig4 #e74 ,phacoid %ell ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 connect$ ) x by six equidi/ant radial beams1 ?ree ( :i* are prolong$ into m>g9al sp9es4 ,9 ! equatorial plane only "o s+le *amb]$ r+1 divid$ by =ty-f\r radial beams into n>r[ *amb]s4 ,pores l>ge1 irregul>1 r\ndi%2 five on ! radius ( ! phacoid %ell1 two on ea* *amb]4 ,surface & m>g9 ( ! disk sp9y4 ,?ree /rong conical m>g9al sp9es1 div]g5t at equal angles1 z long z ! radius ( ! disk4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4af1 ( ! phacoid %ell #j4ab1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,zanzib>1 dep? #bbjj fa?oms1 ,pull54 #dfe;,g5us #bja4 ,/aurocyclia1#bdj ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deh4 ,def9ition4--,coccodiscida ) f\r solid radial sp9es on ! m>g9 ( ! disk1 cross$ 9 two equatorial diamet]s p]p5dicul> "o to ano!r4 ,m$ull>y %ell simple4 ,! g5us ,/aurocyclia is *>act]is$ by f\r radial sp9es on ! m>g9 ( ! disk1 :i* are opposite 9 pairs & situat$ 9 two equatorial diamet]s1 commonly p]p5dicul> "o to ano!r4 ,!y =m !re=e a rectangul> cross 7r>ely m or less irregul>74 ,! g5us corresponds exactly to ,/aurodictya 9 ! family ,porodiscida4 ,! m$ull>y %ell is simple4 #a4 ,/aurocyclia cruciata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cg1 fig4 #a74 ,phacoid %ell two & a half times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 surr\nd$ by six to eight regul> r+s1 :i* are divid$ by fifty to sev5ty pi]c+ beams into squ>e *amb]s4 ,pores regul>1 circul>2 six on ! radius ( ! phacoid %ell1 "o s+le pore on ea* *amb]4 ,f\r cross$ radial sp9es1 aris+ f ! m$ull>y %ell by ?9 bases1 prolong$ ov] ! d5tat$ m>g9 z f\r /rong quadrangul> swords1 z long z ! radius ( ! disk4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) eight r+s7 #j4bc1 ( ! phacoid %ell #j4ji1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jce4 ,habitat--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfg1 dep? #bgjj fa?oms4 #b4 ,/aurocyclia s]rata1 n4 sp4 8 ,haliomma sp41 ,bury1 #ahfb1 ,polycy/9s ( ,b>bados1 pl4 xxii4 fig4 #b4 ,phacoid %ell twice z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 surr\nd$ by ?ree to f\r spongy r+s1 :i* are divid$ by ?irty to =ty radial beams into irregul> *amb]s4 ,pores 9 ! phacoid %ell regul>1 circul>1 five on its radius2 9 ! *amb]$ spongy girdle mu* small] & irregul>4 ,m>g9 d5tat$1 ) f\r cross$1 v l>ge1 quadrangul> sp9es1 z long z ! radius ( ! disk1 ) w+-%ap$1 s]rat$ edges4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) f\r r+s7 #j4b1 ( ! phacoid %ell #j4a1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! rocks ( ,b>bados4 #c4 ,/aurocyclia phaco/aurus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cg1 figs4 #b1 #c74 ,phaco/aurus pyramidalis1 ,haeckel1 #ahgi1 ,,ms4 7z a sep>ate g5us74 ,phacoid %ell two & a qu>t] times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 connect$ ) x by twelve radial beams 7f\r equatorial & eight div]g5t7 & surr\nd$ by "o s+le r+1 :i* is divid$ by =ty radial beams into regul> *amb]s4 ,pores regul>1 honeycomb-l 9 ! #dffphacoid %ell1 sev5 on its radius2 small] on ! equatorial r+1 ?ree on its bread?4 ,f\r m>g9al sp9es pyramidal f\r-sid$1 z long & z broad at ! base z ! r+4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) "o r+7 #j4ad1 ( ! phacoid %ell #j4aa1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jdh4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cce1 dep? #adbe fa?oms4 #d4 ,/aurocyclia magniducis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cg1 fig4 #d74 ,cocco/aurus magniducis1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,,ms4 et ,atlas 7pl4 xxxvii4 fig4 #d74 ,phacoid %ell twice z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 connect$ ) x by num]\s radial beams & surr\nd$ by eight *amb]$ r+s1 :i* are divid$ by "o hundr$ to "o hundr$ & tw5ty pi]c+ radial beams into small *amb]s4 ,pores subregul>1 circul>2 t5 on ! radius ( ! phacoid %ell1 two on ! bread? ( ea* *amb]4 ,m>g9 ( ! disk arm$ ) num]\s bri/le-%ap$ radial sp9es1 z long z ! bread? ( ! *amb]$ girdle4 ,f\r v l>ge cross$ sp9es1 ne>ly z long z ! diamet] ( ! disk1 quadrangul>1 ) f\r d5tat$ edges2 at ! club-%ap$ di/al end ?orny1 z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell & ?ree times z broad z at ! n>r[ base4 ,i "n ?is spl5did species 9 ! hon\r ( ,h4,r4,h4 ! ,gr& ,duke ( ,saxe-,weim>1 ,c>l ,alex&]1 ! magnanim\s protector ( arts & sci5ces1 ! rector magnific5tissimus ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,j5a4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) eight r+s7 #j4bg1 ( ! phacoid %ell #j4aa1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je2 l5g? ( ! f\r cross$ club-sp9es #j4b1 basal bread? #j4jb1 di/al bread? #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,ceylon1 ,belligemma1 surface 7,haeckel74 ,g5us #bjb4 ,a/rocyclia1#bda ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deh4 ,def9ition4--,coccodiscida ) num]\s 7five or m1 commonly ?irty to sixty7 solid radial sp9es on ! m>g9 ( ! circul> disk4 ,m$ull>y %ell simple4 ,! g5us ,a/rocyclia exhibits on ! m>g9 ( ! circul> *amb]$ disk a l>ge b v>iable numb] ( solid radial sp9es1 commonly betwe5 ?irty & sixty4 ,!y are ! ext]nal prolongations ( ! inn] pi]c+ radial beams1 :i* divide ! conc5tric r+s ( ! disk into *amb]s4 ,all ! sp9es lie 9 ! equatorial plane ( ! disk4 ,! g5us corresponds to ,/ylodictya 9 ! family ,porodiscida4 #a4 ,a/rocyclia sola/]1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cf1 fig4 #g74 ,phacoid %ell two & a half times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 surr\nd$ by f\r to six regul> r+s ( equal bread?1 :i* are divid$ by ?irty to =ty pi]c+ radial beams into broad #dfg;*amb]s4 ,pores regul>1 circul>2 sev5 on ! radius ( ! phacoid %ell1 "o s+le pore on ea* *amb] 7! size increas+ f ! c5tre74 ,m>g9 ) ?irty to =ty angul>1 broad1 d5tate sp9es1 ! prolongations ( ! inn] radial beams4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) six r+s7 #j4bb1 ( ! phacoid %ell #j4a1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #b4 ,a/rocyclia /ella1 ,haeckel4 ,li?ocyclia /ella1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahge1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #gh1 ,taf4 xxix4 fig4 #b4 ,phacoid %ell ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 surr\nd$ by f\r to eight r+s ( increas+ bread? f ! c5tre1 ! out] ( :i* are m or less spongy4 ,ea* r+ is divid$ by =ty to fifty pi]c+ radial beams into *amb]s ( increas+ size4 ,pores regul>1 circul>2 a s+le "o on ea* *amb]1 t5 on ! radius ( ! phacoid %ell4 ,on ! m>g9 are scatt]$ t5 to tw5ty ?ick & %ort sp9es1 f\r-sid$ pyramidal1 ab\t z long & z broad at ! base z ! diamet] ( ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) eight r+s7 #j4be1 ( ! phacoid %ell #j4ji1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! rocks ( ,b>bados4 #c4 ,a/rocyclia rotula1 n4 sp4 ,phacoid %ell f\r times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 surr\nd$ by "o s+le r+1 :i* is divid$ by =ty radial beams into equal *amb]s4 ,pores regul>1 circul>2 two on ! bread? ( ! r+1 six on ! radius ( ! phacoid %ell4 ,m>g9 ) =ty %ort1 conical sp9es1 ! prolongations ( ! inn] radial beams1 twice z long z ! bread? ( ! r+4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ac1 ( ! phacoid %ell #j4a1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccb1 dep? #bbjj fa?oms4 #d4 ,a/rocyclia ara*nia1 n4 sp4 ,phacoid %ell twice z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 surr\nd$ by f\r to six r+s ( equal bread?1 :i* are divid$ by twelve to tw5ty radial beams into broad *amb]s4 ,pores regul>1 circul>2 two on ! bread? ( ea* r+1 eight on ! radius ( ! phacoid %ell4 ,m>g9 ) twelve to tw5ty v long & ?91 bri/le-%ap$1 radial sp9es1 ! prolongations ( ! inn] beams1 long] ?an ! diamet] ( ! disk4 7,resembles ,/ylodictya ara*nia1 b diff]s 9 ! possession ( a phacoid %ell47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) six r+s7 #j4bb1 ( ! phacoid %ell #j4ji1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jde4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,can>y ,isl&s4 #dfhe4 ,a/rocyclia het]ocycla1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cf1 fig4 #h74 ,phacoid %ell two & a half times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 surr\nd$ by ?ree r+s ( unequal bread?1 ! fir/ r+ z broad z ! second & ?ird toge!r4 ,!y are divid$ by fifty to sixty pi]c+ radial beams into *amb]s1 :i* are squ>e 9 ! second & ?ird r+s1 & half z l>ge z 9 ! fir/4 ,! radial beams are alt]nately ?ick] & ?9n]1 prolong$ into %ort m>g9al sp9es4 ,pores subregul>1 circul>2 eight on ! radius ( ! phacoid %ell1 two on ! bread? ( ! fir/ r+1 a s+le "o on ea* *amb] ( ! second & ?ird r+s4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) ?ree r+s7 #j4b1 ( ! phacoid %ell #j4ab1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je4 ,habitat4--,equatorial ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdh1 dep? 7#bdej7 fa?oms2 also fossil 9 ,b>bados4 ,g5us #bjc4 ,coccocyclia1#bdb ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deh4 ,def9ition4--,coccodiscida ) num]\s 7five or m7 solid radial sp9es on ! m>g9 ( ! circul> disk4 ,m$ull>y %ell d\ble4 ,! g5us ,coccocyclia has ! same =m & /ructure z ! =ego+ ,a/rocyclia1 & diff]s f x only 9 ! d\ble conc5tric m$ull>y %ell4 ,x be>s !re=e to ! latt] ! same relation z ,coccodiscus to ,li?ocyclia4 #a4 ,coccocyclia lirian?a1 n4 sp4 ,phacoid %ell ?ree times z broad z ! out] & t5 times z broad z ! inn] m$ull>y %ell1 connect$ ) bo? by six equidi/ant pi]c+ radial beams4 ,! m>g9 ( ! phacoid %ell is surr\nd$ by "o or two equatorial r+s1 ea* z broad z ! out] m$ull>y %ell1 & divid$ by ?irty to =ty radial beams into n>r[ *amb]s4 ,pores subregul>1 circul>1 ab\t n9e to t5 on ! radius ( ! phacoid %ell1 ?ree to f\r on ! bread? ( ea* r+4 ,m>g9 ( ! disk ciliat$1 ) six regul>ly dispos$ radial sp9es z prolongations ( ! inn] six pi]c+ beams4 ,ea* sp9e cyl9drical1 delicately cr5ulat$1 ab\t z broad z ! inn] m$ull>y %ell1 & once to twice z long z ! diamet] ( ! :ole disk1 elegantly undulat$1 ) a conical t]m9al po9t4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) two r+s7 #j4cb1 ( ! phacoid %ell #j4b1 ( ! out] m$ull>y %ell #j4jf1 ( ! inn] #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfe1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #b4 ,coccocyclia helian?a1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #cf1 figs4 #e1 #f74 ,phacoid %ell two & a half times z broad z ! out] & six times z broad z ! inn] m$ull>y %ell1 surr\nd$ by six to eight r+s ( ne>ly equal bread?1 ! out] some:at small]4 ,!y are divid$ by fifty to sixty pi]c+ radial beams into irregul> *amb]s4 ,pores #dfi;irregul>1 r\ndi%2 t5 on ! radius ( ! phacoid %ell1 a s+le "o on ea* *amb] ( ! equatorial girdle4 ,m>g9 ( ! disk ) num]\s /rong conical radial sp9es ( diff]5t bread?s1 arrang$ 9 sev]al circles1 ! /ronge/ 9 ! equatorial plane1 ab\t z broad z "o r+ & twice z long4 ,surface ?orny4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) sev5 r+s7 #j4c1 ( ! phacoid %ell #j4ab1 ( ! out] m$ull>y %ell #j4je1 ( ! inn] #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms2 also fossil 9 ,b>bados4 ,subfamily #c4 ,,a/racturida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deh4 ,def9ition4--,coccodiscida ) two or m 7commonly ?ree or f\r7 *amb]$ radial arms on ! m>g9 ( ! disk1 situat$ 9 its equatorial plane 7) or )\t a connect+ patagium betwe5 ! arms74 ,g5us #bjd4 ,diplactura1#bdc ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deh4 ,def9ition4--,coccodiscida ) two opposite *amb]$ arms on ! m>g9 ( ! circul> disk1 )\t a connect+ patagium4 ,! g5us ,diplactura is ! simple/ =m ( ! ,a/racturida1 or ( ^? ,coccodiscida 9 :i* ! m>g9 ( ! disk be>s *amb]$ arms1 situat$ 9 its equatorial plane4 ,?is subfamily corresponds to ! ,eu*itonida among ! ,porodiscida1 to ! ,spongobra*ida among ! ,spongodiscida4 ,9 ,diplactura !re are only two free arms1 opposite 9 "o equatorial diamet] 7correspond+ to ,amphibra*ium among ! =m]1 to ,spongol5a among ! latt]74 ,subg5us #a4 ,diplacturium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,arms blunt at ! di/al end1 )\t radial sp9es4 #a4 ,diplactura diplobra*ia1 n4 sp4 ,phacoid %ell twice z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) six pores on its radius1 )\t a p]fect *amb]$ r+ ar\nd x4 ,arms club-%ap$1 "o & a half times z long z ! diamet] ( ! phacoid %ell1 at ! di/al end r\nd$1 blunt1 z broad z ! latt]1 at ! base only half z broad4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! phacoid %ell #j4jh1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jd2 l5g? ( ! arms #j4ab1 basal bread? #j4jd1 di/al bread? #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfe1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #dgj,subg5us #b4 ,diplact9ium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,arms on ! di/al end arm$ ) a radial t]m9al sp9e4 #b4 ,diplactura diploconus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ch1 fig4 #e74 ,amphiactura diploconus1 ,haeckel1 #ahgg1 ,,ms4 et ,atlas 7pl4 xxxviii4 fig4 #e74 ,phacoid %ell ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) eight pores on its radius1 surr\nd$ by a s+le *amb]$ r+4 ,arms club-%ap$1 twice z long z ! diamet] ( ! phacoid %ell1 at ! di/al end z broad z ! latt]1 at ! base only half z broad4 ,bo? poles ( ! common axis ( ! arms are arm$ ) a /rong sp9dle-%ap$ t]m9al sp9e4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! phacoid %ell #j4ji1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jc2 l5g? ( ! arms 7)\t t]m9al sp9es7 #j4ag1 basal bread? #j4je1 di/al bread? #j4ji4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 ,g5us #bje4 ,amphiactura1#bdd ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #deh4 ,def9ition4--,coccodiscida ) two opposite *amb]$ arms on ! m>g9 ( ! circul> disk1 connect$ by a spongy patagium4 ,! g5us ,amphiactura diff]s f ! =ego+ ,diplactura 9 ! developm5t ( a patagium betwe5 ! arms1 & !re=e be>s ! same relation to x z ,amphym5ium 9 ! ,porodiscida does to ,amphibra*ium1 or ,spongobra*ium 9 ! ,spongodiscida does to ,spongol5e4 ,9 ?is & 9 ! foll[+ ,discoidea provid$ ) a patagium1 ?is connect+ web con/antly exhibits a diff]5t texture ( its framework1 :i* is sometimes m regul>ly *amb]$1 at o!r times m irregul>ly spongy4 #a4 ,amphiactura amphibra*ia1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ch1 figs4 #c1 #d74 ,phacoid %ell ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) eight pores on its radius4 ,arms ne>ly equilat]al triangul>1 twice z long z ! diamet] ( ! phacoid %ell1 at ! truncat$ di/al end z broad z ! latt]1 at ! base only "o-?ird z broad4 ,patagium a circul> l5ticul> disk1 envelop+ only ! basal ?ird ( ! arms1 ) ?ree to f\r conc5tric circul> r+s1 divid$ into *amb]s by ab\t =ty radial beams1 :i* are prolong$ beyond ! m>g9 ( ! patagium into radial sp9es4 ,! v]tical section 7fig4 #d7 %[s t ! *amb]s ( ea* arm 7elev5 to twelve transv]se r[s 9 ! radius7 are dispos$ 9 two lay]s4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! phacoid %ell #j4ji1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jc2 l5g? ( ! arms #j4ah1 basal bread? #j4jc1 di/al bread? #j4ji4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfc1 dep? #bfej fa?oms4 #dga;,g5us #bjf4 ,trigonactura1#bde ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dei4 ,def9ition4--,coccodiscida ) ?ree *amb]$ arms on ! m>g9 ( ! circul> or triangul> disk1 )\t a connect+ patagium4 ,! g5us ,trigonactura exhibits ?ree radial arms1 :i* 9 all kn[n species are sep>at$ by ?ree equal angles4 ,! t]m9al po9ts ( ! arm-axes are ! corn]s ( an equilat]al triangle4 ,x corresponds !re=e to ,dictya/rum among ! ,porodiscida4 ,subg5us #a4 ,trigonacturium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,di/al end ( ! arms blunt or truncat$1 )\t a t]m9al sp9e4 #a4 ,trigonactura py?agor1 ,haeckel4 ,a/romma py?agor1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahge1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #ff1 ,taf4 xxx4 fig4 #b4 ,phacoid %ell circul>1 twice z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) five pores on its radius1 )\t a completely surr\nd+ *amb]$ girdle4 ,arms ne>ly squ>e1 at ! truncat$ di/al end z broad z long1 & sc>cely broad] ?an at ! base1 two-?irds z long z ! diamet] ( ! c5tral disk4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! phacoid %ell #j4a1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je2 l5g? ( ! arms #j4jg1 di/al bread? #j4jg4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,atlantic1 ,indian1 ,pacific1 9 v>i\s dep?s2 also fossil 9 ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,b>bados & ,nicob>4 #b4 ,trigonactura rhopala/rella1 n4 sp4 ,/ephana/rum sp41 ,bury1 #ahfb1 ,polycy/9s ( ,b>bados1 pl4 xv4 fig4 #g4 ,phacoid %ell twice z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) five pores on its radius1 )\t a p]fect *amb]$ r+ ar\nd x4 ,arms club-%ap$1 at ! blunt di/al end r\nd$1 z long z ! diamet] ( ! phacoid %ell2 _! basal bread? is "o-f\r?1 _! di/al bread? "o-half ( its l5g?4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! phacoid %ell #j4a1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je2 l5g? ( ! arms #j4a1 basal bread? #j4jbe1 di/al bread? #j4je4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ations #bgj to #bgd1 dep?s #bdjj to #bhjj fa?oms2 also fossil 9 ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,b>bados4 #dgbc4 ,trigonactura trigonobra*ia1 n4 sp4 ,phacoid %ell two & a half times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) six pores on its radius1 )\t a p]fect *amb]$ girdle4 ,arms ne>ly equilat]al triangul>1 twice z long z ! diamet] ( ! phacoid %ell1 at ! truncat$ di/al end z broad z its diamet] & ?ree times z broad z at ! n>r[ base4 7,resembles ,hym5actura hexagona1 b )\t a patagium47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! phacoid %ell #j4aa1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jde2 l5g? ( ! arms #j4b1 basal bread? #j4jce1 di/al bread? #j4a4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdd1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #d4 ,trigonactura lanceolata1 n4 sp4 ,phacoid %ell ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) eight pores on its radius1 surr\nd$ by "o p]fect *amb]$ r+4 ,arms lanceolate1 ?ree times z long z ! diamet] ( ! phacoid %ell1 & f\r times z long z broad 9 ! middle "p1 at bo? ends v n>r[1 blunt4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! phacoid %ell #j4ji1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jc2 l5g? ( ! arms #j4be1 bread? 9 ! mid/ #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccb1 dep? #bbjj fa?oms4 ,subg5us #b4 ,trigonact9ium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,di/al end ( ! arms arm$ ) a radial sp9e4 #e4 ,trigonactura triacan?a1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ch1 figs4 #f1 #g74 ,phacoid %ell two & a half times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) eight pores on its radius1 surr\nd$ by "o p]fect *amb]$ r+4 ,arms ne>ly lanceolate1 9 ! middle "p "o & a half times z broad z at bo? ends1 twice z long z ! phacoid %ell1 at ! di/al end ) a /rong pyramidal t]m9al sp9e4 ,?r\gh ! spongy framework ( ea* arm %9e sixte5 to eighte5 transv]se b>s 7z septa ( ! jo9ts7 & six to eight longitud9al pi]c+ beams4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! phacoid %ell #j4ji1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jch2 l5g? ( ! arms #j4b1 greate/ bread? #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfe1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #f4 ,trigonactura trigonodiscus1 n4 sp4 8 ,a/romma sp41 ,bury1 #ahfb1 ,polycy/9s ( ,b>bados1 ,taf4 xv4 fig4 #b4 ,phacoid %ell triangul>1 twice z broad z ! sph]ical m$ull>y %ell1 ) six to sev5 pores on its radius1 surr\nd$ by "o *amb]$ r+4 ,arms equilat]al triangul>1 z long z #dgc! diamet] ( ! c5tral disk & at ! base half z broad1 sl[ly decreas+ 9 bread? t[>ds ! di/al end1 :i* is arm$ ) a /rong pyramidal sp9e4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! phacoid %ell #j4a1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je2 l5g? ( ! arms #j4ab1 basal bread? #j4jg4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms2 also fossil 9 ,b>bados4 #g4 ,trigonactura trixiphos1 n4 sp4 ,phacoid %ell circul>1 twice z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 )\t a completely surr\nd+ *amb]$ r+1 ) f\r pores on its radius4 ,arms club-%ap$1 ab\t z long z ! diamet] ( ! c5tral disk1 at ! base half z broad z long1 at ! r\nd$ di/al end broad]1 & arm$ ) a /rong pyramidal t]m9al sp9e1 ne>ly z long z ! arm itself4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! phacoid %ell #j4jh1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jd2 l5g? ( ! arms 7)\t t]m9al sp9e7 #j4jh1 basal bread? #j4jd1 di/al bread? #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! rocks ( ,b>bados4 ,g5us #bjg4 ,hym5actura1#bdf ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dei4 ,def9ition4--,coccodiscida ) ?ree *amb]$ arms on ! m>g9 ( ! circul> or triangul> disk1 connect$ by a spongy patagium4 ,! g5us ,hym5actura diff]s f ! =ego+ ,trigonactura 9 ! spongy patagium betwe5 ! arms1 & be>s !re=e to x ! same relation t among ! ,porodiscida ,hym5ia/rum does to ! simpl] ,dictya/rum4 ,! olde/ kn[n species ( ?is g5us is ,hym5actura py?agor1 describ$ by ,ehr5b]g z ,hym5ia/rum py?agor1 b diff]+ f ?is 9 ! /ructure ( ! c5tral disk4 ,subg5us #a4 ,hym5acturium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,di/al end ( ! arms blunt or truncat$1 )\t t]m9al sp9es4 #a4 ,hym5actura ar*im$is1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ch1 fig4 #h74 ,phacoid %ell ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) eight pores on its radius4 ,arms ne>ly trapezoidal1 some:at long] ?an ! diamet] ( ! c5tral disk1 at ! truncat$ di/al end ne>ly z broad1 at ! base only half z broad4 ,9 ea* arm elev5 to twelve transv]se r[s ( squ>e *amb]s1 ea* ( :i* exhibits on ! surface "o l>ge pore4 ,patagium envelop+ ! basal half ( ! arms1 ) f\r to five convex r[s ( *amb]s1 =m+ toge!r a circul> conc5tric disk4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! phacoid %ell #j4aa1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jce2 l5g? ( ! arms #j4ab1 basal bread? #j4je1 di/al bread? #j4a4 ,habitat4--,we/]n ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbe1 dep? #ddge fa?oms4 #dgdb4 ,hym5actura py?agor1 ,haeckel4 ,hym5ia/rum py?agor1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahed1 ,mikrogeol41 ,taf4 xxxvi4 fig4 #ca2 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 #ahge1 p4 #gf1 ,taf4 xxx4 fig4 #e4 ,phacoid %ell ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) six pores on its radius4 ,arms ne>ly trapezoidal1 some:at long] ?an ! diamet] ( ! c5tral disk1 at ! truncat$ di/al end ne>ly z broad1 at ! base two-?irds z broad4 ,9 ea* arm eight to n9e transv]se r[s ( squ>e *amb]s1 ea* *amb] ) "o pore on ! surface4 ,patagium envelop+ ! basal half ( ! arms1 ) f\r to five rectil9e> p>allel r[s ( *amb]s1 =m+ toge!r a regul> triangle4 ,diff]s f ! prec$+ species ma9ly 9 ! q diff]5t /ructure ( ! patagium1 f ! true ,hym5ia/rum py?agor 9 ! phacoid %ell ( ! c5tral disk1 :i* encloses only "o simple m$ull>y %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! phacoid %ell #j4aa1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jd2 l5g? ( ! arms #j4ac1 basal bread? #j4jg1 di/al bread? #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! rocks ( ,b>bados4 #c4 ,hym5actura trigona1 n4 sp4 ,a/romma sp41 ,bury1 #ahfb1 ,polycy/9s ( ,b>bados1 pl4 xv4 fig4 #a4 ,phacoid %ell twice z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) f\r to five pores on its radius4 ,arms sl5d]1 lanceolate1 ?ree times z long z ! diamet] ( ! phacoid %ell & five times z long z broad 9 ! middle "p2 di/al ends blunt4 ,patagium envelop+ only ! basal half ( ! arms1 =m+ a regul> triangle ) concave sides4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! phacoid %ell #j4jh1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jce2 l5g? ( ! arms #j4b1 greate/ bread? #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccb1 dep? #bbjj fa?oms2 fossil 9 ! rocks ( ,b>bados4 #d4 ,hym5actura hexagona4 ,hym5ia/rum sp41 ,bury1 #ahfb1 ,polycy/9s ( ,b>bados1 pl4 xv4 fig4 #c4 ,phacoid %ell twice z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) f\r to five pores on its radius4 ,arms ne>ly equilat]al triangul>1 ?ree times z long z ! diamet] ( ! phacoid %ell1 at ! truncat$ di/al end ne>ly ?ree-f\r?s z broad z long1 at ! n>r[ base only "o-f\r? z broad4 ,patagium complete1 envelop+ ! arms completely1 s t ! :ole body repres5ts a regul> hexagonal disk4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! phacoid %ell #j4jh1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jd2 l5g? ( ! arms #j4ah1 basal bread? #j4jd1 di/al bread? #j4af4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! rocks ( ,b>bados & ,nicob>4 #dge,subg5us #b4 ,hym5act9ium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,di/al ends ( ! arms arm$ ) t]m9al sp9es4 #e4 ,hym5actura ptolemi1 n4 sp4 ,a/romma sp41 ,bury1 #ahfb1 ,polycy/9s ( ,b>bados1 pl4 xv4 figs4 #e1 #f4 ,phacoid %ell twice z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) six to sev5 pores on its radius4 ,arms ne>ly squ>e1 ab\t z l>ge z ! phacoid %ell1 at ! truncat$ di/al end little broad] ?an at ! base1 & arm$ ) a /rong pyramidal t]m9al sp9e4 ,patagium incomplete1 envelop+ ! basal half ( ! arms4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! phacoid %ell #j4a1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je2 l5g? & greate/ bread? ( ! arms #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms2 fossil 9 ! rocks ( ,b>bados4 #f4 ,hym5actura cop]nici1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ch1 fig4 #i74 ,phacoid %ell ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) six pores on its radius4 ,arms lanceolate1 ne>ly twice z long z ! phacoid %ell1 9 ! middle "p twice z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) a /rong conical t]m9al sp9e at ! di/al end4 ,9 ea* arm ab\t t5 transv]se r[s ( *amb]s4 ,patagium envelop+ ! basal half ( ! arms1 ) f\r convex p>allel r[s ( *amb]s4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! phacoid %ell #j4a1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jce2 l5g? ( ! arms #j4ag1 greate/ bread? #j4jg4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bff1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 ,g5us #bjh4 ,a/ractura1#bdg ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dei4 ,def9ition4--,coccodiscida ) f\r *amb]$ arms on ! m>g9 ( ! circul> or quadrangul> disk1 cross$ 9 two equatorial diamet]s1 )\t a connect+ patagium4 ,! g5us ,a/ractura has ! =m ( a regul> cross1 f\r radial arms be+ opposite 9 two equatorial diamet]s p]p5dicul> "o to ano!r4 ,9 ! ,porodiscida ! same =m is repeat$ by ,/aurala/rum1 9 ! ,spongodiscida by ,sponga/]iscus4 ,! olde/ kn[n species ( ! g5us is ,a/romma ari/otelis ( ,ehr5b]g1 9 :i* g5us ?is au?or conf\nd$ triradial & f\r-radial =ms4 #dgf,subg5us #a4 ,a/racturium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,di/al end ( ! arms blunt or truncat$1 )\t t]m9al sp9es4 #a4 ,a/ractura ord9ata1 n4 sp4 8 ,a/romma sp41 ,bury1 #ahfb1 ,polycy/9s ( ,b>bados1 pl4 xiv4 fig4 #c4 ,phacoid %ell ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) six pores on its radius1 )\t a completely develop$ *amb]$ r+4 ,arms trapezoidal1 some:at long] ?an ! radius ( ! disk1 at ! truncat$ di/al end z broad z long1 at ! base "o-?ird small]4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! phacoid %ell #j4jh1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jc2 l5g? ( ! arms #j4je1 di/al bread? #j4je1 basal bread? #j4jce4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdh1 dep? #bdej fa?oms2 also fossil 9 ,b>bados4 #b4 ,a/ractura clavig]a1 n4 sp4 ,a/romma ari/otelis1 ,bury1 #ahfb1 ,polycy/9s ( ,b>bados1 pl4 iv4 fig4 #b4 ,phacoid %ell twice z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) t5 pores on its radius1 surr\nd$ by "o p]fect *amb]$ r+4 ,arms club-%ap$1 ab\t z long z ! radius ( ! c5tral disk1 at ! r\nd$ di/al end two-?irds1 at ! base "o-?ird z broad z long4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! phacoid %ell #j4a1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je2 l5g? ( ! arms #j4jf1 basal bread? #j4jb1 di/al bread? #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ations #bgj to #bgd1 dep?s #bcej to #bibe fa?oms2 fossil 9 ! rocks ( ,b>bados4 ,subg5us #b4 ,a/ract9ium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,di/al end ( ! arms furni%$ ) a radial sp9e4 #c4 ,a/ractura ari/otelis1 ,haeckel4 ,a/romma ari/otelis1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahef1 ,microgeol41 ,taf4 xxxvi4 fig4 #cb2 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 #ahge1 p4 #ff1 ,taf4 xxx4 fig4 #d4 ,a/romma ari/otelis1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dhi4 8 ,a/romma ari/otelis1 ,bury1 #ahfb1 ,polycy/9s ( ,b>bados1 pl4 xiv4 fig4 #d4 ,phacoid %ell ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) six to eight pores on its radius1 surr\nd$ by "o p]fect *amb]$ r+4 ,arms ne>ly trapezoidal1 ab\t z long z ! diamet] ( ! c5tral disk1 at ! base half z broad1 at ! truncat$ di/al end ne>ly z broad z long1 & arm$ ) a l>ge pyramidal t]m9al sp9e4 ,ea* arm ) ab\t eight transv]se & longitud9al r[s ( *amb]s4 #dgg;,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! phacoid %ell #j4aa1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jd2 l5g? ( ! arms #j4a1 basal bread? #j4je1 di/al bread? #j4ji4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,atlantic1 ,indian1 ,pacific1 at v>i\s dep?s2 fossil 9 ! ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,b>bados & ,nicob>4 #d4 ,a/ractura democriti1 n4 sp4 ,a/romma ari/otelis1 v>41 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahge1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #ff1 ,taf1 xxx4 fig4 #c4 8 ,a/romma ari/otelis1 v>41 ,bury1 #ahfb1 ,polycy/9s ( ,b>bados1 pl4 xiv4 fig4 #d4 ,phacoid %ell twice z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) five to sev5 pores on its radius1 )\t p]fect *amb]$ r+4 ,arms ab\t twice z long z broad1 long] ?an ! diamet] ( ! c5tral disk1 at ! truncat$ di/al end a little broad] ?an at ! base1 & arm$ ) a /rong1 pyramidal1 t]m9al sp9e4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! phacoid %ell #j4a1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je2 l5g? ( ! arms #j4ae1 basal bread? #j4jd1 di/al bread? #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bff1 dep? #bgej fa?oms2 fossil 9 ,b>bados4 #e4 ,a/ractura hippocratis1 n4 sp4 ,phacoid %ell ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) sev5 pores on its radius1 surr\nd$ by two to ?ree p]fect *amb]$ r+s4 ,arms ne>ly squ>e1 sc>cely z long & ne>ly z broad z ! diamet] ( ! c5tral disk1 at ! r\nd$ di/al end arm$ ) a v /rong1 pyramidal1 t]m9al sp9e1 long] ?an ! arm itself1 & at ! base z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! phacoid %ell #j4ji1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jc2 l5g? ( ! arms #j4jh1 bread? #j4a4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfe1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 ,g5us #bji4 ,/auractura1#bdh ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dei4 ,def9ition4--,coccodiscida ) f\r *amb]$ arms on ! m>g9 ( ! circul> or quadrangul> disk1 cross$ 9 two equatorial diamet]s1 connect$ by a spongy patagium4 ,! g5us ,/auractura diff]s f ! =ego+ 9 ! patagium betwe5 ! arms1 & be>s !re=e ! same relation to x z ,hi/ia/rum 9 ! ,porodiscida does to ,/aurala/rum4 ,all kn[n species ( ?is g5us =m a regul> squ>e1 if we connect ! end po9ts ( ! arm axes by l9es4 ,subg5us #a4 ,/auracturium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,di/al end ( ! arms blunt or truncat$1 )\t t]m9al sp9es4 #dgha4 ,/auractura octogona1 n4 sp4 ,phacoid %ell twice z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) eight pores 9 its radius4 ,arms ne>ly squ>e1 little l>g] ?an ! phacoid %ell1 ) broad truncat$ di/al ends4 ,! corn]s ( ! latt] are s connect$ by ! complete patagium1 t ! :ole %ell =ms a regul> octagon4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! phacoid %ell #j4a1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je2 l5g? ( ! arms #j4ab1 di/al bread? #j4aa4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bff1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #b4 ,/auractura tetragona1 n4 sp4 ,phacoid %ell ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) elev5 pores on its radius4 ,arms club-%ap$1 ne>ly z long z ! diamet] ( ! phacoid %ell1 & "o & a half times z long z broad at ! di/al "p2 at ! di/al end r\nd$1 blunt1 )\t t]m9al sp9e4 ,! t]m9al po9ts ( ! arms are s connect$ by a ?91 complete patagium1 t ! :ole %ell becomes a regul> squ>e4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! phacoid %ell #j4ac1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jde2 l5g? ( ! arms #j4ab1 greate/ bread? #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfe1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 ,subg5us #b4 ,/auract9ium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,di/al end ( ! arms furni%$ ) a radial sp9e4 #c4 ,/auractura m$us9a1 n4 sp4 ,phacoid %ell two & a half times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) n9e pores on its radius4 ,arms club-%ap$1 "o & a half times z long z ! diamet] ( ! phacoid %ell1 & 9 ! out] ?ird ne>ly z broad z ! latt]1 at ! base sc>cely "o-?ird z broad2 _! truncat$ di/al end arm$ ) a /rong pyramidal t]m9al sp9e4 ,patagium incomplete1 envelop+ only ! basal half ( ! arms1 ) ?ree rectil9e> p>allel r[s ( *amb]s1 =m+ a squ>e4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! phacoid %ell #j4a1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jd2 l5g? ( ! arms #j4ad1 greate/ bread? #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #d4 ,/auractura quadrata1 n4 sp4 ,phacoid %ell twice z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) sev5 pores on ! radius4 ,arms ne>ly squ>e1 ab\t z l>ge z ! phacoid %ell1 ) a /rong pyramidal t]m9al sp9e at ! di/al end4 ,patagium complete1 betwe5 e two arms triangul>1 ) rectil9e> p>allel #dgir[s ( *amb]s2 x connects ! end po9ts ( ! arm radius 9 su* a mann] t ! :ole %ell becomes a regul> squ>e4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! phacoid %ell #j4ji1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jde2 l5g? ( ! arms #j4a1 greate/ bread? #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bie1 dep? #aejj fa?oms4 ,g5us #baj4 ,p5tactura1#bdi ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dei4 ,def9ition4--,coccodiscida ) five *amb]$ arms on ! m>g9 ( ! circul> or p5tagonal disk1 )\t a connect+ patagium4 ,! g5us ,p5tactura possesses five free radial arms1 & resembles ,p5tala/rum among ! ,porodiscida4 ,! di/ance ( ! five arms seems to be sometimes equal1 at o!r times diff]5t 9 "o & ! same species4 #a4 ,p5tactura p5tactis1 ,haeckel4 ,a/romma p5tactis1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahge1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #ff1 ,taf4 xxx4 fig4 #a4 ,phacoid %ell two & a half times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) eight pores on its radius4 ,arms regul>ly or irregul>ly dispos$1 ne>ly squ>e1 ab\t half z l>ge z ! phacoid %ell1 at ! truncat$ di/al end little broad] ?an at ! base4 ,9 ! specim5 figur$1 & v imp]fectly describ$ by ,ehr5b]g1 7loc4 cit471 ! arms 7 asymmetrically dispos$1 two opposite 9 "o axis ( ! disk1 two o!rs on "o side ( ?is axis1 ! fif? opposite to ^! on ! o!r side4 ,ano!r specim5 :i* ,i f\nd 9 ! ,b>bados rocks _h five arms ( equal size1 regul>ly dispos$1 at equal int]vals4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! phacoid %ell #j4a1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jd2 l5g? & bread? ( ! arms #j4je to #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! rocks ( ,b>bados4 #b4 ,p5tactura a/ropect51 n4 sp4 ,phacoid %ell ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) t5 pores on its radius4 ,arms regul>ly dispos$1 club-%ap$1 ne>ly twice z long z ! diamet] ( ! phacoid %ell1 & equal to x 9 bread? at ! r\nd$ di/al end4 ,! latt] is arm$ ) a %ort conical sp9e1 & is twice z broad z ! base4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! phacoid %ell #j4ji1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jc2 l5g? ( ! arms #j4ag1 basal bread? #j4je1 di/al bread? #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfe1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #dhj;,g5us #baa4 ,e*9actura1#bej n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,coccodiscida ) five *amb]$ arms on ! m>g9 ( ! circul> or p5tagonal disk1 connect$ by a spongy patagium4 ,! g5us ,e*9actura diff]s f ! =ego+ ,p5tactura 9 ! patagium betwe5 ! arms1 & be>s !re=e ! same relation to x z ,p5t9a/rum 9 ! ,porodiscida does to ,p5tala/rum4 #a4 ,e*9actura culcita1 n4 sp4 ,phacoid %ell p5tagonal1 ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) n9e pores on its radius4 ,arms egg-%ap$1 ab\t z long z ! diamet] ( ! phacoid %ell1 & 9 ! di/al "p half z broad4 ,! blunt ends ( ! arms are s connect$ by ! complete patagium t ! :ole %ell becomes a regul> p5tagonal disk4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! phacoid %ell #j4a1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jce2 l5g? ( ! arms #j4aa1 basal bread? #j4jd1 di/al bread? #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bff1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #b4 ,e*9actura a/]iscus1 n4 sp4 ,phacoid %ell twice z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) sev5 pores on its radius4 ,arms lanceolate1 twice z long z ! diamet] ( ! phacoid %ell1 9 ! middle "p ne>ly z broad z ! latt]1 at ! di/al end ) a /rong conical t]m9al sp9e4 ,patagium incomplete1 envelop+ only ! basal half ( ! arms4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! phacoid %ell #j4ji1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jde2 l5g? ( ! arms #j4b1 greate/ bread? #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #c4 ,e*9actura gonia/]1 n4 sp4 ,phacoid %ell ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 ) n9e pores on its radius4 ,arms club-%ap$1 "o & a half times z long z ! diamet] ( ! phacoid %ell1 9 ! di/al "p ne>ly z broad z ! latt]1 9 ! basal "p "o-?ird z broad2 at ! end a /rong pyramidal sp9e4 ,patagium ne>ly complete1 ) concave d5tat$ m>g9 betwe5 ea* pair ( arms1 !re=e ! p5tagonal disk ( ! :ole %ell ) concave sides4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! phacoid %ell #j4ab1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jd2 l5g? ( ! arms 7)\t t]m9al sp9e7 #j4ah1 basal bread? #j4jd1 di/al bread? #j4a4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfe1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #dha;,family ,,xxi4 ,,porodiscida1 ,haeckel 7,pls4 #da-dg74 ,porodiscida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dei4 ,trematodiscida et ,discospirida1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 pp4 #dhe1 #dia1 #eac4 ,calodictya1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahdg1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #ec 7p>tim74 ,def9ition4--,discoidea )\t phacoid %ell1 ) flat discoidal %ell1 9 :i* a simple sph]ical c5tral *amb] is surr\nd$ by conc5tric *amb]$ r+s 7ea* r+ divid$ by radial beams into imp]fect *amb]s74 ,surface ( ! disk on ! two flat sides cov]$ by a por\s sieve-plate4 ,! family ,porodiscida is by f> ! l>ge/ & ri*e/ 9 diff]5t & common =ms among all ,discoidea2 already 9 my ,monograph 7#ahfb7 n9e g5]a & tw5ty-eight species h be5 enum]at$4 ,_! numb] is "h increas$ to m ?an ?irty g5]a & two hundr$ species4 ,_m ( ^! species app]ta9 to ! mo/ common & widely di/ribut$ ,,spumell>ia1 bo? liv+ & fossil4 ,b ! /udy ( _! /ructure is n easy1 & requires 7z 9 ! =ego+ ,coccodiscida7 n only c>eful exam9ation ( ! facial views ( ! disk1 b also ( ! m>g9al view & ( slides & sections ?r\gh diff]5t planes4 ,9 my ,monograph 7#ahfb1 pp4 #dhe1 #dia1 #eac7 ,i _h con/itut$ = ^! ,discoidea two diff]5t families1 ! ,trematodiscida & ,discospirida2 b ! comp>ative /udy ( a f> great] numb] ( diff]5t types 9 ! ,*all5g] collection has s9ce conv9c$ me t ^? two families are b little diff]5t1 & unit$ by transitional =ms )9 "o & ! same g5us1 s t !y mu/ be unit$ z ,porodiscida4 ,( ! gr\p1 :i* ,ehr5b]g =m]ly _h call$ ,calodictya1 _m g5]a app]ta9 to ! ,porodiscida1 :il/ _m o!rs are true ,spongodiscida4 ,! ,porodiscida repres5t ! fir/ & ! mo/ important family ( ! ,cyclodisc>ia1 or ( ^? ,discoidea :i* are devoid ( ! peculi> extracapsul> l5ticul> phacoid %ell1 *>act]i/ic ( ! ?ree prec$+ families 7unit$ !re=e z ,phacodisc>ia74 ,probably all ,cyclodisc>ia c be d]iv$ f ,ar*idiscus1 f a morphological z well z a phylog5etic po9t ( view4 ,ar*idiscus seems to be ! common ance/ral =m n only ( ! ,porodiscida1 b also ( ! ne>ly alli$ ,pylodiscida & ,spongodiscida4 ,?is important ,ar*idiscus 7,pl4 #dh1 figs4 #i-aa7 is a small l5ticul> circul> disk1 9 :i* a simple lattic$ sph]ical c5tral *amb] is surr\nd$ by "o s+le conc5tric r+1 connect$ ) x by a v>iable numb] ( radial beams 9 ! equatorial plane4 ,f ?is typical ,ar*idiscus1 z f _! ar*itype1 all o!r ,cyclodisc>ia may be d]iv$2 ! ,porodiscida by regul> apposition ( new conc5tric *amb]$ r+s on ! m>g91 ! ,spongodiscida by irregul> apposition ( a spongy framework1 ! ,pylodiscida by a peculi> int]rupt$1 conc5tric1 triradial gr[?1 ?ree radial arm-*amb]s alt]nat+ ) ?ree op5 gates or holes1 s t already ! fir/ *amb]$ r+ is n complete4 #dhb;,ar*idiscus 7,pl4 #dh1 figs4 #i-aa7 is n only ! common phylog5etic ance/ral =m ( all ,cyclodisc>ia1 b also ! common ontog5etic orig9al =m ( all ,porodiscida1 or at lea/ ( ! great] "p ( !m4 ,! num]\s species ( ,ar*idiscus1 :i* are di/+ui%$ 9 ! sequel1 are at ! same "t ! embryonic =ms ( diff]5t ,porodiscida1 correspond+ to ! biog5etic ma9 law ( developm5t4 ,! small %ell ( ,ar*idiscus is sometimes completely l5ticul>1 circul>1 at o!r times m or less polygonal2 commonly on ! biconvex c5tre mu* ?ick] ?an on ! m>g91 b sometimes also ( ne>ly equal ?ickness 7l a m$al or a %ort cyl9d]74 ,! lattic$ c5tral *amb] ( x is probably 9 ! majority ( species sph]ical1 b 9 "s m or less compress$1 l5ticul>2 ! numb] ( small pores on its surface is probably commonly betwe5 t5 & tw5ty 7f\r to eight usually be+ visible on ea* hemisph]e74 ,! numb] ( radial beams1 :i* connect x ) ! equatorial r+1 v>ies commonly f f\r to eight2 b sometimes only two or ?ree are to be f\nd1 9 o!r cases n9e to t5 or m4 ,! regul> disposition ( ^! beams 79 c]ta9 equatorial axes ( ! disk7 is probably ( great importance1 z det]m9+ ! lat] developm5t ( *>act]i/ic radial app5dages ( ! m>g9 9 ! m highly develop$ ,porodiscida4 ,! equatorial r+ itself1 =m+ ! m>g9 ( ! l5ticul> disk1 is ei!r a simple solid r+ or a broad] lattic$ girdle2 9 ! latt] case x m]ges sl[ly into ! opposite sieve-plates ( ! two flat disk sides1 or ! por\s cov]-plates1 cov]+ its p>allel or convex surfaces4 ,^! latt] c be reg>d$ z direct p]iph]al cont9uations ( ! pol> regions ( ! sph]ical c5tral *amb]4 ,! r+-*amb]s1 surr\nd+ ! latt] 9 a s+le circle1 are commonly ( ne>ly ! same bread?1 b (t5 also ( diff]5t irregul> size4 ,_! numb] v>ies betwe5 two & t5 or m1 b commonly betwe5 f\r & eight2 ea* r+-*amb] is cov]$ on ! upp] & l[] side by ! sieve-plate1 b\nd$ on ! inn] 7proximal7 side by ! wall ( ! c5tral *amb]1 on ! out] 7di/al7 side by ! m>g9al r+1 on bo? lat]al sides by ! contigu\s neighb\r+ r+-*amb]s4 ,! important "q z to ! phylog5etic orig9 ( ,ar*idiscus c be answ]$ 9 a tw(old way4 ,! mo/ simple =m ( ,ar*idiscus 7,ar*idiscus dioniscus7 c be d]iv$ imm$iately f ! ,/ylosphrida1 ,saturnalis 7,pl4 #ac1 fig4 #af71 only by ! developm5t ( lattice-"w betwe5 ! equatorial r+ & ! two pol> faces ( ! conc5tric c5tral *amb] 7on ! surface ( ! biconvex jelly-mantle74 ,b on ! o!r h& ,ar*idiscus may also be d]iv$ f ! simple/ ,phacodiscida1 ,se?odiscus 7,pl4 #cc1 figs4 #a-c71 by ! /rong] compression ( ! biconvex l5ticul> %ell1 s t ! enclos$ m$ull>y %ell on ! two poles runs toge!r ) ! l5ticul> phacoid %ell1 ( :i* only ! p]iph]al "p rema9s free1 & ?us =ms ! *amb]$ r+2 ?is latt] explanation seems ! m natural 9 _m cases1 z (t5 9 ! ,porodiscida ! c5tral *amb] is enclos$ 9 "o or two conc5tric sph]ical or l5ticul> lattice-%ells4 #dhc,! second subfamily ( ! ,porodiscida are ! ,trematodiscida1 :i* are d]iv$ f ! prec$+ ,ar*idiscida by conc5tric gr[? 9 ! equatorial plane4 ,9 ! same way 9 :i* ! simple *amb]$ r+ ( ,ar*idiscus is connect$ by radial beams ) ! c5tral *amb]1 s 9 ,porodiscus a v>iable numb] ( conc5tric r+s is connect$ ) t fir/ r+4 ,! numb] ( ^! conc5tric r+s v>ies betwe5 two & t5 or m1 b commonly am\nts to betwe5 ?ree & five4 ,! radial beams connect+ !m are ei!r pi]c+ or int]rupt$2 _! numb] increases gradually f ! c5tre t[>ds ! p]iph]y4 ,! *amb]s betwe5 !m are sometimes m regul>1 at o!r times m irregul> 9 size & =m4 ,_! upp] & l[] wall is =m$ by ! two cov]+ sieve-plates1 or ! por\s cov]-plates1 :i* are cont9u$ f ! c5tral disk to ! m>g94 ,if ^! two sieve-plates cont9ue be+ p>allel1 ! disk becomes m$al-%ap$ or a %ort cyl9d]2 if ! two plates become m or less concavely vault$ "o aga9/ ! o!r1 ! disk becomes biconvex l5ticul>1 ! middle "p ?ick] ?an ! m>g9al "p4 ,r>ely ! contr>y is ! case1 ! m>g9 ?ick] ?an ! c5tre1 & !n ! disk biconcave4 ,9 my ,monograph ,i _h sep>at$ z two diff]5t subfamilies ! true ,trematodiscida 7) circul> conc5tric r+s7 f ! ,discospirida 7) spirally convolut$ r+s74 ,b ! enorm\s mass ( specim5s1 :i* ,i aft]w>ds exam9$ 9 ! ,*all5g] collection1 has conv9c$ me t ?is sep>ation 0 n natural4 ,= 9 "o & ! same g5us ( mo/ ne>ly alli$ =ms we f9d on "o h& q regul> conc5tric circul> =ms 7,trematodiscus71 on ! o!r h& spirally convolut$ =ms 7,discospira71 & connect+ betwe5 !m su* =ms z are 9 ! c5tral "p conc5tric1 9 ! m>g9al "p spiral 7,p]ispira7--or conv]sely1 ^! 9 ! c5tre spiral1 on ! m>g9 conc5tric 7,c5trospira7--& frequ5tly also m or less irregul> =ms ) int]rupt$ r+s 7,atactodiscus72 !re=e1 all ^? g5]a 7,prodromus1 #ahha1 ,nos4 #ddh-deb7 h only ! value ( subg5]a ( ,porodiscus4 ,b a di/9ct g5us is ,p]i*lamydium1 9 :i* ! two sieve-plates run on ! m>g9 ( ! l5s & =m a broad hyal9e por\s or solid girdle4 ,m important is ! di/9ction ( ! ,ommatodiscida1 9 :i* ! m>g9 ( ! disk exhibits "o l>g] osculum1 arm$ ) a corona ( sp9es 7,ommatodiscus71 or two oscula1 opposite on ! poles ( "o axis 7,/omatodiscus74 ,:il/ 9 _m ,porodiscida all *amb]s ( ! conc5tric r+s lie 9 "o & ! same 7equatorial7 plane1 9 _m o!rs ) fur!r gr[? !y become /ratifi$ 9 floors1 & ! :ole disk is !re=e compos$ ( two to f\r or m p>allel disks1 ea* ) a sy/em ( conc5tric *amb]$ r+s or girdles1 q z 9 ! majority ( ! ,coccodiscida 7p4 #deg74 ,(t5 ! c5tral "p ( ! l5ticul> disk becomes ?ick5$ by apposition ( su* floors or /rata1 :il/ ! m>g9al "p rema9s simple1 ) "o s+le /ratum4 ,! communication betwe5 ! *amb]s ( ! diff]5t /rata seems to be ! same z 9 ! simil> ,coccodiscida4 ,also ! m>g9 ( ! disk exhibits 9 ! ,porodiscida ! same *>act]i/ic #dhd;diff]5ces z 9 ! =ego+ family4 ,9 ! subfamily ( ,/ylodictyida x be>s a c]ta9 numb] ( solid radial sp9es1 (t5 regul>ly dispos$ 7z 9 ! ,/ylocyclida74 ,9 ! subfamily ( ,eu*itonida ! m>g9 is di/+ui%$ by ! possession ( two to six or m 7commonly ?ree or f\r7 *amb]$ arms1 also situat$ 9 ! plane ( ! disk1 & ( ! same /ructure 7sometimes m or less irregul>1 spongy74 ,^! arms are v v>iable 9 size1 =m1 & /ructure1 exhibit ! same peculi>ities z 9 ! ,a/racturida1 & are sometimes free1 at o!r times connect$ by a patagium or an int]bra*ial spongy skeleton ( diff]5t /ructure1 l a web membrane 7comp>e above1 p4 #deh74 ,9 "s g5]a ! arms become =k$ or bran*$ on ! di/al end4 ,sometimes _! di/al end be>s a t]m9al radial sp9e4 ,! ,c5tral ,capsule ( ! ,porodiscida assumes g5]ally ! =m ( ! includ+ %ell1 ) or )\t arms1 b is con/antly some:at small]1 z x rema9s enclos$ by ! sieve-plates ( ! disk surface4 ,(t5 ! capsule is fill$ ) _m col\r$ oil-globules1 dispos$ regul>ly 9 ! *amb] r[s4 ,! nucleus ( x is enclos$ by ! c5tral *amb]1 & 9 _m cases by ?is & ! inn]mo/ conc5tric r+s4 ,synopsis ( ! ,g5]a ( ! ,porodiscida4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,i4 ,section ( ! ,porodiscida--,ar*idisc>ia4 ,c5tral *amb] ( ! disk surr\nd$ only by "o s+le *amb]$ r+4 -------------------- #a4 ,subfamily ,ar*idiscida4 ,only "o s+le *amb]$ girdle surr\nds ! c5tral *amb]2 m>g9 smoo? or sp9y4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,m>g9 smoo?1 )\t sp9es1 #bab4 ,ar*idiscus4 ,m>g9 arm$ ) radial sp9es1 #bac4 ,axodiscus4 ,,ii4 ,section ( ! ,porodiscida--,a/rodisc>ia4 ,c5tral *amb] ( ! disk surr\nd$ by two or m 7commonly ?ree to six7 conc5tric *amb]$ r+s or radiat$ girdles4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,ii4 ,section ( ! ,porodiscida--,a/rodisc>ia4 ,c5tral *amb] ( ! disk surr\nd$ by two or m 7commonly ?ree to six7 conc5tric *amb]$ r+s or radiat$ girdles4 -------------------- #b4 ,subfamily ,trematodiscida4 ,m>g9 ( ! disk q simple1 )\t radial app5dages 7sp9es or *amb]$ arms71 )\t peculi> oscula4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,m>g9 simple1 )\t an equatorial girdle1 #bad4 ,porodiscus4 ,m>g9 ) a ?9 por\s equatorial girdle1 #bae4 ,p]i*lamydium4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- #c4 ,subfamily ,ommatodiscida4 ,m>g9 ( ! disk )\t *amb]$ arms b di/+ui%$ by "o or two l>ge oscula1 or wide op5+s arm$ ) a cr[n ( sp9es4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,disk ) a s+le m>g9al osculum1 #baf4 ,ommatodiscus4 ,disk ) two opposite m>g9al oscula1 #bag4 ,/omatodiscus4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- #d4 ,subfamily ,/ylodictyida4 ,m>g9 ( ! disk )\t peculi> oscul> op5+s & )\t *amb]$ arms1 b arm$ ) solid radial sp9es4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,radial sp9es ( ! ,two opposite sp9es1 #bah4 ,xiphodictya4 m>g9 two1 ?ree1 or f\r1 usually q ,?ree equidi/ant regul>ly dispos$4 sp9es1 #bai4 ,tripodictya4 ,f\r cross$ sp9es1 #bbj4 ,/aurodictya4 ,radial sp9es ( ! ,m>g9 simple1 )\t m>g9 five or m1 an equatorial girdle1 #bba4 ,/ylodictya4 commonly irregul>ly dispos$ 7g5]ally ,m>g9 ) a ?9 por\s t5 to twelve74 equatorial girdle1 #bbb4 ,/ylo*lamydium4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- #e4 ,subfamily ,eu*itonida4#dhe ,m>g9 ( ! disk ) radial *amb]$ arms 7or holl[ *amb]$ app5dages71 on ! di/al end ( ! arms ) or )\t solid radial sp9es4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,two arms ,)\t a patagium1 #bbc4 ,amphibra*ium4 simple1 ,two arms1 undivid$4 ,) a patagium1 #bbd4 ,amphym5ium4 opposite 9 "o ,two arms ,)\t a patagium1 #bbe4 ,amphirrhopalum4 ma9 axis4 =k$ 7or "o simple1 o!r ,) a patagium1 #bbf4 ,amphicrasp$um4 =k$74 ,regul>1 #bbg4 ,dictya/rum4 ,)\t a ,?ree ,?ree arms patagium4 ,bilat]al1 #bbh4 ,rhopala/rum4 arms simple1 7ei!r undivid$4 regul>1 ,regul>1 #bbi4 ,hym5ia/rum4 equal1 or ,) a bilat]al1 patagium4 ,bilat]al1 #bcj4 ,eu*itonia4 ) unequal arms74 ,)\t a ,ei!r patagium1 #bca4 ,*itona/rum4 ,?ree arms regul> or =k$4 bilat]al4 ,) a patagium1 #bcb4 ,trigona/rum4 ,f\r arms ,regul>1 #bcc4 ,/aurala/rum4 7ei!r ,)\t a regul>1 ,f\r arms patagium4 ,bilat]al1 #bcd4 ,hagia/rum4 ) f\r simple1 equal undivid$4 ,regul>1 #bce4 ,hi/ia/rum4 cross$ ,) a arms1 or patagium4 ,bilat]al1 #bcf4 ,tess>a/rum4 bilat]al1 ) ,) a t]m9al pair$ patagial girdle1 #bcg4 ,/ephana/rum arms74 ,regul>1 #bch4 ,dicrana/rum4 ,f\r arms ,)\t a =k$4 patagium4 ,bilat]al1 #bci4 ,myela/rum4 ,five arms ,)\t a patagium1 #bdj4 ,p5tala/rum4 simple1 ,five arms undivid$4 ,) a patagium1 #bda4 ,p5t9a/rum4 7equal or unequal74 ,five arms ,)\t a patagium1 #bdb4 ,p5tophia/rum4 =k$4 ,six arms ,six arms ,)\t a patagium1 #bdc4 ,hexala/rum4 7equal or simple1 unequal74 undivid$4 ,) a patagium1 #bdd4 ,hex9a/rum4 ,subfamily #a4 ,,ar*idiscida1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,porodiscida ) a simple sph]ical or l5ticul> lattic$ c5tral *amb]1 surr\nd$ by a s+le conc5tric lattic$ r+1 :i* is divid$ by radial beams into two to six or m radial *amb]s4 #dhf;,g5us #bab4 ,ar*idiscus1#bea n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,porodiscida ) a simple c5tral *amb]1 surr\nd$ by a s+le conc5tric r+1 :i* is divid$ by radial beams into two to six or m radial *amb]s1 )\t radial sp9es on ! m>g94 ,! g5us ,ar*idiscus beg9s ! long & polymorph\s s]ies ( ! ,cyclodisc>ia or ( ^? ,discoidea :i* d n possess ! peculi> phacoid %ell *>act]i/ic ( ! ?ree prec$+ families1 unit$ z ,phacodisc>ia4 ,z already m5tion$ above1 bo? ^! gr\ps are probably ( indep5d5t orig91 d]iv$ f ! ,sphroidea 9 diff]5t ways 7comp>e pp4 #djb1 #dje1 c474 ,among all ,cyclodisc>ia ,ar*idiscus is ! mo/ simple1 & probably ! common ance/ral =m1 f :i* ! o!r g5]a may be d]iv$4 ,subg5us #a4 ,dioniscus1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,r+ ) two *amb]s1 sep>at$ by two radial beams4 #a4 ,ar*idiscus dioniscus1 n4 sp4 ,r+ circul>1 connect$ ) ! c5tral *amb] by two radial beams1 opposite 9 "o axis1 !re=e two equal semicircul> r+ *amb]s4 7,?is primitive =m has an int]e/+ ref]5ce to ,saturnalis1 ,pl4 #ac1 fig4 #af1 & diff]s f x only 9 ! lattice-"w cov]+ bo? faces ( ! l5ticul> disk1 ! m>g9 ( :i* =ms ! r+47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! r+ #j4je1 ( ! c5tral *amb] #j4jaf4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 #b4 ,ar*idiscus di?alamus1 n4 sp4 ,r+ r\ndi%1 connect$ ) ! c5tral *amb] by two radial beams1 n opposite 9 "o axis2 bo? semicircul> r+ *amb]s m or less unequal1 "o ( !m l>g] ?an ! o!r1 & sometimes mu* m prom95t4 7,if ?is prom95ce increase1 we c reg>d x z ! beg9n+ ( spiral convolutions1 ,discospira47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! r+ #j4jf1 ( ! c5tral *amb] #j4jad4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bff1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 ,subg5us #b4 ,trioniscus1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,r+ ) ?ree *amb]s1 sep>at$ by ?ree radial beams4 #dhgc4 ,ar*idiscus trioniscus1 n4 sp4 ,r+ triangul>1 r\ndi%1 equilat]al1 connect$ ) ! c5tral *amb] by ?ree radial beams at equal di/ances 7#abj72 !re=e ?ree equal r+ *amb]s4 7,resembles ! c5tral "p ( ! disk ( ,tripodictya trigon>ia1 ,pl4 #db1 fig4 #h1 & may be ! ance/ral =m ( x47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! r+ #j4jd1 ( ! c5tral *amb] #j4jad4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfe1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #d4 ,ar*idiscus tri?alamus1 n4 sp4 ,r+ irregul>1 r\ndi%1 connect$ ) ! c5tral *amb] by ?ree radial beams at unequal di/ances2 !re=e ?ree r+ *amb]s ( diff]5t size4 7,if ^! diff]5ces be important1 !y introduce a spiral convolution 9 ! fur!r developm5t ( ! ,porodiscus aris+ f x47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! r+ #j4jf1 ( ! c5tral *amb] #j4jaf4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bhh1 surface4 ,subg5us #c4 ,tetroniscus1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,r+ ) f\r *amb]s1 sep>at$ by f\r radial beams4 #e4 ,ar*idiscus /auroniscus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dh1 figs4 #i1 #i;a74 ,r+ regul>1 squ>e1 connect$ ) ! c5tral *amb] by f\r radial beams at equal di/ances1 opposite 9 pairs 9 two axes p]p5dicul> "o to ano!r2 !re=e f\r equal r+ *amb]s 7or congru5t quadrants ( ! r+74 ,resembles ! c5tral "p ( ! disk ( ,/aurodictya m$usa1 c4 7,pl4 #db1 figs4 #a-c72 also ( ,/aurodictya gracilis1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahge 7,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 ,taf4 xxiii4 fig4 #c74 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! r+ #j4je1 ( ! c5tral *amb] #j4jaf4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bec1 dep? #cabe fa?oms4 #f4 ,ar*idiscus tetroniscus1 n4 sp4 ,r+ elliptical1 ( rhomboidal fundam5tal =m1 connect$ ) ! c5tral *amb] by f\r radial beams1 halv+ ! sides ( ! rhombus & opposite 9 pairs 9 two axes :i* are n p]p5dicul> "o to ano!r2 !re=e f\r r+ *amb]s 9 pairs diff]5t1 two opposite equal & l>g] ?an ! two o!rs4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! r+ #j4je to #j4jg1 ( ! c5tral *amb] #j4jaf4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfc1 dep? #bfej fa?oms4 #g4 ,ar*idiscus tetra?alamus1 n4 sp4 ,r+ irregul>1 quadrangul>1 connect$ ) ! c5tral *amb] by f\r radial beams ( increas+ unequal l5g?2 !re=e all f\r r+ *amb]s ( diff]5t size1 gradually increas+ #dhh;9 ! foll[+ quadrants ( ! r+4 ,important z an ance/ral type ( su* spiral & semi-spiral =ms z ,/aurodictya cruciata 7,pl4 #db1 figs4 #d1 #ab1 c47 & ,/ylodictya clavata1 ,/ylodictya /ellata1 c41 ( ,ehr5b]g1 #ahge 7,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 ,taf4 xxiii4 figs4 #b1 #g1 #h1 #i74 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! r+ #j4je to #j4jh1 ( ! c5tral *amb] #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bie1 dep? #aejj fa?oms4 ,subg5us #d4 ,p5toniscus1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,r+ ) five *amb]s1 sep>at$ by five radial beams4 #h4 ,ar*idiscus p5toniscus1 n4 sp4 ,r+ p5tagonal or ne>ly circul>1 regul>1 connect$ ) ! c5tral *amb] by five radial beams ( equal l5g? & at equal di/ances 7#gb72 !re=e all five *amb]s ( ! r+ ( equal size & simil> =m4 7,resembles ! c5tral "p ( ! disk ( ,p5t9a/rum a/]iscus1 ,pl4 #dd1 fig4 #b47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! r+ #j4je1 ( ! c5tral *amb] #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdd1 surface4 ,subg5us #e4 ,hexoniscus1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,r+ ) six *amb]s1 sep>at$ by six radial beams4 #i4 ,ar*idiscus hexoniscus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dh1 figs4 #aj1 #aj;a74 ,r+ regul>1 hexagonal1 or ne>ly circul>1 connect$ ) ! c5tral *amb] by six radial beams ( equal l5g? & at equal di/ances 7#fj72 !re=e all six *amb]s ( ! same size & =m4 7,resembles ! c5tral "p ( ! disk ( ,hex9a/rum g]yonidum1 ,pl4 #dd1 fig4 #d47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! r+ #j4jf1 ( ! c5tral *amb] #j4jah4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 #aj4 ,ar*idiscus pyloniscus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dh1 figs4 #aa1 #aa;a74 ,r+ triangul>1 connect$ ) ! c5tral *amb] by six radial beams at alt]nat+ di/ances2 !re=e ?ree l>g] *amb]s 7( loos] network7 alt]nate ) ?ree small] *amb]s 7( d5s] network72 pores ( ! =m] twice to ?ree times z l>ge z ^? ( ! latt]4 ,?is species is ( peculi> importance1 z an imm$iate transitional =m to ! ,pylodiscida4 ,if ^! ?ree l>g] r+ *amb]s lose _! few lattice-beams & s became op5 gates1 we get ,triol5e or ,triopyle1 ! orig9al =ms ( ! ,pylodiscida4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! r+ #j4je1 ( ! c5tral *amb] #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bff1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #dhiaa4 ,ar*idiscus hexa?alamus1 n4 sp4 ,r+ irregul>1 r\ndi%1 or hexagonal1 connect$ ) ! c5tral *amb] by six radial beams ( unequal increas+ l5g?2 !re=e all six r+ *amb]s ( gradually increas+ size 7beg9n+ a spiral convolution1 orig9al =m ( "s ,discospira74 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! r+ #j4je to #j4jg1 ( ! c5tral *amb] #j4jad4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #cjj1 dep? #acge fa?oms4 ,subg5us #f4 ,circoniscus1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,r+ ) sev5 or m *amb]s1 sep>at$ by sev5 or m radial beams4 #ab4 ,ar*idiscus octoniscus1 n4 sp4 ,r+ circul> or regul> octagonal1 connect$ ) ! c5tral *amb] by eight equidi/ant radial beams2 !re=e eight r+ *amb]s ( equal size4 7,comp>e ! c5tral "p ( ! disk ( ,porodiscus quadrigatus1 ,pl4 #da1 fig4 #c47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! r+ #j4jd1 ( ! c5tral *amb] #j4jad4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #ac4 ,ar*idiscus poly?alamus1 n4 sp4 ,r+ circul>1 connect$ ) ! c5tral *amb] by n9e to t5 or m radial beams at ne>ly equal di/ances4 ,r+ *amb]s n9e to t51 m or less equal1 sometimes also elev5 to twelve1 m diff]5t4 7,?is species is v v>iable1 & may p]haps be divid$ into a numb] ( diff]5t trans=mi/ic species47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! r+ #j4jd to #j4jf1 ( ! c5tral *amb] #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ations #bfe to #bgd1 dep?s #bcej to #bibe fa?oms4 ,g5us #bac4 ,axodiscus1#beb n4 sp4 ,def9ition4--,porodiscida ) a simple c5tral *amb]1 surr\nd$ by "o s+le conc5tric r+1 :i* is divid$ by radial beams into two to six or m radial *amb]s2 m>g9 ( ! disk arm$ ) radial sp9es4 ,! g5us ,axodiscus diff]s f ! prec$+ ,ar*idiscus only 9 ! %ape ( ! m>g9 ( ! small l5ticul> disk1 :i* is arm$ ) a v>iable numb] ( radial sp9es1 indicat+ c]ta9 axes or radii ( ! %ell4 ,if ^! m>g9al sp9es at c]ta9 equal di/ances f ! m>g9 bran* & _! di/al ends become unit$ by ^! bran*es =m+ a conc5tric second r+1 ! g5us passes into ,porodiscus4 ,! diff]5t numb] & disposition ( ! m>g9al sp9es are probably v important1 #dij;z det]m9+ ! lat] developm5t ( two to f\r or m radii 9 ! diff]5t g5]a ( ,porodiscida4 #a4 ,axodiscus /ylophorus1 n4 sp4 ,r+ circul>1 ) two equal semicircul> *amb]s1 connect$ ) ! c5tral *amb] by two opposite radial beams1 :i* are prolong$ outside into two /rong conical sp9es4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! r+ #j4je1 ( ! c5tral *amb] #j4jaf4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bff1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #b4 ,axodiscus triradiatus1 n4 sp4 ,r+ regul>1 triangul>1 equilat]al1 connect$ ) ! c5tral *amb] by ?ree equidi/ant radial beams1 :i* are prolong$ outside into ?ree %ort conical sp9es4 7,diff]s f ,ar*idiscus trioniscus 9 ! possession ( m>g9al sp9es47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! r+ #j4jd1 ( ! c5tral *amb] #j4jac4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfg1 dep? #bgjj fa?oms4 #c4 ,axodiscus /aurophorus1 n4 sp4 ,r+ regul>1 squ>e1 connect$ ) ! c5tral *amb] by f\r radial beams1 :i* lie opposite 9 pairs 9 two p]p5dicul>ly cross$ axes1 & are prolong$ outside into f\r delicate cyl9drical sp9es4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! r+ #j4jde1 ( ! c5tral *amb] #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdd1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #d4 ,axodiscus hexagonus1 n4 sp4 ,r+ regul>1 hexagonal1 connect$ ) ! c5tral *amb] by six radial beams at equal di/ances1 :i* are prolong$ outside into six /rong pyramidal sp9es4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! r+ #j4jf1 ( ! c5tral *amb] #j4jah4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 #e4 ,axodiscus trigonus1 n4 sp4 ,r+ regul>1 triangul>1 equilat]al1 connect$ ) ! c5tral *amb] by six radial beams ( alt]nat+ l5g? & di/ance2 !re=e ?ree small] 7p]radial7 *amb]s 7) d5s] & d>k] network7 alt]nat+ ) ?ree l>g] 7int]radial7 *amb]s 7) loos] & f9] network74 ,on ! m>g9 ?ree /rong conical radial sp9es1 aris+ 9 ! radius ( ! l>g] *amb]s4 7,diff]s f ,ar*idiscus pyloniscus1 ,pl4 #dh1 fig4 #aa1 ma9ly 9 ! /rong angul> sp9es on ! ?ree corn]s ( ! triangul> %ell47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! r+ #j4je1 ( ! c5tral *amb] #j4jad4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bif1 dep? #ahbe fa?oms4 #diaf4 ,axodiscus octogonus1 n4 sp4 ,r+ circul> or ne>ly octagonal1 connect$ ) ! c5tral *amb] by eight radial beams at ne>ly equal di/ances1 :i* are prolong$ outside into eight %ort conical sp9es4 7,diff]s f ,ar*idiscus octoniscus 9 ! m>g9al prolongation ( ! eight beams47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! r+ #j4jd1 ( ! c5tral *amb] #j4jac4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgd1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #g4 ,axodiscus sp9osus1 n4 sp4 ,r+ circul>1 connect$ ) ! c5tral *amb] by t5 to twelve radial beams at ne>ly equal di/ances1 :i* are prolong$ outside into %ort conical sp9es ( v>iable l5g?4 7,may be reg>d$ z an aculeate v>iety ( ,ar*idiscus poly?alamus47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! r+ #j4jd to #j4je1 ( ! c5tral *amb] #j4jad4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ations #bfe to #bgd1 dep?s #bcej to #biej fa?oms4 ,subfamily #b4 ,,trematodiscida1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dia 7s5su em5dato et re/ricto74 ,def9ition4--,porodiscida )\t radial app5dages ( ! disk 7solid sp9es or *amb]$ arms on ! m>g971 & )\t peculi> oscula on ! m>g9 ( ! disk1 :i* is compos$ ( two to f\r or m conc5tric r+s4 ,g5us #bad4 ,porodiscus1#bec ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dei4 ,def9ition4--,porodiscida ) simple circul> disk1 compos$ ( sev]al r+s 7)\t radial app5dages or peculi> oscula on ! m>g9 ( ! disk74 ,! g5us ,porodiscus is1 next to its ance/ral =m1 ,ar*idiscus1 ! simple/ & mo/ primitive =m ( ! ,porodiscida1 f :i* all o!r g5]a ( ?is family c be d]iv$4 ,! disk is q simple1 )\t any m>g9al app5dages1 compos$ ( a v>iable numb] ( r+s1 commonly ( circul> =m1 sometimes m or less polygonal1 elliptical1 or irregul>4 ,9 my ,monograph 7#ahfb1 pp4 #dia1 #eac7 ,i _h sep>at$ ! species1 "h unit$ 9 ,porodiscus1 into two diff]5t g5]a3 ,trematodiscus ) conc5tric r+s1 & ,discospira ) spiral r+s4 ,b ! ext5d$ /udy ( ^! v common =ms 9 a great numb] ( specim5s 9 ! ,*all5g] collection has conv9c$ me t ! sep>ation ( ^? two g5]a _c be ma9ta9$4 ,9 "o & ! same locality1 :]e "o s+le *>act]i/ic disk-=m is v common1 we f9d int]m+l$ q regul> disks ) only conc5tric1 circul> r+s 7,trematodiscus71 & o!r disks ) "o s+le p]fect spiral r+ 7,discospira72 & betwe5 #dib^! a small] numb] ( specim5s1 9 :i* ! r+s ( ! disk are p>tly conc5tric1 p>tly spiral2 ei!r ! r+s ( ! c5tral "p ( ! disk are conc5tric1 ! out] spiral 7,p]ispira71 or ! proportion is inv]se 7,c5trospira72 & sometimes ! :ole disposition ( ! conc5tric & spiral r+s is irregul>1 & ! r+s (t5 int]rupt$ 7,atactodiscus74 ,!re=e x appe>s m natural to give to all ^! diff]5t =ms only ! value ( subg5]a ( ,porodiscus1 z ,i h already propos$ 9 my ,prodromus 7#ahha1 p4 #dei74 ,ev5 ! num]\s species ( ,porodiscus 7ma9ly *>act]is$ by ! equal or diff]5t bread? ( ! r+s1 & by ! numb]1 =m1 & size ( ! connect+ radial beams & ( ! sup]ficial pores7 are = ! mo/ "p v v>iable & h>d to di/+ui%1 z all ^? *>act]s are n con/ant4 ,porodiscus is a q trans=mi/ic g5us4 ,subg5us #a4 ,trematodiscus1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #hda4 ,def9ition4--,all r+s ( ! disk conc5tric 7commonly circul>1 r>ely a little elliptical or polygonal74 #a4 ,porodiscus orbiculatus1 ,haeckel4 ,trematodiscus orbiculatus1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dib1 ,taf4 xxix4 fig4 #a4 ,trematodiscus orbiculatus1 ,/hr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #ajh4 ,all r+s ( ! disk circul>1 conc5tric1 ( equal bread?1 connect$ by num]\s alt]nat+ radial beams4 ,*amb]s diff]+ little 9 size1 ab\t z l>ge z ! c5tral *amb]4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 two to two & a half on ! bread? ( ea* r+4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) n9e r+s7 #j4ah2 bread? ( ea* r+ #j4ja2 pores #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,m$it]ranean1 ,atlantic1 ,indian1 ,pacific1 surface2 also fossil 9 ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,b>bados1 ,sicily1 & ,nicob>4 #b4 ,porodiscus conc5tricus1 ,haeckel4 ,trematodiscus conc5tricus1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dic4 ,trematodiscus conc5tricus1 ,/hr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #ajh4 ,flu/rella conc5trica1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahch1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #acb2 ,ibid41 #ahge1 p4 #gb1 ,taf4 xxii4 fig4 #ac4 8 ,flu/rella conc5trica1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahed1 ,mikrogeol41 ,taf4 xix4 fig4 #fa1 ,taf4 xx4 fig4 #db1 ,taf4 xxi4 fig4 #ea1 ,taf4 xxxvi4 fig4 #bi4 ,all r+s ( ! disk circul>1 conc5tric1 ( equal bread?1 connect$ by num]\s pi]c+ radial beams4 ,*amb]s diff]5t 9 size1 increas+ f ! c5tre t[>ds ! p]iph]y4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 "o & half to two on ! bread? ( ea* r+4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) eight r+s7 #j4af2 bread? ( ea* r+ #j4ja2 pores #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 _m ,t]ti>y rocks--,b>bados1 ,sicily1 ,greece1 c4 ,porodiscus haeckelii ,trematodiscus haeckelii1 ,bts*li1 #ahhb1 ,l4 ,n4 #da1 ,taf4 xxiv4 figs4 #e;a1 #e;b4 #dicc4 ,porodiscus flu/rella1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #da1 fig4 #a74 ,trematodiscus flu/rella1 ,haeckel1 #ahff1 ,,ms4 ,can>4 ,ins4 ,all r+s ( ! disk circul>1 conc5tric1 ( equal bread?1 connect$ by num]\s pi]c+ radial beams4 ,*amb]s diff]5t 9 size1 increas+ f ! c5tre t[>ds ! p]iph]y4 ,pores v irregul>1 polygonal1 or r\ndi%1 "o to ?ree on ! bread? ( ea* r+4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) six r+s7 #j4ab2 bread? ( ea* r+ #j4ja2 pores #j4jjb to #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,atlantic1 ,pacific1 c41 _m ,/ations1 surface4 #d4 ,porodiscus sorites1 ,haeckel4 ,trematodiscus sorites1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dib1 ,taf4 xxix4 fig4 #b4 ,all r+s ( ! disk circul>1 conc5tric1 ( equal bread?1 connect$ by num]\s alt]nat+ radial beams4 ,*amb]s diff]5t 9 size1 increas+ f ! c5tre4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 "o to "o & a half on ! bread? ( ea* r+4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) six r+s7 #j4ab2 bread? ( ea* r+ #j4ja2 pores #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a71 surface4 #e4 ,porodiscus macroporus1 ,haeckel4 ,trematodiscus macroporus1 ,haeckel1 #ahgi1 ,,ms4 ,flu/rella macropora1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahge1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #afj4 ,all r+s ( ! disk circul>1 conc5tric1 ( equal bread?1 connect$ by num]\s pi]c+ radial beams4 ,*amb]s ( diff]5t bread?1 increas+ f ! c5tre4 ,pores regul>1 v l>ge1 ne>ly squ>e1 "o s+le pore on ! bread? ( ea* r+4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) five r+s7 #j4aa2 bread? ( ea* r+ #j4ja2 pores #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,b>bados4 #f4 ,porodiscus microporus1 ,haeckel4 ,trematodiscus microporus1 ,/hr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol xxvi4 p4 #ajh1 ,taf4 iv4 fig4 #ag4 ,all r+s ( ! disk conc5tric1 ei!r circul> or a little elliptical2 ! inn]mo/ r+s ( ! same bread? z ! c5tral *amb]1 ! ?ird r+ mu* broad]4 ,radial beams betwe5 !m alt]nat+2 *amb]s ( diff]5t size4 ,pores v small1 subregul>1 ev]y:]e ( ! same size1 f\r to five pores on ! bread? ( ea* r+4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) ?ree r+s7 #j4ae2 bread? ( ! inn] r+s #j4jb1 ( ! out] #j4jc2 pores #j4jjaf4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,sicily1 ,grotte1 ,/hr4 #didg4 ,porodiscus ellipticus1 ,haeckel4 ,trematodiscus ellipticus1 ,/hr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #ajh1 ,taf4 iv4 fig4 #af4 ,all r+s ( ! disk conc5tric1 ei!r circul> or a little elliptical1 connect$ by eight pi]c+ radial beams2 c5tral *amb] elliptical1 ( ! same bread? z ! fir/ r+1 broad] ?an ! foll[+ r+s1 ! bread? ( :i* decreases t[>ds ! p]iph]y4 ,pores irregul>1 9 ! inn] r+s twice z broad z 9 ! out] 7?ird7 r+1 f\r to five on ! bread? ( ea* r+4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) ?ree r+s7 #j4ah2 bread? ( ! inn] r+s #j4jc1 ( ! out] #j4jb2 pores #j4jjc to #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,sicily1 ,grotte1 ,/hr4 #h4 ,porodiscus het]ocyclus1 ,haeckel4 ,trematodiscus het]ocyclus1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dic1 ,taf4 xxix4 fig4 #c4 8 ,flu/rella cyclia1 ,h>t+1 #ahfc1 ,fauna ,b&a-,zee1 p4 #aa1 pl4 i4 fig4 #ai4 ,trematodiscus het]ocyclus1 ,/hr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #ajh4 ,all r+s ( ! disk conc5tric1 circul>1 connect$ by num]\s radial beams1 :i* are p>tly pi]c+1 p>tly alt]nat+4 ,! bread? ( ! r+s increases gradually f ! c5tre t[>ds ! p]iph]y1 correspond+ also to ! size ( ! pores2 two to ?ree circul> pores on ! bread? ( ea* r+4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) six r+s7 #j4ag2 bread? ( ! second r+ #j4jjg1 ( ! six? #j4jb2 pores #j4jjb to #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,m$it]ranean1 ,atlantic1 ,pacific1 surface2 also fossil 9 ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,b>bados & ! ,m$it]ranean4 #i4 ,porodiscus quadrigatus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #da1 fig4 #c74 ,all r+s ( ! disk conc5tric1 ( ne>ly equal bread?1 connect$ by f\r int]radial beams1 p]p5dicul> "o to ano!r4 ,! fir/ r+ 7surr\nd+ ! c5tral *amb]7 ) eight *amb]s1 ! second only ) f\r 7alt]nat+ ) ! f\r radial beams74 ,size ( ! f\r *amb]s ( ea* r+ increases mu* t[>ds ! p]iph]y4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 ab\t two on ! bread? ( ea* r+4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) six r+s7 #j4ah2 bread? ( ea* r+ #j4je2 pores #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 ,subg5us #b4 ,p]ispira1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dei4 ,def9ition4--,! inn] r+s ( ! disk conc5tric 7commonly circul>72 ! out] r+s spirally convolut$4 #dieaj4 ,porodiscus p]ispira1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #da1 fig4 #b74 ,p]ispira p]=ata1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus4 ,inn] r+s ( ! disk 7two or ?ree7 conc5tric1 out] r+s 7?ree or f\r7 spirally convolut$1 spiral l9e simple4 ,all r+s ne>ly ( ! same bread?1 connect$ by alt]nat+ irregul> radial beams4 ,pores irregul>1 two to ?ree on ! bread? ( ea* r+4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) six r+s7 #j4ag2 bread? ( ea* r+ #j4jaf2 pores #j4jjc to #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ations #bgb to #bgd1 surface4 #aa4 ,porodiscus radiatus1 n4 sp4 ,p]ispira radiata1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus4 ,inn] r+s ( ! disk 7f\r or five7 conc5tric1 out] r+s 7?ree or f\r7 spirally convolut$1 spiral l9e simple4 ,all r+s connect$ by pi]c+ radial beams 7eight 9 ! inn] half1 sixte5 9 ! out] half74 ,bread? ( ! r+s & ( ! pores increas+ f ! c5tre t[>ds ! p]iph]y1 ?ree to f\r pores on ! bread? ( ea* r+4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) eight r+s7 #j4ah2 bread? ( ! second r+ #j4jjf1 ( ! eigh? r+ #j4jb2 pores #j4jjb to #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccb1 dep? #bbjj fa?oms4 ,subg5us #c4 ,c5trospira1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dei4 ,def9ition4--,! inn] r+s ( ! disk spirally convolut$1 ! out] r+s conc5tric 7commonly circul>74 #ab4 ,porodiscus c5trospira1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #da1 fig4 #f74 ,c5trospira p]ispongidium1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus4 ,inn] r+s ( ! disk 7two or ?ree7 spirally convolut$ 7) simple or d\ble spiral l9e71 out] r+s 7?ree or f\r7 conc5tric1 subcircul>4 ,all r+s ne>ly ( ! same bread?1 connect$ by alt]nat+ radial beams4 ,pores subregul>1 two to ?ree on ! bread? ( ea* r+4 ,lattice-"w 9 ! p]iph]y ( ! disk a little spongy 7z 9 ,pl4 #da1 fig4 #aa74 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) five r+s7 #j4ae2 bread? ( ea* r+ #j4jae2 pores #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfg1 dep? #bgjj fa?oms4 ,subg5us #d4 ,discospira1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #eac4 ,def9ition4--,all r+s ( ! disk spirally convolut$1 =m+ p>ts ( a simple or d\ble spiral turn+4 #difac4 ,porodiscus helicoides1 ,haeckel4 ,discospira helicoides1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ead1 ,taf4 xxix4 fig4 #g4 ,trematodiscus helicoides1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #hda4 ,all r+s ( ! disk spirally convolut$ ar\nd ! c5tral *amb]2 spiral l9e regul>1 simple4 ,all r+s ne>ly ( ! same bread?1 connect$ by num]\s alt]nat+ radial beams4 ,*amb]s little diff]5t 9 size1 little long] ?an broad4 ,pores ( equal size1 regul>1 two on ! bread? ( ea* r+4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) t5 r+s7 #j4b2 bread? ( ea* r+ #j4ja2 pores #j4jjbe4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,m$it]ranean1 ,atlantic1 ,pacific2 also fossil 9 ! ,t]ti>y rocks ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 ,sicily1 ,oran1 c4 #ad4 ,porodiscus spiralis1 ,haeckel4 ,flu/rella spiralis1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahdj1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #baj2 ,mikrogeol41 #ahed1 ,taf4 xix4 fig4 #fb4 ,discospira spiralis1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #eac4 ,all r+s ( ! disk spirally convolut$ ar\nd ! c5tral *amb]2 spiral l9e regul>1 simple4 ,all r+s ne>ly ( ! same bread?1 connect$ by num]\s 7twelve to sixte57 pi]c+ radial beams4 ,*amb]s increas+ 9 size f ! c5tre t[>ds ! p]iph]y4 ,pores irregul>1 ( diff]5t size1 "o & a half to two on ! bread? ( ea* r+4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) eight r+s7 #j4af2 bread? ( ea* r+ #j4ja2 pores #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,m$it]ranean1 ,atlantic1 ,indian1 ,pacific2 also fossil 9 ! ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,b>bados1 ,sicily1 ,greece1 c4 #ae4 ,porodiscus op]cul9a1 ,haeckel4 ,discospira op]cul9a1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ead1 ,taf4 xxix4 fig4 #h4 ,all r+s ( ! disk spirally convolut$ ar\nd ! c5tral *amb]1 spiral l9e regul>1 simple4 ,bread? ( ! r+s & l5g? ( ! *amb]s increas+ 9 size f ! c5tre t[>ds ! p]iph]y4 ,mo/ "p ( *amb]s twice z long z broad4 ,pores irregul>1 ( v diff]5t sizes1 two to ?ree on ! bread? ( ea* r+4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) six r+s7 #j4af2 bread? ( ! r+s #j4jab to #j4jaf2 pores #j4jjb to #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a71 surface4 #af4 ,porodiscus bilix1 ,haeckel4 ,discospira bilix1 ,/hr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #aac1 ,taf4 vi4 fig4 #c4 ,all r+s ( ! disk spirally convolut$ ar\nd ! l>ge elliptical c5tral *amb]4 ,spiral convolutions ( ! inn] r+s simple1 ( ! out] r+s d\ble2 ! latt] twice z broad z ! #dig;=m]4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 9 ! inn] r+s "o pore on ! bread?1 9 ! out] r+s two to ?ree pores4 ,radial beams pi]c+1 num]\s1 on ! m>g9 prom95t4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) six r+s7 #j4ad2 bread? ( ! inn] r+s #j4jjg1 ( ! out] #j4jac2 pores #j4jjag4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,sicily1 ,grotte1 ,/hr4 #ag4 ,porodiscus bispiralis1 ,haeckel4 ,/ylodictya bispiralis1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahge1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #afj4 ,taf4 xxiv4 fig4 #a4 ,all r+s ( ! disk spirally convolut$1 9 a p]fect d\ble spiral1 ) increas+ bread? ( ! r+s2 ! f\r? r+ twice z broad z ! fir/4 ,pores regul>1 circul>2 9 ! inn] r+s "o pore on ! bread?1 9 ! out] r+s two to ?ree pores4 ,radial beams pi]c+1 num]\s1 prom95t on ! m>g94 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) f\r r+s7 #j4a2 bread? ( ! inn] r+s #j4jjf1 ( ! out] #j4jab2 pores #j4jjae4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! rocks ( ,b>bados2 liv+ 9 ! dep?s ( ! ,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #ah4 ,porodiscus duplex1 ,haeckel4 ,discospira duplex1 ,/hr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #aad1 ,taf4 vi4 fig4 #d4 ,all r+s ( ! disk spirally convolut$1 9 a p]fect d\ble spiral1 ) increas+ bread? ( ! broad r+s4 ,pores regul>1 circul>2 9 ! inn] r+s two to ?ree1 9 ! out] f\r to five on ! bread?4 ,radial beams int]rupt$4 ,m>g9 ( ! r+s ?orny4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) ?ree r+s7 #j4ae2 bread? ( ! r+s #j4jb to #j4jd2 pores #j4jjg4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,sicily1 ,grotte1 ,/hr4 #ai4 ,porodiscus semispiralis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #da1 fig4 #d74 ,all r+s ( ! disk spirally convolut$1 divid$ by f\r radial1 p]p5dicul>ly cross$ & zigzag %ap$ beams into f\r quadrants2 ! qu>t] r+s ( ea* quadrant halv+ ! r+s ( ea* adjac5t qu>t]4 ,half spiral l9e (t5 irregul> or p>tly int]rupt$4 ,bread? ( all r+s ne>ly equal4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 two on ! bread? ( ea* r+4 ,m>g9 ( ! disk d5tat$4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) n9e r+s7 #j4bb2 bread? ( ea* r+ #j4jab2 pores #j4jjb to #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgb1 dep? #bfjj fa?oms4 ,subg5us #e4 ,atactodiscus1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dei4 ,def9ition4--,r+s ( ! disk m or less irregul>1 p>tly conc5tric1 p>tly spirally convolut$1 (t5 int]rupt$4 #dihbj4 ,porodiscus de=mis1 ,haeckel4 ,discospira de=mis1 ,/hr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #aad1 ,taf4 vi4 fig4 #f4 ,r+s ( ! disk irregul>1 p>tly conc5tric1 p>tly spiral1 (t5 int]rupt$1 increas+ 9 bread? f ! c5tre4 ,radial beams n pi]c+2 pores regul>1 circul>1 two to six on ! bread? ( ! diff]5t r+s4 7,v v>iable & irregul>1 sometimes m spiral1 at o!r times m conc5tric1 b always ) equal pores47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) f\r r+s7 #j4ah2 bread? ( ! fir/ r+ #j4jad1 ( ! second #j4jc1 ( ! f\r? #j4jf2 pores #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,b>bados & ,sicily2 liv+ 9 ! ,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ations #bff to #bfh1 dep?s #bgjj to #bijj fa?oms4 #ba4 ,porodiscus irregul>is1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #da1 fig4 #g74 ,atactodiscus irregul>is1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dei4 ,p]ispongidium irregul>e1 ,haeckel1 #ahgh1 ,,ms4 et ,atlas 7pl4 xli4 fig4 #g74 ,r+s ( ! disk irregul>1 p>tly conc5tric1 p>tly spiral1 (t5 int]rupt$1 ) ne>ly equal bread?4 ,radial beams n pi]c+2 pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 two to f\r on ! bread? ( ea* r+2 network 9 ! p]iph]y ( ! disk spongy4 7,v v>iable & irregul>1 sometimes m spiral1 at o!r times m conc5tric2 disk 9 ! p]iph]al "p (t5 m or less spongy4 ,diff]s f ! prec$+ by ! equal bread? ( ! r+s & ! diff]5t size ( ! pores47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) six r+s7 #j4ae2 bread? ( ea* r+ #j4jaa2 pores #j4jjb to #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,m$it]ranean1 ,atlantic1 ,pacific1 surface2 also fossil 9 ,b>bados4 ,g5us #bae4 ,p]i*lamydium1#bed ,ehr5b]g1 #ahdg1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #ed4 ,def9ition4--,porodiscida ) a simple circul> disk 7)\t radial sp9es & *amb]$ arms71 surr\nd$ on ! m>g9 by a ?9 por\s 7b n *amb]$7 equatorial girdle4 ,! g5us ,p]i*lamydium diff]s f ,porodiscus only 9 ! developm5t ( a ?91 por\s1 equatorial girdle1 :i* surr\nds ! circul> m>g9 ( ! *amb]$ disk4 ,?is girdle lies 9 ! equatorial plane ( ! l5ticul> disk1 & repres5ts a v delicate silice\s plate1 p]=at$ by num]\s small pores4 ,sometimes ! proximal "p ( ! girdle is ribb$ by ?9 radial beams1 ! di/al prolongations ( ! radial rods ( ! c5tral disk4 ,if ^! ribs rea* ! m>g9 ( ! girdle & are prom95t ov] x1 ,p]i*lamydium passes ov] into ,/ylo*lamydium4 #diia4 ,p]i*lamydium praetextum1 ,ehr5b]g4 ,p]i*lamydium praetextum1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahdg1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #dc2 ,mikrogeol41 #ahed1 ,taf4 xxii4 fig4 #ba 7non #bj74 ,p]i*lamydium praetextum1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #die4 ,all r+s ( ! disk 7?ree to f\r7 conc5tric1 circul>1 ( equal bread?1 ) int]rupt$ 7n pi]c+7 radial beams4 ,equatorial girdle )\t radial beams1 ne>ly z broad z ! disk2 its circul> pores ( ! same size z ^? ( ! disk2 ab\t two pores on ! bread? ( ea* r+4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7)\t ! girdle1 ) f\r r+s7 #j4aa2 bread? ( ea* r+ #j4jab2 bread? ( ! girdle #j4jf to #j4a2 pores #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,atlantic1 ,indian1 ,pacific1 surface2 also fossil 9 ! ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,b>bados & ,sicily4 #b4 ,p]i*lamydium saturnus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #da1 fig4 #e74 ,all r+s ( ! disk 7?ree to f\r7 conc5tric1 circul> 7sometimes p>tly conc5tric1 circul>1 p>tly spiral1 or irregul>71 ) int]rupt$ 7n pi]c+7 radial beams4 ,equatorial girdle )\t radial beams1 ab\t half z broad z ! disk2 its circul> pores v small1 sc>cely half z l>ge z ^? ( ! disk2 ab\t ?ree pores on ! bread? ( ea* r+4 7,v v>iable 9 ! r+-=m1 diff]s f ! prec$+ 9 ! small pores ( ! girdle47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7)\t ! girdle1 ) ?ree r+s7 #j4aa2 bread? ( ea* r+ #j4jb1 pores #j4jjd1 bread? ( ! girdle #j4je1 pores #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfe1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #c4 ,p]i*lamydium accresc5s1 ,haeckel4 ,discospira accresc5s1 ,/hr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #aad1 ,taf4 vi4 fig4 #e4 ,all r+s ( ! disk 7six to sev57 n conc5tric1 convolut$ 9 a simple spiral1 ( ne>ly equal bread?1 ) int]rupt$ 7n pi]c+7 radial beams4 ,equatorial girdle 9 ! proximal "p ) num]\s radial beams1 :i* d n rea* its m>g92 its pores half z l>ge z ^? ( ! disk1 :]e "o to two pores arise on ! bread? ( ea* r+4 7,! girdle becomes twice to ?ree times z broad z 9 ! figure ( ,/hr47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) sev5 r+s1 )\t ! girdle7 #j4ac2 bread? ( ea* r+ #j4jjg to #j4ja2 pores #j4jjcf2 bread? ( ! girdle #j4je1 pores ( x #j4jjag4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,sicily1 ,grotte 7,/hr71 ,caltanisetta 7,haeckel72 liv+ 9 ! ,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bff1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #d4 ,p]i*lamydium spirale1 ,ehr5b]g4 ,p]i*lamydium spirale1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahge1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #hj1 ,taf4 xxii4 fig4 #ab4 ,all r+s ( ! disk 7?ree to f\r7 n conc5tric1 convolut$ 9 a simple spiral1 ( increas+ bread? f ! c5tre2 connect$ by num]\s pi]c+ radial beams4 ,equatorial girdle ab\t #ejj;half z broad z ! disk1 )\t radial beams2 its pores ( ! same size z ^? ( ! disk1 regul>1 circul>2 ?ree pores on ! bread? ( ! fir/ r+1 six pores ( ! f\r? r+4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) f\r r+s1 )\t ! girdle7 #j4ab2 bread? ( ! fir/ r+ #j4ja1 ( ! f\r? #j4jb2 bread? ( ! girdle #j4je2 pores #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! rocks ( ,b>bados4 ,subfamily #c4 ,,ommatodiscida1 ,/hr1 #ahhj1 ,palontographica1 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #aae4 ,def9ition4--,porodiscida )\t radial app5dages ( ! conc5trically annulat$ disk1 b di/+ui%$ by "o s+le or two opposite l>ge m>g9al oscula1 or wide op5+s on ! m>g9 ( ! disk1 arm$ ) a coronet ( sp9es4 ,g5us #baf4 ,ommatodiscus1#bee ,/hr1 #ahhj1 ,palontographica1 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #aae4 ,def9ition4--,porodiscida )\t *amb]$ arms & radial sp9es on ! m>g9 ( ! circul> or elliptical disk1 b ) "o l>ge m>g9al osculum or op5+ surr\nd$ by a coronet ( sp9es4 ,! g5us ,ommatodiscus1 toge!r ) ! foll[+ ,/omatodiscus1 =m ! peculi> small subfamily ( ,ommatodiscida1 f\nd$ by ,/hr 9 #ahhj 7loc4 cit474 ,^! rem>kable ,porodiscida1 v ne>ly alli$ to ,porodiscus1 are di/+ui%$ by "o or two l>ge op5+s on ! m>g9 ( ! disk1 & ^! m>g9al oscula are con/antly arm$ ) a coronet ( sp9es 7comp>able to ! osculum coronatum ( ,sycon 9 ! ,calcispongi74 ,probably 9 ! liv+ ,ommatodiscida ! osculum is ! door f :i* a s>code-flagellum issues 7comp4 above1 p4 #djg74 ,p]haps ?is osculum is comp>able to ! peculi> coronet ( sp9es :i* is develop$ on "o pole ( ! %ell axis 9 "s ,ellipsida 7,li?omespilus1 ,li?apium74 ,! int]nal /ructure ( ! disk is commonly m or less obscure1 z ! l5ticul> disk is mu* ?ick5$1 sometimes ne>ly ellipsoidal4 ,x is possible t ! ,ommatodiscida are m ne>ly relat$ to ! ,li!lida ?an to ! ,porodiscida2 b !re is no indication ( an int]nal trizonal m$ull>y %ell4 ,also ! app>5t resemblance to ! ,cyrtida is ( no morphological value2 bo? gr\ps are ( q indep5d5t phylog5etic orig94 ,subg5us #a4 ,ommatodisc9us1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,disk circul>4 #a4 ,ommatodiscus decipi5s1 ,/hr4 ,ommatodiscus decipi5s1 ,/hr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #aae1 ,taf4 vi4 figs4 #h1 #h;a4 ,disk circul>1 ) two *amb]$ r+s ar\nd ! sph]ical c5tral *amb]1 ( equal bread?4 ,*amb]s twice z high z broad4 ,pores v small1 "o-?ird z broad z ! b>s #eja;betwe5 !m1 two on ! bread? ( ea* r+4 ,osculum ( ! same bread? z ! c5tral *amb]1 surr\nd$ by num]\s v %ort tee?4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ab2 bread? ( ! c5tral *amb] & ( ea* r+ #j4jc2 pores #j4jjae4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,sicily1 ,grotte1 ,/hr4 #b4 ,ommatodiscus /hrii1 n4 sp4 ,disk circul> ) ?ree *amb]$ r+s ar\nd ! sph]ical c5tral *amb]1 ( equal bread?4 ,*amb]s broad] ?an high4 ,pores ( ! same bread? z ! b>s betwe5 !m1 f\r on ! bread? ( ea* r+4 ,osculum ( ! same bread? z ! c5tral *amb]1 surr\nd$ by a corona ( t5 to tw5ty ?91 bri/le-%ap$ tee?1 z long z its diamet]4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4b2 bread? ( ! c5tral *amb] & ( ea* r+ #j4jc2 pores #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdd1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #c4 ,ommatodiscus circul>is1 n4 sp4 ,disk circul>1 ) f\r circul> *amb]$ r+s ar\nd ! sph]ical c5tral *amb]1 ( increas+ bread?2 ! f\r? r+ twice z broad z ! second4 ,*amb]s ab\t z broad z high4 ,pores l>ge1 twice z broad z ! b>s1 "o to two on ! bread? ( ea* r+4 ,osculum twice z broad z ! c5tral *amb]1 surr\nd$ by a coronal ( /rong conical tee?1 twice z long z its diamet]4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ah2 bread? ( ! c5tral *amb] & inn] r+s #j4jae1 ( ! out] r+s #j4jc2 pores #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bie1 dep? #aejj fa?oms4 ,subg5us #b4 ,ommatodisculus1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,disk elliptical4 #d4 ,ommatodiscus haeckelii1 ,/hr4 ,ommatodiscus haeckelii1 ,/hr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #aae1 ,taf4 vi4 figs4 #g1 #g;a4 ,disk elliptical 7#f 3 #g71 ) f\r *amb]$ r+s ar\nd ! elliptical c5tral *amb]1 ( equal bread?4 ,*amb]s ab\t z high z broad4 ,pores small1 half z broad z ! b>s1 two on ! bread? ( ea* r+4 ,osculum ?ree times z broad z ! c5tral *amb]1 surr\nd$ by a cr[n ( /rong conical tee?4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! disk #j4ah1 bread? #j4af2 bread? ( ea* r+ & ( ! c5tral *amb] #j4jb2 pores #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,sicily1 ,grotte 7,/hr71 ,caltanisetta 7,haeckel74 #ejbe4 ,ommatodiscus lvigatus1 ,/hr4 ,ommatodiscus lvigatus1 ,/hr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #aaf1 ,taf4 vi4 figs4 #i1 #i;a4 ,disk elliptical 7#c 3 #d71 ) ?ree *amb]$ r+s ar\nd ! circul> c5tral *amb]1 ! ?ird r+ half z broad z ! second4 ,*amb]s twice z high z broad4 ,pores v small1 "o-?ird z broad z ! b>s4 ,osculum twice z broad z ! c5tral *amb]1 arm$ ) a cr[n ( %ort conical tee?4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! disk #j4ae1 bread? #j4aa2 bread? ( inn] r+s #j4jb1 ( ! out] #j4ja2 pores #j4jjag4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,sicily1 ,grotte1 ,/hr4 #f4 ,ommatodiscus fragilis1 ,/hr4 ,ommatodiscus fragilis1 ,/hr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #aaf1 ,taf4 vi4 figs4 #aj1 #aj;a4 ,disk elliptical 7#d 3 #e71 ) five *amb]$ r+s ar\nd ! elliptical c5tral *amb]1 ! fif? r+ twice z broad z ea* ( ! o!rs4 ,*amb]s ab\t z high z broad4 ,pores v small1 "o-fif? z broad z ! b>s4 ,osculum ?ree times z broad z ! c5tral *amb]1 surr\nd$ by a coronet ( %ort tee?4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! disk #j4ag1 bread? #j4ac2 bread? ( ! inn] r+s #j4ja1 ( ! out] #j4jb2 pores #j4jja4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,sicily & ,b>bados2 liv+ 9 dep?s ( ! ,tropical ,atlantic & ,pacific1 ,/ation #cec1 dep? #bife fa?oms1 ,/ation #bfe1 dep? #bijj fa?oms1 c4 ,g5us #bag4 ,/omatodiscus1#bef n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,porodiscida )\t *amb]$ arms & radial sp9es on ! m>g9 ( ! circul> or elliptical disk1 b ) two l>ge1 opposite1 m>g9al oscula1 or op5+s surr\nd$ by a coronet ( sp9es4 ,! g5us ,/omatodiscus has ! same *>act]i/ic /ructure z ! =ego+ ,ommatodiscus1 & diff]s f x only 9 ! duplication ( ! l>ge m>g9al op5+s4 ,:il/ 9 ! latt] !re is only "o su* m>g9al osculum1 "h we f9d on ! m>g9 ( ! disk two oscula1 opposite on ! poles ( "o equatorial axis4 #a4 ,/omatodiscus amphi/omus1 n4 sp4 ,disk circul>1 ) ?ree conc5tric r+s ( equal bread? ar\nd ! c5tral *amb]4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 ab\t two on ! bread? ( ea* r+4 ,surface ( ! l5ticul> %ell sp9y4 ,on two opposite po9ts ( ! m>g9 a l>ge osculum1 ?ree to f\r times z broad z ! c5tral *amb]1 arm$ ) a coronet ( /rong pyramidal sp9es ( diff]5t l5g?1 ! longe/ equal to ! radius ( ! disk4 #ejc;,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) ?ree r+s7 #j4ab2 bread? ( ea* r+ #j4jaf2 pores #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #cjb1 dep? #adej fa?oms4 #b4 ,/omatodiscus osculatus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dh1 fig4 #h74 ,disk elliptical1 ne>ly twice z long z broad1 ) ?ree conc5tric r+s ar\nd ! elliptical c5tral *amb]1 "o pi]c+ radial beam 9 ! ma9 axis1 ! o!r beams int]rupt$4 ,surface ( ! %ell ) small scatt]$ ?orns4 ,pores v irregul>1 r\ndi%1 p>tly aggregat$ 9 gr\ps ( f\r to eight small] porules4 ,on bo? poles ( ! ma9 axis a l>ge elliptical m>g9al osculum1 ab\t z l>ge z ! c5tral *amb]1 arm$ ) a coronet ( %ort conical sp9es4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! disk 7) ?ree r+s7 #j4ah1 bread? #j4a2 pores #j4jja to #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,we/]n ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbe1 dep? #ddge fa?oms4 ,subfamily #d4 ,,/ylodictyida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dei4 ,def9ition4--,porodiscida ) solid radial sp9es on ! m>g9 ( ! conc5trically annulat$ disk1 situat$ 9 ! equatorial plane ( ! disk 7)\t *amb]$ arms & m>g9al oscula74 ,g5us #bah4 ,xiphodictya1#beg ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfj4 ,def9ition4--,porodiscida ) two opposite1 solid1 radial sp9es on ! m>g9 ( ! circul> or elliptical disk4 ,! g5us ,xiphodictya op5s ! s]ies ( ! ,/ylodictyida or ( ^? ,porodiscida 9 :i* ! m>g9 ( ! *amb]$ disk is arm$ ) solid radial sp9es1 all situat$ 9 ! equatorial plane ( ! disk4 ,xiphodictya exhibits ! m9imum numb] ( sp9es1 two be+ opposite on ! poles ( "o equatorial axis ( ! disk4 ,x repeats1 !re=e1 9 ?is family ! same amphi/ylic =mation z ,se?o/ylus 9 ! ,phacodiscida & ,/ylocyclia 9 ! ,coccodiscida4 ,subg5us #a4 ,xiphodictyon1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,all r+s ( ! disk conc5tric1 circul>4 #a4 ,xiphodictya amphibelonia1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #db1 fig4 #aj74 ,all r+s ( ! disk conc5tric1 circul>1 ( equal bread?4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 "o & a half to two on ! bread? ( ea* r+4 ,m>g9 ( ! disk ?orny1 ( ! same ?ickness z #ejd! c5tral "p ( ! m$al-%ap$ or cyl9drical disk4 ,two opposite radial sp9es v long & ?91 cyl9drical1 twice to ?ree times z long z ! diamet] ( ! disk1 only half z ?ick z ! bread? ( "o r+4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) five r+s7 #j4ag2 bread? ( ea* r+ #j4jad2 pores #j4jjc to #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdd1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #b4 ,xiphodictya amphirrhopalia1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #db1 fig4 #aa74 ,all r+s ( ! disk conc5tric1 circul>1 ) increas+ bread? f ! c5tre2 ! fif? r+ twice z broad z ! second4 ,c5tral *amb] v l>ge4 ,m>g9 ( ! l5ticul> disk ?orny1 mu* ?9n] ?an ! c5tral "p4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 two to ?ree on ! bread? ( ea* r+4 ,two opposite radial sp9es club-%ap$1 ab\t z long z ! diamet] ( ! disk1 9 ! out] sp9dle-%ap$ "p ?ree to f\r times z broad z at ! base4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) six r+s7 #j4ag2 bread? ( ! second r+ #j4jjh1 ( ! fif? r+ #j4jaf4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfe1 dep? #bijj fa?oms2 also fossil 9 ! ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,sicily 7,caltanisetta74 ,subg5us #b4 ,xiphospira1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,all r+s ( ! disk or a "p ( !m n conc5tric1 spirally convolut$2 sometimes irregul> or int]rupt$4 #c4 ,xiphodictya /aurospira1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #db1 fig4 #ab74 ,all r+s ( ! disk n conc5tric1 half spiral4 ,f\r radial beams1 cross$ p]p5dicul>ly & zigzag-%ap$1 divide ea* r+ into f\r quadrants2 ! qu>t]-r+ ( ea* quadrant halves ! two adjac5t r+s4 ,all r+s ( equal bread?4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 two on ! bread? ( ea* r+4 ,two opposite radial sp9es pyramidal1 some:at %ort] ?an ! diamet] ( ! disk4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) six r+s7 #j4af2 bread? ( ea* r+3 #j4jad2 pores #j4jjc to #j4jjg4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bie1 dep? #aejj fa?oms4 #d4 ,xiphodictya heliospira1 n4 sp4 ,all r+s ( ! disk n conc5tric1 convolut$ 9 a simple1 regul>1 spiral l9e2 all ne>ly ( equal bread?4 ,pores subregul>1 circul>1 two on ! bread? ( ea* r+4 ,two opposite radial sp9es conical1 ab\t z long z ! radius ( ! disk4 ,m>g9 ( ! disk ?orny4 7,diff]s f ,/ylodictya heliospira1 ,pl4 #da1 fig4 #h1 ma9ly by ! two /rong1 opposite1 radial sp9es47 #eje;,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) six r+s7 #j4ad2 bread? ( ea* r+ #j4ja to #j4jab2 pores #j4jjb to #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgb1 dep? #bfjj fa?oms4 ,g5us #bai4 ,tripodictya1#beh ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfj4 ,def9ition4--,porodiscida ) ?ree solid1 equidi/ant1 radial sp9es on ! m>g9 ( ! circul> or triangul> disk4 ,! g5us ,tripodictya exhibits ?ree radial sp9es on ! m>g9 ( ! disk1 div]g5t at equal angles2 r>ely 9 "s specim5s ! angles diff] m or less4 ,p]haps ?is g5us be>s a ne> relation to ! ,dictya/rida 7or to ! ,eu*itonida ) ?ree *amb]$ arms--,dictya/rum1 ,eu*itonia1 c474 #a4 ,tripodictya trigon>ia1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #db1 fig4 #h74 ,all r+s ( ! disk conc5tric1 triangul>1 ) ?ree equal convex sides1 all ( ! same bread?2 fir/ & second r+s ) ?ree simple *amb]s1 ?ird & f\r? r+s ) six *amb]s1 fif? r+ ) twelve *amb]s4 ,c5tral *amb] also equilat]al triangul>1 f its ?ree corn]s arise ?ree pi]c+ p]radial beams2 f ! second r+ arise ?ree int]radial beams1 alt]nate ) ! latt]2 f ! f\r? r+ betwe5 ^! & ! =m] arise six adradial beams4 ,pores subregul>1 two on ! bread? ( ea* r+4 ,?ree m>g9al sp9es pyramidal1 z long z ! radius ( ! disk & z broad z "o r+4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) five r+s7 #j4aa2 bread? ( ea* r+ #j4jaa2 pores #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfe1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #b4 ,tripodictya triacan?a1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #db1 fig4 #g74 ,all r+s ( ! disk conc5tric1 circul>1 ( ! "s bread?1 connect$ by v num]\s irregul> radial beams1 ! numb] ( :i* increases t[>ds ! p]iph]y4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 two on ! bread? ( ea* r+4 ,?ree m>g9al sp9es sp9dle-%ap$1 z long z ! radius ( ! disk1 & 9 ! middle "p z broad z "o r+4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) eight r+s7 #j4b2 bread? ( ea* r+ #j4jab2 pores #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bec1 dep? #cabe fa?oms4 #c4 ,tripodictya tribelonia1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #db1 fig4 #i74 ,all r+s ( ! disk1 or a "p ( !m1 n conc5tric1 spirally convolut$1 ( equal bread?1 connect$ by num]\s irregul>1 int]rupt$ radial beams1 ! numb] ( :i* increases f ! c5tre4 7,9 "o m>g9al view ( ! disk1 ,pl4 #db1 fig4 #i1 ! disk seem$ to be compos$ ( sev5 #ejfp>allel *amb]$ plates 9 ! c5tral "p1 & five simil> plates 9 ! p]iph]al "p47 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 ?ree on ! bread? ( ea* r+4 ,?ree m>g9al sp9es long & ?91 cyl9drical 7z 9 ,/aurodictya cruciata1 ,pl4 #db1 fig1 #d71 long] ?an ! diamet] ( ! disk1 & half z ?ick z "o r+4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) n9e r+s7 #j4ah2 bread? ( ea* r+ #j4ja2 pores #j4jjb to #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfc1 dep? #bfej fa?oms4 ,g5us #bbj4 ,/aurodictya1#bei ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfj4 ,def9ition4--,porodiscida ) f\r solid radial sp9es 7commonly cross$ at "r angles7 on ! m>g9 ( ! circul> or quadrangul> disk4 ,! g5us ,/aurodictya is *>act]is$ by f\r m>g9al sp9es1 ly+ opposite 9 pairs 9 two cross$ equatorial diamet]s ( ! disk1 p]p5dicul> "o to ano!r4 ,sometimes ! regul> rectangul> position ( ! sp9es becomes m or less irregul>4 ,commonly ! m>g9al sp9es are ! extreme prolongations ( f\r int]nal cross$ radial beams1 :i* are ei!r rectil9e> or zigzag-%ap$4 ,9 ! latt] case ! conc5tric disposition ( ! circul> r+s becomes m or less spiral4 ,p]haps ,/aurodictya has a ne> relation to ! ,/aurala/rida 7or to ! ,eu*itonida ) f\r cross$ *amb]$ arms--,/aurala/rum1 ,hi/ia/rum1 c474 ,subg5us #a4 ,/aurodictyon1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,all r+s ( ! disk conc5tric 7commonly circul>1 sometimes ) f\r incisions1 produc$ by two cross$ con/rictions1 or ne>ly squ>e74 #a4 ,/aurodictya m$usa1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #db1 fig4 #c74 ,all r+s ( ! disk conc5tric1 ( ne>ly equal bread?1 divid$ into f\r quadrants by two p]radial con/rictions 7p]p5dicul> "o to ano!r74 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 two to ?ree on ! bread? ( ea* r+4 ,f\r m>g9al sp9es /rong1 pyramidal1 ne>ly z long z ! radius ( ! disk4 ,m>g9 betwe5 !m d5ticulat$4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) f\r r+s7 #j4ac2 bread? ( ea* r+ #j4jae2 pores #j4jjb to #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdd1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #b4 ,/aurodictya ciliata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #db1 fig4 #b74 ,all r+s ( ! disk conc5tric1 ( ne>ly equal bread?1 circul> or r\ndi%1 )\t p]radial con/rictions4 ,pores subregul>1 circul>1 ?ree to f\r on ! bread? ( ea* r+4 ,f\r m>g9al #ejgsp9es %ort1 pyramidal1 ab\t z long z ! bread? ( "o r+4 ,m>g9 betwe5 !m ciliat$1 ) ?9 radial bri/les4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) f\r r+s7 #j4ac2 bread? ( ea* r+ #j4jae2 pores #j4jjbe4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bie1 dep? #aejj fa?oms4 #c4 ,/aurodictya elegans1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #db1 fig4 #a74 ,all r+s ( ! disk conc5tric1 circul>1 or r\ndi%1 ( increas+ bread? t[>ds ! m>g92 ! fif? r+ twice z broad z ! fir/4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 two to ?ree on ! bread? ( ea* r+4 ,f\r m>g9al sp9es v l>ge1 conical1 ) a ?9 p$icle at ! base1 cancellat$ by t5 to twelve deep furr[s1 ab\t z long z ! radius ( ! disk & ?ree times z long z broad at ! base 7above ! p$icle74 ,m>g9 betwe5 !m ciliat$1 ) num]\s %ort radial sp9es4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) six r+s7 #j4ad2 bread? ( ! inn] r+s #j4jjf1 ( ! out] #j4jab2 pores #j4jjb to #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgb1 dep? #bfjj fa?oms4 #d4 ,/aurodictya quadrisp9a1 ,haeckel4 ,/ylodictya quadrisp9a1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dif1 ,taf4 xxix4 fig4 #d4 ,all r+s ( ! disk conc5tric1 circul>1 ( increas+ bread? t[>ds ! m>g92 ! f\r? r+ twice z broad z ! second4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 two to ?ree on ! bread? ( ea* r+4 ,f\r m>g9al sp9es %ort & ?91 conical1 ab\t z long z ! bread? ( "o r+4 ,m>g9 betwe5 !m smoo?4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) six r+s7 #j4ab2 bread? ( ! inn] r+s #j4jjf1 ( ! out] r+s #j4jab2 pores #j4jja to #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean1 ,atlantic 7,can>y ,isl&s71 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,/aurospira1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,all r+s ( ! disk or a "p ( !m n conc5tric1 spirally convolut$2 spiral l9e simple or d\ble1 sometimes half or irregul>1 int]rupt$4 #e4 ,/aurodictya cruciata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #db1 figs4 #d1 #e74 ,all r+s ( ! disk ne>ly ( ! same bread?1 n conc5tric1 half-spiral1 int]rupt$ by f\r zigzag-%ap$ radial beams cross$ 9 two diamet]s p]p5dicul> "o to ano!r4 ,! qu>t] r+ ( ea* quadrant halv+ bo? neighb\r+ qu>t]s4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 two on ! bread? ( ea* r+4 ,pores ( ! out]mo/ 7eigh?7 r+ mu* small] ?an ! o!rs4 ,f\r m>g9al sp9es cyl9drical or ne>ly sp9dle-%ap$1 ?ick1 ab\t z long z ! radius ( ! disk4 ,m>g9 betwe5 !m smoo?4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) eight r+s7 #j4b2 bread? ( ea* r+ #j4jaa2 pores #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfe1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #ejhf4 ,/aurodictya spl5d5s1 ,haeckel4 ,/ylodictya spl5d5s1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahge1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #hd1 ,taf4 xxiii4 fig4 #i4 ,all r+s ( ! disk ne>ly ( ! same bread?1 n conc5tric1 half-spiral1 int]rupt$ by f\r zigzag-%ap$ p]radial beams1 cross$ 9 two diamet]s4 ,! qu>t] r+ ( ea* quadrant halv+ bo? neighb\r+ qu>t]s4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 only "o s+le on ! bread? ( ea* r+4 ,f\r m>g9al sp9es conical or spe>-%ap$1 ab\t half z long z ! radius ( ! disk4 ,m>g9 betwe5 !m ciliat$1 ) %ort bri/le-%ap$ radial sp9es4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) eight r+s7 #j4b2 bread? ( ea* r+ #j4jab2 pores #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! rocks ( ,b>bados4 #g4 ,/aurodictya gr&is1 n4 sp4 ,all r+s ( ! disk 7twelve to sixte57 ( ! same bread?1 n conc5tric1 irregul>1 p>tly spiral1 int]rupt$ by irregul> turn+s1 & by ramifi$ radial beams1 :i* divide ea* r+ into num]\s squ>e *amb]s4 ,pores subregul>1 circul>1 only "o s+le on ! bread? ( ea* r+ 7& on ea* *amb]74 ,f\r m>g9al sp9es %ort & /\t1 conical1 twice z long z broad at ! base1 f\r to five times z long z ! bread? ( "o r+4 ,m>g9 betwe5 !m d5tat$4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) sixte5 r+s7 #j4c2 bread? ( ea* r+ #j4ja2 pores #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ations #bfe to #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms2 also fossil 9 ! ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,b>bados4 #h4 ,/aurodictya ocellata1 ,haeckel4 ,/ylodictya ocellata1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahge1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #hd1 ,taf4 xxiii4 fig4 #g4 ,all r+s ( ! disk irregul>1 n conc5tric1 half-spiral1 int]rupt$ by f\r zigzag-%ap$1 cross$1 radial beams2 ! qu>t] r+ ( ea* quadrant halv+ bo? neighb\r+ qu>t]s4 ,bread? ( ! r+s increas+ t[>ds ! p]iph]y2 ! f\r? r+ twice z broad z ! second4 ,pores irregul>1 ) increas+ size f ! c5tre1 ?ree on ! bread? ( ea* r+4 ,f\r m>g9al sp9es ?ick & long1 cyl9drical2 m>g9 betwe5 !m smoo?4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) f\r r+s7 #j4a2 bread? ( ! inn] r+s #j4ja1 ( ! out] #j4jb2 pores #j4jjb to #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! rocks ( ,b>bados4 ,/ylodictya haeckelii1 ,zittel1 #ahgf1 ,l4 ,n4 #bi1 p4 #he1 ,taf4 ii4 fig4 #i1 is a fossil ,cretace\s species1 relat$ to ,/ylodictya multisp9a4 #eji;,g5us #bba4 ,/ylodictya1#bfj ,ehr5b]g1 #ahdg1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #ed4 ,def9ition4--,porodiscida ) num]\s 7five or m1 commonly eight to twelve7 solid radial sp9es1 regul>ly or irregul>ly dispos$ on ! m>g9 ( ! circul> or polygonal disk2 m>g9 simple1 )\t a por\s equatorial girdle4 ,! g5us ,/ylodictya comprises ! majority ( ?is subfamily1 9 :i* ! numb] ( ! m>g9al sp9es exce$s f\r4 ,commonly we f9d eight to twelve sp9es1 m or less regul>ly dispos$ 7f\r p]radial & f\r int]radial1 or f\r p]radial & eight adradial72 b (t5 also ! numb] & disposition become irregul> 7sometimes v l>ge74 ,9 my ,monograph 7#ahfb pp4 #die1 #eae7 ,i _h sep>at$ ! conc5tric disks ) clos$ circul> r+s 7z true ,/ylodictya1 s4 /r47 f ! spiral disks ) convolut$ r+s 7,/ylospira74 ,b ,i reta9 ^! two gr\ps "h only z two subg5]a1 z int]m$iate =ms betwe5 !m are v common1 & (t5 a "p ( ! disk conc5tric1 a "p spiral 7comp>e above1 p4 #dib74 ,subg5us #a4 ,/ylodictyon1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #die4 ,def9ition4--,all r+s ( ! disk conc5tric1 commonly circul> 7r>ely a little elliptical or polygonal74 #a4 ,/ylodictya gracilis1 ,ehr5b]g4 ,/ylodictya gracilis1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahed1 ,mikrogeol41 ,taf4 xxxvi4 fig4 #bh4 ,/ylodictya gracilis1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahgc1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #beg2 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 #ahge1 ,taf4 xxiii4 fig4 #c4 ,/ylodictya gracilis1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dii4 ,all r+s ( ! disk conc5tric1 circul>1 ( equal bread? 7! fir/ r+ sometimes1 b n con/antly1 f\r-lob$74 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 small1 ?ree on ! bread? ( ea* r+4 ,f\r p]radial beams 7cross$ 9 two p]p5dicul> diamet]s7 beg9n+ f ! circul> c5tral *amb]1 f\r int]radial beams f ! fir/ or second r+ 7sometimes o!rs betwe5 !m74 ,beams prolong$ into eight to twelve 7or m7 m>g9al sp9es1 bri/le-%ap$1 z long z ! radius ( ! %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) f\r r+s7 #j4ab2 bread? ( ea* r+ #j4jac2 pores #j4jjbe4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,b>bados & ,nicob>2 liv+ 9 ! dep?s ( ! ,pacific & ,atlantic4 #eajb4 ,/ylodictya multisp9a1 ,haeckel4 ,/ylodictya multisp9a1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dif1 ,taf4 xxix4 fig4 #e4 ,/ylodictya =besii1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahge1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #afj1 ,taf4 xxiii4 fig4 #f4 ,all r+s ( ! disk conc5tric1 circul>1 ( equal bread?4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 two & a half to ?ree on ! bread? ( ea* r+4 ,eight to twelve radial beams beg9n+ f ! c5tral *amb]1 o!rs f ! inn] r+s4 ,commonly f ! ?ird or f\r? r+ arise tw5ty-f\r to ?irty 7sometimes =ty or m7 pi]c+ beams1 :i* are prolong$ at ! m>g9 into bri/le-%ap$ radial sp9es1 z long z ! bread? ( two to f\r r+s4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) sev5 r+s7 #j4b2 bread? ( ea* r+ #j4jac2 pores #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,m$it]ranean1 ,atlantic1 ,indian1 ,pacific1 surface & v>i\s dep?s4 #c4 ,/ylodictya ha/ata1 ,ehr5b]g4 ,/ylodictya ha/ata1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahgc1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #beg2 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 #ahge1 ,taf4 xxiii4 fig4 #e4 ,/ylodictya gracilis1 ,bury1 #ahfb1 ,polycy/9s ( ,b>bados1 pl4 ii4 fig4 #a4 ,all r+s ( ! disk conc5tric1 circul>1 ( equal bread?4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 v small1 two on ! bread? ( ea* r+4 ,eight to twelve m>g9al sp9es v l>ge1 spe>-%ap$1 sulcat$1 pyramidal1 ne>ly z long z ! diamet] ( ! disk1 ) a ?9 p$icle at ! base1 above ?is z ?ick z ! bread? ( "o r+4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) five r+s7 #j4ac2 bread? ( ea* r+ #j4jab2 pores #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! rocks ( ,b>bados4 #d4 ,/ylodictya /ellata1 ,bailey4 ,/ylodictya /ellata1 ,bailey1 #ahef1 ,am]4 ,j\rn41 vol4 xxii4 p4 #f1 pl4 i4 fig4 #bj4 ,/ylodictya /ellata1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dii4 ,all r+s ( ! disk conc5tric1 circul>1 ( equal bread?4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 v small1 two on ! bread? ( ea* r+4 ,m>g9al sp9es f\rte5 7probably v>iable 9 numb]1 twelve to sixte571 v ?ick & %ort1 conical2 _! l5g? seems to be equal to _! basal bread? & to ! bread? ( "o r+4 ,relat$ to ,/ylo*lamydium8 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) five r+s7 #j4aa2 bread? ( ea* r+ #j4ja2 pores #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 dep?s ( ! ,kamts*atka ,sea1 ,bailey2 ,/ation #bda1 dep? #bcjj fa?oms4 #e4 ,/ylodictya ara*nia1 ,haeckel4 ,/ylodictya ara*nia1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dig4 ,/ylocyclia ara*nia1 ,j4 ,mll]1 #ahef1 p4 #dib2 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 #aheh1 p4 #da1 ,taf4 i4 figs4 #h1 #i4 ,all r+s ( ! disk conc5tric1 circul>1 or polygonal2 _! bread? increases f ! c5tre t[>ds ! p]iph]y1 s t ! f\r? or fif? r+ is twice z broad z ! second4 ,pores #eaasubregul>1 circul>1 two on ! bread? ( ea* r+4 ,radial beams p>tly pi]c+4 ,m>g9al sp9es eight to sixte5 7commonly twelve71 bri/le-%ap$1 v ?91 once to ?ree times z long z ! diamet] ( ! disk4 7,on ! num]\s v>ieties ( ?is common species comp>e my ,monograph1 #ahfb1 p4 #dih47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) t5 r+s7 #j4bb2 bread? ( ! inn] r+s #j4jjd to #j4jjh1 ( ! out] #j4jab to #j4jae2 pores #j4jjc to #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,m$it]ranean1 ,atlantic1 ,indian1 ,pacific1 surface4 #f4 ,/ylodictya solm>is1 n4 sp4 ,all r+s ( ! disk conc5tric1 polygonal1 ) eight to sixte5 r\nd$ corn]s2 _! bread? increases f ! c5tre2 eigh? r+ twice z broad z ! second4 ,pores subregul> circul>1 l>ge1 only "o pore on ! bread? ( ea* r+4 ,tw5ty to ?irty m>g9al sp9es1 bri/le-%ap$1 undulat+1 ab\t z long z 7or long] ?an7 ! diamet] ( ! disk4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) eight r+s7 #j4b2 bread? ( ! inn] r+s #j4jje1 ( ! out] #j4jab2 pores #j4jjd to #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccb1 dep? #bbjj fa?oms4 #g4 ,/ylodictya octogonia1 n4 sp4 ,all r+s ( ! disk conc5tric1 increas+ 9 bread? f ! c5tre4 ,! out] r+s 7five to eight7 regul>1 octogonal1 twice z broad z ! circul> inn] r+s4 ,pores subregul>1 circul>1 two to ?ree on ! bread? ( ea* r+4 ,eight pi]c+ p]radial sp9es 7alt]nat+ ) ! eight corn]s ( ! octogonal r+s7 bri/le-%ap$1 long] ?an ! diamet] ( ! disk4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) eight r+s7 #j4bd2 bread? ( ! inn] r+s #j4jjf1 ( ! out] #j4jad2 pores #j4jje to #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cec1 dep? #bife fa?oms4 ,subg5us #b4 ,/ylodictula1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,r+s ( ! disk p>tly conc5tric1 completely annul>2 p>tly spiral or int]rupt$1 (t5 irregul>4 #h4 ,/ylodictya p]ispira1 n4 sp4 ,inn] r+s ( ! disk 7two to f\r7 conc5tric1 circul>1 or r\ndi%1 out] r+s =m+ a simple spiral1 bread? a little increas+ f ! c5tre4 ,pores subregul>1 circul>1 ab\t two on ! bread? ( ea* r+4 ,m>g9al sp9es bri/le-%ap$1 t5 to fifte51 ab\t z long z ! diamet] ( ! disk4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) eight r+s7 #j4b2 bread? ( ea* r+ #j4jac2 pores #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgb1 dep? #bfjj fa?oms4 #eabi4 ,/ylodictya c5trospira1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #da1 fig4 #i74 ,inn] r+s ( ! disk 7?ree or f\r7 convolut$ 9 a simple or d\ble spiral1 (t5 int]rupt$ or irregul>2 out] r+s 7two to ?ree7 conc5tric1 circul>1 or r\ndi%4 ,bread? ( ! r+s v>iable1 irregul>4 ,pores irregul>1 ( v diff]5t sizes1 9 ! out] conc5tric "p twice to f\r times z l>ge z 9 ! inn] spiral "p4 ,radial beams p>tly int]rupt$1 p>tly pi]c+4 ,m>g9al sp9es fifty to eighty1 v v>iable 9 size & numb]1 commonly fifte5 to tw5ty /rong conical sp9es1 twice to ?ree times z long z ! r+-bread?1 & num]\s 7?irty to sixty7 small] sp9es4 ,v v>iable4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) sev5 r+s7 #j4b2 bread? ( ! r+s #j4ja to #j4jb2 pores #j4jjb to #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ations #bfc to #bgd1 dep? #bcej to #bibe fa?oms4 #aj4 ,/ylodictya setig]a1 ,ehr5b]g4 ,/ylodictya setig]a1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahge1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #hd1 ,taf4 xxiii4 fig4 #d4 ,inn] r+s ( ! disk 7two to ?ree7 convolut$ 9 a simple or d\ble spiral1 out] r+s 7two to ?ree7 conc5tric1 circul>1 or r\ndi%4 ,bread? ( ! r+s ne>ly equal4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 ?ree on ! bread? ( ea* r+4 ,m>g9al sp9es tw5ty to =ty1 bri/le-%ap$1 ab\t twice z long z ! r+-bread?4 7,! specim5 figur$ by ,ehr5b]g 0 a "y "o2 9 old] specim5s ,i f\nd ! inn] spiral disk surr\nd$ by two to ?ree conc5tric circul> r+s47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) six r+s7 #j4af2 bread? ( ! r+s #j4ab2 pores #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! rocks ( ,b>bados2 also liv+ 9 ! dep?s ( ! ,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bff1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 ,subg5us #c4 ,/ylospira1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #eae4 ,def9ition4--,all r+s ( ! disk convolut$ 9 a simple or d\ble spiral 7sometimes also 9 qu>t]$ half-spirals74 #aa4 ,/ylodictya heliospira1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #da1 fig4 #h74 ,/ylospira heliospira1 ,haeckel1 #ahgi1 ,,ms4 ,all r+s ( ! disk convolut$ 9 a simple regul> spiral1 increas+ 9 bread? f ! c5tre t[>ds ! p]iph]y2 ! six? r+ twice z broad z ! second4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 two on ! bread? ( ea* r+4 ,m>g9al sp9es num]\s1 ?irty to =ty1 bri/le-%ap$1 ne>ly half z long z ! radius ( ! disk4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) sev5 r+s7 #j4af2 bread? ( ! inn] r+s #j4jjh1 ( ! out] #j4jaf2 pores #j4jjb to #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean1 ,port(9o ne> ,g5oa1 surface2 also fossil 9 ! ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,sicily2 ,caltanisetta1 ,haeckel4 #eacab4 ,/ylodictya h]twigii1 ,haeckel4 ,/ylospira ara*nia1 ,r4 ,h]twig1 #ahgi1 ,organismus d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ei1 ,taf4 vi4 fig4 #h4 ,all r+s ( ! disk convolut$ 9 a simple regul> spiral1 ) increas+ bread? f ! c5tre2 ! fif? r+ twice z broad z ! second4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 two on ! bread? ( ea* r+4 ,twelve pi]c+ radial beams & "s o!rs int]rupt$1 prolong$ into twelve to tw5ty radial m>g9al sp9es1 bri/le-%ap$1 ab\t z long z ! diamet] ( ! disk4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) five r+s7 #j4ae2 bread? ( ! second r+ #j4ja1 ( ! fif? #j4jb2 pores #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a71 ,r4 ,h]twig4 #ac4 ,/ylodictya duj>d9ii1 ,haeckel4 ,/ylospira duj>d9ii1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #eae1 ,taf4 xxix4 figs4 #i1 #aj4 ,all r+s ( ! disk convolut$ 9 a simple regul> spiral1 ( ne>ly equal bread?4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 two on ! bread? ( ea* r+4 ,v num]\s 7tw5ty to ?irty or m7 pi]c+ radial beams1 prolong$ into bri/le-%ap$ m>g9al sp9es1 ab\t z long z ! diamet] ( ! disk4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) six r+s7 #j4ab2 bread? ( ea* r+ #j4ja2 pores #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a71 ,haeckel4 #ad4 ,/ylodictya e*9a/rum1 ,ehr5b]g4 ,/ylodictya e*9a/rum1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahge1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #hd1 ,taf4 xxiii4 fig4 #a4 ,all r+s ( ! disk convolut$ 9 a d\ble spiral1 ( ne>ly equal bread?4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 two to ?ree on ! bread? ( ea* r+4 ,m>g9al sp9es num]\s1 tw5ty to ?irty1 ( v diff]5t size1 ! l>ge/ conical1 /rong1 ab\t z long z ! diamet] ( ! disk1 & on ! base z broad z "o r+4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) five r+s7 #j4ab2 bread? ( ea* r+ #j4ja2 pores #j4jjb to #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! rocks ( ,b>bados4 #ae4 ,/ylodictya clavata1 ,ehr5b]g4 ,/ylodictya clavata1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahge1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #hd1 ,taf4 xxiii4 fig4 #b4 ,all r+s ( ! disk convolut$ 9 a half spiral1 ( ne>ly equal bread?2 ea* r+ by f\r zigzag beams 7cross$ 9 two p]p5dicul> diamet]s7 divid$ into f\r equal qu>t]s2 ! spiral l9e ( ea* qu>t] r+ halv+ bo? neighb\r+ qu>t]s4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 two on ! bread? ( ea* r+4 ,eight m>g9al sp9es %ort1 conical1 ) ?9 p$icle2 f\r p]radial 7z #eadprolongations ( ! f\r int]nal beams7 alt]nat+ ) f\r int]radial sp9es aris+ f ! m>g9 ( ! disk4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) five r+s7 #j4ac2 bread? ( ea* r+ #j4jad2 pores #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! rocks ( ,b>bados4 ,g5us #bbb4 ,/ylo*lamydium1#bfa ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfj4 ,def9ition4--,porodiscida ) num]\s 7five or m1 commonly eight to twelve7 solid radial sp9es1 regul>ly or irregul>ly dispos$ on ! m>g9 ( ! circul> or polygonal disk2 m>g9 ( ! disk surr\nd$ by a ?91 por\s 7b n *amb]$71 equatorial girdle4 ,! g5us ,/ylo*lamydium is int]m$iate betwe5 ,p]i*lamydium 7) :i* x 0 =m]ly unit$7 & ,/ylodictya4 ,x deals ) ! =m] 9 ! peculi> equatorial girdle1 ) ! latt] 9 ! radial sp9es ( ! disk m>g91 :i* pi]ce ! girdle4 ,to bo? ^! g5]a x %[s sl[ transitions1 & c h>dly be subject$ to a %>p def9ition4 ,subg5us #a4 ,/ylo*lamys1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,all r+s ( ! disk conc5tric1 circul> 7or some:at polygonal74 #a4 ,/ylo*lamydium a/]iscus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #da1 fig4 #aj74 ,p]i*lamydium a/]iscus1 ,haeckel1 #ahgi1 ,,ms4 ,all r+s ( ! disk conc5tric1 circul>1 or polygonal1 ) increas+ bread? f ! c5tre2 ! fif? r+ twice z broad z ! second4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 ?ree to f\r on ! bread? ( ea* r+2 9 ! r+s two to six times z l>ge z 9 ! equatorial girdle1 :i* is half z broad or two-?irds z broad z ! radius ( ! disk4 ,twelve bri/le-%ap$ radial sp9es are connect$ by ! girdle ne> to ! po9ts2 f\r cross$ sp9es aris+ f ! c5tral *amb]2 two o!rs betwe5 ^! 9 ea* quadrant aris+ f ! fir/ r+4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) five r+s7 #j4ae1 ) ! girdle #j4be2 bread? ( ! second r+ #j4ja1 ( ! fif? r+ #j4jb2 pores #j4jja to #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgb1 dep? #bfjj fa?oms4 #b4 ,/ylo*lamydium limbatum1 ,haeckel4 ,p]i*lamydium limbatum1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahdg1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #dc2 ,mikrogeol41 #ahed1 ,taf4 xxii4 fig4 #bj4 ,p]i*lamydium limbatum1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #did4 ,all r+s ( ! disk conc5tric1 circul>1 ( equal bread?4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 two on ! bread? ( ea* r+2 twice to ?ree times z l>ge z ! f9e pores ( ! equatorial girdle1 :i* is #eae;ab\t half z broad z ! radius ( ! disk4 ,twelve 7or elev57 bri/le-%ap$ radial sp9es are connect$ by ! girdle ne> to ! po9ts1 irregul>ly dispos$4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) five r+s7 #j4ab1 ) ! girdle #j4b1 bread? ( ea* r+ #j4ja2 pores #j4jja to #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,sicily1 ,caltanisetta1 ,grotte4 #c4 ,/ylo*lamydium v5u/um1 ,haeckel4 ,p]i*lamydium v5u/um1 ,bailey1 #ahef1 ,am]4 ,j\rn41 vol4 xxii4 p4 #e1 pl4 i4 figs4 #af1 #ag4 ,p]i*lamydium v5u/um1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #die4 ,all r+s ( ! disk conc5tric1 circul>1 ( equal bread?4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 ev]y:]e ( ne>ly equal size1 ?ree on ! bread? ( ea* r+1 a little small] 9 ! equatorial girdle1 :i* is ab\t z broad z ! radius ( ! disk4 ,tw5ty to tw5ty-f\r bri/le-%ap$ radial sp9es1 irregul>ly dispos$1 proce$ ) _! free po9ts ov] ! m>g94 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) f\r r+s7 #j4a1 ) ! girdle #j4c2 bread? ( ea* r+ #j4jaa2 pores #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,kamts*atka1 ,bailey4 #d4 ,/ylo*lamydium quale1 ,haeckel4 ,p]i*lamydium quale1 ,/hr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #aji1 pl4 v4 fig4 #b4 ,all r+s ( ! disk conc5tric1 circul>1 ) increas+ bread? f ! c5tre2 ! six? r+ twice z broad z ! second4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 ev]y:]e ( equal size2 on ! bread? ( ! inn] r+s "o1 ( ! out] two1 ( ! girdle ?ree pores4 ,girdle only "o-f\r? z broad z ! radius ( ! disk4 ,ab\t tw5ty bri/le-%ap$ radial sp9es1 irregul>ly dispos$1 are connect$ by ! girdle ne> to ! po9ts4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) six r+s7 #j4aa1 ) ! girdle #j4ag2 bread? ( ! second r+ #j4jjf1 ( ! six? #j4jac2 pores #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,sicily1 ,grotte1 ,/hr4 ,subg5us #b4 ,/ylo*lamyum1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,r+s ( ! disk all 7or 9 "p7 n conc5tric1 spirally convolut$ or irregul>4 #e4 ,/ylo*lamydium p]ispirale1 ,haeckel4 ,p]i*lamydium limbatum1 v>4 ,/hr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #aji1 ,taf4 v4 fig4 #a4 ,inn] r+s ( ! disk conc5tric1 circul>1 out] r+s convolut$ spirally1 all r+s ( equal bread?4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 two on ! bread? ( ea* r+1 twice z l>ge z 9 ! equatorial #eaf;girdle1 :i* is ab\t half z broad z ! radius ( ! disk4 ,twelve to sixte5 bri/le-%ap$ radial sp9es1 irregul>ly dispos$1 are connect$ by ! girdle ne> to ! po9ts4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) six r+s7 #j4ab1 ) ! girdle #j4b2 bread? ( ea* r+ #j4jaa2 pores 9 ! c5tral disk #j4jjd1 9 ! girdle #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,sicily1 ,grotte1 ,/hr4 #f4 ,/ylo*lamydium spongiosum1 ,haeckel4 ,p]i*lamydium spongiosum1 ,/hr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi1 p4 #aji1 ,taf4 v4 fig4 #c4 ,r+s ( ! disk p>tly conc5tric1 p>tly spiral1 m or less irregul> & (t5 int]rupt$1 ) increas+ bread? f ! c5tre4 ,c5tral "p ( ! disk m or less spongy & obscure4 ,equatorial girdle half z broad z ! radius ( ! *amb]$ disk1 ) small] pores ?an ! latt]1 pi]c$ by tw5ty to ?irty ?91 bri/le-%ap$ radial beams1 :i* proce$ ov] ! m>g9 ( ! disk4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk 7) t5 r+s7 #j4b1 ) ! girdle #j4c2 bread? ( ! r+s #j4jje to #j4jae2 pores #j4jja to #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms2 also fossil 9 ! ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,b>bados & ,sicily4 ,subfamily #e4 ,,eu*itonida1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,porodiscida ) two or m 7commonly ?ree or f\r7 radial *amb]$ or spongy arms on ! m>g9 ( ! conc5trically annulat$ disk1 situat$ 9 its equatorial plane 7) or )\t a connect+ patagium betwe5 ! arms74 ,g5us #bbc4 ,amphibra*ium1#bfb ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfj4 ,def9ition4--,porodiscida ) two simple1 undivid$1 *amb]$ arms1 opposite 9 "o axis1 )\t a patagium4 ,! g5us ,amphibra*ium op5s ! long s]ies ( ! ,eu*itonida1 or ( ^? ,porodiscida :i* be> on ! m>g9 ( ! circul> c5tral disk a c]ta9 numb] ( *amb]$ arms1 compos$ ( a s]ies ( *amb]s :i* are sep>at$ by transv]se septa4 ,! fir/ gr\p or tribe ( ?is subfamily is =m$ by ! ,amphibra*ida1 9 :i* ! disk be>s only two arms opposite on ! poles ( "o axis4 ,! simple/ =m ( ^! is ,amphibra*ium1 9 :i* bo? arms are simple1 equal1 & )\t a patagium or spongy connecticulum4 #eag,subg5us #a4 ,amphibra*ella1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,bo? arms equal1 ( ! same =m & size1 blunt at ! di/al end1 )\t a t]m9al sp9e4 #a4 ,amphibra*ium sponguroides1 n4 sp4 ,bo? opposite arms ( ! same =m & size1 ne>ly cyl9drical1 ?ree times z long z broad1 ) six to eight transv]se septa or jo9ts1 at ! di/al end r\nd$1 blunt1 )\t a t]m9al sp9e4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ea* arm #j4bb1 bread? #j4jfe4 ,habitat4--,ant>ctic ,ocean1 ,/ation #aed1 surface4 #b4 ,amphibra*ium lanceolatum1 n4 sp4 ,bo? arms equal1 lanceolate1 9 ! middle "p ?ree times z broad z at ! two ends1 two & a half times z long z broad1 ) eight to n9e transv]se septa1 at ! di/al end blunt1 )\t a t]m9al sp9e4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ea* arm #j4c1 greate/ bread? #j4ji4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfg1 dep? #bgjj fa?oms4 #c4 ,amphibra*ium dilatatum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dd1 fig4 #f74 ,bo? arms equal1 trapezoidal1 some:at broad] ?an long1 on ! convex di/al end ?ree times z broad z on ! n>r[ base1 ) five to six transv]se septa1 )\t a t]m9al sp9e4 ,c5tral disk l>ge1 some:at irregul>1 ) ?ree to f\r r+s1 twice z broad z ! base ( ! arms4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ea* arm #j4cb1 basal bread? #j4ae1 t]m9al bread? #j4dd4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 (f ,patagonia1 ,/ation #cai1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,amphibra*idium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,bo? arms equal1 ( ! same size & =m1 ) t]m9al sp9es4 #d4 ,amphibra*ium amphilon*e1 n4 sp4 ,bo? arms equal1 lanceolate1 9 ! middle "p f\r times z broad z at ! two ends1 twice z long z broad2 on ! di/al end ( ea* arm is a long conical sp9e4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ea* arm 7)\t t]m9al sp9e7 #j4b1 bread? #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 #eahe4 ,amphibra*ium capitatum1 n4 sp4 ,bo? arms equal1 club-%ap$1 ?ree times z long z broad1 9 ! out] di/al half ?ick5$1 ?ree times z broad z at ! n>r[ base2 on ! di/al end ( ea* arm a /rong1 angul>1 t]m9al sp9e4 7,! =m ( ! arms l t ( ,/ephana/rum capitatum1 ,pl4 #dd1 fig4 #a47 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ea* arm #j4bb1 basal bread? #j4jb1 t]m9al bread? #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,equatorial ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdg1 surface4 #f4 ,amphibra*ium armatum1 n4 sp4 ,bo? arms equal1 f\r times z long z broad1 9 ! ?ick5$ di/al "p twice z broad z at ! base1 ?orny1 ) tw5ty to ?irty l>g] sp9es on ! di/al end1 & a v l>ge pyramidal sp9e 9 ! longitud9al axis4 7,! =m ( ! arms l t ( ! odd arm 9 ,eu*itonia c>c9us1 ,pl4 #dc1 fig4 #aj47 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ea* arm #j4bd1 basal bread? #j4jc1 di/al bread? #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdd1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 ,subg5us #c4 ,amphibra*oma1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,bo? arms ( diff]5t size or =m1 )\t t]m9al sp9es4 #g4 ,amphibra*ium indicum1 n4 sp4 ,bo? arms club-%ap$1 b v diff]5t 9 size & =m2 l>g] arm ?ree times z long & twice z broad z ! small] arm2 ! l>g] ) n9e jo9ts sl[ly increas+ 9 size1 ! small] ) f\r jo9ts1 rapidly increas+2 ! t]m9al jo9t ?ree times z broad z ! basal4 ,di/al end blunt1 r\nd$1 )\t sp9es4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! l>g] arm #j4bd1 ( ! small] #j4jh2 di/al bread? ( ! =m] #j4jf1 ( ! latt] #j4jc2 basal bread? #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,ceylon1 ,haeckel1 surface4 ,subg5us #d4 ,amphibra*ura1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,bo? arms ( diff]5t size or =m1 ) t]m9al sp9es4 #h4 ,amphibra*ium clavula1 n4 sp4 ,bo? arms diff]5t 9 size & =m2 l>g] arm club-%ap$1 f\r times z long z broad1 at ! di/al end ?ree times z broad z at ! base1 & twice z long z ! small] arm1 :i* resembles a /alk$ knob1 ) ?9 basal p$uncle & sph]ical di/al "p4 ,ends ( ! two arms #eai?orny 7) num]\s small]1 & ?ree to five l>g] sp9es72 "o v l>ge conical t]m9al sp9e on ea* pole ( ! ma9 axis4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! l>g] arm #j4c1 ( ! small] #j4ae2 di/al bread? ( ! =m] #j4jf1 ( ! latt] #j4jd2 basal brea? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccc1 surface4 ,g5us #bbd4 ,amphym5ium1#bfc ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfj4 ,def9ition4--,porodiscida ) two simple1 undivid$1 *amb]$ arms1 opposite 9 "o axis1 connect$ by a patagium4 ,! g5us ,amphym5ium diff]s f ! prec$+ ,amphibra*ium1 its ance/ral =m1 by developm5t ( a patagium or connecticulum betwe5 bo? arms4 ,?is =ms a lattic$ or m spongy envelop1 :i* surr\nds ei!r ! middle "p ( ! %ell1 or ! :ole %ell ) exception ( ! di/al ends ( bo? arms4 ,if ! envelop become v spongy1 ! %ell may be conf\nd$ ) ! cyl9drical ,ellipside ,spongocore 7ne>ly alli$ to ,spongurus72 possibly also ,ommatogramma ( ,ehr5b]g belongs to ?is g5us4 ,subg5us #a4 ,ommatogramma1 ,ehr5b]g 7874 ,def9ition4--,bo? opposite arms ( ! same size & =m1 blunt1 )\t t]m9al sp9es4 #a4 ,amphym5ium pupula1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dd1 fig4 #h74 ,bo? arms equal1 twice z long z broad1 ?ree-jo9t$2 ! t]m9al jo9t egg-%ap$1 z l>ge z bo? o!r jo9ts toge!r2 di/al end r\nd$1 blunt4 ,patagium ne>ly complete1 envelop+ ! arms ) exception ( ! di/al end4 ,p]imet] ne>ly sp9dle-%ap$4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ea* arm #j4ag1 greate/ bread? #j4jf2 transv]se bread? ( ! patagium #j4ac4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgc1 dep? #bcej fa?oms4 #b4 ,amphym5ium navicul>e1 ,haeckel4 8 ,ommatogramma navicul>is1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahgb1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #cag2 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 ,taf4 vi4 fig4 #g4 ,bo? arms equal1 ?ree times z long z broad1 spongy1 n jo9t$2 di/al end a little club-%ap$1 blunt4 ,patagium ne>ly complete1 envelop+ ! arms ) exception ( ! di/al end4 ,p]imet] ne>ly lanceolate4 ,! imp]fect diagnosis & figure ( ,ehr5b]g make x d\btful #ebj:e!r ?is species belongs to ! ,porodiscida 7,amphym5ium7 or to ! ,spongodiscida 7,spongobra*ium7 or p]haps to ! ,spongurida 7,spongocore74 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ea* arm #j4a1 greate/ bread? #j4jc2 transv]se bread? ( ! patagium #j4je4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,cali=nian ,sea1 dep? #bfjj fa?oms1 ,ehr5b]g4 #c4 ,amphym5ium zyg>tus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dd1 fig4 #g74 ,bo? arms equal1 f\r times z long z broad1 ) sev5 to eight jo9ts1 sl[ly decreas+ 9 size t[>ds ! blunt end4 ,patagium incomplete1 protect+ only ! middle "p ( ! %ell on bo? sides2 on ea* side two p>allel lattice-plates1 connect$ by transv]se radial beams1 p]p5dicul> to ! surface4 ,p]imet] ne>ly rectil9e>4 7,resembles mu* c]ta9 =ms ( ,zyg>tus1 ,pl4 #dj1 b is a true ,discoid1 no ,prunoid47 ,comp>e also ,pl4 #de1 fig4 #h4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ea* arm #j4b1 greate/ bread? #j4je2 transv]se bread? ( ! patagium #j4aa4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 #d4 ,amphym5ium mon/rosum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dd1 fig4 #aa74 ,bo? arms equal1 little long] ?an broad1 ) six to sev5 convex jo9ts4 ,! axis ( bo? arms is n common & /raight1 z 9 all o!r species ( ?is g5us1 b brok51 !re=e ! incomplete patagium1 :i* envelops only two to ?ree jo9ts ( ! arms1 is on "o side convex1 on ! o!r side concave2 x is =m$ by a simple lattice-plate1 connect$ ) ! arms by num]\s radial beams4 ,?is anomal\s =m1 se5 only once1 may p]haps be a mon/rosity ( ,eu*itonia4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ea* arm #j4ab1 greate/ bread? #j4jf2 transv]se bread? ( ! patagium #j4ac4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bij1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,omma?ym5ium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,bo? opposite arms ( ! same size & =m1 arm$ at ! di/al end ) t]m9al sp9es4 #e4 ,amphym5ium amphi/ylium1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dd1 fig4 #i74 ,bo? arms equal1 ?ree times z long z broad1 ?ick5$ t[>ds ! truncat$ di/al end1 & arm$ ) a /rong pyramidal t]m9al sp9e4 ,ea* arm ) sev5 jo9ts1 sep>at$ by convex1 transv]se septa1 & halv$ by a radial beam ly+ 9 ! longitud9al axis4 ,patagium incomplete1 cyl9drical1 envelop+ only ! middle "p ( ! %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ea* arm #j4ah1 greate/ bread? #j4jf2 transv]se bread? ( ! patagium #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ced1 surface4 #ebaf4 ,amphym5ium fusi=me1 n4 sp4 ,bo? arms equal1 lanceolate1 ?ree times z long z broad 9 ! wid?1 ) sev5 to eight jo9ts4 ,di/al end po9t$1 arm$ ) a /rong conical t]m9al sp9e4 ,patagium complete1 envelop+ ! :ole %ell ) exception ( ! t]m9al sp9es4 ,:ole =m sp9dle-%ap$4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ea* arm #j4b1 greate/ bread? #j4jg2 transv]se bread? ( ! patagium #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccj1 surface4 ,g5us #bbe4 ,amphirrhopalum1#bfd ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfj4 ,def9ition4--,porodiscida ) two *amb]$ arms1 opposite 9 "o axis1 )\t a patagium2 "o arm or bo? =k$ at ! di/al end4 ,! g5us ,amphirrhopalum diff]s f ,amphibra*ium1 its ance/ral =m1 by bifurcation ( ! di/al ends ( ! arms1 :i* may affect ei!r bo? arms1 or only "o ( !m4 ,subg5us #a4 ,amphirrhopalium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,bo? opposite arms ( simil> size & =m1 ) blunt bran*es1 )\t t]m9al sp9es4 #a4 ,amphirrhopalum ximorphum1 n4 sp4 ,bo? arms equal1 9 ! proximal half simple1 9 ! di/al half =k$1 ) six to sev5 transv]se septa2 di/al end ( ea* bran* blunt1 )\t t]m9al sp9e1 some:at broad] ?an ! base ( ! :ole arm4 ,axis ( ! bran*es concavely curv$4 7,resembles ,amphicrasp$um maclaganium1 ,pl4 #de1 fig4 #aa1 b wants ! patagium47 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! arms #j4ah1 basal bread? #j4jfe2 t]m9al bread? ( ea* bran* #j4jge4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 (f ,japan1 ,/ation #bdj1 surface4 #b4 ,amphirrhopalum amphidicranum1 n4 sp4 ,bo? arms equal1 9 ! proximal half simple1 9 ! di/al half =k$1 ) irregul> septa2 di/al end ( ea* arm blunt1 )\t a t]m9al sp9e1 small] ?an ! basal bread? ( ! arm4 ,axis ( ! bran*es /raight4 7,resembles ,dicrana/rum furcatum1 ,pl4 #dg1 fig4 #b1 b )\t lat]al arms47 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ea* arm #j4ae1 basal bread? #j4jc2 t]m9al bread? ( ea* bran* #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfc1 dep? #bfej fa?oms4 #ebb,subg5us #b4 ,amphirrhopella1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,bo? opposite arms ( simil> size & =m1 ) t]m9al sp9es4 #c4 ,amphirrhopalum bigem9um1 n4 sp4 ,bo? arms equal1 9 ! proximal l>g] half simple1 9 ! di/al small] half =k$2 ea* bran* triangul>1 ) a /rong conical t]m9al sp9e4 ,axis ( ! bran*es /raight4 7,resembles ,dicrana/rum cornutum1 ,pl4 #de1 fig4 #b1 b )\t lat]al arms47 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! arms 7)\t sp9es7 #j4ae1 basal bread? #j4jc2 bread? ( ! bifurcation #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bhd1 surface4 #d4 ,amphirrhopalum e*9atum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #de1 fig4 #aj74 ,bo? arms equal1 9 ! proximal small] half simple1 ne>ly squ>e1 9 ! di/al l>g] half =k$2 ! bran*es ?orny1 arm$ at ! end ) num]\s sp9es1 "o l>g] on ! t]m9al pole ( ! concavely curv$ arm-axis4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! arms 7)\t sp9es7 #j4ae1 basal bread? #j4je2 bread? ( bran*es #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bff1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 ,subg5us #c4 ,amphirrhopoma1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,bo? opposite arms ( diff]5t size or =m1 )\t t]m9al sp9es4 #e4 ,amphirrhopalum ypsilon1 n4 sp4 ,bo? arms v diff]5t4 ,l>g] arm simple1 egg-%ap$1 twice z long z broad2 small] arm 9 ! basal half simple1 ne>ly squ>e1 9 ! di/al half =k$2 bo? bran*es egg-%ap$1 blunt4 7,resembles ,amphicrasp$um wyvilleanum1 ,pl4 #de1 fig4 #ab1 b wants ! patagium47 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! l>g] simple arm #j4ah1 bread? #j4ji2 radius ( ! small] =k$ arm #j4ae1 bread? ( its bran*es #j4je4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,madagasc>1 ,rabbe1 surface4 ,g5us #bbf4 ,amphicrasp$um1#bfe ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfj4 ,def9ition4--,porodiscida ) two *amb]$ arms1 opposite 9 "o axis1 connect$ by a lat]al patagium2 "o arm or bo? =k$ at ! di/al end4 ,! g5us ,amphicrasp$um exhibits ! same bifurcation ( ! arms z does ,amphirrhopalum1 b diff]s f ?is ance/ral =m 9 ! developm5t ( a patagium1 an ext]nal connecticulum betwe5 ! arms1 :i* envelops ! disk totally or p>tially4 #ebc,subg5us #a4 ,amphicrasp$on1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,bo? arms ( equal size & =m1 )\t t]m9al sp9es ( ! bran*es4 #a4 ,amphicrasp$um maclaganium1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #de1 fig4 #aa74 ,bo? arms equal1 9 ! proximal half simple1 9 ! di/al half =k$1 ) six to sev5 transv]se septa2 di/al end ( ea* bran* r\nd$1 blunt1 some:at broad] ?an ! base ( ! :ole arm4 ,div]g5t axes ( bo? bran*es concavely curv$4 ,patagium incomplete1 ) elliptical p]imet]1 envelop+ only ! middle "p ( ! %ell4 ,i call ?is int]e/+ species 9 hon\r ( ,miss ,nellie ,maclagan1 ! le>n$ translator ( sev]al zoological pap]s f ,g]man into ,engli%4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ea* arm #j4be1 basal bread? #j4jg2 di/al bread? ( ea* bran* #j4jh2 equatorial bread? ( ! patagium #j4be4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 (f ,halifax1 ,/ation #ej1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,amphicrasp$9a1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,bo? arms ( diff]5t size or =m1 )\t t]m9al sp9es on ! bran*es4 #b4 ,amphicrasp$um wyvilleanum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #de1 fig4 #ab74 ,bo? arms diff]5t4 ,l>g] arm simple1 egg-%ap$1 ) elev5 convex jo9ts1 "o & a half times z long z broad2 small] arm 9 ! basal half simple1 triangul>1 ) six cap-l jo9ts1 9 ! di/al half =k$2 bo? bran*es egg-%ap$1 ) five jo9ts & blunt ends4 ,patagium ne>ly complete ) f\r to five concave *amb]-r[s4 ,call$ 9 hon\r ( ,sir ,c4 ,wyville ,?omson4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! l>g] simple arm #j4ah1 bread? #j4jh2 radius ( ! small] =k$ arm #j4af2 bread? ( ! bran*es #j4je2 transv]se bread? ( ! patagium #j4b4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccc1 surface4 ,subg5us #c4 ,amphicrasp$ula1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,bo? arms ( diff]5t size or =m1 ) t]m9al sp9es ( ! bran*es4 #c4 ,amphicrasp$um murrayanum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dd1 fig4 #aj74 ,amphym5ium murrayanum1 ,haeckel1 #ahgi1 ,,ms4 et ,atlas 7pl4 xliv4 fig4 #aj74 ,bo? arms diff]5t 9 size2 ! l>g] "o & a half times z long & broad z ! small]4 ,bo? arms triangul>1 =k$ at ! broad] di/al end1 ) two v /rong1 conical1 div]g5t1 #ebd/raight t]m9al sp9es4 ,patagium broad1 incomplete1 ) circul> p]imet]4 ,call$ 9 hon\r ( my fri5d ,dr4 ,john ,murray4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! l>g] arm 7includ+ ! sp9es7 #j4bd1 ( ! small] #j4af2 di/ance ( ! t]m9al po9ts ( ! =m] #j4ah1 ( ! latt] #j4ji2 diamet] ( ! patagium #j4b4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,fre ,*annel1 ,gulf ,/ream1 surface1 ,john ,murray4 ,g5us #bbg4 ,dictya/rum1#bff ,ehr5b]g1 #ahfj1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #hcj4 ,def9ition4--,porodiscida ) ?ree simple1 undivid$1 *amb]$ arms1 )\t a patagium2 triangul> %ell regul>1 ) ?ree equal arms & ?ree equal angles4 ,! g5us ,dictya/rum is ! simple/ =m ( ! ,trigona/rida1 or ( ! ,porodiscida1 9 :i* ! m>g9 ( ! c5tral disk is furni%$ ) ?ree *amb]$ arms4 ,9 ,dictya/rum ^! are q simple & regul>1 )\t a patagium1 sep>at$ by equal angles1 s t ! :ole %ell repres5ts a regul>1 equilat]al triangle1 if we connect ! di/al po9ts ( ! arms by l9es4 ,! g5us ,dictya/rum1 f\nd$ by ,ehr5b]g 9 #ahfj1 diff]s f 8 ,rhopalodictyum--aft] 8 own diagnosis--only by an insignificant diff]5ce 9 ! =m ( ! simple arms1 :i* is sc>cely a specific "*4 ,i !re=e apply ?is "n "h 9 ! above am5d$ s5se1 see+ t ! only figur$ species ( ,ehr5b]g 7,dictya/rum angulatum7 occurs 9 two diff]5t1 b ext]nally v simil> =ms3 "o ( ^! is a true ,porodiscid 7,dictya/rum7 ) two por\s cov]+-plates & conc5tric r+s2 ! o!r is a true ,spongodiscid 7,rhopalodictyum7 ) q spongy1 irregul> network1 & is probably id5tical ) ! ,rhopalodictyum truncatum ( ,ehr5b]g4 ,subg5us #a4 ,dictya/rella1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,arms ) blunt ends1 )\t t]m9al sp9es4 #a4 ,dictya/rum angulatum1 ,ehr5b]g4 ,dictya/rum angulatum1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahgb1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #bhi1 ,taf4 viii4 fig4 #ah4 ,arms ne>ly squ>e ) /raight edges1 t[>ds ! truncat$ end a little broad]1 ab\t ! same diamet] z ! triangul> c5tral disk4 ,! figure ( ,ehr5b]g seems to repres5t a ,spongodiscid 7,rhopalodictyum angulatum71 b 9 ! same locality 7,philipp9e ,sea7 occurs also a true ,dictya/rum ( q ! same =m1 b ) ?ree to f\r conc5tric r+s ( ! c5tral disk1 & ) jo9t$ arms4 #ebe;,dim5sions4--,radius ( ea* arm 7l5g? f ! c5tre to ! di/al end7 #j4ac2 bread? ( ! truncat$ end #j4a4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,pacific1 ,philipp9e ,sea1 ,/ation #bjj1 dep? #bej fa?oms4 #b4 ,dictya/rum b&aicum1 ,haeckel4 ,rhopala/rum b&aicum1 ,h>t+1 #ahfc1 ,mikr4 ,fauna ,b&a-,zee1 p4 #af1 ,taf4 iii4 fig4 #de4 ,arms ne>ly squ>e1 ) convex edges1 9 ! middle a little broad] ?an at bo? ends1 ab\t half ! diamet] ( ! c5tral disk4 ,diff]s f ! ne>ly alli$ prec$+ species by ! half size ( ! arms & ! convex edges4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ea* arm #j4ab1 its greate/ bread? #j4jg4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,pacific1 ,b&a ,sea1 ,h>t+4 #c4 ,dictya/rum hexagonum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dc1 fig4 #g74 ,rhopala/rum hexagonum1 ,haeckel1 #ahhj1 ,atlas 7pl4 xliii4 fig4 #a74 ,arms ne>ly triangul>1 "o & a ?ird times z broad at ! di/al end z long1 & ?ree times z broad z at ! base4 ,c5tral disk ab\t ! same diamet]4 ,9 ea* arm six simple broad *amb]s4 ,if we connect ! six corn]s ( ! truncat$ di/al ends by /raight l9es1 we get a regul> hexagon4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ea* arm #j4ag1 basal bread? #j4jf1 t]m9al bread? #j4ag4 ,habitat4--,equatorial ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdg1 surface4 #d4 ,dictya/rum trirrhopalum1 n4 sp4 ,arms club-%ap$1 five times z long z broad at ! base1 at ! ?ick5$ end ?ree times z broad z at ! base4 ,diamet] ( ! c5tral disk equals half ! l5g? ( ! arms4 7,simil> to ,rhopala/rum malleus1 ,pl4 #dc1 fig4 #a1 b ) ?ree equal angles & mu* small] disk47 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ea* arm #j4be1 basal bread? #j4jd1 di/al bread? #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgc1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,dictya/romma1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,arms on ! di/al end provid$ ) t]m9al sp9es4 #e4 ,dictya/rum trisp9osum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dc1 fig4 #e74 ,rhopala/rum trisp9osum1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus et ,atlas 7pl4 xliii4 fig4 #e74 ,arms trapezoid1 at ! r\nd$ di/al end twice z broad z at ! base1 ) a /rong & %ort1 conical1 t]m9al sp9e4 ,diamet] ( ! circul> c5tral disk ab\t equal to ! l5g? & ! greate/ bread? ( ! arms4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ea* arm #j4ae1 basal bread? #j4jf1 di/al bread? #j4aa4 ,habitat4--,equatorial ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdg1 surface4 #ebff4 ,dictya/rum triactis1 ,ehr5b]g4 ,dictya/rum triactis1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahgb1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #cjf4 ,arms rectil9e>1 f\r times z long z broad1 ) p>allel edges1 po9t$ at ! di/al end1 ) a %ort t]m9al sp9e4 ,diamet] ( ! circul> c5tral disk equal to d\ble ! bread? ( ! arms4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ea* arm #j4b1 bread? #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 ,philipp9e ,sea1 ,/ation #bjf1 dep? #bajj fa?oms4 #g4 ,dictya/rum aculeatum1 n4 sp4 ,arms lanceolate1 ?ree times z long z broad1 twice z broad 9 ! middle z at ei!r end1 ) ?orny surface & num]\s conical t]m9al sp9es1 "o v l>ge 9 ! radius4 ,c5tral disk triangul>1 ab\t z broad z ! arms4 7,resembles ,rhopala/rum arcticum1 ,pl4 #dc1 fig4 #f1 b diff]s by ! equal angles & ! triangul> disk47 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ea* arm #j4b1 bread? #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,we/]n ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbe1 dep? #ddge fa?oms4 ,g5us #bbh4 ,rhopala/rum1#bfg ,ehr5b]g1 #ahdg1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #ed4 ,def9ition4--,porodiscida ) ?ree simple undivid$1 *amb]$ arms1 )\t a patagium2 triangul> %ell bilat]al1 "o odd arm opposite to ! odd angle betwe5 two pair$ arms4 ,! g5us ,rhopala/rum1 f\nd$ by ,ehr5b]g 7#ahdg7 ) a v insuffici5t diagnosis1 is "h reta9$ = ^? ,trigona/rida t agree 9 ! g5]ic *>act]s ) ! only species figur$ by him1 viz41 ,rhopala/rum lag5osum 7comp>e my ,monograph1 #ahfb1 p4 #ejj74 ,x comprises1 !re=e1 su* ,eu*itonida z agree ) ! prec$+ ,dictya/rum 9 ! simple =m ( ! ?ree arms & ! abs5ce ( a patagium1 b diff] f x 9 ! diff]5t size ( ! ?ree angles1 & (t5 also 9 ! div]g5t =m & size ( ! ?ree arms2 "o odd arm is opposite to ! odd angle betwe5 ! two pair$ arms4 ,subg5us #a4 ,rhopala/rella1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,arms ) blunt ends1 )\t t]m9al sp9es4 #a4 ,rhopala/rum truncatum1 ,haeckel4 ,rhopala/rum truncatum1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ejj1 ,taf4 xxix4 fig4 #f4 ,di/ance ( bo? pair$ arms ab\t half z l>ge z _! di/ance f ! odd arm4 ,all ?ree arms ne>ly ( ! same =m & size1 v %ort & broad2 _! bread? ne>ly equals t ( #ebg! r\ndi% c5tral disk1 :il/ _! l5g? rea*es only "o-f\r? ( x4 ,end ( ! arms convex r\nd$1 )\t sp9es4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ea* arm #j4a1 bread? #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a71 ,atlantic 7,can>y ,isl&s71 surface1 ,haeckel4 #b4 ,rhopala/rum pi/illum1 ,/hr4 ,rhopala/rum pi/illum1 ,/hr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #aaj1 ,taf4 v4 fig4 #d4 ,di/ance betwe5 ! pair$ arms ab\t two-?irds z l>ge z _! di/ance f ! odd arm4 ,all ?ree arms ne>ly ( ! same =m & size1 ab\t ?ree times z long z ! diamet] ( ! c5tral disk1 at ! base "o-?ird z broad z at ! convex r\nd$ end1 )\t sp9es4 ,/hr has only obs]v$ a fragm5t ) "o arm2 "s p]fect specim5s1 :i* ,i f\nd 9 ! ,caltanisetta-rock1 exhibit$ ne>ly ! same =m z ,rhopala/rum malleus 7,pl4 #dc1 fig4 #a71 b diff] f ?is by ! small] disk1 ! broad] arms1 & ! small] angle betwe5 ! pair$ arms4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( all ?ree arms #j4b2 basal bread? ( ea* arm #j4jde1 t]m9al bread? #j4ac4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,sicily1 ,grotte 7,/hr71 ,caltanisetta 7,haeckel74 #c4 ,rhopala/rum malleus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dc1 fig4 #a74 ,di/ance betwe5 ! pair$ arms "o & a ?ird times z l>ge z _! di/ance f ! odd arm4 ,all ?ree arms ne>ly ( ! same =m & size1 hamm]-%ap$1 ?ree times z broad at ! truncat$ di/al end z at ! base4 ,c5tral disk broad] ?an ! arms4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ea* arm #j4be1 basal bread? #j4je1 di/al bread? #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cbe1 surface4 #d4 ,rhopala/rum lag5osum1 ,ehr5b]g4 ,rhopala/rum lag5osum1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahdg1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #dc2 ,mikrogeol41 #ahed1 ,taf4 xxii4 fig4 #bb4 ,rhopala/rum lag5osum1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #eja4 ,flu/rella bilobata1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahdd1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #ha4 ,haliomma lag5a1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahdj1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #bjj4 ,di/ance betwe5 ! pair$ arms "o & a half times z great z _! di/ance f ! odd arm4 ,all ?ree arms ne>ly ( ! same =m & size1 ab\t "o & a half times z long z ! diamet] ( ! c5tral disk1 at ! base half z broad z at ! convex r\nd$ end1 )\t sp9es4 ,ehr5b]g has only obs]v$ a fragm5t ) two pair$ arms2 "s p]fect specim5s ) ?ree arms1 obs]v$ by me1 diff]$ f ! ne>ly alli$ ,rhopala/rum pi/illum 7f ! same locality7 by ! l>g] disk1 ! broad] arms1 & ! l>g] unpair$ angle4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( all ?ree arms #j4b1 basal bread? #j4je1 t]m9al bread? #j4ji4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,sicily1 ,caltanisetta4 #ebhe4 ,rhopala/rum ypsil9um1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dc1 fig4 #b74 ,di/ance betwe5 ! pair$ arms half z l>ge z _! di/ance f ! odd arm4 ,all ?ree arms at ! concavely curv$ di/al end ?ree times z broad z at ! n>r[ base4 ,odd arm twice z long & broad z ! pair$ arms4 ,c5tral disk small] ?an ! latt]4 ,no t]m9al sp9es4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! odd arm #j4cb1 ( ! pair$ arms #j4b2 t]m9al bread? ( ! =m] #j4b1 ( ! latt] #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,cocos ,isl&s1 ,rabbe1 surface4 #f4 ,rhopala/rum clavatum1 n4 sp4 ,di/ance betwe5 ! pair$ arms half z l>ge z _! di/ance f ! odd arm4 ,all ?ree arms club-%ap$1 at ! ?ick5$1 ne>ly sph]ical1 di/al end ?ree times z broad z at ! n>r[ base4 ,odd arm ne>ly twice z long & broad z ! pair$ arms4 ,c5tral disk equal to ! di/al knob ( ! latt]4 ,no t]m9al sp9es4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! odd arm #j4c1 ( ! pair$ arms #j4ah2 di/al bread? ( ! =m] #j4af1 ( ! latt] #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccb1 surface4 #g4 ,rhopala/rum irregul>e1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dc1 fig4 #h74 ,di/ance betwe5 all ?ree arm-po9ts diff]5t4 ,all ?ree arms cyl9drical1 ne>ly ( ! same l5g?1 b ( diff]5t =m1 irregul>ly curv$1 ab\t f\r times z long z broad1 ) blunt ends4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ea* arm ab\t #j4b1 bread? #j4je4 ,habitat4--,ant>ctic ,sea1 ,/ation #aeg1 dep? #aiej fa?oms4 ,subg5us #b4 ,rhopala/romma1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,arms on ! di/al end provid$ ) "o or m t]m9al sp9es4 #h4 ,rhopala/rum m>tellum1 n4 sp4 ,di/ance betwe5 all ?ree arm-po9ts ne>ly ! same2 b ! odd arm is "o & a half times z l>ge z bo? pair$ arms1 & is p]p5dicul> to ! common axis ( ! latt]1 !re=e ! %ell has ! =m ( a hamm]4 ,ea* arm is twice z broad at ! di/al end z at ! base1 & arm$ ) a conical t]m9al sp9e2 ! latt] is v]tical 9 ! odd arm1 horizontal 9 ! pair$ arms4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! odd arm #j4c1 ( ! pair$ arms #j4ae2 di/al bread? ( ! =m] #j4ab1 ( ! latt] #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ced1 surface4 #ebii4 ,rhopala/rum tric]os1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dc1 fig4 #d74 ,di/ance betwe5 ! pair$ arms ab\t two-?irds z l>ge z _! di/ance f ! odd arm4 ,all ?ree arms club-%ap$1 ?ree times z broad at ! ?ick5$ di/al "p z at ! base1 & arm$ ) "o s+le1 conical1 t]m9al sp9e4 ,odd arm ( ! same bread?1 b twice z long z ! pair$ arms4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! odd arm #j4ce1 ( ! pair$ arms #j4b2 basal bread? #j4jd1 di/al bread? #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgd1 surface4 #aj4 ,rhopala/rum hexac]os1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dc1 fig4 #c74 ,di/ance betwe5 ! pair$ arms equals f\r-fif?s ( _! di/ance f ! odd arm4 ,all ?ree arms ne>ly ( ! same size1 ab\t squ>e1 a little broad] at ! truncat$ di/al end1 :i* is arm$ at bo? corn]s ) a /rong1 conical1 radial sp9e4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ea* arm #j4b1 basal bread? #j4a1 di/al bread? #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,ceylon1 ,belligemma1 ,haeckel1 surface4 #aa4 ,rhopala/rum arcticum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dc1 fig4 #f74 ,di/ance betwe5 ! pair$ arms half z l>ge z _! di/ance f ! odd arm1 :i* is a little l>g]4 ,all ?ree arms ( ! same =m1 lanceolate1 twice to ?ree times z long z broad1 twice z broad 9 ! middle z at ei!r end4 ,ea* arm ) twelve to f\rte5 transv]se septa1 at ! di/al end ) a bun* ( conical sp9es1 & "o s+le1 v l>ge1 pyramidal1 t]m9al sp9e4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ea* arm 7)\t sp9e7 #j4ag1 greate/ bread? ( x #j4je to #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,arctic ,ocean1 lat4 #hc #ai' ,n41 ,nor? ,pol> exp$ition ( ! ,al]t4 ,g5us #bbi4 ,hym5ia/rum1#bfh ,ehr5b]g1 #ahdg1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #ed4 ,def9ition4--,porodiscida ) ?ree simple1 undivid$1 *amb]$ arms1 connect$ by a patagium2 triangul> %ell regul>1 ) ?ree equal arms & ?ree equal angles4 ,! g5us ,hym5ia/rum 0 f\nd$ by ,ehr5b]g 7#ahdg7 ) a v incomplete diagnosis1 & hi!rto kn[n only by "o s+le species1 figur$ by him z ,hym5ia/rum py?agor 7,mikrogeol41 #ahed1 ,taf4 xxxvi4 fig4 #ca74 ,?is =m occurs 9 two diff]5t /ates1 ext]nally q id5tical2 9 "o /ate ! c5tral disk 7z figur$1 loc4 cit471 is a simple l5s or holl[ disk1 conta9+ a m$ull>y %ell or c5tral *amb]2 9 ! o!r /ate ! c5tral disk is compos$ ( two conc5tric r+s surr\nd+ ! c5tral *amb]4 ,we reta9 "h ! "n ,hym5ia/rum = ?is latt] /ate1 #ecj;express$ 9 ! diagnosis giv5 above1 & call ! =m] /ate 7! ,coccodiscid7 ,hym5actura 7comp>e above1 p4 #dgc74 ,"o practical advantage1 obta9$ 9 ?is way1 is t all g5]a ( ,discoidea end+ ) -a/rum belong to ! ,porodiscida4 ,hym5ia/rum diff]s f ,dictya/rum by ! possession ( a patagium1 & f ,eu*itonia by ! equal size ( ! angles & ! arms4 ,subg5us #a4 ,hym5a/rella1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,arms ) blunt ends1 )\t t]m9al sp9es4 #a4 ,hym5ia/rum leydigii1 ,haeckel4 ,eu*itonia leydigii1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #eaj1 ,taf4 xxxi4 figs4 #d1 #e4 ,hym5ia/rum leydigii1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfj4 ,hi/ia/rum tr9acrium1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #hdc4 ,arms twice z long z broad1 two-?irds z broad at ! base z at ! blunt1 ne>ly truncat$ di/al end4 ,patagium ne>ly complete1 p]fectly fill+ out ! int]bra*ial spaces1 ) six to sev5 regul>1 concave *amb]-r[s2 only ! truncate t]m9al faces ( ! arms free4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! arms #j4ae to #j4ah1 bread? on _! base #j4jd to #j4je1 on _! broade/ di/al end #j4jf to #j4jg4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,m$it]ranean1 ,atlantic1 ,pacific1 surface4 ,v common & v>iable4 #b4 ,hym5ia/rum kllik]i1 ,haeckel4 ,eu*itonia kllik]i1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #eaa1 ,taf4 xxxi4 figs4 #f1 #g4 ,hym5ia/rum kllik]i1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfj4 ,arms ne>ly lanceolate1 twice z long z broad1 half z broad at ! base z at ! broade/ middle "p1 po9t$ at ! di/al end4 ,patagium complete1 envelop+ ! :ole triangul> disk1 ) irregul> *amb]-r[s4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! arms #j4b1 bread? on _! base #j4jd1 on ! broade/ "p #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a71 surface4 #c4 ,hym5ia/rum gmbelii1 ,haeckel4 ,/ylactis gmbelii1 ,/hr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #aab1 ,taf4 vi4 fig4 #a4 ,arms twice z long z broad1 ne>ly twice z broad 9 ! circul> di/al half z 9 ! squ>e proximal half4 ,patagium incomplete1 circul>1 ) eight to n9e convex *amb]-r[s1 envelop+ only ! proximal squ>e halves ( ! arms2 ! l5ticul> di/al halves rema9 free4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! arms #j4ad2 bread? at ! base #j4jd1 at ! di/al l5ticul> "p #j4jg4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,sicily1 ,grotte1 ,/hr4 #ecad4 ,hym5ia/rum euclidis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dc1 fig4 #ac74 ,eu*itonia euclidis1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfj et ,atlas 7pl4 xliii4 fig4 #ac74 ,arms "o & a half times z long z broad1 club-%ap$1 ?ree times z broad 9 ! oval di/al "p z 9 ! n>r[ squ>e proximal "p4 ,patagium complete1 envelop+ ! :ole triangul> disk1 & also ! convex ends ( ! arms1 ) eight to n9e convex *amb]-r[s4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! arms #j4ah2 bread? at ! base #j4jbe1 at ! broade/ di/al "p #j4jg4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ations #bgj to #bgd1 surface4 #e4 ,hym5ia/rum py?agor1 ,ehr5b]g4 ,hym5ia/rum py?agor1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahed 7p>tim71 ,mikrogeol41 ,taf4 xxxvi4 fig4 #ca4 ,arms ne>ly z broad z long1 two-?irds z broad at ! base z at ! truncat$ di/al end4 ,patagium incomplete1 envelop+ only ! basal half ( ! arms1 ) f\r to five rectil9e> p>allel *amb]-r[s4 7,?is =m has ! greate/ resemblance to ! figure giv5 by ,ehr5b]g1 loc4 cit41 b diff]s by ! c5tral disk1 :i* is compos$ ( two conc5tric r+s surr\nd+ ! small c5tral *amb]2 comp>e above ,hym5actura py?agor1 p4 #dgd47 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! arms #j4ah2 bread? at ! base #j4jh1 at ! truncat$ end #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,equatorial ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdg1 dep? #bbej fa?oms4 #f4 ,hym5ia/rum ar*im$is1 n4 sp4 ,arms ne>ly triangul>1 at ! truncat$1 slightly convex end ?ree times z broad z at ! n>r[ base & "o & a ?ird times z broad z long2 ea* arm ) six simple *amb]s4 ,patagium incomplete1 envelop+ only ! basal half ( ! arms ) ?ree to f\r convex *amb]-r[s4 7,diff]s f ,rhopala/rum hexagonum1 ,pl4 #dc1 fig4 #g1 only by ! patagium47 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! arms #j4b2 bread? at ! base #j4jg1 at ! truncat$ end #j4b4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgd1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,hym5a/romma1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,arms at ! di/al end provid$ ) radial sp9es4 #g4 ,hym5ia/rum t]n>ium1 ,haeckel4 ,hi/ia/rum t]n>ium1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahge1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #gf1 ,taf4 xxiv4 fig4 #b4 ,arms two & a half times z long z broad1 ?ree times z broad at ! truncat$ end z at ! n>r[ base1 ) a /rong1 conical1 radial sp9e at ! end4 ,patagium incomplete1 envelop+ only ! basal half ( ! arms1 ) ?ree to f\r convex *amb]-r[s4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! arms 7)\t t]m9al sp9e7 #j4jb2 bread? at ! base #j4jbe1 at ! broade/ t]m9al "p #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! rocks ( ,b>bados4 #ecbh4 ,hym5ia/rum trigon>ium1 n4 sp4 ,arms "o & a half times z long z broad1 a little broad] at ! r\nd$ end ?an at ! base1 ) ?ree /rong conical radial sp9es1 "o l>g] 79 ! radius ( ea* arm7 & two small] on bo? sides ( ?is4 ,patagium complete1 ) f\r to five rectil9e> p>allel *amb]-r[s1 envelop+ ! :ole arms 7) exception ( ! t]m9al sp9es7 & =m+ a p]fect equilat]al triangle4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! arms 7)\t t]m9al sp9es7 #j4ah2 bread? at ! base #j4a1 at ! di/al "p #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 ,g5us #bcj4 ,eu*itonia1#bfi ,ehr5b]g1 #ahfj1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #hca 7s5su em5dato74 ,def9ition4--,porodiscida ) ?ree simple1 undivid$1 *amb]$ arms1 connect$ by a patagium2 triangul> %ell bilat]al1 "o odd arm opposite to ! odd angle betwe5 ! two pair$ arms4 ,! g5us ,eu*itonia1 q insuffici5tly *>act]is$ by ,ehr5b]g1 0 f\nd$ by him 7#ahfj7 = "o s+le species1 aft]w>ds 7#ahgb7 describ$ & figur$ z ,eu*itonia furcata4 ,reta9+ ?is species correctly z ! type ( ?is g5us1 ,i give to x "h ! above diagnosis4 ,9 my ,monograph 7#ahfb1 p4 #ejc7 ,i describ$ sev5 ,m$it]ranean species ( ,eu*itonia4 ,?ree ( ^! h 9 common ! *>act]s accord+ to ! pres5t diagnosis3 ,eu*itonia mll]i1 ,eu*itonia vir*[ii1 ,eu*itonia beckmanni2 two o!rs app]ta9 7on acc\nt ( ! regul>1 n bilat]al =m7 to ,hym5ia/rum1 & two o!rs 7on acc\nt ( ! =k$1 n simple arms7 to ,trigona/rum4 ,aft]w>ds 7#ahhj7 ?ree true fossil species ( ,eu*itonia 7 describ$ by ,/hr 7,eu*itonia cruciata1 ,eu*itonia zittelii1 & ,eu*itonia acuta74 ,"s species ( ?is g5us are cosmopolitan1 & app]ta9 to ! mo/ common & ev]y:]e repres5t$ ,discoidea4 ,subg5us #a4 ,/ylactis1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahgb 7loc4 cit474 ,def9ition4--,arms ) blunt ends1 )\t t]m9al sp9es4 #a4 ,eu*itonia furcata1 ,ehr5b]g4 ,eu*itonia furcata1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahgb1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #cjh2 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 ,taf4 vi4 iii4 fig4 #f4 ,di/ance betwe5 ! pair$ arms ab\t half z l>ge z _! di/ance f ! odd arm4 ,all ?ree arms ne>ly ( ! same size & =m1 ab\t twice z long z broad1 "o & a half times at ! #ecc;blunt convex end z broad z at ! base4 ,patagium incomplete1 ) concave *amb]-r[s & irregul> network1 only envelop+ ! basal half ( ! arms4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( all ?ree arms #j4ae1 basal bread? ( ea* arm #j4jd1 t]m9al bread? #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,cali=nian ,sea1 dep? #bfjj fa?oms1 ,ehr5b]g4 #b4 ,eu*itonia mll]i1 ,haeckel4 ,eu*itonia mll]i1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ejh1 ,taf4 xxx4 figs4 #e-aj4 ,eu*itonia mll]i1 ,/hr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #aaj1 ,taf4 v4 fig4 #e4 ,di/ance betwe5 ! pair$ arms ab\t two-?irds z l>ge z _! di/ance f ! odd arm1 :i* is some:at l>g]4 ,l5g? ( ! arms equals two & a half times ! bread? ( ! blunt convex end or five times ! bread? ( ! base4 ,patagium ) concave *amb]-r[s1 ne>ly complete1 envelop+ ! arms ) exception ( ! t]m9al face4 7,?is common species is v v>iable2 comp>e my ,monograph47 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( all ?ree arms #j4af to #j4bb1 basal bread? #j4jc to #j4je1 t]m9al bread? #j4jf to #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 "o ( ! mo/ common ,discoidea 9 all seas1 on ! surface z well z at diff]5t dep?s2 also fossil 9 ! ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,b>bados & ,sicily4 #c4 ,eu*itonia triangulum1 ,haeckel4 ,/ylactis triangulum1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahgb1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #cbj2 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 ,taf4 viii4 fig4 #i4 ,/ylactis triangulum1 ,/hr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #aac1 ,taf4 vi4 fig4 #b4 ,di/ance betwe5 ! pair$ arms ab\t two-?irds z l>ge z _! di/ance f ! odd arm4 ,all ?ree arms ne>ly ( ! same size & =m1 ab\t "o & a half times z long z broad1 ne>ly z broad at ! base z at ! blunt r\nd$ end4 ,patagium incomplete1 ) convex *amb]-r[s1 envelop+ ab\t two-?irds ( ! arms4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( all ?ree arms #j4ae1 basal bread? #j4je1 t]m9al bread? #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,pacific & ,atlantic1 ,/ations #bec1 #bgb1 #ced1 surface2 also fossil 9 ! ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,b>bados & ,sicily4 #d4 ,eu*itonia cruciata1 ,/hr4 ,eu*itonia cruciata1 ,/hr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #aaa1 ,taf4 v4 fig4 #g4 ,di/ance betwe5 ! pair$ arms ab\t "o & a half times z l>ge z _! di/ance f ! odd arm1 :i* is a little l>g]4 ,l5g? ( ! arm ne>ly equals twice ! bread?1 :i* is ! same at ! base & at ! r\nd$ blunt ends4 ,patagium incomplete1 ) concave *amb]-r[s1 envelop+ only ! base ( ! arms1 & =ms betwe5 !m ?ree o!r small] arms2 !re=e ! :ole %ell =ms six angles ) six alt]nat+ arms4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( all ?ree arms #j4ae1 basal bread? #j4je4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,sicily1 ,grotte1 ,/hr4 #ecde4 ,eu*itonia lanceolata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dc1 fig4 #i74 ,di/ance betwe5 ! pair$ arms ab\t "o & a ?ird times z l>ge z _! di/ance f ! odd arm4 ,all ?ree arms ne>ly ( ! same size & =m1 ?ree times z long z broad1 lanceolate1 mu* broad] 9 ! middle "p ?an at bo? ends2 di/al end cuspidate1 b n sp9y4 ,patagium incomplete1 ) convex *amb]-r[s1 envelops ab\t two-?irds ( ! arms4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( all ?ree arms #j4ah1 greate/ bread? 79 ! wid?7 #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cec1 dep? #bife fa?oms4 #f4 ,eu*itonia zittelii1 ,haeckel4 ,/ylactis zittelii1 ,/hr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #aab1 ,taf4 v4 fig4 #h4 ,di/ance betwe5 ! pair$ arms ab\t "o-fif? z l>ge z _! di/ance f ! odd arm4 ,all ?ree arms ne>ly ( ! same size & =m1 9 ! proximal half ?9n] & ne>ly squ>e1 9 ! di/al half ?ick] & circul>2 ! latt] half twice to ?ree times z broad z ! =m]4 ,patagium incomplete1 ) convex *amb]-r[s1 envelops only ! proximal squ>e half ( ! arms4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( all ?ree arms #j4ae1 basal bread? #j4jc1 t]m9al bread? #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,sicily1 ,grotte1 ,/hr4 #g4 ,eu*itonia /hrii1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dc1 fig4 #ab74 ,di/ance betwe5 ! pair$ arms ab\t f\r-fif?s z l>ge z _! di/ance f ! odd arm1 :i* is "o & a half times z long z ! =m]4 ,arms ab\t ?ree times z long z broad1 twice z broad 9 ! di/al half z 9 ! proximal half1 ) r\nd$ blunt ends4 ,patagium complete1 ) concave *amb]-r[s1 envelop+ ! :ole %ell1 also ! ends ( ! arms4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! pair$ arms #j4b1 ( ! odd arm #j4be2 basal bread? #j4jc1 di/al bread? #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! rocks ( ,b>bados & ( ,nicob> ,isl&s1 ,haeckel4 ,indian ,ocean1 ,cocos ,isl&s 7,rabbe74 ,also 9 ! ,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfg4 #h4 ,eu*itonia beckmannii1 ,haeckel4 ,eu*itonia beckmannii1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #eje1 ,taf4 xxxi4 fig4 #a4 ,di/ance betwe5 ! pair$ arms sc>cely half z l>ge z _! di/ance f ! odd arm1 :i* is some:at l>g]4 ,ea* arm ) six simple broad *amb]s 7)\t radial septa71 ! t]m9al *amb]s semilun>1 convex1 blunt1 f\r times z broad z ! fir/ 7basal7 *amb]4 ,patagium incomplete1 ) convex *amb]-r[s1 envelop+ ! arms ) exception ( ! broad blunt t]m9al face4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! pair$ arms #j4ae1 ( ! odd arm #j4ah2 basal bread? #j4jb to #j4jc1 t]m9al bread? #j4a to #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a71 ,haeckel1 surface4 #ecei4 ,eu*itonia vir*[ii1 ,haeckel4 ,eu*itonia vir*[ii1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ejc1 ,taf4 xxx4 figs4 #a-d4 ,hi/ia/rum fasciatum1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #hdb4 ,di/ance betwe5 ! pair$ arms ab\t half z l>ge z _! di/ance f ! odd arm1 :i* is some:at l>g]4 ,ea* arm ) six broad *amb]s1 bisect$ by a radial septum2 ! t]m9al *amb] convex1 blunt1 twice z broad z ! basal *amb]4 ,patagium incomplete1 ) concave *amb]-r[s1 envelop+ ! arms ) exception ( ! broad blunt t]m9al face4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! pair$ arms #j4ae1 ( ! odd arm #j4af2 basal bread? #j4je1 t]m9al bread? #j4a to #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a71 ,atlantic 7,can>y ,isl&s74 ,subg5us #b4 ,pt]actis1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahgb 7loc4 cit474 ,def9ition4--,arms provid$ ) radial sp9es at ! di/al end4 #aj4 ,eu*itonia elegans1 ,haeckel4 ,pt]actis elegans1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahgb1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #bii1 ,taf4 viii4 fig4 #c4 ,di/ance betwe5 ! pair$ arms half z l>ge z _! di/ance f ! odd arm4 ,?is latt] is /raight1 :ile bo? ! =m] are concavely curv$ t[>ds ! middle l9e4 ,arms five times z long z broad1 at ! di/al end po9t$ & arm$ ) a %ort conical t]m9al sp9e4 ,patagium ne>ly complete1 envelop+ f\r-fif?s ( ! arms1 ) f\r to five concave *amb]-r[s4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! arms #j4b1 bread? ( !m #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,pacific1 ,philipp9e ,sea1 dep? #ccjj fa?oms 7,ehr5b]g74 #aa4 ,eu*itonia c>c9us1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dc1 fig4 #aj74 ,di/ance betwe5 ! pair$ arms sc>cely "o-f\r? z great z _! di/ance f ! odd arm4 ,?is latt] is /raight1 twice z long z ! =m]1 :i* are concavely curv$ t[>ds ! middle l9e4 ,! odd arm is ?ree times z broad at ! di/al end z at ! n>r[ base4 ,! end ( ea* arm is furni%$ ) a /rong triangul> radial sp9e & a gr\p ( small] sp9es4 ,patagium incomplete1 ) two to ?ree concave *amb]-r[s1 envelop+ only ! basal half ( ! arms4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! pair$ arms #j4ae1 bread? #j4jc2 radius ( ! odd arm #j4c1 bread? on its base #j4jb1 on its di/al end #j4jg4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccb1 dep? #bbjj fa?oms4 #ecfab4 ,eu*itonia acuta1 ,/hr4 ,eu*itonia acuta1 ,/hr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #aaa1 ,taf4 v4 fig4 #f4 ,di/ance betwe5 ! pair$ arms two-?irds z great z _! di/ance f ! odd arm4 ,all ?ree arms ne>ly ( ! same size & =m1 two & a half times z long z broad1 ne>ly lanceolate1 at _! broade/ "p "o & a half times z broad z at _! base4 ,patagium complete1 envelop+ ! :ole triangul> disk1 ) five to six concave *amb]-r[s4 ,9 ! figure ( ,/hr ! ends ( ! arms are simply po9t$1 :ile ,i f9d 9 ! same fossil =m a %ort t]m9al conical sp9e4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( all ?ree arms #j4ad2 bread? at ! base #j4jd1 at ! broade/ "p #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,sicily1 ,grotte 7,/hr71 ,caltanisetta 7,haeckel74 #ac4 ,eu*itonia ypsiloides1 ,haeckel4 ,hi/ia/rum ypsiloides1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #hdc4 ,di/ance betwe5 ! pair$ arms two-?irds z great z _! di/ance f ! odd arm1 :i* is some:at l>g]4 ,l5g? ( ! arms equals five times ! bread? ( ! n>r[ base1 :i* is half t ( ! di/al end2 ?is latt] is arm$ ) ?ree to five %ort conical sp9es4 ,patagium complete1 ) six to sev5 concave *amb]-r[s1 envelop+ ! :ole arms ) ! exception ( ! t]m9al sp9es4 7,diff]s f ,eu*itonia mll]i almo/ solely by ! possession ( t]m9al sp9es47 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! arms #j4ah to #j4b2 bread? at ! base #j4jd1 at ! di/al end #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a71 ,atlantic 7,can>y ,isl&s71 surface4 #ad4 ,eu*itonia e*9ata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dc1 fig4 #aa74 ,di/ance betwe5 pair$ arms ?ree-f\r?s z great z _! di/ance f ! odd arm1 :i* is some:at l>g]4 ,arms "o & a half times z long z broad1 some:at con/rict$ 9 ! middle "p1 arm$ at ! r\nd$ ends ) num]\s 7?irty to =ty7 /rong1 conical sp9es4 ,patagium complete1 ) f\r or five rectil9e> p>allel *amb]-r[s1 envelop+ ! :ole ( ! arms ) ! exception ( ! sp9y ends4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! arms 7)\t sp9es7 #j4b1 bread? #j4jf to #j4ji4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bec1 dep? #cabe fa?oms4 ,g5us #bca4 ,*itona/rum1#bgj ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfj4 ,def9ition4--,porodiscida ) ?ree =k$1 *amb]$ arms1 )\t a patagium4 7,arms & angles betwe5 !m ei!r equal or unequal47 ,! g5us ,*itona/rum diff]s f its ance/ral =m1 ,dictya/rum1 by ! bifurcation ( ! di/al ends ( ! arms4 ,! few species ( ?is g5us are p>tly #ecgregul> 7l ,dictya/rum71 p>tly bilat]al 7l ,rhopala/rum74 ,if ! numb] ( species increases mu*1 ^! two subg5]a may be sep>at$ into two g5]a3 ,*itona/rella correspond+ to ! =m]1 ,*itona/romma to ! latt]4 ,subg5us #a4 ,*itona/rella1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,all ?ree arms ( ! same size & =m1 equidi/ant2 fundam5tal =m ( ! %ell !re=e an equilat]al triangle4 #a4 ,*itona/rum triglo*91 n4 sp4 ,all ?ree arms equal & equidi/ant4 ,ea* arm has ! =m ( an isosceles triangle1 twice z high z broad2 ! truncat$ apex ( ! triangle is ins]t$ into ! l>ge c5tral disk1 :il/ its di/al base 7f\r times z broad7 is divid$ by a deep incision 7half z long z ! arm74 ,ea* arm ) t5 to twelve jo9ts1 simple 9 its basal half1 d\ble 9 its di/al half4 ,axes ( ! six bran*es /raight4 7,resembles ,trigona/rum regul>e1 ,pl4 #dc1 fig4 #af1 b diff]s 9 ! abs5ce ( a patagium47 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ea* arm #j4bd1 greate/ bread? #j4aa1 basal bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 #b4 ,*itona/rum ba?ybium1 n4 sp4 ,all ?ree arms equal & equidi/ant1 9 ! basal two-?irds simple1 rectil9e>1 ?ree times z long z broad1 9 ! di/al ?ird =k$1 bo? bran*es equal1 /raight1 blunt1 half z broad z ! basal "p4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ea* arm #j4ah1 basal bread? #j4jd1 bread? ( ! bran*es #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,we/]n ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbe1 dep? #ddge fa?oms4 ,subg5us #b4 ,*itona/romma1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,"o odd arm diff]5t 9 size or =m f ! two o!r arms1 :i* are pair$2 di/ance betwe5 !m diff]5t2 fundam5tal =m ( ! %ell !re=e a bilat]al1 isosceles triangle4 #c4 ,*itona/rum jugatum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dc1 fig4 #ad74 ,dictya/rum jugatum1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus et ,atlas 7pl4 xliii4 fig4 #ad74 ,arms v diff]5t2 odd arm club-%ap$1 twice z long z broad1 at ! blunt di/al end twice z broad z at ! base2 its axis is p]p5dicul> to ! common axis ( bo? pair$ arms1 :i* are only two-?irds z long1 n s broad1 & 9 ! di/al half divid$ into two bran*es2 ! ant]ior bran* is /raight1 ne>ly horizontal1 ! po/]ior %ort] & curv$ backw>ds4 #ech;,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! odd arm #j4b1 ( ! pair$ arms #j4ae2 di/al bread? ( ! =m] #j4jh1 basal bread? #j4jd2 bread? ( ! pair$ arms #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cbe1 surface4 #d4 ,*itona/rum dicranoides1 n4 sp4 ,all ?ree arms 9 ! basal half simple1 ne>ly squ>e1 9 ! di/al half =k$2 bran*es /raight1 blunt4 ,odd arm twice z l>ge z ! pair$ arms2 angle betwe5 ! latt] l>g] ?an ! angles betwe5 !m & ! odd arm4 7,! =m ( ! arms resembles ,dicrana/rum furcatum1 ,pl4 #dg1 fig4 #b47 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! odd arm #j4bd1 ( ! pair$ arms #j4ab2 basal bread? #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cec1 surface4 #e4 ,*itona/rum lyra1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dc1 fig4 #ae74 ,dictya/rum lyra1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus et ,atlas 7pl4 xliii4 fig4 #ae74 ,all ?ree arms =k$ & ne>ly ( ! same size1 b diff]5t 9 =m & position4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! bran*es ( ! two pair$ arms is only "o-f\r? ( ! di/ance betwe5 !m & ! odd arm4 ,ea* arm 9 ! basal two-?irds is simple1 ) elev5 to twelve transv]se septa1 9 ! di/al ?ird =k$1 ea* bran* ) f\r to five transv]se septa4 ,! bran*es ( ea* arm are curv$ convexly "o to ano!r1 end+ obtusely4 ,! axis ( ! simple proximal "p is /raight 9 ! odd arm1 9 ! pair$ arms curv$ concavely t[>ds ! middle l9e4 ,9 ! figur$ specim51 :i* ,i obs]v$ liv+ 9 ,port(9o 79 ,septemb] #ahhj71 ! c5tral *amb] ( ! c5tral disk & ! fir/ surr\nd+ r+ 7 fill$ ) ! nucleus ( ! cell2 bo? ext]nal r+s 7 fill$ 7l all *amb]s ( ! arms7 ) p9k oil-globules ( ! r$ c5tral capsule4 ,f ! mantle1 envelop+ ! %ell1 radiat$ innum]able f9e pseudopodia 7mu* too %ort 9 ! figure71 & betwe5 ! two pair$ arms a long s>code-flagellum4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ea* arm #j4af2 greate/ bread? ( ! odd arm #j4jd2 basal bread? ( ! pair$ arms #j4jb2 di/ance ( bo? bran*es ( ea* arm #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean1 ,port(9o1 ne> ,g5oa1 ,haeckel4 ,g5us #bcb4 ,trigona/rum1#bga n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,porodiscida ) ?ree =k$1 *amb]$ arms1 connect$ by a patagium4 7,arms & angles betwe5 !m ei!r equal or unequal47 ,! g5us ,trigona/rum diff]s f ! prec$+ ,*itona/rum1 its ance/ral =m1 9 ! developm5t ( a patagium betwe5 ! arms4 ,x be>s !re=e to ! latt] ! same relation t ,eu*itonia does to ,rhopala/rum4 #eci,subg5us #a4 ,trigona/rella1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,all ?ree arms ( ! same size & =m1 equidi/ant2 fundam5tal =m ( ! %ell !re=e a regul>1 equilat]al triangle4 #a4 ,trigona/rum regul>e1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dc1 fig4 #af74 ,*itona/rum regul>e1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus et ,atlas 7pl4 xliii4 fig4 #af74 ,all ?ree arms equal & equidi/ant4 ,ea* arm has ! =m ( an isosceles triangle1 twice z high z broad1 ! truncat$ apex ( :i* is ins]t$ into ! l>ge circul> c5tral disk1 :il/ its di/al base 7f\r times z broad7 is divid$ by a deep incision 7half z long z ! arm74 ,ea* arm ) t5 to twelve jo9ts4 ,patagium betwe5 ! arms ne>ly complete1 spongy4 7,diff]s f ,*itona/rum triglo*9 ma9ly 9 ! possession ( a patagium47 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ea* arm #j4bd1 greate/ bread? #j4aa1 basal bread? #j4jc2 l5g? ( ! sides ( ! regul> triangle #j4de4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgd1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,trigona/romma1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,"o odd arm diff]5t 9 =m or size f ! o!r two arms1 :i* are pair$2 di/ance betwe5 !m diff]5t2 fundam5tal =m ( ! %ell !re=e an isosceles triangle4 #b4 ,trigona/rum krohnii1 ,haeckel4 ,eu*itonia krohnii1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ejg4 ,all ?ree arms diff]5t2 di/ance betwe5 ! two pair$ arms small] ?an _! di/ance f ! odd arm4 ,odd arm ) six jo9ts4 ,ea* pair$ arm ) sev5 jo9ts1 increas+ 9 bread? t[>ds ! di/al end4 ,odd arm & "o pair$ arm =k$ at ! end1 ! o!r pair$ arm simple4 ,patagium ne>ly complete4 7,! asymmetry 9 ?is =m may p]haps be an individual anomaly1 z also 9 ,myela/rum anomalum1 ,pl4 #dg1 fig4 #i47 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! arms ab\t #j4ac to #j4af1 bread? #j4je to #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,fun*al1 ,madeira1 ,krohn1 surface4 #c4 ,trigona/rum geg5bauri1 ,haeckel4 ,eu*itonia geg5bauri1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ejf1 ,taf4 xxxi4 figs4 #b1 #c4 ,arms diff]5t2 di/ance betwe5 ! pair$ arms l>g] ?an _! di/ance f ! odd arm1 :i* is "o-?ird %ort]4 ,odd arm egg-%ap$1 simple1 ) sev5 jo9ts1 undivid$4 ,bo? pair$ arms equal1 ) t5 jo9ts1 9 ! di/al ?ird =k$4 ,patagium ne>ly complete4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! odd arm #j4ad1 greate/ bread? #j4jh2 radius ( ! pair$ arms #j4b4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a71 ,haeckel1 surface4 #edj;,g5us #bcc4 ,/aurala/rum1#bgb n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,porodiscida ) f\r simple1 undivid$1 *amb]$ arms1 )\t a patagium2 quadrangul> %ell a regul> cross1 ) f\r equal arms plac$ at "r angles4 ,! g5us ,/aurala/rum is ! mo/ simple =m ( ! ,tess>a/rida1 or ( ^? ,porodiscida 9 :i* ! m>g9 ( ! c5tral disk is arm$ ) f\r *amb]$ arms4 ,9 ,/aurala/rum ^! f\r arms are q simple & equal1 )\t a patagium1 sep>at$ by f\r "r angles1 s t ! :ole %ell repres5ts a regul> rectangul> cross4 ,if we connect ! di/al po9ts ( ! arms by l9es1 we get a complete squ>e4 7,9 my ,prodromus1 #ahha1 ! species ( ?is g5us 7 unit$ ) ,hagia/rum1 :i* g5us ,i n[ reta9 = ! simple bilat]al ,tess>a/rida47 ,subg5us #a4 ,/aurala/rella1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,ends ( ! arms blunt1 )\t t]m9al sp9es4 #a4 ,/aurala/rum cruci=me1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #de1 fig4 #f74 ,arms v ?91 ne>ly l9e>1 f\r to five times z long z broad1 ( equal bread? at ! base & at ! truncat$ di/al end2 _! bread? equals "o-?ird ( ! radius ( ! c5tral disk4 ,edges ( ! arms p>allel4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ea* arm #j4h1 bread? #j4jaf4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bic1 surface4 #b4 ,/aurala/rum lanceolatum1 n4 sp4 ,arms lanceolate1 ?ree times z long z broad1 9 _! middle "p ?ree times z broad z at bo? ends2 _! greate/ bread? ne>ly equals ! diamet] ( ! c5tral disk4 7,! arms h ! same =m z 9 ,eu*itonia lanceolata1 ,pl4 #dc1 fig4 #i47 ,edges ( ! arms convex4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ea* arm #j4c1 greate/ bread? 79 ! middle "p7 #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgc1 dep? #bcej fa?oms4 #c4 ,/aurala/rum ordo1 n4 sp4 ,arms trapezoid1 ab\t z long z broad1 twice z broad at _! truncat$ di/al end z at ! base2 _! basal bread? equals ! radius ( ! c5tral disk1 :i* exhibits two to ?ree r+s4 7,! arms h ne>ly ! same =m z ^? 9 ,hagia/rum mosis1 ,pl4 #de1 fig4 #c47 ,edges ( ! arms rectil9e>1 div]g5t t[>ds ! ends4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ea* arm #j4ab1 basal bread? #j4jd1 di/al bread? #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfe1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #edad4 ,/aurala/rum clavig]um1 n4 sp4 ,arms twice z long z broad1 9 _! di/al half l5ticul>1 ne>ly circul>1 twice z broad z 9 _! squ>e proximal half2 _! di/al bread? equals ! diamet] ( ! c5tral disk1 :i* exhibits ?ree to f\r r+s4 ,edges ( ! arms concave4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ea* arm #j4b1 basal bread? #j4jd1 di/al bread? #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #e4 ,/aurala/rum dilatatum1 n4 sp4 ,arms ( ne>ly equal l5g? & bread?1 at _! convex di/al end ?ree times z broad z at _! n>r[ base2 _! di/al bread? ?ree times z l>ge z ! radius ( ! c5tral disk1 :i* exhibits ?ree to f\r r+s4 7,resembles ,hi/ia/rum quadrigatum1 ,pl4 #df1 fig4 #c1 b has no patagium47 ,edges ( ! arms concave4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ea* arm #j4ae1 basal bread? #j4jd1 t]m9al bread? #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #cjj1 dep? #acge fa?oms4 ,subg5us #b4 ,/aurala/romma1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,ends ( ! arms ) "o or m t]m9al sp9es4 #f4 ,/aurala/rum rhopalophorum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #de1 fig4 #a74 ,hagia/rum rhopalophorum1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfj4 ,arms cyl9drical1 eight times z long z broad at _! base1 at _! di/al end club-%ap$1 ?ree times z broad z at _! base2 _! di/al bread? twice z l>ge z ! diamet] ( ! c5tral disk1 :i* exhibits two to ?ree r+s4 ,surface ?orny1 ) l>g] sp9es t[>ds ! end1 & "o radial1 v /rong1 angul> t]m9al sp9e4 ,edges ( ! arms p>allel4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ea* arm 7)\t t]m9al sp9e7 #j4cb1 basal bread? #j4jc1 t]m9al bread? #j4a4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfe1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #g4 ,/aurala/rum antiquum1 n4 sp4 ,rhopala/rum sp4 ,bury1 #ahfb1 ,polycy/9s ( ,b>bados1 pl4 xiv4 fig4 #e4 ,arms six times z long z broad at _! base1 9 _! di/al half ne>ly sph]ical1 ?ree times z broad z 9 _! cyl9drical basal half2 _! di/al bread? ne>ly equals ! diamet] ( ! c5tral disk :i* exhibits ?ree to f\r r+s4 ,on ! end ( ea* arm "o /rong1 angul>1 t]m9al sp9e4 7,diff]s f ! prec$+ species by l>g] c5tral disk & /\t] arms1 also by less develop$ sp9es47 ,edges ( ! arms p>allel4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ea* arm #j4be1 basal bread? #j4jd1 t]m9al bread? #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! ,b>bados rocks2 & liv+ 9 ! dep?s ( ! ,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bff1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #edbh4 ,/aurala/rum /aurolon*e1 n4 sp4 ,arms f\r times z long z broad at _! base1 gradually increas+ t[>ds _! truncat$ end1 :i* is "o & a half times z broad z _! base2 _! di/al bread? equals ! radius ( ! c5tral disk1 :i* exhibits f\r to five r+s4 ,at ! end ( ea* arm is a v /rong conical t]m9al sp9e4 7,resembles ,hi/ia/rum quat]n>ium1 ,abh&l4 k4 ,akad4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 #ahge1 ,taf4 xxiv4 fig4 #c1 b has no patagium47 ,edges ( ! arms rectil9e>1 div]g5t4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ea* arm #j4be1 basal bread? #j4jde1 di/al bread? #j4jg4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! ,b>bados rocks2 & liv+ 9 ! dep? ( ! ,equatorial ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdh1 dep? 7#bdej7 fa?oms4 #i4 ,/aurala/rum horridum1 n4 sp4 ,arms ?ree times z long z broad at _! base1 gradually increas+ t[>ds _! r\nd$ end1 :i* is twice z broad z _! base1 _! di/al bread? equals ! diamet] ( ! c5tral disk1 :i* exhibits f\r to five r+s4 ,surface ?orny1 at ! di/al end ( ea* arm is a gr\p ( tw5ty to tw5ty-five small] & five to six l>g]1 /raight1 conical sp9es4 ,edges ( ! arms rectil9e>1 div]g5t4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ea* arm #j4ae1 basal bread? #j4je1 di/al bread? #j4a4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgj1 dep? #bibe fa?oms4 ,g5us #bcd4 ,hagia/rum1#bgc ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfj4 ,def9ition4--,porodiscida ) f\r simple1 undivid$1 *amb]$ arms1 )\t a patagium2 quadrangul> %ell bilat]al1 two opposite arms ( ! ma9 axis 7or pr9cipal arms7 diff]5t f ! two o!rs 7or lat]al arms74 ,! g5us ,hagia/rum1 z "h def9$1 0 =m]ly unit$ by me ) ! =ego+ ,/aurala/rum1 b diff]s f x by ! bilat]al or symmetrical =m4 ,:il/ 9 ! latt] all f\r arms & ! f\r angles betwe5 !m are equal1 !y are "h diff]5tiat$ into pairs4 ,subg5us #a4 ,hagia/rella1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,bo? longitud9al arms ( equal size & =m4 #a4 ,hagia/rum buddhae1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #de1 fig4 #e74 ,cross rectangul>4 ,bo? longitud9al arms ( equal size1 twice z long z ! transv]se arms2 all arms smoo?1 club-%ap$1 twice z broad at _! globose di/al "p z at _! base1 ea* ) ?ree l>ge conical t]m9al sp9es4 #edc;,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! pr9cipal arms #j4d1 ( ! lat]al arms #j4b2 basal bread? #j4jf1 di/al bread? #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,belligemma1 ,ceylon1 surface1 ,haeckel4 #b4 ,hagia/rum bramae1 n4 sp4 ,cross rectangul>4 ,bo? longitud9al arms ( equal size1 "o & a half times z long z ! transv]se arms2 all arms ?orny1 club-%ap$1 at _! pe>-%ap$ di/al "p ?ree times z broad z at _! base1 provid$ ) num]\s conical sp9es1 "o l>g] t]m9al sp9e at _! di/al po9t4 7,resembles ,/aurala/rum rhopalophorum1 ,pl4 #de1 fig4 #a1 b is di/+ui%$ by ! diff]5t size ( ! arm-pairs1 & by ! /rong] sp9es47 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! pr9cipal arms #j4c1 ( ! lat]al arms #j4b2 basal bread? #j4jd1 di/al bread? #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 (f ,maldive ,isl&s1 surface1 ,haeckel4 ,subg5us #b4 ,hagia/romma1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,! two longitud9al arms diff]5t 9 size or =m4 #c4 ,hagia/rum mosis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #de1 fig4 #c74 ,cross rectangul>4 ,all f\r arms ne>ly isosceles1 triangul>1 at _! n>r[ base half z broad z at _! truncat$1 concavely flut$1 di/al end4 ,! po/]ior pr9cipal arm ) twelve to ?irte5 jo9ts1 twice z long z ! ant]ior arm1 :i* has six to sev5 jo9ts & is "o & a half times z long z ! two lat]al arms 7) f\r to five jo9ts74 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! po/]ior arm #j4c1 ( ! ant]ior #j4ae1 ( ! lat]al arms #j4a2 basal bread? #j4je1 t]m9al bread? #j4a4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,smyrna71 surface1 ,haeckel4 #d4 ,hagia/rum mohamm$is1 n4 sp4 ,cross ) unequal angles1 ! ant]ior little small] ?an ! po/]ior4 ,all f\r arms club-%ap$1 ?orny1 ?ree times z broad at _! globose di/al end z at _! n>r[ base1 & furni%$ ) t5 to twelve conical sp9es4 ,po/]ior pr9cipal arm twice z long z ! ant]ior1 & f\r times z long z ! rudim5t>y lat]al arms4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! po/]ior arm #j4d1 ( ! ant]ior #j4b1 ( ! lat]al arms #j4a2 basal bread? #j4jb to #j4jc1 di/al bread? #j4jf to #j4a4 ,habitat4--,philipp9e ,sea1 ,samboangan1 ,/ation #bjj1 surface4 #e4 ,hagia/rum *ri/i1 n4 sp4 ,cross ) unequal angles1 ! ant]ior some:at small] ?an ! po/]ior4 ,all f\r arms ( simil> =m1 lanceolate1 9 _! middle twice z broad z at ei!r obtuse end4 ,! po/]ior #eddpr9cipal arm ) twelve jo9ts1 "o & a half times z long z ! ant]ior 7) n9e jo9ts7 & twice z long z ! two lat]al arms 7ea* ) six jo9ts74 ,! =m & /ructure ( ! arms 9 ?is species are ne>ly ! same z 9 ,tess>a/rum /raussi 7,pl4 #de1 fig4 #h72 b ! arms are broad] 9 ! middle1 & are n connect$ by a patagium4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! pr9cipal po/]ior arm #j4b1 ( ! ant]ior #j4ae1 ( ea* lat]al arm #j4a2 greate/ bread? 79 ! wid?7 #j4ja1 basal bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,fre ,*annel1 ,gulf ,/ream1 surface1 ,john ,murray4 ,g5us #bce4 ,hi/ia/rum1#bgd ,ehr5b]g1 #ahdg1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #ed4 ,def9ition4--,porodiscida ) f\r simple1 undivid$1 *amb]$ arms1 connect$ by a patagium2 squ>e %ell a regul> cross1 ) f\r equal arms & f\r "r angles betwe5 !m4 ,! g5us ,hi/ia/rum1 q insuffici5tly *>act]is$ by ,ehr5b]g 7#ahdg71 0 aft]w>ds 7#ahge7 illu/rat$ by ! figures ( two diff]5t fossil species4 ,"o ( ^!1 ,hi/ia/rum t]n>ium1 ) ?ree arms1 belongs to ,hym5ia/rum2 ! o!r1 ,hi/ia/rum quat]n>ium1 is "h reta9$ z ! true1 typical repres5tative species ( ! g5us4 ,x diff]s f its ance/ral =m ,/aurala/rum1 by ! possession ( a patagium1 f ,tess>a/rum by ! regul> squ>e =m ( ! %ell4 ,subg5us #a4 ,hi/ia/rella1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,di/al ends ( ! arms blunt1 )\t t]m9al sp9es4 #a4 ,hi/ia/rum quadrigatum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #df1 fig4 #c74 ,arms at _! di/al end ne>ly z broad z long1 & f\r times z broad z at _! n>r[ base2 _! lat]al edges concave1 _! t]m9al edge convex1 )\t sp9es4 ,ea* arm is divid$ by sev5 to eight convex transv]se septa into eight to n9e simple1 broad *amb]s4 ,c5tral disk ) ?ree to f\r r+s1 ab\t z broad z ! fif? *amb]4 ,patagium complete1 connect+ all ! lat]al edges ( ! arms4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ea* arm #j4ae1 basal bread? #j4jc1 t]m9al bread? #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,equatorial ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdg1 surface4 #b4 ,hi/ia/rum excisum1 n4 sp4 ,arms f\r times z long z broad at _! base1 & twice z broad at _! r\nd$ blunt di/al end z at _! base2 _! lat]al edges rectil9e>1 div]g5t4 ,c5tral disk ) ?ree to f\r r+s1 #edesome:at broad] ?an _! di/al end4 ,patagium incomplete1 connect+ only ! basal half ( ! arms1 ) ?ree to f\r concave *amb]-r[s1 on ! m>g9 concave4 7,may be reg>d$ z ,eu*itonia mll]i1 ) f\r arms47 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ea* arm #j4b1 basal bread? #j4je1 di/al bread? #j4a4 ,habitat4--,atlantic1 surface1 ,can>y ,isl&s4 #c4 ,hi/ia/rum velatum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #df1 fig4 #d74 ,dictya/rum velatum1 ,haeckel1 #ahgi1 ,atlas 7pl4 xlvi4 fig4 #d74 ,arms pe>-%ap$1 rapidly increas+ f _! n>r[ base1 ne>ly circul>1 little long] ?an broad2 ea* ) eight to n9e transv]se *amb]-r[s2 _! lat]al edges at _! base concave1 at _! end circul>4 ,c5tral disk ) ?ree to f\r r+s1 some:at small] ?an "o arm4 ,patagium complete1 ) six to sev5 radial beams1 fill+ out p]fectly ! int]vals betwe5 ! arms4 ,a peculi> girdle ( f9] network & equal bread? surr\nds ! :ole equatorial p]iph]y ( ! disk1 & gives x ! appe>ance ( a squ>e ) r\nd$ corn]s4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ea* arm #j4b1 basal bread? #j4jc1 di/al bread? #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccj1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,hi/ia/romma1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,di/al ends ( ! arms sp9y1 furni%$ ) "o or m t]m9al sp9es4 #d4 ,hi/ia/rum quat]n>ium1 ,ehr5b]g4 ,hi/ia/rum quat]n>ium1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahge1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #gd1 ,taf4 xxiv4 figs4 #c1 #d4 ,arms six times z long z broad at _! base1 ) rectil9e>1 little div]g5t edges2 at _! truncat$ di/al end a little broad]1 ) "o s+le1 v /rong1 conical1 t]m9al sp9e4 ,c5tral disk ) f\r to five r+s1 some:at broad] ?an ! arm4 ,patagium incomplete1 envelop+ only ! basal half ( ! arms4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ea* arm #j4ah1 basal bread? #j4jc1 di/al bread? #j4je4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! rocks ( ,b>bados4 #e4 ,hi/ia/rum gladiatum1 n4 sp4 ,a/romma sp41 ,bury1 #ahfb1 ,polycy/9s ( ,b>bados1 pl4 v4 fig4 #a4 ,arms triangul>1 eight times z long z broad at _! base2 at _! di/al end ?ree times z broad z at _! base1 ) rectil9e>1 div]g5t edges2 _! truncat$ end ) a l>ge conical1 t]m9al sp9e4 ,c5tral disk ) f\r to five r+s1 broad] ?an ! arms4 ,patagium incomplete1 envelop+ only ! basal half ( ! arms4 #edf;,dim5sions4--,radius ( ea* arm #j4ab1 basal bread? #j4jac1 di/al bread? #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! rocks ( ,b>bados2 & liv+ 9 ! dep? ( ! ,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #f4 ,hi/ia/rum boseanum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #df1 fig4 #a74 ,arms l9e>1 twelve times z long z broad at _! base 7at _! di/al end twice z broad z at _! base71 ) rectil9e>1 p>allel edges4 ,! club-%ap$ end ?ick5$1 d5tate1 ) two lat]al r[s ( /rong tee? 9 ! equatorial plane1 & ) "o v /\t1 angul>1 t]m9al sp9e4 ,c5tral disk ) two to ?ree r+s1 broad] ?an ! arms4 ,patagium incomplete1 ) f\r to five concave *amb]-r[s1 envelop+ only ! basal half ( ! arms4 ,i call ?is spl5did species 9 hon\r ( ,dr4 ,graf ,bose1 ! great fri5d ( nature & patron ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,j5a4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ea* arm #j4be1 basal bread? #j4jb1 di/al bread? #j4je4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,madagasc>1 ,rabbe4 #g4 ,hi/ia/rum coronatum1 n4 sp4 ,/ephana/rum sp41 ,bury1 #ahfb1 ,polycy/9s ( ,b>bados1 pl4 iv4 fig4 #a4 ,arms l9e>1 eight times z long z broad1 ) rectil9e> p>allel edges2 ! ?ick5$1 ne>ly sph]ical1 di/al end ?ree times z broad1 ) five /rong conical sp9es1 "o middle 7p]radial7 l>g] & two small] on ea* side ( x4 ,c5tral disk ) two to ?ree r+s1 ( ! same bread? z ! t]m9al knot ( ! arms4 ,patagium incomplete1 squ>e1 envelop+ ! arms1 ) ! exception ( ! knot4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ea* arm #j4af1 basal bread? #j4jb1 t]m9al bread? #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! rocks ( ,b>bados4 #h4 ,hi/ia/rum circul>e1 n4 sp4 ,/ephana/rum sp41 ,bury1 #ahfb1 ,polycy/9s ( ,b>bados1 pl4 xxiii4 fig4 #a4 ,arms l9e> 9 _! inn] half1 egg-%ap$ & ?ree times z broad 9 _! out] half1 ) t5 to twelve /rong t]m9al sp9es1 ! middle 7p]radial7 l>g]1 9 all ?ree times z long z broad4 ,c5tral disk ) ?ree to f\r r+s1 broad] ?an _! di/al knobs4 ,patagium ne>ly complete1 circul>1 envelop+ ! :ole arms1 ) exception ( ! out]mo/ end4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ea* arm #j4bb1 basal bread? #j4jb1 t]m9al bread? #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! rocks ( ,b>bados2 & liv+ 9 ! dep?s ( ! ,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #i4 ,hi/ia/rum p5tadiscus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #df1 fig4 #b74 ,arms 9 _! inn] half l9e>1 twice z long z broad1 9 _! out] half circul>1 ?ree times z broad1 ) ! same /ructure z ! c5tral disk1 exhibit+ ?ree conc5tric r+s ar\nd "o #edg;c5tral *amb]4 ,patagium complete1 spongy1 ) radiat+ beams1 envelop+ ! :ole disk1 ) ! exception ( ! out]mo/ end ( ! arms1 :i* is arm$ ) twelve to sixte5 /rong conical sp9es1 ! middle 7p]radial7 sp9e mu* l>g]4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ea* arm 7)\t t]m9al sp9e7 #j4ah1 basal bread? #j4jbe1 t]m9al bread? #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccc1 surface4 ,g5us #bcf4 ,tess>a/rum1#bge n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,porodiscida ) f\r simple1 undivid$1 *amb]$ arms1 connect$ by a patagium2 quadrangul> %ell bilat]al1 two opposite arms ( ! ma9 axis 7or pr9cipal arms7 diff]5t f ! two o!rs 7or lat]al arms74 ,! g5us ,tess>a/rum1 =m]ly unit$ by me ) ,hi/ia/rum1 diff]s f ! latt] 9 its bilat]al or symmetrical =m1 & be>s !re=e ! same relation to x t ,hagia/rum does to ,/aurala/rum4 ,subg5us #a4 ,tess>a/rella1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,bo? longitud9al arms ( equal size & =m4 #a4 ,tess>a/rum /raussii1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #de1 fig4 #h74 ,hi/ia/rum /raussii1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus et ,atlas 7pl4 xlv4 fig4 #h74 ,cross n rectangul>4 ,bo? pr9cipal arms ( equal size & =m1 f\r times z long z broad1 & twice z long z ! broad] lat]al arms2 ! =m] ) t5 to elev51 ! latt] ) five to six jo9ts1 sep>at$ by convex transv]se septa4 ,di/al ends ( ! arms blunt4 ,axes ( ! small] arms n p]p5dicul> to t ( ! l>g] arms2 !re=e ! ant]ior angles betwe5 !m small] ?an ! po/]ior angles4 ,patagium betwe5 ! arms incomplete4 ,i call ?is rem>kable species aft] ! great ,g]man philosoph] ,david ,/rauss4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! pr9cipal arms #j4bd1 ( ! lat]al arms #j4ab2 greate/ bread? 79 ! middle7 ( ! =m] #j4je1 ( ! latt] #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,hyalonema-gr\nd1 ,m>* #e1 #ahge4 #b4 ,tess>a/rum sp9oz1 n4 sp4 ,cross rectangul>4 ,bo? pr9cipal arms ( equal size & =m1 t5 times z long z broad1 & twice z long z ! lat]al arms1 :i* are only five times z long z broad4 ,all arms l9e>1 at _! di/al end club-%ap$1 & arm$ ) tw5ty to ?irty v /rong angul> sp9es4 ,patagium incomplete1 envelop+ only ! basal half ( ! arms4 7,resembles ,hi/ia/rum boseanum1 #edh,pl4 #df1 fig4 #a1 b diff]s 9 ! broad] arms & ! unequal size ( bo? pairs47 ,i call ?is species aft] ! great moni/ic philosoph] ,b5$ictus ,sp9oza4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! pr9cipal arms #j4c1 ( ! lat]al arms #j4af2 basal bread? #j4jbe1 di/al bread? #j4je4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccc1 surface4 #c4 ,tess>a/rum brunonis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #de1 fig4 #i74 ,hi/ia/rum brunonis1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus et ,atlas 7pl4 xlv4 fig4 #i74 ,cross rectangul>4 ,bo? pr9cipal arms ( equal size & =m1 ?ree times z long z broad1 ea* ) t5 jo9ts1 ?ree times z long z ! lat]al arms1 :i* are ne>ly squ>e1 ) f\r jo9ts4 ,all arms r\nd$1 at _! truncat$ end little broad] ?an at _! base4 ,no sp9es4 ,patagium complete1 envelops ! :ole %ell1 & is compos$ ( two p>allel lattice-lamell on ea* side ( ! flat disk1 :i* are connect$ by v f9e p]p5dicul> b>s4 ,?is is %[n cle>ly 9 fig4 #i1 ,pl4 #de1 :]e ! disk is se5 f ! edge4 ,i call ?is species aft] ! great ,italian philosoph] ,giordano ,bruno4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! pr9cipal arms #j4bb1 ( ! lat]al arms #j4ab2 basal bread? #j4jd1 di/al bread? #j4je4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bhe1 dep? #bcge fa?oms4 ,subg5us #b4 ,tess>a/romma1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,! two pr9cipal arms ( diff]5t size or =m4 #d4 ,tess>a/rum democriti1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #de1 fig4 #g74 ,hi/ia/rum democriti1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus et ,atlas 7pl4 xlv4 fig4 #g74 ,cross n rectangul>2 ! two ant]ior angles small] ?an ! two po/]ior4 ,all f\r arms club-%ap$1 twice z broad at _! r\nd$ obtuse di/al end z at _! base1 ( unequal l5g?4 ,po/]ior pr9cipal arm "o & a f\r? times z long z ! po/]ior1 & "o & two-?irds z long z ! lat]al arms4 ,patagium incomplete1 envelop+ only ! basal half ( ! arms4 ,i call ?is species aft] ! great ,greek philosoph] ,democritus4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! po/]ior arm #j4c1 ( ! ant]ior #j4be1 ( ea* lat]al arm #j4bb2 basal bread? #j4je1 di/al bread? #j4a4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 ,g5us #bcg4 ,/ephana/rum1#bgf ,ehr5b]g1 #ahdg1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #ed4 ,def9ition4--,porodiscida ) f\r simple1 undivid$1 *amb]$ arms1 connect$ on ! di/al ends by a spongy1 squ>e or rhomboidal1 patagial girdle 7or a patagium ) f\r l>ge1 int]bra*ial op5+s74 ,%ell ei!r regul> or bilat]al 7) equal or unequal arms74 #edi,! g5us ,/ephana/rum1 f\nd$ 7#ahdg7 by ,ehr5b]g = ! v peculi> ,/ephana/rum rhombus1 diff]s f ! ne>ly alli$ =ego+ g5]a 9 ! imp]fect developm5t ( ! peculi> patagium1 connect+ only ! di/al ends ( ! f\r arms1 :ile x is abs5t at _! base4 ,two new species1 diff]5t f ,/ephana/rum rhombus by ! regul> squ>e =m1 7 f\nd 9 ! ,*all5g] collection4 ,subg5us #a4 ,/ephana/rella1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,all f\r arms ( ! cross h ! same size4 #a4 ,/ephana/rum quadratum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #df1 fig4 #e74 ,all f\r arms ( ! same size1 six times z long z broad at _! base1 end+ ) a /rong1 %ort1 f\r-sid$ pyramidal sp9e4 ,9 ! out] half ( ea* arm are two opposite lat]al spongy w+s1 :i* =m an equilat]al triangle1 & f union ( ! bases ( ! f\r triangles arises ! peculi> patagium1 :i* =ms a squ>e ) f\r l>ge int]bra*ial op5+s4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ea* arm #j4be1 basal bread? #j4jce2 l5g? ( ! sides ( ! squ>e patagium #j4c4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #b4 ,/ephana/rum capitatum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dd1 fig4 #a74 ,all f\r arms ( ! same size1 five times z long z broad at _! base1 at _! di/al end ) a spongy1 ne>ly sph]ical capitulum ( twice _! bread?1 provid$ ) a v /rong1 angul>1 pyramidal1 t]m9al sp9e 7half z long z ! arm74 ,all f\r arms connect$ by a squ>e patagium1 aris+ imm$iately bel[ ! capitula1 & p]=at$ by f\r l>ge int]bra*ial op5+s4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ea* arm 7)\t ! t]m9al sp9e7 #j4be1 basal bread? #j4je2 l5g? ( ! sides ( ! squ>e patagium #j4c4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area4 ,/ation #bfe1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 ,subg5us #b4 ,/ephana/romma1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,two opposite arms ( ! cross l>g] ?an ! two o!rs4 #c4 ,/ephana/rum rhombus1 ,ehr5b]g4 ,/ephana/rum rhombus1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahed1 ,mikrogeol41 ,taf4 xxxvi4 fig4 #cc2 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 #ahge1 ,taf4 xxv4 fig4 #a4 ,two arms ( ! longitud9al axis "o & a ?ird times z long z two arms ( ! transv]se axis4 ,all f\r arms l9e>1 ab\t eight times z long z broad1 at _! di/al end some:at #eej?ick5$1 club-%ap$1 ) a pyramidal t]m9al sp9e4 ,! ends ( ! arms are connect$ by a rib&-%ap$1 /raight1 spongy patagium ( ! same bread? z ! arms4 ,betwe5 ! rhomboidal patagium & ! arms rema9 f\r l>ge rectangul> triangles z int]bra*ial op5+s4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! long] arms #j4b1 ( ! %ort] #j4ae2 basal bread? #j4jb2 l5g? ( ! sides ( ! rhombic patagium #j4be4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! rocks ( ,b>bados4 ,g5us #bch4 ,dicrana/rum1#bgg ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfj4 ,def9ition4--,porodiscida ) f\r =k$1 spongy1 or *amb]$ arms1 )\t a patagium2 %ell regul> 7n bilat]al71 ) f\r equal arms cross$ at "r angles4 ,! g5us ,dicrana/rum comprises a numb] ( v rem>kable1 hi!rto unkn[n1 ,eu*itonida1 :i* are r common 9 ! ,pacific 7ma9ly on ! surface71 & *>act]is$ by ! bifurcation ( ! cross-arms ( ! regul> squ>e %ell4 ,x be>s !re=e to its probable ance/ral =m1 ,/aurala/rum1 ! same relation t 9 ! triradiate ,eu*itonida ,*itona/rum does to ,dictya/rum4 ,! arms are commonly ( v delicate /ructure1 m or less spongy4 ,subg5us #a4 ,dicrana/]1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,ea* cross-arm ) two simple bran*es4 #a4 ,dicrana/rum furcatum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dg1 fig4 #b74 ,arms simply =k$1 ?ree times z long z broad at _! base1 ) eight blunt ends ( ! =k-bran*es4 ,! simple proximal half ( ea* arm ab\t ! same size z ea* bran* ( ! di*otom\s di/al "p1 twice z long z broad4 ,edges ( ! arms ragg$4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ea* arm #j4ch1 basal bread? #j4ab2 bread? ( ! =k$ "p #j4c4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 #b4 ,dicrana/rum di*otomum1 n4 sp4 ,arms simply =k$1 f\r times z long z broad at _! base2 ea* arm ) two blunt bran*es4 ,! simple proximal "p ( ea* arm is ?ree times z long & twice z broad z ea* bran* ( ! di*otom\s di/al "p4 ,ends ( ! arms blunt1 truncat$4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ea* arm #j4ce1 basal bread? #j4jh2 bread? ( ! =k$ "p #j4b4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bha1 surface4 #eeac4 ,dicrana/rum cornutum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #de1 fig4 #b74 ,hagia/rum cornutum1 ,haeckel1 #ahgi1 ,atlas 7pl4 xlv4 fig4 #b74 ,f\r arms simply =k$1 f\r times z long z broad2 ea* arm ) two triangul> div]g+ bran*es end+ 9 /rong conical sp9es4 ,! simple basal "p ( ea* arm ab\t ( ! same l5g? z ea* bran* ( ! di/al "p1 twice z long z broad4 ,di/ance betwe5 ! t]m9al sp9es ( ea* arm ne>ly z great z its l5g?4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! arm #j4bd1 basal bread? #j4je2 bread? across ! bifurcation #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cbe1 surface4 #d4 ,dicrana/rum antilope1 n4 sp4 ,f\r arms simply =k$1 ?ree times z long z broad2 ea* arm ) two lanceolate div]g+ bran*es1 end+ 9 /rong angul> sp9es4 ,! simple basal "p ( ea* arm is twice z long z ea* bran* ( ! di/al "p4 ,di/ance ( ! two t]m9al sp9es ( ea* arm sc>cely half z great z its l5g?4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! arm #j4cb1 basal bread? #j4aa2 bread? ( ! bran*es #j4jg4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic 7(f ,asc5sion71 ,/ation #cdb1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,tricrana/rum1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfj4 ,def9ition4--,ea* cross arm ) ?ree t]m9al bran*es1 "o middle 7p]radial7 & two lat]al 7adradial7 bran*es4 #e4 ,dicrana/rum wyvillei1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dg1 fig4 #c74 ,tricrana/rum wyvillei1 ,haeckel1 #ahgi1 ,natrl4 ,s*pfungsges*41 p4 #gje1 ,taf4 xvi4 fig4 #e4 ,arms trifid1 "o & a half times z long z broad2 ea* arm ) ?ree blunt t]m9al bran*es ( equal size4 ,! simple basal "p ( ea* arm twice z long z ! trifid di/al "p4 7,! c5tral capsule depict$ 9 fig4 #c1 ,pl4 #dg1 has ! same =m z ! skeleton1 & is only a little small]47 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! arm #j4d1 basal bread? #j4ab1 greate/ bread? 79 ! di/al "p7 #j4bd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 #f4 ,dicrana/rum tricuspis1 n4 sp4 ,arms trifid1 twice z long z broad2 ea* arm ) ?ree po9t$ t]m9al bran*es1 end+ 9 /rong conical sp9es1 ! middle bran* some:at l>g] ?an ! o!r two4 ,! simple basal "p ( ea* arm ?ree times z long z ! trifid di/al "p4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! arm #j4c1 basal bread? #j4jf1 greate/ bread? 79 _! di/al "p7 #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdd1 surface4 #eebg4 ,dicrana/rum trif>ium1 n4 sp4 ,arms trifid1 ?ree times z long z broad at _! base2 ea* arm ) ?ree po9t$ t]m9al bran*es1 end+ 9 /rong sulcate sp9es2 ! middle bran* twice z l>ge z ! two o!rs4 ,! simple basal "p ( ea* arm two & a half times z long z ! trifid di/al "p4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! arm #j4ce1 basal bread? #j4jc1 greate/ bread? 79 ! di/al "p7 #j4je4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bih1 surface4 ,subg5us #c4 ,tetracrana/rum1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,ea* cross-arm ) f\r t]m9al bran*es1 ! two =k-bran*es be+ aga9 bifurcat$4 #h4 ,dicrana/rum bifurcatum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dg1 figs4 #a1 #a;a74 ,arms d\bly =k$ or quadrip>tite1 six times z long z broad at _! base2 ea* arm 9 its proximal half simple1 ?ree times z long z broad2 9 its di/al half d\bly =k$2 ! second>y bran*es ) blunt1 r\ndi% ends1 ne>ly z l>ge z ! prim>y bran*es4 ,c5tral disk 7fig4 #a;a7 ) ?ree conc5tric r+s ar\nd ! c5tral *amb]2 f its p]iph]y radiate ?9 radial beams 9 ! spongy framework ( ! delicate arms4 ,! c5tral capsule has ! same =m z ! skeleton1 & is only a little small]4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! arm #j4de1 basal bread? #j4jh2 bread? ( ! t]m9al bran*es #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ea/ ( ,japan1 ,/ation #bda1 surface4 ,g5us #bci4 ,myela/rum1#bgh ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfj4 ,def9ition4--,porodiscida ) f\r =k$1 spongy1 or *amb]$ arms1 )\t a patagium2 %ell bilat]al1 ) pair$ diff]5t arms2 two equal ant]ior arms ( diff]5t %ape f ! two equal po/]ior arms4 ,! g5us ,myela/rum diff]s f ! =ego+ ,dicrana/rum1 ! ance/ral =m1 by ! tw(old diff]5tiation ( ! f\r arms4 ,:il/ 9 ! latt] all f\r arms are equal1 sep>at$ by equal angles1 "h ! two ant]ior arms are con/antly diff]5t f ! two po/]ior4 ,! lat]al angles betwe5 ! two arm-pairs are equal1 :ile ! po/]ior & ! ant]ior angle 7betwe5 ! two arms ( ea* pair7 are m or less diff]5t4 ,! %ell assumes1 !re=e1 a v *>act]i/ic bilat]al =m1 simil> to ! quadricorn cross ( ! grey c5tral sub/ance 9 ! transv]se section ( ! human m$ulla sp9alis4 ,?\gh ! spongy %ell is commonly a mo/ delicate & #eec?9 disk x nev]!less rea*es unusual dim5sions1 its diamet] 9 "s species be+ m ?an a millimetre4 ,subg5us #a4 ,myela/rella1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,po/]ior arms simple1 undivid$2 ant]ior arms lobat$ or cleft1 ) "o or m incisions at ! di/al end4 #a4 ,myela/rum m$ull>e1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dg1 fig4 #ac74 ,ant]ior arms bifid1 ne>ly squ>e1 ) a %all[ incision at _! broad truncat$ end4 ,po/]ior arms some:at small]1 ne>ly triangul>1 ) simple blunt ends4 ,sagittal con/riction ?ree-f\r?s z l>ge z ! transv]se "o4 ,surface smoo?4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! ant]ior arms #j4cf1 ( ! po/]ior #j4c2 longitud9al con/riction #j4bd1 transv]se #j4cf4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 #b4 ,myela/rum sp9ale1 n4 sp4 ,ant]ior arms bifid1 twice z long z broad1 ) a deep incision at _! truncat$ end4 ,po/]ior arms sl5d]1 half z l>ge1 ) simple blunt ends4 ,sagittal con/riction "o & a half times z l>ge z ! transv]se4 ,surface sp9y4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! ant]ior arms #j4d1 ( ! po/]ior #j4b2 longitud9al con/riction #j4c1 transv]se #j4b4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdh1 surface4 #c4 ,myela/rum het]opt]um1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dg1 fig4 #h74 ,ant]ior arms trifid1 ab\t z long z broad1 ) two incisions at _! broad truncat$ end4 ,po/]ior arms ab\t half z l>ge1 simple1 ) r\nd$ blunt ends4 ,sagittal con/riction two-?irds z l>ge z ! transv]se4 ,surface bri/ly4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! ant]ior arms #j4fe1 ( ! po/]ior #j4jce2 longitud9al con/riction #j4d1 transv]se #j4f4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bia1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,myela/romma1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,all f\r arms 7po/]ior z well z ant]ior7 lobat$ or cleft4 #d4 ,myela/rum octocorne1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dg1 fig4 #ab74 ,all f\r arms ) a deep incision 9 _! di/al half2 ant]ior arms broad]1 b %ort] ?an ! po/]ior2 9 ! ant]ior arms ! two lobes are ( ! same size1 9 ! po/]ior arms ! #eedm$ian lobe is long] ?an ! lat]al lobe4 ,sagittal con/riction little small] ?an ! transv]se4 ,surface ( ! disk r\gh4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! ant]ior arms #j4de1 ( ! po/]ior #j4fb2 longitud9al con/riction #j4be1 transv]se #j4c4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 #e4 ,myela/rum f>falla1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dg1 fig4 #aj74 ,all f\r arms ) a %all[ incision at _! di/al end4 ,ant]ior arms broad]1 b %ort] ?an ! po/]ior2 9 ea* arm ! ant]ior lobe is %ort] ?an ! po/]ior4 ,sagittal con/riction small] ?an ! transv]se4 ,surface smoo?4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! ant]ior arms #j4d1 ( ! po/]ior #j4f2 longitud9al con/riction #j4e1 transv]sal /ricture #j4f4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgd1 surface4 #f4 ,myela/rum papilio1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dg1 fig4 #f74 ,all f\r arms ) a %all[ incision at _! di/al end4 ,ant]ior arms triangul>1 ( ! same bread?1 b ( ! d\ble l5g? ( ! squ>e po/]ior arms4 ,sagittal & transv]se con/rictions ( ! same l5g?4 ,surface ciliat$4 7,resembles a butt]fly47 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! ant]ior arms #j4g1 ( ! po/]ior #j4d2 longitud9al & transv]se con/rictions #j4d4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ne> ,japan1 ,/ation #bda1 surface4 #g4 ,myela/rum decac]os1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dg1 fig4 #g74 ,ant]ior arms bifid1 ) "o %all[ incision at _! di/al end4 ,po/]ior arms ( ! same l5g?1 b mu* broad]1 trifid1 ) two incisions 7"o l>g] & "o small]74 ,sagittal & transv]se con/rictions ( ! same l5g?4 ,surface sp9y4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( all f\r arms #j4d2 longitud9al & transv]se con/rictions #j4ce4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgb1 surface4 #h4 ,myela/rum dodecac]os1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dg1 figs4 #aa1 #aa;a74 ,ant]ior arms trifid1 ) two %all[ incisions at _! di/al end4 ,po/]ior arms ab\t "o-?ird l>g]1 also trifid1 ) "o deep] ant]ior & "o %all[] po/]ior incision4 ,sagittal con/riction mu* long] ?an ! transv]se4 ,surface ciliat$1 cov]$ ) num]\s ?9 & long radial bri/les 7fig4 #aa;a74 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! ant]ior arms #j4e1 ( ! po/]ior #j4g2 longitud9al con/riction #j4e1 transv]se #j4ce4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgj1 surface4 #eeei4 ,myela/rum ciliatum1 n4 sp4 ,ant]ior arms trifid1 ) two %all[ incisions4 ,po/]ior arms some:at small]1 also trifid1 ) two deep] incisions4 ,sagittal con/riction a little l>g] ?an ! transv]se4 ,m>g9 ( ! disk ciliat$1 ) radial bri/le-%ap$ sp9es1 z prolongations ( ! inn] radial beams1 aris+ f ! c5tral disk4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! ant]ior arms #j4f1 ( ! po/]ior #j4e2 longitud9al con/riction #j4d1 transv]se #j4ce4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bhh1 surface4 #aj4 ,myela/rum lobatum1 n4 sp4 ,ant]ior arms some:at broad] b %ort] ?an ! po/]ior arms4 ,ea* arm f\r-lob$1 ) ?ree t]m9al %all[ incisions ( ne>ly equal size4 ,sagittal con/riction small] ?an ! transv]se4 ,surface ( ! disk bri/ly4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! ant]ior arms #j4d1 ( ! po/]ior #j4e2 longitud9al con/riction #j4c1 transv]se #j4ce4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bec1 surface4 #aa4 ,myela/rum rotula1 n4 sp4 ,ant]ior arms little broad] ?an ! po/]ior1 b ( ! same l5g?4 ,ea* arm f\r-lob$1 ) ?ree t]m9al deep incisions ( equal size4 ,sagittal & transv]se con/rictions equal4 ,! :ole disk ne>ly circul>1 resembles a :eel ) sixte5 spokes4 ,surface smoo?4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( all f\r arms #j4e2 longitud9al & transv]se con/rictions #j4c4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgd1 surface4 #ab4 ,myela/rum giganteum1 n4 sp4 ,ant]ior arms some:at broad] & %ort] ?an ! po/]ior4 ,ea* arm f\r-lob$1 ) ?ree %all[ t]m9al incisions1 ! middle incision twice z deep z ! two lat]als4 ,sagittal con/riction a little l>g] ?an ! transv]se4 ,m>g9 ciliat$1 ) radial bri/le-%ap$ sp9es z prolongations ( ! inn] radial beams1 proce$+ f ! c5tral disk 7z 9 ,myela/rum dodecac]os1 ,pl4 #dg1 figs4 #aa1 #aa;a74 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! ant]ior arms #j4f1 ( ! po/]ior #j4h2 longitud9al con/riction #j4f1 transv]se #j4e4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 #eefac4 ,myela/rum anomalum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dg1 fig4 #i74 ,all f\r arms ( diff]5t size & =m2 ant]ior arms broad]1 po/]ior long]2 "o ant]ior arm trifid1 ! ?ree o!r arms bifid2 l5g? ( ! bran*es unequal2 all f\r angles betwe5 ! arms unequal4 7,?is anomal\s =m1 se5 only once1 may be an individual abnormality47 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! arms #j4d to #j4g2 con/rictions #j4c4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bcg1 surface4 ,g5us #bdj4 ,p5tala/rum1#bgi ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfa4 ,def9ition4--,porodiscida ) five simple1 undivid$1 *amb]$ arms1 )\t a patagium4 ,! g5us ,p5tala/rum op5s ! small s]ies ( ,eu*itonida1 9 :i* ! %ell is n provid$ ) ?ree or f\r arms1 z usual1 b ) five4 ,all =ms ( ?is little gr\p are r>e4 ,"s species resemble 9 _! ext]nal =m & 9 ! articulation ( _! arms c]ta9 =ms ( ,a/]ida4 ,9 ,p5tala/rum1 ! mo/ simple g5us1 ! five arms are simple1 n =k$1 & )\t a patagium4 ,x c be d]iv$ f ,dictya/rum or ,/aurala/rum by increase ( ! numb] ( arms4 ,subg5us #a4 ,p5tala/rella1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,all five arms equal1 ) equal angles betwe5 !m4 ,%ell a regul> p5tagon4 #a4 ,p5tala/rum a/]acan?ion1 n4 sp4 ,all five arms equal1 club-%ap$1 at _! ?ick5$ obtuse end ?ree times z broad z at _! base1 twice z long z broad4 ,angles betwe5 ! arms equal4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ea* arm #j4b1 basal bread? #j4jc1 di/al bread? #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgb1 dep? #bfjj fa?oms4 #b4 ,p5tala/rum a/ropect51 n4 sp4 ,all five arms equal1 ) five to six di/9ct1 simple jo9ts1 ! basal jo9t two-?irds z broad z ! t]m9al jo9t1 :i* be>s a /rong conical sp9e4 ,angles betwe5 ! arms equal4 7,resembles ,p5t9a/rum a/]iscus1 ,pl4 #dd1 fig4 #b1 b has no patagium47 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ea* arm #j4ad1 basal bread? #j4jbd1 di/al bread? #j4jcf4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfc1 dep? #bfej fa?oms4 #eeg,subg5us #b4 ,p5tala/romma1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,arms ( diff]5t sizes1 "o odd arm l>g] ?an ! two o!rs2 ! opposite odd angle g5]ally diff]5t f ! f\r o!r angles4 #c4 ,p5tala/rum ophidia/]1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dd1 fig4 #c74 ,arms ne>ly triangul>1 at _! obtuse truncat$ di/al end twice z broad z at _! base4 ,f\r arms equal1 ) five jo9ts ea*2 ! fif? arm twice z long1 ) sev5 jo9ts4 ,angles betwe5 ! arms ne>ly equal2 ! odd angle a little l>g]4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! l>g] odd arm #j4be1 ( ! f\r small] arms #j4ae2 basal bread? #j4jce1 di/al bread? #j4jg4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgd1 surface4 #d4 ,p5tala/rum cometa1 n4 sp4 ,arms ne>ly cyl9drical1 at _! obtuse truncat$ di/al end "o & a half times z broad z at _! base4 ,po/]ior odd arm v l>ge1 ) elev5 jo9ts1 ab\t ?ree times z long z ! two lat]al arms 7) five jo9ts ea*7 & f\r times z long z ! two ant]ior arms 7) ?ree jo9ts ea*74 ,angles betwe5 ! pair$ arms diff]5t2 ! two lat]al angles small] ?an ! two po/]ior1 & ^! small] ?an ! odd ant]ior angle4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! odd po/]ior arm #j4e1 ( ! lat]al arms #j4be1 ( ! ant]ior arms #j4ah2 basal bread? #j4je1 di/al bread? #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bhh1 surface4 ,g5us #bda4 ,p5t9a/rum1#bhj ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfa4 ,def9ition4--,porodiscida ) five simple1 undivid$1 *amb]$ arms1 connect$ by a patagium4 ,! g5us ,p5t9a/rum diff]s f ! =ego+ ,p5tala/rum only 9 ! developm5t ( a patagium or connecticulum betwe5 ! arms1 & be>s !re=e ! same relation to x t ,hi/ia/rum does to ,/aurala/rum1 or ,hym5ia/rum to ,dictya/rum4 #a4 ,p5t9a/rum a/]iscus 1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dd1 fig4 #b74 ,all arms equal1 twice z long z broad1 at _! base two-?irds z broad z at _! truncat$ di/al end1 :i* be>s a /rong1 pyramidal1 t]m9al sp9e4 ,ea* arm is divid$ by five transv]se septa into six jo9ts or *amb]s1 & ea* ( ^! by a radial beam into a pair ( *amb]s4 ,! five radial beams arise f ! inn]mo/ *amb] ( ! c5tral disk1 & end 9 ! five t]m9al #eehsp9es4 ,! diamet] ( ! c5tral disk is l>g] ?an ! l5g? ( ! arms4 ,! angles betwe5 ! arms are equal & fill$ up by an incomplete patagium1 s t ! :ole disk =ms a regul> p5tagon ) five concave sides4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ea* arm 7)\t t]m9al sp9e7 #j4ad2 bread? at _! base #j4jb1 at _! t]m9al jo9t #j4jc2 radius ( ! c5tral disk #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bff1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #b4 ,p5t9a/rum gonia/]1 n4 sp4 8 ,/ephana/rum sp41 ,bury1 #ahfb1 ,polycy/9s ( ,b>bados1 pl4 xx4 fig4 #a4 ,all five arms equal1 f\r times z long z broad1 club-%ap$1 at _! globose di/al end twice z broad z at _! base1 & arm$ ) a /rong conical t]m9al sp9e4 ,diamet] ( ! c5tral disk equals only "o-?ird ( ! l5g? ( ! arms4 ,! articulation ( ! spongy arms is some:at obscure4 ,patagium complete1 totally fills up ! int]bra*ial spaces1 s t ! :ole disk =ms a regul> p5tagon ) five rectil9e> sides1 except t ! t]m9al sp9es project at ! corn]s4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ea* arm #j4ah1 basal bread? #j4jb1 di/al bread? #j4jd2 radius ( ! c5tral disk #j4je4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bie1 dep? #aejj fa?oms2 also fossil 9 ! rocks ( ,b>bados4 ,g5us #bdb4 ,p5tophia/rum1#bha n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,porodiscida ) five =k$ *amb]$ arms1 )\t a patagium4 ,! g5us ,p5tophia/rum diff]s f ! two prec$+ g5]a by ! bifurcation ( ! five arms1 & c be d]iv$ ei!r f ,p5tala/rum by ! ramification ( ! di/al ends ( ! arms1 or f ! simil> ,myela/rum by ! increase 9 ! numb] ( arms4 #a4 ,p5tophia/rum dicrana/rum1 n4 sp4 ,all five arms equal1 ) equal angles betwe5 !m4 ,ea* arm 9 ! basal half simple1 9 ! di/al half =k$2 bo? bran*es ( x equal1 ) obtuse ends4 7,?is regul> species resembles ,dicrana/rum furcatum1 ,pl4 #dg1 fig4 #b1 b ) five rays in/ead ( f\r2 also ! =m ( ! arms is m sl5d] & ! edges smoo?47 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ea* arm #j4be1 bread? #j4je4 ,habitat4--,equatorial ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdg1 dep? #bbej fa?oms4 ,subg5us ,p5tophia/romma1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,arms ( diff]5t size1 "o odd arm opposite to ! angle betwe5 bo? arm-pairs4 #eeib4 ,p5tophia/rum caudatum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dg1 fig4 #e74 ,arms 9 pairs diff]5t2 f\r arms 9 ! basal half simple1 9 ! di/al half =k$2 ! fif? 7po/]ior7 odd arm simple1 undivid$1 cyl9drical2 ! ant]ior pair a little small] ?an ! po/]ior2 ! neighbor+ bran*es ( ! two pairs on ea* side l>g] ?an ! two o!rs4 ,axes ( ! arms & _! bran*es /raight4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! arms ab\t #j4e1 bread? #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cec1 dep? #bife fa?oms4 #c4 ,p5tophia/rum =cipatum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dg1 fig4 #d74 ,arms 9 pairs diff]5t1 all 9 ! basal two ?irds simple1 9 ! di/al ?ird =k$4 ,only 9 ! po/]ior 7odd7 arm bo? bran*es are equal1 9 ! f\r o!rs unequal4 ,! common axis ( ! po/]ior lat]al pair is horizontal1 p]p5dicul> to ! m$ian l9e2 ! axes ( ! ant]ior pair are p9c]-l1 concavely curv$ t[>ds ! m$ian l9e or pr9cipal axis4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! arms ab\t #j4e1 bread? #j4ad4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccb1 dep? #bbjj fa?oms4 ,g5us #bdc4 ,hexala/rum1#bhb ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfa4 ,def9ition4--,porodiscida ) six simple *amb]$ arms1 )\t a patagium4 ,! g5us ,hexala/rum1 toge!r ) ! foll[+ ,hex9a/rum1 encloses ^? ,eu*itonida 9 :i* ! numb] ( ! *amb]$ arms surr\nd+ ! c5tral disk am\nts to six4 ,?is is ! highe/ numb] ( ^! articulat$ m>g9al app5dages :i* is rea*$ 9 any ,discoidea4 ,=m]ly 7#ahha7 9 my ,prodromus1 p4 #dei1 ,i suppos$ t ! same numb] 0 rea*$ also by "o ,coccodiscid1 & call$ ?is g5us ,hexactura4 ,aft]w>ds ,i 0 conv9c$ t ?is =m 0 also a ,hexala/rum4 #a4 ,hexala/rum palman?um1 n4 sp4 ,all six arms equal1 ) equal angles betwe5 !m4 ,ea* arm club-%ap$1 ?ree times z long z broad1 twice z broad at ! ?ick5$ di/al end z at ! base1 )\t a t]m9al sp9e4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ea* arm #j4b1 basal bread? #j4jb1 di/al bread? #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgd1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #b4 ,hexala/rum cr9an?um1 n4 sp4 ,all six arms equal1 ) equal angles betwe5 !m4 ,ea* arm club-%ap$1 f\r times z long z broad1 at ! egg-%ap$ di/al end ?ree times z broad z 9 ! l9e> basal "p1 provid$ #efj) num]\s %ort conical sp9es & "o long] t]m9al sp9e4 7,resembles ,/aurala/rum rhopalophorum1 ,pl4 #de1 fig4 #a1 b ) six rays in/ead ( f\r47 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ea* arm #j4c1 basal bread? #j4jc1 di/al bread? #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 ,subg5us ,hexala/romma1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,arms m or less diff]5t 9 size or =m2 %ell bilat]al4 #c4 ,hexala/rum or*idaceum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dd1 fig4 #e74 ,hexactura or*idacea1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dei4 ,arms diff]5t 9 l5g?1 s t two unequal opposite odd arms det]m9e ! ma9 axis1 & ! f\r o!r arms lie on bo? sides ( ?is z two diff]5t pairs4 ,! proportion ( _! relative l5g? is ! foll[+3--ant]ior lat]al arms five1 ant]ior odd arm six2 po/]ior lat]al arms sev51 po/]ior odd arm eight4 ,ea* arm is club-%ap$1 two to ?ree times z long z broad1 & divid$ into six to eight jo9ts by five to sev5 transv]se septa2 its di/al end is arm$ ) a t]m9al sp9e & twice z broad z its base4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! po/]ior odd arm #j4d1 ( ! ant]ior odd arm #j4c2 ( ! po/]ior lat]al pair #j4ce1 ( ! ant]ior lat]al pair #j4be2 basal bread? #j4jh1 di/al bread? #j4af4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bff1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 ,g5us #bdd4 ,hex9a/rum1#bhc ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfa4 ,def9ition4--,porodiscida ) six simple1 undivid$1 *amb]$ arms1 connect$ by a patagium4 ,! g5us ,hex9a/rum diff]s f its ance/ral =m ,hexala/rum by ! developm5t ( a patagium betwe5 ! arms4 ,! only obs]v$ species is regul>4 #a4 ,hex9a/rum g]yonidum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dd1 fig4 #d74 ,hexala/rum g]yonidum1 ,haeckel1 #ahgi1 ,atlas 7pl4 xliv4 fig4 #d74 ,disk q regul> ) six radii2 all six arms ( ! same size & =m1 at _! broad1 convexly r\nd$1 smoo? end five times z broad z at _! n>r[ base1 & little long] ?an broad4 ,ea* arm is divid$ by eight transv]se septa into n9e simple jo9ts or *amb]s ( ! same height2 ! bread? ( ! di/al *amb]s increases rapidly4 ,! regul>1 hexagonal1 c5tral disk exhibits f\r conc5tric r+s ar\nd ! c5tral *amb]4 ,patagium betwe5 ! arms incomplete1 ) concavely flut$ edge4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ea* arm #j4ae1 basal bread? #j4jaf1 di/al bread? #j4jh2 radius ( ! c5tral disk #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgb1 dep? #bfjj fa?oms4 #efa;,family ,,xxii4 ,,pylodiscida1 n4 fam4 7,pl4 #dh1 figs4 #ab-bj74 ,def9ition4--,discoidea )\t phacoid %ell1 ) flat discoidal %ell1 9 :i* a simple sph]ical c5tral *amb] is surr\nd$ by "o or two conc5tric triradial girdles2 ea* girdle ) ?ree gates1 sep>at$ by ?ree simple arm-*amb]s4 ,surface ( ! disk ) ?ree op5 or lattic$ gates on ea* flat side4 ,! family ,pylodiscida repres5ts a new small b int]e/+ gr\p ( ,discoidea1 :i* exhibits r complex aff9ities to diff]5t gr\ps ( ,sphrell>ia4 ,9 my ,prodromus 7#ahha1 p4 #dfd7 ,i _h enum]at$ only two g5]a ( ?is family1 ,triopyle & ,hexapyle1 & _h unit$ !m ) ,tetrapyle & alli$ g5]a 9 ! family ,pylonida4 ,inde$1 ! resemblance ( skeletal /ructure 9 ! two gr\ps is v great4 ,! mo/ simple =ms ( bo? gr\ps exhibit a simple sph]ical lattic$ c5tral *amb]1 :i* is surr\nd$ by few lattic$ *amb]s ( simil> size & =m1 sep>at$ by op5 gates4 ,b 9 ! ,pylonida ^! *amb]s are opposite 9 pairs1 & =m toge!r a complete lattice-girdle ar\nd ! c5tral *amb]1 :]eas 9 ! ,pylodiscida ! *amb]s are n opposite 9 pairs 9 "o axis1 & =m !re=e only lattic$ half girdles1 :i* arise f ! c5tral *amb] l radial arms1 & may p]haps bett] be call$ arm-*amb]s2 _! numb] is con/antly ?ree4 ,! free op5 spaces betwe5 ^! ?ree arm-*amb]s =m ?ree gates1 comp>able to ! two or f\r gates ( ,amphipyle1 ,tetrapyle1 c41 & become aft]w>ds clos$ by lattice-"w 9 a simil> way 9 bo? gr\ps4 ,a m important diff]5ce betwe5 !m is indicat$ by ! fur!r mode ( gr[?4 ,! ,pylonida build new girdles 9 all ?ree dim5sive planes 7alt]nat+ 9 ! transv]se1 lat]al & sagittal planes72 _! geometric fundam5tal =m is !re=e ! l5tellipsis or ! triaxial ellipsoid4 ,! ,pylodiscida1 h[ev]1 gr[ only at ! p]iph]y ( ! discoidal %ell 9 "o s+le plane 7! equatorial plane72 _! fundam5tal =m is !re=e ! biconvex l5s or ! flat disk 7a %ort5$ cyl9d]74 ,?is important diff]5ce is my decid+ motive1 9 sep>at+ ! latt] f ! =m] & 9 reg>d+ ! ,pylodiscida z true ,discoidea1 ! m s z !y c easily be d]iv$ f ,ar*idiscus1 ! fundam5tal & ance/ral =m ( ! ,porodiscida4 ,"o s+le =m ( ,ar*idiscus seems to be ( peculi> importance 9 ?is relation1 viz41 ,ar*idiscus hexoniscus 7,pl4 #dh1 fig4 #aj74 ,9 ?is species ! simple c5tral *amb] is surr\nd$ by a lattic$ r+ or girdle1 compos$ ( six equal *amb]s ( ! same size & =m1 all ly+ 9 ! same plane ) ! c5tral *amb]4 ,9 a ne>ly alli$ species1 viz41 ,ar*idiscus pyloniscus1 ! six r+-*amb]s are diff]5t1 ?ree small] 7) d5s] network7 alt]nat+ ) ?ree l>g] 7( loos] network72 if we imag9e ! network ( ! latt] r$uc$ to a m>g9al b> we get ,triopyle1 & if also ?is b> disappe> by r$uction we get ,triol5a1 ! mo/ simple =m ( ! ,pylodiscida4 #efb;,ev5 ,ar*idiscus pyloniscus may possibly repres5t ! same =m among ! ,porodiscida z ,triodiscus l5ticula among ! ,pylodiscida2 ?is important =m indicates cle>ly ! close aff9ity ( ! two families4 ,if we take ! latt]1 ne>ly id5tical =m z ! common />t+ po9t ( bo? families ( ,cyclodisc>ia1 !n probably ,triopyle & ,triol5e mu/ be reg>d$ z retrograde =ms1 d]iv$ f ,triodiscus 9 ! "o case1 f ,ar*idiscus 9 ! o!r1 by r$uction ( ?ree int]radial arm-*amb]s1 :il/ ?ree p]radial only rema94 ,b x is also possible t ! mo/ simple =m1 ,triol5e1 orig9at$ indep5d5tly f "s ,c5osphra1 ?ree simple radial *amb]s1 l ! lattic$ c5tral *amb]1 be+ d]iv$ f ! latt] by apposition 9 ?ree equidi/ant radii1 :il/ ?ree o!r radii betwe5 !m rema9$ free4 ,9 ?is case ! o!r g5]a ( ,pylodiscida are d]iv$ f _! ance/ral =m ,triol5e4 ,adopt+ ?is latt] view1 we f9d t all eight g5]a ( ,pylodiscida1 "h di/+ui%$1 may be reg>d$ z foll[+ memb]s ( a cont9u\s s]ies4 ,if ! ?ree simple arm-*amb]s ( ,triol5e1 surr\nd+ ! equal c5tral *amb]1 become unit$ at _! di/al ends by a conc5tric equatorial r+1 !n orig9ates ,triopyle2 & ?is graduates into ,triodiscus by f5e/ration ( ! ?ree op5 gates betwe5 ! ?ree lattic$ arms4 ,:il/ ^! ?ree g5]a =m toge!r ! subfamily ,triopylida1 a second family1 ,hexapylida1 is compos$ ( ?ree o!r analog\s g5]a1 9 :i* ! same process ( developm5t becomes repeat$4 ,pylol5a1 ! mo/ simple =m ( ,hexapylida1 arises f ,triodiscus by ! developm5t ( ?ree new arm-*amb]s 7( ! second ord]7 :i* are appos$ at ! di/al end ( ! ?ree prim>y arm-*amb]s 7( ! fir/ ord]7 9 ! same radius4 ,if ! di/al ends ( ^! ?ree second>y arm-*amb]s become unit$ by a conc5tric lattic$ r+ or girdle1 we get ,hexapyle 7) six op5 gates1 two 9 ea* radius71 & if its six gates become aft]w>ds clos$ by loose lattice-"w1 we arrive at ,pylodiscus 7a repetition ( ,triodiscus74 ,a ?ird subfamily1 ,discopylida1 is =m$ by ! build+ ( a *amb]$ equatorial girdle ar\nd ! m>g9 ( ,pylodiscus4 ,?is girdle has q ! same /ructure z ! simil> *amb]$ r+s or girdles ( ! ,porodiscida & ,coccodiscida4 ,betwe5 ! two sieve-plates ( ! disk surface is enclos$ a v>iable numb] 7twelve to tw5ty-f\r or m7 ( *amb]s1 imp]fectly sep>at$ by radial beams1 :i* connect ! m>g9 ( ! ,pylodiscus-%ell ) an out] p]iph]al conc5tric r+4 ,9 ,discozonium ?is m>g9al r+ is p]fect1 :il/ 9 ,discopyle x is int]rupt$ by a peculi> l>ge op5+1 a m>g9al osculum surr\nd$ by a corona ( sp9es1 q ! same rem>kable =mation :i* we enc\nt]$ 9 ,ommatodiscus among ! ,porodiscida4 ,all ,pylodiscida are !re=e triradial 7) ?ree p]radial arms & ?ree int]radial gates betwe5 !m71 & _m ( !m h a great resemblance to c]ta9 triradial ,porodiscida & ,spongodiscida1 p]haps n only a morphological resemblance1 b also #efc;a true phylog5etic relation4 ,b x is rem>kable t we d n f9d fur!r =ms ( developm5t 9 ?is family1 by multiplication ei!r ( ! arm-*amb]s 7fur!r gr[? 9 ! ?ree p]radii7 or ( ! conc5tric *amb]$ r+s 79 ! p]iph]y ( ! disk m>g974 ,! c5tral capsule ( ! ,pylodiscida is con/antly flat1 discoidal1 & enclos$ betwe5 ! two sieve-plates ( ! surface4 ,its =m is ei!r circul> or triangul>4 ,synopsis ( ! ,g5]a ( ! ,pylodiscida4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,i4 ,subfamily ,triopylida4 ,?ree gates betwe5 ?ree simple arm-*amb]s4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,?ree gates op51 )\t a b>r+ equatorial girdle1 #bde4 ,triol5a4 ,?ree gates b>r$ by a ,gate-faces simple1 #bdf4 ,triopyle4 lattic$ equatorial girdle4 ,gate-faces lattic$1 #bdg4 ,triodiscus4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,ii4 ,subfamily ,hexapylida4 ,six gates betwe5 ?ree d\ble arm-*amb]s 7?ree inn] & ?ree out]72 no *amb]$ m>g9al girdle4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,?ree out] gates op51 )\t a b>r+ equatorial girdle1 #bdh4 ,pylol5a4 ,bo? faces ( ! out] ,?ree out] gates b>r$ gates simple1 #bdi4 ,hexapyle4 by a lattic$ 7second7 equatorial girdle4 ,bo? faces ( ! out] gates lattic$1 #bej4 ,pylodiscus4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,iii4 ,subfamily ,discopylida4 ,six gates betwe5 ?ree d\ble arm-*amb]s4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,no peculi> osculum on ,9 ! equatorial plane ! m>g9 ( ! disc1 #bea4 ,discozonium4 on ! m>g9 ( ! ,pylodiscus-%ell is a ,"o pecui> osculum 7) *amb]$ equatorial a corona ( sp9es7 on girdle4 ! m>g9 ( ! disc1 #beb4 ,discopyle4 ,subfamily #a4 ,,triopylida1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pylodiscida ) a simple1 sph]ical or l5ticul>1 c5tral *amb]1 surr\nd$ by ?ree simple arm-*amb]s1 :i* are sep>at$ by ?ree not*es or gates4 ,g5us #bde4 ,triol5a1#bhd n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,pylodiscida ) a simple1 sph]ical or l5ticul>1 c5tral *amb]1 surr\nd$ by ?ree simple arm-*amb]s4 ,not*es betwe5 ! ?ree arms op54 ,! g5us ,triol5a is ! mo/ simple =m ( all ,pylodiscida1 & mu/ be reg>d$ z _! common ance/ral =m1 f an ontog5etic z well z a phylog5etic po9t ( view4 ,! small %ell is compos$ ( a simple1 sph]ical or l5ticul>1 lattic$1 c5tral *amb]1 & ( ?ree simple1 surr\nd+ equal arms1 :i* are also simple lattic$ *amb]s1 lie 9 ! equatorial plane1 & are sep>at$ by ?ree equal angles or op5 gates4 #efda4 ,triol5a primordialis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dh1 fig4 #ab74 ,arm-*amb]s trapezoid1 ne>ly squ>e1 ( ! same size z ! circul>1 l5ticul>1 primordial1 c5tral *amb]4 ,surface ( ! disk smoo?4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4jde1 ( ! c5tral *amb] #j4jae1 ( ea* arm #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgb1 dep? #bfjj fa?oms4 #b4 ,triol5a tribelone1 n4 sp4 ,arm-*amb]s lanceolate1 ( ! same bread? z & twice ! l5g? ( ! triangul>1 c5tral *amb]2 at ! po9t$ end ( ea* arm is a conical t]m9al sp9e 79 ! equatorial plane74 ,surface ( ! disk ?orny4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4je1 ( ! c5tral *amb] #j4jae2 l5g? ( ! arms #j4jb1 bread? #j4jaf4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdd1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #c4 ,triol5a trisp9osa1 n4 sp4 ,arm-*amb]s ovate1 9 ! basal half ne>ly z broad z ! hexagonal c5tral *amb]1 at ! po9t$ di/al end ) a /rong conical radial sp9e ( d\ble ! l5g?4 ,surface r\gh4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4jee1 ( ! c5tral *amb] #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,we/]n ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbe1 dep? #ddge fa?oms4 #d4 ,triol5a hexabelone1 n4 sp4 ,arm-*amb]s ne>ly triangul>1 at ! base half z broad z ! hexagonal c5tral *amb]1 at ! truncate di/al end "o & a half times z broad1 & arm$ ) two radial conical sp9es 79 ! equatorial plane74 ,surface ( ! disk smoo?4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4jf1 ( ! c5tral *amb] #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bie1 dep? #aejj fa?oms4 #e4 ,triol5a trigonalis1 n4 sp4 ,arm-*amb]s ne>ly triangul>1 at ! base half z broad z ! circul> c5tral *amb]1 at ! concave lunulate di/al end twice z broad1 & arm$ ) f\r conical radial sp9es 7two on ea* side ( ! equatorial plane74 ,surface ?orny4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4je1 ( ! c5tral *amb] #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 #efe;,g5us #bdf4 ,triopyle1#bhe ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfd4 ,def9ition4--,pylodiscida ) a simple1 sph]ical or l5ticul>1 c5tral *amb]1 surr\nd$ by ?ree simple arm-*amb]s4 ,not*es betwe5 ! ?ree arms trans=m$ into gates by a connect+ equatorial girdle4 ,! g5us ,triopyle diff]s f ! prec$+ ,triol5e 9 ! developm5t ( a simple r+ or lattic$ equatorial girdle1 :i* connects ! di/al ends ( ! ?ree arm-*amb]s1 & trans=ms ! op5 not*es betwe5 !m into ?ree gates4 ,! r+ may be circul>1 triangul>1 or hexagonal4 #a4 ,triopyle circulus1 n4 sp4 ,disk circul>1 ?ree times z broad z ! hexagonal c5tral *amb]4 ,?ree arm-*amb]s trapezoidal1 at ! convex di/al end z broad1 at ! base half z broad z ! ?ree circul> gates betwe5 !m4 ,surface smoo?4 ,no m>g9al sp9es on ! girdle4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4jde1 ( ! gates #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 #b4 ,triopyle hexagona1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dh1 fig4 #ac74 ,disk hexagonal1 ?ree times z broad z ! circul> c5tral *amb]4 ,?ree arm-*amb]s trapezoidal1 at ! truncat$ di/al end z broad1 at ! base half z broad z ! ?ree triangul> gates betwe5 !m4 ,surface smoo?4 ,no m>g9al sp9es4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4je1 ( ! gates #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdd1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #c4 ,triopyle trigona1 n4 sp4 ,disk triangul>1 f\r times z broad z ! circul> c5tral *amb]4 ,?ree arm-*amb]s ne>ly triangul>1 at ! n>r[ base half z broad1 at ! di/al end twice z broad z ! circul> or r\ndi% gates4 ,surface smoo?4 ,on ! m>g9 79 ! equatorial plane7 ?ree /rong pyramidal sp9es 7at ! end ( ! arms74 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4jd1 ( ! gates #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgd1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #d4 ,triopyle cordig]a1 n4 sp4 ,disk hexagonal1 f\r times z broad z ! hexagonal c5tral *amb]4 ,?ree arm-*amb]s triangul>1 at ! base half z broad z at ! truncat$ di/al end1 ab\t ! same size z ! #eff?ree he>t-%ap$ gates4 ,on ! six corn]s ( ! m>g9 7:i* =ms a regul> hexagon7 are six pyramidal radial sp9es1 z prolongations ( ! arm-edges4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4je1 ( ! gates #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,ceylon1 surface1 ,haeckel4 #e4 ,triopyle r5ig]a1 n4 sp4 ,disk hexagonal1 five times z broad z ! circul> c5tral *amb]4 ,?ree arm-*amb]s trapezoidal1 at ! base "o-?ird1 at ! di/al end two-?irds z broad z ! ?ree kidney-%ap$ gates4 ,on ! six corn]s ( ! m>g9 7:i* =ms an irregul> hexagon7 six conical radial sp9es1 z prolongations ( ! arm-edges4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4jf1 ( ! gates #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bie1 dep? #aejj fa?oms4 #f4 ,triopyle sp9ig]a1 n4 sp4 ,disk r\ndi%1 triangul>1 f\r times z broad z ! triangul> c5tral *amb]1 :i* is arm$ ) ?ree radial sp9es betwe5 ! arms4 ,arm-*amb]s club-%ap$1 at ! n>r[ base "o-f\r?1 at ! di/al end half z broad z ! squ>e gates4 ,on ! m>g9 twelve l>ge conical sp9es1 two opposite on ea* face ( ! di/al end ( ea* arm-edge4 ,?ree small] radial sp9es on ! ?ree corn]s ( ! girdle 79 ! same int]radial m]idian planes z ! ?ree sp9es ( ! c5tral *amb]74 ,comp>e ,triodiscus sp9osus4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4je1 ( ! gates #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccb1 dep? #bbjj fa?oms4 ,g5us #bdg4 ,triodiscus1#bhf n4 sp4 ,def9ition4--,pylodiscida ) a simple1 sph]ical or l5ticul>1 c5tral *amb]1 surr\nd$ by ?ree simple arm-*amb]s4 ,not*es betwe5 ! ?ree arms clos$ by lattice-"w & by an equatorial girdle4 ,! g5us ,triodiscus diff]s f ! prec$+ ,triopyle 9 ! developm5t ( loose lattice-"w on bo? sides ( ! discoidal %ell4 ,?is network closes ! gates & trans=ms ! :ole %ell into a f5e/rat$ l5s4 ,! s+ul> species ( ,triodiscus correspond to c]ta9 species ( ,triopyle4 #a4 ,triodiscus l5ticula1 n4 sp4 ,disk circul>1 l5ticul>1 ?ree times z broad z ! c5tral *amb]4 ,?ree arm-*amb]s trapezoidal1 ( ! same size & =m z ! ?ree gates betwe5 !m1 :i* are clos$ by a loose #efg;delicate network 7diff]s f ,triopyle circulus by ! production ( ! two convex lattic$ plates1 :i* envelop ! :ole l5s74 ,m>g9 smoo?4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4jde1 ( ! gates #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #b4 ,triodiscus trigonus1 n4 sp4 ,disk triangul>1 f\r times z broad z ! c5tral *amb]4 ,?ree arm-*amb]s at ! base half z broad1 at ! di/al end twice z broad z ! r\ndi% gates4 ,surface smoo?4 ,on ! ?ree corn]s ( ! m>g9 79 ! arm-radius7 ?ree /rong sp9es4 7,diff]s f ,triopyle trigona only 9 ! loose framework clos+ ! gates47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4jd1 ( ! gates #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgb1 dep? #bfjj fa?oms4 #c4 ,triodiscus sp9osus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dh1 fig4 #ad74 ,disk subcircul>1 f\r times z broad z ! triangul> c5tral *amb]4 ,?ree arm-*amb]s club-%ap$1 at ! base "o-?ird1 at ! di/al end two-?irds z broad z ! semicircul> gates4 ,surface ?orny4 ,on ! m>g9 fifte5 l>g] radial sp9es1 ?ree on ! corn]s ( ! disk 79 ! radius ( ! gates71 twelve on ! two faces ( ! arms ends 7two opposite on ! edge ( ea* end47 7,diff]s f ,triopyle sp9ig]a ma9ly by ! delicate hexagonal network clos+ ! gates47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4je1 ( ! gates #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,can>y ,isl&s 7,lanz]ote1 ,haeckel74 ,subfamily #b4 ,,hexapylida1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pylodiscida ) triopyle-%ap$ m$ull>y %ell1 surr\nd$ by ?ree di/al arm-*amb]s1 :i* are sep>at$ by ?ree op5 not*es or gates4 ,g5us #bdh4 ,pylol5a1#bhg n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,pylodiscida ) triopyle-%ap$ m$ull>y %ell1 surr\nd$ by ?ree di/al arm-*amb]s4 ,not*es betwe5 ! ?ree arms op54 ,! g5us ,pylol5a op5s ! s]ies ( ! ,hexapylida1 or ( ^? ,pylodiscida 9 :i* ! c5tre ( ! %ell is =m$ by a tri-radiat$ m$ull>y %ell l ,triopyle4 ,9 ! equatorial plane ( ?is triopyle-%ap$ disk are develop$ on its m>g9 ?ree di/al arm *amb]s1 z prolongations ( ! ?ree arms ( ,triopyle1 b mu* l>g]4 ,9 ,pylol5e ! ?ree angles or not*es betwe5 ! di/al arms rema9 op51 repeat+ ! =m ( ,triol5e4 #efha4 ,pylol5a in]mis1 n4 sp4 ,arms club-%ap$1 at ! base half z broad1 at ! r\nd$ di/al end z broad z ! triopyle-%ap$ m$ull>y %ell4 ,surface & m>g9 smoo?4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! cortical %ell #j4ae1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je4 ,habitat4--,equatorial ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdg1 surface2 ,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgb1 surface4 #b4 ,pylol5a armata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dh1 fig4 #ae74 ,arms trapezoid1 at ! base half z broad1 at ! di/al end twice z broad z ! triopyle-%ap$ m$ull>y %ell4 ,surface & m>g9 ?orny4 ,twelve /rong conical sp9es at ! di/al end ( ! ?ree arms1 two opposite on bo? faces ( ! arm-edges4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! cortical %ell #j4b1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cbe1 surface4 ,g5us #bdi4 ,hexapyle1#bhh ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfd4 ,def9ition4--,pylodiscida ) triopyle-%ap$ m$ull>y %ell1 surr\nd$ by ?ree di/al arm-*amb]s4 ,not*es betwe5 ! ?ree arms trans=m$ into gates by a connect+ equatorial girdle4 ,! g5us ,hexapyle diff]s f ! prec$+ ,pylol5e 9 ! developm5t ( an equatorial r+ or lattic$ girdle1 :i* connects ! free extremities ( ! ?ree di/al ends & trans=ms ! op5 not*es betwe5 !m into gates4 ,x simulates !re=e ! =mation ( ,triopyle1 f :i* x diff]s by duplication ( ! arm-jo9ts & ( ! gates 79 ea* radius occur "o proximal & "o di/al gate74 #a4 ,hexapyle triangula1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell triangul>1 ) ?ree r\nd$ corn]s1 ?ree times z broad z ! triangul> triopyle-%ap$ m$ull>y %ell4 ,surface smoo? or r\gh1 b n sp9y4 ,?ree arms two-?irds z broad z ! ?ree egg-%ap$ gates ( ea* side4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! cortical %ell 7or l5g? ( "o side ( ! triangle7 #j4ae1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je2 bread? ( ! gates #j4jf1 ( ! bridges betwe5 !m #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgb1 dep? #bfjj fa?oms4 #b4 ,hexapyle sexangula1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell hexagonal1 ) six equal sides1 f\r times z broad z ! triangul> triopyle-%ap$ m$ull>y %ell4 ,surface r\gh1 b n sp9y4 ,?ree arms 7on _! smalle/ "p7 half z broad z ! ?ree triangul> gates 7on _! broade/ "p74 #efi;,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! cortical %ell #j4af1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jd2 bread? ( ! gates #j4jf1 ( ! bridges #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdd1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #c4 ,hexapyle circul>is1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell circul>1 f\r times z broad z ! triangul>1 ,triopyle-%ap$ m$ull>y %ell4 ,surface smoo?4 ,?ree arms half z broad z ! ?ree kidney-%ap$ gates on ea* side ( ! %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! cortical %ell #j4b1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je2 bread? ( ! gates #j4jh1 ( ! bridges betwe5 !m #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bff1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #d4 ,hexapyle triacan?a1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell triangul>1 ?orny1 ) ?ree po9t$ corn]s1 prolong$ into ?ree /rong conical radial sp9es2 its diamet] f\r times z great z t ( ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,?ree arms ( ! same bread? z ! ?ree egg-%ap$ gates ( ea* side4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! cortical %ell 7or l5g? ( "o side ( ! triangle1 )\t sp9es7 #j4b1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je2 bread? ( ! gates & ( ! bridges betwe5 !m #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 surface2 ,madagasc>1 ,rabbe4 #e4 ,hexapyle hexacan?a1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell hexagonal1 ?orny1 ?ree times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,six /rong] conical radial sp9es on ! six corn]s at equal di/ances1 ly+ 9 ! equatorial plane ( ! disk4 ,?ree half girdles half z broad z ! ?ree triangul> gates ( ea* side4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! cortical %ell #j4ae1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je2 bread? ( ! gates #j4je1 ( ! bridges #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bec1 dep? #cabe fa?oms4 #f4 ,hexapyle dodecan?a1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dh1 fig4 #af74 ,cortical %ell triangul>1 ?orny1 ) r\nd$ corn]s1 ?ree & a half times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,twelve /rong] radial sp9es1 six opposite 9 pairs on ea* side ( ! discoidal %ell1 z prolongations ( ! lat]al edges ( ! triangul> gates1 :i* are ab\t ! same bread? z ! half girdles betwe5 !m4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! cortical %ell #j4ba1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jf2 bread? ( ! gates & ( ! bridges #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgj1 surface4 #egjg4 ,hexapyle polyacan?a1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell circul>1 ?orny1 ) a circle ( num]\s conical radial sp9es 9 ! p]iph]y2 its diamet] ne>ly ?ree times z great z t ( ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,?ree half-girdles half z broad z ! ?ree kidney-%ap$ gates on ea* side ( ! discoidal %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! cortical %ell #j4aa1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jd2 bread? ( ! gates #j4jd1 ( ! bridges betwe5 !m #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 ,g5us #bej4 ,pylodiscus1#bhi n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,pylodiscida ) ,triopyle-%ap$ m$ull>y %ell1 surr\nd$ by ?ree di/al arm-*amb]s4 ,not*es betwe5 ! ?ree arms clos$ by lattice-"w & by an equatorial girdle4 ,! g5us ,pylodiscus diff]s f ,hexapyle 9 ! developm5t ( two convex plates ( lattice-"w1 :i* close ! six op5 gates & trans=m ! disk into a biconvex f5e/rat$ l5s4 ,pylodiscus simulates !re=e ! *>act]i/ic =m ( ,triodiscus2 b :il/ 9 ! latt] we f9d only ?ree arm-jo9ts & ?ree simple gates1 _! numb] is d\bl$ 9 ! =m]4 #a4 ,pylodiscus triangul>is1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dh1 fig4 #ag74 ,cortical %ell triangul>1 ) r\nd$ corn]s1 ?ree times z broad z ! triangul>1 ,triopyle-%ap$ m$ull>y %ell4 ,?ree arms ab\t z broad z ! ?ree egg-%ap$ gates betwe5 !m4 7,diff]s f ,hexapyle triangula only by ! delicate network ( bo? triangul> convex cov]+ plates1 :i* close ! op5 gates47 ,six l>g] & _m small] sp9es on ! m>g9 ( ! disk4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ae1 ( ! gates #j4je4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgj1 dep? #bibe fa?oms4 #b4 ,pylodiscus sexangul>is1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell hexangul>1 equilat]al1 f\r times z broad z ! circul>1 ,triopyle-%ap$ m$ull>y %ell4 ,surface sp9y4 ,?ree arms ne>ly ( ! same =m & size z ! ?ree triangul> gates betwe5 !m4 7,simil> to ,hexapyle sexangul>is1 b diff]+ 9 ! irregul> loose network clos+ ! gates47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ah1 ( ! gates #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 s\? ( ,japan1 ,/ation #bcg1 surface #egac4 ,pylodiscus c>diopylus1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell hexangul>1 equilat]al1 five times z broad z ! triangul>1 ,triopyle-%ap$ m$ull>y %ell4 ,surface smoo?4 ,?ree arms triangul>1 at ! di/al end z broad z ! ?ree he>t-%ap$ gates4 ,on ! m>g9 six /rong pyramidal sp9es 9 ! equatorial plane 7adradial1 z prolongations ( ! lat]al arm-edges74 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ae1 ( ! gates #j4je4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,sunda ,/rait1 ,rabbe4 #d4 ,pylodiscus nephropylus1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell circul>1 ?ree times z broad z ! circul>1 ,triopyle-%ap$ m$ull>y %ell4 ,surface sp9y4 ,?ree arms trapezoidal1 half z broad z ! ?ree kidney-%ap$ gates4 ,on ! m>g9 twelve /rong]1 conical1 radial sp9es1 opposite 9 pairs on bo? sides ( ! disk1 dispos$ 9 six pairs at ! di/al end ( ! arms4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4b1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 ,subfamily #c4 ,,discopylida1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pylodiscida ) ,triopyle-%ap$ m$ull>y %ell & ,pylodiscus-%ap$ cortical %ell1 :i* is surr\nd$ by a m>g9al *amb]$ equatorial girdle4 ,g5us #bea4 ,discozonium1#bij n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,pylodiscida ) ,triopyle-%ap$ m$ull>y %ell & ,pylodiscus-%ap$ cortical %ell1 :i* is surr\nd$ by an equatorial *amb]$ girdle4 ,no peculi> osculum on ! m>g9 ( ! disk4 ,! g5us ,discozonium & ! foll[+ ,discopyle make up toge!r ! small gr\p ( ! ,discopylida1 or ^? ,pylodiscida 9 :i* a discoidal %ell l ,pylodiscus is surr\nd$ by a m>g9al equatorial girdle2 ?is girdle is divid$ into twelve to tw5ty-f\r or m *amb]s by radial beams1 :i* are ! ext]nal prolongations ( ! radial m>g9al sp9es ( ,pylodiscus4 ,! latt] g5us be>s !re=e to ,discozonium ! same relation z ,se?odiscus 9 ! o!r ,discoidea does to ,li?ocyclia1 or ,phacodiscus to ,coccodiscus4 #a4 ,discozonium cyclonium1 n4 sp4 ,disk circul>1 l5ticul>1 ) smoo? m>g91 ?ree times z broad z ! triangul>1 ,triopyle-%ap$ m$ull>y %ell4 ,?ree gates ( ! cortical %ell kidney-%ap$1 twice z broad z ! ?ree #egb;arms4 ,*amb]$ equatorial girdle ) tw5ty to tw5ty-f\r subregul> *amb]s 7simil> to ,discopyle osculata1 ,pl4 #dh1 fig4 #ai1 b )\t any m>g9al osculum74 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4b1 ( ! cortical %ell #j4ad1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jg4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfe1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #b4 ,discozonium trigonium1 n4 sp4 ,disk triangul>1 ) ?orny m>g91 f\r times z broad z ! triangul>1 ,triopyle-%ap$ m$ull>y %ell4 ,?ree gates ( ! cortical %ell egg-%ap$1 sc>cely z broad z ! ?ree arms4 ,*amb]$ equatorial girdle ) tw5ty-f\r to ?irty irregul> *amb]s4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4bd1 ( ! cortical %ell #j4b1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgd1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #c4 ,discozonium hexagonium1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dh1 fig4 #ah74 ,disk hexagonal1 ) sp9y m>g91 f\r times z broad z ! triangul>1 ,triopyle-%ap$ m$ull>y %ell4 ,?ree gates ( ! cortical %ell kidney-%ap$1 "o & a half times z broad z ! arms4 ,*amb]$ equatorial girdle ) twelve l>ge regul> *amb]s2 ! radial beams betwe5 !m are prolong$ into twelve /rong pyramidal m>g9al sp9es 7?ree p]radial on ! ends ( ! arms1 ?ree int]radial on ! radii ( ! gates1 six adradial betwe5 ! =m] & latt]74 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4b1 ( ! cortical %ell #j4ab1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 ,g5us #beb4 ,discopyle1#bia n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,pylodiscida ) ,triopyle-%ap$ m$ull>y %ell & ,pylodiscus-%ap$ cortical %ell1 :i* is surr\nd$ by an equatorial *amb]$ girdle4 ,"o peculi> osculum1 surr\nd$ by a corona ( sp9es1 on ! m>g9 ( ! disk4 ,! g5us ,discopyle diff]s f ! prec$+ g5us ,discozonium 9 ! developm5t ( a peculi> m>g9al osculum1 & be>s !re=e to x ! same relation z1 9 ! ,porodiscida1 ,ommatodiscus does to ,porodiscus 7comp>e above1 p4 #ejj74 ,?is peculi> osculum is "h also surr\nd$ by a corona ( sp9es1 & s]ves probably = ! exit or outlet ( a bun* ( pseudopodia or a s>code-flagellum4 ,only two species ( ,discopyle h be5 obs]v$1 :i* repres5t p]haps bett] two diff]5t g5]a2 9 "o species ! disk is circul>1 9 ! o!r elliptical4 ,9 ?is latt] ! osculum lies on "o pole ( ! ma9 axis4 #egca4 ,discopyle osculata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dh1 fig4 #ai74 ,disk circul> ) sp9y m>g91 ?ree times z broad z ! triangul>1 ,triopyle-%ap$ m$ull>y %ell4 ,?ree gates ( ! cortical %ell kidney-%ap$1 on ! inside ) an int]radial sp9e1 twice z broad z ! ?ree p5tagonal arms4 ,*amb]$ equatorial girdle ) tw5ty-f\r subregul> *amb]s1 9 ! radius ( "o odd gate ) a l>ge m>g9al osculum1 :i* is z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell1 & surr\nd$ by a d5se corona ( tw5ty to ?irty /rong conical sp9es4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ae1 ( ! cortical %ell #j4a1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je1 ( ! m>g9al osculum #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgb1 dep? #bfjj fa?oms4 #b4 ,discopyle elliptica1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #dh1 fig4 #bj74 ,disk elliptical1 f\r-fif?s z broad z long1 ) sp9y m>g91 ?ree times z broad z ! triangul>1 ,triopyle-%ap$ m$ull>y %ell4 ,?ree gates ( ! cortical %ell r\ndi%1 on ! inside ) an int]radial sp9e1 little broad] ?an ! quadrangul> arms4 ,*amb]$ equatorial girdle ) tw5ty to ?irty irregul> *amb]s1 on "o pole ( ! ma9 axis ) a l>ge m>g9al osculum1 :i* is "o-?ird z broad z ! l5g? ( ! ma9 axis1 & arm$ ) a corona ( tw5ty to ?irty %ort conical sp9es4 ,! osculum does n correspond to a c]ta9 radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ae1 ( ! cortical %ell #j4jh1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jd1 ( ! m>g9al osculum #j4je4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfg1 dep? #bgjj fa?oms4 ,family ,,xxiii4 ,,spongodiscida1 ,haeckel 7,pl4 #da1 fig4 #aa74 ,spongodiscida et ,spongocyclida1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 pp4 #deb1 #dfj1 #dfi4 ,spongodiscida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfa4 ,calodictya1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahdg1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #ec 7p>tim74 ,def9ition4--,discoidea )\t a phacoid %ell1 ) a flat discoidal %ell1 9 :i* a simple sph]ical c5tral *amb] is surr\nd$ by an irregul> spongy framework 7sometimes ) conc5tric r+s ar\nd ! c5tral *amb]74 ,surface ( ! disk q spongy1 )\t por\s sieve-plates4 ,! family ,spongodiscida is ! six? & la/ family ( ! ,discoidea1 & be>s to ! o!r families ( ?is gr\p ! same relation z ! family ,spongosphrida does to ! o!r ,sphroidea1 or ! ,spongurida to ! o!r ,prunoidea4 ,its *>act]i/ic /ructure consi/s 9 ! irregul> spongy framework ( ! disk1 & ma9ly 9 ! r\gh1 irregul> %ape ( its spongy surface1 :i* is nev] cov]$ ) por\s plates 7nei!r phacoid %ell nor correspond+ sieve-plates71 z 9 all o!r ,discoidea4 ,( c\rse a little spongy /ructure occurs also 9 _m ,porodiscida #egd;& ev5 9 "s ,coccodiscida 7pr9cipally 9 ! p]iph]al "p ( ! disk or its *amb]$ arms72 b bo? flat 7or convex7 surfaces ( ! disk 7at lea/ 9 ! c5tral "p7 rema9 "h con/antly z simple lattice-plates1 :il/ 9 all ,spongodiscida ! :ole surface ( ! disk is spongy4 ,:5 ,i con/itut$ ! family ,spongodiscida 9 my ,monograph 7#ahfb1 pp4 #deb1 #dfj7 ,i _h sep>at$ f !m ! ,spongocyclida1 exhibit+ 9 ! c5tral "p ( ! disk a m or less di/9ct conc5tric arrangem5t ( ! spongy *amb]s1 :il/ 9 ! =m] ! delicate spongy framework is q irregul>1 compos$ ( bran*$ silice\s ?reads1 connect$ & int]wov5 9 all directions4 ,b 9 all ,spongocyclida ! :ole surface ( ! spongy disk is q z irregul>ly r\gh & depriv$ ( smoo? sieve-plates z 9 all true ,spongodiscida1 & ! m or less conc5tric /ructure ( ! c5tral "p ( ! disk 9 ! =m] 7v v>iable & (t5 sc>cely able to be recognis$7 seems n suffici5t to sep>ate bo? gr\ps2 ev5 ! s+le g5]a _c be suffici5tly sep>at$ by ?is "*4 ,i n[ !re=e give up entirely ! gr\p ( ,spongocyclida 7z already done 9 my ,prodromus1 #ahha74 ,nev]!less ! conc5tric annul> /ructure 9 ! d>k c5tral "p ( "s ,spongodiscida is v int]e/+ z transition to ! ,porodiscida2 x indicates already t ! =m] are d]iv$ f ! latt]4 ,ev5 ! s+le g5]a 9 bo? families are correspond+4 ,9 ! new sy/em ( ,polycy/9a1 :i* ,ehr5b]g gave1 #ahge 7,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #aeg71 are enum]at$ "u ! ,calodictya f\r g5]a ) spongy disk1 viz41 ,spongodiscus1 ,rhopalodictyum1 ,dictyocoryne1 ,sponga/]4 ,inde$ ^! f\r g5]a1 :i* ,i "h reta91 are true ,spongodiscida1 & mu/ be sep>at$ f ! o!r ,calodictya1 ! great] "p ( :i* are ,porodiscida4 ,! numb] ( species ( true ,spongodiscida n[ am\nts to sixty-sev51 :i* ,i dispose 9 ?irte5 g5]a4 ,! :ole family may be divid$ into ?ree subfamilies4 ,! fir/ ( ^! are ! ,spongophacida 7correspond+ to ! ,trematodiscida among ! ,porodiscida71 9 :i* ! circul> m>g9 ( ! spongy disk be>s no radial app5dages2 ei!r ! m>g9 is q simple1 spongy 7,spongodiscus71 or surr\nd$ by a hyal9e1 solid1 or por\s equatorial girdle 7,spongophacus74 ,! disk is ei!r m l5ticul> 7biconvex7 or m flat discoidal 7a %ort5$ cyl9d]71 r>ely a little biconcave 7?ick] at ! m>g9 ?an 9 ! c5tre74 ,! spongy framework ( ! solid disk is ei!r q irregul> 7,spongodisculus71 or 9 ! c5tral "p ) conc5tric circul> r+s 7,spongocyclia71 or 9 ! c5tral "p spirally convolut$ 7,spongospira74 ,! second subfamily1 ,spongotro*ida1 corresponds to ! ,/ylodictyida 7among ! ,porodiscida71 & is di/+ui%$ by solid radial sp9es on ! m>g9 ( ! disk1 dispos$ 9 ! equatorial plane ei!r irregul>ly or regul>ly 7aft] ! same ord] z 9 ! o!r families ( ,discoidea74 ,! ?ird subfamily1 ,spongobra*ida1 correspond p]fectly to ! ,eu*itonida #ege7;among ! ,porodiscida71 be>+ on ! disk-m>g9 two1 ?ree1 or f\r spongy arms1 commonly dispos$ regul>ly 9 ! equatorial plane4 ,"h also occurs ! peculi> =mation ( a patagium1 or ( an int]bra*ial spongy framework diff]5t f t ( ! arms1 :i* connects ! arms l a web-membrane 9 ! equatorial plane4 ,! spongy framework exhibits 9 all ^! ,spongodiscida no rem>kable diff]5ces1 be+ ev]y:]e compos$ ( f9e bran*$ solid silice\s ?reads1 int]wov5 9 all directions1 ) irregul> me%es ( v diff]5t size4 ,! c5tral capsule ( all ,spongodiscida is fill$ up ) ! same spongy framework :i* cov]s also bo? its sides4 ,x gr[s accord+ to ! envelop+ skeleton1 b rema9s con/antly small]4 ,! =m ( ! c5tral capsule is circul> 7l5ticul> or discoidal7 9 ! ,spongophacida & ,spongotro*ida1 :il/ 9 ! ,spongobra*ida x ent]s into ! radial spongy arms1 develop$ f ! m>g9 ( ! spongy disk4 ,synopsis ( ! ,g5]a ( ! ,spongodiscida4 ,spongy disk ) simple ,i4 ,subfamily m>g9 7)\t peculi> ,spongophacida4 equatorialgirdle71 #bec4 ,spongodiscus4 ,spongy disk )\t radial ,spongy disk ) a peculi> app5dages4 7solid or por\s7 equatorial girdle1 #bed4 ,spongophacus4 ,two opposite sp9es1 #bee4 ,spongolon*e4 ,,ii4 ,subfamily ,few 7two1 ,spongotro*ida4 ?ree1 or ,?ree m>g9al ,spongy disk ) f\r7 radial sp9es1 #bef4 ,spongotripus4 solid radial sp9es sp9es on ! regul>ly ,f\r cross$ m>g9 79 ! dispos$4 sp9es1 #beg4 ,spongo/aurus4 equatorial plane74 ,sp9es only ,num]\s 7five on ! to t5 or m>g9 m7 radial 7equatorial71 #beh4 ,/ylotro*us4 sp9es1 (t5 ,sp9es on bo? irregul>ly sides ( ! dispos$4 disk1 #bei4 ,spongotro*us4 ,)\t a ,two arms1 patagium1 #bfj4 ,spongol5a4 opposite 9 "o axis4 ,) a patagium1 #bfa4 ,spongobra*ium4 ,,iii4 ,subfamily ,spongobra*ida4 ,)\t ,spongy disk ) a patagium1 #bfb4 ,rhopalodictyum4 spongy radial ,?ree arms on arms on ! ! m>g94 ,) a m>g9 79 ! patagium1 #bfc4 ,dictyocoryne4 equatorial plane74 ,)\t a patagium1 #bfd4 ,sponga/]iscus4 ,f\r arms 9 cross =m4 ,) a patagium1 #bfe4 ,sponga/]4 ,subfamily #a4 ,,spongophacida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfa4 ,def9ition4--,spongodiscida ) a simple circul> disk1 )\t radial app5dages on ! m>g9 7nei!r solid sp9es nor *amb]$ arms74 #egf;,g5us #bec4 ,spongodiscus1#bib ,ehr5b]g1 #ahed1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #bcg4 ,def9ition4--,spongodiscida ) a simple circul> disk1 )\t radial app5dages & )\t an equatorial girdle on ! m>g94 ,! g5us ,spongodiscus repres5ts ! mo/ simple & primitive =m ( ! ,spongodiscida1 or ( ^? ,discoidea 9 :i* ! c5tral disk is m or less spongy1 compos$ ( an irregul> f9e framework4 ,9 my ,monograph 7#ahfb1 pp4 #deb1 #dfj1 #dfi7 ,i _h sep>at$ ! true ,spongodiscus 7fir/ describ$ by ,ehr5b]g1 loc4 cit47 & ! ,spongocyclia2 ! =m] be+ *>act]is$ by ! irregul> spongy framework ( ! :ole disk1 :il/ 9 ! latt] ?is framework includes 9 ! c5tral "p "s conc5tric circul> r+s 7approa*+ ,porodiscus74 ,9 ! same way aft]w>ds ,/hr 7#ahhj1 loc4 cit47 sep>at$ ! g5us ,spongospira z spongy disks1 :i* include 9 ! c5tral "p "s spiral convolutions4 ,b z ^! diff]5ces are r incon/ant & n %>ply disc]nible1 ,i ?9k x n[ bett] to reg>d ^! ?ree =ms z subg5]a ( ,spongodiscus4 ,all ?ree h ! common simple circul> disk1 )\t any m>g9al app5dages4 ,subg5us #a4 ,spongodisculus1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,spongy framework ( ! disk q irregul>1 )\t conc5tric r+s or spiral convolutions4 #a4 ,spongodiscus m$it]raneus1 ,haeckel4 ,spongodiscus m$it]raneus1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dfa1 ,taf4 xii4 figs4 #ad1 #ae4 ,spongy disk pla9 on bo? sides1 ) q an irregul> framework1 )\t conc5tric r+s & )\t radial pi]c+ beams4 ,texture ev]y:]e uni=m2 me%es eight to t5 times z broad z ! b>s4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4jh to #j4bd1 ( ! me%es #j4jje to #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a71 ,haeckel2 also fossil 9 ! ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,sicily 7,grotte71 ,/hr4 #b4 ,spongodiscus radiatus1 n4 sp4 ,spongy disk pla9 on bo? sides1 ) q irregul> framework1 )\t conc5tric r+s1 b ) num]\s pi]c+ radial beams :i* are n prolong$ into m>g9al sp9es4 ,texture ev]y:]e uni=m2 me%es once & a half to twice z broad z ! b>s4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ab to #j4ae1 ( ! me%es #j4jjb to #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #eggc4 ,spongodiscus resurg5s1 ,ehr5b]g4 ,spongodiscus resurg5s1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahed1 ,mikrogeol41 ,taf4 xxxv,b4 ,b4 iv41 fig4 #af4 ,spongodiscus resurg5s1 ,/hr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 xxvi4 p4 #aag1 ,taf4 vi4 fig4 #aa4 ,spongy disk l5ticul>1 biconvex1 9 ! d>k] c5tre mu* ?ick] ?an t[>ds ! ?9 p]iph]y1 ) an irregul> framework1 )\t conc5tric r+s1 b ) num]\s pi]c+ radial beams4 ,texture equal2 me%es ?ree to f\r times z broad z ! b>s4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4a to #j4c1 ( ! me%es #j4jjc to #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,m$it]ranean1 ,atlantic1 ,pacific1 surface2 also fossil 9 ! ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,sicily & ,b>bados4 #d4 ,spongodiscus favus1 ,ehr5b]g4 ,spongodiscus favus1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahfa1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #cja4 ,spongy disk l5ticul>1 biconvex1 9 ! d>k] c5tre mu* ?ick] ?an t[>ds ! p]iph]y1 ) an irregul> framework1 )\t conc5tric r+s4 ,texture diff]5t1 9 ! out] half ) num]\s radial beams & loose network1 ! me%es ( :i* are ?ree to f\r times z l>ge z 9 ! d>k] & d5s] framework ( ! c5tre4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4b1 ( ! out] me%es #j4jjh to #j4jab1 ( ! inn] me%es #j4jjb to #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,gre5l&1 ,fre ,*annel 7,john ,murray71 surface4 #e4 ,spongodiscus biconcavus1 n4 sp4 ,spongy disk biconcave1 9 ! p]iph]al1 r+-l1 ?ick5$ "p twice z ?ick z 9 ! holl[$ c5tral "p1 ) an irregul> framework1 )\t conc5tric r+s4 ,texture diff]5t1 9 ! out] half loos] ?an 9 ! inn]1 d>k] "p2 me%es ( ! out] "p five to six times1 ( ! inn] twice to ?ree times1 z broad z ! b>s4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4be1 ( ! out] me%es #j4ja to #j4jab1 ( ! inn] #j4jjd to #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfe1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 ,subg5us #b4 ,spongocyclia1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dfi4 ,def9ition4--,spongy framework ( ! disk 9 ! inn] "p ) conc5tric1 circul> r+s1 9 ! out] "p irregul>4 #eghf4 ,spongodiscus cycloides1 ,haeckel4 ,spongodiscus cycloides1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #hdc4 ,spongocyclia cycloides1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dfi1 ,taf4 xxviii4 fig4 #a4 ,spongy disk on bo? sides pla91 9 ! c5tral "p ) five to t5 conc5tric1 circul> r+s1 9 ! p]iph]al "p q irregul>ly & d5sely spongy4 ,me%es twice to f\r times z broad z ! b>s4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4a to #j4b1 ( ! me%es #j4jjc to #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a71 ,nor? ,atlantic 7,can>y ,isl&s74 #g4 ,spongodiscus spongocyclia1 ,haeckel4 ,spongocyclia triangul>is1 ,/hr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #aai1 ,taf4 vii4 fig4 #e4 ,spongy disk l5ticul>1 9 ! ?ick] c5tral "p ) elev5 to twelve circul>1 conc5tric r+s1 9 ! ?9n]1 p]iph]al zone irregul>ly spongy4 ,me%es twice to f\r times z broad z ! b>s4 7,! triangul> =m 9 ! specim5 figur$ by ,/hr is accid5tal1 produc$ by ! brok5 m>g947 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4b to #j4c1 ( ! me%es #j4jjf to #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,b>bados 7,haeckel7 & ,sicily 7,/hr74 ,subg5us #c4 ,spongospira1 ,/hr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol xxvi4 p4 #abj4 ,def9ition4--,spongy framework ( ! disk 9 ! inn] "p ) spiral convolutions1 9 ! out] "p irregul>4 #h4 ,spongodiscus florealis1 ,haeckel4 ,spongospira florealis1 ,/hr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #abj1 ,taf4 vii4 fig4 #f4 ,spongy disk l5ticul>1 9 ! ?ick] c5tral "p ) five to six spiral convolutions1 9 ! out] p]iph]al zone irregul>ly spongy4 ,no radial beams pi]c+ ! framework4 ,me%es ?ree to f\r times z broad z ! b>s4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4bf1 ( ! me%es #j4jjf to #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,sicily 7,grotte71 ,/hr4 #i4 ,spongodiscus spiralis1 n4 sp4 ,spongospira spiralis1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus4 ,spongy disk on bo? sides pla91 ) twelve to sixte5 spiral convolutions 9 ! c5tral "p1 ) irregul>1 spongy framework 9 ! out] "p1 pi]c$ by num]\s int]rupt$ radial beams4 ,me%es five to six times z broad z ! b>s4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4b to #j4c1 ( ! me%es #j4ja to #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,ant>ctic ,ocean1 ,/ation #aeg1 dep? #aiej fa?oms4 #egi;,g5us #bed4 ,spongophacus1#bic ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfa4 ,def9ition4--,spongodiscida ) a simple circul> disk1 )\t radial app5dages1 on ! m>g9 surr\nd$ by a ?9 por\s or solid equatorial girdle4 ,! g5us ,spongophacus1 repres5t$ hi!rto only by a s+le b int]e/+ species1 diff]s f ,spongodiscus by ! peculi> girdle :i* surr\nds ! m>g9 ( ! disk 9 ! equatorial plane4 ,x simulates ! same =mation z ,p]i*lamydium 9 ! ,porodiscida1 & resembles also ,p]iphna1 c41 9 ! ,phacodiscida4 #a4 ,spongophacus p]iphna1 n4 sp4 ,spongy disk l5ticul>1 ) an irregul>1 d5se framework1 9 ! c5tre d>k] ?an 9 ! p]iph]al "p4 ,m>g9 ( ! disk v ?91 surr\nd$ by a broad1 circul> girdle1 ly+ 9 ! equatorial plane1 ab\t z broad z ! half radius ( ! spongy disk4 ,! inn] "p ( ! girdle is p]=at$ by num]\s irregul>1 small pores1 :i* pass ov] gradually into ! spongy me%es2 ! out] "p is q homog5e\s1 solid1 transp>5t1 ) an extremely ?9 m>g94 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4b2 bread? ( ! girdle #j4je4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 ,subfamily #b4 ,,spongotro*ida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfa4 ,def9ition4--,spongodiscida ) a circul> disk1 ! m>g9 ( :i* is arm$ ) solid radial sp9es1 situat$ 9 ! equatorial plane 7r>ely also on bo? sides ( ! disk ) radial sp9es74 ,g5us #bee4 ,spongolon*e1#bid ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfa4 ,def9ition4--,spongodiscida ) two solid m>g9al sp9es1 opposite 9 "o equatorial diamet] ( ! disk4 ,! g5us ,spongolon*e op5s ! s]ies ( ! ,spongotro*ida1 or ( ^? ,spongodiscida 9 :i* ! m>g9 ( ! disk is arm$ ) solid radial sp9es1 situat$ 9 ! equatorial plane4 ,spongolon*e possesses only two su* sp9es1 opposite 9 "o equatorial diamet] ( ! disk2 x corresponds !re=e to ,/ylocyclia among ! ,coccodiscida1 to ,xiphodictya among ! ,porodiscida4 #ehja4 ,spongolon*e cono/yla1 n4 sp44 ,spongy disk circul>1 ) irregul> framework1 )\t conc5tric r+s4 ,bo? opposite radial sp9es conical1 ab\t z long z ! radius ( ! disk1 & f\r times z long z broad at ! base4 ,m>g9 ( ! disk ne>ly smoo?4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4af2 l5g? ( ! radial sp9es #j4ah1 basal ?ickness #j4jde4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #b4 ,spongolon*e amphi/yla1 n4 sp4 ,spongy disk circul>1 ) f\r to six conc5tric r+s 9 ! inn] "p1 ) q an irregul> framework 9 ! out] "p4 ,bo? opposite radial sp9es cyl9drical1 twice to ?ree times z long z ! diamet] ( ! disk1 at ! base ab\t z broad z two me%es ( ! framework4 ,m>g9 ( ! disk ciliat$4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4b2 l5g? ( ! radial sp9es #j4d to #j4f1 basal ?ickness #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 ,g5us #bef4 ,spongotripus1#bie ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfa4 ,def9ition4--,spongodiscida ) ?ree solid radial sp9es on ! m>g9 ( ! circul> or triangul> disk4 ,! g5us ,spongotripus is *>act]is$ by ?ree m>g9al sp9es1 :i* are commonly regul>ly dispos$1 m r>ely 9 a bilat]al or an irregul> mann]4 ,x corresponds to ,trigonocyclia among ! ,coccodiscida1 to ,tripodictya among ! ,porodiscida4 ,subg5us #a4 ,spongotripodiscus1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,radial sp9es ( equal size & di/ance2 triangle regul>4 #a4 ,spongotripus regul>is1 n4 sp4 ,spongy disk circul>2 ?ree radial sp9es on its m>g9 ( equal size & equidi/ant1 /rong1 conical1 ab\t z long z ! diamet] ( ! disk1 & five times z long z broad at ! base4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ae2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4af1 basal bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgb1 surface4 #ehab4 ,spongotripus neumayri1 ,haeckel4 ,sponge*9us neumayri1 ,dunik[ski1 #ahhb1 ,d5sk*r4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,wi51 xlv4 p4 #bh1 ,taf4 v4 fig4 #ei4 ,spongy disk circul>1 ne>ly sph]ical2 ?ree radial sp9es on its m>g9 ( equal size & equidi/ant1 pyramidal1 ne>ly z long z ! diamet] ( ! disk1 & ?ree times z long z broad at ! base4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ae to #j4b2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4aa1 basal bread? #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! ,jura ( ! ,alps & 9 ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,b>bados4 #c4 ,spongotripus /repsic]os1 n4 sp4 ,spongy disk circul>2 ?ree radial sp9es on its m>g9 ( equal size & equidi/ant1 angul>1 twice z long z ! diamet] ( ! disk1 spirally twi/$ l ! horns ( ,antilope /repsic]os4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ae2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4c1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgb1 dep? #bfjj fa?oms4 ,subg5us #b4 ,spongotripodium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,radial sp9es ( diff]5t size or at diff]5t di/ances2 triangle ei!r isosceles or irregul>4 #d4 ,spongotripus ypsilon1 n4 sp4 ,spongy disk triangul>1 isosceles1 ) convex sides2 ?ree sp9es angul>1 ( diff]5t size & at diff]5t di/ances2 ! odd sp9e /raight & twice z long z ! two pair$ sp9es1 :i* are m approximat$ & curv$ concavely "o to ! o!r1 l y4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ab2 l5g? ( ! odd sp9e #j4b1 ( ! pair$ sp9es #j4a1 basal bread? #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgd1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #e4 ,spongotripus irregul>is1 n4 sp4 ,spongy disk circul>2 ?ree sp9es conical1 irregul>ly curv$1 all ?ree ( diff]5t size1 & at irregul> di/ances2 once to ?ree times z long z ! diamet] ( ! disk2 m>g9 ( ! disk ?orny4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4a2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4a to #j4c1 basal bread? #j4je4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #cjj1 dep? #acge fa?oms4 #ehb;,g5us #beg4 ,spongo/aurus1#bif ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfa4 ,def9ition4--,spongodiscida ) f\r solid radial sp9es on ! m>g9 ( ! circul> or squ>e disk1 commonly cross$ 9 two equatorial diamet]s p]p5dicul> "o to ano!r4 ,! g5us ,/aurodictya exhibits f\r m>g9al sp9es 9 cross =m4 ,commonly ! cross is regul> & rectangul>1 ! f\r sp9es be+ opposite 9 pairs 9 two p]p5dicul> diamet]s2 sometimes m or less irregul>4 ,! g5us repeats ,/aurodictya among ! ,porodiscida1 ,/aurocyclia among ! ,coccodiscida4 #a4 ,spongo/aurus cruciatus1 n4 sp4 ,spongy disk circul>2 f\r radial sp9es on its m>g9 opposite 9 two cross$ equatorial diamet]s1 p]p5dicul> "o to ano!r1 conical1 ab\t z long z ! diamet] ( ! disk4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4af2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ah1 basal bread? #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdd1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #b4 ,spongo/aurus s]ratus1 n4 sp4 ,spongy disk circul>2 f\r cross$ radial sp9es v l>ge1 twice to ?ree times z long z ! diamet] ( ! c5tral disk1 s]rat$ on bo? edges1 ) two r[s ( /rong conical p]p5dicul> tee? 7simil> to ! saw ( ,pri/is antiquorum74 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4a2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4b to #j4c1 bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,madagasc>1 ,rabbe1 surface4 #c4 ,spongo/aurus ha/atus1 n4 sp4 ,spongy disk squ>e1 ) concave sides2 f\r cross$ radial sp9es cyl9drical1 on ! broad] di/al end spe>-%ap$ or ne>ly lanceolate1 "o & a half times z long z ! diamet] ( ! disk4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ac2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4b1 basal bread? #j4ja1 di/al bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdg1 surface4 #d4 ,spongo/aurus quadratus1 n4 sp4 ,spongy disk squ>e1 ) rectil9e> sides2 f\r cross$ radial sp9es pyramidal1 aris+ f ! corn]s ( ! squ>e1 ab\t z long z its half diagonal4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4af2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jh1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 #ehc;,g5us #beh4 ,/ylotro*us1#big ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dfc4 ,def9ition4--,spongodiscida ) num]\s solid radial sp9es on ! m>g9 ( ! disk 7five to t5 or m71 all situat$ 9 ! equatorial plane4 ,! g5us ,/ylotro*us comprises ^? ,spongodiscida 9 :i* ! m>g9 ( ! circul> disk be>s num]\s radial sp9es4 ,all ^! sp9es lie 9 ! same equatorial plane1 :il/ 9 ! foll[+ g5us !y are dispos$ ov] ! :ole surface ( ! disk4 ,/ylotro*us corresponds to ,a/rocyclia among ! ,coccodiscida1 to ,/ylodictya among ! ,porodiscida4 ,! spongy framework ( ! disk is ei!r q irregul> 7,/ylotro*iscus71 or includes 9 ! middle "p "s conc5tric circul> r+s 7,/ylospongia74 ,subg5us #a4 ,/ylotro*iscus1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,spongy framework ( ! :ole disk irregul>1 )\t conc5tric circul> r+s or spiral convolutions4 #a4 ,/ylotro*us ara*nius1 ,haeckel4 ,spongotro*us ara*nius1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dfd4 ,spongy framework ( ! :ole disk irregul>4 ,eight to twelve m>g9al sp9es v long & ?91 bri/le-%ap$1 twice to f\r times z long z ! diamet] ( ! disk4 7,v simil> to ! common ,/ylodictya ara*nia1 b )\t conc5tric circul> r+s & sieve-plates1 ) q irregul> network ( f9e b>s47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ab to #j4ae2 l5g? ( ! radial sp9es #j4b to #j4f1 basal bread? #j4jja4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,m$it]ranean1 ,atlantic1 ,indian1 ,pacific1 surface2 also fossil 9 ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,b>bados & ! ,m$it]ranean4 #b4 ,/ylotro*us craticulatus1 ,haeckel4 ,spongotro*us craticulatus1 ,/hr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #aah1 ,taf4 vi4 fig4 #ab4 8 ,spongodiscus aculeatus1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahed1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #bdf4 ,spongy framework ( ! :ole disk irregul>4 ,sixte5 to tw5ty %ort m>g9al sp9es 7twice to f\r times z long z ! diamet] ( "o me% ( ! framework71 free prolongations ( int]nal radial beams :i* arise f ! d>k] c5tre ( ! disk4 7,! int]ruption ( ! disk-m>g9 on "o po9t ( its circumf]5ce1 figur$ by ,/hr z osculum or ,mndungs-,oeffnung1 is probably an accid5tal abnormality2 ,i did n f9d x 9 o!r specim5s47 #ehd;,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4b to #j4be2 l5g? ( ! radial sp9es #j4jje to #j4jah1 basal bread? #j4jja to #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ations #bff to #bfh1 surface2 fossil 9 ,b>bados & ,sicily4 #c4 ,/ylotro*us helian?us1 n4 sp4 ,spongy framework ( ! :ole disk irregul>4 ,?irty to fifty v l>ge1 conical radial sp9es1 ab\t z long z ! diamet] ( ! disk1 & at ! base two to f\r times z broad z "o me% ( ! framework 7)\t int]nal prolongations74 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ae to #j4b2 l5g? ( ! radial sp9es #j4af to #j4bd1 basal bread? #j4jjh to #j4jaf4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgb1 surface4 #d4 ,/ylotro*us rhabdo/ylus1 ,haeckel4 ,spongosphra rhabdo/yla1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahge1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #bef1 ,taf4 xxvi4 figs4 #a1 #b4 ,spongy framework ( ! :ole disk irregul>4 ,f\r v l>ge m>g9al prim>y sp9es cross$ 9 two equatorial diamet]s1 p]p5dicul> "o to ano!r1 & betwe5 !m num]\s 7twelve to tw5ty or m7 small] second>y sp9es4 ,! latt] arise f ! m>g91 :il/ ! =m] pi]ce ! disk & are ne>ly unit$ 9 its c5tre4 ,all ! sp9es are cyl9drical1 ! small] z broad z "o me%1 ! l>g] ?ree to six times z broad4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4b2 l5g? ( ! f\r ma9 sp9es #j4ae to #j4c1 bread? #j4ja to #j4jb2 l5g? ( ! accessory sp9es #j4je to #j4a1 bread? #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! rocks ( ,b>bados4 #e4 ,/ylotro*us het]acan?us1 ,haeckel4 ,spongotro*us het]acan?us1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dfd4 ,spongy framework ( ! :ole disk irregul>4 ,t5 v long ne$le-%ap$ m>g9al sp9es 7symmetrically di/ribut$71 & betwe5 !m num]\s v f9e1 %ort]1 accessory1 bri/le-%ap$ sp9es4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4af2 l5g? ( ! ma9 sp9es #j4af1 basal bread? #j4jjb2 l5g? ( ! second>y sp9es #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a71 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,/ylospongia1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dgc4 ,def9ition4--,spongy framework ( ! disk 9 ! inn] "p ) conc5tric r+s or spiral convolutions1 9 ! out] "p q irregul>4 #ehef4 ,/ylotro*us huxleyi1 ,haeckel4 ,/ylospongia huxleyi1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dgc1 ,taf4 xxviii4 fig4 #g4 ,spongy framework ( ! disk 9 ! inn] "p ) five conc5tric r+s1 9 ! out] "p q irregul>4 ,t5 m>g9al sp9es1 conical at ! base1 ab\t z long z ! radius ( ! disk1 )\t inn] pi]c+ prolongations4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ab2 l5g? ( ! radial sp9es #j4jf1 basal bread? #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a71 ,haeckel4 #g4 ,/ylotro*us g$desii1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #da1 fig4 #aa74 ,/ylospongidium g$desii1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,atlas 7pl4 xli4 fig4 #aa74 ,spongy framework ( ! disk 9 ! inn] "p ) f\r to eight conc5tric r+s 7or p>tially spiral convolutions71 9 ! out] "p q irregul>4 ,?irty to fifty pyramidal m>g9al sp9es ( v>iable size1 "o-f\r? to "o-half z long z ! radius ( ! disk1 out] prolongations ( inn] pi]c+ radial beams1 :i* arise f v>i\s conc5tric r+s4 ,i call ?is int]e/+ species1 :i* is int]m$iate betwe5 ,/ylodictya & ,/ylotro*us1 9 hon\r ( ! morphologi/ ,mr4 ,patrick ,g$des ( ,ed9burgh4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ae to #j4be2 l5g? ( ! radial sp9es #j4jc to #j4jf1 basal bread? #j4jjd to #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ations #bgj to #bgd1 9 #bcej to #bibe fa?oms4 ,g5us #bei4 ,spongotro*us1#bih ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #hdd4 ,def9ition4--,spongodiscida ) num]\s solid radial sp9es 7five to t5 or m71 :i* are scatt]$ ov] ! :ole surface & ! m>g9 ( ! disk1 or regul>ly dispos$ on bo? sides ( x4 ,! g5us ,spongotro*us diff]s f ! =ego+ & ne>ly alli$ g5us by ! di/ribution ( ! num]\s radial sp9es4 ,^! are n conf9$ to ! m>g9 ( ! disk1 b also scatt]$ on its :ole surface1 & sometimes symmetrically dispos$ on bo? its sides 9 a regul> mann]4 ,also 9 ?is g5us ! spongy framework is sometimes q irregul> 7,spongotro*iscus71 at o!r times 9 ! middle "p ) enclos$ conc5tric r+s 7,/ylospongidium74 ,subg5us #a4 ,spongotro*iscus1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dfc4 ,def9ition4--,spongy framework ( ! :ole disk irregul>1 )\t conc5tric r+s or spiral convolutions4 #ehfa4 ,spongotro*us brevisp9us1 ,haeckel4 ,spongotro*us brevisp9us1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dfb1 ,taf4 xxvii4 figs4 #d1 #e4 ,spongy framework ( ! :ole disk irregul>1 ev]y:]e equal4 ,! :ole surface ( ! disk cov]$ ) num]\s %ort1 ne$le-%ap$1 radial sp9es1 ab\t z long z ! ?ickness ( ! disk1 :i* is "o-fif? ( its diamet]4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4ah2 l5g? ( ! radial sp9es #j4jc to #j4jd1 basal bread? #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,m$it]ranean1 ,atlantic1 ,pacific1 surface4 #b4 ,spongotro*us multisp9us1 n4 sp4 ,spongy framework ( ! :ole disk irregul>1 9 ! c5tre d>k]4 ,! :ole surface ( ! disk cov]$ ) num]\s conical radial sp9es1 ab\t z long z ! radius ( ! disk4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4bb2 l5g? ( ! radial sp9es #j4a1 basal bread? #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ations #bga to #bgd1 surface4 #c4 ,spongotro*us longisp9us1 ,haeckel4 ,spongotro*us longisp9us1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dfc1 ,taf xxvii4 figs4 #b1 #c4 ,spongy framework ( ! :ole disk irregul>1 ev]y:]e equal4 ,surface ?orny4 ,tw5ty long1 ne$le-%ap$1 radial sp9es1 ab\t z long z ! diamet] ( ! disk1 symmetrically di/ribut$ 9 pairs on bo? flat sides ( ! disk1 s t ! opposite pairs lie 9 five equidi/ant1 m]idian planes 7comp>e ! figures74 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4b2 l5g? ( ! tw5ty radial sp9es #j4b1 basal bread? #j4jja4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a71 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,/ylospongidium1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfj4 ,def9ition4--,spongy framework ( ! disk 9 ! inn] "p ) conc5tric r+s or spiral convolutions1 9 ! out] "p q irregul>4 #d4 ,spongotro*us scutella1 n4 sp4 ,spongotro*us ehr5b]gii1 ,bts*li1 #ahhb1 ,l4 ,n4 #da1 ,taf4 xxvi4 figs4 #a;a1 #a;b4 ,spongy framework ( ! disk 9 ! inn] "p ) f\r to six conc5tric r+s1 9 ! out] "p q irregul>4 ,! :ole surface ( ! disk cov]$ ) bri/le-%ap$ radial sp9es1 ab\t half z long z ! radius ( ! disk4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4bd2 l5g? ( ! radial sp9es #j4jf1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,ant>ctic ,ocean1 ,/ation #aeg1 dep? #aiej fa?oms4 #ehge4 ,spongotro*us p>ma1 n4 sp4 ,spongy framework ( ! disk 9 ! inn] "p ) five to eight spiral convolutions 7or p>tly conc5tric r+s71 9 ! out] "p q irregul>4 ,?irty to =ty long1 bri/le-%ap$1 radial sp9es1 ab\t z long z ! diamet] ( ! disk1 dispos$ on bo? flat sides ( ! disk1 b n on ! m>g94 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! disk #j4af2 l5g? ( ! radial sp9es #j4ah1 basal bread? #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cbe1 surface4 ,subfamily #c4 ,,spongobra*ida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfa4 ,def9ition4--,spongodiscida ) two or m 7commonly ?ree or f\r7 spongy radial arms on ! m>g9 ( ! disk1 situat$ 9 its equatorial plane 7) or )\t a connect+ patagium betwe5 ! arms74 ,g5us #bfj4 ,spongol5a1#bii n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,spongodiscida ) two opposite spongy arms on ! m>g9 ( ! disk1 )\t a connect+ patagium4 ,! g5us ,spongol5a op5s ! s]ies ( ! ,spongobra*ida1 or ( ! ,spongodiscida provid$ ) radial spongy arms on ! m>g9 ( ! disk4 ,spongol5a is ! mo/ simple =m ( ?is subfamily1 & be>s only two simple opposite arms1 )\t a connect+ patagium4 ,x corresponds to ,amphibra*ium 7,porodiscida7 & to ,diplactura 7,coccodiscida74 ,also !re is no patagium4 ,spongol5a may easily be conf\nd$ ) ,spongurus 7comp>e my ,prodromus1 #ahha1 p4 #dfa72 b 9 ! true ,spongurus 7an ellipsoid7 ! transv]se section is circul>1 9 ,spongol5a elliptical4 #a4 ,spongol5a rhopalura1 n4 sp4 ,arms club-%ap$1 ?ree times z long z broad1 at ! r\nd$ di/al end twice z broad z at ! base1 & twice z long z ! diamet] ( ! circul> c5tral disk4 ,surface ne>ly smoo?4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! arms 7or ! di/ance f ! c5tre to ! di/al arm-end7 #j4af1 di/al bread? #j4je1 basal bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgc1 dep? #bcej fa?oms4 #b4 ,spongol5a spongura1 n4 sp4 ,arms ne>ly cyl9drical1 twice z long z broad1 & a little long] ?an ! diamet] ( ! elliptical c5tral disk4 ,surface ?orny1 "s long] bri/le-%ap$ sp9es on ! di/al end ( ! #ehh;arms4 7,v simil> to ! ellipsoid ,spongurus cyl9dricus1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dfe1 ,taf4 xxvii4 fig4 #a1 b diff]s 9 ! compress$ l5ticul> 7n ellipsoidal7 =m ( ! c5tral disk2 ! transv]se section ( ! arm is elliptical1 n circul>47 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! arms #j4a1 bread? #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgj1 dep? #bibe fa?oms4 #c4 ,spongol5a cypselura1 n4 sp4 ,arms ne>ly triangul>1 n long] ?an broad1 ab\t half z l>ge z ! elliptical c5tral disk1 at ! broad] di/al end ) two v l>ge1 widely div]g5t lat]al sp9es1 & betwe5 !m sev]al small]1 l ! tail ( a swall[4 ,surface ?orny4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! arms #j4b1 di/al bread? 7)\t sp9es7 #j4ae1 basal bread? #j4jg4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgb1 dep? #bfjj fa?oms4 ,g5us #bfa4 ,spongobra*ium1#cjj ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfa4 ,def9ition4--,spongodiscida ) two opposite spongy arms on ! m>g9 ( ! disk1 connect$ by a spongy patagium ( diff]5t texture4 ,! g5us ,spongobra*ium diff]s f ! =ego+ only 9 ! loose spongy patagium1 :i* envelops bo? opposite spongy arms4 ,x corresponds to ,amphym5ium among ! ,porodiscida & to ,amphiactura among ! ,coccodiscida4 #a4 ,spongobra*ium ellipticum1 ,haeckel4 ,spongocyclia elliptica1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dgj1 ,taf4 xxviii4 fig4 #b4 ,spongodiscus ellipticus1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #hdd4 ,arms ne>ly squ>e1 sc>cely z long & broad z ! radius ( ! circul> c5tral disk1 at ! broad] di/al end truncat$4 ,patagium complete1 envelop+ ! :ole disk ) ! arms1 & =m+ a l>g] elliptical disk ( loos] framework4 7,9 my ,monograph1 #ahfb1 loc4 cit41 ,i _h n di/+ui%$ ! opposite d>k] arms1 opposite 9 ! long] axis ( ! elliptical disk1 f ! envelop+ loos] framework ( ! patagium4 ,9 l>g] specim5s ( ! ,*all5g] collection ?is di/9ction is v evid5t47 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! arms #j4ab1 bread? #j4je2 major axis ( ! elliptical patagium #j4bd1 m9or #j4af4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,m$it]ranean1 ,atlantic1 ,pacific1 surface4 #b4 ,spongobra*ium lanceolatum1 n4 sp4 ,arms club-%ap$1 twice z long z broad1 at ! di/al end po9t$1 five times z long z ! radius ( ! circul> c5tral disk4 ,patagium complete1 envelop+ ! :ole disk ) ! arms1 #ehi;& =m+ a l>g] lanceolate disk ( loos] framework4 7,simil> 9 =m to ,amphym5ium pupula1 ,pl4 #dd1 fig4 #h1 b ) an irregul> spongy framework & po9t$ ends47 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! arms #j4af1 bread? #j4je2 major axis ( ! lanceolate patagium #j4cb1 m9or axis #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgj1 surface4 ,g5us #bfb4 ,rhopalodictyum1#cja ,ehr5b]g1 #ahfj1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #hcj4 ,def9ition4--,spongodiscida ) ?ree spongy arms on ! m>g9 ( ! circul> or triangul> disk1 )\t a connect+ patagium4 ,! g5us ,rhopalodictyum comprises ^? v common =ms ( ,spongodiscida 9 :i* ! m>g9 ( ! disk is provid$ ) ?ree simple1 free1 spongy arms4 ,x corresponds to ,dictya/rum & ,rhopala/rum among ! ,porodiscida1 to ,trigonactura among ! ,coccodiscida4 ,! typical species ( ?is g5us is ,rhopalodictyum abyssorum ( ,ehr5b]g1 ! only species figur$ by him4 ,8 diagnosis ( ! g5us 0 v insuffici5t1 & agre$ ) t ( 8 ,dictya/rum 7comp>e above ! improv$ diagnosis ( ?is g5us1 p4 #ebf1 & my ,monograph1 p4 #dff74 ,subg5us #a4 ,rhopalodictya1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,triangul> %ell regul>1 ) ?ree arms ( equal size & equidi/ant4 #a4 ,rhopalodictyum abyssorum1 ,ehr5b]g4 ,rhopalodictyum abyssorum1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahgb1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #bii1 ,taf4 viii4 fig4 #ag4 ,arms ( equal size & equidi/ant1 club-%ap$1 ab\t z long z ! diamet] ( ! triangul> c5tral disk1 & a little long] ?an ! bread? ( ! pe>-%ap$ r\nd$ di/al end4 ,surface r\gh4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! arms #j4aa1 basal bread? #j4jc1 di/al bread? #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,atlantic1 ,indian1 ,pacific2 tropical zone1 surface4 #b4 ,rhopalodictyum truncatum1 ,ehr5b]g4 ,rhopalodictyum truncatum1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahfa1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #cja4 8 ,dictya/rum angulatum1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahgb1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #bhi1 ,taf4 viii4 fig4 #ah4 ,arms ( equal size & equidi/ant1 ne>ly squ>e1 ) /raight edges1 t[>ds ! truncat$ end a little broad]1 ab\t ( ! same diamet] z ! c5tral triangul> disk4 ,?is species is indicat$ #eij;by ,ehr5b]g only by ! %ort diagnosis1 ,radiis /ell tribus apice truncatis4 ,x is probably id5tical ) 8 figure ( ,dictya/rum angulatum 7loc4 cit474 ,?is latt] "n ,i h reta9$ = ! simil> ,porodiscid 7above1 p4 #ebf71 ma9ly because ! g5]a ,dictya/rum & ,rhopalodictyum1 accord+ to ! insuffici5t diagnosis ( ,ehr5b]g1 seem to be id5tical4 7,comp>e my ,monograph1 #ahfb1 p4 #dff47 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ea* arm #j4ac1 basal bread? #j4ji1 di/al bread? #j4a4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,pacific1 ,philipp9e ,sea1 ,/ation #bjj1 dep? #bej fa?oms2 ,atlantic 7,mexican ,gulf ,/ream74 #c4 ,rhopalodictyum subacutum1 ,ehr5b]g4 ,rhopalodictyum subacutum1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahfa1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #cja4 ,arms ( equal size & equidi/ant1 club-%ap$1 ?ree times z long z ! diamet] ( ! c5tral disk1 :i* equals ! bread? ( ! ?ick5$ di/al end2 ! latt] is arm$ ) a /rong pyramidal t]m9al sp9e4 7,! diagnosis ( ,ehr5b]g is ,radiis /ell tribus1 apice cuneatis subacutis47 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! arms #j4b1 basal bread? #j4jd1 di/al bread? #j4jg4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 surface & v>i\s dep?s2 ,gre5l&2 ,mexican ,gulf ,/ream2 ,fre ,*annel 7,john ,murray74 #d4 ,rhopalodictyum bifidum1 n4 sp4 ,arms ( equal size & equidi/ant1 9 ! di/al half =k$1 twice z long z ! diamet] ( ! c5tral disk2 bo? =k bran*es half z broad z ! simple basal "p1 truncat$ at ! di/al end4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! arms #j4af1 basal bread? #j4jh1 di/al bread? #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bcg1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,triact9osphra1 ,dunik[ski1 #ahhb1 ,d5ks*r4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,wi51 vol4 #de1 ii4 p4 #aib4 ,def9ition4--,triangul> %ell bilat]al or irregul>1 ) ?ree arms ( diff]5t size or di/ance4 #e4 ,rhopalodictyum zittelii1 ,haeckel4 ,triact9osphra zittelii1 ,dunik[ski1 #ahhb1 ,d5ks*r4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss1 ,wi51 vol4 #de1 ii4 p4 #aib4 ,arms ( diff]5t size & at unequal di/ances1 "o odd arm be+ a little %ort] ?an ! two pair$ arms2 ! odd angle betwe5 ! latt] is l>g] ?an ! pair$ angles betwe5 !m & ! #eia;=m]4 ,arms club-%ap$1 _! basal semi-cyl9drical1 half z broad z ! sph]ical di/al half1 :i* be>s a /rong1 conical1 t]m9al sp9e4 ,! discov]] ( ?is rem>kable1 v old1 ,liassic species1 ,dunik[ski1 supposes t x is n a true ,discoid1 f ! abs5ce ( a c5tral disk2 9 my op9ion ! c5tral disk 7ne>ly sph]ical7 has ! same relation to ! arms z 9 _m o!r ,discoidea1 _! equatorial plane is ! same4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! odd arm #j4ah1 ( ! pair$ arms #j4bd2 basal bread? #j4jh1 di/al bread? #j4af4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! ,alp9e ,lias1 ,s*afb]g1 ne> ,salzburg1 ,dunik[ski4 #f4 ,rhopalodictyum elongatum1 n4 sp4 ,arms ( diff]5t size & at unequal di/ances1 "o odd arm be+ twice z long z bo? pair$ arms2 ! odd angle betwe5 ! latt] mu* l>g] ?an bo? equal pair$ angles4 ,arms ne>ly cyl9drical1 little flatt5$1 ?ree to six times z long z broad1 ) r\nd$ blunt di/al end4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! arms #j4ae to #j4c1 bread? #j4je4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgd1 surface4 #g4 ,rhopalodictyum curvatum1 n4 sp4 ,arms ( diff]5t size & at unequal di/ances1 irregul>1 m or less curv$1 ne>ly cyl9drical1 five to t5 times z long z broad1 ) r\nd$ blunt di/al end4 7,!re 7 obs]v$ only two specim5s ( ?is rem>kable irregul> species2 9 "o specim5 all ?ree arms 7 simple1 9 ! o!r "o odd arm =k$4 ,! l5g? ( ! arms & ! size ( ! angles betwe5 !m seems to be v diff]5t & v>iable47 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! arms #j4c to #j4f to #a4ae1 bread? #j4jf to #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 ,g5us #bfc4 ,dictyocoryne1#cjb ,ehr5b]g1 #ahfj1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #hcj4 ,def9ition4--,spongodiscida ) ?ree spongy arms on ! m>g9 ( ! circul> or triangul> disk1 connect$ by a spongy patagium ( diff]5t texture4 ,! g5us ,dictyocoryne diff]s f ! =ego+ ,rhopalodictyum only 9 ! patagium1 connect+ ! ?ree spongy arms1 & be>s to x ! same relation z 9 ! ,porodiscida ,eu*itonia does to ,rhopala/rum4 ,! typical species ( ?is g5us is ,dictyocoryne pr(unda1 ! only species figur$ by ,ehr5b]g4 ,aft] 8 #eib;insuffici5t diagnosis ,dictyocoryne 0 id5tical ) 8 ,sponga/] 7comp>e my ,monograph1 p4 #dfg72 b z ! type ( ?is latt] g5us 7,sponga/] tetras7 figur$ by him1 #ahgb1 _h f\r cross$ arms1 we reta9 ?is g5us "h sep>ate4 ,subg5us #a4 ,dictyocorynula1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,triangul> %ell regul>1 ) ?ree arms ( equal size & equal di/ance4 #a4 ,dictyocoryne pr(unda1 ,ehr5b]g4 ,dictyocoryne pr(unda1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahgb1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #cjg1 ,taf4 vii4 fig4 #bc4 ,arms ( equal size & equidi/ant1 club-%ap$1 9 ! out] circul> half ?ree times z broad z 9 ! inn] cyl9drical half1 & mu* l>g] ?an ! small triangul> c5tral disk4 ,patagium complete1 =m+ an equilat]al triangle ) r\nd$ corn]s4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! arms #j4ad1 basal bread? #j4jbe1 di/al bread? #j4jg4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 ,philipp9e ,sea1 dep? #ccjj fa?oms1 ,ehr5b]g2 ,/ation #aih1 dep? #baej fa?oms2 ,/ation #bgd1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #b4 ,dictyocoryne tetradiscus1 n4 sp4 ,arms ( equal size & equidi/ant1 club-%ap$1 _! out] circul> half is q z l>ge z ! circul> c5tral disk1 & is connect$ ) x by ! ?9 cyl9drical inn] half1 :i* is sc>cely "o-f\r? z broad4 ,patagium complete1 =m+ an equilat]al triangle ) r\nd$ corn]s & convex sides4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! arms #j4af1 basal bread? #j4jb1 di/al bread? #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ations #bga to #bgd1 9 #bcej to #bgej fa?oms4 #c4 ,dictyocoryne eu*itonia1 ,haeckel4 ,dictyocoryne eu*itonia1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dfh4 ,arms ( equal size & equidi/ant1 lanceolate1 twice z long z broad 9 ! di/al "p1 & ?ree times z long z ! small circul> c5tral disk4 ,patagium complete1 =m+ an equilat]al triangle ) po9t$ corn]s4 7,v simil> to ,eu*itonia kllik]i1 ,monograph1 #ahfb1 p4 #eaa1 ,taf4 xxxi4 fig4 #f1 b q spongy1 n conc5tric47 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! arms #j4ae1 basal bread? #j4jc1 di/al bread? #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a71 ,haeckel4 #eicd4 ,dictyocoryne trigona1 n4 sp4 ,arms ( equal size & equidi/ant1 lanceolate1 ?ree times z long z broad 9 ! middle "p1 & z ! diamet] ( ! triangul> c5tral disk2 _! di/al end arm$ ) a /rong conical radial sp9e4 ,patagium complete1 =m+ an equilat]al triangle ) po9t$ corn]s4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! arms #j4b1 basal bread? #j4jb1 di/al bread? #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,can>y ,isl&s1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,dictyocorynium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,triangul> %ell bilat]al or irregul>1 ) ?ree arms ( diff]5t sizes or at diff]5t di/ances4 #e4 ,dictyocoryne *>ybdaea1 ,haeckel4 ,spongocyclia *>ybdaea1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dgb1 ,taf4 xxviii4 figs4 #e1 #f4 ,spongodiscus *>ybdaeus1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #hdd4 ,arms at diff]5t di/ances1 ne>ly equilat]al triangul>1 sc>cely half z long z ! radius ( ! l>ge circul> c5tral disk4 ,bo? pair$ arms t\*+ at _! bases1 sep>at$ by a great di/ance f ! opposite odd arm4 ,patagium complete1 ne>ly p5tagonal4 7,! illu/ration 9 my ,monograph1 9 ! col\r$ plate xxviii41 is bett] ?an my description1 z ,i _h n exactly sep>at$ ! arms f ! patagium47 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! arms #j4ah1 basal bread? #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a71 surface4 #f4 ,dictyocoryne p5tagona1 ,/hr4 ,dictyocoryne p5tagona1 ,/hr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #aah1 ,taf4 vii4 fig4 #b4 ,arms at diff]5t di/ances1 club-%ap$1 little long] ?an broad at _! r\nd$ di/al end4 ,bo? pair$ arms small] & m approximate ?an ! opposite odd arm4 ,patagium complete1 v l>ge1 envelop+ ! :ole %ell1 & =m+ a p5tagon ) rectil9e> base & transv]se con/riction1 & ) five r\nd$ corn]s4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! arms #j4a to #j4ae1 middle bread? #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,sicily1 ,grotte1 ,/hr4 #g4 ,dictyocoryne agrig5t9a1 ,/hr4 ,dictyocoryne agrig5t9a1 ,/hr1 #ahhj1 ,palontogr41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #aah1 ,taf4 vii4 fig4 #a4 ,arms at diff]5t di/ances1 club-%ap$1 ab\t twice z long z broad1 & small] ?an ! l>ge triangul> c5tral disk4 ,bo? pair$ arms small] & m approximate ?an ! opposite odd #eid;arm4 ,patagium incomplete1 envelop+ only ! basal half ( ! arms z a circul> spongy disk ( loose framework4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! arms #j4ah1 basal bread? #j4je1 di/al bread? #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,fossil 9 ! ,t]ti>y rocks ( ,sicily1 ,grotte1 ,/hr4 #h4 ,dictyocoryne e*9ata1 n4 sp4 ,arms unequal & at diff]5t di/ances1 club-%ap$1 9 ! di/al half twice z broad z 9 ! basal half1 ?ree times z long z ! small triangul> c5tral disk1 at _! di/al end arm$ ) "o l>g] & sev]al small] conical sp9es4 ,bo? pair$ arms ) t\*+ bases1 & only half z l>ge z ! d\bly remote odd arm4 ,patagium incomplete1 envelop+ only ! basal half ( ! arms1 & =m+ a circul> disk ( loos] framework4 ,surface ?orny4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! arms #j4ae to #j4b1 basal bread? #j4jc1 di/al bread? #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cbe1 surface4 ,g5us #bfd4 ,sponga/]iscus1#cjc ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dgd 7s5su re/ricto74 ,def9ition4--,,spongodiscida ) f\r spongy arms on ! m>g9 ( ! circul> or quadrangul> disk1 cross$ 9 two equatorial diamet]s1 )\t a connect+ patagium4 ,! g5us ,sponga/]iscus 79 ! re/rict$ def9ition "h /at$7 exhibits on ! m>g9 ( ! disk f\r spongy arms1 :i* =m ei!r a regul> or a bilat]al cross4 ,x corresponds to ,/aurala/rum & ,myela/rum among ! ,porodiscida1 to ,a/ractura among ! ,coccodiscida4 ,subg5us #a4 ,sponga/]isc9us1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,cross =m$ by ! f\r arms regul>1 rectangul>1 ) equal-siz$ & equidi/ant arms4 #a4 ,sponga/]iscus ovatus1 n4 sp4 ,arms at equal di/ances1 =m+ a regul>1 rectangul> cross1 egg-%ap$1 ) a broad] r\nd$ di/al end1 "o & a ?ird times z long z broad1 & ?ree times z long z ! radius ( ! c5tral disk2 9 ! latt] ?ree to f\r conc5tric r+s4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! arms #j4a1 greate/ bread? #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,we/]n ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbe4 #eieb4 ,sponga/]iscus clavatus1 n4 sp4 ,arms at equal di/ances1 =m+ a regul>1 rectangul> cross1 club-%ap$1 ab\t z long z ! diamet] ( ! c5tral disk1 & at _! r\nd$ di/al end "o & a ?ird times z long z broad1 at _! n>r[ base only "o ?ird z broad4 ,9 ! c5tre five to six conc5tric r+s4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! arms #j4ac1 di/al bread? #j4jf1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area4 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 #c4 ,sponga/]iscus mucronatus1 n4 sp4 ,arms at equal di/ances1 =m+ a regul>1 rectangul> cross1 club-%ap$1 ?ree times z long z ! radius ( ! c5tral disk1 9 ! di/al half ne>ly circul>1 ?ree to f\r times z broad z at ! n>r[ base4 ,! r\nd$ di/al end arm$ ) a /rong pyramidal sp9e4 ,9 ! c5tre no conc5tric r+s4 7,simil> to ,/aurala/rum rhopalophorum1 ,pl4 #de1 fig4 #a1 b q spongy47 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! arms #j4ab1 basal bread? #j4jc1 di/al bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfe1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #d4 ,sponga/]iscus furcatus1 n4 sp4 ,arms at equal di/ances1 =m+ a regul>1 rectangul> cross1 9 ! di/al ?ird =k$2 bo? =k bran*es half z long z ! basal undivid$ "p ( ! arm1 :i* is twice z long z broad4 ,di/al ends ( ! eight bran*es blunt1 r\nd$4 ,9 ! c5tral disk no conc5tric r+s4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! arms #j4ab1 basal bread? #j4jc2 di/al bread? ( ! bran*es #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdd1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #e4 ,sponga/]iscus armatus1 n4 sp4 ,arms at equal di/ances1 =m+ a rectangul>1 regul> cross1 9 ! di/al half =k$2 bo? =k bran*es ( ! same l5g? z ! basal undivid$ "p ( ! arm1 :i* is ne>ly squ>e4 ,di/al ends ( ! eight bran*es arm$ ) a /rong pyramidal sp9e4 ,9 ! c5tral disk no conc5tric r+s4 7,simil> to ,dicrana/rum cornutum1 ,pl4 #de1 fig4 #b1 b q spongy47 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! arms #j4ah1 basal bread? #j4jc1 di/al bread? #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bie1 dep? #aejj fa?oms4 ,subg5us #b4 ,sponga/]isculus1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,cross =m$ by ! f\r arms1 bilat]al or irregul>1 ) ! arms at diff]5t di/ances4 #eiff4 ,sponga/]iscus quadricornis1 ,haeckel4 ,sponga/]iscus quadricornis1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dgd1 ,taf4 xxviii4 figs4 #h-aj4 ,spongodiscus quadricornis1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #hdd4 ,arms at diff]5t di/ances1 =m+ a bilat]al or irregul> cross1 gr\p$ 9 two opposite pairs2 _! =m equilat]al triangul>2 _! l5g? small] ?an ! radius ( ! l>ge circul> c5tral disk1 :i* exhibits 9 ! int]ior eight to sixte5 conc5tric r+s4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! arms #j4b1 ( ! c5tral disk #j4ac2 basal bread? ( ! arms #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a71 ,haeckel1 surface4 #g4 ,sponga/]iscus tetrac]os1 ,haeckel4 ,sponga/]iscus tetrac]os1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dge4 ,arms at diff]5t di/ances1 =m+ a bilat]al or irregul> cross1 gr\p$ 9 two opposite pairs2 _! =m isosceles triangul>2 _! l5g? l>g] ?an ! radius ( ! l>ge elliptical c5tral disk1 :i* exhibits 9 ! int]ior six to twelve conc5tric r+s4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! arms #j4af1 ( ! c5tral disk #j4a2 basal bread? ( ! arms #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a71 ,nor? ,atlantic 7,can>y ,isl&s71 surface4 #h4 ,sponga/]iscus myela/rum1 n4 sp4 ,arms at diff]5t di/ances1 =m+ a bilat]al or irregul> cross1 gr\p$ 9 two opposite pairs2 ! arms ( "o pair broad] & %ort] ?an ! arms ( ! o!r pair4 ,ea* arm 9 its basal half simple1 9 ! di/al half =k$2 ends ( ! =k bran*es blunt4 ,9 ! c5tral disk no conc5tric r+s4 7,simil> to ,myela/rum octocorne1 ,pl4 #dg1 fig4 #ab1 b q spongy47 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! arms #j4b1 basal bread? #j4je1 di/al bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bcf1 surface4 ,g5us #bfe4 ,sponga/]1#cjd ,ehr5b]g1 #ahfj1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #hcc4 ,def9ition4--,spongodiscida ) f\r spongy arms on ! m>g9 ( ! circul> or quadrangul> disk1 connect$ by a spongy patagium ( diff]5t texture4 ,! g5us ,sponga/] diff]s f ! =ego+ ,sponga/]iscus 9 ! patagium connect+ ! spongy arms1 & be>s !re=e to x ! same relation z1 9 ! ,porodiscida1 ,hi/ia/rum does to ,/aurala/rum1 or1 9 ! ,coccodiscida1 ,/auractura does to ,a/ractura4 ,! typical specim51 figur$ by ,ehr5b]g 7,sponga/] tetras71 exhibits a regul>1 squ>e disk1 z also "s o!r species4 ,9 a c]ta9 numb] ( o!r species 7=m]ly unit$ by me ) ,spongocyclia7 ! quadrangul> disk is bilat]al4 #eig,subg5us #a4 ,sponga/rella1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,cross =m$ by ! f\r arms regul>1 rectangul>1 ) ! arms ( equal size & equidi/ant4 #a4 ,sponga/] tetras1 ,ehr5b]g4 ,sponga/] tetras1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahgb1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #bii1 ,taf4 vi4 7iii47 fig4 #h4 ,dictyocoryne tetras1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dfi4 ,arms at equal di/ances1 =m+ a rectangul>1 regul> ,myela/rum1 papiliocross1 club-%ap$1 ab\t twice z long z ! diamet] ( ! squ>e c5tral disk & eight times z long z broad at _! base4 ,di/al ends r\nd$1 p]fectly enclos$ by ! complete patagium1 :i* =ms a regul> squ>e1 ) slightly concave sides4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! arms #j4ab1 di/al bread? #j4jc1 basal bread? #j4jae2 l5g? ( ! squ>e side #j4b4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,atlantic1 ,indian1 ,pacific1 surface & 9 v>i\s dep?s4 #b4 ,sponga/] quadratus1 n4 sp4 ,arms at equal di/ances1 =m+ a regul>1 rectangul> cross1 club-%ap$1 ab\t f\r times z long z ! diamet] ( ! c5tral circul> disk1 & five times z long z broad at ! base4 ,basal ?ird ( ! arms squ>e2 di/al two ?irds triangul>1 ?ree times z broad1 ) a truncat$ di/al end4 ,patagium complete1 p]fectly envelop+ ! arms1 & bord]$ by an elegant1 radially /riat$1 broad edge1 =m+ a regul> squ>e4 7,simil> to ,hi/ia/rum quadratum1 ,pl4 #df1 fig4 #d1 b q spongy47 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! arms #j4ae1 di/al bread? #j4jf1 basal bread? #j4jb2 l5g? ( ! squ>e side #j4be4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ations #bgj to #bgd1 dep?s #bcej to #bibe fa?oms4 #c4 ,sponga/] cruciatus1 n4 sp4 ,arms at equal di/ances1 =m+ a rectangul>1 regul> cross1 lanceolate1 ?ree times z long z broad & z ! diamet] ( ! c5tral circul> disk4 ,ends ( ! arms provid$ ) a %ort conical sp9e4 ,patagium incomplete1 envelop+ only ! basal half ( ! arms1 =m+ a regul> squ>e ) concave sides4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! arms #j4ah1 greate/ bread? #j4je2 l5g? ( ! squ>e side #j4b4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bhh1 surface4 #eihd4 ,sponga/] p5tacyclus1 n4 sp4 ,arms at equal di/ances1 =m+ a rectangul>1 regul> cross1 ( ! same size & =m z ! circul> c5tral disk1 s t ! d>k int]ior "p ( ! %ell is compos$ ( five equal circul> disks1 situat$ 9 a qu9cuncial mann]4 ,! cle>] complete patagium1 envelop+ ! :ole cross p]fectly1 =ms a regul> squ>e ) r\nd$ edges4 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! arms #j4b2 diamet] ( ea* ( ! five circul> disks #j4ja2 l5g? ( ! squ>e side #j4ce4 ,habitat4--,we/ ,indies1 ,cuba1 surface 7,?omson74 ,subg5us #b4 ,sponga/romma1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,cross =m$ by ! f\r arms bilat]al or irregul>1 ) ! arms at diff]5t di/ances4 #e4 ,sponga/] or?ogonus1 ,haeckel4 ,spongocyclia or?ogona1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dga1 ,taf4 xxviii4 fig4 #c4 ,spongodiscus or?ogonus1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #hdd4 ,arms at diff]5t di/ances1 =m+ a bilat]al cross1 gr\p$ 9 two opposite pairs ( equal size & simil> =m4 ,arms club-%ap$1 ab\t z long z ! diamet] ( ! c5tral circul> disk1 envelop$ p]fectly by ! complete patagium1 :i* =ms a regul> rectangle1 ! long] side ( :i* is "o & a half times z long z ! %ort] side4 7,! arms 9 my figure are n di/9ctly en\gh m>k$47 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! arms #j4jh1 bread? #j4jb2 l5g? ( ! l>g] side ( ! rectangle #j4ae1 ( ! small] #j4a4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a71 surface4 #f4 ,sponga/] scyllaeus1 ,haeckel4 ,spongocyclia scyllaea1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dga1 ,taf4 xxviii4 fig4 #d4 ,spongodiscus scyllaeus1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #hdd4 ,arms at diff]5t di/ances1 =m+ a bilat]al cross1 gr\p$ 9 two opposite pairs ( diff]5t size & =m1 "o pair small] & less div]g5t ?an ! o!r4 ,arms club-%ap$1 little long] ?an ! radius ( ! c5tral circul> disk1 envelop$ p]fectly by ! complete patagium1 :i* =ms a trapezium2 ! conv]g5t long] sides ( ! latt] are "o & a half times z long z ! l>g]1 & twice z long z ! small] p>allel side4 7,! arms are 9 my figure1 loc4 cit41 n di/9ctly en\gh m>k$47 ,dim5sions4--,radius ( ! arms #j4ab to #j4ad1 bread? #j4jb2 l5g? ( bo? conv]g5t sides #j4bd1 ( ! l>g] p>allel side #j4ah1 ( ! small] #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgb1 surface2 ,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a74 #eii---- ,subord] ,,vi4 ,,l>coidea1 ,haeckel1 #ahhc 7,pls4 #i1 #aj1 #di1 #ej74 ,def9ition4--,,spumell>ia ) l5telliptical c5tral capsule 7r>ely some:at modifi$ or allomorphic71 ) a l5telliptical f5e/rat$ silice\s %ell 7(t5 modifi$ or allomorphic1 & sometimes q irregul>74 ,gr[? diff]5t 9 ! ?ree unequal dim5sive axes1 p]p5dicul> "o to ano!r4 ,! typical ,l5tellipsis is *>act]is$ by ?ree elliptical dim5sive planes ( diff]5t sizes1 p]p5dicul> "o to ano!r4 ,! section ,l>coidea1 ! f\r? & la/ ( ! ,sphrell>ia1 comprises all ^? =ms ( ?is gr\p 9 :i* ! f5e/rat$ %ell orig9ally is l5telliptical1 *>act]is$ by diff]5t gr[? 9 ?ree diff]5t axes1 p]p5dicul> "o to ano!r1 all ?ree equal on bo? poles4 ,! geometrical fundam5tal =m ( ! %ell is !re=e a l5tellipsis or a triaxial ellipsoid2 & ?is typical =m is pres]v$ completely 9 ! majority ( ,l>coidea 9 ! pure geometrical =m ( ! c5tral capsule4 ,! ?ree dim5sive axes1 :i* det]m9e ! typical =m ( ,l>coidea1 are commonly diff]5tiat$ 9 su* a way1 t ! fir/1 ! longitud9al or pr9cipal axis1 is ! longe/2 bo? its poles1 oral & aboral 7or ant]ior & po/]ior7 are equal4 ,! second1 ! lat]al or transv]se axis1 is commonly less ?an ! fir/1 great] ?an ! ?ird axis2 bo? its poles are ! equal lat]al poles 7"r & left n diff]5tiat$74 ,! ?ird dim5sive axis1 ! equatorial or sagittal axis1 is commonly ! %orte/2 bo? its equal poles are ! sagittal poles 7dorsal & v5tral poles n diff]5t74 ,! relative size ( ! ?ree dim5sive axes 9 ! human body exhibits simil> relations4 ,! ?ree dim5sive planes ( ! ,l>coidea1 ! sagittal1 lat]al1 & transv]se planes1 are elliptical1 all ?ree ( diff]5t sizes4 ,! fir/ plane1 ! m$ian or sagittal plane1 is commonly z reg>ds size betwe5 ! two o!rs2 its major axis is ! pr9cipal1 its m9or ! sagittal axis2 x sep>ates ! "r half ( ! body f ! left4 ,! second plane or lat]al plane1 is commonly l>g] ?an ! two o!rs2 its major axis ! pr9cipal1 its m9or ! transv]se axis2 x sep>ates ! dorsal half ( ! body f ! v5tral4 ,! ?ird plane1 ! equatorial or zonal plane1 is commonly less ?an ! two o!rs2 its major axis ! lat]al1 its m9or ! sagittal axis2 x sep>ates ! two pr9cipal halves ( ! body1 ! oral & aboral halves4 ,9 my ,monograph 7#ahfb7 only v few =ms ( ,l>coidea are describ$1 ,tetrapyle & ,li!lius 7! latt] repres5t+ a peculi> family1 ,li!lida74 ,9 my ,prodromus 7#ahha1 pp4 #dfc1 #dfd7 ,i dispos$ all obs]v$ =ms ( ,l>coidea 9 two diff]5t families1 ! ,pylonida & ,li!lida4 ,! ri* mat]ials ( ! ,*all5g] collection h s9ce (f]$ an a/oni%+ numb] ( new & int]e/+ =ms ( ?is section1 s t ,i c enum]ate "h fifty-"o g5]a & two hundr$ & sixty-five species4 ,i dispose !m "h 9 f\r subsections & n9e families4 ,?ree ( ^! h regul> l5telliptical %ells1 :i* are n articulate1 & #fjj)\t annul> con/rictions 7,l>c>ida1 ,l>nacida1 ,pylonida72 ^! =m ! subsection ,pylol>cida4 ,two o!r families 7,?olonida & ,zon>ida7 are di/+ui%$ by annul> con/rictions1 :i* divide ! regul> l5telliptical %ell into a numb] ( dome-%ap$ *amb]s or cupolas2 we call ^! ,?olol>cida4 ,a ?ird gr\p1 ,spirol>cida1 comprises ! ,l>coidea ) spiral gr[?2 ! two families ( ,li!lida & ,/reblemida4 ,f9ally a f\r? gr\p ! ,sorol>cida is =m$ by ! ,l>coidea ) irregul> %ells1 also two families1 ! ,phorticida & ,soreumida4 ,! fir/ family ( ,l>coidea1 ! ,l>c>ida1 conta9s ! mo/ simple =ms1 beg9n+ ) ,c5ol>cus1 a q simple l5telliptical lattic$ %ell4 ,9 ,coccol>cus we f9d already two conc5tric %ells1 connect$ by radial beams1 an inn] m$ull>y & an out] cortical %ell4 ,9 ,spongol>cus ! l5telliptical %ell becomes spongy4 ,! second family1 ,l>nacida1 is v simil> to ! ,l>c>ida1 & seems to div]ge only by ! diff]5t mode ( connection betwe5 ! two conc5tric l5telliptical %ells4 ,b 9 tru? ?is slight diff]5ce is ( great morphological importance1 z x dep5ds on a q diff]5t & peculi> mode ( gr[?4 ,9 ! =ego+ ,l>c>ida 7,coccol>cus1 c471 ! conc5tric %ells orig9ate 9 ! same mann] z 9 ! conc5tric ,prunoidea & ,sphroidea1 by radial beams1 :i* arise f ! surface ( ! inn] 7m$ull>y7 %ell & become connect$ by a network to =m ! out] 7cortical7 %ell4 ,"h1 9 ! ,l>nacida1 a q simil> %ell orig9ates 9 a q diff]5t way1 fir/ arriv$ at 9 ! ,pylonida 7,trizonium74 ,bo? conc5tric %ells become "h connect$ by peculi> lattice girdles1 :i* are develop$ 9 ! p]imet] ( ! ?ree elliptical dim5sive planes4 ,fir/ly1 on bo? sides ( a simple1 sph]ical1 or l5telliptical c5tral *amb]1 arise two lat]al w+s 7on ! poles ( ! transv]se axis71 & build ar\nd ! =m] a transv]se girdle4 ,?is is cross$ by a l>g] lat]al girdle1 ! m9or axis ( :i* is ! major ( ! =m]1 & p]p5dicul> to bo? girdles is yet develop$ a ?ird1 ! sagittal girdle4 ,if ! op5 fissures or gates betwe5 ^! ?ree girdles become clos$ by network1 we obta9 ,l>nacilla1 ! probable ance/ral =m ( all ,l>nacida4 ,:il/ 9 ,l>nacilla & ,l>nacidium ?is typical trizonal l5telliptical %ell con/itutes by itself alone ! :ole skeleton1 9 ! o!r ,l>nacida x becomes ov]gr[n by out] envelops1 & s becomes enclos$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! c5tral capsule z a ,l>nacilla-%ap$ m$ull>y %ell4 ,if ! enclos+ ext]nal envelops be simply lattic$1 we get ! subfamily ,l>nacalpida2 if !y be spongy1 we get ! ,l>nacospongida4 ,! ?ird family1 ,pylonida1 is ! mo/ important ( all ,l>coidea1 z n only ! l>ge/ & mo/ int]e/+ numb] ( species belong to x1 b also _m o!r g5]a 7f> ! great] "p ( all ,l>coidea7 may be d]iv$ f x4 ,! peculi> "* ( ! ,pylonida is det]m9$ by ! imp]fect f5e/ration ( ! l5telliptical %ell gr[+ 9 ! ?ree dim5sive axes 9 a q diff]5t mann]4 ,ea* elliptical dim5sive plane becomes circumscrib$ by an elliptical lattic$ girdle 7or f5e/rat$ #fjar+71 & betwe5 ^! ?ree girdles 7p]p5dicul> "o to ano!r7 rema9 wide op5 fissures ( ! %ell or gates 7,pyl74 ,! beg9n+ ( ! %ell-build+ is ! same z 9 ,l>nacilla1 ! mo/ simple =m ( ,l>nacida4 ,f a q simple m$ull>y %ell1 a sph]ical1 subsph]ical1 ellipsoidal1 or l5telliptical c5tral *amb]1 arise two lattic$ w+s1 opposite on ! poles ( ! transv]se axis 7,monozonium74 ,bo? w+s are %ort & wide holl[ f5e/rat$ tubes1 ! axes ( :i* are p>allel to ! pr9cipal axis4 ,!re=e !y =m toge!r ) ! c5tral *amb] an elliptical transv]se girdle4 ,?is fir/ girdle becomes cross$ by a second lat]al girdle2 f bo? poles ( ! transv]se axis arise lattic$ w+s1 :i* unite on ! poles ( ! pr9cipal axis1 !re=e ! m9or axis ( ?is second l>g] r+ is ! major axis ( ! fir/ small] r+ 7,dizonium74 ,betwe5 ! two cross$ r+s rema9 f\r wide op5 gates4 ,n[ foll[s ! developm5t ( a ?ird sagittal girdle1 aris+ f bo? poles ( ! pr9cipal axis & ov]gr[+ ! f\r gates4 ,b z ?is ?ird girdle is l>g] ?an ! second1 f\r o!r l>g] gates arise betwe5 ! two 79 planes p]p5dicul> to ! =m] f\r gates74 ,n[ we h ! *>act]i/ic & mo/ important trizonal %ell 7,trizonium71 compos$ ( ?ree elliptical lattice-girdles ( diff]5t size1 p]p5dicul> "o to ano!r1 & enclos+ a simple c5tral *amb]4 ,if ! f\r gates ( ?is ,trizonium become clos$ by lattice-"w1 x passes ov] into ,l>nacilla1 ! mo/ important ance/ral =m ( ! ,l>nacida4 ,?is mo/ significant trizonal %ell1 ei!r incompletely lattic$ 9 ,trizonium 7) f\r op5 gates71 or completely lattic$ by f5e/ration ( ! f\r gates1 9 ,l>nacilla1 is to be f\nd 9 f> ! great] "p ( all ,l>coidea1 repres5t+ ! m$ull>y %ell1 :i* is ov]gr[n by an out] cortical %ell4 ,9 _m ,l>coidea1 9 :i* ?is ,l>nacilla-%ell is abs5t1 x is p]haps lo/ by phylog5etic r$uction1 or retrograde metamorphosis4 ,! same process ( triple girdle-build+1 by :i* ! typical ,trizonium-%ell or ,l>nacilla-%ell is produc$ 7,haplozon>ia71 is repeat$ once or twice 9 ! l>g] =ms ( ,pylonida4 ,! fir/ sy/em ( ?ree girdles 7p]p5dicul> "o to ano!r7 becomes ov]gr[n by a second sy/em ( ! same =mulation 9 ! ,diplozon>ia1 & ?is becomes ov]gr[n by a ?ird sy/em 9 ! ,triplozon>ia2 9 ! highe/ g5us ( ?is gr\p1 ,pylozonium1 we f9d n less ?an n9e girdles 7?ree sy/ems1 ea* ( ?ree girdles74 ,till n[ only "o g5us ( ! :ole polymorph\s family 0 well kn[n1 ,tetrapyle 7) five girdles1 ?ree ( ! m$ull>y1 two ( ! cortical %ell74 ,if ! gates betwe5 ! girdles rema9 op51 all ^! =ms mu/ be reg>d$ z ,pylonida2 if ! gates aft]w>ds become clos$ by a network1 !y pass ov] into o!r families4 ,! f\r? family ( ! ,l>coidea is ! ,?olonida1 di/+ui%$ by ! poly?alam\s %ell be+ compos$ ( a c]ta9 numb] ( r\ndi% or hemisph]ical *amb]s 7domes or cupolas71 :i* surr\nd a primordial c5tral *amb] 9 q regul> disposition1 ly+ opposite 9 pairs on ! poles ( ! ?ree dim5sive axes4 #fjb;,if we imag9e t ea* w+ 7or op5 half-girdle7 ( ! ,pylonida becomes clos$ by a lattice-"w1 & s trans=m$ into a hemisph]ical or r\ndi% cupola1 we obta9 ! *>act]i/ic %ell ( ! ,?olonida4 ,inde$ e girdle ( ! =m] corresponds to a pair ( opposite domes ( ! latt]4 ,! axis ( ea* pair ( domes is "o ( ! ?ree dim5sive axes4 ,! primordial *amb] ( ! ,?olonida 7or ! c5tral *amb]1 ar\nd :i* all cupolas are regul>ly dispos$7 is ei!r a simple l5telliptical lattice-%ell1 l ,c5ol>cus1 or x is a trizonal %ell 7) an enclos$ conc5tric m$ull>y %ell71 l ,l>nacilla4 ,z 9 bo? cases ! build+ & ! disposition ( ! cupolas ar\nd x are q ! same1 we c suppose t ! :ole family ( ,?olonida may h be5 d]iv$ orig9ally f ,l>nacilla 7or ,trizonium71 & t ! ,c5o?olida 7) a simple c5tral *amb]7 are sprung f ! ,cocco?olida 7) a ,l>nacilla-%ap$ c5tral *amb]7 by r$uction & loss ( ! orig9al m$ull>y %ell4 ,! family ,?olonida c be divid$ into ?ree subfamilies accord+ to ! disposition ( ! cupola-pairs 9 "o1 two1 or ?ree dim5sive axes4 ,9 ! ,cubo?olida lie two cupolas on ! poles ( ! transv]se axis ( ! c5tral *amb] 7correspond+ to ,amphipyle72 9 ! ,/auro?olida we f9d f\r cupolas crosswise dispos$1 on ! poles ( ! transv]se & pr9cipal axes 7correspond+ to ,tetrapyle72 9 ! ,cubo?olida are at lea/ six cupolas1 on ! poles ( all ?ree dim5sive axes 7correspond+ to ,?olonium74 ,9 all ?ree cases ! numb] ( cupolas may be augm5t$ by ! second>y apposition ( o!r *amb]s or domes 9 ! same disposition4 ,sometimes also ! :ole cortical %ell becomes enclos$ by an ext]nal veil or mantle ( delicate network4 ,! l5telliptical 7or (t5 ne>ly cubical7 c5tral *amb] becomes (t5 r$uc$1 s t its sides are incompletely lattic$ or widely op5$2 9 "s ,cubo?olida only ! twelve edges ( ! eight corn]$ cubical c5tral *amb] rema92 its six sides are q op5 & only ov]-vault$ by ! six hemisph]ical cupolas4 ,f ! opposite po9ts ( ! latt] 79 ! deep annul> con/rictions betwe5 !m7 (t5 arise radial sp9es1 & ^! lie commonly 9 diagonal planes1 sep>at+ ! dome-pairs4 ,a simil> dome-build+ or a composition ( ! poly?alam\s %ell by pairs ( cupolas we f9d also 9 ! next 7fif?7 family1 ! ,zon>ida4 ,b "h ! true cause ( ! peculi> dome-/ructure is q diff]5t1 n an apposition ( new *amb]s1 b ! con/riction ( a cortical %ell-l ,l>nacalpis by two or m con/rictions4 ,^! con/rictions lie 9 dim5sive planes 7or 9 planes p>allel to ^!71 & !re=e ! cupolas are 7all or p>tly7 9 diagonal planes1 a condition q opposite to t f\nd 9 ! ,?olonida4 ,"o ( ! annul> con/rictions is con/antly 9 ! sagittal plane 7sep>at+ ! "r & left halves ( ! %ell74 ,! numb] ( ! con/rictions 9 ! few g5]a is two1 ?ree1 & f\r1 & !re=e ! numb] ( ! cupolas f\r1 six1 or eight4 ,z ?is cortical %ell con/antly encloses a trizonal m$ull>y %ell 7or ,l>nacilla-%ell71 we _c d\bt t ! ,zon>ida mu/ be d]iv$ f ! ,l>nacida4 #fjc,:il/ 9 all ! =ego+ five families ( ,l>coidea ! %ell-=m is regul> & _! geometrical fundam5tal =m is a l5tellipsis 7or a triaxial ellipsoid1 ) ?ree unequal isopol> dim5sive axes71 9 ! f\r rema9+ families ( ?is subord] ! %ell becomes bilat]al or irregul> 7) ! poles ( ! axes unequal74 ,9 two ( ^! families 7,li!lida & ,/reblemida7 ! gr[? ( ! %ell becomes spiral1 9 ! la/ two families 7,soreumida & ,phorticida7 q irregul>4 ,b z 9 all f\r families we enc\nt] ! typical trizonal m$ull>y %ell 7or ,l>nacilla-%ell71 we are conv9c$ t !y mu/ be d]iv$ 7:olly or p>tially7 f ! ,l>nacida4 ,! ,li!lida 7! six? family7 are ,l>coidea ) spiral gr[? & bilat]al =m 7l ,nautilus72 !re=e ! spiral l9e lies 9 "o plane & ?is spiral plane divides ! :ole %ell into two symmetrical halves 7"r & left74 ,! axis ( ! spiral 7ar\nd :i* ! %ell w9ds7 is a /raight l9e1 "o ( ! ?ree dim5sive axes4 ,9 ! great] "p ( ,li!lida 79 ! ,l>cospirida7 ! primordial ( c5tral *amb] ( ! poly?alam\s %ell is a trizonal m$ull>y %ell or ,l>nacilla-%ell1 & ! gr[? ( ! fir/ spiral turn+ beg9s z ! developm5t ( ! fir/ 7transv]se7 cortical girdle ( ,amphipyle2 b z "o w+ 7or lat]al half7 ( ?is girdle gr[s m rapidly ?an ! o!r1 x ov]gr[s ! latt] & beg9s ! spiral w9d+2 if ! o!r w+ foll[ & ov]gr[ ! fir/1 ! spiral becomes d\ble4 ,ea* ( ! ?ree dim5sive girdles 7( ! ,pylonida7 may beg9 ! spiral w9d+4 ,!re c be no d\bt t all ^! ,li!lida 7! ,l>cospirida7 mu/ be d]iv$ f ! ,pylonida1 by unequal gr[? ( ! two halves ( "o girdle4 ,p]haps f ^! may also d]iv$ ! o!r "p ( ?is family1 ! ,spiremida 7,spirema & ,li!lius72 9 ^! ! primordial *amb] ( ! spiral %ell is simple1 & may be d]iv$ by r$uction ( ! orig9al ,l>nacilla-%ell4 ,b x is also possible t ! ,spiremida proce$ directly f ! ,l>c>ida1 & t _! ance/ors did n possess a ,l>nacilla-%ell4 ,! ,/reblemida 7! sev5? family7 are ,l>coidea ) spiral gr[? & asymmetrical =m ( ! poly?alam\s %ell 7l ,helix or ,turrilites72 !re=e ! spiral l9e is twi/$ l a w9d+ /air1 & ! spiral face is curv$ & divides ! %ell into two unequal halves4 ,! ,/reblemida h ! same lik5ess & relation to ! turb9oid ,=am9if]a 7,rotalia1 ,globig]9a1 c47 z ! ,li!lida to ! nautiloid ,=am9if]a 7,poly/omella1 ,nummul9a1 c474 ,z 9 ^! calc>e\s ,rhizopods also ! peculi> gr[? ( ! silice\s ,/reblemida beg9s f a primordial *amb] to :i* a v>iable numb] ( r\ndi% *amb]s 7( increas+ size7 is appos$4 ,b ! build+ ( ^! *amb]s & ( _! septa is by no means s regul> & complete z 9 ! great] numb] ( turb9oid ,=am9if]a4 ,z 9 a "p ( ?is family ! primordial *amb] is ,l>nacilla-%ell1 ^! also may be d]iv$ f ! ,l>nacida1 b ! o!r "p 7) simple c5tral *amb]7 is p]haps produc$ directly f ! ,l>c>ida4 ,! eigh? family1 ,soreumida1 is p]haps d]iv$ f ! ,/reblemida by ! loss ( ! spiral gr[?4 ,! poly?alam\s %ell is simil> to ! latt]1 b ! *amb]s are #fjd;aggregat$ )\t any ord]1 l ! ,ac]vul9ida among ! ,=am9if]a4 ,9 "s cases also "h ! primordial *amb] is a trizonal ,l>nacilla-%ell1 9 o!r cases x is a simple1 subsph]ical or l5telliptical %ell4 ,! la/ family1 ! ,phorticida1 is =m$ ( irregul> ,l>coidea1 9 :i* a l5telliptical trizonal ,l>nacilla-%ell 7z an inn] m$ull>y %ell7 is envelop$ by an irregul>1 lattic$1 or spongy cortical %ell4 ,!y c be reg>d$ z abnormalities or irregul> de=mities ( ,l>nacida or ,pylonida4 ,! c5tral capsule ( ! ,l>coidea is orig9ally l5telliptical & pres]ves ?is =m1 ! triaxial ellipsoid1 9 ! great] numb] ( g5]a4 ,9 "s gr\ps x foll[s ! preval5t gr[? ( ! %ell 9 ! direction ( "o ( ! ?ree dim5sive axes1 & becomes prolong$ 9 ?is way4 ,9 _m *amb]$ =ms 7p>ticul>ly ,?olonida & ,zon>ida7 ! gr[+ c5tral capsule gets con/rict$1 correspond+ to ! con/rictions ( ! %ell4 ,9 ! ,soreumida & ,phorticida its =m (t5 becomes irregul>4 ,b 9 g5]al = ! great] numb] ( ,l>coidea ! l5telliptical =m ( _! c5tral capsule is q *>act]i/ic4 ,synopsis ( ! ,families ( ,l>coidea4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,l>coidea ) a regul> or symmetrical %ell1 ! gr[? ( :i* is det]m9$ by ! ?ree dim5sive axes4 7,bo? poles ( ea* axis are equal47 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,m$ull>y %ell abs5t or ,cortical %ell completely simple 7sph]ical or lattic$1 )\t ext]nal l5telliptical71 #a4 ,,l>c>ida4 gates 7or int]zonal fissures71 )\t annul> ,m$ull>y %ell trizonal or con/rictions & domes4 ,l>nacilla-%ap$ 7compos$ ( ?ree dim5sive girdles71 #b4 ,,l>nacida4 ,cortical %ell incompletely lattic$1 ) two to f\r or m symmetrically dispos$ gates or fissures rema9+ betwe5 lattic$ dim5sive girdles1 #c4 ,,pylonida4 ,cortical %ell completely ,con/rictions ( ! lattic$1 )\t ext]nal cortical %ell 9 gates 7or int]zonal diagonal planes2 domes fissures71 ) two or 9 dim5sive axes1 #d4 ,,?olonida4 m annul> con/rictions1 :i* sep>ate ?ree to ,con/rictions ( ! six or m dome-%ap$ cortical %ell 9 protub]ances4 dim5sive planes2 domes 9 diagonal axes1 #e4 ,,zon>ida4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,l>coidea ) a symmetrical or irregul> %ell1 ei!r ) spiral gr[? or ) q irregul> gr[?4 7,bo? poles ( "o axis are diff]5t47 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,spiral cortical %ell bilat]al 7) plane spiral71 #f4 ,,li!lida4 ,cortical %ell ) spiral gr[?4 ,spiral cortical %ell asymmetrical 7) asc5d+ spiral71 #g4 ,,/reblemida4 ,cortical %ell simple1 ) "o s+le *amb]1 #h4 ,,phorticida4 ,cortical %ell ) q irregul> gr[?4 ,cortical %ell compos$ ( a numb] ( heap$ up or aggregat$ *amb]s1 #i4 ,,soreumida4 #fje;,family ,,xxiv4 ,,l>c>ida1 ,haeckel1 #ahhc 7,pl4 #ej1 figs4 #a1 #b74 ,def9ition4--,l>coidea ) a regul>1 completely lattic$1 l5telliptical cortical %ell1 )\t op5 gates & annul> con/rictions2 m$ull>y %ell abs5t or simple 7n trizonal71 connect$ ) ! cortical %ell by radial beams4 ,! family ,l>c>ida op5s ! long s]ies ( ,l>coidea z ! mo/ simple gr\p ( ?is subord]4 ,x comm5ces ) ,c5ol>cus1 a q simple l5telliptical lattic$ %ell1 :i* is *>act]is$ by ?ree unequal isopol> dim5sive axes1 p]p5dicul> "o to ano!r4 ,! major ( ^! ?ree axes is ! longitud9al or pr9cipal1 ! middle is ! lat]al or transv]se1 & ! m9or is ! equatorial or sagittal axis 7z 9 ! human body74 ,among ! ?ree dim5sive planes1 :i* are det]m9$ by pairs ( ^! axes1 ! lat]al plane is ! l>ge/ 7halv$ by ! cross$ pr9cipal & lat]al axes74 ,! int]m$iate is ! sagittal plane or m$ian plane 7halv$ by ! cross$ pr9cipal & sagittal axes74 ,! smalle/ is ! equatorial plane or transv]se plane 7halv$ by ! cross$ lat]al & sagittal axes74 ,!re=e ! %ell has all ! *>act]s ( ! true ,l5tellipsis or ( ! triaxial ellipsoid1 & its axes agree ) ! ?ree axes ( ! rhombic cry/all9e sy/em4 ,9 ! ?ree subfamilies ( ,l>c>ida ?is l5telliptical %ell assumes a diff]5t %ape3 9 ! ,c5ol>cida x rema9s simple1 9 ! ,spongol>cida x becomes spongy 7sometimes q fill$ out ) a spongy framework71 9 ! ,coccol>cida x is compos$ ( two or m conc5tric l5telliptical %ells 7at lea/ an inn] m$ull>y & "o out] cortical %ell74 ,^! %ells are simply connect$ by radial beams1 & n1 z 9 ! ,l>nacida1 by lattic$ w+s 7or half girdles74 ,! network ( ! ,l>c>ida %ell is sometimes regul>1 commonly irregul> 7z 9 ! great] numb] ( ,l>coidea74 ,! surface ( ! %ell is sometimes smoo? or ?orny1 at o!r times cov]$ ) radial sp9es4 ,^! are (t5 symmetrically dispos$1 ei!r on ! poles ( ! dim5sive axes or 9 cross$ diagonal planes4 ,! c5tral capsule is a true l5tellipsis 9 a geometrical s5se2 x is halv$ by ?ree elliptical dim5sive planes ( diff]5t sizes1 p]p5dicul> "o to ano!r4 ,9 ! ,c5ol>cida ! c5tral capsule lies freely inside ! simple 7cortical7 %ell1 only sep>at$ f x by ! jelly-mantle4 ,9 ! ,coccol>cida x conta9s ! m$ull>y %ell1 & is enclos$ by ! simple or d\ble cortical %ell1 p]=at$ by ! radial beams connect+ ! two %ells4 ,! spongy %ell ( ! ,spongol>cida exhibits a diff]5t relation to ! c5tral capsule3 9 ,spongol>cus ! latt] lies freely 9 ! int]nal cavity ( ! spongy %ell2 9 ,/ypol>cus1 :]e ?is cavity is q fill$ ) a spongy network1 ! c5tral capsule also conta9s a "p ( x4 ,! morphological & phylog5etic relations ( ! ,l>c>ida to ! o!r families ( ,,spumell>ia admit ( a diff]5t explanation4 ,z ?is family conta9s ! #fjfmo/ simple =ms ( all ,l>coidea1 we c reg>d ! ,c5ol>cus z ! common ance/ral =m ( ?is gr\p1 hav+ orig9at$ f ,actil>cus 7or ! l5telliptical ,actissa7 by ! build+ ( a simple l5telliptical lattice-%ell4 ,b x is also possible t a "p ( ! ,l>c>ida 7or all87 desc5d f ,l>nacida by r$uction or loss ( ! orig9al ,l>nacilla-%ell 7comp>e ,c5ol>cus triaxonius1 p4 #fjg74 ,synopsis ( ! ,g5]a ( ! ,l>c>ida4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,i4 ,subfamily ,c5ol>cida4 ,%ell simple1 lattic$ 7l5telliptical cortical %ell74 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,)\t radial sp9es1 #bff4 ,c5ol>cus4 ,) radial sp9es1 #bfg4 ,l>c>ium4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,ii4 ,subfamily ,coccol>cida4 ,%ell compos$ ( two or m conc5tric lattic$ %ells 7inn] m$ull>y & out] cortical74 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,)\t radial sp9es1 #bfh4 ,coccol>cus4 ,) radial sp9es1 #bfi4 ,l>cidium4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,iii4 ,subfamily ,spongol>cida4 ,%ell spongy1 p>tly or :ole compos$ ( a spongy framework4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,) an int]nal cavity1 #bgj4 ,spongol>cus4 ,)\t an int]nal cavity1 #bga4 ,/ypol>cus4 ,subfamily #a4 ,,c5ol>cida1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,l>c>ida ) a simple1 l5telliptical lattic$ %ell 7cortical %ell )\t a m$ull>y %ell74 ,g5us #bff4 ,c5ol>cus1#cje n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,l>c>ida ) a simple1 l5telliptical lattic$ %ell1 )\t a m$ull>y %ell1 )\t radial sp9es4 ,! g5us ,c5ol>cus beg9s ! gr\p ( ,l>coidea z ! mo/ simple =m ( ?is subord]4 ,x corresponds to ,c5osphra among ! ,sphroidea1 to ,c5odiscus among ! ,discoidea1 to ,c5ellipsis among ! ,prunoidea4 ,! simple lattic$ %ell is di/+ui%$ f t ( ! ?ree o!r g5]a by its typical l5telliptical =m1 a triaxial ellipsoid ) ?ree dim5sive axes ( unequal l5g?4 ,probably ,c5ol>cus is ! orig9al ance/ral =m ( ! ,l>coidea1 d]iv$ f ,actil>cus 7! l5telliptical ,actissa7 by ! =mation ( a simple f5e/rat$ %ell ar\nd ! l5telliptical c5tral capsule4 ,b possibly also "s species ( ,c5ol>cus may be d]iv$ f ,coccol>cus or ,l>nacilla by r$uction & loss ( ! m$ull>y %ell 7comp>e ,c5ol>cus triaxonius1 n4 sp474 #fjga4 ,c5ol>cus primordialis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ej1 figs4 #g1 #g;a1 #g;b74 ,network ( ! %ell regul>1 ) circul>1 hexagonally fram$ pores1 twice z broad z ! elevat$ b>s2 ab\t t5 pores on ! half m]idian1 eight on ! half equator4 ,surface a little r\gh4 ,proportion ( ! ?ree dim5sive axes #b 3 #b4e 3 #c4 ,dim5sions4--,pr9cipal axis 7or l5g?7 #j4ab1 transv]se axis 7or bread?7 #j4a1 sagittal axis 7or ?ickness7 #j4jh2 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 #b4 ,c5ol>cus dim5sivus1 n4 sp4 ,network ( ! %ell regul>1 ) circul> pores 7)\t hexagonal frames71 ?ree times z broad z ! ?9 b>s2 ab\t twelve pores on ! half m]idian1 n9e on ! half equator4 ,surface ?orny4 ,proportion ( ! ?ree dim5sive axes #c 3 #d 3 #e4 ,dim5sions4--,pr9cipal axis #j4ae1 transv]se axis #j4ab1 sagittal axis #j4ji2 pores #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdd1 surface4 #c4 ,c5ol>cus triaxonius1 n4 sp4 ,network ( ! %ell regul>1 ) circul>1 hexagonally fram$ pores1 f\r times z broad z ! ?9 b>s2 ab\t twelve pores on ! half m]idian1 n9e on ! equator4 ,surface smoo?4 ,f ! inn] surface ( ! %ell arise six v ?9 radial beams1 opposite 9 pairs 9 ! ?ree dim5sive axes2 all six beams end freely 9 a little knob1 at an equal di/ance f ! c5tre2 !re=e ?is rem>kable species seems to h lo/ a m$ull>y %ell 7desc5d+ f ,coccol>cus or ,l>nacilla874 ,proportion ( ! ?ree dim5sive axes #b 3 #b4e 3 #c4 ,dim5sions4--,pr9cipal axis #j4ac1 transv]se axis #j4aa1 sagittal axis #j4ji2 pores #j4jab1 b>s #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cch1 dep? #aiij fa?oms4 #d4 ,c5ol>cus l5tellipticus1 n4 sp4 ,network ( ! %ell regul>1 ) circul> pores ( ! same bread? z ! ?ick b>s2 ab\t eighte5 pores on ! half m]idian1 f\rte5 on ! half equator4 ,surface smoo?4 ,proportion ( ! ?ree dim5sive axes #b 3 #c 3 #d4 ,dim5sions4--,pr9cipal axis #j4af1 transv]se axis #j4ab1 sagittal axis #j4jh2 pores & b>s #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,we/]n ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbd1 surface4 #e4 ,c5ol>cus m9imus1 n4 sp4 ,network ( ! %ell subregul>1 ) v small circul> pores ( ! same bread? z ! b>s2 only f\r pores on ! half m]idian1 ?ree on ! half equator4 ,surface smoo?4 ,proportion ( ! ?ree dim5sive axes #c 3 #d 3 #e4 #fjh;,dim5sions4--,pr9cipal axis #j4je1 transv]se #j4jd1 sagittal axis #j4jc2 pores & b>s #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bff1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 ,g5us #bfg4 ,l>c>ium1#cjf n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,l>c>ida ) a simple1 l5telliptical lattic$ %ell1 )\t a m$ull>y %ell2 surface cov]$ ) radial sp9es4 ,! g5us ,l>c>ium diff]s f ,c5ol>cus only 9 ! possession ( radial sp9es on ! surface ( ! simple f5e/rat$ l5telliptical %ell4 ,^! sp9es are commonly dispos$ symmetrically1 opposite 9 pairs1 ei!r on ! poles ( ! ?ree dim5sive axes1 or on ! poles ( c]ta9 diagonal axes4 ,l>c>ium diff]s f ! simil> g5]a ,l>cidium1 ,l>nacidium1 & ,l>nacan?a by ! abs5ce ( any m$ull>y %ell4 #a4 ,l>c>ium amphi/ylum1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?orny1 ) two l>ge conical sp9es1 opposite on bo? poles ( ! pr9cipal axis1 some:at long] ?an x4 ,network ( ! %ell regul>1 ) circul>1 hexagonally fram$ pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 ab\t twelve pores on ! half m]idian1 t5 on ! half equator4 ,proportion ( ! ?ree dim5sive axes #c 3 #d 3 #e4 ,dim5sions4--,pr9cipal axis 7or l5g?7 #j4ae1 transv]se axis 7or bread?7 #j4ab1 sagittal axis 7or ?ickness7 #j4ji2 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgd1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #b4 ,l>c>ium /auro/ylum1 n4 sp4 ,%ell smoo?1 ) f\r %ort ?ree-sid$ pyramidal sp9es ( equal l5g?1 opposite 9 pairs on ! poles ( ! pr9cipal & lat]al axes4 ,network ( ! %ell regul>1 ) circul> pores ( ! same bread? z ! b>s2 ab\t eight pores on ! half m]idian1 six on ! half equator4 ,proportion ( ! ?ree dim5sive axes #b 3 #b4e 3 #c4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell #j4ab1 bread? #j4a1 ?ickness #j4jh2 pores & b>s #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #cjj1 dep? #acge fa?oms4 #c4 ,l>c>ium hexa/ylum1 n4 sp4 ,%ell smoo?1 ) six %ort conical sp9es ( equal l5g? 7 ! %orte/ axis ( ! %ell71 opposite 9 pairs on ! poles ( ! ?ree dim5sive axes4 ,network ( ! %ell subregul>1 ) #fji;circul> pores ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 ab\t elev5 pores on ! half m]idian1 n9e on ! half equator4 ,proportion ( ! ?ree dim5sive axes #c 3 #d 3 #e4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell #j4a1 bread? #j4jh1 ?ickness #j4jf1 pores #j4jjf2 b>s #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdd1 surface4 #d4 ,l>c>ium axo/ylum1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?orny1 ) six /rong conical radial sp9es1 opposite 9 pairs on ! poles ( ! ?ree dim5sive axes4 ,all ?ree pairs are ( diff]5t sizes1 ! l5g? ( ea* sp9e correspond+ ne>ly to ! size ( ! %ell-axis1 ( :i* x is ! prolongation4 ,network ( ! %ell subregul>1 ) circul> pores twice z broad z ! b>s2 t5 on ! half m]idian1 eight on ! half equator4 ,proportion ( ! ?ree dim5sive axes #b 3 #c 3 #d4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell #j4ab1 bread? #j4ji1 ?ickness #j4jf2 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,we/]n ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbe1 dep? #ddge fa?oms4 #e4 ,l>c>ium octo/ylum1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?orny1 ) eight ?9 cyl9drical radial sp9es1 opposite 9 pairs 9 two cross$ diagonal planes4 ,network ( ! %ell irregul>1 ) r\ndi% pores1 twice to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 n9e to elev5 on ! half m]idian1 five to sev5 on ! half equator4 ,proportion ( ! ?ree dim5sive axes #c 3 #d 3 #e4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell #j4aa1 bread? #j4ji1 ?ickness #j4jg2 pores #j4jjf to #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfg1 surface4 #f4 ,l>c>ium poly/ylum1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?orny1 ) num]\s 7tw5ty to ?irty7 /rong] conical radial sp9es1 ab\t z long z ! %orte/ axis ( ! %ell4 ,network ( ! %ell irregul>1 ) r\ndi% pores1 twice to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 sev5 to eight on ! half m]idian1 five to six on ! half equator4 ,proportion ( ! ?ree dim5sive axes #a 3 #b 3 #c4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell #j4ji1 bread? #j4jf1 ?ickness #j4jc2 pores #j4jjf to #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cbc1 surface4 #g4 ,l>c>ium *to/ylum1 n4 sp4 ,%ell bri/ly1 ) v num]\s 7sixty to eighty or m7 v ?91 bri/le-l1 radial sp9es1 some:at long] ?an ! longe/ axis ( ! %ell4 ,network irregul>1 ) v small r\ndi% pores1 ab\t ! same size z ! b>s2 sixte5 to eighte5 on ! half m]idian1 ?irte5 to fifte5 on ! half equator4 ,proportion ( ! ?ree dim5sive axes #a 3 #a4e 3 #b4 #faj;,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell 7)\t sp9es7 #j4ac1 bread? #j4a1 ?ickness #j4jg2 pores & b>s #j4jjd to #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgc1 surface4 ,subfamily #b4 ,,coccol>cida1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,l>c>ida ) encas$ l5telliptical %ell1 compos$ ( two or m conc5tric l5telliptical lattic$ %ells1 :i* are unit$ by radial beams 7at lea/ "o inn] m$ull>y %ell & "o out] cortical %ell74 ,g5us #bfh4 ,coccol>cus1#cjg n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,l>c>ida ) two conc5tric lattic$ %ells1 an out] l5telliptical cortical %ell1 & an inn] 7sph]ical or l5telliptical7 m$ull>y %ell1 bo? connect$ by radial beams4 ,surface )\t radial sp9es4 ,! g5us ,coccol>cus diff]s f ,c5ol>cus by ! possession ( an int]nal m$ull>y %ell4 ,?is is q simple1 ei!r sph]ical or l5telliptical1 & connect$ ) ! out] cortical %ell by a numb] ( radial beams4 ,9 ! simil> ,l>nacilla ?is connection is effect$ by f\r int]nal lattic$ lamell 7! half lat]al w+s ( ! transv]se girdle72 !re=e we f9d "h f\r int]nal gates 7on ! poles ( ! pr9cipal axis71 abs5t 9 ,coccol>cus4 #a4 ,coccol>cus l5tellipsis1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ) smoo? surface & regul> network2 pores circul>1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 ab\t ?irte5 on ! half m]idian1 elev5 on ! half equator4 ,proportion ( ! ?ree dim5sive axes #c 3 #d 3 #e4 ,m$ull>y %ell sph]ical1 half z broad z ! transv]se radius4 ,dim5sions4--,pr9cipal axis 7or l5g?7 ( ! cortical %ell #j4ae1 transv]se axis 7or bread?7 #j4ab1 sagittal axis 7or ?ickness7 #j4ji2 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jje2 diamet] ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgb1 dep? #bfjj fa?oms4 #b4 ,coccol>cus platellipsis1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ) ?orny surface & irregul> network2 pores r\ndi%1 twice to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 sixte5 to eighte5 on ! half m]idian1 t5 to twelve on ! half equator4 ,proportion ( ! ?ree dim5sive axes #a 3 #b 3 #c4 ,m$ull>y %ell l5telliptical1 "o-?ird z l>ge z ! cortical %ell4 #faa;,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4ag1 bread? #j4aa1 ?ickness #j4jf2 pores #j4jjh to #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjd2 m$ull>y %ell #j4jc to #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgd1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 ,g5us #bfi4 ,l>cidium1#cjh n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,l>c>ida ) two conc5tric lattic$ %ells1 an out] l5telliptical cortical %ell1 & an inn] 7sph]ical or l5telliptical7 m$ull>y %ell1 bo? connect$ by radial beams4 ,surface cov]$ ) radial sp9es4 ,! g5us ,l>cidium diff]s f ! =ego+ ,coccol>cus only 9 ! possession ( radial sp9es1 & be>s to x ! same relation t ,l>c>ium does to ,c5ol>cus4 ,! sp9es are commonly symmetrically dispos$1 opposite 9 pairs 9 ! dim5sive axes1 sometimes also 9 diagonal axes4 #a4 ,l>cidium dissacan?um1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ) ?orny surface & regul> network2 pores circul>1 hexagonally fram$1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 ab\t ?irte5 on ! half m]idian1 elev5 on ! half equator4 ,proportion ( ! ?ree dim5sive axes #b 3 #c 3 #e4 ,m$ull>y %ell sph]ical1 "o-f\r? z broad z ! cortical1 connect$ ) x by two ?9 beams1 ly+ 9 ! pr9cipal axis1 & prolong$ on its poles into two /rong conical sp9es1 some:at long] ?an ! greate/ axis4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell 7or pr9cipal axis7 #j4ae1 bread? #j4ji1 ?ickness #j4jg2 pores #j4jae1 b>s #j4jje2 m$ull>y %ell #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bec1 dep? #cabe fa?oms4 #b4 ,l>cidium hexacan?um1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ) smoo? surface & regul> network2 pores circul>1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 ab\t elev5 on ! half m]idian1 n9e on ! half equator4 ,proportion ( ! ?ree axes #b 3 #b4e 3 #c4 ,m$ull>y %ell sph]ical1 "o-?ird z broad z ! cortical4 ,on ! surface six /rong1 ?ree-sid$ pyramidal sp9es1 all ab\t z long z ! bread? ( ! cortical %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4ab1 bread? #j4a1 ?ickness #j4jh2 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jje2 m$ull>y %ell #j4jce4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area4 ,/ation #bff1 surface4 #c4 ,l>cidium axacan?um1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ) r\gh surface & irregul> network2 pores r\ndi%1 twice to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 ab\t fifte5 to n9ete5 on ! half m]idian1 twelve to f\rte5 on ! half #fab;equator4 ,proportion ( ! ?ree axes #b 3 #c 3 #d4 ,m$ull>y %ell l5telliptical1 ( ! same =m & /ructure z ! cortical1 b only "o-?ird z l>ge1 connect$ ) x by six ?9 radial beams1 ly+ 9 pairs 9 ! ?ree dim5sive axes2 on ! outside !y are prolong$ into six /rong conical radial sp9es1 :i* are 9 pairs ( diff]5t size 7z 9 ,l>c>ium axo/ylum72 ! l5g? ( ea* sp9e ne>ly equals ! axis ( ! cortical %ell1 ( :i* x is ! prolongation4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell 7& ! pr9cipal sp9es7 #j4ah1 bread? ( x 7& l5g? ( ! lat]al sp9es7 #j4ace1 ?ickness ( x 7& l5g? ( ! sagittal sp9es7 #j4ji2 pores #j4jje to #j4jac1 b>s #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 #d4 ,l>cidium octacan?um1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?orny1 ) irregul> network2 pores r\ndi%1 once to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 ab\t ?irte5 to fifte5 on ! half m]idian1 elev5 to ?irte5 on ! half equator4 ,proportion ( ! ?ree axes #a 3 #b4e 3 #d4 ,m$ull>y %ell l5telliptical1 "o-fif? z l>ge z ! cortical1 connect$ ) x by eight radial beams1 :i* are situat$ 9 two cross$ diagonal planes 7opposite 9 pairs71 & are prolong$ on ! surface into eight long & ?9 cyl9drical radial sp9es simil> to ,tetrapyle octacan?a4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4af1 bread? #j4aa1 ?ickness #j4jde2 pores #j4jjc to #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjc2 m$ull>y %ell #j4jb to #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfc1 dep? #bfej fa?oms4 #e4 ,l>cidium dodecan?um1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ej1 figs4 #h1 #h;a74 ,cortical %ell r\gh1 ) irregul> network2 pores r\ndi%1 twice to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 ab\t twelve to f\rte5 on ! half m]idian1 eight to t5 on ! half equator4 ,proportion ( ! ?ree axes #b 3 #c 3 #d4 ,m$ull>y %ell l5telliptical1 "o-?ird z l>ge z ! cortical1 connect$ ) x by twelve ?9 radial beams1 :i* are prolong$ outside into twelve /rong conical radial sp9es1 ab\t half z long z ! bread? ( ! %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4ad1 bread? #j4a1 ?ickness #j4jg2 pores #j4jjh to #j4jae1 b>s #j4jjd2 m$ull>y %ell #j4jd to #j4je4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bhh1 surface4 #f4 ,l>cidium polyacan?um1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell sp9y1 ) irregul> network2 pores r\ndi%1 once to twice z broad z ! b>s2 ab\t t5 to twelve on ! half m]idian1 six to eight on ! half equator4 ,proportion ( ! ?ree axes #a 3 #b 3 #c4 ,m$ull>y %ell l5telliptical1 half z l>ge z ! cortical %ell1 connect$ ) x by num]\s 7tw5ty to tw5ty-five7 radial beams1 :i* are prolong$ outside into ?ree-sid$ pyramidal sp9es1 ab\t z long z ! bread? ( ! %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4ah1 bread? #j4ab1 ?ickness #j4jf2 pores #j4ja to #j4jae1 b>s #j4jjh2 m$ull>y %ell #j4jc to #j4ji4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdd1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #fac,subfamily #c4 ,,spongol>cida1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,l>c>ida ) spongy l5telliptical %ell 7) or )\t enclos$ m$ull>y %ell74 ,g5us #bgj4 ,spongol>cus1#cji n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,l>c>ida ) l5telliptical spongy %ell1 conta9+ a c5tral cavity ( ! same =m1 )\t m$ull>y %ell 7)\t radial sp9es74 ,! g5us ,spongol>cus diff]s f ,c5ol>cus 7its probable ance/ral =m7 only 9 ! developm5t ( spongy framework =m+ ! wall ( ! holl[ l5telliptical %ell4 ,x corresponds1 !re=e1 to ,plegmosphra among ! ,sphroidea1 & to ,spongellipsis among ! ,prunoidea4 ,f ^! two simil> spongy ,sphrell>ia x diff]s 9 its *>act]i/ic l5telliptical =m1 ) ?ree dim5sive axes ( unequal l5g?4 #a4 ,spongol>cus l5tellipsis1 n4 sp4 ,spongy network ( ! %ell v loose1 its me%es fifte5 to tw5ty times z broad z ! b>s4 ,surface ( ! %ell ne>ly smoo?2 diamet] ( its int]nal cavity twice z l>ge z ! ?ickness ( its wall4 ,proportion ( ! ?ree dim5sive axes #b 3 #c 3 #d4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? #j4af1 bread? #j4ab1 height #j4jh2 ?ickness ( ! spongy wall #j4je4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgd1 surface4 #b4 ,spongol>cus triaxonius1 n4 sp4 ,spongy network ( ! %ell r loose1 its me%es twelve to sixte5 times z broad z ! b>s4 ,surface ( ! %ell r\gh2 diamet] ( its int]nal cavity ab\t eight times z l>ge z ! ?ickness ( its wall4 ,proportion ( ! ?ree dim5sive axes #b 3 #b4e 3 #c4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? #j4be1 bread? #j4b1 height #j4af2 ?ickness ( ! spongy wall #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bec1 surface4 #c4 ,spongol>cus dim5sivus1 n4 sp4 ,spongy network ( ! %ell d5se1 its me%es f\r to eight times z broad z ! b>s4 ,surface ( ! %ell ?orny2 diamet] ( its int]nal cavity ab\t fifte5 times z l>ge z ! ?ickness ( its wall4 ,proportion ( ! ?ree dim5sive axes #c 3 #d 3 #e4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? #j4b1 bread? #j4af1 height #j4ab2 ?ickness ( ! spongy wall #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,we/]n ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbe1 dep? #ddge fa?oms4 #fadd4 ,spongol>cus amphic5tria1 ,haeckel4 8 ,amphic5tria salpa1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahfa1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #bif2 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 #ahgb1 ,taf4 ii4 fig4 #ah4 8 ,spongurus salpa1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dff4 ,spongy network ( ! %ell compact1 its me%es ab\t ! same bread? z ! b>s4 ,surface ( ! %ell sp9y1 ) "s l>g] sp9es ar\nd ! poles ( ! axis2 diamet] ( ! int]nal cavity ab\t six times z l>ge z ! ?ickness ( its wall4 ,proportion ( ! ?ree dim5sive axes #a 3 #b 3 #c4 7,p]haps ?is ,spongol>cus is id5tical ) ,amphic5tria salpa1 v imp]fectly describ$ & figur$ by ,ehr5b]g1 loc4 cit487 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? #j4ad1 bread? #j4ji1 height #j4je2 ?ickness ( ! spongy wall #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic2 (f ,gre5l&1 #ajjj fa?oms1 ,ehr5b]g2 ,/ation #fd1 dep? 7#bgjj7 fa?oms4 ,g5us #bga4 ,/ypol>cus1#caj n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,l>c>ida ) l5telliptical spongy %ell1 compos$ ( compact spongy framework1 )\t c5tral cavity & m$ull>y %ell 7)\t radial sp9es74 ,! g5us ,/ypol>cus diff]s f ,spongol>cus 9 ! abs5ce ( any c5tral cavity4 ,?is is q fill$ up by spongy framework1 :i* =ms ! :ole mass ( ! l5telliptical body4 ,/ypol>cus be>s !re=e ! same relation to ,spongol>cus t ,/yptosphra does to ,plegmosphra4 #a4 ,/ypol>cus spongiosus1 n4 sp4 ,l5telliptical %ell compos$ 9 ! :ole mass ( loose1 spongy framework ( simil> texture1 ) irregul> me%es1 ab\t t5 to tw5ty times z broad z ! ?9 b>s4 ,surface r\gh1 )\t radial sp9es4 ,proportion ( ! ?ree axes #c 3 #d 3 #e4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? #j4b1 bread? #j4af1 height #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,ant>ctic ,ocean1 ,/ation #aeg1 dep? #aiej fa?oms4 ,family ,,xxv4 ,,l>nacida1 ,haeckel1 #ahhc 7,pl4 #ej1 figs4 #c-h74 ,def9ition4--,l>coidea ) a regul>1 completely lattic$1 l5telliptical cortical %ell1 )\t op5 gates & annul> con/rictions2 ei!r ?is cortical %ell or ! enclos$ m$ull>y %ell is trizonal1 compos$ ( ?ree elliptical1 lattic$1 dim5sive girdles ( diff]5t sizes1 p]p5dicul> "o to ano!r4 #fae,! family ,l>nacida imm$iately foll[s ! ,l>c>ida z ! next simple gr\p ( all ,l>coidea2 "s g5]a ( bo? gr\ps 7su* z ,l>nacalpis & ,coccol>cus1 or ,l>nacan?a & ,l>cidium7 may easily be conf\nd$ f _! be+ s mu* alike4 ,9 bo? ! l5telliptical %ell is compos$ ( two conc5tric %ells1 an inn] 7m$ull>y7 & an out] 7cortical7 %ell4 ,b ! connection betwe5 ^! %ells & ! con/ruction ( ! inn] %ell is q diff]5t 9 ! two gr\ps4 ,:il/ 9 ! ,l>c>ida ! m$ull>y %ell is connect$ ) ! cortical %ell simply by radial beams1 "h 9 ! ,l>nacida ?is connection is effect$ by two lattic$ lamell1 :i* are ! lat]al w+s ( a transv]se girdle4 ,!re=e we enc\nt] "h = ! fir/ "t t peculi> mode ( gr[? :i* *>act]ises ! great] "p ( ! ,l>coidea1 b p>ticul>ly ! ,pylonida4 ,b :il/ 9 ! ,pylonida betwe5 ! ?ree cross$ lattice-girdles1 rema9 f\r op5 gates1 "h 9 ! ,l>nacida ! gates become clos$ by lattice-"w2 ! l5telliptical cortical %ell becomes p]fect4 ,! mo/ simple g5us ( ,l>nacida1 & no d\bt ! common ance/ral =m ( ?is :ole family1 is ,l>nacilla 7,pl4 #ej1 figs4 #a1 #a;a1 #a;b74 ,! mo/ important %ell ( ?is typical g5us is compos$ ( a simple l5telliptical m$ull>y %ell & ( ?ree elliptical lattic$ girdles surr\nd+ x1 p]p5dicul> "o to ano!r4 ,^! ?ree dim5sive girdles lie 9 ! p]imet] ( ! ?ree dim5sive planes1 ! m9or 7& fir/7 9 ! equatorial plane1 ! second 7& major7 9 ! lat]al plane1 ! ?ird 7& int]m$iate7 9 ! sagittal plane4 ,!re=e we h be=e u ! same trizonal %ell z 9 ! important g5us ,trizonium among ! ,pylonida4 ,b :il/ 9 ,trizonium1 z 9 all ,pylonida1 ! f\r gates betwe5 ! girdles rema9 op51 "h 9 ,l>nacilla !y become p]fectly clos$ by lattice-"w4 ,! =mation ( ! typical ,l>nacilla-%ell beg9s ) a simple1 sph]ical or l5telliptical lattice-%ell1 f bo? sides ( :i* arise two lattic$ lat]al w+s opposite on ! poles ( ! transv]se axis4 ,^! two w+s are comp>able to ! lat]al *amb]s ( ,?ol>tus 7among ! ,?olonida71 b diff] by two l>ge op5+s4 ,ea* w+ is a %ort cyl9drical tube ) lattic$ wall1 op5 at bo? ends2 ! axis ( ! tube 7go+ ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! op5 ends7 is p>allel to ! pr9cipal axis ( ! :ole %ell 7& ( ! c5tral *amb]74 ,!re=e bo? w+s =m toge!r a transv]se r+1 ! middle ( :i* encloses ! c5tral *amb]4 ,! di/al p>ts ( bo? w+s gr[ t[>ds ! poles ( ! pr9cipal axis2 if !y became unit$ "h1 ! second 7lat]al7 girdle w\ld be complete4 ,betwe5 x & ! fir/ girdle f\r op5 gates rema9 7,tetrapyle72 b ^! become ov]gr[n by ! ?ird or sagittal girdle1 & at la/ ! gates betwe5 ?is & ! two o!r girdles become clos$ by lattice-"w4 ,?is p]fect f5e/ration ( ! trizonal cortical %ell1 & ! complete clos+ ( ! gates betwe5 ! girdles by network1 is ! only diff]5ce betwe5 ,trizonium & ,l>nacilla4 ,9 ,l>nacilla & 9 ! ne>ly alli$ ,l>nacidium 7only diff]+ by radial sp9es #fafon ! surface7 ! trizonal %ell is an ext]nal or cortical %ell1 enclos+ ! c5tral capsule1 ! int]ior ( :i* only conta9s ! simple c5tral *amb] & ! jo9t$ proximal p>ts ( bo? lat]al w+s4 ,9 ! o!r g5]a ( ,l>nacida 7by proce$+ gr[?7 ?is trizonal ,l>nacilla-%ell becomes enclos$ by ! gr[+ c5tral capsule & is n[ only a m$ull>y %ell1 :il/ on ! outside ( ! c5tral capsule 9 ! same mann] is develop$ an out] cortical %ell 7,l>nacalpis1 ,l>nacan?a72 & p]haps ! same process may be repeat$4 ,b sometimes also ?is cortical %ell becomes d\bl$ by a simple envelop ( network 7,l>nacoma74 ,9 ! ,l>nacospongida ! cortical %ell is compos$ ( a spongy framework 7correspond+ to ! ,spongol>cida 9 ! =ego+ family74 ,! lattice-"w ( ! ,l>nacida is commonly irregul> 7z 9 mo/ o!r ,l>coidea71 & its pores h little signification = ! diff]5t species4 ,on ! out] surface (t5 arise radial sp9es1 symmetrically dispos$ ei!r 9 dim5sive planes or 9 diagonal planes4 ,! c5tral capsule is con/antly a true l5tellipsis or a triaxial ellipsoid1 *>act]is$ by ?ree halv+1 elliptical dim5sive planes1 p]p5dicul> "o to ano!r4 ,x be>s a diff]5t relation to ! skeleton 9 ! two subfamilies ( ,l>nacida4 ,9 ! fir/ subfamily1 ! ,l>nacillida 7,l>nacilla1 ,l>nacidium71 ! c5tral capsule encloses only ! simple sph]ical or l5telliptical c5tral *amb] 7simple m$ull>y %ell71 & is envelop$ by ! trizonal cortical %ell4 ,9 ! o!r subfamily1 ! ,l>nacalpida 7,l>nacalpis1 ,l>nacospongus1 c471 ?is trizonal ,l>nacilla-%ell becomes enclos$ by ! ov]gr[+ c5tral capsule1 :i* n[ becomes envelop$ by an ext]nal1 lattic$ or spongy1 l5telliptical cortical %ell4 ,synopsis ( ! ,g5]a ( ,l>nacida4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,i4 ,subfamily ,l>nacillida4 ,m$ull>y %ell simple1 sph]ical or subsph]ical4 ,cortical %ell l5telliptical1 trizonal2 betwe5 !m f\r gates4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,%ell )\t radial sp9es1 #bgb4 ,l>nacilla4 ,%ell ) radial sp9es1 #bgc4 ,l>nacidium4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,ii4 ,subfamily ,l>nacalpida4 ,m$ull>y %ell ,l>nacilla-%ap$1 d\ble2 ! inn] sph]ical or subsph]ical1 ! out] l5telliptical & trizonal4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,)\t radial ,cortical sp9es1 #bgd4 ,l>nacalpis4 %ell ,cortical %ell simple simple4 ,) radial or d\ble1 b n sp9es1 #bge4 ,l>nacan?a4 spongy4 ,cortical %ell d\ble1 )\t radial sp9es1 #bgf4 ,l>nacoma4 ,%ell )\t radial ,cortical %ell simple sp9es1 #bgg4 ,l>nacospongus4 or d\ble1 :olly or p>tly spongy4 ,%ell ) radial sp9es1 #bgh4 ,l>naco/upa4 #fag,subfamily #a4 ,,l>nacillida1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,l>nacida ) a simple1 sph]ical or l5telliptical1 m$ull>y %ell1 connect$ by ! lat]al w+s ( a lattic$ transv]se girdle ) ! simple l5telliptical trizonal cortical %ell2 ! c5tral capsule encloses ! =m] & is envelop$ by ! latt]4 ,g5us #bgb4 ,l>nacilla1#caa n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,l>nacida ) a simple l5telliptical cortical %ell1 connect$ by ! lat]al w+s ( a lattic$ transv]se girdle ) ! simple1 sph]ical or l5telliptical1 m$ull>y %ell4 ,surface )\t radial sp9es4 ,! g5us ,l>nacilla repres5ts ! mo/ simple =m ( ,l>nacida1 & at ! same "t ! mo/ important common ance/ral =m1 f :i* ! great] numb] ( ,l>coidea may be d]iv$1 viz41 all ^? g5]a :i* possess ! *>act]i/ic ,l>nacilla-%ap$ m$ull>y %ell4 ,?is typical =m ( m$ull>y %ell may be d]iv$ f ! g5us ,trizonium among ! ,pylonida by ! clos+ ( ! f\r op5 gates ( ?is g5us4 ,! free op5+ ( ^! f\r gates becomes ov]gr[n & clos$ by lattice-"w1 develop$ f ! free edges ( ! ?ree cross$ girdles1 & ?us f9ally all ?ree girdles are unit$ 9 ! =m ( a simple l5telliptical %ell 7,pl4 #ej1 figs4 #a1 #a;a1 #a;b74 ,se5 f ! sagittal poles 7or f ! poles ( ! %orte/ axis1 fig4 #a71 ! %ell exhibits on bo? sides ( ! small sph]ical m$ull>y %ell ! two lat]al w+s ( ! transv]se girdle f ! face2 se5 f ! lat]al poles 7or f ! poles ( ! transv]se axis1 fig4 #a;a71 "o ( ^! w+s appe>s 9 ! optical section z an oblong r+1 :i* seem+ly encloses ! conc5tric m$ull>y %ell1 & on bo? sides is gr[n toge!r ) ! sagittal girdle2 se5 f ! pr9cipal poles 7or f ! poles ( ! longitud9al axis1 fig4 #a;b71 bo? w+s exhibit _! elliptical op5+ 7at ! "r & left f ! c5tral m$ull>y %ell74 ,! two conc5tric %ells are only connect$ by ! two lat]al tube-l w+s ( ! transv]se girdle2 ! lat]al & ! sagittal girdles h no connection ) ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,! latt] is sometimes sph]ical1 at o!r times l5telliptical4 #a4 ,l>nacilla typus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ej1 fig4 #a1 #a;a1 #a;b74 ,cortical %ell ) smoo? surface & ) subregul> network2 pores twice z broad z ! b>s2 ab\t twelve pores on ! half m]idian1 t5 on ! half equator4 ,proportion ( ! ?ree dim5sive axes #b 3 #c 3 #d4 ,int]nal f\r gates 7betwe5 transv]se & lat]al girdles7 r\ndi%-triangul>1 little broad] ?an high4 ,m$ull>y %ell sph]ical1 sc>cely "o-?ird z broad z ! l5telliptical cortical %ell4 #fah;,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell 7or pr9cipal axis7 #j4ac1 bread? ( x 7or transv]se axis7 #j4a1 height ( x 7or sagittal axis7 #j4jg2 pores #j4jjf1 b>s #j4jjc2 m$ull>y %ell 7diamet]7 #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 #b4 ,l>nacilla prometor1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ) r\gh surface & regul> network2 pores ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 ab\t t5 on ! half m]idian1 eight on ! half equator4 ,proportion ( ! ?ree axes #a 3 #b 3 #c4 ,int]nal f\r gates 7betwe5 transv]se & lat]al girdles7 kidney-%ap$1 twice z broad z high4 ,m$ull>y %ell l5telliptical1 ( ! same =m z ! ext]nal cortical %ell1 b only "o ?ird z l>ge4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4ae1 bread? #j4a1 height #j4je1 pores #j4jae1 b>s #j4jje2 m$ull>y %ell #j4jb to #j4je4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,zanzib>1 ,pull51 dep? #bbjj fa?oms4 #c4 ,l>nacilla subglobosa1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ne>ly sph]ical1 ) ?orny surface & irregul> network2 pores r\ndi%1 twice to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 twelve to sixte5 9 ! half circumf]5ce4 ,proportion ( ! ?ree axes v little diff]5t #a4c 3 #a4d 3 #a4e4 ,int]nal f\r gates elliptical1 "o & a half times z broad z high4 ,m$ull>y %ell sph]ical1 "o-f\r? z broad z ! cortical %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4ae1 bread? #j4ad1 height #j4ac2 pores #j4jjf to #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjc2 m$ull>y %ell #j4jce4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area4 ,/ation #bff1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #d4 ,l>nacilla m$ull>is1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell l5telliptical1 ) smoo? surface & irregul> network2 pores r\ndi%1 v small1 sc>cely z broad z ! b>s2 ab\t eight to n9e on ! half m]idian1 six to sev5 on ! half equator4 ,proportion ( ! ?ree axes #c 3 #d 3 #f4 ,int]nal f\r gates elliptical4 ,m$ull>y %ell sph]ical1 sc>cely "o-?ird z broad z ! cortical %ell4 7,?is small species may be only ! m$ull>y %ell ( "s o!r ,l>coid1 ! cortical %ell ( :i* is n yet =m$47 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4jf1 bread? #j4jd1 height #j4jc2 pores & b>s ab\t #j4jjd2 m$ull>y %ell #j4jac4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfe1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 ,g5us #bgc4 ,l>nacidium1#cab n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,l>nacida ) a simple l5telliptical cortical %ell1 connect$ by ! lat]al w+s ( a lattic$ transv]se girdle ) ! simple1 sph]ical or l5telliptical1 m$ull>y %ell4 ,surface arm$ ) radial sp9es4 #fai,! g5us ,l>nacidium has ! same %ell-=mation z ! =ego+ ,l>nacilla1 & diff]s f x only 9 ! possession ( radial sp9es on ! surface1 :i* 9 all kn[n species exhibit a symmetrical disposition4 ,f ! ne>ly alli$ g5us ,l>cidium x diff]s 9 ! *>act]i/ic mode ( connection betwe5 ! two %ells1 ow+ to ! diff]5t k9d ( gr[?4 ,9 ,l>cidium ?is connection is effect$ only by radial beams1 :]eas 9 ,l>nacidium 7z 9 all ,l>nacida7 by two lat]al lattic$ tubes1 ! w+s ( ! prim>y transv]se girdle4 #a4 ,l>nacidium /aurobelonium1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell smoo?1 ) f\r /rong conical1 radial sp9es 9 ! lat]al plane1 opposite 9 pairs1 two on ! poles ( ! pr9cipal & two on ! poles ( ! transv]se axis4 ,pores subregul>1 circul>1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 ab\t twelve on ! half m]idian4 ,proportion ( ! ?ree axes #b 3 #c 3 #d4 ,m$ull>y %ell sph]ical1 "o-?ird z broad z ! cortical %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4ab1 bread? #j4ji1 height #j4jf2 pores #j4jjh1 b>s #j4jd2 m$ull>y %ell #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific ,/ation #bdd1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #b4 ,l>nacidium hexabelonium1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?orny1 ) six /rong1 ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 radial sp9es1 ly+ opposite 9 pairs on ! poles ( ! ?ree dim5sive axes4 ,pores subregul>1 circul>1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 ab\t f\rte5 on ! half m]idian4 ,proportion ( ! ?ree axes #b 3 #b4e 3 #c4 ,m$ull>y %ell sph]ical1 "o-?ird z broad z ! cortical %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4ad1 bread? #j4aa1 height #j4jh2 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjc2 m$ull>y %ell #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bie1 dep? #aejj fa?oms4 #c4 ,l>nacidium polybelonium1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell v sp9y1 ) num]\s 7tw5ty to ?irty or m7 l>g] ?9 radial sp9es1 ab\t z long z ! %ell4 ,pores irregul>1 twice to five times z broad z ! b>s2 ab\t sixte5 on ! half m]idian4 ,proportion ( ! ?ree axes #b 3 #b4e 3 #c4 ,m$ull>y %ell l5telliptical1 half z l>ge z ! cortical %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4aa1 bread? #j4ji1 height #j4jg2 pores #j4jjd to #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjb2 l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jf1 bread? #j4je1 height #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,we/]n ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbe4 dep? #ddge fa?oms4 ,subfamily #b4 ,,l>nacalpida1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,l>nacida ) a d\ble1 trizonal1 ,l>nacilla-%ap$ m$ull>y %ell1 enclos$ 9 ! c5tral capsule1 & envelop$ by a simple or d\ble1 lattic$ or spongy1 l5telliptical1 cortical %ell4 #fbj;,g5us #bgd4 ,l>nacalpis1#cac n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,l>nacida ) a simple l5telliptical cortical %ell1 )\t radial sp9es4 ,m$ull>y %ell d\ble1 ,l>nacilla-%ap$4 ,! g5us ,l>nacalpis repres5ts ! mo/ simple =m ( ! sub-family ,l>nacalpida1 & is v important z ! common orig9al =m ( all ^? ,l>coidea 9 :i* a d\ble ,l>nacilla-%ap$ m$ull>y %ell is surr\nd$ by a simple1 p]fectly clos$1 lattic$1 l5telliptical cortical %ell4 ,!re=e ! same typical1 trizonal1 l5telliptical %ell1 :i* 9 ,l>nacilla repres5ts ! ext]nal envelop 7or cortical %ell7 ( ! c5tral capsule1 "h 9 ,l>nacalpis becomes enclos$ z an int]nal nucleus 7or m$ull>y %ell7 9 ! int]ior ( ! c5tral capsule1 & ?is latt] becomes ov]gr[n by a new l5telliptical cortical %ell4 ,! connection betwe5 ! two %ells ( ,l>nacalpis is ei!r effect$ by a numb] ( radial beams 7e4g41 9 ,l>nacalpis triaxonia by six beams situat$ 9 ! ?ree dim5sive axes71 or by two lat]al1 lattic$1 tube-l w+s1 :i* are repetitions ( ! small] lat]al w+s connect+ its ext]nal %ell ) ! int]nal m$ull>y %ell 7z 9 ,l>nacalpis l5tellipsis74 ,! latt] species may be reg>d$ z a ,pylonium ) a completely lattic$ %ell4 #a4 ,l>nacalpis l5tellipsis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ej1 figs4 #b1 #b;a1 #b;b74 ,cortical %ell ) ?orny surface & irregul> network2 pores r\ndi%1 twice to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 ab\t sixte5 on ! half m]idian1 twelve on ! half equator4 ,proportion ( ! ?ree dim5sive axes #b 3 #c 3 #d4 ,m$ull>y %ell "o-?ird z l>ge z ! cortical1 ) f\r elliptical int]nal gates1 connect$ ) x by two opposite beams 9 ! pr9cipal axis & by two lattic$ w+s 9 ! transv]se axis2 !re=e betwe5 ! two %ells are f\r l>ge kidney-%ap$ gates1 halv$ by ! pol> beams 7z 9 ,octopyle74 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell 7or pr9cipal axis7 #j4ad1 bread? 7or transv]se axis7 #j4aa1 height 7or sagittal axis7 #j4jg2 pores #j4ja to #j4jb1 b>s #j4jje2 l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je1 bread? #j4jd1 height #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgc1 dep? #bfjj fa?oms4 #b4 ,l>nacalpis phacodiscus1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ) ?orny surface & regul> network2 pores circul>1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 ab\t t5 on ! half m]idian1 eight on ! half equator4 ,proportion ( ! ?ree axes #b 3 #b4e 3 #c4 ,m$ull>y %ell half z l>ge z ! cortical1 ) f\r kidney-%ap$ int]nal gates4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4ac1 bread? #j4aa1 height #j4ji2 pores #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjf2 l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jf1 bread? #j4jde1 height #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bec1 dep? #cabe fa?oms4 #fbac4 ,l>nacalpis macrococcus1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ) sp9y surface & regul> network2 pores circul>1 small1 ( ! same bread? z ! b>s2 ab\t tw5ty-two on ! half m]idian1 n9ete5 on ! half equator4 ,proportion ( ! ?ree axes #b 3 #c 3 #d4 ,m$ull>y %ell two-?irds z l>ge z ! cortical1 ) f\r wide int]nal semicircul> gates4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4a1 bread? #j4jge1 height #j4je2 pores & b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jff1 bread? #j4je1 height #j4jcb4 ,habitat4--,we/]n ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbd1 dep? #ahej fa?oms4 #d4 ,l>nacalpis subsphrica1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ) r\gh surface & irregul> network2 r\ndi% pores twice to five times z broad z ! b>s2 ab\t tw5ty-f\r on ! half m]idian1 tw5ty-"o on ! half equator4 ,proportion ( ! ?ree axes #a4b 3 #a4c 3 #a4d4 ,m$ull>y %ell half z l>ge z ! cortical1 ) f\r elliptical int]nal gates4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4ad1 bread? #j4ac1 height #j4ab2 pores #j4jjd to #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjb2 l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jh1 bread? #j4jg1 height #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bff1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #e4 ,l>nacalpis triaxonia1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ej1 fig4 #c74 ,cortical %ell ) smoo? surface & peculi> network1 compos$ ( f\r m]idian r[s ( l>g] pores 7five l>ge elliptical pores on ea* half m]idian1 ! l>ge/ 9 ! equator7 & num]\s small irregul> pores betwe5 !m4 ,proportion ( ! ?ree axes #b 3 #c 3 #d4 ,m$ull>y %ell ) f\r semicircul> int]nal gates1 ab\t "o-f\r? z l>ge z ! cortical1 connect$ ) x by six ?9 radial beams1 opposite 9 pairs 9 ! ?ree dim5sive axes4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4ad1 bread? #j4a1 height #j4jg2 l>ge pores #j4jc1 small pores #j4jjb to #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjb to #j4ja2 l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jd1 bread? #j4jc1 height #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfc1 dep? #bfej fa?oms4 ,g5us #bge4 ,l>nacan?a1#cad n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,l>nacida ) a simple l5telliptical cortical %ell1 arm$ ) symmetrically dispos$ radial sp9es4 ,m$ull>y %ell d\ble1 ,l>nacilla-%ap$4 ,! g5us ,l>nacan?a has ! same *>act]i/ic %ell-=mation z ! =ego+ ,l>nacalpis1 & diff]s f x only 9 ! possession ( radial sp9es1 :i* are symmetrically di/ribut$ on ! surface 9 a def9ite ord]4 ,commonly ^! sp9es are ext]nal prolongations ( ! int]nal radial beams1 :i* connect ! d\ble ,l>nacilla-%ap$ m$ull>y %ell ) ! simple l5telliptical cortical %ell4 #fbba4 ,l>nacan?a dissacan?a1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell smoo?1 ) two l>ge cyl9drical sp9es1 opposite on ! poles ( ! pr9cipal axis1 & some:at long] ?an x4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 ab\t elev5 on ! half m]idian4 ,proportion ( ! ?ree axes #b 3 #c 3 #d4 ,m$ull>y %ell "o-?ird z l>ge z ! cortical %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell 7pr9cipal axis7 #j4ac1 bread? 7transv]se axis7 #j4a1 height 7sagittal axis7 #j4jg2 pores #j4jji1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! ,l>nacilla-%ap$ m$ull>y %ell #j4jde4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bef1 dep? #biej fa?oms4 #b4 ,l>nacan?a /auracan?a1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell smoo?1 ) f\r l>ge conical sp9es 9 ! lat]al plane1 two l>g] opposite on ! poles ( ! pr9cipal1 two small] on ^? ( ! transv]se axis4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 ab\t sev5te5 on ! half m]idian4 ,proportion ( ! ?ree axes #c 3 #c4e 3 #d4 ,m$ull>y %ell "o-?ird z l>ge z ! cortical %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4ae1 bread? #j4ac1 height #j4aa2 pores #j4jjh1 b>s #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgd1 surface4 #c4 ,l>nacan?a quadricornis1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell sp9y1 ) f\r /rong1 horn-l curv$ sp9es 9 ! lat]al plane1 opposite 9 pairs on ! poles ( ! cross$ diagonal axes4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 twice to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 ab\t f\rte5 on ! half m]idian4 ,proportion ( ! ?ree axes #b 3 #c 3 #d4 ,m$ull>y %ell "o-?ird z l>ge z ! cortical %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4ad1 bread? #j4aa1 height #j4jg2 pores #j4jjf to #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgj1 surface4 #d4 ,l>nacan?a hexacan?a1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ej1 fig4 #d74 ,cortical %ell ?orny1 ) six /rong conical radial sp9es 9 ! lat]al plane1 two opposite on ! poles ( ! pr9cipal axis1 f\r o!rs opposite 9 pairs on ! poles ( ! two cross$ diagonal axes4 ,pores ) peculi> di/ribution2 twelve l>ge elliptical pores 7ne>ly ( ! size ( ! m$ull>y %ell7 symmetrically dispos$ 9 f\r cross$ m]idians 7betwe5 ! sagittal & ! lat]al m]idians71 sep>at$ by b&s ( small] irregul> pores4 ,proportion ( ! ?ree axes #c 3 #d 3 #e4 ,m$ull>y %ell hexagonal1 "o-?ird z l>ge z ! cortical %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4ad1 bread? #j4aa1 height #j4jh2 l>ge pores #j4jd1 small pores #j4jjc to #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfc1 dep? #bfej fa?oms4 #fbce4 ,l>nacan?a bicruciata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ej1 fig4 #e74 ,cortical %ell ?orny1 9 ! lat]al plane ) eight /rong conical radial sp9es1 alt]nat+ ) eight small] sp9es2 f\r ( ! eight /rong] sp9es opposite on ! poles ( ! pr9cipal & transv]se axes 79 ! figure #e1 by mi/ake1 n repres5t$ l>ge en\gh71 f\r o!rs betwe5 ^?1 opposite on ! poles ( ! two cross$ diagonal axes4 ,pores ) a peculi> disposition2 on bo? flat sides ( ! l5tellipsis an elliptical r+ ( eight l>ge elliptical pores 7alt]nat+ ) ! eight /rong] radial sp9es71 sep>at$ by b&s ( small] irregul> pores4 ,proportion ( ! ?ree axes #b 3 #c 3 #d4 ,m$ull>y %ell ne>ly half z long z ! cortical %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4af1 bread? #j4ac1 height #j4jh2 l>ge pores #j4jc1 small pores #j4jjc to #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjf2 l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jg4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 surface1 ,madagasc> 7,rabbe74 #f4 ,l>nacan?a octacan?a1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?orny1 ) eight long & ?91 cyl9drical1 radial sp9es1 ly+ opposite 9 pairs 9 two cross$ diagonal planes4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 twice to five times z broad z ! b>s2 ab\t sixte5 on ! half m]idian4 ,proportion ( ! ?ree axes #a 3 #a-a_/c 3 #b4 ,m$ull>y %ell sc>cely "o-f\r? z long z ! cortical %ell4 7,?is species resembles closely ! common ,tetrapyle octacan?a1 f :i* x seems to be develop$ by a complete ov]-gr[+ ( ! f\r gates1 :i* become clos$ by a network connect+ ! free edges ( ! transv]se & lat]al girdles47 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4ah1 bread? #j4ac1 height #j4a2 pores #j4jje to #j4jae1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,m$it]ranean1 ,atlantic1 ,pacific1 surface4 #g4 ,l>nacan?a cladacan?a1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell v sp9y1 ) eight long] ramifi$ sp9es1 ly+ opposite 9 pairs 9 two cross$ diagonal planes2 ea* sp9e ) two to six irregul>1 lat]al bran*es4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 twice to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 ab\t twelve on ! half m]idian4 ,proportion ( ! ?ree axes #e 3 #f 3 #g4 ,m$ull>y %ell ne>ly half z long z ! cortical %ell4 7,diff]s f ! =ego+ by ! bran*+ sp9es end ! l>g] m$ull>y %ell47 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4ae1 bread? #j4ac1 height #j4aa2 pores #j4ja to #j4jae1 b>s #j4jje2 l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jg4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 surface1 ,cocos ,isl&s 7,rabbe74 #h4 ,l>nacan?a prismatica1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ej1 fig4 #f74 ,cortical %ell smoo?1 f\r-sid$ prismatic1 ) eight %ort1 p>allel1 ?ree-sid$ pyramidal sp9es2 ^! lie opposite 9 pairs 9 f\r p>allel longitud9al l9es1 z prolongations ( ! f\r #fbdlat]al edges ( ! prism1 & arise f its eight corn]s4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 ab\t f\rte5 on ! half m]idian4 ,proportion ( ! ?ree axes #b 3 #c 3 #d4 ,m$ull>y %ell half z long z ! cortical %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4aa1 bread? #j4jg1 height #j4je2 pores #j4jjf1 b>s #j4jjb2 l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfc1 dep? #bfej fa?oms4 #i4 ,l>nacan?a decacan?a1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?orny1 ) t5 %ort & /\t1 conical1 radial sp9es1 two opposite on ! poles ( ! pr9cipal axis 7z prolongations ( inn] axial beams71 eight o!rs opposite 9 pairs 9 two cross$ diagonal planes4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 twice to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 ab\t sixte5 on ! half m]idian4 ,proportion ( ! ?ree axes #c 3 #c4ge 3 #d4 ,m$ull>y %ell ab\t "o-?ird z long z ! cortical %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4af1 bread? #j4ae1 height #j4ab2 pores #j4jjh to #j4jaf1 b>s #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ced1 surface4 #aj4 ,l>nacan?a dodecan?a1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ne>ly smoo?1 b ) twelve /rong conical radial sp9es2 f\r 9 ! lat]al plane opposite 9 pairs 7two on ! poles ( ! pr9cipal1 & two on ! poles ( ! transv]se axis72 eight o!rs opposite 9 pairs 9 two cross$ diagonal planes4 ,pores ) a peculi> disposition3 twelve l>ge elliptical pores 9 two cross$ m]idian planes 7alt]nat+ ) ! twelve sp9es71 sep>at$ by b&s ( irregul> small pores4 ,proportion ( ! ?ree axes #a 3 #a4e 3 #b4 ,m$ull>y %ell hexagonal1 "o-?ird z long z ! cortical %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4ae1 bread? #j4aa1 height #j4jh2 l>ge pores #j4jc1 small pores #j4jje to #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfe1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #aa4 ,l>nacan?a drymacan?a1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell v sp9y1 on ! :ole surface cov]$ ) a =e/ ( num]\s 7?irty to fifty or m7 l>ge bran*$ sp9es1 ab\t ! l5g? ( ! %ell2 ea* sp9e ) ?ree to n9e lat]al bran*es1 simple or =k$ 7v simil> to ,cromyodrymus abiet9us1 ,pl4 #cj1 fig4 #f74 ,pores v irregul>1 r\ndi%4 ,proportion ( ! ?ree axes #b 3 #b4e 3 #c4 ,m$ull>y %ell half z long z ! cortical %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4af1 bread? #j4ac1 height #j4a2 pores #j4jje to #j4jae1 b>s #j4jc2 l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 #fbe;,g5us #bgf4 ,l>nacoma1#cae n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,l>nacida ) d\ble l5telliptical cortical %ell1 )\t radial sp9es4 ,m$ull>y %ell d\ble1 ,l>nacilla-%ap$4 ,! g5us ,l>nacoma has orig9at$ f ! ne>ly alli$ ,l>nacalpis by duplication ( ! cortical %ell4 ,:il/ 9 bo? g5]a ! connection betwe5 ! ,l>nacilla-%ap$ m$ull>y %ell & ! prim>y cortical %ell is ! same1 _m %ort radial beams arise f ! surface ( ! latt] 9 ,l>nacoma1 :i* at con/ant equal di/ances f x unite by a network =m+ ! second>y or out] cortical %ell4 ,x diff]s f ! simil> ,druppulida 7,cromyodruppa7 by ! sagittal flatt5+ ( ! l5telliptical %ell & ! ,l>nacilla-=m ( ! d\ble m$ull>y %ell4 #a4 ,l>nacoma l5tellipticum1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ) smoo? surface & elliptical p]imet]1 "o & a ?ird times z long z broad4 ,all f\r %ells l5telliptical4 ,di/ance betwe5 ! two cortical %ells ab\t twice z great z ! di/ance ( ! inn] cortical & out] m$ull>y %ell4 ,network ( bo? out] %ells irregul>1 ) l>ge r\ndi% pores1 twice to six times z broad z ! b>s4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? 7or pr9cipal axis7 ( ! fir/ 7inn]mo/7 %ell #j4jc1 second #j4jh1 ?ird #j4af1 f\r? 7out]mo/7 #j4bg1 bread? 7or transv]se axis7 correspond+--7,a7 #j4jb1 7,b7 #j4je1 7,c7 #j4aa1 7,d7 #j4b4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cbc1 dep? #aijj fa?oms4 #b4 ,l>nacoma quadruplex1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ) ?orny surface & elliptical p]imet]1 "o & a fif? times z long z broad4 ,all f\r %ells l5telliptical4 ,di/ance betwe5 ! two cortical %ells some:at small] ?an ! di/ance betwe5 ! inn] cortical & out] m$ull>y %ell4 ,network ( bo? out] %ells irregul>1 ) l>ge r\ndi% pores1 twice to t5 times z broad z ! b>s4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! fir/ %ell #j4jb1 second #j4jf1 ?ird #j4ae1 f\r? #j4bd2 bread? correspond+--7,a7 #j4jaf1 7,b7 #j4jd1 7,c7 #j4aa1 7,d7 #j4b4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cce1 dep? #adbe fa?oms4 #c4 ,l>nacoma hexagonium1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ) ?orny surface & hexagonal p]imet]1 z long z broad4 ,all f\r %ells hexagonal1 connect$ by six pi]c+ radial beams 7two 9 ! pr9cipal axis1 f\r o!rs 9 two cross$ diagonals74 ,di/ance betwe5 ! two cortical %ells some:at great] ?an ! di/ance betwe5 ! inn] cortical & out] m$ull>y %ell4 ,network ( bo? out] %ells subregul>1 ) small circul> pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s4 #fbf;,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! fir/ %ell #j4jb1 second #j4je1 ?ird #j4ji1 f\r? #j4af2 bread? correspond+--7,a7 #j4jae1 7,b7 #j4jce1 7,c7 #j4jfe1 7,d7 #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 we/ ( ,tri/an da ,cunha1 ,/ation #ccb1 dep? #bbjj fa?oms4 ,g5us #bgg4 ,l>nacospongus1#caf n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,l>nacida ) spongy l5telliptical cortical %ell1 )\t radial sp9es4 ,m$ull>y %ell d\ble1 ,l>nacilla-%ap$4 ,! g5us ,l>nacospongus diff]s f ! ne>ly alli$ g5]a ,l>nacalpis & ,l>nacoma by ! spongy texture ( ! l5telliptical cortical %ell :il/ ! enclos$ m$ull>y %ell 9 bo? g5]a is ! same trizonal ,l>nacilla-%ell4 ,!re=e ,l>nacospongus 7& ! foll[+ ne>ly relat$ ,l>naco/upa7 c be d]iv$ directly by developm5t ( a spongy envelop ei!r f ,l>nacilla & ,l>nacalpis1 or f ,trizonium & ,amphipyle4 ,b "s species ( ^! spongy g5]a appe> to be d]iv$ r f ,tetrapyle or ,pylonium1 p]haps also f ,cubo?olus4 ,_! phylog5etic orig9 may be expla9$ 9 diff]5t ways4 #a4 ,l>nacospongus l>nacillif]1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell l5telliptical1 "o & a half times z long z broad1 ) r\gh surface & r loose spongy framework1 directly enclos+ a trizonal ,l>nacilla-%ell ( ! same =m1 b ( only "o-?ird its size4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! :ole %ell #j4ag1 bread? #j4ab2 l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jf1 bread? #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ea/ coa/ ( ,patagonia1 ,/ation #cai1 surface4 #b4 ,l>nacospongus tetrapylif]1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell l5telliptical1 "o & a ?ird times z long z broad1 ) ?orny surface2 compos$ ( an out] envelop ( loose spongy framework & an inn] lattice-%ell ) f\r kidney-%ap$ gates1 l ,tetrapyle2 ! latt] encloses a trizonal m$ull>y %ell ( "o-f\r? its size4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! :ole %ell #j4bb1 bread? #j4af2 l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jde1 bread? #j4jce4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 we/ ( ,tri/an da ,cunha1 ,/ation #ccb1 surface4 #fbg;,g5us #bgh4 ,l>naco/upa1#cag n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,l>nacida ) spongy l5telliptical cortical %ell1 ) radial sp9es on ! surface4 ,m$ull>y %ell d\ble1 ,l>nacilla-%ap$4 ,! g5us ,l>naco/upa diff]s f ! prec$+ ,l>nacospongus only 9 ! possession ( radial sp9es1 cov]+ ei!r ! :ole surface irregul>ly or dispos$ 9 a c]ta9 symmetrical ord]4 #a4 ,l>naco/upa octacan?a1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell l5telliptical1 ) ?orny surface1 & r d5se1 irregul>1 spongy framework1 :i* arises f an inn] lattic$ cortical %ell1 l t ( ,tetrapyle or ,pylonium4 ,?is latt] is twice z l>ge z ! enclos$ ,l>nacilla-%ell4 ,eight long & ?91 cyl9drical1 radial sp9es1 opposite 9 pairs 9 two diagonal planes4 7,seems to be ! common ,tetrapyle octacan?a1 envelop$ by an out] spongy framework mantle47 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! :ole %ell 7)\t sp9es7 #j4bb1 bread? #j4af2 l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jf1 bread? #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,madagasc>1 ,rabbe1 surface4 #b4 ,l>naco/upa sp9osa1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell l5telliptical1 ab\t "o & a half times z long z broad1 ) v lax & irregul> spongy framework1 aris+ f a ne>ly quadrangul> lattice-%ell l t ( ,tetrapyle2 ?is latt] encloses a ,l>nacilla-%ell ( half its size4 ,:ole surface cov]$ ) ?9 bri/le-l radial sp9es1 ( ab\t ! l5g? ( ! %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! :ole %ell 7)\t sp9es7 #j4ah1 bread? #j4ab2 l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je1 bread? #j4jce4 ,habitat4--,ant>ctic ,ocean1 (f ,k]guel51 ,/ation #aej1 surface4 #c4 ,l>naco/upa d5drophora1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ne>ly sph]ical1 sc>cely long] ?an broad1 ) lax1 irregul> spongy framework1 aris+ f a l5telliptical trizonal m$ull>y %ell 7l ,l>nacilla74 ,:ole surface cov]$ ) ?9 arboresc5t radial sp9es1 ab\t half z long z ! %ell1 ea* sp9e ) ?ree to six irregul> bran*es4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! :ole %ell 7)\t sp9es7 #j4ae1 bread? #j4ac2 l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jg1 bread? #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,ant>ctic ,ocean1 ,/ation #aed1 surface4 #fbh;,family ,,xxvi4 ,,pylonida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha 7,pl4 #i74 ,pylonida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfc4 ,def9ition4--,l>coidea ) regul>1 incompletely lattic$ cortical %ell1 di/+ui%$ by two to f\r or m symmetrically dispos$ gates or l>ge fissures rema9+ betwe5 "o to ?ree lattic$ dim5sive girdles 7p]p5dicul> "o to ano!r74 ,"o1 two1 or ?ree conc5tric sy/ems ( su* girdles 7ea* sy/em ) ?ree girdles7 may be develop$4 ,! family ,pylonida is ! mo/ important & int]e/+ among all ! ,l>coidea1 n only because x is mu* ri*] 9 diff]5t & peculi> =ms ?an ! o!r families ( ?is section1 b also because x has direct & v complex relations to all ! o!r families ( ,l>coidea4 ,x is ev5 possible t ! ,pylonida repres5t ! orig9al ance/ral gr\p ( ! :ole section1 & t ! app>5tly simpl] gr\p ( ! ,l>c>ida mu/ be d]iv$ f ! =m] by retrogressive metamorphosis4 ,till ! ye> #ahha ! family ,pylonida1 :i* "h n[ exhibits t5 g5]a ) eighty-six species1 0 only repres5t$ by "o s+le species1 accurately describ$ & ext5sively illu/rat$ by ,johannes ,mll] 9 #aheh1 ! well kn[n & widely di/ribut$ cosmopolitan ,tetrapyle octacan?a 7,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #cc1 ,taf4 iii474 ,a slight modification ( x 0 aft]w>ds describ$ by ,ehr5b]g z ,s*izomma quadrilobum 7,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 #ahgb1 ,taf4 ii4 fig4 #ab74 ,a m accurate description ( x1 ) a good explanation ( its *>act]i/ic gr[?1 0 giv5 9 #ahgi by ,ri*>d ,h]twig 9 8 ,organismus d] ,radiol>i5 7pp4 #eb-ed1 ,taf4 iv4 figs4 #g1 #h2 ,taf4 vi4 figs4 #b1 #e74 ,9 my ,prodromus 7#ahha1 p4 #dfc7 ,i con/itut$ = a l>ge numb] ( alli$ species1 detect$ 9 ! ,*all5g] collection1 ! special family ,pylonida1 & di/+ui%$ among x twelve diff]5t g5]a4 ,h[ev]1 ,i ?9k x n[ bett] to re/rict ! def9ition ( ! family z giv5 9 ! above def9ition1 & to remove f x a numb] ( g5]a =m]ly ) x unit$1 z ! g5]a ,triopyle & ,hexapyle1 app]ta9+ to ! ,discoidea4 ,! *>act]i/ic type ( all true ,pylonida is cle>ly demon/rat$ by _! peculi> mode ( gr[?1 ! consequ5ce ( :i* is ! imp]fect lattice-"w ( ! f5e/rat$ l>coid %ell4 ,?is rem>kable gr[? is effect$ by ! developm5t ( elliptical lattic$ girdles 7or r+s71 :i* enclose a q simple1 sph]ical1 subsph]ical1 or l5telliptical primordial %ell4 ,! girdles lie 9 ?ree diff]5t planes1 p]p5dicul> to "o ano!r1 & are ( diff]5t sizes2 ea* girdle be+ some:at l>g] ?an ! =ego+ & some:at small] ?an ! foll[+ girdle4 ,betwe5 ^! lattic$ girdles rema9 on ! surface ( ! %ell l>ge op5+s or gates1 :i* are n clos$ by network1 & x is j ! symmetrical disposition & =m ( ^! op5 gates1 sep>at$ & enclos$ by ! f5e/rat$ girdles1 :i* give to ! ,pylonida _! *>act]i/ic appe>ance4 #fbi,to und]/& cle>ly ?is peculi> con/itution ( ! ,pylonida-%ell by a sy/em ( alt]nat+ girdles1 develop+ "o aft] ! o!r x is indisp5sable to pay c>eful att5tion to ! ?ree diff]5t elliptical dim5sive planes1 :i* *>act]ise all ,l>coidea1 & to ! ?ree diff]5t dim5sive axes1 :i* bisect ^? planes4 ,! girdle :i* fir/ develops ar\nd simple primordial %ell or c5tral *amb] is ! transv]se girdle1 ly+ 9 ! equatorial plane2 !n comes1 secondly1 ! lat]al girdle1 ly+ 9 ! lat]al plane2 & ?irdly foll[s ! sagittal girdle1 ly+ 9 ! sagittal or m$ian plane4 ,! ?ree simple/ g5]a ( ! ,pylonida--,monozonium1 ,dizonium1 ,trizonium--repres5t ^! ?ree diff]5t /ages1 ) "o1 two1 or ?ree girdles4 ,^! ?ree g5]a con/itute ! fir/ subfamily1 ,haplozon>ia 7) "o s+le sy/em ( girdles72 all ?ree girdles lie 9 ! surface ( a simple l5telliptical cortical %ell4 ,f ?is fir/ subfamily ! o!r two subfamilies ( ,pylonida mu/ be d]iv$1 by repetition ( ! same *>act]i/ic process ( gr[?4 ,9 ! ,diplozon>ia a second sy/em ( girdles has be5 develop$1 con/itut+ a second 7out]7 cortical %ell ( l5telliptical =m1 conc5tric ) ! fir/4 ,also 9 ?is second sy/em ! transv]se girdle is fir/ develop$1 secondly ! lat]al girdle1 ?irdly ! sagittal girdle4 ,! ?ree g5]a ,amphipyle1 ,tetrapyle 7) ,octopyle71 & ,pylonium repres5t ^! ?ree diff]5t /ages ( gr[?4 ,commonly ! gr[? ( ! ,pylonida /ops ) ! completion ( ! second sy/em b sometimes ! same process is once repeat$ & a ?ird sy/em ( girdles is =m$1 con/itut+ a ?ird l5telliptical %ell2 9 ?is case also ! succession ( ! ?ree lattic$ girdles is ! same2 fir/ly ! 7?ird7 transv]se girdle is =m$1 secondly ! 7?ird7 lat]al girdle1 & ?irdly ! 7?ird7 sagittal girdle4 ,ea* ( ^! ?ree girdles ( ! ?ird sy/em encloses conc5trically ! correspond+ girdles ( ! second & fir/ sy/em4 ,! ?ree correspond+ g5]a ( ?is ?ird subfamily 7,triplozon>ia7 are ,amphipylonium1 ,tetrapylonium1 & ,pylozonium4 ,b 9 g5]al ?is highe/ numb] ( girdles 7n9e7 is v seldom rea*$2 commonly ! gr[? ( ! ,pylonida /ops ) five girdles 7,tetrapyle & ,octopyle74 ,m ?an n9e girdles ,i h nev] obs]v$1 ?\gh !re rema9s ! possibility ( ! apposition ( a f\r? sy/em ow+ to ! peculi> imp]fect "* ( ! gr[? itself4 ,! c5tral or primordial *amb] ( ! %ell1 ) :i* 9 all ,pylonida ! %ell-build+ comm5ces1 is a q simple1 v small f5e/rat$ %ell4 ,commonly "o sees on ! surface only five to t5 small pores 7?ree to f\r on ! diamet]74 ,its =m seems to be sometimes sph]ical1 sometimes elongat$1 ellipsoidal or probably l5telliptical4 ,x may be orig9ally a small ,c5ol>cus4 ,?is simple c5tral *amb]1 ! true m$ull>y %ell ( ! small ,haplozon>ia1 is q diff]5t f ! m$ull>y %ell ( ! l>g] ,diplozon>ia1 & p>ticul>ly ( ! well-kn[n ,tetrapyle4 ,! =m] obs]v]s1 ,j4 ,mll] z well z ,r4 ,h]twig1 h describ$ 9 ^! =ms also ! m$ull>y %ell z a simple sph]ical or oblong body4 ,b a c>eful #fcj;comp>ison ( _m hundr$ specim5s ( !m & ( _! dim5sions1 has conv9c$ me t ?is 0 an error1 & t ! small sph]ical or elliptical m$ull>y %ell ( ,tetrapyle & ! o!r ,diplozon>ia possesses already ! same complex /ructure1 compos$ ( a sy/em ( ?ree girdles1 z ,trizonium & ,l>nacilla4 ,:il/ 9 ! ,haplozon>ia probably ! simple c5tral *amb] only repres5ts ! m$ull>y %ell 7enclos$ 9 ! c5tral capsule71 & ! fir/ sy/em ( girdles 7complete 9 ,trizonium7 ! ext]nal cortical %ell1 ) ! progressive gr[? ?is latt] becomes enclos$ 9 ! c5tral capsule & s con/itutes ! trizonal m$ull>y %ell ( ! ,diplozon>ia & ,triplozon>ia4 ,a v difficult matt] is ! mode ( connection betwe5 ! cortical & m$ull>y %ell4 ,9 mo/ ( ! ,pylonida x seems t ! fir/ or transv]se girdle 79 ea* sy/em7 is produc$ by ! =mation ( two lat]al w+s or *amb]s 7"o on ea* side ( ! m$ull>y %ell71 s t ea* w+ 7or half girdle7 repres5ts a %ort & wide1 ne>ly cyl9drical tube1 ! axis ( :i* 7) free op5+s on bo? poles7 is p>allel to ! pr9cipal axis ( ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,9 ?is case 7probably ! ord9>y "o7 bo? pr9cipal faces ( ! m$ull>y %ell itself 7dorsal & v5tral face7 con/itute ! middle "p ( ! fir/ girdle :il/ its lat]al p>ts are =m$ by ! w+s 7comp>able to ! lat]al *amb]s ( ,amphi?olus74 ,9 ! second case 7probably a mu* r>] "o7 !re is a free r+-%ap$ space betwe5 ! m$ull>y %ell & ! fir/ 7transv]se7 girdle1 & bo? are connect$ by a small numb] ( v %ort & small radial beams 7,r4 ,h]twig1 loc4 cit41 p4 #eb1 l9e #ai to #ba f above74 ,?is mode ( connection w\ld be ! same z is common betwe5 ! conc5tric %ells ( ! ,sphroidea & ,prunoidea4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ^! two diff]5t modes ( connection is (t5 v difficult4 ,! second or lat]al girdle is commonly n 9 direct connection ) ! m$ull>y %ell1 or only by "s scatt]$ radial beams 7ma9ly 9 ! pr9cipal axis74 ,?is lat]al guide arises by prolongation ( bo? w+s ( ! transv]se girdle 9 ! lat]al plane1 s t f bo? sides 7"r & left7 !y become unit$ on ! poles ( ! pr9cipal axis4 ,! m9or axis ( ! elliptical lat]al r+ 7?us =m$7 is !re=e ! major axis ( ! =ego+ 7transv]se7 elliptical r+2 ! major axes ( bo? are p]p5dicul> "o to ano!r4 ,! major axis ( ! lat]al r+ is ! pr9cipal 7or longitud9al7 axis ( ! :ole body4 ,! ?ird or sagittal girdle becomes develop$ f ! second almo/ 9 ! same mann] z ! second f ! fir/4 ,on bo? poles ( ! pr9cipal axis two lattic$ w+s arise f ! lat]al girdle1 gr[+ fur!r 9 ! direction ( an elliptical r+1 :i* repres5ts ! p]imet] ( ! sagittal plane or m$ian plane4 ,^! w+s are already m5tion$ by ,j4 ,mll] z prom95t ro(s1 protect+ ! gates ( ! ,tetrapyle-%ell4 ,if ^! ro(s gr[ t[>ds ! equatorial plane ( ! %ell & become unit$ 9 pairs on ! poles ( ! sagittal axis1 ! ?ird girdle becomes #fca;complete4 ,r4 ,h]twig supposes t ! m9or axis ( ?is sagittal girdle is con/antly at ! same "t ! major axis ( ! lat]al girdle1 b ?is is n always ! case4 ,v (t5 ! size ( bo? ^! girdles is ne>ly ! same1 or "o is n mu* l>g] ?an ! o!r4 ,9 ?is case ! pr9cipal axis ( ! body is ! major axis ( ! second z well z ( ! ?ird girdle4 ,! *>act]i/ic gates ( ! ,pylonida1 or ! l>ge wide op5+s 9 _! cortical %ell1 rema9+ betwe5 ! cross$ lattic$ girdles1 are 9 g5]al r\ndi%1 sometimes ne>ly circul>1 commonly m elliptical1 kidney-%ap$ or semilun>1 _! special =m v>y+ mu* accord+ to ! diff]5t =m ( ! girdles4 ,! n>r[e/ "p ( ea* girdle1 or its i/hmus1 9 ! case ( ! halves ( ! transv]se girdle is commonly at _! orig9 f ! m$ull>y %ell1 9 ! case ( ! halves ( ! lat]al girdle at ! poles ( ! pr9cipal axis1 & 9 ! case ( ! halves ( ! sagittal girdle at ! poles ( ! sagittal axis4 ,! numb] ( ! gates is q con/ant 9 ! diff]5t g5]a4 ,if only "o girdle 7! transv]se7 be develop$1 we f9d only two l>ge gates1 betwe5 ! two w+s on ! poles ( ! pr9cipal axis 79 ,monozonium1 ,amphipyle1 ,amphipylonium74 ,9 all o!r cases !re are f\r gates 7det]m9+ ! orig9al "n ,tetrapyle71 z well if only two or if all ?ree girdles be complet$4 ,if two girdles be complete 79 ,dizonium1 ,tetrapyle1 ,tetrapylonium7 ! f\r gates lie opposite 9 pairs on ! sagittal faces 7two ant]ior & two po/]ior gates71 & are limit$ by ! transv]se & lat]al girdles4 ,if all ?ree girdles be complete 79 ,trizonium1 ,pylonium1 ,pylozonium7 ! f\r gates lie opposite 9 pairs on ! lat]al faces 7two dorsal & two v5tral gates71 & are limit$ by ! sagittal & ! transv]se girdles4 ,if we turn ! %ell ?r\gh an angle ( #ij1 we h ! same aspect z 9 ! =m] gr\p4 ,a sagittal septum sometimes becomes develop$1 beg9n+ ) two pol> beams1 ris+ f ! poles ( ! pr9cipal axis4 ,if ^! pol> beams become bran*$ & connect$ ) ! middle "p ( ! lat]al girdle1 we get a lattic$ v]tical septum1 :i* divides ! f\r gates ( ,tetrapyle into eight gates1 ,octopyle4 ,! lattice-"w ( ! ,pylonida is commonly v v>iable & irregul>1 ) r\ndi% me%es ( v unequal size1 !re=e )\t value 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! species4 ,commonly ! outside ( ! %ell is ?orny1 & (t5 di/+ui%$ by l>g] radial sp9es1 symmetrically dispos$4 ,we c sep>ate ^! into two gr\ps2 dim5sive sp9es1 ly+ 9 "o ( ! ?ree dim5sive axes 7pr9cipal1 transv]se1 or sagittal71 & diagonal sp9es1 ly+ cross$ 9 pairs 9 diagonal axes4 ,among ^! latt] eight diagonal w+-sp9es1 :i* arise f ! lat]al edges ( ! f\r gates1 are p>ticul>ly rem>kable2 !y are n only *>act]i/ic ( ,tetrapyle octacan?a1 b also ( a l>ge numb] ( o!r ,pylonida1 & =m ! />t+-po9t = _m specific =ms4 ,! %ell ( ! ,pylonida is *>act]is$ by extraord9>y v>iability & great #fcb;incl9ation to individual abnormalities1 =mation ( v>ieties & transitions into o!r families1 h5ce d]iv$1 z ,l>nacida1 ,?olonida1 ,li!lida1 c4 ,! c5tral capsule 9 all ,pylonida1 9 :i* ,i c\ld obs]ve x1 0 a true l5tellipsis 7or a triaxial ellipsoid 9 ! geometrical s5se1 ) ! ?ree unequal isopol> axes ( ! rhombic octah$ron74 ,9 ! liv+ ,pylonida x is commonly col\r$ p9k or sc>let4 ,dur+ gr[? its dim5sions are probably m or less *ang$1 & p]haps ! axes alt]nate4 ,reg>d+ ! relation ( ! c5tral capsule to ! skeleton1 we c di/+ui% two diff]5t gr\ps1 q z 9 ! ne>ly alli$ ,l>nacida4 ,9 ! ,haplozon>ia 7z also 9 ! ,l>nacillida7 ! c5tral capsule encloses only ! c5tral *amb] & is envelop$ by ! fir/ sy/em ( girdles1 :]eas 9 ! ,diplozon>ia & ,triplozon>ia 7z 9 ! ,l>nacalpida7 t trizonal %ell becomes enclos$ 7z ! m$ull>y %ell7 9 ! c5tral capsule1 :i* is n[ envelop$ by ! second sy/em ( girdles z ! cortical %ell4 ,synopsis ( ! ,g5]a ( ,pylonida4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,i4 ,subfamily ,haplozon>ia4 ,"o sy/em ( girdles4 ,m$ull>y %ell simple1 sph]ical or l5telliptical2 cortical %ell simple1 ) "o1 two1 or ?ree girdles4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,cortical %ell only ) "o lattic$ 7transv]se7 girdle1 #bgi4 ,monozonium4 ,cortical %ell ) two p]fect girdles 7transv]se & lat]al71 #bhj4 ,dizonium4 ,cortical %ell ) ?ree p]fect girdles 7transv]se1 lat]al1 & sagittal71 #bha4 ,trizonium4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,ii4 ,subfamily ,diplozon>ia4 ,two sy/ems ( conc5tric girdles4 ,m$ull>y %ell trizonal1 ) ?ree p]fect girdles2 cortical %ell simple1 ) "o1 two or ?ree girdles4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,cortical %ell only ) "o p]fect 7transv]se7 girdle1 #bhb4 ,amphipyle4 ,cortical %ell ) two ,f\r gates simple1 #bhc4 ,tetrapyle4 p]fect girdles 7! transv]se & lat]al74 ,f\r gates bisect$ by a sagittal septum1 #bhd4 ,octopyle4 ,cortical %ell ) ?ree p]fect girdles 7transv]se1 lat]al1 & sagittal71 #bhe4 ,pylonium4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,iii4 ,subfamily ,triplozon>ia4 ,?ree sy/ems ( conc5tric girdles4 ,m$ull>y %ell trizonal1 ) ?ree p]fect girdles1 q z ! inn] cortical %ell2 out] cortical %ell ) "o1 two1 or ?ree girdles4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,out] cortical %ell 7?ird sy/em7 only ) "o p]fect 7transv]se7 girdle1 #bhf4 ,amphipylonium4 ,out] cortical %ell ) two p]fect girdles 7transv]se & lat]al71 #bhg4 ,tetrapylonium4 ,out] cortical %ell ) ?ree p]fect girdles 7transv]se1 lat]al1 & sagittal71 #bhh4 ,pylozonium4 ,subfamily #a4 ,,haplozon>ia1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pylonida ) "o s+le sy/em ( f5e/rat$ girdles 7) "o1 two1 or ?ree girdles1 ly+ 9 "o l5telliptical face74 #fcc;,g5us #bgi4 ,monozonium1#cah n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,pylonida ) simple1 sph]ical or subsph]ical1 c5tral *amb]1 surr\nd$ by "o s+le 7transv]se7 lattic$ girdle4 ,! g5us ,monozonium is ! mo/ simple & primitive ( all ,pylonida1 & may be reg>d$ z _! common ance/ral =m2 x may probably be d]iv$ phylog5etically ei!r directly f ,c5osphra or f ,l5tellipsis1 ei!r by apposition ( two imp]fect lat]al *amb]s1 or by surr\nd+ x ) an equatorial lattic$ girdle4 ,?is transv]se girdle is compos$ ( ?ree p>ts1 ! c5tral *amb] & two lat]al w+s1 :i* repres5t two %ort holl[ lattic$ tubes1 ! axes ( :i* are p>allel to ! pr9cipal axis4 ,on bo? pr9cipal sides 7on ! ant]ior & po/]ior faces7 !re are two l>ge op5 gates z 9 ,amphipyle4 ,if we imag9e ! op5+s ( ! tube-%ap$ lat]al w+s clos$ by lattice-"w1 ,monozonium becomes trans=m$ into ,?ol>tus1 ! mo/ simple =m ( ,?olonida4 ,probably 9 all ,pylonida ! ontog5y ( ! %ell beg9s ) ! =mation ( a ,monozonium4 ,subg5us #a4 ,monozon>is1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,%ell smoo? or r\gh1 )\t radial sp9es or ?orns4 #a4 ,monozonium primordiale1 n4 sp4 ,c5tral *amb] ( ! %ell sph]ical1 smoo?1 ) ?ree to f\r pores on ! half equator4 ,bo? w+s ( ! girdle ( ! same bread?1 b ( twice ! l5g? ( ! c5tral *amb]1 ) ?ree to f\r longitud9al r[s ( pores4 ,no radial sp9es4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! c5tral *amb] #j4jb2 bread? ( ! w+s #j4jb1 l5g? #j4jd2 pores & b>s #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 #b4 ,monozonium alatum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #i1 fig4 #a74 ,c5tral *amb] ( ! %ell l5telliptical1 smoo?1 "o & a half times z long z broad1 ) ?ree to f\r pores on ! half equator4 ,bo? w+s ( ! girdle twice z broad1 & some:at long] ?an ! c5tral *amb]1 ) five to six longitud9al r[s ( pores4 ,no radial sp9es4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! c5tral *amb] #j4jc1 bread? #j4jb2 bread? ( ! w+s #j4jd1 l5g? #j4je2 pores & b>s #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bda1 surface4 ,monozonium h>t+ii ,haliomma amphiaspis1 ,h>t+1 #ahfc 7,l4 ,n4 #ah1 p4 #ae1 pl4 #b1 fig4 #dc74 #fcd,subg5us #b4 ,monozonitis1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,%ell ) radial sp9es or ?orns1 symmetrically dispos$4 #c4 ,monozonium pleuro/ylum1 n4 sp4 ,c5tral *amb] sph]ical1 smoo?1 ) f\r to five pores on ! half equator4 ,bo? w+s ( ! girdle ( ! same bread?1 b some:at long] ?an ! c5tral *amb]1 ) f\r to five longitud9al r[s ( pores4 ,on ! poles ( ! lat]al axis two opposite /rong conical sp9es 7"o 9 ! middle ( ea* w+74 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! c5tral *amb] #j4jbe2 bread? ( ! w+s #j4jbe1 l5g? #j4jc2 pores & b>s #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfe1 surface4 #d4 ,monozonium amphi/ylum1 n4 sp4 ,c5tral *amb] l5telliptical1 "o & a half times z long z broad1 ) ?ree to f\r pores on ! half equator4 ,bread? & l5g? ( ea* w+ some:at great] ?an t ( ! c5tral *amb]4 ,on ! latt] two /rong conical sp9es1 opposite on ! poles ( ! pr9cipal or longitud9al axis4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! c5tral *amb] #j4jc1 bread? #j4jb2 bread? ( ! w+s #j4jbe1 l5g? #j4jd2 pores & b>s #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccb1 surface4 #e4 ,monozonium /auro/ylum1 n4 sp4 ,c5tral *amb] l5telliptical1 "o & a ?ird times z long z broad1 ) f\r to five pores on ! half equator4 ,bo? w+s ( ! girdle h ! same bread?1 b "o & a half times ! l5g? ( ! c5tral *amb]4 ,f\r conical radial sp9es1 two opposite on ! poles ( ! lat]al1 two on ! poles ( ! pr9cipal axis4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! c5tral *amb] #j4jbh1 bread? #j4jba2 bread? ( ! w+s #j4jb1 l5g? #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bie1 surface4 ,g5us #bhj4 ,dizonium1#cai n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,pylonida ) simple1 sph]ical or subsph]ical1 c5tral *amb]1 surr\nd$ by two cross$ lattic$ girdles1 "o small] 7prim>y7 transv]se & "o l>g] 7second>y7 lat]al girdle4 ,! g5us ,dizonium diff]s f ! prec$+ ,monozonium 9 ! possession ( two cross$ elliptical lattice-girdles4 ,! small] girdle1 imm$iately surr\nd+ ! #fce;c5tral *amb]1 is ! transv]se girdle 7! s+le girdle ( ,monozonium74 ,on ! poles ( its major axis 7! transv]se axis7 x is connect$ ) ! l>g] girdle1 ! elliptical p]imet] ( :i* circumscribes ! lat]al plane4 ,! m9or axis ( ?is latt] is ! major axis ( ! =m]4 ,betwe5 ! two cross$ girdles rema9 f\r l>g] op5+s or gates1 q z 9 ,tetrapyle4 ,b :il/ 9 ,tetrapyle ! enclos$ m$ull>y %ell is a trizonal ,l>nacilla-%ell1 "h 9 ,dizonium x is a simple sph]ical or l5telliptical *amb]4 ,subg5us #a4 ,dizon>is1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,%ell smoo? or r\gh1 )\t radial sp9es or ?orns4 #a4 ,dizonium circul>e1 n4 sp4 ,c5tral *amb] ( ! %ell sph]ical1 smoo?1 ) f\r to five pores on ! half equator4 ,lat]al girdle circul>1 ?ree times z broad z ! =m]4 ,f\r gates semilun>1 twice z broad z high4 ,no radial sp9es4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! c5tral *amb] #j4jb1 ( ! lat]al girdle #j4jf2 height ( ! gates #j4jb1 bread? #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgd1 surface4 #b4 ,dizonium ellipticum1 n4 sp4 ,c5tral *amb] ( ! %ell elliptical1 smoo?1 ) ?ree to f\r pores on ! half equator4 ,lat]al girdle elliptical1 ?ree times z long & broad z ! c5tral *amb]4 ,f\r gates kidney-%ap$1 twice z broad z high4 ,no radial sp9es4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! c5tral *amb] #j4jc1 bread? #j4jb2 l5g? ( ! lat]al girdle #j4ji1 bread? #j4jf2 height ( ! gates #j4jb1 bread? #j4jch4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bhh1 surface4 #c4 ,dizonium transv]sum1 n4 sp4 ,c5tral *amb] ( ! %ell sph]ical1 r\gh1 ) five to six pores on ! half equator4 ,lat]al girdle transv]se-elliptical1 s t its long] axis corresponds to ! lat]al axis ( ! transv]se girdle1 & equals f\r times ! diamet] ( ! c5tral *amb]4 ,f\r gates kidney-%ap$1 f\r times z broad z high4 ,no radial sp9es4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! c5tral *amb] #j4jb2 l5g? ( ! lat]al girdle #j4je1 bread? #j4jh2 height ( ! gates #j4ja1 bread? #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgd1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #fcf,subg5us #b4 ,dizonitis1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,%ell ) radial sp9es or ?orns1 symmetrically dispos$4 #d4 ,dizonium pleuracan?um1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #i1 fig4 #b74 ,c5tral *amb] ( ! %ell ne>ly sph]ical1 smoo?4 ,lat]al girdle elliptical1 "o & a ?ird times z long z broad1 ?ree times z long z ! c5tral *amb]4 ,f\r gates transv]se-elliptical1 "o & a half times z broad z high4 ,two conical sp9es1 opposite on ! poles ( ! lat]al axis4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! c5tral *amb] #j4jc2 l5g? ( ! lat]al girdle #j4a1 bread? #j4jge2 height ( ! gates #j4jbf1 bread? #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,we/]n ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbd1 dep? #ahej fa?oms4 #e4 ,dizonium amphacan?um1 n4 sp4 ,c5tral *amb] elliptical4 ,lat]al girdle elliptical1 twice z long z broad4 ,f\r gates he>t-%ap$1 ab\t z high z broad4 ,two conical sp9es1 opposite on ! poles ( ! pr9cipal axis4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! c5tral *amb] #j4jc1 bread? #j4jb2 l5g? ( ! lat]al girdle #j4a1 bread? #j4je2 height & bread? ( ! gates #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgj1 dep? #bibe fa?oms4 #f4 ,dizonium /auracan?um1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #i1 fig4 #c74 ,c5tral *amb] sph]ical4 ,lat]al girdle elliptical1 "o & a ?ird times z long z broad4 ,f\r gates elliptical1 "o & a half times z broad z high1 halv$ by an axial beam 7z 9 ,octopyle74 ,f\r conical radial sp9es opposite 9 pairs1 two on ! poles ( ! pr9cipal1 two on ! poles ( ! transv]se axis4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! c5tral *amb] #j4jbe2 l5g? ( ! lat]al girdle #j4ji1 bread? #j4jf2 height ( ! gates #j4jbd1 bread? #j4jcf4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccb1 dep? #bbjj fa?oms4 #g4 ,dizonium octacan?um1 n4 sp4 ,c5tral *amb] sph]ical4 ,lat]al girdle elliptical1 "o & a half times z long z broad4 ,f\r gates kidney-%ap$1 twice z broad z high4 ,eight radial sp9es1 opposite 9 pairs 9 two cross$ diagonal planes4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! c5tral *amb] #j4jb2 l5g? ( ! lat]al girdle #j4jge1 bread? #j4je2 height ( ! gates #j4jb1 bread? #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgb1 surface4 #fcg;,g5us #bha4 ,trizonium1#cbj n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,pylonida ) simple1 sph]ical or subsph]ical1 c5tral *amb]1 surr\nd$ by ?ree lattic$ girdles1 "o small] 7prim>y7 transv]se1 "o l>g] 7second>y7 lat]al1 & "o 7t]ti>y7 sagittal girdle4 ,! g5us ,trizonium repres5ts ! mo/ highly develop$ =m ( ! ,haplozon>ia1 ) ?ree complete elliptical lattic$ girdles1 cross$ at "r angles & ly+ 9 ! p]imet] ( ! ?ree dim5sive planes4 ,commonly ! fir/ 7transv]se7 girdle is ! smalle/1 imm$iately connect$ ) ! sph]ical or l5telliptical c5tral *amb]4 ,! m9or axis ( ! second 7lat]al7 girdle is id5tical ) ! major axis ( ! fir/ girdle4 ,! ?ird 7sagittal7 girdle is ei!r l>g] ?an bo? o!rs1 or int]m$iate betwe5 !m4 ,if ! f\r gates betwe5 ! girdles become aft]w>ds clos$ by lattice-"w1 ! trizonal %ell ( ,trizonium passes ov] into ! typical ,l>nacilla1 ! ance/ral =m ( a great _m ,l>coidea4 ,subg5us #a4 ,trizon>is1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,%ell smoo? or r\gh1 )\t radial sp9es or ?orns4 #a4 ,trizonium tric9ctum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #i1 fig4 #d74 ,c5tral *amb] ( ! %ell elliptical4 ,lat]al girdle elliptical1 "o & a half times z long z broad4 ,f\r gates kidney-%ap$1 "o & a half times z broad z high4 ,t5 to elev5 pores on ! half equator1 f\rte5 to sixte5 on ! half m]idian ( ! l5telliptical %ell4 ,no radial sp9es on ! surface4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! c5tral *amb] #j4jbd1 bread? #j4jaf2 l5g? ( ! lat]al girdle #j4jge1 bread? #j4je2 height ( ! f\r gates #j4jbf1 bread? #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgb1 dep? #bfjj fa?oms4 #b4 ,trizonium con/rictum1 n4 sp4 ,c5tral *amb] elliptical4 ,lat]al girdle viol9-%ap$1 on bo? sides 9 ! middle con/rict$1 twice z long z broad4 ,f\r gates transv]se-elliptical1 twice z broad z high4 ,eight to n9e pores on ! half equator1 twelve to ?irte5 on ! half m]idian4 ,no radial sp9es4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! c5tral *amb] #j4jc1 bread? #j4jb2 l5g? ( ! lat]al girdle #j4ji1 bread? 79 ! middle7 #j4jde2 height ( ! gates #j4jbb1 bread? #j4jdd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfc1 surface4 #fchc4 ,trizonium hexagonium1 n4 sp4 ,c5tral *amb] sph]ical4 ,lat]al girdle hexagonal1 ) p>allel sides1 twice z long z broad4 ,f\r gates triangul>1 twice z broad z high4 ,elev5 to twelve pores on ! half equator1 sixte5 to eighte5 on ! half m]idian4 ,no radial sp9es4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! c5tral *amb] #j4jbe2 l5g? ( ! lat]al girdle #j4jh1 bread? #j4jd2 height ( ! gates #j4jah1 bread? #j4jcf4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bff1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #d4 ,trizonium octogonium1 n4 sp4 ,c5tral *amb] sph]ical4 ,lat]al girdle octagonal2 two lat]al sides ( ! octagon twice z long z ! two pol> sides & ! f\r diagonal sides4 ,f\r gates hexagonal1 "o & a half times z broad z high4 ,n9e to t5 pores on ! half equator1 twelve to f\rte5 on ! half m]idian4 ,no radial sp9es4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! c5tral *amb] #j4jb2 l5g? ( ! lat]al girdle #j4ja1 bread? #j4jg2 height ( ! gates #j4jd1 bread? #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 surface2 ,ceylon1 ,haeckel4 ,subg5us #b4 ,trizonitis1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,%ell ) radial sp9es or ?orns1 symmetrically dispos$4 #e4 ,trizonium pleurobelonium1 n4 sp4 ,c5tral *amb] sph]ical4 ,lat]al girdle elliptical1 "o & a ?ird times z long z broad4 ,f\r gates ne>ly circul>4 ,t5 to elev5 pores on ! half equator1 fifte5 to sixte5 on ! half m]idian4 ,two opposite conical sp9es on ! poles ( ! lat]al axis4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! c5tral *amb] #j4jb2 l5g? ( ! lat]al girdle #j4jh1 bread? #j4jf2 height & bread? ( ! gates #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 (f ,bu5os ,ayres1 ,/ation #cbc1 dep? #aijj fa?oms4 #f4 ,trizonium amphibelonium1 n4 sp4 8 ,e*9osphra datura1 ,r4 ,h]twig 7p>tim71 #ahgi1 ,organismus d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ed1 ,taf4 iv4 figs4 #h1 #h;a4 ,c5tral *amb] l5telliptical4 ,lat]al girdle lanceolate1 ne>ly "o & a half times z long z broad4 ,f\r gates subtriangul>4 ,eight to n9e pores on ! half equator1 t5 to twelve on ! half m]idian4 ,two opposite ?9 & long sp9es on ! poles ( ! pr9cipal axis1 num]\s %ort] radial sp9es on ! :ole surface4 ,possibly ?is species is id5tical ) "o ( ! ?ree diff]5t ,l>coidea :i* ,r4 ,h]twig has describ$ z ,e*9osphra datura4 ,8 fig4 #h1 ,taf4 iv41 w\ld be ! aspect f ! sagittal girdle4 #fci;,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! c5tral *amb] #j4jd1 bread? #j4jbe2 l5g? ( ! lat]al girdle #j4aa1 bread? #j4jh2 height ( ! gates #j4jc1 bread? #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,g5oa71 ,haeckel1 7,mess9a71 ,r4 ,h]twig1 surface2 ,tropical ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdh1 surface4 #g4 ,trizonium /aurobelonium1 n4 sp4 ,c5tral *amb] sph]ical1 ) two opposite pol> beams4 ,lat]al girdle elliptical1 "o & a half times z long z broad4 ,f\r gates transv]se-elliptical1 half z high z broad4 ,t5 to elev5 pores on ! half equator1 f\rte5 to fifte5 on ! half m]idian4 ,f\r conical radial sp9es1 two on ! poles ( ! lat]al1 two on ! poles ( ! pr9cipal axis4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! c5tral *amb] #j4jb2 l5g? ( ! lat]al girdle #j4jge1 bread? #j4je2 height ( ! gates #j4jad1 bread? #j4jbh4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bda1 dep? #bcjj fa?oms4 #h4 ,trizonium hexabelonium1 n4 sp4 ,c5tral *amb] elliptical4 ,lat]al girdle hexagonal1 "o & a half times z long z broad4 ,f\r gates rhombic1 two-?irds z high z broad4 ,eight to n9e pores on ! half equator1 twelve to ?irte5 on ! half m]idian4 ,six radial sp9es 9 ! lat]al plane1 opposite 9 pairs on ! six corn]s ( ! lat]al girdle 7two pr9cipal & f\r diagonal74 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! c5tral *amb] #j4jbd1 bread? #j4jah2 l5g? ( ! lat]al girdle #j4jf1 bread? #j4jd2 height ( ! gates #j4jb1 bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfc1 dep? #bfej fa?oms4 #i4 ,trizonium octobelonium1 n4 sp4 ,c5tral *amb] elliptical4 ,lat]al girdle hexagonal1 "o & "o-?ird times z long z broad4 ,f\r gates kidney-%ap$ or ne>ly rhombic1 twice z broad z high4 ,elev5 to twelve pores on ! half equator1 sixte5 to sev5te5 on ! half m]idian4 ,eight radial sp9es1 opposite 9 pairs 9 two cross$ diagonal planes4 7,an int]m$iate /age betwe5 ,dizonium octacan?um & ,amphipyle octo/yle47 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! c5tral *amb] #j4jc1 bread? #j4jbd2 l5g? ( ! lat]al girdle #j4ji1 bread? #j4jg2 height ( ! gates #j4jbe1 bread? #j4je4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,madagasc>1 ,rabbe1 surface4 #aj4 ,trizonium decabelonium1 n4 sp4 ,c5tral *amb] elliptical4 ,lat]al girdle hexagonal1 "o & a half times z long z broad4 ,f\r gates rhombic1 twice z broad z high4 ,twelve to ?irte5 pores on ! half equator1 sev5te5 to eighte5 on ! half m]idian4 ,t5 radial sp9es1 two opposite on ! two poles ( ! pr9cipal axis1 eight o!rs opposite 9 pairs 9 two cross$ diagonal planes4 #fdj;,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! c5tral *amb] #j4jd1 bread? #j4jc2 l5g? ( ! lat]al girdle #j4ab1 bread? #j4jh2 height ( ! gates #j4jc1 bread? #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cec1 surface4 #aa4 ,trizonium dodecabelos1 n4 sp4 ,c5tral *amb] sph]ical4 ,lat]al girdle octagonal1 ne>ly twice an long z broad4 ,f\r gates hexagonal1 "o & a half times z broad z high4 ,n9e to t5 pores on ! half equator1 fifte5 to sixte5 on ! half m]idian4 ,twelve radial sp9es1 f\r 9 ! lat]al plane1 9 pairs on bo? sides ( ! poles ( ! pr9cipal axis1 eight o!rs opposite 9 pairs 9 two cross$ diagonal axes4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! c5tral *amb] #j4jbe2 l5g? ( ! lat]al girdle #j4a1 bread? #j4jf2 height ( ! gates #j4jcc1 bread? #j4je4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgb1 surface4 ,subfamily #b4 ,,diplozon>ia1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pylonida ) two conc5tric sy/ems ( f5e/rat$ girdles1 ly+ 9 two conc5tric l5telliptical faces 7e "o sy/em ) "o to ?ree girdles1 ly+ 9 "o l5telliptical face74 ,g5us #bhb4 ,amphipyle1#cba ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfc4 ,def9ition4--,pylonida ) trizonal l5telliptical m$ull>y %ell1 surr\nd$ by "o s+le 7transv]se7 lattic$ cortical girdle4 ,! g5us ,amphipyle op5s ! l>ge s]ies ( ,diplozon>ia1 compris+ all ,pylonida1 ! %ell ( :i* is compos$ ( two conc5tric sy/ems ( lattic$ girdles2 ! fir/ sy/em con/itut+ ! *>act]i/ic trizonal m$ull>y %ell or ,l>nacilla-%ell2 ! second sy/em compos$ ( "o to ?ree girdles ( ! second ord]4 ,! fir/ sy/em lies inside1 ! second outside ! c5tral capsule4 ,9 ,amphipyle only ! fir/ 7transv]se7 girdle ( ! second sy/em becomes develop$1 & !re=e on bo? poles ( ! pr9cipal axis are two l>ge op5 gates4 ,amphipyle repeats ! two-w+$ =m ( ,monozonium2 b :il/ ! m$ull>y %ell 9 ?is latt] is a simple c5tral *amb]1 x is "h a trizonal ,l>nacilla-%ell4 ,subg5us #a4 ,amphipylissa1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,cortical %ell smoo? or ?orny1 b )\t l>ge1 symmetrically dispos$ sp9es4 #fdaa4 ,amphipyle ac]os1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell q smoo?1 )\t any sp9es or ?orns4 ,bo? lat]al w+s 7or opposite half girdles7 semilun>1 ) convex lat]al cre/1 ?ree times z long z broad2 twice z broad z ! trizonal l5telliptical m$ull>y %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je1 bread? #j4jc2 l5g? ( ea* lat]al w+ 7or pr9cipal dim5sion ( ! lattic$ girdle7 #j4ah1 bread? ( x 7or transv]se dim5sion ( ea* girdle-tube7 #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 #b4 ,amphipyle /5opt]a1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell smoo?1 )\t sp9es4 ,bo? lat]al w+s ( ! same bread? z ! l5telliptical m$ull>y %ell1 b five times z long z broad1 prolong$ on bo? ends into cyl9drical lattic$ tubes1 ) rectil9e> lat]al cre/4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jf1 bread? #j4jd2 l5g? ( ea* cyl9drical lat]al w+ #j4b1 bread? #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 (f ,asc5sion ,isl&1 ,/ation #cdc1 surface4 #c4 ,amphipyle platypt]a1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?orny1 b )\t l>g] sp9es4 ,bo? lat]al w+s ne>ly triangul>1 v broad & %ort1 f\r times z broad z ! m$ull>y %ell betwe5 !m1 & only twice z long z broad1 ) rectil9e> lat]al cre/4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je1 bread? #j4be2 l5g? ( ea* lat]al w+ #j4ah1 bread? #j4ji4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,ceylon1 ,haeckel1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,amphipylura1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,cortical %ell arm$ ) l>ge1 symmetrically dispos$ sp9es4 #d4 ,amphipyle amphic]os1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ) two conical sp9es on ! poles ( ! longitud9al axis 7( ! l5telliptical m$ull>y %ell71 )\t o!r l>ge sp9es1 b ) small ?orns on ! surface2 two to ?ree longitud9al r[s ( irregul>1 r\ndi% pores on ea* half w+ ( ! cortical girdle4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell 7or pr9cipal axis7 #j4jf1 bread? 7or transv]se axis7 #j4jd2 l5g? ( ea* lat]al w+ #j4b1 bread? ( x #j4je4 ,habitat4--,we/]n ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbb1 surface4 #fdbe4 ,amphipyle tetrac]os1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #i1 fig4 #e74 ,cortical %ell ) smoo? surface1 & ) f\r /rong conical sp9es 9 ! lat]al plane1 opposite 9 pairs on ! ends ( ! concave lat]al cre/s 7"o pair on ! end-po9ts ( ! lat]al l9e ( ea* w+72 f\r to five longitud9al r[s ( irregul>1 r\ndi% pores on ea* half w+ ( ! cortical girdle4 ,surface ( ! m$ull>y %ell sp9y4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jh1 bread? ( ! same #j4je2 l5g? ( ea* lat]al w+ #j4af1 bread? #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 #f4 ,amphipyle /auroc]os1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ) f\r /rong conical sp9es1 two on ! poles ( ! longitud9al axis1 two opposite on ! poles ( ! transv]se axis 7p]p5dicul> to ! =m]74 ,?ree to f\r longitud9al r[s ( irregul>1 r\ndi% pores on ea* half w+ ( ! cortical girdle1 ab\t six pores 9 ! longe/ r[4 ,lat]al cre/ convex4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je1 bread? #j4jc2 l5g? ( ea* lat]al w+ #j4ae1 bread? #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #g4 ,amphipyle amphipt]a1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #i1 fig4 #g74 ,cortical %ell ) six /rong conical sp9es1 ly+ 9 ! lat]al plane 9 ?ree p>allel longitud9al l9es2 two on ! poles ( ! longitud9al axis1 two o!rs on ! poles ( ! w+ axes1 :i* are p>allel to ! =m]4 ,two to ?ree longitud9al r[s ( irregul>1 r\ndi% pores on ea* half w+ ( ! cortical girdle1 ab\t eight pores 9 ! longe/ r[4 ,lat]al cre/ convex1 ?orny4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jf1 bread? #j4jde2 l5g? ( ea* lat]al w+ #j4ji1 bread? #j4jce4 ,habitat4--,we/]n ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbd1 surface4 #h4 ,amphipyle hexac]os1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?orny1 ) six /rong conical sp9es ly+ 9 ! lat]al plane2 two on ! poles ( ! lat]al axis 79 ! c5tral po9t ( ea* w+71 two on ! end-po9ts ( ! triangul> cre/ ( ea* w+ 7on bo? poles ( ! longitud9al w+-axis74 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jf1 bread? #j4jd2 l5g? ( ea* lat]al w+ #j4ac1 bread? #j4jg4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bia1 surface4 #fdci4 ,amphipyle octoc]os1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?orny1 ) eight long radial sp9es1 ly+ 9 two cross$ diagonal planes1 opposite 9 pairs4 ,^! eight horns are ! prolongations ( ! ant]ior & po/]ior edges ( ea* w+1 on bo? sides ( its lat]al plane2 !y are ( great importance1 z appe>+ 7by h]$ity7 9 _m o!r ,pylonida 7e4g41 9 ,tetrapyle octacan?a74 ,lat]al cre/ ( ea* w+ )\t sp9es1 slightly convex4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jg1 bread? #j4je2 l5g? ( ea* lat]al w+ #j4ae1 bread? #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ations #bgj to #bgd1 surface4 #aj4 ,amphipyle cladoc]os1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell sp9y1 ) eight /rong ramifi$ radial sp9es1 ly+ 9 ! same two cross$ diagonal planes z 9 ! prec$+ species4 ,x diff]s f ?is 9 ! ramification ( ! eight horns1 :i* be> six to n9e irregul> lat]al bran*es1 p>tly simple1 p>tly bifurcate4 ,lat]al cre/ ( ea* w+ sp9y1 convex4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jf1 bread? #j4jde2 l5g? ( ea* lat]al w+ 7)\t sp9es7 #j4b1 bread? #j4ji4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 surface1 ,madagasc>1 ,rabbe4 #aa4 ,amphipyle decac]os1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell sp9y1 ) t5 /rong conical sp9es2 eight ly+ 9 two cross$ diagonal planes1 9 ! same disposition 7opposite 9 pairs7 z 9 bo? prec$+ species2 two o!rs opposite on ! poles ( ! pr9cipal axis1 aris+ f bo? poles ( ! m$ull>y %ell 7columella-beams74 ,sp9y cre/ ( ! w+s convex1 semilun>4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jd1 bread? #j4jc2 l5g? ( ea* lat]al w+ #j4ab1 bread? #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ced1 surface4 #ab4 ,amphipyle dodecac]os1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?orny1 ) twelve l>ge cyl9drical sp9es2 eight ly+ 9 two cross$ diagonal planes1 9 ! same disposition 7opposite 9 pairs7 z 9 ! ?ree prec$+ species2 f\r o!rs cross$ at "r angles 9 ! lat]al plane1 two opposite on ! poles ( ! pr9cipal1 two on ! poles ( ! lat]al axis 7! latt] %ort]74 ,bo? lat]al w+s ne>ly rhombic4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jf1 bread? #j4jd2 l5g? ( ! lat]al w+s #j4ae1 bread? #j4je4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 coa/ ( ,brazil1 ,rabbe1 surface4 #fddac4 ,amphipyle callizona1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #i1 fig4 #f74 ,cortical %ell smoo?1 ) sixte5 /rong & %ort conical sp9es1 ly+ opposite 9 pairs 9 two cross$ diagonal planes2 ea* lat]al w+ f\r-sid$ prismatic1 its lat]al face concave1 bo? ends truncat$1 & ea* end provid$ ) f\r div]g5t sp9es4 ,l5g? ( ! w+s some:at great]1 b bread? small]1 ?an t ( ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jg1 bread? #j4je2 l5g? ( ! lat]al w+s #j4ji1 bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,we/]n ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbe1 dep? #ddge fa?oms4 ,g5us #bhc4 ,tetrapyle1#cbb ,j4 ,mll]1 #aheh1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #aed4 ,def9ition4--,pylonida ) trizonal l5telliptical m$ull>y %ell1 surr\nd$ by two cross$ lattic$ cortical girdles1 "o small] 7prim>y7 transv]se1 & "o l>g] 7second>y7 lat]al girdle4 ,f\r gates betwe5 ! two cortical girdles simple1 )\t a sagittal septum4 ,! g5us ,tetrapyle1 till #ahha ! only kn[n g5us ( ! :ole family1 0 f\nd$ by ,johannes ,mll] 9 #aheh1 & cle>ly illu/rat$ by ! ,m$it]ranean 7& common cosmopolitan7 ,tetrapyle octacan?a1 hi!rto ! be/ kn[n type ( ?is family4 ,aft]w>ds 7#ahfj1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #hcb7 ,ehr5b]g f\nd$ ! g5us ,s*izomma = a ne>ly alli$ =m1 :i* exhibits only slight specific diff]5ces 7comp>e my ,monograph1 #ahfb1 p4 #dcd74 ,"s good rem>ks on ! /ructure ( ?is typical g5us & its relations to o!r ,pylonida are to be f\nd 9 ,ri*>d ,h]twig's ,organismus1 c41 #ahgi1 p4 #eb1 b ! true trizonal /ructure ( ! m$ull>y %ell 9 ?is g5us 0 n recognis$ by him1 s t 8 description agrees m ) ,dizonium4 ,we conf9e "h ! g5us ,tetrapyle to ^? ,pylonida = :i* ,tetrapyle octacan?a ( ,j4 ,mll] rema9s ! det]m9+ type2 ! cortical %ell is compos$ only ( two p]fect lattice-girdles 7! transv]se & lat]al71 betwe5 :i* f\r wide gates rema9 op54 ,?is /ructure is simil> to t ( ,dizonium2 b :il/ "h ! m$ull>y %ell is a simple c5tral *amb]1 9 ,tetrapyle x is a complete trizonal or ,l>nacilla-%ell4 ,subg5us #a4 ,tetrapylissa1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,cortical %ell smoo? or ?orny1 b )\t l>ge1 symmetrically dispos$ sp9es4 #fdea4 ,tetrapyle circul>is1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #i1 fig4 #h74 ,cortical %ell r\gh1 )\t radial sp9es4 ,lat]al girdle circul>1 !re=e ! longitud9al axis is equal to ! transv]se4 ,f\r gates kidney-%ap$1 twice z broad z high4 ,9 ea* half w+ ( ! transv]se girdle six to sev5 longitud9al r[s ( irregul>1 r\ndi% pores4 ,dim5sions4--,m$ull>y %ell #j4je long1 #j4jd broad2 cortical %ell #j4ae long & broad2 gates #j4jd high1 #j4jh broad4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfc1 surface4 #b4 ,tetrapyle circopyle1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell smoo?1 )\t radial sp9es4 ,lat]al girdle elliptical1 "o & a half times z long z broad4 ,f\r gates ne>ly circul>4 ,on ea* half w+ ( ! transv]se girdle f\r to five r[s ( subregul>1 circul> pores4 7,simil> to ,tetrapyle pleuracan?a1 ,pl4 #i1 fig4 #i1 b )\t lat]al sp9es47 ,dim5sions4--,m$ull>y %ell #j4jd long1 #j4jc broad2 cortical %ell #j4af long1 #j4aa broad2 gates #j4je high & broad4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #c4 ,tetrapyle quadriloba1 ,haeckel4 ,tetrapyle quadriloba1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dcf4 ,s*izomma quadrilobum1 ,ehr5b]g1 #ahfj1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #hae2 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 #ahgb1 ,taf4 x4 figs4 #ab-ad4 ,cortical %ell ?orny1 )\t regul>1 radial sp9es4 ,lat]al girdle elliptical1 "o & a half times z long z broad4 ,f\r gates ne>ly circul>4 ,on ea* half w+ ( ! transv]se girdle ?ree to f\r r[s ( irregul>1 r\ndi% pores4 ,dim5sions4--,m$ull>y %ell #j4jf long1 #j4jd broad2 cortical %ell #j4af long1 #j4a broad2 diamet] ( ! gates #j4je4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,m$it]ranean1 ,atlantic1 ,indian ,ocean1 ,pacific1 surface4 #d4 ,tetrapyle nephropyle1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?orny1 )\t radial sp9es4 ,lat]al girdle elliptical1 "o & a ?ird times z long z broad4 ,f\r gates kidney-%ap$1 ne>ly twice z broad z high1 ) two prom95t pol> sp9es on ! poles ( ! longitud9al axis ( ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,on ea* half w+ ( ! transv]se girdle ?ree to f\r longitud9al r[s ( l>ge r\ndi% pores4 ,dim5sions4--,m$ull>y %ell #j4jf long1 #j4jd broad2 cortical %ell #j4bd long1 #j4ah broad2 gates #j4je high1 #j4jh broad4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 #fdfe4 ,tetrapyle c>diopyle1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell r\gh1 )\t radial sp9es4 ,lat]al girdle ) hexagonal cont\r1 ne>ly cyl9drical 9 ! middle "p1 conical at bo? ends1 twice z long z broad4 ,f\r gates he>t-%ap$1 ab\t z high z broad4 ,on ea* half w+ ( ! transv]se girdle ?ree to f\r longitud9al r[s ( subregul>1 polygonal pores4 ,dim5sions4--,m$ull>y %ell #j4jd long1 #j4jb broad2 cortical %ell #j4ad long1 #j4jg broad2 gates #j4je high & broad4 ,habitat4--,ea/]n ,tropical ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdh1 dep? 7#bdej7 fa?oms4 ,subg5us #b4 ,tetrapylura1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,cortical %ell arm$ ) l>ge1 symmetrically dispos$ sp9es4 #f4 ,tetrapyle fusi=mis1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell r\gh1 ) two /rong conical sp9es on ! poles ( ! longitud9al axis4 ,lat]al girdle sp9dle-%ap$1 "o & a half times z long z broad4 ,f\r gates kidney-%ap$1 twice z broad z high4 ,on ea* half w+ ( ! transv]se girdle f\r to five longitud9al r[s ( irregul>1 r\ndi% pores4 ,dim5sions4--,m$ull>y %ell #j4jg long1 #j4je broad2 cortical %ell #j4ah long1 #j4ab broad2 gates #j4jd high1 #j4jh broad4 ,habitat4--,we/]n ,tropical ,atlantic1 ,mexican ,gulf ,/ream1 dep? #aejj fa?oms1 ,s*affn]4 #g4 ,tetrapyle pleuracan?a1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #i1 fig4 #i74 ,cortical %ell r\gh1 ) two /rong conical sp9es on ! poles ( ! transv]se axis4 ,lat]al girdle elliptical1 "o & half times z long z broad4 ,f\r gates subcircul> or ne>ly hexagonal1 ab\t z high z broad4 ,on ea* half w+ ( ! transv]se girdle ?ree to f\r longitud9al r[s ( v irregul> pores4 ,dim5sions4--,m$ull>y %ell #j4jde long1 #j4jce broad2 cortical %ell #j4af long1 #j4aa broad2 gates #j4jde high & broad4 ,habitat4--,we/]n ,tropical ,pacific1 (f ,new ,gu9ea1 ,/ations #bbb to #bbd1 dep?s #ahej to #bdej fa?oms4 #h4 ,tetrapyle transv]sa1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?orny1 ) two /rong conical lat]al sp9es on ! poles ( ! transv]se axis4 ,lat]al girdle elliptical1 only f\r-fif?s z long z broad4 ,f\r gates elliptical1 twice z broad z high1 ) two prom95t sp9es on ! poles ( ! longitud9al axis ( ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,on ea* half w+ ( ! transv]se girdle five to six longitud9al r[s ( subregul>1 r\ndi% pores4 7,simil> to ,octopyle transv]sa1 b )\t sagittal septum & ) /rong] lat]al sp9es47 #fdg;,dim5sions4--,m$ull>y %ell #j4je long1 #j4jce broad2 cortical %ell #j4ab long1 #j4ae broad2 gates #j4jc high1 #j4jf broad4 ,habitat4--,s\!rn ,pacific1 ,/ation #bij1 surface4 #i4 ,tetrapyle cruciata1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell smoo?1 ) f\r /rong radial sp9es1 two on ! poles ( ! longitud9al axis1 two on ! poles ( ! transv]se axis4 ,lat]al girdle ne>ly circul>1 q z long z broad4 ,f\r gates kidney-%ap$1 twice z broad z high4 ,on ea* half w+ ( ! transv]se girdle five to six r[s ( subregul>1 circul> pores4 ,dim5sions4--,m$ull>y %ell #j4jf long1 #j4je broad2 cortical %ell #j4af long & broad2 gates #j4je high1 #j4ji broad4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccj1 surface4 #aj4 ,tetrapyle /aurophora1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?orny1 ) f\r /rong radial sp9es1 two on ! poles ( ! longitud9al axis1 two on ! poles ( ! transv]se axis4 ,lat]al girdle elliptical1 "o & a half times z long z broad4 ,f\r gates ne>ly hexagonal1 q z high z broad4 ,on ea* half w+ ( ! transv]se girdle ?ree to f\r longitud9al r[s ( irregul>1 r\ndi% pores4 ,dim5sions4--,m$ull>y %ell #j4jf long1 #j4jd broad2 cortical %ell #j4ah long1 #j4ab broad2 gates #j4jh high & broad4 ,habitat4--,we/]n ,tropical ,atlantic1 coa/ ( ,brazil1 ,rabbe1 surface4 #aa4 ,tetrapyle quadricornis1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?orny1 ) f\r /rong horn-l curv$ sp9es1 ly+ 9 ! lat]al plane & conv]g+ 9 pairs t[>ds ! poles ( ! transv]se axis4 ,lat]al girdle elliptical1 "o & a ?ird times z long z broad4 ,f\r gates kidney-%ap$1 twice z broad z high4 ,on ea* half w+ ( ! transv]se girdle f\r to five r[s ( irregul>1 r\ndi% pores4 7,may be only ! "y =m ( ,pylonium quadricorne1 ,pl4 #i1 fig4 #ad47 ,dim5sions4--,m$ull>y %ell #j4je long1 #j4jd broad2 cortical %ell #j4af long1 #j4ab broad2 gates #j4jc high1 #j4jg broad4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ations #bgj to #bgd1 surface4 #ab4 ,tetrapyle tetracan?a1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?orny1 ) f\r /rong radial sp9es ly+ 9 ! lat]al plane & 9 pairs 9 its two cross$ diagonal axes4 ,lat]al girdle elliptical1 con/rict$ 9 ! middle1 ne>ly twice z long z broad4 ,f\r gates kidney-%ap$1 "o & a half times z broad z high4 ,on ea* half w+ ( ! transv]se girdle ?ree to f\r longitud9al r[s ( l>ge1 irregul>1 r\ndi% pores4 #fdh7,simil> to ,tetrapylonium quadrangul>e1 ,pl4 #di1 fig4 #ae1 b )\t a sagittal girdle & ) /rong] lat]al sp9es47 ,dim5sions4--,m$ull>y %ell #j4jf long1 #j4jd broad2 cortical %ell #j4ah long1 #j4a broad2 gates #j4jjg high1 #j4ja broad4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,can>y ,isl&s1 ,/ation #cec1 surface4 #ac4 ,tetrapyle quadrigata1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?orny1 ) f\r bru%-l gr\ps ( radial sp9es on ! f\r diagonal corn]s ( ! lat]al plane1 opposite 9 pairs 9 diagonal axes4 ,lat]al girdle ne>ly squ>e1 some:at broad] ?an long4 ,f\r gates kidney-%ap$1 twice z broad z high4 ,on ea* half w+ ( ! transv]se girdle five to six longitud9al r[s ( irregul>1 r\ndi% pores4 ,dim5sions4--,m$ull>y %ell #j4jf long1 #j4jd broad2 cortical %ell #j4ad long1 #j4ae broad2 gates #j4jc high1 #j4jg broad4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgj1 surface4 #ad4 ,tetrapyle octacan?a1 ,j4 ,mll]4 ,tetrapyle octacan?a1 ,j4 ,mll]1 #aheh1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #cc1 ,taf4 ii4 figs4 #a-f4 ,tetrapyle octacan?a1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dce4 ,tetrapyle octacan?a1 ,r4 ,h]twig1 #ahgi1 ,organismus d4 ,radiol41 p4 #eb1 ,taf4 iv4 fig4 #g1 ,taf4 vi4 figs4 #b1 #e1 #e;a4 ,cortical %ell ?orny1 ) eight long & ?91 cyl9drical radial sp9es1 ly+ 9 two cross$ diagonal planes1 opposite 9 pairs4 ,^! eight *>act]i/ic diagonal sp9es 7or angul> sp9es7 are ! same z 9 ,amphipyle octoc]os & _m o!r ,pylonida1 & arise z prolongations ( ! proximal edges ( ! f\r gates 7or ( ! lat]al w+s on ! eight po9ts1 :]e !y are int]sect$ by ! edges ( ! lat]al r+74 ,?is cosmopolitan1 widely di/ribut$ & v v>iable species 0 a long "t ! only kn[n species ( all ! ,pylonida1 & v accurately fir/ describ$ 7#aheh7 by ,johannes ,mll]1 aft]w>ds 7#ahgi7 by ,r4 ,h]twig4 ,b 9 ! descriptions ( ^! au?ors also "s diff]5t species 7su* z ! foll[+7 may be conf\nd$ ) ! true typical ,tetrapyle octacan?a4 ,! f\r gates ( ?is species are transv]se-elliptical or almo/ triangul>1 ne>ly twice z broad z high4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jd1 bread? #j4jc2 l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4ah1 bread? #j4ac2 height ( ! gates #j4je1 bread? #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 v common 9 all w>m] seas1 ,m$it]ranean1 ,atlantic1 ,indian1 ,pacific1 surface4 #ae4 ,tetrapyle cladacan?a1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?orny1 ) eight /rong ramifi$ radial sp9es1 ly+ opposite 9 pairs 9 two cross$ diagonal planes1 z 9 ! prec$+ species4 ,x diff]s f ?is by ! peculi> ramification ( ! eight sp9es1 :i* be> two to eight simple or furcate lat]al bran*es aris+ "u #fdi"r angles 7already comm5c+ 9 a transitional v>iety ( ,tetrapyle octacan?a1 ,j4 ,mll]1 loc4 cit41 ,taf4 ii4 figs4 #e1 #f74 ,f\r gates transv]se-elliptical1 "o & a half times z broad z high4 ,dim5sions4--,m$ull>y %ell #j4je long1 #j4jd broad2 cortical %ell #j4af long1 #j4ac broad2 gates #j4je high1 #j4jh broad4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,corfu71 ,haeckel1 surface4 #af4 ,tetrapyle pluteus1 ,haeckel4 ,tetrapyle octacan?a1 v>41 ,j4 ,mll]1 #aheh1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 ,taf4 iii4 figs4 #g-ab4 ,cortical %ell ?orny1 ) eight /rong radial sp9es1 ly+ opposite 9 pairs1 z 9 ! two =ego+ species4 ,on ! di/al edge ea* ( ! f\r triangul> gates is protect$ by a prom95t ro( ( lattice-"w 7or pluteus71 :i* arises f ! di/al "p ( ! lat]al girdle & connects ! two angul> diagonal sp9es ( ea* gate4 ,!re=e ! %ell assumes ! *>act]i/ic =m v well repres5t$ by ,j4 ,mll] 9 8 fig4 #aa 7se5 f ! lat]al side7 & fig4 #g 7se5 f ! pole ( ! pr9cipal axis74 ,dim5sions4--,m$ull>y %ell #j4jd long1 #j4jc broad2 cortical %ell #j4ae long1 #j4aa broad2 gates #j4jde high1 #j4jg broad4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean1 ,atlantic1 ,/ations #cdh to #cec1 c41 surface4 #ag4 ,tetrapyle turrita1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #i1 fig4 #aj74 ,cortical %ell smoo?1 b ) t5 /rong conical sp9es1 two on ! poles ( ! pr9cipal axis1 eight o!rs symmetrically di/ribut$ on bo? sides ( ! di/al edge ( ! f\r r\ndi% gates1 & direct$ t[>ds ! transv]se axis4 ,lat]al girdle lanceolate1 twice z long z broad4 ,dim5sions4--,m$ull>y %ell #j4je long1 #j4jd broad2 cortical %ell #j4b long1 #j4a broad2 gates #j4je high1 #j4jg broad4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgd1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #ah4 ,tetrapyle dodecac]os1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?orny1 ) twelve /rong] conical sp9es1 eight diagonal sp9es 9 two cross$ planes 7z 9 ,tetrapyle octacan?a71 & f\r o!rs 9 ! lat]al plane1 9 pairs on bo? sides ( a deep sagittal con/riction ( ! quadrangul> lat]al girdle4 ,f\r gates kidney-%ap$1 twice z broad z high4 ,on ea* half w+ ( ! transv]se girdle five to six longitud9al r[s ( irregul>1 r\ndi% pores4 ,dim5sions4--,m$ull>y %ell #j4jf long1 #j4jd broad2 cortical %ell #j4ah long1 #j4ad broad2 gates #j4jd high1 #j4jh broad4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 #fej;,g5us #bhd4 ,octopyle1#cbc ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfd4 ,def9ition4--,pylonida ) trizonal l5telliptical m$ull>y %ell1 surr\nd$ by two cross$1 lattic$1 cortical girdles2 "o small] 7prim>y7 transv]se1 & "o l>g] 7second>y7 lat]al girdle4 ,f\r gates betwe5 ! two cortical girdles divid$ by a sagittal septum into eight gates4 ,! g5us ,octopyle comprises ^? ,pylonida :i* are di/+ui%$ f ! ne>ly alli$ ,tetrapyle by ! developm5t ( a sagittal septum1 divid+ ! f\r gates ( ! latt] into eight sep>ate gates4 ,! septum beg9s ) ! =mation ( two axial rods or columell1 :i* aft]w>ds become bran*$2 ! bran*es communicat+ "o ) ano!r & ) ! middle p>ts ( ! lat]al girdle 7on ! poles ( ! pr9cipal axis71 !re is =m$ a lattic$ septum 9 ! sagittal plane1 :i* sep>ates m or less incompletely ! "r & left halves ( ! %ell4 ,! f\r gates ( ,tetrapyle become halv$ by ?is septum1 & _! numb] d\bl$4 ,subg5us #a4 ,octopylissa1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,cortical %ell smoo? or ?orny1 b )\t l>g] symmetrically dispos$ sp9es4 #a4 ,octopyle ovul9a1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell l5telliptical1 smoo?1 )\t ?orns4 ,lat]al girdle elliptical1 "o & a ?ird times z long z broad4 ,transv]se girdle n>r[1 ) two pores on ! i/hmus 7or on ! n>r[e/ "p ( ea* quadrant74 ,sagittal septum z long z ! elliptical m$ull>y %ell4 ,eight gates egg-%ap$4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je1 bread? #j4jce2 l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4af1 bread? #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgd1 surface4 #b4 ,octopyle quadrata1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?orny1 ne>ly squ>e1 ( equal l5g? & bread?4 ,lat]al girdle quadrangul>1 ) r\nd$ edges1 ( equal l5g? & bread?4 ,transv]se girdle n>r[1 ) ?ree pores on ! i/hmus4 ,sagittal septum ( ! same l5g? z ! subsph]ical m$ull>y %ell4 ,eight gates ne>ly circul>4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jd1 ( ! cortical %ell #j4ad4 ,habitat4--,nor!rn ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdd1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #feac4 ,octopyle subglobosa1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ne>ly sph]ical1 ?orny1 ( equal l5g? & bread?4 ,lat]al girdle broad1 ne>ly circul>4 ,transv]se girdle broad1 ) f\r pores on ! i/hmus4 ,sagittal septum %ort] ?an ! subsph]ical m$ull>y %ell4 ,eight gates egg-%ap$4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je1 ( ! cortical %ell #j4ac4 ,habitat4--,s\!rn ,pacific1 ,/ation #cjj1 dep? #acge fa?oms4 #d4 ,octopyle transv]s>ia1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?orny1 transv]se-elliptical4 ,lat]al girdle v broad1 "o & a ?ird times z broad z long4 ,transv]se girdle also v broad1 ) five pores on ! i/hmus4 ,sagittal septum %ort] ?an ! elliptical m$ull>y %ell4 ,eight gates small1 r\ndi%4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je1 bread? #j4jd2 l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4aa1 bread? #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,we/]n ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbd1 dep? #ahej fa?oms4 ,subg5us #b4 ,octopylura1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,cortical %ell arm$ ) l>ge1 symmetrically dispos$ sp9es4 #e4 ,octopyle amphi/yle1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell smoo?1 ne>ly sp9dle-%ap$1 ab\t twice z long z broad4 ,transv]se girdle broad1 ) f\r l>ge pores on ! i/hmus4 ,lat]al girdle lanceolate4 ,sagittal septa ab\t z long z ! m$ull>y %ell1 prolong$ at bo? poles ( ! pr9cipal axis into two opposite1 /rong1 angul> sp9es4 ,eight gates obliquely quadrangul>4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jg1 bread? #j4je2 l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4b1 bread? #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgb1 dep? #bfjj fa?oms4 #f4 ,octopyle /auro/yle1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ne>ly rhombic1 smoo?1 "o & a half times z long z broad1 ) f\r /rong1 conical1 radial sp9es1 two on ! poles ( ! pr9cipal axis 7z prolongations ( ! sagittal septa71 two o!rs on ! poles ( ! transv]se axis4 ,transv]se girdle n>r[1 ) two pores on ! i/hmus4 ,sagittal septa long] ?an ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,eight gates triangul>4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jd1 bread? #j4jc2 l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4ah1 bread? #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdg1 dep? #bbej fa?oms4 #febg4 ,octopyle tetra/yle1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell l5telliptical1 ) r\gh surface & f\r angul> radial sp9es 9 ! lat]al plane1 opposite 9 pairs 9 two cross$ diagonals4 ,lat]al girdle ne>ly rectangul> 7ea* angle ) "o sp9e71 "o & a ?ird times z long z broad4 ,sagittal septum long] ?an ! hexagonal m$ull>y %ell4 ,eight gates egg-%ap$4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je1 bread? #j4jc2 l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4af1 bread? #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ced1 surface4 #h4 ,octopyle tetrapt]a1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell quadrangul>1 ) ?orny surface & f\r lattic$ w+-l prolongations on ! corn]s ( ! quadrangle1 opposite 9 pairs 9 two cross$ diagonals1 ea* w+ support$ by a /rong radial sp9e4 ,lat]al girdle quadrangul>1 "o & a half times z long z broad4 ,on ! i/hmus ( ! transv]se girdle f\r pores4 ,sagittal septum long] ?an ! hexagonal m$ull>y %ell4 ,eight gates triangul>4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jg1 bread? #j4jd2 l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4bd1 bread? #j4af4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 #i4 ,octopyle /5ozona1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #i1 fig4 #aa74 ,cortical %ell quadrangul>1 ) ?orny surface1 & f\r conical sp9es 9 ! lat]al plane1 on ! po9ts1 :]e bo? cortical girdles are cross$4 ,lat]al girdle v n>r[1 ne>ly squ>e1 ) r\nd$ corn]s1 ( equal l5g? & bread?4 ,on ! i/hmus ( ! n>r[ transv]se girdle only "o pore4 ,sagittal septum ( ! same l5g? z ! subsph]ical m$ull>y %ell4 ,eight gates irregul> r\ndi% or ne>ly circul>4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jd1 ( ! cortical %ell #j4ad4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cch1 dep? #aiij fa?oms4 #aj4 ,octopyle euryzona1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ne>ly quadrangul>1 v ?orny1 ) f\r bun*es ( /rong] radial sp9es on ! f\r corn]s4 ,lat]al girdle broad1 ) r\nd$ edges ( ! quadrangle1 little long] ?an broad4 ,on ! i/hmus ( ! broad transv]se girdle f\r pores4 ,sagittal septum ( ! same l5g? z ! elliptical m$ull>y %ell1 ) _m radial beams4 ,eight gates ne>ly squ>e4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je1 bread? #j4jce2 l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4af1 bread? #j4ad4 ,habitat4--,s\!rn ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccb1 dep? #bbjj fa?oms4 #fecaa4 ,octopyle hexa/yle1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ne>ly rectangul>1 ?orny1 ) six /rong radial sp9es 9 ! lat]al plane1 two opposite on ! poles ( ! pr9cipal axis 7prolongations ( ! pr9cipal beam at ! sagittal septum71 f\r o!rs on ! truncate corn]s ( ! quadrangul> lat]al girdle1 :i* is "o & a half times z long z broad4 ,on ! i/hmus ( ! broad transv]se girdle ?ree pores4 ,sagittal septum long] ?an ! hexagonal m$ull>y %ell4 ,eight egg-%ap$ gates4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je1 bread? #j4jd2 l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4ah1 bread? #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,nor!rn ,atlantic1 surface2 ,can>y ,isl&s1 ,/ation #i1 dep? #caej fa?oms4 #ab4 ,octopyle sexangulata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #i1 fig4 #ab74 ,cortical %ell ?orny1 hexagonal1 ) six /rong conical radial sp9es on ! six corn]s ( ! lat]al girdle1 ly+ 9 ! lat]al plane1 two opposite on ! poles ( ! transv]se axis1 f\r o!rs 9 pairs on bo? sides ( ! annul> sagittal con/riction1 :i* is only twice z long z ! elliptical m$ull>y %ell4 ,transv]se girdle broad1 ) five pores on ! i/hmus4 ,eight gates r\ndi%1 small] ?an ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jde1 bread? #j4jce2 l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4aa1 bread? #j4ac4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgj1 surface4 #ac4 ,octopyle octo/yle1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell elliptical1 ?orny1 ) eight long cyl9drical radial sp9es1 ly+ 9 two cross$ diagonal planes1 opposite 9 pairs1 q z 9 ! ne>ly relat$ ,tetrapyle octacan?a4 ,x diff]s f ?is species by ! p]fect1 lattic$1 v]tical sagittal septum1 :i* divides e gate into two triangul> halves4 ,lat]al girdle elliptical1 "o & a ?ird times z long z broad4 ,transv]se girdle on ! i/hmus ) ?ree pores4 ,septum long] ?an ! elliptical m$ull>y %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jf1 bread? #j4jde2 l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4af1 bread? #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bhh1 surface4 #ad4 ,octopyle obtecta1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell quadrangul>1 ?orny1 ) eight /rong diagonal sp9es1 ly+ 9 two cross$ planes1 & aris+ f ! proximal edges ( ! gates 9 ! same way z 9 ! =ego+ species4 ,x diff]s f ?is by f\r prom95t lattic$ ro(s1 :i* arise f ! di/al edge ( ! gates & connect ! diagonal sp9es ( "o gate4 ,octopyle obtecta be>s !re=e ! same relation to ,octopyle octo/yle t ,tetrapyle pluteus does to ,tetrapyle octacan?a4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jee1 bread? #j4jd2 l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4af1 bread? #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 surface1 ,madagasc>1 ,rabbe4 #fedae4 ,octopyle deca/yle1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #i1 fig4 #ac74 ,cortical %ell ?orny1 ne>ly quadrangul>1 ) t5 /rong] radial sp9es1 two opposite on ! poles ( ! pr9cipal axis 7z prolongations ( ! axial beams71 eight o!rs opposite 9 pairs 9 two diagonal planes 7z 9 ! =ego+ species74 ,lat]al girdle ne>ly squ>e1 ) slightly convex lat]al faces1 slightly concave pr9cipal faces4 ,transv]se girdle broad1 ) f\r pores on ! i/hmus4 ,sagittal septum ( ! same l5g? z ! hexagonal m$ull>y %ell4 ,eight gates elliptical or irregul> r\ndi%4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je1 bread? #j4jcb2 diamet] ( ! cortical %ell #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,we/]n ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbd1 dep? #ahej fa?oms4 ,g5us #bhe4 ,pylonium1#cbd ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfd4 ,def9ition4--,pylonida ) trizonal l5telliptical m$ull>y %ell surr\nd$ by ?ree cross$ lattic$ cortical girdles1 "o small] 7prim>y7 transv]se1 "o l>g] 7second>y7 lat]al1 & "o 7t]ti>y7 sagittal girdle4 ,! g5us ,pylonium is ! mo/ highly develop$ among ! ,diplozon>ia1 ) six complete lattic$ girdles1 ?ree on ! m$ull>y %ell1 ?ree on ! cortical %ell1 ! latt] correspond+ to ! =m]4 ,9 ea* ( ! two sy/ems ! transv]se girdle is small] ?an ! lat]al2 ! sagittal girdle may be small] or l>g] ?an ! lat]al girdle4 ,pylonium repeats ! typical =m ( ,trizonium2 b :il/ 9 ?is latt] ! m$ull>y c5tre ( ! %ell is a simple sph]ical *amb]1 "h 9 ,pylonium x is a true trizonal or ,l>nacilla-%ap$ m$ull>y %ell4 ,subg5us #a4 ,pylonissa1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,cortical %ell smoo? or ?orny1 b )\t l>ge1 symmetrically dispos$ sp9es4 #a4 ,pylonium circozonium1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?orny1 )\t radial sp9es2 all its ?ree girdles ne>ly ( ! same size1 subcircul>1 v n>r[1 only ) "o to two r[s ( pores4 ,f\r gates subcircul>4 ,dim5sions4--,pr9cipal axis #j4ab1 transv]se axis #j4aa2 diamet] ( ! subsph]ical m$ull>y %ell #j4je4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdd1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #feeb4 ,pylonium hexazonium1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell smoo?1 )\t symmetrical radial sp9es4 ,transv]se girdle elliptical1 "o & a half times z long z broad4 ,lat]al & sagittal girdles ne>ly circul>4 ,f\r gates egg-%ap$4 ,dim5sions4--,pr9cipal axis #j4af1 transv]se axis #j4ae2 diamet] ( ! subsph]ical m$ull>y %ell #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bie1 dep? #aejj fa?oms4 #c4 ,pylonium nephropylium1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?orny1 )\t radial sp9es4 ,all its ?ree girdles elliptical1 "o & a ?ird times z long z broad4 ,f\r gates kidney-%ap$1 ne>ly twice z broad z high4 ,dim5sions4--,pr9cipal axis #j4ag1 transv]se axis #j4ac2 l5g? ( ! l5telliptical m$ull>y %ell #j4jd1 bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgc1 dep? #bcej fa?oms4 ,subg5us #b4 ,pylonura1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,cortical %ell arm$ ) l>ge1 symmetrically dispos$ sp9es4 #d4 ,pylonium quadricorne1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #i1 fig4 #ad74 ,cortical %ell ?orny1 ) f\r /rong horn-l curv$ sp9es 9 ! lat]al plane4 ,all its ?ree girdles elliptical1 "o & a ?ird times z long z broad4 ,f\r gates kidney-%ap$1 twice z broad z high4 7,?is species is a fur!r developm5tal /age ( ,tetrapyle quadricornis1 ) p]fect sagittal girdle47 ,dim5sions4--,pr9cipal axis #j4af1 transv]se axis #j4ab2 l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je1 bread? #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ations #bgj to #bgd1 surface2 ,indian ,ocean1 ,madagasc>1 ,rabbe1 surface4 #e4 ,pylonium octacan?um1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?orny1 ) eight long & ?9 cyl9drical radial sp9es1 ly+ 9 two cross$ diagonal planes1 opposite 9 pairs1 & aris+ f ! eight po9ts :]e ! transv]se girdle is cross$ by ! lat]al girdle4 ,all ?ree girdles elliptical1 "o & a half times z long z broad2 f\r gates triangul>4 7,?is species is a fur!r developm5tal /age ( ,tetrapyle octacan?a1 ) p]fect sagittal girdle47 ,dim5sions4--,pr9cipal axis #j4ah1 transv]se axis #j4ac2 l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jc to #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,m$it]ranean1 ,atlantic1 ,pacific1 surface4 #feff4 ,pylonium /5ozonium1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ?orny1 ) eight %ort conical radial sp9es1 ly+ 9 two cross$ diagonal planes 7z 9 ! =ego+ species74 ,all ?ree girdles ne>ly ( ! same size1 subcircul>1 v n>r[1 only ) "o to two r[s ( pores4 ,f\r gates kidney-%ap$4 ,dim5sions4--,pr9cipal axis #j4ae1 transv]se axis #j4ad2 diamet] ( ! quadrangul> m$ull>y %ell #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,equatorial ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdg1 surface4 ,subfamily #c4 ,,triplozon>ia1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,pylonida ) ?ree conc5tric sy/ems ( f5e/rat$ girdles1 ly+ 9 ?ree conc5tric l5telliptical faces 7e sy/em ) "o to ?ree girdles ly+ 9 "o l5telliptical face74 ,g5us #bhf4 ,amphipylonium1#cbe ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfc4 ,def9ition4--,pylonida ) trizonal l5telliptical m$ull>y %ell1 surr\nd$ by a d\ble lattic$ cortical %ell2 inn] cortical %ell ,pylonium-%ap$1 ) ?ree p]fect cross$ girdles2 out] cortical %ell only repres5t$ by a s+le 7transv]se7 girdle4 ,! g5us ,amphipylonium op5s ! s]ies ( ,triplozon>ia1 or ( ^? ,pylonida 9 :i* ! %ell is compos$ ( ?ree conc5tric sy/ems ( lattic$ girdles4 ,! fir/ 7& inn]mo/7 sy/em repres5ts ! complete trizonal m$ull>y %ell1 :i* is probably a l5telliptical ,l>nacilla-%ell4 ,! fir/ & int]m$iate sy/em is =m$ ( a complete trizonal cortical %ell ( ! same =m1 b mu* l>g] 7l ,pylonium74 ,! ?ird 7& out]mo/7 sy/em is repres5t$ by "o to ?ree lattic$ girdles1 correspond+ to ! =m] & =m+ an out] or second cortical %ell4 ,9 ,amphipylonium 7z ! mo/ simple =m ( ! ,triplozon>ia7 !re is only develop$ ! fir/ 7transv]se7 girdle ( ! ?ird sy/em4 ,x repeats !re=e ! =m ( ,amphipyle1 ! cortical %ell ( :i* is "h d\ble 7,prodromus1 #ahha1 p4 #dfc74 #a4 ,amphipylonium semilun>e1 n4 sp4 ,inn] cortical %ell l5telliptical1 "o & a half times z long z broad1 ) smoo? surface & f\r semilun> gates4 ,transv]se girdle ( ! out] cortical %ell ) two smoo? semilun> w+s1 ) convex1 smoo? lat]al cre/s2 ea* w+ z broad z ! transv]se girdle ( ! inn] cortical %ell & twice z long z its lat]al girdle4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! l5telliptical m$ull>y %ell #j4jd1 bread? #j4jc2 l5g? ( ! inn] cortical %ell #j4ae1 bread? #j4a2 l5g? ( ea* lat]al w+ ( ! out] cortical %ell #j4c1 bread? #j4a4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 #fegb4 ,amphipylonium sp9osissimum1 n4 sp4 ,inn] cortical %ell l5telliptical1 "o & a ?ird times z long z broad1 ) ?orny surface & f\r kidney-%ap$ gates4 ,transv]se girdle ( ! out] cortical %ell v sp9y1 ) two semilun> w+s1 ) convex ?orny lat]al cre/s2 ea* w+ "o & a half times z broad z ! transv]se girdle ( ! inn] cortical %ell1 & "o & a half times z long z its lat]al girdle4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! l5telliptical m$ull>y %ell #j4je1 bread? #j4jc2 l5g? ( ! inn] cortical %ell #j4af1 bread? #j4ab2 l5g? ( ea* lat]al w+ ( ! out] cortical %ell #j4bd1 bread? #j4ah4 ,habitat4--,we/]n ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbe1 dep? #ddge fa?oms4 #c4 ,amphipylonium tetrac]os1 n4 sp4 ,inn] cortical %ell hexagonal1 "o & a half times z long z broad1 ) smoo? surface & f\r transv]se elliptical gates4 ,transv]se girdle ( ! out] cortical %ell smoo?1 ) rectil9e> smoo? lat]al cre/s1 :i* are prolong$ at bo? ends into /rong conical sp9es 7!re=e f\r sp9es 9 ! lat]al plane72 ea* w+ ( ! same bread? z ! transv]se girdle ( ! inn] cortical %ell1 & twice z long z its lat]al girdle4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! hexagonal m$ull>y %ell #j4jc1 bread? #j4jb2 l5g? ( ! inn] cortical %ell #j4ab1 bread? #j4jh2 l5g? ( ea* lat]al w+ ( ! out] cortical %ell #j4bd1 bread? #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,nor!rn ,pacific1 ,/ation #bec1 dep? #cabe fa?oms4 #d4 ,amphipylonium octoc]os1 n4 sp4 ,inn] cortical %ell quadrangul>1 "o & a ?ird times z long z broad1 ) ?orny surface & f\r kidney-%ap$ gates4 ,transv]se girdle ( ! out] cortical %ell ?orny1 con/rict$ at ! equator1 ) concave ?orny lat]al cre/s1 & ) eight /rong radial sp9es1 opposite 9 pairs & ly+ 9 two cross$ diagonal planes2 ea* w+ n>r[] ?an ! transv]se girdle ( ! inn] cortical %ell & twice z long z its lat]al girdle4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! subsph]ical m$ull>y %ell #j4jd1 bread? #j4jce2 l5g? ( ! inn] cortical %ell #j4ad1 bread? #j4aa2 l5g? ( ea* lat]al w+ ( ! out] cortical %ell #j4bf1 bread? #j4ji4 ,habitat4--,s\!rn ,pacific1 ,/ation #bie1 dep? #aejj fa?oms4 ,g5us #bfg4 ,tetrapylonium1#cbf ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfd4 ,def9ition4--,pylonida ) trizonal l5telliptical m$ull>y %ell1 surr\nd$ by a d\ble lattic$ cortical %ell2 inn] cortical %ell ,pylonium-%ap$1 ) ?ree p]fect cross$ girdles2 out] cortical %ell repres5t$ by two cross$ girdles1 "o 7small]7 transv]se & "o 7l>g]7 lat]al girdle4 #feh,! g5us ,tetrapylonium repres5ts a fur!r developm5tal /age ( ! =ego+ ,amphipylonium2 :il/ 9 ?is latt] ! out] cortical %ell 7or ! ?ird sy/em ( girdles7 is =m$ only by a transv]se girdle1 "h ?is is cross$ by a lat]al girdle4 ,tetrapylonium repeats !re=e ! typical =m ( ,tetrapyle1 b ) d\bl$ cortical %ell 7,prodromus1 #ahha1 p4 #dfd74 #a4 ,tetrapylonium pantellipticum1 n4 sp4 ,out] cortical %ell elliptical1 "o & a ?ird times z long z broad1 ) smoo? surface & f\r elliptical gates4 ,inn] cortical %ell elliptical1 ) smoo? surface & f\r elliptical gates :i* repeat ! =m ( ! f\r out] gates1 b are ( half ! size4 ,transv]se girdle broad1 ) five pores on ! i/hmus4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? 7or pr9cipal axis7 ( ! fir/ %ell 7m$ull>y %ell7 #j4jd1 bread? 7or transv]se axis7 #j4jc2 l5g? ( ! second 7or inn] cortical7 %ell #j4ab1 bread? #j4ji2 l5g? ( ! ?ird 7or out] cortical7 %ell #j4ah1 bread? #j4ad4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgd1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #b4 ,tetrapylonium r5i=me1 n4 sp4 ,out] cortical %ell elliptical1 "o & a half times z long z broad1 ) ?orny surface & f\r l>ge kidney-%ap$ gates4 ,inn] cortical %ell ( ! same =m1 b "o-?ird small]1 also ) f\r kidney-%ap$ gates4 ,transv]se girdle small1 b ) two pores on ! i/hmus4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! fir/ 7inn]mo/7 %ell #j4jc1 bread? #j4jb2 l5g? ( ! second 7middle7 %ell #j4ad1 bread? #j4jh2 l5g? ( ! ?ird 7out]mo/7 %ell #j4b1 bread? #j4aa4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,zanzib>1 ,pull51 dep? #bbjj fa?oms4 #c4 ,tetrapylonium quadrangul>e1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #i1 fig4 #ae74 ,out] cortical %ell ne>ly quadrangul>1 "o & a ?ird times z long z broad1 ) f\r r\nd$ corn]s1 f :i* arise 9 ! lat]al plane f\r ?ree-sid$ pyramidal radial sp9es1 opposite 9 pairs 9 two cross$ diagonal axes4 ,surface ?orny2 f\r gates elliptical or ne>ly quadrangul>4 ,inn] cortical %ell m elliptical1 by "o half small]1 ) broad] transv]se girdle & f\r kidney-%ap$ gates4 ,m$ull>y %ell ne>ly sph]ical1 ( half ! size4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! fir/ %ell #j4jde1 bread? #j4jce2 l5g? ( ! second %ell #j4a1 bread? #j4jg2 l5g? ( ! ?ird %ell #j4af1 bread? #j4aa4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 (f ,tri/an da ,cunha1 ,/ation #ccb1 dep? #bbjj fa?oms4 #d4 ,tetrapylonium octacan?um1 n4 sp4 ,out] cortical %ell elliptical1 "o & a ?ird times z long z broad1 ) ?orny surface1 & eight long & ?9 radial sp9es aris+ f ! corn]s ( ! f\r triangul> gates1 & ly+ #feiopposite 9 pairs 9 two cross$ diagonal planes4 ,inn] cortical %ell ( ! same %ape1 b two-?irds small]1 also ?orny4 ,transv]se girdle broad1 ) f\r pores on ! i/hmus4 7,?is species appe>s to be ! common ,tetrapyle octacan?a1 ) d\bl$ cortical %ell47 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! fir/ %ell #j4jd1 bread? #j4jc2 l5g? ( ! second %ell #j4af1 bread? #j4ab2 l5g? ( ! ?ird %ell #j4bd1 bread? #j4ah4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 #e4 ,tetrapylonium armatum1 n4 sp4 ,out] cortical %ell ne>ly quadrangul>1 "o & a f\r? times z long z broad1 ) v sp9y surface4 ,betwe5 num]\s small] 7simple or bran*$7 ?orns arise twelve l>g] radial sp9es1 symmetrically di/ribut$1 eight w+-sp9es cross$ 9 two diagonal planes 7z 9 ,tetrapylonium octacan?um7 & f\r corn] sp9es on ! f\r r\nd$ corn]s ( ! lat]al plane 7z 9 ,tetrapylonium quadrangul>e74 ,!re=e ?is species comb9es ! armature ( bo? =ego+ species4 ,f\r gates kidney-%ap$4 ,inn] cortical %ell elliptical1 smoo?1 ?ree-f\r?s small]4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! fir/ %ell #j4jde1 bread? #j4jce2 l5g? ( ! second %ell #j4ah1 bread? #j4ae2 l5g? ( ! ?ird %ell #j4be1 bread? #j4b4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bff1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 ,g5us #bhh4 ,pylozonium1#cbg n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,pylonida ) trizonal l5telliptical m$ull>y %ell1 surr\nd$ by d\ble lattic$ cortical %ell2 inn] cortical %ell z well z ! out] ,pylonium-%ap$1 ea* ) ?ree p]fect cross$ girdles 7transv]se1 lat]al1 & sagittal74 ,! g5us ,pylozonium is ! mo/ highly develop$ =m ( ! ,pylonida1 z all ?ree sy/ems ( conc5tric girdles "h become fully develop$1 ea* sy/em ) ?ree p]fect girdles4 ,9 ?is g5us only among all ! ,pylonida we f9d n9e complete lattic$ girdles1 & 9 ea* ( ! ?ree dim5sive planes ?ree conc5tric elliptical girdles4 ,! fir/ sy/em =ms ! m$ull>y %ell1 ! second sy/em ! inn] cortical %ell1 & ! ?ird sy/em ! out] cortical %ell4 #a4 ,pylozonium novemc9ctum1 n4 sp4 ,out] cortical %ell l5telliptical1 ?orny1 "o & a ?ird times z long z broad1 )\t radial sp9es1 ) f\r kidney-%ap$ gates4 ,inn] cortical %ell ( ! same %ape1 b "o-?ird small]1 f\r times z l>ge z ! l5telliptical m$ull>y %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jd1 bread? #j4jc2 l5g? ( ! inn] cortical %ell #j4af1 bread? #j4ab2 l5g? ( ! out] cortical %ell #j4bd1 bread? #j4ah4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bec1 dep? #cabe fa?oms4 #ffjb4 ,pylozonium octacan?um1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #i1 fig4 #af74 ,out] cortical %ell l5telliptical1 "o & a ?ird times z long z broad1 ) ?orny surface & eight long & ?9 radial sp9es aris+ f ! corn]s ( ! f\r elliptical gates1 & ly+ opposite 9 pairs 9 two cross$ diagonal planes4 ,inn] cortical %ell ( ! same %ape b "o-f\r? small]1 ab\t twice z l>ge z ! l5telliptical m$ull>y %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jfe1 bread? #j4jde2 l5g? ( ! inn] cortical %ell #j4ah1 bread? #j4ab2 l5g? ( ! out] cortical %ell #j4bd1 bread? #j4ah4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdd1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 ,family ,,xxvii4 ,,?olonida1 n4 fam4 7,pl4 #aj74 ,def9ition4--,l>coidea ) regul>1 completely lattic$ cortical %ell1 :i* is compos$ ( two to six or m hemisph]ical or cap-%ap$ domes 7vault$ *amb]s or cupolas74 ,! domes lie opposite 9 pairs on ! poles ( ! ?ree dim5sive axes1 are sep>at$ by annul> con/rictions1 & surr\nd a simple or ,l>nacilla-%ap$ c5tral *amb]4 ,! family ,?olonida repres5ts a peculi> & v rem>kable gr\p ( ! ,l>coidea1 di/+ui%$ f ! o!r gr\ps ( ?is subord] by ! *>act]i/ic =m ( ! %ell1 compos$ ( a v>iable numb] ( hemisph]ical domes or cupolas4 ,! middle & orig9al "p ( ! %ell is con/antly =m$ ( an elliptical or subsph]ical c5tral *amb]1 :i* (t51 b n con/antly1 conta9s a small m$ull>y %ell4 ,an ev5 numb] 7two1 f\r1 six1 or m7 ( domes is atta*$ to ! poles ( ! ?ree dim5sive axes ( ! c5tral *amb]2 accord+ z only "o1 or two1 or all ?ree axes develop cupolas1 we di/+ui% 9 ?is family ?ree diff]5t subfamilies 7! ,amphi?olida1 ,/auro?olida1 & ,cubo?olida74 ,! ,amphi?olida 7or ,?olonida monaxonia7 =m cupolas only on ! two poles ( "o s+le axis1 & ?is axis corresponds to ! m9or 7or transv]se7 axis ( ! c5tral *amb]1 we f9d "h !re=e con/antly at lea/ two lat]al cupolas 7,pl4 #aj1 figs4 #a-g74 ,! ,/auro?olida 7or ,?olonida diaxonia7 =m cupolas on ! poles ( two axes p]p5dicul> "o to ano!r2 ^! two axes are ! major 7pr9cipal7 & ! m9or 7transv]se7 axis ( ! c5tral *amb]1 we f9d "h !re=e con/antly at lea/ f\r cupolas cross$ 9 pairs 7,pl4 #aj1 figs4 #h-aa74 ,! ,cubo?olida 7or ,?olonida triaxonia7 =m cupolas on ! poles ( all ?ree dim5sive axes 7p]p5dicul> "o to ano!r72 correspond+ to ! pr9cipal1 transv]se1 & sagittal axes ( ! l5telliptical c5tral *amb]2 !re=e we f9d "h con/antly at lea/ six cupolas1 atta*$ 9 pairs on ! six sides ( ! c5tral *amb] 7,pl4 #aj1 figs4 #ab-ag74 ,! numb] ( g5]a & species 9 ! family ,?olonida is r l>ge1 b ! numb] ( individuals is mu* small] ?an 9 mo/ ( ! o!r ,,spumell>ia1 & #ffap>ticul>ly ?an 9 ! ne>ly alli$ ,pylonida2 ! great] numb] ( ! species are v r>e4 ,besides ?is !y seem to be v v>iable & incl9$ to produce num]\s abnormalities4 ,v (t5 int]m$iate =ms ( transition are to be f\nd betwe5 ! ,?olonida & o!r ,l>coidea1 p>ticul>ly ! ,pylonida & ,li!lida4 ,9 _m species ! ?ick-wall$ %ell is v opaque1 & (f]s great difficulties to ! cle> /udy2 9 ! great] numb] ! /ructure ( ! %ell _c be und]/ood completely )\t roll+ ! %ell to ! diff]5t sides2 & ! di/9ction betwe5 ! ,/auro?olida & ,cubo?olida is (t5 v difficult4 ,! primordial *amb] ( ! ,?olonida1 or ! c5tral *amb] 9 :i* its gr[? beg9s1 is ei!r a simple l5telliptical %ell 7)\t enclos$ m$ull>y %ell71 l ,c5ol>cus1 or x is a trizonal %ell1 l ,l>nacilla1 & conta9s a small conc5tric m$ull>y %ell4 ,b ?is important inn] %ell ( ! c5tral *amb] (f]s peculi> difficulties = /udy4 ,9 _m cases 7probably 9 ! great] numb]7 !re is no d\bt ! same *>act]i/ic trizonal m$ull>y %ell1 :i* we f\nd 9 ! ,l>nacida & ,pylonida1 & ?is is our pr9cipal argum5t1 if we reg>d ! ,?olonida z ,l>coidea1 :i* are mo/ ne>ly alli$ to bo? ^! families1 & 9 :i* ! f5e/rat$ op5 cortical girdles ( ! ,pylonida are replac$ by f5e/rat$ clos$ cupolas or domes2 ! *>act]i/ic gates or l>ge fissures 9 ! cortical %ell ( ! =m] are !re=e "h p]fectly clos$ by network4 ,! ,?olonida agree 9 ?is po9t ) ! ,l>nacida1 b are di/+ui%$ f !m by ! prom95t vault+s ( ! hemisph]ical cupolas or domes1 :i* give !m a peculi> appe>ance4 ,ea* pair ( domes 7opposite on bo? poles ( "o dim5sive axis7 corresponds to "o s+le girdle ( ! ,pylonida4 ,reg>d+ ! abs5ce or pres5ce ( a m$ull>y %ell 9 ! c5tral *amb]1 we may divide ! ,?olonida into two gr\ps1 ,c5o?olida 7)\t m$ull>y %ell7 & ,cocco?olida 7) m$ull>y %ell74 ,! abs5ce ( ! m$ull>y %ell 9 _m ,?olonida may be ei!r prim>y 7orig9al7 or second>y 7by r$uction & loss ( x74 ,probably 9 ! l>g] proportion 7if n always87 its abs5ce is ! consequ5ce ( r$uction & loss1 & 9 ?is case ! ,c5o?olida mu/ be d]iv$ phylog5etically f ! ,cocco?olida1 b possibly (t5 7or always87 ! contr>y may also be ! case4 ,at pres5t we _c f9d c]ta9 argum5ts = "o op9ion or ! o!r4 ,! connection betwe5 ! m$ull>y 7int]nal7 & ! cortical 7ext]nal7 %ell ( ! c5tral *amb] 9 ! ,cocco?olida is effect$ by two lat]al w+s ( a lattic$ transv]se girdle2 on bo? sides ( ! latt] rema9 ! f\r int]nal op5 gates ( ! ,pylonida & ,l>nacida4 ,v (t5 ! limit+ edges ( ^! f\r gates are prolong$ into eight ext]nal radial sp9es :i* lie opposite 9 pairs 9 two cross$ diagonal planes1 & correspond to ! eight portal-sp9es ( ,tetrapyle octacan?a4 ,besides ^!1 we (t5 f9d f\r o!r beams opposite 9 pairs 9 ! two cross$ axes 7pr9cipal & lat]al74 ,v (t5 also ^! radial beams 7betwe5 m$ull>y & #ffb;cortical %ells7 are prolong$ on ! outside into prom95t free radial sp9es4 ,b o!r sp9es may also arise f ! surface4 ,v rem>kable is ! pres5ce ( tw5ty symmetrically dispos$ radial sp9es 9 "s =ms ( ,amphi?olida 7,amphi?olus acan?ometra & ,amphi?olonium acan?onium1 c474 ,x recalls ! tw5ty radial sp9es ( ! ,acan?onida1 ?\gh ! laws ( di/ribution 9 ! two simil> cases are q diff]5t4 ,! cortical %ell ( ! ,?olonida rema9s ei!r simple1 or x becomes d\bl$ by =mation ( an out] veil or envelope4 ,?is out] cortical %ell or veil may ei!r repeat completely ! typical =m ( ! inn] ) its cupolas1 or x may =m an ellipsoidal envelope )\t dome-%ap$ p>titions4 ,its network is ei!r l t ( ! inn]1 or x is v delicate & irregul>1 spid]-web l4 ,! connection betwe5 ! two cortical %ells is effect$ by a v>iable numb] ( radial beams1 (t5 prolong$ on ! outside into radial sp9es4 ,! gr[? ( ! ,?olonida by apposition ( new *amb]s is v *>act]i/ic1 con/antly pairs ( *amb]s orig9at+ at bo? opposite poles ( ! ?ree dim5sive axes1 fir/ly on ! transv]se axis1 secondly on ! pr9cipal axis1 ?irdly on ! sagittal axis4 ,x is possible t by repeat$ apposition ( new *amb]s ! ,?olonida are trans=m$ into ,discoidea1 b commonly ! numb] ( domes is re/rict$1 two 9 ! ,amphi?olida1 f\r 9 ! ,/auro?olida1 six 9 ! ,cocco?olida4 ,if new *amb]s 9 an irregul> mann] or 9 a spiral ord] be oppos$ to ^? fir/ =m$ pairs ( *amb]s1 ! ,?olonida may be trans=m$ into ,soreumida1 ,/reblemida1 or ,li!lida4 ,! phylog5etic connection betwe5 ^! families is probably v complex & v wor?y ( fur!r rese>*4 ,! network ( ! %ell 9 ! ,?olonida is sometimes regul>1 ) circul> 7(t5 hexagonally fram$7 pores ( equal size1 sometimes irregul>1 ) r\ndi% pores ( unequal size4 ,commonly ! %ell is ?ick & compact2 9 ^? g5]a 9 :i* ! cortical %ell is d\bl$1 ! inn] is commonly compact1 ! out] a v delicate veil4 ,! c5tral capsule ( ! ,?olonida is orig9ally always enclos$ by ! c5tral *amb]1 & l ?is ( l5telliptical =m1 a triaxial ellipsoid4 ,) ! apposition ( cupolas ! gr[+ c5tral capsule may =m dome-%ap$ protub]ances :i* ent] into ! =m]4 ,s we may f9d 9 ! ,amphi?olida a c5tral capsule ) ?ree jo9ts 7sep>at$ by two annul> p>allel con/rictions71 9 ! ,/auro?olida a cross-%ap$ capsule 7) f\r caps ar\nd ! c5tral l5tellipsis71 9 ! ,cubo?olida a clu/]$ capsule ) six caps1 surr\nd+ six sides ( ! cubical c5tral mass4 ,9 ! ,cocco?olida 7) m$ull>y %ell 9 ! c5tral *amb]7 ! latt] encloses 9 ! c5tre ! nucleus ( ! cell4 ,! calymma1 or ! jelly-veil betwe5 ! c5tral capsule & ! envelop+ %ell1 probably always exhibits annul> con/rictions1 correspond+ to ^? :i* sep>ate ! cupolas ( ! %ell4 ,all ^! anatomical peculi>ities 9 ! ,?olonida require a fur!r accurate /udy4 #ffc,synopsis ( ! ,g5]a ( ,?olonida4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,i4 ,subfamily ,amphi?olida4 ,cupolas develop$ only 9 ! direction ( "o s+le axis 7commonly two cupolas74 7,?olonida unidim5siva47 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,two simple cupolas 7)\t veil71 #bhi4 ,?ol>tus4 ,c5tral *amb] simple1 )\t m$ull>y %ell4 ,two d\ble cupolas 7) veil71 #bij4 ,?olodes4 ,two simple cupolas ,c5tral *amb] 7)\t veil71 #bia4 ,amphi?olus4 ,l>nacilla-%ap$1 ) enclos$ m$ull>y %ell4 ,two d\ble cupolas 7) veil71 #bib4 ,amphi?olonium4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,ii4 ,subfamily ,/auro?olida4 ,cupolas develop$ 9 ! direction ( two axes p]p5dicul> "o to ano!r 7commonly f\r cupolas74 7,?olonida bidim5siva47 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,f\r simple cupolas 7)\t veil71 #bic4 ,?olo/aurus4 ,c5tral *amb] simple1 )\t m$ull>y %ell4 ,f\r d\ble cupolas 7) veil71 #bid4 ,?oloma4 ,f\r simple cupolas ,c5tral *amb] 7)\t veil71 #bie4 ,/auro?olus4 ,l>nacilla-%ap$1 ) enclos$ m$ull>y %ell4 ,f\r d\ble cupolas 7) veil71 #bif4 ,/auro?olonium4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,iii4 ,subfamily ,cubo?olida4 ,cupolas develop$ 9 ! direction ( ?ree axes p]p5dicul> "o to ano!r 7commonly six cupolas74 7,?olonida tridim5siva47 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,six simple cupolas 7)\t veil71 #big4 ,?olocubus4 ,c5tral *amb] simple1 )\t m$ull>y %ell4 ,six d\ble cupolas 7) veil71 #bih4 ,?olonium4 ,six simple cupolas ,c5tral *amb] 7)\t veil71 #bii4 ,cubo?olus4 ,l>nacilla-%ap$1 ) enclos$ m$ull>y %ell4 ,six d\ble cupolas 7) veil71 #cjj4 ,cubo?olonium4 ,subfamily #a4 ,,amphi?olida1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,?olonida ) monaxial gr[?2 cupolas opposite on ! poles ( "o axis4 7,%ell commonly ?ree-*amb]$1 ) two domes on bo? sides ( ! c5tral *amb]47 ,g5us #bhi4 ,?ol>tus1#cbh n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,?olonida ) simple cortical %ell 7)\t ext]nal veil72 ) two hemisph]ical cupolas1 opposite on ! poles ( "o axis2 c5tral *amb] betwe5 !m simple 7)\t m$ull>y %ell74 #ffd,! g5us ,?ol>tus 7,pl4 #aj1 fig4 #a7 repres5ts ! mo/ simple =m ( all ,?olonida1 a ?ree-jo9t$ simple cortical %ell )\t m$ull>y %ell2 two hemisph]ical cupolas or domes are atta*$ on bo? lat]al sides ( a simple triaxial ellipsoidal c5tral *amb]1 correspond+ to ! poles ( its lat]al or transv]se axis4 ,?ol>tus may be reg>d$ z ! common ance/ral =m ( all ,?olonida1 & may be d]iv$ ei!r f ! ,pylonida ,monozonium 7by complete lattice-lock+ ( ! lat]al w+s7 or f ! ,ellipsida ,c5ellipsis 7by developm5t ( two lat]al protub]ances on ! poles ( ! transv]se axis74 ,b x is also possible t ! abs5ce ( ! m$ull>y %ell is produc$ by r$uction1 & 9 ?is case ,?ol>tus may be desc5d$ f ,amphi?olus4 ,subg5us #a4 ,?ol>tella1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! %ell smoo? or r\gh1 )\t radial sp9es4 #a4 ,?ol>tus tricolus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aj1 fig4 #a74 ,c5tral *amb] "o & a half times z high & z broad z bo? cupolas4 ,surface ( ! %ell r\gh4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 )\t hexagonal frames1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 ab\t sixte5 on ! half m]idian ( ! c5tral *amb] 7or its v]tical diamet]74 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell 7major axis ( ! c5tral *amb]1 v]tical7 #j4a1 bread? ( ! %ell 7major axis ( ! :ole ?ree-*amb]$ %ell1 horizontal7 #j4ac2 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgj1 dep? #bibe fa?oms4 #b4 ,?ol>tus paniscus1 n4 sp4 ,c5tral *amb] ( ! same bread?1 b ( ! d\ble height ( bo? cupolas4 ,surface ( ! %ell r\gh4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 ) hexagonal frames1 ( ! same bread? z ! b>s2 eight to t5 on ! half m]idian ( ! c5tral *amb]4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell 7major axis ( ! c5tral *amb]1 v]tical7 #j4ab1 bread? ( ! %ell 7major axis ( ! :ole ?ree-*amb]$ %ell1 horizontal7 #j4ae2 pores & b>s #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 #c4 ,?ol>tus isocolus1 n4 sp4 ,c5tral *amb] ( ! same bread? & height z bo? cupolas4 ,surface ( ! %ell smoo?4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 once to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 t5 to fifte5 on ! half m]idian ( ! c5tral *amb]4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell #j4aa1 bread? #j4ad2 pores #j4jjd to #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgj1 dep? #bibe fa?oms4 #ffe,subg5us #b4 ,?ol>tissa1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! %ell ) radial sp9es4 #d4 ,?ol>tus tripanis1 n4 sp4 ,c5tral *amb] ( ! same size z bo? cupolas4 ,surface ( ! %ell ?orny1 ev]y:]e cov]$ ) %ort conical radial sp9es1 ab\t z long z ! cupolas4 ,pores regul> or subregul>1 circul>1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 eight to t5 on ! half m]idian4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell #j4a1 bread? #j4ab2 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bie1 surface4 #e4 ,?ol>tus sagitta1 n4 sp4 ,c5tral *amb] twice z l>ge z bo? cupolas4 ,surface ( ! %ell sp9y1 ) eight to twelve regul>ly 787 di/ribut$ radial sp9es1 radiat+ f ! two con/rictions betwe5 ! ?ree *amb]s4 ,sp9es ne$le-%ap$1 v ?9 & long4 ,pores subregul> or irregul>1 r\ndi% or circul>1 ab\t ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 twelve to sixte5 on ! half m]idian4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell #j4aa1 bread? #j4ae2 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdd1 surface4 ,g5us #bij4 ,?olodes1#cbi n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,?olonida ) d\ble cortical %ell 7) ext]nal veil71 ) two hemisph]ical cupolas1 opposite on ! poles ( "o axis2 c5tral *amb] betwe5 !m simple 7)\t m$ull>y %ell74 ,! g5us ,?olodes 7,pl4 #aj1 fig4 #b7 diff]s f ,?ol>tus1 its probable ance/ral =m1 only 9 ! duplication ( ! %ell2 ! out] %ell has exactly ! same ?ree-jo9t$ =m z ! inn]2 bo? are connect$ by eight radial beams1 ly+ 9 two diagonal planes & correspond+ to ! eight frontal sp9es ( ,tetrapyle octacan?a4 ,possibly ,?olodes may also be desc5d$ f ,amphi?olonium by loss ( ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,i h obs]v$ only "o s+le specim5 ( ?is g5us4 #a4 ,?olodes cupula1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aj1 fig4 #b74 ,out] %ell ( ! same =m & /ructure z ! inn] %ell4 ,c5tral *amb] l>g] ?an bo? cupolas4 ,surface a little r\gh1 )\t radial sp9es4 ,di/ance ( bo? %ells equals ! height ( ! out] cupolas4 ,pores ( bo? %ells regul>1 circul>1 ?ree times z broad z ! #fff;b>s2 six to sev5 9 ! semicircle ( "o inn] cupola1 t5 to twelve 9 ! semicircle ( "o out] cupola4 ,bo? %ells are connect$ by eight radial beams1 cross$ 9 two diagonal planes4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis ( ! out] %ell #j4a1 m9or #j4jfe2 major axis ( ! inn] %ell #j4je1 m9or #j4jd2 pores #j4jjf1 b>s #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,we/]n ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbe1 dep? #ddge fa?oms4 ,g5us #bia4 ,amphi?olus1#ccj n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,?olonida ) simple cortical %ell 7)\t ext]nal veil71 ) two hemisph]ical cupolas1 opposite on ! poles ( "o axis2 c5tral *amb] 7betwe5 !m7 ,l>nacilla-%ap$1 ) m$ull>y %ell4 ,! g5us ,amphi?olus is ! mo/ simple =m ( all ,cocco?olida 7or all ,?olonida provid$ ) m$ull>y %ell74 ,its simple cortical %ell exhibits1 l ,?ol>tus1 two lat]al hemisph]ic cupolas1 atta*$ on bo? sides ( a l5telliptical c5tral *amb] 7on ! poles ( its transv]se axis74 ,! c5tral *amb] has ! =m ( a triaxial ellipsoid1 & conta9s1 l ,l>nacilla1 a small m$ull>y %ell1 connect$ ) x by ! w+s ( a lattic$ transv]se girdle4 ,amphi?olus may be d]iv$ ei!r f ,?ol>tus by second>y production ( a cortical %ell1 or 7m probably7 f ,l>nacilla by apposition ( two lat]al dome-%ap$ protub]ances4 ,9 ! latt] case x may be reg>d$ z an ,amphipyle1 ! lat]al op5 w+s ( :i* are clos$ by lattice-"w4 ,subg5us #a4 ,amphi?olissa1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! %ell smoo? or r\gh1 )\t radial sp9es4 #a4 ,amphi?olus artiscus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aj1 fig4 #c74 ,c5tral *amb] ( ! same height z bo? cupolas4 ,surface ( ! cortical %ell r\gh4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 ) prom95t hexagonal frames1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 eight to t5 9 ! basal semicircle ( "o cupola4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis ( ! %ell #j4af1 m9or axis #j4a2 pores #j4jjh1 b>s #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgb1 dep? #bfjj fa?oms4 #b4 ,amphi?olus artidium1 n4 sp4 ,c5tral *amb] "o-f\r? high] ?an bo? cupolas4 ,surface ( ! cortical %ell smoo?4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 once to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s4 7,v simil> to ,?ol>tus tricolus1 ,pl4 #aj1 fig4 #a1 b diff]5t by ! m$ull>y %ell47 ,dim5sions4--,major axis ( ! %ell #j4ae1 m9or axis #j4ab2 pores #j4jjd to #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bda1 dep? #bcjj fa?oms4 #ffg,subg5us #b4 ,amphi?olura1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! %ell ) radial sp9es or ?orns4 #c4 ,amphi?olus octacan?us1 n4 sp4 ,c5tral *amb] ab\t twice z high & broad z bo? cupolas4 ,f ! surface arise1 symmetrically di/ribut$1 eight /\t conical radial sp9es1 ly+ 9 two diagonal planes1 z prolongations ( ! eight w+-beams1 :i* connect ! ,tetrapyle-%ap$ m$ull>y %ell ) ! two r+-l con/rictions ( ! cortical %ell4 ,pores ( ! latt] regul>1 circul>1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 t5 to twelve 9 ! basal semicircle ( "o cupola4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis ( ! %ell #j4ae1 m9or #j4ab2 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccb1 dep? #bbjj fa?oms4 #d4 ,amphi?olus dodecan?us1 n4 sp4 ,c5tral *amb] a little l>g] ?an bo? cupolas4 ,f ! surface arise twelve /rong conical radial sp9es1 f\r on ! poles ( ! major & ! m9or axis ( ! %ell1 ly+ 9 ! lat]al plane2 eight o!rs ly+ 9 two diagonal planes1 z prolongations ( ! eight w+-beams1 :i* connect ! ,tetrapyle-%ap$ m$ull>y %ell ) ! two r+-l con/rictions ( ! cortical %ell4 ,pores ( ! latt] irregul>1 r\ndi%1 twice to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 sixte5 to eighte5 9 ! basal semicircle ( "o cupola4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis ( ! %ell #j4ae1 m9or #j4aa2 pores #j4jjd to #j4jjh1 b>s #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bef1 surface4 #e4 ,amphi?olus acan?ometra1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aj1 figs4 #e1 #f74 ,c5tral *amb] ab\t twice z broad & z high z bo? cupolas4 ,on ! surface q symmetrically di/ribut$ tw5ty long & /rong cyl9drical radial sp9es2 eight 9 ! sagittal plane or 9 ! m]idian plane ( ! c5tral *amb] 7f\r opposite 9 pairs 9 ! pr9cipal & ! sagittal axes1 f\r o!rs 9 ! middle betwe5 ! pr9cipal & ! sagittal sp9es72 f\r 9 ! horizontal transv]se plane1 on bo? sides ( ! poles ( ! major or lat]al axis2 & eight 9 diagonal planes 7correspond+ to ! eight w+-sp9es ( ,tetrapyle octacan?a74 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! c5tral *amb] is a di/9ct trizonal m$ull>y %ell l t ( ,tetrapyle1 ) two v]tical columella beams4 ,pores ( ! cortical %ell subregul>1 circul>1 ) elevat$ hexagonal frames1 ab\t f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 five to sev5 9 ! semicircle ( "o cupola4 7,?is rem>kable species diff]s f ,?ol>tus vic5us 9 ! possession ( a m$ull>y %ell1 f ,amphi?olonium acan?ometra by ! simple cortical %ell4 ,comp>e ^! species74 ,dim5sions4--,major axis ( ! %ell #j4ad to #j4af1 m9or axis #j4aj to #j4ab2 pores #j4jae1 b>s #j4jjd2 major axis ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jd to #j4je1 m9or 7horizontal7 axis #j4jb to #j4jc2 l5g? ( ! tw5ty radial sp9es #j4ah to #j4bd1 basal bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #cjj1 dep? #acge fa?oms4 #ffhf4 ,amphi?olus armatus1 n4 sp4 ,c5tral *amb] twice z broad1 b ( ! same height1 z ! flat vault$ cupolas4 ,surface arm$ ) ?irty to =ty v l>ge ?ree-sid$ prismatic sp9es1 long] ?an ! major axis ( ! %ell4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 twice to five times z broad z ! b>s2 eight to n9e on ! basal semicircle ( "o cupola4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis ( ! %ell #j4ae1 m9or axis #j4a2 pores #j4jjf to #j4jae1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4b to #j4be1 bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cec1 surface4 #g4 ,amphi?olus polyacan?us1 n4 sp4 ,c5tral *amb] ( ! same bread? & height z bo? cupolas4 ,surface arm$ ) v num]\s 7sixty to eighty7 /rong conical sp9es1 ab\t z long z ! m9or axis ( ! %ell4 ,pores subregul>1 circul>1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 sixte5 to eighte5 9 ! basal semicircle ( "o cupola4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis ( ! %ell #j4ac1 m9or #j4jh2 pores #j4jjf1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! radial sp9es #j4ji1 bread? #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccb1 dep? #bbjj fa?oms4 #h4 ,amphi?olus panicium1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aj1 fig4 #d74 ,c5tral *amb] ellipsoidal1 ne>ly twice z broad1 b ( ! same height1 z bo? cupolas4 ,:ole surface ?orny2 ! l>ge/ radial ?orns ab\t z long z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 twice to f\r times z broad z ! b>s4 ,on ! base ( ea* cupola a circle ( t5 to twelve l>g] squ>e pores1 sep>at$ by radial beams1 :i* are prolong$ into /\t] free sp9es4 ,?is rem>kable =mation ( ! cupolas1 v r>e 9 ?is family1 recalls ! *>act]i/ic =mation ( ! di/al *amb]s ( ! ,pan>tida & ,zyg>tida 7e4g41 ,pl4 #dj1 figs4 #d1 #h1 c471 :]e x is v common4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis ( ! %ell #j4ae1 m9or #j4a2 pores #j4jje to #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjc2 l>ge squ>e pores #j4jb2 axes ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jc & #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,madagasc>1 ,rabbe1 surface4 ,g5us #bib4 ,amphi?olonium1#cca n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,?olonida ) d\ble cortical %ell 7) ext]nal veil71 ) two hemisph]ical cupolas1 opposite on ! poles ( "o axis2 c5tral *amb] 7betwe5 !m7 ,l>nacilla-%ap$1 ) m$ull>y %ell4 ,! g5us ,amphi?olonium diff]s f ! ne>ly alli$ ,amphi?olus 7probably its ance/ral =m7 only 9 ! duplication ( ! cortical %ell2 ! out] has ! #ffisame ?ree-jo9t$ =m z ! inn]1 & is connect$ ) x by a v>iable numb] ( radial beams4 ,f ! simil> ,?olodes x diff]s 9 ! possession ( a m$ull>y %ell4 #a4 ,amphi?olonium tricolonium1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aj1 fig4 #g74 ,out] cortical %ell smoo?1 ( ! same ?ree-jo9t$ =m z ! inn]1 at an equal di/ance f x ?r\gh\t ! :ole circumf]5ce2 c5tral *amb] high]-vault$ ?an bo? cupolas4 ,network ( ! out] %ell delicate1 ) subregul>1 circul> pores4 ,pores ( ! ?ick-wall$ inn] %ell subregul>1 circul>1 ) hexagonal frames1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 eight to t5 9 ! basal semicircle ( "o cupola4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis ( ! out] cortical %ell #j4b1 m9or axis #j4ae2 major axis ( ! inn] cortical %ell #j4af1 m9or axis #j4aa2 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjce4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #cjb1 dep? #adej fa?oms4 #b4 ,amphi?olonium octo/ylium1 n4 sp4 ,out] cortical %ell l5telliptical1 smoo?1 n articulat$1 at a v>y+ di/ance f ! ?ree-jo9t$ inn] %ell2 c5tral *amb] ( ! latt] twice z high z bo? hemisph]ical cupolas4 ,network ( ! out] %ell v ?91 cob-web l4 ,pores ( ! inn] %ell subregul>1 r\ndi%1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 six to sev5 9 ! semicircle ( "o cupola4 ,eight ?9 & long1 bri/le-%ap$1 radial sp9es1 opposite 9 pairs 9 two cross$ diagonal planes4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis ( ! out] cortical %ell #j4af1 m9or #j4ab2 major axis ( ! inn] cortical %ell #j4ab1 m9or #j4ji2 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgc1 dep? #bcej fa?oms4 #c4 ,amphi?olonium acan?onium1 n4 sp4 ,out] cortical %ell ( ! same ?ree-jo9t$ =m z ! inn]1 at a uni=m di/ance f x2 c5tral *amb] high] vault$ ?an bo? cupolas4 ,network ( ! out] %ell irregul>1 delicate1 ( ! inn] regul>1 /rong1 ) circul>1 hexagonally fram$ pores1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 eight to n9e 9 ! semicircle ( "o cupola4 ,on ! surface1 q symmetrically dispos$1 tw5ty long & /rong1 cyl9drical1 radial sp9es2 eight 9 ! sagittal plane1 f\r 9 ! transv]se plane2 eight 9 two diagonal planes betwe5 ! =m] & ! latt]4 ,! rem>kable geometric disposition ( ! tw5ty sp9es is 9 ?is species q ! same z 9 ,amphi?olus acan?ometra4 ,x diff]s f ?is ne>ly alli$ species 9 ! d\ble cortical %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis ( ! out] cortical %ell #j4ah1 m9or #j4ad2 major axis ( ! inn] cortical %ell #j4ad1 m9or #j4a2 pores #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bie1 surface4 #fgj,subfamily #b4 ,,/auro?olida1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,?olonida ) diaxial gr[?2 cupolas cross$ 9 pairs1 opposite on ! poles ( two axes1 p]p5dicul> "o to ano!r4 7,%ell commonly five-*amb]$1 ) f\r domes1 cross-wise surr\nd+ ! c5tral *amb]47 ,g5us #bic4 ,?olo/aurus1#ccb n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,?olonida ) simple cortical %ell 7)\t ext]nal veil71 compos$ ( f\r hemisph]ical cupolas 9 cross-=m1 opposite 9 pairs on ! poles ( two axes p]p5dicul> "o to ano!r2 c5tral *amb] simple 7)\t m$ull>y %ell74 ,! g5us ,?olo/aurus is ! mo/ simple =m ( ! ,/auro?olida1 or ! ,?olonida ) f\r cross$ hemisph]ical cupolas1 ly+ on ! poles ( two axes p]p5dicul> "o to ano!r4 ,! c5tral *amb] communicates by f\r wide op5+s ) ! f\r domes1 & conta9s no m$ull>y %ell4 ,?olo/aurus may orig9ate ei!r f ,?ol>tus by apposition ( two opposite cupolas betwe5 ! fir/ pair1 or f ,/auro?olus by loss ( ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,subg5us #a4 ,?olo/auran?a1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! %ell smoo? or r\gh1 )\t radial sp9es4 #a4 ,?olo/aurus quadrigatus1 n4 sp4 ,all f\r cupolas ne>ly ( ! same size & =m1 subregul>4 ,surface smoo?1 )\t radial sp9es4 ,pores subregul>1 circul>1 f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 eight to t5 pores 9 ! basal semicircle ( "o cupola4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ab2 pores #j4jjh1 b>s #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgb1 surface4 #b4 ,?olo/aurus cruci=mis1 n4 sp4 ,two opposite cupolas l>g] ?an ! two o!rs4 ,surface r\gh1 )\t radial sp9es4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 hexagonally fram$1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 twelve to f\rte5 9 ! basal semicircle ( "o cupola4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis ( ! %ell #j4af1 m9or axis #j4ab2 pores #j4jjf1 b>s #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfe1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #fga,subg5us #b4 ,?olo/auroma1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! %ell ) radial sp9es or ?orns4 #c4 ,?olo/aurus tetrabelonis1 n4 sp4 ,all f\r cupolas ne>ly ( ! same size & =m1 subregul>4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 hexagonally fram$1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 twelve to f\rte5 9 ! semicircle ( "o cupola4 ,f\r long & /\t conical radial sp9es1 two v]tical on ! poles ( ! pr9cipal axis1 two horizontal on ! poles ( ! transv]se axis4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis ( ! %ell #j4ae1 m9or #j4ac2 pores #j4jjf1 b>s #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bhh1 surface4 #d4 ,?olo/aurus octobelonis1 n4 sp4 ,two opposite cupolas l>g] ?an ! two o!rs4 ,pores subregul>1 circul>1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 t5 to twelve 9 ! semicircle ( "o cupola4 ,eight long & ?91 ne$le-%ap$1 radial sp9es1 9 pairs cross$ 9 two diagonal planes4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis ( ! %ell #j4af1 m9or #j4ab2 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bia1 surface4 #e4 ,?olo/aurus dodecabelos1 n4 sp4 ,two opposite cupolas l>g] ?an ! two o!rs4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 twice to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 six to eight 9 ! semicircle ( "o cupola4 ,twelve ?9 & long radial sp9es1 f\r on ! poles ( ! two cross$ axes 7pr9cipal & lat]al71 eight cross$ 9 two diagonal planes4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis ( ! %ell #j4ad1 m9or #j4aa2 pores #j4jjf to #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdd1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #f4 ,?olo/aurus polybelonis1 n4 sp4 ,two opposite cupolas l>g] ?an ! two o!rs4 ,pores circul>1 hexagonally fram$1 ( ! same bread? z ! b>s2 t5 to twelve 9 ! semicircle ( "o cupola4 ,num]\s 7tw5ty to ?irty or m7 ?91 bri/le-l1 radial sp9es1 ab\t z long z ! radius ( ! %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis ( ! %ell #j4ae1 m9or axis #j4ab2 pores & b>s #j4jjg4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,zanzib>1 ,pull51 dep? #bbjj fa?oms4 ,g5us #bid4 ,?oloma1#ccc n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,?olonida ) d\ble cortical %ell 7) ext]nal veil71 compos$ ( f\r hemisph]ical cupolas 9 cross-=m1 opposite 9 pairs on ! poles ( two axes p]p5dicul> "o to ano!r2 c5tral *amb] simple 7)\t m$ull>y %ell74 #fgb,! g5us ,?oloma 7,pl4 #aj1 figs4 #aj1 #ac7 diff]s f ! prec$+ ,?olo/aurus 7its probable ance/ral =m7 only 9 ! duplication ( ! %ell4 ,! out] 7second>y7 %ell has ! same cross-=m z ! inn] 7prim>y7 %ell4 ,9 ! two obs]v$ species ! gr[? seems to be diff]5t1 9 ! fir/ species all f\r cupolas ( ea* cross be+ ( ! same size1 =m1 & age2 9 ! second two opposite cupolas1 l>g] & app>5tly old] ?an ! o!r two4 ,?oloma is possibly ! (fspr+ ( ,/auro?olonium1 f :i* x may h be5 produc$ by loss ( ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,subg5us #a4 ,?oloman?a1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! %ell smoo?1 )\t radial sp9es4 #a4 ,?oloma quadrigem9um1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aj1 fig4 #aj74 ,all f\r *amb]s 9 ea* cortical %ell ne>ly equal1 subregul>4 ,surface smoo?1 )\t radial sp9es4 ,/ructure ( ! network 9 bo? %ells simil>4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 six to eight 9 ! basal semicircle ( "o inn]1 t5 to twelve 9 ! semicircle ( "o out] cupola4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ad1 ( ! inn] #j4ji2 pores #j4jjf1 b>s #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #cjb1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,?olomura1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! %ell ) radial sp9es4 #b4 ,?oloma metallasson1#ccd n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aj1 fig4 #ac74 ,two opposite *amb]s 9 ea* cortical %ell l>g] ?an ! two o!rs2 ! l>g] *amb]s ( ! inn] %ell correspond+ to ! small] *amb]s ( ! out] %ell4 ,network 9 bo? %ells ( ! same /ructure1 regul>1 ) circul>1 hexagonally fram$ pores ( ! same bread? z ! b>s2 eight to t5 9 ! semicircle ( an inn]1 f\rte5 to sixte5 9 ! semicircle ( an out] cupola4 ,num]\s 7tw5ty to ?irty or m7 ?91 cyl9drical1 bri/le-%ap$1 long radial sp9es1 symmetrically dispos$4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis ( ! out] %ell #j4bf1 m9or axis #j4b2 major axis ( ! inn] %ell #j4af1 m9or axis #j4ac2 pores & b>s #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfe1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 ,g5us #bie4 ,/auro?olus1#cce n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,?olonida ) simple cortical %ell 7)\t ext]nal veil71 compos$ ( f\r hemisph]ical cupolas 9 cross-=m1 opposite 9 pairs on ! poles ( #fgctwo axes p]p5dicul> "o to ano!r2 c5tral *amb] ,l>nacilla-%ap$ 7) enclos$ m$ull>y %ell74 ,! g5us ,/auro?olus diff]s f ,?olo/aurus 9 ! possession ( a m$ull>y %ell 9 ! c5tral *amb]1 & may be d]iv$ f ?is g5us by its production4 ,b x may also be d]iv$ f ,amphi?olus by apposition ( two second>y opposite cupolas betwe5 ! two prim>y cupolas4 ,! symmetrical position ( an increas+ numb] ( radial sp9es 9 ! diff]5t species is rem>kable 7resembl+ ,?olo/aurus z well z ,amphi?olus74 ,subg5us #a4 ,/auro?olissa1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! %ell smoo? or r\gh1 )\t radial sp9es4 #a4 ,/auro?olus quadratus1 n4 sp4 ,surface ( ! cortical %ell smoo?4 ,all f\r cupolas ne>ly ( ! same size & =m2 !re=e pr9cipal & lat]al axes equal4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 ) hexagonal frames1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 eight to t5 on ! basal semicircle ( "o cupola4 ,m$ull>y %ell squ>e4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! cortical %ell #j4ae2 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cbc1 dep? #aijj fa?oms4 #b4 ,/auro?olus cruciatus1 n4 sp4 ,surface ( ! cortical %ell r\gh4 ,! two pr9cipal cupolas some:at l>g] ?an ! two lat]al cupolas2 !re=e ! longitud9al axis long] ?an ! transv]se4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 twice to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 twelve to sixte5 9 ! semicircle ( "o cupola4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis ( ! %ell #j4af1 m9or #j4ac2 pores #j4jje to #j4jji1 b>s #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bff1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 ,subg5us #b4 ,/auro?olura1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! %ell ) radial sp9es4 #c4 ,/auro?olus tetra/ylus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aj1 fig4 #h74 ,! two pr9cipal cupolas small] ?an ! two lat]al cupolas4 ,pores subregul>1 circul>1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 six to eight 9 ! semicircle ( "o cupola4 ,m$ull>y %ell elliptical4 ,on ! surface f\r long cyl9drical radial sp9es2 two 9 ! pr9cipal & two 9 ! lat]al axis4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis ( ! cortical %ell #j4ae1 m9or #j4ab2 pores #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #aff1 surface4 #fgdd4 ,/auro?olus octo/ylus1 n4 sp4 ,! two lat]al cupolas l>g] ?an ! two pr9cipal cupolas4 ,pores subregul>1 circul>1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 t5 to twelve 9 ! semicircle ( "o cupola4 ,m$ull>y %ell hexagonal1 connect$ ) ea* r+-l con/riction by eight /rong cyl9drical radial sp9es 7long] ?an ! :ole %ell71 ly+ 9 two cross$ m]idian planes1 & correspond+ to ! eight diagonal w+-sp9es ( ,tetrapyle octacan?a4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis ( ! cortical %ell #j4ab1 m9or #j4a2 pores #j4jjh1 b>s #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgd1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #e4 ,/auro?olus deca/ylus1 n4 sp4 ,! two pr9cipal cupolas twice z broad & high z ! two lat]al cupolas4 ,pores subregul>1 circul>1 f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 six to eight 9 ! semicircle ( "o cupola4 ,t5 long & ?9 radial sp9es ) ?ick5$ conical bases1 ab\t z long z ! major axis ( ! %ell1 by inn] prolongations connect$ ) ! l5telliptical m$ull>y %ell2 two pol> sp9es 9 ! pr9cipal axis1 eight w+-sp9es 9 two cross$ diagonal planes4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis #j4ab1 m9or #j4a2 pores #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,we/]n ,tropical ,pacific2 ,/ation #bbd1 dep? #ahej fa?oms4 #f4 ,/auro?olus dodeca/ylus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aj1 fig4 #i74 ,! two lat]al cupolas l>g] ?an ! two pr9cipal cupolas4 ,pores subregul>1 circul>1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 five to sev5 9 ! semicircle ( "o cupola4 ,twelve /rong cyl9drical radial sp9es1 f\r on ! poles ( ! two l>g] axes 7two pr9cipal & two lat]al71 eight w+-sp9es 9 two cross$ diagonal planes4 ,m$ull>y %ell hexagonal4 ,dim5sions4--,major 7lat]al7 axis #j4aa1 m9or 7pr9cipal7 #j4ji2 pores #j4jji1 b>s #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdh1 surface4 #g4 ,/auro?olus poly/ylus1 n4 sp4 ,! two pr9cipal cupolas l>g] ?an ! two lat]al cupolas4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 twice to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 t5 to twelve 9 ! semicircle ( "o cupola4 ,on ! surface num]\s ?9 bri/le-%ap$ sp9es 7tw5ty to ?irty or m74 ,dim5sions4--,major axis #j4ad1 m9or #j4aa2 pores #j4jjf to #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bca1 surface4 ,g5us #bif4 ,/auro?olonium1#ccf n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,?olonida ) d\ble cortical %ell 7) ext]nal veil71 compos$ ( f\r hemisph]ical cupolas 9 cross-=m1 opposite 9 pairs on ! poles ( two axes p]p5dicul> "o to ano!r2 c5tral *amb] ,l>nacilla-%ap$ 7) m$ull>y %ell74 #fge,! g5us ,/auro?olonium diff]s f ! ne>ly alli$ ,/auro?olus 7its probable ance/ral =m7 only 9 ! duplication ( ! cortical %ell4 ,! out] %ell commonly repeats ! cross-=m ( ! inn]1 ) f\r correspond+ cupolas2 b sometimes ! f\r cupolas ( ! out] %ell alt]nate 9 size & =m ) ^? ( ! inn]1 or ! out] %ell =ms a simple l5ticul> envelope ar\nd ! inn]4 ,f ! simil> ,?oloma1 ,/auro?olonium diff]s 9 ! possession ( a m$ull>y %ell 9 ! c5tral *amb]4 ,subg5us #a4 ,/auro?olodes1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! out] cortical %ell smoo? or r\gh1 )\t radial sp9es4 #a4 ,/auro?olonium biquadratum1 n4 sp4 ,out] cortical %ell smoo?1 ( ! same regul> crucial =m z ! inn]1 equidi/ant f x ev]y:]e4 ,=m & /ructure ( bo? cortical %ells ne>ly ! same1 b ! out] ab\t twice z l>ge z ! inn]2 bo? connect$ only by eight diagonal beams4 ,all f\r cupolas ( ea* cortical %ell regul>1 ( ! same size4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 six to eight 9 ! basal semicircle ( ea* cupola4 ,m$ull>y %ell squ>e4 7,simil> to ,/auro?olus quadratus1 b diff]s by ! d\ble cortical %ell47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] cortical %ell #j4af1 ( ! inn] #j4jh1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jd2 pores ( ! inn] cortical %ell #j4jjf1 b>s #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bie1 dep? #aejj fa?oms4 #b4 ,/auro?olonium bicruciatum1 n4 sp4 ,out] cortical %ell r\gh1 twice z l>ge z ! inn]1 ( ! same =m & /ructure1 at an equal di/ance f x4 ,9 bo? %ells ! pr9cipal cupolas are l>g] ?an ! lat]al4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 9 ! out] %ell f\r times1 9 ! inn] twice z l>ge z ! b>s2 eight to t5 9 ! basal semicircle ( "o cupola4 7,simil> to ,/auro?olus cruciatus1 b diff]s ma9ly 9 ! d\ble cortical %ell47 ,m$ull>y %ell l5telliptical4 ,dim5sions4--,major 7longitud9al7 axis ( ! out] cortical %ell #j4jaf1 ( ! inn] #j4jh2 m9or 7transv]se7 axis ( ! =m] #j4ad1 ( ! latt] #j4jg2 m$ull>y %ell #j4jc to #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfg1 dep? #bgjj fa?oms4 #c4 ,/auro?olonium alt]natum1 n4 sp4 ,out] cortical %ell smoo?1 v diff]5t f ! inn]2 9 ! out] ! two pr9cipal cupolas are l>g] ?an ! two lat]al2 9 ! inn] inv]sely small]4 ,pores subregul>1 circul>1 9 ! out] %ell f\r times1 9 ! inn] %ell twice z broad z ! b>s2 t5 to twelve pores 9 ! basal semicircle ( "o cupola4 #fgf;,dim5sions4--,major axis 7l5g?7 ( ! out] cortical %ell #j4ae1 m9or 7bread?7 #j4ac2 pores #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjc2 major axis 7l5g?7 ( ! inn] cortical %ell #j4aa1 m9or axis 7bread?7 #j4ji2 pores #j4jjf1 b>s #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 surface1 ,madagasc>1 ,rabbe4 #d4 ,/auro?olonium l5ticul>e1 n4 sp4 ,out] cortical %ell smoo?1 l5ticul>1 ) circul> circumf]5ce1 ) v delicate irregul> network & small r\ndi% pores4 ,its di/ance f ! inn] mu* great] 9 ! f\r diagonal po9ts ?an 9 ! f\r pol> po9ts4 ,inn] cortical %ell regul>1 cross-l1 ) f\r cupolas ( simil> size & =m4 ,pores subregul>1 circul>1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 eight to t5 9 ! basal semicircle ( "o cupola4 ,m$ull>y %ell l5ticul>4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] cortical %ell #j4af1 ( ! inn] #j4ab2 pores ( ! inn] #j4jjh1 b>s #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cec1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,/auro?oloma1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! out] cortical %ell ) radial sp9es or ?orns4 #e4 ,/auro?olonium octodoratium1 n4 sp4 ,out] cortical %ell ( ! same =m & /ructure z ! inn]1 b twice z l>ge1 bo? pr9cipal domes some:at l>g] ?an bo? lat]al4 ,pores subregul>1 circul>1 ( ! same bread? z ! b>s2 five to six 9 ! semicircle ( "o inn]1 eight to t5 ( "o out] cupola4 ,eight ?9 & long bri/le-l sp9es1 opposite 9 pairs 9 two cross$ diagonal planes4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis ( ! out] cortical %ell #j4ae1 m9or #j4ab2 major axis ( ! inn] cortical %ell #j4jg1 m9or #j4jf2 pores & b>s #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bca1 surface4 #f4 ,/auro?olonium octodoronium1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aj1 fig4 #aa74 ,out] cortical %ell ( ! same =m z ! inn]1 bo? little di/ant2 network ( ! out] irregul> & delicate4 ,pores ( ! inn] regul>1 circul>1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 sev5 to n9e 9 ! basal semicircle ( "o cupola4 ,bo? lat]al domes l>g] ?an ! pr9cipal4 ,eight long & ?91 cyl9drical radial sp9es opposite 9 pairs 9 two cross$ diagonal planes4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis ( ! out] cortical %ell #j4b1 m9or #j4ah2 major axis ( ! inn] cortical %ell #j4af1 m9or #j4ad2 pores #j4jjh1 b>s #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bhh1 surface4 #fgg,subfamily #c4 ,,cubo?olida1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,?olonida ) triaxial gr[?2 cupolas ly+ 9 pairs on ! six sides ( a cubical c5tral *amb]1 opposite at ! poles ( ?ree axes p]p5dicul> "o to ano!r4 7,%ell commonly sev5-*amb]$1 ) six domes surr\nd+ ! c5tral *amb]47 ,g5us #big4 ,?olocubus1#ccg n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,?olonida ) simple cortical %ell 7)\t ext]nal veil71 compos$ ( six hemisph]ical cupolas1 opposite 9 pairs on ! poles ( ?ree axes p]p5dicul> "o to ano!r1 cov]+ six sides ( ! simple cuboidal c5tral *amb] 7)\t m$ull>y %ell74 ,! g5us ,?olocubus is ! mo/ simple =m ( ! ,cubo?olida1 or ( ! ,?olonida ) domes situat$ 9 ?ree axes p]p5dicul> "o to ano!r2 six hemisph]ical cupolas ly+ on ! six sides ( a cuboidal c5tral *amb]2 ?is latt] conta9s no m$ull>y %ell4 ,?olocubus may be d]iv$ phylog5etically ei!r f ,?olo/aurus by apposition ( two opposite domes on ! flat sides ( ! cross-%ell1 or f ,cubo?olus by loss ( ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,subg5us #a4 ,?olocubulus1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! %ell smoo? or r\gh1 )\t radial sp9es4 #a4 ,?olocubus tessellatus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aj1 fig4 #ab74 ,surface ( ! %ell smoo?1 )\t radial sp9es4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 hexagonally fram$1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 eight to twelve pores on ! semicircle ( "o cupola4 ,pr9cipal cupolas small] ?an ! lat]al1 l>g] ?an ! sagittal cupolas4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ae2 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccb1 dep? #bbjj fa?oms4 #b4 ,?olocubus tess]>ius1 n4 sp4 ,surface ( ! %ell r\gh1 )\t radial sp9es4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 once to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 twelve to sixte5 pores 9 ! semicircle ( "o cupola4 ,all six cupolas ne>ly ( ! same size4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4af2 pores #j4jjd to #j4jjh1 b>s #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cec1 dep? #bife fa?oms4 #fgh,subg5us #b4 ,?olocubitus1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! %ell ) radial sp9es or ?orns4 #c4 ,?olocubus tess]alis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aj1 fig4 #af74 ,surface ( ! %ell ) num]\s 7eight to sixte57 ?9 & long1 bri/le-%ap$ radial sp9es 7! great] "p brok5 (f 9 ! figur$ specim572 pores subregul>1 circul>1 ?ree to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 t5 to twelve 9 ! semicircle ( "o cupola4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis ( ! %ell #j4af1 m9or axis #j4ad2 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjbg4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 ,g5us #bih4 ,?olonium1#cch n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,?olonida ) d\ble cortical %ell 7) ext]nal veil71 compos$ ( six hemisph]ical cupolas1 opposite 9 pairs on ! poles ( ?ree axes p]p5dicul> "o to ano!r1 cov]+ six sides ( ! simple cuboidal c5tral *amb] 7)\t m$ull>y %ell74 ,! g5us ,?olonium 7,pl4 #aj1 fig4 #ag7 diff]s f ! prec$+ ,?olocubus only 9 ! duplication ( ! cortical %ell4 ,! out] 7second>y7 %ell =ms ei!r a simple 7sph]oidal or ellipsoidal7 ?9 veil ar\nd ! inn] 7prim>y7 %ell1 or bo? %ells are ( ! same =m1 ) six correspond+ cupolas4 ,possibly ,?olonium is ! (fspr+ ( ,cubo?olonium1 hav+ orig9at$ by loss ( ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,subg5us #a4 ,?olonetta1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! %ell smoo? or r\gh1 )\t radial sp9es or ?orns4 #a4 ,?olonium bicubicum1 n4 sp4 ,out] %ell ) six hemisph]ical dome-%ap$ protub]ances1 correspond+ 9 ^? ( ! inn] %ell4 ,bo? %ells connect$ by num]\s radial beams4 ,surface ( ! out] %ell smoo?2 its network ne>ly ( ! same %ape z t ( ! inn]1 ) subregul>1 circul> pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 t5 to fifte5 pores on ! semicircle ( "o cupola4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ad1 ( ! inn] #j4ab2 pores ( ! latt] #j4jjf1 b>s #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cbe1 dep? #bfej fa?oms4 #fgib4 ,?olonium ellipticum1 n4 sp4 ,out] %ell ellipsoidal1 )\t dome-%ap$ protub]ances1 ) smoo? surface1 )\t radial sp9es2 network delicate1 ) subregul>1 circul> pores4 ,inn] %ell ) regul>1 circul>1 hexagonally fram$ pores1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 t5 to twelve pores on ! semicircle ( "o cupola4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis ( ! out] %ell #j4af1 m9or axis #j4ad2 major axis ( ! inn] %ell #j4ad1 m9or axis #j4ab2 pores #j4jjh1 b>s #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,pacific c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfg1 dep? #bgjj fa?oms4 #c4 ,?olonium sphricum1 n4 sp4 ,out] %ell sph]ical1 )\t dome-%ap$ protub]ances1 ) smoo? surface1 )\t radial sp9es2 network v delicate1 ) v small subregul>1 circul> pores4 ,inn] %ell ) regul>1 circul> pores ( ! same bread? z ! b>s2 f\rte5 to sixte5 on ! basal semicircle ( "o cupola4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! sph]ical out] %ell #j4ae1 inn] %ell #j4ab2 pores & b>s ( ! inn] %ell #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,zanzib>1 ,pull51 dep? #bbjj fa?oms4 ,subg5us #b4 ,?olonilla1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! out] %ell cov]$ ) radial sp9es or ?orns4 #d4 ,?olonium hexonium1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aj1 fig4 #ag74 ,out] %ell ellipsoidal1 )\t dome-%ap$ protub]ances1 cov]$ ) num]\s 7?irty to fifty7 ?9 & long1 bri/le-%ap$ radial sp9es2 network v delicate1 irregul>1 ) r\ndi% pores4 ,inn] %ell ) six m>k$ hemisph]ical domes ( some:at diff]5t sizes2 pores regul>1 circul>1 ) prom95t hexagonal frames1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 t5 to twelve on ! basal semicircle ( "o cupola4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis ( ! out] %ell #j4ae1 m9or axis #j4ad2 major axis ( ! inn] %ell #j4ac1 m9or axis #j4ab2 pores #j4jjh1 b>s #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 #e4 ,?olonium sphronium1 n4 sp4 ,out] %ell v ?9 wall$1 sph]ical1 )\t dome-%ap$ protub]ances1 ) smoo? surface1 except+ eight l>ge radial sp9es1 ris+ f ! eight corn]s ( ! inn] cubical c5tral *amb]4 ,pores ( ! out] %ell v small1 subcircul>4 ,inn] %ell v ?ick wall$1 ) six m>k$ hemisph]ical domes2 pores subregul>1 circul>1 ) prom95t hexagonal frames1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 six to eight on ! semicircle ( "o cupola4 #fhj;,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! sph]ical out] %ell #j4ae1 inn] %ell #j4aa2 pores ( ! inn] #j4ja1 b>s #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgd1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 ,g5us #bii4 ,cubo?olus1#cci n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,?olonida ) simple cortical %ell 7)\t ext]nal veil71 compos$ ( six hemisph]ical cupolas1 opposite 9 pairs on ! poles ( ?ree axes p]p5dicul> "o to ano!r1 cov]+ six sides ( ! cuboidal ,l>nacilla-%ap$ c5tral *amb] 7) m$ull>y %ell74 ,! g5us ,cubo?olus diff]s f ,?olocubus 9 ! possession ( a m$ull>y %ell 9 ! c5tral *amb]1 & may be d]iv$ f ?is g5us by its production2 b x may also be d]iv$ f ,/auro?olus by apposition ( two opposite domes on ! flat sides ( ! cross-%ell4 ,sometimes all six domes are ( ! same size & =m1 b commonly diff]5t 9 pairs4 ,subg5us #a4 ,cubo?olissa1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! %ell smoo? or r\gh1 )\t radial sp9es4 #a4 ,cubo?olus regul>is1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aj1 fig4 #ad74 ,on ! six sides ( ! cubical c5tral *amb] six hemisph]ical cupolas ( ! same size & =m4 ,surface smoo?4 ,pores regul>1 circul>1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 eight 9 ! basal semicircle ( ea* cupola4 ,m$ull>y %ell app>5tly sph]ical 7871 connect$ ) ! eight corn]s ( ! c5tral *amb] by eight radial beams1 regul>ly dispos$4 7,?is species is rem>kable = ! p]fect symmetry ( ! %ell1 ! six sides ( :i* appe> to be q simil>4 ,x diff]s f ! simil> ,?olocubus regul>is 9 ! possession ( a m$ull>y %ell47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! cortical %ell 7equal 9 all ?ree dim5sive axes7 #j4ae2 pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jje2 diamet] ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgc1 dep? #bcej fa?oms4 #b4 ,cubo?olus quadraticus1 n4 sp4 ,surface ( ! %ell smoo?4 ,bo? pr9cipal cupolas 7on ! poles ( ! longitud9al axis7 l>g] ?an ! f\r o!r cupolas1 :i* h ! same size & lie cross-wise 9 ! equatorial plane4 7,!re=e two ( ! ?ree fundam5tal axes equal1 ! ?ird l>g]47 ,pores subregul>1 circul>1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s2 t5 to twelve 9 ! semicircle ( ea* cupola-basis4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis #j4af1 m9or axis #j4ab2 pores #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,zanzib>1 ,pull52 dep? #bbjj fa?oms4 #fhac4 ,cubo?olus rhombicus1 n4 sp4 ,surface ( ! %ell smoo?4 ,bo? pr9cipal cupolas 7on ! poles ( ! longitud9al axis7 l>g] ?an ! two lat]al 7on ! poles ( ! transv]se axis71 & ^! l>g] ?an ! two sagittal cupolas 7on ! poles ( ! sagittal axis74 ,!re=e all ?ree fundam5tal axes unequal4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 twice to f\r times z broad z ! b>s2 eight to twelve 9 ! basal semicircle ( ea* cupola4 ,m$ull>y %ell l5telliptical4 ,dim5sions4--,major 7pr9cipal7 axis #j4af1 middle 7lat]al7 axis #j4ad1 m9or 7sagittal7 axis #j4ab2 pores #j4jjf to #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cce1 dep? #adbe fa?oms4 ,subg5us #b4 ,cubo?olura1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! %ell ) radial sp9es or ?orns4 #d4 ,cubo?olus octoc]as1 n4 sp4 ,all six cupolas 9 pairs ( diff]5t sizes4 ,bo? pr9cipal domes l>g] ?an ! lat]al domes1 & ^! l>g] ?an ! sagittal domes4 ,pores subregul>1 circul>1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 eight to t5 9 ! semicircle ( ea* cupola4 ,f ! surface arise 7at ! int]sect+ po9ts ( e ?ree cupolas7 eight /rong conical radial sp9es1 ab\t z long z ! %ell-axis2 !y lie 9 two diagonal planes1 & are ! ext]nal free prolongations ( eight inn] beams 7homolog\s ) ! eight w+-sp9es ( ,tetrapyle octacan?a71 :i* connect ! l5telliptical m$ull>y %ell ) ! eight corn]s ( ! cuboidal c5tral *amb]4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis ( ! cortical %ell #j4ae1 middle #j4ac1 m9or #j4aa2 pores #j4jjh1 b>s #j4jjd2 diamet]s ( ! m$ull>y %ell correspond+ to #j4je1 #j4jd1 #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,we/]n ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbd1 dep? #ahej fa?oms4 ,g5us #cjj4 ,cubo?olonium1#cdj n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,?olonida ) d\ble 7or sometimes triple7 cortical %ell 7) ext]nal veil71 compos$ ( six hemisph]ical cupolas1 opposite 9 pairs on ! poles ( ?ree axes p]p5dicul> "o to ano!r1 cov]+ six sides ( ! cuboidal ,l>nacilla-%ap$ c5tral *amb] 7) m$ull>y %ell74 ,! g5us ,cubo?olonium diff]s f ! ne>ly alli$ ,cubo?olus 7its probable ance/ral =m7 only 9 duplication ( ! cortical %ell4 ,i h obs]v$ only two species ( ?is r>e =m1 bo? r diff]5t4 ,9 ! fir/ species ! out] cortical %ell =ms a simple sph]ical ?9 veil ar\nd ! inn]1 ! six cupolas ( :i* are ne>ly ( ! same =m & size4 ,9 ! second species ea* ( ! domes ( ! #fhb;inn] cortical %ell is protect$ by an out] l>g] cupola1 & besides ?is ! :ole %ell is envelop$ by a ?9 ellipsoidal veil 7,pl4 #aj1 fig4 #ae74 ,!re=e ?is species may be ! repres5tative ( a peculi> g5us1 ! mo/ highly develop$ ( all ,?olonida--,?olo?auma4 #a4 ,cubo?olonium sphroides1 n4 sp4 ,out] cortical %ell 7or veil7 sph]ical1 ) smoo? surface2 network v delicate1 ) v ?9 b>s & v small irregul>1 r\ndi% pores4 ,inn] cortical %ell simple1 compos$ ( six hemisph]ical cupolas1 surr\nd+ ! six sides ( ! cubical c5tral *amb]1 :i* encloses a sph]ical m$ull>y %ell 7"o-?ird z l>ge z itself74 ,network ( ! inn] cortical %ell regul>1 ) circul> pores ( ! same bread? z ! b>s1 twelve to f\rte5 9 ! basal semicircle ( "o cupola4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! sph]ical out] %ell #j4b1 ( ! inn] cortical %ell #j4ae2 pores & b>s ( ! latt] #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,zanzib>1 ,pull51 dep? #bbjj fa?oms4 #b4 ,cubo?olonium ellipsoides1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aj1 fig4 #ae74 ,?olo?auma ellipsoides1 ,haeckel1 #ahhc1 ,,ms4 ,out] cortical %ell 7or veil7 ellipsoidal1 ) v ?9 irregul> network & ?orny surface4 ,inn] cortical %ell d\ble1 ) six d\ble1 flatly vault$ cupolas1 surr\nd+ ! six sides ( ! ,l>nacilla-%ap$ c5tral *amb]2 ! d\ble domes ( ea* %ell are 9 opposite pairs some:at l>g] ?an ! alt]nat+ pairs4 ,pores subregul>1 circul>1 ab\t ! same bread? z ! b>s2 eight to twelve 9 ! basal semicircle ( "o cupola4 ,c5tral *amb] ) ellipsoidal m$ull>y %ell4 ,radial sp9es %ort1 v num]\s4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis ( ! out] cortical %ell #j4bh1 m9or #j4bd2 major axis ( ! inn] cortical %ell #j4af1 m9or axis #j4ad2 pores & b>s #j4jjf2 m$ull>y %ell #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 ,family ,,xxviii4 ,,zon>ida1 n4 fam4 7,pl4 #ej1 figs4 #i-ab74 ,def9ition4--,l>coidea ) regul>1 completely lattic$ cortical %ell1 di/+ui%$ by two to f\r or m annul> con/rictions1 :i* lie 7all or p>tly7 9 ! dim5sive planes 7sagittal1 transv]se1 or lat]al71 & by :i* f\r to eight or m vault$ cupolas or dome-l *amb]s become sep>at$4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ?is *amb]$ cortical %ell lies con/antly a trizonal or ,l>nacilla-%ap$ m$ull>y %ell4 ,! family ,zon>ida comprises a small numb] ( peculi> ,l>coidea1 resembl+ ! ,?olonida 9 ! composition ( ! poly?alam\s cortical %ell by a numb] ( cupolas or dome-%ap$ protub]ances4 ,b ! disposition & orig9 ( ^! latt] #fhc;are q diff]5t4 ,:il/ 9 ! ,?olonida ! axes ( ! domes are dim5sive axes1 & ^! are sep>at$ by annul> con/rictions ly+ 9 diagonal planes1 9 ! ,zon>ida we f9d ! contr>y2 ! axes ( ! domes are "h diagonal axes1 & ^! are sep>at$ by annul> con/rictions ly+ 9 dim5sive planes4 ,h[ev]1 ?is def9ition agrees absolutely only 9 ! f\r-*amb]$ ,zon>ium & 9 ! eight-*amb]$ ,zonidium1 :il/ 9 ! six *amb]$ ,zoniscus only f\r domes are dispos$ accord+ to ?is law1 two o!rs1 h[ev]1 9 ! same mann] z 9 ! ,?olonida4 ,!re=e ?is g5us is int]m$iate betwe5 bo? families4 ,! ,cortical ,%ell ( ! ,zon>ida is 9 all cases completely lattic$ & ( regul> l5telliptical fundam5tal =m1 z 9 ! ne>ly alli$ ,l>nacida & ,?olonida4 ,! ?ree dim5sive axes are con/antly ( diff]5t sizes1 ea* ) two equal poles2 commonly 7z 9 ! human body7 ! pr9cipal or longitud9al axis is ! longe/1 ! sagittal 7or dorso-v5tral7 axis ! %orte/2 ! transv]se 7or lat]al7 axis be+ int]m$iate betwe5 !m4 ,( ! ?ree dim5sive planes ! lat]al plane is ! l>ge/ 7det]m9$ by ! pr9cipal & transv]se axes72 ! smalle/ is ! equatorial plane 7cross$ by ! transv]se & sagittal axes72 ! sagittal plane 7det]m9$ by ! sagittal & pr9cipal axes7 be+ int]m$iate betwe5 !m4 ,! annul> con/rictions ( ! cortical %ell :i* produce ! dome-%ap$ protub]ances are diff]5t 9 numb] 9 ! ?ree kn[n g5]a--two1 ?ree1 or f\r4 ,to ea* con/riction (t5 7b n always7 corresponds an int]nal lattic$ septum1 :i* connects ! cortical ) ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,! numb] ( ! cupolas is always d\ble ! numb] ( ! annul> con/rictions by :i* !y are sep>at$1 !re=e f\r1 six1 or eight4 ,9 all kn[n ,zon>ida ! sagittal septum is q con/ant1 b d]iv$ f ! orig9al axial rod1 :i* lies 9 ! pr9cipal axis4 ,by ramification ( ?is axial beam & reticul> connection ) ! sagittal girdle arises ! sagittal septum1 :i* we f\nd fir/ 9 ,octopyle1 halv+ ! f\r gates ( ,tetrapyle4 ,:il/ ?is sagittal septum 7betwe5 "r & left halves ( ! body7 is common to all ?ree kn[n g5]a ( ?is family1 ! numb] & %ape ( ! o!r annul> con/rictions are diff]5t4 ,9 ,zon>ium 7,pl4 #ej1 fig4 #i7 we f9d only "o transv]se con/riction 79 ! equatorial plane71 9 ,zoniscus 7figs4 #aj1 #aa7 two p>allel transv]se con/rictions 7p>allel to ! equatorial plane1 on bo? sides ( x74 ,zonidium 7fig4 #ab7 is a comb9ation ( bo? =ego+ g5]a2 x has ?ree p>allel transv]se con/rictions 7"o 9 ! equatorial plane1 & "o on ea* side ( x74 ,! ,lattic$ ,domes 7cupolas or *amb]s7 ( ! cortical %ell exhibit correspond+ly a diff]5t numb] & disposition 9 ! ?ree kn[n g5]a4 ,9 ,zon>ium are f\nd only f\r cross$ *amb]s1 sep>at$ by ! sagittal & transv]se septa2 ! axes ( ! f\r cross$ domes are diagonal axes1 :il/ 9 ! simil> ,/auro?olus !y are dim5sive axes 7pr9cipal & transv]se axes74 ,9 ,zonidium we f9d eight domes1 ea* cupola ( ,zon>ium be+ halv$ by a diagonal septum4 ,zoniscus is int]m$iate #fhd;betwe5 ! two =ego+ g5]a1 & has six cupolas1 ?ree on ea* side ( ! sagittal septum4 ,! inn] communication ( ! cupolas or *amb]s is m or less free1 ! lattice-"w ( ! sep>at+ septa betwe5 !m commonly rema9+ m or less imp]fect1 or repres5t$ only by "s isolat$ beams or me%es4 ,! out] network ( ! cupolas is commonly irregul> 7z 9 ! majority ( ,l>coidea71 b sometimes di/+ui%$ by a small numb] ( regul>ly dispos$ l>g] ap]tures 7simil> to ! gates ( ! ,pylonida74 ,f ! surface radial sp9es (t5 arise 9 *>act]i/ic numb] & symmetrical disposition1 commonly z prolongations ( ! septal axes or ( ! con/rict$ edges4 ,! ,m$ull>y ,%ell 9 all ,zon>ida is a true trizonal or ,l>nacilla-%ap$ lattice-%ell 7comp>e above1 p4 #fjj72 its p]imet] 7or ! fir/ lat]al girdle7 is sometimes m elliptical1 at o!r times m hexagonal2 ! hexagon is amphi!ct2 bo? its lat]al sides are (t5 concave & commonly long] ?an ! f\r o!r sides4 ,! ,c5tral ,capsule 9 all ,zon>ida is 9 a /rict geometrical s5se a true l5tellipsis 7comp>e above1 p4 #eii72 its pr9cipal axis is commonly "o & a ?ird to "o & a half times z great z ! transv]se axis1 & twice to ?ree times z great z ! sagittal axis4 ,! l5telliptical c5tral capsule encloses ! trizonal m$ull>y %ell1 :il/ x is ext]nally envelop$ by ! *amb]$ cortical %ell4 ,synopsis ( ! ,g5]a ( ,zon>ida4 ,two annul> con/rictions & f\r cupolas1 #cja4 ,zon>ium4 ,?ree annul> con/rictions & six cupolas1 #cjb4 ,zoniscus4 ,f\r annul> con/rictions & eight cupolas1 #cjc4 ,zonidium4 ,g5us #cja4 ,zon>ium1#cda n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,zon>ida ) f\r dome-%ap$ *amb]s ( ! cortical %ell1 sep>at$ by two annul> con/rictions 7"o sagittal & "o transv]se74 ,! g5us ,zon>ium is ! mo/ simple =m ( ! ,zon>ida1 & diff]s f ! ne>ly alli$ ,l>nacalpis by two r+-l con/rictions1 :i* are cross$ at "r angles1 "o 9 ! sagittal 7or m$ian7 plane1 & "o 9 ! transv]se 7or equatorial7 plane4 ,by ^! two annul> con/rictions f\r egg-%ap$ or kidney-%ap$ *amb]s become imp]fectly sep>at$1 :i* correspond to ! quadrants ( ! lat]al plane4 ,! fir/ cause ( ! m>k$ con/rictions may be ! =mation ( ! lattic$ sagittal septum1 :i* is f\nd fir/ 9 ,octopyle1 z halv+ ! f\r gates ( #fhe,tetrapyle4 ,betwe5 ?is septum & ! con/rict$ n>r[ transv]se girdle ! cortical %ell gr[s out 9 ! =m ( f\r vault$ cupolas2 e two opposite domes are congru5t1 two neighb\r+ are symmetrically equal4 #a4 ,zon>ium quadrigatum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell quadrangul>1 "o & a half times z long z broad1 ) f\r r\nd$ corn]s4 ,surface ?orny1 ) num]\s %ort radial sp9es4 ,sagittal con/riction twice z long z ! hexagonal m$ull>y %ell4 ,f\r cupolas kidney-%ap$4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4af1 bread? #j4aa2 l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jf1 bread? #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgb1 dep? #bfjj fa?oms4 #b4 ,zon>ium quadrisp9um1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell quadrangul>1 ne>ly rectangul>1 ab\t twice z long z broad1 ) f\r corn]s1 f :i* arise f\r /rong1 ?ree-sid$ pyramidal1 radial sp9es 7cross$ 9 two diagonals ( ! lat]al plane74 ,surface ?orny1 only smoo? 9 ! transv]se con/riction4 ,sagittal con/riction ?ree times z long z ! l5telliptical m$ull>y %ell4 ,f\r cupolas elliptical or ne>ly quadrangul>4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4bb1 bread? #j4a2 l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jg1 bread? #j4je4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgd1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #c4 ,zon>ium octangulum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ej1 fig4 #i74 ,cortical %ell octangul>1 "o & a f\r? times z long z broad1 ) eight /rong conical sp9es on ! eight corn]s2 ^! are sep>at$ by f\r deep con/rictions on ! poles ( ! pr9cipal & transv]se axes1 & by f\r truncat$ planes on ! poles ( ! cross$ diagonal axes betwe5 ! =m]4 ,sagittal con/riction twice z long z ! hexagonal m$ull>y %ell4 ,f\r cupolas kidney-%ap$ or ne>ly p5tagonal4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4ae1 bread? #j4ab2 l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jg1 bread? #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 #d4 ,zon>ium tetra?olium1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell quadrangul>1 ) f\r r\nd$ corn]s4 ,surface ?orny1 ) sixte5 /rong] radial sp9es2 eight ( ^! lie 9 ! lat]al plane1 9 ! same symmetrical disposition z 9 ! =ego+ species2 eight o!rs lie on bo? sides ( ! lat]al plane1 opposite 9 pairs 9 two cross$ diagonal planes1 9 ! same symmetrical disposition z 9 ,tetrapyle octacan?a4 ,sagittal #fhf;con/riction ?ree times z long z ! l5telliptical m$ull>y %ell4 ,f\r cupolas obliquely elliptical4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4af1 bread? #j4ab2 l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jd1 bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bda1 dep? #bcjj fa?oms4 ,g5us #cjb4 ,zoniscus1#cdb n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,zon>ida ) six dome-%ap$ *amb]s ( ! cortical %ell1 sep>at$ by ?ree annul> con/rictions 7"o sagittal & two transv]se1 p>allel to ! equatorial plane74 ,! g5us ,zoniscus diff]s f ,zon>ium z well z f ,zonidium by ! developm5t ( ! transv]se girdle1 :i* is n con/rict$1 b on ! contr>y prom95tly vault$ 9 ! equatorial plane4 ,!re=e bo? w+s ( ! transv]se girdle =m "h two opposite lat]al or equatorial cupolas1 z 9 ,amphi?olus4 ,^! are sep>at$ f f\r o!r domes 7! corn] cupolas7 by two transv]se annul> con/rictions1 :i* correspond to ! free edges ( ! orig9al transv]se girdle4 ,! corn] domes ( ea* pair are sep>at$ f ea* o!r by ! sagittal septum4 #a4 ,zoniscus rectangulus1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ne>ly rectangul>1 ) r\nd$ corn]s1 ne>ly "o & a half times z long z broad4 ,surface ?orny1 )\t l>g] radial sp9es4 ,sagittal con/riction sc>cely half z long z ! hexagonal m$ull>y %ell4 ,bo? equatorial cupolas 7or w+s ( ! transv]se girdle7 sc>cely half z l>ge z ! f\r corn] cupolas4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4ae1 bread? #j4aa2 l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jg1 bread? #j4jde4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bec1 dep? #cabe fa?oms4 #b4 ,zoniscus hexa?alamus1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ne>ly elliptical1 "o & a ?ird times z long z broad4 ,surface ne>ly smoo?1 )\t radial sp9es4 ,sagittal con/riction ?ree times z long z ! l5telliptical m$ull>y %ell4 ,bo? equatorial cupolas ab\t z l>ge z ! f\r corn] cupolas4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4ab1 bread? #j4ji2 l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jce1 bread? #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdd1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #fhgc4 ,zoniscus tetracan?us1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ej1 fig4 #aj74 ,cortical %ell ne>ly quadrangul>1 "o & a half times z long z broad1 ) f\r prom95t corn]s1 f :i* arise 9 ! lat]al plane f\r /rong1 ?ree-sid$ pyramidal radial sp9es 7opposite 9 pairs 9 two cross$ diagonal axes74 ,surface ?orny1 ) exception ( ! concave lat]al sides4 ,sagittal con/riction two & a half times z long z ! hexagonal m$ull>y %ell4 ,bo? equatorial cupolas sc>cely half z l>ge z ! f\r corn] cupolas4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4ah1 bread? #j4ab2 l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jg1 bread? #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 #d4 ,zoniscus octacan?us1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ne>ly f\r-sid$1 prismatic1 "o & a ?ird times z long z broad1 ) sp9y surface4 ,eight long] ?9 radial sp9es opposite 9 pairs 9 two cross$ diagonal planes 7z 9 ,tetrapyle octacan?a74 ,sagittal con/riction two & a half times z long z ! hexagonal m$ull>y %ell4 ,bo? equatorial cupolas some:at l>g] ?an ! f\r corn] cupolas4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4af1 bread? #j4ab2 l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jee1 bread? #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfc1 dep? #bfej fa?oms4 #e4 ,zoniscus hexa?olius1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ej1 fig4 #aa74 ,cortical %ell ne>ly rectangul>1 ) f\r r\nd$ corn]s & deep sagittal con/riction1 "o & a f\r? times z long z broad ) ?orny surface4 ,twelve long] edg$ radial sp9es2 eight opposite 9 pairs 9 two cross$ diagonal planes 7z 9 ! =ego+ species71 f\r o!rs 9 ! lat]al plane1 opposite 9 pairs on bo? sides ( ! sagittal con/riction1 :i* is sc>cely twice z long z ! hexagonal1 9 ! equatorial plane con/rict$ m$ull>y %ell4 ,bo? equatorial cupolas ne>ly ( ! same size z ! f\r corn] cupolas4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4af1 bread? #j4ac2 l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jg1 bread? #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #cjj1 dep? #acge fa?oms4 ,g5us #cjc4 ,zonidium1#cdc n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,zon>ida ) eight dome-%ap$ *amb]s ( ! cortical %ell1 sep>at$ by f\r annul> con/rictions 7"o sagittal1 "o transv]se1 & two o!rs p>allel to ! latt]74 ,! g5us ,zonidium mu/ be reg>d$ z a ,zon>ium1 9 :i* ! f\r cupolas 79 ! quadrants ( ! lat]al plane7 are halv$ by diagonal beams or lattic$ septa1 #fhhly+ opposite 9 pairs 9 two cross$ diagonal planes4 ,!re=e ! numb] ( ! septa 7f\r7 & ! domes 7eight7 is "h d\bl$4 ,among ! eight cupolas we di/+ui% f\r m$ian 7on bo? sides ( ! sagittal plane7 & f\r lat]al 7on bo? sides ( ! equatorial plane72 bo? gr\ps are ( diff]5t size & =m4 ,probably ,zonidium is d]iv$ f ,zon>ium by lattice-connection betwe5 ! eight diagonal w+-sp9es1 :i* 9 bo? species ( ?is g5us are pres5t1 ! same z 9 ,tetrapyle octacan?a4 #a4 ,zonidium octo/ylium1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ne>ly quadrangul>1 ) r\nd$ corn]s & ?orny surface4 ,eight long & ?9 radial sp9es on bo? sides ( ! lat]al plane opposite 9 pairs & ly+ 9 two cross$ diagonal planes 7z 9 ,tetrapyle octacan?a74 ,sagittal con/riction ?ree times z long z ! l5telliptical m$ull>y %ell4 ,f\r m$ial cupolas 7on bo? sides ( ! sagittal plane7 some:at l>g] ?an ! f\r lat]al cupolas 7on bo? sides ( ! equatorial plane74 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4ae1 bread? #j4ab2 l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je1 bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,madagasc>1 ,rabbe1 surface4 #b4 ,zonidium octo?olium1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ej1 fig4 #ab74 ,cortical %ell ne>ly octangul>1 ) sp9y surface2 tw5ty long & /\t radial sp9es betwe5 num]\s small] sp9es2 eight w+-sp9es opposite 9 pairs 9 two cross$ diagonal planes 7z 9 ! prec$+ species72 twelve o!r /rong sp9es 9 ! lat]al plane 7f\r long] opposite 9 pairs on ! poles ( ! pr9cipal & transv]se axes1 eight o!rs small]1 alt]nat+ betwe5 ^! & ! diagonal sp9es74 ,sagittal con/riction twice z long z ! hexagonal m$ull>y %ell4 ,f\r m$ian cupolas some:at small] ?an ! f\r lat]al cupolas4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4ah1 bread? #j4ae2 l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jg1 bread? #j4je4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,zanzib>1 ,pull51 dep? #bbjj fa?oms4 ,family ,,xxix4 ,,li!lida1 ,haeckel 7,pl4 #di1 figs4 #a-g74 ,li!lida1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #eae4 ,def9ition4--,l>coidea ) symmetrical spiral %ell1 divid$ by ! spiral plane into two symmetrical halves2 all w9d+s ( ! spiral lie 9 ?is plane4 ,primordial *amb] ei!r simple or ,l>nacilla-%ap$4 ,! family ,li!lida comprises all ^? ,l>coidea 9 :i* ! gr[? ( ! lattic$ %ell is spirally w9d+ 9 "o plane1 ,nautilus-l4 ,!y agree 9 ! spiral gr[? ) ! foll[+ family4 ,b 9 ! ,/reblonida ! spiral is screw-%ap$1 #fhi;asc5d+ 7l ,helix74 ,!re=e 9 ^! latt] ! geometrical fundam5tal =m ( ! %ell is asymmetrical or dysdipleural1 :]eas 9 ! ,li!lida bilat]al-symmetrical or eudipleural4 ,! l5telliptical or ne>ly sph]ical %ell may be divid$ by a m$ian section into two symmetrical halves2 ! "r half is ! mirror image ( ! left half4 ,:5 9 #ahfb ,i f\nd$ ! family ,li!lida 9 my ,monograph 7p4 #eae71 ,i knew only "o g5us1 ,li!lius1 ) two species4 ,! ri* mat]ial ( ! ,*all5g] collection conta9s a great numb] ( simil> spirally con/ruct$ ,l>coidea1 s t at ! pres5t "t we may di/+ui% at lea/ six g5]a4 ,^! belong to two diff]5t subfamilies1 :i* may possibly be aft]w>ds bett] sep>at$ z families4 ,! fir/ subfamily1 ,spiremida1 possess a simple1 sph]ical or subsph]ical1 m$ull>y %ell2 ! second subfamily1 ,l>cospirida1 possess a trizonal or ,l>nacilla-%ap$ m$ull>y %ell4 ,no d\bt ^! latt] mu/ be d]iv$ f ,pylonida1 z we obs]ve all /ages ( developm5t />t+ f a simple ,trizonium2 b p]haps also ! ,spiremida h ! same orig91 _! simple1 sph]ical or subsph]ical1 m$ull>y %ell be+ d]iv$ f a trizonal or ,l>nacilla-%ap$ m$ull>y %ell by r$uction4 ,! g5]al appe>ance 9 bo? subfamilies ( ! ,li!lida is q ! same1 & x requires a c>eful /udy ( ! m$ull>y %ell to di/+ui% c]ta9ly ! ,spiremida f ! ,l>cospirida4 ,?is di/9ction is (t5 n easy1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! l>g] =ms2 ! %ell is (t5 v opaque & difficult to und]/&4 ,only 9 "o position1 if ! spiral axis be p>allel to ! axis ( ! eye ( ! obs]v]1 & ! spiral plane be !re=e fully se5 9 ! optical plane ( ! microscope1 ! spiral l9e 7or ! axial section ( ! lattic$ spiral lamella7 is di/9ctly obs]v$2 9 all o!r positions ! figure ( ! spiral is m or less indi/9ct1 & ! :ole microscopical image (t5 q intricate & confus$4 ,! suffici5t /udy ( ?is family requires !re=e ! contemplation ( ! %ell f diff]5t sides1 & is ! m difficult1 z ! v>iability ( ! ,li!lida--z ( ! ,pylonida--is extraord9>ily great4 ,! description :i* ,i gave ( ,li!lius 7#ahfb7 9 my ,monograph is 9 "s po9ts errone\s1 & 0 aft]w>ds 7#ahgi7 correct$ by ,r4 ,h]twig1 :o expla9$ p>ticul>ly ! ne> relation ( x to ,tetrapyle4 ,inde$ ! int]m$iate =ms betwe5 ! ,li!lida & ! ,pylonida are s num]\s & s evid5t 9 all /ages ( developm5t1 t ! d]ivation ( ! =m] 7at lea/ ( ! ,l>cospirida7 f ! latt] is q cle>4 ,! analogy betwe5 ! /ructure ( ! ,li!lida & ! calc>e\s 7=am9if]\s7 ,alveol9ida is n s complete z ,i suppos$ x to be 9 my ,monograph 7#ahfb72 p>ticul>ly ! =mation ( ! small *amb]s betwe5 ! turn+s ( ! spiral lamella is mu* m complete 9 ! ,alveol9ida ?an 9 ! ,li!lida4 ,! cortical %ell ( all ,li!lida has ! same geometrical fundam5tal =m z ,nautilus or z ! nautiloid ,poly?alamia 7,poly/omella1 ,nummulites1 c472 !re=e ! %ell is dipleural1 be+ divid$ by ! m$ian plane into two symmetrical lat]al halves4 #fij,s9ce ! spiral l9e lies 9 ! m$ian plane1 we w call x ! spiral plane2 x sep>ates ! "r half f ! left4 ,! axis ( ! body1 ar\nd :i* ! spiral turns 7)\t t\*+ x71 is ! spiral axis4 ,! lattic$ "p ( ! cortical %ell1 :i* turns ar\nd !m1 is ! spiral lamella4 ,only 9 "o g5us ( our family1 viz41 ,?olospira1 are ! spiral axis1 ! lat]al axis1 ! spiral plane1 & ! sagittal plane q z 9 ,nautilus4 ,9 all o!r g5]a ?is disposition is diff]5t or is unc]ta94 ,?is dep5ds on ! diff]5t "p ( ! cortical %ell1 f :i* ! spiral gr[? beg9s4 ,9 ?is respect we c di/+ui% f\r diff]5t modes4 ,9 ! ,l>cospirida 7or ! ,li!lida ) ,l>nacilla-%ap$ m$ull>y %ell7 ! spiral gr[? exhibits f\r q diff]5t =ms4 ,x beg9s "h ) ,l>cospira1 9 :i* already ! fir/ cortical girdle ( ! ,diplozon>ia det]m9es ! spiral gr[?2 "o w+ ( ?is girdle1 ! transv]se girdle ( ,amphipyle1 gr[s m swiftly ?an ! o!r1 ov]gr[s x1 & ?us turns ar\nd ! pr9cipal axis4 ,9 ,pylospira ! fir/ or transv]se girdle is already p]fectly =m$ 7z 9 ,amphipyle71 & ! spiral gr[? is introduc$ by ! second or lat]al girdle ( ,tetrapyle2 "o w+ ( x 7! "r or ! left7 gr[s m swiftly ?an ! o!r1 ov]gr[s x1 & ?us turns ar\nd ! sagittal axis4 ,9 ,?olospira also ! second girdle is complete1 & ! spiral gr[? beg9s f ! ?ird or sagittal girdle4 ,"o ( its w+s gr[s m swiftly ?an ! o!r1 ov]gr[s x1 & ?us turns ar\nd ! transv]se axis4 ,consequ5tly we see t ea* ( ! ?ree dim5sive planes ( ! l5telliptical ,l>coid-body may be ! spiral plane3 9 ,l>cospira ! transv]se plane1 9 ,pylospira ! lat]al plane1 9 ,?olospira ! sagittal plane4 ,correspond+ly ! spiral axis 9 ! fir/ g5us is ! pr9cipal1 9 ! second ! sagittal1 9 ! ?ird ! transv]se axis ( ! c5tral ,l>nacilla-%ell4 ,!re=e 9 ^! ?ree g5]a ! spiral plane is ! plane ( ! lattic$ girdle1 :i* det]m9es ! spiral gr[?1 "o ( bo? its w+s ov]gr[+ ! o!r4 ,9 ea* ( ! ?ree above m5tion$ g5]a ! spiral may be simple or d\ble2 x rema9s simple if only "o ( bo? w+s ( ! turn+ girdle ov]gr[ ! o!r1 & ?is latt] rema9 a simple half girdle 7or tube-l w+74 ,:]eas ! spiral becomes d\ble if ! second w+ ( ! girdle aft]w>ds foll[ ! example ( ! fir/ w+ & n[ turn ar\nd x 9 ! same direction4 ,z ?is happ5s 9 all ?ree g5]a1 we c subdivide !m into six subg5]a4 ,a q peculi> =m ( spiral gr[? is produc$ 9 ,spironium1 9 :i* ! direction ( gr[? 9 bo? lat]al w+s ( ! transv]se girdle is inv]se f ! beg9n+4 ,! left w+ gr[s aga9/ ! po/]ior1 ! "r w+ aga9/ ! ant]ior pole ( ! pr9cipal axis1 turn+ ar\nd x 9 cross$1 eight-l spirals4 ,! :ole %ell aft]w>ds assumes a l5telliptical =m4 ,commonly betwe5 ! embrac+ spiral turn+s or convolutions a great numb] ( radial beams is develop$1 irregul>ly dispos$ & (t5 bran*+2 !y support ! #fia?9 spiral lamell & give to ! :ole %ell m solidity4 ,(t5 ^! beams =m imp]fect radial septa1 by :i* ! spiral cavity ( ! turn+s is divid$ into a v>iable numb] ( *amb]s4 ,b ^! *amb]s nev] become s regul> & p]fect z 9 ! analog\s nautiloid ,poly?alamia4 ,9 _m ,li!lida ! gr[? ( ! %ell rea*es a c]ta9 limit1 conclud+ ) ! =mation ( a sup]ficial lattic$ lamella ( l5telliptical or ne>ly sph]ical =m4 ,9 _m o!r =ms ( ! family ?is seems n to be ! case2 b ^! may possibly be y\ng] =ms1 aft]w>ds rea*+ ! same limit4 ,! network ( ! %ell 9 ! ,li!lida is commonly q irregul>1 & s v>iable t its special con=mation has usually no value 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! species4 ,! surface ( ! %ell is (t5 cov]$ ) radial sp9es1 :i* are sometimes arboresc5t4 ,! c5tral capsule seems always to pres]ve ! same l5telliptical =m 7or triaxial ellipsoid7 z 9 all o!r ,l>coidea4 ,) ! increase ( gr[? x encloses successively a l>g] "p ( ! spiral cortical %ell1 b on ! outside is con/antly protect$ by ! la/ turn+s ( ! spiral1 or by ! lattice-lamella ( ! surface4 ,synopsis ( ! ,g5]a ( ,li!lida4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,i4 ,subfamily ,spiremida4 ,c5tral m$ull>y %ell simple1 sph]ical or l5telliptical4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,surface ( ! cortical %ell smoo? or ?orny1 )\t radial sp9es1 #cjd4 ,spirema4 ,surface ( ! cortical %ell cov]$ ) num]\s simple or bran*$ radial sp9es1 #cje4 ,li!lius4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,ii4 ,subfamily ,l>cospirida4 ,c5tral m$ull>y %ell d\ble1 trizonal or ,l>nacilla-%ap$4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,! transv]se girdle turns ar\nd ! pr9cipal axis1 #cjf4 ,l>cospira4 ,! lat]al girdle turns ar\nd ! sagittal axis1 #cjg4 ,pylospira4 ,! sagittal girdle turns ar\nd ! transv]se axis1 #cjh4 ,?olospira4 ,bo? w+s ( ! transv]se girdle turn ar\nd ! pr9cipal axis 9 an opposite diagonal direction1 #cji4 ,spironium4 ,subfamily #a4 ,,spiremida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfd4 ,def9ition4--,li!lida ) simple1 sph]ical or subsph]ical1 m$ull>y %ell4 ,g5us #cjd4 ,spirema1#cdd ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfd4 ,def9ition4--,li!lida ) simple1 sph]ical or subsph]ical1 m$ull>y %ell1 & l5telliptical or subsph]ical1 spirally con/ruct$ cortical %ell2 surface smoo? or ?orny1 )\t radial sp9es4 #fib,! g5us ,spirema beg9s ! s]ies ( ! ,spiremida1 or ( ^? ,li!lida 9 :i* ! m$ull>y %ell pres5ts a simple lattic$ sph]e or ellipsoid1 nev] compos$ ( a d\ble1 trizonal or ,l>nacilla-%ap$ %ell4 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k we _c say :e!r ?is simple m$ull>y %ell be a prim>y =mation1 or effect$ by second>y means1 by r$uction ( a d\ble ,l>nacilla-%ap$ m$ull>y %ell1 :i* is con/antly f\nd 9 ! ,l>cospirida4 ,! species ( ?is g5us 7z ( all ,li!lida7 are difficult to di/+ui%1 are trans=mi/ic1 & incl9e v mu* to v>iations & abnormalities4 ,! spiral may be simple or d\ble4 ,subg5us #a4 ,spirem>ium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,spiral convolutions ( ! cortical %ell simple4 #a4 ,spirema l5tellipsis1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell l5telliptical1 ) smoo? surface2 proportion ( its ?ree dim5sive axes #d 3 #e 3 #f4 ,9 ! m$ian plane are visible f\r p]fect turn+s ( ! simple spiral1 ! bread? ( :i* gradually increases t[>ds ! ?ird convolution1 f9ally decreas+2 ! broade/ 7?ird7 turn+ ?ree times z broad z ! simple sph]ical m$ull>y %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! l5telliptical cortical %ell #j4ah1 bread? #j4ae1 height #j4ab2 diamet] ( ! sph]ical m$ull>y %ell #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cec1 surface4 #b4 ,spirema melonia1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #di1 fig4 #a74 ,cortical %ell ne>ly sph]ical1 ) smoo? surface2 proportion ( its ?ree dim5sive axes #a4d 3 #a4e 3 #a4f4 ,9 ! m$ian plane are visible ?ree p]fect turn+s ( ! simple spiral1 all ( ! same bread? z ! simple sph]ical m$ull>y %ell2 ! bread? ( ea* convolution some:at great] at ! poles ( ! pr9cipal ?an at ! poles ( ! sagittal axis4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell #j4af1 bread? #j4ae1 height #j4ad2 m$ull>y %ell #j4jah4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 #c4 ,spirema flu/rella1 ,haeckel4 ,flu/rella haliomma1 ,ehr5b]g 7#ahfa71 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 #ahgb1 p4 #bic1 ,taf4 ii4 fig4 #f4 ,cortical %ell egg-%ap$1 ) ?orny surface2 proportion ( its ?ree axes #d 3 #e 3 #f4 ,9 ! m$ian plane are visible ?ree p]fect turn+s ( ! simple spiral1 ! fir/ & second ( ab\t ! same bread? z ! simple sph]ical m$ull>y %ell1 ! ?ird sudd5ly increas+1 & f9ally ?ree to f\r times z broad4 ,network ( ! surface irregul>1 ) r\ndi% pores4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell #j4b1 bread? #j4ag1 height #j4ad2 m$ull>y %ell #j4jac4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,gre5l&1 #ajjj fa?oms1 ,ehr5b]g2 ,fre ,*annel1 ,john ,murray4 #fic,subg5us #b4 ,spiremidium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,spiral convolutions ( ! cortical %ell d\ble4 #d4 ,spirema diplospira1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell l5telliptical1 ) smoo? surface2 proportion ( its ?ree dim5sive axes #f 3 #g 3 #h4 ,9 ! m$ian plane are visible ?ree p]fect turn+s ( a d\ble spiral1 ! bread? ( :i* gradually increases2 ! broade/ 7?ird7 convolution ?ree times z broad z ! simple l5telliptical m$ull>y %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell #j4bd1 bread? #j4ba1 height #j4ah2 m$ull>y %ell #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,pacific1 ,philipp9es1 ,/ation #bjj1 dep? #bej fa?oms4 #e4 ,spirema subglobosum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ne>ly sph]ical1 ) ?orny surface2 proportion ( its ?ree axes #b 3 #b4a 3 #b4b4 ,9 ! m$ian plane are visible two p]fect turn+s ( a d\ble spiral1 ! bread? ( :i* 9 ! second convolution is f\r times z great z t ( ! fir/ convolution & ! simple sph]ical m$ull>y %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell #j4bb1 bread? #j4ba1 height #j4b2 m$ull>y %ell #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 (f ,si]ra ,leone1 ,/ation #cdh1 dep? 7#bdej7 fa?oms4 ,g5us #cje4 ,li!lius1#cde ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #eai4 ,def9ition4--,li!lida ) simple1 sph]ical or subsph]ical1 m$ull>y %ell1 & l5telliptical or subsph]ical1 spirally con/ruct$ cortical %ell2 surface cov]$ ) num]\s1 simple or bran*$1 radial sp9es4 ,! g5us ,li!lius1 f\nd$ by me 9 #ahfb1 & repres5t$ by two ,m$it]ranean species1 0 at t "t ! only kn[n =m ( ?is family1 :i* n[ conta9s six g5]a & tw5ty-sev5 species4 ,x diff]s f ! =ego+ ,spirema 9 ! possession ( num]\s radial sp9es on ! surface4 ,^! may be ei!r simple or bran*$4 ,! spiral may be simple or d\ble1 & accord+ to ?is latt] modification we di/+ui% two diff]5t subg5]a4 ,subg5us #a4 ,li?ospira1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,spiral convolutions ( ! cortical %ell simple4 #a4 ,li!lius spiralis1 ,haeckel4 ,li!lius spiralis1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #eai1 ,taf4 xxvii4 figs4 #f1 #g4 ,cortical %ell l5telliptical1 "o & a ?ird times z long z broad1 cov]$ ) v num]\s 7"o hundr$ to "o hundr$ & fifty or m7 simple1 bri/le-%ap$ radial sp9es1 ab\t z long #fid;z ! %ell4 ,spiral turn+s simple1 all ne>ly ( ! same bread? & sc>cely broad] ?an ! simple sph]ical m$ull>y %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell 7) six spiral convolutions7 #j4ae1 bread? #j4ac2 diamet] ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean1 ,mess9a1 ,haeckel1 surface2 ,atlantic1 ,/ations #cdh to #cec1 surface4 #b4 ,li!lius primordialis1 ,r4 ,h]twig4 ,li!lius primordialis1 ,r4 ,h]twig1 #ahgi1 ,organism4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ed1 ,taf4 vi4 figs4 #d1 #d;a4 ,cortical %ell subsph]ical1 cov]$ ) num]\s simple1 bri/le-%ap$ radial sp9es1 long] ?an ! %ell4 ,spiral turn+s simple1 ) gradually increas+ bread?1 s t ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird spiral is twice z broad z ! fir/ & z ! simple sph]ical m$ull>y %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! cortical %ell 7) two spiral convolutions7 #j4ab2 diamet] ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean1 ,mess9a1 ,r4 ,h]twig1 surface4 #c4 ,li!lius alveol9a1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb4 ,li!lius alveol9a1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #ebj1 ,taf4 xxvii4 figs4 #h1 #i4 ,cortical %ell sph]ical1 cov]$ ) simple1 v num]\s 7two hundr$ to ?ree hundr$ or m71 %ort1 bri/le-%ap$ radial sp9es1 sc>cely half z long z ! radius ( ! %ell4 ,spiral turn+s simple1 ) gradually increas+ bread?1 s t ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird spiral is ?ree times z broad z ! fir/ & z ! simple sph]ical m$ull>y %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! cortical %ell 7) f\r spiral convolutions7 #j4b2 diamet] ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,m$it]ranean1 ,atlantic1 ,pacific1 on _m ,/ations1 surface4 #d4 ,li!lius capreolus1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell l5telliptical1 "o & a f\r? times z long z broad1 cov]$ ) num]\s 7eighty to "o hundr$ & tw5ty or m7 %ort1 bran*$ radial sp9es1 ab\t half z long z ! radius ( ! %ell2 ea* sp9e once or twice di*otom\s1 ) curv$ div]g5t bran*es4 ,spiral turn+s simple1 ) gradually increas+ bread?1 s t ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird spiral is twice z broad z ! fir/1 & z ! simple sph]ical m$ull>y %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell 7) f\r spiral convolutions7 #j4ah1 bread? #j4ad2 diamet] ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgd1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,drymospira1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfd4 ,def9ition4--,spiral convolutions ( ! cortical %ell d\ble4 #fiee4 ,li!lius sol>is1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #di1 fig4 #b74 ,cortical %ell sph]ical1 cov]$ ) simple1 v num]\s 7two hundr$ to ?ree hundr$7 bri/le-%ap$ radial sp9es1 long] ?an ! diamet] ( ! %ell4 ,spiral turn+s d\ble1 bo? ( ! same bread?1 gradually increas+ ) ! gr[? ( ! %ell & sev]al times surpass+ ! diamet] ( ! simple sph]ical m$ull>y %ell4 7,pl4 #di1 fig4 #b1 exhibits only ! fir/ convolutions 9 ! c5tre ( ! %ell47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! cortical %ell 7) f\r spiral convolutions7 #j4ah2 diamet] ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ations #bff to #bgb1 surface & 9 v>i\s dep?s4 #f4 ,li!lius arboresc5s1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell l5telliptical1 "o & a half times z long z broad1 cov]$ ) num]\s 7fifty to eighty or m7 bran*$ radial sp9es1 ab\t z long z ! greate/ diamet] ( ! %ell2 ea* sp9e ) two to f\r lat]al bran*es1 :i* are aga9 bran*$ or di*otom\s4 ,spiral turn+s d\ble1 bo? ( little diff]5t bread?1 :i* increases consid]ably ) ! gr[? ( ! %ell1 s t ! ?ird turn is f\r times z broad z ! simple sph]ical m$ull>y %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell 7) ?ree spiral convolutions7 #j4ah1 bread? #j4ab2 diamet] ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,fre ,*annel1 surface1 ,john ,murray4 ,subfamily #b4 ,,l>cospirida1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,li!lida ) d\ble1 trizonal1 or ,l>nacilla-%ap$ m$ull>y %ell4 ,g5us #cjf4 ,l>cospira1#cdf n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,li!lida ) d\ble1 trizonal1 or ,l>nacilla-%ap$ m$ull>y %ell2 cortical %ell subsph]ical or l5telliptical1 con/ruct$ ( a simple or d\ble spiral ( ! transv]se girdle 7or prim>y cortical girdle72 ! spiral lamella revolv+ ar\nd ! pr9cipal axis4 ,! g5us ,l>cospira beg9s ! int]e/+ s]ies ( ! ,l>cospirida1 or ( ^? ,li!lida 9 :i* ! m$ull>y %ell is =m$ by a trizonal or ,l>nacilla-%ap$ lattice-%ell1 & ! cortical %ell by spiral turn+s ( "o ( ! ?ree girdles1 :i* compose ! cortical %ell ( ! ,pylonida4 ,9 ,l>cospira1 z ! olde/ & mo/ simple =m ( ,l>cospirida1 ! spiral is =m$ by ! transv]se girdle1 or ! fir/ girdle ( ! ,diplozon>ia1 ! only cortical girdle ( ,amphipyle4 ,if 9 ?is g5us "o ( bo? w+s ( ! transv]se girdle gr[ /rong] ?an ! o!r & ov]gr[ ! latt]1 turn+ #fif;ar\nd ! pr9cipal axis1 we rea* ! *>act]i/ic =m ( ,l>cospirema1 ! fir/ subg5us ( ,l>cospira2 b if aft]w>ds ! second w+ foll[ ! example ( ! fir/1 & ov]gr[ x f ! o!r side1 we rea* ! typical =m ( ! second subg5us1 ,l>cospironium4 ,9 ?is latt] subg5us ! spiral becomes d\ble1 :il/ 9 ! =m] x rema9s simple4 ,subg5us #a4 ,l>cospirema1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,spiral convolutions or turns ( ! cortical %ell simple2 only "o s+le w+ ( ! transv]se girdle turn+ ar\nd ! pr9cipal axis4 #a4 ,l>cospira l5telliptica1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ) smoo? surface1 f\r times z long z ! l5telliptical m$ull>y %ell4 ,p]imet] ( ! lat]al plane elliptical1 "o & a half times z long z broad1 )\t con/rictions4 ,"o lat]al w+ ( ! transv]se girdle is m /rongly develop$ & turns ar\nd ! o!r 9 two to ?ree simple spiral turns4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4b1 bread? #j4af2 l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je1 bread? #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfe1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #b4 ,l>cospira quadrangula1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #di1 fig4 #c74 ,cortical %ell ) ?orny surface1 ?ree times z long z ! l5telliptical m$ull>y %ell4 ,p]imet] ( ! lat]al plane ne>ly quadrangul>1 ) f\r r\nd$ corn]s 7on ! poles ( two cross$ diagonal axes71 "o & a ?ird times z long z broad1 ) "o sagittal con/riction at ! poles ( ! pr9cipal axis4 ,"o lat]al w+ ( ! transv]se girdle turns ar\nd ! o!r 9 "o & a half to two simple spiral turns4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4ah1 bread? #j4ad2 l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jf1 bread? #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgd1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #c4 ,l>cospira sexangula1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ) sp9y surface1 f\r times z long z ! hexagonal m$ull>y %ell4 ,p]imet] ( ! lat]al plane ne>ly hexagonal1 "o & a half times z long z broad1 ) six r\nd$ corn]s 7two on ! poles ( ! pr9cipal axis1 f\r on ! poles ( two cross$ diagonal axes71 ) ?ree slight r+-l con/rictions4 ,"o lat]al w+ ( ! transv]se girdle turns ar\nd ! o!r 9 two to two & a half simple spiral turns4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4bd1 bread? #j4af2 l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jf1 bread? #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 #fig,subg5us #b4 ,l>cospironium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,spiral convolutions or turns ( ! cortical %ell d\ble2 bo? w+s ( ! transv]se girdle turn+ ar\nd ! pr9cipal axis4 #d4 ,l>cospira oliva1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ) smoo? surface1 six times z long z ! l5telliptical m$ull>y %ell4 ,p]imet] ( ! lat]al plane elliptical1 "o & a f\r? times z long z broad1 )\t con/rictions4 ,bo? lat]al w+s ( ! transv]se girdle turn r\nd "o ano!r & =m "o & a half to two d\ble spiral turns4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4be1 bread? #j4b2 l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jd1 bread? #j4jce4 ,habitat4--,ant>ctic ,ocean1 ,/ation #aeg1 dep? #aiej fa?oms4 ,g5us #cjg4 ,pylospira1#cdg n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,li!lida ) d\ble1 trizonal or ,l>nacilla-%ap$ m$ull>y %ell2 cortical %ell subsph]ical or l5telliptical1 con/ruct$ ( a s+le or d\ble spiral ( ! lat]al girdle 7or second cortical girdle72 ! spiral lamella revolv+ r\nd ! sagittal axis4 ,! g5us ,pylospira foll[s aft] ,l>cospira z ! second g5us ( ,l>cospirida2 b 9 ?is latt] ! spiral ( ! cortical %ell is =m$ by ! transv]se girdle 7or ! fir/ lattice-girdle ( ! ,diplozon>ia71 :il/ 9 ,pylospira x is produc$ by ! lat]al girdle1 or ! second lattice-girdle ( t gr\p4 ,!re=e ,pylospira may be d]iv$ phylog5etically f ,tetrapyle 9 ! same mann] z ,l>cospira f ,amphipyle4 ,:il/ 9 ?is latt] ! fir/ cause ( ! spiral turn+1 ! unequal gr[? ( bo? girdle-w+s1 proce$s f ! transv]se girdle1 9 ,pylospira x proce$s f ! lat]al girdle4 ,"o ( its w+s ov]gr[s ! o!r1 turn+ ar\nd ! sagittal axis4 ,if ! second w+ d n become develop$1 ! spiral rema9s simple & repres5ts ! subg5us ,pylospirema2 b if aft]w>ds ! second w+ foll[ ! example ( ! fir/ & ov]gr[ x f ! o!r side1 we rea* ! typical =m ( ! second subg5us1 ,pylospironium1 ) a d\ble spiral4 ,subg5us #a4 ,pylospirema1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,spiral convolutions or turns ( ! cortical %ell simple1 only "o s+le w+ ( ! lat]al girdle turn+ ar\nd ! sagittal axis4 #fiha4 ,pylospira tetrapyle1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ) ?orny surface1 five times z long z ! l5telliptical m$ull>y %ell4 ,p]imet] ( ! lat]al plane elliptical1 "o & a half times z long z broad4 ,f\r int]nal gates 7z 9 ,tetrapyle1 betwe5 ! complete lat]al w+s ( ! transv]se girdle7 kidney-%ap$4 ,"o pr9cipal w+ ( ! lat]al girdle turns ar\nd ! o!r 9 "o & a half to two simple spiral turns4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4ba1 bread? #j4ae2 l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jd1 bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #b4 ,pylospira octopyle1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #di1 fig4 #d74 ,cortical %ell ) ?orny surface1 ?ree times z long z ! l5telliptical m$ull>y %ell4 ,p]imet] ( ! lat]al plane elliptical or ne>ly hexagonal1 ) f\r r\nd$ corn]s 7on ! poles ( two cross$ diagonal axes71 "o & a ?ird times z long z broad4 ,eight int]nal egg-%ap$ gates 7z 9 ,octopyle71 betwe5 ! complete lat]al w+s ( ! transv]se girdle1 & two axial beams 9 ! pr9cipal axis4 ,"o s+le w+ ( ! lat]al girdle turns ar\nd ! o!r 9 two to ?ree simple spiral turns4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4ah1 bread? #j4ad2 l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jf1 bread? #j4jce4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bec1 dep? #cabe fa?oms4 ,subg5us #b4 ,pylospironium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,spiral convolutions or turns ( ! cortical %ell d\ble2 bo? w+s ( ! lat]al girdle turn+ ar\nd ! sagittal axis4 #c4 ,pylospira cymbium1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ) smoo? surface1 sev5 times z long z ! l5telliptical m$ull>y %ell4 ,p]imet] ( ! lat]al plane elliptical1 "o & a ?ird times z long z broad4 ,f\r int]nal kidney-%ap$ gates betwe5 ! complete lat]al w+s ( ! transv]se girdle 7z 9 ,tetrapyle74 ,bo? pr9cipal w+s ( ! lat]al girdle turn r\nd "o ano!r 9 two to two & a half d\ble spiral turns4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4bb1 bread? #j4ag2 l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jc1 bread? #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,madagasc>1 ,rabbe1 surface4 #fii;,g5us #cjh4 ,?olospira1#cdh n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,li!lida ) d\ble1 trizonal or ,l>nacilla-%ap$ m$ull>y %ell2 cortical %ell subsph]ical or l5telliptical con/ruct$ ( a simple or d\ble spiral ( ! sagittal girdle 7or ?ird cortical girdle72 ! spiral lamella revolv+ ar\nd ! transv]se axis4 ,! g5us ,?olospira repres5ts ! ?ird g5us ( ,l>cospirida4 ,:il/ ! spiral gr[? ( ! cortical %ell is produc$ 9 ,l>cospira by ! fir/ 7transv]se7 girdle ( ! ,diplozon>ia1 9 ,pylospira by ! second 7lat]al7 girdle1 9 ,?olospira x is effect$ by ! ?ird or sagittal girdle1 :i* we f\nd complete 9 ,pylonium4 ,if 9 ?is g5us "o w+ ( ! sagittal girdle ov]gr[ ! o!r rema9+ "o & turn ar\nd ! transv]se axis1 we get ,?olospirema1 ! fir/ subg5us ( our g5us1 ) simple spiral2 b if aft]w>ds ! second w+ foll[ ! example ( ! fir/1 & ov]gr[ x f ! o!r side1 we get ,?olospironium1 ) d\ble spiral4 ,subg5us #a4 ,?olospirema1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,spiral convolutions or turns ( ! cortical %ell simple1 only "o s+le w+ ( ! sagittal girdle turn+ ar\nd ! transv]se axis4 #a4 ,?olospira nautiloides1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ) smoo? surface1 five times z long z ! l5telliptical m$ull>y %ell4 ,p]imet] ( ! lat]al plane elliptical1 "o & a half times z long z broad4 ,f\r int]nal kidney-%ap$ gates 7betwe5 ! lat]al w+s ( ! transv]se girdle1 z 9 ,tetrapyle74 ,"o w+ ( ! sagittal girdle turns ar\nd ! o!r 9 two to two & a half simple spiral turns4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4bd1 bread? #j4ah2 l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je1 bread? #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 betwe5 ,ceylon & ,socotra1 ,haeckel1 surface4 #b4 ,?olospira sp9osa1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell cov]$ ) num]\s 7sixty to eighty or m7 simple1 bri/le-l radial sp9es1 ab\t ! l5g? ( ! %ell4 ,p]imet] ( ! lat]al plane ne>ly quadrangul>1 ) f\r r\nd$ corn]s 7on ! poles ( two cross$ diagonal axes71 "o & a half times z long z broad4 ,eight int]nal egg-%ap$ gates 7betwe5 ! lat]al w+s ( ! transv]se girdle & two axial #gjj;beams 9 ! pr9cipal axes1 z 9 ,octopyle74 ,"o w+ ( ! sagittal girdle turns ar\nd ! o!r 9 two to ?ree simple spiral turns4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4bg1 bread? #j4ah2 l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jd1 bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bhh1 surface4 #c4 ,?olospira d5drophora1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #di1 fig4 #f74 ,cortical %ell cov]$ ) num]\s 7=ty to fifty or m7 bran*$ radial sp9es1 ab\t half z long z ! %ell2 ea* sp9e ) two to six di*otom\s bran*es4 ,p]imet] ( ! lat]al plane elliptical1 "o & a ?ird times z long z broad4 ,eight int]nal egg-%ap$ gates1 z 9 ! =ego+ species4 ,"o s+le w+ ( ! sagittal girdle turns ar\nd ! o!r 9 ?ree to f\r spiral turns4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4bb1 bread? #j4ag2 l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je1 bread? #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgb1 dep? #bfjj fa?oms4 ,subg5us #b4 ,?olospironium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,spiral convolutions ( ! cortical %ell d\ble2 bo? w+s ( ! sagittal girdle turn+ ar\nd ! transv]se axis4 #d4 ,?olospira hy/rix1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell cov]$ ) num]\s 7sixty to eighty or m7 simple conical sp9es1 ab\t half z long z ! %ell4 ,p]imet] ( ! lat]al plane hexagonal1 "o & a half times z long z broad4 ,f\r int]nal kidney-%ap$ gates1 z 9 ,tetrapyle4 ,bo? w+s ( ! sagittal girdle turn r\nd "o ano!r 9 two to two & a half d\ble spiral turns4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4ba1 bread? #j4ad2 l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jd1 bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ced1 surface4 #e4 ,?olospira c]vicornis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #di1 fig4 #e74 ,cortical %ell cov]$ ) num]\s 7=ty to fifty or m7 bran*$ radial sp9es2 ea* sp9e antl]-%ap$1 ab\t z long z ! m$ull>y ,l>nacilla-%ell1 ) eight to twelve di*otom\s bran*es 7simil> to ,cromyodrymus abiet9us1 ,pl4 #cj1 fig4 #f74 ,p]imet] ( ! lat]al plane elliptical1 "o & a ?ird times z long z broad4 ,f\r int]nal kidney-%ap$ gates1 z 9 ,tetrapyle4 ,bo? w+s ( ! sagittal girdle turn r\nd "o ano!r 9 "o & a half to two d\ble spiral turns4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4b1 bread? #j4ae2 l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jc1 bread? #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 #gja;,g5us #cji4 ,spironium1#cdi n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,li!lida ) d\ble1 trizonal or ,l>nacilla-%ap$ m$ull>y %ell2 cortical %ell subsph]ical or l5telliptical1 con/ruct$ ( two cross$ spirals1 :i* arise f bo? lat]al w+s ( "o girdle 7commonly ! lat]al girdle7 & revolve 9 an opposite diagonal direction ar\nd ! pr9cipal axis4 ,! g5us ,spironium diff]s 9 a v rem>kable mann] f all =ego+ ,li!lida1 & is di/+ui%$ by a q peculi> mode ( gr[?4 ,x is mo/ ne>ly alli$ to ,l>copyle1 & may1 l ?is1 be d]iv$ f ,amphipyle 7or r f ,l>nacilla1 beg9n+ to trans=m into ,amphipyle74 ,b :il/ 9 ,l>copyle "o ( ! two w+s ( ! lat]al girdle ov]gr[s ! o!r 9 ! direction ( ! transv]se axis 7turn+ ar\nd ! pr9cipal axis71 "h 9 ,spironium bo? lat]al w+s beg9 at ! same "t to gr[ out f ! lat]al sides ( ! ,l>nacilla-%ap$ m$ull>y %ell2 ! mo/ rem>kable ?+ is1 h[ev]1 t ! direction ( gr[? 9 ! w+s is div]se f ! beg9n+3 ! left w+ gr[s d[nw>ds & turns ar\nd ! l[] 7aboral7 pole ( ! pr9cipal axis1 ! "r w+ gr[s upw>ds & turns ar\nd ! upp] 7oral7 pole ( ! same axis4 ,?us bo? w+s ( ! lat]al girdle are cross$ 9 diagonal axes1 & ) increas+ gr[? "o ov]gr[s ! o!r 9 ! direction ( ^! diagonals1 s z to resemble ! figure #h 9 %ape4 ,! op5 gates rema9+ betwe5 ! turn+s ( ! girdle become aft]w>ds clos$ on ! surface by irregul> lattice-"w1 & s ! :ole cortical %ell assumes f9ally a sph]ical1 ellipsoidal1 or l5telliptical =m4 ,its surface sometimes becomes cov]$ ) simple or bran*$ radial sp9es4 ,9 ! int]ior ! eight *>act]i/ic egg-%ap$ gates ( ,octopyle are commonly 7or con/antly87 visible1 two /rong radial beams 9 ! pr9cipal axis aris+ f ! poles ( ! l5telliptical m$ull>y %ell4 ,subg5us #a4 ,spironetta1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! %ell smoo? or r\gh1 b n ) radial sp9es4 #a4 ,spironium octonium1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #di1 fig4 #g74 ,cortical %ell l5telliptical1 its bread? 7or transv]se axis7 surpass+ consid]ably ! l5g? 7or ! pr9cipal axis74 ,surface ?orny & some:at hump-back$4 ,! spiral w+s ( ! transv]se girdle h ab\t ! same bread? z ! eight int]nal gates betwe5 !m & ! axial beams4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell 7or pr9cipal axis7 #j4ae1 bread? 7or transv]se axis7 #j4b2 l5g? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je1 bread? #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 we/ ( ,tri/an da ,cunha1 ,/ation #ccb1 dep? #bbjj fa?oms4 #gjbb4 ,spironium diagonale1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell ne>ly sph]ical1 f\r times z great z ! subsph]ical m$ull>y %ell4 ,surface r\gh4 ,! spiral w+s ( ! transv]se girdle ab\t half z broad z ! eight int]nal gates betwe5 !m & ! axial beams4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! cortical %ell #j4af1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,zanzib>1 ,pull51 dep? #bbjj fa?oms4 ,subg5us #b4 ,spironilla1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! %ell cov]$ ) simple or bran*$ radial sp9es4 #c4 ,spironium sp9osum1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell subsph]ical1 five times z great z ! subsph]ical m$ull>y %ell4 ,surface cov]$ ) num]\s 7sixty to eighty or m7 simple1 bri/le-l radial sp9es1 long] ?an ! %ell4 ,! spiral w+s ( ! transv]se girdle ( ab\t ! same bread? z ! eight int]nal gates betwe5 !m & ! axial beams4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! cortical %ell #j4b1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgd1 surface4 #d4 ,spironium arbu/um1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell l5telliptical1 its bread? surpass+ its l5g? consid]ably4 ,surface cov]$ ) num]\s 7=ty to sixty or m7 ?9 radial sp9es1 ab\t z long z ! greate/ diamet] ( ! %ell2 ea* sp9e ) two to six lat]al bran*es1 :i* are ei!r simple or aga9 bran*$ 7simil> to ,cromyodrymus abiet9us1 ,pl4 #cj1 fig4 #f74 ,! spiral w+s ( ! transv]se girdle only half z broad z ! eight int]nal gates betwe5 !m & ! /rong beams ( ! pr9cipal axis4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cortical %ell #j4ab1 bread? #j4ae2 l5g? ( ! hexagonal m$ull>y %ell #j4je1 bread? #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 ,family ,,xxx4 ,,/reblonida1 n4 fam4 7,pl4 #di1 figs4 #h1 #i74 ,def9ition4--,l>coidea ) asymmetrical1 spiral1 poly?alam\s %ell1 compos$ ( a v>iable numb] ( r\ndi% *amb]s1 :i* =m toge!r an asc5d+ spiral2 bo? halves ( ! %ell unequal4 ,primordial *amb] ei!r simple or ,l>nacilla-%ap$4 ,! family ,/reblonida comprises ^? ,l>coidea 9 :i* a numb] ( *amb]s is arrang$ 9 an asc5d+ spiral1 r\nd a simple or trizonal primordial *amb]1 l w9d+ /airs4 ,!y %[ ! same spiral /ructure z 9 ! =ego+ #gjc;family1 b :il/ 9 ! ,li!lida ! spiral l9e lies 9 "o plane 7z 9 ,nautilus71 9 ! ,/reblonida x asc5ds l a screw 7z 9 ,helix74 ,!re=e ! =m] h ! same relation1 reg>d+ ! spiral /ructure1 to ! nautiloid ,poly?alamia z ! latt] to ! turb9oid ,=am9if]a4 ,inde$ ! s+le =ms ( ,/reblemida repeat 9 _! special /ructure ! *>act]i/ic g5]a ( ,turb9oida1 su* z ,globig]9a1 ,rosal9a1 ,pulv9ul9a1 ,ha/ig]9a1 c4 ,z 9 ^! calc>e\s turb9oid ,=am9if]a1 s also 9 ! analog\s silice\s ,/reblonida ! di/9ction ( species is v difficult & op5 to _m objections4 ,! numb] ( species 9 ?is family is v small2 all are r>e & = ! mo/ "p v opaque & difficult to und]/&1 s t ! foll[+ di/9ction ( a doz5 species c h only a provisional value4 ,to get a complete idea ( _! peculi> /ructure1 ! %ell mu/ be turn$ & obs]v$ f diff]5t sides1 & ?us _! full /udy requires yet mu* "t & "w4 ,!re are to be f\nd evid5t transitional =ms betwe5 !m & ! ,li!lida on ! "o h& & ! ,soreumida on ! o!r4 ,besides ?is1 mo/ species ( ,/reblonida seem to h m incl9ation to individual v>ieties & abnormalities ?an ! majority ( ! o!r ,radiol>ia4 ,! g5]al =m ( ! :ole %ell is 9 ! ,/reblonida sometimes m egg-%ap$ or ev5 subsph]ical1 at o!r times m top-l or conical1 sometimes ne>ly discoidal4 ,! height ( ! %ell 7or ! v]tical axis ( ! asc5d+ spiral7 is occasionally l>g]1 at o!r times small] ?an ! bread? 7or ! greate/ horizontal diamet]1 p]p5dicul> to ! height74 ,"s v flat =ms seem to approa* ! ,li!lida4 ,) reg>d to ! int]nal screw-=mation1 ! %ell ( all ,/reblonida is asymmetrical4 ,! numb] ( ! aggregat$ incomplete *amb]s is commonly betwe5 t5 & tw5ty1 b asc5ds sometimes to ?irty1 =ty1 or m4 ,sometimes ! size ( all ! *amb]s is ne>ly ! same1 sometimes !y increase gradually1 occasionally also v rapidly4 ,! primordial *amb] 7or ! fir/ & olde/7 seems to be commonly ! smalle/1 & inv]sely1 ! la/ & y\nge/ *amb]1 ! l>ge/4 ,b sometimes 79 ,/reblopyle7 also ! contr>y may be ! case4 ,! =m ( ! s+le *amb]s is v v>iable1 f ! sph]ical or hemisph]ical ?r\gh all transitions lead+ to irregul> r\ndi% or longi% =ms4 ,! network is commonly irregul>1 ) small r\ndi% pores ( diff]5t sizes1 b sometimes also regul>1 circul>4 ,! surface ( ! %ell is commonly smoo? or r\gh1 r>ely cov]$ ) radial sp9es4 ,9 mo/ species ! reticulation & p>ticul>ly ! sep>ation ( ! *amb]s is m or less incomplete4 ,z 9 ! ,li!lida1 s also 9 ! ,/reblonida we c di/+ui% two subfamilies4 ,9 ! ,/reblacan?ida 7,/reblonia1 ,/reblacan?a7 ! primordial *amb] is a simple1 sph]ical1 subsph]ical1 or l5telliptical lattic$ %ell4 ,9 ! ,/reblopylida 7,/reblopyle7 ! primordial *amb] is trizonal or ,l>nacilla-%ap$1 z 9 ! great] numb] ( ,l>coidea1 compos$ ( ?ree elliptical lattic$ girdles ( unequal size1 p]p5dicul> "o to ano!r1 & surr\nd+ a simple c5tral *amb]4 ,z 9 ! ,li!lida1 s also #gjd;"h we _c c]ta9ly say :e!r ! =m] h orig9at$ f ! latt] by r$uction ( ! ,l>nacilla-%ell1 or :e!r bo? gr\ps be ( diff]5t orig94 ,! latt] is p]haps m probable4 ,?is family z well z ! =ego+ requires a mu* m c>eful /udy ?an ,i c\ld give to x4 ,synopsis ( ! ,g5]a ( ,/reblonida4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,i4 ,subfamily ,/reblacan?ida4 ,primordial *amb] simple1 sph]ical or l5telliptical4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,%ell )\t radial sp9es1 #caj4 ,/reblonia4 ,%ell ) radial sp9es1 #caa4 ,/reblacan?a4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,ii4 ,subfamily ,/reblopylida4 ,primordial *amb] trizonal or ,l>nacilla-%ap$4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,%ell )\t radial sp9es1 #cab4 ,/reblopyle4 ,g5us #caj4 ,/reblonia1#cej n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,/reblonida ) simple1 sph]ical1 subsph]ical1 or l5telliptical primordial *amb]1 beg9n+ ! screw-l s]ies ( spirally asc5d+ *amb]s4 ,surface smoo? or ?orny1 )\t radial sp9es4 ,! g5us ,/reblonia conta9s ^? ,/reblonida 9 :i* a v>iable numb] ( r\ndi%1 subsph]ical1 or longi% *amb]s =m a screw-l aggregate1 beg9n+ ) a q simple primordial *amb]4 ,! special ord] ( ! complex spiral (f]s int]e/+ resemblances to diff]5t g5]a ( ! calc>e\s ,=am9if]a1 f :i* ,i h tak5 ! correspond+ "n ( ! species4 ,! :ole =m ( ! %ell is sometimes m egg-%ap$ or subsph]ical1 at o!r times m top-l or conical1 occasionally v flat4 ,its surface is smoo? or r\gh1 b n cov]$ ) radial sp9es4 #a4 ,/reblonia globig]9a1 n4 sp4 ,%ell subsph]ical1 ?ick wall$1 clu/]$1 ) eight to t5 ne>ly sph]ical *amb]s1 ( rapidly increas+ size1 ! t5? *amb] ab\t twelve times z broad z ! fir/4 ,bread? ( ! %ell ne>ly equal to ! height4 ,pores subregul>1 circul>1 hexagonally =m$1 ( ab\t ! same bread? z ! b>s2 ab\t sixte5 on ! bread? ( ! t5? *amb]4 7,resembles v mu* ! common ,globig]9a47 ,dim5sions4--,bread? ( ! %ell #j4ah1 height #j4af4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bec1 dep? #cabe fa?oms4 #b4 ,/reblonia uvig]9a1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ne>ly egg-%ap$1 clu/]$1 ) eight to elev5 subsph]ical *amb]s ( gradually increas+ size1 ! t5? *amb] ab\t six times z broad z ! fir/4 ,bread? ( ! %ell ab\t #gje;half its height4 ,pores ( ! %ell subregul>1 circul>1 ab\t twice z broad z ! b>s2 ab\t tw5ty on ! bread? ( ! t5? *amb]4 7,resembles "s species ( ,uvig]9a47 ,dim5sions4--,bread? ( ! %ell #j4aa1 height #j4bc4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccb1 dep? #bbjj fa?oms4 #c4 ,/reblonia polymorph9a1 n4 sp4 ,%ell egg-%ap$1 ?9 wall$1 ) twelve to f\rte5 r\ndi% *amb]s ( rapidly increas+ size1 ! t5? *amb] ab\t sev5 times z broad z ! fir/4 ,bread? ( ! %ell ab\t two-?irds ( ! height4 ,pores irregul> r\ndi%1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 ab\t tw5ty on ! t5? *amb]4 7,resembles c]ta9 =ms ( ,polymorph9a47 ,dim5sions4--,bread? ( %ell #j4bb1 height #j4ad4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bff1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #d4 ,/reblonia bulim9a1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ne>ly egg-%ap$1 ?ick wall$1 clu/]$1 ) f\rte5 to eighte5 egg-%ap$ *amb]s ( rapidly increas+ size1 ! t5? *amb] ab\t eight times z broad z ! fir/4 ,bread? ( ! %ell ab\t two-?irds ( ! height4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 half z broad z ! b>s2 ab\t twelve on ! bread? ( ! t5? *amb]4 7,resembles closely ,bulim9a47 ,dim5sions4--,bread? ( ! %ell #j4ag1 height #j4bd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfh1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #e4 ,/reblonia rosal9a1 n4 sp4 ,%ell top-%ap$ or flatly conical1 ) twelve to sixte5 *amb]s ( gradually increas+ size1 ! t5? *amb] ab\t f\r times z broad z ! fir/4 ,bread? ( ! %ell twice z l>ge z ! height4 ,pores subregul>1 circul>1 v small1 ( ! same bread? z ! b>s2 ab\t twelve on ! bread? ( ! t5? *amb]4 7,resembles "s =ms ( ,rosal9a47 ,dim5sions4--,bread? ( ! %ell #j4bg1 height #j4ac4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 #f4 ,/reblonia planorbul9a1 n4 sp4 ,%ell v flatly conical1 ne>ly l5ticul> or discoidal1 ) tw5ty to tw5ty-five *amb]s ( ne>ly equal size1 ! t5? *amb] a little broad] ?an ! fir/4 ,bread? ( ! %ell exce$s five to six times ! height4 ,pores subregul>1 circul>1 v small1 half z broad z ! b>s2 ab\t eight on ! bread? ( ! t5? *amb]4 7,resembles closely ,planorbul9a47 ,dim5sions4--,bread? ( ! %ell #j4c to #j4d1 height #j4jf to #j4jg4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,zanzib>1 ,pull51 dep? #bbjj fa?oms4 #gjfg4 ,/reblonia pulv9ul9a1 n4 sp4 ,%ell top-%ap$ or flatly conical1 ) ?irty to =ty *amb]s ( sl[ly increas+ size1 ! t5? *amb] ab\t ?ree times z broad z ! fir/4 ,bread? ( ! %ell exce$s ?ree times ! height4 ,pores circul>1 subregul>1 v small1 ab\t "o-?ird z broad z ! b>s2 ab\t ?irty 9 ! bread? ( ! t5? *amb]4 7,resembles closely ,pulv9ul9a47 ,dim5sions4--,bread? ( ! %ell #j4be1 height #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfc1 dep? #bfej fa?oms4 ,g5us #caa4 ,/reblacan?a1#cea n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,/reblonida ) simple1 sph]ical1 subsph]ical1 or l5telliptical primordial *amb]1 beg9n+ ! screw-l s]ies ( spirally asc5d+ *amb]s4 ,surface cov]$ ) radial sp9es4 ,! g5us ,/reblacan?a diff]s f ! ne>ly alli$ ,/reblonia only 9 ! cov]+ ( radial sp9es1 & be>s !re=e ! same relation to x z ,ha/ig]9a has to ,globig]9a among/ ! simil> calc>e\s ,poly?alamia4 #a4 ,/reblacan?a sid]ol9a1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #di1 figs4 #h1 #h;a74 ,/reblonia sid]ol9a1 ,haeckel1 #ahhc1 ,,ms4 ,%ell flatly conical1 ) f\rte5 to sixte5 ne>ly hemisph]ical *amb]s ( gradually increas+ size1 ! t5? *amb] ab\t six times z broad z ! fir/4 ,bread? ( ! %ell ne>ly equal to ! height4 ,pores subregul>1 circul>1 hexagonally fram$1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 ab\t n9e pores on ! bread? ( ! t5? *amb]4 ,surface cov]$ ) num]\s %ort conical radial sp9es1 "o-f\r? to "o-six? z long z ! diamet] ( ! %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,bread? ( ! %ell #j4ae1 height #j4ag4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bih1 dep? #bbbe fa?oms4 #b4 ,/reblacan?a calc>9a1 n4 sp4 ,%ell conical1 ) sixte5 to eighte5 r\ndi% *amb]s ( gradually increas+ size1 ! t5? *amb] ab\t ?ree times z broad z ! fir/4 ,bread? ( ! %ell ab\t "o & a half times ! height4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%4 ,surface cov]$ ) num]\s /rong conical radial sp9es1 ab\t half z long z ! diamet] ( ! %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,bread? ( ! %ell #j4bd1 height #j4ag4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bhe1 dep? #bcge fa?oms4 #gjgc4 ,/reblacan?a ha/ig]9a1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ne>ly sph]ical1 clu/]$1 ) n9e to elev5 ne>ly sph]ical *amb]s ( rapidly increas+ size1 ! t5? *amb] ab\t six times z broad z ! fir/4 ,bread? ( ! %ell ne>ly equal to ! height4 ,pores subregul>1 circul>1 ( ab\t ! same bread? z ! b>s4 ,surface bri/ly1 cov]$ ) num]\s v ?9 & long1 ne$le-%ap$ radial sp9es1 long] ?an ! diamet] ( ! %ell4 7,resembles closely ,ha/ig]9a47 ,dim5sions4--,bread? ( ! %ell #j4ah1 height #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 ,g5us #cab4 ,/reblopyle1#ceb n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,/reblonida ) trizonal l5telliptical m$ull>y %ell 7compos$ l ,l>nacilla ( ?ree elliptical dim5sive girdles surr\nd+ "o simple c5tral primordial *amb]74 ,f ?is beg9s a screw-l s]ies ( spirally asc5d+ *amb]s4 ,surface smoo? or ?orny1 )\t radial sp9es4 ,! g5us ,/reblopyle pres5ts ext]nally ! same appe>ance & cont\r z ,/reblonia1 & is compos$ l ?is ( a v>iable numb] ( *amb]s1 asc5d+ screw-l ar\nd ! axis ( ! spiral %ell4 ,! fir/ or primordial *amb]1 h[ev]1 9 :i* ! gr[? beg9s1 is 9 ,/reblonia a simple sph]ical %ell1 b 9 ,/reblopyle a trizonal %ell or ,l>nacilla-%ell 7comp>e above1 p4 #fjj74 ,! *amb]s are v incompletely sep>at$1 & comp>atively mu* l>g]1 _! numb] mu* small] ?an 9 ,/reblonia4 ,! /ructure 9 ! species ( ?is g5us is difficult to und]/&4 #a4 ,/reblopyle helic9a1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #di1 fig4 #i74 ,%ell helicoid1 "o & a ?ird times z high z broad1 ) eight to twelve incomplete semizonal *amb]s1 asc5d+ spirally f ! lat]al half girdle ( ! l5telliptical m$ull>y %ell1 octopyle-%ap$1 & envelop+ x 9 ?ree to f\r spiral turn+s4 ,! height ( ! :ole cortical %ell equals ne>ly five times ! height ( ! trizonal m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%4 ,surface ( ! %ell r\gh or ne>ly smoo?4 7,?is species seems to be ne>ly alli$ to ,spironium octonium47 ,dim5sions4--,bread? ( ! spiral cortical %ell #j4ah1 height #j4bd2 bread? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jd1 height #j4je4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bff1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #b4 ,/reblopyle spirul9a1 n4 sp4 ,%ell egg-%ap$ or ne>ly sph]ical1 ab\t z high z broad1 ) eight to n9e semizonal *amb]s1 asc5d+ spirally f ! subsph]ical trizonal m$ull>y %ell1 & envelop+ x 9 #gjh;f\r to five turn+s4 ,! six? *amb] twice z broad z ! trizonal m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%4 ,surface ( ! %ell ?orny4 ,dim5sions4--,bread? ( ! spiral cortical %ell #j4bg1 height #j4be2 bread? ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4je1 height #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bfe1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 ,family ,,xxxi4 ,,phorticida1 ,haeckel 7,pl4 #di1 figs4 #aj1 #aa74 ,phorticida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfd4 ,def9ition4--,l>coidea ) q irregul> mono?alam\s %ell1 repres5t+ irregul> modifications ( an orig9al l5telliptical lattic$ %ell2 ! irregul> cortical %ell encloses a regul> or subregul>1 l5telliptical or trizonal m$ull>y %ell4 ,! family ,phorticida comprises a small numb] ( ,l>coidea 9 :i* a subregul>1 trizonal1 l5telliptical m$ull>y %ell is enclos$ by an irregul> simple or spongy cortical %ell4 ,! lattice-"w ( ! latt] is sometimes simple & complete1 at o!r times incomplete1 ) op5 gates 7z 9 ! ,pylonida71 sometimes also spongy4 ,its =m is always m or less irregul>1 r\ndi%1 (t5 dimply or tub]\s2 diff]5t f mo/ o!r ,l>coidea4 ,! m$ull>y %ell is con/antly a regul> or subregul> ,l>nacilla-%ell1 compos$ ( ?ree elliptical lattic$ girdles ( diff]5t sizes1 p]p5dicul> "o to ano!r4 ,?is leaves no d\bt t ! ,phorticida are true ,l>coidea4 ,! connection ( x ) ! cortical %ell is r>ely effect$ by radial beams1 commonly by two opposite lattic$ w+s1 :i* are id5tical ) ! lat]al halves ( ! transv]se girdle 9 ! ,pylonida diplozon>ia 7,amphipyle1 ,tetrapyle74 ,(t5 also betwe5 ?is transv]se & a second 7lat]al7 girdle !re rema9 l>ge op5 gates1 s t ! aff9ity betwe5 ^! ,phorticida & ! ,pylonida _c be d\bt$4 ,9 o!r cases ^! gates become clos$1 s t !y m ne>ly approa* ! ,l>nacida4 ,f bo? families !y diff] by ! irregul>ity ( ! papillate or tub]\s cortical %ell4 ,! network is m or less irregul>1 its surface (t5 ?orny1 b nev] cov]$ ) symmetrically dispos$ radial sp9es4 ,! c5tral capsule is l5telliptical1 encloses ! m$ull>y %ell1 & is envelop$ by ! cortical %ell1 z 9 ! ne>ly alli$ ,pylonida & ,l>nacida1 ( :i* ! ,phorticida may be reg>d$ z irregul> ab]rant =ms4 ,synopsis ( ! ,g5]a ( ,phorticida4 ,cortical %ell simply lattic$1 #cac4 ,phorticium4 ,cortical %ell spongy1 #cad4 ,spongophortis4 #gji;,g5us #cac4 ,phorticium1#cec ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfd4 ,def9ition4--,phorticida ) irregul> cortical %ell ( simple lattice-"w1 enclos+ a l5telliptical ,l>nacilla-%ap$ m$ull>y %ell4 ,! g5us ,phorticium comprises all ,phorticida 9 :i* ! irregul> cortical %ell is =m$ by simple lattice-"w1 n by spongy framework4 ,we c divide ?is g5us into two subg5]a3 9 ,phortopyle 7z 9 ! ,pylonida7 ! lattice-"w ( ! cortical %ell exhibits l>ge op5+s or gates2 9 ,phortol>cus ^! gates are p]fectly clos$ by network2 ! =m] may be reg>d$ z abnormal or irregul> ,pylonida1 ! latt] z modifications ( ,l>nacida4 ,subg5us #a4 ,phortopyle1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,lattice-"w ( ! irregul> cortical %ell incomplete1 ) l>ge op5+s or gates4 #a4 ,phorticium pylonium1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #di1 fig4 #aj74 ,cortical %ell irregul>1 r\ndi%1 ab\t ?ree times z l>ge z ! enclos$ l5telliptical1 regul>1 ,l>nacilla-%ell1 connect$ ) x by "s radial beams & irregul>ly lattic$ girdles2 betwe5 ^! rema9 f\r to eight l>ge op5 gates ( irregul> r\ndi% =m & size2 & ^! gates are ! same z 9 ,tetrapyle & ,octopyle4 ,?is v v>iable species may be reg>d$ z a mon/rosity ( ^? g5]a ( ,pylonida2 x is v common1 b all individuals are m or less unequal2 "s specim5s approa* to "s common species ( ,tetrapyle4 ,! surface ( ! %ell is m or less sp9y4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! irregul> cortical %ell #j4ab to #j4ah2 l5g? ( ! l5telliptical m$ull>y %ell #j4je to #j4jf1 bread? #j4jce to #j4jde4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,m$it]ranean1 ,atlantic1 ,pacific1 c41 common1 surface & 9 v>i\s dep?s4 #b4 ,phorticium spironium1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell irregul>1 r\ndi%1 tub]\s1 ab\t f\r times z l>ge z ! enclos$ subregul> ,l>nacilla-%ell1 connect$ ) x by "s irregul> radial beams1 & by opposite1 spirally beg9+1 irregul>ly lattic$ girdles1 comp>able to ^? ( ,spironium2 betwe5 !m rema9 six to twelve l>ge op5 gates ( irregul> size & =m4 ,surface r\gh4 ,! resemblance to "s =ms ( ,spironium makes x probable t ?is species is a de=mity or mon/rosity ( t g5us4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! irregul> cortical %ell #j4ab to #j4b1 ( ! l5telliptical m$ull>y %ell #j4jc to #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ations #bgj to #bgd1 surface1 & 9 v>i\s dep?s4 #gaj,subg5us #b4 ,phortol>cus1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,lattice-"w ( ! irregul> cortical %ell complete1 )\t l>ge op5+s or gates4 #c4 ,phorticium de=me1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell irregul>1 r\ndi% or longi%1 ?ree times z l>ge z ! enclos$ subregul>1 l5telliptical ,l>nacilla-%ell1 connect$ ) x by two opposite lattic$ w+s 7! halves ( ! transv]se girdle ( ,tetrapyle74 ,network ( ! cortical %ell irregul>1 d5se1 p]fectly clos$1 )\t l>g] op5+s or gates4 ,surface ?orny4 7,may be reg>d$ z a mon/r\s =m ( ,l>nacalpis47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! irregul> cortical %ell #j4ae to #j4ah1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jd to #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgb1 dep? #bfjj fa?oms4 #d4 ,phorticium abnorme1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell irregul>1 r\ndi%1 tub]\s1 ) five to t5 q irregul> or ne>ly hemisph]ical protub]ances1 :i* resemble ! cupolas ( ,zon>ida4 ,! regul> l5telliptical ,l>nacilla-%ell is "o-?ird to "o-f\r? z l>ge z ! enclos+ cortical %ell1 & is connect$ ) x by "s irregul> radial beams4 ,lattice-"w completely clos$1 )\t gates4 ,surface sp9y4 7,may be reg>d$ z an anomal\s =m ( ,zonidium2 z 9 ! o!r species ( ?is v>iable g5us1 ! individuals are v unequal47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! irregul> cortical %ell #j4ab to #j4b1 ( ! m$ull>y %ell #j4jc to #j4je4 ,habitat4--,atlantic & ,pacific1 tropical zone1 surface1 & at v>i\s dep?s4 ,g5us #cad4 ,spongophortis1#ced ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfd4 ,def9ition4--,phorticida ) irregul> cortical %ell ( spongy framework1 enclos+ a l5telliptical ,l>nacilla-%ap$ m$ull>y %ell4 ,! g5us ,spongophortis diff]s f ,phorticium 9 ! spongy framework ( ! cortical %ell4 ,?is encloses ! inn] ,l>nacilla-%ap$ m$ull>y %ell ei!r directly1 or bo? %ells are sep>at$ by a holl[ int]val1 & connect$ ei!r by radial beams or by lattic$ lamell4 ,p]haps bo? ^! subg5]a might be bett] sep>at$ z g5]a4 #gaa,subg5us #a4 ,/ypophorticium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,spongy cortical %ell imm$iately enclos+ ! l5telliptical m$ull>y %ell1 )\t holl[ int]val4 #a4 ,spongophortis spongiosa1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell irregul>1 r\ndi%1 r\gh or tub]\s1 compos$ ( loose spongy framework1 :i* imm$iately envelops ! l5telliptical c5tral ,l>nacilla-%ell2 ! diamet] ( ! =m] becomes ab\t five to six times z l>ge z t ( ! latt]4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! spongy cortical %ell #j4ae to #j4be1 ( ! trizonal m$ull>y %ell #j4jc to #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgd1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,spongophorticium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,spongy cortical %ell sep>at$ by a holl[ int]val f ! l5telliptical m$ull>y %ell4 #b4 ,spongophortis radiosa1 n4 sp4 ,cortical %ell irregul>1 r\ndi%1 f\r to five times z l>ge z ! enclos$ l5telliptical ,l>nacilla-%ell1 ) :i* x is connect$ by t5 to tw5ty irregul>ly dispos$ radial beams4 ,spongy framework compact1 ab\t z ?ick z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,surface cov]$ ) num]\s %ort1 bri/le-%ap$1 radial sp9es4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! spongy cortical %ell #j4ae to #j4b1 ( ! trizonal m$ull>y %ell #j4jce to #j4jde4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccb1 dep? #bbjj fa?oms4 #c4 ,spongophortis l>nacilla1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #di1 figs4 #aa;a-#aa;d74 ,cortical %ell irregul>1 r\ndi%1 tub]\s1 ?ree to f\r times z l>ge z ! enclos$ l5telliptical ,l>nacilla-%ell1 connect$ ) x by two opposite lattic$ w+s 7! halves ( ! transv]se girdle ( ,tetrapyle74 ,spongy framework compact1 ab\t half z ?ick z ! m$ull>y %ell4 ,surface r\gh4 7,may be reg>d$ z an abnormal ,tetrapyle or ,l>nacalpis1 ) an irregul> spongy cortical %ell47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! spongy cortical %ell #j4af to #j4b1 ( ! trizonal m$ull>y %ell #j4jd to #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 #gab;,family ,,xxxii4 ,,soreumida1 ,haeckel 7,pl4 #di1 figs4 #ab1 #ac74 ,soreumida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfd4 ,def9ition4--,l>coidea ) q irregul> poly?alam\s %ell1 compos$ ( a v>iable numb] ( *amb]s1 aggregat$ )\t any def9ite ord]4 ,primordial *amb] ei!r simple or ,l>nacilla-%ap$4 ,! family ,soreumida conta9s a small numb] ( ,l>coidea1 diff]5t f mo/ o!r ,sphrell>ia 9 ! complete irregul>ity ( ! poly?alam\s %ell1 :i* is compos$ ( a v>iable numb] ( r\ndi% *amb]s or subsph]ical lattic$ %ells1 aggregat$ 9 ! =m ( an irregul> heap4 ,we c di/+ui% 9 ?is family only two g5]a1 ) v diff]5t /ructure ( ! c5tral m$ull>y %ell or ! fir/ *amb] beg9n+ ! gr[?2 & ^! correspond to ! two subfamilies ( ! ne>ly alli$ ,/reblonida 7p4 #gjd74 ,9 ,soreuma 7z 9 ,/reblonia7 ! fir/ or primordial *amb]1 f :i* ! gr[? beg9s1 is l ! o!rs1 a simple sph]ical or irregul> r\ndi% lattice-%ell4 ,9 ,sorol>cus1 h[ev] 7z 9 ,/reblopyle71 ! fir/ or primordial *amb] is a trizonal or ,l>nacilla-%ell4 ,x is n improbable t ! =m] orig9at$ phylog5etically f ,/reblonia1 ! latt] f ,/reblopyle1 by loss ( ! orig9al spiral ord] ( gr[?4 ,b x is also possible t ^! gr\ps h no ne>] relation4 ,among ! calc>e\s ,=am9if]a a v simil> =m is repres5t$ by ,ac]vul9a & its allies4 ,! g5]al =m ( ! :ole %ell 9 ! ,soreumida is sometimes m egg-%ap$ or l5telliptical1 at o!r times ev5 subsph]ical1 occasionally q irregul>1 tub]\s1 or clu/]$4 ,! numb] ( ! aggregat$ *amb]s is v v>iable1 9 ,sorol>cus betwe5 t5 & ?irty1 9 ,soreuma asc5d+ to fifty to eighty1 sometimes f "o hundr$ to "o hundr$ & fifty & m4 ,_! size is sometimes ne>ly equal1 at o!r times v diff]5t1 _! =m commonly v irregul>1 r\ndi%1 b sometimes also subsph]ical or egg-%ap$4 ,! network ( ! %ell is also commonly irregul>1 ) r\ndi% pores ( diff]5t sizes4 ,! surface is usually smoo? or r\gh1 r>ely cov]$ ) radial sp9es4 ,! c5tral capsule is n kn[n1 z ,i obs]v$ only a few skeletons ( ?is family4 ,synopsis ( ! ,g5]a ( ,soreumida4 ,primordial *amb] ( ! %ell simple1 subsph]ical or r\ndi%1 #cae4 ,soreuma4 ,primordial *amb] ( ! %ell trizonal or ,l>nacilla-%ap$1 #caf4 ,sorol>cus4 ,g5us #cae4 ,soreuma1#cee ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfd4 ,def9ition4--,soreumida ) num]\s *amb]s1 aggregat$ )\t any regul>ity ar\nd "o simple1 sph]ical or subsph]ical1 c5tral *amb]4 #gac,! g5us ,soreuma conta9s ^? ,soreumida 9 :i* no trace ( any regul> /ructure is f\nd1 b all ! *amb]s ( ! irregul> %ell are )\t any ord]1 aggregat$ ar\nd a simple sph]ical or subsph]ical c5tral *amb] or m$ull>y %ell4 ,soreuma may h orig9at$ ei!r f ,sorol>cus by loss ( ! c5tral ,l>nacilla-%ell or f ,c5ol>cus by irregul> apposition ( new *amb]s ar\nd ! l5telliptical c5tral *amb] or simple ,l>coid-%ell4 ,"s species seem to exhibit a transition to ,sorol>cus4 ,ow+ to ! absolute irregul>ity ( ! poly?alam\s %ell ,soreuma resembles ,ac]vul9a among ! ,=am9if]a4 ,subg5us #a4 ,soreumium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,%ell )\t radial sp9es4 #a4 ,soreuma irregul>e1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #di1 fig4 #ab74 ,%ell irregul>1 clu/]$1 or tub]\s1 compos$ ( a l>ge numb] 7"o hundr$ & tw5ty to "o hundr$ & fifty or m7 ( irregul>1 r\ndi% *amb]s ( v diff]5t sizes1 ! l>ge/ f\r to five times z broad z ! smalle/4 ,network v delicate1 ) v small r\ndi% pores1 to five times z broad z ! b>s4 ,surface ?orny4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4c1 ( ! s+le *amb]s #j4jb to #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdd1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #b4 ,soreuma ac9osum1 n4 sp4 ,%ell irregul>ly l5telliptical1 ) diff]5t gr[? 9 ! ?ree dim5sions1 compos$ ( a l>ge numb] 7=ty to sixty or m7 ( irregul>1 r\ndi% *amb]s ( v diff]5t sizes1 ! l>ge/ six to eight times z broad z ! smalle/4 ,pores subregul>1 circul>1 twice z broad z ! b>s4 ,surface smoo?4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell #j4ba1 bread? #j4ag1 height #j4ac2 diamet] ( ! l>ge/ *amb]s #j4jc1 ( ! smalle/ #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 #c4 ,soreuma subglobosum1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ne>ly sph]ical1 compos$ ( a v>iable numb] 7twelve to fifte5 or m7 ( irregul>ly aggregat$ subsph]ical *amb]s ( ne>ly equal size4 ,pores subregul>1 circul>1 twice z broad z ! b>s4 ,surface ?orny4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4be1 ( ! l>ge/ *amb]s #j4jd1 ( ! smalle/ #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bff1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #gadd4 ,soreuma ac]vul9a1 n4 sp4 ,%ell q irregul>1 cloddy1 or tub]\s1 compos$ ( tw5ty to ?irty 7or m7 r\ndi% *amb]s ( almo/ uni=m size1 ! l>ge/ twice to ?ree times z broad z ! smalle/4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%4 ,surface smoo?4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ah to #j4bd1 ( ! l>ge/ *amb]s #j4jf1 ( ! smalle/ #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bie1 dep? #aejj fa?oms4 ,subg5us #b4 ,soreumidium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,%ell ) radial sp9es4 #e4 ,soreuma sp9osum1 n4 sp4 ,%ell q irregul>1 cloddy1 or tub]\s1 compos$ ( ?irty to =ty subsph]ical *amb]s ( ne>ly ! same size4 ,pores subregul>1 circul>1 twice z broad z ! b>s2 on ! equator ( ea* *amb] six to eight pores4 ,surface ?orny1 cov]$ ) irregul>ly scatt]$ conical radial sp9es1 ab\t z long z ! diamet] ( ! *amb]s4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ag to #j4be1 ( ! *amb]s #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bda1 dep? #bcjj fa?oms4 #f4 ,soreuma setosum1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ne>ly sph]ical1 compos$ ( sixty to sev5ty 7or m7 irregul>1 r\ndi% *amb]s ( v diff]5t sizes1 ! l>ge/ five to six times z broad z ! smalle/4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%4 ,surface bri/ly1 cov]$ ) v num]\s1 long & ?91 bri/le-%ap$ radial sp9es1 ab\t z long z ! diamet] ( ! %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4bh1 ( ! *amb]s #j4jje to #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bga1 dep? #bdbe fa?oms4 ,g5us #caf4 ,sorol>cus1#cef n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,soreumida ) num]\s *amb]s1 aggregat$ irregul>ly ar\nd a trizonal m$ull>y %ell or ,l>nacilla-%ell4 ,! g5us ,sorol>cus comprises ^? ,soreumida 9 :i* ! heap ( irregul>ly aggregat$ *amb]s encloses a c5tral trizonal m$ull>y %ell1 by :i* !y demon/rate cle>ly _! desc5t f ,l>nacida or ,pylonida4 ,! l5telliptical m$ull>y #gae%ell exhibits q ! same *>act]i/ic /ructure z t ( ,l>nacilla1 be+ compos$ ( ?ree elliptical lattic$ girdles1 p]p5dicul> "o to ano!r4 ,9 "s species also ! beg9n+ ( a second sy/em ( girdles is cle>ly indicat$1 s t !re c be no d\bt z to _! d]ivation f ,amphipyle or ,tetrapyle4 ,subg5us #a4 ,sorol>cium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,%ell )\t radial sp9es4 #a4 ,sorol>cus l>nacillif]1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #di1 fig4 #ac74 ,%ell irregul>1 clu/]$1 or tub]\s1 compos$ ( tw5ty to ?irty irregul>1 r\ndi% *amb]s ( v diff]5t size1 ! l>ge/ f\r to eight times z broad z ! smalle/1 aggregat$ )\t ord] ar\nd a c5tral1 l5telliptical1 ,l>nacilla-%ap$ m$ull>y %ell4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 twice to f\r times z broad z ! b>s4 ,surface smoo? or a little sp9y4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! :ole %ell #j4ah1 ( ! c5tral ,l>nacilla-%ell #j4je4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bff1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #b4 ,sorol>cus tetrapylif]1 n4 sp4 ,%ell irregul>ly r\ndi%1 clu/]$1 compos$ ( t5 to twelve irregul> r long *amb]s ( almo/ uni=m size1 ! l>ge/ twice z broad z ! smalle/1 aggregat$ )\t ord] ar\nd a c5tral %ell ( ! /ructure ( ,tetrapyle1 :i* encloses an inn] trizonal ,l>nacilla-%ell ( half ! size4 ,pores irregul>1 r\ndi%1 twice to f\r times z broad z ! b>s4 ,surface sp9y4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! :ole %ell #j4be1 ( ! out] 7,tetrapyle-l7 m$ull>y %ell #j4ab1 ( ! inn] 7,l>nacilla-l7 %ell #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 c5tral area1 ,/ation #bgb1 dep? #bfjj fa?oms4 ,subg5us #b4 ,sorol>cidium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,%ell ) radial sp9es4 #c4 ,sorol>cus t]m9alis1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ne>ly sph]ical1 compos$ ( fifte5 to eighte5 irregul>ly aggregat$ r\ndi% *amb]s ( ne>ly equal size2 9 ! c5tre a l5telliptical ,l>nacilla-%ell4 ,surface cov]$ ) num]\s ?91 bri/le-l radial sp9es1 some:at long] ?an ! %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! :ole %ell #j4ba1 ( ! c5tral ,l>nacilla-%ell #j4je4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdd1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #gaf---- ,,legion ,,ii4 ,,acan?>ia1 ,,vel ,,actipylea1 ,,vel ,,acan?ometrea 7,,pls4 #abi-adj74 ,acan?>ia1 ,haeckel1 #ahha4 ,actipylea1 ,haeckel1 #ahhb4 ,acan?ometrea1 ,h]twig1 #ahgi4 ,panacan?a1 ,haeckel1 #ahgh4 ,def9ition4--,radiol>ia ) simple membrane b\nd+ ! c5tral capsule1 :i* is ev]y:]e p]=at$ by innum]able f9e pores 7dispos$ ei!r equally or symmetrically74 ,extracapsulum )\t phodium4 ,skeleton c5trog5\s 7its gr[? proce$+ f ! c5tre71 acan?9ic 7organic1 n silice\s74 ,fundam5tal =m orig9ally sph]ical4 ,! legion ,,acan?>ia vel ,,actipylea1 to ! ext5t "h def9$1 0 con/itut$ by me1 #ahgh1 9 my ,proti/5rei* 7p4 #ajb7 "u ! "n ,,panacan?a4 ,a m accurate def9ition ( ?is gr\p 0 giv5 9 #ahgi by ,h]twig "u ! "n ,,acan?ometrea4 ,bo? names 7 replac$ by me1 #ahha1 9 my ,prodromus 7pp4 #dba1 #dfe7 by ! m conv5i5t "n ,,acan?>ia4 ,?is legion comprises all ^? ,radiol>ia :i* 7 fir/ describ$ by ,johannes ,mll]1 #aheh1 z ,acan?ometrae1 & also an important "p ( 8 ,haliomma4 ,9 my ,monograph 7#ahfb1 pp4 #cga-dbd7 ,i dispos$ !m 9 ?ree families1 ,acan?ometrida1 ,diploconida1 & ,dorataspida4 ,al?\gh ! numb] ( g5]a & species 9 ?is legion is mu* increas$ by ! ri* collection ( ! ,*all5g]1 we c divide all ,,acan?>ia into two diff]5t ord]s3 ,acan?ometra 7)\t complete lattice-%ell7 & ,acan?ophracta 7provid$ ) a complete lattice-%ell74 ,! ,,acan?>ia agree ) ! ,,spumell>ia 9 ! /ructure ( ! simple capsule-membrane1 :i* is p]=at$ by num]\s small pores 7b con/antly devoid ( ! l>ge ma9 op5+1 :i* ! ,,nassell>ia & ,,ph,,od>ia possess1 be+ h5ce unit$ z ,m]otrypa/a74 ,we c !re=e unite bo? =m] legions z ,holotrypa/a 7comp>e above1 pp4 #e1 #f72 b 9 _m ,,acan?>ia 7if n 9 all87 ! num]\s small pores ( ! capsule-membrane exhibit a c]ta9 peculi> arrangem5t n obs]v$ 9 ! ,,spumell>ia2 !re=e ! latt] c be reg>d$ z true ,p]ipylea 9 opposition to ! =m] z ,actipylea4 ,! peculi> ma9 "* ( all ,,actipylea or ,,acan?>ia is det]m9$ by ! *emical con/itution ( _! skeleton1 :i* is n silex1 b a peculi> organic sub/ance1 call$ by me 9 #ahfb acan?9 7,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 pp4 #cj1 #cb74 ,9 all o!r ,radiol>ia ! skeleton is compos$ ( silex or ( a silicate4 ,b besides ?is #gag;*emical diff]5ce1 an important morphological "* ( ! skeleton also sep>ates ! ,,acan?>ia f all o!r ,radiol>ia3 9 ! latt] ! skeleton is nev] c5trog5\s or aris+ f ! c5tre ( ! capsule2 9 /rict opposition to ?is g5]al fact ! skeleton ( all ,,acan?>ia is c5trog5\s1 compos$ ( radial sp9es1 :i* arise f ! c5tral po9t ( ! capsule & pi]ce its membrane4 ,^! *>act]i/ic radial sp9es ( acan?91 aris+ f ! c5tre1 are nev] holl[ 7z =m]ly 0 suppos$71 b con/antly solid4 ,_! =m is extremely v>iable1 & mo/ important = ! di/9ction ( g5]a & species2 b m int]e/+ f a g5]al po9t ( view is _! peculi> arrangem5t or disposition4 ,! regul> disposition ( tw5ty radial sp9es has g5]al value almo/ = all ,,acan?>ia1 ) ! exception only ( ! small gr\p ( ,act9elida4 ,9 ?is latt] gr\p ! numb] ( radial sp9es is ei!r m or less ?an tw5ty1 & _! disposition is ei!r q irregul> or foll[s a peculi> rule4 ,! numb] ( individuals ( ^! ,act9elida1 comp>$ ) t ( ! o!r ,,acan?>ia1 may be sc>cely #a p] c5t41 :il/ ! latt] h m ?an #ii p] c5t42 ! numb] ( obs]v$ species is 9 ! =m] ab\t #e p] c5t41 9 ! latt] ab\t #ie p] c5t4 ,nev]!less ! small gr\p ( ,act9elida is v important1 be+ probably ! ance/ral gr\p f :i* all o!r ,,acan?>ia h be5 phylog5etically d]iv$4 ,^! o!r ,,acan?>ia1 ) tw5ty regul>ly dispos$ radial sp9es1 repres5t ! two l>ge gr\ps ( ,acan?onida & ,acan?ophracta4 ,= %ort & cle> di/9ction ( ^! two gr\ps ( ,,acan?>ia1 we w call ! ,act9elida 7) irregul> numb] & disposition ( radial sp9es7 ,adelacan?a1 9 opposition to ! ,icosacan?a 7,acan?onida & ,acan?ophracta71 :i* all possess tw5ty regul>ly dispos$ radial sp9es4 ,johannes ,mll]1 ! great zoologi/1 to :om we are indebt$ = ! fir/ detection & accurate k ( ! ,acan?ometra1 already recognis$ ! regul>ity 9 ! peculi> disposition ( _! tw5ty radial sp9es 7,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 #aheh1 pp4 #ab1 #cg74 ,9 hon\r ( my great ma/] ,i h call$ ?is regul> disposition ! ,mll]ian law ( sp9e disposition1 & h giv5 a full explanation ( x 9 my ,monograph 7#ahfb1 pp4 #dj-de1 #cga1 #cgb74 ,) reg>d to its g5]al value = all ,icosacan?a 7,acan?onida & ,acan?ophracta71 we might also call ?is promorphological ,mll]ian law ! ,icosacan?an law4 ,9 #ahfb ,i _h already giv5 ! foll[+ precise def9ition ( ?is ,icosacan?an law 7loc4 cit41 p4 #dj73--;,betwe5 two poles ( a sp9eless axis are regul>ly dispos$ five p>allel zones1 ea* ) f\r radial sp9es2 ! f\r sp9es ( ea* zone are equidi/ant "o f ano!r1 & also equidi/ant f ea* pole2 & ! f\r sp9es ( ea* zone are s alt]nat+ ) ^? ( ea* neighb\r+ zone1 t all tw5ty sp9es toge!r lie 9 f\r m]idian planes1 :i* int]sect "o ano!r at an angle ( #de4 ,= ! cle> conception ( ?is rem>kable ,mll]ian law1 & = ! complete und]/&+ ( its high value = ! complicat$ #gahmorphology ( all ,icosacan?a1 x is ! mo/ pr(itable way to reta9 con/antly 9 m9d = comp>ison ! figure ( a t]re/rial globe ) its axis & zones4 ,! axis ( ! globe is ! sp9eless axis ( all ,icosacan?a1 ar\nd :i* all tw5ty sp9es are symmetrically dispos$2 x is p]p5dicul> to ! bisect+ equatorial plane1 9 :i* lies ! middle ( ! five p>allel zones2 !re=e ! f\r sp9es1 cross$ p]p5dicul>ly 9 ?is equatorial plane1 are call$ ! equatorial sp9es 7c#a to c#d 9 ! figures ( ,pls4 #aca-adj72 (t51 & ma9ly 9 ! family ,quadrilon*ida 7,pl4 #aca71 ^! f\r equatorial sp9es are mu* l>g] or ( a peculi> =m1 diff]5t f t ( ! sixte5 o!r sp9es4 ,ea* pair ( ! f\r equatorial sp9es lies 9 "o equatorial axis1 & ?is latt] is p]p5dicul> to ! cross+ axis1 9 :i* lies ! o!r pair ( opposite sp9es4 ,we may reg>d ^! two equatorial diamet]s1 p]p5dicul> "o to ano!r & to ! sp9eless axis1 z ! two p]radial axes or prim>y axes4 ,correspond+ly ! two m]idian planes1 :i* are det]m9$ by "o p]radial axis & ! sp9eless axis1 may be call$ ! two prim>y or p]radial m]idian planes4 ,! globe is divid$ by ! equatorial plane into two equal halves1 ! nor!rn & ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,9 ea* hemisph]e !re are dispos$ q symmetrically eight radial sp9es1 ! di/al ends ( :i* fall 9 two p>allel circles1 a l>g] tropical circle 7ne>] to ! equator7 & a small] pol> circle 7ne>] to ! pole ( ! sp9eless axis74 ,!re=e we call ! f\r sp9es ( ! =m] ! tropical sp9es & ! f\r sp9es ( ! latt] ! pol> sp9es4 ,! angle betwe5 ! =m] & ! equatorial plane is ab\t #cj1 ! angle betwe5 ! latt] & t plane ab\t #fj4 ,! eight pol> sp9es 7f\r nor!rn & f\r s\!rn7 lie 9 ! same two m]idian planes z ! f\r equatorial sp9es4 ,!re=e 9 ea* ( ^! two p]radial planes lie six radial sp9es1 opposite 9 pairs2 two equatorial & f\r pol> sp9es4 ,commonly all eight pol> sp9es are ( ! same size & =m2 & (t5 !y are also equal to ! eight tropical sp9es2 b 9 "s cases 7e4g41 9 "s species ( ,quadrilon*ida7 !y are mu* small] ?an ! twelve o!r sp9es1 & sometimes ev5 rudim5t>y4 ,9 all figures ( ! ,pls4 #aca-adj 7& also 9 my ,monograph1 #ahfb1 ,taf4 xv4-xxii47 ! pol> sp9es ( ! nor!rn circle are m>k$ by ! *>act]s a#a to a#d1 ! pol> sp9es ( ! s\!rn circle by ! *>act]s e#a to e#d4 ,9 ! fir/ p]radial m]idian plane lie a#a & a#c1 e#a & e#c1 9 ! second a#b & a#d1 e#b & e#d4 ,! eight tropical sp9es lie betwe5 ! eight pol> & ! f\r equatorial sp9es1 f\r 9 ea* hemisph]e2 _! di/al po9ts fall 9 two p>allel circles1 :i* correspond exactly to ! two tropics ( ! globe4 ,!re=e ! f\r nor!rn tropical sp9es may be call$ canc]al sp9es 7z _! ends fall 9 ! ,tropic ( ,canc]7 & ! f\r s\!rn correspond+ly capricornal sp9es 7z _! po9ts lie #gai;9 ! ,tropic ( ! ,capricorn74 ,9 ! figures ( ! ,pls4 #aca-adj 7z well z 9 my ,monograph1 #ahfb1 ,taf4 xv4-xxii47 ! f\r nor!rn or canc]al sp9es are m>k$ by ! *>act]s b#a to b#d1 & ! f\r s\!rn or capricornal sp9es by ! *>act]s d#a to d#d4 ,also ! eight tropical sp9es lie 7cross$ 9 pairs7 9 two m]idian planes2 !y d n lie1 h[ev]1 9 ^? p]radial planes1 9 :i* are plac$ ! twelve o!r sp9es2 b 9 two diff]5t m]idian planes1 cross+ ! =m] at angles ( #de2 we call ^! ! second>y or int]radial m]idian planes4 ,ea* ( ^! planes is det]m9$ by ! sp9eless axis & by two cross$ int]radial or second>y axes2 9 ea* ( ! latt] lie two opposite tropical sp9es4 ,9 ! fir/ int]radial m]idian plane lie b#a & b#c1 d#a & d#c1 9 ! second b#b & b#d1 d#b & d#d4 ,x is a mo/ int]e/+ & important fact1 t 9 all ,icosacan?a 7,acan?onida & ,acan?ophracta7 ?is regul> disposition ( ! tw5ty sp9es 79 five p>allel zones & f\r m]idian planes7 becomes con/antly pres]v$ by h]$ity1 :il/ ! =m & size ( ! diff]5t sp9es are extremely v>i$ by adaptation4 ,only 9 a m9ority ( ! ,icosacan?a are all tw5ty sp9es p]fectly equal or ne>ly equal 9 size & =m2 & !n x is (t5 v difficult to di/+ui% ! diff]5t zones 9 _! disposition4 ,b 9 f> ! great] "p ! size or ! =m ( ! tw5ty sp9es becomes diff]5t 9 diff]5t zones2 & !n we c commonly di/+ui% easily ! five diff]5t zones4 ,fir/ly1 9 all ,quadrilon*ida & ,dorataspida1 ! f\r equatorial are di/+ui%$ f ! sixte5 o!r sp9es ei!r by =m or by size1 & (t5 9 a v rem>kable degree4 ,z soon z ^! f\r pr9cipal sp9es are recognis$1 x is easy to det]m9e also ! sixte5 o!rs2 = ! eight pol> sp9es lie 9 ! same two 7p]radial7 m]idian planes z ! =m]1 :il/ ! eight tropical sp9es lie 9 two diff]5t 7int]radial7 m]idian planes1 int]sect+ ! two =m] at angles ( #de4 ,commonly1 !re=e1 ?is di/9ction is r easy4 ,9 ! majority ( ! ,icosacan?a all f\r equatorial sp9es are exactly ( ! same =m & size4 ,b 9 f\r families ! two opposite sp9es ( "o equatorial axis are mu* l>g]1 or ( ano!r =m1 ?an ^? ( ! cross+ axis4 ,?is is ! case 9 ! ,amphilon*ida1 ,belonaspida1 ,hexalaspida1 & ,diploconida4 ,!re=e we "h call ! major equatorial axis 7) l>g] sp9es7 ! hydrotomical axis1 & ! m9or axis 7) small] sp9es7 ! geotomical axis4 ,correspond+ly1 ! m]idian plane1 9 :i* ! two l>g] equatorial sp9es are plac$ 7c#a1 c#c7 & ! app]ta9+ f\r pol> sp9es 7a#a1 a#c1 e#a1 e#c7 may be call$ ! hydrotomical plane2 9 ! rem>kable family ( ,hexalaspida 7,pl4 #aci7 all six sp9es ( ?is hydrotomical plane are mu* l>g] ?an ! o!r f\rte54 ,p]p5dicul> to ?is plane is ! second p]radial m]idian plane1 :i* we call ! geotomical plane2 9 x lie ! two small] equatorial sp9es 7c#b1 c#d7 & ! correspond+ f\r pol> sp9es 7a#b1 a#d1 e#b1 e#d74 ,9 "s ,hexalaspida 7,hexonaspis & ,hexacolpus7 ! six sp9es ( ! hydrotomical plane become s prepond]ant t #gbj! o!r f\rte5 sp9es appe> rudim5t>y2 & 9 "s ( !m ! two equatorial sp9es ( ! hydrotomical plane are mu* l>g] ?an ! f\r pol> sp9es ( ! same plane4 ,?is curi\s relation rea*es its maximum 9 ! ,diploconida 7,pl4 #adj74 ,! diff]5t developm5t ( ! two equatorial axes 7( ! l>g] hydrotomical & ! small] geotomical axis7 is ! fir/ & mo/ important cause ( ! peculi> =ms1 :i* are produc$ 9 ! f\r cit$ families4 ,we d]ive ^! t]ms also f ! metaphor ( ! t]re/rial globe4 ,! hydrotomical plane is t m]idian plane ( ! globe :i* int]sects almo/ only ! wat]-hemisph]e 7! isl& ( ,f]ro 9 ! ,atlantic1 ! isl& ( ,p&ora 9 ! ,pacific74 ,p]p5dicul> to ?is is ! geotomical plane1 ! m]idian ( :i* int]sects great l&-masses 9 bo? hemisph]es 7,bombay 9 ,india1 ,a?abasca 9 ,canada74 ,bo? poles ( ! small] geotomical axis are ev]y:]e equal 7! ,ea/ ,indian & ! ,we/]n ,am]ican74 ,h[ev]1 bo? poles ( ! l>g] hydrotomical axis 7! ea/]n ,atlantic & ! we/]n ,pacific7 are 9 "s g5]a v diff]5t1 e4g41 9 ,amphibelone among ! ,amphilon*ida1 & 9 ,zygo/aurus among ! ,quadrilon*ida4 ,9 ?is case we call ! ant]ior 7commonly m develop$7 pole ( ! hydrotomical axis ! frontal pole1 ! opposite po/]ior 7commonly small]7 ! caudal pole 7,pl4 #aca1 figs4 #g1 #h2 ,pl4 #acb1 figs4 #i1 #aj74 ,on bo? sides ( ^! 7"r & left7 lie symmetrically ! two equal poles ( ! geotomical lat]al axis4 ,! promorphology ( ! ,,acan?>ia demon/rates t ! geometrical fundam5tal =m 9 ^? gr\ps is diff]5t4 ,9 ! majority ( ! ,,acan?>ia1 :]e ! two equatorial axes are equal1 t =m is a d\ble squ>e-pyramid or a quadrate octah$ron2 ! f\r equal equatorial sp9es indicate ! two diagonals ( ! squ>e1 :i* is ! common base ( ! unit$ regul> f\r-sid$ pyramids2 _! common axis is ! sp9eless axis ( ! body2 ! ends ( ! pol> sp9es fall on ! edges ( ! pyramids1 :ile ! ends ( ! tropical sp9es fall on ! halv+ l9es ( _! faces4 ,h[ev]1 9 ^? ,,acan?>ia 9 :i* ! two equatorial axes become diff]5t1 ! squ>e d\ble pyramid becomes *ang$ into a rhombic d\ble pyramid2 ! common base ( ! unit$ pyramids is ?us a rhombus2 ! hydrotomical axis is ! l>g]1 ! geotomical axis ! small] diagonal ( ! rhombus4 ,oppos$ to ! ,icosacan?a1 "u ! "n ,adelacan?a1 is ! small gr\p ( ,act9elida1 9 :i* ! numb] & disposition ( ! radial sp9es is v>iable1 n det]m9$ by ! ,mll]ian law4 ,probably ?is gr\p is ! common ance/ral /ock1 f :i* ! ,icosacan?a h be5 d]iv$ by gradual developm5t ( _! peculi> disposition4 ,probably ! olde/ & mo/ primitive =m ( all ,,acan?>ia is ,act9elius1 9 :i* a v>iable & undet]m9$ 7(t5 v l>ge7 numb] ( radial sp9es is unit$ 9 "o common c5tral po9t1 & !re=e =ms a ne$le-sph]e4 ,:il/ "h all sp9es 7(t5 m ?an a hundr$7 are ( equal size & =m1 9 ! ne>ly alli$ ,a/rolophus l>ge & small sp9es are int]m+l$4 ,bo? g5]a toge!r =m ! small ance/ral family ( ,a/rolophida4 ,9 ! /range family ( ,li?olophida ! radial sp9es d n #gbaradiate )9 a sph]ical space 7equally dispos$ 9 all directions71 b )9 a quadrant or ev5 an octant1 =m+ a conical bru% or p5cil4 ,"o v rem>kable =m ( ,act9elida is ,act9a/rum1 =m+ ! transition f ^! ,adelacan?a to ! common regul> ,icosacan?a4 ,9 ! two obs]v$ species ( ,act9a/rum we f9d ?irty-two radial sp9es1 tw5ty ( :i* are dispos$ aft] ! ,mll]ian law1 z 9 ! ,icosacan?a4 ,! o!r twelve are f\r int]radial equatorial sp9es 7ly+ 9 ! two second>y m]idian planes7 & eight p]radial tropical sp9es 7ly+ 9 ! two prim>y m]idian planes74 ,!re=e "h 9 ea* prim>y m]idian plane are plac$ t5 sp9es 7two equatorial1 f\r tropical1 & f\r pol> sp9es71 :]eas 9 ea* second>y m]idian plane are plac$ six sp9es 7two equatorial & f\r tropical74 ,b "h also all ?irty-two sp9es are s regul>ly plac$ t _! free di/al ends fall into five p>allel zones1 f\r 9 ea* pol> zone1 eight 9 ea* tropical zone1 & eight 9 ! equatorial zone4 ,! ,c5tral ,junction ( ! radial sp9es 9 ! ,,acan?>ia becomes effect$ 9 f\r diff]5t ways3--7#a7 by simple apposition ( ! pyramidal c5tral ends or bases2 7#b7 by a basal leaf-cross1 or by broad w+s1 f\r on ea* sp9e1 support$ "o ^u ! o!r2 7#c7 by a c5tral concresc5ce ( ! meet+ bases ( all ! tw5ty sp9es1 gr[+ p]fectly toge!r2 & 7#d7 by a concresc5ce 9 pairs ( e two opposite sp9es4 ,! mo/ common & probably ! orig9al mode ( junction is ! fir/--by pyramidal apposition2 ! sp9es at ! c5tral base are po9t$ 9 ! =m ( a pyramid1 & ! triangul> faces ( ! neighb\r+ pyramids are simply plac$ ^u "o ano!r4 ,(t5 ! small basal pyramids are imp]fectly sep>at$ f ! sp9es by an annul> con/riction4 ,commonly ! basal pyramids ( ! f\r equatorial sp9es are six-sid$1 ^? ( ! sixte5 o!r sp9es five-sid$4 ,! second mode ( junction1 by a basal leaf-cross1 is develop$ f ! fir/ & appe>s z a /r5g!n+ or a me*anical elaboration ( x4 ,imm$iately above ! basal pyramid arise f its radial edges f\r ?9 & broad triangul> leaves or w+s1 & ! meet+ edges ( ! neighb\r+ w+s are 9 apposition "o ) ! o!r1 s t betwe5 ! bases ( e ?ree or f\r neighb\r+ sp9es a holl[ pyramidal space rema9s op54 ,! apex ( su* a pyramidal space is direct$ t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! body1 b sep>at$ f x by ! small basal pyramid2 its op5 base is direct$ outw>ds4 ,! tw5ty-two holl[ pyramidal spaces are dispos$ regul>ly 9 f\r diff]5t gr\ps3--7,a7 ,f\r equatorial spaces1 f\r-sid$1 ea* limit$ by two equatorial & two tropical sp9es 7"o canc]al & "o capricornal72 7,b7 eight p]izonal spaces 7f\r nor!rn & f\r s\!rn71 f\r-sid$1 ea* limit$ by "o equatorial1 two tropical1 & "o pol> sp9e2 7,c7 eight p]ipol> spaces 7f\r nor!rn & f\r s\!rn71 ?ree-sid$1 ea* limit$ by "o tropical & two pol> sp9es2 7,d7 two pol> spaces 7"o nor!rn & "o s\!rn71 f\r-sid$1 ea* limit$ by f\r neighb\r+ pol> sp9es4 #gbb,! ?ird mode ( junction1 by c5tral concresc5ce ( all tw5ty sp9es1 0 =m]ly reg>d$ by me z an important peculi>ity1 suffici5t = ! sep>ation ( subfamilies & g5]a 7,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 #ahfb1 pp4 #cii1 #dja2 ,prodromus1 #ahha1 p4 #dff74 ,b ,i f\nd aft]w>ds t 9 _m species :]e ! tw5ty sp9es commonly rema9 sep>at$1 accid5tally !y gr[ p]fectly toge!r & =m "o s+le piece ( acan?9--a />rulet ) tw5ty rays4 ,!re=e ,i n[ ?9k x is m natural to divide ^? species only into diff]5t subg5]a4 ,a f\r? & a v diff]5t mode ( junction1 q suffici5t = ! di/9ction ( diff]5t families1 is ! concresc5ce 9 pairs ( e two opposite sp9es1 ly+ 9 "o diamet] 79 ,acan?o*iasma & ,*ia/olus74 ,"h we obta9 a numb] ( diametral sp9es 7ea* compos$ ( two orig9ally oppos$ radial sp9es7 & all ^! diametral sp9es are cross$ loosely ne> ! c5tral po9t ( ! body )\t any solid & p]man5t apposition 7,*ia/olida74 ,h[ev]1 9 "s species ( ?is peculi> family ! c5tral "p ( ! diametral sp9es is twi/$ l a screw or spirally convolut$ 7,pl4 #abi1 figs4 #b1 #c74 ,! ,=m ( ! ,radial ,sp9es 9 ! ,,acan?>ia is extremely v>i$1 & con/itutes ! ma9 *>act]s = ! di/9ction ( ne>ly f\r hundr$ species4 ,b all ^! diff]5t =ms may be r$uc$ phylog5etically to ?ree diff]5t fundam5tal =ms3--7a7 ! cyl9drical 7) circul> transv]se section71 7b7 ! two-edg$ 7) elliptical or lanceolate transv]se section71 & 7c7 ! f\r-edg$ 7) squ>e transv]se section74 ,no d\bt ! fir/ 7a7 is ! orig9al primitive =m1 f :i* ! two o!rs are second>ily d]iv$4 ,triangul> sp9es nev] occur 9 ! ,,acan?>ia1 :il/1 h[ev]1 !y are common 9 ! ,sphrell>ia4 ,! fir/ & orig9al =m1 ! cyl9drical sp9e1 is ei!r a true cyl9d] ( equal ?ickness 9 its :ole l5g?1 or x is m or less conical4 ,r>ely ! sp9e is 9 ! di/al half sp9dle-%ap$1 & ?ick] ?an 9 ! basal half4 ,! second =m1 ! two-edg$ sp9e1 is m or less compress$ f two opposite sides2 its two edges are ei!r m blunt1 r\nd$1 or m acute1 %>p2 its transv]se section 9 ! =m] case is elliptical1 9 ! latt] case lanceolate or rhomboidal4 ,sometimes ! two edges are broad] & 9 ! =m ( two ?9 opposite w+s4 ,! two-edg$ sp9es may be occasionally %ort]1 triangul> or lanceolate1 at o!r times long] sword-%ap$ or l9e>4 ,! ?ird =m1 ! f\r-edg$ sp9e1 has con/antly a squ>e transv]se section2 ! sides ( ?is squ>e are ei!r ev5 or concave2 9 ! latt] case ! f\r edges are broad5$ & w+-l1 b 9 ! =m] case n4 ,! quadrangul> sp9es are ei!r prismatic 7( equal bread? ?r\gh\t _! :ole l5g?7 or pyramidal 7becom+ gradually ?9n] t[>ds ! di/al apex74 ,! ,apex ( ! ,radial ,sp9es1 or _! free di/al end1 is 9 ! majority ( ,,acan?>ia simple1 conical4 ,9 ! m9ority x is ei!r truncat$ or bifid1 or f\r-sid$ pyramidal1 (t5 ) two1 r>ely ) f\r prom95t p>allel tee?4 ,9 "s =ms #gbc! bifid sp9es are s deeply cleft t !y become =k$4 ,mu* m int]e/+ & m v>i$ ?an ^! diff]5t =ms ( ! di/al end are ^? ( ! apophyses ( ! radial sp9es4 ,! ,apophyses ( ! ,radial ,sp9es1 or _! lat]al transv]se processes1 are ( ! greate/ importance = ! morphological developm5t ( ! :ole subclass4 ,only 9 sixte5 among ! sixty-five g5]a ( ,,acan?>ia are ! apophyses p]fectly want+2 9 ! o!r g5]a !y det]m9e 9 ! fir/ place _! g5]al "*4 ,9 ! ,acan?ometra ! apophyses rema9 p]fectly free1 :il/ 9 ! ,acan?ophracta _! meet+ ends or bran*es compose ! lattic$ %ell4 ,all diff]5ces 9 =m & %ape ( ! apophyses c be r$uc$ to only two prim>y modes2 ei!r ! sp9e be>s two opposite or f\r cross$ apophyses2 correspond+ly all ,acan?>ia apophys>ia may be divid$ into two diff]5t ma9 gr\ps1 ! ,zygapophysica 7) two opposite lat]al processes7 & ! ,/aurapophysica 7) f\r cross$ lat]al processes opposite 9 pairs74 ,bo? gr\ps h probably no direct phylog5etic connection1 b seem to be d]iv$ indep5d5tly f diff]5t /ocks1 & produce diff]5t families4 ,! ,zygapophysica are probably d]iv$ f ,a/rolon*ida ) two-edg$ sp9es 7,zygacan?a71 & f ?is gr\p arise ! ,diporaspida1 ! ance/ral gr\p ( ! majority ( ,acan?ophracta4 ,on ! o!r h& ! ,/aurapophysica are probably d]iv$ f ,a/rolon*ida ) f\r-edg$ sp9es 7,acan?onia71 & f ?is gr\p arise ! ,tess>aspida4 ,! apophyses ( ! ,acan?onida are p>tly simple1 p>tly bran*$ or ev5 lattic$2 ! apophyses ( ! ,acan?ophracta are nev] simple1 con/antly bran*$ & commonly lattic$4 ,! ,malacoma 7or ! :ole s(t body ( ! ,,acan?>ia z oppos$ to ! skeleton7 exhibits "s peculi>ities :i* di/+ui% !m f ! o!r ,radiol>ia1 z well 9 ! /ructure ( ! c5tral capsule & its nucleus z 9 t ( ! envelop+ extracapsul> body & ! pseudopodia4 ,! ,c5tral ,capsule is con/antly sph]ical 9 ! f> great] numb] ( ! ,,acan?>ia1 viz41 9 ! foll[+ six families3--,a/rolophida1 ,*ia/olida1 ,a/rolon*ida1 ,dorataspida1 ,sphrocapsida1 & ,phractopeltida4 ,among ^! six families ! ,a/rolon*ida & ,dorataspida are f> great] & f> ri*] 9 diff]5t =ms ?an all ! o!r families4 ,! c5tral capsule becomes ellipsoidal or cyl9drical1 prolong$ 9 "o axis1 9 ! ?ree families1 ,amphilon*ida1 ,belonapsida1 & ,diploconida2 x becomes discoidal or l5ticul>1 by ! %ort5+ ( "o axis1 9 two families1 viz41 9 ! ,quadrilon*ida & ,hexalaspida4 ,f9ally1 ! peculi> family ,li?olophida is di/+ui%$ by ! conical =m ( its c5tral capsule4 ,! ,membrane ( ! c5tral capsule 9 all ,,acan?>ia is simple1 commonly ?91 sometimes v delicate2 9 "s species x seems to be develop$ late1 j imm$iately be=e ! =mation ( ! spores2 b 9 no species is x completely miss+4 ,! membrane is con/antly pi]c$ by innum]able f9e pores1 = ! emission ( ! #gbdpseudopodia2 b 9 _m species 7& probably m or less 9 all ,,acan?>ia7 !re is recognisable a c]ta9 regul>ity 9 ! disposition ( ! num]\s pseudopodia & ( ! pores by :i* !y radiate f ! capsule4 ,sometimes ^! pores are dispos$ 9 a regul> network ( ramifi$ l9es1 :il/ ! me%es ( ?is network are devoid ( pores2 9 o!r cases !y =m regul> tufts or bu%es betwe5 ! radial sp9es4 ,probably 9 no ,,acan?>ia are ! pores ( ! capsule membrane s num]\s & s equally di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t z 9 ! ,,spumell>ia2 we may !re=e call ! =m] ,,actipylea 79 opposition to ! latt]1 z ,,p]ipylea74 ,! ,nucleus ( ! ,,acan?>ia is con/antly exc5tric1 :il/ x is orig9ally con/antly c5tral 9 ! ,,spumell>ia4 ,?is exc5tric position is a necess>y consequ5ce ( ! c5trog5\s developm5t ( ! radial sp9es4 ,probably connect$ ) ?is peculi>ity is ! o!r1 t ! nucleus assumes a peculi>1 complicat$ /ructure1 & t 9 ! great] numb] ( ,,acan?>ia x becomes cleft v e>ly1 & t ?is cleavage is effect$ by a peculi> k9d ( gemmation1 fir/ detect$ & v accurately describ$ by ,r4 ,h]twig 7comp>e 8 ,organismus d4 ,radiol41 #ahgi1 pp4 #aj-bd74 ,h[ev]1 9 ! "y ,,acan?>ia ! nucleus is con/antly simple1 & 9 a c]ta9 numb] ( species its cleavage takes place late 7z 9 ! great] numb] ( ,,spumell>ia74 ,! ,endoplasm1 or ! intracapsul> s>code1 exhibits 9 ! great] numb] ( ,,acan?>ia a m or less di/9ct radial arrangem5t2 b ?is is (t5 conceal$ by ! diff]5t enclos$ products ( ! endoplasm--oil-globules1 vacuoles1 r$ or diff]5t col\r$ pigm5t-granules1 cry/als1 c4 ,(t5 x encloses a v>iable numb] ( yell[ cells 7becom+ gre5 by m9]al acids7 to be consid]$ z symbiotic xan!ll4 ,! ,calymma or ! jelly-veil1 includ+ ! c5tral capsule1 9 ! ,,acan?>ia is m or less volum9\s1 & commonly envelops ! skeleton p]fectly4 ,9 its surface is sometimes develop$ a peculi> network ( support+ fibres4 ,a v peculi> product are ! rem>kable ,myophrisca ( ! ,acan?ometra1 :i* are want+ 9 ! ,acan?ophracta2 !y 7 fir/ detect$ by ,johannes ,mll]1 & figur$ z ,cili5-,krnze1 aft]w>ds expla9$ by ,h]twig z contractile ,fd51 simil> to muscul> fibrill 7comp>e bel[74 ,! ,matrix1 plac$ betwe5 ! calymma & c5tral capsule1 9 ! majority ( ! ,,acan?>ia is a r ?9 lay] ( granul> exoplasm4 ,! ,pseudopodia aris+ f x are n s num]\s z 9 ! ,,spumell>ia1 & n s equally dispos$ ov] ! :ole surface4 ,also _! t5d5cy to ramify1 ana/omose1 & =m networks seems to be mu* less develop$4 ,commonly !y are simple or little ramifi$4 ,9 _m cases 7& p]haps ev]y:]e7 !re may be di/+ui%$ two diff]5t k9ds ( pseudopodia3--7#a7 ,axopodia1 or p]man5t pseudopodia 7) axial filam5ts871 pi]c+ ! wall ( ! c5tral capsule1 & aris+ f ! c5tral mass ( endoplasm2 & 7#b7 ,collopodia1 or v>iable pseudopodia 7)\t axial filam5ts71 aris+ outside ! capsule f ! matrix ( extracapsul> s>code or f ! #gbe;exoplasm on ! surface ( ! calymma4 ,^! & o!r diff]5tiations seem to indicate t ! pseudopodia 9 ! ,,acan?>ia are m highly develop$ ?an 9 ! ,,spumell>ia1 & ju/ify ! d5om9ation ( ! =m] z ,actipylea4 ,synopsis ( ! ,ord]s & ,subord]s ( ,,acan?>ia4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,i4 ,,acan?ometra4 ,skeleton compos$ only ( acan?9ic radial sp9es n =m+ a complete lattice-%ell4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,radial sp9es 9 v>iable & indef9ite numb]1 dispos$ irregul>ly1 #a4 ,act9elida4 ,radial sp9es con/antly tw5ty1 dispos$ regul>ly aft] ! ,mll]ian law ( ,icosacan?a1 #b4 ,acan?onida4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,ii4 ,,acan?ophracta4 ,skeleton compos$ ( tw5ty acan?9ic radial sp9es 7dispos$ aft] ! ,mll]ian law7 & ( a sph]ical or v>i\sly %ap$ complete lattice-%ell4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,radial sp9es all tw5ty ( equal size2 %ell & c5tral capsule sph]ical1 #c4 ,sphrophracta4 ,radial sp9es ( diff]5t sizes2 %ell & c5tral capsule ellipsoidal1 discoidal1 or het]omorph\s1 #d4 ,prunophracta4 ---- ,ord] ,,iii4 ,,acan?ometra1 ,johannes ,mll]1 #ahee4 ,acan?ometra1 ,j4 ,mll]1 #ahee1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l94 ,acan?ometrida1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cga4 ,acan?ometrea1 ,r4 ,h]twig1 #ahgi1 ,organismus d4 ,radiol41 p4 #acc4 ,acan?onida et ,li?olophida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 pp4 #dfe1 #dfi4 ,def9ition4--,,acan?>ia )\t complete lattic$ %ell4 ,! ord] ,acan?ometra1 ! ?ird ord] ( ,radiol>ia1 comprises all ^? ,,acan?>ia 9 :i* ! acan?9ic skeleton is only compos$ ( radial sp9es aris+ f "o common c5tral po9t1 b nev] =ms a complete lattic$ %ell4 ,by ! abs5ce ( su* a lattic$ or f5e/rat$ %ell ! ,acan?ometra diff] pr9cipally f ! ne>ly alli$ ,acan?ophracta1 ! second ord] ( ,,acan?>ia1 :i* con/antly possess su* a complete %ell4 ,johannes ,mll]1 :o fir/ detect$ & describ$ ! ,acan?ometra 79 #ahee1 loc4 cit471 def9$ !m z foll[s3--,radiol>ia )\t %ell1 ) silice\s radial sp9es 7#aheh1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #df74 ,he describ$ & figur$ eighte5 species ( !m1 dispos$ 9 f\r g5]a 7,acan?ometra ) fifte5 species1 & ,zygacan?a1 ,li?ophyllium1 ,li?opt]a1 ea* ) a s+le species74 ,among ^? eighte5 species1 h[ev]1 7 two ,acan?ometr cataphract1 app]ta9+ to ! foll[+ ord]1 ! ,acan?ophracta4 ,9 my ,monograph 7#ahfb1 p4 #cga7 all true ,acan?ometra 7 unit$ into a s+le family1 ,acan?ometrida1 ) ! foll[+ def9ition3--,skeleton compos$ ( a numb] ( radial sp9es1 pi]c+ ! c5tral capsule & unit$ 9 its c5tre1 )\t #gbflattic$ %ell4 ,9 ! majority ( !m ,i obs]v$ t ! skeleton did n consi/ ( silex1 b ( a v peculi> organic sub/ance1 :i* ,i call$ acan?94 ,at t "t ,i divid$ ! family ,acan?ometrida into f\r subfamilies3--7#a7 ,acan?o/aurida1 7#b7 ,a/roli?ida1 7#c7 ,li?olophida1 7#d7 ,acan?o*iasmida4 ,! two =m] n[ repres5t ! subord] ,acan?onida1 ! two latt] ! subord] ,act9elida4 ,! numb] ( g5]a :i* ,i di/+ui%$ 9 my ,monograph am\nt$ to n9e1 ! numb] ( species to fifty4 ,by ! ri* collections ( ! ,*all5g] ?is numb] is s mu* increas$ t we c "h describe tw5ty-sev5 g5]a & "o hundr$ & sixty species4 ,ri*>d ,h]twig 9 8 "w on ! ,organismus d] ,radiol>i5 7#ahgi1 pp4 #f-be7 adopt$ my family ,acan?ometrida1 & gave a v accurate description ( its anatomical /ructure4 ,he confirm$ my obs]vations t ! radial sp9es ( ?is family are nev] holl[1 b solid1 & t _! *emical sub/ance is n silex1 b ! organic matt] acan?94 ,he f\nd t ! simple nucleus ( ! ,acan?ometrida is commonly v e>ly cleft1 & t ! peculi> bru%es ( filam5ts on ! calymma1 describ$ by ,johannes ,mll] & by me z ,gall]t-cili51 are peculi> contractile filam5ts1 comp>able to ! muscle-fibrill ( "s ,infusoria1 or ! ,myophan-filam5ts 7,myophrisca74 ,! ord] ,acan?ometra is "h divid$ into two diff]5t subord]s ( v unequal ext5t & value1 ! ,act9elida & ,acan?onida4 ,! fir/ may be reg>d$ z ! common ance/ral /ock1 n only ( ! second1 b ( all ,,acan?>ia4 ,9 ! small gr\p ( ,act9elida ! numb] ( radial sp9es is v>iable & commonly indef9ite1 (t5 v l>ge 7m ?an a hundr$72 !y are !re=e ,adelacan?a4 ,! second subord]1 ! ,acan?onida1 comprise by f> ! greate/ "p ( ! ord]1 & possess con/antly tw5ty radial sp9es1 regul>ly dispos$ aft] ! ,mll]ian law2 !y are !re=e 7l all ,acan?ophracta7 ,icosacan?a 7comp>e above1 p4 #gag74 ,! ,act9elida possess con/antly simple radial sp9es1 )\t any apophyses2 _! =m is commonly v simple & primitive4 ,?is subord] comprises ?ree small b v diff]5t families1 ! ,a/rolophida1 ,li?olophida1 & ,*ia/olida4 ,! fir/ family1 ! ,a/rolophida1 is ! orig9al ance/ral gr\p4 ,a l>ge & v>iable1 commonly indef9ite numb] ( radial sp9es is "h unit$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! sph]ical c5tral capsule & radiat+ )9 a sph]ical space4 ,9 ! second family1 ! ,li?olophida1 a small & v>iable numb] ( radial sp9es 7betwe5 t5 & tw5ty7 is unit$ 9 ! apex ( a conical c5tral capsule & radiat+ )9 ! quadrant or octant ( a sph]ical space4 ,9 ! ?ird family1 ! ,*ia/olida1 a v>iable numb] ( radial sp9es is gr[n toge!r by pairs1 9 su* a mann] t e two opposite sp9es 7plac$ orig9ally 9 "o axis ( ! sph]ical c5tral capsule7 =ms a s+le diametral sp9e2 all ^! diametral sp9es are n unit$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! c5tral capsule b only cross$ loosely ne> ! c5tre4 #gbg,! ,acan?onida1 ! second subord] ( ,acan?ometra1 embraces by f> ! greate/ numb] 9 ?is ord]1 viz41 all ^? =ms 9 :i* tw5ty radial sp9es are regul>ly dispos$ aft] ! ,mll]ian law--,icosacan?a 7comp>e above1 p4 #gag74 ,! radial sp9es ( ?is subord] are ei!r simple or provid$ ) transv]se processes 7ei!r two opposite or f\r cross$ apophyses74 ,!y are commonly unit$ 9 ! middle ( ! c5tral capsule by _! oppos$ basal ends1 =m+ small pyramids2 ! meet+ triangul> faces ( ! neighb\r+ pyramids be+ propp$ "o ^u ano!r4 ,above ^! small basal pyramids (t5 arises a basal leaf-cross =m$ by f\r broad triangul> leaves or w+s ) /raight edges2 ! meet+ ?9 edges ( ! neighb\r+ sp9es s]ve = /r5g!n+ ! basal junction & =m holl[ pyramidal spaces or comp>tm5ts1 fill$ ) ! cont5ts ( ! c5tral capsule 7comp>e p4 #gba74 ,! subord] ,acan?onida comprises ?ree diff]5t families1 ! ,a/rolon*ida1 ,quadrilon*ida1 & ,amphilon*ida4 ,! fir/ family1 ! ,a/rolon*ida1 comprises by f> ! great] numb] ( ! ,acan?onida2 ^? g5]a 9 :i* all tw5ty sp9es are p]fectly equal or ne>ly equal 9 size & =m4 ,9 ! second family1 ! ,quadrilon*ida1 ! f\r equatorial sp9es are mu* l>g] 7& (t5 also ( ano!r =m7 ?an ! sixte5 o!r sp9es 7(t5 also ! eight tropical l>g] ?an ! eight pol> sp9es74 ,! ?ird family1 ! ,amphilon*ida1 is di/+ui%$ by ! prepond]at+ developm5t ( only two opposite equatorial sp9es1 :i* are mu* l>g] 7& (t5 also ( ano!r =m7 ?an ! eighte5 o!r sp9es4 ,synopsis ( ! ,subord]s & ,families ( ,acan?ometra4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,subord] ,i4 ,,act9elida4 ,numb] ( ! radial sp9es v>iable1 ei!r m or less ?an tw5ty1 commonly dispos$ irregul>ly & n accord+ to ! ,mll]ian law4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,radial sp9es v num]\s 7?irty to a hundr$ or m71 radiat+ f a common c5tre )9 a sph]ical space1 #a4 ,,a/rolophida4 ,radial sp9es betwe5 t5 & tw5ty1 radiat+ f "o common po9t )9 a sph]e-quadrant1 #b4 ,,li?olophida4 ,radial sp9es ( v>iable numb]2 e two opposite sp9es gr[n toge!r 9 ! c5tre2 !re=e num]\s diametral sp9es are cross$ freely 9 ! c5tre1 #c4 ,,*ia/olida4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,subord] ,,ii4 ,,acan?onida4 ,numb] ( ! radial sp9es con/antly tw5ty1 dispos$ regul>ly accord+ to ! ,mll]ian law4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,all tw5ty radial sp9es ne>ly equal1 & ( ! same size & =m1 #d4 ,,a/rolon*ida4 ,f\r equatorial sp9es mu* l>g] ?an 7& (t5 also ( diff]5t =m f7 ! sixte5 o!r sp9es1 #e4 ,,quadrilon*ida4 ,two opposite equatorial sp9es 7or pr9cipal sp9es7 mu* l>g] ?an 7& (t5 also ( diff]5t =m f7 ! eighte5 o!r sp9es1 #f4 ,,amphilon*ida4 #gbh---- ,subord] ,i4 ,,act9elida1 ,haeckel1 #ahhb4 ,def9ition4--,acan?ometra ) a v>iable numb] ( radial sp9es1 :i* are commonly irregul>ly dispos$1 n accord+ to ! ,icosacan?a4 ,family ,,xxxiii4 ,,a/rolophida1 ,haeckel4 ,a/rolophida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfi4 ,def9ition4--,acan?>ia ) a v>iable numb] ( simple radial sp9es1 radiat+ )9 a sph]ical space f "o common c5tral po9t :i* is ! c5tre ( ! sph]ical c5tral capsule4 ,no lattice %ell4 ,! family ,a/rolophida comprises ! simple/ & ! mo/ primitive =ms among all ,,acan?>ia1 & may !re=e be reg>d$ z ! common ance/ral /ock ( ?is :ole legion or subclass ( ,radiol>ia4 ,! acan?9ic skeleton is compos$ ( a v>iable numb] ( q simple radial sp9es1 :i* are unit$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! sph]ical c5tral capsule & radiate1 pi]c+ its walls & ! surr\nd+ jelly-veil1 )9 a sph]ical space4 ,! fir/ obs]v$ =m ( ?is family is ! ance/ral g5us ,act9elius1 two diff]5t species ( :i* ,i detect$ 9 #ahfd 9 ! nor!rn ,m$it]ranean1 at ,villafranca1 ne> ,nice 7comp>e ,zeits*r4 f4 wiss4 ,zool41 #ahfe1 ,bd4 xv4 p4 #cfd1 ,taf4 xxvi4 fig4 #d74 ,?ree o!r species ( ! same g5us 7 aft]w>ds f\nd by me 9 ! ,*all5g] collections4 ,:il/ 9 ?is ,act9elius all radial sp9es are ( ! same size1 a new ne>ly alli$ g5us1 ,a/rolophus 7) two species71 diff]s f x by ! diff]5t size ( ! radial sp9es1 a small numb] ( v l>ge sp9es be+ int]m+l$ ) a v l>ge numb] ( small sp9es4 ,9 ^! two g5]a1 ,act9elius & ,a/rolophus 7! true ,a/rolophida s5su /rictiori71 ! numb] ( ! radial sp9es is q indet]m9able & _! arrangem5t q irregul> & v>iable4 ,a ?ird rem>kable g5us1 ,act9a/rum1 diff]s f ^! two g5]a 9 ! def9ite numb] & regul> ord] ( ?irty-two radial sp9es1 & may !re=e p]haps bett] repres5t a peculi> family1 ,act9a/rida4 ,9 ?is g5us 7( :i* two species 7 obs]v$7 ! ?irty-two radial sp9es are dispos$ 9 su* a regul> mann] t !y lie 9 f\r m]idian planes1 & t _! di/al ends fall into five p>allel zones4 ,^! five zones & ^! f\r planes are ! same z we f9d 9 all ,icosacan?a 7comp>e above1 p4 #gag74 ,also ! con/ant tw5ty sp9es ( ^! latt] are pres5t 9 ,act9a/rum2 b _! numb] is "h enl>g$ by twelve o!r sp9es miss+ 9 ! ,icosacan?a2 f\r ( ^! are second>y or int]radial equatorial sp9es1 ly+ opposite 9 pairs betwe5 ! f\r prim>y or p]radial equatorial sp9es2 & eight are p]radial tropical sp9es1 ly+ betwe5 ! eight int]radial tropical sp9es4 ,!re=e ! #gbi;di/al ends ( ! ?irty-two radial sp9es are dispos$ regul>ly 9 five p>allel zones1 & :ile two zones 7! two pol>7 conta9 only ! po9ts ( e f\r sp9es1 ?ree zones 7! s+le equatorial & ! two tropical7 conta9 ! po9ts ( e eight sp9es4 ,! f\r m]idian planes are 9 ,act9a/rum ! same z 9 ! ,icosacan?a1 cross$ 9 ! sp9eless axis at angles ( #de4 ,b 9 ! ,icosacan?a ea* ( ! two p]radial m]idian planes conta9s six radial sp9es 7two equatorial & f\r pol>71 ea* ( ! two int]radial m]idian planes only f\r tropical sp9es4 ,:]eas 9 ,act9a/rum ea* ( ! two prim>y or p]radial m]idian planes conta9s t5 sp9es 7two equatorial1 f\r tropical1 & f\r pol>71 ea* ( ! two second>y or int]radial m]idian planes six sp9es 7two equatorial & f\r tropical74 ,we f9d !re=e altoge!r ?irty-two radial sp9es 9 ?ree ord]s2 eight equatorial1 sixte5 tropical1 & eight pol> sp9es4 ,only "o o!r g5us ( ,radiol>ia exhibits ! same *>act]i/ic disposition ( ?irty-two radial sp9es z ,act9a/rum1 & ?is is ,*ia/olus2 b "h ! two opposite sp9es ( ea* pair are gr[n toge!r & =m "o diametral sp9e2 & ! sixte5 diametral sp9es are cross$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! capsule4 ,9 ,act9a/rum1 z 9 ,a/rolophus & ,act9elius1 ! c5tral ends or bases ( all ! sp9es are pyramidal1 & ! triangul> faces ( ! neighb\r+ sp9es re/ "o ^u ano!r 7z 9 ! great] numb] ( ,acan?onida74 ,! =m ( ! radial sp9es 9 all ,a/rolophida is q simple1 )\t lat]al processes or apophyses2 *iefly cyl9drical1 m r>ely compress$1 two-edg$ or quadrangul>4 ,! c5tral capsule 9 all ,a/rolophida is sph]ical1 & 9 ! y\ng] specim5s conta9s a s+le l>ge conc5tric & lob$ nucleus1 b 9 ! old] specim5s a l>ge numb] ( small nuclei4 ,! surr\nd+ jelly-veil or calymma seems commonly to envelop ! sp9es p]fectly4 ,! pi]c+ pseudopodia radiate ev]y:]e betwe5 ! sp9es1 & are v num]\s & ?94 ,! circulat+ granules 9 !m are sometimes r$ 7,act9elius purpureus74 ,synopsis ( ! ,g5]a ( ,a/rolophida4 ,radial sp9es ( indef9ite ,sp9es ( equal size1 #cag4 ,act9elius4 numb] & ( irregul> disposition4 ,sp9es ( unequal size1 #cah4 ,a/rolophus4 ,radial sp9es ?irty-two1 dispos$ regul>ly 9 five p>allel zones1 #cai4 ,act9a/rum4 ,g5us #cag4 ,act9elius1#ceg ,haeckel1 #ahfe1 ,zeits*r4 f4 wiss4 ,zool41 ,bd4 xv4 p4 #cfd4 ,def9ition4--,a/rolophida ) a v>iable & undet]m9$ numb] ( simple radial sp9es1 all ( equal size1 unit$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! sph]ical c5tral capsule4 #gcj,! g5us ,act9elius comprises ! mo/ simple & primitive =ms among all ,,acan?>ia1 & may be reg>d$ z ! common ance/ral /ock ( ?is :ole legion4 ,! sph]ical c5tral capsule is pi]c$ by num]\s simple radial sp9es ( equal size1 ! pyramidal bases ( :i* are support$ "o ^u ano!r ) _! triangul> faces 9 ! c5tre ( ! capsule4 ,! numb] & position ( ! sp9es are q indef9ite & v>iable4 ,we may d]ive ,act9elius ei!r f ,actissa 7,colloidea7 by developm5t ( acan?9ic radial sp9es1 or directly f ,act9osphrium 7,heliozoa7 by =mation ( a c5tral capsule4 ,subg5us #a4 ,act9el>ium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,radial sp9es cyl9drical1 conical1 or sp9dle-%ap$1 _! transv]se section circul>4 #a4 ,act9elius primordialis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #abi1 fig4 #a74 ,sp9es sixty to eighty or m1 cyl9drical1 at ! di/al end ?ick5$1 sp9dle-%ap$4 ,apex simple4 ,base a small sl5d] pyramid4 ,c5tral capsule yell[4 ,granules ( ! s>code col\rless4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4c to #j4d1 bread? 9 ! di/al "p #j4jb1 9 ! basal "p #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ations #bfe to #bgd1 surface4 #b4 ,act9elius purpureus1 ,haeckel4 ,act9elius purpureus1 ,haeckel1 #ahfe1 ,zeits*r4 f4 wiss4 ,zool41 ,bd4 xv4 p4 #cfd1 ,taf4 xxvi4 fig4 #d4 ,sp9es ?irty to =ty or m1 cyl9drical1 v ?91 a little ?9n] t[>ds bo? ends4 ,apex simple4 ,base a small sulcate pyramid4 ,c5tral capsule opaque1 purple4 ,granules ( ! s>code also purple4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4b to #j4c1 bread? #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,nice71 ,haeckel4 ,subg5us #b4 ,act9elidium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,radial sp9es compress$1 two-edg$2 _! transv]se section elliptical or lanceolate4 #c4 ,act9elius protog5es1 n4 sp4 ,sp9es fifty to sixty1 compress$1 two-edg$1 gradually broad5$ t[>ds ! truncat$ di/al end4 ,basal or proximal end ?91 pyramidal4 ,! sp9es ( ?is species are simil> to ^? ( #gca;,act9a/rum p5tazonium 7p4 #gcc7 & ( ,*ia/olus amphicopium 7,pl4 #abi1 fig4 #c71 b mu* m num]\s1 small]1 & n regul>ly dispos$4 ,^! latt] two ,act9elida mu/ be sep>at$ on acc\nt ( ! regul> disposition ( ! ?irty-two sp9es4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4b1 basal bread? #j4jjh1 di/al bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #afe1 surface4 ,subg5us #c4 ,act9elonium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,radial sp9es quadrangul>1 prismatic1 or pyramidal1 _! transv]se section squ>e4 #d4 ,act9elius pallidus1 ,haeckel4 ,act9elius pallidus1 ,haeckel1 #ahfe1 ,zeits*r4 f4 wiss4 ,zool41 ,bd4 xv4 p4 #cfd4 ,sp9es eighty to "o hundr$ & tw5ty or m1 quadrangul>1 prismatic1 ( equal bread? ?r\gh\t _! :ole l5g?4 ,apex simple1 truncate or pyramidal4 ,base a f\r-sid$ sl5d] pyramid4 ,c5tral capsule pale yell[i%4 ,granules ( ! s>code col\rless4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4b to #j4c1 bread? #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,m$it]ranean1 ,atlantic1 ,pacific4 #e4 ,act9elius polyacan?us1 n4 sp4 ,sp9es two hundr$ to ?ree hundr$ or m1 quadrangul>1 pyramidal1 gradually ?9n$ t[>ds ! simple apex4 ,base a small ?ree-sid$ pyramid4 ,c5tral capsule opaque4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ab to #j4ah1 basal bread? #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bia1 surface4 ,g5us #cah4 ,a/rolophus1#ceh ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfi4 ,def9ition4--,a/rolophida ) a v>iable & undet]m9$ numb] ( simple radial sp9es ( diff]5t sizes 7l>ge & small sp9es int]m+l$71 :i* are unit$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! sph]ical c5tral capsule4 ,! g5us ,a/rolophus diff]s f ! ne>ly alli$ ance/ral g5us ,act9elius only 9 ! unequal size ( ! num]\s radial sp9es4 ,9 bo? obs]v$ species v num]\s small sp9es are int]m+l$ ) a small numb] ( l>ge sp9es1 & betwe5 !m num]\s sp9es ( m$ium size4 ,! small sp9es fill up ! holl[ spaces betwe5 ! basal p>ts ( ! l>ge sp9es4 #gcba4 ,a/rolophus /ell>is1 n4 sp4 ,radial sp9es f "o hundr$ to two hundr$1 ( v diff]5t sizes1 b ( simil> =m2 ab\t sixte5 to tw5ty v l>ge sp9es1 =ty to fifty ( m$ium size1 & "o hundr$ to "o hundr$ & tw5ty mu* small]4 ,all sp9es cyl9drical 9 ! great] "p ( _! l5g?1 ) simple apex1 gradually ?ick5$ t[>ds ! c5tral "p1 conical1 )\t edges4 ,! base itself is a sl5d] pyramid ) f\r to eight edges4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! l>ge/ sp9es #j4c to #j4d1 ( ! majority #j4a to #j4b1 ( ! smalle/ #j4je to #j4a4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bhh1 surface4 #b4 ,a/rolophus sol>is1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acb1 figs4 #ab;a1 #ab;b74 ,radial sp9es f two hundr$ to ?ree hundr$1 ( v diff]5t sizes1 b ( simil> =m2 ab\t tw5ty to ?irty v l>ge sp9es1 sixty to eighty ( m$ium size1 & "o hundr$ & tw5ty to "o hundr$ & fifty mu* small]4 ,all sp9es cyl9drical 9 ! great] "p ( _! l5g?1 ) simple apex1 gradually ?ick5$ & f\r-edg$ t[>ds ! c5tral base4 ,! base itself is a sl5d] pyramid ) f\r to eight edges2 p>tly ! faces1 p>tly ! edges ( ^! basal pyramids re/ "o ^u ano!r1 ! po9ts ( ! l>g] sp9es meet+ 9 ! c5tre4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! l>ge/ sp9es #j4d to #j4e1 ( ! majority #j4b to #j4c1 ( ! smalle/ #j4a to #j4af2 basal ?ickness ( ! l>ge/ sp9es #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,s\?-ea/ ,pacific 7(f ,juan ,f]n&ez71 ,/ation #bif1 surface4 ,g5us #cai4 ,act9a/rum1#cei n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,a/rolophida ) ?irty-two simple radial sp9es1 regul>ly dispos$ )9 f\r m]idian planes 9 su* an ord] t _! di/al ends fall into five p>allel zones4 ,c5tral ends ( ! ?irty-two sp9es support$ "o ^u ano!r 9 ! c5tre ( ! sph]ical c5tral capsule4 ,! g5us ,act9a/rum diff]s f ! two prec$+ g5]a 9 ! def9ite numb] & ord] ( ! ?irty-two radial sp9es1 :i* are dispos$ 9 a v rem>kable mann]4 ,tw5ty radial sp9es are dispos$ aft] ! ,mll]ian law ( ,icosacan?a 7comp>e above1 p4 #gag74 ,! rema9+ twelve sp9es are f\r equatorial sp9es ly+ 9 ! two second>y m]idian planes1 & eight tropical sp9es ly+ 9 ! two prim>y m]idian planes4 ,we h !re=e toge!r eight equatorial1 sixte5 tropical1 & eight pol> sp9es 7comp>e above1 p4 #gbi74 #gcca4 ,act9a/rum legitimum1 n4 sp4 ,all ?irty-two radial sp9es ( equal size & simil> =m1 cyl9drical1 conical at ! di/al end1 at ! c5tral base pyramidal4 ,c5tral capsule pellucid1 col\rless4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! radial sp9es #j4c1 bread? #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bhh1 surface4 #b4 ,act9a/rum p5tazonium1 n4 sp4 ,all ?irty-two radial sp9es ( equal size & simil> =m1 compress$1 two-edg$1 gradually becom+ broad] & ?9n] f ! pyramidal c5tral base t[>ds ! truncat$ di/al end4 ,c5tral capsule d>k1 opaque4 7,comp>e ! simil> ,*ia/olus amphicopium1 ,pl4 #abi1 fig4 #c47 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! radial sp9es #j4b1 bread? at ! base #j4jje1 at ! di/al end #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific 7we/ coa/ ( ,patagonia71 ,/ation #cjb1 surface4 ,family ,,xxxiv4 ,,li?olophida1 ,haeckel4 ,li?olophida1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dja4 ,def9ition4--,,acan?>ia ) a v>iable numb] ( simple radial sp9es radiat+ )9 a conical space 7or )9 ! quadrant ( a sph]e7 f "o common c5tral po9t1 :i* is ! apex ( ! conical c5tral capsule4 ,no lattice-%ell4 ,! family ,li?olophida1 repres5t$ only by a s+le g5us1 ,li?olophus1 diff]s f all o!r ,,acan?>ia 9 ! rem>kable fact t ! common po9t1 f :i* ! radial sp9es arise1 is n ! geometrical c5tral po9t ( ! :ole body1 b is q exc5tric 9 position1 ! apex ( ! conical or pyramidal c5tral capsule4 ,!re=e ! sp9es =m toge!r a k9d ( bru% or broom4 ,:5 ,i f\nd$ ! family ,li?olophida 9 my ,monograph 7#ahfb1 p4 #dja7 ,i knew only a s+le species1 ,li?olophus rhipidium1 obs]v$ v frequ5tly 9 ,mess9a4 ,ano!r species1 ,li?olophus ligur9us1 0 aft]w>ds 7#ahfd7 f\nd by me at ,nice4 ,six o!r species 7 detect$ 9 ! prep>ations ( ! ,*all5g]1 "s ( !m v frequ5t4 ,all ^! eight species ( ,li?olophus are v ne>ly alli$1 & exhibit only slight diff]5ces 9 ! =m & numb] ( ! radial sp9es2 _! mode ( exc5tric connection & ! /ructure ( ! peculi> s(t body is ev]y:]e ! same4 ,! radial sp9es 9 all obs]v$ ,li?olophida possess ! =m ( ! g5us ,acan?onia1 i4e41 !y are q simple1 f\r-sid$ prismatic or quadrangul>1 ) squ>e transv]se section2 _! f\r edges are sometimes smoo?1 at o!r times elegantly d5ticulate1 commonly m or less prom95t or w+-%ap$4 ,9 ! great] numb] ( species !y are v long & ( ne>ly equal bread?1 prismatic2 9 "s species !y are m pyramidal1 ?9n$ t[>ds ! di/al end2 ! latt] #gcd;is commonly truncat$ or brok5 (f1 sometimes pyramidal4 ,! c5tral end is ev]y:]e ?9n$1 m or less pyramidal1 & ! neighb\r+ sp9es are propp$ "o ^u ano!r by ! triangul> faces ( _! small basal pyramids4 ,a slight pressure is suffici5t to de/roy _! connection4 ,! numb] & disposition ( ! radial sp9es seem to be v>iable & irregul>1 b require fur!r rese>*es4 ,9 f\r ( ! obs]v$ eight species ,i f\nd con/antly t5 sp9es1 9 two o!r species f t5 to tw5ty 7commonly twelve or sixte571 & 9 two species tw5ty or m4 ,a c]ta9 ord] or disposition ( ! sp9es )9 ! conical space 9 :i* !y radiate c\ld n[h]e be asc]ta9$4 ,:5 ,i fir/ obs]v$ ,li?olophus1 ,i suppos$ t x might only be a mutilat$ or alt]$ =m ( an ,acan?onia4 ,aft]w>ds1 obs]v+ _m specim5s ) t5 sp9es1 ,i 0 l$ to ! sugge/ion t !y 7 produc$ by self-division ( an ,acan?onia1 & t ! numb] ( ! sp9es 9 ea* half ( ! body might be aft]w>ds d\bl$4 ,b ?is sugge/ion seems to be refut$ by ! fact t 9 no o!r g5us ( ! num]\s ,,acan?>ia is self-division obs]v$1 & t _m hundr$s ( ,li?olophus :i* ,i obs]v$ exhibit q con/antly only a s+le =m ( radial sp9es1 t ( ,acan?onia--simple quadrangul> sp9es )\t any apophyses4 ,g5us #cbj4 ,li?olophus1#cfj ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dja4 ,def9ition4--,li?olophida ) a v>iable numb] ( quadrangul> div]g+ radial sp9es1 unit$ ) pyramidal bases 9 ! apex ( ! conical c5tral capsule4 ,! g5us ,li?olophus1 ! only "o ( ?is family1 exhibits ! peculi>ities j describ$1 b might m ne>ly be def9$ z a typical g5us by ! quadrangul> =m ( ! radial sp9es1 id5tical ) ^? ( ,acan?onia4 ,! c5tral capsule ( ,li?olophus is con/antly conical or pyramidal1 commonly opaque1 ( a d>k br[ni% or r$di% col\r2 x conta9s _m small nuclei4 ,x envelops ! basal half ( all radial sp9es 9 su* a mann] t _! basal p>ts are unit$ 9 its apex1 & _! di/al p>ts pi]ce ! r\nd$ base ( ! conical capsule 7,pl4 #abi1 fig4 #b74 ,! calymma or ! jelly envelope ( ! c5tral capsule is only develop$ at its base1 :]e ! sp9es radiate2 at ! conical mantle ( ! capsule x is v ?94 ,! sp9es seem to be p]fectly enclos$ 9 ! calymma & connect$ ) x by ! same contractile ret9acula or myophrisca :i* we obs]ve 9 ! ,acan?onida4 ,! pseudopodia arise only f ! r\nd$ base ( ! conical capsule1 & radiate betwe5 ! sp9es1 pi]c+ ! calymma1 div]g+ )9 ! conical space occupi$ by ! fascicle ( sp9es4 #gce,subg5us #a4 ,li?oloph>ium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,t5 radial sp9es4 #a4 ,li?olophus decimalis1 n4 sp4 ,t5 radial sp9es1 f\r-sid$ prismatic1 ) prom95t smoo? edges1 ( equal bread? ?r\gh\t _! :ole l5g?4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4b to #j4c1 bread? #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,m$it]ranean1 ,atlantic1 ,indian1 ,pacific1 surface4 #b4 ,li?olophus pyramidalis1 n4 sp4 ,t5 radial sp9es1 f\r-sid$ pyramidal1 ) prom95t smoo? edges1 gradually ?ick5$ f ! small pyramidal base t[>ds ! truncat$ di/al end4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4c to #j4d1 bread? 9 ! basal "p #j4jjb1 9 ! middle "p #j4jjf1 9 ! di/al "p #j4jab to #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bff1 surface4 #c4 ,li?olophus decapri/is1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #abi1 fig4 #b74 ,t5 radial sp9es1 f\r-sid$ prismatic1 ) prom95t1 elegantly d5ticulat$ edges1 ( equal bread? 9 _! :ole l5g?4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4b to #j4d1 bread? #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,m$it]ranean1 ,atlantic1 ,pacific1 surface4 #d4 ,li?olophus deca/ylus1 n4 sp4 ,t5 radial sp9es1 f\r-w+$ pyramidal1 ) broad & ?91 elegantly d5ticulat$ edges1 gradually ?ick5$ f ! small pyramidal base t[>ds ! truncat$ di/al end4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4b to #j4c1 bread? 9 ! basal "p #j4jjb1 9 ! middle "p #j4jje1 9 ! di/al "p #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccb1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,li?olophidium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,numb] ( ! radial sp9es v>iable1 betwe5 t5 & tw5ty1 commonly twelve to sixte54 #gcfe4 ,li?olophus ligur9us1 ,haeckel4 ,li?olophus ligur9us1 ,haeckel1 #ahfe1 ,zeits*r4 f4 wiss4 ,zool41 ,bd4 xv4 p4 #cff4 ,sp9es ( v>iable numb]1 f elev5 to tw5ty1 commonly twelve to sixte51 f\r-sid$ prismatic1 ) smoo? ?9 edges1 ( equal bread? 9 _! :ole l5g? or a little ?9n] t[>ds ! proximal end4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4c1 bread? #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,nice72 ,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgd1 surface4 #f4 ,li?olophus rhipidium1 ,haeckel4 ,li?olophus rhipidium1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #djb1 ,taf4 xix4 fig4 #f4 ,sp9es ( v>iable numb]1 f elev5 to tw5ty1 commonly twelve to sixte51 f\r-sid$ prismatic1 ) di/antly d5ticulat$ edges1 ( equal bread? 9 _! :ole l5g? or a little ?9n] t[>ds bo? ends4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4c1 bread? #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a72 ,nor? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ceb1 surface4 ,subg5us #c4 ,li?olophonium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,numb] ( ! radial sp9es tw5ty 7or m874 #g4 ,li?olophus fasciculus1 n4 sp4 ,sp9es con/antly 787 tw5ty1 f\r-sid$ prismatic1 ) smoo? prom95t edges1 ne>ly ( equal bread? ?r\gh\t _! :ole l5g?4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4c to #j4e1 bread? #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bia1 surface4 #h4 ,li?olophus p5icillus1 n4 sp4 ,sp9es con/antly tw5ty 7or m871 f\r-sid$ prismatic1 ) di/antly d5ticulat$ edges1 gradually ?ick5$ f ! small pyramidal base to ! middle "p1 ( equal bread? 9 ! di/al half4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4c to #j4d1 bread? #j4jje to #j4jjg4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #beb1 surface4 ,family ,,xxxv4 ,,*ia/olida1 ,haeckel4 ,acan?o*iasmida1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #djb4 ,def9ition4--,,acan?>ia ) a v>iable numb] ( simple radial sp9es1 :i* are gr[n toge!r 9 pairs 7two opposite sp9es ( ea* pair repres5t+ toge!r a s+le diametral sp9e74 ,diametral sp9es cross$ loosely 9 ! c5tre ( ! sph]ical or irregul> r\ndi% c5tral capsule4 ,no lattice-%ell4 #gcg,! family ,*ia/olida 7or ,acan?o*iasmida7 diff]s f all o!r ,,acan?>ia 9 ! peculi> mode ( ! radial sp9es2 ^! gr[n toge!r 9 pairs 9 ! c5tre ( ! body1 s t e two sp9es opposite 9 "o axis ( ! body =m toge!r "o s+le diametral sp9e4 ,all diametral sp9es are loosely cross$ 9 ! middle ( ! c5tral capsule1 or connect$ by a peculi> screw-l w9d+1 b n unit$ firmly4 ,i e/abli%$ ! family ,acan?o*iasmida 9 my ,monograph 7#ahfb1 p4 #djb7 ^u ! s+le g5us ,acan?o*iasma 7) ?ree species71 9 :i* only t5 diametral sp9es are con/antly f\nd2 ,i d]iv$ ^! f ! tw5ty radial sp9es ( ! common ,acan?ometra1 suppos+ t e two opposite sp9es ( ! latt] 7ly+ 9 "o axis7 7 gr[n toge!r 9 ! c5tre1 :il/ ! intimate connection ( ! tw5ty radial sp9es 9 ! common c5tre 0 dissolv$4 ,?is op9ion 0 aft]w>ds confirm$ by ,ri*>d ,h]twig1 :o obs]v$ ,acan?o*iasma intact 9 ! liv+ /ate4 ,al?\gh two species ( ?is g5us are cosmopolitan & v common1 ! numb] ( species is v small2 ,i c\ld add to ^? ?ree old] kn[n =ms only a s+le new species4 ,ano!r g5us ( ?is family1 ,*ia/olus1 0 obs]v$ by me only 9 a s+le specim5 b x is extremely int]e/+4 ,x has sixte5 diametral sp9es1 dispos$ q regul>ly aft] ! same law ( ! ?irty-two sp9es ( ,act9a/rum :i* we describ$ above 7comp>e above1 p4 #gbi74 ,!re=e we _c d\bt t ! =m] is d]iv$ f ! latt] 9 ! same way1 e two opposite radial sp9es 7( "o axis7 be+ gr[n toge!r to =m a s+le diametral sp9e4 ,z we place ,acan?ometron 7) tw5ty sp9es7 & ,act9a/rum 7) ?irty-two sp9es7 9 two diff]5t families1 x w\ld p]haps be m conv5i5t to sep>ate also ,acan?o*iasma & ,*ia/olus z repres5tatives ( two diff]5t families--,acan?o*iasmida 7) t5 diametral sp9es7 & ,*ia/olida 7) sixte5 diametral sp9es74 ,z we d]ive ,acan?o*iasma f ,acan?ometron by concresc5ce 9 pairs ( ! tw5ty radial sp9es1 ! ,mll]ian law ( ,icosacan?a mu/ be employ$ also to ! t5 diametral sp9es ( ! =m]1 !re=e two ( !m are equatorial1 f\r tropical1 & f\r pol> sp9es4 ,9 ! same way we may employ ! new law ( disposition f\nd 9 ! ?irty-two radial sp9es ( ,act9a/rum equally to ! sixte5 diametral sp9es ( ,*ia/olus1 :i* we d]ive f ! =m]1 f\r ( !m are equatorial1 eight tropical1 & f\r pol> sp9es 7comp>e above1 p4 #gcb74 ,! ,c5tral ,capsule ( ! ,*ia/olida is sph]ical1 & exhibits 9 g5]al ! same %ape z 9 ! ,acan?onida1 & specially 9 ! ,a/rolon*ida4 ,( c\rse e diametral sp9e pi]ces ! capsule twice1 at two po9ts diametrically oppos$4 ,9 "s species ( ,acan?o*iasma ! c5tral capsule is =m$ v late1 s t x seems (t5 to be abs5t4 ,a v accurate description ( ! capsule & its nucleus1 z well z ( ! calymma & ! pseudopodia1 is giv5 by ,ri*>d ,h]twig 9 8 ,organismus d] ,radiol>i5 7#ahgi1 pp4 #aj-ah74 ,! pseudopodia are v num]\s1 & sometimes be> r$di% granules4 #gch,synopsis ( ! ,g5]a ( ,*ia/olida4 ,i4 ,subfamily ,*ia/olid9a4 ,sixte5 diametral sp9es1 d]iv$ by concresc5ce ( ?irty-two radial sp9es1 #cba4 ,*ia/olus4 ,,ii4 ,subfamily ,acan?o*iasmida4 ,t5 diametral sp9es1 d]iv$ by concresc5ce ( tw5ty radial sp9es1 #cbb4 ,acan?o*iasma4 ,g5us #cba4 ,*ia/olus1#cfa n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,*ia/olida ) sixte5 diametral sp9es1 d]iv$ f ?irty-two radial sp9es opposite & gr[n toge!r 9 pairs4 ,! g5us ,*ia/olus1 hi!rto kn[n only by a s+le obs]v$ specim51 comprises ! ,*ia/olida ) sixte5 diametral sp9es1 :i* are loosely cross$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! body4 ,f\r ( ^! sp9es are equatorial1 f\r pol>1 & eight tropical4 ,we d]ive ,*ia/olus f ,act9a/rum by concresc5ce ( e two opposite sp9es 9 "o axis ( ! body 7comp>e above1 pp4 #gbi1 #gcb74 #a4 ,*ia/olus amphicopium1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #abi1 figs4 #c1 #c;a1 #c;b74 ,sp9es 9 ! c5tral "p cyl9drical1 spirally convolut$ 9 a v peculi> mann]1 broad5$ t[>ds bo? ends1 /rongly compress$1 two-edg$2 ! broade/ p>ts are ! two truncat$ di/al ends1 five to sev5 times z broad z ! ?9ne/ c5tral "p1 :i* is plac$ betwe5 two sp9dle-%ap$ intumesc5ces4 ,^! co*le>y c5tral p>ts ( ! sixte5 sp9es seem to be re/+ "o ^u ano!r4 ,ea* sp9e 7compos$ ( two opposite equal radial sp9es7 has ne>ly ! =m ( a d\ble o>4 ,! s+le obs]v$ specim5 7pres]v$ 9 glyc]9e7 exhibit$ a mo/ regul> disposition ( ! ?irty-two sp9es 7gr[n toge!r 9 pairs 9 ! c5tre74 ,! diamet] ( ! d>k non-transp>5t sph]ical c5tral capsule equall$ "o-fif? to "o-f\r? ( ! total l5g? ( ! d\ble sp9es4 ,:5 ! s(t p>ts ( ! body 7 de/roy$ by sulphuric acid1 ! sixte5 s+le sp9es 7 sudd5ly disp]s$4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sixte5 d\ble sp9es #j4e1 di/al bread? 7( ! truncat$ ends7 #j4je1 c5tral bread? #j4ja2 diamet] ( ! c5tral capsule #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,s\?-ea/ ,pacific 7ne> ,juan ,f]n&ez71 ,/ation #big1 surface4 ,g5us #cbb4 ,acan?o*iasma1#cfb ,krohn1 #ahfj1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #haj4 ,def9ition4--,*ia/olida ) t5 diametral sp9es1 d]iv$ f tw5ty radial sp9es opposite & gr[n toge!r 9 pairs4 #gci,! g5us ,acan?o*iasma ) a small numb] ( common species1 comprises ! ,*ia/olida ) t5 diametral sp9es1 :i* are loosely cross$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! body4 ,i c\ld di/+ui% only f\r species1 two ( :i* are cosmopolitan & v widely di/ribut$4 ,9 all f\r species ! diametral sp9es are q simple1 cyl9drical2 only 9 "o species di/+ui%$ by a spiral w9d+ or torsion 9 ! middle "p1 :]e !y are cross$ "o to ano!r4 ,we d]ive ,acan?o*iasma f ,acan?ometron by concresc5ce ( e two sp9es opposite 9 "o axis ( ! body4 #a4 ,acan?o*iasma krohnii1 ,haeckel4 ,acan?o*iasma krohnii1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4#djc1 ,taf4 xix4 fig4 #g4 ,acan?o*iasma krohnii1 ,r4 ,h]twig1 #ahgi1 ,organismus d4 ,radiol41 ,taf4 ii4 fig4 #f4 ,sp9es ne$le-%ap$1 cyl9drical1 v ?9 & long1 ( equal bread? 9 _! :ole l5g?1 di/+ui%$ by a high degree ( ela/icity4 ,c5tral capsule col\rless or yell[i%-:ite1 transp>5t4 ,granules ( ! s>code col\rless4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4e to #a4j1 bread? #j4jja to #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,m$it]ranean1 ,atlantic1 ,indian1 ,pacific1 v common4 #b4 ,acan?o*iasma rubesc5s1 ,krohn4 ,acan?o*iasma rubesc5s1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #djc4 ,sp9es cyl9drical1 ( equal bread? 9 _! :ole l5g?1 n v ela/ic1 po9t$ at ! two ends4 ,c5tral capsule intransp>5t1 r$di%1 ) viol9-%ap$ concretions4 ,granules ( ! s>code r$ col\r$4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4b to #j4f1 bread? #j4jjd to #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,madeira1 ,krohn2 ,lanz]ote1 ,haeckel4 #c4 ,acan?o*iasma fusi=me1 ,haeckel4 ,acan?o*iasma fusi=me1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #djd1 ,taf4 xix4 fig4 #h4 ,sp9es sp9dle-%ap$1 f ! ?ick] c5tral "p ?9n$ t[>ds ! two ?9 conical ends1 p]fectly /raight & smoo?1 rigid1 inela/ic4 ,c5tral capsule non-transp>5t1 br[n4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4c to #j4e1 bread? 9 ! c5tral "p #j4jjf to #j4jji4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,m$it]ranean1 ,atlantic1 ,pacific4 #d4 ,acan?o*iasma spirale1 n4 sp4 ,sp9es sp9dle-%ap$1 tap]+ f ! ?ick] c5tral "p t[>ds ! two ?9 conical ends1 rigid1 inela/ic2 _! c5tral "p is spirally convolut$ 9 a v peculi> co*lea-l mann]1 z 9 ,*ia/olus amphicopium 7,pl4 #abi1 figs4 #c;a1 #c;b74 ,! t5 sp9es are propp$ "o ^u ano!r by ! c5tral screw4 ,c5tral capsule d>k1 opaque4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4b to #j4c1 bread? ( ! c5tral spiral "p #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bff1 surface4 #gdj---- ,subord] ,,ii4 ,,acan?onida1 ,haeckel 7,pls4 #acj-acb74 ,acan?onida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfe4 ,def9ition4--,acan?ometra ) tw5ty radial sp9es1 dispos$ accord+ to ! ,mll]ian or ,icosacan?an law 9 five zones ea* ( f\r sp9es4 ,family ,,xxxvi4 ,,a/rolon*ida1 ,haeckel 7,pl4 #acj74 ,a/rolon*ida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfe4 ,def9ition4--,acan?ometra ) tw5ty radial sp9es ( ne>ly equal size & simil> =m1 dispos$ accord+ to ! law ( ! ,icosacan?a4 ,no lattice-%ell4 ,! family ,a/rolon*ida1 ! fir/ & olde/ ( ! ,acan?onida1 is no d\bt ! ance/ral /ock n only ( ?is subord] b also all ,acan?ophracta1 i4e41 ( all ,icosacan?a or all ,,acan?>ia 9 :i* tw5ty radial sp9es are regul>ly dispos$ accord+ to ! ,mll]ian law1 =m+ five zones ea* ( f\r alt]nat+ sp9es 7comp>e above1 p4 #gag74 ,! ,a/rolon*ida diff] f ! ,acan?ophracta 9 ! abs5ce ( a complete lattice-%ell1 f ! o!r two families ( ,acan?onida 7! ,quadrilon*ida & ,amphilon*ida7 9 ! equal size & simil> =m ( all ! sp9es4 ,probably ?is equality is n[h]e q p]fect1 s9ce 9 all ,icosacan?a ! c5tral bases ( ! tw5ty sp9es exhibit orig9ally c]ta9 slight diff]5ces ( =m & junction1 effect$ by ! regul> disposition itself4 ,b sett+ aside ?is slight diff]5ce1 only recognisable by means ( a v accurate inve/igation ( ! c5tral junction 7& 9 ?9n] sp9es (t5 n at all recognisable71 ! tw5ty sp9es ( ! ,a/rolon*ida appe> p]fectly equal4 ,!re=e ! f\r equatorial sp9es are n di/+ui%$ f ! sixte5 o!r sp9es1 z is con/antly ! case 9 ! two foll[+ families4 ,! numb] ( g5]a 7elev57 & ( species 7sev5ty-six7 9 ! ,a/rolon*ida is f> l>g] ?an 9 ! five o!r families ( ,acan?ometra1 & requires a di/9ction into ?ree diff]5t subfamilies4 7,a7 ,9 ! ,zygacan?ida ! =m ( ! radial sp9es is q simple1 )\t apophyses or transv]se processes2 7,b7 9 ! ,phractacan?ida ea* sp9e be>s two opposite apophyses 7r>ely two longitud9al r[s ( ^! opposite apophyses72 7,c7 9 ! ,/auracan?ida ea* sp9e be>s a cross ( f\r apophyses1 opposite 9 pairs 7r>ely f\r longitud9al cross$ r[s ( apophyses1 opposite 9 pairs74 ,! ,phractacan?ida & ,/auracan?ida appe> z two div]g5t bran*es ( ! p$igree1 d]iv$ indep5d5tly f ! common ance/ral /ock ( ,zygacan?ida4 ,9 ! ,zygacan?ida1 con/antly devoid ( apophyses1 we c di/+ui% only ?ree g5]a1 *>act]is$ by ! diff]5t fundam5tal =m ( ! radial sp9es2 ^! are3--7#a7 ,acan?ometron1 ) cyl9drical or conical sp9es 7)\t edges72 7#b7 ,zygacan?a1 ) compress$ & two-edg$ sp9es2 7#c7 ,acan?onia1 ) f\r-edg$1 prismatic or pyramidal sp9es4 ,! transv]se section ( ! sp9es is 9 ! fir/ case #gda;circul>1 9 ! second elliptical or lanceolate1 9 ! ?ird squ>e4 ,all ! diff]5t =ms ( sp9es1 :i* we f9d 9 ! num]\s ,,acan?>ia1 may be r$uc$ to ^! ?ree =ms1 & among ^! ! second & ?ird are d]iv$ f ! fir/4 ,! developm5t ( apophyses or ( lat]al transv]se processes 7want+ 9 ! ,zygacan?ida7 is ( ! greate/ value = ! fur!r diff]5tiation ( ! ,,acan?>ia4 ,= f ! ,phractacan?ida 7) two opposite apophyses on ea* sp9e7 we mu/ d]ive ! ,phra/aspida1 ! common ance/ral /ock ( ! ,diporaspida 7& !re=e also ! ,belonaspida1 ,hexalaspida1 ,diploconida1 & ,phractopeltida74 ,on ! o!r h& ! ,/auracan?ida 7) f\r cross$ apophyses on ea* sp9e7 h produc$ ! ,/auraspida1 or ! ance/ral gr\p ( ! ,tess>aspida & ,sphrocapsida4 ,f all ^! ,acan?ophracta1 possess+ a complete lattice-%ell1 ! ,a/rolon*ida diff] 9 ! abs5ce ( su* a complete %ell4 ,also 9 ! few cases 9 :i* ! apophyses become lattic$ 7,doracan?a among ! ,phractacan?ida1 & ,phatnacan?a among ! ,/auracan?ida71 ! lattice-plates ( ! neighb\r+ sp9es nev] meet ) _! edges1 z is ! case 9 all ,acan?ophracta4 ,b 9 a phylog5etic z well z 9 an ontog5etic s5se ! =m] are ! ance/ral /ock ( ! latt]4 ,! ,c5tral ,capsule 9 ! ,a/rolon*ida is commonly sph]ical1 sometimes ) tw5ty r\ndi% elevations or conical papill1 ext5d+ radially to ! basal half ( ! radial sp9es4 ,! calymma is volum9\s1 & =ms ar\nd ! radial sp9es conical or cyl9drical jelly-%ea?s1 :i* are connect$ ) ! sp9es by coronas ( ,myophrisca 7or ( ! bodies =m]ly call$ ,gall]t-cili51 aft]w>ds recognis$ z contractile ,filam5te74 ,synopsis ( ! ,g5]a ( ,a/rolon*ida4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,i4 ,subfamily ,zygacan?ida4 ,tw5ty radial sp9es simple1 )\t apophyses or lat]al transv]se processes4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,sp9es cyl9drical1 ) circul> transv]se section1 #cbc4 ,acan?ometron4 ,sp9es compress$1 two-edg$ or lamell>1 ) elliptical or rhomboidal transv]se section1 #cbd4 ,zygacan?a4 ,sp9es quadrangul> 7prismatic or pyramidal71 ) f\r edges1 ) squ>e transv]se section1 #cbe4 ,acan?onia4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,ii4 ,subfamily ,phractacan?ida4 ,tw5ty radial sp9es provid$ ea* ) two opposite apophyses 7or two longitud9al r[s ( apophyses74 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,apophyses simple1 #cbf4 ,li?ophyllium4 ,two apophyses opposite on ,apophyses bran*$1 #cbg4 ,phractacan?a4 ea* sp9e4 ,apophyses lattic$1 #cbh4 ,doracan?a4 ,two opposite longitud9al r[s ( apophyses 7f\r to eight or m apophyses on ea* sp9e1 opposite 9 pairs71 #cbi4 ,a/rolon*e4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,iii4 ,subfamily ,/auracan?ida4 ,tw5ty radial sp9es provid$ ea* ) f\r cross$ apophyses 7or f\r cross$ longitud9al r[s ( apophyses74 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,apophyses simple1 #ccj4 ,xiphacan?a4 ,f\r apophyses 79 cross =m7 opposite 9 pairs ,apophyses bran*$1 #cca4 ,/auracan?a4 on ea* sp9e4 ,apophyses lattic$1 #ccb4 ,phatnacan?a4 ,f\r longitud9al r[s ( apophyses1 opposite 9 pairs 9 cross =m on ea* sp9e1 #ccc4 ,pri/acan?a4 #gdb,subfamily #a4 ,,zygacan?ida1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,a/rolon*ida ) tw5ty simple radial sp9es1 )\t apophyses or lat]al transv]se processes4 ,g5us #cbc4 ,acan?ometron1#cfc ,j4 ,mll]1 #ahee1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #bbi4 ,def9ition4--,a/rolon*ida ) simple cyl9drical or ne$le-%ap$ radial sp9es1 )\t edges & )\t apophyses2 _! transv]se section is circul>4 ,! g5us ,acan?ometron1 ) ! re/rict$ def9ition "h giv51 is ! mo/ simple =m ( all ,acan?onida1 & may be reg>d$ z ! common ance/ral =m n only ( ?is subord] b also ( all ,acan?ophracta1 9 g5]al ( all ,icosacan?a1 or all ,,acan?>ia 9 :i* tw5ty radial sp9es are regul>ly dispos$ aft] ! ,mll]ian law 7p4 #gag74 ,9 ! wid] s5se1 giv5 orig9ally to ,acan?ometra by ,johannes ,mll]1 its discov]]1 ?is g5us compris$ all ,,acan?>ia con/itut+ "h our ord] ,acan?ometra 7,radiol>ia )\t lattice-%ell1 ) radial sp9es unit$ 9 ! c5tre74 ,9 my ,monograph 7#ahfb1 p4 #cge7 ,i re/rict$ ?is g5us to ^? ,acan?ometrida 9 :i* tw5ty simple sp9es ( equal size 7& )\t apophyses7 are support$ "o ^u ano!r 9 ! c5tre1 & ,i sep>at$ z ,a/roli?ium ^? =ms 9 :i* !y are gr[n toge!r 9 ! c5tre4 ,b ?is diff]5ce n[ appe>s n s important1 & ,i re/rict "h ! g5us ,acan?ometron 7n ,acan?ometra7 to ^? mo/ simple =ms 9 :i* ! simple radial sp9es are cyl9drical or conical1 )\t edges4 ,subg5us #a4 ,acan?ometrella1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,sp9es at ! c5tral base )\t leaf-cross1 unit$ by ! oppos$ triangul> faces ( _! pyramidal bases1 re/+ "o ^u ano!r4 #a4 ,acan?ometron ela/icum1 ,haeckel4 ,acan?ometra ela/ica1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cgf1 ,taf4 xv4 fig4 #a1 ,taf4 xviii4 fig4 #a4 ,acan?ometra ela/ica1 ,r4 ,h]twig1 #ahgi1 ,organismus d4 ,radiol41 ,taf4 i4 figs4 #b1 #b;a1 #b;b4 ,sp9es cyl9drical1 v ?9 & long1 ne$le-%ap$1 at ! c5tral base f\r-sid$ pyramidal1 )\t leaf-cross4 ,di/al apex conical4 ,! sp9es are v ela/ic1 ( ne>ly equal ?ickness 9 _! :ole l5g?4 ,c5tral capsule q pellucid1 col\rless1 ) a v>iable numb] ( yell[ pigm5t-bodies 7xan!ll874 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4c to #j4f1 bread? #j4jja to #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan1 v common 9 all w>m] seas2 ,m$it]ranean1 ,atlantic1 ,indian1 ,pacific1 surface4 #gdcb4 ,acan?ometron cyl9dricum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acj1 fig4 #b74 ,sp9es cyl9drical1 ?ick & long1 at ! c5tral base ?ick5$ ) a pe>-%ap$ knob1 & ) v small c5tral fulcral pyramid1 )\t leaf-cross4 ,di/al apex r\nd$ or truncat$4 ,c5tral capsule opaque1 fill$ ) r$ pigm5t-bodies4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4d to #j4h1 bread? #j4ja to #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ations #bff to #bgd1 surface4 #c4 ,acan?ometron fuscum1 ,j4 ,mll]4 ,acan?ometra fusca1 ,j4 ,mll]1 #aheh1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #dg1 ,taf4 xi4 fig4 #d4 ,acan?ometra fusca1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol1 p4 #cgg4 ,sp9es v ?9 & long1 9 ! proximal half cyl9drical1 9 ! di/al half conical1 gradually ?9n$ t[>ds ! simple conical apex4 ,c5tral base a small f\r-sid$ pyramid1 )\t leaf-cross4 ,c5tral capsule opaque1 fill$ ) br[n pigm5t-bodies4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4b to #j4d1 bread? #j4jjb to #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,cette1 ,port(9o1 ,mess9a74 #d4 ,acan?ometron bulbosum1 ,haeckel4 ,acan?ometra bulbosa1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cgg1 ,taf4 xv4 fig4 #b1 ,taf4 xviii fig4 #b4 ,sp9es v ?9 & long1 cyl9drical1 ) simple ne$le-%ap$ apex2 9 ! basal "p conical1 t[>ds ! c5tre mu* ?ick5$1 ) a %ort f\r-sid$ fulcral pyramid1 )\t leaf-cross4 ,c5tral capsule opaque1 fill$ ) br[n pigm5t-bodies4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4c to #j4e1 bread? 9 ! middle & out] "p #j4jja1 9 ! basal "p #j4jjh to #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean2 ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ced1 surface4 #e4 ,acan?ometron doli*oscion1 ,haeckel 7,pl4 #abi1 figs4 #f-h74 ,acan?ometra doli*oscia1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cgg1 ,taf4 xviii4 figs4 #c;a1 #c;b4 ,sp9es v long & ?91 cyl9drical1 9 ! ?ick5$ out] half ab\t twice z ?ick z 9 ! ?9 inn] half1 at ! simple apex compress$1 two-edg$4 ,c5tral base little ?ick5$1 ) a small f\r-sid$ pyramid1 )\t leaf-cross4 ,c5tral capsule transp>5t1 :iti% or yell[i%4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4f to #j4h1 bread? 9 ! proximal "p #j4jjd1 9 ! di/al "p #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a1 ,port(9o71 surface4 #f4 ,acan?ometron conicum1 n4 sp4 ,sp9es %ort & ?ick1 conical1 gradually ?9n] f ! ?ick conical base t[>ds ! simple apex4 ,c5tral "p ( ! base ) a l>ge fulcral pyramid1 b )\t leaf-cross4 ,c5tral capsule transp>5t1 col\rless 7874 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jh to #j4ab1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdd1 surface4 #gddg4 ,acan?ometron pellucidum1 ,j4 ,mll]4 ,acan?ometra pellucida1 ,j4 ,mll]1 #aheh1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #dg1 ,taf4 xi4 figs4 #a-c4 ,acan?ometra pellucida1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cgh4 ,sp9es cyl9drical1 v ?9 & long1 ne$le-%ap$1 ne>ly ( equal ?ickness 9 _! :ole l5g?4 ,c5tral base ) a small fulcral pyramid1 )\t leaf-cross4 ,di/al apex bifid or bifurcate1 ) two ?9 p>allel tee?4 ,c5tral capsule pellucid1 col\rless1 ) yell[ pigm5t-bodies4 7,diff]s f ,acan?ometron ela/icum ma9ly 9 ! bifid apex47 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9e #j4a to #j4c1 bread? #j4jjb to #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,m$it]ranean1 ,atlantic1 ,pacific1 surface4 #h4 ,acan?ometron wag5]i1 ,haeckel4 ,acan?ometra wag5]i1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cgh4 ,sp9es cyl9drical1 9 ! ?ick5$ out] half ab\t twice z broad z 9 ! ?9 inn] half4 ,c5tral base a little ?ick5$1 ) l>ge fulcral pyramid1 b )\t leaf-cross4 ,di/al apex bifid1 ) two div]g5t1 (t5 d5ticulat$ tee?4 ,c5tral capsule pellucid1 ) yell[ pigm5t-bodies4 7,diff]s f ,acan?ometron doli*oscion ma9ly 9 ! bifid apex47 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4b to #j4e1 bread? 9 ! inn] "p #j4jjc1 9 ! out] #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,adriatic ,sea2 ,trie/1 ,wagn]2 ,corfu1 ,haeckel1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,phyllo/aurus1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cha4 ,def9ition4--,sp9es at ! c5tral base ) a broad leaf-cross1 compos$ ( f\r prom95t triangul> lamell2 ! meet+ edges ( ! neighb\r+ lamell are propp$ "o ^u ano!r 9 su* a mann] t !re are =m$ tw5ty-two holl[ pyramidal spaces or comp>tm5ts 7comp>e p4 #gba74 #i4 ,acan?ometron siculum1 ,haeckel4 ,acan?ometra sicula1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #chb1 ,taf4 xvii4 figs4 #a1 #b2 ,taf4 xviii4 fig4 #h4 ,sp9es elongate1 conical1 tap]+ gradually f ! ?ick base t[>ds ! simple di/al apex4 ,conical circul> base support$ by a basal leaf-cross ( d\ble ! bread?4 ,c5tral capsule yell[i%-br[n1 opaque4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4c to #j4d1 basal bread? #j4jjh to #j4jab1 leaf-cross #j4jbd4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,m$it]ranean1 ,atlantic1 ,pacific1 surface4 #gdeaj4 ,acan?ometron cat]vatum1 ,haeckel4 ,acan?ometra brevisp9a1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #chb1 ,taf4 xv4 fig4 #e1 ,taf4 xviii4 fig4 #i4 ,sp9es cyl9drical1 ne>ly ( equal bread? ?r\gh\t _! :ole l5g?4 ,apex ei!r simple1 conical1 or bifid4 ,base ) a l>ge leaf-cross1 f\r to six times z broad z ! sp9e itself4 ,c5tral capsule transp>5t1 yell[4 ,! ,atlantic specim5s h mu* long] sp9es ?an ^? figur$ f ! ,m$it]ranean1 b are o!rwise n diff]5t4 ,!re=e ,i h *ang$ ! inconv5i5t "n brevisp9um into cat]vatum4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4a to #j4c1 bread? #j4jje to #j4jjh2 basal leaf-cross #j4jb to #j4jcb4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a72 ,nor? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ced1 ,gulf ,/ream 7,fre ,*annel7 9 great abundance1 ,john ,murray1 surface4 ,subg5us #c4 ,a/roli?ium1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #haj4 ,def9ition4--,sp9es 9 ! basal "p gr[n p]fectly toge!r1 s t ! :ole skeleton =ms a s+le piece ( acan?92 a /> ) tw5ty equal rays4 #aa4 ,acan?ometron bulbif]um1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acj1 fig4 #a74 ,a/roli?ium bulbif]um1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dff4 ,sp9es ne$le-%ap$1 cyl9drical1 v ?9 & long1 ) simple apex2 sudd5ly ?ick5$ & =m+ a broad regul> cone at ! c5tral base2 all tw5ty conical bulbs h _! broad bases gr[n toge!r & =m+ a c5tral icosah$ron ( acan?92 f its tw5ty faces arise ! circul> bases ( ! cones 9 regul> disposition4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4b to #j4e1 bread? #j4jja to #j4jjc2 height ( ! basal cones #j4jf1 basal bread? ( !m #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ations #bfe to #bgd1 surface4 #ab4 ,acan?ometron bifidum1 ,haeckel4 ,a/roli?ium bifidum1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #djj1 ,taf4 xx4 fig4 #e4 ,sp9es ne$le-%ap$1 cyl9drical1 ( equal bread? 9 _! :ole l5g?4 ,di/al apex bifid1 ) two p>allel /raight tee?4 ,c5tral bases ( all tw5ty sp9es gr[n p]fectly toge!r & =m+ a c5tral sph]e ( acan?94 ,c5tral capsule br[n opaque4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4b1 bread? #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a71 ,haeckel1 surface4 #gdf;,g5us #cbd4 ,zygacan?a1#cfd ,j4 ,mll]1 #aheh1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #ea4 ,def9ition4--,a/rolon*ida ) simple1 compress$1 & two-edg$ radial sp9es1 )\t apophyses2 _! transv]se section is elliptical or rhomboidal4 ,! g5us ,zygacan?a compris$ 9 ! orig9al def9ition ( ,j4 ,mll] only a s+le species1 ,zygacan?a furcata1 di/+ui%$ f ! o!r ,acan?ometra by =k$ sp9es ) two long p>allel tee?4 ,x seems n[ advisable to unite 9 ?is g5us all ^? ,a/rolon*ida 9 :i* ! simple sp9es are two-edg$1 compress$1 or leaf-%ap$4 ,! t]m ,zygacan?a may be conceiv$ z ! g5]al expression ( ! important fact1 t 9 all ,icosacan?a ! tw5ty sp9es are opposite 9 pairs4 ,subg5us #a4 ,zygacan?>ium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,sp9es at ! c5tral base )\t leaf-cross & )\t holl[ pyramidal comp>tm5ts1 unit$ by ! oppos$ triangul> faces ( _! pyramidal bases1 re/+ "o ^u ano!r4 #a4 ,zygacan?a lanceolata1 ,haeckel4 ,acan?ometra lanceolata1 ,j4 ,mll]1 #aheh1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #dh1 ,taf4 xi4 fig4 #ab4 ,acan?ometra lanceolata1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #chj4 ,sp9es lanceolate1 f ! broad] middle "p equally ?9n$ t[>ds ! two ends4 ,apex simple4 ,base pyramidal1 )\t leaf-cross4 ,ea* flat lamell> sp9e exhibits an elevat$ middle rib 7l a lanceolate leaf71 & is !re=e compress$ quadrangul>4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4a to #j4ae1 greate/ bread? 79 ! wid?7 #j4jc to #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,sa9t ,tropez1 ,fr5* %ore71 ,j4 ,mll]2 ,nor? ,atlantic 7,can>y ,isl&s71 ,haeckel1 surface4 #b4 ,zygacan?a co/ata1 n4 sp4 ,sp9es compress$1 two-edg$1 l9e>1 ( ne>ly equal bread? 9 _! :ole l5g?4 ,apex truncate4 ,base pyramidal1 )\t leaf-cross4 ,ea* flat lamell> sp9e exhibits an elevat$ middle rib1 :i* 9 ! di/al half is cleft into two div]g5t rods end+ 9 ! corn]s ( ! truncat$ apex4 7,simil> to ,zygacan?a dicopa1 b ) broad] free sp9es1 :i* are n gr[n toge!r 9 ! c5tre47 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4a to #j4ae1 bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ations #bfe to #bgd1 surface4 #gdgc4 ,zygacan?a compressa1 ,haeckel4 ,acan?ometra compressa1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cgh1 ,taf4 xviii4 figs4 #d;a1 #d;b4 ,sp9es 9 ! proximal half compress$1 broad lanceolate1 f\r to six times z broad z 9 ! ?9 cyl9drical di/al half4 ,apex simple or %ort bifid4 ,base pyramidal1 ?ick5$1 )\t leaf-cross4 ,no middle rib4 ,c5tral capsule opaque1 yell[i% or r$di%-br[n4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4c to #j4e1 bread? ( ! inn] half #j4jae to #j4jb1 ( ! out] half #j4jjb to #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a72 ,atlantic 7,can>y ,isl&s71 ,/ation #ceb1 surface4 #d4 ,zygacan?a furcata1 ,j4 ,mll]4 ,zygacan?a furcata1 ,j4 ,mll]1 #aheh1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #ea1 ,taf4 ix4 fig4 #f4 ,acan?ometra furcata1 ,j4 ,mll]1 #ahef1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #dii4 ,acan?ometra furcata1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #chj4 ,sp9es compress$1 =k-%ap$1 divid$ by two ?ick5$ knots into ?ree sections ( ne>ly equal l5g?2 middle section broad] ?an ! proximal1 b small] ?an ! di/al section1 :i* is cleft by a deep fissure into two long p>allel /raight bran*es4 ,base pyramidal1 )\t leaf-cross4 ,c5tral capsule purple1 ) yell[ bodies4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4a to #j4ae1 basal bread? #j4jjc to #j4jje1 di/al bread? #j4jb to #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,cette74 ,j4 ,mll]1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,zygacan?idium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,sp9es at ! c5tral base ) a cross ( f\r prom95t leaves2 ! meet+ edges ( ! neighb\r+ lamell s re/ "o ^u ano!r t tw5ty-two holl[ pyramidal comp>tm5ts are =m$ 7comp>e p4 #gba74 #e4 ,zygacan?a di*otoma1 ,haeckel4 ,zygacan?a di*otoma1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cha4 ,acan?ometra di*otoma1 ,j4 ,mll]1 #aheh1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #ej1 ,taf4 ix4 fig4 #e4 ,sp9es compress$1 p9c]-%ap$1 cleft ne>ly ?r\gh\t _! :ole l5g? into two ?9 p>allel /raight rods or =k bran*es1 :i* are unit$ only 9 _! middle by a n>r[ bridge1 & at _! c5tral base by ! pyramidal small c5tral apex2 above ?is pyramid ea* rod is divid$ into two broad triangul> leaves1 =m+ a l>ge basal leaf-cross4 ,c5tral capsule purple1 ) yell[ bodies4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4a to #j4ae1 bread? #j4ja to #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,nice71 ,j4 ,mll]1 surface4 #gdhf4 ,zygacan?a complanata1 n4 sp4 ,sp9es compress$1 two-edg$1 l9e>1 ( equal bread? ?r\gh\t _! :ole l5g?4 ,apex bifid4 ,base ?ick5$1 ) a l>ge leaf-cross4 7,simil> to ,amphilon*e complanata1 b diff]5t 9 ! equal size ( all tw5ty sp9es1 :i* are some:at broad]47 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ab to #j4ah1 bread? #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdd1 surface4 #g4 ,zygacan?a semicompressa1 ,haeckel4 ,acan?ometra hemicompressa1 ,c>1 #ahhd1 ,zool4 ,anzeig]1 p4 #id1 ) woodcut4 ,sp9es 9 ! proximal half compress$1 two-edg$1 l9e>1 ?ree to f\r times z broad z 9 ! ne$le-%ap$ cyl9drical di/al half4 ,apex simple4 ,base pyramidal1 ) a small leaf-cross4 ,c5tral capsule transp>5t4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4a to #j4b1 bread? 9 ! proximal half #j4jb1 9 ! di/al half #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,g5oa71 ,haeckel2 ,adriatic ,sea 7,trie/e71 ,c>1 surface4 #h4 ,zygacan?a foliacea1 n4 sp4 ,sp9es lanceolate1 tap]+ f ! broad] middle "p t[>ds ! two ends1 ) two d5tat$ or s]rat$ edges & a prom95t middle rib4 ,apex simple4 ,base ) a small leaf-cross4 ,! sp9es l ! leaves ( ,agave am]icana4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ae to #j4b1 middle bread? #j4jb to #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ne> ! ,isl& ( ,socotra1 ,haeckel4 ,subg5us #c4 ,zygacan?onium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,sp9es 9 ! c5tre gr[n p]fectly toge!r & =m+ a s+le />-%ap$ piece ( acan?94 #i4 ,zygacan?a dicopa1 ,haeckel4 ,a/roli?ium dicopum1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #djj1 ,taf4 xx4 figs4 #c1 #d4 ,sp9es compress$1 two-edg$1 l9e>1 ( ne>ly equal bread? ?r\gh\t _! :ole l5g?1 ) a prom95t middle rib1 :i* 9 ! di/al ?ird is cleft into two div]g5t tee?1 end+ 9 ! two corn]s ( ! broad1 obliquely truncat$ apex4 ,all tw5ty sp9es ) _! c5tral bases gr[n toge!r & =m+ "o s+le piece ( acan?9--a /> ) tw5ty rays4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ab to #j4b1 bread? #j4ja to #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,m$it]ranean1 ,atlantic1 ,pacific1 _m ,/ations1 surface4 #gdi;,g5us #cbe4 ,acan?onia1#cfe ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfe4 ,def9ition4--,a/rolon*ida ) simple1 f\r-edg$1 prismatic or pyramidal radial sp9es1 )\t apophyses2 _! transv]se section is squ>e4 ,! g5us ,acan?onia comprises all ^? ,a/rolon*ida 7=m]ly unit$ ) ,acan?ometron7 9 :i* ! simple sp9es ei!r 9 _! :ole l5g? or 9 ! greate/ "p ( x are f\r-edg$1 ) squ>e transv]se section4 ,!y are sometimes m prismatic 7) equal bread?71 at o!r times m pyramidal 7) decreas+ bread? t[>ds ! di/al apex74 ,if ,acan?ometron be ! common simple ance/ral =m ( ! ,acan?onida1 !n ! two-edg$ ,zygacan?a1 & ! f\r-edg$ ,acan?onia may be reg>d$ z two div]g5t ma9 l9es aris+ f x2 ! =m] lead+ to ! ,phractacan?ida & ,diporaspida1 ! latt] lead+ to ! ,/auracan?ida & ,tess>aspida4 ,subg5us #a4 ,acan?on>ium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,sp9es at ! c5tral base1 )\t leaf-cross & )\t holl[ pyramidal comp>tm5ts1 unit$ by ! triangul> faces ( _! pyramidal bases1 re/+ "o ^u ano!r4 #a4 ,acan?onia tetracopa1 ,haeckel 7,pl4 #abi1 figs4 #i-aa74 ,acan?ometra tetracopa1 ,j4 ,mll]1 #aheh1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #dg1 ,taf4 vii4 figs4 #c to #e1 ,taf4 xi4 fig4 #e4 ,acan?ometra tetracopa1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cgi1 ,taf4 xviii4 fig4 #e4 ,sp9es quadrangul> prismatic1 ) prom95t lamell> edges1 ( equal bread? 9 _! :ole l5g?4 ,base pyramidal1 )\t leaf-cross4 ,apex truncat$1 or ) f\r %ort tee? 7sometimes only two tee?74 ,c5tral capsule opaque1 br[n or yell[4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ae to #j4b1 bread? #j4ja to #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,m$it]ranean1 ,atlantic1 ,indian1 ,pacific1 _m ,/ations1 surface4 #b4 ,acan?onia prismatica1 n4 sp4 ,sp9es quadrangul> prismatic1 )\t prom95t edges1 ) f\r plane lat]al faces1 ( equal bread? ?r\gh\t _! :ole l5g?4 ,base pyramidal1 )\t leaf-cross4 ,apex truncate1 ) squ>e apical face4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4a to #j4af1 bread? #j4jje to #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,ant>ctic ,ocean1 ,/ation #aed1 surface4 #gejc4 ,acan?onia d5ticulata1 n4 sp4 ,sp9es quadrangul> prismatic1 ) prom95t elegantly d5ticulat$ edges1 ( equal bread? ?r\gh\t _! :ole l5g?4 ,bo? ends pyramidal1 )\t leaf-cross4 7,simil> to ,amphilon*e d5ticulata1 b ) ! tw5ty sp9es all equal1 & ) sph]ical c5tral capsule47 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ab to #j4af1 bread? #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ations #bff to #bgd1 surface4 #d4 ,acan?onia mll]i1 ,haeckel4 ,acan?ometra mll]i1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cgi1 ,taf4 xv4 fig4 #c1 ,taf4 xviii4 fig4 #f4 ,sp9es quadrangul>1 ne>ly prismatic1 b tap]+ gradually f ! pyramidal base t[>ds ! di/al bifid apex1 :i* be>s two ?91 p>allel1 or little div]g5t tee?2 f\r edges elegantly d5ticulat$2 base )\t leaf-cross4 ,c5tral capsule yell[i% or r$di%4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ab to #j4ah1 basal bread? #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a72 ,atlantic1 ,/ations #cdh to #ceb1 surface4 #e4 ,acan?onia fragilis1 ,haeckel4 ,acan?ometra fragilis1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #chj1 ,taf4 xv4 fig4 #d1 ,taf4 xviii4 fig4 #g4 ,sp9es quadrangul>1 ne>ly prismatic1 b gradually ?ick5$ f ! pyramidal base t[>ds ! di/al truncat$ end2 f\r edges regul>ly d5ticulat$2 base )\t leaf-cross4 ,c5tral capsule opaque4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4e & m1 basal bread? #j4jjb to #j4jjc1 di/al bread? #j4jjh to #j4jaf or m4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a72 ,nor? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ced1 surface4 #f4 ,acan?onia convexa1 n4 sp4 ,sp9es quadrangul>1 ) f\r broad lamell>1 convex1 prom95t edges1 :i* f ! broad] middle "p are ?9n$ t[>ds ! two em>g9at$ ends2 ea* end ) a small quadrangul> pyramid1 )\t leaf-cross4 ,all ! tw5ty sp9es ( ?is species exhibit ne>ly ! same =m1 :i* is se5 9 ! caudal or po/]ior 7geotomical7 sp9e ( ,amphilon*e anomala 7,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 ,taf4 xviii4 fig4 #bc1 b74 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ab to #j4af1 bread? 9 ! middle "p #j4jb to #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdd1 surface4 #g4 ,acan?onia concava1 n4 sp4 ,sp9es quadrangul>1 ) f\r broad lamell>1 concave1 prom95t edges1 :i* f ! small] middle "p are broad5$ t[>ds ! two em>g9at$ ends2 ea* end ) a small #geaquadrangul> pyramid1 )\t leaf-cross4 ,all ! tw5ty sp9es ( ?is species exhibit ne>ly ! same =m1 :i* is se5 9 ! frontal or ant]ior 7hydrotomical7 sp9e ( ,amphilon*e anomala 7,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 ,taf4 xviii4 fig4 #bc1 a74 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ae1 bread? 9 ! middle "p #j4jab1 on bo? ends #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bhh1 surface4 #h4 ,acan?onia quadrangula1 n4 sp4 ,sp9es quadrangul> prismatic1 ) smoo? prom95t /raight edges1 b ( v diff]5t bread? 9 bo? halves2 ! inn] or proximal half 7inside ! c5tral capsule7 twice to f\r times z broad z ! out] or di/al half 7outside ! c5tral capsule72 bo? ends sudd5ly sep>at$ by a con/riction1 9 :i* is ins]t$ ! membrane ( ! capsule4 ,! latt] is pellucid1 ) a numb] ( yell[ bodies4 ,apex ( ! sp9es simple1 base pyramidal1 )\t leaf-cross4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4b to #j4d1 bread? ( ! basal half #j4ja1 ( ! di/al half #j4jjb to #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,atlantic1 ,can>y ,isl&s1 ,azores1 ,/ation #ced1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,acan?onidium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,sp9es at ! c5tral base ) a broad leaf-cross1 compos$ ( f\r prom95t triangul> lamell2 ! meet+ edges ( ^! cross$ lamell betwe5 e ?ree or f\r neighb\r+ sp9es s re/ "o ^u ano!r t tw5ty-two holl[ pyramidal comp>tm5ts are =m$ 7comp>e p4 #gba74 #i4 ,acan?onia e*9oides1 ,haeckel4 ,acan?ometra e*9oides1 ,clap>de et ,la*mann1 #aheh1 tudes sur les ,infusoires et les ,rhizopodes1 c41 p4 #dei1 pl4 xxiii4 figs4 #a-e4 ,acan?ometra e*9oides1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #chc4 ,sp9es quadrangul> prismatic )\t prom95t edges1 ) f\r plane lat]al faces1 ( equal bread? ?r\gh\t _! :ole l5g?4 ,c5tral base ?ree to f\r times z broad1 ) l>ge leaf-cross4 ,apex truncat$ or bifid 7sometimes ) f\r %ort tee?74 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4c to #j4e1 bread? #j4jjd to #j4jjh2 leaf-cross #j4jb to #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 we/ coa/ ( ,norway 7,clap>de et ,la*mann72 ,fre ,*annel 7,gulf ,/ream71 ,john ,murray1 surface4 #aj4 ,acan?onia clap>$ei1 ,haeckel4 ,acan?ometra clap>$ei1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #chc1 ,taf4 xviii4 fig4 #ab4 ,sp9es quadrangul> prismatic1 ) f\r prom95t lamell> edges1 ( equal bread? ?r\gh\t _! :ole l5g?4 ,apex bifid4 ,c5tral base twice z broad1 ) l>ge leaf-cross4 ,c5tral capsule opaque1 r$di%-br[n4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4f1 bread? #j4jaf2 leaf-cross #j4jcb4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a72 ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdg1 surface4 #gebaa4 ,acan?onia cuspidata1 ,haeckel4 ,acan?ometra cuspidata1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #chc1 ,taf4 xviii4 fig4 #aa4 ,sp9es quadrangul> pyramidal1 ) f\r prom95t lamell> edges1 tap]+ gradually f ! broad base t[>ds ! simple di/al apex4 ,basal leaf-cross z broad1 ) a small c5tral pyramid4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4e1 basal bread? #j4jab2 leaf-cross #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,m$it]ranean1 ,atlantic1 ,pacific1 surface4 #ab4 ,acan?onia quadrifolia1 ,haeckel4 ,acan?ometra quadrifolia1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #chb1 ,taf4 xviii4 fig4 #aj4 ,sp9es 9 ! basal "p quadrangul> pyramidal1 ) f\r prom95t lamell> edges & a l>ge basal leaf-cross2 9 ! di/al "p ?ree to six times z long1 cyl9drical1 ( equal bread?4 ,apex simple1 conical1 or bifid4 ,c5tral capsule yell[ or :iti%4 ,?is common species diff]s f ! ne>ly alli$ ,acan?ometron cat]vatum ma9ly by ! /rong developm5t ( ! l>ge basal leaves or w+s4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4c to #j4e1 bread? 9 ! di/al half #j4jjb1 9 ! basal "p #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean2 ,nor? ,atlantic1 ,/ations #beb to #bed2 ,fre ,*annel1 ,gulf ,/ream1 9 enorm\s numb]s1 ,john ,murray1 surface & at v>i\s dep?s4 #ac4 ,acan?onia diplopyramis1 n4 sp4 ,sp9es =m$ l a quadrangul> d\ble pyramid or an irregul> octah$ron2 ! basal leaf-cross be+ extremely develop$1 ) f\r v l>ge & ?9 lamell> leaves2 ! basal halves ( ! tw5ty d\ble pyramids are unit$ by ! meet+ edges ( ^? leaves1 :ile _! di/al halves are free1 ) simple apices4 ,!re=e ! f\r triangul> leaves ( ea* sp9e are equally ?9n$ f ! middle t[>ds ! two ends4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4a to #j4b1 greate/ bread? #j4jd to #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ations #bff to #bgd1 surface4 #ad4 ,acan?onia multisp9a1 ,haeckel4 ,acan?ometra multisp9a1 ,j4 ,mll]1 #aheh1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #dg1 ,taf4 vii4 figs4 #f-i4 ,acan?ometra multisp9a1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #chd4 ,sp9es quadrangul>1 ) f\r lamell> prom95t edges1 9 ! proximal half ne>ly prismatic1 9 ! di/al half pyramidal2 bo? halves sep>at$ by a prom95t %ort too? on ea* edge4 ,"h 9 ! middle "p ! bread? 7includ+ ! f\r tee?7 is equal to ! basal leaf-cross4 ,c5tral capsule opaque1 br[n4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4b to #j4c1 greate/ bread? #j4ja to #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a72 ,tropical ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdh4 #gecae4 ,acan?onia s]rulata1 n4 sp4 ,sp9es quadrangul> pyramidal1 ) simple apex2 ! l>ge basal leaf-cross ne>ly half z long z ! prolong$ di/al "p4 ,! f\r prom95t triangul> edges ( ! latt] are v ?9 & broad lamell1 f9ely d5tate or s]rate4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4b to #j4c1 greate/ bread? #j4je to #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgb1 surface4 ,subg5us #c4 ,acan?oli?ium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,sp9es 9 ! basal "p gr[n toge!r1 s t ! :ole skeleton is n compos$ ( tw5ty sep>at$ pieces1 b repres5ts a s+le piece ( acan?9--a /> ) tw5ty equal rays4 #af4 ,acan?onia /ellata1 n4 sp4 ,sp9es quadrangul> pyramidal1 ) simple di/al apex1 9 ! basal "p gr[n p]fectly toge!r1 s t ! :ole skeleton =ms a s+le piece ( acan?9--a />let ) tw5ty equal rays4 ,! free pyramidal "p ( ea* sp9e is twice to f\r times z long z ! basal "p4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4a to #j4ae1 greate/ bread? 7on ! surface ( ! c5tral solid sph]e7 #j4jb to #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 ,subfamily #b4 ,,phractacan?ida1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,a/rolon*ida ) tw5ty radial sp9es1 ea* ( :i* be>s two opposite apophyses or lat]al transv]se processes2 sometimes two longitud9al r[s ( opposite apophyses4 ,g5us #cbf4 ,li?ophyllium1#cff ,j4 ,mll]1 #aheh1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #eb4 ,def9ition4--,a/rolon*ida ) two simple1 n bran*$1 opposite apophyses on ea* radial sp9e4 ,! g5us ,li?ophyllium 0 f\nd$ by ,j4 ,mll] = a s+le species 7,li?ophyllium foliosum71 :i* we also "h reta9 z ! type ( ! g5us4 ,x is ! fir/ obs]v$ ,a/rolon*id1 :i* be>s two opposite lat]al apophyses on ea* sp9e1 & may !re=e be reg>d$ z ! ance/ral =m ( ! subfamily ,phractacan?ida4 ,! two opposite apophyses are "h simple1 :il/ 9 ! o!r g5]a ( ! subfamily !y are bran*$ or multipli$4 #geda4 ,li?ophyllium cruciatum1 ,haeckel4 ,acan?ometra cruciata1 ,j4 ,mll]1 #aheh1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #di1 ,taf xi4 fig4 #aa4 ,xiphacan?a cruciata1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #che1 ,taf4 xviii4 fig4 #ac4 ,sp9es cyl9drical1 v ?91 cross$ p]p5dicul>ly 9 ! di/al ?ird by a ?9 transv]se beam2 bo? lat]al rods ( ! cross h ! same l5g? z ! di/al end4 ,apex simple4 ,base pyramidal1 )\t leaf-cross4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4je to #j4ae1 bread? #j4jja to #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean1 ,atlantic1 ,/ations #ceb to #ced1 c41 surface4 #b4 ,li?ophyllium gladiatum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acj1 fig4 #c74 ,sp9es compress$1 sword-%ap$1 two-edg$1 cross$ p]p5dicul>ly 9 ! middle "p by a broad1 some:at curv$ transv]se beam2 bo? lat]al rods ( ! cross are triangul> compress$1 & h ! same l5g? z ! proximal end4 ,apex simple4 ,base pyramidal1 )\t leaf-cross4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4b to #j4be1 bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bda1 surface4 #c4 ,li?ophyllium condylatum1 n4 sp4 ,sp9es compress$ quadrangul>1 tap]+ f ! broad] middle t[>ds ! two ends2 f ! middle "p arise two opposite p]p5dicul> apophyses1 :i* be> on ! r\nd$ end a ?ick5$ condyle4 ,apex simple4 ,base pyramidal1 ) a small leaf-cross4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4a to #j4ab1 bread? 9 ! middle "p #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bff to #bgb1 surface4 #d4 ,li?ophyllium foliosum1 ,j4 ,mll]4 ,li?ophyllium foliosum1 ,j4 ,mll]1 #aheh1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #eb1 ,taf4 xi4 figs4 #f-aj4 ,xiphacan?a foliosa1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #che4 ,sp9es lanceolate1 tap]+ f ! broad] middle t[>ds ! two ends4 ,f ! middle "p or f ! out] ?ird arise two opposite triangul> apophyses1 :i* are n p]p5dicul> to ! axis ( ! sp9e1 b =m an acute angle ) its di/al "p4 ,!re=e ea* sp9e repres5ts a broad leaf ) a middle rib & ) ?ree lobes or truncat$ tee?4 ,! di/al apex is di/+ui%$ by a violet col\r4 ,base pyramidal1 )\t leaf-cross4 ,c5tral capsule yell[4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4je to #j4a1 bread? #j4jb to #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean1 ,fr5* %ore1 ,sa9t ,tropez1 ,j4 ,mll]4 #gee;,g5us #cbg4 ,phractacan?a1#cfg ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfe4 ,def9ition4--,a/rolon*ida ) two bran*$1 b n lattic$1 opposite apophyses on ea* radial sp9e4 ,! g5us ,phractacan?a diff]s f its ance/ral =m1 ! prec$+ ,li?ophyllium by ! ramification ( ! apophyses1 :i* are ei!r =k$ or be> lat]al bran*es4 ,if ! prolong$ =k-bran*es ( ! neighb\r+ sp9es meet & =m a lattice-%ell1 ?is g5us passes ov] into ,phractaspis1 ! common ance/ral =m ( ! ,diporaspida4 #a4 ,phractacan?a bifurca1 n4 sp4 ,sp9es cyl9drical1 ?91 ( equal bread? ?r\gh\t _! :ole l5g?4 ,apex simple4 ,base pyramidal1 )\t leaf-cross4 ,f ! out] ?ird arise two opposite1 ?91 =k$ apophyses2 ends ( ! =k bran*es acute4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4a1 bread? #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgd1 surface4 #b4 ,phractacan?a bip5nis1 n4 sp4 ,sp9es compress$1 two-edg$1 tap]+ f ! broad] middle t[>ds ! two ends4 ,apex simple4 ,base pyramidal1 )\t leaf-cross4 ,f ! middle arise two opposite broad1 =k$ apophyses2 ends ( ! =k-bran*es broad & obtuse4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ae1 bread? 9 ! middle #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bff1 surface4 ,g5us #cbh4 ,doracan?a1#cfh ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfe4 ,def9ition4--,a/rolon*ida ) two lattic$ or f5e/rat$ apophyses on ea* radial sp9e4 ,! g5us ,doracan?a arises f ! =ego+ ,phractacan?a by union ( ! =k-bran*es ( ! apophyses on ea* sp9e4 ,by ?is concresc5ce is =m$ a polygonal or r\ndi% plate ) two pores1 pi]c$ by ! radial sp9e betwe5 !m4 ,doracan?a may be reg>d$ z a ,dorataspis1 9 :i* ! tw5ty small f5e/rat$ plates h n become unit$4 #gefa4 ,doracan?a dorataspis1 n4 sp4 ,sp9es compress$1 two-edg$1 tap]+ f ! broad] middle t[>ds ! two ends4 ,apex simple4 ,base pyramidal1 )\t leaf-cross4 ,f ! middle "p ( ea* sp9e arise two opposite =k$ apophyses2 ! neighb\r+ =k-bran*es are recurv$ & unit$ 9 ! tang5tial plane2 s t ea* sp9e be>s a plate or %ield ) two elliptical pores2 ! m>g9 ( ! r\ndi% plate be>s a v>iable numb] ( %ort tee?4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4b1 bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 ,g5us #cbi4 ,a/rolon*e1#cfi ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfe4 ,def9ition4--,a/rolon*ida ) num]\s simple apophyses 7f\r to eight or m on ea* radial sp9e71 :i* are arrang$ 9 two opposite longitud9al r[s 7r>ely 9 six su* r[s1 opposite 9 ?ree p>allel planes74 ,! g5us ,a/rolon*e diff]s f ! prec$+ ,phractacan?ida 9 ! multiplication ( ! simple apophyses4 ,commonly ^! are opposite 9 pairs 9 two longitud9al r[s 7on ! two edges ( ! compress$ sp9e1 at lea/ two on ea* side74 ,b sometimes 79 ! subg5us ,a/rolon*idium7 !re are six in/ead ( two longitud9al r[s ( tee?1 & ^! are plac$ 9 ?ree p>allel planes4 ,subg5us #a4 ,a/rolon*>ium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,ea* sp9e ) two longitud9al r[s ( apophyses1 opposite 9 "o m]idian plane4 #a4 ,a/rolon*e bicruciata1 n4 sp4 ,sp9es compress$1 two-edg$1 almo/ ( equal bread? ?r\gh\t _! :ole l5g?1 ) simple apex & small leaf-cross at ! base4 ,f ! two edges ( ! middle "p ( ea* sp9e arise two pairs ( opposite apophyses1 :i* are compress$ & a little curv$ 7convex on ! di/al1 concave on ! proximal m>g974 ,all f\r apophyses are ( ! same size & =m2 ! radial di/ance ( ea* pair mu* small] ?an _! common di/ance f ! c5tre4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4be1 bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgj1 surface4 #b4 ,a/rolon*e mucronata1 ,haeckel4 ,acan?ometra mucronata1 ,j4 ,mll]1 #aheh1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #di1 ,taf4 x4 fig4 #i4 ,aspidomma mucronatum1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dbd4 ,sp9es conical1 little compress$1 ) simple apex & small leaf-cross at ! base4 ,f ! basal half ( ea* sp9e arise two pairs ( opposite apophyses1 :i* exhibit a v diff]5t =m4 #geg,! upp] or di/al apophyses 7ne>ly 9 ! middle ( ! sp9e7 are flat1 leaf-%ap$1 broad5$ 9 ! p]iph]y1 (t5 lob$1 & sometimes bran*$ or ev5 f5e/rat$4 7,transition to ,phractaspis & ,dorataspis1 or to ,phractopelta87 ,! l[] or proximal apophyses are ?ick1 simple1 all slightly curv$2 !y are equidi/ant f ! =m] & f ! c5tre4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4b to #j4c1 greate/ bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,cette on ! ,fr5* %ore71 surface1 ,j4 ,mll]4 #c4 ,a/rolon*e pect9ata1 ,haeckel4 ,acan?ometra pect9ata1 ,j4 ,mll]1 #aheh1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #dh1 ,taf4 x4 figs4 #a1 #b4 ,xiphacan?a pect9ata1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #chf4 ,sp9es compress$ quadrangul>1 ) %ort1 simple or bifid apex1 pyramidal on ! base1 )\t leaf-cross4 ,f ! two broad] edges ( ! proximal half arise two longitud9al r[s ( opposite apophyses2 ?ree to f\r sl5d] tee? 9 ea* r[4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4b1 bread? #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean1 ,cette 7,fr5* %ore71 surface1 ,j4 ,mll]4 #d4 ,a/rolon*e p9nata1 n4 sp4 ,sp9es 9 ! di/al half compress$1 l9e>1 two-edg$1 ) bifid apex2 9 ! proximal half ?ree times z broad lanceolate1 at ! base pyramidal1 )\t leaf-cross4 ,f ! two broad] edges ( ! proximal half arise two longitud9al r[s ( opposite apophyses2 f\r to six broad triangul> tee? 9 ea* r[4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4c to #j4d1 bread? 9 ! out] half #j4jab1 9 ! inn] half #j4jc to #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccb1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,a/rolon*idium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,ea* sp9e ) ?ree p>allel d\ble r[s ( opposite apophyses4 #e4 ,a/rolon*e s]rata1 ,haeckel4 ,xiphacan?a s]rata1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #chf1 ,taf4 xvii4 fig4 #c1 ,taf4 xviii4 figs4 #ad;a1 #ad;b4 ,xiphacan?a s]rata1 ,r4 ,h]twig1 #ahgi1 ,organismus d4 ,radiol41 p4 #aa1 ,taf4 ii4 fig4 #d4 ,acan?ometra s]rata1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #hjg4 ,sp9es 9 ! di/al half ?91 ne>ly cyl9drical or a little compress$1 ?9n$ t[>ds ! %ort simple or bifid apex2 9 ! proximal half ?ree to six times z broad1 f\r-w+$1 ) six longitud9al r[s ( opposite apophyses4 ,f ! edges ( ! two broad] 7lat]al7 w+s arise ?ree #gehto f\r pairs ( /rong conical tee?2 f ! edges ( ! two small] 7sagittal7 w+s arise also ?ree to f\r pairs ( tee?1 b v %ort & broad1 triangul>2 ea* ( ^! tee? be>s on bo? its 7lat]al7 sides two opposite sl5d] conical tee?1 :i* are p>allel to ! l>ge conical tee? ( ! lat]al w+s4 ,!re=e all tee? 7eighte5 to tw5ty-f\r7 are plac$ opposite 9 pairs 9 ?ree p>allel planes4 ,base ( ! sp9es pyramidal1 ) a small leaf-cross4 ,! c5tral capsule ( ?is l>ge & v rem>kable species commonly entirely includes ! apophyses ( ! sp9es1 & is opaque1 :iti%4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4b to #j4c1 bread? ( ! di/al half #j4jjb to #j4jjd1 ( ! proximal half #j4ja to #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,m$it]ranean1 ,atlantic1 ,pacific1 surface4 ,subfamily #c4 ,,/auracan?ida1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,a/rolon*ida ) a cross ( f\r free apophyses 7or f\r cross$ longitud9al r[s ( apophyses7 on ea* radial sp9e4 ,g5us #ccj4 ,xiphacan?a1#cgj ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #chd4 ,def9ition4--,a/rolon*ida ) f\r simple apophyses on ea* radial sp9e1 opposite 9 pairs 9 ! =m ( a cross4 ,! g5us ,xiphacan?a 0 f\nd$ by me 9 #ahfb = all ^? ,acan?ometrida :i* be> simple or bran*$ apophyses on _! tw5ty equal sp9es4 ,i re/rict "h ! g5us to ^? ,a/rolon*ida :i* be> on ea* sp9e a cross ( f\r simple1 n bran*$1 apophyses4 ,^! are ei!r conical tee? or broad w+s1 sometimes extremely ?9 leaves4 ,xiphacan?a may be reg>d$ z ! ance/ral =m n only ( ! subfamily ,/auracan?ida1 b also ( ! ,tess>aspida1 d]iv$ f ! latt]4 ,subg5us #a4 ,xiphacan?onia1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,apophyses ( ! radial sp9es small1 =m$ l a too? or a hook1 n w+-%ap$4 ,edges ( ! sp9es commonly n>r[1 little prom95t4 #a4 ,xiphacan?a quadrid5tata1 ,haeckel4 ,xiphacan?a quadrid5tata1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #chg1 ,taf4 xviii4 figs4 #ae;a1 #ae;b4 ,acan?ometra quadrid5tata1 ,j4 ,mll]1 #aheh1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #dh1 ,taf4 x4 fig4 #c4 ,sp9es sl5d]1 f\r-sid$ prismatic1 gradually ?9n] t[>ds ! simple pyramidal apex4 ,base ) l>ge w+-cross4 ,f\r apophyses ab\t 9 ! middle ( ea* sp9e1 conical1 /raight1 smoo?1 ab\t z long z ! basal bread? ( ! sp9e4 ,c5tral capsule opaque1 r$di%-br[n4 #gei;,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4b to #j4c1 bread? 9 ! middle "p #j4jab1 on ! base #j4jb2 l5g? ( ! apophyses #j4jb to #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean1 ,atlantic1 ,/ations #cdh1 #ced1 surface4 #b4 ,xiphacan?a crucif]a1 n4 sp4 ,sp9es sl5d]1 f\r-sid$ prismatic1 ?91 ( ne>ly equal bread? ?r\gh\t ! :ole l5g?4 ,base ) small w+-cross4 ,f\r apophyses mu* ne>] ! proximal ?an ! di/al end1 ?91 /raight smoo?1 ?ree to six times z long z ! basal bread? ( ! sp9e4 ,c5tral capsule pellucid1 ) yell[ bodies4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4d to #j4e1 bread? #j4jjb to #j4jjd2 l5g? ( ! apophyses #j4ja to #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bff1 surface4 #c4 ,xiphacan?a sp9ulosa1 ,haeckel4 ,xiphacan?a sp9ulosa1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #chh1 ,taf4 xvii4 fig4 #d4 ,acan?ometra sp9ulosa1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #hjg4 ,sp9es /\t1 f\r-sid$ prismatic1 ( ne>ly equal bread? ?r\gh\t ! :ole l5g?1 on ! di/al apex truncat$1 two-edg$4 ,base ) l>ge w+-cross4 ,f\r apophyses ab\t 9 ! middle ( ea* sp9e1 conical1 /raight1 sp9ulat$1 twice to f\r times z long z ! basal bread? ( ! sp9e4 ,c5tral capsule opaque1 yell[4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4bg1 bread? #j4jad2 l5g? ( ! apophyses #j4je4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a71 surface4 #d4 ,xiphacan?a em>g9ata1 n4 sp4 ,sp9es /\t1 f\r-sid$1 9 ! proximal half prismatic1 9 ! di/al half pyramidal1 ) em>g9at$ apex4 ,base ) v l>ge w+-cross4 ,f\r apophyses ab\t 9 ! middle ( ea* sp9e1 compress$1 /raight1 two-edg$1 ) em>g9at$ ends1 ab\t twice z long z ! basal bread? ( ! sp9e4 ,c5tral capsule small1 pellucid4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4b to #j4c1 bread? #j4jb to #j4jc2 l5g? ( ! apophyses #j4jd to #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bia1 surface4 #e4 ,xiphacan?a falcata1 n4 sp4 ,sp9es sl5d]1 f\r-sid$ prismatic1 gradually ?ick5$ f bo? ends t[>ds ! middle "p1 ) simple apex4 ,base ) v small w+-cross4 ,f\r apophyses ab\t 9 ! middle "p ( ea* sp9e1 falcat$1 compress$1 recurv$1 twice to ?ree times z long z ! greate/ bread? ( ! sp9e4 #gfj;,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4c to #j4d1 greate/ bread? #j4jae2 l5g? ( ! apophyses #j4jc to #j4je4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgj1 surface4 #f4 ,xiphacan?a ancorata1 n4 sp4 ,sp9es sl5d]1 f\r-sid$ prismatic1 gradually ?ick5$ f ! n>r[ base t[>ds ! %ort1 simple1 pyramidal apex4 ,base ) l>ge w+-cross4 ,f\r apophyses on ! di/al end1 imm$iately bel[ ! pyramidal apex1 falcat$1 /rongly recurv$1 l an an*or ) f\r /rong tee?4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4d to #j4e1 basal bread? #j4jje1 di/al bread? #j4jae2 l5g? ( ! apophyses #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,madagasc>1 ,rabbe4 ,subg5us #b4 ,xiphacan?idium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,apophyses ( ! radial sp9es broad1 compress$1 w+-%ap$1 =m$ l a l>ge ?9 plate4 ,edges ( ! sp9es commonly broad1 /rongly prom95t4 #g4 ,xiphacan?a /auropt]a1 n4 sp4 ,sp9es f\r-w+$1 f ! middle "p little ?9n] t[>ds bo? ends4 ,apex simple pyramidal4 ,base ) small w+-cross4 ,f\r apophyses w+-%ap$1 isosceles triangul> or truncat$ quadrangul>2 _! base is ab\t half z broad z _! l5g?1 & occupies 9 ! basal half ( ea* sp9e ab\t "o-six? to "o-eigh? ( its l5g?4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4a to #j4ae2 greate/ bread? 7diagonal ( ! cross ( ! apophyses7 #j4jjf to #j4jji4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccb1 surface4 #h4 ,xiphacan?a trigonopt]a1 n4 sp4 ,sp9es f\r-w+$1 tap]+ rapidly f ! broad middle "p t[>ds bo? ends4 ,apex simple pyramidal4 ,base ) a small w+-cross4 ,f\r apophyses equilat]al triangul>2 _! base occupies ! middle ( ea* sp9e1 ext5d+ to ab\t "o-fif? ( its l5g?4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ae to #j4b1 greate/ bread? 7diagonal ( ! cross ( ! apophyses7 #j4jf to #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgb1 surface4 #i4 ,xiphacan?a macropt]a1 n4 sp4 ,sp9es f\r-w+$1 f ! broad middle "p gradually ?9n] t[>ds bo? ends4 ,apex simple pyramidal4 ,base ) small w+-cross4 ,f\r apophyses w+-%ap$1 v long & broad1 #gfatriangul>2 _! base occupies ab\t ! middle ?ird ( ea* sp9e2 ! proximal side ( ea* w+ is ! %orte/1 truncat$ or concave4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4d to #j4e1 greate/ bread? 7diagonal ( ! middle leaf-cross7 #j4jh to #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ations #bec to #bef1 surface4 #aj4 ,xiphacan?a platypt]a1 n4 sp4 ,sp9es f\r-w+$1 ne>ly prismatic 9 ! basal & di/al p>ts4 ,apex truncat$4 ,base ) small w+-cross4 ,f\r apophyses w+-%ap$1 v broad & ?91 extremely delicate1 ( irregul> quadrangul> or ne>ly rhomboidal =m2 _! base occupies ! middle half ( ! l5g? ( ! sp9es 7second & ?ird qu>t]74 ,v v>iable 9 =m4 ,(t5 ! edges ( ! w+-apophyses ( ! neighb\r+ sp9es seem to meet4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4b to #j4c1 greate/ bread? 7diagonal ( ! leaf-cross7 #j4jf to #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,pacific1 widely di/ribut$1 ,/ations #bci1 #bec1 #bgb1 #bhh1 c41 surface4 #aa4 ,xiphacan?a ciliata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #abi1 figs4 #d1 #e74 ,sp9es f\r-w+$1 prismatic 9 ! basal & ! di/al ?ird4 ,apex pyramidal1 %ort4 ,base ) l>ge leaf-cross4 ,f\r apophyses w+-%ap$1 ne>ly semicircul>1 ) d5tat$ edges & r\gh sp9ulate or por\s faces2 _! base occupies ! middle ?ird ( ! l5g? ( ea* sp9e4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4b to #j4c1 greate/ bread? 7diagonal ( ! apophysial cross7 #j4jh to #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,/ations #cdb to #ceb1 surface4 #ab4 ,xiphacan?a alata1 ,haeckel4 ,xiphacan?a alata1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #chh4 ,acan?ometra alata1 ,j4 ,mll]1 #aheh1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #dh1 ,taf4 ix4 figs4 #a-c4 ,sp9es f\r-w+$1 prismatic 9 ! basal qu>t]1 m sl5d] 9 ! di/al half4 ,apex simple pyramidal4 ,base ) small w+-cross4 ,f\r apophyses w+-%ap$1 ne>ly semicircul>1 ) d5ticulat$ edges 7& (t5 also ) sp9ulate faces72 _! base occupies ! second qu>t] ( ! l5g? ( ea* sp9e4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4c to #j4d1 greate/ bread? 7diagonal ( ! apophysial cross7 #j4je to #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,nice71 ,mll]1 7,port(9o71 ,haeckel4 ,g5us #cca4 ,/auracan?a1#cga ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfe4 ,def9ition4--,a/rolon*ida ) f\r bran*$ 7b n lattic$7 apophyses on ea* radial sp9e1 opposite 9 pairs 9 ! =m ( a cross4 #gfb,! g5us ,/auracan?a diff]s f its ance/ral =m1 ,xiphacan?a1 9 ! ramification ( ! f\r cross$ apophyses on ea* sp9e4 ,^! be> ei!r lat]al bran*es1 :i* are p>allel to ! cross axes ( ! radial sp9e itself 7subg5us ,/auracan?onium71 or !y are =k$1 ) div]g5t bran*es n p>allel to ^? cross axes 7subg5us ,/auracan?idium74 ,bo? subg5]a may p]haps be bett] sep>at$ z g5]a4 ,!y =m ! transition to ! ,/auraspida4 ,subg5us #a4 ,/auracan?onium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,apophyses ( ! radial sp9es n =k$1 b cross$ by p]p5dicul> bran*es1 :i* are plac$ 9 tang5tial planes & p>allel to ! cross axes ( ! quadrangul> sp9e itself4 #a4 ,/auracan?a or?o/aura1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acj1 fig4 #e74 ,sp9es f\r-sid$ prismatic1 ) simple apex & small leaf-cross at ! base2 ) f\r ?9 sl5d] conical apophyses 9 ! proximal ?ird4 ,ea* apophysis repres5ts a regul> rectangul> cross1 be+ int]sect$ 9 its middle by "o p]p5dicul> rod ( its own l5g?4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4c1 bread? #j4jb2 di/ance ( ! apophyses f ! apex #j4ae to #j4b4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #afi1 surface4 #b4 ,/auracan?a tetra/aura1 n4 sp4 ,sp9e f\r-w+$ prismatic1 ) f\r broad prom95t edges1 pyramidal apex1 & l>ge basal leaf-cross1 ) f\r broad compress$ apophyses ab\t 9 ! middle4 ,ea* apophysis repres5ts a v]tical lamella 7plac$ 9 a m]idian7 ) convex di/al & concave proximal edge1 & is cross$ 9 its apical "p by "o p]p5dicul> %ort rod4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4e1 bread? #j4jc2 di/ance ( ! apophyses f ! c5tre #j4b4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgb1 surface4 #c4 ,/auracan?a diplo/aura1 n4 sp4 ,sp9es f\r-sid$ prismatic1 ) truncat$ apex & broad basal leaf-cross2 9 ! proximal half ) f\r sl5d] conical apophyses4 ,ea* apophysis is cross$ 9 its apical half at "r angles by two %ort p>allel transv]se rods4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4cb1 bread? #j4jab2 di/ance ( ! apophyses f ! c5tre #j4aa4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bia1 surface4 #gfcd4 ,/auracan?a scal>is1 n4 sp4 ,sp9es f\r-w+$ prismatic1 ) f\r broad prom95t edges1 truncat$ apex1 & small basal leaf-cross2 9 ! proximal ?ird ) f\r compress$ lamell> apophyses4 ,ea* apophysis is p9nate ) opposite p9nul1 or cross$ at "r angles by ?ree to six p>allel transv]se rods4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4bd1 bread? #j4jaf2 c5tral di/ance ( ! apophyses #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean 7,madagasc>71 ,rabbe1 surface4 #e4 ,/auracan?a johannis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acb1 fig4 #aa74 ,sp9es f\r-sid$ pyramidal1 ) simple apex & broad basal leaf-cross1 ) f\r l>ge conical apophyses ab\t 9 _! middle4 ,ea* apophysis be>s two irregul> r[s ( alt]nat+ p]p5dicul> lat]al bran*es1 ! l5g? ( :i* decreases f ! base t[>ds ! apex ( ! apophysis4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4b1 middle bread? #j4jb2 c5tral di/ance ( ! apophyses #j4a4 ,habitat4--,s\?-ea/ ,pacific 7(f ,juan ,f]n&ez71 ,/ation #cjj1 surface4 #f4 ,/auracan?a murrayana1 ,haeckel4 ,xiphacan?a species1 ,wyville ,?omson1 #ahgg1 ,! ,atlantic1 vol4 i4 p4 #bce1 fig4 #ec4 ,xiphacan?a murrayana1 ,haeckel1 #ahgh1 ,proti/5rei*1 p4 #de1 fig4 #cc4 ,sp9es quadrangul> prismatic1 ) pyramidal apex & small basal leaf-cross1 ) f\r regul> conical apophyses 9 ! proximal "p4 ,ea* apophysis is cross$ at "r angles by two p>allel transv]se rods2 ! small] apical rod is simple2 ! l>g] basal rod is cross$ aga9 on ea* side by a second>y p]p5dicul> bran*1 :i* !re=e is p>allel to ! apophysis itself4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4c1 bread? #j4ja1 di/ance ( ! apophyses #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccb1 surface4 #g4 ,/auracan?a p9nulata1 n4 sp4 ,sp9es f\r-w+$ pyramidal1 ) prom95t edges1 simple apex & l>ge basal leaf-cross1 9 ! middle ) d\bly p9nate triangul> apophyses4 ,ea* apophysis is cross$ at "r angles by ?ree to f\r transv]se p>allel rods1 :i* be> aga9 p]p5dicul> second>y bran*es2 ! outl9e ( ! d\bly p9nate apophysis is an isosceles triangle4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4c1 middle bread? #j4jb2 di/ance ( ! apophyses #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdd1 surface4 #gfd,subg5us #b4 ,/auracan?idium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,apophyses ( ! radial sp9es =k$1 ea* ) two div]g5t t]m9al bran*es1 :i* are n p>allel to ! cross axes ( ! quadrangul> sp9e4 #h4 ,/auracan?a /auraspis1 ,haeckel4 ,dorataspis polyanci/ra1 juv5is1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dah1 ,taf4 xxi4 fig4 #g4 ,sp9es sl5d]1 quadrangul> prismatic1 ) simple apex & pyramidal base 7)\t basal leaf-cross72 ) f\r sl5d] apophyses1 :i* are simply =k$ 9 ! out] ?ird4 ,ea* apophysis ) two recurv$ =k bran*es4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ab1 bread? #j4jjd2 di/ance ( ! apophyses #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a71 surface4 #i4 ,/auracan?a bifurca1 n4 sp4 ,sp9es /\t1 f\r-w+$ prismatic1 ) pyramidal apex & pyramidal base 7)\t leaf-cross72 9 _! middle ) f\r compress$1 little curv$ apophyses 7convex on ! out]1 concave on ! inn] edge71 :i* are simply =k$ at ! end4 ,ea* apophysis ) two %ort /raight =k bran*es4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4b1 bread? #j4jjf2 di/ance ( ! apophyses #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bff1 surface4 #aj4 ,/auracan?a quadrifurca1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acj1 fig4 #d74 ,sp9es sl5d]1 f\r-sid$ prismatic1 ) simple apex & pyramidal base 7)\t leaf-cross72 ) f\r sl5d] apophyses1 :i* are d\bly =k$ ab\t 9 _! middle4 ,ea* apophysis ) f\r %ort & ?9 t]m9al bran*es4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4b1 bread? #j4jjb2 di/ance ( ! apophyses f ! c5tre #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ations #cbe to #ccj1 surface4 ,g5us #ccb4 ,phatnacan?a1#cgb ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfe4 ,def9ition4--,a/rolon*ida ) f\r apophyses on ea* radial sp9e1 opposite 9 pairs 9 cross =m1 & =m+ a lattice-plate by communicat+ bran*es4 ,! g5us ,phatnacan?a has be5 d]iv$ f ! prec$+ ,/auracan?a by concresc5ce ( ! bran*es ( ! apophyses4 ,!re=e ea* sp9e be>s a lattice-plate or a f5e/rat$ %ield4 ,if ! gr[+ plates ( ! neighb\r+ sp9es #gfemeet toge!r1 !n ! *>act]i/ic lattice-%ell ( ! ,tess>aspida is p]fect4 ,ei!r ea* plate be>s f\r cross$ pores 7l ,tess>aspis71 or a l>g] numb] ( pores 7f\r asp9al & f\r to eight or m coronal7 l ,icosaspis4 #a4 ,phatnacan?a tess>aspis1 n4 sp4 ,sp9es quadrangul> prismatic1 ) simple pyramidal apex & small basal leaf-cross4 ,ea* sp9e be>s 9 ! basal half a squ>e plate1 :i* is p]=at$ by f\r squ>e pores2 m>g9 ( ! plate ) twelve %ort /raight tee?4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ab1 bread? #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfe1 surface4 #b4 ,phatnacan?a icosaspis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acj1 fig4 #f74 ,sp9es quadrangul> ) prom95t edges2 prismatic 9 ! basal half1 ) a broad basal leaf-cross1 pyramidal 9 ! di/al half1 ) a simple or truncate apex4 ,ea* sp9e be>s 9 ! middle "p a squ>e plate1 :i* is p]=at$ by eight to sixte5 or m squ>e pores 7f\r asp9al & f\r to eight or m coronal72 m>g9 ( ! plate ) tw5ty-f\r to =ty-eight or m %ort /raight irregul> compress$ tee?4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ah1 bread? #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgc1 surface4 ,g5us #ccc4 ,pri/acan?a1#cgc n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,a/rolon*ida ) num]\s simple apophyses 7eight to sixte5 or m on ea* radial sp9e7 :i* are arrang$ 9 f\r longitud9al r[s opposite 9 pairs 9 ! =m ( a cross4 ,! g5us ,pri/acan?a diff]s f all o!r ,/auracan?ida 9 ! multiplication ( ! cross$ apophyses 7at lea/ eight on ea* sp9e71 & exhibits !re=e to !m ! same relation z ,a/rolon*e exhibits to ! o!r ,phractacan?ida4 ,! rem>kable ,a/rolon*idium s]ratum appe>s int]m$iate betwe5 bo? gr\ps4 #a4 ,pri/acan?a octodon1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acj1 fig4 #i74 ,sp9es f\r-sid$ prismatic1 a little broad] 9 ! middle "p ?an at ei!r end1 ) ?9 prom95t edges4 ,apex truncate or pyramidal4 ,base pyramidal1 ) a small leaf-cross4 ,f ! f\r edges arise 9 ! basal half 7betwe5 fir/ & second ?ird ( ! l5g?7 eight sl5d]1 conical1 or triangul> apophyses 7two on ea* edge74 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4d to #j4f1 bread? #j4jb to #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 #gffb4 ,pri/acan?a dodecodon1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acj1 fig4 #h74 ,sp9es f\r-w+$1 ( lanceolate outl9e1 tap]+ f ! broad] middle t[>ds ! two ends4 ,apex pyramidal4 ,base ) a l>ge leaf-cross4 ,f ! f\r w+s arise 9 ! basal "p 7betwe5 fir/ & second ?ird ( ! l5g?7 twelve triangul> apophyses 7?ree f ea* w+74 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4c1 bread? 9 ! middle #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdd1 surface4 #c4 ,pri/acan?a polyodon1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acj1 fig4 #g74 ,sp9es 9 ! di/al half f\r-sid$ prismatic1 ?91 ) pyramidal apex2 9 ! basal half mu* broad]1 f\r-w+$1 ) a l>ge leaf-cross on ! base4 ,f ! f\r w+s ( ! basal half arises a v>iable numb] ( sl5d] tee? or triangul> apophyses1 commonly sixte5 to tw5ty-f\r1 (t5 irregul> 7f\r to six f ea* w+74 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4c to #j4d1 bread? 9 ! di/al "p #j4jjg to #j4ja1 9 ! basal "p #j4jb to #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific 7(f ,new ,zeal&71 ,/ation #afi1 surface4 ,family ,,xxxvii4 ,,quadrilon*ida1 ,haeckel 7,pl4 #aca74 ,acan?o/aurida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dff4 ,def9ition4--,,acan?>ia ) tw5ty radial sp9es ( v unequal size1 dispos$ accord+ to ! law ( ! ,icosacan?a2 f\r equatorial sp9es mu* l>g] ?an ! sixte5 o!rs4 ,no lattice-%ell4 ,! family ,quadrilon*ida diff]s f ! =ego+ ance/ral family1 ! ,a/rolon*ida1 9 ! unequal developm5t ( ! tw5ty radial sp9es4 ,! f\r equatorial sp9es are con/antly mu* l>g]1 & (t5 also ( ano!r =m & %ape1 ?an ! sixte5 o!r sp9es2 (t5 also among ^! ! eight tropical sp9es are l>g] & ( ano!r =m ?an ! eight pol> sp9es4 ,!re=e ! five p>allel girdles or zones ( e f\r sp9es1 :i* 9 ! ,a/rolon*ida are equal1 are "h di/9ctly unequal4 ,! :ole body is flatt5$ & compress$ 9 ! direction ( ! sp9eless axis1 s t ! equatorial plane is l>g] ?an any o!r plane1 laid ?r\gh ! c5tre4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is flatt5+ ! c5tral capsule is also commonly compress$ & flatt5$1 l5ticul> or discoidal1 r>ely sph]ical4 ,9 ! ,a/rolon*ida ! promorph or ! geometrical fundam5tal =m is con/antly a squ>e d\ble pyramid1 ! axes ( :i* are ( equal l5g?4 ,9 ! ,quadrilon*ida x becomes a squ>e d\ble pyramid1 ! two equatorial axes ( :i* 7or ! diagonals ( ! squ>e7 are con/antly long] ?an all o!r axes4 ,9 ! simpl] =ms ( ,quadrilon*ida are f\nd only two diff]5t k9ds ( sp9es1 ! f\r l>g] equatorial sp9es be+ ( ! same size & =m1 & ! sixte5 small] #gfgsp9es also n diff]+ f "o ano!r 7,acan?o/aurus1 c474 ,b 9 ! majority ( ?is family !re are ?ree diff]5t k9ds3 f\r l>g] equatorial sp9es1 eight tropical sp9es ( middle size1 & eight small] pol> sp9es 7,belono/aurus1 c472 ! latt] become sometimes rudim5t>y1 s t only twelve sp9es are develop$ 7f\r l>g] equatorial & eight small] tropical sp9es74 ,9 ?is case ! developm5t ( ! flat discoidal body is mu* /rong] 9 ! equatorial plane ?an 9 all o!r planes4 ,^! discoidal or l5ticul> ,quadrilon*ida exhibit a relation to ! sph]ical ,a/rolon*ida simil> to t :i* ! ,discoidea exhibit to ! ,sphroidea among ! ,sphrell>ia4 ,a fur!r morphological diff]5tation takes place 9 ! rem>kable g5]a ,lon*o/aurus & ,zygo/aurus4 ,9 ! =m] 7,pl4 #aca1 figs4 #d-f7 ! f\r l>g] equatorial sp9es becomes diff]5tiat$ 9 pairs1 s t ! opposite equal sp9es ( "o pair1 c#a1 c#c 79 ! longitud9al or hydrotomical axis71 are l>g]1 & (t5 also ( ano!r =m1 ?an ! opposite equal sp9es ( ! o!r pair1 c#b1 c#d 79 ! transv]se or geotomical axis74 ,! mo/ peculi> =m is ! r common ,zygo/aurus 7,pl4 #aca1 figs4 #g1 #h74 ,"h ! two opposite sp9es ( "o equatorial axis 7( ! longitud9al axis7 become v diff]5t1 s t ! ant]ior or frontal sp9e 7c#a7 is v unequal to ! po/]ior or caudal sp9e 7c#c71 :]eas ! two opposite sp9es1 ( ! o!r equatorial axis 7( ! transv]se axis7 rema9 equal 7c#b1 c#d74 ,!re=e ! fundam5tal =ms become "h amphi!ct1 z 9 ! ,ct5ophora4 ,! num]\s ,quadrilon*ida may be dispos$ 9 two diff]5t subfamilies3 9 ! ,acan?o/aurida all tw5ty radial sp9es are simple1 )\t apophyses2 9 ! ,li?opt]ida all tw5ty sp9es 7or only "o "p ( !m7 be> two opposite apophyses 7or lat]al transv]se processes74 ,! =m] correspond to ! ,zygacan?ida1 ! latt] to ! ,phractacan?ida among ! ,a/rolon*ida4 ,! two opposite apophyses are simple 9 ,quadrilon*e 7,pl4 #acc1 fig4 #a74 ,9 ,xiphopt]a !y are provid$ on _! di/al side ) lat]al bran*es :i* are p>allel to ! sp9e itself4 ,9 ,li?opt]a ! sp9es be> two to f\r p>allel pairs ( transv]se apophyses1 & ^! are cross$ by p]p5dicul> bran*es1 p>allel to ! sp9e itself1 s t !re arise f5e/rat$ w+s or lattic$ plates1 comp>able to ! sails ( a w9d-mill4 ,! lattice-"w ( ^! plates lies 9 ! same m]idian plane ) ! radial sp9e itself1 & is !re=e n comp>able to ! f5e/rat$ apophyses ( ,doracan?a1 ( ,phatnacan?a1 & ( ! ,dorataspida2 9 ^! ! lattice-plates lie 9 tang5tial planes1 p]p5dicul> to ! radial sp9e4 ,! apophyses ( ! ,li?opt]ida may be develop$ ei!r on all tw5ty sp9es equally1 or only on twelve sp9es 7f\r equatorial & eight tropical1 :il/ ! eight pol> sp9es are simple1 ,pl4 #aca1 fig4 #aj71 or only on ! f\r equatorial sp9es 7:il/ ! sixte5 o!rs are simple1 ,pl4 #aca1 fig4 #i74 ,! ,c5tral ,capsule ( ! ,quadrilon*ida is r>ely sph]ical1 commonly m or #gfhless compress$ f bo? poles ( ! sp9eless axis1 l5ticul> or discoidal1 sometimes squ>e4 ,x is envelop$ by a volum9\s calymma con/antly be>+ coronals ( ,myophrisca 7comp>e p4 #gbd74 ,synopsis ( ! ,g5]a ( ,quadrilon*ida4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,i4 ,subfamily ,acan?o/aurida4 ,all tw5ty sp9es simple1 )\t lat]al apophyses 7sometimes =k$1 b nei!r bran*$ nor lattic$74 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,eight tropical & eight pol> sp9es ne>ly equal1 #ccd4 ,acan?o/aurus4 ,f\r equatorial sp9es ( equal size & =m4 ,eight tropical & eight pol> sp9es v diff]5t1 #cce4 ,belono/aurus4 ,two pr9cipal sp9es ,f\r equatorial sp9es ( ( equal size & v diff]5t size or =m1 #ccf4 ,lon*o/aurus4 =m 7! two lat]al con/antly equal74 ,two pr9cipal sp9es 7frontal & caudal7 v diff]5t1 #ccg4 ,zyo/aurus4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,ii4 ,subfamily ,li?opt]ida4 ,ei!r all tw5ty sp9es or a "p ( !m provid$ ) two opposite lat]al bran*es or apophyses4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,apophyses simple1 nei!r bran*$ nor lattic$1 #cch4 ,quadrilon*e4 ,apophyses bran*$ or p9nate1 b n lattic$1 #cci4 ,xiphopt]a4 ,apophyses lattic$1 ) f5e/rat$ network1 #cdj4 ,li?opt]a4 ,subfamily #a4 ,,aca/ho/aurida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dff4 ,def9ition4--,quadrilon*ida ) simple radial sp9es1 )\t apophyses4 ,g5us #ccd4 ,acan?o/aurus1#cgd ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cie4 ,def9ition4--,quadrilon*ida ) f\r equatorial sp9es ( equal size & =m1 :i* are mu* l>g] ?an ! sixte5 o!r sp9es4 ,eight tropical & eight pol> sp9es ne>ly equal4 ,no apophyses4 ,! g5us ,acan?o/aurus is ! mo/ simple & primitive =m ( ! ,quadrilon*ida1 & ! common ance/ral g5us ( ?is family2 x is at ! same "t its mo/ common & widely di/ribut$ =m4 ,"s species appe> 9 a/oni%+ numb]s 9 diff]5t seas4 ,x has be5 d]iv$ f ,acan?ometron by /rong] developm5t ( ! f\r equatorial sp9es1 :i* are all ( equal size & mu* l>g] ?an ! sixte5 o!rs4 #gfi,subg5us #a4 ,aco/aurus1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,all tw5ty sp9es sep>at$1 9 ! c5tre unit$ only by ! triangul> faces or ! meet+ leaf-%ap$ edges ( _! pyramidal bases4 #a4 ,acan?o/aurus aequatorialis1 n4 sp4 ,sp9es cyl9drical1 ( ne>ly equal bread? ?r\gh\t _! :ole l5g?4 ,apex simple conical4 ,base ) a l>ge leaf-cross4 ,f\r equatorial sp9es ( ! same =m z ! sixte5 o!rs1 b mu* long] & ab\t ?ree times z broad4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! f\r major sp9es #j4b to #j4be1 bread? #j4jjh2 l5g? ( ! sixte5 m9or sp9es #j4ja to #j4ae1 bread? #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,equatorial ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 #b4 ,acan?o/aurus bip5nis1 n4 sp4 ,sp9es l9e>1 sword-%ap$1 /rongly compress$1 two edg$2 ( ne>ly equal bread? 9 _! :ole l5g?4 ,apex bifid4 ,base ) a small leaf-cross4 ,f\r equatorial sp9es ( ! same =m z ! sixte5 o!rs1 b twice z long & z broad4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! f\r major sp9es #j4d to #j4e1 ( ! sixte5 m9or #j4b to #j4c2 bread? ( ! =m] #j4jb1 ( ! latt] #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdd1 surface4 #c4 ,acan?o/aurus conacan?us1 n4 sp4 ,sp9es conical1 %ort1 gradually tap]+ f ! ?ick base t[>ds ! simple apex4 ,base ) l>ge leaf-cross4 ,f\r equatorial sp9es m cyl9drical1 twice to ?ree times z long & z broad z ! sixte5 o!rs4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! f\r major sp9es #j4ae to #j4b1 ( ! sixte5 m9or #j4je to #j4jh2 basal bread? ( ! =m] #j4jc1 ( ! latt] #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccb1 surface4 #d4 ,acan?o/aurus purpurasc5s1 ,haeckel4 ,acan?o/aurus purpurasc5s1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cie1 ,taf4 xix4 figs4 #a1 #b4 ,acan?o/aurus purpurasc5s1 ,r4 ,h]twig1 #ahgi1 ,organism4 d4 ,radiol41 ,taf4 i4 figs4 #h1 #i1 ,taf4 iii4 figs4 #ac1 #ae4 ,acan?ometra purpurasc5s1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #hji4 ,sp9es ne>ly cyl9drical1 ) f\r blunt 7(t5 sc>cely visible7 edges1 tap]+ slightly f ! c5tral to ! di/al end4 ,apex bifid1 ) two %ort p>allel tee?4 ,base ) a broad leaf-cross4 #ggj;,f\r equatorial sp9es "o & a half times to twice z long & broad z ! sixte5 o!rs4 ,c5tral capsule cruciate1 ) f\r arms 7envelop+ ! basal "p ( ! f\r l>ge sp9es72 fill$ up ) yell[ bodies & purple granules4 ,calymma l>ge1 ) a network ( purple granules4 ,! f\r ma9 sp9es are con/antly mu* l>g] ?an ! sixte5 o!rs1 b 9 v>iable proportion4 ,! eight pol> sp9es are sometimes rudim5t>y4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! f\r major sp9es #j4c to #j4d1 ( ! sixte5 m9or #j4ae to #j4c2 bread? ( ! =m] #j4jab1 ( ! lat] #j4jjh or less4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a72 ,atlantic1 ,/ations #cdh to #ced1 surface4 #e4 ,acan?o/aurus pallidus1 ,haeckel4 ,acan?o/aurus pallidus1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cif4 ,acan?ometra pallida1 ,clap>de et ,la*mann1 #aheh1 tudes sur les ,infusoires1 c41 p4 #dfa1 ,taf4 xxiv4 fig4 #f4 ,sp9es f\r-sid$ prismatic1 ) f\r blunt edges1 ( ne>ly equal bread? ?r\gh\t _! :ole l5g?4 ,apex bifid4 ,base ) a small leaf-cross4 ,f\r equatorial sp9es mu* l>g] ?an ! sixte5 o!rs4 ,c5tral capsule sph]ical1 transp>5t1 conta9+ "s yell[ bodies4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! f\r ma9 sp9es #j4ab to #j4b1 ( ! sixte5 o!rs #j4jd to #j4jh2 bread? ( ! =m] #j4ja1 ( ! latt] #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 we/ coa/ ( ,norway1 ,clap>de2 ,fre ,*annel1 ,john ,murray4 #f4 ,acan?o/aurus =ceps1 ,haeckel4 ,acan?o/aurus =ceps1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cif1 ,taf4 xix4 figs4 #c1 #d4 ,acan?ometra =ceps1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #hji4 ,sp9es p9c]-%ap$1 l9e>1 compress$1 cleft ne>ly ?r\gh\t _! :ole l5g? into two p>allel ?91 /raight bran*es1 :i* are unit$ only at ! pyramidal base & by means ( a small bridge 9 ! middle "p4 ,f\r ma9 sp9es twice z long & z broad z ! sixte5 o!rs4 ,c5tral capsule squ>e1 fill$ up ) r$ pigm5t1 & conta9+ yell[ bodies4 ,! diagonals ( ! squ>e are ! two equatorial axes4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! f\r ma9 sp9es #j4a1 ( ! sixte5 o!rs #j4je2 bread? ( ! =m] #j4ja1 ( ! latt] #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a72 ,nor? ,atlantic1 ,can>y ,isl&s1 ,/ation #ced1 surface4 #g4 ,acan?o/aurus ha/atus1 ,haeckel4 ,acan?o/aurus ha/atus1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cig1 ,taf4 xix4 fig4 #e4 ,acan?ometra ha/ata1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #hji4 ,sp9es ( v diff]5t size & =m2 f\r equatorial sp9es cyl9drical 9 ! basal half1 spe>-%ap$ or lanceolate 9 ! di/al half1 ) ?9 edges1 little long]1 b five to eight times z #gga;broad z ! sixte5 small] sp9es1 :i* are cyl9drical1 ( equal bread? ?r\gh\t _! :ole l5g?1 ) bifid apex4 ,base ( all tw5ty sp9es pyramidal1 )\t leaf-cross4 ,c5tral capsule yell[1 sph]ical1 or l5ticul>4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! f\r major sp9es #j4jff1 bread? 9 ! middle #j4jje1 on ! apex #j4jjh2 l5g? ( ! sixte5 small] sp9es #j4jed1 bread? #j4jja4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a71 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,/auroli?ium1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dja4 ,def9ition4--,all tw5ty sp9es 9 ! c5tre melt$ & gr[n toge!r1 =m+ "o s+le1 />-l piece ( acan?94 #h4 ,acan?o/aurus cruciatus1 ,haeckel4 ,/auroli?ium cruciatum1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dja1 ,taf4 xx4 fig4 #f4 ,a/roli?ium cruciatum1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #haa4 ,sp9es cyl9drical1 ( equal bread? ?r\gh\t _! :ole l5g?4 ,apex simple conical4 ,f\r equatorial sp9es twice z long & broad z ! sixte5 o!r sp9es4 ,all tw5ty sp9es 9 ! c5tre melt$ & gr[n toge!r1 =m+ a s+le piece ( acan?94 ,c5tral capsule sph]ical1 r$-br[n1 opaque4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! f\r equatorial sp9es #j4ab1 bread? #j4jjf2 l5g? ( ! sixte5 small] sp9es #j4jf1 bread? #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a71 surface4 ,g5us #cce4 ,belono/aurus1#cge n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,quadrilon*ida ) f\r equatorial sp9es ( equal size & =m1 :i* are mu* l>g] ?an ! sixte5 o!r sp9es4 ,eight tropical & eight pol> sp9es v diff]5t4 ,no apophyses4 ,! g5us ,belono/aurus diff]s f ! prec$+ ,acan?o/aurus 9 ! unequal size & =m ( ! eight tropical & ! eight pol> sp9es2 ! latt] are mu* small] ?an ! =m] & (t5 q rudim5t>y1 s t ! skeleton appe>s compos$ only ( twelve sp9es1 f\r l>g] equatorial & eight small] tropical sp9es4 ,! c5tral bases ( ! pol> sp9es are con/antly pres]v$4 ,! c5tral capsule is a flatt5$ squ>e disk4 #a4 ,belono/aurus quadratus1 n4 sp4 ,f\r equatorial sp9es little compress$1 almo/ cyl9drical 9 ! basal half1 lanceolate1 broad]1 ) simple apex 9 ! di/al half4 ,eight tropical sp9es a little %ort]1 b only half z broad1 #ggbsword-%ap$1 two-edg$1 ( equal bread?1 ) simple apex4 ,eight pol> sp9es v %ort1 conical1 also ) simple apex4 ,base )\t leaf-cross1 a simple pyramid4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! f\r equatorial sp9es #j4ah1 ( ! eight tropical sp9es #j4ad1 ( ! eight pol> sp9es #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 #b4 ,belono/aurus bicuspis1 n4 sp4 ,f\r equatorial sp9es compress$1 almo/ lanceolate 9 ! basal half1 bifid1 ) two l>ge1 b5t1 little div]g5t horns 9 ! di/al half4 ,eight tropical sp9es ne>ly ( ! same =m1 b only half z l>ge1 ) mu* small] horns4 ,eight pol> sp9es rudim5t>y1 v %ort1 conical1 ) simple apex4 ,base ) a l>ge leaf-cross4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! f\r equatorial sp9es #j4b1 ( ! eight tropical sp9es #j4a1 ( ! eight pol> sp9es #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfc1 surface4 ,g5us #ccf4 ,lon*o/aurus1#cgf ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cig 7s5su em5dato74 ,def9ition4--,quadrilon*ida ) f\r equatorial sp9es ( unequal size & =m2 ! pr9cipal sp9es 79 ! longitud9al axis7 l>g] ?an ! lat]al sp9es 79 ! transv]se axis72 bo? opposite sp9es ( ea* pair equal4 ,sixte5 o!r sp9es mu* small] 7(t5 ! eight tropical l>g] ?an ! eight rudim5t>y pol> sp9es74 ,no apophyses4 ,! g5us ,lon*o/aurus diff]s f ! two prec$+ g5]a 9 ! unequal size & %ape ( bo? equatorial pairs ( sp9es1 :il/ ! two opposite sp9es ( ea* pair are equal4 ,!re=e ! equatorial plane is "h a rhombus1 n a squ>e1 z 9 ! prec$+ g5]a4 ,we enc\nt] "h = ! fir/ "t ! diff]5tiation ( ! two equatorial axes1 ! longitud9al 7or hydrotomical7 & ! transv]se 7or geotomical7 axis4 ,! sixte5 o!r sp9es are con/antly small] 7(t5 also ! eight pol> m or less rudim5t>y74 #a4 ,lon*o/aurus rhomboides1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aca1 fig4 #f74 ,f\r equatorial sp9es cyl9drical1 twice to ?ree times z broad z ! sixte5 small] sp9es1 conical at ! di/al apex2 ! two opposite sp9es ( ! longitud9al axis twice z long z ^? ( ! transv]se axis4 ,sixte5 small] sp9es conical at ! base1 ) simple bri/le-%ap$ apex4 ,! surface ( ! rhombical calymma1 includ+ ! sp9es1 0 cov]$ 9 ! figur$ specim5 ) small plates l ^? ( ,sphrocapsa4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cross 7longitud9al axis7 #j4bd1 bread? 7transv]se axis7 #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #cjb1 dep? #adej fa?oms4 #ggcb4 ,lon*o/aurus lanceolatus1 n4 sp4 ,f\r equatorial sp9es compress$1 lanceolate1 tap]+ equally f ! middle t[>ds ! two ends2 ! two opposite sp9es ( ! longitud9al axis "o & a half times z long z ^? ( ! transv]se axis4 ,sixte5 small] sp9es compress$1 l9e>1 two-edg$1 half z long & only "o-f\r? z broad z ! two longitud9al sp9es4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! equatorial cross #j4c1 bread? #j4b4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgb1 surface4 #c4 ,lon*o/aurus bifidus1 n4 sp4 ,f\r equatorial sp9es compress$1 ne>ly rectangul>1 =k$1 ) two long & ?91 b5t1 little div]g5t horns2 ! two opposite sp9es ( ! longitud9al axis ab\t "o-?ird long] & broad] ?an ^? ( ! transv]se axis4 ,sixte5 small] sp9es ( ! same =m1 also =k$1 b ! eight tropical only half z l>ge1 & ! eight pol> sp9es sc>cely "o-f\r? z l>ge z ! two longitud9al sp9es4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! equatorial cross #j4cf1 bread? #j4bf4 ,habitat4--,s\?-we/ ,pacific1 ,/ation #aff1 surface4 #d4 ,lon*o/aurus bifurcus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aca1 fig4 #d74 ,f\r equatorial sp9es ne>ly rhomboidal1 ab\t "o & a half times z l>ge z ! eight tropical & ?ree times z l>ge z ! eight pol> sp9es2 ! two opposite sp9es ( ! longitud9al axis only ) two l>ge div]g5t /raight horns2 ! two sp9es ( ! transv]se axis some:at %ort]1 ) f\r %ort horns 7! two out] horns long] ?an ! two inn]74 ,eight tropical sp9es d\bly =k$1 ea* ) f\r ?9 bri/le-%ap$ horns4 ,eight pol> sp9es v %ort1 ea* ) two ?9 bri/le-%ap$1 mu* div]g5t horns4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! equatorial cross #j4cd1 bread? #j4bh4 ,habitat4--,nor?-we/ ,pacific1 ,/ation #bcf1 surface4 #e4 ,lon*o/aurus rhombicus1 n4 sp4 ,f\r equatorial sp9es ne>ly rhomboidal1 tap]+ f ! broad] middle t[>ds ! two ends4 ,leaf-cross ( _! base v l>ge4 ,! two opposite sp9es ( ! longitud9al axis ab\t "o-?ird l>g] ?an ! two sp9es ( ! transv]se axis4 ,eight tropical sp9es ( ! same =m1 b only half z l>ge4 ,eight pol> sp9es rudim5t>y1 v %ort1 conical4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! equatorial cross #j4d1 bread? #j4c4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bec1 surface4 #f4 ,lon*o/aurus cry/all9us1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aca1 fig4 #e74 ,f\r equatorial sp9es lanceolate or rhomboidal1 ) broad leaf-cross at ! base1 ( a peculi> cry/all9e /ructure & a lamellat$ surface1 bo? opposite sp9es ( ! longitud9al axis twice z #ggdl>ge z ! two sp9es ( ! transv]se axis4 ,eight tropical sp9es ( simil> =m1 b only half z l>ge1 & ) a v l>ge1 extremely prom95t1 lamellat$ leaf-cross4 ,eight pol> sp9es q rudim5t>y1 sc>cely prom95t4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? #j4cf1 bread? #j4b4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 ,g5us #ccg4 ,zygo/aurus1#cgg n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,quadrilon*ida ) f\r equatorial sp9es ( unequal size & =m2 bo? lat]al sp9es 79 ! transv]se axis7 equal2 b bo? pr9cipal sp9es 79 ! longitud9al axis7 v diff]5t1 ! frontal l>g] ?an ! caudal4 ,sixte5 o!r sp9es mu* small] 7(t5 ! eight tropical l>g] ?an ! eight rudim5t>y pol> sp9es74 ,no apophyses4 ,! g5us ,zygo/aurus diff]s f all o!r ,/aurolon*ida 9 ! peculi> diff]5tiation ( ! f\r equatorial sp9es2 ! two opposite sp9es ( ! hydrotomical or longitud9al axis be+ v diff]5t 9 size & =m 7! frontal sp9e =k$1 ! caudal sp9e simple72 :il/ ! two opposite sp9es ( ! geotomical or lat]al axis 7p]p5dicul> to ! =m]7 are equal1 =k$1 b diff]5t 9 %ape f ! =m]4 ,!re=e ! geometrical fundam5tal =m ( ! body 9 ?is rem>kable g5us becomes amphi!ct or bilat]al 9 ! wide/ signification ( ?is t]m 7comp4 my ,g5]al ,morphology1 vol4 i4 pp4 #dhj1 #dhb74 ,( ! ?ree diff]5t dim5sive axes "o 7! longitud9al7 exhibits unequal poles1 :il/ ! two o!r 7! sagittal & lat]al7 axes exhibit equal poles4 #a4 ,zygo/aurus amphi!ctus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aca1 fig4 #g74 ,frontal sp9e 7c#a7 little diff]5t f ! two lat]al sp9es2 ea* ) two div]g5t curv$ horns1 :i* are equal & ( ab\t ! same l5g? z ! simple broad basal "p4 ,caudal sp9e 7c#c7 simple1 sp9dle-%ap$1 ab\t z long z ! frontal sp9e4 ,tropical sp9es little small] ?an ! ?ree =m]1 & ( ! same symmetrical =k$ =m4 ,eight pol> sp9es mu* small]1 b also =k$1 ) ?9 bri/le-%ap$ bran*es4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! cross 7longitud9al axis7 #j4e1 bread? 7lat]al axis7 #j4d4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgb1 surface4 #b4 ,zygo/aurus longicornis1 n4 sp4 ,frontal sp9e 7c#a7 little diff]5t f ! two lat]al sp9es1 ea* ) two div]g5t curv$ horns1 :i* are equal & ( ab\t ! same l5g? z ! simple broad basal "p4 ,caudal #ggesp9e 7c#c7 simple1 lanceolate1 %ort] ?an ! frontal sp9e4 ,eight tropical sp9es 9 ! basal "p small] ?an ! ?ree =m]1 b ) mu* long] =k-bran*es1 :i* are prolong$ into v ?9 & long bri/les4 ,eight pol> sp9es rudim5t>y1 v %ort4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! equatorial cross #j4d1 bread? #j4c4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bie1 surface4 #c4 ,zygo/aurus cornutus1 n4 sp4 ,frontal sp9e 7c#a7 little diff]5t f ! two lat]al sp9es1 ea* ) two div]g5t /raight horns1 :i* are %ort] ?an ! basal "p4 ,caudal sp9e 7c#c7 simple1 triangul>1 %ort] ?an ! ?ree =m]4 ,eight tropical sp9es ( equal size & =m1 d\bly =k$1 ea* ) f\r ?91 bri/le-%ap$1 little div]g5t tee?4 ,eight pol> sp9es %ort1 simply =k$4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! equatorial cross #j4e1 bread? #j4d4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean 7,madagasc>71 ,rabbe1 surface4 #d4 ,zygo/aurus caudatus1 n4 sp4 ,frontal sp9e 7c#a7 v diff]5t f ! o!rs1 p9c]-%ap$1 ) two long1 ne>ly p>allel slightly b5t horns4 ,lat]al sp9es 7c#b & c#d7 only half z long1 ) two %ort1 ne>ly p>allel horns4 ,caudal sp9e 7c#c7 v long & /\t1 sp9dle-%ap$1 ab\t twice z long z ! frontal sp9e4 ,eight tropical sp9es ( equal size & =m1 symmetrical1 ) two long & ?91 div]g5t horns4 ,eight pol> sp9es %ort & /\t1 ) two div]g5t horns4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! equatorial cross #j4h1 bread? #j4c4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfe1 surface4 #e4 ,zygo/aurus frontalis1 n4 sp4 ,frontal sp9e 7c#a7 v diff]5t f ! o!rs1 ) two v long1 div]g5t1 /\t bran*es4 ,lat]al sp9es 7c#b & c#d7 only half z long1 ea* ) two /\t1 ne>ly p>allel horns ( equal l5g?4 ,caudal sp9e 7c#c7 simple1 sword-l1 %ort] ?an ! ?ree =m]4 ,eight tropical sp9es ( equal size & =m1 symmetrical1 ( ! same %ape z ! two lat]al1 b only half z l>ge4 ,eight pol> sp9es v small1 rudim5t>y1 ea* ) two %ort tee?4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! equatorial cross #j4g1 bread? #j4e4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgd1 surface4 #f4 ,zygo/aurus sagittalis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aca1 fig4 #h74 ,frontal sp9e 7c#a7 v diff]5t f ! o!rs1 ) two equal1 /rongly div]g5t1 b5t horns4 ,lat]al sp9es 7c#b & c#d7 little small]1 b ) two v unequal horns 7! ant]ior %ort] ?an ! po/]ior74 ,caudal sp9e 7c#c7 simple1 sword-l or triangul>1 two-edg$1 long] #ggf?an ! frontal sp9e4 ,eight tropical sp9es diff]5t1 ! f\r ant]ior 7b#a1 b#d1 d#a1 d#d7 small]1 ) long] horns2 ! f\r po/]ior 7b#b1 b#c1 d#b1 d#c7 broad]1 ) %ort] horns2 ! ant]ior horn ( ea* tropical sp9e is long] ?an ! po/]ior4 ,eight pol> sp9es rudim5t>y1 simple1 v %ort4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! equatorial sp9e-cross #j4f1 bread? #j4d4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 ,subfamily #b4 ,,li?opt]ida1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,quadrilon*ida ) two opposite transv]se apophyses ei!r on all tw5ty sp9es or only on a "p ( !m4 ,g5us #cch4 ,quadrilon*e1#cgh n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,quadrilon*ida ) two simple opposite apophyses ei!r on ea* radial sp9e or only on a "p ( ! tw5ty sp9es4 ,! g5us ,quadrilon*e is ! ance/ral =m ( ! ,li?opt]ida1 or ( ^? ,quadrilon*ida :i* be> two opposite apophyses or transv]se processes4 ,9 ,quadrilon*e ^! apophyses are simple1 :il/ !y are bran*$ 9 ,xiphopt]a & f5e/rat$ 9 ,li?opt]a4 ,ea* ( ^! ?ree g5]a may be divid$ into ?ree subg5]a2 9 ! fir/ only ! f\r equatorial sp9es are provid$ ) apophyses1 9 ! second twelve sp9es 7f\r equatorial & eight tropical71 9 ! ?ird subg5us all tw5ty sp9es4 ,subg5us #a4 ,quadrilon*>ium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,f\r l>ge equatorial sp9es provid$ ) transv]se apophyses2 sixte5 o!r small] sp9es simple1 )\t apophyses4 #a4 ,quadrilon*e tetra/aura1 n4 sp4 ,f\r equatorial sp9es v l>ge1 compress$1 two-edg$1 ea* cross$ 9 ! di/al ?ird by two opposite simple apophyses4 ,sixte5 o!r sp9es also compress$1 l9e>1 some:at %ort] ?an ! =m] & only half z broad1 )\t apophyses4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! f\r major sp9es #j4ab1 bread? #j4jb2 l5g? ( ! sixte5 m9or sp9es #j4jh1 bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bff1 surface4 #gggb4 ,quadrilon*e platy/aura1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aca1 fig4 #b74 ,f\r equatorial sp9es lanceolate1 compress$1 ) two opposite triangul> simple apophyses 9 ! broade/ middle "p4 ,sixte5 o!r sp9es also lanceolate1 mu* small]1 ( ab\t half ! l5g?1 b only ( "o-f\r? ! bread?1 )\t apophyses4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! f\r major sp9es #j4b1 bread? #j4jah2 l5g? ( ! sixte5 m9or sp9es #j4a1 bread? #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bce1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,quadrilon*idium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,all tw5ty sp9es provid$ ) transv]se apophyses4 #c4 ,quadrilon*e meso/aura1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aca1 fig4 #a74 ,f\r equatorial sp9es almo/ ( ! "s =m & l5g? z ! sixte5 o!rs1 b ( d\ble or triple ! bread?2 ea* sp9e 9 its middle ?ird ) two opposite broad triangul> apophyses1 9 ! basal ?ird rectangul>1 compress$1 9 ! di/al ?ird isosceles triangul>1 ) simple apex4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! f\r major sp9es #j4af1 bread? #j4ja to #j4jae2 l5g? ( ! sixte5 m9or sp9es #j4ab1 bread? #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cde1 surface4 #d4 ,quadrilon*e telo/aura1 n4 sp4 ,f\r equatorial sp9es "o & a half times z long & ?ree times z broad z ! sixte5 o!rs2 all tw5ty sp9es cyl9drical1 ( equal bread? ?r\gh\t _! :ole l5g?1 ) simple conical apex2 ea* sp9e cross$ 9 ! di/al ?ird by two opposite1 simple1 conical apophyses4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! f\r major sp9es #j4c1 bread? #j4jab2 l5g? ( ! sixte5 m9or sp9es #j4b1 bread? #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cbe1 surface4 ,g5us #cci4 ,xiphopt]a1#cgi ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dff4 ,def9ition4--,quadrilon*ida ) two opposite bran*$ 7b n lattic$7 apophyses1 ei!r on ea* radial sp9e or only on a "p ( ! tw5ty sp9es4 ,! g5us ,xiphopt]a diff]s f ! prec$+ ance/ral g5us ,quadrilon*e 9 ! ramification ( ! apophyses1 :i* be> p]p5dicul> bran*es on _! di/al side4 ,^! are !re=e p>allel to ! sp9e itself4 ,if ! bran*es become unit$ by transv]se beams !n we get ,li?opt]a4 #ggha4 ,xiphopt]a tess>act5a1 n4 sp4 ,f\r equatorial sp9es 9 ! out] ?ird cross$ by two opposite transv]se apophyses1 ea* ( :i* be>s on its di/al side two to ?ree bran*es1 p]p5dicul> to ! apophysis & p>allel to ! sp9e itself4 ,sixte5 o!r sp9es mu* small]1 9 ! out] ?ird cross$ by two simple opposite transv]se apophyses4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! f\r major sp9es #j4ah1 ( ! sixte5 m9or #j4je to #j4a4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bch1 surface4 #b4 ,xiphopt]a dodecact5a1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aca1 fig4 #c74 ,f\r equatorial sp9es "o & a half times to twice z long & broad z ! eight tropical sp9es4 ,^! twelve sp9es h ! same =m & are cross$ 9 _! di/al ?ird by two l>ge opposite transv]se apophyses1 ea* ( :i* be>s on its di/al side two to f\r bran*es1 p]p5dicul> to ! apophysis & p>allel to ! sp9e4 ,eight pol> sp9es mu* small] ?an ! twelve o!rs1 simple1 )\t apophyses4 ,! c5tral capsule ( ?is species exhibit$ a conical protub]ance ar\nd ! base ( ea* individual sp9e4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! twelve l>g] sp9es #j4a to #j4b1 ( ! eight small] #j4jb to #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgb1 surface4 #c4 ,xiphopt]a icosact5a1 n4 sp4 ,f\r equatorial sp9es ab\t twice z long & f\r times z broad z ! sixte5 o!r sp9es4 ,all tw5ty sp9es cross$ 9 ! out] ?ird by two l>ge opposite transv]se apophyses1 ea* ( :i* be>s on its di/al side two to f\r bran*es p]p5dicul> to ! apophysis & p>allel to ! sp9e itself4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! f\r equatorial sp9es #j4bf1 ( ! sixte5 small] #j4aa to #j4ad4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bhh1 surface4 ,g5us #cdj4 ,li?opt]a1#chj ,j4 ,mll]1 #aheh1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #aee4 ,def9ition4--,quadrilon*ida ) two opposite bran*$ & lattic$ apophyses1 ei!r on ea* radial sp9e or only on a "p ( ! tw5ty sp9es4 ,! g5us ,li?opt]a1 f\nd$ by ,johannes ,mll] 9 #aheh = ! fir/ obs]v$ ,m$it]ranean species1 ,li?opt]a f5e/rata1 diff]s f all o!r ,quadrilon*ida 9 ! f5e/rat$ =m ( ! apophyses1 :i* he comp>$ to ! sails ( a w9dmill4 ,?is peculi> f5e/ration is effect$ by two to f\r p>allel pairs ( opposite apophyses1 :i* are cross$ by p]p5dicul> bran*es1 p>allel to ! sp9e itself4 #ggi,!re=e ! w+s or lattice-plates h quadrangul> me%es & lie 9 "o m]idian plane ( ! sp9e1 n 9 a tang5tial plane 7z 9 ! ,acan?ophracta74 ,commonly ! lat]al ends ( ! f\r broad equatorial w+s are s cross$ t "o lat]al corn] ( ea* w+ lies on ! upp]1 ! o!r corn] on ! "u side ( bo? its neighb\rs2 b sometimes ! meet+ corn]s h gr[n toge!r4 ,subg5us #a4 ,li?opt]anna1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,f\r equatorial sp9es ) transv]se apophyses2 sixte5 o!rs 7eight tropical & eight pol> sp9es7 simple1 )\t apophyses4 #a4 ,li?opt]a tetrapt]a1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aca1 fig4 #i74 ,f\r equatorial sp9es sp9dle-%ap$1 ) lattic$ apophyses1 ea* cross$ by two transv]se beams :i* are connect$ at equal di/ances by f\r rods p>allel to ! sp9e 7!re=e ea* w+ ) f\r squ>e me%es 9 a s+le r[74 ,lat]al corn]s ( ! neighb\r+ w+s n meet+4 ,sixte5 small] sp9es 7eight tropical & eight pol>7 simple1 conical1 )\t apophyses4 ,dim5sions4--,diagonal ( ! squ>e body #j4bd2 l5g? ( ! inn] squ>e #j4af4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdh1 surface4 #b4 ,li?opt]a mll]i1 ,haeckel4 ,li?opt]a mll]i1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cih1 ,taf4 xx4 figs4 #a1 #b4 ,f\r equatorial sp9es f\r-edg$1 ) l>ge lattic$ apophyses1 ea* cross$ by ?ree transv]se beams1 :i* are connect$ at irregul> di/ances by eight to twelve rods p>allel to ! sp9e 7!re=e ea* w+ ) two r[s ( rectangul> me%es74 ,! w+s are plac$ n p]fectly 9 ! equatorial plane1 b a little obliquely1 s t ea* w+ lies ) "o lat]al corn] on ! upp]1 ) ! o!r corn] on ! "u side ( its neighb\rs4 ,sixte5 small] sp9es simple1 ?91 cyl9drical1 )\t apophyses4 ,dim5sions4--,diagonal ( ! squ>e body #j4c2 l5g? ( ! inn] squ>e #j4ag4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a71 surface4 #c4 ,li?opt]a lam>ckii1 n4 sp4 ,f\r equatorial sp9es f\r-edg$1 ) l>ge lattic$ apophyses2 ea* cross$ by ?ree transv]se beams1 :i* are connect$ at %ort di/ances by twelve to sixte5 rods p>allel to ! sp9e 7!re=e ea* w+ ) two r[s ( hexagonal or ne>ly elliptical me%es74 ,w+s plac$ z 9 ,li?opt]a mll]i4 ,sixte5 small] sp9es simple1 ?91 prismatic1 )\t apophyses4 ,dim5sions4--,diagonal ( ! squ>e body #j4ce2 l5g? ( ! inn] squ>e #j4b4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 #ghjd4 ,li?opt]a tetragona1 n4 sp4 ,f\r equatorial sp9es compress$1 f\r-edg$1 ) l>ge lattic$ apophyses1 ea* cross$ by f\r transv]se beams1 :i* are connect$ at regul> di/ances by eight to twelve rods p>allel to ! sp9e4 7,!re=e ea* w+ ) ?ree r[s ( squ>e me%es47 ,w+s plac$ 9 ! equatorial plane & gr[n toge!r by _! meet+ lat]al ends1 =m+ a squ>e equatorial girdle ( lattice-"w4 ,sixte5 small] sp9es simple1 ?91 prismatic1 )\t apophyses4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! squ>e body #j4d2 l5g? ( ! inn] squ>e #j4bb4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdd1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,li?opt]ella1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,twelve sp9es 7f\r equatorial & eight tropical7 ) transv]se apophyses2 ! eight pol> sp9es simple1 )\t apophyses4 #e4 ,li?opt]a quadrata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aca1 fig4 #aj74 ,twelve sp9es ) transv]se apophyses2 eight 7pol>7 sp9es simple1 small1 )\t apophyses4 ,f\r equatorial sp9es v l>ge & /\t1 compress$1 ea* cross$ by f\r transv]se beams1 :i* are connect$ by eight to t5 rods p>allel to ! sp9e 7!re=e ea* w+ ) ?ree r[s ( irregul> rectangul> me%es74 ,w+s plac$ 9 ! equatorial plane & gr[n toge!r by _! meet+ lat]al ends1 =m+ a squ>e equatorial girdle ( lattice-"w4 ,eight tropical sp9es ?91 cross$ by a long & ?9 transv]se beam1 :i* be>s on its di/al side eight to t5 rods p>allel to ! sp9e4 ,dim5sions4--,diagonal ( ! squ>e body #j4ce2 l5g? ( ! inn] squ>e #j4ah4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cbf1 surface4 #f4 ,li?opt]a dodecapt]a1 n4 sp4 ,twelve sp9es ) transv]se apophyses2 eight 7pol>7 sp9es simple1 small1 )\t apophyses4 ,f\r equatorial sp9es v l>ge1 quadrangul>2 ea* cross$ by ?ree transv]se beams1 :i* are connect$ by t5 to twelve rods p>allel to ! sp9e 7!re=e ea* w+ ) two r[s ( squ>e me%es74 ,w+s plac$ z 9 ,li?opt]a mll]i4 ,eight tropical sp9es mu* ?9n]1 cross$ ea* by two transv]se beams1 :i* are connect$ by six to eight rods p>allel to ! sp9e 7!re=e ea* w+ ) "o r[ ( rectangul> me%es74 ,dim5sions4--,diagonal ( ! squ>e body #j4d2 l5g? ( ! inn] squ>e #j4be4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 ,subg5us #c4 ,li?opt]omma1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,all tw5ty sp9es ) transv]se apophyses4 #ghag4 ,li?opt]a d>w9ii1 ,haeckel4 ,li?opt]a d>w9ii1 ,haeckel1 #ahgi1 ,natrl4 ,s*pfungsges*41 ,aufl4 vii4 p4 #gjf1 ,taf4 xvi4 fig4 #ab4 ,all tw5ty sp9es ) transv]se apophyses2 ^! are q simple 9 ! eight small cross-%ap$ pol> sp9es2 also simple1 b be>+ "s p]p5dicul> rods1 9 ! eight ?9 tropical sp9es4 ,f\r equatorial sp9es v l>ge & /\t1 ea* cross$ by f\r transv]se beams1 :i* are connect$ by eight to t5 rods p>allel to ! sp9e 7!re=e ea* w+ ) ?ree r[s ( irregul> rectangul> me%es74 ,w+s plac$ 9 ! equatorial plane & gr[n p>tly toge!r by _! meet+ lat]al ends4 ,dim5sions4--,diagonal ( ! squ>e body #j4d2 l5g? ( ! inn] squ>e #j4b4 ,habitat4--,s\?-ea/ ,pacific1 we/ coa/ ( ,patagonia1 ,/ation #cjb1 surface4 #h4 ,li?opt]a icosapt]a1 n4 sp4 ,all tw5ty sp9es ) transv]se apophyses1 be>+ "o to ?ree r[s ( rectangul> me%es2 eight pol> sp9es small1 ea* ) a s+le r[2 eight tropical sp9es long & ?91 ea* ) two p>allel r[s4 ,f\r equatorial sp9es mu* l>g] & ?ick]1 ea* ) ?ree p>allel transv]se r[s ( me%es4 ,all tw5ty w+s free1 n gr[n toge!r by _! lat]al ends4 ,dim5sions4--,diagonal ( ! squ>e body #j4dh2 l5g? ( ! inn] squ>e #j4bd4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,belligemma1 ,ceylon 7,haeckel71 surface4 #i4 ,li?opt]a f5e/rata1 ,j4 ,mll]4 ,li?opt]a f5e/rata1 ,j4 ,mll]1 #aheh1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #aed1 ,taf4 xi4 fig4 #ac4 ,all tw5ty sp9es ) transv]se apophyses1 be>+ "o to ?ree r[s ( irregul>1 rectangul> me%es2 eight pol> & eight tropical sp9es small1 ea* ) a s+le r[ ( me%es 7betwe5 two p>allel transv]se beams74 ,f\r equatorial sp9es little l>g]1 ea* ) two r[s 7betwe5 ?ree p>allel transv]se beams74 ,c5tral capsule fill$ up ) gre5 pigm5t4 ,dim5sions4--,diagonal ( ! squ>e body #j4c2 l5g? ( ! inn] squ>e #j4b4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,sa9t ,tropez1 ,nice74 ,family ,,xxxviii4 ,,amphilon*ida1 ,haeckel 7,pl4 #acb74 ,acan?olon*ida 7,amphilon*ida et ,amphili?ida71 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dff4 ,def9ition4--,,acan?>ia ) tw5ty radial sp9es ( v unequal size1 dispos$ accord+ to ! law ( ! ,icosacan?a2 two opposite equatorial sp9es 79 ! longitud9al axis7 mu* l>g] ?an ! eighte5 o!rs4 ,no lattice-%ell4 ,! family ,amphilon*ida is di/+ui%$ f all o!r ,acan?ometra by ! excessive developm5t ( two opposite equatorial sp9es1 :i* are mu* l>g] #ghb?an ! eighte5 o!r sp9es4 ,9 my ,monograph 7#ahfb1 p4 #chi7 ,i _h unit$ all ^! ,acan?onida 9 a s+le g5us ,amphilon*e 7) t5 species74 ,"s species ( x are v common & widely di/ribut$2 b 9 g5]al ! numb] ( diff]5t =ms 9 ?is family is mu* small] ?an 9 ! two =ego+ families4 ,! two pr9cipal sp9es1 :i* 9 all ,amphilon*ida are mu* l>g] ?an ! eighte5 o!r sp9es1 *>act]ise ! hydrotomical axis or ! l>g] equatorial axis4 ,! two o!r equatorial sp9es or ! geotomical sp9es are mu* small]1 & commonly ( ! same size z ! eight tropical & ! eight pol> sp9es4 ,9 ! g5]a ,amphilon*e & ,amphibelone ^! eighte5 small] sp9es are r equally develop$2 sometimes !y are v small or q rudim5t>y1 s t ! skeleton seems to be repres5t$ only by ! two v long pr9cipal sp9es 7,pl4 #acb1 fig4 #d74 ,! g5us ,acan?olon*e is di/+ui%$ by ! unequal size ( ! eight tropical & ! eight pol> sp9es1 ! latt] be+ m or less rudim5t>y4 ,h[ev]1 ! c5tral bases ( all tw5ty sp9es1 by :i* !y are unit$ 9 ! c5tre1 are con/antly pres5t4 ,! g5us ,amphibelone is di/+ui%$ by ! unequal size & =m ( ! two pr9cipal sp9es1 "o ( !m ! caudal sp9e1 be+ l>g] 7& (t5 ( ano!r =m7 ?an ! opposite frontal sp9e4 ,! =m ( ! radial sp9es is 9 ! ,amphilon*ida f> less v>i$ & complicat$ ?an 9 ! o!r ,acan?onida 7! ,a/rolon*ida & ,quadrilon*ida74 ,apophyses or lat]al transv]se processes are nev] develop$4 ,! ?ree ma9 =ms ( sp9es are ! same z 9 ! o!r ,acan?onida2 !y are 7#a7 ei!r cyl9drical or conical 7l ,acan?ometron71 or 7#b7 compress$ or two-edg$ 7l ,zygacan?a71 or 7#c7 quadrangul> or f\r-edg$ 7l ,acan?onia74 ,(t5 ! sp9es are angul> 9 ! inn] or proximal1 r\ndi% 9 ! out] or di/al "p4 ,! di/al apex is commonly simple1 conical or pyramidal4 ,! c5tral base is commonly also pyramidal1 z 9 ! majority ( ! ,acan?onida2 & ! triangul> faces ( ! neighb\r+ bases are simply propp$ "o ^u ano!r4 ,m r>ely a basal leaf-cross is develop$ above ! basal pyramid4 ,v r>ely ! c5tral bases ( ! unit$ sp9es gr[ toge!r 9 ! c5tre1 s t ! :ole skeleton =ms a s+le piece ( acan?94 ,! ,c5tral ,capsule is r>ely sph]ical1 commonly prolong$ 9 ! direction ( ! hydrotomical axis2 ellipsoidal or cyl9drical1 sometimes also f\r-sid$ prismatic2 x commonly envelops ! great] "p ( ! two pr9cipal sp9es2 its /ructure & cont5ts are ! same z 9 ! o!r ,acan?onida4 ,synopsis ( ! ,g5]a ( ,amphilon*ida4 ,two opposite l>ge pr9cipal sp9es ,eighte5 small] sp9es 7frontal & caudal7 ( ne>ly equal size equal1 #cda4 ,amphilon*e4 & simil> =m4 ,caudal sp9e l>g] ?an ! frontal sp9e1 #cdb4 ,amphibelone4 ,eight tropical & eight pol> sp9es ( diff]5t sizes 7! latt] (t5 rudim5t>y71 #cdc4 ,acan?olon*e4 #ghc;,g5us #cda4 ,amphilon*e1#cha ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #chi4 ,def9ition4--,amphilon*ida ) two equal pr9cipal sp9es 7frontal & caudal sp9es n diff]5t72 ! eighte5 small] sp9es ne>ly equal4 ,! g5us ,amphilon*e repres5ts ! orig9al & at ! same "t ! mo/ common =m ( ,amphilon*ida2 ! two opposite pr9cipal sp9es are ( equal size & =m1 mu* l>g] 7& (t5 also ( ano!r =m7 ?an ! eighte5 small] sp9es2 ^! latt] exhibit no m>k$ diff]5ces 9 size & =m4 ,subg5us #a4 ,amphilon*>ium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,sp9es 9 ! c5tre unit$ by triangul> faces ( _! pyramidal bases1 propp$ "o ^u ano!r4 ,no basal leaf-cross4 #a4 ,amphilon*e belonoides1 ,haeckel4 ,amphilon*e belonoides1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cib1 ,taf4 xvi4 fig4 #f1 ,taf4 xviii4 fig4 #ba4 ,acan?ometra belonoides1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #hjh4 ,two pr9cipal sp9es cyl9drical1 ( equal bread? ?r\gh\t _! :ole l5g?1 ) simple conical apex2 base a small pyramid1 )\t leaf-cross4 ,eighte5 small] sp9es conical1 mu* %ort]1 ) simple bri/le-%ap$ apex4 ,c5tral capsule sp9dle-%ap$ or cyl9drical1 yell[4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! two major sp9es #j4d to #j4h1 ( ! eighte5 m9or #j4je to #j4b4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,m$it]ranean1 ,atlantic1 ,pacific1 surface4 #b4 ,amphilon*e lanceolata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acb1 fig4 #a74 ,two pr9cipal sp9es compress$1 lanceolate1 two-edg$1 gradually tap]+ f ! broad] middle t[>ds ! two ends2 apex simple2 base a l>ge pyramid1 ) broad leaf-cross4 ,eighte5 small] sp9es ab\t half z long1 pyramidal1 ) simple conical or bri/le-%ap$ apex4 ,c5tral capsule l5telliptical1 p9k1 opaque4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! two major sp9es #j4b1 ( ! eighte5 m9or #j4a4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdc1 surface4 #c4 ,amphilon*e diodon1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acb1 fig4 #c74 ,two pr9cipal sp9es compress$1 lanceolate1 two-edg$1 tap]+ f ! broad] middle t[>ds ! two ends2 apex simple2 base a small pyramid1 )\t leaf-cross4 ,eighte5 small] sp9es #ghdsword-%ap$1 only two-?irds or "o-half z long1 & "o-?ird or "o-f\r? z broad1 ea* ) two opposite tee? 9 ! di/al "p4 ,c5tral capsule ellipsoidal4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! two major sp9es #j4ac1 bread? #j4jb2 l5g? ( ! eighte5 m9or sp9es #j4a4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ceb1 surface4 #d4 ,amphilon*e t5uis1 ,haeckel4 ,amphilon*e t5uis1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #chi1 ,taf4 xvi4 fig4 #a1 ,taf4 xviii4 fig4 #af4 ,acan?ometra t5uis1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #hjg4 ,two pr9cipal sp9es quadrangul> prismatic1 ) smoo? edges1 slightly or n at all prom95t1 ( equal bread? ?r\gh\t _! :ole l5g?2 apex simple or bifid2 base a small pyramid1 )\t leaf-cross4 ,eighte5 small] sp9es ( ! same =m1 b only "o-f\r? or "o-?ird z long4 ,c5tral capsule sph]ical or ellipsoidal1 col\rless4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! two major sp9es #j4b to #j4c1 ( ! eighte5 m9or sp9es #j4je to #j4a4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a72 ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ced1 ,can>y ,isl&s1 surface4 #e4 ,amphilon*e d5ticulata1 ,haeckel4 ,amphilon*e d5ticulata1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cij1 ,taf4 xvi4 fig4 #b1 ,taf4 xviii4 fig4 #ag4 ,two pr9cipal sp9es quadrangul> prismatic1 ) prom95t1 elegantly d5ticulat$ edges1 ( equal bread? ?r\gh\t _! :ole l5g?2 apex simple or truncat$2 base a small pyramid1 )\t leaf-cross4 ,eighte5 small] sp9es ( ! same =m1 b only "o-f\r? or "o-?ird z long4 ,c5tral capsule ellipsoidal1 opaque1 yell[i%-br[n4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! two major sp9es #j4c to #j4d1 ( ! eighte5 m9or #j4a2 bread? ( ! =m] #j4jji1 ( ! latt] #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a71 ,haeckel1 surface4 #f4 ,amphilon*e het]acan?a1 ,haeckel4 ,amphilon*e het]acan?a1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #bic1 ,taf4 xvi4 fig4 #g4 ,acan?ometra het]acan?a1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #hjh4 ,two pr9cipal sp9es quadrangul> prismatic1 v l>ge1 ) f\r broad1 prom95t1 lamell> edges1 ( equal bread? ?r\gh\t _! :ole l5g?4 ,apex z well z ! base a f\r-sid$ pyramid4 ,eighte5 small] sp9es v ?91 conical1 ) bri/le-%ap$ apex2 base a small pyramid1 )\t leaf-cross4 ,c5tral capsule cyl9drical or viol9-%ap$1 opaque yell[4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! two major sp9es #j4b to #j4c1 bread? #j4jae to #j4jb2 l5g? ( ! eighte5 m9or sp9es #j4a to #j4ae1 basal bread? #j4jjd to #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a72 ,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 #gheg4 ,amphilon*e elongata1 ,haeckel4 ,amphilon*e elongata1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cib1 ,taf4 xviii4 figs4 #bb;a1 #bb;b4 ,acan?ometra elongata1 ,j4 ,mll]1 #aheh1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #dh1 ,taf4 vii4 fig4 #ac4 ,two pr9cipal sp9es quadrangul> prismatic 9 ! proximal half1 cyl9drical or sp9dle-%ap$ 9 ! di/al half1 ) simple apex2 base a small pyramid1 )\t leaf-cross4 ,eighte5 small] sp9es v ?91 bri/le-%ap$1 conical on ! base1 ) small pyramid4 ,c5tral capsule sp9dle-%ap$1 transp>5t1 yell[4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! two major sp9es #j4c to #j4e1 bread? #j4ja to #j4jc2 l5g? ( ! eighte5 small] sp9es #j4je to #j4c4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,m$it]ranean1 ,atlantic1 ,indian1 ,pacific1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,amphilon*idium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,sp9es at ! c5tral base ) a broad leaf-cross1 compos$ ( f\r prom95t triangul> lamell2 betwe5 ! meet+ edges ( ! latt] tw5ty-two pyramidal comp>tm5ts or basal funnels4 #h4 ,amphilon*e ovata1 ,haeckel4 ,amphilon*e ovata1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cij4 ,acan?ometra ovata1 ,j4 ,mll]1 #aheh1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #dg1 ,taf4 vii4 fig4 #aj1 ,taf4 ix4 fig4 #d4 ,two pr9cipal sp9es cyl9drical1 ( equal bread? ?r\gh\t _! :ole l5g?1 ) simple conical or bifid apex2 base ) a l>ge leaf-cross ( d\ble ! bread?4 ,eighte5 small] sp9es ( ! same =m1 b ?9n] & only half z long4 ,c5tral capsule ellipsoidal1 br[n1 opaque4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! two major sp9es #j4c to #j4d1 bread? #j4jjh to #j4jab2 l5g? ( ! eighte5 m9or sp9es #j4a to #j4b4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,m$it]ranean1 ,atlantic1 ,pacific1 surface4 #i4 ,amphilon*e conica1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acb1 fig4 #f74 ,two pr9cipal sp9es conical1 elongate1 ) simple apex2 base ?ick5$1 ) l>ge leaf-cross4 ,eighte5 small] sp9es also conical1 ( ab\t ! same basal bread?1 b only "o-f\r? to "o-half z long4 ,c5tral capsule ellipsoidal1 pellucid4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! two major sp9es #j4ae to #j4b1 basal bread? #j4jc to #j4jd2 l5g? ( ! eighte5 m9or sp9es #j4je to #j4a4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ations #bfe to #bgd1 surface4 #ghfaj4 ,amphilon*e lancetta1 n4 sp4 ,two pr9cipal sp9es compress$1 lanceolate1 two edg$1 gradually tap]+ f ! broad] middle t[>ds ! two ends2 apex simple2 base ( d\ble ! bread?1 ) a l>ge leaf-cross4 ,eighte5 small] sp9es ( ! same =m1 b %ort] & only half z broad4 ,c5tral capsule l5telliptical1 pellucid4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! two major sp9es #j4b to #j4c1 bread? 9 ! middle "p #j4jb to #j4jc2 l5g? ( ! eighte5 small] sp9es #j4a to #j4b4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bhh1 surface4 #aa4 ,amphilon*e complanata1 ,haeckel4 ,amphilon*e complanata1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cij1 ,taf4 xvi4 fig4 #c1 ,taf4 xviii4 fig4 #ah1 a1 b4 ,acan?ometra complanata1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #hjh4 ,two pr9cipal sp9es compress$1 two-edg$1 l9e>1 ( equal bread? ?r\gh\t _! :ole l5g?2 apex em>g9ate or bifid2 base ) a l>ge leaf-cross ( d\ble ! bread?4 ,eighte5 small] sp9es ( ! same =m1 b only "o-f\r? to "o-half z l>ge4 ,c5tral capsule ellipsoidal1 yell[1 pellucid4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! two major sp9es #j4ae to #j4be1 bread? #j4jjd to #j4jjf2 l5g? ( ! eighte5 m9or sp9es #j4je to #j4a4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a71 surface4 #ab4 ,amphilon*e messan5sis1 ,haeckel4 ,amphilon*e messan5sis1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cia1 ,taf4 xvi4 fig4 #d1 ,taf4 xviii4 fig4 #ai4 ,acan?ometra messan5sis1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #hjh4 ,two pr9cipal sp9es quadrangul> prismatic1 (t5 a little compress$ f two sides1 ( ne>ly equal bread? ?r\gh\t _! :ole l5g?2 apex ei!r truncate or em>g9ate1 ) two opposite tee?2 base ) a l>ge leaf-cross ( d\ble ! bread?4 ,eighte5 small] sp9es ( simil> =m or m compress$1 mu* %ort]4 ,c5tral capsule sph]ical or ellipsoidal1 yell[1 transp>5t4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! two major sp9es #j4ab to #j4ah1 bread? #j4jaf2 l5g? ( ! m9or sp9es #j4je to #j4ji4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a1 ,corfu71 ,haeckel1 surface4 #ac4 ,amphilon*e hydrotomica1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acb1 fig4 #b74 ,two pr9cipal sp9es quadrangul> prismatic1 ) f\r broad prom95t lamell> edges or w+s1 ( equal bread? ?r\gh\t _! :ole l5g?2 apex pyramidal2 base ) a l>ge leaf-cross4 ,eighte5 small] sp9es cyl9drical or bri/le-%ap$1 only half z long & v ?94 ,c5tral capsule cyl9drical or sp9dle-%ap$1 v long1 opaque4 #ghg;,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! two major sp9es #j4a to #j4b1 bread? #j4jb to #j4jc2 l5g? ( ! eighte5 m9or sp9es #j4je to #j4a4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ations #bgj to #bgd1 surface4 #ad4 ,amphilon*e viol9a1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acb1 fig4 #e74 ,two pr9cipal sp9es quadrangul> prismatic1 ne>ly viol9-%ap$1 ) f\r v broad1 prom95t1 lamell> w+s1 :i* are con/rict$ 9 ! middle "p1 & broad5$ t[>ds ! two ends2 apex truncate pyramidal2 base ) a l>ge leaf-cross4 ,eighte5 small] sp9es mu* %ort]1 ( equal bread? at ! base1 assum+ ! =m ( a quadrangul> pyramid1 ?9 prismatic 9 ! di/al half4 ,c5tral capsule sp9dle-%ap$1 opaque4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! two major sp9es #j4ae to #j4ah1 bread? #j4jb to #j4jbe2 l5g? ( ! eighte5 m9or sp9es #j4jd to #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 #ae4 ,amphilon*e tetrapt]a1 ,haeckel4 ,amphilon*e tetrapt]a1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cia1 ,taf4 xvi4 fig4 #e1 ,taf4 xviii4 fig4 #bj4 ,acan?ometra tetrapt]a1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #hjh4 ,two pr9cipal sp9es f\r-sid$ pyramidal1 ) f\r broad lamell> prom95t edges2 apex simple or bifid2 base ) a l>ge leaf-cross4 ,eighte5 small] sp9es ( simil> =m1 b only half z l>ge4 ,c5tral capsule sph]ical1 opaque4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! two major sp9es #j4b1 bread? on ! base #j4jbe2 l5g? ( ! eighte5 m9or sp9es #j4a4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a72 ,nor? ,atlantic1 ,can>y ,isl&s1 ,/ations #ceb to #ced1 surface4 ,subg5us #c4 ,amphili?ium1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dff4 ,def9ition4--,sp9es 9 ! basal "p gr[n toge!r1 s t ! :ole skeleton repres5ts a s+le piece ( acan?92 a /> ) two l>g] & eighte5 small] rays4 #af4 ,amphilon*e concreta1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acb1 figs4 #d1 #d;a74 ,two pr9cipal sp9es cyl9drical1 v long1 ( equal bread? ?r\gh\t _! :ole l5g?1 ) simple conical apex4 ,eighte5 small] sp9es %ort1 conical or bri/le-%ap$1 sc>cely "o-f\r? or "o-t5? z long1 (t5 q rudim5t>y4 ,all tw5ty sp9es p]fectly gr[n toge!r 9 ! c5tre1 =m+ a s+le piece ( acan?9 7d]iv$ f ,amphilon*e belonoides by c5tral concresc5ce2 (t5 ! sutures ( ! concret$ bases are visible1 fig4 #d;a74 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! two major sp9es #j4a to #j4d1 bread? #j4jje to #j4jae2 l5g? ( ! eighte5 m9or sp9es #j4jje to #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,m$it]ranean1 ,atlantic1 ,pacific1 surface4 #ghhag4 ,amphilon*e acuf]a1 n4 sp4 ,two pr9cipal sp9es ?ick1 f\r-sid$ prismatic 9 ! basal half1 cyl9drical or sp9dle-%ap$ 9 ! di/al half1 ) simple conical apex4 ,eighte5 small] sp9es %ort]1 ?91 bri/le-%ap$ or conical on ! base4 ,all tw5ty sp9es 9 ! c5tre p]fectly gr[n toge!r1 =m+ a s+le piece ( acan?94 7,d]iv$ f ,amphilon*e elongata by c5tral concresc5ce47 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! two major sp9es #j4c to #j4e1 bread? #j4ja to #j4jc2 l5g? ( ! eighte5 m9or sp9es #j4jh to #j4b4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ations #bff to #bgd1 surface4 ,g5us #cdb4 ,amphibelone1#chb ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cib4 ,def9ition4--,amphilon*ida ) two unequal pr9cipal sp9es 7! frontal sp9e v diff]5t f ! caudal sp9e72 ! eighte5 small] sp9es ne>ly equal4 ,! g5us ,amphibelone exhibits among ! ,amphilon*ida ! same rem>kable diff]5tiation ( ! two pr9cipal or longitud9al sp9es1 z ,zygo/aurus among ! ,quadrilon*ida2 ! frontal sp9e diff]s commonly f ! caudal sp9e n only 9 its size1 b also 9 its peculi> =m2 commonly "o pole ( ! longitud9al axis is mu* m /rongly develop$ ?an ! o!r4 ,! eighte5 small] sp9es are ne>ly equal4 ,subg5us #a4 ,amphibelonium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,all tw5ty sp9es sep>ate1 b 9 contact 9 ! c5tre & re/+ "o aga9/ ano!r by ! triangul> sides ( _! pyramidal bases1 )\t a prom95t basal leaf-cross4 #a4 ,amphibelone aciculata1 n4 sp4 ,two pr9cipal sp9es ?ick1 )\t edges & w+s1 ! frontal sp9e %ort1 sp9dle-%ap$1 ! caudal ?ree to six times z long1 cyl9drical1 bo? ( equal bread?1 ) simple conical apex & simple pyramidal base1 )\t leaf-cross4 ,eighte5 small] sp9es v ?91 bri/le-%ap$1 ( ! same l5g? z ! frontal sp9e4 ,c5tral capsule cyl9drical or sp9dle-%ap$1 envelop+ ! two pr9cipal sp9es ne>ly ?r\gh\t _! :ole l5g?4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! frontal sp9e #j4b to #j4d1 ( ! caudal sp9e #a4j to #b4j2 bread? ( bo? #j4ja2 l5g? ( ! eighte5 small] sp9es #j4a to #j4c4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cbe1 surface4 #ghib4 ,amphibelone cultellata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acb1 fig4 #aj74 ,two pr9cipal sp9es broad1 two-edg$1 knife-%ap$2 two opposite 9 ! equatorial plane1 ?9 & broad w+s or lamell are develop$1 & ^! enclose ! proximal "p ( bo? sp9es1 :il/ _! di/al "p is free1 cyl9drical1 ) conical apex3 ! two w+s ( ! long] caudal sp9e are lanceolate1 twice to f\r times z broad z ! two w+s ( ! %ort] frontal sp9e2 _! base is a simple pyramid )\t leaf-cross4 ,eighte5 small] sp9es conical1 ) bri/le-%ap$ prolongation1 "o-f\r? to "o-half z long z ! frontal sp9e4 ,c5tral capsule gre51 semitransp>5t4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! frontal sp9e #j4a to #j4b1 bread? #j4jb to #j4jc2 l5g? ( ! caudal sp9e #j4b to #j4d1 bread? #j4jd to #j4jh2 l5g? ( ! eighte5 small] sp9es #j4je to #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,maldive ,isl&s 7,haeckel71 surface4 #c4 ,amphibelone pyramidata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acb1 fig4 #i74 ,two pr9cipal sp9es f\r-w+$1 ) f\r cross$1 v ?9 & broad w+s1 :i* are some:at broad] 9 ! convex middle "p ?an at ei!r end2 bo? ends ( ea* sp9e f\r-sid$ pyramidal1 ) f\r concave edges & a v small t]m9al pyramid2 base )\t leaf-cross4 ,! long] caudal sp9e is twice z broad at ! di/al end z at its proximal end1 & ?ree times z broad z ! di/al end ( ! %ort] frontal sp9e4 ,eighte5 small] sp9es bri/le-%ap$1 ) f\r-sid$ pyramidal bases4 ,c5tral capsule pyramidal1 envelop+ ! two pr9cipal sp9es ?r\gh\t _! :ole l5g?2 ! base ( ! sl5d] quadrangul> pyramid is on ! caudal1 ! apex on ! frontal pole ( ! longitud9al axis4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! frontal sp9e #j4b to #j4be1 di/al bread? #j4ja2 l5g? ( ! caudal sp9e #j4c to #j4d1 di/al bread? #j4jc2 l5g? ( ! eighte5 small] sp9es #j4jd to #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,cape ( ,good ,hope1 ,/ation #adc1 dep? #aijj fa?oms4 #d4 ,amphibelone anomala1 ,haeckel4 ,amphilon*e anomala1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #cid1 ,taf4 xvi4 fig4 #h1 ,taf4 xviii4 figs4 #bc;a1 #bc;b4 ,acan?ometra anomala1 ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #hjh4 ,two pr9cipal sp9es f\r-w+$1 ne>ly prismatic1 ) f\r cross$1 v broad & ?ick w+s2 bo? ends ( ea* sp9e f\r-sid$ pyramidal1 ) f\r concave edges & a v small t]m9al pyramid2 base )\t leaf-cross4 ,! edges ( ! f\r w+s are concave on ! %ort] frontal1 convex on ! long] caudal sp9e4 ,eighte5 small] sp9es only "o-f\r? to "o-half z long1 l9e>1 two-edg$1 ) two p>allel tee? on ! di/al end4 ,c5tral capsule f\r-sid$ prismatic1 olive-gre51 envelop+ almo/ completely ! two pr9cipal sp9es4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! frontal sp9e #j4ab1 middle bread? #j4jaf2 l5g? ( ! caudal sp9e #j4ad1 middle bread? #j4jbd2 l5g? ( ! eighte5 small] sp9es #j4jd to #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a71 surface4 #gij,subg5us #b4 ,amphibeli?ium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,all tw5ty sp9es gr[n toge!r 9 ! c5tre1 =m+ a s+le />-%ap$ piece ( acan?94 #e4 ,amphibelone clav>ia1 n4 sp4 ,two pr9cipal sp9es r\ndi%1 )\t edges & w+s2 ! small] frontal sp9e elongate conical1 ! l>g] caudal sp9e two to f\r times z long1 cyl9drical1 9 ! di/al "p sp9dle-%ap$ or club-%ap$1 ) conical apex4 ,c5tral base simple pyramidal1 )\t leaf-cross4 ,eighte5 small] sp9es mu* %ort]1 bri/le-%ap$4 ,c5tral capsule v long1 club-%ap$4 ,all tw5ty sp9es p]fectly gr[n toge!r 9 ! c5tre4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! frontal sp9e #j4ab1 ( ! caudal sp9e #j4d to #j4h2 frontal bread? #j4ja1 caudal bread? #j4jc2 l5g? ( ! eighte5 small] sp9es #j4je4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgb1 surface4 ,g5us #cdc4 ,acan?olon*e1#chc ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dff4 ,def9ition4--,amphilon*ida ) two equal pr9cipal sp9es 7frontal & caudal sp9es n diff]5t74 ,! eighte5 small] sp9es are v unequal1 t5 ( !m 7eight tropical & two transv]se equatorial sp9es7 mu* l>g] ?an ! rudim5t>y eight pol> sp9es4 ,! g5us ,acan?olon*e diff]s f its ance/ral g5us ,amphilon*e 9 ! diff]5t %ape ( ! eight tropical & ! eight pol> sp9es2 ^! latt] are mu* small] ?an ! =m]1 :i* are almo/ equal to ! two transv]se equatorial sp9es4 ,! two pr9cipal sp9es are equal1 b 9 size & %ape v diff]5t f ! o!rs4 #a4 ,acan?olon*e amphipol>is1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acb1 fig4 #g74 ,two pr9cipal sp9es /\t1 quadrangul> prismatic 9 ! basal half1 cyl9drical or sp9dle-%ap$ 9 ! di/al half1 ) simple conical apex2 base a small pyramid )\t leaf-cross4 ,two transv]se & eight tropical sp9es1 ab\t half z long z ! =m]1 v ?91 bri/le-%ap$1 conical at ! basal "p4 ,eight pol> sp9es v small1 sc>cely "o-eigh? or "o-f\r? z long z ! latt]1 %ort pyramidal or conical1 (t5 q rudim5t>y4 ,c5tral capsule cyl9drical1 envelop+ ! basal half ( ! two pr9cipal sp9es4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! two pr9cipal sp9es #j4d to #j4e1 ( ! t5 small] sp9es #j4b to #j4c1 ( ! eight rudim5t>y pol> sp9es #j4ja to #j4jf2 bread? ( ! two l>ge sp9es #j4jb to #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ations #bff to #bgd1 surface4 #giab4 ,acan?olon*e p]ipol>is1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acb1 fig4 #h74 ,two pr9cipal sp9es quadrangul> prismatic1 ) f\r broad prom95t lamell> w+s1 ( increas+ bread? t[>ds ! pyramidal di/al apex4 ,bo? ends ( ea* sp9e f\r-sid$ pyramidal1 base )\t leaf-cross4 ,two transv]se & eight tropical sp9es ab\t two-?irds z long z ! =m]1 f\r-sid$ pyramidal 9 ! basal half1 conical 9 ! di/al half1 (t5 curv$4 ,eight pol> sp9es v small1 ab\t "o-f\r? z long z ! latt]1 %ort conical or pyramidal4 ,c5tral capsule f\r-sid$ prismatic1 envelop+ bo? pr9cipal sp9es4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! two pr9cipal sp9es #j4b1 ( ! t5 small] sp9es #j4ab1 ( ! eight rudim5t>y pol> sp9es #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgd1 surface4 ---- ,ord] ,,iv4 ,,acan?ophracta1 ,ri*>d ,h]twig1 #ahgi4 ,acan?ometr cataphract1 ,johannes ,mll]1 #aheh1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 pp4 #ab1 #bb1 #di4 ,dorataspida et ,diploconida1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 pp4 #djd1 #dab4 ,acan?ophractida1 ,ri*>d ,h]twig1 #ahgi1 ,organismus d4 ,radiol41 pp4 #be1 #acg4 ,dorataspida1 ,diploconida1 et ,sphrocapsida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfg4 ,def9ition4--,,acan?>ia ) complete lattic$ %ell4 ,! ord] ,acan?ophracta1 ! f\r? ord] ( ,radiol>ia1 comprises all ^? ,,acan?>ia 9 :i* ! acan?9ic skeleton is a complete lattic$ or f5e/rat$ %ell1 support$ by radial sp9es aris+ f "o common c5tral po9t4 ,by ! possession ( su* a complete %ell ! ,acan?ophracta diff] f _! ance/ral gr\p1 ! ne>ly alli$ ,acan?ometra1 :i* repres5t ! old] & simpl]1 fir/ ord] ( ,,acan?>ia4 ,all ,acan?ophracta are ,icosacan?a 7l ! ,acan?onida1 _! ance/ral gr\p71 & possess tw5ty radial sp9es dispos$ accord+ to ! ,mll]ian law 7comp>e above1 p4 #gag74 ,johannes ,mll]1 :o fir/ obs]v$ five repres5tatives ( ?is ord]1 call$ a "p ( !m ,acan?ometr cataphract1 & unit$ ^! ) ! true ,acan?ometra 7,acan?ometra co/ata & ,acan?ometra cataphracta2 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 #aheh1 pp4 #ab1 #di74 ,ano!r "p 0 unit$ by him ) ! true ,haliomma 7,haliomma e*9oides1 ,haliomma hy/rix1 ,haliomma tabulatum2 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 #aheh1 pp4 #cf1 #cg74 ,he suppos$ t ^! latt] =m$ ! imm$iate transition f ! true ,acan?ometra to ! true ,haliomma1 & t _! skeleton 0 silice\s4 #gib;,9 my ,monograph 7#ahfb1 p4 #dab7 ,i f\nd$ a sep>ate subfamily1 ,dorataspida1 = ! ,acan?ometr cataphract1 :i* ,i consid]$ z ! fir/ subfamily ( ! ,ommatida4 ,t subfamily conta9$ at t "t only two g5]a1 ,dorataspis 7) sev5 species7 & ,haliommatidium 7) five species74 ,a ?ird g5us1 ,aspidomma 7) two species71 0 unit$ by me ) ! ,haliommatida 7because ( its d\ble %ell74 ,= a f\r? g5us 7,diploconus7 ) a s+le species ,i f\nd$ ! peculi> family ( ,diploconida4 ,!re=e ! :ole numb] ( ,acan?ophracta describ$ 9 my ,monograph am\nt$ only to f\r g5]a & fifte5 species4 ,n[ ! ri* collections ( ! ,*all5g] h add$ su* a great numb] ( new =ms1 t we may di/+ui% "h ?irty-eight g5]a & two hundr$ & twelve species4 ,ri*>d ,h]twig 9 8 excell5t "w 7,d] ,organismus d] ,radiol>i51 #ahgi1 p4 #be7 sep>at$ 8 ,acan?ophractida p]fectly f ! ,ommatida 7or ! silice\s ,sphroidea71 & unit$ !m ) ! ,acan?ometrida 9 8 ord] ,acan?ometrea4 ,b he sep>at$ !m also f ! ne>ly alli$ ,diploconida1 foll[+ my =m] arrangem5t4 ,he di/9ctly not$ t ! skeleton 9 all ^! ,acan?ophractida 7z well z 9 ! ,acan?ometrida7 consi/s n ( silex b ( ! organic sub/ance acan?94 ,! a/oni%+ numb] ( new & int]e/+ =ms ( ,acan?ophracta :i* ,i h f\nd 9 ! ri* collection ( ! ,*all5g] enables me to di/+ui% n[ 9 ?is subord] six diff]5t families1 two ( :i* are p]fectly new 7! ,sphrocapsida & ! ,hexalaspida74 ,b ! f\r o!r families also are s mu* enl>g$ t _! int]e/+ morphology appe>s 9 q a new & cle> light4 ,f> ! l>ge/ & mo/ important ( ^! six families is t ( ! true ,dorataspida1 :i* embraces sev5te5 g5]a & "o hundr$ & eight species 7m ?an ! o!r five families toge!r74 ,f ?is l>ge/ & olde/ ance/ral family f\r o!r families h aft]w>ds aris51 :il/ a s+le family1 ! ,sphrocapsida1 seems to possess no direct phylog5etic connection ) ! five o!r families4 ,! peculi> & q new family ( ,sphrocapsida 7,pl4 #acc1 figs4 #g-aa2 ,pl4 #ace1 figs4 #f-aj7 diff]s f all o!r ,acan?ophracta 9 ! s+ul> /ructure ( ! sph]ical acan?9ic %ell1 compos$ ( innum]able small plates or aglets1 ea* ( :i* is pi]c$ by a v small porule4 ,?is peculi> pavem5t$ %ell 7enclos+ ! c5tral capsule & sep>at$ f x by ! jelly-l calymma7 seems to be produc$ on ! surface ( ! sph]ical calymma1 imm$iately by secretion ( ! pseudopodia1 & indep5d5tly f ! tw5ty radial sp9es1 unit$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! sph]e4 ,on ! tw5ty po9ts1 :]e ! sp9es p]=ate ! %ell1 !re are orig9ally eighty l>g] pores 7f\r ar\nd ea* pi]c+ sp9e72 b !re is no c]ta9 indication t ! %ell is produc$ by ! meet+ apophyses ( ! tw5ty sp9es1 z is ! case 9 ! five o!r families ( ,acan?ophracta4 ,!re=e p]haps x is #gicm natural to unite ^! latt] into ano!r subord] z ,cladophracta1 & to sep>ate !m f ! ,sphrocapsida1 :i* may be call$ ,capsophract4 ,! ,dorataspida 7,pls4 #acd-ach71 ! common ance/ral /ock ( ! ,cladophracta1 9 ! def9ition "h re/rict$ embraces all ^? ,acan?ophracta 9 :i* ! sph]ical lattice-%ell is simple & compos$ ( ! meet+ bran*es ( tw5ty radial sp9es unit$ 9 its c5tre4 ,z already po9t$ out above1 ?is family is probably diphyletic1 & embraces two subfamilies :i* h be5 d]iv$ orig9ally f two diff]5t =ms ( ,acan?onida--! ,diporaspida 7) two opposite apophyses on ea* sp9e7 d]iv$ f ! ,phractacan?ida1 & ! ,tess>aspida 7) f\r cross$ apophyses on ea* sp9e7 d]iv$ f ! ,/auracan?ida2 9 ! =m] we f9d orig9ally =ty apophyses1 9 ! latt] eighty apophyses1 by ! meet+ bran*es ( :i* ! sph]ical lattice-%ell orig9ates4 ,! f\r foll[+ families ( ,acan?ophracta h probably be5 d]iv$ f ! ,diporaspida4 ,! ,phractopeltida 7,pl4 #acc1 figs4 #a-f7 diff] f all o!r ,acan?ophracta 9 ! possession ( a d\ble lattice-%ell1 compos$ ( two conc5tric sph]es :i* are unit$ by ! tw5ty radial sp9es meet+ 9 ! c5tre4 ,z all ,phractopeltida possess orig9ally only two apophyses on ea* radial sp9e1 !y mu/ be d]iv$ f ! ,diporaspida 7,orophaspis71 & be> to !m ! same relation z ! ,dyosphrida d to ! ,monosphrida4 ,z ! sph]ical c5tral capsule ( ! ,phractopeltida is enclos$ betwe5 bo? %ells1 small] ?an ! out]1 l>g] ?an ! inn] %ell1 ! latt] may be call$ m$ull>y %ell1 ! =m] cortical %ell4 ,?is family repres5ts among ! ,acan?ophracta only ! ,diplophracta1 :il/ all o!rs are ,haplophracta4 ,! ?ree families "h *>act]is$ may be call$ toge!r ,sphrophracta1 z _! c5tral capsule & ! envelop+ %ell are con/antly sph]ical 7or ! %ell sometimes an endosph]ical polyh$ron74 ,on ! contr>y ! foll[+ ?ree families ( ,acan?ophracta may be unit$ z ,prunophracta1 z _! c5tral capsule & %ell are nev] sph]ical1 b ei!r ellipsoidal or l5ticul> or ( ano!r =m4 ,! common ance/ral /ock ( ?is subord] are ! ,belonaspida1 9 :i* ! =m ( ! c5tral capsule & ! enclos+ lattice-%ell is ellipsoidal2 !y are d]iv$ f ! ,dorataspida 7& probably all f ! subfamily ,diporaspida7 by ! prolongation ( two opposite radial sp9es :i* are l>g] ?an ! eighte5 o!rs2 !y are ! two equatorial sp9es ( ! hydrotomical axis 7comp>e above1 p4 #gai1 & ,pl4 #acf1 figs4 #f-i74 ,! ,hexalaspida 7,pl4 #aci7 repres5t a new & v rem>kable family1 di/+ui%$ f all o!r ,acan?ophracta by ! prepond]at+ developm5t ( six /\t radial sp9es1 :i* are mu* l>g] ?an ! f\rte5 o!rs4 ,^! six pr9cipal sp9es lie 9 "o m]idian plane ( ! %ell 79 ! hydrotomical plane1 p4 #gbj71 & are ! two opposite equatorial sp9es & ! f\r app]ta9+ pol> sp9es ( ! same plane4 #gid;,z ! f\rte5 small] sp9es develop _! apophyses at small] di/ances f ! c5tre1 ! %ell assumes a peculi> l5ticul> or discoidal =m1 & ! m>g9 ( ?is disk be>s ! six l>g] sp9es4 ,moreov] ! enclos$ small c5tral capsule is l5ticul>4 ,! ,hexalaspida may be d]iv$ imm$iately f ! ,belonaspida4 ,! ,diploconida 7,pl4 #adj7 =m ! la/ & ! mo/ modifi$ family ( all ,acan?ophracta4 ,! rem>kable %ell exhibits ! /range =m ( a d\ble cone1 be>+ 9 its axis two v l>ge opposite sp9es2 ^! are ! two equatorial sp9es ( ! hydrotomical axis 7p4 #gai74 ,! d\ble-conical or ne>ly cyl9drical %ell is compos$ ( ?ree diff]5t p>ts or segm5ts2 ! small middle "p is ! true lattice-%ell ( ! ,hexalaspida & ,belonaspida1 & be>s ! eighte5 small] 7(t5 q rudim5t>y7 radial sp9es4 ,! two o!r p>ts 7opposite on bo? poles ( its hydrotomical axis7 are ! conical or cyl9drical1 solid1 basal %ea?s ( ! two l>ge equatorial sp9es1 envelop+ _! major "p4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is peculi> metamorphosis ( ! %ell ! ,diploconida repres5t ! la/ & ! mo/ ab]rant gr\p ( all ,,acan?>ia4 ,synopsis ( ! ,subord]s & ,families ( ,acan?ophracta4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,subord] ,i4 ,,sph,,rophracta4 ,tw5ty radial sp9es ( equal size4 ,%ell sph]ical 7or an endosph]ical polyh$ron74 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,%ell sph]ical1 simple1 pi]c$ by tw5ty or eighty asp9al pores & compos$ ( a pavem5t ( innum]able v small plates or aglets1 ea* pi]c$ by "o porule1 #a4 ,,sph,,rocapsida4 ,%ell sph]ical1 simple1 compos$ ( ! meet+ bran*es ( two or f\r apophyses ( ! tw5ty radial sp9es1 #b4 ,,dorataspida4 ,%ell sph]ical1 d\ble1 compos$ ( two conc5tric lattice-sph]es1 :i* are connect$ by ! tw5ty radial sp9es & compos$ ( ! meet+ bran*es ( _! apophyses1 #c4 ,,phractopeltida4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,subord] ,,ii4 ,,prunophracta4 ,tw5ty radial sp9es ( unequal size2 two or six hydrotomical sp9es mu* l>g] ?an ! eighte5 or f\rte5 o!rs4 ,%ell n sph]ical4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,%ell ellipsoidal1 ) prolong$ hydrotomical axis1 ! two sp9es ( :i* are l>g] ?an ! eighte5 o!rs1 #d4 ,,belonaspida4 ,%ell l5ticul> or discoidal1 ) six l>g] sp9es plac$ 9 ! hydrotomical plane 7f\rte5 o!r sp9es mu* small]71 #e4 ,,hexalaspida4 ,%ell diploconical or ne>ly cyl9drical1 ) two opposite l>ge funnels1 ! %ea?s ( ! enl>g$ two sp9es ( ! hydrotomical axis 7eighte5 o!r sp9es mu* small] or rudim5t>y71 #f4 ,,diploconida4 #gie---- ,subord] ,i4 ,,sph,,rophracta1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,%ell sph]ical1 ) tw5ty radial beams ( equal size4 ,family ,,xxxix4 ,,sph,,rocapsida1 ,haeckel 7,pl4 #acc1 figs4 #g-aa2 ,pl4 #ace1 figs4 #f-aj74 ,sphrocapsida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfi4 ,def9ition4--,,acan?>ia ) simple sph]ical por\s %ell1 compos$ ( innum]able v small plates1 ea* ( :i* is pi]c$ by "o radial porule4 ,tw5ty radial sp9es ( equal size meet+ 9 ! c5tre ( ! %ell & dispos$ accord+ to ! ,mll]ian law ( ! ,icosacan?a1 sometimes %ort & enclos$ 9 ! %ell1 at o!r times long & pi]c+ x 7r>ely rudim5t>y or q abs5t74 ,%ell pi]c$ !re=e ei!r by tw5ty l>g] p]sp9al pores or by eighty small] asp9al pores4 ,c5tral capsule sph]ical1 enclos$ 9 ! por\s %ell4 ,! family ,sphrocapsida1 f\nd$ by me 9 #ahha = ! s+le g5us ,sphrocapsa1 repres5ts a v peculi> & rem>kable gr\p ( ! ,acan?ophracta1 v diff]5t f ! five o!r families ( ?is subord]1 & probably d]iv$1 indep5d5tly ( !m1 directly f ! ,acan?onida4 ,:il/ ! lattice-%ell ( ! five o!r families is compos$ ( ! meet+ bran*es ( lat]al apophyses ( ! tw5ty sp9es1 & its me%es are all or p>tly ! int]vals betwe5 ^! apophyses1 9 ! ,sphrocapsida ! sph]ical %ell has q ano!r /ructure1 & is compos$ ( innum]able small plates 7ea* ) "o pore7 :i* are secret$ on ! surface ( ! sph]ical calymma1 indep5d5tly ( ! tw5ty radial sp9es1 :i* d n possess true apophyses4 ,9 all ,sphrocapsida ! /ructure ( ! sph]ical %ell is q peculi> & diff]5t f t ( all o!r ,radiol>ia4 ,x is compos$ ev]y:]e ( innum]able v small plates or aglets1 :i* are connect$ irregul>ly l pav+-/ones1 & =m a s+le cont9u\s lay] or pavem5t on ! surface ( ! sph]ical calymma 7,pl4 #acc1 fig4 #aa1 a2 ,pl4 #ace1 figs4 #h1 #aj74 ,! small plates or pav+-/ones1 :i* we w call aglets1 are connect$ at _! meet+ edges by a k9d ( cem5t1 & =m toge!r ) x a cont9u\s ?ick capsule ( acan?94 ,! =m ( ! aglets is commonly m or less irregul>1 r\ndi% or polygonal1 sometimes longi% 7,pl4 #acc1 fig4 #aa1 a71 m r>ely x becomes r regul>1 hexagonal1 squ>e1 or r\ndi% 7,pl4 #ace1 fig4 #h74 ,usually all aglets ( "o & ! same individual are ( ne>ly equal size1 betwe5 #j4ja & #j4jb 9 diamet]1 r>ely less or m4 ,! out] face ( ! aglets is m or less concave1 s t ! elevat$ meet+ edges ( ! neighb\r+ aglets commonly =m toge!r a prom95t network ( cre/s 7,pl4 #ace1 figs4 #h1 #aj72 r>ely ! meet+ edges p>tly cov] "o ano!r l squamules 7,pl4 #acc1 fig4 #aa1 a74 #gif;,ea* small plate or aglet is pi]c$ 9 its c5tre by a s+le radial canalicule or porule4 ,! dimpl$ surface1 s produc$1 resembles some:at ! dimpl$ plates ( ,c]iaspis1 c4 ,diff]5t f ^! innum]able v small dimples ( ! surface are ! tw5ty l>g] sp9al dimples1 or ! concave l>g] plates1 :i* are orig9ally pi]c$ by ! tw5ty radial sp9es4 ,be=e we describe ^!1 we mu/ exam9e ! sp9es !mselves4 ,! tw5ty radial sp9es ( all obs]v$ ,sphrocapsida 7sixte5 species7 agree p]fectly ) ^? ( ! g5us ,acan?onia 7p4 #gdi71 & especially ) ,acan?onia tetracopa1 ,acan?onia d5ticulata1 c4 ,all tw5ty sp9es1 regul>ly dispos$ accord+ to ! ,mll]ian law ( ! ,icosacan?a1 are ( equal size1 con/antly f\r-edg$ prismatic1 ( equal bread? ?r\gh\t _! :ole l5g?4 ,! prom95t f\r edges are p>allel1 sometimes smoo?1 at o!r times elegantly d5ticulat$4 ,! c5tral bases ( ! tw5ty sp9es are pyramidal1 )\t leaf-cross1 & propp$ "o ^u ano!r ) _! triangul> faces1 z 9 ! majority ( ! ,acan?onida4 ,! relation ( ! tw5ty radial sp9es to ! sph]ical %ell exhibits 9 ! five g5]a describ$ v peculi> & important diff]5ces4 ,9 ! fir/ describ$ g5us1 9 ,sphrocapsa1 ! sp9es are exactly z long z ! %ell-radius1 & !re=e are n prom95t ov] ! surface ( ! %ell1 ) :i* !y are firmly connect$2 ! truncat$ di/al end ( ! sp9e lies !re=e "h 9 ! surface ( ! %ell itself1 & is connect$ ) x by its f\r edges1 betwe5 :i* f\r op5 asp9al pores rema91 z 9 ,tess>aspis1 c4 7,pl4 #ace1 figs4 #f-aj74 ,9 ! next alli$ g5us1 ,a/rocapsa 7,pl4 #acc1 figs4 #i1 #aj71 ! sp9es are long] ?an ! %ell-radius1 & !re=e m or less prom95t ov] its surface2 ! pi]c+ "p ( ea* sp9e is also surr\nd$ by f\r asp9al pores4 ,9 ! two foll[+ g5]a1 ,porocapsa & ,cannocapsa 7,pl4 #acc1 figs4 #g1 #h71 ! radial sp9es are %ort] ?an ! %ell-radius & !re=e q hidd5 & )drawn inside ! %ell1 :i* !y d n rea*4 ,b 9 ! ideal prolongation ( ea* sp9e ! %ell is pi]c$ by a s+le l>ge op5+1 ! p]sp9al pore or p]sp9al hole1 compos$ ( ! f\r unit$ asp9al pores4 ,:il/ 9 ,porocapsa ! p]sp9al pores are simple1 !y are prolong$ 9 ,cannocapsa into cyl9drical tubes1 op5 at bo? ends4 ,! tw5ty p]sp9al holes ( ^! ,porocapsida are !re=e d]iv$ by conflu5ce ( ! eighty orig9al asp9al pores ( ! ,a/rocapsida & pres]ve ! same regul> disposition1 accord+ to ! ,mll]ian law ( ! ,icosacan?a4 ,f9ally1 ! same law z is valid also 9 ! la/ g5us is f\nd 9 ,c5ocapsa2 "h ! radial sp9es h completely disappe>$1 & ! :ole skeleton is a simple sph]e1 b ( ! same /ructure1 & ) ! same tw5ty p]sp9al pores z 9 ,porocapsa4 ,x is v int]e/+ t ?is sp9eless ,c5ocapsa among ! ,,acan?>ia exhibits ! same %ell 7a simple holl[ sph]e7 z a la/ r$uc$ =m1 :i* ,c5osphra among ! ,sphrell>ia produces z a primitive ance/ral =m ( num]\s g5]a4 #gig,! ,c5tral ,capsule ( ! ,sphrocapsida is sph]ical1 con/antly small] ?an ! enclos+ conc5tric %ell1 & sep>at$ f x by ! calymma4 ,its /ructure seems to be ! same z 9 ! ,acan?onida1 & specially 9 ! ,a/rolon*ida4 ,! pseudopodia 7n yet obs]v$7 are probably protrud$ only ?r\gh ! tw5ty p]sp9al holes or ! eighty asp9al pores4 ,synopsis ( ! ,g5]a ( ,sphrocapsida4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,i4 ,subfamily ,a/rocapsida4 ,radial sp9es connect$ ) ! por\s %ell1 z long or long] ?an its radius4 ,eighty asp9al pores4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,sp9es z long z ! radius1 )\t ext]nal prolongation1 #cdd4 ,sphrocapsa4 ,sp9es long] ?an ! radius1 ) ext]nal prolongation1 #cde4 ,a/rocapsa4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,ii4 ,subfamily ,porocapsida4 ,radial sp9es n connect$ ) ! por\s %ell1 %ort] ?an its radius4 ,tw5ty p]sp9al pores4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,p]sp9al holes ( ! %ell simple1 )\t ext]nal prolongation1 #cdf4 ,porocapsa4 ,p]sp9al holes ( ! %ell prolong$ into radial c5trifugal tubuli1 #cdg4 ,cannocapsa4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,iii4 ,subfamily ,c5ocapsida4 ,radial sp9es disappe>$4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,tw5ty p]sp9al holes ( ! %ell simple1 )\t tubul> prolongation1 #cdh4 ,c5ocapsa4 ,subfamily #a4 ,,a/rocapsida1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,radial sp9es connect$ ) ! por\s %ell1 z long z or long] ?an its radius4 ,!re=e ! %ell pi]c$ by eighty asp9al pores 7f\r ar\nd ea* sp9e74 ,g5us #cdd4 ,sphrocapsa1#chd ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfi4 ,def9ition4--,sphrocapsida ) tw5ty radial sp9es z long z ! radius ( ! %ell1 )\t ext]nal prolongation2 !re=e _! di/al ends ins]t$ 9 ! p]sp9al holes1 ea* ( :i* is compos$ ( f\r asp9al pores4 ,! g5us ,sphrocapsa is ! mo/ common =m ( ! ,sphrocapsida1 & comprises ^? species 9 :i* ! radial sp9es are z long z ! radius ( ! %ell1 & !re=e are connect$ ) ! m>g9 ( its asp9al holes1 b n prolong$ beyond its surface4 #giha4 ,sphrocapsa cruciata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ace1 figs4 #f1 #g74 ,asp9al holes ne>ly circul>1 ) flat radially /riat$ m>g94 ,f\r asp9al pores ( ea* hole r\nd$ equilat]al triangul>4 ,porules ( ! %ell simple1 )\t r+ & dimple4 ,f\r edges ( ! sp9es smoo?4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4d to #j4e1 ( ! c5tral capsule #j4c to #j4d4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,fre ,*annel 7,gulf ,/ream71 #ahhj1 ,john ,murray1 surface4 #b4 ,sphrocapsa d5tata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ace1 fig4 #i74 ,asp9al holes f\r-lob$1 ) broad concave m>g9 d5ticulat$ on ! p]iph]y4 ,f\r asp9al pores ( ea* hole pe>-%ap$1 oblong1 elevat$ 9 ! c5tre4 ,porules ( ! %ell simple1 )\t r+ & dimple4 ,f\r edges ( ! sp9es d5ticulate4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4c to #j4d1 ( ! c5tral capsule #j4b to #j4c4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccb1 dep? #bbjj fa?oms4 #c4 ,sphrocapsa quadrata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ace1 fig4 #h74 ,asp9al holes squ>e1 ) concave umbilicus 9 ! c5tre1 surr\nd$ by a convex d5ticulat$ m>g94 ,f\r asp9al pores ( ea* hole ne>ly squ>e4 ,%ell-porules ) a polygonal elevat$ smoo? r+1 9 ! bottom ( a %all[ dimple4 ,f\r edges ( ! sp9es smoo?4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4bb1 ( ! c5tral capsule #j4ag4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 s\? ( ,au/ralia1 ,/ation #aei1 surface4 #d4 ,sphrocapsa pavim5tata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ace1 fig4 #aj74 ,asp9al holes f\r-lob$1 ) broad concave1 irregul>ly cr5at$ & figur$ m>g94 ,f\r asp9al pores ( ea* hole viol9-%ap$4 ,porules ( ! %ell surr\nd$ by an irregul>ly oblong r+ ) ?ick elevat$1 elegantly cr5at$ m>g94 ,f\r edges ( ! sp9es smoo?4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4cf1 ( ! c5tral capsule #j4c4 ,habitat4--,s\?-ea/ ,pacific 7(f ,valp>aiso71 ,/ation #bih1 surface4 ,g5us #cde4 ,a/rocapsa1#che n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,sphrocapsida ) tw5ty radial sp9es long] ?an ! radius ( ! %ell1 pi]c+ its p]sp9al holes1 ) free ext]nal prolongation2 !re=e ) f\r asp9al pores ar\nd ea* sp9e4 ,! g5us ,a/rocapsa diff]s f ! prec$+ ,sphrocapsa 9 ! ext]nal prolongation ( ! radial sp9es pi]c+ ! p]sp9al holes2 x assumes !re=e ! common %ape ( ! ,dorataspida m ?an ! o!r ,sphrocapsida d4 #giia4 ,a/rocapsa tritonis1 n4 sp4 ,asp9al holes circul>1 ) smoo? convex m>g9 & f\r circul> asp9al pores4 ,porules ( ! %ell simple1 )\t r+ & dimple4 ,f\r edges ( ! sp9es smoo?1 _! out] free "p ab\t z long z ! diamet] ( ! %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4be2 out] l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4c4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,fre ,*annel1 ,gulf ,/ream 7exp$ition ( ,h4,m4,s ,triton1 ,augu/1 #ahhb71 ,john ,murray1 surface4 #b4 ,a/rocapsa /ellata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acc1 fig4 #aj74 ,asp9al holes cruci=m1 ) high cr5at$ m>g94 ,f\r asp9al pores ( ea* hole egg-%ap$4 ,porules ( ! %ell simple1 )\t r+ & dimple4 ,f\r edges ( ! sp9es d5ticulate2 _! out] free "p twice to ?ree times z long z ! diamet] ( ! %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4cf2 out] l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4e to #j4h4 ,habitat4--,ant>ctic ,ocean 7ne> ,k]guel571 ,/ation #aeb1 surface4 #c4 ,a/rocapsa quadrifida1 n4 sp4 ,asp9al holes f\r-lob$1 ) f\r prom95t tee? betwe5 ! f\r r\ndi% asp9al pores4 ,porules ( ! %ell surr\nd$ by a high polygonal smoo? r+4 ,f\r edges ( ! sp9es d5ticulate2 _! out] free "p ab\t z long z ! radius ( ! %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4bh2 out] l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bda1 surface4 #d4 ,a/rocapsa coronata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acc1 fig4 #i74 ,asp9al holes circul>1 ) a coronet ( num]\s ?9 p>allel tee?4 ,porules ( ! %ell 9 dimples on irregul> polygonal small plates1 ) coronat$ r+4 ,f\r edges ( ! sp9es d5ticulate2 _! out] free "p ab\t twice z long z ! diamet] ( ! %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4d to #j4e 2 out] l5g? ( ! sp9es #a4j to #a4b4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,fre ,*annel1 ,gulf ,/ream 7exp$ition ( ! ,knight ,errant1 #ahhj71 ,john ,murray1 surface & at dep?s v>y+ f #aj to #bjj fa?oms4 ,subfamily #b4 ,,porocapsida1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,radial sp9es n connect$ ) ! por\s %ell1 %ort] ?an its radius2 !re=e ! %ell pi]c$ by tw5ty p]sp9al pores 7ea* "o 9 ! ideal radial prolongation ( "o sp9e74 #hjj;,g5us #cdf4 ,porocapsa1#chf n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,sphrocapsida ) tw5ty radial sp9es %ort] ?an ! radius ( ! %ell2 !re=e _! di/al ends n connect$ ) ! tw5ty p]sp9al holes1 :i* are simple1 n prolong$ into radial tubes4 ,! g5us ,porocapsa & ! foll[+ ,cannocapsa =m toge!r ! small sub-family ( ,porocapsida1 di/+ui%$ by ! peculi> r$uction or retrograde developm5t ( ! tw5ty radial sp9es2 all ^! tw5ty are pres5t & dispos$ accord+ to ! ,mll]ian law ( ! ,icosacan?a1 b !y are %ort] ?an ! radius ( ! %ell & !re=e d n rea* x4 ,9 ! ideal prolongation ( ! sp9es ! %ell is pi]c$ by tw5ty simple quadrangul> or circul> p]sp9al holes4 #a4 ,porocapsa murrayana1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acc1 fig4 #g74 ,p]sp9al holes cruci=m1 ) smoo? ?ick5$ m>g9 or ) f\r %ort tee? betwe5 ! f\r lobes4 ,porules ( ! %ell simple1 )\t r+ & dimple4 ,f\r edges ( ! sp9es smoo?4 7,diff]s f ,sphrocapsa cruciata1 ,pl4 #ace1 figs4 #f1 #g1 liv+ 9 ! same locality1 ma9ly 9 ! r$uction ( ! radial sp9es1 :i* d n rea* ! %ell47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4bh2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4b4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,fre ,*annel1 ,gulf ,/ream 7exp$ition ( ,h4,m4,s4 ,triton1 ,augu/ #ahhb71 ,john ,murray1 surface & 9 dep?s f #dj to #fdj fa?oms4 #b4 ,porocapsa tetrodon1 n4 sp4 ,p]sp9al holes cruci=m1 ) f\r triangul> prom95t tee? betwe5 ! f\r lobes ( ! cross4 ,porules ( ! %ell ) an elevat$ polygonal r+1 9 ! bottom ( a dimple4 ,f\r edges ( ! sp9es elegantly d5ticulate4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4cf2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bec1 surface4 #c4 ,porocapsa octodon1 n4 sp4 ,p]sp9al holes squ>e1 ) f\r l>g] prom95t tee? on ! sides ( ! squ>e1 & f\r small] tee? on its corn]s4 ,porules ( ! %ell surr\nd$ by an elevat$ r+ ) elegantly cr5at$ irregul> m>g94 ,f\r edges ( ! sp9es smoo?4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4dh2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ah4 ,habitat4--,arctic ,ocean 7,gre5l&71 9 ! cont5ts ( ! /oma* ( ! ,p]om$usa1 ,p]iphylla hyac9?9a4 #hjad4 ,porocapsa coronodon1 n4 sp4 ,p]sp9al holes circul>1 ) ciliat$ m>g91 :i* =ms a cr[n ( sixte5 to tw5ty-f\r ?9 p>allel tee?4 ,poruli ( ! %ell surr\nd$ by an elevat$ r+ ) high cr5at$ m>g94 ,f\r edges ( ! sp9es d5ticulate4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ee2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,ant>ctic ,ocean1 ,/ation #aed1 surface4 ,g5us #cdg4 ,cannocapsa1#chg n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,sphrocapsida ) tw5ty radial sp9es %ort] ?an ! radius ( ! %ell2 !re=e _! di/al ends n connect$ ) ! tw5ty p]sp9al holes1 :i* are prolong$ outside into radial tubes 7ea* "o 9 ! radial ideal prolongation ( "o inn] sp9e74 ,! g5us ,cannocapsa1 exhibits ! same peculi> r$uction ( ! radial sp9es z ! =ego+ ,porocapsa2 ! sp9es are also "h %ort] ?an ! %ell-radius & d n !re=e rea* ! p]sp9al holes ( ! %ell4 ,b :il/ ^! latt] are simple 9 ,porocapsa1 !y are prolong$ into radial tubules 9 ,cannocapsa2 ! out] surface be>s !re=e tw5ty su* cyl9drical tubules1 sep>at$ by a %ort di/ance f ! inn] enclos$ sp9es1 b dispos$ q regul>ly accord+ to ! law ( ,icosacan?a4 #a4 ,cannocapsa osculata1 n4 sp4 ,p]sp9al holes prolong$ into %ort cyl9drical tubuli1 ! l5g? ( :i* ab\t equals _! diamet]4 ,bo? ends ( ! tubuli ) smoo? ?ick5$ m>g94 ,poruli ( ! %ell simple1 )\t r+ & dimple4 ,f\r edges ( ! sp9es smoo?2 _! l5g? equals ab\t f\r-fif?s ( ! %ell-radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4bd2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ji1 ( ! tubuli #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,fre ,*annel 7,gulf ,/ream71 surface1 ,john ,murray4 #b4 ,cannocapsa /e?oscopium1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acc1 fig4 #h74 ,p]sp9al holes prolong$ into cyl9drical tubuli1 half z long z ! %ell radius4 ,bo? ends ( ! tubuli ) smoo? ?9 trumpet-%ap$ m>g9s4 ,poruli ( ! %ell simple1 )\t r+ & dimple4 ,f\r edges ( ! sp9es smoo?2 _! l5g? ab\t equals ?ree-f\r?s ( ! %ell-radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4b2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jh1 ( ! tubuli #j4je4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic 7we/ ( ,tri/an da ,cunha71 ,/ation #ccc1 surface4 #c4 ,cannocapsa tubulosa1 n4 sp4 ,p]sp9al holes prolong$ into cyl9drical tubuli1 :i* are z long z or long] !n ! %ell-radius4 ,bo? ends ( ! tubuli ) smoo? ?ick5$ m>g94 ,poruli ( ! %ell simple1 #hjb)\t r+ & dimple4 ,f\r edges ( ! sp9es smoo?2 _! l5g? sc>cely equals half ! %ell-radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ae2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jc1 ( ! tubuli #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic 7ea/ coa/ ( ,patagonia71 ,/ation #cah1 surface4 ,subfamily #c4 ,,c5ocapsida1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,radial sp9es completely r$uc$ & abs5t2 %ell cavity !re=e simple2 %ell pi]c$ by tw5ty p]sp9al pores 7ea* plac$ 9 ! direction ( "o radial sp9e :i* has disappe>$74 ,g5us #cdh4 ,c5ocapsa1#chh n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,sphrocapsida )\t radial sp9es1 ) simple cavity ( ! sph]ical %ell1 :i* is pi]c$ by tw5ty p]sp9al holes 7ea* "o plac$ 9 ! radial direction ( "o sp9e :i* has disappe>$74 ,! g5us ,c5ocapsa comprises only a s+le species1 b is v rem>kable 9 t x is ! mo/ r$uc$ =m among all ,sphrocapsida4 ,! tw5ty radial sp9es ( ! ,icosacan?a h p]fectly disappe>$ by complete retrograde metamorphosis1 & ! only evid5ce ( _! =m] exi/5ce 79 ! ance/ral g5us ,porocapsa7 are ! tw5ty p]sp9al holes rema9+ 9 ! %ell4 ,c5ocapsa is ! only =m ( ,,acan?>ia :i* possesses no radial sp9es4 #a4 ,c5ocapsa nirvana1 n4 sp4 7#acc1 fig4 #aa1 #aa;a1 #aa;c74 ,p]sp9al holes f\r-lob$1 cruci=m1 ) f\r %ort triangul> tee? betwe5 ! f\r lobes ( ! cross4 ,poruli ( ! %ell 9 ! bottom ( an elliptical dimple surr\nd$ by an elevat$ r+4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4b to #j4c1 ( ! asp9al holes #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdh1 surface4 ,family ,,xl4 ,,dorataspida1 ,haeckel 7,pls4 #acd-ach74 ,dorataspida1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dab4 ,def9ition4--,,acan?>ia ) simple sph]ical lattice-%ell1 compos$ ( ! bran*$ apophyses ( tw5ty equal radial sp9es meet+ 9 its c5tre & dispos$ accord+ to ! ,mll]ian law ( ,icosacan?a4 ,c5tral capsule sph]ical1 enclos$ 9 ! f5e/rat$ %ell4 ,! family ,dorataspida is ! mo/ important family ( ! ,acan?ophracta1 or ( ^? ,,acan?>ia 9 :i* ! radial sp9es are connect$ by a complete extracapsul> lattice-%ell4 ,! ,dorataspida repres5t probably ! ance/ral #hjc/ock ( ?is :ole ord]1 ) ! exception ( ! ,sphrocapsida4 ,! f\r foll[+ families ( ! ord] may be easily d]iv$ f ! ,dorataspida4 ,! numb] ( g5]a 7sev5te57 & ( species 7"o hundr$ & eight7 is 9 ?is family great] ?an 9 ! o!r five families toge!r4 ,:5 ,i con/itut$ t family 9 my ,monograph #ahfb1 x compris$ only "o g5us1 ,dorataspis1 ) sev5 species4 ,! ne>ly alli$ g5us ,haliommatidium 7,phatnaspis7 belongs to ! ,belonaspida4 ,! ,dorataspida diff] f ! o!r ,acan?ophracta 9 ! simple sph]ical lattice-%ell1 :i* is compos$ ( ! meet+ apophyses ( ! tw5ty radial sp9es4 ,9 ?ree o!r families ( ! subord] ! %ell is n sph]ical1 b ellipsoidal 7,belonaspida71 discoidal 7,hexalaspida71 or diploconical 7,diploconida74 ,9 ! ,phractopeltida ! sph]ical %ell is d\ble1 compos$ ( two conc5tric lattice-sph]es4 ,9 ! ,sphrocapsida ! simple sph]ical %ell is n compos$ ( ! apophyses ( ! sp9es1 b ( innum]able small plates4 ,! family ,dorataspida may be divid$ into two v diff]5t subfamilies1 :i* are probably d]iv$1 indep5d5tly ( "o ano!r1 f two diff]5t subfamilies ( ! ,a/rolon*ida4 ,! fir/ subfamily1 ,diporaspida1 exhibits on ea* radial sp9e two opposite apophyses1 l its ance/ral gr\p1 ! ,phractacan?ida 7p4 #gec72 :]eas ! second subfamily1 ,tess>aspida1 possesses on ea* radial sp9e f\r cross$ apophyses 7opposite 9 pairs71 l its ance/ral gr\p1 ! ,/auracan?ida 7p4 #geh74 ,!re=e ! composition ( ! sph]ical %ell1 produc$ by ! meet+ bran*es ( ! tang5tial apophyses1 is ess5tially diff]5t 9 ! two subfamilies3 9 ! ,diporaspida ea* radial sp9e is surr\nd$ by two opposite prim>y asp9al me%es1 9 ! ,tess>aspida by f\r cross$ prim>y asp9al me%es4 ,ano!r pr9ciple ( division may be e/abli%$ = ! :ole family by ! diff]5t mode ( composition ( ! %ell1 & reg>d+ ?is important diff]5ce we may di/+ui% also two diff]5t subfamilies z ,cladophracta & ,peltophracta4 ,9 ! fir/ & simpl] subfamily1 ! ,cladophracta1 ! %ell is compos$ totally 7or sometimes p>tially7 ( ! meet+ bran*es ( ! apophyses ( ! neighb\r+ sp9es2 b 9 ea* s+le sp9e 7or 9 ! mo/ "p ( !m7 ! bran*es ( ! apophyses are n unit$1 & =m no lattice-plate 7,pl4 #acg1 figs4 #a to #h74 ,:]eas 9 ! ,peltophracta ! %ell is compos$ con/antly ( tw5ty p]=at$ plates1 z 9 ea* s+le sp9e ! bran*es ( its apophyses are unit$ & =m a f5e/rat$ %ield ) two or f\r 7& sometimes num]\s7 pores 7,pls4 #ace1 #acf1 #ach74 ,9 ! ,diporaspida z well z 9 ! ,tess>aspida we f9d num]\s repres5tatives ( ! two gr\ps ( ! ,cladophracta & ( ! ,peltophracta2 !re=e ! :ole family ( ,dorataspida may be divid$ into f\r diff]5t tribes4 ,! ,diporaspida 7) two opposite apophyses on ea* sp9e7 are p>tly ,cladophracta 7! ,phractaspida1 ,pl4 #acg1 figs4 #a-d71 p>tly ,peltophracta 7! ,c]iaspida1 ,pl4 #ach74 ,on ! o!r h& ! ,tess>aspida 7) f\r cross$ apophyses on ea* #hjdsp9e7 are also p>tly ,cladophracta 7! ,/auraspida1 ,pl4 #acg1 figs4 #e-h71 p>tly ,peltophracta 7! ,ly*naspida1 ,pls4 #ace-acf74 ,! diff]5ces & relations ( ^! tribes are plac$ synoptically 9 ! foll[+ table3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,a4 ,diporaspida4 ,b4 ,tess>aspida4 ,synopsis ( ! f\r ,two opposite apophyses ,f\r cross$ apophyses tribes ( ,dorataspida4 on ea* radial sp9e4 on ea* radial sp9e4 ,two prim>y asp9al ,f\r prim>y sp9al me%es4 me%es4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- a4 ,cladophracta #a4 ,tribe ,phractaspida4 #c4 ,tribe ,/auraspida4 ,all tw5ty sp9es 7or a "p ( !m7 )\t lattice-plates4 b4 ,peltophracta #b4 ,tribe ,c]iaspida4 #d4 ,tribe ,ly*naspida4 ,all tw5ty sp9es ) lattice-plates4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,all ,dorataspida are true ,icosacan?a1 & ! tw5ty sp9es1 compos+ ! sph]ical %ell1 are equally develop$1 regul>ly dispos$ accord+ to ! ,mll]ian law1 & ( equal size2 also ! di/ance ( _! plates f ! common c5tre is equal4 ,nev]!less !y are nev] ( p]fectly ! same =m2 9 consequ5ce ( _! peculi> disposition 9 five zones 7ea* ) f\r sp9es7 c]ta9 slight diff]5ces are effect$1 s t ) accurate k ( ! peculi> %ell-composition x is g5]ally n difficult to di/+ui% ! sp9es ( ! equatorial1 ! two tropical1 & ! two pol> zones4 ,already ! c5tral bases1 by :i* ! tw5ty sp9es are unit$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! sph]e1 exhibit c]ta9 diff]5ces 9 ! five zones4 ,commonly ^! bases are small pyramids1 all meet+ ) _! apex 9 ! c5tre1 & ! triangul> faces ( ! neighb\r+ pyramids are support$ "o ^u ano!r4 ,! f\r equatorial pyramids are commonly six-sid$1 ! o!r sixte5 five-sid$2 b sometimes !re are eight six-sid$ & twelve five-sid$ basal pyramids2 two opposite pol> sp9es on ea* pole hav+ a six-sid$ base 7l ! f\r equatorial71 ! o!r two pol> sp9es on ea* pole hav+ a five-sid$ base 7l ! eight tropical74 ,r>ely ! c5tral bases are p]fectly gr[n toge!r1 =m+ a s+le sph]ical c5tral piece ( acan?94 ,! ?ree diff]5t fundam5tal =ms ( radial sp9es1 :i* are f\nd 9 all ,,acan?>ia1 ! cyl9drical1 ! two-edg$1 & ! f\r-edg$ 7sp9es ) circul>1 ) elliptical1 & ) squ>e transv]se section respectively7 occur also 9 ! diff]5t gr\ps ( ,dorataspida2 b commonly ! two-edg$ or compress$ =m is preval5t 9 ! ,diporaspida1 ! f\r-edg$ or quadrangul> =m 9 ! ,tess>aspida4 ,9 ! majority ( species ! sp9es are ?ick5$ 9 ! %ell-face1 :]e ! apophyses arise1 & ?9n] t[>ds ! two ends4 ,usually ! out] or di/al "p ( ! sp9e 7outside ! %ell7 is long] ?an ! inn] or proximal "p 7inside #hje! %ell74 ,! di/al apex is commonly simple1 conical or pyramidal1 r>ely bifid or truncate4 ,! edges ( ! sp9es are commonly smoo?1 r>ely d5ticulate or s]rate4 ,! apophyses1 or ! lat]al transv]se processes ( ! radial sp9es1 9 ! ,dorataspida assume ! greate/ v>iety & complexity 9 =m1 size1 mode ( ramification1 & 9 composition ( ! %ell4 ,an exp]t & practis$ obs]v] may det]m9e easily ! range ( ea* sp9e1 :e!r x be an equatorial 7c71 or a tropical 7b1 d71 or a pol> sp9e 7a1 e1 ,pls4 #acc-ach74 ,! two opposite apophyses ( ! ,diporaspida1 z well z ! f\r cross$ apophyses ( ! ,tess>aspida1 lie con/antly 9 c]ta9 m]idian planes ( ! sp9e1 :i* h a legitimate signification = ea* ( ! five zones4 ,! comp>ative morphology ( ?is regul> disposition ( ! apophyses & ! regul> meet+ ( _! bran*es is ( ! greate/ int]e/1 & necess>y = ! complete und]/&+ ( ! complicat$ /ructure ( ^! wond]ful %ells4 ,! pores or me%es ( ! sph]ical %ell1 (f]+ ! mo/ v>i$ =ms1 may g5]ally be divid$ into two diff]5t gr\ps1 into sutural & p>mal me%es4 ,! sutural pores are bord]$ by ! meet+ bran*es ( ! apophyses ( two1 ?ree1 or f\r neighb\r+ sp9es1 & !re=e also by ! sutures 9 :i* !y meet4 ,! p>mal pores on ! o!r h& are bord]$ only by ! unit$ bran*es ( ! apophyses ( a s+le sp9e & pi]ce ! %ield or lattice-plate =m$ by !m4 ,!re=e ! %ell-me%es ( ! ,cladophracta are all sutural pores 7,pl4 #acg1 figs4 #a-h2 r>ely & only 9 a "p ( ! sp9es p>mal pores also3 ,zonaspis1 ,dodecaspis72 :]eas ! %ell-me%es ( ! ,peltophracta1 pi]c+ ! %ields or lattice-plates ( all tw5ty sp9es1 are always p>tly sutural1 p>tly p>mal pores 7,pls4 #ace1 #acf1 #ach74 ,! p>mal pores aga9 may be divid$ into two diff]5t gr\ps--asp9al & coronal pores4 ,asp9al pores 7ad sp9am7 are ^? :i* lie imm$iately on ! sides ( ! radial sp9e & are bord]$ by ! prim>y bran*es ( its apophyses2 !re=e con/antly only two 9 ! ,diporaspida1 f\r 9 ! ,tess>aspida4 ,coronal pores on ! contr>y are ^? :i* lie 9 ! p]iph]y ( ! lattice-plates1 surr\nd+ 9 a circle or cr[n ! asp9al pores & n t\*+ ! sp9e itself4 ,9 ,dorataspis1 ,c]iaspis1 ,tess>aspis1 ,ly*naspis1 c41 all p>mal me%es are only asp9al pores 7,pl4 #ace1 figs4 #b-e2 ,pl4 #acf72 :il/ 9 ,cosc9aspis1 ,acontaspis1 ,icosaspis1 ,hylaspis1 c41 "o "p ( ! p>mal pores is asp9al1 "o "p coronal 7,pl4 #acf74 ,! numb]1 =m1 & size ( ! coronal pores is v v>iable & (t5 v l>ge 7sometimes m ?an a hundr$ 9 "o plate74 ,! ,cladophracta exhibit a comp>atively simple %ell-=mation2 ei!r all tw5ty sp9es or at lea/ a "p ( !m n =m+ lattice-plates4 ,! mo/ primitive =m among ^! is ,phractaspis 7,pl4 #acg1 figs4 #a1 #b74 ,! =ty apophyses ( its tw5ty sp9es are simply =k$1 & _! eighty =k-bran*es unit$ by =ty sutures1 enclos+ tw5ty-two sutural me%es3 two squ>e pol> me%es 7betwe5 ! f\r pol> sp9es on ! poles ( ! sp9eless axis1 a a a a & e e e e72 eight triangul> #hjf;circumpol> me%es 7ea* betwe5 two pol> & "o tropical sp9e1 a b a & e d e72 eight quadrangul> tropical me%es 7ea* betwe5 "o pol>1 "o equatorial1 & two tropical sp9es1 a b c b & e d c d72 & f\r rhomboidal equatorial me%es 7betwe5 two tropical & two equatorial sp9es1 c b c d74 ,if ! =k-bran*es be aga9 =k$ 7,phractaspidium1 ,pl4 #acg1 fig4 #c71 ! numb] ( ! sutures & sutural me%es is d\bl$1 & ! same is ! case 9 ,/auraspis1 ! mo/ simple =m ( ! ,tess>aspida4 ,a peculi> small gr\p1 & an int]e/+ transition = ! ,cladophracta to ! ,peltophracta1 is pres5t$ by ! ,zonaspida among ! ,tess>aspida 7,zonaspis & ,dodecaspis74 ,"h only "o "p ( ! radial sp9es be>s lattice-plates1 ! o!r "p n4 ,9 ,zonaspis ! f\r equatorial sp9es be> lattice-plates1 ! sixte5 o!r only free bran*es ( ! apophyses4 ,9 ,dodecaspis twelve sp9es are provid$ ) lattice-plates 7f\r equatorial & eight pol> sp9es71 :il/ ! eight o!r 7tropical7 sp9es are devoid ( !m4 ,! ,peltophracta exhibit a great v>iety 9 ! =m & composition ( _! tw5ty lattice-plates or f5e/rat$ %ields4 ,9 ! mo/ simple case 7a "p ( ,dorataspis & ,diporaspis7 ! %ell is compos$ ( f\r 7equatorial7 hexagonal plates1 & sixte5 p5tagonal plates 7f\r tropical & f\r pol>72 9 ?is case ! f\r pol> plates meet on ea* pole 9 "o common po9t4 ,m commonly1 h[ev]1 ! %ell seems to be compos$ ( eight hexagonal plates 7f\r equatorial & ! f\r pol> sp9es ( ! hydrotomical plane7 & twelve p5tagonal plates 7eight tropical & ! f\r pol> sp9es ( ! geotomical plane72 9 ?is case only two 7hexagonal7 pol> plates meet on ea* pole 9 a suture :i* sep>ates ! two o!r 7p5tagonal7 pol> plates 7,pl4 #ach1 fig4 #d74 ,9 ! majority ( ! ,dorataspida ! composition ( ! %ell is mu* m complicat$ & (t5 v difficult to und]/&4 ,(t5 ! surface ( ! plates is cov]$ ) a network ( elevat$ cre/s1 by :i* concave bl9d dimples are sep>at$ 7,c]iaspis1 ,hy/ri*aspis1 ,pl4 #ach72 & sometimes ^! dimples become pi]c$ by coronal pores 7,pl4 #ach1 fig4 #aa1 c474 ,peculi> by-sp9es or accessory sp9es cov] ! out] surface ( ! %ell 9 a great "p ( ,dorataspida1 & commonly ^! mo/ *>act]i/ic by-sp9es are n plac$ radially1 b p>allel to ! radial sp9e1 f ! lattice-plate ( :i* !y arise 7,pl4 #ace1 figs4 #a1 #e2 ,pl4 #acg1 figs4 #d-h2 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 #ahfb1 ,taf4 xxi4 figs4 #h1 #i74 ,!y are commonly plac$ p]p5dicul> to ! sutural condyles1 or ! bran*-ends ( ! apophyses2 s t close to ea* suture arises a pair ( div]g5t by-sp9es1 belong+ to ! meet+ apophyses ( ! two neighb\r+ sp9es1 :i* meet 9 ! suture 7,pl4 #acg1 fig4 #d74 ,r>ely ^! ?91 bri/le-%ap$ by-sp9es are q simple & /raight1 commonly !y undulate or are zigzag & (t5 arm$ ) recurv$ hooks4 ,sometimes !y are also =k$ or arboresc5t 7,pl4 #ach1 fig4 #g74 ,! ,c5tral ,capsule ( ! ,dorataspida is con/antly sph]ical & ab\t "o-?ird small] ?an ! enclos+ %ell1 f :i* x is sep>at$ by ! sph]ical calymma4 #hjg,! membrane ( ! c5tral capsule is commonly r ?91 & pi]c$ by ! tw5ty radial sp9es1 meet+ 9 ! c5tre ( ! capsule4 ,betwe5 ^! lie innum]able small pores = ! radiat+ pseudopodia2 h[ev]1 9 _m cases 7& p]haps con/antly7 ^! pores exhibit a c]ta9 regul> disposition4 ,9 _m species ! c5tral capsule encloses ,xan!ll or symbiotic yell[ unicellul> ,alg4 ,! nucleus becomes cleft v e>ly 9 ! majority ( ,dorataspida4 ,synopsis ( ! ,g5]a ( ,dorataspida4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,i4 ,subfamily ,diporaspida4 ,ea* radial sp9e ) two opposite prim>y apophyses2 !re=e ! :ole %ell ) =ty prim>y apophyses4 -------------------- ,i4 ,tribe ,phractaspida4 ,tw5ty radial sp9es )\t lattice-plates2 no normal pores4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,no by-sp9es1 #cdi4 ,phractaspis4 ,) by-sp9es1 #cej4 ,pleuraspis4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,ii4 ,tribe ,c]iaspida4 ,tw5ty radial sp9es all ) lattice-plates produc$ by union ( ! bran*$ apophyses ( ea* plate4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,no by-sp9es1 #cea4 ,dorataspis4 ,plates n ,=ty p>mal dimpl$1 ,) by-sp9es1 #ceb4 ,diporaspis4 pores 7two )\t 9 ea* network ,no by-sp9es1 b plate7--no ( cre/s4 free apophyses1 #cec4 ,orophaspis4 coronal pores 9 ,plates dimpl$1 ,no by-sp9es1 #ced4 ,c]iaspis4 ! plates4 ) a network ( cre/s4 ,) by-sp9es1 #cee4 ,hy/ri*aspis4 ,eighty to two hundr$ or m ,no by-sp9es1 #cef4 ,cosc9aspis4 79 ea* plate two asp9al & two to t5 or m ,) by-sp9es1 #ceg4 ,acontaspis4 coronal pores74 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,ii4 ,subfamily ,tess>aspida4 ,ea* radial sp9e ) f\r cross$ prim>y apophyses2 !re=e ! :ole %ell ) eighty prim>y apophyses4 -------------------- ,,iii4 ,tribe ,/auraspida4 ,tw5ty radial sp9es all or p>tly )\t lattice-plates4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,no by-sp9es1 #ceh4 ,/auraspis4 ,all tw5ty sp9es )\t lattice-plates4 ,) by-sp9es1 #cei4 ,e*9aspis4 ,f\r plates )1 sixte5 )\t1 lattice-plates4 ,) by-sp9es1 #cfj4 ,zonaspis4 ,twelve plates )1 eight )\t1 lattice-plates4 ,) by-sp9es1 #cfa4 ,dodecaspis4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,iv4 ,tribe ,ly*naspida4 ,tw5ty radial sp9es all ) lattice-plates 7produc$ by union ( ! bran*$ apophyses ( ea* plate74 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,eighty p>mal pores 7f\r ,no by-sp9es1 #cfb4 ,tess>aspis4 on ea* plate7--no coronal pores 9 ! plates4 ,) by-sp9es1 #cfc4 ,ly*naspis4 ,"o hundr$ & sixty to ?ree hundr$ or m p>mal pores ,no by-sp9es1 #cfd4 ,icosaspis4 79 ea* plate f\r asp9al & f\r to twelve or m ,) by-sp9es1 #cfe4 ,hylaspis4 coronal pores74 #hjh,subfamily #a4 ,,diporaspida1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,dorataspida ) tw5ty radial sp9es1 ea* ( :i* be>s two opposite apophyses4 ,! sph]ical %ell is compos$ ei!r ( ! meet+ bran*es ( ^! apophyses 7,phractaspida71 or ( tw5ty p]=at$ plates1 produc$ by concresc5ce ( _! bran*es 7,c]iaspida74 ,a4 ,tribe ,i4 ,phractaspida1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,dorataspida )\t p]=at$ plates2 ! sph]ical %ell is compos$ only ( ! meet+ bran*es ( ! two opposite apophyses1 :i* arise f ea* radial sp9e4 ,!re=e ! me%es ( ! %ell are all sutural4 ,g5us #cdi4 ,phractaspis1#chi ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfg4 ,def9ition4--,dorataspida )\t p]=at$ plates2 %ell compos$ only ( ! meet+ bran*es ( ! two opposite apophyses1 :i* arise f ea* radial sp9e4 ,condyles ( ! bran*-ends )\t by-sp9es4 ,! g5us ,phractaspis is ! mo/ simple & primitive =m among all ,dorataspida1 & may be reg>d$ z ! common ance/ral =m ei!r ( ?is :ole family1 or at lea/ ( its fir/ subfamily1 ! ,diporaspida4 ,9 all memb]s ( ?is subfamily ! sph]ical %ell is compos$ ( tw5ty radial sp9es1 ea* ( :i* be>s two opposite apophyses2 b ! mode ( composition is diff]5t 9 ! two tribes ( ! subfamily1 9 ! ,phractaspida & ,c]iaspida4 ,9 ! simpl] tribe1 ! ,phractaspida1 ! %ell is compos$ only ( ! meet+ bran*es ( ! apophyses ( neighb\r+ sp9es2 !re are no peculi> p]=at$ plates or %ields4 ,9 ! ,c]iaspida1 h[ev]1 bo? apophyses ( ea* s+le sp9e =m a p]=at$ plate or %ield by union ( _! bran*es1 & ! %ell is =m$ ( ! meet+ edges ( ^! %ields4 ,( c\rse ! ,c]iaspida mu/ be d]iv$ f ! simpl] ,phractaspida4 ,phractaspis1 z ! common ance/ral =m ( bo?1 exhibits a v simple /ructure ( ! %ell 7,pl4 #acg1 figs4 #a1 #b74 ,commonly1 if ! =k-bran*es ( ea* apophysis be n aga9 bran*$1 ! %ell possesses only tw5ty-two l>ge me%es & =ty sutures4 ,m r>ely _! numb] increases1 ! =k-bran*es ( ! apophyses be+ aga9 bran*$ 7,phractaspidium1 ,pl4 #acg1 fig4 #c74 ,subg5us #a4 ,phractasp>ium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,%ell ) tw5ty-two me%es1 & =ty sutures1 ea* sp9e ) only f\r bran*es1 its two apophyses be+ simply =k$4 #hjia4 ,phractaspis prototypus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acg1 fig4 #b74 ,radial sp9es cyl9drical1 ?91 po9t$2 ! out] & inn] halves ( ne>ly equal size4 ,ea* sp9e be>s 9 its middle "p two opposite apophyses1 :i* are simply =k$2 ! f\r condyles ( ea* sp9e 7or ! ?ick5$ ends ( ! =k-bran*es7 are unit$ ) ! meet+ condyles ( ! neighb\r+ sp9es by sutures4 ,!re=e ! network ( ! sph]ical %ell is compos$ ( tw5ty-two l>ge me%es3 two squ>e pol> me%es on ea* pole 7a a a a & e e e e72 eight triangul> circumpol> me%es 7ea* betwe5 two pol> & "o tropical sp9e1 a b a & e d e72 eight tropical rhomboidal me%es 7ea* betwe5 "o pol>1 "o equatorial1 & two tropical sp9es3 a b c b & e d c d72 & f\r rhomboidal equatorial me%es 7ea* betwe5 two tropical & two equatorial sp9es c b c d74 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4a1 ( ! me%es #j4jc to #j4jd2 bread? ( ! sp9es & b>s #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,m$it]ranean 7,corfu71 ,atlantic 7,/ations #cdh1 #ced71 ,indian ,ocean 7,ceylon71 ,pacific 7,/ations #bec1 #bfe1 #bgd71 c41 surface4 #b4 ,phractaspis complanata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acg1 fig4 #a74 ,radial sp9es leaf-%ap$1 /rongly compress$1 two-edg$1 po9t$2 _! out] "p long] ?an ! inn]4 ,ea* sp9e ) two opposite apophyses :i* are simply =k$1 !re=e ) f\r condyles4 ,! network ) =ty sutures & tw5ty-two l>ge me%es1 z 9 ! =ego+ species4 ,! broad faces ( ! eight pol> sp9es lie 9 two m]idian planes1 ( ! f\r equatorial sp9es 9 ! equatorial plane1 ( ! eight tropical sp9es 9 two planes p>allel to ! latt]4 ,! planes ( ! leaf-%ap$ =k-bran*es lie 9 ! sph]ical face4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4a1 ( ! me%es #j4jb to #j4jc2 bread? ( ! =k-bran*es #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdc1 surface4 #c4 ,phractaspis condylophora1 n4 sp4 ,radial sp9es quadrangul>1 ?92 _! out] pyramidal "p %ort] ?an ! inn]4 ,ea* sp9e ) f\r bran*es1 its two opposite apophyses be+ simply =k$4 ,! eighty condyles 7or sutural ends ( ! bran*es7 mu* ?ick5$1 twice to f\r times z broad z ! bran*es !mselves4 ,network ) =ty sutures & tw5ty-two l>ge me%es1 z 9 bo? =ego+ species4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ab1 ( ! me%es #j4jc to #j4jd2 bread? ( ! condyles #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bhh1 surface4 #d4 ,phractaspis bip5nis1 ,haeckel4 ,dorataspis bip5nis1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dac1 ,taf4 xxi4 figs4 #a1 #b4 ,phractaspl5ium bip5ne1 ,haeckel1 #ahhb1 ,manuscript4 ,radial sp9es v ?91 quadrangul>2 _! out] pyramidal "p %ort] ?an ! inn]4 ,ea* sp9e ) f\r b5t bran*es1 its two opposite apophyses be+ simply =k$4 ,eighty #haj;condyles1 v ?91 po9t$4 ,9 ! specim5s ( ?is rem>kable species1 :i* ,i fir/ obs]v$ 9 ,mess9a1 two opposite equatorial sp9es _h q free apophyses1 n connect$ ) ! neighb\r+ sp9es2 !re=e ! ?9 lattice-"w ( ! %ell exhibit$ only ?irty-six sutures & tw5ty me%es 7two me%es ) six sutures1 six me%es ) f\r sutures1 & twelve me%es ) ?ree sutures74 ,9 simil> specim5s1 :i* ,i aft]w>ds obs]v$ 9 ! ,can>y ,isl&s1 all f\r equatorial sp9es 7 connect$ 9 ! same mann] ) ! neighb\r+ sp9es2 !re=e !y possess$ =ty sutures & tw5ty-two me%es1 l ,phractaspis prototypus 7,pl4 #acg1 fig4 #b74 ,p]haps ! ,m$it]ranean species repres5ts a peculi> g5us1 ,phractaspl5ium bip5ne4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4a1 ( ! me%es #j4jc to #j4je2 bread? ( ! sp9es #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a71 ,can>y ,isl&s 7,lanz]ote71 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,phractaspidium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,%ell ) =ty to eighty or m me%es1 & eighty to "o hundr$ or m sutures4 ,ea* sp9e ) six to eight or m bran*es1 its two apophyses be+ d\bly =k$ or m ramifi$4 #e4 ,phractaspis con/ricta1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acg1 fig4 #c74 ,radial sp9es /rongly compress$1 two-edg$1 po9t$2 _! out] half twice con/rict$ & some:at long] ?an ! inn] half4 ,ea* sp9e ) two opposite =k$ apophyses1 ! bran*es ( :i* are aga9 =k$2 !re=e eight condyles on ea* sp9e4 ,! network ( ! sph]ical %ell ) eighty sutures & sixty-two me%es 7tw5ty-two l>ge prim>y me%es & =ty small] second>y me%es1 ! latt] betwe5 ! di/al =k-bran*es74 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4aa1 ( ! l>ge me%es #j4jd to #j4je1 ( ! small me%es #j4ja2 bread? ( ! sp9es #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdh1 dep? #bdej fa?oms4 #f4 ,phractaspis cataphracta1 ,haeckel4 ,acan?ometra cataphracta1 ,j4 ,mll]1 #aheh1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #di1 ,taf4 x4 figs4 #g1 #h4 ,dorataspis cataphracta1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dae4 ,radial sp9es ?91 quadrangul>2 _! out] pyramidal "p %ort] ?an ! inn]4 ,ea* sp9e ) six to eight condyles1 ! =k-bran*es ( _! two opposite apophyses be+ 7all or p>tly7 aga9 =k$4 ,! network ) sixty to eighty sutures & me%es3 sometimes z regul> z 9 ! prec$+ species1 at o!r times m or less irregul>4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4a1 ( ! me%es #j4jb to #j4jd2 bread? ( ! b>s #j4jjd to #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,cette71 ,mll] 7,mess9a71 ,haeckel2 ,nor? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cec1 surface4 #haa;,g5us #cej4 ,pleuraspis1#cij ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfg4 ,def9ition4--,dorataspida )\t p]=at$ plates2 %ell compos$ only ( ! meet+ bran*es ( ! two opposite apophyses1 :i* arise f ea* radial sp9e4 ,condyles ( ! bran* ends be>+ by-sp9es4 ,! g5us ,pleuraspis has q ! same /ructure ( ! %ell z ! =ego+ ,phractaspis1 & diff]s f x only 9 ! developm5t ( ext]nal by-sp9es2 commonly ea* condyle ( ! bran* end ( ! apophyses be>s "o zigzag by-sp9e1 :i* is direct$ p>allel to ! radial ma9-sp9e f :i* ! apophyses arise4 ,!re=e ea* suture ( ! %ell is arm$ ) two div]g5t by-sp9es 7,pl4 #acg1 fig4 #d74 ,subg5us #a4 ,pleurasp>ium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,%ell regul>ly develop$ ) tw5ty-two me%es & =ty sutures 7sometimes tw5ty to tw5ty-f\r me%es & ?irty-six to =ty-eight sutures72 ea* sp9e commonly ) f\r bran*es1 its two apophyses be+ simply =k$4 #a4 ,pleuraspis horrida1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acg1 fig4 #d74 ,radial sp9es r\ndi%1 some:at compress$1 v ?ick1 conical1 po9t$ at bo? ends1 out] "p ne>ly twice z long z ! inn]4 ,two apophyses ( ea* sp9e simply =k$1 ) %ort & broad bran*es & ?ick5$ condyles4 ,=ty sutures1 v broad4 ,tw5ty-two l>ge me%es ?ree to f\r times z broad z ! b>s4 ,by-sp9es mu* develop$1 z long z ! radius1 zigzag1 ) alt]nat+ recurv$ hooks4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ae1 ( ! me%es #j4jd to #j4jf2 bread? ( ! b>s #j4ja to #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,pacific 7ea/ ( ,philipp9es71 ,/ation #bae1 surface4 #b4 ,pleuraspis amphi!cta1 n4 sp4 ,radial sp9es two-edg$1 leaf-%ap$1 /rongly compress$1 po9t$ at bo? ends2 out] half long] ?an ! inn]4 ,two apophyses ( ea* sp9e simply =k$1 ) %ort & v broad bran*es2 condyles n ?ick5$4 ,=ty sutures1 broad4 ,tw5ty-two l>ge me%es twice to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s4 ,by-sp9es zigzag1 half z long z ! radius4 7,resembles ,phractaspis complanata1 ,pl4 #acg1 fig4 #a47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ab1 ( ! me%es #j4jb to #j4jc2 b>s #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgd1 surface4 #habc4 ,pleuraspis co/ata1 ,haeckel4 ,acan?ometra co/ata1 ,j4 ,mll]1 #aheh1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #di1 ,taf4 ii4 fig4 #a1 ,taf4 x4 figs4 #d-f4 ,dorataspis co/ata1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dad1 ,taf4 xxiii4 fig4 #a4 ,radial sp9es r\ndi%1 conical1 po9t$ at bo? ends2 out] & inn] halves ( ne>ly equal l5g?4 ,two apophyses ( ea* sp9e simply =k$1 ) broad bran*es & ?ick5$ condyles4 ,=ty sutures1 broad4 ,tw5ty-two l>ge me%es1 f\r to five times z broad z ! b>s4 ,by-sp9es /raight1 d5ticulate1 half z long z ! radius4 7,?is common species is r v>iable 9 size & details47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4a to #j4ac1 me%es #j4jc to #j4jf1 b>s #j4jje to #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,cosmopolitan2 ,m$it]ranean1 ,atlantic1 ,pacific1 surface4 #d4 ,pleuraspis pyramidalis1 n4 sp4 ,radial sp9es quadrangul>1 _! out] "p pyramidal1 v ?ick1 ab\t half z long z ! prismatic inn] "p4 ,two apophyses ( ea* sp9e simply =k$1 ) v %ort & broad bran*es4 ,condyles mu* ?ick5$4 ,=ty sutures1 v broad4 ,tw5ty-two me%es small1 ! l>ge/ twice z broad z ! b>s2 ! small] only half z broad4 ,by-sp9es %ort1 /raight1 d5ticulate1 half z long z ! radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ad1 me%es #j4jje to #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,we/]n ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbb1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,pleuraspidium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,%ell ) =ty to eighty or m me%es & eighty to "o hundr$ or m sutures2 ea* sp9e ) six to eight or m bran*es1 its two apophyses be+ =k$ twice or (t5]4 #e4 ,pleuraspis ramosa1 n4 sp4 ,radial sp9es r\ndi%1 /\t1 some:at compress$2 _! inn] & out] half ne>ly ( equal l5g?4 ,two apophyses ( ea* sp9e d\bly =k$ or m irregul>ly bran*$2 !re=e commonly eight 7sometimes six1 sev51 n9e1 or t5 to twelve7 ?ick5$ condyles on ea* sp9e4 ,sutures eighty to "o hundr$1 broad4 ,irregul> me%es sixty to eighty2 ?ree to five times z broad z ! b>s4 ,by-sp9es zigzag1 ramifi$1 half z long z ! radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ae1 ( ! me%es #j4jjg to #j4jad1 bread? ( ! b>s #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgb1 surface4 #hac;,b4 ,tribe ,,ii4 ,c]iaspida1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,dorataspida1 ! sph]ical %ell ( :i* is compos$ ( tw5ty p]=at$ plates1 produc$ by union ( ! bran*es ( ! two opposite apophyses1 :i* arise f ea* radial sp9e4 ,!re=e ! me%es ( ! %ell are p>tly sutural1 p>tly p>mal4 ,g5us #cea4 ,dorataspis1#cia ,haeckel1 #ahfj1 ,monatsb]4 d4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #haa4 ,def9ition4--,dorataspida ) tw5ty plates1 :i* are p]=at$ by =ty asp9al pores 7two pores 9 ea* plate74 ,surface ( ! %ell )\t combs1 dimples1 & by-sp9es4 ,! g5us ,dorataspis op5s ! long s]ies ( ! ,c]iaspida1 or ( ^? ,dorataspida 9 :i* ! %ell is compos$ ( tw5ty plates1 ea* ( :i* is p]=at$ by two prim>y asp9al pores4 ,?is tribe has aris5 f ! simpl] ,phractaspida by reunion ( ! bran*es ( ! apophyses 9 ea* s+le sp9e4 ,if 9 ,phractaspis1 _! common ance/ral =m 7,pl4 #acg1 figs4 #a1 #b71 ! neighb\r+ =k-bran*es ( bo? opposite apophyses 9 ea* radial sp9e become recurv$ & unit$1 !y w produce a %ield1 :i* is p]=at$ by two pores & betwe5 !m by ! sp9e itself4 ,^! two prim>y asp9al pores are *>act]i/ic ( all ,c]iaspida2 among ^! ,dorataspis itself is ! mo/ simple =m4 ,its %ell exhibits !re=e con/antly =ty asp9al pores1 & besides ^! a v>iable numb] ( sutural pores 79 ! sutures betwe5 ! tw5ty plates74 ,if 9 ea* suture !re be only a s+le pore1 we get on ! :ole fifty-two or fifty-f\r pores2 if 9 ea* suture !re be two or ?ree pores1 t numb] becomes d\bl$ or tripl$4 ,subg5us #a4 ,doratasp>ium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,%ell ) fifty-two sutures2 f\r pol> plates on ea* pole ( ! ma9 axis meet+ 9 "o po9t 79 ! pole itself72 !re=e all eight pol> plates p5tagonal & ( equal size4 ,sph]ical %ell !re=e compos$ ( f\r 7equatorial7 hexagonal plates & ( sixte5 p5tagonal 7eight tropical & eight pol> plates74 #a4 ,dorataspis fusig]a1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ach1 fig4 #b74 ,%ell ) fifty-two sutures & fifty-two sutural me%es1 ) f\r hexagonal & sixte5 p5tagonal plates4 ,bo? asp9al me%es ( ea* plate elliptical1 twice to f\r times z broad z ! #hadsutural me%es4 ,radial sp9es 9 ! out] half fusi=m1 some:at long] ?an ! inn] cyl9drical half4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4jh to #j4ji1 ( ! p>mal me%es #j4a to #j4b1 ( ! sutural me%es #j4jjd to #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 #b4 ,dorataspis macracan?a1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ) fifty-two sutures & fifty-two sutural me%es2 ) f\r hexagonal & sixte5 p5tagonal plates4 ,bo? asp9al me%es ( ea* plate circul>1 small1 twice z broad z ! small sutural me%es4 ,radial sp9es quadrangul>1 prismatic1 _! out] half twice to ?ree times z long z ! inn] half4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ab1 ( ! p>mal pores #j4jjh1 ( ! sutural me%es #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bhh1 surface4 #c4 ,dorataspis macropora1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ) fifty-two sutures & "o hundr$ to "o hundr$ & fifty sutural me%es1 ) f\r hexagonal & sixte5 p5tagonal plates4 ,bo? asp9al me%es ne>ly circul>1 v l>ge1 five to t5 times z broad z ! small circul> sutural me%es2 ! numb] ( ! latt] is 9 ?is species multipli$1 9 ea* suture be+ two to ?ree 7commonly ?ree7 small pores4 ,radial sp9es 9 ! out] half leaf-%ap$1 compress$1 ne>ly lanceolate1 long] ?an 9 ! inn] cyl9drical half4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4af1 ( ! p>mal pores #j4jc to #j4jd1 ( ! sutural pores #j4jjd to #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean 7,madagasc>71 ,rabbe1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,dorataspidium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,%ell ) fifty-f\r sutures2 f\r pol> plates on ea* pole ( ! ma9 axis diff]5t 9 pairs2 two major hexagonal meet+ 9 a pol> suture 7! hydrotomical suture72 two m9or p5tagonal1 n meet+ toge!r 7sep>at$ by t hydrotomical suture74 ,sph]ical %ell !re=e compos$ ( eight hexagonal plates 7f\r equatorial & f\r pol>7 & by twelve p5tagonal plates 7eight tropical & f\r pol> plates74 #d4 ,dorataspis loricata1 ,haeckel4 ,dorataspis loricata1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dae1 ,taf4 xxi4 figs4 #c-f4 ,%ell ) fifty-f\r sutures & fifty-f\r sutural me%es1 ) eight hexagonal & twelve p5tagonal plates4 ,bo? asp9al me%es ( ea* plate kidney-%ap$ or r\ndi%1 ne>ly ( ! #haesame size z ! sutural me%es4 ,radial sp9es cyl9drical2 _! out] half on ! po9t$ di/al end two-edg$ & long] ?an ! inn] half4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ad1 ( its me%es #j4jjh to #j4jaf4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a71 ,nor? ,atlantic 7,can>y ,isl&s71 ,azores1 surface4 #e4 ,dorataspis typica1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ach1 figs4 #d1 #d;a74 ,%ell ) fifty-f\r cre/-l sutures & fifty-f\r circul> sutural me%es1 ) eight hexagonal & twelve p5tagonal plates4 ,bo? asp9al me%es ( ea* plate elliptical1 twice to ?ree times z broad z ! sutural me%es4 ,asp9al me%es ( ! f\r equatorial plates twice z broad z ^? ( ! sixte5 o!r plates4 ,! me%es are surr\nd$ by elevat$ & d5ticulat$ cre/s 7incipi5t sp9e-%ea?s74 ,radial sp9es compress$1 m or less two-edg$2 out] po9t$ half some:at l>g] ?an ! inn] half4 7,9 ?is typical species ! composition ( ! %ell prevail+ 9 ! majority ( ,c]iaspida is v cle>47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ae to #j4ah1 ( ! asp9al pores #j4jb to #j4jc1 ( ! sutural pores #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ations #bgj to #bgd1 surface & 9 v>i\s dep?s4 #f4 ,dorataspis micropora1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ach1 fig4 #c74 ,%ell ) fifty-f\r sutures & fifty-f\r v small sutural me%es1 ) eight hexagonal & twelve p5tagonal plates4 ,bo? asp9al me%es ( ea* plate elliptical1 f\r to six times z broad z ! sutural me%es4 ,radial sp9es 9 ! out] half conical1 some:at %ort] ?an 9 ! inn] cyl9drical half4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4aa1 ( ! asp9al pores #j4ja to #j4jb1 ( ! sutural pores #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdd1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #g4 ,dorataspis gladiata1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ) fifty-f\r sutures & "o hundr$ to "o hundr$ & tw5ty sutural me%es1 ) eight hexagonal & twelve p5tagonal plates4 ,bo? asp9al me%es elliptical1 ?ree times z broad z ! small sutural me%es2 commonly two me%es 9 ea* suture4 ,radial sp9es sword-%ap$1 two-edg$1 tap]+ f ! %ell t[>ds ! two ends4 7,resembles ,belonaspis datura1 ,pl4 #aci1 fig4 #i1 b diff]s 9 ! sph]ical %ell1 ! equal size ( ! f\r equatorial sp9es1 & ! abs5ce ( by-sp9es47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ab1 ( ! asp9al pores #j4jab1 ( ! sutural pores #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean 7,madagasc>71 ,rabbe1 surface4 #h4 ,dorataspis polypora1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ) fifty-f\r sutures & "o hundr$ & sixty to two hundr$ sutural me%es1 ) eight hexagonal & twelve p5tagonal plates4 ,commonly ?ree me%es 7sometimes f\r7 on #haf;ea* suture4 ,bo? asp9al me%es kidney-%ap$1 f\r times z broad z ! small sutural me%es4 ,radial sp9es ?ick1 9 ! inn] long] "p cyl9drical1 9 ! out] %ort] "p conical4 7,diff]s f all o!r species 9 ! multiplication ( ! sutural pores47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4b1 ( ! asp9al pores #j4jaf1 ( ! sutural pores #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,equatorial ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdg1 surface4 ,g5us #ceb4 ,diporaspis1#cib n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,dorataspida ) tw5ty plates1 :i* are p]=at$ by =ty asp9al pores 7two pores 9 ea* plate74 ,surface ( ! %ell )\t combs & dimples1 b arm$ ) num]\s by-sp9es4 ,! g5us ,diporaspis has ! same *>act]i/ic /ructure ( ! %ell z ! typical ,dorataspis1 & diff]s f x only 9 ! developm5t ( num]\s by-sp9es on ! surface4 ,! numb] ( ! sutures betwe5 ! tw5ty plates is sometimes fifty-two1 at o!r times fifty-f\r1 & 9 ea* suture we f9d occasionally a s+le pore1 at o!r times two or ?ree su* pores4 ,subg5us #a4 ,diporasp>ium4 ,def9ition4--,%ell ) fifty-two sutures1 f\r pol> plates on ea* pole ( ! ma9 axis meet+ 9 "o common po9t2 !re=e all eight pol> plates p5tagonal & ( equal size4 ,%ell !re=e compos$ ( f\r 7equatorial7 hexagonal plates1 & ( sixte5 p5tagonal 7eight tropical & eight pol>7 plates4 #a4 ,diporaspis nephropora1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acd1 fig4 #ae74 ,%ell ) fifty-two sutures & fifty-two sutural pores1 ) f\r hexagonal & sixte5 p5tagonal plates4 ,bo? asp9al pores ( ea* plate kidney-%ap$1 ab\t twice z broad z ! circul> sutural pores4 ,radial sp9es ?91 cyl9drical1 long] ?an ! radius4 ,by-sp9es =k$1 only "o-?ird z long z ! radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ac1 p>mal pores #j4jc1 sutural pores #j4jg4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdd1 surface4 #b4 ,diporaspis circopora1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ) fifty-two sutures & "o hundr$ to "o hundr$ & fifty sutural pores1 ) f\r hexagonal & sixte5 p5tagonal plates4 ,bo? asp9al pores ( ea* plate circul>1 v l>ge1 six to eight times z broad z ! small circul> sutural pores 79 ea* suture two to ?ree pores74 #hag,radial sp9es /rongly compress$1 two-edg$2 out] half %ort] ?an ! inn]4 ,by-sp9es undulate1 half z long z ! radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ab1 ( ! p>mal pores #j4jb to #j4jc1 ( ! sutural pores #j4jjc to #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bhg1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,diporaspidium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,%ell ) fifty-f\r sutures1 f\r pol> plates on ea* pole ( ! ma9 axis diff]5t 9 pairs3 two major hexagonal meet+ 9 a pol> 7geotomical7 suture1 two m9or p5tagonal1 n meet+ toge!r 7sep>at$ by t suture74 ,%ell !re=e compos$ ( eight hexagonal plates 7f\r equatorial & f\r pol>7 & ( twelve hexagonal plates 7eight tropical & f\r pol>74 #c4 ,diporaspis zygopora1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ) fifty-f\r sutures & fifty-f\r circul> sutural pores3 ) eight hexagonal & twelve p5tagonal plates4 ,bo? asp9al pores ( ea* plate elliptical1 ?ree times z broad z ! sutural pores4 ,radial sp9es compress$1 two-edg$2 out] half %ort] ?an ! inn]4 ,by-sp9es v num]\s1 simple1 "o-?ird z long z ! radius1 =m+ coronels or elegant circles ar\nd ! pores 7a small coronel ar\nd ea* sutural pore1 a l>ge "o ar\nd ea* c\ple ( asp9al pores74 ,?is typical species is ne>ly alli$ to ,dorataspis typica 7,pl4 #ach1 fig4 #d71 & may be d]iv$ f x by developm5t ( ! coronels ( by-sp9es4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4af1 asp9al pores #j4jc1 sutural pores #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 surface ,g5us #cec4 ,orophaspis1#cic ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfh4 ,def9ition4--,dorataspida ) tw5ty plates1 :i* are p]=at$ by =ty asp9al pores 7two pores 9 ea* plate74 ,surface ( ! %ell )\t combs1 dimples1 & by-sp9es4 ,ea* radial sp9e be>s outside ( ! %ell two opposite free apophyses1 :i* are ei!r simple or bran*$4 ,! g5us ,orophaspis diff]s n only f its ance/ral =m1 ,dorataspis1 b f all o!r ,dorataspida 9 ! developm5t ( peculi> free apophyses on ! radial sp9es1 outside ! %ell4 ,^! apophyses1 two be+ opposite on ea* sp9e1 appe> z a repetition ( ! prim>y apophyses ( ,phractaspis2 !y are ei!r simple or bran*$1 & sometimes ! bran*es are unit$ toge!r1 =m+ an out] free %ield ) two or f\r pores4 ,^! out] plates repres5t ! beg9n+ ( a second out] %ell & =m ! transition to ,phractopelta1 ! ance/ral =m ( ! ,phractopeltida4 #hah,subg5us #a4 ,orophasp>ium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,free apophyses ( ! radial sp9es simple1 n bran*$4 #a4 ,orophaspis a/rolon*e1 n4 sp4 ,p>mal pores ( ! %ell circul>1 twice z l>ge z ! sutural pores & z ! bread? ( ! b>s4 ,radial sp9es v long1 ?ree to six times z long z ! diamet] ( ! %ell1 compress$1 two-edg$2 ea* ) two simple1 opposite1 triangul> apophyses2 _! di/ance f ! %ell equal to its diamet]4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4je1 p>mal pores #j4jjd1 sutural pores #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bci1 surface4 #b4 ,orophaspis gladiata1 n4 sp4 ,p>mal pores ( ! %ell circul>1 ( ! same size z ! sutural pores & ! b>s4 ,radial sp9es ?ick1 sp9dle-%ap$1 sc>cely long] ?an ! diamet] ( ! %ell1 ea* ) two simple opposite conical apophyses2 _! di/ance f ! %ell ab\t equal to its radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4jf1 pores #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfe1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,orophaspidium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,free apophyses ( ! radial sp9es bran*$1 _! bran*es free 7n ana/omos+74 #c4 ,orophaspis furcata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acc1 fig4 #f74 ,p>mal pores ( ! %ell r\ndi% or elliptical1 ?ree times z broad z ! sutural pores & ! b>s4 ,radial sp9es v long1 compress$1 ea* ) two opposite apophyses1 :i* are simply =k$2 _! di/ance f ! %ell some:at great] ?an its diamet]4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4jf to #j4jh1 p>mal pores #j4jjf1 sutural pores #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgd1 surface4 #d4 ,orophaspis ramosa1 n4 sp4 ,p>mal pores ( ! %ell circul>1 ( ! same size z ! sutural pores & ! b>s4 ,radial sp9es compress$1 v long1 ea* ) two opposite apophyses1 :i* are m or less irregul>ly bran*$ 7commonly betwe5 eight & twelve ?9 bran*es on ea* sp9e72 _! di/ance f ! %ell small] ?an its diamet]4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4jh1 pores #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,nor?-,we/ ,pacific1 ,/ation #bce1 surface4 #hai,subg5us #c4 ,/egaspis1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfh4 ,def9ition4--,free apophyses ( ! radial sp9es bran*$1 & by reunion ( _! ana/omos+ bran*es =m+ p]=at$ %ields4 #e4 ,orophaspis diporaspis1 n4 sp4 ,p>mal pores ( ! %ell circul>1 ( ! same size z ! sutural pores & ! b>s4 ,radial sp9es sword-%ap$1 two-edg$1 v broad2 ea* sp9e be>s an elliptical free %ield ) two longi% pores 7opposite on ! two flat sides ( ! sword74 ,di/ance ( ! tw5ty free two-por$ %ields f ! %ell ab\t equal to its diamet]4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4jd1 ( ! pores #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bie1 surface4 #f4 ,orophaspis tess>aspis1 n4 sp4 ,p>mal pores ( ! %ell r\ndi%1 some:at l>g] ?an ! sutural pores & ! b>s4 ,radial sp9es v long1 compress$2 ea* sp9e be>s a r\ndi% free %ield ) f\r irregul> pores dispos$ 9 a cruci=m mann]1 ! two l>g] pores be+ opposite on ! flat sides ( ! sp9e1 ! two small] be+ opposite b on its two edges4 ,di/ance ( ! tw5ty free f\r-por$ %ields f ! %ell ab\t equal to its radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4je1 ( ! pores #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bci1 surface4 ,g5us #ced4 ,c]iaspis1#cid ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfh4 ,def9ition4--,dorataspida ) tw5ty plates1 :i* are p]=at$ by =ty asp9al pores 7two pores 9 ea* plate74 ,surface ( ! %ell ) num]\s dimples1 sep>at$ by a network ( elevat$ combs4 ,no by-sp9es4 ,! g5us ,c]iaspis has ! same /ructure ( ! %ell1 z its ance/ral =m ,dorataspis1 diff]+ f x only 9 ! developm5t ( high combs or cre/s1 :i* =m on ! surface ( ! %ell a peculi> elevat$ network4 ,! dimples or funnel-%ap$ pits betwe5 ^! combs are ei!r all or p>tly p]=at$ by ! pores ( ! %ell4 ,bo? ! asp9al pores ( ea* plate are usually plac$ 9 "o common dimple1 :il/ ea* sutural pore is plac$ 9 its peculi> small] dimple4 ,subg5us #a4 ,c]iasp>ium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,%ell-surface ) sev5ty to "o hundr$ or m small funnel-%ap$ dimples1 ea* ( :i* op5s on ! bottom by "o pore or by a c\ple ( #hbj;ap]tures2 tw5ty l>g] dimples 9 ! c5tre ( ! plates 7ea* ) a c\ple ( asp9al pores7 & fifty to "o hundr$ or m small] dimples1 ea* ( :i* conta9s "o sutural pore4 ,no bl9d dimples betwe5 ! p]=at$ dimples4 #a4 ,c]iaspis lacunosa1 n4 sp4 ,%ell sph]ical ) sev5ty-two funnel-%ap$ dimples1 ea* ( :i* is p]=at$ on ! bottom by "o or two ap]tures2 tw5ty l>g] dimples 9 ! c5tre ( ! plates1 ea* ) two elliptical asp9al pores1 & fifty-two small] sutural dimples betwe5 !m1 ea* ) "o circul> pore ( half ! size4 ,no bl9d dimples4 ,radial sp9es quadrangul>1 /\t2 _! out] "p %ort] ?an ! inn]4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4a1 ( ! =ty p>mal pores #j4ja1 ( ! fifty-two sutural pores #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccj1 surface4 #b4 ,c]iaspis scrobiculata1 n4 sp4 ,%ell sph]ical1 ) sev5ty-f\r funnel-%ap$ dimples1 ea* ( :i* is p]=at$ on ! bottom by "o or two ap]tures2 tw5ty l>g] dimples 9 ! c5tre ( ! plates1 ea* ) two kidney-%ap$ l>ge pores1 & fifty-f\r small] dimples on ! sutures1 ea* ) "o circul> pore ( "o-f\r? ( ! size ( ! r5i=m pores4 ,no bl9d dimples4 ,radial sp9es cyl9drical1 ! out] "p long] ?an ! inn]4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ab1 ( ! =ty p>mal pores #j4jaf1 ( ! fifty-f\r sutural pores #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgj1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,c]iaspidium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,%ell-surface ) funnel-%ap$ dimples 7commonly "o hundr$ & sev5ty-six or "o hundr$ & eighty-two71 :i* on ! bottom are p>tly clos$1 p>tly p]=at$ by "o ap]ture 7or by a pair ( pores74 ,! bl9d dimples are plac$ on ! corn]s ( ! tw5ty plates1 & are !re=e ei!r "o hundr$ & f\r or "o hundr$ & eight2 if !re be no pol> suture1 ! bl9d dimples are "o hundr$ & f\r 7tw5ty-f\r on ! f\r hexagonal equatorial plates1 =ty on ! eight p5tagonal tropical plates1 & =ty on ! eight p5tagonal pol> plates72 if1 h[ev]1 !re be a pol> suture on bo? ma9 poles1 ! numb] ( bl9d dimples is "o hundr$ & eight 7tw5ty-f\r on ! f\r hexagonal equatorial & tw5ty-f\r on ! f\r hexagonal pol> plates1 two opposite on ea* pole2 =ty on ! eight p5tagonal tropical plates & tw5ty on ! f\r p5tagonal pol> plates1 two opposite on ea* pole74 ,betwe5 ! bl9d dimples !re are usually sev5ty-two to sev5ty-f\r p]=at$ #hba;dimples1 tw5ty l>g] p>mal dimples 7enclos+ a radial sp9e & a c\ple ( asp9al pores7 & fifty-two to fifty-f\r sutural dimples 7sometimes "o hundr$ or m71 ea* ( :i* encloses "o sutural pore4 #c4 ,c]iaspis in]mis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ach1 fig4 #e74 ,%ell sph]ical1 ) "o hundr$ & sev5ty-six funnel-%ap$ dimples1 "o hundr$ & f\r ( :i* are bl9d & sev5ty-two p]=at$2 ( ! latt]1 ea* ( ! fifty-two small] conta9s a s+le sutural pore1 ea* ( ! tw5ty l>g] a c\ple ( asp9al pores4 ,! elliptical or kidney-%ap$ asp9al pores are ab\t twice z broad z ! circul> sutural pores4 ,radial sp9es ?91 compress$1 two-edg$2 _! out] prolongation v %ort1 rudim5t>y1 sc>cely high] ?an ! axis ( ! surr\nd+ funnel1 & project+ b slightly f its ap]ture4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ae1 ( ! =ty p>mal pores #j4jaf1 ( ! fifty-two sutural pores #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bhi1 surface4 #d4 ,c]iaspis favosa1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ach1 fig4 #f74 ,%ell polyh$ral 7icosah$ral71 ) "o hundr$ & eighty-two funnel-%ap$ dimples1 "o hundr$ & eight ( :i* are bl9d & sev5ty-f\r p]=at$2 ( ! latt]1 ea* ( ! fifty-f\r small] conta9s a s+le sutural pore1 ea* ( ! tw5ty l>g] a c\ple ( asp9al pores4 ,all pores r\ndi%1 ne>ly ( ! same size4 ,radial sp9es ?91 compress$1 two-edg$2 _! out] "p some:at long] ?an ! inn]4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ab to #j4ac1 ( ! pores #j4ja to #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgd1 surface4 #e4 ,c]iaspis icosah$ra1 n4 sp4 ,%ell polyh$ral 7icosah$ral71 ) "o hundr$ & eighty-two funnel-%ap$ dimples1 "o hundr$ & eight ( :i* are bl9d & sev5ty-f\r p]=at$2 ( ! latt]1 ea* ( ! fifty-f\r small] conta9s "o small sutural pore1 ea* ( ! tw5ty l>g] a c\ple ( asp9al pores4 ,! kidney-%ap$ asp9al pores are v l>ge1 f\r to six times z broad z ! small circul> sutural pores4 ,radial sp9es /rong1 quadrangul>1 _! out] "p f two to ?ree times z long z ! inn] "p4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4af1 ( ! p>mal pores #j4jae to #j4jb1 ( ! sutural pores #j4jjc to #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdi1 surface4 #f4 ,c]iaspis cicatricosa1 n4 sp4 ,%ell sph]ical1 ) two hundr$ & fifty to ?ree hundr$ 7or m7 small funnel-%ap$ dimples1 ! majority ( :i* are bl9d1 ! m9ority p]=at$ by pores2 ( ! latt] =ty #hbb;are asp9al pores 7two at ! base ( ea* sp9e71 ! o!rs sutural pores4 ,all pores ne>ly ( ! same size4 ,z ! %ell ( ?is species is v d>k & ?ick-wall$1 x 0 impossible to obta9 m in=mation ) reg>d to ! pores4 ,radial sp9es v /\t2 ! out] conical "p %ort] ?an ! inn] cyl9drical "p4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4b1 ( ! pores #j4jjf to #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bcf1 surface4 ,g5us #cee4 ,hy/ri*aspis1#cie n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,dorataspida ) tw5ty plates1 :i* are p]=at$ by =ty asp9al pores 7two pores 9 ea* plate74 ,surface ( ! %ell ) num]\s dimples1 sep>at$ by a network ( elevat$ combs4 ,num]\s by-sp9es4 ,! g5us ,hy/ri*aspis has ! same /ructure ) reg>d to ! %ell1 z its ance/ral =m ,c]iaspis1 & diff]s f ! latt] only 9 possess+ num]\s by-sp9es4 ,moreov]1 9 ! =m] ! dimples ( ! %ell-surface are ei!r all p]=at$ by pores1 or "s ( !m are bl9d4 ,subg5us #a4 ,hy/ri*asp>ium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,%ell ) sev5ty to "o hundr$ or m funnel-%ap$ dimples1 ea* ( :i* op5s on ! bottom by "o ap]ture or by a c\ple ( pores2 tw5ty l>g] dimples 9 ! c5tre ( ! plates 7ea* ) a c\ple ( pores1 sometimes also ?ree c\ples7 & fifty to "o hundr$ or m small] dimples1 ea* ( :i* conta9s "o sutural pore4 ,no bl9d dimples betwe5 ! p]=at$ dimples4 #a4 ,hy/ri*aspis pect9ata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ach1 fig4 #h74 ,%ell ) num]\s 7"o hundr$ to two hundr$87 funnel-%ap$ dimples1 ea* ( :i* is pi]c$ at ! bottom by "o or two pores2 tw5ty l>g] dimples 9 ! c5tre ( ! plates 7ea* ) two asp9al pores71 & fifty to "o hundr$ & fifty or m small] dimples 7ea* ) "o sutural pore74 ,no bl9d dimples4 ,cre/s betwe5 ! dimples arm$ ) a cont9u\s s]ies ( simple by-sp9es4 ,radial ma9 sp9es /\t1 9 ! inn] half cyl9drical1 9 ! out] conical1 m or less compress$4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ac1 ( ! pores #j4jjd to #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ceb1 surface4 #b4 ,hy/ri*aspis furcata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ach1 fig4 #i74 ,%ell ) num]\s 7"o hundr$ to two hundr$87 funnel-%ap$ dimples1 ea* ( :i* is pi]c$ at ! bottom by "o or two pores2 tw5ty l>g] dimples 9 ! c5tre ( ! plates 7ea* #hbc) two l>ge asp9al pores71 & fifty to "o hundr$ & fifty or m small] dimples 7ea* ) "o small sutural pore74 ,no bl9d dimples4 ,cre/s betwe5 ! dimples arm$ ) =k$ by-sp9es4 ,radial ma9 sp9es /\t1 leaf-%ap$1 tap]+ t[>ds bo? ends4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ab1 p>mal pores #j4ja1 sutural pores #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgf1 surface4 #c4 ,hy/ri*aspis cri/ata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ach1 fig4 #aa74 ,siphonasphis cri/ata1 ,haeckel1 #ahhb1 ,manuscript4 ,%ell ) num]\s 7"o hundr$ to two hundr$87 funnel-%ap$ dimples1 ea* ( :i* is pi]c$ at ! bottom by "o or m pores4 ,tw5ty l>g] dimples 9 ! c5tre ( ! plates are pi]c$ by ! radial ma9-sp9es2 among ^! f\rte5 conta9 ea* a c\ple ( asp9al pores2 six o!rs are mu* l>g]1 & conta9 ea* six l>g] pores2 ^! six plates are two opposite equatorial plates & f\r pol> plates1 plac$ 9 ! same m]idian plane 7! hydrotomical plane72 9 ea* ( ^! six hydrotomical dimples two pores are plac$ opposite to "o ano!r on ! two edges ( ! leaf-%ap$ sp9e1 f\r o!rs be+ opposite 9 pairs on bo? flat sides ( x4 ,by ?is peculi> /ructure ?is species connects ! true ,hy/ri*aspis ) ,hexalaspis & ,diploconus2 h[ev] ! tw5ty sp9es are ( equal l5g?1 & ! %ell cont9ues to be sph]ical4 ,! tw5ty radial ma9-sp9es are leaf-l & compress$4 ,! cre/s betwe5 ! dimples are d5tat$ by a s]ies ( small by-sp9es4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ae1 ( ! asp9al pores #j4ja1 ( ! sutural pores #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdj1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,hy/ri*aspidium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,%ell-surface ) num]\s funnel-%ap$ dimples 7commonly "o hundr$ & sev5ty-six to "o hundr$ & eighty-two71 :i* on ! bottom are p>tly clos$1 p>tly p]=at$ by "o ap]ture 7or by a pair ( pores74 ,! bl9d dimples are situat$ on ! corn]s ( ! tw5ty plates2 _! numb] is commonly "o hundr$ & f\r or "o hundr$ & eight1 sometimes m4 ,! p]=at$ dimples1 alt]nat+ ) ! =m]1 are usually sev5ty-two to sev5ty-f\r1 sometimes m2 tw5ty l>g] p>mal dimples 7ea* ) a c\ple ( asp9al pores1 sometimes also ) ?ree su* c\ples7 & fifty-two to fifty-f\r sutural dimples1 sometimes "o hundr$ or m 7ea* ) "o sutural pore74 7,comp>e ! def9ition ( ,c]iaspidium1 p4 #hbj47 #d4 ,hy/ri*aspis dorsata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ach1 fig4 #aj74 ,%ell ) "o hundr$ & sev5ty-six funnel-%ap$ dimples1 "o hundr$ & f\r ( :i* are bl9d & sev5ty-two p]=at$2 ( ! latt]1 ea* ( ! fifty-two small] conta9s a s+le #hbdsutural pore1 ea* ( ! tw5ty l>g] a c\ple ( asp9al pores2 ! elliptical asp9al pores are twice z broad z ! circul> sutural pores4 ,! cre/s betwe5 ! dimples are arm$ ) simple scatt]$ %ort by-sp9es2 usually 9 ! nodal po9ts1 :]e ?ree combs meet1 !re exi/ ?ree or two div]g5t by-sp9es4 ,! tw5ty radial ma9-sp9es are ?9 & long1 compress$4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4bb1 ( ! asp9al pores #j4jb1 ( ! sutural pores #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 #e4 ,hy/ri*aspis armata1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ) "o hundr$ & sev5ty-six funnel-%ap$ dimples1 "o hundr$ & f\r ( :i* are bl9d & sev5ty-two p]=at$2 ( ! latt]1 ea* ( ! fifty-two small] conta9s a s+le sutural pore1 ea* ( ! tw5ty l>g] a c\ple ( asp9al pores4 ,cre/s betwe5 ! dimples comb-l1 arm$ ) a s]ies ( simple by-sp9es4 ,tw5ty ma9-sp9es v /\t1 9 ! inn] "p cyl9drical1 9 ! out] %ort] "p conical4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4be1 ( ! asp9al pores #j4jb1 ( ! sutural pores #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,s\?-,ea/ ,pacific1 ,/ation #cjj1 surface4 #f4 ,hy/ri*aspis sulcata1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ) "o hundr$ & eighty-two funnel-%ap$ dimples1 "o hundr$ & eight ( :i* are bl9d & sev5ty-f\r p]=at$2 ( ! latt]1 ea* ( ! fifty-f\r small] conta9s a s+le sutural pore1 ea* ( ! tw5ty l>g] a c\ple ( asp9al pores4 ,all pores ne>ly ( ! same size1 v small4 ,cre/s betwe5 ! dimples v high1 sulcat$1 on ! free edge s]rate ) %ort v num]\s1 simple by-sp9es4 ,radial ma9-sp9es v /\t & %ort1 conical4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4b1 ( ! pores #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cbe1 surface4 #g4 ,hy/ri*aspis foveolata1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ) v num]\s 7?ree hundr$ to f\r hundr$87 small & deep funnel-%ap$ dimples1 ! majority ( :i* are bl9d1 ! m9ority p]=at$2 among ! latt] !re are =ty l>g] asp9al pores2 ! o!r small] 7sc>cely half z l>ge7 pores are sutural4 ,cre/s betwe5 ! dimples d5sely arm$ ) simple %ort by-sp9es4 ,radial ma9-sp9es /\t1 leaf-%ap$4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ab1 ( ! asp9al pores #j4ja1 ( ! sutural pores #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cch1 surface4 #h4 ,hy/ri*aspis div>icata1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ) num]\s 7two hundr$ to ?ree hundr$87 funnel-%ap$ dimples1 ! majority ( :i* are bl9d1 ! m9ority p]=at$2 among ! latt] !re are =ty l>g] asp9al pores4 #hbe;,cre/s betwe5 ! dimples arm$ ) long =k$ by-sp9es ) div]g5t =k-bran*es4 ,radial sp9es cyl9drical1 v long & ?ick1 long] ?an ! diamet] ( ! %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ad1 asp9al pores #j4jh1 sutural pores #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bff1 surface4 #i4 ,hy/ri*aspis fruticata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ach1 fig1 #g74 ,%ell ) num]\s 7"o hundr$ & fifty to two hundr$87 funnel-%ap$ dimples1 ! majority ( :i* are bl9d1 ! m9ority p]=at$2 =ty asp9al pores elliptical1 ( ! same size z ! circul> sutural pores4 ,cre/s betwe5 ! dimples be>+ elegant arboresc5t by-sp9es4 ,tw5ty radial ma9-sp9es long & ?91 cyl9drical or a little compress$4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ag1 pores #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bge1 surface4 #aj4 ,hy/ri*aspis s]rata1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ) num]\s 7two hundr$ to ?ree hundr$87 funnel-%ap$ dimples1 ! majority ( :i* are bl9d1 ! m9ority p]=at$2 =ty asp9al pores ( ! same size z ! sutural pores4 ,cre/s betwe5 ! dimples cov]$ ) d5ticulat$ by-sp9es4 ,tw5ty radial ma9-sp9es compress$1 two-edg$1 ) s]rat$ edges1 ab\t z long z ! diamet] ( ! %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ba1 pores #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bch1 surface4 ,g5us #cef4 ,cosc9aspis1#cif n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,doratispida ) tw5ty plates1 :i* are p]=at$ by eighty to two hundr$ or m p>mal pores 7two asp9al & two to t5 or m coronal pores 9 ea* plate74 ,surface )\t by-sp9es4 ,! g5us ,cosc9aspis1 toge!r ) ! foll[+ ne>ly alli$ g5us ,acontaspis1 may be sep>at$ f ! o!r ,c]iaspida z a peculi> tribe1 ,cosc9aspida4 ,?is tribe is *>act]is$ by ! l>g] numb] ( ! p>mal pores4 ,:il/ 9 all o!r ,c]iaspida ?is numb] is con/antly =ty 7only two pores 9 ea* plate71 "h x may be f eighty to two hundr$ or m2 9 ea* %ield ! two prim>y asp9al pores are surr\nd$ by a circle ( two to t5 or m 7commonly eight to twelve7 coronal pores4 ,! numb] ( sutural pores 9 ?is gr\p is also usually l>g]4 #hbf,subg5us #a4 ,cosc9asp>ium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,plates ( ! %ell smoo?1 )\t cre/s1 n dimply4 #a4 ,cosc9aspis p]ipora1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ach1 fig4 #a74 ,%ell ?9 wall$1 ) smoo? surface1 )\t cre/s & dimples1 p]=at$ by pores ( v diff]5t sizes4 ,=ty asp9al pores1 r\ndi% or elliptical1 ( ab\t ! same size z ! fifty or sixty viol9-%ap$ sutural pores1 & ?ree to f\r times z broad z ! small r\ndi% coronal pores1 :i* are irregul>ly =m$ & di/ribut$1 f\r to eight occurr+ on ea* plate 7altoge!r "o hundr$ to "o hundr$ & tw5ty74 ,radial sp9es r\ndi%1 some:at compress$2 inn] & out] half ne>ly ( ! same l5g?4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ab1 asp9al pores #j4ja to #j4jab1 coronal pores #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,nor?-,we/ ,pacific1 ,/ation #bce1 surface4 #b4 ,cosc9aspis /igmopora1 n4 sp4 ,%ell v ?9 wall$1 ) smoo? surface1 )\t cre/s & dimples1 p]=at$ by pores ( v diff]5t sizes4 ,=ty asp9al pores1 r\ndi%1 ( ab\t ! same size z ! fifty or sixty viol9-%ap$ sutural pores1 _! diamet] be+ ab\t "o-fif? ( t ( ! plates4 ,coronal pores v num]\s 7two hundr$ to f\r hundr$7 & v small1 irregul>ly scatt]$1 t5 to tw5ty occurr+ 9 ea* plate4 ,sutures /rongly d5ticulat$4 ,radial sp9es v ?9 & %ort1 cyl9drical4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ab to #j4ae1 asp9al & sutural pores #j4ja1 coronal pores #j4jja to #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #beg1 surface4 #c4 ,cosc9aspis rhacopora1 n4 sp4 ,%ell v ?9 wall$1 ) smoo? surface1 )\t cre/s & dimples1 p]=at$ by v irregul> pores ( v diff]5t sizes & =ms2 commonly m or less lob$ or s9uate4 ,=ty asp9al pores & fifty to eighty sutural pores1 l>g] ?an ! num]\s 7"o hundr$ to two hundr$7 irregul>ly scatt]$ coronal pores4 ,sutures v s9uate4 ,radial sp9es cyl9drical1 ?9 & long4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ae to #j4ah1 asp9al & sutural pores #j4ja to #j4jb1 coronal pores #j4jja to #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgd4 #d4 ,cosc9aspis cosc9opora1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?9 wall$1 ) smoo? surface1 )\t cre/s & dimples1 p]=at$ by v num]\s pores ( circul> =m1 b ( diff]5t sizes4 ,=ty asp9al pores & "o hundr$ to two hundr$ #hbgsutural pores mu* l>g] ?an ! coronal pores1 :i* are v small & v num]\s 7fifty to sixty on ea* plate74 ,sutures s9uate4 ,radial sp9es compress$1 out] & inn] half ne>ly ( equal l5g?4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4c1 asp9al & sutural pores #j4ja to #j4jae1 coronal pores #j4jja to #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cch1 surface4 #e4 ,cosc9aspsis polypora1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acf1 fig4 #h74 ,%ell v ?9 wall$1 ) smoo? surface1 )\t cre/s & dimples1 ! two asp9al pores ( ea* plate n>r[1 lanceolate1 t5 to twelve times z long z broad & half z long z ! radius ( ea* plate4 ,coronal pores irregul>1 polygonal1 v num]\s 7two hundr$ to ?ree hundr$ on ea* plate71 commonly arrang$ m or less regul>ly 9 t5 to twelve s]ies p>allel to ! longitud9al diamet] ( ! asp9al sp9es 7t5 to tw5ty pores 9 ea* s]ies74 ,sutural pores irregul>1 polygonal1 v num]\s4 ,radial sp9es v ?9 & long1 cyl9drical4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4bd2 l5g? ( ! asp9al pores #j4jd1 bread? #j4jjd2 coronal & sutural pores #j4jjb to #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdi1 surface4 #f4 ,cosc9aspis or?opora1 n4 sp4 ,%ell v ?9 wall$1 ) smoo? surface1 )\t cre/ & dimples4 ,all pores ( ne>ly equal size & =m2 quadrangul>1 mo/ly rectangul>2 "o hundr$ to two hundr$1 sep>at$ by two sy/ems ( p>allel b>s1 p]p5dicul> "o to ano!r1 occur 9 ea* plate4 ,sutural pores mo/ly triangul>4 ,radial sp9es v ?9 & long1 cyl9drical1 some:at compress$4 7,simil> to ^? ( ,phatnaspis lacun>ia1 ,pl4 #acf1 fig4 #i1 b sph]ical1 n ellipsoidal47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4b1 pores #j4jjh to #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgb1 surface4 #g4 ,cosc9aspis p>mipora1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acg1 fig4 #i74 ,craniaspis p>mipora1 ,haeckel1 #ahff1 ,manuscript4 ,dorataspis p>mipora1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 ,atlas4 ,%ell ?9 wall$1 ) smoo? surface1 )\t cre/s & dimples4 ,!re are no sutural pores1 s9ce all tw5ty plates are connect$ by p]fect s9uate sutures 7!re=e ?is excell5t species may p]haps bett] repres5t a peculi> g5us1 call$ by me 9 #ahff ,craniaspis74 ,all pores are p>mal pores2 ea* plate ) two elliptical asp9al pores1 :i* are twice to five times broad] ?an ! num]\s1 r\ndi% irregul>ly scatt]$ coronal pores 7?irty to fifty occurr+ on ea* plate74 ,! radial sp9es are q int]nal1 t is1 n prolong$ on ! outside ( ! %ell2 9 ?is respect !y resemble ^? ( ,sphrocapsa4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4af1 asp9al pores #j4ja1 coronal pores #j4jjb to #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,can>y ,isl&s 7,lanz]ote71 surface4 #hbhh4 ,cosc9aspis isopora1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acd1 figs4 #ac1 #ad74 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 ) smoo? surface1 )\t cre/s & dimples4 ,all pores ( ! %ell ne>ly ( ! same size & ( simil> =m1 ab\t z broad z ! b>s betwe5 !m1 & ab\t two hundr$ 9 numb]1 viz41 fifty to sixty 7regul>ly fifty-two or fifty-f\r7 sutural pores & "o hundr$ & =ty to "o hundr$ & fifty p>mal pores 7=ty asp9al kidney-%ap$ pores1 & "o hundr$ to "o hundr$ & t5 coronal circul> pores3 six 9 ! angles ( ea* equatorial plate1 & five 9 ! angles ( ea* tropical & pol> plate2 if ! disposition be q regul>1 "o hundr$ & f\r or "o hundr$ & eight74 ,radial sp9es %ort1 rudim5t>y1 conical4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4b1 ( ! pores & b>s #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bah 7(f ,new ,gu9ea71 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,cosc9aspidium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! %ell dimply1 ) a network ( prom95t cre/s4 #i4 ,cosc9aspis c]iopora1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?ick-wall$1 ) num]\s 7"o hundr$ & sixty to two hundr$87 funnel-%ap$ dimples1 :i* are sep>at$ by prom95t cre/s2 on ! bottom ( ea* dimple !re is a simple or d\ble circul> pore4 ,if ?is species be q regul>ly develop$1 x closely resembles ! prec$+1 diff]+ f x ma9ly 9 ! prom95t combs ( ! surface4 ,x resembles also ,c]iaspis favosa1 ,pl4 #ach1 fig4 #f2 b :il/ 9 ?is latt] ! majority ( ! dimples are bl9d1 "h !y are all p]=at$4 ,! tw5ty asp9al dimples 79 ! c5tre ( ea* plate7 pres5t at ! bottom a c\ple ( pores1 all o!r dimples a s+le pore4 ,among ! latt] !re are fifty to sixty sutural pores & "o hundr$ to "o hundr$ & t5 coronal pores1 viz41 six 9 ea* equatorial plate1 & five 9 ea* ( ! o!r plates2 b ! numb] is n q con/ant4 ,radial sp9es /rong1 9 ! inn] "p cyl9drical1 9 ! out] conical4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ae1 ( ! pores & b>s #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bae1 surface4 ,g5us #ceg4 ,acontaspis1#cig ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfh4 ,def9ition4--,dorataspida ) tw5ty plates1 :i* are p]=at$ by eighty to two hundr$ or m p>mal pores 79 ea* plate two asp9al & two to t5 or m coronal pores74 ,surface cov]$ ) by-sp9es4 ,! g5us ,acontaspis has ! same *>act]i/ic /ructure ( ! %ell z ,c]iaspis1 diff]+ f x only 9 ! pres5ce ( num]\s by-sp9es4 ,ea* plate is p]=at$ by f\r to sixte5 or m 7commonly t5 to twelve7 p>mal pores1 ! two c5tral ( :i* are prim>y asp9al pores1 all ! o!rs be+ second>y coronal pores4 #hbi,subg5us #a4 ,acontasp>ium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,plates ( ! %ell n dimply1 )\t prom95t cre/s4 #a4 ,acontaspis lanceolata1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?9 wall$1 ev51 )\t cre/s & dimples betwe5 !m1 p]=at$ by ab\t ?ree hundr$ pores ( diff]5t sizes3 =ty asp9al pores elliptical1 ab\t z l>ge z ! irregul> 7fifty to sixty7 sutural pores1 & two to f\r times z broad z ! small circul> coronal pores 7eight to twelve be+ on ea* plate1 altoge!r ab\t two hundr$74 ,betwe5 ! pores num]\s %ort conical by-sp9es4 ,radial ma9 sp9es lanceolate1 ab\t z long z ! radius4 7,simil> to ,cosc9aspis p]ipora1 ,pl4 #ach1 fig4 #a1 b ) broad lanceolate sp9es & num]\s %ort by-sp9es47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ae1 asp9al & sutural pores #j4jab to #j4jae1 coronal pores #j4jjd to #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cbe1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,acontaspidium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,surface ( ! %ell dimply1 ) a network ( prom95t cre/s4 #b4 ,acontaspis ha/ata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acd1 fig4 #af74 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 ) num]\s 7"o hundr$ & sev5ty to "o hundr$ & n9ety7 dimples1 :i* are sep>at$ by an elevat$ network ( prom95t cre/s4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ea* plate a l>g] dimple ) a c\ple ( asp9al pores1 surr\nd$ by a corona ( t5 or twelve small] dimples1 ea* ( :i* conta9s a s+le pore 7a coronal & sutural alt]nately74 ,all pores circul> or r\ndi%1 ne>ly ( ! same size4 ,if ! %ell be q regul>ly develop$1 !re are fifty to sixty sutural pores & "o hundr$ to "o hundr$ & t5 coronal pores 7six 9 ea* equatorial plate1 five 9 ea* ( ! o!r plates74 ,! knobs ( ! meet+ cre/s are conical1 & be> ea* a simple %ort by-sp9e4 ,radial ma9 sp9es compress$1 at ! di/al end spe>-%ap$1 ) a rhomboidal plate bel[ ! apex1 ab\t z long z ! radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ah1 ( ! pores & b>s #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,we/]n ,tropical ,pacific 7(f ! ,philipp9es71 ,/ation #bae4 #c4 ,acontaspis furcata1 n4 sp4 ,%ell ?ick wall$1 dimply1 ) a network ( cre/s1 ( ! same composition z 9 ! =ego+ species1 ) "o hundr$ & sev5ty to "o hundr$ & n9ety dimples 7tw5ty asp9al1 "o hundr$ to "o hundr$ & t5 coronal & fifty to sixty sutural dimples74 ,all dimples & pores ne>ly ( ! same size4 ,ea* node ( ! cre/$ network be>s a /\t by-sp9e1 :i* is =k$ #hcjon ! base1 ) two div]g5t /raight bran*es 7simil> to ^? ( ,hy/ri*aspis furcata1 ,pl4 #ach1 fig4 #i74 ,radial ma9 sp9es two-edg$1 sword-l1 ne>ly z long z ! diamet] ( ! %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ac1 ( ! pores #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgb1 surface4 #d4 ,acontaspis capillata1 n4 sp4 ,%ell v d>k & ?ick wall$1 non-transp>5t1 ) v num]\s 7?ree hundr$ to f\r hundr$ or m87 deep funnel-%ap$ dimples1 ea* ( :i* is p]=at$ by a small circul> pore 7=ty asp9al1 two hundr$ to ?ree hundr$ coronal1 & fifty to "o hundr$ sutural pores874 ,! high cre/s betwe5 ! dimples be> v num]\s simple by-sp9es1 ne>ly half z long z ! radius1 s t ! %ell appe>s cov]$ ) hairs4 ,radial ma9 sp9es v long & ?91 cyl9drical1 long] ?an ! diamet] ( ! %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4b1 ( ! pores #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdd1 surface4 ,subfamily #b4 ,,tess>aspida1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,dorataspida ) tw5ty radial sp9es1 ea* ( :i* be>s f\r cross$ apophyses 7opposite 9 pairs74 ,! sph]ical %ell is compos$ ei!r ( ! meet+ bran*es ( ^! apophyses 7,/auraspida71 or ( tw5ty p]=at$ plates1 produc$ by concresc5ce ( _! bran*es 7,ly*naspida74 ,a4 ,tribe ,,ii4 ,/auraspida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfg4 ,def9ition4--,dorataspida ) sph]ical %ell1 :i* is compos$ ei!r ( ! meet+ bran*es ( ! f\r cross$ apophyses only1 or exhibits f\r to twelve p]=at$ plates :i* are produc$ by ! cross$ apophyses ( f\r to twelve radial sp9es 7b nev] ( all tw5ty sp9es74 ,ea* plate be>s f\r cross$ pores4 ,g5us #ceh4 ,/auraspis1#cih ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfg4 ,def9ition4--,dorataspida )\t p]=at$ plates2 %ell compos$ only ( ! meet+ bran*es ( ! f\r cross$ apophyses1 :i* arise 7opposite 9 pairs7 f ea* radial sp9e4 ,condyles ( ! bran*-ends )\t by-sp9es4 ,! g5us ,/auraspis is ! mo/ simple & primitive =m among all ,tess>aspida1 or t subfamily ( ,dorataspida1 9 :i* ! %ell is compos$ ( tw5ty #hcaradial sp9es1 ea* ( :i* be>s f\r cross$ apophyses4 ,! subfamily may be divid$ into two diff]5t tribes1 ! ,/auraspida & ,ly*naspida4 ,9 ! ,/auraspida ei!r all tw5ty sp9es1 or a "p ( !m1 be> no p]=at$ plates1 & ! %ell is compos$ :olly or p>tially ( ! meet+ bran*es ( _! apophyses4 ,9 ! ,ly*naspida1 h[ev]1 ! f\r apophyses ( ea* s+le sp9e =m1 by reunion ( _! recurv$ bran*es1 a plate or %ield ) f\r cross$ asp9al pores4 ,! ,ly*naspida repres5t !re=e a m develop$ /age 9 ! %ell-=mation ?an ! simpl] ,/auraspida4 ,/auraspis1 z ! common ance/ral =m ( bo?1 may be d]iv$ phylog5etically f ,xiphacan?a or ,/auracan?a1 :i* diff] only by ! apophyses or bran*es ( ! apophyses n meet+4 ,^! bran*es 7orig9ally eight on ea* sp9e7 are ei!r simple or aga9 bran*$4 ,subg5us #a4 ,/aurasp>ium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,apophyses ( ! sp9es simple1 n bran*$2 !re=e ea* sp9e ) f\r sutural condyles4 #a4 ,/auraspis cruciata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acd1 fig4 #e74 ,radial sp9es ?91 quadrangul>1 prismatic2 out] & inn] half ne>ly ( equal l5g?4 ,c5tral bases pyramidal1 ) w+-l edges4 ,f\r apophyses ( ea* sp9e simple1 n bran*$1 ) ?9 condyles4 ,l>ge me%es ( ! %ell t5 to tw5ty times z broad z ! b>s4 ,?is & ! foll[+ species greatly resemble ! simple/ =ms ( ,phractaspis 7,pl4 #acg1 figs4 #a1 #b72 !y diff] f ^!1 h[ev]1 by ! equal size & di/ance ( ! f\r bran*es ( ea* sp9e1 :i* ?us =m a rectangul> cross4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4a2 bread? ( ! sp9es & b>s #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfh1 surface4 #b4 ,/auraspis xiphacan?a1 n4 sp4 ,radial sp9es /\t1 cyl9drical 9 ! inn] half1 conical 9 ! %ort] out] half4 ,f\r apophyses ( ea* sp9e simple1 n bran*$1 broad1 ) ?ick condyles4 ,me%es ( ! %ell six to eight times z broad z ! b>s4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ab2 bread? ( ! sp9es & b>s #j4jjh to #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bij1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,/auraspidium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,apophyses ( ! sp9es bran*$2 !re=e ea* sp9e ) eight to tw5ty or m sutural condyles4 #hcbc4 ,/auraspis furcata1 n4 sp4 ,radial sp9es ?91 quadrangul>1 prismatic2 out] & inn] halves ne>ly ( equal l5g?4 ,! f\r apophyses ( ea* sp9e simply =k$ 7or p>tly ) bifid =k-bran*es72 ea* sp9e ) eight to twelve sutural condyles4 ,me%es ( ! %ell t5 to tw5ty times z broad z ! b>s4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ae2 bread? ( ! sp9es & b>s #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bff1 surface4 #d4 ,/auraspis /auracan?a1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acg1 figs4 #e1 #f74 ,radial sp9es ?91 9 ! inn] long] half cyl9drical1 9 ! out] half conical ) ?ick5$ base4 ,f\r apophyses ( ea* sp9e d\bly =k$ or di*otom\sly 7m or less irregul>ly7 bran*$2 ea* sp9e ) sixte5 to tw5ty-f\r sutural condyles4 ,me%es ( ! %ell ( v diff]5t sizes & =ms2 ! l>ge/ t5 to fifte51 ! smalle/ two to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ad2 bread? ( ( ! sp9es #j4jjb to #j4ja1 ( ! b>s #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdc1 surface4 ,g5us #cei4 ,e*9aspis1#cii ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfg4 ,def9ition--,dorataspida )\t p]=at$ plates2 %ell compos$ only ( ! meet+ bran*es ( ! f\r cross$ apophyses1 :i* arise 7opposite 9 pairs7 f ea* radial sp9e4 ,condyles ( ! bran*-ends be>+ by-sp9es4 ,! g5us ,e*9aspis exhibits ! same /ructure ( ! %ell z its ance/ral =m ,/auraspis1 & diff]s f x only 9 ! developm5t ( by-sp9es on ! sutural condyli4 #a4 ,e*9aspis di*otoma1 n4 sp4 ,radial sp9es cyl9drical1 ?91 out] half long] ?an ! inn]4 ,f\r apophyses ( ea* sp9e simply =k$ 7or p>tly ) bifid =k-bran*es72 !re=e ea* sp9e usually possesses eight 7sometimes t5 to twelve7 sutural condyles4 ,me%es ( ! %ell t5 to twelve times z broad z ! b>s4 ,ea* condyle be>s a zigzag by-sp9e1 half z long z ! radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ab1 ( ! sp9es #j4jjd to #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bec1 surface4 #hccb4 ,e*9aspis diadema1 n4 sp4 ,radial sp9es ?9 & long1 quadrangul>1 prismatic2 out] half two to ?ree times z long z ! inn]4 ,f\r apophyses ( ea* sp9e simply =k$ 7or p>tly ) bifid =k-bran*es72 ea* sp9e ) eight to twelve sutural condyles4 ,me%es ( ! %ell fifte5 to tw5ty-five times z broad z ! b>s4 ,ea* condyle be>s a simple bri/le-%ap$ by-sp9e1 ne>ly z long z ! radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4aa2 bread? ( ! sp9es & b>s #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccc1 surface4 #c4 ,e*9aspis e*9oides1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acg1 figs4 #g1h74 ,radial sp9es r\ndi%1 9 ! out] half conical1 & two to ?ree times z broad z 9 ! inn] half4 ,f\r apophyses ( ea* sp9e d\bly =k$ or di*otom\sly 7m or less irregul>ly7 bran*$2 ea* sp9e ) sixte5 to tw5ty-f\r sutural condyles4 ,me%es ( ! %ell f\r to eight times z broad z ! b>s4 ,ea* condyle be>s a zigzag by-sp9e1 "o-?ird z long z ! radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ae2 bread? ( ! sp9es #j4jjd to #j4ja1 ( ! b>s #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bff1 surface4 ,g5us #cfj4 ,zonaspis1#djj n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,dorataspida ) f\r plates1 ea* ( :i* is p]=at$ by f\r cross$ asp9al pores2 ^! f\r plates are =m$ by ! unit$ bran*es ( ! o!r sp9es 7eight pol> & eight tropical7 =m no lattice-plates by union4 ,ea* condyle be>s a by-sp9e4 ,! g5us ,zonaspis diff]s f all o!r ,dorataspida 9 ! peculi> =mation ( ! f\r equatorial sp9es1 :i* =m by union ( ! recurv$ bran*es ( _! apophyses f\r p]=at$ plates 7ea* ) f\r cross$ pores71 :il/ ! bran*es ( ! sixte5 o!r plates d n unite to =m plates1 b simply meet ! bran*es ( ! neighbor+ sp9es4 #a4 ,zonaspis fragilis1 n4 sp4 ,radial sp9es v ?9 & long1 cyl9drical4 ,f\r me%es ( ea* equatorial plate p5tagonal1 t5 to twelve times z broad z ! b>s4 ,by-sp9es zig-zag1 ne>ly z long z ! radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4af1 ( ! p>mal pores #j4jah4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccb1 surface4 #hcdb4 ,zonaspis c+ulata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acd1 figs4 #c1 #d74 ,radial sp9es cyl9drical 9 ! inn] half1 ) ?ick5$ pyramidal bases 7fig4 #c71 conical 9 ! out] half2 bo? halves ( equal l5g?4 ,! f\r me%es ( ea* equatorial plate egg-%ap$1 f\r to six times z broad z ! b>s4 ,by-sp9es zigzag1 half z long z ! radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ae1 ( ! p>mal me%es #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,pacific 7ea/ coa/ (f ,philipp9es71 ,/ation #bge1 surface4 #c4 ,zonaspis quatorialis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ace1 fig4 #e74 ,radial sp9es /\t1 cyl9drical 9 ! %ort] inn] half1 conical 9 ! long] out] half4 ,! f\r me%es ( ea* equatorial plate circul>1 only twice z broad z ! b>s4 ,by-sp9es zigzag1 ne>ly z long z ! radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4aa1 ( ! p>mal me%es #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,equatorial ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdg1 surface4 ,g5us #cfa4 ,dodecaspis1#dja n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,dorataspida ) twelve plates1 ea* ( :i* is p]=at$ by f\r cross$ asp9al pores2 ^! twelve plates are =m$ by ! unit$ bran*es ( ! apophyses ( f\r equatorial & eight pol> sp9es4 ,! bran*es ( ! apophyses ( ! eight tropical sp9es =m no lattice-plates by union4 ,ea* condyle be>s a by-sp9e4 ,! g5us ,dodecaspis diff]s f all o!r ,dorataspida 9 ! peculi> composition ( its %ell2 twelve sp9es 7f\r equatorial & eight pol> sp9es7 =m by union ( ! bran*es ( _! apophyses twelve plates1 ea* ( :i* exhibits f\r cross$ pores1 :il/ ! eight o!r 7tropical7 sp9es =m no p]=at$ plates1 b simply unite ) ! neighb\r+ sp9es by meet+ bran*es4 ,"s irregul>ity is (t5 to be f\nd 9 ?is g5us2 in/ead ( f\r pores 9 ea* plate !re may be two clos$1 ! o!r two :i* are opposite be+ op54 ,sev]al times ,i obs]v$ a peculi> hemih$ral v>iety3 only six sp9es ( "o m]idian plane 7! two equatorial & ! f\r pol> sp9es ( ! hydrotomical plane7 exhibit$ complete %ields1 :il/ ! bran*es ( ! o!r f\rte5 plates rema9$ op54 ,?is hemih$ral =m may p]haps repres5t a peculi> g5us1 ,hemiaspis4 #a4 ,dodecaspis tric9ata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acd1 fig4 #a74 ,radial sp9es ?9 & long1 cyl9drical4 ,! f\r me%es ( ea* equatorial & ea* pol> plate ( equal size1 p5tagonal1 ab\t eight times z broad z ! b>s4 ,by-sp9es zigzag1 ne>ly z long z ! radius4 ,9 ?is species ! hemih$ral v>iety1 ,hemiaspis1 (t5 occurs4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ae1 ( ! p>mal pores #j4jaf4 ,habitat4--,s\?-ea/ ,pacific 7we/ coa/ ( ,patagonia71 ,/ation #cjb1 surface4 #hceb4 ,dodecaspis trizonia1 n4 sp4 ,radial sp9es ?91 cyl9drical 9 ! long] inn] half1 conical 9 ! %ort] out] half4 ,! f\r me%es ( ea* equatorial & ea* pol> plate ( equal size1 r\ndi% or ne>ly circul>1 five to six times z broad z ! b>s4 ,by-sp9es /raight1 d5ticulat$1 sc>cely half z long z ! radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ab1 ( ! p>mal pores #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,s\?-we/ ,pacific 7ea/ coa/ ( ,new ,zeal&71 ,/ation #afi1 surface4 ,b4 ,tribe ,,ii4 ,ly*naspida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfg4 ,def9ition4--,dorataspida ) tw5ty p]=at$ plates or f5e/rat$ %ields 7ea* plate at lea/ ) f\r pores71 produc$ by union ( ! bran*es ( ! f\r cross$ apophyses1 :i* arise1 opposite 9 pairs1 f ea* radial sp9e4 ,! sph]ical %ell is compos$ ( ! tw5ty plates unit$ by sutures 7r>ely by concresc5ce74 ,g5us #cfb4 ,tess>aspis1#djb ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfh4 ,def9ition4--,dorataspida ) tw5ty plates1 :i* are p]=at$ by eighty asp9al pores 7f\r cross$ pores 9 ea* plate74 ,surface smoo?1 )\t by-sp9es4 ,! g5us ,tess>aspis introduces ! s]ies ( ,ly*naspida1 :i* comprise all ^? ,dorataspida 9 :i* ! %ell is compos$ ( tw5ty plates1 ea* ( :i* is p]=at$ by f\r prim>y asp9al pores4 ,9 ,tess>aspis & ,ly*naspis ea* plate exhibits only ^! f\r prim>y pores1 :il/ 9 ,icosaspis & ,hylaspis !y become surr\nd$ by a circle ( second>y or coronal pores4 ,if 9 ,/auraspis1 ! common ance/ral =m ( ! ,tess>aspida1 ! f\r cross$ apophyses ( ea* s+le radial sp9e became recurv$ & unit$ toge!r1 we %\ld h ! typical plate ( ,tess>aspis1 9 :i* ! pi]c+ radial sp9e is surr\nd$ by f\r cross$ pores ( equal size4 ,! numb] ( sutural pores1 betwe5 ! neighb\r+ plates1 is v>iable2 usually ea* plate is surr\nd$ by a circle ( eight to twelve sutural pores4 ,! sutures betwe5 ! meet+ condyles ( ! apophyses usually rema9 op52 b 9 "s species !y become oblit]at$ 7subg5us ,tess>aspidium74 ,subg5us #a4 ,tess>asp>ium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,condyles ( ! neighb\r+ plates connect$ by p]man5t op5 sutures2 !re=e ! :ole %ell is compos$ ( tw5ty sep>at$ pieces ( acan?94 #hcfa4 ,tess>aspis ara*noides1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acf1 fig4 #a74 ,p>mal pores p5tagonal1 t5 to tw5ty times z broad z ! ?9 ?read-l b>s1 on an av]age ( ab\t ! same size z ! irregul> sutural me%es2 ! majority ( ! latt] are ei!r triangul> or hexagonal4 ,radial sp9es v ?9 & long1 cyl9drical1 _! out] "p two to f\r times z long z ! inn]4 ,z ! ins]tion ( ! sp9es is on ! highe/ po9t ( ! plates1 ! %ell becomes polyh$ral 7dodecah$ral874 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ae to #j4ag1 ( ! p>mal me%es #j4jb to #j4jbe1 sutural me%es #j4ja to #j4jc1 b>s #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,equatorial ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdg1 surface4 #b4 ,tess>aspis p5tagonalis1 n4 sp4 ,p>mal me%es p5tagonal1 ?ree to f\r times z broad z ! ?ick b>s1 & on an av]age small] ?an ! irregul> polygonal sutural me%es4 ,radial sp9es /\t1 quadrangul>2 _! out] pyramidal "p %ort] ?an ! inn] prismatic "p4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ab1 ( ! p>mal pores #j4ja to #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfi1 surface4 #c4 ,tess>aspis tetragonalis1 n4 sp4 ,p>mal me%es tetragonal1 or ne>ly squ>e1 six to eight times z broad z ! ?9 b>s1 & on an av]age l>g] ?an ! irregul> polygonal sutural me%es4 ,radial sp9es ?91 quadrangul>1 prismatic1 _! out] "p long] ?an _! inn]4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4af1 ( ! p>mal pores #j4jab to #j4jaf1 b>s #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bhh1 surface4 #d4 ,tess>aspis hexagonalis1 n4 sp4 ,p>mal me%es hexagonal1 t5 to twelve times z broad z ! ?9 b>s1 & on an av]age l>g] ?an ! polygonal sutural me%es 7! two proximal sides ( ea* hexagonal p>mal me% two to ?ree times z long z ! f\r di/al sides74 ,radial sp9es cyl9drical1 ?92 _! out] "p long] ?an ! inn]4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ae1 ( ! p>mal pores #j4ja to #j4jae1 b>s #j4jja4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bed1 surface4 #e4 ,tess>aspis trigonalis1 n4 sp4 ,p>mal me%es triangul>1 ?ree to f\r times z broad z ! ?ick b>s1 & on an av]age small] ?an ! irregul> sutural me%es 79 ea* plate all f\r p>mal me%es ( ! same size1 =m$ l an isosceles triangle1 ! di/al base ( :i* is some:at curv$1 & convex t[>ds #hcg! p]iph]y1 :il/ ! two proximal sides are /raight74 ,radial sp9es ?ick1 r\nd$2 _! out] conical "p %ort] ?an ! inn] cyl9drical "p4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4a1 ( ! p>mal pores #j4ja1 ( ! sutural pores #j4ja to #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic 7ne> ,asc5sion71 ,/ation #cde1 dep? #bjaj fa?oms4 #f4 ,tess>aspis circul>is1 n4 sp4 ,p>mal me%es circul>1 all eighty ( equal size1 q regul>1 five to six times z broad z ! ?ick b>s1 on an av]age l>g] ?an ! r\ndi% irregul> sutural me%es4 ,radial sp9es quadrangul>1 prismatic1 ! out] "p long] ?an ! inn]4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ah1 p>mal pores #j4jae to #j4jah1 b>s #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,s\?-ea/ ,pacific1 ,/ation #cjj1 surface4 #g4 ,tess>aspis micropora1 n4 sp4 ,p>mal me%es circul>1 v small1 all eighty ( ! same size1 regul>1 sc>cely z broad z ! sep>at+ ?ick b>s1 & mu* small] ?an ! l>ge irregul> sutural me%es4 ,radial sp9es r\nd$1 _! out] conical "p ab\t z long z ! inn] cyl9drical "p4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4jh1 ( ! p>mal pores #j4jjc1 ( ! sutural pores #j4jje to #j4jae1 b>s #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,we/]n ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbe1 surface4 #h4 ,tess>aspis diodon1 ,haeckel4 ,dorataspis diodon1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dag1 ,taf4 xxii4 figs4 #a-e4 ,p>mal me%es r\ndi%1 = ! mo/ "p ne>ly circul>1 ?ree to f\r times z broad z ! b>s1 & on an av]age small] ?an ! r\ndi% sutural me%es4 ,radial sp9es 9 ! inn] "p cyl9drical2 ! out] "p v %ort 7only "o-?ird or "o-f\r? ( ! radius71 divid$ completely into two p>allel conical po9t$ tee? by a deep incision4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ab1 ( ! p>mal pores #j4ja to #j4jab1 ( ! sutural pores #j4ja to #j4jc1 b>s #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a71 surface4 #i4 ,tess>aspis quadri=is1 n4 sp4 ,p>mal me%es irregul>1 r\ndi%1 ( ne>ly equal size1 f\r to six times z broad z ! b>s1 & on an av]age ( ! same size z ! r\ndi% sutural me%es4 ,radial sp9es quadrangul>1 prismatic 9 ! inn] "p1 :i* is some:at long] ?an ! conical out] "p4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4af1 ( ! pores #j4jab to #j4jah1 b>s #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,can>y & ,cape ,v]de ,isl&s1 ,/ation #cec1 surface4 #hchaj4 ,tess>aspis irregul>is1 n4 sp4 ,p>mal me%es irregul>1 r\ndi%1 ( unequal size1 ?ree to six times z broad z ! b>s1 & on an av]age l>g] ?an ! irregul> sutural me%es4 ,radial sp9es cyl9drical1 ! out] "p long] ?an ! inn] "p4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ac1 p>mal pores #j4jjf to #j4jab1 sutural pores #j4jje to #j4ja2 b>s #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgj1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,tess>aspidium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,condyles ( ! neighb\r+ plates gr[n toge!r & sutures oblit]at$2 !re=e ! :ole %ell =ms a s+le piece ( acan?94 #aa4 ,tess>aspis quadrata1 n4 sp4 ,tess>aspidium quadratum1 ,haeckel1 #ahhb1 ,manuscript4 ,p>mal me%es squ>e1 f\r times z broad z ! ?9 b>s1 on an av]age ( ! same size z ! polygonal sutural me%es4 ,radial sp9es /\t1 tetrapt]\s1 prismatic1 9 ! out] "p long] ?an 9 ! inn]4 ,sutures ( ! %ell completely oblit]at$1 !re=e ! :ole %ell =ms "o piece4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4af1 ( ! p>mal pores #j4jab1 sutural pores #j4ja to #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccb1 dep? #bbjj fa?oms4 #ab4 ,tess>aspis rotunda1 n4 sp4 ,p>mal me%es circul>1 ( equal size1 twice z broad z ! ?ick b>s1 on an av]age small] ?an ! r\ndi% sutural me%es4 ,radial sp9es cyl9drical 9 ! inn] "p1 :i* is some:at long] ?an ! out] conical "p4 ,sutures ( ! %ell completely oblit]at$1 !re=e ! :ole %ell =ms "o piece4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ab1 p>mal pores #j4jjh1 sutural pores #j4jje to #j4jae4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ced1 surface4 #ac4 ,tess>aspis concreta1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acf fig4 #e74 ,p>mal me%es irregul>1 polygonal or r\ndi%1 six to eight times z broad z ! n>r[ & high b>s1 mu* l>g] ?an ! irregul> sutural me%es4 ,radial sp9es leaf-%ap$1 compress$1 two-edg$1 po9t$ at bo? ends2 inn] & out] "p ne>ly ( equal size4 ,%ell v ?ick wall$2 me%es !re=e funnel-%ap$2 sutures completely oblit]at$1 !re=e ! :ole %ell =ms a s+le piece4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ji1 p>mal pores #j4jb1 sutural pores #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgd1 dep? #bgej fa?oms4 #hci;,g5us #cfc4 ,ly*naspis1#djc ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfh4 ,def9ition4--,dorataspida ) tw5ty plates1 :i* are p]=at$ by eighty asp9al pores 7f\r cross$ pores 9 ea* plate74 ,surface cov]$ ) num]\s by-sp9es4 ,! g5us ,ly*naspis1 ! l>ge/ & mo/ common ( all ,dorataspida1 exhibits ! same /ructure ( ! %ell z its ance/ral =m ,tess>aspis1 & diff]s f x only 9 ! developm5t ( by-sp9es on ! sutural condyles4 ,_m species ( ?is g5us are v widely di/ribut$1 & appe> 9 l>ge numb]s1 & "s ( !m are among/ ! mo/ graceful & elegant ( ! ,radiol>ia4 ,subg5us #a4 ,ly*nasp>ium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,condyles ( ! neighb\r+ plates connect$ by p]man5t op5 sutures2 !re=e ! :ole %ell is compos$ ( tw5ty sep>ate pieces ( acan?94 #a4 ,ly*naspis gilts*ii1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ace1 fig4 #c74 ,p>mal me%es p5tagonal1 ab\t t5 or twelve times z broad z ! ?9 b>s1 on an av]age ( ! same size z ! irregul> polygonal sutural me%es4 ,by-sp9es 7two hundr$ to ?ree hundr$7 v delicate1 half z long z ! radius1 b>b$1 & zigzag4 ,radial ma9-sp9es v ?9 & long1 /raight1 cyl9drical2 _! out] "p long] ?an ! inn] "p4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4b1 ( ! p>mal pores #j4jb1 sutural pores #j4ja to #j4jc1 b>s #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,/ations #cch to #cdh1 surface4 #b4 ,ly*naspis capill>is1 n4 sp4 ,p>mal me%es p5tagonal1 tw5ty to ?irty times z broad z ! v ?9 ?read-l b>s1 on an av]age ( ! same size z ! irregul> polygonal sutural me%es4 ,by-sp9es 7two hundr$ to two hundr$ & fifty7 v delicate1 zigzag1 ) v small d5ticles1 "o-?ird z long z ! radius4 ,radial ma9-sp9es v ?9 & long1 cyl9drical1 m or less undulat$4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4be1 p>mal pores #j4jbe1 sutural pores #j4jb to #j4jd1 b>s #j4jja4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bej1 surface4 #c4 ,ly*naspis maxima1 n4 sp4 ,p>mal me%es p5tagonal1 six to eight times z broad z ! ?ick b>s1 = ! mo/ "p l>g] ?an ! irregul> sutural me%es4 ,by-sp9es 7f\r hundr$ to five hundr$7 ne>ly z #hdjlong z ! radius1 zigzag1 ) %ort d5ticles4 ,radial sp9es v long & /\t1 quadrangul>ly-prismatic1 ) f\r smoo? edges4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4c1 p>mal pores #j4jc1 sutural pores #j4ja to #j4jbe1 b>s #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ations #bga to #bgd1 surface4 #d4 ,ly*naspis s]rata1 n4 sp4 ,p>mal me%es p5tagonal1 ?ree to f\r times z broad z ! ?ick b>s1 small] ?an ! irregul> sutural me%es4 ,by-sp9es 7two hundr$ to ?ree hundr$7 sc>cely "o-?ird z long z ! radius1 zigzag1 ) /rong d5ticles4 ,radial sp9es v long1 /\t1 quadrangul>ly-prismatic1 ) f\r s]rat$ edges4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4bb1 p>mal pores #j4jae1 sutural pores #j4jab to #j4jc1 b>s #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccj1 surface4 #e4 ,ly*naspis wag5s*ieb]i1 n4 sp4 ,p>mal me%es tetragonal1 ne>ly rhombic1 ?ree to f\r times z broad z ! ?ick b>s1 small] ?an ! l>ge irregul> sutural me%es4 ,by-sp9es 7ab\t two hundr$7 l>ge1 z long z ! radius1 ) long recurv$ d5ticles1 v zigzag4 ,radial ma9-sp9es v long1 f\r-sid$ prismatic4 ,?is species diff]s by ! =m & size ( ! sp9es1 & by ! squ>e =m ( ! p>mal pores f ! simil> ,ly*naspis polyanci/ra1 ( :i* ! late excell5t engrav] ,wag5s*ieb]1 ( ,b]l91 has giv5 su* a beautiful figure 9 my monograph 7,taf4 xxi4 fig4 #h74 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4af1 p>mal pores #j4jad1 sutural pores #j4jae to #j4jb1 b>s #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bff1 surface4 #f4 ,ly*naspis polyanci/ra1 ,haeckel4 ,dorataspis polyanci/ra1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dah1 ,taf4 xxi4 figs4 #g-i4 ,p>mal me%es r\ndi%1 tetragonal1 or ne>ly squ>e1 two to ?ree times z broad z ! ?ick b>s1 small] ?an ! irregul> sutural me%es4 ,by-sp9es 7ab\t two hundr$7 ?91 half z long z ! radius1 zigzag1 ) blunt d5ticles4 ,radial ma9-sp9es /\t1 9 ! inn] half cyl9drical1 9 ! out] half 7( ! same l5g?7 conical1 po9t$4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ab1 p>mal pores #j4jab1 sutural pores #j4ja to #j4jd1 b>s #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a71 surface4 #hdag4 ,ly*naspis rott5burgii1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ace1 fig4 #d74 ,p>mal me%es r\ndi%1 ab\t twice z broad z ! ?ick b>s1 & = ! mo/ "p small] ?an ! irregul> sutural me%es4 ,by-sp9es 7ab\t two hundr$ to two hundr$ & fifty7 ?91 zigzag1 half z long z ! radius4 ,radial ma9-sp9es v /rong1 cyl9drical 9 ! inn] half1 9 ! out] half mu* ?ick] & conical1 po9t$4 ,i call ?is species 9 hon\r ( my le>n$ fri5d1 ! great patron ( zoological /udies1 ,mr4 ,paul ,rott5burg1 ( ,glasg[4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ae1 p>mal pores #j4jab1 sutural pores #j4ja to #j4jc1 b>s #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgj1 dep? #bibe fa?oms4 #h4 ,ly*naspis undulata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ace1 fig4 #b74 ,p>mal me%es circul>1 twice z broad z ! ?ick b>s1 on an av]age ( ! same size z ! irregul> sutural me%es4 ,by-sp9es 7"o hundr$ & fifty to two hundr$7 v ?91 b>b$ & zigzag1 z long z ! radius4 ,radial ma9-sp9es cyl9drical2 _! out] po9t$ "p long] ?an ! inn] "p4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4a1 p>mal pores #j4ja1 sutural pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdc1 surface4 #i4 ,ly*naspis longissima1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acd1 fig4 #f74 ,p>mal me%es circul>1 v small1 ( ! same bread? z ! ?ick b>s1 mu* small] ?an ! irregul> sutural me%es4 ,by-sp9es 7"o hundr$ to "o hundr$ & t57 v long & ?91 zigzag1 twice z long z ! diamet] ( ! %ell4 ,radial ma9-sp9es v long & /rong1 cyl9drical 7at ! base quadrangul>1 pyramidal71 f\r to six times z long z ! diamet] ( ! %ell1 & "o f\r? z ?ick z its radius4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4jh1 p>mal pores #j4jjb1 sutural pores #j4ja to #j4jae1 b>s #j4jjc2 l5g? ( ! radial sp9es #j4c to #j4e4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,pacific 7,philipp9es71 ,/ations #bjj to #bae1 surface4 #aj4 ,ly*naspis m9ima1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acd1 figs4 #b1 #g1 #h74 ,p>mal me%es circul>1 v small1 only half z broad z ! ?ick b>s1 mu* small] ?an ! irregul> sutural me%es4 ,by-sp9es 7"o hundr$ to "o hundr$ & t57 half z long z ! radius1 zigzag4 ,radial ma9-sp9es ?ick1 9 ! inn] "p cyl9drical1 9 ! out] %ort] "p conical1 ( v v>iable size4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4je1 p>mal pores #j4jjb1 sutural pores #j4jjf to #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,ant>ctic ,ocean1 ,/ation #aed1 surface4 #hdb,subg5us #b4 ,ly*naspidium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,condyles ( ! neighb\r+ plates gr[n toge!r & sutures oblit]at$1 !re=e ! :ole %ell =ms a s+le piece ( acan?94 #aa4 ,ly*naspis e*9oides1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma e*9oides1 ,j4 ,mll]1 #aheh1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4#cf1 ,taf4 v4 figs4 #c1 #d4 ,haliommatidium e*9oides1 ,j4 ,mll]1 #aheh1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #bb4 ,haliommatidium e*9oides1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dbb4 ,p>mal me%es p5tagonal or some:at r\ndi%1 f\r times z broad z ! b>s1 & ( ab\t ! same size z ! polygonal me%es4 ,by-sp9es 7ab\t two hundr$7 %ort1 zigzag4 ,radial sp9es ?92 _! out] conical "p %ort] ?an ! inn] cyl9drical "p4 ,sutures p]fectly oblit]at$1 b recognisable by ! *>act]i/ic pair ( div]g5t by-sp9es4 7,"s rec5t obs]vations on ?is species1 made dur+ #ahhj 9 ,port(9o1 h conv9c$ me t ! int]pretation ( x giv5 9 my ,monograph1 #ahfb1 loc4 cit41 0 q correct47 ,haliomma ligur9um1 ,j4 ,mll] 7 ,haliommatidium ligur9um1 ,haeckel1 ,l4 ,n4 #af1 p4 #dbc7 seems to be closely alli$ to ! prec$+4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ab to #j4ad1 p>mal pores #j4jae1 sutural pores #j4ja to #j4jb1 b>s #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean1 ,nice1 ,sa9t ,tropez 7,j4 ,mll]72 ,port(9o ne> ,g5oa 7,haeckel74 #ab4 ,ly*naspis haliommidium1 n4 sp4 ,ly*naspidium haliommidium1 ,haeckel1 #ahhb1 ,manuscript4 ,p>mal me%es circul>1 twice z broad z ! b>s1 small] ?an ! irregul> sutural me%es4 ,by-sp9es 7ab\t two hundr$7 b>b$ & zigzag1 z long z ! radius4 ,radial ma9-sp9es f\r-sid$2 _! out] pyramidal "p %ort] ?an ! inn] prismatic "p4 ,sutures p]fectly oblit]at$4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4a1 p>mal pores #j4ja1 sutural me%es #j4jae to #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cce1 dep? #adbe fa?oms4 #ac4 ,ly*naspis rabbeana1 n4 sp4 ,p>mal me%es circul>1 v small1 ( ! same bread? z ! b>s1 & mu* small] ?an ! irregul> sutural me%es4 ,by-sp9es 7ab\t "o hundr$7 v long & ?91 zigzag1 ab\t z long z ! diamet] ( ! %ell4 ,radial ma9-sp9es cyl9drical1 ?ick1 twice to ?ree times z long z ! diamet] ( ! %ell4 ,sutures p]fectly oblit]at$1 ) ?ick5$ condyles4 ,nam$ 9 hon\r ( ,capta9 ,h5rik ,rabbe 7( ,brem571 to :om ,i am indebt$ = _m new ,indian & ,atlantic ,radiol>ia4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4jhf1 p>mal pores #j4jjb1 sutural pores #j4jab1 b>s #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean 7,madagasc>71 ,rabbe1 surface4 #hdcad4 ,ly*naspis catapla/a1 n4 sp4 ,p>mal pores v small1 circul>1 half z broad z ! b>s1 & mu* small] ?an ! irregul> sutural pores4 ,by-sp9es zigzag1 z long z ! diamet] ( ! %ell4 ,radial ma9-sp9es v ?9 & long1 ne$le-%ap$1 cyl9drical1 five to six times z long z ! diamet] ( ! %ell4 ,sutures p]fectly oblit]at$4 7,?is /unt$ species is "o ( ! smalle/ ( ! ,dorataspida47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4je1 p>mal pores #j4jjae1 sutural pores #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,ant>ctic ,ocean 7(f ,k]guel5 ,isl&71 ,/ation #adi1 surface4 ,g5us #cfd4 ,icosaspis1#djd ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfh4 ,def9ition4--,dorataspida ) tw5ty plates1 :i* are p]=at$ by "o hundr$ & sixty to ?ree hundr$ or m p>mal pores 79 ea* plate f\r cross$ asp9al pores1 & ar\nd !m f\r to twelve or m coronal pores74 ,surface )\t by-sp9es4 ,! g5us ,icosaspis & ! closely alli$ ,hylaspis diff] f all o!r ,tess>aspida 9 ! increas$ numb] ( ! p>mal pores4 ,:il/ ?is numb] 9 all o!r g5]a is eighty 7only f\r cross$ pores 9 ea* plate71 "h x am\nts to "o hundr$ & sixty to ?ree hundr$ or m 7sometimes m ?an a ?\s&72 9 ea* %ield f\r prim>y1 cross$ asp9al pores be+ surr\nd$ by a circle ( f\r to twelve or m coronal pores4 ,! numb] ( sutural pores 9 ^! two g5]a is also increas$4 ,subg5us #a4 ,icosasp>ium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,condyles ( ! neighbor+ plates connect$ by p]man5t op5 sutures2 !re=e ! :ole %ell compos$ ( tw5ty sep>at$ pieces ( acan?94 #a4 ,icosaspis tabulata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acf1 fig4 #b74 ,p>mal me%es all ( ne>ly equal size & =m1 squ>e1 f\r times z broad z ! b>s1 little l>g] ?an ! triangul> or polygonal sutural me%es4 ,9 ea* plate fifty to sev5ty 7regul>ly sixty-f\r7 quadrangul> pores1 viz41 f\r prim>y squ>e asp9al me%es1 =m+ toge!r a regul> squ>e surr\nd$ by two to ?ree coronas ( rectangul> 7n q regul>7 coronal me%es 7six to eight 9 ea* transv]se r[74 ,radial sp9es tetrapt]\s1 prismatic1 ) f\r ?9 & broad w+s1 f :i* arise ! cross$ b>s betwe5 ! f\r prim>y pores4 ,out] "p ( ! sp9es long] ?an ! inn]4 ,commonly ! condyles ( ! plates are only contigu\s2 sometimes !y gr[ toge!r1 & ?is =m approa*es ,icosaspis tetragonopa4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4be to #j4c1 ( ! pores #j4jb1 b>s #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdd1 dep? #bijj fa?oms4 #hddb4 ,icosaspis elegans1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acf1 fig4 #d2 ,pl4 #acd1 fig4 #i74 ,tess>aspis elegans1 ,haeckel1 #ahhb1 ,manuscript et ,atlas4 ,p>mal me%es ( v diff]5t size & =m2 9 ! c5tre ( ea* plate a cross ( f\r prim>y1 pe>-%ap$ asp9al pores 7! l>ge/ ( all72 betwe5 !m f\r second>y1 little small]1 cross$1 egg-%ap$ angul> pores2 ar\nd ?is rosette ( eight l>g] me%es an inn] complete circle ( sixte5 to tw5ty polygonal coronal pores1 & an out] incomplete circle ( ?irty to =ty v small m>g9al pores4 ,! latt] are small] ?an ! irregul> sutural me%es1 :i* are con/rict$ 9 ! middle1 ab\t =ty to sixty ar\nd ea* plate4 ,radial sp9es ?91 cyl9drical1 or a little compress$2 _! out] "p long] ?an ! inn]4 ,9 ?is elegant & v common species ! condyles usually rema9 sep>at$ by sutures2 b sometimes ! latt] become oblit]at$1 & ! :ole %ell !n =ms a s+le piece1 ,icosaspidium elegans4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4b to #j4c1 commonly #j4be2 l>g] p>mal pores #j4jb1 small] #j4jja to #j4jjc2 sutural pores #j4jje to #j4jae2 b>s #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,tropical & ,subtropical ,atlantic1 ,can>y ,isl&s to ,asc5sion ,isl&1 ,/ations #cdj to #ced1 surface4 #c4 ,icosaspis cruciata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acd1 fig4 #aj74 ,p>mal me%es v diff]5t2 9 ! c5tre ( ea* plate a cross ( f\r prim>y1 ne>ly oblong1 rectangul> asp9al pores2 betwe5 ^! f\r second>y1 triangul>1 egg-%ap$ angul> pores 7! l>ge/ ( all71 & ar\nd ?is rosette a s+le circle ( twelve to tw5ty-f\r small coronal pores4 ,! latt] are ( ab\t ! same size z ! irregul> sutural me%es1 ( :i* !re are tw5ty to ?irty ar\nd ea* plate4 ,radial sp9es ?91 cyl9drical1 or a little compress$2 _! out] "p long] ?an ! inn]4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4b to #j4c1 commonly #j4be2 l>g] p>mal pores #j4jbe1 small] #j4jje to #j4ja2 b>s #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,tropical & ,subtropical ,pacific1 ,s&wi* to ,m>quesas ,isl&s1 ,/ations #bef to #bgd1 surface4 #d4 ,icosaspis ornata1 n4 sp4 ,p>mal me%es v diff]5t2 9 ! c5tre ( ea* plate a cross ( f\r prim>y octagonal asp9al pores 7! l>ge/ ( all72 betwe5 !m f\r second>y1 rhombic angul> pores1 & ar\nd ?is rosette a circle ( twelve to sixte5 small]1 polyh$ral coronal pores1 :i* are h[ev] l>g] ?an ! irregul> sutural pores 7surr\nd+ ea* plate to ! numb] ( tw5ty to ?irty74 ,radial sp9es ?91 quadrangul>1 prismatic2 ! out] "p long] ?an ! inn]4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4be2 l>g] p>mal pores #j4jc1 small] #j4ja2 sutural pores #j4jjd to #j4jjh2 b>s #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bie1 dep? #aejj fa?oms4 #hdee4 ,icosaspis spectabilis1 n4 sp4 ,p>mal me%es v diff]5t2 9 ! c5tre ( ea* plate f\r v l>ge1 p5tagonal asp9al pores1 & ar\nd ^! two to ?ree circles ( small] polygonal coronal pores1 :i* are v num]\s1 & n l>g] ?an ! small sutural pores4 ,radial sp9es quadrangul>1 prismatic1 /\t1 v long2 ! out] "p two to ?ree times z long z ! inn]4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4d1 ( ! l>g] asp9al me%es #j4jc1 ( ! out] me%es #j4jjb to #j4jb1 b>s #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccc1 surface4 #f4 ,icosaspis multi=is1 n4 sp4 ,p>mal me%es v num]\s1 m ?an "o hundr$ 9 ea* plate2 9 ! c5tre f\r l>g] pe>-%ap$ pores1 & ar\nd ^! f\r to five circles ( small] pores1 gradually small] t[>ds ! m>g9 ( ! plate2 ! sutural me%es also v small & num]\s 7m ?an fifty ar\nd ea* plate71 s t ! numb] ( all ! pores toge!r am\nts to two ?\s& or ev5 m4 ,radial sp9es ?91 cyl9drical1 v long4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4cb2 l>g] asp9al pores #j4jb1 small] #j4jjb to #j4ja2 b>s #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean 7,madagasc>71 ,rabbe1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,icosaspidium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,condyles ( ! neighb\r+ plates gr[n toge!r1 & sutures oblit]at$2 !re=e ! :ole %ell =ms a s+le piece ( acan?94 #g4 ,icosaspis tetragonopa1 ,haeckel4 ,haliommatidium tetragonopum1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4#dba1 ,taf4 xxii4 fig4 #ac4 ,p>mal me%es all ( ne>ly equal size & =m1 squ>e1 ?ree times z broad z ! b>s1 little l>g] ?an ! sutural me%es4 ,9 ea* plate commonly sixte5 equal squ>e me%es1 viz41 f\r prim>y asp9al & twelve second>y1 surr\nd+ ! =m] z a squ>e corona4 ,radial sp9es tetrapt]\s1 /\t2 ! out] pyramidal half some:at long] ?an ! inn]4 ,?is species diff]s f ! simil> ,icosaspis tabulata 7,pl4 #acf1 fig4 #b7 9 ! concresc5ce ( ! sutures1 ! small] numb] ( pores1 & ! =m ( ! /\t] sp9es4 ,! figure 9 my ,monograph1 drawn f a brok5 fragm5t1 is n q correct4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ah1 pores #j4jji1 b>s #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a1 ,corfu71 surface4 #h4 ,icosaspis icosah$ra1 n4 sp4 ,p>mal me%es ( diff]5t size & =m2 9 ! c5tre ( ea* plate a cross ( f\r p5tagonal1 prim>y asp9al pores1 surr\nd$ by a complete corona ( twelve to sixte5 polygonal coronal #hdfpores & an incomplete corona ( ?irty to =ty v small m>g9al pores2 ! latt] are n to be di/+ui%$ f ! pores ( ! oblit]at$ sutures4 ,radial sp9es quadrangul>1 ! out] pyramidal "p %ort] ?an ! inn] prismatic "p4 ,condyles gr[n toge!r4 ,z ! plates are q ev51 ! %ell becomes icosah$ral4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4af1 pores #j4jjb to #j4jb1 b>s #j4jje4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bda1 surface4 #i4 ,icosaspis icosa/aura1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acf1 fig4 #c74 ,tess>aspis icosa/aura1 ,haeckel1 #ahhb1 ,manuscript et ,atlas4 ,p>mal plates ( diff]5t size & =m2 9 ! c5tre ( ea* plate a cross ( f\r l>g] prim>y1 pyri=m asp9al pores2 betwe5 ^! f\r small] r\ndi% angul> pores1 & ar\nd ?is rosette a circle ( t5 to tw5ty 7commonly sixte57 coronal pores1 little l>g] ?an ! v small sutural pores4 ,radial sp9es v ?9 & long1 cyl9drical or bri/le-%ap$4 ,condyles gr[n toge!r2 no suture visible4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ad2 l>g] pores ( ! cross #j4ja1 small] pores #j4jjb to #j4jjh2 b>s #j4jjb to #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfh1 surface4 ,g5us #cfe4 ,hylaspis1#dje n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,dorataspida ) tw5ty plates1 :i* are p]=at$ by "o hundr$ & sixty to ?ree hundr$ or m p>mal pores 79 ea* plate f\r cross$ asp9al pores1 & ar\nd !m f\r to twelve or m coronal pores74 ,surface cov]$ ) num]\s by-sp9es4 ,! g5us ,hylaspis exhibits ! same /ructure ( ! %ell z ! ne>ly alli$ ance/ral g5us ,icosaspis1 & diff]s f x only 9 ! developm5t ( by-sp9es4 ,"s species ( ^! two g5]a exhibit ! highe/ degree ( complication 9 ! /ructure ( ! %ell se5 among ! ,dorataspida4 #a4 ,hylaspis s]rulata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #ace1 fig4 #a74 ,p>mal me%es f\r hundr$ to five hundr$2 9 ! c5tre ( ea* plate a cross ( f\r v l>ge p5tagonal or r\ndi% asp9al pores1 & ar\nd ?is a circle ( sixte5 to tw5ty mu* small] irregul>1 polygonal1 coronal pores2 ! latt] ( ab\t ! same size z ! sutural pores4 ,on ea* condyle "o ?9 zigzag-%ap$ by-sp9e1 ne>ly z long z ! radius4 ,tw5ty radial sp9es v long1 quadrangul>1 prismatic2 on ! inside ?9n] & smoo?1 on ! outside ?ick5$1 & arm$ ) f\r r[s ( recurv$ tee?1 s]rat$4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ah1 asp9al sp9es #j4jb1 o!r pores #j4jjb to #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cbf1 surface4 #hdgb4 ,hylaspis coronata1 n4 sp4 ,p>mal me%es five hundr$ to six hundr$2 9 ! c5tre ( ea* plate a cross ( f\r long rectangul> asp9al pores1 betwe5 ^! f\r l>g] egg-%ap$ angul> pores2 ar\nd ?is rosette a circle ( sixte5 to tw5ty mu* small]1 irregul>1 r\ndi%1 coronal pores2 ! latt] ab\t ( ! same size z ! sutural pores4 ,on ea* condyle "o be>d$ by-sp9e ab\t "o-?ird or "o-f\r? z long z ! radius4 ,tw5ty radial sp9es1 v long1 smoo?1 quadrangul>1 prismatic4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4be1 asp9al pores #j4jb1 o!r pores #j4jje to #j4ja1 b>s #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 #c4 ,hylaspis b>bata1 n4 sp4 ,p>mal me%es twelve hundr$ to sixte5 hundr$2 9 ! c5tre ( ea* plate a cross ( f\r l>ge1 some:at oblong1 octah$ral asp9al pores1 betwe5 ^! f\r rhombic small] angul> pores2 ar\nd ?is rosette an inn] circle ( twelve to sixte5 l>g] & an out] circle ( fifty to sixty v small coronal pores2 ! latt] small] ?an ! sutural pores4 ,on ea* condyle "o bri/le-%ap$ zigzag by-sp9e1 ) recurv$ ?9 hooks1 half z long z ! radius4 ,tw5ty radial sp9es1 v long1 cyl9drical1 smoo?4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4be to #j4c1 asp9al pores #j4jbb1 o!r pores #j4jjb to #j4jae1 b>s #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bie1 surface4 ,family ,,xli4 ,,phractopeltida1 ,haeckel 7,pl4 #acc1 figs4 #a-f74 ,phractopeltida1 ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfh4 ,def9ition4--,,acan?>ia ) d\ble sph]ical lattice-%ell1 compos$ ( ! bran*$ apophyses ( tw5ty radial sp9es meet+ 9 its c5tre1 & dispos$ accord+ to ! ,mll]ian law ( ,icosacan?a4 ,c5tral capsule sph]ical1 enclos+ ! inn] & surr\nd$ by ! out] conc5tric %ell4 ,! family ,phractopeltida diff]s f all o!r ,,acan?>ia 9 ! developm5t ( a d\ble sph]ical %ell1 compos$ ( two conc5tric lattice-sph]es1 :i* are unit$ by tw5ty radial sp9es meet+ 9 ! common c5tre4 ,we c\ld !re=e oppose ! ,phractopeltida z ,diplophracta to all o!r ,acan?ophracta z ,haplophracta 7) simple %ell74 ,! =m] exhibit a relation to ! latt]1 simil> to t exhibit$ by ! ,dyosphrida to ! simple ,monosphrida among ! ,sphroidea4 ,9 my ,monograph 7#ahfb1 p4 #dbc7 ,i describ$ only "o g5us app]ta9+ to ?is family1 ,aspidomma4 ,i f\nd$ x ^u ! s+ul> ,phractopelta1 describ$ by #hdh;,j4 ,mll] z ,haliomma hy/rix4 ,a second species ( ,aspidomma1 ! ,acan?ometra mucronata ( ,j4 ,mll]1 0 probably an ,a/rolon*e4 ,at t "t ,i plac$ ,aspidomma among ! ,haliommatida1 l$ by ! errone\s op9ion t x might repres5t a transition-=m betwe5 ,dorataspis & ,haliomma4 ,b ,i aft]w>ds gave up ?is view1 z ,i 0 conv9c$ t !re is no true phylog5etic connection betwe5 ! acan?9ic ,dorataspida 7,actipylea7 & ! silice\s ,haliommatida 7,p]ipylea74 ,!re=e 9 my ,prodromus 7#ahha1 p4 #dfh7 ,i plac$ ,aspidomma among ! ,dorataspida & *ang$ its "n to ,phractopelta1 to avoid fur!r confusion ) ! unrelat$ ,ommatida 7,sphroidea74 ,x =m$ !re1 ) ?ree ne>ly relat$ g5]a1 ! subfamily ,phractopeltida1 :i* we n[ advance to ! high] rank ( a sep>ate family4 7,by a typographical mi/ake ! words are pr9t$ 9 ! ,prodromus ,phractopelma & ,phractopelmida1 c41 in/ead ( ,phractopelta & ,phractopeltida1 c474 ,! detection ( o!r new species app]ta9+ to ?is family1 & a clos] anatomical inve/igation ( !m1 has n[ l$ to ! di/9ction ( five diff]5t g5]a1 *>act]is$ by o!r diff]5ces ?an 7 employ$ 9 #ahha 9 ! provisional sy/em ( ! ,prodromus4 ,! two conc5tric sph]ical lattice-%ells ( ! ,phractopeltida1 connect$ by radial beams1 correspond p]fectly to ^? ( ! d\ble-%ell$ ,dyosphrida 7,haliomma1 ,diplosphra1 c471 & 9 bo? cases we may call ! small] inn] ! m$ull>y %ell1 & ! l>g] out] ! cortical %ell4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! d\ble-%ell$ ,phractopeltida mu/ be d]iv$ phylog5etically f ! simple-%ell$ ,dorataspida 7j z we d]ive ! d\ble ,dyosphrida f ! simple ,monosphrida74 ,b x is n yet possible to decide positively :i* ( ! two %ells is ! fir/ =m$4 ,probably ! small inn] or m$ull>y %ell ( ! ,phractopeltida is ! fir/ =m$1 & corresponds to ! simple sph]ical lattice-%ell ( ! ,dorataspida2 & ! l>g] out] or cortical %ell ( ! =m] is a lat] new =mation1 abs5t 9 ! latt] family4 ,?is op9ion seems to be confirm$ by ! g5us ,orophaspis1 ! only =m among ! ,dorataspida1 9 :i* ! radial sp9es outside ! %ell be> free lattic$ apophyses4 ,if ^! tw5ty apophyses gr[ fur!r & meet "o ano!r1 ! second or out] %ell ( ,phractopelta may be =m$4 ,b "s objections may be rais$ to ?is op9ion f ! peculi> /ructure & ! v small size ( ! inn] %ell2 & !re is "s possibility t ?is latt] is a second>y lat] product inside ( ! prim>y cortical %ell4 ,! probably phylog5etic s]ies :i* reveals ! orig9 ( ! ,phractopeltida is ! foll[+3--,acan?ometron1 ,zygacan?a1 ,li?ophyllium1 ,phractacan?a1 ,doracan?a1 ,dorataspis1 ,orophaspis1 ,phractopelta4 ,! tw5ty radial sp9es exhibit 9 all ,phractopeltida ! same *>act]i/ic position & relation z 9 all o!r ,icosacan?a1 & are con/antly arrang$ accord+ to ! ,mll]ian law 9 f\r m]idian planes1 _! di/al ends fall+ into five p>allel zones4 ,_! di/9ction 9 ! majority ( ! ,phractopeltida is n difficult1 #hdis9ce ! sp9es ( ! diff]5t zones be> apophyses ( diff]5t %apes4 ,sometimes ! f\r equatorial sp9es are /\t] ?an ! sixte5 o!r sp9es1 & (t5 ! eight tropical sp9es are some:at diff]5t 9 =m f ! eight pol> & f ! f\r equatorial sp9es4 ,! l5g? ( all tw5ty sp9es is commonly equal4 ,_! =m is usually m or less compress$1 two-edg$ 7z 9 ,zygacan?a71 m r>ely cyl9drical 7z 9 ,acan?ometron71 or some:at quadrangul> 7b n truly prismatic72 !re=e ! transv]se section ( ! sp9es is commonly elliptical or lanceolate1 r>ely circul> or rhombic1 nev] squ>e2 ?is seems to indicate _! orig9 f ,zygacan?a4 ,z 9 all ,,acan?>ia1 ! sp9es consi/ ( acan?91 n ( silex4 ,_! c5tral ends are ei!r p]fectly gr[n toge!r1 & =m a s+le /> ( acan?91 or ! triangul> faces ( _! small pyramidal bases are support$ "o ^u ano!r1 )\t true concresc5ce4 ,! apophyses ( ! radial sp9es1 by :i* ! two conc5tric sph]ical %ells are =m$1 seem to be con/antly f\r on ea* sp9e1 two be+ opposite 9 ea* %ell4 ,! proximal pair ( opposite apophyses1 =m+ ! inn] or m$ull>y %ell1 is con/antly mu* small] ?an ! di/al pair compos+ ! out] or cortical %ell 7,pl4 #acc1 fig4 #e74 ,! proximal pair corresponds probably to ! two prim>y apophyses ( ! ,diporaspida 7,phractaspis1 ,dorataspis1 c471 :il/ ! di/al pair corresponds to ! free apophyses ( ,orophaspis 7,pl4 #acc1 fig4 #f74 ,!re=e ! ,phractopeltida may be d]iv$ phylog5etically f ! ,diporaspida 7n f ! ,tess>aspida74 ,9 ! common ance/ral g5us ( ?is family1 ,phractopelta1 ! free "p ( ! radial sp9es 7outside ! out] %ell7 is q simple1 )\t free apophyses2 9 all o!r g5]a ( ! family t free "p ( ! sp9es 7ei!r 9 all tw5ty sp9es or only 9 "s ( !m7 be>s a ?ird pair ( lat]al apophyses2 ^! may be ei!r simple or bran*$ or ev5 lattic$2 b ! out] apophyses 7( ! ?ird rank7 rema9 con/antly free1 & a ?ird lattice-%ell is nev] =m$ by union ( _! edges 7,pl4 #acc1 figs4 #b-d74 ,! inn] lattice-%ell ( ! ,phractopeltida1 or _! m$ull>y %ell1 is con/antly v small 7commonly #j4jc to #j4je mm4 9 diamet]1 r>ely m74 ,its /ructure is difficult to make out2 9 ! unbrok5 %ell x is conceal$ by ! d5se network ( ! out] %ell2 9 ! brok5 %ell x is commonly de/roy$4 ,usually ! pores ( ! inn] %ell are v small1 circul> or subcircul>1 sc>cely z broad z ! small sep>at+ b>s4 ,9 ! majority ( ,phractopeltida _! numb] seems to be ab\t =ty1 be+ probably ! =ty prim>y asp9al pores ( ! ,diporaspida2 9 "s species ?is numb] seems to be exce$$1 s t p]haps "s sutural pores may exi/ betwe5 ! asp9al pores2 b commonly ! tw5ty plates compos+ ! inn] %ell 7ea* ) two asp9al pores7 seems to gr[ toge!r p]fectly by _! meet+ edges1 s t !re are no sutural pores betwe5 !m4 ,evid5t sutures 7 n recognisable 9 ! inn] %ell ( any ,phractopeltida4 #hej,! out] lattice-%ell ( ! ,phractopeltida1 or _! cortical %ell1 is at lea/ twice z broad1 commonly ab\t ?ree times z broad1 z ! enclos$ inn] %ell2 x is mu* m v>i$ 9 composition ?an ! latt]4 ,l ! great] "p ( ! ,dorataspida we may di/+ui% "h 9 ! lattice-"w two k9ds ( pores--p>mal pores & sutural pores4 ,! p>mal pores are produc$ by ! union ( ! meet+ bran*es ( ! apophyses ( ea* s+le sp9e1 & are !re=e visible on ea* isolat$ sp9e2 :il/ ! sutural pores are =m$ by ! meet+ bran*es ( ! apophyses ( neighb\r+ sp9es4 ,! di/9ction ( ! p>mal & ! sutural pores1 easy 9 mo/ ,dorataspida1 is difficult 9 mo/ ,phractopeltida1 because ! sutures betwe5 ! meet+ bran*es are usually v e>ly oblit]at$4 ,h[ev]1 ! place ( ! oblit]at$ suture is (t5 indicat$ by ! ?ick5$ condyles ( ! apophyses on bo? sides ( ! suture4 ,commonly also ! =m ( ! sutural pores is mu* m irregul> ?an t ( ! p>mal pores2 ! =m] are m or less con/rict$ 9 ! middle by ! intumesc5ce ( ! sutural condyles1 :il/ ! latt] are m r\ndi%1 elliptical1 kidney-%ap$1 or squ>e4 ,! numb] ( ! pores 9 ! out] %ell 9 ! typical normal =m ( ,phractopeltida seems to be ! same z 9 ! mo/ species ( ,dorataspis1 ,diporaspis1 c41 betwe5 n9ety & "o hundr$1 viz41 =ty p>mal pores & f fifty to sixty sutural pores4 ,h[ev]1 9 _m species ?is numb] is increas$4 ,s9ce 9 all ,phractopeltida1 ea* ( ! tw5ty plates is compos$ only ( ! meet+ bran*es ( two opposite apophyses1 we f9d orig9ally 9 ea* plate only two prim>y p>mal pores or asp9al pores4 ,b 9 "s species !re occur f\r1 six1 or m pores 9 ea* plate2 9 ?is case two ( !m only are asp9al pores1 all ! o!rs be+ coronal pores4 ,moreov]1 9 ^? species :i* exhibit on ! base ( ea* sp9e 9 ! out] %ell f\r cross$ pores 7,pl4 #acc1 fig4 #b71 !re are n f\r equival5t asp9al pores 7z 9 ! ,tess>aspida71 b ! two opposite are prim>y or asp9al pores & ! o!r two 7diff]5t f !m 9 size & =m7 coronal pores4 ,h[ev]1 ! numb] ( coronal pores 9 ! ,phractopeltida is nev] s l>ge z 9 _m ,dorataspida1 & ! same holds good also = ! increas+ numb] ( ! irregul> sutural pores4 ,9 none ( ! species obs]v$ does ! total numb] ( ! pores 9 ! out] %ell rea* two hundr$4 ,! orig9al mode ( developm5t ( ! apophyses compos+ ! out] %ell seems to be imitat$ by ! free apophyses ( ! ?ird ord]1 :i* are develop$ f ! radial sp9es outside ! out] %ell 9 all ,phractopeltida1 ) ! s+le exception ( ! simple ance/ral g5us ,phractopelta4 ,^! apophyses ( ! ?ird rank are also orig9ally con/antly two1 opposite to "o ano!r 7aft] ! type ( ,li?ophyllium1 ,dorataspis1 c474 ,commonly !y d n rema9 simple1 b become bran*$1 & by communication ( ! neighb\r+ bran*es small lattice-plates arise4 ,orig9ally ea* ( ^! free lattice-plates has only two p>mal pores1 b ! numb] ( ! p>mal pores increases aft]w>ds1 s t we may di/+ui% two 7prim>y7 #hea;asp9al pores1 & two1 f\r1 or m 7second>y7 coronal pores4 ,9 ! majority ( species ! two opposite apophyses are fir/ cross$ at "r angles by a transv]se beam1 & ! two p>allel transv]se beams are aga9 cross$ by p]p5dicul> t]ti>y bran*es 7aga9 p>allel to ! apophyses74 ,9 ?is case ! network ( ! free lattice-plates becomes m or less rectangul>4 ,b 9 o!r species ! ramification ( ! apophyses assumes m ! =m ( bifurcation or ( irregul> bran*+4 ,z already said1 ! neighb\r+ free lattice-plates ( ?is ?ird ord] nev] meet1 & !re=e a complete ?ird %ell is nev] =m$4 ,! diff]5t g5]a ( ,phractopeltida exhibit v rem>kable diff]5ces 9 ! developm5t ( free apophyses 7or lattice-plates ( ! ?ird ord]74 ,:il/ 9 ! num]\s species ( ! ance/ral g5us ,phractopelta all tw5ty sp9es rema9 simple1 )\t su* apophyses1 only 9 a s+le obs]v$ species 7repres5t+ ! g5us ,pantopelta7 7 all tw5ty sp9es protect$ by !m4 ,9 ! ?ree o!r g5]a only "o "p ( ! sp9es be>s free apophyses1 b n ! o!r "p4 ,! mo/ frequ5t =m is ,dorypelta 7,pl4 #acc1 fig4 #b72 "h eight sp9es are simple 7f\r equatorial & f\r pol> sp9es ( ! hydrotomical plane71 :il/ twelve sp9es be> apophyses 7eight tropical & f\r pol> sp9es ( ! geotomical plane74 ,9 ,octopelta ! eight tropical sp9es only be> apophyses1 :il/ ! twelve o!r 7f\r equatorial & eight pol>7 are simple4 ,9 ,/auropelta f9ally ! f\r equatorial sp9es only are simple1 :il/ ! sixte5 o!r be> free apophyses 7eight tropical & eight pol> sp9es74 ,! ,c5tral ,capsule ( ! ,phractopeltida is con/antly sph]ical1 & enclos$ betwe5 ! two conc5tric sph]ical %ells2 x is !re=e l>g] ?an ! inn] & small] ?an ! out] %ell4 ,its wall is pi]c$ by ! tw5ty radial beams connect+ ! two %ells4 ,! %ape ( ! c5tral capsule & ( ! envelop+ calymma is ! same z 9 ! o!r ,acan?ophracta & specially 9 ! ,dorataspida4 ,synopsis ( ! ,g5]a ( ,phractopeltida4 ,all tw5ty sp9es )\t apophyses 9 ! free ,all tw5ty sp9es ( ! ext]nal "p1 #cff4 ,phractopelta4 same =m1 ,all tw5ty sp9es ) apophyses 9 ! free "p1 #cfg4 ,pantopelta4 ,eight tropical sp9es ) apophyses1 twelve o!rs 7eight pol> & f\r equatorial7 simple1 #cfh4 ,octopelta4 ,twelve radial sp9es ,tw5ty radial sp9es1 7eight tropical & f\r p>tly )\t1 p>tly pol>7 ) apophyses1 ) apophyses 9 ! eight o!rs 7f\r pol> free ext]nal "p1 & f\r equatorial7 simple1 #cfi4 ,dorypelta4 ,sixte5 radial sp9es 7eight tropical & eight pol>7 ) apophyses1 f\r equatorial1 simple1 #cgj4 ,/auropelta4 #heb;,g5us #cff4 ,phractopelta1#djf ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfh4 ,def9ition4--,phractopeltida ) tw5ty simple radial sp9es1 be>+ no free apophyses outside ! out] %ell4 ,! g5us ,phractopelta is ! mo/ simple =m among ! ,phractopeltida1 & may be reg>d$ z ! common ance/ral =m ( ?is family4 ,all tw5ty sp9es are ( ne>ly equal =m & size1 & be> no free apophyses on _! free "p1 outside ! two conc5tric %ells4 ,phractopelta may be d]iv$ f ,orophaspis by fur!r developm5t ( ! free apophyses1 :i* by union ( _! bran*es =m a second out] %ell ar\nd ! prim>y %ell ( t ,dorataspid4 ,subg5us #a4 ,phractopelt>is1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,out] %ell compos$ ( tw5ty sep>at$ plates1 ! sutures ( _! meet+ condyles n be+ gr[n toge!r4 #a4 ,phractopelta dorataspis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acc1 fig4 #a74 ,out] %ell compos$ ( tw5ty plates1 ! meet+ condyles ( :i* are sep>at$ by p]man5t sutures4 ,ea* plate commonly ) two elliptical asp9al pores1 :i* are two to ?ree times z broad z ! irregul> sutural pores4 ,radial sp9es 79 ! out] free "p7 compress$1 l9e>1 twice z long z ! diamet] ( ! %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4aa1 ( ! inn] #j4je4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific 7(f ,japan71 ,/ation #bci1 surface4 #b4 ,phractopelta dyadopora1 n4 sp4 ,out] %ell compos$ ( tw5ty plates1 ! meet+ condyles ( :i* are sep>at$ by p]man5t sutures4 ,ea* plate commonly ) two kidney-%ap$ asp9al pores1 :i* are ?ree to f\r times z broad z ! irregul> sutural pores4 ,radial sp9es conical1 ab\t z long z ! radius ( ! %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4jh1 ( ! inn] #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bef1 surface4 #c4 ,phractopelta diporaspis1 n4 sp4 ,out] %ell compos$ ( tw5ty plates1 ! meet+ condyles ( :i* are sep>at$ by p]man5t sutures4 ,ea* plate commonly ) two quadrangul> asp9al pores1 :i* are f\r to five times #hec;z broad z ! irregul> sutural pores4 ,radial sp9es compress$1 sword-%ap$1 ab\t z long z ! diamet] ( ! %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ji1 ( ! inn] #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccb1 surface4 #d4 ,phractopelta tess>aspis1 n4 sp4 ,out] %ell compos$ ( tw5ty plates1 ! meet+ condyles ( :i* are sep>at$ by p]man5t sutures4 ,ea* plate commonly ) f\r cross$1 quadrangul>1 asp9al pores1 ! two opposite ( :i* are mu* l>g] ?an ! two o!rs4 ,sutural pores small1 r\ndi%4 ,radial sp9es compress$1 l9e>1 ab\t twice z long z ! diamet] ( ! %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4jhd1 ( ! inn] #j4jcb4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific 7(f ,japan71 ,/ation #bch1 surface4 #e4 ,phractopelta tetradopora1 n4 sp4 ,out] %ell compos$ ( tw5ty plates1 ! meet+ condyles ( :i* are sep>at$ by p]man5t sutures4 ,ea* plate commonly ) f\r cross$ quadrangul> 7or ne>ly circul>7 asp9al pores1 all ( ne>ly ! same size4 ,sutural pores polygonal or r\ndi%4 ,radial sp9es cyl9drical1 two to ?ree times z long z ! diamet] ( ! %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4aa1 ( ! inn] #j4jde4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bec1 surface4 #f4 ,phractopelta hexadopora1 n4 sp4 ,out] %ell compos$ ( tw5ty plates1 ! meet+ condyles ( :i* are sep>at$ by p]man5t sutures4 ,ea* plate commonly ) six asp9al pores1 ! two opposite ( :i* are mu* l>g] ?an ! f\r o!rs4 ,sutural pores small1 r\ndi%4 ,radial sp9es compress$1 two-edg$1 l>g] ?an ! diamet] ( ! %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4a1 ( ! inn] #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgb1 surface4 #g4 ,phractopelta octadopora1 n4 sp4 ,out] %ell compos$ ( tw5ty plates1 ! meet+ condyles ( :i* are sep>at$ by p]man5t sutures4 ,ea* plate commonly ) eight asp9al pores1 ! f\r cross$ be+ l>g] ?an ! f\r o!rs alt]nat+ ) !m4 ,sutural pores irregul>4 ,radial sp9es conical1 %ort] ?an ! diamet] ( ! %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ab1 ( ! inn] #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean 7,cocos ,isl&s1 surface71 ,rabbe4 #hed,subg5us #b4 ,phractopeltidium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,out] %ell compos$ ( tw5ty unit$ plates1 ! sutures ( _! meet+ condyles be+ gr[n toge!r4 #h4 ,phractopelta aspidomma1 n4 sp4 ,out] %ell compos$ ( tw5ty unit$ plates1 ! meet+ condyles ( :i* are gr[n toge!r4 ,on ! base ( ea* radial sp9e 7:]e its out] free "p arises f ! surface ( ! out] %ell71 two l>ge elliptical asp9al pores1 two to f\r times z l>ge z ! o!r r\ndi% pores4 ,radial sp9es compress$1 sword-%ap$1 ab\t z long z ! radius ( ! %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4a1 ( ! inn] #j4je4 ,habitat4--,equatorial ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdg1 surface4 #i4 ,phractopelta haliomma1 n4 sp4 ,out] %ell compos$ ( tw5ty unit$ plates1 ! meet+ condyles ( :i* are gr[n toge!r4 ,on ! base ( ea* radial sp9e two l>ge kidney-%ap$ asp9al pores1 little l>g] ?an ! o!r irregul> pores4 ,radial sp9es compress$1 l9e>1 two-edg$1 mu* long] ?an ! diamet] ( ! %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ji1 ( ! inn] #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bie1 surface4 #aj4 ,phractopelta tess>omma1 ,haeckel4 ,out] %ell compos$ ( tw5ty unit$ plates1 ! meet+ condyles ( :i* are gr[n toge!r4 ,on ! base ( ea* radial sp9e f\r cross$ egg-%ap$ asp9al pores1 two opposite ( :i* are mu* l>g] ?an ! two o!rs4 ,sutural pores irregul>4 ,radial sp9es cyl9drical or little compress$1 ?91 long] ?an ! diamet] ( ! %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4a1 ( ! inn] #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bff1 surface4 #aa4 ,phractopelta hy/rix1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma hy/rix1 ,j4 ,mll]1 #aheh1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #cg1 ,taf4 v4 figs4 #a1 #b4 ,aspidomma hy/rix1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dbd4 ,out] %ell compos$ ( tw5ty unit$ plates1 ! meet+ condyles ( :i* are gr[n toge!r4 ,on ! base ( ea* radial sp9e f\r cross$ circul> asp9al sp9es ( equal size4 ,sutural pores r\ndi%1 ( ab\t ! same size4 ,radial sp9es conical1 ab\t z long z ! radius ( ! %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4jg1 ( ! inn] #j4jbd4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,nice71 ,j4 ,mll]1 surface4 #hee;,g5us #cfg4 ,pantopelta1#djg n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,phractopeltida ) tw5ty radial sp9es1 ea* ( :i* is protect$ by two free ext]nal apophyses4 ,! g5us ,pantopelta diff]s f all o!r ,phractopeltida 9 ! developm5t ( free protect+ apophyses on all tw5ty radial sp9es4 ,only a s+le specim5 ( ?is r>e =m 0 se51 & 9 ?is all tw5ty sp9es exhibit$ no m>k$ diff]5ces 9 =m & size1 b 7 m or less irregul>ly develop$4 #a4 ,pantopelta icosaspis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acc1 fig4 #d74 ,apophyses ( all tw5ty radial sp9es ) =k$ ana/omos+ bran*es1 =m+ a m or less irregul> cup-l f5e/rat$ %ield1 pi]c$ by a v>iable numb] ( pores4 ,di/ance ( ! apophyses f ! out] %ell equal to half its radius4 ,pores ( ! out] %ell irregul>1 r\ndi%1 f\r to six times z broad z ^? ( ! inn] %ell4 ,radial sp9es compress$1 sword-%ap$1 long] ?an ! radius ( ! %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4jh1 ( ! inn] #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,ant>ctic ,ocean1 ,/ation #aeg1 dep? #aiej fa?oms4 ,g5us #cfh4 ,octopelta1#djh n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,phractopeltida ) twelve simple sp9es 7f\r equatorial & eight pol>71 & ) eight tropical sp9es protect$ by ext]nal free apophyses4 ,! g5us ,octopelta diff]s f ! o!r ,phractopeltida 9 ! possession ( eight %ields or pairs ( free apophyses outside ! out] lattice-%ell2 ! sp9es be>+ ^! apophyses are ! eight tropical sp9es4 ,! twelve o!r sp9es 7eight pol> & f\r equatorial7 are q simple1 )\t apophyses4 #a4 ,octopelta cultella1 n4 sp4 ,apophyses ( ! eight tropical sp9es simple1 compress$1 knife-%ap$1 ab\t z long z _! di/ance f ! out] %ell4 ,on ! base ( ea* sp9e 79 ! network ( ! out] %ell7 two or?ogonal asp9al pores1 two to ?ree times z long z ! o!r polygonal pores4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4jh1 ( ! inn] #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cch1 surface4 #hefb4 ,octopelta furcella1 n4 sp4 ,apophyses ( ! eight tropical sp9es =k$1 ea* ) two p>allel simple =k-bran*es1 ab\t z long z _! di/ance f ! out] %ell4 ,on ! base ( ea* sp9e 79 ! out] %ell7 two kidney-%ap$ asp9al pores1 ab\t twice z broad z ! o!r irregul> pores4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4a1 ( ! inn] #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic 7(f ,tri/an d',acunha71 ,/ation #ccb1 surface4 #c4 ,octopelta scutella1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acc1 fig4 #e74 ,apophyses ( ! eight tropical sp9es cross$ by a transv]se beam1 :i* is aga9 cross$ by two p]p5dicul> bran*es2 by union ( ^! bran*es ea* tropical sp9e =ms a squ>e %ield ) f\r cross$ pores & twelve to sixte5 m>g9al spikes4 ,on ! base ( ea* sp9e 79 ! surface ( ! out] %ell7 f\r cross$ asp9al pores :i* correspond to ^? ( ! free %ields2 ^! are some:at l>g] ?an ! o!r pores4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ab1 ( ! inn] #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdh1 surface4 ,g5us #cfi4 ,dorypelta1#dji ,haeckel1 ,prodromus1 p4 #cfi4 ,def9ition4--,phractopeltida ) eight simple sp9es 7f\r equatorial & f\r hydrotomical pol> sp9es7 & ) twelve sp9es protect$ by ext]nal free apophyses 7eight tropical & f\r geotomical pol> sp9es74 ,! g5us ,dorypelta1 ! mo/ common ( all ,phractopeltida :i* are protect$ by free apophyses1 exhibits a v peculi> diff]5tiation ( its tw5ty radial sp9es4 ,!re are con/antly eight simple sp9es & twelve sp9es ) apophyses4 ,! eight simple sp9es are ! f\r equatorial sp9es & f\r pol> sp9es plac$ 9 ! hydrotomical m$ian plane4 ,! f\r o!r pol> sp9es 7plac$ 9 ! geotomical m]idian plane7 & ! eight tropical sp9es are protect$ by two opposite apophyses1 :i* are n[ simple1 n[ bran*$ or %ield-%ap$4 ,a simil> diff]5tiation occurs 9 no o!r ,acan?ophractida4 ,subg5us #a4 ,dorypelt>ium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,free apophyses ( ! radial sp9es simple1 n bran*$4 #hega4 ,dorypelta /auropt]a1 n4 sp4 ,apophyses ( ! long compress$ radial sp9es simple1 conical1 ab\t z long z _! di/ance f ! %ell4 ,at ! base ( ea* sp9e 79 ! out] %ell7 two elliptical asp9al pores1 two to ?ree times z l>ge z ! o!r pores4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4a1 ( ! inn] #j4jdd4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bch1 surface4 #b4 ,dorypelta gladiata1 n4 sp4 ,apophyses ( ! long cyl9drical radial sp9es simple1 triangul>1 ab\t half z long z _! di/ance f ! %ell4 ,at ! base ( ea* sp9e 79 ! out] %ell7 f\r cross$ asp9al pores1 ! two opposite ( :i* are mu* l>g] ?an ! o!r two pores4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ji1 ( ! inn] #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bff1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,dorypeltidium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,free apophyses ( ! radial sp9es bran*$1 ) free 7n ana/omos+7 bran*es4 #c4 ,dorypelta furcata1 n4 sp4 ,apophyses ( ! long compress$ sp9es simply =k$1 ea* ) two simple p>allel =k-bran*es4 ,at ! base ( ea* sp9e two elliptical asp9al pores1 mu* l>g] ?an ! o!r r\ndi% pores4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4jh1 ( ! inn] #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgd1 surface4 #d4 ,dorypelta tetrodon1 n4 sp4 ,apophyses ( ! long compress$ sp9es cross$ by a transv]se beam1 :i* be>s f\r simple p>allel =k-bran*es or spikes 7p]p5dicul> to ! beam71 two l>g] m$ial & two small] lat]al4 ,at ! base ( ea* sp9e f\r cross$ asp9al pores ( ne>ly equal size1 little diff]5t f ! o!r pores4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ji1 ( ! inn] #j4jce4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bhd1 surface4 #e4 ,dorypelta ramosa1 n4 sp4 ,apophyses ( ! long cyl9drical sp9es cross$ by a transv]se beam1 :i* be>s f\r to six irregul>ly bran*$ spikes or =k-bran*es1 ! m$ial ( :i* are l>g] ?an ! lat]al4 ,at #heh! base ( ea* sp9e f\r cross$ asp9al pores1 two opposite ( :i* are mu* l>g] ?an ! two o!r pores4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ji1 ( ! inn] #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #cjb1 surface4 ,subg5us #c4 ,dorypeltonium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,free apophyses ( ! radial sp9es bran*$1 & =m+ p]=at$ %ields by union ( _! ana/omos+ bran*es4 #f4 ,dorypelta li?opt]a1 n4 sp4 ,apophyses ( ! long compress$ radial sp9es ) ana/omos+ bran*es2 ea* sp9e be>+ two free sep>at$ %ields 7ea* ) two r\ndi% asp9al pores74 ,at ! base ( ea* sp9e 79 ! network ( ! out] %ell7 two elliptical asp9al pores1 l>g] ?an ! o!r pores4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ji1 ( ! inn] #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bci1 surface4 #g4 ,dorypelta tess>aspis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acc1 fig4 #b74 ,apophyses ( ! long cyl9drical sp9es ) ana/omos+ bran*es2 ea* sp9e be>+ a s+le free %ield ) f\r cross$ asp9al pores ( equal size 7on ! m>g9 ( ! %ield twelve to sixte5 spikes74 ,at ! base ( ea* sp9e 79 ! out] %ell7 f\r cross$ asp9al pores1 ab\t z l>ge z ! o!r r\ndi% pores4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4aa1 ( ! inn] #j4je4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfc1 surface4 #h4 ,dorypelta dodecaspis1 n4 sp4 ,apophyses ( ! long two-edg$ sp9es ) ana/omos+ bran*es2 ea* sp9e be>+ a s+le free %ield ) six to eight p>mal pores 7f\r cross$ asp9al pores alt]nat+ ) f\r out] coronal pores71 on ! m>g9 ( ea* %ield twelve to sixte5 spikes4 ,at ! base ( ea* sp9e 79 ! out] %ell7 f\r cross$ asp9al pores1 ab\t z l>ge z ! o!r irregul> pores4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4a1 ( ! inn] #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific 7(f ,japan71 ,/ation #bce1 surface4 ,g5us #cgj4 ,/auropelta1#daj ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfh4 ,def9ition4--,phractopeltida ) f\r simple equatorial sp9es & sixte5 sp9es protect$ by ext]nal free apophyses 7eight tropical & eight pol> sp9es74 #hei,! g5us ,/auropelta is di/+ui%$ f ! o!r ,phractopeltida by ! possession ( sixte5 pairs ( free apophyses 7on ! eight tropical & ! eight pol> sp9es72 only ! o!r f\r equatorial sp9es rema9 simple1 )\t apophyses1 & =m a simple cross 9 ! equatorial plane4 #a4 ,/auropelta cruciata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acc1 fig4 #c74 ,apophyses ( ! long pol> & tropical sp9es cross$ by a transv]se beam1 :i* is aga9 cross$ by two p]p5dicul> bran*es p>allel to ! apophyses2 bran*es ) free ends1 n unit$ by concresc5ce4 ,at ! base ( ea* sp9e 79 ! out] %ell7 two l>ge elliptical asp9al pores1 l>g] ?an ! o!r irregul> pores4 ,f\r equatorial sp9es simple1 )\t apophyses1 ( ! same size z ! o!r sixte5 sp9es4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4ab1 ( ! inn] #j4je4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean 7,madagasc>71 ,rabbe1 surface4 #b4 ,/auropelta /auropora1 n4 sp4 ,apophyses ( ! long pol> & tropical sp9es cross$ by a transv]se beam1 :i* is aga9 cross$ by two p]p5dicul> bran*es p>allel to ! apophyses2 ^! bran*es are unit$ by concresc5ce1 & =m a squ>e %ield ) f\r cross$ pores1 ! c5tre ( :i* is pi]c$ by ! sp9e4 ,at ! base ( ea* sp9e 79 ! out] %ell7 f\r cross$ asp9al pores1 correspond+ to ^? ( ! %ield1 ( ab\t ! same size z ! o!r r\ndi% pores4 ,f\r equatorial sp9es1 simple1 )\t apophyses1 some:at l>g] ?an ! o!r sixte5 sp9es4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! out] %ell #j4a1 ( ! inn] #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,sunda-,ar*ipelago1 ,s+apore1 ,treb+1 surface4 ---- ,subord] ,,ii4 ,,prunophracta4 ,def9ition4--,%ell ellipsoidal1 l5ticul> or diploconical1 ) radial beams ( diff]5t size4 ,family ,,xlii4 ,,belonaspida1 n4 fam4 7,pl4 #acf1 figs4 #f-i2 ,pl4 #aci1 figs4 #h1 #i74 ,def9ition4--,,acan?>ia ) a simple ellipsoidal lattice-%ell1 compos$ ( ! bran*$ apophyses ( tw5ty radial sp9es meet+ 9 its c5tre & dispos$ accord+ to ! ,mll]ian law ( ,icosacan?a4 ,two opposite equatorial sp9es l>g] ?an ! two o!rs4 ,c5tral capsule ellipsoidal1 enclos$ 9 ! f5e/rat$ %ell4 ,! family ,belonaspida1 =m]ly unit$ by me ) ! ,dorataspida 79 ! ,prodromus1 #ahha1 p4 #dfh71 diff]s f x 9 ! ellipsoidal =m ( ! lattice-%ell & #hfj! enclos$ c5tral capsule4 ,9 ! sph]ical ,dorataspida1 _! ance/ral family1 all tw5ty radial sp9es are ( equal size1 :il/ "h 9 ! ,belonaspida two opposite sp9es are l>g] ?an ! eighte5 o!rs4 ,^! two l>g] or pr9cipal sp9es are bo? equatorial sp9es1 plac$ 9 ! longitud9al or major axis ( ! ellipsoid1 or ! hydrotomical axis 7comp>e above1 p4 #gai74 ,! two o!r equatorial sp9es are con/antly small]1 & lie 9 ! transv]se or m9or axis ( ! ellipsoid1 or ! geotomical axis4 ,! geometrical proportion ( ^! two det]m9+ axes ( ! ellipsoidal %ell is v v>iable 7ev5 9 "o & ! same species71 commonly #d 3 #c or #c 3 #b1 r>ely #b 3 #a1 (t5 only #e 3 #d or #f 3 #e4 ,all m]idian planes1 pass+ ?r\gh ! pr9cipal sp9es 7or ! longitud9al axis ( ! %ell7 are elliptical1 & ( equal size4 ,all transv]se planes1 p]p5dicul> to t axis1 are circul>2 ! l>ge/ ( ^! circul> p>allel planes is ! geotomical plane1 :i* passes ?r\gh ! small] equatorial sp9es & ! sp9eless axis4 ,9 ! sph]ical ,dorataspida ! int]nal l5g? ( ! radial sp9es 7or ! di/ance betwe5 ! %ell & ! c5tre7 is equal 9 all tw5ty sp9es4 ,9 ! ellipsoidal ,belonaspida ?is int]nal l5g? is diff]5t1 & commonly exhibits f\r diff]5t degrees2 9 ! two pr9cipal sp9es x is ( fir/ rank1 9 ! eight tropical sp9es ( second rank1 9 ! f\r 7hydrotomical7 pol> sp9es ( ?ird rank1 & 9 ! six sp9es 7f\r geotomical pol> sp9es & two transv]se equatorial sp9es7 ( f\r? rank4 ,^! diff]5ces ( ! int]nal l5g? become m important ! m ! hydrotomical axis is prolong$4 ,reg>d+ all o!r qualities 79 =m1 disposition1 & mode ( junction at ! c5tre7 ! ellipsoidal ,belonaspida d n diff] f _! ance/ral gr\p1 ! sph]ical ,dorataspida 7comp>e above1 p4 #hjb74 ,9 bo? families ! pyramidal c5tral bases ( ! tw5ty sp9es are commonly support$ "o ^u ano!r ) _! triangul> neighb\r+ faces2 b sometimes also "h 7p>ticul>ly 9 ,phatnaspis7 ! c5tral bases are p]fectly gr[n toge!r4 ,9 ?is case also ! sutures ( ! meet+ bran*es ( ! apophyses are oblit]at$1 :il/ usually !y rema9 op54 ,su* =ms1 ) sp9es & plates p]fectly gr[n toge!r1 =m a s+le piece ( acan?91 & 7 =m]ly sep>at$ by me z a peculi> g5us ,haliommatidium 7,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 #ahfb1 p4 #dai74 ,b z ,i n[ f9d ?is concresc5ce to be an accid5tal & incon/ant peculi>ity ( "s species1 x no long] seems to me to be ( g5]ic importance4 ,! apophyses ( ! tw5ty radial sp9es1 ! bran*es ( :i* compose ! ellipsoidal lattice-%ell1 exhibit 9 all ,belonaspida ! same appe>ance z 9 ! ,diporaspida 7& especially ! ,c]iaspida7 among ! sph]ical ,dorataspida4 ,ev]y:]e ea* radial sp9e gives (f only two opposite prim>y apophyses1 ! =k-bran*es ( :i* unite toge!r & =m a plate or %ield ) two asp9al pores 7z 9 ,dorataspis74 ,commonly ! %ell exhibits only ^! =ty p>mal pores1 ! o!r me%es betwe5 !m be+ sutural pores4 ,only 9 "o g5us1 ,phatnaspis 7,pl4 #acf1 #hfa;figs4 #f-i71 is ?is numb] multipli$2 ! two opposite prim>y apophyses are "h cross$ by num]\s p]p5dicul> lat]al bran*es1 & ^! are aga9 unit$ by second>y p]p5dicul> ramules :i* are p>allel to ! apophyses !mselves2 !re=e ea* plate "h =ms a rhombic %ield pi]c$ by v num]\s 7(t5 m ?an "o hundr$7 small quadrangul> or circul> pores4 ,only two ( ^! num]\s p>mal pores are ! prim>y asp9al pores 7sometimes1 z 9 ,pl4 #acf1 fig4 #h1 di/+ui%$ by _! l>g] size72 all o!rs are second>y or coronal pores4 ,!re=e ,phatnaspis repeats ! *>act]i/ic =mation ( ,cosc9aspis1 f :i* x diff]s 9 its ellipsoidal %ell4 ,moreov]1 ! f\r o!r g5]a ( ! ellipsoidal ,belonaspida correspond p]fectly to c]ta9 g5]a ( ! sph]ical ,dorataspida1 & may be d]iv$ f ^! by hyp]trophy or /rong] developm5t ( two opposite equatorial sp9es4 ,9 ,?oracaspis & ,belonaspis 7,pl4 #aci1 figs4 #h1 #i7 ! surface ( ! %ell-plates is )\t cre/s & dimples 79 ! =m] )\t1 9 ! latt] ) accessory by-sp9es72 !y ?us correspond to ,dorataspis & ,diporaspis among ! ,dorataspida4 ,9 two o!r g5]a ! surface ( ! %ell-plates be>s a network ( elevat$ cre/s1 sep>at+ funnel-%ap$ dimples1 9 ,dictyaspis )\t1 9 ,coleaspis ) by-sp9es2 ^! correspond to ,c]iaspis & ,hy/ri*aspis among ! ,dorataspida4 ,! small by-sp9es1 cov]+ ! surface1 exhibit ! same =ms z 9 ! ,dorataspida2 b !y are usually small]1 & less develop$ 9 ! ,belonaspida4 ,! tw5ty radial sp9es are commonly m or less compress$ or two-edg$1 sometimes v flat1 broad1 & triangul> 7,pl4 #aci1 figs4 #h1 #i74 ,9 "s species 7ma9ly ( ,phatnaspis7 !y are v long1 ?91 & ne$le-%ap$ 7,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 #ahfb1 ,taf4 xxii4 figs4 #aj-ab74 ,r>ely !y are cyl9drical1 f\r-edg$1 or prismatic4 ,! ,belonaspida te/ify by ?is & o!r peculi>ities to _! ne> relation to ! ,diporaspida & ,phractacan?ida & _! old] orig9 f ,zygacan?a4 ,! ,c5tral ,capsule is 9 ! ,belonaspida ellipsoidal1 & m or less prolong$ 9 ! hydrotomical or longitud9al axis ( ! %ell4 ,x is con/antly small] ?an ! envelop+ ellipsoidal %ell1 & sep>at$ f x by ! calymma4 ,its /ructure & ! %ape ( its nucleus are ! same z 9 ! ne>ly alli$ ,dorataspida4 ,synopsis ( ! ,g5]a ( ,belonaspida4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,i4 ,subfamily ,coleaspida4 ,=ty p>mal pores 7two asp9al pores on ea* plate1 no coronal pores74 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,plates n dimpl$1 )\t ,no by-sp9es1 #cga4 ,?oracaspis4 prom95t cre/s4 ,) by-sp9es1 #cgb4 ,belonaspis4 ,plates dimpl$1 ) a ,no by-sp9es1 #cgc4 ,dictyaspis4 network ( prom95t cre/s1 ,) by-sp9es1 #cgd4 ,coleaspis4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,ii4 ,subfamily ,phatnaspida4 ,eighty to two ?\s& or m p>mal pores 7two asp9al pores on ea* plate1 surr\nd$ by two to "o hundr$ or m coronal pores74 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,no by-sp9es 7plates n dimpl$71 #cge4 ,phatnaspis4 #hfb;,g5us #cga4 ,?oracaspis1#daa ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfh4 ,def9ition4--,belonaspida ) =ty p>mal pores 7two on ea* plate71 )\t dimples & cre/s1 also )\t by-sp9es1 !re=e ) smoo? surface4 ,! g5us ,?oracaspis is ! simple/ =m among ! ,belonaspida1 & repeats 9 ?is family ! ne>ly alli$ g5us ,dorataspis among ! ,dorataspida4 ,x diff]s f ?is g5us only 9 ! *>act]i/ic prolongation ( "o equatorial axis1 :i* effects an ellipsoidal trans=mation ( ! sph]ical c5tral capsule & ! enclos+ lattice-%ell4 #a4 ,?oracaspis ellipsoides1 n4 sp4 ,p>mal pores l>ge1 elliptical1 five or six times z l>ge z ! small circul> sutural pores4 ,ea* plate surr\nd$ by five or six sutural pores 7a s+le "o on ea* side74 ,sp9es compress$ triangul>1 sword-l1 two-edg$2 inn] & out] half ( ne>ly equal l5g?4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! ellipsoidal %ell 7or major axis7 #j4ae1 bread? 7or m9or axis7 #j4ab2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jg1 basal bread? #j4jaf4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bec1 surface4 #b4 ,?oracaspis nephropora1 n4 sp4 ,p>mal pores l>ge1 kidney-%ap$1 ?ree to f\r times z l>ge z ! r\ndi% small sutural pores4 ,ea* plate surr\nd$ by five or six sutural pores 7a s+le "o on ea* side74 ,sp9es 9 ! inn] long] "p cyl9drical1 9 ! out] %ort] "p conical1 n compress$4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell #j4b1 bread? #j4ae2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jf1 basal bread? #j4jah4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfh1 surface4 #c4 ,?oracaspis circopora1 n4 sp4 ,p>mal pores circul>1 ( ! same size z ! circul> sutural pores4 ,ea* plate surr\nd$ by five or six sutural pores 7a s+le "o on ea* side74 ,sp9es compress$1 ?91 l9e>1 two-edg$2 out] "p "o & a half times z long z ! inn]4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell #j4ag1 bread? #j4ac2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ab1 basal bread? #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bhh1 surface4 #d4 ,?oracaspis bip5nis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aci1 fig4 #h74 ,p>mal pores elliptical1 ab\t twice z l>ge z ! circul> sutural pores1 :i* are ( r v>iable size4 ,ea* plate surr\nd$ by eight to twelve sutural pores 7commonly two on ea* side74 #hfc,sp9es compress$1 triangul>1 gradually tap]+ t[>ds bo? ends2 out] half a little long]1 & mu* broad] ?an ! inn]4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell #j4ad1 bread? #j4ab2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jh1 basal bread? #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgd1 surface4 ,g5us #cgb4 ,belonaspis1#dab ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfh4 ,def9ition4--,belonaspida ) =ty p>mal pores 7two on ea* plate71 )\t dimples & cre/s1 b ) num]\s by-sp9es on ! surface4 ,! g5us ,belonaspis diff]s f its ance/ral g5us ,?oracaspis only 9 ! possession ( num]\s sup]ficial by-sp9es1 & be>s !re=e to x ! same relation z ,diporaspis does to ,dorataspis4 ,! two latt] diff] f ! two =m] 9 ! sph]ical =m ( ! c5tral capsule & ! enclos+ %ell1 :i* "h becomes ellipsoidal4 #a4 ,belonaspis p&anus1 n4 sp4 ,p>mal pores elliptical1 ?ree or f\r times z l>ge z ! circul> sutural pores4 ,ea* plate surr\nd$ by five or six sutural pores 7a s+le "o on ea* side74 ,sp9es compress$1 triangul>2 out] "p half z long z ! inn]1 & twice z long z ! num]\s1 simple1 bri/le-%ap$ by-sp9es4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! ellipsoidal %ell 7or major axis7 #j4ab1 bread? 7or m9or axis7 #j4a2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jc1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bie1 surface4 #b4 ,belonaspis furcata1 n4 sp4 ,p>mal pores elliptical1 twice z broad z ! circul> sutural pores4 ,ea* plate surr\nd$ by five or six sutural pores 7a s+le "o on ea* side74 ,sp9es compress$1 l9e>1 v ?92 out] "p long] ?an ! inn]4 ,by-sp9es v num]\s1 half z long z ! radius1 furcate1 ) div]g5t =k-bran*es4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell #j4a1 bread? #j4jh2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ab1 bread? #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean 7,cocos ,isl&s71 ,rabbe1 surface4 #c4 ,belonaspis datura1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aci1 fig4 #i74 ,p>mal pores elliptical1 ?ree or f\r times z l>ge z ! circul> sutural pores4 ,ea* plate surr\nd$ by t5 or twelve sutural pores 7two on ea* side74 ,sp9es triangul>1 two-edg$1 ab\t #hfd;z long z ! radius ( ! %ell2 gradually tap]+ f its surface t[>ds bo? ends4 ,by-sp9es v %ort & num]\s1 simple4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell #j4ac1 bread? #j4aa2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jh1 basal bread? #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 #d4 ,belonaspis lanceolata1 n4 sp4 ,p>mal pores elliptical1 six or eight times z l>ge z ! small circul> sutural pores4 ,ea* plate surr\nd$ by t5 to twelve sutural pores 7two on ea* side74 ,sp9es lanceolate1 flat1 9 ! di/al "p ne$le-%ap$1 ab\t z long z ! diamet] ( ! %ell4 ,by-sp9es v num]\s1 zigzag1 half z long z ! %ell-radius4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell #j4ae bread? #j4ac2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ad1 basal bread? #j4jc2 l5g? ( ! by-sp9es #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bce1 surface4 #e4 ,belonaspis conif]a1 n4 sp4 ,p>mal pores kidney-%ap$1 ?ree or f\r times z l>ge z ! small circul> pores4 ,ea* plate surr\nd$ by t5 to twelve sutural pores 7two on ea* side74 ,sp9es v ?ick1 half z long 9 ! out] conical "p z 9 ! inn] cyl9drical "p4 ,by-sp9es v %ort1 conical4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell #j4b1 bread? #j4af2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4je1 basal bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfg1 surface4 #f4 ,belonaspis multi=is1 n4 sp4 ,p>mal pores circul>1 ( ! same size z ! circul> sutural pores4 ,ea* plate surr\nd$ by fifte5 to eighte5 sutural pores 7?ree on ea* side74 ,sp9es compress$1 ab\t z long z ! radius4 ,by-sp9es v num]\s1 zigzag1 half z long z ! radius4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell #j4bb1 bread? #j4ah2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ab1 basal bread? #j4jab2 l5g? ( ! by-sp9es #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,equatorial ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdg1 surface4 ,g5us #cgc4 ,dictyaspis1#dac n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,belonaspida ) =ty p>mal pores 7two on ea* plate71 )\t by-sp9es1 b ) a network ( prom95t cre/s on ! dimply surface4 ,! g5us ,dictyaspis repeats among ! ,belonaspida ! *>act]i/ic /ructure ( ,c]iaspis 7among ! ,dorataspida71 by ! developm5t ( prom95t cre/s =m+ a #hfenetwork ) dimples on ! out] surface ( ! %ields4 ,ei!r all ! dimples or only a "p ( !m are pi]c$ by a pore4 ,! =ty asp9al pores are unit$ 9 pairs 9 tw5ty l>g] dimples4 ,! %ell is usually v ?ick-wall$ & non-transp>5t4 #a4 ,dictyaspis solidissima1 ,haeckel4 ,dorataspis solidissima1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #daf1 ,taf4 xxii4 figs4 #f-i4 ,surface ( ! %ell ) sev5ty to eighty funnel-%ap$ dimples1 ea* ( :i* is p]=at$ at ! base by "o or two small me%es2 tw5ty l>g] dimples 9 ! c5tre ( ! plates 7ea* ) two elliptical asp9al pores71 & fifty to sixty small] sutural dimples betwe5 !m 7ea* ) a s+le circul> pore74 ,all pores ( ne>ly ! same size4 ,no bl9d dimples4 ,out] conical "p ( ! ?ick radial sp9es ( ! same l5g? z ! inn] cyl9drical "p4 ,radius ( ! %ell f\r times z l>ge z ! ?ickness ( its wall4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell #j4ab1 bread? #j4a2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jf1 basal bread? #j4jab4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a71 surface4 #b4 ,dictyaspis favosa1 n4 sp4 ,surface ( ! %ell ) "o hundr$ & sev5ty to "o hundr$ & n9ety deep funnel-%ap$ dimples1 sev5ty to eighty ( :i* are p]=at$1 ! o!rs bl9d2 among ! =m] ea* ( ! fifty to sixty small] conta9s a s+le sutural pore1 ea* ( ! tw5ty l>g] a c\ple ( asp9al pores4 ,all pores ( ne>ly ! same size4 ,out] "p ( ! compress$ two-edg$ sp9es triangul>1 half z long z ! inn] "p4 ,radius ( ! %ell six times z l>ge z ! ?ickness ( its wall4 7,diff]s f ,c]iaspis favosa1 ,pl4 #ach1 fig4 #f1 ma9ly 9 ! ellipsoidal =m ( ! %ell & ! diff]5t size & =m ( ! sp9es47 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell #j4af1 bread? #j4ac2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jd1 basal bread? #j4jbe4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfe1 surface4 #c4 ,dictyaspis compacta1 n4 sp4 ,surface ( ! %ell ) "o hundr$ & sev5ty to "o hundr$ & n9ety deep funnel-%ap$ dimples1 sev5ty to eighty ( :i* are p]=at$1 ! o!rs bl9d2 among ! =m] ea* ( fifty to sixty ea* conta9 a s+le sutural pore1 tw5ty ea* a c\ple ( asp9al pores4 ,all dimples ne>ly ( ! same size1 v deep4 ,out] "p ( ! compress$ sword-l sp9es some:at long] ?an ! inn] "p4 ,radius ( ! d>k %ell only twice z l>ge z ! ?ickness ( its compact wall4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell #j4ah1 bread? #j4ae2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ab1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgd1 surface4 #hff;,g5us #cgd4 ,coleaspis1#dad ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfh4 ,def9ition4--,belonaspida ) =ty p>mal pores 7two on ea* plate71 ) num]\s by-sp9es & ) a network ( prom95t cre/s on ! dimpl$ surface4 ,! g5us ,coleaspis diff]s f its ance/ral g5us ,dictyaspis 9 ! developm5t ( num]\s by-sp9es1 & be>s !re=e among ! ellipsoidal ,belonaspida ! same relation to x z ,hy/ri*aspis does to ,cosc9aspis among ! sph]ical ,dorataspida4 ,if ! f\r equatorial sp9es 9 ,coleaspis become diff]5t 9 pairs1 x passes ov] into ,hexalaspis4 ,! %ell is usually v d>k & ?ick-wall$4 #a4 ,coleaspis coronata1 n4 sp4 ,all tw5ty sp9es ( ne>ly equal size & =m1 ab\t z long z ! radius ( ! %ell1 compress$1 sword-l1 two-edg$2 bo? equatorial sp9es ( ! hydrotomical axis little long] ?an ! eighte5 o!rs4 ,cre/s betwe5 ! dimples ( ! %ell-surface d5tat$1 =m+ ar\nd ! basal half ( ea* sp9e a cyl9drical %ea? ) a d5tat$1 cr[n-l m\?1 ! tee? ( :i* are prolong$ into simple by-sp9es4 7,simil> to ,hexaconus coronatus1 ,pl4 #aci1 fig4 #e1 b diff]+ 9 ! ne>ly equal size ( ! sp9es & _! %ea?s1 & 9 ! long] by-sp9es47 ,dim5sions4--,major axis ( ! %ell #j4b1 m9or #j4ag2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ab1 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bff1 surface4 #b4 ,coleaspis vag9ata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #adj1 fig4 #ac74 ,all tw5ty sp9es ( ne>ly equal size & =m1 ne>ly z long z ! diamet] ( ! %ell1 conical2 bo? equatorial sp9es ( ! hydrotomical axis ab\t "o-?ird long] ?an ! eighte5 o!rs4 ,cre/s betwe5 ! dimples ( ! %ell-surface s]rat$1 =m+ ar\nd ! basal half ( ea* sp9e a conical truncate %ea? ) cre/$ surface & s]rat$ m\?1 ! tee? ( :i* are prolong$ into %ort by-sp9es4 7,simil> to ,hexaconus vag9atus1 ,pl4 #aci1 fig4 #g1 b diff]+ 9 ! ne>ly equal size ( all ! sp9es & 9 ! d\ble ?ickness ( ! %ell-wall47 ,dim5sions4--,major axis ( ! %ell #j4ab1 m9or #j4a1 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jh1 basal bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bec1 surface4 #c4 ,coleaspis obscura1 n4 sp4 ,all tw5ty sp9es ( ne>ly equal size & =m1 little long] ?an _! l>ge cyl9drical %ea?s1 :i* are ne>ly z long z ! radius ( ! %ell1 & arm$ on ! truncat$ m\? ) /rong triangul> by-sp9es1 bo? equatorial sp9es ( ! hydrotomical axis "o & a half times z long z ! eighte5 o!rs4 ,%ell v d>k & ?ick wall$1 q opaque4 #hfg;,dim5sions4--,major axis ( ! %ell #j4a1 m9or #j4jh2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4jf1 ( _! %ea?s #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,arctic ,ocean1 ,gre5l&1 ,ko*1 surface4 #d4 ,coleaspis occulta1 n4 sp4 ,all tw5ty sp9es ( ne>ly equal size & =m1 q conceal$ 9 _! long cyl9drical %ea?s1 :i* are some:at long] ?an ! radius ( ! %ell1 & arm$ on ! truncat$ m\? ) acute simple tee?2 ea* %ea? deeply sulcat$1 app>5tly result+ f ! concresc5ce ( num]\s p>allel leaf-%ap$ by-sp9es4 ,small %ell v d>k & ?ick-wall$1 q opaque4 ,dim5sions4--,major axis ( ! %ell #j4jh1 m9or #j4jf2 l5g? ( ! sp9es & _! %ea?s #j4je to #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,ant>ctic ,ocean 7(f ,k]guel571 ,/ation #aei1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,coleaspidium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,bo? equatorial sp9es ( ! hydrotomical axis mu* l>g] & ( peculi> =m1 diff]5t f ! eighte5 o!r sp9es4 #e4 ,coleaspis amphilon*e1 n4 sp4 ,bo? equatorial sp9es ( ! hydrotomical axis mu* long] ?an ! eighte5 o!rs1 & ( v diff]5t =m2 "o & a half times z long z ! diamet] ( ! %ell1 prismatic1 ) six prom95t edges1 pyramidal at ! di/al po9t4 ,! eighte5 o!r sp9es triangul>1 compress$1 two-edg$1 sc>cely z long z ! radius ( ! ?ick-wall$ %ell4 ,pores ( ! %ell irregul> polygonal1 sep>at$ by ciliat$ cre/s1 :i* be> simple by-sp9es 7"o-?ird z long z ! radius74 ,dim5sions4--,major axis ( ! %ell #j4ae1 m9or #j4ab2 l5g? ( ! two l>g] sp9es #j4bb1 ( ! eighte5 small] #j4jf to #j4jh2 basal bread? ( ! =m] #j4jc1 ( ! latt] #j4jjh4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cda1 surface4 #f4 ,coleaspis hydrotomica1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #adj1 fig4 #ad74 ,bo? equatorial sp9es ( ! hydrotomical axis mu* l>g] ?an ! eighte5 o!rs1 & ( v diff]5t =m2 ab\t z long z ! diamet] ( ! %ell1 9 ! basal half f\r-sid$ pyramidal1 ) f\r ?ick prom95t edges1 9 ! middle "p con/rict$1 9 ! di/al half lanceolate1 two-edg$4 ,bo? equatorial sp9es ( ! geotomical axis ( simil> =m1 b mu* small]1 sc>cely "o-?ird z long4 ,! sixte5 o!r sp9es sword-l1 ?91 two-edg$1 ab\t z long z ! radius ( ! ?ick-wall$ %ell4 ,pores ( ! %ell irregul> r\ndi%1 sep>at$ by high d5tat$ cre/s1 :i* be>s zigzag by-sp9es 7half z long z ! radius74 ,dim5sions4--,major axis ( ! %ell #j4ab1 m9or axis #j4a2 l5g? ( ! two l>g] sp9es #j4aa1 ( ! eighte5 o!rs #j4jd to #j4jf2 basal bread? ( ! =m] #j4jd1 ( ! latt] #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,cape ( ,good ,hope1 ,/ation #adc1 surface4 #hfh;,g5us #cge4 ,phatnaspis1#dae ,haeckel1 #ahha1 ,prodromus1 p4 #dfh ,def9ition4--,belonaspida ) eighty to two ?\s& or m p>mal pores 7f\r to "o hundr$ or m on ea* plate71 )\t by-sp9es on ! surface4 ,! g5us ,phatnaspis corresponds to ! sph]ical ,cosc9aspis among ! ,dorataspida1 & diff]s f ! o!r ,belonaspida 9 ! great numb] ( ! p>mal pores2 :il/ ! f\r o!r prec$+ g5]a exhibit only two opposite asp9al pores 9 ! c5tre ( ea* plate1 9 ?is !re are con/antly num]\s coronal pores 9 addition to ^!1 & ! plates always possess ! *>act]i/ic =m ( a wa9scott$ or panell$ "w1 ) quadrangul> me%es4 ,! numb] ( ^! p>mal pores am\nts 9 ea* plate to f t5 to tw5ty1 (t5 "o hundr$ & tw5ty or m2 !re=e ! numb] ( p>mal pores 9 ! :ole %ell am\nts to two ?\s& or m4 ,sometimes ! pores are circul>1 b 9 ?is case too !y are surr\nd$ by quadrangul> frames4 ,! quadrangles are sometimes q regul> squ>es1 sometimes m or less irregul>4 ,! ?9 & fragile b>s betwe5 ! quadrangul> pores =m 9 ea* plate two peculi> sy/ems ( p>allel cre/s1 :i* cross at "r angles4 ,commonly ! p>allel cre/s ( "o sy/em 7p>allel to ! major diamet] ( ! compress$ radial sp9es7 are equidi/ant1 & pi]ce f "o edge ( ! plate to ! opposite1 :il/ ! p>allel cre/s ( ! o!r sy/em 7p>allel to ! m9or diamet] ( ! sp9es7 are int]rupt$ & at diff]5t di/ances 7,pl4 #acf1 fig4 #i72 b 9 o!r species bo? cross$ sy/ems are q regul>4 ,9 ea* plate !re is "o prim>y diagonal rib 7(t5 /rong] ?an ! p>allel cre/s7 :i* connects ! two opposite corn]s ( ! rhomboidal plate4 ,we c di/+ui% 9 ?is g5us ?ree diff]5t subg5]a3 ,a4 9 ,phatnasp>ium ! prim>y diagonal rib arises f bo? flat sides ( ! compress$ sword-l1 radial sp9es2 ,b4 9 ,phatnaspl5ium f bo? %>p edges ( !m2 ,c4 9 ,phatnaspidium two cross$ diagonal ribs arise f f\r edges ( ! sp9es 7comb9ation ( ,a & ,b74 ,!re=e 9 ! fir/ subg5us 7,a7 two prim>y asp9al pores are plac$ opposite on ! %>p edges ( ! sp9es1 b 9 ! second 7,b7 inv]sely on _! flat sides2 9 ! ?ird 7,c7 !re are app>5tly f\r prim>y asp9al pores1 :i* are probably d]iv$ f ,b or ,a by division ( ! two pores4 ,subg5us #a4 ,phatnasp>ium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,9 ! c5tre ( ea* rhomboidal plate two prim>y asp9al pores1 opposite on bo? edges ( ! compress$ sp9es1 f bo? flat sides ( :i* ! prim>y diagonal cre/ arises4 #hfia4 ,phatnaspis lacun>ia1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acf1 fig4 #i74 ,p>mal pores irregul> quadrangul>1 ( unequal size & =m1 t5 to twelve on ea* side ( ! prim>y diagonal rib1 :i* arises f bo? flat sides ( ! two-edg$ sp9es2 two prim>y asp9al pores opposite on bo? edges ( ! latt]4 ,sp9es mu* compress$1 sword-l1 _! out] half %ort] ?an ! inn]4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell #j4ba to #j4bc1 bread? #j4ah to #j4b2 basal bread? ( ! sp9es #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bfh1 surface4 #b4 ,phatnaspis ensi=mis1 n4 sp4 ,p>mal pores irregul> quadrangul>1 ( unequal size & =m1 six to eight on ea* side ( ! prim>y diagonal rib1 :i* arises f bo? flat sides ( ! two-edg$ sp9es2 two prim>y asp9al pores opposite on ! two edges ( ! latt]4 ,sp9es v broad1 /rongly compress$1 sword-l1 _! out] half l>g] ?an ! inn]4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell #j4af1 bread? #j4aa2 basal bread? ( ! sp9es #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdh1 surface4 #c4 ,phatnaspis loculata1 n4 sp4 ,p>mal pores regul> quadrangul>1 ( ne>ly equal size & =m1 twelve to sixte5 on ea* side ( ! prim>y diagonal rib1 :i* arises f bo? flat sides ( ! two-edg$ sp9es2 two prim>y asp9al pores on ! two edges ( ! latt]4 ,sp9es l9e>1 compress$1 v long & ?91 _! out] half ?ree to f\r times z long z ! inn]4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell #j4bd1 bread? #j4ah2 bread? ( ! sp9es #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ced1 surface4 #d4 ,phatnaspis f5e/rata1 ,haeckel4 ,haliommatidium f5e/ratum1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dba4 ,p>mal pores regul> quadrangul>1 ( ne>ly equal size & =m1 six to eight on ea* side ( ! prim>y diagonal rib1 :i* arises f bo? flat sides ( ! two-edg$ sp9es2 two prim>y asp9al pores on ! two edges ( ! latt]4 ,sp9es l9e>1 little compress$1 or ne>ly ne$le-%ap$1 v long & ?91 _! out] half five to t5 times z long z ! inn]4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell #j4aa to #j4ab1 bread? #j4jg to #j4jh2 bread? ( ! sp9es #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a71 surface4 #e4 ,phatnaspis cri/ata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acf1 fig4 #f74 ,p>mal pores circul>1 ( v diff]5t size1 sep>at$ by high squ>e cre/s1 t5 to twelve on ea* side ( ! high1 comb-l1 prim>y diagonal rib1 :i* arises f bo? flat sides ( ! #hgjtwo$g$ sp9es2 two prim>y asp9al pores on ! two edges ( ! latt]4 ,ea* circul> pore is surr\nd$ by a squ>e frame4 ,sp9es sword-l1 /rongly compress$1 _! out] "p long] ?an ! inn]4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell #j4b to #j4bb1 bread? #j4af to #j4ah2 basal bread? ( ! sp9es #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bed1 surface4 #f4 ,phatnaspis cosc9oides1 n4 sp4 ,p>mal pores circul>1 regul>1 all ( ne>ly equal size1 twelve to sixte5 on ea* side ( ! prim>y diagonal rib1 :i* arises f bo? flat sides ( ! two-edg$ sp9es2 two prim>y pores on ! two edges ( ! latt]4 ,sp9es l9e>1 little compress$1 _! out] "p mu* long] ?an ! inn]4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell #j4ah1 bread? #j4ae2 bread? ( ! sp9es #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cbe1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,phatnaspl5ium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,9 ! c5tre ( ea* rhomboidal plate two prim>y asp9al pores1 opposite on ! two flat sides ( ! compress$ sp9es1 f ! two edges ( :i* ! prim>y diagonal cre/ arises4 #g4 ,phatnaspis or?opora1 n4 sp4 ,p>mal pores irregul> quadrangul>1 ( unequal size & =m1 f\r to six on ea* side ( ! prim>y diagonal rib1 :i* arises f bo? edges ( ! compress$ sp9es2 two l>g] prim>y asp9al pores opposite on ! two flat sides ( ! latt]4 ,sp9es v ?9 & long1 l9e>1 _! out] half ?ree to f\r times z long z ! inn]4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell #j4jh1 bread? #j4jf2 bread? ( ! sp9es #j4jjc4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cec1 surface4 #h4 ,phatnaspis polypora1 n4 sp4 ,p>mal pores irregul> polygonal1 ( v unequal size & =m1 sixte5 to tw5ty on ea* side ( ! prim>y diagonal rib1 :i* arises f bo? edges ( ! compress$ sp9es2 two v l>ge1 lanceolate1 prim>y asp9al pores opposite on ! two flat sides ( ! latt]4 ,sp9es v ?91 l9e>1 on ! outside ( ! %ell rudim5t>y4 7,?is rem>kable species some:at resembles ,cosc9aspis polypora1 ,pl4 #acf1 fig4 #h47 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell #j4cb1 bread? #j4bd2 bread? ( ! sp9es #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccb1 surface4 #hgai4 ,phatnaspis quadratura1 n4 sp4 ,p>mal pores regul>1 squ>e1 all ( ne>ly equal size & =m1 t5 to twelve on ea* side ( ! prim>y diagonal rib1 :i* arises f bo? edges ( ! compress$ sp9es2 two prim>y asp9al pores opposite on ! two flat sides ( ! latt]1 n diff]5t f ! o!r pores4 ,sp9es sword-l1 _! out] "p ab\t z long z ! inn]4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell #j4b1 bread? #j4af2 basal bread? ( ! sp9es #j4jjd4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgd1 surface4 #aj4 ,phatnaspis tabulata1 ,haeckel4 ,haliomma tabulatum1 ,j4 ,mll]1 #aheh1 ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #cg1 ,taf4 v4 figs4 #e-h4 ,haliomma tabulatum1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dbi4 ,p>mal pores regul>1 circul>1 ) squ>e frames1 all ( ne>ly equal size1 eight to t5 on ea* side ( ! prim>y diagonal rib1 :i* arises f bo? edges ( ! compress$ sp9es2 two prim>y asp9al pores opposite on ! flat sides ( ! latt]4 ,sp9es sword-l1 %ort1 sc>cely half z long z ! radius ( ! %ell1 _! c5tral ends are ?ick5$ & cause by _! union ! deceptive appe>ance ( an enclos$ m$ull>y %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell #j4ab to #j4ae1 bread? #j4a to #j4ab2 bread? ( ! sp9es #j4jjf4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean2 ,nice1 ,mll]2 ,port(9o1 ne> ,g5oa1 ,haeckel1 surface4 ,subg5us #c4 ,phatnaspidium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,9 ! c5tre ( ea* rhomboidal plate f\r prim>y asp9al sp9es1 =m+ a regul> cross1 ! c5tre ( :i* receives ! cyl9drical or f\r-sid$ prismatic sp9e4 #aa4 ,phatnaspis haliommidium1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #acf1 fig4 #g74 ,p>mal pores irregul> quadrangul>1 ( unequal size & =m1 eight to t5 on ea* side ( ! cross$ diagonal ribs1 :i* arise at "r angles f ! f\r edges ( ! prismatic sp9es2 f\r prim>y asp9al pores n diff]5t f ! o!rs4 ,out] "p ( ! /rong sp9es sc>cely long] ?an ! inn]4 7,resembl+ ,icosaspis tabulata1 ,pl4 #acf1 fig4 #b1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is di/+ui%$ by ! sph]ical %ell & ! l>g] pores47 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell #j4bb1 bread? #j4ag2 bread? ( ! sp9es #j4jaf4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdd1 surface4 #ab4 ,phatnaspis mll]i1 n4 sp4 ,haliommatidium mll]i1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 ,a4 ,radiol1 p4 #dai1 pl4 xiii4 figs4 #aj-ab4 ,p>mal pores regul>1 squ>e1 all ( ne>ly equal size & =m1 twelve to sixte5 on ea* side ( ! cross$ diagonal ribs1 :i* arise at "r angles f ! ne$le-%ap$ sp9es2 ! f\r #hgbprim>y asp9al pores n diff]5t f ! o!rs4 ,sp9es v ?9 & long1 cyl9drical2 f\r to six times long] 9 ! out] ?an 9 ! inn] "p4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell #j4bd1 bread? #j4af2 bread? ( ! sp9es #j4jjb4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a71 surface4 ,family ,,xliii4 ,,hexalaspida1 n4 fam4 7,pl4 #aci74 ,def9ition4--,,acan?>ia ) a simple discoidal or l5ticul> lattice-%ell1 compos$ ( ! bran*$ apophyses ( tw5ty radial sp9es meet+ 9 ! c5tre & dispos$ accord+ to ! ,mll]ian law ( ,icosacan?a4 ,six l>g] sp9es 9 ! hydrotomical plane1 prom95t on ! m>g9 ( ! circul> or elliptical biconvex l5s4 ,f\rte5 o!r sp9es mu* small] or rudim5t>y4 ,c5tral capsule biconvex l5ticul>1 enclos$ 9 ! f5e/rat$ %ell4 ,! family ,hexalaspida repres5ts a new small1 b v int]e/+ gr\p ( ,acan?ophracta1 :i* diff]s f all o!rs 9 ! l5telliptical or triaxial =m ( ! l5ticul> lattice-%ell1 ! m>g9 ( :i* be>s six l>g] sp9es plac$ 9 ! hydrotomical plane 7comp>e above1 p4 #gai74 ,!y may !re=e be *>act]is$ %ortly z ,acan?ophracta l5telliptica1 ) ?ree diff]5t dim5sive axes & six l>g] m>g9al sp9es4 ,a clos] comp>ison ) ! o!r ,,acan?>ia leaves no d\bt t ! ,hexalaspida mu/ be d]iv$ f ! ,belonaspida by /rong] developm5t ( six radial sp9es plac$ 9 ! hydrotomical plane1 namely1 two equatorial & f\r associat$ pol> sp9es2 :il/ ! six sp9es ( ! geotomical plane 7p]p5dicul> to ! =m]7 are mu* small]2 ! eight tropical sp9es are int]m$iate 9 size betwe5 ! =m] & ! latt]4 ,! geometrical fundam5tal =m ( ! ,hexalaspida 7( ! c5tral capsule z well z ( ! enclos+ %ell7 is !re=e l5telliptical1 ) ?ree diff]5t dim5sive axes1 & !y exhibit among ! ,,acan?>ia a relation to ! sph]ical ,dorataspida & ! ellipsoidal ,belonaspida simil> to t :i* ! l5telliptical ,l>coidea exhibit to ! sph]ical ,sphroidea & ! ellipsoidal ,prunoidea among ! ,sphrell>ia 7comp>e above1 p4 #eii74 ,! l>ge/ ( ! ?ree dim5sive axes 7:i* are p]p5dicul> to "o ano!r7 is "h ! hydrotomical axis1 ! %orte/1 on ! contr>y1 ! geotomical axis2 ! int]m$iate 9 size be+ ! sp9eless axis4 ,! developm5t ( ! :ole body is /ronge/ 9 ! hydrotomical m]idian plane1 9 :i* ! six pr9cipal sp9es are plac$2 x is weake/ 9 ! geotomical plane1 9 :i* ! six smalle/ sp9es are plac$2 ! eight tropical sp9es are int]m$iate 9 size betwe5 ! o!rs4 ,?is peculi> developm5t is illu/rat$ by ! figures ( ,pl4 #aci1 :]e ! f\r equatorial sp9es are ev]y:]e m>k$ by c1 ! eight tropical sp9es by b & d1 ! eight pol> sp9es by a & e4 #hgc,r>ely ! six hydrotomical or pr9cipal sp9es are ( equal size1 & ?us ! m>g9 ( ! %ell may be q circul> or regul>ly hexagonal 7,pl4 #aci1 figs4 #a-c72 ! two equatorial sp9es ( ! hydrotomical plane are usually l>g] ?an its f\r pol> sp9es1 & ?us ! m>g9 ( ! %ell becomes m or less elliptical 7,pl4 #aci1 figs4 #d-g74 ,usually 7almo/ con/antly7 ^! six l>g] sp9es are m or less compress$1 triangul>1 (t5 v broad & flat2 _! two edges lie 9 ! hydrotomical plane4 ,_! two flat surfaces are (t5 furr[$1 ) longitud9al ribs or cre/s conv]g+ t[>ds ! simple apex ( ! sp9es4 ,! f\rte5 small] sp9es are regul>ly dispos$ accord+ to ! ,mll]ian law ( ,icosacan?a on bo? convex sides ( ! l5ticul> %ell2 !y are n only small] ?an ! six pr9cipal sp9es1 b (t5 also ( diff]5t =m1 mu* ?9n] & %ort]1 sometimes ne$le-%ap$4 ,9 ! g5]a ,hexonaspis & ,hexacolpus 7,pl4 #aci1 figs4 #a1 #b7 only _! inn] "p 7inside ( ! %ell7 is develop$1 :il/ _! out] "p is q rudim5t>y & n prom95t on ! surface4 ,!re=e ^! g5]a appe> to possess only six m>g9al sp9es ext]nally4 ,! ,l5ticul> ,%ell itself (f]s 9 ! ,hexalaspida great difficulties 9 ! way ( accurate /udy1 z its wall is con/antly v ?ick & d>k1 (t5 q opaque & non-transp>5t4 ,h[ev]1 prolong$ accurate rese>*es h conv9c$ me t its /ructure is ess5tially ! same z 9 ! ,belonaspida & especially 9 ! g5]a ,dictyaspis & ,coleaspis4 ,z 9 ^! latt] ! tw5ty plates ( ! %ell be> high cre/s or combs on ! out] surface1 & by ^! funnel-%ap$ dimples are sep>at$4 ,! network ( ^! cre/s is m or less regul> 7,pl4 #aci1 figs4 #a-g74 ,ar\nd ! base ( ea* radial sp9e ! %ell is usually elevat$ 9 ! =m ( a conical or cyl9drical %ea?2 ! cre/s are prolong$ into ! %ea?s z longitud9al ribs1 p>allel to ! sp9e or conv]g5t t[>ds its apex4 ,:il/ 9 ,hexalaspis & ,hexonaspis ^! basal %ea?s are n at all or b little prom95t 7,pl4 #aci1 fig4 #b2 ,pl4 #adj1 fig4 #af71 9 ,hexaconus & ,hexacolpus !y envelop ! basal half 7or ev5 m7 ( ! sp9es1 & v (t5 ! circul> or elliptical free di/al edge ( ! %ea? is elegantly d5ticulat$ or s]rat$ 7,pl4 #aci1 figs4 #a1 #c-g2 pl4 #adj1 figs4 #i-af74 ,! ,pores ( ! %ell exhibit 9 ! ,hexalaspida ! same %ape z 9 ! majority ( ! ,belonaspida4 ,ea* sp9e be>s only two broad opposite apophyses1 ! =k-bran*es ( :i* unite to =m a polygonal %ield ) two pores4 ,! numb] ( p>mal pores is con/antly 787 =ty1 z ea* plate possesses only two prim>y asp9al pores2 !re are no second>y or coronal pores4 ,! num]\s 7betwe5 fifty & "o hundr$1 r>ely m7 small] pores betwe5 ! =ty p>mal pores are probably always sutural pores2 h[ev]1 _! numb] & position is v difficult to det]m9e1 on acc\nt ( ! high protect+ cre/s2 ! majority ( ! funnel-%ap$ dimples betwe5 ! latt] seem to be bl9d1 n p]=at$4 ,sometimes all ! dimples1 except ! tw5ty sp9al ones1 seem to be bl9d & ! sutural pores appe> #hgdto h disappe>$ completely1 s t !re rema9 only tw5ty asp9al pores 7,pl4 #aci1 fig4 #d74 ,! int]nal cavity ( ! %ell 9 all ,hexalaspida is v small1 on acc\nt ( ! ?ickness ( ! massive wall2 ! latt] is (t5 great] ?an ! diamet] ( ! cavity4 ,sett+ aside ?is disproportion1 ! space ( ! cavity is fur!r mu* r$uc$ by ! int]nal p>ts ( ! ?ick radial sp9es1 :i* are unit$ 9 ! c5tre by _! pyramidal bases 7,pl4 #adj1 fig4 #ae74 ,usually ! tw5ty bases seem to rema9 free 7support$ "o ^u ano!r by means ( _! triangul> faces72 b sometimes !y seem to gr[ toge!r p]fectly & to =m a s+le c5tral /> ( acan?94 ,9 "s species1 too1 ! sutures ( ! meet+ bran*es ( ! apophyses ( neighb\r+ sp9es seem to gr[ toge!r1 s t ! :ole %ell exhibits a s+le piece ( acan?94 ,! ,c5tral ,capsule ( ! ,hexalaspida is !re=e v small & seems to fill up ! greate/ "p ( ! %ell-cavity4 ,its =m is con/antly m or less l5ticul>1 sometimes l5telliptical4 ,on acc\nt ( ! opacity ( ! %ell ,i c\ld n make out its %ape m closely4 ,synopsis ( ! ,g5]a ( ,hexalaspida4 ,all tw5ty sp9es ext]nally ,%ea?s ( ! sp9es develop$1 prom95t on n prom95t1 #cgf4 ,hexalaspis4 ! surface ( ! l5ticul> %ell4 ,%ea?s ( ! sp9es prom95t1 #cgg4 ,hexaconus4 ,only six sp9es 7! hydrotomical sp9es7 ,%ea?s ( ! sp9es ext]nally develop$ & n prom95t1 #cgh4 ,hexonaspis4 prom95t on ! m>g9 ( ! disk2 ! o!r ,%ea?s ( ! sp9es f\rte5 sp9es n prom95t1 #cgi4 ,hexacolpus4 prom95t4 ,g5us #cgf4 ,hexalaspis1#daf n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,hexalaspida ) tw5ty prom95t radial sp9es1 :i* are n surr\nd$ by prom95t %ea?s2 ! six hydrotomical sp9es mu* l>g] ?an ! f\rte5 o!rs4 ,! g5us ,hexalaspis is ! simple/ =m among ! ,hexalaspida1 & may be d]iv$ directly f ,dictyaspis among ! ,belonaspida1 by /rong] developm5t ( ! six hydrotomical sp9es4 ,z 9 ! foll[+ g5us ,hexaconus all tw5ty sp9es are prom95t ext]nally4 ,subg5us #a4 ,hexalasp>ium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,six hydrotomical sp9es ( equal size4 #hgea4 ,hexalaspis heliodiscus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aci1 fig4 #b74 ,all six hydrotomical sp9es ( ne>ly equal size 7or sometimes ! two equatorial a little l>g] ?an ! f\r pol> sp9es71 isosceles triangul>1 compress$1 smoo?2 ab\t z long z ! radius ( ! %ell1 & half z broad at ! base4 ,! f\rte5 o!r sp9es v small1 also triangul> & compress$1 b little prom95t on ! two convex sides ( ! l5ticul> %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4aa2 l5g? ( ! six hydrotomical sp9es #j4je1 basal bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga to #bgd1 surface4 #b4 ,hexalaspis /ellata1 n4 sp4 ,all six hydrotomical sp9es ( ne>ly equal size1 lanceolate compress$1 ) two longitud9al furr[s on ea* flat side1 ab\t z long z ! diamet] ( ! %ell1 & "o-f\r? z broad at ! base4 ,! f\rte5 o!r sp9es v ?91 also compress$1 half z long & only "o-f\r? z broad z ! six l>ge sp9es4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ad2 l5g? ( ! six hydrotomical sp9es #j4ac1 basal bread? #j4jce4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bhd1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,hexalaspidium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,six hydrotomical sp9es ( unequal size1 two opposite 7equatorial7 mu* l>g] ?an ! f\r o!r 7pol>7 sp9es4 #c4 ,hexalaspis sexalata1 n4 sp4 ,six hydrotomical sp9es ( unequal size2 ! two equatorial sp9es ab\t z long z ! %ell-radius & twice z long z ! f\r pol> sp9es1 :i* are isosceles triangul>4 ,! f\rte5 o!r sp9es are only half z long & "o-f\r? z broad z ! latt]1 little prom95t4 7,resembles ,hexonaspis ha/ata1 ,pl4 #adj1 fig4 #af1 :i* is di/+ui%able by ! furr[s on ! six sp9es & by ! total abs5ce ( ! f\rte5 ext]nal rudim5t>y sp9es47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ae2 l5g? ( ! two equatorial sp9es #j4jh1 ( ! f\r pol> sp9es #j4jd1 ( ! f\rte5 o!r sp9es #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdj1 surface4 #d4 ,hexalaspis hexala/rum1 n4 sp4 ,six hydrotomical sp9es ( unequal size2 ! two equatorial sp9es some:at long] ?an ! diamet] ( ! %ell & ?ree times z long z ! f\r pol> sp9es1 all six triangul>1 smoo?1 ( ! same basal bread? 7equal to half ! radius74 ,! f\rte5 o!r sp9es v ?91 conical at ! base1 ne>ly z long z ! radius4 #hgf;,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ba2 l5g? ( ! two equatorial sp9es #j4bd1 ( ! eighte5 o!rs #j4jh to #j4a2 basal bread? ( ! six l>g] sp9es #j4je1 ( ! f\rte5 o!rs #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,we/]n ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbd1 surface4 #e4 ,hexalaspis hexaglypha1 n4 sp4 ,six hydrotomical sp9es ( unequal size2 ! two equatorial v l>ge1 six-sid$ prismatic1 twice z long z ! diamet] ( ! %ell & f\r times z long z ! f\r pyramidal pol> sp9es2 ea* ( ^! six sp9es ) six deep furr[s betwe5 ! six prom95t edges4 ,! f\rte5 o!r sp9es v ?91 compress$1 two-edg$1 ab\t z long z ! radius ( ! %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4aa2 l5g? ( ! two equatorial sp9es #j4b1 ( ! eighte5 o!rs #j4jd to #j4jf2 basal bread? ( ! six l>g] sp9es #j4jc1 ( ! f\rte5 o!rs #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ceb1 surface4 ,g5us #cgg4 ,hexaconus1#dag n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,hexalaspida ) tw5ty prom95t radial sp9es1 :i* are surr\nd$ at ! base by prom95t %ea?s2 ! six hydrotomical sp9es mu* l>g] ?an ! f\rte5 o!rs4 ,! g5us ,hexaconus diff]s f ! prec$+ ,hexalaspis 9 ! developm5t ( conical or cyl9drical %ea?s surr\nd+ ! basal p>ts ( ! radial sp9es2 ^! %ea?s are develop$ sometimes ar\nd all tw5ty sp9es1 sometimes only ar\nd ! six l>g] hydrotomical sp9es4 ,subg5us #a4 ,hexacon>ium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,six hydrotomical sp9es ( equal size4 #a4 ,hexaconus ciliatus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aci1 fig4 #c74 ,all six hydrotomical sp9es ( ne>ly equal size1 pyramidal1 ) six prom95t edges1 some:at long] ?an ! radius ( ! %ell4 ,%ea?s sulcat$1 f9ely ciliat$ at ! m\?1 twice z broad z long & only "o-f\r? z long z ! sp9es4 ,! f\rte5 small] sp9es v ?91 bri/le-%ap$1 %ort] ?an ! radius ( ! %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4af2 l5g? ( ! six hydrotomical sp9es #j4aa2 basal bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgj1 surface4 #hggb4 ,hexaconus coronatus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aci1 fig4 #e74 ,all six hydrotomical sp9es ( equal size1 conical1 some:at compress$1 ) two prom95t edges1 sc>cely z long z ! radius ( ! %ell4 ,%ea?s cre/$1 /rongly d5tat$ on ! m\?1 ?ree times z broad z long & only "o-six? z long z ! sp9es4 ,f\rte5 small] sp9es ab\t half z l>ge z ! six pr9cipal sp9es1 ( ! same =m1 b )\t coronat$ %ea?s4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4b2 l5g? ( ! six hydrotomical sp9es #j4a2 basal bread? #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bec1 surface4 #c4 ,hexaconus velatus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aci1 fig4 #f74 ,all six hydrotomical sp9es ( equal size1 conical1 some:at compress$1 %ort] ?an ! radius ( ! %ell4 ,%ea?s v l>ge1 truncat$ conical1 envelop+ ! sp9es almo/ entirely1 ) cre/$ wall1 only half z broad at ! con/rict$ m\? z at ! base4 ,! f\rte5 small] sp9es ab\t half z l>ge z ! six pr9cipal sp9es1 ( ! same =m1 b )\t l>ge %ea?s4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ab2 l5g? ( ! six hydrotomical sp9es #j4je2 basal bread? #j4ja4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ced1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,hexaconidium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,six hydrotomical sp9es ( unequal size1 two opposite 7equatorial7 mu* l>g] ?an ! f\r o!r 7pol>7 sp9es4 #d4 ,hexaconus s]ratus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aci1 fig4 #d74 ,six hydrotomical sp9es ( unequal size1 ! two equatorial be+ z long z ! radius ( ! %ell & "o & a half times z l>ge z ! f\r pol>2 all ( ! same =m1 triangul>1 compress$1 ) six prom95t edges4 ,%ea?s cyl9drical1 half z long z ! sp9es1 ) prom95t cre/s1 & ) /rong s]rat$ tee? at ! di/al m\?4 ,! f\rte5 small] sp9es sc>cely "o-f\r? or "o-six? z l>ge z ! six pr9cipal sp9es1 )\t prom95t %ea?s4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4b2 l5g? ( ! equatorial sp9es #j4a1 basal bread? #j4je2 l5g? & bread? ( ! %ea?s #j4je4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bhh1 surface4 #e4 ,hexaconus vag9atus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aci1 fig4 #g74 ,six hydrotomical sp9es ( unequal size2 ! two equatorial v /\t1 pyramidal1 six-edg$1 ne>ly z long z ! diamet] ( ! %ell1 & on ! base ?ree to f\r times z broad z ! eighte5 o!r sp9es1 :i* are mu* ?9n]1 all ne>ly ( equal l5g?1 & two-edg$4 ,all #hghtw5ty sp9es are provid$ ) prom95t basal %ea?s1 :i* are truncate conical1 sulcate1 & d5tate on ! n>r[$ di/al m\?4 ,! %ea?s ( ! six hydrotomical sp9es are twice to ?ree times z l>ge z ^? ( ! f\rte5 small] sp9es4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ae2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4ab2 basal bread? ( ! equatorial sp9es #j4jd1 ( ! o!r sp9es #j4jb2 l5g? ( ! hydrotomical %ea?s #j4je1 ( ! o!r %ea?s #j4jb4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgd1 surface4 #f4 ,hexaconus e*9atus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #adj1 fig4 #ab74 ,six hydrotomical sp9es ( unequal size2 ! two equatorial1 & _! %ea?s twice z l>ge z ! f\r pol> sp9es4 ,^! six sp9es are six-edg$1 pyramidal1 & _! basal half envelop$ by v l>ge conical %ea?s :i* are sulcate1 & twice z broad on ! d5tate di/al m\? z on ! n>r[] base4 ,! o!r f\rte5 sp9es are v ?91 two-edg$1 half z long1 ) l[ %ea?s4 ,approa*es "s =ms ( ,diploconus4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ae2 l5g? ( ! equatorial sp9es #j4ac1 ( ! pol> sp9es #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean1 ,belligemma1 ,ceylon1 ,haeckel1 surface4 ,g5us #cgh4 ,hexonaspis1#dah n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,hexalaspida ) six prom95t radial sp9es 79 ! hydrotomical plane7 :i* are n surr\nd$ by prom95t %ea?s2 ! f\rte5 o!r sp9es q rudim5t>y1 n prom95t4 ,! g5us ,hexonaspis & ! foll[+ ,hexacolpus diff] f ! two prec$+ g5]a 9 ! rudim5t>y %ape ( ! f\rte5 r$uc$ & /unt$ small] sp9es2 ^! are only develop$ inside ! %ell1 & are n prom95t outside ov] its surface4 ,subg5us #a4 ,hexonasp>ium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,six hydrotomical sp9es ( equal size4 #a4 ,hexonaspis heliose/rum1 n4 sp4 ,all six hydrotomical sp9es ( ne>ly equal size1 isosceles triangul>1 compress$1 smoo?1 ab\t z long z ! diamet] ( ! %ell & ?ree times z long z broad at ! base4 ,?is species is v simil> to ,hexalaspis heliodiscus 7,pl4 #aci1 fig4 #b71 b diff]s 9 ! l>g] size ( ! six m>g9al sp9es & 9 ! complete ext]nal abs5ce ( ! f\rte5 small] sp9es4 #hgi;,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ac2 l5g? ( ! six m>g9al sp9es #j4ab1 basal bread? #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdh1 surface4 #b4 ,hexonaspis hexapleura1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #adj1 fig4 #ae74 ,all six hydrotomical sp9es ( ne>ly equal size1 triangul>1 compress$1 six-edg$1 ab\t z long z ! radius ( ! %ell & twice z long z broad on ! base4 ,two /rong prom95t ribs on ea* flat side ( ! sp9es4 ,%ell v ?ick-wall$1 ) a v small cavity4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4aa2 l5g? ( ! six m>g9al sp9es #j4jf1 basal bread? #j4jc4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #ccb1 surface4 #c4 ,hexonaspis hexagona1 n4 sp4 ,all six hydrotomical sp9es ( equal size1 v %ort1 triangul>1 only half z long z broad at ! base4 ,! :ole %ell accord+ly =ms a regul> hexagon1 ! six corn]s ( :i* are =m$ by ! di/al po9ts ( ! rudim5t>y sp9es1 ! six sides by _! /raight lat]al edges4 ,%ell v d>k4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4b2 l5g? ( ! six m>g9al sp9es #j4jc1 basal bread? #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic 7ea/ ( ,patagonia71 ,/ation #cah1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,hexonaspidium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,six hydrotomical sp9es ( unequal size1 two opposite 7equatorial7 mu* l>g] ?an ! f\r o!r 7pol>7 sp9es4 #d4 ,hexonaspis ha/ata1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #adj1 fig4 #af74 ,six hydrotomical sp9es ( unequal size2 two l>g] equatorial sp9es ) six prom95t w+s1 ab\t z long z ! radius ( ! %ell & half z broad at ! base2 ! f\r pol> sp9es q z broad1 b only half z long1 ne>ly equilat]al triangul>1 ) two %all[ furr[s on ea* flat side at ! broad] base4 ,! f\rte5 small] sp9es n visible on ! surface1 q rudim5t>y4 ,cre/s ( ! surface elegantly d5ticulat$4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ad2 l5g? ( ! two equatorial sp9es #j4jh1 ( ! f\r pol> sp9es #j4jd2 basal bread? #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bga1 surface4 #hhj;,g5us #cgi4 ,hexacolpus1#dai n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,hexalaspida ) six prom95t radial sp9es 79 ! hydrotomical plane71 :i* are surr\nd$ by prom95t %ea?s at ! base2 ! f\rte5 o!r sp9es q rudim5t>y1 n prom95t4 ,! g5us ,hexacolpus diff]s f ! prec$+ ,hexonaspis 9 ! developm5t ( conical or cyl9drical %ea?s ar\nd ! basal p>ts ( ! radial sp9es4 ,x be>s to ! latt] ! same relation z ,hexaconus exhibits to ,hexalaspis4 ,subg5us #a4 ,hexacolp>ium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,six hydrotomical sp9es all ne>ly ( equal size4 #a4 ,hexacolpus nivalis1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #aci1 fig4 #a74 ,hexalaspis nivalis1 ,haeckel1 #ahhb1 ,manuscript et ,atlas4 ,all six hydrotomical sp9es ( ne>ly equal size & equidi/ant1 ?91 lanceolate1 compress$1 some:at %ort] ?an ! diamet] ( ! hexagonal %ell4 ,%ea?s ne>ly prismatic1 conical 9 ! di/al ?ird1 ea* ) twelve prom95t p>allel cre/s1 :i* are sep>at$ by twelve deep furr[s2 _! contract$ di/al op5+ or m\? d5ticulate4 ,! %ea?s are z long z ! radius ( ! %ell1 & envelop two-?irds ( ! sp9es4 7,resembles c]ta9 =ms ( sn[-cry/als47 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ae1 ?ickness ( its wall #j4jh2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4a1 ( ! %ea? #j4jjg2 bread? ( ! latt] #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,we/ ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbe1 surface4 #b4 ,hexacolpus conif]1 n4 sp4 ,all six hydrotomical sp9es ( equal size & equidi/ant1 triangul>1 compress$1 ab\t z long z ! radius ( ! circul> %ell4 ,%ea?s conical1 sulcate1 half z broad on ! s]rate di/al end z on ! base4 ,! %ea?s envelop ! basal half ( ! sp9es4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ah2 l5g? ( ! sp9es #j4a1 ( ! %ea?s #j4jf2 basal bread? ( ! latt] #j4jg1 di/al bread? #j4jd4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bcf1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,hexacolpidium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,six hydrotomical sp9es ( unequal size1 two opposite 7equatorial7 mu* l>g] ?an ! f\r o!r 7pol>7 sp9es4 #hhac4 ,hexacolpus trypanon1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #adj1 fig4 #aa74 ,six hydrotomical sp9es ( unequal size1 two equatorial ab\t z long z ! diamet] ( ! %ell & ne>ly twice z l>ge z ! f\r pol>2 all ( ! same =m1 quadrangul> prismatic1 ) prom95t edges & po9t$ di/al ends4 ,%ea?s six-sid$ prismatic1 ) /rong prom95t edges & ?9n] p>allel ribs betwe5 !m2 _! di/al m\? ) six /rong d5ticulat$ tee?4 ,! %ea?s envelop two-?irds ( ! sp9es1 & are z broad z ! radius ( ! %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4ac2 l5g? ( ! equatorial sp9es #j4ab1 ( _! %ea?s #j4jh2 bread? ( ! latt] #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bhh1 surface4 #d4 ,hexacolpus dodecodus1 n4 sp4 ,six hydrotomical sp9es ( unequal size1 two equatorial ab\t z long z ! radius ( ! %ell & twice z l>ge z ! f\r pol>2 all ( ! same =m1 triangul>1 compress$1 sulcat$4 ,%ea?s prismatic1 ) twelve prom95t1 p>allel edges1 & twelve /rong s]rat$ triangul> tee? on ! m\?4 ,! %ea?s envelop ! basal half ( ! sp9es4 ,?is species greatly resembles ,hexaconus s]ratus 7,pl4 #aci1 fig4 #d71 b diff]s 9 ! l>g] size ( ! equatorial sp9es & ! complete r$uction ( ! f\rte5 small] sp9es4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4b2 l5g? ( ! equatorial sp9es #j4a1 ( _! %ea?s #j4jf2 bread? ( ! latt] #j4jh4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdh1 surface4 #e4 ,hexacolpus infundibulum1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #adj1 fig4 #aj74 ,six hydrotomical sp9es ( unequal size1 two equatorial ab\t twice z long z ! diamet] ( ! %ell & z ! f\r pol> sp9es2 all six sp9es ( ! same =m1 quadrangul> prismatic1 po9t$ at ! di/al pyramidal end4 ,%ea?s conical1 two to ?ree times z broad at ! d5ticulate di/al m\? z at ! n>r[ base1 sulcate2 ! mantle ( ! cone concavely vault$4 ,! l>ge %ea?s envelop two-?irds or ?ree-f\r?s ( ! sp9es4 ,dim5sions4--,diamet] ( ! %ell #j4a to #j4ac2 l5g? ( ! equatorial sp9es #j4ae to #j4b1 ( _! %ea?s #j4a to #j4ae2 basal bread? ( ! latt] #j4jd1 di/al bread? #j4ab4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgb1 surface4 ,family ,,xliv4 ,,diploconida1 ,haeckel 7,pl4 #adj74 ,diploconida1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4#djd4 ,def9ition4--,,acan?>ia ) simple diploconical %ell1 compos$ ( two v l>ge equatorial sp9es :i* are opposite 9 ! hydrotomical axis1 are surr\nd$ by conical or cyl9drical1 (t5 compress$ %ea?s1 & arise f a small c5tral #hhblattice-%ell4 ,eighte5 o!r sp9es 7dispos$ accord+ to ! ,mll]ian law ( ,icosacan?a7 mu* small]1 (t5 rudim5t>y4 ,c5tral capsule ellipsoidal or diploconical4 ,! family ,diploconida1 f\nd$ by me 9 #ahfb = a s+le ,m$it]ranean species 7,diploconus fasces71 appe>s to be ! mo/ ab]rant & /range =m among ! ,,acan?>ia4 ,z ,i _h met ) only a s+le specim51 v d>k & intransp>5t 9 its c5tral "p1 my obs]vations on its /ructure 7 imp]fect & ! explanation ( x p>tly errone\s 7comp>e my ,monograph1 pp4 #df1 #djd1 ,taf4 xx4 figs4 #g1 #h74 ,h[ev]1 ,i reg>d$ ,diploconus z ! repres5tative ( q a peculi> family1 d]iv$ f ! ,acan?ometrida1 & ,i correctly comp>$ ! l>ge opposite radial sp9es ( "o equatorial axis ) ! correspond+ p>ts 9 ,amphilon*e4 ,aft]w>ds ,ri*>d ,h]twig obs]v$ "s specim5s ( ,diploconus fasces 9 ! same locality 7,mess9a71 & gave an accurate description ( its c5tral capsule1 includ+ num]\s small nuclei 7#ahgi1 ,organismus d4 ,radiol41 p4 #bh1 ,taf4 ii4 fig4 #c74 ,he f\nd also t ! peculi> diploconical skeleton is n compos$ ( silex1 b ( acan?94 ,9 ! explanation ( ! %ell-/ructure he adopt$ my op9ion4 ,9 ! ri* collections ( ! ,*all5g] ,i detect$ t5 diff]5t =ms ( ,diploconida1 all v r>e1 & = ! mo/ "p repres5t$ only by s+le specim5s4 ,a twelf? species 0 f\nd by me 9 ! collection ( ,capta9 ,rabbe f ! ,indian ,ocean4 ,by ! /udy ( ^! new =ms1 & p>ticul>ly by _! comp>ison ) ! mo/ ne>ly alli$ ,hexalaspida & ,belonaspida1 x 0 possible = me to correct "s errors 9 my =m] description & to give a mu* m correct description & natural explanation ( ?is v peculi> & /range family ( ,radiol>ia 7comp>e ,pl4 #adj74 ,! mo/ *>act]i/ic & ! mo/ volum9\s "p ( ! acan?9ic skeleton 9 all ,diploconida appe>s z ! diploconical or ne>ly cyl9drical solid mantle giv+ !m _! "n & odd appe>ance 7,pl4 #adj74 ,usually ?is mantle is broad] on its two opposite t]m9al op5+s ?an 9 its m or less con/rict$ middle "p4 ,?is latt] is n[ m sph]ical or ellipsoidal1 n[ m l5ticul>1 & usually sep>at$ f ! two cones by two slight transv]se /rictures4 ,on ! surface ( ?is middle "p twelve to eighte5 radial sp9es1 :i* 9 ,diplocolpus are rudim5t>y or abs5t1 are visible 9 ,diploconus4 ,! longitud9al axis ( ?is %ell is con/antly occupi$ by a v l>ge pair ( opposite /\t prismatic or cyl9drical pr9cipal sp9es1 :i* are unit$ 9 ! c5tre & usually m or less prom95t ) _! di/al apex ov] ! two op5+s ( ! d\ble cone4 ,9 my fir/ communication on ! ,diploconus 7#ahfb1 loc4 cit47 ,i correctly comp>$ ^! two l>ge sp9es 9 ! prolong$ ma9 axis ( ! %ell to ! pr9cipal equatorial sp9es ( ,amphilon*e 7or to ! hydrotomical sp9es1 c#a1 c#c72 b my explanation ( ! two peculi> cones envelop+ !m 0 errone\s4 ,i suppos$ at t "t t !y 7 =m$ by ! eight flatt5$ & leaf-%ap$ curv$ #hhctropical sp9es1 s t ar\nd ea* pr9cipal sp9e ! f\r neighb\r+ tropical sp9es 7two ( ! nor!rn & two ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e7 _h gr[ toge!r by _! edges & =m$ ! peculi> conical %ea?4 ,i c n[ say t ?is op9ion 7aft]w>ds adopt$ also by ,h]twig7 0 q errone\s1 ! two conical or funnel-%ap$ %ea?s be+ ! enl>g$ basal %ea?s ( ! two hydrotomical sp9es1 :i* we h already se5 9 ! ,hexalaspida 7,pl4 #aci74 ,b :il/ 9 ^! latt] all six pr9cipal sp9es ( ! hydrotomical m]idian plane are hyp]trophi$ 7two equatorial & f\r pol> sp9es71 9 ! ne>ly alli$ ,diploconida only ! two opposite equatorial sp9es are develop$1 :il/ all o!r eighte5 sp9es are m or less atrophi$ or q rudim5t>y4 ,9 ,diploconus ! latt] are m or less evid5t1 :il/ 9 ,diplocolpus !y disappe> ext]nally4 ,! true lattice-%ell ( ! ,acan?ophracta 7con/antly compos$ ( ! meet+ apophyses ( tw5ty radial sp9es7 is !re=e repres5t$ 9 ! ,diploconida by ! small r\ndi% middle "p ( ! :ole %ell1 :i* is usually mu* small] ?an ! two opposite cones1 & sep>at$ f !m by ! two slight transv]se /rictures4 ,usually ?is small b mo/ important middle "p ( ! %ell is v d>k & opaque1 on acc\nt ( its v ?ick wall & small pores2 b 9 "s species x is cle> en\gh to asc]ta9 t ! /ructure ( ?is lattice-%ell is ! same z 9 ! l5ticul> ,hexalaspida1 !re be+ a network ( ?ick cre/s on ! out] surface & small pores 9 ! dimples betwe5 !m4 ,inde$1 9 _m 7& probably 9 all7 ,diploconida ! =ty asp9al pores are pres5t :i* we f\nd 9 all ,hexalaspida1 ,belonaspida1 & ,diporaspida1 s t ^! f\r families ( ,acan?ophracta repres5t "o cont9u\s phylog5etical s]ies2 ,phractaspis among ! ,diporaspida is at ! beg9n+1 & ,diplocolpus among ! ,diploconida at ! end ( ?is rem>kably trans=m$ morphological s]ies4 ,! tw5ty radial sp9es 9 all ,diploconida are probably unit$ v firmly 7or ev5 p]fectly gr[n toge!r7 9 ! c5tre ( ! small ?ick-wall$ lattice-%ell1 ! inn] space ( :i* is extremely r$uc$4 ,probably1 too1 ! sutures betwe5 ! meet+ apophyses ( ! ?ick radial sp9es are (t5 7or ev5 con/antly7 oblit]at$ by concresc5ce1 s t ! :ole %ell =ms a s+le piece ( acan?94 ,b ,i regret t ,i _c asc]ta9 ^! & o!r po9ts 9 ! /ructure ( ! %ell1 z ! small numb] ( specim5s obs]v$ did n p]mit an anatomical exam9ation to be made4 ,i h no d\bt1 h[ev]1 t ! /ructure ( ! :ole ( ! middle ma9 "p ( ! %ell is q ! same z 9 ! l5ticul> %ell ( ! ?ick-wall$ ,hexalaspida1 & t 9 bo? families ea* ( ! tw5ty radial sp9es be>s orig9ally only two opposite apophyses4 ,! *>act]i/ic mantle ( ! d\ble cone ( ! ,diploconida1 or ! basal %ea? ( _! two l>ge1 p]fectly develop$ pr9cipal sp9es is usually mu* l>g] ?an ! %ell itself1 & m or less compress$ f bo? poles ( ! %ort5$ geotomical axis4 ,!re=e ! transv]se section ( ! two cones is usually elliptical1 m #hhdr>ely circul>4 ,_! wide/ "p is g5]ally ! di/al op5+2 m r>ely ?is is a little con/rict$4 ,! ?9 transp>5t lamella ( acan?91 repres5t+ ! mantle ( ! d\ble cone1 is commonly ribb$ or furr[$ by longitud9al1 p>allel or div]g5t cre/s1 & elegantly d5ticulat$ on ! edge ( ! di/al op5+4 ,! two conical or cyl9drical halves ( ! mantle are connect$ ) ! two enclos$ pr9cipal sp9es n only at ! base1 :]e !y arise f ! small c5tral lattice-%ell1 b also ?r\gh\t a c]ta9 "p ( _! l5g?1 by means ( two1 f\r1 or six w+s or leaves1 :i* lie opposite & 9 pairs 9 ! m]idian planes ( ^? sp9es4 ,^! m]idian w+s are m or less triangul> 7) broad] concave out] bases71 & connect$ by _! axial edge ) ! sp9e & by _! p]iph]al edge ) ! mantle4 ,!y sep>ate two1 f\r1 or six conical spaces or pyramidal comp>tm5ts 9 ea* cone4 ,b ^! asp9al comp>tm5ts & ! sep>at+ septa are n new productions ( ! ,diploconida1 b are inh]it$ f _! ance/ral family1 ! ,hexalaspida 7comp>e above1 p4 #hgc74 ,! eighte5 small] sp9es 9 ,diploconus are ei!r ( ne>ly equal size or m or less diff]5tiat$4 ,! eight tropical sp9es are (t5 mu* l>g] ?an ! eight pol> sp9es4 ,! two geotomical sp9es1 7or ! two opposite equatorial sp9es ( ! %ort5$ geotomical axis7 are (t5 q rudim5t>y4 ,9 ,diplocolpus ! ext]nal "p 7outside ! %ell7 is 9 all eighte5 small] sp9es rudim5t>y or atrophi$4 ,! ,c5tral ,capsule1 z %[n by ,h]twig1 conta9s num]\s small nuclei1 & is divid$ into ?ree p>ts by ! above nam$ two transv]se /rictures2 ! small] c5tral "p 79 ! orig9al l5ticul> lattice-%ell7 & ! two opposite l>g] p>ts1 fill+ up ! great] "p ( ! two conical or cyl9drical %ea?s1 & m or less adopt+ _! =m4 ,correspond+ to ! %ell itself ! enclos$ capsule is (t5 m or less flatt5$1 be+ compress$ at bo? poles ( ! geotomical axis4 ,! pseudopodia seem to proce$ only f ! two l>ge pol> ap]tures ( ! %ea?s1 & =m !re=e two opposite conical tufts or bun*es4 ,synopsis ( ! ,g5]a ( ,diploconida4 ,all tw5ty sp9es m or less develop$ 7sometimes eight ( !m rudim5t>y71 #chj4 ,diploconus4 ,only ! two hydrotomical sp9es develop$ 7all ! eighte5 o!rs rudim5t>y71 #cha4 ,diplocolpus4 ,g5us #chj4 ,diploconus1#dbj ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #djd4 ,def9ition4--,diploconida ) two v l>ge sp9es 7opposite 9 ! hydrotomical axis7 & t5 to eighte5 o!r mu* small] sp9es ext]nally visible4 #hhe,! g5us ,diploconus mu/ be d]iv$ f ,hexacolpus 7among ! ,hexalaspida7 by ! /rong] developm5t ( ! two hydrotomical sp9es & _! l>ge %ea?s2 all ! o!r eighte5 sp9es are mu* small]1 & usually devoid ( prom95t %ea?s4 ,sometimes ! eight tropical sp9es are rudim5t>y4 ,subg5us #a4 ,diploconulus1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,mantle ( ! d\ble cone n compress$2 its transv]se section !re=e circul>4 #a4 ,diploconus amalla1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #adj1 fig4 #a74 ,mantle ( ! d\ble cone ?ick wall$1 n compress$1 its transv]se section circul>2 its cont\r little convex2 its surface ne>ly smoo?2 its di/al m>g9 regul>ly d5ticulat$4 ,diamet] ( its m\? twice z l>ge z ! equatorial diamet] ( ! %ell & "o-?ird z long z its total l5g?4 ,! two l>ge sp9es prismatic1 "o-f\r? long] ?an _! conical %ea?4 ,! eighte5 small] sp9es v ?91 ab\t half z long z ! =m]1 a little curv$4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell #j4c2 equatorial bread? #j4je1 pol> bread? #j4a4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 /ation #bga1 surface4 #b4 ,diploconus cya?iscus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #adj1 fig4 #c74 ,mantle ( ! d\ble cone ?9 wall$1 n compress$2 its transv]se section circul>2 its cont\r /rongly convex2 its surface ) six /rong] & _m small] ribs2 its m>g9 ) num]\s /raight & long1 p>allel d5ticles4 ,diamet] ( its m\? half z long z ! :ole %ell & "o & a half times z long z its equatorial diamet]4 ,! two pr9cipal sp9es "o-f\r? long] ?an _! conical %ea?4 ,! eighte5 small] sp9es ab\t half z long1 ?91 /raight4 ,bo? geotomical sp9es ?ick & %ort4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell #j4b2 equatorial bread? #j4jg1 pol> bread? #j4a4 ,habitat4--,we/ ,tropical ,pacific1 ,/ation #bbe1 surface4 #c4 ,diploconus cyl9drus1 n4 sp4 ,mantle ( ! d\ble cone ?ick wall$1 d>k1 cyl9drical1 n compress$2 its transv]se section circul>2 its cont\rs /raight1 p>allel2 its surface ) /rong p>allel /raight longitud9al ribs2 its m>g9 irregul>ly d5tat$4 ,diamet] ( its m\? "o-fif? z long z ! :ole %ell & two-?irds z long z ! diamet] ( ! equatorial intumesc5ce4 ,! two pr9cipal sp9es prismatic1 ne>ly twice z long z _! cyl9drical %ea?4 ,! small] sp9es ab\t half z long1 ?91 conical1 /raight4 7,resembles ! m$ial "p ( ,hexacolpus trypanon1 ,pl4 #adj1 fig4 #aa47 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell #j4be2 equatorial bread? #j4jh1 pol> bread? #j4je4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bda1 surface4 #hhf,subg5us #b4 ,diploconium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,mantle ( ! d\ble cone compress$ f bo? poles ( ! %ort5$ geotomical axis2 its transv]se section !re=e elliptical4 #d4 ,diploconus fasces1 ,haeckel4 ,diploconus fasces1 ,haeckel1 #ahfb1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 p4 #dje1 ,taf4 xx4 figs4 #g1 #h4 ,diploconus fasces1 ,r4 ,h]twig1 #ahgi1 ,organismus d4 ,radiol41 p4 #bh1 ,taf4 ii4 fig4 #c4 ,mantle ( ! d\ble cone compress$1 ) elliptical transv]se section2 its cont\r /raight2 its surface ) num]\s longitud9al furr[s2 its m>g9 f9ely d5ticulat$4 ,diamet] ( its m\? two-fif?s z long z ! :ole %ell & ?ree times z broad z its equatorial diamet]4 ,! two ma9 sp9es "o-?ird long] ?an _! conical %ea?1 f\r-edg$4 ,! eighte5 small] sp9es ?ick & %ort1 cyl9drical or a little compress$4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell #j4ah2 equatorial bread? #j4jbe1 pol> bread? #j4jg4 ,habitat4--,m$it]ranean 7,mess9a71 surface4 #e4 ,diploconus cotyliscus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #adj1 fig4 #d74 ,mantle ( ! d\ble cone compress$1 ?9 wall$1 ) elliptical transv]se section2 its cont\r convex2 surface & m>g9 ne>ly smoo?4 ,diamet] ( its m\? half z long z ! :ole %ell & twice z long z its equatorial diamet]4 ,! two ma9 sp9es sc>cely long] ?an _! hemisph]ical %ea?4 ,! small] sp9es conical1 /raight1 ne>ly ( ! same l5g?4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell #j4c2 equatorial bread? #j4jh1 pol> bread? #j4ae4 ,habitat4--,tropical ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cdg1 surface1 #f4 ,diploconus saturnus1 ,haeckel4 ,diploconus saturnus1 ,haeckel1 #ahgi1 ,natrl4 ,s*pfungsges*41 ,aufl4 vii4 p4 #gjf1 ,taf4 xvi4 fig4 #aa4 ,mantle ( ! d\ble cone compress$1 ?ick wall$1 ) elliptical transv]se section2 its cont\r convex2 its surface ) num]\s deep & irregul> longitud9al furr[s & m>g9al incisions4 ,diamet] ( its m\? "o-?ird z long z ! :ole %ell & twice z broad z its equatorial diamet]4 ,! two hydrotomical sp9es %ort1 sc>cely long] ?an _! %ea?4 ,! eighte5 o!r sp9es ?91 cyl9drical1 ne>ly ( ! same l5g?1 curv$4 7,resembles a %eaf47 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell #j4bd2 equatorial bread? #j4jd1 pol> bread? #j4jg4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #cjj1 surface4 #g4 ,diploconus hexaphyllus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #adj1 fig4 #b74 ,mantle ( ! d\ble cone compress$1 ?ick wall$1 ) elliptical transv]se section2 its cont\r /raight2 surface ) six /rong] & num]\s small] /raight ribs & six m>g9al #hhg;d5ticulate incisions4 ,diamet] ( its m\? "o-?ird z long z ! :ole %ell & some:at small] ?an ! equatorial diamet]4 ,hydrotomical sp9es ab\t twice z long z _! %ea?1 pyramidal1 ) em>g9ate po9t & six w+s4 ,geotomical sp9es %ort & /rong1 pyramidal4 ,sixte5 o!r sp9es ?91 /raight1 conical4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell #j4c2 equatorial bread? #j4aa1 pol> bread? #j4a4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bff1 surface4 ,g5us #cha4 ,diplocolpus1#dba n4 g54 ,def9ition4--,diploconida ) only two develop$1 v l>ge sp9es 7opposite 9 ! hydrotomical axis72 all ! o!r eighte5 sp9es q rudim5t>y or ext]nally atrophi$4 ,! g5us ,diplocolpus is ! la/ & ! mo/ modifi$ g5us among ! ,,acan?>ia4 ,! eighte5 small] sp9es ( ,diploconus are "h q rudim5t>y or h ev5 p]fectly disappe>$ by atrophy1 s t ! %ell seems to consi/ only ( ! l>ge hydrotomical sp9es & _! envelop+ %ea?s4 ,subg5us #a4 ,diplocolpulus1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,mantle ( ! d\ble cone n compress$2 its transv]se section !re=e circul>4 #a4 ,diplocolpus co/atus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #adj1 fig4 #g74 ,mantle ( ! d\ble cone ?9 wall$1 n compress$2 its transv]se section circul> or ne>ly hexagonal2 its cont\r little convex2 surface ) six ?ick longitud9al equidi/ant ribs & _m ?9n] ribs betwe5 !m2 m>g9 d5ticulate4 ,transv]se diamet] ( ! %ell "o-?ird z long z ! longitud9al4 ,! two hydrotomical sp9es ?ick & %ort1 little prom95t ov] ! pol> m\?4 ,no rudim5ts ( o!r sp9es visible ext]nally4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell #j4ae2 equatorial & pol> bread? #j4je4 ,habitat4--,indian ,ocean 7,madagasc>71 ,rabbe1 surface4 #b4 ,diplocolpus cri/atus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #adj1 fig4 #f74 ,mantle ( ! d\ble cone ?ick wall$1 n compress$2 its transv]se section circul> or hexagonal2 its cont\r ne>ly /raight2 surface ) six ?ick prom95t longitud9al equidi/ant ribs2 m>g9 irregul>ly d5tat$4 ,transv]se diamet] ( ! %ell half z long z ! longitud9al4 #hhh,! two hydrotomical sp9es v ?ick & %ort1 pyramidal1 little prom95t4 ,%ort rudim5ts ( ! eighte5 o!r sp9es pres5t1 bri/le-%ap$4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell #j4a1 bread? #j4je4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,atlantic1 ,/ation #cce1 surface4 ,subg5us #b4 ,diplocolpium1 ,haeckel4 ,def9ition4--,mantle ( ! d\ble cone compress$ f bo? poles ( ! %ort5$ geotomical axis2 its transv]se section !re=e elliptical4 #c4 ,diplocolpus s]ratus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #adj1 fig4 #e74 ,mantle ( ! d\ble cone ?ick wall$1 compress$1 ) elliptical transv]se section2 its surface ) num]\s delicate ribs2 cont\r little convex2 m>g9 regul>ly s]rate4 ,hydrotomical sp9es %ort1 pyramidal1 ) six s]rate w+s4 ,transv]se diamet] ( ! %ell ne>ly twice z great at ! pol> m\? z at ! equator & half z long z ! :ole %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell #j4ae2 bread? on ! equator #j4jce1 on ! poles #j4jg4 ,habitat4--,c5tral ,pacific1 ,/ation #bgd1 surface4 #d4 ,diplocolpus d5tatus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #adj1 fig4 #i74 ,mantle ( ! d\ble cone ?9 wall$1 compress$1 ) elliptical transv]se section2 its cont\r /raight2 surface ) six deep] & num]\s %all[] furr[s2 m>g9 d5ticulat$1 ) six triangul> prom95t l>g] tee?4 ,hydrotomical sp9es v l>ge prismatic1 pyramidal at ! ends4 ,transv]se diamet] ( ! %ell a little l>g] at ! pol> m\? ?an at ! equator & half z long z ! :ole %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell #j4b2 bread? on ! equator #j4jh1 on ! poles #j4a4 ,habitat4--,nor? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bdd1 surface4 #e4 ,diplocolpus sulcatus1 n4 sp4 7,pl4 #adj1 fig4 #h74 ,mantle ( ! d\ble cone ?9 wall$1 compress$1 ) elliptical transv]se section2 its cont\r /raight2 surface ) twelve to sixte5 deep longitud9al furr[s1 :i* are sep>at$ by ?91 undulat+1 d\ble edg$ ribs2 m>g9 little d5tat$4 ,hydrotomical sp9es %ort1 pyramidal1 ) six d5tate w+s4 ,transv]se diamet] ( ! %ell a little l>g] at ! pol> m\? ?an at ! equator1 ab\t "o-?ird ( ! :ole l5g? ( ! %ell4 ,dim5sions4--,l5g? ( ! %ell #j4ag2 bread? on ! equator #j4je1 on ! poles #j4jf4 ,habitat4--,s\? ,pacific1 ,/ation #bia1 surface4 ,notes4 #a ,! numb]s prec$$ by ,l4 ,n4 ref] to ! li/ ( names ( au?ors 9 ! ,bibliography on p4 clxxvi4 #b ,sitzungsb4 m$4-nat4 ,gesells*4 ,j5a1 ,febru>y #af1 #ahhc4 #c ,loc4 cit4 #d ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 #aheh1 p4 #bh4 #e ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 #ahfb1 ,taf4 ii4 p4 #bec4 #f ,hi/ologie d] ,radiol>i51 pp4 #dc-gc1 ,taf4 iii4-v4 #g ,sitzungsb4 m$4-nat4 ,gesells*4 ,j5a1 ,febru>y #af1 #ahhc4 #h ,actissa ,radiant1 ,greek3 aktis4 #i ,?alassolampe ,sea-scum2 ,greek3 ?alassa & ,greek3 lamp4 #aj ,?alassopila ,sea-ball2 ,greek3 ?alassa1 ,greek3 pila4 #aa ,?alassicolla ,sea-jelly1 ,greek3 ?alassa1 ,greek3 kolla4 #ab ,?alassophysa ,sea-bladd]2 ,greek3 ?alassa1 ,greek3 physa4 #ac ,colloz\m ,jelly-animal2 ,greek3 kolla1 ,greek3 zon4 #ad ,?alassosphra ,sea-sph]e2 ,greek3 ?alassa1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #ae ,atlantic1 vol4 i4 p4 #bcc1 fig4 #ea1 #ahgg4 #af ,?alassoxan?ium ,sea-burdock2 ,greek3 ?alassa1 ,greek3 xan?ion4 #ag ,physematium ,small vesicle2 ,greek3 ,physmation4 #ah ,?alassoplancta ,float+ on ! sea2 ,greek3 ?alassoplankta4 #ai ,comp>e ,?alassoplancta cavispicula1 ,monogr4 d4 ,radiol41 #ahfb1 p4 #bfa1 ,taf4 iii4 figs4 #aj-ac4 #bj ,lampoxan?ium ,scum-burdock2 ,greek3 lampe1 ,greek3 xan?ion4 #ba ,loc4 cit41 ,taf4 xxxii41 xxxiii4 #bb ,belonoz\m ,ne$le-animal2 ,greek3 belon1 ,greek3 zon4 #bc ,sphroz\m ,sph]ical animal2 ,greek3 sphaira1 ,greek3 zon4 #bd ,rhaphidoz\m ,ne$le-animal2 ,greek3 rhaphis1 ,greek3 zon4 #be ,e?mosphrida ,liosphrida simplicia ,monosphrida anacan?a4 #bf ,c5osphra ,holl[ sph]e2 ,greek3 k5os1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #bg ,/igmosphra ,sph]e ) c5tral po9t2 ,greek3 /igma1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #bh ,e?mosphra ,sieve-sph]e2 ,greek3 ?mos1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #bi ,se?osphra ,sieve-sph]e2 ,greek3 s?os1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #cj ,c>posphrida ,liosphrida duplicia ,dyosphrida anacan?a4 #ca ,c>posphra ,fruit-%ap$ sph]e1 ,greek3 k>pos1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #cb ,liosphra ,smoo? sph]e2 ,greek3 leios1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #cc ,!cosphrida ,liosphrida triplicia ,triosphrida anacan?a4 #cd ,!cosphra ,capsule-sph]e2 ,greek3 ?k1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #ce ,rhodosphra ,rose-sph]e2 ,greek3 rhodon1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #cf ,cromyosphrida ,liosphrida tetraplicia ,tetrasphrida anacan?a4 #cg ,cromyosphra ,onion-sph]e2 ,greek3 *romyon1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #ch ,c>yosphrida ,liosphrida multiplicia ,polysphrida anacan?a4 #ci ,c>yosphra ,nut-sph]e2 ,greek3 k>yon1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #dj ,plegmosphrida ,liosphrida spongiosa ,spongosphrida anacan?a4 #da ,/yptosphra ,hemp-sph]e2 ,greek3 /yptos1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #db ,plegmosphra ,sph]e ( wick]-"w2 ,greek3 plegma1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #dc ,spongoplegma ,spongy wick]work2 ,greek3 spongos1 ,greek3 plegma4 #dd ,spongodictyon ,spongy network2 ,greek3 spongos1 ,greek3 diktyon4 #de ,loc4 cit41 pp4 #ag1 #ee1 #aheh4 #df ,abh&l4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #ee1 #aheh4 #dg ,loc4 cit41 p4 #ecj1 #ahfb4 #dh ,loc4 cit41 pp4 #cj1 #acc1 #ahgi4 #di ,loc4 cit41 p4 #dga1 #ahha4 #ej ,loc4 cit41 p4 #ece1 ,taf4 xxxiv4 fig4 #a4 #ea ,collosphra ,jelly-sph]e2 ,greek3 kolla1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #eb ,tribonosphra ,cloak-sph]e2 ,greek3 tribn1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #ec ,ph>yngosphra ,?roat-sph]e2 ,greek3 ph>ynx1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #ed ,bucc9osphra ,trumpet-sph]e2 ,greek3 bykan1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #ee ,acrosphra ,po9t$-sph]e2 ,greek3 akros1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #ef ,odontosphra ,tee?-sph]e2 ,greek3 od\s1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #eg ,*o5icosphra ,%ell ) coronel trepans2 ,greek3 *o9ik1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #eh ,siphonosphra ,sph]e ) tubes2 ,greek3 siphn1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #ei ,mazosphra ,teat-sph]e2 ,greek3 mazos1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #fj ,trypanosphra ,aug]-sph]e2 ,greek3 trypanon1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #fa ,cam9osphra ,*imney-sph]e2 ,greek3 kam9os1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #fb ,sol5osphra ,sph]e ) tubules2 ,greek3 sln1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #fc ,otosphra ,%ell ) e>s2 ,greek3 otosphaira4 #fd ,coronosphra ,coronal-sph]e2 ,greek3 koron1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #fe ,cla?rosphra ,lattice-sph]e4 #ff ,xan?iosphra ,burdock-sph]e2 ,greek3 xan?ion1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #fg ,/ylosphrida ,sphroidea dissacan?a1 ,prodromus1 p4 #ddi4 #fh ,xiphosphra ,sword-sph]e2 ,greek3 xiphos1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #fi ,xipho/ylus ,sword /yle2 ,greek3 xiphos1 ,greek3 /ylos4 #gj ,saturnalis ,simil> to ,saturnus1 ) a r+4 #ga ,/ylosphra ,sph]e ) /yles2 ,greek3 /ylos1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #gb ,sphro/ylus ,sph]e ) /yles2 ,greek3 sphaira1 ,greek3 /ylos4 #gc ,saturnulus ,small ,saturnus1 ) a r+4 #gd ,amphisphra ,sph]e ) sp9es on bo? poles2 ,greek3 amphi1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #ge ,amphi/ylus ,%ell ) /yles on bo? poles2 ,greek3 amphi1 ,greek3 /ylos4 #gf ,saturn9us ,simil> to ,saturnus1 ) a r+4 #gg ,/ylocromyum ,onion ) /yles2 ,greek3 /ylos1 ,greek3 kromyon4 #gh ,cromyo/ylus ,onion ) /yles2 ,greek3 kromyon1 ,greek3 /ylos4 #gi ,spongolon*is ,spongy %ell ) spe>s2 ,greek3 spongos1 ,greek3 lon*is4 #hj ,spongo/ylus ,spongy %ell ) /yles2 ,greek3 spongos1 ,greek3 /ylos4 #ha ,spongo/ylidium1 dim9utive ( ,spongo/ylus4 #hb ,/auro/ylida ,/aurosphrida simplicia ,monosphrida tetracan?a4 #hc ,/aurosphra ,cross-sph]e2 ,greek3 /auros1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #hd ,/auro/ylus ,cross-/yle2 ,greek3 /auros1 ,greek3 /ylos4 #he ,/ylo/aurus1 ,/yle-cross2 ,greek3 /ylos1 ,greek3 /auros4 #hf ,/aurolon*ida ,/aurosphrida duplicia ,dyosphrida tetracan?a4 #hg ,/aurolon*e ,cross$ spe>2 ,greek3 /auros1 ,greek3 lon*4 #hh ,/auranci/ra ,cross$ fi%-hook2 ,greek3 /auros1 ,greek3 anki/ra4 #hi ,/aurolon*idium ,dim9utive f ,/aurolon*e4 #ij ,/auroxiphos ,sword ) cross2 ,greek3 /auros1 ,greek3 xiphos4 #ia ,/auracontida ,/aurosphrida triplicia ,triosphrida tetracan?a4 #ib ,/auracontium ,cross$ d>t2 ,greek3 /auros1 ,greek3 akontion4 #ic ,/aurocromyida ,/aurosphrida quadruplicia ,tetrasphrida tetracan?a4 #id ,/aurocromyum ,cross-onion2 ,greek3 /auros1 ,greek3 kromyon4 #ie ,cromyo/aurus ,onion-cross2 ,greek3 kromyon1 ,greek3 /auros4 #if ,/auroc>yida ,/aurosphrida multiplicia ,polysphrida tetracan?a4 #ig ,/auroc>yum ,cross-nut2 ,greek3 /auros1 ,greek3 k>yon4 #ih ,/aurodorida ,/aurosphrida spongiosa ,spongosphrida tetracan?a4 #ii ,/aurodoras ,cross$ spe>2 ,greek3 /auros1 ,greek3 doras4 #ajj ,hexa/ylida ,cubosphrida simplicia ,monosphrida hexacan?a4 #aja ,hexa/ylus ,%ell ) six /yles2 ,greek3 hexa1 ,greek3 /ylos4 #ajb ,hexa/yl>ium ,%ell ) six /yles2 d]ivation f ,hexa/ylus4 #ajc ,hexa/ylidium ,%ell ) six /yles2 d]ivation f ,hexa/ylus4 #ajd ,hexalon*ida ,cubosphrida duplicia ,dyosphrida hexacan?a4 #aje ,hexalon*e ,%ell ) six spe>s2 ,greek3 hexalon*4 #ajf ,hexanci/ra ,%ell ) six fi%-hooks2 ,greek3 hexanki/ra4 #ajg ,hexalon*>ium ,%ell ) six spe>s2 d]ivation f ,hexalon*e4 #ajh ,hexalon*idium ,%ell ) six spe>s2 d]ivation f ,hexalon*e4 #aji ,hexacontida ,cubosphrida triplicia ,triosphrida hexacan?a4 #aaj ,hexacontion ,%ell ) six d>ts2 ,greek3 hexakontion4 #aaa ,hexad5dron ,%ell ) six trees2 ,greek3 hexad5dron4 #aab ,hexacont>ium ,%ell ) six d>ts2 d]ivation1 f ,hexacontion4 #aac ,hexacromyida ,cubosphrida quadruplicia ,tetrasphrida hexacan?a4 #aad ,hexacromyum ,onion ) six rays2 ,greek3 hexa1 ,greek3 kromyon4 #aae ,hexac>yida ,cubosphrida multiplicia ,polysphrida hexacan?a4 #aaf ,cubosphra ,sph]e ) ?ree axes ( a cubus2 ,greek3 kubos1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #aag ,hexac>yum ,nut ) six sp9es2 ,greek3 hexa1 ,greek3 k>yon4 #aah ,hexadorida ,cubosphrida spongiosa ,spongosphrida hexacan?a4 #aai ,cubaxonium ,%ell ) ?ree axes l ^? ( a cube2 ,greek3 kubos1 ,greek3 axnion4 #abj ,hexadoras ,%ell ) six spe>s2 ,greek3 hexadoras4 #aba ,hexadoridium ,%ell ) six small spe>s2 d]ivation f ,hexadoras4 #abb ,acan?osphra ,sp9y sph]e2 ,greek3 akan?a1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #abc ,heliosphra ,sun sph]e2 ,greek3 hlios1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #abd ,conosphra ,sph]e ) cones2 ,greek3 knos1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #abe ,cosc9omma ,sieve eye2 ,greek3 kosk9on1 ,greek3 omma4 #abf ,cladococcus ,nucleus ) bran*es2 ,greek3 klados1 ,greek3 kokkos4 #abg ,elaphococcus ,%ell ) h>ts' horn-%ap$ sp9es2 ,greek3 elaphos1 ,greek3 kokkos4 #abh ,haliommida ,a/rosphrida duplicia ,dyosphrida polycan?a4 #abi ,haliomma ,sea-eye2 ,greek3 hals1 ,greek3 omma4 #acj ,heliosoma ,sun-body2 ,greek3 hlios1 ,greek3 sma4 #aca ,elatomma ,p9e-eye2 ,greek3 elat1 ,greek3 omma4 #acb ,leptosphra ,delicate sph]e2 ,greek3 leptos1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #acc ,diplosphra ,d\ble sph]e2 ,greek3 diploos1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #acd ,drymosphra ,woody sph]e2 ,greek3 drymos1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #ace ,a/rosphra ,/>-sph]e2 ,greek3 a/ron1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #acf ,act9ommida ,a/rosphrida triplicia ,triosphrida polyacan?a4 #acg ,act9omma ,radiant eye2 ,greek3 aktis1 ,greek3 omma4 #ach ,e*9omma ,ur*9-eye2 ,greek3 e*9os1 ,greek3 omma4 #aci ,pityomma ,p9e-eye2 ,greek3 pitys1 ,greek3 omma4 #adj ,cromyommida ,a/rosphrida quadruplicia ,tetrasphria polyacan?a4 #ada ,cromyomma ,onion-eye2 ,greek3 kromyon1 ,greek3 omma4 #adb ,cromye*9us ,onion-%ap$ ,ur*92 ,greek3 kromyon1 ,greek3 e*9os4 #adc ,cromyodrymus ,onion ) trees2 ,greek3 kromyon1 ,greek3 drymos4 #add ,c>yommida ,a/rosphrida multiplica ,polysphria polyacan?a4 #ade ,c>yomma ,nut-eye2 ,greek3 k>yon1 ,greek3 omma4 #adf ,ara*nopila ,cobweb ball2 ,greek3 ara*n1 ,greek3 pilos4 #adg ,ara*nopegma ,cobweb-build+2 ,greek3 ara*n1 ,greek3 pgma4 #adh ,ara*nosphra ,cobweb-sph]e2 ,greek3 ara*n1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #adi ,spongiommida ,a/rosphrida spongiosa ,spongosphrida polyacan?a4 #aej ,spongiomma ,spongy-eye2 ,greek3 spongia1 ,greek3 omma4 #aea ,spongodrymus ,spongy wood2 ,greek3 spongos1 ,greek3 drymos4 #aeb ,sponge*9us ,spongy ,ur*92 ,greek3 spongos1 ,greek3 e*9os4 #aec ,spongo?amnus ,spongy %rub2 ,greek3 spongos1 ,greek3 ?amnos4 #aed ,spongopila ,spongy ball2 ,greek3 spongos1 ,greek3 pilos4 #aee ,rhizoplegma ,root-%ap$ wick]-"w2 ,greek3 rhiza1 ,greek3 plegma4 #aef ,ly*nosphra ,lant]n-sph]e2 ,greek3 ly*nos1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #aeg ,c5trocubus ,%ell ) a c5tral cube2 ,greek3 k5tron1 ,greek3 kubos4 #aeh ,octod5dron ,%ell ) eight trees2 ,greek3 okt1 ,greek3 d5dron4 #aei ,spongosphra ,spongy sph]e2 ,greek3 spongos1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #afj ,rhizosphra ,root-sph]e2 ,greek3 rhiza1 ,greek3 sphaira4 #afa ,c5ellipsis ,holl[ ellipsoid2 ,greek3 k5os1 ,greek3 elleipsis4 #afb ,axellipsis ,ellipsoid ) an axial beam2 ,greek3 axis1 ,greek3 elleipsis4 #afc ,ellipsidium ,small ellipsoid2 ,greek3 elleipsidion4 #afd ,ellipsoxiphus ,ellipsoid ) swords2 ,greek3 elleipsis1 ,greek3 xiphos4 #afe ,axoprunum ,plum ) axis2 ,greek3 axis1 ,greek3 pr\non4 #aff ,ellipso/ylus ,ellipsoid ) /yles2 ,greek3 elleipsis1 ,greek3 /ylos4 #afg ,li?omespilus ,silice\s m$l>2 ,greek3 li?os1 ,greek3 mespilos4 #afh ,li?apium ,silice\s pe>2 ,greek3 li?os1 ,greek3 apion4 #afi ,pipettella ,small pipette4 #agj ,druppula ,small drupe or ,greek3 druppa1 ripe ,olive4 #aga ,druppoc>pus ,olive-fruit2 ,greek3 druppa1 ,greek3 k>pos4 #agb ,prunulum ,little-plum4 #agc ,prunoc>pus ,plum fruit2 ,greek3 pr\non1 ,greek3 k>pos4 #agd ,cromyodruppa ,onion-olive2 ,greek3 kromyon1 ,greek3 druppa4 #age ,cromyoc>pus ,onion fruit2 ,greek3 kromyon1 ,greek3 k>pos4 #agf ,li?atractus ,sp9dle ( silex2 ,greek3 li?os1 ,greek3 atraktos4 #agg ,druppatractus ,sp9dle-l olive2 ,greek3 druppa1 ,greek3 atraktos4 #agh ,/ylatractus ,sp9dle ) /yles2 ,greek3 /ylos1 ,greek3 atraktos4 #agi ,xiphatractus ,sword-sp9dle2 ,greek3 xiphos1 ,greek3 atraktos4 #ahj ,cromyatractus ,onion-sp9dle2 ,greek3 kromyon1 ,greek3 atraktos4 #aha ,pipetta ,small pipe4 #ahb ,pipett>ia ,pipetta-l4 #ahc ,spongellipsis ,spongy ellipsoid2 ,greek3 spongos1 ,greek3 elleipsis4 #ahd ,spongurus ,spongy tail2 ,greek3 spongos1 ,greek3 oura4 #ahe ,spongocore ,spongy puppet2 ,greek3 spongos1 ,greek3 kor4 #ahf ,spongoprunum ,spongy plum2 ,greek3 spongos1 ,greek3 pr\non4 #ahg ,spongodruppa ,spongy olive-fruit2 ,greek3 spongos1 ,greek3 druppa4 #ahh ,spongatractus ,spongy-sp9dle2 ,greek3 spongos1 ,greek3 atraktos4 #ahi ,spongoliva ,spongy olive2 ,greek3 spongos1 ,greek3 eleia4 #aij ,spongoxiphus ,spongy sword2 ,greek3 spongos1 ,greek3 xiphos4 #aia ,artiscus ,small loaf2 ,greek3 artiskos4 #aib ,/yl>tus ,bread ) /yles2 ,greek3 /ylos1 ,greek3 artos4 #aic ,cann>tus ,leaf ) tubes2 ,greek3 kanna1 ,greek3 artos4 #aid ,cyphanta ,greek3 ,kyphanta1 ,m$it]ranean port 9 ,laconia4 #aie ,cyphonium ,r\ndi% vessel2 ,greek3 kyphnion4 #aif ,cypassis ,greek3 kypassis2 ,a girl's girdle4 #aig ,cyphocolpus ,vault$-bosom2 ,greek3 kyphos1 ,greek3 kolpos4 #aih ,cyph9us ,greek3 kyph9os2 d]ivation f ,greek3 kyphos r\ndi% vessel1 a k9d ( fruit4 #aii ,cyph9idium ,small ,cyph9us2 ,greek3 kyph9idion4 #bjj ,cann>tiscus ,small loaf ) tubes2 ,greek3 kanna1 ,greek3 artiskos4 #bja ,cann>tidium ,small loaf ) tubules2 ,greek3 kanna1 ,greek3 artidion4 #bjb ,pan>tus q bread-l2 ,greek3 pan>tos4 #bjc ,p]ipan>tus ,pan>tus ) mantle2 ,greek3 p]ipan>tos4 #bjd ,panicium ,a k9d ( bread4 #bje ,p]ipanicium ,panicium ) mantle4 #bjf ,pan>ium ,bread-basket4 #bjg ,p]ipan>ium ,pan>ium 7or bread-basket7 ) mantle4 #bjh ,ommatocampe ,cat]pill> ) eyes2 ,greek3 omma1 ,greek3 kamp4 #bji ,ommat>tus ,loaf ) eyes2 ,greek3 omma1 ,greek3 artos4 #baj ,desmocampe ,*a9-l cat]pill>2 ,greek3 desmos1 ,greek3 kamp4 #baa ,desm>tus ,*a9-l loaf2 ,greek3 desmos1 ,greek3 artos4 #bab ,zygocampe ,cat]pill> ) pair$ jo9ts2 ,greek3 zygon1 ,greek3 kamp4 #bac ,zyg>tus ,loaf ) pair$ jo9ts2 ,greek3 zygon1 ,greek3 artos4 #bad ,c5odiscus ,holl[ disk2 ,greek3 k5os1 ,greek3 diskos4 #bae ,zonodiscus ,disk ) girdle2 ,greek3 zn1 ,greek3 diskos4 #baf ,/ylodiscus ,disk ) /yles2 ,greek3 /ylos1 ,greek3 diskos4 #bag ,!odiscus ,div9e disk2 ,greek3 !os1 ,greek3 diskos4 #bah ,crucidiscus ,disk ) cross4 #bai ,tro*odiscus ,:eel-disk2 ,greek3 tro*os1 ,greek3 diskos4 #bbj ,se?odiscus ,sieve-disk2 ,greek3 s?os1 ,greek3 diskos4 #bba ,phacodiscus ,l5ticul> disk2 ,greek3 phakos1 ,greek3 diskos4 #bbb ,p]iphna ,%ell ) transp>5t girdle2 ,greek3 p]ipha9a4 #bbc ,p]izona ,%ell ) surr\nd+ girdle2 ,greek3 p]i1 ,greek3 zn4 #bbd ,se?o/ylus ,sieve ) /yles2 ,greek3 s?os1 ,greek3 /ylos4 #bbe ,phaco/ylus ,l5s ) /yles2 ,greek3 phakos1 ,greek3 /ylos4 #bbf ,triactiscus ,%ell ) ?ree rays2 ,greek3 triaktiskos4 #bbg ,se?o/aurus ,sieve-cross2 ,greek3 s?os1 ,greek3 /auros4 #bbh ,phaco/aurus ,l5s ) cross2 ,greek3 phakos1 ,greek3 /auros4 #bbi ,di/riactis ,%ell ) twice ?ree rays2 ,greek3 di/riaktis4 #bcj ,heliose/rum ,sun-sieve2 ,greek3 hlios1 ,greek3 s/ron4 #bca ,a/rose/rum ,/ellat$ sieve2 ,greek3 a/ron1 ,greek3 s/ron4 #bcb ,heliodiscus ,sun-disk2 ,greek3 hlios1 ,greek3 diskos4 #bcc ,heliodrymus ,sun-=e/2 ,greek3 hlios1 ,greek3 drymos4 #bcd ,a/rophacus ,/>-l5s2 ,greek3 a/ron1 ,greek3 phakos4 #bce ,li?ocyclia ,circul> /one2 ,greek3 li?os1 ,greek3 kyklion4 #bcf ,coccodiscus ,disk ) nucleus2 ,greek3 kokkos1 ,greek3 diskos4 #bcg ,/ylocyclia ,circul> %ell ) /yles2 ,greek3 /ylos1 ,greek3 kyklion4 #bch ,amphicyclia ,circul> %ell ) sp9es on bo? sides2 ,greek3 amphi1 ,greek3 kyklion4 #bci ,trigonocyclia ,triangul> %ell ) circul> r+s2 ,greek3 trigonon1 ,greek3 kyklion4 #bdj ,/aurocyclia ,circul> %ell ) f\r cross$ sp9es2 ,greek3 /auros1 ,greek3 kyklia4 #bda ,a/rocyclia ,/ellat$ circul> %ell2 ,greek3 a/ron1 ,greek3 kyklion4 #bdb ,coccocyclia ,circul> %ell ) nucleus2 ,greek3 kokkos1 ,greek3 kyklios4 #bdc ,diplactura ,/ellat$ %ell ) d\ble tail2 ,greek3 dipl\s1 ,greek3 aktis1 ,greek3 oura4 #bdd ,amphiactura ,/ellat$ %ell ) tail on bo? sides2 ,greek3 amphi1 ,greek3 aktis1 ,greek3 oura4 #bde ,trigonactura ,triangul> %ell ) ?ree rays2 ,greek3 trigonon1 ,greek3 aktis1 ,greek3 oura4 #bdf ,hym5actura ,/>-%ap$ %ell ) membrane betwe5 ! rays2 ,greek3 hymn1 ,greek3 aktis1 ,greek3 oura4 #bdg ,a/ractura ,/>-%ap$ %ell ) _m rays2 ,greek3 a/ron1 ,greek3 aktis1 ,greek3 oura4 #bdh ,/auractura ,cruci=m %ell ) f\r rays2 ,greek3 /auros1 ,greek3 aktis1 ,greek3 oura4 #bdi ,p5tactura ,/ellat$ %ell ) five rays2 ,greek3 p5te1 ,greek3 aktis1 ,greek3 oura4 #bej ,e*9actura ,e*9us-l %ell ) five rays2 ,greek3 e*9os1 ,greek3 aktis1 ,greek3 oura4 #bea ,ar*idiscus ,primordial disk2 ,greek3 ar*idiskos4 #beb ,axodiscus ,disk ) c]ta9 axes2 ,greek3 axis1 ,greek3 diskos4 #bec ,porodiscus ,por\s disk2 ,greek3 poros1 ,greek3 diskos4 #bed ,p]i*lamydium ,%ell surr\nd$ by a mantle2 ,greek3 p]i1 ,greek3 *lamydion4 #bee ,ommatodiscus ,disk ) eyes2 ,greek3 omma1 ,greek3 diskos4 #bef ,/omatodiscus ,disk ) op5+s2 ,greek3 /oma1 ,greek3 diskos4 #beg ,xiphodictya ,net ) swords2 ,greek3 xiphos1 ,greek3 diktyon4 #beh ,tripodictya ,net ) tripod2 ,greek3 trip\s1 ,greek3 diktyon4 #bei ,/aurodictya ,cross-net2 ,greek3 /auros1 ,greek3 diktyon4 #bfj ,/ylodictya ,net ) /yles2 ,greek3 /ylos1 ,greek3 diktyon4 #bfa ,/ylo*lamydium ,%ell ) /yles & mantle2 ,greek3 /ylos1 ,greek3 *lamydion4 #bfb ,amphibra*ium ,%ell ) two arms2 ,greek3 amphi1 ,greek3 bra*in4 #bfc ,amphym5ium ,%ell ) veil on bo? sides2 ,greek3 amphi1 ,greek3 hymnion4 #bfd ,amphirrhopalum ,%ell ) clubs on bo? sides2 ,greek3 amphi1 ,greek3 rhopalon4 #bfe ,amphicrasp$um ,%ell ) bord]s on bo? sides2 ,greek3 amphi1 ,greek3 krasp$on4 #bff ,dictya/rum ,reticulat$ />2 ,greek3 diktyon1 ,greek3 a/ron4 #bfg ,rhopala/rum ,club-/>2 ,greek3 rhopalon1 ,greek3 a/ron4 #bfh ,hym5ia/rum ,membran\s />2 ,greek3 hymn1 ,greek3 a/ron4 #bfi ,eu*itonia ,nice %ell2 ,greek3 eu1 ,greek3 *itnia4 #bgj ,*itona/rum ,/>-%ell2 ,greek3 *itnia1 ,greek3 a/ron4 #bga ,trigona/rum ,triangul> />2 ,greek3 trignon1 ,greek3 a/ron4 #bgb ,/aurala/rum ,cross$ sea-/>2 ,greek3 /auros1 ,greek3 hals1 ,greek3 a/ron4 #bgc ,hagia/rum ,holy />rulet2 ,greek3 hagion1 ,greek3 a/ron4 #bgd ,hi/ia/rum ,/> ) envelop+ tissue2 ,greek3 hi/ion1 ,greek3 a/ron4 #bge ,tess>a/rum ,/>rulet ) f\r rays2 ,greek3 tess>a1 ,greek3 a/ron4 #bgf ,/ephana/rum ,g>l&-/>rulet2 ,greek3 /ephanos1 ,greek3 a/ron4 #bgg ,dicrana/rum ,=k-/>rulet2 ,greek3 dikranon1 ,greek3 a/ron4 #bgh ,myela/rum ,m$ull>y />rulet2 ,greek3 myelos1 ,greek3 a/ron4 #bgi ,p5tala/rum ,little sea-/> ) five rays2 ,greek3 p5te1 ,greek3 hals1 ,greek3 a/ron4 #bhj ,p5t9a/rum ,/>rulet ) five rays2 ,greek3 p5te1 ,greek3 inos1 ,greek3 a/ron4 #bha ,p5tophia/rum ,/>rulet ) five snakes2 ,greek3 p5te1 ,greek3 ophis1 ,greek3 a/ron4 #bhb ,hexala/rum ,little sea-/> ) six rays2 ,greek3 hexa1 ,greek3 hals1 ,greek3 a/ron4 #bhc ,hex9a/rum ,/>rulet ) six rays2 ,greek3 hexa1 ,greek3 inos1 ,greek3 a/ron4 #bhd ,triol5a ,%ell ) ?ree arms2 ,greek3 tria1 ,greek3 l54 #bhe ,triopyle ,) ?ree gate-op5+s2 ,greek3 tria1 ,greek3 pyl4 #bhf ,triodiscus ,disk ) ?ree op5+s2 ,greek3 triodiskos4 #bhg ,pylol5a ,disk ) alt]nat+ gates & arms2 ,greek3 pyl1 ,greek3 l54 #bhh ,hexapyle ,) six gate-op5+s2 ,greek3 hexa1 ,greek3 pyl4 #bhi ,pylodiscus ,disk ) gates2 ,greek3 pyl1 ,greek3 diskos4 #bij ,discozonium ,disk ) girdle2 ,greek3 diskos1 ,greek3 znion4 #bia ,discopyle ,disk ) gate2 ,greek3 diskos1 ,greek3 pyl4 #bib ,spongodiscus ,spongy disk2 ,greek3 spongos1 ,greek3 diskos4 #bic ,spongophacus ,spongy l5s2 ,greek3 spongos1 ,greek3 phakos4 #bid ,spongolon*e ,spongy disk ) spontoons2 ,greek3 spongos1 ,greek3 lon*4 #bie ,spongotripus ,spongy disk ) tripod2 ,greek3 spongos1 ,greek3 trip\s4 #bif ,spongo/aurus ,spongy disk ) cross$ sp9es2 ,greek3 spongos1 ,greek3 /auros4 #big ,/ylotro*us ,:eel ) /yles2 ,greek3 /ylos1 ,greek3 tro*os4 #bih ,spongotro*us ,spongy :eel2 ,greek3 spongos1 ,greek3 tro*os4 #bii ,spongol5a ,spongy disk ) two arms2 ,greek3 spongos1 ,greek3 l54 #cjj ,spongobra*ium ,spongy %ell ) two arms2 ,greek3 spongos1 ,greek3 bra*in4 #cja ,rhopalodictyum ,network ) clubs2 ,greek3 rhopalon1 ,greek3 diktyon4 #cjb ,dictyocoryne ,net ) clubs2 ,greek3 diktyon1 ,greek3 koryn4 #cjc ,sponga/]iscus ,spongy />2 ,greek3 spongos1 ,greek3 a/]iskos4 #cjd ,sponga/] ,spongy />2 ,greek3 spongos1 ,greek3 a/r4 #cje ,c5ol>cus ,holl[ basket2 ,greek3 k5os1 ,greek3 l>kos4 #cjf ,l>c>ium ,a k9d ( basket2 ,greek3 l>k>ion4 #cjg ,coccol>cus ,basket ) k]nel2 ,greek3 kokkos1 ,greek3 l>kos4 #cjh ,l>cidium ,little basket1 dim9utive ( ,l>cus2 ,greek3 l>kidion4 #cji ,spongol>cus ,spongy basket2 ,greek3 spongos1 ,greek3 l>kos4 #caj ,/ypol>cus ,hemp basket2 ,greek3 /yp1 ,greek3 l>kos4 #caa ,l>nacilla ,little *e/1 dim9utive ( ,l>nax2 ,greek3 l>nax4 #cab ,l>nacidium ,little *e/1 dim9utive ( ,l>nax2 ,greek3 l>nax4 #cac ,l>nacalpis ,tank>d-%ap$ *e/2 ,greek3 l>nax1 ,greek3 kalpis4 #cad ,l>nacan?a ,*e/ ) sp9es2 ,greek3 l>nax1 ,greek3 akan?a4 #cae ,l>nacoma ,%ell ( *e/ =m2 ,greek3 l>nax4 #caf ,l>nacospongus ,spongy *e/2 ,greek3 l>nax1 ,greek3 spongos4 #cag ,l>naco/upa ,*e/ ) hemp envelop2 ,greek3 l>nax1 ,greek3 /up4 #cah ,monozonium ,) "o girdle2 ,greek3 monoznion4 #cai ,dizonium ,) two girdles2 ,greek3 diznion4 #cbj ,trizonium ,) ?ree girdles2 ,greek3 triznion4 #cba ,amphipyle ,) "o gate on bo? sides2 ,greek3 amphi1 ,greek3 pyl4 #cbb ,tetrapyle ,) f\r gate-op5+s2 ,greek3 tetrapyl4 #cbc ,octopyle ,) eight gate-op5+s2 ,greek3 okt1 ,greek3 pyl4 #cbd ,pylonium ,build+ ) gates2 ,greek3 pylnion4 #cbe ,amphipylonium ,) "o l>ge gate on ei!r side2 ,greek3 amphi1 ,greek3 pylnion4 #cbf ,tetrapylonium ,build+ ) f\r gates2 ,greek3 tetra1 ,greek3 pylnion4 #cbg ,pylozonium ,%ell ) gates & girdles2 ,greek3 pyl1 ,greek3 znion4 #cbh ,?ol>tus ,cupola-bread2 ,greek3 ?olos1 ,greek3 artos4 #cbi ,?olodes ,cupola-%ap$2 ,greek3 ?olds vel ,greek3 ?oloeids4 #ccj ,amphi?olus ,%ell ) two opposite cupolas2 ,greek3 amphi1 ,greek3 ?olos4 #cca ,amphi?olonium ,small %ell ) two opposite cupolas2 ,greek3 amphi1 ,greek3 ?olnion4 #ccb ,?olo/aurus ,cross ( f\r cupolas2 ,greek3 ?olos1 ,greek3 /auros4 #ccc ,?oloma ,dome-build+2 ,greek3 ?olma4 #ccd ,alt]nat+1 ,greek3 metallassn4 #cce ,/auro?olus ,cupolas cross-wise dispos$2 ,greek3 /auros1 ,greek3 ?olos4 #ccf ,/auro?olonium ,small %ell ) cupolas cross-wise dispos$2 ,greek3 /auros1 ,greek3 ?olnion4 #ccg ,?olocubus ,cube ) six cupolas on its sides2 ,greek3 ?olos1 ,greek3 kubos4 #cch ,?olonium ,%ell ) cupolas2 ,greek3 ?olnion4 #cci ,cubo?olus ,%ell ) cupolas dispos$ on six cube-sides2 ,greek3 kubos1 ,greek3 ?olos4 #cdj ,cubo?olonium ,small %ell ) cupolas dispos$ on ! six sides ( a cube2 ,greek3 kubos1 ,greek3 ?olnion4 #cda ,zon>ium ,small girdle2 ,greek3 zn>ion4 #cdb ,zoniscus ,elegant girdle2 ,greek3 zniskos4 #cdc ,zonidium ,little girdle2 ,greek3 znidion4 #cdd ,spirema ,convolution1 turn+2 ,greek3 speirma4 #cde ,li!lius ,/ony sun2 ,greek3 li?os1 ,greek3 hlios4 #cdf ,l>cospira ,spiral basket2 ,greek3 l>kos1 ,greek3 speira4 #cdg ,pylospira ,spiral %ell ) int]nal gates2 ,greek3 pyl1 ,greek3 speira4 #cdh ,?olospira ,%ell ) spiral domes2 ,greek3 ?olos1 ,greek3 speira4 #cdi ,spironium ,%ell ) spiral /ructure2 ,greek3 speirnion4 #cej ,/reblonia ,screw-%ell2 ,greek3 /reblnion4 #cea ,/reblacan?a ,screw-%ell ) sp9es2 ,greek3 /rebl1 ,greek3 akan?a4 #ceb ,/reblopyle ,screw-%ell ) gates2 ,greek3 /rebl1 ,greek3 pyl4 #cec ,phorticium ,small vessel2 ,greek3 phortikion4 #ced ,spongophortis ,spongy vessel2 ,greek3 spongos1 ,greek3 phortis4 #cee ,soreuma ,greek3 sreuma1 heap4 #cef ,sorol>cus ,basket heap2 ,greek3 sros1 ,greek3 l>kos4 #ceg ,act9elius ,radiant sun2 ,greek3 aktis1 ,greek3 hlios4 #ceh ,a/rolophus ,/>-l bun*2 ,greek3 a/ron1 ,greek3 lophos4 #cei ,act9a/rum ,radiant />2 ,greek3 aktis1 ,greek3 a/ron4 #cfj ,li?olophus ,/ony bru%2 ,greek3 li?os1 ,greek3 lophos4 #cfa ,*ia/olus ,) cross$ arms2 ,greek3 *ia/os1 ,greek3 los4 #cfb ,acan?o*iasma ,sp9e-cross2 ,greek3 akan?a1 ,greek3 *iasma4 #cfc ,acan?ometron ,sp9e proportion2 ,greek3 akan?a1 ,greek3 metron4 #cfd ,zygacan?a ,sp9es opposite 9 pairs2 ,greek3 zyga1 ,greek3 akan?a4 #cfe ,acan?onia ,sp9y article2 ,greek3 akan?a1 ,greek3 nia4 #cff ,li?ophyllium ,) /ony leaves2 ,greek3 li?os1 ,greek3 phyllion4 #cfg ,phractacan?a ,sp9es enclos$ by a h$ge2 ,greek3 phraktos1 ,greek3 akan?a4 #cfh ,doracan?a ,spe>-l sp9e2 ,greek3 dory1 ,greek3 akan?a4 #cfi ,a/rolon*e ,/>-spe>2 ,greek3 a/ron1 ,greek3 lon*4 #cgj ,xiphacan?a ,sword sp9e2 ,greek3 xiphos1 ,greek3 akan?a4 #cga ,/auracan?a ,cruciate sp9e2 ,greek3 /auros1 ,greek3 akan?a4 #cgb ,phatnacan?a ,sp9e ) fretwork2 ,greek3 phatn1 ,greek3 akan?a4 #cgc ,pri/acan?a ,saw-sp9e2 ,greek3 pri/os1 ,greek3 akan?a4 #cgd ,acan?o/aurus ,sp9e-cross2 ,greek3 akan?a1 ,greek3 /auros4 #cge ,belono/aurus ,ne$le cross2 ,greek3 belon1 ,greek3 /auros4 #cgf ,lon*o/aurus ,spe>-cross2 ,greek3 lon*1 ,greek3 /auros4 #cgg ,zygo/aurus ,pair-cross2 ,greek3 zygon1 ,greek3 /auros4 #cgh ,quadrilon*e ,squ>e-spe>4 #cgi ,xiphopt]a ,sword-w+2 ,greek3 xiphos1 ,greek3 pt]on4 #chj ,li?opt]a ,/one w+2 ,greek3 li?os1 ,greek3 pt]on4 #cha ,amphilon*e ,) two oppos$ spe>s2 ,greek3 amphi1 ,greek3 lon*4 #chb ,amphibelone ,) two oppos$ ne$les2 ,greek3 amphi1 ,greek3 belon4 #chc ,acan?olon*e ,sp9y spe>2 ,greek3 akan?a1 ,greek3 lon*4 #chd ,sphrocapsa ,sph]ical capsule2 ,greek3 sphaira1 ,greek3 kapsa4 #che ,a/rocapsa ,/>-capsule2 ,greek3 a/ron1 ,greek3 kapsa4 #chf ,porocapsa ,por\s capsule2 ,greek3 poros1 ,greek3 kapsa4 #chg ,cannocapsa ,tubul> capsule2 ,greek3 kanna1 ,greek3 kapsa4 #chh ,c5ocapsa ,holl[ ,capsule2 ,greek3 k5os1 ,greek3 kapsa4 #chi ,phractaspis ,h$g+ %ield2 ,greek3 phraktos1 ,greek3 aspis4 #cij ,pleuraspis ,%ield =m$ by ribs2 ,greek3 pleura1 ,greek3 aspis4 #cia ,dorataspis ,spe> on ! %ield2 ,greek3 dory1 ,greek3 aspis4 #cib ,diporaspis ,%ield ) two pores2 ,greek3 diporos1 ,greek3 aspis4 #cic ,orophaspis ,ro( %ield2 ,greek3 orophos1 ,greek3 aspis4 #cid ,c]iaspis ,dimply %ield2 ,greek3 krion1 ,greek3 aspis4 #cie ,hy/ri*aspis ,porcup9e-%ield2 ,greek3 hy/rix1 ,greek3 aspis4 #cif ,cosc9aspis ,sieve-%ield2 ,greek3 kosk9on1 ,greek3 aspis4 #cig ,acontaspis ,%ield ) spe>s2 ,greek3 akontion1 ,greek3 aspis4 #cih ,/auraspis ,cross-%ield2 ,greek3 /auros1 ,greek3 aspis4 #cii ,e*9aspis ,ur*9 ) %ields2 ,greek3 e*9os1 ,greek3 aspis4 #djj ,zonaspis ,%ell ) a girdle ( %ield2 ,greek3 zn1 ,greek3 aspis4 #dja ,dodecaspis ,%ell ) twelve %ields2 ,greek3 ddeka1 ,greek3 aspis4 #djb ,tess>aspis ,%ield ) f\r pores2 ,greek3 tess>a1 ,greek3 aspis4 #djc ,ly*naspis ,lant]n-%ield2 ,greek3 ly*nos1 ,greek3 aspis4 #djd ,icosaspis ,%ell ) tw5ty %ields2 ,greek3 eikosi1 ,greek3 aspis4 #dje ,hylaspis ,=e/ %ield2 ,greek3 hyl1 ,greek3 aspis4 #djf ,phractopelta ,h$g+ %ield2 ,greek3 phraktos1 ,greek3 pelt4 #djg ,pantopelta ,%ell ev]y:]e ) %ields2 ,greek3 pant1 ,greek3 pelt4 #djh ,octopelta ,%ell ) eight %ields2 ,greek3 okt1 ,greek3 pelt4 #dji ,dorypelta ,spe> ) a light %ield2 ,greek3 dory1 ,greek3 pelt4 #daj ,/auropelta ,cross-%ield2 ,greek3 /auros1 ,greek3 pelt4 #daa ,?oracaspis ,cuirass-%ield2 ,greek3 ?rax1 ,greek3 aspis4 #dab ,belonaspis ,arr[-%ield2 ,greek3 belon1 ,greek3 aspis4 #dac ,dictyaspis ,net-%ield2 ,greek3 diktyon1 ,greek3 aspis4 #dad ,coleaspis ,%ield ) %ea?s2 ,greek3 koleos1 ,greek3 aspis4 #dae ,phatnaspis ,panel-%ield or fretwork2 ,greek3 phatn1 ,greek3 aspis4 #daf ,hexalaspis ,%ield ) six w+s2 ,greek3 hexalos1 ,greek3 aspis4 #dag ,hexaconus ,%ell ) six cones2 ,greek3 hexa1 ,greek3 knos4 #dah ,hexonaspis ,%ield ) six auricles2 ,greek3 hexonos1 ,greek3 aspis4 #dai ,hexacolpus ,%ell ) six bosoms2 ,greek3 hexa1 ,greek3 kolpos4 #dbj ,diploconus ,d\ble cone2 ,greek3 diploos1 ,greek3 knos4 #dba ,diplocolpus ,d\ble bosom2 ,greek3 diploos1 ,greek3 kolpos4 99 99 99 99 99 ,corrections made to pr9t$ text ,page iii1 #g3 ',radiol>ia' correct$ f ',radioloria'4 ,page xiv1 #bi3 ',octod5dron' correct$ f ',octod5drum'4 ,page xvii1 #cf3 'allopol>' correct$ f 'allopl>'4 ,page xxii1 #dg3 'rhombic' correct$ f 'rombic'4 ,page xxvi1 #ed;,b3 ',capsule' correct$ f ',caspule'4 ,page xxxiii1 #fc3 ',?alassosphrida' correct$ f ',?allassosphrida'4 ,page xxxv1 #ff4e3 ',nassell>ia' correct$ f ',nasell>ia'4 ,page xlvii1 #gg;,a3 ',m$it]ranean' correct$ f ',m$itt]anean'4 ,page lxxvi1 #aab3 ',phod9ida' correct$ f ',phoeod9ida'2 ',cannorrhaphida' f ',cannorhaphida'4 ,page lxxxvi1 #aca3 ,heliosphra ref]r$ to ,pl4 #bh1 figs4 #a-c b ^! are n ( ?is g5us4 ,page xciv1 #adb;,b3 ',sphrozoea' correct$ f ',sphozoea'4 ,page xcix #aea3 ,ref]5ce to ' #bac' correct$ f ' #bgc'4 ,page cx1 #aff3 'int]rupt$' correct$ f 'int]rup$'4 ,page clxxiii1 #bdi3 ',cannorrhaphida' correct$ f ',cannorrhapida'4 ,page clxxix1 #beb3 ',k>l' 7,br&t7 correct$ f ',k>lt'4 ,page clxxxii1 #beb3 ',k5ntniss' correct$ f ',k5tniss'4 ,page #bi1 ,?alassosphrida1 def9ition3 ',cannorrhaphida' correct$ f ',cannorhaphida'4 ,page #cf1 ,?alassoplancta1 def9ition3 ',cannorrhaphis' correct$ f ',cannorhaphis'4 ,page #dc1 ,sphroz\m armatum3 'fig4 #i' correct$ f 'figs4 #a1 #i'4 ,page #he1 ,cromyosphra ant>ctica ref]s to ,pl4 #cj1 fig4 #h b t does n %[ ?is species ,page #hg1 ,g5us #bf3 ',liosphrida' correct$ f ',liosprida'4 ,page #ii1 ,bucc9osphra invag9ata1 cry/als3 '#j4jjh' correct$ f '#j4jhh'4 ,ib41 ,bucc9osphra tub>ia1 pores3 '#j4jjh to #j4jab' correct$ f '#j4jjh to #j4jjb' 7cf4 ?ree to f\r times z broad z ! b>s74 ,page #acj1 ,xipho/ylus alca3 ',pl4 #ac' correct$ f ',pl4 #ad'4 ,page #acb1 ,saturnalis annul>is1 major axis3 '#j4bg to #j4c' correct$ f '#j4bg to #j4jc'4 ,page #acg1 ,/ylosphra jugata1 pores3 '#j4jje to #j4jb' correct$ f '#j4jje to #j4jjb'4 ,page #ada1 ,sphro/ylus ophidium1 pores3 '#j4jje to #j4jjh' correct$ f '#j4je to #j4jjh'4 ,page #bja1 ,hexacromyida1 def9ition3 'conc5tric' correct$ f 'conc5tic'4 ,page #bjc1 ,cubosphra conc5trica1 dim5sions 7,a7 & 7,b73 '#j4jb' & '#j4jd' correct$ f '#j4b'1 '#j4d' 7cf4 ! giv5 radial proportions74 ,page #bbb1 ,cosc9omma3 'n4 g54' correct$ f 'n4 sp4'4 ,page #bbd1 ,cladococc9us3 ',subg5us' correct$ f ',sug5us'4 ,page #bda1 ,heliosoma ha/atum1 out] pores3 '#j4jjf' correct$ f '#j4jf'4 ,ib41 ,heliosoma indicum1 out] pores3 '#j4jjd to #j4ja' correct$ f '#j4jjd to #j4a' 7cf4 twice to five times z broad z ! b>s74 ,page #bec1 ,act9omma japonicum1 middle3 '#j4a' correct$ f '#j4ja'4 ,page #bfj1 ,pityomma p9if]um1 middle3 '#j4je' correct$ f '#j4e'2 inn] '#j4jbe' f '#j4be'4 ,ib41 ,pityomma drymodes1 middle3 '#j4a' correct$ f '#j4ja'4 ,page #bfa1 ,cromyomma p]plexum1 diamet] 7,b73 '#j4ac' correct$ f '#j4jac'4 ,page #bga1 ,spongiomma spa?illatum3 ',octod5dron' correct$ f ',octod5drom'4 ,page #bia1 ,c5ellipsis ehr5b]gii1 %ort] axis3 '#j4jh to #j4a' correct$ f '#j4h to #j4a'4 ,page #cjg1 synopsis1 #ada3 ',cromyatractus' correct$ f ',cromyotractus'4 ,page #cjh1 ,druppula cocos1 m$ull>y %ell3 '#j4jc & #j4jce' correct$ f '#j4jc & #j4ce'4 ,page #cji1 ,druppula pho5ix1 m9or axis3 '#j4jh' correct$ f '#j4h'4 ,page #caj1 ,druppula elliptica3 'irregul>ly' correct$ f 'irregu>lly'4 ,page #cad1 ,prunulum triplex1 m9or axis3 '#j4jfe' correct$ f '#j4fe'4 ,page #cbd1 ,druppatractus hippocampus3 ',druppatractus' correct$ f ',druppactractus'4 ,page #cgb1 ,cyph9idium apicatum1 pores3 '#j4jje to #j4ja' correct$ f '#j4jje to #j4jja'4 ,page #chj1 ,pan>tus fusi=mis1 bread?3 '#j4jh to #j4a' correct$ f '#j4jh to #j4ja'4 ,ib41 ,pan>tus pr(undissimus1 pores3 '#j4jae' correct$ f '#j4ae' 7cf4 six to eight times z broad z ! b>s74 ,page #dje1 ref4 to ,saturnalis3 ',pl4 #ac1 fig4 #af' correct$ f 'fig4 #f'4 ,page #dah1 ,tro*odiscus sol>is3 ref]5ce to ',heliodiscus sola/]' correct$ f 'sol>is' p] ma9 text entry4 ,page #dfh1 ,coccocyclia helian?a3 ',coccocyclia' correct$ f ',coccocylia'4 ,page #dfi1 ,diplactura3 ref]5ce to ',spongol5a' correct$ f ',spongol5e'4 ,page #dhe1 synopsis1 #bcf3 ',tess>a/rum' correct$ f ',tess]a/rum'4 ,page #ejh1 ,/aurodictya ocellata3 ',/ylodictya' correct$ f ',/ylodicta'4 ,page #eac1 ,/ylodictya duj>d9ii3 ',/ylodictya' correct$ f ',/ylodicyta'4 ,page #ech3 ',*itona/rum dicranoides' correct$ f ',*itona/rum dicranodes' 7p] ,index74 ,page #edd1 ,hagia/rum *ri/i3 ',tess>a/rum' correct$ f ',tess]a/rum'4 ,page #edh1 subg5us #b3 ',tess>a/romma' correct$ f ',tess>o/romma'4 ,page #eeg1 ,p5t9a/rum1 def9ition3 ',hi/ia/rum' correct$ f ',hi/ria/rum'4 ,page #efa1 la/ p>agraph3 ',ar*idiscus hexoniscus' correct$ f ',ar*idiscus hexonicus'4 ,page #efd1 ,triol5a trisp9osa1 diamet]3 '#j4ee' correct$ f '#j4ee'4 ,page #egg1 ,spongodiscus favus1 out] me%es3 '#j4jjh to #j4jab' correct$ f '#j4jh to #j4jab'4 ,page #ehj1 ,spongolon*e cono/yla ref]s to ,pl4 #dh1 fig4 #g :i* does n %[ ?is species4 ,page #eic1 ,dictyocoryne trigona3 7basal7 'bread?' correct$ f 'brea?'4 ,page #fjf1 fir/ p>agraph3 ',actil>cus' correct$ f ',actol>cus'4 ,page #fjf1 ,c5ol>cus3 ',actil>cus' correct$ f ',actol>cus'4 ,page #fjh1 ,l>c>ium amphi/ylum1 bread?3 '#j4ab' correct$ f '#j4jab'4 ,page #fab1 ,l>cidium polyacan?um1 m$ull>y %ell3 '#j4jc to #j4ji' correct$ f '#j4c to #j4ji'4 ,page #fbe1 ,l>nacoma quadruplex1 bread? 7,a73 '#j4jaf' correct$ f '#j4af'4 ,ib41 ,l>nacoma hexagonium3 'inn] cortical & out] m$ull>y' correct$ f 'out] cortical & inn] m$ull>y'4 ,page #fcb1 synopsis3 ',amphipylonium' correct$ f ',amhipylonium'4 ,page #fed1 ,octopyle deca/yle1 bread?3 '#j4jcb' correct$ f '#j4cb'4 ,page #feg1 ,amphipylonium sp9osissimum1 l5g? ( ! inn] cortical %ell3 '#j4af' correct$ f '#j4jaf'4 ,page #feg1 ,amphipylonium tetrac]os3 'bread?' correct$ f 'brea?'4 ,page #ffj1 ,?olonida3 7we di/+ui% 9 ?is7 'family' correct$ f 'subfamily'4 ,page #ffe1 ,?olodes1 def9ition3 ',?ol>tus' correct$ f ',?al>tus'4 ,page #fff1 ,amphi?olus3 'l5telliptical' correct$ f 'l5telleptical'4 ,s also p4 #fff1 ,amphi?olonium octo/ylium4 ,page #fgg1 pores3 '#j4jjd to #j4jjh' correct$ f '#j4jd to #j4jjh'1 cf4 once to ?ree times z broad z ! b>s4 ,page #gji1 ,phorticium pylonium1 bread?3 '#j4jde' correct$ f '#j4de'4 ,page #gdb3 ',acan?ometron ela/icum' correct$ f ',aca?ometron'4 ,page #gdh1 ,zygacan?a semicompressa1 habitat 7au?or73 ',c>' correct$ f ',cz>'4 ,page #gfe1 ,phatnacan?a3 ',tess>aspida'1 ',tess>aspis' correct$ f ',tess]aspida'1 ',tess]aspis'4 ,page #ghf1 ,amphilon*e messan5sis1 l5g? ( ! m9or sp9es3 '#j4je to #j4ji' correct$ f '#j4e to #j4ji'4 ,page #hbf1 ,cosc9aspis rhacopora1 diamet]3 '#j4ae' correct$ f '#a4ae'4 ,page #hbg1 ,cosc9aspis or?opora3 ',phatnaspis lacun>ia' correct$ f ',phatnaspis lacum>ia'4 ,page #hcd1 ,dodecaspis tric9ata1 diamet]3 '#j4jaf' correct$ f '#j4af'4 ,page #hdd1 ,icosaspis elegans1 small] pores3 '#j4jja to #j4jjc' correct$ f '#j4ja to #j4jjc'4 ,page #heb1 ,phractopelta3 'apophyses' correct$ f 'aphophyses'4 ,page #hfg1 ,coleaspis occulta3 ',coleaspis' correct$ f ',coleapsis'4